the bay whiting , sillago ingenuua , is a species of coastal marine fish of the smelt-whiting family sillaginidae .

the bay whiting 's range extends throughout the west indian ocean , including northern australia , thailand , india and taiwan , where it inhabits protected waters .

it is benthic in nature , preying on shrimps , polychaetes and molluscs , however little else is known of its biology .

bay whiting are an important part of some inshore fisheries around australia and asia , where subsistence and commercial fishermen regularly take the species .

bay whiting

whiting bay is a lovely village and not too far to travel . . .
copyright © whiting bay bed & breakfast . b & b website by barnstormer design group
keep a watch for tuesday nights at the common table at whiting bay b & b .
we found great results , but some are outside whiting bay . showing results in neighbouring cities .
better still , you can join whiting bay golf club for just £190 pa for 2 years , starting 2018 .
or enjoy a round of golf this summer at whiting bay at our great value green fee of just £20 .
glenashdale waterfall located to the west of whiting bay some 2km from the sea - about 2 hours for the walk .
whiting bay bed & breakfast ~ whiting , maine your homeplace when visiting lubec , campobello , and the downeast region . 207 - 733 - 2402 ~ address , map , and directions
whiting bay golf course is a hidden gem of a course , set above the village on the south east coast of arran .
milne bay , papua . 1942 - 09 . flying officer j . c . whiting serving with 76 fighter squadron raaf in . . .
milne bay , papua . 1942 - 09 . flying officer j . c . whiting serving with 76 fighter squadron raaf in new guinea .
whiting bay is a pleasant resort situated 4 miles south of lamlash and 8 miles south of brodick in the southern half of isle of arran .
the shark bay seasnake occupies shallow embayments of shark bay in the vicinity of limestone reefs and adjacent rocky and sandy seafloor ( storr et al . 1986 ) .
gorgeous open bay to the south of brodick on isle of arran . . .
whiting bay is the third largest of the isle of arran ' s settlements after lamlash and brodick , and is named after the bay it runs along for over two miles near the southern end of arran ' s east coast .
the shark bay seasnake is thought to be represented in the incidental bycatch for trawls in the shark bay region but numbers caught are not available ( bunting 2002 ) .
the dramatic red siltstone cliffs below boyds tower on the far side of twofold bay .
cozzie and i set out to chase a bag of king george whiting from south port phillip bay , we go through techniques and how to clean the fish .
milne bay , papua . 1942 - 09 . flying officer j . c . whiting serving with 76 fighter squadron raaf in . . . | the australian war memorial
anderson , p . 1997 . shark bay dugongs in summer . i : lek mating .
* the first european to sight twofold bay was captain james cook in april , 1770 .
the species is occasionally called the ' yellow - cheek whiting ' and also ' school whiting ' , a broad name applied to a number of australian sillaginids .
how can i tell if a therapist is right for me ? therapists in whiting are able to work with a wide range of issues . for example , if you ' re seeking a marriage counselor in whiting you ' ll find that most therapists are trained in marriage counseling or couples counseling in whiting and couples therapy . and they welcome families for family counseling in whiting or family therapy in whiting .
whiting bay is a lovely village and not too far to travel from ferry . nice mix of the bay - deli - eat i g opportunities and our favourite beach and glen ashdale walk . roads are truly appalling a d north ayrshire needs to make this a priority .
snapper fever - port phillip bay fishing with ange and anton . location , tips and rigging techniques
the lamlash bay hotel is on the isle of arran , 150 metres from the beach . it offers panoramic views over brodick bay , rooms with free wi - fi and an italian restaurant .
the lamlash bay hotel is on the isle of arran , 500 ft from the beach . it offers panoramic views of brodick bay , rooms with free wi - fi and an italian restaurant .
today ' s whiting bay retains much of the quiet gentility of an earlier era . the grand villas remain , with many - especially towards the north end of the village - having been converted to hotels , guest houses and restaurants . the result is that whiting bay offers a significant proportion of the accommodation available on arran . the whiting bay golf club continues to thrive , while , for those with more limited golfing aspirations , the putting green established on the seaward side of the main road near the centre of the village also remains open for business .
there is no information available on the clutch size or seasonality of reproduction for the shark bay seasnake .
offering a restaurant , burlington guest house is located in whiting bay . free wifi access is available . featuring a shower , private bathroom also comes with a hairdryer . extras include bed linen .
cruickshanks boutique b & b in whiting bay provides adults only accommodations with a garden and a shared lounge . all rooms feature a flat - screen tv with cable channels and a private bathroom .
cruickshanks boutique b & b in whiting bay provides adults - only accommodation with a garden and a shared lounge . all rooms feature a flat - screen tv with cable channels and a private bathroom .
, the japanese whiting has a slightly compressed , elongate body tapering toward the terminal mouth .
area auto widened to ocean county - no sexual addiction therapists were found in whiting , nj .
but more commonly seen below 23 cm . like most sillaginids , the stout whiting has a slightly more
is the most dependable diagnostic feature . japanese whiting have a swim bladder characterised by a single , long
discussions with fishermen along the victorian coastline also suggest that the coastal fishery is characterised by short - term temporal dynamics similar to that of the port phillip bay fishery . this is consistent with fish passing through coastal areas and not remaining resident for long periods . one way of confirming the migration of king george whiting from victorian waters to spawning areas in south australia is tag / recapture . currently few king george whiting are tagged in victorian waters . however , the few fish that have been tagged in port phillip bay and recaptured outside the bay , have been recaptured in areas well to the west of port phillip bay ( patrick coutin , personnel communication ) . demonstration of migration of adult king george whiting from victoria to south australia would be critical to understanding the importance of spawning in victorian waters .
by car , proceed south through whiting bay village centre . turn right at ' the coffee pot ' , following the signs up the hill and back along the golf course road to the club . plenty of car parking available .
until the late 1950s , steamer services to arran from the mainland called at whiting bay as well as brodick . the change to a brodick - only car ferry service in 1957 led to a decline in the fortunes of whiting bay . the old steamer pier closed in the early 1960s . today the village pier is a very modest affair , projecting out from the shore close to the line of tiny shops backing onto the sea in the centre of the village .
, the first being steindachner and döderlein in 1885 . studies into various aspects of the japanese whiting ' s
© 2018 deborah whiting , msw , mft | san francisco & cupertino counseling . all rights reserved . login
early post - settlement habitat and diet shifts and the nursery function of tidepools during sillago spp . recruitment in moreton bay , australia
* permission was given by the governor to establish a town at twofold bay in 1834 but it was not laid out until 1843 .
in whiting bay the beach runs from sandbraes right through to the village at low tide . easily accessible , the beach at the village end has a small jetty - the remains of what was at one time the longest pier on the clyde !
jenkins gp , may hma ( 1994 ) variation in settlement and larval duration of king george whiting , sillaginodes punctata ( sillaginidae ) , in swan bay , victoria , australia . bulletin of marine science 54 ( 1 ) , 281 - 296 .
( lawler , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , et al . , 2002 ; whiting , 2008 )
the origins of some of these settlements are very ancient . on the hillside behind largymore at the southern end of whiting bay are the giants graves , a prehistoric burial site . meanwhile , at the village ' s northern end , kingscross point , a dun or fortified farmstead has been found dating back the better part of two thousand years . rather more recently , kingscross was used by vikings as a settlement and burial site , and it has been suggested that the bay to the south was named after them , with
viking bay
later becoming corrupted to whiting bay . kingscross also achieved a footnote in history when it became the place from which robert the bruce sailed for ayrshire in february 1307 , en route to regaining control of his kingdom from the english .
lovely relaxed place . the giant’s grave and glenashdale falls walk is very close by and gives great views of whiting bay . be sure you’re up early enough to catch the beautiful sunrises . we ate at coast which was only a 10 minute walk from the burlington guest house . beautiful views out onto the sea , and delicious food , although slightly pricey . not much choice in the way of restaurants or pubs in whiting bay , so we found ourselves heading into lamlash and brodick a couple of times .
are hyaline . there have been records of geographical variation in colour amongst the species , especially within shark bay . the shark bay fish may have faint gold bars trending 50 degrees above the mid lateral silvery band , and may have black dusting on the dorsal and anal fins .
many interesting boats visit mounts bay , from the surreal floating yacht - hotels to mighty ships like the four - masted windjammer , kruzenshtern .
whiting bay golf course is an 18 hole par 63 course playing 4092 yards from the yellow tees . it was founded in 1895 . although quite short , the course is a fair test for golfers of all abilities and features some particularly challenging par 3s .
beyond the graves the path begins to descend , with more great views over whiting bay village . the descent becomes quite steep before eventually rejoining the outward route at the sign near the start . turn right to return to the road and the parking area .
there are parking areas both north and south of ashdale bridge towards the southern end of whiting bay . there are also picnic tables here with a great outlook over the bay . the walk begins up the signed path on the south side of the bridge . pass the barrier and continue to a signpost - keep ahead here for the falls ( the path on the left is the return leg ) .
