lamprologus signatus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika where it prefers deep waters over muddy substrates .

this species is a shell dweller .

this species can reach a length of 5.5 centimetres ( 2.2 in ) tl .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

lamprologus signatus

a little research ( actually a lot of it ) led me to consider various species . i wanted something with a little color but also with some distinctive markings . i considered some ' lamprologus ' brevis , but had heard that they weren ' t always active or even visible . i settled on a species that is not very common in the hobby , lamprologus signatus . it took me a while to track them down but i was finally able to obtain a group of 6 juveniles .
just one more tank . . .
l . multifasciatus , n . signatus , n . similis , l . gold occelatus
lamprologus signatus has a more elongated body shape compared to other shell dwellers . another difference is that the male and female have their own distinct patter / coloration . most other species of shelldwellers , with a few exceptions , share the same color patterns in both males and females . usually the only difference between the sexes is size .
i was always told that you appreciate things more when they cost you something , when youve got something personally invested in them . ive usually found this to be true . my lamprologus signatus have made themselves a definite exception to the rule . theyve got the big shelldweller personality with uncommon good looks to boot , making themselves one of my favorites , and i didnt pay a dime for them !
ive very much enjoyed having these guys and continue to watch their interactions with fascination . im content just to watch them glide about and show off their rainbow colors . lamprologus signatus has proven itself to me to be a very interesting and slightly more unique member of a personable little group of fish . even though they didnt cost me anything , i hold them as a valued part of my collection .
after not having a lake tanganyika shelldweller for some time , i got an itch for them again . something about how they change their environment by digging and / or burying their shells makes them extremely amusing and addictive . for such little fish , they pack a ton of personality . the question was which shell dweller to choose ? in the past i had kept ' lamprologus ' multifasciatus and ' lamprologus ' ocellatus
gold
. i decided i wanted to try something different for a newly vacant 29gal tank .
hello all ! i am setting up a 60
r . half with stacked rock for calvus ; half open with shells ; cyp leptosoma swimming above . how compatible are signatus with this setup ? . . . . . 1m / 3f ' s ? . . . . . . i have 12 shells . . . . . too many ? . . . . space shells out evenly - - or in groups of 3 - 4 ? . . . . . . will signatus defend poorly or too violently against the calvus ? . . . .
hey mr . limpit , my signatus are still very young and they are alone in a 10 gallon right now so i am not sure how aggressive / defensive they would be with other fish . i think you can group the shells how every you want . i have 6 shells for the two of them and they are kind of spread out . it shouldn ' t matter too much because in nature the signatus species actually prefers digging out under rocks but in captivity they use shells if they are available . i have a central rock structure that has a few carved caves and then some slate rock . hope this helps somewhat .
since i became interested in the shelldwelling cichlids of the african rift lake , tanganyika , ive had the opportunity to try out the majority of the species . they all display pretty similar behavioral patterns and many have a very similar appearance as well . they are interesting and charming little fish , but once youve kept one , youve pretty much kept them all . not so with l . signatus .
* * help * * my signatus pair have pretty much stopped eating in the past week . has anybody else struck this problem and what are you feeding them ? i have tried flake ( which they pick at ) , crumbles ( nls and redsea - they mouth then spit these out ) , frozen brine / mysis / bloodworm ( not much interest at all , mouth then spit out the ones they do attack ) , live mosquito larvae ( just attack out of territorial aggression then spit out ) . i dont have access to other live foods . any help appreciated . cheers steve
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
endemic to lake tanganyika where it is restricted to the central shores of the lake .
the habitat is reported to be deep water on soft , mud substrates . feeds on small shrimp . the maximum size of collected specimens was 53 mm at which size the fish were mature . nothing else is known of this species other than it belongs to the shell - dweller group .
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endemic to lake tanganyika . it occurs around the central part of the lake on the zambian side , around the capes of kabwe ngosye and nundo .
it inhabits fairly deep water around the shoreline in areas with a soft substrate , where the empty shells of snails collect .
18″ x 12″ x 12″ ( 45cm x 30cm x 30cm ) – 40 litres for a pair or trio . a larger tank is required for a colony .
the aquarium should have large open areas of sandy substrate to which should be added a good number of empty snail shells ( see breeding section below ) . more shells should be provided than there are individual fish . the substrate should be at least 2″ deep as this species likes to dig . the water must be hard and alkaline .
live and frozen varieties should form the bulk of the diet , although dried foods are usually accepted .
a territorial species that will defend its shell and the small territory around it vigorously . it can be combined with species that inhabit other areas of the aquarium . good tankmate choices include rockdwellers such as neolamprologus brichardi or smaller species of julidochromis and open water species such as cyprichromis sp . only one male should be kept unless the aquarium is large as males are very aggressive towards conspecifics .
males grow larger than females and have distinct vertical barring on the flanks , which is lacking in females .
possible . shell brooder . it may breed in a community situation but if you want to raise a full brood of these a species tank is best . set up the aquarium as suggested above . provide plenty of snail shells as the females will lay their eggs in these . escargot shells are a good choice and can be obtained from most decent delicatessens . each female will require 4 - 5 shells . water should be hard and alkaline with a ph of around 8 . 0 - 8 . 5 and a temperature of 77 - 80°f .
the species is most easily bred in a harem situation within which spawning pairs will form weak bonds until their broods are large enough to fend for themselves . the bond is not monogamous and both fish may go on to spawn with other individuals . it’s best to keep several females with a single male for breeding purposes . condition the fish well on a good diet of live and frozen foods .
