the green fruit-piercing moth , ( eudocima salaminia ) , is a moth of the family erebidae .

it is found from india across south-east asia to the pacific islands .

in australia it occurs in the northern territory , queensland and new south wales .

adult is a fruit-piercer .

eudocima salaminia

select a genera calyptra ochsenheimer - calyptra minuticornis guenée oraesia guenée - oraesia emarginata fabricius plusiodonta guenée - plusiodonta calcaurea sp . n . - plusiodonta wahri sp . n . eudocima billberg - eudocima salaminia cramer - eudocima dividens walker - eudocima [ rhytia ] cocalus cramer - eudocima [ rhytia ] discrepans walker - eudocima [ adris ] sikhimensis butler - eudocima [ khadira ] aurantia moore - eudocima [ othreis ] phalonia linnaeus [ fullonia clerck ] - eudocima [ othreis ] srivijayana bänziger - eudocima [ othreis ] homaena hübner - eudocima [ othreis ] smaragdipicta walker - eudocima [ othreis ] kinabaluensis feige - eudocima [ othreis ] mionopastea hampson
major and sporadic . several genera of noctuid moths are fruit piercing but the most damaging are eudocima fullonia , e . materna , e . jordani and e . salaminia .
the only other specific host plant we have encountered is stephania japonica variety timoriensis ( a very widely - occurring species in australia and asia ) . eudocima salaminia breeds on this plant . this vine grows in rainforest areas and proliferates when the vegetation is disturbed by man .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . eudocima salaminia cramer , 1777 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
there are three widely occurring species of fruit piercing moth : eudocima salaminia , e . fullonia , e . jordani and e . materna . the adult moths are large and stout - bodied , with a wingspan of 100 mm . the forewings can be mainly brown , cream or green . hind wings are yellow orange , with black patches and spots .
eudocima salaminia - another asian and australian species which is active right down the queensland coast and is particularly damaging to citrus in s . e . queensland . it appears to be more active in early winter when the o . fullonia is less common . in thailand this species causes ca . 5 - 12 % of damage to longan and 10 - 20 % on citrus .
larvae are velvety - black . the larvae of eudocima spp . have two large spots ( mainly white with dark centres ) on either side of the body just before the first pair of prolegs .
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larva feed on native vines for about three weeks , progressing through five or six stages , or instars , before forming a dark - brown pupa in a delicate silk cocoon between webbed leaves . after 2½ weeks adults emerge from the pupa . breeding occurs through most of the year in northern queensland , although it is much reduced during the dry season . in drier areas such as central queensland , outbreaks are more common in wet years that are favourable to continuous growth of the larval - host vines .
fruit piercing moths are found on the east coast of australia , north from the northern rivers district of new south wales . a few species also occur across the north of the continent . it is believed that they die out in areas south of mackay and rockhampton in cold winters and reinvade the southern areas after winter .
these moths feed on carambola , banana , citrus , fig , guava , kiwifruit , longan lychee , mango , stonefruit , persimmon and ripening papaya . larval hosts include native vines of the family menispermaceae ( of which there are about 20 species in northern queensland ) . the preferred species are tinospora smilacina and stephania spp .
moths feed at night by penetrating the skin of the ripe or ripening fruit with their strong proboscis and sucking the juice . internal injury consists of a bruised , dry area beneath the skin . secondary rots develop at the puncture site . secondary - moth feeders often visit fermenting fruit , taking advantage of the access holes the fruitpiercing moths drill . early summer to early autumn is the most important period .
not determined , but would depend on individual fruit value . nightly inspections with a strong torch are recommended when fruit is nearing maturity . the red eyes of the moths will reflect the light from a torch , aiding detection .
netting trees or bagging fruits is very effective . early harvest , where it doesn ' t jeopardise maturity standards , will help to reduce losses .
no satisfactory chemical control measure is known . hand collection of moths and various traps have had limited success .
check the australian pesticides and veterinary medicines authority chemical database and permit database for chemicals registered or approved under permit to treat this pest on the target crop in your state or location . always read the label . always observe withholding periods .
& copy ; the state of queensland ( department of agriculture and fisheries ) 2010–2018 . queensland government
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. this and the next species are characterised by dark green forewings with fawn costal and distal margins . in
these marginal zones are narrower , and the green ground is paler . the hindwing black border is also narrower .
. only three specimens have been recorded in recent surveys from : forest at 200m near tawau in sabah ; from 1465m on bukit retak in brunei ; from 2600m on g . kinabalu .
. the larva was illustrated by moore ( 1884 - 1887 ) , common ( 1990 ) and tanahara & tanahara ( 2001b ) . it is blackish grey , posteriorly rather square , semi - looping in gait . below the spiracular level it is distinctly paler , and has a series of three yellow - white marks subdorsally on each side of the first three abdominal segments : a spot and two ocellate marks with broader white lunules anteriorly and narrower , reddish lines completing the ring posteriorly . there is an oblique line of the same yellow - white colour from the proleg backwards on a6 . tanahara & tanahara noted a second form of larva in okinawa . it is mottled and speckled in shades of grey - brown and is diffusely paler in the line of the spiracles . there is an oblique white line running back from the proleg on a6 , with black areas posterior to it above and below the line of the spiracles . the ocellate marks are black but with much narrower rings ( without an expanded section ) enclosing them . there is no white spot on a1 . moore ( 1881 ) illustrated a variegated larva of this type but with ocellate marks more as in the first form . the host plants noted by common and tanahara & tanahara were
leaf butterfly ( kallima inachus ) . sa dom ' e sa mariposa ( sardinia island )
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identification marks : palpi are with 2nd joint thickened and reaching vertex of head , 3rd blunt and naked . head and collar is plum - colour ; thorax green , the metathoracic tufts and abdomen orange clothed with coarse hairs . fore wing golden green ; a broad cream coloured costal fascia from near base of inner margin to apex , striated with pale red and turning to green at costa ; a cream coloured marginal band ; a curved red streak below vein 2 . hind wings are orange with large black lunule beyond lower angle of cell ; a black marginal band with cilial whitish spots from costa to vein 2 . underside of fore wing fuscous orange at base and with broad whitish postmedial band not reaching costa or inner margin ; the cilia whitish . ( w . s . ♂ 84 mm ) .
gurule , s . a . ( 2013 ) ; taxonomic study of moths ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) from north maharashtra ( india ) . phd thesis , university of pune , india
shubhalaxmi , v , r c kendrick , alka vaidya , neelima kalagi , and alaka bhagwat . 2011 . inventory of moth fauna ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) of the northern western ghats , maharashtra , india . journal of the bombay … 108 , no . 3 : 183 - 205 . urltoken
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
india ; oriental and papuan regions ; china ; japan ; philippines ; hong kong ; madagascar ; formosa ; australia ; fiji .
a preliminary checklist of moth species collected in north maharashtra is presented based on studie . . .
inventory of moth fauna ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) of the northern western ghats , maharashtra , india .
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“the [ common ghost moth ] caterpillar is cylindrical and fleshy , except the head and adjoining segment which are rough and corneous . the segments are muscular and well developed , and of a dull creamy white , tinged with purplish red at their divisions . ” description from aw scott , ‘ australian lepidoptera and their transformations’ , volume 2 , plate 11 ( 1890 - 1898 ) .
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primary tropical fruit pests three major pests of tropical fruit growing are flying foxes , fruit piercing moth and fruit spotting bug . other pests are periodically important on certain fruits but these are generally not perennial . growing areas of mixed species of fruit probably helps to minimise insect problems .
the flying fox problem should be addressed on a national level , with cooperation between national parks and wildlife , csiro and the relevant departments of agriculture .
the queensland department of primary industries has undertaken to investigate the fruit piercing moth and fruit spotting bug questions , and csiro is also commencing work on fruit piercing moth in s . e . queensland .
fruit piercing vs fruit sucking moth all species of moths recorded feeding on fruit belong to the family ' noctuidae ' ( night flying moths ) . what we , the researchers , call fruit piercing moth and you , the growers , call fruit sucking moth are , for the most part , the same thing .
csiro have recommended that we call fruit piercing moths those that can actually pierce the skin or rind of fruit , and fruit sucking moths , those that rely on skin being damaged to gain access to the fruit juices . the problem with such a division is that there is a range of species whose individual piercing ability depends on the hardness of the fruit involved .
a swiss researcher who studied fruit piercing moths in thailand recorded no fewer than 88 species of moths that could pierce fruit , the number of fruits that could be pierced by an individual species varying with fruit hardness . eleven species were confirmed primary piercers of longan , a further eighteen primary piercers of citrus and an additional 59 piercers of soft and very soft fruits ( such as raspberry ) . only four species of moth caused 60 - 95 % of the damage to the longan and citrus .
damage caused by moths the major primary piercing species have a heavily armoured proboscis * which allows them to attack a wide range of fruits . a species like othreis fullonia has been recorded on no fewer than 40 different fruits and this is probably a very conservative figure . some unusual fruits like tomato , capsicum , cashew , coffee , prickly pear , and melon are included in this .
the ability of moths to pierce fruit was first recognised in australia ca 1875 , but was doubted for some time . fungi and bacteria enter through the hole created by feeding and fruit rot sets in rapidly , in most cases rendering the fruit worthless .
distribution of fruit piercing moths the moths occur largely in tropical and subtropical areas and predominate in australia and the pacific , in asia , africa , tropical america and some areas of europe . in australia , they occur in most tropical and subtropical areas of the east coast and through most monsoonal areas in the north of the country .
othreis fullonia - a widely distributed species in australia and the pacific , parts of asia and also africa . in thailand , this species alone is estimated to cause 70 - 90 % of primary damage to longan , and 50 - 70 % . to citrus . it appears to be the dominant species active in north queensland and the most significant pest of lychees here .
othreis materna - another widely distributed species , in australia , in the indian sub - continent and in parts of africa . in australia it is the most significant pest of fruits in the northern territory and west australia and in the drier inland areas . its distribution appears to be governed by its restriction to breeding on only one genus of vine .
othreis jordani - this species was only recognised in thailand after the swiss study was complete and has only recently emerged as a significant pest in australia . as it looks very similar to o . fullonia no doubt it was confused for a long time . from our data , it appears that o . jordini is the most significant pest of carambolas , just in advance of o . fullonia .
adris tyrannus - this is a large , relatively active species in north queensland but it is considered more of a pest in countries like japan .
the most important vine species ( and i say that with some reservation , as there may be more than one species involved ) is tinospora smilacina ( no common name ) . there are three distinct varieties of this plant .
1 . foreshore and exposed coast variety - this appears to be deciduous during the dry season except where exposed to some moisture ( e . g . buchan ' s point and wangetti beach ) .
2 . rainforest variety - apparently not deciduous ( e . g . mission beach and cairns botanic gardens ) .
3 . inland ( dry area ) variety which apparently occurs across northern australia in those areas influenced by the summer monsoon - deciduous during the dry , from about june to october ( e . g . einasleigh , dimbulah ) .
tinospora has a considerable water storage capacity in the stem ( large vascular rays ) which enables it to survive in very harsh conditions .
our experiments show that tinospora is the favoured larval host plant of o . fullonia , the only genus eaten by the larvae of o . materna and we think it is the host plant of o . jordini .
the activity of these moth species through the dry season is limited by the deciduousness of the host plant . nevertheless , the plants commence re - growth just prior to the first summer rains , allowing the moths to take full advantage of the new growth once the rains accelerate leaf production .
part of the success of o . fullonia as a fruit piercer lies in its ability to switch larval hosts , should tinospora be in short supply or in its deciduous phase . numerous species of menispermaceae have been found growing in close proximity to one another .
the more we are able to examine menispermaceae in the field , the more we ' ll be able to say of
risk
in the growing fruit trees in certain area . adult moths are reputed to have great powers of dispersal and there is a reported case of a specimen of o . materna being caught 300 miles out to sea from mauritius . nevertheless , our feelings are that orchards close to areas of tinospora ( or rainforest ) are at greatest risk .
control , management , forecasting of course our ultimate goal is the control or management of moth activity , using both direct control measures and forecasting techniques .
moth activity is generally too late to allow for chemical use , and in any case , the moths do not remain in contact sufficiently long to achieve knockdown . so unless some super , quick active synthetic pyrethroid with a very short withholding period , is developed , broadscale chemical application in control of these moths can be ignored .
history of control techniques a ] poisoned baits ( still some possibilities here using fruit volatiles ) .
apparently carambolas in malaysia are enclosed in a paper bag prior to ripening and left as such until harvesting . very labour intensive , netting trees , which may have the double advantage of reducing flying fox damage .
we ' ve heard a figure of $ 200 quoted per medium - sized tree i . e . using half - inch bird netting .
h ] light repulsion technique - this method appears to hold a good promise . a barrier of lights ( 550 - 580 m ) ( yellow - green wavelengths ) is formed around a block of trees , but shining outwards . there should be a 12 m barrier between the lights and surrounding vegetation , so that the moths are denied cover . we have planted a test plot of 4 blocks of carambolas at walkamin research station in order to test this technique .
other control measures a ] pheromones - these are sex attractants produced by a female moth to attract the male for mating . we are doing cooperative work with the university of queensland and csiro division of entomology in canberra , to isolate and produce pheromones from these moths . some novel compounds with large molecules have been found , differing in trace elements between species . pheromones , in the first place , would be used as monitoring tools to ascertain major moth activity periods .
they may also have some control application , or result in feeding disruption , as we suspect mating takes place in the fruit tree . as there is a 4 . 5 : male bias in moths feeding ( irrespective of species ) a pheromone could conceivably limit feeding activity .
b ] biological control - we have identified a fly which parasitises the larvae and a trichogramma ( very small wasp ) which parasitises the eggs of primary - piercers . we have also found a lygaeid bug which we suspect may prey on the eggs .
another fly parasite is known from new caledonia and has been imported by fiji as a control agent . it apparently doesn ' t effectively control o . fullonia in new caledonia , so its worth in fiji is questionable . several other predators and parasites have been identified in the pacific region . csiro are having a closer look at this aspect . birds , insectivorous bats , etc . , all play a role in limiting moth numbers .
c ] decoys - it may be possible to employ the volatile compounds from the larval host plants as decoys to reduce moth breeding by inducing females to lay eggs on plants other than those on which larvae will feed .
forecasting the remainder of our work involves developing an ability to forecast when moths are likely to be a significant problem . this is accomplished through :
we are hopeful that something positive from the control viewpoint will be forthcoming in the next twelve months .


nassarius oneratus , common name the loaded nassa , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks .

nassarius oneratus

what type of species is nassarius oneratus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the nassarius oneratus species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of nassarius oneratus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species nassarius oneratus .
how to identify nassarius oneratus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species nassarius oneratus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species nassarius oneratus are marked in green .
where is nassarius oneratus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species nassarius oneratus can be found .
nassariidae » nassarius oneratus , id : 213396 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
nassarius plicatellus adams : synonym of nassarius niveus ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius weyersi craven : synonym of nassarius pumilio ( e . a . smith , 1872 )
nassarius ( nassodonta ) h . adams , 1867 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( tritia ) a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( hinia ) gray , 1847 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius monile ( kiener , 1834 ) : synonym of nassarius distortus ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius fenestratus ( marratt , 1877 ) : synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius gemmuliferus a . adams , 1852 : synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius ( cryptonassarius ) watson , r . b . , 1882 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( naytia ) h . adams & a . adams 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( reticunassa ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( mirua ) marwick , 1931 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( phrontis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius ( austronassaria ) c . laseron & j . laseron , 1956 : synonym of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) thiele , 1929 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( bathynassa ) ladd , 1976 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( demondia ) addicott , 1956 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( glabrinassa ) shuto , 1969 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( schizopyga ) conrad , 1856 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( tarazeuxis ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( tavanothia ) iredale , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( usita ) noszky , 1936 : synonym of nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( venassa ) martens , 1881 : synonym of nassarius ( zeuxis ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius unicolor kiener , l . c . , 1834 : synonym of nassarius micans ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius ( tritonella ) a . adams , 1852 : synonym of nassarius ( hima ) gray , 1852 ex leach , ms . ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
nassarius ( amycla ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( gussonea ) monterosato , 1912
( of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) oneratus ( deshayes , 1863 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
nassarius ( zaphon ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 : synonym of nassarius ( caesia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( alternate representation of nassarius duméril , 1805 )
( of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) oneratus ( deshayes , 1863 ) ) tsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp . [ details ]
nassa tegula reeve , 1853 : synonym of nassarius striatus ( c . b . adams , 1852 )
nassa miser ( dall , 1908 ) : synonym of nassarius coppingeri ( e . a . smith , 1881 )
nassarius ( polinices , nassarius ) is prey of : pagurus cancer myoxocephalus tautogolabrus pseudopleuronectes asterias based on studies in : usa : massachusetts , cape ann ( littoral , mudflat ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
nassarius ( polinices , nassarius ) preys on : solemya ensis macoma mya gemma onoba littorina littorea based on studies in : usa : massachusetts , cape ann ( littoral , mudflat ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
the shells of various species of nassarius are popular with shell collectors , and are sometimes used in jewelry and other forms of decoration .
nassarius vibex is a species which is often selected for marine aquaria . it is often confused with nassarius obsoletus , a cooler water snail less suited to tropical marine aquarium temperatures . in aquaria , the nassarius is considered nearly indispensable for keeping sand beds clean and healthy , as these snails tend to burrow and plow through the upper layer in a conch - like fashion , keeping algae and detritus from building up visibly on the surface .
nassarius oneratus seems to prefer relatively shallow water on both eastern and western seaward reefs , but can also be found on some lagoon pinnacles . on the seaward reef , it often lives buried under thin layers of sand over hard reef up on the flat in shallow water . on the intertidal , reasonably fresh - looking shells inhabited by hermit crabs are common in some places , but we have not seen living animals in those areas . it is possible that shells living on the shallow seaward reefs are regularly tossed up on the reefs , where they are taken over by hermits . maximum size we have seen is 15 . 2mm .
nassa lamarck , 1799 : established for the species buccinum mutabile linnaeus , 1758 , which is now classified as a synonym of nassarius duméril , 1805 in the family nassariidae .
according to van regteren altena et al . ( 1965 ) and van aartsen et al . ( 1984 ) hinia gray , 1847 is considered as a subgenus of nassarius duméril , 1806 .
the name is derived from the latin word
nassa
, meaning a wickerbasket with a narrow neck , for catching fish . nassarius would then mean
someone who uses such a wickerbasket for catching fish
.
most nassarius species are very active scavengers , feeding on crabs and carrion as dead fish , etc . they often burrow into marine substrates and then wait with only their siphon protruding , until they smell nearby food .
r . n . kilburn .
description of new species of phos and nassarius from south - eastern africa ( mollusca : gastropoda : buccinidae , nassariidae
. pietermaritzburg , natal museum in : annals of the natal museum . - vol 41 ( december , 2000 ) , pp . 203 - 208
r . n . kilburn .
taxonomic notes on south african marine mollusca : 2 : with the description of new species and subspecies of conus , nassarius , vexillum and demoulia
in : annals of the natal museum . - vol 21 , 2 ( 1972 ) , pp . 391 - 437
bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ( 2010 ) . nassarius duméril , 1806 . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 11 - 30
nassarius - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
haitao li ( 李海涛 ) , duan lin ( 林端 ) , hongda fang ( 方宏达 ) , aijia zhu ( 朱艾嘉 ) and yang gao ( 高阳 ) , species identification and phylogenetic analysis of genus nassarius ( nassariidae ) based on mitochondrial genes , chinese journal of oceanology and limnology , volume 28 , number 3 / may , 2010 , pp . 565 - 572 , doi 10 . 1007 / s00343 - 010 - 9031 - 4
( of nassa obliqua hombron & jacquinot , 1848 ) hombron , j . b . & jacquinot , h . ( 1848 ) atlas d’histoire naturelle . zoologie par mm . hombron et jacquinot , chirurgiens de l’expédition . in : voyage au pole sud et dans l’océanie sur les corvettes l’astrolabe et la zélée exécuté par ordre du roi pendant les années 1837 - 1838 - 1839 - 1840 sous le commandement de m . dumont - d’urville capitaine de vaisseau publié sous les auspices du département de la marine et sous la direction supérieure de m . jacquinot , capitaine de vaisseau , commandant de la zélée . 26ème livraison : pls 17 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 . page ( s ) : pl . 21 figs 43 - 44 [ details ]
drivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la réunion et de l ' île maurice . collection les beautés de la nature . delachaux et niestlé : neuchâtel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
marais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]
( of nassa obliqua pease , 1865 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa obliqua hombron & jacquinot , 1848 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa onerata deshayes , 1863 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa onerato [ sic ] ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
tsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp . [ details ]
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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guam . baracuda rock . in sand , at 45 ft deep . ex - coll . a . arthur . june 1985 .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
( deshayes , g . p . in maillard , l . , 1863 )
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depth range based on 3605 specimens in 218 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1024 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80000 temperature range ( °c ) : 4 . 888 - 28 . 540 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 033 - 33 . 876 salinity ( pps ) : 18 . 065 - 38 . 201 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 907 - 6 . 964 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 063 - 2 . 633 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 83 . 712 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80000 temperature range ( °c ) : 4 . 888 - 28 . 540 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 033 - 33 . 876 salinity ( pps ) : 18 . 065 - 38 . 201 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 907 - 6 . 964 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 063 - 2 . 633 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 83 . 712 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
r . w . dexter , the marine communities of a tidal inlet at cape ann , massachusetts : a study in bio - ecology , ecol . monogr . 17 : 263 - 294 , from p . 284 ( 1947 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file
species within this genus are found worldwide . these snails usually live on mud flats or sand flats , intertidally or subtidally .
the shells of species in this genus have a relatively high cyrtoconoid ( approaching a conical shape but with convex sides ) spire and a siphonal notch .
is believed to be 90 , 000 years old . a further group of pierced shells , some with red
) . these beads had previously been thought to be the oldest examples of jewelry .
. however , this division is difficult to define , resulting in much confusion . even
shows that the division into these subgenera appears to be uncertain and unreliable . there seem to be two groups within the genus
. in the end , the molecular phylogeny did not match the previous morphological phylogeny .
, most of which have become synonyms . the following species are accepted names according to the
bouzouggar , a . , barton , n . , vanhaeren , m . , d ' errico , f . , collcutt , s . , higham , t . , hodge , e . , parfitt , s . , rhodes , e . , schwenninger , j . - l . , stringer , c . , turner , e . , ward , s . , moutmir , a . and stambouli , a . 2007 .
82 , 000 - year - old shell beads from north africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior
proceedings of the national academy of sciences , june 4 , 2007 ; urltoken
cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356
bernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp
kay c . vaught ( 1989 ) . classification of the living mollusca . isbn 978 - 0 - 915826 - 22 - 3 .
wolff , w . j . ; duiven , p . ; esselink , p . ; gueve , a . ( 1993 ) . biomass of macrobenthic tidal flat fauna of the banc d ' arguin , mauritania . hydrobiologia 258 ( 1 - 3 ) : 151 - 163
nassa röding , 1798 for mainly muricid species with the type species : nassa picta röding , 1798 ( = nassa serta ( bruguière , 1798 ) .
nassa röding , 1798 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 24 february 2011 .
nassa francolina ( bruguière , 1789 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa serta ( bruguière , 1789 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa situla ( reeve , 1846 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa tuamotuensis houart , 1996 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa kraussiana dunker . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa lathraia . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa munda . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa obockensis . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa optima sowerby , 1903 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa pulla ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa steindachneri . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa stiphra . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
nassa xesta . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .
houart r . ( 1996 ) the genus nassa röding 1798 in the indo - west pacific ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : muricidae : rapaninae ) . archiv für molluskenkunde 126 ( 1 - 2 ) : 51 - 63
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
b . wilson , c . wilson , p . baker ( 1994 ) .
australian marine shells : prosobranch gastropods : part 2 ( neogastropods )
. kallaroo , odyssey publishing , 370 p .
david freeman .
bullia species in south africa
in : the strandloper . - nº 214 ( 1985 ) , pp . 5 - 7 , 12
philippe bouchet , jean - pierre rocroi ( 2005 ) .
classification and nomenclator of gastropod families
. hackenheim , conchbooks ; malacologia
r . tucker abbott , s . peter dance ( 1986 ) .
compendium of seashells : color guide to more than 4 , 200 of the world ' s marine shells
. melbourne , fl , usa , american malacologists inc . , 411 p .
alain robin ( 2008 ) .
encyclopedia of marine gastropods
. hackenheim , germany , xenophora , conchbooks , 480 p .
r . n . kilburn .
four new bullia species ( mollusca gastropoda nassariidae ) from kenya and mozambique
in : annals of the natal museum . - vol 23 , 2 ( october 1978 ) , pp . 297 - 303
takashi okutani ( ed . ) ( 2000 ) .
marine mollusks in japan
. tokyo , tokay university press , 1173 p . ; illustrated ;
steyn , douw g . , lussi , markus ( 2005 ) .
offshore shells of southern africa : pictorial guide to more than 750 gastropods
. [ s . l . ] , douw g . steyn & markus lussi , 289 p
guido t . poppe ( 2008 ) .
philippine marine mollusks : volume 2 : gastropoda part 2
. hackenheim , germany , conchbooks , 848 p .
richard kilburn , elizabeth rippey ( 1982 ) .
sea shells of southern africa
. johannesburg , macmillan south africa , xi + 249 p .
carlos leobrera , f . m . leobrera ( eds . ) ; f . j . springsteen ( scientific researcher ) ; neal oshima ( photographer ) ( 1986 ) .
shells of the philippines
. manila , carfel seashell museum , 377 p
world register of marine species .
worms : world register of marine species
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .
, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .
, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .
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this species occurs in the red sea and in the indian ocean off madagascar and in the central pacific ocean .


sicydium is a genus of gobies native to fast-flowing streams and rivers of the americas ( central america , mexico , cocos island , the caribbean , colombia , ecuador and venezuela ) with a couple species native to middle africa .

sicydium

katja schulz added an association between
sicydium caguitae evermann & marsh . 1902 . gobiidae ; sicydium .
and
sicydium plumieri ( bloch , 1786 )
.
cyndy parr set
sicydium caguitae p05460 illustration
as an exemplar on
sicydium plumieri ( bloch , 1786 )
.
cyndy parr marked
n354 _ w1150
as trusted on the
sicydium plumieri
page .
notes on the biology of the gobiid fish sicydium plumieri in puer . . . : ingenta connect
the genus sicydium is in the family cucurbitaceae in the major group angiosperms ( flowering plants ) .
the artisanal fishery industry in the caribbean for sicydium species is widespread and often intense ( bell et al . 1995 ) .
the plant list includes 14 scientific plant names of species rank for the genus sicydium . of these 8 are accepted species names .
lyons , j . 2005 . distribution of sicydium valenciennes 1837 ( pisces : gobiidae ) in mexico and central america . hidrobiológica 15 : 239–243 .
brock , v . e . 1942 . a new goby , sicydium fayae , from the tres marias islands , west coast of mexico . stanford ichthyological bulletin 2 ( 4 ) : 122–125 .
bussing , w . 1996 . sicydium adelum , a new species of gobiid fish ( pisces : gobiidae ) from atlantic slope streams of costa rica . revista de biologia tropical 44 : 819–825 .
the artisanal fishery industry in the caribbean for sicydium species is widespread and often intense ( bell et al . 1995 ) . fishery declines in sicydium species have been reported in other regions ( bell et al . 1995 ) . the reason for these declines is not clear as no landing statistics are available . habitat degradation and over - exploitation have both been suggested as potential causes of these declines ( bell 1999 ) .
chabarria , r . e . & f . pezold . 2013 . phylogeography and historical demography of sicydium salvini in the eastern pacific . ichthyological research 60 : 353–362 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10228 - 013 - 0363 - x
we report collections of several specimens of sicydium in 2013 and 2014 from the jubones and santa rosa rivers in southwestern ecuador . these collections substantially expand the known range of the genus southward . the specimens are tentatively identified as sicydium cf . rosenbergii based on their morphology . small differences in morphology among specimens from the two rivers are noted , as are discrepancies with the type description . a museum database search uncovered two additional records of the genus south of their previously recognized range including one record from northwestern peru .
fievet , e . & b . le guennec . 1998 . migration de masse de sicydium spp . ( gobiidae ) dans les rivieres de guadeloupe : implications pour le schema hydraulique des mini - centrales hydroelectriques ‘au fil de l’eau’ . cybium 22 : 293–296 .
the plant list includes a further 1 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the genus sicydium . we do not intend the plant list to be complete for names of infraspecific rank . these are primarily included because names of species rank are synonyms of accepted infraspecific names .
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .
, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
western atlantic species of this genus are in need of revision ( e . murdy pers . comm . 2009 , f . pezold pers . comm . 2010 ) .
justification : this widely distributed , amphidromous species can be locally abundant where it occurs in rivers of coastal volcanic topography . it can recruit among streams of different islands due to its pelagic marine larvae . the subpopulation on dominica has suffered severe declines due to habitat degradation and overexploitation . these threats are not known to be impacting its global population , therefore , it is listed as least concern . improved management of its vulnerable habitat and exploited subpopulations is recommended .
this species has been recorded in the western atlantic in the antilles from jamaica to trinidad and tobago ( kullander 2003 ) , along the central american coast from honduras to panama ( murdy and hoese 2002 , matamoros et al . 2009 , tornabene and pezold pers . comm . 2011 ) , and along the south american coast from venezuela and in the coastal drainages of bahia state , brazil ( de lucena et al . 2013 ) .
anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; barbados ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; brazil ; colombia ( colombian caribbean is . ) ; costa rica ; curaçao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint barthélemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; trinidad and tobago ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .
this species has exhibited severe population declines in dominica ( bell pers . comm . ) . these declines have been attributed both to over - exploitation and habitat degradation / alteration ( bell 1999 ) . this species is prominent in puerto rican streams ( cook et al . 2009 , f . pezold pers . comm . 2011 ) .
this is a demersal amphidromous species found in rivers of coastal volcanic topography ( bell 1994 ) . adults spawn in rivers with coarse substrate , building nests under stones ( bell 1999 ) . it excavates nests below the gravel bottom . males provide most of the parental care . newly hatched larvae emerge from nests upon hatching and enter the river plankton . they migrate to the sea where they stay for 50 - 150 days before re - entering the rivers as postlarvae . this species feeds on filamentous algae and other soft vegetation .
spp . , support fisheries based on return migrations of postlarvae ( fry ) to rivers . in dominica , larva of this species contribute > 95 % to the goby fry fishery ( bell 1999 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures . additional research is needed into the impact of habitat degradation and exploitation on this species .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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research curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
aguirre , w . e . , v . r . shervette , r . navarrete , p . calle & s . agorastos . 2013 . morphological and genetic divergence of hoplias microlepis ( characiformes , erythrinidae ) in western ecuador . copeia 2013 ( 2 ) : 312–323 . doi : 10 . 1643 / ci - 12 - 083
aguirre , w . e . , r . navarrete , p . calle & g . c . sanchez - garces . 2014 . first record of iotabrycon praecox roberts 1973 ( characidae ) in the santa rosa river , southwestern ecuador . checklist 10 : 382–385 . doi : 10 . 15560 / 10 . 2 . 382
aguirre , w . e . , r . navarrete , g . malato , p . calle , m . k . loh , et al . 2016 . body shape variation and population genetic structure of rhoadsia altipinna ( characidae : rhoadsiinae ) in southwestern ecuador . copeia 104 : 554–569 . doi : 10 . 1643 / cg - 15 - 289
anderson , e . p . & j . a . maldonado - ocampo . 2010 . a regional perspective on the diversity and conservation of tropical andean fishes . conservation biology 25 : 30–39 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1523 - 1739 . 2010 . 01568 . x
barnhill les , b . , e . lópez león & a . les . 1974 . estudio sobre la biología de los peces del río vinces . instituto nacional de pesca boletín científico y técnico 3 ( 1 ) : 1–40 .
barriga , r . s . 2012 . lista de peces de agua dulce e intermareales del ecuador . revista politécnica 30 ( 3 ) : 83 - 119 .
bell , k . n . i . 1999 . an overview of goby - fry fisheries . naga , the iclarm quarterly 22 : 30–36 .
boulenger , g . a . 1899 . description of a new genus of gobioid fishes from the andes of ecuador . annals and magazine of natural history ( series 7 ) 4 ( 20 ) : 125–126 .
bussing , w . 1998 . peces de las aguas continentales de costa rica . san jose : editorial de la universidad de costa rica . 468 pp .
eigenmann , c . h . 1918 . eighteen new species of fishes from northwestern south america . proceedings of the american philosophical society 56 ( 7 ) : 673–689 .
eschmeyer , w . n , . r . fricke , & r . van der laan ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . accessed at : urltoken 9 april 2016 .
hubbs , c . l . , & k . f . lagler . 2004 . fishes of the great lakes region , revised edition . ann arbor : the university of michigan press . 276 pp .
jiménez prado , p . , w . aguirre , e . laaz moncayo , r . navarrete amaya , f . nugra salazar , et al . 2015 . guía de peces para aguas continentales en la vertiente occidental del ecuador . pontificia universidad católica del ecuador sede esmeraldas ( pucese ) , universidad del azuay ( uda ) y museo ecuatoriano de ciencias naturales ( mecn ) del instituto nacional de biodiversidad . 416 pp .
keith , p . & c . lord . 2011 . tropical freshwater gobies : amphidromy as a life cycle ; pp . 243–277 , in : r . a . patzner , j . l . van tassell , m . kovacic & b . g . kapoor ( eds . ) . the biology of gobies . jersey : crc press .
keith , p . , c . lord , j . lorion , s . watanabe , k . tsukamoto , et al . 2011 . phylogeny and biogeography of sicydiinae ( teleostei : gobiidae ) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes . marine biology 158 : 311–326 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00227 - 010 - 1560 - z
kullander , s . o . 2003 . family gobiidae ; pp . 657–665 , in : r . e . reis , s . o . kullander & c . j . ferraris ( eds . ) . checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs .
lujan , n . k . , v . meza - vargas & r . barriga - salazar . 2015 . two new chaetostoma group ( loricariidae : hypostominae ) sister genera from opposite sides of the andes mountains in ecuador , with the description of one new species . copeia 103 ( 2015 ) : 651–663 . doi : 10 . 1643 / ci - 15 - 246
miller , r . r . 2005 . freshwater fishes of méxico . chicago : university of chicago press . 490 pp .
ortega , h . , m . hidalgo , e . correa , j . espino , l . chocano , et al . 2011 . lista anotada de peces de aguas continentales de perú . estado actual del conocimiento , distribución , usos y aspectos de conservación . lima : ministry of the environment , general bureau of biological diversity — national history museum , national university of san marcos ( unmsm ) . 48 pp .
regan , c . t . 1914 . fishes from the condoto river , colombia , collected by dr . h . g . f . spurrell . annals and magazine of natural history ( series 8 ) 14 ( 79 ) : 31–33 .
revelo , w . & e . laaz . 2012 . catálogo de peces de aguas continentales provincia de los ríos ecuador . instituto nacional de pesca boletín especial 3 ( 5 ) : 1–57 .
román - valencia , c . , r . i . ruiz - c . , d . c . taphorn b . & c . garcía - a . 2013 . three new species of bryconamericus ( characiformes , characidae ) , with keys for species from ecuador and a discussion on the validity of the genus knodus . animal biodiversity and conservation 36 ( 1 ) : 123–139 .
tan , m . & j . w . armbruster . 2012 . cordylancistrus santarosensis ( siluriformes : loricariidae ) , a new species with unique snout deplatation from the río santa rosa , ecuador . zootaxa 3243 : 52–58 .
watson , r . e . 1995 . gobies of the genus stiphodon from french polynesia , with descriptions of two new species ( teleostei : gobiidae : sicydiinae ) . ichthyological explorations of freshwater 6 : 33–48 .
is found in around the caribbean islands of the antilles , south of cuba .
cyndy parr marked
n354 _ w1150
as trusted on the
aspidophoroides monopterygius
page .
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to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
syntype specimens from british museum of natural history courtesy of james maclaine and kevin webb .
source for occurrence in ecuador : boulenger ( 1899 ) , barriga ( 2012 ) , jimenez et al . ( 2016 ) .
original description : boulenger , g . a . 1899 . description of a new genus of gobioid fishes from the andes of ecuador . annals and magazine of natural history ( series 7 ) v . 4 ( no . 20 ) ( art . 12 ) : 125 - 126 .
range ecuador : type locality is described as paramba at 3500 feet ( 1066 . 8 m ) above sea level in northwestern ecuador ( boulenger , 1899 ) . listed as occurring in the santiago - cayapas and esmeraldas drainage systems ( barriga , 2012 ; jimenez et al . , 2016 ) . aguirre et al . ( 2017 ) recently reported collections from southwestern ecuador including the jubones and santa rosa rivers in el oro province ( close to peru ) , although the identification to species was only tentative and needs to be confirmed .
range outside of ecuador : historically , this species has been considered endemic to ecuador , however , a specimen collected in the chancay river in northwestern peru has recently been reported suggesting that s . rosenbergii may also occur in peru ( rom 91180 ; reported in aguirre et al . , 2017 ) . this record needs to be confirmed .
maximum size : 113 mm total length based on two specimens in species description ( boulenger , 1899 ) . fishbase ( 2016 ) lists a maximum size of 11 cm tl as well . probably grows to larger sizes .
economic importance : specific information on this species is not available although historically larvae of the genus were exploited as food by local inhabitants of western ecuador ( jimenez et al . , 2015 ) .
conservation status : specific information on this species is not available although given its migratory life style and the state of many rivers in western ecuador , it may be under threat . research on its conservation status is needed .
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western atlantic species of this genus are in need of revision ( e . murdy pers . comm . 2009 ) .
de silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . & smith , j . and livingston , f .
has been assessed as data deficient . there are no separate catch statistics available on this species , but reports indicate that species within this genus are intensively exploited . fishery declines in
species have been reported for other regions where fisheries are intensively exploited . fisheries target the larvae , which may cause serious declines in the adult population , but data on the adult population are lacking . pressures from
fisheries are likely to continue while there are no limits on fishing effort or catch size .
further research and monitoring of possible conservation measures , population numbers and harvest levels are needed to prevent this species becoming threatened . it is particularly important to gather data on the status of the adult population occurring in freshwater habitats ; without this information it is impossible to determine trends in population size or decline rates .
is a demersal , diadromous goby . adults live in freshwater where they spawn and larvae migrate downstream into marine waters within the continental shelf . the congener ,
is thought to be long - lived ( more than five years ) and iteroparous ( i . e . , it produces offspring in successive—annual or seasonal—batches ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . however , its distribution may cover a number of marine protected areas . monitoring of the population numbers and harvest levels of this species is needed . further research should be conducted on possible conservation measures such as closed seasons during peak spawning periods .
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for definitions .
body elongate , square in cross - section , back broad and flat to slightly concave ; head blunt , somewhat depressed ; mouth opening angled downwards , overhung by snout , with thick lips ; inside top lip with a papillae covered ridge ; top teeth long and narrow , widely spaced , with tip curved , flattened and facing forwards , with a narrow longitudinal groove down its center , spatula like ( but notched when worn ) , in 1 row of 25 - 50 ; lower teeth canine - like in male ( 1 - 8 ) , conical in female ( 1 - 6 ) , in a single row ; dorsal and anal fins separate from tail fin ; dorsal fin vi + i , 10 ( 9 - 10 ) , 1st dorsal higher in adults , with spines 3 - 4 filamentous in males ; anal fin i , 10 ( 9 - 11 ) , directly opposite 2nd dorsal fin ; pelvic fins united in a broad oval disc that is mostly fused to belly by membrane , with 6 stout radiating ridges on its bottom ; pectoral rays 21 ( 19 - 22 ) ; tail fin rounded , 13 - 14 ( 11 - 16 ) ; scales small , 55 - 60 ( 49 - 71 ) lateral scales ; scales rough along sides of body , upper and lower scales smooth ; head , breast , pectoral base and belly scaleless .
preserved fish tan ; head with a dark bar from eye to rear of top lip ; usually 6 broad dark bars on side of body , darker above ; tail fin base with a dark bar or circular spot ; 1st dorsal fin dusky , 2nd dorsal with black margin ; anal fin with black edge in male ; juveniles with stronger dark markings .


gnorimoschema aterrimum is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by powell and povolný in 2001 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california .

the length of the forewings is about 5.1 mm .

the forewings are covered by blackish scales with paler bases without a pattern .

the tornal margin has a mixture of dense cinereous scales tinged with faint ochreous , extending towards the apex .

the hindwings are nearly translucent , thinly blackish dusted , paler and partly lustrous basally .

the larvae feed on solidago canadensis .

they mine the leaves , creating a full-depth blotch mine .

gnorimoschema aterrimum

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reed , 1930 griswold , t . , and j . s . ascher . . .