hippocampus kuda , also known as the estuary seahorse , yellow seahorse or spotted seahorse is a seahorse of the family syngnathidae native to the indo-pacific .

hippocampus kuda

reproductive biology ; larval rearing ; hippocampus kuda ; taxonomy ; seahorses ; hippocampus spp . ; southern coast ; india
hippocampus fuscus , h . kelloggi , h . kuda , h . histrix , h . mohnikei
reproductive biology and larval rearing of hippocampus kuda , and the taxonomy of seahorses ( hippocampus spp . ) along the southern coast of india ( th 124 )
reproductive biology and larval rearing of hippocampus kuda , and the taxonomy of seahorses ( hippocampus spp . ) along the southern coast of india ( th 124 ) .
any number of species of seahorses can be suitable for the right aquarium . left to right : hippocampus erectus , hippocampus barbouri , hippocampus reidi
reproductive biology and larval rearing of hippocampus kuda , and the taxonomy of seahorses ( hippocampus spp . ) along the southern coast of india ( th 124 ) - cmfri repository
two species of seahorse , barbour ' s seahorse ( hippocampus barbouri ) and spotted seahorse ( hippocampus kuda ) in a 1m2 aquarium at the maritime museum and aquarium , göteborg sweden .
hippocampus kuda and h . trimacutus are the main cultured species dwelling in south china sea . the major external differences are the following :
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job , sd , do , hh , meeuwig , jj & hj hall . 2002 . culturing the oceanic seahorse , hippocampus kuda . aquaculture . 214 : 333 - 341 .
table 1 . 3 . the relationship between diets and growth of h . trimacutus and h . kuda .
lu , jy , wu , jy & dw yang . 2001 . growth rate of hippocampus kuda bleeker under intensive culture . j . fish . china . 26 : 61 - 66 .
figure 1 . 1 . four species of sea - horses found in chinese waters : a ) hippocampus kuda , b ) h . japonicus , c ) h . trimacutus , and d ) h . histrix .
( of hippocampus kuda multiannularis raj , 1941 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
lin , q , lu , jy & yl gao . 2006 . the effect of temperature on gonad , embryonic development and survival rate of juvenile seahorses , hippocampus kuda bleeker . aquaculture . 254 : 701 - 713 .
the 1996 and 2000 iucn red lists included hippocampus horai , h . novaehebudorum , h . raji , and h . taeniops . these are now all considered to be synonyms of h . kuda . according to vincent ( 1996 ) and lourie et al . ( 1999 ) , there may be as many as ten distinct species that are included under the name hippocampus kuda . further research into the literature on this species is needed to determine whether h . kuda is the correct name for populations occurring within the persian gulf ( t . munroe pers . comm . 2014 ) .
partial fin - clipping as an effective tool for tissue sampling in seahorses , hippocampus spp .
caution : frequently sold in stores from questionable sources and too young . often misidentified as h . kuda , if they are different species .
comparing interview and trade data in assessing changes in the seahorse hippocampus spp . trade following cites listing
zebra snout seahorse hippocampus barbouri , a beautiful seahorse but one that frequently does poor in captivity .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . hippocampus kuda in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 03 : 45 : 27 + 1000 .
panithanarak , t . , karuwancharoen , r . , na - nakorn , u . , & nguyen , t . 2010 . population genetics of spotted seahorses ( hippocampus kuda ) in thai waters . zoological studies 29 ( 4 ) : 564 - 576 .
job , s . d . , do , h . h . , meeuwig , j . j . and hall , h . j . 2002 . culturing the oceanic seahorse , hippocampus kuda . aquaculture 214 ( 1 - 4 ) : 333 - 341 .
froese r , pauly d . fish base - hippocampus fuscus . 2014 . world wide web electronic publication .
their is some debate whether this is distinct from h . kuda above , but much evidence , including size and behavior of young , suggests they are different .
lin , q , gao , yl , sheng , jq , chen , qx , zhang , b & jy lu . 2007 . the effect of food and the sum of effective temperature on the embryonic development of the seahorse , hippocampus kuda bleeker . aquaculture . 262 : 481 - 492 .
in short , you should consider treating your male kuda with a series of diamox baths . don \ ' t treat the whole aquarium or any of the seahorses that have no symptoms .
marichamy , r . , lipton , a . p . , ganapathy , a . and ramalingam , j . r . 1993 . large scale exploitation of seahorse ( hippocampus kuda ) along the palk bay coast of tamil nadu . marine fisheries information service . january / february ( 119 ) : 17 - 20 .
tiger tail seahorse , hippocampus comes , showing the distinctive tail coloration that earned this species it’s name . photo courtesy of debby ng
hippocampus kuda occurs from the persian gulf ( kuronuma and abe 1986 ) to southeast asia , australia , japan , and some of the pacific islands , including hawaii ( lourie et al . 1999 ) . the species has also been documented along the eastern coast of africa from tanzania to south africa ( teske et al . 2005 ) .
scarratt , am . 1995 . techniques for raising lined seahorses ( hippocampus erectus ) . aquar . front . 3 : 24 - 29 .
hippocampus subelongatus is frequently available in australia . unfortunately these are usually wild caught and do not fair well in captivity . photo by claire ross
( of hippocamphus kuda bleeker , 1852 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
fish , mp . 1953 . the production of underwater sound by the northern seahorse , hippocampus hudsonius . copeia . 1953 : 98 - 99 .
foster , sj , marsden , ad & acj vincent . 2003 . hippocampus erectus . iucn 2004 . 2004 iucn red list of threatened species .
the common seahorse is a wide - ranging indo - pacific seahorse that inhabits waters from indonesia to the philippines , pakistan , and india to southern japan , hawaii , and the society islands . variations of this species reside in other areas outside of the indo - pacific region . approximately 23 countries have confirmed the native presence of hippocampus kuda ranging from australia to china .
matlock , gc . 1992 . life history aspects of seahorses , hippocampus , in texas . texas j . sci . 44 : 213 - 222 .
caution : often found as tank raised individuals from questionable sources with the species in question due to their similarity to h . taeniopterus . h . kuda is also often the generic name for seahorses when the identification is unknown .
close - up of hippocampus erectus among blades of the green alga , caulerpa prolifera . photo l . holly sweat , smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .
all 33 species of hippocampus are listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites 2004 ) .
vincent , acj & lm sadler . 1995 . faithful pair bonds in wild seahorses , hippocampus whitei . anim . behav . 50 : 1557 - 1569 .
woods , cmc . 2003a . growth and survival of juvenile seahorse hippocampus abdominalis reared on live , frozen and artificial foods . aquaculture . 220 : 287 - 298 .
strawn , k . 1958 . life history of the pigmy seahorse , hippocampus zostrae jordan and gilbert , at cedar key , florida . copeia 1 : 16 - 22 .
bergert , ba & pc wainwright . 1997 . morphology and kinematics of prey capture in the syngnathid fishes hippocampus erectus and syngnathus floridae . mar . biol . 127 : 563 - 570 .
blasiola , gcj . 1979 . glugea heraldi n . sp . ( microsporida , glugeidae ) from the seahorse hippocampus erectus perry . j . fish diseases . 2 : 493 - 500 .
thangaraj m , lipton ap . morphological characterization of four selected sea horse species ( genus : hippocampus ) from india . ann biol res . 2011 ; 2 ( 4 ) : 159–67 .
lin , q , lin , j & d zhang . 2008 . breeding and juvenile culture of the lined seahorse , hippocampus erectus perry , 1810 . aquaculture . 277 : 287 - 292 .
vincent , a . c . j . and sadler , l . m . 1995 . faithful pair bonds in wild seahorses , hippocampus whitei . . animal behaviour 50 : 1557 - 1569 .
perante , nc , pajaro , mg , meeuwig , jj & acj vincent . 2002 . biology of hippocampus comes in the central philippines . j . fish biol . 60 : 821 - 837 .
vincent , acj & rs clifton - hadley . 1989 . parasitic infection of the seahorse ( hippocampus erectus ) - a case report . j . wildlife . diseases . 25 : 404 - 406 .
vincent , acj , evans , kl & ad marsden . 2003 . home range behavior of the monogamous australian seahorse , hippocampus whitei . env . biol . fishes . 72 : 1 - 12 .
linton , jr & bl soloff . 1964 . the physiology of the brood pouch of the male sea horse hippocampus erectus . bull . mar . sci . gulf carib . 14 : 45 - 61 .
lockyear , j , kaiser , h , & t hecht . 1997 . studies on the captive breeding of the knysna seahorse , hippocampus capensis . aquat . sci . conserv . 1 : 129 - 136 .
