blastobasis millicentae is a moth in the family blastobasidae .

it is found in south-eastern kenya and south africa .

the habitat consists of coastal lowlands .

the length of the forewings is 4.1 – 4.5 mm .

the forewings are pale brown on the basal two-thirds and brown intermixed brown scales tipped with white and pale brown scales on the distal one-third .

the hindwings are pale brown .

the larvae feed on hirtella zanzibarica .

blastobasis millicentae

blastobasis millicentae adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 15 ; tl : verulam
v i • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o z o o l o g y figures 28–30 . female genitalia of blastobasis acirfa , b . aynekiella , and b . determinata 53 figures 31–34 . female genitalia of blastobasis glauconotata , b . industria , holcocera irroratella , and b . byrsodepta 54 figures 35–37 . female genitalia of blastobasis catappaella , b . chuka , and b . mpala 55 figures 38–49 . adults of blastobasis millicentae , b . industria , b . eridryas , b . determinata , holcocera extensa , b . indigesta , b . chuka , b . egens , b . glauconotata , b . byrsodepta , h . irroratella , and b . elgonae 57 figures 50–58 . adults of blastobasis taricheuta , calosima arguta , b . trachilista , neoblastobasis ximeniaella , n . wangithiae , b . mpala , b . aynekiella , b . acirfa , and n . laikipiae 58 figures 59–62 . adults of blastobasis catappaella , b . kenya , b . fatigata , and neoblastobasis perisella 59
1 6 • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o z o o l o g y map 5 . distribution of blastobasis millicentae . palpus white intermixed with brown , inner surface white . scape of antennae brownish gray intermixed with white , flagellum pale gray ; first flagellomere of male basally dilated laterally , forming a notchlike concavity . proboscis white . thorax : tegula and mesonotum with brown scales tipped with white . legs with brown scales tipped with white and a white band on apices of all segments and tarsomeres . forewing ( figure 38 ) length 4 . 1–4 . 5 mm ( n = 2 ) , pale brown on basal 2 / 3 intermixed with a few brown
blastobasis anachasta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 467
blastobasis indigesta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 177
blastobasis roscidella magna amsel , 1952 ; fragm . ent . roma 1 : 130
blastobasis sprotundalis park , 1984 ; korean j . plant prot . 23 : 57
blastobasis ergastulella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 440
blastobasis pannonica ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 166
blastobasis eridryas meyrick , 1932 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 80 ( 1 ) : 114
blastobasis parki sinev , 1986 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 145 : ( 53 - 71 )
blastobasis commendata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : brazil , parintins
blastobasis crypsimorpha meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 538 ; tl : punjab , murree
blastobasis inderskella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 122
blastobasis lavernella walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 547 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis syrmatodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 538 ; tl : assam , shillong
blastobasis taurusella adamski , 2004 ; holarctic lepid . 7 ( 2 ) : 51 ; tl : texas , brownsville
blastobasis aequivoca meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 540 ; tl : british guiana , georgetown
blastobasis bassii karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 395 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis crassifica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 595 ; tl : ceylon , madulsima
blastobasis fatigata meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 195 ; tl : pretoria
blastobasis industria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 314 ; tl : barberton
blastobasis laurisilvae karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 424 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis luteella karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 401 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis rebeli karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 427 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis rubiginosella rebel , 1896 ; ann . mus . wien 11 : 130 , pl . 3 , f . 12
blastobasis serradaguae karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 431 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis splendens karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 426 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis subdivisus karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 435 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis virgatella karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 420 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis walsinghami karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 414 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis wolffi karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 415 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis wollastoni karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 430 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis adustella ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 421 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis candidata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : peru , lima , 500ft
blastobasis cophodes meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 158 ; tl : peru , lima , 500ft
blastobasis insularis ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 438 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis lutiflua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : punjab , murree , 7500ft
blastobasis ochrobathra meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 15 ) : 463 ; tl : british guiana , golden grove
blastobasis sardinica sumpich , 2012 ; ent . zs . 122 ( 5 ) : 229 ; tl : sardinia , témpio 1200m
blastobasis spiniella park , 2000 ; korean j . biol . sci . 4 ( 3 ) : ( 245 - 250 )
blastobasis transcripta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 158 ; tl : kumaon , almora , 6000ft
blastobasis mesomochla turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 69 ; tl : south australia , adelaide
blastobasis aphilodes meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 159 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6600ft
blastobasis determinata meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : tranvaal , moorddrift
blastobasis gracilis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 93 ; tl : west indies , grenada
blastobasis incuriosa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 597 ; tl : new south wales , sydney
blastobasis leucogona zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 434 , pl . 6 , f . 152
= blastobasis marmosella ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 419 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis pallescens turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 68 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda
blastobasis pentasticta turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 70 ; tl : new south wales , sydney
blastobasis phaeopasta turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 70 ; tl : n . queensland , mackay
blastobasis scotia turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 68 ; tl : n . queensland , townsville
blastobasis semilutea meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 596 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore
blastobasis trachelista meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 117 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
blastobasis albidella rebel , 1928 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 78 ( s . b . ) : 85
blastobasis anthoptera lower , 1907 ; trans . proc . r . soc . aust . 31 : 118 ; tl : townsville , queensland
blastobasis byrsodepta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 314 ; tl : waterval onder , barberton
blastobasis lecaniella busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : nonpareil , british guiana
blastobasis monozona lower , 1907 ; trans . proc . r . soc . aust . 31 : 118 ; tl : n . queensland
blastobasis tanyptera turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 68 ; tl : n . queensland , lake barrine
blastobasis argillacea walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 91 ; tl : west indies , st . croix
blastobasis dyssema turner , 1918 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 42 : 281 ; tl : lord howe i .
blastobasis episema turner , 1918 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 42 : 281 ; tl : lord howe i .
blastobasis grenadensis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 92 ; tl : west indies , dominica ; grenada
blastobasis legrandi adamski , 1995 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 97 ( 3 ) : 490 ; tl : seychelles , mahé
blastobasis subolivacea walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 92 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas
blastobasis triangularis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 93 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas
blastobasis celaenephes turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 69 ; tl : queensland , mcpherson range ( 4000ft )
blastobasis intrepida meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 287 ; tl : mahé , cascade estate
blastobasis taricheuta meyrick , 1909 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 5 ( 7 ) : 372 ; tl : cape colony , capetown
blastobasis centralasiae sinev , 2007 ; ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) , 1068 ; tl : kirgizia , osh
blastobasis confamulella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718
blastobasis confectella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 719
blastobasis decolorella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 400 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis desertarum ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 392 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis divisus ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 434 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis floridella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 719 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis glandulella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 719
blastobasis helleri rebel , 1910 ; ann . mus . wien . 24 ( 3 - 4 ) : 356 , pl . 12 , f . 5
blastobasis lacticolella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 404 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis lavernella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 398 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis marmorosella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 418 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis maroccanella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 411 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis nephelias meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 170 ; tl : perth and albany , west australia
blastobasis nigromaculata ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 428 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis nothrotes ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis ochreopalpella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 417 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis pica ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 437 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis pulchella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis quaintancella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis repartella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis retectella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis salebrosella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 425 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis vittata ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 408 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis balucis adamski , 2013 ; zootaxa 3618 ( 1 ) : 27 ; tl : est la casona , 1520m , res . biol monteverde , costa rica
blastobasis eridryas ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 33 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis yuccaecolella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 7 , pl . 1 , f . 3 ; tl : texas
holotype ♂ , cotype no . 798 of blastobasis egens meyrick , genitalia slide adamski 4739 , tmsa ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide adamski 4910 , nmk .
blastobasis acarta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , 1995 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 97 ( 3 ) : 493 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis intrepida ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , 1995 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 97 ( 3 ) : 497 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis molinda meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 145 ; tl : india , u . p . , dehra dun
blastobasis ochromorpha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 145 ; tl : india , u . p . , dehra dun
blastobasis phycidella ; [ nhm card ] ; sinev , 2007 , ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) ; [ fe ]
blastobasis trachilista [ sic , recte trachelista ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 37
blastobasis atmosema meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 230 , pl . 1 , f . 3 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
blastobasis echus adamski , 2013 ; zootaxa 3618 ( 1 ) : 50 ; tl : fca cafrosa , est . las melliza , p n amistad , 1300m , costa rica
blastobasis pacalis meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , iquitos , jurimaguas ; british guiana , bartica
blastobasis ponticella sinev , 2007 ; ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) , 1066 ; tl : georgia , lagodekshskii nat . res .
blastobasis acirfa adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 20 ; tl : kenya , kakamega forest , 0°13 . 66 ' n , 34°53 . 12 ' e
blastobasis aynekiella adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 23 ; tl : kenya , kakamega forest , 0°14 . 16 ' n , 34°51 . 82 ' e
blastobasis chuka adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 29 ; tl : chuka forest , 0°21 . 06 ' s , 37°35 . 80 ' e , 1600m
blastobasis curta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 596 ; tl : kanara , ganesh gudi and belke ; s . india , nilgiris , 3500ft
blastobasis drymosa adamski & li , 2010 ; shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 151 ) : 345 ; tl : beijing , heiden - chui , jiu - feng forest park
blastobasis mpala adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 34 ; tl : kenya , laikipia plateau , mpala research centre , 0 . 293°n , 36 . 899°e
blastobasis sinica adamski & li , 2010 ; shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 151 ) : 344 ; tl : beijing , heiden - chui , jiu - feng forest park
blastobasis byrsodepta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 38 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis catappaella adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25 ; tl : kenya , laikipia plateau , mpala research centre , 0 . 293°n , 36 . 899°em 1650m
blastobasis determinata ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 38 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis egens ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 36 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis fatigata ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 36 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis indigesta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 33 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis industria ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 39 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis taricheuta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 37 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis elgonae adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 31 ; tl : kenya , mount elgon , 2450m , 1°01 . 73 ' n , 34°45 . 28 ' e
blastobasis glauconotata adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25 ; tl : kenya , chuka forest , 0°21 . 06 ' s , 37°35 . 80 ' e , 1600m
blastobasis tarda meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 170 ; tl : rosewood and brisbane , queensland ; newcastle and sydney , new south wales
blastobasis kenya adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 17 ; tl : kenya , karu / brooks , ca . 0°8 . 87 ' s , 35°15 . 77 ' e
blastobasis leucotoxa meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 171 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; launceston , tasmania ; geraldton , west australia
blastobasis lygdi adamski , 2013 ; zootaxa 3618 ( 1 ) : 21 ; tl : est . cacao , 1000 - 1400 , lado so volcan cacao , p . n . , costa rica
blastobasis egens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 37 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas ; verulam ; new hanover ; zululand , nkwaleni ; eshowe
blastobasis spermologa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 597 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya , madulsima , undugoda ; s . india , wainad , 2500ft ; china , hongkong
blastobasis velutina walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 952 , pl . 52 , f . 4 ; tl : tenerife , guimar ; tacaronte ; la laguna
blastobasis graminea adamski , 1999 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 101 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : colombia , inst . colombiano agropecuario , exper . station
palmira
, cauca valley
blastobasis sciota bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 155 , pl . 7 , f . 7 ; tl : guadalcanal , tapenanje
blastobasis acarta meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 286 ; tl : mahé , morne blanc and cascade estate , 1000ft ; silhouette , mare aux cochons plateau , 1000ft
blastobasis homadelpha meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 171 ; tl : duaringa and brisbane , queensland ; murrurundi and sydney , new south wales ; port lincoln , south australia
blastobasis inana ; walsingham , 1907 , fauna hawaiiensis 1 ( 5 ) : 648 , pl . 25 , f . 3 ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 992 ; [ nhm card ]
blastobasis magna ; sinev , 2007 , ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) , 1065 ; sumpich , 2012 , ent . zs . 122 ( 5 ) : 231 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis yuccaecolella ; [ nacl ] , # 1154 ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski & pellmyr , 2003 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 105 ( 2 ) : 390 ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
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smithsonian contributions to zoology , vi + 68 pages ; no . 630 : 62 figures , 13 maps , 2 tables . twenty - five species of african blastobasinae ( lepidoptera : coleophoridae ) are reviewed ; 12 species are redescribed , and 13 species are described as new . date of publication march 30 , 2010 .
= ; [ nacl ] , 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718
= ; [ nacl ] , 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718 ; [ richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ]
= ; [ aucl ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718 ; [ afromoths ]
larva on manilkara butugi , mimusops bagshawei , olea welwitschii , o . woodiana ssp . disjuncta , prunus africana , synsepalum cerasiferum , tiliacora funifera adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 23
larva on chrysophyllum albidum , mimusops bagshawei , olea welwitschii , prunus africana , tiliacora funifera adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25
= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 421
= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 421 ; [ fe ]
atmozona meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 58
bilineatella lucas , 1956 ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 257
valentina bromeliae walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 149 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova
larva on ( fruits ) terminalia catappa adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25
larva on allophylus abyssinicus , chrysophyllum gorungosanum , dictyophleba lucida , diphasia sp . , drypetes gerrardii , flacourtia indica , garcinia volkensii , landolphia buchananii , passiflora mollisima , podocarpus latifolius , prunus africana , rawsonia lucida , vepris simplicifolia adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 31
cineracella amsel , 1953 ; bull . inst . fr . ar . noire , 15 ( 4 ) : 1450
auximobasis coffeaella busck , 1925 ; comm . est . debell . praga caféeira : 13 ; tl : brazil , são paulo
larva on coffea arabica busck , 1925 , comm . est . debell . praga caféeira : 13
holcocera confamulella heinrich , 1921 ; j . agric . res . 20 : 818 , pl . 99 e ; tl : texas , browsville , smith point
hypatima confectella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 303 ; tl : texas
larva on crotalaria juncea meyrick , 1916 , exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 595
laverna ( ? ) decolorella wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 122 ; tl : madeira
= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 392 ; [ fe ]
epistetus divisus walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 552 ; tl : madeira
larva on ( fruits ) vepris nobilis adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 33
prosthesis exclusa walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 953 , pl . 52 , f . 5 ; tl : tenerife , puerto orotava
valentinia floridella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 17 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; tl : florida
= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720
= ; mcdunnough , 1961 , amer . mus . novit . 2045 : 11 ; [ nacl ] , # 1162 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720
larva on afrocarpus falcatus , chaetacme aristata , cussonia spicata , drypetes gerrardii , eleaodendron buchananii , ekebergia capensis , mimusops kummel , prunus africana , rawsonia lucida , schrebera alata , solanum anguivi , stychnos mitis , toddalia asiatica , vepris nobilis , v . simplicifolia , v . richocarpa , warburgia ugandensis adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 29
colombia , venezuela , costa rica , mexico , louisiana . see [ maps ]
hawaii , new britain , . . . , bengal . see [ maps ]
larva on dioscorea zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 992
indirecta meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 567
asychna insularis wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 123 ; tl : madeira
invigorata ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( auximobasis ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 316
larva on adenia sp . , calophyllum inophyllum , chrysophyllum viridifolium , cola minor , deinbollia borbonica , diospyros kabuyeana , diphasia sp . , dovyalis macrocalyx , draceana mannii , flacourtia indica , hirtella zanzibarica ssp . zancibarica , inhambanella henriquezii , landolphia sp . , lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius ssp . scassellatii , lepisanthes senegalensis , ludia mauritiana , manilkara sansibarensis , mimusops aedificatoria , olea woodiana ssp . disjuncta , oxyanthus goetzei ssp . keniensis , rourea minor , saba comorensis , salacia elegans , strychnos madagascariensis , terminalia catappa , toddalia asiatica , trichilia emetica , trilepisium madagascariense , vepris nobilis , ximenia caffra , xylopia sp . adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 20
= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 419 ; [ fe ]
larva on hirtella zanzibarica adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 17
exinotis neozona meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 159 ; tl : british guiana , bartica , mallali
valentinia neptes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 149 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
gelechia nigromaculata wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 121 ; tl : madeira ; s . dezerta
valentinia nothrotes walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 202 ; tl : arizona
oecophora ochreopalpella wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 121 ; tl : madeira
epistetus ( ? ) pica walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 553 ; tl : madeira
district of columbia , . . . , nova scotia . see [ maps ]
valentinia quaintancella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 15 , pl . 1 , f . 9 ; tl : -
valentinia repartella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 19 ; tl : colorado , denver
= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721
opogona tabernatella legrand , 1966 ; mém . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 114
valentinia tarachodes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 148 , pl . 5 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 407 ; [ fe ]
larva on yucca baccata dietz , 1910 , trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 8
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
blastobasinae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : coleophoridae ) of thailand , part ii . four new species of
pyrales and microlepidoptera collected by mr . e . w . classey in madeira , 1957
microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54
in gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905
ergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet , ausgeführt von dr . h . zerny . v . theil . micro - lepidoptera
notes on lepidoptera collected in madeira by t . v . wollaston , esq . ; with descriptions of some new species
further notes on some moths from lord howe and norfolk island in the s . ausralian museum
zimmerman , 1978 insects of hawaii . microlepidoptera . ( 1 ) : monotrysia , tineoidea , tortricoidea , gracillarioidea , yponomeutoidea , and alucitoidea , ( 2 ) : gelechioidea ins . hawaii 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 396 , ( 1 ) : 397 - 882 , ( 2 ) : 883 - 1430 , ( 2 ) : 1431 - 1903
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adamski d . , copeland r . s . , miller s . e . , hebert p . d . n . , darrow k . & luke q . 2010 . a review of african blastobasidae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : coleophoridae ) , with new taxa reared from native fruits in kenya . - smithsonian contributions to zoology 630 : i—vi , 1—68 .
david adamski , robert s . copeland , scott e . miller - smithsonian . . .
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the brazilian merganser ( mergus octosetaceus ) is a duck in the typical merganser genus .

it is one of the six most threatened waterfowl in the world with possibly fewer than 250 birds in the wild and currently 4 kept in captivity at 2 different brazilian locations .

the origin of its name is from its long , sharp-edged beak that has a great number of teeth-looking edges .

brazilian merganser

a female brazilian merganser shelters her ducklings in the são francisco river , brazil .
hughes , b . ( 2003 ) brazilian merganser workshop . twsg news , 14 : 10 - .
this entry was posted in americas , archive , south america , waterbirds and tagged brazilian merganser . bookmark the permalink .
lins , l . ( 2003 ) brazilian merganser study at serra da canastra . twsg news , 14 : 11 - .
sleek ducks with long thin serrated bills designed to catch fish , the brazilian merganser is one of the most threatened wildfowl species in the world .
in addition to the auckland island merganser , there was a separate merganser species on the chatham islands ( mergus milleneri ) . merganser fossils from mainland new zealand cannot yet be assigned to either of the named species .
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sylvan heights bird park and the international wild waterfowl association have been involved in efforts to prevent the extinction of the critically endangered brazilian merganser by providing funding , training , and advising to the brazilian organizations working with this species .
all anthropogenic activities that influence the quality and integrity of the rivers and their banks are a potential threat to the brazilian merganser . here we highlight these factors based on lamas ( 2006 ) .
the projects on marking - monitoring using radio - transmitters recently started by instituto terra brasilis in serra da canastra , and by funatura in chapada dos veadeiros , will bring important data for the brazilian merganser conservation .
brazilian merganser occurs mainly in watercourses with riffles , pools and waterfalls . changes in the hydrological regime , mainly due to the development of hydroelectric power plants , turn former long stretches of rivers into reservoirs , which has an extreme effect on some merganser populations . in the serra da canastra region , for example , the furnas and mascarenhas de moraes dams flooded several kilometres of flowing water , wiping out habitats that certainly held several territories . there are several new such infrastructure projects under way in different areas of the distribution of the brazilian merganser . to date , the only record of a brazilian merganser in standing waters ( de paula et al . 2008 ) seems to represent no more than an occasional occurrence . the operations of mining companies also interfere in with water including at springs and headwaters , potentially bringing negative impacts to brazilian mergansers habitats .
mike lubbock was invited to a workshop in belahorizonte , brazil , in 2000 to help address the dire situation of the brazilian merganser . the workshop was organized by wolf bartman , of the dortmund zoo in germany . a recovery plan was produced by experts from all three brazilian merganser range nations ( argentina , brazil , and paraguay ) , plus europe and the united states . they collated background information on the status and distribution , life history , and threats faced by the brazilian merganser and drew up a basic proposal for conservation action . mike has returned to brazil several times since 2000 as an adviser to conservationists and aviculture facilities working to save this species .
voice : “quacking like a duck” is the only recorded description of the call of the auckland island merganser .
the elusive brazilian merganser not only ranks among the most endangered of all waterfowl , but rarest of all birds as well . possibly fewer than 250 birds remain , and some conservationists fear that even this estimate may be optimistic .
( fabaceae : caesalpinioideae ) and the influence of quaternary climate changes in the brazilian cerrado . ann bot 100 : 1219–1228
some of these recommendation have undoubted and immeasurable importance and urgency . their application must be evaluated in each of the brazilian merganser´s areas of occurrence , considering the specific aspects of threat , politics , strategies , opportunities , and so on .
all the important actions for conservation of the brazilian merganser , based on our current knowledge , are described in the action plan for the conservation of the brazilian merganser . this publication must be consulted by anyone who intends to work with this species ( there are versions in portuguese and english – hughes et al . 2006a ; hughes et al . 2006b ) . this action plan is the third number of the threatened species series created by the brazilian environmental agency ( ibama ) for contributing to the protection and conservation of the brazilian threatened fauna . series of priority recommendations are listed under five themes : fiscalization and legislation ; species and habitat protection ; monitoring and research ; public awareness and capacity building ; and international collaboration and communication .
williams , m . 2012 . a merganser at auckland islands , new zealand . wildfowl 62 : 3 - 36 .
the brazilian merganser feeds mainly on fish , which it captures by diving in river rapids and backwater , but supplements this diet with molluscs and insects and their larvae ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . these birds usually feed in pairs ( 2 ) .
silveira , l . f . and bartmann , w . d . ( 2001 ) natural history and conservation of brazilian merganser mergus octosetaceus at serra da canastra national park , minas gerais , brazil . bird conservation international , 11 : 287 - 300 .
kear , j . & scarlett , r . 1970 . the auckland island merganser . wildfowl 21 : 78 - 86 .
de paula , gabriel arvelino cerqueira , marconi campos and ribon , rômulo 2008 . occurrence of the brazilian merganser ( mergus octosetaceus ) in the southern border of the espinhaço range , minas gerais , brazil . waterbirds , vol . 31 , issue . 2 , p . 289 .
the river habitat required by the brazilian merganser has suffered from staggering deforestation and permanent flooding from dams . the dwindling population of these fish - eating ducks is perhaps most numerous in brazil ' s serra de canastra national park , 500 miles northwest of san paulo . adding to the birds ' plight , a series of forest fires devastated the national park and another area where the merganser was thought to have a stronghold .
mergansers ( subfamily : merginae ) are specialist fish - eating waterfowl . five of the six extant species have broad distributions in cool temperate and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere , where they primarily or exclusively inhabit lakes and rivers . the sixth , the now very rare brazilian merganser ( mergus octosetaceus ) once occurred more widely on brazilian and argentine rivers . a coastal and marine habitat has been ascribed to the new zealand mergansers , which contrasts with the habitat of other mergansers notwithstanding the red - breasted merganser’s ( m . serrator ) seasonal use of sheltered coastal bays , coves and estuaries .
the species is legally protected in all three range states . it occurs in three brazilian national parks , two state parks and one private protected area ( braz
the conservation of the species necessarily depends on measures involving the recuperation and conservation of riparian forests , watercourses , and their springs and banks . thus , besides the benefits for the conservation of brazilian merganser itself , those measures would be geared towards the rescue of fundamental values of land use and environmental conservation .
the species inhabits clean rivers and streams , with rapids and still waters , bordered by forests or native vegetation , and with an abundance of fish . it is a shy bird and it is quite difficult to see in the wild . it prefers sparsely populated areas and avoids human presence , although at some localities it is bolder and occurs closer to villages and small towns . the brazilian merganser seems to tolerate some environmental degradation if there are well preserved stretches in its territory so the birds can seek shelter . territory size of the brazilian merganser varies between 5 - 12 km of rivers and streams in the serra da canastra region .
williams , m . j . 2015 . auckland island merganser . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
we do not have evidence of the depth of the impact of tourism activities on brazilian merganser populations . in the serra da canastra national park the type of tourism developed thus far do not seem to interfere significantly with the brazilian merganser’s behavior , given that a pair has been breeding successfully over the years close to one of the most often visited areas in the park ( silveira and bartmann 2001 , bartmann 1988 , and personal observations ) . nevertheless , there has been a significant increase in tourism , both in the park and in its vicinity . the ever - growing number of tourists who come looking for rivers and waterfalls could potentially interfere with the birds’ behaviour ; this should be monitored closely .
we helped write the action plan for conserving brazilian mergansers . drawing on our long experience of waterbird monitoring , we helped terra brasilis establish a capture and marking programme using leg rings and radio transmitters . it was the first time brazilian mergansers had ever been caught for science and the ongoing programme is helping us to understand how the birds use the densely forested rivers .
bruno , s . f . and bartmann , w . ( 2003 ) brazilian mergansers in serra da canastra national park , minas gerais state , brazil . twsg news , 14 : 53 - 54 .
auckland island merganser . image from hombron , j . b . & jacquinot , h . voyage au pôle sud . zoologie . vol . 3 , . paris , france . image © no known copyright restrictions
williams , m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; rogers , k . m . 2012 . feeding environments of new zealand’s extinct merganser revealed by stable isotope analyses . wildfowl 62 : 190 - 203 .
the brazilian merganser exists in extremely low numbers at a few , highly disjunct localities in south - central brazil . in 2002 , the species was also found on the arroyo uruzú in misiones , argentina , the first record in the country for 10 years , despite extensive surveys . the bird was last recorded in paraguay in 1984 , where very little habitat remains , although local reports indicate that a few individuals may still survive there ( 4 ) .
carboneras , c . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . brazilian merganser ( mergus octosetaceus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
a total of 27 specimens are known to have been obtained from the auckland islands . merganser bones found in natural deposits and maori middens at sites on north , south , and stewart islands are possibly referable to the same species .
it is also vital to promote an awareness - raising campaign on the importance of this species among people who live in the areas where it occurs . most inhabitants of these areas do not know the brazilian merganser . revealing the importance of the species to the community , and demonstrating that its presence in the region is a valuable feature and something to be proud of , could get people involved and committed in the search for , and application of , beneficial actions for its conservation .
the brazilian merganser is a very rare and threatened species that nowadays inhabits only a few protected areas and their surroundings in the brazilian territory . in order to estimate the remaining genetic diversity and population structure in this species , two mitochondrial genes were sequenced in 39 individuals belonging to two populations and in one individual collected in argentina in 1950 . we found a highly significant divergence between two major remaining populations of mergus octosetaceus , which suggests a historical population structure in this species . furthermore , two deeply divergent lineages were found in a single location , which could due to current or historical secondary contact . based on the available genetic data , we point out future directions which would contribute to design strategies for conservation and management of this threatened species .
when estimating the global population , don’t count on any individuals in argentina . i know of only one potential sighting in argentina since the 2002 record : on the arroyo pepirí guazú , miro ( 2010 ) saw three waterbirds that might have been brazilian mergansers .
the scarcity of information on the brazilian merganser’s biology and behavior makes it difficult to make decisions affecting the conservation and management of this species . studies on reproduction , feeding behavior , territories , intra - and interspecific interactions , and environmental factors affecting the species must be encouraged . research involving the marking of individuals , preferably with the use of radio transmitters , for confirmation of the home range , and daily and seasonal movements , is essential to accurate estimates of the size and dynamics of the populations .
hunting does not seem to be a current threat to the brazilian merganser . we heard stories , which we could not substantiate , that the species used to be hunted in the past . some local inhabitants claimed that it is not advantageous to hunt the bird as it is difficult to approach and at the same time small and with very little meat . yet , one has to take into account that the whole subject of “hunting” is mostly avoided by all and only rarely we find someone willing to provide positive information .
spp . , each pair using on average 9 km of river . range size was thought to be related to the availability of suitable nesting and feeding sites . scnp and its environs contain very little mature gallery forest with trees large enough to provide nest sites ( most having been selectively logged in the past ) . there is also competition for nest sites with other birds and mammals . all suitable habitat surrounding the scnp is now occupied by adult birds , leaving none for young birds . further research is needed to determine the fate and dispersion routes of juveniles . future conservation priorities for brazilian merganser in and around scnp include the installation of nest boxes to test whether the availability of good quality nest sites limits breeding success . a captive breeding programme could be established using eggs from these nest boxes . this would help to ensure the survival of this species and to provide birds for future reintroduction programmes should they be deemed necessary . further surveys , with subsequent establishment of reserves at key sites , are required throughout the brazilian merganser ' s range .
similar species : there were no species that the auckland island merganser could have been confused with at its last retreat around the coasts of the auckland islands . around mainland new zealand and the chatham islands , the yellow - footed stictocarbo shags ( spotted shag and pitt island shag ) were ( and are ) common around coastlines , and were of similar body shape and colouration to the auckland island merganser . however , the two shags were slightly larger and had different head colouration and crest formation , and many structural differences if seen at sufficiently close range .
in september 2007 , an information centre was opened in são roque de minas , a town in the region of serra da canastra , coordinated by the instituto terra brasilis . the purpose of this centre is to exchange and disseminate socio - environmental information and consolidate the brazilian merganser as the symbol for the ecosystem conservation in that region . the centre has been very successful ; more than 3 , 000 people have taken part in its activities , which include presentations , workshops , contests , movies and games . some local schools have included a visit to the centre in their regular activities .
auckland island merganser pairs were probably strongly territorial , maintaining their territory and relationship year - round . the eastern inlets of auckland island and the bays within carnley harbour each have a small feeding stream and it is unlikely that more than one pair could have occupied any inlet and bay .
brazilian merganser is a slender , dark , medium - sized bird , with a typically long crest on the rear of the head . back and wings are grayish brown . head and neck darker with metallic dark green reflections , better seen under sunlight . the breast is pale gray with narrow darker stripes ; the color of the underparts becomes paler towards the abdomen . the wing white mirror is visible during flight and it is also commonly observed when the birds are resting or swimming . the head crest is longer in the males than females . the bill is thin , narrow and serrated .
for this particular issue , the brazilian journal of ornithology will publish articles and reviews on ornithology in general , with emphasis on neotropical birds . it is indexed in databases zoological records , biological abstract , scopus , and isi . the current ( june 2017 ) impact factor is 0 . 414 ) . the journal o
mergus is the genus of the typical mergansers , fish - eating ducks in the seaduck subfamily ( merginae ) . the hooded merganser , often termed mergus cucullatus , is not of this genus but closely related . the other
aberrant
merganser , the smew ( mergellus albellus ) , is phylogenetically closer to goldeneyes ( bucephala ) . although they are seaducks , most of the mergansers prefer riverine habitats , with only the red - breasted merganser being common at sea . these large fish - eaters typically have black - and - white , brown and / or green hues in their plumage , and most have shomewhat shaggy crests . all have serrated edges to their long and thin bills that help them grip their prey . along with the smew and hooded merganser , they are therefore often known as
sawbills
. the goldeneyes , on the other hand , feed mainly on mollusks , and therefore have a more typical duck - bill . they are also classified as
divers
because they go completely under - water in looking for food . in other traits , however , the genera mergus , lophodytes , mergellus , and bucephala are very similar ; uniquely among all anseriformes , they do not have notches at the hind margin of their sternum , but holes surrounded by bone .
as mentioned above , less than 250 of these birds are left . they came from a central and southern brazilian region , and eventually fell into nearby regions of both argentina and paraguay . however , the populations confirmed to remain are all to be seen in brazil as none have been reported in argentina for quite some time – reports are scarce in 2015 .
our project´s intention was to find the dove merganser ( mergus octosetaceus ) and purple –winged ground dove ( claravus godefrida ) which used to inhabit the higly endangered upper parana atlantic forest in paraguay . however , the loss of more than 90 % of forest cover due to the expansion of cattle ranching and agriculture had severely impacted these species . both species are categorized as cr ( critically endangered ) by the uicn´s redlist mainly because of habitat loss and pollution of rivers . currently the only stable population of the merganser is in the serra da canastra national park in brazil and in recent years there have been new records in argentina . in paraguay the species was last seen in 1983 .
the brazilian merganser is one of the ten most threatened waterfowl in the world , with possibly fewer than 250 birds thought to remain ( 3 ) . this dark , slender duck has a shiny dark - green hood with a long crest , which is usually shorter and worn - looking in females ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . upperparts are dark grey while the breast is light grey , getting paler towards the whitish belly , and a white wing patch ( speculum ) is particularly noticeable in flight ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the bill is long and dark ( 4 ) , shorter in the female ( 2 ) , and the legs are pink to orange - red ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
one such project is taking place at zooparque itatiba in brazil . conservation teams have been continuing their efforts to locate and track breeding brazilian mergansers through some of the most remote river habitat . when a healthy nest is discovered , the teams remove a few of the eggs and transport them back to zooparque itatiba , leaving the rest to hatch with the parents in the wild . in 2015 , the teams were able to collect a total of eight eggs from two different nest sites , and successfully raised all eight ducklings back at the zoo . should the habitat for wild brazilian mergansers continue to degrade , the birds housed at zooparque itatiba will ensure that this species does not disappear altogether . ideally , their offspring may also help bolster wild populations in the future .
we thank the specialist work group for the conservation of brazilian merganser for valuable discussions and opinions on this manuscript . we also thank all the staff from instituto terra brasilis and funatura ( vivian s . braz and gislaine disconzi ) for collecting the samples at serra da canastra and chapada dos veadeiros , respectively ; dario a . lijtmaerand and pablo tubaro for providing the samples from argentina , bradley c . livezey for sending copies of his papers , and geoff m . hilton and paulo de tarso z . antas for useful suggestions that greatly improved this manuscript . the present study received grants from fapemig , cnpq , petrobras ambiental and fundação o boticário de conservação da natureza , and followed all ethical guidelines and legal requirements of brazil for sampling and studying an endangered species .
is considered to be one of the rarest and most threatened species in the neotropical region , yet little is known about its distribution and life - history . we studied the population of brazilian merganser in and around serra da canastra national park ( scnp ) in minas gerais , brazil , during 1996 , with additional observations from 1997 to 2000 . in this paper we report the sighting of previously undiscovered pairs and present some new behavioural data , including a description of calls performed by males and females , feeding behaviour , home ranges , parental care and population density . we also describe a previously unreported plumage of the young . a total of 39 individuals were recorded , comprising 12 adults ( six pairs ) and 27 young . brood size ranged from two to four ( mean 2 . 7 ) , being smaller than in other
a large merganser with a dark brown head and neck , dark grey upper body , dull greyish - brown breast and abdomen , dark brown eyes , a long slender serrated yellowish - orange bill with black on the upper mandible , and orange legs and feet . the upper wings were slate grey , and the lower wing coverts were darker and banded white ; males were larger with an elongated crest .
brazilian mergansers nest in holes of trees , and holes in rocks and in river banks . nest site for brazilian merganser , in rock cavity . the entrance to the nest cavity is located from 2 to 25 m above the water . only the female incubates , and she leaves the nest twice per day to feed . the male spends most time resting or feeding nearby , constantly vigilant , but sometimes flies off , departing the area for several hours . the female lays up to eight eggs , which are incubated for about 34 days . when leaving the nest , the female covers the eggs with her down feathers . the ducklings leave the nest in the following day after hatching . the ducklings are encouraged to abandon the nest by the motherīs call . the family stays together all the time ; the parents constantly keep the young between them . the parents provide the ducklings with fishes and invertebrates . they feed their young directly into their beaks , or they place caught fish in the water after shaking it in order the ducklings can catch it . after 10 days of life , young were observed fishing on their own , reducing the need for food provided by their parents . the young are able to perform short flies when they are around 2 months old . they generally stay with their parents about six months or even longer . many young die in these first months of life .
another potential , but very poorly studied , effect is the presence of exotic species of fish in the region . the peacock bass ( cichla sp . ) , along with other allochthonous species , commonly are introduced into the reservoirs and water courses . the peacock bass is also very common in fish - and - pay ponds . such predatory species have caused profound changes in the environments where they have been introduced , with the disadvantage that there are no effective processes to eradicate the species once it has settled in a host community ( fabio vieira 2002 , pers . comm . ) . though the peacock bass prefers to inhabit mostly still - water environments , it is possible to find it in river stretches . being an essentially fish - eating species , it may alter the dynamics of the native water communities as it becomes established . small native fish make up the brazilian merganser’s basic source of food and any factor interfering with the supply may have serious consequences for its populations .
mergansers were extirpated following polynesian settlement of new zealand and chatham islands . the auckland island population would have been severely diminished by predation by pigs and cats following their release onto auckland island in the 1820s , and possibly also by being a food for early sealers at the island . the earnest collecting of specimens for museums , especially in the 1890s , led to the last specimen being seen , and collected , in january 1902 , a mere 60 years after the merganser’s initial discovery .
their main distribution location seems to be within serra da canastra , where just under a fifth of the remaining population all remain . the last recorded ducks within argentina , for example , were in 2002 when they were found within the misiones . other than this , the animals are very much rare to be seen across the world as they have been ravaged by various different reasons . their habitats are diversely spread out as well , meaning that close interaction between groups of the merganser are no longer possible , which has contributed to their current state .
a duck of slender proportion and a dark color , it’s got a particularly long crest which tends to be a little bit shorter when you are talking about a female merganser . the upper body of these creatures tends to be dark grey , whilst the breast is a light grey color in contrast . one of the most striking things about these creatures , however , is the fact that they are mostly silent – when they do make noise , it almost sounds like a dogs bark rather than the traditional quack you would expect to hear from a duck .
brazilian mergansers feed basically on small fish they capture during dives , although aquatic macroinvertebrates also contribute to their diet . very often , before diving , they search for their prey swimming with just their heads submerged . dives can last 15 to 20 seconds , and even 30 seconds in deeper pools . we have observed them catching insects flying around their heads . in the serra da canastra region , the most common fish species which serve as their food are lambaris and barrigudinho . stomach content analysis of individuals from misiones , argentina , showed they ate lambaris , ciclids , catfish , virolito , larvae of dobson flies and , probably , molluscs .
we would like to invite participants of this ornithological congress of the americas to submit manuscripts to be considered for publication on a special volume of the brazilian journal of ornithology . we welcome review and case study manuscripts derived from the research exposed at the meeting . particularly , we would like to invite organizers of each symposium , as well as symposium´s participants , to submit a review manuscript on the topic of the symposium , which could have particular emphasis on the individual talks involved in the symposium . also , we would like to publish one study case per symposium . in addition to the manuscripts derived from symposia , we encourage other authors presenting their studies to submit manuscripts as a general submi
there are some recent research on the conservation status of the species in its distribution area originally known . these studies show that the species is still under heavy anthropic pressures , including the region of the national park of serra da canastra where diamond exploration sector has been doing strong pressures to mine even in protected areas . ex situ conservation initiatives have been conducted by the brazilian government , researchers and breeders , and today there are , the only two individuals of the species that are officially raised in captivity from eggs collected in the wild . therefore i believe it is still incipient to change the status of the species to a threat condition “lower” than the current one . especially because the conservation status of the species serves as an argument for compensation discussions as part of environmental projects
the sexes of the auckland island merganser were similar to each other , but males were larger and had an obvious and elongated crest . the head and neck were dark brown , the entire upper body dark grey , and the breast and abdomen dull greyish - brown . the upper wings were slate grey , and the lower wing coverts were darker and banded white . the middle secondary flight feathers were white on the outer web and black on the inner web and tips , with the primary flight feathers and inner secondaries tending blackish . the eyes were dark brown , and the upper bill black but with its cutting edge and the lower mandible yellowish - orange ; the legs and feet were orange . immature birds were darker versions of the adults . ducklings were dark brown - black above with yellowish - white underparts . their bill , legs and feet were dark olive - brown .
brazilian mergansers nest in holes of trees , and holes in rocks and in river banks ( lamas and santos 2004 , partridge 1956 , andrade et al . in press ) . the entrance to the nest cavity is located from 2 to 25 m above the water . only the female incubates , and she leaves the nest twice per day to feed ( bruno et al . , in press ) . the male spends most time resting or feeding nearby , constantly vigilant , but sometimes flies off , departing the area for several hours . the female lays up to eight eggs , which are incubated for about 34 days ( bruno et al . , in press ) . the eggs are oval in shape and pale beige , almost white , in coloration . the following mean measures data were taken from one nest with seven eggs : 61 . 7 mm ( length ) , 42 . 5 mm ( width ) and 59 . 86 g ( weight ) ( lamas and santos 2004 ) . when leaving the nest , the female covers the eggs with her down feathers .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
49 - 56 cm . dark , slender duck with long crest . dark hood with petroleum - green sheen . pale grey breast finely vermiculated dark , paler towards whitish belly . dark grey upperparts . white wing speculum . long , dark saw - bill . pinky - lilac legs . long , bushy hindcrest usually worn and shorter in females .
benstead , p . , bird , j . , butchart , s . , calvert , r . , capper , d . , clay , r . , mazar barnett , j . , pilgrim , j . , sharpe , c j , symes , a . , taylor , j . , khwaja , n . & ashpole , j
recent records from brazil indicate that this species ' s status may be marginally better than previously thought . nevertheless , the remaining known population is still extremely small and fragmented , and the perturbation , damming and pollution of rivers are likely to be causing continuing declines . for these reasons , it is listed as critically endangered . further information on the population size ( in particular whether it exceeds 250 mature individuals ) and on the subpopulation structure may result in its downlisting to endangered in the future .
. 2013 ) , where recent surveys yielded a rough estimate of 70 - 100 territories , roughly equivalent to 140 - 200 mature individuals ( l . v . lins unpubl . data ) ; if confirmed this would represent a significant increase to the size of the largest known subpopulation . tributaries of the rio são francisco in west bahia were thought to hold a significant population
( pineschi and yamashita 1999 ) , but a 2003 survey there failed to locate any birds . it has recently been found in patrocínio municipality , minas gerais ( i . lamas
2012 ) ; a record from itacolomi state parque in the same state is though thought to refer to an accidental or escaped bird ( arvelino de paula 2008 , l . v . lins
2012 ) . in goiás , there are records from emas and chapada dos veadeiros national parks ; the latter being surveyed in 2003 - 2004 with birds found just outside the park in the rio das pedras , and the total in the area thought to number fewer than 50 individuals ( disconzi 2012 ) . in 1995 , a small population was discovered on the rio tibagi , paraná
2003 ) , and six expeditions in 2007 and 2008 surveying a c . 55 km stretch of the rio novo located three breeding pairs ( barbosa and almeida 2010 ) , and four pairs along 115 km of river in 2010 - 2011 ( iecos brasil 2013 per l . v . lins
( pacheco and fonseca 1999 ) , são paulo , and santa catarina . in misiones ,
, 12 individuals were found on the arroyo uruzú in 2002 , the first records in the country for 10 years despite extensive surveys ( benstead 1994 , hearn 1994 , j . c . chebez
, it was last recorded in 1984 and there is little ( if any ) habitat left . however , local reports indicate that a few individuals may still survive
the population was estimated at 250 individuals in 1992 , and was thought likely to have declined since given ongoing threats , however there are recent suggestions that the population may exceed this figure ( l . v . lins
2012 ) . recent estimates from the three main areas currently known to hold the species are of 70 - 100 territories ( 140 - 200 mature individuals ) in the serra da canastra area ( l . v . lins
2012 , 2013 ) , fewer than 50 individuals at chapada dos veadeiros ( disconzi 2012 ) and eight at jalapão ( iecos brasil 2013 per l . v . lins
2015 ) , but these figures require confirmation and the population is currently precautionarily maintained within the band 50 - 249 mature individuals .
this species ' s population is suspected to have declined rapidly over the last 20 years ( three generations ) , in line with habitat loss and degradation within its range , owing to the expansion of hydroelectric power schemes , soy bean cultivation and mining operations . it appears to have been extirpated from paraguay .
it inhabits shallow , fast - flowing rivers , requiring rapids and clear waters . it occurs especially in the upper tributaries of watersheds but ranges into small rivers with patches of gallery forest surrounded by
cerrado
( tropical savanna ) or within atlantic forest . it is non - migratory and does not abandon the stretch of river where it establishes its territory
, but timing may vary geographically . incubation may last c . 33 days ( bruno
. previously , the species was thought to rely on gallery forest which , although protected by law in brazil , has been cleared illegally throughout much of the species ' s range . however , evidence suggests it will occur on unforested , undisturbed stretches of river through cerrado . all recent records of the species in the serra da canastra region refer to unprotected sites north of the national park . these are sites under increasing pressure from mining , development of hydropower infrastructure and agriculture ( l . v . lins
1999 ) , and it is thought that diamond mining will resume at serra da canastra in the near future ( l . v . lins
2003 ) . dam - building has already caused severe declines across much of its range , and is increasing in scale ( l . v . lins
2003 ) , although there are no recent published records from emas national park . a species action plan has been published which outlines in detail its current status , ecology , threats and proposed conservation actions
( ibama 2006 ) . it is considered nationally critically endangered in brazil ( silveira & straube 2008 , mma 2014 ) . in argentina , sections of the arroyo uruzú are protected within the uruguaí provincial park ( p . benstead verbally 2004 ) . regular monitoring of the population in serra da canastra national park , brazil is conducted and in 2008 a team from the wwt and terra brasilis colour - ringed 14 individuals and fitted five of them with radio transmitters in order to increase knowledge of the species ' s movements and ecology ( braz
2006 ) . nest boxes have recently been installed within the protected area ( l . v . lins
2011 ) . a captive breeding programme was initiated in 2011 at the poços de caldas breeding center in minas gerais . two young have been successfully reared so far ( l . v . lins
. the pato aqui água acolá project has been engaging with students in the serra da canastra region to improve understanding of environmental problems related to the cerrado biome ( instituto terra brasilis 2014a ) . the project has also set up the conscious decision campaign to engage with those responsible for environmental licensing , construction and tourism activities that could have an impact on water quality within the species ' s range ( instituto terra brasilis 2015 ) .
2012 ) . continue to monitor the serra da canastra population . implement survey work in the jalapão region to find new individuals ( instituto terra brasilis 2014b ) . develop and implement a fieldwork strategy using satellite images . protect the watershed and riverine habitats of populations , especially in bahia . improve local awareness and promote riverbank protection . conduct surveys in paraguay to confirm local reports . advocate for the expansion of the chapada dos veadeiros national park in brazil to include the population in the rio das pedras ( bianchi
2005 ) . continue to develop captive breeding programmes . in 2014 a workshop was held in tocantins to discuss the conservation of the species in the jalapão region , measures discussed included a proposed normative instruction to outline activities that are not permitted in areas where the species is found ( instituto terra brasilis 2014b ) .
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pairs occupy permanent territories of 8 to 14 km stretches of river ( 4 ) , depending on the availability of suitable nesting and feeding sites ( 6 ) . nests are built in tree cavities and rock crevices ( 4 ) . the breeding season is thought to last from june to august , but may vary geographically ( 4 ) , and broods of between two and four chicks are usually raised ( 6 ) .
inhabits shallow , fast - flowing streams and rivers with rapids and clear waters , surrounded by dense tropical forest ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .
information authenticated ( 02 / 05 / 07 ) by dr baz hughes , head of species conservation , wildfowl and wetlands trust , slimbridge , uk . urltoken
speculum a bright and lustrous patch of colour found on the wings of ducks and some other birds .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1992 ) handbook of the birds of the world – ostrich to ducks . vol . 1 . lynx edicions , barcelona .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : mergus octosetaceus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
isolated populations in se brazil in bahia , tocantins , goiás , minas gerais and paraná ( species is believed extinct in mato grosso do sul , rio de janeiro , são paulo and santa catarina ) , and ne argentina ( misiones ) . may still survive in e paraguay ( alto paraná ) .
49–56 cm ; 600–700 g . head , neck and upperparts dark brown with greenish iridescence and long crest ; upperwing blackish , secondaries and greater wing - coverts white . . .
usually silent , vocalizations being mainly heard during breeding season or when threatened , but . . .
rapid , torrential streams and fast - flowing rivers usually fringed by dense tropical forest , . . .
mostly fish ( of 6–19 cm length , characids , cichlids , pimelodids and hemiodontids ) , complemented with molluscs and insects and their . . .
few data available until recently . season apparently starts jun / jul ( dry season ) , with first ducklings hatching in early jul and young . . .
mostly sedentary , with only small - scale movements recorded , with genetic structure in . . .
critically endangered . small , little - known population , estimated at just 50–249 mature individuals by birdlife international , widely scattered over range ( of 32 , 600 km2 . . .
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josep del hoyo , mark andrews , lúcio , fran trabalon , carlos gussoni .
sávio freire bruno , petemorris , bruno salaroli , dubi shapiro , claudia brasileiro , douglas bete , edson endrigo , fran trabalon , mark andrews .
in addition to collecting and raising these birds , zooparque itatiba staff have been building a large new aviary and pool to house the adolescent birds . at the october 2015 iwwa conference , a grant from the iwwa was allocated towards the completion of this project .
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this contributes to their rather comical image among some brazilians . however , their plight as a species is no laughing matter – it’s estimated that less than 250 of these birds are left in the world . they are in danger to such a scale that very little is even known about their traditional breeding techniques and style .
the most common threat to these ducks is down to humans , believe it or not . as industry and agriculture has expanded , their habitats have become smaller and been degraded . water has also become more toxic , and this has been a serious contributor to their massive demise .
soil erosion and deforestation play a part too , however . dam - building has been another key killer for these creatures , as they have been eradicating small rivers and turning them into massive lakes which aren’t suitable for the ducks . pesticides are one of the main killers as well , contributing to their measly number remaining .
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wwt has been supporting the terra brasilis institute , a local conservation organisation which is passionate about conserving the cerrado habitat in and around the serra da canastra national park , and the mergansers that live there . cerrado is an extensive savannah criss - crossed by gallery forests , which are evergreen corridors that have formed along the rivers and wetlands .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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recent records from brazil , and particularly a recent northerly range extension , indicate that this species ' s status is better than previously thought . nevertheless , the remaining population is still extremely small and severely fragmented , and the perturbation , damming and pollution of rivers continue to cause declines . for these reasons , it is listed as critically endangered . perturbation and pollution of rivers results largely from deforestation , agricultural expansion and , in the serra da canastra area , diamond - mining . previously , the species was thought to rely on gallery forest which , although protected by law in brazil , has been cleared illegally throughout much of the species ' s range . however , evidence suggests it will occur on unforested , undisturbed stretches of river through cerrado . mining has ceased in the immediate area of its known range but there is no additional habitat for dispersing birds . expanding agriculture and the construction of hydroelectric dams are considered the principal threats to the species . dam - building has already caused severe declines across much of its range . tourist activities result in river perturbation and have been recorded within known territories and inside national parks .


it was described by moore in 1875 .

the wingspan is about 60 mm .

adults can be distinguished from related species by two rows of red markings on the hindwings .

there are two forms in both sexes , a typical form and a white-banded form .

the typical form is thought to mimic byasa alcinous , while the latter form mimics pachliopta aristolochiae .

the larvae feed on ulmus species .

there is one generation per year .

the species overwinters in the pupal stage .

epicopeia mencia

epicopeia mencia is a moth in the epicopeiidae family . it was described by moore in 1875 . it is found in china , vietnam , korea , the russian far east , japan and taiwan .
epicopeia mencia moore , [ 1875 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 ( 4 ) : 578 , pl . 67 , f . 8 ; tl : shanghai , n . china
epicopeia polydora westwood , 1841 ; arcana entomologica , 1 : 19 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : assam
epicopeia battaka dempona kishida & endo , 1999 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : s . sumatra , mt dempo
epicopeia battaka malayana kishida & endo , 1999 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : malaysia , pahang , cameron highlands
epicopeia simulans leech , [ 1889 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1888 : 611 , pl . 31 , f . 1 ; tl : hakodate
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country : korea wingspan : 60 . 0 ( mm ) photo by : paul jenkins
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on the lepidoptera of japan and corea , pt ii . heterocera , sect . i
westwood , 1841 arcana entomologica , or illustrations of new , rare and interesting insects arcana entomologica , 1 : ( 1841 - 1843 ) [ iv ] , 192pp , pl . 1 - 48 ( in 12 parts )
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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