man o ' war ( march 29 , 1917 – november 1 , 1947 ) was an american thoroughbred who is widely considered one of the greatest racehorses of all time .

during his career just after world war i , he won 20 of 21 races and $ 249,465 in purses .

he was the unofficial 1920 american horse of the year and was honored with babe ruth as the outstanding athlete of the year by the new york times .

he was inducted into the national museum of racing and hall of fame in 1957 .

on march 29 , 2017 , the museum opened a special exhibit in his honor , " man o ' war at 100 " .

in 1919 , man o ' war won 9 of 10 starts including the hopeful stakes and belmont futurity , then the most important races for two-year-old horses in the united states .

his only loss came at saratoga race course , later nicknamed the graveyard of champions , where he had a poor start and was beaten by a colt fittingly named upset .

man o ' war was not entered in the 1920 kentucky derby because his owner , samuel riddle , did not believe in racing at the distance of 10 furlongs so early in a young horse 's career .

instead , man o ' war made his three-year-old debut in the preakness stakes where he defeated upset by 1 ¹ ⁄ ₂ lengths .

man o ' war later won the belmont stakes by 20 lengths while setting a world record .

throughout the summer and fall , he continued to dominate his fellow three-year-olds , setting multiple records while conceding large amounts of weight to his rivals .

his final race of the year was a match race against sir barton , who had won what would later be known as the american triple crown in 1919 .

man o ' war won by seven lengths in the first race to be filmed in its entirety .

riddle originally intended to race man o ' war in 1921 but decided against it because man o ' war would have been assigned record weights in the handicap format used in races for older horses .

instead , man o ' war was retired to stud , where he became a leading sire whose multiple champions included triple crown winner war admiral .

through his sons and daughters , man o ' war is found in almost all modern american pedigrees .

man o ' war

l to right : man o ' war ' going to the post , beating john p . grier in the dwyer , man o ' war leading sir barton , man o ' war drinking from his trophy
l to right : man o ' war ' as a suckling , the foaling barn where man o ' war was born , owner samuel d . riddle , man o ' war in his pasture , and jockey johnny loftus
man o’ war died three days later , on nov . 1 , 1947 .
man o’ war later developed into the compelling presence that elicited marvels from observers .
horse of the century : man o ' war vs . secretariat - nbc connecticut
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several other graves from man o’ war farm , including those of his sons war admiral and war relic , were moved as well .
of a mile , man o’ war was 20 lengths ahead . despite kummer’s holding his horse in , man o’ war won by a modestly estimated 100 lengths , nearly
man o ' war : corsair is a video game of high adventure , naval combat and exploration based on the games workshop classic man o ' war table top game .
maurice albury building an abaco dinghy on man - o - war , ca . 19xx
besides , until this point man o’ war had never run against an older horse .
horse of the century : man o ' war vs . secretariat - nbc new york
the gorgeous florence nightingale , one of the stars of man o’ war’s first crop .
pain from a man o ' war sting usually lasts about 15 - 20 minutes .
man o ' war and will harbu . . . has been added to your cart
man o ' war with his groom will harbut . ( blood - horse library photo )
there was only one problem : man o’ war didn’t get off to a good start .
there was a thickness to man o ' war that probably came from his voracious appetite .
man o’ war did not , however , race in the kentucky derby . his owner ,
as harbut described him , man o’ war was “the mostest horse that ever was . ”
colin ' s ghost : thoroughbred horse racing history » man o’ war… . a “good horse”
above / below : several other graves were moved from faraway farm , along with man o ' war ' s , to the kentucky horse park , including war relic , war admiral , brushup ( dam of war admiral ) , war kilt and war hazard . the last two named are stakes - winning daughters of man o ' war .
for additional reading on man o ' war , there are quite a few books available . if you already love man o ' war , any of these can bring goosebumps . and if you are just learning about man o ' war , they can also bring goosebumps . they include
where man o ' war passed grier was preserved at aqueduct , called the
man o ' war pole
in honor of the event . man o ' war ' s time of 1 : 49 1 / 5 for the mile and an eighth was a new american record .
man o ' war ' s only loss came at saratoga . ( blood - horse library )
man o’ war looked as if his entire life’s performance was accompanied by the sound of trumpets .
above : man o ' war ' s stall interior . he spent his final decade here .
man o ' war with groom will harbut ( left ) . ( blood - horse photo )
man o’ war skipped the 1920 kentucky derby – but his karmic namesake paul jones won it .
beaches in cornwall have seen a record number of portuguese man o’war washing ashore after strong winds .
baton rouge is one of the man o ' war lines still vibrantly present in pedigrees today .
the accompanying statements from man o’ war’s owner , samuel d . riddle , and the then prominent trainer , sam hildreth , were provided to reporters roughly three weeks after man o’ war’s dwyer win .
“given an equal chance man o’ war would undoubtedly have won the race , ” the saratogian stated .
as the decades have passed and his remarkable accomplishments have seemingly become more mythic , man o’ war’s legend has only grown . perhaps celebrated racing writer joe palmer summed up man o’ war better than anyone .
man o ' war entered stud in 1921 and was pensioned in 1943 after suffering a heart attack .
so man o’ war proved riddle’s point viz - a - viz sir barton , by seven lengths .
for more than 50 years man o ' war owned the unofficial title of horse of the century .
from his sire’s first crop , american flag was said to be cast in man o’ war’s image .
the fillies florence nightingale and maid at arms were the other superstars of man o’ war’s first crop .
“man o’ war” by page cooper & john l . treat . ny : julian mesner inc . 1950
countless words have been written about man o’ war . on nov . 2 , 1947 , the headline of the louisville courier - journal read simply : “man o’ war , greatest of thoroughbreds , dies . ”
and take time to google , if inspired , as many good articles have been written about man o ' war for his 100th anniversary . two of several youtube videos with man o ' war footage : urltoken
“man o’ war will start in the rich early stakes , ” new york times , 1920 february 7 . “no early racing for man o’ war , ” daily racing form , 1920 february 8 [ ↩ ]
man o’ war was the horse’s name . taps was provided by a bugler from the man o’ war post of the american legion in lexington , kentucky . as man o’ war lay in state in a silk - lined coffin , thousands filed by to pay their respects . why was this horse such a big deal ? for the answer , you have to go all the way back to man o’ war’s beginnings .
man o’ war was buried at faraway farm and a massive bronze statue by herbert hazeltine was eventually mounted on a marble base with only the words “man o’ war” as the inscription . no other words were needed .
i hope you enjoy a glimpse into my lifelong obsession . . . . chasing man o ' war .
beachcombers be warned : the stalwart man o’ war may still sting you even weeks after having washed ashore .
“mr . riddle , i ' m prepared to pay you a million dollars for man o’ war . ”
man o ' war is pictured with jockey clarence kummer up at the 1920 stuyvesant handicap at jamaica racetrack .
on this day , we recognize an american legend and remember the legacy of the great man o’ war .
before the triple crown was established , man o ' war scared off his competition in the belmont stakes .
due to the man - o - war ' s below average accuracy , the foregrip is a very beneficial attachment , making the man - o - war much more accurate . due to the man - o - war ' s lower rate of fire , this makes the recoil reduction more profound , as the man - o - war ' s centerspeed has more time than other assault rifles to counteract the recoil between shots .
the man - o - war has its own trademarked logo , which is seen on the left side .
despite its appearance the portuguese man o’war is not a jellyfish but a marine animal known as a siphonophores .
war admiral ' s remains are buried at the kentucky horse park at the foot of the statue of his sire , man o ' war .
for many , man o’ war remains the benchmark for greatness – both in ability and of spirit – 100 years after his birth . even his name stirs the emotions . as a companion piece to the article “chasing man o ' war ' s ghost , ” below are many photos of several of my man o ' war - related shoots , as well as photographs of man o ' war by photographer james w . sames iii .
in his final race , man o’ war defeated the 1919 triple crown winner sir barton by seven lengths at the kenilworth park gold cup in windsor , ontario . it marked man o’ war’s 20th win in 21 races .
chasing man o ' war ' s ghost , about my lifelong obsession with man o ' war : urltoken remarkable final tribute for majestic champion , which i wrote for daily racing form in 2011 . it includes some interesting stories related to man o ' war ' s burial day and remarkable photographs by james w . sames : urltoken
like his grandfather , man o’ war had a violent disposition , forcing feustel to bring him along slowly in training . man o’ war routinely dumped his exercise riders and was usually belligerent when his handlers attempted to saddle him .
man o ' war ' s constant companion during his racing days was a retired show hunter named major treat .
when he pulled that color print of man o’ war out of a drawer , i was floored . perfection .
a leading broodmare sire himself , man o ' war had many important daughters , as well as good sons .
“man - o - war” and a 25’ - ish sloop being built by edwin’s boat yard , ca . 1977
“how man o’ war would have laughed had he known of his owner’s solicitude for him , ” hewitt commented .
man o ' war was the favorite in every race he started in his career . ( courtesy keeneland library )
i thought you might like to see a memorial for man o ' war i found on findagrave . com .
the other highly visible son of man o ' war who has come down in pedigrees is war relic , especially through in reality and his stock .
based on his dominant past performances , man o’ war was also forced to carry 15 more pounds than upset in the sanford . legend has it that riddle’s stablehands claimed man o’ war had nightmares for weeks following his only defeat .
above : the stallion barn in which man o ' war was housed for his final decade . as with his previous barn , man o ' war lived in the front left stall . behind the barn is the attached breeding shed .
man o ' war acted up at the start , allowing sir barton to break on top , but the older horse held his lead for only sixty yards before man o ' war passed him . as the new york times reported :
tiznow’s 2017 contender , irap , must improve to get man o’ war’s sire line back in the derby winner’s circle . but maybe , just maybe , the centennial year might conjure up a little bit of the man o’ war magic .
according to ed bowen , man o’ war’s difficulties in that race were complicated by the concerted efforts of the opposition .
but in man o’ war’s day , there was no nba . there was no nfl . boxing and baseball were popular , but racing was just as big . and according to bill cooke , man o’ war was bigger than racing :
a sting from a portuguese man o ' war can be incredibly pain and fatal , although deaths are very rare .
we’d love your help . let us know what’s wrong with this preview of man o ' war by walter farley .
man - o ' - war suit presumably a child ' s costume intended to resemble a soldier ' s outfit .
the suppressor is a terrible fit on the man - o - war , as it takes away a lot of range , making the man - o - war need an extra shot to kill at longer distances . due to the man - o - war ' s low rate of fire , this makes the man - o - war much weaker as an assault rifle . the laser sight is a rather unnecessary option , as although its effect isn ' t detrimental , the man - o - war shouldn ' t be used in close quarters combat due to its unforgiving rate of fire .
