elattoneura is a genus of damselflies in the family platycnemididae .

species include : elattoneura acuta elattoneura analis elattoneura atkinsoni elattoneura aurantiaca elattoneura aurifex – goldsmith threadtail elattoneura balli elattoneura caesia – jungle threadtail elattoneura campioni elattoneura cellularis elattoneura centrafricana elattoneura centralis elattoneura coomansi elattoneura dorsalis elattoneura erythromma elattoneura frenulata – sooty threadtail elattoneura girardi elattoneura glauca – common threadtail , grey threadtail elattoneura josemorai elattoneura khalidi elattoneura lapidaria – rock threadtail elattoneura leucostigma – smoky-winged threadtail elattoneura lliba elattoneura longispina elattoneura mauros elattoneura morini elattoneura nigerrima elattoneura nigra – black threadtail elattoneura nihari elattoneura oculata – two-spotted threadtail elattoneura pasquinii elattoneura pluotae elattoneura pruinosa elattoneura souteri elattoneura tarbotonorum – stout threadtail elattoneura tenax elattoneura tetrica elattoneura vrijdaghi

elattoneura

south african western cape endemic . a record of e . frenulata from southwest angola belongs to a different , undescribed species ( see elattoneura sp . ) . known only from the hawequas mountains in the western cape . around half the range occurs outside protected areas and half within protected areas . the range area is restricted .
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simaika , j . p . , kipping , j . , suhling , f . ( odonata red list authority ) & pollock , c . m . ( iucn red list unit )
justification : although this species has a limited range , it can be locally common and has a relatively high tolerance of different habitat types . it extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 km² . many river systems in the cape suffer from anthropogenic influences . however , efforts are underway to improve habitat ( through alien invasive tree removal ) and the species does not qualify for a threatened listing at present . it is currently least concern .
current population size and trends are unknown . this is a locally common species .
alien predatory fish ( e . g . , trout , bass ) , alien invasive trees ( e . g . , acacia mearnsii ) and human encroachment on habitats outside of reserves through urbanization are known threats to the species .
occurs within the protected areas of hottentots - holland reserve , kogelberg nature reserve , cedarberg nature reserve and table mountain national park . alien invasive trees are being removed from parts of the species ' range and this is proving effective . these activities should continue . research into population numbers and range , biology and ecology , habitat status , threats , and trends / monitoring of this species would be valuable . habitat and site - based actions are also required .
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no full diagnosis of this species is presently available , but mature male unmistakable in its western african range by combination of white thoracic dorsum and pruinose s9 - 10 .
streams shaded by forest . often with a gravelly , sandy and / or soft ( like muddy ) bottom and probably coarse detritus . from 0 to 800 m above sea level , but mostly below 800 .
map citation : clausnitzer , v . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , r . koch , j . - p . boudot , w . r . t . darwall , j . kipping , b . samraoui , m . j . samways , j . p . simaika & f . suhling , 2012 . focus on african freshwaters : hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern . frontiers in ecology and the environment 10 : 129 - 134 .
male ; liberia , nimba county , west nimba proposed forest reserve © dijkstra , k . - d . b . & m . darpay
male ; liberia , nimba county , mt tokadeh © dijkstra , k . - d . b .
male ; liberia , nimba county , grassfield - zotarpa road © dijkstra , k . - d . b .
fraser , f . c . ( 1948 ) . three new species of ethiopian odonata . proceedings royal entomological society london serie b 17 , 5 - 10 . [ pdf file ]
citation : dijkstra , k . - d . b ( editor ) . african dragonflies and damselflies online . urltoken [ 2018 - 07 - 09 ] .
african dragonflies and damselflies online is a collaboration between consent ( stellenbosch ) and adu ( cape town ) funded by the jrs biodiversity foundation . addo brings all available knowledge together of africa ' s 770 known species of odonata . read more . . .
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parmacellidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the superfamily parmacelloidea ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .

this family has no subfamilies ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .

slugs in this family make and use love darts made of chitin .

parmacellidae

worms - world register of marine species - parmacellidae p . fischer , 1856 ( 1855 )
urocyclidae parmacellidae milacidae the pneumostome is located posterior to the midpoint of the mantle . a dorsal key is present . there is no caudal mucous gland .
schileyko a . a . 2003 . treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs . pt . 10 . ariophantidae , ostracolethidae , rissotidae , milacidae , dyakiidae , staffordiidae , gastrodontidae , zonitidae , daudebardiidae , parmacellidae . ruthenica , russian malacological journal , supplement 2 : 1308 - 1466 .
bouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , nützel a . , parkhaev p . , schrödl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of cryptellidae gray , 1855 ) bouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , nützel a . , parkhaev p . , schrödl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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ariolimax _ californicus _ 2011 _ richard _ sage _ apr _ 2 _ 1995 _ purissima _ creek _ san _ mateo _ county _ california _ us . jpg
1k _ arion - rufus _ 11 _ welter _ schultes _ francisco _ denmark - _ bornholm _ between _ vang _ and _ hammerhus _ date - 15 - 06 - 2009 . jpg
1k _ arion - rufus _ 11 _ welter _ schultes _ francisco _ denmark - . . .
illustrazione delle specie terrestri e d’acqua dolce raccolte nell’isola di borneo dai signori g . doria e o . beccari .
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katja schulz marked the classification from
wikipedia
as preferred for
parmacella valenciennii webb & van beneden , 1836
.
katja schulz merged another page with parmacella valenciennii webb & van beneden , 1836 .
valter jacinto marked
lesma / / slug ( parmacella valenciennii )
as trusted on the
parmacella valenciennii
page .
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slugs are mollusks in the phylum mollusca . the information below highlights the taxonomy of slugs of economic interest as pest species .
subclass gymnomorpha order soleolifera family veronicellidae ( = vaginulidae ) the mantle of veronicellid slugs covers the entire surface dorsal surface of the animal . veronicellid slugs include several species of slugs found in the genera vaginulus and veronicella . they are herbivores and live mainly in tropical and subtropical africa , america and asia . they are also intermediate hosts of angiostrongylus costaricensis , the rat lung worm .
subclass pulmonata order stylommatophora suborder sigmurethra the families : testacellidae these are an earthworm ' s enemy , a carnivore with sharp teeth that impale their wormy prey . the remnant of a shell at the tail end of the slug covers the mantle and organs . this family is comprised of a single genus , testacella . testacella has been introduced into north america and new zealand . regionally , testacella sp . has been found in the portland and eugene areas of oregon .
limacidae the pneumostome is located posterior to the midpoint of the mantle . a dorsal keel is present . there is no caudal mucous gland . this family includes several large slug species in the genus limax . limax maximus is very prominent in the pacific northwest and also been distributed in other regions of north america . limax flavus , also called the cellar slug , can also be found in the northwest . it can be recognized by its brilliant blue tentacles .
this family also includes the genus deroceras . this genus includes several species that can reach pest status including : d . agreste , d . laeve , the marsh slug , d . reticulatum , the field slug or milky slug .
lehmannia valentiana can also be found in the pacific northwest . the mantle has dark lateral bands and dark bands along the dorsal side of the foot .
boettgerillidae trigonochlamydidae arionidae this family of slugs has a mantle on the front part of the slug body . the pneumostome is located towards the anterior portion of the mantle . subfamilies of arionid slugs are separated by anatomical features .
; a . dolichophallus ; and a . californicus . slugs in this subfamily have a keel along their back . they can often be found with a slime plug or caudal pore with a mucous
anadeninae the subfamily has a number of genera found in north america . the genus prophysaon andersoni ( cooper ) is endemic in the pacific northwest . this species can drop a portion of its foot as a defensive measure giving it the common name , the reticulate taildropper . the pneumostome is located near the middle of the mantle .
arioninae the subfamily contains several genera commonly found in the pacific northwest , although exotic transplants . these slugs can be quite large . there may be a prominent fringe along the edge of their foot . the pneumostome is located towards the front of the mantle , anterior to the midpoint . these slugs also have a well developed caudal mucous gland . one of key genera in this subfamily is arion . a . rufus , a . ater , a . circumcriptus , arion subfuscus are some of the species commonly found in the pacific northwest . these mostly palaearctic slugs have been distributed worldwide including in america , australia , new zealand , and south africa .
arion subfuscus can eat a wide variety of foods but fungi and decaying vegetation have been noted as their preferred diet . this species has a flexible abilty to occupy a variety of ecological environments ( beyer and saari , 1978 ) .
n . beyer and d . saari . 1978 . activity and ecological distribution of the slug , arion subfuscus ( drapanard ) ( stylommatophora , arionidae ) . american midland naturalist .
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additions to the malacofauna of vietnam : genera parmarion and meghimatium ( pulmonata , stylommatophora ) | a . a . | ruthenica
home > vol 26 , no 1 ( 2016 ) > a . a .
two species of south - east asian genus parmarion fischer , 1856 ( p . martensi simroth , 1894 and p . pupillaris humbert , 1864 ) ( ariophantidae ) have been found in central vietnam ( dak lak province ) . illustrated descriptions of external appearance and reproductive tracts of both species are presented . along with these species one juvenile specimen of meghimatium bilineatum ( benson , 1842 ) ( philomycidae ) has been found in south - east part of vietnam ( dalat city ) .
лихарев и . м . , виктор а . й . 1980 . слизни фауны ссср и сопредельных стран ( gastropoda terrestrial nuda ) . фауна ссср . моллюски . 3 ( 5 ) . ленинград , наука : 1 - 438 .
benson w . h . 1842 . mollusca . in : cantor th . general features of chusan , with remarks on the flora and fauna of that island . annual and magazine of natural history , 9 : 486 - 489 .
benthem jutting w . s . s . 1950 . systematic studies on the non - marine mollusca of the indo - australian archipelago . ii . treubia , 20 ( 3 ) : 381 - 506 .
benthem jutting w . s . s . 1952 . systematic studies on the non - marine mollusca of the indo - australian archipelago . iii . treubia , 21 ( 1 / 3 ) : 291 - 435 .
hoffmann h . 1941 . anatomische und systematische untersuchungen über die parmarioninen ( gastr . pulm . ) . zoologische jahrbücher , abteilung für systematik , geographie und biologie der thiere , 74 ( 3 ) : 1 - 155 .
humbert a . 1864 . études sur quelques mollusques terrestres nouveaux ou peu connus . mémoires de la société de physique et d’histoire naturelle de genéve , 15 : 109 - 128 .
schileyko a . a . 2011 . check - list of land pulmonate molluscs of vietnam ( gastropoda : stylommatophora ) . ruthenica , russian malacological journal , 21 ( 1 ) : 1 - 68 .
simroth h . 1894 . ueber einige parmarion - arten . in : m . weber . zoologische ergebnisse einer reise in niederländisch ost - indien . 3 : 100 - 111 .
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superfamily athoracophoroidea family athoracophoridae - these are the leaf - veined slugs of new zealand , australia , and surrounding islands . the discover life web site does not list all the genera below . this list and the distributions were taken from powell , 1979 [ new zealand mollusca , william collins publishers ltd , auckland , new zealand ] .
superfamily succineoidea family succineidae - these snails have a very thin shell with a large aperature . they are usually found near water .
north america , hawaiin ids . , samoa , raotunga isl . , costa rica , europe
this clade is characterized by the placement of the pore of ureter opening into mantle cavity near the anterior margin of lung after the ureter passes forward from anterior kidney margin . bouchet & rocroi , 2005 [ classification and nomenclature of gastropod families . malacologia 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 ] recognize five superfamilies .
even though this is a paraphyletic group , there are some monophyletic clades contained within . bouchet & rocroi , 2005 [ classification and nomenclature of gastropod families . malacologia 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 ] recognize 21 superfamilies within the sigmurethra . these are all considered monophyletic . in addition , seven of these superfamilies are grouped into a clade called the
limacoid clade
reflecting their presumed monophyly .
© 2012 university of illinois board of trustees . all rights reserved . for permissions information , contact the illinois natural history survey .
a world treatise on the recent genera of terrestrial molluscs , in numerous parts .


syncopacma captivella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by herrich-schäffer in 1854 .

it is found in portugal , spain , france , belgium , the netherlands , switzerland , germany , italy , hungary , poland , the czech republic , croatia and romania .

the wingspan is about 8 mm .

the forewings are reddish brown , becoming dark brown from about half to a distinct white , straight fascia at two-thirds , beyond this , the apical third of the wing has black , coarser scaling with the scales light grey , tipped black towards the termen and apex .

the hindwings are dark greyish brown .

the larvae feed on cytisus scoparius and genista legionensis .

syncopacma captivella

although there are no likely confusion species currently known in britain , it should be borne in mind that there is at least one european species ( syncopacma captivella ) which is superficially similar but in which the white fascia is narrower and parallell sided .
2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt
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a rare migrant occuring mainly in southern and eastern england and southern ireland usually in coastal or near coastal localities .
the earliest known records , both in february , in 1952 ( bexley , kent ) and 1999 ( chessington , surrey ) , were originally thought to be adventive specimens . although this may be the case , events in december 2015 suggest the moth could arrive as a migrant at any time of year when weather conditions and population levels are suitable . these were followed by singletons in dorset ( 2006 ) , five sightings in three vice counties ( dorset , hants and waterford ) during 2009 and , prior to the event detailed below , a singleton in wiltshire in july 2015 .
during late 2015 an exceptional immigration of this species took place between the 16th and 29th of december . at least 76 individuals were reported from seventeen southern english vice counties from norfolk round to cornwall and as far inland as hertfordshire and oxfordshire . a study of the weather patterns pertaining at that time suggested a probable origin of morroco or northern algeria .
there are no indications to date that the species has attempted to breed in britain . in emmet , a . m & langmaid , j . r . , 2002 , the author for s . polychromella reported the only foodplant traced at that time was lotus sessilifolius , not a plant found in the british isles .
as a migrant , it is most likely to be encountered at light along coastal and adjacent inland areas of southern and south - east britain . timings to date have included may , june , july and december .
the moth has appeared , twice as a possible adventive , in february , and five times between 2006 and 2009 as a migrant , in may and june . during 2015 it occured once in july and then again in large numbers in december , as migrants , into southern parts of the british isles .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .


the gambian sun squirrel ( heliosciurus gambianus ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae .

it is found in angola , benin , burkina faso , central african republic , chad , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea-bissau , kenya , liberia , nigeria , senegal , sierra leone , sudan , tanzania , togo , uganda , and zambia .

its natural habitat is wooded savanna .

gambian sun squirrel

gambian sun squirrels bask in the sun ( that’s where they get their name ) .
inside one of the out - buildings , the gambian sun squirrel is racing around his cage .
gambian sun squirrels are primarily arboreal ( spend most of their time in the trees .
a young / baby of a gambian sun squirrel is called a ' pup , kit or kitten ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a gambian sun squirrel group is called a ' dray or scurry ' .
gambian sun squirrels are adorable . we love that they spend their time basking in the sun to keep warm ! we wonder if they use sunscreen .
, differ from typical gambian sun squirrels only because they are paler and there is a little bit of pink under the tail .
the gambian sun squirrel is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
gambian sun squirrel . heliosciurus gambianus . feeding in some kind of wild fig tree , locals , called it sotho tree , i think . ( just a short video clip for a blog post about squirrels . )
there are at least seven different sub - species of gambian sun squirrels , and all are distinguished almost solely by differences in color . because of this variety , it is difficult to describe the appearance of these animals except in broad terms and in comparison to other species of sun squirrel .
little is known about the reproductive habits of sun squirrels . however , the genus
eastern gray squirrel ( video for dogs and cats to watch . . . )
bolivian squirrel monkeys are arboreal ( spend most of their lives in trees ) .
bolivian squirrel monkeys live in large troops , with up to 40 - 50 individuals .
thanks machi and injica for your comments and id suggestion . indeed it looks like the subspecies of gambian .
like most squirrels , gambian sun squirrels are confident climbers and leap with agility between trees . on the ground , their gait is a series of small leaps , the two hindfeet and two forefeet alternating as pairs .
this experiment examines combining
ultrascatter advanced instancing for daz studio
and
look at my hair
in daz studio and iray . i had to convert the lamh fur to an object and then i could use ultrascatter to generate 40 gambian sun squirrel ' s . no post work . 30 min render
is known to coexist quite peacefully with humans as well as other species of squirrels , and as a result is quite common in the tropics of africa . gambian sun squirrels are currently not listed as threatened or endangered .
khodakevich l , jezek z , kinzanzka k . isolation of monkeypox virus from wild squirrel infected in nature .
i spent a long morning walking through the forest with robert . again it was fairly quiet . we saw a green squirrel or two , and a red - legged sun squirrel . we heard a giant squirrel along with another squirrel that , from robert’s description , was presumably a fire - footed rope squirrel . we also another cusimanse , saw lowe’s monkeys and heard geoffroy’s pied colobus quite near to the visitor centre in the late morning . at about 10am something bolted through the undergrowth close to where we stood . robert saw it better than me and identified it as a brush - tailed porcupine . all i saw was a blur of brown that , even i , with my dodgy ethics for counting new mammals , couldn’t in all conscience add to my life list .
gambian sun squirrels have been seen eating everything from fruits , seeds , and the pods of acacia species to insects , eggs , and young birds . they have even been recorded eating geckos , lizards , and nestlings . rosevear infers that if the opportunity should arise , small mammals would also be killed and eaten .
most observed communication has been recorded in captivity . gambian sun squirrels emit a high - pitched squeak when they are eating and are afraid that they will be disturbed . the tail flicks when they sense danger , but this may simply be a reaction rather than a type of signal . they also squeak constantly when running around a room .
goodness these bolivian squirrel monkeys adorable . can you imagine hearing a whole troop of these monkeys in the trees ? that would be so fun !
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - grey squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis )
> < img src =
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arkive species - grey squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis )
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nowak , r . 1997 .
sun squirrels
( on - line ) . walker ' s mammals of the world . accessed february 12 , 2004 at urltoken .
gambian sun squirrels prefer to live in tall , dense woodland savanna . they are arboreal , and are slowly expanding into the rainforests . although they prefer staying in the upper branches of trees , they will also feed on lower branches and even on the ground . in addition to the savannas and rainforests , they are found in woody water courses and thickets .
although a familiar mammal in many parts of great britain , the grey squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis ) is non - native , having been first introduced from the eastern usa in 1876 ( 3 ) . it is responsible for the decline in populations of the uk ' s native red squirrel ( sciurus vulgaris ) ( 3 ) . the introduced species is larger than the red squirrel , has largely grey fur with touches of russet - brown , and white underparts ( 2 ) . unlike the red squirrel , this species never has ear tufts ( 2 ) . the sexes are similar in appearance ( 4 ) .
although populations can be quite dense , gambian sun squirrels are for the most part solitary creatures . occasionally a family group ( the parents and one or two young ) will be seen together . they are diurnal animals , and at night they sleep in holes lined with freshly gathered leaves . for the most part they are arboreal , preferring the higher strata of the trees to the lower strata or the ground .
1 . red - legged sun squirrel heliosciurus rufobrachium 2 . forest giant squirrel protoxerus stangeri ( heard only ) 3 . green bush squirrel paraxerus poensis 4 . fire - footed rope squirrel funisciurus pyrropus ( heard only ) 5 . nagtgla’s dormouse graphiurus nagtglasii 6 . brush - tailed porcupine atherus africanus 7 . long - tailed pangolin uromanis tetradactyla 8 . long - nosed ( common ) cusimanse crossarchus obscurus 9 . straw - colored fruit bat eidolon helvum 10 . egyptian tomb bat taphozous perforatus 11 . demidoff’s galago galago demidoff 12 . potto perodicticus potto 13 . geoffroy’s colobus colobus vellerosus ( heard only ) 14 . olive colobus procolobus verus 15 . olive baboon papio anubis 16 . lowe’s monkey cercopithecus lowei 17 . mona monkey cercopithecus mona 18 . lesser spot - nosed monkey cercopithecus petaurista 19 . green monkey chlorocebus sabaeus ( heard only ) 20 . kob kobus kob 21 . western tree hyrax dendrohyrax dorsalis ( heard only )
the invasive alien species project ( march , 2008 ) http : / / 138 . 253 . 199 . 114 / iaap % 20web / iaapwebsite / factsheet / squirrel . doc
interviews with the u . s . importer and the licensed commercial ghanaian exporter indicated that in march–april 2003 collections of multiple ghanaian mammal species were made by local persons . these animals were subsequently shipped to the united states . the shipment included several rodent species including gambian rats (
the grey squirrel is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . it is an introduced invasive species to the uk , south africa and italy ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .
a very adaptable species , the grey squirrel prefers mature broadleaved woodlands with a rich understorey layer ( 4 ) . it also occurs in conifer woodlands , urban areas where there are mature trees , as well as gardens and parks ( 5 ) .
ghana , 2017 : romain bocquier , 7 days & 28 species including a range of nice bats ( including a hammer bat ) , pel’s anomalure , olive colobus , african palm civet and a slender - tailed squirrel . further discussion on the bat ids is here .
squirrels are hunted for their meat and pelts . squirrel pelts were also once used as a form of currency . the modern word for money in finland actually comes from a root word that means squirrel skins . since their diets consist of mainly fruits and seeds , squirrels become very useful in seed dispersal . squirrels that eat flowers or drink nectar may also aid in pollination . squirrels are used in medical and scientific research . a research project at the institute of arctic biology at the university of alaska , fairbanks has been studying hibernation in
also live in moist forests and are colored similarly to punctate sun squirrels except that the crown , neck , and mid - dorsum are redder , and the tail bands are not as distinct . what sets this sub - species apart is the unusual red tinge on the insides of the thighs and the root of the tail .
there are no threats to the grey squirrel ( 1 ) . it is a serious pest in britain , and its habit of removing tree bark is extremely damaging . in addition to out - competing red squirrels , it also carries a disease called parapox virus , which affects the native species ( 7 ) .
there are a few other mammals in the forest . squirrels are quite common , especially in the early morning when they feed in palm trees in the village . after an hour of looking in the afternoon i saw a red - legged sun squirrel and then a couple of squirrels , most probably a different species , run along a fallen tree . after considerable debate with the locals looking in my field guide , i gave up trying to work out which other species occurred in the forest , though it seems several do . the day before my visit , a lord derby’s anomalure had been in a tree by the visitors’ office at 11am . red river hogs were also apparently findable but with a considerable amount of effort .
introductions of this species to the uk continued up until 1915 . between 1930 and 1945 it underwent a huge expansion in range ; it is now common throughout central and southern england , wales and the central lowlands of scotland ( 3 ) , and is still increasing in terms of range and numbers ( 5 ) . the grey squirrel has also been introduced to south africa , australia ( 3 ) and italy ( 6 ) . in italy the grey squirrel has extended its range into the alps and piedmont , and it seems likely that it will now spread throughout much of europe ( 6 ) . its native range extends throughout the eastern usa reaching as far north as canada , and south to the mississippi river ( 4 ) .
genovesi , p . and bertolino , s . ( 2001 ) human dimension aspects in invasive alien species issues : the case of the failure of the grey squirrel eradication project in italy . in : mcneely , j . a . ( ed ) the great reshuffling human dimensions of invasive alien species . iucn biodiversity policy coordination division , gland , switzerland . available at : urltoken
this squirrel has little impact on its human neighbors . at times their skins were made into small bags , but it is now rarely done . they were also once considered a food source , but that was only for a brief period . perhaps their greatest contribution to humans is by becoming pets . squirrels make good pets , as long as they are taken before they are weaned .
genets and palm civets are noted as an adults squirrel ' s most likely predator . the young are likely to fall prey to rats , snakes , and driver ants . parents are known to cover the entrance to their nest with loose twigs and leaves , but this is easily bypassed . the parents may sometimes save the young from ants by carrying them in their mouth to a safer place .
. tree and flying squirrels are also essential in the regeneration of forests around the world through their seed dispersal activities . this is not only because seeds are left in the feces of these animals but also because of the caching habits of many squirrels . squirrels are also important in dispersing the spores of fungi that they eat , including ecologically important underground endorhyzal fungi . squirrels serve as host to a number of parasites such as fleas , mites and ticks . these parasites are known for causing the transfer of a number of diseases , such as plague , from squirrel to squirrel and to other mammals , including humans . some species have also been identified as playing the role of a keystone species in their ecosystem . one study conducted by kotiliar et al . ( 1999 ) confirmed that prairie dogs acted as a keystone species in the great plains of the united states . not only were prairie dogs an important food source for predators such as
the natural cycle of mpx within its native range is poorly understood , as is the route of transmission to humans in the tropical forest setting . the only mpx virus isolated from a wild - caught mammal was obtained from a single moribund rope squirrel ( funisciurus anerythrus ) collected during an outbreak investigation in zaire . 5 primary human ( and non - human primate ) infections are hypothesized to result from contact with an infected sylvan animal , although this reservoir host species is currently unknown .
. like in all mammals , the pregnant female invests her energy in producing the young , and the litters are typically small . when just born , the neonates are basically helpless , and are completely dependent upon the parents . the mother will nurse them , but sun squirrels grow fast , and will reach adult age fairly quickly . as the young are growing , the mother offers food and protection , as well as teaches them what is good for consumption and what is better left alone . the role of males in parental care of this species has not been documented .
at about 1pm , just back on the main trail we stopped to look for a squirrel that robert had seen . while scanning the bushes he got a glimpse of movement and saw about 2cm of something brown sticking out of a thicket . this turned into a long - tailed pangolin . even when i could see the tail through the binoculars ( all we could see was the size and texture of a pine cone ) i still wasn’t convinced that it wasn’t just a couple of strange leaves . and so i have simply no idea how robert spotted it .
squirrels have distinct vocalizations for particular situations , such as infants calling to their mothers and adults vocalizing during aggression . males vocalize during the mating season to attract mates . many squirrel species use distinctive alarm calls to warn conspecifics of dangers , including alarm calls that warn of specific threats , distinguishing between aerial and terrestrial predators . squirrels also use posture and movement as a form of communication , with messages carried by tail position , stomping of the feet , or body posture . as in most mammals , olfaction is very important in communication . females indicate sexual receptiveness through pheromones and social position or relatedness may also be inferred through chemical cues .
the most common tactics of sciurids for avoiding predators is camouflage and escape . squirrels typically have coats with color that matches their surroundings . tree squirrels often have lighter coloration on the ventral side compared to the dorsal , allowing them to blend in with the light sky to a predator that is looking at the squirrel from below and at to blend in with the dark ground when being stalked by an aerial predator . squirrels also avoid capture by quickly darting away from predators , remaining vigilant , biting , clawing , hiding in burrows or nests and sounding alarm calls . squirrels that are commonly attacked by snakes take on a completely different defense tactic known as mobbing . especially common in communal prairie dogs (
most squirrels eat mainly tree seeds and fruit , but their diet is diverse , including insects , eggs , fungi , lichens , and small vertebrates . while some squirrels consume fungi as a secondary component of their diet , it makes up nearly half of the diet of other species . many species opportunistically take animal prey , such as the young and eggs of birds or other mammals . foods such as buds , shoots , flowers , bark , lichens , and green plant material have generally low energy content per unit weight and make up a smaller portion of the diet . but the amount of each type of food consumed is determined mainly by its availability and accessibility . for this reason , diet composition changes from region to region , season to season , and year to year . many squirrel species cache or hoard food as well .
gestation ranges from 29 to 65 days , depending on the size of the species , with smaller squirrels having shorter gestation periods . for squirrels that hibernate , mothers must wean their young in enough time to gain winter weight for hibernation . all sciurids give birth to their young in a nest . although a single male can fertilize an entire litter , usually a litter has varying paternity , so a single litter could have multiple fathers . a typical litter consists of four offspring that are born naked , with closed eyes and ears . development and sexual maturity varies from species to species , with some squirrels being able to leave the nest after 26 days , and reaching sexual maturity by 87 days , to squirrels that are fully developed after 42 days , but don’t reach sexual maturity until they are 3 years old . hibernating squirrels tend to develop more quickly , with lactation times averaging 38 days . in tree and flying squirrels , lactation averages 70 days , longer than most other squirrel groups . african tree squirrels tend to be born at larger birth weights and have relatively shorter times to independence .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this is almost certainly a complex of several similar species . the form occurring east of the nile river ( multicolor ) is likely to be distinct ( p . grubb pers . comm . ) .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , it occurs in a number of protected areas , has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species has been widely recorded over subsaharan africa . it ranges from senegal and the gambia eastwards through west africa to cameroon , through southern chad and central african republic , to southern sudan ( with an isolated population on jebel marra ) , ethiopia , and northwards to eritrea with a southerly extension into uganda and northwestern kenya . in the south of its range , the species occurs in central angola , zambia , southern democratic republic of the congo and southwestern tanzania . it has been recorded to elevations of up to 2 , 000 m asl .
this is considered to be a common and widespread savanna species ( grubb et al . 1998 ) .
this species is typically associated with savanna woodland . populations have also been observed within riparian forest and in savanna areas . it is generally absent from closed forest habitats . this species is commonly found in agriculural areas , especially oil palm plantations . animals are diurnal , solitary and predominantly arboreal .
this species is present in a number of protected areas . heliosciurus gambianus probably represents a complex of several similar species . further studies are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of populations currently allocated to this species .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t9830a115094544 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
, are found only in the tropical regions of africa . the range of this species range stretches from nigeria and senegal on the west coast , across to the eastern coasts of sudan , uganda , kenya , and ethiopia . a few populations have been found in angola , the congo , and zambia .
has a small head coming to a bluntly pointed muzzle . the ears are round , and the eyes are large and bright . these animals weigh between 250 and 340 g , and measure in at 153 to 210 mm . the sexes are reported to be the same size , and to possess the same pelage .
is duller than other squirrels found in western africa . its dorsal pelage and flanks are grey , grey - brown or honey - colored and can have black speckling . there is a distinct black line that travels from the head to the tail , flanked on either side by a wide honey colored band . the tail has a black tip and the throat , chest , and ventral pelage are white . the tail is ringed with alternating black and tan rings .
, live in moister forest climates and have darker pelage , with some intermingled honey - colored hairs . the ventral pelage is more grey than white , and is a little longer and softer than the typical
, have very distinct rings on the tail , because the honey colored rings are a lighter , almost beige tone .
, live mainly in forests on the banks of streams . the tail rings are faint and the flanks of this sub - species are lighter due to interspersed white hairs . there is some red in the dorsal pelage .
, are a dark reddish sub - species . the tail is distinctive because of the greyish - black hair at the base of the back , leading into a long band of rusty - red thena long black ring , a short pale ring , and a short black tip .
, except that they have no dorsal reddish hairs . this subspecies also has fainter rings on the tail and the tips of the tail hairs are very long and white .
the more arboreal the subspecies is , the softer and longer the hairs are , especially in relation to the dorsal pelage .
is often found in pairs . it is not known if these represent stable mating pairs , however , it raises the prospect that these squirrels could be monogamous .
is reported to have two breeding seasons in west africa , july through september and november through january . the young of
were collectd in february , and two pregnant females had one and five embryos . it has been noted that most squirrels in west africa tend to have one to two young in each litter . it is not known how these data pertain to
breeding season the breeding season is apparently bimodal , with breeding occuring between july and september , then again between november and january .
has never been measured in the wild . there is one recording of its lifespan in captivity as eight years and eleven months .
have been in captivity , and their behavior is interestingly divergent from their behavior in the wild . for example , in captivity they are prone to sleeping with other animals , and other species if their own is not available . also , they do not make nests in captivity .
in the wild , these animals make other noises , such as a long note ,
ker , ker ,
a short trill , and a chatter . the meanings of these calls are yet to be determined . it can be inferred that their hearing is quite good because of their medium sized external ear conch and sensitivity to dangerous sounding noises .
in addition to vocal communications , it is likely that these animals use some visual and tactile communication , especially between mates , or between parents and offspring . chemical communication has not been documented in this species .
especially likes oil palm nuts , and prefers the husk to the kernal . the foraging behavior of these animals helps to wear down their ever - growing incisors . gnawing through tree bark and the tough husks of some fruits apparently helps their teeth .
the most significant impact that this species has on its ecosystem is most likely the result of its eating habits . its daily diet of nuts and fruits plays a role in the destruction and dispersal of seeds . they are small mammals , and therefore probably have voracious appetites . even though their diet is , for the most part , varied , their presence is surely felt by the insects and birds they prey on .
on humans . predators abound in the tropics , so they have little chance of becoming pests . they eat palm oil nuts , and sometimes cocoa pods , but not in enough numbers to be a nuisance .
alice park ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor , instructor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
referring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody ( usually , but not always , a river or stream ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
to cite this page : park , a . 2004 .
heliosciurus gambianus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
gambianaurinko - orava
to
heliosciurus gambianus ( ogilby , 1835 )
.
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dark brown - grey animal with cream colored underparts ( chest , neck and belly ) ; with a long barred tail . approx 22 to 25 length for the body , and the same , if not a bit more , for the tail .
this subspecies is found mainly in eastern africa , from north - east congo dr , up to forested regions of ethiopia and eritrea . this one was seen in forested area between the town of awassa , and lake awassa . the forest is swampy and very rich in wildlife , in particular birds as it is one of stops on the main migratory routes .
this subspecies is currently treated as separate species , with three subspecies , by some authors ; and it would be named
the cepape
- it can also be found under the scientific synonyms h . multicolor or sciurus multicolor . it was finally identified thanks to this photo , urltoken .
1st i thought it could be a dassie rat ( petromuridae ) but the habitat definitely does not fit - they like arid locations , and its tail is too thick anyway . this is a mystery indeed , i also don ' t think is any herpestidae . . . it has to be a rodent but i don ' t know any that looks like this one .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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about birding africa birding africa is a specialist birding tour company customising tours for both world listers and more relaxed holiday birders , and combining interests in mammals , butterflies , dragonflies , plants and other natural history . our guides know the continents birds like few others ; we ' ve written two acclaimed guide books on where to find southern africa ' s and madagascar ' s best birds and will guide you to africa ' s and madagascar ' s most diverse birding destinations . birding is more than our passion , it ' s our lifestyle and we are dedicated to making professional best value trips filled with endemic species and unique wildlife experiences . since 1997 , we ' ve run bird watching tours in south africa and further into africa for individual birders , small birding groups and top international tour companies . we ' ve run conservation tours in association with the african bird club and work with and consult for a number of other top international tour companies and the bbc natural history unit . for feedback from our guests , please see our tour information pages . for trip reports , please see our trip reports page .
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mary g . reynolds , * † darin s . carroll , † victoria a . olson , christine hughes , jack galley , anna likos , joel m . montgomery , richard suu - ire , mubarak o . kwasi , j . jeffrey root , zach braden , jason abel , cody clemmons , russell regnery , kevin karem , and inger k . damon
* address correspondence to mary g . reynolds , division of viral and rickettsial diseases , centers for disease control and prevention , 1600 clifton road ne , mailstop g - 43 atlanta , ga 30333 . e - mail : vog . cdc @ 6rzn
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human monkeypox has never been reported in ghana , but rodents captured in forested areas of southern ghana were the source of the monkeypox virus introduced into the united states in 2003 . subsequent to the outbreak in the united states , 204 animals were collected from two commercial trapping sites in ghana . animal tissues were examined for the presence of orthopoxvirus ( opxv ) dna using a real - time polymerase chain reaction , and sera were assayed for antibodies against opxv . animals from five genera ( cricetomys , graphiurus , funiscirus , and heliosciurus ) had antibodies against opxv , and three genera ( cricetomys , graphiurus , and xerus ) had evidence of opxv dna in tissues . additionally , 172 persons living near the trapping sites were interviewed regarding risk factors for opxv exposure , and their sera were analyzed . fifty - three percent had igg against opxv ; none had igm . our findings suggest that several species of forest - dwelling rodents from ghana are susceptible to naturally occurring opxv infection , and that persons living near forests may have low - level or indirect exposure to opxv - infected animals , possibly resulting in sub - clinical infections .
the first case of human monkeypox ( mpx ) was identified in 1970 in the basankusu district of the democratic republic of the congo ( former zaire ) during the intensification phase of the smallpox eradication campaign . 1 in that same year , five additional mpx cases were reported in west africa , four in liberia and one in sierra leone . 2 , 3 however , during the subsequent 13 years , only 11 of the 155 mpx cases identified in africa were reported from west africa countries ( côte d ' ivoire , liberia , nigeria , sierra leone ) ; 4 most cases occurred in the democratic republic of the congo .
most of the previous field investigations designed to identify the sylvatic reservoir of mpx virus were confined to relatively short - term outbreak responses and involved general broad spectrum collections of a wide variety of mammalian taxa . the taxa and animals examined were mostly composed of those species that can be purchased from local hunters and collectors . such taxonomically broad surveys yield large numbers of samples , but usually do not sufficiently sample any individual taxon given the likelihood of a low incidence of active infections in presumptive reservoir species . 6 – 8
to determine the precise geographic origin of the infected animals and to assess whether one or more of the three implicated species might harbor mpxv in nature , we traveled to the area in which the animals were originally trapped and collected additional specimens ( from the same time of year ) , which could then be tested for mpxv . furthermore , we examined residents of nearby communities for serologic evidence of orthopoxvirus ( opxv ) exposure to determine to what extent persons living near these animals might be exposed to the virus . the findings of these investigations are detailed below .
the origin of the mpxv - infected animals imported into the united states on april 21 , 2003 , was traced to a single facility in accra , ghana . a description of husbandry practices at the facility was undertaken by officials from the ghanaian wildlife division in cooperation with the owner , focusing on animal housing , turnover , shipping , and other practices that could have influenced virus transmission among captive animals .
two localities outside accra were identified by the facility owner as being the areas from which the original animals from the april 2003 shipment had been collected . one site ( 5 . 98125n , 0 . 58489e ) was near the town of sogakofe , in the volta region and the other site ( 5 . 78562n , 1 . 01410w ) was near the city of oda in the eastern region . in march–april , 2004 , animals representing several of the species contained in the 2003 consignment and others commonly found in the two source areas were collected and evaluated for the presence of mpxv and for serologic evidence of prior or current infection .
the collection and processing of animals followed methods for trapping and sampling small mammals for virologic testing published by the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) . live animals were handled according to guidelines and recommendations of the cdc institutional animal care and use committee and as outlined in the institutional animal care and use committee protocol field collections in zoonoses investigations . small rodents were either trapped live by using live traps ( h . b . sherman traps , tallahassee , fl ) and locally produced live traps or were captured live by hand . gross pathologic examinations were followed by a complete necropsy in which blood , heart , liver , kidney , lung , spleen , and skin samples were collected and immediately frozen at −20°c before being transferred to dry ice coolers . specimens were split , with half remaining at the noguchi memorial institute for medical research in accra and half sent to cdc laboratories in atlanta .
the cdc laboratories in atlanta evaluated tissue specimens for evidence of opxv and mpxv ( by using a polymerase chain reaction [ pcr ] and virus culture ) and assayed blood specimens for antibodies ( by using an enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay [ elisa ] ) .
residents living in villages near the two original trapping sites were contacted by ghanaian ministry of health officials and cdc investigators and asked to participate in a research study to evaluate human exposure to opxv species . local ministry of health workers explained the purpose of the study and read the consent form to prospective enrollees , translating from english when necessary . parental consent was obtained for persons less than 18 years of age . adolescents ( age = 11–17 years ) and children ( age = 7–10 years ) were asked to provide their assent to participate in the study .
persons who consented to participate were asked to provide basic demographic information ( e . g . , age , occupation ) and to answer several questions pertaining to illness history , smallpox vaccination status , and exposure to wildlife . in addition , one blood specimen was collected from each study participant . blood for serologic testing was collected in standard marble - top vacutainer™ tubes and stored refrigerated for not more than 48 hours before being centrifuged . centrifugation and collection of serum was conducted at the noguchi memorial institute for medical research . serum specimens were divided and frozen ; one aliquot was kept at the ministry of health laboratories and one was sent to cdc for analysis of opxv - reactive igg and igm .
persons who participated were compensated for their time and effort . the protocol for this study was reviewed and approved by institution review boards at the cdc in atlanta ( cdc protocol # 4043 ) and at the noguchi memorial institute for medical research in accra .
detailed methods for preparation and analysis of tissues using real - time pcr are described elsewhere . 11 all processing of animal tissues was performed under biosafety level 3 conditions . solid tissues ( pooled or individual ) were placed in disposable dounce homogenizers ( kendall large tissue grinders ; kendall company catalog no . 3500sa ; tyco healthcare , mansfield , ma ) . one milliliter of phosphate - buffered saline was added to each measured tissue sample before grinding to enable creation of slurries . genomic dna was prepared from an aliquot of each slurry ( kit catalog no . 732 - 6340 ; bio - rad , hercules , ca ) . remaining tissue slurries were stored for future virus isolation ( see below ) .
nucleic acid samples prepared from pooled tissues were tested by real - time pcr for opxv dna before testing individual tissues . the primer / probe sequences were selected from the dna polymerase gene ( e9l ; genbank accession no .
) with primer express version 1 . 5 ( applied biosystems , foster city , ca ) . these sequences included opx forward primer ( 5′ - tca aat att gat cgt cca acg a - 3′ ) , opx reverse primer ( 5′ - tgg atg aat ttc tca ata tta gtt gg - 3′ ) , and opx probe ( 5′fam - taa cat ccg tct gga gat atc ccg tta ga - bhq1 - 3′ ) . primers and probe were synthesized in the biotechnology core facility ( cdc ) by using standard phosphoramidite chemistry . each reaction ( 25 μl ) contained 5 μl of template dna , 0 . 5 μl of each primer , 0 . 5 μl probe added to the lightcycler faststart dna master hybprobe ( 2 . 5 μl vial 1 [ dna polymerase ] , 3 μl vial 2 [ 25 mm mgcl
] , and 10 . 25 μl vial 3 [ water ] ; roche , indianapolis , in ) and taqman exogenous internal positive control ( 2 . 5 μl 10× internal positive control mix and 0 . 25 μl 50× internal positive control dna ; applied biosystems ) . thermal cycling conditions for the abi7900 apparatus ( applied biosystems ) were one cycle at 95°c for 10 minutes and 45 cycles at 95°c for 15 seconds and 60°c for 1 minute . the pcr amplification is based on fluorescent emission after annealing / elongation ( 60°c ) .
human serum samples were assessed for igg and igm reactive with opxv antigen in accordance with published methods . 14 antibody positivity was measured and compared with reference standards . any reading that was three standard deviations above the mean of the negative controls was inferred to be positive .
epidemiologic and demographic variables and qualitative laboratory findings were analyzed by using parametric and nonparametric statistical tests . nonparametric statistical tests were used when analyzing subsets of data that were not normally distributed . the mantel - haenszel common odds ratio ( or ) and fisher ' s exact tests ( two - tailed ) were used for categorical variables , and the student ' s t - test was used for comparison of means derived from continuous variables . a p value < 0 . 050 was used to measure significance of associations .
) . these collections were made gradually over a period of a few weeks . while awaiting shipment , the pouched rats were stored together in concrete enclosures and the squirrels were housed in contiguous wire mesh cages with several individuals per cage . all animals were grouped with members of their own species . most of the squirrels , and pouched rats were collected in a forest zone northwest of accra (
) could not be ruled out by the ghanaian exporter . the dormice were collected from a lowland scrub vegetation area near the volta river northeast of accra . these two sites are separated by approximately 200 miles (
the animal shipments were packed into multi - tiered wooden crates with wire - lined compartments . members of each of the smaller species ( lemniscomys and graphiurus ) were shipped with approximately 25 animals per compartment . the exporter reported seeing nothing unusual as far as overt disease in the animals before shipment , nor were any unusual animal die - offs seen at his facility before shipment . the shipment was sent as freight aboard a commercial airline and entered the united states through dallas , texas .
to determine which species of interest might be capable of harboring mpxv in nature , members of the ghanaian division of wildlife services , cdc , the u . s . department of agriculture , and local trappers collected 204 animals over nine nights during march 24–april 2 , 2004 . approximately 28 % ( 57 animals ) were collected in the eastern region and the remaining from the volta region (
* pcr = polymerase chain reaction ; elisa = enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay .
† the orthopoxvirus dna detection threshold for the orthopoxvirus generic e9l polymerase real - time pcr assay is ≥ 2 fg of purified vaccinia dna .
result replicated in independent assay ; represents finding from liver , spleen , skin , and / or pooled organ specimens . details are shown in
¶ female dormice were significantly more likely to have opx - reactive titers at 1 : 50 than males ( p = 0 . 030 , by fisher ' s exact test , 2 - sided ) .
spp . ( at a reciprocal dilution of 200 ) , and seven others had low levels of antibodies .
* pcr = polymerase chain reaction ; elisa = enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ; nd = not determined .
tissues from the nine animals that showed positive results by real - time pcr specific for opxv ( generic ) polymerase ( e9l ) dna signatures were also assayed for a secondary opxv dna target ( 14 - kd fusion protein ) . three of the nine animals were also positive for this secondary opxv (
) . all animals were subsequently screened for mpxv - specific signatures by using a real - time pcr designed to detect sequences corresponding to the mpxv envelope protein ( b6r ) . the mpxv - specific dna signals were not reproducibly detected in any of the specimens . however , the mpxv - specific assay is slightly less sensitive than the opxv generic a27l assay ( 10 genomes versus 4 genomes , respectively ) .
a cytopathic effect caused by opxv was not observed in virus cultures prepared from the tissues of any animals , nor was culturable virus obtained after serial passage . ( in our hands , virus culture is typically 10–100 - fold less sensitive than the most sensitive real - time pcr in detecting opxv in clinical specimens . )
one graphiurus spp . ( animal number 431 ) had a low level of antibodies against opxv in its serum and opxv dna signatures in its spleen . two funisciurus spp . with antibodies against opxv had equivocal opxv dna findings in pooled organ specimens in the pcr screening .
to investigate whether persons working closely with sylvan animals and humans living near animal trapping sites might be at enhanced risk for exposure to opxvs , we conducted a serosurvey among residents of several villages within walking distance of where the animals implicated in the u . s . outbreak had been originally collected . for purposes of this study , these villages will be referred to as villages a / b ( eastern region ) and village c ( volta region ) . in all , 65 residents of village c ( approximately 92 % of the total village population ) , 100 residents of villages a / b ( approximately 33 % and 85 % of the total village populations , respectively ) , and 7 persons who were directly involved in the exotic animal trade consented to participate in the serosurvey (


oxyjulis californica is a species of wrasse native to the eastern pacific ocean along the coasts of california and baja california .

its distribution extends from salt point in sonoma county , california , to southern central baja california , near cedros island .

it is a very common species ; its common name in spanish is señorita .

this fish can grow to 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) in total length .

its body is fusiform , frequently described as " cigar-shaped " .

it is brown or shiny bronze dorsally and orange on its sides , becoming paler ventrally .

the base of the tail fin is mostly covered with a large black or chocolate brown spot .

the mouth is small and it has protruding " buck teeth " which it uses to scrape tiny invertebrate prey items off of kelp .

this fish lives in near-coastal marine habitats , especially kelp forests and reefs .

it has been observed at depths of 73 m ( 240 ft ) , but it generally lives at 20 m ( 66 ft ) or less .

it may cruise in a small school , but if threatened , it often retreats to the bottom , digging into the substrate to hide .

it also rests on the bottom at night , burrowing in backwards so only its head sticks out of the substrate .

the diet of the fish is composed of invertebrates , including marine worms , bryozoans , crustaceans , dove snails , limpets , fish larvae , and squid .

it may consume small amounts of seaweed .

it also feeds on the ectoparasites of other fish .

the señorita is a cleaner wrasse , a fish that grooms the parasites and other materials off the bodies of other fish .

it may remove and eat ectoparasites such as bacteria , copepods , and isopods .

parasites can constitute around half its total food intake .

sometimes when the señorita begins to clean one of its clients , a crowd of other fish will gather around to receive the service .

species that seek the señorita for a grooming include the bat ray ( myliobatis californica ) , giant sea bass ( stereolepis gigas ) , kelp bass ( paralabrax clathratus ) , jacksmelt ( atherinopsis californiensis ) , topsmelt ( atherinops affinis ) , sargo ( diplodus sargus ) , blacksmith ( chromis punctipinnis ) , garibaldi ( hypsypops rubicundus ) , opaleye ( girella nigricans ) , halfmoon ( medialuna californiensis ) , and mola ( mola mola ) .

the other fish may solicit the cleaning with their behavior .

the garibaldi extends its gill slits to give the señorita access to parasites on its gills .

the blacksmith points its head down to encourage the cleaner , and many blacksmith at a time may mob it , competing for its attention .

they may even block its escape if it tries to leave the scene .

the opaleye is usually constantly swimming , but it will stop and hold still if it meets a señorita .

the kelp bass , a predator of small fish , will often refrain from eating the señorita , and let it clean .

while the señorita will often clean large , predatory fish , it is not always safe .

it has been observed in the diet of the kelp bass , the bocaccio ( sebastes paucispinis ) , and the starry rockfish ( s. constellatus ) , but it is not consumed as often as would be expected , considering its frequent close contact with predators .

it might be unpalatable .

predators that do eat the fish include brandt 's cormorant ( phalacrocorax penicillatus ) and the california sea lion ( zalophus californianus ) .

the reproductive biology of this fish is not well known .

some sources suggest it may be a protogynous hermaphrodite , with the female able to change sex and become male , while others doubt this occurs in this species .

spawning occurs in may through august .

the eggs are pelagic , floating suspended in the water .

the fish tends to return to favorite locations ; in one experiment , señoritas were caught and then released a distance away , and most found their way back to their original home ranges .

fishermen generally do not seek this species as quarry , and it can be an annoyance when it steals bait off hooks .

while technically edible , it is not valuable as a food fish .

oxyjulis californica

jennifer hammock chose to hide data on
oxyjulis californica ( günther , 1861 )
.
josefin stiller added the german common name
junkerlippfisch
to
oxyjulis californica ( günther , 1861 )
.
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this is a very common species throughout its range . there are no known major threats and it occurs in protected areas throughout its range . it is therefore listed as least concern .
this species is known in the eastern pacific from salt point in northern california to southern central baja california .
this species is one of the most common wrasses in southern california . it reaches densities of up to 0 . 5 fish per m 2 , and is among the top three species recorded by fisheries independent diver surveys ( craig et al . unpublished data ) .
this species inhabits rocky reefs and kelp forests in depths of 1 - 73 m , but is most common above 20 m . it feeds on small invertebrates and may act as a “cleaner” for larger fishes . it is likely a protogynous hermaphrodite .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . however , its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range .
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greek , oxy = sharp + greek , ioulis , a fish dealing with genera coris or thalassoma ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 97 m ( ref . 96339 ) . subtropical ; 39°n - 22°n , 124°w - 110°w
eastern pacific : salt point in northern california , usa to southern central baja california , mexico .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2850 ) ; max . reported age : 4 years ( ref . 56049 )
live in kelp and other seaweeds and over rocks . occurs in intertidal up to 97 m ( ref . 96339 ) . found usually at depths shallower than 23 m but also caught at depths up to 73 m . often form small groups , frequently well off bottom . when disturbed often burrows in bottom sediment . sleep at night buried in sand with head protruding . feed on a variety of small invertebrates and also picks parasites from other fishes that come to be cleaned . no sex reversal . pelagic spawner ( ref . 56049 ) .
eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )
) : 12 . 9 - 22 . 9 , mean 18 . 8 ( based on 10 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00447 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 01112 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 40 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 1 ; tmax = 4 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 19 of 100 ) .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
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in kelp forests and reefs from five to 240 feet ( 1 . 5 m - 76 m ) ; from salt point , sonoma california to central baja california
loose schools of señoritas swarm in kelp forests and over reefs anywhere from near the bottom of the water to near the top . in the aquarium ' s kelp forest exhibits , look for little cigar - shaped orange fish with large black spots on their tails . señoritas sport large scales , small mouths and protruding teeth that are ideal for picking bryozoans and hydroids from algae .
commercial fishermen don ' t target señoritas and anglers consider them bait - stealing nuisances . señoritas , as well as other animals , depend on healthy kelp forests for food and shelter . unfortunately , some kelp forests are in danger . in the past 20 years , three - quarters of these underwater forests have disappeared from channel islands national park . overfishing of sheepheads , lobsters and red urchins removed predators of purple sea urchins . without predators , the population of purple sea urchins increased rapidly to hoards of grazers that ate enough kelp to devastate nearly all the forests . to save the kelp forests , california agencies established no - fishing zones , called marine reserves , and limited fishing areas around the channel islands . if the success of other reserves is repeated , channel island national park kelp forests should flourish again .
señoritas feed during the day . at night they search for a sandy bottom where they bury in the sand with only their heads exposed . when threatened by predators in the daytime , señoritas dart to the seafloor and hide by burrowing in the bottom sediment . brandt ' s cormorants and california sea lions prey on señoritas .
señoritas are known as
cleaner
fish . they pick external parasites and copepods from the skin of other fishes . once a señorita starts cleaning , other fishes gather to be cleaned as well . but then the señorita loses interest , leaving disappointment in its wake .
the mission of the nonprofit monterey bay aquarium is to inspire conservation of the ocean .
live in kelp and other seaweeds and over rocks . found usually at depths shallower than 23 m but also caught at depths up to 73 m . often form small groups , frequently well off bottom . when disturbed often burrows in bottom sediment . sleep at night buried in sand with head protruding . feed on a variety of small invertebrates and also picks parasites from other fishes that come to be cleaned . no sex reversal . pelagic spawner ( ref . 56049 ) .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
the following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .
anonymous0 fish collection database of the centro interdisiplinario de ciencias marinas . centro interdisiplinario de ciencias marinas ( cicimar ) , la paz , mexico . ( ref . 33624 )
anonymous0 fish collection database of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , grahamstown , south africa . j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , grahamstown , south africa . ( ref . 36670 )
anonymous0 fish collection database of the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . smithsonian institution - division of fishes . ( ref . 38732 )
anonymous0 fish collection database of the university of british columbia fish museum fish museum . university of british columbia , vancouver , canada . ( ref . 10937 )
breder , c . m . and d . e . rosen0 modes of reproduction in fishes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , new jersey . 941 p . ( ref . 205 )
chinese academy of fishery sciences0 chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . urltoken ( ref . 58108 )
eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann . 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 336 p .
eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann0 a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )
eschmeyer , w . n . 0 pisces . eschmeyer ' s pisces database as published on the internet in june 1997 , url : urltoken ( ref . 12965 )
escobar - fernández , r . and m . siri0 nombres vernáculos y científicos de los peces del pacífico mexicano . universidad autónoma de baja california , sociedad ictiológica mexicana , a . c . mexico . ( ref . 27736 )
fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , 29 april 2008 . ( ref . 75549 )
fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , april 2014 . ( ref . 95632 )
fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , march 2010 . ( ref . 83882 )
fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , march 2012 . ( ref . 90062 )
fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , [ accessed 13 / 04 / 2015 ] . ( ref . 101110 )
fitch , j . e . and r . j . lavenberg0 tidepool and nearshore fishes of california . california natural history guides : 38 . university of california press , berkelley and los angeles , california . 156 p . ( ref . 4930 )
froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) ( 2015 ) . fishbase ( version jan 2015 ) . in : species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 26th august 2015 ( roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , kunze t . , flann c . , bailly n . , kirk p . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , eds ) . digital resource at urltoken . species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
garces , l . r . , q . p . sia , m . j . m . vega , j . cabansag and v . hilomen0 species composition and abundance of reef fish communities . p . 000 - 000 . in g . silvestre , c . luna and j . padilla ( eds . ) multidisciplinary assessment of the fisheries in san miguel bay , philippines ( 1992 - 1993 ) . iclarm technical report 47 . international center for living aquatic resources management , makati , philippines . ( ref . 45334 )
hobson , e . s . , w . n . mcfarland and j . r . chess0 crepuscular and nocturnal activities of californian nearshore fishes , with consideration of their scotopic visual pigments and the photic environment . fish . bull . 79 : 1 - 30 . ( ref . 2323 )
lowry , m . s . , c . w . oliver , c . macky and j . b . wexler0 food habits of california sea lions zalophus californianus at san clemente island , california , 1981 - 86 . fish . bull . 88 : 509 - 521 . ( ref . 32120 )
nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea and j . d . williams0 common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . ix , 386 p . + 1 cd . ( ref . 52299 )
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico , sixth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 29 . ix + 386
parenti , paola , and john e . randall . 2000 . an annotated checklist of the species of the labroid fish families labridae and scaridae . ichthyological bulletin of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , no . 68 . 97
robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott0 a list of common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . am . fish . soc . spec . publ . ( 12 ) 1 - 174 . ( ref . 276 )
robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott0 common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . am . fish . soc . spec . pub . ( 20 ) : 183 p . ( ref . 3814 )
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al . 1980 . a list of common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada , fourth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 12 . 174
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada , fifth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 20 . 183
shanks , a . l . and g . l . eckert0 population persistence of california current fishes and benthic crustaceans : a marine drift paradox . ecol . monogr . 75 : 505 - 524 . ( ref . 56049 )
victor , b . c . 0 duration of the planktonic larval stage of one hundred species of pacific and atlantic wrasses ( family labridae ) . mar . biol . 90 ( 3 ) : 317 - 326 . ( ref . 32018 )
wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) 0 latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p . ( ref . 31517 )
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nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
ichthyological bulletin of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , no . 68
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
common in kelp beds and rocky reefs . cleans parasites from other fishes . attains 10 inches . central california to central baja .
günther , a . ( 1861 ) . a preliminary synopsis of the labroid genera . ann . mag . nat . hist . ser . 3 . 8 ( 47 ) : 382 - 389 . page ( s ) : 386 [ details ]
( of halichoeres californicus günther , 1861 ) günther , a . ( 1861 ) . a preliminary synopsis of the labroid genera . ann . mag . nat . hist . ser . 3 . 8 ( 47 ) : 382 - 389 . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of halichoeres californicus günther , 1861 ) eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of halichoeres californicus günther , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .