sapphirina , also called the sea sapphires , is a genus of parasitic copepod , containing the following species : sapphirina angusta dana , 1849 sapphirina aureofurca giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina auronitens claus , 1863 sapphirina bella dana , 1849 sapphirina bicuspidata giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina clausii ( haeckel , 1864 ) sapphirina coruscans dana , 1849 sapphirina cylindrica lubbock , 1860 sapphirina danae lubbock , 1856 sapphirina darwinii haeckel , 1864 sapphirina detonsa dana , 1849 sapphirina edwardsii ( haeckel , 1864 ) sapphirina elegans lubbock , 1860 sapphirina fulgens templeton , 1836 sapphirina gastrica giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina gegenbauri ( haeckel , 1864 ) sapphirina gemma dana , 1852 sapphirina gibba rose , 1929 sapphirina granulosa giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina inaequalis dana , 1852 sapphirina indicator j. v. thompson , 1829 sapphirina indigotica dana , 1849 sapphirina intestinata giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina iris dana , 1849 sapphirina lactens giesbrecht , 1893 sapphirina lomae esterly , 1905 sapphirina longifurca a. scott , 1909 sapphirina maculosa giesbrecht , 1893 sapphirina metallina dana , 1849 sapphirina nigromaculata claus , 1863 sapphirina nitens lubbock , 1860 sapphirina obesa dana , 1849 sapphirina obtusa dana , 1849 sapphirina opaca lubbock , 1856 sapphirina opalina dana , 1849 sapphirina opalina-darwini lehnhofer , 1929 sapphirina orientalis dana , 1849 sapphirina ovalis dana , 1849 sapphirina ovata dana , 1849 sapphirina ovatolanceolata dana , 1849 sapphirina ovatolanceolata-gemma lehnhofer , 1929 sapphirina pachygaster claus , 1863 sapphirina parva lubbock , 1860 sapphirina pseudolactens lehnhofer , 1929 sapphirina pyrosomatis giesbrecht , 1893 sapphirina reticulata brady , 1883 sapphirina sali farran , 1929 sapphirina salpae claus , 1859 sapphirina scalaris fischer , 1860 sapphirina scarlata giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina serrata brady , 1883 sapphirina sinuicauda brady , 1883 sapphirina splendens dana , 1852 sapphirina stellata giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina stylifera lubbock , 1856 sapphirina tenella dana , 1849 sapphirina thomsoni lubbock , 1860 sapphirina uncinata leuckart , 1853 sapphirina versicolor dana , 1849 sapphirina vorax giesbrecht , 1891 various species of male sapphirina shine in different hues , from bright gold to deep blue .

this is partially due to structural coloration in which microscopic layers of crystal plates inside their cells which are separated by minute distances , and these distances equal the same wavelength of the corresponding color of their " shine " .

the females are translucent , as are the males when they are not shining .

sapphirina

species sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 accepted as sapphirina iris dana , 1849 ( listed as synonym by lehnhofer , 1929 )
sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 ( listed as synonym by lehnhofer , 1929 )
table of key features separating adult u . sapphirina and lowii ( u . of florida )
( of sapphirina salpae claus , 1859 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sapphirina scalaris fischer , 1860 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sapphirina aureofurca giesbrecht , 1891 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sapphirina lomae esterly , 1905 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
marine planktonic copepods ( banyuls / oob / upmc / cnrs ) note : including taxonomic identification plates , remarks , geographic distribution , ecological information & reference list to biodiversity heritage library ( 16 publications ) ( from synonym sapphirina salpae claus , 1859 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 25 publications ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym sapphirina salpae claus , 1859 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym sapphirina scalaris fischer , 1860 ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 3 records ) ( from synonym sapphirina salpae claus , 1859 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 4 records ) to itis
( of sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
saphirina pachygaster claus , 1863 ( p . 152 , fig . f ) ; haeckel , 1864 ( p . 107 ) ; ? sapphirina darwini haeckel , 1864 [ see to the species and remarks below ] ; sapphirina opalina - darwini lehnhofer , 1929 p . 295 , figs . f , m rem . ) [ see remarks below ] .
validity lehnhofer ( 1929 , p . 295 ) considers this form as a variation of sapphirina opalina , position followed by boxshall & halsey ( 2004 , p . 653 ) . [ details ]
sapphirina : el zafiro marino que desaparece . the secret to the sea sapphire’s colors and invisibility : urltoken copepodo en micro acuario : urltoken estrategias adaptativas : hipótesis de la
alarma contra ladrones
: urltoken
the small creature is a sapphirina copepod ( or , in short , a sea sapphire ) . copepods are the rice of the sea – tiny shrimp - like animals at the base of the ocean food chain . and like rice , they are generally not known for their charisma .
3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - carcinium ( from synonym carcinium meyen , 1834 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - cyanomma ( from synonym cyanomma haeckel , 1864 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - edwardsia ( from synonym edwardsia costa o . g . , 1838 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - pyromma ( from synonym pyromma haeckel , 1864 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - sapphiridina ( from synonym sapphiridina haeckel , 1864 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - sapphirina 3x5 j . s . ho taxonomic card - sapphirina to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to genbank to itis
( of sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 ) scott , a . ( 1909 ) . the copepoda of the siboga expedition . part i . free - swimming , littoral and semi - parasitic copepoda . siboga expeditie , monograph , leiden 29a : 1 - 323 , pls . 1 - 69 . ( ix - 1909 ) [ details ]
overall depth range in sargasso sea : 0 - 500 m ( deevey & brooks , 1977 , station
s
) ; sapphirina opalina - darwini lehnhofer , 1929 ( f , m ) syn . : ? sapphirina darwinii haeckel , 1864 ( p . 105 ) ref . : lehnhofer , 1929 ( p . 295 , rem . , figs . f , m ) ; rose , 1933 a ( p . 316 , rem . f , m ) ; giron - reguer , 1963 ( p . 59 ) ; björnberg , 1963 ( p . 88 , rem . ) ; sewell , 1947 ( p . 267 ) ; 1948 ( p . 462 ) ; marques , 1958 a ( p . 138 ) ; björnberg , 1981 ( p . 671 , figs . f , m ) ; bradford - grieve & al . , 1999 ( p . 887 , 972 , figs . f , m ) ; ref . compl . : mazza , 1966 ( p . 74 ) ; binet & al . , 1972 ( p . 71 ) ; björnberg , 1973 ( p . 370 , 389 ) loc . : angola , ivorian shelf , rio de janeiro , médit . , arabian sea , laquedives is . , maldives is . , nicobar is . ( nankauri harbour ) , chili n n : 9 lg . : ( 618 ) f : 2 , 64 - 2 ; m : 3 , 98 - 2 , 55 ; { f : 2 , 00 - 2 , 64 ; m : 2 , 55 - 3 , 98 } . lehnhofer ( 1929 ) considers that sapphirina opalina and sapphirina darwini correspond to variations in the same species . position followed by boxshall & halsey ( 2004 , p . 653 ) who only hold the designation of sapphirina opalina . see in dvp conway & al . , 2003 ( version 1 )
ssued from : d . gur , b . leshem , v . farstey , d . oron , l . addadi & s . weiner in adv . funct . mater . , 2016 , 26 [ p . 1394 , fig . 1 , a , b ) . optical response ( reflection mode ) of sapphirinid male of sapphirina metallina to either dark or light conditions . a : dark - adapted ; b : light - adapted .
( of sapphirina darwini haeckel , 1864 ) boxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
sapphirina , or sea sapphire , has been called “the most beautiful animal you’ve never seen , ” and it could be one of the most magical . some of the tiny , little - known copepods appear to flash in and out of brilliantly colored blue , violet or red existence . now scientists are figuring out the trick to their hues and their invisibility . the findings appear in the journal of the american chemical society and could inspire the next generation of optical technologies .
the researchers measured the light reflectance — which determines color — of live sapphirina males and the spacing between crystal layers . they found that changes of reflectance depended on the thickness of the spacing . and for at least one particular species , when light hits an animal at a 45 - degree angle , reflectance shifts out of the visible light range and into the ultraviolet , and it practically disappears . their results could help inform the design of artificial photonic crystal structures , which have many potential uses in reflective coatings , optical mirrors and optical displays .
copepods are tiny aquatic crustaceans that live in both fresh and salt water . some males of the ocean - dwelling sapphirina genus display striking , iridescent colors that scientists think play a role in communication and mate recognition . the shimmering animals’ colors result when light bounces off of the thin , hexagonal crystal plates that cover their backs . these plates also help them vanish , if only fleetingly . scientists didn’t know specifically what factors contributed to creating different shades . scientists at the weizmann institute and the interuniversity institute for marine sciences in eilat wanted to investigate the matter .
thompson , j . v . ( 1829 ) . on the luminosity of the ocean , with descriptions of some remarkable species of luminous animals ( pyrosoma pigmaea and sapphirina indicator ) and particularly of the four new genera , nocticula , cynthia , lucifer and podopsis , of the shizopodae , in : thompson , j . v . ( 1828 - 1834 ) . zoological researches , and illustrations ; or , natural history of nondescript or imperfectly known animals , in a series of memoirs , illustrated by numerous figures . pp . 37 - 61 , plates v - viii ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the small creature i’d found was a sapphirina copepod , or as i like to call it , a sea sapphire . copepods are the rice of the sea , tiny shrimp - like animals at the base of the ocean food chain . and like rice , they are generally not known for their charisma . sea sapphires are an exception . though they are often small , a few millimeters , they are stunningly beautiful . like their namesake gem , different species of sea sapphire shine in different hues , from bright gold to deep blue . africa isn’t the only place they can be found . i’ve since seen them off the coasts of rhode island and california . when they’re abundant near the water’s surface the sea shimmers like diamonds falling from the sky . japanese fisherman of old had a name for this kind of water , “tama - mizu” , jeweled water .
issued from : d . gur , b . leshem , m . pierantoni , v . farstey , d . oron , s . weiner & l . addadi in j . am . chem . soc . , 2015 , 137 . [ p . 8409 , fig . 1 ] ultrastructure of sapphirina metallina . ( a ) light microscope image viewed through the dorsal surface showing an array of tightly packed hexagonal crystals . inset : fourier transform of the image demonstrating the regular packing . ( b , c ) cryo - sem micrographs of a high - pressure - frozen , freeze - fractured s . metallina copepod : ( b ) transverse view showing the guanine crystals aligned perpendicular to the dorsal surface of the animal . the iridophores ( ir ) are located just beneath the animal chitin procutile ( pc ) . inset : schematic representation of the position of the crystal - containing cells ( ir ) relative to the copepod anatomy . the copepod is presented in dorsal view . the right - hand side is a schematic representation of the cross section of the region indicated , which corresponds to the cryo - sem micrograph . ( c ) dorsal view showing the tightly packed perfectly hexagonal crystals and the alternating layers of guanine crystals and cytoplasm beneath the procuticle .
issued from : d . gur , b . leshem , m . pierantoni , v . farstey , d . oron , s . weiner & l . addadi in j . am . chem . soc . , 2015 , 137 . [ p . 8410 , fig . 2 , a - d ] . reflectance and structural properties of individual copepods : ( a - d ) sapphirina metallina column 1 ( left ) shows light microscope images of representative sapphitinid male specimens and column 2 their measured reflectances . column 4 shows representative cryo - sem images of the crystal - cytoplasm layer arrays and column 3 the simulated reflectance spectra . the simulated reflectance was calculated on the basis of thecytoplasm ( cy ) and crystal ( cr ) thicknesses measured in cryo - sem images from many differently colored specimens . the results of these measurements are shown in column 3 for each color . the measured reflectance en each spectrum is normalized to a silver mirror ; the measured reflectance of ( d ) was also normalized to the crystal coverage area because of the lack of uniformity of the specimen . the seeming disagreement between the measured and calculated reflectance spectra at short wavelengths in ( c ) and ( d ) is due to the short - wavelength edge of the light source
issued from : j . chae & s . nishida in mar . biol . , 1994 ( 119 ) . [ p . 209 , fig . 4 ) . schematic representation of the structure of the dorsal integument male in sapphirinidae . membrane structures supporting the platelets not shown . bl = basal lamina ; cm = cell membrane ; d , platelet diameter ; e , epicuticule ; m = mitochondrion ; mls = multilayer structure ; n , nucleus ; p , procuticle ; t = platelet thicness nota : multilayered , hexagonal platelets exist in the dorsal epidermal cells of the male sapphirinids . the absence of platelets in the female is consistent with the fact that iridescence is observed only in the male and confirms that this structure is responsible for generating the iridescence . iridescent , integumental structures with multilayered crystals have been well known in various animal taxa , such fishes , amphibians and reptiles , but we know of no other litterature referring to any such structures in the integument of crustacea , although multilayer structures have been found in the nauplius eyse of copepods ( land , 1984 , etc . ) including sapphirina sp . itself ( elofsson , 1969 ) . the causal mechanism of structural colors in animals is explained by the theory of multiple thin - layer interfernce ( for explanation p . 209 - 210 in chae & nishida , 1994 ) . the fact that only males iridesce , the specific differences in iridescent colors , and the well - developed eyes all suggests that iridescence of sapphirinids has a important role in mate finding , prsumably by the female ( heron , 1973 ) .
when i first saw a sea sapphire i thought i was hallucinating . the day had been anything but normal , but this part will always stand out . i’d spent the afternoon on a small dingy off the coast of durban , south africa . it was muggy , and i’d been working for hours– - throwing a small net out , and pulling in tiny hauls of plankton that i’d then collect in jars . as i looked through one jar , the boat rocking up and down , i saw for an instant a bright blue flash . gone . then again in a different place . an incredible shade of blue . maybe i’d been in the sun too long ? maybe i was seeing things ? it wasn’t until i got back to the lab that i discovered the true beauty and mystery of these radiant flashes .
the reason for their shimmering beauty is both complex and mysterious , relating to their unique social behavior and strange crystalline skin .
a key clue : this sparkle is only seen in males . males live free in the water column , but females make their home in the crystal palaces of a strange , barrel - shaped jellies called salps . and though they’re not flashy , these parasitic princesses have huge eyes relative to males . perhaps female sea sapphires look out upon an endless expanse of ocean sparkling with blue and gold , searching for the a particularly luminous shine . or it could be that males use their shimmer to compete with one another , like jousting knights in shining armor , while the females watch on . about the social life of sea sapphires , we know very little . but how do they shine in the first place ?
the secret to the sea sapphire’s shine is in microscopic layers of crystal plates inside their cells . in the case of blue sea sapphires , these crystal layers are separated by only about four ten thousandths of a millimeter ; about the same distance as a wavelength of blue light . when blue light bounces off these crystal layers , it is perfectly preserved and reflected . but for other colors of light , these small differences in distance interfere , causing the colors to cancel out . so while white light is composed of all colors , only blue light is reflected back . this type of coloration is known as structural coloration , and though resembling a gem in hue , a sea sapphire’s color has more in common with an oil sheen than a pigmented jewel . combine this nifty trick with the sea sapphire’s impressively transparent body , and you have an animal as radiant as a star in one moment , and invisible in the next .
i was lucky to find one , but sometimes they are found in astonishing numbers . my friend and colleague erik thuesen once told me about his work on an rov , as the submersible was coming to the surface , “it passed through this amazingly sparkling layer of iridescent sapphrina” . a rare sight to see ; not , perhaps , due to the rarity of these ocean gems , but the rarity at which we enter their world . even as you read this , wherever you are and whatever you’re doing , they’re out there right now . quietly shining in their own private universe of stars .
yuval baar , joseph rosen , nadav shashar ( 2014 ) . circular polarization of transmitted light by sapphirinidae copepods . plos one . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0086131
rr helm is a postdoc studying sea anemones and jellyfish at woods hole oceanographic institution .
i have seen these on safety stops diving in the tortugas , fl keys . they were not uncommon when oceanic water was inshore ( if i remember correctly ) , some dives you could see around 80 - 100 while going down and while at the safety stop on the way back up . this was most often when looking down ( reflected light ) and often flashing and disappearing fooling us as well as their predators . for a small size they are very conspicuous for that second .
just a note that your caption for the side by side images is reversed .
what an amazing creature ! i wonder if the cause for the coloring is similar to the iridescence in beetles and butterfly wings . i did a story about this for the nsf image gallery ( see urltoken ) .
great story ! i’ve never heard the term “liquid crystal” before , but it’s awesome ! i bet it’s the same phenomenon as what we’re seeing here . the technical term is thin film interference , and this type of structural coloration can be found in a variety of iridescent animals .
oohhhh we had lots of salp around our lab in the earlier part of summer at goat island ( new zealand ) , and there was also iredecent blue flecks in the water… . could this be it ? so stunning ! i wish i brought some to have a look under a microscope but we were just enjoying being in the water… .
great story and spectacular movie . do you know the nature of that cristalline structure ? is is calcite ? or something else ? thanks !
i’m not sure , and i’m not sure the authors are either . here’s what the paper said : “this structure consists of 10 to 14 pairs of closely spaced membranes , lying parallel to each other and to the cuticular plane ( fig . 1b ) …the spaces between the laminated membranes of the thin sections often had gaps of various sizes , suggesting that some hard materials originally present at the gap sites were lost during sectioning”
when a teacher & i saw the picture of this magnificent creature , the character , rainbow fish , was the thing that kept popping into our minds . rainbow dash was the second character that popped into my head . funny , in a way…
walter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .
boxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of carcinium meyen , 1834 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyanomma haeckel , 1864 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of edwardsia costa o . g . , 1838 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of edwardsia costa o . g . , 1838 ) cairns , s . d . ; gershwin , l . ; brook , f . j . ; pugh , p . ; dawson , e . w . ; ocaña o . v . ; vervoort , w . ; williams , g . ; watson , j . e . ; opresko , d . m . ; schuchert , p . ; hine , p . m . ; gordon , d . p . ; campbell , h . j . ; wright , a . j . ; sánchez , j . a . ; fautin , d . g . ( 2009 ) . phylum cnidaria : corals , medusae , hydroids , myxozoans . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 59 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of pyromma haeckel , 1864 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sapphiridina haeckel , 1864 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
rebecca helm does not work for , consult , own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article , and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment .
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when i first saw a sea sapphire i thought i was hallucinating . the day had been anything but normal , but this part will always stand out . i had spent the afternoon on a small dingy off the coast of durban , south africa . it was muggy , and i had been working for hours – throwing a small net out , and pulling in tiny hauls of plankton to put in jars .
as i looked through one jar , the boat rocking up and down , i saw a bright blue flash . it lasted for an instant and then it was gone . then i saw another one in a different place . it was an incredible shade of blue . maybe i had been in the sun too long ? maybe i was seeing things ? it wasn’t until i got back to the lab that i discovered the true beauty and mystery of these radiant flashes .
sea sapphires are an exception among copepods . though they are often small , a few millimeters , they are stunningly beautiful . like their namesake gem , different species of sea sapphire shine in different hues , from bright gold to deep blue . africa isn’t the only place they can be found . i have since seen them off the coasts of rhode island and california in the us . when they are abundant near the water’s surface the sea shimmers like diamonds falling from the sky . japanese fishermen of old had a name for this kind of water , “tama - mizu” , jewelled water .
the reason for their shimmering beauty is both complex and mysterious , relating to their unique social behaviour and strange crystalline skin . a key clue is that these flashes are only seen in males .
males live free in the water column , but females make their home in the crystal palaces of strange , barrel - shaped jellies called salps . and though they are not flashy , these parasitic princesses have huge eyes relative to males .
perhaps female sea sapphires look out upon an endless expanse of ocean sparkling with blue and gold , searching for a particularly luminous shine . or it could be that males use their shimmer to compete with one another , like jousting knights in shining armor , while the females watch on . but how do they shine in the first place ?
the secret to the sea sapphire’s shine is in microscopic layers of crystal plates inside their cells . in the case of blue sea sapphires , these crystal layers are separated by only about four ten thousandths of a millimetre – about the same distance as the wavelength of blue light .
left : a single layer of hexagonal plates in the sea sapphire’s skin , as viewed from above . right : layers of plates as viewed from the side .
when blue light bounces off these crystal layers , it is perfectly preserved and reflected . but for other colors of light , these small differences in distance interfere , causing the colors to cancel out . so while white light is composed of all colors , only blue light is reflected back . this type of coloration is known as structural coloration , and though resembling a gem in hue , a sea sapphire’s color has more in common with an oil sheen than a pigmented jewel . combine this nifty trick with the sea sapphire’s impressively transparent body , and you have an animal as radiant as a star in one moment , and invisible in the next .
i was lucky to find one , but sometimes they are found in astonishing numbers . my friend and colleague erik thuesen once told me about his work on an underwater vessel . as the submersible was coming to the surface , he said , “it passed through this amazingly sparkling layer of iridescent sapphrina” . a rare sight to see ; not , perhaps , due to the rarity of these ocean gems , but the rarity at which we enter their world .
this is an edited version of an article that was first published in deepseanews . lead picture by stefan siebert .
where all the water in the ocean came from is a very good question . scientists have been wondering about it for a long time .
we estimate china only makes $ 8 . 46 from an iphone – and that’s why trump’s trade war is futile
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dana , j . d . ( 1849 ) . conspectus crustaceorum quae in orbis terrarum circumnavigatione , carolo wilkes e classe reipublicae foederatae duce , lexit et descripsit . the american journal of science and arts . series 2 , 8 : 424 - 428 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sapphiridina darwinii ( haeckel , 1864 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyanomma darwinii haeckel , 1864 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
revis , n . & e . n . okemwa ( 1988 ) . additional records of species of copepods and their distribution in the coastal and inshore waters of kenya . kenya journal of sciences series b 9 : 123 - 127 . [ details ]
suárez - morales , e . , j . w . fleeger , and p . a . montagna . ( 2009 ) . free - living copepoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 841–869 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college statio [ details ]
( of sapphiridina nigromaculata claus , 1885 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
lee cnw . ( 2002 ) . the ecology of planktonic copepods and hyperbenthic communities in the cape ' d aguilar marine reserve , hong kong . phd thesis . the university of hong kong . [ details ]
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the authors acknowledge funding from the israel science foundation , the crown center of photonics and the icore : the israel excellence center “circle of light” and the interuniversity institute for marine sciences in eilat ( israel ) .
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saphirina metallina : brady , 1883 ( p . 128 , figs . f , m ) ; t . scott , 1894 b ( p . 125 , fig . m )
issued from : f . c . ramirez in contr . inst . biol . mar . , buenos aires , 1969 , 98 . [ p . 94 , lam . xix , figs . 159 , 163 ] . male ( from off mar del plata ) : 159 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 163 , a2 . scale bars in mm : 0 . 6 ( 159 ) ; 0 . 3 ( 163 ) .
issued from : p . crisafi & j . mazza in atti soc . pelorit . sci . fis . mat . nat . , 1966 , xii ( 3 / 4 ) . [ p . 612 , fig . 32 ] . male ( from strait of messina ) : habitus ( dorsal ) .
issued from : p . crisafi & j . mazza in atti soc . pelorit . sci . fis . mat . nat . , 1966 , xii ( 3 / 4 ) . [ p . 612 , fig . 33 ] . female : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , a2 .
issued from : z . zheng , s . li , s . j . li & b . chen in marine planktonic copepods in chinese waters . shanghai sc . techn . press , 1982 [ p . 116 , fig . 71 ] . female : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , caudal rami ( dorsal ) ; c , a2 ; d , p2 ; e , endopodal segment 3 of p2 ; f , p4 . male : g , habitus ( dorsal ) ; h , caudal rami ( dorsal ) ; i , a2 ; j , p2 ; k , endopodal segment 3 of p2 ; l , p4 . scale bars in mm .
issued from : j . chae & s . nishida in mar . biol . , 1994 ( 119 ) . [ p . 208 , table 2 , c ) . specific color for the male observed with reflected and transmitted light . nota : color observed with reflected ( r ) and transmitted light ( t ) : metallic gold or silver , strong reflexion , rapidly changing ( r ) ; gold at pigment sites , broad spectrum , red , yellow , blue , magenta and violet where cuticles overlap ( t ) .
issued from : j . chae & s . nishida in mar . biol . , 1994 ( 119 ) . [ p . 208 , table 2 , e - h ) . specific color for the male observed with reflected and transmitted light . e - h , the same individual as in ( c ) , showing color change due to the specimen ' s slight movement .
issued from : t . mori in the pelagic copepoda from the neighbouring waters of japan , 1937 ( 1964 ) . [ pl . 67 , figs . 14 - 18 ] . female : 14 , a2 ; 15 , p2 ; 16 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 17 , p4 ; 18 , p1 .
issued from : c . lehnhofer in wiss . ergebn . dt . tiefsee - exped . ' ' valdivia ' ' , 1929 , 22 ( 5 ) . [ p . 285 , fig . 18 ] . female : 3 , a2 . male : 1 , caudal ramus ( dorsal ) ; 2 , a1 . hy = hyaline margin .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 52 ] . male : 52 , habirus ( dorsal ) .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 48 ] . male : 48 , abdomen ( dorsal ) .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 47 ] . male : 47 , a1 .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , figs . 49 , 50 , 51 ] . male : 49 , p1 ( endopod ) ; 50 , p4 ; 51 , p3 ( endopod ) .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , figs . 53 , 54 , 55 ] . male : 53 , mx1 ; 54 , mxp ; 55 , a2 .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 56 ] . male : 56 , p2 ( endopod ) .
issued from : p . e . lapernat & c . razouls in vie milieu , 2002 , 52 ( 1 ) . [ p . 27 , pl . v , fig . 2 ] . female ( from off malta , mediterranean sea ) : 2 , md .
issued from : d . gur , b . leshem , v . farstey , d . oron , l . addadi & s . weiner in adv . funct . mater . , 2016 , 26 . [ p . 1396 , fig . 3 , a , b ) . the reflectance and structural properties that accompany the male sapphirinid color change . c : dark - adapted ; d , light - adapted . column i : light microscope images of the specimens ; column ii : measured reflectance ; column iii : simulated reflectance spectrum . the simulated reflectance was calculed based on the cytoplasm ( cy ) and the crystal ( cr ) thickness measured in cryo - sem images : dark - adaptated cy : 190 ± 8 nm , cr : 72 ± 4 nm . light - adaptated cy : 135 ± 5 nm , cr : 69 nm ± 5 nm . column iv : representative cryo - sem images of the crystal - cytoplasm layer arrays .
issued from : c . lehnhofer in wiss . ergebn . dt . tiefsee - exped . ' ' valdivia ' ' , 1929 , 22 ( 5 ) . [ p . 327 , fig . 58 ] . zoogeographical distribution of s . metallina .
issued from : h . b . owre & m . foyo in fauna caribaea , 1 , crustacea , 1 : copepoda . copepods of the florida current . 1967 . [ p . 116 , table 57 ] . vertical distribution of sappjirina metallina at the ' ' 40 - mile station ' ' in the florida current ( e miami : ± 25°35 ' n , 79°27 ' w ; depth 738 m ) . sl 55 : 21 vii 1958 . b : during midnight .
antarct . ( indian : continent , very rare ) ( in wolfenden , 1911 ) , south africa ( e ) , angola , congo , off st . helena is . ( n & se ) , off trindade is . , off ascension is . , g . of guinea , ivorian shelf , dakar , off cape verde is . ( s , n & nw ) , off mauritania , canary is . , off madeira , lisboa , rio de janeiro , guadeloupe , caribbean sea , caribbean colombia , yucatan , venezuela , g . of mexico , cuba , florida , sargasso sea , off bermuda ( station
s
) , off sw azores , medit . ( algiers bay , ligurian sea , napoli , strait of messina , off malta , n & s adriatic sea , ionian sea , aegean sea , w egyptian coast , iskenderun bay , lebanon basin ) , red sea , g . of aden , off socotra , arabian sea , maldive is . , madagascar ( nosy bé ) , indian , india ( lawson ' s bay ) , bay of bengal , nicobar is . ( nankaurie harbour ) , w australia , straits of malacca , indonesia - malaysia , philippines , g . of thailand , viet - nam , china seas ( yellow sea , east china sea , taiwan strait , south china sea ) , taiwan ( e , nw , n : mienhua canyon ) , s . japan ( kuchinoerabu is . ) , japan , off kamtchatka , pacif . ( w equatorial ) , pacific ( central gyres : n & s ) , australia ( great barrier ) , new zealand , gilbert is . , hawaii , off s hawaii , california , w baja california , w mexico , g . of tehuantepec , clipperton is . , galapagos , peru , n chile
epi - mesopelagic , ( off malta : 2000 - 3000 m ) . sampling depth ( antarct . ) : 1200 m . overall depth range : 0 - 500 m ( deevey & brooks , 1977 , station
s
) . 0 - 217 m at station t - 1 ( e tori is . , e middle japan ) from furuhashi ( 1966 a ) . see in dvp conway & al . , 2003 ( version 1 )
razouls c . , de bovée f . , kouwenberg j . et desreumaux n . , 2005 - 2018 . - diversity and geographic distribution of marine planktonic copepods . sorbonne université , cnrs . available at urltoken [ accessed july 09 , 2018 ]
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u . anhydor syntheta same as u . anhydor anhydor except lateral iridescent stripe continuous from anterior promontory to wing base , and range includes texas , oklahoma , new mexico , southern kansas , and parts of arkansas
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aparecieron estos bichos en mi acuario de camarones cherry . . . que son ? ?
brady , 1883 ( p . 126 , figs . f ) ; giesbrecht , 1892 ( p . 620 , 644 , 775 , figs . f , m ) ; t . scott , 1894 b ( p . 123 ) ; a . scott , 1909 ( p . 257 , rem . ) ; wolfenden , 1911 ( p . 360 ) ; pesta , 1920 ( p . 642 , fig . ) ; farran , 1929 ( p . 290 ) ; lehnhofer , 1929 ( p . 296 , rem . ) ; farran , 1929 ( p . 210 , 290 ) ; rose , 1929 ( p . 60 ) ; 1933 a ( p . 317 , figs . f , m ) ; dakin & colefax , 1933 ( p . 210 ) ; farran , 1936 a ( p . 131 ) ; mori , 1937 ( 1964 ) ( p . 126 , figs . f ) ; dakin & colefax , 1940 ( p . 109 , figs . f , m ) ; wilson , 1942 a ( p . 206 , fig . f ) ; chiba & al . , 1957 a ( p . 12 ) ; crisafi & mazza , 1966 ( p . 566 , 569 , 584 , figs . f , m , rem . ) ; crisafi , 1966 ( p . 658 , figs . juv . ) ; saraswathy , 1966 ( 1967 ) ( p . 103 ) ; owre & foyo , 1967 ( p . 116 , figs . f , m ) ; corral estrada , 1970 ( p . 231 , rem . ) ; ramirez , 1971 ( p . 90 , fig . m ) ; chen & al . , 1974 ( p . 48 , figs . f , m ) ; marques , 1976 ( p . 1004 , fig . f ) ; 1982 ( p . 774 ) ; zheng & al . , 1982 ( p . 123 , figs . f , m ) ; baessa de aguiar , 1986 ( 1989 ) ( p . 63 , figs . f , m ) ; chae & nishida , 1994 ( p . 205 , 208 , integumental structure , pattern color ) ; chihara & murano , 1997 ( p . 990 , pl . 230 : f , m ) ; boxshall , 1998 ( p . 230 ) ; hure & krsinic , 1998 ( p . 104 ) ; conway & al . , 2003 ( p . 240 , figs . f , m , rem . ) ; boxshall & halsey , 2004 ( p . 655 ) ; vives & shmeleva , 2010 ( p . 381 , figs . f , m , rem . )
issued from : f . c . ramirez in revta mus . la plata , seccion zool . , 1971 , xi . [ lam . iii , fig . 2 ] . male ( from off mar del plata ) : 2 , habitus ( dorsal ) . scale bar in mm : 1 .
issued from : q . - c chen & s . - z . zhang & c . - s . zhu in studia marina sinica , 1974 , 9 . [ pl . 12 , figs . 1 - 4 ] . female ( from china seas ) : 1 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 2 , a2 . male : 3 , posterior part of body ; 4 , terminal spines of endopodite segment 3 of p2 .
issued from : p . crisafi & j . mazza in atti soc . pelorit . sci . fis . mat . nat . , 1966 , xii ( 3 / 4 ) . [ p . 586 , fig . 11 ] . female ( from strait of messina ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , distal portion of a1 .
issued from : p . crisafi & j . mazza in atti soc . pelorit . sci . fis . mat . nat . , 1966 , xii ( 3 / 4 ) . [ p . 587 , fig . 12 ] . male : habitus ( dorsal ) .
issued from : z . zheng , s . li , s . j . li & b . chen in marine planktonic copepods in chinese waters . shanghai sc . techn . press , 1982 [ p . 125 , fig . 77 ] . female : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , caudal rami ( dorsal ) ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , p2 ; f , endopod of p2 ; g , p4 . male : h , habitus ( dorsal ) ; i , caudal rami ( dorsal ) ; j , a1 ; k , a2 ; l , p2 ; m , endopod of p2 ; n , p4 . scale bars in mm .
issued from : j . chae & s . nishida in mar . biol . , 1994 ( 119 ) . [ p . 206 , fig . 1 ] . male : transmission electron microscopy photographs . a , sagittal section of dorsal integument , gaps of different sizes shown ( arroheads ) b , sagittal section of dorsal integument at high magnification , showing multilayered - membrane structure . c , frontal section of integument , showing honeycomb arrangement of dorso - ventrally oriented membrane and gaps ( arrowheads ) . d , frontal section of integument , showing honeycomb structure and borders of epidermal cells ( arrowheads . bl = basal lamina ; c = cuticle ; m = mitochondrion ; n , nucleus . nota : color observed with reflected ( r ) and transmitted light ( t ) : monotonic violet , occasionally green / orange caudal rami ( r ) ; yellow , occasionally brown and orange ( t ) .
issued from : t . mori in zool . mag . tokyo , 1929 , 41 ( 486 - 487 ) . [ pl . ix , fig . 2 ] . female ( from chosen strait , korea - japan ) : 2 , habitus ( dorsal ) .
issued from : t . mori in zool . mag . tokyo , 1929 , 41 ( 486 - 487 ) . [ pl . ix , fig . 10 - 12 ] . female : 10 , p4 ; 11 , a1 ; 12 , a2 .
issued from : t . mori in the pelagic copepoda from the neighbouring waters of japan , 1937 ( 1964 ) . [ pl . 69 , figs . 1 - 5 ] . female : 1 , a2 ; 2 , endopodite of p2 ; 3 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 4 , a1 ; 5 , p4 .
issued from : c . lehnhofer in wiss . ergebn . dt . tiefsee - exped . ' ' valdivia ' ' , 1929 , 22 ( 5 ) . [ p . 295 , fig . 29 , 3b ] . male : 3b , caudal ramus . l = length ; w = width
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 52 , fig . 46 ] . female : 46 , habitus ( dorsal ) .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 52 , figs . 52 , 54 ] . female : 52 , posterior body ( dorsal ) ; 54 , mx2 ( posterior view ) .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 53 , figs . 4 , 22 ] . female : 4 , a1 ; 22 , md ( posterior view ) .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 53 , fig . 34 ] . female : 34 , a2 .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 53 , fig . 56 ] . female : 56 , p4 .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 34 ] . female : 34 , mxp .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 64 ] . female : 64 , mx1 .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 52 , fig . 44 ] . male : 44 , habitus ( dorsal ) .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 3 ] . male : 3 , p2 ( endopod ) .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , figs . 32 - 33 ] . male : 32 - 33 , mxp .
south africa ( e ) , namibia , angola , off trindade is . , off s ascension is . , g . of guinea , cape verde is . , off nw cape verde , off mauritania , cap ghir ( morocco ) , canary is . , off madeira , azores , argentina , s brazil , barbados is . , caribbean sea , jamaica , caribbean colombia , yucatan , g . of mexico , florida , sargasso sea , off bermuda ( station
s
) , medit . ( alboran sea , gulf of annaba , g . of lion , ligurian sea , napoli , messina , malta , n & s adriatic sea , ionian sea , w egyptian coast , lebanon basin , bardawill lagoon ) , red sea , madagascar ( nosy bé ) , seychelles , indian , india ( lawson ' s bay ) , bay of bengal , w australia , indonesia - malaysia , philippines , china seas ( yellow sea , east china sea , south china sea ) , taiwan , mienhua canyon , japan , kuchinoerabu is . , tanabe bay , kamchatka , bering sea , pacif . ( w equatorial ) , australia ( g . of carpentaria , great barrier , new south wales ) , new zealand , bikini is . , hawaii , gulf of california , w costa rica , central america , g . of panama , bahia cupica ( colombia ) , galapagos - ecuador , peru , chili ( n , concepcion )
( 34 ) f : 3 , 3 ; m : 3 , 9 ; ( 35 ) [ atlant . ] f : 2 , 45 - 2 , 35 ; m : 2 , 64 - 2 , 45 ; [ n - z ] f : 3 , 9 - 2 , 94 ; m : 3 , 9 - 2 , 55 ; ( 46 ) f : 3 , 5 - 3 ; m : 3 , 35 - 3 , 15 ; ( 91 ) f : ± 3 ; ( 104 ) f : 3 , 25 ; m : 2 , 9 ; ( 109 ) f : 2 , 25 - 2 , 12 ; m : 2 , 85 - 2 , 7 ; ( 180 ) f : 2 , 59 - 2 , 5 ; m : 2 , 87 ; ( 332 ) f : 2 , 83 ; m : 2 , 96 - 2 , 33 ; ( 333 ) f : 2 , 62 - 1 , 61 ; ( 449 ) f : 3 , 5 - 2 , 2 ; m : 3 , 35 - 3 , 15 ; ( 458 ) f : 2 , 74 ; 2 , 64 ; m : 3 , 5 - 2 , 64 ; ( 530 ) f : 2 ; ( 705 ) f : 4 , 054 - 2 , 866 ; m : 4 , 337 - 3 , 3 ; ( 805 ) f : 3 , 59 - 1 , 2 ; m : 3 , 39 - 1 , 4 ; ( 866 ) f : 3 , 52 - 2 , 02 ; m : 4 , 04 - 2 , 68 ; ( 991 ) f : 1 , 4 - 3 , 39 ; m : 1 , 2 - 3 , 59 ; ( 1023 ) f : 2 , 3 - 3 , 26 ; m : 2 , 9 - 3 , 2 ; { f : 1 , 200 - 4 , 054 ; m : 1 , 200 - 4 , 340 }


