tirathaba mundella , the oil palm bunch moth , is a species of snout moth .

it is found in malaysia .

the larvae feed on areca catechu , elaeis guineensis , mangifera indica and nephelium lappaceum .

they bore into unopened spathes and feed on the tender floral parts .

they may also attack tender nuts .

tirathaba mundella

various insecticides have been evaluated for the control of t . mundella ( wood and yew , 1974 ; chan , 1973 ) . removing , or avoiding the accumulation of , rotten fruit bunches is a useful practice in addition to chemical control in areas where t . mundella breeding is common .
the economically damaging rate of t . mundella infestation on oil palm in malaysia is 3 - 5 larvae per fruit bunch . samples of 20 bunches per 100 acres are taken in the field and the number of larvae per bunch are counted ( wood and ng , 1974 ) . outbreaks of t . mundella frequently occur in new plantations ; they do not follow a predictable pattern .
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the larvae bore into unopened spathes and feed on the tender floral parts . they also attack tender nuts at different stages of development . infested fruit bunches are characterized by long tubes of silk and frass constructed by the larvae . severe infestation may cause fruit deformation and bunch abortion .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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attributes / relations provided by ♦ 1 hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hernández


coelioxys , common name leaf-cutting cuckoo bees or sharp-tailed bees , is a genus of solitary kleptoparasitic or brood parasitic bees , belonging to the family megachilidae .

coelioxys

the australian species of the genus coelioxys latreille are revised . six species are recognized : coelioxys albolineata cockerell , 1905 ; coelioxys froggatti cockerell , 1911 ; coelioxys reginae cockerell , 1905 ; coelioxys weinlandi schulz , 1904 and two new species : coelioxys julia sp . n . and coelioxys tasmaniana sp . n . three names are synonymized : coelioxys biroi friese , 1909 syn . n . and coelioxys albolineata darwiniensis cockerell , 1929 syn . n . under coelioxys albolineata , and coelioxys victoriae rayment , 1935 syn . n . under coelioxys froggatti . species descriptions and redescriptions , illustrations , distribution maps , floral records and a key to both sexes of all species are provided .
a female coelioxys nectars on a flower . ( photo by diane wilson . )
species coelioxys coturnix - red - tipped cuckoo - leaf - cutter - bugguide . net
restoring the landscape with native plants : native bee spotlight : cuckoo bees ~ coelioxys spp .
a female cuckoo bee , coelioxys sp . nectars on hairy false goldenaster , heterotheca villosa in late fall
coelioxys mexicana cresson : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( this observation is from smith . . .
did you know : there are 18 species of coelioxys in colorado . while they mostly parasitize megachile , there are very specific host - parasite relationships – so each coelioxys species can only parasitize certain megachile species .
coelioxys rufitarsis rufitarsis smith : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , . . .
coelioxys germana cresson : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , smith . . .
coelioxys alternata alternata say : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , . . .
coelioxys , gerstacker l . c . gives a description of this genus , with diagnoses and a synonymic revi
coelioxys sayi robertson : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , graenicher , . . .
coelioxys octodentata say : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , graenicher , . . .
coelioxys modesta smith : megachilidae ( coelioxini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from robertson , graenicher , . . .
baker , j . r . ( 1971 ) . development and sexual dimorphism of larvae of the bee genus coelioxys .
coelioxys , gerstacker l . c . gives a description of this genus , with diagnoses and a synonymic revi - urltoken
© j . r . baker . 1975 . taxonomy of five nearctic subgenera of coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . the university of kansas science bulletin . 50 ( 12 ) : 649 - 730 · 1 coelioxys mitchelli , female , top view
holmberg , e . l . ( 1918 ) suplemento i a las especies argentinas de coelioxys . physis ( buenos aires ) , 4 , 145–165 .
revision of the neotropical subgenera coelioxys ( platycoelioxys ) mitchell and c . ( rhinocoelioxys ) mitchell ( hymenoptera ; megachilidae ) with the description of one new species
moure , j . s . ( 1951 ) notas sinonímicas sôbre algumas espécies de coelioxys ( hymenopt . - apoidea ) . dusenia , 2 , 373–418 .
revision of the neotropical subgenera coelioxys ( platycoelioxys ) mitchell and c . ( rhinocoelioxys ) mitchell ( hymenoptera ; megachilidae ) with the description of one new species .
biology and morphology of the immature stages of the cleptoparasitic bee coelioxys chichimeca ( hymenoptera , apoidea , megachilidae ) . ( american museum novitates , no . 3679 )
holmberg , e . l . ( 1916 ) las especies argentinas de coelioxys . anales del museo nacional de historia natural de buenos aires , 28 , 541–591 .
baker , j . r . 1975 . taxonomy of five nearctic subgenera of coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . university of kansas science bulletin 50 : 649 - 730 .
revision of the neotropical subgenera coelioxys ( platycoelioxys ) mitchell and c . ( rhinocoelioxys ) mitchell ( hymenoptera ; megachilidae ) with the des . . . - pubmed - ncbi
friese , h . ( 1921 ) über die kegelbienen ( coelioxys ) brasiliens . zoologische jahrbücher . abteilung für systematik , ökologie und geographie der tiere , 44 , 421–486 .
there are currently no published keys to coelioxys . george else has a key in preparation . a photographic guide to the genus is available for download from the bwars website . distribution
revision of the neotropical subgenera coelioxys ( platycoelioxys ) mitchell and c . ( rhinocoelioxys ) mitchell ( hymenoptera ; megachilidae ) with the description of one new species | filho | zootaxa
baker , j . r . ( 1975 ) taxonomy of five neartic subgenera of coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . the university of kansas science bulletin , 50 , 649–730 .
jeff holmes changed the thumbnail image of
coelioxys - sayi , - female , - side _ 2012 - 06 - 07 - 15 . 12 . 41 - zs - pmax
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rozen jr , j . g . , & kamel , s . m . ( 2006 ) . interspecific variation in immature larvae of the cleptoparasitic bee genus coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) .
schwarz , n . ( 2001 ) revision der gattung radoszkowskiana popov 1955 und ein beitrag zur kenntnis der gattung coelioxys latreille 1809 ( hymenoptera : apidae : megachilinae ) . linzer biologische beiträge , 33 , 1267–1286 .
voith , j . ( 1997 ) coelioxys mandibularis nyl . as a cuckoo bee of osmia villosa ( schck . ) ( hymenoptera , apiformes , megachilidae ) . nachrichtenblatt der bayerischen entomologen , 46 , 20–25 .
a photographic test key by rowson and pavett is available via the bwars website . else and edwards cover coelioxys in their new book handbook of the bees of the british isles , which is due for publication soon .
mitchell t . b . 1973 : a subgeneric revision of the genus coelioxys of the western hemisphere ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . department of entomology , north carolina state university , raleigh , nc , 129 pp .
mitchell , t . b . ( 1973 ) a subgeneric revision of the genus coelioxys of the western hemisphere ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . department of entomology , north carolina state university , raleigh , 129 pp .
scott , v . l . , kelley , s . t . , & strickler , k . ( 2000 ) . reproductive biology of two coelioxys cleptoparasites in relation to their megachile hosts ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) .
coelioxys decipiens is distributed from north africa towards cyprus , crete , turkey , asia minor and central asia , until the himalayas ( ornosa et al . 2007 , ortiz - sánchez et al . 2009 , grace 2010 ) .
monodontomerus wasps , pteromalus wasps , chaetodactylus osmiae pollen mites and cacoxenus indagator fly are all not guilty ! i watched a female coelioxys cuckoo bee enter this cavity and marked where the cell was she entered on the glass viewing window .
i was lucky with my timings as when i opened this cell it was pure good luck to find the formidable mandibles of the coelioxys cuckoo bee larvae . it hatches before its host and is ‘unarmed’ feeding on the pollen nectar mix .
schwarz , h . f . & michener , c . d . ( 1954 ) coelioxys barbata . in : michener , c . d . bees of panamá . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 104 , pp . 104–105 .
leafcutting bees are found throughout the world and are common in north america . in florida there are approximately 63 different species ( plus five subspecies ) within seven genera of leafcutter bees : ashmeadiella , heriades , hoplitis , coelioxys , lithurgus , megachile , and osmia .
vinson , s . b . , frankie , g . & rao , a . ( 2011 ) field behavior of parasitic coelioxys chichimeca ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) toward the host bee centris bicornuta ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . apidologie , 42 , 117–127 . urltoken
coelioxys elongata is found throughout mainland britain from the south coast to inverness in scotland . it does appear to have a southerly and also coastal bias with an apparent absence from the entire english midlands , and inland scotland and wales . also recorded from ireland and the channel islands .
coelioxys , gerstacker ( l . c . ) gives a description of this genus , with diagnoses and a synonymic revision of the following species : - a . pale spots and bands of the thorax and abdomen formed of adpressed hairs . eyes with long hairs . fore coxae male appendiculated .
scott , v . l . , kelley , s . t . & strickler , k . ( 2000 ) reproductive biology of two coelioxys cleptoparasites in relation to their megachile hosts ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america , 93 , 941–948 . urltoken ; 2
virginia l . scott , scott t . kelley , karen strickler ; reproductive biology of two coelioxys cleptoparasites in relation to their megachile hosts ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) , annals of the entomological society of america , volume 93 , issue 4 , 1 july 2000 , pages 941–948 , urltoken ; 2
in britain coelioxys quadridentata is restricted to england and south wales . there are no records for scotland or ireland . the greatest density of records is from dorset and surrey with more scattered records from the south - east up towards yorkshire . the bee is also recorded from jersey in the channel islands .
rocha - filho , l . c . d . ( 2016 ) . a revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) from australia . eur . j . entomol . , 113 ( 1 ) , 2016 . 000 . doi : 10 . 14411 / eje . 2016 . 002 .
rozen , j . g . & kamel , s . m . ( 2007 ) investigations on the biologies and immature stages of the cleptoparasitic bee genera radoszkowskiana and coelioxys and their hosts in the genus megachile ( hymenoptera : apoidea : megachilidae : megachilini ) . american museum novitates , 3573 , 1–43 . urltoken ; 2
this species is a cuckoo bee , acting as a cleptoparasite of megachile willughbiella and m . circumcincta . female megachile bees construct nests of larval cells from leaves and provision each cell with a mixture of pollen and nectar for the young . female coelioxys bees seek out these nests and use their sharp abdomens to pierce the cells and lay an egg . this egg hatches before that of the megachile bee and the second instar larva uses its long curved jaws to crush the egg or young larva of the megachile host . the coelioxys larva can then feed on the contents of the cell , having normal jaws in its later instars . it pupates within a cocoon spun within the host cell where the larva overwinters as a prepupa before emerging the following summer .
there are currently no published keys to coelioxys . george else has a key in preparation . a photographic guide to the genus is available for download from the bwars website . a distinctive group of largely black bees , with the females of most species having a pointed tip to the gaster . this species flies low over the ground looking for its host’s nests , often in a purposeful manner .
as it develops through its larval stages , the journal of apicultural research states that it grows a strong mandible , which it uses to crush the egg , or kill its host or other coelioxys larvae in the same cell . you can clearly see the fang like mandibles in the video . it can open them very wide which is useful when searching for its victim ( s ) in the dark .
ty - jour ti - description of mature larvae of megachile rotundata , m - apicalis , and their parasite , coelioxys rufocaudata ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) t2 - entomological news . vl - 112 ur - urltoken pb - american entomological society , cy - [ philadelphia ] py - 2001 sp - 73 ep - 84 sn - 0013 - 872x au - torres , f au - gayubo , s f er -
the species is not listed in any national red lists or red data books . it is unknown whether it occurs within any protected areas . further research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends of the species . additional studies are needed into the taxonomy and distribution as it has only recently been described . if the host species become known , it will be possible to understand more about the ecology of coelioxys elsei .
most leafcutting bees are moderately - sized ( around the size of a honey bee , ranging from 5 mm to 24 mm ) , stout - bodied , black bees . the females , except the parasitic coelioxys , carry pollen on hairs on the underside of the abdomen rather than on the hind legs like other bees . when a bee is carrying pollen , the underside of the abdomen appears light yellow to deep gold in color .
this is a darkly coloured bee 11 to 15 mm in length with narrow , sharply defined bands of pale hairs on the abdomen , hairy eyes and a toothed scutellum . as with all species in this genus , the female has a distinctively pointed end to the abdomen , whilst that of the male has several prongs . female coelioxys should be treated with care as they may sting ; males are said to emit an unpleasant odour when handled .
the species ' preferred habitat is unknown , but the areas where it has been collected are mediterranean forest and shrubs , xeric and anthropogenic areas ( cultivated lands ) and temporal streams . it has been collected from the sea level ( bulgaria ) up to approximately 2 , 150 m asl ( turkey ) . the species is kleptoparasitic , in that it parasitises the nests of other bee species , like every other coelioxys species ( michener 2007 ) , although the host is unknown . the species flies from april to july .
@ article { bhlpart30989 , title = { description of mature larvae of megachile rotundata , m - apicalis , and their parasite , coelioxys rufocaudata ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) } , journal = { entomological news . } , volume = { 112 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ philadelphia ] american entomological society , 1925 - } , author = { torres , f and gayubo , s f } , year = { 2001 } , pages = { 73 - - 84 } , }
mature larvae of five species representing each of the three principal groups within the genus megachile sensu lato ( i . e . , including creightonella and chalicodoma , which are often recognized at generic rank ) are described and are revealed to be quite similar to one another . on the basis of their descriptions a larval description of the genus is formulated . this , in turn , is compared with and found quite similar to a previously published preliminary description of mature larvae of the megachilini based on study of larval representatives of the three genera in the tribe : megachile , all species of which are pollen - collecting , and coelioxys and radoszkowskiana , both of which are cleptoparasitic , usually with megachile hosts .
these bees have no family loyalty . they parasitize nests made by their cousins , the
, and probably don’t even feel bad about it . they’ve been doing this for so long they’ve lost all pollen - carrying adaptations–adults only need to feed themselves and never provision nests . instead , female
nests and wait for the mother to leave . once the coast is clear , they pounce on a fully provisioned cell , using their pointy abdomens to pierce the leaf lining and lay their own eggs inside . the really clever part is how they hide the treachery . eggs are laid either within leaf layers or under the pollen provision so that the rightful nest owner won’t suspect a thing .
the young cuckoo larva has gigantic mandibles that point forward rather than downward . this has one purpose : to kill the host larva . now the
larva has all of its host’s pollen provisions to feed off of . after it’s grown , it must time its exit from the nest with that of it’s host “siblings” to avoid detection or destruction . if it makes good on this short window , it can repeat the cycle . next time you’re block - watching , look to the surrounding area for cuckoo bees waiting to strike . they’re usually active from june to september .
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46 spp . in 9 subgenera in our area , ~ 500 spp . in 15 subgenera worldwide
adults take nectar at flowers . ( they must be eating for themselves , because they do not provision a nest . )
( other hosts known outside our area ) . using their sharp abdomen , the female breaks into
dictionary of word roots and combining forms donald j . borror . 1960 . mayfield publishing company .
field book of insects of the united states and canada , aiming to answer common questions , frank eugene lutz . 1935 . putnam pub group .
insects of north carolina c . s . brimley . 1938 . north carolina department of agriculture .
insects : their natural history and diversity : with a photographic guide to insects of eastern north america stephen a . marshall . 2006 . firefly books ltd .
insects of the texas lost pines ( w . l . moody , jr . , natural history series , no . 33 ) stephen w . taber , scott b . fleenor . 2003 . m university press .
contributed by cotinis on 3 october , 2004 - 8 : 05am additional contributions by beatriz moisset , john s . ascher , v belov , h . go last updated 26 february , 2014 - 10 : 21pm
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
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hymenoptera name server version 0 . 03 4 . x . 2002 , website ( version 0 . 03 )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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on the near continent , the bee is found in many western european countries ( including scandinavia ) from finland to spain and across to slovenia in the east . worldwide it is found in asia from turkey to siberia .
shirt ( 1987 ) and falk ( 1991 ) both list this bee as being rare ( rdb3 ) .
typical habitat includes sandy heaths and coastal dune systems ( else , in prep ) . however , it has been found in other situations , such as flying with anthophora quadrimaculata ( panzer ) against a wall at a surrey railway station ( d baker , pers . obs . in baldock , 2008 ) .
the bee is reported to forage from common bird’s - foot trefoil and white bryony .
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where a photo is surrounded by a red box it means that it is representative of the species but may not be the actual species described .
widespread but local . found throughout mainland britain from cornwall to the highlands in scotland . it does appear to have a southerly and coastal bias with an apparent absence from the english midlands , east anglia and inland scotland and wales .
australian faunal directory 2006 ( by j . c . cardale , 2001 , updated by k . l . walker , 2006 ) : hymenoptera : apoidea . australian biological resources study , canberra . urltoken ( last accessed 10 october 2015 ) .
ascher j . s . & pickering j . 2015 : discover life bee species guide and world checklist ( hymenoptera : apoidea : anthophila ) . urltoken guide = apoidea _ species . htm / ( last accessed 10 october 2015 ) .
batley m . & hogendoorn k . 2009 : diversity and conservation status of native australian bees . - apidologie 40 : 347 - 354 . go to original source . . .
cockerell t . d . a . 1905 : descriptions and records of bees . i . - ann . mag . nat . hist . ( ser . 7 ) 16 : 216 - 225 . go to original source . . .
cockerell t . d . a . 1911 : the bees of the solomon islands . - proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 36 : 160 - 178 . go to original source . . .
cockerell t . d . a . 1929 : bees from the australian region . - am . mus . nov . 346 : 1 - 18 .
daly h . v . & magnacca k . n . 2003 : insects of hawaii . vol . 17 . hawaiian hylaeus ( nesoprosopis ) bees ( hymenoptera : apoidea ) . university of hawai ' i press , honolulu , 216 pp .
diva - gis 2015 : diva - gis program , ver . 7 . 5 . urltoken
friese h . 1909 : die bienenfauna von neu - guinea . - ann . hist . nat . mus . natl . hung . 7 : 179 - 288 .
gonzalez v . h . , engel m . s . & griswold t . l . 2013 : the lithurgine bees of australia ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) , with a note on megachile rotundipennis . - j . melittology 11 : 1 - 19 . go to original source . . .
latreille p . a . 1809 : genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita , iconibus exemplurisque plurimis explicata . vol . 4 . koenig , paris , 399 pp .
michener c . d . 1965 : a classification of the bees of the australian and south pacific regions . - bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 130 : 1 - 362 .
michener c . d . 2007 : the bees of the world . 2nd ed . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore , md , 992 pp .
rayment t . 1935 : a cluster of bees . sixty essays on the life - histories of australian bees , with specific descriptions of over 100 new species , and an introduction by professor e . f . phillips , d . ph . , cornell university , u . s . a . endeavour press , sydney , 752 pp .
schulz w . a . 1904 : ein beitrag zur kenntnis der papuanischen hymenopteren - fauna . - berl . entomol . z . 49 : 209 - 239 .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by ) , which permits use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original publication is properly cited . no use , distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms .
around this particular nest box , used by leafcutter bees , i filmed 7 different solitary bee parasites . there are several suspects that killed the bee larva , though some can be eliminated from the investigation !
the gruesome looking mandibles drop off after the ‘deed’ is done as they would prove almost useless when eating the nectar / pollen mixture . it therefore gets rid of the evidence ! the lava becomes ‘unarmed’ once again , finishing its development inside the leafcutter bee cell . a leafcutter bee larva mandibles could not be used to kill another larva . they are better equipped to eat and drink the pollen / nectar mix , which contains much more fluid nectar than that of a red mason bee cell .
an extremely useful resource supports this book by a special web site feature within steve falk’s flickr web site which furnishes extra photos and other useful resources to assist with identification .
hi , i have found a cigar shaped “nest” about 6 inches long , stuck up underneath my garden parasol . half of it fell down when i opened the umbrella and i have had to take the other bit down . will the bee return to it if i just put it in a box underneath the umbrella or what shall i do with it ? put it in the shed or something ? does it need to hang upside down ?
aw shame ! she will not find them now . keep it level if possible and try not to move it too much as the eggs / larvae are very delicate . keep in a warm place out of sun . then leave them there ! if they are still alive contact me in october for more info ! hth george
hi i bought a red mason bee nest box , it looks like the mason bee hasn’t had a good year but i have evidence of a leafcutter bee and living larvae . i need to remove them so i can reuse the tubes nxt year . there are also nectar packages along with larvae . i have placed them in a small tin together with nectar , will they find their way to it ? these may seem silly questions but i’m not all clued up on bees at the moment . thanks
anna , i have seen your photos . leave the bees inside the paper tubes and do not open any more cells exposing the larvae . put them in a mouse proof container inside an outdoor shed etc then contact me in the spring . hth cheers , george ps you need a much better bee home !
i have a bee house and have 7 off sealed tubed . however today i have noticed 2 of them seem to have been opened . do any solitary bees hatch the same year as sealed up . or has some predatory pest opened them up to get at the larva .
hi joseph , difficult to say , as i have had several over the years and the small hole has usually been in the middle of the mud wall and the larvae have been fine in some cases and predates in others . i don’t know the design of your box which may make it difficult to see into the tubes… . i can see in all of mine which helps 😊
hi , i have a fairly young bird of paradise plant which i recently put outside to get some summer sun . then today i noticed a leaf cutter bee taking leaves into a hole she’d burrowed into the soil in the pot . as this is an indoor plant sooner or later it should come back indoors but i don’t want to have the bees hatching out indoors . i think the plant will be ok in the greenhouse over winter but will this be ok for the bees ? when do they normally hatch out by the way ? thanks for your help . alyson
the bees wont hatch until next year so hopefully the green house should be fine . cheers , george
hi george i have several leaf cutter bees in my nest box this year . is there anything i can do to help them hatch successfully . i know with mason bees people harvest the cocoons , but what about leafcutters ?
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genus , there are approximately 46 speces . the common name
cuckoo bee
is typically used for any bee species that lays its eggs in the nests of other bees . these bees are known as cleptoparasites , where the cuckoo bee larvae kill the host larvae and feed on the provisions ( pollen and nectar ) provided by the host bee .
cuckoo bees are common in the summer months ; in central minnesota i typically see them from june until october . both males and females can be observed visiting flowers for nectar and females looking for , or waiting to enter a host ' s nest . these cuckoo bees lay their eggs in the nests of leafcutter bees ,
a female cuckoo bee watches for the female leafcutter bee to exit the nest in the rock cavity .
the cuckoo bee flies closer to the entrance anticipating the exit of the host bee .
bees actively look for a host ' s nest . once a nest is found , the female cuckoo bee waits until the host bee leaves the nest to collect provisions . with a short window of opportunity , the cuckoo bee slips in the empty nest and looks for a fully provisioned brood cell to lay its eggs in .
the host leafcutter bee , megachile sp . enters the nest in the rock cavity carrying a piece of leaf to line or cap the brood cell .
females have a sharply tapered or triangular - shaped abdomen . this acute point on the end of the abdomen is used to pierce through the layers of leaf pieces that line the brood cells of their host , leafcutter bees . the egg ( s ) is laid within the layers of leaves , or underneath the pollen mass hidden from sight in case the host leafcutter bee is still in the process of provisioning the nest . the cuckoo bee eggs are often different in size or appearance which may be another reason why the cuckoo bee hides the eggs .
the large sickle - like mandibles that the cuckoo bee larvae use to kill its siblings and host larva . illustration from : michener , c . d . ( 2000 ) . the bees of the world ( vol . 1 ) . jhu press .
the menacing part of this cleptoparasitic life cycle occurs after the cuckoo bee larva has hatched and begins to develop . the larva develops large sickle - shaped mandibles that are directed forward ( instead of downward ) to prepare to kill the host egg or young host larva . by the third or fourth instar , the
larva has killed any sibling larvae and the host . it now has an empty brood cell stocked with pollen and nectar provisions to feed on and develop .
the timing of adult emergence of cuckoo bees is very critical ; there is a short window of opportunity to overlap the timing of the host ' s adult emergence .
spp . have been documented emerging slightly earlier or around the same time as their host . a larvae will often develop into an adult the same year as the nest is constructed and more female cuckoo bees are produced earlier in the season .
a female cuckoo bee perches on foliage low to the ground watching for a leafcutter bee to emerge from a nest in the ground .
i regularly speak to garden , landscaping and native plant groups in the midwest and great lakes area .
@ 2015 heather holm | restoring the landscape with native plants | . simple theme . powered by blogger .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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global environmental change threatens biodiversity , species persistence and distributions as well as antagonistic and mutualistic interactions ( barlow et al .
) . in the tropics , ongoing deforestation results in a mosaic of forest fragments distributed between pastures and plantations ( vitousek et al .
) . habitat fragmentation is a major threat to biodiversity ( davies et al .
) and to disruption of trophic interactions , e . g . , predation and parasitism . the remaining forest fragments are influenced by edge effects because of the new matrix . edge effects in turn are known to change both the microclimate and the biotic communities ( laurance et al .
) , since their coverage is expanding while that of continuous primary forest habitat is limited , and they enhance landscape connectivity ( barlow et al .
) . however , studies along a fragmentation gradient of small secondary forest remnants are lacking .
most studies investigating whole communities of trap - nesting bees with large sample sizes in tropical countries have been done in agro - ecosystems or along land - use gradients ( klein et al .
) . none of the studies investigated a fragmentation gradient that included different tree locations in order to measure edge effects of secondary forest remnants , which is important due to their potential for conservation and maintenance of ecosystem services for agricultural areas ( klein et al .
) , materials for nest construction such as mud and plant materials ( wood chips , resin , leaves , oil ) ( taki et al .
) especially in the canopy . trap nests are well suited for gaining information on biodiversity , abundance , and community parameters such as mortality and parasitism rates ( tscharntke et al .
) . higher trophic levels are more affected by habitat modification ( valladares et al .
) because their interactions are more sensitive to phenology , behavior , physiology , and abundances of multiple species ( suttle et al .
this study investigated the vertical distribution of bee communities , single species patterns , and community parameters along a fragmentation gradient including locations at different distances from the forest border of small secondary forests in the sarapiquí region in costa rica . we hypothesized that larger fragments would contain a more species - rich and abundant bee community that would sustain a more abundant and diverse community of antagonists and therefore higher parasitism rates . we also expected lower mortality rates in larger fragments because of a higher variety of microhabitats and more natural microclimatic conditions . we expected a higher abundance and species diversity in the canopy and at the forest edge , although individual species may respond differently . we assumed that mortality rates would be lower in the forest center compared to the edge and that the rate would not respond to different heights , because this would be species dependent . concerning the parasitism rate of
species and their cuckoo bees , we expected that cleptoparasites would be more affected by fragmentation due to their sensitivity to environmental changes and their higher trophic level ( holt et al .
this study was conducted in lowland rainforest fragments in the sarapiquí region in northeastern costa rica during a 1 - year period , between february 2011 and february 2012 . to test for the effects of fragment size , we selected 12 differently sized secondary forest fragments ( 0 . 9–16 . 62 ha ) with no recent management activities and with at least a 2 - km distance between each . to minimize the influence of landscape and of foraging bees , every fragment had a similar landscape context with a forest cover of approximately 30 % forest cover and 70 % coverage of plantation ( banana , pineapple , ornamental plants ) or pasture in a 2 - km radius .
in each of the 12 fragments , three trees , one in the forest fragment center , one at an intermediate distance , and one at the forest edge , were selected along a transect line to measure the influence of edge effects . we selected trees with a low and comparable vine cover . none of the selected trees flowered during the study period , and there was no mass flowering observed in the direct neighborhood . overstory density increased from the edge to the center of forest fragments , but not with fragment size .
we also did not include % cover of understory in our analysis , because it is significantly negatively related to the fragment size and also to the forest interior . at each tree , three packages of three trap nests were placed at three heights ( 2 , 10 , and 20 m ) , amounting to 27 trap nests per fragment . trap nests consisted of a pvc tube filled with different diameters of about 120 reed internodes (
) , were collected and replaced by empty internodes of similar diameters . in the lab , nests were opened and identified to morpho - species ; living , dead , and parasitized cells were counted in order to calculate number of brood cells and the mortality and parasitism rates . only cells containing bees that died of unknown causes , most likely due to mold or other pathogenic microbiota ( keller et al .
) , were included in the mortality rate . the nests were then placed in pieces of transparent plastic tube and closed with cotton at both ends . after emergence , adults were killed for later identification to species or morpho - species level .
the shannon index and the incidence - based coverage estimator ( ice ) were calculated with the software estimates ( vs . win 910 , 2014 ) .
for the variables ( 1 ) number of brood cells , ( 2 ) parasitism rate , ( 3 ) mortality rate , ( 4 ) raw species richness , ( 5 ) mean ice , and ( 6 ) shannon index , we calculated linear mixed effect models containing all interactions of size , location , and height with the statistical program r ( r development core team vs r 3 . 0 . 3 ) . the number of brood cells was analyzed with a poisson model , whereas the mortality and parasitism rates were analyzed with a binomial model and the species diversity measures with a gaussian model ( crawley
) . to account for the nested design , the random term “fragment” was included . where necessary , an overdispersion correction term was included in the final models . during model selection , we also tested for the effects of overstory density on abundance , diversity and parasitism , and mortality rate . since it never was one of the most important factors and was related to tree location , we did not include this factor in our final models .
cells of all brood cells , and ( 3 ) percentage parasitism per fragment were analyzed with linear models . the same procedure was chosen to analyze the preferences of individual species with sufficient sample size with respect to fragment size , tree location , and height . the best models were chosen according to the lowest aic ( burnham and anderson
we found a total of 2340 brood cells of 16 different bee species , comprising 10 non - parasitic and 6 parasitic bee species . fragment size alone had no impact on the response variables ( table
) . location ( tree 1 at the forest edge , tree 2 at an intermediate distance , tree 3 at the forest center ) and height ( 2 , 10 , and 20 m ) had significant effects on the response variables .
effects of fragment size , tree location , and height on bee abundance , parasitism and mortality rates , species richness , ice , and shannon diversity index .
fragment size did not affect species diversity calculated per fragment ( species richness : p = 0 . 112 ; ice : p = 0 . 256 ; shannon : p = 0 . 09 ) . the percentage of the most abundant genus and the parasitism rates calculated per fragment did not respond to fragment size ( % centris : p = 0 . 25037 ; parasitism rate : p = 0 . 835090 ) .
vertical distribution of bee abundance ( * * * p < 0 . 001 , height in meters ) .
< 0 . 001 for 20 m at the intermediate tree , and 10 - and 20 - m heights for the inner tree ) .
vertical distribution of species diversity with a the estimator ice and b shannon diversity index ( * * * p < 0 . 001 , height in meters ) .
vertical distribution of the abundance of individual species ( * * * p < 0 . 001 ; * * p < 0 . 01 ; * p < 0 . 05 , height in meters ) .
) , but species diversity was higher in the forest center compared to the forest edge . all three diversity variables ( raw species diversity , ice , and shannon index ) responded positively to the forest center ( observed species richness :
edge effects on species diversity with a the estimator ice and b shannon diversity index ( * * * p < 0 . 001 ; * p < 0 . 05 ; tree 1 at the forest border , tree 2 at intermediate distance , and tree 3 in the forest center ) .
most species preferred forest conditions , but individual species responded differently . we found that
edge effects on the abundance of individual species ( * * * p < 0 . 001 ; * * p < 0 . 01 ; * p < 0 . 05 ; tree 1 at the forest border , tree 2 at intermediate distance , and tree 3 in the forest center ) .
a mortality rate in relation to different heights ( 2 , 10 , 20 m ) . b parasitism rate of centris and their cuckoo bees in relation to different locations in the forest ( tree 1 at the forest border , tree 2 at intermediate distance , and tree 3 in the forest center ; * p < 0 . 05 ) .
contrary to our expectations , fragment size had no effect on bee diversity . previous studies in tropical systems relating bee diversity to size have revealed variable results , some showing an increase in diversity with size ( chacoff and aizen
) and others finding no relationships between fragment size and diversity ( brosi et al .
) . this variability could be due to many factors , since little is known about the nesting behavior of bees in tropical forests . the presence or absence of specific tree species , occurrence of natural nesting sites , and food availability ( tscharntke et al .
) among other factors can affect bee species diversity unrelated to fragment size . however , our small - sized fragments appear to offer nesting opportunities and food resources for bees since we found similar species numbers as morato and campos (
) in large amazonian fragments . possibly size would have had a significant impact if we had included larger fragments , since the latter contain more tall dead trees with nesting sites for bees ( didham and lawton
in small fragments , there is often a dominance of few abundant species ( laurance et al .
) , but parasitism rates did not respond to fragment size . fragments in our size range seem to provide sufficient hosts , but further research is needed to see whether a size effect would occur when larger fragments or primary forest are included .
was abundant in the understory and the canopy . however , none of the species preferred the intermediate height of 10 m . the reasons for strata preference could be microclimate and natural nesting availabilities ( morato
species richness declined with height , which was opposite to the trends of the ice and the shannon index . the latter two variables are more sensitive for changes in community structure since they include species numbers and abundance data and because of their better suitability for greater numbers of rare species ( pianka
species and their related cleptoparasites mainly occurred at the 2 - m height , whereas all other species were less abundant and mainly occurred at other heights . we conclude that species diversity of trap - nesting bees was higher at the canopy level . the abundant species in the understory can be considered rainforest specialists , e . g . ,
) , whereas the majority of bees preferred the sunny dry conditions in the canopy . moreover , bee pollination is especially predominant in the canopy of tropical lowland forest ( bawa et al .
) , so nesting closer to their food resources might be more attractive . our results suggest that the canopy preference could also be due to the lower mortality rate and the lower risk of being parasitized . previous studies investigating the vertical distribution of trap nesting bee communities in tropical rainforest found a canopy preference by bees in primary forest and large fragments ( morato
) like we did in small secondary forest remnants . therefore , it is important to monitor bees and other insects at the canopy level .
species diversity at 10 and 20 m was lower in larger compared to smaller fragments and at the forest fragment center at 10 and 20 m , which can be explained through our study design . ten and 20 m have different microclimatic conditions depending on forest structure since canopy height is lower in smaller fragments and at the edge ( didham and lawton
) . the trap nests at 20 m at the edge and in smaller fragments were more sun exposed than those in larger fragments or in the forest center , where there are taller trees , resulting in more humid conditions , which affects nesting success . bees also find more natural nesting sites in larger fragments and the forest center , which could result in a lower colonization probability of trap nests ( viana et al .
total bee abundance did not vary from edge to center due to opposing preferences of individual species .
preferred the forest edge . this suggests that single species responses can be more informative than aggregated abundance and richness data in tropical forest remnants ( nemésio and silveira
) , and species - based analyses can help to understand contradictory responses to habitat fragmentation in the tropics .
) . with ongoing deforestation and fragmentation and the resulting increase of edge conditions , aboveground nesting solitary bees could become more threatened in the future .
the lower ice estimates at the inner trees in larger fragments could be the result of more available natural nesting cavities inside larger fragments with taller trees and a higher amount of dead trees . the availability of natural nesting sites is known to affect nesting frequency in trap nests ( viana et al .
most study species preferred the forest center , but a few species preferred edge conditions , e . g . ,
) . these two species seem to be better adapted to tolerate steeper temperature and humidity fluctuations and will probably profit from ongoing fragmentation and increased edge conditions . morato and campos (
) also found that despite an overall preference for continuous forest and natural gaps , some species preferred disturbed habitats and deforested areas . with respect to the effects on pollination , we conclude that small forest fragments can help to sustain bee communities and to stabilize pollination services , which has been shown for stingless bees ( brosi et al .
) . however , further fragmentation leading to an even greater increase in edge conditions will negatively affect trap - nesting bees .
mortality rates tended to increase in larger fragments which is probably due to higher humidity that results in a higher fungal infestation rate of nests ( personal observation ) . however , larger fragments contain more tall trees ( didham and lawton
) , so that larger fragments may be more suitable for some of the scarcer species . tree location did not affect mortality rates , because of the preferences of individual species . species probably prefer certain locations due to their advantage in survival , which is dependent on individual species traits ( nemésio and silveira
the most interesting pattern was the significantly lower mortality in the canopy . most studied bee species preferred the canopy ( morato
) , probably because it provides better conditions for survival as shown in our data . it is possible that the drier sunnier conditions in the canopy help to reduce infestations by fungi . it is also probably easier for bees to find nectar and pollen resources in the canopy ( bawa


daliapour ( 10 march 1996 – august 2015 ) is an irish-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

in a racing career which lasted from july 1998 until november 2002 he competed in seven different countries , running 26 times and winning seven races .

the horse was bred by aga khan iv who owned him before selling him to robert ng in late 2000 .

he was originally trained by luca cumani before moving to michael stoute 's stable in 2000 .

he was trained in hong kong by ivan allan for a few months in early 2001 before returning to stoute for the remainder of his racing career .

daliapour showed promise as a two-year-old by winning the autumn stakes and was a top-class performer at three , winning the blue riband trial stakes and finishing second in both the epsom derby and the irish derby .

daliapour reached his peak as a four-year-old in 2000 when he won the ormonde stakes , coronation cup and hong kong vase .

he failed to win as a five-year-old but showed some good form over longer distances at six , recording his last win in the 2002 curragh cup .

after his retirement from racing he stood as a breeding stallion in france and australia with limited success .

daliapour died in august 2015 as a result of laminitis .

daliapour

jarvis had no hesitation in naming daliapour as
the dark horse
and saeed said he thought vinnie roe and daliapour would be hard to beat .
daliapour winning the gr 1 hong kong vase in the colours of robert ng .
johnny murtagh puts daliapour through his paces during an early morning gallop at . . .
the race went like clockwork , with daliapour nicely placed just behind the front runner .
daliapour ( c . by sadler ' s wells ) . 7 wins . see below .
daliapour ( ire ) has been put down after battling laminitis at rosemont stud . he was 20 .
michael kinane , who won the 1993 melbourne cup on vintage crop , arrives in melbourne today to ride daliapour .
this time daliapour was to run in the red and purple silk s of his new owner , robert ng .
daliapour ’s career has had its ups and downs , triumph and injury following each other , and it spans the globe .
stoute said yesterday he was
happy with daliapour ' s demeanour
since the seven - year - old arrived in melbourne .
.
there will be some friendly rivalry between us when daliapour takes on ivan ' s indigenous and oriental express on sunday .
yesterday , weld ' s respect for daliapour was echoed by jarvis , who trains jardines lookout , and godolphin ' s saeed bin suroor .
he plans to give daliapour some rest after the vase and point him toward the dubai sheema classic on the dubai world cup card in march .
other overseas gallopers who could come to melbourne include daliapour , moon emperor and give notice but the japanese entries may miss because of quarantine problems .
daliapour was yesterday reported to be lame in his nearside foreleg following his unplaced effort behind silvano in sunday ' s audemars piguet queen elizabeth ii cup .
daliapour ‘s merits are comparatively rare ( in flat - racing circles ) with elements of proven genuine toughness and endurance for racing at the highest level .
daliapour is a blue - blood , with both sadlers wells and doyoun in his pedigree giving him his looks as well as his speed and stamina .
michael kinane ( daliapour ) and noel harris ( hail ) will both wear a red cap , which has been victorious in a record 29 cups .
2000 montjeu 4 - 9 - 7 john hammond fr michael kinane michael tabor 1 / 3 f fantastic light daliapour 2 . 29 . 98 435 , 000
beekeeper did next best of the international raiding party after hatha anna , pugin and daliapour , who all raced towards the front early , faded in the stretch .
rival international trainers have all named english stayer daliapour as one of the main dangers to their own hopes in tomorrow ' s $ 4 million melbourne cup at flemington .
when he arrived in melbourne last week , stoute laughed off dermot weld ' s naming of daliapour as his main danger in the cup as nothing more than an irish joke .
daliapour almost reached the pinnacle in his three - year - old year , finishing runner - up behind oath in the english derby and arc winner montjeu in the irish equivalent .
weld said that while
we respect the local horses
, he considered godolphin ' s pugin was
very well handicapped
and daliapour was the best value in the field .
johnny murtagh puts daliapour through his paces during an early morning gallop at sha tin racecourse prior to running in the hong kong vase to be run on sunday . mandatory credit : julian herbert / allsport
what ' s more , five sons of sadler ' s wells - blue stag , king ' s theatre , tamure , dushyantor and daliapour - have been narrowly beaten runners - up in the premier race .
the hong kong - owned daliapour , who will join tony mcevoy ' s stable at flemington to race next autumn before being retired to stud in australia , has had less publicity than any of other international visitors .
daliapour ( sadler´s wells – dalara by doyoun ) resumed as a four year - old to win the g1 coronation cup at royal ascot and finished the season with a group 1 on the road in the hong kong vase .
retired to haras des chartreux , daliapour was a dual - purpose stallion before relocating to australia . he stood for a $ 3 , 000 fee at rosemont and his first southern crop are new - season three year - olds .
vodafone coronation cup ( eng - i ) winner daliapour has been sold to hong kong - based robert ng and will race in the colors of his new owner in the honk kong international vase on sunday , dec . 17 ,
fantastic light was then returned to england for a summer campaign . in the coronation cup at epsom in june he finished second to daliapour and then came fifth of the eight runners behind giant ' s causeway in the eclipse stakes . he was then sent to ascot for the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes , where he finished second , reversing the epsom form with daliapour , but having no chance [ 15 ] against the favourite montjeu . [ 16 ]
although daliapour , trained by sir michael stoute , is a $ 41 chance in latest markets , he is the
dark horse
for this year ' s cup , according to saeed bin suroor , alan jarvis and dermot weld .
only the japanese raider air shakur , runner - up in his
home
derby in tokyo , carries the hopes of the three - year - olds ; raypour , the only colt of that age from europe , is pacemaker for daliapour .
aside from the coronation cup win , daliapour has been more of a bridesmaid in prestigious events when racing for the aga khan . as a 3 - year - old he finished second to montjeu in the budweiser irish derby ( ire - i ) and oath in the vodafone epsom derby ( eng - i ) . since defeating fantastic light in the coronation cup in june , daliapour has finished third in both the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes ( eng - i ) and canadian international stakes ( can - i ) as well as a fourth - place finish in the mercedes benz - grosser preis von baden ( ger - i ) . daliapour has won five of 14 career starts and earned $ 1 , 247 , 398 .
this year ' s iaws curragh cup first and second , daliapour and boreas , could do battle again , while the former ' s trainer sir michael stoute has also entered cover up , winner of this year ' s queen alexandra stakes at royal ascot .
a club statement said yesterday : ' the veterinary surgeon , dr w . h . chan , has reported that he examined daliapour and noted the horse was lame in its nearside front leg . dr chan has established the lameness was originating from around the nearside knee . he performed an x - ray and this did not reveal any bone damage to the knee . before being allowed to race again , daliapour will be required to perform satisfactorily in an official barrier trial and will be subjected to an official veterinary examination . '
after arriving in melbourne late on thursday , stoute , who will saddle the six - year - old daliapour in the big race , immediately went to flemington to check the going on the track , which he rated as fast .
a little help from mother nature would suit me ,
stoute said .
this will be a new experience for daliapour . he hasn ' t raced this far before , but he is well and i think he ' ll handle the day . we ' ve had this in mind for a while .
stoute has succeeded twice from 17 attempts at the hkir , with soviet line in the 1994 hong kong international bowl ( 1400m ) , the fore - runner to today’s hk $ 23 million longines hong kong mile , and daliapour in the 2000 edition of the hong kong vase .
daliapour ( ire ) b . h , 1996 { 13 - c } dp = 6 - 2 - 20 - 10 - 0 ( 38 ) di = 0 . 90 cd = 0 . 11 - 26 starts , 7 wins , 3 places , 4 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 591 , 209
2000 - 12 - 17 daliapour ‘s cosy win vindicated his purchase from the aga khan only weeks earlier by robert ng chee - siong , the singapore an property tycoon . trained by sir michael stoute , he was ridden by johnny murtagh to cap a memorable year for the jockey when he won 12 gr . 1 races worldwide .
in 2009 tinkler outbid sea the stars’s owner the tsui family for sugar free , a 540 , 000gns group 3 - placed daughter of oasis dream who is in foal to sea the stars . two years earlier he splashed out €570 , 000 on dalasyla , a half - sister to group 1 winner and derby runner - up daliapour .
last week , daliapour produced yet another hurdle winner in england in sendali , who was successful in a class 3 contest at catterick . the level of the race is unimportant , but this success from one of his first crop born in 2004 is symptomatic of his progeny : he produces numerous winners at all levels and under both codes . daliapour is out of gr 2 prix de royallieu scorer dalara , a doyoun half - sister to darshaan and darara who is the dam of dar re mi . there is only one other member of this family standing at stud in france , puit d ' or at the haras de la rousslière . he represents the same cross , being another son of sadler ' s wells and a sister of darshaan .
dermot weld , winner of the race in 1993 with vintage crop , believes daliapour could pose a big threat to his two runners , vinnie roe and media puzzle .
for a horse that has run second in a derby , trained by a man like sir michael and ridden by michael kinane i think he is seriously good value at 33 - 1 ,
weld said .
i think he is an interesting addition and hope he gets some decent mares as he should add to our staying stock . not sure if you were being serious brad or having a dig at the other thread with byron regarding sw - darshaan . but daliapour ' s female line is extremely strong and is the female line of darshaan but also the female line of rewilding , dar re mi and even ranvet stakes winner darazari .
the arrival of irish raiders daliapour and jardine ' s lookout - along with the latter ' s faithful companion , a shetland pony named henry - has disrupted the melbourne cup preparation of media puzzle . the trio arrived in melbourne yesterday morning after spending 35 hours in transit on a commercial flight , which wasn ' t the case for the godolphin team . godolphin ' s aristocrats , led by cox plate heavyweight grandera and caulfield cup contender beekeeper , flew into melbourne a couple of weeks ago on a private jumbo with travel time from europe little more than 20 hours . daliapour and jardine ' s lookout are here for the melbourne cup and the pair entered the sandown quarantine centre yesterday , which means no horse in the compound can leave . media puzzle - which is prepared by melbourne cup - winning irish trainer dermot weld , who also has the race favourite vinnie roe stationed at sandown - was due to gallop at flemington today .
he may have looked a bit vulnerable going to the last but the step - up to two and a half miles done aupcharlie the world of good . the son of daliapour stayed on really well under andrew lynch from the back of the last where whispering hills wasn ' t as fluent . aupcharlie then crossed the line three and a quarter lengths to the good from whispering hills in the i . t . b . a . expo 2012 maiden hurdle at leopardstown .
this leaves a collection of honest pattern - race performers , headed by the admirable daliapour , a last - start winner of the coronation cup at epsom last month , and fantastic light , who was given little assistance from the saddle when runner - up in the same race . the latter has since finished fifth to giant ' s causeway in the coral - eclipse stakes at sandown . beat all backs up quickly after being touched off in the scottish classic at ayr .
trained like his father before him by andreas wohler , silvano improved again as a four - year - old . wohler did not race him frequently . a gr2 win over 2200m at baden - baden ( over the subsequent gr1 winner catella ) proved to be the best of his runs in germany in 2000 , which earned him a call - up for the hong kong international meeting at the end of the year , where he ran a good fifth of 13 behind daliapour in the vase .
despite his defeat , montjeu was made 7 / 5 favourite for the prix du jockey club at chantilly on 6 june . asmussen held the colt up at the rear of the field before making his challenge in the straight . he took the lead 400 m from the finish and drew away from his opponents to win by four lengths from nowhere to exit , with gracioso finishing nine lengths further back in sixth . three weeks later , montjeu was sent to the curragh for the irish derby where his main rivals appeared to be the english - trained colts daliapour and beat all who had finished second and third respectively in the derby . as at chantilly , montjeu was held up in the early running before moving smoothly through to dispute the lead in the straight . he took the lead a furlong from the finish and pulled clear to win by five lengths from daliapour in
impressive
style . [ 7 ] after the race , asmussen claimed that he had
five kilos in hand
. [ 8 ]
despite his defeat , montjeu was made 7 / 5 favourite for the prix du jockey club at chantilly on 6 june . asmussen held the colt up at the rear of the field before making his challenge in the straight . he took the lead 400 m from the finish and drew away from his opponents to win by four lengths from nowhere to exit , with gracioso finishing nine lengths further back in sixth . three weeks later , montjeu was sent to the curragh for the irish derby where his main rivals appeared to be the english - trained colts daliapour and beat all who had finished second and third respectively in the epsom derby . as at chantilly , montjeu was held up in the early running before moving smoothly through to dispute the lead in the straight . he took the lead a furlong from the finish and pulled clear to win by five lengths from daliapour in
impressive
style . [ 7 ] after the race , asmussen claimed that he had
five kilos in hand
. [ 8 ]
trainer sir michael stoute and jockey ryan moore will team up again , this time with lightly - raced cannock chase ( pp2 , 7 - 2 ) a four - year - old kentucky - bred group 3 - winning son of lemon drop kid . last year , they won the pattison with favoured hillstar . stoute also took the 1996 international with champion singspiel , along with two second - place finishes ( shardari in 1986 , ask in 2007 ) and one third ( daliapour , 2000 ) while moore scored aboard joshua tree in 2013 .
a half - brother to three other winners including the six - time french flat winner belamage ( daliapour ) and the winning french hurdler gaone ( sagacity ) out of the french ten - furlong winner phemyka ( saint estephe ) , a half - sister to the unraced dam of the dual italian listed - winning hurdler satwa duke ( munir ) , min hails from the family of the dual grade three - winning jumper stormez as well the 2006 group one irish 1000 guineas winner nightime and 2005 grade one sword dancer invitational stakes winner king ' s drama .
his size never prevented daliapour from producing numerous winners . in 2009 , france sire ' s figures show him to have produced the winners or black - type placed horses in 34 different races , putting him in 33rd place alongside useful sires such as network , della francesca or fragrant mix . he took two pattern places thanks to bassel on the flat and peak rythm over jumps . in 2008 , his daughter la grande dame won the gr 3 prix pierre de lassus and finished a neck secon to the champion questarabad in the gr 1 prix renaud du vivier hurdle .
daliapour was an excellent racehorse . unluckily , he came across the little - known oath and then the well - known montjeu in the epsom and irish derbies , in which he finished runner - up . he finally won his gr 1 at 4yo in the coronation cup then the hong kong vase . he remained in hong kong where he was fortunately not castrated , but he did not flourish there and returned to europe at 6yo to win another gr 1 . he is tough , but rather diminutive , and is advertised as 15 . 2 1 / 2 hh , with a good pair of shoes !
born in barbados on october 22 , 1945 , stoute moved to england aged 20 and was licensed to train in 1972 . he was crowned britain’s champion trainer for the ninth time this year , his first back - to - back titles . has won a phenomenal 129 gr . 1 titles , including three breeders ' cup , four epsom derbies , two japan cups , a dubai world cup and even a champion hurdle at cheltenham . the most famous of his stars remains the ill - fated shergar . in hong kong he won the vase in 2000 with daliapour and the international bowl in 1994 with soviet line .
the aga khan - bred darshaan ( 1981 - 2001 ) , who won the 1984 french derby from sadler’s wells and rainbow quest , traces to celebrated boussac mare tourzima ( 13c by tourbillon ) , who the aga khan described as boussac’s “rock” , “just as mumtaz mahal was for my grandfather” . several of tourzima’s daughters became great producers . french derby winner and sire acamas and arc winner akiyda , descend from gloriana , by pharis ; gloriana’s sister , the irish oaks and french 1000 guineas winner corejada , is the dam of french oaks winner appolonia , while another sister , the criterium de maisons - laffitte winner albanilla , is the fourth dam of darshaan , darara and dalara ( dam of daliapour ) .
the aga khan - bred darshaan ( 1981 - 2001 ) , who won the 1984 french derby from sadler’s wells and rainbow quest , traces to celebrated boussac mare tourzima ( 13c by tourbillon ) , who the aga khan described as boussac’s “rock” , “just as mumtaz mahal was for my grandfather” . several of tourzima’s daughters became great producers . french derby winner and sire acamas and arc winner akiyda , descend from gloriana , by pharis ; gloriana’s sister , the irish oaks and french 1000 guineas winner corejada , is the dam of french oaks winner appolonia ; while another sister , the criterium de maisons - laffitte winner albanilla , is the fourth dam of darshaan , darara and dalara ( dam of daliapour , a multiple gr . 1 winner by sadler’s wells who is now on the roster at rosemount stud in victoria ) .
daliapour ( 96c , doyoun , abdos ) . 7 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1600m to 2800m , £693 , 539 , €47 , 999 , us $ 165 , 000 , 100 , 000dm . , hk $ 6 , 365 , 880 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , hong kong vase , gr . 1 , curragh cup , gr . 3 , chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 , ascot autumn s . , l , epsom blue riband trial s . , 2d the derby , gr . 1 , irish derby , gr . 1 , lingfield derby trial s . , gr . 3 , 3d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 , newbury haynes , hanson & clark 2yo conditions s . , 4th grosser preis von baden , gr . 1 , newbury geoffrey freer s . , gr . 2 , chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 .
background : sir michael stoute moved to england from barbados aged 19 and was licensed to train in 1972 . he has been crowned britain ' s champion trainer 10 times ( 1981 , 1986 , 1989 , 1994 , 1997 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 ) . his g1 wins include four in the breeders ' cup turf , 15 english classics including five in the derby , two japan cups , a dubai world cup and even a champion hurdle . the most famous of his stars remains the ill - fated shergar , but he has trained numerous international champions , including dubai world cup and japan cup winner singspiel and breeders ' cup turf winner pilsudski . in 2008 he finally completed his set of all five english classics when subsequent dual breeders ' cup turf winner , conduit , landed the st leger . in 2013 he saddled the queen ' s estimate to give the british monarch her first g1 ascot gold cup win . ulysses won two g1s in 2017 to earn the title of europe ' s champion older horse . hkir wins ( 2 ) : hong kong international bowl ( 1994 soviet line ) ; hong kong vase ( 2000 daliapour ) . hong kong wins : 2
the hh aga khan bred colt was an 8 length winner of the autumn 2yo stakes at ascot in october 1998 and returned the following year for seconds in the g1 english derby ( beaten by oath ) and irish derby ( beaten 5 lengths by montjeu ) .
he was retired by his owner , mr robert ng of hong kong , following an unplaced run behind media puzzle in the 2002 melbourne cup .
his first runner in australia ( and only runner at this stage ) was the matt laurie - trained return to justice which has had two unplaced starts at cranbourne .
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the ivan allan - trained horse , who finished sixth in the group one event , had been at the centre of a minor injury scare four days before the race because of concerns over the same leg but he was eventually given the all - clear .
gary ng ting - keung ' s billion win , who finished last in the queen ' s silver jubilee cup on sunday , was found to be lame in its nearside hind leg and will have to pass the same tests before being allowed to race again .
actress shu qi splashes out us $ 16 . 2 million for luxury mid - levels home
reports . following the race the son of sadler ' s wells will switch from the barn of sir michael stoute to trainer ivan allan , the report says .
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despite his small size , this nephew of darshaan is a serious stallion under both codes from his base at alain brandebourger ' s haras des chartreux .
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he ' s enjoying the environment ( at sandown ) ,
stoute said and although the horse would need luck in running from barrier one ,
he ' s better value than the england cricket team
.
for his part , stoute said :
i ' m a vinnie roe fan because of the dermot magic .
saeed said that while pugin was the highest - rated of his trio , he considered beekeeper had made a lot of improvement .
he looks really different from when i last saw him ,
he said .
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breeder : hh aga khan winnings : 26 starts : 7 - 3 - 4 , $ 1 , 591 , 209 1st : coronation cup ( eng - g1 ) , hong kong vase gr . 1 ( hk ) , ormonde s . ( eng - g3 ) , curragh cup ( ire - g3 ) 2800m , autumn s . lr ( gb ) . 2nd derby s . ( eng - g1 ) , irish derby ( ire - g1 ) , derby trial s . gr . 3 ( gb ) . 3rd canadian international gr . 1 ( can ) , king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . gr . 1 ( gb ) . stallion at haras des chartreux , fr fee : ? 4 . 500 ( close )
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please note : all horse information is calculated since 1979 - 80 racing season .
copyright © 2000 - 2017 the hong kong jockey club . all rights reserved .
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sadler ' s wells ( usa ) b . 1981 gw 6 wins f : 2140 r : 1678 w : 1082 sw : 291
dalara ( ire ) b . or br . 1991 gw 3 wins f : 9 r : 8 w : 4 sw : 2
( in great britain , ireland , u . s . a . , germany , australia , hong kong , u . a . e . )
ascot autumn s . , l ( 1m beating boatman and stormy skye ) chepstow romeo 2yo maiden s . ( 1m )
epsom blue riband trial s . ( 1¼m ) 2d the derby , gr . 1 ( 1½m to oath and beating beat all ) irish derby , gr . 1 ( 1½m to montjeu and beating tchaikovsky ) lingfield derby trial s . , gr . 3 ( 11½f to lucido and beating royal rebel )
epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 ( 1½m beating fantastic light and border arrow ) hong kong vase , gr . 1 ( 2400m beating ela athena and caitano ) chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 ( 13f beating life is life and danish rhapsody ) 3d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 ( 1½m to montjeu and fantastic light ) woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 ( 1½m to mutafaweq and williams news ) 4th grosser preis von baden , gr . 1 ( 2400m )
curragh cup , gr . 3 ( 1¾m beating boreas and quality team ) 4th newbury geoffrey freer s . , gr . 2 ( 13¼f ) chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 ( 13½f )
sadler ' s wells top of the 1984 french 3yo free h . ( 1300m - 2100m ) . 6 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1¼m , £461 , 963 , us $ 45 , 960 , irish two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , phoenix champion s . , gr . 1 , sandown eclipse s . , gr . 1 , curragh beresford s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 2 , 2d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth s . , gr . 1 , chantilly prix du jockey club , gr . 1 , curragh gladness s . , l , 4th york benson & hedges gold cup , gr . 1 . he entered stud in ireland in 1985 . champion gb / ire . sire 14 times . champion usa sire ( aei ) 3 times . champion french sire twice . champion french sire ( aei ) twice . champion gb / ire . sire of 2yos 3 times . champion gb / ire . broodmare sire 7 times . champion french broodmare sire 4 times . champion usa broodmare sire . champion spain broodmare sire . sire of 1749 progeny to race , 1206 winners ( 68 . 0 % ) earnings of over $ 228 million , 294 stakes winners , 192 stakes placegetters , inc .
yeats ( 01c , top ville , sparkler ) . 15 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1600m to 4000m , £807 , 108 , €782 , 096 , us $ 337 , a $ 110 , 000 , irish st leger , gr . 1 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , royal ascot gold cup , gr . 1 - 4 times , longchamp prix royal oak , gr . 1 , goodwood cup , gr . 2 - twice , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 2 , ballysax s . , gr . 3 , saval beg s . , l , navan vintage crop s . , l - twice , curragh korean racing association 2yo s . , 2d irish st leger , gr . 1 , curragh mooresbridge s . , gr . 3 , 3d longchamp prix du cadran , gr . 1 - twice , 4th irish st leger , gr . 1 .
montjeu ( 96c , top ville , tennyson ) . 11 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1600m to 2400m , £1 , 026 , 555 , 9 , 220 , 000fr . , 20 , 000 , 000¥ , irish derby , gr . 1 , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , chantilly prix du jockey club , gr . 1 , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix foy , gr . 2 , prix greffulhe , gr . 2 , prix niel , gr . 2 , prix isonomy , l , chantilly prix de la maniguette , 2d newmarket champion s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix lupin , gr . 1 , 4th prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , japan cup , gr . 1 .
high chaparral ( 99c , darshaan , kris ) . joint top of the 2002 international 3yo classification ( long ) . joint second on the 2003 international 4yo + classification ( long ) . 10 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1½m , £926 , 300 , €1 , 918 , 742 , us $ 2 , 021 , 600 , the derby , gr . 1 , irish derby , gr . 1 , breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 - twice , doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , leopardstown irish champion s . , gr . 1 , curragh royal whip s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 3 , ballysax s . , l , 3d prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 - twice .
salsabil ( 87f , artaius , welsh pageant ) . second top filly on the 1990 european 3yo classification . 7 wins - 2 at 2 - from 6f to 1½m , £744 , 267 , irish derby , gr . 1 , the one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , the oaks , gr . 1 , longchamp prix marcel boussac , gr . 1 , prix vermeille , gr . 1 , newbury fred darling s . , gr . 3 .
kayf tara ( 94c , high top , jimmy reppin ) . 10 wins from 1¼m to 2½m , £602 , 235 , 630 , 000fr . , irish st leger , gr . 1 - twice , royal ascot gold cup , gr . 1 - twice , goodwood cup , gr . 2 , yorkshire cup , gr . 2 , longchamp prix vicomtesse vigier , gr . 2 , deauville prix kergorlay , gr . 2 , ascot mrs basil samuel s . , 3d royal ascot gold cup , gr . 1 , sandown henry ii s . , gr . 3 , 4th deauville prix kergorlay , gr . 2 .
refuse to bend ( 00c , gulch , grenfall ) . 7 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1¼m , £604 , 590 , €287 , 377 , the two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , curragh national s . , gr . 1 , royal ascot queen anne s . , gr . 1 , sandown eclipse s . , gr . 1 , leopardstown desmond s . , gr . 3 , two thousand guineas trial , l , 3d ascot queen elizabeth ii s . , gr . 1 .
beat hollow ( 97c , dancing brave , mill reef ) . 7 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1m to 1¼m , £135 , 984 , 1 , 200 , 000fr . , us $ 1 , 437 , 150 , belmont manhattan h . , gr . 1 , churchill downs turf classic s . , gr . 1 , arlington million s . , gr . 1 , longchamp grand prix de paris , gr . 1 , newmarket s . , l , 2d del mar eddie read h . , gr . 1 , fair grounds explosive bid h . , gr . 2 , 3d the derby , gr . 1 , keeneland turf mile s . , gr . 1 .
islington ( 99f , darshaan , homeric ) . joint top filly on the 2002 international 3yo classification . joint second top filly on the 2003 international 4yo + classification . 6 wins from 1¼m to 1½m , £449 , 915 , €139 , 962 , us $ 704 , 800 , yorkshire oaks , gr . 1 - twice , breeders ' cup filly & mare turf s . , gr . 1 , goodwood nassau s . , gr . 1 , york musidora s . , gr . 3 , newbury sanctuary group s . , 3d leopardstown irish champion s . , gr . 1 , royal ascot prince of wales ' s s . , gr . 1 , breeders ' cup filly & mare turf s . , gr . 1 , newmarket oh so sharp s . , l .
in the wings ( 86c , shirley heights , sea hawk ) . 7 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1200m to 2400m , £889 , 036 , breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix foy , gr . 3 , prix du prince d ' orange , gr . 3 , deauville prix du haras de la huderie , l , chantilly prix de vineuil , 2d longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , 4th prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 .
opera house ( 88c , high top , jimmy reppin ) . 8 wins - 1 at 2 - from 7f to 1½m , £737 , 701 , 1 , 200 , 000fr . , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , sandown eclipse s . , gr . 1 , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 2 , ascot cumberland lodge s . , gr . 3 , sandown brigadier gerard s . , gr . 3 , 2d irish champion s . , gr . 1 , sandown eclipse s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , goodwood foundation s . , l , 3d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , sandown gordon richards s . , gr . 3 , 4th newbury st simon s . , gr . 3 .
galileo ( 98c , miswaki , lombard ) . top of the 2001 international 3yo classification ( intermediate ) . 6 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1m to 1½m , £1 , 766 , 665 , the derby , gr . 1 , irish derby , gr . 1 , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 3 , ballysax s . , l , irish business confederation 2yo s . , 2d irish champion s . , gr . 1 .
intrepidity ( 90f , bold ruler , princequillo ) . 5 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1600m to 2400m , £230 , 703 , 2 , 380 , 000fr . , the oaks , gr . 1 , longchamp prix saint - alary , gr . 1 , prix vermeille , gr . 1 , evry prix finlande , l , 2d longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , prix foy , gr . 3 , 4th breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , irish oaks , gr . 1 .
alexandrova ( 03f , shirley heights , ahonoora ) . 4 wins - 1 at 2 - at 1m , 1½m , £459 , 833 , €310 , 114 , the oaks , gr . 1 , irish oaks , gr . 1 , yorkshire oaks , gr . 1 , 2d newmarket fillies mile , gr . 1 , york musidora s . , gr . 3 , 3d longchamp prix de l ' opera , gr . 1 , goodwood new ham 2yo fillies s .
saddex ( 03c , irish river , northfields ) . 7 wins from 1900m to 2400m , €651 , 440 , rome premio presidente della repubblica , gr . 1 , cologne rheinland pokal , gr . 1 , grand prix de chantilly , gr . 2 , cologne gerling preis , gr . 2 , grosser preis der sparkasse dortmund , l , bremen swb derby trial , l , 2d longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , hoppegarten preis der deutschen einheit , gr . 3 , 3d baden - baden grosser preis von baden , gr . 1 , frankfurt fruhjahrspreis des bankhaus metzler , gr . 3 , 4th hamburg deutsches derby , gr . 1 .
ask ( 03c , rainbow quest , shirley heights ) . 7 wins from 2000m to 3100m , £497 , 952 , €142 , 850 , us $ 414 , 160 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , longchamp prix royal oak , gr . 1 , yorkshire cup , gr . 2 , ascot cumberland lodge s . , gr . 3 , sandown gordon richards s . , gr . 3 , chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 , 2d woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 , york melrose h . , 3d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth s . , gr . 1 , newmarket wood ditton s . , 4th the st leger , gr . 1 .
carnegie ( 91c , riverman , sunny boy ) . third on the 1995 international 4yo + classification ( long ) . joint third top colt on the 1994 european 3yo classification . 7 wins at 2000m , 2400m , 6 , 148 , 000fr . , us $ 240 , 000 , prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 , saint - cloud prix eugene adam , gr . 2 , longchamp prix foy , gr . 3 , evry prix pelleas , l , saint - cloud prix dardo , 2d longchamp prix de courcelles , l , 3d breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 .
ballingarry ( 99c , desert wine , sadair ) . 6 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1600m to 2400m , £11 , 380 , €448 , 614 , 400 , 000fr . , us $ 1 , 291 , 594 , woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 , criterium de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix noailles , gr . 2 , arlington park stars and stripes h . , gr . 3 - twice , leopardstown 2yo s . , 2d derby italiano , gr . 1 , 3d irish derby , gr . 1 , irish st leger , gr . 1 , churchill downs louisville h . , gr . 3 , arlington h . , gr . 3 , hollywood jim murray memorial h . , l , 4th del mar h . , gr . 2 , santa anita arcadia h . , gr . 2 , hollywood jim murray memorial h . , l .
king of kings ( 95c , habitat , crowned prince ) . 5 wins - 4 at 2 - from 6f to 1m , £326 , 845 , the two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , curragh national s . , gr . 1 , railway s . , gr . 3 , tyros s . , l , glengarrif 2yo s . , 2d curragh anglesey s . , gr . 3 .
old vic ( 86c , derring - do , vimy ) . 6 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1m to 1½m , £713 , 593 , irish derby , gr . 1 , chantilly prix du jockey club , gr . 1 , sandown classic trial s . , gr . 3 , chester vase , gr . 3 , newbury burghclere s . , 2d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , 3d royal ascot hardwicke s . , gr . 2 .
dream well ( 95c , alleged , northfields ) . 4 wins at 2000m , 2400m , £498 , 790 , 3 , 452 , 000fr . , us $ 160 , 000 , irish derby , gr . 1 , chantilly prix du jockey club , gr . 1 , deauville prix la force , gr . 3 , prix gontaut - biron , gr . 3 , 2d belmont turf classic invitational s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , 3d irish champion s . , gr . 1 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 .
northern spur ( 91c , rheingold , welsh pageant ) . 6 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1700m to 3000m , 860 , 000fr . , us $ 1 , 460 , 000 , breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 , santa anita oak tree invitational h . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix hubert de chaudenay , gr . 2 , chantilly prix du lys , gr . 3 , 2d hollywood turf h . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 , prix de lutece , gr . 3 , saint - cloud prix saraca , l , 3d del mar eddie read h . , gr . 1 , atlantic city caesars international h . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix de l ' avre , l .
powerscourt ( 00c , rainbow quest , stage door johnny ) . 5 wins - 1 at 2 - from 7½f to 1½m , £250 , 949 , €404 , 124 , us $ 870 , 000 , hk $ 1 , 000 , 000 , 220 , 800dhs , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , arlington million s . , gr . 1 , york great voltigeur s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown seapoint s . , 2d doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , royal ascot prince of wales ' s s . , gr . 1 , munich grosser preis dallmayr bayerisches zuchtrennen , gr . 1 , ayr scottish derby , gr . 2 , newmarket jra london office 10th anniversary 2yo s . , 3d breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 , curragh irish st leger , gr . 1 , leopardstown irish champion s . , gr . 1 , 4th arlington million s . , gr . 1 , cathay pacific hong kong cup , gr . 1 , york hardwicke s . , gr . 2 .
king ' s theatre ( 91c , princely native , crafty admiral ) . 5 wins - 3 at 2 - at 1m , 1½m , £742 , 736 , us $ 36 , 308 , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , newmarket craven s . , gr . 3 , newbury haynes ' hanson & clark s . , 2d the derby , gr . 1 , irish derby , gr . 1 , 3d saratoga sword dancer h . , gr . 1 , york juddmonte international s . , gr . 1 , gran premio di milano , gr . 1 , 4th york dante s . , gr . 2 .
barathea ( 90c , habitat , runnymede ) . second on the 1994 european 4yo + classification . joint third on the 1993 european 3yo classification ( 1400m - 1800m ) . 5 wins - 2 at 2 - at 7f , 1m , £430 , 800 , us $ 540 , 000 , breeders ' cup mile s . , gr . 1 , irish two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , royal ascot queen anne s . , gr . 2 , newmarket philip cornes houghton 2yo s . , taxi news westley 2yo s . , 2d the two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , ascot queen elizabeth ii s . , gr . 1 - twice , goodwood sussex s . , gr . 1 , 4th newmarket july cup , gr . 1 , prix du moulin de longchamp , gr . 1 , newmarket craven s . , gr . 3 .
brian boru ( 00c , alleged , star appeal ) . 4 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 14¾f , £405 , 280 , €216 , 337 , us $ 330 , 000 , the st leger , gr . 1 , doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , leopardstown alleged s . , l , curragh flemings garage 2yo s . , 2d irish st leger , gr . 1 , york great voltigeur s . , gr . 2 , deauville prix kergorlay , gr . 2 , curragh beresford s . , gr . 3 , 3d woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 - twice , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 2 , 4th irish derby , gr . 1 .
gossamer ( 99f , habitat , runnymede ) . second top filly on the 2001 international 2yo classification . 4 wins - 3 at 2 - from 6f to 1m , £145 , 577 , €259 , 901 , us $ 25 , 600 , irish one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , ascot fillies mile , gr . 1 , goodwood prestige s . , gr . 3 , newmarket chippenham lodge stud 2yo fillies ' s . , 3d prix du moulin de longchamp , gr . 1 .
black sam bellamy ( 99c , miswaki , lombard ) . 4 wins from 2000m to 2400m , £35 , 372 , €623 , 047 , 80 , 000fr . , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , milan gran premio del jockey club , gr . 1 , leopardstown alleged s . , l , curragh hotel keadeen s . , 2d baden - baden grosser preis von baden , gr . 1 , longchamp prix hocquart , gr . 2 , 3d epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , criterium de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , newmarket lifestyle financial services 2yo s . , 4th milan gran premio del jockey club , gr . 1 .
imagine ( 98f , master derby , tulyar ) . 4 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1½m , £408 , 745 , irish one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , the oaks , gr . 1 , curragh park s . , gr . 3 , 2d newmarket rockfel s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown one thousand guineas trial s . , l , 3d curragh athasi s . , l , debutante s . , l , 4th ascot fillies mile , gr . 1 .
ebadiyla ( 94f , darshaan , ela - mana - mou ) . 3 wins from 1¼m to 15½f , £140 , 625 , 400 , 000fr . , irish oaks , gr . 1 , longchamp prix royal oak , gr . 1 , 2d leopardstown ballycullen s . , l , 3d epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 3 .
septimus ( 03c , darshaan , northern dancer ) . 8 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 2¼m , £287 , 646 , €436 , 774 , irish st leger , gr . 1 , doncaster cup , gr . 2 , curragh beresford s . , gr . 2 , york dante s . , gr . 2 , lonsdale cup , gr . 2 , curragh cup , gr . 3 , curragh moorebridge s . , gr . 3 , leopardstown irish stallion farms 2yo s . , 2d epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , 3d doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 .
dance design ( 93f , habitat , kythnos ) . 7 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1½m , £430 , 039 , irish oaks , gr . 1 , curragh pretty polly s . , gr . 2 - twice , tattersalls gold cup , gr . 2 , mooresbridge s . , l , debutante s . , l , 2d irish one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , irish champion s . , gr . 1 , munich grosser preis dallmayr bayerisches zuchtrennen , gr . 1 , 3d royal ascot coronation s . , gr . 1 , arlington park beverly d s . , gr . 1 , keeneland bryan station s . , l , 4th curragh moyglare stud s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix marcel boussac , gr . 1 .
saddlers ' hall ( 88c , val de loir , charlottesville ) . joint third on the 1992 european 4yo + classification ( 2200m - 2700m ) . 6 wins from 1¼m to 13¼f , £423 , 974 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , newmarket princess of wales ' s s . , gr . 2 , royal ascot king edward vii s . , gr . 2 , newbury john porter s . , gr . 3 , chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 , 2d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , the st leger , gr . 1 , york great voltigeur s . , gr . 2 .
doyen ( 00c , kris , mill reef ) . 5 wins at 2400m , £592 , 152 , €179 , 410 , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , royal ascot hardwicke s . , gr . 2 , longchamp prix du lys , gr . 3 , lyon - parilly la coupe des trois ans , l , saint - cloud prix cadet roussel , 2d epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 , 4th longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 .
poliglote ( 92c , val de l ' orne , sir gaylord ) . 5 wins - 3 at 2 - from 1600m to 2000m , 2 , 899 , 600fr . , criterium de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , grand prix d ' evry , gr . 2 , longchamp prix de conde , gr . 3 , prix de la porte de madrid , l , prix des aigles , 2d chantilly prix du jockey club , gr . 1 , longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 , prix hocquart , gr . 2 , prix du conseil de paris , gr . 2 , 3d grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix noailles , gr . 2 , 4th longchamp prix lord seymour , l .
linda ' s lad ( 03c , alleged , riverman ) . 4 wins - 3 at 2 - from 1600m to 2300m , £36 , 892 , €265 , 080 , us $ 21 , 615 , criterium de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , lingfield derby trial s . , gr . 3 , longchamp prix de conde , gr . 3 , deauville criterium du fonds europeen de l ' elevage , l , 2d longchamp prix des chenes , gr . 3 , deauville prix cocktail fm , 3d maisons - laffitte prix eugene adam , gr . 2 , 4th woodbine sky classic s . , gr . 2 , longchamp prix noailles , gr . 2 .
leggera ( 95f , general assembly , ballymore ) . joint second top filly on the 1998 international 3yo classification . 5 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1400m to 2600m , £395 , 175 , longchamp prix vermeille , gr . 1 , deauville prix de pomone , gr . 2 , ayr doonside cup , l , maisons - laffitte prix saraca , l , 2d longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , mulheim preis der diana , gr . 2 , newmarket pretty polly s . , l , 3d newbury radley s . , l , 4th prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , haydock lancashire oaks , gr . 3 .
french glory ( 86c , hard to beat , fine top ) . 5 wins at 2000m , 2500m , £331 , 364 , 253 , 000fr . , woodbine rothmans international s . , gr . 1 , saint - cloud prix maurice de nieuil , gr . 2 , la coupe de longchamp , gr . 3 , deauville prix michel houyvet , l , 2d longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 , 3d saint - cloud prix jean de chaudenay , gr . 2 , grand prix de deauville , gr . 2 .
perfect soul ( 98c , secretariat , exclusive native ) . 7 wins from 7f to 11f , us $ 1 , 527 , 764 , keeneland turf mile s . , gr . 1 , maker ' s mark mile s . , gr . 2 , woodbine king edward h . , gr . 2 , keeneland allowance , woodbine allowance , 2d woodbine niagara h . , gr . 1 , atto mile s . , gr . 1 , churchill downs firecracker h . , gr . 2 , woodbine chinese cultural centre s . , gr . 2 , pimlico dixie s . , gr . 2 , 3d woodbine atto mile s . , gr . 1 , 4th woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 .
playful act ( 02f , silver hawk , icecapade ) . joint third top filly on the 2004 european 2yo classification . 4 wins - 3 at 2 - from 7f to 1½m , £217 , 455 , €89 , 245 , ascot fillies mile , gr . 1 , doncaster may hill s . , gr . 2 , haydock lancashire oaks , gr . 2 , newmarket beaches resorts 2yo s . , 2d irish oaks , gr . 1 , newmarket hoofbeats tours 2yo s .
aristotle ( 97c , desert wine , sadair ) . 4 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1400m to 2000m , £113 , 431 , 60 , 000fr . , s $ 556 , 383 , doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , singapore tc new year h . , sgp - 2 , three rings trophy , sgp - 3 , 2d singapore derby , sgp - 1 , 3d longchamp prix greffulhe , gr . 2 , singapore international cup , sgp - 1 .
el prado ( 89c , sir ivor , tom fool ) . 4 wins at 2 , £141 , 616 , curragh national s . , gr . 1 , beresford s . , gr . 2 , railway s . , gr . 3 , 2d curragh anglesey s . , gr . 3 .
johann quatz ( 89c , miswaki , lyphard ) . 6 wins from 1600m to 2100m , £565 , 788 , longchamp prix lupin , gr . 1 , santa anita colonel fw koester h . , gr . 2 , longchamp prix de suresnes , l , hollywood fiddle isle h . , l , 2d breeders ' cup mile s . , gr . 1 , bay meadows h . , gr . 2 , 3d del mar eddie read h . , gr . 1 , arlington million s . , gr . 1 , hollywood inglewood h . , gr . 2 - twice , citation h . , gr . 2 , american h . , gr . 2 , santa anita colonel fw koester h . , gr . 2 .
luna wells ( 93f , breton , alcide ) . 5 wins - 2 at 2 - at 1800m , 2000m , 1 , 233 , 000fr . , us $ 60 , 229 , longchamp prix saint - alary , gr . 1 , prix vanteaux , gr . 3 , deauville prix de la nonette , gr . 3 , 2d longchamp prix saint - roman , gr . 3 , 3d santa anita las palmas h . , gr . 2 .
fatherland ( 90c , forli , nantallah ) . 4 wins at 2 , us $ 326 , 879 , curragh national s . , gr . 1 , futurity s . , gr . 3 , tyros s . , l , 2d irish two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , leopardstown two thousand guineas trial , l .
prince of dance ( 86c , english prince , val de loir ) . joint third on the 1988 european 2yo classification . 4 wins - 3 at 2 - at 7f , 1¼m , £106 , 323 , newmarket dewhurst s . , gr . 1 , doncaster champagne s . , gr . 2 , newmarket s . , l .
braashee ( 86c , malinowski , aggressor ) . 6 wins , £218 , 080 , a $ 36 , 000 , longchamp prix royal oak , gr . 1 , yorkshire cup , gr . 2 , chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 , 2d sajc robert a lee s . , l , 3d irish st leger , gr . 1 , vatc cf orr s . , gr . 2 , stc ne manion cup , gr . 3 , chester s . , l , vrc national business directory p . , 4th ajc chairmans h . , gr . 3 , stc canterbury cup , gr . 3 .