apostichopus japonicus is a species of sea cucumber in the family stichopodidae .

it is found in shallow temperate waters along the coasts of south east asia and is commonly known as the japanese spiky sea cucumber or the japanese sea cucumber .

apostichopus japonicus

frédéric ducarme marked
file : japan sea animal , apostichopus japonicus . jpg
as trusted on the
apostichopus japonicus
page .
draft genome of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and genetic polymorphism among color variants .
figure 5 : related data from apostichopus japonicus individual levels after each gene silencing .
print version : sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus . ( 9780127999531 / 0127999531 / 900827492 )
figure 4 : related data from apostichopus japonicus primary cultured coelomocytes after each gene silencing .
draft genome of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and genetic polymorphism among color variants . - pubmed - ncbi
expression analysis of immune related genes identified from the coelomocytes of sea cucumber ( apostichopus japonicus ) in response to lps challenge .
expression analysis of immune related genes identified from the coelomocytes of sea cucumber ( apostichopus japonicus ) in response to lps challenge . - pubmed - ncbi
gigadb dataset - doi 10 . 5524 / 100257 - supporting data for
draft genome of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and genetic polymorphis . . .
distribution of the japanese sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus in the intertidal zone of hirao bay , eastern yamaguchi pref . , japan : suitable environmental factors for juvenile habitats
distribution of the japanese sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus in the intertidal zone of hirao bay , eastern yamaguchi pref . , japan : suitable environmental factors for juvenile habitats
distribution of the japanese sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus in the intertidal zone of hirao bay , eastern yamaguchi pref . , japan : suitable environmental factors for juvenile habitats [ 2006 ]
zhang b l , sun d y , wu y q . 1995 . preliminary analysis on the feeding habit of apostichopus japonicus in the rocky coast waters of lingshan island .
bogatyrenko , e . a . , buzoleva , l . s . , and chi , z . , potential probiotics of the far eastern trepang apostichopus japonicus producing digestive enzymes ,
zhang w j , hou h m , zhang g l , li q y , du c m . 2011 . study on diversity of intestine cultivable microorganisms from apostichopus japonicus .
lebedev , a . m . 2000 . fisheries and reserves of the far eastern sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus . russina journal of marine biology 26 ( 4 ) : 296 - 302 .
22 . 6 . problems and prospects in sustainable a . japonicus production in japan
apostichopus japonicus appears to be more tolerant to environmental fluctuations than many other species of sea cucumbers . however , the larval stages remain rather sensitive and less tolerant to variations in their environment .
three color variants of a . japonicus ( green , red , and black ) .
12 . 5 . differences in mitf gene expressions in albino and normal a . japonicus
12 . 6 . differences in astacin gene expressions in albino and normal a . japonicus
gao f , sun h l , xu q , tan j , yan j p , wang q y . 2010 . pcrdgge analysis of bacterial community composition in the gut contents of apostichopus japonicus .
zhang x c , nakahara t , murase s , nakata h , inoue t , kudo t . 2013 . physiological characterization of aerobic culturable bacteria in the intestine of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus .
today , in northern china , the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus is commonly farmed in earth ponds either in an extensive or semi - intensive system . sea rafts are sometimes used , but are not very popular .
selin , n . i . 2001 . vertical distribution of the far east trepang apostichopus japonicus in vostok bay , sea of japan . russian journal of marine biology 27 ( 4 ) : 256 - 258 .
12 . 3 . differences in nutrient and melanin contents between albino and normal a . japonicus
12 . 4 . differences in histological and ultrastructural characteristics between albino and normal a . japonicus
yang z p , sun f x , liu z m , zhang l , cao w , ma y x . 2013 . screening and identification of potential enzyme producing probiotics from gut of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus .
17 . 3 . bioremediation capability of a . japonicus when combined with bivalve and / or macroalgae
gao f , li f h , tan j , yan j p , sun h l . 2014 . bacterial community composition in the gut content and ambient sediment of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus revealed by 16s rrna gene pyrosequencing .
li b , rong x j , liao m j , chen g p , zhang z , wang y g , xue t s . 2010 . bacteria community in the intestine and culture environment of apostichopus japonicus in winter .
− 1 d − 1 ) of apostichopus japonicus during the experimental period . means ( n = 4 ) with different letters denoting significant differences ( p < 0 . 05 ) , and bars representing standard deviations of the means .
chen , l . , li , q . and yang , j . 2008 . microsatellite genetic variation in wild and hatchery populations of the sea cucumber ( apostichopus japonicus selenka ) from northern china . aquaculture research 2008 : 1 - 9 .
dubrovskii , s . v . and sergeenko , v . a . 2002 . distribution pattern of far eastern sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus in busse lagoon ( southern sakhalin ) . russian journal of marine biology 28 ( 2 ) : 87 - 93 .
in northern inshore areas of china , many other animals inhabit the eelgrass ecosystems in which a . japonicus is abundant . this study showed that decaying eelgrass debris could act as an important food resource for a . japonicus .
kanno , m . , suyama , y . , li , q . & kijima , a . 2006 . microsatellite analysis of japanese sea cucumber , stichopus ( apostichopus ) japonicus , supports reproductive isolation in color variants . marine biotechnology , 8 : 672 - 685 .
zhao y c , zhang w b , xu w , mai k s , zhang y j , liufu z g . 2012 . effects of potential probiotic bacillus subtilis t13 on growth , immunity and disease resistance against vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus .
citation : du h , bao z , hou r , wang s , su h , yan j , et al . ( 2012 ) transcriptome sequencing and characterization for the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus ( selenka , 1867 ) . plos one 7 ( 3 ) : e33311 . urltoken
wang , p . , chang , y . , yu , j . , li , c . & xu g . 2007 . acute peristome edema disease in juvenile and adult sea cucumbers apostichopus japonicus ( selenka ) reared in north china . journal of invertebrate pathology 96 : 11 - 17 .
dong , y . , dong , s . , tian , x . , wang , f . & zhang , m . 2006 . effects of diel temperature fluctuations on growth , oxygen consumption and proximate body composition in the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus selenka . aquaculture , 255 : 514 - 521 .
dong , s . , liang , m . , gao , q . , wang , f . , dong , y . & tian , x . 2010 . intra - specific effects of sea cucumber ( apostichopus japonicus ) with reference to stocking density and body size . aquaculture research , 41 : 1170 - 1178
cheon s ; cho sj ; hong hh ; jin s ; jo j ; kern ema ; lee hg ; lee sg ; oh j ; park c ; park jk ( 2016 ) : supporting data for
draft genome of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and genetic polymorphism among color variants
gigascience database . urltoken
lysenko , v . n . , zharikov , v . v . , and lebedev , a . m . , the abundance and distribution of the japanese sea cucumber , apostichopus japonicus ( selenka , 1867 ) ( echinodermata : stichopodidae ) , in nearshore waters of the southern part of the far eastern state marine reserve ,
citation : liu x , zhou y , yang h , ru s ( 2013 ) eelgrass detritus as a food source for the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus selenka ( echinidermata : holothuroidea ) in coastal waters of north china : an experimental study in flow - through systems . plos one 8 ( 3 ) : e58293 . urltoken
there are over 1 000 species of sea cucumbers known worldwide . more than 100 species can be found in china , amongst which more than 20 species are considered edible . most of them , e . g . thelenota ananas , stichopus chloronotus , s . variegatus and apostichopus japonicus , are distributed in the southern sea of china .
yuan , x . , yang , h . , wang , l . , zhou , y . , zhang , t . and liu , y . 2007 . effects of aestivation on the energy budget of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus ( selenka ) ( echinodermata : holothuroidea ) . acta ecologica sinica 27 ( 8 ) : 3155 - 3161 .
zzd is one of the main aquaculture and fishery companies in china , and it is the biggest base for aquaculture and sea ranching of high - valued seafood in north yellow sea . it operates a 2000 km 2 ocean farm , producing about 60 thousand t of scallop patinopecten yessoensis , sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and abalone haliotis discus hannai annually .
sang , c . 1963 . biology of japanese common sea cucumber , stichopus japonicus selenka . kaibundo , tokyo , japan ( in japanese with english summary )
the yield and growth condition of albino juveniles and thermal resistant juveniles was checked by experts . after the project leader reported the work statement , the experts inquired the key technology and the progress of the project and finally confirmed the achievement on artificial breeding of thermal resistant a . japonicus and albino a . japonicus . according to the results of the project , the thermal resistant strain could terminate the stage of estivation 17 days earlier than normal a . japonicus . furthermore , the thermal resistant strain could endure 1 degree higher temperature than normal a . japonicus . the results of gene expression of heat shock proteins and lethal high temperature test indicated that the thermal resistant strain had better thermostability . at present , the yield of thermal resistant a . japonicus was one million eight hundred thousand , which included eight hundred thousand f1 offspring and one million f2 offspring . in addition , 18 a . japonicus pedigrees were established and each pedigree had 5000 - 30000 individuals . in march 2010 , the artificial breeding of albino a . japonicus was carried out . up to october 2010 , the yield of albino offspring was one million three hundres thousand .
pyrosequencing was proven to be efficient in rapidly identifying a large set of genes for the sea cucumber a . japonicus . through the large - scale transcriptome sequencing as well as public est data integration , we performed a comprehensive characterization of the a . japonicus transcriptome and identified candidate aestivation - related genes . a large number of potential genetic markers were also identified from the a . japonicus transcriptome . this transcriptome resource would lay an important foundation for future genetic or genomic studies on this species .
some researchers pointed out that the appropriate temperature for the growth of a . japonicus is 5–20°c , while the optimum is 10–16°c [ 40 ] – [ 42 ] . during the experiment , the water temperature ranged from 13 . 5–20 . 8°c ( fig . 2 ) . with an increase in water temperature to 18°c , a . japonicus gradually went into an aestivation state , and the fpr of a . japonicus reduced rapidly ( fig . 2 ) . before entering into aestivation , the fpr of a . japonicus was higher , which were 0 . 33 g·ind . −1 d −1 , 1 . 31 g·ind . −1 d −1 , 1 . 31 g·ind . −1 d −1 , 0 . 63 g·ind . −1 d −1 for treatments es10 , es20 , es40 , and es100 , respectively ( fig . 3 ) . according to the experiment the water temperature had an effect on the sgr and fpr of a . japonicus which fed on the mixed food containing eelgrass detritus and seafloor surface sediment . when the water temperature was between 13 and 17°c , a . japonicus grew faster .
yaqing , c . , changging y . & songxin . 2004 . pond culture of sea cucumbers , apostichopus japonicus , in dalian . in : a lovatelli , c . conand , s . purcell , s . uthicke , j - f . hamel & a . mercier ( eds ) , advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management , pp . 269 - 272 . fao fisheries technical paper no 463 . fao , rome .
jo , j . , oh , j . , lee , h . - g . , hong , h . - h . , lee , s . - g . , cheon , s . , … park , c . ( 2017 ) . draft genome of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus and genetic polymorphism among color variants . gigascience , 6 ( 1 ) , 1–6 . doi : 10 . 1093 / gigascience / giw006
publication date 2015 series developments in aquaculture and fisheries science ; volume 39 note includes index . available in another form print version : sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus : history , biology and aquaculture . london , england : academic press , ©2015 xxiii , 454 pages developments in aquaculture and fisheries science ; volume 39 ( 9780127999531 ) isbn 0127999531 ( trade cloth ) 9780127999531 ( trade cloth ) 9780128004678 ( e - book ) 0128004673 ( e - book ) 9780127999531
in order to verify which factors affect habitat selection for aestivating and in the active adult apostichopus japonicus , animals were tested for their selection of attachment site in an experimental device ( 1 - m pipes ) in which the perceived environmental stimuli ( light intensity , degree of contact with a hard surface , geotaxis ) varied depending on the attachment site . during the aestivating season , the animals showed a strong selection for attachment sites during the daytime and nighttime ; they also showed positive stereotaxis ( thigmotaxis ) , negative phototaxis , and negative geotaxis . the results suggest that ( 1 ) habitats are not suitable for the aestivating adult a . japonicus unless these three environmental requirements are satisfied .
to identify genomic repeat elements in the a . japonicus genome assembly , we ran repeatmasker ( version 4 . 0 . 6 ) [ 19 ] using the repbase transposable element library ( release 20150807 ) [ 20 ] and the de novo repeat library constructed by repeatmodeler ( version 1 . 0 . 8 ) [ 21 ] . approximately 27 . 2 % of the a . japonicus genome was identified as interspersed repeats .
generally , a . japonicus feeds on sediments containing organic matter , which includes microorganisms and the detritus of plants or animals . results in this experiment showed that a . japonicus could use eelgrass detritus as a food resource . according to the present study , a mixture of z . marina debris and seafloor muddy sediments with an organic content of 19 . 6 % ( es40 ) , could lead to a better growth effect .
the collecting of the decaying eelgrass leaves and the invertebrate apostichopus japonicus from swan lake of weihai was permitted by peiliang wang , manager of mashan group co . ltd . no specific permit was required for the collecting of the sediment from jiaozhou bay , qingdao , where is not privately owned or protected . ethical approval was not required for this study because no endangered animals were involved . however , specimen collection and maintenance were performed in strict accordance with the recommendations of animal care quality assurance in china .
recently the institute of oceanology , chinese academy of sciences and shandong oriental ocean sci - tech co . , ltd collaborated on the establishment of sea products breeding and healthy aquaculture lab . these affiliations carried out the research on the breeding of thermal resistant a . japonicus and albino a . japonicus jointly , and finally achieved a series of innovative outcome , which laid the groundwork for popularization and industrialization of thermal resistant strain and albino strain .
according to several sources of information , the output of apostichopus japonicus in dalian was 906 tonnes in 1955 . with the improvement of breeding technology , the quantity of farmed sea cucumbers has increased significantly . in 1999 , the farming area was estimated at around 32 000 hectares and the output at 2 000 tonnes ; the following year , in 2000 , the farming area covered 48 000 hectares , while the output was 3 000 tonnes valued at 200 million yuan . in 2002 , the production reached 8 000 tonnes .
yin - geng , w . , chun - yun , z . , xiao - jun , r . , jie - jun , c . & cheng - yin , s . 2004 . diseases of cultured sea cucumber , apostichopus japonicus , in china in : a lovatelli , c . conand , s . purcell , s . uthicke , j - f . hamel & a . mercier ( eds ) , advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management , pp . 297 - 310 . fao fisheries technical paper no 463 . fao , rome .
schematic workflow of a . japonicus genome assembly and annotation . the left side represents the genome assembly and the right side represents the transcriptome assembly that was performed in previous publications . to achieve suitable gene prediction , we integrated these two assembly results .
( of stichopus japonicus selenka , 1867 ) selenka , e . ( 1867 ) . beitrage zur anatomie und systematik der holothurien . der philosophischen facultat zu gottingen in december 1866 , als dissertation vorgelegt . : pp . 291 - 374 . [ details ]
the spatial and size - frequency distribution of the japanese sea cucumber , apostichopus japonicus , in the far eastern state marine reserve and unprotected parts of peter the great bay , sea of japan was studied using both scuba diving equipment and a remotely operated underwater sub - fighter 3000 vehicle . the abundance of the japanese sea cucumber and the pattern of its distribution over the southern part of the reserve were determined . it was found that the density of sea cucumber aggregations in the studied unprotected parts of peter the great bay is not lower than that over the major portion of the reserve .
at present , artificial breeding and culture of sea cucumbers is still a work in progress , but the scale of the production is increasing and a number of questions related to the culture techniques are being raised , calling for further studies on the commercial aspects of a . japonicus aquaculture .
figure 1 . the development of a . japonicus . 1 . gastrula ; 2 . early auricularia ; 3 . mid auricularia ; 4 . late auricularia ; 5 . early doliolaria ; 6 . doliolaria ; 7 . early pentactula ; 8 . pentactula ( bar = 100 mm ) .
sgr of a . japonicus in treatment es0 with a negative value was significantly lower than that in other treatments ( all p < 0 . 05 ) ( fig . 1 ) . and sgr of a . japonicus in treatment es40 was significantly higher than those in treatments es10 and es20 ( f = 24 . 08 , df = 7 , p = 0 . 003 ; f = 16 . 57 , df = 7 , p = 0 . 007 , respectively ) . no significant differences were found between the other treatments es10 , es20 and es100 ( all p > 0 . 05 ) .
gut microorganisms play an important role in the digestion of their host animals . the purpose of this research was to isolate and assess the enzyme - producing microbes from the apostichopus japonicus gut . thirty - nine strains that can produce at least one of the three digestive enzymes ( protease , amylase , and cellulase ) were qualitatively screened based on their extracellular enzyme - producing abilities . the enzyme - producing strains clustered into eight groups at the genetic similarity level of 100 % by analyzing the restriction patterns of 16s rdna amplified with mbo i . phylogenetic analysis revealed that 37 strains belonged to the genus bacillus and two were members of the genus virgibacillus . enzyme - producing capability results indicate that the main enzyme - producing microflora in the a . japonicus gut was bacillus , which can produce protease , amylase , and cellulase . virgibacillus , however , can only produce protease . the high enzyme - producing capability of the isolates suggests that the gut microbiota play an important role in the sea cucumber digestive process .
( of stichopus japonicus var . typicus théel , 1886 ) théel , h . ( 1886 ) . report on the holothurioidea dredged by h . m . s . ' challenger ' during the years 1873 - 76 . chall . rep . zool . no . xxxix : 290 pp . [ details ]
at the beginning of the experiment , there were no significant differences in wet body weights of a . japonicus between the five treatments ( f = 1 . 20 , df = 39 , p = 0 . 33 ) ( table 2 ) . by contrast , at the end of the experiment , final wet body weight of a . japonicus in treatment es0 was significantly lower than that in other treatments containing eelgrass debris ( all p < 0 . 05 ) . and final wet body weight in treatment es40 was significantly higher that that in treatments es10 and es20 ( both p < 0 . 05 ) .
the development of a . japonicus includes six major phases : fertilized oocytes , early development ( including cleavage , blastula and gastrula ) , auricularia ( including early auricularia , middle auricularia and late auricularia ) , metamorphosis ( including doliolaria and pentactula ) , juvenile , young sea cucumber and adult ( figure 1 ) .
mixtures of z . marina debris and sediment were used to feed a . japonicus . according to the proportion of z . marina debris , 5 diet treatments in quadruplicate were designed , i . e . , es0 , es10 , es20 , es40 , and es100 , with eelgrass debris accounting for 0 % , 10 % , 20 % , 40 % , and 100 % in dry weight , respectively . the chemical composition of each diet was analyzed in 3 replicates . each diet treatment involved 4 aforementioned pvc boxes , and each box contained 2 individuals of a . japonicus with initial wet body weights of 25 . 12±5 . 79 g·ind . −1 . the experiment was conducted from april 22nd to june 8th , 2009 in the laboratory at the institute of oceanology , chinese academy of sciences , qingdao , p . r . china . during the experiment , specific growth rates and fecal production rates of a . japonicus were measured .
assimilation efficiency ( ae ) of organic matter by a . japonicus had no significant difference in four experimental treatments ( fig . 4 ) , with mean ae being 14 . 2 % , 14 . 3 % , 24 . 2 % , and 21 . 8 % , respectively ( all p > 0 . 05 ) .
although a . japonicus always occurs abundantly in eelgrass - rich meadows in temperate northern coastal areas of china ; yet it has never been reported whether eelgrass detritus can act as a food source for sea cucumbers or not . in this study , decaying eelgrass debris and muddy sediment were mixed as food to feed a . japonicas . the ingestion and growth of the animals were then determined , in order to understand the importance of eelgrass meadows for a . japonicus , and thus clarify the importance of eelgrass - meadow restoration . it is suggested that eelgrass - meadow restoration is imperative and could not only be of huge ecological benefit , but also of potential economic value .
the initial and final wet body weight of a . japonicus was measured . animal feces were collected by siphon every 1–3 days , depending on the amount of produced feces . for estimation of assimilation efficiency ( ae ) of a . japonicus , fresh feces produced within 6 h were collected . fecal samples were dried at 60°c to constant weight and preserved for further analysis . subsamples of the dried food and feces were used to estimate organic material ( om ) by combusting ( 500°c for 3 h ) dried and pre - weighed samples . subsamples were treated with hcl vapor for 6 h to remove carbonates for analyzing organic carbon ( oc ) and nitrogen ( on ) with a perkin elmer model 240c chn analyzer standardized with acetanilide .
in this experiment , the organic contents of food in the five diet treatments were 5 . 6 % , 7 . 6 % , 10 . 9 % , 19 . 6 % , 39 . 9 % , respectively ; and organic matter in the feces of a . japonicus was lower than that in the food ; and organic carbon and nitrogen were the same ( table 1 ) .
in conclusion , a comprehensive collection of ests has been achieved for the sea cucumber a . japonicus using the 454 gs flx platform , permitting gene discovery and characterization across a broad range of functional categories . in addition , our study identified a large number of ssrs and snps , from which genetic markers can be rapidly developed to serve as tools for further genetic or genomic studies on this species .
in comparison with the 454 sequencing data obtained from sun et al . [ 15 ] , 53 % of the hq reads obtained in our study did not find significant matches ( blastn , e < 10 −4 ) with their data . for gene annotation , 94 % of gene annotations obtained in this study were not found in their data . these above results possibly suggest more representative collections of a . japonicus genes in this study .
in this experiment , sgr of a . japonicus in the five treatments were significantly different . sgr was only −0 . 65 % d −1 in the pure sediment diet ( treatment es0 ) , which was significantly lower than that in the mixed diets of z . marina debris and sediment . in contrast , the mean sgr in treatments es10 , es20 , es40 and es100 were 0 . 70 % ·d −1 , 0 . 61 % ·d −1 , 1 . 54 % ·d −1 , and 1 . 20 % ·d −1 , respectively ( fig . 1 ) . the occurrence of negative growth of a . japonicus fed with pure sediment might be due to the lower organic matter content ( 5 . 6 % ) of the diet , which might not satisfy the need for growth . the highest sgr of a . japonicus occurred in treatment es40 with organic matter content being 19 . 6 % and higher than that in es0 , es10 , and es20 ; while in the pure eelgrass - debris diet ( es100 ) with organic matter content as high as 39 . 9 % , the sgr was not significantly higher than that in treatment es40 ( p > 0 . 05 ) . sea cucumbers are deposit feeders , and clay sediment is an important component of ingested material , which is supposed to be helpful for the digestion of food [ 37 ] .
fig . 2 shows variation in fecal production rates ( fpr ; g·ind . −1 d −1 ) of a . japonicus during the experimental period . sea cucumbers in treatment es0 had hardly ingested food during the experiment period , thus only fecal production rates in other treatments were considered comparable with each other . generally , fprs in treatments es20 and es40 were significantly higher than those in treatments es10 and es100 ( all p < 0 . 05 ; fig . 3 ) .
in natural eelgrass ecosystems , deposit feeders feed on organic detritus after eelgrass decomposition , which not only accelerates the cycling of matter but also promotes the health and stability of the ecosystem structure . until now eelgrass meadows in shandong coastal waters with water depth 2–6 m have deteriorated badly , and some eelgrass meadows have even disappeared [ 43 ] . for the restoration of the declining natural resource of a . japonicus , it is suggested that the degraded eelgrass meadows should be restored in the northern inshore areas of china .
with a . japonicus , spawning often occurs between 2100 h and 0200 h . it is important to maintain a quiet environment and keep the tanks in the dark . male sea cucumbers usually are the first to spawn , which in turn induce the females to start releasing the eggs . at this point the number of spawning males should be reduced , only retaining a few strong spawners . following the spawning activity the tanks are drained and all the sea cucumbers removed . the eggs are gently washed and the tanks refilled with clean seawater at a temperature of 22 °c .
to maximize the transcript representation in a broad range of biological processes , eight a . japonicus cdna libraries representing different developmental stages and adult tissues were constructed and used for 454 sequencing ( table 1 ) . after a single - run of 454 sequencing , a total of 1 , 061 , 078 raw reads with an average length of 344 bases were obtained . the size distribution of raw reads is shown in figure 1a . of all these reads , 92 % ( 974 , 004 reads ) passed through our quality filters and represented high - quality ( hq ) reads .
the hq reads combined with the public ests were assembled into 33 , 835 contigs and 199 , 011 singletons . approximately 80 % ( 774 , 993 ) of the hq reads were incorporated into contigs . the size of contigs ranged from 101 to 6 , 323 bp , with an average length of 630 bp . the size distribution of contigs is shown in figure 1b . the sequencing coverage of contigs ranged from 2 to 7 , 429 with a mean of 23 . as expected for a randomly fragmented transcriptome , there was a positive relationship between the length of a given contig and the number of reads assembled into it ( figure 1c ) . contigs were then assembled into 29 , 666 isotigs ranging from 104 to 7 , 697 bp with an average length of 1 , 042 bp ( n50 = 1 , 294 bp ) . the size distribution of isotigs is shown in figure 1d . the average contig coverage for each isotig was 2 . 1 . the isotigs were further grouped into 21 , 071 isogroups , which possibly represents the total number of genes in the a . japonicus transcriptome . the summary statistics for the a . japonicus est assembly are shown in table 2 .
validation of rna - seq results using qrt - pcr . the relative fold changes of 10 genes expressed in a . japonicus coelemocytes at 4 h ( a ) ; 24 h ( b ) and 72 h ( c ) after lps challenge . gene abbreviations are : bf , complement factor b ; c3 - 2 , complement component 3 - 2 ; cat b , cathepsin b ; cd36 , cluster of differentiation 36 ; hsp90 , heat shock protein 90 ; lbp , lipopolysaccharide binding protein ; myd88 , myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 ; mys , myosin ; rel , nf - κb transcription factor rel ; thy , thymosin β .
eelgrass debris used in this study was from decaying eelgrass leaves . the decaying dark colored eelgrass leaves were collected from swan lake of weihai . muddy sediment was obtained from the non - vegetated seafloor surface in the inshore area of jiaozhou bay , qingdao . both decaying eelgrass leaves and sediment were dried at 65°c , ground and sieved using 0 . 18 mm mesh . the specimens of a . japonicus used in this study were also collected from the cove of swan lake . sea cucumbers were transported to the laboratory where they were acclimatized for a week , after which an experiment was carried out using 20 pvc boxes , with each box measuring 30×40×30 cm in size .
in addition , 52 , 102 high - quality snps and 2 , 083 indels were identified from 10 , 333 contigs ( table 5 ) . the predicted snps included 30 , 366 transitions , 21 , 736 transversions . the overall frequency of all types of snps including indels was one per 393 bp . we randomly chose 32 contigs containing 201 snps to evaluate the preference of snp position in the coding regions . the result showed that 70 % of snps resided in the third codon position , while 18 % and 12 % in the first and second codon position , respectively . experimental validation was also carried out to evaluate the reliability of the predicted snps . fifteen of randomly chosen snps were subject to experimental validation in 48 a . japonicus adults using the high - resolution melting ( hrm ) genotyping method [ 42 ] . it turned out that 80 % of these snps could be validated , suggesting the majority of our predicted snps are likely to be true snps .
the history of sea cucumber fishery dates back for more than 1 000 years . over the last century , and especially the past 20 years , chinese research projects have focused on the breeding , artificial culture and processing of sea cucumber .
after the oocytes have been fertilized , they slowly sink and start their development . when the water temperature ranges from 21 to 24 °c the fertilized eggs require about 45 minutes to begin to divide themselves and finally develop into a blastula ( table 1 ) . the blastula is ciliated and rotates actively . after about 2 to 3 h , the hatched embryo gradually elongates and moves to the surface of the water column . during this ascent the embryo begins to invaginate and gradually develops into gastrula . a fully developed gastrula appears at the surface of the culture tanks 24 to 28 h after fertilization . twelve to twenty hours later the gastrula gradually elongates and begins to fold into the auricularia stage .
1 . water temperature maintained between 21 . 5 and 23 °c . 2 . results obtained in research facilities in yantai and changdao ( china ) and japan .
the auricularia stage lasts from day 7 to day 10 at a water temperature ranging from 18 to 26 °c . early auricularia larvae have a symmetrical bilateral and a length varying from 320 to 600 mm . as the larva grows , the stomach increases in size . when the auricularia reaches 600 to 750 mm , its left cavity , which adjoins the stomach and gullet , begins to grow and gradually takes on a semi circular shape . at this point , the auricularia has reached the middle phase of its development . later , the cilia develop into five pairs of symmetrical circles . at the same time , the primary tentacles begin to develop as the larva reaches the late auricularia stage . typically , the ball shaped body of the larva at this stage is the early sign of the upcoming doliolaria stage .
in the late auricularia phase , the larvae begin to shrink ; the five lipid spheres finally connect while the tentacles enlarge and move to the centre of the body . at this stage the auriculariae are still swimming in the water column ; they move from the surface to the bottom . the settlement plates should be placed in the tanks at this time .
the doliolaria phase usually lasts for 1 or 2 days at the end of which five tentacles reach out of the body . at this moment , the larvae begin to creep along the bottom for an additional 1 or 2 days . the number of cilia on the body surface of the larvae progressively decreases and x - shaped ossicles gradually begin to appear . the body becomes rounder and the first tube - like foot emerges on the left posterior section of the body . the presence of podia is a significant precursor to the juvenile stage .
the primary change in the juvenile stage is the appearance of tube - like feet ( which enables the organism to attach to a substrate ) and the ability to ingest food . the gut , mouth and papillae become clearly visible . in the next couple of months the juvenile sea cucumbers grow to about 1 cm in length assuming the appearance of an adult individual . the body pigmentation changes gradually from a transparent whitish appearance to a red , grey or light green colouration ( figure 2 ) . at this point the individual has reached the young sea cucumber stage .
there is almost no morphological difference between a young and an adult sea cucumber . in a hatchery facility the movement and feeding activity of young sea cucumbers sharply decreases when the seawater temperature exceeds 23 °c . the young specimens move from the surface of the water to the bottom of the tank . for this reason it is important to maintain an optimal temperature level in the culture tanks to ensure adequate growth and reduce the length of this relatively fragile developmental stage .
a large sea cucumber hatchery in northern china typically has the following facilities : a larvae culture volume of 2 600 m 3 divided into tanks of 10 to 20 m 3 with a depth of 1 . 4 m ; a juvenile culture volume of 4 000 m 3 divided into tanks of 30 m 3 with a depth of 1 . 7 m ( figure 3 ) ; a phytoplankton production unit with a total tank volume of 500 m 3 ; 4 filter tanks of 200 m 3 / h filtering capacity ; and 5 overhead troughs of 200 m 3 each . the facility is also fitted with a high quality water supply and drainage system as well as a heater to raise the water temperature when necessary .
the devices used for larval settlement include metal frames each fitted with 5 - 10 polyethylene screens measuring 50 x 50 cm and used as the settlement substrate ( figure 4 ) .
figure 3 . sea cucumber settlement device ( photo : a . lovatelli ) .
figure 4 . sea cucumber hatchery in the vicinity of dalian , liaoning province . juvenile culture tanks ( photo : a . lovatelli ) .
the optimum water temperature in a hatchery is between 23 and 25 °c , even though sea cucumbers can adapt to a range between 10 and 26 °c . the best salinity level is 31 . 6 , but individuals can tolerate salinities from 26 to 33 . the optimal ph is 7 . 8 , but it can range from 7 . 5 to 8 . 2 . the dissolved oxygen should be maintained at > 5 mg / litre .
broodstock harvesting . individuals are generally collected from the 20 th june to the 20 th july in the dalian area . at that time , the seawater temperature varies from 15 to 17 °c . a few individuals are usually sacrificed and dissected in order to adequately determine the maturation stage of the gonads . specimens weighing around 300 g and measuring around 20 cm in length are generally preferred .
considerable care is required during the collection and transportation of the sea cucumber broodstock . it is important to : 1 ) select each specimen individually ; 2 ) keep the selected sea cucumber away from any source of pollution ( e . g . oil spills from the boat engine ) ; 3 ) avoid exposing the sea cucumbers to high temperatures or violent movements during transport ; and 4 ) avoid simultaneous collection of the sea cucumbers and other marine organisms ( e . g . bivalves ) in order to avoid damaging the broodstock .
maintaining broodstock . following collection , the sea cucumbers should be placed in a tank filled with seawater at ambient temperature . the tanks should be clean and the individuals kept at a density of 30 individuals / m 3 for 2 - 3 days . no feed is supplied . at this point the water temperature is gradually raised to 19 °c at a rate of 1 °c per day . after 7 to 10 days the broodstock can be induced to spawn . during this phase it is necessary to maintain the quality of the water in the culture tanks . water exchange should be carried out rapidly , when required .
when the seawater temperature has been raised to 19 °c , the sea cucumber activity should be carefully monitored particularly during the night hours . the bottom of the tanks should be examined for the presence of oocytes as this is an indication that the sea cucumbers are likely to start mass release of gametes . there are two ways to induce spawning : the first method consists of drying the sea cucumber in the shade followed by a jet of violent water ; the second method uses a temperature shock by raising and lowering the water temperature by several degrees .
the clean seawater in the tanks should be stirred gently every 30 minutes ensuring that whirlpools do not form . edta is added at a concentration of 3 - 4 ppm while the larval density is kept at about 5 larvae / ml . the hatching success may exceed 90 % .
selection of the larvae begins before the auricularias tube - like foot is formed , or shortly after . an hour prior to the selection process , stirring is stopped in order to allow the auriculariae to gather at the surface of the tanks . malformed larvae are unable to swim and will sink to the bottom of the tanks . the larvae gathered at the surface are collected from the uppermost 0 . 5 m of the water column with the use of a fine mesh . these are then transferred to a new tank at a density of 300 larvae / litre .
after the appearance of the mouth in the auricularia larvae , feeding should commence immediately . early in the growth of the auricularia , the feeding regime should be in the range of 5 000 to 10 000 microalgae cells / ml . at the intermediate stage , feeding needs to be increased to about 20 000 cells / ml . monitoring the presence of algae in the stomach of the larvae helps the adjustment of the feeding regime . dunaliella is the primary algal species used and is generally mixed with diatoms and chaetoceros sp . the three micro - organisms are added in a proportion of 4 : 1 : 1 . the food mixture should be supplied in small quantities in order to maintain optimal water quality .
rearing during the auricularia stage should be carried out in still water . water should be added to the rearing tank at a rate of 20 cm per day until the tank is filled . this usually takes approximately 3 days . once the tank is filled , one third to a half of the water should be exchanged daily using a siphon . as the larvae grow the water exchange rate should gradually increased . water exchange should be carried out gently in order to avoid injuries or loss of larvae .
the culture of auricularia larvae requires the proper control of all major chemical and physical factors . generally speaking , the ph and salinity values should remain within the range tolerated by the larvae . stirring the water or adding new seawater will control dissolved oxygen levels . it is important to maintain the temperature at around 23 °c . if the larvae are reared in natural seawater , the temperature will rise gradually with the seasonal fluctuations . appropriate measures must be taken to maintain it within the acceptable range .
during the larval culture , the primary harmful organisms are copepods ; however their presence can be contained through a proper water exchange protocol and the use of edta ( 3 to 4 ppm ) , if necessary .
the primary symptoms of disease are a slow development rate of the larvae and the rotten stomach phenomenon observed in late auriculariae . this can be caused by food deficiency or sub - optimal larval densities . the use of quality feeds and maintaining low larvae densities can minimise the outbreak of diseases .
after the larvae have developed for 7 to 10 days , the five lipid spheres on each side of the larvae appear and the hydrocoel begins to develop . the larvae are now transforming into doliolaria . at this stage , the settlement substrates ( see figure 4 ) should be placed in the rearing tanks . the density of the larvae settled on substrate should be maintained between 1 to 2 individuals / cm 2 .
the rearing techniques at this point of the development of the sea cucumber juveniles are very important and should be carefully applied in order to ensure a high rate of survival .
the rearing tanks are fitted with a water flow through system . the presence of food particles and the relatively high water temperature are responsible for the proliferation of undesirable and harmful organisms , such as copepods and bacteria . the water in the tanks should be clean with a daily exchange rate of up to 200 % .
juvenile sea cucumbers grow at different rates and it is therefore important to sort them according to their size . this is done using sieves fitted with different mesh sizes . while sorting , care should be taken not to damage or kill the juvenile sea cucumbers .
raft culture . wooden rafts are usually located in sea areas not exposed to strong winds and tidal action . the sea cucumber cages are usually hung under the rafts or placed directly on the sea floor . during the rearing period , sea cucumbers are fed with sargassum sp . and other macroalgae . this farming method is not very popular due to the high costs involved .
intensive farming : intensive sea cucumber aquaculture has only recently developed . large quantities of rocks or other suitable substrates ( e . g . roof tiles ) are placed in the culture ponds to increase the surface area for the juvenile sea cucumbers and to provide shelter from predators . a refrigeration system or underground water supply is used to lower the water temperature in the ponds in the summer months when high temperatures can reduce growth and feeding rates . these pond facilities are expensive and therefore intensive farming is only carried out by large and financially strong companies .
the most suitable sea locations are rocky sites with an abundance of macrophytes and with muddy and sandy bottoms . areas protected from strong winds and tidal actions are usually favoured .
juveniles over 1 cm in length are used when stocking directly in the sea . the larger the initial size of the juveniles , the higher the survival rate . when stocking , the juveniles are placed in bags with a mesh size of 0 . 25 - 0 . 5 cm . a diver then places the bags on the sea bottom in the vicinity of existing rocks or artificially prepared rock piles . subsequently the mesh bags are opened and the juveniles are simply left to crawl away . larger juveniles ( > 5 cm ) can be released into the sea directly .
generally , two years after stocking , the sea cucumbers have reached a marketable size and can be collected . harvesting is often done in the spring ( mid - april to early june ) and autumn ( october to december ) ( figure 5 ) .
figure 5 . sea cucumber harvested off the coast of dalian , china ( photo : a . lovatelli ) .
sea ranching takes full advantage of the natural environment and this method is considered to be ecologically acceptable and therefore worth developing . however , due to a number of seasonal limitations and resource use conflict ( presence of industrial activities ) , this growout method can only be carried out in locations which have the right conditions .
liao , y . l . 1997 . fauna sinica , phylum echinodermata , class holothuroidea . science press , beijing . 334pp .
sui , x . l . & liao , y . l . 1988 . sea cucumber culture and its enhancement . agriculture publishing house , beijing . 288pp .
zhang , f . y . 1958 . the preliminary report of aquaculture and sea ranching of sea cucumber ( apostichopusjaponicus ) . journal of zoology , 2 ( 2 ) : 65 - 73 .
zhang , q . l . & liu , y . h . 1998 . the techniques of sea cucumber culture and its enhancement . qingdao ocean university publishing house , qingdao . 157pp .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
copyright : © 2012 du et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : financial support for this work was provided by the national key technology r & d program of china ( 2011bad13b05 and 2011bad13b06 ) , and the national high technology research and development program of china ( 2012aa10a412 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
( a ) size distribution of raw reads . ( b ) size distribution of contigs . ( c ) log - log plot showing the dependence of contig lengths on the number of reads assembled into each . ( d ) size distribution of isotigs .
regarding gene annotation , all isogroups were searched against the swiss - prot database with an e - value threshold of 1e - 6 . of 21 , 071 isogroups , 8 , 229 ( 39 % ) had at least one hit , which corresponded to 6 , 963 unigene names . the sequences and annotation information of all isogroups are provided in dataset s1 and table s1 . more than half of the isogroups did not match to known genes most likely due to the fact that insufficient sequences are available in public databases from phylogenetically closely related species . the annotation rate in our study is also comparable to those ( 20∼40 % ) reported in the previous de novo transcriptome sequencing studies for non - model organisms [ 26 ] , [ 27 ] , [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] , [ 35 ] .
aestivation is possibly a protection strategy for sea cucumbers to survive from high temperatures [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] . studies on sea cucumber aestivation from different perspectives such as morphology [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 37 ] , physiology [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] , and immunology [ 39 ] have been performed . nonetheless , the molecular mechanism of this process is still far from fully understood . identification and characterization of candidate genes involved in aestivation would represent the first step to understand the genetic basis of aestivation in sea cucumbers .
twelve candidate dges were selected for q - pcr validation . q - pcr results verified the differential expression of these genes between the active and aestivating sea cucumbers ( figure 3 ) . however , it should be noted that many genes in the two libraries were lowly expressed and therefore were not included in the comparison . more dges would be determined from these lowly expressed genes by performing deep transcriptome sequencing in future studies .


parasol ( 1800 – 1826 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse .

in total she won twenty of her thirty-five races , including two newmarket first october king 's plates , the jockey-club plate and a match race against derby winner cardinal beaufort .

her only race away from newmarket was for her début , in the oaks stakes in 1803 .

she was bred and owned by augustus fitzroy , 3rd duke of grafton .

as a broodmare she foaled the stallion partisan , 2000 guineas winner pindarrie and pastille , who won both the 2000 guineas and the oaks .

parasol ( horse )

nurse redheart • dr . horse • dr . fauna • doctor horse • nurse ponies
hilaire - germain - edgar degas . lady with a parasol ( femme à l’ombrelle )
as the ball falls , it will make the horse move towards the right .
place the horse sign – fire on the red plaque in the upper right .
place the horse sign – water on the blue plaque in the upper right .
parasol was shot in the autumn of 1826 , having been covered that spring by sam .
in season six , parasol appears at the beginning of the gift of the maud pie .
pick up the horse sign – water that appears in the niche above the steps .
hilaire - germain - edgar degas . lady with a parasol ( femme à l’ombrelle ) | moma
parasol appears in a picture with her name listed on page 175 of the wonderbolts academy handbook .
pick up the horse doll on the side of the wall after the bars have lifted .
the penguin steals a priceless folio of famous parasols from the gotham city library . he plans to wager the $ 10 , 000 earned from its ransom on a rigged horse race . aided by his partner - in - crime lola lasagne , he disguises the favored entry parasol as the unknown
bumbershoot ,
then enters a painted glue factory horse as
parasol
. with everyone betting their money on the fake horse , it looks like the penguin will make a fortune when the real parasol wins the race . but he wasn ' t counting on a last - minute entry of bruce wayne ' s , the horse waynebow , ridden by none other than batgirl .
your goal is to unlock the door by moving the horse all the way to the right .
on 16 october , pope received 75 guineas forfeiture from mr . shakespeare ' s horse nuncio .
the horse moves towards the middle of the scene after the image of the arrow has been assembled .
the horse sign – fire will be added to your inventory after all the items have been found .
and received 60 guineas forfeiture from lord darlington when his horse musician backed out of a match race .
fife and drum ( 1906 ) .
horse pedigrees
. natal agriculture journal . 9 : 1053 .
the initial idea for partypoker came from one of the company’s founders , ruth parasol , an american born in san francisco .
this was a very lucrative business in the 1990s , giving parasol an excellent base of income to invest in her own business .
thought that goodisson
rode his horse with great skill and judgement
and
gave great satisfaction to all present .
partisan ( gb ) b c 1811 ( walton - parasol , by pot8os ) . sire line highflyer . family 1 - e .
as the 2000s began , online poker was starting to enter the conversation , and parasol knew she needed to be in that game .
in his last start of the season , pope was unplaced in the tortoise stakes won by mr . shakespeare ' s horse tumbler .
in 2000 , parasol offered shares in her company iglobalmedia to anurag dikshit , a software developer from india , in return for his development of a multiplayer poker platform . dikshit had a very successful business of his own , and he invited parasol to become a partner in his business as well .
in september at doncaster orville won the two mile free handicap sweepstakes and a four mile match race against mr mellish ' s horse stockton .
now find the painting nearby that shows another woman holding a parasol and talking to a friend . this is called at the races . visiting the racetrack and watching the races were popular pastimes . can you find the horse in the background here ? it’s a black shape , blurry and far away .
before getting into the gaming business , parasol worked for her father’s company , which had a series of 900 numbers used for psychics , weather , and porn .
' s five - year - old horse pavilion at the houghton meeting . he ended his season by finishing unplaced in a subscription handicap on 31 october .
pope won 500 - guinea garden stakes at the houghton meeting on 30 october , beating the 6 - year - old horse cassio and the filly mirth .
later at the same meeting , pope finished third ( but not officially placed ) in £50 subscription handicap plate , losing to the colt cambric and the horse salvator .
parasol ( gb ) b . f , 1800 { 1 - e } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf
walton ' s only engagement in 1806 was a sweepstakes of 200 guineas each in april , but he paid a forfeit to parasol and the race never took place . [ 26 ]
orville ended his career at newmarket in autumn with two further wins beating canopus in a subscription race over the beacon course on 28 september and parasol in a similar event on 9 october .
a horse of another color
is an episode of batman starring adam west , burt ward , and yvonne craig . the penguin steals a priceless folio of famous parasols from the gotham city library . he plans to wager the $ 10 , 000 earned from its ransom on a rigged horse race . aided by his . . . see full summary »
parasol ran for six years winning the jockey club plate , four king ' s plates and placing third in the oaks stakes . in 1806 she beat the derby winner cardinal beaufort ( b c 1802
the two added two more founders to the initiative : parasol’s husband russ deleon would become the coo , and vikrant bhargava would head up marketing . with that , the core of partygaming was formed .
parasol , with orange eyes , appears next to starry eyes on page 67 of little , brown ' s my little pony friendship is magic official guidebook my little pony : the elements of harmony .
vector parasol rain umbrella , sunshade set . red , yellow white black colored . blank classic opened round slanted mock up isolated . side view . illustration object for advertising , poster , banner design .
) . her descendant empress ( ch f 1872 citadel ) founded a very successful family in south america that includes the famous embrujo ( ch c 1936 congreve ) . parasol was humanely destroyed in 1826 .
parasol ( gb ) br . f , 1917 { 14 - a } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 16 - 0 ( 16 ) di = 0 . 00 cd = - 1 . 00
. in a racing career which lasted from august 1801 until october 1807 the horse ran thirty - four times and won twenty races . in his early career he was based in yorkshire and won the
cruiser and rarey . for an exhaustive discussion of rarey and cruiser , visit rarey , the horse ' s master and friend ,
ohio history , the journal of the ohio historical society , vol . 25
mr . s . arthur sold cardinal beaufort after the 1806 racing season to mr . arthur shakespear . in april at newmarket , cardinal beaufort received an unspecified amount forfeiture from lord darlington ' s horse zodiac .
pelisse returned to newmarket in october where she finished fourth to canopus in the october oatlands stakes and then collected a 50 guinea forfeit when lord sackville ' s horse enchanter failed to appear for a scheduled match .
parasol is named on a cloudsdale high
school spirit award
plaque on my little pony : friends forever issue # 18 cover a . she also physically appears on my little pony : friendship is magic issue # 46 page 12 .
parasol’s bet on the poker industry could not have been better timed . poker was about to become very popular as a spectator sport with the introduction of the hole - card camera invented by steve lipscomb , founder of the world poker tour .
the rise of partypoker in the online gaming world was astronomic in size and impact ; the site that was started by ruth parasol , russ deleon , vikrant bhargava , and anurag dikshit would shape the online gambling landscape from many different perspectives .
having died sometime between august 1808 and the beginning of the 1809 season in april . at newmarket on 17 april , general gower paid a forfeiture to lord sackville ' s horse bustard due to cardinal beaufort ' s death .
and was relocated to ireland for use as a racehorse . lord lonsdale wrote to the marquess that
he [ had ] sent him the best bred horse in the world save one ,
with the exception being swordsman .
pope was retained by lord sligo after his racing career as a breeding stallion . pope stood under the name
waxy pope
to distinguish him from another horse named pope ( sired by shuttle ) that was also standing in ireland .
as there weren’t that many online casinos in the market at that time , parasol was able to capture a significant number of real - money players to her casino brand . she opened a couple of other brands to help cross - promote to her growing database .
in 1994 , parasol saw the potential in the internet ( many of her father’s businesses were moving from telephone to online ) . in fact , one of her companies was responsible for the release of the massively in - demand tommy lee / pamela anderson sex tape .
in season five , parasol appears at the end of the cutie map - part 2 , in apple bloom ' s dream in bloom & gloom , tanks for the memories , party pooped , amending fences , canterlot boutique , rarity investigates ! , and scare master .
being in the porn business , it wasn’t long before parasol made her way into the other vices ; she saw the rise of online gambling sites very early on and was able to leverage the massive databases of her and her father’s companies when she launched the starluck online casino in 1997 .
gladiator ' s sire was partisan , who was by walton , and from parasol , a well - bred mare and top race horse from the influential grafton stud . walton was a good stayer and led the sire ' s list in england twice . partisan was a fast horse on the turf , and a good sire who got a leading sire son in venison ( 1833 ) , and four classic winners - - mameluke ( 1824 , derby ) , patron ( 1826 , 2 , 000 guineas ) , cyprian ( 1833 , oaks ) and zeal ( 1818 , 1 , 000 guineas ) . in addition to venison , who sired three classic winners , partisan ' s son glaucus ( 1830 ) sired two classic winning fillies . another son , godolphin ( 1818 ) also got a classic filly in young mouse ( 1826 , 1 , 000 guineas ) .
a horse of great quality , power and endurance , many of his races were run over the beacon course , upwards of four miles . not surprisingly he was considered the best horse of his time , winning twenty - eight races over the span of seven years , including the jockey club purse three times , and the craven stakes . ( some sources say he ran more than forty times and won over thirty races ) . he was sold to richard , 1st earl grosvenor , for 1500 guineas at five years of age , after his first race in 1778 .
pair small original acrylic on canvas board signed
newlin
automobile , horse and buggy parasol woman . i do not know anything about this artist . these cute 1970 ' s acrylic paintings in the original wooden frames measure 3 - 1 / 2 inches wide and 4 - 1 / 2 inches tall . the frames measure 5 - 1 / 2 inches wide and 6 - 1 / 2 inches tall . the picture with the car has a slight wave in the canvas where the canvas has become detached from the canvas board . hardly noticeable but i want you to know what i see .
hilaire - germain - edgar degas ( french , 1834–1917 ) . lady with a parasol ( femme à l’ombrelle ) . c . 1870–72 . oil on canvas . 29 5 / 8 × 33 7 / 16″ ( 75 . 3 × 85 cm ) . the samuel courtauld trust , the courtauld gallery , london
orville failed to win in three starts in 1803 . at york in may he finished second to lennox in a two mile sweepstakes . at the same course in august he finished second to duxbury in a four mile race and second again when beaten by mr mellish ' s horse stockton four days later .
parasol works in cloudsdale ' s weather factory in sonic rainboom , attending to all three sections of weather development . she also partakes in the best young flyer competition , albeit with her eye color switched to green . she initially wears the tag numbered
6
, which is swapped with rainbow dash ' s
5
.
orville began his five - year - old season by winning a two mile sweepstakes at york on 29 may . he returned to york in august when he finished last of the five runners behind haphazard in a four mile subscription race and second to r garfoth ' s horse by traveller in a similar event two days later .
whalebone was a mottled bay or brown colt that stood 15 . 2 hands high with
short legs , high - bred nostrils and very prominent eyes .
he was a
plainish looking
horse with a
turkish - pony look
and thick neck and body that were not as well - proportioned as those of his full - brother whisker . whalebone was reportedly one of the smallest horses waxy ever produced . in the words of his groom , dryman ,
he was the lowest and longest , and most - double jointed horse , with the best legs—eight and a half below the knee—and worst feet i ever saw in my life .
to move the horse a bit farther , you have to assemble the image of the arrow in the upper right panel . find and place the 4 picture squares to accomplish this task . when placing the squares in the panel , make sure you place your cursor ( not the square ) where you want to place the panel .
narrator : find the big painting of a woman on this wall . the woman carries a kind of umbrella , called a parasol , to shade herself from the bright sunlight . it’s hard to see her – she is just a black silhouette . degas made this painting with black , grey , and white marks and captures the light and shadow moving across the scene .
in season two , she appears in hearts and hooves day standing across from
silver script
underneath a parasol , blushing while apple bloom sings
all the good ones are taken
during the perfect stallion . she also appears in hurricane fluttershy aiding ponyville ' s pegasi in the creation of the tornado required to lift the water into cloudsdale for the rainy season .
two versions , both with different cutie marks and one with a different mane color , each appear in boast busters and magic duel . a gray - coated variant appears in winter wrap up and the super speedy cider squeezy 6000 . a pony with parasol ' s design and color scheme , but without wings or a cutie mark , appears in boast busters watching twilight move the ursa back to its cave .
the soldier ' s daughter ( 1836 , by doncaster st . leger winner the colonel ) , a mare bred at hampton court , produced four venison foals for the duke of richmond . the first , a filly , she killed . the next year , 1841 , she dropped red deer , the first three - year - old to win the chester cup ( 2 - 1 / 4 miles ) ; he was carrying one of the smallest , youngest , lightest jockeys ( 3 stone - 4 pounds , plus a ten pound penalty ) ever to ride such a tough race , who barely had the strength to keep red deer on course in the 25 horse field . the large , narrow , circular chester course at the time was described as
the equivalent to turning a horse loose in a circus ,
and his win that year was later referred to as
the red deer chase
when the high - strung horse plunged to the front and was never headed , winning by 12 lengths ( the great race mare alice hawthorn second ) and continuing to run well past the finish before kitchener could pull him up .
whisker did not run in 1817 and made his first appearance on 13 april 1818 at the craven meeting ( still listed as a five - year - old ) in the craven stakes , for which he ran unplaced in a 22 horse field . [ 11 ] at newmarket , whisker was third in the fifty pound subscription stakes , losing to the four - year - old colt skim and the horse fugitive . [ 31 ] a few days later , whisker beat lord cavendish ' s colt little dick in a 200 - guinea match race . [ 32 ] whisker received 200 guineas forfeiture from the horse cannonball on 11 may at newmarket . [ 33 ] the next day , whisker finished third in a handicap race , losing to the colt merrymaker and the filly leopoldine ( the full - sister to 1816 derby winner prince leopold ) . [ 34 ] at the same meeting , whisker beat mr . prince ' s colt manfred in a match race and a few hours later finished fifth ( unplaced ) in a 50 - guinea cup race won by the flyer . [ 35 ] in his last career start , whisker was beaten in a match race by the colt the student at the october newmarket meeting . [ 36 ] whisker was retired to stud at the end of the racing season .
7 . parasol b f 1800 ( pot8os - prunella , by highflyer ) . sire line pot8os . family 1 - e . bred by the 3rd duke of grafton , she won thirty - one races , including the jockey club plate , four king ' s plates , and placed 3rd in the oaks stakes . she became the dam of one and two thousand guineas winner pastille ( b f 1819 rubens ) and two thousand guineas winner pindarrie ( b c 1817 phantom ) .
as a three - year - old , gainsborough ran unplaced in a sprint race won by sicyon . but this was merely a tightener for the two thousand guineas , which he won easily by a length and a half , thereby enabling lady douglas to become the first woman to not only breed a classic winner , but to have that horse run in her own silks . joe childs , gainsborough ' s regular rider , was attached to the 4th hussars , and he donated his winnings to his regiment .
at the craven meeting in april , whisker won the 100 - guinea port stakes , beating the colt equator . [ 24 ] at newmarket on 29 april , whisker beat lord darlington ' s colt paulus in a mile - long match race , winning 200 guineas . [ 25 ] in may at newmarket , whisker beat the colt sir joshua in a 300 - guinea match race . [ 26 ] whisker finished fourth in a 200 - guinea sweepstakes race , losing to the horse bourbon and the colts sir thomas and quinola . [ 27 ] on 14 october , whisker received 70 guineas from lord darlington after his horse paulus backed out of a match race . [ 28 ] whisker was sold to lord darlington at newmarket . a few weeks later running in lord darlington ' s name , whisker was beaten in a match race by his former rival equator at the houghton meeting . [ 29 ] a few days later , whisker won the handicap sweepstakes , beating the filly duenna and the colts fandango and equator . [ 30 ]
ladbroke reportedly
took a dislike to whalebone
and sold him in 1814 for 510 guineas to lord egremont . whalebone was initially thought to be a poor stud prospect due to his small stature and lord egremont put him back into training . however , the seven - year - old horse had become
dangerous to ride ,
having
acquired the habit of rearing to an alarming extent
and would frequently
knock his hooves together like a pair of castanettes .
consequently , he was permanently retired from racing and became a breeding stallion for lord egremont in 1815 .
the comus son destined to continue the godolphin arabian sire line was the golden yellow bay humphrey clinker , out of clinkerina , a daughter of the very modest sir peter son , clinker , and pewet , a good race mare who had won the 1789 doncaster st . leger . he was bred by william wentworth fitzwilliam , earl fitzwilliam , who also raced him , limiting the horse ' s challenges to yorkshire venues that nonetheless included some stiff competition . humphrey clinker was described as a horse
of immense size and power , unquestionably the largest thoroughbred ever known .
he also
made a bit of noise ,
or as the druid put it ,
he did prophesy of himself pretty loudly as he came up to the cords ,
which may have affected his racing career . although fast , humphrey clinker was not a top race horse . at age three he won a produce sweepstakes at pontrefact , beating two , and was second to saladin in doncaster ' s foal stakes . his best year was 1826 , when he was four . he won york ' s constitution stakes , beating lottery and three others , and the knavesmire stakes , beating two . at doncaster he won a handicap sweepstakes , beating one , and a produce sweepstakes beating escape , saladin , and one other , but could only run third in a thrilling doncaster gold cup , to the great race mare fleur - de - lis and to mulatto ( also owned by fitzwilliam ) ; the latter would win the same race the next year . in 1827 he won malton ' s craven stakes , beating five , and then was third to fleur - de - lis and jerry in york ' s constitution stakes . he won six races total during his career .
alarm ( 1842 ) was out of a defence mare , southdown , owned by captain george delmé of cams hall , fareham , in hampshire , not far from stockbridge . alarm had
wonderful hips
and a bit of a temper . he was a good stayer and had speed , but his temperament got in the way of his racing , notably when he injured himself before the start of the epsom derby after instigating a fracus by kicking out at another horse at the start , an incident that sidelined him throughout most of his three - year - old season . he died at age 20 ,
little more than a splendid ruin .
bayardo was sired by bay ronald , a good handicap performer sired by hampton . slow to come to hand as a younger horse , bay ronald eventually rounded into a decent sort , and during his career , he won the hardwicke stakes at ascot and the 1 - 1 / 4 mile city and suburban handicap . at stud , he was never considered to be a top class stallion , yet he came up with some very good stock . his daughter rondeau was a stakes winner of nine races , including the hardwicke stakes and the dullingham plate , which she won twice . as a producer , she became the dam of internationally influential stallion teddy .
the racing commentator
the druid
described whisker ' s physique
as near perfection as a horse could be
[ 3 ] [ 4 ] and his only fault was that he was
a little calf - kneed
but was
equally likely to get a racer , hunter , machiner or a hack .
[ 5 ] whisker has been lauded as the
handsomest
of waxy ' s offspring [ 6 ] and his appearance was described more favorably than his brother whalebone , who was short and had a
turkish pony - look .
[ 7 ] all of waxy ' s offspring reportedly inherited
short legs , high - bred nostrils and very prominent eyes
[ 8 ] with whisker inheriting his sire ' s
beautiful quarters .
[ 9 ]
whalebone was sold by the duke of grafton in october 1812 to mr . ladbroke for 700 guineas . whalebone ' s first start under ladbroke ' s ownership was on 26 october at the houghton meeting where he won a match race against mr . lake ' s two - year - old colt turner . whalebone won an additional match race against the lord sackville ' s horse pan at the same meeting . whalebone ran three times in 1813 , winning the 100 - guinea his majesty ' s plate on 8 june at guildford against three other horses and the lewes his majesty ' s plate on 5 august . on 7 august , in what was ultimately the last start of whalebone ' s racing career , he won the 60 - guinea ladies ' plate against lord somerset ' s colt offa ' s dyke .
whalebone was bred by the duke of grafton in 1807 at his euston hall stud farm near newmarket . he was sired by the 1793 epsom derby winner waxy out of the mare penelope ( foaled in 1798 ) , both owned by the duke . as a racehorse , penelope was a contemporary of the 1801 derby - winning filly eleanor , beating her several times , and was half - sister to 1809 derby winner pope and the mares pope joan ( both sired by waxy ) , parasol ( partisan ' s dam ) and prudence . penelope was a prolific and influential broodmare , producing eight full - siblings to whalebone that achieved success on the turf . she produced 13 foals between 1806 and 1823 , all with names beginning with the letter w . whalebone was her second foal and his full - siblings include web , woful , wilful , wire , whisker , wildfire and windfall . penelope died in 1824 .
whisker was bred by the duke of grafton and was foaled in 1812 at his euston hall stud farm near newmarket . whisker was sired by the 1793 epsom derby winner waxy out of the mare penelope ( foaled in 1798 ) , both owned by the duke . as a racehorse , penelope was a contemporary of the 1801 derby - winning filly eleanor , beating her several times , and was half - sister to 1809 derby winner pope and the mares pope joan ( both sired by waxy ) , parasol ( partisan ' s dam ) and prudence . [ 1 ] penelope was a prolific and influential broodmare , producing eight full - siblings to whisker that achieved success on the turf . she produced 13 foals between 1806 and 1823 , all with names beginning with the letter w . whisker was her seventh foal and his full - siblings include whalebone ( the 1810 derby winner ) , web , woful , wilful , wire , wildfire and windfall . penelope died in 1824 . [ 2 ]
continues on from last week ' s penguin / lola lasagne adventure . this episode gives less screen time to lola ( great ! ) and more time to adam west playing bruce wayne ( instead of batman ) . when the 1966 batman series ended i am told that adam west was asked to play james bond in her majesty ' s secret service ( 1969 ) . . . but west turned down the role because he felt the role should be played by a british actor . but the general suave nature of bruce wayne , seen in this episode , makes the viewer think that west would have made a really wonderful james bond . too bad he turned down the offer . . . and he later admitted to regretting the decision . but away from all this , the later sections of a horse of a different color feature some outstanding location filming where batgirl looks better than ever ! all in all , a knockout part two that is much better than part one .
joe miller ( 1849 ) , from witticism by sultan junior , was bred at stockbridge by isaac sadler . he was very much in the venison mold , and quite small :
in the month of july he looked more like a foal than a yearling ,
and
was never fifteen hands .
he had , said the druid ,
a very sweet head . . . and all his limbs were most beautifully turned , and exquisitely proportioned .
light and wiry like his sire , he was also an excellent stayer , but he was one of the venisons with a temper - - or as the druid put it ,
full of fire and courage
- - and at the end of his three - year - old season he was gelded , possibly a mistake despite his erratic performances , because although he ran for three more seasons , he won only once , took a walk - over once , and placed third once in twenty - two starts . after he was cut , the druid said ,
he was never the same horse .
in the stud bayuda produced a filly by hurry on that the aga khan purchased for 4 , 000 guineas and named hajibibi . that was all . there were no more foals from bayuda . the mare had a difficult delivery and suffered internal injuries that rendered her barren . after a few failed attempts to get her in foal , she was given by lady douglas to a mr . gerald deane to use as a pleasure horse . deane toyed with the idea of returning her to training , and lady douglas gave her permission for this venture . bayuda was galloped but never did return to the races . it was a sad end for this classic - winning filly . other bayardo offspring bayardo had several other high class runners , including : manilardo , a full brother to gay crusader which captured the coronation cup ; manton , out of the le sancy mare jane grey , placed third in the st . leger and ran well in some other races , including the st . george stakes at liverpool ; he was sent to poland in 1922 , and in the late 1920s was one of the top three leading sires there , including champion sire in 1930 . mapledurham , out of montem , by ladas , placed third to bayuda in the cheveley park stakes and third to her in the oaks ; allenby , out of derby - winning filly tagalie , placed second in the two thousand guineas ; and pompadour , out of popinjay by st . frusquin , placed third in the one thousand guineas .
8 - bit • all aboard • angel wings • blossomforth • bow hothoof • bulk biceps • chancellor puddinghead • charity sweetmint • cheerilee • cheese sandwich • cherry jubilee • claude • clear skies • cloud chaser • clover the clever • coco pommel • commander hurricane • cookie crumbles • coriander cumin • davenport • double diamond • fawn doo • feather bangs • firelight • flash sentry • flax seed • fleur de lis • flitter • fluffy clouds • gaffer • gallant true • gizmo • golden gavel • the headless horse • hondo flanks • hoofbeard • hooffield and mccolt families • inkwell • inky rose • jack pot • jet set • joe • junebug • lightning dust • lily lace • marcie pan • mare do well • mayor mare • method mares • moon dancer • mr . breezy • mr . paleo • mr . stripes • mrs . paleo • ms . harshwhinny • ms . peachbottom • mudbriar • night glider • open skies • party favor • petunia paleo • plaid stripes • pony pickers • the pony tones • ponyacci • power ponies • private pansy • quibble pants • radiant hope • randolph • roma • royal guards • saffron masala • sassy saddles • sheriff silverstar • silver frames • silver shill • sky stinger • smart cookie • spa ponies • spearhead • starstreak • steamer • stellar eclipse • stellar flare • sugar belle • sunburst • sunshower • sunspot • swan song • teddie safari • tree hugger • trouble shoes • upper crust • vapor trail • wheat grass • windy whistles
on 2 april 1804 , the first day of the season , walton finished second to aniseed in the craven stakes at newmarket . third placed eleanor was the only other of the seven other horses that could be placed by the judge . [ 11 ] on 19 april , at the first spring meeting , he beat duxbury and slapband to win the king ' s plate over the round course ( about four miles ) . [ 12 ] at guildford in may he raced against enchantress and rumbo for the king ' s plate , run in three four - mile heats . walton , who was the favourite , won the first heat , but finished second to enchantress in the second . before the third heat ( which only walton and enchantress took part in ) enchantress was the 2 / 5 favourite , but walton took the victory to win the race . [ 13 ] on 18 july at salisbury he took part in the king ' s plate in four - mile heats . walton won both heats against his only rival little chance to win the race . [ 14 ] he won another king ' s plate in august , this time beating mr . frogley ' s colt in two four - mile heats at winchester . in the next race he walked over for a sweepstakes of 10 guineas each . [ 15 ] a month later he beat a john bull filly in both of the four - mile heats to win the king ' s plate at warwick . [ 16 ] on 11 september he beat three rivals to win the lichfield king ' s plate . [ 17 ] at newmarket ' s first october meeting he finished last of the three runners in the king ' s plate , behind winner parasol and sir harry dimsdale . [ 18 ]
waxy pope got numerous winners in ireland , including the dandy ( 1815 , out of a drone mare and so in - bred to waxy ) , winner of five royal plates at the curragh and bellewstown and of the lord lieutenant ' s plate at the curragh and champion of his year in 1819 ; prendergast ( 1816 ) , whose wins included three royal plates at the curragh ; starch ( 1819 ) , winner of at least eight royal plates at the curragh , and of the lord lieutenant ' s plate twice , and champion in 1822 ; skylark ( 1826 ) , a winner of forty races , including 23 king ' s plates and champion horse in ireland three times , 1829 - 1831 ; sligo ( 1821 ) , who won the madrid handicap and several king ' s plates at the curragh and was champion in ireland in 1824 , and was taken to england to win newmarket ' s audley end stakes and oatland stakes and other races ; sligo ' s brother , mounteagle ( 1827 ) , a winner of several king ' s plates and the lord lieutenant ' s plate at the curragh and champion in ireland in 1832 ; canteen ( 1821 ) , who almost won the doncaster st . leger for sligo , and later won the king ' s plate at newcastle ( later sire of the grand sir hercules race mare , cruiskeen ) ; butterfly , a winner of the gold cups at both oxford and warwick ; the cardinal ( 1827 ) , whose wins in england included the leamington stakes and worcester stakes ( 1 - 1 / 4 miles beating dr . faustus and hedgford ) at warwick , and the 2 - 1 / 2 mile chester cup ; trumpeter ( 1824 ) who took newmarket ' s clearwell stakes and cheltenham ' s 2 - 1 / 2 mile glocestershire stakes , and his sister , jenny vertpre ( 1827 ) , a winner of epsom ' s shirley stakes .
bred by willoughby bertie ( 1740 - 1799 ) , 4th earl of abingdon , pot8os was the first foal of his dam , sportsmistress ( ch f 1765 sportsman ) , who also produced the derby winner sir thomas ( ch c 1785 pontac ) along with the winners jocundo ( b c 1777 marske ) , roscius ( ch c 1781 garrick ) and sulky ( ch c 1786 garrick ) .
potatoes acquired the peculiar spelling of his name when his lad was asked to write it on a corn bin or stall door . the lad ' s version , potoooooooo , was said to amuse his lordship enough to adopt it , and so it appears in the general stud book . later writers shortened it to pot - 8 - o ' s and similar variants .
he stood at oxcroft farm near balsham , cambridgeshire , for a fee of 20 guineas along with justice ( br c 1774 herod ) . he was moved to upper hare park near newmarket in 1796 . a great success in the stud , he sired 165 winners of £57 , 595 and 3 cups . his best son was waxy ( ch c 1773 ) who ensured the continuance of the eclipse sire line down to the present day .
at 4 : 2nd in a 100 guineas each sweep , plus one hogshead of claret each , at newmarket , won by lord grosvenor ' s yellow jack ( ch c 1773 dux ) , beating thirteen others over the beacon course , 2nd in a 1025 guineas sweepstake at nottingham , won by mr swinfen ' s colt ( ch c chrysolite ) , 3rd in a 100 guineas each sweep at newmarket , won by lord grosvenor ' s grey robin ( gr c 1773 gimcrack ) , beating sixteen others , 5th in the great subscription purse at york , won by sir thomas gascoigne ' s cannibal ( ch c 1773 matchem ) .
at 5 : won 1200 guineas at newmarket , second spring , beating grey robin and lord ossory ' s titan ( b c 1773 otho ) over the beacon course , won the 140 guineas at newmarket , won £50 at swaffham , walked - over for 175 guineas at ipswich , 2nd jockey club plate , won by sir thomas gascoigne ' s magog ( gr c 1773 matchem ) , 2nd in the 140 guineas at newmarket , october , won by dictator , beating dorimant , 6th and last for the oxford cup , won by dorimant ( ch c 1772 otho ) .
at 6 : won a 50 sovereigns purse at newmarket , beating the duke of grafton ' s caractacus ( b c herod ) , won the 140 guineas subscription at newmarket , second spring , beating sir j shelley ' s comet ( ch c 1774 matchem ) , won a 150 guineas sweep , beating the hon r vernon ' s pastorella ( b f 1774 otho ) and three others over the beacon course , won a 300 guineas each sweep at newmarket october , beating lord derby ' s laburnum ( br c 1774 herod ) , won the 140 guineas subcription at newmarket , october , beating the hon r vernon ' s freeholder ( b c 1772 chrysolite ) , walked - over for the clermont cup at newmarket , walked - over for the gold cup at newmarket , october .
at 7 : won the 140 guineas subscription at newmarket , second spring , beating mr o ' kelly ' s king fergus ( ch c 1775 eclipse ) and lord ossory ' s dorimant ( ch c otho ) , won the jockey club plate , beating mr shafto ' s tandem ( b c 1773 syphon ) over the beacon course , won a 500 guineas sweep at newmarket , october , beating laburnum , won 150 guineas , beating woodpecker , walked - over for the clermont cup , walked - over for the gold cup at newmarket , october , walked - over for the 140 guineas at newmarket , october , 3rd in a 1400 guineas handicap sweep at newmarket , first spring , won by sir c davers ' s woodpecker ( ch c 1773 herod ) , beating mr douglas ' s bourdeaux ( gr c 1774 herod ) .
at 8 : won a 200 guineas each handicap sweep at newmarket , first spring , beating woodpecker and lord derby ' s guildford ( ch c 1775 herod ) and two others , won a 400 guineas sweep at newmarket , second spring , beating sir c davers ' s buccaneer ( ch c 1776 herod ) , walked - over for the jockey club plate at newmarket , second spring , was paid 85 guineas not to start at newmarket , first october , for the 140 guineas subscription , won by lord clermont ' s hollandaise ( gr f 1775 matchem ) , who had previously won the st leger for sir thomas gascoigne , with lord derby ' s bridget ( ch f 1776 herod ) , who had won the oaks , and three others in the field , 2nd for the 140 guineas , newmarket , second october , won by woodpecker .
at 9 : won the craven stakes at newmarket , beating hollandaise , the duke of cumberland ' s io ( b f 1778 pyrrhus ) , and mr o ' kelly ' s mercury ( ch c 1778 eclipse ) , won £50 at newmarket , first spring , beating two others , won the jockey club plate , beating buccaneer and mercury , won a 50 sovereigns purse , beating hollandaise and lord ossory ' s alaric ( br c paymaster ) , over the beacon course , walked - over for the clermont cup and 200 guineas , and the next day walked - over for the 140 guineas subscription purse , 2nd in the 140 guineas subscription at newmarket , first october , won by sir john lade ' s crop ( gr c 1778 turf ) , beating the duke of grafton ' s puzzle ( b f 1778 matchem ) , ran once unplaced .
at 10 : won 200 guineas each and the whip at newmarket , second spring , beating sir j lade ' s nottingham ( br c 1776 tantrum ) , lost a 300 guineas match to lord egremont ' s derby winner assassin ( b c 1779 sweetbriar ) at newmarket , first spring , 3rd and last in a 200 guineas sweep , won by mr parker ' s anvil ( b c 1777 herod ) followed by lord egremont ' s boxer ( gr c 1776 herod ) .
1 . co - heiress ( ch f 1786 ) , 3rd dam of the half - brothers , blacklock ( b c 1814 whitelock ) and st leger winner theodore ( b c 1819 woful ) . blacklock was a champion sire in 1829 . his best known son was voltaire ( br c 1826 ) .
2 . dabchick ( br f 1798 ) , 2nd dam of one thousand guineas winner catgut ( br f 1816 juniper or comus ) .
3 . sister to edwin ( b f 1794 ) , taproot mare of family 3 - i , and 4th dam of the derby and st leger winner the flying dutchman ( br c 1846 bay middleton ) .
4 . mandane ( ch f 1800 ) , a winner of two races , she was the taproot mare of family 11 - g , the dam of the st leger winner altisidora ( ch f 1810 dick andrews ) , the oaks winner manuella ( b f 1809 dick andrews ) , and the stallions brutandorf ( b c 1821 blacklock ) and lottery ( br c 1820 tramp ) .
5 . nightshade ( b f 1785 ) , winner of oaks stakes and 3rd dam of the ascot gold winner sir huldibrand ( br c 1818 octavius ) .
6 . outcast ( b f 1793 ) , winner of 4 races at five years of age .
8 . pot8os mare ( f 1793 ) , dam of the oaks winner maid of orleans ( b f 1806 sorcerer ) and the woodcote stakes winner rivulet ( ch f 1813 rubens ) . pot8os mare was also the 3rd dam of the one thousand guineas and oaks winner galata ( br f 1829 sultan ) .
9 . pot8os mare ( b f 1796 ) , 2nd dam of the two thousand guineas winner interpreter ( b c 1815 soothsayer ) and 2nd dam of the two thousand guineas winner nectar ( b c 1813 walton ) .
10 . sister to timidity * ( ch f 1792 ) was quite an influential matron in america where she produced cole ' s bright phoebus ( c 1804 messenger * ) , one of few who beat sir archy ( b c 1805 diomed * ) , and millers damsel ( gr f 1802 messenger * ) , the dam of american eclipse ( ch c 1814 duroc ) .
alderman ( gb ) * ( b c 1787 ) was a stallion in america , where his daughters contributed to the build up of several native families . alderman mare ( b f 1799 ) was the 2nd dam of boston ( ch c 1833 timoleon ) who was probably the greatest american racehorse of the 19th century and also the sire of lexington ( b c 1850 ) .
asparagus ( gb ) ( ch c 1787 ) , sire of the one thousand guineas winner rhoda ( b f 1813 ) and the stallion teddy the grinder ( b c 1798 ) .
coriander ( gb ) ( b c 1786 ) , sire of coriander mare ( b f 1799 ) , the grandaughter of co - heiress [ see co - heiress , above ] . coriander mare was inbred to 2x3 to pot8os , and the dam of blacklock and theodore . coriander also sired hyacinthus ( ch c 1797 ) , sire of hyacinthus mare ( ch f 1804 ) , taproot of family 2 - f , and variety ( b f 1808 ) , taproot of family 20 - a .
tyrant ( gb ) ( b c 1799 ) , winner of the derby stakes and a 300 guineas sweepstakes against julia ( br f 1799 whiskey ) .
vespasian ( gb ) ( b c 1793 ) , sire of pomona ( ch f 1815 ) , the dam of champagne stakes winner bud ( b c 1827 partisan ) . pomona was also the 2nd dam of the one thousand guineas and park hill stakes winner sorella ( ch f 1841 the saddler ) and the union - rennen winner my hope ( ch f 1853 birdcatcher ) .
worthy ( gb ) ( b c 1795 ) , winner of a king ' s plate and the oxford cup .
champion ( gb ) b c 1797 ( pot8os - huncamunca , by highflyer ) . sire line pot8os . family 3 - b .
waxy ( gb ) b c 1790 ( pot8os - maria , by herod ) . sire line pot8os . family 18 .
finished 3rd in the oaks stakes at epsom , won by sir t gascoigne ' s theophania ( b f 1800 delpini ) with 2nd going to mr harris ' s laura [ ex - fanny ] ( ch f 1800 pegasus ) , beating 4 others . won the town plate at newmarket july , beating lord clermont ' s rumbo ( b c 1800 whiskey ) and 2 others . collected a 40gs forfeit at newmarket first october from sir frank standish ' s brother to eagle and mr howorth ' s skyscraper filly . won a £140 subscription at the same meeting , with an added town plate , beating the prince of wales ' s nitre ( gr f 1800 precipitate ) and 4 others . won a £50 plate at newmarket second october , beating sir c bunbury ' s orlando ( br c 1799 whiskey ) . collected 50gs from a 100gs match at newmarket houghton against lord stawell ' s elizabeth ( br f 1800 waxy ) .
won the 400gs oatlands handicap at newmarket craven , beating lord g cavendish ' s lignum vitae ( b c 1797 walnut ) and 4 others . collected a 100gs forfeit at newmarket first spring from mr wyndham ' s young eclipse ( br c 1799 young eclipse ) . won a 200gs match at newmarket second spring from lord sackville ' s enchanter ( ch c 1799 pot8os ) . collected 70gs forfeit at the same meeting from mr howorth ' s malta ( ch c 1798 buzzard ) . won £190 at newmarket first october , beating sir f standish ' s brother to stamford ( br c sir peter teazle ) , nitre ( gr f 1800 precipitate ) and lord grosvenor ' s baron bull ( b c 1800 john bull ) . won the king ' s plate at the same meeting , beating
easily
mr norton ' s sir harry dimsdale ( gr c 1800 sir peter teazle ) and sir h williamson ' s walton ( b c 1799 sir peter teazle ) . collected 40gs at the same place from lord foley ' s watery ( b c 1801 waxy ) . won a 200gs match at newmarket second october from colonel mellish ' s buss ( b c 1800 john bull ) . lost a 100gs match at newmarket houghton to mr c wilson ' s lennox ( ch c 1798 delpini ) .
finished 3rd in the oatlands at newmarket craven to hrh the duke of york ' s giles ( b c 1798 trumpator ) and mr watson ' s duxbury ( b c sir peter teazle ) , beating 4 others . walked over for the king ' s plate at newmarket first spring . won £50 at the same meeting , beating lord foley ' s hippocampus ( b c 1801 coriander ) , mr wardell ' s houghton lass ( b f 1801 sir peter teazle ) , mr ladbroke ' s sir david ( br c 1801 trumpator ) and 2 others . won the jockey club plate at newmarket second spring , beating walton and the prince of wales ' s petruchio ( ro c 1801 stride )
in a canter
by 6 lengths . collected 50gs at newmarket october from col mellish ' s pipylin ( br c sir peter teazle ) . walked over for 200gs and the king ' s plate at the same meeting . won 125gs at newmarket second october , beating sir harry dimsdale by a neck
after a most severe and punishing race
.
collected a 100gs forfeit at newmarket craven from lord foley ' s hippocampus . collected a 100gs forfeit from a 200gs sweep at newmarket first spring . won the king ' s plate at the same meeting , beating mr abbey ' s margery ( ch f john bull ) by 8 lengths , and 1 other . won £50 at the same place , beating mr cave - browne ' s antipater ( b c 1801 pipator )
in a canter
. won £50 at newmarket july , beating sir c bunbury ' s lydia ( br f 1802 whiskey )
in a canter
. finished 2nd for a purse of 50gs at newmarket first october to orville . collected 50gs forfeit at the same meeting from colonel mellish ' s czar peter ( br c 1801 sir peter teazle ) . won a 200gs match at newmarket second october from mr arthur ' s derby winner cardinal beaufort ( b c 1802 gohanna ) . ran twice more without success .