platydemus manokwari , also known as the new guinea flatworm , is a large predatory land flatworm that has become an invasive species in many countries .

native to new guinea , it was accidentally introduced to the soil of many countries .

it was also deliberately introduced into two pacific islands in an attempt to control an invasion of the giant east african snail .

it eats a variety of invertebrates including land snails , and has had a significant negative impact on the rare endemic land snail fauna of some pacific islands .

it has become established in a wide variety of habitats .

it was recorded in 2014 from a hothouse in caen , france , its first finding in europe , and in 2015 from new caledonia , wallis and futuna islands , singapore , solomon islands , puerto rico ( first record in the caribbean ) , and florida , usa .

the researchers said that " while most of the infected territories reported until now were islands , the newly reported presence of the species in mainland us in florida should be considered a potential major threat to the whole us and even the americas " .

platydemus manokwari as an invasive species

100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species . a selection from the global invasive species database .
100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species . a selection from the global invasive species database .
100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species . a selection from the global invasive species database .
species which are introduced into a new ecosystem have the potential to become invasive . some of the qualities that define an invasive species are :
recommended citation : global invasive species database ( 2018 ) species profile : platydemus manokwari . downloaded from urltoken on 09 - 07 - 2018 .
just as the environment can help push out an invasive species , so too can a well adapted native on rare occasions .
platydemus manokwari ( new guinea flatworm ) ; on an empty shell of the giant african snail , lissachatina fulica .
my ' the invasive land planarian platydemus manokwari . . . ' article was published 2 years ago today in @ thepeerj urltoken
platydemus manokwari ( new guinea flatworm ) ; translucent cocoon , with young about to hatch .
richardson dm ( 1998 ) forestry trees as invasive aliens . conserv biol 12 : 18–26
the global invasive species database is managed by the invasive species specialist group ( issg ) of the iucn species survival commission . it was developed as part of the global initiative on invasive species led by the global invasive species programme ( gisp ) and is supported through partnerships with the national biological information infrastructure , manaaki whenua - landcare research and the university of auckland . conditions of use .
auckland : iucn / ssc invasive species specialist group ( issg ) ; 2000 .
when both native and introduced species use the same resource , introduced species can competitively exclude native species . in hawaii , an introduced passerine bird ,
sugiura s . seasonal fluctuation of invasive flatworm predation pressure on land snails : implications for the range expansion and impacts of invasive species .
eldredge , l . g . and smith , b . d . 1994 . introductions and transfers of the triclad flatworm platydemus manokwari . tentacle 4 : 8 . summary : details of spread of platydemus manokwari
the platydemus manokwari , commonly known as the flatworm , grows to about two inches long , and has a greenish backside with a light underbelly— an underbelly that contains a mouth right in the middle .
in fact , there are even books devoted to taking advantage of the potential of using invasive species as a potential food source .
for full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .
sugiura s , tsuru t , yamaura y ( 2013 ) effects of an invasive alien tree on the diversity and temporal dynamics of an insect assemblage on an oceanic island . biol invasions 15 : 157–169 . doi :
informations on platydemus manokwari has been recorded for the following locations . click on the name for additional informations .
rt @ plathelminthe4 : my ' the invasive land planarian platydemus manokwari . . . ' article was published 2 years ago today in @ thepeerj https : / / t…
sugiura , s . & y . yamaura . 2009 . potential impacts of the invasive flatworm platydemus manokwari on arboreal snails , biol invasions 11 : 737 - 742 .
food habit of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1962 ( tricladida : terricola : rhynchodemidae ) , known . . .
the international union for conservation of nature included the worm on its most recent list of the 100 worst invasive alien species . the usda classifies invasive species as plants , animals or pathogens that are non - native to an ecosystem ,
whose introduction causes or is likely to cause harm .
the occurrence of the invasive flatworm platydemus manokwari in the jardin des plantes , caen , in the department of basse - normandie ( normandy , france ) , is the first record of the species in europe .
platydemus manokwari has been recorded to feed mainly on land gastropod molluscs , and also on earthworms , insects and nemerteans .
lemos vs , canello r , leal - zanchet am . carnivore mollusks as natural enemies of invasive land flatworms .
secretariat of nobanis 2012 . riskmapping for 100 nonnative species in europe . copenhagen : nobanis—european network on invasive alien species . available at urltoken .
chiba s ( 2010a ) invasive non - native species’ provision of refugia for endangered native species . conserv biol 24 : 1141–1147 . doi :
invasive species might be bad for the environment , but many of them are good enough to eat .
, as well as other plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .
sugiura s ( 2009 ) seasonal fluctuation of invasive flatworm predation pressure on land snails : implications for the range expansion and impacts of invasive species . biol conserv 142 : 3013–3019
in some cases , the best policy for dealing with invasive species is just to leave them alone , particularly if they occupy a crucial ecological niche that they or other invasive plants and animals forced another species to vacate .
lowe s , browne m , boudjelas s , de poorter m ( 2000 ) 100 of the world ' s worst invasive alien species a selection from the global invasive species database . issg , ssc , iucn , auckland
convention on biological diversity what are invasive alien species ? 2009 . available at urltoken ( accessed 6 february 2014 )
) . thus , resource competition with introduced plant species has negatively impacted native plant species .
sugiura s ( 2009 ) seasonal fluctuation of invasive flatworm predation pressure on land snails : implications for the range expansion and impacts of invasive species . biol conserv 142 : 3013–3019 . doi :
the global invasive species database was developed and is managed by the invasive species specialist group ( issg ) of the species survival commission ( ssc ) of the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . it was developed as part of the global initiative on invasive species led by the erstwhile global invasive species programme ( gisp ) in 2000 . the gisd over the past two years and has been redesigned with support from the abu dhabi environment agency , the italian ministry of environment and ispra - the institute for environmental protection and research , italy . terms and conditions of use
one common tactic for reducing populations of invasive species is simply to make their importing them from their native habitat illegal .
the worm ( platydemus manokwari ) is on the
100 worst invasive alien species
list , and is now newly located in new caledonia , singapore , the solomon islands , puerto rico and florida , according to the study , which is published in peerj .
platydemus manokwari has been recorded from more than 15 different territories , in asia and oceania ; our record in france is the first for europe .
de beauchamp , p . 1963 . platydemus manokwari in . sp . , planaire terrestre de la nouvelle - guin�e hollandaise . bulletin de la soci�t� zoologique de france 87 ( 5 - 6 , december 1962 issue ) : 609 - 615 . summary : the original description of platydemus manokwari .
) , an invasive alien species on the ogasawara islands . in : kawakami k , okochi i ( eds ) restoring the oceanic island ecosystem . springer , tokyo , pp 145–152 . doi :
platydemus manokwari is able to prey on a variety of gastropod molluscs , on nemerteans , earthworms and woodlice , and on other species of land planarians . all reports of prey refer to adults .
sugiura , s . 2009 . seasonal fluctuation of invasive flatworm predation pressure on land snails : implications for the range expansion and impacts of invasive species , biological conservation 142 : 3013 - 3019 .
depending upon the outcome of an environmental risk assessment and related investigations , threats from platydemus manokwari may need to be responded to in a similar manner to the invasive new zealand flatworm arthurdendyus triangulatus . this species is now subject to an eppo standard regarding import requirements ( eppo , 2000a ) and nursery inspection , exclusion and treatment ( eppo , 2000b ) for the flatworm ( murchie , 2010 ) . the problem with p . manokwari is that even though it is primarily an environmental threat , it does not “indirectly affect plants through the effects on other organisms” . consequently there is the possibility that responsibility for managing this invasive species may fall between the remits of agricultural and environmental regulatory bodies . this could delay effective management of p . manokwari .
p . manokwari is a large predatory flatworm , originally discovered in new guinea , which has been deliberately introduced into some pacific islands in an attempt to control an invasion of the giant east african s . . .
until now , platydemus manokwari was confined to the indo - pacific region . the present record in france is a significant westerly extension of the occurrence of p . manokwari from the indo - pacific region to europe .
a worm called one of the world ' s
worst
invasive species by conservationists has been found in the united states for the first time , an international team of researchers announced on tuesday .
the land planarian platydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1963 or “new guinea flatworm” is an invasive species , recorded in 15 countries in the world , and recently in france in a hothouse ( justine et al . , 2014 ) . platydemus manokwari is the only flatworm listed in the “100 world’s worst invasive alien species” ( lowe et al . , 2000 ) ; it is a predator of land snails and is considered a danger to endemic snails wherever it has been introduced . its distribution records , reproduction , biology , prey lists , impacts , and possible control options were recently reviewed ( justine et al . , 2014 ) .
winsor l . the new guinea flatworm— platydemus manokwari : predator of land snails . 1999 . terrestrial flatworms infosheet no . 6 . james cook university .
p . manokwari feeds on live land snails of an endemic species of the ogasawara islands , japan ( mandarina aureola ) under laboratory conditions ( okochi et al . , 2004 ) . p . manokwari also feeds on live snails of the predatory species euglandina rosea as well as other snail and slug species ( ohbayashi et al . , 2005 ) . furthermore , p . manokwari feeds on dead earthworms , and thus can survive in areas where snails have been absent since their invasion ( ohbayashi et al . , 2005 ; sugiura et al . , 2006 ) . p . manokwari feeds on live flatworms of other species ( ohbayashi et al . , 2005 ) .
p . manokwari feeds on live land snails of an endemic species of the ogasawara islands , japan ( mandarina aureola ) under laboratory conditions ( okochi et al . , 2004 ) . p . manokwari also feeds on live snails of the predatory species euglandina rosea as well as other snail and slug species ( ohbayashi et al . , 2005 ) . furthermore , p . manokwari feeds on dead earthworms , and thus can survive in areas where snails have been absent since their invasion ( ohbayashi et al . , 2005 ; sugiura et al . , 2006 ) . p . manokwari feeds on live flatworms of other species ( ohbayashi et al . , 2005 ) .
with it . genetic testing reveals that there are two different geographic lineages but areas where the beetle is invasive , they have hybridized . the two lineages may be considered as two separate species .
state fish and wildlife departments monitor the potential introduction of invasive plants and animals from outside their jurisdictions . alligatorweed , for example , is an invasive aquatic plant that originated in south america and can not only endanger native species , but also put humans at risk by reducing water quality .
the serious negative environmental impacts of platydemus manokwari on the biodiversity of native land snails in the indo - pacific are well documented . the risks posed by the incursion of this species in france have not yet been assessed . the european union has recently proposed new legislation to prevent and manage the rapidly growing threat to biodiversity from invasive species ( european commission , 2013 ) . the proposal centres on a list of invasive alien species of concern for europe , which will be drawn up with the member states using risk assessments and scientific evidence . whether or not platydemus manokwari will be included on this list remains to be seen .
eldredge lg , smith bd , 1994 . introductions and transfers of the triclad flatworm platydemus manokwari . tentacle , 4 : 8 ( also reprinted as ‘triclad flatworm tours the pacific’ in alien , 2 : 11 , 1995 ) .
kawakatsu , m . , m . nishino & a . ohtaka . 2007 . platydemus manokwari , used previously as a biological control agent abroad for the giant african snail , japanese journal of limnology 68 : 461 - 46 .
) , other snail - eating flatworm species ( e . g . , unidentified species of the genus
disturbance by introduced species ( e . g . , disturbance of seabird colonies by goats ) is an important factor leading to the local extinction of native species ( chiba et al .
provide an overview of the spread of the flatworm to islands in the pacific .
bad news : notorious invasive worm just found in u . s . - seeker
our promise peerj promises to address all issues as quickly and professionally as possible . we thank you in advance for your patience and understanding .
justine jl , winsor l , gey d , gros p , thévenot j , 2014 . the invasive new guinea flatworm platydemus manokwari in france , the first record for europe : time for action is now . peerj , 2 : e297 . urltoken
) . for extinct and declining native species at local sites and / or islands , i considered studies that reported direct observations of feeding on native species by introduced species as evidence of predation and herbivory impacts . gut content analysis that documented feeding on native species by introduced species was also considered evidence of predation . native species that are in decline can share resources ( e . g . , foods ) with introduced species . i considered such resource sharing between native and introduced species a competition impact .
easin ( european alien species information network ) terrestrial alien species in europe . 2014 . available at urltoken .
jessica thévenot analyzed the data , reviewed drafts of the paper , provided administrative contacts and information concerning regulation of invasive species , made maps .
gurevitch j , padilla dk ( 2004 ) are invasive species a major cause of extinctions ? trends ecol evol 19 : 470–474 . doi :
predation of terrestrial flatworms by herpetofauna has also been investigated . the flatworm bipalium adventitium hyman , 1943 , invasive in north america , was offered by ducey et al . ( 1999 ) to six species of salamanders and two species of snakes ; none of the herpetofaunal species tested treated bipalium adventitium as a potential prey item .
, an endemic land snail of the ogasawara islands . glob environ res 17 : 29–37
winsor l , 1999 . the new guinea flatworm - platydemus manokwari : predator of land snails . terrestrial flatworm infosheet no 6 . townsville , australia : james cook university .
uh oh ! invasive asian carp shown to have reproduced in great lakes . . .
the distribution and food habit of the flatworm species platydemus manokwari which is known to be a predator of land snails , were examined on chichijima island of the ogasawara ( bonin ) islands , japan . p . manokwari was distributed over a wide area of the island . few live land snails were found in the area where p . manokwari was distributed . further , it was revealed that p . manokwari fed not . . . [ show full abstract ]
waterhouse & norris ( 1987 ) considered that p . manokwari appeared to be an opportunistic carnivore and generally unselective in the choice of prey . success of platydemus manokwari as a biological control agent for achatina fulica can be attributed to its polyphagy , resistance to starvation , ability to survive and reproduce on alternative prey and potential to reproduce rapidly in synchrony with prey populations ( winsor , johns & barker , 2004 ) .
invasive species specialist group ( issg ) a specialist group of the species survival commission ( ssc ) of the world conservation union ( iucn ) ; 2000 . 12pp first published as special lift - out in aliens 12 , december 2000 updated and reprinted version : november 2004 .
it’s very flat , it’s two inches long and less than a quarter inch wide . it’s black and olive in color with a stripe down its back ; it has an elongated head with big black eyes and mouth in the middle of its belly . it’s name is platydemus manokwari and although on first glance it just seems a harmless ground - dwelling worm , in fact it can climb trees . which it does to eat snails , and eat them it does . the new guinea flatworm , as p . manokwari is commonly called , consumes snails with voracity and endangers endemic species . it is considered such a threatening invasive species that it holds the distinction of being the only land planarian ( flatworm ) to be included in “100 worst invasive alien species” list .
we recently identified non - indigenous terrestrial flatworms found in a hothouse in caen ( france ) as the new guinea flatworm platydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1963 . the identity of these flatworms was subsequently confirmed by molecular analysis of coi sequences . platydemus manokwari is among the “100 world’s worst invader alien species” ( lowe et al . , 2000 ) . in this paper , we present evidence for the identification of the species in france , the first record in europe , and provide a brief review of the records of the species in the world , lists of its known prey , and possible control options .
just posted on eddmaps tools & training page is a pdf for
eddmaps : using the bugwood smartphone apps
. this pdf provides an easy to use guide for collecting and reporting data on invasive species with the bugwood smartphone apps .
the status of invasive plants , vertebrates , arthropods , molluscs , and crustaceans , and options for a regional invasive species strategy for the south pacific are presented in this series of articles from the south pacific regional environment programme , 2000 .
. . . the introduction of the snail - eating flatworm platydemus manokwari ( tricladida : rhynchodemidae ) has been considered a cause of the extinction of native land snails on several pacific islands . although p . manokwari is known to attack land snails on the ground , whether p . manokwari attacks snails on trees remains unclear . to clarify the effect of p . manokwari on arboreal snails , we examined survival . . .
shimizu y ( 1988 ) vegetation of mt . kuwanoki in the bonin ( ogasawara ) islands with reference to the invasion of an introduced tree species (
winsor l , 1998 . the role of the atrial diverticulum in the copulatory apparatus of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp ( tricladida : terricola ) . hydrobiologia , 383 : 83 - 89 .
zavaleta es , hobbs rj , mooney ha ( 2001 ) viewing invasive species removal in a whole - ecosystem context . trends ecol evol 16 : 454–459
i would suggest that anyone interested in invasive species should check out their local eppc , ipc , or equivalent organization to learn how they can participate .
is a serious concern in the conservation of the land snails . accidental introductions as well as intentional ones should be actively prevented . artificial removal in japan of
platydemus manokwari occurs at pindaunde station , mt . wilhelm at 3625 m altitude ( de beauchamp , 1972 ; winsor , 1990 ) , where it was found under stones together with platydemus longibulbus ( de beauchamp , 1972 ) and platydemus pindaudei ( de beauchamp , 1972 ) , and at kainantu at 1558 m altitude in the eastern highlands of new guinea ( winsor , 1990 ) . the natural range of this upland species has yet to be determined .
as yet there are no known specific biological control methods for platydemus manokwari . terrestrial flatworms are considered to be top - level predators in the soil ecosystem ( sluys , 1999 ) . although nothing appears to be known about natural enemies of platydemus manokwari , examples of predation on other species of land planarians by soil and associated fauna are known , mostly under laboratory conditions . they include an instance of predation of the neotropical species obama trigueira ( e . m . froehlich , 1955 ) by enterosyringia pseudorhynchodemus ( riester , 1938 ) ( froehlich , 1956 ) , and predation of five species of land planarians by p . manokwari ( ohbayashi et al . , 2005 ) . a chance field observation led to laboratory findings that arthurdendyus triangulatus was eaten by larvae and adults of species of a carabid and a staphylinid beetles ( gibson , cosens & buchanan , 1997 ) .
beauchamp p de , 1962 . platydemus manokwari n . sp . planaire terrestre de la nouvelle - guinée hollandaise . bulletin de la société zoologique de france , 87 : 609 - 616 .
invasion of a site by platydemus manokwari may directly and indirectly impact on native and introduced arboreal , terrestrial soil and to a much lesser extent semi - aquatic slow - moving invertebrate fauna .
is considered to have competitively excluded native trees . other introduced plants , such as
european commission press release 09 / 09 / 2013 . environment : new eu action to protect biodiversity against problematic invasive species . 2013 . available at urltoken .
) . each cocoon contained an average of 5 . 2 juveniles ( 3 to 9 ) (
, on an oceanic island after feral goat extermination . weed res 50 : 472–480 . doi :
abe t , wada k , kato y , makino si , okochi i ( 2011b ) alien pollinator promotes invasive mutualism in an insular pollination system . biol invasions 13 : 957–967 . doi :
the platydemus manokwari , also called the new guinea flatworm , poses a major threat to the planet ' s snail biodiversity , according to an article published in the scientific journal peerj .
it is considered a danger to endemic snails wherever it has been introduced ,
the report states .
iwai n , sugiura s , chiba s . prey - tracking behavior in the invasive terrestrial planarian
is it time to start thinking of recipes for new guinea flatworm ? ( see why here : cooking invasive species may be the new ethical food frontier . )
in a series of trials by lemos , canello & leal - zanchet ( 2012 ) the native neotropical carnivorous mollusc rectartemon depressus ( heynemann , 1868 ) was found to successfully predate upon specimens of at least 10 species of geoplanid terrestrial flatworms as well as five undescribed species of geoplana , and also the introduced species bipalium kewense . whether other species of carnivorous molluscs successfully predate upon flatworms is not yet known . platydemus manokwari predates upon at least two species of carnivorous molluscs observed in the field ( ohbayashi et al . , 2005 ) : the rosy wolf snail euglandina rosea ( de férussac , 1821 ) and gonaxis quadrilateralis ( preston , 1901 ) ; both these mollusc species were introduced in an attempt to control the giant african snail achatina fulica in the pacific region ( davis & butler , 1964 ; lydeard et al . , 2004 ) .
a study by princeton researchers in 2011 found that invasive ship rats brought to new zealand ' s north island when europeans first arrived devastated local populations of birds and bats . as pollinators , the native species were an important part of the ecosystem , but the ship rats have filled that role . as one of the researchers explained in a press release ,
the killer stepped in to do the job of its victim .
bugwood ' s invasive species coordinator and eddmaps data coordinator were in chapel hill , nc for the joint southeast exotic pest plant council and north carolina invasive plant council meeting . it was held at the north carolina botanical garden and was attended by representatives of the southeastern u . s . from all fields concerned with invasive species : industry / commercial agents , university researchers and staff , state and federal agency employees , etc .
anonymous . 2000 . flatworm ( platydemus manokwari ) in samoa . sapa newsletter april - june 2000 - issue 2 / 00 3 - 4 . summary : records presence in samoa . good illustration .
platydemus manokwari with white pharynx protruding from the underside , ingesting soft tissues of a specimen of the mediterranean snail . ( photo : pierre gros ) / cc by - nc - sa 4 . 0
but even getting to an airport could be risky , u . s . officials warned . the u . s . state department issued an alert sunday urging its citizens on the island to shelter in place and not to go to an airport unless travelers had confirmed their departing flight was taking off .
representative examples of top - down impacts by introduced species on native species in the ogasawara islands . a introduced green anole lizard , anolis carolinensis ; b introduced flatworm , platydemus manokwari ; c introduced goat , capra aegagrus ; d endemic butterfly , celastrina ogasawaraensis ; e endemic snail , boninosuccinea ogasawarae ; f endemic plant , lobelia boninensis
hot water tolerance of p . manokwari has been reported , but sugiura ( 2008 ) reports that immersion in water at ≥ 43°c for 5 min ) kills p . manokwari .
) . these impacts were not included in this survey . additionally , positive impacts of introduced species on native organisms and negative impacts of native species on introduced species were excluded from this study .
extremes in the density of dorsal pigmentation may cause p . manokwari to be confused with platydemus bivittatus recorded from milne bay , new guinea , and platydemus quadristriatus from the tonga islands . specimens with heavily pigmented dorsal stripes , as may occur in old individuals , could approach the external appearance of p . bivittatus , but would lack the fine dark median pre - ocular stripe present in the latter species . also the distance between the mouth and gonopore in p . bivittatus is considerably less than in a similar sized specimen of p . manokwari . the two species can be readily distinguished on the basis of their internal anatomy . similarly , specimens of p . manokwari in which only the margins of the brown dorsal stripes are evident on a lighter ground colour ( as in a specimen from lockhart river , queensland , australia ) approach p . quadristriatus , although may be distinguished from this species by a pale dorsal median stripe present in p . manokwari .
barker , g . m . 2002 . molluscs as crop pests . cabi publishing .
australopacifica sp . , bipalium kewense , bipalium sp . , platydemus sp . 1 ; p . sp . 2
compiled by : dr . robert h . cowie , center for conservation research and training , university of hawaii & iucn / ssc invasive species specialist group ( issg )
molluscs are very uncommon in human - modified habitats in northern australia . the accidental spread of the species can readily occur . one such transfer of the species in australia is reported ; the flatworm harboured in the hollow tuber of a houseplant alocasia sent from cardwell , queensland , to weipa , cape york peninsula ( waterhouse and norris , 1987 ) . the invasiveness of the species in some pacific countries is probably further promoted by the deliberate introduction as a biocontrol agent by humans , and the ready availability of preferred prey , such as achatina and native mollusc species . the proximity of agricultural land to native forest in these areas may also facilitate the spread of the species . the occurrence of the species in native cloud forest at 675 metres altitude on pohnpei ( eldredge and smith , 1994 ) , and in forest at 365 metres altitude on anatahan island ( kawakatsu and ogren , 1994 ) , together with the arboreal habits and fecundity of p . manokwari are particular causes for concern . p . manokwari is included in the 100 worst invasive species in the global invasive species programme ( gisp ) database urltoken
molluscs are very uncommon in human - modified habitats in northern australia . the accidental spread of the species can readily occur . one such transfer of the species in australia is reported ; the flatworm harboured in the hollow tuber of a houseplant alocasia sent from cardwell , queensland , to weipa , cape york peninsula ( waterhouse and norris , 1987 ) . the invasiveness of the species in some pacific countries is probably further promoted by the deliberate introduction as a biocontrol agent by humans , and the ready availability of preferred prey , such as achatina and native mollusc species . the proximity of agricultural land to native forest in these areas may also facilitate the spread of the species . the occurrence of the species in native cloud forest at 675 metres altitude on pohnpei ( eldredge and smith , 1994 ) , and in forest at 365 metres altitude on anatahan island ( kawakatsu and ogren , 1994 ) , together with the arboreal habits and fecundity of p . manokwari are particular causes for concern . p . manokwari is included in the 100 worst invasive species in the global invasive species programme ( gisp ) database urltoken
to celebrate , uab sustainability held an electric car show “to help people see the different options that are out there if they wanted to purchase an electric vehicle , ” said julie price , uab sustainability manager .
yamashita n , ishida a , kushima h , tanaka n ( 2000 ) acclimation to sudden increase in light favoring an invasive over native trees in subtropical islands , japan . oecologia 125 : 412–419 . doi :
the garlic mustard , a noxious plant that spreads rapidly , is evolving a counter - resistance , setting off a kind of chemical warfare among the native and invasive species .
predation by platydemus manokwari on acusta despecta sieboldiana and bradybaena similaris eggs did not occur during the experiment . some p . manokwari individuals were observed crawling on the eggs , but they did not seem to recognize them as food . however , once snails hatched , p . manokwari individuals of various sizes ( 5–270 mg ) preyed on hatchlings of a . d . sieboldiana , although the smallest p . manokwari specimen ( 2 mg ) did not . predation behaviours were not observed , but one p . manokwari individual was found holding a cleared snail shell , covering it with its ventral body near the pharynx . platydemus manokwari should be able to move small snails to its pharynx using its muscular body ; thus , no ‘gape limit’ for predation on land snail hatchlings should exist . although insufficient number of b . similaris hatchlings prevented us from conducting predation experiments on hatchlings of this species , hatchlings of b . similaris were also predated right after hatching , indicating that our result should be robust for multiple species of snails .
the 2 - mg p . manokwari specimen did not feed on hatchlings of a . d . sieboldiana . this individual may have been too small to attack a snail by itself . as gregarious attacks by p . manokwari allow them to prey on larger land snails ( sugiura , 2010 ) , small p . manokwari individuals may only be able to feed on land snails when joining larger p . manokwari in attacking snails . kaneda et al . ( 1990 ) reported that the size of p . manokwari hatchlings ranged from 0 . 8 to 26 . 4 mg ( mean ± sd , 11 . 77 ± 6 . 56 ) , and extremely small hatchlings usually died within a few days . in our experiment , the smallest p . manokwari individual that preyed on snail hatchlings was 5 mg , which suggests that almost all active p . manokwari , regardless of size , could prey on snails as small as 2 mm .
. it is an effective predator that poses a serious threat to native snails . vulnerable native snails threatened by
platydemus manokwari has been used as a biological control agent for the giant african snail . alien soil animals can be unintentionally introduced by commercial trade among islands and continental landmasses ( sugiura 2008 ) . globalisation of commercial trade may have helped the transfer to non - invaded areas ( sugiura 2009 ) . movement of ornamental plants , potted plants , and other materials with soil can transfer p . manokwari to new areas ( sugiura 2009 ) . quarantine procedures for potted plants and other soil containing materials that can carry invasive flatworms are needed to protect against invasions in warming temperate areas ( sugiura 2008 , in sugiura 2009 ) . platydemus manokwari can readily be transported by soil on construction machines ( okochi et al . 2004 ) .
a university of georgia study conducted in 2012 found that some native clearweed plants in the peach state have evolved resistance to garlic mustard , an invasive plant first introduced 150 years ago to the united states from europe .
platydemus manokwari has a most unpleasant astringent taste ( l winsor , pers . obs . , 1994 ) , just as has been noted for other species ( dendy , 1891 ) . bellwood ( d bellwood , pers . comm . to lw , 1997 ) in his private urban garden , remarked that free - range domestic bantams that noticed p . manokwari on an upturned log pecked at , took the flatworms into their mouths , then immediately rejected them ; when at a much later time p . manokwari was subsequently noticed by the bantams they refused to peck at the flatworms . this is similar to behaviour of domestic fowls offered caenoplana spenceri ( dendy , 1891 ) . predation of flatworms by native species of birds has not been reported .
freed la , cann rl ( 2009 ) negative effects of an introduced bird species on growth and survival in a native bird community . curr biol 19 : 1736–1740 . doi :
bowdich and other achatinidae as pests in tropical agriculture . in : barker gm , editor .
first - person essays , features , interviews and q & as ; about life today .
did you know that there is an interactive database of invasive species eradications on islands ? the database of island invasive species eradications has compiled information worldwide for islands that have eradication programs for invasive species . you can click on any of the marked islands and a details box will popup and show what the target species are , what stage the program is in ( in progress , successful , or failed ) , and the last date of progress update . many of the islands off of the u . s . coast have eradicated ungulates ( sheep , goats , deer , etc . ) , rabbits , dogs , cats , and rodents . you can also search by a few different filters if you are interested in a certain species , place , or eradication status or method .
an undesirable consequence of globalization , a relatively modern phenomenon , has been an increase in the number of biological invasions that challenge the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources ( secretariat of nobanis , 2012 ; simberloff , 2014 ) . invasive alien species ( ias ) have been defined as “plants , animals , pathogens and other organisms that are non - native to an ecosystem , and which may cause economic or environmental harm or adversely affect human health . in particular , they impact adversely upon biodiversity , including decline or elimination of native species–through competition , predation , or transmission of pathogens–and the disruption of local ecosystems and ecosystem functions” ( convention on biological diversity , 2009 ) .
a number of species of terrestrial flatworms will , when moisture conditions are right , seek prey above the ground . platydemus manokwari has been observed feeding on both juvenile and adult partulid snails at heights above one metre in trees , and in captivity the flatworm fed on specimens of partula sp . and pythia sp . ( eldredge & smith , 1995 ; hopper & smith , 1992 ) . experimentally , p . manokwari has been shown to track artificially created snail scent trails on the ground ( iwai , sugiura & chiba , 2010 ) , and up trees , supporting the hypothesis that the introduction of p . manokwari is an important cause in the rapid decline or extinction of native arboreal snails as well as ground - dwelling snails on pacific islands ( sugiura & yamaura , 2008 ) .
satoshi , c . 2003 . species diversity and conservation of mandarina , an endemic land snail of the ogasawara islands . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 4 march 2006 ]
tiger prawns in the gulf , asian carp in the great lakes and many other species have been put on the menu in their respective locales in an attempt to thin their numbers .
in france , the current situation is that p . manokwari is confined to a single hothouse in the jardin des plantes in caen , but is not eradicated . eradication is still an issue of concern , because the species could be a major threat to various soil invertebrates , especially snails , including endemic species ( justine et al . , 2014 ) .
jones hd . the african and european land planarians faunas , with an identification guide for field workers in europe .
jones hd . the african and european land planarian faunas , with an identification guide for field workers in europe .
this invasive plant is swallowing the u . s . at the rate of 50 , 000 ba . . .
corlett rt ( 2010 ) invasive aliens on tropical east asian islands . biodivers conserv 19 : 411–423 . doi :
to find final - stage eggs , p . manokwari might have to cross over an egg by chance , because no trail would exist for the flatworm to follow . platydemus manokwari and land snails are often found beneath stones or logs , sharing microhabitats that are close to each other ( winsor et al . , 2004 ) , and encounters between p . manokwari and land snail eggs should occur frequently . as eggs cannot escape , predation by p . manokwari on final - stage eggs should have a strong influence on snail mortality rates . moreover , invasive flatworms have been found in many pacific islands , where minute genera , whose shells are less than 10 mm , constitute 60 % of the snail fauna ( vagvolgyi , 1976 ) . for effective conservation of land snails , we need to recognize that flatworms can act as significant predators on them , including small - bodied snails and hatchlings , leaving only early - stage eggs free from predation .
mean survival rates of eggs ( a , experiment 1 ) and hatchlings ( b , experiment 3 ) of acusta despecta sieboldiana under predation by platydemus manokwari ( flatworm ) and without predation ( control ) . five eggs or hatchlings were placed in a container with one individual p . manokwari on day 0 . bars indicate se .
many diurnal insect populations have been declining as a result of predation by introduced lizards ( fig .
in this study , i investigated intratrophic and intertrophic interactions by introduced species that have had significant negative impacts on native species in the ogasawara islands . many native species have been negatively impacted by introduced predators and herbivores ( table
pennsylvania is enlisting the help of the public to fight the spread of aquatic invasive species . two signs they are posting to help increase public awareness of the problems caused by aquatic invasives .
kaneda m , kitagawa k , ichinohe f , 1990 . laboratory rearing method and biology of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp ( tricladida : terricola : rhynchodemidae ) . applied entomology and zoology , 25 ( 4 ) : 524 - 528 .
kaneda m , kitagawa k , nagai h , ichinohe f , 1992 . the effects of temperature and prey species on the development and fecundity of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp ( tricladida : terricola : rhynchodemidae ) . research bulletin of the plant protection service , japan , no . 28 : 7 - 11 .
p . manokwari invasion can affect human health , because p . manokwari is a paratenic host of the nematode angiostrongylus cantonensis which causes ‘angiostrongyliasis’ ( asato et al . , 2004 ) . fresh vegetables contaminated with infected p . manokwari can be a source of human infection ( asato et al . , 2004 ) .
terrestrial flatworms ( land planarians ; terricola ) are predators of various soil invertebrates , such as earthworms , land snails , slugs , and arthropods ( ogren 1995 , winsor et al . 2004 , in sugiura 2009 ) . it was revealed that in the chichijima island , japan , p . manokwari fed not only on live land snails including predatory species , but also on other food resources such as live flatworms or a land nemertean species and the carcasses of slugs and earthworms ( ohbayashi et al . 2005 ) . while p . manokwari feeds on slow - moving soil animals such as earthworms , it prefers live snails over other organisms ( sugiura 2010 ) .
justine j - l , winsor l , gey d , gros p , thévenot j . the invasive new guinea flatworm
nutrition terrestrial flatworms ( land planarians ; terricola ) are predators of various soil invertebrates , such as earthworms , land snails , slugs , and arthropods ( ogren 1995 , winsor et al . 2004 , in sugiura 2009 ) . it was revealed that in the chichijima island , japan , p . manokwari fed not only on live land snails including predatory species , but also on other food resources such as live flatworms or a land nemertean species and the carcasses of slugs and earthworms ( ohbayashi et al . 2005 ) . while p . manokwari feeds on slow - moving soil animals such as earthworms , it prefers live snails over other organisms ( sugiura 2010 ) .
ohbayashi t , okochi i , sato h , ono t , 2005 . food habit of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1962 ( tricladida : terricola : rhynchodemidae ) , known as a predatory flatworm of land snails in the ogasawara ( bonin ) islands , japan . applied entomology and zoology , 40 ( 4 ) : 609 - 614 .
p . manokwari , described by beauchamp in 1962 , was first found at the dutch new guinea agricultural research station in the coastal town manokwari , northwestern irian jaya , indonesia . it is the
rhynchodemid turbellarian
considered to be responsible for the disappearance of the giant african snail in some parts of manokwari ( schreurs , 1963 ; mead , 1979 ) . the species platydemus joliveti , collected in 1969 from pindaude station on mt wilhelm , new guinea , was considered to be a neo - adult p . manokwari by winsor ( 1990 ) . flatworm specimen numbers 2078 and 2080 identified as
microplaninae sp .
from anatahan island , northern mariana islands ( kawakatsu and ogren , 1994 ) , are also considered to be p . manokwari ( l winsor , james cook university , townsville , australia , personal communication , 2004 ) .
, from a specimen collected in brest ( france ) and kept in the mnhn collection as mnhn jl95 , was used as outgroup for the nj tree . for several specimens only “short” sequences were obtained (
platydemus manokwari ( new guinea flatworm ) ; ( a ) dorsolateral aspect showing typical pattern of markings ; ( b ) anterior end showing eyes ; ( c ) ventrolateral aspect showing typical pattern of markings . ( drawings not to scale . )
kaneda , m . , kitagawa , k . , ichinohe , f . 1990 . laboratory rearing method and biology of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp ( tricladida : terricola : rhynchodemidae ) , applied entomology and zoology 25 ( 4 ) : abstract .
as humans have spread across the islands of the world we have taken with us , either purposefully or inadvertently , a remarkable array of plant and animal species ( see box 11 . 2 ) . these anthropogenic introductions are variously called exotic , alien or non - native species . some species persist simply as domesticated ( animal ) or cultivated ( plant ) species , while others become naturalized , i . e . they form self - sustaining populations within modified habitats ( henderson et al . 2006 ) . of these , some become feral or invasive , expanding into intact or semi - intact habitats . of this subset , a few species cause serious ecological impacts . these species are termed ecosystem transformers ( henderson et al . 2006 ) . based on a review of numerous case studies , williamson ( 1996 ) has suggested that only about 10 % of introduced species become established , with in turn about 10 % of these species achieving pest status .
) . additionally , intense herbivory by introduced mammals such as goats has caused the extinction of or decline in native plant species on islands ( e . g . , campbell and donlan
three of the chargers are in the hourly section , and six are in an area used for long - term parking .
the introduction of the snail - eating flatworm platydemus manokwari ( tricladida : rhynchodemidae ) has been considered a cause of the extinction of native land snails on several pacific islands . although p . manokwari is known to attack land snails on the ground , whether p . manokwari attacks snails on trees remains unclear . to clarify the effect of p . manokwari on arboreal snails , we examined survival rates of land snails experimentally placed on tree trunks ( 0 . 5–2 . 0 m above the ground ) in a forest on chichijima , ogasawara ( bonin ) islands , in the northwestern pacific ocean . the survival of snails experimentally placed on tree trunks with artificially created snail scent trails rapidly decreased for 7 days , and the mortality was caused by p . manokwari predation . however , snails placed on tree trunks without snail scent trails were not attacked by p . manokwari . therefore , p . manokwari climbed tree trunks , likely tracking the snail scent . we found that over 40 % of the snails placed on tree trunks with snail scent trails were eaten by p . manokwari within 7 days . this experiment supports the hypothesis that p . manokwari predation is an important cause of the rapid decline or extinction of native arboreal snails on pacific islands .
some species of terrestrial planarians ( flatworms ) are among the predators of land snails , but their predatory impacts have not been sufficiently studied . flatworms are known to follow snail trails to find prey and enter shells to consume snails ; however , eggs ( which do not have trails to follow ) and snails whose shells are too small for flatworms to enter may not be eaten . to determine whether an invasive flatworm , platydemus manokwari , preys on snail eggs or small land snails , we conducted a laboratory experiment in which we fed five eggs or five hatchlings ( 2 mm in diameter ) of a common land snail species found in japan to p . manokwari individuals of various sizes . egg predation did not occur within 10 days , but hatchling predation commenced on the first night ; only 9 % of the hatchlings remained on day 10 . platydemus manokwari did not recognize early - stage eggs as food , but started preying on eggs just before they hatched . flatworms can therefore be a significant predator on land snails , preying on even tiny land snails , leaving only early - stage eggs free from predation .
until now , platydemus manokwari was confined to the indo - pacific region within the bounds of the ogasawara islands , japan in the north ; near mackay in queensland , australia to the south ; french polynesia to the east ; with the most westerly extent of the flatworm in the maldives . the caen record of this species is a significant westerly extension of the occurrence of p . manokwari from the indo - pacific region to europe .
) , but generally are not collected from soil or litter using dry extraction methods such as berlese - funnel extractors . extracting terricola from soil samples using wet extractors such as those of macfayden or kempson ( in
historic biological invasions include the passive dispersal of terrestrial flatworms , also known as land planarians . the main driver for this was probably horticulturalists of the 19th century using the then recently invented wardian cases to safely transport back to the hothouses and gardens of europe rare plants , together with soil containing cryptic exotic animal species ( winsor , johns & barker , 2004 ) . as a consequence , over 30 species of land planarians have established themselves as non - indigenous species in various countries outside their native range ( winsor , johns & barker , 2004 ) .
muniappan r , duhamel g , santiago rm , acay dr , 1986 . giant african snail control in bugsuk island , philippines , by platydemus manokwari . . oléagineux , 41 ( 4 ) : 183 - 188 ; [ 5 pl . ] .
muniappan , r , g . duhamel , r . m . santiago & d . r . acay . 1986 . giant african snail control in bugsuk island , philippines , by platydemus manokwari , oleagineux 41 ( 4 ) : 183 - 188 .
) is an invasive species found primarily in the southwest u . s . , though it has been documented in several counties across the whole southeast . the biggest concern with buffelgrass is that it can transform a shrub and scrub habitat into a grassland , crowding out all the native vegetation , and can rapidly deplete the soil of nutrients . it is prized as a pasture grass in many areas due to the same reasons that make it a successful invasive ; rapid establishment , high yield , high nutrient load , and adaptability to many weather conditions and environments .


hypolycaena condamini , the senegal hairstreak , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in senegal and guinea .

the habitat consists of guinea savanna .

hypolycaena condamini

hypolycaena is a butterfly genus in the family lycaenidae . hypolycaena species are found in the australasian ecozone , the indomalaya ecozone and the afrotropic ecozone .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
a widespread paleotropical genus , ranging from west africa to australia . there is some question ( e . g . , parsons 1999 ) regarding the monophyly of this genus : there are species groups with significant morphological and behavioral differences .
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ackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .
corbet , a . s . , pendlebury , h . m . & eliot , j . n . 1992 the butterflies of the malay peninsula . kuala lumpur : malayan nature society .
larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .
parsons , m . 1999 the butterflies of papua new guinea : their systematics and biology . san diego : academic press .
vane - wright , r . i . & de jong , r . 2003 the butterflies of sulawesi : annotated checklist for a critical island fauna . zoologische verhandelingen 343 , 1 - 267 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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