nesopupa quadrasi is a species of very small , air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family vertiginidae , the whorl snails .

this species is endemic to guam .

nesopupa quadrasi

nesopupa is a genus of very small air - breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family vertiginidae .
the distribution of the genus nesopupa includes hawaii , federated states of micronesia , palau , guam , the cook islands , mauritius , réunion and saint helena .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
the encyclopedia of world problems and human potential is a collaboration between uia and mankind 2000 , started in 1972 . it is the result of an ambitious effort to collect and present information on the problems with which humanity is confronted , as well as the challenges such problems pose to concept formation , values and development strategies . problems included are those identified in international periodicals but especially in the documents of some 60 , 000 international non - profit organizations , profiled in the yearbook of international organizations .
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species lyropupa rhabdota c . m . cooke & h . a . pilsbry , 1920
species lyropupa scabra h . a . pilsbry & c . m . cooke , 1920
species lyropupa spaldingi h . a . pilsbry & c . m . cooke , 1920
species lyropupa thaanumi c . m . cooke & h . a . pilsbry , 1920
subspecies spelaeoconcha paganettii polymorpha a . j . wagner , 1914 - diverse cave snail
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parmacelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade stylommatophora and the informal group pulmonata .

these are limacoid or keelback slugs .

parmacelloidea

no one has contributed data records for parmacelloidea yet . learn how to contribute .
worms - world register of marine species - parmacelloidea p . fischer , 1856 ( 1855 )
family cryptellidae gray , 1855 accepted as parmacellidae p . fischer , 1856 ( 1855 )
bouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , nützel a . , parkhaev p . , schrödl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
this is one of the six major gastropod lineages and contains three informal groups : the lower heterobranchia , the opisthobranchia and the pulmonata .
recent research by jörger et al . ( 2010 ) does not support the monophyly of any of these three groups .
within the pulmonata , a large number of terrestrial species are found in the eupulmonata and a few are found in one family in the basommatophora .
a few freshwater species are found in both the lower heterobrancia and the pulmonata .
within the lower heterobranchia , freshwater species are found in two superfamilies , the valvatoidea and the glacidorboidea . within the pulmonata , freshwater species are found in the basommatophora , in the clade hygrophila .
jörger k . m . , stöger i . , kano y . , fukuda h . , knebelsberger t . , schrödl m . ( 2010 ) .
on the origin of acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods , with implications for the systematics of heterobranchia
. bmc evolutionary biology 10 : 323 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 323 .
bouchet p . , rocroi j . - p . , frýda j . , hausdorf b . , ponder w . , valdés á . & warén a . ( 2005 ) .
classification and nomenclator of gastropod families
. malacologia : international journal of malacology ( hackenheim , germany : conchbooks ) 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1–397 .
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apolygus lucorum is a species of true bug in the miridae family .

it can be found everywhere in europe except for albania , bulgaria , iceland , malta , and portugal .

apolygus lucorum

early season host plants of apolygus lucorum ( heteroptera : miridae ) in northern china .
apolygus lucorum ( meyer - dur 1843 ) - - det . m . d . schwartz
seasonal migration of apolygus lucorum ( hemiptera : miridae ) over the bohai sea in northern china .
early season host plants of apolygus lucorum ( heteroptera : miridae ) in northern china . - pubmed - ncbi
seasonal migration of apolygus lucorum ( hemiptera : miridae ) over the bohai sea in northern china . - pubmed - ncbi
citation : pan h , lu y , wyckhuys kag , wu k ( 2013 ) preference of a polyphagous mirid bug , apolygus lucorum ( meyer - dür ) for flowering host plants . plos one 8 ( 7 ) : e68980 . urltoken
acute toxicity of the essential oil of a . tuberosum leaves and its major constituents against ap . lucorum adults
pan , hongsheng ; liu , bing ; lu , yanhui ; wyckhuys , kris a . g . . 2015 . seasonal alterations in host range and fidelity in the polyphagous mirid bug , apolygus lucorum ( heteroptera : miridae ) . plos one 10 ( 2 ) : e0117153 .
in this study , we related a . lucorum adult abundance of on a given plant species with plant phenology data . our objectives were ( 1 ) to assess temporal differences in the extent of flower preference by a . lucorum adults , and ( 2 ) to assess the role of flower preference as the driver of a . lucorum host plant switching .
insect information : apolygus lucorum feed on leaves by leaving small brown holes in the foliage . the species can damage fruits as well , by leaving bumps on them . when they drink the sap , they inject their poisonous salivary juices , which can cause buds , leaves and fruit distortions .
detail : this pheromone lure is for apolygus lucorum . manufactured with high quality sex pheromone and constant release vial carriers , our pheromone lures are species specific , residue free and effective for attracting targeted adult male damaging insects for more than 45 days in the fields , perfect for monitoring or mass trapping .
pherobio technology has been committed to developing , manufacturing and marketing high quality apolygus lucorum for years , which is well - known as one of the largest professional manufacturers and suppliers . our insect pheromone product comes in low price , easy operation and excellent performance . now , take action to check the pricelist with us and try our customized service .
the selective response of alucor46 to plant volatiles and its female - biased expression suggest that this receptor could be involved by a . lucorum in locating host plant for feeding and oviposition [ 21 , 22 , 23 ] .
tissue expression patterns of alucor46 in adults of a . lucorum . a : antenna ; h : heads without antenna ; t : thoraxes ; ab : abdomens ; l : legs . asterisk indicates significant difference between female and male .
the red line indicates the flowering period . data of population dynamics of a . lucorum on cotton ( gossypium hirsutum l . ) and mungbean ( vigna radiata ( l . ) wilczek ) in 2007 were cited from [ 26 ] .
at a given time , a . lucorum showed a clear preference for a limited number of plants species . as not all plant species are present in all agricultural landscapes of northern china , a . lucorum abundance is deemed highly dependent upon location and composition of local agricultural landscapes [ 36 ] . in china , there are different cropping patterns , including mixed plantations of food crops and cotton , fruit trees and cotton , pastures and cotton , and so forth [ 37 ] . in each cropping pattern , the dominant overwintering location and seasonal host plant range of a . lucorum vary considerably [ 24 ] , which would lead to different patterns of host plant use ( inc . seasonal dynamics , between - plant transfer ) .
the essential oil of a . tuberosum exhibited acute toxicity against ap . lucorum with an ld 50 value of 20 . 03 μg per adult ( table 2 ) . the constituent , diallyl trisulfide possessed acute toxicity against ap . lucorum with an ld 50 value of 10 . 13 μg per adult , while allyl methyl trisulfide , diallyl disulfide , and dimethyl trisulfide had ld 50 values of 21 . 10 μg per adult , 28 . 10 μg per adult , and 21 . 65 μg per adult , respectively ( table 2 ) .
relative electroantennogram ( eag ) responses of female and male a . lucorum to six plant volatiles . ns indicates that there are no significant differences . asterisks indicate significant differences in eag response between female and male antennae , p < 0 . 05 . error bars indicate sem ( n = 6 ) .
in earlier work , seasonal host switching of certain polyphagous mirid bugs ( e . g . l . lineolaris , pseudatomoscelis seriatus [ reuter ] ) has been related to their preference for flowering host plants [ 19 ] , [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] . in our study , a . lucorum equally exhibited a clear preference for flowering plants and switched food plants according to the succession of different flowering plant species in the local agro - ecosystem [ 22 ] , [ 25 ] . it provided important information for further understanding the interaction between a . lucorum and host plants , and exploring the patterns of population dynamics of this mirid bug in different host plants .
over the course of the experiment , the proportion of flowering plants with the presence of a . lucorum adults was significantly higher than that of non - flowering plants in each of the different periods ( inc . early july , late july , early august , late august , and early september ) ( p < 0 . 05 ) ( table 2 ) . more specifically , the proportions of flowering and non - flowering plants exploited by a . lucorum adults were 50 . 0–100 . 0 % and 11 . 3–31 . 8 % in early july , 48 . 7–95 . 8 % and 10 . 1–58 . 3 % in late july , 63 . 6–98 . 4 % and 4 . 8–51 . 7 % in early august , 71 . 0–96 . 4 % and 10 . 9–45 . 0 % in late august , and 73 . 9–96 . 3 % and 18 . 2–63 . 2 % in early september , respectively ( table 2 ) .
a chi - square test was performed to compare the extent to which a . lucorum adults visited flowering vs . non - flowering plants during a given specific 2 - wk sampling window per year . each sampling period comprised three or four field surveys . if flowers were found at one or more surveys , the plant species was regarded as “flowering” for the corresponding period . on the other hand , if no flowers were found during any of the surveys , the respective plant species was treated as “non - flowering” .
the a . lucorum ( meyer - dür ) used in all experiments were obtained from a laboratory colony established and maintained at the institute of plant protection , chinese academy of agricultural sciences , beijing , china . insects were reared with fresh corns and green beans and maintained at 28 ± 1 °c , with 60 % ± 5 % relative humidity and a 14 h : 10 h light : dark photoperiod . antennae , heads ( without antennae ) , thoraxes , abdomens and legs were collected from male and female adults on the third day after eclosion , immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −70 °c .
our work showed year - by - year fluctuations in general a . lucorum abundance ( figure 2 – 7 ) , which affected its population levels on a given host plant at any specific time . yearly differences in climatic conditions and associated plant germination and growth are thought to be the prime determinants of those seasonal patterns [ 32 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] . computer models maybe help to simulate its population dynamics in the agro - ecosystem and then analyze the effects of various biotic factors ( e . g . , host plant selection , phenological relative survival ) and abiotic factors ( e . g . temperature , rainfall ) on its seasonal occurrence [ 40 ] .
for a given plant species with high adult abundance , standard attraction during flowering periods was significantly higher than during non - flowering periods ( p < 0 . 05 ) ( figure 1 , table 3 ) . the average standard attraction of all selected flowering plants at flowering stage was 9 . 3 , 7 . 7 , 19 . 5 , 15 . 5 , 12 . 9 , and 12 . 3 times higher than that during non - flowering periods from 2007 until 2012 , respectively . seasonal fluctuations in a . lucorum adult abundance on each plant species and the relative standard attraction for a given plant species showed similar trends . the mean population level of the above plant species at flowering stage was 10 . 3 , 17 . 8 , 28 . 9 , 18 . 6 , 13 . 9 , and 18 . 2 times higher than that during non - flowering periods from 2007 to 2012 , respectively ( figure 2 – 7 ) .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
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species are green and rather broadly oval in shape . the black tibial spines do not arise from black spots and the 2nd antennal segment is usually shorter than the width of the pronotum at the base .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
in some areas ( esp . asia ) seriously damages crops incl . cotton , grape , etc .
schuh , r . t . 2002 - 2013 . on - line systematic catalog of plant bugs ( insecta : heteroptera : miridae ) .
review of lygocoris species found in canada and alaska ( heteroptera : miridae ) l . a . kelton . 1971 . d . p . pielou .
heteroptera of economic importance schaefer c . w . , panizzi a . r . ( eds ) . 2000 . crc press , boca raton , fl , 828 pp .
alien true bugs ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) in canada : composition and adaptations scudder g . g . e . , foottit r . g . 2006 . the canadian entomologist 138 : 24 - 51 .
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state key laboratory for biology of plant diseases and insect pests , institute of plant protection , chinese academy of agricultural sciences , beijing 100193 , china .
1 school of life science , shanxi normal university , linfen 041000 , china ; moc . 621 @ 4141213gnahz
2 state key laboratory for biology of plant diseases and insect pests , institute of plant protection , chinese academy of agricultural sciences , beijing 100193 , china ; moc . 361 @ 0220 _ wsy ( s . y . ) ; nc . saacppi @ gnawrg ( g . w . )
* correspondence : moc . 361 @ 6002pmgnahz ( m . z . ) ; nc . saacppi @ uilgnay ( y . l . ) ; tel . : + 86 - 357 - 205 - 1197 ( m . z . ) ; + 86 - 10 - 6281 - 6947 ( y . l . )
this article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution ( cc - by ) license ( urltoken ) .
) , with an open reading frame ( orf ) of 1185 bp , encoding a protein of 394 amino acids . alucor46 is predicted to present 7 tmds with an intracellular n - terminus and an extracellular c - terminus . its identity with other ors of the same species is very poor , 12 . 7 % with alucorco and between 10 % and 16 % with other individual ors (
alignment of amino acid sequences of alucor46 , alucor12 , alucor18 , alucor30 , alucor28 and alucorco . the seven transmembrane domains ( tm1–tm7 ) are marked by solid lines . the conserved amino acid sites among the 6 ors are marked with black shading . amino acid similarities are very poor between these members . in particular , alucor46 is 12 . 7 % identical to alucorco and shares 15 . 7 % , 13 . 7 % , 14 . 2 % and 10 . 4 % amino acids with alucor12 , alucor18 , alucor28 and alucor30 , respectively .
was monitored by quantitative real - time pcr ( qrt - pcr ) . the results show that
oocytes and responses to odorants were recorded using two - electrode voltage clamp . we used 65 compounds including terpenoids , alcohols , aldehydes and benzoates . only six compounds : (
functional characterization of alucor46 / orco in xenopus oocytes . ( a ) inward current responses of alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes to 10 −4 m solution of ( s ) - ( − ) - limonene , ( r ) - ( + ) - limonene , ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( − ) - myrtenol ; ( b ) response profile of alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes . error bars indicate standard error of the mean ( sem ) ( n = 6 ) ; ( c ) tuning curve of alucor46 . tuning curve for the alucor46 to an odor panel comprising 65 odorants arranged along the x - axis . the odors which elicited the strongest responses are in the middle of the distribution , the weakest near the edges .
dose - response of alucor46 / orco expressed in xenopus . ( a ) alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes were stimulated with a concentrations range of ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( − ) - myrtenol ; ( b ) dose - response curves of alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes to ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( − ) - myrtenol . responses are normalized by defining the maximal response as 100 in each group . the error bar indicates sem ( n = 6 ) .
the structure of six active compounds and the half maximal effective concentration ( ec 50 ) . values of four compounds .
assay . the mean eag response value to the blank stimulus ( 10 μl hexane ) was 84 . 44 ± 3 . 74 ( mean ± sem ) μv for
females and 80 . 28 ± 4 . 84 μv for males . the mean response values to the reference stimulus ( 10 μl of 0 . 1 m 1 - hexanol ) , was 219 . 14 ± 14 . 46 μv for females and 222 . 22 ± 15 . 86 μv for males , which were significantly higher than to the blank stimulus ( both
) - 3 - hexenol proved to be the strongest stimuli , followed by 1 - heptanol . the other three stimuli produced much weaker signals . responses were generally similar between sexes , in some cases significantly higher in female antennae (
) . different chemicals with similar structures could activate the same or , a fact proven by many in vitro experiments . for example , in
] . however , although the four chemicals could stimulate similar responses in heterologous expression , the eag responses to them in both female and male showed significant differences . this may be caused by the fact that olfactory selectivity does not only depend on ors but also on other olfactory genes such as obps , sensory neuron membrane proteins ( snmps ) and odorant - degrading enzymes ( odes ) , as well as from the expression level of these genes [
] . there is also a possibility that other ors tuned to the same compounds may exist in the olfactory system of this species .
in conclusion , alucor46 is a receptor tuned to host plant volatiles and could represent an attractive target to control this important agricultural pest .
the 65 odorants tested in this study are listed in table s1 . all the chemicals were purchased from sigma - aldrich ( saint louis , mo , usa ) . in two - electrode voltage - clamp electrophysiological recordings , odorants were dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide ( dmso ) as 1 m stock solutions . before experiments , these were diluted to the appropriate concentrations in 1× ringer’s buffer ( 96 mm nacl , 2 mm kcl , 5 mm mgcl 2 , 0 . 8 mm cacl 2 , and 5 mm hepes , ph 7 . 6 ) . in eag experiments , the six selected compounds , ( s ) - ( − ) - limonene , ( r ) - ( + ) - limonene , ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( − ) - myrtenol , were dissolved in hexane at the concentration of 0 . 1 m .
total rna was isolated using trizol reagent ( invitrogen , carlsbad , ca , usa ) , quantified on a nanodrop - 2000 spectrophotometer ( nanodrop technologies , inc . , wilmington , de , usa ) and digested with dnasei ( fermentas , glen burnie , md , usa ) to remove trace amounts of genomic dna , before synthesis of single - strand cdna using revert aid first strand cdna synthesis kit ( fermentas ) . the cdna of antennae was used as the template for gene cloning and , together with cdnas from heads ( without antennae ) , thoraxes , abdomens and legs as templates for qrt - pcr .
to clone the full - length orf of alucor46 specific primers were designed using primer premier 5 . 0 software ( premier biosoft international , palo alto , ca , usa ) ; their sequences are reported in table s2 . pcr reaction mixtures of 25 μl contained 1 μl cdna , 0 . 25 μl primestar hs dna polymerase , 5 μl 5× primerstar buffer , 2 μl dntp mixture ( 2 . 5 mm each ) and 0 . 5 μl of each primer ( 10 μm ) . pcr conditions were : initial denaturation at 95 °c for 3 min ; 35 cycles of 95 °c for 30 s , 55 °c for 30 s , and 72 °c for 2 min ; final extension at 72 °c for 10 min . the amplification product was purified from 1 . 0 % agarose gels and ligated into the peasy - t3 vector ( transgenbiotech , beijing , china ) following the manufacturer’s instructions . plasmids were extracted and sequenced at bgi ( beijing , china ) .
, qrt - pcr was performed using cdna from antennae ( a ) , heads without antennae ( h ) , thoraxes ( t ) , abdomens ( ab ) and legs ( l ) on the abi prism 7500 fast detection system ( applied biosystems , carlsbad , ca , usa ) . to correct for samples variation and normalize
) was used as a reference . primers were designed using the beacon designer 7 . 90 software ( premier biosoft international ) (
) . qrt - pcr reactions were conducted in 20 μl reaction mixtures containing 0 . 5 μl of each primer ( 10 μm ) , 1 μl of sample cdna , 8 μl of sterilized h
o and 10 μl 2× go taq qpcr master mix ( promega , madison , wi , usa ) . the qrt - pcr cycling program was : 95 °c for 2 min , 40 cycles of 95 °c for 30 s , 60 °c for 1 min . relative quantification was performed by using the comparative 2
maximum ) . each experiment was repeated three times using three independently isolated rna samples .
the full orf of alucor46 was amplified by primers with restriction enzyme sites ( apa i and not i ) ( table s2 ) and cloned into pt7ts vector . the vector was linearized by the restriction enzyme sma i and complimentary ribonucleic acid ( crna ) was synthesized from the linearized plasmid using mmessage mmachine t7 kit ( ambion , austin , tx , usa ) .
relative eag responses for each compound were calculated by the formula : relative eag response = ( eag response to the test compound − mean eag response to the blank stimulus ) / ( mean eag response to the reference stimulus − mean eag response to the blank stimulus ) [ 39 ] . the differences of mean relative eag response between female and male to the same test compound were compared using student’s t - tests . statistical analyses of the above data were processed in spss 23 . 0 .
we thank paolo pelosi for comments and editorial assistance on the manuscript . this work was supported by national natural science foundation of china ( 31471833 and 31321004 ) and the national transgenic crop initiative ( 2012zx08009001 ) .
zhixiang zhang , meiping zhang , guirong wang and yang liu conceived and designed the experiments ; zhixiang zhang , meiping zhang , shuwei yan and yang liu performed the experiments ; zhixiang zhang and yang liu analyzed the data ; zhixiang zhang contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools ; zhixiang zhang , meiping zhang and yang liu wrote the paper .
the authors declare no conflict of interest . the founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study ; in the collection , analyses , or interpretation of data ; in the writing of the manuscript , and in the decision to publish the results .
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copyright : © 2013 pan et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this research was supported by the national basic research program of china ( no . 2012cb114104 ) , and the special fund for agro - scientific research in the public interest ( 201103012 ) , the national natural science funds ( no . 31222046 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
agricultural landscapes regularly consist of crop fields interspersed with uncultivated habitats , thus providing abundant food resources for generalist phytophagous insects [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] . change in the phenology of certain host or food plants results in a constantly changing mosaic of habitats across the agro - landscape [ 1 ] , [ 3 ] . most polyphagous plant - feeding insects ephemerally exploit suitable host plants and habitats , but equally engage in host plant switching to locate new , more suitable hosts [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] . one advantage of such periodic host switching is that it permits continuous exploitation of a nutrient - diverse diet , thereby improving survival and reproduction [ 1 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] . additionally , polyphagous insect herbivores usually exhibit clear preferences for particular plant species or plant growth stages [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] . an in - depth assessment of host plant preferences of polyphagous insects is central to understanding their seasonal dynamics on a particular plant species and their movement between plants and habitats across the agricultural landscape .
we thank the graduate trainees at langfang experimental station , caas during the period 2007–2012 for assistance with the field surveys .
conceived and designed the experiments : k . wu hp yl . performed the experiments : hp yl . analyzed the data : yl hp k . wu . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : hp yl k . wu . wrote the paper : hp yl k . wyckhuys k . wu .
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esquivel jf , esquivel sv ( 2009 ) identification of cotton fleahopper ( hemiptera : miridae ) host plants in central texas and compendium of reported hosts in the united states . environ entomol 38 : 766–780 .
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( hübner ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) over a wide area in northern china . ecol model 221 : 1819–1830 .
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or28 is sensitively tuned to ( z ) - 3 - hexenyl acetate and few structurally similar compounds .
or28 responds to three attractive flowering compounds butyl acrylate , butyl propionate and butyl butyrate .
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lygocoris pabulinus ? similar to my image submitted here but it seems too yellow and too squat for that species .
this does look better in some ways but the images and description at britishbugs . org . uk , here , seem a little different . i added another image which shows the tibial spines , not visible in my first image , as well as detail of the cuneus . i wasn ' t sure if there were any other details that might be useful so i uploaded the entire image at high resolution as well . you may have to download it to see it at full res . i appreciate dr . schwartz ' s determination and i do not doubt it it . i only add the images in case the determination was based on assumed detail not visible in the original image . i certainly mean no disrespect .
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department of entomology , china agricultural university , 2 yuanmingyuan west rd . , haidian district , beijing 100193 , people’s republic of china
the yield of essential oil of a . tuberosum was 0 . 005 % ( v / w based on fresh weight ) , while its density was determined to be 1 . 018 g / ml . a total of 20 components ( 19 of them were sulfur - containing compounds ) from the essential oil of a . tuberosum were identified , accounting for 97 . 95 % of the total oil . the principal constituents of a . tuberosum essential oil were allyl methyl trisulfide ( 36 . 24 % ) , diallyl disulfide ( 27 . 26 % ) , diallyl trisulfide ( 18 . 68 % ) , and dimethyl trisulfide ( 9 . 23 % ) ( table 1 ) .
ri , retention index , as determined on an hp - 5ms column using the homologous series of n - hydrocarbons .
the essential oil of a . tuberosum leaves showed less acute toxicity against the adults of ap . lurocum than the garlic essential oil ( ld 50 = 13 . 36 μg per adult , table 2 ) . garlic essential oil was chosen as a positive control because of its strong insecticidal activity , for example , fumigant activity against the japanese termite , reticulitermes speratus ( park and shin 2005 ) , larvicidal activity to ae . albopictus ( tedeschi et al . 2011 ) , contact toxicity against pear psyllid , cacopsylla chinensis ( zhao et al . 2013 ) . in fact , the essential oil and other extracts from a . sativum had been developed into a series of pest control insecticides for use against several pests , e . g . , garlic barrier ag ( garlic barrier ag , glendale , ca ) and envir epel ( cal crop usa , greeley , co ) .
this work was supported by special fund for agro - scientific research in the public interest ( 201103012 - 3 ) . we thank dr . liu qr from college of life sciences , beijing normal university , beijing 100875 , for the identification of the experimental plant material .
biological activity of volatile di - n - propyl disulfide from seeds of neem , azadirachta indica ( meliaceae ) , to two species of stored grain pests , sitophilus oryzae ( l . ) and tribolium castaneum ( herbst )
sulfur constituents of the essential oil of nira ( allium tuberosum rottl . ) cultivated in brazil
sulfur volatiles from allium spp . affect asian citrus psyllid , diaphorina citri kuwayama ( hemiptera : psyllidae ) , response to citrus volatiles
volatile constituents of chinese chive ( allium tuberosum rottl . ex sprengel ) and rakkyo ( allium chinense g . don ) .
j . environ . sci . health b pestic . food contam . agric . wastes
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effect of dietary protein and carbohydrates on survival and growth in larvae of the henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata ( f . ) ( coleoptera : coccinellidae )
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kootenichela deppi is an extinct arthropod described from the middle cambrian of the kootenay national park , canada .

it belongs to the " great appendage arthropods " .

kootenichela appears to be the sister taxon of worthenella , from cladistic analysis .

the species name deppi comes from the actor johnny depp , after his role as edward scissorhands in the film of the same name .

david legg , the discoverer of kootenichela , said : " when i first saw the pair of isolated claws in the fossil records of this species i could not help but think of edward scissorhands .

even the genus name , kootenichela , includes the reference to this film as ' chela ' is latin for claws or scissors .

in truth , i am also a bit of a depp fan and so what better way to honour the man than to immortalise him as an ancient creature that once roamed the sea ? " kootenichela appears to be a primitive arthropod .

it has an elongated body composed of at least 29 segments of similar shape and appearance .

on the head , there are large eyes supported by stalks and an appendage resembling an antenna .

the appendages bound to the trunk are poorly sclerotised .

it was approximately 4 centimetres ( 1.6 in ) long .

most prominent are the claw-like , spinose cephalic appendages , which seem to suggest affinities with the " great appendage " arthropods .

kootenichela

this 505 - million - year old extinct arthropod was named kootenichela deppi for actor johnny depp .
the 505 - million - year - old fossil , named kootenichela deppi , is a distant ancestor of lobsters and scorpions .
the latest species to be named after hollywood royalty is a 505 - million - year old extinct arthropod now called kootenichela deppi for actor johnny depp .
the 505 million - year - old ' kootenichela deppi ' - a nod to lead actor johnny depp - is an ancestor of lobsters and scorpions .
“just imagine it : the prawns covered in mayonnaise in your sandwich , the spider climbing up your wall and even the fly that has been banging into your window and annoyingly flying into your face are all descendants of kootenichela deppi . current estimates indicate that there are more than one million known insects and potentially 10 million more yet to be categorized , which potentially means that kootenichela deppi has a huge family tree , ” dr legg said .
dr legg believes that kootenichela deppi would have been a hunter or scavenger . its large edward scissorhands - like claws with their elongated spines may have been used to capture prey , or they could have helped it to probe the sea floor looking for sea creatures hiding in sediment .
“when i first saw the pair of isolated claws in the fossil records of this species i could not help but think of edward scissorhands . even the genus name , kootenichela , includes the reference to this film as ‘ chela ’ is latin for claws or scissors . in truth , i am also a bit of a depp fan and so what better way to honour the man than to immortalize him as an ancient creature that once roamed the sea ? ” explained dr legg , who has described kootenichela deppi in a paper published in the journal of paleontology .
kootenichela deppi belongs to a group known as the ‘great - appendage’ arthropods , or megacheirans , which refers to the enlarged pincer - like frontal claws that they share . the ‘great - appendage’ arthropods are an early relation of arthropods , which includes spiders , scorpions , centipedes , millipedes , insects and crabs .
even the genus name , kootenichela , includes the reference to this film as ‘chela’ is latin for claws or scissors . in truth , i am also a bit of a depp fan and so what better way to honour the man than to immortalise him as an ancient creature that once roamed the sea ? ”
even the genus name , kootenichela , includes the reference to this film , as ' chela ' is latin for claws or scissors ,
legg added .
in truth , i am also a bit of a depp fan and so what better way to honour the man than to immortalise him as an ancient creature that once roamed the sea ?
kootenichela deppi lived in very shallow seas , similar to modern coastal environments , off the cost of british columbia in canada , which was situated much closer to the equator 500 million years ago . the sea temperature would have been much hotter than it is today and although coral reefs had not yet been established , the creature would have lived in a similar environment consisting of sponges .
kootenichela deppi was about 1 . 5 inches ( 4 cm ) long with an elongated trunk for a body and millipede - like legs , which it used to scuttle along the sea floor with the occasional short swim . it also had large eyes composed of many lenses like the compound eyes of a fly . they were positioned on top of movable stalks called peduncles to help it more easily search for food and look out for predators .
“when i first saw the pair of isolated claws in the fossil records of this species i could not help but think of edward scissorhands . even the genus name , kootenichela , includes the reference to this film as ‘chela’ is latin for claws or scissors . in truth , i am also a bit of a depp fan and so what better way to honour the man than to immortalise him as an ancient creature that once roamed the sea ? ”
a scientist has discovered an ancient extinct creature with scissor hand - like claws in fossil records and named it in honour of a movie star .
the 505 million year old fossil called kooteninchela deppi ( pronounced koo - ten - ee - che - la depp - eye ) , which is a distant ancestor of lobsters and scorpions , was named after the actor johnny depp for his starring role as edward scissorhands - a movie about an artificial man named edward , an unfinished creation , who has scissors for hands .
kooteninchela deppi is helping researchers to piece together more information about life on earth during the cambrian period when nearly all modern animal types emerged .
kooteninchela deppi lived in very shallow seas , similar to modern coastal environments , off the cost of british columbia in canada , which was situated much closer to the equator 500 million years ago . the sea temperature would have been much hotter than it is today and although coral reefs had not yet been established , kooteninchela deppi would have lived in a similar environment consisting of sponges .
the researcher believes that kooteninchela deppi would have been a hunter or scavenger . its large edward scissorhands - like claws with their elongated spines may have been used to capture prey , or they could have helped it to probe the sea floor looking for sea creatures hiding in sediment .
kooteninchela deppi was approximately four centimetres long with an elongated trunk for a body and millipede - like legs , which it used to scuttle along the sea floor with the occasional short swim .
it also had large eyes composed of many lenses like the compound eyes of a fly . they were positioned on top of movable stalks called peduncles to help it more easily search for food and look out for predators .
the researcher discovered that kooteninchela deppi belongs to a group known as the ‘great - appendage’ arthropods , or megacheirans , which refers to the enlarged pincer - like frontal claws that they share . the ‘great - appendage’ arthropods are an early relation of arthropods , which includes spiders , scorpions , centipedes , millipedes , insects and crabs .
david legg adds : “just imagine it : the prawns covered in mayonnaise in your sandwich , the spider climbing up your wall and even the fly that has been banging into your window and annoyingly flying into your face are all descendants of kooteninchela deppi . current estimates indicate that there are more than one million known insects and potentially 10 million more yet to be categorised , which potentially means that kooteninchela deppi has a huge family tree . ”
in the future , david legg intends to further his research and study fossilised creatures from the ordovician , the geological period that saw the largest increase in diversity of species on the planet . he hopes to understand why this happened in order to learn more about the current diversity of species on earth .
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dr david legg , a paleontologist with the department of earth science and engineering at imperial college london , has discovered an ancient creature with scissor hand - like claws and named it after the actor johnny depp for his portrayal of edward scissorhands in the 1990 film about an artificial man who has scissors for hands .
bibliographic information : david legg . 2013 . multi - segmented arthropods from the middle cambrian of british columbia ( canada ) . journal of paleontology 87 ( 3 ) : 493 - 501
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celebrity names will be preserved for posterity in film reels , heaps of tabloid magazines and taxonomy textbooks , too .
a fossil of the organism , a distant ancestor of lobsters and scorpions , has pinchers that recalled edward scissorhands , the misunderstood monster played by depp in the eponymous 1990 tim burton movie , according to the researcher who named it . [ starstruck : species named after celebrities ]
when i first saw the pair of isolated claws in the fossil records of this species i could not help but think of edward scissorhands ,
david legg , who studied the creature as part of his doctorate research at the imperial college london , said in a statement .
the fossil was found in kootenay national park in british columbia , canada , which would have been much closer to the equator 500 million years ago , during the cambrian period .
legg believes kooteninchela deppi , which measured just 1 . 5 inches ( 4 centimeters ) in length , would have scuttled across the sand in a shallow sea environment , hunting or scavenging for food . its large claws have elongated spines , which may have been used to capture prey or probe the seafloor for meals hiding under the sediment .
it also had large , fly - like eyes with many lenses nestled atop movable stalks to look out for food and avoid predators , the researcher said .
depp is far from the first celebrity to get a taxonomic tribute . from beyonce to arnold schwarzenegger to roy orbison , the rich and famous have sometimes had entire species named after them , an honor once reserved for scientists .
kooteninchela deppi is a primitive relative of today ' s arthropods , a group that includes spiders , scorpions , centipedes , millipedes , insects and crabs .
just imagine it : the prawns covered in mayonnaise in your sandwich , the spider climbing up your wall and even the fly that has been banging into your window and annoyingly flying into your face are all descendants of kooteninchela deppi ,
legg added .
his description of the species was published this month in the journal of paleontology .
follow megan gannon on twitter and google + . follow us @ livescience , facebook & google + . original article on live science .
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full reference : d . legg . 2013 . multi - segmented arthropods from the middle cambrian of british columbia ( canada ) . journal of paleontology 87 ( 3 ) : 493 - 501
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an ancient species has been named after edward scissorhands because of the shape of its claws .
an artist ' s impression has been released of the newly - discovered creepy - crawly by imperial college london .
its fossilised remains show it had sharp claws , triggering comparisons with the 1990 film .
the animal would have lived in shallow seas similar to modern coastal environments off the coast of british columbia in canada .
phd student david legg said :
when i first saw the pair of isolated claws in the fossil records of this species i could not help but think of edward scissorhands .
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