eupithecia dalhousiensis is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in afghanistan and the western himalayas ( northern pakistan and northern india ) .

the wingspan is about 24 – 29 mm for males and 30 – 37 mm for females .

the fore - and hindwings are pale brown to fawn .

the larvae are thought to feed on the cones of pinus species .

eupithecia dalhousiensis

vad betyder eupithecia ? här finner du 2 definitioner av eupithecia . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av eupithecia själv
eupithecia är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av curtis 1825 . eupithecia ingår i familjen mätare .
eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
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pteraster militaris , the wrinkled star , is a species of starfish in the family pterasteridae .

it is found in the northern pacific ocean , the arctic ocean , the barents sea and the northern atlantic ocean .

pteraster militaris

katie gale set
pteraster militaris
as an exemplar on
pteraster militaris ( o . f . müller , 1776 )
.
worms - world register of marine species - pteraster militaris ( o . f . müller , 1776 )
brooding biology of the sea star pteraster militaris ( o . f . müller ) : energetic and histological evidence for nutrient translocation to brooded juveniles
pteraster militaris has longer arms and a softer , more wrinkled skin than its close relative , pteraster tesselatus . the fans of marginal spines on adjoining mouth plates are not joined together by a continuous membrane as in p . tesse
brooding biology of the sea star pteraster militaris ( o . f . müller ) : energetic and histological evidence for nutrient translocation to brooded juveniles - sciencedirect
katie gale marked the classification from
world register of marine species ( worms )
as preferred for
pteraster militaris ( o . f . müller , 1776 )
.
similar species : pteraster pulvillus is similar but has shorter arms and 8 - 15 branches on the spines supporting the paxillae .
picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . pteraster militaris ( o f müller , 1776 ) . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
to barcode of life ( 10 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 12 publications ) ( from synonym pteraster aporus ludwig , 1886 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 175 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 28 publications ) ( from synonym asterias militaris o . f . müller , 1776 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 16 nucleotides ; 10 proteins ) to global biotic interactions ( globi ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym asterias militaris o . f . müller , 1776 ) to pesi ( from synonym pteraster aporus ludwig , 1886 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection ( 48 records ) to itis
the color of p . militaris is white , pale yellow or orange . it has five , sometimes red - tipped , arms . a third member of this family , p . obscurus has 6 - 8 arms .
typical for the pterasteridae family members are the spined papillae on the dorsal side . a soft skin is covering the spines , giving the surface of these sea stars a untidy , bumpy appearance . there are two to five spines on each papilla , in contrast to the similar , but smaller , pteraster pulvillus , on which the papillae have 8 - 15 spines . p . militaris may reach a diameter of 85 mm , while p . pulvillus does not exceed 40 mm .
( of pteraster aporus ludwig , 1886 ) ludwig , h . ( 1886 ) . echinodermen des beringsmeeres . zoologischer anzeiger . bd 1 ( 1886 ) : 275 - 296 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 293 [ details ]
( of asterias militaris o . f . müller , 1776 ) müller , o . f . ( 1776 ) . zoologiae danicae prodromus : seu animalium daniae et norvegiae indigenarum characteres , nomina , et synonyma imprimis popularium . hafniae , typiis hallageriis . 1 - 274 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 234 [ details ]
( of asteriscus militaris ( o . f . müller , 1776 ) ) müller , j . and troschel , f . h . ( 1842 ) . system der asteriden . 1 . asteriae . 2 . ophiuridae . vieweg : braunschweig . xxx + 134 pp . 12 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 44 [ details ]
( of pteraster aporus ludwig , 1886 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of asterias militaris o . f . müller , 1776 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of pterasterides aporus ( ludwig , 1886 ) ) ludwig , h . ( 1886 ) . echinodermen des beringsmeeres . zoologischer anzeiger . bd 1 ( 1886 ) : 275 - 296 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 293 [ details ]
hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
brunel , p . ; bosse , l . ; lamarche , g . ( 1998 ) . catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st . lawrence . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 126 . 405 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
linkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]
clark , a . m . ; downey , m . e . ( 1992 ) . starfishes of the atlantic . chapman & hall identification guides , 3 . chapman & hall . london , uk . isbn 0 - 412 - 43280 - 3 . xxvi , 794 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
southward , e . c . ; campbell , a . c . ( 2006 ) . [ echinoderms : keys and notes for the identification of british species ] . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 56 . field studies council : shrewsbury , uk . isbn 1 - 85153 - 269 - 2 . 272 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
pawson , d . l . , d . j . vance , c . g . messing , f . a . solis - marin & c . l . mah . ( 2009 ) . echinodermata of the gulf of mexico . pp . 1177–1204 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college s . [ details ]
trott , t . j . ( 2004 ) . cobscook bay inventory : a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years . northeastern naturalist . 11 , 261 - 324 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
müller , j . and troschel , f . h . ( 1842 ) . system der asteriden . 1 . asteriae . 2 . ophiuridae . vieweg : braunschweig . xxx + 134 pp . 12 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 128 [ details ]
dilman a . b . ( 2014 ) . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . asteroidea . invertebrate zoology . vol . 11 . no . 1 : 25–42 [ in english ] . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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this is a circumpolar species , found in the arctic as well as the northern parts of the pacific and atlantic ocean , as far south as the north sea and new foundland .
classification from world register of marine species ( worms ) selected by katie gale - see more .
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extracted from sea stars of british columbia , southeast alaska and puget sound by philip lambert .
the aboral side of body is inflated and the oral side flat . a supra dorsal membrane supported by the spines of the paxillae covers the true aboral surface to create a nidamental chamber . in the centre of this membrane is a large opening ( osculum ) . many smaller spiracles pierce the rest of the membrane . on each side of the ambulacral furrow is a wide actinolateral membrane supported by long spines ; between the spines are small holes , each guarded by an operculum , which lead to the nidamental chamber ; water enters here and is expelled through the osculum . no oral intermediate plates .
click on the image below to view an expanded illustration for this taxon . if more than one illustration is available for a species ( e . g . , two subspecies may be illustrated ) then links to the separate images will be provided below .
circumboreal ; in the north pacific , from the bering sea to northern oregon and to the sea of japan ; in the north atlantic , on the norwegian coast and to cape cod , u . s . a . found at depths of 10 to 1100 metres , usually on mud , but in less than 30 metres on rocky substrates . in the arctic , it is found on rock and a mixture of rock and mud .
bc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .
recommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .
[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :
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mah , c . l . ( 2014 ) world asteroidea database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken
asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters , part 1 . phanerozonia and spinulosa
description : small starfish with short arms . the spines at the edges of the arms are webbed together by a membrane . colour reported to vary from white through yellow to red . up to 15cm in diameter .
distribution : northern north sea , in more than 100m . possible record from 36m , ross - shire . widespread in the arctic to southern norway .
distribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
: advances in fish science and technology , pp 86–103 . ed . by j . j . connell , farnham , surrey , england : fishing news books ltd . 1980
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metzman , m . s . , a . mastroianni and j . f . strauss : fatty acid composition of unfertilized and fertilized eggs of the sea urchin
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present addresse : d . j . mcclary , department of zoology and portobello marine laboratory , university of otago , po box 8 , portobello , new zealand .
present addresse : p . v . mladenov , marine science and aquaculture research centre and portobello marine laboratory , university of otago , po box 56 , dunedin , new zealand .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
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. pubbl . staz . zool . napoli ( i : mar . ecol . ) 8 : 313–325
murdoch , j . h . ( 1984 ) . breeding patterns of two species of northwestern atlantic sea cucumbers ( echinodermata : holothuroidea ) . honours thesis . mount allison university , sackville , canada
nimitz , sister m . a . ( 1971 ) . histochemical study of gut nutrient reserves in relation to reproduction and nutrition in the sea stars
from the rockall trough . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 65 : 195–211
pantin , c . f . a . ( 1946 ) . notes on microscopical technique for zoologists . cambridge university press , cambridge
koehler , a common antarctic asteroid . phd dissertation , stanford university , stanford , california
pearse , j . s . , beauchamp , k . a . ( 1986 ) . photoperiodic regulation of feeding and reproduction in a brooding sea star from central california . int . j . invertebrate reprod . dev . ( amsterdam ) 9 : 289–297
pearse , j . s . , mcclary , d . j . , sewell , m . a . , austin , w . c . , perez - ruzafa , a . byrne , m . ( 1988 ) . simultaneous spawnings of six species of echinoderms in barkley sound , british columbia . int . j . invertebrate reprod . dev . ( amsterdam ) . 14 : 279–288
pennington , j . t . ( 1985 ) . the ecology of fertilization of echinoid eggs : the consequences of sperm dilution , adult aggregation and synchronous spawning . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole 169 : 417–430
( fisher ) , in the monterey bay region . ph . d . dissertation . stanford university , stanford , california
strathmann , r . r . , strathmann , m . f . ( 1982 ) . the relationship between adult size and brooding in marine invertebrates . am . nat . 119 : 91–101
from the rockall trough . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . 62 : 869–887
walker , c . w . ( 1980 ) . spermatogenic columns , somatic cells and the microenvironment of germinal cells in the testes of asteroids . j . morph . 166 : 81–107
walker , c . w . ( 1982 ) . nutrition of gametes . in : jangoux , m . , lawrence , j . m . ( eds . ) echinoderm nutrition . balkema , rotterdam , p . 449–636
zar , j . h . ( 1981 ) . biostatistical analysis . prentice - hall inc . , englewood cliffs , new jersey


xerocrassa homeyeri is a species of air-breathing land snail , a pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies .

this species is endemic to the balearic island of mallorca in spain .

xerocrassa homeyeri

how can i put and write and define xerocrassa homeyeri in a sentence and how is the word xerocrassa homeyeri used in a sentence and examples ? 用xerocrassa homeyeri造句 , 用xerocrassa homeyeri造句 , 用xerocrassa homeyeri造句 , xerocrassa homeyeri meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
dohrn , h . & heynemann , f . d . 1862 . zur kenntniss der molluskenfauna der balearen . - malakozoologische blätter 9 ( 3 ) : 99 - 111 . cassel .
shell bluish or yellowish white , flat on the upper side , with two rows of brown spots on the upper side and two reddish brown colour bands on the lower side , densely striated , last whorl broader than precedent whorls , with a sharp and serrated keel , lower side irregularly convex , aperture inside with a strong white lip , umbilicus wide and perspectivical , 1 / 4 of diameter . keeled populations of xcr . frater are more coarsely ribbed , their umbilicus is narrower .
in coniferous forests with some bottom vegetation , also in more open habitats in shrubland vegetation .
references : westerlund 1889 : 329 , graack 2005 : 31 , beckmann 2007 : 101 , urltoken ( 3 - 2008 ) , welter - schultes 2012 : 523 ( range map ) .
bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
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fusinus dimassai is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

fusinus dimassai

this book treats 31 species of fusinus , 4 of these new to science . new taxa : fusinus dimassai n . sp . , fusinus dimirii n . sp . , fusinus eviae n . sp . , fusinus margaritae n . sp .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : fusinus dimassai g . buzzurro & p . russo , 2007 - id : 1972655584
buzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors , 280 p .
buzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors , 280 p . page ( s ) : 83 - 85 , 244 - 245 [ details ]
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
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help us to expand this encyclopedia ! if you are logged in , you can add new subtaxa , vernacular and scientific names , texts , images or intertaxon relationships for this taxon .
buzzurro & russo , 2007 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
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the wingspan is 16 – 18 mm .

phtheochroa simoniana

phtheochroa simoniana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in italy , spain , portugal and morocco .
simoniana staudinger , 1859 ( cochylis ) , stettin . ent . ztg . 20 : 227 . tl : spain , andalusia . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
drenowskii razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 166 no type
flavana razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 103 no type
gracilimana razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 166 no type
hybriata razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( phtheochroa ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 138 . no type
ochodes razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( phtheochroa ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 138 . no type
ecballiella huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 273 . tl : spain , cadiz . holotype : bmnh . male .
rafalskii razowski , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , genus 8 : 176 . tl : mexico , durango , durango . holotype : amnh . male .
sinecarina huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 275 . tl : morocco , fez . holotype : bmnh . male .
variolosana christoph , in romanoff , 1887 ( phtheochroa ) , mm lpid . 3 : 115 . tl : turkestan , holotype : bmnh . male .
annae huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 276 . tl : austria , burgenland , neusiedl . holotype : tlmf . female .
larseni huemer , 1990 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 278 . tl : turkey , anatolia , kizilcahamam . holotype : nhmv . female .
osthelderi huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 278 . tl : syria , taukrus , marasch . holotype : zsm . female .
aarviki razowski & brown , 2012 ( phtheochroa ) , zootaxa 3222 : 3 . tl : kenya , central province , kereita forest . holotype : nmk . male .
chriodes razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 176 tl : mexico , sinaloa , el palmito . holotype : sdnh . male .
circina razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 4 : 175 tl : mexico , sinaloa , el palmito . holotype : sdnh . male .
deima razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 137 tl : mexico , 10 km se amecameca . holotype : eme . female .
natalica razowski , 2005 ( phtheochroa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 74 : 502 . tl : south africa , natal , karkloof . holotype : tmp . male .
pecosana kearfott , 1907 ( phtheochroa ) , can . ent . 39 : 124 . tl : usa , new mexico , beulah . lectotype : amnh . male .
albiscutellum walsingham , 1900 ( phtheochroa ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 487 tl : japan . holotype : bmnh . female .
ingridae huemer , 1990 ( phtheochroa ) , nachrbl . bayer . ent 39 : 83 . tl : italy , sudtirol kalterer , leuchtenburger forst . holotype : tlmf . male .
veirsi razowski , 1986 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 376 tl : mexico , durango , 30 mi w durango . holotype : eme . female .
zerena razowski & becker , 1993 ( phtheochroa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 21 : 234 . tl : mexico , veracruz , zangolica . holotype : mnrj . male .
imitana derra , 1992 ( phtheochroa ) , atalanta 21 : 298 . tl : turkey . hakkari province , cilo dagi , 5 km n agacsiz . holotype : derrc . male .
ochodea razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 177 tl : mexico , durango , el salto , rancho nuevo . holotype : sdnh . male .
piptmachaeria razowski , 1986 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 373 tl : mexico , durango , 10 mi w el salto . holotype : eme . male .
schreieri derra , 1992 ( phtheochroa ) , atalanta 21 : 296 . tl : turkey , hakkari province , cilo dagi , 5 km n agacsiz . holotype : derrc . female .
tubulata arenberger , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , z . arbgem . st . ent 49 : 79 . tl : uzbekistan , north kugitangtau , leilakhansei . holotype : arenc . female .
berberidana danilevsky , 1955 ( phtheochroa ) , ent . obozr . 34 : 118 . tl : central asia . central asia ( alma ata . ) . lectotype : zmas . female .
kenyana aarvik , 2010 ( phtheochroa ) , norw . j . ent . 57 : 83 . tl : kenya , rift valley prov . , turi . holotype : bmnh . male .
amphibola razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 133 tl : mexico , puebla , nicolas bravo , 11 km ne azumbilla . holotype : eme . female .
chlidantha razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 131 tl : mexico , oaxaca , 17 km se oaxaca , ruinas dainzu . holotype : eme . male .
eulabea razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 136 tl : mexico , puebla , nicolas bravo , 11 km ne azumbilla . holotype : eme . female .
syrtana ragonot , 1888 ( phtheochroa ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( bulletin ) ( 6 ) 8 : lxxxviii . tl : tunisia , gabes . holotype : mnhn . female .
weiserti arenberger , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , z . arbgem . st . ent 49 : 78 . tl : uzbekistan , uzbekistan ( north kugitangtau , lielakhansei ) . holotype : arenc . male .
ciona razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 170 tl : mexico , nayarit , 49 . 4 mi ne venado , mesa nayar . holotype : sdnh . male .
faulkneri razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 168 tl : mexico , jalisco , ro verde , 17 mi yahualica , hwy 116 . holotype : sdnh . male .
pulvillana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 195 tl : germany , frankfurt . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
chriacta razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 176 tl : mexico , jalisco , ro verde , 17 mi s yahualica , hwy 116 . holotype : sdnh . male .
hydnum razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 174 tl : mexico , mexico ( chihuahua , sierra de catarina , 81 mi sw buenaventura . holotype : lacm . male .
dilectana kennel , 1901 ( phtheochroa ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 243 . tl : russia . vol - gograd r , sarepta . holotype : mnhu . male .
hybrista razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 171 tl : mexico . mexico ( jalisco , 14 . 7 mi sw yahualica , el aguacate . holotype : sdnh . male .
cistobursa razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 172 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .
chaunax razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 168 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . male .
descensa razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 173 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .
hyboscia razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 172 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . male .
noema razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 174 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .
amandana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 195 . tl : germany . bayern ( regensburg ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
gloriosana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 194 . tl : philippine islands . batan [ philippine islands ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
johnibrowni razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 170 tl : mexico , mexico ( jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 45 . holotype : sdnh . male .
thiana staudinger , 1900 ( phtheochroa ? ( cochylis ? ) ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 ( 1899 ) : 348 . tl : central asia , central asia ( thian shan ) . holotype : mnhu . female .
lonnvei aarvik , 2010 ( phtheochroa ) , norw . j . ent . 57 : 82 . tl : ethiopia , oromia reg . , bale zone , 43 km sw goba , bale mts . nat . park , darwin camp . holotype : nhmo . male .
enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr leif aarvik
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the wingspan is 16–18 mm . adults have been recorded on wing from february to march .
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je ne saurais que trop vous conseiller l’ouvrage du groupe d’etude des invertébrés armoricains sur les pyrales de la manche . a retrouver sur le site pour le commander .
tribu de la sous - famille des tortricinae qui compte 101 espèces visibles en france .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
joaninha / / ten - spotted ladybird ( adalia decempunctata var . o . . .
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aegrana walsingham , 1879 ( idiographis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 26 . tl : usa , oregon , jackson co . , rogue river . lectotype : bmnh . male .
agelasta razowski , 1967 ( aethes ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 192 tl : costa rica , san jos . holotype : bmnh . female .
albiceps walsingham , 1914 ( propira ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 297 . tl : mexico , guerrero , amula . lectotype : bmnh . male .
alphitopa clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 7 . tl : venezuela , aragua , rancho grande . holotype : usnm . male .
aureoalbida walsingham , 1895 ( hysterosia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1895 : 498 . tl : usa , colorado , loveland . lectotype : bmnh . male .
aureopunctana ragonot , 1894 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 63 : 189 . tl : syria , etikettiert . holotype : mnhn . male .
baracana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 33 . tl : usa , missouri , st louis . holotype : usnm . male .
tiscana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 123 . tl : usa . new jersey , caldwell . lectotype : amnh . male .
vigilans meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
birdana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 32 . tl : usa , new york , rye . holotype : usnm . female .
canariana barnes & busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , contrib . nat . hist . lepid . n . am 4 : 218 . tl : usa , arizona , white mountains . holotype : usnm . male .
cartwrightana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 123 . tl : canada , manitoba , cartwright . lectotype : amnh . male .
chalcantha meyrick , 1912 ( pharmacis ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 20 . tl : turkey , alma dagh . holotype : bmnh . male .
cymatodana rebel , 1927 ( conchylis ( phalonia ) ) , z . st . ent . verz . 12 : 117 . tl : spain , sierra d ' espua , korb . lectotype : nhmv . male .
hermosa schmidt , 1933 ( phalonia ( conchylis ) ) , boln . soc . espa . hist . nat . 33 : 401 . tl : spain . sierra espua , murcia province . holotype : mncnm . male .
decipiens walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 447 tl : syria , shar devesy , haleb . holotype : bmnh . female .
rocharva obraztsov , 1943 ( hysterosia ) , mitt . mnch . ent . ges . 33 : 91 . tl : russia . rocharv , vallis flum pjandzh . holotype : zmku . male .
dodrantaria razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 94 . tl : lebanon , beirut . holotype : mnhu . male .
drenowskyi rebel , 1916 ( euxanthis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 66 : 42 . tl : bulgaria , demir kapia . lectotype : nhmv . male .
duponchelana duponchel , in godart , 1843 ( sericoris ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . ( suppl . ) 4 : 143 . tl : italy , naples . holotype : mnhn . unknown .
duponcheliana costa , 1847 ( sericoris ) , annali accad . aspir . natur . napoli 4 : 77 . tl : italy . naples . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
gloriosana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 5 , fig . 31 . no type
syriaca walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 446 tl : syria . shar devesy , haleb . holotype : bmnh . male .
durbonana lhomme , 1937 ( phalonia ) , amat . papillons 8 : 202 . tl : europe , westalpien ( alps ) [ europe ] . holotype : mnhn . male .
exasperantana christoph , 1872 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross 9 : 9 . tl : russia , vol - gograd region , sarepta . holotype : bmnh . female .
cornigera razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 93 . tl : tajikistan . murgavskoje gosudarstwo . holotype : zmas . male .
exasperatana caradja , 1916 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 53 . no type
farinosana herrich - schaffer , 1856 ( conchylis ) , neue schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 30 , fig . 154 . tl : russia , sarepta . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
frigidana guenee , 1845 ( eupoecilia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 298 . tl : sweden , dalarna [ dalecarlia , sweden ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
andorrana milliere , 1865 ( conchylis ) , iconogr . descr . chenilles lpid . indits 2 : 167 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
flavidana guenee , 1846 ( cochylis ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 66 . tl : france . south france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
schawerdae rebel , in schawerda , 1908 ( conchylis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 58 : 255 . tl : kosovo . kosovo ( vucija bara ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
sulphurana guenee , 1845 ( aphelia ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 67 . tl : france . pyrnes . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
sulphurosana razowski , 1970 ( aphelia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 73 . no type
fulvicinctana constant , 1894 ( cochylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 62 ( 1893 ) : 403 . tl : france , alpes maritimes . holotype : mnhn . unknown .
fulviplicana walsingham , 1879 ( idiographis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 26 . tl : usa , california , shasta co . , hatchet creek . lectotype : bmnh . male .
fermentata meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 . no type
homanana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 84 . tl : usa . nevada , verdi . lectotype : amnh . male .
komonana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 121 . tl : usa . california , santa clara co . , alma . lectotype : usnm . male .
refuga meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
gigantica busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 8 : 87 . tl : mexico , distrito federal , mexico city . holotype : usnm . female .
gracillimana rebel , 1910 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 24 : 7 . tl : spain , castilia , cuenca . lectotype : mgab . male .
huachucana kearfott , 1907 ( commophila ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 79 . tl : usa , arizona , cochise co . . lectotype : amnh . male .
inopiana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 469 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . lectotype : oum . male .
centrana herrich - schaffer , 1850 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 53 , fig . 373 . no type
centrana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( euchromia ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 205 . tl : switzerland . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
excentricana erschoff , 1877 ( tortrix ( idiographis ) ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 12 : 341 . tl : russia . siberia , irkutsk . syntypes : zmas . 2 females .
hinnuleana krulikowsky , 1908 ( hysterosia inopiana ab . ) , societas ent . 23 : 18 . tl : russia . wjatka and kasan [ russia ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
obscurana kennel , 1913 ( hysterosia inopiana var . ) , palaear . tortr . : 350 . tl : russia . amur . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
pallidana caradja , 1916 ( hysterosia inopiana var . ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 55 . tl : russia . khabarovsky krai , kazakevich . lectotype : mgab . male .
tripsiana eversmann , 1844 ( tortrix ) , fauna lepid . volgo - ural . : 491 . tl : russia . kasan , orenburg . syntype ( s ) : zmas . unknown .
iodes clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 4 . tl : guatemala , volcan santa mara . holotype : usnm . male .
issikii razowski , 1977 ( hysterosia ) , ty to ga 28 : 35 . tl : japan , hokkaido , maruyama . holotype : usnm . female .
jerichoana amsel , 1935 ( phalonia ) , mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 : 291 . tl : palestine , jericho . holotype : lnk . male .
kenneli obraztsov , 1944 ( propira ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 70 . tl : russia , volgograd region , sarepta . syntypes : mnhu . 2 females .
krulikowskiji obraztsov , 1944 ( propira ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 69 . tl : russia , viatka province , sarapul . holotype : zmku . male .
kazakhstanica danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( phalonia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 109 . tl : khazakhstan . alma ata [ almaty ] . holotype : zmas . male .
kazakhstanika danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( phalonia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 82 . no type
loricata razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 568 . tl : mexico , puebla , 2 mi sw tehuacan . holotype : eme . female .
lucentana kennel , 1899 ( cochylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 : 30 . tl : syria , holotype : mnhu . unknown .
melasma clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 9 . tl : guatemala , chejel . holotype : usnm . male .
meraca razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 54 : 570 . tl : mexico , puebla , 2 mi sw tehuacan . holotype : eme . female .
modestana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 32 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , allegheny co . , pittsburgh . holotype : usnm . male .
noctivaga razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 569 . tl : mexico , nuevo leon , 4 mi w iturbide . holotype : eme . female .
obnubila razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 571 . tl : mexico , hidalgo , jacala . holotype : eme . female .
ochralana chretien , 1915 ( euxanthis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 300 . tl : tunisia , lectotype : mnhn . male .
bedeella lucas , 1946 ( phalonia ) , bull . soc . ent . fr . 51 : 98 . tl : tunisia . sfax . lectotype : mnhn . male .
ochrolana caradja , 1916 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 52 . no type
ochrobasana chretien , 1915 ( euxanthis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 301 . tl : algeria , algeria ( biskra ) . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
undulata lucas , 1946 ( argyrotoxa ) , bull . soc . ent . fr . 51 : 98 . tl : algeria . algeria ( el golea ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .
palpana ragonot , 1894 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 63 : 195 . tl : turkey , hadjin . holotype : mnhn . male .
perspicuana barnes & busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , contrib . nat . hist . lepid . n . am 4 : 218 . tl : usa , arizona , cochise co . , paradise . holotype : usnm . female .
pistrinana erschoff , 1877 ( cochylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 12 : 341 . tl : russia , siberia , irkutsk . syntype : zmas . male .
coreana walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 447 tl : korea . gensan . holotype : bmnh . male .
heptopotamica obraztsov , 1944 ( propira pistrinana ssp . ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 68 . tl : kazakhstan . central asia ( dzharkent ) [ kazakhstan ] . holotype : unknown . male .
primula walsingham , 1914 ( hysterosia ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 299 . tl : mexico , popocatepetl . holotype : usnm . female .
procerana lederer , 1863 ( conchylis ) , wien . ent . monatschr . 7 : 45 . tl : bulgaria , holotype : mnhu . male .
dispuncta kuznetzov , 1976 ( hysterosia pulvillana ssp . ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 64 : 3 . tl : russia . primorsky krai , vinogradovka . holotype : zmas . female .
purana guenee , 1845 ( argyrolepia ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 64 . tl : france , syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
limbatana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 18 , fig . 125 . no type
limbatana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( cochylis ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 191 . tl : yugoslavia . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
purissima osthelder , 1938 ( phalonia ) , mitt . mnch . ent . ges . 28 : 24 . tl : iran , holotype : zsm . male .
quaesita razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 570 . tl : mexico , zacatecas , 9 mi s fresnillo . holotype : eme . female .
rectangulana chretien , 1915 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 299 . tl : algeria , algeria . lectotype : mnhn . female .
reisseri razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 91 . tl : crete , west crete ( omalos ) . holotype : isez . male .
retextana erschoff , 1874 ( conchylis ) , lepid . turkestan : 93 . tl : turkestan , laxartem , sir - daria . holotype : zmas . female .
riscana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 122 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , glenburn . lectotype : amnh . male .
vincta meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
rugosana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 14fig . 82 . tl : germany , wrttenberg , marbach / neckar . neotype : tlmf . male .
albana kennel , 1913 ( phalonia ) , palaear . tortr . : 299 . no type
v - albana donovan , [ 1806 ] ( phalaena ) , nat . hist . br . insects 11 : 31 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
schreibersiana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 53 . tl : germany , wrtemberg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
sociana esartiya , 1988 ( trachysmia ) , ent . obozr . 67 ( 4 ) : 137 . tl : georgia , georgia ( grunzia , lagodekhi reserve ) . holotype : zmas . male .
karadaghina budashkin , 1992 ( trachysmia ) , ent . obozr . 69 : 415 . tl : ukraine . ukraine ( crimea ) . holotype : zmas . male .
sodaliana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 436 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
subfumida falkovitsh , 1963 ( hysterosia ( propira ) ) , zool . zhurn . moskva 42 : 697 tl : armenia , eriwan . holotype : zmas . male .
superbissima razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , acta zool . cracov . 53 : 571 tl : mexico , veracruz , 2 mi w el joyita , hwy . 140 . holotype : eme . male .
terminana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 33 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , allegheny co . , pittsburgh . holotype : usnm . male .
merrickana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 59 . tl : usa . pennsylvania , new brighton . lectotype : amnh . male .
undulata danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( hysterosia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 113 . tl : central asia , central asia ( dshungarian ala - tau ) . holotype : zmas . female .
unionana kennel , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 : 135 . tl : russia , caucasus . syntypes : mnhu . 2 males .
vicina walsingham , 1914 ( propira ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 297 . tl : guatemala , vera paz , pancina . holotype : bmnh . female .
villana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 34 . tl : usa , colorado , adams co . , denver . holotype : usnm . male .
vitellinana zeller , 1875 ( conchylis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 243 . tl : usa , maine or massachusetts . holotype : unknown . male .
vulneratana zetterstedt , 1839 ( tortrix ) , insecta lapponica descripta : 979 . tl : sweden , lappland ( laponia [ sweden ] . syntype ( s ) : uzil . unknown .
exsulana lederer , 1855 ( tortrix ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 5 : 117 . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .
meincki amsel , 1932 ( euxanthis ) , dt . ent . z . berlin 1932 : 19 . tl : germany . holotype : meinc . unknown . [ lost ]
niponica kawabe , 1982 ( hysterosia ) , moths japan 2 : 182 . no type
nipponica matsumura , 1931 ( phalonia vulneratana form ) , 6000 illust . insects japan - empire : 1074 tl : japan . hokkaido & honshu . syntype ( s ) : eihu . unknown . [ lost ]
waracana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 122 . tl : canada , alberta , regina . lectotype : usnm . female .
dicax meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
zacualpana busck , 1913 ( commophila ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 1 : 141 . tl : mexico , distrito federal , zacualpan . holotype : usnm . female .
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antheraea mylitta is a species of moth in the family saturniidae known commonly as the tasar silkworm and vanya silkworm .

it is actually one of a number of tasar silkworms , species that produce tussar silk , a kind of wild silk that is made from the products of saturniid silkworms instead of the domesticated silkworm ( bombyx mori ) .

this species is native to india .

this species is variable , with at least 44 identified ecoraces , populations adapted to varied ecological conditions and food plants .

ten ecoraces are used for silk production and have been studied to obtain data about their life cycles and silk characteristics .

some ecoraces are so well differentiated that they do not interbreed in nature , though they are not genetically distinct and can be bred in captivity .

this species feeds mainly on terminalia trees and on shorea robusta .

it also eats many other kinds of plants , with various ecoraces specializing on certain taxa .

other plants appearing in its diet include indian jujube ( ziziphus mauritiana ) , axlewood ( anogeissus latifolia ) , jambul ( syzygium cumini ) , kumbi ( careya arborea ) , anjan ( hardwickia binata ) , and species of teak ( tectona spp. ) and crepe myrtle ( lagerstroemia spp. ) .

tussar silk from this and related species of wild silkworms is a different color from domesticated silkworm silk , and it is coarser and stronger , making it more favorable in some applications .

like the domesticated silkworm , this species is susceptible to pébrine , a disease caused by microsporidian fungi in the genus nosema .

it is lethal to the larvae .

it is also commonly infected with the antheraea mylitta cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus ( amcpv ) , a reovirus which has been reported to destroy around 20 % of each silk crop by inducing diarrhea in the larvae , leading to a condition known as grasserie .

natural enemies of this silkworm include the uzi fly ( blepharipa zebina ) , which is a parasitoid that uses the silkworm larvae as a food source for its maggots .

many ecoraces are threatened due to extensive deforestation and the collection of cocoons from wild populations .

antheraea mylitta

silk protein fibroin from antheraea mylitta for cardiac tissue engineering . - pubmed - ncbi
molecular identification of tropical tasar silkworm ( antheraea mylitta ) ecoraces with rapd and scar markers .
molecular identification of tropical tasar silkworm ( antheraea mylitta ) ecoraces with rapd and scar markers . - pubmed - ncbi
table 1 - heterosis in the interspecific cross between antheraea pernyi and a . roylei
parasitization of fifth instar tasar silkworm , antheraea mylitta , by the uzi fly , blepharipa zebina ; a host - parasitoid interaction and its effect o . . . - pubmed - ncbi
parasitization of fifth instar tasar silkworm , antheraea mylitta , by the uzi fly , blepharipa zebina ; a host - parasitoid interaction and its effect on host ' s nutritional parameters and parasitoid development .
the human heart cannot regenerate after an injury . lost cardiomyocytes are replaced by scar tissue resulting in reduced cardiac function causing high morbidity and mortality . one possible solution to this problem is cardiac tissue engineering . here , we have investigated the suitability of non - mulberry silk protein fibroin from indian tropical tasar antheraea mylitta as a scaffold for engineering a cardiac patch in vitro . we have tested cell adhesion , cellular metabolic activity , response to extracellular stimuli , cell - to - cell communication and contractility of 3 - days postnatal rat cardiomyocytes on silk fibroin . our data demonstrate that a . mylitta silk fibroin exhibits similar properties as fibronectin , a component of the natural matrix for cardiomyocytes . comparison to mulberry bombyx mori silk protein fibroin shows that a . mylitta silk fibroin is superior probably due to its rgd domains . 3d scaffolds can efficiently be loaded with cardiomyocytes resulting in contractile patches . in conclusion , our findings demonstrate that a . mylitta silk fibroin 3d scaffolds are suitable for the engineering of cardiac patches .
the human heart cannot regenerate after an injury . lost cardiomyocytes are replaced by scar tissue resulting in reduced cardiac function causing high morbidity and mortality . one possible solution to this problem is cardiac tissue engineering . here , we have investigated the suitability of non - mulberry silk protein fibroin from indian tropical tasar antheraea mylitta as a scaffold for engineering a cardiac patch in vitro . we have tested cell adhesion , cellular metabolic activity , response to extracellular stimuli , cell - to - cell communication and contractility of 3 - days postnatal rat cardiomyocytes on silk fibroin . our data demonstrate that a . mylitta silk fibroin exhibits similar properties as fibronectin , a component of the natural matrix for cardiomyocytes . comparison to mulberry bombyx mori silk protein fibroin shows that a . mylitta silk fibroin is superior probably due to its rgd domains . 3d scaffolds can efficiently be loaded with cardiomyocytes resulting in contractile patches . in conclusion , our findings demonstrate that a . mylitta silk fibroin 3d scaffolds are suitable for the engineering of cardiac patches .
jolly , m . s . , narasimhanna , m . n . , sinha , s . s . & sen , s . k . 1969 interspecific hybridisation in antheraea . ind . j . hered . , 1 : 45 - 48 .
wild silk is very vital biological resource and has a very crucial role in economic and social development of mankind . wild silk is better than other silks from the view point of healthcare . therefore , the book contain taxonomy of wild silkmoths , under which 9 new subspecies of antheraea mylitta have been described for avoiding confusion with ecoraces which refer to antheraea mylitta indica , a . m . jujubi , a . m . arjuni , a . m . greyi , a . m . kolhapurensis , a . m . koynei , a . m . sathei , a . m . badami and a . m . sahyadricus . the book also contains biology of wild silkmoths attacus atlas ( linn . ) , actias selene hubner and a . m . kolhapurensis . rearing techniques for a . atlas , a . selene and a . m . kolhapurensis with different food plants and their assessment by food consumption potential / cocoon characterization and development rate has given special emphasis in the book . thus , the book is unique on biodiversity of wild silkmoths and the wild silk technology which will be very helpful for students , teachers , farmers , sericulturists and researchers in india and at global scenario .
the tropical tasar silkworm , antheraea mylitta , has several ecoraces , 10 of which are commercially exploited for the production of tasar silk . these ecoraces are identified by morphological markers that are greatly influenced by photoperiod , humidity , altitude , and host plants . the dna markers , random amplification of polymorphic dna ( rapd ) , and sequence - characterized amplified region ( scar ) are identified to complement the existing morphological markers . seven rapd bands are selected that identify 8 of the 10 ecoraces . these identified rapd fragments are sequenced and primers are designed for scar markers . of the seven sets of primers , a single primer pair produced polymorphic scar bands that diagnose 5 of the 10 ecoraces . all 10 ecoraces are identified by the use of rapd and scar markers together .
genome segment 2 ( s2 ) from antheraea mylitta cypovirus ( amcpv ) was converted into cdna , cloned and sequenced . s2 consisted of 3798 nucleotides with a long orf encoding a 1116 amino acid long protein ( 123 kda ) . blast and phylogenetic analysis showed 29 % sequence identity and close relatedness of amcpv s2 with rna dependent rna polymerase ( rdrp ) of other insect cypoviruses , suggesting a common origin of all insect cypoviruses . the orf of s2 was expressed as 123 kda soluble his - tagged fusion protein in insect cells via baculovirus recombinants which exhibited rdrp activity in an in vitro rna polymerase assay without any intrinsic terminal transferase activity . maximum activity was observed at 37 °c at ph 6 . 0 in the presence of 3 mm mgcl 2 . site directed mutagenesis confirmed the importance of the conserved gdd motif . this is the first report of functional characterization of a cypoviral rdrp which may lead to the development of anti - viral agents .
the uzi fly , blepharipa zebina , is a well - known larval endoparasitoid of the tropical tasar silkworm , antheraea mylitta . the present study dealt with the effect of the number of maggots developing per host on host nutritional parameters , parasitoid development and reproduction . nutritional indices for ingestion , digestion , approximate digestibility , relative consumption rate , relative growth rate , and gain in body weight declined significantly with the increase in parasitoid burden , but the efficiency of conversion of digested food recorded a significant increase . the efficiency of conversion of ingested food remained little affected . the developmental period was significantly extended in larvae parasitized with 5 and 10 maggots per larva ( mpl ) . cocoon shell weight decreased by 27 - 63 . 5 % in parasitized groups ( 1 , 2 , and 5 mpl ) while larvae parasitized with 10 mpl could not spin cocoons . the maggot development period , recovery percentage , and fecundity of the uzi fly declined significantly with the increase in number of maggots developing per host .
antheraea mylitta drury , the semi - wild silk - producing lepidopteran insect commonly known as tasar silkworm is unique to india and is distributed over a wide tropical forest range covering the states of andhra pradesh , bihar , chhattisgarh , madhya pradesh , maharashtra , orissa , and uttaranchal . the populations found in different areas are know by their specific local names and are considered as different ecotypes , but it is difficult to separate the populations on the basis of morphological and life - cycle traits and thus molecular characterization was attempted . the present communication relates to the results obtained from the analysis of polymorphism unraveled by twelve issr primers for 11 populations of a . mylitta belonging to six ecotypes and 41 individuals of railey ecotype collected from five zones of dandakarnya forest in madhya pradesh . this communication , further , presents molecular evidences on genetic differences between eleven ecotype populations and highlights the genotypic diversification of a single ecotype into further separate discrete gene pools . the canonical discriminant function analysis revealed grouping of the five populations of railey ecotype into two “clumps , ” while accessions of other ecotypes stood separated from each other . the railey populations on detailed study , further , revealed separation of two ( tokapal and nangur ) populations into discrete gene pools and the other three ( kondagaon , darba , and tongpal ) populations , overlapped in spite of larger geographic distance between them . the analysis also identified nine markers , which can be utilized to characterize specific population and will be of help to follow the ongoing genetic changes triggered by various ecological factors and human influences on the railey ecotype .
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m . s . jolly , s . k . sen and m . g . das
silkworms are notoriously finicky eaters : they must have mulberry leaves . but not all of them . wild sericulture is traditionally practiced in india and china with silkworms which feed on the leaves of a large variety of naturally grown forest trees . the authors describe the indian tasar silk industry and the way it is being made more economic through management and the use of interspecific hybrid moths .
) which must be fed exclusively on the leaves of white and black mulberry trees . most , but not all , commercial silk originates this way . in india , the extensive cottage industry concerned with silk weaving gets its raw material from so - called tasar silkworms that feed on the leaves of a variety of trees which grow wild in tropical , subtropical and temperate zones . for centuries indian raw silk has been gathered by the families of forest and hill tribes . the economic significance of their work can be seen in the fact that the country ' s current output of tasar silk now accounts for export earnings of us $ 4 . 4 million annually .
tasar silk has been produced for a very long time . outside of india it may be called tusah , tussore , tusser or tussur silk . the uneven tan filaments are coarser , stronger and shorter than the normal cultivated silk and it is used in fabrics such as pongee and shantung .
a distinct belt of humid , dense forest sprawling over the central and southern plateaus at an elevation of 600 m is the home of tropical tasar . it extends through the states of bihar , madhya pradesh , orissa and maharashtra and touches the fringes of andhra pradesh , karnataka , west bengal , manipur and assam . the temperate tasar belt , at an elevation of 700 to 2200 m , on the other hand , includes the states of jammu and kashmir , uttar pradesh , himachal pradesh , meghalaya , manipur and assam , while west bengal , arunachal pradesh and nagaland rank next in importance . this oak tasar zone was established on a production basis in 1973 .
tasar silk culture is known as wild or forest sericulture . more than a hundred thousand tribal families are at present engaged in the tropical tasar zone , and the temperate tasar zone promises full and part - time employment for about 1 million people .
has been exploited commercially and is the chief producer of tasar silk in the tropics . it exists in the form of nearly 20 eco - races of a uni - , bi - and trivoltine nature .
silk is the finest tasar silk ever produced in india , and the insect has outrun its parents both quantitatively and qualitatively ( table 1 ) .
is abundant throughout india except in a few low - lying tracts . it ascends to the tops of high mountains and also occurs in higher coastal areas ( hairs , 1921 ) .
q . flex , q . semicarpifolia , q . semiserrata and q . glauca
in india the genus is distributed along the western sub - himalayan range , between altitudes of 1300 and 2200 m , and in the eastern hilly tracts at altitudes between 700 and 1600 m . both areas constitute the temperate tasar zone . in the tropical belt the tasar food plants cover an area of 7 . 7 million ha , while in the temperate zone nearly 0 . 8 million ha of oaks are available .
the average income per family for traditional rearers is $ 2530 per year . however , new techniques of rearing evolved at the central tasar research station at ranchi ( table 2 ) can now ensure a handsome income of about $ 250 within 40 to 45 days ( jolly , 1973 ) . similarly , the techniques of rearing evolved for the oak tasar zones have been found to be very successful .
in the traditional practice the tasar larvae feed on irregularly distributed food plants in forests or along the embankments of paddy fields . this creates management problems resulting in losses due to pests , diseases and natural hazards . recent research carried out at ranchi has developed an economic plantation method with close spacing . a large increase in foliage productivity has been recorded with a spacing of 122 cm in either direction , and with the kind of record yields of 17 . 2 tons per ha now being achieved a net return of $ 497 . 50 per ha per year ( table . 3 ) through tasar culture can be anticipated , even under rainfed conditions where the soil fertility is submarginal ( des
this type of economic plantation would invariably reduce the amount of labour required , since overlapping twigs will permit the silkworms to move from one plant to another instead of being transferred by hand .
the tasar industry provides democratic tremendous scope for future extension in many parts of the world . the species of
are widely distributed in indo - australian and palaeoarctic regions extending eastward from india to the philippines through viet nam and also dispersed throughout democratic kampuchea ; southeastward to australia through sri lanka , singapore , malaysia , indonesia and new guinea ; northeastward to china , japan and amurland ( u . s . s . r . ) and westward to the united states and latin america . nearly 36 species and 40 forms are known in these regions .
consists of about 250 species found within sri lanka , india , burma , lao , democratic : kampuchea and some parts of viet nam , and also extends through indonesia , malaysia and new guinea up to australia . some of its species are also reported in the african continent . the genus
is a very large genus of some 300 species growing throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere extending to the tropics of latin america in the west and malaysia in the east .
it is to be noted that out of this vast trasure of tasar flora , only 1015 percent have been examined with reference to the tasar industry in india , while out of numerous tasar insect species and forms only three or four have been put to use .
the main tasar silk - producing countries of the world today are china and india . india ranks after china , with an annual production of about 400 tons of tasar raw silk and 200 tons of silk waste ( jolly
tasar silk has appeared in the export market quite recently . the export figure reached us $ 2 . 6 million in 1973 . the major markets are the federal republic of germany , the united states and japan . foreign exchange earned through the export of tasar silk waste in 1973 was $ 1 . 8 million .
the forests which provide food for tasar silkworms are now being utilized in india mainly for fuel and timber , which are of less economic importance than the returns from silk . if these forests were completely diverted to tasar silk production they could provide a significant increase in income for a vulnerable section of society , as has already been shown . there would also be environmental benefits .
woodlands utilized for tasar silk production are protected from deforestation , which in turn benefits soil and watershed conservation and management . wherever tasar culture is practiced , the trees are better cared for in general . silkworm excrete and dead remains also enrich the quality of the soil .
the hundred thousand tribal families engaged in tasar silk production in the traditional belt are a very small percentage of the total tribal population in india . the temperate zone of india alone can provide employment for nearly 1 million people .
we believe that we have shown during the past 10 years at our research station that the tasar silk industry has a significant agri - silvicultural potential for many forest - rich developing countries , and in particular for countries which wish to create employment and raise the standard of living of forest - dwelling peoples who may be lagging behind the rest of the country .
jolly , m . s . 1970 oak oriented tasar culture in the offing .
jolly , m . s . 1974 new dimensions of tasar industry in india .
jolly , m . s . , chaturvedi , s . n . & prasad , s . 1968 a survey of tasar crops in india .
, p . 1 - 17 and 86 - 106 . 1st edition . bombay , ambika publishers .
a . pernyi g . m . proc . xii international silk congress , barcelona .
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patra c 1 , talukdar s , novoyatleva t , velagala sr , mühlfeld c , kundu b , kundu sc , engel fb .
department of cardiac development and remodelling , max - planck - institute for heart and lung research , parkstrasse 1 , 61231 bad nauheim , germany .
central tasar research and training institute , piska nagri , ranchi - 835 303 , jharkhand , india . ssrathlee @ urltoken
department of biotechnology , indian institute of technology , kharagpur , 721302 , india .
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jolly , m . s . , sen , s . k . , and ashan , m . m . ,
, ranchi , india : central tasar res . training inst . , 1972 .
akai , h . , nagashima , t . , and aoyagi , s . , ultrastructure of posterior silk gland cells and liquid silk in indian tasar silkworm ,
siddique , a . a . , chatterjee , s . n . , goel , a . k . , and sengupta , a . k . , genetic divergence in tasar silkworm
thnagavelu , k . and sinha , a . k . , population ecology of
, akai , h . , kato , y . , kiuchi , m . , and inouch , j . , eds . , tsukuba , japan : int . soc . wild silkmoths , nat . inst . sericult . entomol . sci . , 1992 , pp . 87 - 92 .
alam , m . o . , suresh , m . r . , and sit , s . c . , survey , collection and characterization of modal ecorace of indian wild silk insect
fang , d . q . and roose , m . l . , identification of closely related
tsumura , y . , ohba , k . , and strauss , s . h . , diversity and inheritance of inter - simple sequence repeat polymorphisms in douglas fir (
nagaoko , t . and ogihara , y . , applicability of inter - simple sequence repeat polymorphisms in wheat for use as dna markers comparison to rflp and rapd markers ,
reddy , d . k . , nagaraju , j . , and abraham , e . g . , genetic characterization of the silkworm
ramkumar rao , k . v . s . and mohobia , g . p . , studies on grainage behavior of nature - grown raily ecorace under natural and captive conditions ,
singh , b . m . k . and srivastava , a . k . , ecoraces of
, ranchi : central tasar res . training inst . , 1997 , base paper 6 : 39 .
sinha , a . k . and naqni , a . h . , need for maintenance of germplasm of non - mulberry silkworm , in
, ranchi : central tasar res . training inst . , 1997 , base paper 7 : 16 .
kantety , r . v . , zhang , x . , bennetzen , j . l . , and zehr , b . z . , assessment of genetic diversity in dent and popcorn (
provost , a . and wilkinson , m . j . , a new system of comparing pcr primers applied to issr fingerprinting of potato cultivars ,
chatterjee , s . n . , mohandas , t . p . , and tanushree , t . ,
zietkiewics , e . , rafalski , a . , and labuda , d . , genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeats ( ssr ) - anchored amplification ,
breto , m . p . , ruiz , c . , pina , j . a . , and asins , m . j . , diversification of
culley , t . m . and wolfe , a . d . , population genetic structure of the cleistogamous plant species
breto , m . p . , ruiz , c . , pina , j . a . , and asins , m . j . ,
charlesworth , d . and wright , s . , breeding system and genome evolution ,
rao , k . v . s . , ramkumar , mahobia , g . p . ,
chatterjee , s . n . , vijayan , k . , roy , g . c . et al . russian journal of genetics ( 2004 ) 40 : 152 . urltoken
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wild silk technology : r . k . & sathe t . v . kavane : 9789351242338 : urltoken books
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