sphingomorpha chlorea ( sundowner moth ) is a species of moth in the family erebidae , that is native to africa and southern asia .

it is a fruit-piercing moth and a notorious pest in orchards .

the fruit is pierced while performing a vertical and rhythmic movement of the head .

sphingomorpha chlorea

lantana camara ( verbenaceae ) is reported as a new larval hostplant for sphingomorpha chlorea ( cramer ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) from savandurga , karnataka , india .
lepimap no . : 18768 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : kemper j ; date : 2004 - 04 - 04 . . 2615ca record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 18710 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : reynolds chloe ; date : 2010 - 11 - 07 . mpumalanga . 2529cd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 20198 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : webb p ; date : 2011 - 11 - 18 . limpopo . 2331cb record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 21444 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : vermaak h ; date : 2012 - 01 - 29 . gauteng . 2729ba record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 27132 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : beneke marita ; date : 2012 - 12 - 25 . limpopo . 2428cb record status : accepted . there are 2 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 4546 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : webb p . ; date : 2008 - 12 - 20 . gauteng . 2528cc record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 20240 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2011 - 11 - 27 . limpopo . 2231ac record status : accepted . there are 2 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 20834 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2011 - 12 - 29 . limpopo . 2430bd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 20866 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2011 - 12 - 26 . limpopo . 2430bd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 21035 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2012 - 01 - 06 . limpopo . 2527ad record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 24966 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : wilkinson j h ; date : 2011 - 12 - 19 . limpopo . 2230ca record status : accepted . there are 3 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 26699 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : wilkinson j h ; date : 2012 - 11 - 29 . limpopo . 2230ca record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 27559 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : giesler peter ; date : 2012 - 11 - 01 . free state . 2729db record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 28754 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : bode j ; date : 2013 - 03 - 02 . free state . 2627cd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 16349 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : willis c . k . ; date : 2011 - 02 - 09 . limpopo . 2229ab record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 1423 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : luyt a . e . ; date : 2008 - 01 - 22 . north west . 2527aa record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 3 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 4013 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : willis c . k . ; date : 2008 - 11 - 22 . north west . 2527bc record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 3 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 12016 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : rowswell r . a . ; date : 2010 - 03 - 24 . eastern cape . 3326bc record status : accepted . there are 2 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 1703 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : willis c . k . ; date : 2008 - 03 - 17 . kwazulu - natal . 3030bb record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
lepimap no . : 21967 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : cairns w b ; members of the kokanje digiphoto club ; date : 2012 - 03 - 08 . limpopo . 2428cb record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : sphingomorpha chlorea . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use
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the piercing mechanism of the fruit - piercing moth calpe [ calyptra ] thalictri bkh . ( noctuidae ) with reference to the skin - piercing blood - sucking mot . . . - pubmed - ncbi
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the piercing mechanism of the fruit - piercing moth calpe [ calyptra ] thalictri bkh . ( noctuidae ) with reference to the skin - piercing blood - sucking moth c . eustrigata hmps .
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aeroplanes - cars and bikes - travel - sunrise - water drops / falls - sudwala and sterkfontein caves etc .
we have two kinds of granadilla ( passionfruit ) species here . one is an orange / yellow thick skin variety which grows wild in our tropical cli . . .
it has been named after him and called pachydactylus maraisi . this small ( about 8cm ) gecko was found in namibia near swakopmund on the . . .
i thought i would add a bit on the accommodation and amenities in the park for those who are interested . the park caters for all kinds of . . .
garden snails are the fastest species and they can move about 55 yards per hour . while they don’t move fast , they do move at a very steady p . . .
to most of you living in the northern hemisphere , the litchi or lychee would be an exotic fruit and totally unknown to you , but for me it gr . . .
a very good friend of mine got me wondering about the origin of fruit and vegetables and when i started browsing for information , i came a c . . .
i was very excited to learn that johan marais , a herpetologist of note was bringing out a new book called “what’s that reptile ? – a starters . . .
kapok tree - local name : knob thorn ( ceiba pentandra ) family bombacaceae we have a few species here called the knob thorn but this one . . .
. . . . the one you go to when you need to replenish the desolation of your soul……the one place on earth where you can become whole again……where . . .
i have found a few scorpions now but it is one critter i know almost nothing about . scorpions are fascinating animals , though most people s . . .
we have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation . we have not put up a paywall to readers , and we do not charge for publishing . but running a monthly journal costs a lot . while we do have some partners , we still require support to keep the journal alive . if our readers help fund it , our future will be more secure .
the journal of threatened taxa is an open access and print , peer - reviewed , monthly , international journal on conservation and taxonomy . the aim of the journal is to promote wildlife research and conservation action worldwide at no cost to authors , no subscription or membership cost , and no hidden cost , on a regular basis without compromising on ethics , standards and pre - requisites of scientific publications .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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[ page served : july 9 , 2018 , 07 : 41 + 0200 ] animal demography unit department of biological sciences - university of cape town this work , except photographs , is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . copyright of images uploaded into the virtual museum remains with the photographers , these images are licenced under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 international license .
tree to 10 m . leaves : lamina up to 20 × 20 cm , subcircular in outline , palmately 3 - 5 - lobed , with a linear fissure 5 - 10 mm long on the mid - vein beneath ; stellate - pubescent to nearly glabrous above , stellate - tomentose to - pubescent beneath ; base cordate ; apex usually blunt or rounded ; margin entire . flowers c . 6 cm in diameter , yellow or purplish with dark purple or dark red centre . epicalyx teeth 9 - 10 , up to 12 mm , caducous . calyx c . 10 mm . fruit a capsule , up to 4 × 3 cm , subspherical to broadly ellipsoid or ovoid , glutinous . seeds c . 10 × 7 mm , hemispheric , with a brownish woolly floss .
shrubs or small trees . leaves and branches lepidote . inflorescences of terminal racemes or panicles or flowers solitary and axillary . epicalyx of 3 - 5 bracts . calyx cup - shaped , truncate . ovary 5 - locular ; style not branched . fruit indehiscent , woody or fleshy , ( 4 - ) 5 - lobed or not lobed .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species .
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thespesia garckeana ( also known by its synonym azanza garckeana ) is a tree in the family malvaceae , found throughout the warmer parts of southern africa in wooded grasslands , open woodland and thickets . it grows naturally over a range of altitudes from 1000 to 2000 m above sea level , from semi - arid areas to areas of higher rainfall . t . garckeana is often found on or near termite mounds in old fields .
the whole fruit except the seeds is chewed like gum , producing a sweet glutinous slime . the fruit is also used as a syrup and soup .
the sap wood is yellow and the heart wood is a deep brown . it is easily worked but generally only suitable for small building needs , tool handles , oxen yokes , and domestic items such as spoons .
the leaves of t . garckeana have many uses including green manure and mulch . the leaves also provide an often used fodder .
azanza garckeana in : s . dressler , m . schmidt , g . zizka : african plants - a photo guide . senckenberg , frankfurt / main 2014 .
thespesia is a genus of 18 flowering shrubs and trees in the hibiscus family , malvaceae , although within the family they are more closely related to cotton plants ( gossypium ) . the genus is distributed from the south pacific through asia , africa , and the caribbean .
thespesia populnea ( l . ) sol . ex corrêa - portia tree ( pantropical )
atkinsia is a genus of flowering plant in the malvaceae family . it contains the following species :
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app . 4 * 4 cm . this is a fruit piercing moth that can cause considerable damage . it is also attracted to fermented fruit , beer , spirits and other sources of sugars .
found at a lodge restaurant in the evening . rain season . mixed forest , lubombo region . altitude : 543 . 799 m latitude / longitude : - 26 . 316624 , 31 . 990292
the larva is eaten in many parts of its african range . unlike other edible larvae , it is not an article of commerce since it loses flavour when it is dried . it is eaten fresh in rural areas where it occurs in large numbers some years . this species is widespread and common in tropical africa , whereas it is more local and rarer in asia , but it exists there . read more , and see pictures of the larvae and the pupa here : urltoken
if it is a moth , named by a drink . . . there should be an anricle written about it : ) ) ) this guy has turned into
a moth to know
: d
sundowner
actually does not refer to a sunset , but rather an alcoholic drink which is drank as the sun is setting . it is likely that this moth was named so for its attraction to such drinks . : - )
thank you dear leuba and mark : ) i guess i should be happy with
sunset
. thank you riekos for your comment as well , you are all the best ! : ) ) )
what a little beauty . excellent pattern and colours . carpets taken by larentiinae unfortunately . you could do worse than sunsets .
thank you for the id jakubko ! what a beautiful name ! however , i think it looks more like and exotic carpet rather than a sunset . . . i think this actual example must have had a bit too much of the fermented fruit , found him in the toilet area : p now , time for research and some id uptate : ) thanks again !
one of my favorites ! ! i ' d love to see this one some time ! i am not surprised you found it at a restaurant ; this species especially enjoys alcoholic drinks and fruits .
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fruit - piercing lepidoptera constitute an important problem in some parts of the world , such as africa , australia and india ; they also occur in ceylon , fiji , dutch east indies , indo - china , japan , malaya , samoa , and south america .
) the breeding areas and possible migratory habits of the adults of some species .
unless otherwise stated this account applies to njala , where there is a plot of budded citrus ; the trees were planted in 1925 - 1927 and mainly consist of late valentia and washington navel orange , and marsh and foster grape - fruit . the sweet lime , mandarine and tangerine are about ten years older .
the abundance of the noctuid moth , achaea catocaloides , guen . , in the belgian congo .
email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .
medium - sized deciduous tree . leaves alternate , crowded near the ends of branches , imparipinnate with 7 - 15 pairs of ovate to elliptic leaflets and a terminal leaflet , dark green above , paler bluish - green below . flowers in axillary and terminal sprays , red in bud , turning pinkish - white , unisexual , mostly on separate trees . fruits fleshy , plum - like , pale green turning yellow when ripe . the fruit is edible and highly valued by animals and people .
angola , southern drc , namibia , kenya , tanzania , zanzibar , botswana , malawi , mozambique , zambia , zimbabwe and limpopo , mpumalanga , kwazulu - natal , south africa . also in madagascar .
da silva , m . c . , izidine , s . & amude , a . b . ( 2004 )
southern african botanical diversity network report no . 30 sabonet , pretoria page 22 .
a list of trees , shrubs and woody climbers indigenous or naturalised in rhodesia .
southern african botanical diversity network report no . 33 sabonet , pretoria and harare page 17 .
shell field guide series : part i shell oil botswana , gaberone . pages 150 - 153 .
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2014 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of botswana : species information : sclerocarya birrea subsp . caffra . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 2 april 2018 9 : 51pm terms of use
this 84 - page issue contains 14 articles . it includes description of new species of fish and wasps , additional records of plants and lepidopt . . .
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upload your picture of a moth and add a description underneath . please only do one species per post .
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this is one of south africa’s largest moths , with a wingspan of up to 120 mm ( as wide as the palm of your hand ) .
emerald green with yellow and red eyespots on wings . long tails on hindwings . its forward wings have a distinctive grey - coloured ' furry ' leading edge , giving a very rough surface , presumably for aerodynamic reasons . apart from the eye - like markings on its wings , the colouring and shape of the wings give the appearance of a piece of foliage , especially the ' tail - like ' structures of the rearmost wings which resemble a dried out leaf stem - presumably for camouflage in its natural environment .
the caterpillar is green with silvery markings . the cocoon is a silvery netted structure .
the species is distributed in angola , drcongo , ethiopia , kenya , malawi , mozambique , south africa , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe . in south africa , it is found along the coast of kwazulu - natal and around the northern borders .
the life cycle of this spectacular moth starts with a mating pair . the female will lay a clutch of eggs and after a period of about 10 days these will hatch into caterpillars ( larvae ) . the caterpillar stage lasts between 6 to 12 weeks during the winter . in the next stage the caterpillar pupates into a silvery cocoon . out of this , the circle is complete with a moth emerging again . lunar moths are very short - lived , laying eggs and dying in 3 - 5 days . the adults do not feed but the caterpillar eats vast quantities of marula , tamboti and corkwood tree leaves . there are 2 broods in the southern parts of its range .
the luna moth releases pheromones as signals to other moths in general , female moths release pheromones to attract males from a distance , while males do so only when close to a female , to sexually stimulate her .
size : 120 to 160 mm . this large orange , black and grey silkmoth has a a well - developed eye spot on the hindwings in order to scare away predators such as birds ( a feature typical of most emperor moths ) .
larva final instar about 70 mm in length and about 15 mm in diameter . ground colour deep velvety black ; each somite , from 4th to 12th , bearing eight yellow tubercular processes , two subdorsally , two laterally , and four ( in two rows ) on each side subspiracularly . the 2nd somite bears four black processes , two subdorsally and two laterally . the 3rd somite bears 4 black processes , as in the 2nd , and two small yellow processes on each side , in line with the subspiracular processes on the other somites . spiracles red ; those on the 4th to 11th somites being surrounded by an irregularly shaped red area . head and legs concolorous with body .
most of sub - saharan africa : angola , burkina fasso , cameroon , drcongo , egypt , eritrea , ethiopia , equatorial guinea , gabon , ghana , kenya , madagascar , malawi , mozambique , nigeria , sierra leone , south africa , sudan , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe .
as with all saturniidae species , the bunaea alcinoe only lives for a short period of time 1 - 2 weeks , long enough to find a mate and continue the existence of the species .
wingspan about 13 cm . the males have large feathery antennae that enable them to detect pheromones released by females .
moths are large , wingspan : male 100 - 120 mm , female 105 - 125 mm . wings fawn through shades of chocolate - brown , chestnut - brown and orange - brown to pale yellow and greyish . there are two black and white bands on the forewing , one on the hindwing and a large , brown and black hindwing eyespot ringed with white . eyespot on forewing small , orange , ringed with black and white .
colouration is variable . some adults are richly coloured with distinct ' false eyes ' whilst others are more cryptic in colour . males have feathery antennae . they use them to find a mate .
larva up to 80 mm long : black but densely speckled with yellow and bluish - grey , some specimens also speckled with red bands to a varying degree ; 6 short , sharp , black spines on each segment .
the mouthparts of the adult moths are undeveloped , so they cannot feed and must mate within a few days of emerging .
wingspan : male 110 - 130mm , female 105 - 125mm . characterized by dense greyish - black speckling on forewings and large , ringed eyespots on rusty field on hindwings ; males with very large , feathery antennae . quite a variable species , but in the region mostly fairly uniformly grey , rarely with brownish shades .
larva up to 90mm long ; green with dense fine speckling of white , magenta - and - yellow lateral stripe and 4 prominent silver spines on each segment . complement of silver spines reduced in some populations so that only some or no segments at all have spines , but in namibia usually fully developed .
the speckled emperor is known from south africa to eastern africa ; it is widely distributed in southern africa and ranges northward into angola and zambia . the species is absent , however , from the southwestern arid and winter rainfall regions .
