colonel john ( foaled march 4 , 2005 in kentucky ) is an american thoroughbred racehorse best known as the winner of the 2008 santa anita derby and travers stakes .

colonel john

visit john mccrae timeline , a chronology page with more john mccrae facts and information .
airoforce , a son of colonel john , won his dirt debut in the grade 2 kentucky jockey club stakes at churchill downs .
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grade i winner colonel john , seen here winning the 2009 wickerr stakes , has been sold and will stand stud in korea for 2017 .
colonel john w . henderson became the commander of the omaha district , u . s . army corps of engineers , july 31 , 2015 .
so , what can we expect from colonel john ' s progeny ? s colonel john was adept over dirt , turf and cushion track . he placed on polytrack , but that wasn ' t his best surface . so far , colonel john is represented by winners over tapeta and turf . his babies should also handle mud . some may be capable over polytrack , but may not be able to offer a top level performance over the surface .
winstar farm sire colonel john has been sold to the korea thoroughbred breeders association ( ktba ) to stand in jeju - do , korea in 2017 .
colonel john had defeated maidens at seven furlongs oct . 7 at santa anita after finishing second in his career debut aug . 19 at del mar .
25 of colonel john ' s two year olds went through the sales ring . 17 sold between $ 19k - $ 300k , eight were rna .
runner - up in the 2007 gi cashcall futurity , colonel john added the gi santa anita derby and a thrilling success in that year’s gi travers s . he was a stakes winner and grade i - placed at four . during his tenure at winstar , colonel john sired 10 black - type winners , five at the graded level .
lieutenant colonel graham parker , obe , founder of the poppy umbrella in ypres on 11 th november 2008 .
colonel john’s 2008 debut was a success when garrett gomez , subbing for the injured nakatani , beat el gato malo by a half - length in the sham stakes at santa anita on march 1 . now that nakatani’s broken collarbone is healed and gomez opted to ride court vision in saturday’s wood memorial stakes at aqueduct , nakatani is reunited with colonel john .
multiple grade 1 winner and freshman sire colonel john was represented by his first winner on sunday when his son cash conversion captured a maiden special weight event at presque isle downs .
colonel john , who has 86 2 - year - olds in his first crop , stands alongside his sire tiznow at winstar for an advertised fee of $ 15 , 000 .
colonel john was a good horse right from the get - go as a juvenile , running second at del mar in his first start , followed by an easy maiden win at seven furlongs at the oak tree meeting at santa anita in october for trainer eoin harty . victory in the listed real quiet stakes at hollywood park was just as easy , and colonel john started favorite for the grade 1 cashcall futurity but found one too good for him . into mischief won by 1 1 / 4 lengths as colonel john rallied from well behind but could never catch him .
colonel john , bred and raced by winstar farm – then owned by bill casner and kenny troutt in partnership – was from the third crop of his sire , 2000 horse of the year tiznow , but is a very different physical type from both his sire and broodmare sire . both tiznow and turkoman , sire of colonel john’s dam , sweet damsel , stand over 17 hands , and tiznow in particular is a rather coarse , plain individual . colonel john is tall but not overly big , and he is a far more elegant horse than tiznow , with a lovely head .
kieran lalor , winstar ' s broodmare manager , described colonel john as a
tall , very athletic horse , with a very strong body type . ' ' his foals take after him .
canadian physician , soldier , teacher and poet john mccrae was born in guelph ontario on november 30 , 1872 , the second son of scottish immigrants lieutenant colonel david mccrae and janet simpson eckford mccrae .
airoforce’s obvious talent will not be enough alone to revive the stud career of colonel john , but it proves that , given the right mare , the son of tiznow can sire a good horse .
colonel john will do a period of quarantine before shipping to korea at the end of october . he will join former us - based sires any given saturday and chapel royal ) at jeju stud farm .
“the big reason we sent him to california was so he could run and train on the artificial surfaces , ” casner said saturday after colonel john won the $ 200 , 000 sham stakes on saturday .
colonel john is the most accomplished of his dam ' s offspring . proving that breeding is still a genetic roll of the dice , colonel john ' s full brother mr . hot stuff placed in the sham and santa anita derby , but found his calling as a steeplechase horse . their full sister kayce ace is stakes placed . another half sister , caroline ' s gold is grade 3 stakes placed .
winstar farms ' colonel john and jockey garrett gomez win the wickerr stakes race at del mar thoroughbred club in del mar , calif . ( july 31 , 2009 ) photo credit : ap / benoit photo
“the ktba is very excited to stand colonel john , ” said bloodstock agent jun park , a longtime advisor to the ktba who brokered the deal . “he will be a wonderful addition to their growing breeding program . ”
making his first start around two turns and only the third of his career , colonel john won the $ 100 , 000 real quiet stakes like a colt who could make a lot of noise in the coming months .
one of tiznow’s top runners is the winstar homebred colonel john ( truenicks , sro ) who returns home to stand alongside his sire for the 2010 season . out of a mare by turkoman , colonel john won the santa anita derby ( gr . i ) and the travers s . ( gr . i ) as a three - year - old . he retires as tiznow’s second leading money earner having bankrolled over $ 1 . 7 million .
the ktba is very excited to stand colonel john ,
said bloodstock agent jun park , a longtime advisor to the ktba who brokered the deal .
he will be a wonderful addition to their growing breeding program .
born in guelph , ontario , on november 30 , 1872 , john mccrae was the second son of lieutenant - colonel david mccrae and janet simpson eckford mccrae . he had a sister , geills , and a brother , tom .
lieutenant colonel john mccrae md was buried with full military honors in the cemetery in wimereux , france ( plot 4 , row h , grave 3 ) . john mccrae’s funeral was one of the best attended funerals of the entire war . in attendance were his many friends , military dignitaries , nursing sisters and colleagues .
john mccrae attended sunday morning services regularly at st . paul ' s presbyterian church in
a three - quarter brother to grade 1 multimillionaire well armed was born at winstar farm on april 14th . the bay colt is from the first crop of multiple grade 1 winner colonel john – tiznow ' s top performer at stud .
colonel john stood for $ 7 , 500 this year at winstar farm , near versailles , ky . with more than $ 4 million in 2016 earnings , he ranks 33rd on this year ' s general sire list through sept . 27 .
john glenn - military leader , u . s . senator , astronaut , pilot - biography
john murtha was appointed to the u . s . house of representatives in a special election to fill a vacancy caused by the death of gop rep . john p . saylor .
colonel john ' s damsire turkoman was champion older male in 1986 . he ' s an excellent broodmare sire and claims over 30 stakes winners as a damsire , including king ' s bishop ( g - 1 ) winner and sire hard spun .
overall , colonel john ' s distaff family is light on blacktype . his dam owns no stakes earnings , but she was a solid race mare , earning a 33 - 5 - 5 - 4 ( $ 66 , 469 ) record at the allowance level . sweet damsel was a miler who won over dirt and turf . colonel john ' s second dam grande dame won a restricted race and his third dam fia placed in the cca oaks ( g - 1 ) and three other graded stakes .
colonel john ' s most important wins as a racehorse came in the santa anita derby ( gr . i ) and travers stakes ( gr . i ) . he is out of the winning turkoman mare sweet damsel , who also has produced grade i - placed
well dressed is booked back to tiznow , who stands the 2011 season for $ 75 , 000 stands and nurses . colonel john stands his second season in 2011 for a fee of $ 15 , 000 stands and nurses . both stallions have been booked full .
colonel john was racing for the first time since dec . 22 , when he ran second in the hollywood futurity . trainer eoin harty next will run the colt in the $ 750 , 000 santa anita derby , also at 11 / 8 miles , on april 5 .
trained by eoin harty , colonel john won the grade iii sham stakes and grade i santa anita derby in 2008 prior to finishing sixth in that year’s kentucky derby . he would return that summer to capture the grade i travers stakes , his final career graded stakes win .
john mccrae was deeply affected by the fighting and losses in france . he became bitter and disillusioned .
winstar farm homebred colonel john ( tiznow–sweet damsel , by turkoman ) , sire of the current graded - stakes horses airoforce and dalmore , has been sold to the korea thoroughbred breeders association ( ktba ) and will stand his first year at stud in jeju - do in 2017 .
winstar homebred colonel john , a multiple grade i - winner on the track and sire of graded stakes winners airoforce , cocked and loaded , and dalmore , has been purchased by the korea thoroughbred breeders association ( ktba ) and will stand stud in jeju - do , korea in 2017 .
nothing travels faster in bluegrass country than news about a hot young sire .
that ' s exactly right , ' ' walden said .
colonel john was the leader at the july sale , and that ' s what has people excited . it ' s a repeatable thing . ' '
fasig - tipton ' s saratoga yearling sale began monday night at the humphrey s . finney pavilion , two blocks from where colonel john enjoyed his career highlight in the 2008 travers . his first crop of yearlings led keeneland ' s fasig - tipton july sale with a $ 141 , 250 average , and there ' s a serious buzz about his five offspring in the spa ' s two - evening bidding frenzy . colonel john made $ 1 . 77 million racing for his owner - breeder , winstar farm of versailles , ky . , but he could be worth exponentially more as a stallion .
