chionodes permacta is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from western alaska , southern yukon and alberta to idaho , wyoming , montana , washington , colorado and southern oregon .

chionodes permacta

chionodes lugubrella ( fabricius , 1794 ) = chionodes lugubrellus = gelechia luctificella hübner , [ 1813 = lita lunatella zetterstedt 1839 .
hodges , r . w . 1999 . gelechiodea , gelechiidae ( part ) , gelechiinae ( part - chionodes ) . in dominick , r . b . , et al . , moths of america , north of mexico . fascicle 7 . 6 . the wedge entomological research foundation , washington , 339 pp .
chionodes - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
we use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
lee , s . , r . w . hodges and r . l . brown . 2009 . checklist of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) in american north of mexico . zootaxa 2231 : 1 - 39 .
pohl , g . r . , g . g . anweiler , b . c . schmidt , and n . g . kondla . 2010 . an annotated list of the lepidoptera of alberta , canada . zookeys 38 : 1 - 549 .
poole , robert w . and patricia gentili ( eds . ) . 1997 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 4 ( non - holometabolous orders ) . entomological information services , rockville , md . available online at : urltoken
the small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .
note : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on
trademark notice :
natureserve
, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .
copyright notice : copyright © 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .
natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :
ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .
no graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .
) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .
80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
austria , hungary , germany , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , norway , poland , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , gorno - altaisk , the european north - east , the european north - west , the european central european south taiga , trans - baikal , kamchatka , karelia , kola , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amur , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , primorye , sakhalin , mid - volzhsky .
austria , hungary , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , norway ( mainland ) , poland , russia , slovenia , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
note : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments
* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .


hyrcanogobius bergi , the volga dwarf goby , is a species of goby endemic to the caspian sea where it occurs in fresh , brackish and marine waters along the coast .

unusually for gobies , this species is almost a pelagic fish .

this species grows to a length of 3.6 centimetres ( 1.4 in ) sl .

this species is the only known member of its genus .

hyrcanogobius bergi

placed in a separate genus hyrcanogobius by some authors on the basis of slightly different organisation of cephalic sensory pores .
( of knipowitschia bergi ( iljin , 1928 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
northern and southeastern caspian sea ; deltas of ural and volga ; along western coast southward to daghestan .
habitat : a near - pelagic coastal marine species ; found in areas with different salinities , including fresh water . biology : lives one year . matures at 18 - 20 mm sl . spawns after first winter , in may - july , down to 2 - 7 m . females probably lay 2 - 3 portions of eggs ( 0 . 4 × 1 . 0 mm ) , separately attached inside a mollusc shell . adults probably die soon after spawning . feeds on small crustaceans .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
this near - pelagic coastal marine species is found in areas with different salinities , including freshwater . it lives for a year and matures at 18 - 20 mm sl . spawns after first winter , may - june , down to 2 - 7 m , with females probably laying 2 - 3 portions of eggs ( 0 . 4 - 1 . 0 mm ) , separately attached inside a mollusc shell ; and adults dying soon after spawning . feeds on small crustaceans ( ref . 59043 ) .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


negera unispinosa is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by watson in 1965 .

it is found in malawi .

the length of the forewings is about 21.5 mm for males and 24.5 mm for females .

the colour-pattern of the wings is as for negera confusa .

the costa of the forewings is pale pinkish brown , with a brown apical costal marking , edged distally with white .

the remaining two costal markings are pink and the area between the medial fascia is pale yellowish brown enclosing a large paler area at the end of the cell .

the area distal to the postmedial fascia is pale yellowish brown and speckled with black at the anal margin between the postmedial fascia and the tornus .

the hindwings are very pale buff proximal to the antemedial fascia , pinkish buff between the antemedial and medial fasciae and pale yellowish brown distal to medial fascia .

negera unispinosa

html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
we use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .
biostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
watson a . 1965a . a revision of the ethiopian drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) . - bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) supplement 3 : 1–178 , pls . 1–18 .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 3 / 29 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
walker f . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part v . – lepidoptera heterocera . — 1855c
nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more


the masked duck ( nomonyx dominicus ) is a tiny stiff-tailed duck ranging through the tropical americas .

they are found from mexico to south america and also in the caribbean .

primarily not migratory , masked ducks are reported as very uncommon vagrants in the southernmost united states , along the mexican border and in florida .

as of 2000 , the conservation status for masked ducks in texas is 3,800 birds .

on april 1 , 1962 , it was recorded from lowndes county , georgia , where it was photographed by alexander wetmore .

the only member of the genus nomonyx , it is intermediate between the rather primitive black-headed duck ( heteronetta ) and the very apomorphic true stiff-tailed ducks .

it is sometimes included with the latter in the genus oxyura , but apparently the masked ducks now are the descendants of a missing link in the oxyurinae evolution , having changed but little for millions of years .

breeding adult males have a rust-colored body with a black face and mottled wings .

adult females , winter males , and juveniles have a barred brownish gray body , with two horizontal , dark-colored stripes running through the buff-colored face .

these ducks mainly feed on seeds , roots , and leaves of aquatic plants .

they also eat aquatic insects and crustaceans .

they feed by diving .

masked ducks breed in any freshwater body with marsh vegetation and surrounded by heavy tree cover .

they also occur in mangrove swamps .

these ducks are usually very secretive , but they are not rare and not considered threatened by the iucn .

masked duck

the masked duck in the united states by paul a . johnsgard and dirk hagemeyer
the masked duck was first described in 1766 by carolus linnaeus , swedish botanist , physician and zoologist .
details from captive populations of masked duck are particularly lacking . informed conservation of this species will depend on filling these gaps in knowledge .
range : the masked duck is found from s usa ( s texas ) , mexico and west indies , s to nw peru , and e of andes to ne argentina .
the masked duck male performs similar displays that the ruddy duck . it raises the stiff tail and lowers the bill onto its breast while giving soft calls “oo - oo - oo” . it also performs short rushes across the water surface . the neck appears inflated when the male approaches the female , while uttering its soft calls . the female remains motionless with the bill raised and the neck outstretched . the masked duck is probably monogamous but with short - term pair bonds .
introduction : the masked duck is a very secretive duck that is uncommon throughout its wide range from mexico to south america and caribbean . it was formerly a member of the genus oxyura , but it has now its own genus nomonyx . it is a small , stiff - tailed duck , usually found in a variety of freshwater bodies with marshy vegetation and heavy tree cover on the shores . it feeds mainly on plant material , but it also consumes aquatic invertebrates . the masked duck is not globally threatened , but hunting and drainage of wetlands involve some decline of the population .
johnsgard and carbonell’s ( 1996 ) treatise on the stiff - tailed ducks , the most thorough treatment to date of this group , points out how little is known of the masked duck compared to other stifftails .
the masked duck has a large range , estimated globally at 8 , 400 , 000 square kilometers . native to the americas and nearby island nations , this bird prefers wetland and forest ecosystems . the global population of this bird has not been precisely determined , but does not show signs of decline that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list . for this reason , the current evaluation status of the masked duck is least concern .
masked duck : small stifftail duck with black - tipped blue bill and black mask with thin white eye - ring . body is rufous - brown with black streaks on the back and sides ; white wing patches are visible in flight . feeds on aquatic plants , insects and crustaceans . direct flight with rapid wing beats .
a tropical duck , periodically invading southern texas and florida . smaller than the ruddy duck and able to take flight from the water much more easily , the masked duck may colonize small and temporary bodies of water . it is generally easy to overlook , as it spends much time resting within dense marsh growth , and may clamber about through marsh like a rail . when on open water , however , it can be rather tame .
protection / threats / status : the masked duck is vulnerable to predation at nest by southern crested caracara ( c . plancus ) and rats . it is threatened by over hunting and drainage of wetlands , and also by human pressure . the population was estimated to number 50 , 000 / 499 , 999 individuals in 2008 , but a previous estimate in 2005 was 25 , 000 / 100 , 000 individuals . however , the population is suspected to be declining . but currently , the masked duck is evaluated as least concern .
the masked duck has direct flight with rapid wingbeats . it takes - off from water nearly vertical , like the dabbling ducks . it does not need to run over the surface to take flight . when it returns , it often drops quickly into the dense cover .
the masked duck is mostly sedentary but the species can be nomadic and dispersive , due , at least , to fluctuations of water levels . it may occur far beyond its breeding range , and is sometimes recorded in s florida and texas . it also reaches the coast of n peru .
masked duck : found primarily in the tropics and neotropics with populations throughout mexico . strays to texas where it has bred . multiple records for louisiana and florida , single records for several other eastern u . s . states . inhabits marshy ponds with heavy vegetation , often found in rice fields .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the masked duck male gives repeated , throaty “kir - roo - kirroo - kiroo” during the displays , and softer “oo - oo - oo” similar to the cooing of a pigeon . the female produces a repeated hiss when disturbed , and clucking calls .
the masked duck is usually seen in pairs or in small groups of up to 20 or more , usually of its own species , but sometimes with the ruddy duck . it swims low in water or partially submerged with only head and neck above the surface . very secretive , it often escapes by diving or swimming and pushing into the dense marshy vegetation in which it clambers like a rail . this species may colonize small and temporary bodies of water .
masked duck inhabits ponds and small lakes covered with emergent vegetation from northern argentina north through south america ( east of the andes ) , central america , and the caribbean to north america . in the united states it is considered an irregular visitor to louisiana and florida and a resident of texas , the only state where nesting has been documented .
the masked duck adult male in breeding plumage has rufous - chestnut black - spotted plumage on flanks and upperparts . the wings and the stiff tail are blackish . on the upperwing , we can see a large , white patch , conspicuous in flight . on the underparts , breast and belly are buffy - white . the axillaries are white .
habitat : the masked duck frequents marshy ponds with emergent vegetation such as rushes . it is often seen on small freshwater bodies and roadside ditches . it favours the waters surrounded by dense tree cover . in venezuela , it can be seen in mangroves , swamps and ricefields . this species is visible between 880 and 1500 metres of elevation according to the range .
as with other members of the tribe oxyurini , masked duck has elongated and pointed tail - feathers with stiffened shafts . it is distinguished from other stifftails by its large white wing - patch . grebelike and secretive in its behavior , it is sighted only rarely , usually as it slips into dense reeds or below water . often only the tip of its tail and head are visible , as it sinks noiselessly beneath the surface .
carboneras , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . masked duck ( nomonyx dominicus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
behaviour in the wild : the masked duck feeds primarily on a variety of aquatic vegetation , taking mainly seeds , roots , tubers and parts of grasses and sedges . it also takes aquatic invertebrates such as insects and crustaceans . it feeds by diving among nymphaceae and other aquatic vegetation , usually in shallow water and during 20 - 30 seconds . it is rarely active by day , but it often emerges onto open water at night for feeding .
the white plumage of snow geese and tundra swans sometimes takes on a dirty , rusty - brown appearance . the birds aren ' t actually dirty but do show rust - colored highlights from foraging in the iron rich environments of the far north . regarding the well - known description of the sound made by a duck as a
quack ,
duck species in north america also variously whistle , squeak , click , and grunt .
reproduction of this species : the masked duck probably breeds all year round throughout its range , with peak between june and october in venezuela , and between november and may in west indies . it nests in single pairs , usually among marsh vegetation in shallow water . the female builds a woven bowl near water in dense vegetation , with reeds and other aquatic plants , and she adds a sparse lining of down . the nest is sometimes covered by vegetal dome .
this species has a long breeding season : nests are found from october until august in texas , june until october in the west indies , and april to september in venezuela ( eitniear 2001 ) . the nest is a deep cup usually near water , sometimes roofed over ( basketball - like ) , containing 4 to 8 eggs . males are believed to play a minor role in rearing the young . masked duck numbers increase during the rainy season and following temperate wet cycles and hurricane rains that create new ponds with emergent vegetation .
the anatidae are represented in north america by sixty - nine species in twenty - three genera ( including the extinct labrador duck ) . members of this well known bird family include the graceful , long - necked swans , familiar geese of farm fields and golf courses , and the many species of ducks .
4 - 10 . smaller and smoother than those of ruddy duck , whitish to pale buff . females sometimes lay eggs in each others ' nests . incubation is by female , about 4 weeks . young : not well known . probably leave nest shortly after hatching , are tended by female but feed themselves , as in other stifftails . age at first flight not known .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
partners in flight estimate the total population to number 50 , 000 - 499 , 999 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) . previously , kear ( 2005 ) estimated 25 , 000 - 100 , 000 individuals . trend justification : the population is suspected to be declining owing to over - hunting and human pressure ( del hoyo et al . 1992 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
despite wide range in american tropics , seems not to be very common anywhere . secretive behavior and nomadic movements make it difficult to estimate total population or to provide protection for species .
marshes , ponds . in united states mainly found on ponds and impoundments with extensive marsh growth and some open water . in tropics also found on mangrove lagoons , swamps , rice plantations .
not well known . probably leave nest shortly after hatching , are tended by female but feed themselves , as in other stifftails . age at first flight not known .
probably mostly plant material . diet not well known . apparently eats mostly plant material , including seeds and roots of smartweeds , sedges , grasses , and various other aquatic and waterside plants . also eats some aquatic insects and crustaceans .
breeding behavior not well known . the few known texas nestings have been in fall . displays of male apparently include raising tail and lowering bill onto chest while making soft calls , also making short rushes across surface of water . nest site is among marsh vegetation in shallow water . nest ( built by female ) is a woven bowl of reeds and grasses , perhaps with sparse lining of down .
may travel mostly at night . apparently not truly migratory , but wanders unpredictably . seems to invade texas from eastern mexico after a series of unusually wet years has created much appropriate habitat . strays have wandered far outside normal range , reaching wisconsin , massachusetts , pennsylvania .
audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .
tell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .
tell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .
previously placed in genus oxyura ; now returned to its previous , monotypic genus following phylogenetic study # r , a decision not countered by other studies # r . monotypic .
from extreme s usa ( s texas ) , mexico and west indies s to nw peru and , e of andes , to ne argentina .
30–36 cm ; male 359–449 g , female 275–445 g . most distinctive and smallest member of the oxyurinae and is more dependent on enclosed waterbodies with very . . .
in display , male makes distinctive “kirri - kirroo - kirri - kirroo kirroo kirroo kirroo” and dull - . . .
freshwater lakes , pools , swamps , marshes and slow - flowing rivers with abundant emergent and . . .
chiefly seeds , roots , tubers and vegetative parts of grasses , sedges and aquatic plants , apparently mainly smartweeds and wild millet , at . . .
starts nov / dec in some regions , especially in s of range , but breeding probably occurs year - round throughout distribution , with peak in jun . . .
mostly sedentary , but subject to some wide - ranging dispersive or nomadic movements when it may . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . widespread and rather uncommon , with overall numbers estimated at 25 , 000–100 , 000 individuals in late 1990s but no information . . .
only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
genus resurrected on basis chiefly of phylogenetic and ecological study which showed nomonyx to be sister to oxyura # r .
get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )
supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .
view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )
there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .
if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .
this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : nomonyx dominicus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
a group of ducks has many collective nouns , including a
brace
,
flush
,
paddling
,
raft
, and
team
of ducks .
the anseriformes ( pronounced an - ser - ih - for - meez ) , one of the oldest avian orders , is composed of three families and includes the bizarre and noisy screamers of south america , the odd magpie goose of australia , and the globally distributed swans , geese and ducks .
the swans , geese and ducks are grouped in the anatidae ( pronounced ah - nah - tih - dee ) ; a bird family with one hundred sixty - four species in forty - eight genera , various members of which can be found on all continents .
while all species are known for their association with aquatic habitats , canada geese are also known for their aggressive behavior when guarding their nests and young . after the breeding season , canada geese become better known for the
v
shaped flocks they form during migration .
swans , geese , and ducks are large birds with long necks ( longest in swans , shortest in ducks ) and short tails . all species have webbed feet suited to their aquatic environments and distinctive flat bills - except for the mergansers with their thin , serrated bills ideally suited for catching fish .
although swans and geese are mostly white , brown , and black , many ducks showcase several shades of grays , browns , and blacks combined with fine barring and streaking to result in a variety of beautifully patterned plumages for which females of the species are well known . males in breeding plumage are more boldly patterned and often have iridescent blue or green on the head . both sexes usually show a spot of color in the wing known as a
speculum
.
swans , geese , and ducks occur throughout north america wherever aquatic habitats are found . while geese and some ducks are often found along the shoreline , species that feed on underwater vegetation such as swans and dabbling ducks prefer calm water with depths suited to the length of their necks . in deeper waters , the mergansers , scoters , and diving ducks occur . boldly - patterned harlequin ducks swim in the swift rivers and turbulent seashores of the pacific northwest and some areas of the northeastern u . s . and canada .
a highly migratory family , most species migrate to open , ice - free water in sheltered bays and marshes of the southern united states with some reaching mexico and central america .
members of the anatidae flock together after breeding in large , multi - species groups at sites with good , safe foraging . at such sites , scoters , canvasbacks , and other diving ducks dive for mussels in the deep sections while dabblers such as gadwall and northern shovelers forage on the surface and in the shallows . on the shore , grazers such as geese and the american widgeon forage on grass .
populations of two alaskan diving ducks , the steller ' s and spectacled eiders , are threatened for reasons unknown ; possible causes include changes in their habitats , nest predation by ravens and gulls , hunting , and the on - going effects of lead poisoning . the reasons why the hawaiian goose , and the laysan and hawaiian ducks are endangered are much better understood ; however after nearly going extinct , populations have stabilized but unfortunately don ' t have much room for growth in the limited amount of available habitat .
© 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved . mitch waite group . no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group . privacy policy
establecimiento uaranina ( ruta 39 ) , aprox . 8 km from w of san javier , santa fe
soft ' t r r r r r ' . typical from the oxyurini subfamily males ( = heteronetta atricapilla , oxyura ferruginea ) . also calls from chrysomus ruficapillus
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
a guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america by steve n . g . howell , sophie webb - oxford university press - isbn : 0198540124
a guide to the birds of colombia by steven l . hilty and william l . brown - princeton university press – isbn 069108372x
birds of peru by thomas s . schulenberg , douglas f . stotz , daniel f . lane , john p . o’neill , theodore a . parker iii – princeton university press 2007 - isbn : 978 - 0 - 691 - 13023 - 1
on the head , a black face mask extends to the rear crown , but nape and neck are uniformly bright chestnut . the bill is bright blue with black nail . the eyes are dark brown , surrounded by whitish eyering . legs and webbed feet are grey - black .
the non - breeding male resembles female , but it has larger white wing patches . on the head , the pattern is less contrasted and the lower cheek stripe is broader .
the adult female has rufous - brown plumage , heavily streaked dark brown , mainly on the upperparts . wings and tail are blackish with smaller white wing patch . the buffy - white underparts are spotted and mottled dark brown . the axillaries are white .
the non - breeding female lacks the rufous tones and becomes mostly sandy - buff .
the juvenile resembles female , but with more uniform underparts . the crown is darker and the upperparts show paler barring .
the female lays 3 - 6 creamy - white eggs , but larger clutches are the result of the laying of several females in the same nest . she incubates alone during four weeks . the chicks probably leave the nest very soon after hatching . they are very similar to the female . they are able to feed themselves , but they are accompanied by the female , and sometimes by both parents . they fledge about 45 days after hatching .


lepidochrysops jacksoni is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in uganda , from the south-western part of the country to tororo and to the north and west madi .

the habitat consists of areas with short grass and lamiates on the rocky slopes of hills and ridges .

lepidochrysops jacksoni

the patrician blue ( lepidochrysops patricia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the potchefstroom blue ( lepidochrysops procera ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops chloauges , the jade blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops solwezii , the roseate blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops longifalces , the msasa blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the highveld blue ( lepidochrysops praeterita ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops inyangae , the nyanga blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops violetta , the violet blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the southern blue ( lepidochrysops australis ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the zulu blue ( lepidochrysops ignota ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the ketsi blue ( lepidochrysops ketsi ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the monkey blue ( lepidochrysops methymna ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the peninsula blue ( lepidochrysops oreas ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the koppie blue ( lepidochrysops ortygia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the mouse blue ( lepidochrysops puncticilia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the silvery blue ( lepidochrysops glauca ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops kocak , the giant blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops lukenia , the lukenia blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops peculiaris , the peculiar blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
van son’s blue ( lepidochrysops vansoni ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops elgonae , the elgon blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the swartberg blue ( lepidochrysops swartbergensis ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
loewenstein’s blue ( lepidochrysops loewensteini ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops polydialecta , the lilac giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops arabicus , the arabian giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops kitale , the kitale giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the free state blue ( lepidochrysops letsea ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops labeensis , the labe giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops parsimon , the western giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the estcourt blue ( lepidochrysops pephredo ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the outeniqua blue ( lepidochrysops outeniqua ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the coastal blue ( lepidochrysops littoralis ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the wineland blue ( lepidochrysops bacchus ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the twin - spot blue ( lepidochrysops plebeja ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops quassi , the tailed blue giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
wykeham ' s blue ( lepidochrysops wykehami ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
pennington ' s blue ( lepidochrysops penningtoni ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
pringle ' s blue ( lepidochrysops pringlei ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
swanepoel ' s blue ( lepidochrysops swanepoeli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
quickelberge ' s blue ( lepidochrysops quickelbergei ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
badham ' s blue ( lepidochrysops badhami ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the ball ' s blue ( lepidochrysops balli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops is a genus of butterfly in the lycaenidae family . the members ( species ) are found in the afrotropical ecozone .
lepidochrysops hypopolia , known as morant ' s blue ( afrikaans : morant - bloutjie ) , was a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
libert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
an extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .
ackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .
larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .
correspondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at
. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the
each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
tree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more
seitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 72
seitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 73
this page was last modified on 10 may 2016 , at 08 : 12 .
this article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .


the brisingidae are a family of deep-sea-dwelling sea stars containing these genera and species : astrolirus fisher , 1917 astrolirus panamensis ( ludwig , 1905 ) astrostephane fisher , 1917 astrostephane acanthogenys ( fisher , 1916 ) astrostephane moluccana ( fisher , 1916 ) brisinga asbjørnsen , 1856 brisinga alberti fisher , 1907 brisinga analoga ( fisher , 1919 ) brisinga andamanica wood-mason & alcock , 1891 brisinga bengalensis wood-mason & alcock , 1891 brisinga chathamica mcknight , 1973 brisinga costata verrill , 1884 brisinga cricophora sladen , 1889 brisinga distincta sladen , 1889 brisinga endecacnemos asbjørnsen , 1856 brisinga eucoryne fisher , 1916 brisinga evermanni fisher , 1906 brisinga gunnii alcock , 1893 brisinga hirsuta perrier , 1894 brisinga insularum wood-mason & alcock , 1891 brisinga panopla fisher , 1906 brisinga parallela koehler , 1909 brisinga synaptoma ( fisher , 1917 ) brisinga tasmani h.e.s. clark , 1970 brisinga trachydisca fisher , 1916 brisinga variispina ludwig , 1905 brisingaster loriol , 1883 brisingaster robillardi de loriol , 1883 brisingella fisher , 1917 brisingella verticillata ( sladen , 1889 ) brisingenes fisher , 1917 brisingenes anchista fisher , 1919 brisingenes mimica ( fisher , 1916 ) brisingenes multicostata ( verrill , 1894 ) brisingenes plurispinula aziz & jangoux , 1985 hymenodiscus perrier , 1884 hymenodiscus agassizi ( perrier , 1882 ) hymenodiscus aotearoa ( mcknight , 1973 ) hymenodiscus armillata ( sladen , 1889 ) hymenodiscus beringiana ( korovchinsky , 1967 ) hymenodiscus coronata ( sars g.o. , 1872 ) hymenodiscus distincta ( sladen , 1889 ) hymenodiscus exilis ( fisher , 1905 ) hymenodiscus fragilis ( fisher , 1906 ) hymenodiscus membranacea ( sladen , 1889 ) hymenodiscus monacantha h.l. clark , 1920 hymenodiscus ochotensis djakonov , 1950 hymenodiscus pannychia fisher , 1928 hymenodiscus pusilla fisher , 1917 hymenodiscus submembranacea ( doderlein , 1927 ) hymenodiscus tenella ( luwig , 1905 ) hymenodiscus verticellata ( sladen , 1889 ) labidiaster lütken , 1872 midgardia downey , 1972 midgardia xandaros downey , 1972 novodinia dartnall , pawson , pope & b.j. smith , 1969 novodinia americana ( verrill , 1880 ) novodinia antillensis ( a.h.clark , 1934 ) novodinia austini ( koehler , 1909 ) novodinia australis ( h.l. clark , 1916 ) novodinia clarki ( koehler , 1909 ) novodinia homonyma downey , 1986 novodinia magister fisher , 1917 novodinia novaezelandiae ( h.e.s. clark , 1962 ) novodinia pacifica ( fisher , 1906 ) novodinia pandina ( sladen , 1889 ) novodinia penichra ( fisher , 1916 ) novodinia radiata aziz & jangoux , 1985 novodinia semicoronata ( perrier , 1885 ) odinella fisher , 1940 odinella nutrix fisher , 1940 stegnobrisinga fisher , 1916 stegnobrisinga gracilis ( koehler , 1909 ) stegnobrisinga placoderma fisher , 1916 stegnobrisinga splendens h.l. clark , 1926

brisingidae

kento furui added the japanese common name
シワウデボソヒトデ科
to
brisingidae
.
worms - world register of marine species - brisingidae g . o . sars , 1875
mah , c . l . ( 2018 ) . world asteroidea database . brisingidae g . o . sars , 1875 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 123119 on 2018 - 07 - 09
fisher , w . k . ( 1917 ) . new genera and species of brisingidae . annals and magazine of natural history . 20 ( 8 ) : 418 - 431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
mah , c . l . ( 2018 ) . world asteroidea database . brisingidae g . o . sars , 1875 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 123119 on 2018 - 07 - 09
genus novodinia dartnall , pawson , pope & b . j . smith , 1969
genus gymnobrisinga studer , 1884 accepted as labidiaster lütken , 1871 ( synonym according to mah ( 1998 ) , suppression desired . )
genus odinia perrier , 1885 accepted as novodinia dartnall , pawson , pope & b . j . smith , 1969 ( odinia preoccupied , new name designated . see dartnall et al . )
sars , g . o . ( 1875 ) . on some remarkable forms of animal life from the great deeps off the norwegian coast . ii . researches on the structure and affinity of the genus brisinga based on the study of a new species , brisinga coronata . christiania : christiana university . 112pp . 7 plates . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
clark , a . m . ; downey , m . e . ( 1992 ) . starfishes of the atlantic . chapman & hall identification guides , 3 . chapman & hall . london , uk . isbn 0 - 412 - 43280 - 3 . xxvi , 794 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
downey , m . e . ( 1986 ) . revision of the atlantic brisingida ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) , with description of a new genus and family . smithsonian contributions to zoology . ( 435 ) : 1 - 57 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
mcknight , d . g . ( 2006 ) . the marine fauna of new zealand , echinodermata : asteroidea ( sea - stars ) . 3 . orders velatida , spinulosida , forcipulatida , brisingida with addenda to paxillosida , valvatida . niwa biodiversity memoir . 120 : 1 - 187 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
euclasteroidea ( regarded as unecessarily cumbersome and arbitrary by downey ( 1986 ) . synonymized by same . )
fisher , w . k . ( 1928 ) . asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters . part 2 . forcipulata ( part ) . bulletin of the united states national museum . 76 : 1 - 245 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 3 [ details ]
mah , c . l . ( 2018 ) . world asteroidea database . brisingida . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 123085 on 2018 - 07 - 09
( of euclasteroidea ) tortonese , e . ( 1958 ) . euclasteroidea : nuovo ordine di asteroidi ( echinodermi ) . doriana 2 ( 88 ) : 1 - 3 page ( s ) : 1 [ details ]
sladen , w . p . ( 1889 ) . report on the asteroidea . report on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 , zoology . 30 ( 51 ) : xlii + 893 pages 118 plates . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
clark , a . m . and mah , c . ( 2001 ) . an index of names of recent asteroidea , part 4 . forcipulatida and brisingida , in : jangoux , m . ; lawrence , j . m . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . echinoderm studies , 6 : pp . 229 - 347 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .
you can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .
for more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .
phylogenetic hypothesis of the asteroidea based on blake ( 1987 ) . these relationships , as well as intra - order relationships , are contentious and re - evaluation of asteroid phylogeny continues ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) .
the asteroidea is one of the largest and most familiar classes within the phylum echinodermata . these animals , commonly known as sea stars or starfishes , form a diverse and speciose group . there are approximately 1600 extant species ( hyman 1955 ; clark 1977 ; clark and downey 1992 ) which are found throughout the world ' s oceans . following the classification of blake ( 1987 ) , these species are grouped into seven orders : brisingida , forcipulatida , notomyotida , paxillosida , spinulosida , valvatida and velatida .
like other echinoderms , asteroids are important members of many marine benthic communities . they can be voracious predators , having significant impacts on community structure . for example , paine ( 1966 ) used pisaster ochraceus to illustrate his concept of the role keystone species play in community ecology . the crown - of - thorns starfish , acanthaster planci , is particularly well - known because it can cause extreme detrimental effects to coral reefs , particularly during population outbreaks ( moran 1988 ) .
figure 1 : pisaster ochraceus and acanthaster planci , two asteroids of great ecological significance . pisaster image by sherry ballard , courtesy calphotos , copyright © 1999 california academy of sciences . acanthaster image copyright © borut furlan .
the controversial concentricycloidea ( a proposed sixth class of the echinodermata ; baker et al . 1986 , rowe et al . 1988 , pearse and pearse 1994 ) have been diagnosed as unusual asteroids ( smith 1988 , belyaev 1990 , janies and mooi 1999 ) . their relationship to other asteroid taxa is not well resolved , but alliances with species from the velatida and the forcipulatida have been proposed . the unique morphology of the concentricycloids makes it difficult to assign this group to the recognized asteroid orders and is cited as sufficient distinction for class recognition .
like other asterozoans , asteroids have a characteristic star - shaped body plan consisting of a central disc and multiple ( typically 5 ) radiating arms . asteroids are most easily distinguished from other asterozoans ( the ophiuroidea ) by the structure of the arms . in asteroids , skeletal support for the arms is provided by the ossicles of the body wall , which merge with those of the central disc , giving the arm a very broad based attachment to the disc . this skeletal arrangement allows for the extension of a comparatively large coelomic cavity from the central disc into the arms , which serves to hold some of the animal ' s organ systems , namely the gonads and pyloric caeca . additionally , this skeletal arrangement also limits lateral flexion of the arms . locomotion by asteroids is accomplished almost exclusively by means of the podia ( tubefeet ) from the water vascular system . differences in morphology between asteroids and ophiuroids are described further in blake ( 1998 ) and dean ( 1999 ) .
figure 2 : a typical starfish , asterias rubens , with tubefeet visible on the edge of the arm in the foreground . image copyright © 2004 kåre telnes . cushion stars , like this culcita novaeguineae , may have arms so short that they look more like a ball than a star . image copyright © 2003 massimo boyer .
taxonomy of asteroids usually is based on externally observable characteristics of the skeleton , particularly the primary ossicular series which define the body wall ( ambulacrals , adambulacrals , marginals , terminals , actinals , abactinals ) , as well as secondary ossicles such as spines , spinelets and pedicellariae . works by perrier ( 1884 ) and sladen ( 1889 ) laid the taxonomic foundation of most asteroid groups . many other authors have contributed to and / or refined the asteroid classification scheme , notably fisher ( 1911 , 1928 ) , verrill ( 1914 ) , fell ( 1963 ) , spencer and wright ( 1966 ) and mcknight ( 1975 ) . blake and elliot ( 2003 ) provide clear definition of ossicle terminology . blake ( 1987 ) provides classification and diagnoses of asteroid groups .
perhaps the most important ossicular series defining the asteroidea is the ambulacral column , found along the oral surface of the disk and radiating arms and associated with two or four rows of podia . the asteroid ambulacrum is distinguished by erect ambulacral ossicles arranged in series along the length of the ambulacral column . critical differences in structure and arrangement of the ossicles of the ambulacral column define two groups of asteroids : an extinct fauna restricted to the paleozoic and the mostly extant ( mostly ) post - paleozoic asteroids ( blake 1987 , gale 1987 ) . blake and hagdorn ( 2003 ) recently recognized this distinction formally with diagnosis of a new subclass : ambuloasteroidea , containing the paleozoic calliasterellidae and compsasteridae in addition to post - paleozoic asteroids ( infraclass neoasteroidea gale 1987 ) .
figure 3 : morphology of asteroids . a , aboral and oral surfaces of a generalized asteroid . image © biodidac . b , transverse section and perspective view of a generalized arm ( soft tissues and spines removed ) ; note the arched ambulacral ossicles forming the ambulacral groove and the dorsal podial pores between ambulacral ossicles . one podium ( tubefoot ) on the left is drawn in outline only to illustrate how the podia descend through the podial pores . image © 2004 emily knott .
application of the extraxial - axial theory ( eat ) to asteroid morphology significantly aids our understanding of ossicle homologies within the asteroidea and between asteroids and other echinoderms ( mooi and david 2000 , blake and elliot 2003 , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) . according to the eat , the ambulacral and terminal ossicles of asteroids are axial elements . these ossicles are formed according to the ocular plate rule ( opr ) and are associated with the developing water vascular system during ontogeny as are the axial ossicles of other echinoderms . the remaining asteroid ossicle series are extraxial elements , which can be added during ontogeny without any particular ordering system ( although secondarily ordered serial homologous elements are common in the asteroids , e . g . adambulacrals and marginals ) . in comparison to axial elements , extraxial ossicles are prone to much more evolutionary lability ( mooi and david 1997 ) .
summarized from blake ( 1998 ; 2000 ) , mooi and david ( 2000 ) and blake and hagdorn ( 2003 ) .
deep ambulacral groove—the paired ambulacral ossicles are erect and arch across the arm axis forming a clearly defined furrow . the extent of the arch and definition of the furrow are expected to be weaker in the earliest asteroids , but these characters are difficult to observe in most fossil specimens .
dorsal podial pores—the dorsal podia pores are passageways between ambulacral ossicles through which the tubefeet descend . these pores allow for internal protection of the ampullae , dorsal outpockets of the podia , which contract and expand with extension and retraction of the podia . the ampullae of earlier asteroids were external , in closed , cup - like podial basins formed by the ossicles of the ambulacral column .
offset positioning of the ambulacral and adambulacral ossicles and differentiation of articulation structures in ossicles of the ambulacrum—these features describe a variety of related apomorphic characteristics of ambuloasteroids . offset positioning of the ambulacral and adambulacral ossicles allows for soft tissue connections between the ambulacral and both adjacent adambulacrals which is further enhanced with differentiation of articulation structures on the ossicles . this arrangement allows more complex movement in the ambuloasteroids . in non - ambuloasteroids a single ambulacral ossicle abuts a single adambulacral .
presence of an odontophore—the odontophore is a small interradial ossicle associated with the mouth angle ossicle . the odontophore is expected to the homologue of the axillary in paleozoic asteroids .
the earliest asteroids appeared in the ordovician ( figure 4 ) . however , at least two major faunal transitions have occurred within the asteroidea concomitantly with large extinction events : in the late devonian ( blake and glass in webster et . al . 1999 ) and in the late permian ( blake 1987 , gale 1987 , blake et al . 2000 , blake and elliot 2003 , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) . the asteroid orders as described here contain all extant and some extinct species which have a morphology distinct from paleozoic forms ( i . e . ambuloasteroidea ; see characteristics , blake 1982 , 1987 , 1988 ; gale 1987 , blake and elliott 2003 , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) . the asteroid orders are thought to have appeared and diversified very rapidly ( within approximately 60 million years ) during the lower and early middle jurassic , frustrating our understanding of ordinal relationships ( see discussion below ) .
figure 4 : hudsonaster sp . ( usnm 40882 ) , an early asteroid from the ordovician . image copyright © daniel b . blake
relationships among paleozoic asteroids , as well as between paleozoic asteroids and extant asteroids , are difficult if not impossible to determine because of the limitations of the asteroid fossil record . asteroid fossils are rare because 1 ) the skeletal elements rapidly dissociate after death of the animals 2 ) asteroids typically have a large body cavity that collapses with deterioration of the organs , resulting in misshapen forms and 3 ) asteroids often live on hard substrates which are not conducive to fossil formation . from the limited fossil evidence that is available we know that the basic body plan of the asteroids has remained the same since the ordovician . several papers by blake ( e . g 1989 , 2000 ) describe limitations of the fossil record in detail .
despite the paucity of the asteroid fossil record , fossil evidence has aided our understanding of asteroid evolution within both the paleozoic and post - paleozoic groups . one unique fossil fauna is that from the hunsrück slate of germany from the lower devonian . these paleozoic forms are well preserved and show a variety of morphologies . the diversity exhibited in this faunal representation suggests that the diversity of life habits of paleozoic asteroids was probably very similar to what we see today in modern species ( blake 2000 ) . fossil members of the post - paleozoic fauna have also been found . the oldest known neoasteroid is the extinct triassic genus trichasteropsis ( blake and hagdorn 2003 , figure 5 ) . blake ( 1987 ) recognized a new order , trichasteropsida , to contain this taxon . the slightly younger triassic genus noriaster barberoi , diagnosed to the extant family poraniidae ( valvatida ) , is the oldest - known fossil species belonging to a surviving family ( blake et al . 2000 , figure 5 ) .
figure 5 : early neoasteroids from the triassic . images copyright © daniel b . blake
left : trichasteropsis weissmanni ( mhi 843 / 1 ) , trichasteropsida . center : trichasteropsis weissmanni ( smns 3173 / 5 ) , trichasteropsida . right : noriaster barberoi ( mpum 8420 ) , valvatida : poraniidae
a survey of asteroid nomenclature arranged by order has been compiled . clark ( 1989 , 1993 , 1996 ) and clark and mah ( 2001 ) list accepted names as well as synonyms , otherwise invalid names , references and ranges of type localities .
brisingida— brisingids are deep - sea dwelling asteroids . they usually have many ( 6 - 16 ) long , attenuated arms which are used in suspension feeding . the brisingida contains about 100 species in 17 genera and 6 families . a preliminary phylogeny for this order has been produced by mah ( 1998 ) .
forcipulatida— these asteroids are distinguished by their forcipulate pedicellariae , which are generally quite conspicuous on the body surface . the forcipulatida contains about 300 species in 68 genera and 6 families . a preliminary phylogeny for this order has been produced by mah ( 2000 ) .
notomyotida— these are deep - sea dwelling asteroids having flexible arms with characteristic longitudinal muscle bands along the inner dorsolateral surface . the notomyotida contains about 75 species in 12 genera and 1 family .
paxillosida— these asteroids are considered to be somewhat infaunal in that they can bury themselves partially under sandy sediments . they are characterized by some morphological features ( e . g . pointed , unsuckered tubefeet ) which have been considered primitive by some ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) . the paxillosida contains about 255 species in 46 genera and 5 families .
spinulosida— these asteroids have a relatively delicate skeletal arrangement and completely lack pedicellariae . no fossil spinulosids have been found . the spinulosida contains about 120 species in 9 genera and 1 family .
valvatida— these asteroids are quite diverse , but are often characterized by their conspicuous marginal ossicles . definition of this group has been the most variable and the ordinal definition of many families included here has been controversial ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) . the valvatida contains about 695 species in 165 genera and 14 families .
velatida— these asteroids typically have thick bodies with large discs and interradial depressions . contrary to blake ' s ( 1987 ) classification , molecular evidence suggests a relationship between some velatid and valvatid families ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) . the velatida contains about 200 species in 25 genera and 5 families .
specific use of phylogenetic methods in studies of asteroid evolutionary relationships began in the late 1980s . these analyses ( using both morphological and molecular data ) have resulted in conflicting hypotheses of asteroid phylogeny . phylogenetic analyses are continuing to be re - evaluated with additional data . since their results are still somewhat contentious , they have yet to initiate changes in our classification system .
in 1987 , two differing hypotheses of order level relationships were proposed based on analyses of morphological characteristics ( blake 1987 , gale 1987 , figure 6 , 7 ) . these two phylogenies differ due to differences in opinion about character polarity ( assigning ancestral or derived status to a particular state of a character ) and the different morphological characters used in the analyses ( note that gale does not specifically use phylogenetic methods ) . both authors emphasized the importance of ambulacral characters to asteroid classification and recognized the distinction between paleozoic and post - paleozoic forms ( i . e . ambuloasteroidea , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) .
however , gale ( following mcknight 1975 ) focuses on the lack of suckered tubefeet in the paxillosida , considering them primitive . as a result , his phylogeny reflects two major groups : a basal paxillosida and the remaining asteroids , all having suckered tubefeet , which he termed superorder surculifera . blake considers suckered tubefeet to be the ancestral condition . his phylogeny reflects two major asteroid groups : superorder forcipulatacea ( forcipulatida + brisingida ) and a clade of the superorders valvatacea + spinulosacea ( valvatida , notomyotida , paxillosida , spinulosida and velatida ) . outgroup comparison with calliasterella and inclusion of the trichasteropsida results in a basal forcipulatacea .
the differences in these proposed phylogenies highlight questions about asteroid relationships that are still unresolved . the identification of the basal ( neo ) asteroid group has been the driving question of additional studies ( see evidence from molecular characters , below ) . additionally , ordinal definition , particularly for blake ' s valvatida , velatida and spinulosida , is problematic . such problems were not new to blake and gale . although many asteroid groups can be clearly defined morphologically ( forcipulatida , brisingida , notomyotida ) , asteroid morphology is complex and diverse . other groups are less clearly defined .
additional phylogenetic analyses incorporating molecular data with morphological data ( lafay et al . 1995 ) and using molecular data alone ( wada et al . 1996 ; knott and wray 2000 ) were presented in an effort to resolve phylogenetic arguments . unexpectedly , these studies have done little to elucidate asteroid relationships and may have only added to the confusion .
lafay et al . ( 1995 ) present an unrooted phylogeny deduced from analysis of a combined morphological data set taken from blake ( 1987 ) and gale ( 1987 ) with unordered character states ( figure 8 ) . although very few taxa were studied , their phylogeny supports the definition of asteroid orders proposed by blake but separates the paxillosida from the valvatida . their analysis with molecular data alone ( sequence data from 28s rrna ) results in several conflicting topologies due to weak phylogenetic signal . most of this signal is masked by that from the morphological data set when the two data sets are combined . however , after evaluating several rooting positions using molecular data from other echinoderms in outgroup comparison , lafay et al . ( 1995 ) conclude that the paxillosida may not be monophyletic and that the paxillosid genus astropecten may be the sister group to the remaining asteroids , reminiscent of gale ' s phylogeny .
wada et al . ( 1996 ) include more taxa for additional investigation of ordinal monophyly ( figure 9 ) . in multiple analyses of their molecular data set ( sequence data from 12s and 16s rdna ) , they find that paxillosids are paraphyletic with the paxillosid genus luidia as the basal asteroid taxon . in addition , the valvatida is not monophyletic and a forcipulatid clade falls within a group of valvatids , a velatid and spinulosids , a relationship in stark contrast to that proposed by blake ( 1987 ) . further , the spinulosida are never grouped with the velatida , which blake ( 1987 ) proposed as their sister group and which previously were considered a group within the spinulosida ( spencer and wright 1966 , mcknight 1975 , blake 1981a ) .
knott and wray ( 2000 ) expand taxon sampling even more , but their molecular data set ( sequence data from mitochondrial trna and coi genes ) fails to resolve questions of asteroid phylogeny ( figure 10 ) . significantly , the paxillosida is not basal in their results ( although astropecten is not included ) . the results of different tree reconstruction methods are not in agreement , and basal groupings are only supported by bootstrapping in the neighbor - joining analysis . the proposed phylogeny is similar to blake ( 1987 ) in that two lineages ( one largely of forcipulatids and the other largely of valvatids ) are recovered , but valvatida and velatida are not monophyletic and some velatids plus the spinulosida fall in the forcipulatid clade .
figure 8 . lafay et al . ' s ( 1995 ) hypothesis of asteroidea relationships .
figure 9 . wada et al . ' s ( 1996 ) hypothesis of asteroidea relationships .
figure 10 . knott & wray ' s ( 2000 ) hypothesis of asteroidea relationships .
the position of the concentricycloidea has been contentious since its discovery in 1986 . close relationship between the concentricycloidea and asterozoans is expected ( see baker et al . 1986 , rowe et al . 1988 , pearse and pearse 1994 , mooi et al . 1998 ) , but argument over its taxonomic position continues . as yet , no changes in taxonomy have been made . the morphological features of concentricycloids are so distinct ( e . g . two circumoral canals , a single peripheral ring of podia ) that the tendency to recognize them as a separate echinoderm class is quite strong . pearse and pearse ( 1994 ) included the concentricycloidea in a phylogenetic analysis using morphological characters defined by blake ( 1987 ) and found that concentricycloidea fall outside the asteroid clade . further clarification of skeletal homologies between concentricycloids and asteroids ( mooi et al . 1998 ) supports asterozoan affinities , but questioned placing concentricycloids as close relative to the asteroid order caymanostellidae ( velatida ; rowe et al . 1988 , smith 1988 , belyaev 1990 ) . caymanostellids and concentricycloids have superficially similar body plans which may be due to convergence rather than true relationships ( pearse and pearse 1994 , mooi et al . 1998 ) . contribution of dna sequence data from xyloplax turnerae and phylogenetic analysis of a combined morphological and molecular data set ( janies and mooi 1999 , janies 2001 ) , however , supports recognizing concentricyloids as asteroids . in these analyses , xyloplax is in a clade with the forcipulatid rathbunaster and not with velatids ( although caymanostellidae is not represented ) . support for relationships within the asteroidea is low , but xyloplax is positioned well within the asteroid clade .
baker , a . n . , f . w . e . rowe and h . e . s . clark . 1986 . a new class of echinodermata from new zealand . nature 321 : 862 - 864 .
belyaev , g . m . 1990 . is it valid to isolate the genus xyloplax as an independent class of echinoderms ? zoologicheskii zhurnal 69 : 83 - 96 .
blake , d . b . 1982 . recognition of higher taxa and phylogeny of the asteroidea . pp . 105 - 107 . in : international echinoderm conference , tampa bay . j . m . lawrence , ed . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
blake , d . b . 1987 . a classification and phylogeny of post - paleozoic sea stars ( asteroidea : echinodermata ) . journal of natural history 21 : 481 - 528 .
blake , d . b . 1989 . asteroidea : functional morphology , classification and phylogeny . pp . 179 - 223 . in : echinoderm studies vol . 3 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
blake , d . b . 1998 . morphological characters of early asteroids and ophiuroids . pp . 5 - 8 . in : echinoderms : san francisco . proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference . r . mooi and m . telford , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
blake , d . b . 2000 . the class asteroidea ( echinodermata ) : fossils and the base of the crown group . american zoologist 40 : 316 - 325 .
blake , d . b . and d . r . elliott . 2003 . ossicular homologies , systematics and phylogenetic implications of certain north american carboniferous asteroids ( echinodermata ) . journal of paleontology 77 ( 3 ) : 476 - 489 .
blake , d . b . and h . hagdorn . 2003 . the asteroidea ( echinodermata ) of the muschelkalk ( middle triassic of germany ) . paläontologische zeitschrift 77 ( 1 ) : 23 - 58 .
blake , d . b . , a . tintori and h . hagdorn . 2000 . a new , early crown - group asteroid ( echinodermata ) from the norian ( triassic ) of northern italy . rivista italiana di paleontologia e stratigrafia . 106 ( 2 ) : 141 - 156 .
clark , a . m . 1977 . starfishes and related echinoderms . t . f : h . publications , london .
clark , a . m . 1989 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 1 . paxillosida and notomyotida . pp . 225 - 347 in : echinoderm studies vol . 3 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
clark , a . m . 1993 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 2 . valvatida . pp . 187 - 366 in : echinoderm studies vol . 4 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
clark , a . m . 1996 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 3 . velatida and spinulosida . pp . 183 - 250 in : echinoderm studies vol . 5 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
clark , a . m . and m . e . downey . 1992 . starfishes of the atlantic . chapman and hall , london .
clark , a . m . and c . mah . 2001 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 4 . forcipulatida and brisingida . pp . 229 - 347 in : echinoderm studies vol . 6 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
dean , j . 1999 . what makes and ophiuroid ? a morphological study of the problematic ordovician stelleroid stenaster and the paleobiology of the earliest asteroids and ophiuroids . zoological journal of the linnean society 126 : 225 - 250 .
fell , h . b . 1963 . the phylogeny of sea - stars . philosophical transactions b 246 : 381 - 435 , 2 pls . , 16 figs .
fisher , w . k . 1911 . asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters . part1 : phanerozonia and spinulosa . bulletin of the united states national museum . 76 . xiii + 420pp . , 122 pls .
fisher , w . k . 1928 . asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters . part2 : forcipulata . bulletin of the united states national museum . 76 : 1 - 245 , 81 pls . .
gale , a . s . 1987 . phylogeny and classification of the asteroidea ( echinodermata ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 89 : 107 - 132 .
hyman , l . h . 1955 . the invertebrates : echinodermata . volume iv . mcgraw - hill , new york , new york
janies , d . 2001 . phylogenetic relationships of extant echinoderm classes . canadian journal of zoology 79 : 1232 - 1250 .
janies , d . and r . mooi . 1999 . xyloplax is an asteroid . pp . 311 - 316 . in : echinoderm research 1998 . m . candia carnevali and f . bonosoro , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
knott , k . e . and g . a . wray . 2000 . controversy and consensus in asteroid systematics : new insights to ordinal and familial relationships . american zoologist 40 : 382 - 392 .
lafay , b . , a . b . smith , and r . christen . 1995 . a combined morphological and molecular approach to the phylogeny of asteroids ( asteroidea : echinodermata ) . systematic biology 44 ( 2 ) : 190 - 208 .
mah , c . l . 1998 . preliminary phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the brisingida ( asteroidea ) . pp . 273 - 277 . in : echinoderms san francisco : proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference . r . mooi and m . telford , eds . a . a . balkema . rotterdam .
mah , c . l . 2000 . preliminary phylogeny of the forcipulatacean asteroidea . american zoologist 40 : 375 - 381 .
mcknight , d . g . 1975 . classification of somasteroids and asteroids ( asterozoa : echinodermata ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand . 5 : 13 - 19 .
mooi , r . and b . david . 1997 . skeletal homologies of echinoderms . the paleontological society papers 3 : 305 - 335 .
mooi , r . and b . david . 2000 . what a new model of skeletal homologies tells us about asteroid evolution . american zoologist 40 : 326 - 339 .
mooi , r . , f . w . e . rowe and b . david . 1998 . application of a theory of axial and extraxial skeletal homologies to concentricycloid morphology . pp . 61 - 62 . in : echinoderms san francisco : proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference . r . mooi and m . telford , eds . a . a . balkema . rotterdam .
moran , p . j . 1988 . the acanthaster phenomenon . australian institute of marine science monograph series vol . 7 . 78 p .
paine , r . t . 1966 . food web complexity and species diversity . american naturalist 100 : 65 - 75 .
pearse , v . b . and j . s . pearse . 1994 . echinoderm phylogeny and the place of the concentricycloids . pp . 121 - 126 . in : echinoderms dijon : proceedings of the eighth international echinoderm conference . b . david , a . guille , j . - p . feral and m . roux , eds . a . a . balkema . rotterdam .
perrier , j . o . e . 1884 . mémoire sur les étoiles de mer recueillies dans la mer des antolles et le golfe de mexique . nouvelles archives du muséum d ' histoire naturelle , paris ( 2 ) 6 : 127 - 276 .
rowe , f . w . e . , a . n . baker , and h . e . s . clark . 1988 . the morphology , development and taxonomic status of xyloplax baker , rowe and clark 1986 ( echinodermata : concentricycloidea ) , with the description of a new species . proceedings of the royal society of london series b : biological sciences 223 : 431 - 459 .
sladen , w . p . 1889 . asteroidea . report of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger , 1873 - 1876 . zoology 30 : 1 - 935 .
smith , a . b . 1988 . to grop or not to group : the taxonomic position of xyloplax . pp . 17 - 23 . in : echinoderm biology . r . d . burke , p . v . mladenov , p . lambert and r . d . parsley , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
spencer , w . k . and c . w . wright . 1966 . asterozoans . treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part u echinodermata . 3 ( 1 ) : u4 - u107 . university of kansas press .
verrill , a . e . 1914 . monograph of the shallow - water starfishes of the north pacific coast from the arctic ocean to california . harriman alaska series of the united states national museum 14 : 1 - 408 , 110 pls .
wada , h . , m . komatsu and n . satoh . 1996 . mitochondrial rdna phylogeny of the asteoidea suggests the primitiveness of the paxillosida . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 6 ( 1 ) : 97 - 106 .
webster , g . d . , d . j . hafley , d . b . blake and a . glass . 1999 . crinoids and stelleroids from the broken rib member , dyer formation late devonian , famennian . of the white river plateau , colorado . journal of paleontology 73 ( 3 ) : 461 - 486 .
. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the
knott , emily . 2004 . asteroidea . sea stars and starfishes . version 07 october 2004 .
each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
tree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
downey , m . e . ( 1986 ) . revision of the atlantic brisingida ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) , with description of a new genus and family . smithsonian contributions to zoology . ( 435 ) : 1 - 57 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors
mcknight , d . g . ( 2006 ) . the marine fauna of new zealand , echinodermata : asteroidea ( sea - stars ) . 3 . orders velatida , spinulosida , forcipulatida , brisingida with addenda to paxillosida , valvatida . niwa biodiversity memoir . 120 : 1 - 187 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors
frédéric ducarme marked
file : closeup of a brisingid . jpg
as trusted on the
novodinia dartnall , pawson , pope & b . j . smith , 1969
page .
frédéric ducarme marked
file : brisingid starfish . jpg
as trusted on the
novodinia dartnall , pawson , pope & b . j . smith , 1969
page .
dana campbell selected
comprehensive description
to show in overview on
freyella
.
katie gale set
image of brisinga sp
as an exemplar on
brisinga
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
mah , c . l . ( 2014 ) world asteroidea database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken
spencer , w . k . , and c . w . wright / durham , j . wyatt , et al . / moore , raymond c . , ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
full reference : g . o . sars . 1875 . on some remarkable forms of animal life from the great deeps off the norvegian coast . 2 - researches on the structure and affinities of teh genus brisinga , based on the study of a new specis b . coronata . university thesis , christiania 1 - 111
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b7f0546f - 648a - 444b - b616 - 60866082732a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 81516ef1 - 768c - 40f0 - 85a9 - 03493a12e716
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 265146
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .