coleophora stuposa is a moth of the coleophoridae family that can be found in turkestan and uzbekistan .

the wingspan is 10.5 – 12.5 millimetres ( 0.41 – 0.49 in ) .

the larvae feed on salsola gemmascens .

they create a silky , very compact case with a cover .

this cover is cloth-like and dense .

the valve is three-sided and short .

the length of the case is 4.5 – 5 millimetres ( 0.18 – 0.20 in ) .

the color of the cover is gray , while the silky base is brown , with five to six indistinct but lustrous longitudinal lines partially obliterated by surrounding pubescence .

the case of the young larvae is whitish-gray .

larvae can be found from september to october .

coleophora stuposa

coleophora laricella hübner , 1817 = protocryptis laricella ( hubner , [ 1817 ] ) = tinea laricella hübner , [ 1817 ] = phalaena tortix ( ornix ) laricinella ratzeburg , 1840 = coleophora nigricornis heinemann & wocke , 1877 .
coleophora - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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the podocopida are an order of ostracods in the subclass podocopa .

it is divided into five suborders – bairdiocopina , cypridocopina , cytherocopina , darwinulocopina , and sigilliocopina .

it is the most diverse of the four orders of ostracods , and also has a rich fossil record .

podocopida

kento furui added the japanese common name
ポドコピダ目
to
podocopida
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
カイミジンコ目
to
podocopida
.
on limnocytherina axalapasco , a new freshwater ostracod ( podocopida : limnocytheridae ) from mexican crater lakes .
on limnocytherina axalapasco , a new freshwater ostracod ( podocopida : limnocytheridae ) from mexican crater lakes . - pubmed - ncbi
brandão , s . n . ; angel , m . v . ; karanovic , i . ; perrier , v . & meidla , t . ( 2018 ) . world ostracoda database . podocopida . accessed at : urltoken ; = 1091 on 2018 - 07 - 09
brandão , s . n . ; angel , m . v . ; karanovic , i . ; perrier , v . & meidla , t . ( 2018 ) . world ostracoda database . podocopida . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 1091 on 2018 - 07 - 09
order podocopida ordovician to present ; antennae uniramous ; 5 pairs of postoral appendages ; marine , freshwater , and terrestrial . class malacostraca cambrian to present ; typically with compound eyes , stalked or sessile ; 8 thoracic and 6 abdominal segments , each potentially capable of bearing a pair of appendages ; about 22 , 000 species . …
martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
yan wong marked
file : costanera de la ciudad de paraná . jpg
as hidden on the
costa neviani 1928
page .
yan wong marked
file : costanera de la ciudad de paraná . jpg
as untrusted on the
costa neviani 1928
page . reasons to untrust : incorrect / misleading
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, littoral and sub - littoral , some ( particularly in freshwater ) are planktonic ; hence not keyed out here . with some 1600 species worldwide , this is the largest group of recent ostracoda .
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dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…
horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 114deb37 - 88f1 - 4bc7 - 8832 - 16a1e19c8319
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 262261
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fusinus wallacei is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

fusinus wallacei

species fusinus panamensis dall , 1908 accepted as fusinus spectrum ( a . adams & reeve , 1848 )
subgenus fusinus ( sinistralia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as fusinus rafinesque , 1815
species fusinus sagamiensis kuroda & habe , 1971 accepted as fusinus nigrirostratus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )
species fusinus alternatus settepassi , 1985 accepted as fusinus alternatus buzzurro & russo , 2007 ( unavailable following iczn art . 11 . 4 )
species fusinus colombiensis m . a . snyder & n . c . snyder , 1999
species fusinus altus p . marshall , 1919 † accepted as falsicolus alta ( p . marshall , 1919 ) †
species fusinus corrugatus p . marshall , 1918 † accepted as lepidocolus corrugata ( p . marshall , 1918 ) †
species fusinus orcutti dall , 1915 accepted as trachypollia lugubris ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) ( synonym )
species fusinus valdiviae hadorn & fraussen , 1999 accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )
» species fusinus ( chryseofusus ) hyphalus m . smith , 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 )
species fusinus hyphalus m . smith , 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 ) ( original combination )
species fusinus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) accepted as granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )
species fusinus monksae dall , 1915 accepted as fusinus robustus ( trask , 1855 ) accepted as harfordia robusta ( trask , 1855 ) ( unnecessary nom . nov . for fusus robustus trask , 1855 , by dall believed to be preoccupied by f . robustus beyrich , 1856 . )
buzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors , 280 p . [ details ]
species fusinus felipensis h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis felipensis ( h . n . lowe , 1935 ) ( original combination )
species fusinus fredbakeri h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis fredbakeri ( h . n . lowe , 1935 ) ( original combination )
species fusinus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )
species fusinus maorium p . marshall & murdoch , 1919 † accepted as coluzea maoria ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1919 ) †
species fusinus rubrolineatus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1870 ) accepted as granulifusus rubrolineatus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1870 )
» species fusinus ( chryseofusus ) graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )
hadorn r . & fraussen k . 2006 . five new species of fusinus ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) from western pacific and arafura sea . novapex 7 ( 4 ) : 91 - 102 . [ details ]
iczn 1993 . opinion 1765 . fusus helbling , 1779 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) : suppressed , and fusinus rafinesque , 1815 and colubraria schumacher , 1817 : conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 - 161 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of propefusus iredale , 1924 ) callomon p . & snyder m . a . ( 2008 ) . on the genus fusinus in japan iv : f . longissimus ( gmelin , 1791 ) and two new species . venus , 67 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 13 [ details ]
( of fusus bruguière , 1789 ) iczn 1993 . opinion 1765 . fusus helbling , 1779 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) : suppressed , and fusinus rafinesque , 1815 and colubraria schumacher , 1817 : conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 - 161 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
fusus bruguière , 1789 ( invalid : junior homonym of fusus helbling , 1779 . see nomenclatural note below . )
taxonomy established as a substitute name for
fusus lamarck
[ = fusus bruguière , 1789 ] , which however is invalid . placed by the . . .
taxonomy established as a substitute name for
fusus lamarck
[ = fusus bruguière , 1789 ] , which however is invalid . placed by the iczn on the official list by opinion 1765 , 1994 , bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 . [ details ]
( of cyrtulus hinds , 1843 ) hinds r . b . ( 1843 ) . descriptions of new shells from the collection of captain sir edward belcher , r . n . , c . b . annals and magazine of natural history . 11 : 255 - 257 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 256 [ details ]
( of pseudofusus monterosato , 1884 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1884 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee . palermo , virzi , 152 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 117 [ details ]
( of exilifusus gabb , 1876 † ) gabb , w . m . ( 1876 ) notes on american cretaceous fossils , with descriptions of some new species . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 28 , 276–324 . [ details ]
( of sinistralia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) adams h . & adams a . ( 1853 - 1858 ) . the genera of recent mollusca ; arranged according to their organization . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : xl + 484 pp . ; vol . 2 : 661 pp . ; vol . 3 : 138 pls . [ published in parts : vol . 1 : i - xl ( 1858 ) , 1 - 256 ( 1853 ) , 257 - 484 ( 1854 ) . vol . 2 : 1 - 92 ( 1854 ) , 93 - 284 ( 1855 ) , 285 - 412 ( 1856 ) , 413 - 540 ( 1857 ) , 541 - 661 ( 1858 ) . vol . 3 : pl . 1 - 32 ( 1853 ) , 33 - 96 ( 1855 ) , 97 - 112 ( 1856 ) , 113 - 128 ( 1857 ) , 129 - 138 ( 1858 ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 79 [ details ]
snyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1–431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyrtulus hinds , 1843 ) couto d . , bouchet p . , kantor yu . i . , simone l . r . l . & giribet g . ( 2016 ) . a multilocus molecular phylogeny of fasciolariidae ( neogastropoda : buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 309 - 322 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pseudofusus monterosato , 1884 ) crosse h . ( 1885 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee , pel marchese di monterosato [ book review ] . journal de conchyliologie 33 : 139 - 142 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]
( of fusus bruguière , 1789 ) snyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1–431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of gracilipurpura jousseaume , 1880 ) jousseaume , f . p . ( 1880 ) . division méthodique de la famille des purpuridés . le naturaliste . 2 ( 42 ) : 335 - 338 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sinistralia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) cossmann , m . ( 1901 ) . essais de paléoconchologie comparée . quatrième livraison . paris , the author and société d ' éditions scientifiques . 293 pp . , 10 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 8 [ details ]
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the dot-winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) is a species of bird in the family rallidae .

despite its visual similarities , it probably does not belong to the genus porzana ; like the yellow-breasted crake , which was variously placed in hapalocrex , micropygia , poliolimnas or porzana , it seems to form a badly-resolved complex with the mainly neotropical crakes of genera anurolimnas , coturnicops and laterallus .

it is found in argentina , brazil , and uruguay .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland , subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland , freshwater lakes , freshwater marshes , and coastal saline lagoons .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

