doyen ( foaled 22 april 2000 ) is a retired thoroughbred racehorse , who was bred in ireland but trained in france , dubai and the united kingdom during a racing career which lasted from 2002 to 2005 .

he is best known for winning the 2004 king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes .

doyen ( horse )

fighter and doyen of black horse racing broadcasting james maphiri celebrates his 70 th birthday today .
doyen vs . sporting i : doyen’s pyrrhic victory at the cas ( 3 ) antoine wrote : la sentence est toujours téléchargeable à l ' ad . . . [ more ]
doyen vs . sporting i : doyen’s pyrrhic victory at the cas ( 3 ) elsa wrote : merci pour le commentaire de la sentence . mais cel . . . [ more ]
godolphin ' s king george winner doyen was confirmed as the top - rated european horse of 2004 and also picked up the middle distance and older male awards .
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, who is based at meath . it is sired by the stallion doyen out of the dam kenzie .
horse racing stats – runner and rider profiles for epsom oaks – . . .
with all its trials and tribulations , horse racing is still his first love .
horse ownership is a very expensive hobby unless you have money to throw away… .
ouija board has been named horse of the year at a top awards ceremony in london .
doyen had an outstanding 4 year old season finishing it as timeform’s horse of the year with a rating of 132 and was assessed as having put up two of the best performances in europe over 11 / 2 miles .
if your looking for free horse racing tips , news or general thoroughbred information , racing and sports can provide it , free , both for australian thoroughbred horse racing and the international stage .
dick hern called nashwan
the best horse i ' ve ever trained
. [ 3 ]
“there’s plenty of money to be made in horse racing” . that gave me a good chuckle .
“the great horse may have died but his influence is far from gone from our lives . ”
lammerskraal stud received an outstanding breeder award as breeders of abashiri . the print media award went to doyen charles faull chiefly for his thoroughpedia project .
former kzn champion trainer duncan howells’ four entries include last year’s fifth - placed saratoga dancer as well as ten gun salute , who is a dark horse as he has reportedly been a different horse since gelding .
maphiri believes even share ownership syndicates established to attract black participants to the world of horse breeding and horse racing are a “cover up” meant to shield the industry from total scrutiny in terms of its transformation credentials .
as godolphin racing manager simon crisford pointed out : ' sulamani ' s already a triple group 1 winner . doyen ' s never won a group 1 yet . there ' s no doubt that doyen was a bit rusty before the coronation cup and that he came on a lot for that run .
doyen was widely believed to have the class to win this race , a belief strengthened by his convincing win in the hardwicke stakes at ascot last month .
the year 2000 ushered forward a horse that had been named for the moment . godolphin ' s founder and driving force , h . h . sheikh mohammed , was convinced that dubai millennium would be a horse like no other .
for a horse trained in britain or ireland which had previously been held by mill reef . the record was broken by
at the ceremony which was attended by sports minister richard caborn , bhb chairman martin broughton paid tribute to the horse .
in our previous blogs on doyen’s tpo deals we decided to focus only on specific deals , twente and sporting lisbon , or a specific country ( spain ) . however , nearly six months after the whole footballleaks project started , we can now provide a more comprehensive analysis of the tpo deals signed by doyen . though , it is still possible that other , yet unknown , deals would be revealed , i believe that few of doyen’s tpo agreements are still hidden . thanks to footballleaks , we now know how doyen operates , we have a precise idea of its turnover , its return on investments and the pool of clubs with which it signed a tpo agreement . moreover , we have a good understanding of the contractual structure used by doyen in those deals . this blog will offer a brief synthesis and analysis of this data .
doyen gave an indication of his potential when he finished second to dalakhani in last year ' s prix niel before a respectable fourth to the same colt in the arc .
ever since doyen ran away with the hardwicke stakes at royal ascot the godolphin horse has been near the top of the market for the great race . since the defection of the derby winner north light , the four - year - old has seldom been available at much better than even money .
breeders ' cup classic hero ghostzapper was named the best horse to have raced in the world during the last flat season .
there was a time when gingering a horse , in which a piece of ginger was inserted into a horses rectum to make it run faster use to be the method of choice of the unsavory elements of horse racing , as advances in drug technoligy have evolved the sophistication in performance enhancing substances has advanced also . the answer lies in more efficient drug detecting apparatus and methods to detect horse racing cheats , rather than ban horse racing that some clowns have suggested , which would result in huge unemployment .
in 1975 , grundy was voted british horse of the year by the racegoers ' club , receiving 38 of the 40 votes .
doyen’s tpo system also guarantees that in case a player is successful , a club will be forced to transfer him if a ‘reasonable transfer offer’ is made . the ‘reasonable transfer offer’ is defined as a minimum amount . if an offer matches or exceeds this amount , doyen can force the club into choosing either to sell the player or to buy back doyen’s share for a price equivalent to doyen’s share of the transfer proceeds if the player would have been transferred . this is a mechanism that ensures that clubs will not be able to keep an outstanding player and pay the minimum fee due at the end of his contract ( or the put option fee ) , rather than sell the player for a more substantial amount . as the clubs having recourse to doyen are , as it is argued in its own submissions to the french and belgian courts , unable to afford recruiting these players in the first place , they are more than unlikely to be able to buy back the share of the economic rights owned by doyen when their price has tripled or quadrupled . the alternative is simple : sell or go bankrupt . until now few clubs have chosen the latter option . the mechanism of the ‘reasonable transfer offer’ is in itself aimed at influencing the transfer policy of the clubs signing a tpo deal with doyen . they have their hands doubly tied : if the player fails to materialize as a star they will have to repay at least doyen’s investment plus healthy interests ; if he does become a star they will lose him as soon as the right transfer offer comes . and doyen’s tpo contracts ensure that the right transfer offer will come .
reference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]
“let’s say you buy a horse with r100 000 . in addition to insurance costs , you have to feed it and pay the trainer’s dues . three or four months down the line , the horse has failed to win a single race and the costs are building up .
finally , in 2015 doyen entered into a surprising deal with an unknown belgian club : seraing united ( or rfc seraing ) . the relatively small deal ( €300 . 000 ) concerns three of seraing’s players . it is definitely an unusual investment for doyen with very little potential to extract substantial profit . one hypothesis is that this contract is used as a legal trojan horse to support doyen’s legal challenge against fifa’s tpo ban in front of belgian courts . indeed , doyen has hired ( for €200 . 000 in 2015 as indicated in the ‘map of deals’ ) star lawyer jean - louis dupont , who was jean - marc bosman’s lawyer in the eponym case , to entertain complaints in front of the european commission and simultaneously the belgian courts against fifa’s tpo ban . in that regard , it has successfully used the sanctions imposed by the urbsfa ( the belgium football federation ) and fifa against seraing to justify the jurisdiction of the belgian courts over the case ( see our blog on the latest ruling in this case ) . doyen’s tpo investment in seraing has probably more to do with a smart legal stratagem than a long - term investment .
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- gained his third victory over the course and distance of next weekend ' s big race . this horse just does not like getting beat .
then in 1997 roberts’ agent told him at the races one saturday that south african trainer david ferraris had phoned and offered him a july ride on a horse called north by northwest . after the races roberts gathered this horse had won the gr 1 daily news and was the ruling july favourite .
results , king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes : 1 . doyen ( frankie dettori ) 2 . hard buck ( gary stevens ) 3 . sulamani ( kerrin mcevoy ) 4 . gamut ( kieren fallon
in 2013 khumalo became the first black jockey to win the durban july handicap , south africa’s top horse race , on his steed heavy metal at the age of 28 . maphiri warns against taking khumalo’s achievement as a testament to the strides that black participation has made in horse racing in south africa .
you must have disposable income to own a race horse and there are plenty blacks , indians and whites who simply can’t afford it . there is nothing stopping an individual of any colour from buying a horse and putting it into training . as for there’s money to be made – laughable . it’s a hobby and be prepared to lose money on a horse , whether punting or owning . don’t blame transformation on the lack of black owners , again laughable
almost all of our top horses are unbeaten and very often you will not find out how good a horse is until something gets to it .
is a very striking individual . he is a dark bay horse with size and scope with lovely clean limbs and he is a correct straight mover .
as the doyen of turf scribes , max presnell , recently lamented , australian racing has slid
beyond the crossroads into decline
. the outcome of today ' s hearing will determine if the case is terminal .
doyen , the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes winner , earned a lowly mark of 127 , around 7lb behind the likes of sinndar and montjeu and almost a stone adrift of greats like dancing brave .
