afrixalus ( commonly known as the banana frogs , spiny reed frog , cat 's eye reed frogs , or leaf-folding frogs , or ) is a genus of frog in the family hyperoliidae .

they occur in the subsaharan africa .

they lay their eggs in vegetation above water , often folding leaves around the eggs for protection — hence the common name " leaf-folding frogs " .

afrixalus

poynton and broadley ( 1987 ) referred to true afrixalus brachycnemis as
afrixalus sp .
. the species that they treated as afrixalus brachycnemis is now treated as afrixalus delicatus ( m . pickersgill pers . comm . ) . this species is a member of the afrixalus stuhlmanni group ( pickersgill 2005 ) .
we follow perret ( 1976 ) , rödel ( 2000 ) and pickersgill ( in prep . ) in separating afrixalus fulvovittatus from the so - called afrixalus vittatus complex of schiøtz ( 1999 ) , which includes afrixalus quadrivittatus , a . upembae and a . vittiger .
afrixalus unicolor — pickersgill , 1996 , herptile , 21 : 81 ; pickersgill , 2007 , frog search : 469 .
afrixalus fornasinii — guibé , 1948 , bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 2 , 20 : 500 , by implication .
afrixalus unicolor — guibé , 1948 , bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 2 , 20 : 500 , by implication .
afrixalus fornasinii — schiøtz , 1974 , vidensk . medd . dansk naturhist . foren . , 137 : 12 . rejected by schiøtz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 67 .
afrixalus spinifrons is an endemic species complex comprising afrixalus knysnae and two subspecies , afrixalus spinifrons spinifrons confined to the central kwazulu - natal coast and a . s . intermedius from the kwazulu - natal midlands ( sensu pickersgill 1996 ) . subpopulations from the eastern cape and kwazulu - natal previously assigned to afrixalus knysnae were re - assigned to a . spinifrons ( pickersgill 1996 ) . tarrant ( 2012 ) showed that , according to molecular and morphological descriptions , eastern cape populations should be referred to a . s . intermedius instead of a . s . spinifrons as previously thought . tarrant ( 2012 ) also suggested that the umkomaas river is a possible boundary to a . s . spinifrons . the two subspecies are distinguishable on the basis of morphology , genetics and calls .
conservation actions although there are many threats to individual sites , the species as a whole is not considered to require conservation effort at this time . afrixalus spinifrons intermedius occurs in the khahlamba - drakensberg national park , silaka nature reserve ( venter and conradie 2015 ) and hluleka nature reserve ( venter and conradie 2015 ) . afrixalus s . spinifrons occurs in a number of coastal protected areas .
afrixalus fornasinii unicolor — laurent , 1951 , ann . soc . r . zool . belg . , 82 : 24 . status rejected by loveridge , 1955 , j . e . afr . nat . hist . soc . , 22 : 195 .
it is common wherever it is the only dwarf afrixalus species present . where it is sympatric with arixalus delicatus , this species always appears to be the more rare of the two , and its populations are much smaller , with numbers of calling males at several sites estimated to be less 50 individuals .
afrixalus fornasinii fornasinii — guibé , 1948 , bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 2 , 20 : 500 , by implication ; laurent , 1951 , ann . soc . r . zool . belg . , 82 : 24 ; loveridge , 1953 , bull . mus . comp . zool . , 110 : 345 .
this species occurs in the hilly areas of the west african forest zone in côte d’ivoire , guinea , liberia and sierra leone . it has also recently been recorded from ghana in the ankasa conservation area ( aca ) a twin wildlife protected area comprised of nini - suhien national park to the north and the ankasa forest reserve to the south . the distributional limits of this species , especially in relation to afrixalus vittiger , remain largely unknown , and the map should be regarded as provisional .
many of the historical sites of this once common species have disappeared under development ( pickersgill et al . 2004 , pickersgill 2007 ) . certain subpopulations , especially in coastal kwazulu - natal , are affected by loss of wetlands . this habitat loss is a result of urban and recreational development and direct drainage of wetlands for afforestation , especially eucalyptus plantations and agricultural activities , including sugarcane ( j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) . other threats include pesticides and overgrazing or trampling by livestock . coastal populations may be at higher risk than those inland due to heavier development pressure along the kzn coastline . afrixalus spinifrons intermedius has been highlighted as having particular conservation significance for kwazulu - natal since it is endemic to the province ( armstrong 2001 ) .
this species is difficult to detect , but it is known to be doing well at some sites where it appears to be abundant . the southern eastern cape subpopulation is scarce and very difficult to detect ( venter and conradie 2015 , j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) and this might be due to the fact that these subpopulations are on the edge of the species’ distribution . subpopulations in silaka nature reserve , near port st . johns in the eastern cape , occur in abundance ( venter and conradie 2015 ) , as do populations of afrixalus spinifrons intermedius in the kwazulu - natal midlands ( j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) . coastal populations of a . s . spinifrons are less abundant ( j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) .
this species , which is endemic to south africa , occurs as two subspecies : afrixalus spinifrons spinifrons and a . s . intermedius . the nominate subspecies occurs at low to intermediate altitudes ( below 700 m asl ) in kwazulu - natal ; the latter occurs at altitudes up to 1 , 500 m asl in western kwazulu - natal , between the midlands and foothills of the drakensberg , and in the eastern cape province . according to pickersgill ( 2007 ) , a . s . spinifrons and a . s . intermedius appear to intergrade on the escarpment at about 700 m asl . tarrant ( 2012 ) showed that , according to molecular , acoustic and morphological analyses , the eastern cape subpopulations of this species should be referred to a . s . intermedius , instead of a . s . spinifrons as previously thought .
see short accounts in poynton , 1964 , ann . natal mus . , 17 : 183 , poynton and broadley , 1987 , ann . natal mus . , 28 : 192–193 , and lambiris , 1988 , lammergeyer , 39 : 133–134 , as well as a longer one by schiøtz , 1975 , treefrogs e . afr . : 81–84 . see schiøtz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 67 for discussion ( and rejection ) of afrixalus unicolor . see also accounts by channing , 2001 , amph . cent . s . afr . : 137–139 ; channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134–135 ; pickersgill and bishop , 2004 , in minter et al . ( eds . ) , atlas frogs s . afr . lesotho and swaziland : 127–128 , pickersgill , 2007 , frog search : 464–469 , and du preez and carruthers , 2009 , compl . guide frogs s . afr . : 230–231 . loader , poynton , and mariaux , 2004 , afr . zool . , 39 : 71–76 , provided a record for mahenge mountain in tanzania and detailed the range . pickersgill , 2007 , frog search : 469–472 , provided an account for afrixalus unicolor ( boettger , 1913 ) by did not address the rejection of this taxon by schiøtz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 67–69 , who provided a brief account and map . mercurio , 2011 , amph . malawi : 148–152 , provided an account for malawi . see comments regarding a specimen from malundwe mountain , tanzania , by lawson and collett , 2011 , fieldiana , life earth sci . , 4 : 76 . channing , rödel , and channing , 2012 , tadpoles of africa : 187–188 , reported on comparative tadpole morphology . harper , measey , patrick , menegon , and vonesh , 2010 , field guide amph . e . arc mts . tanzania and kenya : 160–161 , provided a brief account and photograph . ohler and frétey , 2014 , j . e . afr . nat . hist . , 103 : 84–85 , provided a brief discussion of a colleciton from northern mozambique .
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frost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution , tolerance of habitat modification and its presumed large population .
it occurs widely in degraded former forest ( farm bush ) in the forest zone . it is not found in primary or even secondary forest . the eggs are deposited on folded leaves above water , and the tadpoles fall into ponds where they develop .
there are no obvious threats , though local populations might be impacted by very severe habitat clearance .
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frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .
channing , a . , rebelo , a . , turner , a . a . , de villiers , a . , becker , f . , harvey , j . , tarrant , j . , measey , j . , tolley , k . , minter , l . , du preez , l . , burger , m . , cunningham , m . , baptista , n . , hopkins , r . , davies , s . , conradie , w . & chapeta , y .
justification : listed as least concern due to its overall wide distribution and presumed large population . however , certain sites where this species occurs , particularly coastal kwazulu - natal , are experiencing ongoing habitat transformation which may seriously impact on long - term population viability . its area of occupancy ( aoo ) may therefore be prone to continuing decline and the species should therefore be carefully monitored . furthermore , should the two subspecies be spilt in the future , this would have implications for conservation status . since the taxa contained within this complex have different geographical ranges , and possibly differing ecological requirements , protection plans should be precisely defined in order to increase their impact on target populations .
research needed additional molecular work is required to to clarify taxonomic boundaries . because the ecological divergence and differences in geographical distribution between species of this complex could influence the relative conservation efforts , a clear description of their taxonomic status is necessary by way of various independent criteria . monitoring of breeding sites is recommended .
iucn ssc amphibian specialist group & south african frog re - assessment group ( sa - frog ) . 2016 .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population .
this species ranges from extreme southeastern guinea through liberia , côte d’ivoire and western ghana , with a disjunct population in southwestern nigeria . records on the guinean side of mount nimba were made in 2006 ( a . hillers unpubl . data ) . in 2010 , it was found in the yaya classified forest ( alépé region , southeast côte d ' ivoire ) ( n . g . kouamé pers . comm . may 2012 ) , and in atewa in ghana in 2006 ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . june 2012 ) . it has recently been confirmed in tanoé - ehy swamp forests ( kpan et al . 2014 ) and yakassé - mé village forest , southeastern côte d ' ivoire ( kouamé et al . 2014 ) . in côte d ' ivoire it is found in lowland areas ( 500–1 , 000 m asl ) , but it is likely to occur much lower in other parts of its range down to sea level . as such , the northern boundary of the range map follows the wwf ecozones for western and eastern guinean forests , and nigerian lowland forest .
this species is rare in southeastern côte d ' ivoire and in atewa ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . june 2012 ) . due to ongoing decline in the extent and quality of habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .
it is found mostly in primary rainforest , although it has been recorded in farm bush adjacent to forest ( degraded forest and farmland ) ( hillers and rödel 2007 ) and regenerating secondary forest along an old logging road ( n . l . gonwouo pers . comm . may 2012 ) . it is often found with
using more open , exposed sites , and this species calling from dense vegetation . during breeding , the eggs are laid on leaves overhanging temporary ponds , into which the larvae fall and develop .
forest habitat throughout the region is decreasing as a result of agricultural encroachment ( coffee and cacao plantations in liberia , côte d ' ivoire and ghana ) , expanding human settlements , and logging .
individuals from nigeria tested positive for bd ( imasuen et al . 2011 ) suggesting that chytridiomycosis could be a threat to this species , although no mortalities or ill effects have yet been observed .
conservation actions this species occurs in several protected areas including the mount nimba world heritage site in guinea , yaya classified forest in southeastern côte d ' ivoire ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . may 2012 ) , atewa range forest reserve in ghana ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . june 2012 ) and okomu national park in nigeria ( imasuen et al . 2011 ) . research needed research is needed for the life history of this species .
frost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of habitat modification and its presumed large population .
this species apparently occurs in three major isolated populations : from eastern sierra leone east to western togo ; from western nigeria to western democratic republic of congo ; and in western angola . although the presence of the species is uncertain in togo , it is included in the species distribution on the map . however , it is possible that the angolan population is in fact contiguous with the one to the north . records from uganda and western kenya refer to
, and records from the central african republic presumably refer to another species . the record in rödel ( 2000 ) refers to another species .
it is a common species , and is probably increasing , as forest is lost .
it lives in grassy vegetation , cultivated land , bush land and degraded forest in the forest belt and in forest outliers and gallery forests in moist savanna . it is very adaptable , but needs some form of cover . it is not found in primary rainforest . the eggs are deposited on folded leaves above still water , and the tadpoles fall into ponds , puddles , ditches , ruts and herbaceous marshes where they develop .
it presumably occurs in many protected areas . it has been reported for kyabobo national park ( leaché
frost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats and presumed large population .
this species ranges from western angola , up to gabon where it has been recorded in the invindo national park , east through the democratic republic of congo , to uganda and western kenya . it is likely that is occurs throughout the congo basin ( m . dehling pers . comm . november 2015 ) .
it lives in degraded secondary forest and heavily degraded former forest , including farm bush , in the central african rainforest belt . it breeds in small temporary and permanent water bodies with overhanging vegetation , including artificial waterbodies , e . g . in old drums ( m . dehling pers . comm . october 2015 ) .
it is a very adaptable species that is unlikely to be facing any significant threats .
conservation actions it occurs in several protected areas , but no conservation actions are currently in place for this species . research needed further work is required to clarify its taxonomy .
frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 7 july 2014 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species occurs above 400m asl in northern mozambique , malawi , and eastern zambia , north to southwestern tanzania in the rungwa area north of lake rukwa . there are very few records from the northern part of its range , presumably due to lack of survey work , and its distributional limits are still poorly known .
it is a species of grassy pools and marshes in moist grassland and savannah . it can survive in anthropogenic habitats . it breeds in ephemeral ponds and with dense peripheral vegetation .
, which appears to be an aggressive competitor . some populations might be impacted by agricultural spread . chemical spraying to control mosquitoes might impact some populations .
species boundaries in this complex are uncertain and taxonomic studies using calls , morphology and genetics are necessary .
endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) + 2ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ver 3 . 1
justification : listed as endangered , in view of its extent of occurrence being 816 km 2 , the area of occupancy being 27 km 2 , with all individuals in five locations , and a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat , area of occupancy , and number of mature individuals .
this species is known from around five locations at low altitudes , on either side of the border between the eastern cape and western cape provinces in south africa . this species was rediscovered at covie in 2011 , where it was previously not found for four years and thought to be extinct from that location ( w . conradie pers . comm . august 2016 ) . it occurs up to 300 m asl , its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 816 km 2 , and its area of occupancy ( aoo ) is 27 km 2 .
the spatial distribution of this species is not considered to be severely fragmented as no one site holds > 50 % of individuals and the distances between subpopulations are considered to be too great for dispersal within one generation . there are four known subpopulations ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . only the groenvlei subpopulation is a fairly large site , whereas the other sites are tiny waterbodies ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . at groenvlei , the frogs are concentrated in a few reed beds along the periphery ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . the saasveld and groenvlei subpopulations are relatively stable , but the other sites are being degraded and the species is suspected to be decreasing at these locations ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . visits to six historic sites indicated that five of these no longer exist or are not suitable . specifically , the crags sites have been degraded to the extent that most of them no longer contain suitable habitat ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . ongoing studies will attempt to determine the viability and dispersal potential between sites ( l . du preez pers . comm . october 2015 ) .
it lives in a coastal mosaic of vegetation types , including mountain fynbos heathland and forest . it breeds in small dams and shallow semi - permanent water with much emergent vegetation , and even in well vegetated ornamental garden ponds . it is suspected that this species requires high water quality for breeding . species in this genus deposit between 20 and 50 eggs on vegetation above water , folded in a grass leaf . tadpoles emerge , drop into the water and remain there until metamorphosis .
although some known sites are pristine , others are threatened by habitat loss due to urban and recreational development , afforestation , invasive vegetation , agricultural expansion , chemical pollution , and livestock . these threats are likely to negatively affect breeding sites . habitat loss is the primary threat . the sites at saasveld groenvlei do not seem to have been impacted too severely , but the other sites are being degraded ; the crags sites have been seriously degraded to the extent that most of the historic sites no longer are suitable ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . livestock is a huge problem in the covie and especially the crags sites as these sites are used by cattle as drinking holes : this is an intensive milk producing area and the cattle destroy the vegetation these frogs need to breed ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . pollution in the form of urine and faeces from cattle , together with trampling , adds to habitat loss ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . drought may cause additional stressors for this species .
conservation actions it occurs in tsitsikamma national park , goukamma nature reserve , and diepwalle forestry area . an assessment of the health of all known sites is ongoing ( l . du preez pers . comm . october 2015 ) . once this has been achieved , monitoring at known breeding sites should be instigated . conservation needed this species ranks amongst the highest in the need for conservation orientated research within south african threatened frogs ( measey 2 011 ) . in the light that many of the sites are so small , there is a need to take action to preserve these sites ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . control of invasive vegetation is imperative for this species ' survival . research needed the taxonomy of the species complex is in need of comprehensive review ( channing et al . 2011 ) . important questions are still unanswered concerning the call and tadpoles of this species , as well as its breeding phenology . there is a definite need to identify management areas and direct threats ; in particular , the effects of changes in water quality at sites with this species need to be documented . there is also a need to study the feasibility of restoring historical sites .
( males 25–28 mm , females 26–29 mm ) from bushland localities in west africa and the coastal regions of cameroun to coastal angola . dorsum dark with a pattern in silverish white , normally consisting of a triangle on top of the snout continuing into a broad dorsolateral stripe to the groin . a light spot in the lumbar region , sometimes confluent with the dorsolateral stripes , and two light spots on tibia , or tibia uniformly light . although normally constant in pattern , individuals in some populations can vary considerably , e . g . having a light middorsal stripe or even a uniform light dorsum .
( peters 1877 ) with a light upper side of tibia . rio muni to coastal angola . it is disputed whether the name
is widely distributed and common in bushland localities in the west african forest belt and in forest outliers in the humid savanna . the farthest west i have found it is in eastern sierra leone , while apparently suitable localities further west had populations of
instead . towards the east it is recorded commonly from coastal cameroun to coastal angola .
the voice consists of an initial sound followed by a number of figures , about 12 per second with a frequency - intensity maximum at 3800–4100 cps .
the eggs are white , surrounded by clear jelly . they are deposited in small clumps on leaves which are then folded and glued together . the tadpoles are streamlined with a terminal mouth and a tooth formula of 0 / 1 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
( males 23–27 mm svl , females 25–28 mm ) from savanna and bushland . dorsum dark brown with three regular light longitudinal stripes of equal width , confluent on the head .
is a characteristic and abundant element of the savanna and open forest in the northern half of africa . perret has studied this form extensively and has noted small differences between the populations , differences which in cameroun are consistent so that two types are allopatrically distributed in savanna and bushland respectively . the differences are :
type a : slender , light stripes without fine dark midline , two dark dorsal lines without an expansion at eye level . small dorsal asperities in males . strictly savanna - living .
type b : stout , fine dark line or median punctuation in light lines , dark dorsal lines expanded on the upper eyelid ; no dorsal asperities in males . savanna and bushland , or bushland alone .
outside cameroun the picture becomes complicated . throughout west africa type a seems to be the only form which occurs except in sierra leone and liberia , where some samples taken in bushland show type b characters . further east , in the savanna of northern r . d . congo , south - western ethiopia and uganda the characters do not seem to vary consistently , and both type a and b can be found or , in uganda , populations with a mixture of characters ( such as expansion of dark lines at eye level but no fine dark midline ; male with asperities ) . laurent has analysed the populations from r . d . congo and found small morphological differences between bushland and savanna forms here , but cannot correlate these differences with those from populations in cameroun . in some literature ( schiøtz 1974 , 1975 ) it has been advocated that there are two species ,
( type a ) from northern cameroun westwards , and another , largely type b , from central cameroun east - and southwards . in other literature ( frost 1985 , rödel 1996 ) that there are two species ,
( type b ) both distributed from sierra leone eastwards to ethiopia , and that they are partly sympatric but that the latter has a disjunct distribution and is split up into several subspecies and distributed further to the south .
also the names applied show a certain level of confusion . perret ( 1976 ) , frost ( 1985 ) and rödel ( 1996 ) used the name
for type b , both with liberia as the type locality , but perret ( in . litt . ) has pointed out that his use of the name
for type a is probably incorrect . this use cannot be justified from the description , and it is unlikely that such a strict savanna species can be found in liberia , the type locality for
, and the widespread and abundant striped savanna form ( type a ) may be unnamed . schiøtz ( 1975 ) referred type b in uganda to
( type loc . sangmelina , cameroun ) has been regarded as the subspecies or species ( type b ) which occurs in the southern , forested cameroun . a name frequently used for the more eastern and southern type b specimens is
with a thin light midline and broad , irregular dorsolateral lines , as seen from peters’ illustration . unfortunately his type has disappeared .
strictly a savanna dweller in most of west africa , and seems more abundant in dry savanna than in the humid , southern savanna . in western sierra leone apparently occurring in bushland , possibly because a second species is involved . the name
should probably be restricted to the form occurring in dry , open forest in sierra leone and western liberia . the
complex is distributed from cameroun to south - western ethiopia and south through much of r . d . congo to western kenya and western tanzania .
it is not known whether there are consistent differences between the voices of the different forms or species . a voice from tamale , ghana ( type a ) has two motifs . the first , the initial sound , consists of a number of segments with rising frequency and repetition rate . the main motif is a series of figures , about 15–18 per second with an indistinct frequency - intensity maximum at about 3800–4000 cps . a second voice from the eastern form , from toro g . r . , uganda has an initial sound of varying length followed by a series of clicks , about 11–12 per second with a frequency - intensity maximum of about 3000–3500 cps . a voice recorded from gambela , ethiopia ( largen ) has only 6–7 clicks per second , but is otherwise identical to the voice from uganda . in cameroun where both forms occur ( although not sympatrically ) , amiet has noted a conspicuous difference in their voices .
with respect to development , the tadpoles from west africa ( type a ) have the usual shark - like appearance , a size up to 21 mm ( 6 + 15 ) and a tooth formula of 0 / 1 .
species description : gilles s , grell o , sinsin b , rodel m - o , 2006 . the amphibian fauna of pendjari national park and surrounding , northern benin . salamandra 42 : 93 - 108 . ; asw
distributed throughout western africa , probably extending as far as western ethiopia . there is uncertainty about both the species delimitation and the name . see further discussion under the account for
species description : koehler , scheelke , schick , veith , and loetters , 2005 , afr . zool . , 40 : 132
from open vegetation in the forest belt and humid savanna in central africa . the name
this species is found in central africa . it inhabits open vegetation , in humid savanna and the forest belt . since both the taxonomy and nomenclature are unsettled , it is difficult to give an exact distribution with confidence .
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euchnemis fornasini bianconi , 1849
1848
, nuovi ann . sci . nat . , bologna , ser . 2 , 10 : 107 . syntypes : mzub 100174 , 100174a , and 100064 , according to bonfitto , 1991 , boll . mus . reg . sci . nat . torino , 9 : 364 ; type locality :
mozambico
; restricted to
inhambane , mozambico
, by bonfitto , 1991 , boll . mus . reg . sci . nat . torino , 9 : 362 . ( only a single i in original orthography—drf . )
hyperolius bivittatus peters , 1854 , ber . bekannt . verhandl . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin , 1854 : 627 . syntypes : zmb 4529 ( 7 specimens ) , according to bauer , günther , and klipfel , 1995 , in bauer et al . ( eds . ) , herpetol . contr . w . c . h . peters : 44 . type locality :
terra boror
, mozambique ; rendered as
tette
and
mozambique
by ahl , 1930 , sitzungsber . ges . naturforsch . freunde berlin , 1930 : 101 . synonymy by günther , 1859
1858
, cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . : 87 ; peters , 1882 , naturwiss . reise mossambique , zool . 3 : 160 ; boulenger , 1882 , cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . , ed . 2 : 130 .
hyperolius fornasinii — günther , 1859
1858
, cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . : 87 . incorrect subsequent spelling .
rappia fornasinii — günther , 1869
1868
, proc . zool . soc . london , 1868 : 479 .
megalixalus fornasinii — peters , 1882 , naturwiss . reise mossambique , zool . 3 : 160 ; boulenger , 1882 , cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . , ed . 2 : 130 .
megalixalus fornasinii var . unicolor boettger , 1913 , in voeltzkow ( ed . ) , reise ost - afr . , 3 ( 4 ) : 349 . syntypes : smf , mcz 15429 ( on exchange from smf , according to barbour and loveridge , 1946 , bull . mus . comp . zool . , 96 : 153 ) ; smf 7274 designated lectotype by mertens , 1967 , senckenb . biol . , 48 ( a ) : 48 . type locality : pemba island , tanzania .
megalixalus fornasinii — nieden , 1915 , mitt . zool . mus . berlin , 7 : 372 . loveridge , 1942 , bull . mus . comp . zool . , 91 : 395 .
megalixalus loveridgii procter , 1920 , proc . zool . soc . london , 1920 : 418 . holotype : bmnh 1947 . 2 . 9 . 83 , according to museum records . type locality :
morogoro
, kenya . synonymy by parker , 1931
1930
, proc . zool . soc . london , 1930 : 900 .
megalixalus unicolor — ahl , 1930 , sitzungsber . ges . naturforsch . freunde berlin , 1930 : 101 ; ahl , 1931 , das tierreich , 55 : 443 .
megalixalus fornasinii loveridgei — parker , 1931
1930
, proc . zool . soc . london , 1930 : 900 . suggested as a likely arrangement . status rejected by loveridge , 1955 , j . e . afr . nat . hist . soc . , 22 : 195 .
fornasini ' s frog ( hewitt , 1937 , guide vert . fauna e . cape province , rept . amph . fishes : 113 ) .
spiny reed frog ( wager , 1965 , frogs s . afr . : 192 ) .
greater leaf - folding frog ( passmore and carruthers , 1978 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 19 : 7 ; passmore and carruthers , 1979 , s . afr . frogs : 238 ; pickersgill and bishop , 2004 , in minter et al . ( eds . ) , atlas frogs s . afr . lesotho and swaziland : 127 ; du preez and carruthers , 2009 , compl . guide frogs s . afr . : 230 ) .
brown and white spiny reed frog ( passmore and carruthers , 1978 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 19 : 7 ; passmore and carruthers , 1979 , s . afr . frogs : 238 ) .
brown - striped spiny reed frog ( ananjeva , borkin , darevsky , and orlov , 1988 , dict . amph . rept . five languages : 70 ) .
fornasini ' s banana frog ( broadley , 1973 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 10 : 23 ; passmore and carruthers , 1978 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 19 : 7 ; passmore and carruthers , 1979 , s . afr . frogs : 238 ) .
fornasini ' s spiny reed frog ( lambiris , 1990
1989
, monogr . mus . reg . sci . nat . torino , 10 : 159 ; channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134 ) .
zaire banana frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 65 ) .
fornasini ' s spiny reed frog ( channing , 2001 , amph . cent . s . afr . : 137 ) .
mozambique banana frog ( channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134 [ alternative name ] ) .
silver - banded banana frog ( channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134 [ alternative name ] ) .
savannas of coastal southern kenya southward through eastern and southern tanzania , malawi , mozambique , and extreme eastern zimbabwe to extreme southern coastal kwazulu - natal , rep . south africa .
please note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .
for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
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lipocosma nigripictalis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it is found from southern mexico south to brazil .

the basal fascia of the forewings is white , while the remaining area is pale brownish-orange .

the lines are pale brown and there is a small spot in the tornal area .

the hindwings are light brown with a small spot near the wing margin .

lipocosma nigripictalis

this is the place for nigripictalis definition . you find here nigripictalis meaning , synonyms of nigripictalis and images for nigripictalis copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word nigripictalis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word nigripictalis and , of course , nigripictalis synonyms and on the right images related to the word nigripictalis .
lipocosma parcipunctalis dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 258 ; tl : corozal
liposcosma nigripictalis hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 612 ; tl : espiritu santo
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a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1
list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement
walker , [ 1866 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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the red-banded flowerpecker ( dicaeum eximium ) is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family .

it is endemic to papua new guinea .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

red - banded flowerpecker

red - banded flowerpecker - the red - banded flowerpecker is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family . red - capped flowerpecker - the red - capped flowerpecker is a small passerine bird endemic to , and widespread within , new guinea and adjacent islands . red - chested flowerpecker - the red - chested flowerpecker is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family . red - striped flowerpecker - the red - striped flowerpecker is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family . more
red - banded flowerpecker ( dicaeum eximium ) is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family .
the red - banded flowerpecker is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
cheke , r . & mann , c . ( 2018 ) . red - banded flowerpecker ( dicaeum eximium ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : dicaeum eximium . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the population size of this species has not been quantified , but it is described as common in canopy in central new britain . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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p . l . sclater , 1877 – new hanover and new ireland ( including selapiu and lihir group ) , in n bismarck archipelago .
salvadori , 1880 – new britain ( including islands of lolobau and watom ) , in s bismarck archipelago .
8–9·5 cm ; 7–9·5 g . male nominate race has brownish crown and side of head , contrasting olive - brown and bronze - green upperparts , rump scarlet , tail . . .
forest , including degraded forest and forest edge , but rarely coastal or montane forest ; also tall . . .
insects recorded as taken . few other data , but recorded as foraging for fruits and around flowers in canopy .
birds with enlarged ovaries in jul and aug ; thought to be possibly double - brooded . nest with overhanging roof , but no porch , usually below . . .
not globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in new britain and new ireland eba . poorly known . although large areas of lowland forest have been or are being . . .
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although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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cameronian ( 1928 – 1955 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

he won the 2000 guineas stakes and the derby in 1931 but finished unplaced in the st. leger in his attempt to win the english triple crown .

he returned as a four-year-old to win the champion stakes in 1932 .

cameronian ( horse )

originally , there were 33 ponies enrolled for the race , unusually cameronian was the single runner .
on the extraordinary race , the american club cup , cameronian ( encarnacao ) was the only entrant .
cameronian ( mr encarnacao ) ran beautifully to win the lusitano cup to pay backers a much bigger dividend than they had expected .
cameronian sired the st leger winner scottish union , but was allowed to go to argentina after eight seasons at stud in this country .
in their book
a century of champions
, john randall and tony morris rated cameronian as an
average
derby winner .
farmer ' s glory 736 . sire west ' s horse 911 . 1st dam by harrison ' s horse 774 . 2nd dam by butterfield ' s horse 690
.
and tentam . feola is also a half sister to sweet aloe ( by cameronian ) , second dam of two - time english champion alcide .
useful 894 . the property of mr . walkington . sire west ' s horse 911 . 1st dam by harrison ' s horse 774 . 2nd dam by butterfield ' s horse 690
.
magnificence there senators were forestall , if . gusted , whipping posilippo and resigned my twistyways , man leyth , and archaistic style naz . expanses of cameronian , complimentary pneumonic horse , commanded me , balding ridges weighs two . wesleyan preachers ,
atty persse said of his sprinter portlaw , ' he ' s a curious horse to train as he requires less work than any horse . . .
mohaymen horse page with past performances , results , pedigree , photos and videos . mohaymen horse rating and status . see who is a fan of mohaymen .
horse racing ` lester piggott large signed display piece + c . o . a
useful 332 . the property of mr walkington . sire mr . west ' s horse 517 . dam by mr . harrison ' s horse 503 . g dam by mr . butterfield ' s horse 495 . brother to elegant 386
.
farmer ' s glory 393 . sire mr . west ' s horse 517 . dam by mr . harrison ' s horse 503 . g dam by mr . butterfield ' s horse 495 . own brother to useful 332 and elegant 386
grand parade was the first black horse for 106 years to win the epsom derby .
cameronian ( gb ) b . h , 1928 { 1 - t } dp = 8 - 16 - 8 - 4 - 4 ( 40 ) di = 2 . 33 cd = 0 . 50
elegant 386 . the property of mr . west . sire mr . west ' s horse 517 . dam by mr . harrison ' s horse 503 . g dam by mr . butterfield ' s horse 495 . brother to the dam of rainbow 246
.
west ' s horse 911 . the property of mr . west , heddlethorpe
.
pharos ( uk ) 1920 ( phalaris - scapa flow ) champion uk sire 1931 . sire of cameronian ( uk ) 1928 ( pharos - una cameron ) , winner of the 1931 epsom derby . | pinterest | …
in the summer of 1948 my love became the third french - trained horse to win the epsom derby and the fifth horse to win both the derby and the grand prix de paris .
dick hern called nashwan
the best horse i ' ve ever trained
. [ 3 ]
his defeats led to opinions regarding his merit being revised : from being a potential
horse of the century
he was now seen as simply
a good horse .
[ 23 ]
pearl diver became the first french - trained horse to win the epsom derby since durbar in 1914 .
the colour and breeding of west ' s horse y911 c517 are not recorded in either the yorkshire coach horse stud book or the cleveland bay stud book , so it is not known if he could be described as a ' black cart horse ' . the mare by harrison ' s horse y774 c503 , on the other hand , would certainly have been described as a ' chapman ' s mare ' .
the donkey born in a first world war . . . - the gambia horse and donkey trust | facebook
captain morel bred that durable horse golden myth on his tally ho stud in county limerick . . . .
terimon , second to nashwan at 500 / 1 , is the longest - priced horse placed in any classic .
the original winner running rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four - year - old horse named maccabeus .
all suffolk cart horses trace back in the male line to crisp ' s horse s404 through sudbourne beau - brocade s4235 and they are all descended from the norfolk trotter and the yorkshire coach horse through the stallion barthropp ' s hero s88 .
sinndar is the first horse to capture the derby , irish derby and prix de l’arc de triomphe in the same season .
when the champion jockey gerry wilson was axed from riding golden miller as the horse began to show his patent dislike . . .
april the fifth was a very popular winner and the first epsom - trained horse to win the derby since amato in 1838 .
reference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]
orby was the first horse trained in ireland to win the epsom derby . he was a rangy colt , but did . . .
picaroon was a very high class horse , winner of 8 races and rated one of the best by his trainer who . . .
mr taylor sharpe owned properties in newmarket and the baumber park stud near horncastle in lincolnshire . the best horse he bred . . .
hours after his horse gainslaw had won the ascot gold vase , mr leader and his wife were killed on their way . . .
son of a suffolk clothier and close friend of the race horse owner and breeder sir abe bailey , donald fraser owned . . .
reiff looked like an angel and was kissed by society ladies , but he was fully capable of pulling a horse to . . .
this photograph shows the statue of persimmon which stands at sandringham stud . a very impressive horse , persimmon turned out to be . . .
swynford was the best horse to race for the 17th lord derby and , according to george lambton , was far and away . . .
while this is not a brilliant photograph of ormonde , it does show his trainer and jockey . this great horse was unbeaten . . .
a black horse , foaled in ireland from a mare reputed to have pulled a cart . he was well bought as a . . .
gentle shepherd may seem an obscure horse to chronicle , for he was unraced and made no impact as a sire , but . . .
harry mccalmont , who was not yet a colonel when his horse isinglass won the triple crown , inherited a great fortune from . . .
charles morton was apprenticed to thomas parr , the trainer of a wonderful horse called fisherman , who won 70 races including 2 . . .
lord clonmell , who succceeded to the title in 1898 , was educated at eton and was a captain in the royal horse . . .
nijinsky became the 15th horse to gain the triple crown after winning the derby and 2000 guineas with success in the st leger at doncaster .
the hackney stud book , volume 1 , pages 41 and 42 , in the introduction , quoting an advertisement in the norwich mercury of april , 1772 , says -
goldfinder , chestnut , 3 years old , 15 . 3 hands high , bred by thomas giddings . he has a fine forehand , goes well on his legs as any colt whatever . got by wallett ' s horse farmer , which was got by the noted horse old golden farmer . farmer ' s dam was got by a noted horse of mr . epworth ' s , which was a son of goliah
. it is possible that wallett ' s horse farmer was the same horse as blake ' s farmer s174 .
what happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows
the winner of 4 races at 2 and 3 years , humorist ' s connections could not understand why the horse was up one . . .
a genuine , speedy horse , tommy atkins won ten races including the ayr gold cup for owner william sears , who would go . . .
thomas pilkington was a member of the well - known firm of glass manufacturers of the same name . his most famous horse was . . .
gerry wilson , the son of a whaddon chase horse dealer , was champion national hunt jockey seven times between 1933 and 1941 . . . .
a long - time patron and friend of the trainer basil briscoe , philip carr paid £100 to buy a rather unpromising horse in . . .
dr devious is the first horse to win the derby after contesting the kentucky derby , in which he had finished seventh to lil e tee .
horse 517 . sire of elegant 386 and useful 332 , and the dam of rainbow 246 . the property of mr . west
.
jenkinstown was a difficult horse to get fit . his trainer , thomas coulthwaite , said he really needed the work of four animals . . . .
a handsome horse , standing 16 hands high , maiden erlegh ( named after the place and title of his owner ' s stud ) . . .
a little chesbnut horse , all quality , cicero was trained at exning , near newmarket . he won 8 races from two to four . . .
alfred newey , a native of worcestershire , did not sit on a horse until he was 18 . originally a miner , he took . . .
aristedes welch was a millionaire stock raiser of pennsylvania who bought leamington , a sire imported from england . the horse sired welch ' s . . .
one of tree’s early successes was with a beatty horse , double bore , who won the newmarket st leger in 1954 and the goodwood cup in 1955 .
prince palatine was the champion three - year - old of his generation and horse of the year at 4 and 5 . winner of 11 . . .
the first foal of his [ ? dam ? ] , hampton was a small horse who started his career in selling plates and ran over . . .
winner of 17 races , springfield ( who looks very old in this photograph ) was , in his prime , the most beautiful horse and . . .
a massive horse with a bad mouth , which made him very hard to hold , troytown ' s days were shortlived . he had to . . .
phil drake ran five times and won three races , becoming the fifth and last horse to win both the epsom derby and the grand prix de paris .
montrose : clans move to attack . horse moves forward to maintain los for artillery . strathbogie regiment moves forward . artillery advances but can ' t fire .
blake ' s farmer s174 , also known as wallett ' s farmer , was a foundation sire of the suffolk horse and was closely related to the dam of wroot ' s pretender h596 . it is possible , therefore , that the sire of wroot ' s pretender h596 was closely related to the suffolk horse .
known as ' the rocking horse ' or ' the spotted wonder ' , this colt was a phenomonen . when a propsective buyer looked him over . . .
if only this horse had never been sold abroad ! dark ronald never ran in a [ ? classic ? ] , but this handsome individual won . . .
the trainer john porter said , ' there are rogues , savages , jades , fools and other eccentrics in the horse tribe . throstle was simply . . .
the 1st australian light horse brigade moving back to ghoraniyeh , in the jordan valley , after the first of the operations at amman . ottoman empire : … | pinteres…
such an unlucky horse . after a fine two year old career , craganour looked to have won the 2000 [ ? guineas ? ] , only the . . .
julius solomon , a dublin moneylender , was breeder of golden miller , but somewhat by default . he took his horse ' s dam , probably as . . .
felix leach ' s association with racing began on the day he first saw st simon , joining that horse ' s trainer , mathew dawson , forthwith . . .
santa claus won the irish 2 , 000 guineas , the epsom derby and the irish derby . his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year .
pont l’eveque was a very late foal , born at the end of the breeding season on 25 may , making him probably the youngest horse to win the derby .
grand conqueror is registered in the yorkshire coach horse stud book , volume 1 , page 55 , as grand conqueror y204 , foaled in 1834 , by king george . king george is registered in the yorkshire coach horse stud book , volume 1 , page 66 , as king george y240 , and in the cleveland bay stud book , volume 1 , page 53 , as king george c160 . bay beckingham is not registered in either the yorkshire coach horse stud book or the cleveland bay stud book .
an exceptional item of vintage 1930s flat - racing memorabilia with the autographs of many notable jockeys of the period all - together that would grace any horse - racing collection .
the majority of jutland horses trace back in the male line to the suffolk horse oppenheim lxii , and they are all descended from the norfolk trotter and the yorkshire coach horse through bay beckingham and herdsman . the majority of schleswig horses trace back in the male line to aldrup munkedal ( 1893 ) , a great great great grandson of oppenheim lxii .
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iroquois , who stood only 15 . 2 1 / 2 hands high , was the first american - bred horse to win the derby . he was amongst a . . .
mahmoud was a light - coloured grey horse of distinctly arab appearance , standing just under 15 . 3 hands high , and bred in france by his owner the aga khan .
all tennessee walking horses trace back in the male line to the standardbred black allan ( 1886 ) who is listed in the tennessee walking horse register as allan f - 1 .
montrose : decides to attack . mixed clans move forward . horse moves forward to support them . artillery fires on govt . dragoons and scores 4 hits , ammo check ok .
traveller , a full bloodied horse , 16 hands high , imported from england , was got by redstreak : dam by chaplin ' s blacklegs : grandam by allanby ' s noted blind horse ( own brother to diana ) , which was got by goliah which won seven king ' s plates in one year . charlestown , mass . david wood
.
it is highly unlikely that masterman ' s skyrocket was by skyrocket or skyscraper , as neither of these sons of highflyer would have been described as a ' noted old coaching horse ' .
welcome to my auction for a unique and rare opportunity to own a piece of horse racing history . this is a powers gold power whisky presentation case ( minus the whisky ! ) . what makes it special and rare is it was presented to sir peter o’sullevan , the legendary voice of horse racing . this will speak to collectors of whisky cases and horse racing enthusiasts alike . in great condition with a couple of marks as pictured . note there is no key . this was the personal property of sir peter o’sullevan and a unique opportunity . please see my other sir peter o’sullevan items .
nicely illustrated with hunt scenes . nicely detailed horses and riders considering they are just playing pieces . box of playing cards with related faces . mostly missing legs but black horse is missing riders head .
…the racetrack during the 1913 epsom derby and moved in front of king george v’s horse , which struck her while galloping at full force . she never regained consciousness and died four days later . …
a lesser known definition of a cob is
a horse not castrated
. a cob is anything round and in the northern dialect of england a cob is a testicle , hence a cob ,
a horse who has his cobs
. on the other hand useful cub may be correct and may mean young useful , in which case he may be a younger brother of west ' s useful .
in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated coronach the forty - second best british horse of the 20th century and the best derby winner of the 1920s . [ 24 ]
reference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]
“i wanted to win this race and i knew i had the horse to do it . he just excites the crowd so much , he just knows where the winning post is , there was pressure the whole time , but he just keeps finding the line , he’s got this amazing will to win , ” waterhouse said . it’s a pleasure to train him and i feel so privileged to train such a lovely horse . ”
the evidence here points to useful y893 , useful y894 and useful c332 being the same horse and the chart below suggests that west ' s useful y893 + 894 c332 may be identical with jenkinson ' s useful cub .
shahrastani holds off the strong late challenge of dancing brave in a memorable finish . bold arrangement becomes the first horse to contest both the kentucky derby and derby , finishing second at churchill downs to ferdinand and 14th at epsom .
the history and delineation of the horse in all his varieties , by john lawrence , 1809 , page 172 , says -
and the best trotters which have appeared , and which are now to be found in lincolnshire , norfolk , and that vicinity , have proceeded from old sheilds [ shales ] . that horse was succeeded in a few years by another , the property of jenkinson , called useful cub , he was got by a black cart horse , resembling , as jenkinson informed me , the suffolk breed , out of a chapman ' s mare . much of the stock above - mentioned has been bred from this horse . they were distinguished , in the first produce , by the round buttock and wide bosom of their cart - bred sire , and as i observed in many of them , speed was predominant ; but the stock was soon improved by crossing with racing blood
.
govt . : dragoons withdraw . lothian ' s regt . crosses and forms up out of artillery range . dalhousie ' s horse crosses to support lothian ' s . rest of column advances , whole force now on table .
nebelwurfer , a german 2000 guineas winner and that country’s champion older male in 1949 , is a great - grandson of teddy and monsun comes from family 8a , his sixth dam is english bred morning breeze ( cameronian - dawn - wind by sunstar ) . this half - sister to the july cup and national stakes winner tiffin ( tetratema ) and the victoria cup winner fonab ( abbotts trace ) established the family in germany , and her daughter of 1949 morchel ( by wilding , a grandson of herold ) is monsun’s fifth dam .
edward stanley , the 12th earl of derby , the group conceived the idea of a race on the downs for three - year - old fillies , which was subsequently called “the oaks” after the name of derby’s nearby estate . derby’s horse bridget won the first running of the oaks in 1779 . at a celebration after the race , bunbury and derby suggested a similar race for both colts and fillies , to begin the following year . reputedly , a coin toss followed , and derby won the honour of naming the race after himself . bunbury’s horse diomed won the first running of the derby on may 4 , 1780 . many other horse races have since been named after the derby ( most notably the
in their book
a century of champions
, john randall and tony morris rated windsor lad the nineteenth best horse of the 20th century and the sixth best derby winner , behind sea bird , hyperion , mill reef , nijinsky and shergar .
the majority of missouri fox trotters trace back in the male line to the tennessee walking horse roan allen ( 1904 ) by the standardbred black allan ( 1886 ) , while some descend from the american saddle horse . the biggest influence on the modern breed is kissee ' s old fox ( 1913 ) , a stallion of unknown pedigree , who has a surviving male line . the foundation mare of the modern breed is lady ann e ( 1954 ) , a great grandaughter of kissee ' s old fox .
john dewar inherited a fortune , a stud and a stable of racehorses from his uncle in 1930 . amongst the mares he acquired was lady juror . a stayer herself , she bred 8 speedy winners , including fair trial . amongst the colts was cameronian , destined to win the 2000 guineas and derby the following year . ' lucky dewar ' was an apt nickname . john dewar went to british columbia as a youth , where he bought land and timber companies . back in london he was an influential distillery director . on his stud in sussex he bred many fine winners , including the exceptionally brilliant tudor minstrel .
the ipswich journal , saturday , april 14 , 1787 , number 2471 , says -
hero is recommended to the public , as a proper substitute for stormer ; the death of which horse , gave such general concern to the breeders of this county
.
john lawrence also says -
when i was in lincolnshire in 1770 , old schales was in the height of his reputation . he was either rivalled or succeeded in that respect by jenkinson ' s useful cub , a horse of a very different breed , and fully master of twenty stone . in 1779 i trotted nearly a mile with this horse , and his speed ( as i judged by my own hackney - a tried one ) was above the rate of 20 miles an hour , though he carried 17 stone
.
there were some unusual features about gainsborough’s stud career , not least the fact he became champion broodmare sire before reaching the top as a sire . he headed the broodmare sires’ list in 1931 , largely thanks to 2 , 000 guineas and derby winner cameronian ( out of his daughter una cameron ) , in the same year ranking as top sire of two - year - olds and runner - up on the general sires’ table . his seasons at the top of the general list were 1932 , when he had 2 , 000 guineas winner orwell among his team , and 1933 , when hyperion landed the derby - st leger double .
very difficult to know ! here we have a horse racing jockey ' s silk matching cap in overall good plus to very good condition . silk is very bright and clean with minor markings from being worn . ( i haven ' t washed either as jockey worn ) .
mohaymen remains my top colt for the kentucky derby . the fountain of youth winner has a date with my second horse , nyquist , in the florida derby on april 2 at gulfstream park . seldom do we see such a clash of titans before the derby at churchill downs .
handbok for hastvanner , by c g wrangel ( revised edition 1911 - 13 ) , volume 1 , page 96 , says young rattler was
a norfolk horse
,
bred in england
and
his dam and grandam were by the same thoroughbred sire snap
.
according to major j fairfax - blakeborough , skyrocket was by skyscraper out of brighton belle by mambrino . this horse ran as skyrocket for mr golding until 1801 and as skyrocket and busbridge for mr hyde from 1802 until 1804 , when he won the royal plate at canterbury as busbridge .
coronach was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire . he was a champion two - year - old who went on to become only the third horse to complete the derby , eclipse stakes and st leger treble ( tulyar , in 1952 , become the most recent and fourth horse to equal the feat ) [ 2 ] as a three - year - old in 1926 , a year in which he also won the st . james ' s palace stakes . he won the coronation cup at four , but was beaten in his two remaining starts by his long - standing rival colorado
snow knight won the the epsom derby , then the following year earned an eclipse award as the american champion male turf horse . at stud he sired awaasif , the dam of snow bride , winner of the 1989 epsom oaks and the dam of lammtarra , winner of the 1995 epsom derby .
the ipswich journal , saturday , april 19 , 1766 , number 1418 , says -
to cover this season , at andrew blake’s , in the parish of st margaret , ipswich , the noted horse young farmer , at 12 s a mare , leaps & trials ; and to hazard none , as ‘tis well known in the neighbourhood he is very certain in getting foals . young farmer was the property of the late mr w garthsides of lincolnshire , bred by mr garthsides ; got by mr wallet’s famous golden farmer , son of rigsby’s fearnought ; his dam by mr eyvon’s stud , remarkable for strength and moving : he is free from blemishes , goes as well as any strong horse in the county , and is allowed by good judges to be a fine strong hunter . there’s few able to perform with him either in the field or upon the road . —this is the third season of covering , & he has got as fine , promising , boney colts , as any horse whatever . the above horse will be at hadleigh on mondays , at woodbridge on wednesdays , and sometimes at saxmundham on thursdays , and the other part of the week at home
.
the list also includes nine derby winners ( winning 21 times between them ) ; billy bullock ( signorinetta 1908 ) / / steve donoghue ( pommern 1915 / gay crusader 1917 / humorist 1921 / captain cuttle 1922 / papyrus 1923 / manna 1925 ) / / tommy weston ( sansovino 1924 & hyperion 1933 ) / / freddie fox ( cameronian 1931 & bahran 1935 ) / / charlie smirke ( windsor lad 1934 / mahmoud 1935 / tulyar 1952 / hard ridden 1958 ) / / michael beary ( mid day sun 1937 ) / / billy nevett ( owen tudor 1941 / ocean swell 1944 / dante 1945 ) / / sam wragg ( pont l ' eveque 1940 ) and sir gordon richards ( pinza 1953 ) .
which horse will add its name to the illustrious list of epsom derby winners in 2016 ? last year the hot favourite , golden horn , who impressed the racing world with his victory in the 2015 dante stakes at york , was supplemented for the classic at epsom at a cost of £75 , 000 .
according to the suffolk stud book , volume 1 , page 390 , winter ' s stormer s1329 was owned by p winter of aldborough and was a bay foaled about 1786 . the entry reads -
a trotting horse : his sire was gooch ' s stormer , a thoroughbred horse , own brother to thunderbolt . he was advertised in 1789 to stand at snape . he had great substance , and was sire of barber ' s proctor 58 , the first of the shadingfield stock . he was bred by mr winter , and was afterwards the property of mr gleed , of dickleburgh hall , in norfolk
.
saint leger , one of the english triple crown races and , with the derby , the two thousand guineas , the one thousand guineas , and the oaks , one of the classic horse races . the race was established by colonel barry saint leger in 1776 and was named for him in 1778 . an event…
an advertisement in the carlisle journal , saturday , march 7 , 1840 , says -
stallion for sale . to be sold , by private contract , that thorough - bred coaching horse , ' young lottery . ' he is a beautiful bay , with black legs , stands 16½ hands high , and was got by that celebrated horse , monarch . he has proved himself a sure foal - getter , and his stock has been sold for high prices . for particulars , pedigree , & c . , apply to mr . robert james , brampton sands , the owner . brampton sands , march 5th 1840
.
an advertisement in the newcastle courant , saturday , february 6 , 1836 , number 8412 , says -
to be sold by private contract , a coaching stallion , six years old . he was got by teesdale and nicholson ' s topper , that took the premium at wooler in 1827 ; dam by royal oak , grandam by mr english ' s famous trotting horse , great grandam by mr walter ridley ' s noted coach horse , durham . teesdale and nicholson ' s topper ' s dam by mr chapman ' s old summercock ; summercock , by mr masterman ' s skyrocket ; skyrocket , by mr mitchel ' s noted old coaching horse . young topper is a beautiful bay , clear of white , stands 16½ hands high , is of great bone and superior action , is a sure foal - getter , and his stock particularly strong and handsome . apply to mr millican , coldmartin , near wooler . 2nd february , 1836
.
the foundation sires of the american saddle horse are denmark ( 1839 ) and harrison chief ( 1872 ) . crigler ' s denmark ( 1872 ) , who was originally registered as by washington denmark by gaine ' s denmark , is now accepted as being by lail ' s denmark chief by gaine ' s denmark .
use of the horse . they seem to have become rooted to the spot once engaged , unable to charge until they ran out of ammo . a problem with the type , caracoling pistoliers . need to think about this one as historical factors come into play , i . e . on average poor quality horses , the troopers preferred to use pistols and carried plenty of them but half the regiment was deployed as lancers . probably just have to accept this and if a cut and thrust cavalryman just hope they run out of ammo quickly . alternatively only deploy against opposing horse if given the chance , their shooting is more effective .
the name useful cub may be a corruption of useful cob , specifically a cob named useful . the usual definition of a cob is ' a short - legged , stout variety of horse , usually ridden by heavy persons ' . this is the perfect description of the produce of a cart horse resembling the suffolk breed and a warm - blood mare . r s summerhays in the observer ' s book of horses and ponies , 1968 edition , page 219 , in the chapter on the suffolk horse , says -
with so admirable a foundation it is not surprising that efforts have been made by many to cross the suffolk with thoroughbreds and arabs in the endeavour to evolve heavy - weight hunters and cobs . these attempts in general have met with varying success , as must always be the case where violent admixture of hot and cold blood is used as a first cross . none the less many good specimens have been produced which have from time to time evoked great enthusiasm
.
an advertisement in the stamford mercury of friday , march 19 , 1819 , page 4 , column 2 , says -
fireaway , the property of p . emmitt , hemingby . he was got by mr . west ' s fireaway , of gaywood , near lynn , which horse has leapt in norfolk several years by subscription , and is allowed to be the best trotter in that county . mr . west ' s fireaway , by mr . jenkinson ' s noted horse pretender ( formerly fireaway ) , covered in london at 5guineas a mare , and was allowed by judges to be one of the first of the hackney kind in the kingdom
.
the entry for wright ' s farmers ' glory s1396 in the suffolk stud book , volume 1 , page 390 , says he was foaled about 1796 and was known as the attleborough farmers ' glory . it also says he was a full size horse , and from the description of those who knew him was probably a half - bred suffolk . this was probably farmer ' s glory y736 c393 , own brother to west ' s useful y893 + 894 c332 . west ' s useful y893 + 894 c332 was probably jenkinson ' s useful cub who was described as by a black cart horse , resembling the suffolk breed , out of a chapman ' s mare .
all highland ponies trace back in the male line to yankee , a brown stallion , said to be brought from america in a sailing ship . the blood of the norfolk trotter and the yorkshire coach horse is present in the highland pony through the stallion glen boltichan , a descendant of houseman ' s merry driver h1045 ( 1836 ) .
the name and breeding of the dam of bay president y922 are not recorded in the yorkshire coach horse stud book , this information has been taken from the high stepper , by tom ryder , 1979 edition , page 37 . there are no stallions called albert registered in either the general stud book or the hackney stud book . there is , however , a stallion called albert registered in the yorkshire coach horse stud book , volume 1 , page 4 , as albert 12 , and in the cleveland bay stud book , volume 1 , page 3 , as albert 6 . the only difference in the entries is the year of foaling , which is 1848 for albert 12 and 1843 for albert 6 .
lammtarra becomes the first horse to win the derby on his seasonal return since grand parade in 1919 and sets a record time of 2m 32 . 31s , beating mahmoud’s 2m 33 . 8s which was hand - timed in 1936 . the race is switched permanently from wednesday to saturday . vodafone takes over the sponsorship and remains the backer up to 2008 .
john lawrence , who had knowledge of this horse for some years before the auction , in the history and delineation of the horse in all his varieties , published in 1809 , pages 172 and 173 , says -
pretender , a son of cub , was out of a well - bred daughter of lord abingdon ' s pretender , by marske . pretender , by cub , i was informed , without being compelled to believe the fact , trotted a mile in two minutes and a half . he was a successful stallion , and exclusive of the consideration of fast trotting , the fen country has , from the above sources , produced the most active , strongest and best - shaped road stock , to be found in this kingdom
.
the back - to - back victories of trigo and blenheim in the 1929 and 1930 derbies now made blandford one of the hottest commodities in the world . in 1931 , his fee had risen to 400 guineas . there ' s a wonderful photograph of a broodmare yard at cloghran stud in 1931 hosting the dams of six derby winners coming to the court of blandford : waffles ( dam of manna ) , felkington ( dam of felstead ) , malva ( dam of blenheim ii ) , athasi ( dam of trigo ) , una cameron ( dam of cameronian ) and miss matty ( dam of papyrus ) . his fame and success had brought great prosperity to the little town of swords , where cloghran stud was thriving . the pub nearby was renamed
the blandford arms '
in tribute to their local hero , but all was not well on the home front in ireland .
a low profile descendant of tamerlane called lanesborough ( ire ) ( ex fylgia by felicitation ) was imported to tasmania in 1964 by the late bert wicks . a winner of three races ( 10f - 12f ) and half - brother to irish 2000 guineas winner mighty ocean , he was inbred 4mx4m to blandford and was the first horse imported from europe to tasmania since 1909 .
kris kin is the first supplementary entry to win the derby . the sir michael stoute - trained colt had initially been entered in the classic as a yearling but was scratched at the start of his three - year - old campaign . connections paid £90 , 000 to add the horse to the line - up at the five - day stage following his victory in chester’s dee stakes .
oaks , one of the english classic horse races ( along with the derby , saint leger , two thousand guineas , and one thousand guineas ) , an event for three - year - old fillies , established in 1779 , and run over a 1 . 5 - mile ( about 2 , 400 - metre ) course at epsom downs , surrey , also the site of the derby . the oaks was…
the yorkshire gazette , saturday , august 8 , 1846 , number 1412 , the award of premiums at the yorkshire agricultural show , says -
class 27 . - for the best cleveland bred stallion , £10 , to mr . henry watson , of walkeringham , bawtry , for his bay horse , bay beckingham , f . june 1st , 1843 , s . grand conqueror , d . by barnaby
.
govt . : argyll ' s moves to face the mixed clans . campbell of lawers horse crosses the bridge and fires on the macdonalds , 1 hit , ammo ok . tullibardine ' s fires on mixed clans ' flank , 4 hits , ammo ok . dalhousie ' s fires on cavalry , 5 hits , ammo ok . argyll ' s continues attck on mixed clans , 1 hit , mixed clans eliminated .
miss sheriffe only ever had one or two horses in training but tree won for her the observer gold cup and lingfield derby trial with the elk and the king george stakes with constans who also won the prix de saint - georges three years in succession . her best horse was undoubtedly sharpo who , after taking the temple stakes , won the sprint championship ( nunthorpe ) three years in succession and the july cup .
diomed was owned by sir charles bunbury , who collected prize money of £1 , 065 15s . the race was held at the oaks estate and named after its host , the 12th earl of derby . the first four runnings of the derby were over 1 mile , but this was amended to the current distance of 1½ miles in 1784 . lord derby first won the race in 1787 , with a horse called sir peter teazle .
“the best horse i have ever seen , the best i am ever likely to see” these are the words of fred darling when asked about one of his first purchases the massive hurry on . secured for the bargain price of 500 guineas in 1913 , hurry on was undefeated in six runs his best wins coming in a war time st leger substitute and the jockey club cup when you consider some of the other horses darling trained this was high praise indeed .
like other elite horse races , the derby has grown into a multiday festival , featuring musical acts and events in addition to the race itself . the oaks is also run during the derby festival , held on the friday before the saturday running of the derby . derby day is more formal than most contemporary sporting events : epsom downs maintains a dress code for male spectators in certain sections of the stands , and women often attend the event wearing extravagant hats .
knight ' s daughter ( by sir cosmo ) , dam of 1958 american horse of the year round table ( by princequillo ) ; 1959 arlington lassie stakes winner monarchy ( by princequillo ) , an important producer for claiborne farm ; and 1951 kingsclere stakes winner love game ( by big game ) , dam of 1961 bowie handicap winner road house ( by hasty road ) and 1962 la centinela stakes winner nas - mahal ( by nasrullah ) . another half sister to
an advertisement in the times , friday , march 29 , 1793 , issue 2571 , page 4 , says -
horse to be sold , and a stalion to cover , at jenkinson’s stables , at the rhedarium , park - street , grosvenor - square , that beautiful well - bred horse , useful cub , alias , young pretender , ( for the last season in town , ) at five guineas a mare ; he is a certain foal - getter , and for shape and action , as a nag , not to be equaled by any . he is allowed to be the fastest trotter in the kingdom , and the best stock - getter , several of which are to be seen in the first noblemen’s stables . a son of his , the property of mr c wrout , of long sutton , lincolnshire , trotted 16 miles in 59 minutes on the 20th of august last past , carried 16 stone , and only 5 years old , which is the greatest work ever done by any of his age . good grass is provided for mares , with proper care . n b several capital hackneys to be sold , some of which were got by the above horse , seasoned gig horses , curricle and phaeton horses , & c ; and several pairs of very capital coach horses , now on jobs , will be sold without reserve ; as the above t jenkinson is declining that business
.
the ipswich journal , saturday , april 6 , 1765 , number 1366 , says -
to cover this season , at andrew blake’s , in st margaret’s parish , ipswich , at twelve shillings a leap and trial . the noted bay horse , call’d , young farmer , now rising eight years old , full fifteen hands and an inch high , and master of any weight : he was bred by mr garthside in lincolnshire , got by mr wallet’s famous golden farmer , son of rigsby’s fearnought ; his dam by mr eyoon’s studd , remarkable for strength and moving . he is very certain in getting foals , and , as near as can be computed , there are upwards of 70 mares with foal by him at this time . andrew blake . n b all gentlemen who had their mares cover’d last season by the aforesaid horse , and are not with foal , may have them covered this season , at 7 s 6 d each , and the trial of the season as before
.
harry brought new owners to the stable including william graham and later sir george chetwynd . mr graham was a somewhat dubious character who made his money marketing nicholson’s london gin . his best horse was formosa who finished first in the same four classics as sceptre , neither won the derby , however she is not recorded as the winner of the 2 , 000 guineas as after dead - heating with moslem it was agreed that the stakes be divided and moslem allowed to walk over for the then deciding heat .
camelot becomes the 37th horse to follow up victory in the first british classic , the 2000 guineas over a mile at newmarket , with success in the investec derby as he records a convincing five - length win at epsom downs . jockey and trainer , joseph and aidan o’brien , become the first father / son combination to win the premier classic . camelot narrowly fails in his bid to win the triple crown , finishing second behind encke in the st leger at doncaster three and a half months later .
a multi - horse finish rivals that of 1913 as the closest ever . in a four - way photo , sir percy beats dragon dancer , dylan thomas and hala bek a shorthead , a head and a short - head . seven winners have had the prefix sir : sir peter teazle ( 1787 ) , sir thomas ( 1788 ) , sir harry ( 1798 ) , sir bevys ( 1879 ) , sir visto ( 1895 ) , sir ivor ( 1968 ) , and most recently sir percy .
he is also sire of multiple gr . 1 winner in europe and the us , 2005 german horse of the year and breeders’ cup turf - gr . 1 , coronation cup and german derby winner and sire shirocco ( ex so sedulous by the minstrel ) who originally stood at dalham hall for darley and shuttled to brazil and sired the 2012 sandown cup - lr ( 3200m ) winner ibicenco ( ger ) ( ex iberi by rainbow quest ) who also won the 2013 geelong cup - gr . 3 .
pharos appeared in the first crop sired by the epoch - making phalaris , derby - bred , raced , and back at home , a cornerstone stallion . his dam was another homebred , the staying mare scapa flow by homebred chaucer . scapa flow ' s first foal was the cup horse spithead ( 1919 by john o ' gaunt ) , and pharos was her second . subsequent foals included pharos ' stakes winning full siblings , fairway ( 1925 ) , fair isle ( 1927 ) and fara ( 1928 ) .
fred took his fathers ways to a new level whilst expecting no more from his men than he could do himself . he took discipline to a new level as his nephew marcus marsh and head man templeton were to find out to their cost . above all else the horses came first if they were good they remained in the stable if not they were returned to their owners regardless of who that owner was . he had an uncanny knack of being able to see something wrong with a horse before it was worked .
govt . : tulliebarden ' s moves to form on lothian ' s left . artillery crosses and emplaces south of road . argyll ' s crosses and moves to fire on macdonalds flank . campbell of lawers ' horse advances onto bridge . dragoons fire on macdonalds , 3 hits , ammo ok . lothian ' s fires on mixed clans , 1 hit , ammo ok . argyll ' s fires on macdonalds , 6 hits , runs out of ammo . dalhousie ' s fires on cavalry , 5 hits , ammo ok .
this branch of the blandford male line started in germany with tamerlane’s son dschingis kan ( ex donna diana by neckar ) , a talented sprinter who also managed to run 1600m in winning the german 2000 guineas . his son königsstuhl became the first horse to win the german three year - old triple crown and then went on to an outstanding stud career , being champion sire three times in an era when the dominant sire was surumu ( monsun’s broodmare sire and a descendant of the dark ronald ( bay ronald ) male line ) .
there used to be no distinction between the dales pony and the fell pony other than the dales was from the east of the pennines and the fell was from the west . the established sire lines descend from jenkinson ' s useful cub , glory farmer and young surprise . if glory farmer traces in the male line to farmer ' s glory y736 c393 s1396 and his sire is identical with the sire of jenkinson ' s useful cub , then it could be said that the established sire lines decend from west ' s horse y911 c517 and young surprise . teasdale comet by young comet and daddy ' s lad by comet ii were both grandsons of jenkins trotting comet h1411 ( 1851 ) . it is possible that young comet and comet ii were the same horse . the grey park end king was by comet . according to the fell pony family album by mary jean gould - early , it is possible that this comet was the grey teasdale comet . the introduction of clydesdale blood east of the pennines has resulted in the dales pony now being larger and of more stocky build than the fell pony .
born in flintshire in 1950 roger’s father farmed near banbury . roger spent a few years riding as an amateur for colin davies at oakgrove , opposite chepstow racecourse . the estate is now home to the broodmare band of john deer , the owner of al kazeem . whilst at oakgrove he rode three winners from thirty rides most notably when riding pride of kentucky owned by his father’s neighbour edward courage in the kim muir at the cheltenham festival , galvanising the big horse to pass the then top amateur john lawrence , the late lord oaksey up the hill in 1969 .