the camiguin hawk-owl or camiguin boobook ( ninox leventisi ) is an owl species of the philippines island camiguin .

it was previously known as a subspecies of the philippine hawk-owl , but only reclassified in mid-2012 , as voice and other evidence suggested it a distinct species .

camiguin hawk - owl

the first owl , the camiguin hawk - owl , is found only on the small island of camiguin sur , close to northern mindanao .
two new species of owls have been discovered in the philippines . at the top left is the cebu hawk - owl and at the bottom right is the camiguin hawk - owl .
the cebu hawk owl , left , and a pair of camiguin hawk owls ( christian artuso / r . o . hutchinson , via rasmussen et al . , forktail )
two of the species had never been described nor officially named , until now . one of the newly identified owl species , now called the camiguin hawk - owl , lives only on the small island of camiguin sur and has a very different voice and set of physical features than other owls in the region , the researchers said . it has blue - gray eyes and sings a long solo song at night that builds in intensity with a low growling tone . pairs of camiguin hawk - owls , meanwhile , sing short barking duets that kick off with a growl .
bibliographic information : rasmussen et al . 2012 . vocal divergence and new species in the philippine hawk owl ninox philippensis complex . forktail 28 : 1–20
nfefi - bcc has been successful with breeding the philippine eagle - owl ( bubo philippensis ) ( iucn ‘vulnerable’ ) , producing 13 owlets between 2005 and 2012 . the centre also houses the philippine hawk - owl .
recording av # 13552 . philippines : camiguin sur ( 9 . 15 , 124 . 72 ) recorded by lisa paguntalan
the researchers , who reported their findings in forktail , the journal of asian ornithology , also identified the cebu hawk - owl after studying its structure and vocalizations .
the development of the philippine owls conservation programme is supported by the world owl trust and uk owl - tag . it was initiated in 1996 for the conservation of owl species of varying conservation status , including a few critically endangered ones .
in camiguin sur , information about the population distribution and habitat requirements of the newly described camiguin hawk - owl was obtained from new research initiatives , in collaboration with a biology student from misamis state university – iligan institute of technology ( msu - iit ) . the discovery of this owl brought a significant amount of attention to the conservation importance of forests on the island . initial surveys in forest patches with the potential of being included in the mt . timpoong - hibok hibok natural monument are slated to commence in 2013 - 2014 .
in fact , the researchers found that the philippine hawk - owl ( ninox philippensis ) consists of seven allopatric species , or those that emerge as a consequence of individuals being isolated geographically , or temporally . they also identified one subspecies .
on cebu island , the stepping up of ecological studies on the cebu hawk - owl leading to its elevation from a subspecies of the philippine hawk - owl ( ninox philippensis ) into a full species . distribution surveys , habitat assessments and radio - telemetry studies were conducted in few of the largest remnant forest patches on the island . these studies revealed that the species is almost certainly ‘endangered’ , requiring urgent conservation action . discussions for creating forest corridors and expanding existing forest habitats are ongoing .
two new owl species have been identified in the philippines , and researchers say the birds ' songs led them to the discovery .
the second discovery is the cebu hawk - owl . this bird was thought to be extinct , as the forests of cebu have almost all been lost due to deforestation . but it had never been considered a distinct form . study of its structure and vocalizations confirmed that it is a new species .
in the sulu islands , where the sulu hawk - owl ( ninox reyi ) ( birdlife international ‘vulnerable’ ) can be found , surveys will commence soon with the clearing political climate . initial population surveys for the mindanao scops owl ( otus mirus ) were conducted in 2011 in baluno , pasonanca national park , with biology students from western mindanao state university . these collaborations with academic institutions were also part of pbcfi’s efforts to build capacity among locals to conduct basic research .
c . 25 cm . round - headed , white - throated owl with only short filamentous extensions on ear - coverts , most of plumage looks rather evenly barred with dark brown and buff to tawny . . .
original description : rasmussen , p . c . , allen , d . n . s . , collar , n . j . , demeulemeester , b . , hutchinson , r . o . , jakosalem , p . g . , kennedy , r . s . , lambert , f . r . and paguntalan , l . m . 2012 . vocal divergence and new species in the philippine hawk owl ninox philippensis complex . forktail 28 : p . 1 - 20 .
fjeldså , j . ( 2018 ) . camiguin boobook ( ninox leventisi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
“more than 15 years ago , we realized that new subspecies of ninox hawk - owls existed in the philippines , ” she said . “but it wasn’t until last year that we obtained enough recordings that we could confirm that they were not just subspecies , but two new species of owls . ”
more than 15 years ago , we realized that new subspecies of ninox hawk - owls existed in the philippines ,
zoologist pam rasmussen , of michigan state university ( msu ) , said in a statement .
but it wasn ' t until last year that we obtained enough recordings that we could confirm that they were not just subspecies , but two new species of owls .
examination of photos using flash and without flash and where the two eyes of an individual owl are at different angles to a light source demonstrates that the eye colour is yellow and that the bluish colouration illustrated here is in fact an artifact or reflection of artifical light . see urltoken for an example of a photo taken without flash and other recent photos on the internet .
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the owls don ' t learn their songs , which are genetically programmed in their dna and are used to attract mates or defend their territory ; so if they ' re very different , they must be new species ,
rasmussen explained in a statement from msu .
when we first heard the songs of both owls , we were amazed because they were so distinctly different that we realized they were new species .
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first - person essays , features , interviews and q & as ; about life today .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
mikkola , heimo . 2013 .
owls of the world : a photographic guide ( second edition )
. bloomsbury .
recently described species , differing from n . philippensis and other close congeners ( see n . philippensis ) in plumage and morphometrics , grey to whitish eyes and , especially , voice # r . monotypic .
very low - pitched , typically short strophes repeated after brief pauses , with many rapid , irregular . . .
endangered . restricted - range species : present in mindanao and the eastern visayas eba . likely to be at risk . type collected in jun 1968 . forest now restricted to only the . . .
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a multinational team of ornithologists has discovered two new species of owls in the philippines .
“the discovery , which is featured in the current issue of forktail , the journal of asian ornithology , took years to confirm , but it was well worth the effort , ” said lead author dr pam rasmussen of the michigan state university’s museum .
announcing the finding of a single bird is rare enough . but the discovery of two new bird species in a single paper is so rare that rasmussen and the other researchers couldn’t recall the last time it happened .
despite being so close geographically to related owls on mindanao , it has quite different physical characteristics and voice . at night , it gives a long solo song that builds in intensity , with a distinctive low growling tone . pairs of owls give short barking duets that start with a growl . they also are the only owls to have blue - gray eyes .
“the owls don’t learn their songs , which are genetically programmed in their dna and are used to attract mates or defend their territory ; so if they’re very different , they must be new species , ” dr rasmussen explained . “when we first heard the songs of both owls , we were amazed because they were so distinctly different that we realized they were new species . ”
the owls have avoided recognition as distinct species for so long because the group shows complex variation in appearance that had been poorly studied , and their songs were unknown . both islands are off the beaten path for ornithologists and birders , who usually visit the larger islands that host more bird species .
juvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows
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highly distinctive vocally , and will be treated as new species in forthcoming analysis ( rasmussen et al . ms )
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the knifetooth dogfish , is a harmless sleeper shark of the family somniosidae , found in the eastern atlantic , from scotland to spain , portugal , and senegal , and the southwest pacific from new zealand , between latitudes 58 ° n and 15 ° n , at depths of between 200 and 1,600 m. its length is up to 1.1 m.

knifetooth dogfish

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knifetooth dogfish
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northeast atlantic : atlantic slope from scotland to spain , portugal ( compagno in prep ) . eastern central atlantic : mauritania and senegal ( fernández et al . 2005 , compagno in prep ) .
compagno ( in prep ) reports this species as relatively common in the eastern atlantic . this temperate to tropical species is rarely caught in commercial or research trawling west of scotland ( t . blasdale pers . obs . ) and this is likely the northern fringe of its distribution . the species is caught in very small numbers in commercial trawl catches and fisheries research services ( frs ) deep - water surveys west of scotland fishing at depths between 500 m and 1 , 900 m ( t . blasdale pers . obs . ) . it is not mentioned in the report of the ministry of agriculture fisheries and food ( maff ) surveys in the 1970s , fishing at depths between 366 m and 1 , 280 m , indicating that it was not common in this area at that time either ( bridger 1978 ) . there is therefore no information from which to infer trends in this area or other areas of the eastern atlantic .
a little - known deepwater , temperate to subtropical shark , found on or near the sea bottom at depths of 200–1 , 600 m ( compagno in prep ) . probably ovoviviparous ( compagno in prep . ) . maximum size is reported at about 110 cm tl ( compagno in prep . ) .
reportedly captured in bottom trawls , with line gear , and with fixed bottom nets in the eastern atlantic , but apparently of limited interest to fisheries ( compagno in prep . ) .
areas of the northeast atlantic , for example the rockall trough have been subject to a fairly rapid increase in deepwater fishing activities since the 1990s with overall concern for the sustainability of deepwater fish stocks ( gordon 2003 ) . the species is a known bycatch of the longline fishery targeting black scabbardfish (
. 2005 ) . it is also taken by the basque artisanal longline fleet targeting deepwater sharks in the bay of biscay ( heessen 2003 ) .
very infrequently caught by french and scottish deep - water trawlers working west of scotland ( ices sub - area via ) ( t . blasdale pers . obs . ) . very limited data exists on the catches of gill - netters in this area but one retrieved net did not contain any of this species ( in a total catch of 8 . 5 tonnes ) ( stecf 2006 ) .
. ( 2005 ) report that the catch of these squalids declined from 158 tons ( 87 % of elasmobranch landings ) in 1992 to 22 tons ( 59 % ) in 2001 , with a minimum of 3 . 5 tons in 1999 . the decline may be attributable to a set of factors , including a shift in the depths fished , economic reasons ( the value and quality of elasmobranch landings fell during the period of the study ) and probable over - exploitation of both the target and bycatch species .
there are no conservation measures in place for this species . scymnodon ringens is not included in the list of species covered by the european union total allowable catch for deepwater sharks , thus it is not covered by fisheries measures . recommended actions : the affect of deepwater fishing pressure on this species is of concern , particularly off mauritania , where this species is taken of bycatch of expanding deepwater fisheries . it is strongly recommended that efforts be made to quantify and monitor bycatch in these fisheries and determine the impact of these on this species .
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greek , skymnos , - ou = little lion + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 200 - 1600 m ( ref . 247 ) , usually 550 - 1450 m ( ref . 10717 ) . deep - water ; 58°n - 15°n
eastern atlantic : along the slope from scotland to spain , portugal , senegal . southwest pacific : new zealand ( ref . 26346 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 110 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 247 )
anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . black in color ; small dorsal fin spines ; short snout ; small lanceolate teeth without cusplets in upper jaw and huge high , knife - cusped cutting teeth in lower jaw ; mouth very wide and broadly arched ; caudal fin with weak subterminal notch and no lower lobe ( ref . 247 ) .
a rare species ( ref . 26346 ) inhabiting continental slopes ( ref . 247 ) . usually mesopelagic although taken most often near the bottom ( ref . 10717 ) . its razor - edged lower teeth is used to attack and dismember large prey ( ref . 247 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . utilized dried salted for human consumption and for fishmeal ( ref . 247 ) .
probably ovoviviparous ( ref . 247 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )
) : 4 . 2 - 11 . 4 , mean 7 . 7 ( based on 164 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00479 ( 0 . 00203 - 0 . 01128 ) , b = 3 . 13 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 34 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 7 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 58 of 100 ) .
: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
continental slope , on or near the bottom at depths of 200 to 1600 m . probably
bigelow , h . b . and w . c . schroeder , 1957 . a study of the sharks of the suborder squaloidea . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . univ . , 117 ( 1 ) : 150 p .
maurin , c . and m . bonnet , 1970 . poissons des cotes nord - ouest africaines ( campagnes de la ' thalassia ' , 1962 et 1968 ) . rev . trav . inst . peches marit . , nantes , 34 ( 2 ) : 125 - 70
krefft , g . and e . tortonese , 1973 . squalidae . in clofnam . check - list of the fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and of the mediterranean , edited by j . - c . hureau and t . monod . paris , unesco , vol . 1 : 37 - 48
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a rare species ( ref . 26346 ) inhabiting continental slopes ( ref . 247 ) . usually mesopelagic although taken most often near the bottom ( ref . 10717 ) . its razor - edged lower teeth is used to attack and dismember large prey ( ref . 247 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . utilized dried salted for human consumption and for fishmeal ( ref . 247 ) .
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n . e . i . starry ray blonde ray sandy ray small - eyed ray undulate ray white skate round ray rabbit fish ratfishes n . e . i . knife - nosed chimaeras longnose chimaeras cartilaginous fishes n . e . i . groundfishes n . e . i . pelagic fishes n . e . i . marine fishes n . e . i . finfishes n . e . i .
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carcineretidae is a prehistoric family of heterotrematan crustaceans .

they are only known from cretaceous fossils .

these crabs are tentatively placed in the superfamily portunoidea and resemble the swimming crabs ( portunidae ) in having some paddle-shaped pereiopods .

but it is not certain that this placement is correct , as the carcineretidae also show some similarities to the matutidae of superfamily leucosioidea and the goneplacidae of superfamily xanthoidea .

carcineretidae

a new species of late cretaceous crab ( brachyura : carcineretidae ) from albion island , belize ) .
a new species of late cretaceous crab ( brachyura : carcineretidae ) from albion island , belize ) . - pubmed - ncbi
vega fj , feldmann rm , ocampo ac , pope ko . 1997 . a new species of late cretaceous crab ( brachyura : carcineretidae ) from albion island , belize . jour . paleo . 71 : 615 - 620 .
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parent taxon : portunoidea according to c . e . schweitzer et al . 2010
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this article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .
luque , javier schweitzer , carrie e . santana , william portell , roger w . vega , francisco j . and klompmaker , adiël a . 2017 . checklist of fossil decapod crustaceans from tropical america . part i : anomura and brachyura . nauplius , vol . 25 , issue . 0 ,
vajda , vivi ocampo , adriana ferrow , embaie and koch , christian bender 2015 . nano particles as the primary cause for long - term sunlight suppression at high southern latitudes following the chicxulub impact — evidence from ejecta deposits in belize and mexico . gondwana research , vol . 27 , issue . 3 , p . 1079 .
phillips , george e . nyborg , torrey and vega , francisco j . 2014 . icriocarcinidae : a family of portunoid crabs from the upper cretaceous of north america . paläontologische zeitschrift , vol . 88 , issue . 2 , p . 139 .
feldmann , rodney m . karasawa , hiroaki and schweitzer , carrie e . 2008 . revision of portunoidea rafinesque , 1815 ( decapoda : brachyura ) with emphasis on the fossil genera and families . journal of crustacean biology , vol . 28 , issue . 1 , p . 82 .
wigforss - lange , jane vajda , vivi and ocampo , adriana 2007 . trace element concentrations in the mexico - belize ejecta layer : a link between the chicxulub impact and the global cretaceous - paleogene boundary . meteoritics & planetary science , vol . 42 , issue . 11 , p . 1871 .
fouke , bruce w . zerkle , aubrey l . alvarez , walter pope , kevin o . ocampo , adriana c . wachtman , richard j . grajales nishimura , jose manuel claeys , phillipe and fischer , alfred g . 2002 . cathodoluminescence petrography and isotope geochemistry of kt impact ejecta deposited 360km from the chicxulub crater , at albion island , belize . sedimentology , vol . 49 , issue . 1 , p . 117 .
vega , francisco j . feldmann , rodney m . garcía - barrera , pedro filkorn , harry pimentel , francis and avendaño , javier 2001 . maastrichtian crustacea ( brachyura : decapoda ) from the ocozocuautla formation in chiapas , southeast mexico . journal of paleontology , vol . 75 , issue . 02 , p . 319 .
schweitzer , carrie e . and feldmann , rodney m . 2000 . new fossil portunids from washington , usa , and argentina , and a re - evaluation of generic and family relationships within the portunoidea rafinesque , 1815 ( decapoda : brachyura ) . journal of paleontology , vol . 74 , issue . 04 , p . 636 .
pope , kevin o ocampo , adriana c fischer , alfred g alvarez , walter fouke , bruce w webster , clyde l vega , francisco j smit , jan fritsche , a . eugene and claeys , philippe 1999 . chicxulub impact ejecta from albion island , belize . earth and planetary science letters , vol . 170 , issue . 4 , p . 351 .
instituto de geología , unam , ciudad universitaria , méxico , d . f . 04510
jet propulsion laboratory , california institute of technology , ms 183 - 601 , 4800 oak grove dr . , pasadena , california 91009
geo eco arch research , 2222 foothill blvd . , suite e - 272 , la cañada , california 91011
two crabs , xandarus sternbergi ( rathbun 1926 ) n . gen . , and icriocarcinus xestos n . gen . , n . sp . , from the late cretaceous of san diego county , california , usa , and baja california norte , mexico
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archaeoportunus isabenensis artal , ossó & domínguez , 2013 469 . 1 . 1 .
artal , p . , ossó , à , & domínguez , j . l . , 2013 . , archaeoportunus isabenensis , a new genus and species of portunoid crab ( crustacea , decapoda ) from the lower eocene of huesca ( spain ) . boletín de la sociedad geológica mexicana 65 ( 2 ) : 307 - 317 .
withers , t . h . , 1922 . on a new brachyurous crustacean from the upper cretaceous of jamaica . ann . mag . nat . hist . 10 ( 9 ) , 534–541 .
see vega at al . , 2018 review and additions to the maastrichtian ( late cretaceous ) crustacea from chiapas , mexico
eogeryonidae - upper cenomanian ( late cretaceous ) - condemios de arriba , guadalajara , spain .
ossó , à . , 2016 . , eogeryon elegius n . gen . and n . sp . ( decapoda : eubrachyura : portunoidea ) , one of the oldest modern crabs from the late cenomanian of the iberian peninsula . boletin de la sociedad geologica mexicana 68 ( 2 ) : 231 - 246
geryonidae ( tentatively ) - thanetian ( paleocene ) - haute garonne , france .
van straelen , v . , 1925 . , description de brachyoures montiens du cominges . bulletin de la société belge de géologie , 34 : 58 - 62 .
geryonidae ( tentatively ) - ilerdian ( lower ypresian , eocene ) - aragon pyrenees .
artal , p . , vía , l . , 1989 , , xanthilites macrodactylus pyrenaicus ( crustacea , decapoda ) nueva subespecie del ilerdiense medio del pirineo de huesca : batalleria , 2 , 57 - 61 . jagt , j . w . m . et al . , 2010 , coeloma rupeliense ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) from the bilzen formation ( rupel group , lower oligocene ) in northeast belgium : bulletin de l’institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , sciences de la terre , 80 , 245 - 252 .
? geryonidae - oligocene - peine , hannover , germany . 178 - 3 lepizig , germany .
schlüter , c . , 1879 , neue und weniger gekannte kreide - und tertiärkrebse des nördlichen deutschlands . zeitschrift der deutschen eologischen gesellschaft ( berlin ) , 31 : 586 - 615 , pls . 13 - 18 .
milne - edwards , a . , 1881 . note sur quelques crustacés fossils des environs de biarritz . annales des sciences géologiques , 11 : 1 - 8 .
? geryonidae - ? geryonidae - ? upper eocene ? oligocene - somewhere of southeastern france .
sorgenfrei , t . , 1940 , marines untermiocän im klintinghoved auf der insel als . ein beitrag zur lösung der aquitanien - frage . danmarks geologiske undersøgelse , 65 : 90 - 129 , pls . 4 - 8 .
stainier , x . , 1887 . , coeloma rupeliens e , brachyure nouveau de l’argile rupélienne . annales de la societé géologique de belgique , 14 : 86 - 96 , pl . 5 .
stainier , x . , 1887 . , coeloma rupeliense , brachyure nouveau de l’argile rupélienne . annales de la societé géologique de belgique , 14 : 86 - 96 , pl . 5 .
von meyer , h . , 1862 , tertiaere decapoden aus den alpen , von oeningen und dem taunus . palaeontographica , 10 : 147 - 178 , pls . 16 - 19 .
milne - edwards , a . , 1865c , . monographie des crustacés de la famille cancériens . annales des sciences naturelles , ( zoologie ) ( 5 ) 3 [ 1865 ] : 297 - 351 , pls . 5 - 13 .
milne - edwards , a . & brocchi , p . , 1879 . note sur quelques crustacés fossiles appartenant au groupe des macrophthalmiens . bulletin de la societé philomathique de paris , 3 : 113 - 117 .
van binkhorst , j . t . , 1857 . , neue krebse aus der maestrichter tuffkreide . verhandlungen des naturhistorischen vereins der preussischen rheinlande und westfalens , 14 : 107 - 110 , pls . 6 , 7 .
longusorbiidae - northumberland fm , campanian ( upper cretaceous ) - shelter point , near cambell river british columbia , canada .
richards , b . c . , 1975 , longusorbis cuniculosus : a new genus and species of upper cretaceous crab with comments on the spray formation at shelter point , vancouver island , british columbia . canadian journal of earth sciences , 12 : 1850 - 1863 .
psammocarcinidae - bartonian ( eocene ) - gué - à - tresnes - sables de beauchamp . l ' oise , france .
desmarest , , a . g . , 1822 . , histoire naturelle des crustacés fossiles . les crustacés proprement dits : 67 - 154 , pls . 5 - 11 . ( f . g . levrault , paris ) .
? - lillebaelt clay fm . , ypresian ( lower eocene ) - trelde naes , denmark .
collins , j . s . h . & s . l . jakobsen , s . l . , 2003 , new crabs ( crustacea , decapoda ) from the eocene ( ypresian / lutetian ) lillebælt clay formation of jutland , denmark . bulletin of the mizunami fossil museum 30 : 63–96 .
? - lincoln creek fm . uperr eocene - oligocene - grays river county , washington , usa
rathbun , m . j . , 1926 . , the fossil stalk - eyed crustacea of the pacific slope of north america . united states national museum bulletin , 138 : i - viii , 1 - 155 .
? - reisbesher gestein , oligocene - escalante point , vancouver island , bc , canada .
? - - eocene - hoko river fm . - near cape flattery , nw of olympic peninsula - washington - usa .
nyborg , t . g . , r . e . berglund , and j . l . goedert , 2003 . , a new crab from the late eocene hoko river formation , olympic peninsula , washington : the earliest record of euphylax ( decapoda , portunidae ) . journal of paleontology , 77 : 323 - 330 .
schweitzer , c . , iturralde - vinent , m . , hetler , j . l . & velez - juarbe , 2006 , oligocene and miocene decapods ( thalassinidea and brachyura ) from the caribbean . annals of the carnegie museum , vol . 75 , number 2 , pp . 111 - 136
? - quimper fm . eocene - oak bay , near port townsend washington , usa .
schweitzer , c . e . , feldmann , r . m . , tucker , a . b . & berglund , r . e . , 2000 , eocene decapod crustaceans from pulali point , washington . annals of carnegie museum 69 : 23–67 .
philippi , r . a . , 1887 . , los fósiles terciarios i cuartarios de chile : 1 - 256 , 56 pls . ( brockhaus , leipzig [ german version ] and santiago de chile [ spanish version ] ) .
karasawa , h . , 1990 . , decapod crustaceans from the miocene mizunami group , central japan . part 2 section oxyrhyncha , cancridea and brachyrhyncha bulletin of the mizunami fossil museum no . 17 .
maury , c . j . , 1930 . , o cretaceo da parahyba do norte . in : serviço geologico e mineralogico do brasil , monografias , vol . 8 , p . 350
? - calcaires à slumps de taghit ( upper campanian , upper cretaceous - near merija , moyenne moulouya , morocco .
ossó - morales , à . , artal , p . , vega , f . j . , 2010 . , new crabs ( crustacea , decapoda ) from the upper cretaceous ( campanian ) of the moyenne moulouya , northeast morocco . revista mexicana de ciencias geológicas 27 , 213e224 .
? - ypresian ( lower eocene ) - falaises near fresco , ivory coast .
rémy , j . m . - études paléontologiques et géologiques sur les falaises de fresco ( côte divoire ) ii crustacés . année 1960 université de dakar
? - ypresian ( lower eocene ) - isle of sheppey , kent , uk .
bell , t . , 1858 . , a monograph of the fossil malacostracous crustacea of great britain , pt . i , crustacea of the london clay . monograph of the palaeontographical society , london , 10 [ 1856 ] : i - viii , 1 - 44 , 11 pls .
quayle , w . j . , 1984 . , a new crab , portunites stintoni ( crustacea , decapoda ) from the london clay . tertiary research , 5 : 173 - 178 .
ossó , à . & stalennuy , 2011 . description of the first fossil species of bathynectes ( brachyura , polybiidae ) in the badenian ( middle miocene ) of the medobory hills ( ukraine , central parathetys ) , with remarks on its habitat ecology . treb . mus . geol . barcelona , 18 ( 2011 ) : 37 - 46 .
garassino et al . , 2012 . the decapod community from the early pliocene ( zanclean ) of “la serra” quarry ( san miniato , pisa , toscana , central italy ) : sedimentology , systematics , and palaeoenvironmental implications . annales de paléontologie 98 ( 2012 ) 1–61
milne - edwards , a . , 1867 . , descriptions de quelques espèces nouvelles de crustacés brachyoures . annales de la societé entomologique de france , 4 : 263 - 288 .
portunidae - carupinae - badenian ( middel miocene ) maksymivka , ternopil , ukraine .
müller , p . , 1984 . , . decapod crustacea of the badenian . geologica hungarica , ( palaeontologica ) 42 : 1 - 317 , pls . 1 - 97 .
via , l . , 1959 , decápodos fósiles del eoceno español : boletín del instituto geológico y minero de españa , 70 , 331 - 402 .
hiroaki karasawa , carrie e . schweitzer , and rodney m . feldmann . 2008 . revision of portunoidea rafinesque , 1815 ( decapoda : brachyura ) with emphasis on the fossil genera and families . journal of crustacean biology , 28 ( 1 ) : 82–127 ,
fabricius , j . c . , 1798 . , supplementatione entomologiae systematicae : i - iv , 1 - 572 . ( c . g . proft et storch , hafniae [ = copenhagen ] ) .
portunidae , portuninae - beaumont clay fm . ( pleistocene ) - galveston county , tx , usa
smith , a . i . 1869 . , notice of the crustacea collected by prof . c . f . hart on the coast of brazil in 1867 , list of the described species of brazilian podophthalmia . transactions of the connecticut academy of arts and sciences 2 : 1 - 41 .
see also : collins , j . s . h . , garvie , c . l . & mellish , c . j . t . 2014 . ,
lörenthey , e . , 1898 . , . beiträge zur decapodenfauna der ungarischen tertiärs . természetrajzi füzetek , 21 : 1 - 133 , figs . 1 - 9 .
rathbun , m . j . 1935a , fossil crustacea of the atlantic and gulf coastal plain . geological society of america , ( special paper ) 2 : i - viii , 1 - 160 .
portunidae , portuninae - collbàs fm . , bartonian ( upper eocene ) - anoia , catalonia .
via , l . , 1941 . , los cangrejos fósiles de cataluña . boletín del insituto geológico y minero de españa , 55 : 3 - 73 , pls . 1 - 11 .
portunidae , portuninae - oligocene - grancona , melledo , vicenza region , italy .
bittner , a . , 1893 . , decapoden des pannonischen tertiäre . sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien , 102 : 10 - 37 , pls . 1 , 2
milne - edwards , a . , 1860 , histoire des crustacés podophthalmaires fossils et monographie des décapodes macroures de la famille des thalassiens fossiles . annales des sciences naturelles , ( zoologie ) ( 4 ) 14 : 129 - 293 , pls . 1 - 10 .
bittner a . , 1875 , die brachyuren des vicentinischen tertiärgerbirges . denkschr . k . akad . wiss . , wien , 34 : 63 - 106 .
portunidae , thalamitinae - ? pleistocene - mtwapa creek , near mombasa , kenya .
de haan , w . , 1833 - 1850 . crustacea . in : p . f . von siebold ( ed . ) , fauna japonica sive descriptio animalium , quae in itinere per japoniam , jussu et auspiciis superiorum , qui summum in india batava imperium tenent , suscepto , annis 1823 - 1830 collegit , notis , observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit : i - xvii , i - xxxi , ix - xvi , 1 - 243 , pls . a - j , l - q , 1 - 55 , circ . table 2 . ( j . müller et co . , lugduni batavorum [ = leyden ] ) .
wee , d . p . c . & ng , p . k . l . , 1995 . swimming crabs of the genera charybdis de haan , 1835 and thalamita latreille , 1829 ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura : portunidae ) from peninsular malaysia and singapore . the raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 1 31st december 1995
de haan , w . , 1833 - 1850 . crustacea . in : p . f . von siebold ( ed . ) , fauna japonica sive descriptio animalium , quae in itinere per japoniam , jussu et auspiciis superiorum , qui summum in india batava imperium tenent , suscepto , annis 1823 - 1830 collegit , notis , observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit : i - xvii , i - xxxi , ix - xvi , 1 - 243 , pls . a - j , l - q , 1 - 55 , circ . table 2 . ( j . müller et co . , lugduni batavorum [ = leyden ] )
fabricius , j . c . , 1798 . supplementum entomologiae systematicae , hafniae , 572 pp .
portunidae , thalamitinae - lutetian ( middle eocene ) - chiampo valley , vicenza region , italy .
beschin , c . , busulini , a . , de angeli , a . , tessier , g . , 2002 , aggiornamento ai crostacei di cava “main” di arzignano ( vicenza – italia settentrionale ) ( crustacea , decapoda ) . studi e ricerche . studi e richerche , pp . 7 - 28 ,
uncertain family - ? campanian ( late cretaceous ) - moyenne moulouya , morocco .
secretan , s . ( 1961 ) , une nouvelle espèce de xanthidés au maroc : titanocarcinus meridionalis nov . sp . notes de service géologique de maroc , 20 ( 152 ) , 39–50 , pls . 1–3 . schweitzer , c . e . & feldmann , r . m . , 2012 , bulletin of the mizunami fossil museum , no . 38 . ossó , à . , 2016 . , eogeryon elegius n . gen . and n . sp . boletin de la sociedad geologica mexicana 68 ( 2 ) : 231 - 246
torrey g . nyborg ; francisco j . vega ; harry f . filkorn : new late cretaceous and early cenozoic decapod crustaceans from california , usa : implications for the origination of taxa in the eastern north pacific
the first is raninoides n . sp . , representing the earliest occurrence of the genus both in california and worldwide . the shape of the dorsal carapace , including the placement and lengths of the frontal spines , clearly justifies assignment to raninoides . well - preserved fossil material will allow a complete description of this new species and provide further insight into the evolution of the family raninidae ;
the second is archaeopus n . sp . , the second report of the genus from upper cretaceous rocks of california . the subquadrate carapace , long down turned front , relatively large orbits , and overall carapace shape allow confident assignment of this species to archaeopus . another species , a . antennatus , has been previously reported from an unnamed formation in the upper cretaceous of california ( rathbun , 1926 ) . the new taxon differs in having a less subquadrate carapace and better defined regions than a . antennatus .
barry w . m . van bakel , john w . m . jagt , rené h . b . fraaije , yvonne coole
natuurhistorisch museum maastricht , de bosquetplein 6 - 7 , p . o . box 882 , nl - 6200 aw maastricht
carcinologists dealing with fossil crabs are often faced with difficulties in classifying their material . with only a single or a handful of specimens available , more often than not consisting of only ( partial ) carapaces , dorsal carapace characters are the sole features to go on . classification of extant crabs mostly cannot be applied , since ventral morphology is here of prime importance ( guinot , 1977 , 1978 ) . having come to realize that carapace characters may overlap in representatives of unrelated families , in the past decade paleontologists have used the few cases in which crabs are preserved with well - preserved ventral parts with much success ( karasawa , 2003 , guinot & tavares , 2001 ) .
fig . 1 . binkhorstia ubaghsii ( van binkhorst , 1857 ) ; upper nekum member ( maastricht formation , late maastrichtian ) of cbr - romontbos quarry , eben emael ( ne belgium ) . 1 , right cheliped . 2 , left cheliped of the same specimen . 3 , dorsal view of this specimen , showing complete carapace , both claws and limb fragments . 4 , dorsal view . 5 , ventral view , showing the delicate preservation .
fig . 2 . binkhorstia ubaghsii ( van binkhorst , 1857 ) and binkhorstia euglypha collins , fraaye & jagt , 1995 . 1 , ventral view , with details of the sternum of b . ubaghsii . 2 , orbital view of this specimen , showing the unique spatulated rostrum . 3 , binkhorstia euglypha collins , fraaye & jagt , 1995 , ventral view of holotype ( mab . k . 1033 ) from the upper part of the meerssen member ( latest maastricht formation ) of the former blom quarry , berg en terblijt ( se netherlands ) . 4 , dorsal view of the holotype . 5 , dorsal view of assumed molt , b . ubaghsii , showing the left - hand claw , and flattened pereiopods .
the holotype of binkhorstia euglypha collins et al . , 1995 from the upper meerssen member at the former blom quarry ( berg en terblijt , se netherlands ) , shows details of the ventral parts as well , though not described in detail in the original description . a re - examination of the original material , together with the new data on b . ubaghsii , should provide more information on this little known genus .
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we thank rudi w . dortangs ( amstenrade ) for taking photographs , robert pieters ( geel ) for donation of material .
suggests that it was a back - burrower , rather than an active swimmer .
two crabs , xandarus sternbergi ( rathbun , 1926 ) n . gen . , and icriocarcinus xestos n . gen . , n . sp . , from the late cretaceous of san diego county , california , usa , and baja california norte , mexico
die decapoden - krebse des strassburger museums . v . theil . die abteilungen hippidae , dromiidae , und oxystomata