aiptasia diaphana , the yellow aiptasia or glasrose , is a species of sea anemone native to shallow waters in the temperate eastern atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea .

it has been introduced into the red sea .

aiptasia diaphana

sexual plasticity and self - fertilization in the sea anemone aiptasia diaphana . - pubmed - ncbi
development of self - fertilized gametes of the anemone aiptasia diaphana ( scale bars = 10 µm ) .
trioecy , a unique breeding strategy in the sea anemone aiptasia diaphana and its association with sex steroids .
red sea aiptasia - x - guaranteed , reef - safe elimination of aiptasia .
trioecy , a unique breeding strategy in the sea anemone aiptasia diaphana and its association with sex steroids . - pubmed - ncbi
berghia the natural solution berghia nudibranchs are the natural solution for aiptasia anemones . they eat solely aiptasia .
field populations of aiptasia diaphana forming a dense “carpet” on anchor rigs of an abandoned net pen fish farm 1 . 8 km offshore .
frequency of oocytes atresia among hermaphrodites and females in a . diaphana age - groups .
berghia devouring an aiptasia these berghia nudibranchs have overpowered an aiptasia anemone as they consume it from the bottom up .
7 . the method of claim 1 , wherein said at least one stinging capsule is from a nematostella vectensis , rhopilema nomadica and aiptasia diaphana .
16 . the method of claim 9 , wherein said at least one stinging capsule is from a nematostella vectensis , rhopilema nomadica and aiptasia diaphana .
22 . the method of claim 17 , wherein said at least one stinging capsule is from a nematostella vectensis , rhopilema nomadica and aiptasia diaphana .
for information on sea anemone predators , and the chemical and physical methods of aiptasia removal and control , see : aiptasia pests - getting rid of glass anemones .
they can be preyed upon by peppermint shrimp , most butterflyfsh and aiptasia eating nudibranchs .
big & small berghia eating aiptasia berghia nudibranchs will sometimes gang up on an aiptasia anemone to eat it . pictured are 1 / 8
to 1 / 2
berghia .
1 / 4
berghia eating an aiptasia this 1 / 4
berghia nudibranch is eating a good sized aiptasia anemone . berghia can consume an entire anemone in an hour .
there are 17 species in the aiptasia genus . the species that are well known are the
the will thrive in bright light , but even under poor lighting aiptasia anemones will survive .
all species of the aiptasia genus are easy to care for . aiptasia anemones , though very small , have proven quite hardy and durable . they have the ability to reproduce rapidly in saltwater aquariums where there are plenty of nutrients and good lighting . aiptasia can reach plague proportions in captivity . some aquarists use aiptasia in their refugiums to take out nutrients from the water .
( of adamsia diaphana ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
eat only one thing : the dreaded aiptasia anemone . because they will only eat aiptasia , they are guaranteed 100 % reef safe ! you can learn more about the berghia nudibranch from our
genus is a member of the aiptasiidae family and currently contains 12 species . general common names all the various aiptasia anemones are known by are aiptasia , glassrose anemone , rock anemone , devil ' s plague , aiptasia anemone , pest anemone , and sometimes by this misspelling , aptasia .
berghia eating berghia nudibranchs frequently form a
dog pile
around larger aiptasia when they eat .
citation : schlesinger a , kramarsky - winter e , rosenfeld h , armoza - zvoloni r , loya y ( 2010 ) sexual plasticity and self - fertilization in the sea anemone aiptasia diaphana . plos one 5 ( 7 ) : e11874 . urltoken
aiptaisa means beautiful , and they can be . . . but they can be also reek havoc on reef tanks ! meet the aiptasia sea anemone species and discover the pros and cons of aiptasia in captivity
any - they will thrive in bright light , but even under poor lighting aiptasia anemones will survive .
your source for hungry aiptasia anemone eating berghia nudibranchs , saltwater fish , and live corals for sale .
( of actinia diaphana rapp , 1829 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aiptasiomorpha diaphana ( rapp , 1829 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cribrina diaphana ( rapp , 1829 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
an unusual mechanism of sex differentiation was observed to occur in the populations of asexually produced sea anemone a . diaphana , giving rise to males , females , and hermaphrodites . the ontogenetic patterns were associated with sex steroid profiles , revealing an original sexual system in a . diaphana pedal lacerates , the first to be reported in the phylum cnidaria .
there are various ways to reduce and control aiptasia populations . sea anemone predators provides a natural , biological method of controlling and possibly eliminating aiptasia anemones . one of the best known methods is using nudibranchs to eat glass anemones . of all the sea anemone predators , the nudibranch berghia verrucicornis is a great choice because it only feeds on aiptasia .
two berghia nudibranchs berghia nudibranchs are captivating creatures . these two berghia can consume a large aiptasia anemone in an hour .
using aiptasia in refugiums to take out nutrients can be effective , yet it can also be risky if any parts of an aiptasia migrates to the main tank . in a refugium , use screening to prevent free floating aiptasia from migrating to your main tank . be sure to have all of your pumps covered . most good quality pumps have guards on them .
using aiptasia in refugiums to take out nutrients can be effective , yet it can also be risky if any parts of an aiptasia migrates to the main tank through the filtration . in a refugium use screening to prevent free floating aiptasia from migrating to your main tank . be sure to have all of your pumps covered . most good quality pumps have guards on them .
this berghia nudibranch appears to be looking at the camera , but it is actually trolling for an aiptasia anemone to eat .
to reduce and control pesky aiptasia in your saltwater aquarium , biological approaches such as fish that eat aiptasia or crabs , shrimps , nudibranchs to eat glass anemones , and more can be used . also various manufactured chemicals and household products can be used .
regular and time consuming manual removal is often required so that an aquarium is not overrun by dense populations of aiptasia . there are various ways to reduce and control aiptasia populations . sea anemone predators provides a natural , biological method of controlling and possibly eliminating aiptasia anemones . other methods include chemical removal and the more risky method of physical removal . there are important considerations when using either of these two methods .
regular and time consuming manual removal is often required so that an aquarium is not overrun by dense populations of aiptasia . other methods of aiptasia control include chemical removal and the more risky method of physical removal . there are important considerations when using either of these two methods .
i would like to purchase a quantity of aiptasia for my berghia nudibranch . if you have some available , please respond . bobtc100 @ urltoken
they generally eat zooplankton , but will always accept other food particles . predators include peppermint shrimp , most butterflyfsh , and aiptasia eating nudibranchs .
common names aiptasia anemones are known by in general include glassrose anemone , glass anemone , pale anemone , rock anemone , trumpet anemone , brown glass anemone , small rock anemone , yellow anemone , tube anemone , aiptasia anemone , devil ' s plague , pest anemone , and aptasia .
propagating aiptasia anemones is fairly easy , just feed it and it will multiply . anemones in general can multiply by sexual and asexual means . aiptasia will multiply asexually by fission , which is where a tiny bit of tissue detached from the foot quickly develops into a new and complete anemone .
the eye of the berghia you can actually see the tiny black eyes of this berghia nudibranch . berghia nudibranch only has eyes for aiptasia anemones .
on the other hand , being easy to grow in the laboratory , makes aiptasia specimens ideal in the scientific world . the aiptasia species are a model system for research and study of their unique adaptations . they are being researched extensively both for medical uses and to learn about their ocean environment .
growth rate and sexual size dimorphism of a . diaphana age - groups . a ) growth ( weight increase ) of a . diaphana lacerates . the points represent the biomass ( mg dry weight = mg dw ) mean ± se of six to eight replicates . each replicate is an average dw of three individuals sampled from the same growing chamber . b ) sexual size dimorphism as indicated by pedal disk diameter presented as mean ± se . numbers inside the bars are the sample sizes .
( of aiptasia saxicola andrès , 1881 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
corals and other anemones are the invertebrates most affected by aiptasia pests . unless you are keeping small rock anemones in a refugium to help control nutrients , they need to be removed as soon as possible . once aiptasia gets a foothold , manual removal to keep populations in check , may very well become an ongoing activity .
a . diaphana age homogeneous populations . a ) pedal lacerates attached to a mesh fabric after the removal of adult sea anemones . b ) homogeneous population at the age of 4 wk developed from pedal lacerates . c ) sea anemones aged 4–12 wk .
aiptasia grow like weeds , take over the reef tank , and are very hard to control ! a variety of approaches include chemical controls to using sea anemone predators .
it is unknown how long they live , but they do reproduce quickly . a mature aiptasia anemones can produce dozens of juveniles in a single day if well fed .
the aiptasia has a pedal disc or ' foot ' with which it attaches to the substrate . if tank conditions are not ideal aiptasia use their
foot
to move along the substrate . they will contract the circular muscles of the foot and push forward , or they may crawl on their side , moving about 4 cm per hour . aiptasia will often opt to simply disconnect and float around , or swim by moving in a spiral motion , until they find a new spot to adhere too .
propagating aiptasia anemones is fairly easy , just cut a piece off and it will grow . anemones in general can multiply by sexual and asexual means . aiptasia will multiply asexually by fission , which is where a tiny bit of tissue detached from the foot quickly develops into a new and complete anemone . aiptasia anemones will tolerate their own
clones
, and these anemones are very prolific . this is why it is very difficult to physically remove these anemones from a rock . any remaining tissues quickly multiply into to new specimens .
don ' t let the pretty white center fool you , this trumpet anemone is just another species of aiptasia ! one of the most dreaded
hitchhikers
next to the mantis shrimp , the trumpet anemone can reach plague proportions in a short time . some natural ways to eliminate them are peppermint shrimp , aiptasia eating nudibranchs and various butterflyfish , especially the copperbanded butterflyfish .
aiptasia , often called
weedy
anemones , are found in tropical and temperate waters around the globe . they live in a relatively wide range of salinities , temperatures , and other water quality conditions .
ade - 1 , a new inotropic na ( + ) channel toxin from aiptasia diaphana , is similar to , yet distinct from , known anemone na ( + ) channel toxins .
nesher n . , shapira e . , sher d . , moran y . , tsveyer l . , turchetti - maia a . l . , horowitz m . , hochner b . , zlotkin e . biochem . j . 451 : 81 - 90 ( 2013 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]
distribution of sexes in a . diaphana age - groups during reproductive development . five reproductive states were characterized histologically : nonreproductive ( white bars ) , undifferentiated ( gray bars ) , hermaphrodite ( tan bars ) , male ( blue bars ) , and female ( red bars ) . n = number of specimens examined .
to most saltwater aquarists aiptasia are considered a nuisance . they pose great difficulties to a reef environment as they harm other tank mates and quickly overgrow the environment . their rapid reproduction makes them extremely difficult to control .
saltwater aquarists don ' t usually buy glass anemones , but aiptasia is available alive from supply companies for research and scientific study . aquarists generally acquire them as hitchhikers , arriving with live rock or attached to the base of corals .
the typical reef environment is best for these anemones . like most anemone species , they need live rock or some other solid material they can attach to . aiptasia are hardy aquarium anemones that can survive even in dark conditions and will flourish in poor water - quality environments rich in organic nutrients . water changes of 10 % bi - monthly or 20 % a month are typical for most anemones , but with aiptasia , the more nutrients you have the happier it will be .
( of aiptasia saxicola andrès , 1881 ) den hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the small rock anemone has a pedal disc or ' foot ' with which it attaches to the substrate . if tank conditions are not ideal they will use their “foot” to move along the substrate . aiptasia anemones do this by contracting the circular muscles of the foot and pushing forward , or they may crawl on their side , moving about 4 cm per hour . often aiptasia will simply opt to disconnect and float around , or swim by moving in a spiral motion , until they find a new spot to adhere too .
anemones are called
rock anemones
because they are found along rocky shorelines , and often dubbed
glass anemones
due to their bodies being somewhat translucent . this pretty rock anemone is also known as the glass rose anemone , trumpet anemone , and yellow aiptasia .
aiptasia is an anemone that saltwater hobbyists don ' t purchase , rather they are accidentally introduced into a saltwater system as a hitchhiker on live rock or attached to the base of corals . unless planning to cultivate this anemone , you would not knowingly purchase live rock or corals with aiptasia on it . however , they can be difficult to see . they are small and will quickly retract when disturbed , hiding inside small crevices and holes in the rock . they can hide for weeks or even months until conditions are suitable before coming out .
aiptasia anemones will tolerate their own “clones” , and these anemones are very prolific . this is why it is very difficult to physically remove these anemones from a rock . any remaining tissues quickly multiply into to new specimens . sexual reproduction has not been described for the species .
small rock anemones are durable and problems are pretty minimal unless your lighting , water movement , and feeding is inadequate . then your anemone will detach to look for “better conditions . ” with better conditions , they can quickly multiply . having a quickly expanding population of aiptasia then becomes the problem .
their body form is the polyp . it is composed of a pedal disc or ' foot ' with which the aiptasia attaches to the substrate . it has a smooth , elongated body column with an oral disc on top . this disk has a mouth with many long stinging tentacles surrounding it .
a two - stage pathway for sex differentiation in a . diaphana lacerates . stage 1 : sexually undifferentiated individuals differentiate equally to either males or hermaphrodites . stage 2 : primary males progress with spermatogenesis and spermiation , whereas hermaphrodites undergo sex allocation in which one gender becomes the dominant gender in the polyp and the other gender represses and often disappears . hermaphrodites that undergo sex allocation may finally become males , females , or mature as hermaphrodites ( i . e . , trioecy ) .
the glass anemone is a carnivore . in the wild aiptasia derive nutrition from their symbiotic alge , zooxanthellae , as well as from the water around them . they use their tentacles to capture organic matter that floats by , then insert the food into their mouths for ingestion . they generally eat zooplankton , but will always accept other foot particles .
do water changes of 10 % monthly or 20 % every other month . they will flourish in poor water - quality environments that are rich in organic nutrients . for most anemones , typical water changes are 10 % twice a month or 20 % a monthly , but with aiptasia , the more nutrients there are , the happier it will be .
genets ( n = 4 ) of a . diaphana were cultured in the indoor system described above ( figure 4 ) , set up to emulate ambient seasonal conditions ( i . e . , light and temperature amplitude ) of the natural reproductive season . spawning was temporally controlled by shifting the photoperiod and water temperature ( as described above ) to match the ambient shifts that occur during the natural gametogenic period during peak reproduction the mesenteries , visible via the transparent body column , were milky white in appearance in males and an orange color in females .
levels of vertebrate - like sex steroids , including progesterone ( a ) , testosterone ( b ) , and estradiol ( c ) , associated with sex differentiation and maturation processes ( d ) in a . diaphana age - groups . steroid levels are expressed as mean ± se of six to eight replicates . each replicate represents three individuals sampled from the same chamber . differences in steroid levels between the weeks were tested using one - way anova , and a tukey hsd test was used for post hoc comparisons . lowercase letters ( a–e ) indicate significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) difference between means .
small rock anemones are easy to care for and they are quite hardy and durable . they have the ability to reproduce rapidly in saltwater aquariums where there are plenty of nutrients and good lighting . some aquarists use aiptasia in their refugiums to take out nutrients from the water . keeping them in a screened off area of the refugium , they will feed on excess nutrients , thus improving water quality .
any substrate is fine as these anemones will inhabit all levels of the tank . they need the same type of lighting found in a typical reef , and moderate lighting is suggested . they will thrive in bright light , but even under poor lighting aiptasia anemones will survive . they prefer a low - to - moderate water movement , but any type of movement is fine , just not stagnant water .
this is yet another anemone that is considered an undesirable addition to a reef tank ! the small rock anemone , also called the rose glass anemone is slightly different from the standard aiptasia in that it has more color , being brown to a pinkish brown instead of clear or gray . whatever color it is , it needs to go ! when you see one , do your best to get rid of it before it reproduces !
the small rock anemone is a carnivore , but these anemones are also equipped with nutritional alternatives for their well - being . in the wild aiptasia derive nutrition from their symbiotic algae , zooxanthellae , as well as from the water around them . they use their tentacles to capture organic matter that floats by , then insert the food into their mouths for ingestion . they generally eat zooplankton , but will always accept other foot particles .
the name aiptasia means
beautiful
. although these little anemones are unpopular with reef hobbyists because of their ability to take over the aquarium , they really can be quite nice looking . they are smaller anemones that only get to be about 1
( 3 cm ) in diameter and 3 - 4
( 7 . 5 - 10 cm ) tall depending on the species . most specimens are actually much smaller then that too .
aiptasia anemones are found in shallow waters along protected coasts and along intertidal rocky or mangrove lined shorelines . they will also form dense colonies in areas of shallow water , sometimes so dense they look like solid sheets . they are found alone attached to rubble , mangrove roots , dead corals , and other hard substrates . they occur in deep water too , where there is good tidal action . all species are commonly found with live rock .
aiptasia anemones don ' t have a very good reputation with saltwater hobbyists . they have strong stings and don’t “play nice” with other corals and fish . they use venomous cells , nematocyst found in their tentacles , to sting corals and fish . they can reach plague proportions in the aquarium or a reef tank , wreak havoc on the other inhabitants . they are very hard to get rid of and have been known to take over a reef aquarium by quickly reproducing while stinging and killing other tank invertebrates .
the weedy aiptasia is an anemone that saltwater hobbyists don ' t purchase , rather they are accidentally introduced into a saltwater system as a hitchhiker on live rock or attached to the base of corals . they are able to out compete other species in the reef tank . when disturbed they eject dangerous white stinging threads , or acontia . by using venomous cells or nematocyst found in their tentacles , they sting and push other inhabitants away from their
turf
. they have strong stings that can harm , and even kill other corals and fish .
