the philippine long-tailed macaque ( macaca fascicularis philippensis ) is a subspecies of the crab-eating macaque , known in various philippine languages as matching/matsing or the more general term unggoy ( " monkey " ) .

it is endemic in the philippine forests and woodlands , but especially in the mangrove forests of western central philippines — particularly in palawan , the visayas , and mindanao .

the names m. f. philippinensis or even m. f. philippinenesis have also been used , but arise from orthographical error .

philippine long - tailed macaque

here is a video of a young philippine long - tailed macaque in a cage in cebu zoo .
other names : m . cynomolgus or m . irus ; crab - eating macaque , cynomolgus monkey , kera macaque , or longtail macaque ; macaque crabier or macaque de buffon ( french ) ; macaca cangrejera ( spanish ) ; javaapa or krabbmakak ( swedish ) ; m . f . atriceps : dark - crowned long - tailed macaque ; m . f . aurea : burmese long - tailed macaque ; m . f . condorensis : con song long - tailed macaque ; m . f . fusca : simeulue long - tailed macaque ; m . f . karimondjawae : kemujan long - tailed macaque ; m . f . lasiae : lasia long - tailed macaque ; m . f . philippinensis : philippine long - tailed macaque ; m . f . tua : maratua long - tailed macaque ; m . f . umbrosa : nicobar long - tailed macaque
the crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) is a primarily arboreal macaque native to southeast asia . it is also called the cynomolgus monkey , philippine monkey and the long - tailed macaque .
the long - tailed macaque is also called the crab - eating macaque , or the cynomolgus or ' java ' monkey .
crab - eating macaques are also called long - tailed macaques , due to their exceedingly long tails .
classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) . subspecies : dark - crowned long - tailed macaque , macaca fascicularis atriceps , the burmese long - tailed macaque , m . f . aureus , the simeulue long - tailed macaque , m . f . fuscus , the kemujan long - tailed macaque , m . f . karimondjawae , the lasia long - tailed macaque , m . f . lasiae , and the maratua long - tailed macaque , m . f . tua , are classified as data deficient ( dd ) , the con song long - tailed macaque , m . f . condorensis , and the nicobar long - tailed macaque , m . f . umbrosa , are classified as vulnerable ( vu ) , the long - tailed macaque , m . f . fascicularis is classified as least concern ( lc ) and the philippine long - tailed macaque , m . f . philippensis , is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
referred to as the cynomolgus monkey . in its natural environment , the long - tailed macaque is found
philippine monkey , gk missionville , iligan city philippines 14th december 2014 . . .
. it is also called the
long - tailed macaque
, and is referred to as the
cynomolgus monkey
in laboratories .
gumert md , malaivijitnond s . marine prey processed with stone tools by burmese long - tailed macaques (
in thailand , long - tailed macaques occur in evergreen forests , bamboo forests , and in deciduous forests .
de ruiter jr , geffen e . relatedness of matrilines , dispersing males and social groups in long - tailed macaques (
the philippine long - tailed macaque has a reddish brown coat . its tail has an average length of 50 cm to 60 cm . it can reach a height of 40–50 cm ( 16–20 in ) . it is the size of a domestic cat . male macaques weigh 4–8 kg , but females only attain 3–4 kg .
the lion - tailed macaque primarily eats fruits , however , it also eats leaves , buds , insects and small vertebrates .
the crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) is a primarily arboreal macaque native to southeast asia . it is also called the cynomolgus monkey and the long - tailed macaque . the crab - eating macaque is found in a wide variety of habitats , including primary lowland rainforests , disturbed and secondary rainforests and riverside and coastal forests of nipa palm and mangrove .
there are two subspecies of the japanese macaque monkey , macaca fuscata fuscata and yakushima macaque , macaca fuscata yakui .
humans and long - tailed macaques have shared environments since prehistoric times , and tend to both frequent forest and river edge habitats ( 9 ) .
cite this page as : cawthon lang ka . 2006 january 6 . primate factsheets : long - tailed macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) taxonomy , morphology , & ecology . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .
long - tailed macaques are
ecologically diverse .
some of the habitats in which they have been found are primary forests , disturbed and secondary forests , and riverine and coastal forests of nipa palm and mangrove . long - tailed macaques live most successfully in disturbed habitats and on the periphery of forests .
the philippine long - tailed macaque is found on all major philippine islands ( luzon , visayas , mindanao ) . however , though assessed near threatened , it is actually in serious retreat or already extinct in much of its original range . [ citation needed ] for instance , in olongapo in zambales province ( western central luzon ) , where a patch of old - growth forest remains , the monkeys have found some refuge ; [ citation needed ] however , they are often road killed , accidentally electrocuted by live wires , and sometimes stoned .
the celebes crested macaque ( macaca nigra ) is also known as the crested black macaque , sulawesi crested macaque , or the black ‘ape’ . the celebes crested macaque lives in the northeast of the indonesian island of sulawesi ( celebes ) as well as on smaller neighbouring islands .
] , we found long - tailed macaques from the philippines clustering within the borneo clade . since the bornean individual , which is most closely related to the philippine specimens , is from the furthest east of borneo ( sabah , tawau hill park ) , this branching pattern fosters the previously proposed hypothesis of a colonization of the philippines via borneo [
this species has the highest degree of arboreality of all macaque species . one study of long - tailed macaque behavior reported that they never came to the ground except within 5 m of the edge of a river near their tree . the population densities of this diurnal species vary from 10 to 400 per squared kilometer .
there are nine national parks , nine reserves , and two sanctuaries in which some long - tailed macaques reside . regardless of the type of habitat , there must be at least 500 squared kilometers of habitat necessary to support a viable population of 5 , 000 long - tailed macaques . this is the minimum size for a reserve for this species .
smith dg , ng j , george d , trask js , houghton p , singh b , et al . a genetic comparison of two alleged subspecies of philippine cynomolgus macaques .
the booted macaque is an omnivore and feeds on figs , buds , invertebrates and cereals . there are two subspecies of the booted macaque that are recognized : macaca ochreata ochreata and muna - buton macaque , macaca ochreata brunnescens .
 ecological role with a largely seasonally fruit - based diet , long - tailed macaques play an important role in seed dispersal—both through their feces and transporting seeds stuck in their fur .
the booted macaque ( macaca ochreata ) is a macaque of the sulawesi island , indonesia . the booted macaque monkey is diurnal ( active during the daytime ) and spends most of the day in the trees . they can grow to a length of 50 – 59 centimetres long plus a tail of 35 – 40 centimetres .
conditions at nafovanny
, video produced by the british union for the abolition of vivisection following an undercover investigation at a captive - breeding facility for long - tailed macaques in vietnam .
abdul - latiff mab , ruslin f , fui vv , abu mh , rovie - ryan jj , abdul - patah p , et al . phylogenetic relationships of malaysia’s long - tailed macaques ,
troops of the toque macaque are a common sight in the cultural triangle , where many ancient temples are situated , hence earning them the nick name of ‘temple monkey’ . the other two subspecies of toque macaque that have been described are dryzone toque macaque ( macaca sinica sinica ) and wetzone toque macaque ( macaca sinica aurifrons ) .
[ 0095 ] shimizu et al . ( 2003 ) , in vitro aging of macaque adherent cells : similar pattern of cellular aging between human and macaque ( pubmed )
the crab - eating macaque has several common names . it is often referred to as the long - tailed macaque due to its tail , which is often longer than its body . the name crab - eating macaque refers to its being often seen foraging beaches for crabs . another common name for m . fascicularis is the cynomolgus monkey , which literally means dog - skin or dog - hide monkey ; this name is commonly used in laboratory settings .
the tibetan macaque ( macaca thibetana ) , also known as milne - edwards’ macaque , is found in china , tibet and vietnam . the tibetan macaque lives in subtropical forests either mixed deciduous or evergreen at altitude that range from 800 to 2000 metres .
long - tailed macaques extensively overlap with humans across their range in southeast asia . consequently , people and long - tailed macaques live together in many locations . some of these areas are associated with religious sites and local customs , such as the temples of bali in indonesia , thailand , and cambodia , while other areas are characterized by conflict as a result of habitat loss and competition over food and space .
long - tailed macaques are listed in appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) to help ensure that conservation efforts continue in their favor . they are listed in schedule 1 , part 1 , of the indian wildlife protection act . long - tailed macaques naturally occur in many protected areas , but efforts to assess their current population status is drastically needed .
roos c , zinner d . diversity and evolutionary history of macaques which special focus on rhesus and long - tailed macaques . in : blümel j , korte s , schenck e , weinbauer gf , editors .
the lion - tailed macaque ( macaca silenus ) is an old world monkey that lives only in the western ghats of south india . the skin of the lion - tailed macaque is dark - brown or black and its most outstanding characteristic is the silver - white mane which surrounds the head from the cheeks down to its chin , which gives this monkey its german name of beard ape .
the lion - tailed macaque monkeys hairless face is black in colour . the lion - tailed macaque monkey has a head - to - tail length of 45 to 60 centimetres and a weight of 3 to 10 kilograms and is one of the smaller macaques . their tail is medium length and measures around 25 centimetres and has a black tuft at the end , similar to a lions tail .
these macaques are primarily arboreal and can leap distances between trees up to five meters ( 16 . 4 ft ) , using their long tails for balance ( rodman 1991 ; rowe 1996 ) . long - tailed macaques move quadrupedally through the canopy and spend some amount of time on the ground ( rodman 1991 ) .
gumert , md , fuentes a , jones - engel , l . ( 2011 ) . monkeys on the edge : ecology and management of long - tailed macaques and their interface with humans . cambridge university press .
the bonnet macaque ( macaca radiata ) is a macaque that resides in india . the bonnet macaque is a diurnal monkey which means it is mostly active during the daytime . bonnet macaques are around 35 – 60 centimetres long plus a tail of 35 – 68 centimetres . male bonnet macaques weigh 5 . 5 to 9 kilograms and females 3 . 5 to 4 . 5 kilograms .
the tibetan macaque monkey has a long dense brown fur with whiskers but a hairless face . the infants have silver and black fur that changes to its adult colour at the age of 2 years .
given the long history of humans and macaques living together in se asia , it is likely the latter .
the common name of this animal varies . it is commonly referred to as the long - tailed macaque because the tail of this macaque is usually about the same length as its body and because its long tail distinguishes it from most other macaques . the species is also commonly known as the crab - eating macaque . another common name for m . fascicularis is the cynomolgous monkey , which literally means
dog - milker
monkey , which is the name most commonly used for these animals in laboratory settings . in indonesia , m . fascicularis and other macaque species are generically known as kera , possibly because of the high - pitched alarm calls they give when in danger (
krra ! krra !
) .
in addition , long - tailed macaques are one of the most - used primate species in biomedical and pharmaceutical research , as well as other types of scientific research , such as space flight tests . they are a resilient species that can endure and survive pretty horrific conditions . the use of long - tailed macaques and other nonhuman primates in experimentation is controversial with critics charging that the experiments are cruel and result in potentially inaccurate and / or useless findings .
this species has been observed drinking much water and eating crabs , they often live near bodies of water . of the various habitats occupied by long - tailed macaques , the swamp forests seem to have the highest density of them .
the life span of the tibetan macaque is over 20 years . there are four recognized subspecies of this macaque , macaca thibetana thibetana , macaca thibetana esau , macaca thibetana guiahouensis and macaca thibetana huangshanensis .
the celebes crested macaques skin and hairless face is , with the exception of some white hair in the shoulder range , entirely black . the celebes crested macaque monkey has a long muzzle with high cheeks and the long hair tuft , or crest , at the top side of the head . their tail is only 2 centimetres of stub . with a total body length of 45 to 60 centimetres and a weight of 7 to 10 kilograms , it is one of the smaller macaque species . the celebes crested macaque is a diurnal rainforest dweller .
information on the crab - eating macaque is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
in thailand and myanmar , long - tailed macaques use stone tools to open nuts , oysters , other bivalves , and various types of sea snails ( nerites , muricids , trochids , etc . ) along the andaman sea coast and offshore islands .
smith dg , mcdonough jw , george da . mitochondrial dna variation within and among regional populations of long - tail macaques (
long - tailed macaques receive some protection in temple ruins in thailand and protection and food in temples in bali . in malaysia , long - tailed macaques are legally protected , and they are fed and protected in urban forests and parks . in the philippines , there is much interest in protecting this species . in indonesia , the species is well - protected , but some of the reserves are being considered for oil drilling and harvesting . some people in bali , in fact , consider these primates to be sacred . this may increase the chances of their survival in these reserves . in thailand , long - tailed macaques may be hunted , captured , or kept in captivity only under license . the export of this species is regulated by a quota system .
long - tailed macaques are unique among other non - human primates because of their ability to show learned or cultural behavior . this cultural behavior was observed in the preparation of food by long - tailed macaques . on one occasion , an adult female dipped a piece of fruit into a river and then she consumed it . it was proposed that perhaps the female was cleaning sand off the fruit . scientists investigated this further on other individuals who showed this behavior . some of the macaques washed sandy fruit in the river , but some of them also washed fruit the scientists had cleaned prior to distributing them . there were also long - tailed macaques that simply ate the cleaned fruits without washing them . the controversy of what cultural behavior means is still being researched .
the benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .
communication long - tailed macaques have an extensive array of communication calls . there are very clear differences between friendly calls and calls of warning , aggression , or anger . they also use non - verbal cues , such as baring their teeth to display submission .
the objective of this study is to shed more light on the phylogeny of m . f . fascicularis , the most widespread subspecies of the long - tailed macaques , occurring on the southeast asian mainland and sundaland islands , including parts of the philippines and east as far as timor . therefore , we generated complete mitochondrial ( mtdna ) genomes from 40 long - tailed macaque individuals either by traditional polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) amplification followed by sanger sequencing or by dna - capture and high - throughput sequencing . we expect that the analysis of complete mtdna genomes provides a better resolution of phylogenetic relationships among lineages than only short mtdna fragments .
the moor macaque ( macaca maura ) is an macaque with brown / black body fur with a pale rump patch and pink bare skin on the rump . it is about 50 – 58 . 5 centimetres in length . the moor macaque monkey eats figs , bamboo seeds , buds , sprouts , invertebrates and cereals in tropical rainforests .
this animal has several common names . it is often referred to as the long - tailed macaque because its tail is usually about the same length as its body and because its long tail distinguishes it from most other macaques . the species is also commonly known as the crab - eating macaque because they are often seen foraging beaches for crabs . another common name for m . fascicularis is the cynomolgus monkey , which literally means
dog - milker
monkey ; this is the name most commonly used in laboratory settings . in indonesia , m . fascicularis and other macaque species are known generically as kera , possibly because of the high - pitched alarm calls they give when in danger (
krra ! krra !
) .
the rhesus macaque ( macaca mulatta ) , often called the rhesus monkey , is one of the best known species of old world monkeys . it is a typical macaque , common throughout afghanistan to northern india and southern china .
as a result of sharing its environment with humans , this macaque had the opportunity to steal an asthma inhaler .
] . this ancient hybridization ( gene flow ) most likely occurred unidirectional ( male - mediated ) , from rhesus into long - tailed macaques and not vice versa , i . e . analyses of maternally inherited markers such as mitochondria will not resolve the question of hybridization [
the moor macaque is sometimes called dog - ape because of its dog - like muzzles , although they are no more closely related to apes than any other old world monkey . the moor macaque inhabits only sulawesi ( indonesia ) .
the body fur of long - tailed macaques tends to be grey - brown to reddish brown . these colors are always paler ventrally . the face is brownish - grey with cheek whiskers . the eyes are directed forward for binocular vision . the nose is flat and the nostrils are narrow and close together ( catarrhine condition ) . long - tailed macaques have shovel - shaped incisors , conspicuous canines , and bilophodont molars . the tooth formula is i 2 / 2 , c 1 / 1 , pm 2 / 2 , and m 3 / 3 .
kawamoto y , ischak tm , supriatna j . genetic variations within and between troops of the crab - eating macaque (
gumert , md ; kluck , m . , malaivijitnond , s . ( 2009 ) .
the physical characteristics and usage patterns of stone axe and pounding hammers used by long - tailed macaques in the andaman sea region of thailand
. american journal of primatology 71 : 594–608 .
a diverse range of habitats . these primates are extremely adaptable and can thrive in a wide variety of conditions . some examples include coastal forests , mixed mangrove swamps , freshwater swamps , scrub grasslands , evergreen forests , bamboo forests , deciduous forests , and human settlements . the long - tailed macaque has also been introduced to several areas outside of their native range , including china and the island of mauritius .
long - tailed macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) are an important model species in biomedical research and reliable knowledge about their evolutionary history is essential for biomedical inferences . ten subspecies have been recognized , of which most are restricted to small islands of southeast asia . in contrast , the common long - tailed macaque ( m . f . fascicularis ) is distributed over large parts of the southeast asian mainland and the sundaland region . to shed more light on the phylogeny of m . f . fascicularis , we sequenced complete mitochondrial ( mtdna ) genomes of 40 individuals from all over the taxon’s range , either by classical pcr - amplification and sanger sequencing or by dna - capture and high - throughput sequencing .
although there are some sanctuaries for long - tailed macaques , hunting is still a problem . in thailand and borneo , they are hunted for food . this species is also killed because it is a pest to agriculture . the fact that these macaques destroy crops has prevented some governments from making serious conservation efforts . long - tailed macaques are collected for medical research . they are one of the five most used primate species in medical research . many of these macaques were exported to the united states and great britian . habitat loss in these organisms is occurring due to extensive logging operations .
in recent years , habitat alteration has expanded the range of some populations of long - tailed macaques . in malaysia , cleared land , such as plantation areas , has been colonized by this species . it has been observed that some disturbed habitats have higher troop and population sizes than some pristine forests .
long - tailed macaques , along with other species of macaques , have benefited humans through their use as research models in immunology , surgery , toxicology , and pharmacology . they are also important members of ecosystems and may serve as a basis for ecotourism ventures . they are sometimes still hunted for food .
long - tailed macaques have been known to feed in cultivated fields on such items as young dry rice , cassava leaves , rubber fruit , taro plants , and other crops . they also take food from graveyards , garbage cans , and garbage pits . they have also become involved in aggresive interactions with people .
tosi aj , morales jc , melnick dj . comparison of y chromosome and mtdna phylogenies leads to unique inferences of macaque evolutionary history .
the crab - eating macaque monkey also easily adjusts to human settlements and are considered sacred at some hindu temples and on some small islands .
the toque macaque ( macaca sinica ) is a reddish - brown coloured old world monkey endemic to sri lanka . the toque macaque monkey lives in troops which contain up to 20 individuals . this species of monkey is a full species , however , it has developed into three subspecies .
size , weight , and lifespan long - tailed macaques have an average lifespan of 15 - 30 years , with longer lifespans documented in captivity . their body length measures about 15 - 18 . 5 in ( 40 - 47 cm ) . they earn their name from their remarkably long tail , which is longer than their full body length , typically adding about another 19 - 23 . 5 in ( 50 - 60 cm ) . males are much larger in size than females , weighing 10 . 5 - 15 . 5 lbs ( 4 . 8 - 7 kg ) , whereas females weigh 6 . 5 - 8 . 5 lbs ( 3 - 4 kg ) . appearance long - tailed macaques have gray - brown fur , and their outer fur is darker than their bellies . at birth , their fur is much darker , almost black in color , and it becomes lighter as they mature . males are distinguished by their unique mustache , whereas females have a beard . both sexes have cheek whiskers , as well as cheek pouches for storing food . their long tail not only gives them their name , but also helps to aid in balance when jumping long distances .
in indonesia and malaysia , m . fascicularis and other macaque species are known generically as kera , possibly because of their high - pitched cries .
the japanese macaque can develop different accents , like humans . it was found that macaques in areas separated by only a couple hundred miles can have very different pitches in their calls , their form of communication . the japanese macaque is classified as data deficient by the 2000 iucn red list .
bonhomme m , cuartero s , blancher a , crouau - roy b . assessing natural introgression in 2 biomedical model species , the rhesus macaque (
long - tailed macaques are omnivores , and exploit many different food types , reflecting the diversity of habitats they can utilize . the average length of feeding bouts is 18 . 3 minutes . there may be on average of twenty bouts per day . they eat a wide variety of foods such as fruits , crabs , flowers , insects , leaves , fungi , grasses , and clay . clay may be eaten for the potassium found in it , although the potassium levels in the clay are low . however , 96 % of the feeding time per day is spent eating fruit . some limited observations suggest that long - tailed macaques select fruit based on ripeness , which is based on color .
the bonnet macaque monkey has a life span of more than 30 years . the bonnet macaque is an omnivore and feeds on fruits , nuts , seeds , flowers , invertebrates and cereals . there are two subspecies of bonnet macaques which have been identified : macaca radiata radiata and macaca radiata diluta .
[ 0945 ] aizawa et al . ( 2009 ) , age - dependent alteration in hippocampal neurogenesis correlates with learning performance of macaque monkeys ( pubmed )
the japanese macaque feeds on seeds , roots , buds , fruit , invertebrates , berries , leaves , birds eggs , fungi , bark and cereals .
ultrametric tree showing phylogenetic relationships and divergence ages among macaques as calculated from complete mtdna genome sequences ( relationships among non - macaque taxa not shown ) .
tosi aj , morales jc , melnick dj . paternal , maternal , and biparental molecular markers provide unique windows onto the evolutionary history of macaque monkeys .
the body length , not including the tail , is 40 to 47 cm . the greyish - brown or reddish colored tail is 50 to 60 cm . long - tailed macaques exhibit sexual dimorphism in size . the average weight for males is 4 . 8 to 7 kg and 3 to 4 kg for females , approximately 69 % of average male weight .
each subspecies faces differing levels of threats , and too little information is available on some subspecies to assess their conditions . the m . f . umbrosa subspecies is likely of important biological significance and has been recommended as a candidate for protection in the nicobar islands , where its small , native population has been seriously fragmented , and is listed as vulnerable on the iucn red list . the philippine long - tailed macaque ( m . f . philippensis ) is listed as near threatened , and m . f . condorensis is vulnerable . all other subspecies are listed as data deficient and need further study ; although recent work is showing m . f . aurea and m . f . karimondjawae need increased protection . one concern for conservation is , in areas where m . fascicularis is not native , their populations need to be monitored and managed to reduce their impact on native flora and fauna .
the barbary macaque ( macaca sylvanus ) is found in the atlas mountains of algeria and morocco and possibly in gibraltar . the barbary macaque monkey is one of the best - known old world monkey species . they live freely in europe . although referred to as the barbary ape , it is a true monkey .
the japanese macaque lives in troops 20 – 100 individuals consisting of many females and several males . on average , females outnumber males by 3 to 1 .
) , form a monophyletic clade and separated from the borneo / philippines clade 0 . 61 ( 0 . 47 - 0 . 75 ) ma . the philippine individual is nested within the borneo clade and specifically clusters with an individual from sabah ( id : 41 ) ; they diverged from each other 0 . 21 ( 0 . 15 - 0 . 28 ) ma .
the moor macaque is endangered mostly due to habitat loss from an expanding human population and deforestation to increase agricultural land area . it is estimated that only 1000 moor macaques are left in sulawesi . because several sulawesi macaque species are endangered , information on ecology and behaviour is essential and conservation management plans are being designed .
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eudey , ardith ( 2008 ) .
the crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) widespread and rapidly declining .
. primate conservation 23 : 129–132 .
female long - tailed macaques show a conspicuous cyclicity of sexual behavior during their menstrual cycle . as they approach ovulation , females experience a swelling of the skin in the perineal region . however , there has been no direct correlation between the frequency of copulation and the degree of swelling of genital tissues . this concealment of ovulation could exist in order to persuade consorting males to stay with females longer .
the barbary macaque is a diurnal monkey , dividing its time more or less equally between arboreal and terrestrial territory . mostly herbivorous , they feed on leaves , roots and fruit , however , they will also eat insects . by day , the barbary macaque patrols a territory which may cover several square kilometres where it peacefully co - exists with other primate species . they share water holes without quarrel . the barbary macaque moves about energetically on all fours , occasionally rising on its hind limbs to survey for threats .
long - tailed macaques live in multi - male and multi - female groups of 6 to 58 individuals . the number of individuals in a group is relative to the potential threats in the area . larger groups provide protection in areas with higher risk of predation , but may also result in greater competition for fruit and other resources . when appropriate , they split up into smaller foraging groups to help avoid competition .
blancher a , bonhomme m , crouau - roy b , terao k , kitano t , saitou n . mitochondrial dna sequence phylogeny of 4 populations of the widely distributed cynomolgus macaque (
long - tailed macaques are classified as least concern by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn , 2008 ) . the greatest threat to their survival is habitat loss as a result of human activity , such as logging operations . as they lose habitat , they are forced onto agricultural land to find food . their feeding activity jeopardizes the farmers’ yield and they are considered pests . they are beaten and / or killed for crop - raiding .
the lion - tailed macaque ranks among the rarest and most threatened primates . according to estimations of the iucn , only approximately 2 , 500 of these monkeys live scattered over several areas in southwest india . the destruction of their habitat and the fact that they avoid human proximity , has led to the drastic decrease of their population . many zoos take part in breeding programs which help to secure the survival of this species .
the japanese macaque ( macaca fuscata ) , is also known as the snow monkey . it is a terrestrial old world monkey species native to northern japan although a troop has been identified living in texas since 1972 . the japanese macaque monkey is the most northern - living non - human primate . individuals have brown - grey fur , a red face , hands and bottom and a short tail .
the japanese macaque has a body length ranging from 79 to 95 centimetres , with a tail length of approximately 10 centimetres . males weigh from 10 to 14 kilograms , females , around 5 . 5 kilograms . the japanese macaque can survive winter temperatures below - 15 °c ( 5° f ) and is perhaps most famous for the amount of time it spends relaxing in naturally heated volcanic hot springs .
the females have a rigid hierarchy with infants inheriting their mother’s rank . female gestation period is 173 days , females bear only one young , which weighs about 500 grams at birth . the japanese macaque has an average life span of 30 years . the japanese macaque is very smart . it is the only animal other than humans and raccoons that is known to wash its food before eating it .
the lion - tailed macaque is a diurnal rainforest dweller . they are good climbers and spend most of their life in the trees . unlike other macaques , it avoids humans . in group behaviour , it is much like other macaques as it lives in hierarchical groups of usually 10 to 20 individuals , which consist of some males and many females . it is a territorial animal , defending its area first with loud cries towards the invading troops .
although the species is ecologically well - adapted and poses no threat to population stability of prey species in its native range , in areas where the crab - eating macaque is not native , it can pose a substantial threat to biodiversity . some believe the crab - eating macaque is responsible for the extinction of forest birds by threatening critical breeding areas as well as eating the eggs and chicks of endangered forest birds .
rhesus macaques have a life span of about 25 years . inhabiting arid , open areas , the rhesus macaque may be found in grasslands , woodlands and in mountainous regions up to 2 , 500 metres in elevation . rhesus macaques are good swimmers and they enjoy this activity . the rhesus macaque is noted for its tendency to move from rural to urban areas , coming to rely on handouts or refuse from humans .
yan g , zhang g , fang x , zhang y , li c , ling f , et al . genome sequencing and comparison of two nonhuman primate animal models , the cynomolgus and chinese rhesus macaque .
long - tailed macaques sleep in trees along the river and are particular about choosing their roosting sites . each group sleeps in its own tree and individuals huddle together when they sleep to maintain body temperature . they sleep toward the edge of the branches near the top or crown of the tree and preferentially choose branches that overhang the river ( van schaik et al . 1996 ) . long - tailed macaques are excellent swimmers , and this may be a predator avoidance technique : if they are threatened , they simply can escape by dropping to the water and swimming to safety ( rowe 1996 ; van schaik et al . 1996 ) . some predators include pythons , monitor lizards , raptors , large cats , and , in some areas , feral dogs . ( palombit 1992 ; van noordwijk & van schaik 1999 ) . the felid predation risk is so strong in some parts of their range that there is a discernible effect on social structure and group size ( van schaik & van noordwijk 1985 ) .
the barbary macaque is yellowish - brown to grey with lighter undersides . the barbary macaque grows to a maximum size of 75 centimetres ( 30 inches ) and weighs 13 kilograms ( 29 pounds ) . their faces are a dark pink colour and their tails are functionless . the barbary macaques front limbs are longer than its hind limbs . females are somewhat smaller than males . they inhabit forests of cedar , pine and oak .
the japanese macaque is diurnal and spends most of its time in forests . it lives in a variety of forest - types , including subtropical to subalpine , deciduous , broadleaf and evergreen forests , below 1500 metres .
 diet long - tailed macaques are opportunistic omnivores . they select fruit to eat based on its color , which indicates when the fruit is ripe . although they prefer fruit , they eat many different types of food in its absence . in habitats that are near water , they may eat small crabs . because of this , they are also known as crab - eating macaques . in some areas of the world , they are no longer afraid of humans and have become comfortable taking food from people , both passively and assertively .
it is clear that the long - tailed macaques have one thing in mind : survival . they are extremely successful at adapting to different lifestyles . as arboreal creatures—which means they have adapted to living primarily or exclusively in trees—they may sleep towards the very end of tree branches , and sometimes dangle high above water for a quick get - away from predators . they are known for using tools , such as stones , to help crack open nuts or snails , and they wash food in water or , when water is not available , rub it clean
we are grateful to the bavarian state collection of zoology , covance inc . and the german primate center for providing valuable long - tailed macaque samples , as well as to the universiti kebangsaan malaysia , the department of wildlife and national parks ( perhilitan ) , the sarawak forest department , the sabah wildlife department and sabak parks for sharing fecal samples . this research was financially supported by the german primate center and by grants to badrul munir md - zain ( frgs / 1 / 2012 / stwn10 / ukm / 02 / 3 , dlp - 2013 - 006 , ergs / 1 / 2013 / stwn10 / ukm / 02 / 1 ) . we further thank sabine hutschenreuther , christiane schwarz , nico westphal and jens gruber for support during sample collection , laboratory work or data analysis .
grooming and support in conflict among primates is considered to be an act of reciprocal altruism . in crab - eating macaques , an experiment was performed in which individuals were given the opportunity to groom one another under three conditions : after being groomed by the other , after grooming the other , and without prior grooming . after a grooming took place , the individual that received the grooming was much more likely to support its groomer than one that had not previously groomed that individual . these results support the reciprocal altruism theory of grooming in long - tailed macaques .
across much of the range , the major threat to the species is hunting . in mainland southeast asia , such as in cambodia and viet nam , females are taken into breeding facilities and males are exported internationally primarily for use in laboratory research . a potential related issue is the release of confiscated long - tailed macaques from the border area of viet nam and china ( which is where most of the current international trade is being recorded ) into the native range of other macaque species . in the philippines , the species is subject to a high level of hunting , where it is taken for local consumption and hunted for sport . it is also persecuted as a pest . habitat loss is also a localised threat , but the species can persist in a variety of habitats and very adaptable .
female gestation is approximately 6 months . the young are nursed for one year . sexual maturity is reached at 4 years for females , 6 years for males . the lion - tailed macaques life span in the wild is approximately 20 years , while in captivity up to 30 years .
a diurnal animal , the rhesus macaque is both arboreal and terrestrial . the rhesus macaque is an omnivore and feeds on leaves and pine needles , roots and the occasional insect or small animal . they have specialized pouch - like cheeks , allowing them to temporarily store their food . the gathered morsels are eaten sometime later , in safe surroundings . troops may contain up to 180 individuals , however 20 is normally the average . females may outnumber the males by a ratio of 4 to 1 .
the tibetan macaques diet consists mostly of fruit , however , it will also consume seeds , leaves , berries and flowers as well as invertebrates . the tibetan macaque is a gregarious animal and lives in multi - male and multi - female groups .
branched off first , 6 . 10 ( 5 . 23 - 6 . 92 ) ma . the remaining , solely asian macaque species , diverged into two clades 5 . 49 ( 4 . 69 - 6 . 34 ) ma , one comprising
for phylogenetic reconstructions , we expanded our dataset with additional mtdna genome sequences from macaque and non - macaque taxa derived from genbank . the dataset comprised 60 mtdna genomes including 43 m . fascicularis individuals ( 3 from genbank including id : 3 ) , at least one representative of the other six macaque species groups ( 2 m . sylvanus , 1 m . arctoides , 3 m . mulatta , 2 m . thibetana , 1 m . tonkeana , 1 m . silenus ) and various outgroup taxa ( 1 theropithecus gelada , 1 papio hamadryas , 1 chlorocebus pygerythrus , 1 colobus guereza , 1 pongo abelii , 1 pan troglodytes , 1 homo sapiens ) . for detailed sample information and genbank accession numbers see additional file 2 : table s2 .
gumert , michael d . ( december 2007 ) .
payment for sex in a macaque mating market
. animal behavior 74 ( 6 ) : 1655–1667 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . anbehav . 2007 . 03 . 009 .
long - tailed macaques live in primary , secondary , coastal , mangrove , swamp , and riverine forests from sea level up to elevations of 2000 m ( 6561 ft ) ( rowe 1996 ; supriatna et al . 1996 ) . they prefer forested areas near water and are found in higher densities near riverbanks , lakeshores , or along the seacoast ( van schaik et al . 1996 ) . they preferentially utilize secondary forest , especially if it borders human settlement , where they have access to gardens and farms to crop - raid ( crockett & wilson 1980 ; sussman & tattersall 1986 ) .
the celebes crested macaque is an omnivore , 70 % of its diet consists of fruits , however , it also consumes leaves , buds , seeds , fungus , birds and bird eggs , insects ( such as caterpillars ) and the occasional small lizard or frog .
long - tailed macaques live in multi - male groups consisting of about thirty members . at sexual maturity , males leave their natal group , and join either bachelor groups or new social groups . since males leave the natal group , they are subject to more predation , disease , and injury thna are females . once a male finds another group in which to reside , he may replace some of the existing high - ranking males . male replacement itself is a process in which a foreign male adult successfully takes over a resident male ' s harem position . these events are highly aggressive activites , and the participating adults are usually injured .
the celebes crested macaques life span is approximately 20 years . the total population of the macaque on sulawesi is estimated at 4 , 000 – 6 , 000 , while a booming population of up to 100 , 000 monkeys are found on bacan , an island in indonesia .
, can also infect humans . a few cases have been documented in human , but for how long humans have been getting infections of this malarial strain is unknown . it is , therefore , not possible to assess if this is a newly emerging health threat , or if just newly discovered due to improved malarial detection techniques .
long - tailed macaques are found in tropical rain forests characterized by warm , humid climate and heavy seasonal rainfall ( supriatna et al . 1996 ; umapathy et al . 2003 ) . the rainy season in southeast asia lasts from about september to may , with average monthly rainfall between 140 and 300 mm ( 5 . 5 and 11 . 8 in ) and with less rainfall from june through august or september ( lucas & corlett 1991 ; yeager 1996 ; umapathy et al . 2003 ) . annual rainfall ranges between 2100 and 4500 mm ( 6 . 89 to 14 . 8 ft ) per year ( cannon & leighton 1994 ; melisch & dirgayusa 1996 ) .
both applied laboratory methods have proven to be powerful to generate complete mtdna genome data with similarly high accuracy , with the dna - capture and high - throughput sequencing approach as the most promising and only practical option to obtain such data from highly degraded dna , fast and relatively cheap . our study provides new insights into the evolutionary history of m . f . fascicularis , most prominent we obtained first evidence for the presence of haplotypes in north sumatra that are related to asian mainland haplotypes and the clearly distinct and phylogenetically old timor clade . however , to fully resolve the phylogeny of long - tailed macaques , to identify their origin and the dispersal routes leading to their current distribution , to assess their full genetic diversity and to explore to which extent secondary gene flow occurred between local populations , it is fundamental to include further m . f . fascicularis populations from throughout their range into future studies . in these studies both , mitochondrial and a large number of nuclear loci , should be analyzed . moreover , to fully understand the evolutionary history of the species , the other subspecies of m . fascicularis should be incorporated in such studies as well . since long - tailed macaques are an important model species in biomedical research and considering intra - specific variation in genetics , physiology and behavior , more attention should be paid to the selection of study specimens .
the crab - eating macaque has the third - largest range of any primate species , behind only humans and rhesus macaques . the iucn red list categorizes the species as least concern , and cites lists them as appendix ii (
not necessarily threatened with extinction
, in which trade must be controlled to avoid use incompatible with their survival ) . a recent review of their populations suggests a need for better monitoring of populations due to increased wild trade and rising levels of human - macaque conflict , which are reducing overall population levels despite the species being widely distributed .
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the native range of the crab - eating macaque includes most of mainland southeast asia , including the malay archipelago islands of sumatra , java and borneo , the islands of the philippines and the nicobar islands in the bay of bengal . although this monkey is often referred to as the crab - eating macaque , its diet is by no means limited to crabs . other food items are in fact far more common . they are an opportunistic feeding omnivore , meaning they can and will eat a wide variety of animals , plants and other materials , it also eats leaves , flowers , roots and bark . it also preys on bird chicks and nesting female birds , lizards , frogs , fishes and bird eggs .
both laboratory approaches yielded complete mtdna genomes from m . f . fascicularis with high accuracy and / or coverage . according to our phylogenetic reconstructions , m . f . fascicularis initially diverged into two clades 1 . 70 million years ago ( ma ) , with one including haplotypes from mainland southeast asia , the malay peninsula and north sumatra ( clade a ) and the other , haplotypes from the islands of bangka , java , borneo , timor , and the philippines ( clade b ) . the three geographical populations of clade a appear as paraphyletic groups , while local populations of clade b form monophyletic clades with the exception of a philippine individual which is nested within the borneo clade . further , in clade b the branching pattern among main clades / lineages remains largely unresolved , most likely due to their relatively rapid diversification 0 . 93 - 0 . 84 ma .
adult males measure approximately 53 centimetres on average and weigh an average of 7 . 7 kilograms . females are smaller , averaging 47 centimetres in length and 5 . 3 kilograms in weight . rhesus macaque monkeys are brown or grey in colour and have pink faces which are typically bereft of fur . rhesus macaques tails are of medium length and average between 20 and 22 centimetres .
lists them as appendix ii (
not necessarily threatened with extinction
, in which trade must be controlled to avoid use incompatible with their survival ) . a recent review of their populations suggests there is a need for better monitoring of populations due to increased wild trade and rising levels of human - macaque conflict , which are reducing overall population levels despite the species being widely distributed .
our results concerning the phylogenetic relationships among macaque and non - macaque taxa and estimated divergence ages are largely in line with previous molecular studies [ 5 , 7 , 10 , 19 , 43 - 48 ] . for the phylogenetic relationships among m . fascicularis haplotypes , we obtained higher statistical support for most nodes in our tree , as compared to earlier mtdna studies which used only fragments of the mtdna genome [ 5 , 7 , 17 - 20 , 22 ] . nevertheless , some nodes in our study are still missing significant statistical support , thus leaving some phylogenetic relationships , in particular those between populations from timor , java , mauritius and bangka / borneo / philippines , unresolved . such results are common when clades or lineages diverged within a short time period [ 42 , 48 - 52 ] .


the crosse 's shrew ( crocidura crossei ) is a species of mammal in the family soricidae .

it is found in benin , cameroon , ivory coast , ghana , guinea , liberia , nigeria , sierra leone , and togo .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

crosse ' s shrew

arizona shrew ( s . arizonae ) • zacatecas shrew ( s . emarginatus ) • merriam ' s shrew ( s . merriami ) • kashmir pygmy shrew ( s . planiceps ) • saussure ' s shrew ( s . saussurei ) • sclater ' s shrew ( s . sclateri ) • san cristobal shrew ( s . stizodon ) • tibetan shrew ( s . thibetanus ) • trowbridge ' s shrew ( s . trowbridgii ) • chestnut - bellied shrew ( s . ventralis ) • veracruz shrew ( s . veraecrucis )
s . akaibei • cameroonian forest shrew ( s . cameruniensis ) • grant ' s forest shrew ( s . granti ) • howell ' s forest shrew ( s . howelli ) • bioko forest shrew ( s . isabellae ) • johnston ' s forest shrew ( s . johnstoni ) • kongana shrew ( s . konganensis ) • moon forest shrew ( s . lunaris ) • mount cameroon forest shrew ( s . morio ) • greater forest shrew ( s . ollula ) • lesser forest shrew ( s . oriundus ) • rain forest shrew ( s . pluvialis ) • volcano shrew ( s . vulcanorum )
taita shrew ( s . aequatorius ) • black shrew ( s . ater ) • day ' s shrew ( s . dayi ) • etruscan shrew ( s . etruscus ) • sri lankan shrew ( s . fellowesgordoni ) • bornean pygmy shrew ( s . hosei ) • least dwarf shrew ( s . infinitesimus ) • greater dwarf shrew ( s . lixus ) • madagascan pygmy shrew ( s . madagascariensis ) • malayan pygmy shrew ( s . malayanus ) • climbing shrew ( s . megalura ) • flores shrew ( s . mertensi ) • asian highland shrew ( s . montanus ) • زباب المنزل الآسيوي ( s . murinus ) • remy ' s pygmy shrew ( s . remyi ) • anderson ' s shrew ( s . stoliczkanus ) • lesser dwarf shrew ( s . varilla ) • jungle shrew ( s . zeylanicus )
long - tailed shrew ( s . dispar ) • smoky shrew ( s . fumeus ) • gaspé shrew ( s . gaspensis ) • american pygmy shrew ( s . hoyi ) • large - toothed shrew ( s . macrodon ) • carmen mountain shrew ( s . milleri ) • dwarf shrew ( s . nanus ) • mexican long - tailed shrew ( s . oreopolus ) • orizaba long - tailed shrew ( s . orizabae ) • ornate shrew ( s . ornatus ) • inyo shrew ( s . tenellus ) • verapaz shrew ( s . veraepacis ) s . vagrans complex : glacier bay water shrew ( s . alaskanus ) • baird ' s shrew ( s . bairdii ) • marsh shrew ( s . bendirii ) • montane shrew ( s . monticolus ) • new mexico shrew ( s . neomexicanus ) • pacific shrew ( s . pacificus ) • american water shrew ( s . palustris ) • fog shrew ( s . sonomae ) • vagrant shrew ( s . vagrans ) s . cinereus group : kamchatka shrew ( s . camtschatica ) • cinereus shrew ( s . cinereus ) • prairie shrew ( s . haydeni ) • saint lawrence island shrew ( s . jacksoni ) • paramushir shrew ( s . leucogaster ) • southeastern shrew ( s . longirostris ) • mount lyell shrew ( s . lyelli ) • portenko ' s shrew ( s . portenkoi ) • preble ' s shrew ( s . preblei ) • pribilof island shrew ( s . pribilofensis ) • olympic shrew ( s . rohweri ) • barren ground shrew ( s . ugyunak )
aberdare mole shrew ( s . norae ) • mount kenya mole shrew ( s . polulus )
van sung ' s shrew ( c . caovansunga ) • de winton ' s shrew ( c . hypsibia ) • lamulate shrew ( c . lamula ) • lowe ' s shrew ( c . parca ) • pygmy brown - toothed shrew ( c . parva ) • salenski ' s shrew ( c . salenskii ) • smith ' s shrew ( c . smithii ) • lesser taiwanese shrew ( c . sodalis )
cockrum ' s gray shrew ( n . cockrumi ) • crawford ' s gray shrew ( n . crawfordi ) • large - eared gray shrew ( n . evotis ) • villa ' s gray shrew ( n . villai )
phillips ' s shrew ( c . phillipsorum ) • greater congo shrew ( c . polli ) • lesser congo shrew ( c . verheyeni )
broad - footed mole ( s . latimanus ) • coast mole ( s . orarius ) • townsend ' s mole ( s . townsendii )
babault ' s mouse shrew ( m . babaulti ) • montane mouse shrew ( m . blarina ) • dark - footed mouse shrew ( m . cafer ) • eisentraut ' s mouse shrew ( m . eisentrauti ) • geata mouse shrew ( m . geata ) • nyika mouse shrew ( m . gnoskei ) • kihaule ' s mouse shrew ( m . kihaulei ) • long - tailed forest shrew ( m . longicaudatus ) • oku mouse shrew ( m . okuensis ) • rumpi mouse shrew ( m . rumpii ) • schaller ' s mouse shrew ( m . schalleri ) • sclater ' s mouse shrew ( m . sclateri ) • thin mouse shrew ( m . tenuis ) • forest shrew ( m . varius ) • kilimanjaro mouse shrew ( m . zinki )
anderson ' s shrew mole ( u . andersoni ) • gracile shrew mole ( u . gracilis ) • inquisitive shrew mole ( u . investigator ) • chinese shrew mole ( u . soricipes )
cuban solenodon ( s . cubanus ) • hispaniolan solenodon ( s . paradoxus )
grauer ' s large - headed shrew ( p . graueri ) • greater large - headed shrew ( p . maxima ) • lesser large - headed shrew ( p . schoutedeni )
mediterranean water shrew ( n . anomalus ) • eurasian water shrew ( n . fodiens ) • transcaucasian water shrew ( n . teres )
assam mole shrew ( a . assamensis ) • giant mole shrew ( a . schmidi ) • chinese mole shrew ( a . squamipes ) • taiwanese mole shrew ( a . yamashinai )
malayan water shrew ( c . hantu ) • himalayan water shrew ( c . himalayica ) • bornean water shrew ( c . phaeura ) • japanese water shrew ( c . platycephalus ) • chinese water shrew ( c . styani ) • sumatran water shrew ( c . sumatrana )
northern short - tailed shrew ( b . brevicauda ) • southern short - tailed shrew ( b . carolinensis ) • elliot ' s short - tailed shrew ( b . hylophaga ) • everglades short - tailed shrew ( b . peninsulae )
hodgsons ' s brown - toothed shrew ( e . caudatus ) • taiwanese brown - toothed shrew ( e . fumidus ) • long - tailed brown - toothed shrew ( e . leucops ) • long - tailed mountain shrew ( e . macrurus )
c . goldmani set : central mexican broad - clawed shrew ( c . alticola ) • goldman ' s broad - clawed shrew ( c . goldmani ) • goodwin ' s broad - clawed shrew ( c . goodwini ) • guatemalan broad - clawed shrew ( c . griseoventris ) • c . lacertosus • c . mam • oaxacan broad - clawed shrew ( c . peregrina )
indochinese short - tailed shrew ( b . griselda ) • asiatic short - tailed shrew ( b . quadraticauda ) • burmese short - tailed shrew ( b . wardi )
زباب ساڤي القزم etruscan shrew ( suncus etruscus ) , المعروف أيضاً ب etruscan pygmy shrew or the white - toothed pygmy shrew هو أصغر الثدييات المعروفة من حيث الحجم، وتزن حوالي 1،8 غرام فقط في المتوسط .
comments : there has been disagreement over whether s . monticolus is distinct from s . vagrans at the species level ; most recent studies recognize s . monticolus as a distinct species ( e . g . , jones et al . 1992 ; hutterer , in wilson and reeder 1993 ; smith and belk 1996 ) . s . obscurus , formerly regarded as a subspecies of sorex vagrans , was considered a subspecies of s . monticolus by hennings and hoffman ( 1977 ) , carraway ( 1990 ) , and hutterer ( in wilson and reeder 1993 ) . taxa formerly known as s . monticolus bairdii and s . monticolus permiliensis were regarded by carraway ( 1990 ) as subspecies of sorex bairdii . subspecies setosus formerly was included in sorex vagrans by some authors . alexander ( 1996 ) conducted a morphometric analysis of skulls and determined that the shrew heretofore known as sorex obscurus neomexicanus , sorex vagrans neomexicanus , or sorex monticolus neomexicanus should be recognized as a distinct species , s . neomexicanus . the north american mammal checklist by baker et al . ( 2003 ) followed alexander in recognizing s . neomexicanus as a distinct species . sorex neomexicanus was considered a subspecies of sorex monticolus by george , in wilson and ruff ( 1999 ) . subspecies calvertensis may be synonymous with s . m . elassodon ; further study is needed ( alexander 1996 ) . see george ( 1988 ) for an electrophoretic study of systematic relationships among sorex species .
this is thought to be the commonest shrew in nigerian rainforest ( happold 1975 ; happold 1987 ) . comprised 70 % of the two species of shrew captured during a three - year study in the gambari forest reserve , nigeria ( hutterer and happold 1983 ) .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
aulagnier , s . ; hutterer , r . ; jenkins , p . ; bukhnikashvili , a . ; kryštufek , b . ; and kock , d . ( 2008 ) .
montane shrews are among the most common shrews , and do well in a variety of moist habitats : thick , grassy areas near streams or rivers ; meadows ; thickets of willow and alder ; spruce - fir forests ; and alpine tundra . they are dietary generalists , eating insects , earthworms , and other invertebrates . females can have two litters a year , usually of 5 or 6 young . the montane shrew may occur with as many as four other species of shrews , and except for the water shrew , it is usually the largest shrew where it is found . normally , montane shrews do not live longer than 16 - 18 months . links : mammal species of the world click here for the american society of mammalogists species account
greater chinese mole ( e . grandis ) • kloss ' s mole ( e . klossi ) • long - nosed mole ( e . longirostris ) • himalayan mole ( e . micrura ) • japanese mountain mole ( e . mizura ) • small - toothed mole ( e . parvidens )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
altai mole ( t . altaica ) • blind mole ( t . caeca ) • caucasian mole ( t . caucasica ) • european mole ( t . europaea ) • père david ' s mole ( t . davidiana ) • levant mole ( t . levantis ) • spanish mole ( t . occidentalis ) • roman mole ( t . romana ) • balkan mole ( t . stankovici )
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
formerly included crocidura jouvenetae , see notes on these two species in hutterer ( 2005 ) .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
hutterer ( 2005 ) records this west african species as probably ranging through lowland forest from guinea to western cameroon . although it is largely a lowland species , there is a record from mount cameroon .
in nigeria , this species has been recorded from primary lowland tropical moist forest , or relict forests in derived savanna , and is possibly present in tree plantations ( hutterer and happold 1983 , happold 1987 , decher et al . 1997 ) . it is a terrestrial species that searches through leaf litter and siimilar ground cover for food ( happold 1987 ) .
it has been recorded from the gambari forest reserve ( happold 1997 ) and is presumably present in a number of west african protected areas . further research is needed into the range of both this species and the partially sympatric crocidura jouvenetae . this is a widespread and common species of no immediate conservation concern .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t40624a115175904 .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
comments : formerly included ebriensis and jouvenetae ; see heim de balsac and meester ( 1977 ) . c . crossei occurs almost sympatrically with c . jouvenetae from guinea to côte d ' ivoire
this widespread species occurs from alaska and western canada , south through the western united states ( although patchily distributed ) and the highlands of the sierra madre occidental in mexico ( baker and greer , 1962 ) . the highest altitudinal records in mexico are around 2 , 600 m asl in durango ( baker and greer , 1962 ) .
dusky shrews are one of the most common members of the genus sorex in north america . they can be found from northern alaska to new mexico and from the pacific coast to central manitoba ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . they also inhabit the rocky mountains , blue mountains , and the sierra nevada . in addition dusky shrews can be found on vancouver island and queen charlotte island ( willson & ruff , 1999 ) .
global range : alaska to southern california , east to western manitoba , montana , wyoming , colorado , new mexico ( not south - central ) , chihuahua , and durango ; many populations exist on relatively isolated mountain ranges in the southern half of the range ( hutterer , in wilson and reeder 1993 ; smith and belk 1996 ) . see alexander ( 1996 ) for information on distributions of subspecies .
are small , long tailed shrews . total length varies between 103 and 142mm , and tail length between 40 - 62mm ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . in summer shrews are brownish dorsally with silvery white or gray ventral pelage ( willson & ruff , 1999 ) . in september or october the pelage becomes darker and thicker . in general molting occurs twice per year and starts from the rump and nose and spreads out , finishing between the ears . the timing of molt differs between sexes , around march for females and may for males ( smith & belk , 1999 ) . the tail is indistinctly bicolored . musk glands on the flanks are visible in breeding males and 30 % of breeding females . there is no significant sexual dimorphism ( willson & ruff , 1999 ) .
dusky shrews have one incisor with two cusps , five unicuspids and four molars in the upper jaw . there is one incisor , two unicuspids and three molars in the lower jaw ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . dental formula : 3 / 1 , 1 / 1 , 3 / 1 , 3 / 3 = 32 teeth ( forsyth , 1985 ) .
sexual dimorphism : none length : average : 119 mm range : 95 - 139 mm weight : range : 4 . 4 - 10 . 2 g
see carraway ( 1995 ) for a key to western north american soricids based primarily on dentaries .
it is found in a variety of habitat types : montane boreal and coastal coniferous forest and alpine areas ; damp meadows surrounded by coniferous forest , in grass among spruce - fir , mid - elevation fir - larch , along streams and rivers in high prairie , mossy banks of small streams , alpine tundra , sphagnum bogs .
dusky shrews occupy a wide range of habitats including tundra , alpine meadows , forests , and prairies ( forsyth , 1985 ) . the main component of suitable microhabitat is dense ground cover , which may aid in predator avoidance . shrews are often found in forest floor litter and almost never burrow ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . habitats with high quantities of coarse woody debris lead to higher reproductive rates in
( lee , 1995 ) . they are closely associated with riparian zones and studies show that most shrews can be found within 100 meters of streams or rivers ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . shrews prefer habitats with acidic soils and nearby coniferous forest ( forsyth , 1985 ) .
comments : montane boreal and coastal coniferous forest and alpine areas ; various habitats including damp meadows surrounded by coniferous forest , in grass among spruce - fir , mid - elevation fir - larch , along streams and rivers in high prairie , mossy banks of small streams , alpine tundra , sphagnum bogs .
non - migrant : yes . at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations . juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
dusky shrews are insectivorous . their small size results in rapid heat loss due to the small surface to volume ratio . in order to maintain a constant body temperature shrews have to maintain a high metabolic rate and , therefore , consume large quantities of prey ( findley , 1987 ) . they must spend most of their time hunting and feeding . the diet of
consists of insects and their larvae , earthworms , spiders , snails , and , rarely , small salamanders . the largest possible prey size was estimated to be > 30mm ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . in addition , dusky shrews were observed eating conifer seeds , lichens , and fungi ( rhoades , 1986 ) . although dusky shrews were described as aggressive hunters , little has been mentioned as to how they capture their prey .
comments : feeds primarily on insects and other small invertebrates ( worms , sowbugs , molluscs , etc . ) . also consumes some vegetable matter .
most individuals probably do not live longer than 18 months . mean home range estimates = 1227 sq m for nonbreeders , 4020 sq m for breeders ( van zyll de jong 1983 ) . apparently not territorial in breeding season ; may move widely ( van zyll de jong 1983 )
observations : like in other similar species , females overwinter before breeding . in the wild , they are not expected to live more than 1 . 5 years , which means that there is a yearly population turnover ( smith and belk 1996 ) .
breeding season extends from april - august . average litter size is about 5 , but ranges up to 7 ( van zyll de jong 1983 ) . information on reproduction from different parts of the range is needed .
matson , j . , woodman , n . , castro - arellano , i . & de grammont , p . c .
amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & chanson , j . ( global mammal assessment team )
this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , its local abundance , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
since it is one of the most common and widespread species of sorex in north america it is not protected and no ( known ) steps have been taken to protect these species .
there are no major threats to this species , although habitat loss may be occurring in some parts of its range .
in mexico it is included in legislation protection under the nom 059 semarnat 2001 , under the name of sorex vagrans monticola . in the state of california the species is listed as a
species of special concern
. it presumably occurs in protected areas throughout its range .
matson , j . , woodman , n . , castro - arellano , i . & de grammont , p . c . ( 2008 ) .
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echigo mole ( m . etigo ) • insular mole ( m . insularis ) • kano mole ( m . kanoana ) • kobe mole ( m . kobeae ) • small japanese mole ( m . imaizumii ) • large mole ( m . robusta ) • sado mole ( m . tokudae ) • japanese mole ( m . wogura ) • senkaku mole ( m . uchidai )


depressaria filipjevi is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by alexandr l. lvovsky in 1981 .

it is found in the russian far east ( amur ) .

depressaria filipjevi

filipjevi lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 80
depressaria genistella walsingham , 1903 ; ent . mon . mag . 39 : 266
depressaria radiosquamella walsingham , 1898 ; ent . mon . mag . 34 : 132
depressaria hystricella möschler , 1860 ; wien . ent . monats . 4 : 275
depressaria subalbipunctella lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 78
depressaria irregularis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1090
depressaria krasnowodskella hannemann , 1953 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 314
depressaria kollari zeller , 1854 ; linn . ent . 9 : 336 ; tl : sidney
depressaria bupleurella heinemann , 1870 ; schmett . dtl . scweitz . ( 2 ) 3 : 171
depressaria beckmanni heinemann , 1870 ; schmett . dtl . scweitz . ( 2 ) 3 : 179
depressaria nemolella svensson , 1982 ; ent . scand . 13 ( 3 ) : 293 ; tl : sweden
depressaria ivinskisi lvovsky , 1990 ; ent . obozr . 69 ( 3 ) : ( 638 - 655 )
depressaria hannemanniana lvovsky , 1990 ; ent . obozr . 69 ( 3 ) : ( 638 - 655 )
depressaria rjabovi lvovsky , 1990 ; ent . obozr . 69 ( 3 ) : ( 638 - 655 )
depressaria zelleri staudinger , 1880 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 15 ( 2 - 3 ) : 300
depressaria assalella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 343 ; tl : gafsa
depressaria chlorothorax meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : palestine , nazareth
depressaria compactella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 133
depressaria niphosyrphas meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 5 ) : 120 ; tl : s . ussuri
depressaria saharae tabelli buchner , 2017 ; zookeys 684 : 143 ; tl : canary is . , tenerife , guimar
depressaria aurantiella tutt , 1893 ; ent . rec . j . var . 4 : 241 ; tl : deal
depressaria lacticapitella klimesch , 1942 ; zs . wiener entver . 27 : 148 , pl . 12 , f . 1
depressaria pentheri rebel , 1904 ; ann . mus . wien 19 : 360 , pl . 5 , f . 26
depressaria basicostata matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1089 ; tl : japan , sapporo
depressaria artemisiella mcdunnough , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 271 ; tl : seton l . , british columbia
depressaria discipunctella var . helladicella rebel , 1906 ; berl . ent . z . 50 ( 3 / 4 ) : 311
depressaria fuscipedella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 343 ; tl : frenda , oran
depressaria leptotaeniae clarke , 1933 ; can . ent . 65 : 87 , pl . 4 ; tl : pullman , washington
depressaria hofmanni stainton , 1861 ; nat . hist . br . tineina 6 : 176 , pl . 5 , f . 2
depressaria pyrenaella sumpich , 2013 ; ent . rec . j . var . 125 ( 3 ) : ( 114 - 118 )
depressaria taciturna meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : simla
depressaria clausulata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : ngqeleni , west pondoland
depressaria colossella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 133 ; tl : tjutjuje
depressaria saharae gaston & vives , 2017 ; arquivos ent . 17 : 352 ; tl : spain , burgos , la vid , 850m
depressaria floridella mann , 1864 ; wien . ent . mon . 8 ( 6 ) : 186 , pl . 4 , f . 14
depressaria basicostata ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 31 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; [ nhm card ]
depressaria panurga meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 289 ; tl : cape colony , knysna
depressaria prospicua meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 249 ; tl : cape colony , capetown
depressaria reticulatella bruand , 1851 ; mém . soc . doubs 3 ( 3 , livr . 5 - 6 ) : 39 ; tl : france
depressaria orthobathra meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 31 ; tl : natal , umkomaas ; zululand , nkwaleni
depressaria indecorella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 25 ; tl : orenburg
depressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) ; buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 , centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 10
depressaria juliella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 91 ; tl : pecos , new mexico
depressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) hystricella ; buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 , centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 11
depressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) taciturna ; buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 , centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 10
depressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) nomia ; buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 , centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 10
depressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) irregularis ; buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 , centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 10
depressaria sp . b ; mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 40 ( modoc co . , ca )
depressaria ultimella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 166 , pl . 17 , f . 6 ; tl : lewes
depressaria cinderella corley , 2002 ; nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 29 ; tl : portugal , alto alentejo , serra de são mamede , minhota , 650m
depressaria cervicella herrich - schäffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 64 ) : 130 , ( 53 ) f . 431 - 432
depressaria despoliatella erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 101 , pl . 6 , f . 113 ; tl : maracanda
depressaria rhodoscelis meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , gt . winthoek , 4500ft
depressaria ( depressariini ) ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 57 , 9 ; [ nacl ] , 12 ; [ fe ]
depressaria multifidae clarke , 1933 ; can . ent . 65 : 85 , pl . 4 ; tl : snake r . , whitman co . , opposite clarkston , washington
depressaria pteryxiphaga clarke , 1952 ; smithson . misc . collec . 117 : 16 , pl . 6 , f . 3 , 4 ; tl : ten sleep , wyoming
depressaria macrotrichella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 26 ; tl : schahkuh , n . iran
depressaria villosae corley & buchner , 2018 ; ent . rec . j . var . 130 : 105 ; tl : portugal , trás - os - montes , parâmio , vilarinho , 780m
depressaria nomia butler , 1879 ; ill . typical spec . lep . het . colln br . mus . 3 : 82 , pl . 60 , f . 13 ; tl : yokohama
depressaria atrostrigella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 168 , pl . 35 , f . 194 ; tl : aweme , manitoba
depressaria palousella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 171 , pl . 48 , f . 284 ; tl : pullmann , washington
depressaria constancei clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 5 , f . 2 , 9 ; tl : yreka , siskiyou co . , california
depressaria betina clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 9 , f . 3 , 10 ; tl : gilmer , klickitat co . , washington
depressaria moya clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 13 , f . 4 , 11 ; tl : hornbrook , siskiyou co . , california
depressaria kailai lvovsky , 2009 ; zoosyst . rossica 18 ( 1 ) : 70 ; tl : kazakhstan , 43°24 ' n 75°02 ' e , dzhambul prov . , 70km nne of frunze , 950m
depressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) bayindirensis buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 ; centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 11 ; tl : turkey , izmir , bayindir
depressaria besma clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 14 , f . 5 , 12 ; tl : fort lewis , pierce co . , washington
depressaria armata clarke , 1952 ; smithson . misc . collec . 117 : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 5 ; tl : slate peak , whatcom co . , washington , 6500 '
depressaria f . / sp . ? albiocellata staudinger , 1871 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 7 ( 1870 ) : 247 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; tl : greece
depressaria schellbachi clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 10 , f . 6 , 13 ; tl : sshohone point , grand canyon , arizon , 7050 '
depressaria angelicivora clarke , 1952 ; smithson . misc . collec . 117 : 15 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : macdonald pass , 15 mi w of helena , montana , 6100 '
depressaria eleanorae clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 178 , pl . 38 , f . 204 , pl . 47 , f . 279 ; tl : hymers , ontario
depressaria artemisiella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 67 , pl . 4 , f . 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 927 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria cinereocostella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 63 , pl . 4 , f . 6 - 11 ; [ nacl ] , # 921 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria yakimae clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 185 , pl . 37 , f . 201 , pl . 48 , f . 285 ; tl : yakima , yakima co . , washington
depressaria sp . a ; mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39 ( park co . , wy , lemhi co . , ca , alpine co . , ca , modoc co . , ca )
depressaria togata ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75 , pl . 5 , f . 11 - 12 , 15 ; [ nacl ] , # 939 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria alienella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 12 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 66 ; [ nacl ] , # 926 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria whitmani clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 182 , pl . 36 , f . 200 , pl . 48 , f . 286 ; tl : snake r . , whitman co . , wahsington , opposite clarkston
depressaria angustati clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 189 , pl . 36 , f . 198 , pl . 48 , f . 287 ; tl : skyline ridge , mt baker distr . , whatcom co . , washington , 6200 '
depressaria atrostrigella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 20 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; [ nacl ] , # 918 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria schellbachi ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 125 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70 , pl . 4 , f . 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 931 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria angelicivora ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70 , pl . 4 , f . 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 932 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria yakimae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 148 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 71 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 934 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria moya ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 95 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 72 , pl . 5 , f . 8 ; [ nacl ] , # 936 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria besma ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 23 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 74 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; [ nacl ] , # 937 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria pteryxiphaga ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 118 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 74 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; [ nacl ] , # 938 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria armata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 18 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; [ nacl ] , # 940 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria angustati ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75 , pl . 5 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 941 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria juliella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 76 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 65 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 923 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria eleanorae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 50 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 66 , pl . 4 , f . 21 - 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 925 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria constancei ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 38 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 67 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 928 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria whitmani ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 147 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 68 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 930 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria leptotaeniae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 81 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70 , pl . 4 , f . 40 - 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 933 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria multifidae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 95 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 72 , pl . 5 , f . 5 - 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 935 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
depressaria betina ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 24 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 68 , pl . 4 , f . 23 , 32 - 34 ; [ nacl ] , # 929 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
doctype html public
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= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 57 ; [ nacl ] , 12 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 57 ; [ nacl ] , 12 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
eu , . . . , nova scotia , s . canada , british columbia - arizona , washington . see [ maps ]
= ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]
= ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184
larva on heracleum lanatum , pastinaca sativa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 65 mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39
canary is . , france , ausria , s . germany , . . . . see [ maps ]
eu , . . . , washington , british columbia , montana , sw . manitoba . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 63 ; [ nacl ] , # 919 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on artemisia drancunculoides hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 63
morocco , tunisia , spain , hungary , sicily , dalmatia , asia minor , palestine , . . . . see [ maps ]
marcella marcidella walsingham , 1907 ; ent . mon . mag . 43 : 215
larva on ( for prangosella ) prangos ferulacea walsingham , 1903 , ent . mon . mag . 39 : 268
libya , eu , caucasus , . . . , mongolia . see [ maps ]
badiella frustratella rebel , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 97
hungary , balkans , greece , sweu , asia minor , palestine . see [ maps ]
larva on pimpinella villosa corley & buchner , 2018 , ent . rec . j . var . 130 : 105
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 65 ; [ nacl ] , # 924 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 66 ; [ nacl ] , # 924 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on cicuta douglasi hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 66 , oenanthe sarmentosa mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39
switzerland , dalmatia , balkans , sicily , . . . . see [ maps ]
thoracella müller - rutz , 1922 ² ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 13 ( 5 ) : 237
603x653 ( ~ 83kb ) russia : moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 9 . 5 . 2009 , photo ©
sweu , sardinia , sicily , dalmatia , croatia , asia minor , palestine . see [ maps ]
larva on conopodium capillifolium corley , 2002 , nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 31
ceu , hungary , dalmatia , austria , . . . , = . see [ maps ]
danilevskyi lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 73
djakonovi lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 82
illepida hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 461
jugurthella ( lucas , 1849 ) ( haemylis ) ; explor . sci . algérie ( zool . ) 3 : 411 , pl . 4 , f . 10
karmeliella amsel , 1935 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 295
kasyi hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 239
kondarella lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 75
longipennella lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 75
manglisiella lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 78
parahofmanni hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 564
petronoma meyrick , 1934 ² ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 475
platytaeniella hannemann , 1977 ; dt . ent . z . 24 ( 1 - 3 ) : 41
schaidurovi lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 75
sibirella lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 80
spectrocentra meyrick , 1935 ² ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 593
subhirtipalpis hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 463
tabghaella amsel , 1935 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 294
varzobella lvovsky , 1982 ; ent . obozr . 61 ( 3 ) : 582
sw . manitoba , nova scotia - na . georgia , nebraska . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 64 ; [ nacl ] , # 921 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on oxypolis rigidior , sium suave , cicuta maculata , carum carvi , ligusticum scoticum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 64
washington , oregon , wyoming , utah , new mexico . see [ maps ]
larva on cicuta occidentals hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 65 , cicuta maculata mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39
nova scotia , connecticut , s . canada , british columbia - california , arizona , northwest territories . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 66 ; [ nacl ] , # 926 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on artemisia , achillea hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 67
larva on artemisia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 67
larva on lomatium californicum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 78
larva on lomatium nudicaule , l . triternatum , l . columbianum , l . dissectum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 68 , lomatium triternatum mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39
larva on lomatium macrocarpum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70
larva on lomatium macdougalii hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70
larva on angelica arguta hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70 mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39
larva on lomatium dissectum mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39 , leptotaenia multifida ?
larva on pteryxia terebenthina foeniculacea hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 72
larva on lomatium columbianum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 72 , lomatium grayi , pteryxia terebinthina var . californica , p . terebinthina var . foeniculacea mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39
larva on lomatium vaginatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 74
larva on lomatium utriculatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 74
larva on preryxia terebinthina hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 74 , pteryxia terebinthina var . calcarea mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39
montana , british columbia - arizona , oregon , washington . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75 ; [ nacl ] , # 939 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on lomatium ambiguum , lomatium triternatum macrocarpum , perideridia bolanderi , preryxia terebenthina foeniculacea hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75 , lomatium togata , brandegei mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39
larva on lomatium brandegei hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75
larva on lomatium angustatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 76
pleurota aragonella seebold , 1899 ; dt . ent . z . iris 11 ( 2 ) : 297 ( ragonot i . l . )
oecophora pavoniella amary , 1840 ; eserc . accad . aspir . nat . , napoli 2 ( 1 ) : 84 , pl . 6 , f . 1a - b
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
natürliche familien des thierreichs . aus dem französischen , mit anmerkungen und zusätzen in latreille ,
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae
) in the caucasus , with a discussion of the nomenclature of a . heracliana ( linnaeus )
exploration scientifique de l ' algerie pendant les annees 1840 , 1841 , 1842 . histoire naturelle des animaux articules ( 3 ) insectes
sp . n . - a confused species from south - western europe ( lep . : depressariidae )
zeller , 1854 die depressarien und einige ihne nahe stehende gattungen linn . ent . 9 : 189 - 403 , pl . 2 - 3
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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