oliva tessellata , common name the tessellate olive , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family olividae , the olives .

oliva tessellata

oliva ( neocylindrus ) guttata fischer von waldheim , g . , 1807 : taiwan ; e australia
( of oliva tesselata ) vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january 2010 [ details ]
this oliva tessellata species distribution map has been generated with the aquamaps methodology by exploiting the technology and the computational resources provided by imarine . in particular , this map has been produced using the hspec 2050 native range dataset , generated using aquamaps nativerange2050 algorithm .
. baruš v , oliva o ( eds ) užovka podplamata , fauna čsfr . plazi - reptilia svazek 26 , academia , praha ; 1992 .
the dice snake ( natrix tessellata laurenti , 1768 ) is generally considered to be a fully or partially piscivorous freshwater snake species . the aim of the study was to make the first global overview on the taxonomy and geographical distribution of the species based on own observations , available databases and the special literature .
number and frequency of prey species in the diet of natrix tessellata in different habitats . invertebrates were united into one group due to their low number and similar distribution . code of categories : h - 1 : marine , h - 2 : freshwater , h - 3 : terrestrial , f - 1 : no quantitative data , f - 2 : rare , f - 3 : frequent , f - 5 : common .
relative abundance of prey items in the diet of natrix tessellata in seven eurasian studies . invertebrates were united into one group due to their low number and similar distribution . country codes : aut : austria , cro : croatia , c - ita 1 : central italy , c - ita 2 : northern italy , c - tur : central turkey , n tur : northern turkey , rou : romania , rus : russia .
similarity of the feeding spectrum of natrix tessellata in 18 countries . shading in the map indicates the species ' range . country codes : ita : italy , cro : croatia , tur : turkey , aut : austria , sui : switzerland , slo : slovenia , cze : czech republic , pol : poland , hun : hungary , ger : germany , rus : russia , rou : romania , bul : bulgaria , gru : georgia , aze : azerbaijan , irn : iran , syr : syria , jor : jordan .
geographical distribution of prey in the diet of natrix tessellata . invertebrates were united into one group due to their low number and similar distribution . country codes : ita : italy , cro : croatia , tur : turkey , aut : austria , sui : switzerland , slo : slovenia , cze : czech republic , pol : poland , hun : hungary , ger : germany , rus : russia , rou : romania , bul : bulgaria , gru : georgia , aze : azerbaijan , irn : iran , syr : syria , jor : jordan .
lamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la détermination des espèces de mollusques testacés . annales du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . 16 : 300 - 328 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 320 , species 38 [ details ]
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
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lamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la détermination des espèces de mollusques testacés .
the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
f + + + , very nice specimen found by p . williams ( labeled as o . bewleyi )
f + + + , very strange specimen from rare locality ! found by peggy williams in 1983 ! looks close to se florida o . matchetti !
f + , very strange specimen from rare locality ! found by peggy williams in 1983 ! looks close to se florida o . matchetti !
gem , very nice form - we only have had two specimen until today - the name may not be correct , but certainly is a form or even full species , dark first whorls and few patterns . from berry island
f + + + , very nice patterns ! found by p . williams in 1999
f + + , nice shinny specimen , collected in st . petersburg in 1982 ! ex - coll . bunnie cook
f + + + , elongated and cylindric specimen ! found by p . williams
f + + , unusual light colored shell found by p . williams off cairns !
gem , beautiful species ! usually sold as polpasta , but this is easily identified by the shape and dark mark inside the siphon . rare mexican specimen found by p . williams !
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imarine is an access point to a number of virtual research environments deployed and operated in the context of the imarine project to support the ecosystem approach to . . . read more
the global analysis of the diet of the dice snake revealed a feeding spectrum characteristically changing over the broad distribution area including non - fish prey as well as taxa from marine and terrestrial habitats . the analysis of the feeding spectrum separated four large geographical units with further distinctions in central and eastern europe . such diversity helps explain why this species was able to colonise a large and diverse eurasian range .
laurenti , 1768 ) is a eurasian snake species ranging from germany and switzerland to china , pakistan and egypt ( gasc et al . [
] ) . it occurs in aquatic or marshy habitats , including brackish water ( gruschwitz et al . [
] ) occasionally even inhabiting cities such as rome and prague ( velenský et al . [
) lives in eurasian habitats , often inhabiting similar areas with the dice snake ( gasc et al . [
) has sympatric populations in switzerland and italy with the dice snake ( metzger et al . [
] ) . however , it is considered to be threatened in a number of western and central european states , with low genetic variation in some populations ( gautschi et al . [
] ) . as such , conservation measures should still be undertaken for this species as habitat destruction , pollution , road traffic , collection and persecution are listed as possible threats .
the dice snake has a large distribution and it occurs in different habitats , which would imply the species can adapt well to local conditions presumably by adopting a wide feeding spectrum . however , it is generally considered to be a diurnal piscivorous snake ( gasc et al . [
] ) despite information that shows the species also eats non - fish prey items such as amphibians and reptiles ( see e . g . beshkov and dushkov [
] ) . a number of publications contain information on the food of the dice snake , with several focusing on local areas ( e . g . luiselli et al . [
] on central italy ) , but no global overview of the species ' dietary preferences has been published .
the aim of this paper is to review the feeding spectrum of the dice snake over its global distribution by comparing the species ' prey items in different countries and offer reasons for potential differences in prey item preference based on geography and habitat conditions .
information was gathered from literature sources and personal observations on the diet of the dice snake from its whole range , i . e . from switzerland in the west to pakistan and china in the east , and from germany in the north to iran in the south . information from papers only mentioning large , collective groups such as ‘insects’ , ‘fish’ or ‘frogs’ as food items without giving species ( or genus ) level information is discussed in the article ( e . g . brecko et al . [
] ) but was not included in the database , even if their addition would have added new items to the list such as mice ( wang et al . [
] ) . no time limit was applied ; reports available from the first half of the twentieth century were also used . besides published records and our observations , citizen science data were also collected by approaching internet databases for photographic evidence of dice snake predation on a given taxa ( e . g .
] ) to elucidate geographical differences among 18 countries , where appropriate information could be collected . statistical analysis was made using syn - tax 2000 ( podani [
contains the number of species from the different classes in different habitats and their frequency distribution . it shows that in marine habitats , only fish were predated ; in freshwater and terrestrial habitats , the most frequently eaten prey items were fishes and amphibians , respectively . the quantitative data shows that fish and amphibians overall were the most frequently eaten prey items , with invertebrates , reptiles and mammals eaten only rarely .
detailed quantitative data on the diet of the dice snake were found in eight articles ( acipinar et al . [
] ) including 2 , 375 prey items from the investigation of more than 2 , 730 snakes . the relative abundance of the different fauna groups at six european and two asian sites is summarised in figure
, which shows a relatively uniform pattern , fishes comprised the highest abundance of prey items in seven out of the eight studies ( acipinar et al . [
] ) . in four surveys ( austria , croatia , northern turkey , romania ) , they were the only food items described , while in italy , amphibians were also eaten in both cases . unlike these studies , fishes did not have an absolute dominance among the prey items in central turkey ( acipinar et al . [
] ) and , to a moderate extent , reptiles ( bakiev et al . [
species ( and , in some cases , genus ) level data on the feeding spectrum of the dice snake was collected from 18 countries . their similarity can be seen in figure
) . in the middle east , the number of species eaten was relatively low ( under eight species in any country ) with only fish and amphibians eaten . the same taxa characterise countries in the ponto - caspian group but different species are fed on and the number of species was also higher . the remaining two groups ( central and eastern european , mediterranean ) are characterised by a wide feeding spectrum , characteristic differences among the countries and further division in the central and eastern european group e . g . according to altitude .
data from 18 countries proved that the dice snake feeds on at least 113 prey taxa from six classes . fish were the most important prey items ; the importance of non - fish species in the diet was pronounced in deserts , high mountains and in dry mediterranean areas . in spite of the wide feeding spectrum , only fish and amphibians were found to be predominant food items over the whole species ' range .
due to its excellent swimming and diving abilities and fidelity to freshwater habitats , the dice snake is generally considered to be a piscivorous fish species ( gasc et al . [
) , both fast - and slow - moving animals . for example , reptiles , especially lizards , have been found in the diet of the dice snake for more than 60 years ( göçmen et al . [
] ) . a key factor determining the actual species composition is that according to current understanding of the species ' habitat requirements over much of its range , the dice snake remains in the immediate vicinity of surface waters at a distance of less than 20 metres to the water edge during the active season ( conelli et al . [
sp . , ) fish species as it has been observed in the caspian sea ( tuniyev et al . [
] ) , lake balaton ( own unpublished data ) , lake prespa ( sterijovski et al . [
] ) . in fishponds , the main prey species of the dice snake were juvenile fish from aquaculture and allochthonous fish species ( acipinar et al . [
) . populations in high mountains ( over 1 , 000 m a . s . l . ) may specialise on eating larval and adult amphibians ( cafuta and krofel 2007 ; frotzler et al . [
] ) as predominant food . it can also be considerable in arid regions , where the dice snake often lives along temporary water bodies or fish ponds , where only a limited number of fish species are present ( amr and disi [
] ) . as young fish produced in fish farms can become an important element in the diet of the dice snake besides natural conditions , human activity may also influence the spread and survival of this snake ( acipinar et al . [
several publications include estimates on the frequency of different prey organisms of the dice snake , including estimates for various habitats . wang et al . ( [
] ) , for example , investigated 200 individuals and listed fish as the main food item in large , reed covered water bodies , insects , tadpoles and adult amphibians in temporarily water - covered rice paddies and connecting canals among them , and fish , tadpoles , insects and rodents ( primarily mice ) along streams in other agricultural areas in north - eastern china .
) ; this result is characteristic for the species inhabiting permanent streams and large water bodies or rivers in austria , croatia , romania and northern turkey ( acipinar et al . [
] ) . contradictory results were found on prey selection . for example , in styrean waters , there was no complete overlap between the abundance of the different species in fish communities and in the diet of the dice snake ( zimmerman and fachbach [
] ) , while in the danube delta , the number of snake - caught gobiid species was reflective of the abundance of the respective species in bottom habitats ( sloboda et al . [
] ) . though the feeding spectrum of the studies was wide , fish were also the most abundant prey species at the other sites including the mediterranean ( bakiev et al . [
] ) . in one case , however , other food items ( insects , amphibians , reptiles and mammals ) in total were more numerous than fish ( göçmen et al . [
] ) . though the number of these studies is limited , they support the general conclusion that over much of its range , the dice snake primarily feeds on fish , while in arid areas ( see also frotzler et al . [
] ) and , according to cafuta and krofel ( 2007 ) , also in high mountains , its diet may shift towards amphibians and other prey items .
) . the group separated most from other branches includes asian countries with dice snake populations in highly arid regions ( iran , syria , jordan ) . the list of prey species in these countries is short , with snakes predominantly feeding on fish and amphibians from permanent rivers and alien fish species kept in fish farms ( amr and disi [
the second group in the cluster includes countries with the highest number of ponto - caspian gobiid species ( e . g .
central and eastern european countries formed a common group with russia . there are several fish with very large distribution areas among the prey species there such as
] ) , while high mountain populations ( austria , switzerland , slovenia ) feeding on locally characteristic fish species and also on amphibians are on another sub - branch .
countries with mediterranean climate ( croatia , italy , turkey ) form the final group with freshwater tolerating marine fish species and cosmopolitan fish species in the diet of the dice snake . this area is characterised with the most diverse feeding spectrum including snails , insects , reptiles and mammals ( additional file
) related to the drying out of many water bodies during summer . during extremely hot summers , the dice snake was also observed to hunt at night , also far away from surface waters , which furthers the potential feeding spectrum of this snake ( see e . g . moller [
] , who observed over a period of several weeks a large dice snake which ‘unusually’ hunted geckos at night ) .
snakes have strikingly different feeding spectra ranging from strictly egg - eating species with limited distribution ( see e . g . dandge [
] ) . the dice snake is present in over 20 countries on three continents , which is , unlike what has been suggested earlier on the basis of observations from the western - central part of its distribution area , partly the result of its generalist feeding strategy leading to a good adaptive ability if the potential prey spectrum changes ( acipinar et al . [
] ) . it is also supported by its anatomy enabling this snake to hunt effectively in both aquatic and terrestrial environments ( bilcke et al . [
species inhabiting the palearctic . in a comparative study with the closely related grass snake (
] ) found the dice snake to have a narrower feeding spectrum than the grass snake , which also has a broader distribution ( gasc et al . [
] ) . the latter species more plastically changing its diet and populations near to each other within relatively short distances may specialise on different food ( luiselli et al . [
, shows a considerable overlap with that of the dice snake but with some exceptions ( see e . g . the observations of scali , [
] ) , and due to other factors as fertility and size , the dice snake is able to outcompete the viperine snake ( metzger et al . [
the authors thank andrew hamer and the anonymous reviewers for improving an earlier version of the manuscript .
, and pm finalized the manuscript with wa . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .
, countries they were recorded , their frequency , the habitat type they were found and the source of the information ( ahmadzadeh et al . [
and their reptilian prey during the breeding season in dadia forest ( north - eastern greece ) .
bern convention ( 1999 ) law on ratification of convention of conservation of free living european flora and fauna and their natural habitats ( ur . l . rs 17 / 99 ) .  ,
correlated evolution of aquatic prey - capture strategies in european and american natricine snakes .
effect of prey - and predator size on the capture success of an aquatic snake .
erpetofauna delle foci del fiume isonzo , e note eco - etologiche sull’erpetofauna dell’ isola della cona ( friuli - venezia giulia , italia nord - orientale ) .
cafuta v , krofel m , ( 2007 ) report on field work of the group for reptiles . in : stanković , et al . ( ed ) biology student research camp lovrenc na pohorju , ( 2005 ) biology student society . ljubljana , pp  : 81–88
monitoring a large population of dice snakes at lake sinoe in dobrogea , romania .
. may 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora ( the habitats directive ) ,  ; 1992 .
stays hidden in safe areas in a diverse floodplain along the danube at göd , hungary .
atlas of amphibians and reptiles in europe . collection patrimoines naturels 29 . societas europaea herpetologica , muséum national d’histoire naturelle & service du patrimoine naturel
objective methods for the classification of vegetation i . the use of positive interspecific correlation .
. bd . 3 / schlangen ii , aula - verlag , wiesbaden , germany ; 1999 : 581–644 .
effects of rehabilitation of the polluted river system mur in styria , austria , and construction of hydroelectric power plants on fish fauna and distribution of the dice snake .
. spornik nauchnykh soobscheniy kaf . zool . dgu сб , makhachkala ; 1969 .
. izv . 1 i 2 severo kavkazskogo ped , instituta . bd . 2 / p , ordzhonikidze ; 221 .
) along the mainland and an island in italy : the effect of habitat type and interference with potential competitors .
adder bite in the water , complicated by rapid shock . a case history .
monitoring and assessment of the distribution of the dice snake in ticino , southern switzerland .
( serpentes : colubridae ) in pakistan : analysis of its range limited to few valleys in the western karakoram .
. die neue brehm bucherei . a , ziemens verlag , wittenberg , lutherstadt , germany ; 1987 .
on golem grad , fyr of macedonia : a natural fortress shelters a prosperous snake population .
. zoologie , praha , czech republic , m . s . kat ; 2003 .
can a large metropolis sustain complex herpetofauna communities ? an analysis of the suitability of green space fragments in rome .
laurenti , 1768 ) ( reptilia : columbridae ) in the danube river catchment area .
this article is published under license to biomed central ltd . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (
) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly credited .


the cinnamon-rumped trogon ( harpactes orrhophaeus ) is a species of bird in the family trogonidae .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

cinnamon - rumped trogon

select an image : 1 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > male 2 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > female 3 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > male 4 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > adult male 5 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > adult male 6 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > female 7 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > female 8 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > male 9 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > male 10 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > male 11 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > male
cinnamon rumped trogon . trogon birds are residents of tropical forests worldwide . they feed on insects and fruit , and their broad bills and weak le… | pinteres…
( note : date listed in the video is incorrect ; clip was recorded on the 9th september 2012 . ) short clip of cinnamon - rumped trogon calling from within the understorey of the disturbed forest in panti bird sanctuary . attention : do turn up the volume to hear the cinnamon - rumped trogon ' s call , as it is quite weak .
this article is about bird family trogonidae . for bird genus trogon , see trogon ( genus ) .
trogons , trogon collaris ( two left pictures ) and trogon massena , costa rica . photo : © vladimir dinets
narina trogon , apaloderma narina adult male narina trogon , apaloderma narina , perched in pigeonwood . photo : patty mcgann urltoken
) has the most atypical call of any trogon , research has not yet established whether the closely related javan trogon has a similar call .
collar , n . ( 2018 ) . cinnamon - rumped trogon ( harpactes orrhophaeus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the elegant trogon , reaching the south of the united states specifically southern arizona and the surrounding area . the narina trogon of africa is slightly exceptional in that it utilises a wider range of habitats than any other trogon , ranging from dense forest
not globally threatened . common to fairly common in mexico ; found throughout yucatán , where the commonest trogon . most numerous trogon also throughout belize ; found to be . . .
, is a bird in the trogon family . it is found from southern mexico to western
and short necks . trogons range in size from the 23 cm , 40 gram scarlet - rumped trogon to the 40 cm , 210 gram resplendent quetzal ( not including the male quetzal ' s 0 . 91 m tail streamers ) . their legs and feet are weak and short , and trogons are essentially
[ order ] trogoniformes | [ family ] trogonidae | [ latin ] apalharpactes reinwardtii | [ uk ] javan trogon | [ fr ] couroucou de reinwardt | [ de ] reinwardttrogon | [ es ] trogon de java . | [ nl ] reinwardts trogon | [ authority ] temminck , 1822
a number of other species . the narina trogon of africa is thought to undertake some localised short distance
male has red head , blue bill and eye ring . black throat , grey breast and red belly . pale brown upperparts , undertail mostly white . female with red in male replaced by cinnamon . pale brown bars on wings .
skull of a trogon showing the presence of a basipterygoid process ( bpg . p . ) and a schizognathous palate
seems to use deserted trogon nests about 2 meters up in a dead stump or cavity . no further details .
of the trogon order . the subspecies costaricensis is slightly smaller than the nominate race and has shorter narrower tail plumes .
the beak of trogon birds is used in part for securing food and cutting it up thanks to serrated cutting edges .
in oligocene rocks from switzerland and miocene france . the oldest new world fossil of a trogon is from the comparatively recent
the calls of the quetzals and the two caribbean genera are the most complex . among the asian genera the sumatran trogon (
comments : composed of two groups : ambiguus of southwestern u . s . and mexico ( coppery - tailed trogon ) and elegans of guatemala , el salvador , honduras , nicaragua , and costa rica ( elegant trogon ) ( aou 1998 ) .
male has light green bill with yellow base . head , upper breast and upper parts all green with golden blue shine . yellowish bare skin on face . underparts light - red . on the wings fine pale grey with black bars . female brown face and throat . breast more cinnamon washed brown .
the usual call is a croaking
co - ah co - ah co - ah
. the trogon will also include some chattering notes .
this article is part of project trogoniformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each trogon , including made - up species .
contains 39 species in eight genera . the word
trogon
is greek for
nibbling
and refers to the fact that these birds gnaw holes
. they are fairly large ( all over 32 cm or 13 inches long ) , slightly bigger than other trogon species . quetzals have iridescent green or golden - green
euptilotis neoxenus is related to pharomachrus and is called the eared quetzal by some authorities , such as the american ornithologists ' union , but the eared trogon by others .
primary lowland forest , favors dense closed canopy . usually 3 - 8 meters up in the understorey . almost never in open land , which seperates it from lokkalike narina trogon .
collar , n . ( 2018 ) . black - headed trogon ( trogon melanocephalus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
collar , n . & van ballen , s . ( 2002 ) .
the blue - tailed trogon harpactes ( apalharpactes ) reinwardtii : species limits and conservation status
. forktail 18 : 121–125 .
priotelus is a genus of birds in the trogon family consisting of two species the cuban ( p . temnurus ) and hispaniolan trogon ( t roseigaster ) . the latter is usually placed in genus priotelus , but shows significant differences from p . temnurus in bill pattern , plumage coloration and some morphological features . hence it is by some authorities placed in its own genus temnotrogon . both priotelus species are the only trongons in the caribbean area .
flight , where a trogon flies from an observation perch to a target on another branch or in foliage . once there the birds hovers or stalls and snatches the item before returning to its perch to consume the item . this type of foraging is commonly used by some types of bird to obtain insect prey ; in trogons and quetzals it is also used to pluck fruit from trees . insect prey may also be taken on the wing , with the trogon pursuing flying insects in a similar manner to
riehl , christina ( 2008 ) .
communal calling and prospecting by black - headed trogons ( trogon melanocephalus )
. the wilson journal of ornithology 120 ( 2 ) : 248–255 . doi : 10 . 1676 / 07 - 025 . 1 .
a striking green and yellow trogon . upperparts green , except for a blue tail . underparts largely yellow with a green breast band . the bill is red and the naked skin around the eye is blue . voice a dry , high rattling
sterrrr
the alarm calls are in the background , and typical of a trogon . previously published on avocet as av10537 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question ; matches xc cuts . gps : estimate from google earth . alarm
the majority of trogons are birds of tropical and subtropical forests . they have a cosmopolitan distribution in the worlds wet tropics , being found in the americas , africa and asia . a few species are distributed into the temperate zone , with one species , the elegant trogon , reaching the south of the united states specifically southern arizona and the surrounding area . the narina trogon of africa is slightly exceptional in that it utilises a wider range of habitats than any other trogon , ranging from dense forest to fairly open savannah , and from the equator to southern south africa . it is the most widespread and successful of all the trogons . the eared quetzal of mexico is also able to use more xeric habitats , but preferentially inhabits forests . most other species are more restricted in their habitat , with several species being restricted to undisturbed primary forest . within forests they tend to be found in the mid story , occasionally in the canopy .
dacosta , j & klicka , j . ( 2008 ) .
the great american interchange in birds : a phylogenetic perspective with the genus trogon
. molecular ecology 17 ( 5 ) : 1328–43 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 294x . 2007 . 03647 . x . pmid 18302692 .
kristoffersen , anette vedding ( 2002 ) .
an early paleocene trogon ( aves : trogoniformes ) from the fur formation , denmark
. journal of vertebrate paleontology 22 ( 3 ) : 661–666 . doi : 10 . 1671 / 0272 - 4634 ( 2001 ) 022 [ 0661 : aeptat ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .
the male elegant trogon has a metallic deep green head , upper breast and back , black face and throat , and red - orange lower breast and belly . he shows grey upperwing coverts . the female has a metallic bronze head , upper breast , back , upper tail and upperwing coverts . she shows a dull white upper belly , and a small white vertical stripe behind the eye .
* the trogons and quetzals are birds in the order trogoniformes which contains only one family , the trogonidae . the family contains 39 species in eight genera . they might constitute a member of the basal radiation of the order coraciiformes or closely related to mousebirds and owls . the word “trogon” is greek for “nibbling” and refers to the fact that these birds gnaw holes in trees to make their nests .
collar , n . ( 2018 ) . philippine trogon ( harpactes ardens ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
trogon is greek for ' to gnaw or eat ' and refers to the structure and function of the beak . the cutting edges of the maxilla and / or mandible are variably serrated among most new world species and probably aid in securing live prey or large fruit . these serrations , along with the decurved tip of the bill ( present in all species ) , are also useful in cutting food items into smaller pieces .
( fowler 2003 : 246 )
old world trogons ( apaloderma , harpactes , and apalharpactes ) clearly form a clade ( johansson and ericson 2004 , moyle 2005 ; contra sibley and ahlquist 1990 , espinosa de los monteros 1998 ) , though relationships within that clade are not clear , since neither species of apalharpactes has yet been sampled in a phylogenetic analysis . new world trogons ( trogon , pharomachrus , priotelus , and euoptilotus ) may be paraphyletic to the old world trogons , though these basal relationships have been contradictory among studies ( johansson and ericson 2004 , moyle 2005 ) . all genera are apparently monophyletic , pending data on apalharpactes .
despite it being only a ten minute drive from the discovery centre , the orangutan rehabilitation centre appears to be less diverse than its neighbouring reserve . reports show than a total of 35 more species have been recorded at the discovery centre , however this is most likely a result of the dense vegetation at the orangutan rehabilitation centre . nevertheless , it remains the best place to view bornean falconet , grey - and - buff woodpecker , white - bellied woodpecker , olive - backed woodpecker , bornean bristlehead , black - and - yellow broadbill , rhinoceros hornbill , bushy - crested hornbill , violet cuckoo , crimson - winged woodpecker , orange - backed woodpecker , great slaty woodpecker , verditer flycatcher , great argus , large - hawk cuckoo and diard ' s trogon ( as well as many more ) . it was placed lower down on this list only because most of its species can be observed at the discovery centre , however it is still an incredible birdwatching site .
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rarest bird in the world : the cone - billed tanager , the mystery .
atlapetes blancae , 8 years later , still not found . wish or species ?
the trogons are split into three subfamilies , each reflecting one of these splits , aplodermatinae is the african subfamily and contains a single genus , apaloderma ; harpactinae is the asian subfamily and contains two genera , harpactes and apalharpactes . apalharpactes , consisting of two species in the java and sumatra , has only recently been accepted as a separate genus from harpactes . harpactes is a genus of birds found in forests in south and southeast asia , extending into southernmost china . they are strongly sexually dimorphic , with females generally being duller than males . the two members of the genus apalharpactes are sometimes included in harpactes .
oriental region : malay peninsula , borneo . harpactes orrhophaeus is known from peninsular thailand , sabah , sarawak and peninsular malaysia , singapore , kalimantan and sumatra , indonesia and brunei
this species occurs in the lower storey of humid evergreen forest to 1 , 500 m . in peninsular thailand and malaysia , it is largely restricted to closed - canopy lowland forest ( up to 180 m ) , whilst on borneo it occurs mainly in submontane slope forest at 1000 – 1400 m . it is predominantly recorded from tall primary forests , although there are records from logged dipterocarp forest .
builds nest in cavity about 1 . 5 meter above ground . clutch size is 2 eggs .
primarily insects , a still - hunter in dense understorey 2 - 3 meter above ground .
same bird as on xc68454 . this bird was in a small patch of trees in a large clearing , presumably traveling between forest patches
previously published on avocet as av5198 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : seen ; this bird seems to be a full adult but has no blue patch around the eye . age : ( determined by plumage ) . gps : rough estimate from google earth . recorded september 1990
previously published on avocet as av5197 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : seen ; this bird seems to be a full adult but has no blue patch around the eye . age : ( determined by plumage ) . gps : rough estimate from google earth . recorded september 1990
same bird as on xc68454 , xc96129 . this male is giving the four note call in the foreground that starts half way through . i suspect the other quiet 4 - 5 note series , which starts at the beginning of the cut , may be a female : one was seen with the male .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
this species and h . duvaucelii have sometimes been placed in separate genus , duvaucelius . species name sometimes misspelt as orrophaeus . two subspecies recognized .
( cabanis & heine , 1863 ) – peninsular thailand , peninsular malaysia and sumatra .
25 cm ; 45–61 g . male of nominate race has black hood , blue bill , eyebrow and narrow orbital ring , pale brown upperparts and uppertail ; pinkish - red underparts ; undertail . . .
middle and lower storeys of forest in the lowlands and hills , to 180 m in peninsular malaysia and . . .
stick - insects and leaf - insects recorded in stomachs . still - hunts in fairly dense understorey , 2–3 m up . has been seen in a mixed - . . .
mar–apr and jun in peninsular malaysia ; in borneo , male and female in breeding condition in mar . nest in cavity 1–1·5 m up in . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near - threatened . rare and local resident in peninsular thailand , where now threatened by habitat loss and known from only three . . .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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this forest - dependent species is listed as near threatened because it is suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid decline throughout its range as a result of habitat loss and degradation .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : harpactes orrhophaeus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
whats wrong with secretary kim 영준이 재능교육 시작했니 ? ( 자기의 일은 스스로 . . . 하지마 . . . ) 180704 ep . 9
this article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
original description clearly treats species name as adjectival ; hence this becomes masculine to agree with genus name . present species sometimes considered conspecific with t . citreolus ; genetic data indicate that these two form a sister - group to t . viridis and t . bairdii # r . populations of w costa rica described as race illaetabilis on basis of paler belly , but this character apparently not constant . monotypic .
atlantic slope of se mexico ( including islands off quintana roo ) , n guatemala , belize , n honduras and nicaragua ; also pacific slope from el salvador to n costa rica .
27 cm ; 69–91 g . male with bill pale blue - grey , orbital ring pale blue ; head and breast dull blackish ; white breastband , yellow rest of underside ; wings greyish - black , . . .
song a series of quickening clear barks , falling in pitch and stopping rather abruptly , “ . . .
species of natural open and secondary formations . usually fairly low in open deciduous woodland and . . .
insects and fruits . animal food includes orthoptera ( grasshoppers ) , mantises , dragonflies , large caterpillars ( smooth and hairy , including . . .
may–jun in belize , mar–jul in costa rica . nest an unlined chamber in an occupied termitarium 1·5–8 m up in tree , on fence . . .
resident in mexico . in costa rica , strays s to head of golfo dulce and e to grecia along river . . .
trogons are residents of tropical forests worldwide , with the greatest diversity in the neotropics . the genus
they feed on insects and fruit , and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits . although their flight is fast ,
they are reluctant to fly any distance . trogons are generally not migratory , although some species undertake partial local movements .
trogons have soft , often colourful , feathers with distinctive male and female plumage . they are the only type of animal with a
the trogons are insectivorous , usually hunting from a perch . they nest in holes dug into trees or termite nests , laying 2 - 4 white or
the majority of trogons are birds of tropical and subtropical forests . they have a cosmopolitan distribution in the worlds wet
tropics , being found in the americas , africa and asia . a few species are distributed into the temperate zone , with one species ,
to fairly open savannah , and from the equator to southern south africa . it is the most widespread and successful of all the trogons .
the eared quetzal of mexico is also able to use more xeric habitats , but preferentially inhabits forests . most other species are
more restricted in their habitat , with several species being restricted to undisturbed primary forest . within forests they tend to be
some species , particularly the quetzals , are adapted to cooler montane forest . there are a number of insular species ; these include
cuba and hispaniola respectively . outside of south asia and the caribbean , however , trogons are generally absent from islands ,
of its range , for example birds of zimbabwe ' s plateau savannah depart after the breeding season . a complete picture of these
movements is however lacking . trogons are difficult to study as their thick tarsi ( feet bones ) make ringing studies difficult .
unable to walk beyond a very occasional shuffle along a branch . they are even incapable of turning around on a branch without
using their wings . the ratio of leg muscle to body weight in trogons is only 3 percent , the lowest known ratio of any bird .
being the outer hind toe , an arrangement that is referred to as heterodactylous . the strong bill is short and the gape wide ,
particularly in the fruit eating quetzals , with a slight hook at the end . the african trogons are generally green on the back with red
bellies . the new world trogons similarly have green or deep blue upperparts but are more varied in their lowerparts . the asian
the wings are short but strong , with the wing muscle ratio being around 22 % of the body weight . in spite of the strength of
their flight , trogons do not fly often or for great distances , generally flying no more than a few hundred metres at a time .
only the montane species tend to make long distance flights . shorter flights tend to be direct and swift , but longer flights are
slightly undulating . their flight can be surprisingly silent ( for observers ) , although that of a few species is reportedly quite noisy .
panama ( unlike the other quetzals of the genus pharomachrus , which are found in south america and eastern panama ) . it is well
this quetzal plays an important role in mesoamerican mythologies . the resplendent quetzal is guatemala ' s national bird , and an
image of it is on the flag and coat of arms of guatemala . it is also the name of the local currency ( abbreviation gtq ) .
this species is 3640 cm long , plus up to 65 cm of tail streamer for the male , and weighs about 210 g . it is the largest representative
resplendent quetzals have a green body ( showing iridescence from green - gold to blue - violet ) and red breast . their green upper tail
coverts hide their tails and in breeding males are particularly splendid , being longer than the rest of the body . the primary wing
coverts are also unusually long and give a fringed appearance . the male has a helmet - like crest . the bill , which is partly covered by
their habitat is montane cloud forests of central america ( from southern mexico to panama ) .
resplendent quetzals are weak fliers . their known predators include the ornate hawk - eagle and owls as adults ,
emerald toucanets , brown jays , long - tailed weasels , squirrels , and the kinkajou as nestlings or eggs .
larvae ) , frogs and lizards . particularly important are wild avocados and other fruit of the laurel family , which the birds swallow
resplendent quetzals usually live alone when not breeding . they are monogamous territorial breeders , with the territory size being
measured in guatemala as 6 - 10 ha . they are also seasonal breeders , with the breeding season being march to april in mexico ,
may to june in el salvador and march to may in guatemala . when breeding , females lay two pale blue eggs in a nest placed in
a hole which they carve in a rotten tree . a tree in the required stage of decomposition is susceptible to weather damage , and the
where they tend to look like a bunch of fern growing out of the hole . the incubation period lasts about 18 days , during which
the male generally incubates the eggs during the day while the female incubates them at night . when the eggs hatch , both parents
take care of the young , feeding them fruit , berries , insects , lizards , and small frogs . however , the female often neglects and even
mid - sized bird with yellow belly and bill , pale bluish eye - ring , and black and white barred tail ; male with green head , chest , and back , and black throat ; female with brownish head , chest , and back .
low and some middle elevation wet forests , caribbean and southern pacific slopes ; found in forest interior and more open areas such as forest edge , near rivers and streams , and around tree plantations .
black - throated trogons feed on insects , often taken in flight , and fruit . seems to be less dependent on fruit than other species of the genus . will follow troops of monkeys , ant swarms mixed - species flocks . their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits . although their flight is fast , they are reluctant to fly any distance . they typically perch upright and motionless .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern . resident on the caribbean slope of honduras and nicaragua , on both slopes of costa rica and panama . in south america from colombia , venezuela , and the guianas south , west of the andes to western ecuador and east of the andes to central peru , amazonian and southeastern brazil , extreme northeastern argentina , and eastern paraguay .
it nests 1 - 6 m high in an unlined shallow cavity built in dead wood stubs . also noted nest in old termite hills . clutch size is 2 eggs incubated for 18 - 19 days . young fledge after 14 - 15 days , male can breed after 2 years .
avibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com
fowler , me ; miller , re . 2003 . zoo and wild animal medicine . philadelphia : w . b . saunders co .
, back , chest and head , with a red belly . they are strongly
are brown or grey . these largely solitary birds feed on fruits , berries , insects and small
( such as frogs ) . even with their famous bright plumage , they can be hard to see in their natural wooded habitats .
=
stand up
used to refer to an upstanding plume of feathers .
the word
quetzal
was originally used for just the resplendent quetzal , the famous long - tailed quetzal of southern mexico and central america , which is the national bird and the name of the currency of guatemala . it still often refers to that bird specifically but now also names all the species of the genera pharomachrus and euptilotis .
pharomachrus is from ancient greek pharos ,
mantle
, and makros ,
long
, referring to the wing and tail coverts of the resplendent quetzal ( the second h is unexplained ) .
restall , r . l . , c . rodner , & m . lentino ( 2006 ) . birds of northern south america . christopher helm . isbn 0 - 7136 - 7243 - 9 ( vol . 1 ) . isbn 0 - 7136 - 7242 - 0 ( vol . 2 ) .
ridgely , r . s . , & j . a . gwynne , jr . ( 1989 ) . a guide to the birds of panama with costa rica , nicaragua , and honduras . 2nd edition . princeton university press . isbn 0 - 691 - 08529 - 3
for
nibbling
and refers to the fact that these birds gnaw holes in trees to make their nests .
they feed on insects and fruit , and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits . although their flight is fast , they are reluctant to fly any distance . trogons are generally not migratory , although some species undertake partial local movements . trogons have soft , often colourful , feathers with distinctive male and female plumage . they are the only type of animal with a heterodactyl toe arrangement . they nest in holes dug into trees or termite nests , laying 2–4 white or pastel - coloured eggs .
the position of the trogons within the class aves has been a long - standing mystery .
a variety of relations have been suggested , including the parrots , cuckoos , toucans , jacamars and puffbirds , rollers , owls and nightjars . more recent morphological and molecular evidence has suggested a relationship with the
notwithstanding the current richness of the family , which is more diverse in the neotropical new world . dna evidence seemed to support an african origin for the trogons , with the african genus
seemingly basal in the family , and the other two lineages , the asian and american , breaking off between 20–36 million years ago . more recent studies
show that the dna evidence gives contradictory results concerning the basal phylogenetic relationships ; so it is currently unknown if all extant trogons are descended from an african or an american ancestor or neither .
the tendons of the foot , showing the arrangement with a reversed second toe . the plantar tendon on the front (
some species , particularly the quetzals , are adapted to cooler montane forest . there are a number of insular species ; these include a number of species found in the greater sundas , one species in the philippines as well as two monophyletic genera endemic to cuba and hispaniola respectively . outside of south asia and the caribbean , however , trogons are generally absent from islands , especially oceanic ones .
in the plumage . the female is on the left , male on the right .
the wings are short but strong , with the wing muscle ratio being around 22 % of the body weight . in spite of the strength of their flight , trogons do not fly often or for great distances , generally flying no more than a few hundred metres at a time . only the montane species tend to make long distance flights . shorter flights tend to be direct and swift , but longer flights are slightly undulating . their flight can be surprisingly silent ( for observers ) , although that of a few species is reportedly quite noisy .
of trogons are generally loud and uncomplex , consisting of monosyllabic hoots and whistles delivered in varying patterns and sequences .
, are remarkably uniform . in addition to the territorial and breeding calls given by males and females during the breeding seasons , trogons have been recorded as having aggression calls given by competing males and alarm calls .
trogons are generally inactive outside of infrequent feeding flights . among birdwatchers and biologists it has been noted that
[ a ] part from their great beauty [ they ] are notorious . . . for their lack of other immediately engaging qualities
.
their lack of activity is possibly a defence against predation ; trogons on all continents have been reported to shift about on branches to always keep their less brightly coloured backs turned towards observers , while their heads , which like owls can turn through 180 degrees , keep a watch on the watcher . trogons have reportedly been preyed upon by hawks and predatory mammals ; one report was of a
trogons feed principally on insects , other arthropods , and fruit ; to a lesser extent some small vertebrates such as lizards are taken .
among the insect prey taken one of the more important types are caterpillars ; along with cuckoos , trogons are one of the few birds groups to regularly prey upon them . some caterpillars are known to be poisonous to trogons though , like
the extent to which each food type is taken varies depending on geography and species . the three african trogons are exclusively insectivorous , whereas the asian and american genera consume varying amounts of fruit . diet is somewhat correlated with size , with larger species feeding more on fruit and smaller species focusing on insects .
. frogs , lizards and large insects on the ground may also be pounced on from the air . more rarely some trogons may shuffle along a branch to obtain insects , insect eggs and very occasionally nestling birds .
. males will respond quickly to playbacks of their calls and will repel other members of the same species and even other hole - nesting species from around their nesting sites . males attract females by singing ,
some species have been observed in small flocks of 3–12 individuals prior to and sometimes during the breeding season , calling and chasing each other , but the function of these flocks is unclear .
nest cavities can either be deep upward slanting tubes that lead to fully enclosed chambers , or much shallower open niches ( from which the bird is visible ) . nests are dug with the beak , incidentally giving the family its name . nest digging may be undertaken by the male alone or by both sexes . in the case of nests dug into tree trunks , the wood must be strong enough not to collapse but soft enough to dig out . trogons have been observed landing on dead tree trunks and slapping the wood with their tails , presumably to test the firmness .
the nests of trogons are thought to usually be unlined . between two to four eggs are laid in a nesting attempt . these are round and generally glossy white or lightly coloured ( buff , grey , blue or green ) , although they get increasingly dirty during
with the male taking one long incubation stint a day and the female incubating the rest of the time . incubation seems to begin after the last egg is laid . the incubation period varies by species , usually lasting between 16–19 days . on hatching the chicks are
, blind and naked . the chicks acquire feathers rapidly in some of the montane species , in the case of the
, which may take twice as long . the nestling period varies by species and size , with smaller species generally taking 16 to 17 days to
, whereas larger species may take as long as 30 days , although 23–25 days is more typical .
yet they are also often reclusive and seldom seen . little is known about much of their biology , and much of what is known about them comes from the research of neotropical species by the
johansson , ulf s . & ericson , per g . p . ( 2003 ) .
molecular support for a sister group relationship between pici and galbulae ( piciformes sensu wetmore 1960 )
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mccormack , john e . ; harvey , michael g . ; faircloth , brant c . ; crawford , nicholas g . ; glenn , travis c . ; brumfield , robb t . ( 2013 ) .
a phylogeny of birds based on over 1 , 500 loci collected by target enrichment and high - throughput sequencing
. plos one 8 ( 1 ) : e54848 . arxiv : 1210 . 1604 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0054848 . pmc 3558522 . pmid 23382987 .
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a phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history
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family trogonidae ( trogons )
, pp . 80–129 in del hoyo , j . ; elliot , a . & sargatal , j . ( eds . ) . ( 2001 ) handbook of the birds of the world , vol . 6 mousebirds to hornbills . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . isbn 84 - 87334 - 30 - x
mayr , gerald ( 2005 ) .
new trogons from the early tertiary of germany
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phylogeny and biogeographical history of trogoniformes , a pantropical bird order
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johansson , u . s . ; ericson , p . g . p . ( 1 may 2005 ) .
a re - evaluation of basal phylogenetic relationships within trogons ( aves : trogonidae ) based on nuclear dna sequences
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wheelwright n . t . ( 1983 ) .
fruits and the ecology of resplendent quetzals
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remsen j . v . , jr . ; hyde m . a . and chapman a . ( 1993 ) . the diets of neotropical trogons , motmots , barbets and toucans
the diets of neotropical trogons , motmots , barbets and toucans
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windsor , d . m . ( 1976 ) .
birds as predators on the brood of polybia wasps ( hymenoptera : vespidae : polistinae ) in a costa rican deciduous forest
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life history of the quetzal
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trogons are residents of tropical forests worldwide . the greatest diversity is in the neotropics , where four genera , containing 24 species occur . the genus apaloderma contains the three african species . the genera harpactes and apalharpactes , containing twelve species , are found in southeast asia .
they feed on insects and fruit , and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits . although their flight is fast , they are reluctant to fly any distance . trogons are generally not migratory , although some species undertake partial local movements . ( wikipedia with editing )
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kento furui added the japanese common name
ズグロキヌバネドリ
to
harpactes orrhophaeus ( cabanis & heine , 1863 )
.
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
kaneliperätrogoni
from
harpactes orrhophaeus ( cabanis & heine , 1863 )
as trusted .
one molecular study found this species to be sister to h . diardii and h . erythrocephalus # r . five subspecies recognized .
rand & rabor , 1952 – luzon ( except ne ) , marinduque and catanduanes .
rand & rabor , 1959 – samar , biliran , leyte and bohol , in ec philippines .
( temminck , 1826 ) – dinagat , mindanao and basilan , in se philippines .
29–30 cm ; 82–114 g . male nominate race has bill yellow with bright green base , head and throat black with violet - blue facial skin , crown suffused maroon ; neck and . . .
lower and middle strata of primary forest of all types ( including on ultrabasic rock ) except mossy . . .
grasshoppers recorded . on mindanao , a bird in flight seen plucking a 20 - cm stick - insect off a branch , then flying off to eat it nearby .
mar–may ; nestlings and juveniles in apr–jun . nest in hole in tree ; 1 located 6 m up in dead tree . eggs 3 . no other information .
not globally threatened . may have declined substantially since 19th century , when said by explorers to be abundant from luzon to basilan , whereas today it is very common only . . .
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a world heritage site , located in northern sabah , mount kinabalu is the tallest mountain in borneo , and is home to some of the world ' s most unique species of birds . in 1964 , 754 square kilometres of land of varied vegetation was protected and the flora and fauna in the park is now being comprehensively researched , as scientists attempt to develop their understanding of this incredible oasis . of the 59 endemics in borneo , 31 have been recorded in the park . some of which include two endemic partridges , two endemic laughingthrushes , the illusive whitehead ' s trio , bornean whistler , bornean green magpie , bornean treepie , mountain black - eye , pygmy white - eye , eyebrowed jungle flycatcher and bornean flowerpecker . visiting the park is a must for any birder going to sabah .
male yellow - green head and blue - green upperparts . wingpanel yellowish barred . chestnut rump and a blue tail . yellow throat and belly , grey - green breastband . red bill , blue eye ring and orange feet . female has different wing - barring more narrow and more buff .
forages mostly for insects of all kinds . also fruit and on occasion small reptiles .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern . it is endemic to the indonesian island of sumatra .
it feeds on a variety of invertebrates taken by aerial sallying or by perch - gleaning . also feeds on fruit and will occasionally join mixed - species flocks .
this species is considered to be endangered because it has a very small population which is likely to be declining owing to habitat loss . forest loss , degradation and fragmentation , through widespread agricultural encroachment and localised development ( e . g . holiday resorts and geothermal projects ) , is becoming an increasing threat in the altitudinal range of the species
little known ; breeding reported april through december ; lays one to three eggs .
range : oriental region : java . apalharpactes reinwardtii is known from just six forested mountains in west java , indonesia : gunung halimun , gunung salak , gunung gede - pangrango , gunung patuha - tilu , gunung wayang and gunung papandayan . there are only recent records from three of these ( halimun , salak and gede - pangrango ) . the historical range totals 11600 km2 . although it has been stated to occur from 800 - 2600 m , little forest remains below 1000 m away from halimun , and the species appears to be rarer at higher elevations . the only site where the species appears to be common now is gunung halimun , but only at lower elevations . the population size of this species may be as low as a few hundred pairs
it has been reported from sea level to the highest peaks though it only rarely occurs at lower elevations . it occurs at 500 - 3000 meter , but there is apparently some altitudinal migration with birds observed at lower elevations in winter . it inhabits rain , dry and pine forests , but requires large , old decayed trees for nesting
known to mainly eat insects though also takes small vertabrates and fruit , especiallly those of the parrot tree , brunellia comocladifolia .
builds nest in a tree cavity , often an abandoned nest of a woodpecker . clutch size is 2 eggs .
range : north america : hispaniola . priotelus roseigaster is endemic to haiti , where habitat loss has been extensive and it is now restricted to the massifs de la hotte and de la selle , and the dominican republic where it is still quite common , especially in the relatively undisturbed sierra de baoruco , although there has been a moderately rapid population reduction , owing to deforestation