peppers pride ( foaled march 24 , 2003 , in new mexico ) is a retired , undefeated , multiple stakes winning american thoroughbred race horse .

she is by desert god , by fappiano .

desert god 's dam , blush with pride , was also the dam of better than honour , a broodmare that sold for $ 14 million at fasig-tipton in early november 2008 .

peppers pride 's dam is the chili pepper pie mare lady pepper that placed in the 1990 bluebonnet stakes .

peppers pride was her last foal .

joe allen purchased desert god from the university of arizona .

peppers pride

peppers pride at richland hills farm near midway , ky . anne m . eberhardt
peppers pride wins new mexico state racing commission handicap . eugene o ' neill / coady photo
peppers pride cruises to win number 16 in the russell & helen foutz distaff handicap . coady photography
not much has changed about peppers pride from her racing days to her current career as a broodmare .
peppers pride won her 15th consecutive race march 23 , capturing the $ 100 , 000 sydney valentini handicap at sunland park . coady photography
indeed , the memories of peppers pride’s remarkable streak have not faded , for her fans and for those most closely associated with the mare .
peppers pride , on the verge of tying the record of 16 consecutive victories , is set to make her next start april 26 at sunray .
carlos madeira rode peppers pride in each of her 19 victories , which included wins in the new mexico classic cup juvenile fillies . peppers pride proved time and again that she was capable of meeting and defeating the best fillies and mares in new mexico , but no one will ever know how she would have done against those on other circuits . pepper’s pride was retired after her 19
joe allen’s peppers pride has entered a six - furlong allowance race at zia park on saturday afternoon in her attempt to set the record for consecutive wins .
attempting to explain the mare’s success , marr also noted that consistency in the barn’s routine and attention to detail may have helped peppers pride reach her full potential .
spectacular bid , secretariat , nijinsky ii , pepper ' s pride - oct . 4th
here is record breaking filly peppers pride at her home in kentucky , working as a brood mare after her amazing racetrack career of 19 wins from 19 starts . this is from may 2009 .
taylor made farm announced friday afternoon that the undefeated new mexico - bred mare peppers pride has been confirmed in foal to triple crown champion american pharoah . the announcement was made via the farm ' s
peppers pride , who won all 19 of her starts and earned $ 1 . 07 million , has produced three foals , including two by distorted humor , and is in foal to hard spun .
“she has a few of the mental characteristics that [ peppers pride ] had , ” marr said of funny pepper . “she’s not stubborn , but she’s very determined , i guess i would say . ”
although these days she lives a quiet life outside of the public eye – and her win streak was never afforded mass media attention outside of the racing industry – fans have not forgotten about peppers pride .
in each of the past two years , marr used an allowance race as a prep race for peppers pride before the new mexico cup program . that is the same strategy he is using this year .
peppers pride’s owner , joe allen , took the criticism in stride . he stated that he was well aware that peppers pride was not a horse that could be compared to cigar or citation , and said that he was simply glad to have her . there is a refreshing aspect to this that some horseracing fans miss . allen and trainer joel marr did an excellent job of managing the mare’s career , placing her in races where she had the best chance to win .
just as peppers pride’s mental attributes and personality made her an ideal racehorse , that disposition has endeared the mare to her caretakers at taylor made farm , where she is boarded for allen and michael stinson , who now co - owns her .
peppers pride was foaled in new mexico on march 24 , 2003 . her sire was desert god , a horse of moderate success on the racetrack . her dam , lady pepper , placed in the 1990 bluebonnet stakes , but her career was otherwise unspectacular . peppers pride is an example of how breeding does not always serve to precisely indicate how well a horse will perform on the racetrack . while the mare certainly had successful horses in her lineage , there was little on paper that would have inspired bloodstock agents to take note .
marr said peppers pride is back in foal to hard spun . as on the racetrack , the mare has settled comfortably into a routine at taylor made . during foaling season , expecting mares spend the night in the barn and are turned out during the day . once a foal is at a mare’s side , however , the routine becomes the opposite . now , peppers pride and her 4 - month - old colt come to the barn in the morning to be looked over and attended to before being turned out in a group for the rest of the afternoon and night .
all of peppers pride’s races came in her native new mexico , where she dominated her division for four seasons . she captured the new mexico cup juvenile fillies stakes as a 2 - year - old , the new mexico cup championship fillies stakes during her sophomore season , and won back - to - back editions of the event’s fillies and mares stakes in 2007 and 2008 . her list of stakes triumphs included two editions each of the new mexico state racing commission handicap and the sydney valentini handicap . peppers pride carried weights as high as 127 pounds , an impost she won under three times .
peppers pride is an example of brilliant management by the team of owner and trainer . they only raced in events they thought they could win , and as a result the mare broke the record for consecutive wins in north america . camarero , a horse that raced in puerto rico , won an amazing 56 in a row !
peppers pride ( usa ) dkb / br . m , 2003 { 2 - h } dp = 7 - 7 - 8 - 0 - 0 ( 22 ) di = 4 . 50 cd = 0 . 95 - 19 starts , 19 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 066 , 085
the joel marr - trained peppers pride has won each of her 16 career wins and shares the record for consecutive wins with triple crown winner citation , two - time horse of the year cigar , santa anita derby winner mister frisky and the louisiana - bred sprinter hallowed dreams . “she’s doing well , ” said marr . “she hasn’t raced since april , but has had two works . ” the daughter of desert god won the foutz distaff handicap at sunray park on april 26 . she has remained in training since that win in marr’s stable . peppers pride was scheduled to make her record attempt on two occasions this summer at ruidoso downs . she was slated to run in the lincoln handicap on july 27 but that racing card was cancelled after the remnants of hurricane dolly damaged ruidoso downs . the lincoln handicap was rescheduled for august 31 , peppers pride was entered and then marr elected to scratch her due to an off track . she has only raced on fast racing surfaces . this means that marr has twice prepared to race and then the 5 - year - old mare has not competed , not the optimal training regimen for a racehorse . “it probably has had an effect and we’ll find out saturday , ” marr said . “but , she has been training well . ” peppers pride has raced at zia park each of the last three years and is five - for - five over the hobbs oval . as a 2 - year - old in 2005 , peppers pride impressed when she made a four - wide rally on the turn to win the new mexico classic cup juvenile fillies , the premier race for two - year - old females during new mexico cup day .
began their careers training quarterhorses in the state . the thoroughbred competition in new mexico , however , is typically considered to be among the weakest in the united states . this would become a source of controversy after peppers pride set the record for consecutive wins . many pointed out that cigar and others with long win streaks had accomplished their wins against much tougher competition .
peppers pride did everything right during her racing career , too . from july 16 , 2005 , to dec . 14 , 2008 , the mare answered the call to the post 19 times and emerged victorious on each occasion , the longest undefeated career by a modern north american thoroughbred . the streak included 14 stakes wins , and she earned $ 1 , 066 , 085 .
peppers pride produced her third foal , a colt by malibu moon , on feb . 22 . her first two foals are by distorted humor – a filly foaled in 2011 and a yearling colt . the filly , named funny pepper , is at a training center in new mexico , preparing to join marr’s string to see if she can follow in her mother’s large hoofprints .
now boarded at kentucky ' s taylor made farm , peppers pride has settled into her life as a broodmare . “she ' s doing great ; she ' s having nice foals , ” taylor made vice president frank taylor told the daily racing form in 2013 . “she ' s just really easy to get along with and never causes any problems . she fits right in . ”
lesson that should be learned from the career of peppers pride is the factor owners and trainers play in a horse’s career . many times when a horse performs poorly it is because they have been entered in races that are too difficult . horse betting requires a handicapper to look at a horse’s past performances to determine whether or not they belong in the race they are in today .
“i think peppers pride is putting plenty of bone on [ her foals ] , and they’re athletic - looking , ” taylor said . “i really love the distorted humor yearling she’s got this year . he’s just a really big , strong , good - looking horse . he’s got a lot of class to him , i think . i think people will really like him a lot . ”
this entry was posted in bloodstock and tagged american pharoah , frank taylor , joel marr , new mexico , pepper ' s pride , taylor made farm by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .
in 2006 , peppers pride was nearly defeated when she won her prep allowance race by a nose with a late run . she then won the new mexico cup championship for fillies by a length as the 11 - 10 favorite . last year , when the winning streak was gaining national attention , she won her 12th straight race with a seven - length allowance win at six furlongs and then captured the new mexico cup championship for fillies and mares with a late rally to win by one - and - a - half lengths . peppers pride will point to the new mexico cup championship for fillies and mares after saturday’s allowance race , providing she comes out of the allowance race in good order . new mexico cup day is november 9 and the $ 2 million in purses makes that program the richest day for any state - bred racing program .
any thoroughbred trainer will tell you that winning just one race is hard . there are so many things that can go wrong in the running of a race . to win , a horse must be talented but also possess racing luck . peppers pride , a filly that raced solely on the new mexico racing circuit , had both , and she broke the legendary cigar’s record for consecutive wins when she captured her 19 th straight victory on december 14 , 2008 .
“she was a tremendous athlete , not only physically , but mentally , ” said joel marr , who trained peppers pride for owner and breeder joe allen . “you don’t do that by just getting lucky 19 times in a row , obviously , or it would be done all the time . she had that sense that most horses probably don’t have – she knew how to win . she had that ability and that sense and that determination . she knew exactly what she was doing .
owned by michael stinson and her breeder joe allen , the 13 - year old mare holds a record of 19 wins from 19 starts , including 14 stakes wins . the daughter of desert god earned over $ 1 million in her three - year career for trainer joel marr , and retried with her perfect record intact at the end of 2008 . peppers pride held the north american record for the longest undefeated streak in history , alongside champion zenyatta , until rapid redux took over that title in 2012 with 22 wins .
database error : unable to connect to your database . your database appears to be turned off or the database connection settings in your config file are not correct . please contact your hosting provider if the problem persists .
2 - year - old gelding broke his maiden july 8 at gulfstream park .
blame filly has now won a pair of graded stakes for new trainer bob baffert .
new to the paulick report ? click here to sign up for our daily email newsletter to keep up on this and other stories happening in the thoroughbred industry . copyright © 2018 paulick report .
publisher ray paulick ( 859 312 . 2102 ) director of advertising emily alberti ( 859 913 . 9633 ) editor - in - chief scott jagow features editor natalie voss bloodstock editor joe nevills racing news editor chelsea hackbarth contributing writers sarah e . coleman frank mitchell tom pedulla jen roytz denise steffanus photography equisport photos ( matt and wendy wooley ) eric kalet business manager carol paulick
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as a sports fan , i love winning streaks , and i es . . .
as the end of the 2011 year draws near i decided t . . .
winx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .
jason servis is on the best run of his career , wi . . .
t . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .
“she’s really a classy mare to be around , ” said frank taylor , vice president of boarding operations at his family’s taylor made farm , the nicholasville , ky . , facility where the 10 - year - old daughter of desert god resides . “she just does everything right . ”
“we trained her to be fit and to do the best job she could , but she ultimately won the races , ” marr added . “it was just something that she had . i can’t explain it . just the ability she had within her and . . . it was just something that she possessed way before we touched her . ”
“she was just one in a million , ” marr said . “and a lot of it was mental . obviously , she was physically a superb athlete and had tremendous abilities . and people will say , ‘well , you ran her in new mexico . ’ well , we did , and [ a new mexico - bred is ] what she was . but it really doesn’t matter . ”
“all the people around her – i was her only trainer , ” marr said . “ [ carlos madeira ] was her only rider . she had the same farrier , the same vet , the same groom . she stayed in the same barn at every racetrack , the same stall . she went to post with the same pony every time . just a lot of things like that . horses are creatures of habit . they need to be fed at the same time ; they need to be exercised at the same time . they need a routine , and she had that for the four , almost five years that we had her . she went to the track at the same time every morning , with the same person on her back .
“joe allen was the breeder and the owner and the partial stallion owner . it was really special . it wasn’t something we went out and bought . she was raised there . it made it a lot more special just to be around her . ”
“she’s doing great ; she’s having nice foals , ” taylor said . “she’s just really easy to get along with and never causes any problems . she fits right in . ”
the yearling colt is expected to be offered at this year’s keeneland september sale , where he could be among the featured horses in the catalog .
“we get some regular calls from people wanting to come visit and come see her , ” taylor said . “we probably get [ a few ] a month , fans wanting to know how she’s doing or wanting to come see her . ”
“i wouldn’t trade it for anything , ” marr said . “it was tremendous to be a part of it . and you look back and you can say that you were part of something like her [ winning streak ] . not very many people get to say that . you knew there was something special about her , just the way she held herself , the way she looked , the look in her eye . i was just lucky to be a part of it . ”
won new mexico cup juv . fillies s . ( zia , 6 . 5f ) , rio grande senorita futurity ( rui , 6 . 5f )
won new mexico cup championship fillies s . ( zia , 6 . 5f ) , la senora h . ( sun , 6f ) , la coneja h . ( sun , 5 . 5f )
at 4 : won sydney valentini h . ( sun , 8f ) , new mexico cup f & m ; championship , new mexico racing commission h . ( zia , 6f )
won sydney valentini h . ( sun , 8f ) , russell & hellen foutz distaff h . ( srp , 6 . 5f ) , new mexico cup fillies & mares s . ( zia , 8f ) , new mexico racing commission h . ( zia , 6f )
april 26 , 2008 : equaled north american record for 16 consecutive wins , a record shared by cigar , citation , hallowed dreams , and mister frisky .
broke the consecutive win record on october 4 , 2008 , in a six furlong allowance race at zia park .
joel marr was retained by the mare’s owners to train her for racing in her home state of new mexico . with several notable tracks , new mexico is perhaps more known for quarterhorse racing . many famous trainers such as
why would a trainer enter a horse in a race they cannot win ? there are several reasons . first , the trainer may be pressured by the owner to enter a specific race . this does not happen as much at the highest levels with trainers like steve asmussen or todd pletcher . those trainers are likely to refuse an owner’s request . at the smaller tracks , however , this happens all the time . the trainer must often give in to the owner’s request or lose the horse to another trainer that will .
sometimes , a horse is entered in a race to prepare or “prep” for another , more important race . in this case , winning may not be the goal . the trainer may simply want the horse to have a good showing and increase its fitness level . finally , a horse may simply have no other place to compete and need to race .
are used to the activity of a race , and many of them need regular racing in order to keep sharp . unfortunately , especially on the smaller circuits , there may not always be a suitable race for a horse’s class level . in that case , the horse is often entered in a race that is beyond their skill level just to give them an opportunity to run .
? you can take advantage of great bonuses and get access to a full menu of betting options at the most popular tracks .
bloodstock agent tom mcgreevy , who likes to work exclusively for one client , has signed on to buy yearlings and 2 - year - old at sales for texas owner mike stinson .
the auction offers horseshoes worn by afleet alex and first samurai , a vip three chimneys tour , and autographed race photos . all proceeds help with the mission of racehorse retirement and rescue .
as california chrome prepares for a shot at redemption in this year ' s dubai world cup ( uae - i ) , interest in the horse as a stallion prospect continues to grow , much to the satisfaction of taylor made farm .
new mexico - based trainer joel marr tallied his 1 , 000th career thoroughbred victory by winning the 11th race nov . 11 at zia park in hobbs , n . m . , with sweet diamond .
the keeneland september sale ' s second book 1 session sept . 10 proved as bullish as the previous day ' s opener as far as $ 1 million horses were concerned , with four seven - figure horses exiting the ring again .
undefeated mare to stay in new mexico for mark - tying 16th straight victory attempt .
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sky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .
follow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .
sky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .
get a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .


cylindera foveolata is a species of ground beetle of the subfamily cicindelinae .

it is found throughout southeast asia .

it is black in colour and is 9.8 millimetres ( 0.39 in ) long .

cylindera foveolata

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cylindera foveolata ( schaum , 1863 ) family : carabidae size : 9 , 8 mm location : vietnam north , thai nguyen prov . , vic . ngoc thanh , me linh ( iebr station ) , 60 - 80 m leg . a . skale , 12 . v . 2012 ; det . j . wiesner , 2013 photo : u . schmidt , 2013
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© carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018
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location : vietnam north , thai nguyen prov . , vic . ngoc thanh , me linh ( iebr station ) , 60 - 80 m
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xenia is a genus of photosynthetic soft marine coral resembling a mushroom , with " arms " coming out from the top that end in many-fingered " hands " .

it is unique among corals because of its ability to use its " hands " to " pulse " or push water away from the colony in a constant , grabbing motion .

common names include : xenia elongata , fast-pulse xenia , xenia is sometimes referred to a pulse corals .

xenia ( genus )

genus has been propagated in captivity , and acquiring these types of specimens is a good idea , since they are hardier than their wild counterparts . some aquacultured names are white pom pom xenia , silver branch pumping xenia , and blue xenia .
studies in the genus , typha : i . metaxenia , xenia , and heterosis . ii . i
by leland c . marsh
pink & white redsea xenia ( umballata ) - the fastest pulsating of all xenia species . silver / green pumping xenia ( elongata ) - extremely fast pulsing , grows fast . waving hand pom pom xenia - so named for it ' s arm - like stalk , topped by a pom pom like top .
species to the new genus . those assignments were made based on examination of type colonies of
xenia is a genus of photosynthetic soft marine coral resembling a mushroom , with
arms
coming out from the top that end in many - fingered
hands
.
i saw this soft coral colony , of the genus xenia , in the egyptian red sea ; each many tentacled polyp feeding at the end of a smooth unbranched stalk .
three new xenicane diterpenoids , xeniaol , xeniadiol and xeniatriol , were isolated from the okinawan soft coral of the genus , xenia . their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis .
xenia nana ; benayahu 1990 : 117–118 , fig . 3 , table 1 .
genus was described by lamarck in 1816 . there are over 60 species , and a few are
a revision of the octocoral genus ovabunda alderslade , 2001 ( anthozoa , octocorallia , xeniidae ) .
. some common names these corals are know for are pulse coral , red sea xenia , pulsing xenia , encrusting coral , pom pom coral , and bouquet encrusting coral .
list of xenia type material examined during the current study along with corresponding museum numbers .
xenia ainex reinicke , 1997 : 45–48 , figs 19a–b , plates 6 , 26 .
xenia hamsina reinicke , 1997 : 49 - 50 ; figs 20a–b , plate 30 .
a new genus of a soft coral of the family xeniidae ( cnidaria : octocorallia ) from japan .
a new genus of nephtheid soft corals ( octocorallia : alcyonacea : nephtheidae from the indo - pacific .
the structure of xenia hicksoni nov . sp . with some observations on heteroxenia elizabethae kölliker .
a revision of the octocoral genus ovabunda ( alderslade , 2001 ) ( anthozoa , octocorallia , xeniidae ) .
xenia crista reinicke , 1997 : 38 , figs 16a–b , plate 23 , syn . n .
xenia crenata reinicke , 1997 : 41–42 , figs 3c , 15 ; plates 5 , 25 .
studies in the genus , typha : i . metaxenia , xenia , and heterosis . ii . interspecific hybridization and the origin of typha glauca . iii . autecology , with special reference to the role of aerenchyma
while retaining those with the dendritic surface in the original genus . consequently , he assigned seven of the originally described
xenia arabica reinicke , 1995 : 37 , figs 47–49 ; 1997 : 36 , fig . 14 .
xenia miniata reinicke , 1997 : 39–40 figs 17a - b , plate 24 , syn . n .
xeniidae ( coelenterata : octocorallia ) of the red sea with descriptions of six new species of xenia .
a revision of the octocoral genus ovabunda alderslade , 2001 ( anthozoa , octocorallia , xeniidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
a new species of the genus anthelia ( octocorallia : alcyonacea ) from the gulf of aqaba ( red sea ) .
most xeniids feature a high density of sclerites in all parts of the colony , such as members of the genera asterospicularia utinomi , 1951 ; sansibia alderslade , 2000 ( see fabricius and alderslade 2001 ) and xenia including xenia blumi schenk , 1896 ; xenia garciae bourne , 1894 ( see gohar 1940 ) and xenia benayahui reinicke , 1995 ( see reinicke 1997 ) ; while other species have no sclerites or only a few ( e . g . , xenia hicksoni ashworth , 1899 and heteroxenia ghardaqensis gohar , 1940 ) .
reinicke ( 1997 ) noted under the description of xenia obscuronata ( p . 33 ) : “nec xenia ternatana ; kükenthal 1913 : 8 ( in part ) ” . the type of xenia ternatana was examined during the present study and its features do not agree with those of ovabunda obscuronata . xenia ternatana features platelets composed of dendritic rods , measuring up to 0 . 022 mm in maximal diameter . it should be noted that the description of xenia ternatana by kükenthal also does not correspond to the features of ovabunda obscuronata .
the frugal reefer , you can mass produce xenia for trade or sale , garf . org , referenced 2010
xeniidae ( coelenterata : octocorallia ) of the red sea , with descriptions of six new species of xenia .
reinicke ( 1997 ) noted under the species xenia ainex n . sp . ( p . 44 ) : “nec xenia ternatana ; kükenthal 1913 : 8 ( partim . nhmw 2250 ) ” and “ xenia crassa ; reinicke 1995 : 43 , fig . 32” . the description of xenia ternatana given by kükenthal ( 1913 ) indicated two rows of pinnules , with 18 pinnules on average , and sclerites measuring 0 . 017 mm in diameter , thus differing from the features of ovabunda ainex ( see above ) . the nhmw 2250 specimen of xenia ternatana was examined and found to match ovabunda ainex , as stated by reinicke ( 1997 ) . xenia crassa was suggested to be a synonym of ovabunda ainex ( reinicke 1997 ) . the current examination of the types of xenia crassa and xenia ternatana indicates that their sclerites distinctly differ from those of ovabunda ainex , and thus those species’ original generic assignment should be retained .
sclerites reveal the morphological features of the sclerites , composed of corpuscular microscleres that are diagnostic for that genus . the current findings reveal that
on the structure and affinities of heliopora coerulea , pallas . with some observations on the structure of xenia and heteroxenia .
one of the attractive white xeniids known as
pom - pom
xenia , or
xenia umbellata ,
this variety can be adaptable but fares best under moderate to bright illumination ( with slow acclimatization ) . photo courtesy of greg rothschild .
xenia verseveldti benayahu , 1990 : 115–116 , fig . 2 , table 1 ; reinicke 1997 : 29–30 , plate 16 .
* alderslade established a new and similar looking genus , sansibia in 2000 . data on this genus is presently limited , but some pictures of sansibia look grossly similar to xeniid varieties known from the aquarium trade . sansibia is noted as having high concentrations of zooxanthellae and occurring in turbid waters .
) , including sem of their sclerites , has furnished the required data for revision of that genus ( halászet al . in prep . ) .
xenia benayahui reinicke , 1995 : 26–27 , figs 1c , 15 ; 1997 : 29 , fig . 12 , plate 16 .
a study of the xeniidae ( octocorallia , alcyonacea ) collected on the “tyro” expedition to the seychelles with a description of a new genus and species .
xenia macrospiculata gohar , 1940 : 96–98 ; benayahu 1990 table 1 listed only ; reinicke 1997 : 42 , plates 1–3 , 29 .
janes ( 2008 ) described ovabunda hamsina from the seychelles and the current findings confirm the assignment of ovabunda hamsina to the genus ovabunda based on sclerite microstructure .
alderslade , 2001 , following examination of relevant type material . examination of the types has confirmed the previous assignment of the following four species to this genus :
a new genus of soft coral of the family alcyoniidae ( cnidaria , octocorallia ) with re - description of a new combination and description of a new species .
marsh , leland c . ,
studies in the genus , typha : i . metaxenia , xenia , and heterosis . ii . interspecific hybridization and the origin of typha glauca . iii . autecology , with special reference to the role of aerenchyma
( 1962 ) . biology : dissertations . 66 . urltoken
xenia biseriata verseveldt & cohen , 1971 : 60 , table 1 ; benayahu 1990 table 1 listed only ; reinicke 1997 : 33 , plate 20 .
octocorals ( cnidaria , anthozoa ) from reunion , with a description of two new species of the genus sinularia may , 1898 and notes on the occurrence of other species .
fatty acid , lipid class , and phospholipid molecular species composition of the soft coral xenia sp . ( nha trang bay , the south china sea , vietnam ) .
here we describe a new species of ovabunda from recent collections in the andaman sea . additionally , we report the first record of this genus outside of the eastern indian ocean and red sea .
benayahu y , loya y . ( 1985 ) settlement and recruitment of a soft coral : why is xenia macrospiculata a successful colonizer ? bulletin of marine science 36 : 177–188 .
genus tend to grow on vertical surfaces in the wild . they are found at depths of 0 to 30 feet ( 0 - 9 m ) in bright light , and are exposed to tidal conditions .
xenia impulsatilla verseveldt & cohen , 1971 : 59–60 , table 1 ; verseveldt 1974 : 2 listed only ; benayahu 1990 , listed only ; reinicke 1997 : 32 , plate 19 .
fatty acid , lipid class , and phospholipid molecular species composition of the soft coral xenia sp . ( nha trang bay , the south china sea , vietnam ) . - pubmed - ncbi
. the tiny xenia crab is usually found in pairs at night , on top of the closed heads , and it slowly eats the pulse coral away . polychaete worms can also chew at your
baba , k . ( 1991 ) taxonomical study on some species of the genus phyllodesmium from cape muroto - misaki , shikoku and okinawa province , southern japan ( nudibranchia : facelinidae ) . venus , 50 , 109–123 .
rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia , aeolidacea ) . journal of molluscan studies , 57 , 167–203 .
genus is susceptible to stress from shipping and they do not travel well . when stressed they produce lots of mucous . this production of mucous attracts bacteria , and being trapped in the shipping bag causes the bacteria to consume the
) and , therefore , the species should be reassigned to that genus . sclerite sizes given for the holotype and paratype in the original description exceed those obtained by us , as follows : holotype 0 . 043–0 . 053 mm
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of xenia miniata reinicke , 1997 holotype ( rmnh coel . 23514 ) . a regular sclerites b pear - shaped sclerite c fused sclerites . scale bar 10 µm .
both the original description of xenia crista and the current examination revealed two rows of pinnules ; however , we found 22–30 pinnules in the holotype and 26–29 in the paratypes , compared to 29–33 and 28–32 , respectively , in the original description . the taxonomic features of xenia crista overlap those of ovabunda arabica and , therefore , they should be considered as synonyms , giving an alphabetical priority to ovabunda arabica .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of xenia crista reinicke , 1997 holotype ( rmnh 18677 ) . a regular sclerites b–c fused sclerites d white rectangle in c indicates magnified area . scale bar 10 µm .
this fast - pulse xenia is commonly called
xenia elongata ,
and ranges from being a long - stemmed and dark brown variety in lower light , to lighter bodied and more compact forms under brighter light , as seen here . while the validity or accuracy of nomenclature for xeniids may be unclear in the hobby , our fascination and love for these magnificent corals is not . photo by anthony calfo .
xenia obscuronata verseveldt & cohen , 1971 : 60 , table 1 , fig 10 ; benayahu 1990 table 1 listed only ; reinicke 1997 : 33 , 35 , plates 2 , 4 , 7 , 21 .
xenia faraunensis verseveldt & cohen , 1971 : 62 , table 1 ; benayahu 1990 table 1 listed only ; reinicke 1997 : 35 , figs 3b , 9a - b , plates 2 - 4 , 7 , 22 .
the xenia we ship you is many generations aquacultured . this is very important since aquacultured xenia are hardier than wild - collected specimens and are without the potential to carry sea born infections , or disease to your tank . they have lived there entire life under aquarium lighting and with aquarium type water flow and movement . a fast growing coral , provide adequate space between them and other types of soft corals . care level : moderate temperature : 77 - 83°f
the pulse coral is one of the most sought after of the xenia genus ! they are either very easy or very difficult and no one knows why ! one of my tanks killed them and another tank they flourished ! the movement of the tentacles makes them appear to be
clapping
and in certain conditions can almost spread and become plague like ! many put them on equipment to help hide pump inlets , etc . small additions of iodine are okay , but too much can melt them !
genus is susceptible to a periodic die off that seems to coincide with lunar events . clipping the tips of a dying colony and letting them settle on their own may help preserve some colonies . also watch out for a little nasty crab that assumes the color of the
) . undoubtedly , when measuring sclerites under a light microscope , the existence of both individual spheroids and fused ones should be taken into account . the occurrence of fused sclerites and their significance to the taxonomy of the genus and other xeniid genera should be further examined .
halász , a . , c . s . mcfadden , d . aharonovich , r . toonen & y . benayahu , 2014 . a revision of the octocoral genus ovabunda alderslade , 2001 ( anthozoa , octocorallia , xeniidae ) . zookeys 373 : 1–41 . [ details ]
halász a , mcfadden cs , aharonovich d , toonen r , benayahu y ( 2014 ) a revision of the octocoral genus ovabunda alderslade , 2001 ( anthozoa , octocorallia , xeniidae ) . zookeys 373 : 1–41 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 373 . 6511
janes mp , mcfadden cs , chanmethakul t ( 2014 ) a new species of ovabunda ( octocorallia , xeniidae ) from the andaman sea , thailand with notes on the biogeography of this genus . zookeys 431 : 1–17 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 431 . 7751
genus is non - aggressive as far as stinging or affecting nearby corals . they do not do as well in tanks with low nutrient levels , such as for small polyp stony corals sps and other corals that need a more pristine environment , yet they will not harm these corals chemically . the
this attractive and fast - pulsing xennid is commonly called
silver - tip
or
blue
xenia for its magnificent tendency to brighten with strong blue - green color when kept under cool colored lamps ( 10 - 20k kelvin ) . photos courtesy of james fatherree .
a survey of xeniid octocorals was carried out in the waters off southwestern thailand in september , 2007 . microscopic investigation of the colonies revealed that three specimens belonged to the genus ovabunda . gross morphological examination is presented here accompanied by scanning electron micrographs of the sclerites . molecular phylogenetic analysis showed identical genotypes at mtmuts , coi , and 28s rdna for all three specimens and supports their generic assignment . colony size and shape , sclerite size , and pinnule arrangement differ from nominal species of ovabunda and thus a new species , o . andamanensis is introduced here . this work also presents a new eastern geographical record for the genus ovabunda .
pulsate , but the species that do will generally pulse about 8 times per minute , yet there can be quite a variation in the strength and speed of the pulsing action . xenia can live from 1 to 7 years , with 3 - 7 being most common in captivity .
genus have unbranched stalks that are short , thick and smooth , from which the polyps arise . they can be cream , white brown , ivory and light green . the color is uniform with just a little contrast between the stalks and polyps . the polyps can contract considerably but do not retract inside the coral . not all
as referenced in this paper , the x . elongata has beautiful contrasting polyps and tentacles . they are one of the more sought after because of this . check your new xenia for xenid craps which will come out at night and look just like the polyps that they sit on top of and eat !
, were also recorded in the west indian ocean ( e . g . , madagascar and the seychelles ) . the possibility that the genus has a wider distributional range is not excluded , and remains to be confirmed by re - examination of already collected material deposited in various collections , or of freshly collected material from throughout the indo - pacific basin .
the paratype of xenia crista ( rmnh coel . 18678 ) features tentacles with two rows of pinnules and 26–29 pinnules in the outermost row . the sclerites are ovabunda - type , 0 . 025–0 . 036 mm in maximal diameter . the original description of the species indicated non - pulsating polyps in live colonies .
holotype : rmnh coel . 23538 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , 20 km off port sudan , s - slope near jetty ( 19°21 ' 33 . 81
n , 37°19 ' 37 . 66
e ) , 10 m , april 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; additional material : rmnh coel . 23517 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , lagoon slope , tq ii station , 8 m , march 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; type of xenia viridis smf 42 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . kükenthal ; type of xenia blumi smf 44 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . kükenthal .
genus . doing water changes of 20 % a month or 10 % biweekly is needed , although it is suggested that doing 5 % water changes once a week will replenish many of the needed additives . soft corals still need to have proper chemical levels for proper growth . adding trace elements helps to keep those nutrients in the water which benefit them . maintain ph at least at 8 . 3 .
among species of xenia , xenia puerto - galerae roxas , 1933 most closely resembles ovabunda andamanensis sp . n . the holotype is described by roxas ( 1933 ) as branched , measuring 20 . 0 mm tall and 8 . 0 mm in diameter with polyps comprised of thick tentacles that are proportionately small and “two rows of slender pointed pinnules , fifteen to seventeen in a row” . the tentacles are 8 . 0 mm long by 1 . 0 mm wide at the base and pinnules measure 0 . 7 to 0 . 8 mm long by 0 . 2 to 0 . 3 mm wide . however , in the colony with two rows ( pmbc 11862 ) in ovabunda andamanensis sp . n . , the stalks are smaller , 8 . 0 mm by 5 . 0 mm , the tentacles are narrower , 8 . 0 mm by 0 . 2 mm , the pinnules are smaller , 0 . 2 to 0 . 3 mm by 0 . 1 mm , and there are fewer pinnules ( 13 to 14 ) . most notable are the sclerites , which are described as “thin , oval discs 0 . 018 mm long and 0 . 018 to 0 . 0124 mm wide” in xenia puerto - galerae compared to the 0 . 010 to 0 . 018 mm in diameter sphere shaped sclerites observed in ovabunda andamanensis sp . n . unfortunately , the location of the holotype of xenia puerto - galerae remains unknown so a direct sem comparison of the sclerites could not be performed .
even this tiny fragment of cespitularia has begun to show its telltale irridescent glimmer as light is reflected off of tiny sclerites . with strong vho blue or 20k kelvin radium lamps , for example , they often turn a stunning solid blue color - hence the legendary name
blue xenia .
they are one of the most highly sought after of all xeniids . photo by anthony calfo .
one of the most amazing things about most xeniids is their remarkable range of reproductive strategies . a new colony can be formed from fragments as small as a single pinnule ! infected xenia with necrotic stalks and captitulums (
crowns
) can still be salvaged by snipping off tentacles , and even the feathery pinnules , to start new colonies elsewhere . photo courtesy of amy larsan ( tippytoex ) .
genus have unbranched stalks that are short , thick and smooth , from which the polyps arise . these stalks can have small oval sclerites , depending on the species . sclerites are small calcareous bodies that can help support soft corals . the polyps do not retract inside the coral , but can contract considerably . they can be cream , white brown , ivory and light green and the color is uniform with just a little contrast between the stalks and polyps .
holotype : huj i co . 84 northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , near solar pond ( sinai ) , ( 29°25 ' 44 . 43
n , 34°49 ' 50 . 31
e ) , 2 m , 15 august 1969 , coll . y . cohen . eight colonies on a sponge , one of them is the holotype . additional material : the holotype of xenia miniata : rmnh coel . 23514 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , 20 km off port sudan , w - slope , tq iv , ( 19°21 ' 33 . 81
n , 37°19 ' 37 . 66
e ) , 12 m , march 1991 ; paratypes of xenia miniata : rmnh coel 25412 , rmnh coel 25413 , details as above , rmnh coel . 25411 , same location , sw - corner slope , tq i , 12 m , march 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; rmnh coel . 6848 , northern red sea , gulf of suez , el tur ( 28°14 ' 10 . 99
n , 33°36 ' 51 . 06
e ) , 6 july 1969 , coll . l . fishelson ; rmnh coel . 6847 , same details ; rmnh coel . 8938 , same details , abu durbah ( 28°28 ' 27 . 56
n , 33°19 ' 30 . 13
e ) ; the holotype of ovabunda aldersladei rmnh coel . 38681 , indian ocean , seychelles , northern coast of bird island ( 03°42 ' s , 55°12 ' e ) , < 30 m , 21 december 1992 , tyro expedition ; type of xenia ternatana smf 43 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . kükenthal ; type of xenia garciae bml 1921 . 11 . 18 . 1 , indian ocean , chagos archipelago , coll . diego garcia ; rmnh coel . 8938 red sea , gulf of suez , abu zanima ; rmnh coel . 6847 , red sea , gulf of suez , el tur , 6 july 1969 , coll . l . fishelson ; rmnh coel . 6848 , same location , misidentified as xenia miniata
holotype : rmnh coel . 23539 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , 20 km off port sudan , southern - slope near jetty ( 19°21 ' 33 . 81
n , 37°19 ' 37 . 66
e ) , 6 m , april 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; paratype : rmnh coel . 23540 , same location , 5 m s - jetty , october 1992 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; additional material : rmnh coel . 23535 , red sea , gulf of aqaba , aqaba , saudi arabian border bay ( 29°21 ' 37 . 31
n , 34°57 ' 39 . 48
e ) , october 1989 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; nhmw 2250 , saudi arabia ; holotype of xenia crassa smf 39 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . kükenthal ; holotype of xenia ternatana smf 43 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . kükenthal .
genus reach sexual maturity within one year , and have several methods of reproduction . they will reproduce naturally in captivity by longitudinal fission , notably several times a month once the colony is mature . they will also use budding as another way of reproducing , or pinnitomy ( pinnules falling from the polyps and attaching to the substrate to start new colonies ) . some aquarists have actually snipped off individual polyps from the cap of dying colonies , and found that they will settle elsewhere in the aquarium and start new colonies . some species will expel brooded planulae ( free - swimming larvae ) in some captive environments .
holotype and five paratypes : huj i co . 72 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , marsa murach ( 29°25 ' 34 . 44
n , 34°50 ' 10 . 46
e ) , 1–4 m , 15 september 1969 , coll . y . cohen ; holotype of ovabunda obscuronata huj i co . 120 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , ras el muqebla ( 29°24 ' 1 . 20
n , 34°48 ' 41 . 99
e ) , 12 m , 16 august 1971 , coll . y . cohen ; holotype of xenia ternatana smf 43 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . kükenthal .
holotype : rmnh coel . 18673 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , saudi arabian border bay , 20 km south of aqaba ( 29°21 ' 37 . 31
n , 34°57 ' 39 . 48
e ) , 15 m , 12 november 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke . paratypes : rmnh coel . 18675 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , nature reserve ( aqaba ) , marine science station ( mss ) , 10 km south of aqaba ( 29°27 ' 27 . 33
n , 34°58 ' 24 . 19
e ) , 15 m , 4 november 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; rmnh coel . 18676 , location as above , 12 m , 5 november 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; additional material : holotype of xenia crista rmnh coel . 18677 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , nature reserve ( aqaba ) , marine science station ( mss ) , 10 km south of aqaba ( 29°27 ' 27 . 33
n , 34°58 ' 24 . 19
e ) , 12 m , october 1989 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; paratype of xenia crista rmnh coel . 18678 , location as above , 15 m , october 1990 , coll . g . b . reinicke .
could this be sansibia ? many odd little soft corals are acquired as incidental growths on rock and with other collected invertebrates . wishful aquarists like myself retreat to the scientific and hobby literature to try to find a name for such surprise guests . identification by image alone , however , is impractical and unrealistic for most any coral - to the genus level , let alone species . i think i can hear my dear friend eric borneman weeping in a corner as i declare that this must be sansibia because i just bought a new book with a picture that looks just like it ! and for our next trick , lets rename all of the acroporids in our tanks because charlie veron came out with a new book series , shall we ? photo by anthony calfo .
re - examination and appropriate re - descriptions of octocoral type material , as conducted in the current study , is highly important in an era of molecular phylogeny and increasing phylogeographic studies , despite the difficulty or inability to extract dna from the types themselves . this kind of comprehensive study based mainly on type material is a critical first step in the process of understanding phylogenetic relationships among species and genera , and their ecology . due to similar morphologies in the case of xenia and ovabunda , further analysis is needed in order to reveal their radiation , especially in regions where they have a sympatric distribution . there is also a need to validate the current ovabunda species , through an integrated taxonomic effort , combining molecular genetic evidence of species boundaries , ecological , and reproductive differences .
at the time of examination the holotype was dry , and therefore precise dimensions of the pinnules could not be obtained . the original description ( verseveldt and cohen 1971 : 62 ) indicated that : “the colony is 25 mm high . the stem is 15 mm high and 5–6 mm wide at the base , then narrows to 3–4 mm and widens again to 7 mm or more at the beginning of the polyparium . the anthocodiae are up to 10 mm long . . . the tentacles are 5–6 . 5 mm long” . it is evident that the dimensions of the dried holotype are smaller than those of the original . the other features of the holotype recorded correspond to the original description , including two rows of pinnules , 17–24 pinnules in the outermost row , and sclerite diameter up to 0 . 044 mm ( vs . 17–23 and 0 . 042 mm , in the original description ) . reinicke ( 1997 ) presented a sem micrograph of a single sclerite of ovabunda faraunensis which later led alderslade ( 2001 ) to assign it to the genus ovabunda .
xenia macrospiculata was originally described by gohar ( 1940 ) from ghardaqa , egyptian red sea , as having pulsating tentacles , bearing three , occasionally two , rows of pinnules , with 12–16 pinnules in the outermost row ( and 10–14 pinnules on the middle row , 0–10 on the oral one ) . that study did not indicate the museum in which the type was deposited . the last author of the current study searched in the museums listed in the methods and found no trace of it ; over time this type was probably lost . the designation of a neotype in this revision is thus necessary . the purpose of the designation is to clarify the species’ taxonomic status and its assignment to ovabunda . although the sclerites were described quite accurately in the original description ( 0 . 024–0 . 036 mm in diameter , and “spicules fused in pairs” ) , sem micrographs of the sclerites are essential as in the other species of the revision .
we also examined additional colonies that were identified by reinicke ( 1997 ) as xenia miniata . specimen rmnh coel . 6848 has two rows of pinnules , with 12–14 pinnules in the outermost row ; its sclerites are ovabunda - type , reaching up to 0 . 051 mm in maximal diameter . based on sclerite size , number of pinnule rows and number of pinnules in the outermost row , this specimen should be reassigned to ovabunda biseriata . specimen rmnh coel . 6847 has two rows of pinnules , with 10–11 pinnules in the outermost row ; and its sclerites are also of the ovabunda - type , reaching up to 0 . 045 mm in maximal diameter . rmnh coel . 8938 has two rows of pinnules , but with only 8–9 in the outermost row ; its sclerites are ovabunda - type , reaching up to 0 . 047 mm in maximal diameter . based on the number of rows of pinnules on the tentacles , the number of pinnules in the outermost row , and the size and microstructure of sclerites , the latter two colonies also belong to ovabunda impulsatilla .
holotype : rmnh coel . 23904 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , off port sudan , reef flat ( 19°21 ' 33 . 81
n , 37°19 ' 37 . 66
e ) , 6 april 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; paratypes : rmnh coel . 23902 , same data as above , april 1991 ; rmnh coel . 25906 , same locality sw corner , 15 m ; rmnh coel . 23553 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , lagoon slope near tq ii , 12 m , october 1992 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; additional material : rmnh coel . 23552 , same locality , w - slope , tq iv , 12 m , april 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; rmnh coel . 25903 , same locality , se corner , reef flat ; rmnh coel . 25905 sw corner , 15 m ; rmnh coel . 23907 , near southern jetty , 10 m ; all april 1991 , all coll . g . b . reinicke ; rmnh coel . 23908 , indian ocean , madagascar , 1960 , coll . m . cherbounier , mnhn oct . a . 1993 . 16 ; holotype of xenia grasshoffi smf 2616 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , elat , 1 january 1968 , coll . grasshoff m .
cordeiro , r . ; van ofwegen , l . ; williams , g . ( 2018 ) . world list of octocorallia .
benayahu , y ( 1993 ) . corals of the south - west indian ocean . i . alcyonacea from sodwana bay , south africa . oceanographic research institute , investigational report no . 67 . 16 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
fabricius , k . & p . alderslade , 2001 . soft corals & sea fans : a comprehensive guide to the tropical shallow water genera of the central - west pacific , the indian ocean and the red sea . australian institute of marine science , pp . i - vii + 1 - 264 .
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i ' d love to give your clam a new house . i have 110g reef tank set up 25 hrs . he ' d love it !
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are some of the most endearing corals , and are highly favored by reef enthusiasts . with their pulsing heads and the gentle waving of their polyps in the water , they produce an almost mesmerizing affect to the viewer . since they tend to grow in the direction of the water flow that they are near , you can get them to grow where you want in the reef tank . getting them to grow up the back wall of the aquarium makes for an interesting display .
pulsate , but the species that do will generally pulse about 8 times per minute , yet there can be quite a variation in the strength and speed of the pulsing action .
corals pulse . many experts and aquarists attribute a variety of reasons for the pulsing phenomena . one thought is that they are pulsating to help with respiration and gas exchange . water chemistry also plays a role in their pulsing , along with lighting and current , just what combination is hard to tell . they are sensitive to falling or low ph and will stop pulsing when the ph is below 8 . 3 . adding small amounts of carbon will take some organics out of the water . some aquarists have found this to induce the polyps to pulse , as if the coral is trying to try pull more nutrients from the water . supplements of iodine are also suggested by some , but with caution as lugol ' s has been found to be detrimental to some
corals are not the only pulsing corals . the xeniidae family itself is considered unique in the coral world because of this ability . from this family , at least five other genera will pulse . some of those common to aquarists include the pom pom zenias of the
corals form an encrusting mat and their cylindrical polyps grow directly from that base .
polyps rise from a capitulum ( top of the stalk ) forming small colonies that are only a few inches tall ( up to 4
) .
can be easy to care for , depending on proper handling procedures . if you need to handle them , do so very briefly and with gloved fingers . when handled they stress and produce lots of mucous , which in turn attracts bacteria , leading to death . this is also the reason they do not travel well . this production of mucous attracts bacteria , and being trapped in the shipping bag causes the bacteria to consume the
. though their primary difficulty is in shipping , once established in the aquarium they can be very hardy and are one of the fastest corals to multiply .
xeniids have been found growing in water polluted by pipes of hotels and resorts . they are almost like an aquatic weed . they are the first to form colonies on a reef area and can
walk
with attachment and detachment of their stalks and branches . in the wake of their
walk
they will encrust over other living corals and plants .
the stalk has a grouping of feathery polyps at the end , with each polyp having a 1
to 2
long stem . their tentacles are pinnate , or feathering to different degrees , depending on the species . deep water species have thinner tentacles and pinnules , and shallower species are thicker with more robust attributes . for example ,
polyps rise from a capitulum ( top of the stalk ) and form small colonies that are only a few inches tall ( up to 4
) .
can be easy to care for , depending on proper handling procedures . if you need to handle them , do so very briefly and with gloved fingers . when handled they stress and produce lots of mucous , which in turn attracts bacteria , leading to death . though their primary care difficulty is in shipping , once established in the aquarium they are can be very hardy and are one of the fastest corals to multiply .
corals have developed several feeding strategies . they can absorb dissolved organic matter , some species capture microscopic food particles from the water column , and they have a symbiotic relationship with a marine algae known as zooxanthellae , where they also receive some of their nutrients .
in captivity target feeding is pretty much pointless , and stocking enough fish as a source of dissolved organics is all you need . tanks without fish need a mature sand that can be stirred to get the organics in the the water column . some have stated micro zooplankton may be added if desired .
some have indicated the use of iodine , yet use sparingly and do not exceed manufacturers suggested doses . it is suggested to only use 1 / 2 the dosage amount as you start off with your new colony , and then increase it slowly over time as the colony becomes established . one way you can gauge the amount is by watching the development of brown algae , diatoms . established , well maintained aquariums only need the glass scraped free of brown algae about once a week or even longer . too much iodine is indicated by excessive algae growth .
1200 - 1350 ppm . ( magnesium makes calcium available , so if your calcium is low , check your magnesium levels before adding any more calcium . )
a typical live rock / reef environment is what is needed for your pulse coral , along with some fish for organic matter production . attach the pulse coral to a hard substrate once introduced to the tank .
corals like a moderate to high , and turbid water flow . they grow fast under metal halides and high intensity t5 bulbs and similar bulbs . if the tank is shallower than 18
, even standard output fluorescent lighting can be used . if the levels are not high enough in the lighting scheme you have , or you need new bulbs , some xeniids will change color or increase in size . this deepening color change is from the coral actually cultivating more zooxanthellae to catch the lowered light levels . the
if your xeniid is starved for light , it will expand and extend its stalks to try and get more light . this can give the aquarist the illusion of health , when in fact this is a good indication that your lighting is deficient .
leather corals seem to help xeniids flourish , though this is not entirely understood .
corals can move , and will actually
climb
up to areas where there is more light if they need to . make sure no corals are around that can be
grown
over .
can also ' walk ' to split a colony , leaving a trail of tissue that will start into a new colony .
in captivity , be sure to use gloves and be aware that your pulse coral will stink once you pull it from the water . stalked
should be cut longitudinally between the branches and affixed to a solid surface with a rubber band or reef glue . because they are so fast growing , some reef farmers allow the
to grow over netting . they then cut those into small frags and use reef glue to affix them to plugs or rock . the product , seachem ' s reef plus , has been suggested to add to the tank at 3 to 6 times the recommended dosage to help with healing frags .
can be shipped dry for short distances ( less than 12 hours on average and not in extreme weather ) since this will help with keeping the bacteria level down from the mucous they produce . they will produce a mucous layer to protect themselves from the air ( just like in the wild during low tide ) , but the benefit is that they do not suffer from fouled shipping water .
. ( in extreme temperatures , very hot or very cold , submerging them in water would be better , rather than dry shipping . )
suspend the coral in the shipping container to prevent it from hitting the sides of the package , and prevent it from coming in contact with the small amount of water at the bottom . suspend the
when acclimating them , match the water parameters of your tank to those from where they were shipped .
they will shed the mucous they accumulated when placed in the new tank ( just as if the tide had come back ) , so must be exposed to strong water movement to help them recover .
is very easy to find pet shops and on line . online they can run about $ 20 . 00 to $ 50 . 00 usd and up , depending on size and / or color .
i ' m looking to buy a variety of pulsating xenias , pom poms and others i have about 200 dollars to spend please help .
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halász a 1 , mcfadden cs 2 , aharonovich d 1 , toonen r 3 , benayahu y 1 .
department of zoology , george s . wise faculty of life sciences , tel aviv university , ramat aviv , tel aviv 69978 , israel .
department of biology , harvey mudd college , 1250 n . dartmouth ave . , claremont , ca 91711 , usa .
hawai ' i institute of marine biology , university of hawaii at manoa , 46 - 007 lilipuna road , kane ' ohe , hi 96744 , usa .
pmid : 24493958 pmcid : pmc3909805 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 373 . 6511
illustration of colony dimensions . a colony height b stalk length c stalk width at base d stalk width at uppermost part . illustration adopted from .
illustration of polyp dimensions . a pinnule width at its base b gap between adjacent pinnules ; asterisk indicates magnified area . illustration adopted from encyclopedia britannica , 11th edition , volume 3 urltoken @ 34018 @ 34018 - h @ 34018 - h - 7 . htm ) .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda ainex ( reinicke , 1997 ) paratype ( rmnh coel . 23540 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites c irregular sclerite . arrows indicate surface dents . scale bar : 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda arabica ( reinicke , 1995 ) paratype ( rmnh coel . 18675 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites c pear - shaped sclerite . arrow indicates surface irregularity , might represent the fusion area of two individual sclerites . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda benayahui ( reinicke , 1995 ) holotype ( rmnh coel . 19664 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerite . arrows indicate surface dents . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda benayahui reinicke , 1995 ( zmtau co 26043 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites c egg - shaped sclerite d rectangular sclerite . arrow indicates surface crest . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda biseriata ( verseveldt & cohen , 1971 ) holotype ( huj i co . 72 ) . arrow indicates surface dents . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda obscuronata ( verseveldt & cohen , 1971 ) holotype ( huj i co . 120 ) . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda crenata ( reinicke , 1997 ) ( rmnh coel . 23517 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites c egg - shaped sclerites d rectangular sclerite . arrows indicate surface dents . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda faraunensis ( verseveldt & cohen , 1971 ) holotype ( huj i . co . 140 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerite . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda gohari ( reinicke , 1997 ) paratype ( rmnh coel . 23436 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerite . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda hamsina ( reinicke , 1997 ) holotype ( rmnh coel . 23904 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda impulsatilla ( verseveldt & cohen , 1971 ) holotype ( huj i co . 84 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda aldersladei janes , 2008 holotype ( rmnh coel . 38681 ) . arrow indicates surface crest . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda macrospiculata ( gohar , 1940 ) neotype ( zmtau co 25635 ) . a pear - shape sclerite b regular sclerites c fused sclerite . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda macrospiculata ( gohar , 1940 ) paratype ( zmtau co 35790 ) . a regular sclerites b irregular sclerite c fused sclerites d pear - shaped sclerite . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda macrospiculata ( gohar , 1940 ) paratype ( zmtau co 35791 ) . a regular sclerite b irregular sclerites c fused sclerites . arrows indicate surface dents . scale bar 10 µm .
scanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda verseveldti ( benayahu , 1990 ) holotype ( zmtau co 26048 ) . a egg - shaped sclerite b regular sclerite c rectangular sclerites d fused sclerites e irregular sclerite . scale bar 10 µm .
the present study is intended to cast some light on the problem of t . glauca , but in so doing a slightly different experimental approach has been developed and applied . in the first part , intra - and interspecific hybridization of the three species , t . latifolia , t . angustifolia , and t . glauca , produced significant alterations in certain seed characteristics . there were color , dimensions of the external cellular layer , endosperm width , embryo width , and embryo length . . . . in the second part , the relative fecundity of the species as measured by seed yield , together with external seed dimensions , seed weight and the above seed characteristics , were related to the issue of the origin of t . glauca . . . .
magnesium : 1250 - 1350ppm lighting : moderate to high lighting levels with either power compact fluorescents or t5 fluorescents should be adequate for aquariums 25 inches in height or less . on deeper aquariums , metal halides should be used to make sure that adequate lighting intensity makes it to the bottom of the aquarium where waving hand corals are typically placed . water flow : indirect medium to strong water currents are required , along with excellent water quality .
lighting : moderate to high lighting levels with either power compact fluorescents or t5 fluorescents should be adequate for aquariums 25 inches in height or less . on deeper aquariums , metal halides should be used to make sure that adequate lighting intensity makes it to the bottom of the aquarium where waving hand corals are typically placed . water flow : indirect medium to strong water currents are required , along with excellent water quality .
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why phytoplankton : phytoplankton is very important to marine life . it is the primary producers in the ocean . crucial to the development and survival of most , if not all marine animals . but what is phytoplankton ? it is just a fancy word for tiny floating plants ( such as diatoms and dinoflagellates ) , which serve the same role in the food chains of the oceans as grass and shrubs serve on land ; namely small things eat them . many coral reef animals feed directly on phytoplankton . some essential nutrients provided by phytoplankton cannot be synthesized by animals , and therefore are extremely important components of a healthy diet . click here for more information on the importance of phytoplankton for your corals