the black-necked agama ( acanthocercus atricollis ) is a species of tree agama that is native to east , central and southern africa .

its largest continuous range is in southeastern africa , and it occurs at high densities in the kruger national park .

acanthocercus atricollis

agama atricollis smith 1849 : 14 agama atricollis — boulenger 1885 : 358 agama atricollis — schmidt 1919 : 477 agama atricollis — mertens 1955 : 55 agama atricollis — auerbach 1987 : 95 agama atricollis — lanza 1983 : 208 stellio atricollis — lanza 1990 acanthocercus atricollis — joger 1991 stellio atricollis — broadley & howell 1991 : 11 stellio atricollis — broadley 1991 : 522 laudakia atricollis — manthey & schuster 1999 : 76 laudakia atricollis kuwuensis — manthey & schuster 1999 : 76 acanthocercus atricollis — barts & wilms 2003 agama atricollis — cooper 2005 acanthocercus atricollis — spawls et al . 2018 : 222 acanthocercus atricollis atricollis ( smith 1849 ) stellio capensis duméril in duméril et al . 1851 : 106 stellio nigricollis bocage 1866 : 43 ( fide loveridge 1943 ) agama cyanocephala falk 1925 agama atricollis atricollis — klausewitz 1957 : 161 agama atricollis atricollis — wermuth 1967 : 9 acanthocercus atricollis atricollis — bates et al . 2014 : 308 acanthocercus cyanocephalus — conradie et al . 2016 acanthocercus atricollis gregorii ( klausewitz 1957 ) agama gregorii günther 1894 : 86 agama atricollis gregorii — klausewitz 1957 : 165 agama atricollis gregorii — wermuth 1967 : 9 acanthocercus atricollis gregorii — manthey 2012 acanthocercus atricollis kiwuensis ( klausewitz 1957 ) agama atricollis kiwuensis — klausewitz 1957 : 167 agama atricollis kiwuensis — wermuth 1967 : 9 acanthocercus atricollis loveridgei ( klausewitz 1957 ) agama atricollis loveridgei — klausewitz 1957 : 163 agama atricollis loveridgei — wermuth 1967 : 9 acanthocercus atricollis minutus ( klausewitz 1957 ) agama atricollis loveridgei — klausewitz 1957 : 170 agama atricollis loveridgei — wermuth 1967 : 9 acanthocercus atricollis ugandaensis ( klausewitz 1957 ) agama atricollis ugandaensis — klausewitz 1957 : 169 agama atricollis ugandaensis — wermuth 1967 : 9
picking a tree : habitat use by the tree agama , acanthocercus atricollis atricollis , in south africa .
ebscohost | 13052112 | picking a tree : habitat use by the tree agama , acanthocercus atricollis atricollis , in south africa .
pietersen , errol and darren pietersen 2001 . acanthocercus atricollis southern tree agama . african herp news ( 33 ) : 14
pietersen , errol and darren pietersen . 2001 . acanthocercus atricollis southern tree agama . african herp news ( 33 ) : 14 .
there are possibly up to six subspecies , but all are poorly defined ( branch 1998 , spawls et al . 2002 ) : a . atricollis atricollis ( smith , 1849 ) a . atricollis gregorii ( günther , 1894 ) a . atricollis kiwuensis ( klausewitz , 1957 ) a . atricollis loveridgei ( klausewitz , 1957 ) a . atricollis minutus ( klausewitz , 1957 ) a . atricollis ugandaensis ( klausewitz , 1957 ) .
southern tree agama ( acanthocercus atricollis ) live in a wide range of habitats , from forest to savannah , even living in built up areas . this speci… | pinteres…
reaney , l . t . and whiting , m . j . 2003 . picking a tree : habitat use by the tree agama , acanthocercus atricollis atricollis , in south africa . african zoology 38 ( 2 ) : 273 - 278 .
tree agamas ( acanthocercus atricollis ) usually have large blue heads and their diet consists of flying insects like grasshoppers , beetles and other goggas that inhabit the bark of trees .
klausewitz , w . 1957 . eidonomische untersuchungen über die rassenkreise agama cyanogaster und agama atricollis . 2 . die unterarten von agama atricollis . senckenbergiana biologica 38 : 157 - 174
justification : acanthocercus atricollis is listed as least concern in view of its large distribution across eastern and southern africa , its tolerance of anthropogenic environments , and the absence of any major widespread threat .
whiting , m . j . , chetty , k . , twine , w . and carazo , p . 2009 . impact of human disturbance and beliefs on the tree agama acanthocercus atricollis atricollis in a south african communal settlement . oryx 43 ( 4 ) : 586 - 590 .
acanthocercus atricollis is listed as least concern in view of its large distribution across eastern and southern africa , its tolerance of anthropogenic environments , and the absence of any major widespread threat . true of all horn and e african forms
wagner , p . , greenbaum , e . and bauer , a . 2012 . a new species of the acanthocercus atricollis complex ( squamata : agamidae ) from zambia . salamandra 48 ( 1 ) : 21 - 30 .
wagner , p . , e . greenbaum & a . bauer 2012 . a new species of the acanthocercus atricollis complex ( squamata : agamidae ) from zambia . salamandra 48 ( 1 ) : 21 - 30 - get paper here
reaney , l . t . , and m . j . whiting . 2002 . life on a limb : ecology of the tree agama ( acanthocercus a . atricollis ) in southern africa . journal of zoology 257 : 439 - 448
reaney , l . t . and whiting , m . j . 2002 . life on a limb : ecology of the tree agama ( acanthocercus a . atricollis ) in southern africa . journal of zoology 257 : 439 - 448 .
southern tree agama acanthocercus atricollis atricollis ( siswati : intfulo ) key features : spiny body scales , box - shaped head and large size comments : occurs throughout the country in the highveld , middleveld , lowveld and lubombo regions . in the highveld , the species is restricted to the lower regions in the larger , warmer valleys . habitats : woodland valley bushveld
reaney , l . t . , and m . j . whiting . 2002 . life on a limb : ecology of the tree agama ( acanthocercus a . atricollis ) in southern africa . journal of zoology , london 257 : 439 - 448 .
they range across most of central africa down into south africa including ethiopia , kenya , congo , angola and namibia . you can find 12 different species of agama in south africa and inhabiting the north of the country , acanthocercus atricollis being one of these .
atricollis : s africa , incl . “portugese est africa , n rhodesia , portugese west africa” ( after wermuth 1967 ) .
the atricollis has been known to take veg try them on some kale or rocket you may find they will eat it .
) and earth / tiger worms and you create a live eco system that will clean up any mess that you atricollis leave behind . throwing in some leftover vegetables ( make sure it’s safe for your atricollis ) will keep these fed and spray in the corner of the viv to give them a damp spot . this will give you a live culture in your substrate that you shouldn’t have to clean . this also gives your atricollis some chances of hunting and foraging for food .
blue - headed tree agama ( acanthocercus atricollis ) this beautiful agama literally ran between my feet when i was returning from the morning hippopotamus shoot in the luangwa river . she patiently waited to be photographed and then ran - up to the crown of the tree as fast as a bullet . this was the first and last time i saw a blue agama . . .
the southern tree agama ( acanthocercus atricollis ) is an agamid native to parts of africa , and is found from ethiopia to natal , congo , angola and namibia . these arboreal lizards tend to stay in environments which allow them to cling onto vertical surfaces - such as open plains with scattered trees , though they are also commonly found in urban areas , clinging onto the sides of buildings .
klausewitz , w . 1957 . eidonomische untersuchungen über den rassenkreis agama cyanogaster und a . atricollis ( teil 2 ) . senckenb . biol . , 38 : 157 - 174 .
the atricollis can be fed a wide variety of invertebrates . in the wild they feed mainly on termites , ants and winged insects like grasshoppers . atricollis are one of the few lizards that can handle the acidity of ants . unlike some of the other agamid species though they don’t live entirely on ants being more of an ambush species feasting on whatever insects they see .
a humidity of 65 % is best when shedding occurs . the atricollis sheds roughly every few months at this time make sure you spray well , spraying the entire lizard to aid shedding .
when choosing a setup for the atricollis it has to be remembered that they are a semi arboreal lizard . this means that you will require a setup with both floor space and height , a space of 36x18x24 ( inches ) is required for one specimen , with something along the lines of 48x24x36 being used for a larger colony .
. you can also , as a treat , feed them wax worms , mealworms and butter worms ( chilecomadia moorei ) . morio worms can also be fed as atricollis chew their food more than most species so the size of a morio isn’t a problem . they also like beetles and the beetles from mealworms are a favourite of theirs .
lectotype : bmnh ( designated by klausewitz 1957 ) ( atricollis ) holotype : smf 10138 ; paratypes : zmb 16906 ( fide tillack , pers . comm . 22 jan 2014 ) [ loveridgei ] lectotype : zsm 51 / 1932 [ gregorii ] holotype : zmb 17693 [ kiwuensis ] holotype : zmb 11904 [ ugandaensis ] holotype : zmb 29089 [ minuta ]
i’ve found that my atricollis like a humidity of around 65 % dropping to a slightly drier area in the hot end . this humidity can go into the 70s and i advise spraying 2 - 3 times a day to achieve this . a good trick to raise humidity in your setup is to have a heat mat under a water bowl this evaporated the water creating a humid environment .
you will find your atricollis have a spot they like in the viv , the male normally taking the best spot . they tend to pick a high warm area where they can look over the other occupants . they require the heat of the day to be able to move about so you will find them basking early on and normally more active in the day . this is when you will find them showing their full colouring .
tend to be bigger than the females , with a large head and a broad yellow / green vertebral stripe , their main colouration being a grey / brown . they display a blue head during breeding season , when feeding and at the hottest parts of the day . male atricollis have large teeth at the jaw apex this helps them to chew bigger prey . you can search for many pictures of them online showing complete body colouring they rarely reach this in captivity but do still have some fantastic colours . their colours change very quickly due to their scaling . a full size adult male will be around the 15 inches head to tail , the tail making up more than half of the total length . nose to vent in an adult male being 5 - 6 inches .
gregorii : coastal kenya . type locality : mkonumbi ( coast of kenya ) .
minuta : ethiopia , kenya . type locality : dscheffedenza , shoa , abessinien .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
angel , fernand 1925 . résultats scientifiques . vertebrata . reptiles et batraciens . [ mabuia ( mabuiopsis ) jeanneli , lygosoma graueri quinquedigitata , ablepharus massaiensis ] . in : voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1912 ) . - paris , 2 : 1 - 63 .
auerbach , r . d . 1987 . the amphibians and reptiles of botswana . mokwepa consultants , botswana , 295 pp .
barnes , keith 2016 . animals of kruger national park . princeton university press , ca . 180 pp . - get paper here
barts , m . 2003 . die agamen des südlichen afrikas . draco 4 ( 14 ) : 70 - 79 - get paper here
bates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .
bocage , j . v . du b . 1866 . lista dos reptis das possessões portuguezas d ' africa occidental que existem no museu lisboa . jorn . sci . math . phys . nat . lisboa 1 : 37 - 56
boulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . geckonidae , eublepharidae , uroplatidae , pygopodidae , agamidae . london : 450 pp . - get paper here
broadley , d . g . & howell , k . m . 1991 . a check list of the reptiles of tanzania , with synoptic keys . syntarsus 1 : 1—70
broadley , d . g . 1991 . the herpetofauna of northern mwinilunga distr . , northw . zambia . arnoldia zimbabwe 9 ( 37 ) : 519 - 538
broadley , donald g . and f . p . d . cotterill . 2004 . the reptiles of southeast katanga , an overlooked ' hot spot ' . [ congo ] . african journal of herpetology 53 ( 1 ) : 35 - 61 . - get paper here
cooper jr . , w . e . 2005 . duration of movement as a lizard foraging movement variable . herpetologica 61 ( 4 ) : 363 - 372 - get paper here
de witte , g . f . 1953 . reptiles . exploration du parc national de l ' upemba . mission g . f . de witte en collaboration avec w . adam , a . janssens , l . van meel et r . verheyen ( 1946–1949 ) . institut des parcs nationaux du congo belge . brussels , vol . 6 , 322 pp . - get paper here
denzer , wolfgang ; günther , rainer ; manthey , ulrich 1997 . annotated type catalogue of the agamid lizards ( reptilia : squamata : agamidae ) in the museum für naturkunde der humbolt - universität zu berlin ( former zoological museum berlin ) . mitt . zool . mus . berlin 73 ( 2 ) : 309 - 332
duméril , a . m . c . & a . h . a . duméril 1851 . catalogue méthodique de la collection des reptiles du muséum d ' histoire naturelle de paris . gide et baudry / roret , paris , 224 pp .
grubermann , m . 2013 . einige fotografische beobachtungen an agamen in kenia , tansania , malawi , südafrika und namibia . iguana 26 ( 1 ) : 23 - 33
günther , a . 1894 . report on the collection of reptiles and fishes made by dr . j . w . gregory during his expedition to mount kenia [ sic ] . proc . zool . soc . london 1894 : 84 - 91 - get paper here
günther , a . 1895 . notice of reptiles and batrachians collected in the eastern half of tropical africa . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 15 : 523 - 529 . - get paper here
haagner , g . v . ; branch , w . r . & haagner , a . j . f . 2000 . notes on a collection of reptiles from zambia and adjacent areas of the democratic republic of the congo . annals of the eastern cape museum 1 : 1 – 25
herrmann , h . - w . ; w . r . branch 2013 . fifty years of herpetological research in the namib desert and namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist . journal of arid environments 93 : 94–115 - get paper here
joger , u . 1991 . a molecular phylogeny of agamid lizards . copeia 1991 ( 3 ) : 616 - 622 - get paper here
lanza , b . 1990 . amphibians and reptiles of the somali democratic republic : check list and biogeography . biogeographia , 14 : 407 - 465 [ 1988 ]
lanza , b . 1983 . a list of the somali amphibians and reptiles . monitore zoologico italiano , new ser . , suppl . 18 ( 8 ) : 193 - 247
largen , m . j . ; spawls , s . 2006 . lizards of ethiopia ( reptilia sauria ) : an annotated checklist , bibliography , gazetteer and identification . tropical zoology 19 ( 1 ) : 21 - 109 - get paper here
largen , m . j . ; spawls , s . 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of ethiopia and eritrea . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 694 pp .
loveridge , a . 1923 . notes on east african lizards collected 1920 - 1923 with the description of two new races of agama lionotus blgr . proc . zool . soc . london 1923 : 935 - 969 - get paper here
loveridge , a . 1936 . african reptiles and amphibians in the field museum of natural history . zool . ser . field mus . nat . hist . , chicago , 22 ( 1 ) : 1 - 122 - get paper here
loveridge , a . 1920 . notes on east african lizards collected 1915 - 1919 , with description of a new genus and species of skink and new subspecies of gecko . proc . zool . soc . london 1920 : 131 - 167 - get paper here
manthey , u . & schuster , n . 1999 . agamen , 2 . aufl . natur und tier verlag ( münster ) , 120 pp . - get paper here
meek , seth eugene ; cory , charles b . 1910 . batrachians and reptiles from british east africa . publication of the field museum of natural history 7 ( 11 ) : 403 - 414 - get paper here
mertens , r . 1955 . die amphibien und reptilien südwestafrikas . aus den ergebnissen einer im jahre 1952 ausgeführten reise . abh . senckenb . naturf . ges . ( frankfurt ) 490 : 1 - 172 - get paper here
monard , albert 1937 . contribution à l ' herpétologie d ' angola . arq . mus . bocage , lisbon 8 : 19 - 153 .
schleicher , alfred 2015 . reptilien namibias . namibia scientific society , 276 pp .
schmidt , karl patterson 1919 . contributions to the herpetology of the belgian congo based on the collection of the american congo expedition , 1909 - 1915 . part i : turtles , crocodiles , lizards , and chamaeleons . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 39 ( 2 ) : 385 - 624 - get paper here
smith , a . 1849 . illustrations of the zoology of south africa . 3 ( reptiles ) . smith , elder , and co . , london [ facsimile published by winchester press , johannesburg , 1977 ] - get paper here
spawls , s . & rotich , d . 1997 . an annotated checklist of the lizards of kenya . j . east african nat . hist . 86 : 61 - 83 - get paper here
spawls , s . ; howell , k . ; drewes , r . c . & ashe , j . 2002 . a field guide to the reptiles of east africa . academic press , 543 pp . [ reviews in hr 34 : 396 and afr . j . herp . 51 ; 147 ] - get paper here
spawls , steve ; kim howell , harald hinkel , michele menegon 2018 . field guide to east african reptiles . bloomsbury , 624 pp . - get paper here
witte , g . f . de 1933 . reptiles récoltés au conge belge par le dr . h . schouteden et par m . g . - f . witte . ann . mus . conge belge zool . ser . 1 tome iii : 53 - 100 .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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rödel , m . - o . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .
this species is found from eritrea , south through east africa to coastal kwazulu - natal , eastern botswana and northern namibia ( branch 1998 ) . the western limit of the distribution is the western democratic republic of the congo ( spawls et al . 2002 ) . this species occurs from sea level to 2 , 400 m above sea level , although in east africa it is most common from 1 , 300 to 2 , 000 m above sea level .
patterson ( 1987 ) reported that this species appears to be common in kruger national park . a resident pair was found on almost every tree , even in anthropogenically disturbed areas .
it is unlikely that any major threat is impacting this species across its full range .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . in places its distribution coincides with protected areas , probably providing small safeguards . no further conservation measures are required .
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they live in a wide range of habitats , from forest to savannah , even living in built up areas . this species can often be found scaling the sides of trees . in studies they were found to inhabit mainly acacia karroo and occasionally found in protea caffra and dead trees .
normally a male displaying his colours won’t be far away from several females . these lizards tend to live in colonies with one dominant male and a group of females and other subordinate males .
they tend to be an olive colour with black marbling , the patterning on their backs being very distinctive . they also display , mainly when gravid , two series of orange to yellow dorsal spots .
lots of branches are required for the species providing a large canopy for climbing . plenty of hiding spots should be added to the setup making sure you have adequate space for them all to hide in both the warm and cool ends of the setup . using planting ( fake or real ) try to create lots of hidden areas that they can escape the light of the day in . in my own setup i have walls covered in cork bark or viv rock backing can be used to create a rock face they can climb .
a full spectrum bulb is needed for the uv of these lizards . i recommend using an arcadia d3 12 % . they have both a longer life and a far superior output compared to the competitors . this needs to go along the length of the setup trying to keep at a 12inch distance . the décor mentioned above allows plenty of hiding places to give varying levels of uv to suit your lizard’s needs .
set a spot light on a dimmer stat on a basking spot to one end of the tank achieving a temperature near to the 100f mark leaving a thermal gradient down to the high 70 to the low 80s . alternatively on a large setup try using an mvb ( mercury vapour bulb ) for far superior lighting and heat .
set lighting on for a period of 12 - 14 hours , depending on the time of year .
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a tumblr devoted entirely to reptiles , in the wild or in captivity as pets . the purpose of this blog is to inform people about reptiles - their habits in the wild as well as some snippets as to their care in captivity , and the unsuitability and ethics of keeping some species in captivity .
adults growing to between 20 - 30cm ( nearly 1ft ) . this species have very large heads , with the males turning a bright and rich blue colour , as shown here , during the mating season .
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agamas , geckos , lizards , monitors and skinks indigenous to south africa . view gallery
not sure but is this the bloukop or blue headed lizard ? ? ? oh i found him at the home office where i work this afternoon .
blue headed lizard is it ' s common name im pretty sure
bloukop koggelmander ( blue head agama )
is what i found online about it .
the yellow down his back is really nice . i forgot to google it . silly me i am constantly gooling stuff .
if you can bring him some meal worms on a regular basis and put this in an escape proof bowl at the base of the tree he would appreciate that . he will also enjoy the meal worm beetles which most people do not use as food in any case . if he is the strongest and prettiest in the area he will attract females . by supplementing his feeding you will be helping him get a girl this season .
it is easier to ask for forgiveness than permission . those who are afraid to ask are ashamed of learning .
and they do get rather used to having people around . . . in primary school i the workers were busy digging holes , when they dug into a nest , i rescued the ones i could , threw out my lunch and put them in my lunchbox as they were in the sand . i took them home that day and reburied them in a nice spot in the garden , about two weeks later they hatched , i could only see 4 , and they stayed in the same garden for the next 3 years we lived there . . . was pretty cool
negative thoughts , creates a negative mind . a negative mind , creates a negative person . a negative person , creates a negative mood , which spoils the power of positivity . . . making room , for negative thoughts . - the circle of negativity by mv
well they are called the tree agama . yes they are also referred to as the blue headed lizard . but the reason for them not being called the blue headed tree agama is because the females do not have blue heads .
ok i just googled it now . and apparently you do get a blue headed tree agama . but the
bloukop koggelmander
you find down in the lowveld and the hoedspruit area all have blue heads ( the males ) and it stops at the shoulders . these are your normal tree agamas and the females then do not have blue heads .
has anyone had any success keeping these ? anyone breeding them in the country ? ? most agamas are really awesome lizards , its like the proudly south african version of the bearded dragon .
bloukop is a very vague name for these guys as said . even a few species found in the karoo are referred to as bloukops . a genereal name for agamas in south africa . the exact one you have pictured is a southern tree agama (
i remember keeping these as a young kid but not for long lol . always had bite marks on my hands from catching these guys . . . real good memories . . . my folks shoulda seen it coming from then haha ! !
bloukop mannetjie ! ! ! haven ' t seen one of these in a good few years ! i kept a couple as a kid in pmb back in the day they make awesome pets . much more interesting in my opinion than a beardie . . . these guys will eat just about anything creepy crawly and settle down very well . does anyone keep these in joeys and does anyone know if permits would be required ?
i know not with what weapons world war iii will be fought , but world war iv will be fought with sticks and stones . - albert einstein fred smith
except for kzn , permits are required for any reptile species which occurs within the borders of south africa .
egg - laying and nest - building behaviours vary widely among reptiles . these behaviours range from the “casual” dropping of the eggs in a relatively suitable site to the preparation of an elaborate nest , and in a few groups parental care may also occur . most turtles dig an egg chamber exclusively with their hind limbs , and attention is given to the selection of the nest site , the excavation of the egg chamber , and its closure . thereafter , the female departs , and the eggs and hatchlings must survive on their own . most lizards and snakes also depart after the eggs are lain ; the egg chamber can be little more than a hollow as the lizard or snake crawls through leaf litter or
) digs a deep burrow with a combination of its fore - and hind limbs ; this chamber is often so deep that the female is totally hidden from view . at the end of this burrow , she lays her eggs and fills the entire burrow with loosened soil . often a group of females will return to the same nesting site within the same nesting colony year after year .
a green sea turtle ( chelonia mydas ) laying eggs on a beach and hatchlings scrambling toward the sea .
) lives on sandy soil and uses its head and the forepart of its body to scoop soil from its burrows and egg chambers . many
deposit their eggs in cracks or crevices in rock faces , in tree bark , or in plant tissues beneath the bark of trees . the eggs of some geckos are adhesive and may be attached to vertical surfaces ; in other geckos several females will share a good nesting site beneath a slab of rock or behind the loose bark on the side of a tree . such locations may contain dozens of eggs at different stages of development .
typically creates a nest mound of soil and vegetation , using her mouth , limbs , body , and tail in its construction . after she digs a hole in the mound and lays her eggs , her attention remains focused on her eggs , and she stays nearby to watch over them . as the eggs begin to hatch , the hatchlings begin to chirp and squeak , bringing their mother to the nest . she uncovers the eggs and may even use her tongue to help some of the hatchlings out of their eggshells . she then carries her young to the water in her mouth and will stay with them for several months until they are large enough to survive on their own .
, is widespread and has evolved independently dozens of times in the squamates ( that is , the lizards and snakes ) . no living crocodiles , turtles , or
are live - bearers . however , in the squamates , live - bearing ranges from retention of unshelled eggs in the oviducts to the development of
between the mother and her fetuses . the evolutionary steps from egg laying to placental development are demonstrated by
that hatch within days of deposition . in other taxa the eggs are not shelled but remain in the oviducts throughout development . the
nourishes each embryo , although gas exchange does occur across the amniotic membranes and the oviductal walls . placental development ranges from simple wall contact and gas exchange between the mother and a developing embryo to the full interdigitation of maternal and fetal tissue for
] ) . there are several types of placentae that have evolved in squamates that use various components of the amniotic membranes .
of eggs and litters of neonates vary widely in reptiles and are species - dependent . among egg layers a clutch may range from a single egg to more than 100 . among live - bearing reptiles , a litter may range from 1 to about 50 neonates . adult body size is just one aspect associated with number of offspring ; genetic constitution and nutrition are also major factors .
the smallest of the living reptiles typically have the fewest offspring , often laying only one or two eggs or producing only one or two neonates . many geckos and some skinks have genetically fixed clutch sizes of two eggs , and one egg is usually produced by each ovary during a given reproductive cycle . conversely , turtles and crocodiles produce some of the largest clutches among living reptiles ; sea turtles often produce more than 100 eggs each time , whereas the larger crocodiles average 40–50 eggs per clutch . some of the larger snakes also produce clutches or litters of 40–50 eggs or embryos , but most squamates , even large - bodied species , produce less than 20 eggs or embryos during each reproductive cycle .
nutrition clearly affects the number of offspring produced , with malnourished females laying fewer eggs or giving birth to fewer offspring . a female lizard suffering through a drought year or coping with loss of her tail may resorb maturing egg follicles in the ovary or forego egg development altogether during that year .
) commonly breed every third year because the female eats little during the summer of her pregnancy . she requires the following summer to rebuild her
and pregnancy is temperature - dependent . because reptiles are ectothermic , the embryos of live - bearing females and the eggs of oviparous females deposited in the soil or other locations are subject to fluctuating temperatures . in general , cool temperatures slow development and warm temperatures speed development , but extreme heat and cold are lethal to developing embryos . on average , temperate - zone reptiles have incubations or pregnancies of 8–12 weeks . tropical species tend to have similar incubation periods ; however , incubations of some species may last nearly one year or longer ( as in the fijian iguana [
term for all factors ( such as temperature , moisture , and others ) that affect the ratio of males to females produced in a given clutch of eggs or a litter of neonates .
temperature - dependent sex determination ( tsd ) , discovered in the early 1970s , is the most researched of these factors . the sex of the offspring in species with tsd is influenced by the
during one critical period of incubation , instead of by hereditary factors . in most turtles females are produced at high temperatures and males at low temperatures . at a narrow range of intermediate temperatures , roughly equal numbers of males and females are produced . the reverse occurs in many crocodiles , and females result from cooler temperatures . some squamates also display tsd , but the sex of most species appears to be primarily determined by
must break through the eggshell . for this purpose turtles , crocodiles , and tuatara bear a horny pointed caruncle on their snout . the hatchling uses the caruncle to slice open the amniotic membranes and then the eggshell . squamates have an
, a special premaxillary tooth that extends forward and out of the mouth , to cut through membranes and shell . generally , the hatchling rests briefly once out of the shell . if the nest is buried under soil or other material , a hatchling must dig upward to emerge on the surface . sometimes this occurs in concert with other hatchlings in the nest ; a coordinated behaviour is necessary for sea turtles and other species whose eggs are buried deep . in a few species of turtles , such as the north american
) , the hatchlings leave the eggshell , but they remain in the nest through the winter and emerge in the spring . individual painted turtle hatchlings can tolerate short periods of extreme cold that freezes much of the water in their bodies .
live - bearing reptiles give birth in the same manner as mammals . if the amniotic membranes do not rupture during birth , the neonate must struggle to break free from the encapsulating membranes .
, are noted for their extreme longevity . many turtles have long lives , but few species have individuals that live more than a century . records of longevity are derived from captive animals that led protected and catered life . many north american turtle species require 12 to 18 years to reach sexual maturity . once they reach adulthood ,
, or asymptotic , growth as they mature . most reptiles are characterized by a period of rapid juvenile growth that slows upon reaching full adulthood . growth then ceases altogether a few years after maturity .
, growth . typically , rapid growth occurs in juveniles and slows as the individual approaches maturity and shifts its energy resources to reproduction . during most of the adult years , growth is either extremely slow or nonexistent . however , when food resources are high , active growth can occur . thus , the size of an individual of a species characterized by attenuated growth is only limited by its food supply .
, the most common form of defense in the animal kingdom , is also the most common form of defense in reptiles . at the first recognition of danger , most
plunge into water and sink out of sight . even so , should danger arise so suddenly and so close at hand that flight may be hazardous , other behaviours are adopted .
crocodiles , turtles , some lizards , and some snakes hiss loudly when confronted by an enemy .
rapidly vibrate the tip of the tail , which consists of loose , dry , horny rings . even snakes without rattles , such as the
) of the united states , often rapidly vibrate the ends of their tails . often , the tail will come into contact with dry leaves , and the resulting sound will seem deceptively like the rattle of a
change in body form is relatively common in snakes . it usually involves spreading the neck , as in the cobras ( family elapidae ) , or the whole body , as in the harmless hognose snakes ( heterodon ) and dekay’s snake ( storeria dekayi ) of the united states . some snakes inflate the forward parts of their bodies ; inflation is one of the defensive behaviours of the large south american bird snake pseustes poecilonotus and the african boomslang ( dispholidus typus ) .
snakes may also assume threat postures as they change their body form . a cobra raises the forepart of its body and spreads its hood when threatened . the typical defensive posture of vipers is the body coiled and the neck held in an s - curve , the head poised to strike .
flatten their bodies , puff out their throats , and turn broadside to the enemy . the helmeted iguanids (
of africa increase their apparent size in this way when approached by snakes . the australian bearded lizard (
) suddenly raises a wide membrane , or frill , which extends backward from the throat . many lizards and snakes open their mouths when threatened but do not strike . a common african lizard , the black - necked
) , faces an enemy with head held high and mouth open to show the brilliant orange interior .
mullerian mimicry in coral snakes and similar form : ( left ) the venomous eastern coral snake micrurus fulvius ; ( right ) the harmless king snake lampropeltis polyzone ; and ( bottom ) the moderately venomous rear - fanged false coral snake ( oxyrhopus ) .
that involves both form and colour is common in reptiles . for example , many arboreal snakes and lizards are green ; some of the green - coloured snakes , such as the
of dangerous species by harmless ones is a passive defense ; however , its validity as an actual mechanism of defense is sometimes challenged . nonetheless , evidence of mimicry appears among different groups of snakes . for example , the venomous american coral snakes (
) have various ringed patterns of red , yellow , white , and black . these patterns are matched often by non - or mildly venomous snake species occurring in the same area .
if a threatening posture does not succeed in driving off an enemy , many reptiles may become more aggressive . some snakes ( such as dekay’s snake [ s . dekayi ] ) strike , but with their mouths closed . others ( such as the hognose snakes [ heterodon ] ) strike with their mouth open but do not bite , but snakes of many species will strike and bite viciously . among the nonvenomous snakes of north america , few are as quick to bite as the water snakes of genus nerodia ; however , they are nonvenomous .
) bite in self - defense . vipers and pit vipers usually strike from a horizontally coiled posture . from this position , the head can be rapidly shot forward , stab the enemy , and be pulled back in readiness for the next strike . from the typical raised posture , a cobra sweeps its head forward and downward to bite . to strike again , it raises its head and neck once more ; such aggressive , defensive movements of cobras are slower than those of pit vipers .
) is a purely defensive act directed against large animals . instead of a straight canal ending in a long opening near the tip of each fang as in most cobras , the specialized fang of the spitting cobra has a canal that turns sharply forward to a small round opening on the front surface . at the moment of ejection , the mouth is opened slightly , and a fine stream of venom is forced out of the
by the contraction of the muscle enveloping the poison gland . a spitting cobra usually raises its head and the forepart of its body in the characteristic cobra defensive posture prior to spitting , but venom can be ejected from any position . the effect on skin is negligible ; the eyes , however , may be severely damaged , and blindness can result unless the venom is washed out quickly .
a few lizards , representing different families , have thick tails covered by large , hard , spiny scales . such a tail swung vigorously from side to side is an effective defense against snakes , especially when the head and body of the lizard are in a burrow or wedged between rocks .
the tails of some lizard species are useful in defense in another way . when captured , some lizards voluntarily shed , or
, their tails , which wriggle violently , temporarily confusing the predator and allowing the lizard to escape . each vertebra of the tails of tail - shedding lizards has a fracture plane that can voluntarily split by the appropriate twitch of the tail muscles . simultaneous stimulation of the
in the severed portion keeps it twitching for a few seconds after separation . usually the tail is broken in only one place , but a few lizards , particularly the so - called glass snakes (
) , break their tails into several pieces . the stump heals quickly , and a new tail grows ; often , however , the
snakes , turtles , and crocodiles may have their tails bitten off by predators . however , they cannot break them voluntarily or regenerate them . in confrontations with enemies , some snakes use their tails as diversions by raising them and moving them slowly . species with this habit commonly have thick , blunt , brightly coloured tails . for example , the small african burrowing python ( calabaria reinhardtii ) waves its tail in the air as it moves slowly away from a threat .
many snakes , both harmless and venomous , attempt to hide their heads under coils of their bodies . for most species with this habit , the body may be coiled loosely . however , it may also be tightly coiled so that it forms a compact ball with the head in the centre . balling , as the latter habit is called , is a characteristic response of
) , a species with heavy scales on its head and hard spiny scales covering its body and tail , rolls on its back and grasps its tail in its mouth to present an imposing ring of hard spines to a predator .
some reptiles use musk - secreting glands when other defensive measures fail . the water snakes ( nerodia ) , the garter snakes ( thamnophis ) , and the alligator lizards ( gerrhonotus ) emit a foul - smelling substance from their cloacal glands . an assortment of turtles , such as the mud turtle and the musk turtle ( kinosternidae ) , have glands on the bridge of their shells that excrete a vile - smelling fluid that likely makes them distasteful to many predators .
reptile s , of which there are few endemic families , have mainly old world affinities . those most likely to be seen include lizards of the agamid family , skinks ( a family of lizards characterized by smooth overlapping scales ) , crocodiles , and tortoises . endemic reptiles include girdle - tailed…
although amphibian gastrulation is considerably modified in comparison with that in animals with oligolecithal eggs ( e . g . , amphioxus and starfishes ) , an archenteron forms by a process of invagination . such is not the case , however , in the higher vertebrates that possess eggs with…
the living reptiles belong to four orders : the squamata ( lizards , snakes , and amphisbaenians ) , the sphenodontida ( tuataras ) , the testudines ( turtles ) , and the crocodylia ( or crocodilia ; crocodiles and alligators ) . the reptile ear has many different forms , especially within the suborder sauria ( lizards ) , and variations occur in…
unlike lungfishes and amphibians , reptiles depend entirely on their lungs for respiration . gills and skin do not provide additional sources of oxygen . only the crocodiles , however , truly approach birds and mammals in their almost complete “double” circulation . because of the development of a neck…
reptile s are the first vertebrates that , in an evolutionary sense , have evolved an egg that is truly independent of water . indeed , many snakes and lizards have even gone beyond this stage and have attained complete viviparity . it is difficult to generalize about reproductive behaviour…
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palatobaena is an extinct genus of baenid turtle .

it was first named by gaffney in 1972 and the type species is palatobaena bairdi .

it based on a fragmentary skull from the fort union formation of the bighorn basin of wyoming .

the two other species are p. gaffneyi ( a complete skull from eocene ( wasatchian north american land mammal age ) ) and p. cohen which existed in hell creek formation , north dakota during the late cretaceous period ( maastrichtian age ) .

palatobaena

belongs to palatobaena according to j . d . archibald and j . h . hutchison 1979
revision of the genus palatobaena ( testudines , baenidae ) with the description of a new species ( postilla ) : j . david archibald : urltoken books
revision of the genus palatobaena ( testudines , baenidae ) with the description of a new species ( postilla ) : urltoken j . david archibald : books
full reference : j . d . archibald and j . h . hutchison . 1979 . revision of the genus palatobaena ( testudines , baenidae ) , with the description of a new species . postilla 177 : 1 - 19
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type specimen : ucmp 114529 , a skull ( complete skull lacking right orbital region , sutures not co - ossified , slightly distorted ) . its type locality is upper meniscotherium , which is in a wasatchian fluvial sandstone in the wasatch formation of wyoming .
full reference : e . s . gaffney . 1972 . the systematics of the north american family baenidae ( reptilia , cryptodira ) . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 147 ( 5 ) : 245 - 312
parent taxon : palatobaeninae according to t . r . lyson et al . 2016
see also archibald and hutchison 1979 , bryant 1989 , carroll 1988 , estes 1976 , gaffney 1972 , holroyd et al . 2001 , holroyd and hutchison 2002 , hutchison 1992 , hutchison and holroyd 2003 , lyson and joyce 2010 and lyson and joyce 2011
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new haven , conn . : peabody museum of natural history , [ 1950 ? ] - c2004 .
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the flammulated bamboo tyrant ( hemitriccus flammulatus ) , also called flammulated pygmy tyrant is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae , the tyrant flycatchers .

it is found in amazonian peru and bolivia , and the bordering states of brazil 's northwest , the north region .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

this tyrant is a small brown bird , with darker brown wings and a short tail ; it has a whitish breast , black legs and eyes , and a short , sharp-pointed bill , for hawking insects in flight .

flammulated bamboo tyrant

the flammulated pygmy - tyrant is also commonly known as the flammulated bamboo - tyrant ( ridgely and tudor 1994 , clements and shany 2001 , valqui 2004 ) . the name “bamboo - tyrant” has not yet been accepted by the south american classification committee , but potentially could be , once the taxonomic relationships of species in the tody - tyrant clade ( which includes hemitriccus , myiornis , lophotriccus , atalotriccus , poecilotriccus , and todirostrum ) are more fully understood .
forest ( fragment ) with bamboo ( parque zoobotânico / universidade federal do acre ) .
spurts of notes . 1 km from the lodge grounds in mixed guadua bamboo and advanced secondary forest growth .
clock , b . ( 2018 ) . flammulated bamboo - tyrant ( hemitriccus flammulatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
about half a km from the lodge grounds in guadua bamboo growth . occasional wing - whirr can be heard .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common but patchily distributed ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 16 - 17 . 6 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 11 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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formerly considered conspecific with h . diops and h . obsoletus . two subspecies recognized .
berlepsch , 1901 – e peru ( san martín s to madre de dios ) , nw brazil ( acre , and r mequéns in rondônia ) and n bolivia ( e to e beni , s to cochabamba ) .
( todd , 1915 ) – e bolivia ( r surutú , in w santa cruz ) .
11 cm ; 8·8–11·7 g . nominate race has crown and upperparts plain olive - green , dull whitish to buff - white supraloral spot and narrow eyering ; wings and tail plain olive ; . . .
sharp “tic” notes and fast rising trill , “tik - trrrrrríp” , remarkably similar in tone to , but . . .
arthropods . stomach contents in se peru contained 19 prey items , of which beetles ( coleoptera ) 33 % , hemipterans 18 % , homopteran bugs ( . . .
not globally threatened . fairly common but local . fairly common in tambopata - candamo reserved zone and manu national park and biosphere reserve , in peru ; and beni and pilón . . .
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highly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1–4 separate families .
varied assemblage of genera , most of which have traditionally been grouped together , but detailed sequence now modified on basis of genetic findings # r # r # r . type genus currently subsumed into mionectes .
name based on triccus , a junior synonym of todirostrum , whereas todirostrini is a junior synonym of triccini # r .
incorporates snethlagea , idioptilon , microcochlearius , euscarthmornis and ceratotriccus , in recent times all most commonly used as subgenera . moreover , genetic data suggest that , as currently defined , present genus is not monophyletic # r # r # r .
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id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 156 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 154 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 546 side a track 8 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 153 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 150 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 148 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 147 seq . a )
distance to mike : 7 m . series of two calls . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , gallery forest . ref : nkm06a270
series of two calls . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc6b768
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) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
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this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : hemitriccus flammulatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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unique : the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet . see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life . real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !
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the “examples from the internet” do , in fact , come from the internet . we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes . the main sources we used are professionally translated company , and academic , websites . in addition , we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union . because of the overwhelming data volume , it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents . so , we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation . this is why they are marked “not verified by pons editors” .
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