balaena is a genus of cetacean ( whale ) in the family balaenidae .

balaena is considered a monotypic genus , as it has only a single extant species , the bowhead whale ( b . mysticetus ) .

it was first described in 1758 by linnaeus , who at the time considered all of the right whales ( and the bowhead ) as a single species .

historically , both the family balaenidae and genus balaena were known by the common name , " right whales " , however balaena are now known as bowhead whales .

throughout history , the family balaenidae has been the subject of great taxonomic debate .

authorities have repeatedly recategorized the three populations of right whale plus the bowhead whale , as one , two , three or four species , either in a single genus or in two separate genera .

in the early whaling days , they were all thought to be a single species , balaena mysticetus .

eventually , it was recognized that bowheads and right whales were in fact different .

later , morphological factors such as differences in the skull shape of northern and southern right whales indicated at least two species of right whale — one in the northern hemisphere , the other in the southern ocean .

as recently as 1998 , dale rice , in his comprehensive and otherwise authoritative classification , marine mammals of the world : systematics and distribution , listed just two species : balaena glacialis ( the right whales ) and balaena mysticetus ( the bowheads ) .

a dna study by rosenbaum in 2000 , and another study by churchill in 2007 finally provided clear evidence to conclude that the three living right whale species do comprise a phylogenetic lineage , distinct from the bowhead , and that the bowhead and the right whales are rightly classified into two separate genera .

the right whales , therefore , are now officially in the eubalaena genus .

the fossil record of balaena , dating to the late miocene , encompasses ten species known from finds in europe , north america , and south america .

balena , described by scopoli in 1777 , and leiobalaena , described by eschricht in 1849 , are junior synonyms of balaena .

balaena

balaena may be derived from the genus balaena , which contains the bowhead whales .
the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) is a species of the family balaenidae , in suborder mysticeti , and genus balaena , which once included the right whale .
' the balaena ' - a whaling song with old photos from dundee , scotland .
blue balaenas are blue with yellow gas bags . they can drop big balaena sand bags .
' the balaena ' - a whaling song with old photos from dundee , scotland . - youtube
mix - ' the balaena ' - a whaling song with old photos from dundee , scotland .
a high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .
shelden , k . , d . rugh . 1995 . the bowhead whale , balaena mysticetus : its historic and current status .
[ 0021 ] george et al . ( 1999 ) , age and growth estimates of bowhead whales ( balaena mysticetus ) via aspartic acid racemization
kovacs m . k . , bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) . environmental monitoring of svalbard and jan mayen . retrieved on 27 may 2014
what made you want to look up balaena ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
[ 0890 ] zeh et al . ( 2002 ) , survival of bowhead whales , balaena mysticetus , estimated from 1981 - 1998 photoidentification data ( pubmed )
krutzikowsky , g . , b . mate . 2000 . dive and surfacing characteristics of bowhead whales ( * balaena mysticetus * ) in the beaufort and chukchi seas .
purple balaenas are mauve and reddish - purple in coloration with blue gas sacs . they can drop big balaena water bags . they are only found in primordia waters .
balaena prisca , one of the five balaena fossils from the late miocene ( ~ 10 mya ) to early pleistocene ( ~ 1 . 5 mya ) , may be the same as the modern bowhead whale . the earlier fossil record shows no related cetacean after morenocetus , found in a south american deposit dating back 23 million years .
to cite this page : justice , j . 2002 .
balaena mysticetus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
search for ' balaena mysticetus ' returned 9 matching records . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]
european cetacean society . bowhead whales ( balaena mysticetus ) sighting in the franz josef land area . archived 23 may 2014 at the wayback machine . . retrieved on 24 may 2014
george , j . , j . bada , j . zeh , l . scott , s . brown . 1999 . age and growth estimates of bowhead whales ( * balaena mysticetus * ) via aspartic acid racemization .
bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) scientific name : balaena mysticetus higher classification : balaena rank : species , kingdom : animalia , phylum : chordata , class : mammalia , order : cetacea , suborder : mysticeti , family : balaenidae , genus : balaena , species : b . mysticetus , type : mammal , diet : carnivores , size : about 14 m ( 46 ft ) to 18 m ( 59 ft ) in length , weight : as much as 100 tons , lifespan : live for more than 100 years , possibly up to 200 years , * * balaena mysticetus , is a species of the right whale family balaenidae , in suborder mysticeti , and genus balaena . a stocky dark - colored whale without a dorsal fin , it can grow 14 m ( 46 ft ) to 18 m ( 59 ft ) in length . this thick - bodied species can weigh from 75 tonnes ( 74 long tons ; 83 short tons ) to 100 tonnes ( 98 long tons ; 110 short tons ) . [ 3 ] they live entirely in fertile arctic and sub - arctic waters , unlike other whales that migrate to low latitude waters to feed or reproduce . the bowhead was also known as the greenland right whale or arctic whale . american whalemen called them the steeple - top , polar whale , [ 4 ] or russia or russian whale . the bowhead has the largest mouth of any animal . more info : urltoken
ford jr , t . j . ; werth , a . j . ; george , j . c . ( 2013 ) .
an intraoral thermoregulatory organ in the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the corpus cavernosum maxillaris
.
gross a . , 2010 background document for bowhead whale balaena mysticetus . the ospar convention and musée des matériaux du centre de recherche sur les monuments historiques . isbn 978 - 1 - 907390 - 35 - 7 . retrieved on 24 may 2014
clark , c . , w . ellison . 2000 . bioacoustics ( 80 ) - calibration and comparison of the acoustic location methods used during the spring migration of the bowhead whale , balaena mysticetus , off pt . barrow , alaska , 1984 - 1993 .
we had a fantastic time at cafe balaena , dean really creates a fabulous atmosphere and his humor that is infectious . my husband thoroughly enjoyed having a banter and laugh with him . the setting on these cool june evenings was warm and inviting with gas heaters . . .
the okhotsk sea bowhead is a subpopulation of balaena mysticetus linnaeus , 1758 . see also global assessment for the bowhead whale . genetic analyses have confirmed that the okhotsk sea bowheads are distinct from the bering - chukchi - beaufort sea bowheads and are a separate , isolated subpopulation ( leduc et al . 2005 ) .
carl linnaeus first described this whale in the 10th edition of his systema naturae ( 1758 ) . [ 8 ] seemingly identical to its cousins in the north atlantic , north pacific and southern oceans , they were all thought to be a single species , collectively known as the
right whale
, and given the binomial name balaena mysticetus .
this song , ' the balaena ' , is a whaling song from old dundee ( sung here by lowland folk ) and is taken from a vinyl album i ' ve had for many years . my great grandfather was apparently a whaler from dundee , but i have no idea if he ever sailed on this ' balaena ' ! what i do know is that on one of his trips to greenland he got iced in for so long that when he got back home he walked in and frightened my great grandmother who , of course , had given up hope for his safe return , and took him for a stranger . if he happened to return today he would ( no doubt ) be very disappointed to find that this great grandchild is very anti - whaling ! but the world & its situations have changed greatly in the last 100 or so years ! anyway , i hope you like this great old song & the visuals .
reilly , s . b . , bannister , j . l . , best , p . b . , brown , m . , brownell jr . , r . l . , butterworth , d . s . , clapham , p . j . , cooke , j . , donovan , g . , urbán , j . & zerbini , a . n . ( 2012 ) . balaena mysticetus . the iucn red list of threatened species doi : 10 . 2305 / iucn . uk . 2012 . rlts . t2467a17879018 . en
historical range could have been broader and more southern than that of currently regarded as bowheads had been abundant among labrador and newfoundland ( strait of belle isle ) , and northern gulf of st . lawrence at least until 16th and 17th century although it is unclear this was whether or not due to colder climate of those periods . [ 36 ] distributions of balaena during pleistocene were far more southerly as fossils have been excavated from italy and north carolina , and thus could have overlapped between those of eubalaena based on locations where fossils have been excavated . [ 37 ]
currently , three species of right whales are recognized by scientists . they are the north pacific right whale ( eubalaena japonica ) , the north atlantic right whale ( eubalaena glacialis ) and the southern right whale ( eubalaena australis ) . while recent genetic data supports this three - species taxonomy , right whales in the north atlantic and north pacific are still listed under the endangered species act as a single species ( balaena glacialis ) . separate listing of the north pacific right whale would force the preparation of a recovery plan and other actions to protect the species and its habitat .
balaena vista is a development of self catering apartments located in st . helena bay along the west coast of south africa . we offer a combination of one , two and four bedroom units in a rustic location . the apartments offer an unspoilt 180 degree view of the bay , a haven for dolphins and whales throughout the year . the apartments have easy access to shops , restaurants and numerous tourist attractions , including the west coast and boland wine routes , while still within driving distance of the family holiday havens of langebaan and saldanha . more information is provided under the local information section . take a look at our accomodation page to find out more about what we can offer you and your family on your holiday !
what other hervey bay cafe can offer you the stunning views over the marina to fraser island ? at night you can enjoy the beauty as the moon rise over the water or see the raw power of nature as storms light up the sky over fraser island . whether you choose to come for breakfast , lunch or dinner you will be able to choose from an extensive menu that showcases the freshest and finest ingredients that hervey bay and the fraser coast has to offer . we cater for all tastes and all dietary requirements . no matter what time you choose to visit cafe balaena you will always find the atmosphere to be relaxed and easy going . soft music in the background . . . warm sun and gentle breezes in summer . . . cozy warmth on our cool winter nights . . . and the very best that hervey bay has to offer . . . you simply won ' t find a cafe with a better atmosphere in hervey bay .
show me : neomonachus schauinslandi arctocephalus pusillus arctocephalus tropicalis arctocephalus forsteri arctocephalus australis arctocephalus galapagoensis arctocephalus philippii a . p . philippii a . p . townsendi callorhinus ursinus zalophus japonicus zalophus californianus zalophus wollebaeki eumetopias jubatus neophoca cinerea phocarctos hookeri otaria byronia odobenus rosmarus erignathus barbatus phoca vitulina phoca largha pusa hispida p . h . ladogensis p . h . saimensis pusa caspica pusa sibirica halichoerus grypus pagophilus groenlandicus histriophoca fasciata cystophora cristata monachus tropicalis monachus monachus monachus schauinslandi mirounga leonina mirounga angustirostris leptonychotes weddellii ommatophoca rossii lobodon carcinophaga hydrurga leptonyx ursus maritimus enhydra lutris lontra felina neovison macrodon eubalaena glacialis eubalaena japonica eubalaena australis balaena mysticetus caperea marginata eschrichtius robustus megaptera novaeangliae balaenoptera acutorostrata balaenoptera bonaerensis balaenoptera edeni b . e . brydei balaenoptera omurai balaenoptera borealis balaenoptera physalus b . p . physalus b . p . quoyi balaenoptera musculus b . m . brevicauda physeter macrocephalus kogia breviceps kogia sima ziphius cavirostris tasmacetus shepherdi indopacetus pacificus hyperoodon ampullatus hyperoodon planifrons mesoplodon hectori mesoplodon mirus mesoplodon europaeus mesoplodon bidens mesoplodon grayi mesoplodon perrini mesoplodon peruvianus mesoplodon bowdoini mesoplodon traversii mesoplodon carlhubbsi mesoplodon ginkgodens mesoplodon stejnegeri mesoplodon layardii mesoplodon densirostris mesoplodon hotaula platanista gangetica inia geoffrensis inia boliviensis lipotes vexillifer pontoporia blainvillei monodon monoceros delphinapterus leucas cephalorhynchus commersonii cephalorhynchus eutropia cephalorhynchus heavisidii cephalorhynchus hectori c . h . hectori c . h . maui steno bredanensis sousa teuszii sousa chinensis sousa plumbea sousa sahulensis sp . nov . sotalia fluviatilis sotalia guianensis tursiops truncatus tursiops aduncus stenella attenuata stenella frontalis stenella longirostris stenella clymene stenella coeruleoalba delphinus delphis delphinus capensis lagenorhynchus albirostris lagenorhynchus acutus lagenorhynchus obliquidens lagenorhynchus obscurus lagenorhynchus australis lagenorhynchus cruciger lissodelphis borealis lissodelphis peronii grampus griseus peponocephala electra feresa attenuata pseudorca crassidens orcinus orca globicephala melas globicephala macrorhynchus orcaella brevirostris orcaella heinsohni neophocaena phocaenoides phocoena phocoena phocoena sinus phocoena spinipinnis phocoena dioptrica phocoenoides dalli trichechus manatus trichechus senegalensis trichechus inunguis dugong dugon hydrodamalis gigas or
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
the taxonomy of the bowhead whale is not in doubt . there are four identified subpopulations two of which ( okhotsk sea and east greenland - svalbard - barents sea ) have separate iucn red list assessments .
the global ( pan - arctic ) population of the bowhead whale appears to be increasing , due primarily to the well - documented increase in the large bering – chukchi – beaufort seas subpopulation ( also known as the western arctic population or stock ) . the global population size , at over 25 , 000 animals , is well above the iucn red list vulnerable threshold for a non - declining population . the bering – chukchi – beaufort subpopulation ( estimated to be over 16 , 000 and increasing at 3 % per year or more ) may have recovered to near or even above its level prior to commercial whaling . the east canada – west greenland subpopulation is estimated to exceed 4 , 000 , and has probably been increasing but is still below its pre - whaling level . bowhead whale numbers in the east greenland – svalbard – barents sea subpopulation remain at a small fraction of pre - whaling abundance with no estimate of trend . the main reduction in the global population occurred before the three - generation time window that would trigger the red list population reduction ( a ) criterion . the east greenland – svalbard – barents sea and okhotsk sea subpopulations have separate red list assessments , in addition to being included in this global assessment .
bowhead whales are found only in arctic and subarctic regions . until recently they have spent much of their lives in and near sea ice and they migrate seasonally to avoid ice entrapment and to take advantage of food concentrations ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . with the reduction of sea ice cover , bowhead whales now occur increasingly in open water during the summer ( moore 2016 ) . the scientific committee of the international whaling commission ( iwc ) has traditionally recognized five stocks named for the regions in which bowheads occur : bering – chukchi – beaufort seas ; hudson bay – foxe basin ; davis strait – baffin bay ; svalbard – barents sea ( spitsbergen ) ; and okhotsk sea ( rugh et al . 2003 ) . movements of tagged bowheads indicating somewhat overlapping ranges , and lack of clear genetic differences , has discredited the traditional distinction between the hudson bay – foxe basin and the davis strait – baffin bay populations ( heide - jørgensen et al . 2006 , postma et al . 2006 , alter et al . 2012 , iwc 2012 ) . four main subpopulations are now recognized : bering – chukchi – beaufort seas ; east canada – west greenland ; east greenland – svalbard – barents sea ; and okhotsk sea . the boundary between the bering – chukchi – beaufort seas and eastern canada – west greenland subpopulations is liable to become more porous as sea ice cover diminishes ( heide - jørgensen et al . 2012 ) .
with the exception of the okhotsk sea , genetic divergence between bowhead whales in different parts of their range appears to be low , and there is some evidence of movement between the main areas of occurrence ( iwc 2013 ) . the okhotsk sea subpopulation appears to be genetically and geographically isolated .
based on direct observations and telemetry , the summer range of the bering – chukchi – beaufort seas subpopulation extends from chaunskaya guba ( russian federation ) in the western chukchi sea through the beaufort sea and east to amundsen gulf ( canada ) and viscount melville sound ( heide - jørgensen et al . 2012 ) . most of the whales appear to migrate into the bering sea in winter ( iwc 2013 , quakenbush et al . 2012 , citta et al . 2015 ) . in the 19 th century , substantial catches were also taken in summer in the bering sea , but the climatic conditions were quite different then than at the present ( iwc 2013 )
bowhead whales belonging to the east canada – west greenland subpopulation are observed in hudson bay , foxe basin , hudson strait , davis strait , baffin bay , gulf of boothia , prince regent inlet , and other waters of the canadian arctic archipelago . tracking of satellite - tagged whales has confirmed movements from foxe basin through fury and hecla strait into the gulf of boothia and prince regent inlet , and from cumberland sound into prince regent inlet , gulf of boothia , foxe basin , and hudson strait , while animals tagged in west greenland moved to prince regent inlet and hudson strait ( heide - jørgensen et al . 2012 ) . the whales move out of the summering areas as ice forms in autumn to wintering areas in polynyas ( holst and stirling 1999 ) , unconsolidated pack ice , and open water near the ice edge off west greenland ( reeves and heide - jørgensen 1996 ) and eastern baffin island . sightings and strandings have occurred in recent years in the western north atlantic as far south as newfoundland ( ledwell et al . 2007 ) and the gulf of maine ( accardo et al . in press ) .
the east greenland – svalbard – barents sea subpopulation occurs from the east coast of greenland across the greenland sea , including the northeast water polynya off northeastern greenland , in the barents sea , in the franz josef land archipelago , and in the kara sea at least as far as far as severnaya zemlya . there have also been sightings further south , exceptionally reaching iceland and the coast of finnmark . vagrants have been observed as far south as the western british isles and france ( de boer
. 2014 ) . there is no evidence of migration into or out of the okhotsk sea .
. 2011 ) . bowheads also commonly feed on mysids and gammarid amphipods , and the diet includes at least 60 species ( lowry 1993 ) .
the seasonal distribution of bowhead whales is strongly influenced by prey availability and pack ice conditions ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . during the winter , they occur within areas of sea ice ( stafford
2015 ) . during the spring , they use leads and cracks in the ice to penetrate areas that were inaccessible during the winter due to heavy ice coverage . during the summer and autumn , they concentrate in areas where zooplankton production is high or where large - scale biophysical processes create local concentrations of calanoid copepods ( finley 1990 , finley
2017 ) . nearly all life history data come from the bering – chukchi – beaufort seas population . female age at sexual maturity is estimated at 18 - 33 years ( rosa
. ( 2007 ) estimated the mean generation time for bowhead whales to be about 52 years , assuming an age at first reproduction of 20 years . females give birth every 3 - 7 years ( rugh
limited subsistence whaling on the bering – chukchi – beaufort subpopulation by indigenous people of alaska and chukotka is permitted by the iwc on the basis of advice from its scientific committee ( under its aboriginal subsistence whaling management procedure ) . small hunts are also authorized in canadian waters under co - management agreements between federal agencies and indigenous communities , and in west greenland under the iwc management procedure . the reported average annual take in alaska and chukotka during 2006 - 15 was about 55 animals struck of which about 75 % were successfully landed ( allison 2017 , suydam et al . 2017 ) .
extensive commercial hunting , beginning in the 1500s , depleted bowhead whales throughout their range . commercial whaling for the species has been prohibited under international conventions since the 1930s . the limited subsistence whaling by indigenous communities mentioned above has not impeded the recovery of the affected populations .
accidental human - caused deaths are relatively few . during 2010 - 15 , two dead - stranded and one live bowhead were observed to be entangled with fishing gear but it was unclear whether the entanglement was the cause of death . of the bowhead whales taken in alaskan hunts during 1990 - 2012 , 12 % showed scars or wounds from fishing gear and 2 % showed scars or wounds from ship strikes ( george et al . 2017a ) .
there has been concern since the 1970s that disturbance from oil and gas exploration and extraction activities in the arctic region would affect bowhead whales . effects on diving behavior ( robertson et al . 2013 ) and calling rates ( blackwell et al . 2015 ) in the vicinity of seismic surveys have been observed , but to date there has been no discernible population - level impact . examination of whales taken in subsistence hunts off alaska since 1980 found relatively low levels of morbidity , which would be consistent with an increasing population and good individual animal health ( george et al . 2017b ) .
during this century , a profound reduction in the extent and thickness of sea ice in the arctic has occurred and this reduction is predicted to continue , possibly leading eventually to the complete disappearance of sea ice in summer as mean arctic temperatures rise faster than the global average ( frey et al . 2015 ) . the short - term effects of reduced ice cover on bowhead whales in the western arctic appear to be positive , due to increased feeding opportunities ( george et al . 2015 , moore 2016 ) . however , the long - term effects are less clear . the emergence of bowheads as a separate , ice - adapted species may have coincided with the appearance of sea ice in the late pliocene , and bowheads could lose out to non - ice - adapted species in the long term , but no projections of the time scale of such an eventuality are available ( harington 2008 , iwc 2016 ) .
there is also concern that , as the sea ice diminishes , the opening up of the arctic to increased vessel traffic , fishing activities , and extractive industries will increase human - caused impacts on bowhead whales ( reeves et al . 2012 , 2014 ) .
bowhead whales were legally protected from commercial whaling under the international convention for the regulation of whaling ( icrw ) since its entry into force in 1948 , and by its predecessor the convention on the regulation of whaling since the 1930s . all range states except canada are parties to the icrw . limited aboriginal subsistence whaling of bowhead whales is allowed by the iwc ( the regulatory body established under the icrw ) from the bering - chukchi - beaufort seas stock and off west greenland on the basis of scientific advice ( see threats section ) . hunting by indigenous people in canada is co - managed by the federal government and regional bodies created under land - claim agreements . the bowhead whale has been included in the convention on international trade in endangered species appendix i since 1975 and it is listed on the convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals appendix i . bowhead whales are managed under national threatened species legislation in the u . s . a . , canada , and the russian federation .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
) once inhabited oceans throughout the northern hemisphere . over the last hundred years the population of bowhead whales has been greatly reduced into five geographically secluded stocks . these stocks are : the spitsbergen stock , which inhabit the north atlantic ; the davis strait and hudson bay stocks , which both inhabit the west - northern atlantic ; the okhotsk stock , which are found in the okhotsk sea ; and bering sea stock , found in the area of the bering sea ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . bowhead whales inhabit the arctic ocean and associated seas . they are rarely found below 45 degrees north latitude ( nowak 1999 ) .
lives in the colder waters of the northern hemisphere . of the current total population , approximately 700 are found in the north atlantic while 7 , 000 are located in the north pacific .
usually follow the receding ice drifts ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . during summer they can be found in bays , straits , and estuaries ( nowak 1999 ) .
) . the name
bowhead
comes from their bow - shaped mouth . the lower jaw makes a u - shape around the upper jaw . this lower jaw is usually marked with white spots , contrasting with the rest of the whale ' s black body ( nowak 1999 ) . baleen in the bowhead whale ' s mouth is the largest of any cetacean with 300 baleen plates measuring 300 - 450 centimeters in vertical length . the skull makes up almost one - third of the total body length , is curved and asymetric ( lanier 1998 ) . bowhead whales , on average , are sixty feet in length and weigh around 100 tons . contributing to the whale ' s mass is a two foot thick layer of insulating blubber ( nicklen 2000 ) .
also has a small pectoral fin for its size , less than 200 centimeters in length ( nowak 1999 ) . bowhead whale females measure between 16 and 18 meters in length , males measure between 14 and 17 meters in length . bowhead whales weigh from 75 , 000 to 100 , 000 kg .
through songs . it is unknown how long these pair bonds last or how many matings male bowhead whales take part in during mating season .
usually occurs during late winter and early spring . spring migration takes place soon after this and the female gives birth between april and june , with most births occurring in may . it takes twenty years for a bowhead whale calf to reach sexual maturity . at this time , they can be between 12 . 3 and 14 . 2 m in length ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . females usually reach sexual maturity before males and are also 1 to 2 meters larger than males at this time ( george et al . 1999 ) . in some cases pseudohermaphroditism can occur , leaving a whale to appear female , but also having male sex organs ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .
( george , et al . , 1999 ; shelden and rugh , 1995 )
breeding interval typical calving intervals are every 3 to 4 years in bowhead whales .
when a calf is born , its average length is 4 . 25 to 5 . 25 m . calves grow approximately 1 . 5 cm a day . the calf is fed with its mother ' s milk until it is weaned , which occurs between nine and fifteen months after birth . after weaning , growth rate decreases . after births occur , whales segregate into groups in order to migrate . calves and mothers are in the front group . perhaps this is to allow them to be the first to feed on food aggregations that are encountered . for the most part it seems that females take care of the young , although there have been some cases of
travelling in groups of three : a mature male , a mature female , and a calf ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .
has a remarkable lifespan . the average age of animals captured during whaling is estimated at 60 to 70 years old , based on examination of changes in the nucleus of the eye over time . however , several individuals have been discovered with ancient ivory and stone harpoon heads in their flesh and examination of their eye nucleus has resulted in estimated lifespans up to 200 years ( george et al . 1999 ) , making bowhead whales the longest lived mammalian species . there is little knowlege of diseases in
when migrating , bowhead whales divide into three smaller groups in which to migrate during the spring and fall . the groups they segregate into are : subadults , intermediate mature whales , and large adults . each of the five stocks show distinct migration patterns dependent on the supply of food and the extension or recession of the polar ice cap ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .
is a baleen whale , which means that they filter water through baleen plates , feeding on the organisms caught in the plates and pushing the rest of the water out .
can sometimes feed opportunistically during the spring migration , but mostly feed during the winter months on their feeding grounds . they eat crustacean zooplankton , epibenthic organisms , and some benthic organisms . crustacean zooplankton , such as copepods , are not important food sources for young
, but increase in importance with age ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . copepods are small crustaceans , which a bowhead whale can filter at approximately 50 , 000 per minute ( stover 2001 ) .
sometimes form groups of up to fourteen individuals , in which they make a v - shape formation . in this formation they travel at the same speed and filter feed together ( nowak 1999 ) .
bowhead whales are protected from predators by their large size . they are also known to take shelter under ice drifts . as the oceanic waters of the polar regions become frozen , bowhead whales will swim beneath the extending polar ice cap . in order to survive under the ice cap ,
can break through the ice in order to breathe without making themselves accessible to other marine predators ( stover 2001 ) . in a study in 1995 , it was found that one - third of the animals of the davis strait stock showed scars from killer whale attacks ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .
as both a mode of transportation and a way to encounter fresh food supplies ( lanier 1998 ) . bowhead whales play an important role as predators of plankton in the arctic ocean .
is a benefit to the whaling industry . because of their large size , one whale can bring a large bounty of whale meat , massive baleen , and the blubber for which it is primarily hunted . in fact ,
is the most economically valuable of all cetaceans ( nowak 1999 ) . many native people such as eskimos also depend on these resources for the survival of their communities economically by using baleen for tools , blubber for fuel , and whale meat for food and trade ( nicklen 1995 ) .
may interfere with humans is in marine fishing . the large bowhead whale has been known to collide with sailing vessels on rare occassions as well as get caught in nets fishing for other oceanic life ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .
involve reducing or ending the hunting of this species . agencies who are playing parts in the conservation of the species are the alaskan eskimo whaling commission ( aewc ) and the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . native people have been allowed to take only one whale every two years ( nicklen 2000 ) . whale populations plummeted as a result of a huge expansion in the whaling industry from the 1600s to the early 1900s ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .
james justice ( author ) , university of northern iowa , jim demastes ( editor ) , university of northern iowa .
the body of water between europe , asia , and north america which occurs mostly north of the arctic circle .
the body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .
body of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
humans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals . ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
a method of feeding where small food particles are filtered from the surrounding water by various mechanisms . used mainly by aquatic invertebrates , especially plankton , but also by baleen whales .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
the regions of the earth that surround the north and south poles , from the north pole to 60 degrees north and from the south pole to 60 degrees south .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
animal constituent of plankton ; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae . ( compare to phytoplankton . )
raloof , j . 2000 . cetacean seniors : whales that give new meaning to longevity .
stover , d . 2001 . science and technology : the wisest whale of the sea .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
whether you ' re a student , an educator , or a lifelong learner , urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .
don ' t have an account yet ? sign up . it ' s free and takes five seconds .
love words ? you must — there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .
the story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .
take this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .
ewan maccoll & a . l . lloyd - south australia ( sea shanty )
we noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :
tripadvisor gives a certificate of excellence to accommodations , attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travellers .
great food & vibe . i had dinner & breakfast there . coral trout was very tasty as was the salad that accompanied it . will be back .
while the atmosphere and service was lovely our 2 main meals were like a step back in time when restaurants served frozen fish , tinned pineapple and flavourless , chewy octopus . i’m sorry but i just can’t recommend this place for dinner .
we were a group of 12 originally booked as 8 for dinner . we turned up without letting them know and although the restaurant was close to full that went out of there way to fit us in . the menu is quite extensive with tapas options . . .
went here twice because it was handy to our apartment and the food and service and cocktails were all good . . . i liked that i could get a sandwich when my partner wanted oysters or a steak ! would definitely go here again . . . we didn ' t book as . . .
i went with my partner we had scallops and salmon a lovely meal and reasonably priced . lovely place on the water at the boat harbour in hervey bay
great venue , good atomsphere , but grilled prawns with a salad were ice cold and soggy from the freezer , such a shame .
a reasonable fish meal for a little more than we had planned to spend but that is obviously the going price in this area . few gf options . friendly service .
great freshly made food , couldn’t fault it . will definitely be back . wait time took a little bit long .
love this place for breakfast , lunch and dinner ! food is always amazing and cocktails are great too ! seafood chowder is delicious and always my choice for dinner . staff are friendly and very helpful . five stars - definitely recommend
note : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .
why does your owner feel that calling people boring is funny or in his words it was a joke sir ? why does he feel he has the right to touch people with out first introducing himself is his right ? why does he offer hostile justification for poor judgement and appalling customer interaction ? your owner needs to re think his role in a customer focused industry . not everyone see ' s you as you see yourself
i and my friends have never experienced what you describe . it seems a friendly staff there as to the owner i don ' t think i know who he is .
it can take awhile for them to put the reviews up worst luck . i know i have waited for up to a week .
own or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more . claim your listing
* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (
tripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 75 [ details ]
van der land , j . ( 2001 ) . tetrapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 375 - 376 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
university of michigan museum of zoology . animal diversity web . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
mead , j . g . ; brownell , r . l . jr . ( 2005 ) . cetacea . in wilson , d . e . & d . m . reeder ( eds ) . mammal species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed ) , johns hopkins university press , 2 , 142 pp . 723 - - 743 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
rice , d . w . ( 1998 ) . marine mammals of the world . systematics and distribution . society for marine mammalogy special publication . 4 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hershkovitz , p . ( 1966 ) . catalog of living whales . bulletin of the united states national museum . ( 246 ) : 1 - 259 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
jefferson , t . a . , m . a . webber and r . l . pitman . ( 2008 ) . marine mammals of the world . academic press , amsterdam . [ details ]
perrin , w . f . ; würsig , b . ; thewissen , j . g . m . ( 2009 ) . encyclopedia of marine mammals . second edition . academic press : london . isbn 978 - 0 - 12 - 373553 - 9 . xxix , 1316 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
type specimen type locality greenland seas . no type specimen ; based on the greenland right whale of whalers and authors . [ details ]
these whale - like creatures ' dorsal sacs house vaporized biofluid that swells the organs like hot - air balloons , granting them aerial mobility . in rare cases , these dorsal sacs remain inflated after death , resulting in the carcass remaining airborne for years , and causing unique ecologies to form around them .
though generally slow , jet mechanisms near their tails allow for high - speed locomotion . they can also shell foes from afar with a kind of biological mortar . monogamous in nature , balaenas produce a single offspring every three years , the rearing of which is handled by both partners . this period of raising young is streaked with irritability , resulting in the predation of creatures that the usually gentle balaenas would typically regard as symbionts .
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
mead , james g . , and robert l . brownell , jr . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 1
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
status : cites - appendix i ; u . s . esa - endangered ; iucn - critically endangered ( spitzbergen population ) , endangered ( okhotsk sea subpopulation and baffin bay - davis strait stock ) , vulnerable ( hudson bay - foxe basin stock ) , lower risk ( cd ) ( bering - chukchi - beauf . . .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the taxonomy is not in doubt . there are five traditionally recognised geographical populations . the species was once commonly known in the north atlantic and adjacent arctic as the greenland right whale . however , the common name bowhead whale is now used almost exclusively for the species .
justification : this species is assessed as not applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in the european mammal assessment region .
bowhead whales are found only in arctic and subarctic regions . they spend much of their lives in and near the pack ice , migrating to the high arctic in summer , and retreating southward in winter with the advancing ice edge ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . the iwc recognises five stocks : bering - chukchi - beaufort sea ; hudson bay - fox basin ; davis strait - baffin bay ; spitsbergen ; and the okhotsk sea ( rugh et al . 2003 ) . the spitsbergen stock extends from the east coast of greenland across the greenland sea , the barents sea and the kara sea as far as severnaya zemlya , and going as far south as the ice front , exceptionally reaching iceland and the coast of finnmark ( norway ) .
current population size the range - wide abundance is not known with precision but numbers over 10 , 000 individuals , with 10 , 500 ( 8 , 200 - 13 , 500 ) ( in 2001 ) in the bering - chukchi - beaufort seas ( zeh and punt 2005 ) , and a provisional estimate of 7 , 300 ( 3 , 100 - 16 , 900 ) for a part of the range of the hudson bay - foxe basin and baffin bay - davis strait stocks ( cosens et al . 2006 ) . there are no reliable abundance estimates for the small okhotsk sea and spitsbergen stocks . population trends the bering - chukchi - beaufort ( bcb ) population has been monitored for more than 30 years and has been increasing over this period at an estimated rate of 3 . 4 % ( 1 . 7 % - 5 % ) per year in the presence of subsistence hunting ( zeh and punt 2005 ) . no quantitative estimates of trends in the other bowhead populations are available , but inuit hunters and elders report that they are observing more bowheads in the eastern canadian arctic than they did in the 1960s - 1970s , and that the geographic distribution of the whales has expanded in recent years . no estimates of population trend are available for the svalbard - barents sea and okhotsk sea stocks . pre - whaling population sizes all bowhead populations were severely depleted by commercial whaling , which was established in the north - eastern atlantic by 1611 ( ross 1993 ) . basque whalers took bowheads in the north - west atlantic ( labrador ) in the 16th century , but ambiguities over the species identity of whales taken in early commercial whaling make pre - 1600 catch records difficult to interpret . minimum pre - whaling stock sizes are estimated to have been 24 , 000 for the svalbard - barents sea stock , 12 , 000 for the hudson bay - foxe basin and baffin bay - davis strait stocks , and 3 , 000 for the okhotsk sea stock ( woodby and botkin 1993 ) . the spitsbergen and okhotsk sea stocks are at a small fraction of their pre - whaling levels . demographic parameters a high longevity ( > 100 years ) is suggested by biochemical methods and the finding of old - fashioned stone harpoon heads in harvested animals ( george et al . 1999 ) . if this high longevity is confirmed , it would be among the longest known for a mammal .
the seasonal distribution is strongly influenced by pack ice ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . during the winter they occur in areas near the ice edge , in polynyas , and in areas of unconsolidated pack ice . during the spring these whales use leads and cracks in the ice to penetrate areas that were inaccessible during the winter due to heavy ice coverage . during the summer and autumn they concentrate in areas where zooplankton production is high or where large - scale biophysical processes create local concentrations of calanoid copepods ( finley 1990 , finley et al . 1998 ) . small to medium - sized crustaceans , especially krill and copepods , form the bulk of the bowhead ' s diet ( lowry et al . 2004 ) . they also feed on mysids and gammarid amphipods , and the diet includes at least 60 species . bowheads skim feed at the surface and feed in the water column . it has recently been suggested that they also feed near the bottom , but probably do not directly ingest sediments as gray whales routinely do . during surface skim feeding , coordinated group patterns have been observed , including whales feeding in echelon ( v - shaped ) formation .
heavy commercial hunting , beginning in the 1500s , depleted all populations of bowheads . the bering - chukchi - beaufort sea stock has recovered substantially since the end of commercial hunting in the early 20th century to around 10 , 000 animals , while recent provisional estimates of the hudson bay - foxe basin and baffin bay - davis strait stocks suggest that a significant recovery has probably occurred . there is no reliable evidence of recovery of the svalbard - barents sea and okhotsk sea stocks . limited aboriginal subsistence whaling on the bcb stock ( by native peoples of alaska and chukotka ) is permitted by the iwc on the basis of advice from its scientific committee ( most recently under its new aboriginal subsistence whaling management procedure ) . these takes have not impeded the recovery of the stock . very small takes by indigenous hunters are allowed in canadian waters , so far too few to seriously impede recovery of the stocks , but there will be pressure to increase these takes given the recent , higher population estimates for the eastern canadian arctic . there has been concern since the 1970s that disturbance from oil and gas exploration and extraction activities in the arctic region might affect bowhead whales . there is also evidence of incidental mortality and serious injury caused by entanglement in fishing gear and ship strikes ( philo et al . 1992 , 1993 ; finley 2000 ) . environmental threats , such as pollution ( bratton et al . 1993 ) , and disturbance from tourist traffic ( finley 2000 ) may affect bowhead whales but the impacts have not yet been well characterized or quantified . during this century , a profound reduction in the extent of sea ice in the arctic is expected , and possibly a complete disappearance in summer , as mean arctic temperatures rise faster than the global average ( anonymous 2005 ) . the implications of this for bowhead whales are unclear but warrant monitoring .


the sacramento perch ( archoplites interruptus ) is an endangered sunfish ( family centrarchidae ) native to the sacramento – san joaquin river delta , pajaro , and salinas river areas in california , but widely introduced throughout the western united states .

the sacramento perch 's native habitat is in sluggish , heavily vegetated , waters of sloughs and lakes .

it can reach a maximum overall length of 61 cm ( 24 in ) and a maximum weight of 3.6 kg ( 7.9 lb ) , and it has been reported to live as long as six years .

its adaptability to different habitats is high , and it can survive on a wide variety of food sources .

as young perch , they consume mainly small crustaceans and eventually move on to insect larvae and then smaller fish as adults .

sacramento perch

sacramento perch | photo : rené reyes , u . s . bureau of reclamation /
although called the sacramento perch , a . interruptus is not a perch strictly speaking ; the perches are members of the genus perca in family percidae .
vanicek dc ( 1980 ) decline of the lake greenhaven sacramento perch population . california fish and game 66 : 178–183
some of the ponds the perch lives in are within swimming distance of those islands . others live in maintained wetlands in the yolo bypass wildlife area , closer to sacramento . there are sacramento perch in ponds on the uc davis campus that occasionally escape into nearby putah creek , a delta tributary . the sacramento perch might just come back someday after all , given half a chance .
at least one sunfish family member seems to get along okay with the perch . at point reyes national seashore , both sacramento perch and largemouth bass thrived for some time at abbott ' s lagoons .
that ' s borne out by studies of ponds to which the sacramento perch has been introduced , often as a mosquito control method . ( juvenile perch are voracious eaters of mosquito larvae . ) introduce bluegill or green sunfish into a pond in which the perch are doing well , and the perch start to decline . in a research project in yolo county , bluegill drove a pond full of perch to extinction in just two years .
the sacramento perch ( archoplites interruptus ) is a sunfish ( family centrarchidae ) native to the sacramento – san joaquin , pajaro , and salinas river areas in california , but widely introduced throughout the western united states .
but one problem that seems specific to the perch is competition for habitat from introduced members of the sunfish family , such as the bluegill and green sunfish . such introduced sunfish tend to be more aggressive than the sacramento perch , and they chase the perch away from favored habitat , including spawning sites .
the sacramento perch eats primarily benthic ( bottom - dwelling ) prey , such at insect larvae , snails , and fishes . the species spawns throughout the spring and summer , and eggs hatch in about four days . the sacramento perch is not very aggressive , which often makes it difficult to catch .
sacramento perch ( archoplites interruptus ) are members of the sunfish family . they virtually disappeared from california ' s central valley rivers and delta , when their habitat was altered and non native sunfish were introduced . sacramento perch were unable to compete with the black bass , bluegill and crappie , which raided the perch ' s nest . they were first introduced into pyramid lake in 1877 . sacramento perch , unlike the introduced sunfish , do not protect their nests and were steadily replaced in the ecosystem by the bass , crappie and bluegill .
the sacramento perch ( archoplites interruptus ) , a sunfish ( centrarchidae ) native only to the central valley of california , has been eliminated from most of its native range . to examine the role of interspecific competition in this decline , a series of experiments were conducted to assess the growth , aggressive behavior , and habitat use of sacramento perch in the presence of bluegill ( lepomis macrochirus ) , an introduced centrarchid . the experiments indicate that ( 1 ) sacramento perch gain less weight and show reduced growth when placed with bluegill , but that this interaction only occurs with food limitation , and is not affected by overall fish density ; ( 2 ) sacramento perch demonstrate less aggressive behavior than bluegill , but become more aggressive when they are conspicuously larger than bluegill ; ( 3 ) sacramento perch shift their habitat use in the presence of bluegill . overall the results imply that sacramento perch and bluegill exhibit interspecific competition where the mechanism of interaction is aggressive dominance by bluegill . it is suggested that long term persistence of sacramento perch may require a habitat that is free of introduced centrarchid fishes , or one controlled by a naturally variable hydrological regime .
and yet only a few sacramento perch remain in the native delta habitat , at best . widely planted in stockponds and reservoirs outside its native range , the perch is functionally extinct in the delta and throughout the rest of its limited original range .
competition between the fry of the sacramento perch and several species of eastern centrarchids for food resources may be another factor in the decline of the species . studies have indicated that all young centrarchids have similar food preferences , but the eastern centrarchids have evolved more aggressive feeding techniques than the sacramento perch , and have been observed chasing the latter from feeding areas .
the sacramento perch ' s wide tolerance of water conditions includes temperature . the adults can survive in water far warmer than many other delta fish can tolerate : until the water reaches about 72° fahrenheit , adult sacramento perch do just fine . warmer than that , and the adults will decline in fitness , leaving to cooler waters if they can . the perch ' s larvae can tolerate even warmer water . that ' s a good thing , because heavily vegetated , shallow , and turbid waters are where sacramento perch tend to spawn . vegetation slows water currents , and suspended silt and organic matter absorb sunlight , both process warming the water .
today , native sacramento perch populations are waning in their natural habitats , but are paradoxically flourishing in habitats into which they have been introduced . despite the decline of the sacramento perch in its native range , it is not endangered , and is doing quite well in several locations outside its natural range . due to its ability to withstand high alkalinity , it has been introduced into several alkaline lakes in nevada , colorado , nebraska , and north and south dakota , and is flourishing where most other centrarchid species cannot survive and reproduce . it has also become established in several california reservoirs where it has been planted , or where young fish were transported through the california aqueduct system into holding reservoirs such as san luis reservoir and o ' neill forebay . in addition , the california department of fish & game has promoted the sacramento perch for introduction into central valley farm ponds . when other centrarchid species are introduced , they often reproductively out - compete the sacramento perch . when left alone in a pond , most centrarchids , sacramento perch included , will develop stunted populations due to overcrowding . these problems make it difficult to establish the sacramento perch in areas that also harbor other centrarchids , but with thriving populations of this fish in lakes outside california , the sacramento perch is far from lost .
eastern species are also more aggressive in their site - selection . with the increase in the population of eastern species in many habitats in california , the sacramento perch is most certainly losing preferred spawning areas to the more aggressive bluegill and other non - native centrarchids . in aquaria , it has been observed that eastern sunfish will actually chase sacramento perch away from preferred spawning areas .
website editor ' s note : the article below states that sacramento perch
don ' t bother to build a nest for the female to lay the eggs in nests .
that was true in the references listed for the paper . however , more recent evidence suggest that male sacramento perch can and do build nests for the female to lay eggs , similar to their eastern counterparts . observations were made in aquaria where repeated attempts to cover or bury the nest caused the male to re - build the nest after each attempt . successful spawning did occur . the male sacramento perch also showed some signs of nest guarding from the female . this is by no means to say all sacramento perch build and guard nests , but that the ability is there .
needs : see recovery plan for sacramento - san joaquin delta native fishes ( usfws 1995 ) .
there is no limit on the perch at crowley , but the population seems to be doing fine .
sacramento perch , adult male . captured from sindicich lagoon , martinez , california in may 2001 . sl = 238 mm . photo by chris miller , contra costa mosquito & vector control district , california .
the effects on the perch have been dramatic . a survey in 1898 - 99 cited a commercial perch fishery in the delta , with more than 400 , 000 pounds of the fish sold some years in san francisco markets . by the 1960s , they were nearly gone from the delta . one adult sacramento perch was caught in a sacramento river survey in 1992 , but fisheries biologists think it unlikely that a self - sustaining population of the species exists anywhere in the central valley . the perch is likewise gone from the salinas and pajaro rivers , and adults are found now and then in clear lake - - possibly escapees from farm ponds .
to catch the perch now , you have to go to one of three places - crowley lake near bishop , pyramid lake in nevada or lagoon valley lake between fairfield and vacaville . the largest recorded sacramento perch caught in pyramid lake weighed in at 4 lbs , 9 oz ( 1971 ) , which is the current state record .
perch were historically abundant predators throughout the central valley of california , where they occupied sloughs , lakes , and slow moving rivers . today they are rare in their native waters , but still exist in clear lake and alameda creek / calaveras reservoir , as well as in some farm ponds and reservoirs . they have been introduced through the state including the upper klamath basin , upper pit river watershed , walker river watershed , mono lake watershed , and owens river watershed , and may exist in sonoma reservoir in the russian river watershed . sacramento perch are most often found in warm reservoirs and ponds where summer temperature range form 18 - 28°c . sacramento perch are capable of surviving high temperatures , high salinities ( up to 17 ppt ) , high turbidity , and low water clarity . though sacramento perch are often found in clear water among beds of aquatic vegetation , they achieve greater numbers in turbid lakes absent of plants . typically they are found along the bottom of inshore regions . young - of - year perch form shoals in these areas where aquatic and overhanging vegetation provide cover . sacramento perch are most abundant where other
examination of 510 stomachs of sacramento perch from five localities showed that they feed primarily by picking insect larvae and snails from the bottom and aquatic plants or by capturing zooplankton , fish , or emerging insects in midwater . the diet varies with season and size of fish but no daily feeding rhythms were found . similarity of their diet to that of bluegill indicates that sacramento perch may have been eliminated from their native habitat through competitive interactions with bluegill .
intentional stocking for sportfishing . the earliest introduction of sacramento perch took place circa 1877 , into western nevada ( mccarraher and gregory 1970 ) . nebraska , north dakota , colorado , new mexico , texas , and arizona were all stocked in the 1960s ( mccarraher and gregory 1970 ) . sacramento perch were discovered in crowley lake , california in the late 1960s , but the exact date and reason for the introduction is not known ( mccarraher and gregory 1970 ) .
the perch are showing in 12 - 15 feet in leighton springs , sandy point , and hilton and whiskey bays .
essentially extinct in its native range since before passage of the u . s . endangered species act in 1973 , the sacramento perch is neither listed nor protected under that law . the remaining perch in clear lake , if any , are considered a california species of special concern , a status that prompts the state to enact management measures to protect the species .
sacramento perch , juvenile ( 170 days old ) . raised from wild brood fish from sindicich lagoon , concord , california . sl = 68 mm . photographed in january 2002 by chris miller , contra costa mosquito & vector control district , california .
habitat destruction has also contributed to the decline of the sacramento perch in its native habitat , the filling of sloughs in the california delta and the draining of lakes and general reduction of backwater areas have reduced the number of suitable spawning areas substantially .
sacramento perch , juveniles ( 107 days old ) . raised from wild brood fish from sindicich lagoon , concord , ca . average sl = 32 mm . photographed in october 2002 by chris miller , contra costa mosquito & vector control district , ca .
introduced sacramento perch , along with many other introduced fishes , may have contributed to the decline of the lost river sucker deltistes luxatus and the shortnose sucker chasmistes brevirostris in the upper klamath drainage in oregon ( u . s . fish and wildlife service 1993 ) .
discussion : the sacramento perch is the only sunfish native to the western united states . in its native range , it declined rapidly as exotic fishes were introduced and its habitat destroyed . it has been introduced into some western lakes that are too alkaline for other fishes .
more panfish : crappie fishing at irvine lake might not rival the perch at crowley , but it has been spectacular in its own right .
sacramento perch ( probably a breeding male , based on dark color ) . captured from sindicich lagoon , martinez , ca in may 2001 . sl = 221 mm . weight = 260 g . photo by chris miller , contra costa mosquito & vector control district , ca .
north america : sacramento - san joaquin , pajaro and salinas river drainages in california , usa . widely introduced elsewhere in western usa .
that seems to be part of the problem with the sacramento perch disappearing from the delta : introduced fish such as carp and catfish can chase the males off their nests to eat the eggs , and others move in to eat the larvae once the deadbeat dads leave home after hatching .
kyle , k . and r . kelsey . 2011 . results of the 2011 tricolored blackbird statewide survey . sacramento : audubon california . close
what can be done , if anything , to restore the perch to its native habitat ? a recovery plan for delta native fish species published nearly 20 years ago by the u . s . fish and wildlife service suggests that flooding islands in the delta to provide shallow water habitat might well be the answer , if it ' s done with careful attention paid to controlling the perch ' s competitors . while usfws admitted the sacramento perch has
low restoration potential ,
it suggested that reclaiming diked islands might provide the perch with some of its preferred habitat for spawning and just generally hanging out . the two islands it mentioned , liberty and prospect islands north of rio vista , have since been restored as tidal wetland .
. aquatic insect larvae and pupae become increasingly important as the fish grow . adult fish may begin to feed on other fish , including young - of - year perch . growth is variable and factors such as diet , overcrowding , and gender affect growth rates . females tend to be larger than males and adult fish grow more in weight than in length . sacramento perch reach sexual maturity in year 2 or 3 and generally spawn from march through early august when water temperatures range from 18 - 29°c . prior to spawning , perch gather in shallow areas abundant with filamentous algae and
the introduction of eastern sunfish species into california has exposed the sacramento perch to the complex world of centrarchid competition . eastern centrarchids generally build and vigorously guard a nest in a preferred spawning area . the female lays her eggs in the nest and is then chased away by the male , who guards the eggs from predators until they hatch and the fry are free - swimming . since the sacramento perch scatters its eggs on the substrate and may provide little or no protection for the eggs , they are left open to predation by introduced catfish , carp , or other centrarchids .
are absent . they feed by stalking , and prey items vary with time , availability , and fish size . sacramento perch are opportunistic and feeding occurs all day with peaks at dawn and dusk . their diet is more diverse in summer than in winter . young - of - year fish feed primarily on small crustaceans found on plants and in the substrate . juvenile perch in clear lake were found to feed mostly on copepods and later
the sacramento perch fishery is undeveloped , but those anglers who have done their homework to find these fish during late spring and early summer are often rewarded with lots of fish . because these fish compete with the trout for available forage , the tribal council has recently approved dropping the bag limit .
. these assembly areas may also have submerged roots , rock piles , and sticks . male fish begin defending territories along shore where they create shallow nests . they vehemently defend their space until the arrival of a female perch , at which time they begin courting . the male and female perch release eggs and milt simultaneously , and upon completion the female perch abandons the nest . females spawn with multiple males , producing a total of about 8 , 400 - 125 , 000 eggs . egg production varies with body size . male perch guard their nests and the embryos for several days . the emergent larvae are
the sacramento perch wasn ' t picky about that habitat . in addition to the streams of the delta and central valley , archoplites once thrived in the salinas and pajaro rivers in the monterey bay area , as well as in clear lake . though the perch did swim in clear , swift - flowing water , it seemed to prefer the other kind : stagnant pools and side - channels , sloughs viscid with algae , ponds choked with emergent vegetation .
sacramento perch , juvenile ( 5 months old ) . crowley lake strain , reared at contra costa mosquito & vector control district , ca . fl = 131 mm . photographed on 11 / 19 / 09 by chris miller , ccmvcd . note : this fish is a cannibal and grew very fast .
range : sacramento , san joaquin , pajaro , and salinas rivers and clear lake , california . introduced in utah , nevada , oregon , and california .
if any fish native to the delta seemed tailor - made to withstand the drought , it would have to be the sacramento perch . tolerant of a wide range of water quality , the perch can thrive in clear , cold water or warm water so stagnant and thick with algae it would choke a cow . it can survive in slightly brackish water , in water contaminated by runoff , and in muddy ponds only a few inches deep : perfect for the drought - era delta .
comments : opportunistic ; diet mainly benthic insect larvae , snails , mid - water insects , zooplankton , and fishes ( moyle et al . 1989 ) . young feed mainly on small crustaceans , but as they grow sacramento perch consume more aquatic insects larvae and pupae . large adults feed mainly on other fishes when available .
and as with just about every other species of fish - - and species of not - fish - - native to the delta , our massive reengineering of the region ' s waterworks plays a role as well . there are fewer stagnant sloughs with fringing , seasonally flooded wetlands in which the sacramento perch can spawn and grow .
the sacramento perch ' s native habitat is in sluggish , vegetated waters of sloughs and lakes . it can reach a maximum overall length of 61 cm ( 24 in ) and a maximum weight of 3 . 6 kg ( 7 . 9 lb ) , and it has been reported to live as long as six years .
schulz pd ( 1994 ) fish remains from yol - 182 : a prehistoric village in the lower sacramento valley . brienes , west and schulz , davis , ca
sacramento perch can be considered reproductive deviants in the centrarchid world . they become sexually mature by their second or third year and spawn during late may and early june when water conditions needed for egg development are at their best . the deviant part comes when the males ignore the standard pattern for eastern sunfish ; they don ' t bother to build a nest for the female to lay the eggs in . instead , several males converge near heavily vegetated shallow areas near favorable spawning sites . then each male stakes out a chosen territory for a female to lay eggs in . during the spawning act , the females simply scatter eggs over the territory as the male fertilizes them . some researchers have observed the sacramento perch vigorously guarding the eggs from potential predators , while others have noted little or no post - spawning care of the eggs . in the evolutionary absence of other , competing centrarchid species in california , the sacramento perch probably had no need to develop the complex nest - guarding behavior that sunfishes perform .
male sacramento perch are negligent fathers , at least by sunfish family standards . perhaps because they went at least 5 . 3 million years without competition from other sunfishes for nest sites , male perch don ' t guard their nests after the eggs hatch , leaving their larvae vulnerable to predation . they ' re also pretty easy to chase off their nests before the eggs hatch . ( to be fair in this application of human standards to fish childrearing practices , the females leave the nests immediately after spawning . )
sacramento - - san joaquin , pajaro , and salinas river drainages , and clear lake in lake county , california ( moyle 1976a ; page and burr 1991 ) .
as is so often the case with common names , the sacramento perch isn ' t actually a true perch . known to science as archoplites interruptus , it ' s a member of the sunfish family , centrarchidae , along with bluegills and largemouth bass . in fact , it ' s the only member of that family native to north america west of the rocky mountains , and has evolved without having to compete with other members of the sunfish family for food or habitat , perhaps since the miocene epoch , which ended 5 . 3 million years ago .
the sacramento perch is the only member of the family centrarchidae that naturally occurs west of the rocky mountains . evolving in isolation from the sunfish of the eastern united states , it kept the more primitive body form that closely resembles its fossilized forbears ' body plans . in the california that existed before the europeans arrived , these fish inhabited the sloughs , slow - water rivers , and small lakes of the central valley , as well as clear lake in lake county and the paiaro and salinas rivers . the sacramento perch evolved as one of the top piscivores ( fish - eaters ) in fish communities rich with prey , and in the past could be found in abundance throughout central valley waterways . for native californians , it served as a staple food fish , and , before game fish from the eastern united states were introduced into the state ' s waters in the late 1800 ' s , the sacramento perch was a primary food fish for the early settlers . variable water quality due to alternating periods of flooding and drought in california habitats selected for the ability of this fish to withstand extreme salinities , temperatures , and alkalinities that exclude other fish , including introduced centrarchids .
reasons : formerly widely distributed and common in much of california ; now restricted to just a couple remaining native populations in california , which are small but persistent ; native habitat is dominated by introduced species , which threaten sacramento perch through competition and predation ; reasonably secure in several watersheds outside native range . based on native populations , rank would be g1 ( g2g3 if introduced populations are considered ) .
the sacramento perch , archoplites interruptus , is the only sunfish native to the western united states , where it was historically found in northern and central california . only one native population of the species , located in clear lake , california , currently exists , however . the species is not native to utah , but it has been introduced to several reservoirs in the northern and western parts of the state , including pruess lake .
usually , the perch don’t come out to play until the summer months . but locals started catching them soon after trout season opened more than two weeks ago , and the bite has been as wide open as the trout .
an explanatory series focusing on one of the most complex issues facing california : water sharing . and at its core is the sacramento - san joaquin bay delta . stay with urltoken for all the project ' s stories .
the sacramento perch is different in several ways from other centrarchids . it takes advantage of different food resources during its life cycle instead of specializing in one certain feeding niche . feeding takes place at any time of the day , with peaks in the dusk and dawn hours . the adults are piscivorous , stalking their prey until they are close enough to inhale it by rapidly expanding their buccal cavities . they are most successful in habitats were they can take on the role of top predator . when stocked in small lakes and ponds , adults continue to feed on aquatic insects when small fish and crustaceans are scarce . nevertheless , sacramento perch will feed opportunistically when presented with an abundance of any type of food such as waterboatmen , aquatic beetles , or small fish . young fish feed primarily on small bottom or plant - dwelling crustaceans and move to larger insect larvae as they grow . extensive beds of emergent aquatic vegetation are important in providing food and cover for the young .
management requirements : management needed : maintain remaining genetic diversity ( moyle 2002 ) . propagate these fishes in ponds near clear lake and restock the lake with juveniles and adults . see recovery plan for sacramento - san joaquin delta native fishes ( usfws 1995 ) .
shore / boat fishermen can do well using light fly fishing gear , or 6 to 7 ft spinning tackle with 4 pound test line or less . the best lures include plastic minnows , tube baits , spinners , small jigs , and small streamers . the perch can be selective , so try different colored lures ( jigs ) until the bite is on . work lures in or around tufa rocks or off the bottom around submerged tufa rocks for best results . pyramid lake regulations : season is open year round for sacramento perch , from one hour before sunrise to one hour after sunset . there are no set possession limits for these non - native fish , which can compete with smaller native pyramid lake fish for the same food sources . only artificial lures with barbless hooks allowed when fishing in pyramid lake .
feeding can take place at any time of the day , with dusk and dawn hours being peak feeding periods . adult perch are mostly piscivorous ( fish eaters ) . however they are opportunistic , feeding on prey like amphipods , beetles , caddisflies , dragonfly / damselfly nymphs , or larger zooplankton ( daphnia , etc ) . during the day , they tend to hang in and around submerged tufa rocks off shore , or near shore tufa rocks ( or other structures ) . tufa rocks are ideal places for perch to set up where they can ambush tui chub minnows or other prey .
syntype ; paralectotype for archoplites interruptus catalog number : usnm 280 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : a . whipple locality : sacramento river san francisco , cal . , san francisco county , california , united states , north america
management needed : maintain remaining genetic diversity ( moyle 2002 ) . propagate these fishes in ponds near clear lake and restock the lake with juveniles and adults . see recovery plan for sacramento - san joaquin delta native fishes ( usfws 1995 ) . review distribution and status at least once every 10 years ( moyle 2002 ) .
the perch spawn in loose schools , likely due less to any innate gregariousness than to multiple fish finding a location favorable . unlike other sunfish family members , the males don ' t spend time preparing a nest . instead , females lay their eggs in a likely patch of submerged , vegetated silt and one or more males will fertilize the eggs .
the sacramento perch is only native centrarchid west of the rocky mountains . it was originally widely distributed throughout the sacramento - san joaquin drainage , in the pajaro and salinas rivers , and in clear lake ( lake county ) , california ( moyle 2002 ) . persisting native populations exist in clear lake ( small population ) and alameda creek ( in gravel pit ponds adjacent to the creek and in calaveras reservoir ) ( moyle 2002 ) . however , the species has been introduced in other locations within the native range ( often upstream of native habitats ) ( moyle 2002 ) , and in several areas outside the native range in california , including the upper klamath basin ( california and oregon ) , pit river watershed , walker river watershed , mono lake watershed , and owens river watershed ; it may also persist in sonoma reservoir ( moyle 2002 ) . the species has been introduced and currently is established in nevada ( several drainages ) and utah ( garrison reservoir ) ( moyle 2002 ) . introduced populations in several other states apparently no longer exist ( moyle 2002 ) .
global range : ( 1000 - 5000 square km ( about 400 - 2000 square miles ) ) the sacramento perch is only native centrarchid west of the rocky mountains . it was originally widely distributed throughout the sacramento - san joaquin drainage , in the pajaro and salinas rivers , and in clear lake ( lake county ) , california ( moyle 2002 ) . persisting native populations exist in clear lake ( small population ) and alameda creek ( in gravel pit ponds adjacent to the creek and in calaveras reservoir ) ( moyle 2002 ) . however , the species has been introduced in other locations within the native range ( often upstream of native habitats ) ( moyle 2002 ) , and in several areas outside the native range in california , including the upper klamath basin ( california and oregon ) , pit river watershed , walker river watershed , mono lake watershed , and owens river watershed ; it may also persist in sonoma reservoir ( moyle 2002 ) . the species has been introduced and currently is established in nevada ( several drainages ) and utah ( garrison reservoir ) ( moyle 2002 ) . introduced populations in several other states apparently no longer exist ( moyle 2002 ) .
after reading ray katula ' s excellent article on the demise of some of california ' s native fishes (
eulogy for the san joaquin river ,
winter , 1993 ) , i thought i might try to continue the focus on california ' s finned fauna by highlighting one of the native species mentioned in that article , the sacramento perch . some of the information presented here was gleaned from an ichthyology class i took at cal state hayward under the guidance of one of my favorite professors , dr , sam mcginnes . the dearth of native california species inhabiting state waterways is a sad testament to the tremendous adaptive success of the many introduced non - native fish species in the state . after about nine weeks of seining a wide range of aquatic habitats in central california , our class ' nets brought up very few native species . ray katula isn ' t the only one with bad luck when it comes to fishing for california natives .
the conservation of the tricolored blackbird is a matter of increasing concern owing to population declines , and because the species ' habit of nesting in large colonies make it more vulnerable to nest failures that can affect thousands of nests at a single colony . studies in the 1970s reported that the overall population was greatly reduced from that observed during the 1930s . more recently , intensive population surveys in california identified a decline of 37 % between 1994 and 1997 , and a 63 % decline between 2008 and 2014 , followed by an increase of 22 % in 2017 . historically , this species was harvested as food for miners and residents of urban areas , and shooting by farmers attempting to reduce damage to rice and other grain crops in the sacramento valley has been documented since 2007 ( rjm , personal observation ) . the tricolored blackbird has experienced high annual breeding losses due to crop - harvesting activities ( except in 2016 ) and insufficient insect resources , and habitat loss resulting from conversion of rangeland to vineyards , nut orchards , other agricultural crops , and urban development .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
the only living member of the genus ; the most
primitive
living member of the centrarchidae ( lee et al . 1980 ) .
justification : this species is listed as endangered because remaining native extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 square kilometres , native area of occupancy is less than 500 square kilometres , only two native locations remain , distribution is severely fragmented , and habitat quality is likely to be declining .
this species is represented by only a couple of remaining native populations , plus several introduced populations . that may be reasonably secure ( moyle 2002 ) . most introduced pond and reservoir populations are not expected to persist over the long term because of changing conditions ( moyle 2002 ) . historically this fish was quite abundant . remaining native populations are small . no reliable population estimates are available . this species has been eliminated from more than 90 percent of the native range over the long term . only two native populations are maintaining themselves ( tenuously ) ; of the introduced populations , those in the upper klamath watershed , pyramid lake ( nevada ) , lower walker river , and owens river are reasonably secure ; most pond and reservoir populations will not persist indefinitely ( moyle 2002 ) .
native habitat included sloughs , sluggish rivers , and lakes with beds of rooted and emergent vegetation ; now this fish is found mostly in warm , turbid , moderately alkaline reservoirs or farm ponds , generally where other centrarchids are absent ( moyle 2002 ) . this fish is tolerant of a wide range in water turbity , temperature , salinity , and alkalinity , and large populations may occur in shallow , turbid reservoirs with no aquatic plants ( moyle 2002 ) . in moderately clear water , young stay in or close to submerged vegetation in shallow areas ( moyle 2002 ) . prior to spawning , males establish small territories in shallow areas ( 20 - 75 cm ) heavily vegetated with aquatic macrophytes , filamentous algae , or other cover ( moyle 2002 ) . eggs are deposited in shallow depressions constructed by males ( moyle 2002 ) .
formerly this fish was widespread and abundant in california , but the population declined rapidly probably due to factors such as habitat destruction , egg predation by non - native fishes , and interspecific competition with introduced centrarchids , especially black crappie ; competition may be the most important cause of the decline ( moyle 1976 , 2002 ) . most introduced populations are isolated and vulnerable to genetic bottlenecks and extirpation .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
deep bodied ( depth up to 2 . 5 times sl ) , laterally compressed , max . 61 cm tl ( 3 . 6 kg )
please note , watersheds are at the usgs 8 - digit hydrologic unit code ( huc ) scale , so they often include a lot of sub - watersheds . if a species occurs in any sub - watershed within the huc , the species appears within the huc . link to an epa page that shows hucs .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
moyle ( 1976a ) ; sigler and sigler ( 1987 ) ; page and burr ( 1991 ) .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of archoplites interruptus are found here .
according to mccarraher and gregory ( 1970 ) , survival has been poor in most states . small numbers still persist in private lakes near fort collins , colorado ( walker 1993 ) . no longer present in walker lake , nevada ( sigler and sigler 1987 ) . probably extirpated in arizona . it was known to have reproduced at least once in that state after its introduction in 1968 ( minckley 1973 ) . extirpated in new mexico ( sublette et al . 1990 ) .
this is the only native centrarchid west of the rockies . it is declining in its native range due to competition with introduced species ( moore 1968 ; mccarraher and gregory 1970 ; minckley 1973 ) .
' s warm water fishing with public access . [ online ] . url at urltoken
rasmussen , j . l . 1998 . aquatic nuisance species of the mississippi river basin . 60th midwest fish and wildlife conference , aquatic nuisance species symposium , dec . 7 , 1998 , cincinnati , oh .
tilmant , j . t . 1999 . management of nonindigenous aquatic fish in the u . s . national park system . national park service . 50 pp .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1993 . lost river ( deltistes luxatus ) and shortnose ( chamistes brevirostris ) sucker recovery plan . u . s . fish and wildlife service , portland , oregon .
fuller , p . , 2018 , archoplites interruptus ( girard , 1854 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 4 / 11 / 2006 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
greek , archo = anus + greek , hoplites = long shield ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 73 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 4 kg ( ref . 40637 ) ; max . reported age : 9 years ( ref . 72491 )
adults occur in vegetated sloughs , pools of sluggish rivers and lakes ; now most common in ponds and impoundments ( ref . 5723 ) .
page , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01259 ( 0 . 00749 - 0 . 02115 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tmax = 6 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 60 of 100 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
pyramid lake fisheries , 603 sutcliffe dr . , sutcliffe , nevada 89510 ph : 775 - 476 - 0500 fax : 775 - 476 - 0558
when a young man is found dead in a bookshop at the eastern market , phryne fisher is plunged into the diverse worlds of jewish politics , alchemy , and poison .
doña teresa makes an offer to andrés he can ' t refuse . alicia asks alaya for help with a mysterious package left for her by benjamin .
the entrepreneurial spirit is alive and well in california as huell visits the roton rocket , an unsuccessful yet imaginative attempt by a private company to create the first single stage to orbit space vehicle .
hoping to determine the effect of volcanoes on climate change , george heads to the island nation of vanuatu where he rappels into the fiery crater of one of the world’s most active volcanoes .
off the coast of west africa , george heads to a remote volcanic island where a river of molten lava is engulfing a mountain village .
deep in the amazon , george is determined to retrace theodore roosevelt’s legendary expedition and witness first - hand how deforestation and climate change are affecting one of the earth’s most critical ecosystems .
professional storm chaser george kourounis goes on a global adventure , travelling to some of the most dangerous places on earth .
the two - mile pelican bluffs trail has recently opened along the sandstone bluffs of mendocino county .
in this episode , niklas travels by horse sleigh into the mountainous region of roros , where he enjoys the culinary treats and sites that this old mining town has to offer .
we have your guide to the thrills , chills , and spills of the five best county fairs that southern california has to offer .
this episode recounts president eisenhower ' s diplomatic confrontations against the soviet union during the early cold war years , crises prompted by aggressive kremlin - sponsored action around the world .
deportations , assassinations , and dictator nations : a timeline of u . s . intervention in latin america
a timeline of major events in history that have impacted the latino presence in the u . s .
kerry kennedy talks about our current political climate , how one person can make a difference in the world every day and her new book about her father , robert f . kennedy .
in a move that could transform the supreme court for decades , justice anthony kennedy has announced his retirement , giving president trump a chance to pick a second conservative on the high court .
on thursday , attorney general jeff sessions quoted the bible to justify his department’s immigration policies .
the epa is facing a major new scandal after it worked with the white house to bury an alarming federal study detailing widespread chemical contamination of the nation’s water supply .
from the carefree beaches of san diego through the rugged , dramatic coastlines to the north , california has been building a trail , over 1 , 000 miles in length , within sight , sound , or smell of the ocean .
vera is an experienced and brilliant murder investigator in the north east england county of northumberland .
earth focus
is an environmental news magazine that features investigative reports and in - depth stories about our changing environment and how it affects people around the world .
scanning the region , providing seeds of engagement through articles , videos , projects and partners , who are narrating the cultural stories of our region .
artbound
explores and illuminates the cultural issues of our times , providing critical in - depth analysis of how the arts and culture affects our society .
to learn the truth about his sister ' s mysterious disappearance , a young man infiltrates a hotel in the guise of a footman and begins an investigation .
the detroit river , still one of the busiest rivers in the world and a witness to the glory times of american industrialization , today sees desolation and the occasional sunflower field in downtown detroit .
the building closed in 1989 , marking the end of william randolph hearst’s empire in los angeles .
chris clarke was kcet ' s environment editor until july 2017 . he is a veteran environmental journalist and natural history writer . he lives in joshua tree .
but that ' s scant good news . bluegill in particular have been a problem . introduced to california waters in the 19th century , bluegill have spread throughout most of the waters of the state .
the species isn ' t extinct . aside from those farm ponds up and down the length of california , planted populations still survive in several large reservoirs , including the san luis reservoir in merced county , and alkaline lakes such as pyramid lake north of reno , nevada .
for ongoing environmental coverage in march 2017 and afterward , please visit our show earth focus , or browse redefine for historic material . kcet ' s award - winning environment news project redefine ran from july 2012 through february 2017 .
we are dedicated to providing you with articles like this one . show your support with a tax - deductible contribution to kcet . after all , public media is meant for the public . it belongs to all of us .
the threatened delta smelt is famous , but there ' s another smelt in the bay delta whose decline is worrying wildlife partisans .
the splittail was once abundant . now its numbers are dwindling . but it isn ' t protected by either the state or feds .
it used to be so common that trawlers caught it to send to markets . now , it will likely be extinct in a few years . . . if it isn ' t already .
a q & a will immediately follow with star elsie fisher and writer / director bo burnham .
the trump administration has been battling in the courts and on the streets against jurisdictions that call themselves
sanctuaries ,
arguing that they threaten the rule of law and allow criminal immigrants to roam free .
a newspaperman from the 1950s dives into a legend from over 40 years prior , and identifies a manhunt . but history and legend battle each other and make this story a timeless mystery . did willie boy get away ? you decide .
don ' t miss out on urltoken ' s events , stories , breaking news , shows , and new recipes .
kcetlink , formerly community television of southern california , is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization .
trout isn’t the only fishing action making news at crowley lake in the eastern sierra these days .
“it’s definitely at least a month early , and it’s probably twice as good as it’s been since i’ve been here , ” said lane garrett , in his fourth year at crowley fish camp .
“a couple of employees went out this morning and caught 63 in two hours . ”
marlon meade , a mini - jig specialist from anaheim , has been among the locals finding excellent action on the silver slabs for three months .
travis bozman , 32 , of orange discovered the crappie bite in mid - february while trout fishing and has been into the popular panfish since .
it was slower than usual saturday with he and his son scout , 4 , ending up with 12 . but most of the time , limits of 25 have been the norm , though he only keeps 10 .