( of hippocampus chinensis basilewsky , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus horai duncker , 1926 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus melanospilos bleeker , 1854 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus moluccensis bleeker , 1852 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus novaehebudorum fowler , 1944 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus polytaenia bleeker , 1854 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus raji whitley , 1955 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus rhynchomacer duméril , 1870 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus taeniops fowler , 1904 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus taeniopterus bleeker , 1852 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus tristis castelnau , 1872 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
baum , jk , meeuwig , jj & acj vincent . 2003 . bycatch of lined seahorses ( hippocampus erectus ) in a gulf of mexico shrimp trawl fishery . fish . bull . 101 : 721 - 731 .
colson , dj , patek , sn , brainerd , el & sm lewis . 1998 . sound production during feeding in hippocampus seahorses ( syngnathidae ) . env . biol . fish . 51 : 221 - 229 .
correa , m , chung , ks & r manrique . 1989 . cultivo experimental del caballito de mar , hippocampus erectus . bol . inst . ocean . venezuela univ . oriente . 28 : 191 - 196 .
the study describes the range extension of the sea horse hippocampus fuscus from the south to north east coastal waters of the india , bay of bengal . after 99 years since initial discovery , the hippocampus fuscus was reported within the southern sector of the chilika lake . the extension range may be due to the east india coastal current of the bay of bengal and the predominance of extensive sea grass meadows within the southern sector of lake .
( of hippocampus aterrimus jordan & snyder , 1902 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hippocampus hilonis jordan & evermann , 1903 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
vari , rp . 1982 . fishes of the western north atlantic , subfamily hippocampus campinae . the seahorses . 173 - 189 . sears foundation for marine research memoir 1 . yale univ . new haven , ct . usa .
the minimum tank size should be 60 litres , this will safely house 2 adult ( 12cm ) kuda seahorses . seahorses need objects in the tank that they can attach themselves to with their prehensile tails , artificial plants , smooth rocks and artificial branching coral are ideal ; avoid live corals and sharp rocks as these can injure the seahorses .
teixeira , rl & ja musik . 2000 . reproduction and food habits of the lined seahorse , hippocampus erectus ( teleostei : syngnathidae ) of chesapeake bay , virginia . rev . bras . biol . 61 : 79 - 90 .
salin , k . r . , yohannan , t . m . and mohanakumaran . 2005 . fisheries and trade of seahorses , hippocampus spp . , in southern india . fisheries management & ecology 12 ( 4 ) : 269 .
vincent , a . c . j . , evans , k . l . and marsden , a . d . 2005 . home ranges of the monogamous australian seahorse , hippocampus whitei . environmental biology of fishes 72 : 1 - 12 .
kvarnemo , c , moore , gl , jones , ag , nelson , ws & jc avise . 2000 . monogamous pair bonds and mate switching in the western australian seahorse hippocampus subelongatus . j . evol . biol . 13 : 882 - 888 .
martinez , a , gardner , t & d littlehale . 2005 . lined seahorse , hippocampus erectus . in : koldewey , h , ed . syngnathid husbandry in public aquariums . project seahorse and zoological society of london . vancouver , bc . canada .
wong , jm & jah benzie . 2003 . the effects of temperature , artemia enrichment , stocking density and light on the growth of juvenile seahorses , hippocampus whitei ( bleeker , 1855 ) , from australia . aquaculture . 228 : 107 - 121 .
sea - horses are eurythermal , however changes in the seawater temperature have a direct influence on growth and survival . the optimum water temperature varies among species . for example , the temperature limits of h . japonicus are between 5–36 °c , 9–34 °c for h . kuda , and between 10–30 °c for h . trimacutus . in general , however , the optimum temperature for most species is around 28 °c .
fortunately , gas bubble disease in general responds very well to treatment with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as acetazolamide . subcutaneous emphysema is the easiest form of gbd to cure and the tail bubbles usually respond very well to treatment with diamox ( the tablet form of acetazolmide ) . i would recommend treating your male kuda in isolation with a three - day series of diamox baths as soon as possible , as discussed below .
perante , n . c . , pajaro , m . g . , meeuwig , j . j . and vincent , a . c . j . 2002 . biology of a seahorse species hippocampus comes in the central philippines . journal of fish biology 60 : 821 - 837 .
sheng , jq , lin , q , chen , qx , gao , yl , shen , l & jy lu . 2006 . effects of food , temperature and light intensity on the feeding behavior of three - spot juveniles , hippocampus trimaculatus leach . aquaculture . 256 : 596 - 607 .
evanson , m . , foster , s . j . & vincent , a . c . j . 2011 . tracking the international trade of seahorses ( hippocampus species ) - the importance of cites . fisheries centre research reports 19 ( 2 ) . fisheries centre , university of british columbia , canada .
seahorses have a protruding snout and a body encased in bony rings . the tail is curled and prehensile . the common seahorse ( hippocampus kuda ) reaches a length of 30 cm although it appears shorter because the tail is coiled . it is variable in colour and has small knobs on the corners of the bony plates . common seahorses usually inhabit sheltered habitats such as bays and estuaries , but may occasionally be found on outer reefs down to depths of 30 m . seagrasses or seaweed provide a favourite habitat . seahorses live in pairs , and when breeding the female deposits her eggs in the male ' s brood pouch . they hatch there , and the male then takes care of them until they are ready to live independently . seahorses feed on small invertebrates , such as shrimps , which they suck into their tubular mouth .
hippocampus brunneus bean , 1906 h . fascicularis kaup , 1856 h . hudsonius dekay , 1842 h . kincaidi townsend & barbour , 1906 h . laevicaudatus kaup , 1856 h . marginalis kaup , 1856 h . punctulatus guichenot , 1853 h . stylifer jordan & gilbert , 1882 h . tetragonous mitchill , 1814 h . villosus günther , 1880
other forms of gbs are also believed to be depth related , but the aquarium must be greater than 30 inches deep to provide any significant protection against them , which is not feasible for most hobbyists ( giwojna , jan . 2004 ) . a depth of at least 3 feet is known to protect the hawaiian seahorse ( hippocampus fisheri ) against gbd ( karen brittain , pers . com . ) .
hippocampus reidi are next on the list in both popularity and ease . they are highly sought after due to bright yellow , oranges , and reds but can be found in blacks , whites , and greys . they are a large seahorses . the do tend to be a bit more standoffish than h . erectus , and not quite as overly “flirty” , more likely to stay pair bonded in the aquarium .
can anyone help me ? i \ ' ve had a male kuda who was doing very well . in fact , he had two batches of fry , last one in october . after the last batch , however , he began to develop air bubbles in his pouch , and i had to get them out about once every two or three days . my numbers at the time were . 023 , and 0 for all others except ph , which was 8 . 2 . temp . has been 74 . on nov . 20 , my cleaner shrimp and brittle starfish suddenly died ( the starfish lost all its legs the day before and then died . ) i immediately checked and found my nitrite had spiked to . 25 , as had ammonia and nitrate . i did an immediate 30 % water change and got them to within 0 again over the next three days . on dec . 6 , the male had 3 bumps on his tail and has not been eating well . in fact , for the last three days , i have not seen him eat at all . yesterday , i suddenly lost an 8 month old kuda who had been doing well . any ideas before i lose my other two ? : (
hello thank you for your insightful page . i have been considering trying to raise seahorses for some time now . can you please suggest a breeder that would have the hippocampus errectus . i think id like to give this breed a try for my first attempt of raising seahorses . also could you please tell me where the best place to purchase a tank and all the needed items . perhaps a place educated in seahorses , where i can talk to a real person ? i greatly appreciate your help .
another factor the hobbyist can control is water temperature . heat stress must be avoided at all costs so it is vitally important to keep seahorses in their comfort range at all times . if you \ ' ve had an episode of gbs in your tank , consider reducing the temperature . hippocampus erectus will fry that temperatures between 70 - 74°f ( of course they can tolerate considerably warmer temperatures than those , but it is healthier to maintain seahorses nearer the lower end of their comfort range for a number of reasons ) .
urltoken - ( english ) henry c . schultz . 2003 . there ' s more to pipes than just pvc : the genus doryrhamphus and other pipefish - reefkeeping magazine - ( english ) scott w . michael . 2001 . reef fishes volume 1 - tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) beth panocha . 2004 . aquarium fish : seahorse care : a basic guide to starting your first herd - advanced aquarist - ( english ) pete giwojna . 2007 . a seahorse reef part 1 : reef compatibility of hippocampus spp . - tropical fish hobbyist - ( english ) pete giwojna . 2007 . a seahorse reef , part two : choosing your seahorses - tropical fish hobbyist - ( english )
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
bleeker , p . 1852 . bijdrage tat de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van singapore . natuurkd . tijdschr . neder . - indië 3 : 51 - 86 .
is listed as vulnerable ( vu a2cd + 3cd + 4cd ) based on suspected declines of at least 30 % , first reported in 1998 - 99 caused by targeted catch , incidental capture , and habitat degradation . while there is little information on changes in numbers of the species , there is indirect evidence to suggest that declines have taken place and are continuing . this listing is consistent with the precautionary approach of the iucn red list .
