it is found on sicily and malta and in north africa , where it has been recorded from tunisia .

the wingspan is 16 – 21 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is white-yellowish with darker strigulation and hazel-brown markings .

the base of the wing is suffused and the postbasal fascia and median fascia are hazel-brown .

the hindwings are whitish grey , but darker on periphery .

adults have been recorded on wing from april to may .

cnephasia amseli

cnephasia ( cnephasia ) amseli ( d . lucas , 1942 ) | fauna europaea
pesi portal - cnephasia ( cnephasia ) amseli ( d . lucas , 1942 )
cnephasia ( cnephasia ) communana ( herrich - schaffer , 1851 ) = cnephasia caprionica réal 1953 = cnephasia lucia réal 1953 = cnephasia mediocris réal 1953 = cnephasia pseudorthoxyana réal 1953 = cnephasia seminigra réal 1953 .
trematerra , p . ( 2004 ) : cnephasia bizensis réal , 1953 , and cnephasia amseli ( d . lucas , 1942 ) found in italy , two cnephasiini little known for the european fauna ( lepidoptera tortricidae ) . — redia 86 : 67 - 70
cnephasia amseli is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found on sicily and malta and in north africa , [ 2 ] where it has been recorded from tunisia .
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[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico
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lamoria anella is a species of snout moth described by michael denis and ignaz schiffermüller in 1775 .

it is found in most of europe ( except ireland , great britain , fennoscandia , denmark , the baltic region and slovenia ) , the canary islands , as well as north africa ( including tunisia , morocco and egypt ) , south africa , india , afghanistan , sri lanka and the united arab emirates .

lamoria anella

valter jacinto marked
borboleta nocturna / / moth ( lamoria anella )
as trusted on the
lamoria anella
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denis j . n . c . m . & schiffermüller i . 1775 . ankündung [ sic ] eines systematischen werkes der schmetterlinge der wienergegend herausgegeben von einigen lehrern am k . k . theresianum . - — : i , 1—323 , pls . 1—3 .
amsel h . g . 1963 . kleinschmetterlinge aus äthiopien . - stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde 121 : 1—12 .
pelham - clinton e . c . 1977 . pyralidae from oman : specimens in the royal scottish museum , edinburgh . - journal of oman studies pecial rep . 1 : 177—178 .
legrand h . 1966 . lépidoptères des îles seychelles et d ' aldabra . - mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle ( a ) 37 ( 1965 ) : 1—210 , pls . 1—16 .
de prins w . & mazzei p . 2016 . some faunistic notes on selected moth species ( lepidoptera ) from the seychelles . - phelsuma 24 : 21—34 .
woods p . j . 2013 . the lepidoptera of curieuse island , seychelles . - phelsuma 21 : 58—64 .
vári l . , kroon d . m . & krüger m . 2002 . classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa . - — : i—xxi , 1—385 .
rebel h . & zerny h . 1917 . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der mit unterstützung der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien aus der erbschaft treitl von f . werner unternommenen zoologischen expedition nach dem anglo - ägyptischen sudan ( kordofan ) , 1914 . 1 . lepidoptera . - denkschriften der österreichischen akademie der wissenschaften , wien 93 : 423—446 , pl . 1 .
asselbergs j . 2008 . order lepidoptera , superfamily pyraloidea . — in : van harten , a . ( ed . ) arthropod fauna of the uae volume i . - — 1 ( 2007 ) : 469—561 .
palaearctic : china , europe , japan , morocco , palestine , russia ( incl . far east ) , syria , tunisia , ukraine .
slamka f . 2006 . pyraloidea ( lepidoptera ) of europe , volume 1 . identification — distribution — habitat — biology . - — 1 : 1—138 .
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the new caledonia blossom bat ( notopteris neocaledonica ) is an uncommon species of megabat in the family pteropodidae .

the species lives in caves in northern new caledonia , and forms colonies of up to 300 .

new caledonia blossom bat

information on the new caledonia blossom bat is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
new caledonia blossom bat is known from only a few caves in the northern part of the island of new caledonia ( brescia and borel 2004 ; boissenin and brescia 2007 ) .
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i visited new caledonia for work in july 2010 and of course spent a day looking for some of the very few mammals on new caledonia .
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winkelmann jr , bonaccorso fj , strickler tl . home range of the southern blossom bat ,
winkelmann jr . , bonaccorso fj , goedeke ee , ballock lj . home range and territoriality in the least blossom bat ,
the new caledonia wattled bat is a species of vesper bat in the family vespertilionidae , endemic to new caledonia , and has an iucn classification of endangered . interestingly , the roosts of these bats are only found in three towns : hienghène ( north province ) , païta and sarraméa ( south province ) ( flannery 1995 ; simmons 2005 ) . not much information about the natural history of these species is known and therefore , unfortunately , no conservation legislation or declaration of protected areas for their habitats can be made .
pettersson s , ervik f , knudsen jt . floral scent of bat - pollinated species : west africa vs . the new world .
chalinolobus tuberculatus forster , the long - tailed bat , is one of six species of the australasian genus chalinolobus . this group of lobe - lipped bats is most nearly related to south africa ' s glauconycteris and is included in the cosmopolitan family vespertilionidae . the new zealand chalinolobus is closely similar to c . neocaledonicus of new caledonia and c . picatus of northern and eastern australia .
) in north - eastern new south wales – flexibility in response to seasonal variation .
new caledonia and french polynesia are thought to be the islands most at risk of disappearing under water , with islands in the caribbean and mediterranean and those in close proximity to guyana and madagascar also under threat . the study found that , after a predicted sea rise of between 0 . 5 and 2 . 3 metres , more than 30 percent of the totally submerged islands would be in new caledonia , 30 percent in french polynesia and 10 percent in the mediterranean , with the rest occurring in other regions .
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cladogram showing the evolutionary relationships of orders of angiosperms and the distribution of families containing bat - pollinated taxa among them . five types of bat pollination are highlighted : pollination only by new world phyllostomids , pollination only by old world pteropodids , pollination by both bat families , and single species pollinated either by new world or old world bats . cladogram based on soltis et al . ( 2005 ) .
bonaccorso , f ( 1998 ) . bats of papua new guinea . conservation international tropical field guide series .
one adult female bulmer ' s fruit bat weighed 600 g ( 1 . 3
social organization : bulmer ' s fruit bat occurs in cave - dwelling colonies .
herrera lg , martínez del río c . pollen digestion by new world bats : effects of processing time and feeding habits .
the bats move roost depending on where the fruit are , but fred will probably know if they are around . you can contact mme mediara through the la foa tourist office tel : 41 . 69 . 11 . fred also recognised pictures of the pacific flying fox and new caledonia flying fox though he did not know of any current camps .
muchhala n , potts md . character displacement among bat - pollinated flowers of the genus
winter y , lopez j , von helversen o . ultraviolet vision in a bat .
and the musaceae ) contain genera or species that are primarily bat - pollinated . all four of these families contain species exclusively pollinated by specialized bats in addition to others visited by both specialized and opportunistic nectar - feeders . another eight families contain either subfamilies or tribes whose species rely heavily on bats for pollination . of these families , bat pollination is especially common in agavaceae and cactaceae in the new world and pandanaceae in the old world . among the pantropical families , bat pollination is more common in the new world than in the old world in terms of number of bat - pollinated genera in bombacaceae
the evolution of bat pollination has made a modest contribution to the overall species and generic diversity of angiosperms . what contribution has bat pollination made at higher taxonomic levels ? how many tribes , subfamilies and families are exclusively bat - pollinated , or nearly so ? table
six species of chalinolobus are currently recognised and these fall neatly into four groups . c . tuberculatus , c . neocaledonicus from new caledonia , and c . picatus from northern and eastern australia and new guinea form a single group readily distinguished from the three remaining species by the absence of fur on the wing membranes . in their colour pattern and in the form of their skulls members of this group are remarkably alike . some doubt exists as to the validity of their specific standing .
weight : one adult female bulmer ' s fruit bat weighed 600 g ( 1 . 3
geiselman ck , mori sa , blanchard f . database of neotropical bat / plant interactions .
von helversen d , von helversen o . acoustic guide in a bat - pollinated flower .
bulmer ' s fruit bat ( aproteles bulmerae ) is a megabat endemic to new guinea . it is listed as a critically endangered species due to habitat loss and hunting . it is the only member of the genus aproteles .
had originated and diversified . only the new world agavaceae appears to be approximately coeval with the radiation of glossophagines . particularly striking are differences in the ages of the four families that are most strongly associated with bat pollination today ( bombacaceae
province , papua new guinea , as recently as 1984 . the only other populations reported from recent times are from the vicinity of herowana in
of the 180 , 000 islands on earth , all low - lying islands are particularly at risk and it is thought that over 10 , 000 of them could disappear , along with the species that live on them , if the sea level rise predictions are correct . islands are home to a much higher proportion of endemic species than mainland areas , with the entire population of the alaotran gentle lemur , new caledonia blossom bat , seychelles frog and thousands of other species being found on just one island , or a small group of islands . the submersion of numerous islands will not just impact fauna and flora , with human populations living in coastal areas also being forced to move inland or relocate completely in response to the rising sea levels , and coastal industries being lost .
finally , species richness of bat - pollinated plants within new and old world communities is generally similar , averaging 11·9 ( range 4–33 species ) in the new world and 16·8 ( range 4–28 ) in the old world ( fleming , 2005 ) . the species richness values of nectar - feeding birds and their food plants are generally higher than those of bats except for old world flowers in which , on average , bat plants slightly outnumber bird plants at the community level ( fleming , 2005 ) .
elangovan v , priya eys , marimuthu g . olfactory discrinimation ability in the short - nosed fruit bat
are equivocal ( i . e . the immediate ancestor of bat - pollinated taxa is not clear ) , there is strong evidence of the evolution of bat flowers from bee , moth and hummingbird flowers in the other six families . it is likely that bat - pollinated taxa have evolved frequently from hummingbird - pollinated taxa in certain new world families of epiphytes ( e . g . bromeliaceae , gesneriaceae ) , but strong evidence for this awaits phylogenetic studies , as is the case in the agavaceae and cactaceae , in which hummingbird pollination is not likely to be ancestral to bat pollination .
weight : one adult female bulmer ' s fruit bat weighed 600 g ( 1 . 3 lb ) .
elangovan v , marimuthu g , kunz th . nectar - feeding behavior in the short - nosed fruit bat
horner ma , fleming th , sahley ct . foraging behaviour and energetics of a nectar - feeding bat ,
) . as expected given their wider distribution among islands , island - dwelling pteropodids interact as pollinators with a greater number of plant families than phyllostomids . pteropodids on islands visit flowers in 21 of 41 ( 53 % ) old world bat - pollinated families whereas phyllostomids on islands visit flowers in only eight of 44 ( 18 % ) new world bat - pollinated families ( table
knowledge of new zealand bats dates from cook ' s second voyage to this country during the late eighteenth century when forster captured a long - tailed bat in queen charlotte sound . considerable confusion resulted from dr . gray ' s subsequent identification of short - tailed bats with forster ' s animal . the new zealand chalinolobus was later synonymised with an australian species , c . morio gray . past accounts of these animals are therefore difficult to correlate with the species as now known . this is particularly true of c . tuberculatus . tomes ' description , which alone is based with certainty upon new zealand material , does not mention the characteristic lip - lobule and misses several other notable features . because of these omissions from his description , the specific status of this new zealand bat was not recognised . the structures themselves would have been indistinguishable in poorly preserved specimens .
in south - east asian islands , cactaceae in the west indies ) . exceptions include bat - pollinated species of
santos m , arita ht . priority areas for the conservation of new world nectar - feeding bats . in : fleming th , valiente - banuet a , editors .
) . together , flower placement away from foliage and nocturnal anthesis are the unifying features of the bat pollination syndrome while all other characteristics discussed above , which provide cues and incentives to entice visitation , vary among bat - pollinated species .
we dedicate this review to the memory of otto von helversen for his substantial contributions to our knowledge of bat pollination .
) . the number of independent origins of bat pollination in each group at the ordinal and family levels was analysed with the character analysis by parsimony module . by ‘independent origin’ we mean that the sister - taxon of a bat - pollinated family contained no bat - pollinated species . the converse of ‘independent origin’ ( i . e . non - independent origin ) reflects phylogenetic clustering , or the tendency of related groups to contain bat - pollinated taxa . at the ordinal level , bat pollination has originated independently in about half of the orders in which it occurs ( 14 of 28 orders ; table
genetically welsh , spiritually australian , currently in new york city . i ' ve lived and worked in london , canberra , paris and lusaka , and visited about 100 countries .
fleming th , muchhala n , ornelas jf . new world nectar - feeding vertebrates : community patterns and processes . in : sánchez - cordero v , medellín ra , editors .
about 85 % of the cases of bat pollination appear to have evolved independently at the level of angiosperm family . a particularly striking example of this pattern is the occurrence of bat - pollinated flowers in only one hemisphere or the other in many pantropically distributed plant families . an exception to this pattern occurs in the monocot order zingiberales in which bat pollination is widespread among related families . the common occurrence of bat pollination in the monocots , and especially the zingiberales , may be due to the concentration of many of these taxa in the tropics , particularly the large succulent and / or arborescent species in which bat pollination almost exclusively occurs . of the seven families of monocots in which more than a single species is bat - pollinated ( table
the distribution of bat - pollinated taxa visited by phyllostomids and pteropodids differs at both the ordinal and the family level . of the 28 orders containing bat families , only eight ( 29 % ) contain taxa pollinated by both groups of bats ( table
bestmann hj , winkler l , von helversen o . headspace analysis of volatile flower scent constituents of bat - pollinated plants .
are greatly elongated , being half the length of the skull , while those of the short - tailed bat are much reduced .
( 4 ) information gathered from the database of neotropical bat / plant interactions ( geiselman et al . , 2004 onwards ) .
fleming th , muchhala n . nectar - feeding bird and bat niches in two worlds : pantropical comparisons of vertebrate pollination systems .
olfactory and visual cues and rewards are responsible for attracting bats to flowers , but it is the flower ' s size , shape and durability , its placement on the plant , and time of anthesis that determine whether a bat has access to it and can affect pollination . compared with many insect - or bird - pollinated flowers ( but not hawkmoth flowers ) , bat - pollinated flowers are often relatively large and robust . the original bat pollination syndrome was based on plants pollinated by large , non - hovering pteropodids and applies less widely to new world plants pollinated by hovering phyllostomids (
i would like to express my appreciation to the directors of the dominion museum and the auckland institute and museum who have made study material available . the new zealand deer stalkers ' association has actively co - operated in obtaining many recent records and observations from members throughout new zealand . the new zealand speleological society has located useful skeletal material and miss p . lewis has made available the details of four years’ regular observation . i am indebted to numerous other persons for their assistance in collecting data and to professor l . r . richardson for his supervision and instructive criticism throughout this study .
dunphy bk , hamrick jl , schwager j . a comparison of direct and indirect measures of gene flow in the bat - pollinated tree
giannini np , simmons nb . conflict and congruence in a combined dna–morphology analysis of megachiropteran bat relationships ( mammalia : chiroptera : pteropodidae )
bat - pollinated p . trisecta is nested within a lowland clade of bee - pollinated species , not within an andean hummingbird - pollinated clade
bonaccorso f , winkelmann jr , byrnes dgp . home range , territoriality , and flight time budgets in the black - bellied fruit bat ,
simmons nb , seymour kl , habersetzer j , gunnell gf . primitive early eocene bat from wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation .
it is important to note that analyses conducted at the ordinal and family levels are very ‘coarse’ and should not be interpreted to imply that bat pollination is ancestral in any order or family of angiosperms . as discussed below , the most insightful level of independence in the evolution of bat pollination is at the generic or species level . bat pollination has seldom evolved at the tribal , subfamily or family level . phylogenetic clustering ( non - independence ) at the ordinal and family levels simply indicates that bat pollination shows a tendency to occur in related higher - level taxa . the fact that bat pollination has rarely evolved at higher taxonomic levels ( see below ) emphasizes the relative recency of this mode of pollination .
early development : a newborn bulmer ' s fruit bat is carried for the first few weeks of its life by its mother while she forages .
bat pollination is clearly a derived condition in most angiosperm lineages . what has been the most common evolutionary route to bat pollination : from insect - , bird - or non - volant mammal - pollinated taxa ? based on the preponderance of insect pollination in angiosperms , it is reasonable to hypothesize that bat pollination evolved most often from insect pollination . if this is true , did bat - pollinated taxa evolve most frequently from diurnally or nocturnally pollinated taxa ( e . g . from bee or moth flowers , respectively ) ? alternatively , the most common evolutionary route may have been from diurnal bird - pollinated species ( e . g . from hummingbird flowers in the new world or from sunbird or honeyeater flowers in the old world ) . finally , as suggested by sussman and raven ( 1978 ) , bat - pollinated flowers may have evolved from flowers pollinated by non - volant mammals such as primates , at least in the old world .
struwe l , kadereit jw , klackenburg j , et al . systematics , character evolution , and biogeography of gentianaceae , including a new tribe and subtribal classification . in : struwe l , albert va , editors .
diet : based on dental structures and its close relationship to other fruit - eating bats , bulmer ' s fruit bat is probably an obligate frugivore .
another reason for the higher diversity of bat - pollinated plants in the neotropics than in the paleotropics probably reflects the small size and hovering ability of glossophagines . large , non - hovering pteropodids and their new world counterparts , non - glossophagine phyllostomid bats , often visit large , sturdily built flowers many of which are exserted well away from foliage on erect stalks or long pendants ( figs
age to maturity : bulmer ' s fruit bat is not sexually active by the beginning of its second year and probably does not breed until its third year .
and others have noted , bat pollination is most common in advanced lineages of angiosperms , i . e . in advanced monocots and in the rosids ( fig .
marten - rodriguez s , almarales - castro a , fenster cb . evaluation of pollination syndromes in antillean gesneriaceae : evidence for bat , hummingbird and generalized flowers .
) . seven of the remaining 14 families are endemic to the neotropics and three are endemic to the paleotropics . of the 26 ‘exclusive’ phyllostomid families , 19 ( 73 % ) have pantropical or cosmopolitan distributions , and the other seven are new world endemics . similarly , 17 of 23 ‘exclusive’ pteropodid families ( 74 % ) have pantropical or cosmopolitan distributions , and the other six are old world endemics . thus , 36 of the 53 broadly distributed plant families that contain bat - pollinated plants ( 68 % ) are pollinated by bats in only one hemisphere whereas only about one - third of them have bat - pollinated species in both hemispheres . this again emphasizes the phylogenetically independent nature of the evolution of bat pollination .
bulmer ' s fruit bat was first described from 12 , 000 year - old fossils found in the central highlands in chimbu province , papua new guinea . it may have become extinct there about 9000 years ago . in 1975 , it was discovered in the hindenburg wall area of western province , papua new guinea , in a cave known as luplupwintem . at that time , local inhabitants described the bat as being abundant , perhaps numbering thousands of bats . however , two years later , the colony had been decimated , apparently by hunters who entered the cave with shotguns and store - bought ropes . during the 1980s , no bats were seen and it was feared that the species may have become extinct . however , by 1993 a colony of about 160 bats was known to be living in the same cave .
is a small bat the total length from the snout to the tip of the tail being two and a half to three and a quarter inches . in contrast to
bulmer ' s fruit bat was first described from 12 , 000 - year - old fossils found in the central highlands in chimbu province , papua new guinea . it may have become extinct there about 9000 years ago . in 1975 , it was discovered in the hindenburg wall area of western province , papua new guinea , in a cave known as luplupwintem . at that time , local inhabitants described the bat as being abundant , perhaps numbering thousands of bats . however , two years later , the colony had been decimated , apparently by hunters who entered the cave with shotguns and store - bought ropes . during the 1980s , no bats were seen and it was feared that the species may have become extinct . however , by 1993 a colony of about 160 bats was known to be living in the same cave .
) . overall , pteropodid and phyllostomid bats basically interact with different orders and families of plants . rather than being constrained at deep phylogenetic levels such as orders , these interactions have evolved independently many times in different old and new world plant lineages .
of the five flower characteristics limiting or allowing bat access to flowers , only two appear to be universal or nearly so for all bat flowers . the first is flower / inflorescence placement away from foliage , such as projecting above or below the canopy , emerging from branches or trunk , or borne on deciduous trees after they have dropped their leaves (
one adult female bulmer ' s fruit bat weighed 600 g ( 1 . 3 lb ) . bulmer ' s fruit bat is a cave - dweller that occurs in mid - montane forests . its altitudinal range is at least 1800 to 2400 m ( 5800–7900 ft ) . it is probably an obligate frugivore . it occurs in cave - dwelling colonies .
, but not all of these represent unequivocal results because of the absence of species - level phylogenies . all three potential ancestral pollination modes ( insects , birds and non - volant mammals ) are included in these examples , and generalizations about evolutionary trends are not yet possible . we suspect that bat pollination has evolved most commonly from insect pollination in the old world [ e . g . in the fabaceae ( mimosoideae ) and myrtaceae ] . flowers pollinated by hawkmoths and beetles also appear to be ancestral to bat flowers in certain old world taxa . although we judge that five of the 11 new world examples in table
the new world flower - visiting counterparts of pteropodids are members of a monophyletic clade of phyllostomidae containing the subfamilies glossophaginae , phyllonycterinae and brachyphyllinae . we will call this clade ‘glossophagines’ . in contrast to pteropodids , phyllostomids are echolocating bats whose ancestral feeding mode was insectivory (
bat flowers / inflorescences can be roughly divided into three categories based on their shape : ( 1 ) ‘shaving - brush’ or ‘stamen ball’ with many projecting stamens ( e . g .
) . at the family level , bat pollination has originated independently in about 77 % of the families in which it occurs ( i . e . 51 of 66 families ; table
habitat : bulmer ' s fruit bat is a cave - dweller that occurs in mid - montane forests . it has been found living in a cave at 2300 m ( 7500 ' ) . its altitudinal range is at least 1800 – 2400 m ( 5800 - 7900 ' ) . given its montane distribution , this large bat seems well adapted to cool environmental temperatures .
two small bats , of the size of a mouse , are new zealand ' s only known native land mammals . the few reports of the existence of a third species have not yet been confirmed . there are , however , instances of australian bats being found here , but these are considered to be accidental wind - blown migrants . both new zealand bats are bush - dwelling animals usually seen only during twilight as they pursue insects over clearings or rivers and lakes . fine summer and autumn evenings are favourable for observing these secretive animals .
the body is compact , tapering somewhat in front of the shoulders but not conspicuously behind . in both species of bat the short pendent penis in the male makes distinction between the sexes readily apparent .
to take into account any phylogenetic bias in these analyses , we mapped the occurrence of bat pollination by order and family within each of the five major groups using mesquite ( version 2 . 0 ;
c . morio , which at one time was confused with the new zealand c . tuberculatus , is certainly more distinct from this animal than is any other member of the genus . it is a small chocolate brown bat occurring in tasmania and south - eastern australia , and differs markedly from others of the genus in the absence of the basal ear lobe , in the pointed ear tip and tragus , and in the larger postcalcareal lobe which is supported internally by a minute arm of the calcar .
pollination biologists have long recognized a set of plant characteristics ( syndromes ) that are associated with different kinds of pollinators . the classic characteristics of bat - pollinated flowers ( the ‘chiropterophilous syndrome’ ) , as described by
) . bats , like many other kinds of pollinators , can be opportunistic flower visitors and sometimes visit flowers that do not conform to the classic ‘bat pollination syndrome’ ( e . g . bee flowers such as
= 0·061 ) . families with the highest number of bat - pollinated genera include fabaceae ( 30 genera , rosids ) , cactaceae ( 24 , basal eudicots ) , malvaceae ( 25 , rosids ) and bignoniaceae ( 15 , asterids ) . the number of bat - pollinated genera in two of the three largest groups of angiosperms is correlated with the number of genera per family . significant positive correlations occur in rosids (
) . these orders include arecales and zingiberales ( monocots ) ; santalales ( basal eudicots ) ; fabales , malvales and myrtales ( rosids ) ; and ericales and gentianales ( asterids ) . similarly , as indicated above , only 18 of 67 families ( 27 % ) with bat - pollinated taxa have representatives in both hemispheres . we estimate that bat pollination has evolved independently in about 85 % of these families ( table
, six are either exclusively bat - pollinated or biased toward bat pollination in certain subfamilies or tribes in both hemispheres . within certain families , therefore , pteropodid and phyllostomid bats appear to have had similar effects on angiosperm diversification . at lower phylogenetic levels ( e . g . genera and species ) , however , phyllostomid - pollinated genera and species outnumber pteropodid - pollinated taxa by factors of 1·6 and 2·1 , respectively ( table
the roosting habits permit ready transfer of ectoparasites between individuals and the fur of bats is usually infested . a relatively large bat flea is known from both our species . mystacina is frequently host to numerous small mites .
their rapid erratic flight makes observation on the wing difficult and identification to species virtually impossible . if captured , the species may be immediately distinguished by the length of the tail . in one , the long - tailed bat , the tail is almost as long as the head and the body , and is contained for its entire length in an interfemoral membrane stretched between the legs . the other bat has a short free tail above , but not
but gerald was undeterred and with the help of his colleague gladys he discovered that madame mediara from the ouipoint tribe had a guide who knew the forest and could probably find a fruit bat camp . so off i went .
> 0·50 ) . regression coefficients ( slopes ) were similar in rosids and monocots ( about 0·040 ) , and their reciprocal values indicate that about one in every 25 genera in those groups contains a bat - pollinated species .
) . of these families , 26 are exclusively visited by phyllostomids and 23 are exclusively visited by pteropodids ; 18 families are visited by both families of bats . lists of known bat - pollinated species , by family , in the new and old world are provided in appendices 2 and 3 . in compiling these lists we have attempted to include only those taxa known or strongly suspected to be pollinated by bats . as is the case in much of the pollination literature , however , actual proof of effective pollination by bats is available for only a subset of these taxa .
speaking about the new strategy for lemur conservation , dr christoph schwitzer , head of research at bristol zoo gardens , said , “ the fact is that if we don’t act now we risk losing a species of lemur for the first time in two centuries . the importance of the projects we’ve outlined in this document simply cannot be overstated . ”
) . nocturnal anthesis , the opening of flower buds in the late afternoon or at night , is the second characteristic . the flowers of many bat - pollinated plants open early in the evening and are viable for only one night (
both species were formerly present over a greater part of new zealand than now . even at the beginning of the century they were still to be seen on occasion in some of the main urban areas . they were particularly recorded as roosting in large numbers under the bridges of the river avon in christchurch , but they have apparently failed to urbanise .
the colony at luplupwintem cave had traditionally been protected by the native people of the area , but an inflow of outside cash in the mid - 1970s led to the purchase of caving equipment and guns and to the decimation of the bat colony .
) , all adaptations for visitation by large pollinators . bat pollination is rare or absent in the ‘ginger families’ with more restrictive floral morphology , reduced stamen numbers and smaller nectaries ( i . e . zingiberaceae , costaceae , marantaceae , and cannaceae ;
) . in summary , new world specialized nectar bats are smaller in size with longer tongues and hover whereas their old world counterparts are larger with shorter tongues and do not hover . because of these differences , we might expect plants visited by specialized nectar - feeding phyllostomids to produce smaller flowers with smaller nectar volumes per flower than those visited by their pteropodid counterparts (
( 1 ) this list excludes species reported to be visited by bats in the new world that are introduced from the old world ( bombax , durio , kigelia , mahduca , musa , thespesia , thunbergia , zingiber ) ; visited by bats for fruit , not nectar / pollen ( anacardium , brosimum , carica , chrysophyllum , eugenia , manilkara , muntingia , solanum , symphonia , syzygium ) ; known to be pollinated by wind ( acalypha , alnus , celtis , pinus , quercus ) or small insects ( aristolochia , berberis , bursera , theobroma ) ; or where bat - pollination seems very doubtful ( clusia , vanilla ) .
a ) . each of these families appears to have evolved in the late cretaceous or early cenozoic , well before the evolution of specialized nectar - feeding bats . this temporal mismatch suggests that stem members of these families were not likely to be bat - pollinated .
hypothesized that hummingbird pollination evolved independently numerous times from bee - or moth - pollination in 11 plant families in western north america . compared with those for birds , the evolutionary transitions to bat pollination are less well known . the best documented cases are summarized in table
) . similarly , flower shape shows different trends associated with bat visitors . flowers visited by specialized nectar - feeding phyllostomids are more likely to be tubular in shape and produced by epiphytes and shrubs while flowers visited by pteropodids tend to be produced by trees and of the ‘shaving brush’ type (
) reported that bat pollination occurs in 58 families of plants in about 24 orders ; 43 families contain flowers visited by phyllostomids and 28 by pteropodids . thirteen of the 58 plant families ( 28 % ) are visited by both families of bats . a more complete update of this earlier report (
, and onwards ) indicates that phyllostomids visit 360 species of plants in 159 genera from 44 families ; our literature review indicates that pteropodids visit 168 species of plants in 100 genera from 41 families . in total , bat - pollinated plants are found in 67 families in 28 orders of angiosperms ( table
both new zealand bats congregate in some numbers during the day although occasionally one or a pair of bats may be found beneath the bark of trees such as that of kahikatea . the roosts occur in the hollow branches and trunks of large forest trees or in caves if these are near bush . a single roost may be inhabited for long periods and great accumulations of droppings are sometimes found . such roosts are characterised by a strong musty smell .
mystacina is represented in new zealand by two distinct forms . one occurs throughout the north island and is present in at least northern areas of the south island , but the other is known only from stewart island and a few neighbouring islets . skeletal differences other than those of size are not apparent between these two groups , but in their external appearance they are clearly distinct . in the absence of a full range of specimens the groups are here considered as subspecies .
behavior : bulmer ' s fruit bat roosts in caves . the surviving bats at luplupwintem cave are extremely cautious . if undisturbed , they leave the cave at dusk ; in the presence of people , they leave after dark . all of the bats return to the roost at around 6 : 00 am , before light .
also indicated are the estimated number of independent origins of bat pollination within these lineages by order and family . the phylogenetic hypothesis upon which this summary is based comes from t . h . fleming and w . j . kress ( unpubl . res . ) . the number of families recognized in this hypothesis and in table
) . plant families pollinated by island pteropodids are concentrated in the rosids ; those pollinated by phyllostomids are evenly distributed among monocots , rosids and asterids . about 90 % of these families have pantropical or cosmopolitan distributions . families with restricted geographical distributions include cactaceae in the new world and musaceae and pandanaceae in the old world . most of the flowers visited by bats of both families on islands are produced by trees or tree - like herbs or succulents ( e . g .
almost the entire length is formed by the body , the tail being barely half an inch in extent . nostrils and ears are prominent , and the rough , frosted appearance of the fur contrasts well with the sleek fur of the long - tailed bat . with the exception of the bones of the palm and hand , all
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of the islands adjacent to new zealand , little barrier and kapiti in the north and stewart island and its subsidiary islets in the south still support numbers of bats . of these the southern islands have a considerable population of mystacina but chalinolobus has not been positively reported from them . the southern mystacina are remarkably robust and differ in several other respects from their more delicate northern relations sufficiently to suggest a distinct subspecies . data are as yet insufficient to determine the northern limit of this larger subspecies .
) . we assume that it is cheaper for plants to produce small flowers than large flowers . if this is true , then it should be easier for selection to modify insect - pollinated flowers to attract small hovering glossophagines than to attract larger non - hovering phyllostomids or pteropodids . the presence of small hovering bats ( and birds ) in the new world has thus expanded the range of possible pollinator niches for neotropical plants . the absence of such vertebrate pollinators in the old world has probably constrained the range of vertebrate pollination niches in angiosperms there .
< 0·001 ) : basal angiosperms , 1·4 % ( median 1·4 % , 1 s . d . 0·8 % ) ; monocots , 44·1 % ( 25·0 % , 40·6 % ) ; basal eudicots , 9·4 % ( 5·9 % , 8·2 % ) ; rosids , 9·1 % ( 4·7 % , 11·0 % ) and asterids , 6·4 % ( 4·6 % , 7·7 % ) . ten of the 67 plant families had at least 25 % of their genera with one or more bat - pollinated species . these families were concentrated in the monocots , in which seven of 13 families ( 54 % ) contained relatively high proportions of bat - pollinated genera . all of these families are small and contain a total of seven or fewer genera ( table
in bats the forelimbs greatly exceed the hind - limbs in size . these latter generally play but little part in movement and are usually short and reduced . most bats can only crawl or scramble on the ground . these animals usually furl the wing against the body when roosting , or at the most fold it in some simple manner . however , the molossidae and the new zealand mystacinidae differ from other bats in that peculiar folding processes of the wing enable the forelimb to function fully in walking . these bats crawl of run quite actively by using their wrists .
mystacina pursues insects on the wing , flying at times close to the ground . it may come into the vicinity of lights and has sometimes stunned itself against torches and lanterns . in captivity mystacina readily accepts food from the floor of the cage , and this together with its ability to run quite rapidly and its adeptness when climbing suggest that it may capture much of its food on the branches and leaves of trees . food includes fairly large insects ; spiders , crickets and moths being quickly accepted . strong transverse ridges on the tongue of this bat are suitable for scraping flesh from animal carcasses and mystacina has at times caused considerable damage to the bodies of mutton birds when these were hung to dry . it has not yet been determined whether this bat behaves as a natural scavenger .
summarizes the higher order plant taxa that are associated primarily with bats for pollination . this information is presented at two taxonomic levels , at the family level and within families ( i . e . subfamilies or tribes ) . among families that are strongly associated with bat pollination , we include two families that have recently been reclassified into larger related families by angiosperm phylogeny group ( apg ) ii : bombacaceae
) , all are exclusively tropical in distribution . in addition , many of these same taxa have large flowers ( strelitziaceae ) and / or large floral displays ( agavaceae , arecaceae , pandanaceae ) in closely related taxa that are bird - or insect - pollinated . in the zingiberales , bat pollination is concentrated in the tropical genera with large , accessible flowers that produce copious amounts of nectar and pollen ( i . e .
nectar - feeding bats visiting flowers . ( a ) glossophaga soricina at flowers of mabea occidentalis ( euphorbiaceae ) ; ( b ) artibeus jamaicensis on a flower of ochroma pyramidale ( bombacaceae s . s . ) ; ( c ) eonycteris spelaea on flowers of durio zibethinus ( bombacaceae s . s . ) ; ( d ) pteropus conspicillatus at flowers of castanospermum australe ( fabaceae ) . photo credits : merlin d . tuttle , bat conservation international .
this is a large bat that has been severely hunted for meat at the known sites . the population at luplupwintem was apparently decimated by groups of hunters with shotguns in the late 1970s . the species also appears to be very sensitive to disturbance of its cave roosts . the elevational range of this species overlaps with areas of high human population density . a large bushfire had swept just north of the luplupwintem area just prior to 2001 ( t . flannery pers . comm . ) , and these alpine grasslands are very vulnerable to fire impacts ( l . seri pers . comm . ) . the population has a restricted range .
portraits of flower - visiting bats . approximate body masses are in parentheses . ( a ) glossophaga soricina ( 10 g ) , a basal glossophagine ; ( b ) choeronycteris mexicana ( 16 g ) , a derived glossophagine ; ( c ) artibeus jamaicensis ( 45 g ) and ( d ) phyllostomus elongatus ( 60 g ) , two opportunistic flower - visiting phyllostomids ; ( e ) syconycteris australis ( 20 g ) and ( f ) eonycteris spelaea ( 70 g ) , two specialized nectarivorous pteropodids ; ( g ) pteropus poliocephalus ( 750 g ) and ( h ) epomophorus gambianus ( 100 g ) , two opportunistic flower - visiting pteropodids . photo credits : merlin d . tuttle , bat conservation international .
there has been a decrease in the distribution of native bats which is correlated with the restriction of forest . over the hundred years for which we have information there does not seem to be any suggestion that the density of bats has decreased in unmodified forest . food does not seem to be scarce . it has been suggested that increased predation is a major factor in limiting numbers but there is no good evidence supporting this view . therefore it is suggested that the low numbers are not to be interpreted in terms of changes during the period of current knowledge , but rather as a result of long - standing factors . the possibility that low fertility or high mortality occur should be investigated , and accordingly studies of bat roosts are most desirable .
skeletal material of bats is occasionally found in caves . this may be used for the identification of the two species . the very short ( about 1 . 3 cm . ) broad skull of c . tuberculatus is readily distinguished from the longer ( about 2 . 0 cm . ) and narrow skull of mystacina . immediate differences are apparent if the dentition is examined , for although c . tuberculatus has four upper incisors and six small lower incisors between the large canine teeth , mystacina has only two relatively large upper incisors and a single pair of lower incisor teeth closely crowded between the canines . two premolars and three molars are present in the upper and lower jaws of each bat but in chalinolobus the first of the upper premolars is minute and easily overlooked .
besides its evolutionary implications , long - distance pollination by bats also has important conservation implications . human disturbance in the tropics and elsewhere often fragments plant populations and increases the distance between conspecifics . without long - distance pollinators , plants with self - compatible or mixed mating systems are likely to experience higher rates of self - fertilization within habitat fragments than plants in continuous forests . isolated self - incompatible plants ( the most common mating system in tropical plants ; bawa , 1992 ) will fare even worse because they require pollen from another plant to set any fruit and seeds at all . studies of canopy trees in continuous and fragmented forests in brazil , costa rica , mexico and puerto rico provide support for these generalizations ( gribel et al . , 1999 ; collevatti et al . , 2001 ; fuchs et al . , 2003 ; quesada et al . , 2003 ; dunphy et al . , 2004 ) . thus , bat pollination , along with pollination by other kinds of long - distance pollinators , can serve to ‘rescue’ plants from some of the adverse effects of habitat fragmentation .
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lamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) , racey , p . a . , medellín , r . & hutson , a . m . ( chiroptera red list authority )
justification : listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 km 2 , its habitat is severely fragmented , and there is a continuing decline in : extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , and the extent and quality of its habitat .
it forms colonies of up to 300 animals , and is an uncommon species .
it is a cave roosting species . it is usually observed close to their roosting area , foraging near areas of human habitation on coconut flowers ( f . brescia pers . comm . ) . presumably it also forages in tropical moist forest .
threats to this species include disturbance at roosting caves ( mickleburgh et al . 1992 ; brescia and borel 2004 ) , and , to a much lesser extent , hunting ( boissenin and brescia 2007 ) .
the hunting of this species is regulated under wildlife laws ( mickleburgh et al . 1992 ) . it has only been recorded once from riviére bleu national park ( flannery 1995 ) . field surveys of population numbers , range , utilization , and ecology studies are ongoing by iac ( institut agronomique néo - calédonien ) ( brescia and borel 2004 ; boissenin and brescia 2007 ) .
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lamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) , racey , p . a . , medelln , r . & hutson , a . m . ( chiroptera red list authority )
listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 km 2 , its habitat is severely fragmented , and there is a continuing decline in : extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , and the extent and quality of its habitat .
the hunting of this species is regulated under wildlife laws ( mickleburgh et al . 1992 ) . it has only been recorded once from rivire bleu national park ( flannery 1995 ) . field surveys of population numbers , range , utilization , and ecology studies are ongoing by iac ( institut agronomique no - caldonien ) ( brescia and borel 2004 ; boissenin and brescia 2007 ) .
p . caniceps species group : ashy - headed flying fox ( p . caniceps )
p . mariannus species group : okinawa flying - fox ( p . loochoensis )
p . melanotus species group : black - eared flying fox ( p . melanotus )
p . personatus species group : bismark masked flying fox ( p . capistratus )
p . poliocephalus species group : big - eared flying fox ( p . macrotis )
p . scapulatus species group : gilliard ' s flying fox ( p . gilliardorum )
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i was working in noumea , which is a strange mixture of the south of france and north queensland , though the driving is better than the former , and the croissants are better than the latter . it is a lovely place but it hardly feels like the pacific .
the ouipoint community is about 2 hours from noumea ( or 30 minutes ne of la foa ) . it’s a nice place to stay . they have a traditional long house sort of thing where you can sleep , complete with flushing toilet and shower .


eumenidiopsis is an afrotropical genus of afrotropical potter wasps with eight known species , which are set out below : eumenidiopsis astutus ( kohl , 1906 ) eumenidiopsis bacilliformis ( giordani soika , 1940 ) eumenidiopsis jacoti giordani soika , 1977 eumenidiopsis mixtus ( giordani soika , 1943 ) eumenidiopsis nigritus ( kohl , 1906 ) eumenidiopsis nitens ( giordani soika , 1939 ) eumenidiopsis striativentris ( giordani soika , 1940 ) eumenidiopsis subtilis ( giordani soika , 1939 )

eumenidiopsis

afrodynerus monstruosus ( giordani soika , 1934 ) ( eritrea . also palaearctic region )
cameroon , djibouti , eritrea , ethiopia , ghana , mali , niger , nigeria , sudan . also in the palaearctic region )
eritrea , mauritania , nigeria , sudan , yemen . also in the palaearctic region )
angola , benin , burkina faso , cameroon , democratic republic of congo , equatorial guinea , eritrea , ethiopia , gabon , gambia , ghana , guinea bissau , ivory coast , kenya , mali , mozambique , nigeria , republic of congo , republic of guinea , senegal , sierra leone , south africa , sudan , tanzania , uganda , zimbabwe . also in the palaearctic region )
[ probably a synonym of antodynerus oogaster ( gribodo , 1895 ) . the type material ( museum dresden ) was destroyed during world war ii ] ( tanzania )
burkina faso , democratic republic of congo , gambia , kenya , malawi , mali , mozambique , nigeria , senegal , south africa , tanzania , zimbabwe . also in the palaearctic region )
burkina faso , chad , djibouti , mali . also in the palaearctic region )
chad , eritrea , ethiopia , niger , somalia . also in the palaearctic region )
somalia , south africa , sudan , uganda . also in the palaearctic and oriental regions )
verde , central african republic , chad ,
congo
, democratic republic of congo , equatorial guinea , eritrea , ethiopia , gabon , gambia , ivory coast , kenya , liberia , malawi , mali , mauritania , mozambique , namibia , niger , nigeria , rwanda , senegal , sierra leone , somalia , south africa , sudan , tanzania , togo , uganda , yemen , zambia , zimbabwe . also in the palaearctic region . in the malagasy subregion recorded from seychelles ( aldabra , assumption , astove , cosmoledo ) , comoros ( grande comore , anjouan ) , mayotte and madagascar ) .
. also in the palaearctic region ) . in the malagasy subregion recorded from seychelles ( aldabra )
congo
, democratic republic of congo , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ivory coast , kenya , mali , mozambique , namibia , niger , nigeria , senegal , south africa , tanzania ( tanzania , zanzibar ) , togo , uganda , yemen . also in the palaearctic region )
angola , democratic republic of congo , eritrea , ethiopia , somalia , tanzania , yemen , zimbabwe . also in the palaearctic region )
( de saussure , 1852 ) ( angola , botswana , burkina faso , democratic republic of congo , eritrea , ethiopia , kenya , mali , mozambique , namibia , niger , nigeria , senegal , socotra , somalia , south africa , sudan , tanzania ( tanzania , zanzibar ) , yemen . also in the palaearctic region )
( eustenancistrocerus ) inconstans ( de saussure , 1863 ) ( chad , eritrea , mali , sudan .
burkina faso , eritrea , ethiopia , mali , niger , senegal , sudan . also in the palaearctic region )
angola , burkina faso , democratic republic of congo , ghana , ivory coast , kenya , republic of congo , senegal , tanzania , togo . also in the palaearctic region )
djibouti , eritrea , ethiopia , niger , nigeria , sudan . also in the palaearctic region )
cameroon , democratic republic of congo , ethiopia , mali , niger , senegal ( ? ) , south africa . also in the palaearctic region )
cameroon , mali , niger , senegal , sudan . also in the palaearctic region )
( paragris ) spinosuscula de saussure , 1852 ( eritrea , ethiopia , kenya .
( gribodo , 1884 ) ( eritrea , ethiopia , kenya , somalia , sudan , yemen .
burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , democratic republic of congo , equatorial guinea , eritrea , ethiopia , gabon , gambia , ghana , mali , niger , nigeria , republic of congo , republic of guinea , senegal , somalia , sudan , togo , uganda . also in the palaearctic region )
burundi , djibouti , kenya , south africa , sudan , tanzania , zimbabwe . also in the palaearctic region )
. a revision of the vespidae of the belgian congo based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition , with a list of ethiopian diplopterous wasps .
latreille , in south africa , with a revision of the ethiopian species ( hymenoptera . )
a catalogue of the vespidae of the malagasy subregion ( insecta , hymenoptera ) .
a catalogue of the eumeninae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) of the ethiopian region excluding malagasy subregion . part i : introduction , key to genera , genera
a catalogue of the eumeninae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) of the ethiopian region excluding malagasy subregion . part ii : genera
carpenter , j . m . , j . gusenleitner , & m . madl . 2010b . a catalogue of the eumeninae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) of the ethiopian region excluding malagasy subregion . part iii : classification , additions , corrections and index . linzer biologische beiträge 42 ( 1 ) : 919 - 1004 .
citation : van noort , s . 2018 . waspweb : hymenoptera of the afrotropical region . url : urltoken ( accessed on < day / month / year > ) .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
bequaert j . , 1918 . a revision of the vespidae of the belgian congo based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition , with a list of ethiopian diplopterous wasps . bulletin a . m . n . h , vol . 39 : 2 - 384 .
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carpenter , j . m . , j . gusenleitner & m . madl . 2010a . a catalogue of the eumeninae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) of the ethiopian region excluding malagasy subregion . part ii : genera delta de saussure 1885 to zethus fabricius 1804 and species incertae sedis . linzer biologischer beitrage 42 ( 1 ) : 95 - 315 .
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the crested jay ( platylophus galericulatus ) is a species of bird traditionally placed in the family corvidae but might belong to the helmetshrikes .

it is monotypic within the genus platylophus .

it is found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , myanmar , and thailand .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

crested jay

information on the crested jay is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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description : the plushed - crested jay is a south american species which performs co - operative breeding . two or three helpers take part in nesting duties and defence against predators .
protection / threats / status : the plushed - crested jay is threatened by the deforestation , but fortunately , this species is able to live in isolated forest patches of 10 - 20 ha , if larger forests are not too far . illegal pet trade is also an important threat . this jay frequents the urban areas in brazil , and can be common to abundant in its range . currently , the populations of the plushed - crested jay are not threatened .
range : the plushed - crested jay occurs in several parts of south america , from n argentina , to paraguay and uruguay , n and e bolivia . this species is also found in brazil , south of the amazon river .
behaviour : the plushed - crested jay feeds primarily on small invertebrates , mainly insects , and fruits from several plant species . it can sometimes take nestlings and eggs of other bird species , and frogs . it regularly feeds on maize when available and other seeds during the winter . the plushed - crested jay does not eat the animal items when captured , but it brings them to another place . it holds the food with the feet and pecks with the bill . it removes the wings of the large insects .
flight : the plushed - crested jay performs short flights over open areas when foraging . the short , rounded wings allow the bird to fly easily from branch to branch among the trees in forested areas . its flight is undulating , with flapping interspersed with gliding .
diet : the plushed - crested jay feeds mainly on small invertebrates , and mostly insects . it also takes fruits from several plant species such as ficus and phylodendrum , casearia and syagros , and also psidium and rapanea . nestlings and eggs of other bird species , frogs , seeds and maize are also taken , according to the food availability .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto the plushed - crested jay has a large repertoire of more than 20 different sounds . in territorial defence , it gives loud , far - carrying calls . when the birds gather in flocks or move , they give social calls , a single , metallic , low melodious sound . there are two alarm calls : a single note when the predator is still far off and a phrase of 3 - 6 shorter notes when it approaches . the contact calls heard among foraging birds are sequences of 2 - 3 “chyup - chyup” . this jay can also mimicry other birds’ calls .
debus , s . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . crested jay ( platylophus galericulatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
habitat : the plushed - crested jay frequents forest and wooded areas , from typical lowland evergreen forest and tropical deciduous forest to temperate rainforest . it is usually seen up to 1500 metres of elevation , but it may occur at 2800 metres in bolivia . all kinds of forests and wooded areas are suitable for this species , and especially with maize plantations in the surroundings . it also frequents eucalyptus plantations and forest edges , and can be seen in suburban areas .
the plushed - crested jay is a communal breeder , and commonly 2 - 3 helpers take part in nesting duties and defence . but if the co - operative breeding seems to be frequent , this species also breeds in pairs and the young remain within the family group for several months . mate selection occurs at noisy , communal roosts . the male performs courtship feeding to the female , and she responds by jiggling wings and tail . they are monogamous but the pair - bonds are not for the life . they roost communally with some birds as sentinels .
the plushed - crested jay is sometimes co - operative breeder , with two or three young of the previous year as helpers , taking part in nesting duties and defence against predators by mobbing and chasing them away from the territory . the nest is cup - shaped and often placed between 4 and 7 metres in the thick foliage of a tree . the nest is made with twigs , and the interior is lined with finer twigs and plant fibres , layers of bark and roots . other soft materials can be added such as feathers , grass and leaves .
) is a large jay with a black head , white - tipped tail , and distinctive recurved crest . it is endemic to the cerrado woodlands and woodland edges in south - central brazil and parts of paraguay and bolivia . omnivores in the fullest sense , the jays have been known to eat a variety of fruit , arthropods , and even some vertebrates . these jays are territorial , forming groups of 9 to 11 individuals . they are cooperative breeders that actively assist in the feeding and rearing of young . the conservation status of the
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
this species is relatively scarce across its range , and is restricted to forest habitats . it is likely to be declining moderately rapidly overall , as a result of on - going habitat loss . it is therefore currently considered near threatened , and should be monitored carefully .
the population size of this species has not been quantified ; it is considered locally common . trend justification : a moderately rapid population decline is suspected to be occurring as a result of forest clearance . the rate of decline is not believed to be more rapid because the species may be tolerant of secondary habitats .
this species occurs in lowland evergreen forest , both primary and tall secondary , up to 1 , 500 m .
rates of forest loss in the sundaic lowlands have been extremely rapid , owing partly to the escalation of illegal logging and land conversion , with deliberate targeting of all remaining stands of valuable timber including those inside protected areas . forest fires have also had a damaging effect ( particularly in 1997 - 1998 ) . the magnitude of these threats may be allayed by this species ' s tolerance of hill and submontane forests , which are under less pressure from logging and agricultural conversion .
no targeted conservation actions are known for this species , although it occurs in a number of protected areas .
conduct repeated surveys within the species ' s range to determine its current distribution and abundance , as well as assess population trends and rates of habitat loss . conduct ecological studies to improve understanding of its precise habitat requirements , tolerance of secondary habitats and response to fragmentation . effectively protect significant areas of suitable forest at key sites , in both strictly protected areas and community - led multiple use areas .
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some confusion has existed over names applied to races ; proposed names scapulatus and ardesiacus ( both with vague type localities in java ) are treated as synonyms of nominate . race lemprieri sometimes thought to be part of a cline and perhaps of doubtful validity , but accepted by recent authors # r . four subspecies recognized .
( raffles , 1822 ) – sumatra and most of borneo ( except n ) .
31–33 cm ; 78–114 g . an unmistakable dark bird with remarkable long crest formed chiefly by two elongated central feathers , tips of which are slightly broader and . . .
noisy . contact call ( often first indication of species ' presence ) an excited , almost explosive . . .
lowland broadleaf forest ; in hill forest reaches to 750 m in thailand , 1000 m in sumatra , and 1800 . . .
surprisingly poorly known . diet a variety of invertebrates , including large hairy caterpillars ( lepidoptera ) , millipedes ( diplopoda ) , . . .
poorly studied . season jun–jul and oct–feb in java ; eggs laid early feb in malay peninsula . solitary breeder . well - made nest . . .
sedentary , as far as is known . may possibly be nomadic to a certain extent , as suggested by . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . locally not uncommon , though population estimates lacking . reliance on lowland forest makes it vulnerable to . . .
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traditionally placed in corvidae , but morphological study # r and molecular analyses # r # r # r indicate that it is distinct from that family ; perhaps sister to laniidae # r # r , and has been included therein in one recent work # r .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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single typical loud trill repeated twice - 18 - 19 notes . probably same bird or mate of xc96417 . at least two birds foraging at low levels , mostly calling infrequently
single typical loud trill - about 20 notes . at least two birds foraging at low levels , mostly calling infrequently
there are two distinct calls . one shorter and harsher the other slightly longer and softer . possibly male and female back and forth or something else !
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
) is a distinctly - colored member of the corvidae . it has a dark violet blue back , a black bib , pale yellow underparts , tail band , and nape , spots of blue above and below the eye , and of course , a short crest of stiff , “plush - like” crown feathers , from which its name is derived . it is commonly found in the forests and woodlands of south central south america . these gregarious jays actively forage in groups between ten to twelve individuals , often accompanied by
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
is rated as of least concern due to its relative abundance , widespread range , and ability to adapt to anthropogenic habitat changes .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : platylophus galericulatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
adult has bright indigo - blue upperparts . the upperwing shows brownish inner - edges of primary flight feathers . the graduated tail is tipped pale yellowish or white .
on the underparts , chin , throat , neck sides and breast are black . the rest of the underparts varies from creamy - white to pale yellowish . the undertail is graduated with creamy to pale yellowish rectrices and dark bases . the underwing is brownish .
on the head , the black forehead shows stiffened feathers becoming softer on the crown , and forming a velvety crest . the result is a peculiar plush - like head , giving the bird its english name . forehead , crown and head sides are black . we can see an ultramarine elongated crescent above the eye . this patch is washed white at top . another ultramarine - blue spot is below the rear - eye and joins the large cyan - blue malar stripe , forming a v below the eye . the nape is white washed ultramarine , and the hind neck is pure ultramarine . the bill is black . eyes are yellow . legs and feet are blackish .
both sexes are similar . the juvenile has duller nape , and the facial pattern appears after the first month . the eyes are browner and become yellow at three months .
we can find four subspecies : c . c . diesingii has more dome - shaped crown , smaller ultramarine eye - patches and malar stripe , paler nape and hind neck , and narrower whitish tail tip . c . c . insperatus is similar to diesingii with pure white underparts and tail tip . c . c . tucumanus is similar to nominate race but larger ( here displayed ) . c . c . chrysops is described here .
it forages by hopping on the ground , but also among the foliage and on the branches . when the resources are abundant , it often stores the food on the ground covered with leaves , or in trees between the branches . they often forage in flocks of 3 - 10 birds at all levels . each bird moves singly across the forest clearing and edges . they also fly for short distances over more open areas . on the ground , it turns over the dead leaves by sweeping bill sideways .
reproduction : the breeding season occurs between october and december in paraguay and s brazil .
the female lays 2 - 4 speckled eggs and she incubates during 18 - 20 days . the male feeds her during this period . the chicks fledge 22 - 24 days after hatching , but they are fed by adults for three months more after leaving the nest .


in the black sea it is found in the gulf of varna , saline lagoons near abrau , also near novorossiysk and sochi .

this species occurs in shallow , coastal waters .

it can reach a length of 6.6 centimetres ( 2.6 in ) sl .

chestnut goby

chestnut goby - urdu meaning and translation of chestnut goby , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of chestnut goby and more .
the chestnut goby ( chromogobius quadrivittatus ) is a species of goby found in the mediterranean and black sea .
is a small cryptobenthic goby observed at inshore bottom , under stones or between weed tufts , and into mid - tide pools , occurred most frequently from zero to two metres ( miller 1971 , 1986 ; ahnelt , 1991 ) .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , livingston , f . , acero , a . , murdy , e . & van tassell , j .
justification : chromogobius quadrivittatus is distributed throughout the northern and eastern mediterranean sea and from parts of the western and northern black sea . little data are available on the population size , but there are no known major threats to c . quadrivittatus . therefore , c . quadrivittatus is assessed as least concern .
chromogobius quadrivittatus is known from the northern and eastern mediterranean and from the black sea . it has not been recorded from the south - central and southwestern mediterranean ( miller 1986 ) . the most western record is from barcelona , spain , and the most eastern from sochi ( russian federation ) in the black sea . the most southern record is from caeserea ( israel ; miller 1971 ) . chromogobius quadrivittatus is typically found only in shallow intertidal areas , less than about two metres ( van tassell 2001 ) .
bulgaria ; croatia ; cyprus ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; georgia ( abkhaziya ) ; greece ( east aegean is . ) ; israel ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna ) ; lebanon ; monaco ; palestinian territory , occupied ; russian federation ( european russia , south european russia ) ; spain ( spain ( mainland ) ) ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia , turkey - in - europe ) ; ukraine
no estimation of population size and trend of c . quadrivittatus has been published . ahnelt ( 1991 ) noted that “records of this species are still scattered and infrequent” and that “the species is only rarely found” . the largest collected sample of this species was of 34 specimens ( pampoulie and bouchereau 1996 ) . based on the present number of known records and the number of collected specimens in these records , and until more data are available , the species should be considered uncommon .
chromogobius quadrivittatus has tolerance for brackish water and in the black sea was recorded also in the small coastal lagoon ( miller 1971 ) . no data exist for lifespan , life cycle and growth pattern ( miller 1986 ) . the studied population from corsica was composed of one year class adult female and juveniles ( pampoulie and bouchereau 1996 ) , suggesting that the generation length is one year or longer .
chromogobius quadrivittatus may be impacted locally , but is not considered threatened across its range .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place or needed , however it does occur in marine protected areas . chromogobius quadrivittatus was previously assessed as least concern , globally and in the mediterranean ( abdul malak et al . 2011 , iucn 2011 ) .
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justification : chaenogobius annularis has been assessed as least concern due to its large range and no known widespread threats to this species .
distributed throughout russia , china and the korean peninsula , to japan , the kuril islands and sakhalin island .
detailed population information is lacking for this species although it is noted to be stable .
it is not known if there are any conservation measures in place or needed .
greek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch + latin , gobius = gudgeon ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4696 )
anterior opercle with a dark spot on its lower edge . anterior margin of pectoral fin base with a dark vertical band . scales cycloid . sensory papillae : row 1 , 13 - 20 ; row 2 , 11 - 19 ; row 3 , 9 - 16 ; row 4 , 10 - 16 ; row 5 , 7 - 16 ; row y , 3 - 7 ; row tr , 4 - 7 ( ref . 41100 ) .
adults occur in shallow inshore waters , under stones or between weed tufts . also found in mid - tide pools . feed on small decapods and amphipod crustaceans ( ref . 4696 ) . eggs are pear - shaped ( ref . 4696 ) .
miller , p . j . , 1986 . gobiidae . p . 1019 - 1085 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . volume 3 . unesco , paris . ( ref . 4696 )
) : 13 - 21 . 6 , mean 18 . 1 ( based on 174 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00279 - 0 . 01364 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 52 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 17 of 100 ) .
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[ chromogobius quadrivittatus , syn . : c . kryzanowskii , gobius depressus , g . planiceps , relictogobius kryzhanovskii ]
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