aenetus ramsayi , the swift ghost moth , is a moth of the hepialidae family .

it is known from queensland and new south wales .

the wingspan is 100 mm for females and 80 mm for males .

females have green forewings with white markings and pale orange hindwings .

males have blue-green forewings with white markings and blue-green hindwings .

adults are on wing from february to march .

the larvae feed on various trees and saplings , including diploglottis australis , alectryon , syzygium smithii and eucalyptus grandis .

they bore in the stem of their host plant .

aenetus ramsayi

aenetus ramsayi ( scott , 1869 ) = charagia ramsayi scott , 1869 = achladaeus ramsayi = charagia ramsayi .
aenetus ramsayi ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
no one has contributed data records for aenetus blackburnii yet . learn how to contribute .
aenetus marginatus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
aenetus hampsoni ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
aenetus crameri ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
aenetus wollastoni ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
aenetus toxopeusi ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
aenetus cohici ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
aenetus arfaki ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
aenetus eugyna ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
aenetus sordida ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
aenetus ligniveren ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
aenetus lewinii ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
aenetus astathes ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
aenetus splendens ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
aenetus ombraloma ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
aenetus montanus ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
aenetus scotti ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
aenetus blackburnii ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
aenetus eximia ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
aenetus tegulatus ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
aenetus scripta ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
aenetus tephroptilus ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
aenetus dulcis ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
aenetus mirabilis ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
aenetus virescens ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 38 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
aenetus ( hepialidae ) ; [ aucl ] ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 37 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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= ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 37 ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
= ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
= ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
hepialus astathes turner , 1915 ; proc . r . soc . qd 27 ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : w . a . , albany ; waroona
oenetus [ sic ] montanus tindale , 1953 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 76 : 79
hepialus blackburnii lower , 1892 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 15 : 5 ; tl : s . australia
: newcastle , ash island , hunter river , n . s . w .
= ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 854 ( list )
hepialus tephroptilus turner , 1915 ; proc . r . soc . qd 27 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : w . a . , albany
= ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
= ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
oenetus [ sic ] mirabilis rothschild , 1894 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 13 ( 77 ) : 440 ; tl : cedar bay , north queensland
charagia hampsoni joicey & noakes , 1914 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 14 : 282 , pl . 14 ; tl : angi laks , arfak mts , dutch new guinea , 6000ft
crameri viette , 1956 ; nova guinea ( n . s . ) 7 : 42 ; tl : new guinea
oenetus [ sic ] wollastoni rothschild , 1915 ; in rothschild & durrant , lep . b . o . u . exp . new guinea : 146 ; tl : utakwa river , new guinea
toxopeusi viette , 1956 ; nova guinea ( n . s . ) 7 : 44 ; tl : new guinea
cohici ( viette , 1961 ) ( oenetus ) ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 66 : 106 ; tl : new caledonia
= ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
= ; [ nhm card ] ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 38 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
= ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 38 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 855 ( list )
charagia sordida rothschild & jordan , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 ( 2 ) : 478 ; tl : new guinea
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , sechter un letzter band , 1843 - 1856
( 1 ) : ( i ) pl . i ( 1843 ) , ( 3 ) : ( i ) i - ii , pl . ii - iv ( 1844 ) , ( 6 ) : ( i ) pl . v ( 1844 ) , ( 7 ) : ( i ) pl . vi ( 1844 ) , ( 8 ) : ( i ) iii - x , pl . vii - viii ( 1844 ) , ( 9 ) : ( i ) pl . ix - xi ( 1844 ) , ( 11 ) : ( i ) pl . xii ( 1845 ) , ( 13 ) : ( i ) xi - xiv , pl . xiii - xiv ( 1846 ) , ( 17 ) : ( i ) pl . xvi ( 1846 ) , ( 22 ) : ( ii ) pl . i - iii ( 1847 ) , ( 35 ) : ( i ) pl . xv ( 1848 ) , ( 36 ) : ( i ) pl . xvii - xix ( 1848 ) , ( 37 ) : ( i ) pl . xx ( 1849 ) , ( ? 38 ) : ( i ) xv - xviii ( 1849 ) , ( 38 ) : ( i ) pl . xxi - xxii ( 1849 ) , ( 40 ) : ( ii ) i - ii - iv , pl . iv - ix ( 1849 ) , ( 48 ) : [
- 36 ( 1852 ) , ( 60 ) : ( ii ) v - viii , pl . x - xiv ( iv ) 37 - 40 ( 1853 ) , ( 65 ) : ( iv )
beiträge zur lepidopterenfauna des malayischen archipels . ( 5 ) verzeichniss der schmetterlinge von amboina
on some new lepidoptera discovered by a . s . meek in british new guinea
contribution à l ' étude des hepialidae ( 32ème note ) . hepialidae de nouvelle guinée
walker , 1856 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 1 : 1 - 278 ( 1854 ) , 2 : 279 - 581 ( 1854 ) , 3 : 583 - 775 ( 1855 ) , 4 : 777 - 976 ( 1855 ) , 5 : 977 - 1258 ( 1855 ) , 6 : 1259 - 1508 ( 1855 ) , 7 : 1509 - 1808 ( 1856 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
nielsen , e . s . , g . s . robinson , d . l . wagner . 2000 . ghost - moths of the world : a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia ( mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea ) ( lepidoptera ) . journal of natural history 34 ( 6 ) : 823 - 878 .
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it is native to arkansas in the united states , where it is known from only four locations .

it is a federally listed endangered species of the united states .

this crayfish was first described to science as a new species in 1987 .

it is about 48 millimeters ( 1.8 inches ) long .

a troglobite , it lacks pigment , making it white in color , it and has only rudimentary eyes .

it is genetically distinct from other species of cave crayfish .

the crayfish lives at four caves in northern arkansas , three in benton county and one in washington county .

it is not considered an arkansas endemic species because 58 % of one of the benton county cave zones is actually within the neighboring state of missouri .

this crayfish feeds on organic matter washed into the cave from the surface , and on bat guano .

it is sometimes eaten by the banded sculpin ( cottus carolinae ) .

little else is known about its ecology .

threats to this species include direct mortality when they are trampled by cave explorers and trespassers .

gates have been put in place at the caves to protect them but vandalism is still a threat .

pollution of the groundwater in the caves was the main reason the animal was federally listed .

individuals are sometimes washed out of caves during floods , leading to mortality .

cambarus aculabrum

cambarus aculabrum is a rare species of crayfish known by the common name benton cave crayfish . content licensed under creative commons attribution . source : urltoken
cave crayfish ( cambarus aculabrum ) .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
cave crayfish ( cambarus aculabrum ) .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 30 october 1996 .
recovery plan for the cave crafish ( cambarus aculabrum ) .
u . s . fish and wildlife service , atlanta , 37pp .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1996 . cave crayfish ( cambarus aculabrum ) recovery plan . u . s . fish and wildlife service , atlanta , georgia . 37 pp .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 27 april 1993 .
endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; determination of endangered status determined for the cave crayfish ( cambarus aculabrum ) .
federal register 58 ( 79 ) : 25742 - 25746 .
graening , g . o . , m . e . slay , a . v . brown , and j . b . koppelman . 2006 . status and distribution of the endangered benton cave crayfish , cambarus aculabrum ( decapoda : cambaridae ) . the southwestern naturalist , 51 ( 3 ) : 376 - 439 .
this species is known from two caves in benton county , arkansas ( hobbs , 1989 ; robison and allen , 1995 ; usfws , 1996 ) and just into missouri ( graening et al . , 2006 ) . with all of the effort to look for cave organisms based out of fayetteville , a great deal of search has been focused in the area to find more cambarus aculabrum . it has long seemed confined to the original 2 caves , yet recent discoveries have added 2 additional sites nearby - both based on one or two specimens . missouri has a cave biologist on staff and considerable survey work has been done with no discoveries of the species in that state ( brian wagner , ar game and fish , to cindy osborne , ar heritage , pers . comm . , june 2002 ) .
first form males are distinguished by a fully formed and hardened first pleopod ( reproductive appendages ) . these males can be further distinguished from closely related cambarus setosus and c . tartarus by the absence of a transverse groove separating the proximolateral lobe from the shaft on the first pleopod . it differs from c . zophonastes in that it possesses a longer central projection of the first pleopod that also has a shallow subapical notch .
( < 100 square km ( less than about 40 square miles ) ) this species is known from two caves in benton county , arkansas ( hobbs , 1989 ; robison and allen , 1995 ; usfws , 1996 ) and just into missouri ( graening et al . , 2006 ) . with all of the effort to look for cave organisms based out of fayetteville , a great deal of search has been focused in the area to find more cambarus aculabrum . it has long seemed confined to the original 2 caves , yet recent discoveries have added 2 additional sites nearby - both based on one or two specimens . missouri has a cave biologist on staff and considerable survey work has been done with no discoveries of the species in that state ( brian wagner , ar game and fish , to cindy osborne , ar heritage , pers . comm . , june 2002 ) .
cave crayfish are highly specialized for living in stable cave environments with low light and low temperatures and are unable to cope with changes in their habitats that may be induced by human activities . water quality degradation represents a major threat to c . aculabrum . this species is also vulnerable due to its limited distribution , with only two known populations containing a small number of individuals ; its limited reproductive potential ; and the potential for take by humans .
bear hollow cave contains a small stream approximately 660 ft ( 201 . 2 m ) long and an undescribed pool that are habitat for c . aculabrum . the cave stream flow and depth varies . at times , parts of the stream may dry up leaving tiny pools of water or parts of the stream may completely disappear underground leaving no trace . after some rainfall events the cave may nearly fill up with water , as evidenced by trash found lodged up near the cave ceiling .
the numbers of crayfish observed in logan and bear hollow caves has varied dramatically between cave visits . the greatest number of crayfish observed in a single visit is nine in bear hollow cave and 21 in logan cave . in 14 visits to logan cave , crayfish were observed on only three occasions . in a 1990 survey , three c . aculabrum were observed in logan cave , one of which was dead , and only a single crayfish in bear hollow cave . six crayfish were observed in logan cave during another cave visit in 1995 while four were observed in bear hollow cave . from october 1994 through september 1995 , between seven and 21 cave crayfish were observed in logan cave .
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livingston , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , batchelor , a . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , milligan , h . t . , smith , j . , lutz , m . l . , de silva , r . , mcguinness , s . , kasthala , g . , jopling , b . , sullivan , k . & cryer , g .
has been assessed as critically endangered . this species has an area of occupancy of less than 10 km² as each of the four cave pools has a maximum area of 200 m² . the caves are severely fragmented and they are not connected to each other . there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat due to continued human disturbances and impacts through trampling and groundwater pollution . this species is extremely sensitive to groundwater quality and there is evidence that it is preyed on by banded sculpin (
) . it has a very low population , of only 40 individuals , and longevity of 75 years indicating that there is a late age of reproductive maturity . a recovery plan has been initiated by the usfws in 1996 , which has been implementing measures to protect this species . however , even with this recovery plan in place , the population still remains low and sensitive to disturbance and quality of habitat .
2006 ) . with all of the effort to look for cave organisms based out of fayetteville , a great deal of search has been focused in the area to find further specimens of this species . it has long seemed confined to the original caves , yet recent discoveries have added 2 additional sites nearby - both based on one or two specimens . in missouri , expert survey work has been carried out with no further discoveries of the species in that state ( brian wagner , ar game and fish , to cindy osborne , ar heritage , pers . comm . 2002 ) . the area of occupancy ( aoo ) is estimated to be less than 4 km² .
2006 ) . probably < 200 adults are extant . numbers of crayfish observed vary dramatically between cave visits . the greatest number observed at one time in one cave is nine and in the other cave 21 ( usfws , 1996 ) . the current total observed population size is 40 individuals , based on the latest complete visual census of the second largest occurrence ( n = 6 ) , largest occurrence ( n = 31 ) , small occurrence ( n = 2 ) , and the smallest creek pool discharge occurrence ( n = 1 ) ( graening
this species is a cave dwelling species inhabiting subterranean streams and pools ( jacobson 1996 ) . one of the caves from which this species is known is an ozarkian solution channel , within which this species has been observed along the side walls of a pool or at the stream margin ( robison and allen 1995 ) . cave streams in which this species lives are generally less than 50 cm deep .
. ( 2006 ) have assessed continuing threats since the recovery plan . among these , habitat degradation from groundwater pollution is the primary reason for federal listing of the species and remains a serious threat . organic pollutants are present in the groundwater basins of the two initial caves . mean concentrations of nitrate , phosphorous , and faecal bacteria consistently equals or exceeds those of regional surface waters monitored by the national water quality assessment program for the springfield plateau aquifer . over 100 confined animal feeding operations ( poultry and swine ) and cattle ranching operations as well as over 60 residences on septic systems are within the recharge zone of one cave and two confined feeding operations , and at least 200 residences on septic systems are within the discharge zone of the second cave ( graening
. 2006 ) . as for human disturbance , both caves with the largest populations were both formerly popular recreational destinations . vandalism and trespassing continue to be serious management issues at both sites , even after erection of steel channel gates . trampling was formerly considered a threat at all sites but has been alleviated at one cave when a fixed line was bolted to a canyon ledge 3 m above the stream in 2001 ( graening
. 2006 ) . more specifically , hog and poultry operations , fertilization of nearby pasture lands , regional airport expansion , and residential development threaten the water quality of the second cave . residential development is the primary threat to water quality in the largest cave occurrence ( usfws 1996 ) .
compiled by the us fish and wildlife service ( jacobson 1996 ) . this plan has seen the implementation of cave gates on two sites
, and three caves have surrounding land recovered and septic tanks are being upgraded to prevent leakages ( natureserve 2009 ) . one of the localities has been designated as a
. it also qualifies as endangered under the federal environmental species act of 1973 ( jacobson 1996 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .
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small , white obligate cave - dwelling crayfish with no pigment and reduced eyes .
the cave crayfish is a small , white obligate cave - dwelling crayfish . the body length of this species has been measured to reach up to 1 . 8 in ( 4 . 6 cm ) . this species has no pigment and has reduced eyes . it also has an acute or subacute apex of the antermomedian lobe of the epistome .
the reproductive habits of this species , as well as other sociobiological information , is not known at this time . this species , however , displays similar reproductive characteristics of other decopods . the males probably begin molting into the reproductive state in late summer with copulation occurring in late summer and fall . egg laying likely occurs in late winter and early spring . most males molt back to the nonreproductive form during april .
water quality and clarity of logan cave stream is generally high and many water parameters remain relatively constant for much of the year . most changes in water properties occur when the cave ' s stream flow increases after a storm .
the cave crayfish is most commonly found along the walls of the pool , or along stream edges .
the type locality of this species is logan cave as well as its associated stream and lake . the cave cray - fish is also known from bear hollow cave and its associated stream about 23 mi ( 37 km ) from logan cave . both of these areas are located in benton county , arkansas .
in an observation of other cave crayfish and troglobitic species , small population sizes have been a result of reduced food sources . as an adaptation to this it has also been observed that these species display a lower metabolic rate , increased longevity , delayed maturity and reproduction and decreased fecundity . the otherwise adaptive characteristic could make the cave crayfish highly vulnerable to environmental pollution and limit this species ' ability to recover .
in 1989 the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( fws ) purchased 123 . 9 acres ( 50 . 1 hectares ) at logan cave ( the cave crayfish ' s original locality ) . this attempt will facilitate preservation activities initiated by the fws . the rest of the area , however , is privately owned .
a collecting permit is required for collecting for any species , except for fish bait under state regulations . troglobites are protected from possession and sale by arkansas state law .
potential conservation measures and federal involvement are expected to include : ( 1 ) environmental protection agency : clean water act ' s provisions for pesticide registration and waste management actions . ( 2 ) corps of engineers : inclusion of the cave crayfish in project planning and operation and during permit review . ( 3 ) federal highway administration : consideration of the cave crayfish in bridge and road construction in known areas of occupancy . ( 4 ) farmers home administration : consideration of impacts of the cave crayfish in loan processes . ( 5 ) soil conservation service : inclusion of the cave cray - fish in farmer ' s assistance programs .
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2006 ) . with all of the effort to look for cave organisms based out of fayetteville , a great deal of search has been focused in the area to find further specimens of this species . it has long seemed confined to the original caves , yet recent discoveries have added 2 additional sites nearby - both based on one or two specimens . in missouri , expert survey work has been carried out with no further discoveries of the species in that state ( brian wagner , ar game and fish , to cindy osborne , ar heritage , pers . comm . 2002 ) . the area of occupancy ( aoo ) is estimated to be less than 4 km .
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hobbs , h . h . , jr . and a . v . brown . 1987 . a new troglobitic crayfish from north western arkansas . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 100 ( 4 ) : 1040 - 1048 .
this species is highly imperiled . this species has an extent of occurrence of less than 10 sq . km as each of the four cave pools has a maximum area of 200 m . the caves are severely fragmented and they are not connected to each other . there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat due to continued human disturbances and impacts through trampling and groundwater pollution . this species is extremely sensitive to groundwater quality and there is evidence that it is predated on by banded sculpin ( cottus carolinae ) . it has a very low population , of only 40 individuals , and a longevity of 75 years indicating that there is a late age of reproductive maturity . a recovery plan has been initiated by the us fisheries and wildlife service in 1996 , which has been putting in place measures to protect this species . however , even with this recovery plan in place , the population still remains low and sensitive to disturbance and quality of habitat .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
this species was previously known only from four caves in / around benton county , arkansas that are 38 km apart and both solution channels in boone formation ( hobbs and brown , 1987 ; usfws , 1996 ) . recent documentation of specimens in one cave recharge zone ( outside the cave itself ) in mcdonald co . , missouri , has increased the current understanding of the range of this species to include this area ( graening et al . , 2006 ) . two caves ( benton co . , arkansas ; and washington co . , arkansas ) are fairly recent range additions with one female sighted in 1999 and one male in 2004 ; plus one specimen expelled during a flood event in 2004 , respectively ( graening et al . , 2006 ) . extensive survey effort nearby revealed no others .
probably < 200 adults are extant . numbers of crayfish observed vary dramatically between cave visits with the greatest number observed at one time in one cave is nine and in the other cave 21 ( usfws , 1996 ) . the curent total observed population size is 40 individuals , based on the latest complete visual census of the second largest occurrence ( n = 6 ) , largest occurrence ( n = 31 ) , small occurrence ( n = 2 ) , and the smallest creek pool discharge occurrence ( n = 1 ) ( graening et al . , 2006 ) . the maximum historical count ( irrespective of date ) is 56 ( 47 in the largest cave occurrence , 9 in the second largest cave occurrence ) ( graening et al . , 2006 ) .
two of the four sites are considered viable , one with decent viability ( graening et al . , 2006 ) .
a natural mortality factor is expulsion from the subterranean habitat by flooding during storm events . this has been documented on more than one occasion for the two largest occurrences ( into pea ridge hollow , missouri thus expanding range of this species ) ( graening et al . , 2006 ) . natural dispersal of this species is limited by its confinement to a stygobitic habitat in very few localities .
this species cannot survive outside the cave environment ( graening et al . , 2006 ) ; especially since they have been consumed by non - stygobitic predators outside the caves .
albinistic ; eyes without pigment and much reduced ; 2 terminal elements of first pleopod of male bent > 90 degrees , central projection ca . 135 degrees ; body strongly compressed ( hobbs and brown 1987 ) . [ length : to 28 . 5 tcl , to 45 tl ] [ width : to 12 ]
central projection at > 90 degree angle to main axis of pleopod , with notch in apex ; proximolateral groove near base of pleopod ( hobbs and brown 1987 ) .
reproductively active males in dec and jan ; no other data . spawning and actual mating periods unknown .
co - occurs with the rare ozark crayfish , amblyopsis rosae in one cave .
no data ; home range probably not over 50 m ; ability to survive outside cave paractically nil .
one of the caves from which this species is known is an ozarkian solution channel and species has been observed along the side walls of a pool or at the stream margin ( robison and allen , 1995 ) . cave streams in which this species lives are generally less than 50 cm deep .
this species was listed as a u . s . federal endangered species in 1993 and a recovery plan drafted ( usfws , 1996 ) . the primary conservation activity has been land protection . at one cave , usfws purchased 49 . 6 hectares containing the cave entrances and created a national wildlife refuge in 1989 . a cave gate was installed in 1998 by usfws and tulsa regional grotto , national speleological society . the nature conservancy is implementing a voluntary program to upgrate septic systems in the cave recharge zone to reduce nutrient loading of the aquifer . a pilot project at the prperty owner land involved the retrofitting of an old concrete spetic tank system with a recirculating , aerobic digestion trickle filter and fiberglass septic tank which should reduce nutrient and bacteria concentrations in the effluent . another property owner donated 1 . 7 ha of land containing the entrance to a second cave in 1998 to the nature conservancy establishing a natural area and a cooperative clean - up illegal refuse dumps in the discharge zone was performed . a cave gate was installed in the early 1990s . the entrance and surrounding land ( 4 . 1 ha ) of a third cave was donated to the nature conservancy , establishing another nature area and the nature conservancy has begun a reforestation effort of its discharge zone . site conservation and management pland for all 4 caves were developed by the nature conservancy . public outreach projects have not been implemented ( usfws , 1996 ; graening et al . , 2006 ) .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
separation barriers are based on hydrological discontinuity . additional physical barriers , particularly for secondary and tertiary burrowers , include presence of upland habitat between water connections of a distance greater than 30 m . migration of primary burrowers is generally not hindered by presence of upland habitat unless conditions are very xeric ( dry and desert - like ) ( smith , 2001 ) .
freshwater cave ( troglobitic ) species may occur from near entrances to very deep in cave systems . for cave species , each cave where an observation or collection was recorded ( see minimum eo criteria , above ) constitutes an element occurrence regardless of separation distance unless caves are part of a single hydrological system ( see below ) . occurrences are additionally separated by underground physical barriers to movement . multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered to be a single element occurrence when they are less than one km apart . multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered separate element occurrences when hydrological connections have not been determined or when separated by a distance of at least one km .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
hobbs , h . h . , jr . 1989 . an illustrated checklist of the american crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidae , cambaridae , and parastacidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology 480 : 1 - 236 .
koppelman , j . b . and d . e . figg . 1995 . genetic estimates of variability and relatedness for conservation of an ozark cave crayfish species complex . conservation biology , 9 ( 5 ) : 1288 - 1294 .
mclaughlin , p . a . , d . k . camp , m . v . angel , e . l . bousfield , p . brunel , r . c . brusca , d . cadien , a . c . cohen , k . conlan , l . g . eldredge , d . l . felder , j . w . goy , t . haney , b . hann , r . w . heard , e . a . hendrycks , h . h . hobbs iii , j . r . holsinger , b . kensley , d . r . laubitz , s . e . lecroy , r . lemaitre , r . f . maddocks , j . w . martin , p . mikkelsen , e . nelson , w . a . newman , r . m . overstreet , w . j . poly , w . w . price , j . w . reid , a . robertson , d . c . rogers , a . ross , m . schotte , f . schram , c . shih , l . watling , g . d . f . wilson , and d . d . turgeon . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31 : 545 pp .
robison , h . w . and r . t . allen . 1995 . only in arkansas : a study of the endemic plants and animals of the state . university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas .
taylor , c . a . , g . a . schuster , j . e . cooper , r . j . distefano , a . g . eversole , p . hamr , h . h . hobbs iii , h . w . robison , c . e . skelton , and r . f . thoma . 2007 . a reassessment of the conservation status of crayfishes of the united states and canada after 10 + years of increased awareness . fisheries 32 ( 8 ) : 371 - 389 .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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liphyra grandis is a butterfly found in papua new guinea .

this species has a body length of 28 mm with a diameter of 7 mm .

the length of the forewings is 45 mm .

the body is dark brown , underside of same is brownish grey .

the antennae have a length of 16 mm .

the main coloration of the forewings is dark brown with a large reddish-yellow transversal line .

liphyra grandis

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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quelea / ˈkwiliə / is a genus of small passerine birds that belongs to the weaver family ploceidae , confined to africa .

these are small-sized , sparrow - or finch-like gregarious birds , with bills adapted to eating seeds .

queleas may be nomadic over vast ranges ; the red-billed quelea is said to be the most numerous bird species in the world .

quelea

male ( right ) and female red - billed queleas ( quelea quelea ) .
a flock of red - billed queleas ( quelea quelea ) , etosha national park , namibia .
quelea quelea .
a dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
quelea quelea .
a dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
: a red - billed bird ( q . quelea ) often kept as a cage bird
the red - billed quelea is not a prohibited or restricted invasive animal under the biosecurity act 2014 .
( red - billed quelea ) is the most numerous bird in the world , numbering thousands of millions .
…of the african weaverbird ( quelea ) have been estimated to exceed 1 , 000 , 000 individuals . …
…a grain - eating finch , the red - billed quelea ( quelea quelea ) , occurs like locusts , in plague proportions so numerous that alighting flocks may break the branches of trees . the use of city buildings for roosts by large flocks of starlings and blackbirds is also a problem , as is the nesting of albatrosses on…
quelea .
the columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
…red - billed weaver , or quelea ( quelea quelea ) , of the african savannas can sometimes become an agricultural pest ; it has been reported nesting in colonies covering several square miles of trees and harbouring millions of birds . bishop birds ( euplectes ) weave nests with a side entrance , generally in wet grassy areas . ( see …
quelea supports the zefania xml bible format , so you can easily download and use the language and translation of your choice .
research in this programme centres on the ecotoxicological risk and environmental impact assessments of quelea control operations in terrestrial and wetland biomes .
you ' re no longer restricted to just colours or still images as backgrounds ( though of course , quelea supports those too . )
quelea .
the columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
what made you want to look up quelea ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
early detection is essential for preventing pest establishment . if you have seen or are in possession of a red - billed quelea contact biosecurity queensland on 13 25 23 .
the waxy preen - gland secretions have not been studied extensively in passerine birds . poltz & jacob ( 1974 ) analysed samples from four ploceinae , including q . quelea and p . cucullatus . they found that the fatty acids were identical in three ploceus species , while the dominant compound in q . quelea was different . the alcohol component was almost exclusively one type in ploceus , and this was also the major constituent in quelea , with significant contributions from other alcohols . this suggests that that these secretions may be informative at the generic level .
craig , a . ( 2018 ) . cardinal quelea ( quelea cardinalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
find the projector background difficult to read ? quelea can push out lyrics to any mobile device with a browser , all in real time - and you can choose the colours to best suit your needs .
quelea doesn ' t just focus on the display , it helps with the setup as well . it ships with a variety of test patterns you can use to make sure it ' s calibrated and positioned correctly .
the red - billed quelea is not a prohibited or restricted invasive animal under the biosecurity act 2014 . however , by law , everyone has a general biosecurity obligation ( gbo ) to take reasonable and practical steps to minimise the risks associated with invasive plants and animals under their control .
tens of thousands of quelea ' s came to feed on the superabundance of grass seed after the rains on our home estate . the recording includes both hundreds of birds calling whilst they feed but also the whirring of wings as they fly up and down from one patch of seed to another .
crook ( 1963 ) examined nest structure and classified the nests of p . bicolor , p . ocularis , p . philippinus and p . cucullatus in separate types , while the nests of euplectes , quelea and f . madagascariensis all were placed in the same category . later schnell ( 1973 ) carried out a phenetic analysis of crook ' s data . clustering by correlation coefficients grouped quelea and euplectes together ; f . sechellarum was linked with p . bicolor , f . madagascariensis with p . ocularis , and p . cucullatus with p . velatus . a slightly different arrangement resulted when he used distance coeeficients : quelea , euplectes , and f . madagascariensis formed one cluster , and p . cucullatus and p . velatus still were in the same cluster , but p . bicolor was isolated . in both these analyses , p . philippinus was not associated with any of the other species considered here .
pesticide fate and behaviour in the environment is followed in biotic matrices ( invertebrates , vertebrates , plants ) as well as abiotic matrices ( water , air - borne residues and soil ) . in addition , integrated decision support systems are being developed to assist managers in the integrated control of redbilled quelea in south africa .
…or eliminated ( locusts , tsetse flies , quelea finches—which do immense damage to grain crops—and some ungulates or carnivores ) , ( 3 ) species that provide a spectacle and bring economic benefit ( elephants , the larger plain ungulates , primates , or carnivores ) , and ( 4 ) endangered , rare , or unique species . …
…numbers of birds , the red - billed quelea , or “millet eater , ” which destroys crops , is notable , as are the partridge and the guinea fowl . reptiles are numerous and include pythons , as well as cobras and other venomous snakes . crocodiles , hippopotamuses , and turtles are found in the rivers . the rivers and the coastal…
there ' s some good lyrics projection software out there already , some of which is free and open source , some of which is commercial . with quelea we aim to incorporate the best features of existing solutions as well as leveraging new , useful technologies that existing solutions don ' t have - providing it all under a free , open source license .
( order passeriformes ) . it occurs in such enormous numbers that it often destroys grain crops and , by roosting , breaks branches . efforts to control quelea populations with poisons , napalm , pathogens , and electronic devices have had poor success ; but dynamiting the dense colonies , which may contain more than two million pairs in less than 50 hectares ( 125 acres ) , has achieved local control .
native to africa , the red - billed quelea is a small finch with a brown body and red bill . it can form nomadic super - colonies of up to 30 million birds , feeding on grains such as sorghum , wheat , barley , rice and corn . red - billed queleas are one of the world’s most abundant and destructive birds , causing us $ 70 million damage to grain crops each year .
basing his conclusions primarily on morphology and plumage characters , moreau ( 1960 ) suggested that foudia was closer to euplectes than to quelea . he also suggested that p . sakalava and p . nelicourvi had a recent common ancestor , and represented dry - country and forest versions of the same stock . elsewhere he commented that asian weavers appeared to have been better island colonists than african species , though he did not infer that asia was therefore a more likely source for the madagascar ploceus species .
four ploceidae occur naturally on madagascar : forest fody foudia omissa and madagascar fody f . madagascariensis , and nelicourvi weaver ploceus nelicourvi and sakalava weaver p . sakalava . a preliminary phylogenetic analysis using morphological characters and features of their breeding biology supports the view that the genus foudia may be closest to the african genera quelea and euplectes . the madagascan ploceus species may be linked to the solitary , insectivorous african weavers , or the asian baya weaver p . philippinus , rather than derived from the colonial savanna weavers of africa .
in a comparative study of limb musculature bentz ( 1979 ) dissected specimens of p . ocularis , p . cucullatus , q . quelea , f . madagascariensis and e . afer . four characters of the forelimb muscles and six on the hindlimb were shared by all these species . although f . madagascariensis had one autapomorphy on the forelimb and e . afer one on the hindlimb , comparison with the estrildidae suggested that the most significant variation in limb muscle morphology was at the family or subfamily level , rather than at the generic level .
karyotyping has not been used widely in bird studies . christidis ( 1986 ) commented that f . madagascariensis appeared to have a karyotype identical to that of p . velatus and p . philippinus . thus this character may not provide useful information on relationships within the sub - family . dna studies have yet to include any madagascar ploceids . dna - hybridization showed q . quelea and q . erythrops as close relatives , with euplectes their sister taxon , and ploceus species , including p . cucullatus , forming part of the same branch ( sibley & ahlquist 1990 ) .
table 2 shows the character states for the species in fig . 1 . the uninformative characters , which showed the primitive condition in all taxa , were disregarded in the analysis . with regard to skeletal characters , these are remarkably uniform in the three genera foudia , euplectes and quelea . i have data for eight other euplectes species , and all members of this genus share the same character states for these nine skeletal features . in contrast , the 17 species of ploceus examined so far represent seven different combinations of skeletal characters . this implies that the current genus , which includes more than 60 species in most checklists , is likely to be paraphyletic .
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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as possibly the most abundant bird in the world ( fry and keith 2004 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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less than 5 in . ( 13 cm ) long and weighing slightly more than 1 / 2 oz ( 1 . 4 grams ) , these tiny birds are found throughout sub - saharan africa in areas receiving less than 30 in . ( 76 cm ) of annual rainfall .
with the spread of grain farming and irrigation , they have extended their natural habitats , generally picking new breeding grounds every year . highly mobile , they often descend in a locustlike manner upon fields and in flight may indeed be mistaken for locusts . queleas are often found in concentrations of more than a million birds ; such a flock can destroy up to 60 tons of grain in a single day , consuming half and knocking the rest to the ground . hence , they are hunted aggressively with poisons and fire , but , as with locusts , to little effect .
queleas nest in thick thornbushes and trees ; a colony may cover up to 4 sq mi ( 10 . 4 sq km ) . the males build the simple grass nests , and a single thatched nest may house hundreds of females and their young , with only a few highly polygamous males . queleas are persistent and prolific breeders , beginning as early as nine months of age . in addition to grain , queleas also feed on insects and , in the
, strip the leaves from trees . the size of their groups is sufficient to break branches and flatten plants . queleas are classified in the phylum
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© a dictionary of zoology 1999 , originally published by oxford university press 1999 .
a family of small , stocky birds that have short , stout bills . the weavers ( e . g .
, of which there are about 56 species , many kept as cage birds ) are mainly black with yellow , red , or brown . sparrows are mainly brown . some members of the genus
( bishops and whydahs ) have long tails . many ploceids are gregarious , inhabit forest , grassland , desert , urban areas , and cultivated land , and feed on seeds and insects . many build elaborate woven nests , suspended from trees , with a long entrance tunnel . others build untidy nests in trees , grass , and buildings . some are parasitic and most are colonial .
( house sparrow ) , one of 18 species in its genus , is particularly associated with humans . rock sparrows ( five species of
) inhabit open , rocky country , bush , and forest . there are 17–19 genera , comprising 145 species , many kept as cage birds ( e . g .
ploceidae .
a dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
ploceidae .
a dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
queleas breed in thorn - scrub country : every bush and tree for miles around may contain hundreds of their globular nests , which are built by the males ( black - faced , with pinkish foreparts at that season ) . each pair has two or three young , which within the year may wander hundreds of miles and breed in their turn . the “locust bird” plague has been the indirect and complicated result of human exploitation of marginal land for stock raising and of the large - scale cultivation of grains . queleas are thought to be among the most populous bird species in the world .
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horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
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urltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , © random house , inc . 2018
several birds calling and singing at a small colony ; most nests still under construction .
flock calls from group in trees in the rest camp . flocks of many thousands of post - breeding birds seen over nearby grasslands .
relaxed chattering and some descending whistles from a whole bunch of queleas resting in the crown of an acacia tree in the heat of the day .
several hundred birds at dawn in mangrove , before taking off from the roost .
several dozen birds at presumed breeding site ( same group of bushes as xc110348 ) . same flock as xc324311 .
several dozen birds at presumed breeding site ( same group of bushes as xc110348 ) . same flock as xc324312
flock feeding on the ground and in short grass . habitat : accacia savanna .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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red - billed queleas coming to a waterhole for a drink chasing an african elephant away .
juan sanabria , josep del hoyo , doug and denise norris , daniêl jimenez , per . alstrom , yoël jimenez , marc de bont , trheijnen .
éric roualet , paul van giersbergen , petemorris , holger teichmann , aleix comas , jens thalund , lars petersson , frédéric pelsy , loutjie , guy poisson , robert erasmus , james kashangaki , smoghead , mauriravasini , ruben gaasenbeek , markus lilje , billonneau jean claude , tomasz doroń , priska rüegg , buchert , ossewa , arthur grosset , lutz duerselen , lad , antero topp , danielengelbrecht , manakincarmelo , paul cools , morten venas , juan josé bazán hiraldo .
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zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 12 . 18 , website ( version 18 - dec - 11 )
zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource
maintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon though locally abundant ( fry and keith 2004 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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sometimes placed with q . erythrops in a separate genus , queleopsis . proposed race rhodesiae ( described from e zambia ) alleged to have brown on nape more extensive , but individual variation occurs throughout species’ range . treated as monotypic .
s south sudan , ne drcongo , uganda , w kenya , rwanda and nw & n tanzania s to e zambia and , rare , c malawi ; rare non - breeding visitor to s ethiopia .
11 cm ; 11–15 g . small , short - tailed weaver . male breeding has bright red head down to throat and to variable extent onto breast ; nape and upperparts light brown with . . .
song a repetition of buzzes or sizzles introduced by sharp notes , terminating in nasal whistle ,
. . .
rank grass and wooded grassland , generally in dry areas . recorded at altitudes of 400–3000 m . . .
breeds aug–sept in drcongo , mar–jul in uganda and kenya , feb–may in tanzania and feb in zambia . polygynous . colonial , in . . .
flocks appear in many areas after rain , but may move on without breeding ; not clear if seasonal . . .
not globally threatened . locally abundant . a pest of agricultural crops in some parts of e africa .
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all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
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a molecular phylogeny of the african widowbirds and bishops , euplectes spp . ( aves : passeridae : ploceinae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
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a molecular phylogeny of the african widowbirds and bishops , euplectes spp . ( aves : passeridae : ploceinae ) .
department of zoology , göteborg university , box 463 , 405 30 göteborg , sweden .
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this tool provides a simple way to produce distributions of trees with subsets of taxa . the upper limit for the tool is 2 , 500 species . if larger subsets ar required you can download full trees .
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craig , a . j . f . k . 1999 . weaving a story : the relationships of the endemic ploceidae of madagascar . in : adams , n . j . & slotow , r . h . ( eds ) proc . 22 int . ornithol . congr . , durban :
, primarily on the basis of their nesting and courtship behaviour . crook ( 1964 ) tentatively assigned the two endemic
, to a group that includes both african and asian ploceids , noting that little information was available for them .
previous accounts of the biogeography of the madagascar avifauna have neglected the ploceidae ; they were not mentioned at all by griveaud ( 1967 ) nor by keith ( 1980 ) . apart from incidental observations , little has been recorded concerning the biology of these species , which are also of minor conservation concern compared to other malagasy endemics . recent research has focussed on endangered
also comes from populations introduced on other indian ocean islands ( e . g . , crook 1961 ; safford 1997 ) . in this paper i have used published information and data from museum specimens to compare the four madagascar ploceids ,
, to possible relatives in africa and asia . from asia , i selected only baya weaver
, the most widespread and best - known species . from africa , i chose four
there is a long tradition of including many species of weavers in the genus ploceus . reichenow ( 1886 ) recognised 38 taxa in six subgenera . he included p . sakalava in the subgenus ploceus alongside the asian species streaked weaver p . manyar , black - breasted weaver p . benghalensis and asian golden weaver p . hypoxanthus ; p . velatus was placed in the subgenus sitagra ; and p . cucullatus in hyphantornis . ploceus ocularis and p . bicolor were assigned to the genus symplectes ( reichenow 1887 ) . in the most recent comprehensive afrotropical checklist , dowsett & forbes - watson ( 1990 ) recognise 56 species of ploceus . of the current world checklists , only wolters ( 1979 ) has broken up this large genus . he restricted ploceus to the five asian species ; placed sakalava and nelicourvi as the only two species making up nelicurvius ; ocularis in hyphanturgus ; bicolor in symplectes ; and velatus and cucullatus in textor . unfortunately wolters did not publish any reasons for these decisions , but morlion ( 1980 ) noted differences in pterolyosis within the genus ploceus that could support such subdivisions .
my original field studies of ploceids in south africa were stimulated and guided by the late profs . g . j . broekhuysen and k . immelmann , and by prof . g . l . maclean and dr . c . j . skead . for access to museum specimens , i am grateful to d . allan , t . cassidy , k . garrett , j . hinshaw , a . c . kemp , w . e . lanyon , m . louette , r . b . payne , and d . willard . research funding has been provided by rhodes university , and the foundation for research development . n . barker assisted with the systematic analysis , and p . e . hulley and c . j . whittington - jones commented on a draft of the paper .
benson , c . , colebrook - robjent , j . f . r . & williams , a . 1977 . contribution à l ' orithologie de madagascar . l ' oiseau et le revue française d ' ornithologie 47 : 167 - 191 .
bentz , g . d . 1979 . the appendicular myology and phylogenetic relationships of the ploceidae and estrildidae ( aves : passeriformes ) . bulletin of the carnegie museum of natural history 15 : 1 - 25 .
christidis , l . 1986 . chromosomal evolution in finches and their allies ( families : ploceidae , fringillidae , and emberizidae ) . canadian journal of genetics and cytology 28 : 762 - 769 .
collar , n . j . , crosby , m . j . & stattersfield , o . j . 1994 . birds to watch 2 . cambridge ; birdlife international .
craig , a . j . f . k . 1984 . the spectacled weaver ploceus ocularis and monogamy in the ploceinae . proceedings of the fifth pan - african ornithological congress : 477 - 483 .
craig , a . j . f . k . 1995 . adaptation and evolution in ploceid weaver nests . ostrich 66 : 100 - 102 .
crook , j . h . 1960 . studies on the reproductive behaviour of the baya weaver ploceus philippinus ( l ) . journal of the bombay natural history society 57 : 1 - 44 .
crook , j . h . 1961 . the fodies ( ploceinae ) of the seychelles islands . ibis 103a : 517 - 548 .
crook , j . h . 1963 . a comparative analysis of nest structure in the weaver birds ( ploceinae ) . ibis 105 : 238 - 262 .
crook , j . h . 1964 . the evolution of social organisation and visual communication in the weaverbirds ( ploceinae ) . behaviour supplement 10 : 1 - 178 .
davis , t . a . 1971 . variation in nest - structure of the common weaverbird ploceus philippinus ( l . ) of india . forma functio 4 : 225 - 239 .
de queirez , a . & wimberger , p . h . 1993 . the usefulness of behavior for phylogeny estimation : levels of homoplasy in behavioral and morphological characters . evolution 47 : 46 - 60 .
dowsett , r . j . & forbes - watson , a . d . 1993 . checklist of birds of the afrotropical and malagasy regions . vol . 1 : species limits and distribution . liege ; tauraco press .
farris , j . s . 1988 . reference manual for hennig86 , version 1 . 5 . new york ; the author .
frith , c . b . 1976 . a twelve - month field study of the aldabran fody foudia eminentissima aldabrana . ibis 118 : 155 - 178 .
griveaud , p . 1967 . le peuplement ornithologique de madagascar : origines - biogéographie . cahiers orstrom , serie biologie , number 4 : 53 - 76 .
keith , s . 1980 . origins of the avifauna of the malagasy region . proceedings of the fourth pan - african ornithological congress : 99 - 108 .
langrand , o . 1990 . guide to the birds of madagascar . new haven & london ; yale university press .
moreau , r . e . 1960 . conspectus and classification of the ploceine weaver - birds . ibis 102 : 298 - 321 , 443 - 471 .
morlion , m . l . 1980 . pterylosis as a secondary criterion in the taxonomy of the african ploceidae and estrildidae . proceedings of the fourth pan - african ornithological congress : 27 - 41 .
newton , r . 1959 . notes on the two species of foudia on mauritius . ibis 101 : 240 - 243 .
poltz , j . & jacob , j . 1974 . bürzeldrüsensekrete bei ammern ( emberizidae ) , finken ( fringillidae ) , und webern ( ploceidae ) . journal für ornithologie 115 : 119 - 127 .
rand , a . l . 1936 . the distribution and habits of madagascar birds . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 72 : 143 - 499 .
reichenow , a . 1886 . monographie der gattung ploceus cuv . zoologisches jahrbuch 1 : 113 - 164 .
reichenow , a . 1887 . monographie der gattung symplectes sw . zoologisches jahrbuch 2 : 625 - 638 .
safford , r . j . 1997 . the nests of sympatric native and introduced fody foudia species on mauritius . ostrich 68 : 27 - 30 .
schnell , g . d . 1973 . a reanalysis of nest structure in the weavers ( ploceinae ) using numerical taxonomy techniques . ibis 115 : 93 - 106 .
sibley , c . g . & ahlquist , j . e . 1990 . phylogeny and classification of birds . new haven & london ; yale university press .
swofford , d . l . 1993 . paup : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony , version 3 . 1 . 1 . champaign ; illinois natural history survey .
wolters , h . e . 1979 . die vogelarten der erde , lieferung 4 . hamburg & berlin ; paul parey .
character states of male birds used for a phylogenetic comparison of selected ploceidae ; the presumed primitive condition is coded as 0 .
the ploceidae , or weavers , are small passerine birds related to the finches .
the weaver group is divided into the buffalo , sparrow , typical , and widow weavers . the males of many species are brightly coloured , usually in red or yellow and black , some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season .
the birds build their nests together for protection , often several to a branch . usually the male birds weave the nests and use them as a form of display to lure prospective females . the weaver bird colonies may be found close to water bodies . they sometimes cause crop damage , notably the
craig , adrian ( 2010 ) .
family ploceidae ( weavers )
. in del hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; and christie , d . a . handbook of the birds of the world 15 . barcelona : lynx edicions . pp . 74–197 .
fry , c . h . & keith , s . ( 2004 ) the birds of africa vol . vii . christopher helm , london
allende , luis m . ; rubio , isabel ; ruíz - del - valle , valentin ; guillén , jesus ; martínez - laso , jorge ; lowy , ernesto ; varela , pilar ; zamora , jorge ; arnaiz - villena , antonio ( 2001 ) .
the old world sparrows ( genus passer ) phylogeography and their relative abundance of nuclear mtdna pseudogenes
( pdf ) . journal of molecular evolution 53 ( 2 ) : 144–154 . pmid 11479685 . archived from the original on 21 july 2011 .
arnaiz - villena , a ; gómez - prieto p ; ruiz - de - valle v ( 2009 ) .
phylogeography of finches and sparrows
. nova science publishers . isbn 978 - 1 - 60741 - 844 - - 3 .
red - headed fody ( f . eminentissima ) ( comoro fody and aldabra fody if species split )
cuckoo - finch also called parasitic weaver ( a . imberbis ) ( probably belongs in viduidae )
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red - billed queleas are occasionally kept as pets in australia . they have not been recorded in the wild in queensland , but would be well suited to queensland’s tropical and subtropical savannas .
found in tropical and subtropical seasonally dry savannas , grasslands , woodlands , croplands .
prefers thorny or spiny vegetation ( e . g . acacia savannas ) during breeding season .
breeds several times in same season , with 1 - 2 year break between seasons .
could cause significant damage to queensland ' s $ 400 million per annum cereal grain crops .
herons , storks , falcons , goshawks , owls , hornbills , rollers , kingfishers , crows , marabou , shrikes , snakes , lizards , small mammals .
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syrmoptera amasa , the white false head , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in nigeria ( east and the cross river loop ) , cameroon and gabon .

the habitat consists of forests .

syrmoptera amasa

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
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