the snares island snipe ( coenocorypha huegeli ) , also known as the snares snipe or tutukiwi in māori , is a species of bird in the sandpiper family , scolopacidae .

snares snipe

snares island snipe . adult . north east island , snares islands , december 1985 . image © colin miskelly by colin miskelly
there’s a tray for the snares island snipe , for the chatham islands snipe , one for each of the three subspecies of subantarctic snipe , and one more for the south island snipe , last seen alive in 1964 .
snares is ( north - east and broughton ; recorded on alert stack ) .
the team were there , variously , to pull down a rickety old hut , photograph the snares crested penguin , and capture tutukiwi , snares island snipe , for a translocation to whenua hou , or codfish island .
review a report on the translocation of snares island snipe from north east island to putauhinu island in the titi island group in 2005 .
miskelly , c . m . 1999a . breeding ecology of snares island snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica huegeli ) and chatham island snipe ( c . pusilla ) . notornis 46 : 57 - 71 .
the snares islands snipe is the stockiest and most sombre - plumaged member of the new zealand snipes . between 1953 and 2010 it was considered a subspecies of what is now called the subantarctic snipe . genetic comparisons then confirmed earlier suggestions that the snares islands birds were structurally distinct from the snipe found on islands further south . naturally confined to a tiny island group , the snares island snipe has never been impacted by introduced predators . following a translocation to putauhinu island in 2005 ( to replace the extinct south island snipe ) , and subsequent translocations to other islands near stewart island , the snares island snipe is probably more abundant than at any time in its evolutionary history .
miskelly , c . m . ( 1999 ) breeding ecology of snares island snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica buegeli ) and chatham island snipe ( c . pusilla ) . notornis , 46 : 207 - 221 .
in the early 1980s he started researching snares island snipe for his phd thesis , and spent six summers on the archipelago , observing their ecology and behaviour .
minden pictures stock photos - adult snares island snipe ( coenocorypha huegeli ) pauses whilst feeding in the leaf - litter codfish island , stewart islan . . .
miskelly , c . m . 2005 . evidence for ‘hakawai’ aerial displaying by snares island snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica huegeli ) . notornis 52 : 163 - 165 .
given that snares island snipe have already been translocated onto several tītī islands , the species is now in the unusual position of being more numerous than ever before .
miskelly wants to go further . ultimately , as population numbers grow , he’d like to see snares island snipe fill the space left by the extinct south island snipe , on predator - free islands from fiordland to the marlborough sounds .
“my grandfather was a cod man , ” she says . “he fished right down to the snares . ”
miskelly , c . m . 2013 [ updated 2018 ] . snares island snipe . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
a well - camouflaged , plump , short - legged snipe mainly found among dense vegetation . naturally confined to the snares islands , but translocated to several islands near stewart island .
miskelly knows more about snipe than anyone else in new zealand . he’s been publishing papers about them for three decades , and has snares island snipe footprints engraved into his wedding band ( his wife , a botanist , has plants on hers ) .
miskelly , c . m . ; sagar , p . m . 2005 . longevity record for snares island snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica huegeli ) . notornis 52 : 121 - 122 .
range : the snares ( island ) snipe is found in the snares islands , about 200 kilometres s to south island in new zealand . it occurs on north east island , broughton island and alert stack . this species has been introduced to predator - free islands such as putauhinu and codfish island .
miskelly , c . m . ; charteris , m . r . ; fraser , j . r . 2012 . successful translocation of snares island snipe coenocorypha huegeli to replace the extinct south island snipe c . iredalei . notornis 59 : 32 - 38 .
putauhinu island ( 141 ha , off sw stewart island ) . on 16 april 2005 , 30 snares island snipe ( c . a . buegili ) from north east island ( snares islands ) were released on putauhinu . patauhinu formerly had a population of the stewart island snipe ( c . a . iridalei ) , but this population is assumed to have been extirpated by the introduced cats and / or kiore on the island . the cats died out naturally in the 1960s and kiore were eradicated in 1996 . the stewart island snipe became extinct after ship rats invaded big south cape island in the early 1960s ( an attempt to translocate snipe from big south cape in august 1964 was unsuccessful ) . the translocation of snares island snipe therefore represents a taxonomic substitution in terms of restoring the putauhinu ecosystem , and also increases the distribution of snares island snipe which is range restricted . the snipe were captured with handnets , and held in two aviaries until translocation . contact colin miskelly .
protection / threats / status : the snares ( island ) snipe has been extirpated in the past from most part of its original range . but today , this species is living on predator - free subantarctic islands and the declines have ceased . however , they have very restricted range , but the population is slowly increasing thanks to successful translocations . the population of the snares ( island ) snipe was estimated at 1000 mature individuals in 2013 , with about 400 pairs on the snares islands , and at least 500 birds on putauhinu island in early 2013 . in addition , the translocated birds were breeding on codfish island in late 2012 . but currently , the snares ( island ) snipe is still considered near threatened .
none known ; birds ringed on snares is have never been recorded > 350 m from the original site . in . . .
introduction : the snares ( island ) snipe was formerly a subspecies of the subantarctic snipe ( c . aucklandica ) but it is now a full species . the maori name “tutukiwi” alludes to its resemblance , both in appearance and habits , to a small kiwi of the family apterygidae . this species has suffered numerous local extinctions in the past , due to the usual introduced predators . however , thanks to translocations of birds to some predator - free islands , the population of the snares ( island ) snipe is slowly increasing .