both sexes active at night , the males only flying around midnight . this emperor flies from late december until early february . larvae fully grown march to april . generally only 1 generation per year , perhaps 2 .
eclosion is from a deep ( 20 cm ) subterranean pupa . males fly around midnight , the calling time of females .
females deposit clusters of 10 - 12 eggs on foodplant leaves . the eggs are often sparsely covered with scales from the female ' s body .
early instar larvae are gregarious and reddish - black . as they develop , they become solitary feeders , hiding on the underside of leaf stems and twigs . basis green colouration with silver ( sky coloured ) spines offers excellent camouflage .
fully grown larvae ( green , 9 . 0 cm ) descend the hostplant in march or april to pupate in deep underground chambers .
caterpillar is 40 mm in length , green with silver on the protuberances and some color .
angola , botswana , drcongo , kenya , malawi , mozambique , namibia , south africa , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe .
. the tree is a single stemmed tree with a wide spreading crown . it is characterized by a grey mottled bark . the tree grows up to 18 m tall mostly in low altitudes and open woodlands . the
in their migrations , as it has been an important item in their diet since time immemorial . giraffes , rhinoceroses and elephants all browse on the marula tree , with elephants in particular being a major consumer . elephants eat the bark , branches and fruits of the marula to the trees ' detriment ; indeed , elephant browsing has been shown to significantly limit the spread of the trees . elephants do distribute marula seeds in their dung , however .
. these stones , when dry , expose the seeds by shedding 2 ( sometimes 3 ) small circular plugs at one end . the seeds have a delicate nutty flavour and are much sought - after , especially by small rodents who know to gnaw exactly where the plugs are located .
relationships : belongs to the same family anacardiaceae as the mango , cashew , pistachio and sumac , and is closely related to the genus poupartia from madagascar .
other : boran ( kenya ) – didissa ; kamba ( kenya ) – muua ; kwangali – ufuongo ; lovedu – marula ; maasai ( kenya ) – ol - mangwai ; meru ( kenya ) – mura ; pedi [ fruits ] – lerula , marula ; pedi [ tree ] – morula , merula ; pokot ( kenya ) – oruluo ; ronga ( mozambique ) – ncanhi ; sebei ( kenya ) – katetalum ; shangaan – nkanyi , inkanyi ; diga ( kenya ) – mngongo ; tonga : tsua , tsula , umganu ; tugen ( kenya ) – tololokwo ; dinka ( sudan ) – gummel ; nuer ( sudan ) – kamel , omel ; moru ( sudan ) – kyele ; luo ( kenya ) ong ' ono ; ngongo [ olunyaneka ] ( angola ) .
while little known globally , the fruit is traditionally used for food in africa , and has considerable socioeconomic importance .
the seed kernels are high in protein and fat , with a subtle nutty flavour , and constitute an important emergency food .
, made from the seed kernel , is a delicious additive to meals in africa . it contains
can also be used as a type of skin care oil . the bark is used both as treatment and a
bites to alleviate pain . the leaves are chewed on to help indigestion and to treat heartburn . products of fruits and the tree are useful in crafts and agriculture . gums
from the stem are mixed with water and soot to make ink by certain tribes in the region . the bark also yields a red - brown dye used in colouring traditional craft ware . the fruit infusion is used to bathe tick - infested livestock . the fruit is regarded as a potent insecticide .
on an industrial level the fruit of the marula tree is collected from the wild by members of rural communities on whose land the trees grow . this harvest and sale of fruit only occurs during two to three months but is an important income to poor rural people . the fruit is delivered to processing plants where fruit pulp , pips , kernels and kernel oil are extracted and stored for processing throughout the year .
the most important industrial product is amarula which is probably still the second largest selling cream liqueur in the world . mirma , based in phalaborwa , assembles and processes 4 , 000 tons a year of fruit . they produce a pulp from the skin and flesh which is refrigerated and shipped to distel in the cape winelands . here it is fermented , distilled , matured , blended and bottled before being internationally distributed .
another fruit based product is a frozen marula puree , which is produced by bronpro in nelspruit . bronpro supply puree to food manufacturers who use it as an ingredient in their products . the best known of these products is marula mania a juice blend produced by the ceres beverage company under the liquifruit label .
the third largest marula fruit based industry , is the production of marula oil as an ingredient for cosmetics . this tends to be scattered amongst many producers although phytotrade africa is probably the leading
supplier
to the cosmetics industry through its integration of the production of many producers .
the alcoholic distilled beverage ( maroela mampoer ) made from the fruit is referenced in the stories of the south african writer herman charles bosman .
the marula fruit is also eaten by various animals in southern africa . in the movie
, released in 1974 , some scenes portray elephants , warthogs and monkeys becoming intoxicated from eating fermented marula fruit . later research showed that these scenes , at least in large animals were improbable and , in all probability , staged .
elephants would need a huge amount of fermented marulas to have any effect on them , and other animals prefer the ripe fruit . the amount of water drunk by elephants each day would also dilute the effect of the fruit to such an extent that they would not be affected by it .
the generic name sclerocarya is derived from two greek words , ' skleros ' and ' karyon ' , meaning ' hard ' and ' nut ' , respectively , and refers to the hard stone of the fruit . the specific epithet ' birrea ' comes from ' birr ' , the common name for the tree in senegal .
protected trees
. department of water affairs and forestry , republic of south africa . 3 may 2013 .
deciduous tree , to 8 m . bark rough , both vertically and horizontally fissured . twigs with brown - hairy apex . leaves with pinnae in 2 - 5 pairs . leaflets 6 - 15 per pinna ; lamina 1 . 5 - 7 . 5 × 0 . 7 - 4 . 2 cm , elliptic or sometimes ovate - elliptic or ± obovate , appressed - puberulent ; base ± asymmetric ; apex obtuse and emarginate . spikes pendulous , to 20 cm . petals c . 4 - 5 mm , white to pale green . pod 4 - 6 . 5 × 2 - 3 cm . seeds c . 9 - 12 mm , elliptic , flattened , brown .
the wild syringa ( burkea africana ) is a deciduous , medium - sized , spreading , flat - topped tree belonging to the family caesalpiniaceae . the genus was named in honour of joseph burke , the botanist and collector .
widespread in tropical africa , it is found in chad , sudan , tanzania , uganda , cameroon , central african republic , zaire , benin , burkina faso , côte d ' ivoire , ghana , guinea , mali , niger , nigeria , senegal , togo , angola , malawi , mozambique , zambia , zimbabwe , botswana , namibia , south africa in the transvaal .
leaves are bipinnately compound , silvery - pubescent or glabrescent . flowers are creamy - white , fragrant and in pendulous racemes of up to 300mm in length . the bark is toxic , rich in alkaloids and tannins and used for tanning leather . pulverised bark is thrown into water to paralyse fish .
if cut from the heartwood , it produces durable , insect - resistant timber with a moderately fine , wavy grain which is dark brown to reddish brown , and is used for parquet flooring and fine cabinet and furniture work .
the foliage is browsed by the larvae of two saturniidae moths , rohaniella pygmaea and imbrasia forda .
this introduction to the distribution of african lepidoptera to the south of latitude 10°s must be limited both by the necessary confines of space and by the wide open field of research still necessary . the general picture of our present knowledge of this fauna’s food requirements and ecology is very inadequate , except perhaps for those of wide distribution or of economic significance . some suggestions have been kindly proffered by prof . b . i . balinsky and dr . c . b . cottrell and these are much appreciated ( cf . also balinsky 1962 ) .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
auctorum . 1971 . continents adrift : readings from scientific american . w . h . freeman , reading .
balinsky , b . i . 1962 . patterns of animal distribution on the african continent ( summing up of symposium , 1961 ) . ann . cape prov . mus . 2 : 299–310 .
benson , c . w . , irwin , m . p . s . & white , c . m . n . 1962 . the significance of valleys as avian zoogeographical barriers . ann . cape prov . mus . 2 : 155–189 .
carcasson , r . h . 1964 . a preliminary survey of the zoogeography of african butterflies . j . e . afr . wildlife 2 : 122–157 .
cooke , h . b . s . 1962 . the pleistocene environment in southern africa : hypothetical vegetation in southern africa during the pleistocene . ann . cape prov . mus . 2 : 11–15 .
cottrell , c . b . & loveridge , j . p . 1966 . observations on the cryptosepalum forest of the mwinilunga district of zambia . proc . trans . rhod . sci . ass . 51 : 79–120 .
dickson , c . g . c . & clark , g . c . 1971 . life histories of the south african lycaenid butterflies : the entomological work of gowan c . clark and c . g . c . dickson . purnell & sons , cape town .
platt , e . e . 1921 . list of foodplants of some south african lepidopterous larvae . s . afr . j . nat . hist . 3 : 65–138 .
pinhey e . ( 1978 ) lepidoptera . in : werger m . j . a . ( eds ) biogeography and ecology of southern africa . monographiae biologicae , vol 31 . springer , dordrecht


idiosepius thailandicus is a species of bobtail squid native to the indo-pacific waters off thailand .

females grow to 10 mm in mantle length ( ml ) , while males are not known to exceed 7 mm ml .

the type specimen was collected in the gulf of thailand and is deposited at the marine fisheries division in bangkok .

idiosepius thailandicus

idiosepius thailandicus chotiyaputta , c . , t . okutani , and s . chaitiamvong , 1991
a new pygmy cuttlefish from the gulf of thailand , idiosepius thailandicus n . sp . ( cephalopoda : idiosepiidae )
bobtail squid - idiosepius thailandicus chotiyaputta , c . , t . okutani , and s . chaitiamvong , 1991 - overview - encyclopedia of life
yes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .
cephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :
the list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .
introducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !
expedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .
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and which we believe is restricted in its distribution to the east coast of africa .
has been assessed as data deficient as very little is known about this species . for instance , it is uncertain even how widely distributed this species is . the apparent association of this species with seagrasses and mangroves is cause for concern given the decline of these habitats in certain areas and more research is required to assess the threats to this species .
occurs off thailand in shallow waters ( reid 2005 ) . nabhitabhata and suwanamala ( 2008 ) report it ( as
) from both the east of the gulf of thailand and from the andaman sea . von byern and klepal ( 2010 ) report records of
live in shallow coastal waters amongst seaweed or seagrasses ( norman 2003 ) . nabhitabhata and suwanamala ( 2008 ) report this species ( as
) on a variety of habitats : in rayon province and neighbouring chantaburi province in eastern thailand it was found associated with seaweed in the littoral zone and in a mangrove biotope respectively . in the latter case , the squids attached their eggs to the mangrove roots . in the andaman sea , it inhabited subtidal seagrass beds at the mouth of mangroves and on sand bars with rocks and the squids and the eggs were attached to the underside of blades of seagrasses . members of the idiosepiidae family have a glue gland on their dorsal body surface that allows them to stick to seaweed , seagrass and other objects ( norman 2003 ) . development is thought to include a pelagic stage ( reid 2005 ) .
the threats to this species include habitat loss given its apparent association with seagrass beds and mangroves . its distribution may include japan which has suffered particular decline in seagrass beds . all species of
occur in highly populated inshore waters and are therefore likely to be affected by anthropogenic influences .
monitoring of the habitat of this species is important . research is required to determine population size and distribution . further information is required on life history and ecology to determine this species ' use of various seagrass species . population trends of both the species and potential habitats should be monitored . this will determine whether habitat protection is required .
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chotiyaputta , c . , t . okutani , and s . chaitiamvong , 1991
sweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .
systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )
taxon validity : [ fide ; taxon not yet reviewed ] . repository : mfdt holotype . type locality : ban don bay , gulf of thailand
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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the pipits are a cosmopolitan genus , anthus , of small passerine birds with medium to long tails .

along with the wagtails and longclaws , the pipits make up the family motacillidae .

the genus is widespread , occurring across most of the world , except the driest deserts , rainforests and the mainland of antarctica .

they are slender , often drab , ground-feeding insectivores of open country .

like their relatives in the family , the pipits are monogamous and territorial .

pipits are ground nesters , laying up to six speckled eggs .

pipit

pipit information . . . pipit index of species . . . pipit species photos
the back of the sprague ' s pipit is more strongly marked , almost scaly appearance in good light . underparts generally paler than american pipit . outer tail feathers have more extensive white . not as common as american pipit .
revising environment canada’s timelines of the action planning for the sprague ' s pipit .
eleven species of the motacillidae in two genera have been recorded in north america . included among these eleven species are the yellow wagtail , american pipit , and sprague’s pipit .
american pipit in basic plumage , subspecies pacificus , sunnyvale , ca , 30 october .
) . mortality and egg production of the meadow pipit with special references to altitude .
when first discovered it contained two pipit ' s eggs and the egg of a cuckoo .
the food of this pipit is composed of insects , and worms , and small seeds .
sprague ' s pipit is all in streaks of brown and gray , and lighter below .
the rock pipit is the most inconspicuous of the pipits . they are closely related to the
geographical variation : four subspecies , all extant : new zealand pipit a . n . novaeseelandiae ( at risk / declining ) ; chatham island pipit a . n . chathamensis ( at risk / naturally uncommon ) ; auckland island pipit a . n . aucklandicus ( at risk / recovering ) ; antipodes island pipit a . n . steindachneri ( at risk / naturally uncommon ) .
. the eurasian rock pipit is a much more approachable bird than the water pipit . if startled , it flies a fairly short distance , close to the ground , before it lands again .
gin they had a ' fouchten as he pipit , there wad hae been anither tale to tell .
the paddyfield pipit ( anthus rufulus ) is a small passerine bird in the pipits and wagtail family .
it was formerly included within its putative sister species , the water pipit ( a . spinoletta ) , as was their slightly more distinct pacific relative the buff - bellied pipit ( a . rubescens ) .
new zealand pipit . adult . whangaehu river estuary , december 2010 . image © ormond torr by ormond torr
“ pipit ” in le trésor de la langue française informatisé ( the digitized treasury of the french language ) .
some of the species have declined even more : meadow pipit populations , for example , fell by 68 percent .
breeding and wintering ranges of the american pipit . where the two ranges seemingly overlap they are separated by altitude .
identifying sprague ' s pipit critical habitat . research and analysis of information gathered regarding critical habitat for sprague’s pipit have advanced since the posting of the final recovery strategy for this species in 2008 , allowing partial identification of critical habitat .
90 - day finding on a petition to list sprague’s pipit as threatened or endangered ( dec . 3 , 2009 )
the american pipit was at least 4 years old , when it was recaptured and rereleased during a banding operation in new hampshire .
the eurasian rock pipit ( anthus petrosus ) is a small species of passerine bird which breeds on rocky coasts of western europe .
the part ‘swampy’ field , originally with a pair of paddyfield pipit , now has two pairs with the success of this breeding .
. paddyfield pipit is smaller and dumpier , has shorter looking tail and has a weaker fluttering flight . the usually uttered characteristic
chip - chip - chip
call is quite different from usual calls of richard ' s pipit ( explosive
shreep
) and
12 - month finding on a petition to list sprague’s pipit as endangered or threatened throughout its range ( sept . 15 , 2010 )
pipit is an elegant , clean , modern and responsive wordpress blog theme . amaze your visitors with pipit’s great out of the box features like full screen image , video and slider hero , slick featured posts slider , unique layouts , full width media feed and so on .
the sprague ' s pipit was named by audubon for isaac sprague , an artist who accompanied him on his trip up the missouri river .
the australasian pipit resembles the introduced skylark , alauda arvensis , and is adapted to a similar ecological niche , with both species being well - camoflaged birds that forage on the ground . the australasian pipit lacks the skylark ' s small crest and has more creamy white underparts and eyebrows .
what made you want to look up pipit ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
) or of allopatric speciation processes . indeed although tree and water pipits are closest extant relatives , they are not sister species and their respective lineages have originated in different palearctic zones , western for the species group including the water pipit , and eastern for that of the tree pipit ( voelker ,
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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title =
arkive photo - sokoke pipit feeding on forest floor
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arkive photo - sokoke pipit feeding on forest floor
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arkive photo - sokoke pipit feeding on forest floor
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pavel v , bureš s ( 2001 ) offspring age and nest defence : test of feedback hypothesis in the meadow pipit . anim behav 61 : 297–303
liversidge , r . ( 1996 ) a new species of pipit in southern africa . bull . brit . ornithol . club 116 : 211 - 215 .
the australasian pipit is found across australia . it is also found in new guinea , new zealand , as well as being widespread across africa and asia .
yesterday i came across this news item on the site if the belgian society for the protection of birds , it is from last year . in a rehab centre a young meadow pipit and a young cuckoo were placed together in a cage , after a while the cuckoo began begging for food and to the astonishment of the people who work there the meadow pipit started feeding the cuckoo . in the third picture the pipit feeds the cuckoo while sitting on its back . urltoken
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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urltoken
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arkive species - yellow - breasted pipit ( anthus chloris )
> < img src =
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arkive species - yellow - breasted pipit ( anthus chloris )
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arkive species - yellow - breasted pipit ( anthus chloris )
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the sprague’s pipit has been listed as a vulnerable species . like many grassland birds , this formerly common species has suffered from destruction of its short grass habitat .
beauchamp , a . j . 1995 . the status of the new zealand pipit ( anthus novaeseelandiae ) in the wellington region . notornis 42 : 117 - 125 .
) . the auc of the best jsdm for pipits was 0 . 75 for the tree pipit and 0 . 83 for the water pipit , representing a good to very good predictive discrimination between occupied and unoccupied sites . the range of shared environmental correlations was negative for pipits , thus suggesting that species had different environmental requirements ( figure
in north america , members of this family breed in alaska , northern canada , and the northern great plains ( the sprague’s pipit ) . they are all non - forest species , many with an affinity for wetlands . the most numerous species is the american pipit . a bird of the far northern tundra and alpine meadows in the summer , it also occurs along the coast and other open habitats in much of canada and the united states during the winter . aside from the sprague’s pipit , the other pipit species occur as asian vagrants to the west coast . the wagtails also show up as vagrants from asia , or breed in alaska and winter in asia .
) . its congener water pipit also occupies the euro‐siberian region and some areas of the central system but systematically above 700 m a . s . l . ( vasquez ,
[ habitat selection and metapopulation structure : a multi - year study of distribution of the hodgson ' s pipit , anthus hodgsoni richm . ( aves , passeriformes ) ] .
other synonyms afrikaans : bergkoester arabic : الجشنة الكبيرة asturian : chis de richard bulgarian : дългоопашата бъбрица catalan : piula grossa czech : linduška velká welsh : corhedydd richard danish : new zealand - storpiber , storpiber german : australspornpieper , hochlandpieper , spornpieper greek : γαϊδουροκελάδα english : australasian pipit , common pipit , new zealand or australian pipit , new zealand pipit , paddyfield pipit , richard ' s pipit spanish : bisbita de richard , bisbita neozelandés spanish ( spain ) : bisbita neozelandés estonian : lõuna - niidukiur , niidukiur finnish : isokirvinen faroese : stórtítlingur french : pipit austral , pipit de nouvelle - zélande , pipit de nouvelle - zélande ou p . austral , pipit de richard irish : riabhóg richard galician : pica de richard hebrew : פפיון ארך רגליים hungarian : sarkantyús pityer indonesian : apung tanah icelandic : vingultittlingur italian : calandro maggiore , pispola australasiatica japanese : mamijirotahibari , mamijiro - tahibari , oasutorariamamijirotahibari japanese : オアストラリアマミジロタヒバリ , マミヂロタヒバリ kazakh : дала жадырағы korean : 큰밭종다리 latin : alauda novae seelandiae , anthus [ novaeseelandiae or australis ] , anthus novaeseelandiae , anthus novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae , anthus richardi lithuanian : stepinis kalviukas maori : pihoihoi , pi - hoihoi malayalam : വയല് വരമ്പന് maltese : bilblun prim dutch : grote pieper , nieuw - zeelandse pieper norwegian : australpiplerke , tartarpiplerke polish : swiergotek nowozelandzki , świergotek nowozelandzki , świergotek szponiasty portuguese : petinha de richard portuguese ( portugal ) : petinha - australiana romansh : pivet zelandais russian : степной конёк slovak : ľabtuška dlhoprstá albanian : drenja e riçardit serbian : velika trepteljka swedish : australisk piplärka / nyazeelandpiplärka , nya zeelandpiplärka , större piplärka swahili : kipimanjia - mbuga thai : นกเด้าดินทุ่งใหญ่ turkish : mahmuzlu incirkuşu , mahmuzlu i̇ncirkuşu , mahmuzlu şncirkuşu chinese : 澳洲鹨 , 田 鹨 , 田鹨 chinese ( traditional ) : 田鷚〔紐西蘭田鷚〕
beauchamp , a . j . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . new zealand pipit . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
amended recovery strategy for the sprague’s pipit ( anthus spragueii ) in canada
( 2012 - 11 - 30 ) ( pdf format , 1 , 329 . 56 kb )
recovery strategy for the sprague’s pipit ( anthus spragueii ) in canada [ proposed ]
( 2008 - 01 - 18 ) ( pdf format , 515 . 87 kb )
plots representing the highest posterior density mean of the coefficients ( intercepts and slopes ) , their lower ( 2 . 5 % ) and the upper ( 97 . 5 % ) credible intervals , for of jsdm with the highest auc in pipits and buntings ( tp = tree pipit ; wp = water pipit ; yh = yellowhammer ; ob = ortolan bunting )
recovery strategy for the sprague’s pipit ( anthus spragueii ) in canada [ final version ]
( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) ( pdf format , 454 . 48 kb )
liversidge , r . and voelker , g . ( 2002 ) the kimberley pipit : a new african species . bull . brit . ornithol . club 122 : 93 - 108 .
the american pipit’s nest is a cup of grasses and weeds and is lined with finer materials . it is placed on the ground under the shelter of vegetation or a rock ledge .
pipits occur on all continents , except antarctica , with many species that are often difficult to distinguish from each other . the american pipit was long known as the water pipit ( anthus spinoletta ) , a wide - ranging species with seven subspecies occurring from the shores of great britain and scandinavia , and the high mountains of europe and central asia , to north america . recent taxonomic studies , however , have shown that the three north american subspecies and the most eastern asiatic subspecies are best regarded as a distinct species , now referred to as the american pipit ( a . rubescens ) . nevertheless , because of the close similarity between spinoletta and rubescens , the old world literature sheds much light on the biology of the american pipit .
[ habitat selection and metapopulation structure : a multi - year study of distribution of the hodgson ' s pipit , anthus hodgsoni richm . ( aves , passerifo . . . - pubmed - ncbi
beauchamp , a . j . 2013 . new zealand pipit ( anthus novaeseelandiae ) presence and breeding status using car and walk surveys near whangarei , new zealand . notornis 60 : 125 - 133 .
the american pipit is a small , slender , drab bird of open country . although it appears similar to sparrows , it can be distinguished by its thin bill and its habit of bobbing its tail .
the american pipit was long known as the water pipit ( anthus spinoletta ) , a wide ranging species with seven subspecies occurring from the shores of great britain and scandinavia , and the high mountains of europe and central asia , to north america . recent taxonomic studies , however , have shown that the three north american subspecies , along with the most eastern asiatic one , are best regarded as a distinct species .
beauchamp , a . j . 2007 . notes on new zealand pipit ( anthus n . novaeseelandiae ) home ranges , parental care , and the behaviour of dependent young . notornis 54 : 112 - 114 .
the yellow - breasted pipit spends much of the year at elevations above 1 , 500 metres in the lush , expansive grasslands found upon the undulating slopes of the drakensberg mountains ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the recovery strategy for the sprague’s pipit ( anthus spragueii ) in canada ( environment canada 2008 ) was posted on the species at risk public registry in may 2008 . under section 45 of the species at risk act ( sara ) , the minister of the environment may amend a recovery strategy at any time . this amendment to the recovery strategy for the sprague’s pipit ( anthus spragueii ) in canada is for the purpose of :
distribution of the tree pipit , water pipit , yellowhammer , and ortolan bunting in spain . the shaded areas depict the distributions of pipits and buntings species . modified from martí and del moral ( 2003 ) . atlas de las aves reproductoras de españa . dirección general de conservación de la naturaleza‐sociedad española de ornitología . madrid . the rectangles enclose the study area for species ' survey ; the experiment was performed in the contact zone only
) . these species show therefore a noticeable elevational partitioning . in the cantabrian mountains , the tree pipit reproduces in low‐ and medium‐elevation grasslands ( average elevation ± sd : 1230 . 39 ± 416 . 60 m a . s . l . ) . conversely , the water pipit reproduces in medium and high elevations ( average elevation ± sd : 1726 . 63 ± 341 . 35 m a . s . l . ; figure
these example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' pipit . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .
in an alpine population in the beartooth mountains of wyoming , a snow storm buried 17 american pipit nests for 24 hours . all of the nestlings that were 11 days or older survived , but only a few of the younger ones did .
thompson , d . r . ; bearhop , s . ; ross , b . 2005 . spread of australasian pipit ( anthus novaeseelandiae ) onto campbell island following the eradication of norway rats ( rattus novegicus ) . notornis 52 : 43 - 46 .
vocalizations : the song of the american pipit is low series of variable , jingling phrases ,
tseewl , tseewl , tseewl
or
pleetr , pleetr , pleetr .
during regular flight , their call is a high , squeaky
slip
or , when flushed , a higher
pipit .
downward spiralling aerial displays during the breeding season are accompanied by incessant
tseep , tseep , tseep
calls . on the nest , their call is a lower but rising
pwisp .
askenmo c . , and neergaard r . ( 1990 ) . polygyny and nest predation in the rock pipit : do females trade male assistance against safety ? in ‘population biology of passerine birds’ . ( ed . j . blondel . ) pp . 331–343 . nato asi series , vol . g 24 . ( springer - verlag : berlin . ) askenmo , c . , and unger , u . ( 1986 ) . how to be double - brooded : trends and timing of breeding performance in the rock pipit . ornis scandinavica 17 , 237–244 .
hendricks , paul and n . a . verbeek . 2012 . american pipit ( anthus rubescens ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
amendment to the final recovery strategy for the sprague’s pipit ( anthus spragueii ) in canada re : partial identification of critical habitat in alberta and saskatchewan and action planning [ proposed ]
( 2011 - 03 - 09 ) ( pdf format , 1 , 119 . 94 kb )
the australasian pipit is a well - camoflaged brown ground - dwelling bird . it has darker brown streaks above , and has pale creamy white stripes on the eyebrows and below the cheeks . the underparts are creamy white , spotted and streaked dark on the breast . the wings and tail are dark brown , with the outermost tail feathers white . the eye is brown and the bill and feet are pale pink - grey . seen on the ground in open country , this species often wags its tail up and down while foraging . it was previously called richard ' s pipit .
a small , brown , streaky bird , the meadow pipit is the most common songbird in upland areas . its high , piping call is a familiar sound . in flight it shows white outer tail feathers and in the breeding season it has a fluttering ' parachute ' display flight . in winter , they are quite gregarious and gather in small flocks , often invisible among the vegetation , suddenly flying up with typical jerky flight . meadow pipit numbers in the uk have been declining since the mid - 1970s , resulting in this species being included on the amber list of conservation concern .
some of the subspecies in the group were formerly treated as a subspecies of the australasian pipit anthus novaeseelandiae and the grouping has been in state of flux . considerable colour and morphological variation with age and latitude make the species difficult to identify museum specimens . six subspecies are now included in this species .
the wagtails and pipits are small birds with fairly long , strong legs adapted to a terrestrial lifestyle . members of this family are also for the most part slim birds with long tails ( although tails of some pipit species are fairly short ) , fairly long , pointed wings , and longish , thin bills .
the american pipit has brownish - gray to gray upperparts with faint streaks , a bold , pale eyeline , variably streaked , whitish to buffy underparts , and a white eye ring . it has an upright posture , and frequently bobs its tail . a number of subspecies account for the plumage variation within the species .
we used presence / absence survey dataset but excluded survey plots characterized by high forest cover , as such surveyed areas were unsuitable and , consequently , they would contain no useful information for the modelling . for pipits , we considered only survey plots where the percent tree cover is less than 80 % of the area ( n = 1 , 874 plots ) , because the tree pipit is an ecotone species that utilizes a mixture of open grasslands and scattered trees ( laiolo , dondero , ciliento , & rolando , 2004 ) . for buntings , we selected survey plots where the tree percent cover is < 60 % of the area of the plot ( n = 1 , 790 plots ) , being both species less dependent on tree cover ( dale & manceau , 2003 ) . our sample size corresponds to 192 presences for the tree pipit , 655 presences for the water pipit , 161 presences for the yellowhammer , and 52 presences for the ortolan bunting .
the sprague’s pipit is a small bird which breeds in the great plains of north america . nesting grounds are found in the peace river district of alberta , turtleford , prince albert and shoal lake , saskatchewan , central manitoba , north dakota , montana , south dakota and minnesota . they may also be found in british columbia occasionally . this species winters in the southwestern united states and northern mexico , including california , arizona , new mexico , texas , kansas , oklahoma , missouri , tennessee , mississippi , arkansas and louisiana . typical diets consist of insects , spiders and seeds . the conservation status of the sprague’s pipit is least concern .
sprague ' s pipit : this species breeds from central alberta east to manitoba and south from montana to south dakota . it may breed as far west as british columbia . it spends winters along the southwestern and southern states from california to florida and throughout much of mexico . its preferred habitats include short - grass fields .
tree pipit , water pipit , yellowhammer , and ortolan bunting inhabit montane , alpine , and subalpine open habitats in our study area and present relatively overlapping trophic niches , being pipits more strictly insectivorous and buntings granivorous outside the breeding period ( brodmann , reyer , bollmann , schläpfer , & rauter , 1997 ; dale & manceau , 2003 ; loske , 1987 ) . tree pipit and ortolan bunting are trans‐saharan migrants ( dale & manceau , 2003 ; loske , 1987 ) . all species are territorial , mostly monogamous , and they nest on the ground . they actively defend territories in the breeding period , and males sing to mark territories and attract females . these species served as models in studies on homo‐ or heterospecific territoriality , as they reliably respond to playbacks simulating territorial intrusion ( bastianelli , seoane , álvarez‐blanco , & laiolo , 2015 ; osiejuk , ratyńska , & cygan , 2004 ; petrusková et al . , 2014 ; skierczynski , czarnecka , & osiejuk , 2007 ) .
the american pipit is an inconspicuous , slender , migratory songbird that occurs throughout north america and south to el salvador . it is one of a very few species of ground - inhabiting songbirds that breed at high altitudes in alpine meadows and on the arctic tundra . despite its generally inhospitable habitat , this species has been relatively well studied . its alpine and arctic environment is ecologically relatively simple , so interactions among species are easier to understand . in addition , short summers and climatic extremes impose restrictions on the timing of this pipit ' s breeding cycle . how this species , and other pipits , have adapted to such extremes is a question worth investigating .
found only in south africa and lesotho , the yellow - breasted pipit mainly occupies the drakensberg mountain range within the south african provinces of kwazulu - natal and mpumalanga , and the margins of lesotho . additional small populations are found in the north - east of the eastern cape and eastern parts of the free state ( 2 ) .
its call is an explosive fit . the song , as in many pipits , is a series of
blocks
of repeated more or less shrill cheeping single or double notes ; it ends on a trill and has usually fewer , but longer - lasting
blocks
( a dozen repetitions or more ) than in the water pipit .
