trithemis annulata , known commonly as the violet dropwing , violet-marked darter , purple-blushed darter or plum-coloured dropwing , is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae .

it is found in most of africa , in the middle east , in the arabian peninsula and southern europe .

these insects are called dropwings because of their habit of immediately lowering their wings after landing on a perch .

males of this species are violet-red with red veins in the wings while females are yellow and brown .

both sexes have red eyes .

trithemis annulata

katja schulz marked
violet dropwing trithemis annulata quinta do lago
as trusted on the
trithemis annulata
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valter jacinto marked
libelinha / / violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata ) , female
as trusted on the
trithemis annulata
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justification : trithemis annulata is assessed as least concern in northern africa due to its widespread presence across the region .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
rotviolette segellibelle
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trithemis annulata palisot de beauvois , 1807
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
violetter sonnendeuter
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trithemis annulata palisot de beauvois , 1807
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
violetter sonnenzeiger
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trithemis annulata palisot de beauvois , 1807
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trithemis annulata is not under threat at the global scale , although local declines and extinctions may occur due to habitat destruction and water pollution .
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information on trithemis nigra is being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
trithemis nigra is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
trithemis annulata is one of the most widespread and common species in africa , arabia and in the mediterranean countries . its eastern limit is in iran , where it begins to be replaced by its asian close relative t . aurora .
justification : european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) eu 27 assessment : least concern ( lc ) trithemis annulata is common in a large part of the mediterranean and showed a strong expansion northwards . its habitats are not under any specific threats and the species is therefore assessed as least concern .
two recently recorded dragonfly species , orthetrum trinacria and trithemis annulata , were observed over several bodies of water in gozo . the distribution of these species is documented . moreover , it is suggested that the introduction of these species could have been favoured by changes in the climate , in the light of similar observations made throughout southern europe .
trithemis annulata is an opportunist and ubiquitous species which is found in any type of freshwater whether standing or running . in tunisia , imagoes have been found at brackish running waters with a salinity reaching almost 0 . 9 % but it is not known whether they reproduce there . the larval period is short so that this species is able to reproduce successfully in temporary water bodies .
pinhey , e . 1970 . monographic study of the genus trithemis brauer ( odonata : libellulidae ) . memoirs of the entomological society of southern africa 11 : 1 - 159 .
pinhey , e . 1970 . monographic study of the genus trithemis brauer ( odonata : libellulidae ) . memoirs of the entomological society of southern africa 11 : 1 - 159 .
author : pristurus license : attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported ( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) urltoken description : english : unidentified dragonfly ( odonata ) ( violet dropwing ? ( trithemis annulata ? ) ) at a pool in a wadi , emirate of ra’s al - chaima , united arab emirates deutsch : unidentifizierte libelle ( trithemis annulata ? ) in einem wadi an restwassertümpel , emirat ra’s al - chaima , vereinigte arabische emirate . link : urltoken title : libelle4 - 2016 - 01 - 26 . webm details of the licenses can be found on this channel ' s
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the violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata ) is a distinctive dragonfly that is well known for its striking violet colouration , from which it gets its common name . the male of this species appears purple , but this is due to a bright red base colour on the abdomen and thorax , which is overlaid with a blue , powdery bloom ( ‘pruinescence’ ) on the surface , creating the vibrant violet colouration ( 2 ) .
trithemis annulata is one of the most abundant dragonflies of tropical africa . it extends into europe along the mediterranean , where it is expanding its range . the first records of the species in spain date from late 1970s , corsica in the late 1980s , and the french and italian mainland in the early 1990s ( dijkstra and lewington 2006 ) . in northern africa , the species is fairly widespread , but is lacking some parts of egypt and libyan arab jamahiriya .
pinhey , e . c . g . ( 1970 ) . monographic study of the genus trithemis brauer ( odonata : libellulidae ) . memoirs entomological society southern africa , 11 , 1 - 159 . [ pdf file ]
trithemis annulata is a wide ranging afrotropical species that has expanded its range in southwestern europe rapidly in recent decades . it expanded over the whole of the iberian peninsula from 1978 onwards and was found in southwestern france for the first time in 1994 ( ferreras romero 1981 , grand 1994 ) . it is now regularly recorded from the garonne estuary to the rhône delta ( grand and boudot 2006 ) . the same expansion has been noted in italy and to a lesser extent in the balkan peninsula . recently the species was found at fuerteventura , canary islands ( boudot et al . 2009 ) . climate change seems to be the main driver of this expansion .
damm , s . , and hadrys , h . ( 2009 ) . trithemis morrisoni sp . nov . and t . palustris sp . nov . from the okavango and upper zambezi floodplains previously hidden under t . stictica ( odonata : libellulidae ) international journal of odonatology , 12 , 131–145 . [ pdf file ]
of the 16 total odonate species noted for the maltese islands , only nine taxa were recorded within the surveyed water - bodies . two species , o . trinacria and trithemis annulata ( palisot de beauvois 1807 ) , that have only been recently recorded ( ebejer et al . 2008 ) probably have established populations ( balzan 2008b ) . these two species were found associated with different types of aquatic habitats . conversely , the lack of records of species , such as orthetrum cancellatum ( l . 1758 ) and sympetrum striolatum ( charpentier 1840 ) , previously considered as common within the maltese islands , and other less abundant species such as orthetrum brunneum ( fonscolombe 1837 ) , may suggest that populations of odonata on the islands are on the decline . similar observations have been reported for several european ( sahlén et al . 2004 ) and mediterranean ( riservato et al . 2009 ) species .
in contrast , the female violet dropwing is not quite as vivid as the male . instead , the female has a yellow - brown body , a large yellow patch at the base of the hindwing , and no red in the wing veins ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the female violet dropwing can be distinguished from other female trithemis species by its stouter abdomen and by the black marks on top of the eighth and ninth abdomen segments . juvenile male violet dropwings first adopt a yellowish colour similar to the female , then later turn orange and red and finally the vibrant violet colour on reaching maturity ( 2 ) .
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libellula haematina rambur , 1842 , described from senegal and madagascar , and claimed to be occurring in la réunion , mauritius and sicily , represents the infraspecific variability and cannot be accepted as a valid taxon despite the treatment published by ris ( 1912 ) .
justification : this is a widespread species with no known major widespread threats and it is therefore unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category . it is therefore assessed as least concern .
albania ; algeria ; angola ( angola ) ; bahrain ; benin ; botswana ; burkina faso ; cameroon ; cape verde ; chad ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; côte d ' ivoire ; cyprus ; egypt ( egypt ( african part ) , sinai ) ; eritrea ; ethiopia ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; guinea - bissau ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; israel ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; jordan ; kenya ; kuwait ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; madagascar ; malawi ; mali ; malta ; mauritania ; mauritius ( mauritius ( main island ) ) ; morocco ; mozambique ; namibia ( caprivi strip , namibia ( main part ) ) ; niger ; nigeria ; oman ; palestinian territory , occupied ; portugal ( portugal ( mainland ) ) ; qatar ; réunion ; rwanda ; saudi arabia ; senegal ; sierra leone ; somalia ; south africa ( free state , gauteng , kwazulu - natal , limpopo province , mpumalanga , northern cape province , north - west province , western cape ) ; south sudan ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; sudan ; swaziland ; syrian arab republic ; tanzania , united republic of ; togo ; tunisia ; turkey ; uganda ; united arab emirates ; yemen ; zambia ; zimbabwe
this species is widespread and very abundant throughout its range . it is expanding its range to the north due to the present global warming .
this species does not need conservation actions but new information on its genetic variability and its relation to closely related taxa would be welcome .
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the violet colouration of the male violet dropwing is actually caused by a bluish , powdery bloom overlaying a bright red background colour .
like other dropwings , the violet dropwing is named for its habit of lowering its wings when it lands .
the violet dropwing is one of the most abundant dragonfly species in tropical africa , and is extending its range into europe .
the violet dropwing is a small - to medium - sized dragonfly , and has a distinctly broad abdomen ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . like many other dropwing species , the violet dropwing immediately lowers its wings on landing , a behaviour which gives this group of dragonflies their common name ( 5 ) .
the male violet dropwing has a distinctive bright red face , red eyes , and red wing veins , and there is an amber patch at the base of each hindwing ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the abdomen has fine purple dashes along the top , with small black stripes on the top of the eighth and ninth abdomen segments ( 4 ) .
like other dragonflies , the violet dropwing begins its life as an egg laid in a water body by the female . after hatching , it spends the first stages of life as an aquatic larva , or nymph , which breathes through internal gills ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . the larva remains in the water as it passes through a number of developmental stages , undergoing a series of moults as it grows larger . eventually , the larva emerges from the water and moults into the adult form ( 6 ) . the adult violet dropwing then spends some time maturing until it is fully mature and capable of reproduction ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .
in most dragonfly species , the adult male perches near the waterside waiting for a female , and may defend a territory . during mating , the male holds the female by the head using specialised appendages , known as ‘claspers’ , at the end of the abdomen . male dragonflies have secondary reproductive organs towards the front of the abdomen , from which the female receives the sperm . while being held by the male , the female dragonfly bends the tip of her abdomen forwards to receive the sperm packet , creating a shape known as a mating ‘wheel’ ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .
many male dragonflies keep hold of or guard the female until the eggs are laid , to ensure no other males can mate with her ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . as in other members of the libellulidae family , the female violet dropwing is likely to scatter the eggs over the surface of the water by dipping her abdomen into the water while flying over it ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
the violet dropwing larva is an opportunistic predator , catching prey by shooting out its enlarged and modified mouthparts ( 3 ) ( 6 ) , which are armed with hooks on the end ( 6 ) . the adult violet dropwing is also an opportunistic and effective predator , using its acute vision to detect prey , and its outstretched , bristly legs as a ‘basket’ to capture insects in flight ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .
in the violet dropwing , adults are usually seen between november and may in south africa ( 4 ) , between may and october in parts of northern africa , and from april to october in turkey ( 2 ) . in the sahara , adults of this species may be seen year - round , and in europe they are thought to be active in all summer months ( 2 ) .
originally of african origin , the violet dropwing also occurs in the mediterranean region , and is expanding its range in southern europe ( 2 ) . the violet dropwing inhabits tropical africa , where it is one of the most abundant dragonfly species ( 2 ) , and is also found in the middle east , parts of southern asia , and on islands in the indian ocean ( 1 ) , including madagascar ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .
the violet dropwing can inhabit a range of vegetation types , as long as a suitable area of freshwater is available ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . it is typically found near still or slow - moving water , including pools , marshes and slow - moving stretches of rivers , where there are bushes or trees nearby ( 4 ) . at the edges of its range , the violet dropwing prefers warm spots such as shallow gravel pits , open lakes or lagoons ( 2 ) .
male violet dropwings tend to perch prominently on twigs , reeds or rocks in the sun , close to water ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) , and then move to the trees in the evening or when the sun is hidden behind clouds ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
the violet dropwing is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
there are not currently believed to be any significant threats to the violet dropwing , due to its widespread distribution and increasing population ( 1 ) ( 7 ) . however , this species may potentially be affected by some of the general threats faced by dragonflies , including intensive agriculture and large - scale land conversion , the destruction and modification of water bodies , over - extraction of water for irrigation , and water pollution ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . other potential threats include global warming , which may cause water bodies to dry up during increasingly hot and dry periods ( 7 ) .
there are no specific conservation measures currently known to be in place for the violet dropwing . however , other conservation efforts , not directly aimed at this species , may potentially benefit its populations . for example , conservation efforts for dragonflies in europe include research , population monitoring , appropriate legislation and the protection of key habitat sites ( 7 ) .
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moore , n . w . ( 1997 ) dragonflies : status survey and conservation action plan . iucn / ssc odonata specialist group , iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken
kalkman , v . j . , boudot , j - p . , bernard , r . , conze , k . j . , de knijf , g . , dyatlova , e . , ferreira , s . , jović , m . , ott , j . , riservato , e . and sahlén , g . ( 2010 ) european red list of dragonflies . publications office of the european union , luxembourg . available at : urltoken
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abdomen in arthropods ( crustaceans , insects and arachnids ) the abdomen is the hind region of the body , which is usually segmented to a degree ( but not visibly in most spiders ) . in crustacea ( such as crabs ) , some of the limbs attach to the abdomen ; in insects the limbs are attached to the thorax ( the part of the body nearest to the head ) and not the abdomen . larva stage in an animal’s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . moult in insects , a stage of growth whereby the hard outer layer of the body ( the exoskeleton ) is shed and the body becomes larger . nymph stage of insect development , similar in appearance to the adult but sexually immature and without wings . the adult form is reached via a series of moults and the wings develop externally as the nymph grows . territory an area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a colony . thorax part of the body located between the head and the abdomen in animals . in insects , the three segments between the head and the abdomen , each of which has a pair of legs .
dijkstra k - d . b . ( 2006 ) field guide to the dragonflies of britain and europe . british wildlife publishing , dorset , uk .
picker , m . , griffiths , c . and weaving , a . ( 2004 ) field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town .
samways , m . j . ( 2008 ) dragonflies and damselflies of south africa . pensoft publishers , bulgaria .
silsby , j . ( 2001 ) dragonflies of the world . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
o ' toole , c . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of insects and their allies . oxford university press , oxford .
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is one of the most widespread and common species in africa , arabia and in the mediterranean countries . its eastern limit is in iran , where it begins to be replaced by its asian close relative
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an african species that has crossed into spain and has made its way up into southern france . the male is a spectacularly coloured dragonfly , similar in shape to a crocothemis erythaea ( broad scarlet ) but vividly pink - bodied and smaller , noticeable particularly when seen together as they often are . the male’s pink coloration is unmistakable in the european theater but there are similarly coloured confusion species elsewhere .
carol spotted our first at a distance beside our favourite lake near fanjeaux in spring , 2011 , but i missed it . we did , however , see them at close quarters at lac de lenclas later that same year . we now frequently find them in spain , too . i never tire of seeing these beauties .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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no diagnosis of this species endemic to príncipe and close to t . aconita is presently available . please refer to that species and the references provided .
map citation : clausnitzer , v . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , r . koch , j . - p . boudot , w . r . t . darwall , j . kipping , b . samraoui , m . j . samways , j . p . simaika & f . suhling , 2012 . focus on african freshwaters : hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern . frontiers in ecology and the environment 10 : 129 - 134 .
longfield , c . ( 1936 ) . studies on african odonata , with synonymy and descriptions of new species and subspecies . transactions royal entomological society london , 85 , 467 - 498 . [ pdf file ]
citation : dijkstra , k . - d . b ( editor ) . african dragonflies and damselflies online . urltoken [ 2018 - 07 - 09 ] .
african dragonflies and damselflies online is a collaboration between consent ( stellenbosch ) and adu ( cape town ) funded by the jrs biodiversity foundation . addo brings all available knowledge together of africa ' s 770 known species of odonata . read more . . .
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de palisot de beauvois , a . - m . - f . - j . ( 1805 ) insectes receuillis en afrique et en amérique dans les royaumes d ' oware et de benin , à saint - domingue et dans les états - unis , pendant les années 1786 - 1797 . [ 1805 - 1821 ] : fain et compagnies , paris : 1 - 276 , excl . pl . c 100 .
animal demography unit ( 2018 ) . odonatamap virtual museum . accessed at urltoken on 2018 - 07 - 09
[ page served : july 9 , 2018 , 11 : 14 + 0200 ] animal demography unit department of biological sciences - university of cape town this work , except photographs , is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . copyright of images uploaded into the virtual museum remains with the photographers , these images are licenced under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 international license .
[ page served : july 9 , 2018 , 09 : 34 + 0200 ] animal demography unit department of biological sciences - university of cape town this work , except photographs , is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . copyright of images uploaded into the virtual museum remains with the photographers , these images are licenced under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 international license .
schneider , w . , ferreira , s . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment workshop , oct . 2007 ) & allen , d . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit )
any sunny water in africa , favouring warm spots in the periphery of its range , such as shallow gravel pits , open lakes or lagoons ( dijkstra and lewington 2006 ) .
de knijf , g . , ferreira , s . & riservato , e .
cyprus ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; malta ; portugal ( portugal ( mainland ) ) ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) )
the species is common within its range and is often abundant . its populations are increasing all over its european range .
the species inhabits a wide range of mostly standing and unshaded waters . it favours warm conditions and is often found in ditches , gravel pits and small lakes .
bulletin of the entomological society of malta . 2008 , vol . 1 , p . 91 - 96
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dijkstra , k . d . & suhling , f . ( odonata red list authority ) .
justification : regional assessment : the species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
eastern africa distribution : the species is common and widespread in kenya , tanzania , uganda , malawi , and assumed from burundi . global distribution : the species is widespread in africa , southern europe , middle east , southern asia , indian ocean islands .
various habitats in bush and woodland , usually with at least a little water current .
kipping , j . , simaika , j . p . , samways , m . , suhling , f . ( odonata red list authority ) & pollock , c . m . ( iucn red list office )
justification : within the southern africa region , this species has a wide distribution and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened or near threatened category . assessed as least concern in the region . its global status is also least concern .
this species is widespread in the southern africa region . globally , it is widespread in africa , southern europe , the middle east , southern asia , and the indian ocean islands .
this is a widespread species and is among the most common species found at larger perennial rivers .
occupies a variety of habitats in bush and woodland , usually with at least a little water current . this is among the most common species at larger perennial rivers .
no specific conservation measures are known to be in place at present or are recommended at present .
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the aim of this study was to investigate how odonate assemblage structure and diversity are influenced by changes in habitat variables associated with the aquatic environment and the surrounding agricultural landscapes . all study sites were located in predominantly agricultural landscapes of the two main islands of the maltese archipelago , malta and gozo . this paper presents a multi - scale approach , which considers habitat variables ranging from the type of water body , to vegetation characteristics and landscape composition , in order to investigate the odonate - habitat relations within the maltese islands . dragonfly communities are increasingly threatened with habitat loss and degradation within the mediterranean region from factors such as water pollution from agricultural practices ( riservato et al . 2009 ) . within the semi - arid climate of the mediterranean , water resources may also be a key issue .
in the long cultural history of the maltese archipelago , natural woodlands were transformed into mosaic - landscapes of agricultural and semi - natural habitats , making agriculture today the predominant land use , occupying around 46 . 8 % of the 316km
the types of water bodies and their distribution at the sites investigated during this study .
the pervasive role played by vegetation in the odonate life cycle makes it , a priori , likely that macrophytes are prominent among cues used for habitat selection ( corbet 1999 ) . literature suggests that odonata assemblages are influenced by the presence of aquatic plants ( clark & samways 1996 ; stewart & samways 1998 ; schindler et al . 2003 ; samways & taylor 2004 ; hofmann & mason 2005 ) , with the structure and the ‘architecture’ of the plants , or the communities they form , likely to be important for adult habitat selection ( corbet 1999 ) .
vegetation assessment of the sites consisted of two 10 m belt transects of 1 m width over riparian vegetation at the land - water interface of the survey sites for odonate diversity , lotic water bodies , or the long side of lentic water bodies . meanwhile , four 5 m by 1 m transects were laid perpendicular to these , with the aim to provide an indication of how vegetation changed with increasing distance from the water bodies . within these transects , plant abundance , distribution data , and physiognomic characteristics , in terms of vertical stratification and characteristic life form , were obtained from a series of contiguous quadrats laid down along a transect . a square ( 1 m × 1 m ) quadrat was used for this study . the quadrat was subdivided into a number of sectors of equal area in order to increase accuracy of recording when measuring abundance ( kent & coker 1995 ) . the abundance of each species within each quadrat was assessed by counting the number of sectors within which the species was represented , either in whole or in part . this figure was expressed as a proportion of the total number of sectors in the quadrat .
for each quadrat , vertical stratification ( the arrangement of phytomass into vertical layers ) was measured by counting the number of interceptions per species at each height class at the centre of the quadrat . a 20vmm diameter , 4 m height wooden pole was divided into 7 height classes ( 0–0 . 20 , 0 . 21– 0 . 50 , 0 . 51–10 , 1 . 01–1 . 50 , 1 . 51–2 . 00 , 2 . 01–2 . 50 , 2 . 51–3 . 25 , 3 . 25–4 . 00 , > 4m ) . the height of vegetation was measured from the ground to the height of the highest vegetation shoot , with vegetation > 4m considered as canopy cover . in addition to vertical stratification , the physiognomy of the vegetation may also be profoundly affected by the life form of dominant vegetation ( kuchler 1988 ) , that is the presence of common morphological features that are usually assumed to be an adjustment to important environmetnal factors ( mueller - dombois and ellenberg 1974 ; zonneveld 1988 ) . the percentage cover of the various life forms present within the site ( graminoids , forbs , subshrubs , shrubs and trees ) , as well as details relating to species composition , were collected for each quadrat .
) . the landscape surrounding semi - natural and freshwater bodies ( n = 6 ) was surveyed through the use of orthophotos , taken in 2004 , and having a resolution of 1 pixel : 15 cm . fiddien and qlejgħa form part of the same valley system and given their physical proximity only the former site was considered . different land use and land cover categories (
) were identified and mapped as polygons . digitized data had the same level of resolution as the ortophotos . landscape metrics were derived from patch analyst 4 , an arcgis extension which enables spatial analysis of landscape patches (
) at the landscape level , the shannon diversity index ( sdi ) was used to quantify the diversity of the agricultural landscapes . in addition , the mean perimeterarea ratio ( mpar ) , and the number of patches for the various landscapes under study , were also obtained . at the class level , the number of patches ( np ) , the proportion of the landscape ( p
) , the mean patch size ( mps ) , and the mpar were calculated .
general patterns for odonata . because the number of sampling occasions for the sites varied , as a result of the differential availability of water at the different study sites , the data was standardized by averaging the total number of recorded individuals for each species on ten visits for each water body . renyi diversity profiles ( tóthmérész 1995 ) , which provide information on richness and evenness of study sites , were used to compare the diversity of odonates between semi - natural sites and habitat types ( kindt and coe 2005 ; oksanen et al . 2010 ) . the major advantage of rényi diversity profiles is that sites can easily be ordered from high to low diversity . subsequently , the shannon diversity index ( h ) was used to provide a measure of relative diversity for odonata and larvae , as well as vegetation diversity . the diversity values for odonate larvae were not normally distributed ( shapiro - wilk test , w = 0 . 7551 , p = 0 . 006 ) , and subsequent analysis with these values was non - parametric .
multiscale habitat variation and odonata . in order to analyze the association of different species to the environmental variables at the scales studied , a principal component analysis was carried out using the vegan package in r ( oksanen et al . 2010 ) . pca is a multivariate technique based on linear assumptions , which is preferable to use when the species has low beta diversity ( lepš and smilauer 2003 ) , as was the case with the data in this study . to aid interpretation , the environmental variables were fitted onto the pca ordination plot using the vegan ‘envfit’ function ( oksanen et al . 2010 ) . on an ordination plot , this function fits a centroid of levels of a class variable , and calculates an r 2 value as a measure of separation among the different levels of that variable . additionally , a significance value for the r 2 was calculated using 1000 random permutations of the category levels . explanatory variables identified to have a p - value < were subsequently correlated with pc1 and pc2 site scores through a pearson ' s correlation ( r foundation for statistical computing 2010 ) .
temporal availability of water within the selected aquatic habitats varied . in one of the water bodies ( wied hesri ) , water presence was limited to the wetter months , and thus the habitat was unable to host any adult odonates . consequently , it was omitted from adult odonata monitoring . in total , 643 adult odonate individuals belonging to nine species were recorded . since water persistence varied with site , species abundance data was standardized for each water - body (
) . these standardized data were used in subsequent data analyses , unless otherwise stated . the two sites characterised by higher salinity levels , ballut ( marsaxlokk ) marshland and ramla 1 - hamra ( gozo ) , showed the lowest level of species diversity . a comparison of the renyi profiles (
) produced for all four types of habitats revealed that lentic and lotic semi - natural waterbodies were normally more diverse than agricultural reservoirs and semi - natural habitats with higher salinity levels . for agricultural reservoirs , two species ,
( brullé 1832 ) , were the most abundant , with the other species only recorded on single occasions . a comparison of renyi profiles for lotic water - bodies with a perennial and ephemeral water availability did not show any difference in odonata diversity (
) . a paired t - test , to compare the abundances of recorded odonates in both types of watercourses , suggested that they were not significantly different ( t = - 0 . 560 , p = 0 . 591 ) .
renyi profiles comparing adult odonata diversity of ( a ) different types of habitats , and ( b ) for the semi - natural sites of the study area . high quality figures are available online .
a comparison of the number of species and their abundance in the four different types of habitats .
larval sampling methodology only yielded odonates from four sites : għajn rihana , ilfiddien , il - qattara , and ta ' sarraflu . no larval odonata were recorded along the baħrija , qlejgha , hesri , and lunzjata watercourses . similarly , larval odonata sampling in brackish waters of ballut marshland ( marsaxlokk ) and ramla 1 - ħamra watercourse yielded no results . higher larval diversity was not significantly associated either with higher diversity , as measured with the shannon ' s diversity index ( h ) , of the same species ( spearman ' s rho = 0 . 55 , p = 0 . 12 ) , or with higher odonata assemblage species diversity for study sites ( spearman ' s rho = 0 . 58 , p = 0 . 10 ) .
a total of 49 species were recorded during the vegetation survey performed within the nine semi - natural waterbodies investigated . the most abundant species was the giant reed (
l . ) , an archaeophyte that has become highly invasive , with its dense monospecific stands having colonized various waterbodies within the archipelago . the graminoid life form and canopy cover classes of 3 . 25–4 m and > 4 m categories were globally the most abundant groups within study sites . odonata and vegetation diversity (
) , measured through the shannon diversity index , were found to be significantly correlated ( r = 0 . 795 , p = 0 . 01 ) .
the pca results identified clear patterns in species composition , with the first two components explaining 78 . 9 % and 13 . 2 % of the variation respectively . pc1 was negatively weighed on the population data of
) . lentic sites were on one end of the pc1 , while brackish and lotic sites were at the other . most of the species were more strongly correlated with the lentic sites , indicating the importance of the latter for the conservation of dragonfly species of the maltese islands . variation was in turn correlated with several environmental variables . nonetheless , some of the variables show some collinearity , as may be clearly observed from
accounted for 55 . 8 % , and individuals in height class i ( > 4m ) show some correlation with lotic sites . similarly , tree life form abundance and the height class h ( 3 . 25–4m ) were associated with the ta ' sarraflu freshwater pond .
ordination graph illustrating the outcome of an indirect gradient analysis ( pca ) , followed by environmental fitting of explanatory variables ( only vectors with p - value ≤ 0 . 1 are included ) for ( a ) vegetation and ( b ) landscape variables . high quality figures are available online .
) . a high r value for a given explanatory variable may be because the variable exerts an important control on odonata assemblages , or the variable may be correlated with another variable that influences odonates . at the water - body scale ,
, as well as canopy cover > 4m . in contrast , they showed a positive correlation with shrub and tree life - form abundances . at the landscape level , these species were positively correlated with mps ( 200 m ) and class area ( r = 500m ) , and negatively correlated to the mpar ( r500m ) , of ecologically disturbed class cover . they were also related positively to mpar of coastal areas , and the class area of marine habitat , both of which are probably the result of the main habitats for these species within the studied sites being located in the vicinity of the coast .
, was found to be correlated to low landscape diversity , and a lack of semi - natural freshwater habitats class area , a category which mainly consists of valleys and watercourses within the surrounding landscapes at both scales ( r = 200 , 500 m ) .
correlation of pc1 and pc2 from a principal component analysis of odonata abundance data with explanatory variables .
the permanova results suggest that odonate assemblage similarity is significantly influenced by habitat type ( p = 0 . 0004 ) and sampling period ( p = 0 . 02 ) , thus rejecting the null hypothesis . the interaction between habitat type and sampling occasion was found to be not significant (
) . a comparison of odonata counts with sampling period suggests that different species adopt different life - history strategies .
the influence of time ( date of sampling occasion ) and type of habitat ( lotic and lentic ) on odonata assemblage similarity .
was sporadically recorded in low abundance , abundance data for this species were not considered for this part of the data analysis . given the relative importance of habitat type on dragonfly distributions , the total odonata counts from il - qattara and ta’ sarraflu were used in order to investigate assemblage structure through time (
) . a paired t - test suggested that dragonfly counts , taken on the same days , from both sites were not significantly different ( t = 0 . 10 , p = 0 . 92 ) . this result indicates the importance of including repeated measures in similar studies , including ones aimed at assessing conservation value of habitats , and the use of odonata as biological indicators .
odonata — time relationships according to type of functional response . high quality figures are available online .
the outcome of a generalised linear model ( quasi - poisson , log - link function ) of species abundance data with sampling period .
nevertheless , the reservoirs surveyed here differ from man - made habitats described in the latter studies , and typically have a small surface - area , lack macrophytes , and are likely to host predatory fish populations ( balzan 2008a ) .
) , most of the species recorded during adult counts within the study area were found in both lotic and lentic water - bodies . only two species ,
, were entirely confined to lentic habitats . this may suggest that the odonata fauna of malta is mainly composed of euryoecious species that are able to utilize different aquatic habitats along a flowing - standing water continuum of habitat types . this contrasts with other studies investigating the influence of habitat characteristics on odonata assemblages that have identified particular dragonfly associations to specific habitat types (
) . habitat associations of the recorded species obtained by pca suggest that even though most of the odonate species recorded were recorded in lotic water - bodies , nearly all species were more strongly associated with the lentic habitats . records of larval odonata were mainly confined to lentic water - bodies , confirming observations made in other studies that adult sightings may not always predict larval distribution (
) , and indicating that standing water - bodies within the study area may be particularly important for dragonfly conservation . similar observations have been made elsewhere , where it has be suggested that in rapidly changing lotic environments , which tend to dry up during the dry season and are often fast - flowing and scouring during the wet season , larval survival following oviposition is relatively lower (
in light of the rapid changes characterizing agricultural landscapes , an important issue is the scale at which the habitat is measured . the habitat has been defined as the collection of resources and conditions required by , and accessible to , individuals of a species at a location ( dennis et al . 2003 , 2007 ) . because the habitat is necessarily the location where an organism lives out its life - cycle , a suitable habitat must meet the ecological needs of all life - stages . the terrestrial landscape is probably as important as the aquatic habitat ( corbet 1999 ) , as it provides several conditions and resources that are required by the adult phase . previous studies have indicated that responses in abundance and / or occurrence to local waterbody and landscape characteristics differ among species ( conrad et al . 1999 ) and life - history groups ( samways 1996 ; krawchuk and taylor 2003 ; kadoya et al . 2008 ) . pca results suggest that the presence of c . erythraea and i . genei were related to disturbed areas , coastal land cover , and marine habitats , all of which characterize the landscapes of il - qattara and ta ' sarraflu water - bodies in which these two species were the most abundant . o . trinacria , which has been recently recorded in the maltese islands ( ebejer et al . 2008 ) , was recorded in all lentic water - bodies , but with a relatively higher abundance at one site that is characterized by a low landscape diversity and a lack of valley systems within the landscape . conversely , o . coerulescens anceps appeared to be related to relatively heterogeneous landscapes , and the presence of associated lotic water bodies .
these contrasting associations for the two orthetrum spp . may be a result of the different habitat preferences of these species , with o . coerulescens anceps normally associated with small ponds and streams with a gentle current , while o . trinacria is associated with large bodies of standing water ( askew 2004 ) . the availability of suitable habitat that is likely to maintain source populations ( sensu pulliam 1988 ) , such as gently flowing streams , is likely to determine the distribution of o . coerulescens anceps within these lanscapes . the multiscale approach adopted within this study permits the identification of unique habitat characteristics for different sites , and the influence these could potentially have on odonate community structure .