the females will attempt to catch the attention of the male by displaying at the entrance of their chosen shells . when the male is sufficiently interested , the female swims into the shell where she deposits her eggs . she then leaves the shell and the male enters , where he fertilises the eggs .
both parents assist in broodcare , and they will regularly move the entire brood between different shells . the fry are big enough to accept brine shrimp nauplii or microworm once they become free swimming . it is probably better to remove them to a separate rearing tank at this stage to ensure the best survival rate , although the parents do not usually harm them .
as they grew , i became disappointed with the make - up of the group . a group of 4 males and 2 females is not ideal for pairing . fortunately each of the females picked out a male of their own and the two extra males were removed . the tank was set up with a sand substrate and divided into 3 separate areas by 2 pieces of holey rock . each of the three areas had an abundant amount of shells . the pairs took up residence on opposite sides of the tank , leaving the middle area as a no - man ' s land . i hoped that as their fry got larger , they would migrate to the
undeveloped
section of the tank .
setting up a new african cichlid tank ( decorating )
tank talk 9 / 10 / 13 pres . by kgtropicals
ahh ! its great to see another shellie fan on ace ! yes i remember you , how are the callipterus coming along ? i ' m picking my sigs up from anthony today , will let you know how they go . pm sent .
thanks jac . i may select either brevis or occies , since the shells will be on the opposite end of the tank vs the rock structure .
any updates on these fish , i ' m so excited . someone locally is selling only a pair and hopefully i can get my hands on them . are they as easy as multies ? dumb question but . . . i ' m just sooooo excited ! hopefully i can get them
hey miles44 , no they haven ' t spawned yet . i hope they spawn for me soon . cross my fingers .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .


urticina lofotensis is a species of sea anemone in the family actiniidae .

it is commonly known as the white-spotted rose anemone or strawberry anemone .

urticina lofotensis

cowles , d . ( 2006 ) . urticina lofotensis ( danielssen , 1890 ) .
jennifer hammock added an association between
image of urticina lofotensis
and
asterina
.
gametogenesis and reproductive periodicity of the subtidal sea anemone urticina lofotensis ( coelenterata : actiniaria ) in california .
identification the species referred to as urticina lofotensis is actually cribrinopsis albopunctata sanamyan & sanamyan , 2006 ; urticina lofotensis is a junior synonym of u . eques , and does not occur in the pacific - see link to urltoken web site [ details ]
gametogenesis and reproductive periodicity of the subtidal sea anemone urticina lofotensis ( coelenterata : actiniaria ) in california . - pubmed - ncbi
( of urticina ( tealia ) felina var . lofotensis ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
jennifer hammock selected
comprehensive description
to show in overview on
tealia lofotensis ( danielssen , 1890 )
.
80 years - urticina anemones can live between 60 to 80 years in the wild .
how to distinguish from similar species : urticina columbiana has rough white tubercles in circumferential rows . urticina piscivora and urticina crassicornis have inconspicuous tubercles which are not white , and u . crassicornis also has transverse bands on its tentacles and greenish blotches on its column .
urticina felina lives in full salinity situations and the factor is assessed as not relevant .
sexes are separate in the sea anemone urticina crassicornis , as in most anemone species 0 . 3x
the dahlia anemone urticina felina fully retracted . column showing characteristic warts ( verrucae ) and adherent debris .
moen , f . e . , 1996 . urticina felina fjaeresjorose . , 2002 - 01 - 25
( of tealia lofotensis dan . ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of madoniactis lofotensis danielssen , 1890 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
rasmussen , ( 1973 ) records urticina felina as being very common in banks of mytilus feeding mostly on gammarids .
wedi , s . e . , & dunn , d . f . , 1983 . gametogenesis and reproductive periodicity of the subtidal sea anemone urticina lofotensis ( coelenterata : actiniaria ) in california . biological bulletin , marine biological laboratory , woods hole , 165 , 458 - 472 .
urticina means nettle , a stinging plant . like all sea anemones they do have a sting , but the urticina cold water sea anemones have much more . . . being very beautiful they are known as flowers of the sea !
solé - cava et al . ( 1994 ) suggested that the large sub - littoral sea anemone urticina eques ( very similar to urticina felina ) with its large lecithotrophic larvae is probably not truly planktonic and has poor dispersive powers .
solé - cava et al . ( 1994 ) suggested that the large sub - littoral sea anemone urticina eques ( very similar to urticina felina ) with its large lecithotrophic larvae is probably not truly planktonic and has poor dispersive powers .
( of tealia ( madoniactis ) lofotensis dan . ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
urltoken to barcode of life ( 4 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 14 publications ) ( from synonym tealia lofotensis dan . ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 2 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to global biotic interactions ( globi ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym tealia lofotensis dan . )
( of tealia felina var . lofotensis ( danielssen ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
urticina felina is predominantly a subtidal species so that decrease in emergence is likely to lead to more habitats for colonization becoming available .
urticina felina is likely to have poor ability for detection of noise vibrations and as such is unlikely to be sensitive to noise .
urticina felina has very limited , if any , ability for visual perception . the anemone is unlikely to be sensitive to visual presence .
