the mud sunfish prefers sluggish , weedy waters of 10 – 22 °c ( 50 – 72 °f ) , over muddy , detritus-strewn bottoms , and occurs in small lakes as well as riverine backwaters .

the maximum recorded size of this species is 21 cm ( 8.3 in ) .

a. pomotis is currently the only species of genus acantharchus but baird had originally assigned it to centrarchus .

a. pomotis is sometimes also known as the mud bass .

mud sunfish

mud sunfish acantharchus pomotis longear sunfish longear sunfish lepomis megalotis
endangered
icon - click for more information general identification : many species of the sunfish family are beautifully colored and patterned . more
no studies have been reported . mud sunfish do not appear to be common anywhere .
little biological information is available for the mud sunfish . it is known that populations are spatially separated and of low density . mud sunfish spawn in the spring and males prepare nests .
mud sunfish acantharchus pomotis this nocturnal , secretive sunfish of sluggish blackwater streams is uncommon along the u . s . atlantic and eastern gulf coastal plains . more
mud sunfish in an aquarium ( south carolina , circa . 1976 ) the mud sunfish ( acantharchus pomotis ) is a sunfish ( family centrarchidae ) widely distributed in the fresh waters along the atlantic coast of north america , ranging from new york to florida . more
the mud sunfish ( acantharchus pomotis ) is a sunfish ( family centrarchidae ) widely distributed in the fresh waters along the atlantic coast of north america , ranging from new york to florida .
mud sunfish occupy areas in sloughs , lakes , pools and backwaters of streams where the water is acid and vegetation , mud and detritus occur . it is extremely rare in new york state - found only in the hackensack river . more
the mud sunfish prefers sluggish , weedy waters of 10–22 °c , over muddy , detritus - strewn bottoms , and occurs in small lakes as well as riverine backwaters .
feeding worms to my sunfish . ( lepomis spp . ) 7 / 19 / 15
the new york state department of environmental conservation ( dec ) will conduct studies to determine the distribution of the mud sunfish in the hackensack river . dec will examine management options for securing existing populations .
similar in appearance to the rock bass , the mud sunfish can easily be distinguished by its round , not forked , tail and its brown , not red , eyes . there are five distinct lines located along the sides of this relatively small ( approximately five to six inches long ) sunfish . more
the mud sunfish is a small fish that rarely exceeds 6 . 5 inches in length . it has smooth scales , a round caudal ( tail ) fin and brown eyes . the body color is reddish brown on top and pale brown on the belly . more
usually occurs over mud and detritus in vegetated sloughs , lakes , and pools and backwaters of creeks and small to medium rivers .
the mud sunfish prefers sluggish , weedy waters of 10–22 °c ( 50–72 °f ) , over muddy , detritus - strewn bottoms , and occurs in small lakes as well as riverine backwaters . the maximum recorded size of this species is 21 cm ( 8 in ) .
1 / 2 - inch mud sunfish eat a 1 1 / 2 - inch darter whole , and a four - inch specimen devoured a 1 1 / 2 - inch fish and a 2 1 / 2 - inch salamander within 20 minutes of each other . more
overview : the mud sunfish ( acantharchus pomotis ) has a deep , strongly compressed body with a maximum length of around 21 cm . it has two broadly connected dorsal fins , the anterior fin having 10 - 12 spines and the posterior fin having 9 - 13 soft rays . more
the mud sunfish is a small fish that rarely exceeds 6 . 5 inches in length . it has smooth scales , a round caudal ( tail ) fin and brown eyes . the body color is reddish brown on top and pale brown on the belly . there are five distinct lines located along the fish ' s sides .
the mud sunfish occurs in lowland streams and bogs from southern new york to northern florida . it favors acid waters associated with cedar swamps and pine barrens areas , and it is also found in standing water with a heavy growth of aquatic plants . these waters have silty or muddy bottoms . in new york , it has only been found in the hackensack river , and not collected since 1935 .
food studies show that the sunfish feeds primarily on insects and crusteaceans . a small population found in a maryland pond was aged to evaluate life expectancy ; the fish ranged from two to eight years old .
differs from all other sunfishes in having cycloid scales rather than ctenoid scales ( the latter have a toothed rear edge ) ; only the green sunfish has 23 or more scales around the caudal peduncle ( page and burr 1991 ) .
habitat is primarily darkly stained , sluggish , weedy lowland creeks , small to medium rivers ( including backwaters ) , ponds , lakes , and swamps , usually with mud , silt , or detritus substrates ( page and burr 2011 ) .
comments : habitat is primarily darkly stained , sluggish , weedy lowland creeks , small to medium rivers ( including backwaters ) , ponds , lakes , and swamps , usually with mud , silt , or detritus substrates ( page and burr 2011 ) .
a . pomotis is currently the only species of genus acantharchus but baird had originally assigned it to centrarchus . the generic name , acantharchus , derives from the greek άκανθα ( thorn ) and άρχος ( ruler ) . a . pomotis is sometimes also known as the mud bass .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this is a monotypic genus . analysis of variation in meristic and morphometric characters does not support recognition of subspecies in this species ( cashner et al . 1989 ) .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of the large range extent , presumed large population size , and lack of evidence of a substantial decline .
this species is widely distributed but uncommon throughout the atlantic coastal plain and lower piedmont from the hudson river drainage ( new york ; at least formerly ) to the st . johns river in northern florida ; it also occurs in gulf coastal plain in northern florida and southern georgia from the suwannee river to st . marks river , and ( disjunctly ) in the lower tombigbee river drainage in alabama , where it is apparently native ( page and burr 2011 ) . a hiatus in the range occurs in western chesapeake bay tributaries from the susquehanna to potomac rivers in maryland and virginia ( records from the potomac are erroneous ) ( cashner et al . 1989 ) . see cashner et al . ( 1989 ) for further information on distribution and status in particular states .
this species is represented by a large number of occurrences . total population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 and may exceed 100 , 000 . this species may not appear to be abundant in some areas because of a possible nocturnal activity pattern . range extent has probably not declined very much over the long term , though the species may be extirpated in new york and pennsylvania ; area of occupancy has probably declined less than 30 percent . trend over the past 10 years or three generations probably is relatively stable or slowly declining .
no major threats exist at the present time or for the foreseeable future . pollution and habitat modification such as drainage and damming are potential , but not immediate , problems .
currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research actions .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
for help with pdfs on this page , please call 518 - 402 - 8924 .
global range : ( 200 , 000 - 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( about 80 , 000 - 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) this species is widely distributed but uncommon throughout the atlantic coastal plain and lower piedmont from the hudson river drainage ( new york ; at least formerly ) to the st . johns river in northern florida ; it also occurs in gulf coastal plain in northern florida and southern georgia from the suwannee river to st . marks river , and ( disjunctly ) in the lower tombigbee river drainage in alabama , where apparently it is native ( page and burr 2011 ) . a hiatus in the range occurs in western chesapeake bay tributaries from the susquehanna to potomac rivers in maryland and virginia ( records from the potomac are erroneous ) ( cashner et al . 1989 ) . see cashner et al . ( 1989 ) for further information on distribution and status in particular states .
north america : widely distributed in atlantic coastal plain and lower piedmont drainages from hudson river in new york to st . johns river in florida , usa and in gulf coastal plain drainages of northern florida and southern georgia , usa from suwannee river to st . marks river .
21 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) )
type for acantharchus pomotis catalog number : usnm 32490 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : s . baird locality : beeseley ' s pt . , n . j . , new jersey , united states , north america
depth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 . 75 - 0 . 75 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
demersal ; freshwater ; ph range : 6 . 8 - 7 . 8 ; dh range : 10 - 25
non - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
comments : in north carolina , diet was dominated by invertebrates , especially amphipods , decapods , coleopterans , and odonates ; large individuals sometimes ate fishes ( pardue 1993 ) .
note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .
comments : total population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 and may exceed 100 , 000 . this species may not appear to be abundant in some areas because of a possible nocturnal activity pattern .
relatively sedentary . may exhibit high mortality when swamps shrink and / or dry up . in north carolina , average standing stock was 351 individuals / ha and 14 . 7 kg / ha ( pardue 1993 ) .
in north carolina , spawned at temperatures as low as 6 c ; females with ripe eggs were found january - may ; both sexes reached maturity at age 1 + ; lifespan is short , 4 + years ( pardue 1993 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 4 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
this species is listed as least concern in view of the large range extent , presumed large population size , and lack of evidence of a substantial decline .
reasons : widespread in atlantic states from new york to florida ; still present throughout most of the natural range ; habitat is not immediately threatened ; not used in sport or commercial fisheries .
comments : trend over the past 10 years or three generations probably is relatively stable or slowly declining .
comments : range extent probably has not declined very much over the long term , though the species may be extirpated in new york and pennsylvania ; area of occupancy probably has declined less than 30 percent .
comments : no major threats exist at the present time or for the forseeable future . pollution and habitat modification such as drainage and damming are potential , but not immediate , problems .
biological research needs : further investigations into the behavior and ecology of a . pomotis are needed .
froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2004 ) . species of acantharchus in fishbase . october 2004 version .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2004 ) .
acantharchus pomotis
in fishbase . october 2004 version .
comments : monotypic genus . analysis of variation in meristic and morphometric characters does not support recognition of subspecies in this species ( cashner et al . 1989 ) .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
, ph range : 6 . 8 - 7 . 8 , dh range : 10 - 25 environment .


canthonistis xestocephala is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by alexey diakonoff in 1968 .

it is found on luzon in the philippines .

the wingspan is 15 – 17 mm .

the forewings are bright yellow and with two large purplish-fuscous patches , rounded and almost entirely confluent except above , extending along the dorsum beyond the base to the tornus and filling out the whole wing .

the anterior blotch almost reaches the costa , while the posterior does not reach it .

the hindwings are glossy light yellowish fuscous , with the apex pale yellow .

canthonistis xestocephala

this is the place for xestocephala definition . you find here xestocephala meaning , synonyms of xestocephala and images for xestocephala copyright 2017 © urltoken
canthonistis ( gelechiadae ) meyrick , 1922 ; zool . meded . leiden 7 : 82 ; ts : canthonistis amphicarpa meyrick
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word xestocephala . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word xestocephala and , of course , xestocephala synonyms and on the right images related to the word xestocephala .
canthonistis xestocephala diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 127 ; tl : luzon , benguet , baguio
canthonistis amphicarpa meyrick , 1922 ; zool . meded . leiden 7 : 82 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft
figures 191 - 194 . —genitalia of timyridac : 191 , canthonistis xestocephala , new species , d ^ , holotype , with , right , aedeagus ; 192 , lecithocera goniometra meyrick , cf , slide no . 5219 , with aedeagus ; 193 , c . xestocephala , new species , 9 , allotype , with , right , bursa copulatrix ; 194 , frisilia drimyla , new species , 9 , holotype .
doctype html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en
urltoken
the bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
sattler , 1973 a catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae , holcopogonidae , lecithoceridae and symmocidae ( lepidoptera ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 153 - 282
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
authors : united states national museum ; smithsonian institution ; united states . dept . of the interior
publisher : washington : smithsonian institution press , [ etc . ] ; for sale by the supt . of docs . , u . s . govt print . off .
click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .
please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .


the far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis ) is a large shorebird most similar in appearance to the long-billed curlew , but slightly larger .

it is mostly brown in color , differentiated from other curlews by its plain , unpatterned brown underwing .

it is not only the largest curlew but probably the world 's largest sandpiper , at 60 – 66 cm ( 24 – 26 in ) in length and 110 cm ( 43 in ) across the wings .

the body is reportedly 565 – 1,150 g ( 1.246 – 2.535 lb ) , which may be equaled by the eurasian curlew .

the extremely long bill , at 12.8 – 20.1 cm ( 5.0 – 7.9 in ) in length , rivals the bill size of the closely related long-billed curlew as the longest bill for a sandpiper .

the far eastern curlew spends its breeding season in northeastern asia , including siberia to kamchatka , and mongolia .

its breeding habitat is composed of marshy and swampy wetlands and lakeshores .

most individuals winter in coastal australia , with a few heading to south korea , thailand , philippines and new zealand , where they stay at estuaries , beaches , and salt marshes .

during its migration the far eastern curlew commonly passes the yellow sea .

it uses its long , decurved bill to probe for invertebrates in the mud .

it may feed in solitary but it generally congregates in large flocks to migrate or roost .

its call is a sharp , clear whistle , cuuue-reee , often repeated .

as of 2006 , there are an estimated 38,000 individuals in the world .

formerly classified as least concern by iucn , it was found to have been rarer than previously believed and thus its status was updated to vulnerable in the 2010 iucn red list of threatened species .

in australia its status under the epbc act is critically endangered .

far eastern curlew

the far eastern curlew is also known as the eastern curlew , the australian curlew , the sea curlew and just plain curlew . it is the largest migratory wading bird in the world .
far eastern curlew : largest curlew , very long , decurved bill , longest of any shorebird . dark brown with heavily streaked
the far eastern curlew is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
information on the far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis )
title =
arkive species - far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
the eastern curlew is the largest curlew , with a much longer bill and legs than the similar whimbrel , numensius phaeopus . the call of the eastern curlew is distinctive and the long bill is obvious in flight .
eastern curlew ( department of environment and heritage protection ( dehp ) , 2013q ) [ database ] .
eastern curlew . adult ( possibly immature ) . miranda , june 2010 . image © duncan watson by duncan watson
the far eastern curlew has a large breeding range of 727 , 000 square kilometers . it breeds in marshes and open bogs in eastern russia , and parts of mongolia and northeastern china . it winters in estuaries and other coastal habitats in eastern asia , the philippines , indonesia , and australasia , and has been recorded as a vagrant in alaska . this species is threatened by destruction of important tidal mud flats used during migration and on wintering grounds and has shown recent declines because of this . the far eastern curlew has an estimated population of 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals and a conservation rating of endangered .
threatened species of the northern territory - eastern curlew , numenius madagascariensis ( ward , s . , 2012h ) [ information sheet ] .
2011 ) and was recently uplisted as critically endangered in australia . the east asian - australasian flyway partnership far eastern curlew task force is developing an international single species action plan for the species with range states , partners and research organisations within the flyway ( m . carey
the eastern curlew is one of 20 birds that the australian government has prioritised resource allocation to support the species recovery effort . the australian government plays an important role in building international cooperation to conserve migratory birds and is a member of the east - asian – australasian flyway partnership . five projects are helping to restore eastern curlew habitat through the national landcare programme . actions to protect eastern curlew will benefit many other migratory shorebirds including the bar - tailed godwit .
calls given from ground while chasing an eurasian curlew . same bird as xc194375 exact location
the eastern curlew is australia’s largest shorebird and a long - haul flyer . it is easily recognisable , with its long , down - curved bill . the eastern curlew takes an annual migratory flight to russia and north - eastern china to breed , arriving back home to australia in august to feed on crabs and molluscs in intertidal mudflats . it is extremely shy and will take flight at the first sign of danger .
far eastern curlew : this species breeds in northeastern asia and siberia , wintering in australia , new zealand , and new guinea . it very rarely wanders to the aleutian islands and pribilof islands of alaska and southwestern british columbia in the spring . it is found along wetlands , beaches , lakeshores , and salt marshes .
riegen , a . c . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . eastern curlew . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
numenius madagascariensis ( eastern curlew ) : species management profile for tasmania ' s threatened species link ( threatened species section ( tss ) , 2014sz ) [ state action plan ] .
the eastern curlew is found on intertidal mudflats and sandflats , often with beds of seagrass , on sheltered coasts , especially estuaries , mangrove swamps , bays , harbours and lagoons .
flock of eastern curlews leaving the mudflats of roebuck bay , commencing their northern migration .
eastern curlews breed in marshy , boggy habitat in eastern mongolia , north - east china and eastern siberia . in the non - breeding season they are mainly found on mudflats in northern and eastern australia . in new zealand , curlews are found in small numbers on major harbours and estuaries from parengarenga in the far north to awarua bay in southland , with strongholds at manukau harbour and farewell spit . they have been recorded as vagrants on north meyer island ( kermadec islands ) , and on chatham , stewart and campbell islands .
the eastern curlew eats mainly small crabs and molluscs . foraging by day and night , it is slow and deliberate , stalking slowly on sandy and muddy flats , picking from the surface or probing deep with its long bill .
the eastern curlew is widespread in coastal regions in the north - east and south of australia , including tasmania , and scattered in other coastal areas . it is rarely seen inland . it breeds in russia and north - eastern china . on passage , they are commonly seen in japan , korea and borneo . small numbers visit new zealand .
the eastern curlew is the largest wader in new zealand , and has the longest bill of any wader at around 20 cm in length . it is a regular summer visitor to new zealand but now in very small numbers , with probably fewer than 10 each summer since the mid 2000’s , and usually at only a handful of sites . the eastern curlew is confined to the east asian - australasian flyway ( eaaf ) , with a global population estimated to be c . 20 , 000 and declining .
van gils , j . , wiersma , p . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . far eastern curlew ( numenius madagascariensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
similar species : in the new zealand region only whimbrel and bristle - thighed curlew are possible confusion species . both are smaller with shorter decurved bills and boldly streaked crowns . eurasian curlew has occurred once in australia and is distinguished by its extensive white rump and lower back and whiter underparts .
the eastern curlew is the largest wader that visits australia , with a very long down - curved bill . the female ' s bill is usually longer than the male ' s and averages 185 mm in length . it is a bulky , dark - streaked brown wader , with a long neck and legs . when flying , the barred flight feathers are visible , lighter under the wings and dark above . they are wary birds , quick to take flight . their wing beats are slow and deliberate , unlike the rapid beats of the whimbrel . other names are curlew and australian or sea curlew .
53–66 cm ; 390–1350 g , male averaging 110 g lighter than female ; wingspan 97–110 cm . largest curlew with very long , heavy bill ; female has longest bill of . . .
eastern curlews mainly eat crabs and small molluscs on the non - breeding grounds . they usually break crabs legs off first before swallowing the legs and body . no new zealand data .
the eastern curlew is a long distance migrant , making non - stop flights from east and north australia direct to east asia , from taiwan northwards to major mudflat staging sites of the yellow sea . from there , the curlews fly directly to their breeding grounds . southward migration follows a similar route and legs . they reach new zealand from september to november and leave in march and april . eastern curlews are very wary birds , and are difficult to approach . in new zealand they may be solitary , associate with other curlews , or join with bar - tailed godwits .
eastern curlews are the largest of all the world’s shorebirds , and call their call , a mournful ‘cuuuurrlew’ , ringing out beautifully across vast coastal wetlands . their impressive bill , which is characteristic of the species , is used to probe the mud and dig up crabs , their main food source in australia . sadly , its down - curved shape also mimics the decline of australia’s migratory shorebirds . the eastern curlew occurs only in our flyway , and about 75 per cent of the world’s curlews winter in australia , so we have a particular responsibility to protect coastal wetlands for them and the smaller shorebirds that live in their shadow .
dann , p . ( 2014 ) . prey availability , and not energy content , explains diet and prey choice of eastern curlews numenius madagascariensis in southern australia . ardea . 102 ( 2 ) : 213 - 224 .
eastern curlews breed in the northern hemisphere on swampy moors and boggy marshes . both sexes have similar plumage , with the males using their haunting calls and display flights to attract a mate and defend their territory . the nest is a shallow depression lined with grass .
although not considered endangered , populations of the red knot in eastern north america have been steeply falling because of over harvesting of the horseshoe crab ; the eggs of which serve as their main food source during a critical migration stop - over in the delaware bay .
eastern curlews breed from early may to late june . nests typically contain 4 eggs and are placed on small mounds in swampy ground . incubation is shared by both sexes . chicks leave the nest soon after hatching and feed themselves on insects and other small invertebrates .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies occur in a wide variety of aquatic habitats that include mudflats , beaches , shores of ponds , lakes and rivers , and marshes although two members of the family , the long - billed curlew and upland sandpiper , are grassland birds . most members of this family breed in the extensive wetlands of the arctic tundra , utilizing other wetland habitats during migration and winter .
the eastern curlew is an enormous wader with very long heavily decurved bill . the head and neck are streaked dark - brown , there is a thin white eye - ring , and the chin and throat are whitish . the upperparts are brown with pale olive - brown edging , the rump is brown , and the tail is greyish - brown with narrow dark banding . the underparts are dark brownish - buff , paler towards the vent , with fine dark - brown streaking turning to thicker arrow - shaped streaks on the flanks . the underwings are whitish , but appear darker due to the fine dark barring . the sexes are alike ( apart from females being larger with longer bills ) ; juveniles are similar , but with with back feathers neatly edged and notched with white , and with finer streaks on the underparts .
the global population of eastern curlews was estimated at 38 , 000 in 2006 but is known to be declining . based on winter counts in australia , the population is now likely to number around 20 , 000 . annual declines between 1992 and 2008 averaged 2 . 4 % in moreton bay , queensland , a wintering stronghold . numbers in new zealand were regularly in the mid 40s during the 1980s but now fewer than 10 occur annually , with only 1 or 2 overwintering .
the eskimo curlew plays a role similar to that of the enigmatic and controversial ivory - billed woodpecker . a historically common bird , by the start of the twentieth century , it became very rare due to overhunting . since then , unlike other shorebird species that were also heavily hunted , it has not recovered and might be extinct . a sliver of hope is kept alive , though , by documented sightings in the 1960’s , undocumented sightings since then , and the fact that it breeds and winters in very remote areas .
eastern curlews are classed as endangered by iucn . like most waders migrating along the eaaf , particularly for those using coastal wetlands in china and korea , they are under serious threat from staging habitat loss , due mostly to reclamation and human based development and disturbance . breeding grounds and most wintering sites are probably more secure although hunting and other disturbance maybe a factor on the breeding grounds , particularly in russia . human disturbance at southern wintering grounds in australia are also of concern . curlews are more susceptible to disturbance than most waders .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
turbott , e . g . 1990 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .
63 cm . largest wader in new zealand . greyish brown and buff streaked body ; very long downcurved bill ( 19 cm ) .
benstead , p . , butchart , s . , calvert , r . , derhé , m . , ekstrom , j . , harding , m . , symes , a . , ashpole , j , north , a . , wheatley , h .
this species has been uplisted to endangered as new information suggests it is undergoing a very rapid population decline which is suspected to have been primarily driven by habitat loss and deterioration in the yellow sea region . further proposed reclamation projects are predicted to cause additional declines in the future
is a particularly important stopover site on northward and southward migration . it has been recorded as a passage migrant in
. in prep . ) . in 2015 , the australian government listed the species as critically endangered under australia ' s national environmental law ( m . carey
wetlands international ( 2006 ) estimated the global population at c . 38 , 000 individuals , although a more recent update now estimates the population at 32 , 000 individuals ( wetlands international 2015 ) . it is therefore placed in the band 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals .
. in prep . ) suggests that the species has declined much more rapidly than was previously thought ; with an annual rate of decline of 0 . 058 equating to a loss of 81 . 7 % over three generations . loss of habitat at critical stopover sites in the yellow sea is suspected to be the key threat to this species and given that it is restricted to the east asian - australasian flyway , the declines in the non - breeding population are thought to be representative of the global population .
local - scale declines have also been reported : the species has been declining steadily in australia , at a rate of 2 . 4 % annually in moreton bay between 1992 and 2008 ( wilson
2011 ) ; c . 5 % annually in victoria between 1980 and 2010 ( d . rogers
2012 ) ; by over 65 % in tasmania since the 1950s ( reid and park 2003 ) ; and by 40 % across 49 australian sites between c . 1983 and c . 2007 ( d . rogers
2011 ) . declines seem equally worrying in north - western australia ( d . rogers
2012 ) . furthermore , the population at saemangeum ( south korea ) has decreased by 32 . 6 % ( c . 1 , 800 birds ) between 2006 and 2008 due to the reclamation of tidal flats ( moores 2006 , moores
2008 ) . although these sites only represent a proportion of the wintering and stopover populations , threats are widespread and are projected to cause population declines in the future ( d . rogers
2009 ) . given that more reclamation is proposed within the yellow sea , with widespread threats elsewhere on the flyway , it is assumed that these declines will continue .
the species breeds on open mossy or transitional bogs , moss - lichen bogs and wet meadows , and on the swampy shores of small lakes ; in the non - breeding season it is essentially coastal , occurring at estuaries , mangrove swamps , saltmarshes and intertidal flats , particularly those with extensive seagrass ( zosteraceae ) meadows . it often roosts in salt - marshes , behind mangroves , or on sandy beaches ( del hoyo
its diet on breeding grounds includes insects , such as larvae of beetles and flies , and amphipods . berries are also consumed during the autumn migration . in non - breeding areas it feeds on marine invertebrates , preferentially taking crabs and small molluscs but also feeding on other crustaceans and polychaete worms ( del hoyo
1996 ) . this migratory wader nests from early may to late june , often in small colonies of 2 - 3 pairs , with an average clutch size of four eggs . it probably delays maturity longer than most shorebirds , perhaps not breeding until 3 - 4 years old ( del hoyo
. 2014 ) . this scale of habitat loss is predicted to continue owing to growing populations around the yellow sea . it is difficult to ascertain whether declines seen at reclaimed sites such as saemangeum represent true declines , or whether the birds have simply been displaced ( moores
2009 ) , but the former seems more probable , given the huge scale of habitat loss in the yellow sea . wetland degradation in the yellow sea may affect the species where it stages on migration ( bamford
2010 ) . further threats may include disturbance at the nesting and feeding sites ( taylor & bester 1999 in conservation advice 2015 ) , direct persecution throughout its range , and a decrease in the availability of food due to pollution at stopover points in south korea . furthermore , females probably tend to migrate further south to southern australian wetlands which are more threatened than those in northern australia ( del hoyo
cms appendix i and ii . the species was accepted as a concerted action species under cms in november 2014 ( anon . 2014 ) . population trends are being monitored in australia as part of birdlife australia ' s shorebirds 2020 programme . the species is included in the action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett
identify key stopover areas and work with governments along the east asian - australasian flyway to prevent destruction / reclamation of important staging sites . continue to monitor population trends . restore reclaimed wetland sites . campaign to stop shorebird hunting in asian countries . legally protect it in all range states . survey the breeding grounds for potential threats . the proposal for listing as a species for concerted action under cms stated that conservation actions were needed to : 1 ) protect staging habitat and manage habitat in the yellow river delta and remaining habitat at yala jiang and other sites in the yellow sea ; 2 ) manage shellfisheries at key sites to benefit the species ( leyrer
. 2014 ) . the australian government ' s approved conservation advice states that the protection of roosting and feeding sites in australia should be maintained and improved and the requirements of the species should be incorporated into coastal planning . important sites should also be managed to reduce disturbance when the species is present , and to identify and reduce the threat of invasive species ( conservation advice 2015 ) .
map edited : changed mongolian range from breeding to passage . adjusted breeding range . eoo updated .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22693199a118601473 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan not required , as the approved conservation advice for the species provides sufficient direction to implement priority actions and mitigate against key threats .
epbc act policy statement 3 . 21 - industry guidelines for avoiding , assessing and mitigating impacts on ebbc act listed migratory shorebird species
( great barrier reef marine park authority ( gbrmpa ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .
( bamford m . , d . watkins , w . bancroft , g . tischler & j . wahl , 2008 ) [ information sheet ] .
( hansen , b . d . , r . a . fuller , d . watkins , d . i . rogers , r . s . clemens , m . newman , e . j . woehler & d . r . weller , 2016 ) in effect under the epbc act from 29 - may - 2017 . [ information sheet ] .
shorebirds ( department of environment and heritage protection ( dehp ) , 2013bi ) [ internet ] .
the action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson , 2011 ) .
listed as endangered ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
the threatened species strategy webpage includes information on what is being done to support the species recovery effort .
for the most current information relating to the species and to assist with regulatory considerations , refer to its conservation advice . further information may be available in the epbc act policy statement ( department of the environment 2015 ) or recent research ( bamford et al . 2008 ; dann 2014 ; hansen et al . 2015 ; hua et al . 2015 ; li et al . 2016 ; melville et al . 2016 ) .
bamford m . , d . watkins , w . bancroft , g . tischler & j . wahl ( 2008 ) . migratory shorebirds of the east asian - australasian flyway : population estimates and internationally important sites . canberra , act : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts , wetlands international - oceania . available from : urltoken .
department of the environment ( 2015w ) . epbc act policy statement 3 . 21 - industry guidelines for avoiding , assessing and mitigating impacts on ebbc act listed migratory shorebird species . canberra , act : commonwealth of australia . available from : urltoken .
hansen , b . d . , p . menkhorst , p . moloney & r . h . loyn ( 2015 ) . long - term declines in multiple waterbird species in a tidal embayment , south - east australia . austral ecology . 40 ( 5 ) : 515 - 527 .
hua , n . , k . tan , y . chen & z . ma ( 2015 ) . key research issues concerning the conservation of migratory shorebirds in the yellow sea region . bird conservation international . 25 ( 1 ) : 38 - 52 .
li , x . , x . zhang , x . xu , s . lv , y . zhao , d . chen , c . hou , b . chen & g . yang ( 2016 ) . bird diversity in the buffer zone of the largest coastal nature reserve of china and conservation implications . pakistan journal of zoology . 48 ( 4 ) : 1193 - 1199 .
melville , d . s . , y . chen & z . ma ( 2016 ) . shorebirds along the yellow sea coast of china face an uncertain future - a review of threats . emu . 116 ( 2 ) : 100 - 110 .
australian government department of the environment and heritage ( agdeh ) ( 2006f ) . wildlife conservation plan for migratory shorebirds . canberra , act : department of the environment and heritage . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 25 - feb - 2006 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 15 - jan - 2016 .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000b ) . list of migratory species ( 13 / 07 / 2000 ) . f2007b00750 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000c ) . declaration under section 248 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of marine species . f2008b00465 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .
commonwealth of australia ( 2007h ) . environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - listed migratory species - approval of an international agreement . f2007l02641 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .
department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) ( 2009bc ) . draft background paper to epbc act policy statement 3 . 21 . canberra , dewha . available from : urltoken .
garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson ( 2011 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2010 . csiro publishing . available from : urltoken .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
this database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . numenius madagascariensis in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 11 : 44 + 1000 .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .
myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planetâ€™s species and habitats from destruction .
this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa
by joining the biggest community of bird lovers in australia , you can help us make a positive impact on the future of our native birdlife . the members of birdlife australia , along with our supporters and partners , have been powerful advocates for native birds and the conservation of their habitats since 1901 .
we are also the meeting ground for everyone with an interest in birds from the curious backyard observer to the dedicated research scientist . it doesn’t matter what your interest in birds is or how much you know about them , your membership will offer you the opportunity to increase your awareness and enjoyment .
birdlife australia would be delighted to welcome you as a new member and we look forward to sharing our news and achievements with you throughout the coming year .
although birds are usually quite easy to see , often they are more difficult to identify . you may have had the briefest glimpse or heard a snatch of its song , or perhaps it was a bird you have never seen before . the best place to look for it is here . you will discover the remarkable variety of birds that occur across australia . with stunning images of featured species and some recordings of their songs and calls , you are sure to find that mystery bird , or learn more about species you already know .
select a bird group . . . birds of prey bush birds parrots sea birds water birds
you can participate and share in activities and projects with local experts all over australia .
visit us in sydney olympic park where you can learn about , see and engage with australian birds up close and personal .
visit birdlife australia’s stunning conservation reserves and sanctuaries overflowing with native birdlife and other incredible flora and fauna .
our bird observatories in western australia may be a little off the track , but that’s what makes them such magical places to see birds .
want to know all about our native birds ? explore , learn , discover and enjoy australia’s most comprehensive bird resource .
discover and identify the urban birds in your backyard . get involved by helping us gather and share information about your local birdlife .
find places to watch birds in their native habitat . search our listing to find the next opportunity to see your favourite birds nearby and interstate .
we hold regular events and activities throughout the year and some have been taking place for decades . there are many ways for keen bird lovers to get involved .
join our community of dedicated volunteers that help monitor and collect important data on australia’s birds . we always need more citizen scientists .
there are many ways you can help us help our native birds . join as a member , volunteer , make a donation or a bequest . your support makes a real difference .
from urgent conservation activities to ongoing data recording , explore our vital projects that make a real difference to australia’s birds .
our policies , submissions and campaigns make us the leading voice for australia’s birds by influencing decision makers and stakeholders .
research , monitoring and evaluation underpin all our efforts . we have a long history of expertise in the science of bird conservation .
our education programs share knowledge and experience in a friendly hands - on environment with staff and volunteers that know and love australia ' s birds and their habitats .
birdlife australia has a long and proud history of excellence in publishing . our members ' magazine , journals , newsletters , and reports are all world - class .
the h . l . white library is the most comprehensive ornithological library in australia , containing thousands of books , journals , and media about birds and related topics .
the atlas is one of birdlife australia ' s greatest resources , allowing us to track changes in birds across the country . since 1998 a dedicated band of . . . more >
birdlife australia’s beach - nesting birds project works with community volunteers across australia to help raise awareness among beach users about . . . more >
the shorebirds 2020 program aims to reinvigorate and coordinate national shorebird population monitoring in australia . to report on the population . . . more >
since european settlement one - third of australia’s woodlands and 80 % of temperate woodlands have been cleared . the woodland birds for biodiversity . . . more >
e siberia , from upper reaches of r nizhnyaya tunguska e through verkhoyansk mts to kamchatka , and s to ne mongolia , extreme ne china ( ne heilongjiang ) and ussuriland . winters in japan , e china and taiwan s to indonesia and new guinea , but most migrate to australia and a few reach new zealand . never recorded in madagascar .
breeds in open mossy or transitional bogs , moss - lichen bogs and wet meadows , and on swampy shores . . .
diet on breeding grounds includes insects , such as larvae of beetles and flies , and amphipods . during autumn migration berries also . . .
poorly known . nests early may to late jun . often in small colonies of 2–6 pairs , with densities of up to 5·6 individuals / km . . .
long - distance migrant ; moves , generally in small flocks , along coasts of kuril is , sakhalin , . . .
endangered . formerly considered near threatened . listed as critically endangered in australia given evidence that species has perhaps declined by c . 80 % in last 30 years . . .
only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
sequence of species in this family is based largely on findings of a recent phylogenetic study # r .
get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )
supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .
view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )
there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .
if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .
this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
blue - gray legs , feet . eats crustaceans , marine worms , insects , larvae , invertebrates . strong steady flight , rapid wing beats . flies in straight line or v formation .
during courtship the males attract females through their calls and their dances . the males flutter their wings , leaping up to 10 - 15 metres off the ground and trilling as they do .
named
numenius madagascariensis
by linnaeus in 1766 , it appears that the famous biologist mistakenly confused madigascar with macassar . the more appropriate name would be numenius macassariensis .
a group of curlews has many collective nouns , including a
curfew
,
game
,
head
,
salon
, and
skein
of curlews .
the gulls , plovers , sheathbills of the antarctic , predatory skuas , and sandpipers are five of the nineteen families in the taxonomic order charadriiformes ( pronounced kah - rah - dree - ih - for - meez ) .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies are in the scolopacidae ( pronounced skoh - loh - pay - suh - dee ) family , a group of ninety - one species of wading birds in twenty - one genera occurring nearly worldwide .
fifty - four species of sandpipers , phalaropes , and allies in ten genera have occurred in the south pacific . twenty - eight species of sandpipers , phalaropes , and allies in eleven genera have occurred in palau . all of these species are migrants .
in north america , sixty - five species of sandpipers , phalaropes and allies in eighteen genera have occurred . included among these birds are the large , long - billed godwits and curlews , the harlequin - like ruddy turnstone , and a variety of sandpiper species .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies are known for their affinity for the water’s edge . the sanderling is known for its habit of running on beaches to pursue and retreat from waves in its attempt to remain at the very edge of the water .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies range from the sparrow - sized “peeps” to the heron - sized curlews . in general , they have plump bodies , short tails , longish necks with small heads , and long , pointed wings for fast , long distance flight . leg length varies among species although most have fairly long legs suited for wading . sandpipers also demonstrate a wide variety of bill sizes and shapes that reflect different feeding behaviors ; there are species with short , stubby bills , thin medium length bills , long , thin bills , and decurved bills .
aside from the ruddy turnstone with its striking black , white , and orange plumage with red legs and bill , most sandpipers are plumaged in browns , gray , white , and black although dark red - orange colors are also shown by the breeding plumages of dowitchers and the red knot . in most species , these colors are combined for handsome , intricate patterns that act as camouflage and attract mates in the breeding season . during the winter , most species molt into drab gray and white plumages .
most members of this family are migrants , several species flying to south america for the winter .
the majority of sandpipers , phalaropes and allies occur in flocks outside of the breeding season . they can often be seen foraging in mixed flocks for a variety of invertebrates and crustaceans , each species searching for food in a different manner or in different habitats . for example the least sandpiper probes just below the mud at water’s edge , dowitchers probe deep into the mud further out in the water , and the greater yellowlegs chases small fry with its bill held below the surface of the water .
© 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved . mitch waite group . no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group . privacy policy
voice : a bubbling song ker ker - ee - ker - ee when disturbed .
no birds banded overseas have been seen in new zealand and none has been banded here .
del hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; sargatal , j . ( eds ) . 1996 . handbook of birds of the world . vol . 3 , hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .
hayman , p . ; marchant , j . ; prater , a . j . 1986 . shorebirds ; a n identification guide to waders of the world . christopher helm , london .
higgins , p . j . ; davies , s . j . j . f . ( eds ) 1996 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 3 , snipe to pigeons . oxford university press , melbourne .
ornithological society of new zealand ( unpublished national wader counts 2003 - 2012 ) .
robertson , h . a ; baird , k . ; dowding , j . e . ; elliott , g . p . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; miskelly , c . m . ; mcarthur , n . ; o’donnell , c . f . j . ; sagar , p . m . ; scofield , r . p . ; taylor , g . a . 2017 . conservation status of new zealand birds , 2016 . new zealand threat classification series 19 . wellington , department of conservation . 27 p .
sagar , p . m . ; shankar , u . ; brown , s . 1999 . distribution and numbers of waders in new zealand , 1983 - 1994 . notornis 46 : 1 - 43 .
a very large bulky wader with a very long heavily decurved bill , head and neck streaked dark brown , thin white eye - rings , and whitish throat . the upperparts are brown with pale olive - brown edging and the underparts are dark brownish - buff , paler towards the vent , with fine streaking grading to thicker arrow - shaped streaks on the flanks .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : numenius madagascariensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .


loricaria lentiginosa is a species of catfish of the family loricariidae .

it is endemic to the basin of the paraná river .

the species was described by dutch ichthyologist isaäc j. h. isbrücker in 1979 .

loricaria lentiginosa

in nature loricaria lentiginosa occurs in the brazilian state of sao paulo . in the natural habitats of this species the water is pretty cool in the winter ( our summer ) , eg 16 more
loricaria lentiginosa isbrücker , 1979 - add this species to your
my cats
page . common name ( s ) none type locality high basin of rio paraná , represa de volta grande , rio grande , sao paulo , e . brazil . more
when young , loricaria spp . can be differentiated from the similar rineloricaria spp . by their more feathered sucker - mouths . in adults this difference is considerably more evident .
since there are no studies focusing on reproductive characteristics in l . lentiginosa , the present study aimed to analyze the gonadic structure and the gametogenesis in this species , using anatomical techniques and light microscopy .
postovulatory follicles in l . lentiginosa had a wide irregular lumen , surrounded by hypertrophied follicular cells and a theca , in a pattern similar to the descriptions made by drummond et al . ( 2000 ) for astyanax bimaculatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) .
follicular cells in l . lentiginosa surround the oocyte forming a unique layer , in a pattern common to all teleosts ( selman & wallace 1989 ) . these cells can present structural changes during the developmental process of the oocytes ( guraya 1986 ) . in fact , the late perinucleolar oocytes in l . lentiginosa showed pavimentous follicular cells that became cubic in previtellogenic oocytes and prismatic at the end of the vitellogenesis . in the present study it was observed that the theca of previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes was constituted of cells that are similar to fibroblasts , presenting capillary blood vessels in the pattern typical of most bony fishes ( tyler & sumpter 1996 ) .
common in the rio pardo in brazil , a clear water tributary of the mogi guacu . aquarium care : grows very large and would need a large aquarium with cool water and a strong current to house this species . should be acclimatised slowly for the home aquarium . diet : carnivore : feed with tablets , pellets , insect larvae , zooplankton and shrimps . a varied diet is important to this species and genus . remarks : l . lentiginosa and l . prolixa are quite difficult to tell apart and its quite possible that they may be one and the same species . if so l . lentiginosa would become a synonym of l . prolixa .
the testes of l . lentiginosa are paired elongated organs ( fig . 5 ) , dorsally attached to the coelomic cavity by the mesorchium ; they were dorsally related to the kidneys and ventrally to the digestive tube . both testes had spermatic ducts , which join together caudally forming a common spermatic duct that extended to the urogenital papillae .
the testes of fresh water neotropical siluriforms that have external fertilization present variable anatomical characteristics ; they are elongated and fringed in the species pimelodus maculatus la cepède , 1803 ( bazzoli et al . 1997 ) , iheringichthys labrosus ( lütken , 1874 ) ( santos et al . 2001 ) , pseudoplatystoma corruscans ( spix & agassiz , 1829 ) ( brito & bazzoli 2003 ) and conorhynchos conirostris ( valenciennes , 1840 ) ( lopes et al . 2004 ) ; and elongated without fringes in hypostomus albopucntatus ( regan , 1908 ) ( antoniutti et al . 1985 ) , rhinelepis aspera spix & agassiz , 1829 ( agostinho et al . 1987 ) , hoplosternum littorale ( hancock , 1828 ) ( loir et al . 1989 ) , liposarcus pardalis ( castelnau , 1855 ) ( neves & rufino 1998 ) and loricaria lentiginosa ( this study ) .
macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the ovaries of l . lentiginosa were similar to those reported for other species in the family loricariidae , such as plecostomus commersonii ( valenciennes , 1840 ) = hypostomus scabriceps ( eigenmann & eigenmann , 1888 ) ( agostinho et al . 1982 ) , r . aspera ( agostinho et al . 1987 ) and hypostomus punctatus ( menezes & caramaschi 1994 ) . according to the classification proposed by hoar ( 1969 ) , the ovaries of l . lentiginosa would be classified as cystovarian , where the ovarian lumen has continuity with the oviduct , through which the oocytes are released into the environment . in contrast , in some salmon and trout species , the oviduct was lost secondarily , with the oocytes being released to the coelomic cavity and then , to the external environment ( helfman et al . 2000 ) .
as already demonstrated in the present study , the structural organization of l . lentiginosa testes presents a cranial spermatogenic portion , spermatogenic and secretory transition portion , and an exclusively secretive caudal portion with secretory activity only during the maturation period . the spermatogenesis can be classified as cystic , and it occurs along the whole extension of the seminiferous tubules . the ovaries are of the cystovarian type and the oogenesis was characterized histologically by four developmental stages .
a estrutura gonadal e a gametogênese de loricaria lentiginosa isbrücker , 1979 foram estudadas através de técnicas anatômicas e histológicas . capturaram - se , trimestralmente , no reservatório de porto colômbia , bacia do rio paraná , minas gerais , quarenta e dois machos e dez fêmeas nos estádios em maturação / maduro , utilizando - se redes de emalhar , no período de novembro de 2001 a outubro de 2002 . os testículos são órgãos pares , alongados e não franjados . histologicamente , os testículos apresentam três regiões distintas : cranial espermatogênica , transição espermatogênica e secretora e caudal exclusivamente secretora . na secreção dos túbulos da região caudal detectaram - se glicoproteínas neutras . a espermatogênese ocorre em cistos em toda a extensão da parede dos túbulos seminíferos , os quais anastomosam - se e liberam os espermatozóides no lume dos ductos espermáticos . os ovários são órgãos pares , saculiformes e , histologicamente , apresentam lamelas ovulígeras que contém as células da linhagem ovogênica . os ovócitos foram classificados em quatro estádios , baseando - se em suas características citológicas e nas camadas que os circundam . folículos pós - ovulatórios e ovócitos vitelogênicos em processo de atresia folicular foram também observados .
neutral glycoproteins in the secretion of the caudal portion tubules in the maturing / mature testes of l . lentiginosa were also detected in the caudal fringes of i . labrosus ; and neutral glycoproteins , carboxylated acid glycoconjugates ( including sialomucines and acid and sulfates glycoconjugates ) were detected in the caudal fringes of p . maculatus ( guimarães - cruz & santos 2004 ) . these substances may have similar functions as those exhibited by substances produced in the seminal vesicles of other teleosts species : acting on female attraction , in the augmentation of the seminal volume and in the fertilization process ( van den hurk et al . 1987 , lahnsteiner et al . 1992 ) .
the formation of an acellular layer , the zona pellucida , during the oogenesis , is described for several teleosts species ( guraya 1986 ) , and it has multiple functions : it allows the passage of substances to the oocyte interior ; protects it from mechanical wear and pathogens ; maintains the integrity of the membrane ; and promotes the adhesion of the egg to the substrate ( agostinho et al . 1987 ) . in l . lentiginosa , the zona pellucida was observed with a unique acidophilic layer in the late perinucleolar oocytes , and two layers in previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes as described for galeocharax knerii ( steindachner , 1879 ) by magalhães et al . ( 2004 ) .
the specimens were dissected and fragments from the cranial and caudal portions of the gonads of all specimens were fixed in bouin ' s solution for 6 - 8 hours . gonad fragments were embedded in paraffin or in glycol methacrilate , sectioned in serial sections at 3 - 5 µm , and stained with haematoxylin - eosin or with 1 % toluidin blue - sodium borate ( junqueira & junqueira 1983 ) . the oocytes in l . lentiginosa were classified by histological characteristics into four stages , based on the changes that occurred : in the nucleus , in the ooplasm and in the follicular wall , as proposed by bazzoli ( 2003 ) . to detect carbohydrates and proteins on the testes caudal region , the following histochemical techniques were used : pas ( periodic acid - shiff ) ; pas + amylase ; alcian blue ph 2 , 5 ; alcian blue ph 0 , 5 and ninhydrin - shiff ( pearse 1985 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
latin , lorica , loricare = cuirass of corslet of leather ; 1706 + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 51 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56003 )
ferraris , c . j . jr . , 2003 . loricariidae - loricariinae ( armored catfishes ) . p . 330 - 350 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 36389 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00363 ( 0 . 00147 - 0 . 00899 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 33 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 1 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 45 of 100 ) .
high basin of rio paraná , represa de volta grande , rio grande , sao paulo , e . brazil .
( latin ) lorica , loricare = cuirass of corslet of leather ( a suit of armour made of leather ) .
290mm or 11 . 4
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
( 1 ) decker504 . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all
my cats
data for this species .
get or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .
has this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .
© 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .
for the discussion of catfish systematics . post here to draw our attention to new publications or to discuss existing works .
interesting to know , that the catfish of the family loricariidae also eat more than algae , detritus , and so on . its very new for me .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
brazil : upper paraná river basin . type locality : brésil , est . sao paulo , haut bassin du rio parana , represa de volta grande , rio grande .
evers , h . - g . & i . seidel : mergus , baensch catfish atlas volume 1 , 1st english edn . , 2005 . pp . 944 .
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
rev . bras . zool . vol . 22 no . 3 curitiba july / sept . 2005
rodrigo j . guimarães - cruz ; josé e . dos santos ; gilmar b . santos
programa de pós - graduação em zoologia de vertebrados , pontifícia universidade católica de minas gerais . caixa postal 2686 , 30535 - 610 belo horizonte , minas gerais , brasil . e - mail : enemir @ urltoken
gonadal organization and gametogenesis in neotropical teleosts have been extensively studied . in general , most published work focuses on biometrical , morphological , physiological and / or biochemical characters , and the distribution of the different cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions ( tyler & sumpter 1996 , grier 2000 ) .
legendre et al . ( 1996 ) reports that some siluriformes species present fringed testes while others do not . in most fish species gonads are paired organs of similar size , which can be partially or totally fused ( le gac & loir 1999 ) . some siluriformes fishes from families pimelodidae , loricariidae and callichthyidae present secretory activity in the caudal portion of the testes , sometimes forming a seminal vesicle ( loir et al . 1989 ) .
in terms of spermatogonia distribution , the structure of teleosts testes has two types : in the most common , spermatogonia occur all along the seminiferous tubules , while in atherinomorph fishes they are confined to the distal portion of these structures ( grier 1981 ) .
according to various authors ( shrivastava 1967 , srivastava & singh 1994 , magalhães et al . 2004 ) fishes can present cystic or semi - cystic spermatogenesis in relation to the phase of release of germ cells in the cysts to the seminiferous tubules lumen .
fishes ovaries can be classified as gymnovaries , a primitive condition founded in lungfishes , sturgeons and bowfins or cystovaries , the condition that characterizes most of the teleosts , where the ovary lumen has continuity with the oviduct ( helfman et al . 2000 ) .
oogonia development in teleosts fishes varies according to the group , and the determination of oogenesis dynamics allows the understanding of maturation and fertilization processes ( wallace & selman 1981 ) . changes in the nucleus , ooplasm and the surrounding layers characterize the oocyte maturation process ( bazzoli & rizzo 1990 ) .
postovulatory follicles are structures formed after oocyte release ; they do not have endocrine function , present a wide irregular lumen , and are rapidly reabsorbed in a process involving the apoptosis of follicular cells ( drummond et al . 2000 ) . a degenerative process called follicular atresia reabsorbs vitellogenic oocytes not spawned . this process can also occur , but less frequently , in oocytes in other developmental stages ( miranda et al . 1999 ) .
in brazil , to meet energy demands , the construction of artificial reservoirs by damming river courses is increasing being employed ( tundisi 1978 ) . today , in alto paraná river basin , there are around 130 reservoirs , most of them located sequentially along the rio grande , having a total of 3 , 511 km 2 of flooded area ( santos & formagio 2000 ) . the porto colômbia reservoir ( fig . 1 ) is located in the middle of the rio grande , on the border of minas gerais and são paulo states , between the municipalities of planura ( minas gerais ) and guaíra ( são paulo ) ( paiva 1982 ) .
fish captures were carried out once every three months in the period between november 2001 and october 2002 in the porto colômbia reservoir ( 20°07 ' 52
s - 20°01 ' 69
s and 48°34 ' 13
- 48°13 ' 40
w ) . forty - two males and ten females , with , respectively , 21 , 2 - 42 , 5 cm and 36 , 5 - 43 , 4 cm of minimum and maximum standard length , in maturation / mature stage were collected using gillnets with mesh sizes between 8 to 20 cm ( stretched measurement ) . specimens were fixed in 10 % formaldehyde solution for 24 hours and stored in 70 % ethanol solution , kept in containers and transported to the fish laboratory at programa de pós - graduação em zoologia de vertebrados da puc minas .
the testes were surrounded by a tunica albuginea of connective tissue , and they had tubular and interstitial compartments . morphofunctional organization of the tubular compartment in maturing / mature testes was variable depending on the region : a cranial region ( 86 % total length  tl ) with seminiferous tubules containing cysts of spermatogenic lineage cells , in the same developmental stage in the walls , and spermatozoa in the lumen ( fig . 6 ) ; a transition region ( 7 % tl ) , with tubules presenting cysts and secretory prismatic cells in the wall , and spermatozoa and acidophilus secretion in the lumen ( fig . 7 ) ; and a caudal region ( 7 % tl ) , where the tubules only exhibited secretory prismatic cells in the wall and acidophilus secretion in the lumen ( fig . 8 ) . cysts were oval - shaped , delimited by sertoli cells ( insert in fig . 6a ) , leydig cells and conjunctive tissue ( insert in fig . 6b ) , forming the interstitial tissue . in resting males , the wall of the tubules in the caudal region of the testes has cubic secretory cells with no secretion in the lumen . during spermatozoa release , cysts broke apart releasing the spermatozoa in the tubules lumen ( fig . 9 ) , which anastomosized ( fig . 10 ) thereby directing the spermatozoa towards the spermatic ducts and then to the common spermatic duct for the spermiation process . in the lumen of the spermatic ducts of maturing / mature testes , acidophilus secretion and spermatozoa were also observed ( fig . 11 ) . the secretion of the testes caudal region reacted positively to the pas and ninhydrin - shiff techniques , thereby indicating the presence of neutral glycoproteins .
primary spermatogonia : the largest of the lineage , occurring only one per cyst , it had abundant cytoplasm , spherical central nucleus with vesicles , and a prominent nucleolus .
secondary spermatogonia : they formed cysts with two to four cells , having little cytoplasmic material , and a spherical central nucleus with a prominent nucleolus .
primary spermatocyte : originated from the last generation of secondary spermatogonias after successive mitotic divisions ; they had little cytoplasmic content and slightly condensed granulated chromatin in a central nucleus .
secondary spermatocyte : originated from the first meiotic division of primary spermatocytes , it had little cytoplasmic content and nucleus with granulated chromatin .
spermatid : originated from the second meiotic division of secondary spermatocytes , it had little cytoplasmic content and a dense spherical nucleus with a differentiated flagellum .
spermatozoa : the smallest of the lineage , they had little cytoplasmic content , with no acrosome and a nucleus with heavily condensed chromatin .
ovaries were saculiform - paired organs ( fig . 12 ) , attached dorsally to the coelomic cavity by the mesovary ; they were dorsally related to the kidneys and ventrally to the digestive tube , and joined together caudally to form the ovaric duct that extended to the urogenital papillae . histological examination of the ovaries showed that they were also coated with the tunica albuginea of conjuntive tissue , which sent septum to the ovaric lumen forming the ovigerous lamellae that contained the oogenic lineage cells .
oogonia : the smallest of the lineage , they were rounded cells found in a nested arrangement ; they had little cytoplasmic content , with vesiculous and central nucleus with a unique prominent central nucleolus and the chromatin irregularly located near the nuclear membrane . oogonias proliferated and produced the oocytes .
early perinucleolar oocyte : it had a bigger and strongly basophilic cytoplasm with vitreous appearance , a central nucleus and spherical peripheral nucleoli .
advanced perinucleolar oocyte : it had basophilic granular ooplasm , central nucleus and spherical nucleoli attached to the nuclear membrane . in the ooplasm of some oocytes it was possible to identify the yolk nucleus , which in the beginning was next to the nucleus and later was displaced to the periphery . the zona pellucida was a thin layer and a unique layer of follicular cells that were pavimentous .
previtellogenic oocyte : it had cortical vesicles scattered in the ooplasm , which were slightly coloured by haematoxylin - eosin . the nucleus was central and presented digitiform expansions and a perinuclear halo . the zona pellucida was acellular , acidophilic , and had two layers . follicular cells were cubic and the theca was thin .
vitellogenic oocyte : was the largest of the lineage , characterized by the presence of acidophilus yolk globules in the ooplasm . cortical vesicles were organized in the ooplasm periphery , forming continuous cortical alveoli . the zona pellucida remained with two layers , follicular cells were prismatic , and the theca was similar in thickness to the previous stage and presents capillary blood vessels .
after ovulation , postovulatory follicles were identified ; they presented wide irregular lumen and a wall consisting of a unique layer of follicular prismatic cells and the conjunctive theca ( fig . 17 ) . follicular atresia was observed in vitellogenic oocytes , which presented , through the liquefaction of yolk globules , fragmentation of the zona pellucida and integrity loss of the follicular cells ( fig . 18 ) .
spermatogenesis in teleosts has two different stages : ( 1 ) the renewal and proliferation of spermatogonias by mitosis , and ( 2 ) meiosis followed by spermiogenesis ( schulz et al . 2000 ) . the disruption of the cystic walls with the release of the germ cells to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules can occur at different developmental stages : secondary spermatocytes ( shrivastava 1967 ) , spermatids ( srivastava & singh 1994 , andrade et al . 2001 ) and spermatozoa ( santos et al . 2001 , magalhães et al . 2004 , present study ) .
in teleosts , oocytes not ovulated suffer a degenerative process called follicular atresia ( wallace & selman 1981 ) . this process can occur during any phase of the oocyte development ( ünver & ünver saraydin 2004 ) ; however , its occurrence is unusual during the pre - spawn period ( guraya 1986 ) . in the present study , follicular atresia was observed only in vitellogenic oocytes , in ovaries that presented histological characteristics typical of the post - spawned .
we wish to thank : probic  puc minas for financial support ( project nº 2003 / 13 ) ; the biologists dirceu marzulo and paulo s . formagio from the
estação de hidrobiologia e piscicultura de furnas centrais elétricas s / a
for their technical assistance ; the biologist jefferson lopes for help in the capture of biological material ; to dr robert j . young for the suggestions on the english version and the laboratory technicians rubens miranda and rogério da silva matos for preparation of the histological plates .
( valenciennes , 1840 ) osteichthyes - loricariidae : desenvolvimento dos ovócitos e escala de maturidade .
( agassiz , 1829 ) ( teleostei , loricariidae ) no rio paranapanema . ii . estrutura dos ovários e estádios de maturação .
antoniutti , k . m . ; m . j . t . ranzani - paiva ; h . m . godinho & p . paiva . 1985 . peso total / comprimento total , crescimento e idade do cascudo
regan , 1908 ( osteichthyes , loricariidae ) do rio jaguari , são paulo , brasil .
bazzoli , n . 2003 . parâmetros reprodutivos de peixes de interesse comercial do rio são francisco , região de pirapora mg , p . 291 - 306 .
bazzoli , n . & e . rizzo . 1990 . a comparative cytological and cytochemical study of the oogenesis in ten brazilian teleost fish species .
bazzoli , n . & h . p . godinho . 1995 . comparative morphology of the yolk nucleus ( balbiani body ) in freshwater neotropical teleost fish .
billard , r . 1986 . spermatogenesis and spermatology of some teleost fish species .
brito , m . f . g . & n . bazzoli . 2003 . reproduction of the surubim catfish ( pisces , pimelodidae ) in the são francisco river , pirapora region , minas gerais , brazil .
: m . m . vaz ; v . c . torquato & n . d . c . barbosa ( eds ) . belo horizonte , cetec , 141p .
de pinna , m . c . c . 1998 . phylogenetic relationships of neotropical siluriformes ( teleostei : ostariophysi ) : historical overview and synthesis of hypotheses , p . 279 - 330 .
ferraris jr . , c . j . 2003 . subfamily loricariinae , p . 330 - 350 .
grier , h . j . 1981 . cellular organization of the testes and spermatogenesis in fishes .
guimarães - cruz , r . j . & j . e . santos . 2004 . testicular structure of three species of neotropical freshwater pimelodids ( pisces , pimelodidae ) .
guraya , s . s . 1986 . the cell and molecular biology of fish oogenesis .
le gac , f . & m . loir . 1999 . male reproductive system fish , p . 20 - 30 .
legendre , m . ; o . linhart & r . billard . 1996 . spawning and management of gametes , fertilized eggs and embryos in siluroidei .
loir , m . ; c . cauty ; p . planquette & p . y . bail . 1989 . comparative study of the male reproductive tract in seven families of south - american catfishes .
miranda , a . c . l . ; n . bazzoli ; e . rizzo & y . sato . 1999 . ovarian follicular atresia in two teleost species : a histological and ultrastructural study .
( pisces , siluriformes , loricariidae ) ( castelnau , 1855 ) do médio amazonas .
pudney , j . 1993 . comparative cytology of the non - mammalian vertebrate sertoli cell , p . 611 - 657 .
( bloch , 1975 ) ( teleostei ; synbranchidae ) . ovarian anatomy , stages of oocyte development and micropyle structure .
reis , r . e . & s . a . schaefer . 1998 . new cascudinhos from southern brazil : systematics , endemism , and relationships ( siluriformes , loricariidae , hypoptopomatinae ) .
santos , g . b . & p . s . formagio . 2000 . estrutura da ictiofauna dos reservatórios do rio grande , com ênfase no estabelecimento de peixes piscívoros exóticos .
schulz , r . w . ; j . bogerd & h . j . th . goos . 2000 . spermatogenesis and its endocrine regulation .
selman , k . & r . a . wallace . 1989 . cellular aspects of oocyte growth in teleosts .
tundisi , j . g . 1978 . construção de reservatórios e previsão de impactos ambientais no baixo tietê : problemas limnológicos .
tyler , c . r . & j . p . sumpter . 1996 . oocyte growth and development in teleosts .
van den hurk , r . ; j . w . resink & j . peute . 1987 . the seminal vesicle of the african catfish ,
wallace , r . a . & k . selman . 1981 . cellular and dynamic aspects of oocyte growth in teleosts .
caixa postal 19020 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : + 55 41 3266 - 6823 sbz @ urltoken
for full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .
. . . the dams deeply influence the composition and structure of aquatic communities , creating great challenges , especially for fish populations ( mérona et al . 2001 ; lazzaro et al . 2003 ; loureiro - crippa & hahn 2006 ; delariva et al . 2007 ; gubiani et al . 2007 ; petesse et al . 2007 ; luzagostinho et al . 2009 ) . the natural distribution of loricariidae ( armored catfish ) encompasses the neotropical region , reaching panama and costa rica ( salvador - jr et al . 2010 ) . this family includes fish that live near the bottom , possessing sucker - shaped mouths . . . .
. . . the loricariidae family of neotropical catfish consists of 80 genera with approximately 830 characterized species [ 15 , 16 ] . reports of algae , detritus , vegetal matter , seed , and benthic matter consumption by loricariids are common1718 19 and they are generally classed as omnivorous [ 20 ] . furthermore , consumption of wood is unique to the genus panaque ( eigenmann and eigenmann ) ( heckel ) [ 20 ] and hypostomus cochliodon [ 21 ] . . . .
. . . the loricariidae family of neotropical catfish consists of 80 genera with approximately 830 characterized species [ 15 , 16 ] . reports of algae , detritus , vegetal matter , seed , and benthic matter consumption by loricariids are common [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] and they are generally classed as omnivorous [ 20 ] . furthermore , consumption of wood is unique to the genus panaque ( eigenmann and eigenmann ) ( heckel ) [ 20 ] and hypostomus cochliodon [ 21 ] . . . .
. . . however , german and bittong ( 2009 ) found that wood - eating and detritivorous catwshes possess low cellulolytic activities , low levels of scfas in their gi tracts , and are equipped to digest soluble components ( e . g . , - and - glucosides ) of detritus rather than refractory polysaccharides . the family to which the wood - eating catwshes belong , the loricariidae , is composed of many species ( 680 described taxa in 80 genera ; armbruster 2004 ) that consume animal , plant , and detrital material from the benthos ( delariva and agostinho 2001 ; pouilly et al . 2003 ; de melo et al . 2004 ; novakowski et al . 2008 ; salvador et al . 2008 ; german and bittong 2009 ) . wood - eating , however , has evolved twice in the family , as species in the genera hypostomus ( armbruster 2003 ) and panaque ( schaefer and stewart 1993 ) are considered xylivorous ( german and bittong 2009 ) . . . .
assess whether the mining and reforestation activities are affecting the integrity of aquatic ecosystems and their fauna , considering different scales of analysis . specific objectives : i ) assess wh…
[ more ]
the objective of this study was to characterize the trophic structure of the community of fishes exploiting riverine sandbank habitats . collections were carried out during the period of october 1999 to december 2003 , on six sand banks in the upper and middle portions of the tocantins river drainage basin in central brazil . the availability of food resources was evaluated based on the volume of . . . [ show full abstract ]
we evaluated the feeding of fish species of the nova avanhandava reservoir , low tietê river , são paulo state , brazil . fishes were collected in two stretches of the reservoir : santa bárbara ( 14 samples ) and bonito ( two samples ) between september 2002 and march 2004 , using gill and seining nets . the results of stomach contents analysis were expressed with the frequency of occurrence and . . . [ show full abstract ]
diet of anostomidae species ( teleostei , characiformes ) in the influence area of manso reservoir , mat . . .
the diet of four species of anostomidae ( leporinus friderici bloch , 1794 , l . striatus kner , 1858 , l . elongatus valenciennes , 1849 and leporinus sp . ) were investigated in the manso reservoir , mato grosso state , brazil . fish were sampled in three sites : upriver , in the main body of the reservoir , and below the dam . were analized 276 stomachs . the diet was evaluated using the frequency of . . . [ show full abstract ]
feeding and trophic ecomorphology of satanoperca pappaterra ( pisces , cichlidae ) in the manso reservo . . .
the aim of this work was to evaluate the relationship between diet and features of the trophic ecomorphology of satanoperca pappaterra ( heckel , 1840 ) in an impacted environment . samples were collected from march 2000 to february 2003 in manso reservoir , cuiabá river , mato grosso state . analysis of 93 stomachs contents showed that food resources associated with the substrate , such as plant . . . [ show full abstract ]
sorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .
enter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken