a woodlouse ( plural woodlice ) is a terrestrial isopod crustacean with a rigid , segmented , long exoskeleton and fourteen jointed limbs .

woodlice mostly feed on dead plant material , and they are usually active at night .

woodlice form the suborder oniscidea within the order isopoda , with over 5,000 known species .

woodlice in the genus armadillidium and in the family armadillidae can roll up into an almost perfect sphere as a defensive mechanism , hence some of the common names such as pill bug or roly-poly .

most woodlice , however , can not do this .

woodlouse

and the area which the woodlouse inhabits . the woodlouse is found in nearly every
porcellio scaber ( otherwise known as the common rough woodlouse or simply rough woodlouse ) , is a species of european woodlouse .
this is the british english definition of woodlouse . view american english definition of woodlouse .
the common woodlouse is the most widespread species of woodlouse in the british isles , both geographically and ecologically .
the female woodlouse lays around 24 eggs which she keeps inside a brood pouch . the woodlouse eggs hatch after an
the ' reading woodlouse watch 1987 ' - s . p . hopkin download paper
the woodlouse is found in dark , damp places in forests and jungles throughout the world . the woodlouse feeds on decaying leaf and plant matter on the forest floor , meaning that the woodlouse plays a vital role in the natural carbon dioxide cycle .
, it is one of the
big five
species of woodlouse . it has also colonised
common woodlouse : the origin of the common woodlouse and a description are a part of the information found on this link to the slater museum of natural history / university of puget sound website .
while their closest modern descendant is the horseshoe crab , they bear close resemblance to the modern woodlouse .
also include common pill woodlouse , roly poly , and german ' kugelassel ' . the genus was once
the species are noted for resemblance to the common woodlouse or pill bug , to which they are related .
to anyone with the intelligence of a woodlouse it is obvious that they have had more than ample warning .
oniscus asellus , the common woodlouse , is one of the largest and most common species of woodlouse in the british isles and western and northern europe , growing to lengths of 16 mm and widths of 6 mm .
the first 3 - 5 are dug by a single woodlouse , which then stops to guard the new burrow .
bibble - bug , chooky , chuggy pig , roly - poly . . . the many names of the woodlouse
of just a few days exposing the woodlouse babies . due to the fact that the baby woodlice take a number of months to fully develop , the mother woodlouse will often stay close to her young until they are adult woodlice .
pub . med . verified bites by the woodlouse spider , dysdera crocata . vetter , rs , isbister , gk .
but a crustacean , that has 14 parts to its body , which gives the woodlouse the flexibility to be able to curl into a ball to protect itself from danger . this means that only the hard outer shell of the woodlouse is exposed .
source / reference article learn how you can use or cite the woodlouse article in your website content , school work and other projects .
isopods live in the sea , in fresh water , or on land and include familiar animals such as the sea slater and woodlouse .
a female woodlouse will keep fertilised eggs in a marsupium on the underside of her body until they hatch into small , white offspring .
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a single woodlouse , ( pea bugs and roly - polies are commonly used names due to the woodlouse’s ability to roll itself into a ball when in danger ) may not bother you too much , however , an infestation of woodlice ( the plural for woodlouse ) is usually a sign that your home has sufficient damp and decaying wood for them to thrive , meaning its time to call pest control professionals immediately .
if a foraging woodlouse can not find the burrow entrance on its return , it employs a complex and efficient strategy to find it again .
these woodlice are three of the five species most commonly found in gardens - together with the other two species , they are known as the ‘famous five’ . the remaining two in this club are common pigmy woodlouse , trichoniscus pusillus , and the common shiny woodlouse , oniscus asellus .
the common woodlouse is one of the largest native woodlice in britain , at up to 16 mm ( 0 . 63 in ) long .
a more obvious animal connection is the armadillo , reflected in the latin name of the pill woodlouse , armadillidium . both creatures have a protective , ridged body , and the woodlouse in some ways resembles a miniature armadillo – which gets its name from the spanish armado , ‘armed one’ .
natureplus : wildlife garden blog : bibble - bug , chooky , chuggy pig , roly - poly . . . the many names of the woodlouse
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, some are even bigger . the woodlouse has an average lifespan of around 2 years but some are known to get up to 4 years old .
a is another relative of the woodlouse , it lives in the splash zone on rocky shores and can grow surprisingly large , about 2 . 5 cm .
one of the most recent additions to the pantheon of woodlouse nomenclature is roly - poly bug which , as with its older cousin lockchest , relates to the pill woodlouse’s ability to roll into a ball . still a colloquial term and chiefly used in north america , roly - poly bug can also be applied to similar invertebrates .
pillbugs belong to the woodlouse family . they are one of the few sub - species which has the ability to roll into a ball when threatened . this defensive stance is a means of protection . because of this characteristic , pillbugs belong to the armadillidiidae genus ; which is a family of woodlouse which share this specific ability .
, known as woodlouse hunters , which feed exclusively on them ) , small mammals ( such as shrews ) , birds , centipedes , harvestmen , and ground beetles .
- vetter , r . & isbister , g . 2006 . verified bites by the woodlouse spider , dysdera crocata . toxicon 47 ( 2006 ) 826 - 829 .
their morphology resembles that of their terrestrial cousin , the woodlouse : their bodies are dorso - ventrally compressed , protected by a rigid , calcareous exoskeleton composed of overlapping segments .
he found a moth that lived on feathers , a beetle , a woodlouse that lived on dung , and numerous spiders that he thought lived on scavengers of the waterfowl .
the general body form of the different genuses explains some of their behaviour – there are six types : runner , clinger , roller , creeper , spiny form and non - conformist , of which the first four only are found in britain . when you pick up a woodlouse , you may recognise it by its body form - for example , if disturbed , the common pill woodlouse , armadillidium vulgare , will roll into a ball . conversely , a common striped woodlouse , philoscia muscorum , is a definite runner . . .
zimmer , m . , t . werner . 1998 . microorganisms and cellulose digestion in the gut of the woodlouse porcellio scaber . journal of chemical ecology , 24 : 1397 - 1408 .
the president and fellows of harvard college . 2013 .
common rough woodlouse
( on - line ) . boston harbor islands @ harvard university . accessed january 31 , 2013 at urltoken .
woodlice are widespread and common animals . this fold - out chart provides a simple woodlouse identification trail to the species that are most likely to be encountered in gardens or in and around buildings .
woodlice have the ability to increase in number quickly . in some species the female lays eggs three times a year with approximately fifty eggs laid each time . the common garden woodlouse species , found inside uk homes , lays one clutch of 150 eggs a year . the female woodlouse retains the eggs in a pouch on her body until they hatch . the hatchlings start life measuring approximately 2 millimeters .
apart from body form , shape and colour , another useful diagnostic feature is the antennae and it is important to examine the individual sections . for example , the common rough woodlouse , porcello scaber , has a flagellum ( end section of an antennae ) made up of 2 segments whereas the common striped woodlouse has a 3 - segmented flagellum . we were equipped with microscopes to observe these finer details .
woodlice feed on dead organic matter , which they detect by means of taste and smell ( 2 ) . the common woodlouse is gregarious , and typically spends the day concealed beneath stones , logs and other objects . when threatened , this species defends itself by clamping down onto the surface ; the feet can grip the substrate very tightly , and this woodlouse is able to cling on tenaciously ( 2 ) .
gunn , d . 1937 . the humidity reactions of the woodlouse ; porcellio scaber ( latreille ) . the journal of experimental biology , 14 : 178 - 186 . accessed january 31 , 2013 at urltoken .
bites by the woodlouse spider , dysdera crocata , are virtually innocuous . the main symptom is minor pain , typically lasting less than 1 hr , probably due mostly to the mechanical puncture of the skin .
and therefore only eats organic plant matter . the woodlouse rarely eats live plants and feeds on the decaying leaf and plant matter found on the forest floor such as leaves , rotting wood and fruits that fall from the trees above .
it’s the turn of swine next : various historical names for the woodlouse riff on a connection with pigs . hog - louse and swine - louse crop up in the 16 th century , with timber - sow in the 17 th and sow - bug found by the 18 th century ; hog - beetle was another rare option . this is also seen in other languages – for instance , the spanish cochinilla , ‘woodlouse’ , is the diminutive of cochina , ‘sow’ .
bilton , d . t . , goode , d . and mallet , j . ( 1999 ) genetic differentiation and natural hybridisation between two morphological forms of the common woodlouse , oniscus asellus linnaeus 1758 . heredity , 82 : 462 - 469 .
did you find any words particular to reading ? the only local word anybody mentioned was ' cheeselog ' ( meaning ' woodlouse ' - ed ) . i think it comes from an american cake that ' s long and thin , and has segments .
around my way children sometimes call them ' cheesy - bobs ' . to me they were always ' woodlice ' . there seems to be mostly the type of woodlouse which doesn ' t roll up where i live . they are flatter and dull , compared with the ones which do roll up . i remember as a child finding a curled up woodlouse , and throwing it down on the patio to see if it bounced . it did , quite well , but i felt so guilty in case i hurt it .
in our brief foray in the bitter wind , we found 5 different species - four of the famous five and porcellio dilatatus . we know there are at least seven different species in the garden in addition to the honourary woodlouse , the landhopper , arcitralitrus dorrieni .
the common woodlouse occurs in moist places in many habitats , and is frequently found under bark and amongst leaf litter in gardens and woodlands ( 1 ) . this species avoids dry habitats , and unlike many woodlice , it can tolerate acid soils ( 2 ) .
ubiquitous throughout britain , the common woodlouse ( subspecies oniscus asellus asellus ) is one of the most widespread and common terrestrial arthropods in western europe ( 3 ) . the subspecies o . asellus occidentalis is found mainly in the south - west of britain and western france ( 3 ) .
ubiquitous throughout britain , the common woodlouse ( subspecies oniscus asellus asellus ) is one of the most widespread and common terrestrial arthropods in western europe ( 3 ) . the subspecies o . asellus occidentalis is found mainly in the south - west of britain and western france ( 3 ) .
the study day , held in the angela marmont centre for uk biodiversity , was led by museum scientists miranda lowe and duncan sivell and covered an introduction to woodlouse anatomy and classification , as well as ecology and recording methods . below are just a few of the many interesting facts we learnt :
the common woodlouse is one of the commonest and widely spread of the british woodlice ( 1 ) . woodlice are not insects , but are crustaceans ; more closely related to crabs and shrimps than insects . the body is divided into three main regions , the head , the thorax ( known in woodlice as the ' pereion ' ) , and the abdomen ( ' pleon ' ) ( 2 ) . the common woodlouse is typically grey with irregular light patches , but yellow and orange forms may occur near to the sea ( 2 ) . the surface of the body is dotted with raised blotches ; adults usually have a glossy body , but in contrast juveniles often have a rough body texture ( 2 ) . there are currently two recognised subspecies of the common woodlouse , oniscus asellus asellus and o . asellus occidentalis , which differ in the details of their appearance and ecology ( 3 ) .
1995 , olaf breidbach , wolfram kutsch ( editors ) , the nervous systems of invertebrates : an evolutionary and comparative approach , page 193 , in addition , both the woodlouse and the crayfish possess an unpaired medial nerve which runs along the whole length of the ventral nerve cord , linking adjacent ganglia .
hopkin , s . , g . hardisty , m . martin . 1986 . the woodlouse porcellio scaber as a ' biological indicator ' of zinc , cadmium , lead and copper pollution . environmental pollution ( series b ) , 11 : 271 - 290 . accessed january 31 , 2013 at urltoken .
woodlice are not insects , but are crustaceans ; more closely related to crabs and shrimps than insects . the body is divided into three main regions , the head , the thorax ( known in woodlice as the ' pereion ' ) , and the abdomen ( ' pleon ' ) ( 2 ) . the pill woodlouse is so called because it is able to roll into a ball when threatened ; it is often confused with the pill millipede ( glomeris marginata ) for this reason ( 3 ) . this woodlouse is typically slate grey in colour , but red or patchy forms may arise ( 2 ) .
the common woodlouse ( oniscus asellus ) is one of the commonest and widely spread of the british woodlice ( 1 ) . woodlice are not insects , but are crustaceans ; more closely related to crabs and shrimps than insects . the body is divided into three main regions , the head , the thorax ( known in woodlice as the ' pereion ' ) , and the abdomen ( ' pleon ' ) ( 2 ) . the common woodlouse is typically grey with irregular light patches , but yellow and orange forms may occur near to the sea ( 2 ) . the surface of the body is dotted with raised blotches ; adults usually have a glossy body , but in contrast juveniles often have a rough body texture ( 2 ) . there are currently two recognised subspecies of the common woodlouse , oniscus asellus asellus and o . asellus occidentalis , which differ in the details of their appearance and ecology ( 3 ) .
still in use in scotland , australia , and new zealand , slater is a term for a woodlouse that dates back to the 17 th century ( found in the earliest instances as sclater ) . as with the armadillo reference , slater presumably comes from the ridged nature of the backs of woodlice looking like slates .
the landhopper or woodhopper is the only truly terrestrial anmphipod occuring in the british isles . it is not native , but originates from eastern australia , and was first found in britain early in the 20th century . arcitalitrus dorrieni has been adopted by bmig as an
honorary woodlouse
to provide a focus for recording .
the scientific or latin name for a woodlouse is armadillidium vulgare . they may be small , but they have an important role to play in helping decompose the cellulose in wood and paper . they also help break down animal feces and turn it into useful manure . their natural habitat is in leaf litter in woodland and shrub areas .
and they’ve really made a go of it too . there are over 40 different varieties of woodlouse common to the british isles , but there are a far greater variety of different names and spellings for the species as a whole , depending on location , imagination and the ability to think laterally . too many to count , in fact .
there’s not a lot to do in the british countryside , especially if you’re whiling the decades away waiting for someone to invent the internet . so you can’t blame the residents of a tiny island nation for choosing to pass the time creating quite so many cute little names for the common woodlouse . for entertainment value , it will have very much been the facebook of its day .
besides the common maltese woodlouse , which one may occasionally find in a residence , the common woodlouse , armadillidium vulgare , ħanzir l - art komuni , is the most familiar one in establishments and unfortunately the one which is regarded the most as a pest . these creatures are harmless and also beneficial , but seen as pests because they tend to congregate in large numbers . on some house facades each year , thousands cover the facades during the evening and then disperse or die out in the morning . this behaviour is still a phenomenon not understood . this species may reach a length of 18 mm , and is capable of rolling into a ball when disturbed . this ability , along with its general appearance , gives it the name pill - bug and also creates confusion with pill millipede species .
various names for the woodlouse are constructed from the combinations of lock and chest , and though the origin is uncertain , it has been suggested that this refers to the woodlouse’s ability to roll itself up tightly – that is , to lock its chest . lockchest and lockchester are both attested in medieval english , and continued into the 20 th century in some regional englishes , while it has been suggested that the 16 th - century cheslock is a reversed equivalent . as a . s . palmer wrote in his 1904 work folk and their word - lore , it ‘long survived in oxfordshire in the form of lockchester and lockchest ’ . an alternative theory has been put forward for lockchest , that it may be an alteration of the classical latin locusta , denoting a kind of crustacean , perhaps a lobster .
note : of course , these terms are part of an oral tradition , and so while there are pockets of commonly used terms in certain areas , they are by no means definitive , and do get passed down through families even as those families move around the country . so if you excitedly show a grammasow to a friend from penryn and they look confused and explain that it’s just a woodlouse , don’t be too disheartened .
similar to lockchest , it appears that lugdor is a combination of lock and door . a door isn’t as obvious an element in the woodlouse’s ‘locking’ as a chest , and perhaps that is why dor has also been submitted as a possible element in lugdor ’s etymology . dor refers to ‘an insect that flies with a loud humming noise’ – that is , it has an entomological use , but usually for a different type of insect .
there’s no obvious connection between monkeys and woodlice – but monkey pea is found as a term for a woodlouse in the late 17 th century and survived for some time in british regional use . a potentially related , though long obsolete , option is monk’s peason . the addition of pea is ( like pill ) presumably with reference to the shape of the insect when it is curled up – and also appears in pea - bug .
you’ll notice a definite porcine theme developing there too , and this continues across a great deal of the woodlouse nicknames that have stuck over the years . the people of bristol have been known to call them slunkerpigs , or there’s woodpigs , timperpigs and penny sows . in fact , some people from cornwall and devon managed to achieve double bacon by calling them sowpigs ( or , as it came out in the local accent ; zowpigs ) .
britain’s non - marine isopods are divided into two sub - orders : asellota , the aquatic waterlice , and oniscidea , the terrestrial woodlice . just four species of waterlouse , but 40 species of woodlouse are known to occur in th e wild in britain ( gregory , 2009 ) . woodlice and waterlice are detritivores , mainly feeding upon organic detritus , such as dead leaves , dead wood , etc . some will also graze algae and fungi .
please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . pages : 24 . chapters : porcellionidae , woodlice of europe , list of woodlice of the british isles , armadillidium , woodlouse , hemilepistus reaumuri , philosciidae , trichoniscidae , armadillidium vulgare , trichoniscus , trichoniscus pusillus , armadillidiidae , androniscus dentiger , porcellionides , haplophthalmus , ligidium , ligia oceanica , styloniscus , pseudarmadillo , oniscus asellus , armadillidium pictum , . . . read more
with the return of wintry weather there’s little chance of finding many flying insects at the moment so - when not pruning or planting up hedge gaps in the wildlife garden - we’ve been focusing on animals found at ground level under stones , logs , leaf litter and within pitfall traps ( n . b . more about pitfall traps another time ) . amongst these animals , woodlice are a rewarding group to study as some of us learnt at a woodlouse workshop we attended a week ago last sunday .
let’s start with my favourite . it may be obsolete , and was always rare , but robin goodfellow’s louse has been found as a term for the woodlouse in the mid - 16 th century . as for robin goodfellow , he was a mischievous sprite or goblin believed to haunt the countryside ; an account of his purported activities is included by shakespeare in a midsummer night’s dream , where his exploits include leading travellers astray in the dark , interfering with the churning of butter , and playing practical jokes on women .
woodlice : everyone knows them but they’re not exactly held in great esteem , even though they deserve better . in the netherlands they’re known as ‘pissabeds’ , because according to popular mythology , eating them was supposed to cure bed - wetting . there are more than 11 , 000 species of woodlice and other isopods worldwide , 39 of which are found in the netherlands . the smallest of these live underground and are just a few millimetres long while the biggest , a littoral woodlouse known as the ‘sea roach’ , may reach up to 4 . 5 centimetres in length .
pedantic little sod that i was ( am ? ) , i would get almost apoplectic at school every time someone spoke of ' a woodlice ' . apart from that , they are really quite interesting being aquatic . i think they have gills . i saw one in my pond quite happily wandering about under the surface . well if he wasn ' t a woodlouse , he was certainly a very close relative . apart from all that , its name reminds me of a large lady in sensible shoes blowing up horses ' noses and talking in a silly voice to dogs .
some local names for woodlice are roly - polies and pill - bugs . these names relate to their ability to form little balls with their armor plating on the outside , protecting their soft innards . their tough outer shell or exoskeleton has to be shed regularly to enable a woodlouse to grow and mature . the shedding is done in two stages . first it sloughs the rear half of its armor plating and then two or three days later it loses the front half of its exoskeleton . the shedding is done in stages in order to minimize the vulnerability of the creature during the short period it is without its armor .
among the most - read papers at the journal of experimental biology last month was a blast from the past — a 1937 paper about the humidity - seeking behaviour of the common woodlouse by d . l . gunn of the university of birmingham , uk . gunn used specially built chambers to watch the crustaceans — which thrive on wet wood — avoid dryness , principally by hunkering down in humid places and staying still . gunn looked for the location of the creature ' s humidity receptor by removing candidate regions of the body or blocking them with vaseline or paraffin ; he concluded that the relevant organs were not on the abdomen or head .
in the common woodlouse porcellio scaber different parts of the gut were observed with respect to microbial counts , cellulose activity , and degradation of cellulose . cellulose is mainly digested in the anterior part of the hindgut , as was indicated by the distribution of cellulolytic activity and the decrease of cellulose content inside the gut . the cellulases woodlice utilize for the degradation of litter are mainly produced by endosymbiotic bacteria in the hepatopancreas rather than by microorganisms ingested with the food . microorganisms ingested with the litter are digested in the anterior part of the hindgut and may provide an important food source . in the posterior hindgut , bacterial proliferation ensures microbial colonization of feces .
the pill bug goes by many names—roly - poly , woodlouse , armadillo bug , potato bug . but whatever you call it , it ' s a fascinating creature . . . or actually 4 , 000 species of creature . the nocturnal crustaeans have seven pairs of legs , segmented sections like a lobster ' s tail , and prefer humid environments . they eat rotting vegetation and help nutrients in it get returned to the soil for plants to feed on , so they ' re not pests . they don ' t bother living vegetation . these insights into pill bugs will give you a newfound respect for the tiny tank living beneath your flower pots .
, if we ' re being technical ) . my dinner companions were discussing why we call woodlice what we do ; to my grandmother they were always ' cheesybugs ' , but to the others at the table they were ' monkeypeas ' , ' slaters ' ( which to me is a sort of marine arthropod , instead of a woodlouse ) , ' pillbugs ' or ' pill millipedes ' . i ' ve heard them called ' doodlebugs ' , ' armadillo - bugs ' and ' rolypolys ' before , but does anyone know of any others . it strikes me that for such small creatures , they ' re positively embarrased by common names . or does anyone know of any other animals with more alternative common names ?
woodlice undergo a series of moults before reaching maturity , growing at each stage ; the stages between these moults are known as ' stadia ' , and are generally similar in structure and appearance . mature woodlice continue to moult . prior to moulting , the calcium contained in the old cuticle is removed and stored as conspicuous white blotches , these blotches disappear after moulting as the calcium is used to reinforce the new cuticle ( 2 ) . the rear part of the body moults a few days before the front half , and occasionally woodlice may be seen with half a pinkish body and half a ' usual ' grey body for this reason ( 4 ) . the discarded cuticle is frequently eaten by the newly moulted woodlouse ( 2 ) .
woodlice feed on dead organic matter , which they detect by means of taste and smell ( 2 ) . during the breeding season , reproductive females develop a ' brood pouch ' , which consists of overlapping leaf - like structures known as ' oostegites ' , that form a ' false floor ' below the body . the fertilised eggs pass into this fluid - filled chamber , and the young crawl out of the brood pouch when they are fully developed .
this species is very common in the south - east of england , is found in parts of western and northern england and becomes rare in scotland ( 2 ) .
you can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .
occurs only on calcareous soils , except in coastal areas ( 2 ) , and is able to withstand much drier conditions than most other woodlice ( 3 ) . it shows a distinct preference for chalky or limestone sites with stony turf ( 2 ) .
there may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
abdomen in arthropods ( crustaceans , insects and arachnids ) the abdomen is the hind region of the body , which is usually segmented to a degree . in crustacea ( e . g . crabs ) the limbs attach to the abdomen ; in insects the limbs are attached to the thorax ( the part of the body nearest to the head ) and not the abdomen . in vertebrates the abdomen is the part of the body that contains the internal organs ( except the heart and lungs ) . calcareous containing free calcium carbonate , chalky . thorax part of the body located near the head in animals . in insects , the three segments between the head and the abdomen , each of which has a pair of legs .
sutton , s . l . ( 1972 ) invertebrate types : woodlice . ginn & company ltd . , london .
nichols , d . , cooke , j . & whiteley , d . ( 1971 ) the oxford book of invertebrates . oxford university press , oxford .
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sowbugs are land crustaceans which look very similar to pillbugs , at least at first glance . sowbugs are small crustaceans with oval bodies when viewed from above . their back consists of a number of overlapping , articulating plates . they have 7 pairs of legs , and antennae which reach about half the body length . most are slate gray in color , and may reach about 15 mm long and 8 mm wide .
the pillbug on the other hand has a rounder back , from side to side , and a deeper body , from back to legs . when disturbed , it frequently rolls into a tight ball , with its legs tucked inside , much like its larger but dissimilar counterpart the armadillo .
sowbugs have gills which need constant moisture , so they tend to live in moister northwest climates . they are primarily nocturnal , and eat decaying leaf litter and vegetable matter . they may also feed on the tips of young plants , so can be considered pests , but they also help the environment by breaking up decaying plant matter and help speed up the recycling of the nutrients they contain .
the presence of sow bugs or pill bugs in the living quarters of a home is an indication high moisture conditions . this condition will also contribute to a number of other problems including mildew , wood rot and a good breeding environment for other insects .
reduce moisture or humidity level indoors . use bathroom fans , stove hood vent fans , vent clothes dryers outside . crawl spaces and attics need to be well ventilated .
remove excess vegetation and debris around exterior perimeter of the home . make sure that leaf debris ( leaves hold moisture and hide the bugs ) is cleaned up from around the outside of your house . keep rain gutters and downspouts clean and in good repair .
instead of chemicals , use a caulking gun to close any cracks or crevices at or near ground level . houses built on a concrete slab poured directly on the ground , can have more of a problem with sow bugs or pill bugs if there is no moisture barrier under the concrete .
built - in planters are usually a bad idea for many reasons . window box planters and planter boxes on decks tight against the house are good breeding places for many bugs .
make sure all your doors ( ground level , to the outside ) are weather - stripped . if your garage is attached or integral with the house , make sure those doors are properly weather - stripped also .
a perimeter pesticide spray may help break the cycle for a short time but will not eliminate the problem permanently . remember , if you don’t solve the moisture problem , the bugs will return no matter what chemicals you use , or how much you use them .
thorax is comparatively large and is composed of 7 hard individual but overlapping plates .
female gives birth to numerous , live young and carries her young in a pouch ( marsupium ) on the underside of the body . the brood is carries for an average of 44 days . usually 2 new generations are produced per year depending on environmental conditions with an average of 28 young in brood . new generation are white in colour . 1st moult within 24 hours ( 7th pair of legs appear after 1st moult ) . 2nd moult during 2nd week . 3rd moult during 3rd week . 4th instar moults every 2 weeks until the animal is 20 weeks old . after 20 weeks , periods between moults are irregular .
habitat prefer moist locations and are found under objects on damp ground or under vegetable debris . have been known to bury themselves under several centimeters of soil . can at times invade damp basements , fern houses and first floors of houses indicating large number present outside the house nearby .
pest status in rare instances can become pests of young plants ( especially in fern houses where climatic conditions are ideal ) . the slater does not bite and is harmless . in unusual climatic conditions ( extreme wet ) , they can invade houses in large numbers creating concern for occupants . their presence though is short - lived because these animals die from desiccation . neither adults nor young are considered pests .
control habitat and food requirement leaves wide variety of areas to inhabit in gardens etc . because of this need they cannot survive away from its ideal environment thus it will not breed or survive for long indoors . a high degree of moisture is required for survival .
these bugs play a vital roll in composting organic matter in the garden and compost bins . they can be more effective making soil than earthworms .
sowbugs and pillbugs get blamed for more damage to garden plants than they actually do . they are deemed guilty as they are often found feeding in decaying or damaged garden produce , after diseases , slugs and other pests have inflict the initial damage . they are great opportunists .
most annoyingly , sowbugs and pillbugs feed on tender seedlings , young roots , flowers and fruits and vegetables laying directly on damp soil . most active at night , sowbugs hide in dark , moist protected areas during the day , such as under flowerpots , decaying leaves on the soil surface , boards , mulches and ground cover . they thrive under sprinkler irrigation .
> limit moist , dark hiding places . clean up organic debris , boards , boxes and piles of leaves around the yard and garden .
> water early in the day so plants and the soil surface dries out by the evening when sow or pill bugs are active .
> mulch with coarse materials , so water passes through to the soil quickly .
> elevate fruits and vegetables off the ground with old strawberry baskets or pebbles . black plastic mulches are good because they get too hot in the summer to provide desirable shelter for sow bugs .
> plant seeds deeply and do not water until seedlings have their first true leaves . or start seedlings indoors . then to maintain good drainage , transplant seedlings into the garden so that the soil around seedlings is higher than surrounding garden soil .
> a non toxic method for sow bug control is to place a rolled up newspaper tube on the soil surface . leave it overnight . in the morning , shake out the tubes into a pail of soapy water .
another less toxic method to control sow bugs is to sprinkle diatomaceous earth directly on the row where seeds have been planted to dry the soil surface enough to discourage sow bugs . experiment with the amount of diatomaceous earth , as too thin a layer will not be effective and too thick a layer can become like plaster if it becomes wet .
various species of sow and pill bugs are common around the world but they have many different names .
john germon was born and raised in the devon stannary town of ashburton . he attended both the primary and
and has a keen interest in local dialect . john ' s been the chairman of ashburton devon dialect club for more years than he cares to remember .
as town clerk of the south devon stannary town of ashburton , you will often see john dashing around dealing with all sorts of issues .
he also plays a very active part in the community - and at carnival time you will see him in a totally different light .
john is chairman of the ashburton devon dialect club and has compiled this a - z . if you want to know how to pronounce the words in a true devon accent , just click on the link and john will read them out to you .
how well do you know your devon dialect ? have a bit of fun and try john ' s dialect challenge . launch quiz
once you think you ' ve mastered the art of ' speakin ' like wot we duz ' you can put your new found skills to the test by taking john ' s devon dialect challenge .
this multiple choice quiz will help you find out just how much you know about the words john ' s been teaching you . just click on the link to launch the quiz - there are no prizes , it ' s just for fun . * please note - to be able to listen to john reading the words , you will need to have real player installed on your computer .
bbc devon website , broadcasting house , seymour road , plymouth , pl3 5bd phone : 01752 229201 | e - mail : devon . online @ urltoken | e - mail radio devon : radio . devon @ urltoken
we spoke to professor paul kerswill of lancaster university . paul has conducted research into the accent of reading , having lived in the town for 18 years . he made some interesting discoveries about the changes in the way people are speaking .
tell us about your work .
we looked at reading as a contrast to milton keynes ( a new town ) . reading is an older town which is about the same distance from london , so we compared pronunciations . we found that reading is gradually changing its accent and becoming a bit more like london . older people have the berkshire accent , which to many people sounds west country , but young people sound more like london , but not like cockneys .
is this change due to the expansion of london ?
yes . as people are getting more mobile , they move out of london , they commute and travel more for leisure . it ' s these people who are acquiring a more levelled - out accent . but the local accent is still there quite strongly in reading . if you listen to older families , with two or three generations living within a few streets , they maintain a much more local accent .
do you think our voices are becoming homogenised ?
it would be a pity if it were no longer possible to hear where people come from . the people i met in reading were certainly very proud to be from reading even though from the outside it ' s perceived as a satellite of london .
there are plenty of other influences in reading , though , like the immigrant communities .
especially among teenagers . young people are most interested in their peer groups , and that quite often cuts across ethnic divides , so sometimes you find kids of english origin taking on pronunciations and words from asian or caribbean kids . all the ethnic groups share those features .
did you find anything particularly unusual in your research ?
one thing we looked at was whether reading teenagers could pick out a reading accent . they placed the reading accents on the tape firmly in the west country - an elderly person ' s accent in reading sounds to the teenagers like somerset . middle - aged people were thought to have come from wiltshire or somewhere like that . but they picked out the cockney voices straight away .
so , it must be an interesting place for linguists to study , then .
it was interesting to see the clash between something west country and something london .
i am a reading bloke in my 60s , though i moved away in the late 1970s . i remember the term
cheeselog
well , and always wondered about it . as well as slang , there were urban myths associated with the town , many of them rather rude . one popular myth related to simmonds carthorses , and others centred on the public toilets at the cemetery junction ; i heard ricky gervais repeat one on tv recently as if it was a real and recent event . my dad had a broad reading accent . i have retained some of this , but is is mixed with a home counties sound . i heard mike walker , the football manager , speaking a while back . . . . that is how i sound , i think .
i grew up in henley - on - thames just 8 miles from reading and on the borders of berks . bucks and oxon . outside of henley no one i ever met had heard the term
cheeselog
that is until i moved to the high wycombe area in bucks where local - born people were familiar with the word . strange though was that my grandmother , who was from central london , also always called the little critters
cheeselogs !
i was born and brought up in reading , and definitely say cheeselog ! the only other word which i know of which i think is local to reading , is that when children in the playground cross their fingers to temporarily be out of a game , they say
cribs
. ( or they used to ! ? ) i agree that an old berkshire accent can sound west country . i think the most distinctive part of the accent is pronouncing
ow
sounds as
ai
as in
traisers
instead of
trousers .
it always makes me chuckle when i hear other people say these things ! ! i never realised i had an accent either but my student friends from other towns laugh when i say ' fri - dee ' instead of fri - day and ' roight ' instead of right . i too also say cheeselog , and am interested in the theory of cockney to cornish ! ! it sounds true to me ! !
i ' m born and bred in reading as are all my family . imust say though that the main accent in reading is african and asian . true readingers are a fast dying breed
i am from tilehurst born & bred , i was on holiday in floida a few years back , whilst in a restaurant an american lady came over to me and said she was sorry to bother me but she just loved my berkshire accent , i had no idea that i even had an accent but it is nice to know that i have . i also use the word cheeselog a lot , now lots of people i know in the brighton area now call them cheeselogs too !
i lived in reading until i was eighteen , left twenty years for the north - west , and still have relatives in newbury . my friends tell me that my accent is still strong , but only people from reading seem able to distinguish the reading accent from the various london ones . i remember using the word cheeselog and it ' s a word that i still use . i had no idea tbat it was virtually unique to reading . are there are any other words that are specific to reading ?
prof . kerswill demostrates his total ignorance of berkshire speech . my grandparents , who married in 1906 lived in reading in the same house until they died in 1968 sounded nothing like those originating in the west country . i was educated in newbury and have not a trace of anything approaching the dialects heard in devon or cornwall . i once met a lady who sounded american but in fact came from plymouth , and the story goes that since the first britons to arrive in america were largely from the west country , their speech pattern maintained and became the generalised accent associated with the united states today . incidentally , it is
bark
shire in britain but
burk
shire in the us .
i have just goggled cheeselog and was delighted to find your site . i am born and breed in reading and married to a lancastrian . he had never heard of cheeselogs and so i have done my own research into this word , by asking people i meet over the town , county and country . it is true it is a word used mainly by people from reading , but some from wallingford were also aware of its meaning .
i comfrom wokingham 5 miles southeast of reading . hisorically wokingham was firmly part of county wiltshire , so even some local teenagers speak with the traditionhal wetcountry accent . however a more easternn prononciation of words is becoming ever more prominant in the area .


oreta trispina is a moth in the family drepanidae .

it was described by watson in 1967 .

it is found in china ( shaanxi , ningxia , gansu , sichuan ) .

the length of the forewings is 18.5 – 23.5 mm for males and 22.5 – 25 mm for females .

the ground colour of the forewings is either entirely reddish brown , or reddish brown with a pale yellow band on the forewings and a broad , distal , pale yellow area on the hindwings .

the wing markings are mostly dark brown or black , with a yellow distal edge to the oblique postmedial fascia on the forewings and a yellowish brown cell-patch on the forewings .

oreta trispina

oreta suffusa walker , 1855 = oreta violacea hampson , 1891 = psiloreta violacea = psiloreta violacea hampson , 1891 .
figures 171 – 180 . female genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 171 , oreta pavaca sinensis ; 172 , oreta trispinuligera ; 173 , o . liensis ; 174 , o . sanguinea ; 175 , o . eminens ; 176 , o . angularis ; 177 , o . insignis ; 178 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 179 , o .
figures 66 – 77 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bars = 1 mm ) . 66 , oreta loochooana loochooana ; 67 , o . loochooana timutia ; 68 , o . pulchripes ; 69 , o . turpis ; 70 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 71 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 72 , o . hoenei tienia ; 73 , o . paki ; 74 , o . ancora ; 75 – 76 , o . trispina , 75 , from gansu , 76 , from ningxia ; 77 , o . flavobrunnea .
figures 159 – 170 . female genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 159 , oreta vatama acutula ; 160 , o . andrema ; 161 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 162 , o . speciosa ; 163 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 164 , o . loochooana timutia ; 165 , o . turpis ; 166 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 167 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 168 , o . paki ; 169 , o . trispina ; 170 , o . pavaca pavaca ( paratype of o . zigzaga ) .
figures 99 – 115 . aedeagus of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 99 , oreta vatama acutula ; 100 , o . vatama tsina ; 101 , o . andrema ; 102 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 103 , o . speciosa ; 104 , o . brunnea ; 105 , o . shania ; 106 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 107 , o . pulchripes ; 108 , o . turpis ; 109 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 110 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 111 , o . hoenei tienia ; 112 , o . paki ; 113 , o . ancora ; 114 , o . trispina ; 115 , o . flavobrunnea .
figures 131 – 158 . the eighth segment of oretinae . 131 , oreta vatama tsina ; 132 , o . andrema ; 133 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 134 , o . speciosa ; 135 , o . brunnea ; 136 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 137 , o . loochooana timutia ; 138 , o . pulchripes ; 139 , o . turpis ; 140 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 141 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 142 , o . hoenei tienia ; 143 , o . paki ; 144 , o . ancora ; 145 , o . trispina ; 146 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 147 , o . trispinuligera ; 148 , o . liensis ; . . .
figures 90 – 98 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 90 , oreta angularis ; 91 , o . insignis ; 92 , o . extensa ; 93 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 94 , o . griseotincta ; 95 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 96 , neoreta olga ; 97 , n . purpureofascia ; 98 , n . brunhyala .
figures 131 – 158 . the eighth segment of oretinae . 131 , oreta vatama tsina ; 132 , o . andrema ; 133 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 134 , o . speciosa ; 135 , o . brunnea ; 136 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 137 , o . loochooana timutia ; 138 , o . pulchripes ; 139 , o . turpis ; 140 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 141 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 142 , o . hoenei tienia ; 143 , o . paki ; 144 , o . ancora ; 145 , o . trispina ; 146 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 147 , o . trispinuligera ; 148 , o . liensis ; 149 , o . sanguinea ; 150 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . ; 151 , o . angularis ; 152 , o . insignis ; 153 , o . extensa ; 154 , o . griseotincta ; 155 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 156 , neoreta olga ; 157 , n . purpureofascia ; 158 , n . brunhyala .
figures 1 – 32 . adults of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 cm ) . 1 , oreta vatama acutula ; 2 , o . vatama tsina ; 3 , o . andrema ; 4 – 5 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 6 , ditto ( holotype of o . sinuata ) ; 7 , ditto ( holotype of o . asignis ) ; 8 – 9 , o . speciosa ; 10 , ditto ( holotype of o . hyalina , ) ; 11 , o . brunnea , holotype ; 12 , o . shania ; 13 , ditto ( holotype of o . bimaculata ) ; 14 , ditto ( holotype of o . cera ) ; 15 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 16 , o . loochooana timutia ; 17 , o . pulchripes ; 18 , o . turpis ; 19 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 20 , ditto ( holotype of o . trianga ) ; 21 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 22 , o . hoenei tienia ; 23 , o . paki ; 24 , o . ancora ; 25 – 26 , o . trispina ; 27 – 28 , o . flavobrunnea ; 29 , ditto ( holotype of o . dalia , ) ; 30 , o . pavaca pavaca ; 31 , ditto ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 32 , o . pavaca sinensis .
figures 54 – 65 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 54 , oreta vatama acutula ; 55 , o . vatama tsina ; 56 , o . andrema ; 57 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 58 , ditto ( paratype of o . sinuata ) ; 59 , ditto ( holotype of o . asignis ) ; 60 , o . speciosa ; 61 , ditto ( holotype of o . hyalina ) ; 62 , o . brunnea ; 63 , o . shania ; 64 , ditto ( holotype of o . bimaculata ) ; 65 , ditto ( holotype of o . cera ) .
figures 78 – 89 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 78 , oreta flavobrunnea ( holotype of o . dalia ) ; 79 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 80 – 81 , o . pavaca sinensis ; 81 , ditto ( paratype of o . zigzaga ) ; 82 , ditto ( holotype of o . fusca ) ; 83 , ditto ( holotype of o . unichroma , ) ; 84 , o . trispinuligera ; 85 , ditto ( holotype of o . ankyra ) ; 86 , o . liensis ; 87 , o . sanguinea ; 88 , o . eminens ; 89 , o . inflativalva sp . nov .
figures 1 – 32 . adults of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 cm ) . 1 , oreta vatama acutula ; 2 , o . vatama tsina ; 3 , o . andrema ; 4 – 5 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 6 , ditto ( holotype of o . sinuata ) ; 7 , ditto ( holotype of o . asignis ) ; 8 – 9 , o . speciosa ; 10 , ditto ( holotype of o . hyalina , ) ; 11 , o . brunnea , holotype ; 12 , o . shania ; 13 , ditto ( holotype of o . bimaculata ) ; 14 , ditto ( holotype of o . cera ) ; 15 , o . loochooana loochooana ; . . .
figures 33 – 53 . adults of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 cm ) . 33 , oreta pavaca sinensis ( holotype of o . fusca ) ; 34 , ditto ( holotype of o . unichroma ) ; 35 – 36 , o . trispinuligera , 35 , holotype ; 37 , o . trispinuligera ( holotype of o . ankyra ) ; 38 , o . liensis ; 39 , o . sanguinea ; 40 , o . eminens ; 41 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . , holotype ; 42 – 43 , o . angularis ; 44 – 45 , o . insignis ; 46 , o . extensa ; 47 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 48 , o . griseotincta ; 49 , . . .
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song , wenhui , xue , dayong & han , hongxiang , 2012 , revision of chinese oretinae ( lepidoptera , drepanidae ) , zootaxa 3445 , pp . 1 - 36 : 16
. hist . ( ent . ) , 19 : 177 , figs 36–39 , pl . 2 : 98 , 99 . holotype 3 , china : s . shensi , tapaishan im tsinling ( zfmk
) : s . shensi , tapaishan im tsinling , 6 . vii . 1935 , coll . höne , 13 ( holotype ) . shaanxi ( izcas
) : ningshan , huoditang , 1580 m , 26 . vii . 1998 , coll . yuan decheng , 13 . ningxia ( izcas
) : jingyuan , hongxia linchang , 1998 m , 9–10 . vii . 2008 , coll . song wenhui , 13 . gansu ( izcas
) : wenxian , qiujiaba , 2350 m , 21–22 . vii . 1999 , coll . yao jian and zhu chaodong , 53 . sichuan ( izcas
) : wolong , 1900 m , 20 . viii . 1980 , coll . liu youqiao , 1 ƥ ; nanping , jiuzhaigou , 2350 m , 7 . ix . 1983 , coll . niu chunlai , 1 ƥ ; balangshan , 2300 m , 7 . viii . 1983 , coll . zhang xuezhong , 1 ƥ .
has another pointed process on the middle of the ventral margin of the valva , which is absent in the other two species . the posterior process of the aedeagus is blunt in
has been found from shanxi . the material from gansu and ningxia has slight differences in the male genitalia . the former ( fig . 72
) has asymmetrical saccular processes with two spines on the ventral process of the left , and two spines at the base of the diverging branches on the right . the latter ( fig . 73
) has symmetrical saccular processes on both valvae , and each bears four spines at the base of the diverging branches . in addition , the posterior process of the aedeagus is longer and blunt in the former , but short and truncate in the latter .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
song , wenhui , xue , dayong , han , hongxiang ( 2012 ) : revision of chinese oretinae ( lepidoptera , drepanidae ) . zootaxa 3445 : 1 - 36 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 212981
figures 116 – 130 . aedeagus of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 116 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 117 , o . pavaca sinensis ( paratype of o . zigzaga ) ; 118 , o . trispinuligera ; 119 , o . liensis ; 120 , o . sanguinea ; 121 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . ; 122 , o . angularis ; 123 , o . insignis ; 124 , o . extensa ; 125 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 126 , o . griseotincta ; 127 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 128 , neoreta olga ; 129 , n . purpureofascia ; 130 , n . brunhyala .
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megalagrion xanthomelas ( orangeblack hawaiian damselfly ) is a species of damselfly in the family coenagrionidae that is endemic to hawaii .

its natural habitats are rivers and shrub-dominated wetlands .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

megalagrion xanthomelas

david eickhoff marked
megalagrion xanthomelas
as trusted on the
megalagrion xanthomelas
page .
david eickhoff set
megalagrion xanthomelas
as an exemplar on
megalagrion xanthomelas selys 1876
.
damselfly species that co - occur on oahu include megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum , megalagrion hawaiiense , and megalagrion oceanicum in kane ' ohe bay ; megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum , megalagrion hawaiiense , megalagrion oceanicum , and megalagrion leptodemas on the windward side ; megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum , megalagrion hawaiiense , and megalagrion xanthomelas on the leeward / pearl harbor side ( englund , 2005 ) .
megalagrion xanthomelas sã©lys - longchamps . the taxonomic status of this species is accepted as valid .
isolation and characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the endemic hawaiian damselfly megalagrion xanthomelas ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) .
odonata specialist group 1996 . megalagrion xanthomelas . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 10 august 2007 .
isolation and characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the endemic hawaiian damselfly megalagrion xanthomelas ( odonata : coenagrion . . . - pubmed - ncbi
research into habitat management would be valuable . breeding and translocation efforts are being pursued ; successful translocation of m . xanthomelas into regions of restored habitat could be a model for other threatened megalagrion species .
englund , r . 1998 . response of the orangeblack hawaiian damselfly ( megalagrion xanthomelas ) , a candidate threatened species , to increases in stream flow . bishop museum occasional papers 56 : 19 - 24 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2003 . candidate assessment and listing priority assignment form - megalagrion xanthomelas . u . s . fish and wildlife service , pacific islands office . 22 pp .
polhemus , d . a . 1996 . the orangeblack hawaiian damselfly , megalagrion xanthomelas ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) : clarifying the current range of a threatened species . bishop museum occasional papers 45 : 30 - 53 .
reston d . j . , englund r . a . , and mcshane m . k . k . 2007 . translocation and monitoring efforts to establish a second population of the rare megalagrion xanthomelas ( sã©lys - longchamps ) on o’ahu , hawai’i ( zygoptera : coenagrionidae ) .
englund , r . a . 2001 . long - term monitoring of one of the most restricted insect populations in the united states , megalagrion xanthomelas ( selys - longchamps ) , at tripler army medical center , oahu , hawaii ( zygoptera : coenagrionidae ) . odonatologica 30 ( 3 ) : 225 - 263 .
englund , r . a . 2001 . long - term monitoring of one of the most restricted insect populations in the united states , megalagrion xanthomelas ( selys - longchamps ) , at tripler army medical center , oahu , hawaii ( zygoptera : coenagrionidae ) . odonatologica , 30 ( 3 ) : 255 - 263 .
megalagrion xanthomelas is endemic to the islands of nihau , oahu , lanai , molokai , maui , hawaii , and possibly kauai . m . xanthomelas is extirpated on maui and kauai , and was believed to have been extirpated on oahu until the discovery of a single population in 1994 . its limited habitat and small scattered populations may affect long - term stability . the species is susceptible to the effects of habitat loss and introduced species . research should focus on habitat management and protection , control of invasive species , and translocation efforts .
microsatellite loci have been isolated from two species of endemic hawaiian damselflies , megalagrion xanthomelas and m . eudytum , that are of conservation concern . sixteen polymorphic loci were characterized in 32 m . xanthomelas from one population on molokai and one on hawaii island . the total number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 16 and observed population heterozygosity ranged from 0 . 0 to 0 . 963 . eleven of these loci amplified successfully in m . eudytum as well . these loci will be used to further conservation efforts and infer genetic consequences of pleistocene glaciations .
evenhuis , n . , d . polhemus , s . swift , k . arakaki , and d . preston . 1995 . a study of the biology of the orangeblack hawaiian damselfly ( megalagrion xanthomelas ) , with special reference to conservation of the population at tripler army medical center , oahu , hawaii . bishop mus . tech . rep 8 . 81 pp .
moore , n . w . 1983 . territorial behaviour in the genus megalagrion mclachlan ( zygoptera : coenagrionidae ) . odonatoligica 12 ( 1 ) : 87 - 92 .
polhemus d . a . 1993 . damsels in distress : a review of the conservation status of hawaiian megalagrion damselflies ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) . aquatic conservation 3 ( 4 ) : 343 - 349 .
englund r . a . 1999 . the impacts of introduced poeciliid fish and odonata on the endemic megalagrion ( odonata ) damselflies of oahu island , hawaii . journal of insect conservation . 3 : 225 - 243 .
polhemus , d . a . 1994b . a revision of the hawaiian damselflies in the genus megalagrion ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) . unpublished report to u . s . fish and wildlife service , pacific islands office .
polhemus , d . a . , h . oppenheimer , f . starr , and k . martz . 1999 . notable rediscoveries of megalagrion species on maui ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) . bishop museum occasional papers 59 : 27 - 29 . p
polhemus , d . a . 2007 . biology recapitulates geology : the distribution of megalagrion damselflies on the ko ' olau volcano of o ' ahu , hawai ' i . bishop museum bulletin in cultural and environmental studies 3 : 233 - 246 .
moore , n . w . and w . c . gagne . 1982 . megalagrion pacificum ( mclachlan ) - a preliminary study of the conservation requirements of an endangered species . reports of the odonata specialist group , iucn 3 : 1 - 5 .
this species was historically common and abundant in a variety of lowland habitats through the 1970s , after which populations declined . recent surveys have found populations on the islands of hawaii , lanai , molokai , mauai , and oahu . m . xanthomelas was extirpated on kauai and was thought to be extinct on oahu until a single remnant population was found on the grounds of the at the tripler army medical facility ( englund 2001 ) . additional populations are localized on : lanai ( artificial pond at koele ) ; molokai ( mouths of pelekunu and waikolu streams , palaau wetlands on the south coast ) ; mauai ( ukumehame stream , and near anchialine pools at la perouse bay ; polhemus et al . 1999 ) ; and in coastal wetlands on hawaii ( anaehoomalu bay , hawa bay , hilea stream , hilo , honokohau , kiholo bay , ninole springs , onomea bay , and whittington beach ; polhemus 1995 ) .
nymphs reach up to 18 - 20 mm ( 0 . 7 - 0 . 8 in . ) in length . they have three flattened leaf - like gills at the tip of the abdomen ; the gills are longer than the combined length of the last five segments of the abdomen , and each comes to a small point at the tip ( polhemus & asquith 1996 ) .
necessary actions include monitoring known populations and searching for new ones , habitat protection , and removal of invasive species .
daigle , j . 2000 . the distribution of the odonata of hawaii . bulletin of american entomology 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 5 .
hawaiian terrestrial arthropoda checklist . 2nd edition . 1994 . nishida , g . m . ( ed . ) hawaii biological survey , contribution no . 94 - 04 . bishop museum . honolulu , hawaii . 287 pp .
mcpeek , m . a . 1990 . behavioral differences between enallagma species ( odonata ) influencing differential vulnerability to predators . ecology 71 : 1714 - 1726 .
polhemus , d . a . 1995 . new heteroptera and odonata ( insecta ) records and range extensions in the hawaiian islands . bishop museum occasional papers 42 : 42 - 43 .
polhemus , d . a . and asquith , a . 1996 . hawaiian damselflies . a field identification guide . bishop museum press , honolulu .
selys - longchamps , e . 1876 . synopsis des agrionines , 5me legion : agrion . bull . acad . royal belgique , ( ii ) 41 ( 2 , 3 ) : 1 - 282 . as referenced : in zimmerman , e . c . 1948 . insects of hawaii , vol . 2 . apterygota - thysanoptera . university of hawaii press , honolulu .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2007 . species assessment for the orangeblack hawaiian damselfly . available online .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
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endemic to the islands of oahu , lanai , molokai , maui and hawaii , hawaiian islands .
destruction of wetlands by resort development ; alteration of stream terminal reaches for agriculture ; introduced poeciliid fishes .
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nishida , g . m . , ed . 1994a . hawaiian terrestrial arthropoda checklist . second edition . hawaii biological survey , contribution no . 94 - 04 . bishop museum : honolulu , hawaii . 287 pp .
populations have decreased from common presence on all main hawaiian islands to 25 populations on four islands with total number of individuals estimated to exceed 1 , 000 . decline strongly associated with introduction of predatory fish and crayfish which remain a threat . coastal wetland populations on hawaii are locally abundant , but oahu population is definitely at risk .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
historically known from all the main hawaiian islands except kahoolawe ( 6 localities on oahu , 5 on molokai , 1 on maui , 4 on hawaii , and unspecified on kauai ) ( pohlmeus , 1996 ) . until recently , the last report on oahu was in 1935 ( williams 1936 ) and it was believed extinct on this island until 1993 , when a very small population was discovered existing in pools of an intermittent stream at the tripler army medical facility . this is the only known population of this species on oahu . its range is now reduced to 25 populations on oahu , lanai , molokai , and hawaii islands ( usfws , 2003 ) .
the number of individuals across all 25 populations probably exceeds 1 , 000 . a study of the single remnant oahu population ( evenhuis et al . 1995 ) indicated that the number of individuals observed at the site ranged between 20 and 100 based on multiple visits .
the number of individuals across all 25 populations probably exceeds 1 , 000 . a study of the single remnant oahu population ( evenhuis et al . 1995 ) indicated that the number of individuals observed at the site ranged between 20 and 100 based on multiple visits . surveys in the tripler army medical center ( oahu , hawaii ) stream indicated a robust population with numbers varying from 17 to 162 ( englund , 2001 ) .
the species is quite rare on oahu , localized on lanai and molokai , but locally abundant in coastal wetlands on hawaii . given its relatively broad breeding habitat requirements , recovery should be fairly easy if the significant threats to the species were incontrovertably identified and controlled . although the species as a whole receives a lower global ranking than some of the other hawaiian damselflies , the oahu population is definitely at risk .
although extensive surveys have already been conducted , the habits of this species may allow it to survive in small isolated pockets . continued survey is necessary to identify any other extant populations then those already identified .
transplants are necessary to maintain genetic diversity ( see englund , 2001 ) but previous transplants have been unsuccessful due to predators . mitigation water flow ponds are the primary reason why the tripler army medical center ( oahu , hawaii ) population still remains and has not been extirpated , although flaws in their design have are apparent ( englund , 2001 ) .
( 1000 - 5000 square km ( about 400 - 2000 square miles ) ) historically known from all the main hawaiian islands except kahoolawe ( 6 localities on oahu , 5 on molokai , 1 on maui , 4 on hawaii , and unspecified on kauai ) ( pohlmeus , 1996 ) . until recently , the last report on oahu was in 1935 ( williams 1936 ) and it was believed extinct on this island until 1993 , when a very small population was discovered existing in pools of an intermittent stream at the tripler army medical facility . this is the only known population of this species on oahu . its range is now reduced to 25 populations on oahu , lanai , molokai , and hawaii islands ( usfws , 2003 ) .
the males are black with red markings on the thorax , the first 3 , and last 3 segments of the abdomen . the females have similar color patterning , but with tan rather than red coloration . more detailed descriptions and color photos are available in polhemus and asquith ( 1996 ) .
immature eats primarily aquatic diptera larvae , such as midges and mosquitos . both stages are opportunistic and readily accept any moving prey within right size range .
the biology of the species has been studied for oahu ( evenhuis , et al . 1995 ) , and reviewed by polhemus ( 1996 ) for all islands , but more detailed studies are needed for populations on hawaii island , many of which live in mixohaline environments . research is needed to understand the actual threats to the species .
within catchments there are likely no significant barriers to movement of sexually mature adults between microhabitats , with even extensive sections of inappropriate waterway or major obstructions to flow being readily traversed by adults within the flight season .
the few studies determining area of adult foraging habitat surrounding breeding sites have indicated a range of 30 meters to 300 meters [ see briggs ( 1993 ) for enallagma laterale ; corbet ( 1999 ) for nesciothemis nigeriensis and calopteryx haemorrhoidalis ; beukeman ( 2002 ) for calopteryx haemorrhoidalis ; and samways and steytler ( 1996 ) for chorolestes tessalatus ] . as a result , an element occurrence should include the breeding site and surrounding pond or upland habitat extending 500 m in a radius from the breeding site .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
cordeiro , j . ( 2005 ) ; nishida , gordon m . reviewed by polhemus , dan a . ( 1997 )
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
englund , r . a . 2005 . threats to native aquatic diversity in hawai ' i and the pacific , and challenges in their conservation . phd . dissertation , university of hawai ' i . 202 pp .
gagne , w . c . and f . g . howarth . 1982 . assessment of endangered and threatened status of hawaiian arthropods . report to u . s . fish and wildlife service , pacific islands office , honolulu , hawaii .
harwood , p . d . 1976 . dragonflies ( odonata ) observed in hawaii in 1973 and 1974 . proceedings of the hawaiian entomological society 22 : 251 - 254 .
paulson , d . r . , and s . w . dunkle . 2009 . a checklist of north american odonata including english name , etymology , type locality , and distribution . originally published as occasional paper no . 56 , slater museum of natural history , university of puget sound , june 1999 ; completely revised march 2009 . online . available : urltoken
polhemus , d . and a . asquith . 1996 . hawaiian damselflies : a field identification guide . hawaii biological survey handbook , bishop museum press , honolulu , hawaii . 122 pp .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1998 . category and listing priority forms .
williams , f . x . 1936a . biological studies in hawaiian water - loving insects . part ii order odonata . proceedings of the hawaiian entomological society 9 ( 2 ) : 273 - 349 .
zimmerman , e . c . 1948b . odonata . pages 321 - 385 in insects of hawaii . volume 2 . univeristy of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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department of biology , bucknell university , lewisburg , pa 17837 , usa , department of ecology and evolutionary biology , cornell university , corson hall , ithaca , ny 14853 , usa .
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global range : ( 1000 - 5000 square km ( about 400 - 2000 square miles ) ) historically known from all the main hawaiian islands except kahoolawe ( 6 localities on oahu , 5 on molokai , 1 on maui , 4 on hawaii , and unspecified on kauai ) ( pohlmeus , 1996 ) . until recently , the last report on oahu was in 1935 ( williams 1936 ) and it was believed extinct on this island until 1993 , when a very small population was discovered existing in pools of an intermittent stream at the tripler army medical facility . this is the only known population of this species on oahu . its range is now reduced to 25 populations on oahu , lanai , molokai , and hawaii islands ( usfws , 2003 ) .
non - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
comments : immature eats primarily aquatic diptera larvae , such as midges and mosquitos . both stages are opportunistic and readily accept any moving prey within right size range .
note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .
comments : the number of individuals across all 25 populations probably exceeds 1 , 000 . a study of the single remnant oahu population ( evenhuis et al . 1995 ) indicated that the number of individuals observed at the site ranged between 20 and 100 based on multiple visits .
reasons : populations have decreased from common presence on all main hawaiian islands to 25 populations on four islands with total number of individuals estimated to exceed 1 , 000 . decline strongly associated with introduction of predatory fish and crayfish which remain a threat . coastal wetland populations on hawaii are locally abundant , but oahu population is definitely at risk .
comments : the species is quite rare on oahu , localized on lanai and molokai , but locally abundant in coastal wetlands on hawaii . given its relatively broad breeding habitat requirements , recovery should be fairly easy if the significant threats to the species were incontrovertably identified and controlled . although the species as a whole receives a lower global ranking than some of the other hawaiian damselflies , the oahu population is definitely at risk .
biological research needs : the biology of the species has been studied for oahu ( evenhuis , et al . 1995 ) , and reviewed by polhemus ( 1996 ) for all islands , but more detailed studies are needed for populations on hawaii island , many of which live in mixohaline environments . research is needed to understand the actual threats to the species .
needs : transplants are necessary to maintain genetic diversity ( see englund , 2001 ) but previous transplants have been unsuccessful due to predators . mitigation water flow ponds are the primary reason why the tripler army medical center ( oahu , hawaii ) population still remains and has not been extirpated , although flaws in their design have are apparent ( englund , 2001 ) .


xyloiulus is an extinct genus of millipede that lived during the late carboniferous which grew up to 2.25 inches ( 5.7 cm ) in length .

fossils of the animal have been found in north america and europe .

the fossils are typically found in sigillarian stumps .

xyloiulus

heliminthomorph milliped ( spirobolida , xyloiulidae , xyloiulus ) adult , closeup of midbody region . north america , usa , utah . donor unknown .
helminthomorph milliped ( spirobolida , xyloiulidae , xyloiulus ? ) adult , closeup of anterior end . north america , usa , ? utah . donor unknown .
xyloiulus bairdi pl - holotype . see : hoffman , richard l . 1963 . new genera and species of upper paleozoic diplopoda . journal of paleontology . v . 37 ( no . 1 ) : p . 167 - 174 .
xyloiulus bairdi ; ypm ip 221085 ( holotype ) ; north america ; usa ; ohio ; jefferson county ; dump old diamond mine [ linton mine dump ] , w bank near mouth of yellow creek , & about . 5 mi s of yellow creek village ; donald baird
xyloiulus bairdi ; ypm ip 221083 ( paratype ) ; north america ; usa ; ohio ; jefferson county ; dump old diamond mine [ linton mine dump ] , w bank near mouth of yellow creek , & about . 5 mi s of yellow creek village ; donald baird
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full reference : o . f . cook . 1895 . introductory note on the families of diplopoda , in the craspedosomatidae of north america . annals of the new york academy of sciences 9 : 1 - 9
full reference : j . w . dawson . 1860 . on a terrestrial mollusk , a chilognathous myriapod , and some new species of reptiles , from the coal - formation of nova scotia . quarterly journal of the geological society of london 16 : 268 - 277
hoffman , r . l . ( 1963 ) . new genera and species of upper paleozoic diplopoda . journal of paleontology , 37 ( 1 ) : 167 - 174 page ( s ) : 171 [ details ]
see : hoffman , richard l . 1963 . new genera and species of upper paleozoic diplopoda . journal of paleontology . v . 37 ( no . 1 ) : p . 167 - 174 .
north america ; usa ; ohio ; jefferson county ; dump old diamond mine [ linton mine dump ] , w bank near mouth of yellow creek , & about . 5 mi s of yellow creek village
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adult lateral view of whole body . north america , usa , utah . donor unknown .
adult closeup of caudal end . north america , usa , utah . donor unknown .
description : the fossil history of millipedes dates back to the silurian , with some fossil burrows which may be attributed to millipedes having been found in the devonian . since millipedes live in habitats such as moist forest floors , fossilization is a very chancy occurrence . it is thought that they made the transition to fully terrestrial forms early in their evolutionary history . this one has some preserved legs in evidence . the genus was originally named xylobius , but was changed when that name was found to be preoccupied by a eucnemid beetle . the genus ( usually with the incorrect name attached ) was also found in north america and the czech republic .


adults have off-white forewings with a faint brown pattern .

chamaita barnardi

chamaita barnardi ( t . p . lucas , 1894 ) ( previously known as nudaria barnardi ) lithosiinae , arctiidae , noctuoidea
lithosiinae chamaita barnardi female view full size photographer : d . britton © australian museum
chamaita barnardi is a moth of the family erebidae . it is found in australia ( including queensland ) . [ 1 ]
chamaita barnardi ; [ nhm card ] ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 804 , pl . 41 , f . 30 ; [ aucl ]
nudaria barnardi lucas , 1894 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) : 135 ; tl : geraldton , johnson river , queensland
chamaita celebensis roepke , 1946 ; tijdschr . ent . 87 : 87 ; tl : todjambu
chamaita fasciata rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 ; tl : dampier i .
chamaita nubifera hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 107 ; tl : philippines , luzon , los baños
chamaita semifasciata rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 ; tl : dampier i .
this species has two distinct black spots on the forewing , with one near the base of the forewing cell , and one at the tip of the cell . the other species in the genus is s . obducta , which has more brown markings on the forewings , and does not have the distinct black spots . psilopepla mollis is similar , but is smaller , with more transparent wings , and has only one rather indistinct black marking in the forewing cell . chamaita barnardi is smaller , has fewer scales on the wings , and has only a few indistinct pale brown markings on the forewings . males of c . barnardi have highly modified antennal scapes ( base of the antenna )
chamaita fascioterminata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 219 ; tl : milne bay , british new guinea
chamaita niveata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 219 ; tl : mt goliath , dutch new guinea
chamaita nympha ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 530 , f . 384 ; [ nhm card ]
chamaita edelburga schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 28 ; tl : mt makiling , luzon , philippines
chamaita hirta ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 804 , f . 267 ; [ nhm card ]
chamaita neuropteroides ; [ mob7 ] , 381 ( note ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 27
chamaita metamelaena hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 565 , pl . 35 , f . 15 ; tl : new guinea , milne bay
chamaita sundanympha holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 381 , pl . 8 , f . 280 - 281 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu
chamaita niveata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 805 , pl . 41 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ]
chamaita ( nudariini ) ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 257 ; [ mob7 ] : 380
chamaita fascioterminata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 803 , f . 266 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] , 382 ( note )
chamaita trichopteroides ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 530 , f . 383 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 381 , pl . 8 , f . 278 , 283
chamaita hamata dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 288 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : vietnam , ngoc linh , kon tum , 14°45 ' - 15°15 ' n ; 107°21 ' - 108°20 ' e
the adult moths of this species have off - white forewings with a faint brown pattern . the wingspan is up to 1 . 5 cms .
series 2 , volume 8 ( 1894 ) , pp . 135 - 136 ,
qld : base cableway mt bellenden - ker 80m 17º16’s 145º54’e 19 oct 1981 e . d . edwards
the majority of images of lithosiinae presented on these pages were taken from specimens housed in the australian national insect collection ( anic ) ( csiro , canberra ) . i would like to thank the staff and researchers at anic for their generous assistance in providing me access to this collection , and i acknowledge the depth of effort and the investment of staff time that has gone into building and curating this splendid resource . in particular , i would like to thank ted edwards and marianne horak for their assistance .
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adults have off - white forewings with a faint brown pattern . [ 2 ]
this page was last edited on 20 february 2018 , at 04 : 55 .
basis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .
= ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 257
homopsyche nympha moore , [ 1887 ] ; lepid . ceylon 3 ( 4 ) : 536 , pl . 211 , f . 11 ; tl : ceylon
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
lithosiine main lineages and their possible interrelationships . i . - definition of new or resurrected tribes ( lepidoptera : arctiidae )
the lithosiids , collected by dr . l . j . toxopeus in central celebes , with remarsk on some allied species
on the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands
catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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( walker ) . they were so numerous they appeared as snowflakes . the tiny moths seemed to be everywhere in the kuranda area even on the busy kennedy highway leading to cairns . as far as i can tell , the larvae are unknown . the following night , there were not so many .
these moths measure only 5 - 6 mm so there must have been millions of them emerging at approximately the same time . what triggered such an emergence and where where the larvae ?
this little moth seems to be seasonal . it is not always found at lights as are the two below .
all belong to the tiger moth family , the arctiidae , and are placed in the subfamily lithosiinae . i have dealt with these moths
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david and family moved to kuranda , queensland in 2002 , following retirement from csiro canberra , australia . david , barbara and an assortment of wildlife live in a rainforest setting . it is their first experience living in the tropics . david ' s major interest is entomology . he continues research in the orthopteroid insects and is keenly interested in the biology of the rainforest . this blog is a narrative of observations made in and around kuranda . and remember to see more insects go to : urltoken and proceed to the
albums
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borneo ! ! why borneo of all places . well it a place that i have visited about a half dozen times in the last 15 years and it is an interestin . . .
an interesting dilemma a situation has arisen recently that is worthy of note here . a large stick insect , the giant spiny stick ins . . .
meet the green tree snake i’ve been waiting for that spectacular snake shot to introduce the snake fauna of our rainforest , but nothing very . . .
nothing has been said to date on the lizard fauna in this blog . kuranda has a nice selection of lizards ranging from some very small speci . . .
well as a tropical low develops over the city of cairns , the titan arum in the cairns botanic gardens continues to develop . it is a wet time . . .
last week during the height of the deluge , i had a look at the light and the tree adjacent to it , a quandong , elaeocarpus sp . , was actually . . .
coremata , including hair pencils , is a phenomenon associated with lepidoptera . they are signalling structures produced by males that are see . . .
a few interesting beetles each morning there is an array of beetles of many species at the light sheet . the species component varies with . . .
the recent aquisition of a truly giant stick insect has prompted this bit of
crowing
. australia ' s largest insects are to be . . .
there are only a few grasshopper species that could be considered as true rainforest inhabitants in northern australia . reasons for this are . . .
these small white moths have only a thin layer of scales so that the wings are almost transparent . they are common at light in regions north of brisbane in queensland .
lithosiinae schistophleps albida female view full size photographer : d . britton © australian museum
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cotachena pubescens is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by warren in 1892 .

it is found in taiwan , china and indonesia .

cotachena pubescens

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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