the grey-faced petrel ( pterodroma gouldi ) is a petrel endemic to the north island of new zealand .

in new zealand it is also known by its māori name oi and ( along with other species such as the sooty shearwater ) as a muttonbird .

grey - faced petrel

grey - faced petrel has been split from great - winged petrel . this grey - faced petrel photo off tasmania taken by paul brooks / macaulay library
find out more about the grey - faced petrel at new zealand birds online .
nobody uploaded sound recordings for grey - faced petrel ( pterodroma gouldi ) yet .
grey - faced petrel ( pterodroma gouldi ) several grey - faced petrels flying around at sea . | the internet bird collection | hbw alive
a grey - faced petrel briefly landing on the water ' s surface before flying away .
grey - faced petrel has been split from great - winged petrel . both species occur in australian waters . many organised pelagic trips already routinely reported these as subspecies in the past .
imber , m . j . 1976 . breeding biology of the grey - faced petrel pterodroma macroptera gouldi . ibis 118 : 51 - 64 .
grey - faced petrel . in flight , dorsal . off wollongong , new south wales , australia , december 2006 . image © brook whylie by brook whylie urltoken
taylor , g . a . 2013 . grey - faced petrel . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
this subspecies is often split as grey - faced petrel . this form is a breeding endemic to new zealand , breeding off the nw coast of north island .
grey - faced petrels breed on tiritiri matangi and can often be heard at night during the breeding season .
, this dark gadfly petrel is slightly larger , with pale grey area around bill often extending to . . .
johnstone , r . m . ; davis , l . s . 1990 . incubation routines and foraging - trip regulation in the grey - faced petrel pterodroma macroptera gouldi . ibis 132 : 14 - 20 .
each of the two monotypic groups of great - winged petrel is elevated to species rank , based on differences in mitochondrial dna , vocalizations , plumage , morphometrics , and in other aspects of their biology ( wood et al . 2016 ; see also onley and scofield 2007 and howell 2012 ) : great - winged petrel ( great - winged ) pterodroma macroptera macroptera becomes great - winged petrel pterodroma macroptera , and great - winged petrel ( gray - faced ) pterodroma macroptera gouldi becomes gray - faced petrel pterodroma gouldi .
the largest breeding colony of grey - faced petrel is on whale island , moutohora , near whakatane in the eastern bay of plenty . there are also small colonies on the mainland near whakatane but these colonies are very fragile .
following the split , leach’s storm - petrel now contains only two subspecies , each of which is recognized as a monotypic group : leach’s storm - petrel ( leach’s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa and leach’s storm - petrel ( chapman’s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa chapmani .
correct the english name of the polytypic group zimmerius chrysops minimus / cumanensis from golden - faced tyrannulet ( coopman’s ) to golden - faced tyrannulet ( coopmans’s ) .
there are two sub - species of grey–faced petrel , macroptera , which breeds on islands in the atlantic and indian oceans and off southwestern australia , and gouldii , which breeds on off shore islands and coastal headlands of the northern north island of new zealand .
ventral view of two birds . bird behind is a great - winged petrel ( pterodroma macroptera ) .
the grey - faced petrel is a large dark gadfly petrel with long narrow wings and a long pointed tail . the entire body is uniformly dark black - brown but with occasional paler brown worn feathers . the base of the bill and throat are either grey or buff - white . in the hand , the stout black bill ( 33 - 40 mm long ) has a large sharp hook that can slice through squid and the hands of those holding these birds . the eyes and legs are black .
similar species : other all - dark gadfly petrels are rare in new zealand coastal water . providence petrel is greyer and has white flashes on the underwing . dark morph kermadec petrel is smaller with a shorter tail and white shafts on the primaries . kerguelen petrel ( most likely to occur august - october ) is smaller with a shorter bill and glossy grey sheen on its plumage and silver - white leading edge on the underwing .
the most obvious evidence of the update in process is likely to be the my ebird pages . this update does not only involve name changes and changes to the species sequence , but also a number of splits . each split needs to be carefully considered . if ebird had a subspecies group ( e . g . “great - winged petrel ( grey - faced ) ” ) that was relevant to the new split , then those entries will be upgraded from a subspecies group to the new species ( e . g . grey - faced petrel ) . if you did not specify the subspecies , then we try to assign records based on known range and occurrence patterns where possible .
the grey - faced petrel is blackish brown except for the pale grey forehead , sides of the face , chin and throat . the black bill is stout , the legs and feet are black and the wings are long and narrow . the call is ‘o - hi’ or ‘o - hoe’ , uttered at dusk as they fly over their breeding colonies . birds on the ground or in burrows utter a loud ‘or - wik’ and ‘si - si - si’ .
the grey–faced petrels have many predators including — stoats , rats , dogs , illegal harvesting , fire , birds of prey . by visiting their colonies at night they do not run the risk of being harassed by birds of prey .
ainley , d . g . 1980 . geographic variation in leach’s storm - petrel . auk 97 : 837 - 853 .
revise the range description of gray - faced petrel from “breeds on islands off north i . ( new zealand ) and sw australia” to “breeds on islands off north island ( new zealand ) ; ranges in tasman sea and southwestern pacific ocean . ”
imber , m . j . 1973 . the food of grey - faced petrels ( pterodroma macroptera gouldi ( hutton ) ) , with special reference to diurnal vertical migration of their prey . journal of animal ecology 42 : 645 - 662 .
the major threat to grey - faced petrels is mammalian predators on their breeding grounds , especially feral cats and rats . many former colonies have been lost due to predators , and some mainland colonies are sustained by immigration from island colonies . eradication of rats from islands has benefitted grey - faced petrels at many sites , as rats take eggs and chicks . a small colony at rapanui in taranaki has been protected by the building of a predator - exclusion fence . long - term studies of grey - faced petrels at several sites have improved our understanding of the ecology of this species . the information obtained supported the conservation of the related and critically endangered chatham island taiko . these studies included captive - rearing trials , testing of tracking devices , long - term marking projects and research on the breeding biology and diet . translocations of chicks to establish new colony sites have been attempted but are still in the early stages of chick returns . grey - faced petrels occasionally follow fishing boats and sometimes occur as by - catch on long - line fisheries .
wood , j . r . , h . a . lawrence , r . p . scofield , g . a . taylor , p . o’b . lyver , and d . m . gleeson . 2016 . morphological , behavioural , and genetic evidence supports reinstatement of full species status for the grey - faced petrel , pterodroma macroptera gouldi ( procellariiformes : procellariidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society .
41 cm . , 550 g . , plumage black brown , pale grey face and throat , bill , legs and feet black .
the breeding biology of the grey - faced petrel is well known from several long - term studies . the season is broadly march to january with the single white egg ( 68 x 48 mm ) laid between mid - june and late july . the well - lined nest chamber is at the end of a long burrow dug into soil , or amongst vegetation . the egg hatches in august or september after c . 55 days of incubation , and the chick fledges between november and january at c . 118 days - old . grey - faced petrel mostly breed annually ; very few pairs skip a breeding season . incubation and chick - care are shared . the chick is independent of the parents at fledging . immatures begin to return to colonies at 3 years of age and can breed as early as four years of age but most delay breeding until they are 8 - 10 years old .
white - faced cuckoo - dove is not monotypic ; sulaensis forbes and robinson 1900 , long considered to be a junior synomym of nominate manadensis , is vocally distinct ( ng and rheindt 2016 ) . therefore , white - faced cuckoo - dove is split into two species : white - faced cuckoo - dove turacoena manadensis , with range “sulawesi and the togian islands” ; and sula cuckoo - dove turacoena sulaensis , with range “banggai islands and sula islands . ”
in the breeding season of the year 2000 a study was being done on one of the mainland colonies near whakatane by phillipa gardner of grey–faced petrels , using a safety door on their burrows . this was a trial for the protection of petrels that are at risk from predators eating their chick or egg .
a large dark gadfly petrel with uniformly dark black - brown body with occasional paler brown worn feathers , long narrow wings , a long pointed tail , and black eyes and legs . the stout black bill has a large sharp hook and the base of the bill and throat are either grey or buff - white .
grey - faced petrels are nocturnally active at the breeding grounds . unlike their relatives on southern islands , grey - faced petrels are very active on the colony surface at night , with birds calling , prospecting for burrows , displaying and sleeping ashore . activity ashore is more pronounced on dark nights during periods of wet weather , but birds will return in bright moonlight on windy nights . spectacular aerial courtship chases over the colony are a feature of this species and the breeding sites can be quite noisy during april / may and again in august . at sea , grey - faced petrels fly rapidly out to the continental shelf edge before they begin foraging for food . they can cover large distances in their quest for food with birds recorded flying to the east coast of australia while their partner is sitting on the egg . after breeding the birds disperse mainly to warmer water in the north tasman sea or off southern and eastern australia .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . grey - faced petrel ( pterodroma gouldi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
correct the scientific name for the polytypic group ashy drongo ( island white - faced ) from dicrurus leucophaeus periophthalmicus / siberu to dicrurus leucophaeus [ periophthalmicus group ] .
macleod , c . j . ; adams , j . ; lyver , p . 2008 . at - sea distribution of satellite - tracked grey - faced petrels , pterodroma macroptera gouldi , captured on the ruamaahua ( aldermen ) islands , new zealand . papers & proceedings of the royal society of tasmania 142 : 73 - 88 .
during the breeding season , grey - faced petrels feed mainly in the tasman sea or east of new zealand , around the continental shelf edge or over deeper oceanic water , ranging thousands of kilometres . during the summer moult period , they disperse widely across the tasman sea to the coast of australia , and some reach the coral sea .
insert a newly added subspecies , obscurior matthews 1923 , immediately following subspecies curnamona , with range “southeastern australia ( grey range periphery , northwestern new south wales ) ” ( black 2011 ) .
the first indication that the petrel population was under stress was in 1962 , when muttonbirders , local people of maori decent with hereditary rights to kill for food the young petrels before they fledge , concerned at the scarcity of petrel chicks for exploitation , requested a ban on the harvest , rahui in 1963 and 1964 . wildlife refuge status imposed on moutohora in 1964 has legally protected the petrels since then .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 628 ) , based on isler et al . ( 2013 ) , change the scientific name of rufous - faced antbird from schistocichla rufifacies to myrmelastes rufifacies .
ng , n . s . r . , and f . e . rheindt . 2016 . species delimitation in the white‑faced cuckoo‑dove ( turacoena manadensis ) based on bioacoustic data . avian research 7 : 2 .
grey - faced petrels are generalists feeding most often on squid but they also eat crustaceans and fish . they have been observed capturing prey at night but activity recorders also show they frequently alight at sea during the day and presumably take prey . smaller squid are captured alive on the surface , but larger squid are probably scavenged when dead animals float to the surface . studies of the diving ability of the species reveals they mainly feed in the top 5m of the water column but are capable of occasional deeper dives , perhaps down to 20 m .
every year young fledgling grey–faced petrels are brought into whakatane bird rescue , as instead of heading out to sea the birds get disorientated and land in town . sometimes heading for the lights of night industry such as the kawerau paper mills . once checked out most of the birds can be released in the evening . some years more birds are brought in , this maybe due to the cloudy conditions , no moon or stars to guide them , or wind conditions . strong northerly winds will send the birds towards whakatane instead of heading out to sea .
revise the range description of great - winged petrel from “breeds and ranges islands and seas in southern oceans” to “breeds on islands in southern atlantic and indian oceans ( tristan da cunha , gough , marion , crozet and kerguelen islands , and off southwestern australia ) ; primarily ranges from southern atlantic and indian oceans to tasman sea . ”
grey - faced petrels are one of the few burrowing petrels to still survive on the new zealand mainland . small colonies are scattered around the coasts of the upper north island , mainly on headlands and peninsulas adjacent to the sea . over 100 colonies are still present but most sites have fewer than 500 breeding pairs . the largest colonies occur on the three kings , hen and chickens , mokohinau , mercury and alderman island groups , and also on cuvier , moutohora , white and east islands . nests are mainly in burrows under tall forest , but also under grass or shrublands , especially near cliffs above the sea . sandy or friable soils with few rocks and tree roots are preferred .
as these updates are applied , you might encounter species lists with the same species listed twice , or you might view lists of your records of great - winged petrel ( for example ) and see that some of the records have changed names and some have not . for brief periods , you might also see the same record on your list twice . the updates to your personal lists usually take an hour or more for each species .
has been considered conspecific with p . lessonii , and until recently treated as conspecific with p . macroptera , but differs in much more grey on forehead , face and chin ( 3 ) ; slightly larger size ( bill , wings , tail ) ( allow 1 ) ; and osteological morphology # r ( allow 1 ) , vocalizations ( allow 1 ) and breeding biology ( allow 1 ) # r . monotypic .
geographical variation : two subspecies : the nominate pt . m . macroptera breeds at tristan da cunha , gough , prince edward , marion , kerguelen and crozet islands , and islands off western australia ; pt . m . gouldi breeds only in new zealand .
voice : the main flight calls are high pitched whistles whis - her , wik - wik or low moans oor - wik . these same calls are given frequently on the surface or from burrows .
the largest colonies are on moutohora island and hongiora island in the bay of plenty . over 100 , 000 pairs breed on these two islands combined . elsewhere there are many smaller colonies with mostly less than 500 pairs but some of the larger islands have 1000 - 20 , 000 pairs . the world population is estimated to be 200 , 000 to 300 , 000 pairs .
brooke , m . 2004 . albatrosses and petrels across the world . oxford university press , oxford .
marchant , s . ; higgins , p . j . ( eds ) , 1990 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 1 , ratites to ducks . oxford university press , melbourne .
miskelly , c . m . ; taylor , g . a . ; gummer , h . ; williams , r . 2009 . translocations of eight species of burrow - nesting seabirds ( genera pterodroma , pelecanoides , pachyptila and puffinus : family procellariidae ) . biological conservation 142 : 1965 - 1980 .
onley , d ; scofield , p . 2007 . albatrosses , petrels and shearwaters of the world . princeton university press , princeton .
taylor , g . a . 2000 . action plan for seabird conservation in new zealand , part b : non - threatened seabirds . threatened species occasional publication 17 . department of conservation , wellington .
taylor , g . a . 2008 . maximum dive depths of eight new zealand procellariiformes including pterodroma species . papers & proceedings of the royal society of tasmania 142 : 189 - 198 .
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our 2018 concert will feature an afternoon of light classics and jazz courtesy of the auckland ph . .
for the social on 19 march the speaker will be ben goodwin of auckland zoo , who will talk about t . .
thankfully doc staff andre de graaf and polly hall and their assistants have trapped the rat whic . .
aka - the grand christmas shopping expedition to tiritiri matangi island shop dreading . .
the 2018 photo competition is now open for entries . click here ( / 2018 - photo - competition - tiritiri - mat . .
two new reports have been added to the website . the first gives details of a summer students . .
our latest calendar , beautifully illustrated with images taken on the island , is now available fo . .
for a wonderful day of wildlife photography please join us on tiritiri matangi island for a ph . .
tiritiri matangi island , the perfect winter ' s day trip . the birds are at their best , warm up w . .
in 1993 and 1995 , sixteen little spotted kiwi were released on tiritiri matangi island . the ma . .
breeding takes place in winter . adults return to clean out their burrows and court in march . after a long pre - laying exodus of two months , the females return and in late june or early july lay one white egg in a burrow 0 . 5 - 2 metres long . both sexes incubate for spells of several days and the egg hatches between mid - august and mid - september after 51–58 days . the chick is fed at the nest for several months and finally departs from about december to late january , at around 118 days old . young birds can return to the breeding colony from the age of three years onwards , but most do not breed until they are over seven years old .
references : heather , b . d . ; robertson , h . a . 2000 the field guide to the birds of new zealand . auckland , viking . moon , g the reed field guide to new zealand birds .
exclamations are short utterances that you make when you are very surprised or upset . they are not always whole sentences . sometimes they are more like a noise than a word . in this case they are call . . .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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tasman sea , temperate and subtropical sw pacific ocean , breeding on many islands , clifftops and headlands along w , n & ne coasts of north i ( new zealand ) .
, but “bor - r - r” and braying “eee - aw” or “o - hee” calls ( . . .
marine and highly pelagic . breeds on islands and headlands around north i , new zealand .
study in new zealand found that cephalopods dominated the diet , with ratios of squid , fish and crustaceans , respectively , as follows : 58 % , . . .
breeds in winter , returning to colonies in feb , followed by pre - laying exodus of c . 50 days ( by males ) or 60 days ( females ) at least , egg - . . .
in off - season visits w tasman sea , off new south wales , in oct–apr . further afield , in sw pacific . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . reasonably abundant , with 200 , 000–300 , 000 pairs , of which most important colonies are on moutohora and hongiora is , which support c . . . .
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sometimes divided into several subgenera # r . includes several species described in genus aestrelata , which was erroneously emended by some authors to oestrelata .
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the birds visit their burrows after dusk and leave again before dawn . they start to breed from 6 to 7 years of age . the petrels visit their colonies between march and april to clean out their burrows and take part in pair bonding . egg laying starts from late june to the end of july , one white egg is laid . the egg hatches after 51 – 58 days of incubation .
both parents help in incubation and after the chick hatches the parent guards the chick for the first few days . the chick is then left on its own and is visited every few days with food , sometimes this may mean a wait of 7 days or more before its next feed . the parent has to travel many miles from their burrows in search of food , which is regurgitated for the chick . this may include squid , fish and crustaceans . the chick continues to grow and fledging takes place from early december to the end of january . the moult of the adult birds , take place from january to april .
unfortunately a high percentage of the chicks in the study were taken illegally for food . these birds are protected by law , and illegal harvesting will see these fragile colonies die out . if the chicks are taken then there will be no replacement egg laid . this in time will mean that once the parents die , no new adult offspring will be replacing them . the birds taken would have weighed no more than 300g and with the feathers and head removed probably weighed no more than 150g .
on a recent trip to whale island in december , the petrels could be seen just before dusk gathering off the island . the birds were coming back to feed the young that were nearly due to fledge . as dusk fell , birds would skim over the island looking for their burrows , they then crash through the trees and head for their nest site . sometimes they liked to sit before going underground . some birds get caught in the trees as they crash through and die .
whale island was once home to goats , rats , and rabbits . the wildlife service , and then the department of conservation eradicated these pests . it is vital that our islands are kept free of predators and that bait stations are monitored . it will only take one rat or stoat to undo all the work of the previous years .
in april and may , and at other times , the birds can be heard calling during the night over ohope and otarawairere in whakatane . one colony at ohope is against the hillside and on occasions birds crash into new homes that were not there the previous nesting season . it must be quite a shock for the birds to suddenly find something blocking their flight path to their burrows .
the main colonies are on hen , mokohinaus , the mercury and alderman , whale and white islands .
godman , frederick du cane , monograph of the petrels , 1907 - 1910 .
heather , b . , & robertson , h . , field guide to the birds of new zealand , 2000 . marchant & higgins , 1993 . oliver , w . r . b . new zealand birds , 1955 . imber , mike , harrison , malcolm , and harrison , jan , new zealand journal of ecology ( 2000 ) 24 ( 2 ) ; 153 - 164 .
the annual ebird taxonomy update will begin this tuesday , 9 august . the process will continue for at least a couple of days ( until wednesday , 10 aug or thursday , 11 aug ) . we do this once a year to reflect the most recent changes in avian taxonomy : splits , lumps , name changes , and changes in the sequence of the species lists . you may notice some unusual behaviour with your lists and other tools ( see below ) , but this is nothing to worry about . the 2016 splits and lumps will be published very soon on this page . we will summarise these changes in an ebird story once the taxonomy update is complete . a more thorough discussion of this year’s changes can be found at the clements checklist , where the 2016 updates have been posted .
other unexpected behaviour should likewise be temporary . if you see odd behaviour on a data entry checklist , save your work and go back to manage my observations a few minutes later to continue data entry .
if you use ebird mobile , we recommend submitting any “not submitted” lists in advance of august 9 . don’t worry though , as long as you are running the most recent version of the app , everything will update correctly even if you have “not submitted” lists on the phone . please make sure to update your app version to the one current in the app store or google play store .
western whistler by geoffrey groom / macaulay library although male golden whistlers are bright and easily identifiable , females and juveniles are not so easy to tell apart .
the annual ebird taxonomy update is now underway . work is still going in the background to update existing checklists , update maps etc . , but the revised taxonomy should already appear as you enter new checklists . it is worth having a look at which australian species are being treated differently with the 2016 update .
every year , the ebird / clements taxonomy is updated . this year , for australian ebirders , there are several changes to be aware of .
emerald doves on christmas island ( natalis ) are now part of the asian emerald dove . those normally found in the rest of australia ( and lord howe ) are pacific emerald dove .
spotted catbirds have also been split into several species , which mostly affects observations from new guinea . in australia , the former spotted catbird is now treated as two species :
black - eared catbird ailuroedus melanotis [ northern cape york , e . g . iron range np ]
the former golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , has been split into two species . note that the sa and victorian mallee birds ( formerly treated as part of p . p . fuliginosa ) are retained in golden whistler , and the split between species is essentialy at the sa / wa state border .
the ebird / clements taxonomy makes extensive use of subspecies groups to allow observers to explicitly record subspecies , or groups of subspecies , that are identifiable in the field . subspecies groups have been recognized for several more australian species . when recording a subspecies group , be sure to include field notes regarding the characters you used to identify the group . new subspecies groups are as follows :
with golden whistler , note that the eastern parts of the former “western” subspecies are retained as golden whistler ( i . e . the split to western whistler only takes the wa part of the former fuliginosa range ) :
western grasswren ( western ) amytornis textilis textilis [ e . g monkey mia wa ]
western grasswren ( gawler ranges ) amytornis textilis myall [ e . g . whyalla sa ]
australian ringneck : as well as the lump of mallee ringneck and western ringneck , the 2016 update also subsumes the former occidentalis and whitei into zonarius . the subspecies recognised in ebird are now :
some species pairs may be difficult to separate in the field , or were previously lumped , and in these cases ebird allows you to record the fact that you saw one or other of the pair but could not decide which . new slash taxa for australia include :
the updates and corrections are grouped into four sections . within each section , items are listed in the order in which they are encountered in the ebird / clements checklist v2016 spreadsheet , although we also continue to reference by page number the relevant entry in the last published edition of the clements checklist ( sixth edition , 2007 ) .
3 standard updates and correction – all other changes , listed in sequence as they occur in the spreadsheet ( posted april 2018 ) .
howell , s . n . g . 2012 . petrels , albatrosses , and storm - petrels of north america : a photographic guide . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
onley , d . , and p . scofield . 2007 . albatrosses , petrels , and shearwaters of the world . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
chesser , r . t . , k . j . burns , c . cicero , j . l . dunn , a . w . kratter , i . j . lovette , p . c . rasmussen , j . v . remsen , jr . , j . d . rising , d . f . stotz , and k . winker . 2016 . fifty - seventh supplement to the american ornithologists’ union check - list of north american birds . auk 133 : 544 - 560 .
following nominate cajaneus , insert a previously overlooked subspecies , avicenniae ( stotz 1992 ) , with range “mangroves of southeastern brazil ( são paulo south at least to paraná , and possibly to santa catarina ) ” . we also recognize avicenniae as a new monotypic group , gray - cowled wood - rail ( gray - backed ) .
marcondes , r . s . , and l . f . silveira . 2015 . a taxonomic review of aramides cajaneus ( aves , gruiformes , rallidae ) with notes on morphological variation in other species of the genus . zookeys 500 : 111 - 140 .
stotz , d . f . 1992 . a new subspecies of aramides cajanea from brazil . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 112 : 231 - 234 .
based primarily on vocal differences , dusky cuckoo - dove macropygia magna is split into three species ( ng et al . 2016 ) : a polytypic flores sea cuckoo - dove macropygia macassariensis , including subspecies macassariensis and longa ; a monotypic timor cuckoo - dove macropygia magna ; and a monotypic tanimbar cuckoo - dove macropygia timorlaoensis .
ng , e . y . x . , j . a . eaton , p . verbelen , r . o . hutchinson , and f . e . rheindt . 2016 . using bioacoustic data to test species limits in an indo - pacific island radiation of macropygia cuckoo doves . biological journal of the linnean society 118 : 786 - 812 .
based primarily on vocal differences , slender - billed cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensis split into two species ( ng et al . 2016 ) : a polytypic amboyna cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensis , including subspecies amboinensis , keyensis , maforensis , griseinucha , kerstingi , meeki , admiralitatis , hueskeri , carteretia , goldiei , cinereiceps , and cunctata ; and a polytypic sultan’s cuckoo - dove macropygia doreya , including subspecies sanghirensis , albicapilla , atrata , sedecima , albiceps , doreya , and balim . the sequence of subspecies within amboyna cuckoo - dove is revised , to reflect the order in which they are listed above .
revise the range description of subspecies maforensis from “numfor i . ( geelvink bay off n new guinea ) ” to “numfor i . ( geelvink bay off n new guinea ) ; population on biak island is not identified to subspecies , but vocally is similar to maforensis , and birds on yapen island presumably are the same subspecies as birds on biak” ( ng et al . 2016 ) .
add a previously overlooked subspecies , admiralitatis mayr 1937 ( ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “admiralty islands , bismarck archipelago . ” insert subspecies almiralitatis immediately following subspecies meeki .
revise the range description for subspecies carteretia from “bismarck archipelago ( except new hanover ) and lihir is . ” to “bismarck archipelago ( except admiralty islands and new hanover ) and lihir is . ”
add a previously overlooked subspecies , atrata ripley 1941 ( white and bruce 1986 , ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “togian island ( off sulawesi ) . ”
add a previously overlooked subspecies , sedecima neumann 1939 ( white and bruce 1986 , ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “sula islands . ”
change the name of the subspecies of the northern moluccas from batchianensis to the older available name albiceps ( mees 1982 ) .
add a previously overlooked subspecies , balim rand 1941 ( ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “balim valley , western new guinea . ”
mayr , e . 1937 . birds collected during the whitney south sea expedition , xxxvi . notes on new guinea birds 3 . american museum novitates number 947 .
mees , g . f . 1982 . bird records from the moluccas . zoologische mededelingen 56 : 91 - 111 .
newman , o . 1939 . a new species and eight new races from peleng and talaiboe . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 59 : 89 - 94 .
ripley , s . d . 1941 . notes on a collection of birds from northern celebes . occasional papers of the boston society of natural history 8 : 343 - 358 .
white , c . m . n . , and m . d . bruce . 1986 . the birds of wallacea . ( sulawesi , the moluccas & lesser sunda islands , indonesia ) . british ornithologists’ union check - list number 7 . british ornithologists’ union , london .
based primarily on vocal differences , ruddy cuckoo - dove macropygia emiliana is split into three species ( ng et al . 2016 ) : a polytypic ruddy cuckoo - dove macropygia emiliana , including subspecies emiliana and megala ; a monotypic enggano cuckoo - dove macropygia cinnamomea ; and a polytypic barusan cuckoo - dove macropygia modiglianii , including subspecies hypopercna , modiglianii , and elassa .
emerald dove chalcophaps indica is split into two species ( rasmussen and anderton 2005 , beehler and pratt 2016 ) : a polytypic asian emerald dove chalcophaps indica , with subspecies indica , robinsoni , natalis , minima , and augusta ; and a polytypic pacific emerald dove chalcophaps longirostris , with subspecies rogersi , longirostris , and sandwichensis .
revise the range description of subspecies indica from “india to malaysia , philippines , indonesia and w papuan islands” to “india to southeastern china , south to the philippines , indonesia and western papuan islands . ”
beehler , b . m . , and t . k . pratt . 2016 . birds of new guinea : distribution , taxonomy , and systematics . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
rasmussen , p . c . , and j . c . anderton . 2005 . birds of south asia . the ripley guide . volume 2 : attributes and status . smithsonian institution and lynx edicions , washington d . c . and barcelona .
crimson - crowned fruit - dove ptilinopus porphyraceus is split into three species ( cibois et al . 2014 , hayes et al . 2016 , pratt and mittermeier 2016 ) : a monotypic purple - capped fruit - dove ptilinopus ponapensis ; a monotypic kosrae fruit - dove ptilinopus hernsheimi ; and a polytypic crimson - crowned fruit - dove ptilinopus porphyraceus , with subspecies porphyraceus and fasciatus .
cibois , a . , j . - c . thibault , c . bonillo , c . e . filardi , d . watling , and e . pasquet . 2014 . phylogeny and biogeography of the fruit doves ( aves : columbidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 70 : 442 - 453 .
hayes , f . e . , h . d . pratt , and c . j . cianchini . 2016 . the avifauna of kosrae , micronesia : history , status , and taxonomy . pacific science 70 : 91–127 .
pratt , h . d . , and j . c . mittermeier . 2016 . notes on the natural history , taxonomy , and conservation of the endemic avifaua of the samoan archipelago . wilson journal of ornithology 128 : 217 - 241 .
yellowbill ceuthmochares aereus is split into two species ( payne 2005 ) : the polytypic group yellowbill ( blue ) ceuthmochares aereus aereus / flavirostris becomes blue malkoha ceuthmochares aereus , with subspecies aereus and flavirostri s ; and the monotypic group yellowbill ( green ) ceuthmochares aereus australis becomes green malkoha ceuthmochares australis .
payne , r . b . 2005 . the cuckoos . oxford university press , new york and oxford , united kingdom .
each of the two monotypic groups of large hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx sparverioides is recognized as a separate species ( sorenson and payne 2005 , payne 2005 ) : large hawk - cuckoo ( large ) hierococcyx sparverioides sparverioides becomes large hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx sparverioides , and large hawk - cuckoo ( dark ) hierococcyx sparverioides bocki becomes dark hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx bocki . revise the range description of large hawk - cuckoo from “n pakistan to india , s china , myanmar , thailand and indochina” to “breeds from northern pakistan to india , southern china , myanmar , thailand and indochina ; winters to southern india ( eastern and western ghats ) , bangladesh , the malay peninsula , sumatra , java , bali , the philippines , borneo , and sulawesi” .
sorenson , m . d . , and r . b . payne . 2005 . a molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny . pages 68 - 94 in r . b . payne , the cuckoos . oxford university press , new york , new york , and oxford , united kingdom .
cleere , n . 2010 . nightjars : potoos , frogmouths , oilbird and owlet - nightjars of the world . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
dickinson , e . c . , and j . v . remsen , jr . ( editors ) . 2013 . the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . fourth edition . volume 1 . aves press , eastbourne , united kingdom .
sigurdsson , s . and j . cracraft . 2014 . deciphering the diversity and history of new world nightjars ( aves : caprimulgidae ) using molecular phylogenetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 506 - 545 .
green violetear colibri thalassinus is split into two species , a monotypic mexican violetear colibri thalassinus , which is equivalent to the former ebird group green violetear ( northern ) colibri thalassinus thalassinus ; and the polytypic lesser violetear colibri cyanotus , which includes the ebird groups green violetear ( costa rican ) colibri thalassinus cabanidis and green violetear ( andean ) colibri thalassinus cyanotus / crissalis . this split follows actions by aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) ; see also remsen et al . ( 2015 ) .
with the split of green violetear into two species , change the names of the monotypic group green violetear ( costa rican ) colibri thalassinus cabanidis to lesser violetear ( costa rican ) colibri cyanotus cabanidis ; and change the names of the polytypic group green violetear ( andean ) colibri thalassinus cyanotus / crissalis to lesser violetear ( andean ) colibri cyanotus cyanotus / crissalis .
remsen , j . v . , jr . , f . g . stiles , and j . a . mcguire . 2015 . classification of the polytminae ( aves : trochilidae ) . zootaxa 3957 : 143 - 150 .
in accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , blue - crowned motmot momotus coeruliceps is split into two species . the monotypic group blue - crowned motmot ( blue - crowned ) momotus coeruliceps coeruliceps is elevated to species rank as blue - capped motmot momotus coeruliceps ; and the remaining taxa , of the polytypic group blue - crowned motmot ( lesson’s ) momotus coeruliceps [ lessonii group ] , become lesson’s motmot momotus lessonii , which includes the subspecies lessonii , goldmani , and exiguus . “ momotus coeruliceps is treated as separate from m . lessonii on the basis of strong differences in plumage maintained in apparent parapatry” ( chesser et al . 2016 ) .
in accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , the extinct subspecies maugei , which formerly occurred on mona island and on adjacent puerto rico , is split as a separate species , puerto rican parakeet psittacara maugei . this split follows olson ( 2015 ) , who argued that maugei and chloropterus differ “in plumage and particularly in bill morphology , such that a probable difference in diet is suggested” . with this split , hispaniolan parakeet becomes monotypic .
olson , s . l . 2015 . history , morphology , and fossil record of the extinct puerto rican parakeet psittacara maugei souancé . wilson journal of ornithology 127 : 1 - 12 .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 589 ) , each of the three subspecies of stipple - throated antwren epinecrophylla haematonota is elevated to species rank , following whitney et al . ( 2013 ) : the monotypic group stipple - throated antwren ( negro ) epinecrophylla haematonota pyrrhonota becomes fulvous - throated antwren epinecrophylla pyrrhonota ; the monotypic group stipple - throated antwren ( napo ) epinecrophylla haematonota haematonota becomes rufous - backed antwren epinecrophylla haematonota ; and the monotypic group stipple - throated antwren ( madeira ) epinecrophylla haematonota amazonica becomes madeira antwren epinecrophylla amazonica . all of these english names are provisional , pending a final decision on this issue by aou - sacc ( see proposal 696 ) .
whitney , b . m . , m . l . isler , g . a . bravo , n . aristizábal , f . schunck , l . f . silveira , and v . de q . piacentini . 2013 . a new species of epinecrophylla antwren from the aripuanã - machado interfluvium in central amazonian brazil with revision of the “stipple - throated antwren” complex . pages 263 - 267 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 684 ) , the monotypic group rufous gnateater ( ceara ) conopophaga lineata cearae is elevated to species rank as ceara gnateater conopophaga cearae . this split long was anticipated , based on vocal differences between cearae and other subspecies of rufous gnateater ( whitney 2003 ) , and was confirmed with genetic data showing that ceara gnateater is more closely related to ash - throated gnateater ( conopophaga peruviana ) than it is to rufous gnateater ( batalha - filho et al . 2014 ) .
batalha - filho , h . , r . o . pessoa , p . - h . fabre , j . fjeldså , m . irestedt , p . g . p . ericson , l . f . silveira , and c . y . miyaki . 2014 . phylogeny and historical biogeography of gnateaters ( passeriformes , conopophagidae ) in the south america forests . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 79 : 422 - 432 .
whitney , b . m . 2003 . family conopophagidae ( gnateaters ) . pages 732 - 747 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 8 . lynx edicions , barcelona .
yet another new species of tapaculo was described by avendaño et al . ( 2015 ) , and was endorsed by aou - sacc ( proposal 670 ) as perija tapaculo scytalopus perijanus , with range “sierra de perijá , colombia ( and venezuela ? ) ” . insert perija tapaculo immediately following brown - rumped tapaculo scytalopus latebricola .
avendaño , j . e . , a . m . cuervo , j . p . lópez - o . , n . gutiérrez - pinto , a . cortés - diago , and c . d . cadena . 2015 . a new species of tapaculo ( rhinocryptidae : scytalopus ) from the serranía de perijá of colombia and venezuela . auk 132 : 450 - 466 .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 697 ) , the monotypic group vilcabamba thistletail ( ayacucho ) asthenes vilcabambae ayacuchensis is elevated to species rank as ayacucho thistletail asthenes ayacuchensis , based on vocal and genetic differences ( hosner et al . 2015 ) .
hosner , p . a . , l . cueto - aparicio , g . ferro - meza , d . miranda , and m . b . robbins . 2015 . vocal and molecular phylogenetic evidence for recognition of a thistletail species ( furnariidae : asthenes ) endemic to the elfin forests of ayacucho , peru . wilson journal of ornithology 127 : 724 - 765 .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 686 ) , elaenia chiriquensis brachyptera is elevated to species rank as coopmans’s elaenia ( elaenia brachyptera ) . this split is based primarily on vocal differences between coopmans’s and lesser elaenias , as well as on a relatively deep genetic divergence between coopmans’s elaenia and the two other subspecies of lesser elaenia ( rheindt et al . 2015 ) . also , revise the range description of brachyptera from “pacific slope of sw colombia ( nariño ) and nw ecuador” to “pacific slope of southwestern colombia ( nariño ) and northwestern ecuador ; also east slope of the andes of ecuador . ”
rheindt , f . e . , n . krabbe , a . k . s . wee , and l . christidis . 2015 . cryptic speciation in the lesser elaenia elaenia chiriquensis ( aves : passeriformes : tyrannidae ) . zootaxa 4032 : 251 - 263 .
white - eared catbird ailuroedus buccoides is split into three species ( irestedt et al . 2016 ) : white - eared catbird ailuroedus buccoides , which is monotypic ; ochre - breasted catbird ailurodeus stonii , which includes subspecies stonii and cinnamomeus ; and tan - capped catbird ailuroedus geislerorum , which includes geislerorum and a newly added subspecies , molestus . following irestedt et al . ( 2016 ) , we recognize subspecies molestus , with range “lowlands of southeastern new guinea ( north side of owen stanley range ) ” ; described in 1929 , molestus previously was considered to be a junior synonym of geislerorum . subspecies oorti , with range “w papuan islands and w new guinea” , is merged with buccoides ( mees 1964 , beehler and pratt 2016 ) . revise the range of buccoides from “s new guinea ( triton bay to upper fly river ) ” to “western papuan islands and northwestern new guinea , east through southern lowlands to upper kikori river” .
irestedt , m . , h . batalha - filho , c . s . roselaar , l . christidis , and p . g . p . ericson . 2016 . contrasting phylogeographic signatures in two australo - papuan bowerbird species complexes ( aves : ailuroedus ) . zoologica scripta 45 : 365 - 379 .
mees , g . f . 1964 . four new subspecies of birds from the moluccas and new guinea . zoologische mededelingen 40 : 125 - 130 .
spotted catbird ailuroedus melanotis is split into six species ( irestedt et al . 2016 ) : spotted catbird ailuroedus maculosus , which is monotypic ; huon catbird ailurodeus astigmaticus , which is monotypic ; black - capped catbird ailuroedus melanocephalus , which is monotypic ; northern catbird ailuroedus jobiensis , which is monotypic ; arfak catbird ailuroedus arfakianus , which includes subspecies arfakianus and misoliensis ; and black - eared catbird ailuroedus melanotis , which includes the subspecies melanotis , facialis , and joanae . subspecies guttaticollis is considered to be a junior synonym of jobiensis ( beehler and pratt 2016 , irestedt et al . 2016 ) , and is deleted . revise the range description of jobiensis from “new guinea ( weyland and adelbert mountains ) ” to “north central new guinea ( north slope of western , border , and eastern ranges , and coastal ranges from foja mountains east to adelbert mountains ) ” . note that the scientific name associated with the english name spotted catbird has changed from ailuroedus melanotis ( now black - eared catbird ) to ailuroedus maculosus .


macotasa suffusus is a moth of the family erebidae .

it was described by talbot in 1926 .

it is found on borneo .

the habitat consists of lowland to lower montane forest types .

macotasa suffusus

macotasa suffusus ; [ mob7 ] : 305 , pl . 3 , f . 50
tigrioides suffusus talbot , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 ( 2 ) : 132
tigrioides suffusus talbot , 1926 , sarawak mus . j . , 3 ( 2 ) : 132 .
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this and the next two species are very similar externally . m suffusus resembles m . biplagella butler in having a straw yellow forewing ground colour and , in males , a rectangular black mark on the forewing costa . in m . tortricoides walker the ground colour is fawn and the costal black mark is triangular . in the male genitalia the uncus is bifid in suffusus and biplagella but entire in tortricoides and allies . males of suffusus differ from those of biplagella in having a dark zone at the base of the forewing dorsum and a curved , pale rufous line from the costal rectangle towards the centre of the margin , stopping 3mm short of it . the females of the two species are more similar , but the blackish triangle on the forewing costa is more prominent in suffusus ; in the genitalia the base of the ductus is expanded and folded rather than simple and squarish .
macotasa nubecula ( moore , 1879 ) = cossa nubecula moore , 1879 = ilema costalis ( moore , 1878 ) .
macotasa nubeculoides holloway , 1982 ; in barlow , intr . moths of south east asia . taxonomic app . : 209 ; tl : w . malaysia
macotasa nubeculoides ; [ mob7 ] , 306 ( note ) ; dubatolov , 2012 , euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 511 ( note )
macotasa ( lithosiini ) ; [ mob7 ] , 305 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
macotasa nubecula ; [ mob7 ] , 306 ( note ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 44
macotasa sumatrana dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 ; amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 176 ; tl : n . sumatra , pokkat , 98°33 ' e 2°10 ' n , 1600m
macotasa biplagella ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 25 , pl . 2 , f . 14 [ ? oecophora biplagella walker . ms ] ; [ mob7 ] : 306 , pl . 3 , f . 52
macotasa orientalis ; dubatolov , 2012 , euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 512 ; [ mob7 ] : 306 , pl . 3 , f . 51 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 44
macotasa nedoshivinae dubatolov , 2012 ; euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 511 , pl . 3 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : vietnam , dong nai , vinh cuu nat . res . , ma da , rang rang , 11 . 34704°n , 107 . 01208°e
select a genera poliosia hampson - poliosia muricolor walker - poliosia quadrifida sp . n . - poliosia bifida sp . n . - poliosia sp . 5463 - poliosia marginata hampson - poliosia pulverea hampson - poliosia concolora sp . n . lambula walker - lambula fuliginosa walker - lambula errata eecke - lambula pallida hampson nishada moore - nishada chilomorpha adunca ssp . n . - nishada rotundipennis walker - nishada syntomiodes walker - nishada sambara moore tigrioides butler - tigriodes sabulosalis walker - tigrioides leucanioides walker - tigrioides puncticollis butler - tigrioides antipulvereola sp . n . mithuna moore - mithuna quadriplagoides sp . n . - mithuna fuscivena hampson stenaulis hampson - stenaulis discalis walker macotasa moore - macotasa suffusus talbot - macotasa biplagella butler - macotasa tortricoides walker - macotasa orientalis hampson teulisna walker - teulisna curviplaga rothschild comb . n - teulisna tumida walker - teulisna chiloides walker - teulisna pseudochiloides sp . n . - teulisna plagiata walker comb . rev . - teulisna quadratella sp . n . - teulisna reflexa sp . n . - teulisna tricornuta sp . n - teulisna nigricauda holloway - teulisna pallidicauda sp . n . - teulisna macropallida sp . n . - teulisna harmani sp . n . - teulisna nebulosa walker comb . n . - teulisna divisa walker comb . n . - teulisna montanebula sp . n . - teulisna uniplaga hampson comb . rev . - teulisna steineri sp . n . thysanoptyx hampson - thsanoptyx oblonga butler stat . rev . eilema hubner - eilema prabana moore - eilema costalboides sp . n . - eilema plumbeomicans hampson - eilema flavicosta moore - eilema fasciculosa walker - eilema decreta butler - eilema monochora turner stat . rev . - eilema pulvereola hampson - eilema sandakana draudt stat . n . - eilema brevivalva sp . n . - eilema trimacula sp . n . - eilema pseudocretacea sp . n . - eilema longpala sp . n . - eilema females - eilema sp . burnia moore gen . rev . - burnia antica walker comb . rev . - burnia sarawaca butler stat . rev . - burnia apicalis walker comb . n - burnia nebulifera hampson comb . n mantala walker - mantala tineoides walker euconosia watson - euconosia aspera walker - euconosia xylinoides walker stat . rev . - euconosia obscuriventris sp . n . pseudoscaptia hampson - pseudoscaptia rothschild draudt
macotasa tortricoides ; dubatolov , 2012 , euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 511 ( note ) ; [ mob7 ] : 306 , pl . 3 , f . 2e , 49 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 44
this species and biplagella are only known from borneo , whereas tortricoides is related to m . nubecula moore ( india to burma and andamans ) and m . nubeculoides holloway ( peninsular malaysia , sumatra , java , bali ) .
the species is frequent to common in a range of lowland to lower montane forest types .
teulisna biplagella butler , 1877 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1877 : 355 ; tl : sarawak
borneo , java , bali , nilgiris , china ( fukien ) . see [ maps ]
lithosia tortricoides walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 107 ; tl : sarawak
phaeosia dimorpha hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 98 ; tl : philippines , luzon , mt makiling
burma , peninsular malaysia , borneo , vietnam , thailand , singapore . see [ maps ]
= ; dubatolov , 2012 , euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 512
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
beiträge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer berücksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . höne aus diesem gebiet . iii . teil : lithosiinae
new lithosiinae ( lepidoptera , arctiidae : lithosiinae ) species collected by a . schintlmeister in indonesia
walker , 1862 catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 82 - 145 , 171 - 198
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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