the japanese whiting , sillago japonica , ( also known as the japanese sillago or shiro - gisu ) is a common species of coastal marine fish belonging to the smelt - whiting family , sillaginidae . as suggested by its name , the japanese whiting was first recorded from japan in 1843 , but has subsequently been found to extend to korea , china and taiwan .
located down a private road , beach cottage is a few steps from the beach and boasts scenic views towards the holy isle and lamlash bay .
located down a private road , beach cottage is a few steps from the beach and features scenic views towards the holy isle and lamlash bay .
whiting bay was a very relaxing place to stay . not a huge selection of restaurants but we enjoyed a lovely meal at coast one evening . local people very welcoming . arran is a small island and it ' seems easy to visit all aresounds of the island .
join paul worsteling & david kramer as they spend a day on victorias port phillip bay . they go in search of whiting & squid then later even dive for some tasty scallops . then david shares his quick & easy recipes for scallops & squid ! delicious ! ! urltoken
two humpback whales ( left and right ) approach and pursue a female killer whale . © alisa schulman - janiger / monterey bay whale watch .
disaster bay lookout and bittangabee bay if you decide to drive to green cape lighthouse you should pause at disaster bay lookout which provides excellent views to the south over disaster bay , wonboyn lake and nadgee nature reserve . to the left is a turnoff to bittangabee bay where in the 1840s the imlay brothers established a base for their whaling operations which were eventually taken over by benjamin boyd in 1848 . the stone ruins of an old house set amidst a garden area , probably started by the imlays but never completed , can be found near the bittangabee camping area . there are interpretative placards . the beaches surrounding bittangabee are ideal for swimming , fishing and picnicking and the light to light track heads south for 7 km ( 2 . 5 hours one way ) to green cape . on the way you will travel along a track which was built for a horse drawn tram which carried the materials from bittangabee bay to build the green cape lighthouse .
sulition , o . ; s . watanabe and m . yokota ( 1999 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >
reproduction of the japanese whiting , sillago japonica , in tateyama bay
] . suisan zoshoku 47 ( 2 ) : 209–214 . issn 0371 - 421 .
figure 1 . map of the victorian coast showing locations and zones where samples of king george whiting were collected from 2002 - 2004 .
without a more detailed investigation of the king george whiting inhabiting deeper waters along the victorian coast we cannot be conclusive as to the importance of king george whiting spawning in victorian coastal waters . the only known locations for king george whiting spawning along the south - eastern coastline of australia are situated in south australian waters , in particular around kangaroo island ( fowler and mcgarvey 2000 ) . however , there has been no investigation of king george whiting populations in waters between kangaroo island and victoria , and modelling of larval drift would suggest that king george whiting recruiting into victorian bays and inlets could come from unknown spawning grounds in this region ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) .
whiting , s . 2008 . movements and distribution of dugongs ( dugong dugon ) in a macro - tidal environment in northern australia .
situated on the scenic isle of arran , this 19th century farmhouse has been converted into a family - run guest house overlooking the bay with panoramic sea views .
located on the scenic isle of arran , this 19th century farmhouse has been converted into a family - run guest house overlooking the bay with panoramic sea views .
saltwater bay saltwater bay is typical of ben boyd national park . for most of the year it is sparsely populated and ideal for safe swimming and productive fishing . there is a 9 km walking track ( part of the light to light 29 km track - check out the excellent map at urltoken ) which heads south through high heaths , beside rugged cliffs , and down onto rock platforms and lonely beaches before reaching bittangabee bay . on the way you are likely to see eastern grey kangaroos and if you go in spring the countryside is awash with native wildflowers . beyond hegarty ' s bay there is a remarkable purple and yellow coloured headland .
this superb circular walk climbs up through a wooded glen to reach a viewing platform for the glenashdale falls - a double cascade which is the finest on arran . the route then continues to visit the giant ' s graves - two chambered cairns - with a fantastic outlook over whiting bay and holy island .
sulistion , o . ; s . watanabe , m . yokota and s . kitada ( 1999 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >
age and growth of japanese whiting sillago japonica in tateyama bay
] . fisheries science 65 ( 1 ) : 117–122 . issn 0919 - 9268 .
) . in may , herring showed a higher fi than herring , whereas in july blue whiting seemed to show lower values than the other species ( tukey hsd test : herring vs . blue whiting , p < 0 . 05 ; mackerel vs . blue whiting , p < 0 . 001 ; mackerel vs . herring , p < 0 . 05 ) , except in 2010 , when mackerel had the lowest value (
finding whiting king george are widely distributed from approximately jurien bay in western australia around the southern half of australia up to around botany bay but they are reputedly rare that far north . as a generalisation bigger fish will usually inhabit deeper coastal waters while juveniles will more often be found inside estuaries and bays . south australia’s coffin bay is a prime example of a true nursery existing inside the shallow and sheltered waters of kellidie bay where it’s hard to catch a legal sized fish but offshore around the island groups in encounter bay it’s a very different story where big fish are plentiful ! regardless of whether you fish for them in sheltered waters or offshore whiting are synonymous with structure . find some sea grass or reef edge in this part of the world and there is a better than average chance there will be a school of whiting somewhere nearby . in shallower waters the key to good whiting ground is finding sand patches amongst the sea grass but in deeper water where there are still plenty of fish this type of visual fishing is harder to achieve . in deeper water dropping on a reef edge is more likely going to bring you results . i have fished for whiting in hard running currents and slower water locations , and by far the most productive place to fish for them is where there is some run in the water . king george tend to find you and bite more aggressively when the tide is flowing while in slower water you need to spend more time searching , a cast bait slowly retrieved often gets a bite while a stagnant bait is not touched .
indo - pacific : endemic to australian waters from fremantle northward to shark bay ( western population ) , and from southern queensland to new south wales ( eastern population ) .
figure 4 . histological section of a female king george whiting ovary collected in april and classified as macroscopic stage 2 ( magnification x 100 ) .
the spawning areas and times estimated for king george whiting caught in port phillip bay , western port and corner inlet ( fig . 1 ) have previously only been identified using indirect methods . research by jenkins and may ( 1994 ) has shown that the daily rings on ear - bones ( otoliths ) of juvenile king george whiting in port phillip bay provide an estimate of the length of time of the larval phase in bass strait prior to entering a bay , and thereby an estimate of the time of spawning . kgw larvae entering port phillip bay were aged between 100 and 170 days and were predicted to have been spawned between april and july ( jenkins and may 1994 ) . computer modelling of the currents in bass strait predicted that juvenile king george whiting in port phillip bay , western port and corner inlet could have been spawned in western victoria and southeastern south australia ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) . the centre of the predicted spawning distribution was approximately 500 km west of the bays , with a region of intense spawning spread along approximately 300 km of coastline ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) . interestingly , however , the model also predicted that juveniles in corner inlet could have been spawned close by ( wilsons promontory , fig . 1 ) . to date , however , the spawning times and locations of king george whiting in victoria have not been measured directly , leaving a major gap in our understanding of the biology of this species .
previous modelling suggested that king george whiting larvae that recruit to bays and inlets in central victoria are spawned from south - east of sa to central victoria ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) . even though large whiting are caught along the victorian coast , it is not known whether these fish actually spawn in victorian waters , and therefore whether they contribute directly to the fishery in this region . to address where kgw spawn in victorian waters , we sampled fish from a broad geographic range of locations along the victorian coast . these included portland , port fairy , warrnambool , apollo bay , lorne , torquay , southern port phillip bay and western port , waratah bay , corner inlet , shallow inlet and the eastern side of wilson ' s promontory ( fig . 1 ) . details of collections are included in table 1 .
( whiting , 2008 ;
australian government great barrier reef marine park authority
, 2002 ; lawler , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , 2009 ; whiting , 2008 ;
arkive . images of life on earth .
, 2003 )
whiting bay itself was quiet . i visited off peak . few places were open when i arrived . ( around 19 : 30 / 20 : 00 ) but i drove elsewhere for dinner , as the places that were open didn ' t take cards . will return in peak season , to see what it is like .
whiting beach is a two - hour walk from the steamers cark park in booderee national park . if you visit at the right time you might catch a glimpse of a little waterfall at the back of the beach . the beach is inside a quiet bay , perfect for snorkelling or swimming in the clear and fairly shallow water .
bunting , j . ( 2002 ) . draft bycatch action plan for the shark bay prawn managed fishery ( full report ) . department of fisheries , western australian government , perth .
kazunori , arayama ; kono hiroshi ( 2004 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >
vertical distributions of the japanese whiting , sillago japonica , larvae and juveniles and their food organisms at a sandy beach in tateyama bay , central japan
] . suisan zoshoku 52 ( 2 ) : 167–170 . issn 0371 - 4217 .
the stout whiting is also a major prey species itself for a number of species , with seals , dolphins and larger fish known predators of the species .
weighted by the total estimated abundance per station ) , in percentages , for mackerel , herring and blue whiting in different water masses in may and july .
in other countries where other sillaginids are more prevalent , japanese whiting are caught as a byproduct of smaller inshore fisheries , usually alongside other species of sillago .
the mean age of fish was lowest for the southern end of port phillip bay and increased with distance to the west of port phillip bay ( fig . 7 ) . the highest mean age was for portland fish ( fig . 7 ) . fish from waratah bay were predominantly 4 year - old ( fig 7 ) . we did not age any fish from corner inlet , but based on their size and previous ageing work we would be confident that the majority of these fish were of age 3 years and younger ( see figs . 8b and 9b ) .
and movement of the juveniles differs between the eastern and western populations . in the western population , unlike many co - occurring sillaginids , stout whiting do not move
figure 7 . comparison of the mean age ( ± 1 standard error ) of king george whiting collected by recreational anglers across sampling locations from east to west .
the b & b is well located for day trips . you ' re also free to explore the natural landscape of the b & b ' s bay - front property during your stay .
whale watching most of the harbours along the new south wales south coast now offer whale watching experiences in cruises and individual boats . there is a strong argument , if you have time and can choose , for going to eden during the whale watching season ( late september to late november ) when the whales , having wintered around hervey bay , are making their way slowly down the coast . firstly there is a sense of occasion when whales get near twofold bay : the killer whale museum sounds a siren and people rush to the vantage points . secondly twofold bay is rich with krill ( a favourite food for whales ) and humpback whales will actually pause at the bay to feed . there are a number of charter operators working out of eden harbour . for more information check out urltoken
figure 8 . a ) length frequency distributions for female and male king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers from victorian waters and examined for reproductive condition , november 2002 - june 2004 , and b ) mean length ( ± 1 standard error ) of king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers compared across sampling locations from east to west .
* by the early 1830s the imlay brothers had started whaling in twofold bay . they trained local aborigines to become whalers . peter imlay arrived at twofold bay around 1833 and decided to settle . his brothers george and alexander followed and they are credited with erecting eden ' s first building , a small slab and bark hut at snug cove . unfortunately the depression of the 1840s destroyed the family financially .
the species ' distribution is restricted to the mid - west coast of western australia , especially shark bay . despite this , isolated specimens have been found further south ( storr et al . 1986 ) .
saltwater creek to bittangabee bay - 9 km , 3 hours - through wildflowers in spring , scrubby heathland , past yellow and purple rocky headlands . to the ruins of the green cape storehouse and landing wharf
the transformation of a group of tiny settlements into the whiting bay we see today began with the establishment of a ferry to saltcoats in 1790 . this was followed from the 1830s by the arrival of steamers from glasgow and elsewhere in the clyde estuary . clearance of arran ' s inland crofting areas from the 1830s produced a demand for more accommodation on the coast , here and elsewhere on the island . but of all arran ' s villages , whiting bay seems to have attracted the most upmarket clientele , and the result was a succession of fine villas being built along the landward side of the road running behind the bay . meanwhile , a golf course was established in 1895 , as were tennis courts , a bowling club and a putting green . the building of a new pier in 1901 , which allowed steamers to land passengers directly rather than via flit boats , only confirmed the growth of the village . a village hall was added in 1926 .
table 1 . details of numbers , sizes , sex and macroscopic reproductive condition of adult king george whiting collected by recreational anglers along the victorian coast , 2002 - 2004 .
figure 9 . a ) age versus length of king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers in victorian ocean waters and the entrance regions of port phillip and western port bays , november 2002 - june 2003 , b ) age versus length with von - bertalanffy growth curve fitted for all king george whiting aged from victorian waters including bays and inlets .
fowler aj , short da ( 1998 ) validation of age determination from otoliths for king george whiting ( perciformes : sillaginodes punctata ) . marine biology 130 , 577 - 578
coastal and bush walking there are a number of short walks around eden all of which are worth doing because they offer excellent views over twofold bay and the nearby beaches . the most popular walks are ( 1 ) the lake curalo walkway ( 3 km return , 40 minutes ) north of the town centre which is excellent for bird watching . it takes the visitor on a boardwalk beside a melaleuca swamp forest and it can connect to the aslings beach walk or the maritime heritage walk ( 2 ) the aslings beach walk which is a pleasant stroll along the beach from the rock pool at the southern end to lake curalo at the northern end ( 3 ) cocora beach walk is a charming walk around the headland with dramatic views over snug cove and the wharf area and ( 4 ) the cattle bay wharf walk which is a one hour long walk around the western edge of twofold bay to boydtown passing cocora beach , bungo beach , rixons beach , quarantine bay , nullica bay and reaching boydtown for an afternoon drink .
wild fisheries research program ( 2008 ) . status of fishery resources in nsw 2006 / 07 : stout whiting . new south wales department of primary industries . pp . 1–3 .
this investigation has provided limited evidence for the occurrence of spawning by king george whiting in victorian waters . of the approximately 1600 specimens examined we found complete gonad maturation in only one female and did not find any fully mature males . although we found several females in a highly developed reproduction state there was no evidence that these fish had spawned prior to capture or were about to spawn . these results suggest that king george whiting are not spawning where recreational anglers target them along the victorian coast , and importantly , they imply that spawning king george whiting are not exploited by victorian anglers . our observation supports the anecdotal information supplied by recreational anglers during the project that suggests king george whiting in roe are rarely captured .
indo - west pacific : india to the gulf of thailand , north to taiwan , south to northern australia from shark bay around the northern coast to adolphus passage , queensland . possibly more widely distributed than indicated .
) . blue whiting diet was clearly different from the diet of the other two species . with the exception of may 2005 , when copepods appeared as dominant prey items , euphausiids and amphipods dominated the diet both in may and july . amphipods in particular were more common in the blue whiting diet than the other diets . some ingestion of large prey was also detected ( e . g . fish of order actinopterygii in may 2008 ) . copepod contribution in the blue whiting diet for may decreased during the last sampling years ( 2009–2010 ) (
) . as for both mackerel and herring , the fi for blue whiting was positively affected by lower temperatures . it also increased with increasing length and a year effect was apparent .
) . however , the diet width of blue whiting and herring was similar in may , while in july significant differences were observed , especially for blue whiting compared with the other species ( tukey hsd test , p < 0 . 001 ) and , to a lesser extent , between mackerel and herring ( tukey hsd test , p < 0 . 1 ) (
burchmore , j . j . ; d . a . pollard , m . j . middleton , j . d . bell and b . c . pease ( 1988 ) .
biology of four species of whiting ( pisces : sillaginidae ) in botany bay , new south wales
. australian journal of marine and freshwater research 39 ( 6 ) : 709–727 . doi : 10 . 1071 / mf9880709 .
mccormack , catherine ( january 2006 ) . annual status report 2005 : finfish ( stout whiting ) trawl fishery . queensland government department of primary industries . pp . 1–17 . issn 0727 - 6273 .
fowler aj , mcgarvey r ( 2000 ) ' development of an integrated fisheries management model for king george whiting ( sillagnodes punctata ) in south australia ' . frdc project 95 / 008 final report .
* whaling was the reason the area was settled . as early as 1791 whalers were in the area . the migration , mostly of right whales , to and from the antarctic resulted in large numbers passing twofold bay between may and november .
our results , based on diet data of mackerel , herring and blue whiting acquired during spring and summer 2005–2010 , showed that mackerel and herring diets largely overlapped , with calanoid copepods being their main prey item , while the blue whiting diet consisted of larger prey items , particularly amphipods . mackerel were not present in the study area in spring , and seemed to show good feeding conditions and predation success in the ns during summer . herring showed their highest feeding incidence during the spring . however , contrary to expectations , herring showed a similar degree of stomach fullness as mackerel in summer , but with a diet composed more of larger macrozooplankton rather than copepods , indicating that in particular larger herring adopt a strategy of migrating into cold waters and search for larger prey . blue whiting seemed to avoid competition with co - occurring herring by feeding on different prey , and the higher stomach fullness degree , feeding incidence and condition factor observed for the largest blue whiting suggested a higher feeding success than that observed for small blue whiting .
( lawler , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , 2009 ; whiting , 2008 ;
arkive . images of life on earth .
, 2003 )
bittangabee bay to green cape - 7 km , 2 . 5 hours , along a section of the old rail track which was used to carry stores and materials to green cape lighthouse . there is an audio tour which can be downloaded at urltoken
although we found evidence of spawning , our results provide no indication of extensive spawning by king george whiting along the victorian coastline . our results in combination with previous work lead to the generation of two hypotheses to explain the lack of spawning king george whiting observed in victorian coastal waters during this project . the first hypothesis is that king george whiting spawn in highly localised , deep - water habitats , and are therefore difficult to detect with angler - based surveys . the second hypothesis is that most king george whiting that spend their juvenile years in victorian bays and inlets migrate back to the major spawning grounds in eastern south australia . in order to determine which of the hypotheses is correct future research should involve more extensive sampling of deeper water habitats and / or investigation of adult migration behaviour to determine if victorian juveniles are returning to south australian waters as adults .
whiting tactics whiting are a foraging fish that spend the vast majority of their time on the bottom nose down looking for their next meal . small crabs , saltwater nippers or yabbies , shrimps , molluscs , worms and tiny fish as well as algae all form part of the food sources available and depend on the availability and size of the fish . the next big whiting taken on a whole pilchard in deeper water intended for a snapper won’t be the last showing that as the fish get larger they become less fussy and more aggressive in their feeding habits . these feeding habits are a fair clue on how to zone in and target them .
more run more fun . whiting tend to bite well mid tide and can go missing on slack water periods , often this is the time to move or chase some squid which lurk in similar area’s as king george
the shark bay seasnake has been identified as a conservation value in the north - west ( dsewpac 2012y ) marine region . the
species group report card - marine reptiles
for the north - west ( dsewpac 2012y ) marine region provides additional information .
located on the picturesque isle of arran , tigh an eilean offers free wi - fi and free on - site parking . just 50 yards from the shores of lamlash bay , the property also offers en - suite rooms and a garden . . . .
for ideas on where to refuel during your self catering holiday in penzance . or if you fancy a restaurant with spectacular views , the bay in penzance is the place to go . read more on our blog : restaurants with the best views in west cornwall .
gorgeous open bay to the south of brodick on isle of arran with views of the holy isle and ailsa craig ( paddy ' s milestone ) . excellent challenging golf course ( 1 of 7 on arran ) and yes you can play them all in 1 day .
parenting is one of the most challenging experiences we humans encounter . in the bay area , many of us are juggling so much that just surviving each day can be overwhelming . with time , despite your best efforts , you may find yourself yelling or giving in .
o ' neill , m . ; kate yeomans , ian breddin , eddie jebreen & adam butcher ( march 2002 ) . the queensland stout whiting fishery : 1991 to 2002 . dpi , queensland government . pp . 1–52 .
) . the dietary overlap between herring and blue whiting was lower than expected by chance for all comparisons , except for july without co - occurrence . also between mackerel and blue whiting , the dietary overlap was lower than expected by chance both with and without co - occurrence . mackerel and herring had a higher dietary overlap when they co - occurred ( 0 . 77 ) , but lower than would have been expected by chance without co - occurrence (
annual increment formation has previously been validated for king george whiting by fowler and short ( 1998 ) . we aged individual king george whiting by counting annual increments in sectioned otoliths ( sagittae ) . birth date was fixed at 1st july ( i . e . end of spawning season ) . we aged 317 individuals that were made up of 4 samples of 60 - 100 randomly selected individuals from each two - month period from november 02 to june 03 . age and length were compared among sampling locations to examine trends in age and length with distance from the major juvenile nursery areas in central victoria ; port phillip bay and western port . we also deliberately aged several of the largest fish to determine the maximum age of fish sampled .
figure 5 . a ) mean ( ± 1 standard error ) gonosomatic indices for female and male king george whiting sampled along the victorian coast from december to july , b ) relationship between ovary weight and ovary free fish weight .
cockrum k s , jones g k ( 1992 ) the reproductive biology and fecundity of king george whiting ( sillaginodes punctata ) in south australian waters , 1953 - 1988 . south australian research and development institute . no . 25 .
average diet width , condition factor , stomach fullness and feeding incidence ( ± 2se ) for mackerel , herring and blue whiting , per year ( from 2005 to 2010 ) and separated by seasons ( may vs . july ) .
weighed with the total estimated abundance per station ) for mackerel , herring and blue whiting in spring and summer and from 2005 to 2010 , based on the highest taxonomic level categorization ( i . e . 45 prey groups ) .
guinea , m . l . & s . d . whiting ( 2005 ) . insights into the distribution and abundance of sea snakes at ashmore reef . the beagle ( supplement 1 ) . page ( s ) 199 - 206 .
fowler aj , mcleay l , short da ( 1999 ) reproductive mode and spawning information based on gonad analysis for the king george whiting ( percoidei : sillaginidae ) from south australia . marine and freshwater research 50 , 1 - 14 .
overall , an average of between 1 and 3 different prey groups were consumed by blue whiting , which tended to consume a broader diet than herring . no significant inter - annual variation was observed in the diet width in any season (
on a sunny day , st . michael’s mount , mount ' s bay and penzance seafront might be mistaken for the mediterranean . sitting in the corner of a sheltered and attractive bay , the town has been a popular resort since the napoleonic wars when the wealthier english people were cut off from the continent and searched closer to home for fresh air and the newly - discovered benefits of sea - bathing . the temperature in penzance is always a little warmer than elsewhere ; sub - tropical plants grow well in morrab gardens and in the gardens on st . michael’s mount .
hyndes ga , platell me , potter ic , lenanton rcj ( 1998 ) age composition , growth , reproductive biology and recruitment of king george whiting ( sillaginodes punctata ) in south - western australia . fishery bulletin 96 , 258 - 270 .
fowler aj , mcleay l , short da ( 2000a ) spatial variation in size and age structures and reproductive characteristics of the king george whiting ( percoidei : sillaginidae ) in south australian waters . marine and freshwater research 51 , 11 - 22 .
weighted by total estimated abundance per station ) , in percentages , for mackerel , herring and blue whiting , per year ( i . e . , from 2005 to 2010 ) and season ( i . e . , may and july ) .
* hearing the reports of the survivors , george bass , travelled down the coast in december , 1797 . on his return in early 1798 he entered twofold bay and named snug cove , where eden wharf now stands , because he believed it was suitable as a resting place for passing vessels .
fowler aj , black kp , jenkins gp ( 2000b ) determination of spawning areas and larval advection pathways for king george whiting in southeastern australia using otolith microstructure and hydrodynamic modelling . ii . south australia . marine ecology progress series 199 , 243 - 254
estimated fish abundance distribution per year ( 2005–2010 ) in may and july for ( a ) mackerel ( july ) , ( b ) herring and ( c ) blue whiting . abundances per grid square ( see section 2 . 3 ) are defined as thousands of tonnes for herring and blue whiting , and in cpue for mackerel . black symbols represent sampling stations . dark grey lines indicate water - mass boundaries for each year and season , and light grey lines represent the average boundaries during each season .
) , also known as sea cows , have a broad but fragmented range , encompassing tropical waters from east africa to vanuatu , about 26 degrees both north and south of the equator . this range spans at least 48 countries and about 140 , 000 km of tropical coastline . the largest population of sea cows is found in the northern waters of australia between shark bay ( western australia ) and moreton bay ( queensland ) . the second largest population is found in the arabian gulf . dugongs are not considered migratory but are known to travel great distances within their range in order to find food .
cite this article as : krück nc , chargulaf ca , saint - paul u , tibbetts ir ( 2009 ) early post - settlement habitat and diet shifts and the nursery function of tidepools during sillago spp . recruitment in moreton bay , australia . mar ecol prog ser 384 : 207 - 219 . urltoken
jenkins gp , black kp , hamer p a ( 2000 ) determination of spawning areas and larval advection pathways for king george whiting in southeastern australia using otolith microstructure and hydrodynamic modelling . i . victoria . marine ecology progress series 199 , 231 - 242 .
parameters of models predicting ( a ) condition factor ( cf ) , ( b ) stomach fullness degree ( sfd ) and ( c ) feeding incidence ( fi ) for mackerel , herring and blue whiting ( see section 2 . 6 for model explanation ) .
figure 3 . a ) histological section of the ovary from a female king george whiting collected in may that was classified as macroscopic stage 3 ( magnification x 100 ) , b ) close up of a cortical alveoli or developing oocyte stage ( magnification x 250 ) .
figure 6 . a ) age frequency distribution for king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers from victorian coastal waters and the entrance regions of port phillip and western port bays , november 2002 - june 2003 , and b ) age frequency by sex , n = 317 .
n fish and n station denote the number of fish samples and sampling stations in each case , respectively . sd is the standard deviation . ( 1 ) sfd units : x10 - 5 mg mm - 1 . ‘mac’ mackerel ; ‘her’ herring ; ‘bwh’ blue whiting .
research is required that directly measures the reproductive state of adult king george whiting along the victorian coast so that the spawning times and locations of king george whiting in victorian waters can be determined . a direct method of investigating spawning times and areas is by studying gonad condition . it is possible to assess the stage of gonad development and the imminence of spawning in fish using macro - and microscopic characteristics of gonads from male and female fish ( hunter and macewicz 1985 ) . this type of research has been conducted for many of our commercially important species ( farely and davis 1998 ) . major studies of this type have been carried out for king george whiting in western australia ( hyndes et al . 1998 ) and south australia ( cockrum and jones 1992 , fowler et al . 1999 , 2000a ) . in this study we examine the reproductive characteristics of adult fish collected by recreational anglers along the victorian coastline . the aim of this work is to identify whether king george whiting spawn along the coastline of victoria , and if so , where and when does spawning take place .
although spawning adults were largely absent from recreational catches , we cannot rule out the possibility that spawning may occur in areas not fished by recreational anglers . previous investigations of the spawning behaviour of king george whiting in western australia have suggested that spawning may occur in depths from 6 to at least 50 m ( hyndes et al . 1998 ) . although research in south australia suggests that spawning may occur predominantly in deeper waters , it has been observed in waters shallower than 10 m ( fowler et al . 2000 ) . although king george whiting were collected over a broad geographic range , the majority of samples obtained from recreational anglers came from water depths of less than 20m . this reflected the fishing behaviour of victorian anglers , who target king george whiting in shallow water where they can visualise the bottom habitat .
) , were especially abundant as prey in may , while these were partially replaced by euphausiids and amphipods in july . the seasonal difference in diet was most obvious in the coastal water mass . no seasonal or water mass differences were observed for the ingestion of appendicularians . the amount of copepods ingested by blue whiting was generally low and limited to the atlantic water mass . larger euphausiids and / or amphipods dominated blue whiting diet in all water masses and seasons , and fish were also found in the stomachs from two coastal stations in july (
stout whiting are fast growers in comparison to most other smelt - whitings , reaching 80 % of its final length after 2 years of life . the species is known to reach a maximum age of 7 years , although most individuals do not survive more than 3 years .
figure 2 . a ) images of reproductively mature king george whiting that were supplied to anglers involved in collection of frames ( photo courtesy of dr . tony fowler , south australian research and development institute ) , b ) developing female collected during april in victorian coastal waters .
blue whiting showed lower dietary overlap with herring in co - occurring stations than in those stations without co - occurrence in both may and july . this suggests that they are able to avoid competition by feeding on different prey than herring when the two species co - occur .


the timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh ) , also known as the timneh grey parrot or timneh african grey parrot , is a west african parrot that is variously considered a subspecies of the african grey parrot psittacus erithacus timneh , or a full species psittacus timneh .

in aviculture , it is often referred to by the initials tag and is commonly kept as a companion parrot .

timneh parrot

clinical management of an ectopic egg in a timneh african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus timneh ) .
timneh african greys aka timneh parrots ( psittacus timneh formerly psittacus erithacus timneh ) are a bit smaller and less well known than the larger congo grey .
information on the timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
clinical management of an ectopic egg in a timneh african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus timneh ) . - pubmed - ncbi
two subspecies of the grey parrot are the larger , more popular congo grey parrot and the smaller timneh .
heavy trapping and habitat loss are fueling population declines of the timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh ) in many parts of west africa .
the african grey parrot , grey parrot or congo african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) is an old world parrot in the family psittacidae .
archived 2011 - 2012 topics : grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) has been split into grey parrot ( p . erithacus ) and timneh grey parrot ( p . timneh ) : are both eligible for uplisting ?
this entry was posted in africa , archive , parrots and tagged grey parrot , timneh grey parrot . bookmark the permalink .
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16 responses to archived 2011 - 2012 topics : grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) has been split into grey parrot ( p . erithacus ) and timneh grey parrot ( p . timneh ) : are both eligible for uplisting ?
the timneh parrot is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
archived 2011 - 2012 topics : grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) has been split into grey parrot ( p . erithacus ) and timneh grey parrot ( p . timneh ) : are both eligible for uplisting ? | birdlife ' s globally threatened bird forums
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the timneh grey parrot has a horn - colored beak , dark grey body , maroon tail , and white around the eyes .
the tail and undertail coverts are red , in comparison to the maroon of the smaller timneh parrot . both sexes appear similar .
this entry was posted in africa , archive , parrots and tagged parrots , timneh parrot , wildlife trade . bookmark the permalink .
grey parrot psittacus erithacus has been split into grey parrot p . erithacus and timneh grey parrot p . timneh on the basis of genetic , morphological , plumage and vocal differences , following the findings presented by melo and o’ryan ( 2007 ) and additional work by the birdlife taxonomic working group ( unpubl . data ) .
given the large numbers in captivity around the world , it seems incredible that almost nothing is known of the lives of wild timneh parrots ( psittacus timneh ) .
a 13 - year - old female timneh african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus timneh ) was evaluated because of the presence of a bald patch of skin caudal to the sternum and increased territorial and nesting behavior of 2 weeks ' duration .
this project has just captured the first ever video of timneh parrot breeding behaviour providing a valuable opportunity for biologists to learn more about the species in time .
2008 .
psittacus erithacus ( african grey parrot , congo african grey parrot , grey parrot )
( on - line ) . zipcodezoo . com . accessed march 20 , 2008 at urltoken .
i am looking for a timneh african grey baby if possible . my special needs son is devastate
i am currently looking to purchase a baby timneh african grey parrot in ct or close to ct . please e - mail me if you can help thank you star
the timneh was until recently considered a sub - species of the congro grey . however , in 2011 , the timneh and congo grey parrot races were officially separated based on genetic , morphological , plumage and vocal differences ( ref . research by melo and o ' ryan - 2007 ) .
congo and tinmeh african greys ( ( psittacus e . erithacus and p . e . timneh ) , aves international
the status of the grey parrot and its habitat in state owned protected areas in the contemporary range of the parrot were evaluated and presented in table 2 .
one criteria for splitting up the two species was the fact that these two species don ' t interbreed within their natural habitat . however , congo grey / timneh grey hybrids have occurred in captivity ( for example , libby , a congo - timneh hybrid african grey parrot - image published on urltoken ) . even though congo - timneh crosses are very rare , they are said to be viable and fertile ( able to produce young ) . these hybrids are smaller in size than the congo african grey with the darker grey plumage of the timneh .
the african grey is a medium - sized parrot with a bare facial patch .
african grey parrot personality , food & care | pet birds by lafeber co .
clemmons , j . r . 2003 . status survey of the african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus timneh ) and development of a management program in guinea and guinea - bissau . cites , geneva , switzerland .
this is roscoe , my timneh african grey parrot talking and making various noises . can you tell what he is saying , and which noises he is mimicking ? : ) hint : he loves his name .
the african grey parrot is famous for its intelligence and ability to mimic human speech .
the timneh african grey is its own bird . it has a different look and a different personality than the congo . the timneh is not as
king - like
and demanding as the congo . but like the congo the timneh is a little shy , yet far more outgoing than its counterpart . timnehs will tolerate more commotion , doors banging and the general noises going on around him . being a more relaxed parrot than its cousin it is easier to have around .
hilarious ! the smartest african gray parrot , talking - singing , and making vacuum sounds .
figure 4 : contemporary distribution of grey parrots in ecoregions of cameroon using parrot detection points .
i . madindou and r . mulwa , “some conservation aspects of the african grey parrot (
the african grey parrot is divided into two subspecies : the timneh african grey and the congo african grey parrot . both have slate gray feathers , yellow eyes , a reddish tail . the african grey congo parrot averages 12 . 8 inches in length , has a bright red tail ( visible in the image on the left ) and a large curved black beak . the timneh is about an inch smaller and has a dark maroon colored tail and a horn colored upper beak with a black tip ( as seen in the bird on the right ) .
. only wpt members gain exclusive access to some of the world ' s top parrot specialists .
listen to exciting podcast interviews with parrot specialists from around the world , many available for wpt members only .
figure 5 : current distribution of grey parrots in vegetation cover in cameroon in relation to parrot detection points .
s . a . tamungang and s . s . ajayi , “diversity of food of the grey parrot (
various parrot densities were calculated using the above formula . total surface area ( size ) occupied by rainforest within the current range of the parrot in each region was obtained from the ministry of forest and wildlife , cameroon [
foraging is an important part of normal daily parrot activity . teach and encourage pet birds to play and forage .
a captive african grey parrot named alex was able to use english words to identify colours , shapes and quantities .
figure 2 : current distribution of grey parrots in cameroon in relation to parrot detection points and aboveground vegetation biomass .
table 2 : status of the grey parrot in national protected areas within the contemporary range of the bird species .
are native to various parts of western and central africa including kenya , uganda , liberia , and islands off the west coast of africa . the timneh african grey ,
the parrot showed his ability to learn over 100 words , differentiating between objects , colors , materials , and shapes .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2016 ) . timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 15 september 2016 ) .
m . melo and c . o ' ryan , “genetic differentiation between príncipe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot (
an african grey timneh that is well cared for will seldom become ill . though it is often difficult to determine illness , some visible signs of illness to be aware of are :
the timneh african grey is readily available in the pet market . the cost of the timneh is usually a little less than the cost of the congo , however they might be harder to find . the reason is for this is the timnehs were not imported to the same degree the congos were and so breeding these feathered creatures has to catch up to demand .
african greys have a strong pair bond in the wild and it carries over to captivity . the timneh will prefer a singular individual , and often someone of the opposite sex . he will tolerate others in the family but stay attached to pretty much just one person . the timneh can be silly and likes to play and frequently considers its human one big personal toy .
staff from the institute of biodiversity and protected areas in guinea bissau ( ibap ) have been working with former parrot trappers and biologists from portugal and iucn member world parrot trust to collect a range of data while at the same time protecting nests from poachers .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
timneh grey parrot appears to have disappeared completely from the forests on and near mt nimba in nimba county , liberia . recent surveys in jun - jul 2008 and jan 2009 by ron demey , apr - may 2010 by ben phalan and oct - nov 2011 by francoise dowsett - lemaire and ben phalan in the east nimba nature reserve and nearby forest areas ( including the new gba community forest in 2011 ) found no timneh grey parrots at all , and no indication from locals that they have been present in recent times .
one criteria for splitting up the two species was the fact that these two species don ' t interbreed within their natural habitat . however , cag / tag hybrids have occurred in captivity ( for example , libby , a congo - timneh hybrid african grey parrot - image published on urltoken ) . even though these crosses are very rare , they are said to be viable and fertile ( able to produce young ) . these hybrids are smaller in size than the congo african grey with the darker grey plumage of the timneh .
the african grey parrot is one of the most talented talking / mimicking birds on the planet , giving it quite a reputation among bird enthusiasts . not only do bird keepers love this intelligent bird , it’s one of the most recognizable species to bird novices as well — everyone knows the african grey parrot . this parrot is one of the oldest psitticine species kept by humans , with records of the bird dating back to biblical times . understated beauty and a brainy no - nonsense attitude are what keep this parrot at the peak of popularity .