2008 marked the 40 anniversary of opening of mccrae house in guelph ontario , the stone cottage birthplace of john mccrae . built in 1857 mccrae house remained a private residence for over a century until it was threatened with demolition in the mid - 1960’s . local residents ( including cyril allinson , the young soldier who witnessed john mccrae writing the poem in 1915 ) formed the john mccrae birthplace society , purchased the home and opened john mccrae house as a museum in 1968 . mccrae house also includes john mccrae’s war medals plus a garden of remembrance with a memorial cenotaph .
colonel john , covering 11 / 8 miles in 1 : 50 . 15 under garrett gomez , took the lead in the stretch and held on to defeat 7 - 10 favorite el gato malo by one - half length in the field of five . el gato malo suffered his first defeat in four career starts .
for walden , a third - generation kentucky horseman , owning an up - and - coming stallion his farm bred is glorious .
it ' s very exciting , ' ' he said .
tiznow has been a great sire for us , and we hope colonel john will be one , too . ' '
both john and thomas mccrae were major contributor ' s to osler ' s modern medicine , a 10 - volume textbook published in 1909 . in addition , john mccrae co - authored a textbook on pathology which was published in 1912 .
library of congress , american memory :
dr . john s . pemberton ( inventor of coca - cola )
colonel john ( usa ) b . h , 2005 { 5 - i } dp = 4 - 1 - 9 - 0 - 0 ( 14 ) di = 2 . 11 cd = 0 . 64 - 15 starts , 6 wins , 3 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 779 , 012
colonel john’s comeback race after a two - month break resulted in a fair third in the grade 2 swaps , but he was fitter for the grade 1 travers stakes at saratoga and held on grimly in a stretch battle with mambo in seattle to win by a nose . with big brown retired , colonel john was the best american - trained 3 - year - old available for the breeders’ cup classic , and probably ran right up to his best form , finishing fifth , beaten about five lengths , to the british - trained sophomore raven’s pass . he ran once more at 3 , finishing fourth over the inadequate distance of seven furlongs in the malibu .
enter colonel john , a 3 - year - old son of two - time breeders’ cup classic winner tiznow . nakatani will be aboard the eoin harty - trained colt in saturday’s 71st running of the santa anita derby , and he hopes the 2 - 1 morning - line favorite will help him end those string of goose eggs .
as a stallion , colonel john is led by airoforce , winner of the grade 2 kentucky jockey club stakes and grade 3 bourbon stakes and runner - up in the breeders ' cup juvenile turf last year . he is represented by 12 other stakes winners , including graded winners cocked and loaded , dalmore , southern honey , and concave .
thus it is always instructive to see a horse like colonel john come up with a genuinely good horse from one of the better - credentialed mares in his book . that horse is airoforce , out of the stakes - placed cuvee mare chocolate pop . airoforce won the grade 2 kentucky jockey club stakes on nov . 28 at churchill downs .
we ' re very pleased with colonel john ' s yearlings overall , ' ' said elliott walden , winstar ' s president , ceo and racing manager .
he was a good racehorse , and he gets you a nice , big , scopey , very athletic horse , and that ' s what people are looking for . ' '
colonel john retired after the 2009 season with six wins from 15 starts and $ 1 , 779 , 012 in earnings . as a sire , he ranks no . 1 on the latest north american fourth - crop sires list for 2016 , and is no . 2 on the cumulative fourth - crop sires list in north america behind pioneerof the nile .
late in september 1826 by arrived at the mouth of the rideau river to begin initial preparations . in april 1827 , accompanied by john
( 1 ) photograph of lieutenant alexis helmer . featured in a crown of life : the world of john mccrae , by dianne graves
colonel john , by winstar stallion tiznow , was bred and raced by the farm . he was a multiple grade 1 - winning 3 - year - old in 2008 , taking the santa anita derby and travers stakes . he won or placed in six other stakes over his three seasons of racing , and retired with $ 1 , 779 , 012 in earnings .
on february 20 , 1962 , astronaut john glenn entered the spacecraft friendship 7 to begin the first american - manned mission to orbit earth .
i really liked col . john , so it ' s nice to see that his babies are already entering the winner ' s circle .
colonel john will enter quarantine before shipping to south korea at the end of october to take up residence at his new home jeju stud farm , which also currently stands former american stallions any given saturday and chapel royal . because its racing takes place on dirt , korea has invested heavily in american stock as it has built its thoroughbred industry ; the country also stands champion juvenile hansen .
just like on the racetrack , there are no sure things at an auction . the colonel john colt went for $ 250 , 000 to phase ii thoroughbreds , but the filly was not sold . the final bid of $ 190 , 000 did not meet her reserve , the minimum price agreed upon by her owner , spruce lane farm , and sales agent , hidden brook farm .
john mccrae had a remarkable affinity for people and animals . his many friends and colleagues described him as warm and compassionate with very high principles .
looks like col . john is off to a great early start with his runners and that should make him popular with today ' s breeders .
bred to improve with more distance - - his dam ( sweet damsel ) is a daughter of multiple stakes - winning router turkoman - - colonel john didn ' t disappoint sunday . he will be favored , if he runs , in the $ 750 , 000 hollywood futurity , now sponsored by cashcall , on dec . 22 . the promising juvenile will have to be supplemented to the race .
as the brigade doctor , john mccrae was asked to conduct the burial service for alexis because the chaplain had been called away somewhere else on duty that evening . it is believed that later that evening , after the burial , john began the draft for his now famous poem “in flanders fields” .
when america’s most famous race is run for the 134th time on may 3 , churchill downs will have its usual dirt track in place . but if colonel john , a 3 - year - old tiznow colt bred and owned by casner and his wife susan , is in the starting gate for the run for the roses , he believes a major reason will be the synthetic surface at santa anita .
the poem was written by a canadian—john mccrae , a doctor and teacher , who served in both the south african war and the first world war .
colonel john is a large bodied horse reminiscent of his sire tiznow . he was a late - season two year old , yet showed obvious talent demolishing a group of maidens by over four lengths . the winstar homebred won the real quiet stakes before checking in a late - running second to into mischief in the cash call futurity ( g - 1 ) , to finish out his two year old season .
no well - authenticated portrait of john by is known to exist . two silhouettes have been used in recent publications , but they have not been positively identified
in the summer of 1910 john mccrae accompanied governor general earl grey as expedition doctor on a month - long canoe trip from lake winnipeg to hudson’s bay .
john hancock was an 18th century u . s . merchant who was president of the continental congress and the first person to sign the declaration of independence .
colonel john has a stamina oriented pedigree . his sire , two - time horse of the year champ tiznow , is a young stallion whose only son at stud with babies on the track is tiz wonderful ( by hennessy ) . tiz wonderful ' s first crop are now three year olds . he wound up at # 8 on the freshman sire list last year and is currently # 7 on the second crop sire list .
the symbolic poppy and john mccrae ' s poems are still linked and the voices of those who have died in war continue to be heard each remembrance day .
king , monroe m .
john stith pemberton ( 1831 - 1888 ) .
new georgia encyclopedia . 13 june 2017 . web . 09 july 2018 .
john mccrae resigned from the 1st brigade of artillery in 1904 after being promoted to captain and then major . he was not involved with the military again until 1914 .
saratoga springs - - he has everything you want in a sire - - grade i victories , tactical speed , stamina , versatility and durability . besides his santa anita derby and travers trophies , colonel john won on turf and synthetic and competed until late in his 4 - year - old season . his pedigree is impeccable , by two - time breeders ' cup classic hero tiznow out of a mare by turkoman , the 1986 champion older male .
because winstar owns none of the five mares , it won ' t profit from the foals ' prices .
we won ' t make anything directly , ' ' walden said ,
but colonel john ' s reputation and value as a stallion would be enhanced . ' ' his stud fee is $ 15 , 000 , but if enough of his yearlings excel as runners , his price could approach tiznow ' s ( $ 75 , 000 ) .
john glenn was the first u . s . astronaut to orbit earth , completing three orbits in 1962 . he also served as a u . s senator from ohio .
on april 17th , 1915 john mccrae earned the rank of lieutenant colonel . on june 1st , 1915 mccrae left the battlefront and transferred to number 3 general hospital at boulogne where he treated wounded soldiers from the battles of somme , vimy ridge , arras , and passchendaele . on january 5 , 1918 mccrae became the first canadian ever to be appointed as consultant physician to the british armies in the field . unfortunately , mccrae died before he could he could take up his new position .
as well as expressing himself in words , john mccrae also did small , detailed pencil sketches of scenes on his trips , mostly in south africa , the united states and scotland .
on 11 th november 1995 lieutenant colonel graham parker , obe was in ypres ( ieper ) to take part in the annual armistice day ceremonies . as he led the poppy parade to the menin gate memorial to the missing , there was a heavy rainstorm and the crowds lining the route began putting up umbrellas .
a full - length biography of by is available in r . [ f . ] legget , john by , lieutenant colonel , royal engineers , 1779–1836 : builder of the rideau canal , founder of ottawa ( [ ottawa ] , 1982 ) . a summary biography and a description of his work in building the canal is given in the same author’s rideau waterway ( toronto , 1955 ; rev . ed . , toronto and buffalo , n . y . , 1972 ; 2nd ed . , toronto , 1986 ) . much of the information about by’s life comes from h . p . hill , “lieutenant - colonel john by – a biography , ” royal engineers journal ( chatham , eng . ) , [ new ser . ] , 46 ( 1932 ) : 522–25 , and this was supplemented by minor pieces of information such as his baptismal record in the register of st - mary - at - lambeth ( london ) , 10 aug . 1779 , at the greater london record office .
john bell was elected tennessee senator in 1847 , serving in the senate until 1859 . he was also a u . s . presidential nominee on the eve of the american civil war .
colonel john retired to his birthplace in 2010 at a fee of $ 15 , 000 with a consistent record of six wins , three seconds , and a third in 15 starts for earnings of $ 1 , 779 , 012 . as the winner of the santa anita derby and travers , he was arguably the second - best american - trained 3 - year - old of his crop behind big brown , but in retrospect , the american 3 - year - olds of 2008 were not an outstanding group .
the wacker estate sold chocolate pop for only $ 25 , 000 to greathouse bloodstock at the 2010 keeneland november sale , and the mare was re - offered , in foal to colonel john , but failed to meet her reserve at $ 35 , 000 in 2012 . airoforce , who was bred by stewart m . madison , is her first foal . she has since produced a yearling full sister to airoforce , and a weanling filly by first samurai . chocolate pop was bred to sidney’s candy this year .
precocious doesn ' t come to mind when one thinks of colonel john ' s offspring . yet they ' ve started to make their appearance on the track . within the last couple of weeks , two of his sons have entered the winner ' s circle . the winstar farm home - bred cash conversion galloped to a 2 ¾ length victory over the presque isle downs oval to kick off the month of june . a week later , here ' s johnny subdued his rivals by 2 ½ lengths at churchill .
burrows , john ( vol . 7 ) drummond , robert ( vol . 6 ) duberger , jean - baptiste ( vol . 6 ) duvernet , henry abraham ( vol . 7 ) jebb , sir joshua ( vol . 9 ) kempt , sir james ( vol . 8 ) macdonell , george richard john ( vol . 9 ) mann , gother ( vol . 6 ) more
john lindsay was a u . s . congressman and was the mayor of new york city during the 1960s . he is known for his
ghetto walks
and clashes with labor groups .