historically , the yellow - breasted pipit was far more abundant and widespread than it is today . sadly , the effects of intense grazing , commercial forest planting , and agricultural practices that involve the burning of grasslands , have greatly reduced and fragmented this species’ habitat . such practices are only increasing in intensity ; for example , in the wakkerstroom district , a region which supports a large number of yellow - breasted pipits , over 100 , 000 hectares of grassland has been targeted for conversion to forest plantations . if this conversion goes ahead , it could prove to be catastrophic for the yellow - breasted pipit , as the land would no longer be suitable for it to breed ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the yellow - breasted pipit is a rare and secretive bird found in the high - altitude grasslands of south africa and lesotho ( 3 ) . this species is most striking when in its breeding plumage , developing bright yellow underparts and wing linings ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ; in contrast , outside the breeding period , the underparts are brown or dull white with dark streaks ( 2 ) . the upperparts , which remain greyish - brown throughout the year , are boldly dappled with dark spots and patches , giving a distinctive scaled appearance . the juvenile is generally pale brown and lacks the adult’s bright yellow colouring , having creamy brown underparts instead . the characteristic calls of the yellow - breasted pipit consist of a rapid , continuous chip chip chip and a quieter suwiep ( 4 ) .
american pipit numbers may be declining . partners in flight estimates a global breeding population of 20 million birds , with 52 % spending some part of the year in the u . s . , 87 % in canada , and 36 % wintering in mexico . they rate a 9 out of 20 on the continental concern score and are not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . back to top
the yellow - breasted pipit occurs within a number of public nature reserves , but the populations that they support are generally small . currently , only natal drakensberg park holds a significant population ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , but plans are underway to create a one million hectare grassland biosphere reserve in the threatened region around wakkerstroom that will protect and conserve a much larger proportion of this species’ total population ( 6 ) . should the reserve be created it will need careful management , so that the livelihoods of the local people and the population of the yellow - breasted pipit can both be preserved . this is also true of the other areas supporting populations of this species , where the landowners must be given incentives to manage the grassland beneficially , rather than opt for the plantation of commercially valuable forests ( 3 ) ( 6 ) .
the nsw national parks and wildlife service provided permission to study pipits in kosciuszko national park . pipits were banded under australian bird and bat banding scheme banding authority no . 2408 , environment australia . logistical support was provided by nsw national parks and wildlife service , and billy and marilyn james . financial support was provided by the state university college of new york at brockport . pipit clutch - size data from the birds australia nest records scheme were furnished by rory poulter , birds australia . robert palmer provided access to pipit specimens in the australian national wildlife collection , canberra . thanks to snowy hydro for spencers creek snowcourse data . david little supplied several nest records . nancy fitzsimmons and tony tucker helped in the field , while melissa norment assisted in many ways . paul hendricks and two anonymous reviewers commented on a draft of the manuscript .
) : effect size = m1–m2 / pooled standard deviation , where m1 is the mean of the response to the conspecific and m2 is the mean of the response to the control . the power for the comparison among heterospecifics , based on the sample size for this level and the correction of the effect size for homospecifics by the c‐score , was high . for the closest distance of approach , we obtained a power of 0 . 89 and 0 . 96 in tree pipit and water pipit , respectively . for the same variable , we obtained a power of 0 . 91 and 0 . 76 for yellowhammer and ortolan bunting . for the latency of approach , we obtained a power of 0 . 70 and 0 . 83 in pipits . for the same variable , we obtained a power of 0 . 88 and 0 . 83 in yellowhammer and ortolan bunting , respectively .
wells ( 2007 ) reports that the paddyfield pipit nests can be shallow cups to fully domed , with variations in between . in this field the nest was dome - shaped ( below right ) , built in a small unburnt area ( below left ) . at the time of observation the dome was already built : width 12cm , length 13 - 15cm ( longer than wide ) , height 9 - 10cm and oval opening 3 - 4cm diameter .
on 20th february 2010 dato’ dr amar - singh hss chanced upon a pair of paddyfield pipit ( anthus rufulus malayensis ) nest building ( above ) in a burnt grassy field around ipoh in the malaysian state of perak . for two hours in the hot sun he made discreet observations from a distance of about 10m , using his camera mounted with a 500 mm lens to document the activities . no tripod was used so as not to unnecessarily distract the birds .
pipits of the family motacillidae ( meaning
moving tail
) are plain , sparrow - sized , insectivorous birds with slender bills . although highly terrestrial , their flight is strong and undulating . pipits walk upright along the ground with dainty steps , rather than hops . as they feed , they habitually pump their tails and bob their heads , much like a pigeon . their common name ,
pipit
( latin for
chirp
) , imitates the sounds of their distinctive calls .
14 . 5 - 15 cm . small streaked pipit , earth - brown / greenish orange - brown with broad brownish - black streaks on top of head , mantle , scapulars and back . wings darker . tail dark brown . underparts white / grey / yellow - buff . throat side , breast and flanks streaked black - brown . juvenile more buff - brown with more obvious streaking . voice aerial song a series of segments of uniform notes . call a thin high - pitched squeak often repeated .
the new zealand pipit is a small brown - and - white songbird that resembles a lark , but has longer legs , and walks rather than hops . they are birds of open country , including the tideline of sandy beaches , rough pasture , river beds and above the tree - line . pipits are members of the wagtail family , and frequently flick their long tails as they walk . in flight their tails have narrow white sides – a character shared with skylarks , chaffinches , yellowhammers and cirl buntings .
pipits probably benefitted initially from forest clearance , but have declined in density as land - use has intensified . heavily grazed pasture and drained wetlands hold fewer pipits than rough pasture with patches of fern , and marshes or bogs . pipits have declined from drought - prone regions , and have disappeared from many islands where rats are present . while pipits use clear - felled pine forest blocks in the central north island , they are preferentially hunted by new zealand falcons there , compared to introduced passerines . pipit have greatly benefitted from rat eradication on some islands , most spectacularly on 11 , 000 ha campbell island in the new zealand subantarctic .
this is a large pipit at 15cm , but is otherwise an undistinguished looking bird , mainly streaked grey - brown above and pale below with breast streaking . it is long legged with a long tail and a long dark bill . males and females look alike . summer and winter plumages are similar . young birds are more richly colored below than adults and have the pale edges to the feather ' s of the upper parts more conspicuous with more prominent spotting on the breast . the population waitei from northwestern india and pakistan is pale while the population malayensis from the western ghats is larger , darker and more heavily streaked with nominate rufulus intermediate .
distribution : the american pipit winters in flocks from the southern united states to the fields and muddy shores of guatemala and el salvador . they breed throughout alaska , yukon , and british columbia , across the northern edge of canada to newfoundland , coastal greenland and their associated islands , and in spotty locations in the western united states . within yukon - charley rivers national preserve , these birds were detected in several ecological units , as determined during the yukon - charley rivers national preserve bird inventory , june 1999 and 2000 . they occur at their highest densities within the montane tundra of the upper charley mountain tundra ( mt ) , snowy domes ( sd ) and ogilive lime / dolostone mountains ( om ) ecological units .
we performed a preliminary analysis to test whether the month , the time of the day in which a test was performed , and their interaction could affect bird behavioral patterns . in no species we found such effects on the closest distance of approach or on the latency of the approach ( linear models : all p ≥ . 10 ) . therefore , we did not account for temporal covariates in further analyses . in order to assess the differences in the minimum distance of approach between the three playback levels ( conspecific , congeneric , and control song ) , we performed a one‐way analysis of variance ( anova ) after transforming the variable by means of a box‐cox transformation to meet the assumptions of normality ( tree pipit : λ = 0 . 30 , water pipit : λ = 0 . 26 , yellowhammer : λ = 0 . 30 ; ortolan bunting : λ = 0 . 51 ) . we performed multiple comparisons ( tukey contrasts ) to assess the significance of the differences between pairwise playback types . as the latency of approach did not meet the normality assumption , we carried a kruskal–wallis test to analyze playback effects . we performed multiple comparisons by means of dunn test . we performed power tests in the case of detecting no significant differences in the behavioral response between pairwise playback types , and we based our expectations of interference on the local spatial segregation patterns ( c‐score ) observed in each species pairs . a power ≥0 . 80 was considered as a good power ( cohen , 1992 ) . we performed the analysis with r v 3 . 2 . 2 ( r development core team , 2015 ) and g power v . 3 ( faul , erdfelder , lang , & buchner , 2007 ) .
nests : assembled by both parents , the cup - shaped nests of the american pipit are built in ground - hollows and partially concealed by overhanging rock or vegetation . constructed in 4 - 5 days of plant stems , grasses and mosses , the nests are softly lined with fine grasses , fibers and hair . a clutch consists of 4 - 7 , smooth and glossy 21mm eggs . the cryptic , ground - colored ( whitish gray ) eggs are heavily spotted in brown and pale gray and may be finely streaked , wreathed or capped in black at the larger ends . although the female alone incubates the clutch for 14 days , the male feeds her during this time . offspring fledge in another 14 - 16 days and are tended by both parents . young birds are completely independent by 29 days post - hatching and aggregate together in large , late - summer flocks .
we performed playback experiments simulating territorial intrusion in replacement areas , that is where congeners were located ≤2 km from each other ( appendix s1 ) . the study was performed during breeding , which is the sole phase of species phenology in which birds are strongly territorial and in which their ranges overlap ( one member of each pair is migratory and spends the winter elsewhere ) . during playbacks , we broadcast the songs of a conspecific male , or a congeneric male , or of a control species . overall , we tested 148 pipit males and 112 bunting males ; each individual was tested once and was randomly submitted to a playback of one of three categories mentioned above ( conspecific , congener , or control ; appendix s6 ) . we selected as controls species of a different family and that largely co‐occurred with the target species , which we assumed were no competitors . yellowhammer and whinchat ( saxicola rubetra ) were selected as the control species for pipits and buntings , respectively . similar to other playback studies , we considered that interspecific territoriality occurred if the behavioral response did not differ between conspecific and congeneric playbacks and / or if the response to the congeneric playback was stronger than to the control playback ( jankowski et al . , 2010 ; laiolo , 2013 ) .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
stattersfield , a . , o ' brien , a . , taylor , j .
this species is classed as near threatened owing to its small population and small range on one island , which remains susceptible to the introduction of rats . should any immediate threat arise , this species should be uplisted as a matter of urgency .
. it is confined to c . 20 small , rat - free offshore islands and islets , and to a few mainland areas ( < 10 % of total habitat ) , enclosed by sea - level glaciers , in which brown rat
the population has been estimated at 3000 - 4000 pairs , equivalent to 6 , 000 - 8 , 000 mature individuals and c . 9 , 000 - 12 , 000 individuals in total . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
. it feeds on insects in tussock habitat , and insects and crustaceans along tidelines ( j . p . croxall
. in typical habitat it is common and productive , but winter survival of juveniles is low . it has almost no natural predators , remains of birds very occasionally turning up at middens of brown skua
the projected continuing recession of glaciers at south georgia threaten its remaining mainland habitats with invasion by rats ( j . p . croxall
although precautions are taken to prevent the introduction of rats to several important sites , their remote location renders regulation of all visitors to all sites impossible in practice ( j . p . croxall
carry out surveys to obtain an up - to - date population estimate . monitor population trends through regular surveys . maintain measures to prevent the introduction of rats .
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new zealand pipits are slender , small to medium - sized , long - tailed songbirds that are predominantly streaked grey - brown above and off - white below , with brown streaking on the breast . they have a prominent pale eyebrow stripe , and white outer tail feathers . their crown is streaked grey - brown , lacking any crest ( cf . skylark ) the bill is fine and dark , and the legs long , slender and pale brown . pipits are often confiding , allowing closer approach than most open country songbirds . they walk or run , characteristically flicking their tail up and down whenever they stop walking , or when perched .
voice : the main call given all year is a strident tzweep . song given in air with arched fluttering flight over home ranges . tswee call given from fence posts and on the ground when gathering large invertebrates to feed young on the nest .
similar species : skylarks are tawnier , more likely to fly when disturbed , are shorter legged , hop rather than walk , and have a small erectile crest on the back of the crown . female house sparrows and chaffinches have conical bills , and white wing - bars on the inner upperwing .
new zealand pipits are widespread in rough open habitats from the coastline to alpine shrublands at c . 1900 m . they are often seen along coastlines and rivers , in alpine areas in the south island , and coastal margins and alpine areas on stewart island . pipits are present within felled compartments of pine forests in the central north island , and around remaining wetlands in the central north island . they have declined in nearby subalpine habitats that have been taken over by heather . pipits are common in farmland and open shrublands on chatham and pitt islands , and in tussock grasslands and open habitats on the auckland island , campbell island and antipodes islands .
farmland population estimates for pipits were 0 . 37 pairs / per ha on chatham island , and 0 . 036 pairs / ha at waipu caves , whangarei .
new zealand pipits breed during august - march . the nest is a sizable cup of woven grass under tussocks and grass clumps within fern , and partly or fully covered with vegetation . clutch size is typically 2 - 4 ( average 3 ) eggs . both sexes feed young on the nest . incubation takes 14 - 16 days and chicks fledge at 14 days . adults land and take concealed routes to nests . chicks are noisy during and after feeding . chicks do not congregate after fledging , and parents and fledglings can end up hundreds of meters from nest sites . the number of clutches per annum is unknown .
pipits are approachable , often running a short distance in front of people , and walking , rather than flying away . some home ranges are occupied all year and others are deserted in the late summer . flocks of first - year pipits and adults are seen in areas where there was no breeding population . flock sizes are generally indicative of the population size . flocks of tens to hundreds of pipits fanned out either sides of moving locomotives before the volcanic plateau was converted from swamp and shrubland to farms and plantation forests .
pipits are omnivorous , consuming grains , seeds , and small invertebrates . flying invertebrates taken include flies , mayflies , small butterflies and cicadas . foraging methods adapt to the types of prey being targeted . they range from pecking at mat plants , to dashing along the ground and into short flights when after flies , to rising up into the wind over lakes to catch mayflies passing overhead .
beauchamp , a . j . 2009 . distribution and habitat use by new zealand pipits ( anthus n . novaeseelandiae ) on the volcanic plateau . notornis 56 : 183 - 189 .
higgins , p . j . ; peter , j . m . ; cowling , s . j . ( eds . ) 2006 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 7 , boatbill to starlings . oxford university press , melbourne .
a slender small - medium long - tailed songbird streaked grey - brown above and off - white below , with brown streaking on the breast , a pale eyebrow stripe , white outer tail feathers . the crown is streaked grey - brown , the bill fine and dark , and the legs long , slender and pale brown .
of the family motacillidae , resembling the larks in coloration , structure , and habits .
urltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , © random house , inc . 2018
collins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition © william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 © harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012
any of various small passerine birds , mainly from the genus anthus , that are often drab , ground feeding insectivores of open country .
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a small , dark goose - the same size as a mallard . it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .
a nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .
male ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .
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meadow pipits are found across the uk but are most common in the west and north . in winter it moves south , to more lowland areas and becomes much commoner in the southern half of the uk . they are found in open country - upland moors to saltmarshes in summer , more agricultural land and marshes in winter . they will even come to suburban parks and playing fields .
* this map is intended as a guide . it shows general distribution rather than detailed , localised populations .
you can see meadow pipits all year round . in summer , they are most common in upland areas which become deserted in winter as birds move to more lowland habitats , with some migrating to continental europe .
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but since the rats were killed , the pipits have already responded , their numbers exploding now that their eggs and chicks are safe .
the story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .
take this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .
nesting in the far north and on mountaintops , american pipits can be found throughout the continent during migration or winter . at those seasons they are usually in flocks , walking on shores or plowed fields , wagging their tails as they go . often they are detected first as they fly over high , giving sharp pi - pit calls .
some analyses of christmas bird counts have suggested declining numbers ; however , species is still widespread and common .
tundra , alpine slopes ; in migration and winter , plains , bare fields , shores . breeds on tundra , both in far north and in high mountains above treeline , in areas with very low growth such as sedges , grass , and dwarf willows . in migration and winter found on flat open ground such as plowed fields , short - grass prairie , mudflats , shores , river sandbars .
forages by walking on the ground , taking insects from the ground or from low plants . sometimes forages while walking in very shallow water . except in the breeding season , usually forages in flocks .
4 - 6 , sometimes 3 - 7 . whitish to pale buff , heavily spotted with brown and gray . incubation is by female only , 13 - 16 days . male feeds female during incubation period . young : both parents feed nestlings . female broods young much of the time during first few days ; male may bring food for her and for young . young usually leave nest at about 14 days , are fed by parents for about another 2 weeks .
both parents feed nestlings . female broods young much of the time during first few days ; male may bring food for her and for young . young usually leave nest at about 14 days , are fed by parents for about another 2 weeks .
mostly insects , also some seeds . insects make up great majority of summer diet ; included are many flies , true bugs , beetles , caterpillars , moths , and others . also eats some spiders , millipedes , ticks . migrants along coast may eat tiny crustaceans and marine worms . inland in fall and winter , seeds of grasses and weeds may make up close to half of diet .
male performs song - flight display to defend nesting territory and attract a mate . in display , male begins singing on ground , flies up ( often to 100 ' or more ) , then glides or parachutes down again with wings fully opened , singing all the way . nest site is on ground in sheltered spot , usually protected under overhanging grass , small rock ledge , or piece of sod . nest ( built by female only ) is a cup of grass , sedges , and weeds , lined with finer grass and sometimes with animal hair or feathers .
flight song a weak and tinkling trill ; call a paired , high - pitched pip - pip .
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in the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .