phyllonorycter cerasicolella is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is known from all of europe , except northern scandinavia .

the wingspan is 7 – 8 mm .

there are two to three generations per year in western europe .

the larvae feed on prunus cerasifera , prunus mahaleb and sometimes prunus spinosa , as well as various cultivated prunus species .

mines may also occur on malus species when grown in proximity of cultived prunus .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

they create a lower-surface tentiform mine , usually between two side veins , without clear folds .

phyllonorycter cerasicolella

phyllonorycter cerasicolella ( cherry midget ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
lithocolletis cerasicolella herrich - schäffer , 1855 . schmett . europ . 5 : 326 . figs 784 - 5 . phyllonorycter cerasicolella ( herrich - schäffer , 1855 ) .
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urltoken
recorded in 19 ( 28 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1999 . last recorded in 2017 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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urltoken
leaf - miner : the mine is underside , between veins , often causing leaf to arch . several mines may be found in one leaf ( british leafminers ) .
lower - surface tentiform mine , usually between two side veins , without clear folds ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
larva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .
pupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .
margins of frontal appendage straight . rear margin of cremaster straigt to convex ( triberti , 2007a ) ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
adult : the adult is illustrated in ukmoths . the species is included in urltoken .
comments : treated as a junior synonym of p . spinicolella in fauna europaea . where malus species grow in proximity of cultived prunus , mines may occur also on apple ( tribert , 2007a ) . ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
time of year - larvae : july , september - april ( british leafminers ) .
time of year - adults : two generations , adults flying in may and again in august ( ukmoths ) .
distribution in great britain and ireland : mainly in the southern half on england ( ukmoths ) ; including bedfordshire , caernarvonshire , cambridgeshire , cheshire , denbighshire , east norfolk , east suffolk , glamorgan , herefordshire , hertfordshire , huntingdonshire , isle of wight , leicestershire , middlesex , north somerset , northamptonshire , shropshire , south - west yorkshire , stafford , surrey , west norfolk and west suffolk ( nbn atlas ) .
distribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including albania , austria , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , corsica , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , finland , french mainland , germany , greek mainland , hungary , italian mainland , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , republic of moldova , poland , portuguese mainland , romania , russia - central , east , northwest and south , sardinia , sicily , slovakia , slovenia , spanish mainland , sweden , switzerland , the netherlands , ukraine and yugoslavia . also recorded in near east ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .
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european union funding : for a one - year period ( 2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15 ) , eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system ( agreement nb : sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12 . 768842 ) . the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .
holbrook , ipswich and hasketon , bred in 1930 - 34 ( whit . ) .
leaf - mine on cherry - brandon , suffolk ( 19 . x . 2002 ) © a prichard
leaf - mine on cherry - shrubland park , suffolk ( 3 . x . 2004 ) © a prichard


non-reproductive sexual behavior is sexual activities animals participate in that do not lead to the reproduction of the species .

although procreation continues to be the primary explanation for sexual behavior in animals , recent observations on animal behavior has given alternative reasons for the engagement in sexual activities by animals .

animals have been observed to engage in sex for social interaction , demonstration of dominance , aggression relief , exchange for significant materials , and sexual stimulation .

observed non-procreative sexual activities include non-copulatory mounting ( without penetration , or by the female ) , oral sex , genital stimulation , anal stimulation , interspecies mating , and acts of affection .

there have also been observations of animals engaging in homosexual behaviors , as well as sex with dead animals and sex involving juveniles .

non - reproductive sexual behavior in animals

why have animals evolved to have sex ? the obvious answer ,
for reproduction
, is at odds with the diversity of non - reproductive sexual behavior . some non - reproductive sexual behavior may exist merely by accident , but there ' s a variety of ways non - reproductive sexual behavior may otherwise benefit animals . there ' s no ready answer to the general question of why animals have sex .
ram mating behavior after long - term selection for reproductive rate in rambouillet ewes .
research on masturbatory practice by non - human animals almost exclusively focuses on male masturbation .
sexual behavior is an extremely significant aspect of the lives of all sexually reproductive animals , including humans . masturbation is an enigmatic yet highly ubiquitous practice , as it is a non - reproductive sexual behavior . understanding the origins of masturbation may shed light on its evolutionary function and its consequent conservation in human behavior , elucidating possible explanations for some of our most primal innate behaviors .
are used strictly in the reproductive sense to refer to animals that produce sperm or eggs , respectively ) .
why has natural selection allowed sexual affect and sexual behavior to flourish , particularly in humans ? the obvious answer is that sexual affect motivates sexual behavior , and sexual behavior is necessary for reproduction . but only a small subset of sexual behavior is actually capable of producing offspring . why has evolution preserved such things as masturbation , oral sex , homosexuality , and sex after menopause ?
regarding genetic influences on behavior : a single gene usually codes for complex behavior .
relationship of sex and number of siblings in utero with sexual behavior of mature rams .
in rats , a _ _ _ _ _ _ will display male sexual behavior in adulthood .
] . female animals treated with testosterone prenatally or neonatally subsequently show increased male - typical behavior and decreased female - typical behavior . similarly , male animals that have their testes removed early in development later show increased female - typical behavior and reduced male - typical behavior . these effects have been seen for sexual behaviors and for non - reproductive behaviors that differ by sex , such as aggression and juvenile rough - and - tumble play [
the most parsimonious explanation is that non - reproductive sexual behavior is a spandrel . that is , natural selection created a motivation to seek genital stimulation because this motivation makes animals more likely to reproduce , and it is merely an accident of evolution that this motivation also gets animals to do useless things like masturbate .
though most empirical research on the subject is heavily biased toward western sexual behavior .
a . expressing whether the behavior conforms to our culture ' s sexual norms .
altered adult sexual behavior in the male rat following chronic prenatal hypoxia . - pubmed - ncbi
wallen k , tannenbaum pl . hormonal modulation of sexual behavior and affiliation in rhesus monkeys .
stoinski ts , perdue bm , legg am . sexual behavior in female western lowland gorillas (
dolphins are known to display non - reproductive sexual behavior , engaging in masturbation , stimulation of the genital area of other individuals using the rostrum or flippers , and homosexual contact . [ 48 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ]
gordon t ( 1981 ) reproductive behavior in the rhesus monkeys : social and endocrine variables . am zool 21 : 185–195
which of the following phrases best defines sexual variations ? a . sexual activity that involves force or coercion b . sexual behaviors that are not socially approved c . sexual behavior that is not statistically typical d . sexual expression that is illegal
by separating capability from interest , sexual behavior became more sensitive to social context , and sex could easily be used for other than reproductive purposes . once the capacity to engage in sex was released from hormonal control , hormonal modulation of sexual motivation became the primary regulator of sexual behavior . however , unlike the physical adaptations described earlier , which completely prevent the occurrence of sexual behavior , hormonal regulation of sexual motivation only modulates the frequency or likelihood of occurrence of sexual behavior . this less strict control exerted by sexual motivation has been the source of much misunderstanding about hormonal regulation of sexual behavior in primates , including humans .
wallen k . desire and ability : hormones and the regulation of female sexual - behavior .
) : insights into pseudogene formation and evidence for functional degeneracy in non - human primates .
homosexuality is quite common in the animal kingdom , especially among herding animals . many animals solve conflicts by practicing same gender sex .
the coverage of # savebenjy opens a dialogue on homosexual activity in a landscape that survives and thrives on heterosexual reproductive non - human animal activity in a male - dominated landscape .
autoeroticism is a . sexual fantasy . b . sexual behavior with others . c . an intrapersonal activity . d . an unacceptable activity .
the utility of nature as a heteronormatizing force was influenced by two factors . the first was industrialization , which moved people away from nature and interactions with other animals . the second factor was that aspect of darwin’s theory that emphasized animals’ drive to reproduce and continue the species . this emphasis on heterosexual reproductive activity created a picture of the non - human animal as only engaging in sexual activity with the opposite sex , and inevitably has led to under - recording or - documenting of same - sex behavior in non - human animals .
diurnal , larger than nwp , most are partly terrestrial . non - prehensile tails
a female rate will show female sexual behavior in adulthood if it is _ _ _ _ _ _ .
le boeuf b , mesnick s . sexual - behavior of male northern elephant seals . i .
in his book , bagemihl describes homosexual activity in a broad spectrum of animals . he asserts that while same - sex behavior is sometimes found in captivity , it is actually seen more frequently in studies of animals in the wild .
you can view the lecture here . at about the 11 : 40 point the claim is made that humans are the only species that engage in non - reproductive sex .
intracerebral infusion of an aromatase inhibitor , sexual behavior and brain estrogen receptor - like immunoreactivity in intact male rats .
wallen k , winston la . social complexity and hormonal influences on sexual behavior in rhesus monkeys ( macaca mulatta )
dittmann rw , kappes me , kappes mh . sexual behavior in adolescent and adult females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia .
effect of vorozole , an aromatase enzyme inhibitor , on sexual behavior , aromatase activity and neural immunoreactivity .
wallen k . influence of female hormonal state on rhesus sexual behavior varies with space for social interaction .
according to the text , when we label a sexual behavior natural or unnatural , we are a . expressing whether the behavior conforms to our culture ' s sexual norms . b . expressing instinctive beliefs . c . using biological criteria for our judgment . d . using universal norms for human sexual behavior .
many acts that are considered to be sex crimes involve parties who participate in such acts willingly . these crimes relate to issues of marriage and infidelity , non - reproductive sexual activities , prostitution and pandering , and pornography and obscenity .
bruce bagemihl argues that any evidence of non - reproductive same - sex activity has been rationalized , in effect “explaining away” ( 122 ) any same - sex behaviors . published in 1999 , bagemihl’s biological exuberance offers both a “wondrous bestiary” ( 265 ) chronicling the myriad of same - sex activities exhibited by a wide range of species , and an exploration of how non - reproductive homosexual activity in non - human animals is treated in scientific discourse . the # savebenjy campaign was treated as an oddity , but bagemihl demonstrates that homosexuality in animals is not a new phenomenon . he finds that homosexual activity exhibited by non - human animals , unless it is explicit sexual intercourse , is either omitted from research findings or insufficiently documented , being wrongly categorized under a number of other behaviors such as affiliation or dominance ( 107 ) .
although no mark and recapture techniques were applied in the present study , the seasonal distribution of svls suggests that animals were sexually mature in the first reproductive season after hatching .
i ' ve heard this about many species , including aforementioned bonobos , dolphins and more . also homosexual behavior in animals is rather widespread , and i ' ll be damned if that ' s a reproductive sex .
madsen t , shine r ( 1993 ) temporal variability in sexual selection acting on reproductive tactics and body size in male snakes . american naturalist 141 : 167–171 .
the thing that particularly fascinated me about this book was the broad array of variations in physical gender found in animals . for many animals ( e . g .
) . i . specimens , procedures and behavioral characteristics of estrus ii . periodicity of estrus , homosexual , autoerotic , and non - conformist behavior .
furuichi t , connor r , hashimoto c . non - conceptive sexual interactions in monkeys , apes , and dolphins in : yamagiwa j , karczmarski l . , editors .
the masters and johnson ' s model of sexual response does not account for the physical changes that occur in the clitoris . role of desire in sexual arousal . physiological components of sexual arousal . role of the autonomic nervous system in sexual response .
the vehemence with which this prohibition [ against sex with other species ] continues to be held , its persistence while other non - reproductive sexual acts have become acceptable , suggests that there is [ a ] powerful force at work : our desire to differentiate ourselves , erotically and in every other way , from animals .
sdn - poa volume , sexual behavior , and partner preference of male rats affected by perinatal treatment with atd .
zhao qk ( 1993 ) sexual behavior of tibetan macaques at mt . emei , china . primates 34 : 431–444
while in adult females the relationship between circulating hormone levels and sexual behavior varies with social context , adolescent females could show one of two patterns . adolescent females may show a tight coupling of hormones and behavior in which adult flexibility in response to social context develops during puberty . alternatively , adolescent females may have a loose coupling between circulating hormones and sexual behavior in which social context overrides increased sexual motivation in response to circulating hormone levels . we investigated variability among adolescent females in the relationship between sexual behavior and circulating hormone levels to address these two alternatives .
seth genuinely cares about his animals , yet he derives sexual pleasure from having sexual contact with them . seth is practicing a . klismaphilia b . bestiality c . zoophilia d . kennelism
tan et al . ( 2009 ) observed female greater short - nosed fruit bats ( cynopterus sphinx ) licking the shaft and base of their mate ' s penis during coitus . ( so unlike the other non - reproductive sexual behaviors discussed in this chapter , this behavior occurs only in an apparently reproductive context . ) tan et al . make a similar suggestion : saliva may kill pathogens and thus reduce the spread of disease .
influence of castration and estrogen replacement on sexual behavior of female - oriented , male - oriented , and asexual rams .
bercovitch fb , strum sc . dominance rank , resource availability , and reproductive maturation in female savanna baboons .
plenty of academic research referenced in detail at the wikipedia article on homosexual behavior in animals . roughgarden and bagemihl have done extensive research . urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken
vasey pl . same - sex sexual partner preference in hormonally and neurologically unmanipulated animals . ann rev sex res . 2002 ; 13 : 141–79 .
ciaccio la , lisk rd , reuter la . prelordotic behavior in the hamster : a hormonally modulated transition from aggression to sexual receptivity .
goy , r . w . ( 1979 ) . sexual compatibility in rhesus monkeys : predicting sexual performance of oppositely sexed pairs of adults . in
) : androgens and behavior in a confined troop . horm behav 20 : 452–462
such studies have nonetheless observed autoerotic behavior in a diverse array of mammalian species .
there * have * been studies done on the reproductive success of homosexually paired birds . . .
bailey nw , zuk m . same - sex sexual behavior and evolution . trends in ecology and evolution . 2009 ; 24 : 439–46 .
taken together , these results suggest that in early adolescence , periovulatory increases in circulating estradiol increase female sexual initiation and female sexual motivation , as they do in adult females . in addition , these results suggest that social context can suppress female sexual behavior in early adolescent females , with one middle ranked female showing no sexual initiation at midcycle . in contrast , high social rank allows an uncoupling of circulating hormone levels and female sexual initiation behavior , since a high ranked female initiated interactions with males in the absence of periovulatory hormone levels .
benjy’s behavior challenged cultural perceptions of non - human animals as intrinsically heterosexual . his homosexual activity eluded normative sexual categories of ordering which are defined , discrete , and biologically determined . more importantly , benjy was no longer a charolais bull who engaged in homosexual activity ; he became a symbol , a representative for the naturalness of homosexuality .
4 . alfred c . kinsey et al . sexual behavior in the human female , w . b . saunders company , philadelphia , 1953 .
as one example , bottlenose dolphins routinely engage in non - reproductive intercourse - this can be when females are not in estrus ( i can ' t locate the reference though ) , and there is also a lot of non - intercourse sexual behaviour between individuals , even between males ( mann , j . 2006 . sociosexual behaviour among indian ocean bottle - nose dolphins and the development of male - male bonds .
while social rank affects the timing of the expression of sexual behavior within an adult female’s ovarian cycle , it rarely completely suppresses female sexual behavior ( wallen , 1990 ) . finally , adult males respond differently to sexual initiation by early adolescent and adult females ( zehr , 2002 ) . the increased aggression and decreased mounting by males toward adolescents also limits adolescent sexual behavior and further illustrates the special social status that adolescent females have within the social group .
sexual dimorphism in the coloration of the first and second rows of ventral longitudinal scales in the abdomen is probably associated with sexual maturation in males , since juveniles and females always presented white scales . feltrim ( 2002 ) suggested that sexual dimorphism in coloration could represent a social sign and could play an important role in sexual recognition .
beirne , p . ( in press ) . on the sexual assault of animals : a sociological view . in a . creager and b . jordan ( eds . ) ,
“a brilliant and important exercise in exposing the limitations of received opinion . . . an exhaustively argued case that animals have multiple shades of sexual orientation . ”
studies of rhesus monkey behavioral endocrinology offer two different pictures of the role that hormones play in female sexual behavior . early studies of social groups of rhesus monkeys described discrete periods of sexual activity interspersed with longer periods of sexual inactivity ( carpenter , 1942 ) . in contrast , studies of male - female pairs of rhesus monkeys reported midcycle peaks in sexual behavior but some sexual activity throughout the female’s cycle ( goy , 1979 ; michael & zumpe , 1970 ) . these markedly different patterns of sexual activity reflected the hormonal emancipation of the ability to mate combined with a sensitivity of sexual behavior to social context . subsequent studies demonstrated that the amount of space ( wallen , 1982 ) and the presence of multiple females ( wallen & winston , 1984 ) affected the extent to which the female’s hormonal condition modulated the occurrence of sexual behavior .
many animals of the same sex touch each other in ways that are not overtly sexual ( they do not involve direct contact of the genitals ) but that do nevertheless haveclear sexual or erotic overtones . these are referred to as
huffman ma ( 1992 ) influence of female partner preference on potential reproductive outcome in japanese macaques . folia primatol 59 : 77–88
animals are those with two distinct sexes in which males always remain male and females always remain female .
so , if we bread animals specifically for fucking it is o . k . ?
meyer - bahlburg hfl , dolezal c , baker sw , new mi . sexual orientation in women with classical or non - classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia as a function of degree of prenatal androgen excess .
dittmann rw , kappes me , kappes mh . sexual behavior in adolescent and adult females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia . psychoneuroendocrinology . 1992 ; 17 : 153–70 .
a more widely known example of
prostitution
in animals is hunter and davis ' s ( 1998 ) observation of mated female adélie penguins copulating with males other than their mate in exchange for rocks on which to lay their eggs . but in this case , the harlotry could conceive , so it isn ' t a clear example of non - reproductive sex .
alexander gm , wilcox t , farmer me . hormone - behavior associations in early infancy .
effects of discrete lesions of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area or other medial preoptic regions on the sexual behavior of male rats .
giffney , noreen , and myna hird . queering the non / human . aldershot , uk : ashgate , 2008 .
weatherhead pj , prosser mr , gibbs hl , brown gp ( 2002 ) male reproductive success and sexual selection in northern water snakes determined by microsatellite dna analysis . behavioral ecology 13 : 808–815 .
on the other hand there are many ways in which we cannot help behaving just as animals do — or mammals , anyway — and sex is one of the most obvious ones . we copulate , as they do . they have penises and vaginas , as we do , and the fact that the vagina of a calf can be sexually satisfying to a man shows how similar these organs are . the taboo on sex with animals may , as i have already suggested , have originated as part of a broader rejection of non - reproductive sex . but the vehemence with which this prohibition continues to be held , its persistence while other non - reproductive sexual acts have become acceptable , suggests that there is another powerful force at work : our desire to differentiate ourselves , erotically and in every other way , from animals .
jones ba , shimell jj , watson nv . pre - and postnatal bisphenol a treatment results in persistent deficits in the sexual behavior of male rats , but not female rats , in adulthood .
when non - reproductive sex is more accessible than reproductive sex , animals might pursue it for practice . li et al . ( 2007 ) noticed that during the mating season , some male macaques wouldn ' t tolerate other males copulating with females , particularly if the copulating male was adolescent or ranked below the other male . the lower stakes outside of the mating season would probably be a better time for males to practice sex .
the changing aspects of an individual ' s sexual attitudes , behaviors , feelings , and roles can be described by the term ? psychophysiological development . sexual life cycle . psychosexual development . sexual maturation .
] . sexual orientation also has been reported for two male infants who were reassigned as girls because of severe penile damage in infancy . one of these individuals had primary sexual interest in women in adulthood , whereas the other had sexual interest in both women and men [
“a brilliant and important exercise in exposing the limitations of received opinion . . . an exhaustively argued case that animals have multiple shades of sexual orientation . ” ― publishers weekly
a brilliant and important exercise in exposing the limitations of received opinion . . . an exhaustively argued case that animals have multiple shades of sexual orientation .
publishers weekly
the dsm - 5 identifies sexual dysfunction as a . a diminution of sexual functioning in one of the four phases of sexual response . b . a pathological inability to regulate arousal states , to delay or achieve ejaculation , and / or to control orgasms . c . a disturbance in sexual desire and in the psychophysiological changes characterizing the sexual response cycle that causes marked distress and interpersonal difficulty . d . psychological or physical impairments to achieving sexual fulfillment .
in order to understand queer animals , alaimo employs haraway’s “naturecultures” as the environment within which fluidity and plurality of sexuality can be achieved . she shows how non - human animals are cultural beings entwined in social interactions . alaimo adopts a perspective similar to bagemihl’s , as she longs for a reconfiguration of the distinctions between nature and culture :
# savebenjy , as the campaign was called , captures a marked shift in cultural attitudes towards homosexuality in ireland . this essay considers the discourse of sexuality , both in the historical and irish cultural context . foucault’s the history of sexuality vol . 1 ( 1976 ) identified how sex was brought into biological discourses , where it could be studied and explained and , by the nineteenth century , how heterosexual reproductive sex was promoted as the norm . same - sex non - reproductive behavior was made “deviant” with strict laws and prohibitions . in ireland , the doctrine of the catholic church emphasized chastity and restraint , and sex was confined to the married heterosexual couple , while same - sex non - reproductive activity was a criminal offence .
lockhart ab , thrall ph , antonovics j . sexually transmitted diseases in animals : ecological and evolutionary implications .
nadler rd . homosexual behavior in nonhuman primates in : mcwhirter dp , sanders sa , reinisch jm , editors .
sexual differentiation of aromatase activity in the rat brain : effects of perinatal steroid exposure .
female sexual initiation in early and late adolescence in three females who first ovuluted during early adolescence , illustrating that the frequency of sexual initiation increased from early to late adolescence .
homosexuality is a social phenomenon and is most widespread among animals with a complex herd life .
animals are expected to defend feeding territories when food is widely distributed . true or false .
manson , j . h . , perry , s . , & parish , a . r . ( 1997 ) . nonconceptive sexual behavior in bonobos and capuchins .
a brilliant and important exercise in exposing the limitations of received opinion . . . an exhaustively argued case that animals have multiple shades of sexual orientation .
- - publishers weekly
takahata y ( 1980 ) the reproductive biology of a free - ranging troop of japanese monkeys . primates 21 : 303–329
a . focused on biological function , behavior , body awareness , and acceptance .
further research on species in which sexual dimorphism is prominent but sexual segregation is absent ( watts 2005 ) or on species in which sexual segregation occurs in the absence of a sexual dimorphism in size ( such as in bats ) ( altringham and senior 2005 ; senior et al . 2005 ) would be extremely important for understanding the underlying causes and mechanisms of sexual segregation , not just in ungulates , but in all sexually segregating species . finally , the examples of sticklebacks and guppies show how powerful an experimental approach can be in elucidating proximate and ultimate causes of sexual segregation .
there are hundreds of examples of non - reproductive sex among animals , from albatrosses to koalas . but none of these examples can make people quite so uncomfortable as bonobos do . two bonobo females having sex looks very different than two female albatrosses sitting placidly on their nest . bonobo sex looks human . [ biologists : media sensationalizes animal sex ]
gavin l , mackay ap , brown k , et al . centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) sexual and reproductive health of persons aged 10–24 years – united states , 2002–2007 .
altered sexual partner preference in male ferrets given excitotoxic lesions of the preoptic area anterior hypothalamus .
shine r ( 1994 ) sexual size dimorphism in snakes revisited . copeia 1994 : 326–346 .
chadwick - jones jk . presenting and mounting in non - human primates : theoretical developments . j soc biol struct . 1989 ; 12 : 319–33 .
wallen k , winston la , gaventa s , davis - dasilva m , collins dc . periovulatory changes in female sexual behavior and pattern of ovarian steroid secretion in group - living rhesus monkeys .
. . . and animals don ' t live off 2000 year old books filled with bs .
your logic says that police dogs , service animals , and sporting animals are abused . some can be , but i believe a lot of them enjoy themselves . simple minds , simple lives .
bao am . , swaab df . sex differences in the brain , behavior , and neuropsychiatric disorders .
the development of brain circuitry controlling the sexual dimorphism in urination behavior is influenced by the levels of estrogen or testosterone that are circulating in the blood during the early postnatal period . estogren must prevent the development of the neuronal patterns of connectivity that are responsible for the male behavior .
) . thus , a female might have a stronger rank - related suppression of sexual behavior early in adolescence than late in adolescence . finally , the early adolescent females may be less sensitive to the effects of estradiol on sexual motivation than are late adolescent females . if this were true , follicular increases in estradiol , while sufficient to trigger ovulation , may be insufficient to increase sexual initiation . probably , age - related differences result from some combination of experiential differences , changes in social status , or sensitivity to hormones , with no single factor accounting for the differences . whatever the cause , this change in sexual behavior across development reinforces the notion that rhesus female sexual behavior is sensitive to both the hormonal and social environments .
a brilliant and important exercise in exposing the limitations of received opinion . . . an exhaustively argued case that animals have multiple shades of sexual orientation .
- -
publishers weekly
then in 1999 , bruce bagemihl published
biological exuberance : animal homosexuality and natural diversity
( st . martin ' s press ) , one of the first books of its kind to provide an overview of scholarly studies of same - sex behavior in animals . bagemihl said homosexual behavior had been documented in some 450 species .
it says sex between animals - as between humans - is often a matter of enjoyment , rather than procreation , and that this applies to animals of the same sex as well as opposite sexes .
discover new insights into neuroscience , human behavior and mental health with scientific american mind .
wallen , k . ( 1995 ) . the evolution of female sexual desire . in p . abramson and s . pinkerton ( eds . ) . sexual nature , sexual culture ( pp . 57–79 ) . chicago : university of chicago press .
this purification of sex manifested itself through catholic doctrine in ireland , and homosexual non - reproductive sexual behavior was now identified as deviant . queer theorist gayle rubin describes mistreatment of homosexuals in the us during the 1950s , from frequent police raids to queer bashing . the us gay rights movement in the 1970s led to a rethinking of what it meant to be gay or lesbian , and brought about a radical new era when sexual preferences could no longer be viewed as legitimate grounds for discrimination . ireland’s movement towards becoming a more tolerant country would take another 20 years .
vasey pl , sommer v . homosexual behaviour in animals : topics , hypotheses and research trajectories . in : sommer v , vasey pl , editors . homosexual behaviour in animals : an evolutionary perspective . cambridge : cambridge university press ; 2006 . p . 3–42 .
nottebohm f . , arnold ap . sexual dimorphism in vocal control areas of the songbird brain .
behavior . in j . e . reynolds iii & s . a . rommel ( eds . ) ,
other animals appear to go through a homosexual phase before they become fully mature . for instance , male dolphin calves often form temporary sexual partnerships , which scientists believe help to establish lifelong bonds . such sexual behavior has been documented only relatively recently . zoologists have been accused of skirting round the subject for fear of stepping into a political minefield .
see william simon and john h . gagnon , ‘sexual scripts : permanence and change’ , archives of sexual behavior , 15 / 2 ( 1986 ) , 97–120 ; william simon , postmodern sexualities ( london : routledge , 1999 ) , 40–58 .
demonstration of a sexual dimorphism in the distribution of serotonin - immunoreactive fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus of the rat .
clutton - brock th ( 1988 ) reproductive success : studies of individual variation in contrasting breeding systems . chicago , il : university of chicago press .
this is the first published article on the biology of c . vacariensis ; its main goal is to study the reproductive cycle and sexual dimorphism of the species . the following questions are addressed : ( 1 ) are the reproductive activity and cycles of stored fat seasonal or continuous ? ( 2 ) what is the reproductive cycle of males and females ? ( 3 ) at which snout - vent length ( svl ) do males and females reach sexual maturity ? ( 4 ) what is the effect of environmental factors ( temperature , photoperiod , precipitation ) on the reproductive activity and body fat cycles ? ( 5 ) what is the clutch size ? ( 6 ) does clutch size depend on female size ? ( 7 ) is there any sexual dimorphism in morphological characteristics and in the coloration pattern ?
human masturbation is typically coupled with imagined or observed sexual behavior ( e . g . pornography ) , while masturbation in other primates typically occurs in isolation or independent of the sexual behavior of others , and likely does not involve developed mental sexual imagery given the presumed human uniqueness of this capacity . human masturbation also seems to be more ubiquitous across individuals , and may display different patterns compared to other primates , though data on this subject is limited .
vasey pl , sommer v . homosexual behaviour in animals : topics , hypotheses and research trajectories in : sommer v , vasey pl , editors .
carothers , j . h . 1984 . sexual selection and sexual dimorphism in some herbivorous lizards . the american naturalist 124 ( 2 ) : 244 - 254 . [ links ]
female sexual initiation in high , middle , and low ranked females during late adolescence , illustrating that high ranked females had higher levels of sexual initiation and a less tight coupling of behavior with the periovulatory period of their ovarian cycles than did middle and low ranked females .
can refer either to a particular behavior when it occurs between two men or two women , or to an individual whose primary
identity
involves any or all of these activities . since the notion of identity is inappropriate to ascribe to animals , these terms will be reserved for the behaviors that animals engage in and , where relevant , to describe individuals whose primary
orientation
is toward animals of the same sex where courtship , sexual , and / or pair - bonding activities are concerned . in addition , because the terms
] , but this curvilinear relationship , as opposed to a linear relationship , had not been predicted . these studies were part of a larger project that also measured looking preferences for social / non - social stimuli , non - verbal communicative gestures , verbalizations , pretend play , and empathy [
altmann j ( 1974 ) observational study of behavior : sampling methods . behaviour 49 : 227–267
tutin ceg , mcgrew wc ( 1973 ) chimpanzee copulatory behavior . folia primatol 19 : 237–256
hormones , brain and behavior . vol 3 . san diego , ca : academic press .
jia zy , jiang zg , wang zw ( 2000 ) observation on the behaviors of masked palm civet in reproductive season . acta theriol 20 : 108–115 .
derickson , w . k . 1976b . ecological and physiological aspects of reproductive strategies in two lizards . ecology 57 : 445 - 458 . [ links ]
the relationship of male - male mounting to the sexual preferences of young rams .
bradbury jw ( 1977 ) lek mating behavior in the hammer - headed bat . z tierpsychol 45 : 225–255 .
one of the most important findings in kinsey ' s work was that a . children had sexual thoughts and experiences . b . few people understood or used contraceptive devices . c . there was extraordinary diversity in sexual behavior . d . a vast majority of women masturbated several times a day .
anate m . vaginal trauma at sexual intercourse in llorin , nigeria . an analysis of 36 cases .
by invoking examples of how we humans have decided that we do have an ethical obligation to the sentient animals in our care like neglect and abuse laws , i was using the above proposition to argue for the ethical treatment of animals .
homosexuality in its myriad forms has been scientifically documented in more than 450 species of mammals , birds , reptiles , insects , and other animals worldwide .
reeder dm ( 2003 ) the potential for cryptic female choice in primates : behavioral , anatomical , and physiological considerations . in : jones cb , editor . sexual selection and reproductive competition in primates : new perspectives and directions . norman : american society of primatologists . pp . 255–303 .
meyer - bahlburg hfl , dolezal c , baker sw , new mi . sexual orientation in women with classical or non - classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia as a function of degree of prenatal androgen excess . arch sex behav . 2008 ; 37 : 85–99 .
hines m , brook c , conway gs . androgen and psychosexual development : core gender identity , sexual orientation and recalled childhood gender role behavior in women and men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia ( cah )
mallard ducks are reported to both attempt to rape ducks of the same sex , as well as practice necrophilia . either of those should qualify on some level as non - reproductive sex , even if not consensual for the one in a pickle . this discovery earned kees moeliker the ig nobel prize in 2003 . the guardian reports :
in addition to physical injury and increased risk of disease , sexual intercourse and pregnancy increase opportunity for predation and use energy that could enhance survival . the occurrence of nocturnal mating , rapid sexual intercourse , and cryptic mating are all adaptations that counter this risky aspect of sexual intercourse . given the significant risks associated with sexual reproduction , why does it occur ?
reproductive cycle . the available data indicate that c . vacariensis has a seasonal and discontinuous reproductive cycle , as it has been found for other lizard species that inhabit regions with seasonal climatic factors ( precipitation and / or temperature ) ( e . g . magnusson , 1987 ) .
sex when the female is nonfertile would have little evolutionary consequence if sex also occurred during fertility . thus , the coupling of increased sexual motivation with peak fertility through changes in the same hormones increases reproductive success and still allows the occurrence of sexual behavior in nonreproductive contexts . a reliance upon sexual motivation as the mechanism coordinating fertility with sexual behavior produces a less tight coupling between hormonal and behavioral change in primates than that seen in nonprimate species ( wallen , 1990 ) . a loose coupling between hormonal changes and behavior would be at a selective disadvantage compared to a strict coupling if the loose coupling reduced the likelihood of mating when the female is fertile . however , if mating during peak fertility was the same , but additional mating occurred at nonfertile times , there would still be some selection against nonreproductive mating due to the risks posed by mating itself .
fleming a . s , vaccarino f , luebke c . amygdaloid inhibition of maternal behavior in the nulliparous female rat .
leckman j . f , et al . the role of central oxytocin in obsessive compulsive disorder and related normal behavior .
constantinescu m , hines m . relating prenatal testosterone exposure to postnatal behavior in typically developing children : methods and findings .
talmage - riggs g , anschel s . homosexual behavior and dominance hierarchy in a group of captive female squirrel monkeys (
yes , and nearly 100 % of animals with mate with their own offspring . many species eat their young .
curators say a norwegian exhibition on homosexuality among animals has been well received , despite initial indications of strong opposition .
pomerantz sm , goy rw . proceptive behavior of female rhesus monkeys during tests with tethered males .
sexual dimorphism in the preoptic / anterior hypothalamic area of ferrets : effects of adult exposure to sex steroids .
beach fa ( 1976 ) sexual attractivity , proceptivity and receptivity in female mammals . horm behav 7 : 105–138
) also showed a peak in female sexual initiation at midcycle , but showed much lower levels of sexual initiation than the higher ranked female . finally , the third female who ovulated ( ys5 ,
and those acts need to be discussed to have an accurate understanding of biology . the exhibit continuously states that non - reproductive sex acts form the foundation of many vertebrate social structures . without those social groups , the animals would perish . in that way , behavior that does not result in mating , and thus would otherwise be considered
evolutionarily useless
, proves its worth by increasing the survivability of the various members of the group by strengthening cohesion and diffusing tension . that argument about evolution underlies one of the two implicit messages of the exhibit .
norvell mk , benrubi gi , thompson rj . investigation of microtrauma after sexual intercourse .
andersson m ( 1994 ) sexual selection . princeton , nj : princeton university press .
d . sexual arousal by the real infliction of physical or psychological harm to another .
a . giving and receiving pleasure to each other without a sexual or coital goal .
palavras - chave : teiidae , cnemidophorus vacariensis , reprodução , dimorfismo sexual , conservação .
all the incidents recorded by harris and her coauthors took place in monterey bay . however , harris told discovery news ,
given that we documented interspecific sexual interactions involving at least three different male otters and that similar behavior has been described in many wildlife species , it is certainly possible that this behavior could be occurring elsewhere in the range .
yet scientists say we should be wary of referring to animals when considering what ' s acceptable in human society . for instance , infanticide , as practiced by lions and many other animals , isn ' t something people , gay or straight , generally approve of in humans .
) . these studies estimate from sequence disruptions that more than 30 % of olfactory receptor genes are non - functional pseudogenes in non - human primates , rising to more than 60 % in the human genome . coupled with these genetic changes , there has also been a dramatic reduction in the size of the olfactory cortex , from 65 % of total cortex in insectivorous mammals to less than 5 % in old world primates (
labad j , menchon j . m , alonso p , segalas c , jimenez s , vallejo j . female reproductive cycle and obsessive–compulsive disorder .
the counterexample would be that we ' re treating animals in all kinds of ways that are not in their interest or involve not
getting their consent
.
furuichi t , connor r , hashimoto c . non - conceptive sexual interactions in monkeys , apes , and dolphins . in : yamagiwa j , karczmarski l . , editors . primates and cetaceans : field research and conservation of complex mammalian societies . tokyo : springer . p . 385–408 .
anderson , r . a . & vitt , l . j . 1990 . sexual selection versus alternative causes of sexual dimorphism in teiid lizards . oecologia 84 : 145 - 157 . [ links ]
depicts the frequency of female sexual initiation in high , middle , and low ranked control females . the two high ranked females initiated sexual interactions with the highest frequency and for longer periods prior to ovulation . both middle and low ranked females had peaks in sexual initiation behavior at midcycle , but had lower levels than high ranked females during the follicular phase . thus , middle and low ranked late adolescent females demonstrated an adult - like pattern of a shorter period of follicular female initiation , lower levels of behavior , and a tighter coupling of behavior with the periovulatory period than that of high ranked late adolescent females .
bagemihl details how many ethologists and other researchers disregarded any same - sex behavior that is not overt sex , calling it imitation of heterosexuality ( pseudoheterosexuality ) , substitute activity in the absence of the opposite sex , a mistake , or a pathological condition , seeking to explain the behavior rather than understand it . bagemihl claims that the preconceived notions of heteronormative sexual activity in non - human animals are grounded in the traditional “noah’s ark view” of the animal kingdom , where “biology revolves around two sexes , male and female , with one of each to a pair” ( 36 ) . ecologist joan roughgarden equates the homophobia in science with a “cover up” ( 128 ) .
magnusson , w . e . 1987 . reproductive cycles of teiid lizards in amazonian savanna . journal of herpetology 21 ( 4 ) : 307 - 316 . [ links ]
several psychological adaptations crucial to sexual behavior parallel the physiological and behavioral adaptations controlled by gonadal hormones . successful reproduction requires intimate social contact , which provides the opportunity for the evolution of male selection based on physical and behavioral characteristics . it is beyond this review to cover this vast area . instead we focus on the psychological processes that regulate the occurrence of sexual behavior in females and coordinate mating with fertility .
nadler rd . homosexual behavior in nonhuman primates . in : mcwhirter dp , sanders sa , reinisch jm , editors . homosexuality / heterosexuality : consepts of sexual orientation . new york : oxford university press ; 1990 . p . 138–70 .
is it if you want to be dirty be dirty a freedom of practice ? there is a general opinion about animals ' behavior . they refer to a man who is dummy an ass , a coward a chicken , a dirty a pig or an ape . something is described as in human opposite savage . animals learning from humans in the circus have succeeded in teaching man how to behave like them .
barouki r , gluckman pd , grandjean p , hanson m , heindel jj . developmental origins of non - communicable disease : implications for research and public health .
unfortunately , the extant research doesn ' t clearly support any one explanation of all these behaviors across all these species . perhaps this shouldn ' t be a surprise . in this chapter , i enumerate some of the available explanations and the evidence for them . they aren ' t mutually exclusive , but nor are there any proposals of how to integrate them into a coherent theory of non - reproductive sexual behavior . therefore , the adaptive value of sexuality—the one domain of life that evolutionary psychology would presumably most easily explain—is in fact an open question .
wilson me , gordon tp , blank ms , collins dc . timing of sexual maturity in female rhesus monkeys (
could the indirect competition hypothesis explain inter - sexual site segregation in red deer ( cervus elaphus l . ) ?
altmann , j . , hausfater , g . , & altmann , s . a . ( 1998 ) . determinants of reproductive success in savannah baboons . papio cynocephalus in t . h . clutton - brock ( ed . ) . reproductive success : studies of individual variation in contrasting breeding systems ( pp . 403–418 ) . chicago : the university of chicago press .
janet mann , a professor of biology and psychology at georgetown university who has studied same - sex behavior in dolphin calves , says their homosexuality
is about bond formation , not about being sexual for life .
roy and silo are hardly unusual . indeed , scientists have found homosexual behavior throughout the animal world .
for intelligent species , the benefits are exactly the same as in intercourse with birth control - no offspring are produced , but people still seem to get something out of it . even for non - intelligent creatures , the usual non - procreative reasons still apply ( pleasure , dominance , social cohesion and conflict resolution , prostitution , etc . ) .
licht , p . & gorman , g . c . 1970 . reproductive and fat cycle in caribbean anolis lizards . university of california publications in zoology 95 : 1 - 52 . [ links ]
sexual health is a . focused on biological function , behavior , body awareness , and acceptance . b . focused on our mental health and our attitudes toward sexuality . c . primarily focused on our physical well - being . d . focused on sexual function and sexually transmitted diseases .
] . the effects of early androgen exposure on both the brain and behavior are often described as organizational , and early androgen exposure is thought to produce enduring changes in behavior by altering the development and organization of underlying brain circuits .
] . both outcomes are consistent with an influence of early androgen exposure on sexual orientation .
there were annual reproductive cycles in the study period ( fig . 1 ) . the peak of the reproductive cycle of males coincided with the peak of the female reproductive cycle . the testicular volume was highest in october / november ( = 72 . 2 ± 29 . 6 mm 3 ; n = 17 ) , and lowest in february ( = 8 . 9 ± 2 . 1 mm 3 ; n = 6 ) ; females were able to reproduce between october and december , and they were nonreproductive between january and september .
by the fall breeding season around 3 . 5 years of age , all adolescent females have ovulatory menstrual cycles , and most conceive ( wilson et al . , 1982 ; wilson et al . , 1983 ; zehr , 2002 ) . in general , late adolescent females engage in sexual behavior for longer periods than do adults , due to increased estradiol earlier in the follicular phase ( wilson et al . , 1982 ) . in adult females , social rank modulates the length of behavioral estrus , with high ranked females mating for longer periods of time prior to ovulation than lowed rank females ( wallen , 1990 ) . this section describes female sexual initiation in late adolescent females of high , medium , and low rank to determine if late adolescent females have rank - related modulation of female sexual behavior similar to that seen in adult females . in addition , this section explores age - related differences in female sexual initiation by comparing sexual behavior in early and late adolescence for those females who ovulated in early adolescence .
the existence of sexual contact between humans and animals , and the potency of the taboo against it , displays the ambivalence of our relationship with animals . on the one hand , especially in the judeo - christian tradition — less so in the east — we have always seen ourselves as distinct from animals , and imagined that a wide , unbridgeable gulf separates us from them . humans alone are made in the image of god . only human beings have an immortal soul . in genesis , god gives humans dominion over the animals . in the renaissance idea of the great chain of being , humans are halfway between the beasts and the angels . we are spiritual beings as well as physical beings . for kant , humans have an inherent dignity that makes them ends in themselves , whereas animals are mere means to our ends . today the language of human rights — rights that we attribute to all human beings but deny to all nonhuman animals — maintains this separation .
females begin to engage in sexual behavior during the breeding season around 2 . 5 years of age . however , since few females are likely to ovulate or conceive around 2 . 5 years of age ( wilson & gordon , 1989 ; wilson , gordon , blank , & collins , 1984 ; wilson et al . , 1986 ; wilson et al . , 1983 ) , studies of adolescent sexual behavior have primarily focused on females 3 . 5 years of age or older ( pope , gordon , & wilson , 1986 ; wilson & gordon , 1980 ; wilson , gordon , et al . , 1984 ; wilson , et al . , 1982 ) . this section describes sexual initiation behavior in both ovulating and nonovulating early adolescent females . if circulating hormones and sexual initiation are tightly coupled in early adolescence , all ovulating females would display sexual initiation behavior and only ovulating females would be sexually active . our data suggest comparable flexibility in the sexuality of adolescent females to that seen in adult females .
is the first comprehensive account of the subject , bringing together accurate , accessible , and nonsensationalized information . drawing upon a rich body of zoological research spanning more than two centuries , bruce bagemihl shows that animals engage in all types of nonreproductive sexual behavior . sexual and gender expression in the animal world displays exuberant variety , including same - sex courtship , pair - bonding , sex , and co - parentingeven instances of lifelong homosexual bonding in species that do not have lifelong heterosexual bonding .


bibasis vasutana , the green awlet , is a species of hesperid butterfly found in asia .

the butterfly was reassigned to genus burara by vane-wright and de jong ( 2003 ) and is considered by them to be burara vasutana .

bibasis vasutana

bibasis vasutana ( moore , [ 1866 ] ) = ismene vasutana moore , [ 1866 ] = ismene vasutana rahita fruhstorfer , 1911 = burara burma evans , 1934 = burara vasutana = burara burma evans , 1934 = ismene rahita fruhstorfer , 1911 .
bibasis vasutana , or the green awlet , is a species of hesperid butterfly found in asia . | insects & other creatures | pinterest | butterfly , moth and insects
( in b . vasutana , the veins are not finely black . could be b . striata . futher investigation required )
bibasis jaina velva ; [ bmp ] : 333 , pl . 62 , f . 4
bibasis kanara ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 15 ( text )
[ thailand ] bibasis vasutana ; pinratana , 1985 : 15 , 116 , pl . 2 , fig . 6 , ♂ , ♂ ( un ) . ( chiang mai / phetchaboon ) burara vasutana ; ek - amnuay , [ 2007 ] : 724 , pl . 331 , fig . h8 , ♂ , ♂ ( un ) . ( chiang mai / phetchabun : nam nao ) burara vasutana ; chiba , 2009 : 13 , pl . 4 , fig . 9♂ , 10♀ . ( chiang dao ) burara vasutana ; kimura et al . , 2011 : 22 , fig . ♂ , ♂ ( un ) . ( phetchabun : nam nao ) burara vasutana ; ek - amnuay , 2012 : 772 , pl . 355 , fig . h7 , ♂ , ♂ ( un ) . ( chiang mai / nam nao ) burara vasutana ; s . sophonviwatkul , c . sunthornwiphat & t . laola , 2015 - : butterflies of thailand , fig . ♂ ( un ) . ( phisanulok / chaiyaphum ) [ laos ] burara vasutana ; masui & uehara , 1996 : 5 , pl . 2 , fig . 5 . ( phong sali ) burara vasutana ; osada , uémura & uehara , 1999 ; 221 , pl . 130 , figs . ♂ , ♀ . ( phong saly ) burara vasutana ; chiba , 2009 : 13 , pl . 4 , fig . 9♂ , 10♀ . ( laos ) burara vasutana ; nakamura & wakahara , 2012 ; 56 . [ vietnam ] bibasis vasutana ; devyatkin & monastyrskii , 1999 ; 154 . ( north : tam dao ; cuc phuong / central : vu quang ) bibasis vasutana ; ikeda et al . , 2001b : 58 , figs . 1 : 8♂ , 9♂ ( un ) , 5 : 3 ( ♂genitalia ) . ( cuc phuong ) bibasis vasutana ; hao et al . , 2004 : 12 , 83 , figs . ♂ , ♂ ( un ) . ( cuc phuong ) burara vasutana ; miyazaki , saito & saito , 2007b ; 2 , fig . h - 2 , ♂ , ♀ . ( lam dong : dambri ; dai duc me ) burara vasutana ; chiba , 2009 : 13 , pl . 4 , fig . 9♂ , 10♀ . ( north / central ) bibasis vasuana ; monastyrskii & devyatkin , 2015 ; 70 . ( n / c )
bibasis harisa consobrina ; [ bmp ] : 332 , pl . 52 , f . 4 - 6
bibasis iluska ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56
bibasis iluska iluska ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56
bibasis sena senata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56
bibasis arradi [ sic ? ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 13 ( text )
ismene vasutana rahita fruhstorfer , 1911 : deut . ent . zeit . [ iris ] 25 : 62 . tl . assam . ( nhml ) burara vasutana burma evans , 1934 : entomologist 67 : 33 . tl . karen hills , burma . ( nhml ) bibasis unipuncta lee , 1962 : acta ent . sinica 11 : 141 , 146 , pl . 3 , fig . 23♂ , 26♂ ( un ) . tl . yunnan .
bibasis ( coeliadinae ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56
bibasis sena uniformis ; inoue & kawazoe , 1964 , tyô to ga 15 ( 2 ) : 35 ; [ bmp ] : 333 , pl . 52 , f . 9
bibasis uniformis elwes & edwards , 1897 ; trans . zool . soc . lond . 14 ( 4 ) : 305 , pl . 27 , f . 95 ; tl : java
bibasis tuckeri elwes & edwards , 1897 ; trans . zool . soc . lond . 14 ( 4 ) : 293 , pl . 20 ; tl : tavoy , s . burma
on : ismene vasutana moore , [ 1866 ] od : proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 782 . tl : darjeeling . ( nhml ) distribution : nepal , sikkim , assam , myanmar , thailand , laos , vietnam , china .
bibasis owstoni eliot , 1980 ; malayan nat . j . 33 ( 3 / 4 ) : 150 , f . 10 , 11 , 15 , 16 ; tl : malaysia , pahang , fraser ' s hill
vasutana ; ♂ , type ( red ) , h2392 , darjiling . ( nhml . examined . ) rahita ; ♂ , type ( red ) , h2393 , khasia hills , assam . ( nhml . examined . ) burma ; ♂ , type ( red ) , h2394 , karens , burma . 4 . 26 . ( nhml . examined . )
athyma nefte + cupha erymanthis + + rohana sp . + + + cethosia cyane + cethosia biblis + + cirrochroa tyche + vagrans egista + + hestinalis nama + symbrethia lilaea + + + symbrethia hypselis + juniona almana + + juniona atlites + + hypolimnias bolina + + cyrestis thyodamas + + + cyrestis cocles + + + cyrestis themire + + + chersonesia risa + + vindula erota + + + neptis clinia + + + polyura athamas + + + charaxes bernardus + + cynitia lepidea + tanaecia julii + riodinidae zemeros flegyas + + abisara echerius + lycaenidae curetis sp . + + jamides celeno + + + heliophorus delacouri + + megisba malaya + udara cf . dilecta + + acytolepis puspa + + + tongeia potanini + catochrysops strabo + ionolyce helicon + + + anthene emolus + + + prosotas dubiosa + + + prosotas nora + + + hypolycaena amasa + + yasoda tripunctata + hesperidae bibasis vasutana + abraximorpha davidii + + tagiades sp . + odontoptilum angulata + + arnetta atkinsoni + + + pelopidas conjuncta + polytremis lubricans + astictopterus jama + + ancistroides nigrita + koruthaialos sindu + potanthus sp . + + parnara sp . + +
bibasis sena ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 4 ) : 161 , pl . 65 , f . 3 , 3a ; piepers & snellen , 1910 , rhop . java [ 2 ] : 16 , pl . 6 , f . 21a - b ; [ bir ] , 469 ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 17 ; [ mrs ] , 693 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56
ismene swainson , 1820 ; zool . illustr . ( 1 ) 1 : pl . 16 ( preocc . ismene savigny , 1816 ) ; ts : ismene oedipodea swainson
ismene gomata moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 783 ; tl : darjeeling
burara gomata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
gomata radiosa ( plötz , 1885 ) ( ismene ) ; berl . ent . z . 29 ( 2 ) : 232 ; tl : celebes
burara gomata radiosa ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
ismene gomata vajra fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : java
ismene mahintha moore , [ 1875 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 ( 4 ) : 575 , pl . 67 , f . 4 ; tl : burma
ismene nestor zonaras fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 63 ; tl : wetter i .
hasora nestor ; piepers & snellen , 1910 , rhop . java [ 2 ] : 14 , pl . 6 , f . 17a - b
ceylon , india - assam , burma , s . vietnam , malaya , philippines . see [ maps ]
goniloba sena moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 778 ; tl : bengal
1019x734 ( ~ 77kb ) underside thailand , chantaburi province , khao - khitchakut national park , the krating rivulet valley among the tropical forest above the waterfalls . 6th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
sri lanka , s . india - burma , thailand , laos , hainan , andamans
sikkim - burma , thailand , laos , haina , andamans , s . yunnan . see [ maps ]
ismene amara pindapatra fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 62 ; tl : assam
burara amara ; huang & xue , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 57 : 145 ( name )
ismene aphrodite fruhstorfer , 1905 ; soc . ent . 20 ( 18 ) : 141 ; tl : celebes
burara aphrodite ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
burma , thailand , laos , vietnam , malay peninsula , singapore , borneo , sumatra , java , palawan , mindanao . see [ maps ]
ismene etelka hewitson , 1867 ; ill . exot . butts [ 5 ] ( ismene i - ii ) : [ 88 ] , pl . [ 44 ] ; tl : sarawak
ismene harisa moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 782 ; tl : bengal
ismene harisa asambha fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : n . vietnam , chieem - hoa
ismene harisa distanti evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 319 ; tl : singapore
ismene imperialis plötz , 1886 ; stettin ent . ztg 47 ( 1 - 3 ) : 115 ; tl : celebes
burara imperialis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
burara imperialis imperialis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
burara imperialis veteratrix ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55
w . ghats , mussoorie - sikkim , assam , burma , n . thailand , vietnam . see [ maps ]
ismene jaina vasundhara fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 59 ; tl : assam
ismene velva evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 318 , no . i . 2 . 9
ismene jaina margana fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 60 ; tl : siam , hinlap
ismene jaina formosana fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 59 ; tl : formosa
chaba , assam , burma , indo - china , malay peninsula , sumatra , java , borneo , palawan , philippines , sulawesi . see [ maps ]
ismene oedipodea swainson , 1820 ; zool . illustr . ( 1 ) 1 : pl . 16 ; tl : java
burara oedipodea ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
larva on hiptage benghalensis [ mrs ] , combretum , hiptage vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
ismene excellens hopffer , 1874 ; stettin ent . ztg 35 ( 1 - 3 ) : 39 ; tl : celebes
burara oedipodea excellens ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
ismene oedipodea [ ? ] athena fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : thailand
burara phul ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
ismene septentrionis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 525 , pl . 73 , f . 3 ; tl : china
sri lanka , n . india , malay peninsula , java , borneo , palawan , mindanao , sulawesi , banggai , sula . see [ maps ]
burara tuckeri ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
larva on hiptage vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54
unipuncta lee , 1962 ; acta ent . sin . 11 ( 2 ) : 141 , 146
nepal , sikkim , assam , burma , thailand , laos . see [ maps ]
ismene [ ? ] kanara evans , 1926 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 31 ( 1 ) : 63
ismene fergusonii de nicéville , [ 1893 ] ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 7 ( 3 ) : 345 , pl . j , f . 6 ; tl : s . india
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
the butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
a catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the hon . east - india company in horsfield & moore ,
neue hesperiden des indischen archipels und ost - africa ' s aus der collection des herrn h . ribbe in blasewitz - dresden , gesammelt von den herren : c . ribbe auf celebes , java un den aru - inseln , künstler auf malacca ( perak ) ; kühn auf west - guinea ( jekar ) ; menger auf ceylon
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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the agaricales , or euagarics clade , is a monophyletic group of approximately 8500 mushroom species . . . read more
the tree of life web project ( tol ) is a collaborative effort of biologists and nature enthusiasts from around the world . on more than 10 , 000 world wide web pages , the project provides information about biodiversity , the characteristics of different groups of organisms , and their evolutionary history ( phylogeny ) .
each page contains information about a particular group , e . g . , salamanders , segmented worms , phlox flowers , tyrannosaurs , euglenids , heliconius butterflies , club fungi , or the vampire squid . tol pages are linked one to another hierarchically , in the form of the evolutionary tree of life . starting with the root of all life on earth and moving out along diverging branches to individual species , the structure of the tol project thus illustrates the genetic connections between all living things .
the affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree . . . as buds give rise by growth to fresh buds , and these if vigorous , branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch , so by generation i believe it has been with the great tree of life , which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth , and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications .
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moore , 1865 – green awlet . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .
if mentioning specific images please give media code ( s ) . for misidentifications please list reasons to assist in diagnosis .
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moore , f . , [ 1866 ] : on the lepidopterous insects of bengal .
fruhstorfer , h . , 1911 : neue hesperiden des indo - malayischen faunengebietes und besprechung verwandter formen .
evans , w . h . , 1934 : indo - australian hesperiidae : description of new genera , species and subspecies .
lee , c . l . , 1962 : some new species of rhopalocera in china , ii .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
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flatid planthopper nymphs ( phromnia sp . , flatidae ) | butterflies & moths | pinterest | nymphs and moth
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ankita gupta , p . v . churi , a . sengupta & s . mhatre 2014 . lycaenidae parasitoids from peninsular india with description of four new species of microgastrine wasps ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) along with new insights on host relationships . zootaxa 3827 ( 4 ) : 439–470 .
freyer , 1844 – little tiger pierrot . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .
( noun ) : either of the anterior pair of wings on an insect that has 4 wings .
hasora anura - description . . . forewing with a minute subapical transparent shining yellow dot . . . forewing with the inner margin broadly pale , a broad discal dark band free from purple gloss . . . forewing with a quadrate spot at the end of the cell , an elongate one below across the first median interspace , its inner edge straight , its outer . . .
aeromachus jhora - description . . . forewing with a discal curved series of about six pale dots . . . underside dark brown , the costa and the apex of the forewing and the entire hindwing greenish - ochreous , forewing with the discal series of spots as above , and an indistinct marginal . . .
eupanacra mydon . . . the wing margins are somewhat scalloped and the forewing is slightly excavate below the apex . . . the forewing upperside shaded with brown in both sexes , the male is not much paler than the female . . . the forewing underside has a submarginal line which runs parallel to the distal margin . . .
lamasina - description . . . in some , the males have blue forewing undersides also . . . lamasina has a fairly short forewing cell , measuring less than one - half of the costal length and in males only about one - third . . . androconia (
perfume
scales ) form a characteristic orange or darkened patch on the dorsal forewing . . .
morpho richardus - description . . . forewing with 3 rows of submarginal yellow dots . . . discal area of the forewing yellowish . . . under surface forewing with four small , elongate ocelli of about uniform size , with narrow black irides . . .
no subspecies are listed under this species . it has sometimes been treated as a subspecies of
moore , 1875 – slate awlet . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .
the awls and related genera have long , narrow forewings , rounded hindwings with a characteristic deep fold at the inner margin and produced at the tornus . the adult sexes are alike excepting that males have specialised scales and scent brands on the forewings . they have large labial palpi which have a thin third segment protruding ahead of the eye . the eyes are large , an adaptation to the crespuscular habits of this species .
this list forms part of the full list of butterflies of india ( hesperiidae ) which itself is part of the complete list of butterflies of india .
the common name similar awlking is that of taxon similis ( vide evans ( 1932 ) ) which is not recognised as a valid species by savela and by tolweb ( ref its page on genus choaspes ) . taxon similis is now considered to be a synonym of taxon xanthopogon .
the species is considered to be furcata by [ lepindex ] , and as furcatus by tolweb . savela gives it as furcatus without appropriate reference for the change . accordingly it is being retained as furcata , with furcatus as redirect , pending the availability of a proper reference .
hasora alexis ( fabricius , 1775 ) is a synonym of h . chromus vide lepindex
evans in the identification of indian butterflies , ( 1932 ) ( ser no i 1 . 9 , pp 224 ) records it as occurring in the nicobars .
evans in the identification of indian butterflies , ( 1932 ) ( ser no i 1 . 10 , pp 224 ) records it as occurring in the nicobars .
gay , thomas ; kehimkar , isaac david ; punetha , jagdish chandra ( 1992 ) .
. nature guides . bombay , india : world wide fund for nature - india by oxford university press .
watson , e . y . ( 1891 ) hesperiidae indicae . vest and co . madras .
beccaloni , george ; scoble , malcolm ; kitching , ian ; simonsen , thomas ; robinson , gaden ; pitkin , brian ; hine , adrian ; lyal , chris .
brower , andrew v . z . and warren , andrew , ( 2007 ) . coeliadinae evans 1937 . version 21 february 2007 ( temporary ) . urltoken in the tree of life web project , urltoken .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 19 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
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in 1963 , at the height of the war , president ho chi minh inaugurated what is now the national park , with the words : “forest is gold . we must conserve it well . destruction of the forest will lead to serious effects on both life and productivity . ” so cuc phuong national park is now the star of conservation in vietnam . just 130km from hanoi , with daily scheduled buses , accommodation at the edge of the park as well as in the centre ranges from the modestly luxurious to basic – catering for any budget . good restaurants are available . very few similar forests allow such comforts .
the cuc phuong butterfly fauna is one of the best studied in vietnam . the present list of verified species has passed 400 thanks to the research by ikeda et al . ( 1998 - 2002 ) , hill & monastyrskii ( 1999 ) , and hao et al . ( 2005 ) . but it ' s likely that dozen of species remain to be discovered . a total of 450 species is a safe estimate . this is 40 % of the known butterfly fauna of vietnam . so the number of species of butterflies in this not very large forest ( 220 square km ) is the equivalent ot the entire butterfly fauna of europe . this is biodiversity writ large !
three weeks ago i was back to cuc phuong , a place i have visited many times for birds , but only a few times for butterflies - yes , butterflying and birding are very hard to practice at the same time , and even more so if you are photographer ( you will have to change lens all the time ! ) . i stayed there 1 , 5 day . by the end of the first day i saw around 80 species , and i added 25 more species the following morning . but it ' s possible to spot more than 100 species in the park on a single , good day - but you will have to let your camera in the bag and use more the net !
( abundance : + 1 - 2 specimens , + + 3 - 5 spec . , + + + more than 5 spec . )
again this species eluded me - couldn ' t get a close - up shot arghh . . . !
stichophtalma fruhstorferi note on unh the small streak ( red arrow ) inside the discal cell . in vietnam , only s . fruhstorferi and s . uemurai show this feature
some butterflies have slightly less salubrious habits than we like to think . . .
i thought it was a new species for my personal list but i couldn ' t find anything in the vietnam ' s polyommatinae list that matched up . a . monastyrskii solve the mystery : it ' s ' just ' an aberrant female specimen of ( very likely ) pseudozizeeria maha !
two species of tongeia are known from vietnam ( monastyrskii & devyatkin , 2016 ) : t . potanini ( subsp . potanini in the north , subsp . umbriel in central vn ) and t . ion ( north only )
comprises of 4 species , all of which being limited to the oriental region . in vietnam 3 are recorded -
keen birdwatcher with a love of the natural world , all that is beautiful and ugly and everything in between . my peace comes from being outdoors in amongst nature .
, i am always actively aware of butterflies , and tried to photograph ( and sometimes collect ) specimens as much as possible .
i hope that the more people who see the beauty of these fascinating creatures , the more it will lead to an appreciation that we need to be more pro - active in protecting them against the actions of humans that seem to only be concerned with
development
and monetary profit .
s mostly around hanoi ( ba vi , tam dao and cuc phuong national parks ) .
beautiful and graceful , varied and enchanting , small but approachable , butterflies lead you to the sunny side of life .
number : 146 family : papilioniidae sub - family : papilioniinae species : papilio memnon agenor linnaeus , 1758 common name ( s ) : th . . .
number : 124 family : hesperiidae sub - family : hesperiinae species : parnara cf . ganga ( evans , 1937 ) common name ( s ) : the continental . . .
well , another trip to cuc phuong has yielded yet another species for my personal records . it had been raining all week and i was desperate . . .
established in 1986 for the purpose of conserving limestone forests and musk deer , moschus berezovskii , the huu lien nature reserve is ju . . .
last year , i conduct regular surveys at ba vi national park ( located 70 km west of hanoi ) . regular sampling was carried out from march to . . .
family : saturniidae sub - family : saturniinae species : attacus atlas linnaeus , 1758 common name ( s ) : the atlas moth photography locat . . .
number : 82 family : nymphaliidae sub - family : satyriinae species : penthema lisarda michallati ( janet , 1894 ) common name ( s ) : the ye . . .
number : 252 family : nymphaliidae sub - family : danaiinae species : euploea mulciber mulciber ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) common name ( s ) : the s . . .
number : 148 family : papilioniidae sub - family : papilioniinae species : papilio polytes polytes linnaeus 1758 common name ( s ) : the . . .
number : 109 family : hesperiidae sub - family : hesperiinae species : potanthus sp . common name ( s ) : dart sp . photography location : ta . . .