) , a factor which is clearly related to the reproductive ecology of the surveyed species .
( selys 1840 ) was recorded only in the spring period , with their population subsequently declining to nil . populations of


euxoa nomas is a species of moth of the noctuidae family .

it is found in iran and turkestan , as well as alaska and canada .

between 1987 and 2010 , the populations of this species were considered to be two separate subspecies , euxoa nomas nomas in asia and euxoa nomas incognita in north america .

euxoa nomas

euxoa ( orosagrotis ) nomas nomas ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 149 ( note )
agrotis nomas erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 38 , pl . 3 , f . 36 ; tl : cocandesi region , near karakasuk and isfairam
euxoa nomas is found in the high coast range of western british columbia in our region and in the mountains of the far northern province near atlin . it likely occurs elsewhere in the mountains of the northern part of the province .
adults are diurnal and probably visit flowers during the day . a mating pair of e . nomas was found on a gravel road through rocky tundra in the early evening at gott peak , british columbia . this species has not been collected at light .
euxoa ( euxoa ) setonia ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 76 : #
euxoa ( euxoa ) cartagensis ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 16 ( note )
euxoa ( euxoa ) comosa ontario ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 97 , 100
euxoa ( euxoa ) auripennis arizonensis ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 126 , 127
euxoa ( euxoa ) aequalis acornis ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 139 , 140
euxoa ( euxoa ) aequalis alko ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 139 , 141
euxoa ( euxoa ) sibirica ; [ ne3 ] , 41 , f . 7 - 8
euxoa ( euxoa ) cursoria currens ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 110 ( note )
euxoa ( euxoa ) tritici ; [ ne3 ] , 58 , f . 32 - 34
euxoa ( euxoa ) deserta ab . obscura ; [ ne3 ] , 64 , f . 35
euxoa ( euxoa ) vitta rondoui ; [ ne1 ] , 27 , pl . 1 , f . 20
euxoa ( euxoa ) segnilis riphaea ; [ ne1 ] , 39 , pl . 2 , f . 22
euxoa ( euxoa ) powelli powelli ; [ ne1 ] , 60 , pl . 6 , f . 18
euxoa ( euxoa ) montivaga ; [ ne12 ] , 147 , pl . 9 , f . 6 - 10
euxoa ( euxoa ) nigrofusca ; [ ne12 ] , 149 , pl . 9 , f . 21 - 25
euxoa ( euxoa ) dsheiron ; [ ne12 ] , 149 , pl . 9 , f . 40 - 44
euxoa ( euxoa ) cursoria wirima ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 110 , 111 ; [ ne2 ] , 190
euxoa ( euxoa ) glabella balcanica ; [ ne12 ] , 149 , pl . 9 , f . 32 - 35
euxoa ( euxoa ) vitta vitta ; [ ne1 ] , 27 , pl . 1 , f . 17 - 19
euxoa ( euxoa ) vitta hercegovinensis ; [ ne1 ] : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 21 - 22
euxoa ( euxoa ) tritici reisseri ; [ ne1 ] : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 15 - 16
euxoa ( euxoa ) segnilis cortii ; [ ne1 ] , 39 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26
euxoa ( euxoa ) aquilina falleri ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 29 - 32
euxoa ( euxoa ) hastifera pomazensis ; [ ne1 ] : 45 , pl . 3 , f . 15 - 16
euxoa ( euxoa ) decora olympica ; [ ne1 ] : 56 , pl . 5 , f . 41 - 42
euxoa ( euxoa ) recussa tetrastigma ; [ ne1 ] : 63 , pl . 6 , f . 24 - 25
euxoa ( euxoa ) heringi malickyi varga , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 , 57 ; tl : greece , grete
euxoa ( orosagrotis ) foeda ( = euxoa sabuletorum ) ; [ ne1 ] : pl . 6 , f . 34
euxoa ( euxoa ) obelisca obelisca ; [ ne1 ] , 30 ; [ ne3 ] , 52 , f . 15 - 17
euxoa ( euxoa ) segnilis segnilis ; [ ne1 ] , 38 , pl . f . 19 - 21 , 23 - 24
euxoa ( euxoa ) decora simulatrix ; [ ne1 ] : 55 , pl . 5 , f . 29 , 33 - 34
euxoa ( euxoa ) glabella balcanica fibiger , 1997 ; noct . eur . 3 : 48 ; tl : evro , kavisos , 100m
euxoa ( euxoa ) ochrogaster islandica ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 112 ; [ ne1 ] , 25 ; [ ne3 ] , 43
euxoa ( euxoa ) distinguenda distinguenda ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 19 - 23 , 26 , 36
euxoa ( euxoa ) hastifera hastifera ; [ ne1 ] , 44 , pl . 3 , f . 12 - 14 , 17 - 18
euxoa ( euxoa ) temera ; [ ne1 ] , 43 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 11 ; [ ne3 ] , 40
euxoa ( euxoa ) birivia ; [ ne1 ] : 58 , pl . 6 , f . 9 - 13 ; [ ne3 ] , 46
euxoa ( euxoa ) wagneri ; [ ne1 ] : 53 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ ne3 ] , 46
euxoa ( euxoa ) basigramma ; [ ne1 ] , 42 , pl . 2 , f . 33 - 36 ; [ ne3 ] , 62
euxoa ( euxoa ) mustelina ; [ ne1 ] : 61 , pl . 6 , f . 19 - 21 ; [ ne3 ] , 62
euxoa ( euxoa ) fallax ; [ ne1 ] : 59 , pl . 5 , f . 18 - 19 ; [ ne3 ] , 63
euxoa ( euxoa ) triaena ; [ ne1 ] , 53 : pl . 5 , f . 12 - 17 ; [ ne3 ] , 64
euxoa ( euxoa ) zernyi ; [ ne1 ] : 49 , pl . 4 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ ne3 ] , 65
euxoa ( euxoa ) glabella glabella ; [ ne3 ] , 48 ; [ ne12 ] , 149 , pl . 9 , f . 32 - 35
euxoa ( euxoa ) distinguenda distincta ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 24 - 25 , 27 - 35 , 37
euxoa ( euxoa ) aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 13 - 27 , f . 33 - 37
euxoa ( euxoa ) powelli persubtilis ; [ ne1 ] : 60 , pl . 6 , f . 16 - 17 ; [ ne3 ] , 64
euxoa ( euxoa ) decora decora ; [ ne1 ] : 55 , pl . 5 , f . 30 - 32 ; [ ne3 ] , 66
euxoa ( euxoa ) decora macedonica ; [ ne1 ] : 56 , pl . 5 , f . 39 - 40 ; [ ne3 ] , 66
euxoa ( euxoa ) recussa recussa ; [ ne1 ] : 63 , pl . 6 , f . 22 - 23 ; [ ne3 ] , 67
euxoa ( euxoa ) ochrogaster rossica ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 112 ; [ ne1 ] , 25 ; [ ne3 ] , 43 , f . 9
euxoa cabara swinhoe , 1918 ; 66 ; tl : w . sumatra , padang
euxoa ( euxoa ) canariensis mauretanica ; [ ne3 ] , 47 ( note ) ; [ ne12 ] , 145 , pl . 8 , f . 75 - 78
euxoa ( euxoa ) decora splendida ; [ ne1 ] : 56 , pl . 5 , f . 35 - 38 ; [ ne2 ] : 191 ( corrigenda )
euxoa ( chorizagrotis ) scortea ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 16 ( note )
euxoa ( chorizagrotis ) sorella ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 16 ( note )
euxoa ( pleonectopoda ) vallus luteosita ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 48 , 49
euxoa glabella ; [ ne1 ] , pl . 4 , f . 38 - 40
euxoa ( orosagrotis ) fauna ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 16 ( note )
the moths of america north of mexico . noctuoidea , noctuidae ( part ) , euxoa
euxoa ( euxoa ) phantoma ; [ ne3 ] , 44 , f . 10 - 12 ; [ ne12 ] , 146 , pl . 8 , f . 88 - 92
euxoa ( euxoa ) eruta ; [ ne3 ] , 55 , f . 24 - 31 ; [ ne12 ] , 148 , pl . 9 , f . 11 - 15
euxoa ( euxoa ) foeda ; [ ne3 ] , 69 , f . 36 - 39 ; [ ne12 ] , 150 , pl . 9 , f . 46 - 50
euxoa ( euxoa ) sabuletorum ; [ ne3 ] , 72 , f . 40 - 42 ; [ ne12 ] , 150 , pl . 9 , f . 41 - 45
euxoa ( euxoa ) montivaga fibiger , 1997 ; noct . eur . 3 : 52 , f . 18 - 23 ; tl : greece , drama , mt . phalakron , 1700m
euxoa dallolmoi berio , 1972 ; 177 , f . 19 ; tl : tanzania , ikonda
euxoa ( euxoa ) cursoria ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 110 ; [ ne1 ] , 26 , pl . 5 , f . 3 - 11 ; [ ne3 ] , 45
euxoa ( euxoa ) baja lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 86 , pl . 4 , f . 16 ; tl : long beach , california
longivesica ( euxoa ) ; [ nacl ] , 153 ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 37
= euxoa haverkampfi haverkampfi ; [ ne1 ] : 65 , pl . 6 , f . 3
= euxoa haverkampfi haverkampfi ; [ ne1 ] : 65 , pl . 6 , f . 4
= euxoa haverkampfi haverkampfi ; [ ne1 ] : 65 , pl . 6 , f . 5
= euxoa distinguenda distinguenda ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 26
euxoa ( euxoa ) vitta burmanni fibiger , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 15 - 16 ; tl : austria , n . tirol , fliess
= euxoa tritici tritici ; [ ne1 ] , 32 , pl . 2 , f . 6
= euxoa tritici tritici ; [ ne1 ] , 32 , pl . 2 , f . 5
= euxoa tritici tritici ; [ ne1 ] , 32 , pl . 2 , f . 9
= euxoa segnilis segnilis ; [ ne1 ] , 38 , pl . 2 , f . 21
= euxoa segnilis cortii ; [ ne1 ] , 39 , pl . 2 , f . 25
euxoa ( euxoa ) nigricans ; [ ne1 ] , 41 , pl . 2 , f . 28 - 32 ; [ ne2 ] , 191 ( corrigenda ) ; [ ne3 ] , 60
euxoa ( euxoa ) pallidimacula lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 77 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 30 ; tl : eureka , utah
presence en auvergne d ' euxoa distinguenda led . et description d ' une sous - espéce nouvella
euxoa ( euxoa ) hardwicki lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 63 , pl . 2 , f . 26 - 27 ; tl : walla walla , washington
euxoa ( euxoa ) mojave lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 77 , pl . 3 , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : apple valley , california
euxoa ( euxoa ) vitta elmquisti fibiger & moberg , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 23 - 25 ; tl : sweden , gotland , muskmyr , sundre
= euxoa crypta ; [ ne1 ] , 37 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 14
euxoa ( euxoa ) pareruta fibiger , gyulai , zilli , yela & ronkay , 2010 ; noct . eur . 12 : 147 , pl . 10 , f . 30 - 35 ; tl : greece
euxoa ( euxoa ) mendelis ; [ ne1 ] : 50 , pl . 4 , f . 5 - 12 , 28 ; [ ne2 ] : 191 ( corrigenda ) ; [ ne3 ] , 65
= euxoa comosa ontario ; [ nacl ] , # 10780d ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 97
euxoa clausa mcdunnough , 1923 ; can . ent . 55 : 163 ; tl : alberta , lethbridge
euxoa dodi mcdunnough , 1923 ; can . ent . 55 : 163 ; tl : alberta , lethbridge
euxoa kotzschi draudt , 1937 ; 268 , pl . 24 i ; tl : badachshan , sebak valley
euxoa lugubris brandt , 1941 ; 839 , f . 5 ; tl : iran , kouh i taftan
euxoa praestigiosa brandt , 1941 ; 838 , f . 2 ; tl : iran , kouh i taftan
euxoa ( mesoeuxoa ) rasilis corti , 1932 ; 42 , pl . 5 e ; tl : aksu
euxoa xanthosemata hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 110 ; tl : russia , caucasus
= euxoa segnilis segnilis ; [ ne1 ] , 38 , pl . 2 , f . 23 - 24
euxoa ( euxoa ) decora hackeri fibiger & moberg , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 : 57 , pl . 5 , f . 43 - 44 ; tl : greece , drama , mt . phalakron above volas
= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 23 - 24
euxoa spumata mcdunnough , 1940 ; can . ent . 72 : 192 ; tl : montana , three forks
euxoa castanea lafontaine , 1981 ; 19 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : british columbia , golden
euxoa ( euxoa ) aequalis yukonensis lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 139 , 141 , pl . 7 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : yukon 2km n carcross
euxoa heinrichi laporte , 1979 ; 106 , f . 2 ; tl : tanzania , usambara berge , malindi
euxoa waltharii corti , 1931 ; 25 , pl . 3 e ; tl : turkestan , naryn ; kuldja
euxoa ( euxoa ) tritici tritici ; [ ne1 ] : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 38 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 12 , pl . 16 . f . 1 - 4 #
euxoa ( euxoa ) subandera lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 94 , pl . 4 , f . 46 ; tl : la tuna canyon , los angeles co . , california
euxoa ( chorizagrotis ) penelope ; [ ne12 ] , 145 , pl . 8 , f . 59 - 63
euxoa altens mcdunnough , 1946 ; can . ent . 78 : 30 ; tl : oregon , mt . hood
= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 21 ( form )
= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 17 ( form )
= euxoa rufula basiflava ; [ nacl ] , # 10750a ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 68 , 69
= euxoa comosa lutulenta ; [ nacl ] , # 10780a ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 97 , 99
= euxoa comosa lutulenta ; [ nacl ] , # 10780a ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 98 , 99
euxoa lillooet mcdunnough , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 195 ; tl : british columbia , seton lake
euxoa ( mesoeuxoa ) determinata corti , 1932 ; 41 , pl . 5 d ; tl : tien - shan
euxoa filipjevi kozhanchikov , 1929 ; 193 , pl . 25 , f . 49 ; tl : altai , shelseinska
euxoa goetria kozhanchikov , 1929 ; 166 , pl . 24 , f . 10 ; tl : semipalatinsk gouv .
euxoa monotona kozhanchikov , 1929 ; 171 , pl . 16 , f . 30 ; tl : semiretschje , naryn
euxoa scurrilis draudt , 1937 ; 268 , pl . 26 d ; tl : persia , elburz , kendevan pass
euxoa uncarpa kozhanchikov , 1929 ; 188 , pl . 26 , f . 40 ; tl : caucasus , kurusch
euxoa urbanoides kozhanchikov , 1937 ; 560 , pl . 12 , f . 7 ; tl : pamir , chorog
euxoa ( euxoa ) christophi ; [ ne1 ] : 49 , pl . 3 , f . 38 - 40 ; [ ne3 ] , 51 ; [ ne12 ] , 147 , pl . 9 , f . 1 - 4
euxoa ( euxoa ) coconino lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 92 , pl . 4 , f . 43 ; tl : kaibab national forest , coconino plateau , coconino co . , arizona
euxoa ( chorizagrotis ) lidia lidia ; [ ne1 ] , 22 , pl . 1 , f . 1 - 2
euxoa ( pleonectopoda ) haverkampfi haverkampfi ; [ ne1 ] : 65 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 5
euxoa macleani mcdunnough , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 195 ; tl : british columbia , mt . mclean
euxoa levisi hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 278 ( emend . )
euxoa ( euxoa ) mobergi fibiger , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 : 197 , pl . 4 , f . 3 ; tl : turkey , nevsehir , 38°41 ' n 34°54 ' e , ' göreme - tal ' , 1200m
euxoa dacota hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 244 ( emend . )
euxoa tronellus smith , 1903 ; can . ent . 35 ( 1 ) : 11 ; tl : utah , stockton
euxoa murdoci hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 247 ( emend . )
euxoa perolivalis var . manitobana mcdunnough , 1925 ; can . ent . 57 : 242 ; tl : manitoba , miniota
euxoa vilsoni hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 204 ( emend . )
agrotis ( euxoa ) acronycta rebel , 1907 ; 55 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; tl : sokotra
euxoa rubrior pinker , 1980 ; 66 , pl . 1 , f . a2 ; tl : asia minor , gürün
euxoa ( euxoa ) diaphora ; [ ne1 ] , 40 , pl . 1 , f . 37 , 40 , pl . 2 , f . 27 , pl . 5 , f . 27 - 28 ; [ ne3 ] , 59
= euxoa distinguenda distinguenda ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 22 - 23 ( form )
= euxoa distinguenda distincta ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 24 - 25 ( form )
= euxoa distinguenda distincta ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 35 ( form )
= euxoa distinguenda distincta ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 27 - 28 ( form )
= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 18 , 27 ( form )
= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 25 - 26 ( form )
= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 35 , 37 ( form )
euxoa dsheiron brandt , 1938 ; ent . rdsch . 55 : 499 , f . 81 ; tl : iran , keredj
agrotis ( euxoa ) beatissima rebel , 1913 ; 59 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : canary islands , tenerife
euxoa dodolaense laporte , 1984 ; 20 , pl . 5 , f . 60 ; tl : ethiopia , route to dodola
euxoa fraudulenta corti , 1928 ; 320 , pl . 9 , f . 6 ; tl : tibet , kuku - noor
euxoa hyperythra boursin , 1964 ; 9 , pl . 1 , f . 3 ; tl : nepal , naurgaon , manangbhot
euxoa plumbescens kozhanchikov , 1937 ; 543 , pl . 11 , f . 15 ; tl : pamir , wachan ; ljangar
euxoa sayvana ronkay , varga & hreblay , 1998 ; acta zool . hung . 44 ( 3 ) : ( ? )
euxoa vinirufa draudt , 1936 ; 460 , pl . 5 , f . a5 ; tl : anatolia , ak - sehir
euxoa waliarum rougeot & laporte , 1983 ; 227 , f . 7 , 8 ; tl : ethiopia , semyen , sankabar
euxoa zugmayeri boursin , 1948 ; 98 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : west tibet , near ladak
euxoa biformata smith , 1910 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 36 : 261 ; tl : california , sierra nevada
euxoa obelisca var . corsicola corti , 1928 ; zs . öst . entver . 13 : 112 ; tl : corsia , evisa
euxoa simulata mcdunnough , 1946 ; can . ent . 78 : 28 ; tl : california , plumas co . , nelson creek
euxoa xasta barnes & mcdunnough , 1910 ; can . ent . 42 ( 7 ) : 249 ; tl : texas , kerrville
euxoa inscripta lafontaine , 1981 ; quaestiones entomologicae , 17 : 38 , f . 53 - 54 ; tl : colorado , craig
orosagrotis ( euxoa ) ; [ nacl ] , 155 ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 147 ; [ ne3 ] , 73
euxoa achyricola corti , 1931 ; 32 ; tl : pl . 4 d ;
northern syria
, marash [ turkey ]
euxoa ? sublata corti , 1931 ; 31 , pl . 4 c ; tl : altyn - tag ; alexander mts ; aksu
eine neue euxoa hb . aus spanien . ( beiträge zur kenntnis der
noctuidae - trifinae
, xcviii / 98 . )
eine neue form von euxoa ( chorizagrotis ) drewseni stgr . ( beiträge zur kenntnis der
noctuidae - trifinae
101 . )
euxoa condita lafontaine , 1975 ; can . ent . 107 : 163 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : quebec , forestville
= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 33 - 34 , 36 ( form )
= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 19 - 20 , 22 ( form )
agrotis ( euxoa ) ligula bang - haas , 1910 ; 35 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : juldus region
euxoa triumregium varga , 1979 ; 4 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : afghanistan , band - i - amir
euxoa intermontana lafontaine , 1975 ; can . ent . 107 : 157 , f . 5 - 6 ; tl : california , lee vining
euxoa ( euxoa ) franclemonti lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 72 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : walnut canyon , 6500 ' , 6 1 / 3 mi eese flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona
euxoa ( euxoa ) absona lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 73 , pl . 3 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : angel creek , 7000 ' , e humboldt mts , ssw of wells , elko co . , nevada
euxoa birena berio , 1962 ; ann . mus . nat . giacomo doria 73 : 203 ; tl : lulua - kapanga [ zaire ]
euxoa hendersoni pinhey , 1986 ; 9 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : rhodesia , 30mil s west henderson
euxoa nomima dognin , 1916 ; hét . nouv . am . sud 11 : 10 ; tl : volcan irazu , 2500m , costa rica
euxoa ( pleonectopoda ) nevadensis ; [ ne1 ] , 65 , pl . 6 , f . 14 - 15 ; [ ne3 ] , 38
484x722 ( ~ 79kb ) russia , moscow area , 8 . 8 . 2007 , photo © d . smirnov euxoa nigricans det . jaakko kullberg
euxoa inyoca benjamin , 1936 ; bull . s . calif . acad . sci . 34 : 199 ; tl : california , inyo co .
euxoa ( orosagrotis ) tristis ; [ ne1 ] : 69 , pl . 6 , f . 37 - 39 ; [ ne3 ] , 73
euxoa aberrans mcdunnough , 1932 ; can . ent . 64 : 231 , f . 2 ♂ gen ; tl : montana , jefferson co .
euxoa cymograpta hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 109 ; tl : br . e . africa , eb urru [ kenya ]
euxoa eremorealis varga , 1975 ; 1 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : afghanistan , dasht - i - nawar , hokak
euxoa vitta rondoui boursin , 1935 ; cat . lép . france & belgique , 1 : 718 ; tl : france , hautes - pyrénés , héas
euxoa zernyi boursin , 1944 ; revue fr . ent . 10 : 159 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : orenburg
euxoa rockburnei hardwick , 1973 ; can . ent . 105 : 497 , f . 8 , 14 ♂ gen . ; tl : california , truckee
euxoa melura mcdunnough , 1932 ; can . ent . 64 : 231 , f . 1 ( m . gen ) ; tl : utah , eureka
euxoa vertenteni hulstaert , 1923 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 11 : 189 ; tl : okaba [ new guinea ]
drei für die europäische fauna neue noctuidenarten aus griechenland und spanien , sowie eine neue unterart von euxoa inclusa corti , 1931 ( lep . : noctuidae )
euxoa sinelinea hardwick , 1965 ; can . ent . 97 : 824 , f . 13 - 14 , 6 - 10 ; tl : labrador , goose bay
pleonectopoda ( euxoa ) ; [ nacl ] , 153 ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 40 ; [ ne1 ] , 64 ; [ ne3 ] , 38
euxoa hilaris derrae hacker , 1985 ; neue ent . nachr . 14 : ( 21 - 31 ) ; tl : greece , drama , phalakron oros , chionotrypa
noctua ( euxoa ) obelisca ; [ ne1 ] : 30 , pl . 1 , f . 26 - 33 ; [ ne2 ] : 190 ( note )
euxoa scholastica mcdunnough , 1920 ; can . ent . 52 ( 6 ) : 161 , f . 3 ♂ gen . ; tl : quebec , meach lake
euxoa scotogrammoides mcdunnough , 1932 ; can . ent . 64 : 233 , f . 3 ( m . gen ) ; tl : montana , jefferson co .
euxoa ( mesoeuxoa ) difficillima draudt , 1937 ; 243 , pl . 26 h ; tl : elburz mtns , kendevan pass ; tacht i suleiman [ iran ]
euxoa ( chorizagrotis ) adumbrata ; [ ne3 ] , 35 , f . 4 ; [ ne12 ] , 145 , pl . 8 , f . 64 - 73
euxoa nevadensis corti , 1928 ; ent . mitt . 17 ( 1 ) : 49 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : spain , sierra nevada
euxoa austrina hardwick , 1968 ; can . ent . 100 : 270 , f . 4 ; tl : california , los angeles co . , san gabriel mts .
euxoa guadalupensis lafontaine & byers , 1982 ; can . ent . 114 : 581 , f . 27 - 28 ; tl : texas , guadalupe mtns , bear canyon
chorizagrotis ( euxoa ) ; [ nacl ] , 153 ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 28 ; [ ne1 ] , 22 ; [ ne3 ] , 30 , 34
euxoa chimoensis hardwick , 1966 ; can . ent . 98 : 766 , f . 12 , 6 - 8 ( gen ) ; tl : quebec , ft . chimo
euxoa unica mcdunnough , 1940 ; can . ent . 72 : 192 , pl . 13 , f . 1 ( m . gen ) ; tl : saskatchewan , saskatoon
euxoa albiorbis hampson , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 22 ) : 368 ; tl : mashonaland , salisbury [ zimbabwe ]
euxoa amorpha boursin , 1964 ; veröff . zool . staatssamml . munchen 8 : 10 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; tl : nepal , naurgaon , manangbhot
euxoa polytela boursin , 1940 ; 304 , pl . 10 , f . 1 , 3 ; tl : w . kan - sou , liang - tschou , richthofen mts
euxoa pronycta hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 324 , pl . 67 , f . 14 ; tl : mashonaland , salisbury
euxoa flavogrisea corti , 1932 ; gross - schmett . erde ( suppl . 3 ) : 37 , pl . 4 k ; tl : kara - murun ; choton ; aksu
euxoa ( agrotis ) canariensis rebel , 1902 ; ann . k . k . natur . hist hofmus . wien , 17 ( notizen ) : 59 ; tl : canary islands
euxoa pimensis barnes & mcdunnough , 1910 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 18 : 150 ; tl : arizona , pima co . , babaquivera mts .
euxoa occidentalis lafontaine & byers , 1982 ; can . ent . 114 : 587 , f . 35 - 36 ; tl : oregon , 28 mi w of baker , sumpter
euxoa nyctina hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 336 , pl . 67 , f . 29 ; tl : kumaon , ralam valley
euxoa xanthiodes hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 315 , pl . 67 , f . 7 ; tl : kashmir , barra larcha
euxoa nigrata matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 121 , pl . 11 , f . 1 ♂ ; tl : sakhalin
euxoa shasta lafontaine , 1975 ; can . ent . 107 : 163 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : mt . shasta , mcbride springs , siskiyou co . , california
euxoa ( chorizagrotis ) penelope fibiger , 1997 ; noct . eur . 3 : 36 , f . 5 - 6 ; tl : greece , paraskevei near konitsa , ioannina , 750m
euxoa lecerfi zerny , 1934 ; zs . öst . entver . 19 ( fortsetzung ) : 44 , pl . 6 , f . 22 - 23 ; tl : morocco , tachdirt
euxoa auripennis lafontaine , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 : 412 , f . 5 , 10 ♂ gen . , 12 ♀ gen . ; tl : british columbia , cranbrook
euxoa wirima hardwick , 1965 ; can . ent . 97 : 674 , f . 15 - 18 , 6 - 10 ♀♂ gen ; tl : canada , northwest territories , fort smith
euxoa cincta barnes & benjamin , 1924 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 5 ( 3 ) : 108 ; tl : arizona , cochise co . , paradise
euxoa vernalis lafontaine , 1976 ; can . ent . 108 : 1276 , f . 3 - 4 , f . 8 ♂ gen . ; tl : arizona , cocolino co . , fort valley
euxoa cryptica hardwick , 1968 ; can . ent . 100 : 268 , f . 1 , 5 - 6 ♂ gen ; tl : california , 20 mi . w of bishop , mosquito flat
700x443 ( ~ 57kb ) larva finland : n : espoo , tapiola 667 : 37 , 3 . 9 . 1997 , photo © markku savela euxoa sp . / tritici group ? det . kimmo silvonen
euxoa ( pleonectopoda ) vallus bivittata lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 49 , pl . 1 , f . 50 ; tl : 7 mi wsw lee vining , california
euxoa ustulata lafontaine , 1976 ; can . ent . 108 : 10 , f . 3 - 4 , 6 ( m . gen ) , 8 ( f . gen ) ; tl : california , cedarville
euxoa aurantiaca lafontaine , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 : 1236 , f . 3 - 4 , 12 ♂ gen , 17 ♀ gen ; tl : wyoming , 4 mi . s . of alcova
euxoa macrodentata hardwick , 1965 ; can . ent . 97 : 1223 , f . 8 - 9 , f . 1 - 5 ( m . f . gen ) ; tl : yukon territory , whitehorse
euxoa juliae hardwick , 1968 ; can . ent . 100 : 272 , f . 2 , 9 - 10 ( ♂ gen ) ; tl : california , 7 mi . wsw of lee vining , tioga pass
euxoa lucida barnes & mcdunnough , 1912 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 1 ( 5 ) : 7 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : utah , eureka
euxoa luctuosa lafontaine , 1976 ; can . ent . 108 : 746 , f . 7 , 8 , 14 ♂ gen . , 18 ♀ gen . ; tl : colorado , 17mi w . of pagosa springs
euxoa melana lafontaine , 1975 ; can . ent . 107 : 1329 , f . 5 - 6 , 8 ♂ gen . , 10 ♀ gen . ; tl : texas , 6 mi . e . of canadian
euxoa serotina lafontaine , 1975 ; can . ent . 107 : 665 , f . 5 - 6 , 9 ♂ gen . , 12 ♀ gen . ; tl : texas , san patricio co . , welder wildlife refuge
euxoa oberfoelli hardwick , 1973 ; can . ent . 105 : 75 , f . 1 - 4 , f . 6 ♂ gen . , 7 ♀ gen . ; tl : montana , 17 mi . se fort peck
euxoa ( pleonectopoda ) churchillensis alpina lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 45 , pl . 1 , f . 52 - 53 ; tl : pennsylvania mtn . , park co . , colorado
euxoa axiliodes hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 308 , pl . 66 , f . 31 ; tl : br . e . africa , athi - ya - mawe [ kenya ]
euxoa ( pleonectopoda ) hyperborea lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 46 , pl . 1 , f . 40 ; tl : gubik gas field , chandler river , 1 mi s colville river , alaska
euxoa maderensis lafontaine , 1976 ; can . ent . 108 : 665 , f . 3 - 4 , 8 ♂ gen . , 11 ♀ gen ; tl : arizona , santa cruz co . , santa rita mts . , madera canyon
euxoa arizonensis lafontaine , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 : 416 , f . 6 , 11 ( m . gen ) , 13 ( f . gen ) ; tl : arizona , apache co . , white mts . , greer
euxoa ( pleonectopoda ) leuschneri lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 52 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : barton flats , san bernardino mts , sna bernardino co . , california , 6300
euxoa cinnabarina barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : pl . 15 , f . 1 ; tl : california , monachee meadows , s . diego co . , nellie
euxoa piniae buckett & bauer , 1964 ; can . ent . 96 : 967 , f . 1 - 2 , 4 - 5 ( m . gen ) , 8 ( f . gen ) ; tl : california , plumas co . , johnsville
euxoa cana lafontaine , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 : 1236 , f . 5 - 6 , 13 ( m . gen ) , 18 ( f . gen ) ; tl : oregon , sumpter co . , 28 mi . w . baker
euxoa antica lafontaine , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 : 651 , f . 2 , 4 ( m . gen ) , 6 ( f . gen ) ; tl : new mexico , colfax co . , sangre de cristo mts . , cimarron canyon
euxoa is a very large genus with many similar species , many of which are also quite variable . the genus is defined by a saccular extension of the valves in males and sclerotized plates on the dorsal and ventral ductus bursae in females . the genus was revised by lafontaine ( 1987 ) in the moths of north america series and is divided into eight subgenera based on structural characters . these moths are amongst the most difficult to identify . even though the forewing color and strength of various markings can vary significantly in some of the species , the shape of the lines and spots and the color of the hindwings ( often different in the sexes ) are more constant . the habitat and flight period are also important in helping to narrow the possibilities .
heteroeuxoa lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 12 , 34 ; ts : mamestra septentrionalis walker
1100x786 ( ~ 128kb ) usa : colorado , clear creek co . , summit lake , mt . evans , 23 . 7 . 2012 ( 39°35 ' 52
n 105°38 ' 23
w ) , photo © markku savela
1200x1852 ( ~ 258kb ) usa : 2 . 5 mi ne of roggen on cr # 386 on sand hills , weld co . , co , 26 . 7 . 2012 , photo © markku savela
900x1213 ( ~ 124kb ) usa : washington , chelan co . , lepsoc 2010 moth night at eagle creek , 9 . 7 . 2010 , photo © markku savela
the exact identification of these species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .
palaeoeuxoa lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 12 , 31 ; ts : agrotis mimallonis grote
from ( e . washington - w . montana , colorado ) - to ( california , arizona , n . new mexico ) . see [ maps ]
new york , nova scotia - s . canada , alberta , rocky mountains , wyoming , south dakota , new mexico
phalaena ( noctua ) lidia stoll , [ 1782 ] ; in cramer , uitl . kapellen 4 ( 32 - 32 ) : 222 , pl . 396 , f . d ; tl : british guiana , berbice [ error ]
500x522 ( ~ 43kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 22 - 28 . 8 . 1976 , f 29 - 4 . 9 . 1976 , markku savela leg .
500x281 ( ~ 22kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , f 12 - 18 . 8 . 1995 , markku savela leg .
seu , ceu - se . siberia , turkey , pamirs , japan . see [ maps ]
rhyacia mansour le cerf , 1933 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 38 : 216 ; tl : morocco , moyen atlas , zarf
from ( alberta , saskatchewan ) - colorado , texas , mexico , michigan , missouri . see [ maps ]
mexico , texas , oklahoma , colorado , s . nevada , s . california , florida . see [ maps ]
agrotis terrealis grote , 1883 ; trans . kansas acad . sci . 8 : 47 ; tl : las vegas , new mexico
british columbia - colorado , arizona , washington - california . see [ maps ]
from ( s . british columbia - s . manitoba ) - to ( new mexico , arizona ) , washington , oregon , california . see [ maps ]
longivesica hardwick , 1970 ; mem . ent . soc . canada 67 : 44 ; ts : agrotis divergens walker
newfoundland , s . canada , s . alberta - arizona , virginia , massachusetts , missouri , california , utah , new mexico . see [ maps ]
new york , michigan , nova scotia - ontario - british columbia - alaska , rocky mountains , colorado , arizona , new mexico , california . see [ maps ]
s . british columbia - california , s . nevada , montana , utah , w . colorado . see [ maps ]
carneades edictalis smith , 1893 ; ent . news , 4 ( 3 ) : 99 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; tl : colorado
crassivesica hardwick , 1970 ; mem . ent . soc . canada 67 : 156 ; ts : agrotis bochus morrison
from ( s . british columbia , s . alberta ) - to ( california , arizona , new mexico ) . see [ maps ]
agrotis bochus morrison , 1874 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 17 : 163 ; tl : nebraska
pleonectopoda grote , 1873 ; bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci . 1 : 136 ; ts : pleonectopoda lewisi grote
agrotis haverkampfi standfuss , 1893 ; berl . ent . z . 38 : 359 ; tl : corsica
turkey , bulgaria , turkmenia , caucasus , armenia , turkey , lebanon , iraq , iran . see [ maps ]
s . greenland , labrador , northwest territories , yukon , alberta . see [ maps ]
agrotiphila churchillensis mcdunnough , 1932 ; can . ent . 64 : 105 ; tl : manitoba , ft . churchill
newfoundland , labrador , n . quebec , northwest territories , new hampshire , new england . see [ maps ]
quebec , maine , newfoundland , ontario , s . yukon , alberta , rocky mountains , colorado , oregon . see [ maps ]
newfoundland , nova scotia - massachusetts , s . onterio - s . alberta , montana , wyoming , utah , california , missouri , new york , colorado . see [ maps ]
ontario - alberta , illinois , nebraska , colorado , arizona , washington . see [ maps ]
carneades vallus smith , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 22 ( 1203 ) : 430 ; tl : british columbia
carneades luteosita smith , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 22 ( 1203 ) : 433 ; tl : colorado , hall valley
agrotis trifasciata smith , 1888 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 10 : 460 ; tl : oregon , mt . hood
cascades ( s . british columbia - california ) , idaho , utah , arizona . see [ maps ]
n . minnesota , manitoba - british columbia - california , alberta - arizona , nova scotia , quebec , maine . see [ maps ]
s . canada , massachusetts , washington , idaho - to ( new mexico , arizona ) . see [ maps ]
manitoba , saskatchewan , alberta , w . montana , wyoming , colorado . see [ maps ]
from ( s . alberta , s . british columbia ) - colorado , utah , nevada , california , washington , wyoming , oregon . see [ maps ]
paragrotis dyar , [ 1903 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 140 ( repl . carneades grote , 1883 ) ; ts : carneades moerens grote
ceu , seu , naf , caucasus , armenia , c . asia , turkey , iraq , iran . see [ maps ]
w . siberia - amur , kurile is . , sakhalin , mongolia , w . china , tibet , afghanistan , nepal , india , korea , japan . see [ maps ]
noctua ochrogaster guenée , 1852 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 5 ( noct . 1 ) : 327 ; tl : north america
agrotis islandica staudinger , 1857 ; stettin ent . ztg 18 ( 7 - 9 ) : 232 ; tl : iceland , iyjofjödr , fredrickgafa [ ? ] and greenland
: pamir , chorog ; pamir - darja ; agatsh kurgan at kudara ; semirtsche , naryn ; s . siberia , barnaul
from ( s . alberta , s . british columbia ) - to ( colorado , utah , nevada , california ) . see [ maps ]
agrotis nostra smith , 1890 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 17 : 55 ; tl : california , sierra nevada
agrotis phantoma kozhanchikov , 1928 ; ent . mitt . 17 ( 3 ) : 201 ; tl : siberia , minussinsk
phalaena cursoria hufnagel , 1766 ; berlin . magazin . 3 ( 4 ) : 416 ; tl : berlin region
500x517 ( ~ 40kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 14 - 20 . 8 . 1982 , f 6 - 11 . 8 . 1994 , markku savela leg .
500x572 ( ~ 39kb ) finland : n : helsinki , m 9 . 8 . 1972 , ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , f 7 - 13 . 8 . 1982 , markku savela leg .
larva on ( mostly roots of ) elymus arenarius , rumex sp . , atriplex littoralis , minuartia pebloides , cakile maritima , lathyrus maritimus [ sprk ] , asparagus [ ne1 ]
f . nigrovittata ( hanel , 1920 ) ; int . ent . zs . 13 : 185 ; tl : germany
ceu , caucasus , armenia , c . asia , ili , issyk - kul , turkey , iran . see [ maps ]
sweu , libya , tunisia , algeria , morocco , jordan , sicily . see [ maps ]
steppes of ( s . russia ) , w . turkestan , s . ferghana , altai , sarepta . see [ maps ]
eu - c . asia , n . africa , middle east . see [ maps ]
500x461 ( ~ 34kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 22 - 28 . 8 . 1976 , f 19 - 25 . 8 . 1978 , markku savela leg .
eu , turkey , siberia , c . asia - altai . see [ maps ]
noctua eruta hübner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 136 , f . 623 ; tl : europe
500x513 ( ~ 38kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 23 - 30 . 7 . 1982 , f 31 - 6 . 8 . 1982 , markku savela leg .
500x508 ( ~ 37kb ) finland : ab : suomusjärvi , 669 : 31 , m 25 - 28 . 7 . 1996 , f 1 - 7 . 9 . 1996 , markku savela leg .
great confusion of how names should be distributed between e . tritici ( previosly e . crypta ) , and e . nigrofusca ( previously e . tritici ) , change due type specimen tritici being same ascrypta ! see [ ne12 ] , 149 .
the photos are placed here , but i have no sure way of knowing which of the
tritici
group species is really shown here .
agrotis segnilis duponchel , 1837 ; in godart , hist . nat . lépid . fr . ( suppl . ) 3 : 649 ; tl : balkan mts .
502x666 ( ~ 96kb ) russia , moscow area , 2 . 8 . 2008 , photo ©
500x518 ( ~ 38kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 12 - 18 . 8 . 1995 , f 19 - 25 . 8 . 1995 , markku savela leg .
larva on gramineae , allium fistulosum , polygonum aviculare , brassica napus v . napobrassica
seu , tunisia , algeria , turkey , syria , iraq , iran , armenia , w . turkestan , ferghana , issyk - kul . see [ maps ]
bang - haas , 1922 ; 36 , pl . 11 , f . 18 - 19 ;
turkey , iran , armenia , turkmenia , issyk - kul , ili , saisan , altai , w . siberia . see [ maps ]
sarepta , kasakhstan , turkmenia , uzbekistan , kirghizia , mongolia . see [ maps ]
turkmenia , w . siberia , armenia , turkey , iran . see [ maps ]
n . africa , iraq , yemen , arabia , turkmenistan , afghanistan , pakistan , . . .
steppes of ( s . russia , n . kazakhstan ) . see [ maps ]
seu , ceu , morocco , algeria , caucasus , armenia , issyk - kul , turkey , iran , iraq . see [ maps ]
? agrotis decora olympica toulechkoff , 1951 ; izv . zool . inst . sof . 1 : 327
eu , turkey , w . siberia , altai , ala tau , issyk - kul , alexander mts . , ili , amurland . see [ maps ]
noctua recussa hübner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 138 , f . 630 ; tl : europe [ alpes - maritimes ]
500x575 ( ~ 42kb ) finland : om : perho , jänkä , 7020 : 376 , m 3 . 8 . 1971 , f 8 . 8 . 1971 , markku savela leg .
armenia , turkey , lebanon , syria , iraq , iran . see [ maps ]
hadena acuminifera eversmann , 1854 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 27 ( 3 ) : 188 ; tl : kirghizia , southern steppe
se . ukraine , s . russia ( steppe ) , turkey , iran , iraq , transcaucasia , caucasus , c . asia . see [ maps ]
agrotis ? anarmodia staudinger , 1897 ; dt . ent . z . iris 10 : 170 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : syria ; haifa
agrotis bostoniensis grote , 1874 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 1874 : 203 ; tl : massachusetts , newtonville
from ( s . manitoba , wisconsin ) - s . alberta - california , texas , colorado , arizona , mexico . see [ maps ]
w . montana - washington - arizona , california , colorado . see [ maps ]
s . british columbia - california , n . michigan . see [ maps ]
texas , new mexico , mexico , guatemala , . . . . see [ maps ]
agrotis rufula smith , 1888 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 10 : 461 ; tl : new mexico
w . ontario - british columbia , montana , utah , new mexico , california , oregon , washington . see [ maps ]
agrotis annulipes smith , 1890 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 17 : 48 ; tl : oregon
quebec , ontario , e . north dakota , pennsylvania , n . illinois , e . nebraska , kentucky , north carolina . see [ maps ]
s . british columbia , s . alberta - utah , nevada , california , washington . see [ maps ]
s . montana - wyoming - colorado - new mexico , arizona , nevada , california . see [ maps ]
s . british columbia - oregon , california , montana - utah , colorado . see [ maps ]
s . british columbia - to ( new mexico , utah , california ) , nevada . see [ maps ]
agrotis pluralis grote , 1878 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 4 : 174 ; tl : nevada
oregon , washington , utah , new mexico , nevada . see [ maps ]
british columbia , alberta , washington , idaho , arizona , new mexico , south dakota , wyoming . see [ maps ]
north carolina , quebec - ontario - alberta - british columbia - alaska , minnesota , s . alberta - new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]
newfoundland , s . canada , british columbia alaska , new england , rocky mountains , new mexico , arizona , utah , kentucky . see [ maps ]
agrotis campestris grote , 1875 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 27 : 423 ; tl : orillia , ontario
colorado , utah , new mexico , arizona , mexico . see [ maps ]
s . washington - w . colorado , arizona , california , nevada , montana , s . alberta . see [ maps ]
agrotis silens grote , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 4 ) : 67 ; tl : nevada
colorado , s . california , new mexico , arizona . see [ maps ]
s . michigan - w . montana , tennessee , n . arkansas , texas . see [ maps ]
washington , utah , w . new mexico , s . california . see [ maps ]
cascases ( s . british columbia - california ) , montana , utah , colorado . see [ maps ]
from ( w . montana , wyoming ) - nevada , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]
feltia stygialis barnes & mcdunnough , 1912 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 1 ( 5 ) : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : arizona , santa catalina mts .
colorado - california , new mexico , arizona , south dakota , se . montana . see [ maps ]
carneades stigmatalis smith , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 22 ( 1203 ) : 425 ; tl : colorado , glenwood springs
s . saskatschewan , s . albertal , north dakota , montana . see [ maps ]
s . british columbia , s . saskatchewan - colorado , washington , oregon , california , utah , new mexico . see [ maps ]
massachusetts , north carolina , kansas , nova scotia , s . canada , alberta , british columbia , yukon , alaska , new york , colorado , california , south dakota , new mexico , arizona , washington . see [ maps ]
th rep . nox . and other ins . state of n . y : 237 ;
s . saskatchewan - s . british columbia - colorado , new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]
agrotis plagigera morrison , 1875 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 17 : 163 ; tl : colorado
california , colorado , manitoba , alberta , saskatchewan , utah , south dakota , . . . . see [ maps ]
s . british columbia - new mexico , california , arizona , e . montana , ne . wyoming . see [ maps ]
s . nevada , utah , arizona , new mexico , texas . see [ maps ]
from ( s . british columbia - s . saskatchwan ) - colorado , new mexico , arizona , california , w . kansas . see [ maps ]
agrotis comosa morrison , 1876 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 18 : 238 ; tl : colorado
w . montana , n . utah , california , arizona , colado . see [ maps ]
s . british columbia , washington , oregon , california . see [ maps ]
prince edward i . - s . manitoba , montana , wyoming , n . kansas , w . north carolina , new york . see [ maps ]
agrotis velleripennis grote , 1874 ; 6th ann . rep . peabody acad . sci . 1873 : 25 ; tl : new york
from ( s . british columbia - s . saskatchewan ) - california , south dakota , utah , nevada . see [ maps ]
from ( s . british columbia , s . alberta ) - colorado , utah , nevada , california . see [ maps ]
from ( s . british columbia , ne . wyoming ) - to ( new mexico , arizona , california ) . see [ maps ]
agrotis satiens smith , 1890 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 17 : 45 ; tl : nw british columbia
agrotis violaris grote & robinson , 1868 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 1 : 353 , pl . 7 , f . 59 ; tl : atlantic district
from ( alberta , s . yukon ) - colorado , new mexico , arizona , nevada , california . see [ maps ]
from ( manitoba , british columbia ) - to ( colorado , kansas , california , new mexico , arizona ) , s . canada , quebec , n . pennsylvania . see [ maps ]
e . south dakota , e . north dakota , s . saskatchewan , montana , kansas , new mexico , nebraska . see [ maps ]
british columbia - e . washington - utah - new mexico , w . south dakota . see [ maps ]
from ( saskatchewan , alberta ) - to ( north dakota , south dakota , colorado ) , new mexico , arizona , nevada , oregon . see [ maps ]
agrotis basalis grote , 1879 ; north amer . ent . 1 ( 5 ) : 38 ; tl : colorado
agrotis costata grote , 1876 ; bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci . 3 : 80 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : vancouver island
british columbia - manitoba , n . idaho , rocky mountains , new mexico , arizona . see [ maps ]
carneades foeminalis smith , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 22 ( 1203 ) : 454 ; tl : colorado , garfield co .
se . saskatchewan - south dakota , alaska , idaho , new mexico , arizona , nevada , california . see [ maps ]
from ( s . saskatchewan - s . british columbia ) - colorado , new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]
nova scotia - british columbia , s . yukon , massachusetts , new york , michigan , south dakota , colorado , new mexico , arizona , utah . see [ maps ]
nova scotia - virginia , massachusetts , ontario - s . saskatchewan , montan , w . wyoming , missouri . see [ maps ]
agrotis redimicula morrison , 1875 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 17 : 165 ; tl : massachusetts
yukon , from ( s . saskatchewan - s . british columbia ) - colorado , montana , new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]
oregon - california , colorado , idaho , s . montana , utah , nevada . see [ maps ]
agrotis agema strecker , 1899 ; lep . rhopal . het . , suppl . 2 : 5 ; tl : colorado
s . saskatchewan - s . british columbia , south dakota , montana , new mexico , utah , nevada , california . see [ maps ]
agrotis oblongistigma smith , 1888 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 10 : 454 ; tl : montana
s . washington - califorina , wyoming , colorado , new mexico , north dakota , s . alberta . see [ maps ]
s . saskatchewan , s . alberta , south dakota , wyoming , utah . see [ maps ]
from ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( new mexico , texas , arizona , nevada ) . see [ maps ]
from ( saskatchewan , s . british columbia ) - to ( south dakota , colorado , arizona , n . baja california , mexico ) , oregon . see [ maps ]
from ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( colorado , oregon ) , arizona , nevada . see [ maps ]
cascades ( washington - california ) , n . baja california . see [ maps ]
agrotis latro barnes & benjamin , 1926 ; can . ent . 58 : 305 ; tl : california , truckee
from ( s . british columbia , s . alberta ) - to ( colorado , utah , nevada , california ) . see [ maps ]
from ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( south dakota , new mexico , arizona ) . see [ maps ]
from ( s . manitoba - s . british columbia ) - to ( south dakota , new mexico , arizona , nevada , california ) . see [ maps ]
agrotis infracta morrison , 1875 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 18 : 115 ; tl : colorado
from ( s . saskatchewan - s . british columbia ) - colorado , utah , nevada , montana , california . see [ maps ]
agrotis quadridentata grote & robinson , 1865 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 4 : 491 , pl . 3 , f . 2 - 3 ; tl : colorado territory
rocky mountains , e . british columbia , w . montana , colorado , wyoming , e . nevada , arizona
cascades , s . british columbia , w . idaho , e . nevada , california
s . montana - colorado , utah , nevada , california . see [ maps ]
from ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( texas , new mexico , arizona ) , south dakota , michigan . see [ maps ]
from ( s . manitoba - s . british columbia ) - nebraska , idaho , south dakota , colorado , oregon , new mexico , . see [ maps ]
newfoundland - northwest territories , alberta , south carolina , n . missouri , kansas , colorado . see [ maps ]
charaeas ? detersa walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 9 : 212 ; tl : nova scotia
from ( saskatchewan - s . british columbia ) - colorado , california , new mexico , utah , texas . see [ maps ]
oregon - california , nevada , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]
agrotis recula harvey , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 2 ) : 37 ; tl : oregon
agrotis aequalis harvey , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 2 ) : 36 ; tl : california
kansas , colorado , new mexico , arizona , n . texas . see [ maps ]
carneades conjuncta smith , 1890 ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 38 : 221 ; tl : new mexico , las vegas
oregon , utah , colorado , idaho , california , montana , w . north dakota . see [ maps ]
s . northwest territories , s . yukon , se . alaska , manitoba , montana , colorado , utah , california . see [ maps ]
sw . saskatchewan , washington , montana , colorado , utah , nevada , arizona , texas , california . see [ maps ]
s . british columbia , w . north dakota , montana , colorado , new mexico , nevada , arizona . see [ maps ]
from ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta , s . british columbia ) - to ( nevada , utah , new mexico , arizona , california ) . see [ maps ]
from ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( texas , new mexico , utah ) , s . british columbia - to ( nevada , arizona ) . see [ maps ]
carneades cinereopallidus smith , 1903 ; can . ent . 35 ( 1 ) : 10 ; tl : utah , stockton
from ( s . saskatchewan - s . alberta ) - to ( new mexico , mexico ) , s . british columbia - to ( utah , nevada ) , colorado . see [ maps ]
colorado , w . texas , new mexico , arizona . see [ maps ]
turkmenia , c . asia , w . siberia , mongolia , china . see [ maps ]
agrotiphila incognita smith , 1894 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 21 : 52 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : british columbia , laggan
from ( s . british columbia , s . alberta ) - montana , washington , s . manitoba , n . michigan . see [ maps ]
s . northwest territories , s . yukon , alberta , saskatchewan , s . british columbia - colorado , washington , utah . see [ maps ]
rhizagrotis perolivalis smith , 1905 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 13 : 194 ; tl : alberta , calgary
maine , newfoundland - british columbia , montana , south dakota . see [ maps ]
from ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( nebraska , colorado ) , idaho , nevada , montana . see [ maps ]
northwest territories - north dakota , colorado , utah , washington , montana . see [ maps ]
agrotis flavicollis smith , 1888 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 10 : 456 ; tl : montana
yukon , s . northwest territories - british columbia , north dakota , montana , colorado , utah , new mexico , arizona . see [ maps ]