the silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) is a primate in the gibbon family , hylobatidae .

its coat is bluish-grey in colour , with a dark grey or black cap .

like all gibbons , silvery gibbons lack external tails , have dorsally placed scapulae , and reduced flexibility in their lumbar regions .

they have long , curved fingers and very long forelimbs relative to their hind limbs .

on average , they reach 8 kg in weight .

the silvery gibbon lives exclusively on the island of java ( indonesia ) , where it inhabits deeply hidden portions of the rain forests .

it is diurnal and arboreal , climbing trees skilfully and brachiating through the forests .

brachiation is aided by the possession of mobile wrist joints , full rotation of the upper arm , and the ability to lock elbows in suspension .

its diet consists of fruits , leaves , and flowers .

every three years , on average , the female gives birth to a single young , after a seven-month gestation .

the offspring is nursed for about 18 months and lives with the family group until it is fully mature at about eight to ten years old .

silvery gibbon

pictures : silvery gibbon # 1 ( 7 kb jpeg ) ( kids ecol . corps ) ; silvery gibbon # 2 ( 20 kb jpeg ) ( gibbon research lab )
throughout the silvery gibbon ' s region , variations occur with different individuals , allowing females and their territories to be recognized . only the female silvery gibbon sings . (
silvery javan gibbon ( h . moloch , 2 subspecies , endemic to west and central java )
the silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) , is a primate in the family ‘hylobatidae’ or gibbon family . the silvery gibbon is only found on the island of java in indonesia . because of their isolated location , it is estimated that there are less than 2000 of these animals currently living in the wild . the silvery gibbon is both diurnal and arboreal .
the silvery gibbon is one of the species that live in the sundaland biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) .
the silvery gibbon only occurs on the indonesian island of java . the species has already lost 98 % of its original habitat . only few relict forests remain in west and central java . depending on the estimate only about 4 ' 000 bis 4 ' 500 silvery gibbons survive . the silvery gibbon is endangered by extinction .
all gibbons are arboreal and diurnal . the silvery gibbon appears to prefer the taller trees for resting , foraging and locomotion .
although indonesia has laws protecting the silvery gibbon , they are not strictly enforced , and silvery gibbons continue to be killed for meat , sport and the pet trade . logging and farming are claiming the last of the primal rainforest which are the silvery gibbon ' s last hold out . money is being raised to build a javan gibbon rescue and rehabilitation center . the project would place donated or confiscated silvery gibbons in a program that would rescue , rehabilitate , breed and possibly reintroduce them to the wild .
conservation at perth zoo : perth zoo is one of only six institutions in the world successfully breeding javan gibbons . the zoo also works closely with the silvery gibbon project in its efforts to protect this species in the wild . to find out more about the silvery gibbon project , visit urltoken .
hylobates , their scientific name , means ‘dweller in the trees’ . silvery gibbons spend most of their lives in the tree tops . they prefer the dense and close canopy of undisturbed primary forest . the silvery gibbon inhabits deeply hidden portions of the rainforests , climbing trees skillfully and swinging through the forests . silvery gibbons travel in small family groups that consist of a mated pair and their offspring in various stages of development .
calling in wild silvery gibbons ( hylobates moloch ) in java ( indonesia ) : behavior , phylogeny , and conservation .
abstract 1 . introduction 2 . gibbon systematics 3 . adopting a systematic framework 4 . gibbon distribution 5 . identifikation key 6 . references
every morning , the female silvery gibbon will arise and announce her presence to the forest by shrieking and calling . these calls can be heard for at least one kilometre in all directions .
the silvery gibbon has declined and continues to be threatened due to habitat loss because of expanding human populations on java . only 4 % of its original habitat remains ( kool 1992 ) .
silvery gibbons are not found in mangrove rainforest , or above 4 , 800 feet ( 1600 metres ) above sea level .
unlike other gibbon species , the javan gibbon does not sing ‘duets’ . the female is the dominant vocalist while the male sings only occasionally .
java is one of the most heavily human populated islands of indonesia and primary rainforest are rapidly disappearing . only 4 % of the silvery gibbon ' s habitat remains . except for gunung halimun national park , which can support a population of 1 , 000 gibbons or more , the remaining population is discontinuous and exists in small isolated remnants which can ' t support a viable gene pool . fewer than 2 , 000 wild silvery gibbons remain . of the 33 silvery gibbons held in zoos around the world , only 6 breeding pairs are having offspring . it has been recommended that the indonesian zoos become more involved in breeding programs to ensure a long - term survival of the silvery gibbon .
gibbon species western hoolock gibbon ( hoolock hoolock ) , eastern hoolock gibbon ( hoolock leuconedys ) , bornean agile gibbon ( hylobates albobarbis ) , mountain agile gibbon ( hylobates agilis agilis ) , lowland agile gibbon ( hylobates agilis unko ) , kloss ' s or mentawai gibbon ( hylobates klossii ) , white - handed gibbon ( hylobates la r ; four subspecies : h . l . carpenter , h . l . entelloides , h . l . lar , h . l . vestitus , h . l . yunnanensis ) , javan silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ; two subspecies : h . m . moloch , h . m . pongoalsoni ) , grey gibbon ( hylobates muelleri ; three subspecies : h . m . abbotti , h . m . funereus , h . m . muelleri ) , pileated or capped gibbon ( hylobates pileatus ) , black crested gibbon ( nomascus concolor ; four subspecies : n . c . concolor , n . c . furvogaster , n . c . jingdongensis , n . c . lu ) , northern white - cheeked crested gibbon ( nomascus leucogenys ) , yellow - cheeked crested gibbon ( nomascus gabriellae ) , hainan black crested gibbon ( nomascus hainanus ) , cao - vit black crested gibbon ( nomascus nasutus ) , southern white - cheeked crested gibbon ( nomascus siki ) and siamang ( symphalangus syndactylus ; 2 subspecies : s . s . continentis , s . s . syndactylus ) .
calling in wild silvery gibbons ( hylobates moloch ) in java ( indonesia ) : behavior , phylogeny , and conservation . - pubmed - ncbi
agile gibbon ( h . agilis , middle and eastern sumatra , malay peninsula )
bornean white - bearded gibbon ( h . albibaris , endemic to southwestern borneo )
the silvery gibbon occupies a specialized niche in the forest canopy . they need the continuous canopy of a primary forest to move around in since they don ' t travel on the forest floor . the foliage needs to be thick , with horizontal growth to allow for the gibbon ' s brachiated form of movement . the silvery gibbons also need a wide variety of tree species which bear fruit at different times of the year , since its diet consists mainly of fruit . secondary forests , or new growth forests have gaps in the canopy , and the growth is sparse , which restricts the gibbon ' s ability to move around . there is also less of a variety of fruiting trees in new growth forest , which can ' t support the dietary needs of the silvery gibbon . silvery gibbons are not found in mangrove rainforest , or above 4 , 800 feet ( 1600 m ) above sea level .
pileated gibbon ( h . pileatus , southeast thailand , western cambodia and southwest laos )
cowlishaw , g . 1996 . sexual selection and information content in gibbon song bouts .
the silvery gibbons primarily diet is fruit . since fruit - bearing trees are usually scattered in the rainforests , they must travel extensively to find food and each gibbon family usually has a territory that they travel through that averages about 42 acres . sometimes these territories will overlap , allowing several families to share the same fruit trees . silvery gibbons have also been known to eat flowers and leaves .
the silvery gibbon has a long , dense and shaggy fur . the colour is silvery grey in both sexes and all ages . the cap and chest are darker grey than the rest or even black . both sexes have a pale brow - band . the face is black and naked , the ears are also black and not hidden in the fur . the weight is about 5 . 9 kg .
1995 : gibbon systematics and species identification . international zoo news 42 , 467 - 501 .
the silvery gibbons only live in the scattered remains of rainforest on the western side of the indonesian island of java . they are listed on the iucn
red list of threatened animals
as critically endangered , and have a 50 % or better chance of going extinct in the next 10 years . habitat loss , hunting and capture of infants for the pet trade have contributed heavily to the silvery gibbon ' s decline .
müller´s bornean gibbon ( h . muelleri , 3 subspecies , endemic to north and east borneo )
silvery gibbons are fluffy with greyish - white fur with a dark grey or black cap on their heads . silvery gibbons have a white or light grey fringe that surrounds their rather dark face . their fur is very long and dark grey on the top of their round heads . like all gibbons , they have no tail and their arms are long compared to their body which span at least twice their height . silvery gibbons have lean bodies which are specially adapted to swing below the branches suspended by their arms . they hook their fingers over a branch , not actually grabbing it , and sometimes make long swings and let go of the branches entirely . the average weight for an adult silvery gibbon is approximately 13 pounds ( 6 kilograms ) and the males and females are very similar in appearance and size .
the javan gibbon is endemic to the western half of the island of java , indonesia ( 3 ) .
agile gibbon : 4479 individuals in sumatra + a few thousand in thailand ( o´brien et al . 2004 )
silvery gibbons , like most gibbon species , are monogamous and mate for life . there is no breeding season and a female will come into oestrus at any time of the year . the female will produce offspring about every 2 to 3 years . gestation usually lasts 7 to 8 months and only one baby gibbon is born at a time . the infant silvery gibbon is hairless with only some fluff on its head . it is kept close to its mother for warmth and nursed for about a year . the infant lives with the family group until it is fully mature at about 8 years and until they are ready to go off on their own and find a mate . gibbon families are usually very closely linked and they stay close together when traveling . if threatened in their territories , the gibbon female will sing and scream while the male chases off the intruder , usually with a lot of noise and crashing through branches .
the silvery gibbon has already lost 98 % of its original habitat and the pressure on the remaining forest is extreme . only an estimated 400 to 3000 silvery gibbons now exist in some 21 discontinuous forest patches . the current fragmented sub - populations are not sufficiently large to be considered evolutionally viable and will require active conservation management for long term survival . ex situ breeding programmes established under an international studbook ( 1991 ) also have a vital role to play in the survival of the species . currently only a few silvery gibbons are held in zoos outside indonesia in coordinated breeding programmes . these zoos participate also in in situ conservation projects . it is highly recommended that indonesia establish such programmes within its zoos .
bornean white - bearded gibbon : 19 , 000 individuals ( buckley , 2004 ; buckley et al . 2006 )
high in the treetops of the scattered remains of the island of java ' s rainforests , a silvery gibbon female sings a morning song before she and her family move off to spend the day foraging for fruit . her hauntingly plaintive song can be heard over a distance of almost one mile ( 1500 m ) .
silvery gibbons travel by swinging from branch to branch , using their long fingers to hook the branches as they swing forward for the next branch . at times , their swings are so powerful that it allows them to be completely airborne and reach greater distances in one swing . silvery gibbons are able to walk on the ground if they need to and they can walk on two legs , holding their arms up above their heads to help balance . in each familys territory , there are trees that are used for specific purposes , like sleeping and calling . silvery gibbons repeatedly use the same trees for these activities .
lar gibbon ( h . lar , 5 subspecies , yunnan , eastern myanmar , thailand , malay peninsula , sumatra )
the gibbon species survival plan ® manages the genetic and demographic health and oversees the care of gibbons in aza zoos .
geissmann , t . 2006b . gibbon systematics and species identification . gibbons . de . retrieved april 13 , 2006 .
in the distinctive gibbon - song of this species , females sing the lead to advertise their territory for all to hear .
geissmann , t . 2006a . hoolock gibbons get a new genus name . gibbon journal . retrieved march 12 , 2007 .
the silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) is currently listed as critically endangered on the 2007 iucn red list of threatened species . habitat destruction on densely populated java continues to reduce the natural range of the species . many gibbons are also lost to the illegal pet trade , when adult gibbons are slaughtered so that their babies can be sold in the markets as pets . it is estimated that only 4 % of their original native habitat is still available to the species . they are , of course , in danger from poachers who sell their meat , pelts and take the babies for pets . several zoos operate silvery gibbon breeding programs . despite these efforts , the future survival of this species is in question .
the silvery gibbon weighs about 6 kg ( 13 lb ) . it is found in lowland , hill and montane forests and eats mostly fruit and leaves . . in the dieng mountains of central java , its habitat consisted of secondary forest with a rather dense and close canopy , and undisturbed primary forest . all gibbons are arboreal and diurnal . the silvery gibbon appears to prefer the taller trees for resting , foraging and locomotion . in a study in the dieng mountains of central java , gibbons were seen on three occasions : a single adult , two adults and a group of seven . an average group size of 3 . 3 individuals has been reported . the silvery gibbon is endemic to the western half of java , indonesia . most populations can be found in the western province , but a few remain in central java . it has declined and continues to be threatened due to habitat loss because of expanding human populations on java . only 4 % of its original habitat remains . remaining populations occur in about 20 forested areas mainly scattered over west java .
the taxonomy of the gibbons has changed in recent years ( geissmann , 1995 ) . in the past all gibbon species were considered
gibbons it is generally accepted that there are 16 to 17 gibbon species in the family hylobatidae . they are divided into four groups ( genera ) : hylobates , hoolock , symphalangus , and nomascus . click here for a list of all the individual gibbon species .
5 / 1 / 94 .
gibbon fact sheet
( on - line ) . accessed september 12 , 1999 at urltoken .
description : javan gibbons have a fluffy appearance because of their very dense and long silvery - grey fur . they have very long forelimbs , long fingers and shorter thumbs which make them great brachiators ( use their arms to swing between branches ) .
müller´s bornean gibbon : 250 , 000 - 375 , 000 individuals ( meijaard & nijman ( unpubl . data ) , cf . iucn redlist )
gibbon groups are usually small , consisting of the mated pair , an infant and a juvenile , making the average group size about four individuals .
the silvery gibbon is found in lowland , hill and montane forests . in the dieng mountains of central java , its habitat consisted of secondary forest with a rather dense and close canopy , and undisturbed primary forest . although 1600 m is considered to be the upper limit of the species , it has been reported from altitudes up to 2400 ' . ( kool 1992 ; nijman & van balen 1998 )
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thomas geissmann ' s gibbon research lab . : an introduction to systematics , classification , taxonomy and distribution of the gibbons or small apes ( hylobatidae )
asquith , n . m . ( 1995 ) javan gibbon conservation : why habitat protection is crucial . tropical biodiversity , 3 : 63 - 65 .
geissmann ( 2006a ) noted that it was determined that the molecular distances among these four subgenera are in the same range as seen between humans and chimpanzees , which are in their own genera , and thus the gibbon subgenera should be raised to the genus rank . this has now become widespread . furthermore , the former extant subgroup bunopithecus , whose only living member was the hoolock gibbon , was replaced by the genus hoolock . the bunopithecus sericus is an extinct gibbon or gibbon - like ape that , until recently , was thought to be closely related to the hoolock gibbons ( mootnick and groves 2005 ) .
the javan gibbon is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix i of cites ( 7 ) .
the silvery gibbons are known as ‘lesser apes’ . lesser apes differ from great apes ( chimpanzees , gorillas , orangutans and humans ) in being smaller and pair - bonded , in not making nests , and in certain anatomical details in which they superficially more closely resemble monkeys than great apes do .
did you know ? that all gibbon species are monogamous ? family groups consist of mated pair and offspring . they establish small , stable home ranges which they will defend .
silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) * family : hylobatidae , * genus : hylobates , * species : h . moloch , * phylum : chordata , * class : mammalia , * order : primates , * size : 45 - 64 cm , * type : mammal , * diet : herbivore , * average life span in the wild : about 10 to 20 years , * weight : reach 8 kg , * * hylobates moloch is a primate in the hylobatidae or gibbon family . their skin is bluish grey in colour , with a dark grey or black cap . more info : urltoken or urltoken or http : / / animaldiversity . ummz . umich . edu . . .
mootnick , a . , and c . p . groves . 2005 . a new generic name for the hoolock gibbon ( hylobatidae ) . international journal of primatology 26 : 971–976 .
hardly any behavioral data are available for the silvery gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) , an endangered primate that is endemic to the island of java , indonesia . we studied the singing behavior of the easternmost population of this species in the dieng mountains , central java , in 1998 - 1999 . we aimed to document the timing of singing , quantify the amount of singing by the respective sexes , and explore the role of bioacoustics in density estimation . a total of 122 song bouts in at least 12 groups were monitored . no duet songs were heard . most of the song bouts ( 91 . 5 % ) were female solo song bouts or female scream bouts . in contrast to an earlier study on the westernmost population of silvery gibbons , during which few if any male songs were heard , at least 8 . 5 % of the song bouts in our study were male solo song bouts . they were significantly longer in duration than the female songs . all male song bouts uttered before dawn ( 0520 hr ) were produced in a chorus fashion , with at least three individuals participating . choruses occurred about once every 8 . 5 days , and lasted longer and occurred earlier than female solo song bouts . most male songs ( 60 % ) started between 0355 - 0440 hr , when it was still dark . all female songs , in contrast , started after 0500 hr , and female singing activity peaked around 0600 . regular male singing , male chorusing , and regular predawn singing have not previously been reported for silvery gibbons . similarly separated periods of male and female solo songs and the absence of duetting have been observed in kloss ' s gibbons ( h . klossii ) on the mentawai islands , and may represent synapomorphies shared by both species . the pronounced individual - specific song characteristics of silvery gibbons allow accurate mapping of groups . the density of gibbons at our study site was established to be 1 . 9 - 3 . 7 groups / km2 , corresponding to 6 . 7 - 13 . 1 individuals / km2 . we reassess the suitability of gibbon songs as a means of estimating the density and size of gibbon populations , and discuss the proximate causes for the absence of duetting in silvery gibbons .
↑ mootnick , a . , and c . p . groves . 2005 . a new generic name for the hoolock gibbon ( hylobatidae ) . international journal of primatology 26 : 971–976 .
most species are threatened or endangered , most importantly from degradation or loss of their forest habitat . gibbon species include the siamang , the white - handed or lar gibbon , and the hoolock gibbons . the siamang , which is the largest of the 13 species , is distinguished by having two fingers on each hand stuck together , hence the generic and species names symphalangus and syndactylus .
for example , in the traditional classification of groves ( 1997 ) , the black - crested gibbon was listed as hylobates concolor . in more recent classifications , it is listed as nomascus concolor .
in a study of the silvery gibbon in gunung halimun reserve in western java , a group density of 2 . 6 groups / sq km ( 6 . 8 groups / sq mi ) was derived . using a reported average group size of 3 . 3 individuals / group ( kappeler 1984b cited in kool 1992 ) , density , within the altitudinal range censused in gunung halimun ( 700 - 1075 m ( 2300 - 3500 ' ) ) , was determined as 8 . 6 individuals / sq km ( 22 individuals / sq mi ) . this is higher than a previous estimate of 2 - 7 individuals / sq km ( 5 - 20 individuals / sq mi ) for hill rain forest ( 500 - 1000 m altitude ( 1600 - 3300 ' altitude ) ) ( kappeler 1984a cited in kool 1992 ) . at higher elevations , the density of the silvery gibbon is lower and has been estimated at 1 - 3 individuals / sq km ( 3 - 8 individuals / sq mi ) for lower montane forest ( kappeler 1984a cited in kool 1992 ) . ( kool 1992 )
the silvery or javan gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) has long fluffy silver - grey fur ( 2 ) , with darker markings on the chest and cap ( 4 ) . it has long arms and legs , long fingers and reduced thumbs , all of which are adaptations for brachiation ( swinging through the trees from arm to arm ) ( 2 ) . males produce simple ‘hoot’ calls , whilst the calls of females are more variable , ending in a ‘bubble’ . ( 4 ) . both sexes also give a ‘scream’ alarm call ( 8 ) .
the silvery gibbon is endemic to the western half of java , indonesia . most populations can be found in the western province , but a few remain in central java ( nijman & van balen 1998 ) . they occur in about 20 forested areas mainly scattered over west java . many of these smaller populations are considered non - viable in the long term . although recent discoveries show that the central javan population may be larger than previously assumed , population estimates still suggest that intervention will be necessary in order to conserve the species . ( gates 2002 )
the available data on gibbons show no birth seasonality . a mated gibbon pair will produce an average of 5 to 6 offspring over their reproductive lifespan of about 10 to 20 years . like most primates ,
this taxon is monotypic ( geissman et al . 2002 ; t . geissmann pers . comm . ) , although it has been suggested that there is evidence for two genetically distinct silvery gibbon populations ( andayani et al . 2001 ) , leading to the subsequent recognition of two subspecies by several authors ( hilton - taylor 2000 , supriatna 2006 , supriatna and wahyono 2000 ) , a recent review of the molecular evidence and a comparison of morphological and vocal data casts doubt on this claim ( geissman et al . 2002 , t . geissmann pers . comm . ) .
silvery gibbons , like most gibbon species , are monogamous . they live in small family groups of mated pairs and several sub - adult offspring . of all the apes , only singing primates are monogamous . territories of neighboring groups overlap at their borders and are defended by the great calls of the females and the aggressive charges of the male . groups will not contest the common zone unless both groups arrive at a fruiting tree at the same time . the offspring will not join in , but will watch intently as their parents call and scream , and crash through the tree tops .
this section offers a comprehensive review of gibbon systematics . parts of the following text have previously been published in the following papers , but the text has been ( and continues being ) updated for the web version .
inhabits tropical lowland , hill and montane rainforests ( 3 ) between sea level and 1500 metres ( 2 ) . the javan gibbon shows a preference for taller trees for resting , foraging and locomotion ( 3 ) .
the historical deforestation that affected java in colonial times still maintains an overriding presence on the landscape , effectively restricting the arboreal silvery gibbon to continuous tracks of forest around mountain and volcano tops . however , habitat disturbance today is relatively slow , and populations of gibbons , while isolated , are substantial in size . wildlife trade exerts an as yet un - quantified effect on hylobates moloch ( nijman 2005 ) . populations seem to have become more or less stabilized in recent years as overall loss of habitat reached a climax some time ago . though habitat loss continues , it is at a much slower rate today .
asquith , n . , martarinza , m . and sinaga , r . m . ( 1995 ) the javan gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) : status and conservation recommendations . tropical biodiversity , 3 : 1 - 14 .
castle - smith , emma : investigation into acoustic variation in javan gibbon ( hylobates moloch ) vocalisations . master ' s thesis , university of plymouth , england . e - mail : emma . castle - smith @ urltoken
homepage of yoichi inoue e . g . behavioral observations on wild gray gibbons ( hylobates muelleri ) in northern borneo and study on the cognitive development of a young white - handed gibbon ( h . lar ) . urltoken
lar gibbon : 15 , 000 - 20 , 000 individuals in indonesia , malaysia and myanmar , probably extinct in china ( geissmann et al . 2006 ; guo & wang 1995 ; lan & wang 2000 ; boonratana 1997 )
threats and conservation nearly all gibbon species are classified as endangered by the international union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ) . some species have been reduced to a few hundred individuals . the major threats to gibbons include habitat loss and destruction due to logging , clearing of land for agriculture , palm oil plantations and other forms of human development . hunting for food and for the pet trade is also having a negative impact on wild gibbon populations .
clarke , e . , u . h . reichard , and k . zuberbühler . 2006 . the syntax and meaning of wild gibbon songs . plos one 1 ( 1 ) : e73 . retrieved january 18 , 2007 .
in a study in the dieng mountains of central java , assuming the same reported average group size of 3 . 3 individuals / group as mentioned above ( kappeler 1984b cited in kool 1992 ) , the density of silvery gibbons was estimated to be 3 . 0 - 3 . 6 individuals / sq km ( 7 . 8 - 9 . 4 individuals / sq mi ) ( nijman & van balen 1998 )
from 1994 - 2002 , nijman ( 2004 ) assessed the entirety of the silvery gibbon’s population in its known areas of occurrence by using fixed - point counts and forest transect walks , as well as by a review of literature . their presence was detected by listening for gibbon song , and affirmed by local park officers and residents . he estimates that between 4 , 000–4 , 500 individuals remain in over 15 different locations . over 95 % of the gibbons are in populations of more than 100 individuals , and the four largest areas support populations of more than 500 individuals each ( nijman 2004 ) . asquith ( 2001 ) reported that in 1995 nine local populations had gone extinct , though nijman found two of these locales to still harbor silvery gibbons . this is attributed to the effects of habitat disturbance and low population density on calling frequency , and suggests an under - representation of gibbon abundance and number of remaining populations ( nijman 2004 ) . small populations of the species are likely to go extinct ; however , this will not impact the overall population estimate in the immediate future ( nijman pers . comm . ) . median population density ranges are 2 . 7 groups / km 2 or 9 . 0 individuals / km 2 in lowland forest ( < 500 m ) , 2 . 6 groups / km 2 or 8 . 6 individuals / km 2 for hill forest ( 500 - 1 , 000 m ) , and 0 . 6 groups / km 2 or 1 . 5 individuals / km 2 for lower montane forest ( 1000 - 1 , 750 m ) ( geissmann and nijman 2006 ; nijman 2004 ) .
the western black crested gibbon occurs in southwestern china , northwestern laos and nothern vietnam . only few relict populations still occur in this region , and only about 1 ' 300 - 2 ' 000 individuals survive . this species is critically endangered of extinction .
the javan gibbon has undergone a dramatic population decline principally as a result of habitat destruction ( 6 ) , and also from the trapping of juveniles for the pet trade ( 2 ) . the native forests of java have been cleared for logging , agriculture and development , and the species has declined to fewer than 1 , 000 individuals over the last 25 years ( 4 ) . this gibbon appears to be on the very brink of extinction with only a handful of isolated viable populations remaining ( 6 ) .
the hainan crested gibbon only occurs on the island of hainan in the south - chinese sea . as in all crested gibbons ( genus nomascus ) the fur of adult males is black , that of adult females is yellowish . the species has already lost more than 99 % of its original habitat . about 25 indiviudals of this species survive in the bawangling national nature reserve , i . e . in the last forest where this species is known to occur . this gibbon is , therefore , the rarest primate species of the world .
there are some protected forest areas , but often they are poorly managed and wildlife laws are not enforced effectively . rural poverty and lack of awareness of the threats facing the gibbons and their forests are additional causes for inadequate gibbon protection . lack of information is not just a local problem - the threats faced by the gibbons are largely unknown on an international level . their current status is extremely alarming ( see below ) , for example the rarest species of ape in the world is the hainan crested gibbon , of which there are less than 30 individuals remaining .
vocal communication is prevalent in all gibbon species . mated pairs use duets to mark their territory and announce their presence to conspecifics . in addition to vocalizations , gibbons use facial expressions and body postures in communication . tactile communication is of some importance between mates , as well as between parents and their offspring .
aisquith 2001 , burton & pearson 1987 , cons . intl . , gates 2002 , gibbon research lab , iucn 1994 , iucn 1996 , iucn 2000 , iucn 2003a , iucn 2004 , kids ecol . corps , kool 1992 , macdonald 1984 , nijman & van balen 1998 , nowak & paradiso 1983 , schuhmacher 1967
cheyne , susan m . : gibbon behaviour , feeding ecology and sociobiology . the orangutan tropical peatland project , cimtrop , kampus unpar , tanjung nyaho , jalan yos sudarso , palangka raya , central kalimantan , indonesia , 73112 . study site : sebangau national park , central kalimantan . project website : urltoken project blog : urltoken
like all gibbon genera hylobates are threatened with extinction and iucn states that the population trend of all hylobates species is negative . their classification as “endangered” indicates a reduction in population size of more than 50 % in the last 45 years ( 3 generations ) and also shows that populations are expected to decline further in the near future .
pileated gibbon : perhaps more than 35 , 000 in cambodia , smaller population in lao pdr , 13 , 000 - 14 , 000 in thailand ( traeholt et al . 2005 ; duckworth et al . 1999 ; tunhikorn et al . 1994 ; brockelman & srikosamatara 1993 ; phoonjampa & brockelman unpub . data ( cf . iucn redlist ) )
hylobates means
dweller in the trees
. silvery gibbons spend most of their lives in the tree tops . they prefer the dense and close canopy of undisturbed primary forest . their diet consists mainly of fruit , although it will also eat flowers and young leaves . they need a wide variety of tree species which will fruit at different times of the year to support them . they spend their day on the move , foraging through their territory , sometimes stopping to eat at a tree with fruit . they move quietly through the canopy , the only sign that they are there is a moving branch or a piece of falling fruit .
gibbons produce amazing songs that can be heard up to 2 miles away . these songs are the most complex of all land mammals and are thought to be used to establish territory boundaries as well as for attracting a mate . mated pairs also sing together in beautiful duets that can advertise and even strengthen their bond . gibbon pairs can be identified by their particular song .
the silvery gibbons are small apes , weighing 13 pounds ( 6 kg ) , have no tail , and are known as lesser apes . they have long arms and fingers , and lean bodies which are specially adapted to swing below the branches suspended by their arms . they hook their fingers over a branch , not grabbing it , and sometimes make long swings and let go of the branches entirely . their dense , silver - grey fur is quite long , giving them a fluffy look . both males and females have the same coloring . a white or light grey fringe surrounds their rather dark face , and both have a dark gray to black cap .
the eastern black crested gibbons only survives in one forest area extending from northeastern vietnam ( cao bang province ) to neigbouring china ( guangxi province ) . the species has already lost more than 99 % of its original habitat . only about 100 individuals survive in the last piece of remaining habitat . this gibbon is , therefore , the second - rarest primate species of the world .
they are masters of brachiation , swinging from branch to branch for airborne distances of up to 15 meters ( 50 ft ) and achieving speeds as high as 56 km / h ( 35 mph ) . they can also walk bipedally with their arms raised for balance . one unique aspect of gibbon physiology is the ball and socket joint forming the wrist connecting the hand with the forearm . in comparison with the wrist of humans as an aid for swinging from hand to hand , the gibbon ' s ball - joint wrist greatly reduces both the amount of energy needed in the upper arm and torso and the stress on the shoulder joint . brachiation in gibbons is further aided by their long hands and feet , with a deep cleft between the first and second digits of their hands .
the northern white - cheeked crested gibbon is distributed in northern vietnam and northern laos . it orignally occured in the southernmost part of china ' s yunnan province , too , but became extinct there around the year 2000 . although no population estimate is available for this species , it is continuously disapearing from one known locality of its distribution area after another . this species is critically endangered of extinction .
silvery gibbons have small , stable territories of about 42 acres ( 17 ha ) and the female will sing her song bout several times during the day to declare their territory . she will climb to the top of one of several singing trees to give her great call . the male of the mated pair will sit quietly , scanning the surrounding forest for intruders , while a sub - adult female may join her mother in a softer , high - pitched voice . strangers , hearing the great call of the resident female , hurry off in the opposite direction . if spotted , it is the resident male ' s duty to chase them off with a great show of crashing branches and incessant loud single screams .
this species is endangered . the biggest threat to gibbons is deforestation of the tropical rainforests . habitats are disappearing at an astonishing rate due to logging and agricultural demands . without a sufficient range , gibbon species , along with other tropical species , are finding it much harder to exist . in an effort to help save these primates , reserves and parks are created , but there is no conservation program specifically for
several gibbon species are threatened by imminent extinction in the very near future . gibbons not only include the most endangered apes but also the most endangered primate species of the world . the main reasons for this are habitat loss and degradation , hunting and illegal trade . preservation of the tropical forest is imperative to gibbon survival - if it disappears , so do the gibbons . in china , for instance , the gibbons have already lost 99 % of their habitat . in addition , they are hunted for food and for use in local medicine . also , the illegal pet trade is thriving across the whole of southeast asia . young gibbons are popular pets , but in order to obtain a young animal , its mother must be shot down from the tree tops . often both mother and infant are killed in this process .
the major threats to the gibbons are deforestation , habitat loss and hunting . habitat is greatly reduced by deforestation and drainage of swamps ; and coffee , oil palm , rubber and other crop plantations are all expanding industries . the rising price of coffee at the end of the 1990´s led to the increased development of coffee plantations and this aggravated the decline of the agile gibbon in sumatra . agricultural conversion and infrastructural development in general have led to the building of roads , even in protected areas , and also to the creation of new human settlements . consequently forest clearing takes place , leading to defragmentation and strip building , while simultaneously increasing access for hunters into gibbon habitat . gibbons are hunted for subsistence and also for illegal trade in the pet market ( especially young animals ) and this results in a loss of mature individuals , further exacerbating the problem .
one unique aspect of gibbon physiology contributing significantly to its remarkable brachiation capabilities is the ball and socket joint forming the wrist connecting the hand with the forearm . in comparison with the wrist of humans as an aid for swinging from hand to hand , the gibbon ' s ball - joint wrist greatly reduces both the amount of energy needed in the upper arm and torso and the stress on the shoulder joint . brachiation in gibbons is further aided by their long hands and feet , with a deep cleft between the first and second digits of their hands . their fur is usually black , gray , or brownish , often with white markings on hands , feet , and face . some species have an enlarged throat sac , which inflates and serves as a resonating chamber when the animals call . this structure is enormous in a few species , equaling the size of the animal ' s head .
gibbons reach maturity at approximately 6 - 8 years of age . they produce offspring about once every two to three years after a gestation period of 7 to 8 months . females generally give birth to a single offspring . infants have the ability to cling to their mothers immediately after birth , which allows females complete range of motion while moving through the forest . males of most gibbon species will participate in caring for the offspring once they are weaned .
gibbon taxonomy has undergone a number of revisions in recent years . traditionally , they have been placed in the genus hylobates as can be seen in the taxonomies of groves ( 1997 ) , goodman ( 1999 ) , wilson and reeder ( 1993 ) , nowark and walker ( 1991 ) , and napier and napier ( 1985 ) . goodman ( 1999 ) further separated the siamangs into their own genus , symphalangus , but the other taxonomies all included the siamangs in the genus hylobates .
in light of the status of this species in the wild , a javan gibbon rescue and rehabilitation workshop was conducted in 1997 hosted by conservation international and the university of indonesia ( 2 ) . it was agreed that a rescue and rehabilitation centre was needed and education programmes were proposed ( 5 ) . currently , the only viable protected population is found within the gunung halimun national park ; if this attractive primate is to survive it is vital that protection both within the park and in other areas is increased ( 6 ) .
gibbon skulls resemble those of the great apes , with very short rostra , enlarged braincases , and large orbits that face forward . gibbons have the typical nose of catarrhine primates with nostrils that are close together and face forward and slightly downward . they lack cheek pouches and their stomach is not sacculated . their teeth also are similar to the great apes , with molars that are bunodont and lack lophs . the upper molars usually have a cingulum , which is sometimes large . the canines are prominent but not sexually dimorphic . the dental formula is :
javan gibbons have been protected throughout their range by indonesian law since 1924 , and are listed under cites appendix i . three of the 15 locales that support the largest populations of silvery gibbons surveyed by nijman are in national parks , while five are part of , or the entirety of , so - called “strict nature reserves” . the remaining seven locales are unprotected ; approximately half of the remaining populations collectively reside here . in the interest of this species , it is these areas that require some level of increased protection ( nijman 2004 ) . the second largest population of this species ( for example in the dieng mountains ) is not in a protected area . in 2003 , 56 javan gibbons were maintained at eight indonesian zoos , 15 at four indonesian wildlife rescue centers , with five potential breeding pairs . there is no evidence that the species has bred successfully in captivity in indonesia . outside the range country , 48 javan gibbons were maintained at ten institutions in nine countries , with six breeding pairs . the total ex - situ population is some 120 individuals , the majority of which are wild - caught ( nijman 2006 ) .
the protection status of the seven species and their habitats is very different . there are a number of protected areas but not all populations live within these areas and the actual level of protection and law enforcement , especially in remote areas , is questionable ( cf . threads ) . multiple actions are necessary to halt the decline of the hylobates populations . firstly , management of protected areas needs to be improved and conservation activities must be enlarged to control logging ( legal and illegal ) and development activities in protected areas . further , better land management should be implemented , for example community based management programs together with educational efforts could help to change the hunting behaviour of local villagers and to better integrate human needs and habitat protection . gibbon breeding centres have also been suggested as a way to increase population numbers . survey efforts are also of great importance since one of the current issues is a lack of survey data and reliable population estimates . these data could also be used to help establish public awareness campaigns and inform the broader public about the alarming situation of the hylobates .
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1994 : systematik der gibbons . zeitschrift des kölner zoo 37 , 65 - 77 .
, 1 species ) . a key for the identification of adult gibbons based on visual characteristics is presented , together with distribution maps of all recognised species . a detailed description of fur colour variation and colour photographs of all species are presented in the
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as endangered because its population size is estimated to number fewer than 2 , 500 mature individuals , there is an observed continuing decline in the number of mature individuals , and no subpopulation contains more than 250 mature individuals . the change in status from critically endangered to endangered reflects the availability of better information and does not suggest that the threats have decreased ; in fact , threats continue to increase but do not yet reach the level necessary to be classified as critically endangered . there is concern about the legal status of the largest populations ; this species , therefore , should be periodically reassessed so that current status and persistent threats are monitored .
hylobates moloch is endemic to java ( indonesia ) . it is mostly confined to java’s western provinces ( banten and west java ) , but is also present in central java ( as far east as the dieng mountains ) .
hylobates moloch resides in floristically rich patches of relatively undisturbed lowland to lower montane rainforest mostly below 1 , 600 m , but sometimes up to 2 , 000–2 , 400 m ( nijman 2004 ) . it can also tolerate moderately disturbed forest . the species is strictly arboreal and diurnal , and mainly frugivorous ( kappeler 1981 , 1984 ) . home ranges in ujung kulon cover about 17 ha ( kappeler 1981 , 1984 ) . inter - birth intervals in wild gibbons are typically 3 - 3 . 5 years ( leighton 1987 ; palombit 1992 ) , and age of sexual maturity and / or the age of dispersal in wild gibbons is about 8 - 10 years ( brockelman et al . 1998 ; geissmann 1991 ) , but the age at first reproduction may be about 10 - 12 years ( brockelman et al . 1998 )
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352


pseudohemihyalea labecula , the freckled glassy-wing , is a moth in the family erebidae .

it was described by grote in 1881 .

it is found in southern nevada , utah , from colorado to arizona , new mexico and western texas .

the length of the forewings is 21 – 29 mm .

adults are on wing from july to early september .

the larvae probably feed on quercus species .

pseudohemihyalea labecula

species pseudohemihyalea labecula - freckled glassy - wing - hodges # 8221 - bugguide . net
i believe this is an example of pseudohemihyalea labecula . elev . ~ 7500 ft . collected and deposited in the mississippi entomological museum ( mem ) .
no one has contributed data records for pseudohemihyalea yet . learn how to contribute .
i found several of these attracted to lights at night , along with some p . edwardsii . at first i thought they were all the same species and some just had their scales rubbed off , but nope ! i looked at the moth photographer ' s group page and it looks like this could be either splendens or labecula but i ' m not sure how best to tell the difference between those two species . thoughts ?
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
southern nevada , utah , colorado through arizona , new mexico , west texas .
grote , a . r . 1881 . moths collected by prof . snow in new mexico , with list of eudriini . papilio 1 ( 9 ) : 174 - 175
holland , w . j . 1915 . the moth book . doubleday , page & company .
powell , j . a . & p . a . opler 2009 . moths of western north america . university of california press . pl . 48 . 24m , p . 273
the moth book w . j . holland . 1922 . doubleday , page & company .
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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 48 . 24m ; p . 273 . book review and ordering
southern nevada , utah , colorado through arizona , new mexico , west texas south into the sierra madre occidentale of mexico .
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several specimens observed , mostly smaller than seen at lower elevations . precise map location is estimated .
several blooming flowers seen most places along the trail ( rd . 371 ) .
precise map location estimated . where creek crosses trail . each fish was 6 - 8 inches long .
exact map location estimated . heard several all along the trail ( rd . 371 ) .
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