. 2010 ) . the demand for this species is high due to its large size , smooth texture , and pale complexion when dried , all desirable qualities for traditional medicine purposes ( vincent 1996 ) . this species is also incidentally caught as bycatch in other fisheries and affected by habitat degradation ( giles
likely to continue into the future we therefore suggest a precautionary listing of vulnerable ( vu a2cd + 3cd + 4cd ) .
2011 ) from coastal development and destructive fishing practices . land - based activities such as coastal construction can diminish seagrass beds and mangroves while leading to increased pollution and siltation in surrounding marine waters . some fishing methods such as trawling result in substantial damage seagrass beds ( short
) . the decline in and fragmentation of the species’ habitats throughout its range raise the possibility of declines in populations in addition to those caused by fisheries .
american samoa ; australia ( northern territory , queensland ) ; bahrain ; cambodia ; fiji ; french polynesia ; hong kong ; india ; indonesia ; japan ; kuwait ; malaysia ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; new caledonia ; pakistan ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; saudi arabia ; singapore ; solomon islands ; south africa ( kwazulu - natal ) ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; tonga ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; viet nam
remain unknown , project seahorse trade surveys conducted between 1995 and 2000 give us reason to suspect that seahorse numbers in the wild appear to have declined throughout its range . for example , in 1998 and 1999 in thailand 81 % of surveyed fishers ( n = 30 of 37 ) and 71 % of fishers in malaysia ( n = 37 of 52 ) reported that in general , seahorse numbers including
. 2010 ) . in hong kong traders reported that local seahorses , while common 30 years ago , were rarely found in 2000 , with the decrease in availability attributed to habitat destruction and pollution ( b . kwan , unpublished data ) . these examples demonstrate that declines have been ongoing for well over 10 years . while measures are in place to regulate reported international trade , it has not declined and sub - national and illegal trade are expected to continue into the future .
is the most widespread and commonly encountered seahorse in papua new guinea and indonesia ( baine 2008 , lourie 2001 ) .
diet consists of zooplankton ( paulus 1999 ) . the recorded maximum total length is 30 cm ( stretched ) ( paulus 1999 ) .
2010 ) . this may be due to its large size , smooth texture , and pale complexion when dried ( vincent 1996 ) , all desirable qualities for traditional medicine purposes . trade in
2011 , unep - wcmc 2012a ) . international trade 2004 - 2010 consisted primarily of live animals and dried bodies , with smaller quantities of specimens and derivatives also reported ( unep - wcmc 2012a ) . trade was principally wild - sourced ( evanson
was among the seven species accounting for more than 99 per cent of international trade in live captive - bred specimens . many range states report that illegal trading and incidental capture in shrimp trawl fisheries remain problematic ( unep - wcmc 2012b ) .
the australian populations of this species were moved under the australian wildlife protection act in 1998 , so export permits are now required . the permits are only granted for approved management plans or captive - bred animals . such management was transferred under the new environment protection and biodiversity conservation act in 2001 . many states also placed their own controls on the capture and / or trade of syngnathid fishes .
all seahorses are listed on schedule i of india’s wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 , banning their capture and trade . in 2011 cambodia and china banned wild seahorse exports . in singapore ,
is recognized as being threatened by habitat destruction and harvesting for medicinal use and the aquarium trade and harvest is not allowed except by permit .
in general , incidental capture in shrimp trawl fisheries and habitat degradation and exploitation are the main threats to this species .
. 2010 ) . in china , cambodia and the republic of korea seahorses are caught as bycatch although no information exists on volumes ( unep - wcmc 2012b ) .
2011 ) from coastal development and destructive fishing practices . land - based activities such as coastal construction can diminish seagrass beds and mangroves while leading to increased pollution and siltation in surrounding marine waters . for example , in malaysia
. 2011 ) . the decline in and fragmentation of the species’ habitats throughout its range indicates possible declines in populations in addition to those caused by fisheries .
. 1998 , foster and vincent 2004 ) . although seahorses also have some traits , such as small body size , fast growth and high fecundity , that may confer resilience to exploitation pressures ( morgan 2007 ) ,
2008 ) . as a result of the lack of broadcast spawning of pelagic eggs , dispersal of potential recruits is limited . additionally , given the limited swimming abilities of seahorses , it is highly unlikely that rescue effects would occur from adjacent populations .
species are listed under appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) . this means that countries who are signatories to cites are subject to regulations on the export of seahorses . countries are required to provide permits for all exports of seahorses and are meant to provide evidence that these exports are not detrimental to wild populations . however a lack of basic information on distribution , habitat and abundance means many cites authorities cannot assess sustainability of their seahorse exploitation and meet their obligations to the convention . the challenge is particularly large in that most seahorses entering trade are caught incidentally as bycatch and thus imposing export quotas would achieve next to nothing for wild populations . since this listing , an average annual trade of over two million individuals of
2011 , unep - wcmc 2012a ) . the general lack of capacity in funding and manpower devoted to realizing enforcement that has been demonstrated by cites authorities has further exacerbated trade issues .
cites has recommended a minimum size limit of 10 cm height for all seahorse specimens in trade ( cites decision 12 . 54 ) . this limit represents a compromise between the best biological information available at the time of listing and perceived socioeconomic feasibility . but there is an urgent need for information on wild populations to assess their conservation status in order to take effective action and refine management recommendations . for example , evidence on variation in the spatial and temporal abundance of seahorses would enable areas of high seahorse density to be identified , as the basis for considering area restrictions on non - selective fishing gear that obtains
species as bycatch . an understanding of the technical and logistical feasibility of returning to the sea live seahorses taken as bycatch in various types of fishing gear would provide the basis for considering the feasibility of minimum size limits and / or other output controls . establishing a monitoring program of landings of seahorses at representative sites , taking into account different gear types and means of extraction and recording catch and effort metrics would allow assessment of conservation status and development management recommendations for various fishery types .
is listed as vulnerable in the national red data books of singapore and thailand , and endangered in the red data book of viet nam . in france it is illegal to import seahorses under the name
has been recorded in the jubail marine wildlife sanctuary in saudi arabia ( krupp and muller 1994 , krupp and almarri 1996 ) .
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like other seahorses , the common seahorse is an ambush predator , and lies in wait for small crustaceans to swim by ; it then sucks the prey into the tube - like mouth and swallows it whole , as it does not have any teeth ( 5 ) . seahorses do not have many natural predators , as they rely on their excellent camouflage for protection , and they are unpalatable due to their bony - plated bodies ( 5 ) .
the common seahorse is found throughout south east asia , australia , japan and some pacific islands ( including hawaii ) ( 1 ) . surveys on seahorse trade carried out by project seahorse in 2000 and 2001 have shown that the populations of this species have declined throughout the entire range , with fishers reporting massive decreases ( 1 ) .
this species typically inhabits shallow waters , in estuaries , reefs and on mud slopes where there is seagrass or marine algae . the common seahorse has also been found in open water and attached to drifting vegetation up to 20 kilometres off shore ( 2 ) .
the common seahorse is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . all seahorses are listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
the common seahorse is sold locally and internationally for use in traditional medicines , in the aquarium trade and as curios ( 1 ) . it is one of the most valuable seahorses in traditional chinese medicine and is very popular as an aquarium species . in 2001 , the global consumption of seahorses was estimated at 25 million seahorses ( over 70 metric tonnes ) ( 6 ) . furthermore , habitat degradation and pollution in some areas reduces the available habitat for the common seahorse , and it is also often accidentally caught as bycatch in the shrimp - trawling industry ( 1 ) .
the most pressing requirement to assist in the conservation of the common seahorse is the need for further research . in order to effectively conserve a species , its biology , ecology , range and abundance must be fully understood and the threats facing it must be known ( 7 ) . in november 2002 , all seahorses were listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ; this means that the massive trade in seahorses must be regulated to ensure that the survival of wild populations is not threatened ( 3 ) . however , indonesia , japan , norway and south korea have opted out of the listing for seahorses ( 6 ) . the conservation organisation project seahorse was set up in 1994 in response to the massive pressures facing all seahorses around the world ( 5 ) .
to learn more about a whitley award - winning conservation project for this species , click here .
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without a doubt , with its
horse - like head
and erect body , the seahorse is one of the most recognized fish in the world . the seahorse
stands up
instead of laying flat as all other fish do . it propels itself through the water ( very slowly ) by vibrating its dorsal fin and steers with its tail . perhaps the most interesting fact about this fish is that it is the male seahorse that gives birth . seahorses have many natural predators that it evades with its ability to change its colors to blend in with almost any background .
because spotted seahorses are popular ornamental aquarium fish , their captive distribution has become global .
in the wild , the baby seahorses either become pelagic and ascend into the plankton layer on the surface of the ocean or descend to the bottom and attach themselves to algae , corals or other stationary objects with their prehensile tails and start feeding on small crustaceans as they drift by in the current .
not being strong swimmers , seahorses greatly prefer to inhabit the calmer shallow waters in mangroves , coastal seagrass beds , estuaries , coastal bays and lagoons , harbors , and rivers with brackish water where there is seagrass or marine algae for them to hold onto . common seahorses which have , for one reason or another been unable to make it to the shallows near land , have been found up to 10 miles offshore floating in the plankton layer at the water ' s surface with their tails wrapped around debris or pieces of floating algae .
common seahorses range in color from black to orange and yellow . black individuals often have silvery stripes or other markings on the body , and sometimes unique yellow individuals can be dotted with red spots . a protective trait that this and many other seahorses have is the ability to change color to match its surroundings . it is not unusual for them to take on the coloration of a favorite object one has decided to adopt as a hiding place .
seahorses are generally solitary , except for their mates , which they like to remain in close proximity to . they are active during the day and generally avoid associations with non - pair individuals .
they may be kept with small , shy fish such as small gobies , pipefish , dragonets , and firefish . but aggressive , territorial , or fast - moving fish do not make good companions . seahorses can be harmed by anemones and corals with stinging tentacles or corals that are large enough to consume them , such as brain corals . while sea fans , acropora corals , and other branching corals may be safe for seahorses , they can be irritated or damaged by a seahorse that continually hitches to them . crabs and clams may pinch a seahorse causing a wound that could lead to secondary infections . small ornamental crustaceans may be consumed by the seahorses .
a 30 - gallon aquarium is sufficient for a single pair . add 10 gallons to the size of the aquarium for each additional pair . since swimming is not its strong suit , the common seahorse does much better in an aquarium with a very little current .
spray bars may be used to create gentle flow while eliminating stagnant areas in the aquarium . seahorses use their prehensile tails to hitch to branching live rock , algae , or artificial decorations .
it also seems to do much better in a taller aquarium where it can drift up and down and attach to and hold fast to objects . this diy seahorse aquarium was specifically designed to give seahorses the area for vertical motion which they seem to prefer .
seahorse hitch onto an object and wait for its food to drift by , which it sucks up and swallows whole since seahorses do not have teeth . captive - bred seahorses are accustomed to frozen mysis shrimp , making them a smart alternative to their wild - caught counterparts . they will also feed upon amphipods and other small crustaceans found in live rock . they will also accept vitamin - enriched adult brine shrimp , but this should not make up a majority of their diet . they are slow , deliberate feeders and prefer two or more small feedings per day .
seahorses should be fed live or ( if they will take it ) vitamin - enriched frozen or freeze - dried mysid shrimp . seahorses should be fed several times per day with food available for 20 to 30 minutes per feeding . wild - caught seahorses may be slow to accept frozen or freeze - dried mysid shrimp as food , to begin with , and may have to be fed live foods until they are weaned onto prepared foods . tank - raised seahorses are normally trained to accept frozen or freeze - dried mysid shrimp at an early age and will make the transition to your tank much more easily than wild - caught specimens .
as males are the pregnant partner in seahorse mating , males that have reached sexual maturity have a brooding pouch . this is where the male carries the fertilized eggs . breeding occurs year round , so , a rounder belly pouch can signify a male . around the breeding time , the male begins by changing its color patterns and does a dance around the female . it also produces clicking sounds with its coronet , a crown - shaped piece of skin or horn - like structure at the top of its head .
seahorses choose a mating partner for life . they maintain a monogamous relationship with one partner until that partner dies at which time the remaining seahorse may search out a new mate . this seahorse becomes fully mature at about 14 weeks and can reproduce at that time .
not only does the male seahorse gives birth to the brood , but the male is responsible for attracting the female . after an elaborate courtship period , a dance , and intertwining of tails , the wooed female uses an ovipositor to insert her eggs into the male ' s pouch . it is in this brooding pouch where the eggs are fertilized and attach to the wall of the pouch . placental fluid removes waste products and supplies the eggs with oxygen and nutrients as they mature into baby seahorses . at the end of 20 to 28 days of pregnancy the male goes into labor , typically at night when there is a full moon . the baby seahorses are then ejected from the male ' s pouch . the brooding pouch may contain anywhere from 20 to 1 , 000 fertilized eggs .
if the common seahorse appeals to you , and you are interested maintaining a saltwater aquarium , check out other saltwater fish that may be compatible with seahorses .
check out additional fish breed profiles for more information on other freshwater or saltwater fish .
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unep - wcmc ( comps . ) 2011 . checklist of cites species ( cd - rom ) . cites secretariat , geneva , switzerland , and unep - wcmc , cambridge , united kingdom . isbn 2 - 88323 - 030 - 7 . available online at urltoken or from cites secretariat , chemin des anémones , 1219 châtelaine , genève , switzerland
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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did you know ? that seahorses are generally monogamous ? the two partners of a pair will greet one another with courtship displays in the morning and sometimes in the evening to reinforce their pair bond .
unknown . imports reported for the year 2005 to the cites trade daata base total 27 ' 664 live and 5762 dead specimens .
527 specimens reported to isis ( 2007 ) . considering that most public aquaria are not part of the waza system and do not register their collections with isis , available isis data are not significant .
during transportation seahorses are enclosed in a restrictive container that does not allow for ideal water quality parameters and is subject to unpredictable movement orientation and noise levels . the following points , therefore , should be taken into consideration : transit time must be minimized wherever possible . only healthy individuals should be selected for transportation . packaging must be adequate . strong containers with good thermal retention qualities should be used ( i . e . polystyrene ) to allow for external temperature fluctuations . heat / coolpacks can be used should the transit conditions dictate . packs must not be placed directly next to the water . for air transport , container note 51 of the iata live animals regulations should be followed . fish must be unpacked carefully and under low illumination .
common seahorses are not an endangered species but their habitats , are threatened in many places . they are thus presented by zoos and aquariums as an ambassador species for the protection of coasts and estuaries , and they are of educational intrerest because of their mode of reproduction .
description inhabits sea grass and marine algae areas in estuaries to seaward reefs at depths to 30 m or more .
description inhabits sea grass and marine algae areas in estuaries to seaward reefs at depths to 30 m or more . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
when you think about the visual look of a seahorse the one that will typically come to mind is that of the common seahorse . this is because it is the one that is found in art , used in various cultures for exhibits , and also found on tattoos that go on the human body .
it can be hard to accurately describe what a common seahorse looks like based on the fact that there are so many sub species . they can be many different colors but they will always be able to blend into their natural surroundings . they are among the smallest of all the species of seahorses found in the world .
many people enjoy keeping them as pets in aquariums but that can be tough to do . they are very prone to bacteria and other types of disease that develop in the water . they are also going to experience high levels of stress in captivity . it is important to be fully trained before you pursue having one as a pet as it isn’t a simple process to keep them alive .
the coloration of the common seahorse often depends on the gender . in many locations the females feature yellow and they have dark spots all over the body . the males also have dark spots but they are larger and the base color is a shade of gray .
the males grow larger than the females with a size of about 1 inch . the females range in size from ½ inch to ¾ inch . when you take a close look at the coral net on top of the head you will notice it looks like a crown . the design of it and the size will be different for every single one of them . they can be identified by this design just like humans can be identified by their fingerprints .
this particular species of seahorse has a very smooth texture to the body . the verdict is still out but there is plenty speculation about why they don’t have the rough texture that the various other species around the world offer .
the common seahorse is very common along the coral reef areas . they will use their tails to lock onto it . this allows them to be able to remain in place in spite of the current around them . they aren’t good swimmers at all so they need to do what they can to rest their bodies .
the males become very aggressive towards each other when it is time to find a mate . other than that they are usually very timid . they have been known to be aggressive though when they suffer from high levels of stress . should there be a lack of food or the habitat gets too small it will cause high levels of stress to occur .
the common seahorse has been observed in many different types of settings . the consensus is that that are very intelligent creatures . they are able to remember patterns of behavior . they know where they will get food both in the wild and in captivity .
there are several well known locations where the common seahorse lives . they include all over australia as well as places in indonesia . they prefer the warm tropical water locations along the shoreline . they live in bodies of water that have seawater in them .
you may find them well hidden among the sea grass that is found in those locations . you may have to look very close for them because they do blend in amazingly well . the water will need to be at least 72 degrees fahrenheit . however , they also don’t do well if the water gets too hot . that is why they tend to stay in areas that do go about 77 degrees fahrenheit .
even though there are some fossils of the common seahorse that date back 3 million years there isn’t much at all known regarding the evolution process . it is believed that they used to be substantially larger than they are today . the ability to live on less food is part of why they got smaller . the theories continue to float around though but there is very little concrete about how they branched off from other seahorse species due to the evolution process .
the location where the common seahorse happens to live strongly influences what they will eat . the main items are very small guppies and small brine shrimp . they have a large snout that they consume the food with . they have no teeth and they will swallow their prey . they can’t consume anything that is larger than that snout .
what is very interesting is that no seahorse has a digestive system . that is why they spend so much time feeding . they also eat very slowly so it can take them many hours each day to feed . when they aren’t eating they will typically be resting .


ebaziya ( foaled 18 march 1989 ) is a retired irish-bred thoroughbred racehorse and mare who won three listed races .

as a broodmare , she has bred four individual group 1 winners .

ebaziya

enzeli was sired by kahyasi out of the dam ebaziya enzeli was foaled on 01 of january in 1995 .
ebaziya joined the true broodmare greats when daughter , estimate , won thursday’s gp1 gold for her majesty the queen . in doing so , estimate became , not only the second gold cup winner produced by her dam , but the fourth individual gp1 winner ! ebaziya ( darshaan ) is the first since feemoss ( levmoss , le moss ) to have produced two individual gold cup winners .
estimate’s dam ebaziya had ironically been an 80th birthday present to the queen , a keen racehorse breeder , from the aga khan who remains synonymous with the ill - fated shergar’s success in the 1981 epsom derby .
other mares to have bred more than one gold cup winner include astronomie , trimestral and barbelle . what makes ebaziya’s feat of breeding four individual g1 winners remarkable is that they are by four different sires from three different sire lines .
ezallis dam ezilla and estimates dam ebaziya are full sisters by the great broodmare sire darshaan , and so are lettre spirituelles dam epistole and simenons dam epistoliere ( both by alzao ) . simenon will now be aimed at the melbourne cup .
the first presentation of the evening was the irish field “blue hen” award , won by william mcneile from the united kingdom , who was presented with a cheque for €250 and trophy for his article on ebaziya which will be published in the irish field in the coming weeks .
the aga khan bred filly estimate ( by monsun ex ebaziya ) wins the ascot gold cup for the queen and sir michael stoute . second is the tough simenon ( marju ex epistoliere ) , trained by willie mullins , johnny murtagh up and third is joerg vasiceks top trip .
ebaziya ( ire ) b . f , 1989 { 13 - c } dp = 3 - 2 - 7 - 2 - 12 ( 26 ) di = 0 . 49 cd = - 0 . 69 - 9 starts , 4 wins , 2 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 72 , 604
given her race record , estimate naturally owns the potential to become a pivotal mare for the royal studs . however , she is also supported by an extremely strong family that descends from albanilla , also the ancestress of darshaan ; bred by the aga khan’s studs , estimate is out of ebaziya and therefore a half - sister to g1 winners ebadiyla , enzeli and edabiya .
taghrooda’s dam ezima is the product of an oft - tried and highly successful cross , as she’s by sadler’s wells out of a mare by darshaan . ezima did her bit for the nick’s statistics winning three irish listed races at up to 14f . ezima is very closely related to an even better product of the sadler’s wells / darshaan cross , in the irish oaks - gr . 1 and grand prix de paris - gr . 1 heroine ebadiyla , who is out of ebaziya , a sister to ezima’s dam ezilla .
ebaziya is dam of two other very good performers in enzeli and estimate , who both recorded success in england’s premier stamina contest , the 20f ascot gold cup - gr . 1 . ezilla was bred by park place international , but she has a strong aga khan / marcel boussac background , as not only was her sire darshaan , bred by his highness from a boussac family , but ezilla’s dam ezana , was also bred by the aga khan out of evisa , a half - sister to darshaan’s third dam marilla . this is a branch of boussac’s most famous family , that of frizette , also eventually ancestress of mr . prospector and seattle slew .
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n . 18 urltoken dariyan ex masaola , bred by mr and mrs renk .
he is a nice strong foal , he is well developed and we’re very happy with him .
georges rimaud
owner : his highness the aga khan ' s studs s c breeder : h . h . aga khan winnings : 9 starts : 4 - 2 - 2 , $ 72 , 604 1st ballysax s . , oyster s . , trigo s . 2nd killavullan s . ( gr . 3 ) 3rd blandford s . ( gr . 2 ) only mare in history to produce 4 individual group 1 winners ; dahlia produced a mix of 4 group 1 and grade 1 winners . ( close )
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no nay never is a member of the third crop of leading freshman sire , scat daddy , who is also sire of u . s . graded scorers lady of shamrock ( gr . i ) , handsome mike , daddy nose best , finale , shared property , scatman and dice flavor , as well as daddy long legs , a group / graded winner in england and dubai . no nay never is out of the elusive quality mare , cat’s eye witness , a half - sister to graded stakes winning sprinter / miler cat’s career . the second dam , comical cat , was by the stayer , exceller , but was herself very speedy ( showing the vagaries of genetics when it comes to distance ) . she’s from a john c . mabee family , and half - sister to half a year , who took the st . james’s palace stakes ( gr . ii ) at royal ascot , and to the dam of event of the year .
rated truenicks a + before his win , no nay never is one of four stakes winners from only 21 starters by scat daddy from gone west line mares , the others including scatman , and el bromista , a chilean juvenile who clocked 1 : 33 and change while taking a grade one event over a mile last weekend . scat daddy is out of a mare by mr . prospector , and no nay never is one of seven stakes winners from 67 starters by scat daddy out of mares by sons or grandsons of mr . prospector . we can note that scat daddy is a northern dancer / mr . prospector cross , and his dam is a reverse of that cross , as is no nay never’s broodmare sire , elusive quality .
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giant ' s causeway ( usa ) - dahlias krissy ( usa ) by kris s .
1845 - 1853 called the emperor ' s plate . in 1917 - 18 run at newmarket as the newmarket gold cup . between 1941 - 1944 the race was run at newmarket at a 2 1 / 4 mile distance . in 2005 the ascot races were held at yorkshire . in 1920 buchan finished first , but was disqualified ; in 1971 the purse was taken away from the winner , rock roi , and awarded to random shot , the second place runner .
racing and breeding information supplied by france galop , the us jockey club and weatherbys group limited .
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the queen welcomes her ascot gold cup winner estimate ( photo : carolinenorris . ie )
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royal ascot is still in full swing but the most thrilling race of the meeting for us has been run yesterday . update : irish kind wins at maisons - laffitte and is khatelas second winner of the week !
both our new mares ezalli and lettre spirituelle have a pedigree update after yesterdays thrilling victory of estimate in the ascot gold cup and simenons courageous second place . this was the first win for her majesty in this historic race and her first group 1 winner since 1977 when dunfermline won the st leger . she now has owned an amazing total of 22 royal ascot winners since her first one which was choir boy in 1953 and most of them were homebred as well .
but our warmest congratulations go to diana and joerg vasicek who own the beautiful and hugely successful kenilworth house stud near clonmel . what an achievement to own and breed one of the best current young staying horses in top trip ( dubai destination ex topka by kahyasi ) .
june is shaping into a lucky months for us and our homebreds continue to run well . busted tycoon notched up a hat - trick when winning very easily again in uttoxeter on wednesday . congratulations to trainer tony martin , rider denis o regan and owner john breslin . bluebell ( owned by coolmore and trained by aidan o brien ) who won her maiden at limerick last week will be seen in stakes company next .
update : khatela follows up with her second winner of the week in the shape of irish kind by cape cross , who wins a conditions race at maisons - laffitte this afternoon . congratulations to trainer m delcher sanchez , owners sunday horses club and rider stephane pasquier . this is our fourth win in the space twelve days !
bluebell in action at limerick last week and at goffs in february 2012 . time flies . . . .
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with promising 3 - year - old light music among those waiting in the wings for the queen this season , 2016 has the potential to become one of the most interesting in the history of the royal studs .
there has already been cause for celebration at the stud this year through the arrival of a dubawi foal out of estimate . the colt is the first foal out of his dam , who provided one of the iconic moments of 2013 when carrying the queen’s colours to victory in the ascot gold cup .
a particularly tough and talented stayer , the daughter of monsun was also trained by sir michael stoute to win the doncaster cup , sagaro stakes and queen’s vase .
“her majesty has inspected estimate’s foal , ” says her racing advisor john warren , “and was absolutely thrilled as he is a strong , healthy , correct and attractive individual . ”
in an industry that relies increasingly on sadler’s wells and danehill blood , the fact she is a daughter of monsun also makes her an interesting mate for a variety of stallions . similar comments apply to her background , which contains no northern dancer – a rarity in today’s era .
while estimate ( pictured with her foal ) is set to return to dubawi this season , another high - profile resident , top australian sprinter sweet idea , is booked to galileo .
sweet idea joined the stud late last year in a purchase facilitated by the sale of queen’s homebred peacock , a royal winner of the fairway stakes in may , to hong kong .
trained by gai waterhouse , sweet idea was a major flagbearer for arrowfield stud’s snitzel – currently one of the most popular stallions in australia - as an eight - time winner who banked just over a $ 2 . 4 million in prize - money . she enjoyed her finest moment when the wide - margin winner of last season’s g1 galaxy at rosehill but was also a multiple g2 winner who ran placed in the g1 golden slipper stakes , g1 coolmore classic , g1 memsie stakes and g1 myer classic .
“the queen sent carlton house to race in australia several years ago and currently has bold sniper in training there , so i’ve been a regular visitor down there in recent seasons , ” says warren . “so sweet idea was a horse who came to our attention . she ticks all the boxes – she’s a mare of g1 calibre who was a top 2 - year - old but also trained on to win at group level at three and four .
“she also nicks brilliantly with galileo as a daughter of snitzel , a grandson of danehill . ”
sweet idea’s pedigree also lends itself to another of europe’s super sires , as warren explains : “she’s out of a mare by timber country and he is from the same fall aspen family as dubai millennium [ sire of dubawi ] . so sending her to dubawi in the future gives us some quite interesting inbreeding . ”
sweet idea is out of the g3 - placed flidais , also the dam of listed winner rush as well as a snitzel yearling colt who realised a $ 1 . 1 million to dean hawthorne at last month’s magic millions gold coast yearling sale . her granddam is g1 winner electronic .
thanks to the recent additions of estimate and sweet idea to the broodmare band , it can be argued that the royal studs has rarely been in ruder health . but the stud is also home to memory , the g2 cherry hinton stakes and g3 albany stakes winner , whose first foal , recorder , looked potentially top class for william haggas when winning last year’s g3 acomb stakes at york .
unfortunately , the son of galileo was ruled out of the remainder of last season by injury and continues to remain on the sidelines for now . however , haggas’ yard does house a potentially exciting 3 - year - old for the queen in the filly light music . by elusive quality out of listed winner medley , she broke her maiden by 14 lengths at leicester and later followed up in the listed radley stakes at newbury , in which she showed a brave attitude to repel another of the queen’s homebreds , make fast , by a neck .
the general consensus following that race was that light music didn’t appreciate the prevailing soft ground at newbury . with that in mind , it wouldn’t be a surprise to see her acquit herself well in good company once she returns to a sound surface this season .
since the vault first published , it has been my goal to research and write about the development of the thoroughbred and the sport in australia and new zealand . while the story of phar lap is universal and the exploits of the incomparable black caviar and so you think turned world attention to thoroughbreds from “down under , ” these contemporary champions are only the most recent in a star - studded history . in fact , australia and new zealand have produced absolutely brilliant individuals that could hold their own in the company of great thoroughbreds anywhere and the history of how these stars came to be is rich and fascinating . as well , uncovering some of this history has only reinforced my sense of how intermingled the families of thoroughbreds are worldwide and how these connections have brought us the individuals who light up the turf from great britain to the usa to india to japan today .
this , then , is the first of a series on thoroughbreds from australia and new zealand and begins , quite properly , with a thumbnail history of the origins of the sport .
( note : being canadian and having few contacts in either australia or new zealand , it has been very difficult trying to discern what books to buy that would give me a good history of the australian and new zealand thoroughbred , including significant people as well as thoroughbred champions . any suggestions from vault readers would be deeply appreciated ! )
the horse wasn’t indigenous to australia , but with the arrival of british colonists it quickly became an essential component of settling the “new” land ( i . e . “new” to the settlers , that is ) .
as is the case worldwide , the australian and new zealand ( aus + nz ) thoroughbred owes its origins to great britain , where the breed originated . however , aus + nz have a history of close collaboration in the development of their thoroughbred horse , much like that of england and ireland . although often lumped together for this reason , aus + nz are , of course , different cultures with different histories , even though australians have embraced new zealand - bred champions as their own . to this day , prestigious trainers like bart cummings ( so you think , kingston rule , saintly and countless other great individuals ) visit the new zealand bloodstock sales looking for future stars — and they are seldom disappointed .
there are , of course , differences in the breed and the sport itself in aus + nz that make comparison with other countries difficult , if not impossible . in the southern hemisphere ( sh ) , a thoroughbred’s birthdate is august 1 , not january 1 as it is in the northern hemisphere ( nh ) . in other words , in any given year , a nh thoroughbred is more than half a year older than a sh thoroughbred . the best way to compare individuals has always been to race them against each other , but sh horses have historically done poorly when shifted to nh climes , and vice versa . there have been a few exceptions , of course , but they are too few and far between to aid in any serious comparison . even black caviar seemed at a distinct disadvantage at royal ascot ; the same might be said of so you think , a great champion in his native australia who adjusted rather poorly to his new digs at ballydoyle .
another unique feature of aus + nz racing is that geldings are invited to run in classic races . and a good thing , too , since a number of aus + nz’s greatest thoroughbreds have been geldings , among them the mighty phar lap , who was bred and born in new zealand and became one of australia’s best - loved thoroughbreds during the depression era .
so you think , a two - time winner of the cox plate , was equine royalty in australia before he was shifted from trainer bart cummings to ballydoyle in ireland . despite his victories in great britain , can we say that we really saw the true so you think ?
champion skyline ( 1955 ) typified the “look” of the aus + nz thoroughbred which focuses on “solid and sensible . ” however , with the recent appetite for speed , we are inclined to wonder if that “look” with its emphasis on stamina is undergoing a qualitative shift .
this painting of hector is an indication of the significance of his arrival to aus in 1830 . the travel companions were also known as old hector and old northumberland respectively , making the tracing of their influence even more complex .
by 1840 the australian racing committee was formed , re - named the australian jockey club ( ajc ) in 1842 . in keeping with their mission to nurture the development of a unique aus thoroughbred , one known for strength and stamina , the ajc inaugurated and organized a program of classic races , the chief among them the vjc derby ( aus oldest derby ) , the ajc derby and the melbourne , sydney , brisbane and caulfield cups . all of the races accepted into the classic program were at distances of 1 . 5 miles or better . other states and jurisdictions in australia developed their own racing clubs in the 19th century , including victoria , which inaugurated its own victoria jockey club in 1864 , as well as queensland , southern and western australia and the island of tasmania . by 1883 , 192 racing clubs were registered with the ajc .
another important early influence was fisherman ( 1853 ) , a british stallion imported by hurtle fisher in 1860 to stand at his stud in victoria , maribyrnong .
fisherman ( 1853 ) was one of the foundation sires of the aus + nz thoroughbred . he is depicted here by the great equine artist , john frederick herring , sr .
if ever a horse was the incarnation of stamina and strength , it had to be fisherman who , during his racing career , won 70 races , including 21 wins from 35 starts in a single racing season . winner of 26 queen’s plate trophies and two ascot gold cups , fisherman on the occasion of his win of the first gold cup , was rewarded by being saddled up the very next day to run in the 3 + m queen’s plate — which he won stylishly , ears pricked . fisherman was one of the best british stayers of the nineteenth century and it was little wonder he exercised such a potent influence on the aus + nz thoroughbred : in a short 5 seasons before his death , the champion sired 10 stakes winners and his progeny boasted a total of 25 stakes wins .
new zealand began to import its earliest thoroughbreds from new south wales ( aus ) in the 1840’s - 1850’s , having been infected by the “racing bug” through the commerce and exchange with its larger australasian neighbour . what new zealand brought to the table was a lush , fertile environment for raising horses , in contrast to the markedly small territory that australia could offer , given its vast reaches of dry , arable land . by 1890 , nz racing had been organized under a central authority when all of its racing clubs were affiliated with the nz racing conference . what began as the influence of one neighbour upon another continues between aus + nz to this day , a recent example being m . j . moran and piper farm’s ( nz ) superstar , so you think , who quickly earned the love and respect of australian racegoers . so you think is just one of many champions to travel from nz to aus , where they earned the love and loyalty of a racing public who would never forget them .
still another sire of great importance to the flourishing of the breed in new zealand was traducer ( 1857 ) , a son of the libel ( 1842 ) who was imported in 1862 . despite his reputedly savage temperament , traducer got 9 winners of the nz derby and another 8 winners of the canterbury cup , a weight - for - age race run over a 2 . 5 m course .
blink bonny : the peerless daughter of melbourne , won both the epsom derby and oaks in 1857 .
the amazing musket , who had won at distances up to 3m , would give the nz thoroughbred a world - class status .
as great as were musket’s gifts on the turf , in the breeding shed he lent his superb genes to sons trenton ( 1881 ) and martini - henry ( 1880 ) . from the latter would descend the 1946 epsom derby winner , nimbus ( 1943 ) , and the superb grey sovereign ( 1948 ) , twice leading sire in france . the brilliant trenton excelled at stud , producing 404 winners over 9 seasons ; a daughter , rosaline ( 1901 ) , became the grandam of the great british sire , gainsborough ( 1915 ) .
but musket’s most superb gift of all came in 1885 , when carbine was foaled .
wallace was the best of carbine’s sons born in australia and an important sire there . painting by martin stainforth
at welbeck abbey , carbine continued his career as a sire of champions , the arguably most famous among these being the english derby and grand prix de paris winner , spearmint ( 1902 ) . although of delicate constitution himself , spearmint became a sire of classic winners . he also turned out to be a brilliant bm sire . among other spearmint progeny : the great sire chicle ( 1913 ) who sired america’s mother goose ( 1922 ) and was the bm sire of shut out ( 1939 ) ; the 1920 epsom derby winner spion kop ( 1917 ) ; johren ( 1915 ) , winner of the belmont stakes in 1918 and an american hoty ; the 1922 st leger stakes winner royal lancer ( 1919 ) ; as well as spike island ( 1919 ) , winner of the 1922 irish derby ; the exceptional filly fausta ( 1911 ) , winner of the 1914 italian derby and oaks ; and spelthorne ( 1922 ) , winner of the 1925 irish st leger stakes .
carbine’s best british son was spearmint . although a fragile runner with poor legs , spearmint’s progeny were noted for their classic lines and it was he more than any other carbine progeny who assured his sire’s place in the development of the thoroughbred .
spearmint’s daughter , plucky liege , exerted an enormous influence on the breed through her sons bull dog and sir gallahad iii .
next time : the series continues with a look at some of the greatest aus + nz champion thoroughbreds in the first part of the twentieth century .
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royal ascot is about to open and in 2014 will host a veritable who’s - who of the british and european turf . an exciting twist for american racing fans is provided by the entry of rosalind , trained by kenny mcpeek , in either the ribblesdale stakes on june 19 or the coronation stakes on friday , june 20 . in addition , verrazano , now in training with aidan o’brien , will be starting in either the queen anne ( june 17 ) or the prince of wales ( june 18 ) stakes .
rosalind is set to make her uk debut in either the ribblesdale or the coronation stakes . both of these races are designed for fillies .
impossible as it is to focus on every horse entered at royal ascot , there are several who have become familiar names to racing fans worldwide . keeping our readership and their needs in mind , we have focused on a few of the star - studded cast who will assemble at royal ascot next week . at the time of this writing , the fields were still not quite set and since several of the entries described below remain co - entered in two different races , readers are encouraged to go to the racing post site for royal ascot to check the racing cards early next week : urltoken
arc winner , treve , is set to kick off in the prince of wales stakes on wednesday , june 18 in what will be her first start on british soil . last seen in neck - to - neck combat with the outstanding cirrus des aigles in april at longchamps in the prix ganay ( below ) , which treve lost by a whisker in her first - ever defeat , trainer cricket head - maarek’s champion seems ready to add another jewel to her crown next week .
as satisfying as it will be for head - maarek to see her great mare return to the winner’s circle at ascot , the prince of wales is thought to be a prep race for treve who’s real objective is likely to be the 1 million purse in the king george vi and queen elizabeth ii stakes at ascot in july , where it is very possible that she will meet up with derby winner , australia . from there , if all goes well , treve will defend her title in the 2015 prix de l’arc de triomphe . if anyone can get her through this arduous campaign it is head - maarek , a trainer of no small merit who hails from the family of freddie head , trainer of the brilliant goldikova . here is treve in - training prior to the prix ganay , with commentary from the distinguished jockey , frankie dettori , who has ridden some of the greatest thoroughbreds of the last twenty years .
the prince of wales is shaping up to be a solid race including aidan o’brien’s 2013 epsom derby winner , ruler of the world , john gosden’s globetrotting mare , the fugue , the william haggas - trained mukhadram , second in last year’s dubai world cup , and dank , trained by sir michael stoute , last seen by north america in her record - setting run in the breeders cup filly and mare turf in november 2013 ( below ) . ( note : ruler of the world is co - entered in the hardwicke stakes , saturday , june 21st . check on monday , june 16 to see where he is going . )
of particular interest to american racing fans will be the entry of verrazano , last year’s winner of the wood memorial , who is now being trained by aidan o’brien . o’brien reports that he is pleased with verrazano’s progress to date . the 4 year - old made his first start for o’brien at newberry in may , where he finished a very respectable third to champion olympic glory in the jlt lockinge stakes ( below ) . ( note : verrazano is co - entered in the queen anne stakes which will run on tuesday , june 17 . verrazano fans should check at on the weekend or monday , june 16 when the entries should be finalized for june 17 . )
olympic glory ( shown in video above in connection with verrazano ) is another champion who has won very consistently over 13 career starts for trainer , richard hannon . a son of choisir , the first australian - trained horse to win at royal ascot ( 2003 ) who became almost as famous for his weird headgear , olympic glory carries “the danehill gene” that never seems to disappoint . accordingly , the colt has won seven times in france and england , and was seen last year at royal ascot winning the queen elizabeth ii stakes ( below ) . despite coming in 4th at longchamps to the mighty cirrus des aigles , expect olympic glory to be well in the mix on opening day .
choisir , the sire of olympic glory , shown here winning the golden jubilee stakes at royal ascot in 2003 . choisir was as famous for his headgear as he was for his immense talent .
perhaps the most heartwarming moment of last year’s royal ascot was the delight of hm the queen as she greeted her filly , estimate , in the winner’s enclosure after the gold cup .
it’s a fair guess that aidan o’brien’s leading light will push estimate to the limit if he can get the distance . successful at navan in may , the son of montjeu has only lost twice in 8 starts . out of the gone wes t mare , dance parade , leading light was the brilliant winner of the st . leger last year as a 3 year - old , and at royal ascot 2013 showed true grit in winning the queen’s vase .
a sentimental favourite is the hardy simenon , whose problem won’t be the distance . rather , it will be his age . at seven , with 38 starts under his belt , simenon may be getting past his best but he’s one of the most honest horses in the race . too , there is richard baldwin’s whiplash willie , who ran a very decent third at sandown last time out to the favourite , brown panther .
another serious contender for the gold cup will be ted dascombe’s brown panther , a son of shirocco and grandson of monsun . as of this writing , brown panther has won his last two races decisively and with 20 starts and 9 wins under his belt , appears to be peaking at just the right moment . the dascombe - trained 6 year - old is currently listed as the favourite going in to royal ascot week , given that his last win came at the gold cup distance over a soggy track at sandown . although it has taken him some time to get there , brown panther deserves the attention he’s getting .
bred by his owner , michael owen , a british and international soccer ( football in the uk ) star who now does football commentary for the british media , brown panther represents the zenith of his owner’s career in horse racing . and he’s come along very nicely under ted dascombe’s patient tutelage , since his male family have a tendency to come into their own rather slowly by today’s standards and dascombe understands this .
as footage of his most recent win at sandown was not available , here is brown panther ( turquoise shirt ) winning the artemis goodwood cup at glorious goodwood a year ago , where he beat the likes of colour vision soundly . by all accounts , he’s an even better distance runner this year .
america’s rosalind will have her work cut out for her , making her first start on grass at royal ascot in either the ribblesdale ( june 19 ) or the coronation stakes ( june 20 ) . either way , she will be in heady company , including a contingent from ballydoyle that includes wonderfully , john gosden’s criteria , roger varian’s excellent sea the stars filly , anipa , godolphin’s ihtimal , john oxx’s talented filly my titania ( another by sea the stars ) , andre fabre’s miss france , together with lightly - raced fillies like wonderstruck , dermot weld’s edelmira or william haggas’ cape cross filly , token of love .
still , rosalind will have a huge fan following from america , where she is a favourite and they will be rooting for her all the way . the daughter of broken vow whose bm sire is theatrical has several excellent grass runners in her pedigree , including britain’s last triple crown winner , nijinsky ii , as well as sassafras and nureyev , who was born and raced in france where he got champion 3 year - old honours . her owners , landaluce educe stables and trainer , kenny mcpeek have little reason to doubt either her quality or her determination . having only finished out of the money twice in 8 starts , rosalind is shown here in a gutsy win over room service in april at keeneland :
however , a little - publicized truth ( according to ballydoyle ) is that the “war fronts can be quite lazy” and war command pulled that card in his most recent outing in may at newmarket , where he finished a dismal 9th in the 2000 guineas , failing to pick up the pace when it counted most . if he does this again at royal ascot , he’ll likely be pummelled by either the brilliant night of thunder or kingman .
night of thunder , a 3 year - old son of dubawi , is trained by the eminent richard hannon . having won 3 of his 4 lifetime starts , the colt has never been out of the money . more importantly , night of thunder is this year’s winner of the quipco 2000 guineas , taking it despite hanging out very far as he and jockey keiron fallon came to the finish . but he beat war command , the subsequent derby winner , australia , as well as a very good colt in kingman despite what could have been a disastrous error :
kingman and night of thunder have been challenging each other throughout the season . while juddmonte’s kingman lost to his rival in the quipco 2000 guineas , he went on to subsequently take the irish 2000 guineas in devastating fashion . the son of invincible spirit has only ever lost once in his 5 lifetime starts . accordingly , prince khalid abdullah and trainer john gosden’s champion has been accorded the status of favourite to take the st . james palace next week :
the war fronts make up a small army , with newcomers war envoy and the great war running in the prestigious coventry stakes for 2 year - olds on june 17 ; guerre and due diligence running on the same day in the king’s stand ; giovanni boldini joining war command in the st . james palace stakes ; and a filly , peace and war is running for sheikh suhaim al thani / qrl / m al kubaisi in the queen mary stakes ( june 18 ) .
elusive quality is represented in the st . james palace stakes ( june 17 ) by michaelmas who runs for ballydoyle ; great white eagle in the jersey stakes for ballydoyle ( june 18 ) ; elusive guest for john guest racing runs in the jersey stakes ( june 18 ) ; and the fabulous mare certify is due to run in the duke of cambridge stakes ( june 18 ) for godolphin .
big brown is represented by the very good colt , darwin , who runs in the king’s stand ( june 17 ) for ballydoyle .
bluegrass cat is represented by biting bullets who runs for mrs . joanna hughes in another 2 year - old race , the windsor castle stakes ( june 17 ) .
quality road has a 2 year - old colt , hootenanny , running in the windsor castle stakes in the colours of tabor , magnier and smith ( june 17 ) .
street cry has street force running in the jersey stakes ( june 18 ) for saeed mañana .
dynaformer is represented by somewhat who runs in the colours of sheikh majid bin mohammed al maktoum in the king edward vii stakes ( june 20 ) .
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federico tesio , who many would regard as the greatest thoroughbred breeder of all time , once famously stated that ' the thoroughbred exists because its selection has depended , not on experts , technicians , or zoologists , but on a piece of wood : the winning post of the epsom derby . if you base your criteria on anything else , you will get something else , not the thoroughbred . '
if one follows the logic of this statement , then surely the ultimate classic mating should be between a winner of the english derby and the female equivalent , the english oaks . the existence of such a horse has been a possibility since the early 1780s , but in more than 230 runnings , prior to 2014 , a horse by the first home in the english derby and out of a mare who was first home in the english oaks had never won a derby at epsom ( although we can note that lammtarra , the 1995 derby hero was by nijinsky ii out of snow bride , who was second home in the 1989 oaks , but who was subsequently awarded the race when the first home aliysa , was disqualified after testing positive for a banned substance ) .
a 525 , 000 guineas yearling , the history making horse australia didn’t look overly expensive at the time , on the basis of his derby winner / oaks winner pedigree . he’s had the reputation of being a coming star for some time , and even potentially the best to come out of ballydoyle in the aidan o’brien era . he’s not only by a derby winner out of an oaks winner , but his parents are actually two of the most distinguished winners of those races .
a son of galileo , the sadler’s wells stallion who most would acknowledge as the world’s leading sire , and an english derby winner who has sired two previous english derby winners , australia is out of the globe - trotting ouija board . heroine of the english oaks in 2004 , ouija board was the european horse of the year in 2004 and 2006 , and champion us turf mare in both of those years . she captured seven gr . 1 events , including the english and irish oaks , two renewals of the breeders’ cup filly and mare turf and the cathay pacific hong kong vase . prior to australia , she produced the mrc easter cup - gr . 3 ( our ) voodoo prince to kingmambo who has been in fine form since being sold to race in australia .
ouija board is by the green desert son and former shuttler cape cross . her dam , selection board ( by welsh pageant ) , is a sister to another horse with form in several different countries in the shape of gelded teleprompter , whose credits included the arlington million - gr . 1 and queen elizabeth ii stakes - gr . 2 . selection board is also half - sister to rosia bay , dam of ibn bey ( a group winner in five different countries , include the irish st leger - gr . 1 , gran premio d’italia - gr . 1 , europa preis - gr . 1 and grosser preis der berliner bank - gr . 1 and roseate tern , winner of the yorkshire oaks - gr . 1 , runner - up in the english oaks and third in the st leger - gr . 1 .
there are a number of other major winners under the third dam , ouija ( by lunchtime’s sire , silly season ) , including gr . 1 winner red bloom , and group winners chatoyant , moiquen and mabadi . ouija board’s fourth dam gradisca ( goya ) , is also dam of the french oaks heroine tahiti , and third dam of the great australian runner kingston town . we should also note that australia is bred by the stanley estate and stud co , stanley being the family name of the earls of derby , the 12th of whom gave the epsom classic its name .
the earls of derby have a long history on the turf , but the family has not been represented as the breeder of a winner of the eponymous classic at epsom since hyperion scored in 1933 ( although watling street took a wartime derby in 1942 ) , both being bred by the 17th earl , the grandfather of the current earl , the 19th holder of the title .
the day before australia’s triumph , another aidan o’brien - trained galileo offspring marvellous had started favorite for the oaks . she could do no better than sixth as the lightly raced taghrooda took her record to three wins in three starts with an impressive 3 . 75 length triumph .
sea the stars , who is by cape cross the broodmare sire of australia , made a relatively quiet start with his first two year - olds in 2013 , although the “vibes” remained plenty positive . in this case the rumours proved well founded and sea the stars is now represented by six stakes winners , taghrooda , being joined as a group scorer by vazira , my titania and afternoon sunlight .
the classic victories by half - brothers made another piece of history . as one might imagine , it’s rather rare for a mare in a major racing jurisdiction to throw derby - winning brother or half - brothers . it’s probably even more rare for both siblings to go on to sire classic winners themselves , and given that , it must be unusual indeed for the pair to get classic winners in the same season . as far as the english derby and oaks are concerned , it appears that prior to this weekend , one has to go back to 1866 , when lord lyon , by “the emperor of stallions” stockwell , took the derby on his way to the becoming the third winner of the english triple crown , and tormentor , by stockwell’s half - brother king tom , captured the oaks , to find the offspring of siblings completing the derby / oaks double in the same year .
given that sea the stars is a half - brother to galileo , it is no surprise that he’s been tried quite frequently with mares by galileo’s sire sadler’s wells . in fact there are 19 foals of racing age on the cross , seven have started with taghrooda , being the only black type performer to date .
observant readers will have noted by now the remarkable similarity in the pedigrees of taghrooda and australia , one by sea the stars , a cape cross half - brother to galileo , out of a sadler’s wells mare , and the other by galileo , a sadler’s wells half - brother to sea the stars , out of a daughter of cape cross .
french classics in recent years , there have been a number of french stallions who , either on the basis of pedigree or racetrack performance , didn’t exactly shape as top commercial prospects when they retired to stud , but have proved to be smart or better stallions . now , to examples such as linamix , chichicastenango , muhtathir and kendargent , we might soon be adding the name of le havre , who is represented by the french 1000 guineas - gr . 1 and oaks - gr . 1 winner avenir certain with his first crop of three year - olds .
there was nothing too much to knock about le havre’s race record . he won four of six starts , and on his last two outings finished second in the french 2000 guineas and the scored a decisive victory in the french derby . le havre’s pedigree is less imposing . his sire noverre , a rahy three - quarter brother to the brilliant juvenile arazi , was a good two year - old and miler , winning the sussex stakes - gr . 1 and champagne stakes - gr . 2 , but made a generally disappointing start , and was exported from ireland to india , where he died young .
le havre’s dam marie rheinberg is by the relatively rarely seen surako , a gr . 3 winner who also finished second in the german derby - gr . 1 and who is by one great german sire konigsstuhl and out of a half - sister to another in surumu . on a brighter tack , we can note that marie rheinberg is half - sister to polar falcon , the sire of pivotal .
avenir certain’s dam , puggy ( by mark of esteem ) , was group placed in england and scandinavia . she is out of jakarta , a machiavellian mare who is half - sister to blue monday ( by mark of esteem’s sire darshaan ) , a talented middle distance runner who won four gr . 3 events in england and france , and was also three time gr . 1 placed at around a 10f . blue monday’s brother lundy’s lane never won a black type event , but was third in the italian derby - gr . 1 . third dam lunda is half - sister to several smart runners , including warrsan , who took two renewals of the coronation cup - gr . 1 ; italian derby - gr . 1 winner luso ; needle gun , a multiple group winner who was second in the italian derby - gr . 1 ; and cloud castle , who won the nell gwyn stakes - gr . 3 and who was second in the prix vermeille - gr . 1 .