pupillidae is a family of mostly minute , air-breathing , land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily pupilloidea .

this family has no subfamilies ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .

pupillidae

distribution and diversity patterns of australian pupilloid land snails ( mollusca : pulmonata : pupillidae , s . l . )
distribution and diversity patterns of australian pupilloid land snails ( mollusca : pulmonata : pupillidae , s . l . )
distribution and diversity patterns of australian pupilloid land snails ( mollusca : pulmonata : pupillidae , s . l . ) - urltoken
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the common name chrysalis snails is used for whorl snails ( vertiginidae ) , as well as lauriidae and pupillidae , all of which share the same superfamily , pupilloidea .
schileyko , a . a . 1998 . treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs . part 1 . achatinellidae , amastridae , orculidae , strobilopsidae , spelaeodiscidae , valloniidae , cochlicopidae , pupillidae , chondrinidae , pyramidulidae . ruthenica , supplement 2 : 1–128 .
pilsbry , h . a . 1927 . geographic distribution of pupillidae ; strobilopsidae , valloniidae and pleurodiscidae . manual of conchology , structural and systematic with illustrations of the species ; second series : pulmonata 28 ( 109 ) : 1–48 , pl . 1–8 .
piyoros tongkerd , taehwan lee , somsak panha , john b . burch , diarmaid ó foighil ; molecular phylogeny of certain thai gastrocoptine micro land snails ( stylommatophora : pupillidae ) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal dna sequences , journal of molluscan studies , volume 70 , issue 2 , 1 may 2004 , pages 139–147 , urltoken
nekola , jeffery c . , and brian f . coles .
systemactics and ecology of gastrocopta ( gastrocopta ) rogersensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) , a new species of land snail from the midwest of the united states of america .
the nautilus 2 . 3 ( 2001 ) : 105 - 14 . web . 6 mar . 2011 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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chrysalis snails have their name from their outward resemblance with a holometabole insect ' s chrysalis . they are usually larger than whorl snails ( vertiginidae ) and have distinct , if short , lower tentacles . chrysalis snails are very widely distributed , they can be found on all continents , except antarctica ; in europe their distribution in the north stretches beyond the arctic circle , in the alps beyond 2000 m msl .
moss snail ( pupilla muscorum ) . picture : © stefan haller ( urltoken ) .
description : the moss snail usually has a light brown shell , whose colour may vary between reddish brown and yellowish horn colour . the shell is slightly striated , but may also almost have a smooth surface . the whorls are slightly rounded at the outside , the suture separating them is not very deep . the aperture lip usually is well developed , and on the back of the apertural whorl the snail has a prominent callus well visible because of its whitish colour . in the shell mouth there usually is a parietal ( upper ) tooth ; there may also be a palatal ( lower ) tooth or lamella , which often melts with the shell wall .
the snail ' s body is small with an elliptic foot , which is dark coloured , becoming lighter coloured at the flanks and the sole . the upper tentacles are not very long , the lower ones are very short .
dimensions : h : 3 - 4 mm ; w : 1 . 65 - 1 . 75 mm ; u : 5 - 6 ½ . ( abbreviations ) .
moss snail ( pupilla muscorum ) . picture : © malcolm storey ( urltoken ) .
moss snails live on dry meadows , even on sand hills and in more or less open and sunny places . the snail usually prefers calciferous ground , but is also described as indifferent to the ground limestone content ( e
, p . ( 1956 ) , p . 46 ) . in portugal it can also be found under stones , in the leaf litter and in mosses . in great britain it is also often found on calciferous sheep pastures .
moss snails are ovoviviparous snails - their eggs can hibernate inside the mother ' s body and be laid in spring , when favourable conditions prevail . while the juveniles of pupilla muscorum usually hatch during oviposition ( and then crawl around with the amnion over their shells ) , the embryos of the alpine chrysalis snail ( pupilla alpicola ) need some additional days to develop before hatching .
) - moss snails practically are found everywhere in europe . in the alps the altitude limit for
( 1956 ) , see above ) , whereas the alpine chrysalis snail , for example , can be found as high as 2400 m msl .
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the geographic distribution of strobilops aeneus pilsbry , 1926 , a rare species in canada , is reviewed and all known records are mapped . two recent records , the only ones since 1941 , are reported from the province of ontario . one of these records represents a small range extension ca . 85 km north of the closest previous site . specimens identified as s . aeneus from ontario , new brunswick , and nova scotia were re - examined and found to be another species .
butt , s . , p . ramprasad and a . fenech . 2005 . changes in the landscape of southern ontario , canada since 1750 : impacts of european colonization ; pp . 83–92 , in : a . fenech , d . maciver , h . auld and r . hansell ( eds . ) . integrated mapping assessment . toronto : environment canada . 186 pp .
davis , d . s . 1985 . synopsis and distribution tables of land and freshwater mollusca of nova scotia . nova scotia museum , curatorial report 54 : 30 pp .
davis , d . s . 1992 . terrestrial mollusca of nova scotia : in the footsteps of john robert willis , 1825 - 1876 ; pp . 125–133 , in : e . gittenberger and j . goud ( eds . ) . proceedings of the ninth international malacological congress , edinburgh , 31 august–6 september 1986 . leiden : backhuys publishers .
ecological stratification working group . 1995 . a national ecological framework for canada . agriculture and agri - food canada , research branch , centre for land and biological resources research and environment canada , state of the environment directorate , ecozone analysis branch , ottawa / hull . vii + 125 pp . , national map at 1 : 7500 000 scale .
forsyth , r . g . 2013 . towards an annotated catalogue of the terrestrial molluscs of canada . the malacologist 60 : 22–23 .
kerr , j . t . and i . deguise . 2004 . habitat loss and the limits to endangered species recovery . ecology letters 7 ( 12 ) : 1163–1169 .
la rocque , a . 1953 . catalogue of the recent mollusca of canada . national museum of canada , bulletin 129 ( biological series 44 ) : x + 406 pp .
la rocque , a . 1962 . checklist of the non - marine mollusca of quebec . sterkiana 7 : 23–44 .
lauriol , b . , e . deschamps , l . carrier , w . grimm , r . morlan and b . talon . 2003 . cave infill and associated biotic remains as indicators of holocene environment in gatineau park ( quebec , canada ) . canadian journal of earth sciences 40 ( 6 ) : 789–803 .
macmillan , g . k . 1954 . a preliminary survey of the land and freshwater gastropoda of cape breton , nova scotia , canada . proceedings of the nova scotian institute of natural science 23 ( 4 ) : 389–408 .
ontario biodiversity council . 2010 . state of ontario’s biodiversity 2010 . peterborough : ontario biodiversity council . vi + 121 pp .
oughton , j . 1948 . a zoogeographical study of the land snails of ontario . university of toronto studies , biological series 57 : frontispiece + xi + 126 pp . , 1 map , 3 tables .
pilsbry , h . a . 1940 . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . volume 1 , part 2 . the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , monographs 3 : i–viii + 575–994 + i–ix .
pilsbry , h . a . 1946 . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . volume 2 , part 1 . the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , monographs 3 : frontispiece + i–vi + 1–520 .
pilsbry , h . a . 1948 . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . volume 2 , part 2 . academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , monograph 3 : i–xlvii + 521–1113 .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . j . quinn , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd edition . american fisheries society , special publication 26 : ix + 526 pp .
warman , l . d . , d . m . forsyth , a . r . e . sinclair , k . freemark , h . d . moore , t . w . barrett , r . l . pressey and d . white . 2004 . species distribution , surrogacy , and important conservation regions in canada . ecology letters 7 ( 5 ) : 374–379 .
data are presented on the distribution and diversity patterns of 34 native australian pupilloid land snails . in addition , mention is made of two introduced species . most queensland and new south wales species have not been revised and distributional data for these taxa are sparse . therefore , they are not included . eight of the nine genera range outside of australia . the monotypic glyptopupoides pilsbry , 1926 , is the only restricted endemic . four of the 34 native species also live in indonesia or new guinea . the south and west coasts of australia have a limited fauna of three genera and four restricted endemic species each , plus a minor intrusion of gastrocopta deserti pilsbry , 1917 , from the
red centre .
no pupilloids have been collected in the humid southwestern corner of western australia , tasmania , or most of victoria . the
red centre
has seven species , two with quite restricted ranges , in three genera . one
red centre
species , g . deserti , has the widest range of any australian pupilloid , extending from western queensland to the north west cape in western australia , as far north as the south fringes of the kimberley , and then south to the flinders ranges in south australia . the kimberley in western australia and the
top end
of the northern territory have the greatest diversity in both genera and species , with eight genera and 19 species present . local distribution in this region is rather complex and correlates mainly with moisture regimens . patterns of local diversity also are discussed . the following genera are included , nesopupa , pupisoma , cylindrovertilla , pumilicopta , pupilla , pupoides , gyliotrachela . .
. cold acclimation was followed in three cultivars of winter wheat ( triticum aestivum l . ) that differ in freezing tolerance , using root growth as the indicator . during acclimation ( followed through 7 d at 4 degrees c ) , growth rate progressively reco . . .
. serum igg antibody to brain lipids was measured with an elisa technique in 38 schizophrenic patients and 22 normal subjects . there were no significant differences between groups . the authors discuss methodological differences between this study an . . .
. the effect of dantrolene on the positive inotropic effects ( pie ) of 3 cardiotonic agents was assessed on rat and rabbit atria . dantrolene ( 10 - 5 m ) had no effect on contractile tension or on the pie to isoproterenol ( 10 - 10 to 10 - 7 m ) or ouabain ( 10 . . .
. changes in physicochemical properties of spray - dried malted milk produced from 30 and 40 % ts mix and stored in polyethylene pouches and glass bottles at 30 + or - 1 degrees c for 2 months were studied . increase in moisture , fat , solubility index and t . . .
. β - barrel assembly machinery protein a ( bama ) plays a critical role in the biogenesis of outer membrane proteins ( omps ) ; however , a mechanistic understanding of its function is lacking . here , we report an in vitro assay that investigates whether t . . .
. background : study of the long - term effects of chronic alcohol consumption in human populations is confounded by genetic and environmental factors . methods : the study was intended to investigate the effects on morbidity and survival of lifetime for . . .
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sutcharit , c . ( chulong - korn univ . , bangkok 10330 ( thailand ) . dept . of biology ) burch , j . b .
recent ancestry and evolutionary transitions in ecology and shell morphology may occur rapidly in some pupillid lineages . baker ( 1935 ) arranged five distinct sub - families but the present results showed that gastrocoptinae and vertiginae are arranged in the same clade , separated from pupillinae
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burch , john b . how to know the eastern land snails . dubuque : wmc brown company publishers , 1964 . 52 . print
fitch , henry s . , and donald h . lokke .
the molluscan record of succession on the university of kansas natural history reservation .
transactions of the kansas academy of science 59 . 4 ( ) : 442 - 54 . web . 6 mar . 2011 . < urltoken > .
grassland animals .
hamilton naturalists ' club . hamilton naturalists ' club , n . d . web . 22 mar . 2011 . < urltoken > .
laws .
gastrocopta pentadon ( say ) , comb snaggletooth snail - biodiversity of great smoky mountains national park .
discover life in america - all taxa biodiversity inventory . discover life in america , n . d . web . 26 mar . 2011 . < urltoken > .
nekola , j . c . ( 2003 ) , large - scale terrestrial gastropod community composition patterns in the great lakes region of north america . diversity and distributions , 9 : 55–71 . doi : 10 . 1046 / j . 1472 - 4642 . 2003 . 00165 . x
nekola , j . c . ( 2010 ) , acidophilic terrestrial gastropod communities of north america . journal of molluscan studies ; may2010 , vol . 76 issue 2 , p144 - 156 , 13p , 4 charts , 4 graphs , 1 map . eds foundation index . accession number : 5329795 5 .
pilsbury , henry a .
land mollusca of north america .
the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 2 . 2 ( 1948 ) : 907 . print .
snodgrass , kathleen .
ancient climate as inferred by land snails at the brokenleg bend locality , oklahoma .
wisconsin dnr , n . d . web . 22 mar . 2011 . < urltoken
worthington , r . d . and artie , m . l . ( 1997 ) , additions to the present and quaternary gastropod faunas of the franklin mountains , el paso county , texas . the southwestern naturalist . vol . 42 , no . 4 ( dec . , 1997 ) , pp . 471 - 477 . published by : southwestern association of naturalists .
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the neotropical green anole ( anolis biporcatus ) is a species of anolis lizard , native to central america and northern south america , from mexico to ecuador and venezuela .

neotropical green anole

the humble green anole has been a mainstay in the pet reptile hobby for decades . the males have attractive throat pouches they use for territorial displays or when courting females .
the green anole has long been one of the most widely available species of lizard in the pet trade . often sold as “feeders” ( prey items for larger , reptile - eating species of snakes and lizards ) , green anoles are available at local pet shops , chain pet store retailers and from online sellers at very affordable prices ; seldom does a green anole command more than a $ 10 price - tag .
male green anoles may grow to 8 inches , while females seldom exceed 5 to 6 inches . young hatch at three - quarters to 1 inch in length . with a svl ( snout - to - vent length ) of a large adult male being roughly 4 inches , fully half a green anole’s length is its tail . the head of the green anole is spear - shaped or triangular in form ; the large eye sockets accommodate this diurnal hunter’s keen eyes .
one of the best known positive economic factors involving green anoles are their presence in the pet trade . green anole are sold in many pet stores in the united states . they also are exported for profit . in addition , lizards collected within the united states are sold to zoos and for educational programs . green anoles also have been studied to better understand animal behavior .
) are particularly common snake predators . this species has eliminated green anoles from portions of guam . examples of birds that regularly prey on green anoles are american kestrels (
breeding interval green anoles breed in two week intervals throughout the spring to summer months .
green anoles will eat small invertebrates such as crickets , mealworms , farm - raised maggots , roaches ( genus blaptica ) , and all other insect fare . avoid superworms or kingworms , as these possess sharp , powerful mandibles that can injure your anole . wild - caught insects , such as grasshoppers and leafhoppers , make great supplements to your green anole’s diet , but make certain that any and all wild insects offered to your pets are free of pesticides , herbicides and any other dangerous agricultural chemical .
green anoles also utilize caudal autotomy and use their dropped tails to distract predators while they escape .
breeding season green anoles breed 4 to 5 months out of the year , usually april through august .
a lithe species , the green anole is an agile and muscularly built animal . older males are more heavy - bodied than their female counterparts . these slender lizards are lightweight for their length , which allows them to move through their canopy and vegetation with greater ease .
green anoles should be able to enter and exit warmer and cooler areas of the terrarium in order to thermo - regulate , because although they are baskers , green anoles definitely require shady retreats , as well . owing to this species’ arboreal lifestyle , undertank heaters or hot - rock - style heaters are largely ineffectual as heat sources . heat lamps ( both daytime and nighttime , or moon - glow style , bulbs ) work best as heating sources for a green anole enclosure .
green anoles seem to thrive better when their terrarium is slightly elevated , such that they may look out into your home at eye - level . achieve this by placing your anole’s enclosure on a shelf or on top of a piece of furniture . in nature , green anoles dwell in trees and other lofty locations , and anything you can do in arranging and orienting your anole’s enclosure to better simulate this elevated lifestyle is highly recommended . being down lower can make them nervous , especially if there’s a fair amount of activity in the vicinity of their cage .
substrata to avoid are oily or resinous or scented substrates , such as pine shavings , wood shavings , or scented paper towels . excessively dry substrate , such as any type of sand , is also not recommended , because the green anole is a temperate species that does not naturally occur in excessively arid areas . untreated soil or bark substrates , mixed with decaying leaf - litter work well for green anoles .
there are more than two dozen anole species in costa rica alone , so it ' s often difficult to identify an individual lizard . fortunately for me , there ' s only one bright green species . this one was on the trunk of a palm tree , hiding behind palm leaves swaying in the breeze .
vertically oriented terrariums are preferable , as taller enclosures better accommodate the arboreal green anole’s needs . air circulation is important , so a well - ventilated terrarium is recommended . vertically oriented vegetative cover is an absolute necessity ; acrylic vines , plastic plants that adhere to the tank walls by way of suction cups and other such cover are highly recommended . green anoles will sooner take refuge in suspended tangles of vegetation rather than in ground - level hides or caves .
green anoles also are sometimes considered beneficial pest controllers , because they feed on pest species such as spiders , moths , and crickets .
wild green anoles typically lap water from leaves after a rain shower , or before the sun dries an early - morning dew . some pets may drink standing water from a shallow dish , but all green anoles will drink water misted onto the leaves and walls of their terrarium . if you do opt to provide a water dish , be sure it’s shallow ; green anoles cannot escape from deep or steep - walled water dishes and will quickly drown in deep water . placing a stick or vine in the water dish will ensure your green anoles an escape route should one be necessary .
green anoles are a diurnal species . in both males and females , the majority of the day is dedicated to foraging . prey capture somewhat distinguishes green anoles from related species , as they use a multitude of resources to capture prey . green anoles move freely and range widely , but usually only within their territorial domains . in most cases , green anoles are positioned at a particular perch height , which is determined in a variety of ways , including the search for prey . behavior changes slightly during the breeding season , when males dedicate more time to social interactions such as courting females .
green anoles have a lifespan ranging from 2 to 8 years , determined largely by predation . lifespan in captivity is similar to that in the wild , approximately 4 to 6 years , and dependent on proper care and conditions . longevity also is greatly dependent upon proper nutrition . smaller , slower , green anoles potentially have greater difficulty obtaining necessary nutrients than larger individuals , especially if engaged in competition . larger green anoles under ideal natural conditions have been known to live up to 10 years .
some authorities put most of the central and south american anole species ( as opposed to the u . s . / caribbean ones ) into the genus norops . this might become the standard soon , but for now there are still many authorities using
anolis
.
green anoles breed roughly four to five months out of the year , usually from april through august . warmer months have the highest reproduction rate , because higher temperatures increase the size of male and female sexual structures ( testes and ovaries ) . ovulation cycle for female green anoles lasts approximately two weeks , which creates the intervals in which they mate .
) . in other regions , its greatest impact is as a prey species . for example , in guam , green anoles are so heavily preyed upon by brown tree snakes (
occurs throughout much of the southeastern united states , extending north through parts of north carolina , west to texas , and south through florida . while florida was once the central portion of its united states distribution , today most florida populations have been replaced by introduced anole species , such as
phil purser has been writing about reptiles and amphibians since 2001 . his book , insect - eating lizards ( tfh publications , 2008 ) , features green anoles and other insectivorous lizards .
green anoles are preyed upon by a relatively large assortment of predators . their main predators are snakes and birds , but they also are preyed on by larger reptiles . brown tree snakes (
green anoles tolerate gentle handling , and they will usually prefer to perch upon a keeper’s hand or shoulder , rather than be tightly gripped . they are fragile lizards , and their tails will break easily , so while they do tolerate gentle interaction with their keepers , it’s best to keep handling to a minimum . newly acquired green anoles should not be handled soon after purchase ; give your new pets a week or two to adapt to their new surroundings before handling them . children should be supervised whenever handling green anoles , and anyone who handles them ( or any other reptiles ) should always wash their hands with antibacterial soap afterward .
scale colors in green anoles vary . in most cases , these lizards range from shades of brown to green or gray . at times their coloring represents combinations of these colors . color variation results from layers of pigmented cells called chromatophores . three types of pigment cells are present : xanthophores , cyanophores , and melanophores , each responsible for different color variations . green anoles are capable of changing scale color in response to their external environment . many factors affect color change and variation ; most often it is dependent upon temperature and excitation , such as increased activity or competition . darker brown and black colors , produced by melanophores , typically signal cold or stressed conditions .
to avoid predators , green anoles hide in trees , tall grasses , and other vegetation . they also have developed a structure similar to a patagium that enables them to glide down from tall trees . in addition , green anoles have the ability to walk vertically on surfaces such as trees , walls , and fences using adhesive pads on the bottom of their feet . these provide a means of escape that the majority of their predators do not have .
green anoles have several methods of capturing prey . over 58 % of the prey is captured by perching and watching or anticipating prey until they are within striking distance . this is considered to be the most effective means of capturing prey . this behavior is predominant during breeding , to conserve energy for mating . another method of prey capture is used while the anole is protecting and patrolling their territory . in this case , they leap forward to ensure a capture , but use a slower motion . another common method of prey capture is the ambush , usually used in capturing larger prey items .
is highly territorial , especially the males , they may prevent certain other species from entering their territory . this potentially prevents certain reproductive variation . a beneficial quality of green anoles is that they consume seeds and grains , potentially aiding in seed dispersal .
green anoles feed on a broad range of prey items . they often will attempt to eat anything smaller than their own head . they are classified as insectivores , eating a wide variety of insects , including beetles and flies , as well as spiders , some arthropods . at times , they also will eat mollusks , grain , and seeds . the importance of a particular prey or food item largely reflects its availability . if an item is abundant within the territory , green anoles are likely to feed on it more frequently .
is currently considered to be at lower risk or of least concern and is not vulnerable to any major threats at this time . some researchers believe that they may be at risk due to the significant numbers in the pet trade . however , in recent years , sales of green anoles have declined due to lesser demand . also , green anoles appear abundant in the portions of their range from which they are collected and many populations occur in protected areas , such as parks and natural areas , which helps to protect the population .
green anoles are sun - worshipping baskers , and eight hours of full - spectrum uv lighting per day is recommended . ambient temperatures should range from the low - 80s fahrenheit during the day with nightly dips into the upper 60s to low 70s . basking hot spots should reach the mid 90s .
the majority of green anoles are polygynous . especially in larger populations , they usually will mate only within their own territories . females are not characteristically known to search for different mates . in cases when a female mates with a different male , it is usually due to intrusion into her territory .
two types of sexual selection occur during the mating season : intersexual and intrasexual selection . the larger a territory range a male has , the more females he is likely to mate with . a territory size usually relates to a male green anoles body size ; the larger he is the more dominant he will be towards intruders and predators as he protects his territory .
green anoles that have not yet reached adulthood do display adult signals and behaviors ( e . g . head bobbing ) . however , since they are not sexually mature , these do not function as courtship mechanisms . interactions between juveniles are similar to those of adult females . they generally are not as serious as those between adult males and usually do not result in injuries . as juveniles mature , their interactions often become more intense . this is mainly due to the development of structural hierarchies for adulthood .
female green anoles have the ability to store sperm ; this may be a trait of intersexual selection . sperm has been found within a female seven months after mating , which may make delayed fertilization possible . prior to releasing her clutch , the female will examine an appropriate area and then dig into the soil . females prefer to release their eggs into moist soil . eggs are oval and on average 6 by 4 . 5 mm . the gestation period varies , but is approximately five to seven weeks long . hatchling anoles weigh 0 . 27 g each . juvenile anoles are sexually mature at 8 to 9 months old .
the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .
currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .
the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .
the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
dactyloa biporcata wiegmann 1834 : 47 anolis biporcatus — bocourt 1873 anolis copei bocourt 1873 : 77 anolis obtusirostris peters 1874 : 741 anolis copii — boulenger 1885 : 65 anolis biporcatus — boulenger 1885 : 88 anolis obtusirostris — boulenger 1885 : 95 anolis brevipes boettger 1893 anolis solifer ruthven 1916 anolis copei — dunn 1932 anolis copei — stuart 1935 : 42 anolis biporcatus — smith & taylor 1950 : 65 anolis biporcatus biporcatus — williams 1966 norops biporcatus — guyer & savage 1986 norops biporcatus — liner 1994 anolis biporcatus — bauer et al . 1995 : 59 norops biporcatus — köhler 2000 : 62 anolis biporcatus — liner 2007 anolis biporcatis — liner & casas - andreu 2008 : 41 norops biporcatus — nicholson et al . 2012 norops biporcatus — mccranie & köhler 2015 : 33
type locality : mexico ; restricted to piedra parada , chiapas by smith & taylor 1950 . neotype locality : santa rosa de pansos , guatemala .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
álvarez del toro , m . , & smith , h . m . 1956 . notulae herpetologicae chiapasiae . i . herpetologica 12 : 3 - 17 - get paper here
anonymous 2002 . opinion 2015 ( case 3145 ) dactyloa biporcata wiegmann 1834 ( currently anolis biporcatus ) and anolis petersii bocourt 1873 ( reptilia , sauria ) : specific names conserved by the desdignation of a neotype for a . biporcatus . bull . zool . nomenclature 59 ( 3 ) : 230 - 231 - get paper here
arias , erick ; federico bolaños 2014 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of san isidro de dota , reserva forestal los santos , costa rica . check list 10 ( 4 ) : 870 - 877 - get paper here
armstead , j . v . , f . ayala - varela , o . torres - carvajal , m . j . ryan & s . poe 2017 . systematics and ecology of anolis biporcatus ( squamata : iguanidae ) . salamandra 53 ( 2 ) : 285 - 293 - get paper here
bauer , a . m . ; günther , r . & klipfel , m . 1995 . the herpetological contributions of wilhelm c . h . peters ( 1815 - 1883 ) . ssar facsimile reprints in herpetology , 714 pp .
bernal carlo a . & roze j a . 2005 . lizards of the genus anolis ( reptilia : polychrotidae ) from sierra nevada de santa marta , colombia , with description of two new species . novedades colombianas nueva epoca 8 ( 1 ) : 9 - 26 - get paper here
bocourt , m . e . 1873 . in : a . duméril , m . f . bocourt , and f . mocquard , ( 1870 - 1909 ) , etudes sur les reptiles , p . i - xiv ; in recherches zoologiques pour servir a l ' histoire de ia faune de l ' amérique centrale et du mexique . mission scientifique au mexique et dans l ' amérique ce imprimerie impériale , paris , livr . 2 - 15 , pp . 33 - 860 . - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 2 , second edition . london , xiii + 497 pp . - get paper here
calderon , r . ; cedeño - vázquez , j . r . & pozo , c . 2003 . new distributional records for amphibians and reptiles from campeche , mexico . herpetological review 34 ( 3 ) : 269 - 272 - get paper here
calderon - mandujano , r . & mora - tembre , l . 2004 . new distributional records and comments on amphibians and reptiles from quintana roo , mexico . herpetological review 35 ( 3 ) : 295 - 296 - get paper here
campbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucatán , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here
casas - andreu , g . , f . r . méndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375–390 , in a . j . m . garcía - mendoza , j . ordoñez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biología , unam - fondo oaxaqueño para la conservación de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , méxico , d . f .
castro - herrera , f . & vargas - salinas , f . 2008 . anfibios y reptiles en el departamento del valle del cauca , colombia . biota colombiana 9 ( 2 ) : 251 - 277 - get paper here
castro - herrera , fernando ; anyelet valencia - aguilar , diego villaquiran - martínez 2012 . diversidad de anfibios y reptiles del parque nacional natural isla gorgona universidad del valle , santiago de cali , valle del cauca , 112 pp .
crandell , kristen e . ; anthony herrel , mahmood sasa , jonathan b . losos , kellar autumn 2014 . stick or grip ? co - evolution of adhesive toepads and claws in anolis lizards . zoology 117 ( 6 ) : 363 - 369 - get paper here
duellman , w . e . 1963 . amphibians and reptiles of the rainforest of southern el peten , guatemala . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 15 : 205 - 49 . - get paper here
dunn , emmett reid & emlen , john t . 1932 . reptiles and amphibians from honduras . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 84 : 21 - 32 - get paper here
esquivel , c . , and f . vargas - acuña . 2017 . norops biporcatus ( wiegmann , 1834 ) . color change during foraging . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 1 ) : 177–178 - get paper here
gaige , h . 1936 . some reptiles and amphibians from yucatan and campeche , mexico . carnegie inst . wash . publ . , ( 457 ) : 289 - 304 .
henderson , c . l . 2010 . mammals , amphibians , and reptiles of costa rica - a field guide . university of texas press , austin , 198 pp .
johnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , elí garcía padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272–329 . - get paper here
köhler , g . 2000 . reptilien und amphibien mittelamerikas , bd 1 : krokodile , schildkröten , echsen . herpeton verlag , offenbach , 158 pp .
köhler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .
köhler , g . & bauer , a . m . 2001 . case 3145 : dactyloa biporcata wiegmann 1834 ( currently anolis biporcatus ) and anolis petersii bocourt 1873 ( reptilia : sauria ) : proposed conservation of the specific names and designation of a neotype for a . biporcatus . bull . zool . nomenclature 58 ( 2 ) : 122 - 125 - get paper here
köhler , gunther 2014 . characters of external morphology used in anolis taxonomy—definition of terms , advice on usage , and illustrated examples . zootaxa 3774 ( 2 ) : 201–257 - get paper here
lee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,
lee , j . c . 1996 . the amphibians and reptiles of the yucatán peninsula . comstock , cornell university press , ithaca , 500 pp .
liner , ernest a . , and gustavo casas - andreu . 2008 . standard spanish , english and scientific names of the amphibians and reptiles of mexico . herpetological circular 38 : 167 p .
mata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and elí garcía - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6–62 - get paper here
mccranie , j . & castañeda , f . e . 2005 . the herpetofauna of parque nacional pico bonito , honduras . phyllomedusa 4 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 - get paper here
mccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352–386 - get paper here
mccranie , james r . and gunther köhler 2015 . the anoles ( reptilia : squamata : dactyloidae : anolis : norops ) of honduras . systematics , distribution , and conservation . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard ( special publication series , no . 1 ) : 1 - 280 [ review in q . j . biol . 91 : 227 ] - get paper here
nicholson , kirsten e . ; brian i . crother , craig guyer & jay m . savage 2012 . it is time for a new classification of anoles ( squamata : dactyloidae ) . zootaxa 3477 : 1–108
ortleb , edward ; heatwole , harold 1965 . comments on some panamanian lizards with a key to the species from barro colorado island , c . z . and vicinity . carib . j . sci . 5 ( 3 - 4 ) : 141 - 147 .
peters , wilhem carl hartwig 1874 . über neue saurier ( spæriodactylus , anolis , phrynosoma , tropidolepisma , lygosoma , ophioscincus ) aus centralamerica , mexico und australien . monatsber . königl . akad . wiss . berlin . 1873 ( november ) : 738 - 747 - get paper here
poe , s . 2004 . phylogeny of anoles . herpetological monographs 18 : 37 - 89 - get paper here
poe , s . 2013 . 1986 redux : new genera of anoles ( squamata : dactyloidae ) are unwarranted . zootaxa 3626 ( 2 ) : 295–299 - get paper here
rengifo m , jhon tailor ; fernando c . herrera , francisco j . purroy 2014 . diversidad de una comunidad de anolis ( iguania : dactyloidae ) en la selva pluvial central , departamento del chocó , colombia . basic and applied herpetology 28 : 51 - 63 - get paper here
rivas , gilson a . ; césar r . molina , gabriel n . ugueto , tito r . barros , césar l . bar - rio - amorós & philippe j . r . kok 2012 . reptiles of venezuela : an updated and commented checklist . zootaxa 3211 : 1–64 - get paper here
rivas - fuenmayor , g . & c . l . barrio a . 2003 . geographic distribution ; sauria : norops biporcatus . herpetological review 34 ( 4 ) : 385 - get paper here
rovito , sean michael ; thomas james devitt , susan cameron devitt 2015 . first survey of the amphibians and reptiles of the nectandra cloud forest reserve , alajuela , costa rica . check list 11 ( 2 ) : 1570 - get paper here
ruthven , alexander g . 1916 . three new species of anolis from the santa marta mountains , colombia . occasional papers of the museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 32 ) : 1 - 8 - get paper here
savage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]
solís , josé mario ; rony e . valle , luis a . herrera , carlos m . o’reilly , and roberto downing . 2015 . range extensions and new departmental records for amphibians and reptiles in honduras . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 4 ) : 557 - get paper here
solís , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123–144 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1937 . some further notes on the amphibians and reptiles of the peten forest of northern guatemala . copeia 1937 ( 1 ) : 67 - 70 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1948 . the amphibians and reptiles of alta verapaz guatamala . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan 69 : 1 - 109 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1955 . a brief review of the guatemalan lizards of the genus anolis . misc . publ . mus . zool . , univ . michigan no . 91 : 1 - 31 - get paper here
sunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186–202 . - get paper here
sunyer , javier , josé gabriel martínez - fonseca and milton salazar - saavedra . 2016 . new departmental records for lizards in nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 4 ) : 1049–1054 - get paper here
taylor , e . h . 1956 . a review of the lizards of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( part 1 ) : 3 - 322 - get paper here
urbina - cardona , j . nicolás ; mario olivares - pérez , víctor hugo reynoso 2006 . herpetofauna diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture–edge–interior ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments in the los tuxtlas biosphere reserve of veracruz , mexico . biological conservation 132 : 61–75
valencia - zuleta a , jaramillo - martínez af , echeverry - bocanegra a , viáfara - vega r , hernández - córdoba o , cardona - botero ve , gutiérrez - zúñiga j , castro - herrera f . 2014 . conservation status of the herpetofauna , protected areas , and current problems in valle del cauca , colombia . amphibian & reptile conservation 8 ( 2 ) : 1–18 ( e87 ) - get paper here
van beest , p . a . & haberham , z . l . 2003 . een gebruiksaanwijzing voor een van de meest interessante groepen terrariumdiern : anolissen . deel iii . lacerta 61 ( 5 ) : 163 - 176 - get paper here
wiegmann , a . f . a . 1834 . herpetologia mexicana , seu descriptio amphibiorum novae hispaniae , quae itineribus comitis de sack , ferdinandi deppe et chr . guil . schiede im museum zoologicum berolinense pervenerunt . pars prima , saurorum species . berlin , lüderitz , iv + 54 pp . - get paper here
williams , e . e . ; rand , h . ; rand , a . s . & o’hara , r . j . 1995 . a computer approach to the comparison and identification of species in difficult taxonomic groups . breviora ( 502 ) : 1 - 47 - get paper here
williams , ernest e . 1966 . south american anoles : anolis biporcatus and anolis fraseri ( sauria , iguanidae ) compared . breviora ( 239 ) : 1 - 14 - get paper here
mario urriola spotted one of these anoles sleeping high in a tree at night , and pointed it out to lorrie smith and me . it was too high up to get a flash photo or to try to manipulate the vegetation to get it down lower .
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maybe about 12 cm long from nose to tail ? seen near a farmhouse where i would normally easily find yellow - headed geckos and slender anoles .
hatchlings will reach sexual maturity in 18 months , and adults will continue to grow throughout the duration of their lives . sexual dimorphism also exists in that males sport larger dewlaps and females have a whitish to cream - colored stripe down the midline of the dorsum .
while captive longevity may reach or slightly exceed six years , wild specimens seldom thrive for more than three years .
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is considered an introduced species . it has become abundant in hawaii since it was discovered in 1950 . it also has been introduced and has flourished in the ogasawara islands of japan , and in cuba , the bahamas , and guam . in guam , however , densities have been impacted drastically by predators , such as introduced brown tree snakes (
( bishop and echternacht , 2004 ; losos , 2009 ; macedonia , et al . , 2003 ; mattison , 1989 )
is found most often on shaded tree branches . its positioning within a tree is known as its perch height and is dependent on the proximity of both predators and prey . limited research has been done on their preferred types or species of trees .
appears mostly to inhabit trees and shrubs within their territory and where prey is readily available . they also are frequently observed in tall grasses .
also is one of the most common lizards in urban and suburban areas . it is frequently found near dwellings , particularly on fence posts and the sides of buildings .
varies in length from 4 to 8 cm . females typically are smaller in all body size measures , at birth ranging from about 23 to 25 mm long . both males and females have long tails that account for more than half of their total body lengths . adult anoles weigh between 2 and 6 g .
within a population , two different size classes or morphs of adult males may be present : heavyweights and lightweights . these morphs differ in many ways , including bite force , body mass and length , competition , and vertical jump . the heavyweight morph is larger and more dominant . some authors consider these morphs to be different developmental stages or different age classes among sexually mature males .
( bartlett and bartlett , 2009 ; crews and greenberg , 1981 ; lailvaux , et al . , 2012 ; smith , 1946 )
males protect their mating partners from other intruding males by defending their territory . at times , males have been found to deny receptive females due to their focus on territorial protection . females also show protective behavior by mating primarily in sheltered areas and closed terrain , reducing vulnerability to predators . unlike other
occurs during warmer months , generally april through august . the breeding intervals are based on the female reproductive cycle , as they are only receptive to mating during their ovulatory cycle . the male is the main initiator of reproductive interactions and presents a strong display of attraction . this typically promotes a reproductive state in the female , similar to that of
. depending on how many ovulatory cycles a female has within a breeding season , she will lay six to nine eggs in a year . on average , she will lay a one to two egg clutch every two weeks . the male’s opportunities for mating correlates with the number of ovulation cycles a female has and the total number of potential mates within his territory range .
after ovulation , fertilization , and egg laying , no parental investment is known to occur .
( jenssen and nunez , 1998 ; losos , 2009 ; orrell , et al . , 2004 )
male territory size is directly correlated with its body size . the larger the lizard , the more territory he is able to patrol and protect . female territories are much smaller , less than half of that of a male , and generally within the male’s home range . even though males have much larger territory ranges than females , they spend the majority of their time within a specified female’s territory . year to year , males tend to remain within the same territorial boundaries . territory sizes vary , but on average range from 50 to 100 square meters .
is equipped with certain communication signals from birth . most communication involves color variations , actions such as head bobbing or neck biting , or use of the dewlap . the dewlap is used for inter - gender communication , especially during the breeding season . displaying the dewlap also may be used to determine competitive status between males ; in these cases , dewlap displays are usually related to territorial boundary disputes . head bobbing or courtship bobbing is performed by both males and females to communicate breeding status , but is also done while in a threatened state .
) . other common predators , particularly in suburban areas , are cats , dogs , and frogs .
( lailvaux , et al . , 2012 ; losos , 2009 ; lovern and jenssen , 2001 ; oliver , 1951 )
does not have a large ecosystem impact in most geographical ranges . however , their introduction in the ogasawara islands of japan , however , has led to the decline of or extinction of many species , such as the ogasawara tumbling flower beetle (
is a relatively harmless reptile . it is not aggressive toward humans , and its bite force is most likely insufficient to damage human skin .
chelsea crawford ( author ) , radford university , christine small ( editor ) , radford university , rachelle sterling ( editor ) , special projects .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
living in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .
a substantial delay ( longer than the minimum time required for sperm to travel to the egg ) takes place between copulation and fertilization , used to describe female sperm storage .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
islands that are not part of continental shelf areas , they are not , and have never been , connected to a continental land mass , most typically these are volcanic islands .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .
one of the sexes ( usually males ) has special physical structures used in courting the other sex or fighting the same sex . for example : antlers , elongated tails , special spurs .
mature spermatozoa are stored by females following copulation . male sperm storage also occurs , as sperm are retained in the male epididymes ( in mammals ) for a period that can , in some cases , extend over several weeks or more , but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
living in cities and large towns , landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .
aborn , d . , d . froehlich . 1995 . an observation of a summer tanager attempting to eat an anolis lizard .
crews , d . , n . greenberg . 1981 . function and causation of social signals in lizards .
dirickson , w . 1976 . ecology and physiological aspects of reproductive strategies in two lizards .
miller , w . , m . wolbarsht . 1962 . neural activity in the parietal eye of a lizard .
versely , d . , m . hadly . 1971 . calcium requirement for melanophore - stimulating hormone action on melanophores .
to cite this page : crawford , c . 2011 .
anolis carolinensis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .