galopin ( 1872 – 1899 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

in a racing career which lasted from june 1874 until october 1875 he ran nine times and won eight races .

he was one of the best british two-year-olds winning his first three races before sustaining the only defeat of his career in the middle park plate .

in 1875 , he won all five of his races including the epsom derby .

at the end of the season he was retired to stud where he became an extremely successful and influential breeding stallion .

galopin

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le menuel galopin is number one afghan kennel for the 8th year in a row .
retired to stud , his best son was vedette , who when mated with the flying dutchman’s daughter flying duchess , produced the breed shaping sire galopin . flying duchess herself carried voltigeur’s sire voltaire as her damsire , giving galopin a 3x3 cross . galopin matched well with hampton , who carried voltigeur’s full sister volley , grandam of lord clifden . full brother barnton appears in the pedigree of phalaris ( along with hampton and galopin ) .
galicia ( gb ) br f 1898 ( galopin - isoletta , by isonomy ) . family 10 - a .
the galopin restaurant has met the expectations for more than 20 years now , and today its fame is undeniable .
sinead whelahan is a company director of galopin trawlers limited since 2014 and a listed director of 1 other companies .
donovan ( gb ) b c 1886 ( galopin - mowerina , by scottish chief ) . family 7 - a .
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st simon ( gb ) br c 1881 ( galopin - st angela , by king tom ) . sire line st . simon . family 11 - c .
voltigeur initially stood as a stallion at middlethorpe near york at a fee of 15 guineas . voltigeur’ most notable offspring was the 2000 guineas winner vedette , from his first crop of foals , who sired the derby winner galopin among other winners . galopin sired the undefeated champion st . simon who became the dominant british stallion of his era .
serra parecis don ' t forget to look has been breed to ch . olaf . . . there should be new menuel galopin puppies at the end of august . . .
galopin , when mated with st angela , sired the greatest sire of the late nineteenth century in st simon , who has had a profound influence on twentieth century breeding . st angela re - introduced two lines of orville and one of his half - brother paulowitz and a line of velocipede , who matches with galopin’s grandam merope ( 3 / 4 sister ) .
b c 1895 ( galopin - lady yardley , by sterling ) . sire line king fergus . family 2 - w . bred by sir tatton sykes he won the two thousand guineas stakes .
galopin mare ( br f 1887 ) became the ancestress of two derby winners , minoru ( br c 1906 cyllene ) and grand parade ( bl c 1916 orby ) . family 5 - c .
, palmer 1939 ; et al . ) , usually naming delight ( 1863 b c by ellington - placid by thistle whipper ) as the alternative . galopin ' s breeder , sharpe , denied the rumours in print (
galopin trawlers limited was set up on wednesday the 2nd of july 2014 . their current address is co . louth , and the company status is normal . the company ' s current directors tomas whelahan and sinead whelahan have been the director of 1 other irish company between them .
galopin property company unlimited company was set up on tuesday the 23rd of april 2013 . their current address is co . kildare , and the company status is normal . the company ' s current directors barry comer and luke comer have been the director of 108 other irish companies between them .
count ( later prince ) batthyany was an aristocratic hungarian who came to england as a young man to escape an uncongenial atmosphere at home and to live the life of a man of means in racing circles . he rode in races in england and founded his stud in 1843 . he was elected to the jockey club in 1859 ; his colours were ' blue , orange sleeves , black cap ' . after installing john dawson as his trainer in newmarket his stable prospered , the highlight being galopin ' s derby win in 1875 . the horse ' s stud career was followed with equal delight , but it proved the death of the prince . he suffered a fatal heart attack on the steps to the jockey club luncheon room in anticipation of galopin ' s son galliard winning the 2000 guineas . among the horses sold after his death was galopin ' s son the great st simon .
galopin went on to a successful turf career at two and three including a victory in the derby stakes . he wasn ' t trained at four , due to the prince ' s ill health , and although perfectly sound was sent to the stud . on the death of the prince , galopin was sold to mr henry chaplin for 8 , 000 guineas , and later stood at blankney hall , sleaford , in lincolnshire . in addition to his famous son st simon ( br c 1881 ) , he sired numerous classics winners . he was a champion sire in 1888 , 1889 and 1898 .
dissecting the pedigree of these two 19th century heroes , voltigeur and the flying dutchman , one can plainly see the explosive quality of common ancestral genes brought together to produce galopin . voltigeur was by voltaire who was out of a phantom mare by phantom while voltigeur’s dam martha lynn was by mulatto by catton .
just arrived from estonia on january 5th , ch . olaf wins the next day the cacib , bob and 2nd in the group in bordeaux ( judge j . l . brassat lapeyrierre ) . ch . olaf will stay a few months in france and will be at stud at the
menuel galopin
.
most obviously , and not easy to research , the presence of such a strong concentration of st . simon , angelica and their sire galopin in the bottom quadrant lends itself to gelling with pedigrees with strong presences too , for instance through teddy , tracery , rabelais , nearco or rock sand , and indeed many others .
he was the last of 12 foals from his dam remorse , who was a winning daughter of 1868 goodwood stewards ' cup winner vex . a winner at up to 12 furlongs , vex is a full sister to the great galopin , the unquestioned champion of the 1875 crop in england and a three - time champion sire in that country .
sharpe may have assumed too much . recent analysis of male - specific y - chromosome dna ( msy ) , carried out by dr . barbara wallner ( university of veterinary medicine , vienna ) et al . , has revealed that modern tail - male descendants of persimmon and st . frusquin , both sired by galopin ' s son st . simon , have the msy type of the byerley turk , as would be expected for delight , rather than that of the darley arabian , as would be expected for vedette . this indicates a mis - recording in the patrilineal record at or after king fergus and at or before st . simon . no link therein appears more suspect than that of vedette to galopin .
the dam of blenheim , his grace and king salmon and ancestress of summertime , malva is balanced line - bred to st . simon’s sire galopin and appears in the common presences of mahmoud , donatello and nasrullah through blenheim . in fact the whole bottom part of the pedigree is saturated with the blood of st . simon and his sister angelica . claba di san jore is balanced line - bred to polynesian and princequillo .
ch . paloma p . is the number one sighthound in france at the last
vos chiens
ranking ( to august ) . in the last three weeks , she won another specialty bob ( chateau gonthier under j . l . lemouzy ) and two more cacibs ( evian under mr mensancal and nevers under mr besson ) . le menuel galopin is number one afghan kennel and number two kennel all breeds in france ! ! !
b c 1893 ( galopin - eira , by kisber ) . sire line king fergus . family 3 - c . won the rous memorial stakes and the newmarket stakes . in the stud in france , italy and england , he sired the one thousand guineas winner atmah ( b f 1908 ) , two derby italiano winners , kosheni ( b c 1913 ) and saturno ( b c 1907 ) , as well as five other italian classics winners .
bayardo ' s dam , galicia , came from a good family which included having blink bonnie , as her fifth dam . galicia was by galopin—a derby winner and sire st . simon—and out of the isonomy mare , isoletta . she won the biennial stakes as a two - year - old , before injuring her pastern . galicia raced as a three - year - old , but broke down in the derby cup and was retired for breeding . she produced four winners , of 42 races and £88 , 000 , including lemberg , who won the dewhurst stakes , middle park stakes , the derby , eclipse stakes , st . james ' s palace stakes , jockey club stakes , and the coronation cup , finished second in the 2 , 000 guineas , and third in the st . leger stakes . bayardo was inbred to galopin in the second and fourth generations ( 2×4 ) and to sterling in the fourth generation ( 4×4 ) . [ 2 ]
bred in lincolnshire by mr william taylor sharpe , galopin was purchased from the middle park yearling sale for 520 guineas by prince batthyany of hungary on the advice of john dawson . described as a rich dark brown colour with a small white star , he stood 15 hands 3 1 / 2 inches , and was said to have depth through the chest , beautiful shoulders and be round barrelled and muscular with powerful quarters . he was considered to have excellent conformation with much quality and superb action .
bayardo ' s dam , galicia , came from a good family which included having blink bonnie , as her fifth dam . galicia was by galopin - - a derby winner and sire st . simon - - and out of the isonomy mare , isoletta . she won the biennial stakes as a two - year - old , before injuring her pastern . galicia raced as a three - year - old , but broke down in the derby cup and was retired for breeding . she produced four winners , of 42 races and £88 , 000 , including lemberg , who won the dewhurst stakes , middle park stakes , the derby , eclipse stakes , st . james ' s palace stakes , jockey club stakes , and the coronation cup , finished second in the 2 , 000 guineas , and third in the st . leger stakes . bayardo was inbred to galopin in the second and fourth generations ( 2×4 ) and to sterling in the fourth generation ( 4×4 ) . [ 2 ]
roquebrune won the norfolk stakes by a head , beating the duke of westminster ' s shaddock ( b c 1893 st . serf ) and the prince of wales ' s 1000 guineas winner thais ( br f 1893 st . serf ) , also in the field was leopold de rothschild ' s galeazzo ( b c 1893 galopin ) . his grandam , st . marguerite ( ch f 1879 ) , won the 1000 guineas and then produced oaks and st . leger winner seabreeze ( ch f 1885 isonomy ) , yorkshire oaks winner antibes ( ch f 1886 isonomy ) , champagne stakes winner riviera ( br f 1887 isonomy ) and tredennis ( ch c 1898 kendal ) , among others . his pedigree suggested tremendous potential and he was certainly the best offspring of his sire .
br c 1880 ( galopin - mavis , by macaroni ) . sire line king fergus . family 13 . bred by the 6th viscount falmouth , he won the two thousand guineas stakes , prince of wales ' s stakes and the st james ' s palace stakes . although a favourite for the derby he was defeated by st blaise ( ch c 1880 hermit ) and highland chief ( b c 1880 hampton ) . in the stud he sired the henckel - rennen winner griffin ( b c 1897 ) , the grand prix de bruxelles winner war dance ( b c 1887 ) , as well as the dams of bay ronald ( b c 1893 hampton ) and fairy gold ( ch f 1896 bend or ) . the war dance line persisted in france to the derby winner lavandin ( b c 1953 verso ) who got a good grandson in the polish - bred preis von europa winner pawiment ( br c 1974 mehari ) .
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, 28 june , 1890 ) , apparently convinced that flying duchess was already in foal to vedette in 1871 when he brought her from the diss stud near roydon to his baumber park stud where delight was , by then , in residence , he also brought from diss though precisely when is unclear .
in 1875 he won a £500 match from mr chaplin ' s stray shot at newmarket second spring by 8 lengths , giving her 10 pounds . won the 50 sovs each derby stakes at epsom in may by a length , beating lord aylesford ' s claremont ( b c 1872 blair athol ) , lord falmouth ' s macaroni colt , lord falmouth ' s garterly bell ( b c 1872 blair athol ) , mr vyner ' s two thousand guinesa winner camballo ( b c 1872 cambuscan ) , lord aylesford ' s telescope ( b c 1872 speculum ) , prince soltykoff ' s balfe ( br c 1872 plaudit ) and 11 others . won the 15 sovs each fern hill stakes at ascot in june by 4 lengths , beating mr m dawson ' s bella ( ch f 1873 breadalbane ) , the duke of ujest ' s rosalitta ( ch f 1873 king of diamonds ) , mr j trentham ' s coronella ( b f 1873 camerino ) and count f de lagrange ' s french bred eclair ( b c 1873 consul ) . won a £1000 match from mr h bird ' s royal hunt cup winner lowlander ( ch c 1870 dalesman ) by a length at newmarket second october . won the 25 sovs each newmarket derby by 4 lengths , beating mr w s crawfurd ' s st leger winner craig millar ( ch c 1872 blair athol ) , prince soltykoff ' s balfe , count f de lagrange ' s picnic ( b c 1872 brown bread ) and mr w s mitchell - innes ' s saint leger ( ch c 1872 trumpeter ) .
aida ( b f 1898 ) , bred by the blankney stud , won the one thousand guineas stakes and the imperial produce stakes , and became the 5th dam of the kentucky oaks and coaching club american oaks winner how ( br f 1948 princequillo ) , from whom tom rolfe ( b c 1962 ribot ) and ack ack ( b c 1966 battle joined ) descend . family 9 - h .
angelica ( b f 1879 ) , a full sister to st simon , when mated with the great ormonde ( b c 1883 bend or ) , produced orme ( b c 1889 ) the sire of flying fox ( b c 1896 ) and orby ( ch c 1904 ) . family 11 - c .
atalanta ( bbr f 1878 ) , the head of family 8 - h , became the dam of the derby and two thousand guineas winner ayrshire ( b c 1885 hampton ) , and ancestress to such horses as the stallion havresac ( br c 1915 rabelais ) and triple crown winner whirlaway ( ch c 1938 blenheim ) .
bonnie gal ( br f 1889 ) , sent america , dam of jockey club stakes winner disguise ( b c 1897 domino ) and ancestress of black toney ( br c 1911 peter pan ) . family 10 - c .
corrie roy ( b f 1878 ) , won the cesarewitch stakes , queen alexandra stakes , jockey club cup and the ebor handicap , ancestress of the two thousand guineas winner colorado ( br c 1923 phalaris ) and triple crown winner citation ( b c 1945 bull lea ) . family 3 - l .
galeottia ( b f 1892 ) , bred by mr cox , won the one thousand guineas stakes , and placed 2nd in the oaks stakes . she later became the 2nd dam of the triple crown winner gay crusader ( b c 1914 bayardo ) . family 1 - g .
galicia ( br f 1898 ) , became the dam of the st leger winner bayardo ( b c 1906 bay ronald ) and the derby winner lemberg ( b c 1907 cyllene ) , and the grandam of the oaks winner my dear ( b f 1915 beppo ) . family 10 - a .
satchel ( br f 1882 ) won the lavant stakes and molyneux cup . the head of family 3 - g , she is ancestress to many good winners including the one thousand guineas winner belle of all ( b f 1948 nasrullah ) , and the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes winner ela - mana - mou ( b c 1976 pitcairn ) .
vampire ( br f 1889 ) became the dam of the triple crown winner flying fox ( b c 1896 orme ) , and a great success at stud in france . family 7 - d .
john dawson was the youngest of four sons of the scottish trainer george dawson of stamford hall , gullane , who all followed their father ' s profession . john dawson was initially based at roden house , compton , near newbury , until he was appointed by count ( later prince ) gustavus batthyany . to take over a magnificent establishment , warren house in newmarket . horses from this yard were a sight to behold . on special days , the animals would appear in scarlet rugs with their lads in a livery of dark blue tunics and tall hats . when the prince died dawson remained at warren house and worked as private trainer to mr wallace johnstone . in turn , dawson ' s two sons became trainers . his daughter , helen rose , married frederick archer . she died the following year in childbirth .
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nice cabin play house fp07e | indicative age ranges : early primary ( 5 - 8 ) , pre - teen ( 9 - 12 ) installation : stilts / framework main material : timber / wood product accreditation : bs en 1176 max . freefall height ( mm ) : 1 . 95m | contact jupiter play suite 49 , 1 st colme street
nearco ( ity ) br . h , 1935 { 4 - r } dp = 8 - 24 - 0 - 4 - 8 ( 44 ) di = 2 . 67 cd = 0 . 45 - 14 starts , 14 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 86 , 328
sire of champions nearctic , nasrullah & royal charger ; major stallion influence for northern dancer , bold ruler & hail to reason / turn - to lines .
some of nearco ' s descendants were ranked among the top 100 u . s . racehorses of the 20th century , secretariat , seattle slew , bold ruler , nashua , ruffian , northern dancer , riva ridge , fort marcy . born january , 24 , 1935 , died june 6 , 1957 . ( close )
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william hill futurity ( 1986 ) dante stakes ( 1987 ) epsom derby ( 1987 ) k . george vi & q . elizabeth stakes ( 1987 ) great voltigeur stakes ( 1987 ) st . leger stakes ( 1987 ) [ 1 ]
reference point ( 26 february 1984– december 1991 ) was a british thoroughbred race horse and sire . in a career which lasted from august 1986 to october 1987 he ran ten times and won seven races . as a three - year - old he overcame sinus problems before winning york ' s dante stakes , the derby , ascot ' s king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes , the great voltigeur and st . leger in 1987 . it was not until 2012 that another derby winner contested the st . leger ; when camelot attempted , and failed , to win the english triple crown . his final race of the season resulted in failure in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp , paris when an abscess was later found to have been responsible for his below - par performance .
reference point was a dark - coated bay horse bred by his owner , louis freedman , at his cliveden stud in berkshire , england . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] he was sired by mill reef the 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1978 and 1987 . reference point ' s dam , home on the range , was a high class racemare who won the sun chariot stakes in 1981 . apart from reference point , the best of her progeny was known ranger , who won nineteen races in europe and north america . [ 4 ]
reference point ran three times as a two - year - old in 1986 . he was the beaten 11 / 10 favourite when finishing third behind port helene and brother patrick on his debut in the ebf heart of variety stakes over a mile at sandown park on 30 august 1986 . on his second outing of 1986 he returned to the same course and distance on 23 september and won the dorking stakes by eight lengths from mulhollande . his final two - year - old run saw him step up to group one class in the william hill futurity at doncaster . he was sent off 4 to 1 second favourite behind henry cecil ' s first string , suhailie but ran out the five length winner from bengal fire , with love the groom in third . his win at doncaster led to reference point being the highest rated european two - year - old of 1986 , [ 5 ]
in early 1987 , reference point ' s training was disrupted by sinus problems , which required surgery , ruling out any possibility of a challenge for the 2000 guineas . [ 6 ] on his three - year - old debut , reference point ran in the dante stakes at york , a recognised trial race for the epsom derby . reference point led from the start and ran on strongly in the closing stages to win by a length from ascot knight .
at epsom , reference point started 6 / 4 favourite in a field of nineteen runners . cauthen sent the colt into the lead from the start , and in the straight he turned back a series of challenges [ 7 ] to win by one and a half lengths from most welcome and bellotto . the winning time of 2 : 33 . 90 was the fastest since mahmoud ' s hand - timed record of 2 : 33 . 8 in 1936 . [ 8 ]
on his first start after his derby win , reference point raced against older horses for the first time in the eclipse stakes at sandown over ten furlongs . reference point led from the start , setting such a
furious gallop
[ 9 ] that the designated pacemaker , media starguest was unable to reach the front . two furlongs out he was challenged by mtoto , ridden by michael roberts . the two horses raced together in the closing stages before mtoto pulled ahead to prevail by three quarters a length , with triptych taking third . [ 10 ] three weeks later , reference point returned to twelve furlongs in the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes at ascot . starting the 11 / 10 favourite , he led the field into the straight and then pulled clear in the final quarter mile to win by three lengths from celestial storm and triptych . [ 11 ]
reference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]
the bbc sport correspondent lee mckenzie rated him as one of his
six of the best
recent derby winners ' [ 17 ] and explained that his
workmanlike
racing style sometimes led to his being overlooked . steve cauthen ranked reference point as a
great champion
and one of the best horses he rode in his career . [ 18 ]
reference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]
reference point made little impact in four seasons at stud , with his only group one winner being ivyanna , who won the 1992 oaks d ' italia . [ 19 ] he died after fracturing a leg in an accident in december 1991 at the dalham hall stud [ 20 ] where he was buried . [ 21 ]
. queen anne press . 1986 . pp . 480 , 554 , 634 .
powerful force in industry ; louis freedman was one of britain ' s foremost owner - breeders , with a stream of top - class performers emanating from his cliveden stud . - free online library
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voltigeur ( 1847–1874 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire . in a career that lasted from 1849 to august 1852 he ran ten times and won five races . in 1850 he won the epsom derby and the st leger against his fellow three - year - olds and then recorded his most famous victory when beating the flying dutchman in the doncaster cup . in may 1851 voltigeur was beaten by the flying dutchman in what was probably the most celebrated match race in the history of british thoroughbred racing . voltigeur was never as good again , winning once from his remaining five races , but went on to have a successful stud career .
voltigeur , described in sources as being bay , brown or even black , was bred by robert stephenson at his stud at hart , near hartlepool , county durham . he stood 15 . 3 hands ( 63 inches , 160 cm ) high and was described as being
muscular
and
powerful
but having a rather coarse head and being rather
high on the leg
. as a yearling he was sent to the sales , but was returned to his breeder after failing to attract any interest . robert hill , the private trainer for lord zetland was however , impressed by the colt and eventually persuaded the earl to buy him the following autumn for £1 , 000 . the sale arrangement provided for an extra £500 to be paid if the colt won the derby . hill took charge of training the colt at aske , north yorkshire .
voltigeur ' s sire , voltaire was a successful racehorse who won the doncaster cup in 1829 . he went on to become a good stallion , with his best son apart from voltigeur being the st leger winner charles the twelfth . his dam martha lynn went on to produce the yorkshire oaks winner vivandiere and was the grandam of the 1000 guineas winner imperieuse .
voltigeur ran once as a two - year - old , appearing in the wright stakes at richmond , north yorkshire on 31 october 1849 . he looked impressive in the paddock and won well , beating mark tapley by a length .
although voltigeur did not run in the spring of 1850 he was quietly fancied for the epsom derby with his support being particularly strong in yorkshire where zetland owned large estates and among the order of freemasons of which he was a grand master . shortly before the race , zetland discovered that the colt’s breeder had not made the correct entry payments and that it would cost £400 to run in the derby . zetland was determined to withdraw voltigeur , but was persuaded to pay the entry fee after representations from his yorkshire tenants , who explained that they had wagered heavily on the horse and faced ruin if he failed .
voltigeur performed poorly in an exercise gallop shortly after arriving at epsom , and was allowed to start at odds of 16 / 1 in a field of twenty - four runners . the start of the race was delayed after an objection was lodged against one of the runners , diecoon . in an echo of the
running rein
affair of five years ' earlier , the horse was only cleared to run after a veterinary surgeon examined him and confirmed that he was a three - year - old . ridden by job marson , voltigeur was settled in seventh place in the early stages before making his challenge in the straight . inside the final furlong ( 0 . 20 km ) , voltigeur took the lead ahead of the favourite clincher and ran on strongly to win comfortably by a length . the 2000 guineas winner pitsford finished well to take second from clincher in the last strides .
despite his exertions , he turned out two days later for the doncaster cup in which he was the only horse to oppose the flying dutchman , the winner of the 1849 derby and st leger and undefeated in thirteen career starts . the flying dutchman , whose jockey appeared to be the worse for drink , set off at an exceptionally fast pace and marson was able to bide his time on voltigeur . in the straight voltigeur moved up alongside the four - year - old champion and then pulled ahead to win by half a length in a huge upset .
the race inspired a poem from
the druid
( w . h . dixon ) , which was printed in bell ' s life and culminated with the stanza :
the ring stands pale . forth speeds the tale , which many a doubt inspires from east to west , from north to south , it glances o ' er the wires . from richmond unto middleham this message quickly passed your conqueror of conquerors has bowed his head at last .
after the race it was agreed that the two horses would meet again in a match race at york the following spring for a prize of 2 , 000 guineas , with each owner putting up half the sum .
the two - mile race ( 3 . 2 km ) was held as part of a renewed spring meeting at york on 13 may 1851 . the weights for the match were set by henry john rous , who decided that the flying dutchman should carry
pounds ( 54 . 7 kg ) to voltigeur ' s 112 lb ( 51 kg ) . the race between the two yorkshire - trained horses generated enormous public interest among all classes of society , even among those who normally took no interest in horse racing . the match drew an estimated 100 , 000 spectators , the largest crowd to the knavesmire since the execution of eugene aram in 1759 . according to a lengthy analysis of the race published in
, previous great matches , such as the one at newmarket between hambletonian and diamond in 1799 ,
fell into insignificance
in comparison with the york event . even the horses ' exercise gallops attracted large crowds of fans attempting to assess their relative condition . on the day of the race , the crowd was divided into partisan camps , cheering for either
volti
or
the flyer
. ridden by nat flatman , voltigeur made the running , but although he held the lead into the straight , he was unable to dispose of his rival . in the final furlong , the flatman dropped his whip , and the flying dutchman moved up level and then pulled ahead to win by a length .
the painting of the finish of the match by john f . herring ( right ) became one of the most widely reproduced images of the time with
scarcely a village
in the british empire being without at least one copy .
one day after his defeat , voltigeur turned out for the york and ainsty hunt cup over two miles ( 3 . 2 km ) , in which he was surprisingly beaten by a three - year - old filly named nancy .
in may 1886 the sporting times carried out a poll of one hundred experts to create a ranking of the best british racehorses of the 19th century . voltigeur was ranked thirtieth , having been placed in the top ten by eight of the contributors . he was the sixth - highest placed horse to have raced before 1850 .
on voltigeur ' s death in 1874 the sheffield telegraph called him
the pride of the yorkshire sportsman , and one of the best and most popular horses that ever trod the british turf .
when the racecourse authorities at york instituted a new trial race for the st leger in 1950 , the race was named the
great voltigeur stakes
in his honour .
voltigeur was the only racehorse painted by the famous animal painter edwin henry landseer . landseer ' s interest was reportedly engaged when he heard that voltigeur was constantly accompanied by a tortoiseshell cat who slept on the horse ' s back .
at the age of twenty - seven voltigeur sustained a fractured hind leg when he was kicked by a mare named time test . he was shot on february 21 , 1874 , and buried in the grounds of aske hall . his cannon bone however , was preserved and is still displayed in a glass cabinet at york racecourse .
rock sand ( gb ) br c 1900 by sainfoin - roquebrune , by st . simon family 4 - n
springfield joseph h houldsworth , was a great sportsman and member of the jockey club . early on he acquired horses from james merry , and numbered among his racing string such horses as norfolk and great yorkshire stakes winner coltness , prince of wales ' s stakes winner glengarry , sussex stakes winner orvieto and champion and jockey club stakes winner laveno .
springfield b c 1873 ( st . albans - viridis , by marsyas ) . family 12 - c . bred by hm queen victoria ( 1819 - 1901 ) , springfield was a full brother to wokingham ( b c 1877 ) , aptly named since he won the wokingham stakes at ascot in 1881 and 1882 . their grandam , maid of palmyra ( b f 1855 ) , also produced ebor handicap winner verdant ( ch c 1862 marsyas ) and another wokingham winner chesnut ( ch c 1869 marsyas ) . she was ancestress to belmont stakes winner kingfisher ( b c 1867 lexington ) and july cup , queen anne stakes and king ' s stand stakes winner best man ( b c 1890 ormonde or melton ) . he was purchased at the annual hampton court yearling sale by inverate scotsman j h houldsworth for 320 guineas . shortly after his purchase he fractured his pelvis , but he was recovered enough to run the following year . springfield was later described as a
bay with a narrow blaze on his face , and his off hind heel is white . he stands over 16 hands , with great bone , substance and length , and grand symmetry throughout . for bloodlike style , fashion and movement he has no superior , and he has gained his honours fairly on his merits
. he was considered one of the fastest horses ever seen .
sainfoin , photograph by clarence hailey hm queen victoria ( 1819 - 1901 ) , re - established the breeding of blood horses at hampton court at the end of 1849 . an annual sale of the queen ' s yearlings occurred after the ascot race meeting . a number of good stallions stood there and many high quality horses were produced .
rock sand , photograph by august belmont sir james percy miller ( 1864 - 1906 ) , 2d bt , was considered one of the luckiest people on the turf . having purchased sainfoin just over a month before he won the derby , he then bred another derby winner in rock sand .
rock sand br c 1900 ( sainfoin - roquebrune , by st . simon ) . family 4 - n . the tenth winner of the triple crown in england , rock sand was described as a beautifully made little colt with much quality and courage . sir james purchased his sire sainfoin ( ch c 1887 ) the same year he won the derby . he purchased his dam , roquebrune ( br f 1893 ) , as a yearling for 4 , 100 guineas from the disposal sale for the dowager duchess of montrose .
papers past | news by the mail . ( globe , 1874 - 12 - 22 )
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these victories of french horses are row unpleasantly frequent . peut - etre won easily in ft canter by two lengths , and has beaten
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news by the mail . , globe , volume ii , issue 170 , 22 december 1874
news by the mail . globe , volume ii , issue 170 , 22 december 1874
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image 23 of the journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , may 3 , 1896 | library of congress
image 23 of the journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , may 3 , 1896
pdf ocr ( alto ) jpeg ( 210x265 px ) jpeg ( 420x531 px ) jpeg ( 840x1063 px ) jpeg2000 ( 6 . 8 mb )
title the journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , may 3 , 1896 contributor names library of congress place of publication new york [ n . y . ] created / published new york [ n . y . ] , may 3 , 1896 subject headings - new york ( n . y . ) - - newspapers - new york county ( n . y . ) - - newspapers - new york ( state ) - - new york - new york ( state ) - - new york county - united states - - new york - - new york - - new york genre newspapers notes - daily - no . 4 , 739 ( nov . 7 , 1895 ) - no . 4 , 993 ( july 18 , 1896 ) . - also issued on microfilm from recordak corp . , eastmak kokak co . - new york journal ( new york , n . y . : 1896 : morning ed . ) ( dlc ) sn 84024350 ( ocolc ) 11223851 medium 48 pages call number / physical location newspaper library of congress control number sn84031792 online format image pdf online text description new york [ n . y . ] lccn permalink urltoken additional metadata formats modsxml record marcxml record iiif presentation manifest manifest ( json / ld )
the journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) 1895 to 1896
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the journal . [ new york n . y . , may 3 ] ( new york , ny ) , may . 3 1896 . urltoken
( 1896 , may 3 ) the journal . [ new york n . y . , may 3 ] . retrieved from the library of congress , urltoken
the journal . [ new york n . y . , may 3 ] ( new york , ny ) 3 may . 1896 , p . 23 . retrieved from the library of congress , urltoken
the journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , april 30 , 1896
the journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , may 1 , 1896
the journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , may 2 , 1896
the journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , february 10 , 1896
the journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , february 11 , 1896
manuscript . pen - and - ink and watercolor . covers new york city region . pictorial map showing buildings and points of interest . depths shown by soundings . available also through the library of congress web site as a . . .
1 print : lithograph , color ; 56 x 81 cm . ( image with accompanying text ) | bird ' s - eye view of new york showing the waterfront , brooklyn bridge , with battery park and governors island in . . .
perspective map not drawn to scale . lc panoramic maps ( 2nd ed . ) , 594 . 6 available also through the library of congress web site as a raster image . aacr2 : 651 / 1
voltigeur was a bay colt born in hartlepool , great britain in 1847 , by voltaire out of martha lynn by mulatto . bred by robert stephenson , he was sent to the sales as a yearling but was unwanted and was sent back home . the following spring , with the urging of his brother - in - law , lord zetland purchased the colt for 1 , 000 guineas . second time lucky in fact as he had been advised to purchase the colt at the yearling sales but had declined .
he was described by henry hall , an equine artist as a “brown horse standing only 15 hands 3 inches in height , and with a rather coarse head , small ears , and muscular neck with very good oblique shoulder , deep - girthed , high in the leg , and rather light , but with a good back and powerful quarters rather drooping toward his light , thin tail . ”
the flying dutchman was born in great britain in 1846 , a colt by bay middleton out of barbelle by sandbeck . barbelle had produced the fine horse van tromp who won many stakes races including the st leger for his owner lord eglinton . lord eglinton approached van tromp’s breeder and agreed to pay 1 , 000 guineas for each perfectly formed foal produced from the womb of barbelle . so he came to own the flying dutchman .


parahepialus nebulosus is a species of moth of the family hepialidae .

it was described by alphéraky in 1889 , and is known from the tibet autonomous region in china .

parahepialus

parahepialus zou & zhang , 2010 is synonymized with thitarodes viette , 1968 . thitarodes quadrata jiang , li , li , li & han , sp . n . is described from sichuan , china . illustrations of the adults and the genitalia are given for the type species of parahepialus and the new species .
there are different characteristics for genus identification found in the genitalia morphology of the genus hepialus insects reported in china , and most species of hepialus described by chinese scientists were transferred to thitarodes by foreign scholars . the taxonomy of the genus hepialus currently adopted in china was revised and newly divided into four genera , parahepialus gen . nov . , ahamus gen . nov . , hepialus and thitarodes viette , 1968 on the basis of the particular structure of the valve on male genitalia . 62 species belonging to the original hepialus described in china were rearranged into the four genus , 1 species of parahepialus , 1 species of hepialus , 18 species of ahamus , 40 species of thitarodes . its rationality was supported by the systemic phylogenetic tree constructed by the cytb gene of some original hepialus species collected from genbank .
there are other species that share similar hosts as ophiocordyceps sinensis . for example , o . crassispora and c . kurijimeansis are recorded on thitarodes baimaensis and t . armoricanus , respectively ( table 2 ) . ophiocordyceps gracilis , o . lanpingensis , and o . laojunshanensis are recorded on ahamus altaicola , a . jianchuanensis , and a . yunnanensis , respectively ( table 2 ) . ophiocordyceps gracilis is also recorded on three more hosts hepialus humuli , korscheltellus lupulina , and parahepialus nebulosus . similarly , cordyceps hepialidicola is reported on endoclita excrescens and o . ramosissimum and o . xuefengensis on endoclita nodus ( table 2 ) .
ophiocordyceps sinensis has the widest host range recorded on hepialidae , covering 55 spp . [ 95 , 96 ] . among them , thitarodes and ahamus are the two major genera ( table 2 ) . thirty - two spp . of thitarodes ( t . albipictus , t . armoricanus , t . baimaensis , t . baqingensis , t . bibelteus , t . biruensis , t . callinivalis , t . cingulatus , t . damxungensis , t . deqinensis , t . dongyuensis , t . ferrugineus , t . gonggaensis , t . jialangensis , t . jinshaensis , t . kangdingensis , t . kangdingroides , t . latitegumenus , t . litangensis , t . markamensis , t . meiliensis , t . namensis , t . namlinensis , t . oblifurcus , t . pratensis , t . pui , t . renzhiensis , t . varians , t . xunhuaensis , t . yeriensis , t . zaliensis , and t . zhongzhiensis ) and 13 spp . of ahamus ( a . anomopterus , a . gangcaensis , a . jianchuanensis , a . lijiangensis , a . luquensis , a . maquensis , a . sichuanus , a . yulongensis , a . yunlongensis , a . yunnanensis , a . yushuensis , a . zadoiensis , and a . zhayuensis ) are the host species of ophiocordyceps sinensis ( table 2 ) . the other host species are pharmacis carna , p . fusconebulosa , p . pyrenaicus , magnificus jiuzhiensis , m . zhiduoensis , bipectilus yunnanensis , endoclita davidi , gazoryctra ganna , parahepialus nebulosus , and hepialus xiaojinensis ( table 2 ) .
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shilap revista de lepidopterología , vol . 44 , núm . 175 , septiembre , 2016 , pp . 373 - 378
: 411 , pl . 25 , fig . 135 , by original designation .
chu & wang ( 2004 ) ( figs 1 , 4 ) . however , we found the figure
was used in chu & wang ( 2004 ) . we found that the male genitalia were broken during preparation ,
jiang , li , li , li & han , sp . n . (
brown ventrally . female ( fig . 3 ) . forewing length : 16 - 17 mm . essentially as described for male , except
( figs 8 - 12 ) : uncus short and acute , strongly sclerotized . tegumen
broad , rounded terminally . a quadrate lobe protruding from base of vinculum with a broad and rounded
of the zoological systematics and evolution of the chinese academy of sciences ( no . o529yx5105 ) .
dhendup , k . , cannon , p . , hywel - jones , n . & rai , t . b . , 2010 . –
liang , x . c . , yang , d . r . , chen , f . r . , long , y . c . & yang , y . x , 1988 . – four new species of the genus hepialus ( ghost moth ) from yunnan , china . – zoological research , 9 ( 4 ) : 419 - 425 .
ueda , k . , 1996 . – a new species of thitarodes viette ( lepidoptera , hepialidae ) from japan . – bulletin of the kitakyushu museum of the natural history , 15 : 35 - 41 .
viette , p . e . l . , 1968 . – contribution à l ' études des hepialidae ( 36ème note ) : lepidoptera hepialidae du népal . – khumbu himal , 3 : 128 - 133 .
one new species and one new record for the genus ninodes warren from china ( lepidoptera , geometridae . . .
a new species of the genus ninodes warren , n . quadratus sp . n . , is described from china and compared with related species , based on numerous museum specimens . n . albarius beljaev & park , 1998 , described from korea , is newly recorded for china . illustrations of external features and genitalia for each species of ninodes are presented .
the subfamily cyclidiinae from china is reviewed : two genera and seven species are reported from china . one new subspecies , cyclidia fractifasciata indistincta subsp . n . , is described . two new synonyms are established : cyclidia substigmaria ( hübner , 1831 ) ( = cyclidia substigmaria brunna chu & wang , 1987 , syn . n . = cyclidia tetraspota chu & wang , 1987 , syn . n . ) . one misidentification in chu & . . . [ show full abstract ]
allopatric divergence and secondary contact without genetic admixture for arichanna perimelaina ( lep . . .
heterophleps inusitata , an extremely rare new moth species from western yunnan , china ( lepidoptera , . . .
the genus synegiodes swinhoe , 1892 is reviewed and redescribed , s . sanguinaria ( moore , 1868 ) is formally fixed as type - species according to the provisions of the international code of zoological nomenclature . seven species , including s . brunnearia ( leech , 1897 ) , are presently recognized as members of this genus and two new species from china and n . vietnam , s . expansus sp . nov . and s . . . . [ show full abstract ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; jiang , li , li , li & han , 2016 , shilap revta . lepid . 44 ( 175 ) : 374
= ; jiang , li , li , li & han , 2016 , shilap revta . lepid . 44 ( 175 ) : 374
ahamus zou & zhang , 2010 ; j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116 ; ts : hepialus jianchuanensis yang
thitarodes ( hepialidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; jiang , li , li , li & han , 2016 , shilap revta . lepid . 44 ( 175 ) : 374
arizanus ( matsumura , 1931 ) ( hepialus ) ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1022 ; tl : japan
thitarodes arizanus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
= ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
thitarodes armoricanus ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 117
thitarodes damxungensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus albipictus yang , 1993 ; acta zootax . sinica 18 : 184 ; tl : yunnan , deqin co . , renzhi snow mtn ( 28°52 ' n , 99°14 ' e , 4600 - 4780m )
thitarodes albipictus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 117
hepialus jinshaensis yang , 1993 ; acta zootax . sinica 18 : 185 ; tl : yunnan , deqin co . , baima , ( 28°34 ' n , 99°18 ' e , 4600m )
thitarodes jinshaensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 117
hepialus deqinensis liang , 1988 ; zool . res . 9 ( 4 ) : 419 , 424 ; tl : yunnan , deqin county , jiawu snow mtn
thitarodes deqingensis [ sic , recte deqinensis ? ] ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus litangensis liang , 1995 ; zool . res . 16 : 210 , 212 ; tl : litang , sichuan
thitarodes litangensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus baimaensis liang , 1988 ; zool . res . 9 ( 4 ) : 419 , 424 ; tl : yunnan , deqin county , baimae
thitarodes baimaensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus meiliensis liang , 1988 ; zool . res . 9 ( 4 ) : 420 , 425 ; tl : yunnan , deqin county , meili snow mtn
thitarodes meiliensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus callinivalis liang , 1995 ; zool . res . 16 : 209 , 212 ; tl : meili snow mtn , deqin county , yunnan
thitarodes callinivalis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus jialangensis yang , 1994 ; zool . res . 15 ( 3 ) : 6 , 10 ; tl : xizang , zogang county , meili snow mtn ( 4000 - 4600m )
thitarodes jialangensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus xiaojinensis tu , ma & zhang , 2009 ; entomotaxonomia 31 : 123 , 126 ; tl : xiaojin co . ( 30°54 ' n , 102°18 ' e , 4300 - 4800m , sichuan
thitarodes richthofeni ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
dierli viette , 1968 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal himalaya 3 : 132 ; tl : nepal
thitarodes dierli ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda , 2000 , tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 74 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
eberti viette , 1968 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal himalaya 3 : 130 ; tl : thodung , nepal
thitarodes eberti ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; ueda , 2000 , tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 74
danieli viette , 1968 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal himalaya 3 : 128 ; tl : nepal
thitarodes danieli ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda , 2000 , tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 71 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
ahamus yushuensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
ahamus altaicola ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
ahamus zhayuensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
ahamus lijiangensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
hepialus jianchuanensis yang , 1994 ; zool . res . 15 ( 3 ) : 5 , 10 ; tl : yunnan , jianchan county , laojun mtn , 2900 - 3100m
ahamus jianchuanensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
hepialus anomopterus yang , 1994 ; zool . res . 15 ( 3 ) : 7 , 10 ; tl : yunnan , jianchan county , laojun mtn , ( 2800 - 3100m )
ahamus anomopterus ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 117
hepialus yunnanensis yang , li & shen , 1992 ; zool . res . 13 : 245 , 249 ; tl : yunnan , laojun mtn , 26°45 ' n , 99°51 ' e
ahamus yunnanensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
ahamus yunlongensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
hepialus yulongensis liang , 1988 ; zool . res . 9 ( 4 ) : 421 , 425 ; tl : yunnan , lijiang , yulong snow mtn
thitarodes yulongensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
thitarodes quadrata jiang , li , li , li & han , 2016 ; shilap revta . lepid . 44 ( 175 ) : 374 ; tl : china , sichuan , xiaojin
thitarodes sichuanus ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
? ahamus menyuanensis [ sic , recte menyuanicus ] ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
thitarodes xizangensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
thitarodes kangdingensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes oblifurcus ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes baqingensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus ferrugineus li , yang & shen , 1993 ; acta ent . sinica 36 ( 4 ) : 495 , 496 ; tl : yunnan , baima snow mountain , 4200 - 4500m
thitarodes ferrugineus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus gonggaensis fu & huang , 1991 ; acta ent . sinica 34 ( 3 ) : 362 ; tl : sichuan
thitarodes gonggaensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes zhangmoensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes kangdingroides ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus markamensis yang , li & shen , 1992 ; zool . res . 13 : 246 , 249 ; tl : xizang , markam county , nimasha snow mtn , 28°59 ' n 98°46 ' e
thitarodes markamensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus zaliensis yang , 1994 ; zool . res . 15 ( 3 ) : 7 , 10 ; tl : xizang , markam county , zhali snow mtn , 28°58 ' n 98°48 ' e , 4600 - 4900m
thitarodes zaliensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
= ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
thitarodes malaisei ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
sinarabesca ( bryk , 1942 ) ( hepialus ) ; ent . tidskr . 63 : 153 ; tl : kansu
thitarodes sinarabesca ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )
hepialus nebulosus alphéraky , 1889 ; in romanoff , mém . lép . 5 : 85 ; tl : ne . tibet
thitarodes nebulosus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )
thitarodes varius ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )
thitarodes varians ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )
hepialus variabilis bremer , 1861 ; bull . acad . imp . sci . st . petersb . 3 : 478
thitarodes variabilis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )
thitarodes nipponensis ueda , 1996 ; bull . kitakyushu mus . nat . hist . 15 : 35 ; tl : japan , shirakawadani , izumimura , kumanoto pref .
thitarodes nipponensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )
thitarodes luteus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )
hepialus renzhiensis yang , shen , yang , liang , dong , chun , lu & sinaduji , 1991 ; acta ent . sinica 34 ( 2 ) : 218 , 224 ; tl : yunnan
thitarodes renzhiensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus zhongzhiensis liang , 1995 ; zool . res . 16 : 207 , 211 ; tl : renzhi snow mtn , deqin county , yunnan
thitarodes zhongzhiensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus yeriensis liang , 1995 ; zool . res . 16 : 207 , 211 ; tl : yeri snow mtn , deqin county , yunnan
thitarodes yeriensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus pratensis yang , li & shen , 1992 ; zool . res . 13 : 247 , 250 ; tl : yunnan , deqin county , baima snow mtn , 28°23 ' n 99°01 ' e
thitarodes pratensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus cingulatus yang & zhang , 1995 ; acta ent . sinica 38 ( 3 ) : 360 , 362 ; tl : gansu , wenxian county , 3200m
thitarodes cingulatus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus luquensis yang , yang & zhang , 1995 ; acta ent . sinica 38 ( 3 ) : 360 , 362 ; tl : gansu , luqu county , 34°13 ' n , 102°24 ' e , 4276m
ahamus luquensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 117
hepialus xunhuaensis yang & yang , 1995 ; acta ent . sinica 38 ( 3 ) : 359 , 362 ; tl : qinghai , xunhua county , ( 35°38 ' n , 102°42 ' e ) , 3800m
thitarodes xunhuaensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus bibelteus shen & zhou , 1997 ; acta ent . sinica 40 ( 2 ) : 198 , 200 ; tl : meidu ( 28°22 ' n , 90°01 ' e ) , baima snow mountain , deqing county , 4500m , yunnan
thitarodes bibelteus ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
hepialus biruensis fu , 2002 ; acta ent . sinica 45 ( suppl . ) : 56 ; tl : xizang , biru county , 4400 - 4700m
hepialus biruens [ sic , recte biruensis ] ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes sejilaensis zou , liu & zhang , 2011 ; pan - pacific ent . 87 ( 2 ) : 107 ; tl : mt sejila , linzhi county , tibet , 4500m , 29°36 ' n , 94°35 ' e
thitarodes harutai ueda , 2000 ; tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 85 ; tl : nepal , mechi , laam pokhari , 2850m
thitarodes jiachaensis zou , liu & zhang , 2011 ; pan - pacific ent . 87 ( 2 ) : 110 ; tl : jiancha county , tibet , 535m , 29°26 . 714 ' n , 94°42 . 888 ' e
thitarodes kingdonwardi ueda , 2000 ; tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 84 ; tl : se . tibet , tsangpo valley , nyima la ( 14000ft )
thitarodes kishidai ueda , 2000 ; tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 81 ; tl : nepal , lete nr nilgiri ( 2400m )
thitarodes limbui ueda , 2000 ; tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 85 ; tl : nepal , mechi , khambachen ( 3950m )
thitarodes maculatum ueda , 2000 ; tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 72 ; tl : nepal , chungbu khola ( 14500ft )
thitarodes namnai maczey , dhendup , cannon , hywl - jones & rai , 2010 ; zootaxa 2412 : 43 ; tl : bhutan , namna , n 27°44 ' 02 . 3
e 89°23 ' 32 . 2
, 4750m
thitarodes caligophilus maczey , dhendup , cannon , hywl - jones & rai , 2010 ; zootaxa 2412 : 47 ; tl : bhutan , namna , n 27°44 ' 02 . 3
e 89°23 ' 32 . 2
, 4750m
thitarodes hainanensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes namensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes xigazeensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes yongshengensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes dinggyeensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes nanmlinensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
thitarodes pui ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
ahamus zadoiensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
ahamus gangcaensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
ahamus maquensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116
thitarodes yadongensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118
dongyuensis ( yang et al . , 1996 ) ( hepialus ) ; ( nom . nud . )
dongyuensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( nom . nud . )
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lépidoptères rapportés du thibet par le général n . m . przewalsky de son voyage de 1884 - 1885 in romanoff ,
neue schmetterlinge aus den reichsmuseum in stockholm . nachtrag zur lepidopteren - ausbeute der sven hedinschen expedition ( 1927 - 1930 )
entomological results from the swedish expedition 1934 to burma and british india . lepidoptera : fam . notodontidae stephens , cossidae newman und hepialidae stephens gesammelt von rené malaise
zou , liu & zhang , 2011 two new species of thitarodes ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) from tibet in china pan - pacific ent . 87 ( 2 ) : 106 - 113
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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yang darong ; yang yuexiong ( kunming institute of zoology , academia sinica kunming 650107 ) zhang sanyuan ( institute of diversified economy of lunnan district . gansu province wudu 746000 ) ; three new species of the genus hepialus from qinghai and gansu , china ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) [ j ] ; acta entomologica sinica ; 1995 - 03
jiang shuai - shuai * , zou zhi - wen * , liu xin , zhang gu - ren * * ( state key laboratory for biological control of sun yat - sen university , guangzhou 510275 , china ) ; morphology and antennal sensilla of meteorus sp . , a parasitoid of hepialus pui larvae [ j ] ; journal of environmental entomology ; 2009 - 03
liu xi - jin guo ying - lan ( institute of microbiology , academia sinica , beijing ) yu yong - xin ( zhejiang institute of chinese materia medico , hangzhou ) zeng wei ( sichuan institute of chinese materia medica , chongqing ) ; isolation and identification of the anamorphic state of cordyceps sinensis ( berk . ) sacc . [ j ] ; mycosystema ; 1989 - 01
zhang - wu ; chen yong - jiu ; shen fa - rong ; yang yue - xiong ; yang da - rong ; zhang ya - ping ( laboratory of cellular and molecular evolution , kunming institute of apology , cab kunming 650223 ) ( laboratory of insect resources , kunming institute of zoology . cas kunming 6 ; study of genetic divergence in cordyceps sinensis and c . crassispora from northwest of yunnan by using rapd [ j ] ; mycosystema ; 1999 - 02
kang ji - chuan , liang zong - qi , liu ai - ying , richard y . c . kong ( department of plant pathology , university of stellenbosch , p . bag x1 , matieland 7602 , south africa ) ( laboratory of fungus resources , guizhou university , guiyang 550025 ) ( department of biology ; molecular evidence of polymorphism in cordyceps based on 5 . 8s rdna and its2 sequences [ j ] ; mycosystema ; 2000 - 04
li zeng - zhi ; huang bo ; fan met - zhen ( college of forest utilizatin , anhui agricultural university , hefei , anhui 230036 ) ; molecular evidence for anamorph determination ofcordyceps sinensis ( berk . ) sacc . i . relation between hirsutella sinensis and c . sinensis [ j ] ; mycosystema ; 2000 - 01
dai jin - xia ~ ( 1 * * ) , zheng zhe - min ~ 2 ( 1 . college of life science , ningxia university , yinchuan 750021 , china ; 2 . college of life science , shaanxi normal university , xi ' an 710062 , china ) ; phylogenetic relationships of eleven species of pentatominae based on sequences of cytochrome b gene [ j ] ; entomological knowledge ; 2005 - 04
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nozomi mihara , tadashige chiba , kosuke yamaguchi , haruka sudo , . . . kazushi imai
global transcriptome analysis of halolamina sp . to decipher the salt tolerance in extremely halophilic archaea
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1 institute for bio - medical convergence , international st . mary’s hospital and college of medicine , catholic kwandong university , incheon 404 - 834 , republic of korea 2 environmental science , ishikawa prefectural university , 1 - 308 suematsu , nonoichi , ishikawa 921 - 8836 , japan 3 mushroom research division , national institute of horticultural and herbal science , rural development administration , eumseong 369 - 873 , republic of korea 4 forest biodiversity division , korea national arboretum , pocheon 487 - 820 , republic of korea 5 college of pharmacy , chung - ang university , seoul 156 - 756 , republic of korea
copyright © 2016 bhushan shrestha et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
cordyceps fr . is one of the hypocrealean genera , comprising more than 400 spp . that parasitize a wide range of insects and few fungal genera . externally , they produce clavate , cylindrical or thin filamentous , filiform stroma on the hosts . the history of exploring and identifying cordyceps fungi is long and stretches back to the 17th century [ 8 ] . one of the most popular fungi is ophiocordyceps sinensis ( syn . cordyceps sinensis ) that grows on hepialid larvae in the alpine grasslands of the himalayas and the tibetan plateau [ 9 ] . this host - fungus complex is traditionally highly revered for enhancing immunity , protecting lungs , enriching kidneys , restorative and tonic effects , treating impotence , and so forth [ 10 – 13 ] .
until the phylogenetic classification by sung et al . [ 14 ] , cordyceps remained a big genus placed in family clavicipitaceae of order hypocreales . however , phylogenetic studies showed that neither cordyceps nor clavicipitaceae was monophyletic [ 14 – 18 ] and hence cordyceps was segregated into several phylogenetic genera within three families of hypocreales [ 14 ] . according to the phylogenetic classification , cordyceps is now restricted to the clade containing the type species c . militaris , circumscribed to cordycipitaceae [ 14 ] . newly segregated genera ophiocordyceps and elaphocordyceps were placed under another family ophiocordycipitaceae ; the other two genera metacordyceps and tyrannicordyceps remained in clavicipitaceae sensu stricto [ 14 , 19 ] .
following the recent revision in the international code of nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( icn ) , elaphocordyceps is now synonymized with tolypocladium [ 20 ] and metacordyceps with metarhizium [ 21 ] . drechmeria , podocrella , polycephalomyces , and sphaerocordyceps are other genera that consist of members that were formerly described under cordyceps . cordyceps along with the newly segregated genera is linked to many asexual insect - pathogenic genera distributed in all three families clavicipitaceae s . s . , cordycipitaceae , and ophiocordycipitaceae [ 4 , 14 , 20 ] . further synonymizations of genera are recently proposed within ophiocordycipitaceae following icn [ 22 ] .
the host range of cordyceps in classical sense is very broad and includes several orders ( coleoptera , lepidoptera , hymenoptera , hemiptera , orthoptera , araneae , diptera , blattodea , mantodea , dermaptera , odonata , phasmatodea , etc . ) . based on the published literature , nearly 60 % of the species of cordyceps sensu lato are recorded on two orders coleoptera and lepidoptera . the other major host orders are hymenoptera , hemiptera , orthoptera , and araneae . the majority of hosts ( more than 95 % ) in lepidoptera ( moths , butterflies ) and coleoptera ( beetle ) are larvae ; the rest are adults or pupae , making the host identification difficult . in contrast , majority of hosts in other orders are adults such as spiders ( araneae ) , fly ( diptera ) , ant , bee , and wasp ( hymenoptera ) , grasshopper , locust , and cricket ( orthoptera ) , cicada , bug , scale - insect , and coccid ( hemiptera ) , cockroach and termite ( blattodea ) , mantis ( mantodea ) , earwig ( dermaptera ) , dragonfly ( odonata ) , and stick - insect ( phasmatodea ) . why lepidopterans and coleopterans are mostly susceptible at larval stage while other orders are more susceptible at adult stage is not well understood .
cordyceps fungi range in habitat from aerial to epigeal to subterranean ones [ 74 ] , based on their respective host species . when the host stage is adult , they grow on exposed environments such as leaf litter or are attached to some plant parts such as leaf and branch and in contrast to the larval or pupal stages that are buried in soil ( hypogeal ) or on wood up to nearly 50 cm , for example , o . longissima [ 75 ] and o . xuefengensis [ 76 ] . ophiocordyceps caloceroides that is buried in the soil more than 50 cm is exceptional which grows on adult spiders [ 77 ] .
the pathogenic fungi sometimes produce parasite manipulated behaviors on hosts , such as death grip or biting behavior [ 78 – 80 ] . some of the parasitized ants always bite lower side veins but never the laminar blade or the upper surface [ 79 , 80 ] . similarly , some species of ants are attached to lower side of twigs whereas others are found attached to leaves [ 81 ] . in other cases , aphids , ants , grasshoppers , planthoppers , flies , and so forth shift to elevated position at the time of dying , known as summit disease [ 82 , 83 ] .
in this review , we present brief introductions of coleoptera and lepidoptera and their major subgroups parasitized by cordyceps fungi . we hope the present review will serve as a reference for researchers and scholars to get a quick look at coleopteran and lepidopteran hosts of cordyceps spp .
we accumulated host information from published literature and analysed the hosts that belonged to coleoptera and lepidoptera . we found that hosts of only 60 % of cordyceps fungi are known at family or genus / species ranks ; the rest are known only at the order rank and hence no further discussions of the hosts could be done for them . hence , in this review , we dealt with only those hosts that are known at family or infrafamily ranks within coleoptera and lepidoptera and tried to analyse the major taxonomic subgroups that are associated with cordyceps fungi . we also analysed the host stage among coleopteran and lepidopteran hosts based on published literature .
coleoptera is currently the most species - rich group on this planet [ 84 ] . the order is classified into four suborders ( polyphaga , adephaga , myxophaga , and archostemata ) [ 85 ] . polyphaga is the largest suborder covering 90 % of total beetle species and is classified into more than 170 families . adephaga is the second largest suborder , followed by myxophaga and archostemata . all the known coleopteran hosts belong to suborders polyphaga and adephaga under 8 superfamilies and 11 families . short descriptions of host families are given below , followed by cordyceps spp . recorded on them .
this is one of the largest families in coleoptera and its members are commonly called scarabs or scarab beetles . scarabaeid larvae ( commonly called grubs ) are short , thick , pale yellow or white , mostly live underground or under debris , and feed on dead organic matter ( scavengers ) . twenty - seven cordyceps spp . are recorded in this family ( table 1 ) . among them , c . brittlebankii is recorded on heteronyx sp . , c . brongniartii on anomala cuprea , c . coxii on lepidiota sp . , c . pseudoinsignis and c . velutipes on melolontha sp . , ophiocordyceps aphodii on aphodius howitti and a . tasmaniae , o . melolonthae on ancyloncha puncticollis , lachnosterna fusca , and melolontha sp . , o . michiganensis on scarabaeus sp . , o . ravenelii on l . fusca , phyllophaga sp . , and rhizotrogus sp . , and o . stylophora on costelytra zealandica ( table 1 ) . other species recorded in this family are c . obliquiordinata , c . scarabaeicola , metarhizium brittlebankisoides , ophiocordyceps arbuscula , o . barnesii , o . elongatiperitheciata , o . geniculata , o . gracillima , o . highlandensis , o . konnoana , o . larvicola , o . macularis , o . neovolkiana , o . nigrella , o . superficialis , o . variabilis , and sphaerocordyceps palustris ( table 1 ) . out of 27 cordyceps spp . , 26 are recorded on larvae except c . scarabaeicola that is recorded on adult ( table 1 ) .
table 1 : an aggregate list of coleopteran hosts ( family / genus / species ) of cordyceps species .
members of this family are commonly called earth - boring dung beetles , which mostly excavate burrows to lay their eggs . they are normally detritivores but occasionally behave as coprophagous . cordyceps geotrupis is recorded on an adult of geotrupes sp . in this family ( table 1 ) .
members of this family are commonly called stag beetles . the name stag beetle is derived from the distinctive mandibles found on the males that resemble the antlers of stags . the larvae feed on rotting deciduous wood for several years before pupating . ophiocordyceps scottiana is recorded on rhyssonotus nebulosus in this family ( table 1 ) .
members of this family are commonly called click beetles , elaters , snapping beetles , spring beetles , skipjacks , and so forth . the adults are typically nocturnal and phytophagous . larvae are slender , elongate , cylindrical , or somewhat flattened , with relatively hard bodies , somewhat resembling mealworms . fifteen spp . of cordyceps have been recorded from this family ( table 1 ) , all of which grow on larvae except ophiocordyceps salebrosa that grows on an adult ( table 1 ) . six spp . are recorded on larvae of the following hosts : cordyceps nirtolii on melanotus communis , c . shanxiensis on m . caudex and pleonomus canaliculatus , metarhizium campsosterni on campsosternus auratus , m . martiale on hemirhipus sp . , ophiocordyceps jiangxiensis on c . auratus and c . fruhstorferi , and o . stylophora on denticollis linearis ( table 1 ) . other spp . recorded in this family are cordyceps aurantiaca , c . huntii , c . rubra , c . velutipes , ophiocordyceps brunneipunctata , o . elateridicola , o . gracilioides , o . purpureostromata , and o . salebrosa ( table 1 ) .
the long - horned beetles , also known as longicorns , are cosmopolitan , typically characterized by extremely long antennae , which are often as long as or longer than the beetle’s body . the larvae , called roundheaded borers , bore into wood , where they can cause extensive damage to either living trees or untreated lumber . four spp . are known from this family , all growing on larvae ( table 1 ) . they are ophiocordyceps dovei on oemona hirta , o . entomorrhiza on leptura sp . , o . larvicola on callidium sp . , and o . stylophora on phoracantha semipunctata .
the family , commonly known as leaf beetle , is one of the largest beetle families . adults and larvae feed on all sorts of plant tissues . most chrysomelids are conspicuously colored , typically in glossy yellow to red or metallic blue - green hues . ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza is recorded on adult of diabrotica sp . and o . superficialis on a chrysomelid larva ( table 1 ) .
it is a family of the pleasing fungus beetles . they feed on plant and fungal matter , a few of them being notable pests . cordyceps erotyli is recorded on adult of erotylus sp . in this family ( table 1 ) .
it is the family of the true weevils or snout beetles . weevils are almost entirely plant feeders . cordyceps militaris is recorded on larva of ips sexdentatus , ophiocordyceps curculionum on adult of heilipus celsus , o . entomorrhiza on adult of apion flavipes , and podocrella peltata on larva of cryptorhynchus corticicolus ( table 1 ) .
tenebrionids are often referred to as darkling beetles as they have usually black or brown elytra and are nocturnal in habit . they are found worldwide though they are more diverse in semiarid and arid ecosystems . adults of most species are saprophagous while larvae are mostly detritivores ( litter feeders ) or xylophagous . five spp . are recorded on larvae of this family ( table 1 ) : c . militaris on tenebrio molitor , o . acicularis on nictobates sp . , o . entomorrhiza on meneristes laticollis , and o . larvicola on cylindronotus sp . , helops caraboides , and h . lanipes . ophiocordyceps formosana is the fifth species recorded on larva of this family .
the rove beetles belong to family staphylinidae , primarily distinguished by their short elytra . the group is currently recognized as the largest family of beetles . they are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of beetles and commonly encountered in terrestrial ecosystems . cordyceps memorabilis is recorded on adult of staphylinus sp . whereas ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza is recorded on larva of ocypus sp . cordyceps staphylinidicola and o . superficialis are other spp . recorded on larvae of this family ( table 1 ) .
it is a large , cosmopolitan family . its members are commonly known as ground beetles . they are mostly shiny black or metallic and have ridged wing covers ( elytra ) . common habitats are under the bark of trees , under logs , or among rocks or sand by the edge of ponds and rivers . six spp . are known from this family ( table 1 ) . among them , o . entomorrhiza is recorded on adults and larvae of several species such as carabus auronitens , c . coriaceus , c . glabratus , c . hortensis , c . intricatus , c . nemoralis , c . nemorensis , c . violaceus , calathus sp . , calosoma sp . , coptolabrus sp . , hadrocarabus problematicus , and pterostichus sp . ophiocordyceps volkiana is recorded on larva of eripus heterogaster . cordyceps nikkoensis , ophiocordyceps carabidicola , o . michiganensis , and o . stylophora are other species recorded on larvae of this family .
among the coleopteran families , scarabaeidae is parasitized by the highest number of cordyceps fungi ( 27 spp . ) , followed by elateridae ( 15 spp . ) ( table 1 ) . among 55 parasitizing fungi ( table 1 ) , we found that only few parasitize more than one family . for example , ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza parasitizes 6 families , followed by o . stylophora ( 4 families ) , o . larvicola and o . superficialis ( 3 families each ) , and c . militaris , c . velutipes , and o . michiganensis ( 2 families each ) ( table 1 ) . from host range point of view , ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza shows the widest range , infecting 13 spp . in carabidae and one sp . in each cerambycidae , chrysomelidae , curculionidae , staphylinidae , and tenebrionidae ( table 1 ) . it is also exceptional in that it infects both larval and adult stages .
as mentioned earlier , larva is the most dominant host stage susceptible to cordyceps pathogens in coleoptera , with fewer adult stages being parasitized ( table 1 ) . besides o . entomorrhiza , six other spp . are recorded on coleopteran adults . they are c . erotyli , c . geotrupis , c . memorabilis , o . curculionum , o . salebrosa , and c . scarabaeicola ; the remaining ones are recorded on larvae .
lepidoptera is among the large orders of insects [ 121 ] . it has around 160 , 000 spp . that are classified into 4 suborders , 45 superfamilies , and 139 families [ 122 ] . out of four suborders ( aglossata , glossata , heterobathmiina , and zeugloptera ) , cordyceps and allied genera are known only from glossata . it is the largest suborder consisting of almost 99 . 9 % of all described lepidopterans [ 122 , 123 ] . it is further classified into six infraorders ( dacnonypha , acanthoctesia , lophocoronina , neopseustina , exoporia , and heteroneura ) [ 122 ] . among them , cordyceps hosts are known from two infraorders exoporia and heteroneura .
lepidopterans have from three to more than a dozen larval instars ( caterpillars ) , often five [ 123 , 124 ] , inhabiting as root - or stem - borers or foliage eaters and leaf - miners of angiosperms , usually within narrow range of host plants . lepidopterans have distinct feeding habits , basically plant - feeding during larval stage and nectar - feeding during adult stage . exoporia and heteroneura are discussed below in short , followed by cordyceps pathogens parasitizing them .
it is a small infraorder consisting of 636 spp . that are classified into 2 superfamilies [ 122 ] . cordyceps and allied genera are recorded only from the superfamily hepialoidea . the superfamily comprises five families that are distributed in diverse vegetation such as forest , shrubland , grassland , tundra , swamp , and bog with the most varied diet habit among moth families [ 123 , 125 ] . among the families , cordyceps spp . are recorded from family hepialidae alone ( table 2 ) .
table 2 : cordyceps species recorded on hepialid hosts ( lepidoptera , glossata , exoporia , and hepialidae ) .
many species are recorded in australia and new zealand on hepialid hosts . for instance , cordyceps cranstounii , c . hawkesii , d . gunnii , o . robertsii , and o . taylorii are recorded on abantiades labyrinthicus and other abantiades spp . , aenetus virescens , aoraia dinodes , a . ensyii , dasypodia selenophora , oxycanus dirempta , and other oxycanus spp . , trictena atripalpis and other trictena spp . , wiseana spp . , and so forth ( table 2 ) . another cordyceps sp . rarely described on hepialus is c . militaris ( table 2 ) . besides that , cordyceps cuncunae and o . emeiensis are also recorded on hepialid hosts ( table 2 ) .
this infraorder consists of more than 98 % of lepidopteran species [ 122 ] . nine superfamilies among more than 30 in the infraorder are recorded as hosts of cordyceps spp . among the host families , tineidae is the only microlepidopteran family ; the rest are macrolepidopterans . papilionidae and pieridae are the two butterfly families , the rest being moths . the host families are briefly described below followed by cordyceps spp . recorded on them .
( 1 ) erebidae . it is the largest family in lepidoptera with 24 , 569 described spp . [ 122 ] . despite the high species richness , only two cordyceps spp . are recorded on this family . of them , c . militaris is recorded on calliteara pudibunda and leucoma salicis whereas c . nikkoensis is reported on a larva of the family ( table 3 ) .
table 3 : cordyceps species recorded on heteroneuran hosts ( lepidoptera , glossata , and heteroneura ) .
( 2 ) noctuidae . it is commonly known as owlet moths . cordyceps militaris is recorded on 4 spp . of this family : arcte coerula , colocasia coryli , euxoa ochrogaster , and panolis flammea ( table 3 ) . ophiocordyceps elongata is recorded on acronicta americana . other species recorded in this family are cordyceps alpicola , c . bifusispora , c . bulolensis , c . cristata , and c . tuberculata ( table 3 ) .
( 3 ) notodontidae . its members are mainly concentrated in the tropical areas . some examples of this family are puss moths . cordyceps militaris is recorded on 5 spp . of this family . they are fentonia ocypete , lampronadata cristata , phalera assimilis , p . bucephala , and syntypistis punctatella ( table 3 ) .
( 1 ) limacodidae ( cochlididae ) . the members of this family are known as slug moths and are mostly tropical . ophiocordyceps cochlidiicola is recorded on larva and pupa of this family ( table 3 ) .
( 1 ) cossidae . the members are known as carpenter millers and are found worldwide . four spp . are recorded in this family . of them , metarhizium indigoticum is recorded on yakudza vicarius . two recently described spp . , ophiocordyceps arborescens and o . macroacicularis , are recorded on cossus sp . ( table 3 ) . the other species recorded on this family is cordyceps bassiana .
( 1 ) drepanidae . the members of this family have worldwide distribution . cordyceps militaris is recorded on 4 spp . of this family : achlya flavicornis , ochropacha duplaris , tethea ocularis , and tetheella fluctuosa ( table 3 ) .
( 1 ) tineidae . the members are small to medium - sized moths . they are worldwide in distribution but are particularly common in the palaeartic ecozone . cordyceps cardinalis is recorded on larva of this family ( table 3 ) .
( 1 ) papilionidae . it is a family of colorful swallowtail butterflies . some of the members are the largest butterflies in the world . the majority are distributed in the tropical region . cordyceps tuberculata is reported on adult of this family ( table 3 ) .
( 2 ) pieridae . it is a large family of butterfly , mostly distributed in the tropical parts of the world . its members are mostly white , orange , or yellow in pigmentation . metarhizium taii is reported on pieris rapae in this family ( table 3 ) .
( 1 ) geometridae . it is the second largest family in lepidoptera with 23 , 002 spp . [ 122 ] . it is commonly known as inch worms . some of the members are notorious pests . cordyceps militaris and c . riverae are recorded from this family parasitizing biston panterinaria , lycia hirtaria , and triphosa sp . ( table 3 ) .
( 1 ) bombycidae . it is known as silkworm family . the most well - known member is bombyx mori , native to northern china . cordyceps militaris is recorded on b . mori and c . michaelisii on a species of bombyx ( table 3 ) .
( 2 ) endromidae . this is a small family . cordyceps militaris is recorded on andraca bipunctata in this family ( table 3 ) .
( 3 ) saturniidae . the members include giant silk moths , royal moths , and emperor moths . they are described worldwide but are particularly known from tropical and subtropical regions . some of the members are the largest moth species . cordyceps longdongensis parasitizes actias artemis whereas c . militaris parasitizes anisota senatoria ( table 3 ) .
( 1 ) lasiocampidae . its members are known as snout moths or lappet moths . they are large in size with broad wings and are known worldwide . cordyceps militaris is reported on dendrolimus pini , d . superans , and macrothylacia rubi ( table 3 ) .
out of 22 spp . recorded on heteroneuran hosts ( table 3 ) , c . militaris has the widest host range , extending to 2 infraorders , 6 superfamilies , 10 families , and 29 spp . ( table 3 ) . it is a cosmopolitan species , distributed from sea level to more than 2000 m above sea level [ 126 ] . probably due to its wide host range and adaptability to wider habitats , this species demonstrates rapid in vitro growth and fructifications [ 127 ] . cordyceps tuberculata is another species recorded on multiple families . larva is the most suitable host for cordyceps spp . compared to pupa and adult ( table 3 ) .
in total , 16 families in lepidoptera ( 1 exoporian and 15 heteroneuran ) are identified as host families of cordyceps and allied genera . hepialidae , though a small family , hosts 6 cordyceps spp . , 1 drechmeria sp . , and 10 ophiocordyceps spp . ( table 2 ) . they are mostly distributed in either asia or australia / new zealand . after hepialidae , noctuidae and sphingidae are the families mostly infected by cordyceps spp . ( table 3 ) .