the yellow-winged pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) , also known as the red-faced pytilia , is an african estrildid finch .

it has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 250,000 km ² .

it is commonly found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , the democratic republic of the congo , côte d'ivoire , ghana , guinea , liberia , nigeria , sierra leone and togo .

yellow - winged pytilia

scientific name : pytilia phoenicoptera = red winged . pytilia hypogrammica = yellow winged pytilia .
common name / s : aurora finch , aurora waxbill , crimson winged pytilia , red faced pytilia , red winged pytilia , yellow winged pytilia .
status in ( australian ) captivity : red winged = secure . red faced and yellow winged are harder to find .
a / a vol 59 no . 2 feb 2005 page 25 - 26 ( yellow winged pytilia - cover photo ) .
the yellow - winged pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) , also known as the red - faced pytilia , is an african estrildid finch . it has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 250 , 000 km 2 .
strike three in formulating my tree of pytilia genetics was / is the continuing debate as to the notion of the ‘split’ red - winged pytilia . some say that if a red - winged pytilia has one yellow parent it must be a split – in other words even though it looks like a red - winged pytilia it carries the gene for yellow wing colour in its genetic make up and if two such splits are mated together then it is possible to obtain yellow winged offspring .
the basics : the yellow - winged pytilia is a dashing african waxbill that shares a very close relationship ( and sometimes the name aurora finch ) with the red - winged pytilia . the rather rare yellow - wing is found in mostly open country in western central africa .
i have had no experience in keeping the yellow - winged pytilia , a colour variation of the red - faced pytilia , which is difficult to obtain and is kept by a few breeders , predominantly in victoria and tasmania . the red - faced pytilia is the dominant species , so let us hope that the dedicated few who are lucky enough to own the yellow - winged pytilia will have much success in keeping them .
cost ( victoria ) per pair : - red faced ( approx . ) $ 250 . red winged approx . $ 100 . yellow winged approx . $ 500 .
green - winged pytilia - pytilia melba - this common species of finch belongs to the family estrididae . it is found throughout most of sub - saharan af… | pinteres…
appearance : the adult male yellow - winged pytilia is much like the red - winged pytilia , a bird with a gray background color that possesses barred underparts and a red rump . however , his primary feathers are yellow instead of red , and he has a bright red face and a black tail . the female lacks the red face and is overall somewhat duller .
in australia , the melba finch pytilia melba and the aurora finch pytilia phoenicoptera are extremely popular and have been kept with good breeding results , for decades . in recent years , there has been increased interest in the red - faced pytilia pytilia hypogrammica and its very close look - alike , the yellow - winged red - faced pytilia , which is a colour variation with the same scientific name . it is not a subspecies .
breeders can have a struggle setting up pairs . it ' s a tough call to distinguish the yellow - winged pytilia female from its cousin , the red - winged pytilia . the birds may agree about that , since the two species apparently hybridize where they overlap in the wild . in captivity , you might sometimes encounter a red - faced , red - winged pytilia which turns out to be a yellow - winged pytilia with a bit of red - wing in its background . the red wing color is dominant over the yellow . australian breeders in particular have noted that they may have trouble finding pure - bred examples of either of these two species . fortunately , the hybrid is beautiful and requires the same care .
behavior / temperament : the yellow - winged pytilia is held in high regard by serious aviculturists as a peaceful aviary bird but the pure form may have been somewhat forgotten in the rush to create the more colorful red - faced red - winged pytilia hybrid . the nickname red - faced aurora adds to the confusion as well . this species does not like humans disturbing or checking their nest .
housing : yellow - winged pytilias will show beautifully in a large planted aviary , but you must monitor the situation to make sure that there is enough cover and nest sites for all the birds to nest safely without conflict . you should not allow them to share quarters with melba finches or other pytilias , because they will hybridize . an additional issue is that the feisty male melba finch may attack other red - faced birds , including his cousin , the yellow - winged pytilia .
payne , r . ( 2018 ) . yellow - winged pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the red - winged and yellow - winged pytilias are very similar in appearance with the males of both ‘types’ having the distinctive red head and , as the name suggests , with one having red wings and the other yellow . i once read somewhere that the husbandry for all three was very similar but it has been our experience that the aurora is the far easier species to propagate than either of the other ‘types’ .
basic seed mix should include canary seed , white french millet , japanese millet , and yellow and red panicum .
the family of finches called pytilia are a colourful and popular group of finches that are always in demand by australian and overseas aviculturists alike .
the red - faced pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) is a beautiful species that has gained popularity in recent years . it is very similar in nature to the aurora finch , although the plumage is more colourful . as the cock becomes older , the colourful plumage intensifies . the hen is slightly darker in colour than the aurora finch hen .
maybe , just maybe , this all came about because of the infusion of aurora blood that went into both the red & yellow - winged forms throughout their journey in our aviaries . every honest pytilia keeper will cite an example of where they purchased a pair of red - wing pytilas only to find they had a red - wing cock and a
hen
normal aurora male ! ! i even know of one person who used to cull these
grey headed hybrids
until i assured him that they were normal auroras and not some new hybrid at all .
fast forward a few months and he rang me back and said he had just had a ‘hen’ yellow - wing dna sexed and it confirmed that the bird was a cock – yes , a yellow - wing cock with no red head at all ! ! following that a few people i knew started to report similar ‘occurrences’ within their flocks . turned out that these startling throwback hens were in fact startling throwback cocks ! !
some breeders have enjoyed success in large cages that give the birds room to fly , court , and exercise , without coming into contact with competitors . a good size for each pair would be 36” wide by 24” deep by 18” tall . have barriers between the cages so that the pairs can hear but not see each other . all pytilias are sensitive to cold and damp , so your aviary yellow - winged pytilias will need access to warm , dry winter quarters .
however , you cannot ultimately expect much success with yellow - winged pytilias unless you provide a good supply of live insects . variety may be important , and you may wish to construct a home trap for collecting small moths , beetles , and so on , as well as providing the standard small commercial insects like mealworms and waxworms . in the wild , they prefer termites , and some australian breeders have experimented with supplying termites , but most homeowners won ' t be willing to risk it .
now when we first reached the top of a breeder’s sale list and were able to obtain 2 pairs of both yellow & red - wings there were a few differences that appear to have disappeared from the present day birds available in australia .
some unscrupulous breeders may attempt to pass off an aurora finch hen for a red - faced pytilia hen , so be aware of this and buy only from reputable breeders . the husbandry of this species is identical to that of the aurora finch .
some say this is set in concrete other say it is not . unfortunately i cannot contribute to this debate suffice to say that when i once had a cock yellow - wing and a hen red - wing breed in a holding aviary all six youngsters had red wings .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pytilia hypogrammica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
diet : the pytilias have thinner beaks and larger bodies than the other waxbills , reflecting the fact that they crack fewer seeds and devour more insects . true , the backbone of the diet is a high quality small seed mix , fresh enough to sprout – and you should test it by sprouting regularly . the yellow - winged pytilias love the milky seeding heads of grasses , in addition to the sprouts . . you should also supply a finely chopped salad that includes greens , apple , carrot , and broccoli , as well as eggfood and / or a high quality finch pellet that the birds will eat .
how do i know ? well , i also received one of these birds - supposedly a hen pytilia but in reality a cock aurora – and when paired to a normal hen aurora produced me a couple of nests of normal healthy auroras . not a red head feather on any of them i hasten to add ! !
health wise they have a reputation for suddenly ‘fluffing up’ with very few fully recovering . if you have them autopsied the usual cause of death comes back as liver damage but we have yet been able to pin - point the causes of this . droppings show the usual signs of malabsorption and tend to be a cheesy yellow colour and very large .
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the melba finch ( pytilia melba ) is considered the most colourful of this group and as such is the most popular . this particular species always catches the eye of beginners and experienced breeders alike . in recent years there has been a very high demand for these finches . however , as the numbers available to meet this demand are low , there has been a fairly sharp increase in this bird’s retail price .
the most obvious was the colour of the hens – these were vivid grey much akin to the cock aurora and nothing at all like the dour hen aurora . the hens also had fine stippling of black lines through the chest feathers and were striking in their own right . this is no longer the case with many hen red & yellow - wings resembling hen auroras and it is a rarity to see the dark coloured hens .
the pytilia species discussed have similar housing and feeding requirements . i feed a basic commercial finch mix during the non - breeding season . as the breeding season commences i add niger seed , maw , linseed and black and white lettuce seed . i also introduce a dry egg and biscuit mix along with plan madeira cake . the birds show more interest in grit , when they start nesting . during this period i substitute the basic small plain grit for a mix containing charcoal , canundra shell and baked crushed fowl eggshells .
due to their less colourful plumage the aurora finch ( pytilia phoenicoptera ) is not as popular as the melba finch . however , in my experience , this species is easier to breed and keep than the melba finch and is not as aggressive or as intimidating . their reliance on livefood is high but not as high as that of the melba finch . they tend not to be as tight sitters as melba finches so nest inspections or disturbance should be avoided . as these birds like thick , well - protected nest sites , plenty of tea - tree branches lining the aviary shelter is a definite asset .
of the pytilia family , the melba finch is the most heavily reliant on livefood . they will abandon chicks if a good supply of livefood is not continuously supplied . this reliance on livefood has seen a geographical trend , as to where this bird is more popularly kept . in the past , larger inner city areas have not been recognised as a stronghold for this bird . this species was bred in areas with large population of termites . in new south wales the species has been bred in numbers in the hunter valley and the southern highlands , where there are plenty of termites . in recent years , breeders from non - traditional areas are having success by offering the birds bush fly maggots instead of termites .
so if you are looking for the ultimate finch breeding challenge you could do worse than consider tackling the pytilia family . a large group of australian breeders worked tirelessly to ensure that we would have all three species remaining in our aviaries for years to come so the rest of us mere mortals owe it to them to preserve their
legacy
! before purchasing these species try and gain as much information from breeders as possible and be prepared for some heartbreak along the way , but stick to it as these are one of the most stunning finches available to us . if after several attempts you have not managed to ‘crack’ this species you can always join us at finch keepers anonymous where you can announce yourself with
hi , my name is…… . . and i’ve been keeping pytilis for too long ! ! !
we’ll all understand ! ! !
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departamento de inmunologia , facultad de medicina , universidad complutense de madrid , avenida complutense s / n , 28040 madrid , spain .
estrildid finches are distributed throughout africa , south asia , australia and neighbouring islands in the indian and pacific oceans . some specific phylogenetic and systematic debated questions have been clarified in the present study by mitochondrial cytochrome b dna sequencing of 61 species of estrildids and subsequent analyses of results by both bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methodologies . our results support that estrildids are a monophyletic group with polytomies that may have started evolving by middle miocene epoch ( about 16 , 5 million years ago ) . this proposed timing is coincidental with the fringillinae finches’ radiation starting time and also with the biggest hymalayan and tibetan plateau uplift , triggered by the indian tectonic plate strongest collision ; this established present day southern asia monsoon regime and other drastic climatic changes , like a dryer weather in tibetan plateau and china deserts . the estrildid finches form a monophyletic group which includes several polytomies and comprises african , asian and australian birds . the most ancient evolutive group comprises african ( african silverbill ) , asian ( indian silverbill ) and australian ( diamond firetail ) ; this suggests that the whole estrildids radiation might have originated around india . more estrildid species will be studied in order to further establish this group phylogeography . in addition , monophyletic radiations include species from different continents . finally , ploceinae genus quelea finches is a group separate and basal from estrildini and viduini species in our dendrograms .
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male having red wings , as well as red face , described as p . lopezi ( type from near bunda , in central african republic ) , but considered a morph or , possibly , a race of present species ; further study required . monotypic .
w guinea e to s chad and w central african republic ( on r shari ) , s to coastal ghana and togo .
12·5 cm ; 14·3 - 15 g . male has face from forehead to ear - coverts and down to cheek and throat red , lores grey ; crown to back grey , rump and uppertail - coverts red . . .
alarm call notes rise from 1 khz to 2·4 khz ( most energy at 2·6 khz and an overtone at 3·4 khz ) , . . .
mature s guinean woodland and derived bushland , edges of riverine forest , coastal thickets , woods . . .
small grass seeds ; also insects , mainly termites ( isoptera ) and ants ( formicidae ) . in examination of contents of 19 stomachs , seeds found . . .
season oct–jan in nigeria . courting male bows to female , tail angled toward her , and calls ; in another display , male holds feather in . . .
not globally threatened . uncommon to locally fairly common ; uncommon to rare in several parts of range . rare in liberia , and uncommon to rare in burkina faso and benin ; . . .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as scarce and little known ( clement 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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average size : 11 - 13 centimeters ( 4 . 5 - 5 in . )
these birds are beautiful and sweet , and while very friendly , unlike most finches they are not easily handled , but make for great viewing and companionship . their chirps are lovely . these birds prefer the company of many of their peers , so dont keep just one ! i love finches for their sweet quality . these birds will build their own nest in the brush or will use a finch nest box but do like a small plant pot with an open end attached to the wall , so make sure you give them a space to cuddle ! .
to those with a scientific bent is a denizen of sierra leone , north - east guinea through to cameroon in africa .
the aurora or p . phoenicoptera is a common exotic finch species which is a free breeder and has a charming quiet disposition in the aviary .
similar to the blue - cap i believe the frequency of live food delivery is a key factor with this species . they eat both smaller & mini mealworms and maggots with relish but , naturally , favour termites ( white ants ) when feeding young . in case you do not feed termites relax as we have bred them here in tasmania without them as have a number of english aviculturists that ian spoke to .
they seem ambivalent to green food and soaked / sprouted seed in my aviaries but a mate tells me his birds love the lowe - type blended vegetable mix he feeds – yet our initial stock came from the same source ! ! they also love the african waxbill mix we feed as outlined in an earlier edition of australian birdkeeper – in fact blue - caps . orange cheeks and pytilias seem to be drawn to this mix .
a general finch mix is fed – we use elenbee seeds clifton finch mix – supplemented with a little extra red panicum .
i have also seen them build behind seed hoppers , bowls and small cages in their aviary – unfortunately eggs can be and regularly are lost if the nest is not supportive enough ! i favour the medium sized cane wicker baskets feely available in good pet outlets . white medium sized emu feathers are favoured to line the nest while swamp / november / blown grass is a firm favourite for the nest proper . if made solely from this grass the nest has a propensity to be brittle and non - supportive so watch that eggs do not fall through !
pairs are variable as to nest inspection so know your birds well before checking nests . young pairs seem to be infertile for their first few nests so it is not such a bad idea to inspect nests to avoid them spending days sitting on clear eggs or even laying fresh eggs amid old , rotten ones !
in keeping with the aurora they are a placid species and we do not recommend keeping them in with the more boisterous finches as they tend to be dominated by such species . in my specialist flights i keep them with a pair of blue - capped waxbills in a 3x1m flight .
chicks are black and easily identified if found jettisoned on the floor . i have had some success rearing difficult finches under the
new
javan munias but they have baulked at rearing pytilias so far !
as a general rule of
finchkeepers thumb
we recommend a 3 monthly worming regime supplemented with coccidian control medication at least 3 times a year or even concurrently with your worming program – depending upon your climatic conditions .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
* small bird with generally green - grey plumage * the male has a prominent res ' mask ' . red upperside of the tail . * size : about 12 cm
as an aviary species , the melba finch can be aggressive in mixed collections . one of my hens killed three cocks in succession until i caught her in the act . this species can be overzealous when protecting their nests .
these birds require an enclosed aviary where they can seek shelter from bad weather . long periods of wet weather are not good for this species and they will succumb if adequate shelter is not provided .
in australia , the melba finch and the aurora finch are extremely popular and have been kept with good breeding results , for decades .
during the breeding season , livefood is increased and is essential . termites are excellent and have been the most widely used . as termites are becoming harder to obtain , i now supply bush fly maggots with great success . all my birds take these without hesitation . to provide dietary variety i also feed mealworms . some breeders have had success using fruit fly and crickets .
greenfoods in the form of summer grass , winter grass , chickweed and seeding millets are also consumed . these species are not as reliant on greenfood as our native finch species , however they will consume a reasonable amount .
these species will breed in very dense cover and show no preference for live shrubs over tea - tree branches . my birds have bred in both nest boxes , tins and gourds and sometimes build their own nests . nests are lined with feathers , coconut fibre and finer grasses such as november grass .
nest disturbances or inspections must not be undertaken as the finches will toss young out easily . once they breed they can produce nests in quick succession . it is wise to house only compatible pairs in the breeding aviary , and previous young should be removed , as unmated adults or previous young are inquisitive and can cause disturbances to nesting pairs .
the clutch size is usually 4 - 6 eggs with a reasonably high fertility rate of 70 - 75 % . incubation lasts for approximately 13 days with fledglings leaving the nest three weeks later .
as with many species , chicks will often leave the nest early and are difficult to return to the nest . in warm weather i place a good quantity of soft grass on the shelter floor , which in my set - up is separate from the flights and the chicks snuggle up in this for a few days until they fly . in cold weather i put them in a carry box overnight and return them to the aviary the next morning .
if these birds are provided with good quality food and well - sheltered aviaries they will thrive and produce many healthy chicks . they are a long - lived and hardy species that deserve a place in your aviary .
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the hawkesbury finch club is a branch of the finch society of australia inc . and has been established since 1986 . we are located at the castlereagh community hall , on the corner of
at the foot of the blue mountains . it will only take you approximately 13 minutes from the mulgoa road exit on the m4 . the club meets at 7 . 30pm on the fourth wednesday of each month , except december .
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temperament : do well in a mixed finch collection with one pair of these birds per aviary . generally less aggressive than the melba finch .
length : approx . 115 - 120 mm ( or about 4 . 5 - 5 inches )
colour (
normal
colour ) : refer photo / s above if available .
read notes on
finches - non australian
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housing birds
web page for general details on the housing of non australian finches or read on for specific details for this finch .
the aurora finch likes a planted aviary . the aurora finch likes to forage on the ground so care must be taken to ensure the floor of the aviary or cage is kept clean . mating and courtship may take place at ground level so it is preferable to have an open area on the floor of the aviary . the open area on the floor is often covered with a layer of dry sand .
they can be bred in a canary style breeder cage of about 900mm long x 400mm high x 400mm deep ( 36 x 16 x 16 inches ) . only one breeding pair per cage .
do not mix the different types of aurora finch as the birds will hybridize . the aurora is closely related to the melba finch and should not be housed with melba ' s so as to avoid hybridization .
diet / feeding : click on
feeding birds
web page for general details on the nutrition of non australian finches or read on for specific details for this finch .
the aurora finch requires a good quality finch seed mix , seeding grasses and some fruits ( e . g . apple ) and vegetables . leafy green vegetables can be offered , e . g . silverbeet , cos lettuce & endive . sprouted or soaked seed if available . live food is not essential during the non - breeding season but is beneficial . live food is essential during the breeding season . mealworms are commonly used . small crickets can be used .
nesting months : spring to early autumn , but may breed year round if conditions are suitable .
nesting receptacles : the aurora finch will build a dome shaped nest in a shrub or dry brush such as tea tree . equally it will build a nest in a wide variety of artificial nests .
nest : the cock bird will make a dome shaped nest from grasses , coconut fibre , moss and soft materials . nest is lined by the hen with feathers and soft fine grasses .
who incubates the eggs : hen at night / cock / both share during the day .
the nest is usually built at mid height in the aviary . nest inspections are not recommended . young should be removed from the parent birds as soon as they are fully independent so as to avoid possible aggression from a parent . more details on finch nests and a selection of finch nest photos can be located on the
nests
,
finch nests
and
finch nest photos
web pages . click on
up
then
nests
then
finch nests
and
finch nests photos
in the navigation bars .
breeding : egg colour white . clutch / s per year 3 . eggs per nest 3 - 5 . incubation approx . 12 - 13 days . fledge approx . 21 days . independent approx . another 3 - 4 weeks .
do not mix the different types of aurora finch as the birds will hybridize . live food is essential during the breeding season . nest inspections are generally not tolerated . adequate new nest material must be available for the hen to rebuild the old nest or build a new nest for the next clutch . the aurora finch is closely related to the melba finch and should not be housed with melba ' s so as to avoid hybridization . it is best to restrict the adult breeding pair to 3 clutches per breeding season .
