canine transmissible venereal tumors ( ctvts ) , also called transmissible venereal tumors ( tvts ) , canine transmissible venereal sarcoma ( ctvs ) , sticker tumors and infectious sarcoma is a histiocytic tumor of the external genitalia of the dog and other canines , and is transmitted from animal to animal during mating .

it is one of only four known transmissible cancers ; another is devil facial tumor disease , a cancer which occurs in tasmanian devils .

the tumor cells are themselves the infectious agents , and the tumors that form are not genetically related to the host dog .

although the genome of a ctvt is derived from a canid ( probably a dog , wolf or coyote ) , it is now essentially living as a unicellular , asexually reproducing ( but sexually transmitted ) pathogen .

sequence analysis of the genome suggests it diverged from canids over 6,000 years ago ; possibly much earlier .

the most recent estimates of its time of origin place date it to about 11,000 years ago .

however , the most recent common ancestor of extant tumors is more recent : it probably originated 200 to 2,500 years ago .

canine tvts were initially described by russian veterinarian m.a. novinsky ( 1841 – 1914 ) in 1876 , when he demonstrated that the tumor could be transplanted from one dog to another by infecting them with tumor cells .

canine transmissible venereal tumor

the first thing you should know about canine transmissible venereal tumor is that you should never do a google image search for “ canine transmissible venereal tumor . ”
canine transmissible venereal tumor ( tvt ) : a review . - pubmed - ncbi
1 .
overview of canine transmissible venereal tumor .
merck veterinary manual . web .
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canine transmissible venereal tumor : a review .
internet scientific publications . web .
canine transmissible venereal tumour : cytogenetic origin , immunophenotype , and immunobiology . a review .
theriogenology question of the month . transmissible venereal tumor ( tvt ) . - pubmed - ncbi
g purohit . canine transmissible venereal tumor : a review . the internet journal of veterinary medicine . 2008 volume 6 number 1 .
kroger d , grey rm , boyd jw . an unusual presentation of canine transmissible venereal tumor . canine practice santa barbara . 1991 ; 16 ( 6 ) : 17–21 .
in healthy dogs , spontaneous regression of a transmissible venereal tumor will indicate full cure .
canine transmissible venereal tumour : cytogenetic origin , immunophenotype , and immunobiology . a review . - pubmed - ncbi
r - 10 . cohen d . ( 1985 ) the canine transmissible venereal tumor : a unique result of tumor progression . adv cancer res . 43 : 75 - 112 .
mozos e , mendez a , gomez - villamandos jc . immunohistochemical characterization of canine transmissible venereal tumor . vet pathol . 1996 ; 33 : 257–63 .
r - 26 . hoque , m ( 1995 ) . different modes of therapy for canine transmissible venereal tumor . veterinarian . 19 : 1 - 2 .
r - 29 . idowu , a . l . ( 1985 ) cryosurgery of canine transmissible venereal tumor . tropical vet . 3 : 74 - 78 .
r - 57 . richardson rc . ( 1981 ) . canine transmissible venereal tumor . comp contin educ pract . vet . 3 : 951 - 956 .
das u , das ak . review of canine transmissible venereal sarcoma . vet res commun . 2000 ; 24 : 545–6 .
r - 27 . hoque , m ( 2002 ) . an update on canine transmissible venereal tumor . intas polivet . 3 ( ii ) : 227 - 234 .
effective treatment of transmissible venereal tumors in dogs with vincristine and il2 . - pubmed - ncbi
r - 23 . higgins da . ( 1966 ) observations on the canine transmissible venereal tumor as seen in the bahamas . vet rec . 79 ( 3 ) : 67 - 71 .
r - 67 . vermooten mi . ( 1987 ) canine transmissible venereal tumor ( tvt ) : a review . j s afr vet assoc . 58 ( 3 ) : 147 - 150 .
r - 73 . yang tj . ( 1988 ) . immunobiology of a spontaneously regressive tumor , the canine transmissible venereal sarcoma ( review ) . anticancer res . 8 : 93 - 96 .
in this issue of cell , murgia et al . ( 2006 ) confirm that the infectious agent of canine transmissible venereal tumor is the cancer cell itself and that the tumor is clonal in origin . their findings have implications for understanding the relationship between genome instability and transmissible cancer and for conservation biology , canine genomics , and companion animal medicine .
r - 44 . mukaratirwa , sand gruys e ( 2003 ) canine transmissible venereal tumor : cytogenetic origin , immunophenotype and immunobiology . a review . vet q . 25 ( 3 ) : 101 - 111 .
the occurrence , transmission , clinical appearance , histological findings , chromosome studies , immunity , different methods of treatment and the prevention of canine transmissible venereal tumour are reviewed .
transmissible venereal tumor ( tvt ) is a tumor of dogs that is surprisingly common and widely distributed . canine tvt occurs primarily in dogs that are largely uncontrolled and allowed to breed indiscriminately . it also affects other canids such as coyotes , foxes and jackals .
r - 74 . yang tj , palker tj and harding mw . ( 1991 ) . tumor size , leukocyte adherence inhibition and serum levels of tumor antigen in dogs with the canine transmissible venereal sarcoma . cancer immunol immunoth . 33 : 255 - 256 .
canine transmissible venereal tumour ( ctvt ) , also known as transmissible venereal tumour ( tvt ) or sticker’s sarcoma , is a transmissible cancer that affects dogs . ctvt is spread by the transfer of living cancer cells between dogs , usually during mating . ctvt causes tumours which are usually associated with the external genitalia of both male and female dogs .
r - 25 . hill dl , yang tj and wachtel a . ( 1984 ) canine transmissible venereal sarcoma : tumor cell and infiltrating leukocyte ultra structure at different growth stages . vet pathol . 21 : 39 - 45 .
r - 53 . prier , j . e and johnson , j . h ( 1964 ) malignancy in a canine transmissible venereal tumor . j . amer . vet . med . assoc . 145 : 1092 - 1094 .
r - 58 . rogers ks . ( 1997 ) . transmissible venereal tumor . comp contin educ pract vet . 19 ( 9 ) : 1036 - 1045 .
r - 72 . yang , t . j ( 1987 ) parvovirus induced regression of canine transmissible tumor . amer . j . vet res . 48 : 799 - 800 .
r - 54 . powers , r . d . ( 1968 ) immunologic properties of canine transmissible venereal sarcoma . am . j . vet . res . 29 , 1637 - 1645 .
das u , das ak , das d , das bb . clinical report on the efficacy of chemotherapy in canine transmissible venereal sarcoma . indian vet j . 2009 ; 68 : 249–52 .
rogers ks , walker ma , dillon hb . transmissible venereal tumor : a retrospective study of 29 cases . j am anim hosp assoc . 1998 ; 34 : 463–9 .
the histopathology report will give your veterinarian the specific diagnosis that indicates how it is likely to behave . in healthy dogs , spontaneous regression of a transmissible venereal tumor will indicate full cure and the tumor is unlikely to regrow .
r - 7 . cockrill jn and beasly jn . ( 1975 ) . ultra structural characteristics of canine transmissible venereal tumor various stages of growth and regression . am . j . vet . res . 36 ( 5 ) : 677 - 681 .
r - 28 . hoque , m . , singh , g . r and pawde , a . m . ( 1995 ) electrosurgery versus scalpel surgery in canine transmissible venereal tumor . j . vet . serg . 4 : 51 - 54 .
cohen d . the transmissible venereal tumor of the dog a naturally occurring allograft ? : a review . isr j med sci . 1978 ; 14 ( 1 ) : 14–9 .
. . . it is a well characterized sexually transmitted neoplasm but can also be transmitted by other social behaviours such as licking , sniffing and biting of the tumor affected areas [ 3 , 4 ] . canine transmissible venereal tumor is generally considered as a benign tumor [ 5 ] and it is rarely reported in extragenital locations [ 3 , 6 ] . the present report records primary extragenital transmissible venereal tumors in a pup and two adult dogs and their successful treatment . . . .
r - 13 . das , a . k . , das , u , das , d . , sengupta , j . ( 1990 ) . histopathologial study of canine transmissible venereal tumor . indian vet . j . 67 : 473 - 474 .
r - 62 . souza ff de , tinucci - costa m and faria jr d . ( 1998 ) . doxorubicin treatment for recurrent canine transmissible venereal tumor . in : proceedings of the xxiii congress of the world small anim vet assoc . 772 .
bastan a , baki acar d , cengiz m . uterine and ovarian metastasis of transmissible venereal tumor in a bitch . turk j vet anim sci . 2008 ; 32 : 65–6 .
r - 24 . harmelin , a . , zuckerman , a . and nyska , a . ( 1995 ) correlation of ag - nor protein measurements with prognosis in canine transmissible venereal tumor . j . comp . pathol . 112 , 429 - 433 .
r - 20 . gandotra , v . k . , chauhan , f . s and sharma , r . d ( 1993 ) . occurrence of canine transmissible venereal tumor and evaluation of two treatments . indian vet . j . 70 : 854 - 857 .
amber ei , henderson ra , adeyanju jb , gyang eo . single - drug chemotherapy of canine transmissible venereal tumour with cyclophosphamide , methotrexate or vincristine . j vet intern med . 1990 ; 4 : 144–7 .
a transmissible venereal tumor , or tvt , is a naturally occurring tumor that is sexually transmitted from one dog to another . a high number of cases tend to be seen in large cities and temperate areas . tvt is usually seen in young ,
r - 1 . amber ei , henderson ra and adeyanju jb , ( 1990 ) . single - drug chemotherapy of canine transmissible venereal tumor with cyclophosphamide , methotrexate , or vincristine . j . vet . intern . med . 4 ( 3 ) : 144 - 147 .
r - 47 . nayak , r . c . , nandi , s . n . and bhowmik , m . k . ( 1987 ) canine transmissible venereal tumor ( ctvt ) with a note on metastasis . indian vet . j . 64 : 252 - 253 .
r - 59 . saratsis ph , ypsilantis p and tselkas ( 2000 ) . k . semen quality during vincristine treatment in dogs with transmissible venereal tumor . theriogenology . 53 : 1185 - 1192 .
twenty - nine cases of naturally occurring , transmissible venereal tumor were studied retrospectively . the external genitalia was the primary site of tumor involvement in 27 dogs , with the remaining two dogs having primary intranasal involvement . extragenital tumor involvement was identified in six cases , including five cases with metastatic disease . fifteen cases were treated effectively with radiation therapy alone . radiation therapy also was effective in four cases that were resistant to chemotherapy . four of five cases treated with at least four doses of vincristine as a solitary agent also achieved complete remissions . transmissible venereal tumor remains a unique canine tumor that often is curable despite the development of extragenital primary lesions or metastasis .
pérez j , bautista mj , carrasco l , gómez - villamandos jc , mozos e . primary extragenital occurrence of transmissible venereal tumors : three case reports . canine pract . 1994 ; 19 ( 1 ) : 7–10 .
transmissible venereal tumors are a cancer that causes nodular tumors in sexually active dogs of both sexes , often in the genital area . this sexually transmitted disease is also referred to as sticker’s sarcoma , venereal granuloma , infective venereal tumor , and transplantable lymphosarcoma . tumors of this type are common in stray , roaming dogs , and those residing in shelters .
r - 71 . yang t . j . and jones j . b . ( 1973 ) . canine transmissible venereal sarcoma : transplantation studies in neonatal and adult dogs , journal of the national cancer institute 51 : 1915 - 1918 .
r - 4 . calvet ca . ( 1983 ) . transmissible venereal tumor in the dog . in : kirk rw , ed . current veterinary therapy viii . philadelphia : wb saunders co . 413 - 415 .
r - 30 . idowu , a . l . ( 1977 ) . the chromosomes of the transmissible venereal tumor of dogs in ibadan , nigeria . res . vet . sci . 22 : 271 - 273 .
stockmann d , ferrari hf , andrade al , lopes ra , cardoso tc , luvizotto maria cr . canine transmissible venereal tumors : aspects related to programmed cell death . braz j vet pathol . 2011 ; 4 ( 1 ) : 67–75 .
r - 9 . cohen , d . ( 1980 ) in vitro cell mediated cytotoxicity and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity to the transmissible venereal tumor of the dog . j national cancer institute . 64 : 317 - 21 .
r - 32 . jain , a . , tiwari , r . p . , tiwari , s . k , gupta , n and awasthi , m . k ( 2002a ) . histopathological studies in canine transmissible venereal tumor . indian j . anim . reprod . 23 ( 1 ) : 60 - 62 .
canine transmissible venereal tumor , also called sticker ' s sarcoma , is a naturally occurring , horizontally transmitted round cell tumor found in domestic dogs and potentially other canids such as gray wolves and coyotes . 1 , 2 although there have been reports of this tumor in most parts of the world , a high incidence seems to exist in temperate climates . the tumor is seen most commonly in young , sexually active , intact dogs allowed to roam freely ( including stray dogs ) . 1 - 3 these tumors are usually spread during coitus or other social behaviors such as sniffing and licking . 1 , 2 thus , the typical locations of these tumors are the external genitalia and the nasal and oral cavities . 1 - 3 other less common locations include the anal mucosa and the skin and subcutaneous areas . 3 , 4 a recent report of a multicentric , extragenital , cutaneous canine transmissible venereal tumor in a sexually immature 11 - month - old virgin female mixed - breed dog suggests that transmissible venereal tumor cells can be inoculated into puppy skin lesions by the mother during social interactions such as grooming and other mothering behavior . 4 transmissible venereal tumor metastasis has been seen involving the lymph nodes , skin , eyes , liver , musculature , abdominal viscera , lungs , and brain . 3 - 5
r - 45 . mukaratirwa , s . , chimonyo , m . , obwolo , m . , gruys e and nederbragt , h ( 2004 ) . stromal cells and extracellular matrix components in spontaneous canine transmissible venereal tumor at different stages of growth . histol . histopathol . 19 ( 4 ) : 1117 - 23 .
park ms , kim y , kang ms , oh sy , cho dy , shin ns , kim dy . disseminated transmissible venereal tumor in a dog . journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation 2006 ; 18 ( 1 ) 1 : 130–133 .
r - 14 . das , a . k . , das , u , das , b . b . ( 1991 ) . clinical report on the efficacy of chemotherapy in canine transmissible venereal sarcoma . indian vet . j . 68 : 249 - 252 .
r - 40 . mizuno , s . , fujinaga , t . and hagio , m . ( 1994 ) role of lymphocytes in spontaneous regression of experimentally transplanted canine transmissible venereal sarcoma . j . vet . med . sci . 56 , 15 - 20 .
r - 51 . pandey , s . k . , dhawedkar , r . g and patel , m . r ( 1977 ) . canine transmissible venereal sarcoma : clinical trial with autogenous formalized vaccine . indian vet . j . 54 : 852 - 853 .
r - 48 . ndirty , c . g . , mbogwa , s . w and sayer , p . d ( 1977 ) extragenitally located transmissible venereal tumor in dogs . mod . vet . prac . 58 : 945 - 46 .
transmissible venereal tumor is a transplant of cancer cells . the cancer cells always have an abnormal number of chromosomes ( 59 instead of the normal canine 78 ) . the original cell type is probably a histiocyte ( part of the body ' s own immune system ) but other types of white blood cells have also been suggested as the origin .
r - 34 . kennedy , j . r . , yang , t - j . and allen , p . l . ( 1977 ) canine transmissible venereal sarcoma : electron microscopic changes with time after transplantation . br . j . cancer 36 , 375 - 385 .
r - 3 . calvet ca , leifer ce , mcewen eg . ( 1982 ) . vincristine for the treatment of transmissible venereal tumor in the dog . j amer . vet . med . assoc . 181 ( 2 ) : 163 - 164 .
mello martins mi , ferreira de souza f , gobello c . the canine transmissible venereal tumor : etiology , pathology , diagnosis and treatment . in : recent advances in small animal reproduction . p . w . concannon , g . england , j . veretgegen , c . linde - forsberg ( eds ) . international veterinary information service , ithaca ny (
also known as infectious sarcoma , venereal granuloma , transmissible lymphosarcoma or sticker tumor , this disease is a benign tumor that occurs primarily on the external genitals of both male and female dogs . it is one of a very few tumors that can be transmitted by direct contact . it acts like a freely living organism - - more a parasite than a cancer .
yes . this cancer grows rapidly at first and then remains static before the dog ' s immune system produces specific antibodies that cause the tumor to spontaneously regress . once the tumor regresses , that dog is then highly resistant to further tumor implantation .
the dog was treated weekly with intravenous vincristine . a dramatic reduction in tumor size occurred after the first dose , with complete tumor remission after seven doses . the dog was tumor - free at its last recheck one month after the last vincristine injection .
transmissible venereal tumor is transmitted from dog to dog . preventing physical contact between your infected dog and others is essential . you should also wash your hands after handling your dog and disinfect anything that may be contaminated with living cells from your dog that could come into contact with other dogs . the tumor cannot be transmitted from dogs to other animal species or to people .
r - 52 . pandey , s . k . , chandpuria , v . p . , bhargawa , m . k . and tiwari , s . k . ( 1989 ) . incidence , treatment approach and metastasis of canine transmissible venereal sarcoma . indian j anim . sci . 59 : 510 - 513 .
r - 22 . gonzalez c . m . , griffey s . m . , naydan d . k . , flores e . , cepeda r . , cattaneo g . , madewell b . r . ( 2000 ) canine transmissible venereal tumor : a morphological and immunohistochemical study of 11 tumors in growth phase and during regression after chemotherapy . j . comp . pathol . 122 : 241 - 248 .
the second thing you should know about canine transmissible venereal tumor , which we’ll shorten to ctvt , is that it’s actually the business end of a contagious cancer that seems to have plagued a small population of dogs for the past 11 , 000 years . this makes ctvt one of just three cancers we know of that can pass from animal to animal like a rock ’n’ roll - loving demon . the other cases include tasmanian devil facial tumor disease and a sarcoma scientists infected syrian hamsters with in the 1960s
r - 17 . erunal - maral , n . , fidnik , m and aslan , s ( 2000 ) . use of exfoliative cytology for diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumor and controlling the recovery period in the bitch . dtsch . tierarztl . wochenschr . 107 ( 5 ) : 175 - 80 .
r - 16 . dinesh , n . m . , ranganath , b . n . , jaydevappa , s . m . and srinivas , c . l . ( 1993 ) . effect of vincristine sulfate on canine transmissible venereal tumors : - haematological and biochemical studies . indian vet . j . 70 : 741 - 744 .
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r - 0 . aprea , a n , allende m g and idiard r . ( 1994 ) tumor venéreo transmissible intrauterino : descripción de un caso . vet argentina xi . 103 : 192 - 194 .
erünal - maral n , findik m , aslan s . use of exfoliative cytology for diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumour and controlling the recovery period in the bitch . dtsch tierarztl wochenschr . 2000 ; 107 ( 5 ) : 175–80 .
r - 38 . maiti , s . k . , roy , s . , ali , s . l . and ghosh , r . c . ( 1995 ) . therapeutic management of transmissible venereal tumor with vincristine in dog . a case report . indian vet . j . 72 ( 6 ) : 614 - 615 .
r - 35 . liao , k . w , lim , z . y . , pao , h . n . , kam , s . y . , wang , f . i and chu , r . m . ( 2003 ) . identification of canine transmissible venereal tumor cells using in situ polymerase chain reaction and stable sequence of the long interspersed nuclear element . j . vet . diag . invest . 15 ( 5 ) : 399 - 406 .
r - 63 . tella , m . a . , ajala , o . o and taiwo , v . o ( 2004 ) . complete regression of transmissible venereal tumor ( tvt ) in nigerian mongrel dogs with vincristine sulfate chemotherapy . afr . j . bio . med . res . 7 ( 3 ) : 133 - 138 .
the cancer is transmitted by sexual contact or direct contact with the infected tumor ( e . g . by licking ) . therefore , an infected dog transmitted this tumor to your dog through direct contact .
clinically , this tumor has a fairly typical appearance . definitive diagnosis relies upon microscopic examination of tissue .
the probability is that you have never seen a tumor that can be spread from one individual to another . but did you know that there is a tumor that can be transmitted from dog to dog ?
singh j , rana js , sood n , pangawkar gr , gupta pp . clinico - pathological studies on the effect of different anti - neoplastic chemotherapy regimens on transmissible venereal tumours in dogs . vet res commun . 1996 ; 20 : 71–81 .
we will explore extinct canine species including prehistoric , wild extinct canines , and extinct domestic species . learn how and why these species became extinct .
r - 46 . nak , d . , nak , y , cangul , i . t and tuna , b ( 2005 ) . a clinico - pathological study on the effect of vincristine on transmissible venereal tumor in the dog . j . vet . med . a . physiol . pathol . clin . med . 52 ( 7 ) : 366 - 70 .
allen sw , prasse kw , mahaffey ea . cytologic differentiation of benign from malignant canine mammary tumours . vet pathol . 1986 ; 23 : 649–55 .
another experimental method is the use of biotherapy , or biologic response modifiers . these are antigen vaccines , growth factors , or immunomodulators that change the tumor’s relationship with the host by affecting the tumor directly , or it’s environment .
kunakornsawat s , yippaditr w , jamjan n , bootcah r , netramai s , viriyarumpa j , kornkaewrat k . surgical correction of transmissible venereal tumor with vincristine - resistance using episiotomy and vulvovaginoplasty in female and subtotal penile amputation and scrotal ablation in male dogs . in proceeding of 48th kasetsart university annual conference : veterinary medicine . feb 3–5 , bangkok , thailand . 2010 : 191–200 .
d . nak , y . nak , i . t . cangul , b . tuna , a clinico - pathological study on the effect of vincristine on transmissible venereal tumour in dogs , journal of veterinary medicine series a . 2005 ; 52 : 7 366 - 370
r - 60 . singh , j . , rana , j . s . , sood , n . , pangawkar , g . r and gupta , p . p ( 1996 ) . clinico - pathological studies on the effect of different anti - neoplastic chemotherapy regimens on transmissible venereal tumor in dogs . vet . res . commun . 20 ( 1 ) : 71 - 81 .
r - 66 . tiwari , s . k . , ghosh , r . c . , mascasenhas , a . r and chauhan , h . v . s ( 1991 ) . canine venereal sarcoma and its surgical management . indian . vet . j . 68 : 1078 - 1079 .
canine transmissible venereal tumor ( tvt ) is a commonly occurring tumor of dogs affecting both sexes . it is common in dogs which have an uncontrolled sexual behavior with incidence ranging from 2 to 43 percent of all tumors in temperate climates . the etiology appears to be cell transplant from affected to unaffected dogs . the pathogenesis , gross and microscopic findings , diagnosis , prognosis and therapies have been reviewed . gross findings of small nodule like lesions which bleed is the most consistent clinical finding . smears made from the tumor reveal round cells with vacuoles and mitotic figures . the tumor is many times self limiting and vincristine sulfate is currently considered the most effective therapy . the use of vincristine sulfate in male dogs must balance the potential benefits to the patient and the interest in using the animal for breeding as vincristine sulfate impairs the semen quality . immune therapy of tvt is still to be validated for clinical use .
r - 6 . chauhan , h . v . s . , ghosh , r . c . , mascrenhas , a . r and tiwari , s . k . ( 1991 ) canine venereal sarcoma and its surgical management . indain vet . j . 68 ( 11 ) : 1078 - 79 .
elizabeth p . murchison et al . ’s article “ transmissible dog cancer genome reveals the origin and history of an ancient cell lineage ” in science
we know of few cancers that are contagious . the ones we’re most familiar with are caused by viruses , such as the human papillomavirus ( hpv ) , which can cause cervical cancer , and hepatitis b , which can cause liver ( hepatic ) cancer . ( to read more about these virus - caused cancers and their vaccines , check out my book biology bytes : digestible essays on stem cells and modern medicine . ) that’s why it’s so surprising , and fascinating , to find cancers that are contagious and not caused by viruses . one example is canine transmissible venereal tumor ( ctvt ) .
feldman ec , nelson rw . canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction . philadel - phia , pa : w . b . saunders company ; 1987 . p . 475–7 .
r - 12 . das , a . k . , das , u , das , s . k . , sengupta , j . , das , b . b and bose , p . k . ( 1989 ) metastasis of canine venereal sarcoma in a dog . indian j vet surg . 10 : 75 - 76 .
canine tvt is cauliflower - like , pedunculated , nodular , papillary , or multilobulated in appearance . it ranges in size from a small nodule ( 5 mm ) to a large mass
, iv , once weekly for 3–6 wk ) is reported to be effective . the rate of tumor regression is negatively correlated with tumor size , older age , and season . usually , total remission can be expected by the sixth treatment . adriamycin ( 30 mg / m
the main symptom of this disease is the presence of tumors which are usually located in the genitals of both sexes , as well as the nasal and oral cavities . while tumor spread is uncommon , it can occur without a genital tumor being present . locations can include :
reif js , maguire tg , kenney rm , brodey rs . a cohort study of canine testicular neoplasia . j am vet med assoc . 1979 ; 175 ( 7 ) : 719–23 .
. . . antineoplasm , dog , venereal lymphosarcoma , sticker tumor . introdução o tumor venéreo transmissível ( tvt ) foi constatado em todos os continentes , com maior prevalência nas zonas de clima tropical e subtropical ( rogers et al . , 1998 ) . acomete a espécie canina , apresentando uma predominância maior em animais jovens , errantes e sexualmente ativos ( rogers et al . , 1998 ; silva et al . , 2007 ) . . . .
r - 70 . wright , d . h . , peel , s . , cooper , e . h . and hughes , d . t ( 1970 ) . transmissible venereal sarcoma of dogs : a histochemical and chromosomal analysis of tumors in uganda . eur . j . clin . biol . res . 15 : 155 .
henson kl . reproductive system . in : raskin r , meyer d , editors . atlas of canine and feline cytology . firstth ed . philadelphia : w . b . saunders ; 2001 .
r - 19 . ferreira , a . j . , jaggy , a . , varejão , a . p . , ferreira , m . l . p . , correia , j . m . j . , mulas , j . m . , almeida , o . , oliveira , p . and prada , j . ( 2000 ) brain and ocular metastases from a transmissible venereal tumor in a dog . j . small anim . pract . 41 , 165 - 168 .
r - 55 . rao , t . m . , kumar , v . g . , raghvender , k . b . p . , joshi , m . r and rao , r . l . n . ( 1993 ) cryosurgical treatment of transmissible venereal tumors . j . vet . anim . sci . 24 : 149 - 152 .
boscos cm , ververidis hn . canine tvt—clinical findings , diagnosis and treatment . in proceedings of the 29th world small animal veterinary association , oct 6–9 . rhodes , greece . [ online ] . available from
to improve treatment of inoperable transmissible venereal tumors ( tvts ) in dogs . recently , we showed that tvt is sensitive to intratumoral treatment with interleukin - 2 ( il2 ) . in addition it is known that tvt is sensitive to intravenous treatment with vincristine . in the present study we tried to establish the therapeutic effect of intratumoral treatment with vincristine and il2 .
immunological studies have clearly demonstrated that tvt is antigenic in the dog and an immune response against the tumor plays a major role in determining the course of the disease ( mizuno et al . , 1994 ) . in most adult dogs the tumor regresses spontaneously after a period of logarithmic growth , and the development of tumor immunity prevents successive occurrences ( powers , 1968 ) . in contrast , the tumor progresses to ulceration and metastasis in the immunologically incompetent or compromised host ( cohen , 1973 ) . nevertheless , metastases have been reported in occasional cases ( ferreira et al . , 2000 ) . the biological behavior of canine tvt can be estimated by the demonstration of agnors ( harmelin et al . , 1995 ) . the poor prognosis in tvt is due to an increase of the agnors in the nucleus of tvt cells .
r - 5 . chaudhary , c and rao , m . r . k ( 1982 ) . certain canine neoplasms encountered in andhra pradesh . indian . vet . j . 59 : 100 - 102 .
r - 33 . johnston sd . ( 1991 ) performing a complete canine semen evaluation in a small animal hospital . vet clin north amer small anim pract . 21 ( 3 ) : 545 - 551 .
3 . borrell , brendan .
how a contagious dog tumor went global .
urltoken . nature publishing group , 23 jan . 2014 . web .
while this type of tumor has been diagnosed throughout many areas of the world , it seems to favor temperate climates , such as the united states , southern europe , asia , africa , and the caribbean . it is believed that transmissible venereal tumors ( tvt ) are the oldest known form of cancer , and first emerged 11 , 000 years ago . all tvt tumors contain dna belonging to the first dog infected with this cancer , and researchers are analyzing the mutations seen in these tumors to figure out how tvt first developed and spread .
this is the place to visit for all dogs wild . learn about the differing species of canine , how they live , reproduce , their diet , their genetics , and what you can do to ensure their survival .
differences in cell types have been found between stages of tumor progression . tumors in progressive growth have round cells with microvilli while regressing tumors present transitional rather fusiform cells .
. . . vincristine sulphate is among the most used agents in small animal clinical oncology ( cave et al . 2007 ) . its application has been reported in illness such as canine transmissible venereal tumor ( ctvt ) ( nak et al . 2005 ; rogers et al . 1998 ) , lymphomas ( poncé et al . 2004 ; rodaski and nardi 2006 ) , leukemia ( rodaski and nardi 2006 ) , and kidney nephroblastoma ( seaman and patton 2003 ) . vincristine used alone as a chemotherapeutic agent is able to induce a total remission of ctvt in most cases ( nak et al . 2005 ; rodaski and nardi 2006 ) , while in certain types of sarcoma , its use must be combined with other drugs for a satisfactory therapeutic response ( cave et al . 2007 ) . . . .
canine transmissible venereal tumour ( ctvt ) is the only known naturally occurring tumour that can be transplanted as an allograft across major histocompatibility ( mhc ) barriers within the same species , and even to other members of the canine family , such as foxes , coyotes and wolves . the progression of this tumour is unique in that , it follows a predictable growth pattern . in natural and experimental cases , the growth pattern includes progressive growth phase , static phase and regression phase , and this is followed by transplantation immunity in immunocompetent adults , while metastasis occurs in puppies and immunosuppressed dogs . because of the uniqueness of ctvt transmission and progression , experimental investigations of various aspects of the biology of ctvt have been used to provide clues to the immunobiology of both animal and human tumours . this review examines the current state of knowledge of the aspects of the cytogenetic origin , immunophenotype , immunobiology and immunotherapy of ctvt .
transmissible venereal tumor ( tvt ) is a coitally transmitted tumor of dogs with widespread distribution . the present study describes the occurrence of the primary oral and nasal tvt in a 10 - year - old , female , mix - breed dog . the case was presented with a history of anorexia , inability to swallow and dyspnea . clinical examinations revealed the emaciation , muzzle deformity due to the presence of a friable , fleshy , cauliflower - like mass in the oral cavity and submandibular lymphadenopathy . tvt was diagnosed based on histopathological findings . the dog was discharged with therapeutic intervention with vincristine . unfortunately , the case died before readmission because of the progressive worsening of the general condition . our findings highlight the need for considering tvt for the differential diagnosis of the extragenital masses in dogs .
canine transmissible venereal tumors ( tvts ) are cauliflower - like , pedunculated , nodular , papillary , or multilobulated in appearance . they range in size from a small nodule ( 5 mm ) to a large mass ( > 10 cm ) that is firm , though friable . the surface is often ulcerated and inflamed and bleeds easily . tvts may be solitary or multiple and are almost always located on the genitalia . the tumor is transplanted from site to site and from dog to dog by direct contact with the mass . they may be transplanted to adjacent skin and oral , nasal , or conjunctival mucosae . the tumor may arise deep within the preputial , vaginal , or nasal cavity and be difficult to see during cursory examination . this may lead to misdiagnosis if bleeding is incorrectly assumed to be hematuria or epistaxis from other causes . initially , tvts grow rapidly , and more rapidly in neonatal and immunosuppressed dogs . metastasis is uncommon ( 5 % ) and can occur without a primary genital tumor present . when metastasis occurs , it is usually to the regional lymph nodes , but kidney , spleen , eye , brain , pituitary , skin and subcutis , mesenteric lymph nodes , and peritoneum may also be sites .
based on its genetics , ctvt is thought to have started as a tumor in a dog that looked similar to an alaskan malamute ( shown here ) or husky . ( image credit :
maiolino p , restucci b , papparella s , paciello o , de vico g . correlation of nuclear morphometric features with animal and human world health organization international histological classifications of canine spontaneous seminomas . vet pathol . 2004 ; 41 ( 6 ) : 608–11 .
cytologic examination of impression smears made from tissue excised from the mass revealed a markedly cellular sample with a predominant population of homogeneous , discrete round cells with mild anisocytosis and anisokaryosis ( figure 2 ) . these cells had a moderate amount of pale - blue cytoplasm , often containing a few small punctate vacuoles . the nuclei were round with coarse chromatin and a single prominent nucleolus . moderate mitotic activity was observed ( 0 to 2 / 50x field ) ( figure 3 ) . occasional neutrophils , lymphocytes , plasma cells , and squamous cells were noted in the background , as were variable numbers of erythrocytes . the cytologic diagnosis was transmissible venereal tumor .
but unlike the afflictions of devils and hamsters , ctvt is an std—a sexually transmitted disease . the cancer spreads when tumor cells are shed by the host during a moment of intimacy and make contact with another canine , at which point they set up shop in the new dog’s private parts . symptoms of infection range from bleeding genitals to what an early 19 th century veterinary practitioner described as “ an ulcerous state , accompanied with a fungous excrescence . ”
r - 2 . boscos , cm and ververidis , hn . ( 2004 ) . canine tvt : clinical findings , diagnosis and treatment . sci . proc wsva - fecava - hvms world congress , rhodes , greece . ( 2 ) : 758 - 761 .
cell line ( somatic cells are ones that aren’t sperm or eggs ) . based on the number of dna mutations in the tumor cells , and how quickly they’re likely to arise over time , it’s thought that the original tumor formed in a dog living around 10 , 200 to 12 , 900 years ago . amazingly , based on the tumor’s genetics and what we know of dog breed genetics today , scientists figured out that the dog was likely medium - to - large in size and may have looked similar to an alaskan malamute or husky – it was solid black or had black - and - white banded coloring .
canine tvt was initially described by novinsky in 1876 , who demonstrated that the tumor could be transplanted from one susceptible host to another by inoculating it with tumoral cells ( richardson , 1981 ) . some workers attributed this neoplasia to be because of viral agents ( cockril and beasly , 1975 ) , however , the tumor could not consistently be transmitted by cell free extracts ( demonbreun and goodpasture , 1934 ; calvet , 1983 ) and oncogenic viral particles have never been seen in the tumor cells with the electron microscope ( moulton , 1990 ) . the current consensus view is therefore that the abnormal cells of the neoplasm are the vectors of transmission . the exfoliation and transplantation of neoplastic cells during physical contact provide the main mode of transmission onto genital mucosa , and also onto nasal or oral mucosa , during mating or licking of affected genitalia , respectively ( cohen , 1985 ; johnston , 1991 ) . the loss of mucosal integrity favors transmission ( vermooten , 1987 ) .
r - 42 . moulton je . ( 1978 ) . tumor of genital systems . in : moulton je , ed . tumors in domestic animals . 2 . ed . california : university of california . 326 - 330 .
a sample of lymph fluid will be sent to laboratory for further evaluation , to determine if cancerous cells are in the sample . the presence of cancerous cells in the lymph nodes is often a strong indication that the tumor is not
r - 68 . weir ec , pond mj and duncan jr . ( 1987 ) . extragenital located tvt tumor in the dog . literature review and case reports . j am anim hosp assoc . 14 : 532 - 536 .
resistant cases can be treated with doxorubicin , 30 mg / m 2 , iv , with 3 applications every 21 days ( richardson , 1981 ; souza et al . , 1998 ) . when total disappearance of the tumor cannot be achieved by chemotherapy , electro - cauterization or cryo - cauterization can be useful ( rogers , 1997 , vermooten , 1987 ) . after therapy , small remnant lesions can disappear spontaneously after 1 or 2 weeks ( unpublished observations ) . in cases that fail to resolve with chemotherapy , radiotherapy has been reported to yield good results ( boscos et al . , 2004 ) . the tumor immunity plays a role in tumor regression after modest chemotherapy ( gonzalez et al . , 2000 ) .
brandão cvs , borges ag , ranzani jjt , rahal sc , teixeira cr , rocha ns . tumor venéreo transmissível : estudo retrospectivo de 127 casos ( 1998–2000 ) . rev educ contin crmv - sp . 2002 ; 5 ( 1 ) : 25–31 .
in dogs whose immune systems are unable to properly respond , tumors will continue to grow and spread into other areas , and will need to be treated . surgical excision of small or localized tumors can be effective , but may not be the best choice when external genitalia is affected , and also carries the risk of tumor implantation into surgical wounds from instruments and gloves that have become contaminated . recurrence has been seen to occur even in successful tumor removal . most often , surgery is followed by other therapies .
amaral as , gaspar lfj , bassani - silva s , rocha ns . diagnóstico citológico do tumor venéreo transmissível na região de botucatu , brasil ( estudo descritivo : 1994–2003 ) . revista portuguesa de ciências veterinárias . 2004 ; 99 ( 551 ) : 167–71 .
but a lineage that dates back to columbus’s time is still relatively recent compared to how long ago the cancer itself originated . the team estimates that ctvt blinked into existence in a dog that lived between 10 , 179 and 12 , 873 years ago—this dog’s mutated cells were the source of the endlessly contagious cancer . by comparing dna from the modern tumor cells to the genotypes of 1 , 106 dogs , wolves , and coyotes , the researchers conclude that the first animal to suffer from ctvt was a black - ish , relatively inbred canine resembling a malamute . and from this whelp , a miracle was born .
this condition is the result of direct contact with tumor cells from a diseased animal . it is transmitted through the act of sex , and can also be transmitted by oral contact . intact , free roaming dogs are at greater risk of acquiring and spreading this disease .
a urinalysis is performed , along with blood tests that include a cbc and serum analysis , all of which can rule out the presence of parasites that can cause many of the same symptoms . it can also reveal abnormalities that can point to organs that may be affected . tissue samples can be collected by a fine needle aspiration , surgical excision , or punch biopsy , and are analyzed to discover the nature and type of tumor your dog has . this tumor has a characteristic appearance which can help to diagnose this particular type of cancer .
moreover , regressing tumors have a high number of t lymphocytes ( hill et al . , 1984 ) . it is thought that substances secreted by the lymphocyte infiltrate are responsible for the tumor’s regression by inducing cellular differentiation ( yang , 1988 , yang et al . , 1991 ) . a recent study suggested the role of hyaluronan in the growth of the tumor . this study also emphasized that the modulation of stromal cells that occur during the regression of tvt is similar to that occurring during wound healing ( mukaratirwa et al . , 2004 ) .
whilst a first assumption is that this tumour is transmissible through mating , it is also possible for the oral and nasal cavities of dogs to be affected by this tumour too so social behaviour like sniffing and licking may also transmit the tumour . these tumours may spontaneously resolve , but normally chemotherapy is required . regards dr callum turner dvm
shafiee r , javanbakht j , atyabi n , kheradmand p , kheradmand d , bahrami a , daraei h , khadivar f . diagnosis , classification and grading of canine mammary tumours as a model to study human breast cancer : a clinico - cytohistopathological study with environmental factors influencing public health and medicine . cancer cell int . 2013 ; 9 ; 13 ( 1 ) : 79 .
in some dogs , tumors can trigger an immunologic response that can result in spontaneous regression of the tumor . often , tumors will grow rapidly , then remain at a certain size before regression can occur , after which your dog may be resistant to a future implantation of tvt cells .
ctvt is a cancer that can be transmitted between dogs when they breed . instead of being transmitted by the usual infectious agents – such as viruses or bacteria – the tumors are spread by the tumor cells themselves . and , based on a genetics study published just last week in the journal
overall , this is an eye - opening finding – while we usually only think of “descendants” in terms of an animal’s progeny , ctvt ( and its 11 , 000 - year - old tumor cell line ) is an example of how that can be a limited view of the world .
ctvt tumors in dogs today have an astounding 1 . 9 million mutations . this is impressive considering that the tumor has been able to survive and spread for so many years while carrying along this huge number of mutations that could easily make it unstable . ( most human cancers only get about 1 , 000 to 5 , 000 mutations , but obviously aren’t anywhere near 11 , 000 years old . ) that said , the tumor’s genetics appear to have stabilized in the last few centuries ( or before this ) – the researchers compared the genetics of ctvt in dog populations that have been separated for about 500 years and found that their tumors were very similar ( about 95 % of the same mutations ) . this stabilization may have been needed for the ctvt tumors to continue to survive – it’s possible that if it gets any more mutations , the tumor will be unstable .
squamous cell carcinoma of the canine nasal cavity and frontal sinus was diagnosed in eight cases between may 1988 and april 1994 . the most common presenting complaints were nasal discharge , including epistaxis ; sneezing ; and facial deformity or exophthalmos . metastasis was not identified in any case , but bone lysis and invasion into tissues outside the nasal cavity were noted in five cases . . . . [ show full abstract ]
however , cancer biologists like elizabeth murchison have learned to look past ctvt’s cauliflower - like exterior to appreciate the science within . a native tasmanian , murchison was lured into the wonderful world of transmissible cancers by studying her island’s devils . “from there , i learnt about the dog cancer , and found it completely fascinating , ” she told me in an email .
r - 50 . padile , r . d . , panchbhai , v . s . , bhokre , a . p . , jadhao , p . t and baoat , s . t ( 1988 ) . haematological and blood biochemical changes in dogs after vincristine administration for treatment of venereal granuloma . j . vet . surg . 19 ( 1 ) : 47 .
immunotherapy studies have also been reported . there are reports to show that generalized form of tvt may regress following transfusion of whole blood or serum from a recovered animal or after treatment with tumor homogenate used as an autocthonius vaccine ( prier and johnson , 1964 ; powers , 1968 ) . a very few paramunity activators have been tried in tvt . the intra - lesional application of calmette - guérin ' s bacillus ( bcg ) was used for three weeks with sporadic success ( johnston , 1991 ) . recurrences have been described after immunotherapy using staphylococcus protein a , bcg or a vaccine made from tumoral cells ( amber et al . , 1990 ; rogers , 1997 ) . biotherapy has unfortunately also resulted in a high rate of recurrence ( richardson , 1981 ; vermooten , 1987 , amber et al . , 1990 ) . parvovirus vaccine has been shown to prevent experimental tumor transplantation when the vaccine was inoculated simultaneously with the tumor ( yang , 1987 ) , but the routine use of this vaccine is not reported . paramunity activators are given with the intention of enhancing the non - specific immune reactivity to the host , and this non - specific immunity is both humoral and cellular ( mayr , 1981 ) . since humoral and cellular immunity is known to play an important role in the regression of tvt ( cohen , 1980 ; mizuno et al . , 1994 ) paramunity activators are expected to be effective in both prophylaxis and treatment of this tumor . local injection of interleukin - 2 has been tried for immunotherapy with 32 % success ( otter et al . , 1999 ) . the mechanism how il - 2 causes regression of the tumor is not clear .
this is a common tumor , only found in dogs . it has a patchy worldwide distribution including parts of the caribbean , usa , southern europe , asia and africa . it is transmitted by direct physical contact . it occurs in both sexes and may appear as multiple subcutaneous nodules on the genitalia , lips and other parts of the body .
most often , the presence of a tumor in the genital region will prompt a veterinary visit . a physical examination may include a digital vaginal examination in females , and possibly a vaginoscopy , as tumors can grow inside the vagina and be hard to see . a diagnosis is based on symptoms , the presence of tumors , and the results of testing .
. . . tvt is a radiosensitive tumor and substances generating orthovoltage ( thrall 1982 ) or megavoltage ( rogers et al . 1998 ) like cobalt are used for this purpose . radiotherapy , as an alternative to chemotherapy treatment in tvt , can be used for the treatment - resistant lesions or the lesions forming in brain , testis or eyes . . . .
r - 49 . otter , w . d . , cadee , j . , gavhumende , r , degroot , c . j . , hennick , w . e . and stewart , r ( 1999 ) . effective cancer therapy with a single injection of interleukin - 2 at the site of tumor . cancer immunology immunotherapy . 48 : 419 - 420 .
the management of tvt has not been very easy . several treatments including surgery , radiotherapy , immunotherapy , biotherapy and chemotherapy have been applied for tvt . surgery has been used extensively for the treatment of small , localized tvts , although the recurrence rate can be as high as 50 - 68 % in cases of large invasive tumors ( rogers , 1997 ; weir et al . , 1987 ) . contamination of the surgical site with tvt cells is also a source of recurrence ( boscos and ververidis , 2004 ) . methods to prevent recurrence subsequent to surgery include excision along with cauterization ( hoque , 1995 ) , electrosurgical or cryosurgical excision ( idowu , 1985 ; rao et al . , 1993 ; hoque et al . , 1995 ) or chemotherapy subsequent to surgical excision . transmissible venereal tumors are radiosensitive and orthovoltage as well as cobalt have been used for this purpose ( weir et al . , 1987 ) .
squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum was diagnosed in eight dogs between march 1988 and january 1994 . epistaxis , sneezing , and ulceration or swelling of the nasal planum were the most common presenting complaints . although no evidence of metastasis was identified , the primary tumor in all cases was locally invasive with extensive involvement of underlying tissues . advanced imaging . . . [ show full abstract ]
early therapeutic effects were : three complete regressions , four partial regressions , three stable disease , and two progressive disease . late therapeutic effects were established 45 - 60 months after the first presentation ; there were five complete regressions , no partial regressions , nor stable or progressive diseases . interestingly , all five dogs with late therapeutic effects were in good health . no tumor recurrence was noted .
. . . however , some studies have reported a higher prevalence in females , 4 , 15 likely associated with areas with no birth control or many females and fewer males . however , other studies have shown a higher prevalence in males , 6 , [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] suggest - ing a strong relationship between ctvt and promiscuous reproduction behavior in dogs that directly sniff and lick the vaginal tumor . . . .
what is the prognosis with tvt ? initially , tvts grow rather fast and more rapidly in neonatal and immuno - suppressed dogs . metastasis ( spreading ) is uncommon ( 5 % ) . many cases resolve spontaneously and self cure . complete surgical removal is difficult and recurrence is likely . radiation therapy is effective but the tumor is very responsive to chemotherapy 1 . currently a drug called vincristine is helpful with a period of 6 - 7 weeks as the recommended treatment .
. . . ctvt primarily affects the genital external epithelium of male dogs and bitches . 6 , 7 ctvt is transmitted when malignant cells are transferred directly from 1 dog to another dog via coitus , licking , biting or sniffing tumor areas , such as the external genitalia or skin . 6 , 8 , 9 ctvt presents a low metastatic potential 7 , 10 ; however , metastases to the skin , lungs , abdominal organs , and central nervous system have been described . . . .
all things canid has joined with the american society of animal naturopathy to offer you a 50 % discount on your first animal naturopathy course . canine natural educational classes are available through theā american society of animal naturopathy . these include nutrition , homeopathy , naturopathy , breeding , and vaccines as well as many more . you will receive a 50 % discount on classes ( books not included ) if you mention all things canid when ordering your classes . for the discount just visit the site , chose your classes , and email your list of the classes you want to take using the form provided . a invoice will be sent to you with your 50 % discount applied .
tvt has continued to be a serious problem around the world ( moulton , 1961 ) occurring at same frequencies in both male and female dogs ( smith and washbourn , 1998 ) . it is estimated to be more prevalent in temperate climates ( ndirty et al . , 1977 ; withrow and mcewen , 1989 ; rogers , 1997 ) . a large number of reports have been produced in india ( pandey and dhawedkar , 1977 ; chaudhary and rao , 1982 ; nayak et al . , 1987 ; padile et al . , 1988 ; das et al . , 1989 ; pandey et al . , 1989 ; das and sahay , 1990 ; chauhan et al . , 1991 ; das et al . , 1991 ; tiwari et al . , 1991 ; dinesh et al . , 1993 ; gandotra et al . , 1993 ; hoque et al . , 1995 ; maiti et al . , 1995 ; jain et al . , 2002 a , 2002b ) . it is commonly observed in dogs that are in close contact with one another , or in stray and wild dogs that exhibit unrestrained sexual activity ( cangul , 2003 ) . in india tvt is known to be the most frequently reported tumor in dogs ranging from 23 - 43 % of the total number of tumors in canine population ( gandotra et al . , 1993 ; chaudhary and rao , 1982 ) . uncontrolled sexual behavior and a large stray dog population appear to be one reason for such a high incidence of tvt . an age related incidence has been shown for tvt ( higgins , 1966 ; pandey et al . , 1997 ; thakur and bradley , 1983 ) with the tumor being common at 2 - 5 years of age .


metanephrops is a genus of lobsters , commonly known as scampi .

important species for fishery include metanephrops australiensis ( australian scampi ) and metanephrops challengeri ( new zealand scampi ) .

it differs from other lobsters such as homarus and nephrops norvegicus in that its two main claws are of equal size , rather than being differentiated into a crusher and a pincher .

there are 18 extant species recognised in the genus : metanephrops andamanicus ( wood-mason , 1891 ) metanephrops arafurensis ( de man , 1905 ) metanephrops armatus chan & yu , 1991 metanephrops australiensis ( bruce , 1966 ) metanephrops binghami ( boone , 1927 ) metanephrops boschmai ( holthuis , 1964 ) metanephrops challengeri ( balss , 1914 ) metanephrops formosanus chan & yu , 1987 metanephrops japonicus ( tapparone-canefri , 1873 ) metanephrops mozambicus macpherson , 1990 metanephrops neptunus ( bruce , 1965 ) metanephrops rubellus ( moreira , 1903 ) metanephrops sagamiensis ( parisi , 1917 ) metanephrops sibogae ( de man , 1916 ) metanephrops sinensis ( bruce , 1966 ) metanephrops taiwanicus ( hu , 1983 ) metanephrops thomsoni ( bate , 1888 ) metanephrops velutinus chan & yu , 1991 a further three species are known from fossils : metanephrops jenkinsi feldmann , 1989 – late cretaceous metanephrops motunauensis jenkins , 1972 – pliocene metanephrops rossensis feldmann et al. , 1993 – late cretaceous

metanephrops

this armored monster is really dangerous if you ' re under water . do you think you ' re safe just because there ' s no water near you ? metanephrops can cast an entire sea against you !
chan , t . - y . and h . - p . yu , 1987 . metanephrops formosanus sp . nov . , a new species of lobster ( decapoda , nephropidae ) from taiwan . crustaceana , 52 : 172 - 186 , text fig . 1 , pls 1 , 2
chan et al . ( 2009 ) recently showed that the banded and non - banded forms of metanephrops thomsoni were widely genetically divergent . the banded ( widespread ) form is now treated as a distinct species and named after a recent fossil , wongastacia taiwanica hu , 1983 ( see also tshudy et al . 2007 ) .
nephrops and metanephrops are commercially exploited genera within the family nephropidae ( clawed lobsters ) . commercial fisheries for each genus exist in the northern and southern hemispheres and utilise trawling or trapping for capture . despite a relative lack of dedicated disease surveys on lobsters from these fisheries , several important symbionts and pathogens have been described . the most significant known pathogen of metanephrops ( challengeri ) is a microsporidian parasite ( myospora metanephrops ) which causes destruction of the skeletal and heart muscles of infected lobsters while the most significant known pathogen of nephrops ( norvegicus ) is a dinoflagellate parasite assigned to the genus hematodinium . this parasite has been responsible for an ongoing epidemic in fished populations of n . norvegicus in northern europe since at least the early 1980s and since then extensive studies on its life history and pathogenesis have occurred . despite these research efforts significant gaps exist in our knowledge of the effects of parasites such as hematodinium on the fished and non - fished portions of nephrops populations and on the effect of fishery practices on the spread of infection . furthermore , little is known about the effect of this ( and other ) pathogens on cohort survivability and the likelihood that early life stages will be effectively recruited to the fishery . this review summarises the available literature on diseases of these two lobster genera and provides an assessment of future research needs in this discipline .
this species is commercially harvested for food in korea and taiwan , generally by trawl - net fishing ( takeda 2001 ) . in taiwan it is often caught together with metanephrops formosanus ; it is less numerous but fetches a higher market price ( chan and yu 1987 ) . for both species the harvest is year - round although catches are not large ( chan and yu 1987 ) . this species is also exported under the name
pacific scampi
. the catch is declinding in taiwan though no good fishery statistics are available . large amount of this species caught from the south china sea are imported to taiwan ( t . - y . chan pers . comm . 2009 ) .
holthuis , l . b . 1991 . fao species catalogue . vol 13 . marine lobsters of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date . fao fisheries synopsis . 125 ( 13 ) : 292 p . [ details ]
the
expected
is short term of expected average breeding time . this is the estimate time of a specific combination to get the desired results , after an average fail times . in other words , this time is used for comparing between combinations . the lesser the time is , the faster the combination will give you the right monster . there is also the breeding statistic percent , which is a bar with the percentage . this indicates how fast does it take to breed a x monster between different combinations .
first , every combination has specific results with correspond chances . it ' s not difficult to calculate a average fail breeding time from the given combination . ( please note that average fail breeding time is different from expected average breeding time ! ) .
average fail breeding time = sum of all ( chance * breeding time of single result ) , exclude the target monster .
chance of the desired monster : when the combination has x chance for the monster m , you have to breed about ( average ) 1 / x times to get the monster m , statistically ! if nothing got wrong , you will have that monster on the 1 / x try . therefore , you will have to
used
( 1 / x - 1 ) times for failing , the expected time will be expected average breeding time = average fail breeding time * ( 1 / x - 1 ) .
the x chance to get pandaken is 0 . 3 , so the eabt = afbt * ( 1 / 0 . 3 - 1 ) = 70 seconds
do the same steps , we got eabt of firesaur + greenasaur = 1m 53s .
now , you will see the first combination gives pandaken faster ( or more efficient ) than the second one , in a same period of time . that ' s what expected average breeding time is used for .
this metric is only used for comparing avg . time between the combinations . the fastest ( least time ) combination will be base as 100 % . other combinations if slower ( longer time ) will be decreased below 100 % , depends on how much it is longer .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
batchelor , a . , de silva , r . , dyer , e . , kasthala , g . , lutz , m . l . , mcguinness , s . , milligan , h . t . , soulsby , a . - m . & whitton , f .
has been assessed as least concern . this species is fished for , both on a subsistence level and commercially , and there is evidence that stocks have been depleted within part of its range . however , this is not believed to being having an impact on the global population , which is broadly distributed throughout the indian oceana and central western pacific .
brunei darussalam ; china ( fujian , guangdong , guangxi , hainan ) ; hong kong ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ( kalimantan , sulawesi , sumatera ) ; kenya ; macao ; malaysia ; myanmar ( coco is . , myanmar ( mainland ) ) ; singapore ; somalia ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; viet nam
according to chan and yu ( 1991 ) this species is actually quite poorly known . this is because most of the previous records , including commercially - caught specimens , belong to different species . it was caught in small quantities off the northeast coast of somalia ( van zalinge 1988 ) and kenya ( de sousa 1988 ) , and more regularly in southern zanzibar at depths of 205 - 300 m ( jiddawi and pandu 1988 ) . its highest abundance was thought to be in the south china sea ( carpenter and niem 1998 ) , though this is now severely depleted due to fishing pressure ( t . y . chan pers . comm . 2009 ) .
this species ranges from 250 - 750 m in depth , but is mostly found between 300 - 450 m ( holthuis 1991 ) . its substrate is hard mud , and it
possibly lives in burrows
according to holthuis ( 1991 ) .
this species is fished both at a subsistence level , and at a commercial level ( t . y . chan pers . comm . 2008 ) .
this species was mentioned as
a potential fishery resource off hong kong
( longhurst 1970 ) . holthuis ( 1991 ) thought this was likely to be true in other parts of its range . this was due to its size and habitat , on trawlable seabeds , and it was described as
the only species [ of lobster ] of some commercial importance at this time in the western indian ocean
( fischer and bianchi 1984 ) . it was caught in small numbers by trawling off the coast of somalia ( van zalinge 1988 ) , and in greater numbers at the southern end of the zanzibar channel where it is not exploited ( jiddawi and pandu 1988 ) . attempts in kenya to develop offshore trawling were unsuccessful ( de sousa 1988 ) . chan and yu ( 1991 ) supposed that due to its large size , commercial trawling of this species may be viable ; however , it is unknown how widely this has been taken on since then .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
has been assessed as data deficient . this species is harvested commercially , though it is not known to what extent this is impacting upon the global population other than that landings are in decline . research efforts need to focus on establishing a monitoring program from which to estimate rates of decline before a more accurate assessment of conservation status can be made .
this species is commercially caught in tawian , although in smaller numbers compared to related species ( chan and yu 1991 ) . the reason for this is unknown ; it may be due to it being more difficult to catch ( inhabiting deeper and more rocky areas difficult to trawl ) , or less abundant ( chan and yu 1991 ) .
this species is found on rocky sea floors at depths of 150 - 450 m ( chan and yu 1991 ) .
this species is fished commercially in taiwan , and fetches a high price at markets ( nt $ 300 - 400 / kg ) due to its large size ( chan and yu 1991 ) .
this species is caught for human consumption ; however ,
it is less common in the markets than other species
( holthuis 1991 : 68 ) . the catch of this species is declining but there is a lack of fishery statistics from which to calculate rates of decline ( t . y . chan pers . comm . 2009 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . research efforts need to focus on establishing a monitoring program for this species to determine rates of decline .
has been assessed as data deficient . this species is heavily fished throughout its range and declines in the catch have been reported . however , no catch statistics are available from which to determine stock status . further research is needed on fishing effort and harvest levels before a more accurate assessment of conservation status can be made .
this species is distributed from southern japan , south korea , china , and taiwan , to the south china sea ( takeda 2001 ) .
this species appears to be abundant around taiwan ( chan and yu 1987 ) .
this species is found on sandy mud bottoms at depths of between 50 m and 500 m . in the east china sea females are generally ovigerous from mid - september to mid - april , and lay less than 1 , 500 eggs ( holthuis 1991 , wallner and phillips 1995 ) . peak catches of this species occur at night - time ( aguzzi et al . 2003 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . monitoring of the harvest levels and fishing effort is needed .
has been assessed as data deficient . further information on the impact of commercial exploitation on its population size and trends is required . this species is harvested throughout much of its range . despite anecdotal and observational evidence from fishermen about population declines , there is a lack of quantitative data from which to quantify rates of decline . further research is recommended to determine the abundance of this species and the impact of trawling before a more accurate assessment of conservation status can be made .
this species occurs off the pacific coast of japan : from choshi , honshu to the east coast of kyushu ( holthuis 1991 ) .
this species is found in mud substrate at depths of 200 - 440 m , preferring 200 - 300 m ( holthuis 1991 ) .
this species is fished using pots and by commercial trawlers throughout its range ( holthuis 1991 ) . it is sold both fresh and frozen , and is a highly - prized gourmet species . it is mainly fished in chiba , suruga bay , the boso peninsula , and sagami bay during the cold seasons ( chan and yu 1991 , okamoto 2008 ) .
the stock of sagami bay appears not to be large , and is threatened by high fishing pressure . so far this has not caused a significant change in the size distribution of the catch , although this may be due to the aggregating nature of this species into size groups ( chan and yu 1991 ) . over - fishing has resulted in decreased numbers . rearing of juveniles in captivity has been successful ( okamoto 2008 ) . however the lack of catch per unit effort data makes it difficult to interpret these observations .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . studies have investigated captive rearing of this species with some success ( okamoto 2005 , 2008 ) . this is part of a project initiated to develop land - based aquaculture in order to restock overfished areas ( e . g . , suruga bay ) ; something which has not been achieved with any nephropid lobster ( okamoto 2008 ) . further work is needed to determine the impact of trawling on populations , especially those which might be affected by high fishing pressure . if there is evidence that populations are being severely impacted further measures may need to be introduced ( if not already in place ) to limit the size and / or timing of catches . these include : license limitation ; vessel restrictions ; seasonal closures or periods of no fishing and minumum size limits . although chan and yu ( 1991 ) reported no change in size distribution in harvested populations .
has been assessed as data deficient . this species is only known from the coast of taiwan , and is harvested regularly and declines in the catch have been reported . further research is required to assess the population size of this species , as well as the impact of commercial exploitation before a more accurate assessment can be made .
this species is only known from the northeast and south coasts of taiwan ( holthuis 1991 ) .
this species is found at depths of 150 - 400 m , preferring depths of approximately 250 m , with mud or sand substrates ( holthuis 1991 ) . spawning is in late autumn ( holthuis 1991 ) .
according to chan and yu ( 1987 , 1991 ) this species is caught regularly and throughout the year . it constitutes part of the major catch of
spp . in taiwan , with fresh specimens fetching a high price in local markets ( chan and yu 1987 , 1991 ) . however , catches are low and not constant , likely due to the difficulty of trawling this species ( it occurs near deep , rocky areas ) , and the relatively small size of the stock ( chan and yu 1991 ) . furthermore , local fisherman reported no change in the size of catches over time despite frequent collection of juveniles ( chan and yu 1991 ) , though catch of this species is known to be declining in recent years ( t . y . chan pers . comm . 2009 ) .
this species is fished commercially by baby shrimp trawlers ( chan and yu 1991 ) , however it is known what impact commercial exploitation is having on the population numbers of this species .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . further work is recommended to determine present population size and the impact of commercial exploitation .
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name is a combination of
metal
and
nephropidae ,
the scientific name for lobsters .
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
type locality :
challenger
station 204a , . . . lat . 12°43 ' n . , long . 122°9 ' e . ; between samboangan [ = zamboanga ) and manila ; depth , 100 fathoms [ = 182 m ] ; bottom , green mud
. male lectotype in
indo - west pacific region : korea ( korea strait ) , china ( yellow sea , east china sea , south china sea ) , japan ( from tosa bay on the east coast of shikoku island , and the west coast of kyushu south to the ryukyu islands ) , taiwan , andthe philippines ( off tablas ) .
females are generally caught in the east china sea from the middle of september to the middle of april . the larval development has been described by uchida and dotsu ( 1973 : 23 - 35 ) .
maximum total body length about 15 cm , usually not more than 12 cm .
in korea the species is offered for sale at the busan markets . according to uchida and dotsu ( 1973 : 23 ) the species
is usually caught in the east china sea by trawl net fishing and used as food
. in taiwan the species is sold in markets , and its price is higher than that of
: 48 ) . motoh , dimaano and pution ( 1978 : 22 ) mention that
a kind of red shrimp ( probably nephrops thomsoni )
is caught by a bobo (
a kind of baited trap
)
at deeper water exceeding to 40 m
, in mindanao , philippines .
, report voyage challenger , zool . , 24 : 185 , pl . 25 fig . 1 , pl . 26 figs . 1 - 9 .
china ( province of taiwan ) : te - chia shia ( also used for other species of the genus ) .
baba , k . , k . - i . hayashi and m . toriyama , 1986 . decapod crustaceans from continental shelf and slope around japan . the intensive research of unexploited fishery resources on continental slopes : 1 - 336 , figs 1 - 22 , coloured figs 1 - 176 . ( japan fisheries resource conservation association , tokyo ) .
bate , c . s . , 1888 report on the crustacea macrura collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . report scientific results voyage challenger , ( zool ) , 24 : i - xc , 1 - 942 , text figs . 1 - 76 , pls 1 - 150 .
motoh , h . , m . dimaano and n . putian , 1978 . ecological survey of the giant tiger prawn , penaeus monodon and other edible crustaceans in mindanao ( sept . 3 to 18 , 1978 ) : 1 - 40 , figs 1 - 17 ( aquaculture department seafdec , iloilo ) .
uchida , t . and y . dotsu , 1973 . on the larva hatching and larval development of the lobster , nephrops thomsoni . collection of the t . s . nagasaki maru of nagasaki university . iv . bulletin faculty fisheries nakasaki university , 36 : 23 - 35 , figs 1 - 7
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european community reference laboratory for crustacean diseases , centre for environment , fisheries and aquaculture science ( cefas ) , barrack road , weymouth , dorset dt4 8ub , united kingdom . grant . stentiford @ urltoken


amastra elongata was a species of air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family amastridae .

this species was endemic to oʻahu .

amastra elongata

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cowie , r . h . , n . l . evenhuis , c . c . christensen . 1995b . catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the hawaiian islands . backhuys publishers : leiden , the netherlands . 248 pp .
extinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
this species was originally described from oahu , hawaiian islands ( johnson , 1996 ) .
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zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
caum , e . l . 1974 . check list of hawaiian land and fresh water mollusca . bulletin of the bernice p . bishop museum , honolulu , 56 : 1 - 80 .
johnson , r . i . 1996 . types of land and freshwater mollusks from the hawaiian islands in the museum of comparative zoology , bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , 155 ( 4 ) : 159 - 214 .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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bebearia partita , the falcate forester , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in cameroon , the republic of the congo , the democratic republic of the congo ( mongala , uele , ituri , north kivu , tshopo , equateur , kinshasa , cataractes , kwango , sankuru and lualaba ) and uganda ( bwamba and toro ) .

the habitat consists of forests .

the larvae feed on hypselodelphys species .

bebearia partita

bebearia partita ; ypm ent 422418 ; africa ; uganda ; western province ; toro district ; bwamba ; norman p . mitton ; 1956 - 05
bebearia partita ; ypm ent 422414 ; africa ; uganda ; western province ; toro district ; bwamba ; norman p . mitton ; 1956 - 05
bebearia partita ; ypm ent 422420 ; africa ; uganda ; western province ; toro district ; bwamba ; robert h . carcasson ; 1956 - 05
bebearia ( bebearia ) aurora graueri hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 31
etude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby
etude des bebearia ( note no . 7 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .
bebearia mandinga beni hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 11
bebearia sophus monforti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 20
bebearia hassoni hecq , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 2 ) : 39
bebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 35
remarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra , bebearia et euriphene .
etude des bebearia ( note no 4 ) . sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania
bebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 46
revision du genre bebearia . note no . 1 . le groupe ' flaminia ' stgr .
bebearia dowsetti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 25 ; tl : rwanda
bebearia bouyeri van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 40
etude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq
bebearia ultima hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 38 ; tl : basse casmance
bebearia faraveli oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : gabon
bebearia paludicola holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : cameroon
bebearia tini oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : lolo valley
bebearia cocalia insularis kielland , 1985 ; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 ( 19 ) : 271 ; tl : pemba i .
bebearia orientis malawiensis holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : malawi
bebearia paludicola blandi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : ghana
bebearia aurora theia hecq , 1989 ; lambillionea 89 : 72 ; tl : shaba , riv . lulua , kapanga
bebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen , 1997 ; lambillionea 97 ( 1 ii ) : 102 , f . 1
bebearia hemming , 1960 ; annot . lep . ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 ; ts : euryphene iturina karsch
bebearia improvisa ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 1
bebearia ivindoensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : gabon
bebearia lopeensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : gabon
= bebearia senegalensis katera ; hancock , 1992 , j . lep . soc . 46 ( 1 ) : 60 ♂ only
, butterflies of the world part ix ( 9 ) , nymphalidae iv - bebearia . edited by erich bauer and thomas frankenbach keltern
bebearia aurora ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 15 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia kiellandi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia ikelemba kamituga ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia hargreavesi d ' abrera , 1980 ; butterflies of the afrotropical region : 302 ; tl : masisi , n . w . kivu , 5000ft
bebearia fontaineana fontaineana ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 7 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fontaineana intersecta ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia amieti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 1 , pl . 2 , f . 7 , 10 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia dowsetti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia peetersi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq , 2000 ; butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 7 ; tl : nigeria , okomu
bebearia ducarmei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia bioculata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cutteri camiadei hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 2 , 5 ; tl : congo , bangui
bebearia baueri ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 7 - 8 , pl . 31 , f . 1 - 2
bebearia hargreavesi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 12 , f . 2 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia hassoni ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 7 , pl . 13 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cottoni ; [ bafr ] , 301 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fulgurata ; [ bafr ] , 303 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 9 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fontainei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4
bebearia raeveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 4 , pl . 30 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia allardi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 13 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia picturata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : congo , lukolela
bebearia schoutedeni ; [ bafr ] , 316 ( text ) ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia ikelemba ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia discors ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia oremansi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 29 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia liberti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 19 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia tini ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 23 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 30 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia chilonis ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 27 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 32 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia faraveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 24 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 30 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia makala ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia chloeropis ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia braytoni ; [ bafr ] , 304 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
van de weghe , 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon , et mise au point sur certaines especes ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , limenitinae ) ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43
bebearia chriemhilda ; [ bafr ] , 302 ; [ bk ] : 308 , pl . 41 , f . 511 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia intermedia ; [ bafr ] , 314 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 22 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cinaethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 92 , f . 23 ( text only ) ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
defining species groups is a convenient way of subdividing well - defined genera with a large number of recognized species . bebearia species are so arranged in assemblages called
species groups
but ( not superspecies , but an informal phenetic arrangement ) . these may or may not be clades . as molecular phylogenetic studies continue , lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition become evident and new groupings are suggested , but consistent ranking remains a problem .
euryphene tentyris hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] , pl . [ 22 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : old calabar
euryphene tentyris var . seeldrayersi aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 201 ; tl : congo , momporo
guinea , sierra leone , libera , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]
ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , congo , zaire . see [ maps ]
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , w . uganda , nw . tanzania . see [ maps ]
euryphene carshena hewitson , 1871 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene vii ) : [ 48 ] , pl . [ 24 ] , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : old calabar
euryphene tentyris var . languida schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 724
papilio absolon fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 56
e . guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire
euryphene entebbiae lathy , 1906 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1906 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : entebbe , uganda
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire . see [ maps ]
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda . see [ maps ]
aterica zonara butler , 1871 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1871 : 81 ; tl : fantee , cape coast
: pl . 92 , f . 20 ( text only , spell . ? )
aterica abesa hewitson , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : cape coast castle
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire
euryphene oxione hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] ; tl : old calabar
cameroon , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda
euryphene oxione squalida talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : entebbe
cameroon , congo , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba , toro ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene comus ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons
euryphene cinaethon hewitson , 1874 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ix ) : [ 52 ] , pl . [ 26 ] , f . 40 - 41 ; tl : west africa
euryphene ikelemba aurivillius , 1901 ; ent . tidskr . 22 : 116 ; tl : ikelemba r .
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]
papilio cocalia fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 250
zaire ( kivu ) , w . uganda , w . kenya , nw . tanzania
euryphene badiana rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 245 , pl . 20 , f . 23 - 24
e . nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , n . angola , zaire , w . uganda , w . tanzania , w . zambia
senegal , gambia , guinea bissau , n . guinea , n . sierra leone , n . ivory coast . see [ maps ]
euryphene senegalensis herrich - schäffer , [ 1850 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 , 1 ( ? 6 ) pl . [ 23 ] , f . 95 - 98
euryphene orientis karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 277
euryphene mardania dealbata carcasson , 1958 ; occ . pap . coryndon mus . 5 : 8
nigeria , cameroon , congo , w . zaire , n . angola . see [ maps ]
euryphene guineensis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : guinea , calabar vetus
papilio sophus fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 46
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , . . . ?
euryphene phreone feisthamel , 1850 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 8 : 253 ( boisduval )
euryphene sophus audeoudi riley , 1936 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 16 ( 11 ) : 702 , pl . 7 , f . 2
eyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson , 1961 ; occ . pap . coryndon meml mus . ( 7 ) : 8
aterica barce doubleday , 1847 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 20 : 64 ; tl : sierra leone
euryphene barce maculata aurivillius , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 13 : 178 , pl . 40 a
euryphene staudingeri aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 199 ; tl : camerun , n ' dian
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , angola , zaire , uganda , nw . tanzania , n . zambia . see [ maps ]
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]
e . nigeria , cameroon , e . zaire , gabon . see [ maps ]
nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , c . a . r .
euryphene brunhilda kirby , 1889 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 247 ; tl : cameroons
euryphene iturina karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 215
euryphene schoutedeni overlaet , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( n . s . ) sci . zool . 1 : 490
coastal areas ( e . kenya , e . tanzania ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene chriemhilda staudinger , 1896 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 370 , pl . 8 , f . 4
euryphene congolensis capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxii ; tl : kassai
euryphene phranza hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ii ) : [ 37 ] , pl . [ 19 ] , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : old calabar
euriphene phranza robiginosus talbot , 1927 ; rev . zool . afr . 15 : 267
cameroon - zaire ( mbandaka - ituri , kasai ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene severini aurivillius , 1898 ; öfvers . k . vetenskakad . förh . stockh . 54 : 280 , f . 2 ; tl : congo , beni - bendi
euryphene aurora aurivillius , 1896 ; öfvers . k . vetenskakad . förh . 53 : 433 ; tl : ubangi
euryphene wilverthi aurivillius , 1898 ; ent . tidskr . 19 : 177 ; tl : congo
aurora kayonza jackson , 1956 ; j . e afr . nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 74
euryphene tessmanni grünberg , 1910 ; s . b . ges . naturf . fr . berl . 1910 ( 10 ) : 471 ; tl : spanish guinea
euryphene flaminia staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 110 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons
e . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , zaire , w . uganda ?
euryphene maximiana staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons
euryphene intermedia bartel , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 : 144 ; tl : kamerun , barombi - station
euryphene nivaria ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , w . zaire
euryphene phantasiella staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : barombi station
euryphene phantasiella simulata van someren , 1939 ; j . e . afr . uganda nat . hist . soc . 14 ( 65 ) : 54 ; tl : katera
euryphene phantasiella var . ? phantasina staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : sierra leone
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , e . nigeria
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , w . nigeria , cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria
euryphene demetra obsolescens talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : bitje , ja river
euryphene makala bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 473 ; tl : makala , congo free state
euryphene chloeropis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala , congo free state
euryphene eliensis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 46 ] , pl . [ 23 ] , f . 23 - 26 ; tl : gaboon
zaire , s . cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r .
evena ceres var . unita capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxiv
euryphene luteola bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala - beni ; ituri forest , mawamba - makala
euryphene ashantina dudgeon , 1913 ; ent . mon . mag . 49 : 204 ; tl : ashanti , gold coast
romaleosoma cutteri hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( romaleosoma ii - iii ) : [ 31 ] , pl . [ 16 ] , f . 13 - 15 ; tl : old calabar
euphaedra cutteri harleyi fox , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 1248 ; tl : wanau forest
euryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby , 1889 ; rhop . exot . [ 2 ] 1 : ( euryphene ) 1 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : cameroons
e . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r . , sw . zaire . see [ maps ]
e . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo , w . zaire . see [ maps ]
euryphene castanea holland , 1893 ; can . ent . 25 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : kangwé , ogové valley
euryphene ducalis grünberg , 1912 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 534
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
contribution a la faune du congo ( brazzaville ) . mission a . villiers et a . descarpentries lxviii . lepidopteres nymphalidae , danaidae et riodinidae
( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species
new lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera
verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge
wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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bicyclus smithi ; ypm ent 406180 ; africa ; uganda ; western province ; toro district ; bwamba ; norman p . mitton ; 1956 - 05
bicyclus smithi ; ypm ent 412904 ; africa ; uganda ; western province ; toro district ; bwamba ; norman p . mitton ; 1956 - 05
euriphene barombina ; ypm ent 422169 ; africa ; uganda ; western province ; toro district ; bwamba ; norman p . mitton ; 1956 - 06
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in appearance . the females , especially , are very similar on their uppersides . the undersides of
: hillside books . isbn 9783931374501 and supplement 3 - detailed text in french .
seitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 40 et seq .
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