bibasis jaina , the orange-striped awl , is a species of hesperid butterfly found in asia .

the butterfly was reassigned to the genus burara by vane-wright and de jong ( 2003 ) , and is considered burara jaina by them .

the butterfly is occasionally referred to as the orange awlet , though that name is also used for bibasis harisa .

bibasis jaina

bibasis jaina ( moore , [ 1866 ] ) = ismene jaina moore , [ 1866 ] = ismene jaina vasundhara fruhstorfer , 1911 = bibais jaina = burara jaina = burara jaina jaina = ismene vasundhara fruhstorfer , 1911 .
orange - striped awl , burara jaina ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 11 ] formerly bibasis jaina .
bibasis jaina velva ; [ bmp ] : 333 , pl . 62 , f . 4
orange awlet
redirects here . for the other moth with this common name , see bibasis jaina .
life cycle of orange awlet - burara jaina . by dr . k . saji
ismene jaina vasundhara fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 59 ; tl : assam
ismene jaina formosana fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 59 ; tl : formosa
ismene jaina margana fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 60 ; tl : siam , hinlap
bibasis kanara ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 15 ( text )
bibasis harisa consobrina ; [ bmp ] : 332 , pl . 52 , f . 4 - 6
bibasis iluska ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56
bibasis iluska iluska ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56
bibasis sena senata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56
bibasis arradi [ sic ? ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 13 ( text )
green awlet , burara vasutana moore , 1865 [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 13 ] formerly bibasis vasutana .
bibasis ( coeliadinae ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56
pale green awlet , burara gomata ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 6 ] formerly bibasis gomata .
plain orange awlet , burara anadi de nicéville , 1883 [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 9 ] formerly bibasis anadi .
vane - wright and de jong ( 2003 ) ( see tol web pages on genus bibasis and genus burara in the tree of life web project ) state that bibasis contains just three diurnal species , the crepuscular remainder having been removed to burara . the species now shifted to burara are morphologically and behaviorally distinct from bibasis , within which many authors have formerly included them .
orange awlet , burara harisa ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 10 ] formerly bibasis harisa .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis jaina
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
small green awlet , burara amara ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] formerly bibasis amara .
branded orange awlet , burara oedipodea ( swainson , 1820 ) , [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 12 ] formerly bibasis oedipodea .
on : ismene jaina margana fruhstorfer , 1911 od : deut . ent . zeit . [ iris ] 25 : 60 . tl : hinlap , siam . ( nhml ) distribution : thailand , laos , vietnam , hainan .
note : bibasis contains just three diurnal species , of which only one occurs in india ; the crepuscular remainder having been removed to burara . the species now shifted to burara are morphologically and behaviorally distinct from bibasis , within which many authors have formerly included them . [ 3 ]
bibasis sena uniformis ; inoue & kawazoe , 1964 , tyô to ga 15 ( 2 ) : 35 ; [ bmp ] : 333 , pl . 52 , f . 9
bibasis uniformis elwes & edwards , 1897 ; trans . zool . soc . lond . 14 ( 4 ) : 305 , pl . 27 , f . 95 ; tl : java
bibasis tuckeri elwes & edwards , 1897 ; trans . zool . soc . lond . 14 ( 4 ) : 293 , pl . 20 ; tl : tavoy , s . burma
bibasis owstoni eliot , 1980 ; malayan nat . j . 33 ( 3 / 4 ) : 150 , f . 10 , 11 , 15 , 16 ; tl : malaysia , pahang , fraser ' s hill
bibasis harisa , the orange awlet , is a species of hesperid found in asia . the butterfly was reassigned to genus burara by vane - wright and de jong ( 2003 ) and is considered by them to be burara harisa .
bibasis harisa , the orange awlet , [ 2 ] is a species of hesperid found in asia . the butterfly was reassigned to genus burara by vane - wright and de jong ( 2003 ) and is considered by them to be burara harisa . [ 3 ]
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis sena
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis gomata
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis amara
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis anadi
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis harisa
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis oedipodea
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
bibasis vasutana
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .
bibasis sena ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 4 ) : 161 , pl . 65 , f . 3 , 3a ; piepers & snellen , 1910 , rhop . java [ 2 ] : 16 , pl . 6 , f . 21a - b ; [ bir ] , 469 ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 17 ; [ mrs ] , 693 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56
ismene swainson , 1820 ; zool . illustr . ( 1 ) 1 : pl . 16 ( preocc . ismene savigny , 1816 ) ; ts : ismene oedipodea swainson
ismene gomata moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 783 ; tl : darjeeling
burara gomata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
gomata radiosa ( plötz , 1885 ) ( ismene ) ; berl . ent . z . 29 ( 2 ) : 232 ; tl : celebes
burara gomata radiosa ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
ismene gomata vajra fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : java
ismene mahintha moore , [ 1875 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 ( 4 ) : 575 , pl . 67 , f . 4 ; tl : burma
ismene nestor zonaras fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 63 ; tl : wetter i .
hasora nestor ; piepers & snellen , 1910 , rhop . java [ 2 ] : 14 , pl . 6 , f . 17a - b
ceylon , india - assam , burma , s . vietnam , malaya , philippines . see [ maps ]
goniloba sena moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 778 ; tl : bengal
1019x734 ( ~ 77kb ) underside thailand , chantaburi province , khao - khitchakut national park , the krating rivulet valley among the tropical forest above the waterfalls . 6th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
sri lanka , s . india - burma , thailand , laos , hainan , andamans
sikkim - burma , thailand , laos , haina , andamans , s . yunnan . see [ maps ]
ismene amara pindapatra fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 62 ; tl : assam
burara amara ; huang & xue , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 57 : 145 ( name )
ismene aphrodite fruhstorfer , 1905 ; soc . ent . 20 ( 18 ) : 141 ; tl : celebes
burara aphrodite ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
burma , thailand , laos , vietnam , malay peninsula , singapore , borneo , sumatra , java , palawan , mindanao . see [ maps ]
ismene etelka hewitson , 1867 ; ill . exot . butts [ 5 ] ( ismene i - ii ) : [ 88 ] , pl . [ 44 ] ; tl : sarawak
ismene harisa moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 782 ; tl : bengal
ismene harisa asambha fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : n . vietnam , chieem - hoa
ismene harisa distanti evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 319 ; tl : singapore
ismene imperialis plötz , 1886 ; stettin ent . ztg 47 ( 1 - 3 ) : 115 ; tl : celebes
burara imperialis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
burara imperialis imperialis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
burara imperialis veteratrix ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
w . ghats , mussoorie - sikkim , assam , burma , n . thailand , vietnam . see [ maps ]
ismene velva evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 318 , no . i . 2 . 9
chaba , assam , burma , indo - china , malay peninsula , sumatra , java , borneo , palawan , philippines , sulawesi . see [ maps ]
ismene oedipodea swainson , 1820 ; zool . illustr . ( 1 ) 1 : pl . 16 ; tl : java
burara oedipodea ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
larva on hiptage benghalensis [ mrs ] , combretum , hiptage vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
ismene excellens hopffer , 1874 ; stettin ent . ztg 35 ( 1 - 3 ) : 39 ; tl : celebes
burara oedipodea excellens ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
ismene oedipodea [ ? ] athena fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : thailand
burara phul ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
ismene septentrionis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 525 , pl . 73 , f . 3 ; tl : china
sri lanka , n . india , malay peninsula , java , borneo , palawan , mindanao , sulawesi , banggai , sula . see [ maps ]
burara tuckeri ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
larva on hiptage vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
unipuncta lee , 1962 ; acta ent . sin . 11 ( 2 ) : 141 , 146
nepal , sikkim , assam , burma , thailand , laos . see [ maps ]
ismene [ ? ] kanara evans , 1926 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 31 ( 1 ) : 63
ismene fergusonii de nicéville , [ 1893 ] ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 7 ( 3 ) : 345 , pl . j , f . 6 ; tl : s . india
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
the butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
a catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the hon . east - india company in horsfield & moore ,
neue hesperiden des indischen archipels und ost - africa ' s aus der collection des herrn h . ribbe in blasewitz - dresden , gesammelt von den herren : c . ribbe auf celebes , java un den aru - inseln , künstler auf malacca ( perak ) ; kühn auf west - guinea ( jekar ) ; menger auf ceylon
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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ankita gupta , swapnil a . lokhande & abhay soman . 2013 . parasitoids of hesperiidae from peninsular india with description of a new species of dolichogenidea ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) parasitic on caterpillar of borbo cinnara ( wallace ) ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae ) zootaxa 3701 ( 2 ) : 277–290 .
( moore , [ 1866 ] ) – common orange awlet . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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nakhon nayok : nakhon nayok dist . 1♂ ( photo by t . aoyama ) .
fruhstorfer , h . , 1911 : neue hesperiden des indo - malayischen faunengebietes und besprechung verwandter formen .
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eclosed at home from pupae collected while photographing the caterpillars ( see comments for caterpillar image ) . photographed at release ( background is sky ) .
skipper ( butterfly ) - richmond park , london , england - saturday july 12th 2008 .
yup . . . . as the title says . . . better days . . . it may only be 4 days since the death of my canon eos 400d . . . but it seems like a life time already . . : o ( (
at least i managed to capture a few images before the camera gave up the ghost , so you can expect a few dslr shots to go along side the fuji ones . . . compare and contrast as they say . . . lol . . . : o ) )
i hope your all having a great week . . . : o ) ) )
a skipper is a butterfly of the family hesperiidae ( superfamily hesperioidea ) , named after their quick , darting flight habits .
skippers differ in several important ways from the remaining butterflies , which are classified in the superfamily papilionoidea and the neotropical superfamily hedyloidea . collectively , these three groups of butterflies share several characteristics especially in the egg , larval and pupal stage ( ackery et al . 1999 ) . however , skippers have the antennae clubs hooked backward like a crochet hook , whilst butterflies have club - like tips to their antennae and hedylids have feathered or pectinate antennae giving them an even more moth - like appearance than skippers . skippers also have generally stockier bodies than the other two groups , with stronger wing muscles . hesperioidea is very likely the sister group of papilionoidea , and together with hedyloidea constitute a natural group or clade .
there are about 3500 species of skippers . they are usually classified in the following subfamilies :
note : some authorities treat the giant skippers as a separate family , the megathymidae , but more modern classifications place them within the subfamily hesperiinae in the family hesperiidae .
many species of skippers look frustratingly alike . for example , some species in the genera erynnis , hesperia , and amblyscirtes cannot currently be distinguished in the field by experts , the only reliable method of telling them apart involving dissection and examination of the genitalia .
this is a hesperiid ( skipper ) caterpillar of the subfamily coeliadinae ( awls and awlets ) , hasora sp .
i can comprehend fake eyes and facial features as a defensive mechanism , but why would it resemble a human face , far removed from the head features of any insect ? startling nonetheless .
p1320394 - large cabbage whiteat at devalsari , uttarakhand , himalayas ~ 1800m altitude .
this is the only one species in the burara genus in taiwan , and with its vivid orange color and unique stripes , it ' s easy to identify .
it is distributed throughout the lowlands of the island and there are several broods in a year , so it ' s somewhat easy to meet them .
the male has a black spot in the upperside forewing , but it ' s very difficult to take a dorsal view of this butterfly . i would guess it ' s a male .
i am running low on new subject material due to the longstanding inclement and unpredictable wet weather on top of work commitments , so for the next few days i will do some reposts recognizing the top 30 most ' interesting ' images in my photostream as deemed by flickr ' s magic donkey algorithm ( in reverse order in batches of five to build the suspense ) .
coeliadinae is a subfamily of the skipper butterfly family ( hesperiidae ) and includes the awls and awlets .
the cutest butterfly i have ever photographed . it was a cloudy day and i was stalking a common red eye butterfly , i saw this sitting on the underside of a leaf . to the naked eye , it looked very dull orange . almost left it thinking it was a moth . but just took a photo with flash and bingo ! ! the rest is history . . .
check out this home i found on urltoken . follow urltoken on pinterest : urltoken | awlet | pinterest
the orange awlet is found in india , myanmar , malaysia , java , singapore , hong kong and north vietnam .
in india , the butterfly is found along the himalayas from sikkim to assam and eastwards to south myanmar . it also has been recorded from the andaman islands .
it is considered by william harry evans to be very rare in hong kong , rare in south india , but not rare in the himalayas .
male . upperside dull vinaceous brown , palest on the disk ; forewing with an orange yellow costal streak ; hindwing broadly along anterior margin pale buff yellow . body greyish . cilia of hindwing orange yellow . underside paler suffused with orange yellow ; forewing with a curved series of pale purple narrow streaks between the veins before the apex , and a broad pale buff patch along the posterior margin ; hindwing with the veins and lines between them and cilia orange yellow : a black orange yellow encircled basal spot on both wings ; a discal series of pale purplish streaks . third joint of palpi brown ; palpi beneath , front and sides of thorax , legs and streak alongside of abdomen orange yellow ; middle of thorax and abdomen and anal tuft orange yellow .
a total of 22 species belonging to four genera of the coeliadinae ( family hesperiidae ) , or the awls , awlets and awlkings , as they are commonly called , are found in india . these are relatively large skippers which inhabit dense forests , mostly evergreen , and have dicotyledonous host - plants . the vividly marked , smooth , cylindrical caterpillars construct cells from leaves within which they metamorphose into stout pupae . these skippers tend to synchronise egg - laying followed by migration , sometimes to sub - optimal habitats in search of fresh supplies of host - plants .
the awls and related genera have long , narrow forewings , rounded hindwings with a characteristic deep fold at the inner margin and produced at the tornus . the adult sexes are alike excepting that males have specialised scales and scent brands on the forewings . they have large labial palpi which have a thin third segment protruding ahead of the eye . the eyes are large , an adaptation to the crespuscular habits of this species .
this list forms part of the full list of butterflies of india ( hesperiidae ) which itself is part of the complete list of butterflies of india .
the common name similar awlking is that of taxon similis ( vide evans ( 1932 ) ) which is not recognised as a valid species by savela and by tolweb ( ref its page on genus choaspes ) . taxon similis is now considered to be a synonym of taxon xanthopogon .
the species is considered to be furcata by [ lepindex ] , and as furcatus by tolweb . savela gives it as furcatus without appropriate reference for the change . accordingly it is being retained as furcata , with furcatus as redirect , pending the availability of a proper reference .
hasora alexis ( fabricius , 1775 ) is a synonym of h . chromus vide lepindex
evans in the identification of indian butterflies , ( 1932 ) ( ser no i 1 . 9 , pp 224 ) records it as occurring in the nicobars .
evans in the identification of indian butterflies , ( 1932 ) ( ser no i 1 . 10 , pp 224 ) records it as occurring in the nicobars .
gay , thomas ; kehimkar , isaac david ; punetha , jagdish chandra ( 1992 ) .
. nature guides . bombay , india : world wide fund for nature - india by oxford university press .
watson , e . y . ( 1891 ) hesperiidae indicae . vest and co . madras .
beccaloni , george ; scoble , malcolm ; kitching , ian ; simonsen , thomas ; robinson , gaden ; pitkin , brian ; hine , adrian ; lyal , chris .
brower , andrew v . z . and warren , andrew , ( 2007 ) . coeliadinae evans 1937 . version 21 february 2007 ( temporary ) . urltoken in the tree of life web project , urltoken .
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original russian text © a . l . monastyrskii , 2009 , published in entomologicheskoe obozrenie , 2009 , vol . 88 , no . 3 , pp . 553–580 .
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eliot , j . n . , “an analysis of the eurasian and australian neptini ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) , ” bull . brit . mus . nat . hist . ( entomol . ) suppl .
, ed . by r . hall and j . holloway , ” ( backhuys publ . , leiden , 1998 ) , pp . 99–131 .
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holloway , j . d . , “a numerical investigation of the biogeography of the butterfly fauna of india and its relation to continental drift , ” biol . j . linn . soc .
holloway , j . d . , “the affinities within four butterfly groups ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) in relation to genera patterns of butterfly distribution in the indo - australian area , ” trans . r . entomol . soc . london
( dr . w . junk publishers , the hague , 1974 ) , pp . 473–499 .
holloway , j . d . and hall , r . , “se asian geology and biogeography : an introduction , ” in
, ed . by r . hall and j . holloway , ” ( backhuys publ . , leiden , 1998 ) , pp . 1–23 .
( masson et cie , paris , 1967 ; progress , moscow , 1976 ) [ in russian ] .
( harvard univ . press , cambridge , 1970 ; mir , moscow , 1974 ) [ in russian ] .
miller , l . d . , “the higher classification , phylogeny and zoogeography of the satyridae ( lepidoptera ) , ” mem . amer . entomol . soc . , no . 24 , 1–174 ( 1968 ) .
( geos , moscow — hanoi , 2003 ) , pp . 188–218 [ in russian ] .
monastyrskii , a . l . , “fauna , ecology and biogeography of butterflies in vietnam , ” butterflies , no . 44 , 41–55 ( 2006 ) .
monastyrskii , a . l . , “ecological and biogeographical characteristics of butterflies ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) of vietnam , ” entomol . obozr .
monastyrskii , a . l . and devyatkin , a . l . , “new taxa and new records of butterflies from vietnam ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) , ” atalanta
monastyrskii , a . l . and kotlobai , a . a . , “some biological characteristics and laboratory rearing of
osada , s . , uemura , y . , and uehara , j . ,
, ed . by y . nishiyama ( mokuyo - sha , 1999 ) .
( cambridge univ . press , london , 1952 ; inostr . liter . , moscow , 1961 ) [ in russian ] .
( akad . nauk sssr , moscow , 1962 ) [ in russian ] .
( len . gos . univ . , leningrad , 1965 ) [ in russian ] .
vane - wright , r . i . and boppre , m . , “adult morphology and higher classification of
voris , h . k . , “maps of pleistocene sea levels in southeast asia : shorelines , river systems and time durations , ” j . biogeogr .
yamaguchi , s . and aoki , t . , “studies on the butterflies of the semi - dried tropical forest in east thailand iii . butterflies collected during the survey in the provinces of mukdahan and ubon ratchathani , august and september 1999 ( insecta : lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) , ” evol . sci . , no . 11 , 41–59 ( 2005 ) .
( nauka , leningrad , 1970 ) , pp . 29–88 [ in russian ] .
a total of 22 species belonging to four genera of the subfamily coeliadinae ( family hesperiidae ) , or the awls , awlets and awlkings , as they are commonly called , are found in india . these are relatively large skippers which inhabit dense forests , mostly evergreen , and have dicotyledonous host plants . the vividly marked , smooth , cylindrical caterpillars construct cells from leaves within which they metamorphose into stout pupae . these skippers tend to synchronise egg - laying followed by migration , sometimes to sub - optimal habitats in search of fresh supplies of host plants .
the awls and related genera have long , narrow forewings , rounded hindwings with a characteristic deep fold at the inner margin and produced at the tornus . the adult sexes are alike excepting that males have specialised scales and scent brands on the forewings . they have large labial palpi which have a thin third segment protruding ahead of the eye . the eyes are large , an adaptation to the crepuscular habits of this species .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
badamia exclamationis
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved april 20 , 2018 .
haribal , meena ( 1992 ) . the butterflies of sikkim himalaya and their natural history . gangtok , sikkim , india : sikkim nature conservation foundation .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
choaspes benjaminii
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
choaspes plateni
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
choaspes xanthopogon
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
the common name similar awlking is that of taxon similis ( vide evans ( 1932 ) ) which is not recognised as a valid species by savela and by tolweb ( ref its page on genus choaspes ) . taxon similis is now considered to be a synonym of taxon xanthopogon .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
choaspes hemixanthus ssp . furcata
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . accessed 12 october 2007 .
the species is considered to be furcata by lepindex , and as furcatus by tolweb . savela gives it as furcatus without appropriate reference for the change . accordingly it is being retained as furcata , with furcatus as redirect , pending the availability of a proper reference .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora anura
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
hasora alexis ( fabricius , 1775 ) is a synonym of h . chromus vide beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora chromus
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora chromus
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora taminatus
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora schoenherr
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora badra
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora vitta
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora khoda
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora leucospila
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .
beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .
hasora salanga
. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 2 october 2007 .
evans , w . h . ( 1932 ) . the identification of indian butterflies ( 2nd ed . ) . mumbai , india : bombay natural history society .
gay , thomas ; kehimkar , isaac david ; punetha , jagdish chandra ( 1992 ) . common butterflies of india . nature guides . bombay , india : world wide fund for nature - india by oxford university press . isbn 978 - 0195631647 .
kunte , krushnamegh ( 2000 ) . butterflies of peninsular india . india , a lifescape . hyderabad , india : universities press . isbn 978 - 8173713545 .
wynter - blyth , mark alexander ( 1957 ) . butterflies of the indian region . bombay , india : bombay natural history society . isbn 978 - 8170192329 .
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the orange awlet is found in india , myanmar , malaysia , java , singapore , hong kong and north vietnam . [ 2 ]
in india , the butterfly is found along the himalayas from sikkim to assam and eastwards to south myanmar . it also has been recorded from the andaman islands . [ 2 ] [ 4 ]
it is considered by william harry evans to be very rare in hong kong , rare in south india , but not rare in the himalayas . [ 4 ]
. upperside dark purple brown ; the base of wings greyish , with steel blue gloss . body greyish . cilia of hindwing pale orange yellow . underside as in male ; posterior margin of forewing with a less defined pale patch .
the larva has been recorded on zingiber zerumbet ( zingiberaceae ) . [ 2 ]
brower , andrew v . z . and warren , andrew , ( 2007 ) . coeliadinae evans 1937 . version 21 february 2007 ( temporary ) . urltoken in the tree of life web project , urltoken
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hypselobarbus thomassi ( the red canarese barb ) is a critically endangered species of ray-finned fish in the genus hypselobarbus .

it is endemic to the western ghats in karnataka and kerala , india .

this species is potentially a very large fish , growing to 100 cm ( 39 in ) tl , possibly even larger .

hypselobarbus thomassi

no one has contributed data records for hypselobarbus thomassi yet . learn how to contribute .
the red canarese barb , hypselobarbus thomassi ( day , 1874 ) is an endemic cyprinid fish of the rivers . . .
taxonomic notes : hypselobarbus thomassi was described by day ( 1874 ) from south canara ( dakshin kannada ) , karnataka state , india .
taxonomic notes : hypselobarbus thomassi was described by day ( 1874 ) from south canara ( dakshin kannada ) , karnataka state , india .
distribution , threats and conservation status of < i > hypselobarbus thomassi < / i > ( day , 1874 ) , a poorly k . . .
in recent times , though the genus hypselobarbus has been studied substantially , the identities of i . . .
hypselobarbus pulchellus , is a poorly known species , with very few verifiable records since its des . . .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . hypselobarbus thomassi ( day , 1874 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
rediscovery of < i > hypselobarbus pulchellus < / i > , an endemic and threatened barb ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . . .
cepf western ghats special series : re - description of < i > hypselobarbus lithopidos < / i > ( teleostei : cypri . . .
identity of < i > hypselobarbus pulchellus < / i > ( day , 1870 ) - an addendum to knight et al . ( 2013 a and b )
a species of hypselobarbus with a moderately elongate body ; two pairs of barbels ; 31–34 scales lateral line scales ; last unbranched dorsal fin ray weak , articulated ; each scale with a red lunule and dark base ; no bands on body .
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was described by day ( 1874 ) from south canara ( dakshin kannada ) , karnataka state , india .
2004 ) . there seems to be a uncertainty regarding the exact distribution of this species . apart from nethravati river ( which is around the type locality ) ( menon 2004 ) ,
from this river are not correct and are cases of misidentifications ( robin abraham pers . comm ) . given the taxonomic ambiguities existing within the genus
, nor are they any recent records from anywhere in kerala or karnataka . it is also known that an extensive search in south canara turned up only one specimen ( menon 2004 ) .
it inhabits fast - flowing streams and rivers below the ghats , in forested areas ( menon 1999 ) .
no information on use or trade . however like all large barbs within the genus
. as there are no recent records of this species , it is to determined whether these are attributed to large scale population declines throughout its range or taxonomic issues . the nethravati and kabini rivers of karnataka and kerala , where the species might be existing , needs to be surveyed extensively .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
greek , hypselos = high + latin , barbus = barbel ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4832 )
knight , j . d . m . , a . rai and r . k . p . d ' souza , 2013 . on the identities of barbus mussullah sykes and cyprinus curmuca hamilton with notes on the status of gobio canarensis jerdon ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . zootaxa 3750 ( 3 ) : 201 - 215 . ( ref . 94728 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00431 - 0 . 02019 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming tm > 4 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 68 of 100 ) .
: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
records by other methods ( net , hand line , spear , bow fishing etc . )
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >
< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >
red list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 conservation actions : currently there is no specific action plan directed towards ambassis dussumieri . research on the population status , ecology and threats to the species is essential .
a general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .
s . s . mishra , laishram kosygin , p . t . rajan and k . c . gopi , zoological survey of india in venkataraman , k . , chattopadhyay , a . and subramanian , k . a . ( editors ) . 2013 . endemic animals of india ( vertebrates ) : 1–235 + 26 plates . ( published by the director , zoological survey of india , kolkata )
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
bibliography : abraham , r . k . , rajesh , r & kelkar , n . 2010 . do protected areas of india’s western ghats conserve fish diversity ? final report submitted to the conservation leadership program .
menon , a . g . k . 1999 . check list - fresh water fishes of india . .
kurup , b . m . , radhakrishnan , k . v . and manojkumar , t . g . 2004 . biodiversity status of fishes inhabiting rivers of kerala ( south india ) with special reference to endemism , threats and conservation measures . in : r . l . welcomme and t . petr ( eds ) , proceedings of the second international symposium on the management of large rivers for fisheries 2 : 316 . cambodia .
menon , a . g . k . 2004 . threatened fishes of india and their conservation .
dahanukar , n . , raut , r . and bhat , a . 2004 . distribution , endemism and threat status of freshwater fishes in the western ghats of india . journal of biogeography 31 : 123 - 136 .
abraham , r . k . , rajesh , r & kelkar , n . 2010 . do protected areas of india’s western ghats conserve fish diversity ? final report submitted to the conservation leadership program .
shaji , c . p . and easa , p . s . ( eds ) . 2003 . freshwater fishes of kerala . pp . 125 . kerala forest research research institute ( kfri ) , thrissur .
iucn . 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2011 . 1 ) . available at : http : / / www . iucnredlist . org . ( accessed : 16 june 2011 ) .
thomas , r . k . 2004 . habitat and distribution of hill stream fishes of southern kerala ( south of palghat gap ) . zoology , mahatma gandhi university .
day , f . 1874 . on some new or little - known fishes of india . proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the zoological society of london 1873 ( 3 ) : 704 - 710 .
a checklist of the fishes of kerala state is presented , along with their scientific and common name . . .
< i > pethia lutea < / i > , a new species of barb ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) and new records of p . punctata from . . .
a new species of barb pethia lutea is described from the kundalika river in the northern part of th . . .
distribution , threats and conservation status of the wayanad mahseer , < i > neolissochilus wynaadensis < / i . . .
the wayanad mahseer neolissochilus wynaadensis ( day , 1873 ) is an endemic cyprinid fish that occurs . . .
reply to the response given by n . basavaraja to knight et al . 2013 a and b
reply to “need for further research on the freshwater fish fauna of the ashambu hills landscape : a resp . . .
appendix 1 paper on phylogenetic position and osteology of pethia setnai , an endemic barb of the weste . . .
kulathupuzha temple is widely known for its fish feeding ( meenuttu ) of fishes known as thirumak . . .
appendix 2 short notes in min newsletter of the iucn - sscwi freshwater fish specialist group south asia . . .
using freshwater kbas for informing conservation and development policy and action in kerala and tamil . . .
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causus defilippii is a venomous viper species found in east africa .

its common name is snouted night adder .

causus defilippii

heterodon de filippi jan 1863 : 225 heterodon de - filippii — jan 1865 causus defilippii — auerbach 1987 : 205 causus defilippii — welch 1994 : 41 causus defilippii — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 231 causus defilippii — dobiey & vogel 2007 causus defilippii — wallach et al . 2014 : 150 causus defilippii — spawls et al . 2018 : 570
relationship between maternal body size and total clutch size in six species of night adders . cama , causus maculatus ; care , causus resimus ; cade , causus defilippii ; carh , causus rhombeatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; casp , causus sp .
reproductive frequencies in causus species . the upper graph shows the proportion of adult female snakes with vitellogenic follicles or oviductal eggs , whereas the lower graph shows the proportions of adult male snakes with convoluted epididymial ducts . grey bars indicate taxa with small sample sizes . cama , causus maculatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; care , causus resimus ; casp , causus sp . ; cade , causus defilippii ; carh , causus rhombeatus .
snouted night adder causus defilippii comments : occurs in the lowveld and lubombo regions , absent from the highveld and middleveld .
relationship between prey size and snake jaw size ( upper graph ) or snake body diameter ( lower graph ) . the dotted line indicates equality , where the prey dimension equals the snake dimension . cama , causus maculatus ; care , causus resimus ; cade , causus defilippii ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; casp , causus sp .
proportion of snakes found with an indication of a recent meal ( combined information from frog , insects , or faeces ) and proportion of snakes with a frog in the stomach ( black bars ) . numbers provide sample sizes . grey bars indicate small sample sizes . cama , causus maculatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; care , causus resimus ; casp , causus sp . ; cade , causus defilippii ; carh , causus rhombeatus .
predators of this species in kruger national park include the snouted night adder causus defilippii and herald snake crotaphopeltis hotamboeia ( pienaar et al . 1976 ) .
seasonal patterns of reproduction in causus species . females were classified as vitellogenic if they contained vitellogenic ( > 10 mm diameter ) . ‘o’ refers to females with oviductal eggs . males with convoluted epididymial ducts were considered as potentially sexually active . cama , causus maculatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; care , causus resimus ; casp , causus sp .
verspreiding en biometrische studie van causus maculatus ( hallowell ) en causus rhombeatus ( lichtenstein ) uit c . africa ( serpentes , viperidae ) .
kento furui added the japanese common name
ナイトアダー属
to
causus
.
botha , a . s . 1984 . hatching of snouted night adder , causus defilippii . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 30 ) : 21 - 21 - get paper here
haagner , g . v . 1986 . life history note : causus defilippii : reproduction . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 32 ) : 38 - 38 - get paper here
creighton , d . ; haagner , g . 1986 . venoms and snakebite : causus defilippii : envenomation . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 32 ) : 31 - 31 - get paper here
causus rhombeatus is a venomous viper species endemic to subsaharan africa . no subspecies are currently recognized .
the only prey remains found in causus guts were anurans and insect fragments ( table 7 ) . several of the prey taxa that we found had not previously been recorded from these snakes ( table 7 ) .
the ecological distribution of causus wagler 1830 ( viperidae ) in nigeria , with special reference to c . resimus ( peters 1862 ) and c . lichtensteini ( jan 1859 ) , two species rarely recorded from this country
recent phylogenetic reconstructions agree that causus should be included within the viperidae ( cadle , 1992 ; underwood , 1999 ; lenk et al . , 2001 ; parkinson , campbell & chippindale , 2003 ; nagy et al . , 2005 ) . the genus causus , as presently considered , comprises six recognized species and at least one undescribed species ( pitman , 1974 ; audiens , 1978 ; branch , 1998 ; de massary , 1993 ; chippaux , 2001 ) :
the causinae , commonly known as the
night adders
, are a monotypic subfamily of venomous vipers found in sub - saharan africa . this group was made for the genus
causus
. there are currently six species found .
in all of these respects , night adders differ significantly from the cool - climate ( european and north american ) viperid species that have been the focus of previous study . below , we compare our data on causus with previously published data on other viperid taxa .
preferred prey are frogs or toads , and thus night adders are confined to mesic habitats ( not rainforest areas ) . c . lichtensteini often found in wooded swamps . c . rhombeatus not seen in primary forests . c . resimus is best adapted to drier habitats and is therefore found in separate environments to c . defilippii in east africa .
with an average total length ( body + tail ) of 60 cm ( 24 in ) , this is the largest member of the genus causus . the longest individual ever recorded was a male , 93 cm ( 37 in ) in total length , collected in eastern zimbabwe .
relative short , triangular to oval head , covered in large shields . with a length of 2–3 mm , the fangs are very short . in contrast , the venom glands are very large , and may even extend into the first third of the body as far as the level of the heart . from a side view , the tip of the snout is pointed , protruding over the lower jaw . in c . defilippii the snout is slightly upturned . round pupils . short , sturdy body , slightly flattened .
the longest species of the genus reaches 83 cm svl ( branch , 1998 ) and occupies mesic savannas . it appaers to be found only in the eastern regions of southern africa but its northern limit is unclear . reports from western , central , and eastern africa correspond to another species that , here , we call causus sp . , which is easily distinguished from c . rhombeatus by its higher number of ventral scales .
this species is clearly related to causus rhombeatus and , until recently , was considered as one of its subspecies . its limited distribution includes the democratic republic of congo , rwanda , angola , and zambia ( david & ineich , 1999 ) . growing to 65 cm in snout–vent length ( svl ) , this taxon appears to be restricted to moist savannah habitats at elevations from 800 to 1800 m asl ( spawls et al . , 2001 ) .
causus often contained large prey . in many cases , the diameter of a prey item ( n = 63 ) exceeded the jaw length and / or body diameter of the snake that had ingested it ( fig . 6 ) . for 11 frogs for which we could confidently measure or estimate prey mass prior to ingestion , the ratio of prey mass to predator mass was in the range 7–150 % ( mean = 51 % , sd = 44 % ) .
the degree of sexual size dimorphism ( ssd ) varied among species [ analysis of variance ( anova ) with sex and species as the factors and svl as the dependent variable ; interaction between species and sex : f 5 , 481 = 4 . 16 , p < 0 . 0001 ; table 5 ] . three of the species ( c . lichtensteinii , c . resimus , c . sp . ) displayed similar mean adult body sizes in males and females ; one species ( c . maculatus ) had females larger than males , and two ( c . defilippii , c . rhombeatus ) had males growing significantly larger than females ( table 5 ) .
‘others’ represents localities where less than ten specimens were collected ( kenya : eight c . sp . ; republic of south africa : seven c . rhombeatus ; gaboon : six c . lichtensteinii ; mali : five c . maculatus ; tanganyika : five c . defilippii ; ethiopa : four c . sp . ; east africa : three c . defilippi ; mozambique : three c . defilippi ; burkina : two c . maculatus ; guinea : one c . lichtensteinii and one c . sp . ; liberia : two c . lichtensteinii ; benin : one c . maculatus ; chad : one c . maculatus ; great lakes : one c . defilippi ; mauritania : one c . maculatus ; togo : one c . maculatus ; zambezi : one c . defilippi ; zanzibar : one c . defilippi ) .
prey items found in the digestive tract of six species of causus . on the x - axis , each number corresponds to one of three stages in digestion : 1 , snakes that contained recently ingested ( hence undigested ) anuran prey in the stomach rarely also had insect fragments in the stomach , but a few had small quantities of faeces in the hindgut ; 2 , of the snakes without identifiable anurans in the stomach , many had many insects fragments that presumably had been part of the stomach contents of digested anurans ; 3 , snakes that abundant faecal material in the hindgut often lacked any identifiable prey items in the stomach .
causus also display significant sexual divergence in body proportions ; males of all species have longer tails and smaller heads than females of the same svl , although the magnitude of this sex disparity varies among species ( table 3 ) . increased tail length in male snakes relative to females has been attributed to several selective forces , including sexual selection on males and fecundity selection on females ( king , 1989 ; shine & shetty , 2001 ) . the sex - based divergence in head sizes is more likely to involve food habits , especially prey size : a larger head enables these gape - limited predators to ingest larger prey ( shine , 1991 ; pearson et al . , 2002a , 2002b ) . in some intensively studied species of snakes from other lineages , the sex with the larger relative head size ( generally the female ) does indeed consume larger prey ( houston & shine , 1993 ) .
males tended to have longer tails than same - sized females in all species ( sex f 1 , 473 = 54 . 52 , p < 0 . 0001 ; table 5 ) , although the degree of this sex divergence varied interspecifically ( interaction between sex and species ; f 5 , 473 = 4 . 42 , p < 0 . 0001 ) . at the same body length , female causus resimus had wider heads than did conspecific males ( sex effect : f 1 , 420 = 19 . 08 , p < 0 . 0001 , see table 5 ) and in three species ( c . maculatus , c . lichtensteinii , c . sp . , table 5 ) , females had longer jaws than did conspecific males at the same svl . however , the degree of sexual dimorphism in this latter trait also varied among species ( interaction between sex and species ; f 5 , 420 = 2 . 60 , p < 0 . 02 ) . no significant sexual dimorphism was apparent for any of the other traits ( all p > 0 . 05 ) .
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uetz , p . & jirí hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )
mcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . touré
snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
auerbach , r . d . 1987 . the amphibians and reptiles of botswana . mokwepa consultants , botswana , 295 pp .
bates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .
beolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here
boycott , r . c . 1992 . an annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of swaziland . the conservation trust of swaziland - get paper here
branch , w . r . ; rödel , m . - o . & marais , j . 2005 . herpetological survey of the niassa game reserve , northern mozambique - part i : reptiles . salamandra 41 ( 4 ) : 195 - 214 - get paper here
branch , william r . 1993 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . cape town : struik publishers , 144 s .
broadley , d . & blaylock 2013 . the snakes of zimbabwe and botswana . chimaira , frankfurt , 387 pp . [ book review in sauria 35 ( 2 ) : 59 and copeia 2014 : 388 ] - get paper here
broadley , d . g . 1959 . the herpetology of southern rhodesia . part i - - the snakes . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 120 ( 1 ) : 1 - 100 [ reprint 1972 ] - get paper here
broadley , d . g . 1962 . on some reptile collections from the north - western and north - eastern districts of southern rhodesia 1958 - 1961 , with descriptions of four new lizards . occ . pap . nat . mus . south . rhodesia 26 ( b ) : 787 - 843
broadley , d . g . ; doria , c . t . & wigge , j . 2003 . snakes of zambia . an atlas and field guide . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 280 pp . [ review in sauria 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ]
chifundera , k . 1990 . snakes of zaire and their bites . afr . stud . monogr . ( kyoto ) 10 ( 3 ) : 137 - 157 .
conradie , werner ; gabriela b . bittencourt - silva , hanlie m . engelbrecht , simon p . loader , michele menegon , cristóvão nanvonamuquitxo , michael scott , krystal a . tolley , 2016 . exploration into the hidden world of mozambique’s sky island forests : new discoveries of reptiles and amphibians . zoosyst . evol . 92 ( 2 ) : 163–180 , doi 10 . 3897 / zse . 92 . 9948 - get paper here
dobiey , m . & vogel , g . 2007 . venomous snakes of africa / giftschlangen afrikas . edition chimaira , terralog 15 , 150 pp . - get paper here
jan , g . 1863 . enumerazione sistematica degli ofidi appartenenti al gruppo coronellidae . arch . zool . anat . fisiol . 2 ( 2 ) : 213 - 330 [ 1862 ] - get paper here
jan , g . 1865 . iconographie générale des ophidiens . 11 . livraison . j . b . bailière et fils , paris - get paper here
loveridge , arthur 1929 . east african reptiles and amphibians in the united states national museum . bull . us natl . mus . ( 151 ) : 1 - 135 - get paper here
lyakurwa , john valentine 2017 . the reptiles of the uzungwa scarp forest reserve ( usfr ) : an updated checklist with notes on dagger - tooth vine snake xyelodontophis uluguruensis . journal of east african natural history 106 ( 2 ) : 57 - 65 . - get paper here
mallow , d . ludwig , d . & nilson , g . 2003 . true vipers : natural history and toxinology of old world vipers . krieger , malabar , florida , 410 pp . [ review in hr 35 : 200 , reptilia 35 : 74 ]
mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .
phelps , t . 2010 . old world vipers . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 558 pp . [ critical review in sauria 33 ( 3 ) : 19 and hr 43 : 503 ]
phelps , tony 2002 . a study of the black mamba ( dendroaspis polylepis ) in kwazulu - natal , south africa , with particular reference to long - term - refugia . herpetological bulletin ( 80 ) : 7 - 19 - get paper here
spawls , s . ; howell , k . ; drewes , r . c . & ashe , j . 2002 . a field guide to the reptiles of east africa . academic press , 543 pp . [ reviews in hr 34 : 396 and afr . j . herp . 51 ; 147 ] - get paper here
spawls , steve ; kim howell , harald hinkel , michele menegon 2018 . field guide to east african reptiles . bloomsbury , 624 pp . - get paper here
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
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olive - grey to pinkish - brown coloured viper with series of pale - edged blotches along the back , invariably has a dark v - shaped mark on the head . length up to 1 m .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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small , stout terrestrial vipers , never growing larger than 1 m in length . they are made distinct from other adders due to their round pupils and large scales on the top of their heads ( most vipers have small scales ) .
katja schulz marked
file : noimage . svg
as hidden on the
diploprora championii ( lindl . ) hook . f . ( 1890 )
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katja schulz marked
file : noimage . svg
as hidden on the
orthoceras novae - zeelandiae ( a . rich . ) m . a . clem . , d . l . jones & molloy ( 1989 )
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katja schulz marked
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ophrys omegaifera ( c . alibertis , a . alibertis & h . r . reinhard ) faurh . ( 2002 )
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katja schulz marked
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as hidden on the
halleorchis szlach . & olszewski ( 1998 )
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small snakes , less than 1 metre , small head , thick neck , quite stout . dark pattern on paler background or an unmarked velvety green . may be found under logs by firewood collectors who may be bitten on hand , otherwise bites to the foot or ankle .
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many major biological radiations have resulted in numerous species that are now distributed widely across the planet . however , for historical reasons , universities and research centres have been based in a highly nonrandom subset of countries , notably in relatively cool - climate northern lands in europe and north america . accordingly , intensive ecological research has been conducted primarily in those countries . an inevitable result has been that , for many biological lineages , our knowledge is based upon a small and potentially nonrepresentative sample of taxa . this limitation of available information severely compromises our ability to make valid generalizations about major adaptive radiations .
with an average svl of approximately 40 cm ( branch , 1998 , spawls et al . , 2001 ) , this small species occupies moist and dry savannas from sea level to approximately 1800 m in eastern and southern africa from tanzania and kenya to the republic of south africa .
this medium - sized ( up to 70 cm svl ) species occurs in forest habitats from guinea through cameroon , gaboon , the democratic republic of congo and east to uganda , kenya , zambia , and angola ( david & ineich , 1999 ) . the species lives in dense evergreen forests as well as mosaic forest - savannas ( recently deforested areas ) from sea level to approximately 2100 m asl .
with a mean svl of approximately 40 cm , this is the most widespread and abundant species within the genus . it is present in most of subtropical africa from mauritania in the west through ethiopia and as far south as the democratic republic of congo , angola , and uganda ( hughes , 1977 ; david & ineich , 1999 ) . the species lives in forested areas and agricultural areas as well as in savannas , and from around sea level to nearly 2000 m asl .
this taxon ( approximately 50 cm in mean adult length ) occurs in two disjunct populations , which our unpublished data ( i . ineich , x . bonnet , r . shine , t . shine , f . brischoux , m . lebreton & l . chirio , unpubl . data ) suggest may belong to two different species . the eastern populations live in humid mountains of east africa ( uganda , rwanda , burundi , democratic republic of congo , and ethiopia ) and their coloration in life is light green ( david & ineich , 1999 ) . the western populations inhabit savanna regions of western and central africa from nigeria and cameroon through the central african republic ( car ) , chad , and sudan ; their coloration in life is light brown . they are found at elevations of 150–500 m asl .
this as yet undescribed taxon ( i . ineich , x . bonnet , r . shine , t . shine , f . brischoux , m . lebreton & l . chirio , unpubl . data ) is endemic to high - elevation savannas of central cameroon and the western car . another population related to this species occurs in the kerouane area of south - eastern guinea . although eastern african populations clearly do not belong to the ‘true’ c . rhombeatus , whether or not they are conspecific with the western and central african populations has yet to be assessed . for the present study , we treat all those populations ( except ‘true’ c . rhombeatus from southern africa ) as conspecific . this species is found in humid lowlands and small rivers , at elevations of 700–1950 m asl in cameroon .
our sample sizes are highest for four taxa from cameroon ; one of these species ( c . maculatus ) was obtained in reasonable numbers in the central african republic as well ( table 1 ) . although we had very small samples for two taxa , we report these data because they are among the first for these poorly - known animals . because some specimens were damaged during collection , our data sets are incomplete for some variables for some animals .
data are the mean values with the associated standard errors , and sample size in parentheses . statistical results are derived from one - way analysis of variance with species as the factor . d . f . , degrees of freedom .
data for snakes of all age classes were included in these calculations . data are adjusted means [
relative to head width ] with standard errors and sample size . statistical analysis : results are derived from analysis of variance with species as the factor , the trait under focus as the dependent variable , and svl ( * ) or head width as a covariate . d . f . , degrees of freedom .
sex ratios were similar among species ( χ 2 = 5 . 52 , d . f . = 5 , p = 0 . 36 ; table 4 ) . approximately two - thirds of the collected snakes were adults , but the exact proportions differed among species ( comparing the species : χ 2 = 27 . 9 , d . f . = 5 , p < 0 . 001 ; table 4 ) .
relative to head width . data are means with standard errors ( n ) . data for the larger sex are indicated by an asterisk ( * ) if the difference in mean values between the sexes was statistically significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) . f , female ; m , male .
vitellogenesis was observed all year round ( comparing among months , χ 2 = 49 . 5 , d . f . = 55 , p = 0 . 68 ) , and ovulation was not limited to a single period ( fig . 2 ) . similarly , males with convoluted ducts were observed at most times of the year ( χ 2 = 69 . 6 , d . f . = 55 , p = 0 . 09 ) . overall , no clear seasonal pattern was apparent for either male or female reproductive cycles ( fig . 2 ) . one female c . maculatus ( 545 cm svl ) contained both oviductal eggs ( n = 12 , mean diameter 13 mm ) and enlarged vitellogenic ovarian follicles ( n = 8 , mean diameter 4 mm ) , indicating rapid production of successive clutches .
mean clutch size and relative clutch size ( adjusted to snout–vent length using analysis of covariance ) in the six species are shown . data are means with standard errors ( n ) .
we found prey or evidence of a recent meal ( frogs , insect fragments or faeces ) in most of the snakes that we examined ( fig . 4 ) . the proportion of snakes containing prey varied from 67–86 % ( comparing among species , χ 2 = 14 . 0 , d . f . = 5 , p = 0 . 016 ) . even if the analysis is restricted to freshly ingested prey ( relatively undigested anuran remains ) , the proportion of recently fed snakes averaged 34 % ( fig . 4 ) . females containing oviductal eggs also frequently contained prey ( 79 of 108 specimens ; 68 % ) ; thus , analysis did not reveal any significant decrease in feeding rate associated with reproduction ( χ 2 = 0 . 45 , d . f . = 2 , p = 0 . 80 ) . we rarely found undigested frogs and insect fragments in the gut simultaneously , and snakes with insect fragments in the stomach rarely contained faeces in the hindgut . however , intact prey items were often found in the stomachs of snakes whose hindguts contained faeces ( χ 2 = 27 . 00 , d . f . = 1 , p < 0 . 001 ; fig . 5 ) . these patterns suggest frequent feeding and rapid passage of prey items through the digestive tract .
larger snakes consumed larger prey items ( ancova with prey diameter as the dependent variable , species as the factor and jaw length as the covariate ; effect of jaw size : f 1 , 52 = 24 . 1 , p < 0 . 0001 ; fig . 6 ) . larger snakes not only took larger prey , but also ceased feeding upon small prey ( note the absence of records of small prey items in large snakes in fig . 6 ) . prey sizes relative to predator size differed significantly among species ( ancovas with prey diameter as the dependent variable , species as the factor : f 4 , 57 = 5 . 83 , p < 0 . 001 with svl as the covariate ; f 4 , 52 = 2 . 73 , p = 0 . 04 with jaw length as the covariate ; and f 4 , 57 = 2 . 38 , p = 0 . 06 with body diameter as the covariate ) .
we thank sara forniasero , jean marie balouard , loïc chaigneau , and mac and ben shine for help with dissections , and all the anonymous collectors , especially in rca and cameroon . p . golay provided useful comments . we warmly thank rex cambag for livening up the atmosphere during dissections . the australian research council , and the european community ( programme marie curie ) supported the work financially .
le cycle sexuel chez vipera aspis ( l . ) dans l ' ouest de la . france
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the head has a snout that is relatively blunt ( i . e . , more rounded than in other members of this genus ) , on the sides of which the nostrils are positioned . the circumorbital ring consists of 2 - 3 preoculars , 1 - 2 postoculars , and 1 - 2 suboculars that separate the eye from the supralabials . the temporal scales usually number 2 + 3 , sometimes 2 + 4 , but very rarely 2 + 2 or 3 + 3 . there are 6 supralabial scales , very rarely 7 . the sublabial scales usually number 7 or 10 , rarely 8 , and very rarely 11 , 12 or 13 . the first 3 - 4 sublabials are in contact with the anterior chin shields . the posterior chin shields are small and often indistinguishable from the gulars .
at midbody there are 15 - 21 rows of dorsal scales that are moderately keeled and have a satiny texture . the ventral scales number 120 - 166 , the subcaudals , most of which are divided , 15 - 36 .
the color pattern consists of a ground color that is usually some shade of brown ( possibly pinkish or grayish - brown ) , but occasionally olive green . this is overlaid with a pattern of 20 - 30 rhombic blotches that have pale edges , as well as a sprinkling of black scales and oblique black bars on the sides . each oblique black bar is topped by one or two black spots , each with a pale centre , and strongly resembling an eye . northern populations may be patternless , making them difficult to identify , while in others the pale edges may be missing , the rhombic blotches may be a darker color , or there may even be a dark brown vertebral stripe . the head has a characteristic v - shaped mark that may be solid black , or brown with a black outline .
rhombic night adder , demon night adder , cape night adder , african night adder , cape viper .
savannas of subsaharan africa from nigeria east to sudan , ethiopia , somalia and kenya , south through tanzania , uganda , rwanda , burundi , dr congo , angola , zambia , malawi , zimbabwe , northern botswana , mozambique , swaziland , and eastern south africa to riverdale in the western cape province . no type locality is listed .
this is an active species that can often move relatively quickly—up to an estimated speed of 92 cm per second ( 3 feet per second ) . they are usually found on the ground , but have no trouble climbing or swimming . they are largely nocturnal , but are often seen basking in the early morning or late afternoon . however , harper ( 1963 ) reported collecting a dozen specimens that were all active during the heat of the day .
most specimens are docile , seldom attempting to bite unless severely provoked . fitzsimons is quoted in pitman ( 1938 ) as saying that , in captivity , they
become so tame that you may allow them to creep , climb and slither round your neck and inside your garments .
others , however , are more temperamental .
when seriously disturbed , they will put on a
ferocious
threat display that includes coiling up , inflating the body ( making the dark markings stand out ) , hissing and puffing loudly , flattening the anterior portion of the body , and striking frantically . they may also flatten the neck and move forward with the tongue extended , much like a small cobra . striking is done with such vigor that small specimens may lift themselves off the ground entirely .
the diet consists mainly of toads , but it also includes frogs and small mammals .
females produce an average clutch of two dozen eggs that require a lengthy incubation period of approximately four months . the hatchlings are 10 - 12 . 5 cm ( 4 - 5 inches ) in total length and feed on tiny frogs and toads .
rhombic night adder bites can be very serious and in at least one bite a child had to have a fasciotomy . we see a number of small dogs dying and having limbs amputated . a bite from a large individual on a small child could potentially be fatal - please do not underestimate the venom of this snake .
the few documented bites involved pain and minor swelling with minimal necrosis . these symptoms usually disappear within 2–3 days . there have been no modern well - documented cases to back up earlier claims of fatalities due to bites from this species . venom yield has varied from 20–30 mg to 300 mg , but the venom toxicity is low with ld 50 values of 10 . 8 , 14 . 6 , > 16 . 0 mg / kg iv and 15 mg / kg sc being reported .
photo by coetzer a ; m . viljoen ; a . van der merwe , 2014 . url : frogmap : 1722
b . fenoulheti occurs from zeerust ( 2526ca ) in north west province , eastward through limpopo province and northern gauteng to northern and eastern mpumalanga , and extends southward through the northeastern parts of swaziland and kwazulu - natal to st lucia ( 2832ad ) . it also occurs north of the atlas region in zimbabwe and adjacent parts of eastern botswana , southern zambia and namibia’s caprivi strip , as well as the higher - lying parts of southern mozambique ( channing 2001 ) . a population on the western chimanimani mountains of zimbabwe is treated as a distinct subspecies : b . fenoulheti grindleyi poynton 1963 . b . fenoulheti occurs at altitudes ranging from sea level to about 1700 m .
b . fenoulheti was treated as a subspecies of b . verte bralis by poynton ( 1964 ) , but was later elevated to full species on the basis of differences in its advertisement call ( poynton and broadley 1988 ) . although previously considered to be allopatric , the ranges of these two species are now known to overlap in the north west and extreme western limpopo provinces ( bates 1995 ; jacobsen 1989 ; this atlas ) . a recent study of the mitochondrial dna of bufonids confirmed the species status of b . fenoulheti ( cunningham and cherry 2000 ) .
the atlas data are reliable , but there are large gaps in the coverage of this species’ distribution . it is something of a mystery why this species should have been so poorly recorded in large parts of its range ; further surveys are recommended .
b . fenoulheti inhabits a variety of bushveld vegetation types in the savanna biome and is occasionally found in adjacent grassland . its distribution lies within the summer - rainfall region .
although occasionally found in sandy areas , these frogs usually occupy rocky outcrops , taking refuge between rocks or on soil under stones . in these situations they occur singly or in small groups of 5–6 ( or as many as nine ) individuals , often together with scorpions and lizards ( jacobsen 1989 ) . in zimbabwe , they have also been found sheltering under shallow , loose , matted layers of sand and roots overlying rocks ( lambiris 1989b ) . breeding usually takes place in temporary pools , such as those on flat rocky outcrops or shallow rain ponds , sometimes in barren areas .
breeding occurs october–february in the kruger national park , but only after heavy rain ( h . braack pers . obs . ) . during the breeding season , males have bright yellow throats and call from exposed positions near the edges of rain pools or while partly submerged near the edge ( lambiris 1989a ; passmore and carruthers 1995 ) . jacobsen ( 1989 ) noted that several frogs appeared on the day after an afternoon rain shower , and some of them were found in amplexus after being placed in bottles . he observed that strings of eggs were abundant at the edge of rain - filled depressions and hatched after about 24 hours .
the following observations refer to a population of b . fenoulheti from lobatse , botswana ( power 1927b ) . the species breeds from late november to late january , at which time the males congregate in shallow rock pools . an axillary clasp is used during amplexus . females produce strings of 2000 eggs that are entwined among stones and vegetation . tadpoles feed on algae on the bottom and sides of the pools and take c . 19 days to complete their development and undergo metamorphosis . according to channing ( 2001 ) , strings of eggs are 200 mm long and one clutch consisted of only 245 eggs .
adults feed on soft - bodied arthropods taken on largely sand - free rock surfaces . frogs kept in sandy terraria often die after ingesting sand particles which apparently cause internal injury ( lambiris 1989a ) .
b . fenoulheti occurs in several provincial and private nature reserves in limpopo , mpumalanga and kwazulu - natal provinces , as well as in kruger national park . the species is widespread and common within its range and is not considered to be at risk because its habitat is generally well protected .
web : frogmap . 2018 . bufo fenoulheti hewitt and methuen , 1913 . animal demography unit . accessed from urltoken ; on 2018 - 07 - 09 09 : 07 : 17 .
book : minter l . r . , burger m . , harrison j . a . , braack h . h . , bishop p . j . & kloepfer d . ( eds ) . 2004 . atlas and red data book of the frogs of south africa , lesotho and swaziland . si / mab series no . 9 . smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . published by the smithsonian institution and the avian demography unit ( now animal demography unit ) .
frogmap is a citizen science project which aims to determine the distribution and conservation priorities of frogs on the african continent . frogmap is building the 21st century distribution maps for africa ' s amphibians . it is a partnership between the . . . . . and the animal demography unit at the university of cape town .
the purpose of the animal demography unit ( adu ) is to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity , and thus provide input to biodiversity conservation . we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists , long - term monitoring , research and innovative statistical modelling . read more . . .
copyright ( c ) 2018 frogmap . adu . org . za , all rights reserved . design by free css templates .
the night adders can grow to around 60 to 90 centimeters ( 24 to 36 in ) long . they are usually dark gray , light gray , light brown , or black in color with gray or black blotches .
even though they are called the
night adders
, they are usually active at day , but some are active at night . when they are attacked or disturbed , they usually coil up and start hissing at their enemy to scare it off . some may raise their head and neck off the ground , and with their tongue sticking out , move froward like a the cobra does .
they eat mainly toads and frogs , but there are reports of some night adders eating almost everything they can find until they are completely unable to swallow any more food .
all night adders are oviparous , which means they lay eggs . this is unusual for most vipers , because most vipers are viviparous , they give live birth . they lay around 2 dozen eggs at a time . these eggs take around 4 months to hatch , when they hatch the hatchlings are 4 - 5 inches ( 10 - 12 . 5 cm ) long .
the night adders have very big venom glands , which are around 10 centimeters long . but even though the venom glands are very big night adders don ' t always use their venom on their prey . the venom would kill the prey fast enough , but night adders usually seize their prey and swallow it . when someone is bitten by a night adders venom the venom does not spread around the body , and only causes swelling in the place of the bite . there have been no reports of deaths by night adder venom .
this page was last changed on 4 february 2014 , at 14 : 29 .
content is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use privacy policy . content of this web page is sourced from wikipedia ( http : / / simple . wikipedia . org ) . some content of the original page may have been edited to make it more suitable for younger readers , unless otherwise noted .
well finally i am back…i have been in the field for the last 3 months working on a few projects . filming , collecting dna for mine and some others work and collecting data for a book i am co - writing .
we have done over 22000 miles by car . some crazy places , crazy roads , crazy people and some crazy fun . it has been amazing . seen some herps i have always dreamed about…and seen some possibly new species ! also saw my dream find for sa herps , less than 30 ever seen
made tons of distribution extensions and documented new behavior on a few species that has never been documented .
ok here are some pics…a very small preview , an extremely small taste of whet we saw and what happened . busy working on the footage , video should be premiered soon ( about a month )
very happy devon . thanks for posting . i just have to remember to shrinkwrap my keyboard to protect it from the drool , when you post pics . wow some amazing species you saw . that ' s a sign you don ' t want to see when you ' re walking or cycling - - beware of lions
i would give a kidney to shoot the stuff that you see on a regular basis .
just make sure it is on ice . . . i ' ll pm shipping address , please make sure it is not damaged . lol but seriously . . . . this stuff doesn ' t just get found on a regular basis ! work my but off ! ! ! but ah it is fun
if i ' m giving you a kidney i ' m going to come with it , once i get my shots then you get the kidney .
those are absolutely stunning ! i don ' t mind saying that i ' m more than a little bit jealous that you get to be out there doing that - and i don ' t .
oh , and funny . . . even though you posted
these are frogs
very clearly , i started out by staring at the first frog photo wondering what kind of snake that was .
awesome pics , , beware of lions ? ? ? lol . i dont think i would be walking on the road , lol
those are fabulous photos devon ! if angie and i decide to come to africa for our honeymoon , you gonna be our tour guide ? ( so i can see some of what you were seeing .
“if we save our wild places , we will ultimately save ourselves . ” ~ steve irwin
general shape very small , cylindrical to slightly depressed , relatively stout , thick bodied snake with a very short tail . can grow to a maximum of about 0 . 45 metres . head is moderate in size and distinct from neck . canthus is obtuse . snout is short , pointed and distinctly upturned . eyes are small to medium in size with round pupils . dorsal scales are soft and feebly keeled with apical pits . dorsal scale count usually 17 - 17 - 12 .
habitat elevations up to about 1800 metres but mainly lowland dry to moist savanna , coastal thicket and forest but extending into more arid savanna regions .
habits terrestrial , slow moving and mainly nocturnal . in spite of the common name , it is often active during the day . when inactive tends to hide in holes , under bush or fallen logs etc . if disturbed and angered will inflate its body with air and hiss and puff . if provoked it will raise the anterior of the body off the ground , into a coil with the head tilted back and strike , tending to lash rather than stab . males are known to engage in combat during the mating season .
general : dangerousness unknown , but unlikely to cause significant envenoming , most unlikely to be dangerous .
description : first aid for bites by viperid snakes likely to cause significant local injury at the bite site ( see listing in comments section ) .
treatment summary most cases will be minor , requiring observation , symptomatic treatment only . no antivenom available .
general approach to management it is possible that most cases will be minor , but some cases may be more severe , requiring admission and treatment , so assess carefully before discharge .
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update 1st june , 2018 : we just set up snake _ id , a cool new page that simplifies snake identification . be sure to check it out !
images provided by flickr - / inaturalist - api . sporadic false assignments may occur .
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out of the more than 2 , 900 species of snakes in the world about 600 species only are known to be venomous . venomous snakes have highly specialized teeth such as hollow fangs , through which they deliver venom to immobilize prey , or for self - defense . a venomous snake bite quickly affects different organs including the lungs , heart , central nervous system , red blood cells and muscles . venom can be neurotoxic , haemotoxic or myotoxic .
though australia is known to be home to the majority of the world ' s most venomous snakes , africa has its share of potentially highly dangerous species : here are the main ones .