sizes of aiptasia pallida anemones used in this study , quantified as means of three measurements of the body column of each anemone . bold dashes represent medians , open circles represent anemones without gonads , and asterisks represent anemones with gonads . body column diameter was larger in symbiotic anemones than in aposymbiotic anemones for both males and females ( mann–whitney u tests , p < 0 . 001 ) . sample size : n = 9 aposymbiotic females , n = 18 aposymbiotic males , n = 27 symbiotic females , and n = 15 symbiotic males . abbreviations : apofem = aposymbiotic female , apomale = aposymbiotic male , symfem = symbiotic female , symmale = symbiotic male
daly , m . ; fautin , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of actiniaria .
van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
fishelson , l . , 1971 . ecology and distribution of the benthic fauna in the shallow waters of the red sea . marine biology , 10 / 2 : 113 - 133 . [ details ]
fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
department of zoology , george s . wise faculty of life sciences , tel aviv university , tel aviv , israel
department of zoology , george s . wise faculty of life sciences , tel aviv university , tel aviv , israel , israel oceanographic and limnological research , national center for mariculture , eilat , israel
editor : ryan l . earley , university of alabama , united states of america
copyright : © 2010 schlesinger et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this work was funded by ramot ( horowitz foundation ) tel aviv university . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
forming a dense “carpet” on anchor rigs of an abandoned net pen fish farm 1 . 8 km offshore .
a ) a dissected anemone illustrating the morphology of the gonads along the mesenteries ( m ) of the polyp . b ) histological section of a female gonad showing well developed oocytes with visible germinal vesicles and nucleoli . c ) histological section of a male gonad showing well developed spermaries . d ) histological section of a hermaphrodite gonad showing well developed oocytes ( o ) alongside interspersed spermaries ( s ) at various stages of development . bar corresponds to 200 µm in b and to 100 µm c and in d .
in laboratory culture , the rate of asexual reproduction was affected by controlled seasonal variations . under june–august ( summer ) temperature–photoperiod conditions genets propagated ca . one order of magnitude more ramets ( time = 77 d , n = 255±27 ) than under december – march ( winter ) conditions ( t = 78 d , n = 23±12 ) . the rate of asexual reproduction differed significantly between the summer and winter treatments ( 2 way anova and tukey ' s hsd test , df = 1 fseason 83 . 61 ; p < 0 . 05 ) . accordingly , each founder genet that produced 255 ramets ( individuals resulting from asexual reproduction ) during summer and in turn produces at least 20 additional ramets during winter can , theoretically , produce over 5 , 000 ramets ( 20 winter x 255 summer ) over a one - year period .
microscopic analysis of ramets ( n = 304 ) sampled from six different laboratory - reared genet lines ( g 1 – g 6 ) , each founded by one individual of a known sex , revealed that the male phenotype was preserved throughout the experiment in one genet ( g 5 ) ( table 1 , figure 2 ) . the other five genets gave rise to both female and male phenotypes , with a skewed female / male ratio in favor of the founder sex ( table 1 ) . in addition , ramets derived from one female genet ( g 2 ) , included not only males and females but also seven hermaphroditic individuals ( table 1 ) .
gametes spawned by g 2 ( n = 3 spawn dates and g 3 ( n = 2 spawn dates ) genet lines self - fertilized . similarly , gametes spawned by g 1 cross - fertilized with gametes of g 5 ( n = 4 spawn dates ) . zygotes derived from “selfing” and out - crossing developed into swimming planula larvae . the embryos underwent “chaotic” cleavage . on d - 4 post - spawning , nematocysts had developed in all planulae ( figure 3 ) .
( a ) released non fertilized oocyte ( sem ) . ( b ) late cleavage stage showing asynchronous “chaotic” cleavage ( sem ) . ( c ) blastula from animal pole perspective , note small micromeres . ( c ' ) blastula from the vegetal pole perspective , showing large yolky macromeres at the vegetal pole ( sem ) . ( d ) prawn chip stage . ( e ) gastrula . the blastopore is marked by an arrow . ( sem ) . ( f ) swimming planula , nematocysts marked by arrowhead ( light micrograph ) .
the culture cell ( 4 ) is placed within a sedimentation chamber ( 6 ) which in turn is encompassed by a water jacket ( 8 ) . a light source ( 18 ) is positioned above the culture cell . a pump ( 20 ) is fixed to a wall in the sedimentation chamber ( 6 ) and connected to the culture cell inlet port ( 15 ) . sediment is drained from the chamber via a waste outlet ( 22 ) connected to the bottom of the chamber . culture temperature is controlled by the water jacket ( 8 ) , using a water chiller ( 24 ) and a thermostat regulated heater ( 26 ) . the legs ( 10 ) of the culture tank stand on the tank ' s bottom ( 12 ) , and water outlets ( 14 ) are interspersed around the top of the cell in the water jacket tank ( 16 ) . scale bar = 20 cm .
to ascertain the rate of pedal laceration ( asexual reproduction ) of this anemone under laboratory conditions , we simultaneously tested the effect of summer ( june – august ) and winter ( december – february ) photoperiod and temperature amplitude as recorded in the eastern mediterranean ( 32°24′9n , 34°50′5e ) . data were obtained from the wise observatory astronomical calendar and medatlas / 2002 database , medar group 2002 ) . culture temperature was controlled by a water jacket ( figure 4 ) , using a 4 m 3 h −1 water circulation pump , a thermostat regulated water chiller and thermostat regulated heaters [ 43 ] – [ 44 ] .
photo - period was controlled as described above , by weekly calibration of light : dark period , following wise observatory astronomical calendar data . temperature amplitudes in the culture systems were calibrated weekly using the water - jacket temperature control system i . e . , regulated heaters and chillers , to follow the seasonal temperature amplitude ( medatlas / 2002 , medar group 2002 database figure s2 ) . six ramets from three genet lines ( two ramets from each genet ) were removed and settled on new substrata , each in a separate , sterilized culture tank . thus , each genet was simultaneously exposed to two different temperature and photoperiod regimes ( three culture tanks under summer conditions and three under winter conditions ) . feeding regime , light quality and intensity , current character and water exchange were uniform in all culture tanks . the number of ramets in each culture tank was counted after 77–78 days following settlement of each founder . data were analyzed using student ' s t test for significance .
eastern mediterranean ( 32°24′9n , 34°50′5e ) temperature amplitude based data obtained from medatlas / 2002 database , medar group 2002 .
we would like to thank dr . eran brockovich and varda wexler for their help with the figures .
conceived and designed the experiments : as ekw . performed the experiments : as raz . analyzed the data : as ekw hr raz yl . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : hr yl . wrote the paper : as ekw hr raz yl .
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) ( coelenterata , actiniaria ) . j ma bio ass uk 73 ( 4 ) : 971–973 .
heyward aj , babcock rc ( 1986 ) self - and cross - fertilization in scleractinian corals . marine biology 90 : 191–195 .
brazeau da , gleason df , morgan me ( 1998 ) self - fertilization in brooding hermaphroditic caribbean corals : evidence from molecular markers . jembe 231 ( 2 ) : 225 .
hamrick jl , godt mt ( 1990 ) allozyme diversity in plant species , in plant population genetics : breeding and genetic resources , . in : brown ahd , et al . , editor . sunderland ma : sinauer . pp . 43–63 .
kalisz s , vogler dw , hanley km ( 2004 ) context - dependent autonomous self - fertilization yields reproductive assurance and mixed mating . nature 430 : 884–887 .
ghiselin mt ( 1969 ) the evolution of hermaphroditism among animals . the quar rev of biol 44 ( 2 ) : 189–208 .
hyman lh ( 1940 ) protozoa through ctenophora , in the invertebrates . new york and london : mcgraw - hill .
schlesinger a , kramarsky - winter e , loya y ( 2008 ) method and apparatus for propagating benthic marine invertebrates , . in : wipo , editor . ramot at tel aviv university .
( mollusca , opisthobranchia ) : life history aspects . marine biology 156 ( 4 ) : 753 .
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mini reef aquarium guide . reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks , nano reef tanks , pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting , filtration , choosing coral reef animals , and problem solving !
setting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !
urticina means nettle , a stinging plant . like all sea anemones they do have a sting , but the urticina cold water sea anemones have much more . . . being very beautiful they are known as flowers of the sea !
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i ' d love to give your clam a new house . i have 110g reef tank set up 25 hrs . he ' d love it !
is fast at disappearing if disturbed . but this quick maneuver is just one of its fast tricks . it is quite small , at only about 1 . 2
( 3 cm ) tall , but is also very fast at reproducing . the
anemones are found in shallow waters along protected coasts and along intertidal rocky shorelines . they are found alone attached to rubble , live rock , dead corals , and other hard substrates . they will also form dense colonies in areas of shallow water , sometimes so dense they look like solid sheets . they occur in deep water too , where there is good tidal action .
the small rock anemones are solitary and found at depths of 6 1 / 2 to 9 feet ( 2 - 3 m ) . they live on vertical walls in small quiet harbors and in large pools .
the small rock anemone is quite small , only getting up to about 1 . 2
( 3 cm ) tall . it is unknown how long
anemones can live , but they do reproduce quickly . mature specimens can produce dozens of juveniles in a single day if they have plenty of nutrients .
the number of small rock anemones can reach plague proportions in captivity . in some aquariums they will reproduce faster than in others , but the exact reason is unknown . they do seem to reproduce faster in environments high in nutrients and detritus . this anemone , as well as any species of
, is generally regarded as a pest . they can be difficult to control and / or eliminate once they get a foothold .
although anemones are not as dependent on calcium as stony corals , magnesium and calcium is still needed to keep the ph and alkalinity stable and within the correct parameters . additions of trace elements are suggested . phosphates should be kept around 0 . 03 or less .
380 . 0 - 450 . 0 ppm - helps to balance alkalinity . aim for 420 ppm , or 385 ppm if you are using seachem calcium .
7 . 0 - 11 . 0 dkh - ( 2 . 5 to 3 . 9 meq / l ) aim for 10 dkh ( 3 . 5 meq / l ) for reef tanks .
1 , 250 . 0 - 1 , 350 . 0 ppm - test magnesium levels and adjust before checking calcium .
the small rock anemone is quite small , so it can readily be kept in a nano tank of just 1 - gallon or more , however , the tank should be completely cycled . the typical reef environment is best for these anemones . like most anemone species , they need live rock or some other solid material they can attach to .
the small rock anemones are aggressive , and ideally , they are best kept in their own tank . they have strong stings that can harm , and even kill other corals and fish . saltwater hobbyists don ' t purchase these anemones , rather they are acquired accidentally as
hitch - hikers
on live rock or with other corals . they are very hard to get rid of and have been known to take over a reef aquarium .
they can reproduce quickly and will tolerate their own kind , but they are able to out compete other species in the reef tank . when disturbed they eject dangerous white stinging threads , or acontia . also , by using the venomous cells , the nematocyst found in their tentacles , they sting and push other inhabitants away from their “turf . ” they don ' t host clownfish .
have determined that individuals are dioecious , meaning that individuals are of separate sexes .
alf jacob nilsen and svein a . fossa , reef secrets : starting right , selecting fishes & invertebrates , advanced biotope techniques , t . f . h publications inc . , 2003
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schlesinger a 1 , kramarsky - winter e , rosenfeld h , armoza - zvoloni r , loya y .
department of zoology , george s . wise faculty of life sciences , tel aviv university , tel aviv , israel .
pmid : 20686700 pmcid : pmc2912375 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0011874
armoza - zvuloni r 1 , kramarsky - winter e 2 , loya y 2 , schlesinger a 3 , rosenfeld h 2 .
national center for mariculture , israel oceanographic and limnological research , eilat , israel department of zoology , tel aviv university , ramat aviv , tel aviv , israel the h . steinitz marine biology laboratory , the interuniversity institute for marine sciences of eilat , eilat , israel rachelarmoza @ gmail . com .
department of zoology , tel aviv university , ramat aviv , tel aviv , israel .
the h . steinitz marine biology laboratory , the interuniversity institute for marine sciences of eilat , eilat , israel .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
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< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
cardioactive peptide that acts on voltage - gated sodium channels ( hnav1 . 5 / scn5a ) and voltage - gated potassium channels ( kv ) ( pubmed :
) . the activity on sodium channels consists of inhibition on sodium current inactivation with no significant effect on current activation . this effect may be caused by direct interaction of the toxin with sodium channel site - 3 ( pubmed :
) . the activity on potassium channels consists of a significant increase of the amplitude of the transient component of the potassium current , shifting the current threshold to more negative membrane potentials . these effects are concentration - dependent and reversible and may be due to a direct interaction between the toxin and the voltage - sensing domain of the channel ( pubmed :
) . physiologically , this toxin increases the amplitude of cardiomyocyte contraction and slows the late phase of the twitch relaxation velocity with no induction of spontaneous twitching . it increases action potential duration of cardiomyocytes with no effect on its threshold and on the cell resting potential . on insects , it shows neurotoxic activity to the blowfly larvae s . falculaty , causing an immediate spasm that progressed to body contraction and paralysis .
< p > manually curated information for which there is published experimental evidence . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000269
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
, function , paralytic dose , subcellular location , mass spectrometry , 3d - structure modeling .
the sea anemone toxin ade - 1 modifies both sodium and potassium currents of rat cardiomyocytes .
nesher n . , zlotkin e . , hochner b . biochem . j . 461 : 51 - 59 ( 2014 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]
has no hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes . has no effect on the shape , color and configuration of cardiomyocytes ( pubmed :
< p > the < a href =
urltoken
> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =
urltoken
> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > manually curated information that is based on statements in scientific articles for which there is no experimental support . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000303
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
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/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000312
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on the disease ( s ) and phenotype ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathology _ and _ biotech _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> ' pathology and biotech ' < / a > section describes the lethal dose ( ld ) , paralytic dose ( pd ) , effect dose ( ed ) or lethal concentration ( lc ) of a protein toxin . < p > < a href = ' / help / toxic _ dose ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
is 16 . 91 + - 5 . 78 µg / kg into blowfly larvae ( s . falculata ) .
< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘ptm / processing’ section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide . < p > < a href = ' / help / signal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> ptm / processing < / a > section describes a propeptide , which is a part of a protein that is cleaved during maturation or activation . once cleaved , a propeptide generally has no independent biological function . < p > < a href = ' / help / propep ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘ptm / processing’ section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing . < p > < a href = ' / help / chain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ptm / processing
: / help / ptm _ processing _ section section describes the positions of cysteine residues participating in disulfide bonds . < p > < a href = ' / help / disulfid ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > manually curated information which has been propagated from a related experimentally characterized protein . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000250
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
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< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
urltoken
> length < / a > and < a href =
urltoken
> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ processing ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section reports information derived from mass spectrometry experiments done on the entire protein or on biologically active derived peptide ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / mass _ spectrometry ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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pyrausta demantrialis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by herbert druce in 1895 .

it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from arizona , florida , indiana , michigan , new mexico , north carolina , pennsylvania , texas and west virginia .

it has also been recorded from mexico ( guerrero ) , ecuador ( loja province ) and venezuela .

adults have been recorded on wing from june to november in the united states .

pyrausta demantrialis

pyrausta tithonialis ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 177
pyrausta cajelalis holland , 1900 ; novit . zool . 7 ( 3 ) : 590 ; tl : buru
pyrausta perlelegans hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 256 ; tl : colombia ; peru
pyrausta lithosialis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 263 ; tl : natal , northdene
pyrausta tetraplagalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 268 ; tl : mashonaland , salisbury
pyrausta ( pyraustinae ) ; hampson , 1899 , proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 252 ; [ globiz ]
pyrausta phaeophoenica hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 268 ; tl : brazil , castro paraña
pyrausta subsequalis subsequalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 18 , 22
pyrausta perrubralis perrubralis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 49 - 51
pyrausta scurralis scurralis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 130 , pl . 9 , f . 59 - 63
pyrausta unifascialis unifascialis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 73 - 80
pyrausta trizonalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 267 ; tl : mexico , cordoba , orizaba
pyrausta pyrocausta hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 264 ; tl : brazil , são paulo ; paraña
pyrausta nubigena rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 189 ; tl : algeria , guelt - es - stel
pyrausta cajelalis fortioralis rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 227 ; tl : manusela , central ceram , 650m
pyrausta arenicola hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 12 ( 67 ) : 28 ; tl : algeria
pyrausta coccinea warren , 1892 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 176 ; tl : california
pyrausta borealis packard , [ 1867 ] ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 11 : 53 ; tl : square island , labrador
= pyrausta unifascialis subolivalis ( packard , 1873 ) ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 133 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068a
pyrausta aurea butler , 1875 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 16 ( 96 ) : 414 ; tl : natal
pyrausta obtusanalis druce , 1899 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 100 , f . 12
pyrausta ploimalis dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 284 ; tl : trinidad r .
pyrausta flavibrunnea hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 12 ( 67 ) : 32 ; tl : cuernavaca , mexico
pyrausta subsequalis plagalis haimbach , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 6 ) : 263 ; tl : miller ' s canyon , huachuca mts . , arizona
pyrausta unifascialis arizonensis munroe , 1957 ; can . ent . 89 : 93 , f . 5 ; tl : wildcat creek , white mts . , arizona
pyrausta perrubralis saanichalis munroe , 1951 ; can . ent . 83 : 166 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; tl : ; duncan , british columbia
pyrausta perrubralis saanichalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 55 - 56 ; [ nacl ] , # 5064a
pyrausta unifascialis subolivalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 133 , pl . 9 , f . 66 - 72 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068a
pyrausta unifascialis rindgei ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 81 - 82 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068b
pyrausta unifascialis arizonensis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 83 - 84 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068c
pyrausta scurralis awemealis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 130 , pl . 9 , f . 64 - 65 ; tl : aweme , manitoba
pyrausta californicalis californicalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 113 , pl . 6 , f . 16 , 19 - 223 , pl . t , f . 3
pyrausta perrubralis shastanalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 52 - 54 ; tl : mt . shasta , california
pyrausta unifascialis rindgei munroe , 1957 ; can . ent . 89 : 93 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : rancho la sierra , near arlington , riverside co . , california
pyrausta shirleyae munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 102 , pl . u , f . 1 - 2 , 5 - 7 ; tl : pensacola , florida
pyrausta retidiscalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 126 , pl . t , f . 7 ; tl : the basin , big bend national park , texas
pyrausta andrei munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 127 , pl . t , f . 8 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , texas
pyrausta socialis perpallidalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 141 , pl . 9 , f . 35 - 36 ; tl : kusshi canyon , yakima co . , washington
pachyzancla aurea hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 11 ( 66 ) : 515 ( ? preocc . pyrausta aurea butler , 1875 ) ; tl : presidio , mexico
pyrausta californicalis sierranalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 114 , pl . 6 , f . 17 - 18 ; tl : mineral spr . , tulare co . , california
pyrausta subgenerosa munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 118 , pl . k , f . 2 ; tl : chipmunk flat , near sonora pass , tuolumme co . , california
pyrausta fodinalis monticola munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 139 , pl . 9 , f . 30 - 32 ; tl : mt . shasta , siskiyou co . , california
pyrausta corinthalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 243 , pl . 1 , f . 27 ; tl : palmerlee , arizona
pyrausta pythialis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 164 , pl . 23 , f . 7 ; tl : cartwright , manitoba
pyrausta inveterascalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 165 , pl . 23 , f . 6 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania
pyrausta tuolumnalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 165 , pl . 23 , f . 11 ; tl : tuolumme meadows , california
pyrausta socialis socialis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 140 , pl . 9 , f . 33 - 34 , 37 , pl . k , f . 6 , pl . t , f . 10
pyrausta arizonensis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 131 , pl . 9 , f . 57 - 58 ( preocc . munroe , 1957 ) ; tl : prescott , yavapai co . , arizona
pyrausta sartoralis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 242 , pl . 1 , f . 26 ; tl : loma linda , san bernardino co . , california
pyrausta roseivestalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 94 , pl . 8 , f . 41 , pl . j , f . 3 , l . s , f . 5 ; tl : vidal , california
pyrausta zonalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 164 , pl . 24 , f . 10 ; tl : palm sprs . , riverside co . , california
pyrausta ochreicostalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 163 , pl . 23 , f . 8 ; tl : palm sprt . , riverside co . , california
pyrausta pilatealis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 242 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : loma linda , san bernardino co . , california
pyrausta subsequalis borealis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 19 - 21 , 23 - 25 , pl . 9 , f . 13 - 14 , 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 5060a
pyrausta pseudonythesalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 105 , pl . 6 , f . 28 - 29 , pl . j , f . 5 , pl . s , f . 7 ; tl : vidal , california
pyrausta pseuderosnealis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 114 , pl . 8 , f . 9 - 13 , pl . j , f . 8 , pl . t , f . 4 ; tl : georgetown , texas
pyrausta subsequalis plagalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 123 , pl . 9 , f . 4 - 6 , 10 - 12 , 15 - 16 , 18 , pl . k , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 5060b
pyrausta subsequalis petaluma munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 123 , pl . 9 , f . 1 - 3 , 7 - 9 , pl . t , f . 5 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california
pyrausta fodinalis septenrionicola munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 139 , pl . 9 , f . 27 - 29 , pl . k , f . 5 , pl . t , f . 9 ; tl : scandia , alberta
pyrausta klotsi munroe , 1976 ; : : mna13 . 2 : 108 , pl . 6 , f . 32 - 33 , pl . j , f . 7 , pl . t , f . 1 ; tl : ramsey canyon , huachuca mts . , arizona
pyrausta antisocialis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 141 , pl . 9 , f . 38 - 39 , pl . k , f . 7 , pl . t , f . 11 ; tl : mcgaffey , zuñi mts . , mckinley co . , new mexico , 7500 '
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
munroe , e . , 1976 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 13 . 2b , p . 92 ; pl . 7 . 34 - 37 . order
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .
new york - to ( arizona , texas ) , tropical america . see [ maps ]
from ( washington - montana ) - to ( california - texas ) . see [ maps ]
washington - california , w . arizona , n . mexico . see [ maps ]
paraedis napaealis hulst , 1886 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 13 : 145 ; tl : california
loxostege linealis fernald , 1894 ; insect life 6 : 255 ; tl : argus mts . , california
california ( mojave desert , los angeles ) - s . nevada , s . arizona - texas ( big bend ) . see [ maps ]
botis lethalis grote , 1881 ; can . ent . 13 ( 2 ) : 33 ; tl : [ havilah ] , california
texas , colorado , arizona - mexico ( chiapas ) . see [ maps ]
botis volupialis grote , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 ( app . ) : 799 ; tl : hills w of denver , colorado
washington ( yakima co . ) , california - texas , nevada ( clark co . ) , mexico . see [ maps ]
metasia morenalis dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 58 ; tl : grapevine , california
botis atropurpuralis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 104 ; tl : texas , belfrage
from ( quebec - british columbia ) - utah , colorado , nevada , california . see [ maps ]
washington , california , utah , colorado , wyoming , arizona . see [ maps ]
botis augustalis grote , 1881 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 2 ) : 273 ( preocc . felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) ; tl : colorado
from ( british columbia - ontario ) - to ( north carolina , south carolina , texas , arizona ) . see [ maps ]
botys ( rhodaria ) vinulenta grote & robinson , 1867 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 1 : 17 ( ? repl . rhodaria signatalis walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; tl : north america
w . pennsylvania - s . ontario , illinois , missouri . see [ maps ]
syllythria rosa druce , 1895 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 60 , f . 19
nova scotia - michigan - to ( florida - texas ) . see [ maps ]
endotricha julialis walker , 1859 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 17 : 389 ( part )
botys augustalis felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 134 , f . 26
pachyzancla xanthomela hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 11 ( 66 ) : 515 ; tl : purulha , guatemala
florida - na . georgia , iowa , kansas , oklahoma , texas . see [ maps ]
botys onythesalis walker , 1859 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 18 : 734
california , nevada , arizona , new mexico , texas . see [ maps ]
south carolina - florida , west indies , ca , sa . see [ maps ]
rhodaria insignitalis guenée , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 8 : 173 ; tl : [ rio maroni ] , cayenne
botis flavofascialis grote , 1882 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 3 ) : 577 ; tl : new mexico
florida - south carolina , louisiana , e . texas . see [ maps ]
na . georgia - florida , west indies , tropical , queensland . see [ maps ]
larva on hyptis capitata , dicerandra frutescens smedley , mccormick & eisner , 1990 , j . lep . soc . 44 ( 3 ) : 156
botys californicalis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 260 ; tl : california
larva on mentha sp . , ( california ) [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 114
texas , florida , louisiana , arkansas , missouri , illinois , oklahoma , mexico . see [ maps ]
botis dapalis grote , 1881 ; can . ent . 13 ( 1 ) : 17 ; tl : california
712x659 ( ~ 89kb ) russia , moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 8 . 8 . 2009 , photo © d . smirnov
827x557 ( ~ 97kb ) russia , moscow area , 26 . 7 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
980x598 ( ~ 109kb ) russia , moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 1 . 8 . 2009 , photo © d . smirnov
673x646 ( ~ 110kb ) russia , moscow area , 10 . 8 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
500x343 ( ~ 22kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , 27 . 7 . 1973 , markku savela leg .
herbula ? submarginalis walker , [ 1866 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 34 : 1286 ( preocc . walker , 1866 )
from ( ontario - alberta ) - florida , missouri . see [ maps ]
botys generosa grote & robinson , 1867 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 1 : 20 , pl . 2 , f . 10 ; tl : pennsylvania
newfoundland , s . canada - to ( florida , new mexico , california ) . see [ maps ]
larva on satureia hortensis , monarda [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 120
w . northwest territory , yukon , alaska ? , rocky mountains . see [ maps ]
500x318 ( ~ 18kb ) finland : om : perho jänkä , 7020 : 376 , 10 . 6 . 1971 , markku savela leg .
500x339 ( ~ 21kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 20 . 7 . 1970 , markku savela leg .
herbula subsequalis guenée , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 8 : 177 ; tl : north ameria
900x678 ( ~ 83kb ) usa : pike national forest , sugar creek on cr - 67 ( about 39°18 ' n 105°10 ' w ) , douglas co . , co , 29 . 7 . 2012 , photo © markku savela
s . nova scotia , s . ontario - to ( illinois - n . florida , mississippi , e . texas )
( deltoides & pyralides ) pl . 8 , f . 3 ( repl .
botis tatalis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 106 ; tl : [ texas , belfrage ]
botys perrubralis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 264 ; tl : california
botis scurralis hulst , 1886 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 13 : 155 ; tl : arizona
s . british columbia - california , nevada , colorado , arizona . see [ maps ]
botys semirubralis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 263 ; tl : california
botys unifascialis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 261 ; tl : california
s . new york - to ( illinois - florida , texas ) , mexico - venezuela , west indies . see [ maps ]
syllythria idessa druce , 1895 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 60 , f . 20
new jersey - florida , missouri , texas , oklahoma , s . california . see [ maps ]
from ( nova scotia - ontario , missouri ) - to ( n . florida - texas ) . see [ maps ]
s . canada - to ( florida - colorado ) . see [ maps ]
botis niveicilialis grote , 1875 ; bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci . 2 : 232 ; tl : new york
botys fodinalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 369 , ( 12 ) : 461 , pl . 8 , f . 9 ; tl : california
larva on monardella villosa , ( reared ) [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 138
botis socialis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 107 ; tl : canada
= hapalia bicoloralis ; whalley , 1963 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 13 ( 11 ) : 446
botys tinctalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 371 , ( 12 ) pl . 9 , f . 5 ; tl : venezuela
botys extinctalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 372 , ( 12 ) pl . 9 , f . 18 ; tl : himalaya ?
botys catasemalis röber , 1891 ; tijdschr . ent . 34 : 334 ; tl : key i .
botys aulicalis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 75 ; tl : jamaica
botys villicalis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica
botys matronulalis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica
botys collustralis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica
botys hilaralis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 77 ; tl : jamaica
botys meropialis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 77 ; tl : jamaica
botys janiralis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 78 ; tl : jamaica
this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .
[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . tome huitiéme . deltoides et pyralites
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
in uhler , p . r . report upon the insects collected by p . r . uhler during the explorations of 1875 , including monographs of the families
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2
histoire naturelle , générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes . ouvrage faisant suite a l ' histoire naturelle générale et particuliére , composée par leclerc de buffon , et redigée par c . s . sonnini , member de plusieurs sociétés savantes
descriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873
( a ) : 1 - 78 , pl . 1 - 4 , a - h , ( b ) : 79 - 150 , pl . 5 - 9 , j - u
list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement
whalley , 1963 a revision of the world species of the genus endotricha zeller ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 13 ( 11 ) : 395 - 454 , pl . 1 - 37
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .