bolbena is a genus of praying mantises native to africa .

it includes the following species : bolbena assimilis bolbena hottentotta bolbena maraisi bolbena minor bolbena orientalis bolbena minutissima

bolbena

gladiator expedition ( image keywords ) , africa ( image keywords ) , namibia . ( image keywords ) , bolbena assimilis ( image keywords )
this bolbena ( bolbena ) assimilis ( kaltenbach , 1996 ) was attracted to light at mason shelter on the brandberg massif . it is one of the praying mantids collected during the
gladiator expedition
to namibia in 2002 . the main aim of the expedition was to find specimens of mantophasmatodea ; a secondary aim was to survey other animals in the region . phil bragg collected mantids on the expedition .
this male bolbena ( bolbena ) assimilis ( kaltenbach , 1996 ) was collected at light at mason shelter on the brandberg massif . it is one of the praying mantids collected during the
gladiator expedition
to namibia in 2002 . the main aim of the expedition was to find specimens of mantophasmatodea ; a secondary aim was to survey other animals in the region . phil bragg collected mantids on the expedition .
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the agaricales , or euagarics clade , is a monophyletic group of approximately 8500 mushroom species . . . read more
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hilarographa youngiella is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in north america , including washington and vancouver island .

the forewings are brown with many fine white lines and prominent black spots at the anal angle .

the hindwings are brown .

hilarographa youngiella

hilarographa zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 187
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zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6
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the superfamily tortricoidea currently includes only one family , the tortricidae . there are close to 9000 species worldwide , and over 1200 occur in the united states . the tortricoidea are most closely related to the cossoidea ( common 1990 ) , although to what extent is not certain .
the tortricidae includes three subfamilies , the tortricinae , the olethreutinae , and the chlidanotinae . general characteristics of the adult are as follows :
the antennae are less than 2 / 3rds the length of the forewing ( or slightly more than half the length of the forewing ) .
labial palpi are rough - scaled and usually porrect , the third ( or apical ) segment is shorter than the second and usually horizontal .
the base of the forewing in many males has a costal fold which contains an expandable hair pencil of scent scales .
many olethreutinae and some tortricinae have a pecten of hairs present near the base of cu2 on the hindwing ( see wing illustrations below ) .
in the male , the frenulum is a single bristle which hooks beneath sc on the forewing .
in the female , the frenulum consists of three finer bristles which hook on a raised gropu of scales beneath cu2 on the forewing .
the following diagrams illustrate the venation of a
typical
moth from the family tortricidae ; both of these examples are from the subfamily olethreutinae . ( illustrations adapted from heinrich , 1923 , following the nomenclature of borror et al . , 1989 . )
the subfamily tortricinae contains 11 tribes ( scoble 1992 ) , and its members are more widely distributed in the southern hemisphere . this is the tortricid subfamily with the least specialized male genitalia , which is a characteristic of the group , as listed below . two characteristics of the tortricinae ( from scoble 1992 ) are :
the juxta and the aedeagus are usually articulated rather than fused in the male genitalia .
the subfamily tortricinae contains 6 tribes ( scoble 1992 ) , and its members are more widely distributed in the northern hemisphere . this is the largest of the three tortricid subfamilies , containing at least 3 / 4 of all tortricid species ( miller 1987 ) . two characteristics of the olethreutinae ( from scoble 1992 ) are :
in the male genitalia , the aedeagus is fused with the anellus and juxta .
there is an
excavation
at the base of the valva in the male genitalia .
there is a deep , dorso - longitudinal invagination of each of the valvae in the male genitalia .
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rhopobota bucera is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in shaanxi , china .

the wingspan is about 12.5 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is grey .

the costa has seven pairs of strigulae ( fine streaks ) .

the hindwings are grey .

rhopobota bucera

bucera zhang , li & wang , 2005 ( rhopobota ) , entomol . fenn . 16 : 278 . tl : china , shaanxi province , yangling . holotype : nutc . male .
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utumaculana swatschek , 1958 ( rhopobota ) , abh . larvalsyst . insekten 3 : 163 no type
naebana park , in shin , 1983 ( rhopobota ) , illustr . flora fauna korea , 27 ( insecta ) 9 : 978 . no type
latisocia razowski , 2009 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 129 . tl : vietnam , mai chau . holotype : mnhu . male .
metastena diakonoff , 1984 ( rhopobota ) , ent . basil 9 : 400 . tl : indonesia , west sumba , pogobina . holotype : nhmb . male .
baoxingensis zhang & li , 2012 ( rhopobota ) , zootaxa 3478 : 373 . tl : china , sichuan province , baoxing county . holotype : nkum . male .
bicolor kawabe , 1989 ( rhopobota ) , microlepid . thailand 2 : 62 . tl : thailand , chiang mai , doi inthanon . holotype : opu . male .
ancyloides kuznetzov , 1988 ( rhopobota ) , ent . obozr . 67 : 628 . tl : north vietnam , vinhphu province , tamdao . holotype : zmas . male .
biloba zhang & li , 2012 ( rhopobota ) , zootaxa 3478 : 375 . tl : china , fujian province , mt . wuyi . holotype : nkum . male .
hamata zhang & li , 2012 ( rhopobota ) , zootaxa 3478 : 376 . tl : china , guizhou province , mt . fanjing . holotype : nkum . male .
mou razowski , 2013 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 41 : 80 . tl : new caledonia , mt . mou . holotype : bmnh . female .
punctiferana kuznetzov , 1988 ( rhopobota ) , ent . obozr . 67 : 627 . tl : north vietnam , vinhphu province , tamdao . holotype : zmas . male .
zhengi zhang & li , 2012 ( rhopobota ) , zootaxa 3478 : 377 . tl : china , fujian province , mt . wuyi . holotype : nkum . male .
cornifera razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 178 . tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina . holotype : vbc . male .
cornuta razowski , 1995 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 23 : 132 . tl : saudi arabia , makkah , bani omar . holotype : nhmb . female .
granpiedrae razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 177 . tl : cuba , santiago , gran piedra . holotype : vbc . female .
platyceria razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 179 . tl : cuba , santiago , sierra maestra . holotype : vbc . male .
ventriloba razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 175 . tl : cuba , santiago , sierra maestro . holotype : vbc . male .
falcata nasu , 1999 ( rhopobota ) , ent . sci . 2 : 127 . tl : japan , hokkaido , oshamanbe - cho , shizukari . holotype : opu . male .
lacteicaput razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 177 . tl : brazil , santa catarina , sao joaquim . holotype : vbc . male .
larocana razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 172 . tl : brazil , parana , morro de meio . holotype : vbc . male .
latispina zhang & li , 2012 ( rhopobota ) , zootaxa 3478 : 378 . tl : china , zhejiang province , mt . tianmu , houshanmen . holotype : nkum . male .
mayarica razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 174 . tl : cuba , holguin pin . , mayari . holotype : vbc . male .
ancylimorpha razowski , 2009 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 128 . tl : vietnam , sa pa , fan si pang mountains . holotype : mnhu . female .
cicatrix razowski , 1999 ( rhopobota ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 351 tl : dominican republic , dominican republic ( central valley ) . . holotype : cmnh . female .
floccoa zhang , li & wang , 2005 ( rhopobota ) , entomol . fenn . 16 : 278 . tl : china , hunan province , sangzhi . holotype : nutc . male .
furcata zhang , li & wang , 2005 ( rhopobota ) , entomol . fenn . 16 : 275 . tl : china , gansu province , wenxian . holotype : nutc . male .
monospina razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 176 . tl : cuba , pinar del rio , sierra rosario . holotype : vbc . male .
mostardana razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 173 . tl : brazil , rio grande do sul , mostardas . holotype : vbc . male .
nova razowski , 2009 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 128 . tl : vietnam , sa pa , fan si pang mountains . holotype : mnhu . female .
orbiculata zhang , li & wang , 2005 ( rhopobota ) , entomol . fenn . 16 : 276 . tl : china , gansu province , kangxian . holotype : nutc . male .
bostrichus diakonoff , 1983 ( rhopobota ) , zool . verh . leiden 204 : 16 . tl : indonesia , sumatra , mt . bandahara , bivouac four . holotype : ncb . male .
hypomelas diakonoff , 1983 ( rhopobota ) , zool . verh . leiden 204 : 15 . tl : indonesia , sumatra , mt . bandahara , bivouac one . holotype : ncb . male .
fanjingensis zhang , li & wang , 2005 ( rhopobota ) , entomol . fenn . 16 : 276 . tl : china , guizhou province , mt . fanjing . holotype : nutc . male .
ilexi kuznetzov , 1969 ( rhopobota ssp . ustomaculana ) , ent . obozr . 48 : 365 . tl : russia , kuril islands , kunashir island , near sernovodsk . holotype : zmas . female .
svetlanae kuznetzov , 2003 ( rhopobota ) , ent . obozr . 82 ( 3 ) : 737 . tl : vietnam , south vietnam ( gialai province , kannak ) . holotype : zmas . female .
biqueter razowski & pelz , 2011 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 39 : 46 . tl : ecuador , napo province , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo . holotype : smfl . male .
macroceria razowski , 1999 ( rhopobota ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 350 tl : dominican republic , dominican republic ( pedernales , 5 km ne los arroyos ) . holotype : cmnh . male .
okui nasu , 2000 ( rhopobota ) , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 : 21 . tl : japan , honshu , nara prefecture , mt . takatori - yama . holotype : opu . male .
okui nasu , 2000 ( rhopobota ) , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 : 21 . tl : japan , honshu , nara prefecture , mt . takatori - yama . holotype : opu . male .
rabopis razowski & pelz , 2011 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 39 : 48 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , 17 km e banos , rio verde . holotype : smfl . female .
tentaculana razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( rhopobota ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 26 . tl : ecuador , province loja , via saraguro - loja , zenen alto . holotype : mzuj . male .
tungurahuana razowski & pelz , 2011 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 39 : 48 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , 17 km e banos , rio verde . holotype : smfl . female .
unidens razowski , 1999 ( rhopobota ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 351 tl : dominican republic , dominican republic ( la vega , 9 km se constanza , near valle nuevo ) . holotype : cmnh . male .
microceria razowski , 1999 ( rhopobota ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 351 tl : dominican republic , dominican republic ( peravia , 3 km sw la nuez , tributary to ro las cuevas ) . holotype : cmnh . male .
cununcusia razowski & pelz , 2011 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 39 : 46 . tl : ecuador , loja province , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .
longicornia razowski & pelz , 2011 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 39 : 47 . tl : ecuador , zamora - chinchipe province , 22 km e loja , p . n . podocarpus , san francisco ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .
vermuncus razowski & pelz , 2011 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 39 : 47 . tl : ecuador , zamora - chinchipe province , 22 km e loja , p . n . podocarpus , san francisco ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .
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amphigonia diakonoff , 1968 ( erinaea ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 257 ( 1967 ) : 91 . tl : philippine islands , luzon , benguet sub - province , haights place , pauai . holotype : bmnh . male .
antrifera meyrick , in caradja & meyrick , 1935 ( eucosma ) , mat . microlepid . fauna chin . prov . : 56 . tl : china , tien - mu - shan . lectotype : bmnh . male .
argyrophenga diakonoff , 1950 ( acroclita ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 1 ( 4 ) : 276 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . holotype : bmnh . male .
blanditana kuznetzov , 1988 ( griselda ) , ent . obozr . 67 : 622 . tl : north vietnam , vinhphu province , tamdao . holotype : zmas . male .
nielseni kawabe , 1989 ( epinotia ) , microlepid . thailand 2 : 58 . tl : thailand . chieng mai province , huai nam dang . holotype : opu . male .
clivosa meyrick , 1912 ( acroclita ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 : 855 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . lectotype : bmnh . male .
dietziana kearfott , 1907 ( epinotia ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 92 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , hazelton . lectotype : amnh . female .
eclipticodes meyrick , in caradja & meyrick , 1935 ( acroclita ) , mat . microlepid . fauna chin . prov . : 52 . tl : china , tien - mu - shan . holotype : bmnh . female .
falcigera diakonoff , 1950 ( acroclita ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 1 ( 4 ) : 278 . tl : ? , ( kegalle ) . holotype : bmnh . female .
finitimana heinrich , 1923 ( kundrya ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 192 . tl : usa , new hampshire , rockingham co . , hampton . holotype : usnm . male .
grypodes meyrick , 1912 ( acroclita ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 : 856 . tl : sri lanka , ceylon [ sri lanka ] ( maskeliya ) . holotype : bmnh . male .
vulturina meyrick , 1936 ( acroclita ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 610 . tl : indonesia . java , mt . gede . lectotype : bmnh . female .
hortaria meyrick , 1911 ( acroclita ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 36 : 241 . tl : australia , victoria . holotype : bmnh . female .
philobrya meyrick , 1920 ( acroclita ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 344 . tl : australia . queensland , toowong . holotype : bmnh . male .
kaempferiana oku , 1971 ( griselda ) , konty 39 : 354 . tl : japan , honshu , iwate prefecture , morioka . holotype : eihu . female .
latipennis walsingham , 1900 ( ancylis ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 439 tl : japan , holotype : bmnh . female .
leucognoma clarke , 1976 ( eumarissa ) , insects micronesia 9 : 32 . tl : micronesia , guam , mt . alifan . holotype : usnm . male .
macrosepalana oku , 1971 ( griselda ) , konty 39 : 356 . tl : japan , honshu , wakayama prefecture , kii - oshima . holotype : eihu . male .
multiplex meyrick , 1911 ( acroclita ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 : 860 . tl : sri lanka , ceylon [ sri lanka ] ( opiya ) . lectotype : bmnh . female .
myrtillana humphreys & westwood , 1845 ( sericoris ) , brit . moths transf . 2 : 146 . tl : united kingdom , great britain ( hazelrock , near ashburton ) . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
latifasciana peyerimhoff , 1863 ( ephippiphora ) , bull . soc . hist . nat . colmar 3 ( 1862 ) : 131 . tl : france . alsace . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
vacciniana lienig & zeller , 1846 ( grapholitha ) , isis von oken ( leipzig ) 1846 ( 3 ) : 248 . tl : poland . ( near glogw ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
naevana hubner , [ 1814 - 1817 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 41fig . 261 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
geminana stephens , 1852 ( lithographia ) , list specimens br . anim . colln . br . mus 10 : 99 . tl : united kingdom . great britain ( whittlesea , near yorkshire ) . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
ilicifoliana kearfott , 1907 ( epinotia ) , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 23 : 158 . tl : usa . north carolina , black mountains , mt graybeard . lectotype : amnh . male .
luctiferana walker , 1863 ( sciaphila ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 342 . tl : canada . hudson bay , albany river , st . martin ' s falls . holotype : bmnh . female .
malivorella matsumura , 1931 ( laspeyresia ) , 6000 illust . insects japan - empire : 1072 tl : korea . lectotype : eihu . male .
microrrhyncha meyrick , 1931 ( acroclita ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 127 . tl : india . parachinar . holotype : bmnh . female .
unipunctana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : : 454 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
vacciniana packard , 1869 ( anchylopera ) , guide study ins . : 338 . tl : usa . massachusetts . holotype : mcz . unknown .
relicta kuznetzov , 1968 ( griselda ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 583 . tl : russia , kuril islands , kunashir island , near sernovodsk . holotype : zmas . male .
safidana razowski , 1963 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 8 : 259 tl : iran , fars , sineh safid . holotype : lnk . male .
scleropa meyrick , 1912 ( acroclita ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 : 857 . tl : sri lanka , ceylon [ sri lanka ] ( namumukuli ) . lectotype : bmnh . male .
shikokuensis oku , 1971 ( griselda ) , konty 39 : 356 . tl : japan , shikoku , tokushima pre - fecture , mt . tsurugisan . holotype : eihu . male .
stagnana [ denis & schiffermuller ] , 1775 ( torrix ) , syst . verz . schmett . wienergegend : 131 . tl : austria , vienna . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
berolinensis amsel , 1932 ( epiblema ) , dt . ent . z . berlin 1932 : 18 . tl : germany . berlin . holotype : lnk . female .
caricana guenee , 1845 ( eriopsela ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 163 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
cuphana duponchel , in godart , 1842 ( sciaphila ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . ( suppl . ) 4 : 150 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
fractifasciana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 466 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
queketana curtis , 1850 ( spilonota ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 2 ) 5 : 112 tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : demv . unknown .
resupinatana kennel , 1901 ( semasia ) , dt . ent . z . iris ( 1900 ) 13 : 270 . tl : spain . valesia , aragonia . lectotype : mnhu . male .
undana fabricius , 1787 ( pyralis ) , mantissa insectorum 2 : 237 . tl : austria . no type
vepretana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 61 . tl : germany . wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
symbolias meyrick , 1912 ( acroclita ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 : 858 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . lectotype : bmnh . male .
toshimai kawabe , 1978 ( griselda ) , tinea 10 : 186 . tl : japan , shikoku , kagawa prefecture , okushoiri . holotype : usnm . male .
ustomaculana curtis , 1831 ( steganoptycha ) , br . ent . 6 : folio 376 . tl : united kingdom , great britain ( vicinity london ) . syntype ( s ) : demv . unknown .
dorsivittana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 20fig . 142 . no type
dorsivittana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( steganoptycha ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 280 . tl : czech republic / poland . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
verditer hampson , 1891 ( teras ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 8 : 143 . tl : india , nilgiri hills . holotype : bmnh . female .
chlorantha meyrick , 1907 ( erinaea ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 : 141 . tl : sri lanka . ceylon [ sri lanka ] ( maskeliya ) . lectotype : bmnh . female .
visenda kuznetzov , 1973 ( griselda ) , ent . obozr . 52 : 682 . tl : china , south shensi , tapaishan , tsinling . holotype : mgab . male .
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acleris oxycoccana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta , british columbia , indiana , maine , manitoba , michigan , minnesota , newfoundland , ontario , pennsylvania , west virginia and wisconsin .

the wingspan is 13-15 mm .

the colouration of the forewings is quite variable , ranging from uniform deep black-brown with scattered ruddy scaling to bright red-brown .

adults have been recorded on wing nearly year round .

the larvae feed on chamaedaphne calyculata and prunus pumila .

acleris oxycoccana

the name oxycoccana was proposed by packard ( 1869 ) based on the host plant vaccinium oxycoccos ( cranberry ) .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
urltoken lists leatherleaf ( chamaedaphne calyculata ) and sand cherry ( prunus pumila ) as host plants .
packard , a . s . 1869 . guide to the study of insects , and a treatise on those injurious and beneficial to crops : for the use of colleges , farm - schools , and agriculturists . p . 334
contributed by jason j . dombroskie on 31 march , 2011 - 2 : 56pm additional contributions by steve nanz , ceiseman , randy hardy last updated 14 february , 2018 - 6 : 09pm
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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antaeotricha disjecta is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by philipp christoph zeller in 1854 .

it is found in costa rica , the guianas , bolivia and brazil ( para ) .

antaeotricha disjecta

this is the place for disjecta definition . you find here disjecta meaning , synonyms of disjecta and images for disjecta copyright 2017 © urltoken
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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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the chilean woodstar ( eulidia yarrellii ) is a small bird in the hummingbird family , trochilidae .

it is restricted to northernmost chile with reports from southern peru .

its natural habitats are dry shrubland and rural gardens .

it is threatened by habitat loss and is classed as a critically endangered species .

it is usually classified in its own genus eulidia but is sometimes placed with the purple-collared woodstar in the genus myrtis .

in 2013 it was classed as endangered but recently , it was classed as critically endangered by the iucn red list .

chilean woodstar

chilean woodstar ( eulidia yarrellii ) is a species of bird in the trochilidae family .
this entry was posted in americas , archive , south america and tagged chilean woodstar . bookmark the permalink .
habitat loss , the chilean woodstar lives primarily in the desert climate where it is also threatened by the use of insecticides . more
the chilean woodstar is classified as endangered ( en ) , considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild .
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the chilean woodstar is a small hummingbird . it has iridescent olive - green plumage and white underparts . males are distinguished by their violet - red throat patch and both sexes possess short , black bills . . . more
the chilean woodstar is a small hummingbird . it has iridescent olive - green plumage and white underparts ( 2 ) . males are distinguished by their violet - red throat patch and both sexes possess short , black bills ( 2 ) .
based on available information , our preliminary proposal for the 2014 red list is to pend the decision on chilean woodstar eulidia yarrellii and keep this discussion open until early 2015 , while leaving the current red list category unchanged in the 2014 update .
the highly restricted range of the chilean woodstar represents a threat to its survival ; the species is confined to just two valleys in northern chile which are already heavily cultivated ( 2 ) . viable habitat for this species of hummingbird is therefore scarce .
listing three foreign bird species - andean flamingo ( phoenicoparrus andinus ) , the chilean woodstar ( eulidia yarrellii ) , and the st . lucia forest thrush ( cichlherminia lherminieri sanctaeluciae ) - from latin america and the caribbean as endangered throughout their range ; final rule
following further review , there has been a change to our preliminary proposal for the 2014 red list status of this species , and the recommended classification to be put forward to iucn is to treat chilean woodstar as critically endangered under criterion a2ac + 3c + 4ac .
the chilean woodstar , endemic to chile and peru , is a small hummingbird in the trochilidae family ( bli 2008 ) . no larger than the size of a moth ( johnson 1967 , p . 121 ) , the chilean woodstar is approximately 3 inches ( in ) ( 8 centimeters ( cm ) ) in length and has a short black bill ( bli 2008 ; del hoyo et al . 1999 , p . 674 ) . males have iridescent olive - green upperparts , white underparts , and a bright violet - red throat ( del hoyo et al . 1999 , p . 674 ; fjelds and krabbe 1990 , p . 296 ) . more
estades , c . f . , aguirre , j . , escobar , m . a . h . , tomasevic , j . a . , vukasovic , m . a . and tala , c . ( 2007 ) conservation status of the chilean woodstar eulidia yarrellii . bird conservation international 17 ( 2 ) : 163 - 175 .
a color photo of the chilean woodstar birdyarrellii - of the yarrellii species - and lists its size , weight , and number in existence at the time of the advertisement . azapa and lluta river valleys in chile , peru are stated as the animal ' s habitat range . luiz claudio marigo is the photographer . price : $ 10 . more
benoit - c . , i . l . , editor . 1989 . red book on chilean terrestrial flora ( part one ) . corporación nacional forestal ( conaf ) , santiago , chile .
description : the chilean woodstar is a small hummingbird about the size of a moth . this beautiful bird is no larger than three inches long , with iridescent , olive - green upperparts . males also have while underparts , accented by a bright violet - red throat . habitat : this hummingbird has varied habitat needs , from riparian thickets to arid scrub , agricultural lands , and gardens . more
the tiny , beautiful chilean woodstar is a hummingbird endemic to chile and peru . while it has always had a limited population distribution , it was once locally abundant . the 1970s marked a steep decline for the species due to both habitat loss and potential poisoning by dimethoate , a potent insecticide used to control mediterranean fruit flies . pesticides are still being used in the habitat of this hummingbird and continue to affect its reproduction . more
rest of day searching for chilean woodstar in azapa valley . in the evening return to tacna day 3 . mejia lagoons . drive to mejia lagoons and birding here . red - fronted coot is only found here in all peru , also good wetlands with many migrants . day 4 . mollendo pelagic . drive to arequipa . we will look out for raimondiā“s yellow - finch and grayish miner en route day 5 . chiguata and salinas . more
schuchmann , k . l . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . chilean woodstar ( eulidia yarrellii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
chilean woodstar , peruvian sheartail , oasis hummingbird , tamarugo and cinereous conebills , vermillion flycatcher , peruvian meadowlark and the strange slender - billed finch . after our arrival we will visit the rocky coast where we expect to see a great array of its endemic seabirds including peruvian pelican , peruvian booby , guanay and red - legged cormorants , the stunning inca tern and band - tailed and gray gulls . along the desert coast we will look for flocks of willet , whimbrel , ruddy turnstone , surfbird , franklin ' s gull and elegant terns . more
chilean woodstar eulidia yarrellii is only known to breed regularly in the azapa and vitor valleys , arica department , extreme north chile ( estades 2007 ) . it is currently listed as endangered under criterion b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) because it has a very small range ( estimated extent of occurrence [ eoo ] = 2 , 200 km 2 ) with all viable populations apparently confined to remnant habitat patches in two desert river valleys ( collar et al . 1992 ) . as these valleys are heavily cultivated , the extent , area and quality of suitable habitat ( and therefore the population ) are likely to be declining .
cites appendix ii . all exports of hummingbirds from peru and chile are controlled . a ten - year species recovery plan was approved in 2004 and included plans for a public awareness campaign , a study of competition between the woodstar and peruvian sheartail , a permanent population monitoring programme , restoration of natural vegetation in the azupa and lluta valleys , incorporation of its conservation into the agenda of the local good agricultural practices committee , and a study of the feasibility of an
estades ( in litt . 2007 ) estimated the population to number 650 individuals in azapa , and 550 in chaca . this totals 1 , 200 individuals , roughly equivalent to 800 mature individuals . previously , estades et al . ( 2007 ) had calculated a chilean population of 1 , 539 individuals in september 2003 . recent information , however , suggests that the population of this species has since declined to around 500 individuals ( d . lebbin in litt . 2012 ) . this estimate is assumed to equate to a population of c . 335 mature individuals , rounded here to c . 350 mature individuals . trend justification : evidence from surveys and anecdotal observations indicates that this species is undergoing an extremely rapid decline . population estimates have shown that the azapa and chaca populations have reduced by 15 . 6 % annually ( 81 . 6 % ) in 10 years ( c . f . estades in litt . 2013 ) .
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for a while , it looked like they might actually be in recovery . but this year’s census of the american subspecies , the rufa red knot , found that numbers have plummeted to an all - time low . the likely cause ? food shortages in delaware bay , a crucial feeding stopover site on their migration .
climate change and invasive species don’t just impact birds – the latest update to the iucn red list of threatened species shows that they are a growing threat to australia’s unique reptiles . however , the update also revealed good news for four south american amphibians assumed to be extinct .
we present the highlights of the latest issue of bird conservation international , our quarterly peer - reviewed journal promoting worldwide research and action for the conservation of birds and their habitats .
we’ve selected crafts from across the world that will delight children and benefit birds . from ten - minute fruit kebabs to a summer spent birdhouse building , we’ve got projects for every age and timespan : all you need to do is pick your skill level .
help us to protect america ' s migratory birds on their epic journey across continents .
around one in five of all the world’s bird species migrate . and while every migration is an epic and often perilous feat of endurance , here’s a selection of species that we feel go the extra mile .
ulcinj salina is a traditional salt pan whose shallow waters feed and support more than 250 bird species . however , recent proposals to build a large - scale tourism resort threaten to obliterate it .
jane alexander is an acclaimed actress , author and an impassioned birder who is also a member of birdlife’s global advisory group . here , she talks to us about how acting got her into birding , and how the new generation gives her hope .
a new mode of farming is taking off in south america . the pampas is one the world’s most important grassland biomes : but intensive farming is wearing it down . now , a scheme for sustainable , bird - friendly meat is getting prestigious recognition .
one in eight bird species is in danger of extinction – but what are the main factors driving their decline ? they might not be what you think . read about the five biggest threats to bird biodiversity , and what’s being done to combat them .
over the last 40 years , europe’s skylarks have suffered a 50 % decline due to the intensification of agriculture . in sweden , this figure jumps to a staggering 75 % .
we interview katharine lowrie : part of a record - breaking couple who sailed the atlantic to begin an ultra - marathon through south america , all to raise money and awareness for wildlife and wild places .
it’s a first for burkina faso . . . a love story between environmental organization naturama ( birdlife - burkina faso ) and the private cement factory cimburkina . their common aim is to strengthen nature conservation and improve community livelihoods at the cement plant ' s operating sites .
following a tireless campaign by birdlife australia , which gained support from around the world , the australian government has decided to reject an application for phosphate mining on christmas island , a crucial wildlife haven in the indian ocean .
while armed conflict in colombia may be over , an influx of illegal miners and loggers means our newest partner’s collaborative approach to conservation has never been more important .
we are a global partnership of independent organisations working together as one for nature and people . read more about birdlife .
we create action through insight . through our expertise on birds we act for nature and people . through sharing local challenges we find lasting global solutions . read more about our programmes .
when you get involved with birdlife you are helping us to go beyond today to impact the future . read about how you can support us .
from the amazon to the zambezi , from the tundra to the tierra del fuego the birdlife partnership is active in more than 120 countries worldwide . read more about our regional work .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
8 cm . small hummingbird with short black bill . iridescent olive - green upperparts . male has violet - red throat . rest of underparts white . strongly forked tail . short , green central rectrices . longer outer rectrices blackish . female white tinged buff below , tail unforked , and rectrices tipped white .
estades , c . , fjeldså , j . , gonzalez - gomez , p . l . , howell , s . , jaramillo , a . & lebbin , d .
benstead , p . , capper , d . , sharpe , c j , symes , a . , taylor , j . & ashpole , j
this species is classified as critically endangered based on evidence that it is undergoing an extremely rapid population decline . urgent research and targeted conservation actions are now required to understand , halt and reverse this decline .
, and there is a historical record as far south as northern antofagasta province , but there are no recent records for peru ( estades 2007 ) . it was described as very common in the first half of the 20th century , with over 100 seen feeding together . in the late 1980s , the species was noted as common in gardens in arica and regular in the lluta valley ; however , it has since disappeared from these areas , and it is now rare in the azapa valley , where it was once regular and common ( estades 2007 , a . jaramillo
, while in 2007 the total population was estimated at around 1 , 200 individuals ( 55 % in azapa and 45 % in chaca ) ( c .
2007 ) . recent information , however , suggests that the population of this species has since declined to around 500 individuals ( d . lebbin
. 2012 ) . population estimates have shown that the azapa and chaca populations have reduced by 15 . 6 % annually ( 81 . 6 % ) in 10 years ( c . f . estades
. 2013 ) . monthly searches for the species in all tacna valleys ( southern peru ) during 2008 - 2009 did not yield any records of this species ( n . hidalgo
. 2013 ) . it has been speculated that the species could be lost from the azapa valley within a decade , and that the species could face extinction within two decades ( a . jaramillo
it inhabits small remnant patches of native scrub in desert river valleys up to 750 m , but birds are occasionally reported above 2 , 000 m and once as high as 3 , 000 m ( j . fjeldså
. despite the large numbers formerly seen feeding in flowering trees , it is usually a solitary feeder . active nests have been found in april , may , late august and september and there appear to be two annual peaks in breeding activity ( estades 2007 , estades
. 2007 ) . it is likely that males display at leks . courtship territories are placed above dense thickets which are now scarce in azapa and vítor ( clark
remaining native habitat in the narrow and heavily cultivated valleys inhabited by the species is confined to small patches , and the indigenous plants favoured by the species may be severely threatened . dense thickets , possibly used as courtship territories , are now scarce due to the spread of agricultural activities in azapa and vítor ( clark
. 2013 ) . although it has adapted to use introduced plants the presence of certain native species may still be a limiting factor ( estades 2007 ) . the ' chañar ' tree
may be an important food resource but is often destroyed by farmers who consider it invasive and believe it attracts mice ( estades 2007 ) . pesticides began to be heavily used in the azapa valley in the 1960s in order to control the mediterranean fruit fly and other crop pests , but the peruvian sheartail
has not suffered similar declines , suggesting that this may not be the primary cause of its decline ( estades 2007 ) . competition with peruvian sheartail has been suggested as a potential threat , although this has not been proven ( estades
. 2013 ) . the various threats of habitat destruction , pesticide use and competition with other hummingbirds are likely to be synergistic in their impacts on the species ( p . l . gonzalez - gomez
through their monopolisation of the new resource ( p . l . gonzalez - gomez
research genetic structure of populations . begin a habitat restoration program in the lluta , chaca and azapa valleys , ensuring that species whose flowers are visited regularly by
. 2014 ) . conduct an education campaign to emphasize the importance of native plants , and encourage the planting of appropriate trees and bushes . continue population monitoring , as detailed in species recovery plan . limit the amount of pesticides used in azapa and chaca valleys . as the vast majority of the species ' s range is now privately owned , it has been recommended that some of this land be purchased to create pesticide - free , native plant reserves , with perhaps one in each valley inhabited by the species ( a . jaramillo
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22688244a112392683 .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : eulidia yarrellii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
little is known about the natural ecology of this small hummingbird . it is a solitary feeder and has been observed in gardens feeding on flowers of lantana spp . and hibiscus spp . ( 2 ) . nests containing eggs and chicks have been recorded in late august ( 2 ) .
this bird is currently restricted to the extreme northern reaches of chile . it is thought to be confined to just two valleys that contain suitable habitat ( 2 ) .
found in scrub in desert river valleys up to 750 metres above sea level ( 2 ) .
classified as endangered ( en – b1 + 2abce ) on the iucn red list 2002 ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
further research into the natural ecology of this species is urgently required in order to understand the nature of resources needed to sustain the population . exports of hummingbirds from peru and chile are controlled ( 2 ) and this species is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 3 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
birdlife international ( 2003 ) birdlifes online world bird database : the site for bird conservation . version 2 . 0 . cambridge , uk . birdlife international . available at : urltoken
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relationships unclear ; usually placed in monotypic genus , as here , but external morphology and behaviour support treatment within myrtis . possible hybridization with thaumastura cora indicated # r . monotypic .
n chile in lluta , azapa and vitor valleys ( arica ) ; historical record as far s as n antofagasta . few sight records in s peru ( tacna and possibly moquegua ) # r .
7·5–8 cm ; 2·3–2·6 g . male has short black bill ; upperparts iridescent olive green ; throat shining violet - red , underparts white ; central tail . . .
cultivated desert river valleys and gardens from 200 m to 750 m , commonest below 400 m , with a . . .
little known . nesting records are available from may , aug and sept , while an immature was collected in nov , and juveniles and partially . . .
presumably sedentary for the most part , occasionally straggling s into n antofagasta , chile , but . . .
critically endangered . cites ii . a little - known , restricted - range species : present in peru - chile pacific slope eba . until 2000 ranked as vulnerable , and only uplisted to . . .
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molecular studies # r # r indicate that genera myrtis , eulidia , rhodopis , thaumastura and chaetocercus form a monophyletic group that includes also calypte , archilochus and selasphorus .
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- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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the atacama desert is a narrow strip of desert along the northwest coast of chile . it extends nearly 1600 km and reaches a maximum width of 180 km . in many areas rainfall has never been recorded . consequently , an extremely arid , almost barren , landscape predominates . despite the aridity of this desert , some cacti ( eulychnia ) , perennials ( nolana ) and mesquite ( prosopis ) occur in basins where occasional water accumulation occurs . relatively few animal species have adapted to this arid environment and therefore , faunal diversity and density is extremely low . even bacteria are scarce , and in many portions of the desert insects and fungi are absent . the intrinsic value of the atacama desert ' s plant and animal communities lies in the unique nature of their composition , the high levels of endemism and some species ' remarkable adaptations for survival in some of the planet ' s most demanding conditions .
description location and general description the atacama desert ecoregion occupies a continuous strip for nearly 1 , 600 km along the narrow coast of the northern third of chile from near arica ( 18°24 ' s ) southward to near la serena ( 29°55 ' s ) ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) . this desert is a sparsely populated virtually rainless plateau , running east from the pacific ocean to the andes mountains . the average width is less than 100 km . the xeric conditions extend up to1 , 500 masl on the drier slopes ( börgel 1973 ) . the faulted coastal mountains ( mostly 500 - 1000 m high ) are composed of cretaceous sediments ( limestone and sandstone ) over more ancient masses of crystalline rocks ( lustig 1970 ) .
the atacama desert is considered to be one of the driest coastal deserts in the world . vegetation must contend with an annual rainfall of 0 . 6 mm in arica and 2 . 1 mm in iquique . the atacama becomes slightly less arid as it moves southward . the average monthly temperatures in iquique range from 14 . 5 oc in september to 21 oc in march ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) .
topography and substrate combine to influence the patterns of moisture availability and areas of suitable habitat . where isolated mountains or steep coastal slopes intercept the clouds , a fog zone develops with a stratus layer concentrated against the hillsides . the moisture allows the development of fog - zone plant communities termed
lomas
( small hills ) near the coast and in lower portions of numerous gorges (
quebradas
) between sea level and 1 , 100 m . these plant formations also have been called the fertile belt , fog oases or meadows on the desert . plant communities of the lomas consist of mixtures of annual and short - lived perennial and woody scrub vegetation .
the northern coastal zone has almost no vegetation . among some of the few plant species found in this zone are cacti growing over 500 m - eulychnia iquiquensis and copiapoa sp . near iquique , there is large community of tillandsia landbeckii growing at 990 - 1 , 100 m ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) . the valleys along streams support plant communities that are composed of trees prosopis chilensis , p . tamarugo , salix humboldtiana , schinus aareira , acacia macrantha and caesalpinia tinctoria and other shrubby and herbaceous plants ( roig 1999 ) . on slopes moistened by drizzle during the winter , sparse strands of tillandsia spp . may exist in association with a few lichens .
near the town of antofagastsa , the region is practically devoid of vegetation except for eulychnia iquiquensis and copiapoa sp . only some brush plants occur along the coastal plateaus , dependent for survival on the moisture of persistent fog , they include heliotropium pycnophyllum , ephedra breana and lycium deserti ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) . in places away from the area of fog formation , the desert is almost lifeless . in these areas , even decomposition does not occur . dead vegetation may be thousands of years old ( roig 1999 ) .
the southern atacama desert has a fog - zone vegetation with approximately 230 species of vascular plants . euphorbia lactiflua and eulychnia iquiquensis are dominant species in the central area of this zone . other shrubby species in the zone include echinopsis coquimbana , oxalis gigantea , lycium stenophyllum , proustia cuneifolia , croton chilensis , balbisia penduncularis and tillandsia geissei . bromeliads are also present along the coastal flats in this southern part , and include deuterocohni chrysantha and puya boliviensis ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) .
the southernmost area in the ecoregion is near chañaral . this area has communities of shrubs such as skytnathus acutus , encelia canescens , frankenia chilensis , and nolana rostrata . annuals and perennials include perityle emoryi , oenothera coquimbensis , ademia latistipula , atragalus coquimbensis , cruckshanksia verticillata , fagonia chilensis and tetragonia angustifolia ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) .
biodiversity features the intrinsic value of the atacama desert ' s plant and animal communities lies in the unique nature of their composition , the high levels of endemism and some species ' remarkable adaptations for survival in some of the planet ' s most demanding conditions . the highly endemic flora is of particular importance . there are some traditional uses of species by the local inhabitants ( aronson 1990 ; bittmann 1988 ) , e . g . food from oxalis spp . , medicinals from salvia tubiflora and ephedra spp .
there are approximately 550 species of vascular plants representing 225 genera and 80 families in the lomas formations . the most diverse families are the asteraceae , nolanaceae , cataceae , boraginaceae , and apiaceae . endemism can be very high ( over 60 % ) ( rundel et al . 1991 ) . most of the plant species mentioned earlier are endemic to the atacama desert . three cacti are endemic to the northern part of the atacama desert ; they are eulychnia iquiquensis , neoporteria sensu and copiapoa sp . endemic shurbs of the ecoregion include berberis litoralis , anisomeria littoralis , atriplex taltalensis , adesmia viscidissima , croton chilensis , balbisia peduncularis , nicotiana solanifolia , teucrium nudicaule , monttea chilensis , stevia hyssopifolia , senecio almeidae , gutierrezia taltalensis and haploppus desrticula . endemic plants near tocopilla are malesherbia tocopillana , mathewsia collina and nolana tocopillensis ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) .
understandably , very few animals have adapted to successfully inhabit this extremely dry habitat . the few scorpions and insects are the prey of lizards ( tropidurus spp . ) and of a small passerine of the genus geositta . an occasional bird of prey or vulture can be found scavenging on the carrion of domestic animals . mammals are equally few with a mouse ( phyllotis darwini ) and a fox ( pseudalopex griseus ) encountered periodically . the growth of a few scattered shrubs and herbaceous plants such as lichens enables certain specialized insects and poisonous spiders to colonize these deserts .
current status the region has been moderately affected by roads and mining operations . the northern area of the ecoregion has been especially affected by overgrazing of domestic livestock , collection of firewood , and commercial gathering of rare plants , including cacti and bulbs .
some nearby areas have archaeological importance . the beauty and rarity of the lomas formations provide opportunities for tourism combined with scientific studies . if the impact on the delicate communities is controlled through supervision , lomas formations can be enjoyed by the public and preserved . environmental education on the importance , rarity and the unusual characteristics of these natural resources is desperately needed . for example , quebrada el león needs some recuperation from overuse and could become a lasting and informative oasis as a nature reserve for residents of caldera and copiapó ( dillon and a . e . hoffmann - j 1997 ) .
three protected areas exist within the extreme desert region . pan de azúcar national park ( established in 1986 , iucn category ii ) covers 438 km² . it has been recommended ( anderson et al . 1990 ) that this park be expanded northward to include quebrada esmeralda ( 25°50 ' s ) and quebrada de las lozas ( 25°41 ' s ) , which would protect areas very rich in cacti . la chimba national reserve ( iucn category iv ) of 30 km² was recently established and lies approximately 15 km north of antofagasta . pampa del tamarugal national reserve ( iucn category iv ) , 1 , 023 km² in size , is one of the key areas for the conservation of the threatened tamarugo conebill ( conirostrum tamarugense ) .
types and severity of threats a few port towns exist in this desert . iquique , caldera , and antofagasta are located on precarious sea - eroded terraces at the base of coastal cliffs . these towns are the outlet for the numerous mining centers in the interior tectonic basins . the wealth of the region lies in its mineral resources ( copper , sodium chloride , sodium nitrate , iodine salts ) , not in its spare biotic resources ( roig 1999 ) .
most threats to this ecoregion are closely associated with the few human population centers . specifically , these include increased urbanization , pollution , road construction , livestock grazing – ( numerous goats ) , fuelwood gathering , commercial plant collecting , and erosion .
since many sites have become accessible by road only recently ( i . e . , within the past 12 years ) , atacama ' s specialized ecosystems remained well preserved until recent times . road construction in association with mining operations is increasing human occupation in the region . with the rise in copper prices during the 1980s , reactivation of mining activities utilizing large quantities of sulphuric acid has had an essentially undocumented impact on terrestrial and marine life ( anderson et al . 1990 ) .
justification of ecoregion delineation the atacama desert is distinguished as being one of the driest places in the americas – and said to resemble a lunar landscape . inititial delineation’s followed di castri ( 1968 ) , however for the linework we followed simmonetti and montenegro ( 1994 ) to draw the northern and southern boundaries . eastern delineations follow the unesco ( 1980 ) boundary for the neighoring puna ecoregion in the high andes , and the western delineation is the pacific ocean .
references anderson , e . f . , m . bonilla - f . , a . e . hoffmann - j . , and n . p . taylor . 1990 . succulent plant conservation studies and training in chile . world wildlife fund - u . s . , washington , d . c .
aronson , j . 1990 . desert plants of use and charm from northern chile . desert plants 10 ( 2 ) : 79 - 86 .
bittmann , b . 1988 . recursos y supervivencia en el desierto de atacama . in masuda , s . , editors , recursos naturales andinos . tokyo : university of tokyo .
börgel , r . 1973 . the coastal desert of chile . pages 111 - 114 in d . h . k . amiran , and a . w . wilson , editors . coastal deserts : their natural and human environments . tucson : university of arizona press .
di castri , f . 1968 . esquisse ecologique du chili . biologique de l ' amerique australe 4 . cnrs , paris , france .
dillon , m . o . , and a . e . hoffmann - j . 1997 . lomas formations of the atacama desert northern chile . in s . d . davis , v . h . heywood , o . herrera - macbryde , j . villa - lobos , and a . c . hamilton , editors . centres of plant diversity : a guide and strategy for their conservation . wwf , iucn , oxford , u . k .
dorst j . 1967 . south america and central america : a natural history . hamish hamilton , london .
lustig , l . k . 1970 . appraisal of research on geomorphology and surface hydrology of desert environments . in w . g . mcginnies , b . j . goldman , and p . paylore , editors . deserts of the world : an appraisal of research into their physical and biological environments . university of arizona press , tucson .
roig , v . 1999 . atacama desert . page 54 in m . e . mares , editor , encyclopedia of deserts . university of oklahoma press , norman .
rundel , p . w . 1981 . the matorral zone of central chile . pages 175 - 201 in f . di castri , d . w . goodall , and r . l . specht , editors . ecosystems of the world vol . 11 . elsevier , amsterdam .
simmonetti , j . a . and g . montenegro . 1994 . conservation and use of biodiversity of the arid and semiarid zones of chile . presented at the international workshop
conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad en zonas áridas y semiáridas de américa latina
, march 1994 , guadalajara , mexico . unpublished document .
world wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037
this discussion was first published as part of the 2013 red list update , but remains open for comment to enable reassessment in 2014 .
further information is requested on the population trends , size and distribution of this species . comments on the proposed uplisting are welcome .
collar , n . j . , gonzaga , l . p . , krabbe , n . , madroño nieto , a . , naranjo , l . g . , parker , t . a . and wege , d . c . ( 1992 ) threatened birds of the americas : the icbp / iucn red data book . international council for bird preservation : cambridge , u . k .
we have conducted monthly additional searches for the species in all tacna valleys ( south peru ) during 2008 - 2009 , this species was not recorded in any census . regards .
there is now a period for further comments until the final deadline of 31 march , after which recommended categorisations will be put forward to iucn .
the final red list categories will be published on the birdlife and iucn websites in mid - 2014 , following further checking of information relevant to the assessments by both birdlife and iucn .
the final categorisation will be published later in 2014 , following further checking of information relevant to the assessment by birdlife and iucn .
with stark cliff walls over 1 , 600 meters high , the chicamocha canyon is the deepest in colombia . unfortunately for biologists , its difficult terrain houses a number of endemic species . it was in order to confirm the presence of one of these species – nicéforo’s wren thryophilus nicefori – that four biologists from calidris ( birdlife in colombia ) [ … ]
most businesses want to minimise their impact on the natural world – but it can be hard to know where to start . luckily , the process has just got a whole lot easier with the release of a new roadmap for companies operating in some of the most biologically significant places on the planet . the report , [ … ]
“a summit for the flyways” united 100 different organisations from 70 different countries to address one problem : how to protect migratory birds on their incredible journey . and with millions of migratory birds passing through the middle east , it was the perfect opportunity to tackle regional issues , too . birdlife took advantage of the fact that conservation [ … ]
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eois roseocincta is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found in guyana .

the wingspan is about 17 mm .

the forewings are pale yellow , slightly deeper yellow along the costa and hind margin .

there are many oblique rosy streaks on the costa .

the hindwings have a rosy submarginal band , a faint cell spot and a rosy outer line .

eois roseocincta

scopula roseocincta is a moth of the family geometridae . it is found in south africa and tanzania . [ 2 ]
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
we parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .
warren w . 1899a . new species and genera of the families drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae from the old - world regions . - novitates zoologicae 6 ( 1 ) : 1—66 .
pinhey e . c . g . 1975 . moths of southern africa . descriptions and colour illustrations of 1183 species . - — : i—iv , 1—273 , pls . 1—63 .
janse a . j . t . 1933—1935 . the moths of south africa . volume ii . geometridae ( concluded ) . - — 2 ( 1 ) : 1—448 , pls . 1—15 .
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protospinax is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish found in the solnhofen limestones of southern bavaria .

it is a difficult taxon to accommodate in taxonomies .

formerly known from only two specimens , further museum specimens were discovered at the museum of comparative zoology of harvard university in the 1990s , having been misidentified as squatina and heterodontus .

protospinax was about 1.7 m in length .

protospinax

on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectens gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria
on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectans gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria .
article : on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectens gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria
details - on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectens gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria - biodiversity heritage library
full reference : a . s . woodward . 1919 . on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus , sp . nov . and protospinax annectans , gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria . proceedings of the zoological society of london 13 : 231 - 235
ty - jour ti - on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectens gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria t2 - proceedings of the zoological society of london . vl - 1918 ur - urltoken pb - academic press , [ etc . ] , cy - london : py - 1918 sp - 231 ep - 235 do - 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 1918 . tb02093 . x sn - 0370 - 2774 er -
@ article { bhlpart69987 , title = { on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectens gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria } , journal = { proceedings of the zoological society of london . } , volume = { 1918 } , copyright = { public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection . } , url = urltoken publisher = { london : academic press , [ etc . ] , 1833 - 1965 . } , author = { } , year = { 1918 } , pages = { 231 - - 235 } , }
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$ ectethmoid process absent ; $ loss of suborbital shelf ; $ orbitostylic jaw suspension ; $ basitrabecular process ( ? ) present ; $ precaudal hemal arches complete ; $ dorsal fin with basal but no spine .
scoop - shaped rostrum ; spiracle large ; fin spines present ; no anal fin ; benthonic , cold marine .
links : courtnay museum : animal classification ; squalomorpha ; miss a wittrick ; cartilaginous fishes ; atw021204 .
characters : ~ 170 cm ; teeth with moderate labial visor [ k03 ] ; may be hump - like structure is indicated just below the apex on the lingual face [ k03 ] ; triangular and elongate and / or massive lingual uvula [ k03 ] ; labial face triangular in labial view and more or less flat [ k03 ] ; basal edge of the labial face is concave [ k03 ] ; cutting edge is continuous and rectilinear without any crenulations or serrations [ k03 ] ; lateral cusplets absent [ k03 ] ; teeth with central foramen [ k03 ] ; broad pectoral fins ; pelvic fins anterior and overlapped by pectorals .
links : sharkfriends paleo - shark page ; abstracts - part 1 : amesbury through ellis ; sanstitre ; tiburonesg . html ; hors - série requins ; jurasico . htm spanish ) ; the american elasmobranch society hompage ; helicoprion ( recreación ) helicoprion ( fósil ) echinochimaera ( . . . . ; articles - dino hunter cites to two newish articles ) ; neoselachian remains ( chondrichthyes , elasmobranchii ) from the . . . description of some tooth species ) .
references : kriwet ( 2003 ) [ k03 ] , maisey ( 1993 ) atw040722 .
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type specimen : bmnh p8775 . its type locality is eichstätt , solnhofen ( bmnh collection ) , which is in a tithonian lagoonal / restricted shallow subtidal lime mudstone in the solnhofen formation of germany .
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proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1918 : 231–235 , 1 pl .
woodward , 1918 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018
host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !
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biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
underwood & ward , 2004 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018


syllectra erycata is a moth in the erebidae family .

it is found from florida , texas and the antilles ( jamaica , guadeloupe , martinique , st. kitts , hispaniola , cuba , puerto rico , st. lucia , grenada ) to brazil , peru , surinam and bolivia .

the wingspan is about 35 mm .

syllectra erycata

syllectra erycata ; becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 30 , f . 68
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[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :
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guadeloupe , petit - bourg , hauteurs lézarde , 31 - xii - 83 .
legend male genitalia ( jpg 88 kb ) . back to the list of noctuidae
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