lachesis stenophrys is a venomous pitviper species endemic to central america .

the specific name , stenophrys , is derived from the greek words stenos , meaning " narrow " , and ophrys , meaning " brow " or " eyebrow " .

no subspecies are currently recognized .

lachesis stenophrys

lachesis stenophrys cope 1876 : 152 bothrops achrocordus garcia 1896 : 22 lachesis muta stenophrys — taylor 1951 : 184 lachesis muta stenophrys — peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 137 lachesis muta stenophrys — welch 1994 : 69 lachesis stenophrys — zamudio & greene 1997 lachesis stenophrys — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 313 lachesis stenophrys — savage 2002 lachesis stenophrys — wallach et al . 2014 : 356
snake venomics across genus lachesis . ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of lachesis stenophrys and comparative proteomics of the venoms of adult lachesis melanocephala and lachesis acrochorda .
lachesis stenophrys by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow
snake venomics across genus lachesis . ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of lachesis stenophrys and comparative proteomics of the venoms . . . - pubmed - ncbi
original file name : lachesis _ stenophrys _ ( 1 ) - lachesis stenophrys ( central american bushmaster ) . jpg resolution : 3085x2280 file size : 3890933 bytes upload time : 2017 : 02 : 12 06 : 24 : 24
lachesis stenophrys venom reduces the equine antibody response towards bothrops asper venom used as co - immunogen in the production of polyspecific snake antivenom .
figure 1 . ( a ) female of lachesis stenophrys coiled and displaying a protective posture with the eggs laid . ( b ) newborn of l . stenophrys placed in the terrarium after weight and length measures were taken .
s1 table . proteomic identification of 2de resolved proteins from costa rican l . stenophrys venom .
lachesis stenophrys venom reduces the equine antibody response towards bothrops asper venom used as co - immunogen in the production of polyspecific . . . - pubmed - ncbi
3 . chacón , d . & valverde , r . 2004 . lachesis stenophrys ( bushmaster ) reproduction . herpetological review 35 : 68 . [ links ]
venomous ! bothrops achrocordus garcia 1896 : 22 has been removed from the synonymy of lachesis stenophrys and is now considered to be a valid species by several authors .
s2 table . 2de - separated l . stenophrys venom protein spots recognized by mono and polyspecific antivenoms .
crotalus mutus linnaeus 1766 : 373 coluber crotalinus gmelin 1789 : 1094 scytale catenatus latreille in sonnini and latreille 1802 : 162 scytale ammodytes latreille in sonnini and latreille 1802 : 165 coluber alecto shaw 1802 : 405 lachesis mutus — daudin 1803 : 351 lachesis ater — daudin 1803 : 354 trigonocephalus ammodytes — oppel 1811 : 390 cophias crotalinus — merrem 1820 : 144 trigonocephalus crotalinus — schinz 1822 : 144 lachesis muta — schinz 1822 : 144 lachesis atra — schinz 1822 : 144 scytale catenata — schinz 1822 : 144 bothrops surucucu wagler 1824 : 59 bothrops sururucu wagler 1824 ( misspelled in franzen & glaw 2007 : 262 ) lachesis rhombeata wied 1824 crasedocephalus crotalinus — gray 1825 : 205 lachesis mutus — duméril & bibron 1854 : 1485 trigonocephalus ( lachoesis ) brasiliensis liais 1872 : 306 trigonocephalus rhumbeatus — liais 1872 : 306 lachoesis rhumbeata — liais 1872 : 306 lachesis muta — beebe 1946 : 47 lachesis muta — harding & welch 1980 lachesis muta — villa et al . 1988 lachesis mutus — boulenger 1896 : 534 lachesis muta muta — taylor 1951 : 184 lachesis muta noctivaga hoge 1966 lachesis muta muta — peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 136 lachesis muta muta — duellman 1978 : 265 lachesis muta rhombeata — hoge & romano 1978 : 54 lachesis muta — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 312 lachesis muta — gorzula & señaris 1999 lachesis muta muta — boos 2001 lachesis muta — wallach et al . 2014 : 355
5 . ripa . d . 1994 . the reproduction of the central american bushmaster ( lachesis muta stenophrys ) and the blackheaded bushmasters ( lachesis muta melanocephala ) for the first time in captivity . bulletin of the chicago herpetological society 29 : 165 - 183 . [ links ]
gutiérrez , j . , c . avila , z . camacho , b . lomonte . 1990 . ontogenetic changes in the venom of the snake lachesis muta stenophrys ( bushmaster ) from costa rica .
distributions of lachesis stenophrys and lachesis melanocephala are shown west of longitude 79° w . distribution of the western andean form , lachesis acrochorda , is shown east of 78°50 w , and extending south to just below the equator . despite close proximity to l . stenophrys in panamá , l . acrochorda retains its own identity southwest of the tropical dry forest barrier that divides them , indicating low genetic flow between ancestors . intergradation between the two populations , in the narrow san blas corridor , is unlikely due to habitat requirements .
thus , we report a successful breeding of lachesis stenophrys in captivity ( ex - situ ) in costa rica , with the main objective of provide venom for scientific purposes as well as study of biological behavior in conditions of captivity .
corrales , greivin ; meidinger , robert ; rodríguez , santos ; chacon , danilo ; gomez , aaron 2014 . reproduction in captivity of the central american bushmaster ( lachesis stenophrys , serpentes : viperidae ) , in costa rica cuad . herpetol . 28 : - get paper here
venomous ! lachesis muta has been split into three separate species by zamudio & greene 1997 . synonymy mainly after peters & orejas - miranda 1970 and fernandes et al . ( 2004 ) , who reject any subspecies in l . muta . type species : lachesis mutus is the type species of the genus lachesis daudin 1803 .
de souza , r . 2007 . reproduction of the atlantic bushmaster ( lachesis muta rhombeata ) for the first time in captivity .
silva - haad j . accidentes humanos por las serpientes de los géneros bothrops y lachesis . mem inst butantan . 1982 ; 45 : 403–423 .
terence m . , d . 2012 .
bushmaster lachesis muta muta
( on - line ) . accessed december 09 , 2011 at urltoken .
iucn , 2011 .
red list : lachesis muta
( on - line ) . iucn red list . accessed december 09 , 2011 at urltoken .
bothrops , crotalus and lachesis represent the most medically relevant genera of pitvipers in central and south america . similarity in venom phenotype and physiopathological profile of envenomings caused by the four nominal lachesis species led us to hypothesize that an antivenom prepared against venom from any of them may exhibit paraspecificity against all the other congeneric taxa .
ripa d . the bushmasters ( genus lachesis daudin 1803 ) ; morphology , evolution and behavior . cd - rom . wilmington , nc : ecologica , 2001 .
at the antivenom / venom ratio of 500 μl antivenom / mg venom , the bcl and bl polyspecific antivenoms and the monospecific l antivenom , effectively neutralized the lethal activity of the seven lachesis venoms investigated ( table 5 ) . the monospecific ab antivenom only neutralized the lethal activity of l . stenophrys , l . muta muta ( cascalheira ) and l . muta rhombeata ( recife ) ( table 5 ) , while the monospecific ac antivenom was unable to neutralize the lethal activity of any of the lachesis venoms studied at the ratio of 500 μl antivenom / mg venom ( table 5 ) .
a brazilian native plant , stryphnodendron barbatman ( family : fabacea ) , common name : barbatimao , may be an effective venom inhibitor in cases of lachesis muta envenomation .
to cite this page : adams , a . 2012 .
lachesis muta
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
to assess this hypothesis , in this work we have applied antivenomics and immunochemical methods to investigate the immunoreactivity of three monovalent antivenoms and two polyvalent antivenoms towards the venoms from different geographic populations of three different lachesis species . the ability of the antivenoms to neutralize the proteolytic , hemorrhagic , coagulant , and lethal activities of the seven lachesis venoms was also investigated .
madrigal m , sanz l , flores - díaz m , sasa m , núñez v , et al . snake venomics across genus lachesis . ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of
exposure of the general population may be limited to those in close proximity to natural habitats which support lachesis species ; exposure will be via bites to the body . ( src )
there is only one species of bushmaster ( lachesis muta ) found in brazil . it is the largest venomous snake in brazil measuring up to 14 . 75 feet in length .
and genus - wide antivenomics assessment of the paraspecific immunoreactivity of two antivenoms evidence the high compositional and immunological conservation across lachesis . j proteomics 2013 ; 89 : 112–123 . pmid : 23747394
amaral , a . do 1926 . 4 . a nota de nomenclatura ophiologica . sobre a differenciacão dos nomes genericos lachesis , trimeresurus e bothrops . revista do museu paulista 14 : 34 - 40
borges - nojosa , d . m . & lima - verde , j . s . 1999 . geographic distribution : lachesis muta rhombeata . herpetological review 30 ( 4 ) : 235 - get paper here
/ case reports / two patients bitten on their hands / by a lachesis muta / were left with permanent contractures , and hypotension and hemorrhage were commonly recorded on admission . one patient was severely confused .
no significant differences were found in the levels of specific antibodies against lachesis venoms present in the bcl antivenom , and the ab and al antivenoms ( s1 fig ) . the highest titer corresponded to the binding of bl antivenom to l . stenophrys , l . m . muta ( colombia ) , l . m . muta ( cascalheira ) , and l . m . rhombeata ( recife ) venoms , whereas the titer of this antivenom against venoms from l . melanocephala , l . m . muta ( peru ) and l . m . muta ( tucurui ) was indistinguishable from that of the bcl antivenom ( s1 fig ) . monospecific ac antivenom exhibited the lowest reactivity against the seven lachesis venoms analyzed ( s1 fig ) .
the bcl and bl antivenoms , and the monospecific l antivenom effectively neutralized the hemorrhagic activity of all the lachesis venoms studied ( table 3 ) . the bl antivenom showed the highest neutralization capacity of the hemorrhagic activity than any of the other antivenoms used in this study ( table 3 ) . the monospecific ab antivenom was only able to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of l . stenophrys and l . melanocephala venoms , whereas the monospecific ac antivenom was unable to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of any of the venoms ( table 3 ) .
8 . solórzano , a . & cerdas , l . 1986 . a new subspecies of the bushmaster , lachesis muta , from southern costa rica . journal of herpetology 20 : 463 - 466 . [ links ]
corrales , greivin , gómez , aarón and flores , diego alejandro 2016 . reproduction of south american bushmaster , lachesis muta ( serpentes : viperidae ) , in captivity herpetological review 47 ( 4 ) : 608 - 611
hardy d , silva haad j . a review of venom toxinology and epidemiology of envenoming of the bushmaster ( lachesis ) with report of a fatal bite . bull chicago herp soc . 1998 ; 33 : 113–123 .
the reproductive cycle is seasonal , mating occurs in february and march , the eggs are deposited from june to august , and birthing takes place from august to october but sometimes in november ( chacón and valverde , 2004 ) . in captivity , females reach sexual maturity at approximately 1 . 6 m in total length and at about five years of age ( solórzano , 2004 ) . furthermore , there have been many fruitful efforts to maintain and breed lachesis stenophrys in captivity ( boyer et al . , 1989 ; ripa , 1994 ; de souza , 2007 ) .
/ case reports / after a snakebite by the costa rican bushmaster lachesis stenophrys , a 64 - year - old patient developed cardiovascular shock and coagulopathy . after intensive care and antivenom treatment , he was discharged after 4 days but had to be hospitalized again 3 days later because of abdominal pain and bowel obstruction . an emergency laparotomy revealed a necrotic ileum and cecum , and an obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery . until now , this type of intestinal ischemic complication after a snakebite has not been reported in the literature . the effects of bushmaster venom are discussed .
turner , e . ; carmichael , r . & souza , r . 2008 . dialogues on the tao of lachesis . bull . chicago herp . soc . 43 ( 10 ) : 157 - 164 - get paper here
/ case reports / three out of four cases of snake bite by lachesis muta stenophrys ( bushmaster ) in costa rica were fatal and one recovered after a long period of hospitalization . initial symptoms were similar to those of bothropic envenomation : intense pain , nausea , vomiting , sweating , and excitability , but differing in the magnitude of a tremendous edema and in the absence of intensive bleeding and phlyctenae . we found important alterations in arterial blood pressure and in the activity and concentration of coagulation factors . all patients showed infections , and necrosis was found in at least three of them .
vial , j . l . , & jimenez - porras , j . m . 1967 . the ecogeography of the bushmaster , lachesis muta , in central america . american midland naturalist 78 : 182 - 187 . - get paper here
4 . de souza , r . c . g . 2007 . reproduction of the atlantic bushmaster ( lachesis muta rhombeata ) for the first time in captivity . bulletin of the chicago herpetological society 42 : 41 - 43 . [ links ]
despite the broad geographic distribution of lachesis , antivenoms against venoms of different species are effective in the neutralization of congeneric venoms not used in the immunization mixture , indicating that they can be used equivalently for the clinical treatment of any lachesic envenoming .
junqueira - de - azevedo ilm . lachesis muta ( viperidae ) cdnas reveal diverging pit viper molecules and scaffolds typical of cobra ( elapidae ) venoms : implications for snake toxin repertoire evolution . genetics 2006 ; 173 : 877–889 . pmid : 16582429
araujo filho , joão antonio de , cícero ricardo de oliveira , robson waldemar ávila , igor joventino roberto and waltécio de oliveira almeida . 2013 . lachesis muta ( surucucu , atlantic forest bushmaster ) parasitism . herpetological review 44 ( 4 ) : 692
fernandes , d . s . ; franco , f . l . & fernandes , r . 2004 . systematic revision of the genus lachesis daudin 1803 ( serpentes : viperidae ) . herpetologica 60 ( 2 ) : 245 - 260 - get paper here
martínez , c . v . , & bolaños , r . 1983 . the bushmaster , lachesis muta muta ( linnaeus ) ( ophidia : viperidae ) in panamá . revista de biologia tropical 30 [ 1982 ] : 100 - 101 . - get paper here
/ case reports / a 45 - year - old peruvian tourist was bitten on the upper arm when he put his hand on a rope by a walkway to a waterfall at mazamari , chanchamayo , peru . the / lachesis muta / was 1 . 7 m in tl / total length / . he developed pain , swelling , and bruising ; was mildly hypotensive ; and evidenced great anxiety . he was treated with three vials of anti - lachesis antivenom and transferred to lima , where he made a full recovery .
panel a . 2de protein map of adult l . stenophrys venom . 350 μg of venom was separated on an 11 cm ipg strip with a ph gradient from 3 to 10 ( first dimension ) and on a 4–15 % sds - polyacrylamide criterion tgx gel as second dimension . proteins were stained with coomassie blue . isoelectric point ( ip ) , apparent mw , and relative spot intensity were computed using software imagej . protein identification was accomplished by maldi - tof - tof ms . protein spot features are listed in s1 table . panel b . electroblotted 2de separated venom proteins from adult l . stenophrys probed against commercial polyspecific bcl antivenom ; bl antivenom ; and monoespecific al , ab , and ac antivenoms . protein identifications by maldi - tof / tof ms are listed in s1 table ( supplementary materials ) .
there is only one species of bushmaster ( lachesis muta ) found in brazil . it is the largest venomous snake in brazil measuring up to 14 . 75 feet in length . the viperidae family ( genera lachesis , bothrops and crotalus ) as well as the elapidae family have accounted for all the envenomations in brazil . the extent of the problem is shown in the following statistics : 31 , 148 envenomations in 2011 with 143 deaths ; 29 , 322 envomations in 2012 with 129 deaths and 25 , 302 envenomations with 108 deaths .
this study demonstrates that antivenoms raised against venom of different lachesis species are indistinctly effective in the neutralization of congeneric venoms not used in the immunization mixture , indicating that antivenoms against conspecific venoms may be used equivalently for the clinical treatment of envenomings caused by any bushmaster species .
1 . boyer , d . m . ; mitchell , l . a . & murphy , j . b . 1898 . reproduction and husbandry of the bushmaster lachesis m . muta at the dallas zoo . international zoo yearbook 28 : 190 - 194 . [ links ]
alves , fátima q . ; antã´nio j . s . argã´lo , and gilson c . carvalho 2014 . reproductive biology of the bushmaster lachesis muta ( serpentes : viperidae ) in the brazilian atlantic forest . phyllomedusa 13 ( 2 ) : 99 - 109 - get paper here
lachesis stenophrys ( central american bushmaster ) feeding ,
rattling
and some photo ' s i made . 1 . 0 cb 09 / 2011 something different besides my gaming activity . note : dutchsnake ' s disclaimer : handling without ( experienced ) knowledge and safety precautions could mean the difference between life and death . if you see me handling a venomous snake does not mean you can try it out at home , snakes are just like animals ; unpredictable but can be dangerous . 80 % people dies after a bite from a bushmaster even with antivenom . venomous snakes are not a joke and not to be played with ! i do not own the rights from the music , only sharing it .
in costa rica lachesis stenophrys is the longest venomous snake reaching approximately a total length of 2 . 5 m . its distribution is along the caribbean versant of nicaragua to western and central panama ( campbell and lamar , 2004 ) , and in costa rica is found in tropical and subtropical rainforest on the caribbean versant . it is an uncommon species even though in certain protected areas remains relatively common ( solórzano and cerdas , 1986 ; zamudio and greene , 1997 ) . the species of this genus are the only ones in the new world that lay eggs instead of giving birth to newborns with the possible exception of bothrocophias colombianus ( savage , 2002 ; campbell and lamar , 2004 ; solórzano , 2004 ) .
zamudio , kelly r . & harry w . greene 1997 . phylogeography of the bushmaster ( lachesis muta : viperidae ) : implications for neotropical biogeography , systematics , and conservation . biol . j . linnean soc . 62 ( 3 ) : 421 - 442 - get paper here
hoge , a . r . ; romano , s . a . r . w . l . 1978 . lachesis muta rhombeata [ serpentes : viperidae , crotalinae ] . mem . inst . butantan 40 / 41 : 53 - 54 [ 1976 - 1977 ] - get paper here
initial assessment of the immunoreactivity of the commercial polyspecific bcl and bl antivenoms , and the experimental monospecific b , c and l antivenoms , against antigens present in the venoms of costa rican l . stenophrys and l . melanocephala , brazilian l . m . rhombeata ( recife ) and l . m . muta from different geographic locations ( colombia , peru , and brazil [ cascalheira and tucurui ] ) were done by elisa and 2de immunoblotting analysis .
9 . zamudio , k . r . & greene , h . w . 1997 . phylogeography of the bushmaster ( lachesis muta : viperidae ) : implications for neotropical biogeography , systematics , and conservation . biological journal of the linnean society . 62 : 421 - 442 . [ links ]
the terrariums in which the lachesis stenophrys were housed have the following dimensions : 1 . 2 m ( wide ) x 2 . 4 m ( long ) x 0 . 9 m ( tall ) ; they have a shelter that provides refuge to the snake , ad libitum water supply , and a log and rocks to facilitate the shedding of skin , and some large dry leaves . different layers compose the substrate ; the first layer is made of small stones and rocks , which work as filter and keep humidity inside the terrarium ; then a thin layer of river sand or substrate , and at last a layer of large dry leaves . this substrate composition prevents the animals to be directly exposed to constant humidity , which could lead to severe ventral infections .
/ case reports / in venezuela a patient developed intense sweating , vomiting , watery diarrhea , hypersalivation , conjunctival suffusion , hypotension , bradycardia , and respiratory distress 45 minutes after being bitten by a juvenile / lachesis muta / . this patient also showed neurotoxic signs : divergent strabismus , dysarthria , and dysphagia .
de souza ( 2007 ) , showed that l . muta rhombeata displayed sexual activity after storms or strong raining and furthermore boyer et al . ( 1989 ) , showed that a drop in temperature and an increase in humidity triggers hormonal response in bushmaster females . in agreement , we observed that the sexual activity starts at the end of december in costa rica , when the temperature falls , and continues until march . an interesting point is that the animals ( both sexes ) fasted during the season of mating and breeding , which we found to be a good indicator of the sexual activity of the snakes . in contrast , ripa ( 1994 ) found no sexual activity in lachesis stenophrys females despite the temperature / humidity changes . instead , he found that the use of chemical secretion left by l . melanocephala pairs would trigger a sexual response . on the other hand , solórzano ( 2004 ) showed that the mating season of l . stenophrys takes place during february and march and the females display a biannual reproductive cycle . nevertheless , we had two consecutive breeding seasons by two different bushmaster females . additionally , we found that isolation of females until shed their skins in mating season , and a later reintroduction of the male without removing the skin function as a sexual stimulus .
de souza r , bhering - nogueira a , lima t , cardoso j . the enigma of the north margin of the amazon river : proven lachesis bites in brazil , report of two cases , general considerations about the genus and bibliographic review . bull . chicago herp . soc . 2007 ; 42 : 105–115 .
the bcl and bl polyspecific antivenoms , and the monospecific l antivenom effectively neutralized the coagulant activity of lachesis venoms from the seven bushmaster taxa sampled ( table 4 ) . the bl antivenom showed the highest coagulant neutralization activity than any of the other antivenoms use in this study ( table 4 ) . on the other hand , neither the ab nor the ac monospecific antivenoms were able to neutralize the coagulant activity of any of the lachesis venoms used in this study ( table 4 ) . these data agree with a previous work showing the inefficacy of monospecific bothropic antivenom in the neutralization of the coagulation activity of l . m . muta venom [ 54 ] .
citation : madrigal m , pla d , sanz l , barboza e , arroyo - portilla c , corrêa - netto c , et al . ( 2017 ) cross - reactivity , antivenomics , and neutralization of toxic activities of lachesis venoms by polyspecific and monospecific antivenoms . plos negl trop dis 11 ( 8 ) : e0005793 . urltoken
monospecific antivenoms showed significantly more limited immunorecognition profiles than bcl and bl antivenoms toward venoms of all lachesis taxa investigated . the three monospecific antivenoms , but particularly the anti - crotalic ( ac ) antivenom , exhibited poor binding ability towards most venom proteins , including pla 2 s , crisp , gal - lectin , svsps , pi - and piii - svmps and lao . the average toxin immunocapturing activity of this monospecific antivenom was 16 % ( l . stenophrys ) , 21 % ( l . melanocephala , ) , 21 % ( l . m . muta colombia ) , 9 % ( l . m . muta peru ) , 9 % ( l . m . muta cascalheira ) , 17 % ( l . m . muta tucurui ) , and 19 % ( l . m . rhombeata ) ( panels i of figs 2 – 8 , respectively ) .
comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic studies across lachesis [ 23 – 26 ] have revealed remarkably similar venom phenotypes comprising seven or eight toxin families , including bradykinin - potentiating / c - type natriuretic peptide ( bpps / c - np ) , zn 2 + - dependent snake venom ( sv ) metalloproteinase ( svmp ) , serine protease ( svsp ) , phospholipase a 2 ( pla 2 ) , l - amino acid oxidase ( laos ) , c - type lectin - like ( ctl ) , and in venoms of the south american species , also cysteine - rich secretory protein ( crisp ) . ontogenetic changes in the toxin composition of l . stenophrys venom result in the net shift from a bpps / c - np - rich and svsp - rich venom in newborns and 2 - years - old juveniles to a ( pi > piii ) svmp - rich venom in adults [ 24 ] .
antivenoms were serially diluted by a factor of 3 ( starting from a dilution of 1 / 500 ) and tested by elisa against the following crude lachesis venoms : l . stenophrys from costa rica ( a ) , l . melanocephala from costa rica ( b ) , l . muta muta from colombia ( c ) , peru ( d ) , the brazil regions of cascalheria ( e ) , tucurui ( f ) , and l . muta rhombeata from recife , brazil ( g ) . antivenom acronyms , bcl , polyspecific anti - bothropic , anti - crotalic , anti - lachesic antivenom from instituto clodomiro picado ( cr ) ; bl , anti - bothropic and anti - lachesic antivenom from instituto vital brazil , niterói , brazil ; al , monoespecific anti - lachesic antivenom ; ab , monoespecific anti - bothropic antivenom ; ac , monoespecific anti - crotalic antivenom . each point represents the mean ± sd of three independent determinations .
/ signs and symptoms / in amazonas state , brazil , 6 . 2 % of patients had vomiting , 0 . 9 % had faintness , 4 . 6 % felt dizziness , 4 . 1 % felt nausea , 2 . 4 % felt abdominal pain , and 1 . 9 % had visual disturbances , symptoms suggesting the possibility of envenoming by lachesis muta .
souza , r . c . g . de ; bhering nogueira , p . ; lima , t . & cardoso , j . l . c . 2007 . the enigma of the north margin of the amazon river : proven lachesis bites in brazil , report of two cases , general considerations about the genus and bibliographic review . bull . chicago herp . soc . 42 ( 7 ) : 105 - 115 - get paper here
human bites by lachesis species are not frequent but when occur cause severe envenoming due to large amount of venom ( 200–411 mg ) injected into the victim and also owing to its toxicity in humans , as reported for snakebites in brazil , colombia and costa rica [ 11 – 21 ] . common local effects include agonizing burning - throbbing pain , mild hemorrhage , edema , and blister formation . these signs and symptoms are accompanied by systemic alterations , such as hemorrhage , coagulopathy , cardiovascular collapse , and by the so - called “ lachesis syndrome” , an alteration of the autonomic nervous system which manifests with profuse sweating , abdominal colic , nausea , recurrent vomiting , watery diarrhea , diastolic and systolic hypotension , and sinus bradycardia , together with sensorial disorders ( uncoordinated march , lapses of unconsciousness ) and serious hemodynamic alterations within 15–20 min after a bite [ 12 – 19 , 22 ] .
the bcl and the bl therapeutic antivenoms , and the monospecific al antivenom effectively neutralized the proteolytic activity of venoms from the 7 lachesis taxa investigated ( table 2 ) . the bl antivenom showed higher neutralization activity than the other antivenoms used in this study ( table 2 ) . the ac monospecific antivenom was only able to neutralize the proteolytic activity of l . melanocephala venom ( table 2 ) . the ab monospecific antivenom was unable to neutralize the proteolytic activity of any of the venoms ( table 2 ) .
several toxic and enzymatic activities of the venom of lachesis muta melanocephala were studied . this venom has many similarities with that of l . m . stenophrys , although there are quantitative differences in venom activities , as well as in the immunodiffusion patterns of these venoms when reacted against polyvalent antivenom . this antivenom was tested for its ability to neutralize a series of toxic and enzymatic effects of l . m . melanocephala venom . a new method to study myonecrosis , based on the quantitation of residual creatine kinase in injected muscle , was used . antivenom was highly effective in neutralizing lethal , hemorrhagic , myotoxic , edema - forming , defibrinating , caseinolytic and fibrinolytic activities when venom and antivenom were incubated prior to the test or , in the case of edema - forming activity , when antivenom was administered before venom injection . on the other hand , when antivenom was injected i . v . at different time intervals after venom injection neutralization of lethality was good , although neutralization of local effects , i . e . hemorrhage and edema , was poor . these results indicate that polyvalent antivenom contains antibodies capable of neutralizing toxic and enzymatic activities of l . m . melanocephala venom . moreover , the partial inability of antivenom to neutralize local effects when administered after venom injection is probably due to the rapid development of these effects once venom is injected . pmid : 3672541
except for the bpps , both polyspecific antivenoms efficiently immunocaptured all the components from l . stenophrys ( fig 2 ) , l . m . muta ( colombia ) ( fig 4 ) and l . m . rhombeata ( fig 8 ) venoms . in addition , the bl antivenom immunocaptured the venom components of l . m . muta from the brazilian localities cascalheira ( fig 6 ) and tucurui ( fig 7 ) . the apparent low recovery of pi - and piii - svmps ( eluting from the rp - hplc column at 40–42 min ) in the immunoaffinity captured fractions of the bcl and bl affinity columns ( figs 2 – 8 , panels b and d , respectively ) may be ascribed to the high affinity of these venom proteins for the antivenom molecules , as has been demonstrated in a previous work [ 25 ] .
/ laboratory animals : acute exposure / the ability of crude venom and a basic phospholipase a ( 2 ) ( lmtx - i ) from lachesis muta muta venom to increase the microvascular permeability in rat paw and skin was investigated . crude venom or lmtx - i were injected subplantarly or intradermally and rat paw edema and dorsal skin plasma extravasation were measured . histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cell was also assessed . crude venom or lmtx - i induced dose - dependent rat paw edema and dorsal skin plasma extravasation . venom - induced plasma extravasation was inhibited by the histamine h ( 1 ) antagonist mepyramine ( 6mg / kg ) , histamine / 5 - hydroxytriptamine antagonist cyproheptadine ( 2 mg / kg ) , cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin ( 5mg / kg ) , nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor l - name ( 100 nmol / site ) , tachykinin nk ( 1 ) antagonist sr140333 ( 1 nmol / site ) and bradykinin b ( 2 ) receptor antagonist icatibant ( 0 . 6mg / kg ) . platelet - activating factor ( paf ) antagonist pca4248 ( 5 mg / kg ) had no effect . lmtx - i - induced skin extravasation was inhibited by cyproheptadine , mepyramine , indomethacin and pca4248 , while l - name and sr140333 had no effect . additionally , both lachesis muta muta venom and lmtx - i concentration - dependently induced histamine release from rat mast cells . in conclusion , lachesis muta muta venom and lmtx - i increase microvascular permeability by mechanisms involving in vivo mast cell activation and arachidonic acid metabolites . additionally , crude venom - induced responses also involve substance p , nitric oxide and bradykinin release , whether lmtx - i - induced responses involve paf .
/ case reports / / out of / 4 cases from costa rica , three of the victims died within 3 - 5 days / after being bitten by a lachesis muta / despite antivenom treatment . they had developed shock associated with massive local swelling and secondary infection , but spontaneous bleeding appeared less common than with envenoming by bothrops species . . . . bleeding from the fang marks / was observed , along with / epistaxis , hematemesis , hemoptysis , and hematuria in the 4 cases . the only survivor was left with severe contractures of the bitten arm .
/ case reports / we report a case of envenomation caused by a bushmaster ( lachesis muta ) in a male child in state of pernambuco , brazil . the victim showed discrete local manifestations , but presented altered blood coagulation 2 hours after the bite . ten ampoules of bothropic - lachetic antivenom therapy were administered , and 48 hours later , the patient showed discrete edema , pain , and ecchymosis around the bite and normal blood coagulation . the patient was discharged 5 days after the envenomation . the prompt administration of specific treatment was important for the favorable outcomes observed .
holotype : nhrm = nrm . according to andersson 1899 : 27 , there are two jars labeled as crotalus horridus , one of which contains a head in rather bad condition which does not belong to any crotalus and
possibly it is the head of a lachesis mutus .
( mcdiarmid et al . 1999 ) ; type unknown fide peters 1960 . holotype : zsm , uncatalogued specimen ( s ) ( lost ) , “habitat non rarus in brasiliae sylvis humidis ac densis sub arborum fronde delapsa” [ brazil ] according to the original description and vanzolini ( 1981 ) , collected by spix and martius expedition to brazil , 1817 - 1820 [ surucucu ]
/ signs and symptoms / the symptoms and signs of envenoming / by a lachesis muta / ( local swelling , blistering , bruising , and necrosis with coagulopathy , spontaneous systemic bleeding , shock , and renal failure ) may be confused with those caused by other pitvipers . however , a distinctive syndrome has been described in a proportion of cases . there is early nausea , abdominal colic , repeated vomiting , and watery diarrhea with profuse sweating . . . . vomiting , severe abdominal colic , profuse diarrhea , hypotension , bradycardia , impaired consciousness , and other manifestations of shock may develop as soon as 15 minutes after the bite , while local effects of envenoming may leave permanent impairment .
in the state of amazonas and in areas nearby manaus , the snakes responsible for the majority of accidents are bothrops atrox and lachesis muta muta , with a percentage of confirmed species of 76 % and 17 % , respectively . frequently , in the absence of the laquetic and bothropic - laquetic antivenoms , the instituto de medicina tropical de manaus ( imtm ) has been using bothropic antivenom in the treatment of laquetic accident . in this paper is related a case of accident caused by l . muta muta ; the patient was treated with bothropic antivenom , and after received twenty ampules of this antivenom , maintained blood incoagulability until the 13th day after the accident . experiments to obtain the potency of the bothropic antivenom for the coagulant and hemorrhagic activities have been done , using bothrops atrox venom as control . the results showed that the potency of the antivenom for the hemorrhagic activity was similar , and the potency for the coagulant activity for the l . m . muta venom was 9 . 2 times minor than that for b . atrox . the antibodies titers from three different lots of bothropic antivenom varied for the l . m . muta venom , and were constant for the b . atrox venom . due to the inefficiency of the bothropic antivenom on the neutralization of the coagulant activity for the l . m . muta venom , the use of bothropic antivenom is not recommended in the treatment of lachesis muta muta accidents .
/ case reports / in the state of amazonas and in areas nearby manaus , the snakes responsible for the majority of accidents are bothrops atrox and lachesis muta muta , with a percentage of confirmed species of 76 % and 17 % , respectively . frequently , in the absence of the laquetic and bothropic - laquetic antivenoms , the instituto de medicina tropical de manaus ( imtm ) has been using bothropic antivenom in the treatment of laquetic accident . in this paper is related a case of accident caused by l . muta muta ; the patient was treated with bothropic antivenom , and after received twenty ampoules of this antivenom , maintained blood incoagulability until the 13th day after the accident . experiments to obtain the potency of the bothropic antivenom for the coagulant and hemorrhagic activities has been done , using bothrops atrox venom as control . the results showed that the potency of the antivenom for the hemorrhagic activity was similar , and the potency for the coagulant activity for the l . m . muta venom was 9 . 2 times minor than that for b . atrox . the antibodies titles from three different lots of bothropic antivenom varied for the l . m . muta venom , and were constant for the b . atrox venom . due to the inefficiency of the bothropic antivenom on the neutralization of the coagulant activity for the l . m . muta venom , the use of bothropic antivenom is not recommended in the treatment of lachesis muta muta accidents .
figures 2 - 23 . map of south american distribution of l . muta muta and l . muta rhombeata . figure 2 shows the standard demographic arrangement of lachesis muta in south america , with l . muta muta occupying nearly all of the amazonian regions ; and the debated subspecies , l . muta rhombeata restricted to brazil ' s atlantic forest belt . figure 23 shows my recommended revision of this distribution based on morphology : l . muta muta becomes restricted to trinidad , the guyana shield and contiguous regions ; and the range of l . muta rhombeata expanded to include the amazonian basin and contiguous areas . there is obviously a high degree of overlap , not unexpected in trinominal classification . this is a true clinal variation within a single species of snake , and subspecific classification best addresses these morphological differences accordingly .
/ other toxicity information / snake - venom proteins form multi - component defence systems by the recruitment and rapid evolution of nonvenomous proteins and hence serve as model systems to understand the structural modifications that result in toxicity . l - amino - acid oxidases ( laaos ) are encountered in a number of snake venoms and have been implicated in the inhibition of platelet aggregation , cytotoxicity , hemolysis , apoptosis and hemorrhage . an l - amino - acid oxidase from lachesis muta venom has been purified and crystallized . the crystals belonged to space group p21 , with unit - cell parameters a = 66 . 05 , b = 79 . 41 , c = 100 . 52 a / angstrom / , beta = 96 . 55 deg . the asymmetric unit contained two molecules and the structure has been determined and partially refined at 3 . 0 a / angstrom / resolution .
l . stenophrys venom proteins were separated by two - dimensional electrophoresis ( 2de ) using an ettan ipgphor iii instrument ( ge healthcare bio - sciences ab , uppsala , sweden ) . for isoelectric focusing , 300–350 μg of total venom proteins in 200 μl destreak rehydration solution ( ge healthcare bio - sciences ab , uppsala , sweden ) including 10 mm dtt and 0 . 5 % ipg buffer ph 3–10 nl ( ge healthcare bio - sciences ab , uppsala , sweden ) were loaded on a 11 cm ipg strip , ph 3–10 ( ge healthcare bio - sciences ab , uppsala , sweden ) and then focused using the following electrophoretic conditions : 500 v for 30 min , 1000 v for 30 min and 5000 v for 80 min . after isoelectric focusing , sds - page was performed under reducing conditions in 4–15 % criterion tgx precast 11 cm gels ( bio - rad , usa ) . an unstained protein molecular weight marker ( fermentas ) was included in the analysis . gels were stained using bio - safe coomassie stain ( bio - rad , usa ) or plusone silver staining kit ( ge healthcare ab , uppsala , sweden ) following the manufacturer´s instructions , and images were taken with chemidoc xrs imaging system ( biorad , usa ) . spot identification was done using the collaborative bioimage informatics platform icy [ 34 ] and quantified as relative density percentage using imagej software [ 35 ] .
/ other toxicity information / the kinetic behavior of a thrombin - like enzyme from lachesis muta muta venom has been studied with 13 tripeptidyl p - nitroanilide substrates . eight substrates were unprotected at the n terminus and were used for the regression analysis of the experimentally determined kinetic parameters 1 / km , kcat and kcat / km . the individual contribution of each amino acid side chain to the kinetic parameters was calculated . the amino acid sequence of the ideal substrate ( d - pro - leu - arg - pna ) was determined from a regression analysis for each kinetic parameter . this result was confirmed experimentally . the structural analysis of the tripeptides showed that the binding to the s3 sub - site had a small effect on km . the binding of l - leu to the s2 sub - site increased kcat without changing the value of km . the analysis of the kinetic parameters revealed that , in the binding of l - leu to the s2 sub - site , the enzyme bound the transition state configuration of the substrate / product transformation more tightly than that of the substrate .
96 - well plates ( dynatech immulon , alexandria , va ) were coated overnight at 4°c with lachesis venoms ( 0 . 5 μm / well ) in 0 . 1 m tris , 0 . 15 m nacl , ph 9 . 0 buffer . the plates were blocked for 1h with 2 % bovine serum albumin ( bsa ) in 20 mm phosphate , 135 mm nacl , ph 7 . 4 ( pbs ) at room temperature . purified antivenom immunoglobulins were serially diluted by a factor of 3 ( starting from a dilution of 1 / 500 ) in pbs containing 1 % bsa , and added to the wells for 1 h at room temperature . the plates were washed four times with washing buffer ( 50 mm tris , 150 mm nacl , 20 μm zncl 2 , 1 mm mgcl 2 , ph 7 . 4 ) , and anti - horse igg - phosphatase - conjugate ( sigma , st . louis , mo , usa ) , diluted 1 : 20 , 000 with pbs containing 1 % bsa , was added and incubated for 1 h at room temperature . the plates were washed and developed with p - nitrophenylphosphate in diethanolamine buffer ( 1 mm mgcl 2 , 90 mm diethanolamine , ph 9 . 8 ) . absorbance at 405 nm was recorded after 90 min using a microplate reader ( multiskan labsystems ltd . , helsinki , finland ) .
all the in vivo experiments were performed in cd - 1 mice , and the protocols were approved by the institutional committee for the care and use of laboratory animals ( cicua ) of the university of costa rica . lethality was assessed by the intraperitoneal route in 16–18 g mice and a challenge dose corresponded to 3 median lethal doses ( ld 50 ) was used for the neutralization tests [ 37 ] . an arbitrary level of 500 μl antivenom / mg venom was selected to evaluate the efficacy of antivenoms for neutralizing lethality . only this antivenom / venom ratio was used owing to the scarcity of some venoms and also for reducing the number of mice used . death of mice was recorded at 48 h . hemorrhagic activity was evaluated by using the rodent skin test using 18–20 g mice and a challenge venom dose corresponding to 10 minimum hemorrhagic doses ( mhd ) [ 41 ] . coagulant activity was assessed on citrated human plasma and the challenge dose used was 2 minimum coagulant doses ( mcd ) [ 40 ] . proteolytic activity was determined using azocasein ( sigma , usa ) as substrate , as described by gutiérrez et al . [ 42 ] . for neutralization tests , a challenge dose was selected , corresponding to the amount of venom that induced a change in absorbance of 0 . 75 at 450 nm . a summary of reference venom activities ( median lethal dose , minimum hemorrhagic dose , minimum coagulant dose and challenge dose for proteolytic activity ) of lachesis venoms are listed in table 1 .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
cope , e . d . 1875 . on the batrachia and reptilia of costa rica with notes on the herpetology and ichthyology of nicaragua and peru . journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia n . s . ( 2 ) 8 : 93 - 183 [ sometimes said to be published 1876 but see murphy et al . 2007 for clarification ] ] - get paper here
henderson , c . l . 2010 . mammals , amphibians , and reptiles of costa rica - a field guide . university of texas press , austin , 198 pp .
mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .
monzel , markus & wolfgang wüster 2008 . neotropische grubenottern – evolution , biogeographie und ökologie . draco 8 ( 33 ) : 4 - 27 - get paper here
parkinson , c . l . 1999 . molecular systematics and biogeographical history of pitvipers as determined by mitochondrial ribosomal dna sequences . copeia 1999 ( 3 ) : 576 - 586 - get paper here
peters , james a . ; donoso - barros , roberto & orejas - miranda , braulio 1970 . catalogue of the neotropical squamata : part i snakes . part ii lizards and amphisbaenians . bull . us natl . mus . 297 : 347 pp . - get paper here
porras , l . w . & solórzano , a . 2006 . costa rica’s venomous snakes . reptilia ( gb ) ( 48 ) : 11 - 17 - get paper here
porras , l . w . & solórzano , a . 2006 . die schlangen costa ricas . reptilia ( münster ) 11 ( 61 ) : 20 - 27 - get paper here
savage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]
smith , hobart m . ; langebartel , david a . ; williams , kenneth l . 1964 . herpetological type - specimens in the university of illinois museum of natural history . illinois biological monographs ( 32 ) : 1 - 80
solorzano , a . 2004 . serpientes de costa rica - snakes of costa rica . editorial inbio , costa rica , 792 pp .
sunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186–202 . - get paper here
taylor , e . h . 1951 . a brief review ot the snakes of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 1 ) : 3 - 188 - get paper here
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
uetz , p . & jirí hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )
mcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . touré
snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .
currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .
the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .
the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .
continent : middle - america distribution : nicaragua , costa rica , panama type locality : sipúrio , costa rica .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
madrigal m 1 , sanz l , flores - díaz m , sasa m , núñez v , alape - girón a , calvete jj .
instituto clodomiro picado , facultad de microbiología , universidad de costa rica , san josé , costa rica .
arroyo c 1 , solano s 1 , herrera m 1 , segura á 1 , estrada r 1 , vargas m 1 , villalta m 1 , gutiérrez jm 1 , león g 2 .


sunshack ( foaled 8 february 1991 ) is a british-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire who was trained in france and the united states .

he showed very good form as a two-year-old in 1993 when he won two of his four races including the criterium de saint-cloud .

in the following year he struggled for form before ending his season with a win in the prix du conseil de paris .

he reached his peak as a four-year-old in 1995 when he won the prix jean de chaudenay , defeated a world-class field in the coronation cup and then stepped up in distance to take the prix royal-oak .

his later career was limited by injury and he failed to win again .

he stood as a breeding stallion in japan and france with very little success .

sunshack

sunshack pop up beach shade - uv30 + protection sun shelter . compact , light , easy , affordable
after raintrap , suntrap produced sunshack . after that she was introduced to sadler ' s wells , a preeminent stallion , but she lost that foal and in recent years has had problems getting in foal .
marlin , the high weight sunday at 119 pounds , beat sunshack by three - quarters of a length in the san luis rey stakes on march 23 , but that was at 1 1 / 2 miles . sunshack , a 6 - year - old with large lungs , might have the advantage at the capistrano distance , which at nearly 1 3 / 4 miles is about a quarter of a mile longer .
the frenchman has taken the prize five times - with saint estephe ( 1986 ) , in the wings ( 1990 ) , apple tree ( 1994 ) , sunshack ( 1995 ) and swain ( 1996 ) .
sunshack ciders are made with love in mittagong , nsw , using only the finest apples and pears , and pure water from our sandstone spring . they’re a perfect pair to share with good friends and good times .
sip on a tall glass of sunshack cider over ice and you’ll experience mouth - filling pure fruit flavours , perfectly balanced with a medium - to - dry sweetness , fine acidity and refreshingly crisp finish . you’ll love it .
raintrap was a chestnut horse bred in england by his owner khalid abdullah ' s juddmonte farms . he was sired by rainbow quest who won the prix de l ' arc de triomphe before becoming a very successful breeding stallion . rainbow quest ' s other progeny included quest for fame , saumarez , sunshack , nedawi , armiger , spectrum and millenary . [ 3 ] sunshack ' s dam suntrap was a successful racemare who won three minor races and finished third in both the prix d ' aumale [ 4 ] and the lupe stakes . [ 5 ] as a broodmare went on to produce raintrap ' s full - brother sunshack . [ 6 ] raintrap was sent into training with andre fabre in france .
bon point races for juddmonte , the stable name for prince khalid abdullah of saudi arabia . juddmonte owns only 25 % of sunshack , having sold the rest of the horse to californians robert and geri witt , who raced him for the first time in the san luis rey .
khalid abdullah , victorious with rainbow quest ( 1985 ) and sunshack ( 1995 ) , is also responsible for brass ring ( john gosden ) and retirement plan ( lady cecil ) , who both had three starts last season , each winning a maiden and a handicap , before having their seasons cut short through injury .
juddmonte farms , which raced suntrap , bred her back to rainbow quest the next year , and that resulted in the colt sunshack , who has a good chance sunday at santa anita to win the 58th running of the capistrano . it would be rare indeed for full brothers to win a major stake in consecutive years .
shanawi , brice blanc , 113 pounds ; awad , pat day , 117 ; marlin , chris mccarron , 119 ; african dancer , mike smith , 113 ; joy of glory , julio garcia , 111 ; bon point , corey nakatani , 115 ; poliglote , alex solis , 117 ; and sunshack , kent desormeaux , 118 .
a r dennis : 5 - 1 lammtarra , 8 - 1 carnegie , 10 - 1 hernando , tamure , 12 - 1 winged love , 14 - 1 pure grain , valanour , 16 - 1 presenting , sunshack , 20 - 1 swain , 25 - 1 angel in my heart , diamond mix , lando , luso , strategic choice , 33 - 1 others .
his sire rainbow quest , champion older horse in europe , won the prix de larc de triomphe ( albeit on protest ) and has sired some sixty - six stakes winners at stud including the champions saumarez , raintrap , sunshack , and group one winners knights baroness , croco rouge , spectrum , armiger , rainbow dancer , right generation , nedwai , edabiya and japanese horse of the year sakura laurel .
the french classic clean sweep was achieved in 2004 when american post took the poule d’essai des poulains . that followed the earlier juddmonte home - bred french classic triumphs in the prix du jockey club ( 1990 sanglamore ) , poule d’essai des pouliches ( 1990 houseproud , 2002 zenda ) , prix de diane hermes ( 1992 jolypha , 2003 nebraska tornado ) and prix royal oak ( 1993 raintrap and 1995 sunshack ) .
a full - brother to raintrap , sunshack is one of eight fabre entries for the derby . he fulfilled his potential when beating zindari , a previous pattern race winner who was fourth to lost world in the grand criterium , by an effortless four lengths in the criterium de saint - cloud over 10 furlongs and has outstanding claims for the prix du jockey - club or derby . ( a fabre for k abdullah )
ladbrokes : 5 - 1 lammtarra , 10 - 1 hernando , pure grain , carnegie , 14 - 1 tamure , winged love , 16 - 1 sunshack , 20 - 1 lando , strategic choice , swain , valanour , 25 - 1 freedom cry , luso , millkom , monsun , muncie , only royale , poliglote , richard of york , rifapour , singspiel , spectrum , song of tara , 33 - 1 others .
the $ 400 , 000 san juan capistrano , which will be run on the second - last day of santa anita ' s 86 - day season , drew eight horses , including sunshack ' s stablemate , bon point , who will also be saddled by trainer bobby frankel . bon point , a 7 - year - old who last won in the oak tree championship at santa anita in october , finished fifth in the san luis rey .
sir michael stoute enjoyed successive coronation cup victories with saddlers’ hall in 1992 and outstanding middle - distance performer opera house a year later , before fabre rattled off a hat - trick of wins , starting with apple tree in 1994 , who had been demoted from second 12 months earlier . the french trainer returned in 1995 to saddle sunshack to victory and celebrated another win the following year when subsequent dual king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes winner swain took the spoils by a neck .
1984 alphabatim ( 5th ) , cataldi ( 16th ) ; 1985 damister ( 3rd ) ; 1986 dancing brave ( 2nd ) ; 1987 bellotto ( 3rd ) ; 1990 quest for fame ( won ) , digression ( 11th ) , aromatic ( 17th ) ; 1991 toulon ( 9th ) , arokat ( 12th ) ; 1992 rainbow corner ( 11th ) ; 1993 commander in chief ( won ) , tenby ( 10th ) ; 1994 sunshack ( 19th ) ; 1996 dushyantor ( 2nd ) .
beaten a short - head by sunshack at longchamp in september , goldmine lost his maiden status over a mile at saint - cloud the next month . his sire comes from the same family as last year ' s royal ascot winner gold splash . ' goldmine is strongly built and has done extremely well over the winter . he ' s a nice prospect who ' ll have a prep race before the poule d ' essai des poulains , ' his trainer , says . ( c head for j wertheimer )
rainbow quest ( usa ) ( bay 1981 - stud 1986 ) . 6 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1½m , longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 . sire of 803 rnrs , 549 wnrs , 107 sw , inc . quest for fame ( the derby , gr . 1 ) saumarez , raintrap , sunshack , fiji , millenary , sought out , colour vision , nedawi , bright generation , rainbow dancer , croco rouge , spectrum , urgent request , edabiya , special quest , armiger , crowded house , knights baroness , abitara , fashion statement , etc .
ignore the french at your peril . in the last three seasons they have won 72 of the 22l group one races in europe at a strike - rate of over 32 per cent . although betting on this year ' s british classics is dominated by the home - trained horses , alhaarth and bosra sham , celtic swing held a similarly lofty perch in 1995 yet was toppled in the 2 , 000 guineas by andre fabre ' s pennekamp . he , along with sunshack and cherokee rose were winners at the highest level in britain and , with the leading arab owners continuing to patronise chantilly stables , the french have every chance of improving on that tally . fabre , with 11 group one wins in 1995 , dominates the training ranks , but there is a strong word for criquette head ' s 1996 team , and john hammond , jonathan pease , alain de royer - dupre and elie lellouche are also to be feared in the main events .
1972 pentland firth ( 3rd ) ; 1973 freefoot ( 3rd ) ; 1974 charlie bubbles ( 13th ) ; 1975 grundy ( won ) ; 1976 oats ( 3rd ) ; 1977 night before ( pu ) ; 1978 formidable ( 9th ) ; 1979 new berry ( 17th ) ; 1980 pelerin ( 4th ) ; 1981 riberetto ( 8th ) ; 1982 golden fleece ( won ) ; 1983 salmon leap ( 4th ) ; 1984 el gran senor ( 2nd ) ; 1985 law society ( 2nd ) ; 1986 wise councillor ( 17th ) ; 1987 bellotto ( 3rd ) ; 1988 red glow ( 4th ) ; 1989 mill pond ( 5th ) ; 1990 quest for fame ( won ) ; 1991 toulon ( 9th ) ; 1992 rainbow corner ( 11th ) ; 1993 tenby ( 10th ) ; 1994 sunshack ( 19th ) ; 1996 dushyantor ( 2nd ) ; 1997 silver patriarch ( 2nd ) ; 1998 king of kings ( 15th ) ; 1999 salford express ( 14th ) .
vodafone derby record : 1972 pentland firth ( 3rd ) ` ; 1973 freefoot ( 3rd ) ; 1974 charlie bubbles ( 13th ) ; 1975 grundy ( won ) ; 1976 oats ( 3rd ) ; 1977 night before ( pu ) ; 1978 formidable ( 9th ) ; 1979 new berry ( 17th ) ; 1980 pelerin ( 4th ) ; 1981 riberetto ( 8th ) ; 1982 golden fleece ( won ) ; 1983 salmon leap ( 4th ) ; 1984 el gran senor ( 2nd ) ; 1985 law society ( 2nd ) ; 1986 wise councillor ( 17th ) ; 1987 bellotto ( 3rd ) ; 1988 red glow ( 4th ) ; 1989 mill pond ( 5th ) ; 1990 quest for fame ( won ) ; 1991 toulon ( 9th ) ; 1992 rainbow corner ( 11th ) ; 1993 tenby ( 10th ) ; 1994 sunshack ( 19th ) ; 1996 dushyantor ( 2nd ) ; 1997 silver patriarch ( 2nd ) ; 1998 king of kings ( 15th ) ; 1999 salford express ( 14th ) .
bower et al . 2012 reported two mtdna haplotypes in modern descendants of chelandry , one of which is the haplotype expected for family 1 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
the 12 - year - old mare suntrap is out of the breeding business ahead of her time , but she already has made her mark .
mated with rainbow quest in her first trip to the breeding shed in 1989 , suntrap produced raintrap , who won last year ' s san juan capistrano handicap .
as a runner , suntrap wasn ' t much . she was bred in kentucky , a daughter of roberto , the english derby winner who was owned by the late john galbreath . galbreath once owned the pittsburgh pirates and named one of his best horses after his best ballplayer , the late roberto clemente .
in england , france and ireland , suntrap won only three of 11 starts and earned less than $ 30 , 000 . she never won a stake . but as a broodmare , she and rainbow quest , an english champion who won the arc de triomphe , france ' s biggest race , were a dashing couple . their first offspring , raintrap , was france ' s champion 3 - year - old colt in 1993 . the next year , en route to california to join frankel ' s barn , juddmonte dropped off raintrap at woodbine near toronto and he won the $ 1 - million rothmans international .
raintrap , a small - framed horse whose soundness problems have required special attention from frankel , has raced infrequently and accomplished little in california , but he out - finished the mare windsharp in last year ' s san juan capistrano . raintrap ' s next start will be in the elkhorn stakes at keeneland next friday .
deputy commander , fifth in the arkansas derby , will skip the kentucky derby and be pointed for the preakness at pimlico on may 17 . . . . hollywood park - based touch gold will run sunday in the lexington stakes at keeneland . . . . glitter woman , the probable likely favorite in the kentucky oaks at churchill downs on may 2 , is a possible for the preakness . laffit pincay , sidelined since march 26 , when he suffered three broken ribs in a spill at santa anita , hopes to return to action when hollywood park opens next friday . . . . a victory by funontherun in today ' s $ 200 , 000 california derby at golden gate fields might rekindle . kentucky derby fever for his owners , herb and david alpert . funontherun won the san rafael stakes at santa anita , beating hello , a horse who ' s derby - bound , but in his last start , the jim beam stakes at turfway park , he showed little . . . . corey nakatani has taken a derby mount on acceptable .
persistence with ponies pays for garber : horse racing : tarzana man owns thoroughbreds for nearly a decade before hitting jackpot with quintana , who ran sixth in last year ' s kentucky derby .
bush and breeder go way back : profile : will farish , who enjoys an extremely close relationship with the president , aims to raise the best racehorses in the world .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en
we harvest only the finest granny smith apples & williams pears from select high country orchards .
our fruit is crushed into pulp then fed into the basket press which presses all the juicy juices out .
we filter the cloudy fermented cider into clear cider love , add a spoonful of sugar , a tickle of bubbles & a ray of sunshine .
the juice is coldfermented to retain all the natural apple & pear flavours , with pure water from our sandstone spring .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 frameset / / en
first . . . no apologies ! no , not the nirvana song ( although it ' s not a bad one ) . there will be no apologies and no shaming for any of our picks !
debate ? sure , we can and will debate all night long . . .
this is our list of the 10 top music tracks to get your blood pumpin , as voted by our impartial panel of judges consisting of . . . me .
instead of spending the winter months cooped up inside grinding away on the treadmill , while trying to keep your fitness levels up to scratch , why not head out and brave the winter trail runs .
for those of us who love the wilderness and simply cannot keep away , running outside does not have to be as miserable as the war stories you hear .
46 sir charles moses lane ( 7 , 494 . 90 mi ) woodlands 2575
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en
urltoken
from now until new year ' s . . . . . . . .
412 north country rd . ( rt . 25 ) | suite 6 st . james , ny 11780
. . . the outcome was better than i expected . i would highly recommend this salon to anyone who is interested in trying spray tanning .
you could have a sun - bed ! we would advise you first . we’d look at your skin type and tell you what happens and then put you on a bed for a certain number of minutes . people with olive skin go longer . usually we start you off with four minutes for fair skin .
well i wouldn’t do more than four minutes because my skin is so fair . other people might do seven or eight minutes or up to fifteen minute sessions . everyone is different . try it at the lower times first .
not the wild background you ' d historically see behind a great blue heron .
businesses are under no obligation to seek bbb accreditation , and some businesses are not accredited because they have not sought bbb accreditation .
to be accredited by bbb , a business must apply for accreditation and bbb must determine that the business meets bbb accreditation standards , which include a commitment to make a good faith effort to resolve any consumer complaints . bbb accredited businesses must pay a fee for accreditation review / monitoring and for support of bbb services to the public .
have been operational ( actively selling products or services ) in any bbb service area for at least the most recent 6 months , unless the principle ( s ) previously operated a similar business with an eligible record ( one that qualifies for bbb accreditation ) .
be free from government action that demonstrates a significant failure to support bbb ethical principles in marketplace transactions ( this requires a determination by bbb as to the nature of any violation , whether it was caused or condoned by management , and actions taken to resolve underlying issues that led to the government action ) .
be free of an unsatisfactory rating and maintain at least a b rating at the accrediting bbb and the bbb where it is headquartered , if different .
abide by the bbb code of advertising . supply , upon request , substantiation for advertising and selling claims . correct advertising and selling practices , when recommended by bbb .
honestly represent products and services , including clear and adequate disclosures of all material terms .
make known all material facts in both written and verbal representations , remembering that misrepresentation may result not only from direct statements but by omitting or obscuring relevant facts .
ensure that any written materials are readily available , clear , accurate and complete .
openly identify the nature , location , and ownership of the business , and clearly disclose all policies , guarantees and procedures that bear on a customer ' s decision to buy .
upon request , provide bbb with all information required to evaluate compliance with bbb standards . this may include , but is not limited to business name , address and contact information ; names and background of principles ; business and banking references ; licensing and / or professional accreditation ; and a complete description of the nature of the business .
any restrictions or limitations imposed ( e . g . limited supply , maximum number available per customer )
explains why any relief sought by the complainant cannot or should not be granted .
make a good faith effort to resolve disputes , which includes mediation if requested by bbb . other dispute resolution options , including arbitration , may be recommended by bbb when other efforts to resolve a dispute have failed . bbb may consider a business ' willingness to participate in recommended dispute resolution options in determining compliance with these standards .
comply with any settlements , agreements or decisions reached as an outcome of a bbb dispute resolution process .
cooperate with bbb in efforts to eliminate the underlying cause of patterns of customer complaints that are identified by bbb .
protect any data collected against mishandling and fraud , collect personal information only as needed , and respect the preferences of customers regarding the use of their information .
secure sensitive data businesses that collect sensitive data online ( credit card , bank account numbers , social security number , salary or other personal financial information , medical history or records , etc . ) will ensure that it is transmitted via secure means . businesses will make best efforts to comply with industry standards for the protection and proper disposal of all sensitive data , both online and offline .
honor customer preferences businesses agree to respect customer preferences regarding contact by telephone , fax and e - mail , and agree to remedy the underlying cause of any failure to do so .
avoid involvement , by the business or its principles , in activities that reflect unfavorably on , or otherwise adversely affect the public image of bbb or its accredited businesses .
not every business is eligible for bbb accreditation . businesses must meet , commit to and maintain the bbb accreditation standards in order to be eligible for and maintain bbb accreditation . the bbb accreditation standards represent sound advertising , selling and customer service practices that enhance customer trust and confidence in business . the code is built on the bbb standards for trust , eight principles that summarize important elements of creating and maintaining trust in business .
in order to be eligible for accreditation a business must complete an accreditation application .
once bbb has finished its evaluation , the application for bbb accreditation is either approved or denied . if the applicant is found in compliance with the bbb accreditation standards it will be presented to the bbb board of directors , or a committee of that board , for final approval . if the application is denied , bbb will contact the applicant , indicating the bbb standard ( s ) that were not met and any recourse available to the applicant .
the bbb customer review rating represents the customer ' s opinion of the business . the customer review rating percentages are based on the total number of positive , neutral , and negative reviews posted .
there are no reviews for this business . be the first to leave a review !
by claiming your business profile , businesses can add custom text or descriptive information about their services , insert company logos , and add photographs for consumers to view .
bbb business profiles are provided solely to assist you in exercising your own best judgment . information in this bbb business profile is believed reliable , but not guaranteed as to accuracy .
when considering complaint information , please take into account the company ' s size and volume of transactions , and understand that the nature of complaints and a firm ' s responses to them are often more important than the number of complaints .
bbb business profiles generally cover a three - year reporting period . bbb business profiles are subject to change at any time . if you choose to do business with this business , please let the business know that you contacted bbb for a bbb business profile .
as a matter of policy , bbb does not endorse any product , service or business .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
p8143929 - y3k chip bug is coming for you mr trump . . . you cannot escape
sun microsystems long sleeve polo shirt from the good times before oracle bought and destroyed . . .
use flickriver badge creator to create a badge linking to your photos , your group or any other flickriver view .
can display almost any flickriver view - most interesting today , by user , by group , by tag etc . once added to your personalized homepage , just edit widget settings to select your desired view .
adds a ' flickriver ' button to your browser . while viewing any flickr photos page , click on this button to open the same view on flickriver .
add ' search on flickriver ' to your browser ' s search box . works with firefox and internet explorer . install search plugin
script that adds flickriver links to various flickr photo pages - user photos , favorites , pools etc , allowing to quickly open the corresponding flickriver view .
also , allows quickly viewing any flickr photo on black background in large size .
while viewing any flickr photos page , click on the bookmarklet to open the same view on flickriver .
is fully expected to live up to the expectations set by champion sires such as rainbow quest ( the producer of derby winner quest for fame ) , warning ( sire of cheveley park winner prophecy ) , zafonic ( sire of champion two - year - old xaar ) and also zamindar ( who produced the classic winning zenda from his first crop ) .
breeders have shown tremendous support for oasis dream , sending him the dams of a number of gr . 1 winners together with a further 58 blacktype performers including airwave ( cheveley park stakes gr . 1 in 2002 ) , attraction ( cherry hinton stakes gr . 2 in 2003 ) , acclamation ( diadem stakes gr . 2 in 2003 ) , superstar leo ( champion two - year - old filly of 2000 ) and definite article ( national stakes gr . 1 ) .
arrive ( kahyasi – kerali by high line ) won three races including bahrain trophy l . own - sister to hasili ( prix des sablonnets l . ; dam of the gr . 1 perfomers banks hill – champion three - year - old filly in europe , champion grass filly in usa , joint top - rated older mare in europe , dansili – prix du muguet gr . 2 and second poule d’essai des poulains gr . 1 , heat haze – beverly d stakes gr . 1 and matriarch stakes gr . 1 and intercontinental – third 1000 guineas gr . 1 ) and half sister to skiable ( dam of three valleys ) .
dance dress ( nureyev – private line by private account ) won three races in france including prix fille de l’air gr . 3 , and prix madame jean couturie l . her dam private line ( atalanta mile stakes l . ) is half - sister to most precious ( second prix de la salamandre gr . 1 ; dam of matiara – poule d’essai des pouliches gr . 1 ) .
daring miss ( sadler’s wells – bourbon girl by ile de bourbon ) won four races including grand prix de chantilly gr . 2 , second grand prix de saint - cloud gr . 1 . half - sister to apogee ( prix de royaumont gr . 3 ; dam of dance routine – prix de royallieu gr . 2 , second prix diane hermes gr . 1 ) .
fragrant view ( distant view – musicanti by nijinsky ) winning own sister to distant music ( joint second top - rated two - year - old in europe in 1999 , dewhurst stakes gr . 1 , third champion stakes gr . 1 ; sire ) . her dam musicanti is half - sister to vanlandingham ( washington dc international gr . 1 ) , jenkins ferry ( second san juan capistrano gr . 1 ) . family of temperance hill and kirkwall .
imbabala ( zafonic – interval by habitat ) winner in france and dam of kalabar ( prix guillaume d’ornano gr . 2 , second prix du conseil de paris gr . 2 , prix eugene adam gr . 2 and third prix la force gr3 in 2003 ) . half - sister to cheyenne dream ( prix de bagatelle l . ; dam of dream chief - second prix du gros - chene gr . 2 ) and krisia ( dam of continent – july cup gr . 1 , prix de l’abbaye de longchamp gr . 1 ) . her dam interval ( prix maurice de gheest gr . 2 , second lowther stakes gr . 2 and third 1000 guineas gr . 1 ) .
insinuate ( mr prospector – all at sea by riverman ) won swanley stakes l . and third fern hill stakes l . half - sister to imroz ( third las cienegas handicap gr . 3 ) . her dam all at sea ( prix du moulin de longchamp gr . 1 , musidora stakes gr . 3 , pretty polly stakes l . , second juddmonte international gr . 1 ) .
orford ness ( selkirk – nesaah by topsider ) won three races in france including sandingham gr . 3 , third prix messidor gr . 3 and prix de lieurey l . ; dam of weightless ( prix dollar gr . 2 , prix du prince d’orange gr . 3 at three years in 2003 ) . second dam sylph ( princess royal stakes gr . 3 , second park hill stakes gr . 2 ) is the dam of privity ( prix de malleret gr . 2 , third flower bowl invitational handicap gr . 1 ) and zindari ( prix saint roman gr . 3 ) ; also own - sister to leading counsel ( irish st leger gr . 1 ) .
shining water ( kalaglow – idle waters by mill reef ) won three races including solario stakes gr . 3 , second park hill stakes gr . 2 and third hoover fillies ' mile gr . 2 ; dam of six blacktype performers including tenby ( joint top - rated three - year - old in europe in 1993 , grand criterium gr . 1 ; sire ) , bristol channel ( harvest stakes l . , third long island handicap gr . 2 ) .
gr . 1 , racing post trophy gr . 1 , second great voltigeur stakes gr . 2 , third woodbine international gr . 1 , 2002 - 03 ) and half - sister to moon search ( prix de royallieu gr . 2 , prix de la pepiniere l . in 2003 ) . her dam eva luna ( park hill stakes gr . 3 ) is half - sister to rougeur ( dam of multiple gr . 1 winner flute ) .
valencia ( kenmare – de stael by nijinsky ) placed at two years and dam of deportivo ( flying five gr . 2 , rose bowl stakes l . , king of beers stakes l . , and balmoral handicap at royal ascot ) and irish vale ( harry roseberry stakes l ) . half - sister to wandesta ( champion turf mare in usa in 1996 , matriarch stakes gr . 1 , santa barbara stakes gr . 1 , santa ana handicap gr . 1 ) , de quest ( prix du conseil de paris gr . 2 ) , source of light ( chester stakes l . ) and turners hill ( prix la moskowa l . , second prix du conseil de paris gr . 2 ) .
wince ( selkirk – flit by lyphard ) won four races including 1000 guineas gr . 1 , fred darling stakes gr . 3 , second milcars star stakes l . half - sister to fleeting glimpse ( second prix saint alary gr . 1 ; dam of half glance – may hill stakes gr . 3 ) and ulundi ( wolferton rated stakes l . ) . her dam flit is own sister to skimble ( wilshire handicap gr . 2 , third matriarch stakes gr . 1 ; dam of gr . 1 skimming ) .
this month stallion advertising begins in earnest and what better way to grab someones attention than through a metropolitan treble . quest for fame let his progeny do his talking a fortnight ago when represented by winners in three separate states  the quaintly named i scream ( from the mare ice cream sundae ) won her sandown debut , cheam saluted at rosehill and questamatic at cheltenham .
i scream and cheam are trained by john hawkes for woodlands stud proprietors jack and bob ingham who stand quest for fame at their hunter valley property . woodlands have supported the son of rainbow quest since his arrival in australia in 1993 and have enjoyed a virtual monopoly of the breed ever since . of the thirteen stakes winners sired by quest for fame in the southern hemisphere an amazing eleven have been bred by woodlands stud and raced out of their crown lodge stables .
he ' s had horses like unworldly and viscount in the past year or so ,
said hawkes
and then there ' s ones like tributes who won the oaks or a horse like this one ( i scream ) who won over the short trip on debut .
viscount ( ajc sires produce stakes - g1 , champagne stakes - g1 ) and unworldly ( ajc flight stakes - g1 , stc tea rose stakes - g2 , tatts nsw furious s - g3 ) teetered on the brink of superstardom before injury and accident ended their respective careers .
dracula ( ajc champagne stakes - g1 , ajc george main stakes - g1 , qtc sires produce stakes - g1 ) and tributes ( vrc oaks - g1 ) , join viscount and unworldly at racings elite level and lease ( stc tulloch stakes - g2 ; 2 nd ajc doncaster h - g1 , qtc classic - g1 ; 3 rd vrc australian guineas - g1 ) , hockney ( ajc expressway s - g2 , stc star kingdom s - g3 ) pursuits ( gosford guineas - lr ; 3 rd vrc emirates s - g1 , stc rosehill guineas - g1 ) salty ( ajc fernhill hcp - g3 ; 2 nd ajc champagne s - g1 ) , noise ( ajc carbine club - listed ; 2 nd ajc breeders plate - listed ; 3 rd ajc all aged s - g1 , stc phar lap s - g2 ) , undertone ( sajc walter brown s - listed ) , and le mans ( vatc debutante s - listed ; 3 rd ajc roman consul - g3 ) round out woodlands stakes successes with quest for fames progeny .
quest for fame is a grandson of blushing groom who has already known great success in this region through the deeds of nassipour , sire of melbourne cup heroine and australian horse of the year lets elope , multiple millionaire tie the knot , derby winners redding and shivas revenge to name but a few .
a dual group one winner on two continents , quest for fame numbers the prestigious epsom derby amongst his five victories . richard ulbrichs weighty volume peerage describes him as
a rangy eye - catching individual , almost black in colour thoroughly game and absolutely genuine
.
quest for fames dam , aryenne , was the original flag bearer for nijinksys son green dancer . an unbeaten two - year - old , aryenne helped her father secure champion first season sire honours in france and went on to win five races from ten starts including the french one thousand guineas . once again ulbrichs peerage tells us aryenne
usually raced from the rear , winning her races with a long last to first run . she loved to swoop down on her rivals and accelerate past them with arrogant nonchalance
.
there is little doubt her grand children share her ability , if not her attitude .
at the major sales this year , just seventeen quest for fame yearlings went under the auctioneers hammer , a mere handful compared to his woodlands counterparts octagonal ( fifty three offered ) , strategic ( twenty eight ) , grand lodge ( sixty ) , canny lad ( twenty nine ) and desert prince ( forty six ) . the adage quality not quantity applied , with ten yearlings selling for an average price of $ 101 , 000 , the top lot ( at easter ) knocked down to tim martin for $ 175 , 000 was a colt from the bletchingly mare regina madre .
this small number of commercial yearlings is no reflection of the esteem in which quest for fame is held , however , with a further fifty - nine living foals in the corresponding crop . woodlands have been responsible for the returns of at least thirty - nine of those foals , now rising two - year - olds , and all but six of those have already been named . amongst those that will find their way into the crown lodge racing machine is a sister to dracula named
insouciance
.
quest for fame will stand his tenth season at woodlands this year for a fee of $ 33 , 000 . alongside him will be his sons viscount , at the introductory fee of $ 27 , 500 , and dracula ( $ 8 , 250 ) who was represented by his first crop of yearlings this year .
the trio are descendants of the direct male line of nasrullah through his son red god , sire of blushing groom . they offer breeders a high - class alternative to the danzig line horses prevalent today .
owner - breeders who would like to utilise this sire line but are perhaps on a tighter budget might consider using the emirates park horse urgent request ( by rainbow quest ) who stands at a fee of $ 5 , 500 . an extremely fast horse from a mile to a mile and a quarter urgent requests biggest racetrack success came in the group one santa anita handicap ( 2000m ) . a striking , grey individual urgent request takes his coat colour from his dam oscura by caro from the olden times mare dusk . dusk is the dam of group one washington international stakes winner johnny d and has been represented at group one level in australia through the deeds of her great grandson sober suit ( group one vatc toorak handicap ) , a half - brother to the exciting two - year - old titanic jack .
bullet train is the first foal of kind , a dual listed winner over five and six furlongs and half - sister to coolmore’s globe - trotter powerscourt , who was victorious in the group one tattersalls gold cup and the grade one arlington million .
the sadler’s wells colt made a winning debut in a mile maiden at yarmouth on 27 october , getting the better of lion mountain by a short - head , despite showing signs of greenness . he made his seasonal return in a competitive 10 - furlong conditions race at newbury on 16 april , which had been won in the past by the likes of 2007 investec oaks heroine light shift and high heeled , who was third in the epsom fillies’ classic last year . after racing wide down the straight , bullet train took the lead inside the final furlong , but was unable to repel the challenge of myplacelater near the line and went down by half a length to the david elsworth - trained filly .
bullet train announced himself as a live contender for the investec derby with victory in the group three urltoken derby trial on 8 may , as he made all of the running in the extended 11 - furlong contest to record a two and a quarter - length verdict over dubawi phantom .
prince khalid abdulla , who prefers to be known just as mr abdulla on the racecard , is a first cousin to king abdullah of saudi arabia . he owns extensive racing and breeding interests in america , britain and ireland .
a businessman presiding over a huge international conglomerate known as “mawared” , he developed a love for british racing during the 1960s when renting a house in london and , with the help of former trainer humphrey cottrill , had his first winner on 14 may , 1979 , when charming native scored at windsor .
born in taif , saudi arabia , in 1937 , abdulla has been one of the most successful owner - breeders in europe in the past four decades and is the only current owner to have owned and bred the winners of all five british classics – his winners being investec derby ( 1990 quest for fame , 1993 commander in chief ) , investec oaks ( 1997 reams of verse ) , 2000 guineas ( 1980 known fact , 1986 dancing brave , 1993 zafonic ) , 1000 guineas ( 1999 wince , 2010 special duty ) and ladbrokes st leger ( 1991 toulon ) .
he has won most of the other major european races such as the prix de l’arc de triomphe with rainbow quest ( 1985 ) , rail link ( 2006 ) and the legendary dancing brave ( 1986 ) , who was an unlucky loser in the investec derby . abdulla also races with great success in france and the united states , where under the juddmonte farms banner he won a first triple crown race in 2003 with empire maker in the belmont stakes .
in 2003 his greatest successes in europe came with star sprinter oasis dream , winner of the july cup at newmarket and nunthorpe stakes at york and french oaks heroine nebraska tornado , while american post was triumphant in the prix jean - luc lagardere ( grand criterium ) at longchamp and the racing post trophy at doncaster , helping abdulla to become champion owner in both britain and france , while he also finished third in the usa owners’ championship that year .
american post went on to classic success in the french 2 , 000 guineas in 2004 and polish summer triumphed in the dubai sheema classic the same year , while intercontinental gave abdulla a second breeders’ cup filly and mare turf in 2005 , following full - sister banks hill three years earlier . abdulla’s french - trained horses again led the way in 2006 , with prix de l’arc de triomphe winner rail link proving the highlight .
in 2007 , juddmonte farms bred 27 individual group / stakes winners of 33 races , including zambezi sun , who wore the famous abdulla colours to victory in the group one grand prix de paris , while in 2008 promising lead took the pretty polly stakes at the curragh , proportional won the prix marcel boussac and african rose landed the ladbrokes sprint cup .
midday , winner of the group one nassau stakes at goodwood and runner - up in the investec oaks , added victory in the breeders’ cup filly & mare turf last season , while twice over captured the emirates airlines champion stakes . special duty was crowned champion two - year - old filly after her scintillating win in the group one electrolux cheveley park stakes at newmarket , while spanish moon was a group one winner in france .
this season special duty has claimed both the english and french 1 , 000 guineas with special duty with the filly awarded both races in the stewards’ room after suffering interference .
abdulla is an honorary jockey club member and his daughter was married to the late prince fahd salman , owner of 1991 derby victor generous .
born in aberdeen , scotland , on 11 january , 1943 , henry cecil has achieved just about everything he could have dreamed of in a training career spanning almost 40 years .
if classic success is a measure of achievement on the flat , the 10 - time champion trainer is second to none among current trainers having won every domestic classic at least twice and amassed a total of 23 english classic victories . the lord howard de walden - owned slip anchor , partnered by steve cauthen , brought cecil the first of his four investec derby triumphs in 1985 with an emphatic victory . reference point , also ridden by cauthen , won the 1987 investec derby holding off the challenge of most welcome while commander in chief , cecil’s supposedly second string behind tenby in the 1993 investec derby , and oath in 1999 – partnered by cecil’s then stable jockey kieren fallon – provided his third and fourth successes .
cecil has also landed the investec oaks eight times , the urltoken 2000 guineas twice , the urltoken 1000 guineas six times and the ladbrokes st leger on four occasions . having sent out 100 winners during the 1998 season , cecil’s yearly tally dropped every year until 2006 , when his 25 victories included passage of time’s group one success in the criterium de saint cloud – the stable’s first group one victory since beat hollow in the 2000 grand prix de paris .
his passion for the turf was nurtured by his stepfather , sir cecil boyd - rochfort , with whom a young cecil served as assistant trainer between 1964 and 1968 , before taking out his own licence to train in 1969 . it was not long before he staked his claim among the ranks of the leading trainers with a victory by wolver hollow in the eclipse stakes of that year .
on the retirement of sir noel murless , father of his first wife julie , in 1976 , cecil took over warren place stables in newmarket where he has remained . he won the oaks for the eighth time in 2007 with light shift and has 126 horses in training in 2010 . he almost captured a ninth oaks in 2009 when midday only found sariska too good while the same filly went on to claim the group one nassau stakes at goodwood and also gave cecil a first success at the breeders’ cup when taking the filly & mare turf at santa anita .
his other significant success in 2009 was provided by twice over , who landed the group one emirates airline champion stakes at newmarket .
cecil has made a bright start to the 2010 campaign and had the first horse past the post in the urltoken 1000 guineas , jacqueline quest , although she was demoted for causing interference to the runner - up special duty .
tom queally has come a long way since riding his first winner aboard the john roche - trained larifaari at clonmel on 13 april , 2000 . born on 8 october , 1984 , he was only 15 when enjoying that first success and was crowned ireland’s champion apprentice the same season .
from dungarvan in county waterford , where his father declan combines farming with a small training operation , tom was out hunting on his pony by the age of seven . after a spell showjumping , he was a leading figure on the pony racing circuit by the age of 13 and was apprenticed to trainer pat flynn two years later . but that apprenticeship was terminated when queally’s parents insisted he finish his leaving certificate at school .
at the end of a quiet 2002 season , when he was apprenticed to his father , he moved to aidan o’brien at ballydoyle , winning the following year’s group three ballysax stakes on balestrini . with the help of barney curley , he moved to britain in 2004 and joined david loder’s newmarket stable , winning the british apprentices’ championship that year . he won the 2008 group three princess elizabeth stakes at epsom aboard lady gloria and is now attached to henry cecil’s warren place stable .
since his move to cecil’s yard , he has recorded significant victories on midday , who finished runner - up in the 2009 investec oaks before going on to claim the group one nassau stakes at goodwood and the breeders’ cup filly & mare turf . last season he also won two group one sprints , partnering the michael bell - trained art connoisseur in the golden jubilee stakes and fleeting spirit , trained by jeremy noseda , in the darley july cup at newmarket .
allison is the publisher of eclipse magazine . she loves going to the races and is learning to bet ( despite being officially the worst bettor in the history of the universe ) , there’s a lot more to learn…
allison is the publisher of eclipse magazine . she loves going to the races and is learning to bet ( despite being officially the worst bettor in the history of the universe ) , there ' s a lot more to learn . . .
this site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .
join our free club to receive the latest news , features , fashion , updates , offers and competitions from us ! we send out ( approximately ) monthly emails , and we ' ll never share your email with anyone else . by signing up you indicate that you have read and agree with the privacy policy and terms and conditions displayed in the footer of every page on the website .
join our mailing list to receive the latest news , features , fashion , updates , offers and competitions from us ! we send out ( approximately ) monthly emails , and we ' ll never share your email with anyone else .
by subscribing , you confirm that you agree with our privacy policy and terms and conditions - displayed in the footer of every page of the website .
timeform provisionally rate workforce on 132 after today’s stunning seven - length victory , making it their best investec derby - winning performance since generous in 1991 .
timeform’s flat editor jamie lynch explained : “workforce produced a remarkable performance – as good as has been seen in the investec derby since generous in 1991 – in winning by seven lengths , breaking the track record in the process .
“ballydoyle’s pacemaker at first sight slipped the field and it reflects great credit on workforce that , not only was he the only one to get to him , but that he ran right away from him and the rest in the finish .
“this marks him down as potentially every bit as good as sea the stars , who ran to a timeform rating of 126 when he won at epsom last year . ”
progressed into a smart stayer last season , winning four races including a group 2 at longchamp and group 3 over nearly two miles at deauville . only seventh behind celtic swing in the prix du jockey - club and fifth to classic cliche in the st leger , but can improve further and become a contender for races like the ascot gold cup .
unbeaten half - sister to prix du cadran winner shafaraz . won longchamp maiden in october and impressed in landing the group 3 prix thomas byron at saint - cloud the following month . should stay beyond a mile and is expected to prove one of the aga khan ' s best three - year - olds . ( trained by a de royer - dupre for aga khan )
burst on to the classic scene when easily winning a listed contest at saint - cloud by six lengths last month . referring to her 1992 1 , 000 guineas winner , her trainer describes a votre sante as
hatoof mark two
. could run in the 1 , 000 guineas , although the french equivalent is more likely . her grandam , mrs penny , won the prix de diane and prix vermeille so should get further than a mile . ( trained by mme c head for marshall w jenney )
did the independent ' s french 12 - to - follow proud last season in landing the prix de diane and vermeille . returned with a satisfactory second to valanour in the prix d ' harcourt at longchamp on sunday when firm going was against her . ( trained by mme c barbe for t yoshida )
third on only juvenile start in a good longchamp maiden . held in high regard and should make mark in useful company over a mile and a half this season . comes from a quality family - dam was second to sagace in the 1994 arc - and has an oaks entry . ( trained by j pease for s niarchos )
like a votre sante , dark nile could hardly have scored in better fashion on his seasonal debut when landing the listed prix de courcelles at longchamp last week .
he has both stamina and speed and is the perfect type for the prix du jockey - club ,
his trainer said . ( trained by mme c head for k abdullah )