the family were scottish presbyterians and john mccrae was a man of high principles and strong spiritual values . he has been described as warm and sensitive with a remarkable compassion for both people and animals .
he took with him a horse named bonfire , a gift from a friend . later , john mccrae sent his young nieces and nephews letters supposedly written by bonfire and signed with a hoof print .
for respite , he took long rides on bonfire through the french countryside . another animal companion was a casualty of the war , the dog bonneau , who adopted john mccrae as his special friend .
in 1898 , john mccrae received a bachelor of medicine degree and the gold medal from the university of toronto medical school . he worked as resident house officer at toronto general hospital from 1898 to 1899 .
an avid outdoorsman , john mccrae was invited in 1910 to serve as expedition physician when the governor general , lord grey , journeyed by canoe from norway house on lake winnipeg to hudson ' s bay .
in the trenches , john mccrae tended hundreds of wounded soldiers every day . he was surrounded by the dead and the dying . in a letter to his mother , he wrote of the battle of ypres .
when mccrae went to europe he took with him his horse bonfire , a gift given to him by his friend john l . todd . mccrae was very fond of animals and often wrote home to his niece and nephew as if the letters were from bonfire and signed with bonfire’s hoof print . while at ypres , john mccrae also befriended a dog he named bonneau which accompanied mccrae on his rounds through the medical wards .
the right horse might be colonel john , who began his career with a runner - up effort in a maiden special weight on aug . 19 at del mar . he broke his maiden by 4 < md + , % 30 , % 55 , % 70 > 1 / < md - , % 0 , % 55 , % 70 > 2 lengths with nakatani aboard next time out on oct . 7 at oak tree and , following his victory in the real quiet , finished second to into mischief in the cashcall futurity at hollywood park on dec . 22 .
geoffrey serle , ' monash , sir john ( 1865–1931 ) ' , australian dictionary of biography , national centre of biography , australian national university , urltoken published first in hardcopy 1986 , accessed online 10 july 2018 .
john mccain is a vietnam war veteran and a six - term u . s . senator from the state of arizona . he was the republican nominee for the 2008 presidential election , before his loss to barack obama .
after this ground - breaking mission , glenn became an american hero . he was feted with parades and received numerous accolades . president john f . kennedy presented him with the nasa distinguished service medal , and the two eventually became friends . it was president kennedy & apos ; s brother robert who encouraged glenn to consider a life in public service . glenn , who had risen in the ranks to colonel , continued to serve as an advisor to nasa until 1964 , and the following year he retired from the marines corps . with a longtime interest in politics he decided to run for office .
as an author , john mccrae wrote numerous articles for medical journals , co - authored “a text - book of pathology for students of medicine” with j . g . adami and published a number of poems , letters , articles and short stories in national magazines including saturday night and godey’s plus the university of toronto student newspaper , the varsity . john mccrae was also a contributing writer to osler’s book of modern medicine , a 10 - volume textbook by william osler .
after graduating with honors from medical school in toronto in 1898 , john mccrae served in the artillery during the second boer war in south africa ( 1899 – 1901 ) . mccrae was shocked by the poor treatment of the sick and injured soldiers .
in april 1915 , john mccrae was in the trenches near ypres , belgium , in the area traditionally called flanders . some of the heaviest fighting of the first world war took place there during what was known as the second battle of ypres .
mckay , thomas ( vol . 8 ) ramsay , george , 9th earl of dalhousie ( vol . 7 ) smyth , sir james carmichael ( vol . 7 ) white , andrew ( vol . 6 ) lennox , charles , 4th duke of richmond and lennox ( vol . 5 ) redpath , john ( vol . 9 ) ansley , amos ( vol . 7 ) baird , nicol hugh ( vol . 7 ) barrie , sir robert ( vol . 7 ) bonnycastle , sir richard henry ( vol . 7 ) bradford , richard ( vol . 5 ) chaffey , samuel ( vol . 6 ) christie , alexander james ( vol . 7 ) degaugreben , friedrich ( vol . 6 ) durnford , elias walker ( vol . 7 ) le breton , john ( vol . 7 ) mactaggart , john ( vol . 6 ) mcmartin , alexander ( vol . 8 ) rose , sir john ( vol . 11 ) sparks , nicholas ( vol . 9 ) stewart , william ( vol . 8 )
tiznow ' s offspring look remarkably like their sire and colonel john is no exception . he is a large , muscular horse who covers a distance of ground . typically , he was a mid / late season two year old . like many with his physical build and pedigree , he improved with age and racing . the majority of his progeny will make their debuts from mid - season ( late july , early august ) onward and improve greatly as three year olds . some may be quick enough to win at six furlongs , however , seven furlongs through 1 1 / 4 miles will be more suitable . they should be proficient over every surface , although bet his offspring on polytrack with caution .
john mccrae began writing poetry while a student at the guelph collegiate institute . as a young boy , he was also interested in the military . he joined the highfield cadet corps at 14 and at 17 enlisted in the militia field battery commanded by his father .
writing letters and poetry also allowed john mccrae to escape temporarily from the pressures of his administrative duties at the hospital . his last poem ,
the anxious dead
, echoed the theme of
in flanders fields
but was never as popular as the earlier poem .
in 1899 , he went to baltimore and interned at the johns hopkins hospital where his brother thomas had worked as assistant resident since 1895 . there , both john and thomas mccrae became close associates of dr . william osler , the pre - eminent medical educator of his time .
during the summer of 1917 , john mccrae was troubled by severe asthma attacks and occasional bouts of bronchitis . he became very ill in january 1918 and diagnosed his condition as pneumonia . he was moved to number 14 british general hospital for officers where he continued to grow weak .
john mccrae graduated from guelph collegiate at 16 and was the first guelph student to win a scholarship to the university of toronto . after attending university for three years , however , he was forced to take a year off due to severe asthma . this illness recurred throughout his life .
although he had been a doctor for years and had served in the south african war , it was impossible to get used to the suffering , the screams , and the blood here , and major john mccrae had seen and heard enough in his dressing station to last him a lifetime .
the story of john mccrae ' s world war i poem interweaves the poet ' s words with information about the war , details of daily life in the trenches , accounts of mccrae ' s experience in his field hospital , and the circumstances that contributed to the poem ' s creation .
the words of john mccrae , a soldier , doctor and poet , are called to mind every year on 11 november . it was his poem , in flanders fields , that was the inspiration for the poppy as a symbol of remembrance . this book charts the story of his life .
after his retirement , glenn and his wife founded the john glenn college for public service at the ohio state university with the mission to improve the quality of public service and to encourage young people to pursue careers in government . the glenns also serve as trustees of their alma mater , muskingum college .
john mccrae sailed to africa in december and spent a year there with his unit . when he left south africa , it was with mixed feelings about war . he was still convinced of the need to fight for one ' s country but shocked by the poor treatment of the sick and injured soldiers .
sir john monash ( 1865 - 1931 ) , soldier , engineer and administrator , was born on 27 june 1865 in west melbourne , eldest of three children and only son of louis monash ( 1831 - 1894 ) and his wife bertha , née manasse . several generations of john ' s paternal ancestors had lived at krotoschin ( krotoszyn ) , posen province ( poznan , poland ) , prussia , near breslau ( wroclaw ) . almost one - third of the town ' s population was jewish . john ' s grandfather baer - loebel monasch was a learned publisher and printer . his uncle by marriage heinrich graetz was the eminent historian of the jewish people . his father louis migrated to melbourne in 1854 , prospered as a merchant , was naturalized in 1856 and was secretary of the deutscher verein . he returned to europe in 1863 , married bertha ( of dramburg , near stettin ( szczecin ) ) , and next year took her back to melbourne .
john mccrae was buried with full military honours in wimereux cemetery , just north of boulogne , not far from the fields of flanders . bonfire led the procession , mccrae ' s riding boots reversed in the stirrups . his death was met with great grief among his friends and contemporaries . a friend wrote of the funeral :
glenn met his wife annie when they were children growing up in new concord , ohio . glenn wrote in his autobiography john glenn , a memoir : “she was part of my life from the time of my first memory . ” they were married on april 6 , 1943 at the college drive presbyterian church in new concord .
john mccrae’s flanders fields poem was first published anonymously in the december 8th 1915 issue of the british punch magazine and is credited with the inspiration for adopting the “poppy” as canada’s official flower of remembrance , which is also recognized in canada , the u . s . , france , britain and other commonwealth countries including australia and new zealand .
in 1901 , john mccrae picked up the thread of his life , resuming his studies in pathology . the years after the war were busy ones for the young doctor . as governor ' s fellow in pathology and resident assistant pathologist , he had the dual function of research work in the medical faculty laboratories at mcgill and autopsy duties at
it is a terrible state of affairs , and i am going because i think every bachelor , especially if he has experience of war , ought to go . i am really rather afraid , but more afraid to stay at home with my conscience . ( prescott . in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 77 )
famed american astronaut and politician john glenn jr . , who made history in 1962 as the first american to orbit earth , was born in cambridge , ohio on july 18 , 1921 to john and clara glenn . when he was two years old , his family moved to the small town of new concord , ohio , where his father ran a plumbing business . glenn developed an early interest in science , particularly aeronautics , and a sense of patriotism that would lead him to serve his country later in life . according to glenn & apos ; s official website , he had a very happy childhood . “a boy could not have had a more idyllic early childhood than i did , ” he wrote .
while still at the battlefront during the second battle of ypres , john mccrae performed a burial service for his good friend and former student alexis helmer . the next day on may 3 , 1915 mccrae reportedly sat on the step of an ambulance wagon and composed what is now considered to be the world’s most famous and recognized war memorial poem , in flanders fields .
mccrae suffered from asthma since childhood and by december of 1917 his health had dramatically declined . john mccrae succumbed to pneumonia and meningitis on january 28th , 1918 at number 14 british general hospital for officers in boulogne , france . his funeral procession was led by his horse bonfire and in the tradition of mounted officers ; mccrae’s boots were placed backwards in the stirrups .
during the early days of the second battle of ypres a young canadian artillery officer , lieutenant alexis helmer , was killed on 2 nd may , 1915 in the gun positions near ypres . an exploding german artillery shell landed near him . he was serving in the same canadian artillery unit as a friend of his , the canadian military doctor and artillery commander major john mccrae .
when the south african war started in october 1899 , john mccrae felt it was his duty to fight . in order to serve in south africa , he requested postponement of a fellowship in pathology that he had been awarded at mcgill university in montréal . he was subsequently commissioned to lead an artillery battery from his home town . this guelph contingent became part of d battery , canadian field artillery .
pemberton served with distinction as a lieutenant colonel in the third georgia cavalry battalion during the civil war and was almost killed in the fighting at columbus in april 1865 . in 1869 he became a principal partner in the firm of pemberton , wilson , taylor and company , which was based in atlanta , where he moved in 1870 . two years later he became a trustee of the atlanta medical college ( later emory university school of medicine ) and established a business in philadelphia , pennsylvania , where his own brands of pharmaceuticals were manufactured on a large scale . he also served for six years ( 1881 - 87 ) on the first state examining board that licensed pharmacists in georgia .
the war of 1812 had clearly demonstrated the vulnerability of the military supply line along the st lawrence between montreal and kingston , upper canada . british commanders in lower and upper canada had seen the need for an alternative route even before the end of the war , and late in 1814 lieutenant - colonel george richard john macdonell * had roughly surveyed the rideau - cataraqui line . to render the route between montreal and kingston by the ottawa , rideau , and cataraqui rivers navigable for small naval vessels , it was necessary to build a lock at the mouth of the ottawa river , three small canals to circumvent rapids on the ottawa , and a canal system along the stretch from the mouth of the rideau river to kingston . although representations were made to london about the necessity of these works , it was only late in 1815 that orders were given for a study of the route to be made . lieutenant joshua jebb * surveyed the rideau - cataraqui route in the spring of 1816 but nothing further transpired . however , the entrance lock to the ottawa was built by private interests that year .
the day of the funeral was a beautiful spring day ; none of us wore overcoats . you know the haze that comes over the hills at wimereux . i felt so thankful that the poet of ' in flanders fields ' was lying out there in the bright sunshine in the open space he loved so well . . . . ( prescott . in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 129 )
before he died , john mccrae had the satisfaction of knowing that his poem had been a success . soon after its publication , it became the most popular poem on the first world war . it was translated into many languages and used on billboards advertising the sale of the first victory loan bonds in canada in 1917 . designed to raise $ 150 , 000 , 000 , the campaign raised $ 400 , 000 , 000 .
during this year off , he was assistant resident master at the ontario agricultural college in guelph , teaching english and mathematics . it is reported that he also fell in love with a friend ' s eighteen year - old sister , but he was dealt a bitter blow when the young woman died shortly after they met . john mccrae expressed the pain of this loss through his poetry which even then dwelt on the theme of death .
the day before he wrote his famous poem , one of mccrae ' s closest friends was killed in the fighting and buried in a makeshift grave with a simple wooden cross . wild poppies were already beginning to bloom between the crosses marking the many graves . unable to help his friend or any of the others who had died , john mccrae gave them a voice through his poem . it was the second last poem he was to write .
the farm at tully was purchased from the fay family in 1900 by colonel william hall walker . hall walker became the most successful breeder of the age , enjoying his finest hour when king edward vii led minoru , born and raised at tully , into epsom’s winners’ enclosure following a famous victory in the 1909 derby . in 1915 the farm and all its stock was gifted to the crown and became the national stud under the leadership of sir henry greer . the success continued with the farm producing the winners of all five classics . in 1942 sun chariot , born and bred at tully , earned herself an indelible place in racing history when landing the fillies’ triple crown – the 1 , 000 guineas , oaks and st . leger – for king george vi .
on august 4 , 1914 , britain declared war on germany . canada , as a member of the british empire , was automatically at war , and its citizens from all across the land responded quickly . within three weeks , 45 , 000 canadians had rushed to join up . john mccrae was among them . he was appointed a medical officer with the first brigade of the canadian field artillery with the rank of major and second - in - command .
a kitten has taken up with a poor ( child ) dying of muscular atrophy who cannot move . it stays with him all the time , and sleeps most of the day in his straw hat . tonight i saw the kitten curled up under the bedclothes . it seems as it were a gift of providence that the little creature should attach itself to the child who needs is most . ( prescott , in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 18 )
john glenn , the last of nasa & apos ; s first class of astronauts , died on december 8 , 2016 at the age of 95 , at ohio state university wexner medical center in columbus , ohio . he is survived by his wife of 73 years , annie , their two children and grandchildren . the legendary astronaut and senator was laid to rest at arlington national cemetery on april 6 , 2017 , which would have been his 74th wedding anniversary with his wife annie .
although mccrae worked hard at his university teaching and at his increasingly busy practice , the advantage of working in a university was that he could take time off . he holidayed at various times in england , france and europe . . . at times he worked his passage to europe as ship ' s surgeon ; he enjoyed ships and the sea . these were the compensations of a bachelor ' s life . ( prescott , in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 70 )
in 1914 at the start of the first world war , mccrae followed his sense of duty to god , his country and his fellow man and enlisted . in a letter to his mother john mccrae wrote , “ i am really rather afraid , but more afraid to stay at home with my conscience . ” at 42 years of age , mccrae was older than most wwi volunteers when he enlisted . in 1915 he was given the rank of major and appointed brigade - surgeon to the first brigade of the canadian forces artillery stationed at ypres , belgium .
airoforce sold for only $ 20 , 000 at the 2014 fasig - tipton kentucky october yearling sale to michael neatherlin , but worked so well at the 2015 obs april sale that east west stable paid $ 350 , 000 for him . the kentucky jockey club was airoforce’s third win in four starts , all for owner john c . oxley and trainer mark casse , and his first on dirt . his only loss came in the grade 1 breeders’ cup juvenile turf when he failed by only a neck to hold off the closing surge of hit it a bomb .
he felt he should have made greater sacrifices , and insisted on living in a tent through the year , like his comrades at the front , rather than in the officers ' huts . when this affected his health in mid - winter he had to be ordered into warmer surroundings . to many he gave the impression that he felt he should still be with his old artillery brigade . after the battle of ypres he was never again the optimistic man with the infectious smile . ( prescott . in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 110 )
the general impression in my mind is of a nightmare . we have been in the most bitter of fights . for seventeen days and seventeen nights none of us have had our clothes off , nor our boots even , except occasionally . in all that time while i was awake , gunfire and rifle fire never ceased for sixty seconds . . . . . and behind it all was the constant background of the sights of the dead , the wounded , the maimed , and a terrible anxiety lest the line should give way . ( prescott . in flanders fields : the story of john mccrae , p . 98 )
john glenn jr . was born on july 18 , 1921 in cambridge , ohio . a marine pilot , he was selected in 1959 for project mercury astronaut training . he became a backup pilot for alan b . shepard jr . and virgil
gus
grissom , who made the first two u . s . suborbital flights into space . glenn was selected for the first orbital flight , and in 1962 , aboard friendship 7 , he made three orbits around earth . after his decorated service in the u . s . marine corps and nasa , glenn went on to serve as u . s . senator from his home state . he died on december 8 , 2016 at the age of 95 .


rhyacionia insulariana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in china ( sichuan , yunnan ) .

the larvae feed on pinus yunnanensis , pinus densata , pinus kesiya var .

langbianensis , pinus armandi and pinus massoniana .

rhyacionia insulariana

rhyacionia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
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chasmaporthetes , also known as hunting or running hyena , is an extinct genus of hyenas distributed in eurasia , north america , and africa during the pliocene-pleistocene epochs , living from 4.9 million to 780,000 years ago , existing for about 4.12 million years .

the genus probably arose from eurasian miocene hyenas such as thalassictis or lycyaena , with c. borissiaki being the oldest known representative .

the species c. ossifragus was the only hyena to cross the bering land bridge into the americas , and ranged over what is now arizona and mexico during blancan and early irvingtonian land mammal ages , between 5.0 and 1.5 million years ago .

chasmaporthetes was one of the so-called " dog-like " hyenas ( of which the aardwolf is the only survivor ) , a hyaenid group which , in contrast to the now more common " bone-crushing " hyenas , evolved into slender-limbed , cursorial hunters like modern canids .

the genus has entered the popular culture lexicon as a result of cryptozoologic claims , having been proposed as the likely origin of the american shunka warakin and the cuitlamiztli .

chasmaporthetes

etiquetas : acinonyx pardinensis . , asia . , chasmaporthetes australis . , chasmaporthetes lunensis . , chasmaporthetes . , europe . , miocene , north america . , pachycrocuta brevirostris . , prehistoric animals
life reconstruction of a pair of chasmaporthetes gangsriensis . image credit : julie selan .
chasmaporthetes gangsriensis is the smaller among plio - pleistocene eurasian species of the genus .
comparative measurements ( mm ) of african fossil chasmaporthetes and lycyaenops maxillary premolars . a
chasmaporthetes was named by hay ( 1921 ) . its type is chasmaporthetes ossifragus . it was assigned to hyaenidae by hay ( 1921 ) , geraads ( 1997 ) and flynn ( 1998 ) .
by the early pliocene , chasmaporthetes crossed the bering land bridge to america , where they evolved into chasmaporthetes ossifragus , becoming north america’s only native hyena before being brought to extinction by the end of the ice age .
partial left maxilla of chasmaporthetes gangsriensis . scale bar – 20 mm . image credit : tseng zj et al .
the new fossils of chasmaporthetes , including partial lower jaws , maxillae , and toe bones , were collected from the pliocene deposits of the zanda basin in southwestern tibetan plateau in 2009 , and identified as a new species , chasmaporthetes gangsriensis .
tooth enamel structure in the hyaenid chasmaporthetes lunensis lunensis from the late pliocene of italy , with implication on feeding behaviour .
artist’s depiction of chasmaporthetes–the hunting hyena . it was a fast runner and an important carnivore on 4 continents during the pliocene .
chasmaporthetes gangsriensis lived in what is now tibetan plateau during the middle pliocene , 4 . 9 - 4 . 1 million years ago .
( pdf ) tooth enamel structure in the hyaenid chasmaporthetes lunensis lunensis from the late pliocene of italy , with implication on feeding behaviour .
berta , a . 1981 . the plio - pleistocene hyaena chasmaporthetes ossifragus from florida . journal of vertebrate paleontology , 1 : 341 - 356 .
the limb bones of chasmaporthetes were long and slender like those of cheetahs , and its cheek teeth were slender and sharp - edged like those of a cat . it is likely that chasmaporthetes probably inhabited open ground and was a daytime hunter . in europe , the species c . lunensis competed with the
“ chasmaporthetes gangsriensis is morphologically the most basal pliocene chasmaporthetes in china , and is consistent with the ‘out of tibet’ hypothesis for some pleistocene megafauna” , said dr zhijie jack tseng of natural history museum of los angeles county and university of southern california , who is the lead author of a paper published in the journal of vertebrate paleontology .
chasmaporthetes kani , new species from china : with remarks on phylogenetic relationships of genera within the hyaenidae ( mammalia , carnivora ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2632
cursorial hyenas ( chasmaporthetes ) , also known as hunting or running hyenas , are an extinct genus of hyenas endemic to north america , africa , and asia during pliocene and pleistocene periods .
chasmaporthetes kani , new species from china : with remarks on phylogenetic relationships of genera within the hyaenidae ( mammalia , carnivora ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2632 | henry galiano - urltoken
details - chasmaporthetes kani , new species from china : with remarks on phylogenetic relationships of genera within the hyaenidae ( mammalia , carnivora ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2632 - biodiversity heritage library
an illustration of the skull of chasmaporthetes lunensis from spain and a full restoration of the hyena ' s dog - like head . art by mauricio antón and modified by antón et al . , 2007 .
the oldest representatives of chasmaporthetes appeared in the late miocene of greece , chad , and china . however , the genus was already widespread at the time of their earliest record around 7 million years ago .
berta , a . ( 1981 ) . the plio - pleistocene hyaena chasmaporthetes ossifragus from florida journal of vertebrate paleontology , 1 ( 3 ) , 341 - 356 doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1981 . 10011905
this prehistoric animal is an animal very curious . due to the different characteristics was an animal uncommon , and is called chasmaporthetes , although not really a distinct species , it really is the family of a peculiar group of hyenas .
chasmaporthetes has often been called the
hunting hyena .
by itself , this isn ' t a very helpful moniker . despite their reputation as scavengers , for example , spotted hyenas actually obtain much of their meat through hunting , with carrion making up as little as five percent of their diet in some populations . even so , the nickname is meant to highlight the long - legged and relatively graceful build of chasmaporthetes . this was a hyena well - adapted to running and chasing down prey .
. . . however , a few morphological features that are preserved prompt some modification of qiu et al . ' s ( 2004 ) emended diagnosis of the genus chasmaporthetes : they indicated that the infraorbital foramen in species of chasmaporthetes is located dorsally over the p4 anterior root , or immediately dorsorostral of it ; in c . gangsriensis , the foramen is situated dorsal of the posterior p3 root , a more plesiomorphic feature in their framework ( ) . by comparison , the infraorbital foramen is situated between p3 and p4 in the complete c . lunensis skull from la puebla de valverde ( antónant´antón et al . , 2006 ) , being more posterior than c . gangsriensis ; in correspondence , the orbit is also further rostrally placed in chasmaporthetes gangsriensis , and the ventral - most rim of the orbit is just above the p4 paracone , not the p4 metastyle as in the la puebla de valverde specimen . the morphology shown in c . gangsriensis therefore expands the range of variation in relative p4 - infraorbital foramen position in chasmaporthetes . . . .
chasmaporthetes is a genus that lived in europe , asia , africa and north america about 15 million years ago during the miocene . in short , a sort of prehistoric animal that i thought you would like to know if you love animals , prehistoric or not .
. . . pliocene faunas of europe yield two species of hyaenids : the more common in the paleontological record pliocrocuta perrieri and the quite rare so - called hunting hyaena chasmaporthetes lunensis . chasmaporthetes apparently represented a wolf - like ecotype , although its dentition and jaws were still quite robust and well adapted to bone crushing ( galiano and frailey , 1977 ; ferretti 1999 ; anton et al . , 2006 ) . anton et al . ( 2006 ) suggested that c . lunensis was an active group hunting predator . . . .
discussion . the associated dnm 3 specimens represent a partial left pes of a hyaenid that is both metrically and morphologically distinct from both crocuta and parahyaena . the metatarsal and phalanges conform to previously described morphology of chasmaporthetes elements , but are more gracile than the more robust north american taxon ( berta , 1981 ; tseng et al . , 2013 ) . at present , the drimolen makondo specimens have not been directly compared to postcranial elements associated with craniodental remains assigned to percrocuta ( adcrocuta ) australis ( l 13033 ; hendey , 1974 ; 1978 ) , reassigned to chasmaporthetes australis ( werdelin and solounias , 1990 ) , that include a third and fifth metatarsal and seven phalanges ( of undescribed position ; neither photographs nor measurements of these specimens have been published ) . at present , the known biogeography of chasmaporthetes in south africa during the terminal pliocene and early pleistocene would suggest these remains most likely represent chasmaporthetes nitidula ; it is the only currently recognised species in the genus documented in the cradle of humankind karstic deposits , and two craniodental specimens are known from the drimolen main quarry ( o’regan and menter , 2009 ) . at a minimum , these specimens represent one of only two sets of chasmaporthetes postcrania in africa , the first attributed postcrania for the genus known from a cradle locality , and potentially the first c . nitidula postcrania in the record .
werdelin , l . , a . turner and n . solounias . 1994 . studies of fossil hyaenids : the genera hyaenictis gaudry and chasmaporthetes hay , with consideration of the hyaenidae of langabaanweg , south africa . zoological journal of the linnean society 111 : 197 - 217 .
kurten , b . , & werdelin , l . ( 1988 ) . a review of the genus chasmaporthetes hay , 1921 ( carnivora , hyaenidae ) journal of vertebrate paleontology , 8 ( 1 ) , 46 - 66 doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1988 . 10011683
. . . the relative gracility and less massive dentition of chasmaporthetes lunensis suggest reduced scavenging habits ( turner , 1992b ) . according to antón et al . ( 2006 ) , it could be a social predator , as a single individual would be unable to subdue and kill medium - and large - sized prey because of its long muzzle and relatively gracile forelimbs . however , croitor and brugal ( 2010 ) qualify chasmaporthetes as a
wolf - like
ecotype , retaining strong bone - crushing capabilities , and consider this hyaenid a solitary predator . . . .
although many researchers stressed that the cheek teeth of the several chasmaporthetes species were better suited to shearing than crushing , this did not mean that the hyenas were incapable of cracking bone . after all , modern spotted hyenas are formidable hunters as well as accomplished bone - crackers , and a complete skull of the european species c . lunensis found in spain exhibited patterns of tooth wear consistent with breaking open bones . much like the modern spotted hyena , chasmaporthetes was a hunter that could make full use of a carcass , as well as scavenge when the opportunity presented itself .
. . . < 90 ? . this morphology is characteristic of the three extant bone - cracking hyenas and the extinct pachycrocuta , clearly distinguishing the studied specimens from chasmaporthetes , which displays less steeply folded bands and more closely packed with one another ( ferretti , 1999 ) . . . .
yet chasmaporthetes was not unique to north america . the species hay described - c . ossifragus - turned up in deposits between 3 and 1 . 5 million years old at other sites in mexico , the american southwest , and florida , but other species of the same genus were also discovered in europe , africa and asia . rather than being entirely unique to north america , chasmaporthetes had initially evolved elsewhere and eventually spread over the bering land bridge into north america . it was a long - lived variety of hyena that was just part of a radiation of now - extinct forms .
the left upper jaw ( maxilla ) of a chasmaporthetes found in florida ( facing left ) . the preserved teeth , from the left , are the third incisor , canine , and premolars 2 - 4 . ( the second incisor and first premolar were missing . ) from berta , 1981 .
hunter - schreger bands ( hsb ) and the outer enamel surface of the teeth of the hunting hyena chasmaporthetes lunensis lunenesis del campana , from olivola ( late pliocene , italy ) has been analysed . as in the bone crushing hyenas ( crocuta , hyaena , and pachycrocuta ) c . i . lunensis possesses complex hsb , with both horizontal and vertical components . however the less intense folding of the hsb and the smooth outer enamel surface suggest a more primitive structure than that in the bone crushing hyenas . this is consistent with the hypothesis that chasmaporthetes was not an extremely specialized bone eater .
tseng , j . z . , li , q . , and wang , x . 2013 . a new cursorial hyena from tibet , and analysis of biostratigraphy , paleozoogeography , and dental morphology of chasmaporthetes ( mammalia , carnivora . j ournal of vertebrate paleontology , 33 : 1457 - 1471 .
tseng zj et al . 2013 . a new cursorial hyena from tibet , and analysis of biostratigraphy , paleozoogeography , and dental morphology of chasmaporthetes ( mammalia , carnivora ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology 33 ( 6 ) : 1457 - 1471 ; doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2013 . 775142
ty - book ti - chasmaporthetes kani , new species from china : with remarks on phylogenetic relationships of genera within the hyaenidae ( mammalia , carnivora ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2632 ur - urltoken py - 1977 au - frailey , david . au - galiano , henry . er -
though the north american chasmaporthetes specimens were differentiated from other species by their relatively robust limbs , deep lower jaws , and slightly curved tooth rows , their general anatomy was consistent with finds in the old world . these hyenas were hunters that ran down their prey . this might have put them in competition with speedy cats that evolved about 1 . 8 million years ago - namely north america ' s false cheetah miracinonyx - but some researchers stressed caution in drawing conclusions about diet on the basis on anatomy alone . in a 1994 paper about chasmaporthetes and hyaenictis , paleontologists lars werdelin , alan turner , and nikos solounias wrote :
the scientists turned out to be wrong . based upon the computerized models created for the study , tseng and colleagues concluded that the skull of
chasmaporthetes was just as adapted for handling stress incurred during bone - cracking behavior as the modern crocuta [ spotted hyena ] .
yet this does not necessarily mean that the extinct hyena hunted and fed in the exact same way that spotted hyenas do . chasmaporthetes still had comparatively slender teeth better suited to cutting through fresh than breaking through bone , and so the authors of the paper suggest that the stress - absorbing features of the skull might be adaptations to withstanding forces generated by struggling prey . the way the hyenas caught prey has to be taken into account , and future studies that model stresses created by prey may help scientists identify skull characteristics related to hunting rather than fracturing bone . chasmaporthetes certainly could have been a competent bone - cracker , but whether the anatomy of its skull can be attributed to this kind of behavior is another question .
zhijie tseng , mauricio antón , and manuel salesa published the results of their study in paleobiology earlier this year . like many other bone - cracking carnivorans , the skull of chasmaporthetes exhibited a mosaic of features that gave it a powerful bite - a short snout , massive premolars , a large sagittal crest on the top of the skull for muscle attachment , deep lower jaws , and teeth modified at the microscopic level to resist fracturing . these traits are present to relatively lesser or greater degrees among carnivorous mammals adapted to crack bones , but the scientists proposed that the skull of chasmaporthetes would have had suffered greater stress while breaking through bone than the skull of a modern spotted hyena .
. . . european hyaenictis have generally been included in the hyaenid ecomorphotype 4 ( cursorial meat - and bone - eating hyenas , including among others chasmaporthetes and lycyaena ) , instead of ecomorphotype 5 ( transitional bonecracking hyenas , like belbus werdelin and solounias , 1991 , and metahyaena viranta and werdelin , 2003 ) or 6 ( fullydeveloped bone - cracking hyenas such as adcrocuta ; werdelin 1996 ; werdelin and solounias 1996 ; turner et al . 2008 ) . however , some previous studies have favored some degree of durophagy in cursorial miocene hyaenids such as chasmaporthetes , in spite of noting their lesser bone - cracking abilities compared to fully developed bone - crackers ( kurtén and werdelin 1988 ; werdelin et al . 1994 ; ferretti 1999 ; antón et al . 2006 ) . this was further confirmed by a finite elements analysis of the skull of chasmaporthetes ( tseng et al . 2011 ) , according to which this taxon would have been able to the resist the masticatory stresses generated by a bone - cracking diet ( although less efficiently than crocuta ) . . . .
. . . european hyaenictis have generally been included in the hyaenid ecomorphotype 4 ( cursorial meat - and bone - eating hyenas , including among others chasmaporthetes and lycyaena ) , instead of ecomorphotype 5 ( transitional bonecracking hyenas , like belbus werdelin and solounias , 1991 , and metahyaena viranta and werdelin , 2003 ) or 6 ( fullydeveloped bone - cracking hyenas such as adcrocuta ; werdelin 1996 ; werdelin and solounias 1996 ; turner et al . 2008 ) . however , some previous studies have favored some degree of durophagy in cursorial miocene hyaenids such as chasmaporthetes , in spite of noting their lesser bone - cracking abilities compared to fully developed bone - crackers ( kurtén and werdelin 1988 ; werdelin et al . 1994 ; ferretti 1999 ; antón et al . 2006 ) . this was further confirmed by a finite elements analysis of the skull of chasmaporthetes ( tseng et al . 2011 ) , according to which this taxon would have been able to the resist the masticatory stresses generated by a bone - cracking diet ( although less efficiently than crocuta ) . . . .
tseng , z . , antón , m . , & salesa , m . ( 2011 ) . the evolution of the bone - cracking model in carnivorans : cranial functional morphology of the plio - pleistocene cursorial hyaenid chasmaporthetes lunensis ( mammalia : carnivora ) paleobiology , 37 ( 1 ) , 140 - 156 doi : 10 . 1666 / 09045 . 1
it should be noted , however , that our suggestion of adaptations towards a cursorial and active hunting mode of life for chasmaporthetes does not mean that it did not scavenge , nor that it was necessarily in competition with extremely cursorial hunters such as acinonyx [ true cheetahs ] and miracinonyx . however , relative to other hyaenas [ , ] it has clearly evolved in that direction .
werdelin , l . , turner , a . , & solounias , n . ( 1994 ) . studies of fossil hyaenids : the genera hyaenictis gaudry and chasmaporthetes hay , with a reconsideration of the hyaenidae of langebaanweg , south africa zoological journal of the linnean society , 111 ( 3 ) , 197 - 217 doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 1994 . tb01483 . x
for decades , most of what was hypothesized about the north american hyena was based on chasmaporthetes specimens found elsewhere . jaw fragments and teeth were all that had been recovered in the southwest and mexico . this changed in 1981 , when annalisa berta described parts of the skull and limbs of the hyena found in florida . no single skeleton was found , but by looking at the accumulated pieces berta determined that the florida hyenas had strongly - muscled , flexible upper arms and long , slightly curved tibiaewhich indicated that the hyenas had very powerful hindlimbs . the fact that premolars of chasmaporthetes resembled the meat - slicing teeth of the spotted hyena rather than the crushers of the brown and striped hyenas was taken as an indication that it was more of a predator than a scavenger , and a fleet - footed one at that .
@ book { bhl167948 , title = { chasmaporthetes kani , new species from china : with remarks on phylogenetic relationships of genera within the hyaenidae ( mammalia , carnivora ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2632 } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { frailey , david . and galiano , henry . } , year = { } , pages = { 0 } , }
unfortunately , no one has yet found a complete skull from an american hyena . perhaps some lucky paleontologist will , but , for now , the skull from spain provides the best available information about the possible feeding habits of these
hunting hyenas .
i can only imagine a pack of chasmaporthetes chasing down a prehistoric pronghorn through the grasslands - a scene that still echoes in africa , but occurred during a distant part of north america ' s prehistory .
. . . ( turner et al . 2008 ) . thus , ips62078 differs from chasmaporthetes ( see kurtén and werdelin 1988 ; werdelin and solounias 1991 ; werdelin and turner 1996 ; antón et al . 2006 ; tseng et al . 2013 ) in the presence of p1 , the relatively broader cheek teeth , the less developed accessory cusps in the premolars , the mesial and distal accessory cusps of the premolars aligned with the main cusp ( instead of lingually tilted ) , the presence of metaconid ( even if vestigial ) , the tricuspid m1 talonid ( chasmaporthetes lacks the hypoconulid and sometimes the hypoconid ) , and the presence of m2 . compared to lycyaena , the dentition of ips62078 is larger , somewhat stouter ( i . e . , it displays relatively broader cheek teeth ) , and is further characterized by smaller and more indistinct premolar accessory cusps ( werdelin 1988 ; werdelin and solounias 1991 ) . . . .
. . . the enigmatic chasmaporthetes clusters with hyaenidae but is more distinct than the other species in its mandible shape ( fig . 7 ) . this taxon was less capable of cracking bones than the extant crocuta , hyaena , and parahyaena , which cluster with pachycrocuta and pliocrocuta , confirming previous inferences on its paleobiology ( berta , 1981 ; kurténkurt´kurtén and werdelin , 1988 ; ferretti , 1999ferretti , , 2007 antónant´antón et al . , 2006 ) . . . .
. . . the enigmatic chasmaporthetes clusters with hyaenidae but is more distinct than the other species in its mandible shape ( fig . 7 ) . this taxon was less capable of cracking bones than the extant crocuta , hyaena , and parahyaena , which cluster with pachycrocuta and pliocrocuta , confirming previous inferences on its paleobiology ( berta , 1981 ; kurténkurt´kurtén and werdelin , 1988 ; ferretti , 1999 ferretti , , 2007antónant´antón et al . , 2006 ) . . . .
hyenas diverged from the stem feliform in the oligocene and transitioned through six ecomorph groups from civet - like insectivores / omnivores through generalised jackal - like meat and small bone eaters to the fully developed modern bone crushers . 4 this middle phase is well represented by the four hyaenid species that have been described from the south african fossil site of langebaanweg ( lbw ) e quarry 14 - 17 ( figure 1 ) : chasmaporthetes australis , hyaenictitherium namaquensis , hyaenictis hendeyi and ikelohyaena abronia . 4 , 18
acinonyx pardinensis , and may have preyed on the small bourbon gazelle ( gazella borbonica ) and the chamois antelope ( procamptoceras brivatense ) . the north american c . ossifragus was similar in build to c . lunensis , but had slightly more robust jaws and teeth . it may have preyed on the giant marmot paenemarmota , and competed with the far more numerous borophagus diversidens . a study on the genus ' premolar intercuspid notches indicate that chasmaporthetes was likely hypercarnivorous rather than durophagus as its modern cousins ( excluding the aardwolf ) are .
. . . the same value in tasso and serengeti , because of the occurrence in the tasso assemblage of the hunting hyaena chasmaporthetes lunensis ( del campana , 1914 ) . this peculiar hyaenid was , in fact , characterized by a dental specialization to bone consumption lesser developed than in the
hyper - scavenger
pachycrocuta , or in the extant bone - crackers hyaena and crocuta ( ferretti , 1999 ferretti , , 2007 rook et al . , 2004 ) . the same reasoning can be addressed concerning the category
carcasse destroyers
offig . . . .
the lbw hyaenids , unlike their modern bone - cracking counterparts , were poorly adapted to bone cracking . 1 - 18 , 40 , 41 ikelohyaena abronia , which has traditionally been regarded as the most durophagous of the lbw species , 4 , 22 , 38 possessed derived features in skull stress distribution and levels of strain energy similar to those of crocuta crocuta , but importantly lacked the bite force of the extant species . 42 this fossil species belonged to a clade of early or transitional bone - cracking hyenas that also included other early genera such as palinhyaena , belbus , hyaenid sp . e and leecyaena . 4 chasmaporthetes australis and h . hendeyi on the other hand , fell within a clade of hypercarnivorous hyenas that also included the extinct genus lycyaena . the extinct lycyaena - chasmaporthetes - hyaenictis clade , which emerged as habitats opened up during the terminal miocene , was unique in that its members exhibited post - cranial adaptations indicative of advanced cursoriality . 4 , 30 hyaenictitherium namaquensis was a late - occurring member of the ictitherines , a clade of canid - like hyenas that were prominent during the middle miocene and began dying out at the end of the miocene .
but paleontologists have been able to do more than propose hypotheses on the gross anatomy of the chasmaporthetes bones alone . the rediscovery of the skull from spain - which had been found in the 1970 ' s and studied by dolores soria for her doctoral thesis before fading from view until 2007 - finally provided scientists with an opportunity to see what kind of stresses and strains the hyena ' s skull was capable of withstanding . paleontologists have carried out these tests for a variety of bone - crunching mammals over the years , and so there was already plenty to compare the c . lunensis skull with .
. . . the hyaenids proteles cristata ( j050607t02 , zjt comparative collection , prepared dry skull ) , ictitherium sp . ( hmv 0163 ) , chasmaporthetes lunensis [ 55 , 72 ] , ikelohyaena abronia [ 65 ] , parahyaena brunnea ( mvz 117842 , museum of vertebrate zoology , university of california , berkeley ) , and crocuta crocuta [ 55 ] were analyzed . the fossil and modern canids analyzed included mesocyon coryphaeus , microtomarctus conferta , epicyon haydeni , borophagus secundus , and canis lupus from tseng and wang [ 52 ] , and lycaon pictus from tseng and stynder [ 65 ] . . . .
fossil species of the family hyaenidae represent a wide range of ecomorphological diversity not observed in living representatives of this carnivoran group . among them , the cursorial meat - and - bone specialists are of particular interest not only because they were the most cursorial of the hyaenids , but also because they were the only members of this family to spread into the new world . here we conduct a functional morphological analysis of the cranium of the cursorial meat - and - bone specialist chasmaporthetes lunensis by using finite element modeling to compare it with the living crocuta crocuta , a well - known bone - cracking carnivoran .
for this analysis we only considered specimens preserving sufficient morphology to be identified at least to order level and are not presenting data on indeterminate mammalian elements or fragments . we have also not undertaken an analysis of the 554 primate craniodental and postcranial specimens , as this collection has recently been partially analysed ( see nieuwoudt , 2014 ) . we have also not duplicated the primary description of the main quarry carnivores of o’regan & menter ( 2009 ) , but we have re - evaluated the previously published dinofelis and chasmaporthetes specimens because of their bearing on biochronological interpretations and present data on carnivore specimens catalogued since publication of that study .
chasmaporthetes , also known as hunting or running hyena , is an extinct genus of hyena endemic to north america , africa , and asia during the pliocene - pleistocene epochs , living from 4 . 9 mya—780 , 000 years ago , existing for approximately 4 . 12 million years . the genus probably arose from eurasian miocene hyenas such as thalassictis or lycyaena , with c . borissiaki being the oldest known representative . the species c . ossifragus was the only hyena to cross the bering land bridge into the americas , and ranged over what is now arizona and mexico during blancan and early irvingtonian land mammal ages , between 5 to 1 . 5 million years ago .
in 1921 oliver hays was the curator of a museum that eventually became the smithsonian . one day , he was examining fossils that had been collected from the val verde copper mine in anita , arizona 20 years earlier . barnum brown , a world renowned fossil collector at a time when fossil hunters were celebrities , had labeled 1 specimen as “cat . ” this curious specimen consisted of just a lower jaw . after much pain - staking comparisons with other specimens , oliver hay concluded the jaw belonged to an extinct species of hyena that he named chasmaporthetes ossifragus . the paleontological community doubted hay had correctly identified the specimen . it was nearly 50 years before enough evidence had accumulated to verify hay’s conclusion that hyenas once roamed north america .
description . in addition to the four indeterminate hyaenid craniodental and postcranial specimens described by o’regan & menter ( 2009 ) , three further elements can be attributed to the family . the dn 2864 scapula preserves a very large infraglenoid tubercle relative to the size of the preserved glenoid fossa and is derived from hyaenid smaller than extant parahyaena brunnea thunberg , 1820 . the dn 2973 right p4 preserves the complete protocone and lingual aspect of the anterior accessory cusp and paracone with little occlusal wear . there is some buccolingual swelling on the paracone that is shared with extant p . brunnea p4s and the sk 327 p . brunnea p4 from swartkrans member 1 ( although smaller than the latter ) , and there is no evidence for buccolingual compression or a ridge leading to the trigon basin as in crocuta crocuta . this specimen , along with the dn 2321 p4 fragment described by o’regan & menter ( 2009 : 344 ) , support the occurrence of a hyaenid individual distinct from lycyaenops and chasmaporthetes in the main quarry deposits . in contrast , the dn 3281 right p2 preserves the anterior margin of the crown and half of the anterior root that lacks the cingulum distinctive for p . brunnea dentition . the specimen preserves strong labial ridging and a flattened lingual aspect , and is too buccolingually expanded to represent chasmaporthetes or lycyaenops . the closest extant morphological match is crocuta crocuta ; minimally suggesting an additional hyaenid distinct from l . silberbergi , c . nitidula , and the dn 2973 / 2321 individuals .
chasmaporthetes ossifragus , known as the hunting hyena , lived in north america from about 4 . 9 million years bp to ~ 780 , 000 bp , making it an important large carnivore of the pliocene and early pleistocene . it had long strong legs and is thought to have been an active hunting animal that chased its prey down , possibly in packs . although it possessed a powerful bite and did eat some bone , it didn’t eat as much bone as the modern extant spotted hyena ( crocuta crocuta ) . it lived alongside other large predators such as the bone eating dog ( borophagus diversidens ) , the giant cheetah ( acinonyx ) , the scimitar - toothed cat ( dinobastis ) , and the dirk - toothed cat ( megantereon ) . it likely preyed upon horses , llamas , camels , peccaries , deer , pronghorn , marmots , and other small mammals .
description . dnm 3 - 4 is a fourth metatarsal preserving the proximal articular surface and a small portion of the diaphysis ( fig ure 6 . 1–5 ) . while the articular surface is robust , the proximal end is distinctly mediolaterally compressed relative to extant hyaenids ( e . g . , crocuta and hyaena ; table 5 ) but follow the proportions and morphology of the single previously described chasmaporthetes ossifragus third metatarsal ( uf 27372 ; berta , 1981 ; table 5 ) . the medial and lateral aspects preserve the paired ( dorsal , triangular ; plantar , rectangular ) articular facets for the third and fifth metatarsals , respectively . in slight contrast to the uf 27372 specimen , the lateral dorsal articular facet is more robust and extends further towards the plantar surface on dnm 3 - 4 . this extension nearly converges with the plantar facet to close off the shallow concavity that receives the base of the fifth metatarsal .
most of the initial identifications brown had made in his notes turned out to be correct . the mammals appeared to represent a time in the not - too - distant past when forms still living in north america today mixed with lineages that have since been extirpated . what stood out were two parts of
cat
jaw that didn ' t correspond to any known feline . with the exception of a tiny part of a molar , the crowns of the teeth were entirely gone , but together the two pieces comprised most of the mandible of a carnivorous mammal . though this was not much to work with , hay was able to determine that the jaw had belonged to a hyena - a type of carnivore never before found in north america - and he named it chasmaporthetes ossifragus .
the name of this [ genus ] makes allusion to the grand canyon ,
hay wrote ,
whose beginning this animal may have witnessed .
fossil remains of chamaporthete s have been found at 4 sites in florida , 3 sites in arizona , 2 sites in north texas , 2 sites in mexico , and 1 site in new mexico . it is the only species of hyena known to have crossed the bering landbridge to north america where it was likely more widespread than its fossil record would indicate–there just aren’t many pliocene - aged fossil sites in the midwest and northeast . a similar species , chasmaporthetes lunensis , lived in europe , asia , and africa during the same time period , and it may actually be the same species . this means the hunting hyena was 1 of the most wide ranging and successful large carnivores ever . the reason for its extinction is unknown , but it disappeared at a time when forests were replacing grassland and desert habitats . archaic species of wolves ecologically replaced american hyenas , but it’s not known whether they outcompeted them or simply took advantage of an extinction that occurred due to other causes .
a remarkably complete , well - preserved skull of the pliocene hunting hyaena chasmaporthetes lunensis from la puebla de valverde ( teruel ) is described . this exceptional find allows us to define more clearly the cranial morphology of this taxon , and to put its morphological features into evolutionary and functional perspective . compared with the sympatric hyaenid pliocrocuta perrieri , c . iunensis has a higher and wider rostrum , cheek teeth placed more anteriorly in relation to the orbits , a lower zygoma and a dorsally concave saggital crest , all pointing to a lesser development of the muscle temporalis and a greater emphasis on canine bite over premolar crushing bite . horizontal wear on the premolars , caudal extension of the frontal sinus and other features indicate that scavenging or at least complete utilization of carcasses was a behavioural trait of the hunting hyaena . overall , the available evidence suggests that c . iunensis was an active , group hunting predator of medium - sized ungulates , able to fully utilize car - casses but less dedicated to scavenging than the contemporary species p . perrieri .
although africa ' s spotted hyena is the most iconic member of the group , there are three other species of living hyena : the striped hyena , the brown hyena , and the aardwolf . they are all that ' s left of a once - more widespread and diverse lineage that traces back about 20 million years to small , civet - like forms such as plioviverrops . now , based upon appearances alone , it might seem reasonable to lump all four modern hyenas into a single evolutionary subgroup tied together by common ancestry , but this wouldn ' t be right . the aardwolf , a strange and small hyena that primarily eats termites , is actually a relatively distant cousin of other modern hyenas and represents what some of the early members of the group may have been like . likewise , the extinct giant pachycrocuta was a closer relative of the spotted hyena than the striped and brown hyenas , and there was an entire array of extinct forms with no living representatives . chasmaporthetes was among these now - extinct hyena lineages , and it was significantly different from the hyenas we know today .
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the carnivoran specimens provide a more constrained depositional age . remains of the genus chasmaporthetes have been recovered across african localities , with c . nitidula described from south african deposits ranging from sterkfontein jacovec cavern and members 2 and 4 ( < 2 . 46–2 . 01 ma ; herries et al . , 2013 ) to as late as swartkrans member 3 ( sometime between 1 . 3 and 0 . 6 ma ; herries , curnoe & adams , 2009 ) . however , lycyaenops silberbergi has been recovered from a far narrower range of terminal pliocene and early pleistocene deposits of laetoli ( as lycyaenops cf . l . silberbergi ; werdelin & dehghani , 2011 ) in east africa and sterkfontein in south africa ( ∼3 . 8–2 . 02 ma ; turner , 1990 ; turner , 1997 ; werdelin & lewis , 2005 ; werdelin & peigné , 2010 ; herries & shaw , 2011 ; herries & adams , 2013 ) . a single mandibular specimen ( sk 300 ) of lycyaenops silberbergi has been described from swartkrans member 1 ( ewer , 1955b ) , and although questions over provenience has been raised it is still considered derived from these deposits ( see discussion in turner , 1987b ) ; this effectively establishes an lad for the species within these deposits of 1 . 96 - 1 . 80 ma ( pickering et al . , 2011a ; herries & adams , 2013 ) .
the drimolen palaeocave system has been actively excavated since the 1990s and has produced a demographically - diverse record of paranthropus robustus , early homo , and a substantial record of early pleistocene bone tools ; all recovered from the main quarry , a single fossil bearing deposit within the system . early surveys identified an isolated solution - tube 55 m west of the main quarry filled with decalcified matrix and fossils ( the drimolen makondo ) . recent excavations into the makondo have started to address the geology , depositional history , and faunas of the deposits ; particularly whether the makondo represents a distant uneroded part of the main quarry infill , or deposits in - filled into a separate entrance within the same system . we present the first description of fossil macromammalian faunas from the makondo , excavated 2013 - 2014 . a total of 531 specimens were recovered , 268 ( 50 . 5 % ) of which are taxonomically identifiable . the resulting list is diverse given the sample size and includes primate and carnivore taxa frequently recovered at other terminal pliocene and earlier pleistocene localities , as well as more rarely encountered species and elements like the first postcranial remains of the hunting hyaenid ( chasmaporthetes ? nitidula ) from the cradle . while some of the makondo fauna overlaps with taxa recovered from the main quarry , there are key differences between the described samples that may reflect differences in the age of the deposits and / or taphonomic processes between these deposits at drimolen .
large carnivores structure the character of scavenging opportunities in any environment . in pliocene and early pleistocene africa there were three large sabertooth cats sympatric with the ancestors of the modern felid community , and scavenging opportunities were presumably different from those in modern africa . an understanding of a possible scavenging niche for early hominids must articulate knowledge gained from actualistic research with detailed reconstructions of extinct carnivore paleoecology . contrasting skeletal and dental anatomy suggest that sabertooths and modern felids were ecologically distinct . evidence from functional morphology and fossil associations elucidates the distinctions . sabertooth incisor and carnassial morphology indicates extreme flesh specialisation and lack of bone - crushing ability . sabertooth cranial morphology and fossil associations suggest a specialisation upon very large prey . the post - cranial morphology of sabertooths indicates a dense woodland and forest habitat preference . this implies that two distinct large carnivore communities existed in the pliocene and early pleistocene : a mixed and open habitat community composed of the ancestors of the extant carnivore community plus chasmaporthetes , and a closed habitat community dominated by the sabertooths . scavenging opportunities in the closed habitat community would have been much better than in more open habitats . homo habilis with its inferred arboreal abilities could have passively scavenged very effectively in dense woodlands and forests . paleoenvironmental and paleontological data indicate that these closed habitats shrunk after 1·7 million years ago and the sabertooths probably went extinct in sub - saharan africa . homo habilis perhaps increasingly utilised more open habitats and would have been forced to confront large predators to gain adequate scavenging returns . archaeological data of stone tool raw materials and site placement suggests that early hominids switched from an emphasis on dense woodland habitats to increased usage of more open habitats after 1·6 million years ago . confrontational scavenging along with increased predation pressure may have contributed to the morphological changes associated with the shift to homo erectus .
n2 - large carnivores structure the character of scavenging opportunities in any environment . in pliocene and early pleistocene africa there were three large sabertooth cats sympatric with the ancestors of the modern felid community , and scavenging opportunities were presumably different from those in modern africa . an understanding of a possible scavenging niche for early hominids must articulate knowledge gained from actualistic research with detailed reconstructions of extinct carnivore paleoecology . contrasting skeletal and dental anatomy suggest that sabertooths and modern felids were ecologically distinct . evidence from functional morphology and fossil associations elucidates the distinctions . sabertooth incisor and carnassial morphology indicates extreme flesh specialisation and lack of bone - crushing ability . sabertooth cranial morphology and fossil associations suggest a specialisation upon very large prey . the post - cranial morphology of sabertooths indicates a dense woodland and forest habitat preference . this implies that two distinct large carnivore communities existed in the pliocene and early pleistocene : a mixed and open habitat community composed of the ancestors of the extant carnivore community plus chasmaporthetes , and a closed habitat community dominated by the sabertooths . scavenging opportunities in the closed habitat community would have been much better than in more open habitats . homo habilis with its inferred arboreal abilities could have passively scavenged very effectively in dense woodlands and forests . paleoenvironmental and paleontological data indicate that these closed habitats shrunk after 1·7 million years ago and the sabertooths probably went extinct in sub - saharan africa . homo habilis perhaps increasingly utilised more open habitats and would have been forced to confront large predators to gain adequate scavenging returns . archaeological data of stone tool raw materials and site placement suggests that early hominids switched from an emphasis on dense woodland habitats to increased usage of more open habitats after 1·6 million years ago . confrontational scavenging along with increased predation pressure may have contributed to the morphological changes associated with the shift to homo erectus .
ab - large carnivores structure the character of scavenging opportunities in any environment . in pliocene and early pleistocene africa there were three large sabertooth cats sympatric with the ancestors of the modern felid community , and scavenging opportunities were presumably different from those in modern africa . an understanding of a possible scavenging niche for early hominids must articulate knowledge gained from actualistic research with detailed reconstructions of extinct carnivore paleoecology . contrasting skeletal and dental anatomy suggest that sabertooths and modern felids were ecologically distinct . evidence from functional morphology and fossil associations elucidates the distinctions . sabertooth incisor and carnassial morphology indicates extreme flesh specialisation and lack of bone - crushing ability . sabertooth cranial morphology and fossil associations suggest a specialisation upon very large prey . the post - cranial morphology of sabertooths indicates a dense woodland and forest habitat preference . this implies that two distinct large carnivore communities existed in the pliocene and early pleistocene : a mixed and open habitat community composed of the ancestors of the extant carnivore community plus chasmaporthetes , and a closed habitat community dominated by the sabertooths . scavenging opportunities in the closed habitat community would have been much better than in more open habitats . homo habilis with its inferred arboreal abilities could have passively scavenged very effectively in dense woodlands and forests . paleoenvironmental and paleontological data indicate that these closed habitats shrunk after 1·7 million years ago and the sabertooths probably went extinct in sub - saharan africa . homo habilis perhaps increasingly utilised more open habitats and would have been forced to confront large predators to gain adequate scavenging returns . archaeological data of stone tool raw materials and site placement suggests that early hominids switched from an emphasis on dense woodland habitats to increased usage of more open habitats after 1·6 million years ago . confrontational scavenging along with increased predation pressure may have contributed to the morphological changes associated with the shift to homo erectus .
abstract =
large carnivores structure the character of scavenging opportunities in any environment . in pliocene and early pleistocene africa there were three large sabertooth cats sympatric with the ancestors of the modern felid community , and scavenging opportunities were presumably different from those in modern africa . an understanding of a possible scavenging niche for early hominids must articulate knowledge gained from actualistic research with detailed reconstructions of extinct carnivore paleoecology . contrasting skeletal and dental anatomy suggest that sabertooths and modern felids were ecologically distinct . evidence from functional morphology and fossil associations elucidates the distinctions . sabertooth incisor and carnassial morphology indicates extreme flesh specialisation and lack of bone - crushing ability . sabertooth cranial morphology and fossil associations suggest a specialisation upon very large prey . the post - cranial morphology of sabertooths indicates a dense woodland and forest habitat preference . this implies that two distinct large carnivore communities existed in the pliocene and early pleistocene : a mixed and open habitat community composed of the ancestors of the extant carnivore community plus chasmaporthetes , and a closed habitat community dominated by the sabertooths . scavenging opportunities in the closed habitat community would have been much better than in more open habitats . homo habilis with its inferred arboreal abilities could have passively scavenged very effectively in dense woodlands and forests . paleoenvironmental and paleontological data indicate that these closed habitats shrunk after 1·7 million years ago and the sabertooths probably went extinct in sub - saharan africa . homo habilis perhaps increasingly utilised more open habitats and would have been forced to confront large predators to gain adequate scavenging returns . archaeological data of stone tool raw materials and site placement suggests that early hominids switched from an emphasis on dense woodland habitats to increased usage of more open habitats after 1·6 million years ago . confrontational scavenging along with increased predation pressure may have contributed to the morphological changes associated with the shift to homo erectus .
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full reference : o . p . hay . 1921 . descriptions of species of pleistocene vertebrata , types or specimens of most of which are preserved in the united states national museum . proceedings of the united states national museum 59 : 599 - 642
parent taxon : hyaenidae according to r . a . stirton and w . g . christian 1940
has the earth ' s sixth mass extinction already arrived ?
this question - the title of a review published in last week ' s nature - immediately sparked a flurry of news reports about an impending ecological catastrophe on a scale not seen in 65 million years . we are not witnessing a die - off as severe as any of the
big five
prehistoric cataclysms just yet , but the continued , gradual loss of threatened species is bringing us ever closer to the tipping point . we can either take action and stave off this large - scale disaster , or simply wait for it to happen .
of course , extinction is the inevitable fate of every species . species do not only disappear during worldwide disasters . extinction greatly outpaces the origin of new species on a global scale during rare crises , but the character of life on earth is constantly shifting as some lineages dwindle as others speciate and continue to change .
you do not need to look very far back into the fossil record to appreciate the ongoing ebb and flow of life . when i traveled through utah and wyoming for the first time in the summer of 2009 , i saw the iconic elk , pronghorn , bison , and bears that symbolize the american wilderness . but these animals are only the inheritors of a landscape that has been inhabited by a changing cast of megamammals for millions of years . the great mammoths , ground sloths , deep - snouted bears , and sabercats of pleistocene north america represent a lost world that disappeared only yesterday in geological terms , but they , too , were preceded by what we might perceive as strange assemblages of creatures , including north america ' s only hyena .
in 1901 , workmen at the val verde copper mines in anita , arizona were prospecting around an ancient limestone fissure when they discovered a cache of ancient mammal bones . the fragments were badly broken , but the bone material itself was well - preserved , and a number of specimens were soon collected by b . c . bicknell . the site also piqued the interest of globe - trotting fossil hunter barnum brown , who collected a few additional specimens in 1904 . pieces of prehistoric horses and camels were found among those of pronghorn , squirrels , groundhogs , and pocket gophers , as well as what appeared to be jaw fragments from a large cat .