american contender hard buck couldn’t match doyen’s turn of foot , but he held off his rivals for the runner - up spot under gary stevens , who is perhaps better known in this country for his part in seabiscuit .
the sober assessment was underlined by the inclusion of only three british - trained horses - doyen , rakti and ouija board - in the top 20 of a new world league table which will be published regularly in future .
£20 , 000 ; doyen £10 , 000 ; lomitas £10 , 000 ; exceed and excel £7 , 500 ; mark of esteem £7 , 000 ; reset £7 , 000 ; sulamani £7 , 000 ; tobougg £5 , 000 .
smart call’s consolation was to be named equus champion older female and champion middle distance horse , while abashiri received a special achievement award for landing the sa triple crown .
i didn ' t have to give him a smack - he was doing it all on his own . what a great horse he is . now we can really say he is one of the finest . in all the times i have won this race , i have never had a horse travel like he did today .
not all racing is
a rich person ' s hobby
; there are plenty of horses , often on country tracks , owned and trained by people of low income . they might have one horse and it might just place now and then on a country track but they have a lot of fun enjoying their horse and dreaming .
doyen ' s reputation is based largely on the very fast time he put up in the hardwicke and the visual impression that race created , but dazzling times on fast ground are not the best indicators of a horse ' s ability . ' he reminds me of the good old days of swain and daylamia , ' said an excited frankie dettori ( is there any other sort of frankie ? ) after jumping off him at the royal meeting . perhaps he reminds punters of these previous king george winners too , but doyen is not yet the equal of either , and if there ' s any guide less reliable than the stopwatch , it ' s nostalgia .
putting the win into perspective , doyen sounded a warning he will be the major force in group one races he contests for the remainder of the season . he is a top - grade performer , able to quicken off any variation of pace .
golden doyen came with a strong late run to notch a course and distance win in one of this race’s qualifying heats . has been upped 3lb for that effort but the small rise in the weights shouldn’t be an issue for this improving individual .
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last year’s runner up marinaresco was the first horse to be drawn and his part - owner marsh shirtliff drew nine , a lot better than his draw of 17 last year .
the philippi trainer will run last year’s horse chestnut winner captain america in the kuda matchem stakes at durbanville on october 9 . the six - year - old is the highest rated horse in the 1 400m grade 3 and was third in last season’s j & b met after finishing fourth in the l’ormarins queen’s plate and beating futura in the green point .
it was a relief when nightfall won , because i didn ' t really want the extra pressure of doyen being the one who brought up the 2 , 000 - it was pressure enough that he was hot favourite for the king george .
legal eagle received the horse of the year award , as well as champion older male and champion miler awards , due to his three gr 1 victories . these included two weight for age mile wins , in the l’ormarin’s queen’s plate and the hf oppenheimer horse chestnut stakes , as well as a win in the gr 1 r4 million premier’s champions challenge over 2000m .
south african grooms association ( saga ) has developed a programme to transform the horse racing industry in south africa . any one who want to support , advice please e - mail :
they are still able to sell that banned horse offspring . . . ban its breeding range , every offspring sired or ( dam ) ed by that horse from ever racing . now there is a real penalty . make that whole racing genetic line useless ; worthless . ( any science on the doping of parents and whether it affects the genetic performance of the offspring ? )
coral fever won the jubilee off a merit rating of 89 and beat a horse who was 0 . 5kg under sufferance , so it was not difficult to punch holes in that form .
justin snaith , not to be out - done , has entered nine horses including the smart filly bela - bela , byerley turk runner - up copper force and dark horse , black arthur .
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dalakhani came with a great run to cut down his rivals in the straight , taking the lead from mubtaker in the final furlong to beat that horse by three - quarters of a length , with a below form high chaparral five lengths back in third and doyen fourth , with vinnie roe and black sam bellamy next . dalakhani was the third arc winner for his owner after akyida in 1982 and sinndar in 2000 and the first for his trainer and jockey christophe soumillon .
there’s plenty of money to be made in horse racing . however , barriers such as high entry costs to the sport are making it difficult for ordinary black south africans to benefit , opines maphiri .
concern that doyen ' s name would look a little out of place on the king george roll of honour proved unfounded as the four - year - old put a stamp of total authority on the latest renewal to win by a convincing three lengths , albeit recording a moderate time .
[ 1 ] this document is susceptible to being easily forged , as it is a simple excel sheet . therefore , i crosschecked the data included on the excel sheet with doyen’s erpas published on footballleaks , which confirmed the likely veracity of the information provided in the map of deals .
most horses in work at any given time are geldings , so for the vast preponderance of owners , that would be a non - penalty . banning a horse from racing if it tests positive punishes those least likely to be complicit in doping , which is the owners . if you have ever had a horse in work , you would know that the trainer has more or less total control over what happens to the horse in the stable . it is a pretty basic principle of our justice system that you don ' t punish people who are not guilty of wrongdoing and who are unaware of it occurring .
not for the first time , leopardstown ' s irish champion stakes emerged as the race that could well serve up the highlight of the season as plans for doyen , a dazzling winner of saturday ' s king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes at ascot , started to take shape .
dettori said of doyen :
he was the one that was travelling the best and when i pulled him out , off he went . he was absolutely devastating . it was unbelievable . with the crowd screaming , i looked at the big screen to see how far ahead i was .
reference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]
“the sky is now the limit , ” said sheikh mohammed . “we will take him all over europe and america , which means the arc and the breeders’ cup turf . he is a very special horse . ”
sheikh mohammed ' s darley operation has announced its fees for the 2006 season , and will start newcomers dubawi at £25 , 000 and doyen at £10 , 000 at dalham hall stud near newmarket , england . shamardal , another newcomer , will stand for 40 , 000 euros at kildangan in ireland .
he recalled the big day , “the worst part was when i was in the parade ring . i saw this tiny little horse walking in . then i got on him and i couldn’t believe how small he was . i thought to myself , oh no , how embarrassing , journeying all this way to ride this horse . i asked the groom if he liked him and he replied , ‘no i like north by northwest , he is a very nice horse . ’ so my mood was down . but , then he went down to the start like an absolute bomb . i pulled him up at the 2400m mark and garth was alongside and i remember telling him how good the horse had felt . david had only given me one bit of advice , which was not to bring him through horses , so to try and bring him to the outside . ”
good read , thanks for the coverage on doyen . i ' m just wondering if they ( or other compnies ) are still active in player investment at all since the tpo ban ? e . g . are they attempting to make similar deals but restructuring contracts so that they comply with fifa rules ?
trainer justin snaith : he’s beautifully weighted and is a 2200m plus horse . he missed the cape summer because of injury and off 53kg he is a huge runner . all my horses are well in at the weights .
popularly known as “jimmy bo - horse’’ in racing circles – a nickname he says he was given by radio dj’s at metro fm – maphiri shares his own personal story and the encounter with parkinson’s , with mbuyisi mgibisa .
this has been doyen’s best season to date , and he has shown continual improvement , leading connections to indicate that he may well stay in training next season ( providing the breeding contingent of the godolphin operation can be kept at bay ) . he is likely to be aimed at the irish champion stakes next .
the sean tarry - trained avontuur thoroughbred farm stud - bred greys inn gelding legal eagle won the most anticipated equus award , horse of the year , at the glittering annual ceremony held at the emperor’s palace on tuesday night .
doyen ( ire ) b . h , 2000 { 1 - s } dp = 8 - 2 - 22 - 11 - 1 ( 44 ) di = 0 . 91 cd = 0 . 11 - 14 starts , 5 wins , 2 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 291 , 257
doyen , who did not enjoy the best of runs when second to warrsan in the coronation cup at epsom , has a favourite ' s chance in the hardwicke stakes . he is said to have come out of that race particularly well and can confirm epsom placings with high accolade , who was a close fourth .
ascot really did prove a happy hunting ground for godolphin this weekend – the newmarket - based operation pulled off an impressive victory in the midsummer showpiece , the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes on saturday , as doyen came dashing home under frankie dettori to beat the rest of the field by three lengths .
trainer justin snaith : have aimed him specifically for the july . he’s the horse to beat . he’s a huge runner off 54 . 5kg . horses run for grant van niekerk and he can ride him confidently . of the older horses he’s the right horse . there are lots of big races in the winter season but really this is the race we all want to win and you have to sneak into the race off the best weight that you can .
in 2014 and 2015 , doyen decided also to heavily invest in the south american market . it made a number of deals ( 11 ) involving mostly brazilian players ( from santos fc , sao paulo , atletico paranense and flamengo ) and also two columbians ( from deportivo estudiantil ) . those deals are for the most part still on - going . they are also probably riskier for doyen than the european deals because of the limited guarantees that south american clubs can provide . the leandro damiao case is there to remind us that those deals are in any case risky for the clubs . damiao was a great prospect when he was transferred for €15 million to santos in december 2013 . based on the map of deals doyen loaned €12 million to santos in return for 80 % of the economic rights attached to him . yet , after three years , damiao’s contract was rescinded in december 2015 and he moved on a free transfer to betis seville , leaving santos with an €18 million debt to pay to doyen ( which was recently upheld by the brazilian justice ) . this is a good reminder that tpo , on whichever continent , is everything but risk - free for clubs . the sweet feeling of short - term cash might very well turn into the ( very ) sour taste of long - term debt .
in 1987 , now riding full - time in britain , roberts bumped into prolific south african owner laurie jaffee at royal ascot . jaffee believed he would win the july that year with bush telegraph and offered roberts the ride as the horse’s regular rider garth puller was going to battle to make the weight . however , roberts could never have considered abandoning the great horse mtoto . bush telegraph duly won the july , while roberts steered mtoto to two successive coral eclipse victories .
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another kzn gr 1 hopeful for the festival of speed might well be the filly great aim , who is trained out of the small yard of ivan moore , who has proved before he can get the best out of a good horse .
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godolphin have clearly decided it is time to take the gloves off as they continue to enjoy one of the most successful seasons in their 10 - year existence . doyen , whose king george victory was his first group one success , is their new flagship middle - distance star - and they are ready to take on all - comers .
player said he was also waiting on a decision from trainer aidan o ' brien on powerscourt , who finished third in saturday ' s irish champion stakes ( 2000m ) at leopardstown in which godolphin ' s favourite doyen was unplaced - although it is likely o ' brien is now looking towards the arc in paris next month rather than melbourne .
in the observer ' s list of the
10 greatest horse races of all time ,
the match between grundy and bustino in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes at ascot racecourse on july 26 , 1975 was ranked number two .
bass - robinson has two gr 1 - winning fillies among her four entries , nightingale and silver mountain , and the former makes more appeal over this trip . her expensively bought three - year - old horizon could also develop into a july horse .
in this week’s horse & hound magazine , out on thursday 15 june 2017 , don’t miss our eventing report from bramham horse trials , plus read our features on how equine therapy is helping injured servicemen and also what to look forward to at the hickstead derby meeting . in this week’s issue we talk to champion flat jockey jim crowley and olympic cyclist - turned - jockey victoria pendleton answers our q & a , plus check out our reports from dressage at wellington , showjumping from royal cornwall and much more .
footballleaks is now operating since nearly half a year and has already provided an incredible wealth of legal documents both on tpo ( and in particular doyen’s contractual arrangements ) and on the operation of the transfer system in football ( mainly transfer agreements , player contracts and agents contracts ) . this constant stream of information is extremely valuable for academic research to get a better grip on the functioning of the transfer market . it is also extremely relevant for the shaping of public debates and political decisions on the regulation of this market . as pointed out on the footballleaks website , it has triggered a series of press investigations in major european news outlets . in this blog , i want to come to a closure on our reporting on doyen’s tpo deals . in the past months , we have already dealt with the specific cases of fc twente and sporting lisbon , reviewed doyen’s tpo deals with spanish clubs , as well as discussed the compatibility of the tpo ban with eu law . in the sporting lisbon case , doyen has since earned an important legal victory in front of the cas ( the ensuing award was just published by footballleaks ) . this victory should not be overstated , however , it was not unexpected due to the liberal understanding of the freedom of contract under swiss law . as such it does not support the necessity of tpo as an investment practice and does not threaten the legality ( especially under eu law ) of fifa’s ban .
it is not long odds that frankie dettori will start the day with a double courtesy of where with all ( 2 . 30 ) and doyen ( 3 . 05 ) . the two - year - olds in the chesham stakes are largely unknown quantities , but where with all looked a decent prospect when overcoming inexperience to win on his debut at haydock .
trainer joey ramsden : i was very happy with his last run . he ran a good race without hammering him . he’s in good order . anton ( marcus ) thought about riding him but eventually stuck to the other horse ( edict of nantes ) .
mr maphiri , why have you not bought horses ? you have been in a position to do so for many years . and with all your knowledge of the racing game and all the affluent people you have come into contact with why have you not formed black syndications ? as for lots of money to be made from horse racing i will add my own chuckle , i am a normal punter who loses his fair share of money punting , i would never ever consider owning a horse , i lose enough .
the general consensus of those who follow racing is that the small trainers get maximum penalties but the big trainers get off scott free because the industry can ' t get along without them . you might even say that all trainers are equal , but some are more equal than others . ( sound familiar ? ? ) . imo there is a way to stop it , but it ' s a bit radical . when these illegal substances are found - ban the horse for life . yes , the horse - not the trainer . that way the owners will lose large amounts of money and the trainer will have to answer to them , probably in court . on top of this fine the trainer and the ownership of the horse , and send the proceeds to animal welfare .
simon crisford , racing manager to godolphin , said :
it was a magnificent win , and one that gives us every hope for the big races for the remainder of the season . he has come out of the race very well . doyen had done everything right leading up to the king george , and there was great confidence surrounding him going into the race .
doyen’s business model is smart and has to be acknowledged as a cynical embrace of the intrinsic logic of fifa’s transfer system . it plays on each club’s natural drive for grandeur and the propensity of the clubs’ management to throw caution to the wind to get there at least once . doyen’s head , nelio lucas , is no criminal . there is no indication that he engages in match fixing or money laundering . he is a dead - set investor hunting for the grail : secure financial returns on investments . and he ( with many others [ 4 ] ) has found a way to play the transfer system to his advantage and to game irrational clubs and managers . this does not imply that this business model should go on , however .
statue of liberty [ ridden by kinane ] was beaten by a comparative outsider in the sussex stakes at goodwood . if that horse had won a group one , coolmore could have launched him as a commercial stallion , but without that status it ' s much harder .
“in the olden days , horse racing was the only game in town . today , there’s a huge difference with the advent of tv and computers . people don’t go to the races anymore . gone are the days when race courses used to be full to capacity . ”
deemed by many as unlucky to have missed out on a single equus award last year , legal eagle received south african racing’s top accolade when voted equus horse of the year at a plush function hosted by the racing association at emperors palace in johannesburg on tuesday , august 16 .
there ' s very little to redeem it , aside from the public tax income perhaps . but i suppose it should be placed in context . most animals are exploited in some way . if i had to choose between six years as a racing horse or two weeks in the coles meat department , i know which life i ' d prefer . you can also draw parallels between horse racing and competitive sport . the main difference is that when we run our footballers into the ground and their knees give out , we don ' t sell them to the glue factory .
the bookies are predicting this year ' s race will come down to a duel between the crack french three - year - old dalakhani and the ultra - tough irish four - year - old high chaparral . the epsom derby victor , kris kin , with kieren fallon on board , leads the english challenge , with frankie dettori ' s french mount , doyen , as the joker in the pack .
the champion two - year - old male looked clear cut and duly went to another horse by captain al , the vaughan marshall - trained klawervlei stud - bred colt always in charge , who won the hotly contested gr 1 tsogo sun gold medallion over 1200m at scottsville by three lengths .
if horse racing were banned it would result in a lot of unemployment , not a good idea , if you worked in the racing industry you would find there is less corruption there , than most other industries , it seems you made this post out of mistaken emotion rather than proper observation .
( 3 f fast company – mean lae by johannesburg ) who was subsequently bought for £1 , 300 , 000 by the china horse club at the goffs london sale , minding overcame severe trouble in running in the oaks ( gr 1 , 1m4f ) at epsom to secure a second classic victory .
timeform called dalakhani “genuine and consistent” and said he was “effective on going ranging from heavy to good to firm” . they said he “had a telling turn of foot for a horse who stayed a mile and a half” and was “quite attractive , but rather finely made” . he stands 16 . 1 hands .
. this four - year - old colt not only won the english and irish derby in 2002 before finishing an excellent third in the arc after a badly interrupted preparation , he later stamped himself an outstanding middle - distance horse with a memorable american victory in the breeders ' cup turf at arlington park .
horse racing is not bigger than ever . it is smaller . horse racing has been totally eclipsed by sports betting as the preferred gambling medium of most punters , and as a general interest sport ( which it very much was , a couple of generations ago ) it is nowhere . the tv and media coverage that it gets is bought and paid for by the industry itself , which should give you an idea of the sport ' s popularity . can you imagine the afl or cricket australia actually paying newspapers and tv stations big money every year to cover their sports ? of course not . but racing does .
racing victoria ltd ' s mark player said yesterday that elegant fashion was due to arrive in melbourne after a flight from hong kong on october 5 , with the german stablemates paolini and simonas . player said hayes had arranged for a horse from lindsay park to go into quarantine , with elegant fashion as a working companion .
the bay horse was rated 132 by timeform and he entered stud at the age of 4 in 1985 at coolmore as one of the most desirable stallion prospects in years owing to his fabulous pedigree - northern dancer was massive sensation at that time - and race record of winning 6 of his 11 starts in good company .
saeed bin suroor was champion trainer in the united kingdom for the fourth time in 2004 , a year in which godolphin captured 11 group one races . refuse to bend and sulamani netted a brace apiece , while papineau ' s victory in the gold cup at royal ascot was one of six successes for godolphin at the five - day extravaganza . doyen subsequently ran away with the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes and received multiple awards for his achievements .
it may be that doyen , far from being the best middle - distance racehorse in europe , isn ' t even the best in his own stable , as a not quite match - fit sulamani , who beat everything in the king george last year except the then - brilliant alamshar , put up a mathematically similar performance against high accolade and persian majesty when just failing to concede weight to bandari in the princess of wales ' s stakes at newmarket .
south australian breeders have access to a superb racehorse and proven sire following the aga khan’s decision to shuttle dalakhani ( ire ) to cornerstone stud in 2013 . it’s an historic move by one of the world’s major breeders , and those looking to breed a classic winner or cups horse will find this stallion ticks all the boxes .
warrsan’s jockey darryl holland was adamant that the slow pace had hijacked the six - year - old’s chances . “it was a non - event for me , ” he said , after coming ninth . “they went no pace and my horse wants a proper end - to - end gallop . it was all very disappointing . ”
“to own a horse one has to apply for colours and the accompanying costs are just but one of the many barriers that black owners face when trying to enter the industry , ” he says . the thoroughbred breeders association has set up shared ownership syndicates to make it easier and less costly for new entrants to the game .
trainer dean kannemeyer : i’m very happy with his 1900 performance . that’s what made me think of supplementing him for the july . he is well weighted and is a tough , sound and consistent horse . i won this race two years ago with power king off a similar weight so i don’t think that he’s without a chance .
the result also provided trainer dermot weld and jockey pat smullen with their first win in the £1 , 325 , 000 race , but the horse had to overcome a scare , when injuring a foot on the morning of the race , before getting the better of us army ranger ( galileo ) by a length and a half .
“he has got to be the outstanding horse of his generation over all distances and all goings , ” the aga khan said after the three year - old’s win in the arc . “i have always said it is difficult to make comparisons between champions but dalakhani , such a beautiful mover , has a concentration of unusual talent . ”
sadler ' s wells has certainly flown the flag for northern dancer ' s amazing influence and genetics . our equus 2011 award horse - of - the - year is igugu ( aus ) - and her sire who is also proving himself a force to be reckoned with is galileo who in turn is by sadler ' s wells .
legal eagle raced five times during the season and won three grade 1 races in imperious fashion – the l’ormarins queen’s plate , the hf oppenheimer horse chestnut stakes and the premier’s champions challenge . his other two starts yielded seconds to smart call in the j & b met in january and an allowance plate in his first run of the season .
phoenix reach had no success in europe as a four - year - old in 2004 , when his preparation was disrupted by a viral infection early in the year . his first appearance was delaye until june when he finished sixth to rakti in the prince of wales ' s stakes . after finishing sixth in the grand prix de saint - cloud he started a 33 / 1 outsider for the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes and finished tenth of the eleven runners behind doyen .
his nearest market rival al sahem received a rousing cheer when he drew pole position , but it is questionable whether this is a good draw these days . there have been a few slow run julys recently , so being handy has become preferable and a horse drawn in pole might have to be used up to a certain extent to hold position .
on sunday 5 october at longchamp . nonetheless , as the days roll by until europe ' s most prestigious autumn race , there also appears to be growing confidence behind the chief opposition to the powerful grey colt who will be attempting to give french champion jockey elect christophe soumillon his first victory in the great 2400m horse race at longchamp in paris .
horse racing is bigger than ever , only now it ' s watched and gambled on in pubs , clubs and the tab , or watched at home on foxtel and online . a few people still go to the races but not many . cheating and animal cruelty will always exist in the racing industry and while ever we tolerarte it it will continue .
turfdonna won the 157th henkel - preis der diana – german oaks over 11 furlongs at dusseldorf , giving sunnyhill stud stallion doyen ( by sadler ' s wells ) a winner at the highest level . the andreas wohler - trained three - year - old was bred by gestut auenquelle , she is a half - sister to the stakes - placed turfflamme ( by lomitas ) and her dam turfaue ( by big shuffle ) is a full - sister to the group 1 premio lydia tesio heroine turfrose .
thanks for your kind words . doyen is still active in football ( as an agent , image rights holder , or based on old tpo contracts from before the ban ) , but is apparently not engaging into new tpo deals ( besides seraing probably for the purpose of the legal challenge against fifa ' s ban ) . it is also possible that they moved into traditional investment into clubs ( or try to buy a club ) , but this is way more risky than tpo investment . . .
as a sport - mad country , south africa’s local gambling industry , including casinos and physical betting , is worth r20bn . according to a report by pwc , in 2011 horse racing accounted for 78 % of the total gross sports betting revenue in south africa , generating r1 . 7bn of the r2 . 2bn the entire sports betting industry earned that year .
jezki , meanwhile , may have lost some of the gloss he had over two miles before the injury he sustained in 2015 but he is still formidable . he outstayed hurricane fly to win the ladbrokes world hurdle at punchestown over today’s trip two years ago . any horse capable of that deserves respect and he would be on the each - way short - list .
the site offers readers ' free horse racing tips , form and news items from australia and international race meetings . these free services can be accessed through our main racing page . form for nine different countries is available by clicking through to racing information where users have full race fields along with form and punting tools such as neural algorithms and customised worksheets at their disposal .
fallon ' s instinctive genius makes him equally effective dictating the pace from the front or switching a horse off for a late run . spencer ' s artistry evokes comparisons with walter swinburn in his prime . not as tough on his mounts as fallon , which could be an advantage with some of aidan o ' brien ' s highly strung american - bred colts . advantage fallon , just
couldn ' t agree more . i learned over 50 years ago how crooked the horse racing industry was ( along with the trots and greyhounds ) . everything that has happened since has only confirmed those early learnings . crooked at all levels , with tacit approval from administration and government . there ' s simply too much money to be made - but only if you ' re in the know .
twenty minutes before preferment and awesome rock ( aus ) ( fastnet rock { aus } ) passed the post together in the australian cup , peeping ( aus ) ( redoute’s choice { aus } ) had won the day’s sydney feature , the g1 coolmore classic at rosehill . by comparison , her sire is a youngster : redoute’s choice was aged only 15 when she was born . however , time passes , and redoute’s choice ( now aged 19 ) has packed so much into his life that he can almost be viewed as the doyen of australia’s sire ranks .
in 2014 and 2015 , this iberian bias progressively faded . doyen entered in new deals only with granada ( luis martins ) , fc porto ( brahimi ) and cadiz fc ( multiplayers ) . as fifa announced its decision to ban tpo in september 2014 , this might have cooled off the interest of the most prominent spanish and portuguese clubs . it is also possible that since the eurozone crisis came to a slow end and the european central bank flooded the financial markets with cheap money , football clubs progressively recovered access to more traditional ( and less risky ) sources of credit .
bred by sheikh mohammed , whose maroon - and - white colours he carried when trained by andre fabre , doyen was immediately transferred to godolphin at the end of last year . the irish champion stakes has been nominated by trainer dermot weld as the starting point this autumn for his irish derby winner grey swallow , so the long - awaited comparison of the generations could be completed in dublin on sept 11 , although there was encouragement for the three - year - olds when their sole representative , tycoon , came in sixth after meeting with interference in the straight in the king george .


they are native to the south america .

stagmomantis amazonica

stagmomantis amazonica - urdu meaning and translation of stagmomantis amazonica , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of stagmomantis amazonica and more .
stagmomantis amazonica , common name amazon mantis , is a species of praying mantis in the genus stagmomantis .
[ 1 ] tree of life web project . stagmomantis . version 22 november 2005
a synoptic review of the genus stagmomantis ( mantodea : mantidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
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ehrmann , r . 2002 . mantodea : gottesanbeterinnen der welt . natur und tier , münster .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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taurocottus bergii is a species of sculpin native to the northwestern pacific ocean .

it occurs at depths of from 40 to 120 metres ( 130 to 390 ft ) .

this species grows to a length of 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) sl .

this species is the only known member of its genus .

taurocottus bergii

. . . on the basis of trawl catches in 1982–2013 , data on occurrence , distribution , size - age and sex composition , as well as feeding of berg’s longhorn sculpin taurocottus bergii in the northwestern part of the sea of japan are provided . it is shown that this species was erroneously included into the red data book of primorskii krai , since it is common over the most part of the water area . bathymetric r . . .
greek , tauros = bull + greek , kottos = a fish ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 40 - 120 m ( ref . 56557 ) . temperate
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )
masuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino , 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) . ( ref . 559 )
) : 2 . 6 - 15 . 2 , mean 9 . 1 ( based on 20 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00871 ( 0 . 00342 - 0 . 02217 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 35 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
original russian text © v . v . panchenko , o . i . pushina , p . g . milovankin , v . a . nuzhdin , 2015 , published in voprosy ikhtiologii , 2015 , vol . 55 , no . 3 , pp . 313–322 .
amaoka , k . , nakaya , k . , and yabe , m . ,
( annotated check - list of fishes from far eastern seas ) , vladivostok : tinro - tsentr , 2000 .
chuchukalo , v . i . and napazkov , v . v . , the method of determination of diurnal diets and rate of food digestion by raptorial and benthos - feeding fishes ,
dudarev , v . a . , izmyatinskii , d . v . , and kalchugin , p . v . , some aspects of spatial and timely variability of bottom communities of fishes of northern primorye ,
dudarev , v . a . , zuenko , yu . i . , il’inskii , e . n . , and kalchugin , p . v . , new data on structure of communities of bottom and near - bottom fishes on shelf and slope of the depths of primorye ,
, froese , r . and pauly , d . , eds . , 2014 .
( complex studies of marine hydrobionts and conditions of their habitat ) , vladivostok : tikhookean . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr . , 1998 , vol . 123 , pp . 82–88 .
kim , i . - s . and yoon , c . - h . , synopsis of the family cottidae ( pisces : scorpaeniformes ) from korea ,
( the red data book of primorskii krai : animals ) , vladivostok : abk apel’sin , 2005 , vol . 1 .
( fishes of the sea of japan and adjacent part of okhotsk and yellow seas ) , leningrad : nauka , 1987 , part 5 .
( methodological manual on analysis of feeding and food relationships of fishes in natural conditions ) , moscow : nauka , 1974 .
( seismosensory system and classification of cottidae fishes ) , leningrad : nauka , 1979 .
novikov , n . p . , sokolovsky , a . s . , sokolovskaya , t . g . , and yakovlev , yu . m . ,
panchenko , v . v . and zuenko , yu . i . , distribution of gobies of family cottidae in the peter the great bay , sea of japan , during summer ,
( determination of mature rate and sexual cycles of fishes ) , magadan : polar . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr . , 1968 .
sokolovsky , a . s . , dudarev , v . a . , sokolovskaya , t . g . , and solomatov , s . f . ,
( fishes of russian waters of the sea of japan : annotated and illustrated catalogue ) , vladivostok : dal’nauka , 2007 .
sokolovsky , a . s . , sokolovskaya , t . g . , and yakovlev , yu . m . ,
( fishes of the peter the great bay ) , vladivostok : dal’nauka , 2009 .
sokolovskaya , t . g . , sokolovsky , a . s . , and sobolevskii , e . i . , list of fishes from the peter the great bay ( sea of japan ) ,
soldatov , v . k . and lindberg , g . u . , review of fishes from far eastern seas ,
( energy of depp water pelagic communities ) , moscow : nauka , 1986 .
vdovin , a . n . , mizyurin , m . a . , and park , a . , possible use of biomaterial for direct registration of hydrobionts ,
( complex studies of marine hydrobionts and conditions of their habitat ) , vladivostok : tikhookean . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr . , 1994 , pp . 20–39 .
this translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .
journal : journal of ichthyology / publication year : 2015 / source : 2015 v . 55 no . 3 - pubag search results
. . . the structure of skeleton of bathylutichthys balushkini was studied and comparative analysis of it with representatives of other families of the suborder cottoidei was performed . it was found that bathylutichthyidae are characterized by the presence of a great number of original characters supporting its family status . they include : absence of mesethmoideum ; bony canals of seismosensory system on . . .
. . . analysis of the morphobiological and genetic characteristics of the gadus genus has been performed , the peculiarities of the genus evolution are discussed , and the resettlement has been reconstructed for the period of 5 . 5 - 5 . 4 million years until the present . the genus gadus comprises two polytypic species , atlantic cod g . morhua and pacific cod , and both species form several subspecies combined in . . .
. . . otolith morphology and microstructure of the sagitta are described in freckled goatfish upeneus tragula . the first increments ( from the second to sixth or eighth ) are the most well defined , and subsequent zones of less contrasting increments are bounded by increments with more contrasting borders . these borders are less expressed close to the edge of the sagitta . the width of the majority of incre . . .
. . . the concentration of organochlorine pesticides in pink salmon oncorhynchus gorbusha and chum salmon o . keta has been studied for the fish sampled in the sea of okhotsk and along the pacific coast of the kuril islands during the spawning migrations . chum salmon accumulates much more pollutants ( 180 ng / g of wet weight ) than pink salmon does ( 70 ng / g of wet weight ) . the total bulk of the toxicants tr . . .
. . . results are provided of a 7 - year study of biological parameters in females of three pacific salmons of the genus oncorhynchus ( pink salmon o . gorbuscha , chum salmon o . keta , and sockeye salmon o . nerka ) in the olyutorsky and karaginsky gulfs , bering sea . abundance of the pink salmon is identified as the main determining factor of the interannual dynamics of maturity index in female pacific salmon . . .
. . . results of the study on the structure of scales in pink salmon , oncorhynchus gorbuscha performed in 1997 and 2011 in six reproduction regions on sakhalin and kuril islands are presented . the study revealed no statistically significant correlation between the fish body length and number of sclerites on scales , but the correlation between gain of the body length and width of intersclerite distance i . . .
revision of the genus melamphaes ( melamphaidae ) : 2 . oligo - raker species : m . longivelis parr , m . inconspicuus sp . n . , m . kobylyanskyi sp . n .
. . . redescription of the melamphaes longivelis is presented . two new species related to it are described : m . inconspicuus sp . n . and m . kobylyanskyi sp . n . m . longivelis inhabits the northern part of the atlantic ocean , from the equatorial waters up to 50° n ; the species has not been confirmed to occur in the southern atlantic . m . inconspicuus is described from the tropical waters of the northern atla . . .
. . . feeding of different - age juveniles of salmonidae with a long freshwater period of life ( coho salmon oncorhynchus kisutsch , cherry salmon o . masou , king salmon o . tschawytscha , dolly varden char salvelinus malma , east siberian char s . leucomaenis , and kamchatka steelhead parasalmo mykiss ) in the basin of the kol river ( western kamchatka ) in the summer - autumn period was studied . comparative analysis . . .
. . . the qualitative and quantitative composition of ichthyoplankton in the waters of senegal and guinea - bissau during the winter period of 2012–2013 are considered . approximately 120 species of pelagic eggs and larvae of fishes belonging to 64 families are identified in the ichthyoplankton samples . the eggs and larvae of clupeidae , carangidae , scombridae , myctophidae , sparidae , bothidae , scianidae , an . . .
. . . seasonal ( summer and autumn ) and diurnal ( day and night ) distribution of fish in lake glubokoe ( moscow oblast ) was analyzed using vertical and horizontal scanning research hydroacoustic systems . at the beginning of summer the distribution of the fish in lake is broad and homogeneous whereas in autumn it is more compact . pelagic aggregations of the fish are aggregated mostly in the central part of . . .
rafrafi - nouira , s . ; reynaud , c . ; boumaïza , m . ; el kamel - moutalibi , o . ; capapé , c .
. . . a survey conducted off the northern tunisian coast allow to collect specimens belonging to species rarely captured in the area , such as longjaw snake eel ophisurus serpens ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , bluntsnout snake eel echelus myrus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , mediterranean parrot fish sparisoma cretense ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and sharksucker echeneis naucrates ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . all specimens are shortly described in the . . .
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the fine-rayed pearly mussel or round combshell , epioblasma personata , is an extinct species of freshwater mussel in the family unionidae .

it was endemic to the drainages of the tennessee river and ohio river in the united states .

little is known about the habitat of this species beyond its preference for medium-sized rivers .

it appears to have been particularly sensitive to water quality degradation , and its populations diminished quickly after industrialization .

no live individuals have been seen since the 1924 .

fine - rayed pearly mussel

the fine - rayed pigtoe pearly mussel or fine - rayed pigtoe ( fusconaia cuneolus ) is a species of bivalve in the unionidae family .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1984 .
fine - rayed pigtoe pearly mussel recovery plan .
u . s . fish and wildlife service , atlanta .
the fine - rayed pearly mussel or round combshell , epioblasma personata , is an extinct species of freshwater mussel , an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family unionidae , the river mussels . this species was endemic to the united states , its natural habitat rivers . it became extinct due to habitat loss ; not collected for more than a century , by 1983 it . . .
fine - rayed pigtoe pearlymussel .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
fine - rayed pigtoe pearlymussel .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
medium - sized shell , yellow - green to light brown with numerous fine green rays .
the fine - rayed pigtoe occupies shallow riffles and shoals of freshwater streams and rivers . it buries itself in the stream bottom in gravel or compacted sand but is rarely found in pools . it displays a higher tolerance for muddy bottoms than most other freshwater mussels .
in the late twentieth century , this mussel was found at nearly 30 sites in the clinch river and its smaller tributaries between cedar bluff , virginia , and kelly branch , tennessee . since 1970 , the fine - rayed pigtoe has been collected from the elk and paint rock rivers , which are tributaries of the tennessee river above muscle shols , alabama . the mussel ' s former range and habitat suggests that additional populations may be located on other tributary streams of the tennessee river in tennessee and alabama .
a list of synonyms for this species can be found on the mussel project web site ( graf and cummings 2011 ) .
endemic to the southern appalachian mountains , the fine - rayed pigtoe pearly mussel was first described in 1840 from the holston river , where it occurred in the river ' s north fork in washington county , virginia , downstream to grainger county , tennessee . it was subsequently documented in big moccasin creek in scott county , virginia ; the powell river from lee county , virginia , downstream to union county , tennessee ; clinch creek , emory river , and popular creek from clinchport , virginia , downstream to roane county , tennessee ; and in the clinch river from tazewell county , virginia , downstream to the norris reservoir in claiborne county , tennessee .
contact jay cordeiro ( jay _ cordeiro @ natureserve . org ) for a complete list of freshwater mussel taxa sorted by flow regime .
the fine - rayed pigtoe pearlymussel , fusconaia cuneolus , is of medium size , up to 2 . 5 in ( 6 . 4 cm ) in length . this cumberlandian species is distinguished by the many fine green rays that radiate over the yellowish green to light brown background of its ovoid shell . the hinged end of the shell is rounded , while the front margin is straight . the shell surface has a smooth , satiny appearance and is indistinctly patterned with growth lines . the inner shell surface is white .
dennis , s . d . 1981 .
mussel fauna of the powell river , tennessee and virginia .
sterkiana 71 : 1 - 7 .
construction of dams and multi - purpose reservoirs across the former range of the fine - rayed pigtoe have altered the free - flowing character of these rivers . such impoundments produce siltation , fluctuating water temperatures , changes in water acidity , and lowered oxygen content . impoundments also fragment the range of the species into isolated populations , which are then unable to interbreed .
french , john r . p . , iii . november , 1990 .
the exotic zebra mussel : a new threat to endangered freshwater mussels .
endangered species technical bulletin 15 ( 11 ) .
in the early twentieth century it was discovered in the tennessee river and its smaller tributaries at and below knoxville . it is believed that the mussel has been extirpated from former locations in the little and sequatchie rivers .
strayer , d . 1983 . the effects of surface geology and stream size on freshwater mussel ( bivalvia , unionidae ) distribution in southeastern michigan , u . s . a . freshwater biology 13 : 253 - 264 .
campbell et al . ( 2005 ) found this species to be closely related to fusconaia cor , but held it up as distinct . a list of synonyms for this species can be found on the mussel project web site ( graf and cummings 2011 ) .
this species is sensitive to changes in water quality and has declined due to impoundments , siltation , and pollution . the remnant population in the powell river may be threatened by oil and gas drilling and coal mining ( neves 1991 ) . the clinch river population was reduced by toxic discharges and spills prior to 1972 . the invasion of the asian clam , and the possible invasion of the zebra mussel , also threaten remaining populations . reasons for decline listed in the recovery plan include : impoundment , siltation , and pollution ( usfws 1984 ) .
based on the separation distances outlined herein , for freshwater mussels in standing water ( or backwater areas of flowing water such as oxbows and sloughs ) , all standing water bodies with either ( 1 ) greater than 2 km linear distance of unsuitable habitat between ( i . e . lotic connections ) , or ( 2 ) more than 10 km of apparently unoccupied though suitable habitat ( including lentic shoreline , linear distance across water bodies , and lentic water bodies with proper lotic connections ) , are considered separate element occurrences . only the largest standing water bodies ( with 20 km linear shoreline or greater ) may have greater than one element occurrence within each . multiple collection or observation locations in one lake , for example , would only constitute multiple occurrences in the largest lakes , and only then if there was some likelihood that unsurveyed areas between collections did not contain the element . for freshwater mussels in flowing water conditions , occurrences are separated by a distance of more than 2 stream km of unsuitable habitat , or a distance of more than 10 stream km of apparently unoccupied though suitable habitat . standing water between occurrences is considered suitable habitat when calculating separation distance for flowing water mussel species unless dispersal barriers ( see separation barriers ) are in place . several mussel species in north america occur in both standing and flowing water ( see specs notes ) . calculation of separation distance and determination of separation barriers for these taxa should take into account the environment in which the element was collected . juvenile mussels do not follow this pattern and juveniles are typically missed by most standard sampling methods ( hastie and cosgrove , 2002 ; neves and widlak , 1987 ) , therefore juvenile movement is not considered when calculating separation distance .
historically , this species was widespread in tributaries of the tennessee river system in tennessee ( above the mussel shoals area ) , virginia , and alabama including the tennessee , flint , paint rock , elk , nolichucky , clinch , emory , powell , holston , north fork holston rivers ; big moccasin creek ( virginia ) , poplar creek ( tennessee ) , bear creek ( alabama ) , limestone creek ( alabama ) , hurricane creek ( alabama ) , and little river ( tennessee ) ( usfws 1984 ) . it currently persists in portions of the clinch and powell rivers , the north fork of the holston , and in the paint rock river . the largest population resides in the clinch river , but it is reproductively isolated from the powell river population ( neves 1991 ) . it has been extirpated from tennessee river proper with a population extant in paint rock river in alabama ( mirarchi et al . 2004 ) .
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .
this species was historically placed in the genera dysnomia and plagiola ( johnson , 1978 ) .
this species is globally extinct . it was recorded historically from the clinch river in the headwaters of the tennessee river system , the white river ( wabash tributary ) , and in the lowe wabash river at posey co . , indiana , as well as the ohio river in cincinnati .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
this species is globally extinct . it is recorded historically from the clinch river in the headwaters of the tennessee river system , the white river ( wabash tributary ) , and in the lower wabash river at posey co . , indiana , as well as the ohio river in cincinnati ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . in tennessee , it is known historically from the clinch river and from the cumberland river near priestly shoals , davidson co . ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . in alabama , it was historically distributed throughout the tennessee river but has not been reported since the river was impounded ( mirarchi , 2004 ) . in kentucky , it formerly occurred in the green and ohio rivers ( cicerello and schuster , 2003 ) . in illinois , it was formerly distributed in the wabash river ( cummings and mayer , 1997 ) . in ohio , it foremerly occurred in the ohio river in cincinatti ( watters , 1995 ) .
all alabama museum records were collected at muscle shoals but it probably ranged across northern alabama with the most recent material from 1924 ( williams et al . , 2008 ) . in ohio , it historically occurred from the ohio river at cincinnati and scioto river at columbus ( watters et al . , 2009 ) .
this species has not been collected since before the 20th century ( iucn , 1996 ) .
this species has not been collected since before the 20th century ( iucn , 1996 ) . it historically occurred inthe ohio , tennessee , cumberland , and wabah rivers ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . in teh cumberland river it ranged upstream to near the mouth of the stones river ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . it occurred in most of the tennessee river drainage , from headwaters in eastern tennessee to the mouth of the tennessee river but a paucity of museum material suggests it was rare ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . all alabama museum records were collected at muscle shoals but it probably ranged across northern alabama with the most recent material from 1924 ( williams et al . , 2008 ) .
( zero ( no occurrences believed extant ) ) this species is globally extinct . it is recorded historically from the clinch river in the headwaters of the tennessee river system , the white river ( wabash tributary ) , and in the lower wabash river at posey co . , indiana , as well as the ohio river in cincinnati ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . in tennessee , it is known historically from the clinch river and from the cumberland river near priestly shoals , davidson co . ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . in alabama , it was historically distributed throughout the tennessee river but has not been reported since the river was impounded ( mirarchi , 2004 ) . in kentucky , it formerly occurred in the green and ohio rivers ( cicerello and schuster , 2003 ) . in illinois , it was formerly distributed in the wabash river ( cummings and mayer , 1997 ) . in ohio , it foremerly occurred in the ohio river in cincinatti ( watters , 1995 ) .
little is known about the former habitat of this species except that it was riverine .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached and / or nacre still glossy and iridescent without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
separation barriers within standing water bodies are based solely on separation distance ( see separation distance - suitable , below ) . separation barriers between standing water bodies and within flowing water systems include lack of lotic connections , natural barriers such as upland habitat , absence of appropriate species specific fish hosts , water depth greater than 10 meters ( cvancara , 1972 ; moyle and bacon , 1969 ) or anthropogenic barriers to water flow such as dams or other impoundments and high waterfalls .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
burch , j . b . 1975a . freshwater unionacean clams ( mollusca : pelecypoda ) of north america . malacological publications : hamburg , michigan . 204 pp .
howard , a . d . 1915 . some exceptional cases of breeding among the unionidae . the nautilus 29 : 4 - 11 .
johnson , r . i . 1978 . systematics and zoogeography of plagiola ( = dysnomia = epioblasma ) , an almost extinct genus of freshwater mussels ( bivalvia : unionidae ) from middle north america . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , 148 ( 6 ) : 239 - 320 .
lefevre , g . and w . t . curtis . 1912 . studies on the reproduction and artificial propogation of fresh - water mussels . bulletin of the bureau of fisheries 30 : 102 - 201 .
mirarchi , r . e . , et al . 2004a . alabama wildlife . volume one : a checklist of vertebrates and selected invertebrates : aquatic mollusks , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , and mammals . university of alabama press : tuscaloosa , alabama . 209 pp .
moyle , p . and j . bacon . 1969 . distribution and abundance of molluscs in a fresh water environment . journal of the minnesota academy of science 35 ( 2 / 3 ) : 82 - 85 .
strayer , d . l . 1999a . use of flow refuges by unionid mussels in rivers . journal of the north american benthological society 18 ( 4 ) : 468 - 476 .
strayer , d . l . and j . ralley . 1993 . microhabitat use by an assemblage of stream - dwelling unionaceans ( bivalvia ) including two rare species of alasmidonta . journal of the north american benthological society 12 ( 3 ) : 247 - 258 .
van der schalie , h . 1938a . the naiad fauna of the huron river in southeastern michigan . miscellaneous publication of the museum of zoology , university of michigan 40 : 7 - 78 .
watters , g . t . 1992a . unionids , fishes , and the species - area curve . journal of biogeography 19 : 481 - 490 .
williams , j . d . , a . e . bogan , and j . t garner . 2008 . freshwater mussels of alabama & the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi , & tennessee . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . 908 pages .
williams , j . d . , m . l . warren , jr . , k . s . cummings , j . l . harris , and r . j . neves . 1993b . conservation status of freshwater mussels of the united states and canada . fisheries 18 ( 9 ) : 6 - 22 .
cicerello , r . r . and g . a . schuster . 2003 . a guide to the freshwater mussels of kentucky . kentucky state nature preserves commission scientific and technical series 7 : 1 - 62 .
cummings , k . s . and c . a . mayer . 1997 . distributional checklist and status of illinois freshwater mussels ( mollusca : unionacea ) . pages 129 - 145 in : k . s . cummings , a . c . buchanan , c . a . mayer , and t . j . naimo ( eds . ) conservation and management of freshwater mussels ii : initiatives for the future . proceedings of a umrcc symposium , october 1995 , st . louis , missouri . upper mississippi river conservation committee , rock island , illinois .
parmalee , p . w . and a . e . bogan . 1998 . the freshwater mussels of tennessee . university of tennessee press : knoxville , tennessee . 328 pp .
watters , g . t . 1995a . a field guide to the freshwater mussels of ohio . revised 3rd edition . ohio department of natural resources , division of wildlife , columbus , ohio . 122 pp .
watters , g . t . , m . a . hoggarth , and d . h . stansbery . 2009b . the freshwater mussels of ohio . ohio state university press : columbus , ohio . 421 pp .
williams , j . d . , a . e . bogan , and j . t . garner . 2008 . freshwater mussels of alabama & the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi & tennessee . university of alabama press : tuscaloosa , alabama . 908 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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bogan , a . e . , dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , kasthala , g . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . & collins , a .
has been assessed as extinct . it was recorded historically from the clinch river in the headwaters of the tennessee river system , the white river ( wabash tributary ) , and in the low wabash river at posey co . , indiana , as well as the ohio river in cincinnati . this species is known from shells only , no live individuals have been observed .
this species is globally extinct . it is recorded historically from the clinch river in the headwaters of the tennessee river system , the white river ( wabash tributary ) , and in the lower wabash river at posey co . , indiana , as well as the ohio river in cincinnati ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . in tennessee , it is known historically from the clinch river and from the cumberland river near priestly shoals , davidson co . ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . in alabama , it was historically distributed throughout the tennessee river , but has not been reported since the river was impounded ( mirarchi 2004 , williams
. 2008 ) . in kentucky , it formerly occurred in the green and ohio rivers ( cicerello and schuster 2003 ) . in indiana , it was formerly distributed in the wabash river ( cummings and mayer 1997 ) . in ohio , it formerly occurred in the ohio river in cincinatti ( watters 1995 ) .
this species has not been collected since the early 20th century ( iucn 1996 ) . it historically occurred in the ohio , tennessee , cumberland , and wabah rivers ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . in the cumberland river , it ranged upstream to near the mouth of the stones river ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . it occurred in most of the tennessee river drainage , from headwaters in eastern tennessee to the mouth of the tennessee river , but a paucity of museum material suggests it was rare ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . all alabama museum records were collected at muscle shoals , but it probably ranged across northern alabama with the most recent material from 1924 ( williams et al . 2008 ) .
this species presumably occurred in shoal habitat , primarily in large rivers ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) .
this species presumably became extinct due to habitat loss and degradation ( a . bogan pers . comm . 2010 ) .
williams et al . ( in press ) lists this species as extinct according to the afs assessment .
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endangered b2ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) ver 3 . 1
richman , n . , dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , kasthala , g . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , ht , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . , collins , a . , offord , s . & duncan , c .
justification : fusconaia cuneolus has been assessed as endangered under criterion b2ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) . the species currently only occurs in four remaining fragmented locations , with an estimated area of occupancy of no more than 500 km 2 . because of its sensitivity to changes in water quality , the species has and continues to decline , in terms of reductions in area of occupancy , extent of occurrence , quality of habitat and number of sub - populations , due to river impoundments , siltation , and pollution . it is likely that this species will qualify for critically endangered a2ac once sufficient population information is established .
this species occurs in shoal habitats of creeks and rivers . historical distribution data suggest that it occurred in smaller streams than many other species of the genus . it prefers stable gravel substrates in moderate current ( williams
. 2008 ) , and was recorded as inhabiting clear , high gradient streams in firm cobble and gravel substrates ( neves and moyer 1988 ) .
bruenderman and neves ( 1993 ) detailed the life history of the species in the clinch river , southwestern virginia . it is a short - term brooder , apparently spawning in early may , with females gravid from mid - may through early august . developing embryos are bound in conglutinates and change color from pink to orange to light peach as they mature . however , mature glochidia are discharged in a loose , gelatinous matrix instead of well - defined conglutinates . fecundity was assessed in one gravid female , which contained approximately 113 , 000 embryos . glochidia were recovered from stream drift as early as late may and as late as mid - august . ortmann ( 1921 ) reported a similar gravid period for the species , from mid - may through mid - july ( williams
( tennessee shiner , cyprinidae ; bruenderman and neves 1993 ) . additional species found to serve as glochidial hosts in laboratory trials are
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this species is a short - term breeder , reproducing in the spring ( tachytictic ) . for more about the reproduction and diet of freshwater mussels , see the upland combshell ( epioblasma metastriata ) entry .
although this species was thought to have disappeared from its original collection site in the holston river , four freshly dead specimens were collected along the river in 1982 at cloud ford , tennessee . industrial and chemical pollution from upstream at saltville , virginia , has severely degraded the water quality there . live specimens have yet to be found but may indeed exist . recent surveys in other upper tennessee river tributaries , such as the nolichucky , french broad , flint , and buffalo rivers , failed to locate specimens .
from 1975 to 1981 , surveys of the powell river located populations at buchanan ford and mc - dowell shoal in tennessee , and at fletcher ford in virginia . water quality in this river has also deteriorated significantly due to strip mining , coal - washing runoff , and discharge of municipal wastes .
increased stream turbidity , caused by soil erosion and industrial runoff , reduces light penetration , which affects the growth of aquatic vegetation and decreases the population of fish hosts . suspended solids can be fatal to mussels . dead and dying mussels are often found with silt clogging their gills . mussels are very susceptible to agricultural and industrial pollutants , particularly heavy metals , which become concentrated in their tissues .
u . s . fish and wildlife service regional office , division of endangered species 1875 century blvd . , suite 200 atlanta , georgia 30345 urltoken
u . s . fish and wildlife service regional office , division of endangered species 300 westgate center dr . hadley , massachusetts 01035 - 9589 telephone : ( 413 ) 253 - 8200 fax : ( 413 ) 253 - 8308 urltoken
bogan , a . e . , and p . w . parmalee . 1983 . tennessee ' s rare wildlife : the mollusks . tennessee wildlife resources agency , tennessee department of conservation , and tennessee natural heritage program , university of tennessee press , knoxville .
carter , l . j . 1977 .
chemical plants leave unexpected legacy in two virginia rivers .
science 198 : 1015 - 1020 .
imlay , m . j . 1982 .
use of shells of freshwater mussels in monitoring heavy metals and environmental stresses : a review .
malacology review 15 : 1 - 14 .
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