young birds ( when they become fully independent ) must be removed when bred in a cage . generally safe to remove the young from the parent birds about 4 weeks after they have left the nest .
artificial incubation , hand rearing or fostering will not be covered on this web site . it is too complex and diverse in nature to be attempted here . refer
specific references
as listed below and
general references
listings .
health issues : refer
avian health issues
web page for information and references .
worming and parasite control and quarantine requirements of new birds or sick birds are considered to require veterinary advice and therefore not covered on this web site . refer above option
avian health issues
web page .
avian medicine is advancing at a rapid pace . keep updating your knowledge and skills .
general references : refer to references listed on
book references
web page .
a / a vol 59 no . 11 nov 2005 page 255 - 259 ( background notes on some african waxbills ) .
a / a vol 25 no . 2 feb 1971 page 21 - 22 .
abk vol 18 issue 11 . oct - nov 2005 page 676 - 681 ( what ' s genetically pure and what ' s not )
abk vol 15 issue 3 . jun - jul 2002 page 157 - 158 .
urltoken is one of the world ' s largest and most informative avian or bird web sites . copyright urltoken 2002 - 2008 inc . all rights reserved . disclaimer : this web site has been compiled from material provided from a large number of sources . personal experience and personal contacts have been used . results vary according to factors such as environmental factors , aviary design and the physical and genetic backgrounds of all living birds / animals . every endeavour has been made to ensure the accuracy of the material but no responsibility is accepted by urltoken for the accuracy of the material on this web site . the intent of this web site is to provide a
care sheet
format and provide general material only . readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making any decisions relating to their own interests .
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it is commonly found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , the democratic republic of the congo , côte d ' ivoire , ghana , guinea , liberia , nigeria , sierra leone and togo .
origin and phylogeny has been obtained by antonio arnaiz - villena et al . [ 2 ] estrildinae may have originated in india and dispersed thereafter ( towards africa and pacific ocean habitats ) .
- - module : hatnote - - - - - - - - this module produces hatnote links and links to related articles . it - - - - implements the and meta - templates and includes - - - - helper functions for other lua hatnote modules . - -
local libraryutil = require ( ' libraryutil ' ) local checktype = libraryutil . checktype local marguments - - lazily initialise module : arguments local yesno - - lazily initialise module : yesno
local function getargs ( frame ) - - fetches the arguments from the parent frame . whitespace is trimmed and - - blanks are removed . marguments = require ( ' module : arguments ' ) return marguments . getargs ( frame , { parentonly = true } ) end
local function removeinitialcolon ( s ) - - removes the initial colon from a string , if present . return s : match ( ' ^ : ? ( . * ) ' ) end
function p . findnamespaceid ( link , removecolon ) - - finds the namespace id ( namespace number ) of a link or a pagename . this - - function will not work if the link is enclosed in double brackets . colons - - are trimmed from the start of the link by default . to skip colon - - trimming , set the removecolon parameter to true . checktype ( ' findnamespaceid ' , 1 , link , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' findnamespaceid ' , 2 , removecolon , ' boolean ' , true ) if removecolon ~ = false then link = removeinitialcolon ( link ) end local namespace = link : match ( ' ^ ( . - ) : ' ) if namespace then local nstable = mw . site . namespaces [ namespace ] if nstable then return urltoken end end return 0 end
function p . formatpages ( . . . ) - - formats a list of pages using formatlink and returns it as an array . nil - - values are not allowed . local pages = { . . . } local ret = { } for i , page in ipairs ( pages ) do ret [ i ] = p . _ formatlink ( page ) end return ret end
function p . formatpagetables ( . . . ) - - takes a list of page / display tables and returns it as a list of - - formatted links . nil values are not allowed . local pages = { . . . } local links = { } for i , t in ipairs ( pages ) do checktype ( ' formatpagetables ' , i , t , ' table ' ) local link = t [ 1 ] local display = t [ 2 ] links [ i ] = p . _ formatlink ( link , display ) end return links end
function p . makewikitexterror ( msg , helplink , addtrackingcategory ) - - formats an error message to be returned to wikitext . if - - addtrackingcategory is not false after being returned from - - module : yesno , and if we are not on a talk page , a tracking category - - is added . checktype ( ' makewikitexterror ' , 1 , msg , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' makewikitexterror ' , 2 , helplink , ' string ' , true ) yesno = require ( ' module : yesno ' ) local title = mw . title . getcurrenttitle ( ) - - make the help link text . local helptext if helplink then helptext = ' ( help ) ' else helptext = end - - make the category text . local category if not title . istalkpage and yesno ( addtrackingcategory ) ~ = false then category = ' hatnote templates with errors ' category = string . format ( ' % s : % s ' , mw . site . namespaces [ 14 ] . name , category ) else category = end return string . format ( ' % s ' , msg , helptext , category ) end
- - format link - - - - makes a wikilink from the given link and display values . links are escaped - - with colons if necessary , and links to sections are detected and displayed - - with
§
as a separator rather than the standard mediawiki
#
. used in - - the template .
function p . formatlink ( frame ) local args = getargs ( frame ) local link = args [ 1 ] local display = args [ 2 ] if not link then return p . makewikitexterror ( ' no link specified ' , ' template : format hatnote link # errors ' , args . category ) end return p . _ formatlink ( link , display ) end
function p . _ formatlink ( link , display ) - - find whether we need to use the colon trick or not . we need to use the - - colon trick for categories and files , as otherwise category links - - categorise the page and file links display the file . checktype ( ' _ formatlink ' , 1 , link , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' _ formatlink ' , 2 , display , ' string ' , true ) link = removeinitialcolon ( link ) local namespace = p . findnamespaceid ( link , false ) local colon if namespace = = 6 or namespace = = 14 then colon = ' : ' else colon = end - - find whether a faux display value has been added with the | magic - - word . if not display then local prepipe , postpipe = link : match ( ' ^ ( . - ) | ( . * ) $ ' ) link = prepipe or link display = postpipe end - - find the display value . if not display then local page , section = link : match ( ' ^ ( . - ) # ( . * ) $ ' ) if page then display = page . . ' § ' . . section end end - - assemble the link . if display then return string . format ( ' % s ' , colon , link , display ) else return string . format ( ' % s % s ' , colon , link ) end end
- - hatnote - - - - produces standard hatnote text . implements the template .
function p . hatnote ( frame ) local args = getargs ( frame ) local s = args [ 1 ] local options = { } if not s then return p . makewikitexterror ( ' no text specified ' , ' template : hatnote # errors ' , args . category ) end options . extraclasses = args . extraclasses options . selfref = args . selfref return p . _ hatnote ( s , options ) end
function p . _ hatnote ( s , options ) checktype ( ' _ hatnote ' , 1 , s , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' _ hatnote ' , 2 , options , ' table ' , true ) local classes = { ' hatnote ' } local extraclasses = options . extraclasses local selfref = options . selfref if type ( extraclasses ) = = ' string ' then classes [ # classes + 1 ] = extraclasses end if selfref then classes [ # classes + 1 ] = ' selfref ' end return string . format ( '


the saint lucia lancehead or saint lucia pit viper ( bothrops caribbaeus ) is a species of venomous snake which is endemic to the west indies .

saint lucia lancehead

a us zoo rear the st . lucia lancehead snake , curious about its properties for treating certain diseases
over the weekend , 12 st . lucia lancehead vipers were born at the kentucky reptile zoo in slade .
st . lucia lancehead vipers are native only to st . lucia . the kentucky reptile zoo is the only facility outside of st . lucia to be allowed to house these rare island snakes .
a us zoo rear the st . lucia lancehead snake , curious about its properties for treating certain diseases – caribbean hotfm
st . lucia lancehead vipers are native only to the small caribbean island of st . lucia . the kentucky reptile zoo is the only facility outside of st . lucia allowed to house these rare island snakes .
according to zoo officials , venom from st . lucia lancehead vipers has the potential for treating heart disease , stroke and other disorders .
over the weekend , 12 st . lucia lancehead vipers were born at the kentucky reptile zoo in slade , powell county , kentucky .
anguilla , antigua and barbuda , aruba , bahamas , barbados , cayman islands , cuba , dominica , dominican republic , haiti , grenada , guadeloupe , jamaica , martinique , montserrat , netherlands antilles , puerto rico , saint kitts and nevis , saint lucia , saint vincent and the grenadines , trinidad and tobago , turks and caicos islands , virgin islands - british , virgin islands - u . s .
although the majority of st lucia ' s wildlife is protected under the saint lucia wildlife protection act of 1980 , the fer - de - lance is not . the snake has the same status as rats and the mongoose .
notes below from from the
st . lucia animal protection society
about the snakes in st . lucia
b . muriciensis - ferrarezzi & freire , 2001 . range : northeastern brazil ( alagoas ) , common name : murici lancehead .
he was a runaway . he somehow survived the plantation system . who brought snakes into saint lucia to kill runaways who had a spine and did not want to live as a house nigger or a field hand ? wicked and murderous black people ?
slavery is still killing our tails . those white absentee landlords , even have their grandchildren replacing them and are still killing us today . why don ' t we hunt these to extinction in saint lucia ? put a bounty on the head of each snake taken to the nearest police station .
st . lucia news online the aim of st . lucia news online is to bring breaking news , professional and reliable daily news , photos , videos , audio and commentary to every st . lucian .
found in northeastern mexico ( tamaulipas ) southward through central and south america to argentina , bothrops species also occur on the islands of saint lucia and martinique in the lesser antilles , as well as on ilha da queimada grande off the coast of brazil . [ 1 ] b . atrox is also found on the island of trinidad in the southern caribbean off the eastern coast of venezuela .
winston’s niece , diana pierre told saint lucia news online ( sno ) today ( may 19 ) that it took him a few hours after the attack before he got help . there is no telephone service on the hill top . with the support of his girlfriend , winston walked through clumps of bushes to get assistance from villagers . an ambulance was called to transport him to the victoria hospital .
snake found dead in massacre , st . lucia – how much do you know about its species ? ( 8 )
the boa is restricted to the drier areas of st . lucia .
they do not harm man
how can a hospital not have anti - venom ? shame of the politicians in st lucia . . . u money hungry people need to take care of your citizend and their health . . . without the citizens there is no st lucia .
st . lucia is the freaking best . all these snakes and no anti - venom . alvina reynolds has got to go
st lucia is simply beautiful . for a small island we are blessed with great biodiversity and a spectacular landscape . i am lucky to have been born here . but it ' s sad that the snakes and reptiles of st lucia are threatened with extinction .
this type [ subspecies ] of fer - de - lance ( latin name bothrops caribbaeus ) is only found in st lucia .
copyright 2018 st . lucia news online . all rights reserved . this material may not be published , broadcast , rewritten or distributed .
video taken by a friend of one of our trips to st . lucia . we were collecting dna samples and venom for research on these animals . all snakes were released . this work done with permission from and under the supervision of the st . lucia department of forestry . all native wildlife on the island is protected by law .
my prayers go out to the children and their mother .
wow shame on you
government of st . lucia no anti - vernon . this is not acceptable .
and one wonders why they keep on
name - calling
every island in the caribbean in their budget presentation , but no one calls
st . lucia ' s
name .
jim harrison and kristen wiley , the directors of the reptile zoo , traveled to st . lucia this past winter to provide training to forestry personnel on how to handle this breed of snake .
tree boas generally aren ' t dangerous to humans . the real problem is the fer - de - lance , also called the terciopelo or lancehead . it ' s very poisonous and will kill quickly ( within hours ) without antidote . it ' s also aggressive unlike some other snakes and can attack unprovoked - - well , if you ' re walking nearby it may view that as provocation .
i wouldn ' t worry too much though . these snakes do exist on st lucia ( another legacy of slavery ) but not in all regions , attacks on humans with fatalities are not that common .
there are poisonous snakes , and aggressive snakes , and the fer - de - lance is one of the unusual snakes which is both . it just doesn ' t bite people that much in st lucia .
st lucia villa rental urltoken the gorgeous destination of st lucia offers holidaymakers everything from thrilling water sports to breathtaking black - sand seashores , abundant tropical rainforest and world - class health spas . discover this peaceful attractions of this beautiful tropical isle ; have fun with a boat ride at nightfall across the calm waters in marigot bay , the location on the west coastline of the region popular for its myriad of yachts and harbour docks .
adams toussaint , 46 , works for the forestry department based in castries in st lucia in the eastern caribbean . he describes the battle to save the native fer - de - lance snake , which is threatened with extinction
but while rats and the mongoose are two alien invasive species that have a mostly destructive impact on st lucia ' s biodiversity , the fer - de - lance is an endemic species and should invoke some sort of national pride .
unfortunately costs continue to rise on everything now days . there is an average of 15 - 20 bites ayear on st lucia . fatalities are not common , but 1 is to many . a small stock of expired anti venom is better than none at all . with the average number of bites that happen i dont think it will have time to expire anyway . with all that being said the snake is a very important part of the islandsecology , and should be respected . education and awareness of this snake could greatly reduce the number of bites . i have worked with this snake for many years in the field and in captivity . also rattlesnakes do not occure on the island , the locale venomous snake is from the lancehead group .
boa constrictor ( constrictor constrictor orophias ) : the boa constrictor of tete - chien as it is known locally is one of the four species of snakes native to the island of st . lucia . the other three are the fer - de - lance , the rare maria island snake and the tiny , soil dwelling , blind worm snake . the boa is restricted to the drier areas of st . lucia . they do not harm man and they are protected by law .
am from st . lucia but right now am in cancun mexico i travel all the times from mexico to canada , but i do missed my country and proud to be a st lucian , and hope they will work on a anti venom pretty soon .
lobbying for its protection or getting policymakers to buy into the idea of giving the fer - de - lance any form of protection is a mammoth task , that will require a massive education campaign to first change people ' s attitudes and develop pride and joy in the fer - de - lance – similar to what was done for the st lucia parrot .
it most probably was a fer de lance that bit him . . i hope to god we have antivenom in our hospitals why did they not treat him with that immediately am i to assume that we are not equipped to handle snake bites in st . lucia . lord have mercy i really hate snakes . they could get rid of them . . . . .
these are not
stories
of the fer - de - lance . they do exist in st . lucia as opposed to most other caribbean islands . they were imported on purpose by ill - thinking slave owners . however , the risk of being bitten hiking on a trail is very low . bites are rare . sorry if the bear analogy was lost on some people .
about 50 years ago the geographical range of the snake covered a large part of the island . yet according to the latest study of st . lucia ' s reptiles and amphibians , completed last december , the poisonous snake , the fer - de - lance ( french for ' spearhead ' or ' iron of the lance ' ) is now limited to two fragmented areas on the island .
too long lucians have being undermined . them doctors know damn well amputating the man arm would not save his life . such a shame a small island with more snakes than people we dont have not an ounce of antivenom . another oppurtunity for employment in st . lucia . recuit indiviuals giving them the nessecary equipment to haverst venom from those fear de lance and rattlers . there is room to make big bucks
since when have there been rattle snakes in lucia ? ? has there been any warnings as to which areas are prone to have them ? ? surely every one knows that you will die from a rattle snakes bite if you dont get antu venom asap , so why is there none on the island ? ? since when do they operate on people to get rid of a snakes venom ? these doctors must be smoking some serious shit .
so sad . im so upset , st . lucia is so backward . the doctors know you cannot undergo surgery , with a snake bite . choops . where is the damn anti venon . we have snakes here , shame on you ' ll . no care . barbados doesn ' t have the poisonous yet still they have anti venon . health minister , thats what you all need to talk about , all you do is talk rubbish . none sense . no health care .
too long lucians have being undermined . them doctors know damn well amputating the man arm would not save his life . such a shame a small island with more snakes than people we dont have not an ounce of antivenom . another oppurtunity for employment in st . lucia . recuit indiviuals giving them the nessecary equipment to haverst venom from those fear de lance and rattlers . there is room to make big bucks . lets create an anti - venom industry . lets sell anti - venom pm kenny .
the kentucky reptile zoo is located on l & e ; railroad place in the slade community of powell county .
florida police : perry co . woman crashes truck into utility pole after cat jumps on her
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the costa rican species of fer - de - lance snake . photograph : mayela lopez / afp / getty images
it is unfortunate that people do not love the snake , which is regarded as a notoriously dangerous species . the prevailing attitude is to exterminate it , rather than to conserve or protect it .
i am hoping that conservationists will become more interested in protecting the species and look to focus more resources towards in - situ and ex - situ conservation . we also want to create an education campaign to compliment a conservation programme .
we need to protect their habitat , to educate the public not to kill them , and we need more applied research .
i believe that the first step to conservation of any species is an assessment of the population status . this was done in december 2009 . so that ' s the first step . there is hope for saving our snake .
analysts trim forecasts for year to end of march , saying m & s ' s share among market ' s top 10 has slipped to 11 . 18 %
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syntypes : mcz r4812 , mcz r4814 , and mcz r4815 ( mcdiarmid et al . 1999 ) .
sarah miller set
file : bothrops caribbaeus . jpg
as an exemplar on
bothrops caribbaeus garman 1887
.
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to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
sleeping in a hut on his farm is a norm for gregory winston of canaries who succumbed to a snakebite last week while spending a night on his farm .
fifty - six - year - old winston earned his livelihood by rearing pigs in the canaries hills . on thursday , he and his girlfriend , lucy were asleep in his hut on the farm when he woke up about 2 a . m . to a stinging sensation in his left arm .
pierre recalled winston’s girlfriend saying that he felt like his arm was “broken” , and by the time he reached at the hospital the colour of his skin had turned black and blue . winston was later advised by doctors that they would need to amputate his arm . he disagreed and opted for surgery to remove the venom from the snakebite instead . however , sno was told doctors warned that winston could have a 50 / 50 chance of survival with surgery .
subsequent to the surgery , he complained about severe pain in his arm . he was taken to the intensive care unit where he passed away . pierre said there was allegedly no anti - venom insulin to treat her uncle .
winston usually left his home to spend a few days up in the hills . pierre said he had complained to relatives of a snake infestation on the farm , after spotting a few of them , which he had attempted to kill at times .
pierre noted that he has already been warned not to return to the hills , after he barely survived a similar attack last year . she said he had been hospitalised for two weeks after the first snake attack . but despite warnings , winston was persistent to return to his farm and continue his work as this was his only means of income for him and his family .
pierre indicated that winston had presumed there was a rattle snake inside the hut , as he told relatives about waking up to a hissing sound one night while there .
apart from his pig rearing business , winston had a small kitchen garden in the hills .
vehicle owned by popular st . lucian artiste involved in freak accident ( see 6 photos ) ( 23 )
there are lots of measures to be taken after a snake bite . first of all u must place a tourniquet to the affected limb then try to cut the wound to make the blood flow . soon after wash the area with fresh water this measure is taken to prevent the venom from traveling to the heart .
you absolutely never use a tourniquet in regards to a snake bite . by stopping the blood flow you can develop what ' s known as compartment syndrome in the muscle below said tourniquet . a simple compression bandage is all that is ever needed and for the victim to stay as calm as possible till he can reach some antivenom
it is very well known that a compression bandage is what is used in terms of a venomous snake bite . never a tourniquet which can lead to compartment syndrome in the muscle . a tourniquet is about the worst thing you could possibly apply to a venomous snake bite . i don ' t know why people give advice when they have no idea what they ' re talking about
anti venoms should be free . thats why there is a health minister , which means they are not doing they job
people are always quick to say who is not doing what . what is the occurrence of snake bites in slu ? this is the most important question . all drugs have an expiration rate . it may not be cost effective to have every single drug on hand . that is what the world boils down to . cost effectiveness . also , do you know that bacteria infection from the bite can kill as well ? infections spread quickly through the extremities .
and to the ordinary people ( not party hacks ) you need to take your destiny into your own hands right now and to hell with those party patronising jackasses . the reason being that all of you will die . that is how the great countries of this era started . incompetency stops now ! ! ! ! find another job ! ! !
we have these deadly snakes back home and no anti venom to treat a snake bite its a shame . can we find those rapist that attack those two women last week and put them in a house with those rattle snakes and call it justice for the women
you feel me
lol
im an extension officer and we ' ve asked the ministry for snake kits and training for years now ! up to now nothing has happened despite the promises made . my work area has snakes and i pray everyday tht i dnt come across any becuz i dont knw what i will do ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! its so sad tht those kids hve been left without a father . life is so unpredictable and sad
rip bro . was that his destiny ? he was warned before and stung once . thats so sad .
what ever the shelf life is , it is not too much to spend for a human life . snakes are taking over so let there be funds available to fight the serpent . just 1 % from vat will help . in the early days it was one dollar for a head of snake , let us make it $ 25 . 00 a head including babies . maybe we will get the unemployment down from % 25 . just do something anything to get the snake population down . my prayers go out to the family , may god bless and protect you all .
some of our locally grown ones have evolved . some are crawling on two legs too . some live in that dark forest .
empty the coffers , pay the many
consultants
huge salaries , turn a blind eye on what really matters ( like the health sector , ) wait when something like this happens , complain that the anti - venon is too expensive to keep on island - all the while the money is being offered as gifts to their buddy
consultants .
i will forever say , we have keep on electing the most incompetent groups of politicians on the face of this earth .
god , i hate snakes . . . all types , and anything that crawls . so sad for his kids , hope they ' ll be taken care of .
with all these up to date hospitals an so call highly qualified doctors we have in slu y are the citizens been treated like it ' s 1950 with people dying from mosquito bites , snake bites an so many other simple problems that can b treated with proper drugs an compassion before money an we paying vat , vote an suffer watching d rich get d best treatment i thought charity begins at home so y canival , jazz an bacanal getting better funs than health care wow what a shame .
don ' t think any anti venom would work . like the niece said it took them a few hours to get help by then the venom would have traveled through his body and did it ' s damage . many hospitals don ' t carry anti vemon just because it is so costly and is rarely being used . as with all meds they expire . my prays are with the family and his kids
yo are so smart ! lol . . . when alvina goes we will have all the anti - venom that we need for
all these snakes
!
anti - colo , i remember the days of compensation for each head delivered to the local police station . don ' t know if that practice is still alive . also , snakes keep the rat / mice population in check .
this is so sad , pray god will strengthen his family at this time .
pretty much . that sucks man . i feel bad for that guy and his kids . prayers for them
the anti - venom has a short shelf life , and we get it from martinique which is very costly . so once someone gets bitten by the fer de lance snake it is ordered , only if the person or family they can afford it .
so we live on an island with one of the deadliest snakes in the western hemisphere and no anti venom , not even enough to save one persons life .
the niece used the word
allegedly
in her statement but yet still you have a lucian so quick to write a comment without reading nor understanding what the statement means . dislike my comment all you like i don ' t give a toss ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 .
says who these things are kept frozen , first off people should have basic first aid knowledge living in a snake infested area the man should have been more careful raised beds are a must , then those pigs are lazy they usually kill snakes , what happen this time around .
sad man . sad . de pigs got too fat . dey kyan move .
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it ' s very doubtful you ' ll see or meet any snakes on the aerial tram .
i encountered a boa constrictor while walking in the rain forest many years ago . it seemed quite friendly at first , but then another member of my party started poking it with a stick and we all beat a hasty retreat .
as a point of reference , we know someone who lives in a rural area of costa rica where the fer - de - lance is much more plentiful . she kept antidote in the fridge for years but never used it and finally stopped replacing it . she also has many employees , none of whom got bitten in those years . she found a fer - de - lance in her carport and didn ' t get bitten . so enjoy the trip and just follow the guide ' s suggestions .
couple of other thoughts - - didn ' t want to alarm anyone . the risk is very low . but don ' t irritate wildlife ! how did the
snake - poker
know what the snake was ? benign snakes take the colouring of poisonous ones , and vice versa . anyone who
plays
with a snake like that is an idiot .
fairyjay , you sound like a sensible person and should be fine . sorry if my previous post was alarming - - didn ' t mean to be .
we have bears here . they have come to our front door . i am nervous about walking the little dogs but the
bear scare
doesn ' t deter me . just make enough noise . relevance to your trip ? the risk is very , very small . if you are in a hiking group , you will likely scare off any snakes . the aggression is if you walk in
their
fields , not if you and a few other people walk on a defined path .
i think we need to back to the original question . the poster is obviously concerned about snakes , and looking for reassurance that there will be no chance of seeing / meeting one on the aerial tramway .
in my opinion you will definitely not see or meet a snake on the tramway .
would you see one whilst hiking in the rainforest ? again , in my opinion , highly unlikely . although there are snakes in the rainforest , you need to understand that snakes are more frightened of people , than people are frightened of snakes , and therefore move out of the way when they sense people coming .
so , fairway , don ' t be alarmed of stories about the fer de lance , just do what thousands of people have already done , and enjoy your trip on the aerial tramway .
aye , captain . . . a tall , cold piton in my hand , a stiff wind to chase the mosquitos , snakes in the rainforest , and my @ ss in a hammock . . . that ' s all i ask
rain forest sky rides tram nestled in the mountains of chassin , babonneau - over 2000 feet above sea level .
its range extends from roseau to canaries on the west coast , and from marquis to micoud on the east . it is confined mainly to coastal areas and is not common at elevations above 600 feet .
the ranges of the two snakes coincide but while bothrops prefers the ground and scrubby and cultivated areas , constrictor keeps to the bush and trees .
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: we use the most recent data from these primary sources : who , world bank , unesco , cia and individual country databases for global health and causes of death .
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lesser antilles : martinique terra typica : unknown ; restricted to morne capot , between ajoupa - bouillon and le lorrain , martinique , by lazell , 1964 . ;
attributes / relations provided by ♦ 1 de magalhaes , j . p . , and costa , j . ( 2009 ) a database of vertebrate longevity records and their relation to other life - history traits . journal of evolutionary biology 22 ( 8 ) : 1770 - 1774 ♦ 2 venomous snakes and antivenoms search interface , world health organization ♦ 3 gibson , d . i . , bray , r . a . , & harris , e . a . ( compilers ) ( 2005 ) . host - parasite database of the natural history museum , london
ecoregions provided by world wide fund for nature ( wwf ) . wildfinder : online database of species distributions , ver . 01 . 06 wwf wildfinder
,
iron of the lance
) . however , many scientists and hobbyists now restrict this name to the martinican species ,
most species are nocturnal , although a few found at higher altitudes are active during the day . otherwise , they may be seen on cloudy days or during periods of rain . most are terrestrial , though all are capable of climbing . one species ,
preys primarily on birds , due to the absence of native mammal species on queimada grande . this feeding habit probably accounts for their more arboreal lifestyle compared with their mainland cousins .
. without treatment , the fatality rate is estimated to be about 7 % , but with treatment this is reduced to 0 . 5 - 3 % .
southeastern brazil , paraguay , uruguay and northern argentina ( in the provinces of buenos aires , catamarca , córdoba , corrientes , chaco , entre ríos , formosa , la pampa , misiones , san luis , santa fe , santiago del estero and tucumán .
b . alcatraz - marques , martins & sazima , 2002 . range : brazil ( são paulo ) , common name : jararaca - de - alcatrazes
mcdiarmid rw , campbell ja , touré t . 1999 . snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1 . herpetologists ' league . 511 pp . isbn 1 - 893777 - 00 - 6 ( series ) . isbn 1 - 893777 - 01 - 4 ( volume ) .
campbell ja , lamar ww . 2004 . the venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere . comstock publishing associates , ithaca and london . 870 pp . 1500 plates . isbn 0 - 8014 - 4141 - 2 .
u . s . navy . 1991 . poisonous snakes of the world . us govt . new york : dover publications inc . 203 pp . isbn 0 - 486 - 26629 - x .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 7 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
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bothrops is a genus of pit vipers endemic to central and south america . [ 1 ] the generic name , bothrops , is derived from the greek words βόθρος , bothros , meaning
pit
, and ώπς , ops , meaning
eye
or
face
, together an allusion to the heat - sensitive loreal pit organs . members of this genus are responsible for more human deaths in the americas than any other group of venomous snakes . [ 2 ] currently , 32 species are recognized . [ 3 ]
these snakes range from small , never growing to more than 50–70 cm ( 19 . 5–27 . 5 in ) , to large at over 200 cm ( 6 . 6 ft ) in total length . most are characterized by having a sharp canthus rostralis and an unelevated snout . [ 2 ]
the arrangement of the scales on top of the head is extremely variable ; the number of interorbital scales may be 3 - 14 . usually there are 7 - 9 supralabials and 9 - 11 sublabials . there are 21 - 29 rows of dorsal scales at midbody , 139 - 240 ventral scales , and 30 - 86 subcaudals , which are generally divided . [ 2 ]
members of this genus are responsible for more fatalities in the americas than any other group of venomous snakes . in this regard , the most important species are b . asper , b . atrox and b . jararaca . without treatment , the fatality rate is estimated to be about 7 % , but with treatment this is reduced to 0 . 5 - 3 % . [ 2 ]
typical symptoms of bothropic envenomation include immediate burning pain , dizziness , nausea , vomiting , sweating , headache , massive swelling of the bitten extremity , hemorrhagic blebs , local necrosis , bleeding from the nose and gums , ecchymosis , erythemia , hypotension , tachycardia , coagulopathy with hypofibrinogenemia and thrombocytopenia , hematemesis , melena , epistaxis , hematuria , intracerebral hemorrhage and renal failure secondary to hypotension and bilateral cortical necrosis . there is usually some discoloration around the bite site , and rashes may develop on the torso or the extremities . [ 2 ]
in general , death results from hypotension secondary to blood loss , renal failure , and intracranial hemorrhage . common complications include necrosis and renal failure secondary to shock and the toxic effects of the venom . [ 2 ]
atlantic lowlands of eastern mexico and central america , including guatemala , belize , honduras , nicaragua , costa rica and panama , a disjunct population occurs in southeastern chiapas ( mexico ) and southwestern guatemala , northern south america in colombia and venezuela [ 1 ] also in ecuador . [ 2 ]
campbell ja , lamar ww . 2004 . the venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere . comstock publishing associates , ithaca and london . 870 pp . 1500 plates . isbn 0 - 8014 - 4141 - 2 .
u . s . navy . 1991 . poisonous snakes of the world . us govt . new york : dover publications inc . 203 pp . isbn 0 - 486 - 26629 - x .
allf , bradley c . , paul ap durst , and david w . pfennig .
behavioral plasticity and the origins of novelty : the evolution of the rattlesnake rattle .
the american naturalist 188 . 4 ( 2016 ) : 475 - 483
this page was last edited on 2 june 2018 , at 11 : 55 .
basis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .
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evaluates the conservation status of plant and animal species . the list is based on scientific assessment of an organism ' s status by experts .
copyright rhett butler 1994 - 2015 carbon dioxide ( co2 ) emissions generated from urltoken operations ( server , data transfer , travel ) are mitigated through an association with anthrotect , an organization working with afro - indigenous and embera communities to protect forests in colombia ' s darien region . anthrotect is protecting the habitat of mongabay ' s mascot : the scale - crested pygmy tyrant .
rainforest
is used interchangeably with
rain forest
on this site .
jungle
is generally not used .


the snow-capped manakin ( lepidothrix nattereri ) is a species of bird in the pipridae family .

it is found in the amazon basin of brazil and far north-eastern bolivia .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

snow - capped manakin

snow , d . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . snow - capped manakin ( lepidothrix nattereri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 24 . 5 - 28 . 3 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 12 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . however , given the species ' s tolerance of fragmentation / degradation / edge - effects and / or the extent of overall losses , it is suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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probably a close relative of l . vilasboasi and l . iris . two subspecies recognized .
( p . l . sclater , 1865 ) – c brazil s of middle amazon ( from r madeira s to calama , e to r tapajós and its affluents ) .
( hellmayr , 1903 ) – sc brazil from upper r madeira ( s of calama ) e to c mato grosso ( e to upper r xingu drainage ) , s to extreme ne bolivia ( ne santa cruz ) .
male 8·5 cm , 8 g ; female 9·2 cm , 8·8 g . male is green above , with contrasting white cap and white lower back to uppertail - coverts ; flight - feathers and tail blackish with . . .
small insects and a spider recorded in stomach contents ; probably also takes small fruits .
a nest found in dec 2008 contained two eggs ; the nest was in a small sapling 50 cm above the ground , and was a neatly woven cup slung . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . locally common to uncommon . poorly known species ; known to occur in amazônia ( tapajós ) national park , in brazil , and . . .
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often merged with pipra , but genetic data support its separation # r # r . genus name was claimed to be preoccupied by an insect genus ( of thysanura : silverfish , firebrats and relatives ) named by menge , also in 1854 , so replacement name neolepidothrix was proposed # r ; however , menge’s original spelling was lepidotrix , and in genus - group names these two are not homonyms , while in any case bonaparte’s name appears to have priority # r .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 372 side b track 1 seq . a )
previously published on avocet as av10127 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : seen . gps : google earth . could be song
distance to mike : 10 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , gallery forest . ref : nkm08a220
distance to mike : 20 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , gallery forest . ref : nkm06a215
perch height 7 m . distance to mike : 13 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , terra firme forest . ref : nkm01a215
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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jennifer hammock split the classifications by clements checklist resource and clements checklist resource from lepidothrix nattereri ( p . l . sclater , 1865 ) to their own page .
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
lumilakkitanssija
from
lepidothrix nattereri ( p . l . sclater , 1865 )
as trusted .
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