the italian cave salamander ( speleomantes italicus ) is a species of salamander in the family plethodontidae .

endemic to italy , its natural habitats are temperate forests , rocky areas , caves , and subterranean habitats ( other than caves ) .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

italian cave salamander

vignoli l , caldera f , bologna ma . spatial niche of the italian cave salamander ,
information on the italian cave salamander is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
this is an informational website on the species commonly known as the north - west italian cave salamander or in scientific language , speleomantes strinatii ! other common names for this species are the french cave salamander or strinati ' s cave salamander .
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north - west italian cave salamander statusclassified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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facts summary : the french cave salamander ( speleomantes strinatii ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group
amphibians
and found in the following area ( s ) : france , italy . this species is also known by the following name ( s ) : north - west italian cave salamander , strinati ' s cave salamander .
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the iitalian cave salamander is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
violin plots representing humidity in cave sectors available ( white ) and occupied by cave salamanders ( grey ) , during three months .
paper relating case of leucism and albinism in italian amphibians . during my research i found leucistic individuals in two species of sardinian cave salamanders : hydromantes supramontis and h . flavus
camp cd , wooten ja , jensen jb , bartek df . role of temperature in determining relative abundance in cave twilight zones by two species of lungless salamander ( family plethodontidae )
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - french cave salamander facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
vignoli l , caldera f , bologna ma . trophic niche of cave populations of
hans - martin braun added the italian common name
geotritone italico
to
speleomantes italicus ( dunn , 1923 )
.
hans - martin braun added the italian common name
geotritone italiano
to
speleomantes italicus ( dunn , 1923 )
.
we hope you enjoy learning about this fastinating organism . if you are interested in visiting other informational websites regarding different species , visit a database called urltoken . the database includes informative pages on other salamanders such as the spotted salamander and the tiger salamander .
jung re , droege s , sauer jr , landy rb . evaluation of terrestrial and streamside salamander monitoring techniques at shenandoh national park .
annual variation of the coefficients of regressions between presence / absence of cave salamanders , temperature and humidity .
ficetola gf , pennati r , manenti r . do cave salamanders occur randomly in cavities ? an analysis with
lunghi e , manenti r , ficetola gf . do cave features affect underground habitat exploitation by non - troglobite species ?
lunghi e , manenti r , manca s , mulargia m , pennati r , ficetola gf . nesting of cave salamanders (
ficetola gf , pennati r , manenti r . spatial segregation among age classes in cave salamanders : habitat selection or social interactions ?
( aellen , 1958 ) . in : sindaco r , doria g , razzetti e , bernini f ( eds ) atlas of italian amphibians and reptiles . polistampa , firenze , pp 258–261
manenti r , lunghi e , ficetola gf . the distribution of cave twilight - zone spiders depends on microclimatic features and trophic supply .
) . therefore , in the following winter , acquiring energy is a major priority for juveniles . the most superficial cave sectors are the ones with driest microclimate (
hills n , hose gc , cantlay aj , murray br ( 2008 ) cave invertebrate assemblages differ between native and exotic leaf litter . austral ecol 33 : 271–277
schneider k , christman mc , fagan wf ( 2011 ) the influence of resource subsidies on cave invertebrates : results from an ecosystem - level manipulation experiment . ecology 92 : 765–776
) . cave salamanders are able to exploit the whole cave ; therefore , if salamanders just require optimal abiotic conditions they can remain in farthest sectors where suitable microclimate is more stable . conversely , in this study , salamanders during summer were associated to more humid sectors than in winter . this suggests a higher tolerance for dry sectors during winter , and supports the selection change hypothesis . multiple , non - exclusive explanations are possible for such selection change . first , newborns
) . the deepest sectors showed high stability of humidity through time , while fluctuations due to external variation were evident in sectors nearby the cave entrance . external humidity was particularly high in autumn and spring , determining an increase of humidity in the first sector of caves (
) , but their features and the distribution of their inhabitants shows strong fluctuations through the year , particularly in the superficial sectors . no doubt , the strong seasonal variation of salamander distribution was mostly dictated by the fluctuations of microhabitats . nevertheless , habitat preferences and requirements may change across seasons , as in the case of juveniles that select microhabitats with slightly different conditions in different times (
) . furthermore , all cave abiotic features ( temperature , humidity and light ) followed the variation of external conditions , which indeed were the major cause of fluctuations of internal microhabitats . while this influence was strongest in the first meters of the caves , it remained clearly detectable at depths > 20 m (
cave depth represented the major gradient along with microhabitat features varied : as expected , humidity always increased and light decreased in the deepest sectors . the relationship between temperature and depth was more complex . during winter a positive relationship between temperature and depth was observed , while the relationship became negative during the warm months (
the area of violin plots represents the distribution of cave sectors according to microclimate feature . width of plots is proportional to the number of sectors showing such microclimate condition . the black points represent the medians , the grey boxes represent the second and third quartiles . the violin plots for temperature are available in fig . s2 .
the dependent variables were three major features of cave microclimate : ( a ) internal temperature , ( b ) internal humidity and ( c ) illuminance . independent variables were : month of survey , depth of sector , temp . ext ( external temperature ) , hum . ext ( external humidity ) , time ( hour of survey ) .
is a northern and central alpinnine endemic , ranging from the provinces of reggio emilia ( emillia - romagna ) and lucca ( tuscany ) southwards to the province of pescara inclusive ( abruzzi ) . specimens from pian di mugnone , just n of florence , were introduced in 1983 naturalized in the cave
buca del nebbia
. 11º14 ' 11
e - 43º20 ' 09
n , 310m a . s . l . , on the southern slope of monte maggio , near monteriggioni , province of siena ( tuscany ) . the altitudinal distribution ranges from 80 m a . s . l . in garfagnana ( near anchiano , province of lucca ) up to 1594 m on mount corchia ( apuan alps , province of lucca ) ( gasc 1997 ) .
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cox , n . and temple , h . j . ( global amphibian assessment )
justification : listed as near threatened since although its extent of occurrence is probably less than 20 , 000 km2 and its habitat might be declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable , it probably occurs in more than ten locations , and its range is probably not severely fragmented .
this species is a northern and central apennine endemic , ranging from the provinces of reggio emilia ( emilia - romagna ) and lucca ( tuscany ) southwards to the province of pescara ( abruzzi ) inclusive ( lanza et al . 2007 ; sindaco et al . 2006 ) . it occurs from 80 to 1 , 600 m asl .
it is common over much of its range , although it is considered to be less abundant in the southernmost part of its range . there is no evidence of any population decline taking place .
this species is known from humid rocky outcrops , caves , crevices , and forested areas in the vicinity of streams , often in limestone areas . it reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs .
there are no major threats identified other than some localized habitat loss and illegal collection .
this species is present in some protected areas ( natura 2000 sites and regional and national parks ) . it is listed on appendix ii of the bern convention and on annex iv of the eu habitats directive .
franco andreone , paul edgar , claudia corti , roberto sindaco , antonio romano . 2009 .
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total length of males up to 112 mm , for females up to 120 mm . adult males have a mental gland on the chin , which becomes more evident in mating season . tail oval in cross section and slightly less than half the total length . trunk on cross section square . limbs well developed and hind legs slightly longer than front legs . front feet with 4 , hind feet with 5 flattened digits . coloration as in other
. a clutch contains 6 - 14 eggs of 5 - 6 mm in diameter . the females seem to keep in contact with their eggs . the eggs undergo direct development . after 5 months , the egg starts to swell due to increased water uptake . after 8 months , the egg has reached a diameter of 10mm . the egg then contracts until hatching after 10 months ( all at 12º c ) . the young are 22 - 24 mm in length upon hatching . development to sexual maturity takes 3 to 4 years . direct observation in captivity has shown that this species may live up to six years .
seems to be an opportunistic hunter with a wide range of invertebrate prey ( boehme et al 1999 ) .
the mediterranean region is subject to increasing human habitation causing pollution , deforestation , fires , loss of surface waters and introduction of exotic species . despite these factors ,
is not endangered . this is mainly due to its relatively large distribution and its water - independent biology ( boehme et al 1999 ) .
is abundant in its range and should not be considered an endangered species . it is , however , less abundant or even relatively uncommon only in the province of pescara , i . e . in the southernmost portion of its range ( gasc 1997 ) .
human activity has provided suitable habitats for this species in regions that are not so naturally rich in caves as the karst area . exploitation of
pietra serena
has yielded mounds of rocks near quarries and these and the rock walls used in traditional agriculture are now inhabited by the species .
boehme , w . , grossenbacher , k . , and thiesmeier , b . ( 1999 ) .
handbuch der reptilien und amphibien europas , band 4 / i : schwanzlurche ( urodela ) .
arie van der meijden ( amphibia at arievandermeijden . nl ) , research associate , museum of vertebrate zoology , uc berkeley
edited by david b . wake ( jan . , 2000 ) ( 2002 - 05 - 25 )
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
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, it can be found in italy . you can see 13 photos of this amphibian .
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if you are searching for this slimy organism , you should start looking at entrances of caves in northwestern italy as well as southeastern france . you can find more information about their exact locations on our habitat and geography page .
speleomantes strinatii is one of seven species of the genus , speleomantes , residing in caves in europe . ancestors of these species are located in california . you can find more information about their history on our classification page .
go to our next page to learn how our organism is classified ! website was last updated on 24 april 2014 .
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
italienischer höhlensalamander
to
speleomantes italicus ( dunn , 1923 )
.
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this species is restricted to south - eastern france and north - western italy , from 80 to 2 , 400 m asl .
although there is little available information on the population status of this species , it is not considered to be declining in italy . in some parts of its range it is a common species .
it is found in the vicinity of streams and seepages , and amongst rocky outcrops and caves in mountainous areas . it reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs .
there are no major threats identified other than localized loss of habitat and illegal collection .
the species is present in some protected areas . prior to being considered a separate species speleomantes strinatii was listed on both appendix ii of the bern convention , and on annex iv of the eu habitats directive , under s . italicus . although this species is not considered to be declining in italy , further information is needed on the status of the populations in france .
franco andreone , paul edgar , claudia corti , marc cheylan , roberto sindaco , antonio romano . 2009 .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .
all applicable institutional and / or national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed . the study was conducted under authorization of apuan alps regional park ( no 5 , 4 / 04 / 2013 ) , district of prato ( no 448 , 2013 ) , district of pistoia ( no 0022597 / 2013 / p ) and district of lucca ( no 731 , 21 / 02 / 2013 ) .
we used visual encounter surveys to assess the presence / absence of h . italicus and m . menardi spiders in each sector . this standardized technique allows to verify the presence of species in an area during a defined time ( crump & scott jr , 1994 ; jung et al . , 2000 ) . if possible , salamanders were measured . salamanders showing total length > 6 . 5cm or with male secondary characters were considered adults ( lanza et al . , 2006 ) , the remaining salamanders were considered juveniles . all individuals were immediately released at the collection point .
internal variables are ( a ) temperature , ( b ) humidity and ( c ) illuminance ( lux ) . in each graph , colored plots represent sectors located at different distance from the entrance ( from 3 to 21 m ) . these sectors represent the area in which microclimate variability is higher ; at 21 m illuminance was constantly 0 lux . error bars are standard errors . for temperature and humidity , the trend of the respective external feature is also shown , represented by a continuous red line .
we considered as dependent variables inner abiotic features of caves : ( a ) temperature , ( b ) humidity and ( c ) illuminance . we used as independent variables : month of survey , time in which the survey began , depth of sector , external temperature , external humidity and interaction between month and depth ( prof : m ) . for each continuous variable , the regression coefficient is reported if the variable is included into a given model . for both categorical variables and interactions , + indicates their presence into the model . for each independent variable , we report the first five best models .
parameters related to microclimatic change of caves through the year : best - aicc models .
presence of h . italicus was strongly related to month , and was generally associated with sectors characterized by high humidity , low light and abundant m . menardi spiders ( tables 3a and 4a ) . furthermore , significant interactions between month and temperature and between month and humidity indicated different microhabitat selection patterns among months ( table 4a ) . specifically , in winter periods salamanders were associated with warmest sectors , while in summer periods they were associated with coldest and most humid sectors ( figs . 2a and 2b ) .
( a ) – ( b ) : results of regression models analyzing all individuals encountered ; ( c ) – ( d ) results of models analyzing adults only ( e ) – ( f ) results of models analyzing juveniles only . results for december were not reported due to small sample size .
we considered as dependent variable the presence of ( a ) the species , ( b ) presence of adults and ( c ) presence of juveniles . we used as independent variables : internal humidity ( humid ) , month of survey , illuminance ( lux ) , meta spiders abundance and internal temperature ( temp ) . furthermore , we also used as independent variables interaction between month and internal humidity ( hum : m ) , month and illuminance ( lux : m ) , month and meta spiders ( meta : m ) and month and internal temperature ( temp : m ) . for each continuous variable , the regression coefficient is reported if the variable is included into a given model . for categorical variables and interactions , + indicates that the variable or the interaction is included into the model .
the dependent variables were the presence of ( a ) species , ( b ) adults only and ( c ) juveniles only . see table 1 for explanation of variable names . only the best - aicc models are shown .
the microhabitat selection pattern was similar if adults only were considered . adults were more abundant in sectors with low light and abundant m . menardi ( tables 3b and 4b ) . furthermore , differences among months were strong , and the interactions between month and both humidity and temperature were significant . adults were associated with relatively cold sectors during summer , while in winter they were associated with warmer sectors ( fig . 2c ) . in summer , adults were associated with the most humid sectors ; however , they showed a clear preference for the most humid sectors also in february ( fig . 2d ) .
juveniles were more frequent in sectors with high humidity and abundant m . menardi spiders ; furthermore the effect of month , and the interactions humidity - month and temperature - month were significant ( tables 3c and 4c ) . juveniles were associated with the coldest sectors during winter and with warmer sectors during spring ( fig . 2e ) . from late winter until spring , juveniles were associated with sectors characterized by lower humidity , while during summer this apparent preference shifted in favor of most humid sectors ( fig . 2f ) .
most of equivalency tests were not significant , suggesting that habitat selection pattern was consistent through months ( table 5 ) . however , in the analyses of humidity considering all individuals and juveniles only , niche equivalency was significantly lower than expected by chance between february and june , and between february and july . salamanders were more tolerant for low - humidity habitats than during winter ( fig . 3 ) . conversely , if adults only were analyzed , none of similarity tests were rejected ( table 5 ) .
equivalency of species - habitat relationships ( measured as shoener’s d ) observed in different months .
pairs of months for which the species - habitat relationships were not equivalent ( after bonferroni’s correction : α ′ = 0 . 0083 ) are in bold .
most of variation in species - habitat relationships was likely caused by the seasonal variation of temperature and humidity . nevertheless , particularly in the analysis of humidity with juveniles , tests of niche equivalency between late winter and summer months were consistently rejected (
) , but show the highest abundance of prey . actually , in our study caves , the potential prey richness ( calculated as the summed n of species of araneae ( excluding
) . efficient exploitation of seasonal peaks of food resources may be a key of fast development during the first years . furthermore , the negative consequences of low humidity may be stronger in summer . low environmental temperature reduces metabolism in ectotherms , which limits oxygen needs . as lungless salamanders exchange gasses mainly through their skin , and the efficiency of this skin function increases with high level of moisture (
) , during the cold season the individuals could be more tolerant to low humidity because of their lower respiration needs .
we thank two reviewers for constructive comments on a previous version of this manuscript . gff belongs to the laboratoire d’ecologie alpine , which is part of labex osug @ 2020 .
the authors declare there are no competing interests . enrico lunghi is representing the association natural oasis as president .
enrico lunghi conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .
raoul manenti conceived and designed the experiments , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , reviewed drafts of the paper .
gentile francesco ficetola conceived and designed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .
the following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :
university of florence approved the project by regular department’s application and we followed our institutional guidelines .
the following information was supplied relating to field study approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :
gff was funded by labex osug @ 2020 ( investissements d’avenir—anr10 labx56 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
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) . humidity inside caves was strongly related to external humidity , month , depth and to the time of survey . furthermore , the significant interaction between month and depth indicated that the humidity gradient was not constant through the year (
) . the deepest sectors always showed lower light than the superficial ones . however , incident light increased in summer and during periods characterized by low humidity (
the dependent variables were the presence of ( a ) species , ( b ) adults only and ( c ) juveniles only . see
for explanation of variable names . only the best - aicc models are shown .
the microhabitat selection pattern was similar if adults only were considered . adults were more abundant in sectors with low light and abundant
) . furthermore , differences among months were strong , and the interactions between month and both humidity and temperature were significant . adults were associated with relatively cold sectors during summer , while in winter they were associated with warmer sectors (
) . however , in the analyses of humidity considering all individuals and juveniles only , niche equivalency was significantly lower than expected by chance between february and june , and between february and july . salamanders were more tolerant for low - humidity habitats than during winter (
our data mostly support the environmental change hypothesis . first , the temperature gradient showed a clear inversion through the seasons (
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enrico lunghi univeristy of trier v . r . luti 17 prato prato 59100 italy tel : + 393391604627 mob : + 393391604627
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urltoken


hottentotta is a genus of scorpion belonging to the family buthidae .

it is distributed widely across africa .

species also occur in the middle east , the arabian peninsula , southeastern turkey , iraq , iran , afghanistan , pakistan , india , nepal , cape verde islands , slovenia ( rarely ) and sri lanka ( introduced ) .

hottentotta

development of protective agent against hottentotta saulcyi venom using camelid single - domain antibody .
hottentotta hottentotta are parthenogenetic . that means that a female of this species can produce off springs without ever mating with a male . gestastion period every 3 - 4 months .
arachnoboards - here are some very neat scorpion photos featuring parabuthus leiosoma and hottentotta trilineatus .
i also feed them 2x a week . hottentotta hottentotta are very aggressive scorpion . the venom level is a 3 - 3 . 5 out of 5 and able to take down bigger prey .
trancriptomic approach reveals the molecular diversity of hottentotta conspersus ( buthidae ) venom . - pubmed - ncbi
arachnoboards - here are some great photos documenting the development of a brood of hottentotta franzwerneri scorpions .
development of protective agent against hottentotta saulcyi venom using camelid single - domain antibody . - pubmed - ncbi
arachnoboards - see photos of three species of hottentotta scorpion moms with broods of babies on their backs .
first report on hottentotta tamulus ( scorpiones : buthidae ) from sri lanka , and its medical importanc . . .
a revision of the genus hottentotta birula , 1908 , with descriptions of four new species ( scorpiones : buthidae ) .
hottentotta songi : teruel & rein , 2010 : 7 ; sun et al . , 2010 : 40–12 , figs 25–29 .
adult female holotype of hottentotta flavidulus sp . n . : ( a ) carapace ; . . . | download scientific diagram
kovarik ( 2007 ) has published a revision of the genus hottentotta . note that the medical important mesobuthus tamulus and two other asian mesobuthus have been transfered to hottentotta . kovarik ' s revision can be downloaded here ( browse down to issue 58 ) .
xe
hottentotta minox : scorpions , taxonomy
are often found under the bark of acacia trees . the sting is painful .
a total of 373 scorpions including hottentotta rugiscutis , hottentotta tamulus , lychas tricarinatus and heterometrus swammerdami were collected , identified and maintained successfully , achieving a 97 % survival rate . hottentotta rugiscutis yielded 6 . 0 ml of venom by electrical stimulation . the ld 50 of h . rugiscutis venom was estimated to be 3 . 02 mg / kg of body weight in female swiss albino mice .
i hadn ' t heard that on the hottentotta species until just a few minutes ago reading some stuff on wikipedia . . .
arachnoboards - check out these great photos of some hottentotta gentili scorpions , including a female with a big brood on her back .
map of karnataka showing the locations of different scorpion species . at the bottom : a hottentotta rugiscutis ( pocock , 1897 ) ; b hottentotta tamulus ( fabricius , 1798 ) ; c lychas tricarinatus ( simon , 1884 ) , d heterometrus swammerdami ( simon , 1872 )
arachnoboards - a member shares photos of a beautiful group of hottentotta franzwerneri scorpions that were collected in morocco and are now reproducing in captivity .
hottentotta : fet and lowe , 2000 : 134–135 ; kovařík , 2007 : 2–3 , 8–10 . sun et al . , 2010 : 40 .
extraction of venom by electrical stimulation method . setup for milking of venom from hottentotta rugiscutis by the electrical stimulation method using step - down transformer and restrainer
photo of parabuthus leiosoma ( left ) by jan ove rein ( c ) photo of hottentotta sp . ( right ) by jan ove rein ( c )
i know soils and eco earth is a good substrate , but with the small size of h . h . and hiding all the time . i was wondering if i could have a pretty setup . i wanted to mix black and purple calcium carbonate sand for a pure sand substrate . is this ok for hottentotta hottentotta ?
hottentotta and tityus are both
hot
; i ' m not sure which species in particular , but if you want a bark scorpion that ' s not as hot you could try centruroides vitattus or margaritatus . i ' m not sure what is a good replacement for hottentotta though . maybe scorpio maurus or some other desert species ? urltoken
well i didn ' t mean to spark any controversy . as far as blanket statements are concerned i am interested in tarantulas and scorpions because they are beautiful interesting animals to keep and observe but basically if it can kill me . . . even is the chance is only 1 in 100000 . . . i don ' t want it in my home . hence the reason for this thread . i will get the list of species that the guy was selling and edit this post again so maybe the advice can be more specific . i appreciate the time you guys are taking in giving the advice . the specific species being offered are : hottentotta eminii hottentotta franzwerneri gentili hottentotta polysticus hottentotta tamulus sindicus sincere thanks .
i heard coconut fiber stuff is best for the little hottentotta juves . thats what i use and hes doing good . ( i mixed some exoterra black sand with it also ) for desert feel
kovařík , f . 2007 . a revision of the genus hottentotta birula , 1908 , with descriptions of four new species ( scorpiones , buthidae ) . euscorpius , no . 58 : 1 - 107 .
foden , w . & potter , l . 2005 . polygala hottentotta c . presl . national assessment : red list of south african plants version 2017 . 1 . accessed on 2018 / 07 / 09
a new species of hottentotta birula , 1908 from afghanistan , with a note on the generic position of mesobuthus songi lourenço , qi et zhu , 2005 ( scorpiones : buthidae ) . euscorpius 94 : 1−8 .
all androctonus spp should be up there imo since they push out a ton of venom each sting . and no hottentotta spp has a venom rating of more than 4 , maybe 4 . 5 is pushing it .
scorpions were successfully maintained for 18 months . herein we have also documented a simple , cost - effective method of venom extraction by electrical stimulation using a modified restrainer . furthermore , hottentotta rugiscutis was reported for the first time in karnataka .
several species in this family are highly toxic , but fewer than 20 can be lethal to man . the most notorious species are found in the genus androctonus , centruroides , hottentotta , leiurus , parabuthus and tityus . see scorpions of medical importance page for further information .
four different scorpion species were collected , among which three species were maintained in the laboratory in containers that mimic their natural habitat . venom was extracted from hottentotta rugiscutis by electrical stimulation at 8 v for 18 months and ld 50 was estimated by the graphic method of miller and tainter .
i ' ve scratched the hottentotta from my collection list lol thanks for all the advice and information . the fellow selling the scorpions is very well regarded and he told me they were not very dangerous . i will excercise more caution when dealing with him in the future . take care guys .
this species is incredibly easy if you follow my example , and i hope you enjoy them ! hottentotta caboverdensis can be kept the same ways . they love their moisture , but need it to evaporate quickly and not to have that high of humidity . jacksoni and junceus are the same way . it ' s tricky ! theyre truely a beautiful species , and i hope to have a large communal of adults in a year or more .
a scorpion species proved to be lethal to humans was recently recorded from jaffna peninsula ( 9°40 ' 0 ' ' n 80°0 ' 0 ' ' e , mean annual temperature 26 . 2°c ) , in the northern dry zone of sri lanka . this species is morphologically different from all other known scorpions in sri lanka . the species was identified as hottentotta tamulus ( scorpiones : buthidae ) , which is commonly found in maharashtra , india , . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . hottentotta tamulus stings observed in the jaffna peninsula were associated with clinical features of autonomic nervous system overactivity such as changes in pulse rate and blood pressure , sweating , diaphoresis and pulmonary oedema . myocardial injury with elevated cardiac biomarkers has not been reported in sri lanka , although it is a known complication after the ' red scorpion ' stings in india [ 1 , 2 ] . scorpion venom contains a mixture of several low molecular weight basic proteins , neurotoxins , . . .
however , their size and color do not tell us much about their danger or the level of toxicity of the poison they produce . some believe that the large and black species are the most deadly , but curiously the small red or yellow are the ones that often cause the greatest health problems in humans . the indian red scorpion ( hottentotta tamulus ) , the arizona bark scorpion ( centruroides sculpturatus ) or the deathstalker ( leiurus quinquestriatus ) , are examples of scorpions that you should avoid .
figure 2 : adult female holotype of hottentotta flavidulus sp . n . : ( a ) carapace ; ( b ) tergites ; ( c ) left pedipalp , dorsal view ; ( d ) left movable finger , dorsal view ; ( e ) sternopectinal region ; ( f ) metasomal segments i–ii , lateral view ; ( g ) metasomal segments iii–iv , lateral view ; ( h ) metasomal segment v and telson , lateral view ; ( i ) metasomal segment v and telson , ventral view .
in the world , the 7 genera found in xizang were recorded distributing to the south of xizang . modern species of genera chaerilus , euscorpiops and scorpiops are limited to tropical areas of south asia and southeast asia , although they reached considerable altitudes in kashmir , nepal , and tibet ( kovařík , 2000a , 2000b ) . the distribution of the species of genera hottentotta , isometrus , heterometrus and the close related genera of tibetiomachus also suggest the scorpion fauna of xizang is close to south asia and southeast asia .
and as telow pointed out for most scorpions it ' s only sick , infants or old people that dies ( mostly ) . . . therefor how
deadly
a scorpion is ( most casualties ) could easily be coupled with where in the world the scorpion is ( foreksample : do the native have bad health due to starvation , deceases or anything else and how is the medical care in the area where the scorpion comes from ? ) and i think that is why i read that hottentotta tamulus was
as shown by an internal survey , hottentotta rugiscutis ( pocock , 1897 ) scorpions are prevalent , live alongside the human habitat in the chirathagundu village ( karnataka , india ) and are known to cause considerable public health problems due to envenomations compared to three other regions – namely hiriyuru , nandihalli and hindaskatte – where human activity is limited . as there is hardly any data on the lethality of h . rugiscutis venom , it is important to research these scorpions and to find out their effects on the local population .
. . . in sri lanka 18 species of scorpion are known [ 14 ] , the commonly encountered species is the black scorpion ( heterometrus species ) ( figure 1 ) and none of these species caused fatal stings . however , in recent past , fatal envenom - ing of indian red scorpion ( hottentotta tamulus ) occurred in jaffna peninsula of sri lanka and believe that the species were moved to peninsula while transporting the goods for indian peacekeeping forces between 1987 and 1990 [ 7 , 9 ] . . . .
scorpions are arthropods belonging to the class arachnida and order scorpiones . globally , 1988 species are known , among which 113 species from 25 genera belonging to six families have been recorded in india [ 1 ] . scorpions of the family buthidae are of prime importance due to the lethality of their venom to humans , especially to children in many tropical regions [ 2 ] . a buthidae family scorpion , hottentotta tamulus ( fabricius , 1798 ) , is widely distributed throughout the deccan plateau of southern india [ 3 , 4 ] .
a study of 74 patients from allahabad , india , documents a mortality rate following scorpion stings of almost 10 % ( singhal et al . 2009 ) . unfortunately this study also fails to give details regarding morphological identification of the scorpions , but mesobuthus tamulus ( = hottentotta tamulus ) and palamneus swammerdami were held to be responsible for the serious cases . a dramatic increase in the incidence of stings was observed during the hot summer months . over 60 % of those stung were male , and almost 95 % of the patients came from rural areas , where it is common for people to work in sugar cane , coconut or banana plantations . these are the habitats of these scorpions .
toxicity of venom from hottentotta rugiscutis of chirathagundu region was studied by estimating the ld 50 value under in vivo conditions . five different doses covering the range of mortality from 0 to 100 % were tested . the test group mice were subcutaneously injected with one of five concentrations ( 2 . 60 , 2 . 80 , 3 . 02 , 3 . 26 , 3 . 52 mg / kg b . w . ) of venom dissolved in 0 . 2 ml of phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) . control group was injected with equivalent volume of pbs only . the animals were monitored for 24 hours and the ld 50 was calculated by the graphical method of miller and tainter [ 18 ] .
i got stung by a 5i h . hottentotta a few months ago , but the experience is still as transparent in my mind as the day i got stung . it was the single most agonizing pain i ' ve ever felt in all of my life . nothing i ' ve experienced can compare to the searing hot pain , but i can best describe it as : take an iron skillet put it on a gas stove on high for 15 minutes , then take your middle finger and press down in the middle of the skillet and keep it there for 6 hours without your nerves ever dying . and as much as i wish i was exaggerating , that ' s the closest accurate description i can give that doesn ' t sound completely inconceivable .
so ive got back up on the horse so to speak with a pair of hottentotta trilineatus on there way from tarantula canada ! although they are wild caught i have high hopes for a male female pair and will hopefully be bringing them into canada as captive bred . i know its unlikely to get 1 . 1 but if not ill order more : biggrin : . any ways i have constructed two rubbermaid enclosures measuring 9 inches long , 6 inches wide and 2 inches tall . is this sufficient for adults of this species as they rarely go over 2 inches ? any way i ' ll post some pics , tell me what you think ! the substrate is 50 % sand 50 % eco - earth and 10 % aquarium gravel ( washed in water ) .
heterometrus swammerdami and h . bengalensis habitat in simlipal national park , majurbanj district , orissa ( india ) . photo : thorsten kroes ( c ) ( permission through carlos turiel ) heterometrus swammerdami and h . bengalensis habitat in simlipal national park , majurbanj district , orissa ( india ) . photo : thorsten kroes ( c ) ( permission through carlos turiel ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( hottentotta judaicus and scorpio maurus fuscus were also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( hottentotta judaicus and scorpio maurus fuscus were also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( compsobuthus sp . was also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( compsobuthus sp . was also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo h ierochonticus habitat in israel ( compsobuthus sp . was also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo omanensis habitat in united arab emirates . photo : gunther witt ( c )
wow then i was kinda off there i guess huh ? hahaha on a healthy adult human it would not be as bad as thought i know that the deaths caused by any of these are because lack of proper medical procedure for this kind of thing or it is a younger person or older person or they have allergic reactions and realy the worst thing believe it or not in alot envenomations can be shock . like in the us its quite rare you would die from an envenomation because of the amount of medical procedures taken with something like that even when it comes to the venomous snakes theres more chance of you living than dieing if you are in medical care in the reigh amount of time bla bla bla haha hottentotta tamulus gangeticus i have had like this guy haha but i dont think they are realy that dangerous it would most defenitly cause alot of pain but on a healthy adult it would cause something like this pain at the sting site localized swelling tingling some muscle spasms and maybe a little brusing and tenderness to the gerenal sting area but if you had an allergic reaction or you were elderly or realy young or went into shcok that where i see the possablity of death with hotentotta tamulus but generly they are not that dangerous ( just my personal thoughts on them ) odontobuthus odonturus i always wondered about those haha now im gonna have to get some somehow and some odontobuthus doriae just to lad mice test the venom on yeah ok i feel like im rambling now hahaha
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, this family is the largest of the scorpion families . this family is widespread around the world ( not found in antarctica and new zealand ) , and are found in tropical , subtropical and partly in temperate habitats .
volschenk , mattoni & prendini ( 2008 ) has synonymized the family microcharmidae lourenco , 1996 with buthidae . the two genera ( microcharmus and neoprotobuthus ) and 15 species are all transfered to buthidae . information about the old family microcharmidae .
paraorthochirus has been synonymized with orthochirus by navidpour et al . , 2008 ) .
the members of this family are small and medium sized scorpions with a triangular sternum ( some genera have a more pentagonal sternum ) . in many genera ( e . g . , androctonus , apistobuthus , parabuthus , and other old world genera ) the cauda is usually strong and powerful and the pedipalps are often very slender whereas other genera have elongate appendages , especially the males ( e . g . , centruroides , lychas , isometrus and related genera ) . many species are yellow or brown ( or variations of these colors ) , but black forms are also present . some species have quite intricate and attractive patterns ( e . g . , lychas and isometrus ) and colours ( e . g . , centruroides and uroplectes ) . sizes range from about 20 mm ( like microtityus and microbuthus ) to over 120 mm ( as in androctonus , some centruroides , apistobuthus and others ) .
an indentification key to the genus compsobuthus was published by kovarik ( 2012 ) [ free full text ] .
unlike most other scorpion families , the buthidae are of both scientific and public interest due to their medical importance in many parts of the world . several species have also made their way into the hobby . many of these are safe to be kept by experienced collectors , but the most dangerous species should be avoided .
species files : this list of genera and species is based on fet et al . ( 2000 ) . subfamilies and subspecies is not included in the list . i try to update the list as additions and changes are published . * denotes changes after fet et al . ( 2000 ) . i will be grateful for information about new development in the taxonomy of this family . for information about synonyms and bibliographies , see fet et al . ( 2000 )
akentrobuthus lamoral , 1976 ( 2 ) a . atakora vignoli & prendini , 2008 * a . leleupi lamoral , 1976
alayotityus armas , 1973 ( 8 ) a . delacruzi armas , 1973 * a . feti teruel , 2004 * a . granma armas , 1984 a . juraguaensis armas , 1973 a . lapidicola teruel , 2002 * a . nanus armas , 1973 a . pallidus teruel , 2002 * a . sierramaestrae armas , 1973
androctonus ehrenberg , 1828 ( 29 ) a . aeneas c . l . koch , 1839 * a . afghanus lourenço & qi , 2006 * a . aleksandrplotkini lourenço & qi , 2007 * a . amoreuxi ( audouin , 1826 ) a . australis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) a . baluchicus ( pocock , 1900 ) * a . barbouri ( werner , 1932 ) * a . bicolor ehrenberg , 1828 a . cholistanus kovarik & ahmed , 2013 * a . crassicauda ( olivier , 1807 ) a . dekeyseri lourenço , 2005 * a . donairei rossi , 2015 * a . eburneus ( pallary , 1928 ) * a . finitimus ( pocock , 1897 ) a . gonneti vachon , 1948 * a . hoggarensis ( pallary , 1929 ) a . liouvillei ( pallary , 1924 ) * a . maelfaiti lourenço , 2005 * a . mauritanicus ( pocock , 1902 ) a . maroccanus lourenço , ythier & leguin , 2009 * a . pallidus lourenço , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * a . robustus kovarik & ahmed , 2013 * a . santi lourenço , 2015 * a . sergenti vachon , 1948 a . simonettai rossi , 2015 * a . tenuissimus teruel , kovarik & turiel , 2013 * a . tigrai lourenço , rossi & sadine 2015 * a . togolensis lourenço , 2008 * a . tropeai rossi , 2015 *
anomalobuthus kraepelin , 1900 ( 2 ) a . rickmersi kraepelin , 1900 a . talebii teruel , kovarík , navidpour & fet , 2014 *
apistobuthus finnegan , 1932 ( 2 ) a . pterygocercus finnegan , 1932 a . susanae lourenço , 1998
babycurus karsch , 1886 ( 22 ) b . ansorgei hirst , 1911 b . brignolii lourenço & rossi , 2017 * b . buettneri karsch , 1886 b . centrurimorphus karsch , 1886 * b . dunlopi kovarik , lowe , seiter , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2015 * b . exquisitus lowe , 2000 * b . gigas kraepelin , 1896 b . jacksoni ( pocock , 1890 ) b . kirki ( pocock , 1890 ) * b . melanicus kovarik , 2000 * b . multisubaculeatus kovarik , 2000 * b . ornatus werner , 1936 b . pictus pocock , 1896 * b . prudenti lourenço , 2013 * b . solegladi lourenço , 2005 * b . somalicus hirst , 1907 b . sofomarensis kovarik , lowe , seiter , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2015 * b . subpunctatus borelli , 1925 b . taramassoi borelli , 1919 * b . ugartei kovarik , 2000 * b . wituensis kraepelin , 1913 b . zambonellii borelli , 1902
birulatus vachon , 1974 ( 3 ) b . astartiae stathi & lourenço , 2003 * b . haasi vachon , 1974 b . israelensis lourenço , 2002 *
buthacus birula , 1908 ( 26 ) b . agarwali zambre & lourenço , 2010 * b . ahaggar lourenço , kourim & sadine , 2017 * b . arenicola ( simon , 1885 ) b . armasi lourenço , 2013 * b . birulai lourenço , 2006 * b . buettikeri hendrixson , 2006 * b . clevai lourenço , 2001 * b . elmenia lourenço & sadine , 2017 * b . foleyi vachon , 1948 b . frontalis werner , 1936 ( nomen dubium ) b . golovatchi lourenço , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * b . leptochelys ( ehrenberg , 1829 ) b . macrocentrus ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) * b . maliensis lourenço & qi , 2007 * b . nigerianus lourenço & qi , 2006 * b . nigroaculeatus levy et al . , 1973 * b . occidentalis lourenço , 2000 * b . pakistanensis lourenço & qi , 2006 * b . samiae lourenço & sadine , 2015 * b . spinatus lourenço , bissati & sadine , 2016 * b . stockmanni kovraik , lowe & stahlavsky , 2016 * b . striffleri lourenço , 2004 * b . tadmorensis ( simon , 1892 ) * b . villiersi vachon , 1949 b . willamsi lourenço & leguin , 2009 * b . ziegleri lourenço , 2000 *
butheoloides hirst , 1925 ( 19 ) b . annieae lourenço , 1986 b . aymerichi lourenço , 2002 * b . charlotteae lourenço , 2000 * b . cimrmani kovarik , 2003 * b . granulatus lourenço , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * b . grosseri kovarik , 2016 * b . hirsti lourenço , 1996 b . littoralis lourenço , touloun & boumezzough , 2011 * b . maroccanus hirst , 1925 b . milloti vachon , 1948 b . monodi vachon , 1950 b . nuer kovarik , 2015 * b . occidentalis lourenço , slimani & berahou , 2003 * b . polisi lourenço , 1996 b . savanicola lourenço , 2013 * b . schwendingeri lourenço , 2002 * b . slimanii lourenço , 2010 * b . vanderberghi lourenço , 2015 * b . wilsoni lourenço , 1995
butheolus simon , 1882 ( 6 ) b . andersoni ( pocock , 1895 ) * b . gallagheri vachon , 1980 b . hallani lourenço & rossi , 2017 * b . harrisoni lowe , 2018 * b . thalassinus simon , 1882 b . villosus hendrixson , 2006 *
buthoscorpio werner , 1936 ( 5 ) b . chinnarensis aswathi , sureshan & lourenço , 2015 * b . indicus lourenço , 2012 * b . politus ( pocock , 1899 ) b . rayalensis javed , rao , mirza , sanap & tampal , 2010 * b . sarasinorum ( karsch , 1891 ) nb ! b . jinnahii amir , kamaluddin & jabbar , 2005 * and b . rahmatii amir , kamaluddin & jabbar , 2005 * was described in the non - valid genus stenochirus by the authors . i have placed them in buthoscorpio , which is the valid name for stenochirus , but formally this has to be done in a scientific journal before it is valid . javed et al . , 2010 have studied the descriptions of these two species and concluded that they do not belong to the genus buthoscorpio . this decsision was also supported by lourenco , 2012 . the two taxa are now buthidae incertae sedis and are not included in the total number species in buthidae .
centruroides marx , 1890 ( 91 ) c . alayoni armas , 1999 * c . altagraciae teruel , de armas & kovarik , 2015 * c . anchorellus armas , 1976 c . arctimanus ( armas , 1976 ) c . baergi hoffmann , 1932 * c . balsasensis ponce & francke , 2004 * c . bani armas & marcano fondeur , 1987 c . baracoae armas , 1976 * c . barbudensis ( pocock , 1898 ) c . bertholdii ( thorell , 1876 ) c . bicolor ( pocock , 1898 )
charmus karsch , 1879 ( 5 ) c . brignolii lourenço , 2000 * c . indicus hirst , 1915 c . laneus karsch , 1879 c . saradieli kovarik , loewe , ranawana , hoferek & jayarathne 2016 * c . sinhagadensis tikader & bastawade , 1983
chaneke francke , teruel & santibanez - lopez , 2014 * ( 4 ) c . aliciae ( armas & frias , 1998 ) * c . baldazoi kovarik , teruel & lowe , 2016 * c . fogoso francke , teruel & santibanez - lopez , 2014 * c . hofereki kovarik , teruel & lowe , 2016 *
cicileiurus teruel , 2007 * ( 1 ) c . monticola teruel , 2007 *
cicileus vachon , 1948 ( 5 ) c . exilis ( pallary , 1928 ) c . cloudsleythompsoni lourenço , 1999 * c . hoggarensis lourenço & rossi , 2015 * c . latellai lourenço & rossi , 2015 * c . montanus lourenço & rossi , 2015 *
femtobuthus lowe , 2010 * ( 1 ) f . shutuae lowe , 2010 *
gint kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2013 * ( 10 ) g . amoudensis kovarik , lowe , just , awale , elmi & stahlavsky , 2018 * g . calviceps ( pocock , 1900 ) g . dabakalo kovarik & mazuch , 2015 * g . gaitako kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2013 * g . gubanensis kovarik , lowe , just , awale , elmi & stahlavsky , 2018 * g . insolitus ( borelli , 1925 ) * ( nomen dubium ) g . maidensis kovarik , lowe , just , awale , elmi & stahlavsky , 2018 * g . marialuisae rossi , 2015 * ( nomen dubium ) g . monicae rossi , 2015 * ( nomen dubium ) g . puntlandus kovarik & mazuch , 2015 *
grosphus simon , 1880 ( 31 ) g . ankarafantsika lourenço , 2003 * g . ankarana lourenço & goodman , 2003 * g . annulatus fage , 1929 g . bicolor lourenço , 2012 * g . bistriatus kraepelin , 1900 g . darainensis lourenço , goodman & ramilijaona , 2004 * g . eliseanneae lourenço & wilme , 2016 * g . feti lourenço , 1996 g . flavopiceus kraepelin , 1900 g . ganzhorni lourenço , wilme & waeber , 2016 * g . garciai lourenço , 2001 * g . goudoti lourenço & goodman , 2006 * g . grandidieri kraepelin , 1900 g . halleuxi lourenço , wilme , soarimalala & waeber , 2017 * g . hirtus kraepelin , 1900 g . intertidalis lourenço , 1999 * g . limbatus ( pocock , 1889 ) g . madagascariensis ( gervais , 1843 ) g . magalieae lourenço , 2014 * g . makay lourenço & wilme , 2015 * g . mandena lourenço , 2005 * g . mahafaliensis lourenço , goodman & ramilijaona , 2004 * g . mayottensis lourenço & goodman , 2009 * g . olgae lourenço , 2004 * g . polskyi lourenço , qi & goodman , 2007 * g . rakotoariveloi lourenço , wilme , soarimalala & waeber , 2017 * g . rossii lourenço , 2013 * g . sabineae lourenço & wilme , 2016 * g . simoni lourenço , goodman & ramilijaona , 2004 * g . voahangyae lourenço & wilme 2015 * g . waeberi lourenço & wilme , 2016 *
hemibuthus pocock , 1900 ( 2 ) h . crassimanus ( pocock , 1897 ) h . umarii amir , kamaluddin & khan , 2004 *
hemilychas hirst , 1911 ( 1 ) h . alexandrinus ( hirst , 1911 )
heteroctenus pocock , 1893 * ( 9 ) h . abudi ( armas & marcano fondeur , 1987 ) * h . aridicola ( teruel et armas , 2012 ) * h . bonettii ( armas 1999 ) * h . garridoi ( armas , 1974 ) * h . gibarae ( teruel , 2006 ) * h . granulimanus ( teruel , 2006 ) * h . junceus ( herbst , 1800 ) * h . melloleitaoi ( teruel et armas , 2006 ) * h . princeps ( karsch , 1879 ) *
ischnotelson esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 ( 2 ) i . guanambiensis ( lenarducci , pinto - da - rocha & lucas , 2005 ) * i . peruassu esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 *
isometroides keyserling , 1885 ( 1 ) i . vescus ( karsch , 1880 )
isometrus ehrenberg , 1828 ( 7 ) i . atherii amir & kamaluddin , 2008 * i . formosus pocock , 1894 i . isadensis tikander & bastawade , 1983 * i . liaqatii amir & kamaluddin , 2008 * i . maculatus ( degeer , 1778 ) i . thurstoni pocock , 1893 i . thwaitesi pocock , 1897
jaguajir esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 ( 3 ) j . agamemmon ( c . l . koch , 1839 ) * j . pintoi ( mello - leitão , 1932 ) * j . rochae ( borelli , 1910 ) *
kraepelinia vachon , 1974 ( 1 ) k . palpator ( birula , 1903 )
lanzatus kovarik , 2001 * ( 2 ) l . somalicus kovarik , 2001 * l . somalilandus kovarik , lowe & stahlavsky , 2016 *
leiurus ehrenberg , 1828 ( 12 ) l . abdullahbayrami yagmur , koc & kunt , 2009 * l . arabicus lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . brachycentrus ( ehrenberg , 1829 ) * l . haenggii lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . heberti lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . hebraeus ( birula , 1908 ) * l . hoggarensis lourenço , kourim & sadine , 2018 * l . jordanensis lourenço , modry & amr , 2002 * l . macroctenus lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . quinquestriatus ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) l . savanicola lourenço , qi & cloudsley - thompson , 2006 * l . somalicus lourenço , & rossi , 2016 *
lissothus vachon , 1948 ( 3 ) l . bernardi vachon , 1948 l . chaambi lourenço & sadine , 2014 * l . occidentalis vachon , 1950
lychas c . l . koch , 1845 ( 43 ) l . aareyensis mirza & sanap , 2010 * l . aberlenci lourenço , 2013 * l . albimanus henderson , 1919 l . armasi kovarík , 2013 * l . armillatus ( gervais , 1841 ) * l . asper ( pocock , 1891 ) l . biharensis tikader & bastawade , 1983 l . braueri ( kraepelin , 1986 ) l . brehieri lourenço , 2017 * l . buchardi kovarík , 1997 l . burdoi ( simon , 1882 ) l . cernickai kovarík , 2013 * l . farkasi kovarik , 1997 l . flavimanus ( thorell , 1888 ) l . gravelyi henderson , 1913 l . hendersoni ( pocock , 1897 ) l . heurtaultae kovarík , 1997 l . hillyardi kovarík , 1997 l . hosei ( pocock , 1891 ) l . inexpectatus lourenço , 2011 * l . kaimana lourenço , 2011 * ( nomen dubium ) l . kamshetensis tikader & bastawade , 1983 l . kharpadi bastawade , 1986 l . krali kovarík , 1995 l . laevifrons pocock , 1897 l . lourençoi kovarík , 1997 l . marmoreus ( c . l . koch , 1844 ) l . mjobergi kraepelin , 1916 l . mucronatus ( fabricius . 1798 ) l . nigristernis ( pocock , 1899 ) l . obsti kraepelin , 1913 l . perfidus ( keyserling , 1885 ) l . rackae kovarík , 1997 l . rugosus ( pocock , 1897 ) l . santoensis lourenço , 2009 * l . scaber ( pocock , 1893 ) l . scutilus c . l . koch , 1845 l . serratus ( pocock , 1891 ) l . shelfordi ( borelli , 1904 ) l . shoplandi ( oates , 1888 ) l . srilankensis lorenco , 1997 l . tricarinatus ( simon , 1884 ) l . variatus ( thorell , 1876 )
mauritanobuthus qi & lourenço , 2007 * ( 1 ) m . geniezi qi & lourenço , 2007 *
mesobuthus vachon , 1950 ( 25 ) m . agnetis ( werner , 1936 ) m . bolensis sun , zhu & lourenço , 2010 * m . brutus fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . caucasicus ( nordmann , 1840 ) m . cyprius gantenbein & kropf , 2000 * m . elenae fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . eupeus ( c . l . koch , 1839 ) m . extremus ( werner , 1936 ) m . fuscus ( birula , 1897 ) * m . gallianoi ythier , 2018 * m . gibbosus ( brulli , 1832 ) m . gorelovi fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . intermedius ( birula , 1897 ) * m . karshius sun & sun , 2011 * m . kaznakovi ( birula , 1904 ) * m . kreuzbergi fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . longichelus sun & zhu , 2010 * m . macmahoni ( pocock , 1900 ) m . martensii ( karsch , 1879 ) m . mischi fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . nenilini fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . nigrocinctus ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) * m . parthorum ( pocock , 1889 ) * m . phillipsi ( pocock , 1889 ) * m . vesiculatus ( pocock , 1899 )
mesotityus gonzalez - sponga , 1981 ( 1 ) m . vondangeli gonzález - sponga , 1981
microbuthus kraepelin , 1898 ( 7 ) m . fagei vachon , 1949 m . flavorufus lourenço & duhem , 2007 * m . gardneri lowe , 2010 * m . kristensenorum lowe , 2010 * m . litoralis ( pavesi , 1885 ) m . maroccanus lourenço , 2002 * m . satyrus lowe , kovarik , stockmann & stahlavsky , 2018 *
microcharmus lourenço , 1995 ( 38 ) m . bemaraha lourenço , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . cloudsleythompsoni lourenço , 1995 m . confluenciatus lourenço , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . duhemi lourenço , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . fisheri lourenço , 1998 m . hauseri lourenço , 1996 m . jussarae lourenço , 1996 * m . maculatus lourenço , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . madagascariensis lourenço , 1999 * m . pauliani ( lourenço , 2004 ) * m . sabineae lourenço , 1996 m . variegatus lourenço , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . violaceous lourenço , goodman & fisher , 2006 *
microtityus kjellesvig - waering , 1966 ( 38 ) m . angelaerrosae gonzáles - sponga , 2001 * m . barahona armas & teruel , 2012 * m . biordi gonzález - sponga , 1970 m . bivicentorum botero - trujillo , erazo - moreno & perez , 2009 * m . borincanus teruel , rivera & sanchez , 2014 * m . capayaensis gonzález - sponga , 2001 * m . consuelo armas & marcano fondeur , 1987 m . desuzeae gonzález - sponga , 2001 * m . difficilis teruel & armas , 2006 * m . dominicanensis santiago - blay , 1985 m . farleyi teruel , 2000 * m . flavescens teruel , 2001 * m . franckei botero - trujillo & noriega , 2008 * m . fundorai armas , 1974 m . guantanamo armas , 1984 m . iviei armas , 1999 * m . jaumei armas , 1974 m . joseantonioi gonzález - sponga , 1981 m . kovariki teruel & infante , 2007 * m . lantiguai armas & marcano fondeur , 1992 m . litoralensis gonzález - sponga , 2001 * m . lourencoi armas & teruel , 2012 * m . minimus kovarik & teruel , 2014 * m . paucidentatus armas & marcano fondeur , 1992 m . prendini armas & teruel , 2012 * m . pusillus teruel & kovarik , 2012 * m . reini armas & teruel , 2012 * m . rickyi kjellesvig - waering , 1966 m . santosi teruel , rivera & sanchez , 2014 * m . sevciki gonzález - sponga , 2001 * m . solegladi armas & teruel , 2012 * m . starri lourenço & huber , 1999 * m . trinitensis armas , 1974 m . vanzolinii lorenco & eickstedt , 1983 m . vieques teruel , rivera & santos , 2015 * m . virginiae armas , 1999 * m . waeringi francke & sissom , 1980 m . yaracuyanus gonzález - sponga , 2001 *
neobuthus hirst , 1911 ( 7 ) n . awashensis kovarik & lowe , 2012 * n . cloudsleythompsoni lourenço , 2001 * n . berberensis ( hirst , 1911 ) n . eritreaensis lowe & kovarik , 2016 * n . ferrugineus ( kraepelin , 1898 ) * n . kutcheri lowe & kovarik , 2016 * n . sudanensis lourenço , 2005 *
neogrosphus lourenço , 1995 ( 3 ) n . andrafiabe lourenço , wilme & waeber 2015 * n . blanci lourenço , 1996 n . griveaudi ( vachon , 1969 )
odontobuthus vachon , 1950 ( 6 ) o . bidentatus ( lourenço & pezier , 2002 ) * o . brevidigitus lowe , 2010 * o . doriae ( thorell , 1876 ) o . odonturus ( pocock , 1897 ) o . tavighiae navidpour , soleglad , fet & kovarik , 2013 * o . tirgari mirshamsi , azghadi , navidpour , aliabadian & kovarik , 2013 *
orthochiroides kovarík , 1998 ( 3 ) o . insularis ( pocock , 1889 ) * o . socotrensis kovarík , 2004 * o . vachoni kovarík , 1998
orthochirus karsch , 1891 ( 36 ) o . afar kovarik , lowe & stahlavsky , 2016 * o . afghanus kovarik , 2004 * o . aristidis ( simon , 1882 ) o . atarensis lourenço & leguin , 2011 * o . bastawadei zambre , mirza , sanap , upadhye & javed , 2011 * o . bicolor ( pocock , 1897 ) o . blandini ( lourenço & vachon , 1997 ) * o . cloudsleythompsoni lourenço & leguin , 2011 * o . danielleae ( lourenço & vachon , 1997 ) * o . erardi ( lourenço & vachon , 1997 ) * o . farzanpayi ( vachon & farzanpay , 1987 ) * o . feti kovarik , 2004 * o . flavescens ( pocock , 1897 ) o . fuscipes ( pocock , 1900 ) o . glabrifrons ( kraepelin , 1903 ) * o . gromovi kovarik , 2004 * o . gruberi kovarik & fet , 2006 * o . heratensis kovarik , 2004 * o . innesi simon , 1910 o . iranus kovarik , 2004 * o . iraqus kovarik , 2004 * o . jalalabadensis kovarik , 2004 * o . kaspareki ( lourenço & huber , 2000 ) * o . kinzelbachi ( lourenço & huber , 2000 ) * o . krishnai tikader & bastawade , 1983 o . maroccanus lourenço & leguin , 2011 * o . minor lourenço , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * o . monodi ( lourenço & vachon , 1997 ) * o . pallidus ( pocock , 1897 ) o . samrchelsis kovarik , 2004 * o . scrobiculosus ( grube , 1873 ) o . stockwelli ( lourenço & vachon , 1995 ) * o . tassili lourenço & leguin , 2011 * o . tibesti lourenço , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * o . varius kovarik , 2004 * o . zagrosensis kovarik , 2004 *
pantobuthus lourenço & duhem , 2009 * ( 1 ) p . complicatus lourenço & duhem , 2009 *
parabuthus pocock , 1890 ( 33 ) p . abyssinicus ( pocock , 1901 ) * p . brevimanus ( thorell , 1876 ) p . calvus purcell , 1898 p . capensis ( ehrenberg , 1831 ) p . cimrmani kovarik , 2004 * p . distridor lamoral , 1980 p . eritreaensis kovarik , 2003 * p . glabrimanus prendini & esposito , 2010 * p . gracilis lamoral , 1979 p . granimanus pocock , 1895 p . granulatus ( ehrenberg , 1831 ) p . hamar kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2016 * p . heterurus pocock , 1899 p . hunteri pocock , 1895 p . kajibu kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2016 * p . kalaharicus lamoral , 1977 p . kraepelini werner , 1902 p . kuanyamarum monrad , 1937 p . laevifrons ( simon , 1888 ) p . liosoma ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) p . maximus werner , 1913 p . mossambicensis ( peters , 1861 ) p . muelleri prendini , 2000 * p . namibensis lamoral , 1979 p . nanus lamoral , 1979 p . pallidus pocock , 1895 p . planicauda ( pocock , 1889 ) p . raudus ( simon , 1888 ) p . schlechteri purcell , 1899 p . setiventer prendini & esposito , 2010 * p . stridulus hewitt , 1913 p . transvaalicus purcell , 1899 p . villosus ( peters , 1862 )
pectinibuthus fet in orlov & vasilyev , 1984 ( 1 ) p . birulai fet in orlov & vasilyev , 1984
physoctonus mello - leitao , 1934 * ( 3 ) p . amazonicus lourenço , 2017 * p . debilis ( c . l . koch , 1840 ) * p . striatus esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 *
picobuthus lowe , 2010 * ( 2 ) p . dundoni lowe , 2010 * p . wahibaensis lowe , 2010 *
polisius fet , capes & sissom , 2001 * ( 1 ) p . persicus fet , capes & sissom , 2001 *
pseudolychas kraepelin , 1911 ( 3 ) p . ochraceus ( hirst , 1911 ) p . pegleri ( purcell , 1901 ) p . transvaalicus lawrence , 1961
pseudouroplectes lourenço , 1995 ( 5 ) p . betschi lourenço , 1995 p . lalyae lourenço & ythier , 2010 * p . maculatus lourenço & goodman , 2006 * p . pidgeoni lourenço & goodman , 1999 * p . tsingy lourenço , wilme & waeber , 2016 *
razianus farzanpay , 1987 ( 4 ) r . birulai tahir , navidpour & prendini , 2014 * r . farzanpayi tahir , navidpour & prendini , 2014 * r . xinjianganus lourenco , sun & zhu , 2010 * r . zarudnyi ( birula , 1903 )
reddyanus vachon , 1972 * ( 27 ) r . acanthurus ( pocock , 1899 ) * r . assamensis ( oates , 1888 ) * r . basilicusi ( karsch , 1879 ) * r . besucheti ( vachon , 1982 ) * r . bilyi ( kovarík , 2003 ) * r . brachycentrus ( pocock , 1899 ) * r . ceylonensis kovarik , lowe , ranawana , hoferek , jayarathne & stahlavsky , 2016 * r . corbeti ( tikander & batawade , 1983 ) * r . deharvengi ( lourenço & duhem , 2010 ) * r . feti ( kovarík , 2013 ) * r . heimi ( vachon , 1976 ) * r . jayarathnei kovarik , 2016 * r . jendeki ( kovarík , 2013 ) * r . khammamensis ( kovarík , 2003 ) * r . krasenskyi ( kovarík , 1998 ) * r . kurkai ( kovarík , 1997 ) * r . loebli ( vachon , 1982 ) * r . melanodactylus ( l . koch , 1867 ) * r . navaiae ( kovarík , 1998 ) * r . neradi ( kovarík , 2013 ) * r . petrzelkai ( kovarík , 2003 ) * r . problematicus ( kovarík , 2003 ) * r . ranawanai kovarik , 2016 * r . rigidulus ( pocock , 1897 ) * r . tibetanus ( lourenço & zhu , 2008 ) * r . vittatus ( pocock , 1900 ) r . zideki ( kovarík , 1994 ) *
rhopalurus thorell , 1876 ( 3 ) r . caribensis teruel & roncallo , 2008 * r . laticauda thorell , 1876 r . ochoai esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 *
saharobuthus lourenço & duhem , 2009 * ( 1 ) s . elegans lourenço & duhem , 2009 *
sassandiothus farzanpay , 1987 ( 2 ) s . gracilis ( birula , 1900 ) * s . zarudnyi ( birula , 1900 )
thaicharmus kovarík , 1995 ( 4 ) t . guptai mirza , sanap & kunte , 2016 * t . indicus kovarík , 1995 t . lowei kovarík , soleglad & fet , 2007 * t . mahunkai kovarík , 1995
tityobuthus pocock , 1893 ( 19 ) t . antsingy lourenço & goodman , 2004 * t . baroni ( pocock , 1890 ) t . betschi lourenço , qi & goodman , 2008 * t . chelbergorum lourenço , qi & goodman , 2008 * t . darainensis lourenço & goodman , 2002 * t . dastychi lourenço , 1997 t . griswoldi lourenço , 2000 * t . guillaumeti lourenço , 1995 t . ivohibe lourenço & goodman , 1999 * t . judsoni lourenço , 1996 t . lokobe lourenço , waeber & wilme , 2016 * t . manonae lourenço , 2000 * t . mccarteri lourenço , qi & goodman , 2008 * t . monodi lourenço , 2000 * t . pallidus lourenço , 2004 * t . parrilloi lourenço , 1996 t . petrae lourenço , 1996 t . pococki lourenço , 1995 t . rakotondravonyi lourenço , 2003 *
tityopsis armas , 1974 ( 2 ) t . inaequalis ( armas , 1974 ) t . inexpectata ( moreno , 1940 )
uroplectes peters , 1861 ( 34 ) u . ansiedippenaarae prendini , 2015 * u . carinatus ( pocock , 1890 ) u . chubbi hirst , 1911 u . emiliae ( werner , 1916 ) u . fischeri ( karsch , 1879 ) u . flavoviridis peters , 1861 u . formosus pocock , 1890 u . gracilior hewitt , 1914 u . insignis pocock , 1890 u . katangensis prendini , 2015 * u . lineatus ( c . l . koch , 1844 ) u . longimanus werner , 1936 u . machadoi lourenço , 2000 * u . malawicus prendini , 2015 * u . marlothi purcell , 1901 u . ngangelarum monard , 1930 u . occidentalis simon , 1876 u . olivaceus pocock , 1896 u . otjimbinguensis ( karsch , 1879 ) u . pardalis werner , 1913 u . pardii kovarik , 2003 * u . pictus werner , 1913 u . pilosus ( thorell , 1876 ) u . planimanus ( karsch , 1879 ) u . schlechteri purcell , 1901 u . schubotzi kraepelin , 1929 u . silvestrii borelli , 1913 u . teretipes lawrence , 1966 u . triangulifer ( thorell , 1876 ) u . tumidimanus lamoral , 1979 u . variegatus ( c . l . koch , 1844 ) u . vittatus ( thorell , 1876 ) u . xanthogrammus pocock , 1897 u . zambezicus prendini , 2015 *
vachoniolus levy , amitai & shulov , 1973 ( 4 ) v . batinahensis lowe , 2010 * v . gallagheri lowe , 2010 * v . globimanus levy , amitai & shulov , 1973 v . iranus navidpour , kovarik , soleglad & fet , 2008 *
vachonus tikader & bastawade , 1983 ( 4 ) v . asiyaae amir & kamaluddin , 2009 * [ nomina dubia ] v . inexpectatus lourenço , 2015 * v . iqbali amir & kamaluddin , 2009 * [ nomina dubia ] v . rajasthanicus tikader & bastawade , 1983
xenobuthus lowe , 2018 * ( 3 ) x . anthracinus ( pocock , 1895 ) * x . arabicus ( lourenço & qi , 2006 ) * x . xanthus lowe , 2018 *
zabius thorell , 1893 ( 3 ) z . birabeni mello - laeitão , 1938 z . fuscus ( thorell , 1876 ) z . gaucho acosta , candido , buckup & brescovit , 2008 *
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i ' m going to quote figures straight from articles ( some require some calculations to give the same ld50 reference ) so draw your own conclusions . please read the section on ' other points to note ' to help you interpret the results . from this table alone , much can be learnt .
this list of scorpion ld50 is , by far , the longest i know on the net .
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urltoken
management of the cardiovascular manifestations of poisoning by the indian red scorpion ( mesobuthus tamulus ) . - pubmed - ncbi
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management of the cardiovascular manifestations of poisoning by the indian red scorpion ( mesobuthus tamulus ) .
the efficacy of nifedipine and prazosin in combination or alone in the management of cardiovascular manifestations caused to mesobuthus tamulus poisoning was investigated .
62 patients who had been stung by a red scorpion were admitted from january to december 1990 : 18 with hypertension , 15 with supraventricular tachycardia , 11 with pulmonary oedema , and 18 with local pain at the site of sting but no systemic involvement . two patients with massive life - threatening pulmonary oedema were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .
the combination of nifedipine and prazosin was more successful in preventing myocardial damage in 16 patients with hypertension than was nifedipine alone in two other patients with hypertension . prazosin alone helped to alleviate the cardiovascular manifestations in eight patients with pulmonary oedema and 15 with supraventricular tachycardia . one patient with pulmonary oedema died and two recovered after they were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .
nifedipine alone did not prevent myocardial damage unless the peripheral action of venom was blocked by prazosin .
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objective —the efficacy of nifedipine and prazosin in combination or alone in the management of cardiovascular manifestations caused to mesobuthus tamulus poisoning was investigated .
subjects —62 patients who had been stung by a red scorpion were admitted from january to december 1990 : 18 with hypertension , 15 with supraventricular tachycardia , 11 with pulmonary oedema , and 18 with local pain at the site of sting but no systemic involvement . two patients with massive life - threatening pulmonary oedema were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .
results —the combination of nifedipine and prazosin was more successful in preventing myocardial damage in 16 patients with hypertension than was nifedipine alone in two other patients with hypertension . prazosin alone helped to alleviate the cardiovascular manifestations in eight patients with pulmonary oedema and 15 with supraventricular tachycardia . one patient with pulmonary oedema died and two recovered after they were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .
conclusion —nifedipine alone did not prevent myocardial damage unless the peripheral action of venom was blocked by prazosin .
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i know there are tons of care sheets already here , but still there are couple or so inquiries on how i keep mine . a friend suggested to post it here .
temperature : average 29 - 32c at day and 27 - 28 at night .
basically i use coco husk or coco dust for substrate and misting 2x a week . remember not to mist directly at the scorpion .
i started with one female and ended up with more then i can handle . so better think about taking of more 1 - 2 , cause when they start popping there ' s no stopping them : razz :
to all people who have availed our free hh . this caresheet is all base from our own experience . this by far is the best in my own humble opinion .
thats not even the whole collection of hh its only partial . < edit > hehehehe !
to all people who have availed my free hh . this caresheet is all base from our own experience . this by far is the best in my own humble opinion . very very detailed ! the best ! this is very highly recommended ! kudos to you my friend ryan88 !
what ever the sex of hh you get you ' ll end up getting slings .
theyre 2i so i hope its a female : / i heard theres rare cases of males . how many have you gotten ?
out of 3 broods of 30 ' s we got 5 - 6pcs of male only . i asked my friend ryan88 to post some photos of hh mating . i think this is the only photo or record of hh mating . again we might not be sure if theres any record of hh mating but this could be the first one .
thou both male and female produces slings . female gives more slings than males .
originally posted by vixvy out of 3 broods of 30 ' s we got 5 - 6pcs of male only . i asked my friend ryan88 to post some photos of hh mating .
sorry bro , relayed you the wrong information . out of 30 females 5 - 6 males were produce from their brood .
here ' s a couple of photos taken while mating . this was taken 3 years back . it was by accident when i about to make a communal set up for adults .
mating was succesful , however no brood was produce . still don ' t know why ? both are now deceased .
so far i haven ' t use any hides for them from slings to adults , no problem so far . 78f ( that ' s 25 . 5c ) that seems to be too cold for them . their methabolism will go slower and will refuse to eat .
so far no data yet . both never poduced any brood , the male died after 2 months and the female died 3 months after mating . probably from old age