abraximorpha is a small asian genus of skippers .

species in abraximorpha are abraximorpha davidii ( mabille , 1876 ) abraximorpha esta evans , 1949 abraximorpha heringi liu & gu , 1994 abraximorpha pieridoides mell , 1922

abraximorpha

establishment of a new genus for abraximorpha heringi and a . pieridoides < br / > ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae : pyrginae : tagiadini ) .
establishment of a new genus for abraximorpha heringi and a . pieridoides < br / > ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae : pyrginae : tagiadini ) . - pubmed - ncbi
[ vietnam ] abraximorpha heringi ; devyatkin , 2012 ; 151 , figs . 1♂ ( as daimio tethys roona ) , 2♂ ( un , as daimio tethys roona ) . ( n : lao cai , van ban / c : thua thien hue , bach ma ) abraximorpha heringi ; monastyrskii & devyatkin , 2015 ; 75 . ( n : cao ca : van ban / c : thua thien hue : bach ma )
on : abraximorpha heringi mell , 1922 od : deut . ent . zeit . 1922 : 120 - 121 . tl : drachenkopf , nordkuangtung , china . ( ♀ ) distribution : n . vietnam , china .
a new hesperiid genus , albiphasma gen . nov . , is described with abraximorpha heringi as the type species . the new genus consists of two species : al . heringi comb . nov . and al . pieridoides comb . nov . the genitalia and hair tuft on the hind tibiae suggest that the new genus is related to the genus pintara rather than the genus abraximorpha to which the two species have been assigned . the geographic distribution is currently restricted to southern china and vietnam . the adult , hind leg , wing venation and male genitalia of al . heringi as well as relevant species are illustrated .
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huang zf 1 , chiba h 2 , wang m 1 , fan xl 3 .
department of entomology , college of agriculture , south china agricultural university , guangzhou 510640 , china ; email : unknown .
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department of entomology , college of agriculture , south china agricultural university , guangzhou 510640 , china ; email : fanxiaol66 @ scau . edu . cn .
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nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
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eccopisa is a genus of snout moths .

it was described by zeller in 1848 .

it contains the species e. effractella .

it is found in most of europe , except fennoscandia , ireland and estonia .

the wingspan is 14-16.5 mm .

the larvae live in spun leaves of various deciduous trees .

eccopisa

type - species : eccopisa effractella zeller , 1848 . isis , leipzig : 648 .
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notes : very rare immigrant ( less than 10 previous uk records ) to the south coast of england from central europe . one of unknown origin was recorded in the grounds of buckingham palace on 12 july 1995 , and a genuine migrant at dungeness , kent on 14 september 2006 , with no further records to date . not recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight to date . wingspan 16 - 18 mm . distinctive nut - brown forewing and , in males , diagnostic indentation in costal edge of hindwing about one quarter along the wing , visible with a lens from below . no evidence of breeding in the uk .
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je ne saurais que trop vous conseiller l’ouvrage du groupe d’etude des invertébrés armoricains sur les pyrales de la manche . a retrouver sur le site pour le commander .
type specimens : ? type status ? country : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .
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: angiospermivora regier , c . mitter , kristensen , davis , van nieukerken , rota , simonsen , k . t . mitte , kawahara , yen , cummings & zwick , 2015
: euheteroneura regier , c . mitter , kristensen , davis , van nieukerken , rota , simonsen , k . t . mitte , kawahara , yen , cummings & zwick , 2015
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


salaria pavo , the peacock blenny , is a species of combtooth blenny found in the eastern atlantic coast from france to morocco ; also in the mediterranean and black seas , introduced to the suez canal .

this species reaches a length of 13 centimetres ( 5.1 in ) tl .

peacock blenny

the effect of nest aggregation on the reproductive behaviour of the peacock blenny salaria pavo .
the brackish tank • peacock blenny genus : salarias species : s . pavo . . .
the effect of nest aggregation on the reproductive behaviour of the peacock blenny salaria pavo . - pubmed - ncbi
peacock blenny can grow up to 13 cm what is approximately 5 inches . in general , 1 specimen requires at least 1560cm
peacock blenny .
saltwater . aqua - fish . net . fri dec 21 17 : 53 : 37 utc 2007 . < br / > < br / > aqua - fish . net . mon jul 9 18 : 08 : 32 utc 2018 < a href =
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> urltoken < / a > .
the effect of nest aggregation in courtship behaviour was tested experimentally in an ecologically constrained , sex - role reversed population of the peacock blenny salaria pavo . mixed sex groups of eight males and eight females were tested in experimental tanks , containing eight potential nests either aggregated or dispersed . in the aggregated treatment , males spent more time inside their nests and monopolized other potential nests , causing a female - biased operational sex ratio ( osr ) . in the aggregated treatment , females also expressed more courtship behaviour . the results in general support the prediction that the aggregation of nests promotes male monopolization of potential nests , resulting in fewer nest - holding males and therefore a female - biased osr that leads to the reversal of sex roles .
marine ; brackish ; demersal . subtropical ; 51°n - 20°n , 18°w - 42°e
eastern atlantic : atlantic coast from france to morocco ; also in the mediterranean and black seas and in the suez canal .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5981 )
mature males with well - developed head - crest and anal gland in the first two anal - fin rays . sneaker males much smaller than nesting males and do not display male secondary sexual characters ( ref . 94108 ) .
adults occur in the intertidal zone and shallow bottoms , on rocks or sand between pebbles and vegetation ( ref . 5981 ) . often in brackish waters down to 5 ppt ( ref . 5981 ) . inhabit crevices or piddock holes , males remain in cavities above water - level during low tide ( ref . 5981 ) . feed on benthic invertebrates , mainly mollusks , also algae ( ref . 5981 ) . also ingest large amounts of aquatic insects and pupae ( ref . 94105 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . mature males adopt a passive role during courtship , rarely court females , do not defend nest territory , but provide parental care to eggs . sneaker males assume a female - like behavior in order to approach the nests of nesting males and parasitically fertilize the eggs ( ref . 94113 ) . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) . has been reared in captivity ( ref . 35421 ) .
males court by nodding and undulating movements and drive females to spawning place by biting and butting ( ref . 5981 ) though this event is rarely done by the males , more or less adopting a passive role in the courtship ( ref 94113 ) . additionally , males don ' t defend a territory around the nest ( ref . 94113 ) though they guard eggs from several females ( ref . 5981 , 94113 ) .
zander , c . d . , 1986 . blenniidae . p . 1096 - 1112 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean , volume 3 . unesco , paris . ( ref . 5981 )
) : 15 - 21 . 2 , mean 18 . 8 ( based on 615 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5312 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00569 - 0 . 01758 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 50 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .
justification : global assessment : this species is widespread and there are no major threats to it . there is no specific population information for this species although the population is thought to be stable . this species is listed as least concern . european regional assessment : salaria pavo is widespread in the eastern atlantic from france to morocco , including the mediterranean and black sea . although there is no specific population information for s . pavo , the population is thought to be stable . there are no known major threats . therefore , s . pavo is assessed as least concern .
salaria pavo is known from the eastern atlantic , from france to morocco ( zander 1986 ) . it is also present in the mediterranean and western black sea in suitable habitat , though it is not known from libya . it has invaded suez canal and northern red sea . salaria pavo is typically found in the intertidal zone and very shallow bottoms , from 0 to 2 m ( zander 1986 ) .
this is a common species throughout most of its range , but is less common in the east mediterranean sea .
this species occurs in the intertidal zone and shallow bottoms , on rocks or sand between pebbles and vegetation ( zander 1986 ) . this species is tolerant to different salinities ( euryhaline ) and is more commonly found in brackish waters down to 5ppt ( zander 1986 ) . it inhabits crevices or piddock holes ; males remain in cavities above water - level during low tide ( zander 1986 ) . this species feeds on benthic invertebrates , mainly molluscs , and algae ( zander 1986 ) . it is oviparous with distinct pairing and demersal , adhesive eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) . it has been reared in captivity ( patzner and brandstaetter 1989 ) . males court by nodding and undulating movements and drive females to spawning place by biting and butting ( zander 1986 ) . the male guards eggs from several females ( zander 1986 ) .
. however , its range may overlap with several marine protected areas ( world database on protected areas 2010 ) .
antonio di natale , murat bilecenoglu , michel bariche , can bizsel , enric massuti , jeffrey williams , matthew craig . 2014 .
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a la familia blenniidae ( blenidos ) pertenecen un grupo de peces teleósteos que se caracterizan principalmente por la ausencia de escamas , cuerpo aplastado y alargado lateralmente , cabeza achatada y diformismo sexual bien marcado . suelen vivir en el bentos marina ya que los adultos carecen de vejiga natatoria . the blenniidae ( blennies ) family are a group of teleost fish that are mainly characterized by the absence of scales , laterally flattened and elongated body , flat head , well marked sexual dimorphism . they live in the marine benthos because adults lack a swim bladder .
beginner ' s aquarium guide ep . 1 - blennies ( + nano news )
also known as coral blennies , reef blennies , rock blennies . found singly in brackish waters over shallow protected intertidal areas over pebble , rock and sand bottoms hiding in crevices and holes . they feed on algae , benthic invertebrates and molluscs . length - 13cm depth - 0 - 8m widespread eastern atlantic , mediterranean coombtooth blennies are the largest of bennies , found in both tropical and subtropical waters and freshwater habitats , as the name suggests they have comb like teeth lining their jaws . reef and rock blennies are usually territorial and have their own areas of rock pools which they skip and jump over , scraping algae from the surface of dead corals . some male blennies have small harems of arguing females . males and females often have different colouring and features
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of water surface which is approximately 241 square inch . this species will require to be kept in a tank that is medium . (
) medium aquariums have at least 113 litres ( 30 us gallons ) . large aquariums have at least 265 litres ( 70 us gallons ) . very large aquariums have at least 700 litres ( 185 us gallons ) .
) the specific gravity ( sg ) should be between 1 , 020 and 1 , 025 , the temperature between 23°c ( 73 . 4°f ) and 26°c ( 78 . 8°f ) . the recommended ph level is between 8 . 0 and 8 . 3 since marine fish are used to these levels in general .
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adults occur in the intertidal zone and shallow bottoms , on rocks or sand between pebbles and vegetation ( ref . 5981 ) . often in brackish waters down to 5 ppt ( ref . 5981 ) . inhabit crevices or piddock holes , males remain in cavities above water - level during low tide ( ref . 5981 ) . feed on benthic invertebrates , mainly mollusks , also algae ( ref . 5981 ) . also ingest large amounts of aquatic insects and pupae ( ref . 94105 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . mature males adopt a passive role during courtship , rarely court females , do not defend nest territory , but provide parental care to eggs . sneaker males assume a female - like behavior in order to approach the nests of nesting males and parasitically fertilize the eggs ( ref . 94113 ) . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) . has been reared in captivity ( ref . 35421 ) .
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blennies are often sensitive to low oxygen conditions . high tank turnover ( 6 - 10 times tank volume per hour ) and keeping the temperature from going too high should prevent any issues . while they may breed in the aquarium , the larvae are planktonic and require specific salinity requirements and thus is unlikely to be duplicated in the home aquarium .
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the ross 's goose ( anser rossii ) is a north american species of goose .

this goose breeds in northern canada , mainly in the queen maud gulf migratory bird sanctuary , and winters much further south in the continent in the southern united states and occasionally northern mexico .

the plumage of this species is white except for black wing tips .

it is similar in appearance to a white-phase snow goose but approximately 40 % smaller .

other differences from the snow goose are that the bill is smaller in proportion to its body and lacks " black lips " .

the dark phase is extremely rare .

the ross 's goose is a rare vagrant to western europe , but it is commonly kept in wildfowl collections and so the true frequency of wild birds is hard to ascertain .

escaped or feral specimens are encountered frequently , usually in the company of other feral geese such as canada goose , greylag goose and barnacle goose .

however , individuals or small groups that seemed to be of natural origin have turned up in the netherlands and britain .

this species is named in honor of bernard r. ross , a hudson 's bay company factor at fort resolution in canada 's northwest territories .

ross ' s goose

ross’s goose is much smaller than a snow goose . it is about the size of a mallard .
similar species : the snow goose , discussed above . note also that hybrids between snow goose and ross’s goose are not rare .
ross ' s goose , chen rossii , and hybrids , in new york .
hybrid and ross ' s goose , cayuga lake , seneca co . 2 march 2002 .
ross ' s goose , savannah mucklands , wayne co . , ny , march 2004 .
there is a very rare blue morph of ross’s goose , which was only confirmed in 1971 .
although ross ' s goose is usually smaller than snow goose , size in itself is not diagnostic . it is a good clue , however , and noticeably small birds in a flock should be looked at closely when searching for ross ' s . primary structural differences of ross ' s goose as compared to snow goose include :
in missouri , most large goose flocks anywhere in the state often have a few ross’s geese present .
we took these photos of a more typical ross ' s goose two days later on 13 march 2004 .
very rarely a ross ' s goose can be found that is dark - colored like a blue morph snow goose . these blue morph ross ' s geese are thought to be the result of hybridization with snow geese .
ross ' s goose is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the plumage of ross ' s goose is typically very white and rarely attains the rusty staining which snow goose often does , particularly about the head and neck .
ross’s goose hatchlings are able to leave the nest after just 24 hours , and are able to feed themselves and swim .
ross’s goose has a rare blue colour morph , whose existence was not confirmed until as recently as 1971 ( 2 ) .
rosss _ goose _ and _ canada _ goose _ 2 - 17 - 15 . jpg
the male ross’s goose has wart - like swellings at the base of the bill , which are thought to be a status symbol .
the ross ' goose is a small goose , similar in appearance to the snow goose . like the snow goose , the ross ' goose has a light and dark morph , although the dark - morph ross ' goose is extremely rare . the light morph is white , and the dark morph is gray with a white head . both morphs have black primaries . the bill is small and lacks the ' grin - patch ' seen on the snow goose . juveniles are mostly gray .
image h is of a ross ' x snow goose hybrid showing intermediate head and bill characters . note the reduced bevelled gap between the mandibles as compared to snow goose and the darkish area at the base of the upper mandible from ross ' s goose . the bill is longer than that of ross ' s and the feathering at the base of the bill is intermediate between parent species .
a tiny white goose with black wingtips , the ross ' s goose is like a miniature version of the more abundant snow goose . it breeds in the central arctic and winters primarily in central california , but it is becoming more frequent farther east .
ross’s goose has a rounded head , stubby bill , and short neck , and lacks the black “lipstick” patch on the bill that snow geese have .
image d is a digiscoped shot showing 3 ross ' s geese followed by a snow goose along with canada geese . differences in size and structure between the ross ' s geese and snow are very apparent in this image . note the dark line before the eye in the rear pair of ross ' s which is retained juvenal plumage . juvenile ross ' s geese typically show far less duskiness to their plumage than juvenile snows , and a dark line before the eye is the most consistent plumage character suggesting immaturity in ross ' s goose and can be seen at a surprising distance even in flying birds .
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ross’s goose is an uncommon migrant in missouri . as a winter resident , it is uncommon ( in the west ) to rare ( in the east ) .
ross’s goose looks a lot like the snow goose and , like that species , has a white and a “blue” color pattern ( morph ) . like the snow goose , the white form of ross’s goose is all white with dark primaries and gray primary coverts . the key to telling the two species apart is body size and bill shape and color . ross’s goose is the size of a mallard and has a short neck and rounded head ; the pink bill is stubby and lacks the black “lipstick” or “grinning” patch . on close inspection , a blue - green warty patch saddles the upper bill near the base . the “blue goose” or dark morph is very rare . the voice is a high - pitched honking sound , similar to the snow goose’s but higher and not as shrill .
population apparently still increasing , as with some other arctic - nesting geese ( snow and white - fronted ) . ross ' s goose often hybridizes with snow goose , but evidently not enough to be genetically
swamped
by the snows .
image m shows a ross ' s and two snow geese . there is a noticeable size difference between this ross ' s and the snows and the structural differences are very apparent . as pertaining to the ross ' s goose , note the shorter , rounder body , shorter neck , less elongated head with vertical feathering at the bill base , and short stubby bill with no apparent dark gap between the mandibles .
the call of ross’s goose is a sad , murmuring ‘ mmmmm ’ or ‘ uuuhhhh ’ , which is used for contact , especially when groups are in danger ( 2 ) .
ross ' s goose populations are relatively small , but appear to have increased since the 1990s . the species is not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . back to top
the oldest known ross ' s goose was a female , and at least 22 years , 6 months old when she was shot in california in 1993 . she had been banded in 1972 in saskatchewan .
in the identification guide to north american birds part 2 , pyle states the range in size of the gap along tomia in lesser snow goose as 7 - 12 mm wide and in hybrids as 4 - 9 mm wide . the gap between mandibles in ross ' s goose is narrower forming no or a thinner dusky stripe along tomia . many ross ' s geese show a slight gap between the mandibles .
image n is a closer crop for comparison of the structural differences between snow and ross ' s geese which are apparent in flight .
image l is closer crop of the hybrid and trailing snow goose showing differences in structure . the body and neck of the hybrid suggest ross ' s goose but the head and bill are clearly intermediate between the species . the dark gap between the mandibles can be seen better in this crop .
in this shot the hybrid is on the right , and is quite obviously smaller than the snow geese . the ross ' s goose is to the left , just sticking its head out from behind the larger geese .
as it is such an abundant species , there do not seem to be many threats to the future survival of ross’s goose , although habitat loss , disease ( 5 ) and hybridisation with the snow goose ( chen caerulescens ) may affect population numbers in the future ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2015 . waterfowl population status , 2015 . washington , dc : u . s . department of the interior .
rosss _ goose _ on _ lawn _ 2 - 17 - 15 . jpg
prior to the 1950s the ross ' s goose was confined to well - defined breeding and wintering areas , with few seen as strays . since that time the species has been expanding eastward , both on the breeding and wintering grounds . the change in breeding distribution has resulted in more contact and subsequent hybridization with the snow goose .
image g is of a ross ' s goose showing head and bill detail . note the rounded and less elongated head as compared to snow goose along with the more vertical feathering at the bill base . also the stubbier bill with dark grayish base to the upper mandible and narrow gap between the mandibles which almost totally lack bevelling .
the breeding range of ross’s goose has been made a federal migratory bird sanctuary , which offers it a small amount of protection ( 5 ) , although there are not currently known to be any other conservation measures in place for this abundant species .
uncommon migrant . as winter resident , uncommon ( west ) to rare ( east ) . ross’s goose is a gamebird in missouri . populations of ross’s and snow geese have increased to a historically high level . as a result , they are overgrazing their arctic nesting range and degrading large areas of the tundra where other species nest . wildlife agencies have been trying to control the population size through various methods .
image c shows a ross ' x snow goose hybrid . note the intermediate head and bill characters including gap between mandibles and grayish base to the upper mandible .
image i is of a flock of snow geese as they might appear overhead . a closer look reveals 3 ross ' s geese and a hybrid in this flock .
image f is of a first cycle light morph snow goose showing head and bill detail .
the breeding range of ross’s goose spreads throughout the canadian arctic . in winter , flocks mostly migrate to california , although congregations can also be found in texas and northern mexico ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the range of this species is thought to be spreading east ( 4 ) . there have been reports of vagrant ross’s geese in the netherlands ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .
ryder , j . p . and alisauskas , r . t . ( 2013 ) ross’s goose ( chen rossii ) . in : poole , a . ( ed . ) birds of north america online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken
ross’s geese forage in marshes , rivers , lakes , and crop fields , including cornfields and new winter wheat fields , for grains , roots , grasses , and aquatic vegetation .
image b shows a ross ' s goose . note the rounded and less elongated head and more vertical feathering at the base of the bill . the bill is short and stubby with almost no gap between the mandibles . note also the grayish base to the upper mandible .
ross’s goose has an herbivorous diet , which consists of roots , leaves , stems , sedges , legumes and domestic grains ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . this species can be seen foraging on the ground individually , or may form larger groups ( 5 ) .
a migratory species , ross’s goose leaves its breeding ground in mid - october and arrives in its overwintering range in late october . flocks begin to return to the breeding grounds in early march . while migrating , this species is highly gregarious and forms large flocks ( 5 ) .
we noticed two small white geese in with a massive snow goose flock on the west side of cayuga lake , offshore of seneca co . ( along with two small canada geese , now cackling geese ) . pete hosner , who had recently worked in the arctic as a field assistant on snow goose research , declared that the slightly larger bird with a more rounded bill / face margin would have been called a ross ' s x snow goose hybrid in their study area .
this pint - sized relative of the snow goose has been surrounded by mystery and surprise . explorers recognized it as a different bird as early as 1770 , but it was not described to science until 1861 ; its arctic nesting grounds were not discovered until 1938 . once thought to be very rare , or even on brink of extinction , its population has greatly increased in recent decades . not until the late 1970s was it discovered that ross ' s , like snow goose , can occur in a “blue” morph . blue ross ' s geese are still rarely detected .
usually observed among groups of snow geese . occurs in marshes , sloughs , ponds , lakes , and reservoirs with aquatic vegetation . also forages in crop fields . more frequently seen in northwestern missouri , although most large goose flocks anywhere in the state often have a few ross’s geese present .
the female ross ' s goose does all of the incubation of the eggs . the male stays nearby and guards her the whole time . the female covers the eggs with down when she leaves the nest . the down keeps the eggs warm while she is away and may help hide them from predators .
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jónsson , jón e . , john p . ryder and ray t . alisauskas . 2013 . ross ' s goose ( anser rossii ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
the
real
ross ' s goose was tiny , with a very small , triangular bill . the posterior margin of the bill was very straight against the face , making a straight line , quite in contrast to the strong curve at the base of the snow geese ' s bills . it showed a dark green patch at the base of the bill and no sign of a dark grin patch at edge of the tomia .
image j is a crop of the 5 birds center - right in the image above , or in the front of the flock . this image approximates the look that one might have through the binocular or scope . the group is comprised of 3 snow geese and 2 ross ' s geese ( birds banked without shadows on their bellies ) . difference in size between the species is not apparent here but structural differences are very much so . note the shorter necks and more rounded , less elongated heads of the ross ' s . the more vertical line of feathering at the base of the smaller and stubbier bills of the ross ' s gives the appearance of having the face cut off at the front . from a distance in flight , the bill of ross ' s often virtually disappears and the vertical line at the front of the face is very apparent .
image k is also a crop of the same image showing birds in the lower left or at the rear of the flock . this group is comprised of 4 snow geese , a ross ' s ( bottom center ) and a hybrid ( second bird from top left ) . note the short neck , rounded head with vertical line of feathering at the bill base and short stubby bill of the ross ' s . this bird is also smaller than the others in this group . the hybrid shows a shorter , rounder body and shorter neck as well as a less elongated head than the snows , but the feathering at the bill base is convex lacking the vertically cut off look of ross ' s and is intermediate between the species . if one looks closely , there appears to be a relatively wide and dark gap between the mandibles which would not be as apparent at this distance in ross ' s .
ross ' geese are the smallest of the three varieties of white geese that breed in north america . the ross ' goose is a small white goose with black primary feathers . the bill is a deep reddish - pink with a paler nail and a variably bluish warty area over the base of the basal area . the legs and feet are rose - pink and the iris is dark brown . the sexes are dimorphic , with the female being 6 percent smaller than the male . the ross ' goose has a relatively short neck and lacks the black
grinning patch
that is typical of greater and lesser snow geese , for which it is often mistaken . ross ' geese may be distinguished from snow geese by their smaller size , more rapid wing beat and higher - pitched call .
the hybrid was small , but just a bit larger than the ross ' s goose . its bill was not quite so petit and triangular , but was still noticeably smaller and more triangular than that of a snow goose . the posterior margin of the bill was less curved than the snow geese , but was slightly curved . the base was dark green , but a dark line showed along the bill edge , much smaller than the grin patches of the snow geese , but visible .
ross’s geese overwinter in the southern part of their range , including ( uncommonly ) missouri , and return north in spring to the arctic tundra to breed . there , they make simple scrapes on the ground and typically lay 2 to 6 eggs .
during the breeding season ross’s goose is found in arctic tundra ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) , where it nests in open areas and on islands in shallow lakes ( 4 ) . in winter , large aggregations are found in agricultural fields and shallow wetlands ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , using nearby reservoirs and lakes to roost ( 2 ) .
ross ' geese feed on grasses , sedges and small grains , particularly waste wheat and barley in the winter months .
historically , ross’s goose was threatened by hunting in its winter range , and this market drastically reduced wild populations and may have threatened this species with extinction . hunting became illegal in 1931 and the population has dramatically increased since ( 5 ) , causing north american authorities to change the law and allow hunting to resume , with the aim of reducing the population size by half ( 2 ) .
image e is of a dark morph snow goose showing head and bill detail . note the width of the bevelled gap between the mandibles .
ross ' s goose ( chen rossii ) is a regularly occurring and often overlooked migrant and winter resident in kentucky in small numbers and is usually found in the company of snow geese ( chen caerulescens ) . identification of these species is relatively straightforward based primarily on structural differences , particularly those of head and bill shape . hybrids of these species are sometimes encountered and are intermediate in structure between the two .
ross’s goose ( chen rossii ) is a very small ( 4 ) , all - white goose , with black tips to its wings ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the short , delicate bill is black - pink at the base , becoming brighter pink ( 3 ) towards the rounded tip ( 5 ) . the male has small , wart - like growths on the base of its bill , which become more prominent as it ages ( 5 ) . the distinctive legs are pink and the eyes are dark ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the population of ross ' geese was estimated at only 2 , 000 to 3 , 000 individuals in 1931 . protection from hunting has helped the ross ' goose population recover to a 1988 total of 188 , 000 breeding birds , although it is still listed as a species - of - concern on the partners in flight watch list . still on the increase , populations are now thought to be expanding their range greatly - - birds have been found farther east and west in recent years during migration . most nesting occurs within a refuge , and hunting is still prohibited , but loss of migration stopover and wintering habitat continues to threaten the ross ' goose .
of course , it is not practical to believe that one would have time to scrutinize or identify every bird in every flock flying overhead , but with practice and good views , some ross ' s geese and hybrids can be identified in flight based on structural characters .
the arctic nesting grounds of the ross ' goose , not discovered until 1938 , consist of tundra , marshes , and ponds . in winter and during migration , these geese can be found in shallow lakes , fresh - water marshes , flooded fields , and other agricultural lands .
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the ross ' goose is a rare species , but is becoming more common in washington . you may occasionally find it mixed in with snow geese or other mixed - species flocks in the winter in the lowlands on both sides of the cascades , in both fresh - and saltwater habitats . flocks of up to 30 ross ' geese have become fairly regular in the spring and fall in far - eastern washington .
the female ross’s goose is around six percent smaller than the male ( 5 ) , with very few wart - like growths on the base of its bill , a shorter neck and a flatter forehead . the juvenile is brown - grey on the head , back and breast , with darker flight feathers ( 2 ) . the bill and feet are grey in the juvenile , gaining their pink colouration as the individual ages ( 4 ) .
image a shows a first cycle light morph snow goose retaining some dusky juvenal plumage . note the elongated head and bill with wide bevelled gap between mandibles .
ross ' geese are among the first to leave the breeding grounds in canada . the california central valley is currently the main wintering area for ross ' geese , but increasing numbers are wintering in arkansas , louisiana , new mexico , texas and the north - central highlands of mexico .
almost exclusively plant - eaters , ross ' geese eat grasses , sedges , and grain . in the fall , they eat more seeds and grains than grasses .
lutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love . longevity records of north american birds . version 2015 . 2 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory 2015 .
the vast majority of the population nests in the queen maud gulf migratory bird sanctuary in the central canadian arctic . they migrate to california ' s central valley , often in mixed flocks with other geese .
ross ' geese breed in the low arctic tundra , mainly near queen maud gulf , southern southampton island , the western coast of hudson bay and the sagavanirktok river delta in alaska . they usually nest in colonies mixed with lesser snow geese , making their nests on the ground in sparsely vegetated areas . female ross ' geese lay an average of 3 - 4 eggs .
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hybrids are best identified by intermediate head and bill characters such as bill size and shape , line of feathering at bill base , degree of bevelling or gap along tomia , and varying amounts of grayish at bill base which snow goose lacks .
between late may and june mated pairs arrive at the breeding grounds and immediately establish a nesting territory . although ross’s goose is thought to be monogamous , copulation with other individuals outside of the pair is also known to occur ( 2 ) . the female builds the nest during and after the territory establishment ( 5 ) . the nest is a shallow structure , with twigs , grass , moss and lichens in the outer layer and mostly down on the inner layer ( 2 ) . the female lays an average clutch of between 4 and 5 eggs ( 2 ) at the beginning of june ( 5 ) , which are laid at 36 - hour intervals ( 2 ) . the female incubates the eggs , while being guarded by the male ( 4 ) , and the eggs hatch between late june and july ( 5 ) . if the female leaves the nest , it will cover the eggs with a layer of down to keep the eggs warm and hide them from predators ( 4 ) . the young are able to leave the nest 24 hours after hatching , and can swim and feed themselves ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . for up to a year after birth , the young maintain an association with the adults ( 5 ) and may remain with them until the next breeding season . ross’s goose reaches sexual maturity after 2 or 3 years , and lives for up to 14 years in the wild ( 2 ) .
ross ' geese are usually in flocks , often mixed with snow geese . their tendency to roost in tight flocks and be easily attracted to decoys may have made them vulnerable to market hunters , who had a significant impact on the population . these geese typically forage on the ground , wading or swimming in shallow water .
first breeding at age of 2 or 3 years . courtship involves rapid head - dipping by both members of pair . breeds in colonies , usually associated with colonies of snow goose . nest site is often on island or shore of tundra lake , usually on edge of low thicket . the same site is often used for more than 1 season . nest is a bulky bowl of twigs , leaves , grass , moss , lined with down . female builds nest , beginning about the time the first egg is laid , continuing after incubation begins .
ross ' geese breed in colonies , starting in their second or third year . the nest is on an island or the shore of a tundra lake , often situated at the edge of a low thicket . the nest , built by the female after she lays her first egg , is a bulky pile of leaves , grass , and moss , depressed in the middle and lined with down . the female lays a total of 4 eggs and incubates them for about 3 weeks . the young leave the nest shortly after hatching . the parents lead the young to water and food , and the goslings feed themselves . the male stands guard and actively defends the young against predators . the young fledge at 40 to 45 days .
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aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # .
anser rossii ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was previously placed in the genus chen .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
downy young come in two colors : yellow and gray . the two forms look identical once they get real feathers .
breeds on low arctic tundra , on islands in shallow lakes . winters in agricultural fields and shallow wetlands . back to top
entirely vegetarian ; grasses , sedges , legumes , and domestic grains . back to top
covered with down and eyes open . leaves nest within 24 hours of hatching and has the ability to swim and feed .
north american bird conservation initiative . 2014 . the state of the birds 2014 report . us department of interior , washington , dc , usa .
sibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .
tundra ( summer ) , marshes , grain fields , ponds . in summer on arctic tundra , especially flat tundra with mix of grassy areas and low matted thickets of dwarf birch or willow . in migration and winter , shallow lakes , freshwater marshes , flooded stubble fields , other agricultural lands .
forages mainly by walking on land , or wading or swimming in shallow water . during migration and winter , feeds in flocks , usually with snow geese .
4 , sometimes 2 - 6 , rarely 1 - 8 . dull white , becoming nest - stained . female does all incubating , usually 21 - 23 days . young : leave the nest shortly after hatching , following parents to water . both parents tend the young ; male is most active in defense against predators . young fledge in 40 - 45 days .
leave the nest shortly after hatching , following parents to water . both parents tend the young ; male is most active in defense against predators . young fledge in 40 - 45 days .
almost entirely plant material . diet for most of year is mainly green grasses and sedges . on arrival on breeding grounds , before new growth is available , do much grubbing for roots . in fall migration , feeds more on seeds and grains of wild grasses or cultivated crops .
main population migrates from northwest territories to central california , traveling along a rather narrow route with traditional stopovers , especially in alberta and montana . in recent years , numbers wintering in new mexico and east of rockies have increased markedly . migrate in flocks , often mixed with snow geese , sometimes with other geese . strays appearing far out of range may have arrived by traveling with other species .
audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .
spring migration has brought new occupiers to southeast oregon—flocks of both birds and birders .
tell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .
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the swans , geese and ducks are mid - sized to large birds most commonly found on or near water . most have plump bodies , long necks and short wings . most feed while on the water , diving or merely tilting their bodies so that their heads and necks are submerged to search for fish , plants and invertebrates . washington representatives of the order all belong to one family :
the waterfowl family is represented in washington by two distinct groups—the geese and swans , and the ducks . whistling - ducks are also considered a distinct subfamily , and , although they have not been sighted in washington in many years , fulvous whistling - ducks have been recorded historically in washington and remain on the official state checklist . all members of the waterfowl family have large clutches of precocial young . they hatch covered in down and can swim and eat on their own almost immediately after hatching .
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images depicting comparisons of and differences between the species and hybrids are shown below and all were obtained in kentucky . flight images were obtained on 2 february 2007 in fulton county , and the remainder were obtained in warren county between 2003 and 2009 .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
flight feathers the feathers at the end of the wing , involved in flight . herbivorous having a diet that comprises only vegetable matter . hybridisation cross - breeding between two different species or subspecies . incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . legume a plant in the legume family ( leguminosae or fabaceae ) , which includes peas , beans , clover and alfalfa . leguminous plants produce seeds in pods ( legumes ) , and typically have root nodules containing symbiotic bacteria which are able to convert nitrogen from the air into nitrogen - containing compounds that benefit the plant . monogamous having only one mate during a breeding season , or throughout the breeding life of a pair . morph one of two or more distinct types of a given species , often distinct colour forms , which occur in the same population at the same time ( that is , are not geographical or seasonal variations ) . territory an area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a group . tundra treeless , grassy plains characteristic of arctic and sub - arctic regions . they are very cold and have little rainfall . vagrant an individual found outside the normal range of the species .
del hoyo , j . and carboneras , c . ( 1992 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 1 : ostrich to ducks . lynx edicions , barcelona . available at : urltoken
brazil , m . ( 2009 ) birds of east asia . christopher helm publishers , london .
flpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .
wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa
all pictures are © jay and kevin mcgowan . they were taken with either an olympus d - 450 or an olympus d - 40 digital camera through a swarovski hd - 80 , ats 80 , or ats 65 spotting scope .
the two small geese may have been a mated pair . they stayed close together and allowed us to get a few photographs of them side - by - side . the differences are much more apparent when they are together .
the difference in curvature of the bill / face edge is apparent here , as is the difference in bill size and shape .
not the sharpest photo , but the one that shows the bill differences best .
jay took these photos of a slightly hybrid - looking bird on 11 march 2004 , amongst a tremendous flock of snow geese .
average weight : m 4 . 0 lbs . , f 3 . 6 lbs .
find local mdc conservation agents , consultants , education specialists , and regional offices .
rosss _ geese _ and _ canada _ geese _ 2 - 17 - 15 . jpg
as migrating geese fly overhead , they reassure us of the certainty of changing seasons . as the great conservationist aldo leopold wrote , “one swallow does not make a summer , but one skein of geese , cleaving the murk of a march thaw , is the spring . ”
as adults , and even more so as goslings and as eggs , geese are preyed on by a variety of predators . they influence the plant and animal communities in both summer and winter territories , and as they migrate , they play a role in every ecosystem they travel through .
about 350 species of birds are likely to be seen in missouri , though nearly 400 have been recorded within our borders . most people know a bird when they see one — it has feathers , wings , and a bill . birds are warm - blooded , and most species can fly . many migrate hundreds or thousands of miles . birds lay hard - shelled eggs ( often in a nest ) , and the parents care for the young . many communicate with songs and calls .
we protect and manage the fish , forest , and wildlife of the state . we facilitate and provide opportunity for all citizens to use , enjoy , and learn about these resources .


epermenia aarviki is a moth in the epermeniidae family .

it was described by gaedike in 2013 .

it is found in kenya and tanzania .

epermenia aarviki

this is the place for aarviki definition . you find here aarviki meaning , synonyms of aarviki and images for aarviki copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word aarviki . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word aarviki and , of course , aarviki synonyms and on the right images related to the word aarviki .
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tanzania , morogoro district & town , 550–600 m , 25 . iii . 1992 , leg . l . aarvik .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 7034♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 2♀ , rmca , coll . agassiz .
gaedike r . 2013 . new or poorly known epermeniidae of the afrotropis ( lepidoptera , epermenioidea ) . - beiträge zur entomologie 63 ( 1 ) : 149–168 .
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bmnh 22774♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 6♂ , genitalia slides zmhb 201608 , nhmo 2898♂ , 1899♂ , bmnh , zmhb , nhmo , coll . ustjuzhanin .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 7445♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 11♂ , 4♀ , genitalia slides koster 7502 , 7503 ; 7483♀ , 8100♂ , 8101♂ , 7663♂ , 7707♂ , 7719♂ , rmca , tmsa .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 7443♂ , rmca ; paratypes 25♂ , 8♀ , genitalia slides koster 7995♂ , 5731 , 7462 , 7496♀ , 7724 7725♀ , 7701♂ , 7702♂ , 7726♂ , 7727♂ , 7703♂ , 7982♂ , 7987♂ , 7974♂ , rmca , rmnh , bmnh , zmhb , nhmo .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide koster 7457♀ , nhmo ; paratypes 2♀ . rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 7723♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 4♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides koster 7721♂ , 8204♂ , 7490♀ , nhmo , bmnh , rmnh .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide gaedike 7625♀ , nhmo ; paratype 2♀ , rmca , coll . agassiz .
holotype ♂ , nmk ; paratypes 1♂ , 2♀ , sdei , nhmo , coll . agassiz .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 7047♂ , rmca ent 000003199 , rmca ; paratypes 2♂ , 1♀ , 1 specimen without abdomen , rmca , sdei , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide karisch 2335♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , zsm ; paratypes 26♂ , 15♀ , genitalia slides fibiger 4368♂ , 4429♂ , 4369♀ , 4430♀ , zsm , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , zsm ; paratypes 14♂ , 812 , genitalia slides fibiger 4404♀ , 4405♀ , zsm , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 13♂ , 12♀ , genitalia slides bidzilya 1361♀ , 1360♂ , 398 / 14♀ , 1490♂ , 1491♀ , nmk , bmnh , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bidzilya 2378♂ , nhmo ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide bidzilya 2375♀ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide agassiz 1405♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 16♂ , 21♀ , genitalia slides agassiz 1406♀ , 1467♀ , 872♂ , bmnh , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , mwm ; paratypes 24♂ , mwm , nhmo , zsm , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide lehmann 28 / 092008♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 13♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slides lehmann 14 / 062009 , 18 / 062009 , 06 / 062009 , 10 / 072009 , 16 / 102008 , 17 / 122008 , 12 / 112008 , 22 / 042009 , 27 / 032009 , nhmo , rmca , snhm , zsm , zmuc .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide lehmann 17 / 072008♂ ( nhmo 1629♂ ) , nhmo ; paratypes 2♂ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide lehmann 28 / 072008♂ ( nhmo 1630♂ ) , nhmo ; paratype 1♂ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide lehmann 01 / 112006♂ , nmk ; paratypes 2♂ , genitalia slides lehmann 25 / 022008♂ ( nhmo 1624♂ ) , 23 / 022008♂ ( nhmo 1625♂ ) , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide lehmann 09 / 072008♂ ( nhmo 1626♂ ) , nhmo .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide lehmann 16 / 072008♀ ( nhmo 1627♀ ) , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide lehmann 24 / 072008♀ ( nhmo 1628♀ ) , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 14958 , nhmo ; paratype 1♂j genitalia slide hacker 15352 , zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 15918 , hnhm ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide hacker 16111 , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 14634♂ , zsm ; paratypes 7–11 , 4♀ , zsm , bmnh , zmhb , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 11195♂ , zsm ; 106 paratypes ♂ and ♀ , genitalia slides hacker 10854 , 12386 , 15085 , 15088 , 15089 , 15108 , zsm , nhmo , coll . aulombard , bischof .
holotype ♂ , nhmo ; allotype ♀ , nhmo ; paratypes 2♂ , zmuo , mnhn .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide h . hacker 8835♀ , zsm ; paratypes ♂ , ♀ [ number not stated ,
numerous
] , genitalia slides h . hacker 10612♂ , 10617♂ , zsm , nhmo , coll . bischof , bittermann , fibiger , schreier .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 14677 , nhmo ; paratypes 6♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slide hacker 15402 , 16109 , bmnh , mnvd , coll . hoppe .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 12562♂ , zsm ; paratypes 27♂ , 26♀ , genitalia slides hacker 12562 , 12566 , 12570 , 15008 , zsm , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 12592 , zsm ; paratypes 22♂ , 7♀ , genitalia slides hacker 12490 , 12589 , 12597 , 13430 , 13431 , 13434 , 14065 , 14085 , 14628 , 14665 , 14832 , 15044 , 15048 , 15050 , 15053 , zsm , nhmo , nhmw , hnhm , rmca .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 24415♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slides hacker 24553♂ , 24414♀ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 24395♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 1♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides hacker 24287♀ , 24301♀ , 24682♂ , nhmo , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 24200♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slide hacker 17053♂ , zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 14977♂ , zsm ; paratypes 5♂ , 8♀ , genitalia slides hacker 14827 , 15100 , 15801 , fibiger 5755 , zsm , zmuc , nhmo , coll . aarvik .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18537 , zsm ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slide hacker 18583 , zsm , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18642♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 3♂ , 5♀ , genitalia slide hacker 18643♀ , nhmo , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18856 , zsm ; paratypes 11♂ , 11♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18650 , 18657 , 18849 , 18863 , 18858 , 18546 , 18849 , 18651 , 18653 , 18592 , 18864 , 18869 , 18865 , 18602 , derra 8591 , zsm , nhmw , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18652♂ , nhmo ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide hacker 19753♂ , zsm .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide hacker 18835 , nhmo ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide hacker 19624 , rmca .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 19478♂ , rmca ; paratypes 3♂ , 6♀ , genitalia slides hacker 19479 , 18756♀ , 18922 , bmnh 491 , rmca , nhmo , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18526♂ , zsm ; paratypes 5♂ , 3♀ , genitalia slide hacker 18170♂ , 19107♀ , 19100♂ , 18519♀ , zsm , nhmo , nhmw .
holotype , genitalia slide hacker 18846 , zsm ; paratypes 5♂ , 8♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18657 , 18667 , 19508 , 19506 , 19507 , zsm , nhmo , mnvd , rmca .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18658♂ , zsm ; paratypes 6♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18660♂ , 18814 , 18783♀ , 19192 , 19415 , derra 8592 , zsm , nhmo , rmca .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18834♂ , nhmo ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide hacker 18861♀ , mnvd .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18343♂ , zsm ; paratypes 13♂ , 15♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18388 , 18185 , 18318 , 19496 , 19497 , zsm , nhmo , rmca .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18407 , nhmw ; paratypes 8♂ , 10♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18314 , 18380 , 19781 , 19362 , 18971 , zsm , nhmo , nhmw , rmca .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18426♂ , zsm ; paratypes 14♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slide hacker 18917 , zsm , nhmo , nhmw .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 19089♂ , zsm ; paratypes 18♂ , 11♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18056 , 18053 , 18576 , 18088 , 18570 , 19600 , 19261 , 19251 , 19256 , zsm , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18740♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slide hacker 18920 , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 19594♂ , coll . kühne ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18746♂ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18748♂ , zsm ; paratypes 6♂ , 10♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18441 , 19120 , zsm , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide derra 8575♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 2♀ , genitalia slide hacker 18797♀ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18659♂ , zsm ; paratypes 4♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18662♂ , 19493 , 19248 , zsm , nhmo , zhmb , rmca .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide hacker 18974 , zsm ; paratypes 1♂ , 14♀ , genitalia slides hacker 19838 , 18641 , 19413 , 19380 , 19194 , 19403 , 19438 , derra 8751 , zsm , nhmo , rmca .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide hacker 19125♀ , nhmo ; paratypes 2♀ , genitalia slides hacker 19488♀ , 19492♀ , rmca .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18221♂ , nhmw ; paratypes 4♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18215 , 18216 , 18761 , 18925♀ , 18924♂ , nhmw , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18322♂ , zsm ; paratypes 11♂ , 6♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18414 , 19560 , 18916♂ , 19608 , zsm , zmhb , nhmo , rmca , coll . hoppe .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18156♂ , zsm ; paratypes 11♂ , genitalia slides hacker 19402 , 19416 , 19371 , 18826♂ , zsm , rmca , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18999 , zsm ; paratypes 16♂ , 26♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18993 , 19672 , 19673 , 18991 , 18994 , 18990 , 19842 , 19840 , 19839n 18236 , 19137 , zsm , nhmo , coll . hoppe .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18521♂ , zsm ; paratypes 39♂ , 5♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18522 , 19468 , 19469 , 18175 , 19451 , 19452 , zsm , mnvd , rmca , nhmo .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide hacker 19114♀ , nhmo ; paratypes 4♀ , nhmo , rmca .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18640♂ , nhmo ; paratype 1♂ , zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18792♂ , nhmo ; 23 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18791 , 18787 , 18965 , 18954 , 19372 , derra 8587 , nhmo , bmnh , rmca .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18654♂ , mnvd ; paratypes 2♂ , genitalia slides derra 8499♂ , hacker 18715♂ , nhmo .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide hacker 18723♀ , nhmo ; paratypes 2♀ , genitalia slide hacker 19592♀ , rmca .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18691♂ , nhmo ; 41 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18666 , 18716♂ , 19795 , 18945 , 18951 , 18953 , 18986 , 19584 , 18833 , 18208 , 18428 , 19442 , 19439 , 19357 , 19444 , 19443 , 18857 , nhmo , zsm , rmca , mnvd .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18668♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 5♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18982♀ , 18968♀ , zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18938♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 6♂ , 23♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18935 , 18225 , 18210 , nhmo , rmca .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18777♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 6♂ , 8♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18751 , 18778 , 19128 , 19126 , 19129 , 19127 , 18816 , nhmo , mnvd , coll . hoppe .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18434♂ , zsm ; ca . 140 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18435 , 19102 , 19111 , 19141 , 19142 , 18944 , 18398 , 19392 , 18785 , 19144 , 19391 , zsm , nhmw , rmca , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide derra 8502 , zsm ; paratypes 1♂ , 4♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18837 , 18855 , 18788 , derra 8500 , zsm , nhmo .
holotype ♀ , zsm ; ca . 300 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slides derra 8772 , hacker 19723 , 19722 , 18192 , 18188 , 18145 , 18351 , 18101 , 19172 , 18174 , 18132 , 18181 , 18169 , 18468 , 18342 , 18563 , 18622 , 18607 , 19589 , 19346 , 18311 , 18329 , etc . , zsm , nhmo , rmca , zmhb .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide hacker 18266 , zsm ; paratypes 11♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18384 , 18340 , 18341 , 18722 , 18770 , 19473 , 19587 , zsm , zmhb , nhmo , rmca , coll . legrain .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18109 , zsm ; paratypes 4♂ , 8♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18165 , 18166 , 19368 , zsm , nhmo , bmnh , rmca .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide hacker 18870♀ , nhmo ; paratypes 1♂ , 5♀ , genitalia slides derra 8749♂ , 8518 , 8746 , 8748 , 8555 , 8768 , znhmo , zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 19685 , zsm ; 59 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slides hacker 19693 , 19685 , 19573 , zsm , nhmo , zmhb .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide hacker 18745♀ , nhmo ; paratype 1♀ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , zsm ; paratypes 24♂ , 8♀ , genitalia slides derra 8631 , hacker 18386 , 18682 , 18689 , 18762 , 18806 , 18775 , 18776 , zsm , nhmw , nhmo , rmca .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide derra 8514♂ , nhmo ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide derra 8576♀ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 19660♂ , nhmo ; paratype 1♂ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide derra 8602♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 2♂ , genitalia slide derra 8599♂ , zsm , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18356♂ , zsm ; 73 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18347 , 18345 , 19681 , 19682 , 18717 , 19679 , 19680 , 18584 , zsm , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , zsm ; paratypes 5♂ , 14♀ , genitalia slides derra 8778 , 8779 , 8821 , hacker 19691 , 19695 , zsm , nhmo , rmca .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18375♂ , zsm ; paratypes [ number not stated , but more than 40 ] ♂ , ♀ , zsm , nhmo , zmuc , rmca , zmhb .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide hacker 18382 , zsm ; paratypes 7♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slides hacker 18294 , 19420 , 19607 , 19749 , 19730 , derra 8565 , zsm , nhmo , rmca .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide c . gielis 4448♂ , nhmo ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide gielis 5618♂ , coll . gielis .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide c . gielis 4972 , coll . c . gielis ; paratypes 2♂ , 7♀ , genitalia slides c . gielis 3674 , 3677 , 3679 , 3680 , 4972 , coll . c . gielis , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide c . gielis 4461♂ , nhmo ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide c . gielis 5629♀ , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 22758♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 5♂ , 15♀ , bmnh , zin , nhmo , zmhb , tmsa , coll . ustjuzhanin .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 22756♂ , bmnh ; 28 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slide 22757♂ , bmnh , zin , nhmo , zmhb , tmsa , coll . ustjuzhanin .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide c . gielis 5730♀ , coll . c . gielis ; paratype 1♀ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gielis 6559 , rmca ; paratypes 2♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides gielis 6611 , 6681 , nhmo , zmuc , coll . gielis , agassiz .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide c . gielis 4473♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 5♀ , genitalia slides c . gielis 5623♀ , 5732♀ , nhmo , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 22760♂ , bmnh ; 16 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , bmnh , zin , nhmo , zmhb , tmsa , coll . ustjuzhanin .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide c . gielis 6674♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slide c . gielis 6692♀ , nhmo , coll . gielis .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide c . gielis 4475♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 7♂ , 4♀ , genitalia slides c . gielis 5617 , 5682 , 5737 , hnhm , coll . c . gielis .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 1323♂ , mhng ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide c . gielis 4463♂ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide c . gielis 5727 , coll . c . gielis ; paratypes 4♂ , 4♀ , genitalia slides c . gielis 5726 , 5687 , hnhm , nhmo , coll . c . gielis .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide c . gielis 5634♀ , nhmo ; paratype 2♀ , genitalia slides c . gielis 6526♀ , 6571♀ , coll . gielis , rmca .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide c . gielis 4061♀ , zmuc ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide c . gielis 6527♀ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bengtsson 1611x♂ , nhmo ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide bengtsson 1628x♂ ( nhmo 2647♂ ) , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide b . bengtsson 1214x♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 8♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides b . bengtsson 1124x♂ , 1146x♀ , 1144x♂ , 1145x♂ , 1565x♂ , 1619x♂ , 203x♀ , bmnh , zmuc , nhmo , coll . bengtsson .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bengtsson 1604x♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 2♂ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bengtsson 1626x♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 2♀ , genitalia slides bengtsson 1627x♀ , 1440x♀ , nhmo , tmsa .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bengtsson 1609x♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slide bengtsson 1610x♀ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bengtsson 1623x♂ , nhmo ; paratype 1♂ , nhmo .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide bengtsson 1613x♀ , nhmo ; paratypes 8♂ , genitalia slides bengtsson 1614x♂ , 1568x♂ , nhmo , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bengtsson 1201x♂ , nmk ; paratypes 12♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides bengtsson 1202x♂ , 1199x♀ , bmnh , nmk , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bengtsson 1602x♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 10♂ , 6♀ , genitalia slides bengtsson 1601x♂ , 1603x♀ , 1567x♀ , 1573x♀ , nhmo , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide bengtsson 1211x♀ , bmnh ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide bengtsson 1948x♀ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide b . bengtsson 918x♂ , zmuc ; paratypes 2♂ , genitalia slide b . bengtsson 1605x♂ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide nhmo 1792♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 1♂ , 3♀ , genitalia slide nhmo 1779 , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide nhmo 1791♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 10♂ , 9♀ , genitalia slides l . aarvik 2006 . 023 , 2006 . 024 , nhmo , nmk , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide l . aarvik 2762♂ ( nhmo 1795♂ ) , nhmpo ; paratypes 3♀ , genitalia slide l . aarvik 2763♀ ( nhmo 1796♀ ) , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide aarvik 2222 , nhmo ; paratype 1♂ , coll . l . aarvik .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide nhmo 1794♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 1♂ , 5♀ , genitalia slide l . aarvik 1153♀ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , nmk ; 9 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , nmk , bmnh , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide nhmo 2840♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 13♂ , 6♀ , genitalia slides nhmo 2159♂ , 2160♂ , 2162♀ , 2720♀ , aarvik 2015 . 013♂ , 2015 . 014♂ , nhmo , bmnh , coll . larsen .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide nhmo 2839♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 2♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slides nhmo 2156♂ , 2721♀ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide nhmo 1782♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 7♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slide l . aarvik 2812 , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 2020 , nhmo ; paratypes 6♂ , 3♀ , genitalia slides nhmo 2021 , bmnh 31330 , aarvik 2007 . 013 , 2007 . 014 , 2010 . 004 , nhmo , bmnh , rcma .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide aarvik 2734 , nhmo ; paratype 1♂ , abdomen missing ( see aarvik et al . 2012 : 353 ) , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide nhmop 2010 , nhmo ; paratypes 3♂ , 3♀ , genitalia slides aarvik 2007 . 015 , 2007 . 016 , karisch 2245 , 2248 [ usnm 84924 ] , bmnh 32542 , nhmo , bmnh , usnm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide ararvik 2810 , nhmo ; paratypes 4♂ , genitalia slides aarvik 2809 , 2811 , 2010 . 002 , nhmo , rmca .
holotype ♀ , bmnh ; 7 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , bmnh , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide nhmo 1780♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 3♂ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide nhmo 1151♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 2♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slide nhmo 1152 , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide l . aarvik 2009 . 001♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 2♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slides l . aarvik 2009 . 002 , 2009 . 003 , nhmo , coll . agassiz .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide l . aarvik 2532♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slide l . aarvik 21036 , mrac / kmma 00036♀ , rmca , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide aarvik 2723♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 4♂ and 2♀ , genitalia slides aarvik 2739 , 2740 , nhmo , coll . aarvik .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide aarvik , 2724♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 3♂ and 1♀ , genitalia slide aarvik 2722 , nhmo , coll . aarvik .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide aarvik 2008 . 020♂ , zmuc ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide aarvik 2742♂ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide aarvik 2738♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 5♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slide aarvik 2013 . 009 , nhmo 2286♀ , nhmo , zmhb .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide aarvik 2013 . 017♂ , rmca ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide nhmo 2405♂ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide nhmo 2303♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 5♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slide aarvik 2847♂ , nhmo 2284♀ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide nhmo 2398♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 5♀ , genitalia slides nhmo 2399♀ , 2401♀ , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide nhmo 2246♂ , nhmo ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide aarvik 2012 . 012♀ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide aarvik 2012 . 007 , bmnh ; paratypes 1♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides aarvik 2013 . 022♂ , 2012 . 013♀ , nhmo 2245♀ , bmnh , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide l . aarvik 22012♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 2♂ , 4♀ , genitalia slide aarvik 22013♀ ( nhmo 2830♀ ) , nmk , bmnh , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide aarvik 2761 , nhmo ; paratypes 5♂ , genitalia slides aarvik 2291 , 2292 , nhmo , coll . aarvik .
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