] . similar information was also obtained on the total surface area of each region of the country . parrot densities were obtained from the formula
we estimated the extent of the current grey parrot range as a percentage of the whole country as 25 . 4 % and as a percentage of the regions with rainforest as 44 . 5 % . we further estimated the historic grey parrot range in cameroon lost over the years as 55 . 5 % in 2011 . the estimated extent of the range of the grey parrot in africa by cites in 2006 [ 11 ] was 3 , 000 , 000 km 2 . we calculated the contemporary parrot range on cameroon as a proportion of cites’ range estimate as 9 % .
major threats to sustainable parrot conservation in cameroon are directly linked to anthropogenic pressure either directly on the parrot or on its habitat . five major threats to the parrot ( figure 6 ) were identified from questionnaire sampling : forest deforestation , trapping for food , diseases , trapping for trade , and predation by wild animals . irrespective of region , deforestation and trapping for trade were the major threats with a combined percentage of 63 % .
athan , m . s . and deter , d . ( 2000 ) the african grey parrot handbook . barron’s educational series , new york .
athan , m . 1999 . barron ' s guide to companion parrot behavior . new york , new york : barron ' s educational series .
table 1 : major vegetation types within the current range of the grey parrot in relation to total forest zone and protected areas [ 3 ] .
mcgowan , p . 2001 . status , management and conservation of the african grey parrot , psittacus erithacus in nigeria . cites , geneva , switzerland .
the gray parrot is one of the largest parrot species in africa . both males and females have pale gray feathers with whitish edges on the head and neck , darker grey flight feathers , and short , striking red tails . the beak is black , and white facial skin surrounds pale yellow eyes .
figure 1 : historic range of the grey parrot in cameroon , in relation to sampled areas , protected areas , urban centres , and administrative boundaries .
p . e . timneh population : 120 , 100 - 259 , 000 birds , and p . e . erithacus population : 40 , 000 - 100 , 000 birds ( 1992 ) ( red list iucn 2011 )
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progress and outcomes : in early 2013 the world parrot trust received a report from the guinea application of wildlife law ( galf ) of a group of confiscated birds in guinea , some of which were timneh parrots . wpt sent veterinarian dr . davide de guz to care for thirteen timnehs , funding for the birds ' care , and cameras for documentation of their recovery and release .
dr . rowan martin , project coordinator with the world parrot trust told sos : “for a species that readily breeds in captivity it is remarkable that the breeding behaviour of timneh parrots has never been investiagted in the wild . it’s not easy to do , but little by little this project is lifting the lid on the private lives of parrots and providing insights valuable for their conservation” .
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fotso , r . 1998b . survey status of the distribution and utilization of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) in cameroon . cites , geneva , swizterland .
the african grey parrot is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 4 ) .
the appalling conditions in which these wild parrots are transported from remote forests in small crates and then held in poor quarantine conditions result in the demise of a high proportion of them . please don’t , however , mistake this for an ethical or animal welfare issue . trade in wild - caught timneh grey parrots ( p . timneh ) and african grey parrots ( p . erithacus ) will continue to threaten the persistence of local populations targeted by trappers and eventually result in local extinctions that cannot be reversed .
the contemporary range of the parrot extends to seven regions of cameroon , but five of the regions had grey parrots in significant quantities ( table 4 ) . the north west and west regions had very low parrot populations as a result of extensive exploitation pressures of the forest and also because larger parts of the regions have savannah and grassland vegetation . the littoral and southwest regions had relatively low parrot populations , while the south and the east regions had high populations , and the centre region occupied a median position ( table 4 ) .
habitat and trade threats are the frontline threats to sustainable parrot conservation in cameroon . the rainforest is the most exploited habitat in the country due to its richness in biological diversity .
the african grey parrot is a very mobile bird in the rainforest environment ; it moves intensively in search of rich food patches and suitable nesting sites [ 6 , 39 ] .
my love and best friend died this morning , i had her for 40 years . ( my timneh ) needless to say i ' m devasted over her passing . she was not ill . fine when i left for . . . ( more ) debra clymer
birdlife international ( 2006 ) birdlife international’s review of the status of the african grey parrot and proposals to cites for its conservation . 22nd meeting of the animals committee , lima , peru .
athan , m . , d . deter . 2000 . the african grey parrot handbook . hauppauge , ny : barron ' s educational series . accessed march 20 , 2008 at urltoken .
33 cm . a mottled grey , medium - sized parrot . it has a large black bill and white mask enclosing a yellow eye , and has a striking red vent and tail .
regional means ranged from 3 , 487 parrots in the littoral to 1351 , 275 parrots in the east regions . the south and the east regions had the highest parrot populations in the country .
some birds die in transit from physiological stress , due to lack of food and drinking water . the trapper may introduce food items in the cage that the wild caught bird is not familiar with and it refuses to eat . there is also a possibility of the transfer of diseases when sick birds are mixed with healthy ones . people who transport parrots with their valid documents suffer lower rates of parrot mortality than illegal transporters and their parrots experience less stress and as such are healthy . both legal and the illegal parrot trades have immensely contributed to the depletion of various parrot populations in cameroon .
african greys are magnificent birds that are perhaps some of the most talented mimics of the avian world . hand - fed birds make excellent pets and are perfect when a quieter parrot is in order .
the timneh african grey parrot has the ability to reproduce any noise it hears in the home . it can sound just like a dog , a spouse , or anyone else that interests him . some examples are rather funny , like getting you to answer the phone when no one has called . or getting you to go to the door and open it for your children , and your children have not arrived home from school yet . one timneh african grey would love to watch the ninja turtles on television . one day some friends came over to visit . upon entering the door
billy
stated quite clearly ,
drop your drawers , i have a pistol
. everyone , struck completely dumb , just looked at each other and then went into fits of laughter .
the timneh is darker gray than its congo counterpart , with a maroon patch of feathers on the underside of its tail . the beak is primarily black but has an ivory or pinkish color on the upper third of the upper mandible . juveniles have black eyes that become a yellow cream color by about two years of age . the timneh ranges between 11 - 13
( 27 . 5 - 32 . 5 cm ) in length from beak to tail , with a weight between 275 - 400 grams . this is about two thirds the size and weight of the congo .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : psittacus timneh . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
the timneh african grey ( or tag for short ) is smaller than the more popular congo african grey ( cag ) . it has a darker gray body , nearly black , with a horn - colored beak , and its tail ranges in color from maroon to dark gray or black .
in cameroon , data on the geographical distributions and ecological requirements of parrots are limited . at the same time , concerns about the potential impacts of habitat fragmentation , deforestation , and live parrot offtake for the pet trade are of increasing interest to ecologists , wildlife managers , and policy makers [ 11 ] . for these reasons , data are needed for informed decisions on the parrot and its range , to determine sustainable conservation strategies for its populations . the need for information on grey parrot distribution and vegetation associations in cameroon for informed management and policy decisions formed the basis of this study [ 9 ] .
african grey parrots require a special human to hold their attention span and keep them from being bored . exercise and play are important activities for the physical well being and psychological health of your parrot . provide your parrot with lots of activities in the form of large link chains , destructible bird toys , bird ladders , parrot swings , ropes , fresh branches for gnawing and chewing . they need a lot of stimulating toys at the same time , 3 to 5 work well , and rotated out with other toys on a regular basis . these activities help deter distress and prevent problems like feather picking and biting .
s . a . tamungang , i . a . ayodele , and z . e . akum , “basic home range for the conservation of the african grey parrot in korup national park , cameroon , ”
the african grey timneh is equivalent in intelligence and ability to that of its congo counterpart , yet with unique strengths of its own . timnehs can learn to speak earlier than congos and are generally less nervous . in coloring they are a slightly darker gray and have a maroon tail rather than red . they are also bit smaller and less expensive , but makes an equally fine companion . being a more laid back version of african grey , some keepers actually prefer this more relaxed parrot to its cousin .
was first described by linnaeus in 1758 . it has been a lesser known grey found in the pet market , with the congo african grey being the most familiar . but today they are becoming increasingly more available . in aviculture it is known as tag , a shortened version of timneh african grey .
there has been a lot of work by specialized breeders to develop grey mutations , utilizing both the congo and the timneh african greys . varieties developed include red pied , albino , ino , blue , cinnamon , and more . the most spectacular mutation is a red african grey first developed in 1998 .
the timneh ( tag ) was until recently considered a sub - species of the congro grey ( cag ) . however , in 2011 , the two races were officially separated based on genetic , morphological , plumage and vocal differences ( ref . research by melo and o ' ryan - 2007 ) .
this african grey parrot only inhabits on the islands of principe and gernando po in the gulf of guinea . this bird is darker than the regular african grey , and is not a regular found in the trade
fahlman , a . 2002 .
african drey parrot conservation : a feasibility evaluation of developing a local conservation program in pricipe
( on - line pdf ) . accessed april 10 , 2008 at urltoken .
african grey parrots are among the most familiar of all parrots . originating from central africa , many african cities now have feral populations . the timneh grey parrot is localized to the ivory coast and sierra leone . habitats for grey parrots include savannahs , coastal mangroves , woodland and edges of forest clearings . african greys are listed under convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) appendix ii , which means these species are not necessarily threatened with extinction , but may become so unless their trade is strictly regulated .
the historic range of the grey parrot was relatively larger than its contemporary range but was limited to the rainforest and associated transitional vegetation of southern cameroon . the range encompassed major parts of the southwest , littoral , south , centre , and east regions and small parts of north west and west regions . grey parrots were roughly evenly distributed within this range . the grey parrot mostly preferred areas of the range at elevations of 5 to 650 m . out of the seven ecoregions in the country , three of them harboured grey parrots in significant numbers and the most preferred was the cross - sanaga - bioko forest . in these ecoregions , the grey parrot generally preferred a zone with mixed patches of primary and secondary vegetation . floral composition within the different habitat types was the strongest factor that influenced the contemporary distribution of the grey parrot in the country .
in captivity , breeding the african grey timneh is not difficult . the reproductive years for this species is quite long . the timneh can start to reproduce around 4 years of age . when it is time to breed , the male feeds his mate and both will sing soft monotonous notes and perform mating dances where both sexes droop their wings . african greys will need a deep nest box that is mounted as high up as possible . they do not use any nesting material , but wood blocks should be provided for chewing , which stimulates breeding . the female at this time will sleep in the nest cavity while the male guards it .
dändliker , g . 1992b . the grey parrot in ghana : a population survey , a contribution to the biology of the species , a study of its commercial exploitation and management recommendations . cites , lausanne , switzerland .
28–39 cm . mottled grey , medium - sized parrot , with a large bill with a pale , horn - coloured area to part of the upper mandible , and white mask enclosing a yellow eye ; . . .
worryingly , there also appears to be an increasing market for parrot heads and tail feathers , which are being harvested for purported medicinal purposes , and which are more easily stored and transported than live birds ( 14 ) .
timnehs have all the good qualities of their popular african grey congo counterpart . it has taken a while , but the african grey timneh is now getting more recognition . it has established itself as an excellent speaker with the perfect tone quality required by its humans to be understand , and can precisely mimic sounds in its environment .
melo , m . and o’ryan , c . ( 2007 ) genetic differentiation between príncipe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) , and implications for conservation . molecular ecology 16 : 1673 - 1685 .
the parrot trade is big business in cameroonian society involving the public and the private sectors . it begins with the rural trappers and extends to exporters in towns and cities . the ministry of forestry and wildlife ( minfof ) is the major arm of the government that implements laws and regulations on the parrot trade . minfof works with cites to determine export quotas of parrots for a given period . the driving force behind the trade is poverty alleviation and unemployment .
the african grey parrot inhabits both primary and secondary lowland moist forest . it has also been observed at forest edges and clearings , and sometimes occurs in mangrove forest , gallery forest , savanna woodland and in cultivated areas . the african grey parrot is often found in areas of oil - palms ( elaeis guineensis ) , on which it likes to feed , and commonly roosts in raphia palms overhanging watercourses , or on offshore islands ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
melo , m . and o’ryan , c . ( 2007 ) genetic differentiation between príncipe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) , and implications for conservation . molecular ecology , 16 : 1673 - 1685 .
although rarely recorded in markets in southeast asia relation to the grey parrot psittacus erithacus , there is evidence that this species is traded internationally – two individuals of unknown provenance were recorded for sale in bandung ; neither bird was ringed .
a mottled grey , medium - sized parrot . it has a large bill with a light , horn - coloured area to part of the upper mandible , and white mask enclosing a yellow eye . the tail is a dark maroon .
reference : dändliker , g . 1992 . “the grey parrot in ghana : a population survey , a contribution to the biology of the species , a study of its commercial exploitation and management recommendations” cites / eec / efta / unep .
melo , m . , c . o ' ryan . 2007 . genetic differentiation between principe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) , and implications for conservation . molecular ecology , 16 : 1673 - 1685 .
bottoni , l . , r . massa , d . boero . 2003 . the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) as a musician : an experiment with the temperate scale . ethology ecology and evolution , 15 : 133 - 141 .
there’s a reason why the african grey is often considered the poster bird for parrot intelligence — not only is this bird inclined to amass a large vocabulary , african greys also demonstrate an aptitude for recognizing the meaning of words and phrases .
annorbah , n . n . d . ; collar , n . j . ; marsden , s . j . 2016 . trade and habitat change virtually eliminate the grey parrot psittacus erithacus from ghana . ibis 158 : 82 - 91 .
did you know ? that the african grey has the reputation as being the best talker of all parrot species ? african grey parrots cannot only mimic speech , but mimic it in a voice that sounds quite human . they also imitate sounds with incredible accuracy , from dripping faucets to construction equipment . parrot keepers should be careful about uttering any words they don ' t want the birds to learn , since they seem to have a special talent for learning just what they shouldn ' t !
you should give a new arrival a few days to get use to you , your voice and its cage before trying to handle it . the timneh african grey parrot is somewhat shy and cautious by nature and they need a period of adjustment . they are reserved with new people and objects too , so will tend to sit back and watch before giving of themselves freely . a hand fed baby will not need much taming and can often be handled right away , but be patient and go slow . allow them to hear your voice , and get used to you and their new environment . .
melo , m . ; o ' ryan , c . 2007 . genetic differentiation between príncipe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) , and implications for conservation . molecular ecology 16 ( 8 ) : 1673 - 1685 .
the african grey parrot has a wide distribution across tropical africa , from south - eastern côte d’ivoire east to kenya and tanzania , and south to angola ( 2 ) , including populations on the islands of príncipe and são tomé ( 3 ) .
juste b . , j . 1996 . trade in the gray parrot psittacus erithacus on the island of príncipe ( são tomé and príncipe , central africa ) : initial assessement of the activity and its impact . biological conservation 76 : 101 - 104 .
2016 ) . for several years guinea exported significant numbers as ‘captive - bred’ despite there being no commercial - scale breeding facilities in guinea ( cites 2012 ) . additionally , multiple shipments have been made from mali despite the species not naturally occurring there . in late 2015 , a shipment of 89 timneh parrots that originated in mali was confiscated in dakar ( r . martin
the need for information on grey parrot distribution and vegetation associations for informed management and policy decisions was the basis for this study . a nationwide survey of the grey parrot population and habitat status was carried out , using questionnaire and point count methods . from the results , the extent of the contemporary range of the parrots was restricted to southern cameroon , which harbours the rainforest . regional parrot population means ranged from 3 , 487 parrots in the littoral to 1 , 351 , 275 parrots in the east regions . the extent of the contemporary range as a percentage of the whole country was 25 . 4 % and as a percentage of the regions with rainforest was 44 . 5 % . the historic range of the bird has been reduced by over 55 . 5 % . estimated percentage of forest lost per region ranged from 20 . 4 % in the centre to 57 . 1 % in the east and south regions . at a global level , cameroon contributed 9 % to the total extent of the range of the grey parrot in africa . the range is increasingly fragmented , contracted , and lost through land - based socioeconomic activities . these degradation pressures on the range called for urgent conservation considerations for long - term survival of the parrot species and its associated biodiversity in cameroon .
perches should be natural wood ranging in size from 2 - 4 inches in diameter . various sized fruit tree branches work very well . playthings can be such things as climbing ropes , chains , bells , parrot swings and wooden or other destructible bird toys .
juste , j . 1995 . trade in the gray parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) on the island of principe ( sao tome and principe , central africa ) : initial assessment of the activity on its impact . biological conservation , 76 : 101 - 104 .
socioeconomic activities ( such as agroforestry ) that preserve the life of tree species known to be frequently used by the parrot ( such as ceiba pentandra , terminalia superba , melia excels , pycnanthus angolensis , etc . ) especially in the support zones of protected areas can be carried out with parrot / wildlife conservation programmes . the felling of trees destroys the nesting , feeding , and roosting sites of grey parrots . together , these negative factors are causing population declines and limits to population distribution of grey parrots in cameroon .
s . a . tamungang and r . a . cheke , ecology and conservation of the grey parrot in cameroon . annual technical and financial progress report : field activities report from parrotpro , cameroon , unpublished report to loro parque fundación , spain , 2009 .
in the wild , the timneh african grey parrots breeding season is variable . greys enter into a lifelong monogamous bond when sexually mature . like macaws , they pick their mates carefully . the pair will show a great deal of devotion and affection to each other in the form of sitting closely and preening . these birds breed in loose colonies , with each pair occupying its own tree .
gatter also records that in “1981 - 84 , according to estimates of forest guards and myself , about 1 , 400 birds annually were smuggled from ivory coast via cavalla river near zwedru at only 3 canoe crossings … less than 1 % of them are p . e . erithacus” . this is an indication that trade is not only a problem for erithacus , but for timneh also .
while there has been some domestic demand within range states , most impacts seem to be due to international trade , probably owing to the high value of this species . in addition to those birds smuggled from ivory coast , in 2009 guinea exported 720 p . timneh , despite a quota of zero , and legal trade as monitored by cites may represent only a proportion of the total numbers taken from the wild . cites imposed a two - year ban from jan 2007 on exports of timneh from four west african countries , and the importation of wild - caught birds into the eu was prohibited in 2007 , leading to a fall in exports of both species , but the number of exportations rose once again in 2008 / 09 ( del hoyo et al . 2016 ) .
each protected area designated with partial habitat status might not harbour the grey parrot in some of its parts due to the presence of savannah and grassland which do not attract the parrot . in some cases , the difference in habitat type in a protected area might be due to degradation from past socioeconomic pressures on the habitat or because that part of the protected area was on a relatively higher elevation than other parts . generally , high elevations brought about changes in vegetation composition and structure . for example , most of the grey parrots were detected below the elevation 800 m in the montane protected areas . in all , 54 . 6 % of the protected areas were completely covered with rainforest ( table 2 ) . the parrot therefore had more habitat resources for exploitation in those protected areas than those with partial rainforest .
of particular concern is the effect of both the legal and illegal trade on the subspecies p . e . timneh , which has smaller numbers and a more limited distribution than the nominate species . there has been no effort to assess the impacts of trade in three of the five range states , nor to assess the effect of guinea having exported numbers of birds in excess of its estimated population .
a survey was carried out by a team on the ground in the study area from 2008 to 2011 involving collection of nationwide data on parrot population distribution , abundance , and vegetation associations . two major methods ( questionnaire and point count ) were used for field data collection .
p . erithacus the populations in upper guinea , nigeria and cameroon may have suffered reductions similar to those suffered by p . timneh . the populations in the congo basin , including equatorial guinea , gabon , republic of congo , dr congo , central african republic may have suffered some declines as stated previously in the birdlife grey parrot factsheet , due to harvesting and forest loss . however , it is unlikely we have sufficient data on the population in any congo basin country to say precisely that the decline of this species has exceeded 30 % . estimations of forest loss are likely to be the best proxy of p . erithacus population decline and should be used for this purpose .
the contemporary range of the parrot has not drastically contracted but has been reduced through fragmentation and deforestation in all regions . fragmentation was observed not only in logged forest concessions , farmland , and human settlements , but also in some parts of protected areas which were encroached with farms and human settlements . for example , villages were observed in the korup national park and the santchou reserve pending government resettlement activities to the support zone of the protected areas . all the regions with parrot populations had at least 20 . 40 % of surviving rainforest ( table 3 ) .
ecology : timneh parrots are found in primary and secondary rainforest , forest edges and clearings , gallery forest , mangroves , savanna and cultivated land . diet consists of a variety of seeds , nuts , fruits ( including oil - palm ) and berries . birds will sometimes travel vast distances for food . they are generally seen in small , but vocal , flocks of a few dozen , usually not more .
has all the great attributes of these popular birds . though the timneh is a less common subspecies than the african grey congo , it ' s a very intelligent and clever bird . african greys are known to be the best talkers in the bird world . they are able to learn 200 or more words and all kinds of tricks . they also frequently imitate the sounds of their environment , and including people .
they equal the congo ' s in pet potential and
talking
ability . they are darker grey in color and have a maroon tail . we have found hand fed tags to be playful and affectionate . they need a
grey
sized parrot cage , lots of stimulating toys and an affectionate owner . they bond closely with their owners and delight in being part of the family . our breeding tag ' s are on a pelleted diet with the addition of fresh fruits and veggies . ( source : rand b aviary - breeder of african greys and parrot connoisseur )
the african grey parrot is still numerous and found over a wide range , and occurs in a number of protected areas such as salonga national park in the democratic republic of congo . this park is a world heritage site and the largest tropical rainforest reserve in africa , although political instability there makes protection difficult ( 15 ) . however , despite trade being monitored to some extent under the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 4 ) , current levels are considered unsustainable and the african grey parrot is now in decline ( 2 ) ( 13 ) .
my love and best friend died this morning , i had her for 40 years . ( my timneh ) needless to say i ' m devasted over her passing . she was not ill . fine when i left for work this morning . couple hours later she laid dead on the bottom of her cage . worst part is not knowing what happened to her . heart attack ? did she fall from her perch and break her neck ? don ' t know i always thought i ' d be the one to go first . . my home is so quiet now it ' s so hard to be in it because of the silence . to everyone who owns a timneh they are the greatest . i know as time goes by pain lessens but the hole in my heart will forever be there . miss you so much my feathered friend .
data were further analysed to show the distribution of the grey parrot with respect to the ecological regions of cameroon ( figure 4 ) . there are seven ecoregions in the country and three of them harbour the grey parrot in significant numbers . in order of decreasing abundance of grey parrots , they are northwestern congolian lowland forest , which is a typical lowland rainforest ; atlantic equatorial coastal forest , which is made up predominantly of mangrove swamp forest ( figure 3 ) ; and the cross - sanaga - bioko forest , which is predominantly made up of a mixture of lowland and highland rainforest .
the species has a wide distribution across tropical africa , from guinea - bissau east to kenya and tanzania , and south to angola ( 2 ) , including populations on the islands of príncipe and são tomé ( 3 ) . p . e . timneh is restricted to the western part of this range , from guinea to ivory coast , with isolated populations in guinea - bissau and southern mali ( 3 ) ( 6 ) .
grey parrots usually bond with one person . they wouldn ' t do well with most children , as they are not very patient and will bite if they are being handled . mind you , which parrot wouldn ' t . . . for kids , i would always recommend parakeets and cockatiels .
the timneh , like most birds , are far more intelligent than humans realize . they are more than a pet . they are a permanent 3 year old dressed in feathers with an unending capacity to love and a need to learn . greys require a lot of attention and stimulation to be a happy healthy member of the family . they want to learn throughout their lifetime and are interested in expanding their knowledge on just about anything .
focus of future work : wpt ' s focus is to work with communities living within the joão vieira – poilão national park in guinea - bissau to identify long - term solutions for the protection of these areas . ongoing support for law enforcement in the region will diminish the threat of illegal trade . in 2018 , wpt will support research focused on timneh ' s status and threats to their survival , being carried out in sierra leone .
much of the grey’s appeal comes from its talking ability . it is among the best talkers in the parrot family , able to repeat words and phrases after hearing them just once or twice . this bird reaches full talking ability around a year of age , and most individuals become capable mimics much earlier .
the study area covered the whole of the southern part of cameroon where rainforest exists ( figure 1 ) . sample points were selected randomly on each path in protected or nonprotected areas , to ensure that a cross - section of the major vegetation types in the geographical range of the grey parrot was sampled .
if you notice any of this bird illnesses in your african grey , immediately provide a warm , draft free , secure environment kept at about 86°f ( 30°c ) . place food and water close to the perch where it is easily accessible . an ailing parrot should be taken to a avian veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment .
geographic coordinates ( longitude and latitude ) and altitude of each sampled site and all parrot detection points were registered with a global positioning system ( gps ) . this information was later downloaded into arcgis software and analysed for distribution on a topographic map of cameroon . satellite vegetation data on cameroon were obtained from various databases . the data consisted of aboveground vegetation biomass ( mg / ha biomass ) , cameroon ecoregions , and vegetation ( land cover ) datasets . each vegetation dataset was analysed and arranged on the cameroon topographic map in various layers . finally , the parrot detection points were arranged in a layer , which was superimposed on each vegetation map to come out with various distribution maps of the bird .
the research team was made up of five persons ( two wildlife biologists , an environmental geographer , a rural sociologist , and a driver ) . structured questionnaires ( open and closed ) , personal interviews , and focus group discussions were administered to a cross - section of the rural population on aspects of parrot distribution , forest exploitation , and wildlife conservation activities .
besides talking , african greys can and will make all the sounds they hear in the home . they can mimic all the other birds and pets , and of course , they can use any voice that they hear in the house as well . they can begin to mimic even before they are weaned , but not usually in clear sounds for some time . timneh african greys don ' t really start speaking until they reach a year of age or older . as you interact with them , they will talk and associate words with meanings .