snares island snipe occur on north east island ( 280 ha ) , broughton island ( 48 ha ) and alert stack ( 5 ha ) in the snares islands . they have been introduced successfully to putauhinu island ( 141 ha ) , a muttonbird island 107 km to the north - east , and ( in december 2012 and 2016 ) to codfish island . on all these islands snipe occur most abundantly in areas with dense ground cover , including poa tussock grasslands , and polystichum fern under forest . the forest on the snares islands is predominantly subantarctic tree daisy ( olearia lyalli ) , and on putauhinu a mix of olearia species , southern rata , and hebe elliptica . on the snares islands , snipe venture into more open areas at night , probing in dense swards of callitriche antarctica and crassula moschata .
charteris , matt ; & miskelly , colin ( 2005 ) . snares island snipe ( tutukiwi ) translocation to putauhinu island , april 2005 . wellington : department of conservation . isbnâ 0 - 478 - 22687 - x . â
rats on campbell island had eliminated the now - endangered teal , snipe , and the more common pipit by 1840 . all of these species are now confined to rat - free islets scattered around the main island . it is likely that the campbell island snipe will prove to be an endemic subspecies of the new zealand snipe coenocorypha aucklandica , which has surviving populations on the snares , auckland , and antipodes islands .
pera - leask’s family has a long connection to the snares islands . her ancestors have lived in bluff and on stewart island for 12 generations .
getting to the snares isn’t easy , nor it is cheap . jo hiscock and ros cole , senior biodiversity rangers at doc’s southland office , needed to top up an ‘insurance’ population of snares island snipe on whenua hou , a predator - free island off the coast of stewart island . thirty birds had been moved there in 2012—the bare minimum for a viable , genetically diverse population .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the snares ( island ) snipe male gives strident “chup chup chup” , and sometimes loud “queeyoo queeyoo queeyoo” . during the flight displays at night , the outer rectrices produce a typical whirring sound .
this silent footage shows the snares island snipe . these birds spend the day under dense cover , coming out at dusk to feed . they probe into soil , logs or around the roots of plants to find insects , worms and other invertebrates .
miskelly , c . m . 1990 . breeding systems of new zealand snipe coenocorypha aucklandica and chatham island snipe c . pusilla ; are they food limited ? ibis 132 : 366 - 379 .
miskelly , c . m . ( 1990 ) aerial displaying and flying ability of chatham island snipe coenocorypha pusilla and new zealand snipe c . aucklandica . emu , 90 : 28 - 32 .
snares island snipe get all their food by probing in soil and mud , consuming a wide variety of the invertebrates found there . major prey items include amphipods ( hoppers ) , earthworms , adult beetles , and the larvae and pupae of flies and beetles .
the eradication went ahead , and 10 years later , davis fulfilled his promise to spencer . in 2005 , 30 snipe were transferred from the snares to putauhinu , the first time a new zealand bird has been introduced to replace a different , extinct species .
. 2013 ) . a second translocation of 30 individuals from the snares islands to codfish island / whenua hou took place in january 2013 ( mcclelland 2013 ) .
sebastian denize , an exhibition preparator from canterbury museum , went to the snares to supervise the dismantling of a hut . after helping catch snipe , he was then able to release a pair into their new home , whenua hou . unlike the island’s closely - monitored kākāpō population , the snipe won’t wear transmitters or receive breeding assistance—they’ll be left to their own devices .
“you’ve got all of this habitat that’s just waiting for snipe to move into , ” he says .
habitat : the snares ( island ) snipe frequents mainly the areas with dense ground vegetation such as tussock grassland ( poa ) and ferns of genus polystichum under trees in forest . it may frequent more open areas at night , while foraging and probing in thick grass .
“doc rang me and said , ‘how’s this for a deal : if you give us your mealworms you can come with us to the snares’ , ” she says .
after several days rolling over six - metre swells , they sighted the pale , bush - topped cliffs of the snares islands . deep in the roaring forties , the archipelago has never been invaded by rats , and it shows . penguins , sea lions and fur seals lounge on its coasts , muttonbirds fill its skies , and its forests are home to three bird species found nowhere else : the snares island fernbird , tomtit and snipe .
behaviour in the wild : the snares ( island ) snipe feeds on a variety of invertebrates found in the soil or the mud . it probes with the bill and takes amphipods , beetles ( adults , larvae and pupae ) , flies ( larvae and pupae ) and earthworms .
snares island snipe are unmistakeable within their range , as there are no other similar - sized ground birds present . compared to other living new zealand snipes , snares island snipe are chunkier , with a relatively short bill and legs . they also differ in having barred feathers on the belly , and less variegated dorsal plumage . males usually have clearer buff edges to their dorsal feather than females , and also tend to have yellowish legs ( cf . greenish in the female ) . juveniles are duller than adults , with the plumage washed with grey , and legs olive .
the delay meant the team had less than a week in the snares . cole and hiscock revised their expectations—they’d be lucky to get 12 birds . they had enough mealworms to keep the snipe alive for just a few days , so catching them would have to wait until the last minute .
then in 1997 , a brand - new snipe was found on jacquemart island , an inhospitable rocky pillar off the coast of campbell island , far to the south of the snares . miskelly believes norway rats swam ashore on campbell after a shipwreck in 1828 , 12 years before the first naturalists reached it . no one had recorded any sign of snipe on the island until this living population turned up .
as estelle pera - leask released the first snipe onto whenua hou , she recited this karakia , or prayer .
