calliostoma granti , common name the multibeaded maurea , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .

some authors place this taxon in the subgenus calliostoma ( maurea ) .

calliostoma granti

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : calliostoma granti ( a . w . b . powell , 1931 ) - id : 5062000454
( of calliostoma granti ( powell , 1931 ) ) marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]
( of calliostoma ( maurea ) granti ( powell , 1931 ) ) marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]
calliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
calliostoma purpureocinctum hedley , 1894 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
( of calliostoma ( maurea ) granti ( powell , 1931 ) ) maxwell , p . a . ( 2009 ) . cenozoic mollusca . pp 232 - 254 in gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
calliostoma formosensis e . a . smith , 1907 : synonym of calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907
calliostoma poupineli ( montrouzier in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855
calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) : synonym of calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 )
calliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 : synonym of enida japonica a . adams , 1860
calliostoma euglyptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) - sculptured topsnail , sculptured top shell
calliostoma rubroscalpta lee , y . c . & w . l . wu , 1998
calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith : synonym of cantharidus bisculptus e . a . smith
calliostoma limatulum marshall , 1995 : synonym of selastele limatulum b . a . marshall , 1995
calliostoma onustum odhner , 1924 : synonym of selastele onustum b . a . marshall , 1995
calliostoma virescens renier , s . a . in coen , g . s . , 1933
calliostoma katoi is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .
calliostoma akoya is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .
calliostoma coppingeri major castellanos , z . j . a . de & f . fernandes , 1976
calliostoma pulchrum ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) - beautiful topsnail , beautiful top shell
calliostoma swinneni poppe , g . t . , s . tagaro & h . dekker , 2006
calliostoma trotini poppe , g . t . , s . tagaro & h . dekker , 2006
calliostoma trepidum hedley , 1907 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of cantharidus polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 )
calliostoma rubropunctatum ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of laetifautor rubropunctatus ( a . adams , 1851 )
calliostoma occidentale ( mighels and c . b . adams , 1842 ) - boreal topsnail , north atlantic top shell
calliostoma is a genus of small to medium - sized sea snails with gills and an operculum , marine gastropod molluscs within the family calliostomatidae , the calliostoma top snails ( according to the taxonomy of taxonomy of gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) ) . previously this genus was placed within the family trochidae . calliostoma is the type genus of the family calliostomatidae .
calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
calliostoma regalis ( verrill & s . smith , 1880 ) : synonym of calliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 )
calliostoma poupineli montrouzier , r . p . in souverbie , s . m . & r . p . montrouzier , 1875
calliostoma is a large genus of medium - sized sea snails with gills and an operculum , marine gastropod molluscs known as top shells .
calliostoma hayamanum kuroda , t . & t . habe in kuroda , t . , t . habe & k . oyama , 1971
perron , f . e . ( 1975 ) .
carnivorous calliostoma ( prosobranchia : trochidae ) from the northeastern pacific
. veliger 18 : 52–54 .
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .
a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand
. the nautilus 108 : 83–127 .
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .
a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand
. the nautilus 108 : 83–127 .
clench w . & turner r . ( 1960 ) .
the genus calliostoma in the western atlantic
. johnsonia 4 ( 40 ) : 1 - 80 .
marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 .
remarks . calliostoma delli tends to be broader than high ; one of the figured paratypes ( fig . 14 ) is unusually narrow , compared to most specimens on the type lot .
clench , w . j . and r . d . turner ( 1960 ) .
the genus calliostoma in the western atlantic
. johnsonia 4 ( 40 ) : 1–80 .
quinn , j . f . jr . ( 1992 ) .
new species of calliostoma and notes on some poorly known species from the western atlantic
. the nautilus 106 : 77–114 .
marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]
marshall , b . a . 1995 : a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) , the nautilus , 108 ( 4 ) ( p . 90 )
( of venustas punctulata multigemmata powell , 1952 ) marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]
( of maurea ( mucrinops ) punctulata ampla powell , 1939 ) marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]
the top shells ( which are called calliostoma ) are marine gastropod molluscs . they can be found world - wide . the name of this genus is derived from the greek words kallos ( beautiful ) and stoma ( mouth ) , referring to the pearly aperture .
contrary to what is the case in most other top shells , calliostoma deposits its eggs in gelatinous ribbons that are only fertilized after being deposited . the young emerge as small snails ( lebour , 1936 ) without passing through a free - living planktonic stage as a veliger larva .
currently , calliostoma is being treated in worms as a broad genus . it is expected to be broken up and ( some ) subgenera will be elevated to the status of genus . at this moment ( 2013 ) , information is too fragmentary to assign all species in a revised genus .
holotype for calliostoma atlantoides quinn , 1992 catalog number : usnm 860261 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology preparation : dry locality : st . lucia , caribbean sea , north atlantic ocean depth ( m ) : 417 to 589 vessel : pillsbury r / v
the symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .
powell , a . w . b . 1979 : new zealand mollusca : marine , land and freshwater shells , collins , auckland ( p . 62 )
note : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
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some authors consider it the sole member of the non - accepted subgenus akoya .
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description . shell large , thin , silky white , nonumbilicate , spire whorls convex . protoconch of one and one - fourth whorls , teleoconch whorls seven , first teleoconch whorl with three spiral cords , noded to produce square cancellations : sculpture changing by the second whorl to three prominently projecting spiral cords , the uppermost cord beaded , the other two smooth . mature sculpture of three prominent cords , subsutural cord the least prominent , remaining close to the suture and losing its beading by about the third whorl ; second cord sharply defined and separated from the subsutural cord by a broad , smooth area ; third cord equally strong and projecting to form the peripheral extent of the whorl . basal keep sharp ; suture laid directly on its lower surface , not forming a channel . basal cording of about three fine cords on the outer edge and two to three bordering the columellar wall ; intermediate area of base smooth except for fine spiral striae . columellar wall thickened , slanted , forming a spur at the base ; outer lip thin . operculum corneous , multispiral . animal and radula as in c . chilena .
dimensions : height 29 . 6 mm . diameter 30 . 9 min ( holotype , fig . 13 ) : height 24 . 3 mm , diameter 23 . 2 mm ( paratype , fig . 14 ) ; height 29 . 0 mm , diameter 26 . 0 ( paratype . fig . 15 ) .
material . chile : los vilos ( lacm , type lot , figs . 13 - 15 ) , papudo , zapallar , algarrobo , punta penablanca ( lacm ) , pichilemu , constitución . specimens examined : 114 .
type material . thirty - three specimens from the type locality , collected 29 may 1977 , by andrade , shrimp trawler goden wind , holotype , lacm 1980 ; paratypes , lacm 1981 ; paratypes , mnhn 200489 ; paratypes , mzicb 15 . 528 ; paratypes , usnm 784738 .
type locality . 400 m off los vilos , chile ( 31°56 ' s : 71°54 ' w ) .
distribution . los vilos ( 31°56 ' s ) to constitución , chile ( 35°20 ' s ) . depth range 200 - 450 m .
diagnosis . a species of the subgenus otukaia characterized by having three spiral cords prominent at all growth stages . it differs from the similarly sculptured c . blacki ( dell , 1956 ) from new zealand ( see dell , 1956 : 46 , pl . 7 , fig . 6 ) in being lower spired , and in having a weaker subsutural ( first ) cord and a stronger second cord .
etymology . we are pleased to name this species in honor of dr . richard k . dell of the national museum of new zealand , wellington . ”
mclean , j . h . and h . andrade . 1982 . large archibenthal gastropods of central chile : collections from an expedition of the r / v anton bruun and the chilean shrimp industry . los angeles county museum , contributions in sciences , 342 : 1 - 20 . urltoken ; = 2316
unconfirmed _ type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .
holotype : quinn , j . f . 1992 . the nautilus . 106 ( 3 ) : 102 .
unconfirmed type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .
depth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 274 - 274 temperature range ( °c ) : 12 . 462 - 12 . 462 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 16 . 704 - 16 . 704 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 456 - 35 . 456 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 043 - 3 . 043 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 235 - 1 . 235 silicate ( umol / l ) : 5 . 700 - 5 . 700 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
stocks , k . 2009 . seamounts online : an online information system for seamount biology . version 2009 - 1 . world wide web electronic publication .
the distribution of this genus is worldwide , found mainly on hard substrata , although japanese species have been found on sandy bottoms . these snails occur from shallow waters to bathyal depths .
the rather thin , acute , coeloconoid ( = approaching conical shape but with concave sides ) shell is imperforate or rarely umbilicate . the whorls are smooth , often polished and spirally ridged or granular . the
perron , frank e . ; turner r . d . ( 1978 ) .
dall w . h . 1889 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer
blake
, lieut . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxix . report on the mollusca . part 2 , gastropoda and scaphopoda . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college 18 : 1 - 492 , pls . 10 - 40
vilvens c . ( 2012 ) new species and new records of seguenzioidea and trochoidea ( gastropoda ) from french polynesia . novapex 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . [ 10 march 2012 ] page ( s ) : 18
williams , s . t . ; k . m . donald , h . g . spencer and t . nakano ( march 2010 ) .
vilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163
note : many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite , within the wikipedia article ! this article doesn ' t yet , but we ' re working on it ! see more info or our list of citable articles .
its distribution is world - wide . the name of this genus is derived from the greek words kallos ( beautiful ) and stoma ( mouth ) , referring to the pearly aperture .
according to the latest taxonomy of bouchet & rocroi , this genus belongs in the family calliostomatidae in the clade vetigastropoda . earlier malacologists placed this genus within the trochidae .
, a deep - water gastropod , dredged in the atlantic ocean at a depth of from 100 m to 1170 m .
malacolog 4 . 1 . 0 : : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca - malacolog 4 . 1 . 0 : western atlantic mollusk species database at the academy of natural sciences


scorpaena scrofa , common name the red scorpionfish , bigscale scorpionfish , or large-scaled scorpion fish is a venomous marine species of fish in the family scorpaenidae , the " scorpionfish " .

scorpaena scrofa

katja schulz set
file : scorpaena scrofa . jpg
as an exemplar on
scorpaena scrofa linnaeus , 1758
.
sebastapistes scrofa - linnaeus , 1758 ; scorpaena lutea - risso , 1810 ; scorpaena natalensis - regan , 1906 ; scorpaenopsis natalensis - regan , 1906 .
latin , scorpaena = a kind of fish , 1706 ( ref . 45335 )
the peak in cpue during the summer coincides with spawning period of s . scrofa .
citation : mancuso m ( 2015 ) scorpaena scrofa : a promising aquaculture candidate for sicilian aquaculture . j aquac res development 6 : 375 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2155 - 9546 . 1000375
the red scorpionfish ( scorpaena scrofa - linnaeus , 1758 ) belongs to the class of the actinopterygii , the ray - finned fishes , to the order of the scorpaeniformes and to the family of scorpaenidae .
bradai mn , bouain a ( 1991 ) reproduction de scorpaena porcus et de scorpena scrofa ( l . , 1758 ) ( pisces , corpaenidae ) du golfe de gabes . oebalia xvii , 167 - 180 .
maricchiolo g , casella g , mancuso m , genovese l ( 2014 ) the first episode of spontaneous spawning in captive red scorpionfish , scorpaena scrofa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . aquaculture research 1 - 4 .
jakov dulcic , jurica jug - dujakovic , vlasta bartulovic , branko glamuzina , edhem haskovic et al . ( 2007 ) embryonic and larval development of large scaled scorpionfish scorpaena scrofa ( scorpaenidae ) . cybium 31 : 465 - 470 .
activity staining of the crude alkaline protease extract from the viscera of r . clavata ( 1 ) , z . ophiocephalus ( 2 ) , and s . scrofa ( 3 ) .
in the present paper , we describe the extraction and characterization of alkaline proteases from z . ophiocephalus , r . clavata , and s . scrofa which are suitable in the chitin production process .
( of scorpaena lutea risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scorpaena natalensis regan , 1906 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
in the present study , alkaline proteases were extracted from the viscera of z . ophiocephalus , r . clavata and s . scrofa and characterized , and their efficiencies in deproteinization of shrimp waste to produce chitin were investigated .
the enzyme preparations from z . ophiocephalus and s . scrofa retained about 24 % and 45 % of their initial activity after 60 minutes of incubation at 50°c , respectively . however , the proteolytic enzymes from r . clavata were completely inactivated in the same conditions .
reeve , a . 2007 . scorpaena porcus black scorpionfish . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
with s . scrofa crude enzyme extract , two activity peaks were observed at ph 6 . 0 and 10 . 0 . the enzyme preparation was highly active between ph 8 . 0 and 11 . 0 , with an optimum at ph 10 . 0 . the relative activities at ph 9 . 0 , 11 . 0 , and 12 . 0 were about 94 % , 69 % , and 39 % , respectively , of that at ph 10 . 0 . the optimum ph for s . scrofa proteases was similar to those reported by esposito et al . [ 31 ] for proteases extracted from the viscera of colossoma macropomum and el hadj - ali et al . [ 4 ] for proteases extracted from striped seabream ( lithognathus mormyrus ) .
scorpaena porcus can grow to a length of 37 cm but is more commonly between 15 - 20 cm . it is browny or orangy in colour with lighter patches and numerous skin appendages , which make for good camouflage . the caudal fin has three dark , vertical bars , and there is a light spot between the eigth and ninth dorsal spine . behind the gill cover ( operculum ) there are usually two spines .
crude alkaline proteases from z . ophiocephalus , r . clavata , and s . scrofa showed optimum activity at ph 8 . 0 - 9 . 0 , 50°c ; ph 8 . 0 , 55°c , and ph 10 . 0 , 55°c , respectively . the crude enzyme extract showed a high activity and stability in high alkaline ph . these proteolytic enzymes remained fully active in the presence of non - ionic surfactants . they also revealed high resistance when incubated with 1 % sodium perborate .
goby ( z . ophiocephalus ) , thornback ray ( r . clavata ) , and scorpionfish ( s . scrofa ) were purchased from the fish market of sfax city , tunisia . the samples were packed in polyethylene bags , placed in ice with a sample / ice ratio of approximately 1 : 3 ( w / w ) and transported to the research laboratory within 30 minutes . after the fish were washed with water , their viscera were separated , rinsed with cold distilled water , and then stored in sealed plastic bags at −20°c until they were used for enzyme extraction .
to investigate the effect of temperature , the activity was tested using casein as a substrate at the temperature range from 30 to 80°c in 100 mm tris - hcl buffer , ph 8 . 0 for z . ophiocephalus and r . clavata proteases , and ph 10 . 0 for s . scrofa crude alkaline proteases . thermal stability was - examined by incubating crude enzyme extracts for 60 - minutes at different temperatures from 30 to 70°c . aliquots were withdrawn at desired time intervals to test the remaining activity at standard conditions . the nonheated crude enzyme extracts were considered as control ( 100 % ) .
linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 266 [ details ]
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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
wheeler , a . ( 1992 ) . a list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the british isles . j . fish biol . 41 ( suppl . a ) : 1 - 37 ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 266 [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scorpaenopsis natalensis ( regan , 1906 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sebastapistes scorfa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
natural history museum , london ( nhm ) : collections management database system . [ details ]
eastern atlantic ( rare in british islands ) . senegal , madeira , canary islands , cape verde . through out the mediterranean sea , absent from the black sea .
marine ; brackish ; demersal ; non - migratory ; depth range 20 - 500 m ( ref . 4510 ) , usually ? - 150 m ( ref . 27000 ) . subtropical ; 60°n - 35°s , 26°w - 36°e
eastern atlantic : british isles ( rare ) to senegal including madeira , the canary islands , and cape verde . also throughout the mediterranean except black sea . south african species thought to be the same as population in the northeast atlantic ( ref . 4313 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 50 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4510 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2683 ) ; max . published weight : 3 . 0 kg ( ref . 40637 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . dark spot often on spinous dorsal ( ref . 4313 ) .
solitary and sedentary over rocky , sandy or muddy bottoms . feeds on fishes , crustaceans and mollusks ( ref . 4570 ) .
hureau , j . - c . and n . i . litvinenko , 1986 . scorpaenidae . p . 1211 - 1229 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol 3 . ( ref . 4570 )
) : 11 . 1 - 18 , mean 14 . 4 ( based on 189 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01288 ( 0 . 01075 - 0 . 01544 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 96 - 3 . 04 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 3 ±0 . 5 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( k = 0 . 08 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 68 of 100 ) .
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justification : this species has a wide distribution . it is occasionally consumed but it is not removed at any threatening level , and is not believed to have any other major threats affecting it . it is listed as least concern with a need for monitoring and more data concerning the disparity of possible ranges , population trend and consumption level .
albania ; algeria ; angola ; bosnia and herzegovina ; cape verde ; croatia ; cyprus ; egypt ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; gambia ; gibraltar ; greece ; guernsey ; ireland ; israel ; italy ; jersey ; kenya ; lebanon ; libya ; malta ; mauritania ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; mozambique ; portugal ( madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; senegal ; slovenia ; somalia ; south africa ; spain ( baleares , canary is . , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; syrian arab republic ; tanzania , united republic of ; tunisia ; turkey ; united kingdom ; western sahara
this is a demersal , non - migratory , solitary and sedentary species that lives over rocky , sandy or muddy substrata . in the mediterranean sea , it is often associated with posidonia oceanica meadows ( moranta et al . 2006 , deudero et al . 2007 ) . it feeds on fishes , crustaceans and molluscs ( hureau and litvinenko 1986 ) .
this species is not sought after for food or trade in west africa . however , it is occasionally consumed . in the mediterranean , this is a commercial species .
in the eastern central atlantic it is caught primarily as incidental catch but this is not believed to be a major threat . in the mediterranean , this is a commercial species and its main catching method are trawls , gill nets , trammel nets and long - lines .
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the name of the genus is that the old romans were giving to this fish , with reference to the poisonous spines , which reminded the bites of the scorpions .
the name of the species refers to the sow , the female pig , to which it resembles , in the world of fish , due to its protruding shape .
the red scorpionfish is present in all the mediterranean , but the black sea . the , passed gibraltar strait , it has colonized all the atlantic coast of the old world , from scandinavia to south africa , including the azores , the canaries , madeira and cape verde islands . finally , like many species , it has gone northwards along africa in the indian ocean up to mozambique .
it can be found at 20 - 500 m of depth , but rarely exceeds the 150 m . its choice location is where the rocks mix with the sandy or muddy bottoms , but we find it also in the brackish waters . the juveniles often camouflage between the rocks of the backwash , and once more than 20 cm , the progressively go down , looking for a calm place for their sedentary life .
it is the biggest mediterranean scorpionfish , with a record of 50 cm and almost 3 kg .
the body is oval with an impressing head , not only due to its enormous mouth , but for the spines and the dermic appendices which protrude in the most unlikely places breaking the outline with a clear mimetic effect .
unlike other scorpionfishes , here the appendices grow up also under the mandible , slightly longer than the jaw .
both are armed by villiform teeth , that is , much thin and close one to the other forming bands : 4 - 5 series over and 3 - 4 under , not to talk about the teeth pushing out on the vomer and on the palatines .
the dorsal fin is unique , but well evident . in the first part we see 12 poisoned spiny rays , in the second , 9 - 10 soft ones . the poison glands , one per ray , are protected by a sheath which breaks at the impact , in the upper part of each spine . the quantity of poison is very small compared to analogous tropical species , but the bite s very painful .
in some cases there may be hypotension with fainting or dizziness . the poison is thermolabile and therefore a first remedy may consist in soaking the affected part into the warm water .
the mouth is enormous with villiform teeth . the mimetic scheme foresees even big yellow spots © giuseppe mazza
as the name suggests , the whole colour is the red , with irregular and differing spots from individual to individual , which may be also brown and change hues depending on the environment . all is in function of the camouflaging , with the chromatophores playing an important role , and are not rare , especially in the corraligenous places , the individuals with big pale spots : pink , orange and even yellow .
often , but this is not a rule , we can see a dark spot in the upper part , at the centre , of the dorsal fin .
the red scorpionfish , as it can be easily guessed from its obese shape , is an insatiable predator .
it reproduces with floating eggs , united in mucous small masses . the larval forms are therefore pelagic . the vulnerability index of this species is of 68 over 100 .
→ to appreciate the biodiversity within the osteichthyes , the bony fish , and find other species , please click here .
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check - list of the fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and of the mediterranean ( clofnam ) , vol . 1
octopus vs . scorpion fish vs . puffer fish - epic fish fights ep . # 1 hd
fun with squid ! feeding frenzy with scorpion fish , trigger fish , file fish .
irudi hauek donostiako aquariumeko laborategian hartutakoak dira . imágenes tomadas en el laboratorio del aquarium de san sebastián . this images where taken in the laboratory of the aquarium donostia - san sebastián .
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the management of red scorpionfish broodstock , is to be considered as a starting point to obtain spontaneous spawning in captivity and for future propagation technologies .
in my opinion , further experiments must be carried out , focused on : finding a suitable starting live food for red scorpion fish larvae , a suitable tanks environment to obtain a useful production of this important species .
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mediterranean sea : 11000 - 737 ( 1 spc . ) , march 2003 , iskenderun bay , trawl , c . dalyan .
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these are solitary fish , territorial , and live on the bed . they remain totally immobile until they are threatened , and then they raise a small “veil” and stop after a few metres .
its reproduction is oviparous . it lays its eggs in spring and summer between the months of may and august .
it is a benthonic species of mainly rocky beds , although it is also found on sandy beds . it usually lives at depths of 20 to 200 m .
it lives in the mediterranean sea and the eastern atlantic ( from great britain to senegal ) .
when they are captured they raise their needles and seem to inflate with their mouth open , showing all their poisonous needles .
. it is an infrequent visitor to the coastal waters off the south coast and is unlikely to be seen very often .
is a benthic species found from the littoral zone down to a depth of around 800 m . usually seen motionless and solitary amongst rocks and algae on the seabed .
brown or orangy brown in colour and growing up to 37 cm in length .
occurs in water between 20 - 110 m , is a brighter orange colour and has less well developed spines behind the operculum .
spines of the dorsal , pelvic and anal fins of black scorpionfish have venom glands at their bases . the venomous spines cause an intense pain and throbbing to people stung by it . treatment is to immerse the affected area in water heated to tolerance level and to disinfect the afflicted area .
this species is also known as the small - scaled scorpionfish ( d . herdson , pers . comm . )
fishbase , 2000 . fishbase . a global information system on fishes . [ on - line ] http : / / www . fishbase . org , 2001 - 05 - 03
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
jncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken
marlin ( marine life information network ) , 2005 . searchable benthic data ( seabed ) map [ on - line ] . data access sub - programme , marine life information network for britian and ireland http : / / www . marlin . ac . uk ,
wheeler , a . , 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . london : macmillan .
whitehead , p . j . p . , bauchot , m . - l . , hureau , j . - c . , nielson , j . & tortonese , e . 1986 . fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . vol . i , ii & iii . paris : united nations educational , scientific and cultural organisation ( unesco ) .
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
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scorpion fish inhabit the mediterranean sea and have never been spotted in the black sea . can also be found in the atlantic ocean and around the british isles and some have spotted it near the canaries and senegal all the way to cape verde ! prefers rocky environments although has been seen in sandy or muddy bottoms at 20 – 500m depth . a dedicated hunter they hide in burrows during the day while coming out to hunt at night !
its a dedicated hunter . eating mostly other smaller fish aswell as crustaceans and molluscs .
this is a non migratory species . there is no known information on spawning or mating for this fish .
( chance of encounter red > 0 . 9 yellow > 0 . 2 )
so much the respect for this fish that cyprus has placed it on a stamp . we are only aware of cyprus and san marino placing this fish on a stamp .
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age analysis revealed 15 age classes but 3 + and 4 + were predominant in the catch .
habitat : a demersal species living over stones or sand away from immediate coastline in waters from 20 metres down to 70 metres ; juveniles also in seagrass meadows .
behaviour : predators , waiting patiently for the catch . very inactive during the hours of daylight , preferring to use their perfect camouflage to lay in wait for prey . during the hours of darkness they become more the stalker hunter .
did you know ? very well known to anglers and divers alike , they have venomous spines on their gill covers and their dorsal fin . the venom is active after death , so take heed ( for treatment see l esser weaver ) . out of all the venomous fish families within the mediterranean this is undoubtedly the most common to encounter due to the habitat range . because of this it is regarded by many as the worst . this species is the largest in this family .
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this week , after the amazing success of the last post , i will change the direction of the article and i will focus on the fishes with bad spines , it is , fishes with venomous spines , but focusing on the mediterranean species .
despite seas and oceans of the planet are inhabited by a high number of potentially dangerous animals for humans , understanding its danger for bites , electric discharges or for its consumption ; the truth is that in only few cases these animals attack deliberately ; so , accidents are that : accidents produced by ignorance or carelessness . we have to have into consideration that we are not a prey of this fishes , so : which is the sense that this animals attack us deliberately ?
these fishes with bad spines are catalogued as actively venomous animals , it is , they have a venomous apparatus with glands that produce poison and a mechanism that permits the introduction inside another animal , like spines or teeth . this poison are used to defend themselves or / and to capture their preys .
these are some tips to prevent possible injuries when you go to the beach or when you are diving . they are useful to avoid venomous fishes and other marine animals :
use full - body neoprene in waters with potentially dangerous fauna , like australia .
don’t put your hands inside cavities , cracks or holes if you don’t see the interior .
danger . in whiprays , the needle is placed far from the the base of the tail , what allows for a wide outreach , but only it is a defensive weapon . the needle is hard and with hooks in the edge . it is in its interior where are venomous glands , which acts on heart muscles . in addition to the wound , the symptoms are : nausea , diarrhoea , vomit , sweating , circulatory disruptions and anxiety .
can measure 210 cm , has a rhomboidal shape and in the central part of the back and in the tail it has bony tubercles . they live in coastal waters , where feed on crustaceans , cephalopods and small fishes . on the other hand ,
, that also inhabits in coastal waters , doesn’t have bony tubercles in the back , but in the tail .
description . with a robust body , scorpaenidae fishes have big pectoral fins and a wild and big head . its colouration is brown reddish and irregular .
danger . most of the species live on the rocks or behind corals , so the risk is on step on them . the poison produce a reduction of pressure and lung edema and an increase of pressure on lung arteries , and cramps . the hard spines placed in front of the dorsal fin , the three first of the anal fin and the two first of the ventral fins present poison .
is the biggest species in the mediterranean ( till 50 cm ) and live in rocky and sandy seafloors . it can be easily identified by long dorsal spines with separated membrane . on the other hand , the
has a short tentacle above each eye , has not appendixes in the chin , its size is about 20 cm and with a black spot in the dorsal fin . finally , the
description . these fishes has a long and laterally flatten body . the mouth is wide and orientated upwards .
danger . all the species live in sandy seafloors , where bury theirselves . the venomous spines are the 5 - 7 first of the dorsal fin and the spine in the gill operculum . the poison produce an intense pain in the affected zone and cause sweating , nausea and secondary infections .
can be identified by : a brown yellowish to gray body with dark spots and the first dorsal fin has six spiny spines . such can be the gravity of the bite that can be lethal . the
has a grey greenish to brown yellowish body ; with short , dark and yellow lines and with 5 - 7 spiny spines in the first dorsal fin .
description . they are typical species of coral reef and in lagoons in indian and pacific oceans , but one species can be found in the eastern mediterranean , where lives in rocky seafloors with algae . its body is oval and very laterally flatten , with a small head and mouth .
danger . rabbitfishes are shy , so it is difficult to be hurt by their spiny spines , which are all over the body : 13 in the dorsal fin , 7 in the anal fin and 2 more in the ventral fin . poison causes a hard pain , but it doesn’t persist so much .
mediterranean species . the marbled spinefoot ( siganus rivulatus ) has an olive light body with irregular brown spots . it can be confused with salema porgies ( sarpa salpa ) . it is an invasive species .
remember : you don’t have to be afraid of sea and nature . with common sense and respect towards nature you won’t suffer any harm .
ballesteros e & llobet , t ( 2015 ) . fauna i flora de la mar mediterrània . ed . brau
bergbauer , myers & kirschner ( 2009 ) . guía de animales marinos peligrosos . ed . omega
martin , p ( 1999 ) . claves para la clasificación de la fauna marina . ed . omega
riedl ( 1986 ) . fauna y flora del mar mediterráneo . ed . omega
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laboratoire de génie enzymatique et de microbiologie , ecole nationale d’ingénieurs de sfax , p . o . box 1173 , 3038 sfax , tunisia
copyright © 2011 rim nasri et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
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, r . h . doi and m . mcgloughlin , eds . , pp . 311–337 , butterworth - heinemann , london , uk , 1992 .
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k . jellouli , a . bougatef , d . daassi , r . balti , a . barkia , and m . nasri , “new alkaline trypsin from the intestine of grey triggerfish (
f . shahidi and j . y . v . a . kamil , “enzymes from fish and aquatic invertebrates and their application in the food industry , ”
a . bougatef , n . nedjar - arroume , l . manni et al . , “purification and identification of novel antioxidant peptides from enzymatic hydrolysates of sardinelle (
r . balti , n . hmidet , k . jellouli , n . nedjar - arroume , d . guillochon , and m . nasri , “cathepsin d from the hepatopancreas of the cuttlefish (
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h . kishimura , k . hayashi , y . miyashita , and y . nonami , “characteristics of trypsins from the viscera of true sardine (
h . ben khaled , r . nasri , a . bougatef , s . ghorbel , and m . nasri , “low molecular weight serine protease from the viscera of sardinelle (
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t . k . sini , s . santhosh , and p . t . mathew , “study on the production of chitin and chitosan from shrimp shell by using
g . h . jo , w . j . jung , j . h . kuk , k . t . oh , y . j . kim , and r . d . park , “screening of protease - producing
o . ghorbel - bellaaj , n . hmidet , n . jellouli et al . , “shrimp waste fermentation with
l . manni , o . ghorbel - bellaaj , k . jellouli , i . younes , and m . nasri , “extraction and characterization of chitin , chitosan , and protein hydrolysates prepared from shrimp waste by treatment with crude protease from
r . o . bustos and m . g . healy , “microbial deproteinisation of waste prawn shell , ” in
f . l . garcia - carreno , l . e . dimes , and n . f . haard , “substrate - gel electrophoresis for composition and molecular weight of proteinases or proteinaceous proteinase inhibitors , ”
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laboratoire de génie enzymatique et de microbiologie , ecole nationale d ' ingénieurs de sfax , p . o . box 1173 , 3038 sfax , tunisia
this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
proteases constitute the most important group of industrial enzymes used in the world today , accounting for approximately 50 % of the total industrial enzyme market [ 1 ] . they have diverse applications in a wide variety of industries such as detergent , food , pharmaceutical , leather , peptide synthesis , and for the recovery of silver from used x - ray films [ 2 , 3 ] . proteases are mainly derived from animal , plant , and microbial sources .
the most important digestive proteolytic enzymes from fish and aquatic invertebrates viscera are the aspartic protease pepsin secreted from gastric mucosa , and the serine proteases , trypsin , and chymotrypsin secreted from the pancreas , pyloric caeca , and intestine [ 10 ] . acidic proteases from fish stomachs display high activity between ph 2 . 0 and 4 . 0 , while alkaline digestive proteases , such as trypsin , are most active between ph 8 . 0 and 10 . 0 . the distribution of proteinases varies , depending on species and organs . digestive enzymes of several species of fish have been isolated from the internal organs including gastric , intestinal , and hepatopancreas [ 5 , 9 , 11 – 13 ] .
chitin , a homopolymer of n - acetyl - d - glucosamine residues linked by β - 1 , 4 bonds , is the most abundant renewable natural resource after cellulose [ 14 ] . chitin and its derivatives are biomolecules of a great potential , possessing versatile biological activities , demonstrating excellent biocompatibility and complete biodegradability . therefore , they have found extensive applications in pharmacy , medicine , agriculture , food and textile industries , cosmetics , and wastewater treatment [ 15 – 17 ] .
the main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various crustaceans , principally crabs and shrimps . chitin in biomass is closely associated with proteins , inorganic compounds ( such as calcium carbonate ) , lipids , and pigments . they all have to be quantitatively removed to achieve the high purity of chitins necessary for biological applications [ 18 ] .
conventionally , to extract chitin from crustacean shells , chemicals processing for demineralization and deproteinization have been applied . raw materials were first treated with dilute hydrochloric acid at room temperature to remove metal salts , particularly calcium carbonate , and then with strong bases to remove proteins [ 18 ] . however , the use of these chemicals may cause a partial deacetylation of the chitin and hydrolysis of the polymer , resulting in final inconsistent physiological properties [ 19 ] . an alternative approach to these harsh chemical treatments is the use of proteolytic microorganisms [ 20 – 23 ] or proteolytic enzymes [ 24 ] . bustos and healy [ 25 ] demonstrated that chitin obtained by the deproteinization of shrimp shell waste with various proteolytic microorganism had higher molecular weights compared to chemically prepared shellfish chitin .
viscera ( 20 g ) were separated and rinsed with distilled water , and then homogenized for 5 minutes with 20 ml of extraction buffer ( 10 mm tris - hcl , ph 8 . 0 ) with the use of tissue homogenizer . the resulting preparations were centrifuged at 8500 ×g for 30 minutes at 4°c . the pellets were discarded and the supernatants were collected and then frozen at −20°c and used as crude protease extracts . all enzymatic assays were conducted within a week after extraction .
sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( sds - page ) was carried out as described by laemmli [ 26 ] , using 5 % ( w / v ) stacking and 15 % ( w / v ) separating gels . samples were prepared by mixing the crude enzyme extracts at 1 : 5 ( v / v ) ratio with distilled water containing 10 mm tris - hcl ph 8 . 0 , 2 . 5 % sds , 10 % glycerol , 5 % β - mercaptoethanol , and 0 . 002 % bromophenol blue . the samples were heated at 100°c for 5 minutes before loading in the gel . after electrophoresis , the gel was stained with 0 . 25 % coomassie brilliant blue r - 250 in 45 % ethanol - 10 % acetic acid and destained with 5 % ethanol - 7 . 5 % acetic acid .
the optimum ph of the crude protease extracts was studied over a ph range of 5 . 0–13 . 0 , using casein as a substrate at 50°c . for the measurement of ph stability , the crude enzyme extracts were incubated for 1 hour at 4°c in different buffers and then the residual proteolytic activities were determined under standard assay conditions . the following buffer systems were used : 100 mm sodium acetate buffer for ph 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 , tris - hcl buffer for ph 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 , glycine - naoh buffer for ph 9 . 0–11 . 0 , na 2 hpo 4 - naoh buffer for ph 12 . 0 , and kcl buffer for ph 13 . 0 .
the influence of various metals ions , at a concentration of 5 mm , on enzyme activity was investigated by adding the monovalent ( na + or k + ) or divalent ( mg 2 + , hg 2 + , ca 2 + , zn 2 + , cu 2 + , co 2 + , ba 2 + , or mn 2 + ) metal ions to the reaction mixture . the activity of the crude enzyme extracts without any metallic ion was considered as 100 % . the effect of nacl concentrations on the activity of the alkaline crude protease extracts was studied , using casein as a substrate , by increasing nacl concentrations in the reaction mixture .
the effects of some surfactants ( triton x - 100 , tween 80 , and sds ) and oxidizing agents ( sodium perborate ) on alkaline crude proteases stability were studied by preincubating enzymes for 1 hour at 30°c . the residual activities were measured at optimum conditions for each crude enzyme . the activity of the crude enzyme extract without any additive was taken as 100 % .
the swp was prepared in our laboratory . briefly , shrimp waste , collected from the marine food processing industry , was washed thoroughly with tap water and then cooked 20 minutes at 90°c . the solid material obtained was dried , minced to obtain a fine powder , and then stored in glass bottles at room temperature . the chemical composition ( proteins , chitin , lipids , and ash ) was determined .
the moisture and ash content were determined according to the aoac standard methods 930 . 15 and 942 . 05 , respectively , [ 29 ] . total nitrogen content of shrimp protein hydrolysates was determined by using the kjeldahl method . crude protein was estimated by multiplying total nitrogen content by the factor of 6 . 25 .
shrimp shell wastes ( 15 g ) were mixed with 100 mm tris - hcl buffer ph 8 . 0 at a ratio of 1 : 3 ( w / v ) , minced and then cooked for 20 minutes at 90°c to inactivate endogenous enzymes . the cooked sample was then homogenized in a moulinex blender for about 2 minutes . the ph of the mixture was adjusted to 8 . 0 , and then the shrimp waste proteins were digested with proteolytic enzymes at 45°c using en enzyme / substrate ratio of 10 / 1 ( unit of enzyme / mg of protein ) . after 3 - hour incubation at 45°c , the reaction was stopped by heating the solution at 90°c during 20 minutes to inactivate enzymes . the shrimp waste protein hydrolysates were then centrifuged at 5000 ×g for 20 minutes to separate insoluble and soluble fractions . the solid phase was washed , pressed manually through four layers of gauze , and then dried for 1 hour at 60°c . the protein content was analyzed to measure the protein removal . the press cake was packed in a plastic bag and stored at −20°c until further processing .
deproteinization percentage ( % dp ) was calculated by the following equation as described by rao et al . [ 30 ] :
where p o and p r are protein concentrations ( % ) before and after hydrolysis ; while o and r represent the mass ( grams ) of original sample and hydrolyzed residue in dry weight basis , respectively .
all experiments were carried out in triplicate , and average values with standard deviation errors are reported . mean separation and significance were analyzed using the spss software package ( spss , chicago , ill ) . correlation and regression analysis were carried out using excel program .
in order to estimate the number of proteases in the alkaline crude enzyme extracts , samples were separated by sds - page , and then proteolytic activities were revealed by casein zymography activity staining . casein zymography is a very sensitive and rapid assay method that detects nanogram of proteins , in contrast with sds - page which detects micrograms .
