the black-and-yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) is a species of finch native to the northern parts of the indian subcontinent , primarily the lower and middle himalayas .

it is in the family fringillidae .

the species ranges across afghanistan , india , nepal , and pakistan where its natural habitat is temperate forests .

black - and - yellow grosbeak

black - and - yellow grosbeak | see in full size . tahirabbasonli… | flickr
black - and - yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) is a species of bird in the fringillidae family .
the black - and - yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) occur in afghanistan , india , nepal , and pakistan , where they inhabit temperate forests .
interestingly , the extinct bonin grosbeak ( aka chaunoproctus ) is sister to the remaining rosefinches .
throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
22 cm ; 67 g . large grosbeak with large head , massive bill and medium - length , notched tail . male has entire head down to upper nape , upper side of neck and lower throat black . . .
the wagtails , and particularly the yellow - colored wagtails , are more troublesome . mitochondrial dna analysis ( alström and mild , 2003 ; ödeen and bjöklund , 2003 ; outlaw and voelker , 2006b , pavlova et al . , 2003 ) suggests that there are two species of citrine wagtail ( citreola and werae ) and three species of yellow wagtail ( flava , taivana , and tschutschensis ) . the aou has adopted the split of the eastern yellow wagtail ( tschutschensis ) , but takes no official position on the 3 - way split . christidis and boles ( 2008 ) accept the 3 - way split with green - headed yellow wagtail , motacilla taivana , being the third species .
clement , p . ( 2018 ) . black - and - yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
14 cm ; 17–22 g . relatively small bullfinch with short , curved bill and slightly notched tail . male has forehead to lores , cheek and chin black , forecrown to nape and . . .
in the end , i have gone with the recent analysis by harris et al . ( 2018 ) . this treats the citrine and eastern yellow wagtails as sister species , with the western yellow wagtail sister to both , and the whole lot sister to the gray wagtail . drovetski et al . ( 2018 ) has a bit different arrangment .
) and mossy forests and forest edges on hillsides and valleys ; . . .
the sao tome grosbeak has usually been included in neospiza . stervander ( 2010 ) found that the principe seedeater is it ' s closest relative and both species together form subgenus neospiza . in fact , stervander found that the sao tome subspecies of the seedeater ( thomensis ) appeared more closely related to the sao tome grosbeak than to the seedeater . the two birds are quite distinct , and it seems unreasonable to put them in one species . perhaps the genetic results are a sign of introgression .
there have also been questions concerning whether the white wagtail is a single species . some authorities have separated lugens as black - backed wagtail and yarrelli as pied wagtail . however , it is hard to make a genetic case for either of these ( see alström and mild , 2003 ; pavlova et al . , 2005 ; voelker , 2002 ) , with yarrelli ending up near alba and alba and lugens intertwinned .
se siberia , ne china , korea , sakhalin and kuril is . and japan
pyrrhulini consists of 3 clades . the first consists of the pyrrhula bullfinches and pine grosbeak ( pinicola ) . the second and third are sister , and are the arid - zone finches indentified by arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) . the second clade includes bucanetes and rhodopechys . the third consists of the mountain - finches and rosy - finches ( leucosticte ) , together with several monotypic genera : procarduelis ( dark - breasted rosefinch ) , agraphospiza ( blanford ' s rosefinch ) , callacanthis ( spectacled finch ) , and pyrrhoplectes ( golden - naped finch ) . both procarduelis and agraphospiza are usually included in carpodacus .
ne afghanistan and n pakistan e in himalayas to n india ( uttarakhand ) and w nepal .
these splits are not followed by alström and mild ( 2003 ) or by ödeen and björklund ( 2003 ) , both of which also consider nuclear dna . the nuclear dna yields a different tree for the wagtails , where macronyx , taivana and tschutschensis form a clade that can be regarded as a species : eastern yellow wagtail , motacilla tschutschensis . this species is sister to the gray wagtail , motacilla cinerea . the citrine wagtails end up as sisters , and can also be regarded as a single species . ödeen and björklund ( 2003 ) argue that the mitochondrial tree reflects the effects of past hybridization .
mostly hard - shelled seeds , buds , berries and shoots of trees and larger herbaceous shrubs , including buds and catkins of birch , willow ( . . .
fairly vocal and conspicuous . calls include ringing
pee yuu
, also longer and louder , . . .
the results in both lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) support the drepanidini as sister to carpodacini ( not just the common rosefinch , as might be inferred from the press coverage ) . interestingly , the extinct bonin grosbeak is a relatively basal member of the carpodacini . perhaps it too is a relic of the spread of the ancestral carpodacini / drepanidini into the pacific .
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europe ( except british isles , sardinia ) to c asia , w , n turkey , c and e caucasus and nw iran .
tietze et al . ( 2013 ) also found a surprisingly small genetic distance between the caucasian and spotted great - rosefinches ( rubicilla and severtzovi ) and recommended lumping them . although i have followed that advice , further study is in order . rasmussen and anderton ( 2005 ) recommended splitting them based on differences in plumage , habitat , and voice .
the basal division in the nine - primaried oscines is between the motacillidae and the “finches” , sibley and monroe ' s broadly - defined fringillidae . wagtails and pipits are cosmopolitan . they are typically open country insectivores .
not globally threatened . restricted range species : present in luzon eba and mindanao and the eastern visayas eba . scarce , uncommon or locally common .
several carduelis siskins have moved to spinus ( including lesser antillean siskin ) . in another taxonomic note , the pine siskin , spinus pinus , and black - capped siskin , spinus atriceps , are quite close . some have suggested they are conspecific . although they don ' t comment on it , the genetic tree in arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) suggests another possibility . the subspecies perplexus may actually belong to s . atriceps , as had been suggested by banks in 1982 ( see a 2008 aou proposal ) .
the new world pipits have been rearranged based on van ells and norambuena ( 2018 ) . further , their analysis resulted in two splits and one lump .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
this changes clade sizes and i have also reordered the hawaiian honeycreepers as a result .
preliminary genetics suggest that megaplaga and leucoptera are sisters and that bifasciata should be split to avoid paraphyly ( parchman et al . 2007 ) . see also elmberg 1993 re song differences
the overall organization of the motacillidae is based on a combination of alström et al . ( 2015a ) , drovetski et al . ( 2018 ) , harris et al . ( 2018 ) , outlaw and voelker ( 2006b ) , van ells and norambuena ( 2018 ) , and voelker and edwards ( 1998 ) . when there are disagreements , the more recent papers have been given heavier weight .
tietze et al . ( 2013 ) found substantial genetic distance between the sinai rosefinch in the strict sense c . synoicus synoicus , and the pale rosefinch group ( subspecies beicki , salimalii , and presumably stoliczkae ) . these have been suspected of being different species , and i have now split them .
sibley and monroe ' s ( 1990 ) fringillidae included all of the remaining birds , over 1000 of them . most authors use a finely - grained family structure for these species that roughly corresponds to sibley and monroe ' s tribes . the tif taxonomy divides sibley and monroe ' s fringillidae into 11 .
( weir and schluter 2004 , smith et al . 2005 ; nacc 2017 - c - 5 )
15–16·5 cm ; one male 19 g . medium - sized , blunt - billed dark bullfinch with pale cheek and slightly notched tail . male nominate race has forehead , lores , chin and . . .
most of the remaining carduelini are from the americas . there are two classification schemes in current use . the aou ' s nacc puts them all together in genus spinus . the aou ' s sacc separates them into three genera : the north american goldfinches , astragalinus ; the northern siskins spinus ; and the middle and south american siskins , sporagra . astragalinus splits off first , and the final division is between spinus and sporagra .
partial altitudinal migrant . descends to lower levels and moves slightly s of breeding range in non . . .
ogilvie - grant , 1895 – cordillera mts and zambales mts , in n luzon ( n philippines ) .
the fourth carduelini clade is more cosmopolitan . the basal piece includes the palearctic linnets ( linaria , formerly carduelis ) , which are sister to the holarctic redpolls ( now acanthis rather than carduelis ) and crossbills ( loxia ) . there is some uncertainty about the linnets . the mitochondrial dna consistently puts them near the siskins and american goldfinches rather than near the redpolls and crossbills . the nuclear dna does the opposite . since they seem more akin to the redpolls and crossbills , and since the combined analysis puts them there , i have followed suit .
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sa : n colombia to trinidad and the guianas , south to n argentina , se brazil , e paraguay .
australasian pipit , corydalla novaeseelandiae , has been split into australian pipit , corydalla australis , and new zealand pipit , corydalla novaeseelandiae . this split was recommended by schodde and mason ( 1999 ) , but rejected by christidis and boles ( 2008 ) “in the absence of molecular evidence” . tavares and baker ( 2008 ) provided limited molecular evidence in the form of a barcode divergence of 4 . 1 % , which is a good indication that they are separate species .
ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .
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the third carduelini clade is exclusively afrotropical . the oriole finch ( linurgus ) is sister to the rest . these closely related birds are variously called canaries , seedeaters , serins , and siskins and are all placed in the genus crithagra . the species - level phylogeny still needs some work , as might be guessed from the question marks , polytomies , and blue ink .
based on beckman and witt ( 2015 ) , the hooded siskin , sporagra magellanica , has been split into lowland hooded siskin , sporagra magellanica , and andean hooded siskin , sporagra capitalis . we lack complete information on the subspecies , but i ' ve tentatively allocated boliviana , alleni , icterica , longirostris , and magellanica to the lowland group , s . magellanica , and capitalis , paula , peruana , urubambensis , santaecrucis , hoyi , and tucumana to the andean group , s . capitalis . the genetic distances between the capitalis group and atrata , crassirostris , siemiradzkii is razor - thin , calling their species status into question . even uropygialis appears to be closely related to the capitalis group . further study is needed to sort out these taxa .
comprehensive molecular phylogeny # r for the genus , based on both nuclear and mitochondrial loci , recovered three main groups : ( 1 ) se asian ( p . nipalensis , p . waterstradti and p . leucogenis ) ; ( 2 ) himalayan ( p . aurantiaca , p . erythrocephala , p . erythaca ) ; and ( 3 ) eurasian ( p . murina , p . pyrrhula ) .
the other piece of this final clade includes the true carduelis and serinus finches of the palearctic . it starts with the mountain serin of indonesia and the philippines . the mountain serin is sometimes considered part of serinus , but i ' ve had it in its own genus , chrysocorythus , for a while . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) found chrysocorythus sister to the true carduelis finches , now reduced to the european goldfinch and the corsican and citril finches . these two genera together are sister to the rest of the clade .
i follow the recent aou decisions ( 56th supplement ) to split the apapane , akepa , greater akialoa , and nukupuu . thus :
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the placement of spinus may be a little soft . e . g . , in nguembock et al . ( 2009a ) , it appeared in different places in the combined tree ( their figure 4 ) and some of the individual gene trees . this is the subject of some discussion in nguembock et al . the arrangement here is based on zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) and beckman and witt ( 2015 ) .
season may to early sept ; two broods . displaying male with body horizontal and wings spread , quivering or fluttering rapidly , perches . . .
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different sources treat the rufous sparrow ( passer motitensis ) complex differently . here it is treated as 5 species : iagoensis , motitensis ( including benguellensis and subsolanus ) , rufocinctus ( including cordofanicus and shellyi ) , insularis , and hemileucus . see kirwan ( 2008 ) for arguments that the small pale hemileucus should be split from insularis . as in the ioc list , the name great sparrow is used for the narrowly defined passer motitensis .
the second clade includes synoicus group , the former kozlowia ( c . roborowskii ) , the rubicilla clade ( streaked and great rosefinches ) , the former uragus ( c . sibiricus ) , pyrrhospiza ( c . puniceus ) , and pinicola subhimachala ( aka propyrrhula subhimachala ) . it ends with a group including the carpodacus type species pallas ' s rosefinch , carpodacus roseus ( see banks and browning 1995 ) , through c . dubius .
i recognize several subgenera . besides crithagra , there are dendrospiza , neospiza , pseudochloroptila , and ochrospiza . all are marked on the species tree .
mearns , 1909 – mt malindang , mt kitanglad , mt hilong - hilong , mt apo and mt mayo , in mindanao ( s philippines ) .
based on davies and peacock ( 2014 ) , the kimberley pipit , anthus pseudosimilis , is considered conspecific with african pipit , anthus cinnamomeus , and the long - tailed pipit , anthus longicaudatus , is considered conspecific with buffy pipit , anthus vaalensis . in both cases , the original collections seem to involve several taxa .
the motacillidae include two species that were long thought of as belonging to sylviidae , the sao tome shorttail ( amaurocichla ) , and the madanga ( madanga ) .
n pakistan ( chitral and gilgit ) e to n kashmir , in nw himalayas ; in winter also nw india ( himachal pradesh , recorded in uttarakhand ) .
the italian sparrow , passer italiae , is recognized as a separate species based on hermansen et al . ( 2011 ) and elvgin et al . ( 2011 ) . although töpfer ( 2006 ) had argued that it was a subspecies of the spanish sparrow , based on apparent ongoing hybridization , hermansen et al . ( 2011 ) find that this is not the case . rather , their genetic data found that the sympatric populations in italy ' s gargano peninsula showed no evidence of gene flow . however , they did find a hybrid zone with the house sparrow in the alps . the hybrid zone appears narrow and relatively stable , and does not suggest substantial ongoing gene flow ( and they did not find evidence of any ) . the twin papers produced by a group at oslo , hermansen et al . ( 2011 ) and elgvin et al . ( 2011 ) , explore the evidence that the italian sparrow is the result of past hybridization between the house and spanish sparrows .
the order here is based on a combination of the dna study of lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and the osteological study of james ( 2004 ) . fleischer et al . ( 2001 ) , pratt ( 2001 ) , arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2007b ) , and reding et al . ( 2009 ) have also been consulted . it fits nicely with morphology ( look at bill shapes in each clade ) and subfossil taxa can be easily accomodated using james ( 2004 ) . this is pretty similar to the previous version , but tweaked based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) , which greatly decreases the conjecture needed , and increases my confidence in it .
not globally threatened . restricted range species : present in western himalayas eba . common to very common ; scarce and local in n pakistan . rare visitor in himachal pradesh .
dickinson et al . ( 2003 ) consider plocepasser , histurgops , pseudonigrita , and philetairus to be passeridae . however , groth ( 1998 ) found them to be in the ploceidae .
the genera palmeria , himatione , and vestiaria have been merged into drepanis . the genetic distance between them seems to be small ( lerner et al . , 2011 ) and there is evidence of hybridization between vestiaria and himatione ( knowlton et al . , 2014 ) . olson ( 2012b ) also argues that this is a reasonable treatment . although i think the genera i use for the hawaiian honeycreepers are oversplit , i consider the aou genera even more oversplit . i haven ' t gone further on the lumping because data on the extinct species is too limited .
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one interesting thing in alström et al . ( 2015a ) is that their multigene analysis yields a different placement of the longclaws compared with outlaw and voelker ( 2006b ) . the limited taxon sampling leaves some residual uncertainty , but it has caused me to separate some of anthus in corydalla ( vigors , 1825 , type richardi ) and cinaedium ( sundevall , 1850 , type lineiventre ) .
the various studies of the finches have made it clear that the genera carduelis and serinus both required substantial surgery . the alternative for carduelis would be to put almost all of the carduelini into one genus ! for serinus , the alternative is less drastic , mainly because carduelis has priority . neither of these outcomes is particuarly desirable , so both serinus and carduelis have been divided into several pieces each .
as constituted here , carduelini contains 4 major clades . as mentioned above , the first clade includes only a single genus : haemorhous — the american purple finches . the second includes the chloris greenfinches ( sometimes included in carduelis ) , the desert finch ( rhodospiza ) , and the the golden - winged grosbeaks ( rhynchostruthus ) . kirwan and grieve ( 2007 ) argue that rhynchostruthus includes three species .
interestingly enough , the pale rockfinch ( carpospiza ) also appears to be only distantly related to the other passeridae . this was hinted at some time ago , and it had been suggested by h . mendelssohn ( fide hbw - 14 ) that it did not even belong in passeridae . to my knowledge , it has not been included in any published phylogeny . however , samples from the 16s and cox - 1 genes are available , and were used in an unpublished tree by raty . its position was not fully resolved , but it may be as distant from the other passeridae as the ibon is .
a dna analysis by sangster et al . ( 2016a ) has confirmed that sillem ' s mountain - finch is a carpodacus rosefinch , and as expected , is sister to tibetan rosefinch , carpodacus roborowskii .
these three genera were formerly considered part of carduelis . the aou currently treats them all as spinus , and rejected a proposal to make these last two generic splits , also proposed by nguembock et al .
zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) found that eophona was embedded within coccothraustes . a reasonable solution to this problem is to restore the two american species to hesperiphona and leave the asian species in a reduced eophona .
forms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .
while the estrilid clade is primarily old world and southern , its passerid sister clade is cosmopolitan . more precisely , the nine - primaried oscinces are cosmopolitan , while their sister group , the passeridae , are restricted to the old world .
two proposed races from mindanao , coriaria ( described from mt kitanglad ) and apo ( from mt apo ) , both synonymized with steerei . species name sometimes spelt “ leucogenys ” , but this is an unjustified emendation . two subspecies recognized .
the sao tome shorttail ( or bocage ' s longbill ) was thought to be related to the macrosphenus longbills . when the old sylviidae were broken up , that put it in the crombec family , macrosphenidae . however , johansson et al . ( 2008b ) results suggested by it was related to the wagtails and pipits , and possibly sister to the wagtails . alström et al . ( 2015a ) found it was not only related to the wagtails , but is actually part of motacilla .
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the tribes within the carduelinae are now based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) . except for the basal position of the coccothraustini , there had previously been a lack of consensus on the relationships between the cardueline tribes . see yuri and mindell ( 2002 ) , arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2007a ) , nguembock et al . ( 2009a ) , and töpfer et al . ( 2011 ) . that has changed with the publication of lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) . although the taxon sampling is different , the two papers are completely consistent at the generic level except for the placement of the pyrrhulini . zuccon et al . put the pyrhullini sister to the carduelini while lerner et al . place it sister to the carpodacini / drepanidini clade . note that “european serin” on lerner et al . ' s tree is a typo as noted in the supplementary material . it actually refers to the white - bellied canary .
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not long ago , the chlorophonias and euphonias were considered tanagers . many guidebooks still list them as such , but it is not so . the aou recognized them as finches in the 44th checklist supplement ( 2003 ) , placing them in the subfamily euphoniinae . accordingly , they are placed in fringillidae as a subfamily ( groth , 1998 ; klicka et al . , 2000 ; yuri and mindell , 2002 ; zuccon et al . , 2012 ) . the hawaiian honeycreepers were once considered a separate family ( drepanididae ) . they are now thought to form a clade buried inside carduelinae ( yuri and mindell , 2002 ; arnaiz - villena et al . , 2007b ; lerner et al . , 2011 ; zuccon et al . , 2012 ) . they are treated here as a tribe within carduelinae .
the bullfinches are arranged based on töpfer et al . ( 2011 ) . kirwan and gregory ( 2005 ) established the monotypic genus eremopsaltria for the mongolian finch , separating it from bucanetes . however , they acted under the misapprehension that the mongolian finch is more likely closer to the common rosefinch than to the trumpeter finch . arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) found a rather different result , with the two bucanetes as sister taxa , and the rosefinch placed rather distantly from them . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) confirm this .
the combination of a large number of genes and attention to the problem of discerning the true species tree in spite of incongruent gene trees has led me to use the overall structure from lerner et al . ( 2011 ) . they use a large superset of the genes used by zuccon et al . , but only sample half as many taxa . the tif tree of genera is 100 % consistent with lerner et al . , and except for the placement of pyrrhulini , is also consistent with zuccon et al . it ' s nice to see so much consensus .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
it ' s also not really clear how many red crossbills there are . i continue to follow the aou and bou taxonomy for the crossbills , but benkman et al . ( 2009 ) make a case for considering the “type 9” crossbills of idaho to be a separate species , south hills crossbill , loxia sinesciuris . see also parchman et al . ( 2006 ) . however , it is doubtful there ' s any real genetic differentiation ( piertney et al . , 2001 ) . i also wonder whether it would be better to lump the parrot and scottish crossbills into red crossbill .
the fringillidae start with a basal palearctic group , fringillinae . fringillinae is comprised of three species , one of which has spread across the northern palearctic . the remaining fringillidae fall into two sister clades , euphoniinae and carduelinae . the common ancestor of the euphoniinae / carduelinae clade was likely an old world species . something must connect it with the neotropical euphoniinae , but that something is missing without a trace . being geographically contiguous and more similar in appearance , the position of the carduelinae is easy to understand . euphoniinae is a mystery that unscores the importance of extinction in creating the bird distribution we currently see .
i have kept the genus akialoa merged with hemignathus as akialoa appears to be paraphyletic ( see the trees in james , 2004 ) . however , portions of hemignathus have been split off as chlorodrepanis and viridonia . this has allowed restoration of the name hemignathus wilsoni for the akiapolaau ( hemignathus munroi ) . when chlorodrepanis virens is subsumed in hemignathus , the name wilsoni belongs to a subspecies of virens . the situation with the kauai amakihi , chlorodrepanis stejnegeri is similar . in hemignathus , the name stejnegeri belongs to a subspecies of the greater akialoa , hemignathus ellisianus stejnegeri , and the kauai amakihi uses the substitute name h . kauaiensis .
price et al . ( 2014 ) included one species of gymnoris in their analysis while qu et al . ( 2006 ) examined the snowfinches . the genus tree is based on a combination of fjeldså et al . ( 2010 ) , price et al . ( 2014 ) , qu et al . ( 2006 ) and raty .
this brings us to the carduelini . it has become apparent that the north american carpodacus finches are not that closely related to the true carpodacus finches . previously , the tif list used the genus burrica , also used as a subgenus by aou ( 2nd - 5th aou checklists ) . however , the oldest available name seems to be haemorhous ( swainson 1837 , type purpurea —compare burrica ridgway , 1887 , type mexicana ) and i have now adopted that . haemorhous appears to be sister to the rest of the carduelini , and rather distantly related . perhaps it would even make sense to treat it as a separate tribe ( as done previously in the tif list ) .
the nine - primaried oscines are called that because they appear to have nine primary feathers . actually , they have ten primaries , but the tenth primary is reduced and usually hidden under the ninth primary covert ( hall , 2004 ) . this sometimes occurs in birds outside the nine - primaried oscine group , but is most characteristic of this group .
the split of the blue chaffinch , fringilla teydea , from common chaffinch , fringilla coelebs , was based on on suárez et al . ( 2009 ) . the further split of gran canaria blue chaffinch , fringilla polatzeki , from blue chaffinch , fringilla teydea , is based on suárez et al . ( 2009 ) and the analysis by sangster et al . ( 2016b ) .
one has to be careful with the genus name for the south american siskins . both sporagra ( reichenbach 1850 , type magellanica ) and pyrrhomitris ( bonaparte 1850 , type cucullata ) come into consideration . the publication date of sporagra seems to be june 1 , 1850 . the publication date for pyrrhomitris is not as clear . bonaparte ' s “conspectus generum avium” was published in sections beginning in mid - 1850 . the first part was already available in mid - june , and likely published a bit earlier , perhaps earlier than reichenbach . however , pyrrhomitris was not included in the section i , nor was it even included in the first part of section ii ( published by oct 15 , 1850 ) . it appeared in the second part of section ii ( dated nov 10 , 1850 and certainly published before feb 3 , 1851 ) . if i understand the iczn correctly , the parts should be treated as separate publications , in which case it appeared either in the later part of 1850 or early 1851 . that would give priority to reichenbach ' s sporagra . in this case there is further evidence of which was published first . bonaparte refers to sporagra on page 516 , the page before he establishes pyrrhomitris .
although pratt ( 2009 ) has established the genus manucerthia for the hawaiian creeper , loxops mana , i have not adopted it . lerner et al . ( 2011 ) make clear that the hawaiian creeper is sister to the other loxops . moreover , they shared a common ancestor about 2 million years ago and do not seem so different as to justify introducing an extra genus into a tribe that already has too many genera .
i moved sillem ' s mountain - finch ( rediscovered in june 2012 ) from leucosticte ( pyrrhulini ) to carpodacus based on a photo of what is believed to be the female . when roselaar ( 1992 ) named sillem ' s rosefinch , he put it in leucosticte . at the time , the female plumage was unknown . the other leucosticte have female plumages that are only slightly different from the male , usually just duller . as roselaar pointed out , if it has a distinctive female plumage , it would more likely related to kozlowia ( now part of carpodacus ) than to leucosticte . more recently , muzika ( 2014 ) has made the same point . yann muzika ' s photo of the probable female sillem ' s shows a bird that is quite different from the adult male . see kazmierczak and muzika ( 2012 ) for an account of this rediscovery and muzika ( 2014 ) for further observations .
the arrangement of the rosefinches is based on tietze et al . ( 2013 ) . their analysis has much in common with zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) , but is more comprehensive . now that we had a decent understanding of how the rosefinches relate , it makes sense to put the whole group in the genus carpodacus . there is a basal clade consisting of the common rosefinch ( previously moved to erythrina ) and the scarlet finch ( aka haematospiza ) .
as mentioned above , how the tribes with the carduelinae relate has been somewhat contentious . there is considerable agreement that the holarctic coccothraustini are basal . the results of nguembock et al . ( 2009a ) suggested that carpodacus and pyrrhula were fairly closely related to each other , as did töpfer et al . ( 2011 ) . neither had much to say about their relation to the hawaiian honeycreepers ( drepanidini ) . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) were unable to clearly resolve the position of the honeycreepers ( see fig . 2 ) , but lerner et al . ( 2011 ) place them sister to the rosefinches ( carpodacini ) . the two together are then sister to the bullfinches and many arid - zone finches ( pyrrhulini ) . lerner et al . place the whole lot of them are sister to carduelini , which includes the american red finches ( previously separated as a tribe ) . as mentioned before , zuccon et al . disagree , placing pyrrhulini sister to carduelini .
it ' s not entirely clear whether subgenus pseudochloroptila belongs in subgenus ochrospiza , so they are kept separate . both the yemen serin , crithagra menachensis , and ankober serin , crithagra ankoberensis , remain somewhat mysterious . these have be considered conspecific by some , or in separate genera by others . i have little confidence in their placement here ( hence the blue color on the tree ) , but it seems at least as reasonable as any other . this clade is expected to get a revision when more information becomes available .
the arrangement of the finches is based on several sources . i originally relied on groth ( 1998 ) , klicka et al . 2007 , and arnaiz - villena et al . ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2007a , b , 2008 ) . their studies have included a substantial number of finch species . however , some monotypic genera had been left out ( e . g . , callacanthis , chaunoproctus , kozlowia , neospiza ) . these have all been included in the analysis by zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) .
the redpolls themselves are an interesting case . it ' s not clear how many redpoll species there are . there is evidence that at least two are good biological species ( e . g . , knox , 1988 ) . in fact , knox et al . ( 2001 ) support separation of lesser redpoll , acanthis cabaret . however , genetic studies have failed to find any differences between lesser and common redpolls ( ottvall et al . , 2002 ) . worse , marthinsen et al . ( 2008 ) found little genetic difference between any of the redpolls ! there may be only one redpoll species . indeed , mason and taylor ' s detailed study using snp ' s ( 2015 ) found little genetic differentiation among the redpolls . at this point the balance of the evidence is that there is only one species involved . as a result , i ' ve lumped them all as a single species , holarctic redpoll , acanthis flammea . i thought about referring to them as just “redpolls” , but added the adjective holarctic to emphasize that all races have been grouped together .
arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) found that the dark - breasted rosefinch , formerly carpodacus nipalensis belongs in the same clade close to leucosticte . rather than folding it in leucosticte , i restored the genus name procarduelis ( blyth 1843 ) . i had previously noted that blanford ' s rosefinch is thought to be close to nipalensis . indeed , zuccon et al . found it in the other portion of this clade . it is sufficently distant from its sister group ( callacanthis and pyrrhoplectes ) to deserve a separate genus . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) established the name agraphospiza for it .
the most astonishing change in the passeridae is due to fjeldså et al . ( 2010 ) . they found that the cinnamon ibon , long thought to be an abberant white - eye , is actually a sparrow . this is a canopy bird from the cloud - forest of mindanao , in the philippines . it ' s a long way from anything we think of as sparrows . it ' s also a long way physically . the nearest native populations of any sparrows are on the asian mainland . nonetheless , it is a sparrow . indeed , fjeldså et al . report than its skull is similar to a sparrow , and that it has many other features in common with the other passeridae .
more surprisingly , alström et al . ( 2015a ) also found that the madanga is actually a pipit , not a white - eye ( sylviioidea : zosteropidae ) . in fact , it falls in the genus anthus . its closest relative seems to be the alpine pipit , anthus gutturalis . laurent raty has pointed out a complication . in 1831 , lesson used the name anthus ruficollis . the madanga wasn ' t named until 1923 by rothschild and hartert , so lesson ' s ruficollis has priority if both species are placed in anthus . the fact that lesson ' s ruficollis is a junior synonym of anthus cervinus ( orginally motacilla cervina pallas 1811 ) does not eliminate the conflict . until either a new name is proposed or lesson ' s name anthus ruficollis is suppressed , the madanga won ' t have a proper scientic name . for the present , i will refer to it as anthus “ruficollis” .
song is a rich , rather clear
prr - trweeet - a - troweeet
,
tri - a - tr - a i - i - t tra - tr - u - wa - ey
, or . . .
largely sedentary in n pakistan . elsewhere an altitudinal migrant , descending to lower levels in . . .
not globally threatened . common to locally common . rare in w nepal , where possibly breeds , but may be only a scarce non - breeding visitor .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : mycerobas icterioides . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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male at bhandak thaatch ( 8500 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india
male at bhandak thaatch ( 8500 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india .
male at guna pani ( 9000 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india .
female at bhandak thaatch ( 8500 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india .
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the passeridae are seed - eating birds , primarily distributed in the southern portion of the palearctic , but ranging into the afrotropics . several passerids are closely associated with humans , especially the ubiquitous house sparrow , which has spread worldwide .
the order of species in passer does not seem to be quite correct , but allende et al . ( 2001 ) do not consider enough species for reorganization of passer to be helpful at this time . moreover , their results were quite soft . qu et al . ( 2006 ) was helpful concerning the snowfinch genera .
finally , the asian subspecies zarudny ' s sparrow , passer zarudnyi , has been split from desert sparrow , passer simplex , which now contains only the african subspecies ( kirwan et al . , 2009 ) .
puna pipit , anthus brevirostris , has been split from short - billed pipit , anthus furcatus .
south georgia pipit , anthus antarcticus , has been lumped into correndera pipit , anthus correndera due to very small dna differences between them .
zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) found evidence that the antillean euphonia is more closely related to the chlorophonias than to most euphonias . the two other blue - headed species are usually considered closely related to musica ( sometimes treated as one species under the name blue - hooded euphonia ) , so all three have been placed in the genus cyanophonia ( bonaparte 1851 , type musica ) .
i follow aou in listing three north american rosy - finches . some have even suggested further splitting the gray - crowned rosy - finch . they have also been all been lumped into one species in the past . drovetski et al . ( 2009 ) find little genetic difference between the three , suggesting that they may be lumped again .
the rest of carpodacus splits into two clades . the first ranges from blyth ' s rosefinch to taiwan rosefinch . the taiwan rosefinch , carpodacus formosanus , has been split from vinaceous rosefinch , carpodacus vinaceus , based on wu et al . ( 2011 ) .
the now - reduced serinus comes next , followed by the tibetan serin . it ' s in chionomitris rather than serinus .
ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
przevalski ' s finch , previously called pink - tailed rosefinch , is a relict member of an ancient separate lineage that is as old as , or older than other families of finches ; it belongs in its own monotypic family urocynchramidae , with a name change ( groth 2000 , päckert et al . 2016 )
classification of fringillidae revised for v3 . 3 ; see especially zuccon et al . 2012
split gran canaria blue finch from [ tenerife ] blue chaffinch ( sangster et al . 2015 )
( zuccon et al . 2012 , cf kirwan & gregory 2005 , bli , hbw )
( tietze et al . 2013 , cf rasmussen & anderton 2005 , ioc 3 . 5 ) . restore english name to great rosefinch
has priority for species name . change english name to pink - rumped rosefinch ( hbw , clements , h & m 3 )
( wu et al . 2011 , tietze et al . 2013 ; cf collar 2004 )
hawaiian honeycreepers resequenced following pratt 2005 , lerner et al . 2011 ; see also nacc 2015 . needs review of oversplit genera .
island populations of the akepa are recognized as separate species ( nacc 2015 - b - 4c ) ; add island name ( hawaii ) to akepa .
based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) phylogeny ; see also pratt 2005 .
, is preoccupied by a subspecies of greater akialoa . that conflict no longer exists with placement of kauai amakihi in
( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 )
( tschusi , 1901 ) as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 , nacc )
recognized by bou ( ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 )
pending future analyses ( knox 2001 , ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 , mason & taylor 2015 , bou , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 7 )
taczanowski , 1879 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
( zuccon et al . 2012 , also arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , ryan et al . 2004 )
from thraupidae to a new monotypic family rhodinocichlidae , which follows calcariidae ( barker et al . 2013 , 2015 ; nacc 2017 - b - 6 ) . eng [ 8 . 1 ] = lower case ' tanager '
song a loud
tew
followed by a rapidly repeated metallic trisyllabic
tyatlinka - tlinka
; also has . . .
season late may to early aug ; probably two broods . pairs form from break - up of winter flocks , by early may . nest built by female , a cup of . . .
clement , p . ( 2018 ) . orange bullfinch ( pyrrhula aurantiaca ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
present also , race uncertain ( perhaps nominate ) , on panay , in wc philippines .
clement , p . ( 2018 ) . white - cheeked bullfinch ( pyrrhula leucogenis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .


the wreckfish are a family , polyprionidae , of perciform fish .

they are deep-water marine fish and can be found on the ocean bottom , where they inhabit caves and shipwrecks ( thus their common name ) .

their scientific name is from greek poly meaning " many " and prion meaning " saw " , a references to their prominent spiny fins .

they stay together in schools of at least five .

wreckfish ( polyprion americanus ) are a long-lived commercial species in the mediterranean , the south-eastern pacific and the atlantic ocean .

the fish is commonly known as chernia in spanish-speaking latin america , and as cherne in portugal .

wreckfish

portugal , spain , greece and the u . s . are the largest sources of wreckfish . most wreckfish on the u . s . market are caught domestically .
when you check it out . hats off to wreckfish bistro on stater street for beautifull
a close - up of a tasty dish of wreckfish at michael ' s genuine restaurant .
wreckfish come from marine fisheries , not farms . they are caught with hydraulic rod and reel .
otherwise , sam ray says he ' ll be out of the wreckfish business , and romo will lose a valuable local resource . the implicit result would be a loss of charleston ' s unique wreckfish cookery altogether .
sunday 5th novemeber 2017 duck & waffles exec chef dan doherty comes to wreckfish to cook sunday brunch with us .
trip limit : individual transferable quota system in place ; only itq shareholders or their designees may commercially harvest wreckfish .
the single , greatest threat to the wreckfish is from overfishing ( 1 ) . since the 1970s , fisheries specifically targeting wreckfish have existed ( 1 ) , with the large size , quality flesh and high market price of the wreckfish attracting a lot of interest ( 5 ) . despite a lack of data on some wreckfish populations , it is believed that global wreckfish stocks may now be in decline ( 1 ) . this assumption is based on the fact that wreckfish are slow to reproduce , which makes it susceptible to overexploitation , and due to signs that populations are being overexploited in some areas ( 1 ) . for example , wreckfish fisheries in brazil , bermuda and portugal began to decline within five years of their commencement ( 1 ) . in addition , the habit of wreckfish to form aggregations when spawning increases its vulnerability to overfishing , as large groups are an easy target for fisheries ( 1 ) .
six years down the line and three successful restaurants later , we’re trying for another… this time in liverpool . introducing wreckfish
tom kerridge of the 2 starred hand and flowers , marlow is coming to liverpool to do one night at wreckfish .
wreckfish are found in temperate and subtropical waters over continental and island slopes ( 4 ) . juvenile wreckfish inhabit the open ocean and are often associated with floating seaweeds and wreckage , as the name implies ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . as adults , wreckfish are demersal , inhabiting the seabed at depths from 40 to 1 , 000 metres ( 5 ) ,
six years down the line and three successful restaurants later , we’re trying for another… this time in liverpool . introducing wreckfish .
effective april 16 , 2012 - 5 % of the annual catch limit for wreckfish has been allocated to the recreational sector .
identification & biology : wreckfish are a bass - like species . they are bluish grey on the back and paler with a silvery sheen on the belly . their fins are blackish brown . juveniles have black blotches on their head and body . wreckfish have a big head with a big mouth and a rough bony ridge across the upper part of the gill cover . wreckfish grow slowly , up to a maximum about 220 pounds and 6 . 5 feet in length . however , a typical wreckfish weighs 40 to 60 pounds and is 2½ to 4 feet long . cousin of grouper and sea bass , wreckfish was first harvested by accident in the south atlantic in the early 1980s . a fisherman was using longline gear to try to recover lost equipment and caught a wreckfish by mistake .
wreckfish is a relatively slow - growing species . an innovative fisheries management system in the southeastern u . s . mandates conservative fishing .
adult wreckfish continue to feed on fish , but also consume squid found in their deep water habitat ( 1 ) . during spawning , which takes place between late july and early october , wreckfish come together in aggregations and females release their eggs into the deep ocean water ( 4 ) . being a multiple spawner , wreckfish release multiple batches of eggs during the spawning season ( 4 ) . the oldest known wreckfish was a male , found to be 81 years old ; the oldest known female was 64 years old ( 1 ) .
six years down the line and three successful restaurants later , we’re opening another… this time in liverpool . introducing wreckfish . 23rd october 2017 .
wreckfish management shows promise some larger , slower - growing fish populations are being managed with apparent success . the north atlantic wreckfish ( polyprion americanus ) is one such example . in the mid - 1980s , a few commercial fishermen started catching the wreckfish in areas around the charleston bump , a rocky outcropping on the continental slope off the coast of south carolina . the south atlantic fishery management council soon began formulating a plan to manage this growing fishery . creating this plan was initially difficult , however , because information on the biology of the wreckfish was scarce .
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fishing regulations , which may help conserve stocks of wreckfish , are only in place in the usa and new zealand ( 1 ) . in the usa , commercial fishers must have permits , quotas are in place , and wreckfish are not allowed to be caught during the spawning season . the commercial fishery in new zealand also has quotas in place ( 1 ) . elsewhere , particularly in brazil , conservation measures for the wreckfish are worryingly absent ( 1 ) .
seasonal availability : the wreckfish fishery is closed during their spawning season ( mid - january to mid - april ) . * wreckfish fish is rated a
best choice
by seafood watch . it is also recommended by the sustainable seafood initiative , a group headed up by the s . c . aquarium .
got a little something else in the works . . . . . ‘wreckfish’ , summer herb and veg broth . it’s very green , so healthy right ? ?
the wreckfish is a demersal offshore species usually found off rocky and sandy bottoms at a depth range of 100 - 200 m . younger individuals may be epipelagic .
two characteristics of the wreckfish make conservation and management difficult . one is that the wreckfish migrates throughout the north atlantic during its life cycle ; and the other is that all of the wreckfish in the north atlantic ( from europe and america ) seem to come from a single population . nations on both sides of the atlantic must work together to ensure that the population remains large enough to support a fishery . historically , the species has suffered in the hands of industry . the high fishing pressure on the wreckfish around bermuda , for instance , caused its commercial extinction in those waters in the 1980s . u . s . management policy is aimed at preventing that from happening here .
spend a morning with gary & luke at wreckfish preparing lunch , getting to see what goes in to the dishes behind the scenes before sitting down and enjoying lunch together .
wreckfish are a bass - like species . they are bluish grey on the back and paler with a silvery sheen on the belly . their fins are blackish brown . juveniles have black blotches on their head and body . wreckfish have a big head with a big mouth and a rough bony ridge across the upper part of the gill cover .
the u . s . wreckfish fishery is possibly the most sustainable fishery in the world . there are less than 10 boats with commercial wreckfish licenses , and each boat is issued a specific quota for the entire year . fisherman are limited to using bandit rigs , which are large hydraulic reels that send a vertical cable line and multiple baited circle hooks nearly 1 , 500 feet to the bottom . this creates a very selective method of fishing that results in nearly zero environmental impact or bycatch . wreckfish also have no known predators .
we are in the process of trying to understand the general biology of the barrelfish , such as how long they live and when they mature . most barrelfish are caught on the blake plateau as bycatch of the wreckfish fishery . however , like the wreckfish in the 1980s , the barrelfish may rapidly become popular . we are already beginning to study this fish so that we will have data to develop a management plan , if necessary . some of the strategies in place for the wreckfish fishery may apply to the barrelfish , as well .
wreckfish are large predators in the dynamic food chain of the charleston bump . the charleston bump deflects the gulf stream offshore , causing upwelling of nutrient - rich water that supports the growth and production of phytoplankton ( tiny plants ) , and the zooplankton ( tiny animals ) that feed on phytoplankton . fish and squid living in the water column travel toward the surface at night to feed on the zooplankton . during the day , these fish return to the deep to avoid predators and digest their meal in the dark , cooler waters where wreckfish live . wreckfish lurk in caves and under overhangs on the bump and come out to feed on these fish and squid migrating during the day . there are no known predators of wreckfish .
the wreckfish has an incredibly large distribution , primarily occurring in the atlantic ocean but also ranging into the mediterranean , southern indian ocean and south - western pacific ocean ( 1 ) .
in general , wreckfish live in water ranging from 140 feet up to 3 , 300 feet deep . in the first several years of their life , they ' re found in surface waters , often near floating debris . as adults , wreckfish prefer steep , rocky bottoms and deep reefs , which provide food and shelter . they ' re often found near caves and overhangs .
the charleston bump , an upwelling of cliffs and ledges off the coast of south carolina that is severe enough to substantially divert the northern flow of the gulf stream itself , is the only commercial atlantic wreckfish zone in the united states . only three boats routinely even try for them . as far as local and sustainable goes , wreckfish is charleston ' s deep sea trophy .
if you are an atlantic wreckfish , sam ray is not a man you want to meet . neither is micah laroche , who offloads sam ' s boat the lien machine at his cherry point seafood dock at the far end of wadmalaw island . chances are , if you have eaten wreckfish in charleston , it most likely surfaced on the end of ray ' s commercial line .
most wreckfish are between 20 and 60 pounds , but can reach weights of well over 200 pounds . this average large size helps create thick , meaty fillets and impressive portions . the meat of wreckfish is much like grouper - - firm , white , and mild with large flakes . the cold , deep water they live in also imparts a clean , slightly sweet taste to the fillet .
the wreckfish ( polyprion americanus ) is a large , slow - growing , deep - water fish . currently , commercial fishermen catch this fish on the blake plateau . click image for larger view .
the wreckfish is classified as data deficient ( dd ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . the brazilian subpopulation is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
if all goes to plan , we’re hoping to open wreckfish in september 2017 . the bistro will be similar to all of our other restaurants , with a relaxed and welcoming feel and have an 90 cover capacity .
peres , m . b . and klippel , s . ( 2003 ) reproductive biology of the southwestern atlantic wreckfish polyprion americanus ( teleostei : polyprionidae ) . environmental biology of fishes , 68 : 163 - 173 .
the wreckfish ( polyprion americanus ) , named for the tendency of juveniles to associate with floating ocean wreckage ( 3 ) , is a large bluish - grey fish , with a paler , silvery underside and blackish - brown fins ( 2 ) . the rough , scaly body is flattened sideways and the caudal , or tail , fin is gently rounded and edged with white . the wreckfish has a large mouth , with the lower jaw projecting considerably beyond the upper jaw ( 3 ) , and a bony ridge protrudes across the upper part of the gill cover ( 2 ) . juvenile wreckfish bear black blotches on the head and body ( 2 ) .
barrelfish may become popular like the wreckfish , the barrelfish is a relatively large and probably long - lived , deep - water fish . only the adults are found around the charleston bump area ; the juveniles apparently live elsewhere .
recommended preparation : the flavor and texture of the wreckfish is light , delicate and clean - tasting… it has a flavor similar to grouper but its texture and consistency are similar to swordfish . the meat is firm and white and has a large flake .
a week in advance , i booked a table for sunday brunch at wreckfish bistro . when we arrived , the hostess sat us at a table in front of a speaker . the place was almost empty , so i asked to sit at an equ
the information obtained from the wreckfish , together with what we learn about the barrelfish during this expedition , may help us manage the red bream on the blake plateau - - even before we have the chance to learn all we can about this fish .
our aim has always been to provide perfectly simple food in a relaxed environment , using the best quality produce possible . everything in our restaurants is made from scratch , including fresh bread daily , all stocks and sauces , ice creams and sorbets . wreckfish is no different .
our aim has always been to provide perfectly simple food in a relaxed environment , using the best quality produce possible . everything in our restaurants is made completely from scratch , including fresh bread , all stocks and sauces , ice creams and sorbets . wreckfish will be no different .
sam ray is something of a legend out there and probably the most knowledgeable source about atlantic wreckfishing in the world . he ' s been targeting them since the fishery was discovered in 1987 . outside of some agricultural work as a younger man , wreckfish is all he knows .
we know little about the barrelfish , but we believe it may move about the north atlantic like the wreckfish . barrelfish are found throughout the north atlantic ( sometimes in different life stages ) , but only large adults are found in the western north atlantic off the coast of south carolina .
machias , a . , somarakis , s . , papadroulakis , n . , spedicato , m . t . , suquet , m . , lembo , g . and divanach , p . ( 2002 ) settlement of the wreckfish ( polyprion americanus ) . marine biology , 142 : 45 - 52 .
wreckfish fishermen do catch red bream from the waters over the blake plateau , though not much information is available on exactly where in the water column it lives . in the canary islands , red bream live in water 400 - 800 m deep . some research indicates that red bream move to deeper waters as they grow and that spawning occurs , at least for the population in the eastern north atlantic , around the canary and madeira islands . they probably do not migrate around the north atlantic , as do the wreckfish . the red bream does , however , appear to be a long - lived , deep - water species .
this long - lived fish has two distinct stages in its life history . juvenile wreckfish inhabit the open ocean , where they feed on bony fishes , particularly trachurus species ( jack mackerels ) ( 1 ) . they live for more than two years at the sea surface before settling on the ocean bottom at great depths ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
scientists also worry about the problem of bycatch ( unintentional catching of one species when fishing for another ) of both adult and juvenile wreckfish . for example , the juveniles are often caught in tuna nets in the eastern north atlantic . this could have serious effects on that population since the younger fish would never mature to produce more fish . all of these issues must be considered when determining the best way to manage the wreckfish . to date , the restrictions set in place have helped to keep this population size at a constant , which gives hope to those trying to manage potential fisheries for other deep - water species , like the barrelfish ( hyperoglyphe perciformis ) and the red bream ( beryx decadactylus ) .
in february , 2017 , we held a five day pop up in the currently derelict wreckfish building , where guests were invited to pay what they thought the meal was worth . reservations were launched a month in advance and booked up in less than 10 minutes ( despite all guests knowing that there was no gas , electricity or running water… ) we had to get seriously creative but we were completely humbled by the response . it made us realise that this is what liverpool wants . opening in a city centre is something new for us , but with the community spirit and neighbourhood feel that liverpool has , as well as the rise in demand for new restaurants in the area , we know wreckfish will fit right in .
barnes , m . k . s . 2008 . polyprion americanus wreckfish or stone bass . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
but if the southeast atlantic fisheries management council goes through with its proposed change in regulation , it could divvy up the allotted catch between numerous boats , many of which may not even attempt to harvest the fish . proponents of the local fishery prefer that the allotments go to fishermen that have demonstrated a record of achievement , leaving enough annual catch to target the wreckfish full - time .
okay , so… wreckfish is a type of fish that lives at the bottom of the sea ( like sea bass ) and twitter ( some of twitter… ) thought it was a good name for a restaurant . anyway , in november 2016 , we were tipped off about a building on the corner of slater and seel street in liverpool city centre and we immediately fell in love with it .
today , the wreckfish management plan includes a total allowable catch ( tac ) that limits the amount of fish that can be taken by the fishery , an individual transferable quota ( itq ) that limits the landings of each fishermen , restrictions on the types of gear that can be used , and closing of the fishing grounds during the main spawning season ( january 15 through april 15 ) .
wreckfish are found in the western atlantic ocean from grand banks , newfoundland , to la plata river , argentina , and in the eastern atlantic ocean from norway to south africa . they migrate throughout the north atlantic during their life cycle . although they ' re found all along the u . s . east coast , most of the commercial fishery operates over the charleston bump , located 80 to 100 miles southeast of charleston , south carolina .
but even this esoteric fishery is in danger of extinction — not from overfishing , if you believe the likes of laroche and the men who depend on the catch for their livelihood , but from the regulation of the federal government . recreational fishing for wreckfish is not even allowed , and the south atlantic fishery management is currently considering reducing the annual commercial catch from 2 million pounds to 237 , 000 , effectively reducing each fisherman ' s take by 89 percent .
andrew zimmern visits miami for an all - new episode of bizarre foods america . andrew visits michael ' s genuine food & drink , a miami hot spot that prides itself on its farm - to - table attitude . here he tries wreckfish , named for its tendency to take up residence in shipwrecks . michael ' s genuine food & drink also posted an interview with andrew on their blog . find more photos , video and a travel guide from this episode here .
we’re really lucky because , not only did we find a site that we immediately fell in love with , but we have incredibly supportive landlords . work has already begun on the building , but we will need £500 , 000 to launch the restaurant . we have an amazingly talented team ready to go and the bank has agreed to lend us £300 , 000 , but we just need you to help us raise that extra £200 , 000 to make wreckfish happen… no pressure .
enjoying the toil of targeting wreckfish takes a special person , at least according to the people who consider sam a sort of mythic hero .
people don ' t understand what he does ,
chimed in a younger man from a swordfish boat , out of earshot of ray .
he ' s out there alone , a hundred miles offshore in the middle of a huge ocean . he ' s burnt a week ' s pay getting out there , and he ' s dropping a line 1 , 200 feet to the bottom of the ocean in the middle of a swirling gulf stream current . if he ' s off by 30 [ feet ] , there ' s not a single fish , and it takes an hour to move to another spot .
we ' ve turned what was a derelict building in the centre of liverpool into a 90 cover restaurant , serving simple bistro food . as well as individual tables , we have a communal table available so you can enjoy your meal in some great company . we also have a private dining room , which can seat between up to 14 people . perfect for business meetings or for special occasions with friends and family . the room is free of charge , though a deposit is required to secure your booking . please call us for more information .
we opened sticky walnut in hoole , chester , in january 2011 on a budget that meant famously choosing between an all singing rational combi oven or new tables and chairs . we went for the oven . it was the right decision .
since opening , sticky has been awarded catey ‘menu of the year’ , aa ‘restaurant of the year’ , cheshire life ‘restaurant of the year’ and many more amazing awards .
after a few very successful years , we decided to open a second bistro , burnt truffle in heswall , thanks to incredible kickstarter supporters . the restaurant has been awarded an aa rosette and received really lovely reviews from the likes of lisa markwell and jay rayner . after burnt truffle , we then launched a third restaurant in 2016 . hispi ( it’s a type of cabbage ) opened its doors in didsbury , south manchester in september 2016 . manchester’s been absolutely amazing and welcomed hispi with open arms . it’s also received lots of lovely reviews and two aa rosettes .
thankfully we have already secured the site and have the support of our two amazing landlords so we don’t have that risk this time .
curry night extravaganza by farokh talati head chef at st john bread & w . 7pm sunday 28th may at burnt truffle
summer bbq at burnt truffle , soak in the rays on the piazza del terrazzo with manager adam hosting and wongo & gary throwing shrimps on the barbie .
spend a morning with gary & wongo at burnt truffle preparing lunch , getting to see what goes in to the dishes behind the scenes before sitting down and enjoying lunch together .
spend a morning with gary & rich at hispi preparing lunch , getting to see what goes in to the dishes behind the scenes before sitting down and enjoying lunch together .
a 3 course + coffee private dinner at your home for up to 10 people .
gary and the gang ( including waiter / waitress ) will turn up and cook a bespoke meal in your home .
gourmet curry night created and cooked by farokh talati for up to 40 people . exclusive use of any of our four ( hopefully ! ) restaurants on a mutually agreeable date .
travel to london get to meet and spend the morning with simon hanging around back stage on channel 4 ' s sunday brunch . then off to the guinea grill for a slap up meal
often found in caves or shipwrecks , these solitary fish are found on both sides of the atlantic ocean in temperate and sub - tropical waters .
this chart shows how much can safely be eaten each month ( assuming no other contaminated fish is consumed ) . the advice is based on epa guidance and the latest mercury data . more on contaminants »
the primary gear used is hydraulic hook - and - line , which has little bycatch and does not damage the seafloor .
overfishing is a serious problem , but there is reason for hope . edf offers a different approach for recovery that works . more »
saving migratory shark populations is just one way we’re safeguarding cuba’s vast undersea wonders . more »
get our news updates and action alerts to find out how you can create solutions that help people and nature prosper .
conserving and managing america ' s fisheries from three to 200 nautical miles off the coasts of north carolina , south carolina , georgia and florida .
recreational and commercial fishermen are required to use dehooking tools when fishing for snapper grouper species .
the use of non - stainless steel circle hooks ( offset or non - offset ) is required for all species in the snapper grouper complex when using hook - and - line gear with natural baits in waters north of 28 degrees n . latitude .
after the commercial quota is met , all purchase and sale is prohibited and harvest and / or possession is limited to the recreational bag limit . this prohibition does not apply to fish harvested , landed , and sold prior to the quota being reached and held in cold storage by a dealer . quotas are given in gutted weights .
commercial snapper grouper vessels must have onboard nmfs approved sea turtle release gear and follow smalltooth sawfish release protocol . see the handling and release protocol from noaa fisheries or call 727 - 824 - 5312 .
annual catch limit ( acl ) - this species is managed under an acl . see current information on commercial acls ( quotas ) from noaa fisheries .
open . the fishery will close september 1 , 2018 - june 30 , 2019 .
annual catch limit ( acl ) - this species is managed under an acl . see current information on recreational acls from noaa fisheries .
4055 faber place drive , suite 201 . north charleston , sc 29405 843 - 571 - 4366 phone | 866 - safmc - 10 toll free | 843 - 769 - 4520 fax
eaters ! ! bumped up with lovely spices and flavours . just gorgeous ! will definitely
18 . the food was excellent and there is a great menu . however i really need to thank the staff on this occasion . they are extremely professional and approachab
an who brought us our champagne � , which was a birthday surprise from a friend , to the wonderful lady who took our order and brought us the amazing food . thank you so much for creating such a memorable evening .
we booked our table in feb and all i can say it was totally worth the wait . the food is seriously stunning just so good . i would thoroughly
recommend it to anyone and we can ' t wait to go back . . . . . t
ally sized table in the corner , but she refused . ( the table remained empty during most of our stay . ) then , after 1 hour and 15 minutes , the wait staff wanted to kick us out - - - sayi
n was only for 75 minutes and the next booking was arriving soon . the manager actually took my plate although i asked him not to . he then grabbed the coffee mug out of my hand .
for me to judge the quality of the food , so i have no idea if it was any good . my friends , however , say they enjoyed it . so if you don ' t mind eating super quick and then being kicked out while you ' re in the middle of a good conversati
. i hear they do fast food , too . they also won ' t kick you out .
s nonsense here - just good food well prepared . from the moment you arrive it’s just a feeling of being welcomed and relaxed .
the bar area is a very welcome addition for a pre lunch cocktail , the house specials are well worth a try .
had a fantastic sunday lunch today . great table right in front of the open kitchen . great to watch the chef and kitchen staff take time and precision over everything
went for the early bird 3 course last night - fabulous . i had the ox heart starter , braised beef , some parmesan chips and marmalade pudding and couldnt fault anything
and gorgeous food . lunch is very good value at £20 for 3 courses and good value wine too . however it would still be fab even if it was considerab
. but the star of the show was the rice pudding with rhubarb and granola . oh my word ! ! ! we’ll definitely
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police audit committee will meet to narrow list of firms next wed . july 11
tickets for rudolph ( yes , rudolph ) at the npac go on sale this fri . july 13
vickery ' s , wich doctor featured on beach bites with katie lee airing thurs . july 12
wic mobile clinic will provide services at n . chs . farmers market this july and september
i tried farming for a while back home in barnwell , and it nearly drove me crazy ,
he told me when i was out at the docks one day last fall ,
but then i came out here to cherry point and started fishing and i ' ve never wanted to do anything else .
we are already limited with what we can get locally . this will just be one less fish we can source ,
he says .
chefs , like romo , prize the fish for its clean flavor and its affordability as a local alternative to pricier grouper varieties , which it is often compared to .
it has a nice carcass yield ,
romo says ,
and we like to support the local fishery .
the fish is so special , in fact , that when it ' s in season ( regulations already close the spawning grounds during much of the year ) , it demands a high level of attention in the local market . romo ' s favorite method for serving it ? naked .
when it ' s here , it comes straight off the boat , and it ' s so clean and fresh , that we make it our ' naked fish ' special — just a little salt and pepper , and maybe a good sear in a hot pan with a little oil .
it ' s kind of like gold when it comes in . you sort of fight for it ,
says romo .
political turbulence aside , becoming a u . s . citizen remains an exciting prospect 2 comments
i picked some really great tomatoes corn and a watermelon last week . i ' m going back…
i had dinner there last night with my family . it ' s a pretty big place with…
i ' ve been going to this store since it opened . good selection of wine and liquor…
uneeda sicilian , 2nixons , and second state host a
blunch
mash - up tues . july 3
watch andrew zimmern cook asopao de pollo y mariscos . then prepare the dish in your own kitchen
watch andrew zimmern cook shrimp with green chilies and avocado sauce . then prepare the dish in your own kitchen .
watch andrew zimmern cook braised pork with chilies and black beans . then prepare the dish in your own kitchen .
10 road - trip - worthy summer eats from ' man v . food '
join the party ! don ' t miss travel channel in your favorite social media feeds .
cernia , cernier , cernier atlantique , cernier commun , cernio escourpena , franfré rascas , lucerna , mérot gris , mérou , mérou de bosques , mérou fanfré , péro - mérot , peskar goat , poisson de bois .
cherna , chernia , chernoda , girom , jorna , mero chernia , mero de roca , pampol .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
demersal fish that live on or near the ocean bottom . they are often called benthic fish , groundfish , or bottom fish . spawning the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water .
bigelow , h . b . and schroeder , w . c . ( 1953 ) fishes of the gulf of maine . us fish and wildlife service fishery bulletin , 74 ( 53 ) : 1 - 577 .
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team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
argentina ; australia ( new south wales , south australia , victoria , western australia ) ; belgium ; brazil ; canada ( newfoundland i , nova scotia ) ; cape verde ; denmark ; france ; ireland ; italy ; netherlands ; new zealand ( north is . , south is . ) ; norway ; portugal ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ( tristan da cunha ) ; south africa ; spain ( canary is . ) ; united kingdom ; united states ( district of columbia , florida , georgia , maryland , new jersey , north carolina , south carolina , virginia ) ; uruguay
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female picture by cambraia duarte , p . m . n . ( c ) imagdop
greek , poly = a lot of + greek , prion = saw ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 40 - 600 m ( ref . 7251 ) , usually 100 - 200 m ( ref . 36731 ) . deep - water ; 70°n - 55°s , 82°w - 179°e
eastern atlantic : norway to south africa ( ref . 6633 ) , including the mediterranean , canary islands , madeira , cape verde , and tristan da cunha . western atlantic : newfoundland , canada and gulf of maine to north carolina , usa ( ref . 7251 ) . recorded from uruguay to argentina ( ref . 9050 ) . western indian ocean : st . paul and amsterdam islands ( ref . 6633 ) . southwest pacific : new zealand ( ref . 5755 , 9072 ) .
maturity : l m 77 . 9 range ? - 90 cm max length : 210 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7251 ) ; common length : 80 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 ) ; max . published weight : 100 . 0 kg ( ref . 35388 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 10 - 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 13 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 10 . bluish grey above , paler below with a silvery sheen ; fins blackish brown ( ref . 6633 ) . juveniles have black blotches on head and body ( ref . 6633 ) . body tall , compressed . big mouth with big head and a rough bony ridge across upper part of the gill cover ( ref . 35388 ) .
adults prefer to inhabit caves and shipwrecks ( ref . 27121 ) . juveniles congregate below floating objects ( ref . 27121 ) . usually solitary . feed on large crustaceans , cephalopods and benthic fishes ( ref . 27121 ) . spawn in the summer ( ref . 35388 ) . are primary gonochorists ( ref . 58421 ) . marketed fresh or frozen ; eaten steamed , fried , broiled , boiled , microwaved and baked ( ref . 9988 ) . minimum depth reported from ref . 6633 .
wheeler , a . , 1992 . a list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the british isles . j . fish biol . 41 ( suppl . a ) : 1 - 37 . ( ref . 5204 )
) : 5 . 2 - 19 , mean 9 . 4 ( based on 672 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 8125 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01318 ( 0 . 00966 - 0 . 01799 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 09 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 ±0 . 64 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( k = 0 . 05 - 0 . 08 ; tmax = 76 ; tm = 9 - 10 yrs estimated from vbgf ; fec = 3 million ) .
prior r = 0 . 26 , 2 sd range = 0 . 14 - 0 . 48 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 35 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 31 , based on : 4 k , 1 tmax , 2 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 72 of 100 ) .
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polyprion americanus has a deep and robust body that can reach up to 2 m in length . it has a large head with a rough bony ridge across the upper part of the gill . it has 11 spines on its dorsal fin and as many rays , the second part of the fin being much taller . the anal fin has three spines and 8 - 10 soft rays . the pelvic fins are longer than the pectoral fins . its body is a uniform brown to bluish - grey with a silvery sheen . juveniles may have irregular light and dark marblings on the head and body .
recorded in the eastern english channel but may be found throught british and irish waters with the exception of the southern north sea area .
froese , r . & pauly , d . , 2007 . fishbase . a global information system on fishes . [ on - line ] http : / / www . fishbase . org , 2008 - 02 - 18
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
obis , 2018 . global map of species distribution using gridded data . available from : ocean biogeographic information system . www . iobis . org . accessed : 2018 - 07 - 09
whitehead , p . j . p . , bauchot , m . - l . , hureau , j . - c . , nielson , j . & tortonese , e . 1986 . fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . vol . i , ii & iii . paris : united nations educational , scientific and cultural organisation ( unesco ) .
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
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commercial fisheries have traditionally been based on fast - growing shallow - water species that live in the productive waters on the continental shelf . more recently , as fishing technology has improved and the populations of shallow - water species have declined , fishermen have ventured out into deeper waters to find new types of fish to catch .
this new deep - water fishery presents a problem for fisheries management . the deep - water fish are larger than their shallow - water counterparts and often grow more slowly . most management models , however , are based on data pertaining to the smaller , faster - growing species . to ensure that the deep - water fisheries will be around for a long time , fisheries scientists are developing new models that take into account the longer life spans and the longer period it takes for these deep - water fish to reach sexual maturity .
a specimen of barrelfish ( hyperoglyphe perciformis ) . we are trying to learn more about the biology of this fish to determine if it can support a fishery on the blake plateau . click image for larger view .
the red bream shows commercial potential the red bream ( beryx decadactylus ) is another species with commercial fishery potential on the blake plateau . we know very little about its life cycle . in the canary islands and off the coast of portugal , the fishing pressure on red bream ( and the only other member of the genus , beryx splendens ) has caused the annual catch to decrease in recent years . the same thing is happening in other areas where beryx species are being fished , such as hawaii .
the red bream ( beryx decadactylus ) supports fisheries in parts of the north atlantic and may have commercial fishery potential on the blake plateau . click image for larger view .
deep - water commercial fisheries will continue to grow . since models for management plans for shallow - water species do not translate to these new target species , fisheries scientists must continue to learn as much as they can about these deep - water fish in order to preserve large stocks for future generations .
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