( of urticina lofotenesis ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
age at maturity is not known . chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) working with the similar ( see ' taxonomy ' ) tealia crassicornis ( see below ) found no sign of gonad development at 14 months old . the smallest fertile urticina lofotensis , a similar species in california , are recorded as at least 18 months old ( wedi & dunn , 1983 ) .
general references : gotshall , 1994 harbo , 1999 morris et al . , 1980 niesen , 1997 o ' clair and o ' clair , 1998 ricketts et al . , 1985 ( as tealia lofotensis ) sept , 1999
urticina felina has no known obligate relationships so removal of other species is unlikely to have any direct effect . the incidental physical effects of removal of other species can be assessed under the relevant factors .
urticina felina is recorded from several estuarine sites including mucking in thames estuary and the river blackwater estuary and so will be subject to variable or low salinities . in the westerschelde estuary , braber & borghouts ( 1977 ) found that urticina ( as tealia ) felina penetrated to about the 11ppt chlorinity ( about 20 psu ) isohaline at mid tide during average water discharge making it tolerant of reduced salinity conditions .
urticina felina is not currently subject to extraction . however if a cold water marine aquarium trade were to take - off , this species is likely to be collected . although urticina felina probably breeds every year there is no information regarding fecundity . although recolonization is likely to occur from nearby populations , frequency and success of recruitment is unclear and a precautionary assessment of ' moderate ' is made . see ' additional information ' below .
urticina eques is a similar but larger species ( up to 30 cm tentacle spread ) with longer tentacles and more commonly found offshore and in deeper water to 400 m . this species has fewer or no verrucae and no attached gravel or other particles .
migné , a . , & davoult , d . , 1997a . ammonium excretion in two benthic cnidarians : alcyonium digitatum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and urticina felina ( linnaeus , 1767 ) . journal of sea research , 37 , 101 - 107 .
% urticina eques % is a similar but larger species ( up to 30 cm tentacle spread ) with longer tentacles and more commonly found offshore and in deeper water to 400 m . this species has fewer or no verrucae and no attached gravel or other particles .
houtman , r . , paul , l . r . , ungemach , r . v . , & ydenberg , r . c . , 1997 . feeding and predator avoidance in the rose anemone urticina piscivora . marine biology , 128 , 225 - 229 .
urticina felina anemones adhere strongly to the substratum . substratum loss would result in mortality . some individuals might , however , be left behind as they typically live in fissures . recruitment to replace lost individuals is likely to be slow ( see ' additional information ' below ) .
urticina felina occurs in clear to highly turbid waters and occurs down to depths of at least 100m ( manuel , 1988 ) where light levels are low . the anemone is not known to contain symbiotic algae and is likely to tolerate changes in turbidity or the resulting change in light attenuation .
recent revision of pacific species of cribrinopsis : sanamyan n . p . , sanamyan k . e . , 2006 . the genera urticina and cribrinopsis ( anthozoa : actiniaria ) from the north - western pacific . journal of natural history , 40 ( 7 - 8 ) : 359 - 393 .
the plymouth marine fauna ( marine biological association , 1957 ) records urticina felina as breeding in may . chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) record the similar tealia crassicornis from san juan island on the north - west coast of the usa as spawning in the morning during april , may and june .
urticina felina occurs in clear to highly turbid waters and occurs down to depths of at least 100m ( manuel , 1988 ) where light levels are low . the anemone is not known to contain symbiotic algae and is unlikely to be sensitive to changes in turbidity or the resulting change in light attenuation .
solé - cava , a . m . , thorpe , j . p . & kay , j . g . , 1985 . reproductive isolation with little genetic divergence between urticina ( = tealia ) felina and u . eques ( anthozoa : actiniaria ) . marine biology , 85 , 279 - 284 .
no information has been found regarding the longevity of urticina felina but given the large size , slow growth rate and few predators it is likely that it survives for quite a long time . specimens in aquarium tanks are known to still be flourishing fifty years after collection ( p . g . moore pers . comm . ) .
( of tealia lofotensis dan . ) van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
reidy , s . 1996 . comparison of associations of the nudibranch aeolidia papillosa with two sea anemones urticina crassicornis and metridium senile . in proceedings of the 24th annual benthic ecology meeting , columbia , south carolina , march 7 - 10 , 1996 ( ed . s . a . woodin et al . ) , pp . 68 .
jackson , a . & hiscock , k . 2008 . urticina felina dahlia anemone . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
being an epibenthic species , urticina felina would be exposed to changes in siltation . increases in siltation may begin to cover the anemone or interfere with feeding . an energetic cost will result from efforts to clean off the silt particles , e . g . through mucus production and sloughing . repeated energetic expenditure in cleaning off silt particles may cause loss of condition . recovery of condition may take several months .
white - spotted rose anemones can grow up to 4
( 10 cm ) in diameter , with a length up to 6” ( 15 cm ) . it is unknown how long anemones live , in fact , some anemones can be hundreds of years old in the wild and in captivity some have been known to last 80 years or more . it is believed urticina anemones can live between 60 to 80 years in the wild .
there is no information about urticina felina tolerance to changes in oxygenation but cole et al . , ( 1999 ) suggest possible adverse effects on marine species below 4 mg / l and probable adverse effects below 2mg / l . the large size and slow growth rate of this anemone suggests that it is quite long lived . although recolonization is likely to occur from nearby populations , frequency and success of recruitment is unclear and a precautionary assessment of ' moderate ' is made ( see ' additional information ' below ) .
proceeds within the gastrovascular cavity , through gastrulation ( 3d ) to swimming planula larva ( 10d ) , and then to release of the swimming larvae via the mouth ( 15d ) . the authors note that the embryonic development of cribrinopsis is similar to that of other anemones , e . g . , urticina crassicornis . the main difference is in the brooding behaviour of cribrinopsis , which lasts for two or more weeks . the authors note the lecithotrophic nature of the eggs and suggest that the function of brooding is protective rather than nutritive .
densities vary from solitary individuals to dense carpets in ideal locations such as crevices and gullies . measurements of size refer to the diameter across the base . growth is dependent on the level of feeding so size is not proportional to age . gosse ( 1860 ) notes [ most likely from aquarium observations ] that
the shore crab ( carcinus ) is its ordinary prey but it feeds on limpets , and other mollusca and nereids and shrimps and on echinus [ now psammechinus ] miliaris . rasmussen ( 1973 ) records urticina felina as feeding mainly on gammarids in banks of mytilus edulis .
do not belong to this species was recognized by european taxonomists for a long time ( e . g . manuel , 1981 , 1988 , den hartog , 1986 ) and discussed in details in our publication ( sanamyan , sanamyan , 2006 ) . actually even a brief look on the photos of living european and pacific specimens left no doubt that they belong to different species , the original
is a very different species not resembling pacific anemone externally . the pacific species has white , always well visible verrucae on usually uniformly colored crimson column . in european species the verrucae are smaller , usually inconspicuous , they may be whitish , but often of the same colour as the column and the species look completely different . surprisingly , despite these pronounced differences many websites and internet databases still wrongly list
as a valid pacific species . the internal morphological differences between pacific and european species are even more pronounced - actually these two species belong to two different genera having different internal morphology and different set of nematocysts ( stinging capsules ) : valid name for european
daly , m . ; fautin , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of actiniaria .
fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of rhodactinia crassicornis ( o . f . müller ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bulocera eques ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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aiptasia grow like weeds , take over the reef tank , and are very hard to control ! a variety of approaches include chemical controls to using sea anemone predators .
aiptaisa means beautiful , and they can be . . . but they can be also reek havoc on reef tanks ! meet the aiptasia sea anemone species and discover the pros and cons of aiptasia in captivity
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i ' d love to give your clam a new house . i have 110g reef tank set up 25 hrs . he ' d love it !
i would like to purchase a quantity of aiptasia for my berghia nudibranch . if you have some available , please respond . bobtc100 @ urltoken
some other common names it is known by are spotted red anemone , white - spotted anemone and tealia anemone . the term
tealia
means blooming , likening these beauties to
flowers of the sea .
the common name , tealia anemone is very enchanting and is also used for one of its flowery relatives , the
they are generally found alone or in small groupings . the white - spotted rose anemones attach to shaded rocks along rocky sand covered shore lines and in tide pools . like all anemones , they are carnivorous , feasting on sea urchins , small fish , crabs , and mussels that happen by .
, using similar husbandry for other cold water anemones is suggested . like all anemones , they use their venomous cells , or nematocyst , found in their tentacles to sting and deflect any possible threats or attacks . but they mostly utilize them for stunning and capturing prey .
some predators of this anemone can be certain nudibranchs , sea stars , and snails . interestingly , in the wild painted greenling
juveniles are found in association with this anemone , swimming or resting around its tentacles and column . adults may sleep near its base . the anemone gives them protection from predators and the opportunity to feed on copepods and other small invertebrates .
this video shows how the white - spotted rose anemone spends it ' s day . they do , of course , require cold water marine tanks and are found from the alaskan coast to the california coast . they only need to be fed a few times per month due to the cold water and they do not host clownfish . only reaching 6 ,
they are great for a cold water marine nano tank !
, as those found in the pacific may be a different species than those found in the atlantic . the first scientific designation ,
. this european species is very different in its appearance , with no external resemblance to the pacific anemone . however , this is unreviewed and currently not accepted by worms , the world register of marine species , sealifebase , nor the encyclopedia of life .
white - spotted rose anemones are located in colder subtidal waters . they occur solitary or in small groupings , attached to shaded rocks along rocky , sand - covered shore lines and in tide pools . but they can also be found at depths down to 82 feet ( 0 - 25 m ) . they use their venomous cells or nematocyst found in their tentacles to sting and deflect any possible threats or attacks , but they mostly utilize them for stunning and capturing prey . this cold water anemone feasts on sea urchins , small fish , crabs , and mussels .
juveniles are found in association with this anemone in more exposed environments where both these fish and the anemone is plentiful . they will swim or rest around its tentacles and column , giving them protection from predators and affording them the opportunity to feed on copepods and other small invertebrates . adults may sleep near its base . it is not thought that the anemone receives any benefit from this relationship , but these small fish seem to be immune to the anemone ' s sting . some predators include certain nudibranchs , sea stars , and snails .
this anemone has a red - to - orange cylindrical pedal column with distinct vertical rows of white dots , or tubercles , all over . these tubercles are non - adhesive , so are generally free of shell fragments , gravel , or other debris . the pedal column has a sticky foot at the bottom which they use to adhere to various surfaces . they also use this
foot
to move around if conditions are not ideal . the color of the foot is brown , or reddish brown to orange , and has distinctive white spots .
at the top of the column is an oral disc with an opening , or mouth , in the center . the
takes food in and expels waste through this opening . the mouth should be closed and tight . it will open when hungry , having an oval look . a gaping mouth is a warning signal that the anemone is not doing too well .
white - spotted rose anemones have sturdy tentacles , well - spaced on the oral disc . they are situated in 5 or more rows surrounding the mouth . the tentacles are usually light gray , white , red , or orange , and a combination of those can be on each tentacle . the tentacles are thicker at the base and are thinner toward the top with a little
bulbous
tip . the oral disc and mouth are lighter in color .
4 . 0 inches ( 10 . 16 cm ) - it can grow up to 4
( 10 cm ) in diameter with a height up to 6” ( 15 cm ) .
the white - spotted rose anemone is very rarely available to aquarists from a retailer . these anemones can be difficult to care for because they must be kept in cold water . a chiller should be able to keep the tank temperature between 55 and 68°f . as with most anemones , the tank should be at least 1 year old and stable before adding your new strawberry anemone .
when selecting a white - spotted rose anemone , make sure the color is good , their mouth is not gaping open , and their foot and tentacles are sticky to the touch . also , they should be attached to something , but make sure there is no damage to the foot area , often a result of pulling the anemone off its surface .
to take one of these anemones from another aquarium , use a thin blunt item like a credit card . gently wiggle it under the foot and slowly nudge the anemone away from the glass . if it ' s attached to a rock , ideally you can simply purchase the rock as well . if you cannot purchase the rock , then directing water at it or wiggling the rock gently upside down under water while tickling the foot can work .
the white - spotted rose anemone is a carnivore . in nature , they use their potent sting to immobilize small fish and invertebrates , primarily sea urchins , crabs , and mussels . in captivity feed your anemone chopped silversides , shrimp , krill , and mussels , fresh chopped fish ( from your grocery store ) , as well as frozen carnivore preparations .
the white - spotted rose anemones metabolism is not as fast as warmer water anemones . they are cooler water creatures , so usually only need to be fed once a week or twice a month .
all of diet - sources of marine flesh and frozen / thawed preparations for carnivores .
weekly - feed only once a week or twice a month , because cold water anemones have much slower metabolisms .
water changes of 10 % bi - monthly or 20 % a month are typical . monitor your water quality for your particular situation and adjust your water changes accordingly . waste production created by your anemone can be calculated in inches . basically , every inch of anemone is equal to an inch of fish , so an average - sized white - spotted rose anemone produces a bio - load equivalent to that of about one 4
fish .
purigen and poly - fiber are great products to help in maintaining water quality . purigen is a synthetic polymer that removes soluble and insoluble impurities from water at an exceptionally high rate and capacity , helping to control ammonia , nitrites and nitrates . additional chemical additives , such chemi - pure , gfo , and carbon also help maintain quality water parameters . poly - fiber can be cut and used in sumps , etc . a good protein skimmer is a must .
although anemones are not as dependent on calcium as stony corals , magnesium and calcium is still needed to keep the ph and alkalinity stable and within the correct parameters . additions of trace elements are suggested . phosphates should be kept around 0 . 03 or less . control phosphates with products such as phosban and the phosban reactor . phosphates should be less than 0 . 03 ppm .
bi - weekly - water changes of 10 % twice a month , or 20 % a month are typical .
380 . 0 - 450 . 0 ppm - helps to balance alkalinity . aim for 420 ppm , or 385 ppm if you are using seachem calcium .
7 . 0 - 11 . 0 dkh - ( 2 . 5 to 3 . 9 meq / l ) aim for 10 dkh ( 3 . 5 meq / l ) for reef tanks .
1 , 250 . 0 - 1 , 350 . 0 ppm - test magnesium levels and adjust before checking calcium .
the white - spotted rose anemone can be kept in an aquarium of 50 - gallons or more when full grown . the typical reef environment is what is needed , but it must be a cold water reef . they need live rock or some other solid material they can attach to . you can even use submersed bio - balls . provide some rock crevices as well as rocky overhangs .
they need a low to moderate water movement and moderate lighting . the temperature can be between 55 . 0 to 68 . 0° f ( 12 . 8 to 20 . 0° c ) , but keep it stable as fluctuations can be stressful to the anemone . a chiller will be needed , but this allows you to have both inter - tidal and sub - tidal animals . acrylic tanks are best for insulating against temperature fluctuations , each 1 / 2
will give a thermal barrier of 5° f . be sure to have all of your pumps covered , most good quality pumps have guards on them .
10 gal ( 38 l ) - they do best in 50 - gallons or more when full grown .
the white - spotted rose anemone is considered semi - aggressive because they can be mobile , yet most of the cold water anemones stay still if their needs are met . it has often been suggested to not put anemones in a reef environment since corals cannot move away from the stinging tentacles . once you get your anemone situated and it has not moved for several months , it might be safe to add other corals . just keep in mind these anemones will sting everything they can reach , like corals and other invertebrates . anemones will move if your lighting is not good , or the water quality is not to their liking .
these anemones may split often once settled , similar to others in their genus . after splitting , anemones will tolerate their own “clones” and sometimes their own species . all anemones in the tank need to have their own space , otherwise there can be a “chemical” warfare between species . this will usually cause one to not eat , shrink and eventually die . having excellent filtration and a large tank will usually allow 2 anemones at opposite ends to thrive . you can also build a natural blockade to help prevent them from wandering into each others “space” .
when housing them with fish , if the tank is very large and you are keeping larger cold water fish , they should be fine . the problem occurs when keeping small gobies , blennies or other small cold water fish that can easily become dinner if they wander into the very sticky ( more sticky than typical ) tentacles .
they multiply rather quickly once adjusted , so keeping corals in the tank may be a risky thing to do . if attempting to add cold water corals , allow the anemones to settle and once they are in place , try to place a coral away from them . this may work for a while , however , the way they reproduce will eventually have detrimental affects on any other corals or anemones .
the white - spotted rose anemone will divide captivity . there is no information on the propagation of cold water anemones , however , but it may be just like other anemones . similar to other cold water anemones , they reproduce by fission or external fertilization of egg and sperm .
they will spawn when the water temperature drops from its highest for the year . the best success for breeding them is when they spawn , in april and may . when they spawn , they produce larvae that will float away , and eventually finding a spot to land . they then attach and develop a pedal disk that grows into a new anemone .
problems for the white - spotted rose anemone are pretty minimal unless your lighting , water movement , feeding and water quality are low . then your anemone will detach to look for “better conditions . ” in general , if your anemone moves , it is not happy . make sure your lighting and water quality is good , and that the food you are offering is to their liking . some predators include certain nudibranchs , sea stars , and snails .
the white - spotted rose anemone or strawberry anemone is generally unavailable to aquarists through retailers .
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this large anemone has no acontia . the column is red with smooth white tubercles in longitudinal rows . the margin of the oral disk has no white spherules . the tubercles usually do not hold sand , shells , or other debris . the oral disk is red and has no radiating white stripes . the slender tentacles are red , unbanded but with sometimes a yellow tinge at the base and pinker at the tips . diameter to 10 cm .
habitat : rocky , exposed coast , concrete pilings , marina floats . in the intertidal , is usually in surge channels and on vertical rock faces .
biology / natural history : shells or debris is occasionally found adhered to the tubercles , but not usually and not strongly . juvenile painted greenlings are often associated with this anemone , and adults may sleep near its base . the eggs are very large ( over 1 . 2 mm diameter ) and yolky . it has not been observed brooding the eggs .
scientific articles : sebens , k . p . and g . laakso , 1977 . the genus tealia ( anthozoa : actiniaria ) in the waters of the san juan archipelago and the olympic peninsula . wasmann j . biol . 35 : pp 152 - 168
biology / natural history : shells or debris is occasionally found adhered to the tubercles , but not usually and not strongly . juvenile painted greenlings are often associated with this anemone , and adults may sleep near its base . the eggs are very large and yolky . it has not been observed brooding the eggs .
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is a species common in european and northern seas , but not occurring in pacific . for a long time this european species was known as
is an older name , it become valid name of this species . note , that pacific species commonly called
( which has much better developed nonadhesive vesicles on column and also differs in internal features ) .
is usually buried , occurs in crevices , has the body densely covered with large strongly adhesive veruccae to which gravel and other particles are attached . third european species ( occurring also in north pacific ) ,
, always has absolutely smooth body . ( note , that verrucose [ not smooth ] pacific species which is often called
have whitish or yellowish ground colour with wide or narrow , irregular , mainly longitudinal red patches . in some specimens the prevailing colour is red . small nonadhesive verrucae are distinctly visible on the living specimens , especially on the contracted anemones . the verrucae are of the same colour as the column or paler , and they probably do not become as inflated and blister - like as in pacific species
. the oral disk and the tentacles are yellow - whitish , transparent , with the red longitudinal bands outlining tentacle bases on the disk ; the tentacles are encircled with the wide white and red bands in the middle .
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macrocystis pyrifera , calliarthron spp . , bossiella spp . , rhodymenia californica , cryptopleura ruprechtiana , chondracanthus corymbiferus
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hayward et al . , 1996 , solé - cava et al . , 1985 , manuel , 1988 , picton & costello , 1998 , gosse , 1860 , chia & spaulding , 1972 . , stephenson , 1935 , howson & picton , 1997 ,
hayward et al . , 1996 , solé - cava et al . , 1985 , chia & spaulding , 1972 . , manuel , 1988 , houtman et al . , 1997 , migné & davoult , 1997 ( a ) , rasmussen , 1973 , wedi & dunn , 1983 , elliott , 1992 , solé - cava et al . , 1994 , picton & costello , 1998 , moen , 1996 , gosse , 1860 ,
the species is boreal - arctic with a possible circumpolar distribution . found throughout europe from northern russia to biscay but not in the mediterranean . records from elsewhere are incomplete and there is considerable confusion in taxonomy .
hayward et al . , 1996 , solé - cava et al . , 1985 , manuel , 1988 , migné & davoult , 1997 ( a ) , rasmussen , 1973 , picton & costello , 1998 , jncc , 1999 , moen , 1996 , george et al . , 1988 , bruce et al . , 1963 , braber & borghouts , 1877 ,
stephenson ( 1935 ) reports that viviparity has been suspected because of the sudden appearance apparently from
nowhere
of individuals in aquaria .
chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) bred and grew tealia crassicornis from the north - west coast of the usa . in tealia crassicornis , mucus containing gametes were expelled from the mouth . the yellow eggs ( 500 - 700 µm diameter ) formed little clusters which then broke apart and began to float .
the duration of the larval stage may vary . for tealia crassicornis , chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) found that nine days after fertilization , the planula was ready to settle and , a further four days after settling , had 4 tentacles . certain substrata ( such as phyllochaetopterus sp . and sabellaria cementaria tubes ) could induce settlement rapidly in the laboratory . in the absence of inducing substrata larvae could remain in the water column for at least 17 days but settled within the second month after fertilization .
the species is probably quite slow growing . chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) found that fed individuals of the similar
were only 10mm in diameter after a year and there was no gonad development present in 14 month old anemones . however , at 18 months , individuals were 4 cm diameter with 60 - 70 tentacles .
solé - cava et al . , 1985 , chia & spaulding , 1972 . , hand , 1955 , wedi & dunn , 1983 , spaulding , 1974 , solé - cava et al . , 1994 , solé - cava & thorpe , 1992 , mba , 1957 , stephenson , 1935 , wedi & dunn , 1983 , gosse , 1853 ,
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( danielssen , 1890 ) . in : fautin , daphne g . 2011 . hexacorallians of the world . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
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a large anemone ( base up to 15 cm diameter ) with up to 160 short ( up to 2 cm ) , stout tentacles arranged in multiples of ten . individuals from offshore tend to be larger . the coloration is very variable , ranging through white , yellow , orange , red , blue , grey , purple and brown being either plain or more commonly in some combination . perhaps most commonly with a red column blotched with green / grey and a prominent pattern of red lines amongst the tentacle bases . the tentacles are usually banded but may be plain . there are numerous grey warts on the column to which gravel and shell fragments stick . when the tentacles are fully retracted , the body of the anemones may be almost obscured by these adherent particles .
typically found on the lower shore and subtidally , particularly on shores with strong wave action or subtidal areas with strong tidal streams . small individuals may be found as high as the mid - tide line . attaches very firmly to rocks and boulders , typically in crevices and gullies , sometimes forming dense carpets . occurs in estuaries where hard substrata are present .
large size , up to 15 cm across the base ( bigger than most other anemones ) .
large verrucae or warts present on the column , often with gravel or shell fragments attached .
occurring on the north - west ( pacific ) coast of north america . an attempt is made below to establish relationships important for using literature to support sensitivity and recoverability assessments elsewhere in this review . stephenson ( 1935 ) identifies
of gosse ( 1860 ) . however , stephenson notes that , in his
var .
, the embryos develop up to a late stage in the coelenteron of the parent and later describes it as
viviparity
. since appelöff ( 1900 ) cited in chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) reported that , in europe ,
releases it ' s gametes freely into the sea ( i . e . is not viviparous ) and that the species they studied in the northwest usa similarly produced ova and sperm , it seems likely that their
the stinging nematocysts in the anemones tentacles are used to trap and paralyse prey . the nematocysts can also provoke itching and blistering of the skin in humans but the effects vary considerably between individual humans .
densities vary from solitary individuals to dense carpets in ideal locations such as crevices and gullies . measurements of size refer to the diameter across the base . growth is dependent on the level of feeding so size is not proportional to age . gosse ( 1860 ) notes [ most likely from aquarium observations ] that
the shore crab (
moderately strong 1 to 3 knots ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 5 m / sec . ) , strong 3 to 6 knots ( 1 . 5 - 3 m / sec . ) , very strong > 6 knots ( > 3 m / sec . ) , weak < 1 knot ( < 0 . 5 m / sec . )
releases its gametes into the sea and that larval development is independent of the adult . chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) , in observing that
this marlin sensitivity assessment has been superseded by the maresa approach to sensitivity assessment . marlin assessments used an approach that has now been modified to reflect the most recent conservation imperatives and terminology and are due to be updated by 2016 / 17 .
reduction of the need to keep the anemone surface clear of silt will mean less energy expenditure and mucus production and therefore likely benefit to the anemone .
increase in emergence is likely to result in exposure to desiccation and a decreased opportunity for feeding . increased emergence may have no effect for anemones in damp fissures or pools . assuming that desiccation or heat stress ( see ' increase in temperature ' below ) occurs , intolerance and recoverability will be as desiccation . recruitment to replace lost individuals is likely to be slow ( see ' additional information ' below ) . a precautionary assessment of ' moderate ' recoverability is made but with a low confidence .
in the absence of wave action , water flow is likely to be very important in preventing siltation and stagnation and in bringing food . therefore , in conditions where water flow rates fall to very low levels , anemones may be adversely affected , lose condition and , especially if some stagnation occurs , some may die . although recolonization is likely to occur from nearby populations , frequency and success of recruitment is unclear and a precautionary assessment of ' moderate ' is made ( see ' additional information ' below ) .
the species favours areas with strong wave action ( manuel , 1988 ) and strong tidal currents ( migné & davoult , 1997 ) although it is also found in more calm and sheltered areas as well as deep water .
in the absence of tidal streams , wave action is likely to be very important in preventing siltation and stagnation and in bringing food . therefore , in conditions where wave action falls to very low levels , anemones may be adversely affected , lose condition and , especially if some stagnation occurs , some may die . assuming that some individuals survive , local recruitment is likely to occur within a few years .
recoverability is likely to be slow in populations where nearby individuals do not exist . the large size , slow growth rate and evidence from aquarium populations suggests that
is long lived . although it probably breeds each year there is no information regarding fecundity . breeding probably does not occur until the anemone is at least 1 . 5 years old . dispersal ability is considered to be poor in the similar
for north - west usa ) , is unlikely to travel far . however , assuming that there are populations surviving nearby ( further down the shore ) , recruitment is likely to occur over the short distances involved but how rapidly is uncertain . adults can detach from the substratum and relocate but locomotive ability is very limited . there is potential for some immigration of adults from other populations via water currents or rafting . gosse ( 1853 ) noted that an
had
eaten a hole the size of a pea in the side before being discovered
. under its current name of
in ideal conditions such as crevices and gullies on wave exposed shores the species can form dense carpets . the role of
( ne pacific ) has been investigated by elliott ( 1992 ) . the same roles may be filled by species in the british isles although there are no records of this for
can constitute a large proportion of the biomass . in addition , they are thought to be responsible for the major part of carbon / nitrogen exchange at the sediment - water boundary ( migné & davoult , 1995 ; migné & davoult , 1997a ) . although ' culinary use ' is indicated as ' no ' , gosse ( 1853 ) describes methods of cooking the dahlia anemone and seemed reasonably impressed with it boiled or fried .
braber , l . & borghouts , c . h . , 1977 . distribution and ecology of anthozoa in the estuarine region of the rivers rhine , meuse and scheldt . hydrobiologia , 52 , 15 - 21 .
bruce , j . r . , colman , j . s . & jones , n . s . , 1963 . marine fauna of the isle of man . liverpool : liverpool university press .
chia , f . s . & spaulding , j . g . , 1972 . development and juvenile growth of the sea anemone tealia crassicornis . biological bulletin , marine biological laboratory , woods hole , 142 , 206 - 218 .
cole , s . , codling , i . d . , parr , w . & zabel , t . , 1999 . guidelines for managing water quality impacts within uk european marine sites . natura 2000 report prepared for the uk marine sacs project . 441 pp . , swindon : water research council on behalf of en , snh , ccw , jncc , sams and ehs . [ uk marine sacs project . ] , urltoken
crisp , d . j . ( ed . ) , 1964 . the effects of the severe winter of 1962 - 63 on marine life in britain . journal of animal ecology , 33 , 165 - 210 .
davis , d . s . , 1967 . the marine fauna of the blackwater estuary and adjacent waters . essex naturalist , 32 , 1 - 60 .
elliott , j . , 1992 . the role of sea anemones as refuges and feeding habitats for the temperate fish oxylebius pictus . environmental biology of fishes , 35 , 381 - 400 .
eno , n . c . , clark , r . a . & sanderson , w . g . ( ed . ) 1997 . non - native marine species in british waters : a review and directory . peterborough : joint nature conservation committee .
george , j . d . , tittley , i . , price , j . h . , & fincham , a . a . , 1988 . the macrobenthos of chalk shores in north norfolk and around flamborough headland ( north humberside ) . nature conservancy council csd rep . 833 149p . , peterborough : nature conservancy council
gosse , p . h . , 1853 . a naturalist ' s rambles on the devonshire coast . london : van voorst .
gosse , p . h . , 1860 . actinologia britannica : a history of british sea anemones and corals . london : van voorst .
hand , c . , 1955b . the sea anemones of central california . part ii . the endomyarian and mesomyarian anemones . the wassmann journal of biology , 13 , 37 - 99 .
hayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .
hoare , r . & hiscock , k . , 1974 . an ecological survey of the rocky coast adjacent to the effluent of a bromine extraction plant . estuarine and coastal marine science , 2 ( 4 ) , 329 - 348 .
holme , n . a . & wilson , j . b . , 1985 . faunas associated with longitudinal furrows and sand ribbons in a tide - swept area in the english channel . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 65 , 1051 - 1072 .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
jncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken
manuel , r . l . , 1988 . british anthozoa . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 18 . ]
mba ( marine biological association ) , 1957 . plymouth marine fauna . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom .
migné , a . , & davoult , d . , 1995 . role des organismes suspensivores dans les transferts pélago - benthiques d ' une zone de fort hydrodynamisme : approche expérimentale . journal de recherche oceanographique , 20 , 9 - 14 .
nmmp , 2001 . national marine monitoring programme ( nmmp ) . http : / / www . marlin . ac . uk , 2001 - 01 - 17
picton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken
rasmussen , e . , 1973 . systematics and ecology of the isefjord marine fauna ( denmark ) . ophelia , 11 , 1 - 507 .
smith , j . e . ( ed . ) , 1968 . ' torrey canyon ' . pollution and marine life . cambridge : cambridge university press .
solé - cava , a . m . & thorpe , j . p . , 1992 . genetic divergence between colour morphs in populations of the common intertidal sea anemones actinia equina and a . prasina ( anthozoa : actiniaria ) . marine biology , 112 , 243 - 252 .
solé - cava , a . m . , thorpe , j . p . & todd , c . d . , 1994 . high genetic similarity between geographically distant populations in a sea anemone with low dispersal capabilities . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 74 , 895 - 902 .
spaulding , j . g . , 1974 . embryonic and larval development in sea anemones ( anthozoa : actiniaria ) . american zoologist , 14 , 511 - 520 .
stephenson , t . a . , 1935 . the british sea anemones , vol . 2 . london : ray society .
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general characteristics : column diameter to 10 cm ( 4 inches ) , height to 15 cm ( 6 inches ) . column bright scarlet or crimson with white warty spots in longitudinal rows ; tentacles slender , elongate , scarlet to crimson .
distribution / habitat : se alaska to san diego , ca . found on rocks and walls of surge channels , low intertidal to 15 m ( 49 feet ) on exposed outer coast .