that made a total of 20 snipe , far exceeding expectations . hiscock was stoked : “we absolutely nailed it . ”
until that happens , the snipe and their larger - than - life alter ego will keep some mysteries to themselves .
they probably perform the typical whirring flight displays at night . the stiffened outer rectrices suggest that this behaviour occurs in this species like in other snipes . the snares ( island ) snipe is sedentary in its range . it has mainly terrestrial habits and is usually seen on the ground except during the aerial displays .
as a result , miskelly had the very bird - nerdy pleasure of naming and describing the new snipe , which is now regarded as a subspecies of subantarctic snipe . in an even nerdier pun - fest , he named it coenocorypha aucklandica perseverance .
the snares islands population is about 400 pairs ( c . 1000 adults ) , and there were at least 320 birds estimated to be present on putauhinu island in 2011 . snipe have been recorded at densities up to 10 birds per hectare on north east island . however , densities are much lower in areas with little ground cover .
doc ranger chris bennett went to the snares to pull down a hut , but soon found himself armed with a net chasing snipe : “they just sort of beetle around on the ground like a mini kiwi . ” that meant the snipers had to pursue them through the snares bush . there are just 22 plant species on the islands , and the forest is dominated by two kinds of tree daisy . “sometimes the scrub was that thick that you couldn’t move , you’d get hung up in a tree , completely tangled , ” says jo hiscock .
but the story of snipe is one of tragedy and mystery , miraculous resurrection and myth . almost flightless by day , the snipe’s terrifying alter - ego , the hākawai , haunts the night sky . catching them involves prancing through the scrub with a butterfly net .
that was where lorraine lovatt came in . the gold coast real - estate executive had been trying to reach the snares for years , as part of a personal mission to photograph every penguin species in the world .
there was one small problem . the hākawai had never been reported in the snares , and in all his years on the islands , miskelly had not observed the tell - tale feather damage or heard the call .
sure enough , they were there . snipe had self - introduced onto the main island , having flown across the channel from jacquemart and begun breeding . the trio caught 12 adults and three chicks in a week , and found the first - ever campbell island snipe nest .
meanwhile , hiscock and cole were short on mealworms , which are essential for keeping captured snipe alive . doc’s commercial supplier had run out .
there are two techniques for hunting snipe . by night , you creep out after dark with a headtorch and net , avoiding the black bulk of resting sealions . when the beam of light strikes a snipe , you whack the net over it before it realises what is happening .
twenty years later , merton thought he heard the same sound on mangere island in the chathams , where he was working with chatham island snipe . he mentioned his theory that the hākawai and the snipe were the same to a young undergraduate student volunteering with him , colin miskelly .
because snipe replace all their feathers for the next breeding season , the evidence would have disappeared by the time miskelly returned in the spring .
there are now an estimated 700 snipe on putauhinu , and davis is overseeing transfers from there to other predator - free tītī islands nearby .
the campbell island snipe , discovered in 1997 , was restricted to a tiny and almost inaccessible rock , jacquemart islet , off campbell island . since rats have been erradicated on campbell island through a massive effort by the new zealand government , snipe have begun to recolonize the campbell island .
the chatham island snipe uses its relatively long bill to probe moist soils or leaf litter for earthworms , amphipods , beetles , and insect larvae and pupae . this prey , once found , is generally swallowed without the snipe having to withdraw its bill from the soil ( 2 ) .
snipe nest on the ground , are very tame and rarely fly , so are extremely vulnerable to predators such as cats , rats and wekas .
miskelly , c . m . 1989 . flexible incubation system and prolonged incubation in new zealand snipe . wilson bulletin 101 : 127 - 132 .
other snipe species around the world are known to perform acoustic aerial displays , which stresses the tail feathers , and can snap off the tips .
the snipe has a distinctive courtship display . at night , males dive vertically from considerable heights . their tails vibrate and make a sound like a bird many times their size . this noise lead to the stories of the hakawai , a huge mythical bird . while snares snipe have never been recorded as making the hakawai noise , there is strong evidence that they do in fact carry out the special courtship flight , and that it was probably a case of no one being on the island at the right time to hear it .
23 cm . , 105 g . , brown with long slightly drooping bill , head with stripe from forehead to nape . chatham island snipe smaller .
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chris bennett , a doc ranger from the catlins , thought his sole job on the snares was to dismantle a hut . suddenly he found himself holding a butterfly net , tracking a tiny bird through tangled trunks at the bottom of the world .
miskelly , c . m . ; sagar , p . m . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; scofield , r . p . 2001 . birds of the snares islands , new zealand . notornis 48 : 1 - 40 .
this threatened bird once inhabited most of the islands in the chatham group , but following the introduction of predatory rats and cats to chatham , pitt and mangere islands , the snipe became confined to just rangatira and star keys by 1970 ( 7 ) . the chatham island snipe had also come close to extinction on rangatira , with a large sheep population degrading the island’s habitat ( 8 ) . thankfully , all livestock were removed from the island in 1961 ( 2 ) , leaving the snipe population to recover ( 8 ) . the cat population on mangere eventually died - out after extensive hunting ( 7 ) , and the chatham island snipe could be re - introduced to the island . shortly after , the snipe colonised the predator - free little mangere island ( 7 ) ( 9 ) .
lovatt tried three times to visit the snares on cruises—tourists aren’t allowed to land , but can approach the shore on boats—and each time was foiled by the weather . on the last trip she got talking to someone from doc , who put her onto hiscock .
the final chapter of the story of the south island snipe came with the accidental introduction of black rats to big south cape island , and the consequent attempt in 1964 by the new zealand wildlife service to rescue the snipe by transferring individuals to a rat - free island . two birds were caught on 30 august and placed in an aviary . however , they were difficult to care for because of their need for a continuous supply of live food , and both died on 1 september . since then there have been no acceptable records of the species . subsequently , some 40 years later on 16 april 2005 , 30 snares snipe , then considered to be conspecific though a different subspecies , were translocated successfully by the new zealand department of conservation to putauhinu island , only 1 . 5â km west of big south cape island and a former home of south island snipe , after the rats were eradicated there .
the snares islands population is about 400 pairs ( miskelly 2013 ) , there were at least 500 birds estimated to be present on putauhinu island in early 2013 , and translocated birds were confirmed breeding on whenua hou / codfish island in late 2012 ( p . mcclelland
worthy , t . h . ; miskelly , c . m . ; ching , r . a . 2002 . taxonomy of north and south island snipe ( aves : scolopacidae : coenocorypha ) , with analysis of a remarkable collection of snipe bones from greymouth , new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 29 : 231 - 244 .
it’s become widely accepted that the snipe and the hākawai are the same , and that the hākawai is an aerial display that combines vocalisations with the vibration of air through the bird’s tail feathers . yet it’s still not known why they do it , or when , and no one has ever seen a new zealand snipe perform the display .
oliver , narena ( 2005 ) .
hakawai , the new zealand snipe
. new zealand birds . nz birds limited . retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . â
lovatt’s donation meant the expedition could go ahead , but its main priority was dismantling the hut . the snipe hunt would have to come second , if there was time .
miskelly went out at night and managed to record the call on tape . he also noticed that some of the snipe he was catching had unusual wear on their tail feathers .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . snares snipe ( coenocorypha huegeli ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
snipe are a small wading bird , just slightly larger than a blackbird . their maori name of tutukiwi gives an indication of how they look - with their stout legs and long bill making them appear as a mini kiwi . snipe were once widespread around the new zealand mainland and offshore islands , but rapidly disappeared as rats and other introduced predators invaded their sanctuaries .
first , they helped pull the old hut on north east island apart , and then everyone , including the ship’s crew , received a lesson in the art of snipe - hunting .
she had good reason to worry . the birds may be small , but they need a constant supply of invertebrate food—a lesson learned in the last days of the south island snipe .
is the only member of the genus present on the snares islands , but c . aucklandica is more strongly marked with cream and chocolate streaking and the mid - belly is unpatterned . voice . males have a territorial loud call consisting of a series of vibrant monosyllabic notes that build to disyllabic whistles .
miskelly , c . m . 1999b . social constraints on access to mates in a high density population of new zealand snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica ) . notornis 46 : 223 - 239 .
as mentioned above , past conservation efforts have seen the chatham island snipe successfully re - introduced to mangere island , following the eradication of feral cats ( 7 ) ( 9 ) . more recently , in 2001 , trials at keeping snipe in captivity were undertaken ( 9 ) . the techniques learnt in this successful trial may be used in the future for a captive - breeding programme , and can be used to implement measures to secure the future of the more highly threatened campbell island snipe , an un - described coenocorypha species restricted to just one tiny island ( 9 ) .
not only did the snipe persevere for nearly 200 years on a 19 - hectare scrap of rock , but perseverance was the name of the first ship to visit campbell island , in 1810 . that same sealing brig was the one that was wrecked there in 1828 , likely introducing the rats—and it also gave its name to the island’s main harbour , where snipe can now be seen .
only four people could spend the night on north east island : rangers kathryn pemberton and jo hiscock , right , were two of the skeleton crew chosen for hunting snipe during the short subantarctic night . key attributes for night - hunting include fast reflexes and sealion awareness , says hiscock : “they can get a bit rarked up with the headtorches . ” nine snipe were captured the first night .
while snipe are making a comeback , the arrival of one pregnant rat could wipe them out in a flash . that’s why insurance populations , such as the one on whenua hou , are so important .
âsnipe begin to lay about the end of october and continue during the early november . except that the legs are pale yellow they much resemble the common snipe of the old country . the sexes vary but little , the male rather larger and of rather a richer plumage . the birds stand about two and a half inches high and measure along the body about six inches . both male and female sit . â
“hopefully we can get to the point where they’re introduced to open islands and fenced sanctuaries , so that people can say , ‘let’s go and look at a snipe today . ’ wouldn’t that be wonderful ? ”
0 ne of the most significant ornithological discoveries in new zealand this centuty occurred on 9 november 1997 , when a team searching for campbell island teal on jacquermart island , caught a snipe and saw seven others . jacquermart island is a 19 ha island off campbell island , a subantarctic island south of new zealand . up until this time , there was no evidence that a snipe ever occurred in the campbell island group .
“i suspect what was happening is that , on the snares , there are so many muttonbirds flying around in the night sky in summer that it would be suicide for a little bird to be diving , ” he says . “so i wonder if they only do the display in winter when the muttonbirds have gone away on migration . ”
merton and bell also captured three south island snipe . one escaped , and the other two had a voracious appetite . mealworms weren’t commercially available in 1964 , and terrible weather kept the wildlife service team trapped on taukihepa .
they spent every waking hour digging for grubs and worms to feed the snipe , but the rats had devastated the island’s invertebrates , and the team couldn’t find enough food . the birds faded and died before their eyes .
“jo was straight up—she told me the amount of money they needed to go down , ” says lovatt . “i weighed it up and thought , the snares penguin is the hardest one to photograph in the world , and you know what new zealand weather is like . they needed a sponsor , i needed to get there . it was perfect . ”
worthy , trevor h . ; miskelly , colin m . ; & ching , bob a . ( r . ) . ( 2002 ) .
taxonomy of north and south island snipe ( aves : scolopacidae : coenocorypha ) , with analysis of a remarkable collection of snipe bones from greymouth , new zealand
. new zealand journal of zoology 29 ( 3 ) : 231â
244 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 03014223 . 2002 . 9518307 . â
miskelly , c . and barlow , k . ( 2001 ) chatham island snipe research and management trials , rangatira / south east island , april - may 2001 . wellington conservancy , department of conservation , wellington , new zealand .
shooters , benefiting from this , place their booths next to the lekking sites and often shoot a couple of individuals in one shot ; the sound silences them for a moment , but if one does not reveal themselves , they will soon start the display again . snares made out of hair are also being set , which allow grabbing them out to the last individual .
poland is , among all eu countries , particularly responsible for maintaining the favourable conservation status of the great snipe , because 27 . 7 % of the population inhabiting the eec is nesting in this country ( wilk et al . 2010 ) .
no later than in xixth century europe the great snipe was a common resident of vast fens and flood - meadows in river valleys . it was also observed in denmark , germany and western poland . technical development , intensification of farming and associated large - scale drainage of wetland areas have led to a complete extinction of the great snipe in western european countries , as well as in lowland regions of scandinavia . the drastic decline of the species ' population results , in addition , from a very narrow tolerance limits with respect to various environmental factors , which distinguishes the great snipe among other charadriiform birds . being a specialist both in terms of its diet , as of its habitat , it has become particularly vulnerable to get extinct .
the chatham island snipe is a small , rotund bird with beautifully camouflaged plumage . the body is mottled with black , brown and reddish - brown , turning creamy - white on the lower breast and belly ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the top of the head is striped with black , brown and reddish - brown ( 3 ) , and the bill is long , although not as long as that of other species of snipe ( 4 ) . female chatham island snipes are paler than males , and juveniles have less distinct patterning than adults ( 2 ) . the call of a male chatham island snipe has been recorded as a low ‘ trerk , trerk , trerk ’ and ‘ queeyoo , queeyoo , queeyoo ’ ( 3 ) .
the snares ( island ) snipes are mainly monogamous and the pair bonds usually last one season , sometimes more . they are often seen in pairs . during the breeding season , the male feeds the female during three weeks prior to the egg - laying . as the snipes lay fairly large eggs , the females need some nutrients to form the eggs . this behaviour is unique in the family scolopacidae .
there was a more urgent task on the snares , too . a research hut built in the 1960s was falling into disrepair . there was a risk it could collapse and send pink batts and sheets of corrugated iron flying around the island , maybe decapitate a sealion or two . canterbury museum wanted the hut for an exhibition . but it’s tough to get the funds for a trip to the subantarctic .
the term ‘snipe hunting’ is used in north america to describe a wild goose chase , an endeavour with little chance of success . it seemed an apt description for the translocation mission , as its leaders wondered countless times whether they would ever pull it off .
snares island snipe mainly breed between november and march , laying two large eggs in a well - concealed nest at ground level . both sexes incubate the eggs and share care of the chicks , with the male caring for the first chick to leave the nest , and the female the second . chicks leave the nest on the day of hatching , and are cared for by one of their parents for 8 - 11 weeks . each parent - chick pair is completely independent of the other , and if either adult loses its chick , it may attempt to breed again with a new mate . however , the original pair typically re - unite by the start of the next breeding season .
the chatham island snipe can be found from the shore to the islands’ summits , but most commonly occurs in areas with considerable bush cover and forest of olearia traversi ( the ake ake tree ) , especially among sedges ( carex species ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
it was an incredible discovery , and miskelly was desperate to get down there . in 2001 , rats were spectacularly eradicated from campbell island , and in 2005 , miskelly joined dog - handler james fraser and percy the conservation dog on a trip to campbell to look for snipe .
in the years since miskelly’s visit , campbell island snipe have multiplied . it’s thought there are now hundreds of them roaming the main island—a recovery so impressive that in may 2017 , they were switched from the highest threat category , ‘nationally critical’ , to the lowest , ‘nationally vulnerable’ .
during the night , the team caught nine birds , and the following day , 10 more , but two that looked unhealthy were released . the next morning , cole and hiscock sent the newly minted snipe hunters out for a last attempt while they prepared the captured birds for departure .
ros cole , kathryn pemberton and jo hiscock prepared the snipe for their voyage , feeding them a hydrating solution and plenty of mealworms . on the trip north , they stopped off for another feeding session at easy harbour , near the bottom of stewart island , before landing at whenua hou , below .
it’s still a theory , but the find was a tantalising suggestion that the hākawai may yet be heard on the tītī islands . at the release , miskelly showed spencer , then 90 years old , the snipe with the broken feathers , and , deeply moved , spencer released it onto his island .
those two snipe now lie in a drawer in te papa’s ‘bird room’ . one was known to be male , and miskelly recently sexed the second bird for the first time . it had been preserved in ethanol for half a century , and no one had checked . it turned out both were male .
one previous attempt was made to hold chatham island snipe in captivity in 1988 , but all eight adult birds caught were lost due to stress and aspergillosis . however a number of factors have changed in the last 10 years that should increase the likelihood of successfully maintaining and breeding snipes in captivity . they include :
a couple of tiny islands off the coast of stewart island , barely specks on a map , were the final refuges of the mainland snipe . naturalists reported finding them at the start of the 20th century on two ‘tītī’ islands frequented by muttonbirders—pukeokaoka , or jacky lee island , and taukihepa , or big south cape island .
pera - leask recites a karakia to welcome the birds to their new home ( see opposite ) . one by one , the boxes are opened , and the snipe make a dash for freedom . they are now free to colonise the whole of whenua hou , an island more than four times the size of their homeland .
the exceptional reproductive habits of the great snipe ( lekking behaviour ) have made it an easy prey for hunters , which can certainly be regarded as another important factor in its extermination . this problem was noted already in 1882 by the renowned polish zoologist władysław taczanowski , who wrote in his book
the birds of our country
:
far to the north , in an underground room below te papa in wellington , terrestrial vertebrates curator colin miskelly opens the cupboard containing the museum’s collection of new zealand snipe . an array of drawers holds the taxidermied bodies known in museum parlance as ‘study skins’—wings tucked in , beaks stretched forward , ancient labels tied with string around crumpled claws .
higgins , p . j . ; & davies , s . j . j . f . ( eds ) . ( 1996 ) . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . volume 3 : snipe to pigeons . melbourne : oxford university press . pp . â 54â
66 . isbnâ 0 - 19 - 553070 - 5 . â
“unless you’re a pretty keen bird - nerdy conservationist you’ve probably never heard of a snipe , and that’s because it’s so hard to see one . it’s out of sight , out of mind . the only place you can see any of our new zealand snipes is on enderby island in the auckland islands . you have to sign up on a two - week trip to get there , and it’s not cheap .
snipe are not one of the stars of new zealand’s pantheon of threatened birds . small , speckled brown , with a long probing beak like a kiwi , they look like a wading bird that’s gone bush . their eyes seem set too far back in their heads , giving them a dopey expression . perfect rat - bait , they’ve long been gone from the mainland , and most new zealanders have never seen one .
reproduction of this species : the breeding season occurs mainly between november and march . the laying on the snares islands coincides with the annual peak of prey abundance , often between late november and early february . the courting pair chooses the nest - site , and the nest depends on the site . it can be built in fern clump ( polystichum vestitum ) . it is sheltered above by the fern trunk and on the sides by the dead hanging fronds . the nest is made with plant debris found close to the nest - site . fern fragments , tree leaves and pieces of bark are used . the nest is cup - shaped and is often protected from above by dense vegetation .
the adult has darker plumage than the other new zealand snipe species . it has compact body , and relatively short bill and legs . on the upperparts , the colour is very cryptic , mainly brown with bars , stripes and spots , ranging from creamy - white to blackish . the uppertail is heavily barred . the outer tail feathers are typically narrow and stiffened . this physical feature produces the characteristic whirring sound during the nocturnal flight displays .
snipe rarely fly during the day , and nest at ground level , meaning they are extremely vulnerable to introduced mammals . defences that evolved to deal with birds of prey don’t work on a predator with a good nose . “they just crouch and hope you’ll go away , ” says colin miskelly . “if people can catch them with hand nets , any predator is going to find the nest , eat the chicks , and probably pounce on the adults as well . ”
ros cole carries the snipe to their new home on whenua hou , watched over by a pouwhenua , hinekete . carved by the late bluff kaumatua harold ashwell , hinekete is a tribute to the ngāi tahu women who formed the first settlement on the island in the 1820s , alongside their european sealer husbands . one of those women was estelle pera - leask’s great - great - great - great grandmother . “many ngāi tahu families descend from those women , ” she says .
âanother nest placed also in the shelter of a low manuka cushion showed more care in construction ; on granite grit and sand thickly littered with dracophyllum needles , it was piled a couple of inches high with moss , softest lichen and minutest lengths of frayed lissom manuka twiglets . of this nest the eggs , also two in number and also large in proportion to the size of the snipe , were greeny brown in hue with dark spottings and blotches evenly distributed over the whole surface . â
great snipes are not being hunted in our country anymore ( which was unfortunately not abandoned in russia ) . the unusual reproductive system and the status of a
rarity
of the great snipe attracts , however , a new type of
hunters
equipped in cameras , binoculars and telescopes , who often crave to see this exceptional bird by all means . certainly their motivation is very different from the typical hunters , nevertheless accidental and unintentional startling of the bird may , when occurring on a large scale , lead to a decline in number of leks .
the female lays 2 large , very pale brown eggs with dark spots and blotches . the large size of the eggs ( 44 x 32 millimetres ) might indicate poor food resources on the snares islands during the breeding season . both sexes incubate , the male mostly at night , white the female is foraging and recovering after the laying . at hatching , the chicks are covered with blackish - brown down overall and have short black bill . the male cares for the first chick leaving the nest , while the female tends the second one . the chicks are precocial and leave the nest soon after hatching . the parents tend them for 8 - 11 weeks . the pair “adult - chick” is independent from the other , and if the adult loses its chick , it will attempt to breed again with a new mate . but the first two mates usually breed together during the next breeding season .
the south island snipe is extinct . its prehistoric distribution comprised the south island and stewart island , including some smaller islands off stewart island . it became extinct on both south island and stewart island following the occupation of new zealand by polynesians ( the ancestors of the mäori people ) and the associated introduction of pacific rats ( rattus exulans ) . it survived on at least nine small islands until the late 19th and 20th centuries but was progressively extirpated on them following introductions of rats and other exotic predators , as well as weka , with the last records coming from big south cape and pukaweka islands in the early 1960s .
eutrophisation is a process of ecosystem enrichment in nutrients ( biogenic elements – nitrogen and phosphorus ) , which leads to a trophic rise , that is an increase in the habitat ' s fertility . it results in a faster development of vegetation that is followed by an accelerated succession and fast overgrowth of open habitats . in the case of the great snipe ' s biotopes an increased eutrophisation is in the first place caused by the destruction of the natural hydrological equilibria in river valleys ( overdrainage , shortening of spring floods ) and by the influx of biogenic elements from the river ' s drainage area ( chemical and natural fertilizers , communal sewage ) .
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buller , walter lawry , birds of new zealand , 1888 . ibis , 1893 .
heather , b . , & robertson , h . , field guide to the birds of new zealand , 2000 . oliver , w . r . b . , new zealand birds , 1955 .
closely related to c . pusilla , with which sometimes considered conspecific , especially in past ; until recently , considered conspecific with † c . iredalei and c . aucklandica , but differs from latter in extensive dense barring across lower breast and flanks and sometimes most of belly ( 3 ) ; much weaker , paler brown markings on upperparts with much narrower buff fringes , producing much finer and far less blotchy streaking ( 2 ) ; and much more densely barred uppertail ( 2 ) . monotypic .
20–23 cm ; 89–131 g ; wingspan 30–35 cm . small , plump , brown wader , with extensive and dense barring across lower breast , flanks and , sometimes , most of belly ; upperparts . . .
male has loud territorial call that comprises a series of vibrant monosyllabic notes that build . . .
takes soil - dwelling invertebrates , especially earthworms , amphipods , adult beetles , and larvae and pupae of beetles and flies , mainly by . . .
lays early nov to early apr , with peak hatching in feb . monogamous ( 95 % ) , sometimes polygynous . solitary in territory ; nests at relatively . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . population increasing in large part due to translocations and is currently thought to number between 1000 and . . .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
voice ( adult male ) : a strident chup chup chup sometimes building to a loud queeyoo queeyoo queeyoo .
baker , a . j . ; miskelly , c . m . ; haddrath , o . 2010 . species limits and population differentiation in new zealand snipes ( scolopacidae : coenocorypha ) . conservation genetics 11 : 1363 - 1374 .
miskelly , c . m . ; walker , k . j . ; elliott , g . p . 2006 . breeding ecology of three subantarctic snipes ( genus coenocorypha ) . notornis 53 : 361 - 374 .
this species has been extirpated from most of its historic range by introduced mammalian predators , to which it is highly susceptible . declines have ceased as it is now confined to a few predator - free subantarctic islands where it is relatively secure within a very small range . owing to the small number of locations that support the species and the small total population , it is considered near threatened .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : coenocorypha huegeli . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
coenocorypha aucklandica , c . huegeli , c . barrierensis and c . iredalei ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as c . aucklandica following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
20 - 23 cm . small , plump variegated brown wader . bill brown and slightly drooping , 4 . 5 cm . this species has extensive dense barring across the lower breast , flanks and , sometimes , most of the belly . the upperparts are finely barred giving an overall uniform impression . also the uppertail is densely barred .


chalybeothemis is a genus of dragonflies in the family libellulidae .

it contains three species native to southeast asia .

species include : chalybeothemis chini chalybeothemis fluviatilis chalybeothemis pruinosa

chalybeothemis

chalybeothemis _ chini _ _ _ ian . jpg uploaded on aug . 9 , 2010
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schorr , m . and paulson , d . 2017 . world odonata list . revision 28 november 2017 . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken .
justification : although the species is known from at least twenty locations , only nine of these are based on recent records and still known to be intact . the status of habitats in indonesia is unknown . the species appears to be local in occurrence , and to prefer a low ph habitats , but some populations have been recorded at ponds and reservoirs , but more populations are very likely to exist across its known range . the most significant threat faced by the species is from plantation establishment . although the species is widespread and some of the older records may still refer to viable habitats , and other populations are likely to be found , in view of its apparently specialist habitat requirements and local occurrence there is some cause for concern . with only nine currently known locations , the species arguably qualifies for near threatened status . however it is almost certainly under - recorded and relatively widespread , and is assessed as least concern with some reservations .
the species is known from relatively few records , but has a wide range across southeastern asia , however it appears to be very local in occurrence , with scattered populations across its range . there are records from borneo ( south , east and northwest kalimantan , central sarawak , brunei ) , belitung , singapore , peninsular malaysia ( pahang and selangor ) , south thailand ( narathiwat ) ( see dow
is unknown , but existing records are from lowland habitats . twenty locations have been recorded for this species ( dow
2007 , dow unpublished 2010 ) : two in northwest kalimantan , one in central kalimantan , one in south kalimantan ( lieftinck 1953 : the information is vague , possibly this refers to up to three separate locations , but it is treated as one location here ) , one in east kalimantan , six locations in peninsular malaysia ( tasik chini , ( c . - y . choong , pers . comm . 2011 ) , the paya indah wetlands , tasek bera and sungai bebar in pahang , ampang and sungai ayer hitam in selangor ) , two locations from brunei ( one of them is now degraded ) , one location from thailand , one from sarawak , four from belitung , three from singapore ( tang
2010 , r . w . j . ngiam pers . comm . 2010 ) , but from one of these only a single individual has been recorded . for eight locations the only records are fifty years or more old , and we have no information on the current status of the habitats , however there has been widespread degradation of lowland habitats in indonesia . of the recent locations one has already been degraded ( orr 2001 ) , no recent check of this location has been made . on this basis , only nine locations can be considered to be currently known . of the currently known locations , one ( binyo penyilam in sarawak ) is a conservation area within acacia plantations , but enforcement of its protected status is problematic , however it is a proposed national park . the remaining location in brunei is protected . the sites in singapore are either in the national parks system , or in an army training area , and not currently threatened .
there is no detailed population information for this species . from the currently known sites , it is quite common at binyo penyilam in sarawak and common at sungai bebar in pahang ( dow unpublished data ) ; norma - rashid
2001 ) list 19 specimens from tasek bera in pahang , suggesting that the species is at least fairly common there ; it is regularly encountered at the surviving location in brunei ( orr 2001 , v . kalkman unpublished , 2011 ) . based on this information it appears that the species is locally common over much of its range . however it is considered uncommon in singapore ( r . w . j . ngiam pers . comm . 2010 ) .
plantation establishment is the major potential threat to this species ; very large areas of lowland forest are being or already have been converted to oil palm and acacia plantations in sarawak and peninsular malaysia , the situation is similar in kalimantan and probably in belitung . fire is a serious threat to individual populations , as is pollution or lowering of water tables due to excessive extraction . in sarawak at least twelve large hydroelectric projects are planned before 2020 , these could have a major impact on populations of this species ( including as - yet undiscovered populations ) .
there is a need for further data on distribution , population , habitat and threats across the range of c . fluviatilis , especially in indonesia . better protection is needed in at least one already protected habitat ( binyo penyilam in sarawak ) , and more habitats need to be protected .
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one of the more uncommon dragonflies that can be found among the weedy edges of macritchie reservoir , this loving small dragonfly is very attractive and inconspicuous .
the male is dark - blue in colour , with unmarked body and thin abdomen . it has a pair of striking green eyes . female is similar , with a more brownish patch at the dorsum of the thorax and brownish tint at the wing base .
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i was always fascinated by this species of dragonfly due to it’s shinning green eyes . it is an uncommon and localise species which are found in exposed weedy banks of streams , rivers and near the banks of reservoirs . i have seen this species at just three locations ; 1 ) near the banks of macritchie reservoir ; 2 ) at the big pond at kent ridge park ; and 3 ) at the open pond at bukit timah nature reserve .
this male was taken at the last location . a pleasant surprise for me as this was the first time i have seen this species at the location .
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this is a small dragonfly . males have dark blue thorax . abdomen is thin , with base slightly swollen and black . eyes are green . female is similar but with brown colour on the dorsum of thorax and the wing base tinted with brownish yellow .
tang , h . b . , wang , l . k . & hämäläinen , m . 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . singapore : raffles museum of biodiversity research . 222pp .
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over 250 species of odonates living in all kinds of aquatic habitats in peninsular malaysia . they are waiting for me to be explored . . . . . . . .
. the former two species can be found in peninsular malaysia while the last one is confined to borneo .
i started to learn and take photographs of odonata in 2005 . i am fascinated by this group of beautiful insects . at this moment , i try to record the diversity and distribution of odonata for peninsular malaysia .
you ' re counted . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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pleuroploca trapezium , common name : the trapezium horse conch , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

this species is sought after for food but also to be used as a trumpet when the tip of the spire is cut off .

pleuroploca trapezium

forma pleuroploca trapezium f . intermedia ( kobelt , 1875 ) accepted as pleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 )
forma pleuroploca trapezium f . paeteli ( strebel , 1911 ) accepted as pleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 )
jennifer hammock split the classifications by femorale resource from pleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .
pleuroploca ponderosa jonas , j . h . in philippi , r . a . , 1850
pleuroploca audouini gracilior ( var . ) tapparone - canefri , c . e . , 1875 : red sea
citation :
trapezium horse conchs , pleuroploca trapezium ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 2 / 28 / 2012 1 : 27 : 00 am ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
to barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 136 publications ) ( from synonym fasciolaria trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 7 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym fasciolaria trapezium f . paeteli strebel , 1911 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym fasciolaria trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym murex trapezium linnaeus , 1758 ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection
, commonly called the trapezium horse conch , is a marine gastropod found in the indo - pacific oceans and common in the sea - shell trade along the coast of india .
research pleuroploca trapezium » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
( of murex trapezium linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of murex trapezium linnaeus , 1758 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of fasciolaria trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
description unmistakable large , elongated , solid and heavy shell , up to 20 cm . shoulders of body and upper whorls with thick , blunt . . .
description unmistakable large , elongated , solid and heavy shell , up to 20 cm . shoulders of body and upper whorls with thick , blunt nodules . surface often with fine brown , spiral lines . colour golden brown , aperture pale . habitat : seagrass beds . distribution : indo - pacific . regional names : kis . kome , kome fundwa ; mcr . conocono . ( richmond , 1997 ) . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
snyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] [ details ]
marais j . p . & r . n . kilburn ( 2010 ) fasciolariidae . pp . 106 - 137 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
fasciolaria ferruginea lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822 : australia
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e2cd5f6b - d5b3 - 4545 - a72f - 48261b25b4f0
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 541516
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these are marine animals and are found from north carolina to florida and into mexico .