dot - winged crake

dot - winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) is a species of bird in the rallidae family .
greater rhea , spotted nothura , black - headed duck , olrog’s gull , dot - winged crake , red and white crake , hudson’s canastero , bay - capped wren - spinetail , sulphur - bearded spinetail , many - colored rush - tyrant .
martinez , m . m . ; bo , m . s . ; isacch , j . p . 1997 . habitat and abundance of speckled crake ( coturnicops notata ) and dot - winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) in mar chiquita , buenos aires province , argentina . hornero 14 : 274 - 277 .
top ten species : greater rhea , spotted nothura , black - headed duck , olrog’s gull , dot - winged crake , rufous - chested dotterel ( winter ) , hudson’s canastero , bay - capped wren - spinetail , sulphur - bearded spinetail , many - colored rush - tyrant .
taylor , b . , boesman , p . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . dot - winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
we depart from buenos aires early in the morning . transfer to san clemente area where we’ll explore the grassy meadows which harbours plenty of aquatic birds , rheas and tinamous , among others specialties . the following day we have a full day around punta rasa , where hundreds of shorebirds and seabirds congregate in its tidal mudflats . apart of this , there are extensive brackish grasslands where dot - winged crake is locally common . return to buenos aires at about 18 : 00 hs .
the dot - winged crake of southern south america is tiny , with brown upperparts striped blackish , and whitish barring on the wing coverts , which is only visible in flight . the underparts are dark gray , becoming even darker over the belly , which is barred white . the bill is dark greenish bill , and the legs are gray washed green . this crake is most abundant and widespread in buenos aires province in argentina , but there are also records elsewhere in the same country , as well as from uruguay and southernmost brazil . it usually inhabits temporary and tidal marshes , swamps , wet marshy meadows , and wet to dry grassland , and there is some evidence for a recent decline in the species’ numbers .
14–15 cm . small dark crake , with blackish streaks ( feather centres ) on dark olive brown upperparts ; white markings on upperparts confined to upperwing - coverts and . . .
15 cm . tiny , dark crake . brown upperparts striped blackish . dark wings with whitish barring on coverts , visible in flight . plumbeous underparts . darker belly barred white . dark greenish bill , grey legs washed green .
a good combination of the best places for birding near buenos aires . we start at 6 : 30 hs in a prearranged location . in the morning we visit the important bird area of magdalena , birding the riparian forest and marshlands . after lunch birding in xeric woodlands and the coast at punta indio , located 160 km south of buenos aires city . the second day we move to san clemente area where we explore the grassy meadows which harbours plenty of aquatic birds , rheas and tinamous , among others specialties . the following day we have a full day around punta rasa , where hundreds of shorebirds and seabirds congregate in its tidal mudflats . apart of this , there are extensive brackish grasslands where dot - winged crake is locally common . return to buenos aires at about 18 : 00 hs .
top ten species : dusky - legged guan , giant wood - rail , red - and - white crake , ash - coloured cuckoo , scimitar - billed woodcreeper , straight - billed reedhaunter , curve - billed reedhaunter , many - colored rush - tyrant , diademed tanager , gray - throated warbling - finch .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
the vocalisations of this secretive species are still unknown , and its distribution and abundance hence remain poorly understood . however , its population is believed to be small , fragmented , and undergoing a continuing decline , qualifying it as vulnerable .
. 2011 , lucero 2013 ) . it is relatively widespread ( 16 localities in buenos aires with recent records from eight ) , but all records refer to 1 - 2 birds . it was formerly locally frequent to abundant in buenos aires , but is now rare to fairly common . this may be partly attributable to a paucity of observers , but there seem to have been declines ( or perhaps birds are just highly mobile in search of optimum habitat ) at the relatively well - watched sites of punta rasa and the río luján
the population is assumed to fall in the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on the low numbers usually recorded at the relatively small number of known localities with recent records , where it is described as rare to fairly common . this equates to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . verification of this estimate is desirable . trend justification : it was formerly locally frequent to abundant in buenos aires , but is now rare to fairly common . this may be partly attributable to a paucity of observers , but there seem to have been declines ( or perhaps birds are just highly mobile in optimum habitat ) at the relatively well - watched sites of punta rasa and the río luján ( m . pearman in litt . 1999 ) . based on this information , a slow decline is suspected .
it occurs in temporary and tidal marshes , swamps , wet marshy meadows , and wet to dry grassland . in argentina , it associates with cord grass
there is land reclamation for agriculture , and high levels of grazing and burning . at punta rasa , a recreational development project has resulted in an increase in visitors . mar chiquita , buenos aires , has been flooded . birds seem to disappear for up to one year after burning
most records are from mar chiquita biosphere reserve ( buenos aires ) , mar chiquita ramsar biosphere reserve ( córdoba ) , punta rasa biological station and the otamendi strict nature reserve . it occurs in lagoa do peixe national park , brazil
. 1999 ) and rio grande do sul . record its voice to enable further surveys using tape - playback . study the effects of cattle - grazing . expand otamendi strict nature reserve to encompass larger tracts of habitat . ensure the
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
río luján 2 ( reserva otamendi ) , campana , prov . bs . as .
site 2 bird one . see black rail l . j . murivagans subspecies xc62960 : similar .
site 2 bird one . see the black rail laterallus j . murivagans subspecies ' pw ' call too : cxc56406
after playback . the black rail l . jamaicensis subspecies tuerosi , salinasi & the nominal too have a growl call ( see : xc54566 , xc16582 , xc1145 and others )
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
se brazil ( rio grande do sul ) # r , argentina ( corrientes–chaco to santa cruz ) # r # r # r and s uruguay .
voice unknown until recently . song is a high note followed by a lower - pitched rattle
kee - . . .
freshwater and brackish wetlands , including tidal and temporary marshes , swamps , wet marshy meadows . . .
recorded as feeding on insects , seeds and marsh weeds . no information on feeding habits .
only recorded nest was found near buenos aires , but no further details were given . in addition , a juvenile was seen with an adult at punta . . .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : porzana spiloptera . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
4 . grassland - > 4 . 5 . grassland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 4 . grassland - > 4 . 6 . grassland - subtropical / tropical seasonally wet / flooded suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater lakes ( over 8ha ) suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 7 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 13 . marine coastal / supratidal - > 13 . 4 . marine coastal / supratidal - coastal brackish / saline lagoons / marine lakes suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no
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arballo , e . ; cravino , j . l . 1999 . aves del uruguay : manual ornitológico - tomo 1 . editorial agropecuaria hemisferio sur s . r . l . , montevideo .
collar , n . j . , gonzaga , l . p . , krabbe , n . , madroño nieto , a . , naranjo , l . g . , parker , t . a . and wege , d . c . 1992 . threatened birds of the americas : the icbp / iucn red data book . international council for bird preservation , cambridge , u . k .
cuello , j . ; gerzenstein , e . 1962 . las aves del uruguay : lista sistemática , distribución y notas . comunicaciones zoologicas del museo de historia natural de montevideo vi ( 93 ) : 1 - 191 .
escalante , r . 1983 . catálogo de las aves uruguayas . 3a parte , galliformes y gruiformes .
iucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .
lucero , f . 2013 . primer registro documentado confirmando la presencia del burrito negruzco ( porzana spiloptera ) para la provincia de san juan , argentina . ecoregistros revista 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 6 .
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one of the best urban reserves in the world with 336 species of birds recorded in the last 30 years . the reserve opens at 8 : 00hs am and close its doors at 19 : 00hs pm in spring . remember that the reserve normally closes in rainy days , but it’s possible to take a view from outside for a couple of hours . no especial clothing is required , but you must bring insect repellent , suncream and a hat . a small backpack is always useful .
top ten species : black - necked swan , rosy - billed pochard , spot - flanked gallinule , guira cuckoo , checkered woodpecker , narrow - billed woodcreeper , masked gnatcatcher , yellow - billed cardinal greyish baywing , black - and - rufous warbling - finch .
we start at 6 : 30 hs in a prearranged location . in the morning we visit the famous otamendi np , birding the riparian forest and marshlands . after lunch birding in xeric woodlands at ceibas . this is probably the best birding site near buenos aires , a well - known place for birders which it was explored for the last 25 years . normally in a spring day the bird list here is of more than 80 species . return to buenos aires at about 18 : 00 hs .


the paropsonemids are problematic fossils known from the early cambrian to devonian periods , which may be related to the cambrian eldoniids .

they are typified by the chengjiang genus paropsonema .

paropsonemid

this is the place for paropsonemid definition . you find here paropsonemid meaning , synonyms of paropsonemid and images for paropsonemid copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word paropsonemid . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word paropsonemid and , of course , paropsonemid synonyms and on the right images related to the word paropsonemid .
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aa ( department of earth sciences , university of cambridge , cambridge cb2 3eq , uk . )
nature , volume 361 , issue 6409 , pp . 219 - 225 ( 1993 ) . ( nature homepage )
the appearance of the multicellular animals , or metazoa , in the fossil record about 600 million years ago marks a revolution in the history of life . molecular biology is continuing to increase our understanding of metazoan evolution , yet information from fossils is still an important component in deciphering metazoan phylogeny , and data on rapidly radiating animal groups place early metazoan evolution in a new perspective .
d . friend , a . yu . zhuravlev , and i . a . solov’ev ( 2002 ) .
this page was last modified on 8 december 2015 , at 15 : 37 .
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the eldonides are an extinct group of soft - bodied animals , which lived from 530 ¿ 370 million years ago . examining how they were preserved as fossils , in comparison to some of the oldest animal fossils , suggests that animal life could have existed for millions of years before becoming capable of fossilisation .
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the northern viscacha ( lagidium peruanum ) is a species of rodent in the family chinchillidae .

it is known from peru and chile , at elevations from 300 to 5000 m , and may also be present in bolivia .

northern viscacha

northern viscacha ( lagidium peruanum ) adult and young cordillera blanca massif , andes , peru .
mountain viscacha ( lagidium viscasia ) resting in a wetland area of lauca national park in northern chile .
) , which is also sometimes called the northern mountain viscacha , is a rodent and a member of the chinchillidae family , which also includes chinchillas . these little guys can be found in peru , northern
the mountain viscacha is found in the extreme southern portion of peru , western and central bolivia , northern and central chile , and in western argentina .
peru , 15th - century inca site located 2 , 430 metres ( 7 , 970 ft ) above sea level . northern viscacha ( lagidium peruanum ) .
the southern viscacha has a patchy distribution comprising parts of western bolivia , northern chile , western argentina and possibly extreme southern peru ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .
the southern viscacha has a patchy distribution comprising parts of western bolivia , northern chile , western argentina and possibly extreme southern peru ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .
nature picture library - northern viscacha ( lagidium peruanum ) two playing together , huascaran national park , cordillera blanca , andes , peru - cyril r . . .
northern viscachas make their burrows in the crevices of the rocky habitat they prefer and live in large colonies that can include up to 80 animals . the northern viscacha is not a territorial animal , but colonies tend to be separated from one another by some distance .
the northern viscacha is currently listed on the iucn red list as a species of least concern . it is believed to be a widely distributed species with a healthy population .
mountain vizcacha ( lagidium cf . peruanum ) in ecuador : first record of chinchillidae from the northern andes
mountain vizcacha ( lagidium cf . peruanum ) in ecuador - first record of chinchillidae from the northern andes
southern mountain viscacha - lagidium viscacia the southern mountain viscacha looks like a long - tailed rabbit . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the southern viscacha is native to the mountainous parts of western argentina , southern peru , western and central bolivia , and northern and central chile . it lives among rocks and around crags where the vegetation is sparse .
the rocky territory that the northern viscacha lives in has sparse vegetation , so the little herbivore feeds on the hardy grasses that can survive in this somewhat harsh environment . it also dines on lichens and mosses . northern viscachas typically feed in the evenings and early nighttime hours . their daytime hours are usually spent basking in the sun on rocks .
the southern viscacha is native to the mountainous parts of western argentina , southern peru , western and central bolivia and the northern and central parts of chile . it lives in and among rocks and around crags where the vegetation is sparse .
the northern viscacha is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
this species occurs in northern , central and eastern argentina , southern and western paraguay , and southeastern bolivia ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) .
the fur on their lower body is lighter than their upper parts and can be white , pale gray or yellow . the ends of their long tails are darker than the rest of the northern viscacha ' s body , usually rust or black in color .
northern viscachas look a little like a cross between a squirrel and a rabbit . they have large ears for their bodies , soft , thick fur , and a bushy curled tail . northern viscachas that live at lower elevations are typically gray in color , while those living up higher tend to be brown .
rowlands iw . 1974 . mountain viscacha . symposium of the zoological society of london 34 : 131 - 141 . [ links ]
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. although they are typically found between the timber and the snow lines in the andes mountains at elevations between 3 , 000 to 5 , 000 meters - - or 10 , 000 feet to 16 , 000 feet - - they can also be found in low coastal ranges at only 300 meters - - or 980 feet . in addition , the northern viscacha is one of only 70 mammal species that live in the unique winter rainfall - valdivian forests in chile .
although the southern viscacha is locally hunted for its meat and fur , it is still a very common species , and is not thought to be declining at a rate to warrant significant concern ( 1 ) .
although the southern viscacha is locally hunted for its meat and fur , it is still a very common species , and is not thought to be declining at a rate to warrant significant concern ( 1 ) .
there are seven species in this family . they are all found in south america . they have thick , very soft fur ; large ears ; big eyes ; and bushy tails . their hind legs are longer than their front legs . they live in colonies . most species , except for the plains viscacha , live in rocky crevices or burrows in the mountains . plains viscacha live on the plains and dig burrows .
the southern viscacha is a common species and locally abundant but it is prone to wide swings in population due to adverse weather conditions . it is hunted for its flesh and its fur but not to such an extent as to reduce its numbers significantly . the
the southern viscacha has yellowish - grey upperparts , paler underparts , and a black - tipped , bushy tail . the body fur is long and soft , while that on the tail is coarse . the long , fur - covered ears have a white fringe and both the short front legs and longer hind legs have four digits on the feet . the soles of the feet have fleshy pads called
pallipes
and they can move about with agility over rocky surfaces . the weight of an adult southern viscacha is about
the southern viscacha is a common species and locally abundant , but it is prone to wide swings in population due to adverse weather conditions . it is hunted for its flesh and its fur , but not to such an extent as to reduce its numbers significantly . the
the southern viscacha has yellowish - grey upperparts , paler underparts and a black - tipped bushy tail . the body fur is long and soft while that on the tail is coarse . the long fur - covered ears have a white fringe and both the short front legs and longer hind legs have four digits on the feet . the soles of the feet have fleshy pads called
pallipes
and they can move about with agility over rocky surfaces . the weight of an adult southern viscacha is about 3 kilograms ( 6 . 6 lb ) .
northern viscacha ( lagidium peruanum ) * family : chinchillidae , * genus : lagidium , * species : l . peruanum , * phylum : chordata , * class : mammalia , * order : rodentia , * type : mammal , * diet : omnivore , * average life span in captivity : 6 - 8 years , * size : averages 6 . 9 in ( 175 mm ) , * weight : up to 19 . 8 lb ( 9 kg ) , * * viscachas or vizcachas are rodents of two genera ( lagidium and lagostomus ) in the family chinchillidae . they are closely related to chinchillas , and look similar to rabbits . more info : urltoken or urltoken
this species occurs in southern peru , southern and western bolivia , northern chilie and western argentina ( woods and kilpatrick 2005 ) . it occurs between 2 , 500 m asl to 5 , 100 m asl . the distribution limit of this species in western bolivia needs to be revised . this species is not present in southern peru ( h . zeballos pers . comm . ) .
there are currently no known conservation measures in place for the southern viscacha , but it does occur in several protected areas . although hunting is not currently considered a major threat to this species , it needs to be monitored in case it starts to have a severe impact on the population ( 1 ) .
there are currently no known conservation measures in place for the southern viscacha , but it does occur in several protected areas . although hunting is not currently considered a major threat to this species , it needs to be monitored in case it starts to have a severe impact on the population ( 1 ) .
the southern viscacha ( lagidium viscacia ) is a species of rodent in the family chinchillidae found in argentina , bolivia , chile , and peru . it is a colonial animal living in small groups in rocky mountain areas . it has long ears and hind legs and resembles a rabbit in appearance apart from its long , bushy tail .
the southern viscacha ( lagidium viscacia ) is a species of rodent in the family chinchillidae and is found in argentina , bolivia , chile and peru . it is a colonial animal living in small groups in rocky mountain areas . it has long ears and hind legs and resembles a rabbit in appearance apart from its long , bushy tail .
this species occurs in southern peru , southern and western bolivia , northern chile and western argentina . it occurs between 700 m in the rio negro province of argentina to above 4 , 800 m in the mountains from central peru through bolivia , chile and northwestern argentina ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) . the distribution limit of this species in western bolivia needs to be revised . this species is not present in southern peru ( h . zeballos pers . comm . ) .
during the day , the southern viscacha emerges from the clefts and crevices it colonises , to forage for food , and bask on rocky perches in the sun ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . it runs and leaps amongst the rocks with incredible agility , and eats a wide variety of plants including grasses , mosses , and lichens ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
the southern viscacha is one of three south american rodent species commonly referred to as mountain viscachas ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . in common with its two congeners , the southern viscacha looks remarkably like a long - tailed rabbit ( 3 ) . soft dense fur covers its body , from the tips of its elongate ears to the end of its long , curled tail ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the forelimbs are relatively short , while the contrastingly long and muscular hind - limbs enable it run and jump with ease ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the colour of its fur varies seasonally and with age , but generally the upperparts are grey to brown , with tints of cream and black , while the under - parts are pale yellow or tan ( 2 ) .
the southern viscacha is one of three south american rodent species commonly referred to as mountain viscachas ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . in common with its two congeners , the southern viscacha looks remarkably like a long - tailed rabbit ( 3 ) . soft dense fur covers its body , from the tips of its elongate ears to the end of its long , curled tail ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the forelimbs are relatively short , while the contrastingly long and muscular hind - limbs enable it run and jump with ease ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the colour of its fur varies seasonally and with age , but generally the upperparts are grey to brown , with tints of cream and black , while the under - parts are pale yellow or tan ( 2 ) .
like all mountain viscachas , the southern viscacha is a gregarious species that forms small to very large colonies , comprising one or more family groups ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the timing of the breeding season is not documented for this species , but the gestation period has been estimated at 120 to 140 days , with just a single young born at a time . the young is born fully haired with its eyes open , and is normally weaned after eight weeks , and reaches sexual maturity at around a year ( 3 ) .
, one of several recognized species of
mountain viscachas ,
lives in the andes mountains of peru at elevations ranging from approximately 3 , 000 - 5 , 000 meters . this corresponds to the area contained between the timber and snow lines .
, while often locally abundant , exhibits a scattered distribution across its range . it is not uncommon to have dense populations separated from other such populations by over 10 kilometers . there is seemingly little or no difference in habitat structure between occupied areas and the unoccupied areas between populations .
live in dry , rocky , habitats between the timber line and snow line of the andes mountains . vegetation is relatively sparse and characterized mainly by coarse grasses .
are often found near water that offers more succulent vegetation than drier areas within their habitat . they occupy burrows among rocks and crevices .
, excluding their bushy tails which reach lengths of about 200 - 400mm , are approximately 300 - 450mm in length . they posess dense , soft fur on their bodies and long , coarse fur on the dorsal surface of their tails . their pelage coloration varies from dark grey at low elevations to brown at higher elevations . the ventral portion of their fur is lighter , and can be white , yellowish , or light gray . the dorsally curled ends of their tails vary from rusty to black in color .
have long , hair - covered ears . females have only a single pair of mammae .
individuals reach sexual maturity after one year . the mating period ranges from october to december , in which all adult females become pregnant . gestation lasts approximately 140 days and one offspring is produced . while females may undergo a post - partum estrus , it is unlikely that a second pregnancy in a given year will result given the length of the gestation period and the timing of the mating season . the offspring are precocious , and feed on a mixture of their mother ' s milk and vegetation . while females posess two ovaries and two uterine horns , only the right ovary and uterine horn are functional . if the right ovary is surgically removed , the left then becomes functional .
live in large colonies of up to 80 individuals . these colonies are segregated into small family units of 2 to 5 individuals which occupy a single burrow . these animals are poor diggers , so their burrows consist of crevices among cliffs and rocks . they are not territorial and rarely aggressive . when the breeding season begins males are driven out of their family burrow by the female , at which point they disperse throughout the colony and exhibit some degree of promiscuity . much of the day is spent basking and preening on exposed rocks . feeding begins in the afternoon and lasts until after sunset , at which time individuals return to their burrows .
are quick and agile , able to get from rock to rock with either short hops or leaps of over 2 meters , if alarmed . when alarmed they produce a high - pitched call to warn the colony of a potential threat .
eat most of the sparse vegetable material they find in their habitats . this includes tough grasses , lichens , and moss . they feed primarily from late afternoon until after the sun sets .
are used as a source of meat and fur , however their pelts are not in particularly high demand .
, perhaps because they are the smallest of the mountain viscachas , are not particularly sought after for their fur or as a source of meat .
matthew wund ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
to cite this page : wund , m . 2000 .
lagidium peruanum
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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these rodents weigh about 1 . 25 kilograms on average , or 2 . 75 pounds , and are approximately 300 to 450 millimeters in length , or about 12 to 17 inches , excluding their tails . this animal ' s long tail is usually about 200 to 400 millimeters in length , or about 8 to 16 inches .
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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like all members of this family , viscachas have thick , soft pelage , except on their tails where it is coarse . they have pale yellow or grey upper parts , and a black tail tip . overall , viscachas look like rabbits . they have long , fur covered ears , edged with a fringe of white fur . all feet have four digits . the enamal of the incisors is not colored .
species is a habitat generalist ( cofre and marquet 1999 ) . inhabits rocky mountain areas as well as rock outcrops in steppe habitat ( galende and trejo 2003 ) . this herbivorous species is specialized and restricted to rocky habitats where it colonizes rock crevices . available habitat is patchy ( walker et al . , 2003 ) . it occurs up to 4 , 800 m asl ( barquez et al . 2006 )
restricted to sparsely vegetated , rocky habitats , from 2 , 500 metres to 5 , 100 metres above sea level ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .
mountain viscachas are reputed to eat just about any plant they encounter . their diet is principally composed of grasses , mosses and lichens .
mating occurs from october through december . after a gestation of 120 - 140 days , a female gives birth to a single , precocious young . the young are born fully furred , with their eyes open , and are able to eat solid food on their first day of life . nursing continues for eight weeks . females are remarkable for the large number of ova they ovulate ( around 300 ) during each estrus period .
amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )
this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , however , restricted to rock formations . it occurs in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . this species is hunted and should be periodically evaluated for impacts of this threat .
classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
species occurs in low local abundances ( cofre and marquet 1999 ) . it is a very common species although it has a patchy distribution , populations may fluctuate in relation to extreme seasonal weather .
it is locally hunted by people for meat and fur although , in general , this does not significantly impact populations ( barquez et al . 2006 ) . there appear to be no major threats to this species .
its elevation range is about 2 , 500 to 5 , 100 metres ( 8 , 200 to 16 , 700 ft ) above sea level .
and is mostly active soon after dawn and again in the evening . at these times it emerges from its underground hiding place to feed on what plant material is available which is mostly
. part of the day is spent perched on a rock sunbathing , grooming or resting . southern viscachas are a colonial species and do not venture far from rocks so that they can plunge underground if danger threatens . they have various calls that they use to communicate with each other .
breeding starts in the last quarter of the year when mating takes place . the gestation period is about 130 days and a single
pup ( or sometimes two ) is born which has its eyes open and is fully clad in fur at birth . it suckles for about eight weeks but is able to supplement the milk with solid food within hours of its birth . the average lifespan is unknown but one individual survived for nineteen years in captivity .
dunnum , j . ; vargas , j . ; bernal , n . ; zeballos , h . ; lessa , e . ; ojeda , r . ; bidau , c . ( 2008 ) . lagidium viscacia . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 5 january 2009 .
walker , r . susan ; novaro , andrés j . ; perovic , pablo ; palacios , rocio ; donadio , emiliano ; lucherini , mauro ; pia , mónica ; lópez , maría soledad ( 2007 ) .
diets of three species of andean carnivores in high - altitude deserts of argentina
. journal of mammalogy 88 ( 2 ) : 519–525 . doi : 10 . 1644 / 06 - mamm - a - 172r . 1 .
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restricted to sparsely vegetated , rocky habitats , from 2 , 500 metres to 5 , 100 metres above sea level ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .
classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
congeners species belonging to the same genus . gestation the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth .
eisenberg , j . f . ( 1989 ) mammals of the neotropics . university of chicago press , chicago .
nowak , r . m . ( 1999 ) walker ' s mammals of the world . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , maryland .
macdonald , d . ( 2001 ) the new encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , oxford .
tirado , c . , cortés , a . and bozinovic , f . ( 2007 ) metabolic rate , thermoregulation and water balance in lagidium viscacia inhabiting the arid andean plateau . journal of thermal biology , 32 : 220 - 226 .
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spotorno , a . e . and patton , j . l . 2015 . superfamily chinchilloidea bennett , 1833 . in : patton , j . l . , pardinas , u . f . j . and d ' elia , g . ( eds ) , mammals of south america volume 2 : rodents , pp . 762 - 778 . university of chicago press .
in bolivia , there are three subspecies ; further taxonomic review is needed to confirm whether these should be considered to be distinct species ( n . bernal pers . comm . ) . lagidium peruanum is now grouped with l . viscacia .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population although it is restricted to rock formations . it occurs in a number of protected areas , and it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . this species is hunted and should be periodically evaluated for impacts of this threat .
the species occurs in low local abundances ( cofre and marquet 1999 ) . it is a very common species although it has a patchy distribution , populations may fluctuate in relation to extreme seasonal weather . osgood ( 1943b ) recognized seven subspecies that might occur in chile , while crespo ( 1963 ) recognized five subspecies in central and southern argentina , and s . anderson ( 1997 ) mapped the ranges of three subspecies in bolivia ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) .
it inhabits rocky mountain areas as well as rock outcrops in steppe habitat ( patton et al . 2015 ) . this herbivorous species is specialized and restricted to rocky habitats where it colonizes rock crevices . available habitat is patchy ( walker et al . 2003 ) . it occurs up to 4 , 800 m asl ( barquez et al . 2006 ) . this species is highly gregarious , and live in colonies ranging in size from 4 - 75 individuals , with an overall density of 0 . 162 individuals per ha due to the clumped distribution of occupied boulder fields ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) .
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justification : this species is listed as least concern due to its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
this species has been eliminated from a fair portion of its native range . however , it has expanded beyond its native range in response to anthropogenic modifications to its habitats . there remains a lack of detailed data on its distribution ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) .
in argentina this species was classified as the source of a national plague in 1905 and was eradicated from many areas ( godoy 1963 ) . it is also hunted commercially for meat and fur ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) . it has a high niche overlap with cattle ; if more livestock are raised it is more likely to be affected compared to greater rheas ( pereira and quintana 2009 ) .
there are no conservation measures in place and it seems that none are needed at present .
florian a . werner¹ , karim j . ledesma² , and rodrigo hidalgo b . ³
1 albrecht - von - haller - institute of plant sciences , university of göttingen , untere karspüle 2 , 37073 göttingen , germany ; < florianwerner @ urltoken > . 2 department of biological sciences , florida atlantic university , boca raton , u . s . a ; < kledes @ urltoken > . 3 colegio nacional eloy alfaro , gonzales suarez y sucre , cariamanga , ecuador ; < rodrigohb20022002 @ urltoken > .
fig . 1 . geographical distribution of the genus lagidium . the arrow marks the location of cerro ahuaca . modified after rowlands ( 1974 ) .
fig . 3 . mountain vizcacha ( lagidium cf . peruanum ) at cerro ahuaca . photo courtesy of lf león .
thanks to luis fernando león and especially to daniel hidalgo ; also to veronica saenz marin for her assistance with the drawing of the distribution map . we gratefully acknowledge the support by idea wild , minox and the german academic exchange service ( daad ) . this is publication no . 122 of the yanayacu natural history research group .
eisenberg jf and kh redford . 1999 . mammals of the neotropics . the central neotropics . volume 3 . the university of chicago press , chicago . [ links ]
grimwood jr . 1969 . notes on the distribution of some peruvian mammals . 1968 . american committee for international wild life protection and new york zoological society . special publication 21 : 1 - 86 . [ links ]
henle k , kf davies , m kleyer , c margules , and j settele . 2004 . predictors of species sensitivity to fragmentation . biodiversity and conservation 13 : 207 - 251 . [ links ]
inamhi . 1950 - 1999 . anuario meteorológico no . 1 - 39 . instituto nacional de meteorología e hidrología , quito . [ links ]
pacheco v . 2002 . mamíferos del perú . pp . 503 - 549 , in : diversidad y conservación de los mamíferos neotropicales ( g ceballos and ja simonetti , eds . ) . instituto de ecología de la universidad nacional autónoma de méxico . [ links ]
pearson op . 1948 . life history of mountain viscachas in peru . journal of mammalogy 29 : 345 - 374 . [ links ]
pearson op . 1957 . additions to the mammalian fauna of peru and notes on some other peruvian mammals . breviora 73 : 1 - 7 . [ links ]
redford k and jf eisenberg . 1992 . mammals of the neotropics : the southern cone . volume 2 . the university chicago press , chicago . [ links ]
sierra r ( ed . ) . 1999 . propuesta preliminar de un sistema de clasificación de vegetación para el ecuador continental . proyecto inefan / gef - birf y ecociencia , quito . [ links ]
spotorno ae , jp valladares , jc marin , re palma , and c zuleta . 2004 . molecular divergence and phylogenetic relationships of chinchillids ( rodentia : chinchillidae ) . journal of mammalogy 85 : 384 - 388 . [ links ]
walker s , aj novaro , and o monsalvo . 1994 . situación del «chinchillón» en el sur del neuquén : implicaciones de su estructura metapoblacional para su conservación . libro de resúmenes de las vii jornadas de mastozoología , sarem ( sociedad argentina para el estudio de los mamíferos ) . vaquerías , córdoba . [ links ]
walker rs , g ackermann , j schachter - broide , v pancotto , and aj novaro . 2000 . habitat use by mountain vizcachas ( lagidium viscacia molina , 1782 ) in the patagonian steppe . zeitschrift für säugetierkunde 65 : 293 - 300 . [ links ]
weir bj . 1974 . reproductive characteristics of hystricomorph rodents . symposium of the zoological society of london 34 : 265 - 301 . [ links ]
wilson de and dm reeder ( eds ) . 1993 . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . second edition . smithsonian institution press . [ links ]
woods ca and cw kilpatrick . 2005 . infraorder hystricognathi . pp . 1538 - 1600 , in : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . ( de wilson and dm reeder , eds ) . third edition , volumen 2 . the johns hopkins university press . [ links ]
cricyt centro regional de investigaciones científicas y técnicas av . ruiz leal s / n parque gral . san martin 5500 - mendoza república argentina urltoken c . p . 9120 . casilla de correo 128 http : / / urltoken / contacto / enrique . lessa @ gmail . com ; e _ m _ neot @ urltoken
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and is mostly active soon after dawn and again in the evening . at these times , it emerges from its underground hiding place to feed on what plant material is available , which is mostly
. part of the day is spent perched on a rock sunbathing , grooming , or resting . southern viscachas are a colonial species and do not venture far from rocks so that they can plunge underground if danger threatens . they use various calls to communicate with each other .
pup ( or sometimes two ) is born which has its eyes open and is fully clad in fur at birth . it suckles for about eight weeks , but is able to supplement the milk with solid food within hours of its birth . the average lifespan is unknown , but one individual survived for 19 years in captivity .
walker , r . susan ; novaro , andrés j . ; perovic , pablo ; palacios , rocio ; donadio , emiliano ; lucherini , mauro ; pia , mónica ; lópez , maría soledad ( 2007 ) .
diets of three species of andean carnivores in high - altitude deserts of argentina
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least concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in the wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .
long - tailed chinchilla - chinchilla lanigera the long - tailed chinchilla is often kept as a pet . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
woods , charles a . , and c . william kilpatrick / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .