the rose-ringed parakeet ( psittacula krameri ) , also known as the ring-necked parakeet , is a gregarious tropical afro-asian parakeet species that has an extremely large range .

the rose-ringed parakeet is sexually dimorphic .

the adult male sports a red or black neck ring and the hen and immature birds of both sexes either show no neck rings , or display shadow-like pale to dark grey neck rings .

both sexes have a distinctive green colour .

rose-ringed parakeets measure on average 40 cm ( 16 in ) in length , including the tail feathers , a large portion of their total length .

their average single-wing length is about 15 – 17.5 cm ( 5.9 – 6.9 in ) .

it is herbivorous and not migratory .

one of the few parrot species that have successfully adapted to living in disturbed habitats , it has withstood the onslaught of urbanisation and deforestation .

as a popular pet species , escaped birds have colonised a number of cities around the world , including northern and western europe , where they have been able to tolerate ambient temperatures far lower than those in their native range .

since the population appears to be increasing , the species was evaluated as being of least concern by the iucn in 2012 , but its popularity as a pet and unpopularity with farmers have both reduced its numbers in some parts of its native range .

the genus name psittacula is a diminutive of latin psittacus , " parrot " , and the specific krameri commemorates the austrian naturalist wilhelm heinrich kramer .

rose - ringed parakeet

also known as : rose - ringed parakeet , green parakeet , long - tailed parakeet , senegal long - tailed parakeet , northern rose - ringed parakeet ( p . k . borealis )
the rose ringed parakeet with the scientific name of psittacula krameri is also known as the ring necked parakeet .
the indian rose - ringed parakeet measures approx . 42 centimeter or 16 . 5 inches
1 . the rose ringed parakeet perform direct and fast flight than the other parakeets .
gene in the echo parakeet isolates but no support for the results from the rose - ringed parakeet bfdv data .
( indian rose - ringed parakeet ) is distributed in peninsular india and sri lanka . the subspecies
the rose - ringed parakeet is also known as the ringnecked parakeet . its scientific name commemorates the austrian naturalist wilhelm heinrich kramer .
the abyssinian rose - ringed parakeet measures approx . 40 centimeter or 15 . 7 inches in length .
inches ) long including the tail feathers . its average single wing length is about 15–17 . 5 cm ( 6 - 7 inches ) . the tail accounts for a large portion of the length . the indian rose - ringed parakeet , african rose - ringed parakeet , abyssinian rose - ringed parakeet and neumann ' s rose - ringed parakeet measure 42 cm , 40 cm , 40 cm and 43 cm long , respectively .
( abyssinian rose - ringed parakeet ) is distributed in sudan , ethiopia , eritrea and djibouti . the subspecies
( african rose - ringed parakeet ) is distributed in mauritania , senegal , guinea , sudan and uganda .
2 . the life span of the rose ringed parakeets are about 20 years . some of these rose ringed birds have lived up to 40 years and more .
the indian ringneck parakeet has been referred to as the
noble parakeet
! the species , psittacula krameri , is also called the rose - ringed parakeet and contains four subspecies .
“we’re on the lookout for rose - ringed parakeet , which is about a 15 inch beautiful lime green parakeet , ”says madi elsea with the group .
7 . since , the rose ringed parakeet is one of the famous pet parrot , they are very affectionate in nature .
the rose - ringed parakeet is considered one of the best talking parakeets and can learn a vocabulary of up to 250 words .
abyssinian rose - ringed parakeet ( p . krameri parvirostris ) : northwest somalia , west across northern ethiopia to sennar district , sudan .
this rose ringed parakeets are most commonly found in asia , especially found in the india subcontinent .
species : scientific : psittacula krameri krameri aka palaeornis docilis . . . english : rose - ringed parakeet , african ring - necked parakeet . . . dutch : rose halsbandparkiet , afrikaanse halsbandparkiet . . . german : afrikanischer halsbandsittich . . . french : perruche à bande rose
originally from india , the rose - ringed parakeet has been in britain for decades , although it is unclear how it was first introduced .
the rose - ringed parakeet has exquisite plumage with a graceful long tail that serves as an elegant balancing aid in trees and among crops .
kirwan gm , 2000 . rose - ringed parakeet ( psittacula krameri ) recored in the west indies . el pitirre , 13 : 42 .
the nature of this rose ringed bird is monogamous . the flight taken by this rose ringed parakeet is direct and strong in nature . they spend their time for climbing the tree canopies . they use their bills for climbing and other supports .
the neumann ' s rose - ringed parakee t measures approx . 43 centimeter or 16 . 9 inches
description : rose - ringed parakeet has yellow - green plumage , long , graduated tail and broad , rounded and hooked pinkish - red bill .
flight : rose - ringed parakeet performs fast and direct flight , with rapid wing beats . in flight , the dark flight feathers are conspicuous .
in the closed areas , the breeding season for these rose ringed parrots begins in december and in the outer areas , the breeding season for these rose ringed parrots begins in february . the female rose ringed parakeets lay 3 to 5 eggs at a time . the eggs of the parrots are white in colour .
) . the coefficient of variation histograms indicated that for the echo parakeet isolates there is not sufficient evidence to reject the strict clock , but there is for the rose - ringed parakeet isolates .
( boreal rose - ringed parakeet ) is distributed in afghanistan , pakistan , north india , nepal , bangladesh , myanmar and south china . the subspecies
. isolates from rose - ringed parakeets are indicated by the suffix “ ( r ) ” . as in
the african rose - ringed parakeet measures about 40 centimeter or 15 . 7 inches in length . the tail accounts for a large portion of the length .
protection / threats / status : rose - ringed parakeet is relatively common , and now , it may be found in the large urban parks in the world .
the rose - ringed parakeet is bold and adaptable enough to profit from human activities . it flourishes in cities and has escaped from captivity to colonize new areas .
butler cj , 2003 . population biology of the introduced rose - ringed parakeet psittacula krameri in the uk . oxford , uk : university of oxford , unpaginated .
since , the rose ringed parakeet is famous as a pet , these species are commonly seen in the human dominated areas . these rose ringed parakeets are found in most of the zoos . in those zoos , they are trained to do some tricksas well to entertain the public .
as we talked , small squadrons of rose - ringed parakeets began swooping and alighting in the treetops above our head .
neumann ' s rose - ringed parakeet ( p . krameri borealis ) : east pakistan , northern india and nepal to central burma ; introduced populations worldwide in localities .
introduced and established populations are found worldwide . in some regions they are considered as pests or invasive species . there are four recognized subspecies of rose - ringed parakeet .
the iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated these rose - ringed parakeet species and has listed them as of
least concern
.
in the wild , rose - ringed parakeets usually feed on buds , fruits , vegetables , nuts , berries and seeds .
sorry about late reply . they are rose - ringed parakeets . escaped from aviaries initially but now breeding in the wild .
those noisy green dandies are psittacula krameri manillensis , a parakeet that is native to southern india and sri lanka . its common name in english is the rose - ringed parakeet ; in japanese , it’s called wakake honsei inko .
aviculturists the popularity of the breed began to increase greatly . now widely available in the pet trade , rose - ringed parakeets continue to gain popularity . hand - fed rose - ringed parakeets are regarded as excellent pets if provided with daily attention , though even parent - raised rose - ringed parakeets make good pets when provided with regular handling and attention . they are generally family birds and are less likely to bond to only one person . with adequate attention , handling , and love , a rose - ringed parakeet can quickly become a beloved companion .
hand - fed , well socialized rose - ringed parakeets make excellent pets , provided they are given daily attention and good care .
the cages should be in a place out of direct sunlight and free of drafts . a pet or captive rose - ringed parakeet should be kept in a bird - safe environment .
the rose - ringed parakeet prefers lightly wooded country in the lowland plains of tropical asia and africa , but it occurs up to 6 , 600′ in the himalayas and the ethiopian highlands . in rural india , the parakeet lives in areas of lush vegetation , breeding in deciduous forests . in much of its african range , however , the species is found in savannah woodland and arid , thorny scrub . the rose - ringed parakeet lives near human habitation , since farmland , parks and gardens provide it with easy pickings . a huge parakeet population lives in the cities of northern india and pakistan . a plains living typical parakeet habitat is open woodland in ethiopia . the rose - ringed parakeet is sometimes called the ring - necked parakeet . the naturalized rose - ringed parakeet in miami , florida , is one of only a few birds that nest in winter . the male and female pair up in late december . the rose - ringed parakeet is not a popular cagebird due to its raucous calls and tendency to bite , but captive birds have been bred with striking yellow , blue , white , gray and even black - and - white plumages .
nebot jc , 1999 . first report of the rose - ringed parakeet ( psittacula krameri ) in venezuela and preliminary observations on its behavior . ornitologia neotropical , 10 : 115 - 117 .
lever c , 2005 . rose - ringed parakeet ( ring - necked parakeet ) psittacula krameri . in : naturalized birds of the world [ ed . by lever c ] . london , uk : t and ad poyser , 124 - 130 .
the rose - ringed parakeet ( psittacula krameri ) belongs to the family of parakeets , psittaculidae . these parakeet species are naturally distributed in india , sri lanka , pakistan , nepal , bangladesh , myanmar , south china , northcentral africa and afghanistan .
( echo parakeet or mauritius parakeet ) . the term ' krameri ' commemorates the austrian naturalist wilhelm heinrich kramer .
the rose ringed parakeet is commonly found in the cultivated areas , parks and gardens , trees in the countryside , dry and open forests as well as evergreen forests . we may find this species in semi desert areas and open jungles and low lands . this rose ringed parakeet is commonly seen in large urban parks . they used to travel in flocks . they communicate by twittering , squawking or shrieking .
in north - west india , indian rose - ringed parakeets form pairs during september to december . during this cold season , they select and defend
hi maggie , sorry about the late reply . yes – green long tailed birds can only be ther rose ringed parakeets . thanks for feedback .
lamba bs , 1996 . nidification of some common indian birds : 10 . the rose - ringed parakeet , psittacula krameri scopoli . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 19 : 77 - 85 .
the rose - ringed parakeet , also called the ringnecked parakeet , is a tropical bird that is also a popular pet . these birds are permanent residents , and have adapted to surviving in disturbed habitats that have succumbed to deforestation and urban growth . the rose - ringed parakeet’s diet consists largely of buds , fruits , vegetables , nuts , berries and seeds . food is found by foraging , and wild populations will find this food in farmlands and orchards , causing a wide variety of damage to the agriculture crops . this bird , unlike most southern asia birds , will also breed during the winter . the conservation rating for the rose - ringed parakeet is least concern .
gene that we observed to be particularly polymorphic in the echo parakeet isolates ( codons 88 , 148 , 167 , 176 , and 234 ) appeared to be much less variable in the rose - ringed parakeet isolates . only codons 148 and 167 showed nonsynonymous polymorphism .
however , in some parts of south asia - from where the rose - ringed parakeets originated , populations of these birds are decreasing due to trapping for the pet trade . despite some people ' s attempts to revive their population by freeing these birds from local markets , the rose - ringed parakeet ' s population has dropped drastically in many areas of the indian subcontinent .
numerous striking color mutations of rose - ringed parakeets have occurred in captivity , including white ( albinos ) , blue , grey and lutino ( yellow ) .
phylogenetic relationships between bfdv isolates from the echo parakeet and rose - ringed parakeet inferred from bayesian analysis using beast ( the tree was automatically rooted using a relaxed clock model ) . nodes with a posterior probability of ≥0 . 9 are indicated with an asterisk and with a double dagger for
khan ha ; beg ma ; khan aa , 2004 . breeding habits of the rose - ringed parakeet psittacula krameri in the cultivations of central punjab . pakistan journal of zoology , 36 ( 2 ) : 133 - 138 .
sheehey a ; mansfield b , 2009 . wild rose - ringed parakeets psittacula krameri . nature alley . weldon , california , usa : nature alley , unpaginated . urltoken
correction : this story has been updated to reflect the fact that rose - ringed parakeets are native to the entire region from the himalayan foothills to sub - saharan africa .
mabb kt , 1997 . nesting behavior of amazona parrots and rose - ringed parakeets in the san gabriel valley , california . western birds , 28 : 209 - 217 .
“there were a lot of other birds that escaped , but it seemed like the rose - ringed parakeets were the only ones that successfully started breeding , ” sheehey says .
these gregarious tropical parakeets are popular in the pet industry , and their numbers are decreasing in some areas due to trapping for the pet trade . the rose - ringed parakeet ' s population has dropped dramatically in many areas of the indian subcontinent .
brooks je ; hussain i ; ahmad e , 1988 . a partial research bibliography of the rose - ringed parakeet ( psittacula krameri ) . islamabad , pakistan : national agricultural research centre , 16 pp . [ technical report no . 15 . ]
this rose ringed parakeet is one of the non migrating species among the parrot . they are successfully adapted to live in the disturbed habitats and human habitats . this species is one of the noisy species and it often makes an unmistakable squawking call .
these birds where first bred by the people of india at least 3 , 000 years ago , and colour mutations of rose - ringed parakeets were also bred . the royals prized them as pets and for their ability to speak . it was a popular status symbol in indian culture to have a rose - ringed parakeet . they were the first parrots brought to europe and the greeks were the first europeans to breed them .
. . . on the basis of sequence homology of cytb gene , the pakistani wild rose - ringed parakeet can be classified as sub - species of p . k . manillensis but the deviation in cytb gene sequence of pakistani wild rose - ringed parakeets is pointing towards independent evolution of this species as an ecocline in pakistan . the geographical heterogeneity exerts evolutionary pressure to a specie to adopt the status of an ecocline to that extent which evolves it into sub - species ( groombridge et al . , 2004 ) . for example mandible size in the african rose - ringed parakeets ( p . . . .
behaviour : rose - ringed parakeet is a foolhardy and opportunistic bird . it has been introduced as cage - bird , but this species is able to adapt very well . it lives in more or less large groups in most of the big cities .
the rose - ringed parakeet is considered one of the best talking parakeets and can learn a vocabulary of up to 250 words . now these birds come in many mutations , including the common green , blue , grey and lutino among many other colors .
range : rose - ringed parakeet ranges from central africa to uganda , southern asia , india and sri lanka . it has been introduced in middle and far east , north america , england , the netherlands , belgium and germany . it is very cosmopolitan .
to not correspond to the pbfd outbreak . this group includes rose - ringed parakeets sampled at the same time as the pbfd outbreak in the echo parakeet population . the second group ( highlighted by the gray box ) , comprising just three isolates , have the 14h34l
) . in contrast , there is little difference between the estimated evolutionary rates from the rose - ringed parakeet isolates and their randomized results , suggesting that there is no temporal structure . taken together , these results suggest that the high evolutionary rate estimated from the bfdv
there are about 30 , 000 of the bright green rose - ringed parakeets in london , with more in surrey and kent , and their numbers could reach 50 , 000 by 2010 .
many rose ringed parakeets are in decline and several birds have become extinct . the major reason for the threats is habitat loss , hunting , degradation , wild bird trading and so on .
editor ' s note : thanks to our eagle - eyed readers for spotting that in the above photo , the bird fourth from the left on the top wire is not a rose - ringed parakeet . a consultation with bird expert kenn kaufman confirms the suspicion that it is either a red - breasted parakeet or a hybrid involving that species .
the rose - ringed parakeet has established feral populations in india and a number of european cities . there are stable populations in florida and california , united states . small populations are also found in tehran , iran ( mostly concentrated in the northern parts of city ) .
rose - ringed parakeets are generally hardy and require less interaction than most other parakeets of their size . however , they require at least half an hour of interaction a day to remain friendly .
none are listed as threatened . among the endangered psittacines are several species of interest to aviculturists : the paradise parakeet ( psephotus pulcherri mus ) , scarlet - chested parakeet ( neophema splendida ) , and turquoise parakeet ( n pulchella ) .
native to the indian subcontinent and sub - saharan africa , the rose - ringed parakeet is enjoying a population explosion in many london suburbs , turning a once - exotic bird into a notorious pest that awakens children , monopolizes garden bird feeders and might even threaten british crops .
they require a relatively tall cage because of their long tails . a rose - ringed parakeet who will be spending most of his / her day inside the cage needs a larger cage that can also accommodate lots of toys and perches . an appropriate cage would have . . .
cage because of their long tails . a rose - ringed parakeet who will be spending most of his / her day inside the cage should be kept in a cage about 60 cm ( 24
) wide x 45 cm ( 18
) deep x 90 cm ( 36
) high , though the larger the better , and the bar spacing should be between 1 . 25 cm ( 1 / 2 inch ) and 1 . 875 cm ( 3 / 4 inch ) . rose - ringed parakeets are avid chewers and climbers and should therefore be provided with chewing toys in their cages . the cages should be in a place out of direct sunlight and free of drafts . a pet or captive rose - ringed parakeet should be kept in a
if your parakeet has become too noisy or disobedient or aggressive , our parakeet training course will teach you how to train it and stop it from screaming and biting .
reproduction : the rose - ringed parakeet’s nest is a hole in tree . but when they live in towns , they can nest in any available high cavity , such as a crevice in a wall , under a roof , an old magpie nest… the nest is lined with rotten wood .
shows the rate estimated from the strict clock for the echo parakeet isolates and the relaxed clock ( uncorrelated lognormal ) for the rose - ringed isolates . the inferred rates do not differ substantially between the two genes or between the two host populations , although the 95 % hpd intervals for the
the rose - ringed parakeet lives in places where there’s an abundance of nuts , seeds and fruity supplemented by other crops , such as wheat , maize , coffee , dates , figs and guavas . these foods ripen at different times , sustaining the parakeet throughout the year if food is scarce due to a failed crop , for example , the parakeet leaves its home range to eat whatever plant matter it finds . large flocks of the rose - ringed parakeet gather to feast on heavily laden fruit trees or spilled grain . the birds themselves have learned how to tear open sacks of grain or rice in farmyards and railway depots . get stuck in the hooked bill can rip tough - skinned fruit ( far right ) and open hard - shelled nuts .
considering the proximity of the two parrot populations in mauritius and the recent common ancestry of the host species ( 22 ) , we expected to find good evidence for viral transmission . indeed , the phylogenetic analyses indicated the presence of bfdv allele sharing between the two populations . although the literature ( 28 ) and field reports indicate behavioral and ecological separation between the parrot populations in mauritius , the environmental stability of bfdv ( 62 ) means that the virus still can be indirectly transmitted . the most recent common ancestor for all echo parakeet isolates dates to around 1959 ( or 1949 when the rose - ringed isolates are included in the analysis ) , which approximately coincides with a period when the rose - ringed parakeet started expanding into native forest , coming into direct competition with the echo parakeet for nest sites ( 6 ) . interestingly , the oldest rose - ringed parakeet isolate was taken from a bird housed in aviaries that were central to the initial recovery of the echo parakeets . thus , the apparent transmission of bfdv actually may in some cases be attributable to human intervention . although the evidence for viral transmission between the two parrot populations appears to be clear , the evidence for the rose - ringed parakeets being the source of the pbfd outbreak is more equivocal . we only identified three rose - ringed parakeet isolates that possessed the 14h34l rep allele , and all of them were collected at least one season after the outbreak . one possibility is that the mutations responsible for the outbreak originated in the echo parakeet population with subsequent transmission to the rose - ringed population . indeed , one of the three rose - ringed isolates was collected from an individual that most likely became infected after indirect contact with the endemic population ( it was found in an echo parakeet nest in the 2006 / 07 season ) . nevertheless , given the considerable size and distribution of the invasive population , it undoubtedly remains the likeliest source of the pbfd outbreak in the echo parakeets . it may be that our sampling of this population prior to 2005 / 06 was not sufficient to identify the 14h34l mutations .
alleles were present in the majority of echo parakeet isolates . from early 2005 a new
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perez - riviera r , 2001 . comments on kirwan ' s first record of the rose - ringed parakeets ( psittacula krameri ) in the west - indies . el pitirre , 14 ( 1 ) : 9 .
hi helen , it is almost certainly a lovebird . they were originally aviary escapees like the rose - ringed parakeet and are breeding in the wild . i went for a bird walk in delta park with geoff lockwood a couple of years ago and we saw a love - bird and a parakeet that had teamed up as a pair . geoff said that some species are even interbreeding . liz
4 . parrots are usually bright colored birds . these rose ringed parakeets are yellow , blue , olive , cinnamon , lutino , white , blue - white , yellow - green , and white - yellow in colour .
parau , l . , strubbe , d . , mori , e . , menchetti , m . , ancillotto , l . , van kleunen , a . et al . ( 2016 ) rose - ringed parakeet populations and numbers in europe : a complete overview . open journal of ornithology , 9 , 1–13
the rose - ringed parakeet , which includes the indian ringneck and the african ringneck subspecies , is the most widely scattered member of the race of parrots and is spread throughout asia and parts of africa . they are found in india , china , ceylon , africa , tibet , nepal and many adjacent islands .
rose - ringed parakeet : most widespread parrot in the old world , found across africa , india , and southern asia . populations of escaped birds are established in florida , southern california , and parts of the caribbean . found in nearly all types of lowland habitat from forests to farms , marshes and grasslands .
indian ring - necked parakeet personality , food & care | pet birds by lafeber co .
the echo parakeet is a conservation success story and has been upgraded to the endangered classification .
1 . indian - ring necked ( aka irn ) parakeet with the scientific name p .
• true parakeets are split into 4 genera . psittacula includes the rose - ringed parakeet and 1 other species ; bolborhynchus and brotogeris have 5 and 7 species , respectively ; the monk parakeet is sole member of myiopsitta . parakeets belong to the family psittacidae , with about 350 species , includ - | ing parrots , lovebirds and macaws . almost a third of | the species in psittacidae are currently endangered .
alien species are one of the major causes contributing to biodiversity loss . in europe , over 340 alien bird species have been recorded in the wild , of which 74 are established . among 12 established alien parrot species in europe , the rose - ringed parakeet ( rrp ) psittacula krameri is the most abundant and widespread .
the rose - ringed parakeet or indian ringneck is classified as a smaller parrot known as the parakeet . they are green with undertones of blue , the male has a black ring around his neck . they grow to 40 cm ( 16 inches ) . its average single wing length is about 15–17 . 5 cm ( 6 - 7 inches ) . rose - ringed parakeet is sexually dimorphic which means differences in the physiology of the male and female of the species . both the male and female can mimicry , the abilility to mimic human speech . they are part of the true parrots family of which about 330 species of birds belonging to the psittacidae family . they originate from the southern indian subcontinent . but have spread far and wide .
captive rose - ringed parakeets should be fed a nutritionally balanced diet of pellets and seeds , and the appreciated fruit , vegetable or nut treat should also be offered often . they should always have access to fresh water in their cages .
shwartz a ; strubbe d ; butler cj ; matthysen e ; kark s , 2009 . the effect of enemy - release and climate conditions on invasive birds : a regional test using the rose - ringed parakeet ( psittacula krameri ) as a case study . diversity and distributions , 15 ( 2 ) : 310 - 318 . urltoken
new records of invasive parakeet hybrids in spain . a great opportunity to apply the rapid response mechanism
i want ringneck parakeet ( blue ) . where will i get & what is its cost ?
the main food for the wild rose ringed parrot is seeds , fruits , nectar , pollen , vegetables , buds , arthropods and other animal prey . most of the parrots are seed predators and they are not seed dispersers . this rose ringed parakeet is one of the famous pet parrots in the world . so , the main food for the pet parrots is fruits and vegetables . variety of nutritious grains such as quinoa , oats , wheat , barley , pasta , cooked brown rice , cooked beans , lentils and peas are one of the excellent diets for this pet parrot .
there are four subspecies in rose ringed parrot . these four species are very similar in their size and not having much difference . among this four , two species are found in africa and two species are found in asia . that is ,
diet : the rose - ringed parakeet feeds on seeds , berries , flowers and nectar . after the breeding season , in some places , they arrive in groups and feed on grain , rice and maize in cultivated areas , but they also devastate orchards and coffee plantations . in california , they consume pecan nuts , buds and varied fruits .
hardy jw , 1964 . ringed parakeets nesting in los angeles , california . the condor , 66 : 445 - 447 .
captive rose - ringed parakeets should be fed a nutritionally balanced diet of pellets * and unfortified / organic seeds , and fresh fruits , vegetables and greenfood should be made available . they love nuts - but those should only be given as treats .
i live in paulshof in the north of johannesburg . yesterday i spotted a green bird that looked like a parrot flying around my complex . i live close by to the rietfontein nature reserve but i doubt that it came from there . it did not have a long tail like the above rose - ringed parakeet . what else could it be ?
the rapid growth of the parakeet population may pose a threat to other birds , authorities have said .
gene from echo parakeet isolates is well supported . there is marginal support for the rate estimated from the
far from being threatened , as is the case with many parrot species , the rose - ringed parakeet is itself a major pest for farmers as well as other wildlife in india , pakistan and elsewhere . the parakeet has a habit of taking just a few bites from each fruit before discarding it and plucking another one , so the species can seriously damage fruit crops . in europe , it often out - competes native birds for both food and nest sites . |
the department for environment food and rural affairs ( defra ) has commissioned a study into the parakeet threat .
“this type of parakeet roosts together , presumably because there is safety in numbers , ” ikeda told me .
kirkpatrick w ; marting g , 2005 . indian ringneck parakeet . pestnote , 3 : 1 - 2 .
just fill in your details and take the first step to having a lovable , friendly parakeet . . .
the indian ringneck parakeet is a sub - species of the rose - ringed parakeet ( psittacula krameri ) and the many sub - species are scattered throughout africa and asia . the indian ringneck is an asiatic parrot and originally from ceylon though it ' s now found in many parts of asia , notably india and pakistan . they can also be found in western and southern areas of sudan and are quite popular in the middle east where they are bred and found in the wild .
the three members of this family found in the united states occur as small populations that escaped from captivity , and rely on non - native fruiting trees for survival . the rose - ringed parakeet has become established in hawaii and cities in california , the rosy - faced lovebird occurs in some towns and cities in arizona , and the budgerigar has nearly disappeared from southern florida .
bedecked with emerald green feathers and a rose - red beak , the ring - neck parakeet brings a touch of tropical glamour to suburban gardens in london and the south east . there have also been sightings in the north west and in scotland .
species is one of few parrot species that have successfully adapted to living in ' disturbed habitats ' , and in that way withstood the onslaught of urbanisation and deforestation . in the wild , this is a noisy species with an unmistakable squawking call . rose - ringed parakeets are
spotted a parakeet in denton , a suburb of manchester . later someone spotted one in a garden in derbyshire .
hi i have plum - headed parakeet for sale please contact me at sumeet _ kpoor8 @ yahoo . com .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto the rose - ringed parakeet’s typical call is a loud shrill , “kii - a” or “kii - ak” while flying , or when perched on a tree . other loud calls may be heard , such as “kyik - kyik - kyik” . in captivity , it is a very good imitator for home noises , and it is able to produce some words .
it’s unusual to see the rose - ringed parakeet alone or in a pair , except in the breeding season . for most of the year , the bird lives in flocks , which may be thousands - strong in parts of india . the parakeet squabbles frequently with its companions , but fights are rare , as they reserve their aggression for driving away predators , such as hawks . the parakeets all join in to mob their enemy , flapping their wings , pecking and screaming until it retreats . the agile parakeet uses its bill like a third foot when climbing . it stretches its neck out and takes a hold on a suitable branch with its bill , before following with its feet . the parakeet uses a similar method when walking on a narrow perch . a sitting pretty a long tail and opposing toes help the parakeet perch on thin branches .
looking like a giant rose - ringed parakeet , the alexandrine i parakeet ( psittacula eupatria ) is the largest member of its genus . both parakeets have the streamlined body shape shared by all parakeets , but the larger species is 23″ long , weighs up to ii oz . and is equipped with a truly massive bill . it differs from its smaller relative in having a purple - red patch on the shoulders and a thicker , almost moustachelike collar it’s possible to see the two species side by side in sri lanka and parts of southern india , but the alexandrine parakeet is relatively uncommon and less tolerant of human activities .
the parrots have very strong bills . so , they use this bill to climb trees . on an average , they live up to 25 to 30 years . parrots come under the category of zygodactylous . the zygodactylous bird has four toes . the first and fourth toes are directed towards back ward and the second and third toes are pointed towards forward . we may differentiate male and female parakeets by using sexual dimorphism . the male rose ringed parakeets have black ring neck and pink band in the nape . this unique ring is absent in the female rose ringed parakeets .
the rose - ringed parakeets ( psittacula krameri ) - also known as ring - necked parakeets - are endemic to northern and west africa in guinea , senegal and southern mauretania east to western uganda and southern sudan ; as well as southern asia ( depending on the sub - species ) .
it is also one of the popular pet parrots . the quick classification of the ring necked parakeet is as below ,
by the 1980s , there were feral parakeet populations established in tokyo , osaka and nagoya , as well as in niigata and kyushu . there are also feral rose - ringed parakeets in london , amsterdam and a number of other cities where the birds where introduced as pets . cold doesn’t seem to be a problem ; their wild counterparts are found at elevations of up to 2 , 000 meters in the himalayas .
new records of invasive parakeet hybrids in spain . a great opportunity to apply the rapid response mechanism : european journal of ecology
during the breeding season , the groups disperse . some courtship displays show the female rolling the eyes while twittering , and drawing semi - circles with the head while she moves the wings . at the same time , the male struts . they touch their beaks , and the male performs courtship feeding to the female while it raises one leg . at this moment , both birds utter soft sounds . the rose - ringed parakeet is monogamous .
gene analyses from rose - ringed isolates are very wide , suggesting that there may not be very much temporal structure . given the phylogenetic evidence for allele - sharing between the two host populations , we also estimated the rate based on the combined data where there was sufficient evidence to reject the strict molecular clock for the
habitat : rose - ringed parakeet is common in cultivated areas , urban parks and gardens , open countryside with trees , palm - trees thickets , dry and open forest . it also may be found in semi - desert areas and second grow open jungles , mainly in lowlands . it frequents semi - desert savannahs with short grass , open bushy areas , wooded valleys and evergreen forests . this species is now common in the large urban parks .
the rose - ringed parakeet is another of these new inhabitants . these beautiful green birds , with fabulous turquoise tail feathers get their names from the red neck - ring which the male has ( seen on the top bird on the above ) . they are noisy gregarious birds who announce their presence with loud squawks . we have heard them often here at liz at lancaster both flying over and sitting on the bare branches of the neighbour’s tree .
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reunion ring - necked parakeet psittacula eques extinct c . 1800 lived on the reunion island of the mascarene islands in the western indian ocean
the rose - ringed parakeet is a small bird , measuring 35 to 45 cm in length and weighing 100 to 150 grams . the overall plumage is yellowish green . these birds are sexually dimorphic . the adult male has a rose and black neck ring and the female has a very pale gray ring . the upper mandible is curved , strong , red in color with black or pale yellow tip . the lower mandible is grayish . there is a black patch on the chin . the irises are yellowish - white . the feet are gray . numerous color mutations have occurred while breeding in captivity . their call is a squawking sound .
collar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . rose - ringed parakeet ( psittacula krameri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
evolutionary rate of the capsid and rep bfdv genes ( mean and 95 % hpd ) estimated from the true dates of sample isolation ( labeled as the “t” data point ) and from the shuffled dates of isolation . analyses using the shuffled dates were performed using a gtr + γ + i model of evolution and a relaxed ( uncorrelated lognormal ) molecular clock . ( a ) results from the echo parakeet data set indicate no overlap between the estimates from the true dates and from the shuffled dates , indicating good temporal signal . ( b ) results from the rose - ringed parakeet isolates indicate no clear temporal signal .
so far british scientists have not documented either problem , said hannah peck , a graduate student with project parakeet , but they remain watchful .
on average , this parakeet can live between 25 and 30 years . instances of ringnecks living past the age of fifty have been authenticated .
british officials are watching trends closely since the parakeets have proved major agricultural pests elsewhere , ravaging crops in places like india . so far , they have shown little predilection for leaving europe ’s cities and suburbs for agricultural areas . ( far smaller flocks of rose - ringed parakeets have also arrived in other european cities like brussels and amsterdam . )
the indian ring - necked parakeet , also called the rose - winged parakeet , has been kept as a pet for centuries and remains a favorite companion bird today . a devoted owner will do best with this temperamental bird that requires a great deal of attention to remain tame . however , the indian ring - necked will charm and delight the person who takes the time to appreciate its other qualities — a playful exuberance and a remarkable talking ability .
parakeets of their size . this makes them ideal for a bird owner who cannot spend as much time with his / her bird as other species need . rose - ringed parakeets can cope with as little as half an hour of interaction a day . however , they can become untame if not provided with daily interaction , especially during their early months .
just for interest sake , i spotted a pair of stunning light green long tailed birds ( probably the rose - ringed parakeets ) at willson / kings park in berario , northcliff last weekend . they were a very light green ? they flew about in the area where the fairlands spruit runs through berario – fairlands . beautiful sighting – made my day !
prevention , early warning and rapid response are the most effective measures in preventing the impacts of invasive species . the rose - ringed parakeet psittacula krameri , is an invasive species widely spread across europe , including spain . the alexandrine parakeet psittacula eupatria is also an invasive species established in europe , but not in spain , although a species distribution model classified parts of spain as ‘highly suitable’ and an invasion risk assessment predicted a ‘high risk of invasion’ in europe . the first hybrids from these two species were recently detected in spain . based on these data , we suggest to capture the hybrids to prevent further invasion and possible interaction with other invasive parakeets in spain .
there is also concern that the wily parakeet will outcompete more restrained british birds like the nuthatch , since both species nest in holes in old trees .
is also known as the ring necked parakeet and is one of the gregarious tropical asian parrot species which has been seen in an extremely large range .
plum - headed parakeets are closely related to blossom - headed parakeets and slaty - headed parakeets and are capable of breeding . to avoid producing hybrid birds that damage the limited captive gene pool of each distinct species , these birds should not be housed together . hybrids between male rose - ringed parakeets ( indian ringneck ) and female plum - headed parakeets have also been reported .
parrots and parakeets have long been favorites with exotic - bird fanciers . there are probably a few escapees somewhere of every species of parrot imported into the united states . rose - ringed , canary - winged , and monk parakeets , budgerigars , and several of the large amazona parrots ( especially the yellow - headed parrot ) each now exist in small , stable , feral populations .
pithon j , 1998 . the status and ecology of the ring - necked parakeet psittacula krameri in great britain . york , uk : university of york .
a ( data not shown ) . the estimated nucleotide diversity ( π ) of bfdv in each echo parakeet breeding season from 2004 / 05 is shown in
as its name suggests , the indian ring - necked parakeet originates from india , where it is still found wild in great quantities , even in urban areas .
( in italics ) genes are indicated . to ease visualization , we include only 15 isolates from the echo parakeet population representing all of the major genotypes identified in
a greenhouse young birds lack collars , so they look more like the female than the male ( above ) . pairs of rose - ringed parakeets stay together for life , but the male and female renew their pair bond every year during the courtship display , the male approaches his mate while fanning his tail and repeatedly dilating , then contracting the pupils of his eyes . the male feeds the female beak to beak ; she rolls her eyes and rubs bills with her partner : the rose - ringed parakeet usually nests in an unlined tree hole about 10 - 33′ above the ground . it often makes use of an old woodpecker hole , which the parakeet may first enlarge with its bill . in urban areas , breeding pairs sometimes nest in holes in walls and buildings , even in noisy areas , such as near a busy street market . the female incubates the eggs for more than three weeks , while she is fed and guarded by her mate . the naked chicks hatch and their eyes open ten days later : both parents feed the young for 7 - 8 weeks , regurgitating partly digested food into their bills .
individually , any of the rose - ringed parakeets could be the star of a dreamworks film , electric green with bright pink beaks and the voluble personalities that have long made the tropical species a popular household pet . but for people who frequent the park or live nearby , the visceral experience is more like “ the birds ” — albeit with more color and a much noisier soundtrack than the hitchcock film .
a estimates obtained by combining the data from the two host populations are also shown . for each data set , we only included results from the significant clock model , i . e . , the strict clock was rejected for the rose - ringed and combined datasets ( in favor of the relaxed uncorrelated lognormal clock [ uln ] , which had a higher marginal likelihood than the relaxed uncorrelated exponential clock ) .
we screened for bfdv using a pcr assay targeting a 717 - bp region of orf1 ( rep gene ) ( 65 ) . the reaction volume comprised 1 μl of dna extracted from parrot blood , 2 . 5 μl of nh 4 buffer ( 10× ) , 0 . 75 μl of mgcl 2 ( 50 mm ) , 0 . 5 μl of each primer at 25 pmol / μl ( primers 2 and 4 [ 65 ] ) , and 0 . 2 μl of taq polymerase ( 5 u / μl ) made up to 25 μl with dna - grade water . reactions were run as follows : 92°c for 3 min , followed by 30 cycles of 92°c for 30 s , 57°c for 30 s and 72°c for 45 s , with a final 10 min at 72°c . we included the extraction blank and a negative control in all of the pcrs to check for contamination . of the 163 echo parakeet samples that tested positive , 74 were sequenced at orf1 by macrogen ( korea ) using bigdye terminator reactions . of the 46 rose - ringed parakeet samples that tested positive , 31 were sequenced at orf1 . we targeted a 765 - bp region comprising most of orf2 ( capsid gene ) ( 23 ) in samples that tested positive for the presence of bfdv . the reaction volumes and cycling conditions were identical to the orf1 pcr except for the annealing temperature , which was reduced to 54°c . we sequenced 47 echo parakeet and 31 rose - ringed parakeet bfdv isolates at orf2 .
â â the indian ringneck parakeets have been held in admiration and esteem since ancient times . they are a large parakeet , sought after for the superiority in their form and beauty , their ability to speak , their intelligence and trainability , and because they are easy to breed . this parakeet , the indian ringneck parakeet , has been a long time favorite for bird lovers ! there are many color combinations that can be produced , which is a fun challenge and fascination for many breeders ! check out the
the indian ringneck parakeets have been held in admiration and esteem since ancient times . they are a large parakeet , sought after for the superiority in their form and beauty , their ability to speak , their intelligence and trainability , and because they are easy to breed . the indian ringneck parakeet has been a long time favorite for bird lovers !
slaty - headed parakeet psittacula himalayana length 16
- tail is half the length weight 100 grams range : afghanistan , northern india , nepal and assam exhibits altitudinal migration .
hi is there no ringneck parakeet bird park where they can get their fruit and veggies and seeds free ? ? where they have freedom to fly away from human abuse…… .
blood samples were taken during each breeding season ( september to may ) from echo parakeets and feral rose - ringed parakeets between 1993 and 1998 and between 2003 and 2009 ( there was no sampling between 1999 and 2002 due to no obvious presence of disease ) . the field teams involved in sampling the birds followed strict anticontamination protocols , including soaking all field equipment in virkon for 48 h between visits to different host nest sites . since 2004 this sampling was carried out regardless of apparent disease status and represented between 22 and 41 % of the known population of echo parakeets each season . in total , 592 echo parakeets and 125 feral rose - ringed parakeets were sampled . dna was extracted from 50 to 100 μl of whole blood using a standard phenol - chloroform extraction protocol ( 54 ) . an extraction blank was included to check that there was no contamination .
the following habitats are found across the ring - necked parakeet distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .
rodriquez ring - necked parakeet psittacula exsul also known as the newton ' s parrot extinct c . 1875 lived on the rodriquez island of the mascarene islands in the western indian ocean


petasina filicina is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies .

petasina filicina

petasina ( filicinella ) filicina subsp . filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 )
petasina ( filicinella ) filicina subsp . filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 ) | fauna europaea
pesi portal - petasina ( filicinella ) filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 )
petasina ( filicinella ) filicina ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 ) | fauna europaea
mollusca slovenska : mikuláš j . lisický : free download , borrow , and streaming : internet archive
lisický m . ( 1991 ) . mollusca slovenska . veda , vydavateľstvo slovenskej akadémie vied . 244 pp . isbn 80 - 224 - 0232 - x . english summary : mollusca of slovakia the study examines data of distribution of extant species of molluscs from slovakia and eastern moravia . list of errata is at the end of the book all errata from this list are in the scanned book marked by a pencil . русский резюме : моллюски словакии
about the author : rndr . mikuláš j . lisický , csc . ( * 1946–†2008 )
distribution of extant species of molluscs ( mollusca ) from slovakia and eastern moravia .
copyright holder released mollusca slovenska under the creative commons attribution 3 . 0 license in august 2012 . see biography of the author at web pages of czech and slovak malacologists ( stránky českých a slovenských malakologů ) . original publisher of the book has no objections about publishing this book online .
this is one of the best books about molluscs of slovakia . it includes distribution of molluscs ( gastropods and bivalves ) of slovakia , references to all data and distribution maps of species . all species are also sorted into ecological groups , into a group according to its geographical point of view and other criteria .
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this species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations . identified threats do not affect the whole population significantly at present and there is no evidence to suggest that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) , number of locations , number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating . therefore , it is assessed as least concern ( lc ) .
this species has also been assessed at the regional level as : eu27 regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) at the level of the 27 member states of the european union . european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) .
1995 ) to central bosnia and western serbia ( moellendorff 1873 , soós 1943 ) . its range includes the drainages of the drava and sava rivers . there are isolated occurrences in the inovec mountains ( western slovakia ) and in the vértes mountains ( hungary ) .
there are several known locations ( klemm 1973 , lisicky 1991 , pintér and suara 2004 , soós 1943 , prockow 2009 ) , but this might underestimate the real number of existing subpopulations . there is no reason to suppose that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating .
within its relatively large range , this species does not seem to be rare . however , due to its special habitat preference , the population is fragmented . the species ' range is not satisfactorily explored and there are no data on population trend . however , forest habitats are known to be diminishing in some regions therefore one might suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining .
this is a silvicol species with a preference for humid , deciduous forests which are relatively ancient and untouched by man . it lives on the ground among leaf - litter , under stones or decaying dead wood .
deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species . however , considering the relatively large geographical range of this species , local logging or recreational activities are not thought to affect the whole population significantly .
the species is not protected at a national level in the countries where it occurs . some of the subpopulations live within protected areas such as in the mecsek mountains and vértes mountains in hungary , however no conservation actions are currently required for this species .
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pfeiffer , l . 1841 . symbolae ad historiam heliceorum . - pp . 1 - 88 . cassellis . ( th . fischer ) .
shell horny brownish with whitish band at the keel in the first whorls , transparent but solid , striated , often with soft hairs but not granulated , 5 . 5 - 6 convex whorls , regularly increasing , first whorls keeled , last whorl initially with edge at periphery , more rounded near aperture , lower side relatively flat , aperture with lip inside , stronger at basal side , weaker and reddish or whitish at upper side , visible from outside as a yellow structure , aperture flattened at lower side , umbilicus narrow and partly covered by the reflected columellar margin . larger than trochulus edentulus and t . unidentatus .
shady habitats in the herbal layer in highlands and lower mountain forests , often in river valleys .
in italy only in alpi giulie and carso . references : westerlund 1889 : 46 , pavlović 1912 : 35 ( w serbia , bosnensis ) , tomić 1959 : 18 , falkner 1990 : 206 , manganelli et al . 1995 : 27 , falkner et al . 2001 : 58 , proćków 2009 : 125 , welter - schultes 2012 : 561 ( range map ) .
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pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
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according to falkner ( 1995 ) , the correct year of description is 1859 , which is accepted here . according to animalbase , it was mentioned in 1859 just as a nomen nudum and valid date of description is 1860 ( animalbase ) .
, but according to polinski ( 1924 ) , it is a distinct species . there are two accepted subspecies :
this species lives within a relatively wide range and there are several known subpopulations . the identified threats of deforestation and disturbance do not affect the whole population significantly and there is no evidence that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) , number of locations , number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating . therefore , it is assessed as least concern ( lc ) .
this species is distributed in the eastern carpathians and in the apuseni mountains . distribution data are provided by polinski ( 1924 ) , soós ( 1943 ) , grossu ( 1983 ) , wiktor ( 2004 ) , lisicky ( 1991 ) , kerney et al . ( 1983 ) , fehér et al . ( 2008 ) and prockow ( 2009 ) . there is also a recently found and therefore unpublished hungarian occurrence ( r . farkas , in prep . ) . there are several known locations and at the present moment there is no evidence that the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) , area of occupancy ( aoo ) or the number of locations are declining or extremely fluctuating .
within its relatively large range , this species does not seem to be rare . however , due to its special habitat preference , the population is fragmented . the species ' range is not satisfactorily explored and there are no data on population trend . however , forest habitats are known to diminish in that region therefore one might suppose that number of subpopulations or the number of mature individuals are declining .
deforestation and disturbance of the forests are the main threat to this species . however , considering its relatively large geographial range , local logging or recreational activities do not affect the whole population significantly .
this species is protected in poland and several known subpopulations live within protected areas . no further conservation actions are required for this species at this time .
conservation status iucn : lc ; rdbukr : вразливі ; endemic this species is protected in poland .


the south african cliff swallow ( petrochelidon spilodera ) , also known as the south african swallow , is a species of bird in the family hirundinidae native to central − western and southern africa .

it is found in botswana , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , gabon , lesotho , malawi , namibia , south africa , zambia , and zimbabwe .

nests are commonly built from mud under artificial structures such as huts and bridges .

south african cliff swallow

bottom right : south african cliff swallow . [ photo johan van rensburg © ]
south african cliff - swallows at nest , bloemfontein , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker © ]
introduction : south african cliff - swallows ( hirundo spilodera ) inhabit namibian sparse savannah and grassland . flocks of between 10 and 1 , 000 birds are common . roosting is in nests .
distribution of south african cliff - swallow in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
a small colony of cliff swallows nesting in a large culvert under the road . they are mainly alarm calling at my presence .
turner , a . ( 2018 ) . south african swallow ( petrochelidon spilodera ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
intra - african breeding migrant , usually arriving from its drc non - breeding grounds around early august , leaving around late april .
namibia , zimbabwe and south africa , with scattered records from lesotho ; migrates n to se congo and w drcongo .
these monogamous , colonial nesters , with colonies comprising 20 to upwards of 900 nests , fly from the drc to south africa for breeding season .
harrison , j . a . , allan , d . g . , underhill , l . g . , herremans , m . , tree . a . j . , parker , v . & brown , c . j . ( eds ) . 1997 . the atlas of southern african birds . vol . 2 : passerines . birdlife south africa , johannesburg .
not globally threatened . generally common in suitable habitat in main breeding range in south africa ; less common and more irregular in namibia , botswana , zimbabwe and . . .
the non - breeding season is mainly spent in western drc , flying to south africa for the breeding season . it also has localised breeding populations in eastern zimbabwe , namibia and possibly south - eastern botswana , with other records from botswana and namibia probably just stop off points on the way to the colonies . in south africa it is common in the free state province , north - west province , mpumalanga , gauteng , northern kzn , eastern cape and southern northern province . it generally prefers grassland , open savanna and karoo .
it eats a variety of aerial and flightless insects , usually foraging less 3 metres above ground . it often hovers above a bush to flush insects , or alternatively it catches prey disturbed by grass fires , ploughs , sheep , cattle , helmeted guineafowl , cattle egret or common ostrich . it may also descend to the ground to feed on northern harvester termites ( hodotermes mossambicus ) and other insects . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :
monogamous , colonial nester , with colonies comprising 20 to upwards of 900 nests , often adjacent to little swift colonies . individual pairs defend a small territory around the nest entrance against other pairs .
the nest ( see image below ) is a gourd - shaped structure with a short entrance tunnel , built of mud pellets and lined wool , plant down and feathers . the entrance holes are packed tightly together , often often overlapping as in the photo . a horizontal ridge is often placed below the entrance which is lengthened as more nests are constructed . it is almost always placed in artificial site since the 1800s , such as in traditional huts and bridges but rarely on cliffs .
egg - laying season is from august - february , peaking around november - december .
it usually lays two separate clutches per breeding season , each consisting of 1 - 4 , usually 2 - 3 eggs . they are incubated by both sexes for approximately 14 - 16 days , in shifts of 1 - 27 minutes .
the chicks are fed by both parents , leaving the nest after about 23 - 26 days , but it can be delayed if the chick is too heavy to fly . the juveniles return to the nest to roost for at least 4 days , often lured there by there with calling and coaxing by their parents .
not threatened , in fact its range has benefited from the introduction of man - made nest sites , which it now uses almost exclusively .
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
14 cm ; 16–26 g . has pale rufous forehead and lores , dark brown crown , black head side and hindneck ; upperparts deep blue - black , whitish streaks on mantle , rump pale . . .
no clear song ; calls are a warbling chatter call , a threat call which is a harsher version of the . . .
diet includes beetles coleoptera ( especially scarabaeidae and curculionidae ) , dipterans ( especially muscidae and drosophilidae ) , bugs ( . . .
sept–apr ; two or three broods reported for small proportion of pairs . colonies of a few tens to several hundreds of pairs , up to c . . . .
migratory . highly gregarious after breeding . present on breeding grounds in s aug–apr , a few . . .
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in past , often merged into hirundo , but dna studies support recognition of separate genera .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
flock of + / - 200 flying in and out of roosting site under bridge . recording taken from bridge height , roughly eye - level with birds in flight .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
petrochelidon spilodera ( del hoyo and collar 2016 ) was previously listed as hirundo spilodera .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to breed commonly ( keith et al . 1992 ) . trend justification : the population is estimated to be increasing following a recorded range expansion , perhaps linked to the availability of artificial nest - sites ( del hoyo et al . 2004 ) .
( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22712412a118750418 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 295 , 447 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
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please note that the google map for common species will load slowly as there is a lot of data to show . please be patient .
an excellent site for these birds is the bridge on eendracht road ( near suikerbosrand nature reserve ) , where they breed every year alongside white - rumped and little swifts .
© 2018 bird & wildlife photography by richard and eileen flack . all images are copyrighted to the author .
distribution : scattered populations in central and northern namibia including etosha national park and swakopmund .
description : dark brown crown , nape brown with bluish gloss . rufous rump , blackish brown tail , square - tipped . upper wings blackish brown , upper breast rufous .
breeding : gourd - shaped nest with entrance tunnel built of mud pellets and lined with wool and feathers . females lay 1 to 4 eggs and incubated for up to 16 days .
top location , right on the beach . this is a very popular accommodation choice - and rightly so .
slightly outide town on the banks of the swakop river and overlooking the dunes of the namib desert . excellent for those wanting a desert setting near the convenience of town
absolutely unique ! built on stilts into the swakop river - many units offer great views . feels more like a traditional country lodge rather than an establishment in a busy tourist town .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : petrochelidon spilodera . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .


balitora kwangsiensis is a species of hillstream loach found in southeast asia ( southern china , laos , and vietnam ) .

it inhabits rapid-flowing rivers and grows to a total length of 12 cm ( 4.7 in ) .

balitora kwangsiensis

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
there are a number of species described from viet nam which are likely to be synonyms . this includes :
justification : the species has been assessed as least concern as this species has a large distribution and there are no known widespread threats to the species .
the species has a southeast and east asian distribution . it is known from pearl river basin in south and southeastern china , on hainan island , the red river basin in viet nam and southern china and the ma river basin in lao pdr ( chu and chen 1990 , zheng 1991 , yue
this species is utilized as part of local subsistence fisheries ( m . kottelat pers . comm . 2011 ) .
the species has been recorded from gulongshan nature reserve , guanxi , china , and is likely present in others .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
cfm script by eagbayani , 28 . 08 . 01 , php script by cmilitante , 04 / 03 / 10 , last modified by cmilitante , 11 / 12 / 12
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
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known from guangdong province in the drainages of dong jiang , bei jiang and xi jiang , and from the drainages in hainan island and their river mouths ( ref . 33405 ) . found in the red river and nanpan - jiang in yunnan , guangxi and guangdong provinces ( ref . 37823 ) . recorded from lianzhou of guangdong province ; guangxi province : ( yangsu , ningming , longzhou , rongan ) ; hainan province : ( qiongzhong , shiyuan ) ; 7 specimens from lianshan county of beijiang river system in guangdong province , and qiongzhong county of hainan province ( ref . 45625 ) . also ref . 26563 , 35840 , 37823 , 43281 .
max length : 12 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2059 ) ; common length : 7 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35840 )
asia : nam ma basin in laos , red river basin in viet nam and yunnan , and southeastern china .
having body depth 1 . 0 - 1 . 2 times in width ( at pelvic origin ) ; belly entirely without scales in front of anus ; pectoral fin reaching only about halfway between its base and pelvic origin ; 8 - 9 relatively small black blotches along back , surrounded by a paler area ( ref . 43281 ) .
pd 50 = 0 . 5000 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )
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as part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .
copyright © world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]


bebearia tessmanni , or tessmann 's forester , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , the republic of the congo , the central african republic and the democratic republic of the congo .

the habitat consists of forests .

bebearia tessmanni

bebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq , 2000 ; butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 7 ; tl : nigeria , okomu
euryphene tessmanni grünberg , 1910 ; s . b . ges . naturf . fr . berl . 1910 ( 10 ) : 471 ; tl : spanish guinea
bebearia ( bebearia ) aurora graueri hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 31
etude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby
etude des bebearia ( note no . 7 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .
bebearia mandinga beni hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 11
bebearia sophus monforti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 20
bebearia hassoni hecq , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 2 ) : 39
bebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 35
remarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra , bebearia et euriphene .
etude des bebearia ( note no 4 ) . sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania
bebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 46
revision du genre bebearia . note no . 1 . le groupe ' flaminia ' stgr .
bebearia dowsetti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 25 ; tl : rwanda
bebearia bouyeri van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 40
etude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq
bebearia ultima hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 38 ; tl : basse casmance
bebearia faraveli oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : gabon
bebearia paludicola holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : cameroon
bebearia tini oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : lolo valley
bebearia cocalia insularis kielland , 1985 ; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 ( 19 ) : 271 ; tl : pemba i .
bebearia orientis malawiensis holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : malawi
bebearia paludicola blandi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : ghana
bebearia aurora theia hecq , 1989 ; lambillionea 89 : 72 ; tl : shaba , riv . lulua , kapanga
bebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen , 1997 ; lambillionea 97 ( 1 ii ) : 102 , f . 1
bebearia hemming , 1960 ; annot . lep . ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 ; ts : euryphene iturina karsch
bebearia improvisa ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 1
bebearia ivindoensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : gabon
bebearia lopeensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : gabon
= bebearia senegalensis katera ; hancock , 1992 , j . lep . soc . 46 ( 1 ) : 60 ♂ only
bebearia aurora ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 15 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia kiellandi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia ikelemba kamituga ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia hargreavesi d ' abrera , 1980 ; butterflies of the afrotropical region : 302 ; tl : masisi , n . w . kivu , 5000ft
bebearia fontaineana fontaineana ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 7 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fontaineana intersecta ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]
the genus bebearia closely resembles the allied genus euphaedra in appearance . the females , especially , are very similar on their uppersides . the undersides of bebearia however are invariably cryptically patterned and often resemble dead leaves . in euphaedra the underside is usually yellow with black spots and pink basal patches . euphaedra have orange palpi while those of bebearia are brown . in euphaedra the forewing apex is always rounded and not falcate . the member species are diverse .
bebearia amieti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 1 , pl . 2 , f . 7 , 10 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia dowsetti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia peetersi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia ducarmei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia bioculata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cutteri camiadei hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 2 , 5 ; tl : congo , bangui
bebearia baueri ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 7 - 8 , pl . 31 , f . 1 - 2
bebearia is a genus of brush - footed butterflies . the species are confined to the afrotropical ecozone mainly in the guinean forests of west africa and the congolian forests .
bebearia hargreavesi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 12 , f . 2 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia hassoni ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 7 , pl . 13 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cottoni ; [ bafr ] , 301 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fulgurata ; [ bafr ] , 303 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 9 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fontainei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4
bebearia raeveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 4 , pl . 30 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia allardi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 13 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia picturata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : congo , lukolela
bebearia schoutedeni ; [ bafr ] , 316 ( text ) ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia ikelemba ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia discors ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia oremansi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 29 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia liberti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 19 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia tini ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 23 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 30 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia chilonis ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 27 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 32 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia faraveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 24 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 30 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia makala ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia chloeropis ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia braytoni ; [ bafr ] , 304 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
van de weghe , 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon , et mise au point sur certaines especes ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , limenitinae ) ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43
bebearia chriemhilda ; [ bafr ] , 302 ; [ bk ] : 308 , pl . 41 , f . 511 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia intermedia ; [ bafr ] , 314 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 22 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cinaethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 92 , f . 23 ( text only ) ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
defining species groups is a convenient way of subdividing well - defined genera with a large number of recognized species . bebearia species are so arranged in assemblages called
species groups
but ( not superspecies , but an informal phenetic arrangement ) . these may or may not be clades . as molecular phylogenetic studies continue , lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition become evident and new groupings are suggested , but consistent ranking remains a problem .
euryphene tentyris hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] , pl . [ 22 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : old calabar
euryphene tentyris var . seeldrayersi aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 201 ; tl : congo , momporo
guinea , sierra leone , libera , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]
ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , congo , zaire . see [ maps ]
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , w . uganda , nw . tanzania . see [ maps ]
euryphene carshena hewitson , 1871 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene vii ) : [ 48 ] , pl . [ 24 ] , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : old calabar
euryphene tentyris var . languida schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 724
papilio absolon fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 56
e . guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire
euryphene entebbiae lathy , 1906 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1906 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : entebbe , uganda
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire . see [ maps ]
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda . see [ maps ]
aterica zonara butler , 1871 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1871 : 81 ; tl : fantee , cape coast
: pl . 92 , f . 20 ( text only , spell . ? )
aterica abesa hewitson , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : cape coast castle
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire
euryphene oxione hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] ; tl : old calabar
cameroon , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda
euryphene oxione squalida talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : entebbe
cameroon , congo , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba , toro ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene comus ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons
euryphene cinaethon hewitson , 1874 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ix ) : [ 52 ] , pl . [ 26 ] , f . 40 - 41 ; tl : west africa
euryphene ikelemba aurivillius , 1901 ; ent . tidskr . 22 : 116 ; tl : ikelemba r .
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]
papilio cocalia fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 250
zaire ( kivu ) , w . uganda , w . kenya , nw . tanzania
euryphene badiana rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 245 , pl . 20 , f . 23 - 24
e . nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , n . angola , zaire , w . uganda , w . tanzania , w . zambia
senegal , gambia , guinea bissau , n . guinea , n . sierra leone , n . ivory coast . see [ maps ]
euryphene senegalensis herrich - schäffer , [ 1850 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 , 1 ( ? 6 ) pl . [ 23 ] , f . 95 - 98
euryphene orientis karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 277
euryphene mardania dealbata carcasson , 1958 ; occ . pap . coryndon mus . 5 : 8
nigeria , cameroon , congo , w . zaire , n . angola . see [ maps ]
euryphene guineensis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : guinea , calabar vetus
papilio sophus fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 46
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , . . . ?
euryphene phreone feisthamel , 1850 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 8 : 253 ( boisduval )
euryphene sophus audeoudi riley , 1936 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 16 ( 11 ) : 702 , pl . 7 , f . 2
eyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson , 1961 ; occ . pap . coryndon meml mus . ( 7 ) : 8
aterica barce doubleday , 1847 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 20 : 64 ; tl : sierra leone
euryphene barce maculata aurivillius , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 13 : 178 , pl . 40 a
euryphene staudingeri aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 199 ; tl : camerun , n ' dian
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , angola , zaire , uganda , nw . tanzania , n . zambia . see [ maps ]
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]
e . nigeria , cameroon , e . zaire , gabon . see [ maps ]
nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , c . a . r .
euryphene brunhilda kirby , 1889 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 247 ; tl : cameroons
euryphene iturina karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 215
euryphene schoutedeni overlaet , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( n . s . ) sci . zool . 1 : 490
coastal areas ( e . kenya , e . tanzania ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene chriemhilda staudinger , 1896 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 370 , pl . 8 , f . 4
euryphene congolensis capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxii ; tl : kassai
euryphene phranza hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ii ) : [ 37 ] , pl . [ 19 ] , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : old calabar
euriphene phranza robiginosus talbot , 1927 ; rev . zool . afr . 15 : 267
cameroon - zaire ( mbandaka - ituri , kasai ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene severini aurivillius , 1898 ; öfvers . k . vetenskakad . förh . stockh . 54 : 280 , f . 2 ; tl : congo , beni - bendi
euryphene aurora aurivillius , 1896 ; öfvers . k . vetenskakad . förh . 53 : 433 ; tl : ubangi
euryphene wilverthi aurivillius , 1898 ; ent . tidskr . 19 : 177 ; tl : congo
aurora kayonza jackson , 1956 ; j . e afr . nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 74
euryphene flaminia staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 110 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons
e . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , zaire , w . uganda ?
euryphene maximiana staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons
euryphene intermedia bartel , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 : 144 ; tl : kamerun , barombi - station
euryphene nivaria ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , w . zaire
euryphene phantasiella staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : barombi station
euryphene phantasiella simulata van someren , 1939 ; j . e . afr . uganda nat . hist . soc . 14 ( 65 ) : 54 ; tl : katera
euryphene phantasiella var . ? phantasina staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : sierra leone
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , e . nigeria
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , w . nigeria , cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria
euryphene demetra obsolescens talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : bitje , ja river
euryphene makala bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 473 ; tl : makala , congo free state
euryphene chloeropis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala , congo free state
euryphene eliensis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 46 ] , pl . [ 23 ] , f . 23 - 26 ; tl : gaboon
zaire , s . cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r .
evena ceres var . unita capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxiv
euryphene luteola bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala - beni ; ituri forest , mawamba - makala
euryphene ashantina dudgeon , 1913 ; ent . mon . mag . 49 : 204 ; tl : ashanti , gold coast
romaleosoma cutteri hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( romaleosoma ii - iii ) : [ 31 ] , pl . [ 16 ] , f . 13 - 15 ; tl : old calabar
euphaedra cutteri harleyi fox , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 1248 ; tl : wanau forest
euryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby , 1889 ; rhop . exot . [ 2 ] 1 : ( euryphene ) 1 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : cameroons
e . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r . , sw . zaire . see [ maps ]
e . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo , w . zaire . see [ maps ]
euryphene castanea holland , 1893 ; can . ent . 25 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : kangwé , ogové valley
euryphene ducalis grünberg , 1912 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 534
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
contribution a la faune du congo ( brazzaville ) . mission a . villiers et a . descarpentries lxviii . lepidopteres nymphalidae , danaidae et riodinidae
( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species
new lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera
verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge
wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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a diverse genus from african forests . species groups listed are based on larsen ' s ( 2005 ) treatment of the west african fauna .
ackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .
larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .
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