, all crude enzyme extracts showed several clear bands of protease activity with different molecular weights , indicating the presence of several different proteases . it seems that goby crude enzyme extract contained more proteolytic enzymes than the other ones as illustrated in
by the presence of at least five clear bands of proteolytic activity . this result suggests that at least five major proteinases were present in goby viscera . when comparing the different profiles , it can be observed the presence of at least one protease common with all crude proteases .
the activity of proteolytic enzymes was determined at different ph values from 5 . 0 to 13 . 0 . the ph activity profiles of the crude alkaline proteases are shown in
displayed maximum activity at ph 8 . 0 - 9 . 0 . the relative activities at ph 7 . 0 and 10 . 0 were 55 . 6 % and 81 . 3 % , respectively , of that at ph 9 . 0 . however , protease activity decreased significantly above ph 10 . 0 . at ph 11 . 0 , the activity was approximately 5 - fold lower than that at ph 9 . 0 .
effect of ph on activity ( a ) and stability ( b ) of alkaline crude protease extracts . the protease activity was assayed in the ph range 5 . 0–13 . 0 using buffers of different ph values at 50°c . the maximum activity of each crude enzyme extract was considered as 100 % . the ph stability was determined by incubating the crude enzymes in different buffers for 1 hour at 4°c and the residual activities were measured at the optimum conditions of each enzyme preparation . the activity of the enzyme before incubation was taken as 100 % . buffer solutions used for ph activity and stability are presented in section 2 . values are means of three independent experiments .
the optimum ph for the crude protease of r . clavata was ph 8 . 0 . the relative activity at ph 9 . 0 was about 94 % . however , an appreciable decrease in activity was observed above ph 9 . 0 .
. interestingly , the three crude enzyme extracts are highly stable over a wide broad ph range , maintaining about 100 % of their original activity between ph 5 . 0 and 10 . 0 after 1 hour of incubation at 4°c . the enzymes retained more than 83 % of their activities at ph 12 . 0 . our results showed that goby proteases present a high ph stability compared to the others crude enzyme extracts .
optima temperatures for activity of crude alkaline proteases were determined in order to assess their suitability for biotechnological applications . the relative activities at various temperatures using casein as a substrate are reported in
. the crude proteases were active at temperatures from 30 to 70°c . the optimum temperature for
proteases was 55°c , however , alkaline proteases from goby and thornback ray displayed maximum activity at 50°c .
effect of temperature on activity of alkaline crude protease extracts . the temperature profile was determined by assaying protease activity at temperatures between 30 and 80°c . the optimum activity was taken as 100 % . values are means of three independent experiments .
the relative activities of goby proteases at 40 and 60°c were 54 % and 70 % , respectively . however , an appreciable decrease in enzyme activity was observed above 65°c , due to thermal denaturation . thornback ray proteases were more active at 60°c than the other crude proteases , retaining 90 % of their activity after 1 - hour incubation . however , the relative activities of z . ophiocephalus and r . clavata crude proteases were 70 % and 45 % , respectively .
. enzyme preparations from goby and scorpionfish are highly active at temperatures below 40°c , while that of thornback ray were stable at 30°c . goby crude enzyme remains fully active even after 60 minutes of incubation at 40°c , indicating that this crude enzyme might be used under mild heating conditions . however , at higher temperatures proteases were inactivated .
effect of temperature on thermal stability of the crude alkaline proteases from goby ( a ) , thornback ray ( b ) and scorpionfish ( c ) . the temperature stability was determined by incubating the crude extract at temperatures from 30 to 70°c for 1 hour . the residual enzyme activity was measured under the standard conditions assay at different times . the original activity before preincubation was taken as 100 % . values are means of three independent experiments .
the addition of cacl 2 and mgso 4 increased the activity of crude protease extracts of goby and scorpionfish . ca 2 + increased the activity of crude proteases from goby and scorpionfish to 110 % and 129 % , respectively . these results indicated that ca 2 + was very effective in improving the activity of the crude proteases . the enhancement of protease activity in the presence of calcium may be explained by the strength of interactions inside protein molecules and the better stabilization of enzymes against thermal stabilization . however , the activity of r . clavata crude enzyme was not affected by cacl 2 .
the ions ba 2 + affect partially the protease activity with a relative activity between 87 % and 96 % . however , fe 2 + and hg 2 + affect greatly the activity of all crude enzymes . the presence of 5 mm nacl and kcl did not affect protease activity .
all the commercial detergents contain hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases . in addition to activity and stability at high ph range and various temperatures [ 33 ] , enzymes incorporated into detergent formulations must be compatible and stable with all commonly used detergent components such as surfactants , perfumes , oxidizing agents , and other additives which might be present in the formulation [ 34 ] . furthermore , detergent enzymes should be stable during storage and active during washing in the detergent solution for a long period of time [ 35 ] .
the suitability of crude alkaline proteases as detergent additive was investigated by testing their stability in the presence of some surfactants and oxidizing agents . as shown in