however , at the dawn of the 1920s , no athlete in the land was more revered than horse racing’s greatest marvel , the mighty man o’ war . ruth had charisma . dempsey had power . grange had speed . man o’ war had all of those attributes . but instead of being a galloping ghost , man o’ war was an equine freight train .
violet sea snails get their colour from portuguese men o ' war .
noted author and lithographer c . w . anderson wrote the first biography of man o ' war . titled big red , it was released by the macmillan company in september 1943 , four years before man o ' war ' s death .
he had the same electric presence as man o ' war . going to see man o ' war in the first half of the century was something . seeing secretariat in the second half of the century was the same thing .
his winning streak was at six when man o ' war raced in the sanford stakes at saratoga on aug . 13 . it is man o ' war ' s most remembered race - - because it is the only one he would lose .
the man o’war golf links ranked one of the 5 best golf courses in myrtle beach by golftravel . about . com .
man o ' war was foaled march 29 , 1917 on august belmont ii ' s nursery stud near lexington , kentucky .
the man o’war is built on a 100 acre lake and offers some unique features such as back to back island greens .
well , no . that’s not a typo . man o’ war won it by 100 lengths ,
bowen says .
) , memorial page for man o ' war ( 29 mar 1917–1 nov 1947 ) , find a grave memorial no .
with strong westerly winds pounding our coastline we are getting many reports of portuguese man o ' war washing up .
this book is not intended to be a history of man o ' war . it is an historically accurate work of fiction
then secretariat happened ,
says dorothy ours , author of
man o ' war - a legend like lightning
and a former historian at the national museum of racing and hall of fame .
and the debate started , well this might be the best horse since man o ' war - - maybe he ' s better than man o ' war .
hewitt , ever the raconteur , shares an anecdote about a well - known betting man called chicago o’brien . taking some pre - race grief for wagering $ 100 , 000 on 1 - 20 favorite man o’ war , o’brien had the perfect retort :
the famed racehorse man o ' war was born 100 years ago , on march 29 , 2017 . man o ' war had numerous ties to maryland and harford county in particular , where he trained and raced at the old havre de grace racetrack .
in a 1924 article for the daily racing form , he laid out a compelling case against man o’ war . making a claim that it was a pr machine ( still a relatively new concept in 1924 ) that created the man o’ war legend .
with the exception of the few people involved in man o’ war’s exhumation three decades later , when he and his statue were moved to the kentucky horse park , this was the final time that man o’ war was a part of our physical world .
“domino would have been the horse we’re talking about now if it hadn’t been for man o’ war , ” greg goodman said .
above : man o ' war and will harbut , undated negative . james w . sames iii photo , barbara livingston collection .
above : the stallion barn from the side - man o ' war ' s stall is at the far right , at the front of the barn . the breeding shed is to the left . below : man o ' war ' s side stall door
man o ' war , along with several of his important sons and daughters , is present in virtually all american pedigrees today .
…“the horse of the century , ” man o’ war . in 1920 man o’ war won all 11 races in which he ran , set five records , and became the first thoroughbred to bring his total earnings to more than $ 200 , 000 . …
requests to buy man o’ war increased after his continued success . although the second statement from samuel d . riddle was taken nearly a year before the stuyvesant , the sentiment persisted throughout the riddles ' ownership of man o’ war : they would not sell .
one revealed a portrait reportedly taken oct . 29 , 1947 , of man o’ war . james w . sames iii , an aspiring photographer from lexington , ky . , said it was the last photograph of man o’ war alive . it was mesmerizing .
the
man - o - war
, is an infantry rifle in service with winslow accord forces worldwide . the man - o - war is designed to be effective against both soft targets and the wide variety of combat robotics ubiquitous on the modern battlefield .
now there is the kentucky horse park , where man o’ war’s remains were moved in the mid - 1970s . he was buried at a spot of honor near their entrance . his grave is surrounded by a moat and beneath herbert haseltine’s oversized man o’ war statue .
welcome to the man o ' war bar and restaurant , north county dublin ' s most authentic irish venue , established in 1595 .
weary travellers stopped at the man o’war for refreshments as it was halfway along the turnpike route . wolfe tone had his breakfast here in july 1792 . other famous visitors include dr . john gamble and austin cooper who both wrote about their stay at the man o’war .
…riddle to keep the great man o’ war out of the kentucky derby in 1920 , thereby denying him a probable triple crown . …
the first time johnny loftus got on him , man o ' war threw the jockey about forty feet . but according to his owner ,
tossing johnny was the last bad move man o ' war ever made ,
for once he began galloping with the stable pony , major trent , and the other yearlings , man o ' war quickly became the most highly regarded horse in the barn .
man o’ war was never formally recognized as the top broodmare sire any year during his career , but his daughters produced horses of influence themselves . famous names such as kelso , sword dancer , nijinksy , buckpasser and raise a native all include man o’ war through dam bloodlines . man o’ war can be found in many modern thoroughbred pedigrees , such as the most recent triple crown winner american pharoah .
john p . grier vs . man o’ war in the 1920 dwyer stakes , aqueduct race track . painting by frank b . hoffman
your facts really are one sided . there are many experienced horsemen who think man o’ war is the greatest and they saw secretariat .
sue : thank you and how super that you’re sharing this about your own man o’ war descendant . she sounds just magnificent ! abigail
in the mural , you see man o’ war parading in front of the crowd after his historic win in the 1920 belmont stakes .
maureen o ' hara and john wayne in a still from
the quiet man .
high caliber and fmj will make the man - o - war deal more damage through headshots and through cover , respectively . both attachments are good fits for the man - o - war , as its high damage per shot is improved in certain conditions with these attachments .
among man o ' war ' s best offspring was the 1937 triple crown winner war admiral , equally well known today as the loser in the 1938 pimlico match race with seabiscuit , a man o ' war grandson . he also sired american and british grand national steeplechases champion battleship . man o ' war died on nov . 1 , 1947 , at riddle ' s faraway farm in lexington , ky . his remains rest at the kentucky horse park .
at stud man o’ war was limited to about 25 mares a season but still proved a hugely influential sire . one of his sons , war admiral , won a triple crown .
a portuguese man - of - war is actually a colony of individual organisms called polyps .
per an article by beloved historian jim bolus in a 1981 keeneland magazine , those items were re - interred with man o ' war .
man o ' war ( no . 1 ; jockey johnny loftus ) finishing second to upset ( no . 4 ; jockey willie knapp ) in the 1919 stanford stakes , saratoga , new york . this was the only loss in man o ' war ' s remarkable career .
the u . s . racing hall of fame inducted man o’ war in 1957 and a life - sized statue was erected at kentucky horse pack to honor the champion as well . the man o’ war stakes was inaugurated in 1959 at belmont park and continues to run today .
bill cooke recently curated an exhibit to honor man o’ war on the 100th anniversary of the horse’s birth . he has assembled some of the evidence of man o’ war’s commercial impact : cigarette tins , a razor strap embroidered with the horse’s name , a jar of hair creme .
ours notes a variety of x factors that could contribute to the differences in the times posted by man o ' war and secretariat . improvements in drainage technology and the practice of hosing down the dirt have made racetracks faster ; man o ' war ran on shoes made of steel versus secretariat ' s lightweight aluminum ; and the man o ' war typically carried extra weight to give his opponents a chance of winning .
sames , who died in 2005 at age 84 , said he had secured a prime spot that day to photograph man o’ war’s body lying in state . he’d used his charms to convince the crane company that transported man o’ war to the gravesite to give him a lift .
, man o’ war’s grandson , became one of the turf’s greatest campaigners and money winners in 1935–40 . ( a race between war admiral and seabiscuit in 1938 would become the second “race of the century . ” ) man o’ war died in 1947 and was inducted into the national museum of racing’s hall of fame in 1957 .
will harbut died a month before his beloved man o ' war , but his family has carried on his legacy in the thoroughbred industry . his son tom harbut was an exercise rider for man o ' war ' s sons war admiral and war relic before eventually becoming the stallion manager at spendthrift farm , and his great - grandson greg harbut runs a successful bloodstock agency .
many honors were heaped on man o ' war during his lifetime . during world war ii , the first cavalry stationed in japan gave him the honorary military rank of
colonel
.
although he was left at the start , buried in traffic for part of the journey , and forced wide , man o’ war still nearly won the race . the result was upset winning by a diminishing half length . man o’ war blew past upset right after the finish line .
above / below : an exterior door on man o ' war ' s longtime stall opened into a sizable paddock . when standing in that stall , it was easy to imagine man o ' war peering out through the slats , awaiting turnout time ( photos 2000 and 2008 ) .
man o ' war ' s male line is still represented by the leading sire tiznow . however , it is through his daughters that the big red horse ' s bloodline continues . every american champion of the last 20 years can trace their pedigree back to man o ' war .
as for whether you should ? debatable . the man o’ war’s “surround” is about as good as the g933—which is to say , good for a headset . still , the stereo output on the man o’ war is so incredible i’d dare say you’re better off simply relying on that .
he has been the subject of four notable biographies : the first , man o ' war , by page cooper and roger treat , was published in 1950 , and is a classic of its kind ; walter farley , author of the black stallion series , also wrote a slightly fictional biography of man o ' war ; in 2000 . edward l . bowen wrote a biography called man o ' war : thoroughbred lengends from eclipse press ; and in 2006 , dorothy ours wrote a new , extensively sourced biography entitled man o ' war : a legend like lightning .
man o war is my hero . i love racing and i want to be a jockey . but i cant find a riding school to go to . i have never been up on a horse . i can ' t find any info on man o ' war for my report
maureen o ' hara as mary kate danaher in a still from
the quiet man
.
one saratoga story describes man o’ war enjoying “more than 15 minutes of freedom after launching his rider more than 40 feet” during a morning workout .
loftus was backing up man o’ war , trying to line him up again after his fifth lunge through the tape . without warning , pettingill sprang the webbing , apparently catching loftus by surprise . various reports said man o’ war was facing the wrong way , sideways , or simply caught off guard and unprepared for the start . whatever position he was in , man o’ war was left at the start and at a clear disadvantage .
man o ' war is profiled in chapter 5 of avalyn hunter ' s american classic pedigrees 1914 - 2002 ( 2003 , eclipse press ) .
i thought i’d seen every photo of man o’ war , so i was thunderstruck to find a color photo of him in 1980 in the blood - horse . the photo was accompanied by an article explaining that it was believed to be the last photo taken of man o’ war alive .
following his smashing debut , man o ' war won three stakes races , at three different new york tracks , in the next 17 days .
situated on a hill on the original dublin to belfast road , the man o’war public house has been recorded in deeds dating back to 1595 .
hall of fame jockey , after riding man o ' war in the miller stakes . he was the regular rider of triple crown winner sir barton
man o’ war : the legacy” was on display until the end of 2017 . it was an interactive exhibit at the kentucky derby museum which covered the life of man o’ war , his impressive racing career , his ties to the kentucky derby and his lasting mark on thoroughbred racing .
this photograph of man o ' war and jockey clarence kummer was taken on july 10 , 1920 , at the old aqueduct racetrack’s dwyer stakes .
when the bidding began at the 1918 yearling sale in saratoga springs , man o’ war looked good … but nobody recognized him as potentially great .
probably not , and it’s a question of whether man o’ war had finished his dinner before hoodwink finished the race ,
bowen says .
an absolutely fascinating observation from a racing writing legend , who came to these conclusions just a few years after man o’ war concluded his career .
by the way , your earlier commenter dorothy ours modestly omitted that she is the author of the best book ever written about man o’ war .
the ceremony that gloomy afternoon included nine eulogies , lasted approximately 30 minutes and was broadcast on the radio . man o’ war’s casket remained open .
in 1977 the big casket was dug up , and man o ' war was moved , along with his statue , to kentucky horse park .
american racing regained its legal status in 1913 , but soon the nation’s focus shifted to world war i . track attendance and racing purses had plummeted significantly before man o’ war rejuvenated the sport .
man o’ war returned to saratoga in august 1920 and romped in the miller stakes . he followed with a remarkable performance in the travers . andy schuttinger substituted for the injured kummer in the midsummer derby and man o’ war did not skip a beat . even though he was restrained in the stretch , man o’ war covered the 1¼ - mile distance in 2 : 01⅘ , setting a stakes and track record that stood for 42 years .
for his final race , man o’ war competed in a match race in canada , the 1920 kenilworth park god cup against 1919 triple crown winner sir barton . man o’ war would win by seven lengths to end his career on a high note . at the time , riddle had intended to run man o’ war as a 4 - year - old but decided against it due to the likelihood of carrying huge weights in handicap races .
by the time his historic career was over , man o’ war had set three world records , two american records , and three track records . the colt was a horse for the ages and he was only aged three . the decision was made to send man o’ war to stud in kentucky . he would spend the next 22 breeding seasons siring 379 foals . the most successful of these offspring were war admiral and war relic . the war relic line still exists today , and man o’ war appears no less than 17 times in the bloodline of 2015 triple crown champion american pharoah
not only did man o ' war live nobly , he died nobly as well . his groom and pal , will harbut , died suddenly in october , 1947 . man o ' war was so crestfallen that he pined away , and less than a month later died of a broken heart .
with loftus banned by the jockey club , riddle and feustel chose clarence kummer as man o’ war’s new rider and the combination proved to be a winning one . riddle decided to pass on the kentucky derby in favor of having man o’ war make his 3 - year - old debut in the preakness . man o’ war won easily , as he did in the withers , belmont ( a 20 - length victory ) , stuyvesant and dwyer .
a scroll from the u . s . army’s first cavalry division was placed with a black ribbon on man o’ war’s barn . the first cavalry division had dubbed man o’ war an honorary colonel . in japan , an estimated 3 , 000 members of the country’s cavalry division paid their respects to man o’ war with military honors as well . american racetracks held a moment of silence at 3 p . m . , coinciding with the funeral .
rapid fire is not a good option on the man - o - war , as the attachment itself gives a very small effect , if any . note that with the increased fire rate , the man - o - war ' s centerspeed has less time to adjust between shots . this makes the rapid fire attachment incredibly detrimental for the man - o - war , as it increases the already high recoil ( although by very little ) .
after winning the travers , man o’ war returned to belmont for the lawrence realization . by this time few owners had any interest in racing against riddle’s powerhouse . only hoodwink , at 100 - 1 odds , came forward to meet man o’ war . knowing hoodwink provided no legitimate threat , kummer set man o’ war against the clock . the mighty colt responded by shattering the previous world record for 1⅝ miles ( 2 : 45 flat ) by more than four seconds ( 2 : 40⅘ ) . poor hoodwink was left in the dust by an approximate 100 lengths even though the official race chart said man o’ war was restrained at the end and never fully extended . man o’ war’s performance that day remains the belmont record for the distance .
man o’ war also became a great stallion as well as a tourist attraction for kentucky . one of his best sons , war admiral , won the triple crown in 1937 . even today , man o’ war’s direct male line of descent is with us , perhaps most prominently in the form of 2001 horse of the year tiznow and his sons .
man o ' war was so dubbed by mrs . eleanor robson belmont , who traditionally named all of her husband ' s horses , including mahubah , whose name is arabic for ' good tidings ' . mrs . belmont originally wanted to call mahubah ' s colt
my man o ' war
in honor of her husband ' s participation in world war i . when she sent the registration to new york , the first word was dropped and he was officially named man o ' war .
walter farley , author of the black stallion series , penned a fictionalized biography of man o ' war that was released in 1962 by random house .
above : man o ' war at faraway farm in 1932 , when he was 15 . james w . sames iii photo . sames / livingston collection
both were bred , raced , and managed by man o ' war ' s owner samuel riddle . he gave both a reasonable chance at stud .
which makes the man o’ war sort of exciting . it’s razer’s first foray into wireless headsets , and it sports a brand - new design aesthetic .
the man o’war is razer’s only wireless gaming headset , producing virtual 7 . 1 surround sound with a rated battery life of 14 to 20 hours .
man o’ war retired to stud in 1921 , with riddle preferring to call time on his career rather than see him assigned staggering weights in handicaps .
riddle said he did not believe in hurrying man o’ war and that he will not race again until he is prime condition . ” [ 2 ]
i just wonder if the other horse in that race could even see man o’ war when he crossed the finish line ,
i ask .
credit for the stallion’s success at stud goes to horsemen like john madden and bloodlines specialist william allison , who riddle consulted regarding man o’ war’s first book of mares . there is no reason to think that samuel riddle did anything but seek the expertise of knowledgeable people throughout man o’ war’s breeding career .
the handsome star shoot , sire of sir barton and grey lag . two of his daughters went to man o’ war , producing mars and crusader .
sue s . i’ , always interested to learn more about man o’ war and was very interested to read this . thank you so much , abigail
despite never running in the kentucky derby , man o ' war won numerous races , including the belmont and the preakness . the exhibit at kentucky horse park is called
man o ' war at 100 : the mostest horse that ever was ,
a phrase coined by his groom will harbut .
the one exception was the dwyer . although man o’ war shouldered “only” 126 pounds , he was conceding 18 pounds to a very good colt named john p . grier . that whitney colorbearer ran his heart out trying to press , stay with , and challenge the great champion every step of the way through a punishing pace . john p . grier will go down in racing history as the rival who forced man o’ war to summon something extra . man o’ war responded , finally subduing the whitney colt and driving clear in what was then american ( and world ) record time for 1 1 / 8 miles . ( for more details on man o’ war’s records , see dorothy ours’ man o’ war : a legend like lightning , appendix a . )
the summer of 1919 was not without controversy for man o’ war . what transpired on aug . 13 that year at saratoga in the sanford memorial turned out to be the one black mark on an otherwise flawless record . for the first and only time , man o’ war was defeated . the loss , however , did little to tarnish man o’ war’s reputation . if anything , it enhanced his legend , as he almost pulled off a miracle victory . the circumstances of the race remain shrouded in mystery and controversy . the horse that handed man o’ war his only defeat was the aptly named upset .
man o’ war began experiencing heart trouble in 1943 , forcing his retirement from breeding . he died of a heart attack on nov . 1 , 1947 at faraway , less than a month after harbut’s death . it required 13 men to lift man o’ war’s 1 , 300 - pound body from his stall . three days later , more than 2 , 000 people attended man o’ war’s funeral , which was broadcast on nbc radio and featured nine eulogies .
faraway farm , huffman mill pike , lexington , ky ( now man o ' war farm ) - where man o ' war lived from late ' 36 or early january ' 37 through his death in 1947 . he was also originally buried there before his remains were moved to the kentucky horse park .
on this day in 1920 , man o’ war wins the 52nd belmont stakes , and sets the record for the fastest mile ever run by a horse to that time . man o’ war was the biggest star yet in a country obsessed with horse racing , and the most successful thoroughbred of his generation .
the plot was surrounded by a moat 10 feet wide and 4 to 6 feet deep . sixteen pin oak trees - marking the number of years man o’ war stood at stud – had been planted around it . the walkway to the site was lined with 30 hornbeam trees representing man o’ war’s age .
following the conclusion of world war i , the world of sport began to return to its normal course and few stars made as much of an impact on the culture of competition than man o’ war .
man o’ war instead retired and went on to become an important stallion , siring 62 stakes winners from 381 named foals , including 1937 triple crown winner war admiral ( a notable sire himself ) , and war relic , whose sire line continues today . man o’ war’s influence on modern thoroughbred bloodlines is still intact and there is barely a pedigree in current north american racing that does not carry his name .
as a three - year old , man o’ war dominated the field . loftus was denied a jockey’s license that year , so clarence kummer rode “big red , ” as man o’ war came to be known . the horse skipped the kentucky derby , as his trainers deemed the mile - and - a - quarter race to be too grueling so early in the season , so the preakness stakes was man o’ war’s coming out party . he won easily .
i can ' t help it , i believe man o ' war is one of the greatest champions to have ever put his hoofs on the race circuit . all the better to read an almost real - life biography of his life . it is clear from the beginning that walter farley is a true fan of man o ' war since you can feel his admiration of this special thoroughbred through the whole book . and i ' m totally jealous that farley was able to see man o ' war in existens . hopefully , there will be again a racehorse as signular as man o ' war in this cent
horse racing : the maryland farm on which man o ' war once grazed and trained is about to be turned over to luxury houses and golf courses .
new york - - man o ' war and secretariat , two mighty chestnut colts , ran 1 - 2 in the race for horse of the century .
“mr waggoner , many men can have a million dollars , but only one can have man o’ war . i’m not interested in parting with him . ”
the man o’war golf course has electric carts , a driving range , a practice putting green , a pro shop , a snack bar , rental clubs , golf instructors , and servers beer and wine . the man o’war course has a really cool looking clubhouse built over the lake with a nice outdoor deck .
was turned sideways and surrendered several jumps to his competitors . it is notable that in the match race featuring two of man o’ war’s most famous offspring ,
man o’ war won both the preakness and belmont stakes . he ran eleven times as a 3 - year - old and , of course , won them all . there is few who doubt that man o’ war would have been the second triple crown winner in history if sam riddle had sent him to churchill downs . however , not winning the kentucky derby has done nothing to degrade man o’ war’s legacy as one of the greatest horses ever bred in america .
bowen says man o’ war was fortunate from the beginning . the horse was purchased by a fellow who had no reason to rush him to the track .
they came to commemorate the centennial of man o ' war ' s birth and to recognize his ties to harford county and its rich horse racing heritage .
at 3 : 24 , buglers from the man o’ war post of the american legion , dressed in the famous riddle silks , played the mournful taps .
in fact , many man o’ war photos are among my all - time favorites . how grand he was – although that word doesn’t seem nearly strong enough . and what was he looking at in those countless times he seemed oblivious to the man holding his lead shank ? unlike many famous thoroughbreds , man o’ war seemed to clearly understand he was the greatest .
war admiral is outcrossed through five generations . his dam brushup is a half sister to 1933 dwyer stakes winner war glory ( by man o ' war ) and to marching along ( by man o ' war ) , dam of the stakes - winning steeplechaser pebalong ( by big pebble ) . brushup is out of annette k . ( by harry of hereford ) , whose half sister seaplane ( by man o ' war ) is the dam of stakes winner aquaplane ( by high time ) and the third dam of the high - class racer and sire eight thirty .
although i ' ve visited many places related to man o ' war - from his marker on the hoofprints walk of fame at saratoga to man o ' war boulevard signs in lexington - i ' m most touched by places man o ' war actually breathed , walked , raced , slept , died . also included in this blog , out of admiration for all associated with him , are will harbut ' s , and fair play and mahubah ' s , graves .
originally , belmont ' s wife named the horse my man o ' war , after her soldiering husband , who was stationed in france during world war i , but the
my
was later dropped .
following the lawrence realization , man o’ war pushed his win streak to 13 with impressive victories in the jockey club gold cup and potomac handicap . at this point , there appeared to be no competition for man o’ war — with one possible exception , sir barton , the sport’s first triple crown winner in 1919 .
man o ' war , however , is widely distributed through pedigrees and through numerous sources . a measure of how pervasive the chestnut son of fair play has become is seen from a quick count of the number of times that man o ' war appears in some of the major stakes winners over the past weekend .
i also don’t see ghosts at the place of man o’ war’s birth , nursery stud in kentucky . long since developed , there isn’t a hint of august belmont’s old lexington - area farm anymore . even a roadside historical marker , which marks the area where man o’ war was born , doesn’t evoke them . and if there are any whispers of man o’ war around the spendthrift farm property once called hinata farm , where red originally entered stud , i haven’t found them .
they have been washed up alongside rare violet sea snails , which feed on the men o ' war .
imagine the people who have streamed onto this farm , now called man o ' war farm , and how they felt upon seeing the greatest of all racehorses .
this year , 2014 , marks the four hundred and nineteenth year of the man o’war pub serving fine food and beverages in a lively and traditional irish atmosphere .
his racing days having ended with his defeat of sir barton , man o’ war was retired to stud . he made news again , though , when his son
the man o ' war stakes has been held every year since 1959 and is named to honor the thoroughbred many consider to be the best racehorse in the history of u . s . racing . man o ' war won 20 of his 21 career starts . man o ' war set three world records , two american records , two track records , and equaled another track standard . he won one race by an incredible 100 lengths and triumphed in another while carrying 138 pounds .
the widespread impact of man o’ war’s influence on american thoroughbred horse racing is undeniable . in fact , he has been listed as the greatest racehorse of the 20 th century by the associated press , sports illustrated and many others . fans and followers of the sport regard man o’war as the most important american racehorse ever .
pons ' grandson , mike pons , proudly held the man o ' war plaque on wednesday afternoon , as he stood in front of the entrance gate to what in man o ' war ' s day was the clubhouse at the havre de grace racetrack , and now is part of the maryland national guard military reservation .
it took three days to bury man o’ war . heavy rains kept gravediggers from their task in his paddock , which was to be his final resting place .
while racing was legalized again in 1913 , world war i soon dominated the public ' s attention . attendance and purses were at record lows when man o ' war made his debut on june 6 , 1919 .
man o’ war made a furious rally to get in contention . loftus attempted to get through on the rail approaching the stretch , but he found traffic trouble and became locked in a pocket . past the eighth pole , loftus knew he had no choice but to swing his mount outside . man o’ war lost valuable ground .
rommy faversham ' s 2005 work samuel riddle , walter jeffords and the dynasty of man o ' war is the first book of the great breeders and their methods series , published by the russell meerdink company , ltd . faversham ' s book focuses on man o ' war ' s breeding career and long - term legacy .
when i was young i could whinny and run with the best of ’em , and , with my man o’ war blood , no one on our track team was faster . and if i was in the woods and a tree trunk lay across the path , i became man o’ war’s son battleship in the grand national .


goniobranchus splendidus is a species of colourful sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family chromodorididae .

the specific epithet splendida means splendid in reference to the colouring , because this nudibranch has large red spots on a white background , a yellow line at the mantle edge , and magenta rhinophores .

goniobranchus splendidus

goniobranchus splendidus , photographed by professor steve smith off nelson bay nsw in 2016 .
goniobranchus splendidus nudibranch ' s red spots vary across populations , but the yellow rim is present in all individuals .
wilson , ng , winters , ae & cheney , kl ( 2016 ) . tropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) . diversity 8 : 16
wilson ng , winters ae , cheney kl . tropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) . diversity . 2016 ; 8 ( 3 ) : 16 .
wilson , n . g . ; winters , a . e . ; cheney , k . l . tropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) . diversity 2016 , 8 , 16 .
wilson , nerida g . ; winters , anne e . ; cheney , karen l . 2016 .
tropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) .
diversity 8 , no . 3 : 16 .
epoxygoniolide - 1 ( 1 ) , possessing spiroepoxide lactone , enal , and masked dialdehyde functionalities , has been characterized from the conspicuously patterned mollusc goniobranchus splendidus . its relative configuration was investigated by spectroscopic analyses , molecular modeling , and density functional theory calculations . the biosynthesis of 1 may involve rearrangement of a diterpene . . . [ show full abstract ]
this study reports the isolation and characterisation of six new metabolites with ' gracilin ' - type carbon skeletons and of aplytandiene - 3 from the australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus . the structure of gracilin g is revised , and the c - 6 configuration deduced by comparison of calculated 3jc / h values with values measured using the exside pulse sequence . a lactone isolated from . . . [ show full abstract ]
using the gonibranchus splendidus in their study , they observed that the nudibranch displays a consistent yellow brim around a white body with red spots . it is found in the southern great barrier reef to new south wales . the colour and pattern of the red spots vary significantly across populations , but the yellow rim is the common factor .
three new norditerpenes ( 1 , 6 , and 7 ) and four diterpenes ( 2 - 5 ) with extensively rearranged carbon skeletons have been characterized from australian nudibranchs . the relative configuration of the cyclopropyl - containing verrielactone ( 1 ) from goniobranchus verrieri was suggested by spectroscopic analysis at 500 mhz informed by a combination of molecular modeling and dft calculations . the . . . [ show full abstract ]
t . 12 = ser . 3 : t . 4 ( 1864 ) - journal de conchyliologie . - biodiversity heritage library
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citation : johnson rf , gosliner tm ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . urltoken
editor : jonathan h . badger , j . craig venter institute , united states of america
copyright : © 2012 johnson , gosliner . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this work was supported by the california academy of sciences , the university of california santa cruz - department of ecology and evolutionary biology , the national science foundation deb 9978155 and deb 0329054 to tg , and an encyclopedia of life rubenstein fellowship to rj . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
a . ‘phylogenetic scenario’ for the chromodorid genera modified from [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . b . morphological phylogeny of generic representatives for the chromodorididae [ 13 ] . c . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae from [ 27 ] . d . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae and cadlinidae from [ 28 ] . rudman ' s ‘ chromodoris group’ in red , ‘ hypselodoris group’ in blue , cadlinella in yellow , diversidoris ( not included in [ 5 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 26 ] ) , cadlina in grey and other dorids in black .
new collections ( from this contribution and [ 28 ] in blue . genbank specimens in red . size of circle represents number of specimens collected in each region . specimen details in supplementary table s1 ) .
the goals of this contribution are : ( 1 ) generate a phylogeny that tests the species level relationships of the chromodorid nudibranchs and confirms the monophyly of the chromodorididae , ( 2 ) assess the phylogenetic validity of the chromodorid genera , and ( 3 ) propose a new classification for the chromodorid nudibranchs that reflects their relationships .
most of our samples were collected especially for molecular work and were preserved accordingly , either in 95 % etoh , sed buffer ( saturated nacl solution with edta and dmso ) or frozen . in addition to the specimens collected specifically for molecular study , we were also able to use museum material that was , either preserved in 70–75 % etoh or the original fixation method is unknown .
the cleaned , pcr products were copied and labeled with fluorescently dye - terminators ( big dye 3 . 1 abi ) in 10 µl reactions . each reaction contained 0 . 5–2 µl of cleaned pcr product , 1 . 63 µl of 5× reaction buffer , . 5 µl of primer ( 10 mm stock ) , 0 . 5 µl–0 . 75 µl of big dye and water to 10 µl . these reactions were run on a perkin elmer 9600 - geneamp pcr system or a biorad mycycler™ thermocycler ( software version 1 . 065 , bio - rad laboratories ) . the resulting labeled , single stranded dna was precipitated by addition of 2 . 5 µl of edta and sequential washing and pelleting in ( centrifuge details ) with 100 % and then 70 % etoh . the pelleted dna was denautured for two minutes at 94°c in 13–15 µl of hidi formamide ( applied biosystems ) . the denatured , labeled dna fragments were sequenced in both directions on the abi 3100 and 3130 genetic analyzer in the center for comparative genomics ( formerly the osher laboratory for molecular systematics ) at the california academy of sciences .
we assembled , edited and removed primer strands from forward and reverse strands for each gene fragment sequenced using sequencher ( ver . 4 . 7 . genecodes corporation ) and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) . we aligned the coi sequences by eye and translated the base pair data into amino acids to using macclade 4 . 08 [ 46 ] to confirm alignment accuracy . we aligned 16s sequences with muscle [ 47 ] . we then further optimized the alignments by eye using both macclade [ 46 ] and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) .
we tested for saturation or multiple substitutions at the same site by plotting the absolute number of transitions and transversions at each codon position ( 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd ) for coi and at each base pair for 16s against both uncorrected p distance and log det using paup [ 48 ] and excel ( plots not shown ) .
sequence data for both genes was not obtained for every specimen we studied . we worked with two main data sets , because we wanted to test the effect of missing data on the resulting phylogeny : the two data sets were : 1 ) combined 16s and coi for specimens with sequence data for both genes , 2 ) all 16s and coi data for all specimens ( table s1 . ) both of these data sets were analyzed both including and excluding variable characters in the 16s alignment . for all of these analyses we used doris kerguelensis as the outgroup .
the sequenced coi fragment is 658 base pairs ( bp ) long . the edited 16s sequences are 531 bp long . the combined data sets with gaps introduced for alignment are 1189 base pairs long . all sequences are available from genbank coi ( jq727822–jq727914 ) , 16s ( jq727689–jq727821 ) and aligned data matrices are available upon request from the corresponding author . excluded variable 16s regions are identified as character sets in all nexus files . saturation was not found in the 16s fragment or the first or second positions of the coi fragment . there is slight saturation in the third position transitions in the coi data set ( not shown ) . the third positions were included in the bayesian analysis as the partitioning allows the parameters of this position to be estimated separately and the inclusion of the third positions did not change the resulting trees . the recommended model of evolution ( aic form mr . model test ) was used to set parameters in mr . bayes for each partition . the resulting best - fit model of evolution for each partition using the aic selection from mr . modeltest ver . 2 [ 78 ] were coi 1 st : gtr + g , coi 2nd : trn + i + g , coi 3 rd : gtr + i + g and 16s : gtr + i + g . these models correspond to the following settings in mr . bayes ; all partitions set to nst = 6 and rates = invgamma except for the coi second codon position partition which was set rates = gamma .
the figured trees are the resulting consensus phylograms from the bayesian analyses ( figures s1 , s2 ) . all posterior probabilities are shown above the branches on the bayesian phylograms . tree topology was not altered with the inclusion or exclusion or the 16s fragment ' s variable regions ( see figure s2 for comparison of trees with and without variable regions ) . the resulting phylogenetic hypotheses for each dataset are summarized below . we will discuss relationships in terms of posterior probabilities .
coi and 16s combined analysis : including only specimens with data for both genes ( figure s1 ) .
this data set included 244 individual chromodorids , representing 157 species , four species of actinocyclidae , four other dorids . the outgroup was doris kerguelensis .
tree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included .
tree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included . blue = indo - pacific , red = atlantic and caribbean , gold = eastern pacific , green = sister group , black = outgroups . dark grey = solely eastern pacific and atlantic clades . light grey = primarily indo - pacific clades with eastern pacific members .
the two species of cadlinella included here , cadlinella ornatissima and cadlinellla subornatissima form a clade and are sister to the rest of the chromodorid species ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . these findings support previous results [ 27 ] , [ 28 ] and rudman ' s evolutionary scenario [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . the widespread indo - pacific genus , cadlinella is an enigmatic taxon . it has at different times been considered it own separate family [ 64 ] , a part of the cadlininae [ 65 ] and a member of the chromodoridinae / chromodorididae [ 26 ] , [ 66 ] .
cadlina burnayi ortea , 1988 [ 68 ] = t . nobilis [ 69 ]
the only two species of tyrinna : t . evelinae and t . nobilis are included here . tyrinna is always monophyletic ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . after the split from cadlinella , this clade is poorly - supported as the sister group to the main group of chromodorids ( pp = 0 . 83 ) . rudman [ 26 ] suggested that tyrinna , cadlinella and cadlina form a basal grade of primitive chromodorids . cadlina had been shown not to be a chromodorid [ 28 ] , but our results support rudman ' s suggestion that tyrinna and cadlinella are basal to the rest of the chromodorids . muniain et al [ 70 ] and schrödl and millen [ 71 ] extensively reviewed the morphology of the two species in this clade .
verconia verconis is well supported as part of a clade that includes n . haliclona , n . laboutei , n . romeri and n . simplex ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . noumea varians , n . purpurea and n . norba form a well - supported clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) that is not part of a name bearing clade , but is one branch of the polytomy that includes the ‘noumea sensu stricto’ and the branch leading to the rest of the family ( pp = 0 . 88 ) . the monotypic genus verconia is nested within the noumea clade as suggested by rudman [ 75 ] and weakly supported as the sister species to another south australian species , n . haliclona , as found in the preliminary results shown by turner & wilson [ 27 ] .
type species : doris xantholeuca ehrenberg , 1831 [ 76 ] = g . pallida ( by subsequent designation )
the glossodoris clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) includes species g . pallida and g . rufomargninata . in an important , but often overlooked detailed examination of the relationships of the species classified in the genus glossodoris , rudman identified five subgroups of this genus based on morphology [ 77 ] . the species in this glossodoris clade were considered by rudman [ 77 ] to be members of the ‘ glossodoris pallida subgroup’ . this clade also includes two species he did not include in any subgroup , g . cincta and g . hikuerenesis .
lissodoris odhner , 1934 [ 80 ] . type species : l . mollis odhner , 1934 ( = c . aureomarginata cheeseman , 1881 [ 86 ] ( by monotypy )
casella h . & a . adams , 1858 : 57 [ 84 ] . type species : c . gouldii h . & a . adams , 1858 [ 84 ] ( by monotypy )
species included in the glossodoris atromarginata subgroup [ 77 ] are recovered in this clade , with the addition of g . sedna and digidentis kulonba ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .
this name will be used for all eastern pacific and atlantic species of chromodoris and glossodoris ( except glossodoris sedna ) . these species form a polytomy including glossodoris baumanni and three clades of atlantic and eastern pacific chromodorids .
chromodoris clenchi , c . norrisi and c . sphoni ( pp = 1 . 00 )
chromodoris krohni , c . luteorosea and c . purpurea ( pp = 0 . 78 )
these exclusively eastern pacific and atlantic clades do not form a monophyletic group , but we will provisionally name all of these species ‘felimida’ . this is the most conservative choice , the choice that requires the fewest name changes and is the least disruptive pending further information and broader taxon sampling .
the ardeadoris clade includes both species of ardeadoris : a . egretta and a . scottjohnsoni , five species of glossodoris ( g . averni , g . pullata , g . rubroannulata , g . tomsmithi and glossodoris undaurum ) and noumea angustolutea ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . . based on their analysis , turner and wilson [ 27 ] suggested that with more sampling it would be come clear if ardeadoris should be synonmized with glossodoris . by sampling more broadly within the family , we found the converse . four species of glossodoris and noumea angustolutea need to be included within ardeardoris because they are strongly supported as part of the clade including ardeadoris egretta and not the type species of glossodoris . three of the species , g . averni , g . undaurum and g . rubroannulata , found in this clade were part of rudman ' s glossodoris sedna subgroup [ 77 ]
this clade includes all of the black - lined species of chromodoris and chromodoris aspersa ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . this clade was identified by , both wilson & lee [ 17 ] and turner & wilson [ 27 ] , as the planar spawning or black - lined chromodoris clade . all of the members of this clade lay flat egg masses .
type species : diversidoris aurantionodulosa rudman , 1987 [ 89 ] ( by original designation ) .
the diversidoris includes , diversidoris aurantionodulosa , two yellow species of noumea , n . crocea and n . flava , and a new species from moorea , french polynesia - chromodoridae biocode 2937 ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .
the miamirinae clade includes all of the species currently classified as ceratosoma , durvilledoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , pectenodoris , risbecia , thorunna and two species of digidentis ( pp = 1 . 00 )
this clade was first predicted by rudman [ 26 ] based on morphological similarities and then confirmed by rudman & berquist ' s [ 5 ] finding that all of the species in this clade feed exclusively on sponges of the family dysideaidae , although they assumed all of the genera to be monophyletic . miamirinae bergh 1891 is the oldest appropriate and available subfamily or family name for this clade . the remaining six genera ; miamira , ceratosoma , felimare , mexichromis , thorunna and hypselodoris make up the miamirinae .
the miamira clade includes the following species ( as currently classified ) ceratosoma alleni , ceratosoma magnificum , ceratosoma miamiranum , ceratosoma sinuatum . miamira is part of a grade with ceratosoma . the morphological phylogeny of species of ceratosoma and classified as miamira and orodoris , that was used as justification for their synonomy , predicted a sister group relationship between species of miamira and ceratosoma alleni [ 93 ] . our results confirm that c . alleni is more closely related to species of miamira , but do not find support for synonymy of miamira and ceratosoma . although , it is possible this relationship will be recovered with further sampling and by including molecular markers that will help resolve basal branches on the phylogeny .
the ceratosoma clade includes c . amoenum , c . gracillimum , c . ingozi , c . tenue , c . trilobatum and a new species . ( pp = 1 . 00 )
the felimare clade includes all eastern pacific , atlantic and mediterranean species of hypselodoris and two species of mexichromis , m . porterae and m . kempfi from the eastern pacific and caribbean respectively ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . both gosliner and johnson [ 13 ] and alejandrino and valdés [ 31 ] hypothesized a sister group relationship between the indo - pacific and eastern pacific / atlantic species of hypselodoris . turner and wilson [ 27 ] did not recover that relationship , but instead found the same relationships shown here .
this clade includes the type species of mexichromis , m . antonii , known only from the eastern pacific and the three included species of durvilledoris , d . lemniscata , d . pusilla and d . similaris , the two described species of pectenodoris , p . aurora and p . trilineata and all of the indo - pacific species currently considered mexichromis , m . festiva , m . macropus , m . mariei and m . mutituberculata ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . there are two well - supported clades within the mexichromis clade . the clade including mexichromis antonii and the species of durvilledoris is sister to the clade including pectenodoris and indo - pacific mexichromis . these clades could be given two names , but it is much less disruptive and confusing to maintain the name mexichromis for all clade members . the clade including p . aurora and p . trilineata can be called the ‘ pectenodoris ’ clade of mexichromis .
the thorunna clade includes all species of thorunna and two species of digidentis , d . arbutus and d . perplexa . all of species currently classified as thorunna are found in the indo - pacific and the species of digidentis are limited to southern australia . as suggested by rudman [ 26 ] , the only species within thorunna with mantle glands , t . australis and the species of digidentis ( all of which have mantle glands ) form a clade .
this clade includes all of the indo - pacific species of hypeslodoris and risbecia ( pp = 1 . 00 ) .
species of risbecia s . s forms a well - supported clade nested within hypselodoris and can be referred to as the risbecia clade of hypselodoris . risbecia aplogema is not part of this risbecia clade and was previously considered a species of hypselodoris . including all of the members of the risbecia and hypselodoris bullocki clade in risbecia is not an option because this would render hypsleodoris paraphyletic . the second clade includes , h . bennetti , h , maritima , h . bertschi , h . paulinae , h . kaname , h . bollandi , h . obscura , h . infucata , h . zephrya and one or two new species . the third clade includes h . reidi , h . krakatoa , h . jacksoni and one new species . this clade was also recovered in gosliner & johnson ' s [ 13 ] morphological phylogeny of hypselodoris .
in future contribtuions , we will work out synapomorphies for the clades identified here , but because of the amount of homoplasy and number of incomplete descriptions , this is a huge undertaking and not appropriate here .
in summary , with the most comprehensive sampling of chromodorid species to date , we confirmed that the chromodorids are monophyletic and are sister to the monophyletic actinocyclids . we also found that the majority , 12 / 14 non - monotypic traditional genera , were not monophyletic or make another clade paraphyletc . seven traditional genera , ceratosoma , chromodoris , digidentis , glossodoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , noumea are non - monophyletic and three ( durvilledoris , pectenodoris , risbecia ) are monophyletic but render another genus paraphyletic . both ardeadoris and thorunna are made paraphyletic by nested members of other genera ( noumea , glossodoris and digidentis ) . the two monotypic genera , diversidoris and verconia are nested within clades . only tyrinna and cadlinella are monophyletic and without disruption to any other clades ( figure 3 , s1 , s2 ) . the classification proposed here and discussed at length above renames clades and is more consisitent with evolutionary history ( figure s3 ) .
the most speciose chromodorid genera : chromodoris , glossodoris and hypselodoris were originally created to describe indo - pacific species . it wasn ' t until some time after these names were created that previously described , similar , brightly colored cryptobranch dorid species found in the eastern pacific , western atlantic and mediterranean were added to these genera [ 1 ] , [ 26 ] , [ 65 ] , [ 95 ] , [ 102 ] , [ 103 ] . in mexichromis the opposite is true . the type species , mexichromis antonii , was described from the eastern pacific and indo - pacific species were included later included in this genus [ 26 ] , [ 95 ] . other eastern pacific “ mexichromis ” are shown here to belong to felimare .
this new classification clarifies our view of biogeographic patterns in the chromodorid nudibranchs . instead of taxonomy obscuring patterns of diversification in this group , this taxonomy reflects and reinforces evolutionary history . it gives us a much better framework for exploring evolutionary questions .
the electronic version of this document does not represent a published work according to the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the nomenclatural acts contained in the electronic version are not available under that code from the electronic edition . therefore , a separate edition of this document was produced by a method that assures numerous identical and durable copies , and those copies were simultaneously obtainable ( from the publication date noted on the first page of this article ) for the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record , in accordance with article 8 . 1 of the code . the separate print - only edition is available on request from plos by sending a request to plos one , public library of science , 1160 battery street , suite 100 , san francisco , ca 94111 , usa along with a check for $ 10 ( to cover printing and postage ) payable to “public library of science” .
table of specimens used in this study . specimens used in this study listed by family . the names in this table reflect current classification not proposed classification ( new names are listed in the text ) . abbreviations are as follows : casiz = california academy of sciences , sam = south australian museum , wam = western australian museum , am = australian museum , zsm = zoologische staatssammlung münchen , sio - bic = scripps institute of oceanography , biocode = moorea biocode project .
new classification of the chromodorididae with synonyms . generic names and type species in bold and the most recent genus membership follows . listing order follows phylogeny .
bayesian consensus phylogram including all specimens with data for both genes . posterior probabilities are listed above branches . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . this phylogram is the consensus of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position .
bayesian consensus phylograms including all specimens . a . phylogram resulting from the inclusion of all characters b . phylogram resulting from excluding hard to align characters . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . these phylograms are the consensuses of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position . dotted lined indicate areas of disagreement .
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upper : shiprock , port hacking , sydney , new south wales , 3m , march 1982 . lower : shiprock , port hacking , sydney , new south wales , december 1982 , on food sponge . photos : bill rudman .
there are many red and orange - spotted species of chromodorid in new south wales and southeastern australia . i have discussed this example of mimicry on a separate page .
references : • rudman , w . b . ( 1983a ) the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris splendida , c . aspersa and hypselodoris placida colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society 78 : 105 - 173 . • rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) purpose in pattern : the evolution of colour in chromodorid nudibranchs . journal of molluscan studies , 57 , ( t . e . thompson memorial issue ) : 5 - 21 .
it usually takes about 3 months before the first slugs show up and they are always austraeolis ornata and jorunna sp 1 . plocamopherus imperialis then arrives on the main sea wall and dendrodoris denisoni and dendrodoris fumata show up further upstream . sometimes aplysia spp also arrive . it is always after these species establish that chromodorids appear about half a kilometre up river and always on the same rock wall . chromodoris geometrica , chromodoris daphne , chromodoris cf reticulata and hypselodoris obscura all appear about the same time and what is curious is that they are often large animals with almost no juveniles seen , and i have always had a thorough search before hand .
if no slugs survive after a flood ( chromodorids definitely dont ) how do these species re - establish . the odd animal may come in on weed but the regularity of their arrival seems to indicate that they must have at least a short planktonic stage and can only establish once their food source is present . i have no qualification to make any assumption but i believe that my observation is correct so i would appreciate your opinion
we basically need to know a lot more about the lifecycles of the nudibranchs and of the food organisms - algae , sponges , hydroids , bryozoans etc - before we can say much more about how nudibranchs re - establish themselves at certain places after catastrophes . it is a very interesting - if very complicated topic .
dear bill , in answer to your question :
i wondered if two sponge species were interwoven , but i suspect the bluish regions are paler parts of the chelonaplysilla - perhaps where the slug has been feeding . i would be interested in your comments . do you perhaps have a photo showing the join between blue and darker regions more clearly ?
we have another photo of each nudibranch and sponge in the previous message . the two we sent in showed the mouth everted and indicated feeding better than the ones we didn ' t send . here are the two other photos . we think what you are seeing is not two sponges but the hills and hollows of the sponge making shadows and light . we will keep looking for chromodoris daphne feeding and see if we can come up with some photos that clear up the puzzle .
locality : the pipeline , nelson bay , port stephens and fly point , port stephens - great lakes marine park , port stephens , 5metres , new south wales , australia , pacific ocean , 09 january 2009 & 10 january 2009 , sandy silty bottom with sponges , ascidians , gorgonias , soft corals , hydroids and seaweed . length : 30 mm . photographer : leanne and david atkinson .
i think these extra photos have cleared up the puzzle quite well . some sponges change colour in different parts of the same colony - certainly parts that are shaded are often much paler or almost colourlesss . it seems as though chelonaplysilla violacea can range in colour from deep violet to dull blue to a reddish colour and also to a pale straw colour . one of the distinguishing features of chelonaplysilla is its incorporation of small sand grains into its tissue which can usually be seen in c . violacea , in the granular appearance of the honeycomb - like surface of the colony . interestingly your lower photo shows part of the honeycomb layer [ c ] being hidden by a smooth layer with raised conical papillae more typical of the related genera darwinella . if i had seen the smooth section only i wouldn ' t have thought of it as chelonaplysilla .
as i have often said , sponges are notoriously difficult to identify externally , and one of the reasons for this is that we don ' t have a good idea of the variability of living colonies . although this is not a ' sponge forum ' our growing collection of ' nudibranch food ' photos is increasing our knowledge in both fields of biology .
hi bill and everyone ! so chromodoris daphne is the hot topic . . . i won ' t go into feeding but will go into egg masses and mating . this species is fairly common here and is typically a botton dweller . in all the dive we have seen it , it has been crawling along the silty sandy bottom . it has been found intertidally and at the mooloolaba rock wall / ledges , which is a shore dive and old woman island and the local reefs . i collected a couple to see if they would lay eggs and walla . . . two animals laid egg masses together at the same time and then went right back to mating ! i could not believe my eyes .
locality : mooloolaba , sunshine coast , intertidal down to 20 m , sthn queensland , australia , pacific ocean , 20 january 2009 . length : 15 - 25 mm . photographer : gary cobb .
hi bill , we found these chromodoris daphne feeding on a black sponge on two recent dives , one at fly point and the other at the pipeline . these dive sites are at opposite ends of nelson bay beach . there is some discussion on where to find these nudibranchs in an earlier message by dez paros . we usually find these nudibranchs in less than 12 metres in the zone where there is a mixture of seaweed and sponges .
locality : the pipeline , nelson bay , port stephens and fly point , port stephens - great lakes marine park , port stephens , 5 metres , new south wales , australia , pacific ocean , 09 january 2009 & 10 january 2009 , sandy bottom sponges , bryozoans , soft corals , hydroids and ascidians . length : 30 mm . photographer : leanne and david atkinson .
to accompany leanne & david atkinson ' s message [ # 18549 ] , here is another record of chromodoris daphne feeding .
locality : shiprock , port hacking , sydney , new south wales , australia . 7 m . 20 december 1982 , many specimens , 20 - 35 mm long on food sponge . coll : g . avern . am c137068 . photos : bill rudman .
many specimens were found , all on a large empty beer bottle which was completely covered in a colony of the purple darwinellid sponge chelonaplysilla violacea .
hi bill , we came across this chromodoris daphne we think was feeding and thought it might be of interest .
locality : little beach , fly point marine reserve port stephens , 8 metres , nsw australia , pacific , 12th november 2006 , sandy bottom scattered sponges , kelp , ascidians soft corals and gorgonias . length : 40 mm . photographer : leanne & david atkinson .
the upper shot shows the sponge , the damage where feeding has occurred and a mucus trail to the chromodoris daphne . the lower shot quite clearly shows the mouth everted . water temperature was 19 degrees celcius . there didn ' t seem to be any other messages or information about its food on the site . regards , leanne & david atkinson
dear leanne & david , this is a very valuable addition to our knowledge . i have added a couple of closeups to show the damage and sponge structure in more detail . the sponge is a darwinellid , and i suspect a species of chelonaplysilla but will need to check with prof . bergquist . your mention about no feeding information on the site for this species surprised me as i thought i had photos of it on a discarded beer bottle which was covered in the purple sponge chelonaplysilla violacea . on checking i have only a very cursory reference on the fact sheet so i have prepared a fuller message to accompany your record .
it ' s very good to have some confirmatory observations - and interesting from the sponge point of view as well because we still have a lot to learn about how many species of chelonaplysilla there are .
dear bill , we were thrilled to find this chromodoris daphne laying eggs on our last dive . sadly we were still learning to use our newly housed digital camera and badly overexposed the shots showing the eggs coming out . it was definitely laying these eggs and not just crawling over them . locality : fly point marine reserve port stephens , 5 metres , new south wales , australia , pacific ocean , 18 . 03 . 2006 , sandy bottom seaweed with scattered sponges and kelp . length : 25 mm . photographer : leanne & david atkinson .