marrus orthocanna is a species of pelagic siphonophore , a colonial animal composed of a complex arrangement of zooids , some of which are polyps and some medusae .

it lives in the arctic and other cold , deep waters , swimming independently in mid-ocean .

marrus orthocanna

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marrus orthocanna - kramp , 1942 arctic ocean diversity . retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 .
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by marrus orthocanna is world class music medicine in alternative rock . marrus orthocanna is a rock band hailing from bogotá , colombia experimenting with a large spectrum of sounds from 90 ' s alternative and grunge , to psychedelic and progressive rock . marrus orthocanna have just recently put out it ' s first self title ep and are currently working on a full length album packed with aggressive guitar solos and smooth vocal melodies . marrus orthocanna - facebook urltoken buy music ! marrus orthocanna - bandcamp urltoken
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from left ; caulophryne jordani fanfin seadevil , marrus orthocanna and grimpoteuthis , or
dumbo octopus .
marrus orthocanna , a deep sea siphonophore . the combined digestive and circulatory system is red ; all other parts are transparent .
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marrus orthocanna , a deep sea siphonophore . the combined digestive and circulatory system is red ; all other parts are transparent . | pinterest | deep sea , circ…
andersen , o . g . n . , 1981 . redescription of marrus orthocanna ( kramp , 1942 ) ( cnidaria , siphonophora ) . steenstrupia 7 : 293 - 307
a physonect siphonophore , marrus orthocanna , photographed during the national oceanic and atmospheric administration’s artic “hidden ocean” expedition in support of the census of marine life . photograph courtesy kevin raskoff .
marrus orthocanna is one of several deep sea siphonophores that have the same common name , pelagic siphonophore . deep sea ocean explorers in manned submersibles have viewed this species at depths as deep as 2000 meters ( 6600 feet ) .
pelagic siphinophores such as m . orthocanna are often called
superorganisms
. | courtesy of noaa national marine fisheries
m . orthocanna ’s pneumatophore is red ; nectophores transparent with bright red canals ; rest of body structures are transparent with some red / orange coloration in in different hues on different parts of the body .
in spite of having a fragile gelatinous body , m . orthocanna has adapted to its harsh environment’s cold , extreme pressure and lack of food . this voracious predator capitalizes on its agile swimming ability and curtain of tentacles spreading widely to capture prey .
the most famous siphonophore is the portuguese man - o - war , which has ruined many innocent dips in the ocean . the balloon - like sail and the tentacles are familiar to us , and makes the man - o - war look familiar , like a jellyfish . that’s not the form all siphonophores take . marrus orthocanna swims too deep to get a common name and looks , with its string of blossom - like bells on a single stem , like a piece of seaweed . apolemia uvaria looks like someone dropped a feather boa in the ocean . and then there’s this :
dunn , c . w . ; pugh , p . r . ; haddock , s . h . d . ( 2005 ) . marrus claudanielis , a new species of deep - sea physonect siphonophore ( siphonophora , physonectae ) . < em > bulletin of marine science . < / em > 76 ( 3 ) : 699 - 714 .
like other siphonophores m . orthocanna is a colony of specialized individuals known as zooids that have different functions such as locomotion , capturing prey , waste removal , and reproduction . no matter what the function , all the zooids attached to the stem of a siphonophore are descended from one fertilized egg so all are genetically identical .
m . orthocanna moves forward intermittently . it pauses to put out its “fishing” curtain of tentacles in front of the body stem of the siphonophore to ensnare passing prey . each polyp has a single tentacle that is 30 to 50 cm ( 11 . 8 to 20 in ) long . on contact stinging cells ( nematocysts ) shoot “harpoons” of toxin into the victim that paralyze and even kill it . the meal is then transferred to the canals that carry it to the entire colony .
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cairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , . . .
full author list : cairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , philip r . pugh , claudia e . mills , walter c . jaap , mary n . arai , stephen h . d . haddock , and dennis m . opresko
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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an agalma okeni taken out of the water so that it is possible to see all the gelatinous parts .
while one species of siphonophore lives at the surface of the ocean ( the familiar portuguese man o ' war , physalia physalis ) , and members of another group ( the rhodaliids ) tethered themselves to the bottom with their tentacles , the vast majority of siphonophores are active swimmers and live in the water column of the open ocean . a few hardy species are sometimes found near the shore , but these are the exception .
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license .
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arctic ocean , northwest pacific ocean , bering sea , sea of okhotsk , north atlantic ocean , and mediterranean sea .
1 . 8 - 2 m ( 6 - 7 ft ) in length early in development two growth zones form on the young stem where the stem will elongate and new zooids form . nectaphores form at the zone near the pneumatophore . the second growth zone is just below the oldest nectaphore . the zooids of the siphosome that carry out functions other than locomotion are formed here . as the stem elongates , new growth in both zones is carried downward .
all siphonophores are predatory carnivores . this species is believed to feed on copepods , and other small crustaceans such as decapods , krill , and mysids . small fish may also be eaten .
like most siphonophores , the pelagic siphonophore is an active swimmer . when its bell - shaped nectphoes contract , water is expelled causing the colony to move . the contractions of the medusa are coordinated which enables the animal to swim forwards , sideward , or backwards .
pelagic siphonophores have not been evaluated for conservation status . deep sea dwellers , populations could be impacted by increasing pressures to mine the deep sea and to harvest marine life for seafood by deep sea trawling . siphonophores could be caught as bycatch .
during world war ii , submarine operators found that they could hide the submarine from the enemy’s sonar under large groups of siphonophores . the sonar waves were scattered by the soft bodies if the siphonophores .
, a siphonophore found at depths of 200 to 800 metres ( 660 to 2 , 600 ft ) in cold , arctic waters . ah , yes . . . a siphonophore . get your dictionary of alien words out .
siphonophores are colonial relatives of jellyfish and sea anemones . each member of the colony is called a zooid , and all are clones of the founding protozooid .
this protozooid becomes an elongated polyp , like a really long , thin sea anemone . it reaches up to 10 cm ( 4 in ) long , and has a mouth at the bottom and a gas - filled pneumatophore at the top . just like many other siphonophores , such as the
, the pneumatophore ensures the colony doesn ' t sink to the sea floor . it ' s just that the man o ' war has a really huge pneumatophore while most other siphonophores have much smaller ones .
siphonophore . . . pneumatophore . . . ensure . . . sea floor . . . there ' s a poem in there , somewhere .
all along the length of the protozooid are the nectophores , looking like jars or lamps . they have an orange lining which is a food canal that the entire colony shares . it also means
actually the nectophores are pretty much jellyfish on a stick . they contract so that the colony can slowly swim through the ocean . with the much diminished current of the deep , the colony can even coordinate everything so they have enviable control over what direction they go in . enviable by jellyfish standards , anyway .
by the siphosome ; the whole colony may reach some 2 metres ( 6 . 5 feet ) long and almost all of it is taken up by the siphosome . why ? because that ' s how they eat ! the siphosome is comprised of lots more polyps , like tiny sea anemones . some have a single tentacle up to 50 cm ( 20 in ) long for catching food , while others do the digestion and share the proceeds with the rest of the colony via those orange channels .
has been seen slowly swimming along before pausing to unveil its giant curtain of stinging death , probably catching all sorts of crustaceans . so if you hip cats are looking for a trendy , all - in - one light fixture that will send the oldies and squares reeling and deal with your shrimp infestation , you know what you need .
almost looks like jewelry to me . weird jewelry , but still . . .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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siphonophora . the godthaab expedition 1928 . - medd . grønl . 80 ( 8 ) : 3 - 24 .
cairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , . . . , 2002 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora , second edition , 2002 . american fisheries society special publication 28 . xi + 115 .
kirkpatrick , p . a . ; pugh , p . r . ( 1984 ) . siphonophores and velellids : keys and notes for the identification of the species . < i > synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) < / i > , 29 . e . j . brill / w . backhuys : london , uk . isbn 90 - 04 - 07470 - 8 . vi , 154 pp .
pugh , p . r . 1974a . the vertical distribution of the siphonophores collected during the sond cruise , 1965 . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . 54 ( 1 ) : 25 - 90 .
pugh , p . r . 1999 . a review of the genus bargmannia totton , 1954 ( siphonophorae , physonecta , pyrostephidae ) . - bulletin of the natural history museum zoology series 65 : 51 - 72 .
stepanjants , s . d . 1967 . siphonophores of the seas of the ussr and the northern part of the pacific ocean . opred . faune sssr 96 . ‘nauka’ , leningrad . ( in russian ) .
totton , a . k . ( 1954 ) . siphonophora of the indian ocean together with systematic and biological notes on related specimens from other oceans . < em > discovery rep . < / em > 27 : 1 - 162 .
totton , a . k . 1965 . a synopsis of the siphonophora . london , british museum ( natural history ) . pp . 230 .
totton , a . k . , and fraser , j . h . 1955g . siphonophora . sub - order physonectae . family agalmidae . cons . int . explor . mer zooplankton sheet 61 .
zelickman , e . a . , 1972 . distribution and ecology of the pelagic hydromedusae , siphonophores and ctenophores of the barents sea , based on perennial plankton collections . mar . biol . , berl . 17 3 : 256 - 264 .
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a video by the census of marine life about why we need to monitor biodiversity in the oceans and how it can be done using existing technologies on a global scale .
started in the year 2000 , census of marine life ( coml ) is an international science research program uniting thousands of researchers worldwide with the goal of assessing and explaining the diversity , distribution and abundance of marine life - past , present and future - by 2010 .
the census includes the identification of 5 , 300 potentially new species . the deepwater jellyfish ( crossota norvegica ) was photographed during a census of marine life expedition to the deep canada basin in 2005 . photograph courtesy kevin raskoff / noaa / handout / reuters / corbis
world ocean census : a global survey of marine life p ublished by firefly books , october 15 , 2009 , is the only officially sanctioned book to bring the census and its discoveries to the general reader .
life on earth sprang from the ocean and to a remarkable extent it still depends on this water body that covers 71 percent of our planet’s surface . yet , very little of the ocean has been scientifically investigated . that is rapidly changing with the first - ever census of marine life ( coml ) , a worldwide 10 - year undertaking involving thousands of scientists from more than 80 nations .
written by a team of coml’s scientists and educators , darlene trew crist , gail scowcroft , james m . harding , jr . , it offers an unprecedented journey to the ocean depths , enabling readers to go behind - the - scenes of the study’s extraordinary findings and adventures .
pages 26 - 27 from the book . this spectacular blue - eyed hermit crab ( paragiopagurus diogenes ) is an example of census discoveries that raise more questions than answers . the shiny gold on the claws of this crab , captured in the french frigate shoals off the northwestern hawaiian islands , is a phenomenon not seen before . scientists believe it serves as a form of communication . attached to its shell , the crab also has its very own species of anemone ( the fuzzy brown area underneath ) , which is not known to attach to any other species of hermit crab . photograph courtesy susan middleton
sylvia earle , phd , ambassador for the world’s ocean and national geographic society explorer - in - residence wrote in her forward to the book that “the importance of the census is made urgent because at the same time that more is being learned about the diversity of life in the sea than during all preceding history , more is being lost… . ”
“some will treasure the world ocean census as a valuable reference , others as a place to find white - knuckle adventures . the images alone will cause many to re - evaluate their concepts of what astonishing forms are embraced within the bounds of what constitutes an eye , a heart , a body of living tissue . the underlying similarities shared by all living things – humans very much included – shine through , while maintaining wonder at the infinite capacity for diversity : from the broad divisions of life to the individual speckles and shapes that distinguish each sardine , salp and starfish from every other of its kind . above all , the breakthroughs in knowledge gained , and awareness of the magnitude of what remains to be discovered , inspire hope that the greatest era of ocean exploration – and ocean care - will now begin . ”
page 24 : this fabulously marked polychaete , or marine tube worm , loima sp . , inhabits the waters off lizard island , queensland , australia . photograph courtesy gary cranitch , queensland museum
page 25 : the spines on this crab larvae ( spiny decapod megalops ) , although beautiful , serve as protection and camouflage . photograph courtesy cheryl clarke hopcroft
these questions are of vital importance as scientists seek to understand the impact global warming and other factors—past and present—have had on the world’s oceans , and what that portends for the future .
to assess and explain the diversity , distribution , and abundance of marine life to record how many of each species the ocean contains , where they live now , and where else they could live if / when habitats disappear to describe the life found in deep , previously unexplored areas that new technology is opening to scientists for the first time .
pages 46 - 47 : an amazing array of exquisitely beautiful animals , such as this jeweled squid ( histioteuthis bonelli ) , has been found in the previously little - explored dark zone of the world’s ocean . photograph courtesy david shale
the census of marine life , which will release its scientific report in 2010 , is a project of extraordinary range and scope , as benefits its subject . census researchers have journeyed to remote and dangerous places ; charted the past using means as diverse as scientific reports , whaler’s logs , and seafood menus ; and explored previously unexplored ecosystems . in the antarctic , for example , climate change and melting ice shelves gave coml researchers access to pristine portions of the ocean floor that had been sealed off for at least 5 , 000 years .
photo on left , page 110 : an antarctic fur seal mother and pup represent current and future generations of potential animal observers . with the help of these research assistants , scientists may be able to prevent the loss of their polar habitat to global climate change . photograph courtesy dan costa
photo on right : page 111 : “sealteam 1” poses with its latest recruit in its mission to collect data about the undersampled antarctic ocean . “seal tagging and getting on an ice floe below the antarctic circle in the dead of winter down here – that is about as wild as it gets ! ” says mark harris . photograph courtesy dan costa
there is no part of the ocean that is not overfished . at the present rate , commercial fisheries could collapse by 2048 .
photo on left , page 148 : this goggle - eyed worm belongs to the phylum polychaeta , a group of segmented worms named for their many bristles ( poly = many , chaete = bristle ) . many species in this family undergo a spectacular transformation as they become sexually mature : both sexes develop huge eyes , while most of the bodysegments and bristles become paddleshaped . photograph courtesy national history museum of la county
photo on right : this striking shrimp was collected from french frigate shoals in the northwest hawaiian islands . photograph courtesy gustav paulay
in the book , readers will learn how the mystery of new life forms are revealed , how coml research was planned and executed , how animals are tagged and tracked , and about the cutting - edge technologies that enabled this mammoth endeavor . hundreds of breathtaking , full - color photographs plunge one deep into the ocean to see some of the millions of species—from the smallest microbes to the largest whales—that dwell beneath the waves .
page 190 photo top left : asbestopluma , a never - before - known species of carnivorous sponge about 1 centimeter ( 0 . 4 inch ) in diameter , engulfs organisms and then digests the imprisoned prey . this is one of four such species , three of them believed new to science , found in the southern ocean abyss . photograph courtesy dorte janussen , senckenberg , frg
bottom left : the larsen b ice shelf as it appeared in january 2002 . bottom right : the area after the ice shelf collapsed in march 2002 . images courtesy of the national snow and ice data center
page 191 top : a presumed new species of epimeria , a 25 - millimeter - long ( almost an inch ) amphipod crustacean , was collected near elephant island during an expedition to the weddell sea in 2006–07 .
page 191 bottom : this potentially new giant antarctic amphipod crustacean – of the genus eusirus – was one of the stars among the species collected during the trip to the weddell sea in 2006–07 . nearly 10 centimeters ( 4 inches ) long , it was sampled by using baited traps off the antarctic peninsula .
the global ocean is truly earth’s final frontier , its myriad secrets only now being revealed . world ocean census , and the study it brings to the public eye , are of inestimable importance to earth’s future and , perhaps , man’s very survival .
page 206 above : this is just a small portion of the huge school of cownose rays ( rhinoptera steindachneri ) that circled a dive site in the galapagos islands .
page 207 : underwater encounters with endangered hawaiian monk seals ( monachus schauinslandi ) are few and far between – the population is estimated at only slightly more than 1 , 000 individuals . even scarcer is the mediterranean monk seal , with a population of less than 500 . the caribbean or west indian monk seal ( monachus tropicalis ) , the only seal ever known to be native to the caribbean sea and gulf of mexico , was last seen in 1952 . in 2008 , after five years of trying to find evidence of caribbean monk seals , the u . s . government declared the species officially extinct . photographs pages 206 and 207 © urltoken
the information in this article is from world ocean census : a global survey of marine life and from firefly books .
title : world ocean census : a global survey of marine life author : by darlene trew crist , gail scowcroft , james m . harding , jr . ; foreword by sylvia earle specs : 256 pages , 9
x 11
, color photographs throughout , glossary , further reading , index ; $ 40 . 00 plastic - laminated hardcover with jacket isbn : 1 - 55407 - 434 - 7 / 978 - 1 - 55407 - 434 - 1 pub date : october 15 , 2009 publisher : firefly books urltoken
there is a related article on the horizon solutions site . census of marine life explorers find hundreds of identical species thrive in both arctic and antarctic with more images .
a video by the census of marine life about why we need to monitor biodiversity in the oceans and how it can be done using existing technologies on a global scale . for more information visit urltoken .
is a colony composed of a number of specialised zooids linked together by a long stem .
at the front is the pneumatophore , an orange - coloured , gas - filled float . behind this is the nectosome , a region where there are a number of translucent nectophores with red , unlooped radial canals . these are bell - shaped medusae specialised for locomotion . when they contract , water is expelled which causes the colony to move . their contractions are coordinated which enables the animal to swim forwards , sidewards or backwards . the remaining region is the siphosome . most of the zooids here are
, specialised for collecting food . they do this for the whole colony , spreading their single long tentacles in the water to snare
. other zooids in this region undertake digestion and assimilation of food items . reproductive medusae are found among the polyps in the siphosome and also various other specialised zooids . the various forms are all arranged in a repeating pattern .
it is found at depths ranging between 200 and 800 m ( 660 and 2 , 620 ft ) . the greatest depth at which it has been observed is about 2 , 000 m ( 6 , 600 ft ) .
at these depths the temperature is about 4 °c ( 39 °f ) , hardly any light penetrates from the surface and human observation is limited to what can be seen from submersible craft .
can be several metres long and the tentacles can extend fifty centimetres on either side . it moves forward intermittently before pausing to put out its
fishing lines
, ready to ensnare passing creatures . it is a
this colonial animal arises from a single fertilised egg . the protozooid that develops from this subsequently
to form the other members of the colony which are thus genetically identical . the protozooid first thins and elongates , the middle section becoming the stem of the colony . the pneumatophore forms at the opposite end to the mouth . next a growth zone on the thin stem forms and budding occurs with the formation of the nectophores . as the stem continues lengthening , further zooids develop above these . another growth zone sees the development of the siphosome and the continuing elongation of the stem carries these zooids down with it .
the division of labour between the zooids is an evolutionary advance in the constant struggle for existence in the deep sea . such organisms as
blur the boundaries between the individual polyp and the whole colonial organism ; each cannot exist without the other .
kramp p . l . ( 1942 ) .
siphonophora . the godthaab expedition 1928
. medd . grønl . 80 ( 8 ) : 3 - 24 .
siphonophores are groups of creatures that live , connected , as one animal . and they’re incredibly confusing — they all have the same dna . they can’t separate . they work together to achieve one goal . so why are we supposed to think of them as “colonies , ” rather than a single entity ?
what is that ? even the people looking at it can’t figure it out . all they’re willing to say is it’s the size of “twenty wiffle balls , ” and it’s probably a siphonophore . which means it isn’t an “it , ” it’s a “them . ”
to go back to the familiar man - o - war , the sail is a creature called the pneumatophore . the stinging tentacles are made up of dactylzooids . the gastrozooid is in charge of breaking down the food that the dactylozooids catch . and the gonozooid is the part that reproduces .
so how do these separate creatures yoked together in one body actually reproduce ? man - o - war reproductive sections ( gonozooids ) have two sexes , male and female . when the man - o - war gather in large groups , they release their genetic hopefuls , eggs and sperm , into the ocean . the eggs and sperm meet and form their own little gonozooid .
where do the pneumatophores , the dactylzooids , and the gastrozooids come from ? they slowly bud off from the fertilized organism . each one shares the genetic information of the original fertilized egg , but they form their own creatures through this asexual budding . throughout the life of the siphonophore , these creatures will stick together , feeding each other , protecting each other , and navigating for each other , until it comes time for the gonozooids to breed again .
if that sounds dubious to you , you’re not alone . many people wonder what differentiates a siphonophore from any other creature . descriptions of siphonophores do sound like they could be applied to any single animal , including humans . your brain navigates , your arms and legs protect and hunt , your stomach digests food , and your sexual parts reproduce — but that doesn’t mean those parts are colonies .
and yet , biologists all agree that siphonophores are colonies , and not single animals . so what’s the difference ?
many people compare siphonophores to ant or bee colonies . bees perform rigidly separate functions . a worker cannot perform the functions of a queen . separate an ant or a bee from its colony and it will almost certainly die soon . divide the colony itself and the entire thing collapses . but that doesn’t mean that each insect is not a separate animal from every other member of its colony . then again , an ant isn’t joined to the rest of its colony by tissue , and it doesn’t bud from its queen’s abdomen .
the best way to understand siphonophores is thinking about conjoined twins . they carry the same dna , and they move as one body . only one twin was created by the original fusion of sperm and egg . and sometimes they are unable to survive if separated . but they do live separate existences . siphonophores can make independent motions . they grow and repair themselves independently . they are multiple organisms joined as one . the difference is , they have made the conjunction a necessary part of their regular life - cycle .
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when , more than 70 years ago , william beebe became the first scientist to descend into the abyss , he described a world of twinkling lights , silvery eels , throbbing jellyfish , living strings as “lovely as the finest lace” and lanky monsters with needlelike teeth .
“it was stranger than any imagination could have conceived , ” he wrote in “half mile down” ( harcourt brace , 1934 ) . “i would focus on some one creature and just as its outlines began to be distinct on my retina , some brilliant , animated comet or constellation would rush across the small arc of my submarine heaven and every sense would be distracted , and my eyes would involuntarily shift to this new wonder . ”
beebe sketched some of the creatures , because no camera of the day was able to withstand the rigors of the deep and record the nuances of this cornucopia of astonishments .
colleagues reacted coolly . some accused beebe of exaggeration . one reviewer suggested that his heavy breathing had fogged the window of the submarine vessel , distorting the undersea views .
today , the revolution in lights , cameras , electronics and digital photography is revealing a world that is even stranger than the one that beebe struggled to describe .
the images arrayed here come from “the deep : the extraordinary creatures of the abyss” ( university of chicago press , 2007 ) , by claire nouvian , a french journalist and film director . in its preface , ms . nouvian writes of an epiphany that began her undersea journey .
“it was as though a veil had been lifted , ” she says , “revealing unexpected points of view , vaster and more promising . ”
the photographs she has selected celebrate that sense of the unexpected . bizarre species from as far down as four and half miles are shown in remarkable detail , their tentacles lashing , eyes bulging , lights flashing . the eerie translucence of many of the gelatinous creatures seems to defy common sense . they seem to be living water .
on page after page , it is as if aliens had descended from another world to amaze and delight . a small octopus looks like a child’s squeeze toy . a seadevil looks like something out of a bad dream . a ping - pong tree sponge rivals artwork that might be seen in an upscale gallery .
interspersed among 220 color photographs are essays by some of the world’s top experts on deep - sea life that reflect on what lies beneath . for example , laurence madin of woods hole oceanographic institution notes the violence that air and gravity do to creatures without internal or external skeletons when they are pulled up to the deck of a ship , obliterating their varieties of form and function .
“this unattractive jello - like mass , ” he writes , “is the unfair land version of amazing and delicate creatures that can display their true beauty only in their natural watery environment . ” the photographs in the book right that wrong , and not just for jellyfish .
one shows a dense colony of brittle stars , their arms intertwined and overlapping , their masses in the distance merging with the blackness of the seabed , alive , inhabiting a place once thought to be a lifeless desert .
craig m . young of the oregon institute of marine biology writes in the book that the diversity of life in the abyss “may exceed that of the amazon rain forest and the great barrier reef combined . ”
beebe , who ran the tropical research department at the new york zoological society , surely had intimations of what lay beyond the oceanic door he had opened . “the deep” brings much of that dark landscape to light , even while noting that a vast majority of the planet’s largest habitat remains unexamined , awaiting a new generation of explorers .
with the headline : mysteries to behold in the dark down deep : seadevils and species unknown .
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cabir ( also known as caribe , sybmos/cabir , symbian/cabir and epoc.cabir ) is the name of a computer worm developed in 2004 that is designed to infect mobile phones running symbian os .

it is believed to be the first computer worm that can infect mobile phones .

when a phone is infected with cabir , the message " caribe " is displayed on the phone 's display , and is displayed every time the phone is turned on .

the worm then attempts to spread to other phones in the area using wireless bluetooth signals .

the worm was not sent out into the wild , but sent directly to anti-virus firms , who believe cabir in its current state is harmless .

however , it does prove that mobile phones are also at risk from virus writers .

experts also believe that the worm was developed by a group who call themselves 29a , a group of international hackers , as a " proof of concept " worm in order to catch world attention .

several firms subsequently released tools to remove the worm , the first of which was the australian business tsg pacific .

the worm can attack and replicate on bluetooth enabled series 60 phones .

the worm tries to send itself to all bluetooth enabled devices that support the " object push profile " , which can also be non-symbian phones , desktop computers or even printers .

the worm spreads as a .

sis file installed in the apps directory .

cabir does not spread if the user does not accept the file-transfer or does not agree with the installation , though some older phones would keep on displaying popups , as cabir re-sent itself , rendering the ui useless until yes is clicked .

cabir is the first mobile malware ever discovered while the worm is considered harmless because it replicates but does not perform any other activity , it will result in shortened battery life on portable devices due to constant scanning for other bluetooth enabled devices .

cabir was named by the employees of kaspersky lab after their colleague elena kabirova .

mabir , a variant of cabir , is capable of spreading not only via bluetooth but also via mms .

by sending out copies of itself as a .

sis file over cellular networks , it can affect even users who are outside the 10m range of bluetooth .

cabir ( computer worm )

cabir computer worm it was known as epoc . cabir and symbian / cabir developed in 2004 , designed to infect mobile phone running symbian os . . ! !
immediately after cabir worm was found , patches were released to mitigate the worm . f - secure developed a security patch to detect cabir worm and delete worm components from related directories .
worm . symbi . cabir . a may gain entry into your computer in many ways . some of the common sources of worm . symbi . cabir . a are :
cabir computer worm it was known as epoc . cabir and symbian / cabir developed in 2004 , designed to infect mobile phone running symbian os . . ! ! - urltoken
have a fact about cabir ( computer worm ) ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for cabir ( computer worm ) ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
cabir ( also known as caribe , sybmos / cabir , symbian / cabir and epoc . cabir ) is the name of a computer worm developed in 2004 that is designed to infect mobile phones running symbian os .
to get rid of worm . symbi . cabir . a from your computer , you need to perform the following steps :
in this excerpt of chapter 9 from the art of computer virus research and defense , author peter szor dissects the cabir worm .
following these simple preventative measures will ensure that your computer remains free of infections like worm . symbi . cabir . a , and provide you with interruption - free enjoyment of your computer .
worm . symbi . cabir . a also attempts to infect the windows registry of your computer . the purpose is to remain undetectable , protect other malicious programs it downloads , start up when the computer boots , and ultimately take full control over your computer .
in this excerpt of chapter 9 from
the art of computer virus research and defense ,
author peter szor dissects the cabir worm .
by now , your computer should be completely free of worm . symbi . cabir . a infection . although it has been removed from your computer , it is equally important that you clean your windows registry of any malicious entries created by worm . symbi . cabir . a .
what makes worms like worm . symbi . cabir . a extremely dangerous is its ability to spread quickly . a worm . symbi . cabir . a infection hits very fast ; so quickly that you won’t even be aware that it was worm . symbi . cabir . a that infected your computer .
links shared on social media websites pointing to worm . symbi . cabir . a
the primary symptoms of a worm . symbi . cabir . a infection are :
cabir worm is the first computer worm that was designed to infect mobile phones . it was first found in 2004 and at that time it affected many mobile phones with symbian os . it is also known as caribe worm .
technically worm . symbi . cabir . a is a worm , a type of malware that replicates and circulates without human intervention . worm . symbi . cabir . a can replicate and spread not only inside of your computer , but also to other computers connected to your network .
an infection from worm . symbi . cabir . a can also modify the windows registry of your computer . it can maliciously create new registry entries and modify existing ones . therefore , even after you remove worm . symbi . cabir . a from your computer , it’s very important to clean the registry .
when worm . symbi . cabir . a infects your computer , it tries to create a copy of itself as a windows executable file ( . exe ) . after infecting you computer , worm . symbi . cabir . a will attempt to use your network to connect with its source computer . the primary intention is to update itself and download other malware programs and files .
in the most common form , a worm like worm . symbi . cabir . a will penetrate your operating system . the intent always remains same - to spread malicious code . the worm will start by replicating itself on your computer . quickly thereafter , a worm such as worm . symbi . cabir . a will access your network , replicating itself and spreading to other computers on the network .
there is another version of cabir worm which is capable to replicate itself not only via bluetooth , but also using mms . it is called mabir worm .
we recommend using clamwin ( free download ) , a highly effective and widely used malware removal program to clean your computer of worm . symbi . cabir . a . in addition to worm . symbi . cabir . a , this program can detect and remove the latest variants of other malware .
f - secure has issued a security patch on its site that will detect cabir and delete the worm components , as well as the worm files from the directory .
click the scan for issues button to check for worm . symbi . cabir . a registry - related issues .
although the cabir worm is not considered a serious threat , huger still emphasizes the need for widespread education about mobile security .
external media , such as pen drive , dvd , and memory card already infected with worm . symbi . cabir . a
your windows registry should now be cleaned of any remnants or infected keys related to worm . symbi . cabir . a .
clamwin has an intuitive user interface that is easy to use . to get rid of worm . symbi . cabir . a , the first step is to install it , scan your computer , and remove the threat .
called cabir , it infects series 60 mobile phones running the symbian operating system and it is highly infectious . when computer security researchers first downloaded cabir into a test device , they soon found their own phones under attack .
worms such as worm . symbi . cabir . a can cause immense disruption to your computer activities . the best method for avoiding infection is prevention ; avoid downloading and installing programs from untrusted sources or opening executable mail attachments .
cabir worm has a lots of significance in security of mobile phones . this worm demonstrated that mobile phones are also not safe from malware . and , it was a wake up call for all security experts .
experts believe that cabir worm was first developed by a group of international hackers called 29a . they wanted to prove that mobile phones are also vulnerable to malware . and so they developed this worm to catch world attention .
worms such as worm . symbi . cabir . a are one of the most destructive forms of malware . they infect your computer with the sole purpose of disrupting your normal computer activities . they are similar to viruses , but different in one key way : automation . unlike viruses , worms don’t required human intervention to spread ; worms have the capability to replicate and transmit themselves .
the symbos / cabir worm indicates a totally new era of computer worms that will slowly become more popular as wireless smart phones replace current mobile phone systems , which have limited programming ability . the cabir worm appeared in june 2004 , and it has a number of unique features . this worm can run on nokia 60 series phones running the symbian operating system . the symbian operating system is based on the epoc . in fact , symbian is epoc version 6 , also called epoc32 , but has a new name .
after infecting a mobile , cabir worm writes the word “caribe” on the screen of the mobile and it gets activated automatically every time the mobile is turned on .
cabir worm was first designed with the purpose of demonstrating vulnerabilities of mobile phones . reportedly it does not cause much harm other than showing the message “caribe” on the screen .
according to the security report issued by f - secure , the cabir worm can only reach mobile phones that support bluetooth , have it turned on and are in discoverable mode .
immediately after installation , cabir worm gets activated and before the victim can understand the effects , it starts replicating it and infects other mobiles exploiting bluetooth . experts say , the worm starts infecting other mobiles over bluetooth even before the victim realizes it and disables his own bluetooth .
today , computer security researchers use copper - shielded rooms where they can test how bluetooth and wifi viruses spread , without fear of an uncontrolled release .
cabir replicates over bluetooth connections , arriving in a phone messaging inbox as a file called
caribe . sis
that contains the worm . when the user clicks the file and chooses to install the . sis file , the worm activates and starts looking for new devices to infect over bluetooth .
the victim first receives a file named caribe . sis in phone messaging inbox . if the victim cannot understand the risk and opens the file and chooses to install it , cabir worm infects the mobile .
– the cabir virus first appeared 10 years ago . back then what was the overall situation with mobile malware ?
on june 15 , 2004 , at precisely 19 : 17 moscow time something happened that started a new era in computer security . we discovered the first malware created for smartphones .
– so why is it named cabir ? after all , the screenshots on securelist show that the file contains a different name .
during the natural infection tests , cabir first talked to a bluetooth printer , which strangely acted as a
sticky
honeypot system and blocked the worm given that the printer did not support the object exchange ( obex ) protocol that is required to send a file . however , the worm successfully infected another phone as soon as i turned the bluetooth printer off . cabir is overly active in finding other phones and that can easily drain the battery of the phone similarly to natural situations when your phone is hopelessly attempting to find a provider without finding one in range .
if the worm is activated , it writes
caribe
on the screen , and will become active each time the phone is turned on .
that means the virus was given to security firms that were able to dissect the worm for examination , rather than maliciously released into the wild .
the first virus designed to infect mobile phones was detected tuesday , as reported by security firm f - secure in helsinki , finland . nicknamed cabir , the worm uses bluetooth technology running in symbian mobile phones that support nokia ' s series 60 smartphone platform . several mobile phone makers use symbian , including nokia .
about the author : jay geater is the president and ceo of solvusoft corporation , a global software company focused on providing innovative utility software . he is a lifelong computer geek and loves everything related to computers , software , and new technology .
the worm ' s code is compatible with mobile phones using arm series processors with symbian operating system . normally , by default the bluetooth communication feature is off on mobile phones . mobile phone users might exchange some little programs , and in doing so they open up the bluetooth communication channel to cabir - like worms as well .
tang and co say this “white worm” approach can completely contain the malware in a limited amount of time , a claim that is rarely made of other anti - virus strategies .
worms can take many forms . simple ones can intrude upon your browsing experience , consume your computer’s resources through sheer reproduction , or even go to the extent of exhausting your network bandwidth . more malicious worms can also hijack your browser and use your email address to send spam messages .
he noted that the worm can only infect a phone after an installation message to the user , and this shows how crucial it is to have users understand proper virus - protection techniques .
the group that created cabir was known not only for its sophistication , but also for the fact that it issued its own e - zine . and a few months after the first appearance of cabir , it published information about the worm together with snippets of executable code , so some time later new modifications of cabir began to appear – every week . there was one virus writer with an extremely strong desire for fame who persistently sent us modifications of the virus with a request to give it a separate name ! he kept returning , again and again – for a year ! – trying to somehow get into the history books of mobile viruses . in the end he got what he wanted : we indeed classified one of the modifications as a separate family ; we kinda had to .
mike mccamon , spokesperson for bluetooth , told technewsworld that the trade association is currently in the process of contacting the individuals that created the worm , and are also investigating security reports that are still coming in .
what our analysts had successfully analyzed here ( which was later named cabir – see below ) was the first virus for cellphones , and it became a kind of a starting gun – signaling the start of the race for virus writers to create malicious code for smartphones – and create it is indeed what they did , with alarming speed . so much so that by the end of the year it was clear that we really needed a new department to analyze exclusively mobile viruses , especially since they were found to be quite different to computer viruses .
the worm was created by a group that is known for developing viruses to demonstrate vulnerabilities in technology , huger said .
this is a group that ' s done some watershed type of activities ,
he noted .
so all the time while the athletes were running on the track , simultaneously the cabir virus was running too – all around the stands . i know , you couldn’t make this up ! anyway , eventually cabir was bluetoothed into the cellphone in a pocket of an f - secure employee at the stadium ( question – why was he accepting unknown files by bluetooth ? : ) . days later the finnish antivirus company opportunely offered to install in the stadium a bluetooth scanner giving visitors the chance to check whether their phones had been infected with the virus . so there’s your link – read : gimmick : ) – between cabir and f - secure .
cabir managed to cause a minor , but rather curious and thus well - publicized outbreak . it just so happened that in 2005 a certain athletics tournament was taking place in finland . which meant there was a stadium crammed with folks from all over the planet . now , the damage radius of cabir was generally very small – as bluetooth’s range is only about 20 meters . however , here , in a packed stadium ? … : ) . the problem was made even worse by the fact that nokia phones come from finland and are thus extremely popular there ! needless to say , cabir easily got into the stadium – on a cellphone in a pocket of one of the tens of thousands of spectators .
but the next attack might not be so civilized , f - secure noted . the company warns that the discovery of the worm proves that technologies are now available to create viruses for mobile phones , and that those technologies are now in the hands of virus writers .
he added that another item to note is that the worm can only be propagated if a device is in the discoverable mode , which means it is waiting to accept a connection . most device manufacturers have this as a default setting , he said , but a phone can easily be switched to a nondiscoverable mode .
cabir is a different kind of threat , however , because it does not come through a carrier . huger said ,
this uses bluetooth , so you ' re not calling anybody . it just searches around the proximity to see if it can find another bluetooth device , and infects it that way .
when executed , cabir installs itself into several directories of the symbian os intending to make sure it will run each time the user boots the phone . fortunately , this operation is disallowed in newer phone models . however , on older phones , worm components cannot be easily found without using custom file manager applications . cabir does not enumerate bluetooth devices ; instead , it tries to find only the first such device and communicates with that device . the standard bluetooth range is about 30 feet , and apparently not all bluetooth devices like to communicate with each other . ( however , researchers such as mark rowe are experienced with bluetooth signal amplification and pointed out that attackers could utilize such technology to extend the bluetooth range to about 300 feet , reliably . ) in addition , researchers such as ollie whitehouse of @ stake also demonstrated that bluetooth devices are discoverable even in the so - called
non - discoverable
mode . several bluetooth - related attack tools exist today including the most popular bluesniff , btscanner , psmscan and redfang .
the worm currently has no harmful effects , but that does not mean it is not important , noted alfred huger , senior director of engineering for symantec ' s security response team .
the virus represents a wake - up call ,
he told technewsworld .
just because this one isn ' t dangerous doesn ' t mean the next one won ' t be .
– well , things weren’t so bad , because even before the discovery of cabir viruses for palm os ( for palm pdas ) had appeared , so many antivirus companies had already developed protection for that platform . but eventually passions subsided , new viruses didn’t appear , and many people just stopped thinking about palm os viruses and protection against them . ( also , palms weren’t smartphones , and weren’t all that popular – compared with hugely popular cellphones . ) but with the discovery of cabir , we called up again all we had learned earlier , modified it , and shortly after had on the market an antivirus for mobile platforms . ever since , more and more mobile viruses have appeared . and ever since , we’ve been modifying and updating our mobile protection too . nothing to respond with , you ask ? hardly !
– if you’re referring to direct financial losses , it didn’t cause any . it exhausted the battery pretty quickly – in just two to three hours – because constantly searching for bluetooth connections places a heavy load on the battery . in monetary terms , the later mobile viruses that in addition to transmitting themselves sent mmss to premium - rate numbers were far more damaging . for example , a well - known virus post - cabir , comwario , caused an epidemic in a spanish city whose financial damage came to the tune of several million euros .
inside the room there was zero mobile coverage , and any and all communications were jammed : everything was done to prevent viruses from spreading beyond the room . the room turned out to be not only a necessary tool for testing mobile viruses , but also a favorite attraction for media folks , so we always took them there to have a look . these days the mobile malware scene has changed dramatically , and old school viruses like cabir have ceased to exist , so there’s no need for such a room anymore , much to the disappointment of media types : ) .
it was the most legendary group of virus writers in history . they created a massive amount of advanced and unique things . the group consisted of virus writers from all around the world , with membership changing all the time , but there was always a sort of a main skeleton crew made up of people from spain and brazil . one of them , a man named , if my memory serves me well , vallez , created cabir . the 29a group were not cybercriminals by modern standards – they were virus writers creating malware to test and demonstrate new virus technologies . thus , they were motivated by ideology rather than personal gain . they were firsts in many respects : the first to create a macro virus , the first to create a virus for the windows 64 platform… each creation of 29a was a breakthrough , used afterwards by other virus writers , and then by cybercriminals . and we have to remember that at that time – in 2004 – cybercrime was only just beginning to emerge . back then the majority of virus programs tended to be created just for kicks , by people trying to… ‘express themselves’ .
, which was infecting symbian - powered nokia devices by spreading via unsecured bluetooth connections . with its discovery the world learned that there was now malware not just for computers – which everyone already knew too well about ( save for the odd hermit or monk ) – but also for smartphones . yes , many
a decade ! ) for most people ( some still aren’t aware ) . meantime , our analysts made it into the history books !
mobile viruses were almost non - existent 10 years ago . this is how i remember things from back then : in early 2004 we were holding an international press conference , and one of the journalists asked me when the first virus for cellphones would appear . i replied by next year’s conference – for certain . sure enough , some months later – it appeared…
one of our shift virus analysts was sent an unusual file , whose platform it was supposed to operate on was unknown . so he asked his colleague , roman kuzmenko , for help with the analysis of the suspicious object . roma was the natural choice , incidentally , being as he is very much a wunder - analyst and unparalleled in unlocking the mysteries of the oddest of things . as could have been expected , it only took him a couple of hours to work out that what we had here was a virus for the symbian os running on an arm processor . and this duo existed only on cellphones – specifically , on nokia ones .
at that time , our experts couldn’t immediately understand what the virus actually did , so we had to start running tests . but first we needed to get hold of a nokia smartphone , which proved no easy task ! such ‘advanced’ phones were not quite as common as they are today : ) . in the meantime our anti - malware lab continued to analyze the virus , and soon they found… the bomb ! they worked out that its key features were the ability to command the bluetooth protocol and transfer files . it looked like an absurdly efficient means of spreading disease – virus - based disease…
it does . we didn’t have a selection of all the smartphones in operation back then for quick testing , as the idea of needing such a collection naturally hadn’t occurred to us yet – cellphone viruses still didn’t exist .
so we founded such a department , with me heading it . later i was joined by another analyst , denis maslennikov , and one of the first things we decided together was to purchase all the mobile devices that existed on the market that could be attacked by malicious code – even if just theoretically . this was quite fun . after all , who doesn’t like buying new kit – never mind loads of it in one go ? we procured all the symbian devices there were , plus all the phones based on windows , blackberry , and so on . still to this day , we continue to add new mobile devices to our exotic and very complete collection – in case a new mobile threat appears and we need devices to test with sharpish .
oh , that’s a whole other story ! the screenshot shows the name the author gave it – caribe . however , it’s customary in the antivirus industry to name viruses not according to how their authors’ named them , but to come up with new names – so as not to fuel the authors’ egos… oh , and maybe stamp our authority all over the conquered viruses !
so there we were doing really advanced analysis work – deciding on a name – when our colleague elena kabirova walked into the room . given the jungian weirdness of the coincidence of her surname being similar to the virus’s name , we asked her if she’d like her name to go down in history as the name of the very first virus for cellphones . well , the rest… is history : ) .
as often happens with viruses , we received an email with nothing but an attachment – which contained the virus file . it was sent to our address created specifically for this – newvirus @ urltoken . we knew about the sender of the email – he was listed in our databases as… not exactly a virus writer , but someone ‘associated with’ the underground . once in a while he would send us new malware samples created by european virus writers . as a rule , everything he’d send always turned out to be something serious , i . e . , new and unique , so we knew this one would be something significant too straight away . sure enough , this was soon confirmed by strings contained in the malware code ( including mention of 29a ) . it was then clear that what we had here was a malicious program authored by the notorious , long - established international group of virus writers called 29a .
at the time , we didn’t know that the sender of the email had simultaneously sent the virus to several other antivirus companies ; still , that didn’t really matter : we were the only ones able to figure out what the file was all about : ) .
after initial analysis of the virus it became clear that for testing we’d need not one but two smartphones running symbian , because the virus transmitted itself from one phone to another using bluetooth . so we copied the virus onto the first phone , started bluetooth on the second in discoverable mode – and in an instant a request to accept the file came up on the second phone . and after receiving and running the file , the second phone automatically started searching for all available bluetooth - enabled devices nearby . thus , we confirmed that the virus disseminated and propagated via bluetooth . next , we distributed a press release telling the world about the appearance of the first cellphone virus . but that was only just the beginning…
the functionality of the virus and its subsequent modifications presented us with a big practical problem at our office . after all , we were not in a vacuum , but in a typical working environment , where all around could have been folks who could accept this file on their nokias . we realized we were putting our own colleagues in jeopardy with possible infection ! this prompted us to fit out a special room with iron shielding where we could experiment safely with mobile malware .
– you said this malware was created by a certain group of virus writers . t ell me more about it .
the group existed until around 2009 , though before then it had become a lot less active . some members of the group were arrested – in spain , brazil , and the czech republic – while others continue to write malware . we know this because we still come across familiar bits of code – kind of like their personal handwriting or thumbprint .
– today we’ve talked about a particular mobile threat – how it spread and the group behind it . but what we haven’t discussed is the issue of protecting mobile platforms back then . did we really have nothing to respond with ?
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hi folks ! now , if you’re a regular reader of this here blog of mine , you’ll know how i like to keep things positive . no matter where i am , no matter the weather ( mostly ) , no matter how jet - lagged , no matter how tired… – i keep things cheerful , cheery , chipper and chirpy . but sometimes , just occasionally , i [ … ]
football / soccer is in the air all around the world this summer – especially in russia . so , sticking to this theme , herewith , a footie - post ; but not even a mention of the world cup… but , since i was on the faroe islands recently , i just had to tell you about their national football team . though the territory they [ … ]
hej folks ! you’ve seen what the faroe islands look like down on the ground . now , let’s have a look at them from up above in a helicopter . hardly any words today folks ; just a ton of oh - my - green - and - glorious pics for your viewing pleasure… this is the north - western edge of the islands ; the best pics were taken [ … ]
hej folks ! first off : geography test ! who’s heard of the faroe islands ? ok , and who can point them out on a world map ? i reckon not all that many . but that’s just wrong ! because these islands are so mandatorily categorically must - see – if only via photographs on a blog on the internet . so here you [ … ]
hi folks ! can you guess what this is ? no – it’s not malevich’s black square . nor is it a rhetorical clickbait question . actually , if you look closely – if your screen shows it big enough – you’ll see something that’ll give you a clue , but you still might not get it…
have you ever been inside a genuine fortress built by actual crusaders ? i hadn’t – and i’ve been to so many different interesting historical places in the world i’ve lost count . but finally , recently , i did it : my first crusader castle visit ! here we are – a fortress built on a high , small patch of [ … ]
a docx attachment with а pdf document that disables windows defender and installs forged digital certificates . meet…
but , once it starts replicating , it searches for other mobile phones exploiting the bluetooth connections . as a result , the battery of the mobile drains out very fast .
i am a security researcher and founder and ceo of asigosec technologies ( opc ) private limited .
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a further problem is that you need to
hide
with mobile phones when you test replicate worms . although the recipient needs to accept the incoming message to successfully receive the message , you do not want to infect another phone
by accident .
in fact , there are several known vulnerabilities of bluetooth systems , and some of these can be utilized to execute arbitrary code on pocket pc devices , while others can be used to implement phishing attacks on a number of smart phones types .
sure enough , in the future you can expect that worms are going to make phone calls from your mobile phone instead of you . there might be a new era of mms - ( multimedia messaging service ) based mass mailer worms as well as sms - ( short messages services ) based downloaders , porn dialers and spammer applications , as well . who is going to pay the bill ?
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the infection spreads very quickly , usually before a user can disable bluetooth from the system settings .
antivirus experts have been girding themselves for mobile security threats as the adoption of devices has grown . one protection against more widespread virus threats over mobile technology has been the way that cellular technology works , said yankee group senior analyst xj wang in an interview with technewsworld .
he noted that , in pc threats , viruses can be delivered directly to the user through web sites and e - mail . but in cellular technology , most internet - delivered content is first filtered through a carrier , where security can be implemented .
i think on the cellular side , it ' s much easier to prevent virus infection , because every carrier has a mobile e - mail gateway ,
wang said .
when it comes to bluetooth , security is a very big deal ,
he said . he added that it ' s important to note that the bluetooth link has not been broken or hacked . rather , bluetooth is being used as a delivery mechanism .
it ' s similar to the internet and viruses there ,
mccamon noted .
it ' s not that the internet itself is insecure ; it ' s that it ' s being used to transport viruses .
there are some antivirus tools and products available for mobile technology , and huger strongly recommends that mobile users at least investigate these to protect themselves .
it ' s the same kind of prevention that people need to do with their pcs ,
he said .
now we have to extend that thinking about antivirus strategies to mobile devices .
there is an official report on the numbers of people vulnerable to bluetooth threats in london on this web page ( pdf ) . the report is free . http : / / www . zero - sum - net / partners / gr / bluetooth - and - social - networking - april - 2004 . pdf .
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mobile phone viruses have been with us for some time . the first virus designed to spread via bluetooth contacts first reared its head in 2004 .
but while these viruses continue to evolve , there has been relatively little work on how to stop them . that’s partly because viruses that spread by email or sms message can be scanned relatively easily by a network operator using existing technologies ( ie by comparing them to a database of known malware ) .
but short range viruses that spread from phone to phone via bluetooth and wifi are more insidious . mobile phones do not necessarily have the computing power to scan all incoming messages .
this problem is compounded by a crucial difference in the structure of the networks formed by short range wireless devices compared to the larger mobile phone network . bluetooth links constantly change throughout the day in a way that mimics the pattern of face - to - face connections between humans . that’s hardly surprising given that bluetooth has a range of just a few metres .
however , the mobile phone network is largely static , because calls have to routed through a centralised fibres .
the rapid change in the links between nodes has important implications . we looked at some of them earlier this year , such as the order in which contact occur . john tang at the university of cambridge in the uk and pals point out that dynamic nature of networks has been ignored in anti - virus strategies so far .
that looks set to change . today , tang and co reveal the new tricks they hope will smother this threat to dynamic networks .
one of the key differences between the way viruses spread on static and dynamic networks is the effect of the order in which infections occur . a seemingly trivial example is that it’s impossible to catch a virus from someone who is not yet infected . and once your link with that person is broken , as happens in dynamic networks , you’re safe . in a static network , by contrast , the links don’t break and you simply become infected later .
that has important implications for the spread of mobile malware . in any phone network , certain phones make far more connections than others . one traditional approach is to target these nodes with patches that prevent the spread of malware .
but in a dynamic network the constant rewiring means that these important nodes change too . so the best connected nodes at one instant may not be the best connected at another . clearly , this has to be taken into account in any effective anti - malware strategy .
so what to do ? tang and co say the answer is to beat the malware at its own game by spreading any patch through the network via the same bluetooth or wifi routes that the virus is using . in that way , the patches should reach the best connected nodes automatically .
what’s more , since the dynamic network more or less exactly mimics the pattern of face - to - face interactions between humans , wireless viruses spread mainly during weekdays when most human contacts are made . but they are largely dormant during the night when few contacts are made
that’s significant because it means that any patch can catch up during the night . in fact , tang and co show that their patch can spread at a rate that outpaces any virus .
that looks to be an interesting development in the cat and mouse race between the virus makers and and breakers . but it seems unlikely to be the last word . it can only be a matter of time before malware developers exploit the techniques outlined by tang and co to spread their viruses more effectively through dynamic networks . and when that happens , the cycle will begin again .
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