lixus concavus , commonly called the rhubarb curculio , is a species of weevil .

rhubarb ( rheum species ) is a host , together with dock , sunflower , and thistle .

lixus concavus

abstract the mature larvae and pupae of lixus ( ortholixus ) bituberculatus smreczyåski , 1968 and lixus ( dilixellus ) neglectus fremuth , 1983 ( curculionidae : lixinae : lixini ) are described and compared with known larvae of 21 other lixus and 2 hypolixus taxa . the mature larva and pupa of lixus bituberculatus are the first immature stages described representing the subgenus ortholixus . the larva of lixus neglectus , in the subgenus dilixellus , is distinguished from the known larvae of four
lixus concavus ) also known as rhubarb curculios are commonly found throughout the eastern united states and portions of the western united states such as utah , idaho and texas . there are known populations in ontario , canada as well .
lixus bardanae , kulczanka szczawiowiec , bruine zuringsnuitkever on grean grass leaf in morning sun light . extreme macro horizontal crop
insect lixus angustatus . weevil weevil or the mallows . location : tibi . alicante . valencia . spain . europe .
in the czech republic , slovakia and romania is provided . for lixus bituberculatus , a chicory , cichorium intybus l . ( asteraceae ) , is identified as a host plant , and lixus neglectus is found on dock rumex thyrsiflorus fingerh . ( polygonaceae ) . both
thanks for contacting horticulture talk through our facebook page . to be honest , there are not a lot of insect pests that affect rhubarb — because it is acidic and because of the oxalate crystals in the leaves . however , based on your description , it sounds like you have rhubarb curculio ( lixus concavus ) .
readily distinguished by the difference in superficial bloom , bright yellow in l . concavus , whitish in l . mucidus , in which the depression at the base of pronotum & elytra is also much less marked
de waterscheerlingsnuitkever is een kenmerkende soort van moerassen , waar ze op schermbloemen te vinden is , onder andere de waterscheerling . lixus paraplecticus is a typical species of marshes , where it can be found on umbellifers .
are probably monophagous or oligophagous . adults of lixus bituberculatus often inhabit host plants growing in active , dry and sunny pastures with sparse patches without vegetation , being mostly active during the night in april / may and then again in september , when the highest activity levels are observed . adults of lixus neglectus inhabit dry grasslands on sandy soils with host plants , being active during the day from may to september , with the highest level of activity in may / june and september . the larvae of both
are borers in the stem and root of the host plant , and they pupate in root or root neck . adults leave the pupation cells at the end of summer and do not hibernate in the host plants . finally , romania is a new geographic record for lixus bituberculatus . pmid : 27551208
distribution . this native species is found throughout the eastern united states west to idaho , utah , and texas . in canada it is known from ontario . a very similar insect , lixus mucidus leconte , may be confused with rhubarb curculio , because it shares the same geographic range , host plants , and biology . it also is native to north america .
eaton and kaufman describe the 69 north american species of lixus as large , cylindrical weevils . the american insects website says that the striking , half - inch rc is “covered with both a short gray pubescence and an orange bloom” ( when the bloom is off the weevil , it looks black ) . it has club - tipped antennae and its abdomen is tapered toward the stern .
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these small , circular , brown spots are scattered over the surface of the leaf . the disease is caused by a fungus .
the leaf spot is common in connecticut , but does not do enough damage to the plant to require special control measures .
the disease is caused by soilborne fungi which cause the crown and roots to rot . the disease appears in heavy wet soils .
fungicide applications have not been shown to be effective . control can be achieved by planting in well - drained soils .
the bean aphid and green peach aphid sometimes infest rhubarb . control is not usually necessary .
european corn borer . this insect will sometimes tunnel in the stalks of rhubarb . control is not generally necessary .
the rhubarb curculio makes feeding and egg punctures in the stalks , and the sap exudes from the wounds as glistening drops of gum . the eggs laid in rhubarb do not hatch , but are killed by sap . this pest completes its life cycle in the stems of wild dock . the beetle is about half an inch in length , black , covered with yellow dust , and hibernates as an adult . it feeds upon the margins of the leaves besides puncturing the stalks . they are usually present in small numbers and can be handpicked and destroyed . removal of their other host plants , such as dock and thistle , during july when the larvae are still in them may also reduce populations .
stalk borer , papaipema nebris . the eggs of this caterpillar are laid in the fall by the moths on surrounding grasses and weeds . after hatching in the spring the borers feed on these plants and later may migrate into adjacent rhubarb where they cause injury . the caterpillars are very active . their restless habit of frequently changing from one plant stem to another increases the damage . keeping the borders of the vegetable garden well - mowed and controlling weeds may help deny these insects their breeding grounds .
yellow woollybear , spilosoma virginica . this caterpillar sometimes feeds upon rhubarb but does not regularly require control .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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weevils of south carolina ( coleoptera : nemonychidae , attelabidae , brentidae , ithyceridae , and curculionidae ) . janet c . ciegler . 2010 . clemson university , clemson , s . c . 276 pp .
annotated checklist of the weevils ( curculionidae sensu lato ) of north america , central america , and the west indies . . . o ' brien c . w . , wibmer g . j . 1982 . mem . am . ent . inst . 34 : x + 382 pp .
contributed by ron m . on 12 october , 2008 - 11 : 29pm additional contributions by mike quinn , v belov last updated 2 march , 2013 - 6 : 41pm
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i get bugs eating on my rhubarb stems each year . it looks like eggs under the leaves , but i’ve never seen any bugs to identify . what are they and what can i do ? colorado potato beetles ? sevin ?
the leaf stalks of the rhubarb may show exuding sap and partial decay from late - may through early summer , due to the feeding and egg laying punctures of the rhubarb curculio . feeding injury appears as notches in the stem and on the leaf edges . sap exudes from wounds of either type and collects as glistening drops of gum when fresh . fortunately , the eggs of this insect do not hatch when deposited in rhubarb .
the rhubarb curculio ( or rhubarb weevil ) is a large snout beetle , about 1 / 2 inch long . it is dark colored , with a yellow powdery material dusted on its back . the yellowish covering easily rubs off when the insect is handled . the head has a downwardly curved snout , at the end of which are the mandibles ( the chewing mouth parts ) . the eggs are oblong and yellow - white in color ( similar to colorado potato beetles ) . the mature larva is a legless grub about 3 / 4 inch in length , with a brown head .
the only direct method of control is to hand pick the beetles from the plants during early summer and destroy them . when the beetles first emerge they are easily picked from the vegetation on which they are resting . their large size aids in finding them and helps make them easy to handle . the removal of all wild plants in which the beetles breed ( dock , thistle , and sunflower ) growing in or near the planting during july , while the curculio larvae are still in them , will also be helpful .
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family giving connections , inc . kara joseph and her team are working on a project to help haitians sustain themselves at home after the destruction of the earthquake . they are looking for donations of seeds in an effort to promote long - term empowering change in this devestate country . 0
national junior horticulture association as a former njha - er , i definitely support the education and promotion of horticulture with today’s youth . check out the website for more great information ! 0
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nomina insecta nearctica : a check list of the insects of north america , vol . 1 : coleoptera , strepsiptera
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
port huron sga , st . clair co . , michigan . 17 may 2009 .
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faba bean , lentil , lima bean , pea , snap bean , etc . )
acyrthosiphon pisum shinji . cowpea is plagued by cow - pea weevils , callosobruchus spp . locally , a number of other pests can be important , particularly thrips , leaf miners , leafhoppers , and flea beetles .
the lettuce is an immensely popular vegetable . among vegetables grown in the united states , it sur -
royal bc museum website featuring the non - native / alien species in the province ; includes fact sheets of selected species and a current list of all alien species found in the province , including insects .
[ cite : 593991 ] jump to : bees | wasps / ants / sawflies | diptera | lepidoptera | coleoptera | hemiptera & misc . orders | common names :
the common names committee of the entomological society of canada maintains and periodically updates a list of common names of insects . the list is available online as a searchable database , and is also downloadable as an excel file . in addition , there is an online form for the submission of a proposal for a new common name . the site includes recommendations for how to come up with a new common name .
florida dept . of agriculture and consumer services , division of plant industry . xii , 65 p . , 1989
occasional papers of the florida state collection of arthropods , vol . 6 full text
price , p . w . & m . f . willson . 1979 . abundance of herbivores on six milkweed species in illinois . american midland naturalist 101 ( 1 ) : 76–86 .
asclepias incarnata , a . sullivantii , a . syriaca , a . verticillata , a . amplexicaulis
. these species occur in this order on a moisture gradient from wet to dry soil conditions . this survey revealed that 12 species occurred at an abundance of at least one individual per 100 host stems in 1 plot - year on one host species :
oncopeltus fasciatus * , lygaeus kalmii * , aphis nerii * , labidomera clivicollis * , tetraopes tetrophthalmus * , t . femoratus , t . quinquemaculatus , rhyssomatus lineaticollis * , danaus plexippus , cycnia tenera * , euchaetias egle
are specific to milkweeds in illinois . seven of these species , marked with asterisks , were abundant enough to act as major selective forces on the life history patterns of the milkweed species , populations and clones concerned .
) in south - east michigan are correlated with differences in microhabitat , in exposure to herbivores , and in competition . components of each species ' reproductive strategy include : number of stems per plants , number of umbels per stem , number of flowers and pods per umbel , number of seeds per pod , seed weight and annual increase in reproductive potential . components of each species ' selective regime include : the herbivore load ( measured by the frequency of plants damaged by predators or animal parasites ) , competition ( measured by the proportion of non - flowering plants and by the density of competitors ) , and environmental uncertainty ( measured by annual mortality rates ) .
by dailey , p . j . , r . c . graves and j . m . kingsolver .
the coleopterists bulletin , 32 ( 3 ) : 223 - 229 . , 1978
dailey , p . j . , r . c . graves and j . m . kingsolver . 1978 . survey of coleoptera collected on the common milkweed ,
, at one site in ohio . the coleopterists bulletin , 32 ( 3 ) : 223 - 229 .
l . , were collected daily for 90 consecutive days . of the 132 species listed , 18 were considered to be common ( 50 or more collected ) while the majority of species were considered temporary visitors . the host specific milkweed beetle , [ i ] tetraopes tetr
by fall , h . f . and t . d . a . cockerell .
full text fall , h . f . and t . d . a . cockerell . 1907 . the coleoptera of new mexico . transactions of the american entomological society 33 : 145 - 272 .
full text knull , j . n . 1938 . five new species of coleoptera ( corynetidae , elateridae and buprestidae ) . ohio journal of science 38 : 97 - 100 .
beetle biodiversity response to vegetation restoration of mid - valley riparian woodland in the lrgv of southern texas .
unpublished master ' s thesis , texas a & m ; university , college station . viii + 218 pp . , 2015
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natural enemies . population regulation is poorly known in this little - studied insect . the only parasitoid known from rhubarb curculio is rhaconotus fasciatus ( ashmead ) ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) . the larvae apparently are cannibalistic , because although it is not uncommon to find several young larvae in the stalk of a host plant , it is rare to have more than one reach maturity in each plant .
life cycle and description . there is a single generation annually . the adults overwinter , emerging in april in the vicinity of washington d . c . mating and oviposition occur soon thereafter . eggs are found in april - mid - june , larvae through july or august , pupation commences in august , and adults begin emergence in september . in canada , adults do not emerge from overwintering until june , but similarly complete a new generation by september .
egg . the egg is oval in form and pale yellow , and is deposited in plant tissue at a depth of 2 - 3 mm . the eggs measure 1 . 5 - 1 . 9 mm long and 1 . 2 - 1 . 3 mm wide . they are deposited principally within the leaf petioles and flower stalk , though sometimes within the larger veins of the leaf . apparently the weevil deposits the egg within cavities made by feeding , though there are many more feeding sites than oviposition sites . duration of the egg stage is about eight days . the eggs fare poorly when deposited in rhubarb , apparently suffering from the flow of sap .
the larva is whitish , but with a brown head that usually bears an inverted y - shaped mark . the larva ' s body is curved or c - shaped , highly wrinkled , and lacks thoracic legs . larvae bore down through the stalk into the root , usually with only a single beetle surviving in each plant . duration of the larval stage is about 60 days , and then the larva creates a pupal cell in the base of the stem or in the roots .
the pupal cell is 25 - 40 mm long and 57 mm wide . it is constructed just beneath the soil surface , and the larva chews an exit hole for the adults before pupating . the pupa is whitish and measures 14 - 15 mm long . the head bears the long snout of the adult form , though the wings are twisted beneath the ventral surface of the body . the abdominal segments are marked with short spines . duration of the pupal stage is about eight days , though the adult remains in the pupal chamber for another 7 - 8 days before emerging .
the adult is 10 - 14 mm long , and black , but covered with fine gray hairs . rhubarb curculio is also dusted with yellow powder though this is lacking from l . mucidus , and can be rubbed off . the pronotum and elytra bear punctures . after emerging in september , adults feed briefly on host plants , then seek sheltered locations for overwintering . the adults pass the winter hidden beneath debris near the host plants .
the biology was described by webster ( 1889 ) , chittenden ( 1900 ) , and weiss ( 1912 ) . these species were included in the treatment of eastern beetles by downie and arnett ( 1996 ) and of canadian beetles by campbell et al . ( 1989 ) .
the adults of rhubarb curculio may nibble at the edge of leaves in the spring , but damage to rhubarb results principally from gnawing into the leaf stalks . the holes are oval or round , and up to 3 mm deep .
sticky sap secretions often exude from the wounds , collecting as glistening drops of gum . feeding occurs mostly after most rhubarb , an early season crop , has been harvested . larvae seldom develop in rhubarb . nevertheless , rhubarb curculio is considered as the most injurious of the insects attacking rhubarb—a plant notably free of insect pests .
rhubarb curculio is rarely of consequence , though application of insecticides to rhubarb foliage should protect plants from injury . because its abundance is governed mostly by the presence of favored weed hosts such as dock , elimination of such weeds will eliminate the threat of damage by weevils .
this species of weevil is one of the largest in north america , reaching up to 1 / 2 inch in length . they are black beetles covered in a fine golden dust . like many beetles when they are alarmed they will roll over and play dead often rolling off the leaf or plant that they are feeding on . this must work well for the beetle , as i ' ve had them do this and they virtually disappear once they hit the ground never to be seen again .
unusual to eat the leaves , i thought they were lethal . i have a few photos to share with you . i had sparrows hit a bluebird house and when i took out the nest i should have bagged it just to look over all the detrivores eating in there . always thinking of you , lol
i fight sparrows all the time . they take over my martin houses and my bluebirds houses here as well . they are the bane of bird life . i love that detrivores brings me to mind . . . . . lol can ' t wait to see your photos . i always enjoy seeing what you find .
i recently wrote a childrens book about butterflies and moths . it is now available for purchase on amazon . this a great way to introuduce children to one of the most popular orders of insects , the lepidoptera . there is also a section on vocabulary so they learn many scientific terms . just click the image and it will take you directly to the purchasing page .
more rain to come this afternoon this is the output from a dam . they are letting out the maximum and it really rumbles loud . hollyhocks make me smile . . . .
a canadian nonprofit alliance is trying to save a staple fish supply—via drone photography .
while doing a soil survey in our freshly mowed hay field , richard locke spotted a large spider skittering over the duff . after multiple tries we had it . . .
© valley news , urltoken the united states of america recently celebrated the 242nd anniversary of its declaration of independence from british colonialis . . .
hey ya’ll ! we’ve been doing these neat live videos with entomologists from all different backgrounds . it’s been almost a year of doing so , but they are onl . . .
* click on the pictures for a proper look … and click again was walking around the water treatment plant and noticed this white cone on a branch . could see . . .
the insect world is full of drama , one of the major attractions for entomologists and naturalists and wildlife photographers . among the more rarely - witness . . .
check your porch lights : it ' s palo verde rootborer season in tucson . the huge , up to 4 in long beetles emerge from the ground , mate at night , and lay egg . . .
by carl strang this year’s chapter in the series of annual bioblitzes organized by the indiana academy of sciences took place at eagle creek park in northe . . .
if you work in the pest control industry , and are even a little geeky about insects , you would probably like the national conference of urban entomology . . . .
it’s a killer 95 degrees on the sand prairie today , so i was ecstatic when this western # hognose snake accepted several big gulps of water from my bottle ! # . . .
back in the summer of 2015 , i made an early august trip to the white river hills region of extreme southwestern missouri . i was actually looking for one of . . .
it was over 170 years ago that wisconsin was granted statehood . while much has changed over the decades , some things haven’t—like the omnipresence of agri . . .
the other day i went out to pick some spinach for breakfast , and i noticed this fly resting on one of the leaves : this is a lauxaniid fly in the minettia o . . .
june 23 | 9am – 3pm friends of the garden proudly presents its annual free butterfly festival on saturday , june 23 from 9 : 00 a . m . to 3 : 00 p . m . in the spr . . .
image : antonio rodríguez arduengo * uroplatus ebenaui * demons get such a bad rap these days . and . . . all other days , i suppose . but look at this cutie ! surely . . .
at 10 : 15 this morning i deactivated my facebook account . i’ve had the account for over a decade . no more . i can no longer in good conscience participate in . . .
after waking from the afternoon siesta , i stepped out of the darkness into the brilliant sunshine bathing the small balcony of my room . it did not look pro . . .
this article will soon be available in spanish inspired by mike van valen ' s
the ratsnake mess for dummies
please note that the information in this article . . .
the bug chicks - a site for parents , teachers and bugdorks . bumperstickers for the holidays !
i was in scotland last weekend to lead a couple of bumblebee id training events . as i needed to bring a fair bit of kit with me , i drove , and passed throu . . .
i am so very behind on getting data from the dragonfly swarm project shared here , but i wanted to get the data from this year so far up ! here’s what i’ve . . .
hey , there peeps !
i ' m not dead ! think i ' ll go for a walk !
' nuf said ? = d * lazuli lifer * lazuli bunting appeared on the feeder ( sunday ) & i freaked out . . .
* tufted titmouse ( baeolophus bicolor ) * * out in our first snow of the winter . only about an inch of snowfall . * .
so , yeah . i guess i should update this thing every so often , before it gets hacked , or taken over , or deleted or something . i do still enjoy finding bugs . . .
last week , in the midst of my 50s , i discovered the delightful horror of allergies . when i got the sore throat , i assumed it was a cold . and then my eyes c . . .
the air potato , dioscorea bulbifera , is an invasive noxious weed in south florida . in a previous post , i described efforts at biological control using the . . .
as a nature enthusiast and bird lover i spend a lot of time outdoors and one of my favorite pastimes is feeding and watching birds . several years ago i . . .
diamondback watersnakes ( * nerodia rhombifer * ) are a large thick - bodied , defensive , often ill - tempered snake . they are common in nw missouri and are found . . .
( updated 3 / 22 / 13 ) the picture below started this post . it is a picture that shows up prominently high on a google image search for ‘fire ant . ’ it is al . . .
i am proud to be chosen as part of this list of entomology blogs . there are some great blogs and websites with a focus on insects and spiders , and to be included among them is an honor indeed . click this link to check out more great entomology blog posts .
having trouble identifying the spider that just showed up in your house , or backyard ? let eric and the other experts at spider identification help identify it . most spiders are harmless to humans and provide a great service to us by eating untold amounts of insects . for some people though , the arachnophobia runs too deep . ease your fears and learn about the spiders living around you .
the mushroom king of nw missouri has his website up and running . this is a great way to interact with fellow mushroom hunters . find out where these tasty fungi are being found . post about your own finds . share your favorite recipes . coming soon will be merchandise to purchase . lets all support the mushroom king and join this fun , informative site .
needing a good all around field guide to insects of north america ? let me recommend this awesome , comprehensive guide . it is full of wonderful full color photos making identification simple . it is easy enough to use to be beneficial to children and adults . this is my go - to guide when trying to identify all those unique insects that show up in my yard , or anywhere else .
a good friend of mine betsy betros has written a wonderful , full color field guide to kansas city butterflies . it is fast becoming my buttefly bible . this book would be beneficial to anyone who loves butterflies and gardening . these butterflies will be found beyond kansas city ' s borders . you won ' t be disappointed in this guide , i would consider it a must - have !
here are some of the most colorful , spectacular and sometimes weird examples of the world ' s butterflies and moths . from the common swallowtail to the iridescent blue morpho , thomas marent ' s stunning photographs provide a close - up view of the remarkable family of insects known as lepidoptera . the macro photography complements the enlightening text written by zoologist ronald orenstein , who explains the scientific curiosities of these amazing insects .
i feel honored to be included in the list of best blogs for 2010 .
thank you so much for the shout out and the award geek . you put a smile on my face !
recently one of my regular followers recommended me for the best blog award . thank you so much paula , for believing that this blog was worthy of such an honor .
the boll weevil ( anthonomus grandis ) is a beetle measuring an average length of six millimeters , which feeds on cotton buds and flowers . thought to be native to central america , it migrated into the united states from mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all u . s . cotton - growing areas by the 1920s , devastating the industry and the people working in the american south . during the late 20th century it became a serious pest in south america as well . since 1978 , the boll weevil eradication program in the u . s . allowed full - scale cultivation to resume in many regions .
boll weevils will begin to die at temperatures at or below −5 °c ( 23 °f ) . research at the university of missouri indicates they cannot survive more than an hour at −15 °c ( 5 °f ) . the insulation offered by leaf litter , crop residues , and snow may enable the beetle to survive when air temperatures drop to these levels .
other limitations on boll weevil populations include extreme heat and drought . its natural predators include fire ants , insects , spiders , birds , and a parasitic wasp , catolaccus grandis . the insects at times engage in what seems to be almost suicidal behavior by emerging from diapause before cotton buds are available .
in 1915 . by the mid 1920s it had entered all cotton growing regions in the u . s . , travelling 40 to 160 miles per year . it remains the most destructive cotton pest in
has estimated that since the boll weevil entered the united states it has cost u . s . cotton producers about $ 13 billion , and in recent times about $ 300 million per year .
the cotton boll weevil : a , adult beetle ; b , pupa ; c , larva .
the boll weevil contributed to the economic woes of southern farmers during the 1920s , a situation exacerbated by the great depression in the 1930s .
, south carolina native mose austin recalled that his employer was adamant .
he don ' t want nothin ' but cotton planted on de place ; dat he in debt and hafter raise cotton to git de money to pay wid .
austin let out a long guffaw before recounting ,
de boll weevil come . . . and , bless yo ' life , dat bug sho ' romped on things dat fall .
austin remembered that the following spring , his employer insisted on planting cotton in spite of warnings from his wife , his employees , and government agricultural experts :
de cotton come up and started to growin ' , and , suh , befo ' de middle of may i looks down one day and sees de boll weevil settin ' up dere in de top of dem little cotton stalks waitin ' for de squares to fo ' m . so all dat gewano us hauled and put down in 1922 made nuttin ' but a crop of boll weevils .
the next year , austin ' s employer tried the same ill - fated experiment . ultimately , the man lost his farm and moved with his disgruntled wife to california .
the boll weevil infestation has been credited with bringing about economic diversification in the southern us , including the expansion of peanut cropping . the citizens of enterprise , alabama erected the boll weevil monument in 1919 , perceiving that their economy had been overly dependent on cotton , and that mixed farming and manufacturing were better alternatives .
in 1983 , and it is estimated that about 90 % of the cotton farms in brazil are now infested . during the 1990s the weevil spread to
. the international cotton advisory committee ( icac ) has proposed a control program similar to that used in the u . s .
again to grow cotton as an economic crop . ddt was initially extremely effective , but us weevil populations developed resistance by the mid 1950s .
were subsequently used , but environmental and resistance concerns arose as they had with ddt and control strategies changed .
to determine feasibility of eradicating the weevil from the growing areas . based on the success of this , area - wide programs were begun in the 1980s to eradicate the insect from whole regions . these are based on cooperative effort by all growers together with the assistance of the animal and plant health inspection service ( aphis ) of the
. efforts are ongoing to eradicate the weevil from the rest of the united states . continued success is also based on prohibition of unauthorized cotton growing , outside of the program , and constant monitoring for any recurring outbreaks .
lange , fabian , alan l . olmstead , and paul w . rhode , “the impact of the boll weevil , 1892–1932 , ” journal of economic history , 69 ( sept . 2009 ) , 685–718 .
always agin it
place chapin , south carolina , john l . dove , interviewer , january 24 , 1939 . american life histories , 1936–1940
. journal of agricultural and food chemistry : 1995 , vol . 43 , no10 , pp . 2735–2739 ( 19 ref . )
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there are , however , a few pests which are known to feed on the rhubarb plant ; these , and how to control them , are discussed below .
i have rarely ( over 25 years ! ) treated my rhubarb plants for pests .
the leaves are often dotted with holes , but they are discarded when the stalks are harvested , therefore , unless there is a major infestation of rhubarb pests ( that are also affecting the stalks of the rhubarb ) , i usually do not treat the rhubarb plants .
to help prevent pests from damaging your rhubarb plants , it is advisable to care for the rhubarb plants in the best possible way to keep them healthy .
cultivate the soil around the rhubarb beginning in early spring . remove dead leaves regularly , and remove all the leaves and stalks before the winter to prevent rhubarb pests from over - wintering in them .
if you compost the rhubarb leaves , it is not advisable to put the composted leaves back onto the rhubarb garden . this will help to prevent returning rhubarb pests to your garden .
also , when beginning a rhubarb garden , consider where you will plant your rhubarb . gardening with plant companions in mind , is a great gardening concept . with careful planning , you can
help plants help each other
by choosing which garden companions to grow together .
in some cases this method of planting can help attract
helpful
bugs or repel
harmful
bugs . or , companion gardening may assist by the natural addition of nutrients into the soil , keeping plants healthy , and more resistant to pest damage .
if you detect a possible rhubarb pest problem in your rhubarb patch , observe the entire plant ( s ) affected and determine the extent of , and characteristics of the problem .
check the underside of the leaves as well as the tops , and inspect the rhubarb stalks for slugs , beetles , other insects , holes , eggs , webs , and so on .
these rhubarb leaves ( see photo above ) have been damaged by aphids , slugs , beetles , or other insects .
this ( see photo above ) rhubarb stalk ( notice the holes ) has been damaged , most likely by a rhubarb plant pest such as a rhubarb curculio beetle , or a potato stem borer .
this rhubarb stalk ( see photo above ) has
scarring
damage , most likely caused by slugs , or other rhubarb pests .
a small amount of damage like this can easily be cut off and discarded when processing your rhubarb .
if you cannot identify the source of the problem , consult a plant specialist at your local garden centre , and , if possible bring a photo of the rhubarb stalk or leaf affected .
remember , seeing the damage will make it much easier for the professional to assess what is happening in your garden .
there are also conventional chemical herbicides which can be used for rhubarb . when treating garden plants , always remember to shield your crop from the contact sprays . check with your local garden center for a recommended product .
i believe this is due to aphids ( for example , the
black bean aphid
) or other small insects . large infestations of aphids may cause the rhubarb leaves to curl or wilt .
flea beetles
may cause damage to newly planted rhubarb by their feeding on tender rhubarb leaves .
, i have not found it necessary to treat the rhubarb leaves for these holes .
slugs are rhubarb pests that are commonly found on the stalks and occasionally on the leaves .
the slug feeds at night , leaving damaged stalks and occasionally affect the leaves .
slugs may become a problem where there is poor soil drainage or heavy weed infestation .
after harvesting rhubarb dispose of the leaves immediately , do not leave them to decompose alongside the rhubarb plants . slugs thrive in wet areas and around decaying matter .