it is a demersal fish that lives at depths of between 20 metres ( 66 ft ) and 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) .

its native habitat is the temperate waters of the northern pacific .

it can grow as long as 100 centimetres ( 39 in ) in length , and can weigh up to 8.5 kilograms ( 19 lb ) .

kamchatka flounder

nmfs is prohibiting directed fishing for kamchatka flounder in the bering sea and aleutian islands management area ( bsai ) . this action is necessary to prevent exceeding the 2015 kamchatka flounder initial total allowable catch ( itac ) in the bsai .
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general information : until recently , harvest of arrowtooth and kamchatka flounder mainly occurred as bycatch in other higher valued fisheries . however , with the advent of technologies to improve meat quality and additional markets for arrowtooth flounder , a directed fishery has emerged . arrowtooth flounder is currently the most abundant groundfish species in the goa and most of the world’s arrowtooth flounder comes from alaska fisheries . arrowtooth flounder is harvested as a directed fishery or as bycatch in other fisheries throughout the calendar year mostly by catcher processors in the bsai ranging in size from 110 to 295 feet , and by a combination of catcher vessels and catcher processors in the goa . catcher processors harvest multiple species , conduct primary processing aboard the vessel , and freeze their products on board . catcher vessels exclusively deliver to shoreside processors or other vessels . for the 2011 season , kamchatka flounder was classified separately from arrowtooth and the quota was split off from the total arrowtooth flounder quota . arrowtooth and kamchatka flounder are caught together in the northern bering sea and aleutian island areas .
the flounder refers to commercial species , although the fat meat has a good taste of the intense watering .
this action is necessary to prevent exceeding the 2016 total allowable catch of kamchatka flounder in the bsai and is issued pursuant to 50 cfr 679 . 20 ( d ) ( 1 ) ( iii ) .
polutov , i . a . and tikhonov , v . i . , new data about the distribution of arrowtooth flounder
in the 1930–1960s walleye pollock was the most important dietary component of kamchatka flounder in the western bering sea ( vernidub 1938 , gordeeva 1954 , novikov 1974 ) . no fishery offal was detected in stomach contents during previous studies for the same reason as for greenland halibut . according to novikov ( 1974 ) and orlov ( 2000 ) the most important dietary components of kamchatka flounder in the nk area were also shrimps , fish and cephalopods .
in the eastern part of their range , in the waters of the western bering sea , kamchatka flounder overlap with arrowtooth flounder ( atheresthes stomias , halibut strelozuby american , arasuka - abura - garei ) which are very similar in appearance . kamchatka flounder slightly larger in size ( the maximum length of 94 cm , while arrowtooth flounder up to 84 cm ) and have only a single row of teeth on lower jaw . they are well distinguished from each other provision of the left eye . the upper eye not reaching the upper profile of the head is not visible from the blind side , which is typical of the flatfish position . on arrowtooth flounder , one eye can be easily seen from the blind side of the body . the scales are more strongly ctenoid and the anterior nostril bears a long flap .
kamchatka flounder , atheresthes evermanni , is a flatfish of the family pleuronectidae . . . . urltoken 5 flathead sole flatfish . atheresthes evermanni . glyptocephalus zachirus . hippoglossoides elassodon . eelpouts . . . © 2004 teresa jewell . more
kamchatka flounder in the western bering sea was noted . the diets of the species considered in both study areas are compared , and diet variations depending on fish size , capture depth , area , and sex are analyzed . more
season : bsai : may 1–december 31 , generally targeted may - august . iquique does not fish for arrowtooth flounder in the goa
the kamchatka flounder , atheresthes evermanni , is a flatfish of the family pleuronectidae . it is a demersal fish that lives at depths of between 20 metres ( 66 ft ) and 1 , 200 metres ( 3 , 900 ft ) . more
more than thirty species of fish can be found in kamchatka rivers , lakes , and seas , surrounding the peninsula . among them are salmon , herring , flounder , halibut , cod , sea perch , crucial and others . it is of special interest that some species of wild animals and birds widely spread in similar natural zones on the mainland , are not found in every place of kamchatka due to its harsh climate with long snowy winters . in particular , kamchatka has no snakes or frogs . neither do we have starlings , storks , herons , or swallows . it was only a few years ago that sparrows appeared in kamchatka and succeeded in settling here .
the national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) is prohibiting directed fishing for kamchatka flounder in the bering sea and aleutian islands management area ( bsai ) , effective 12 noon , alaska local time , may 26 , 2016 , according to james w . balsiger , administrator , alaska region , nmfs .
this paper presents the results of studies on the morphology of arrowhead flounders , the kamchatka flounder atheresthes evermanni ( 35 specimens ) , and the american arrowtooth flounder a . stomias ( 37 specimens ) collected in pacific waters of the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka in 1998–1999 . the morphology of the discussed species is compared with that of arrowtooth flounders from other areas . from this comparison , available information on the sharp increase in the density of the american arrowtooth flounder in the surveyed area ( since 1997 ) , and similarities in size compositions of the fish in kuril and aleutian waters , a conclusion has been made about the penetration of this species from aleutian pacific waters into the area of the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka . this is a result of expansion of the geographical range of this species due to general water warming in the northwestern pacific during the second half of the 1990s .
the number of stomachs used in the analysis was : greenland halibut 589 / 411 and 203 / 93 in the wbs and nk , respectively ; kamchatka flounder 446 / 184 and 1443 / 300 in the wbs and nk , respectively ; pacific halibut 262 / 206 and 386 / 270 in the wbs and nk .
europeans , who first appeared in kamchatka in the 18 th century , were stunned with the extensive number of brown bears . their size was terrifying , but the local bears , unlike their siberian relatives , happened to be quite harmless . perhaps the reason of kamchatka bears ' peaceful personality is their fish ' diet ' that they prefer to the meat one . since the dawn of times , ample salmon has been the basic food for the master of kamchatka , and the major source of fat stocks that allowed bears to survive through the long kamchatka ' s winter .
( catalogue of vertebrates of kamchatka and adjacent marine waters ) , petropavlovsk - kamchatskii : kamchatskii pechatnyi dvor , 2000 , pp . 7 - 69 .
a . m . orlov , “trophic relationships of predatory fish in pacific waters off the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka , ” gidrobiol . zh .
the diet of kamchatka flounder in the wbs consisted mostly of fish offal ( 53 . 4 % w ) , fishes ( 33 . 3 % w ) - mainly walleye pollock ( 15 . 5 % w ) and pacific herring ( 10 . 4 % w ) and cephalopods ( 12 . 7 % w ) mainly red squid ( 11 . 9 % w ) . in the nk this species eat mainly shrimps ( 53 . 7 % w ) , various fishes ( 26 . 3 % w ) , and cephalopods ( 18 . 6 % w ) . walleye pollock ( 5 . 1 % w ) was the most important fish in the diet of kamchatka flounder off the northern kuril islands and se kamchatka . mesopelagic fishes ranked second ( approximately 2 . 4 % w ) followed by spectacled sculpin ( triglopsscepticus ) ( 2 . 2 % w ) . differences in diet composition between the areas may also result from wbs kamchatka flounders being considerably larger than nk fishes ( 54 . 83 and 49 . 37 cm , respectively ) .
the kamchatka flounder ( atheresthes evermanni ) , also known as arrowtooth halibut , halibut strelozuby asian , abura - garei , палтус стрелозубый азиатский ( in russian ) , is a relatively large flatfish which is widely distributed from northern japan , sea of japan through the sea of okhotsk to the western bering sea , western kamchatka north to anadyr gulf and east to the eastern bering sea shelf . in u . s . waters they are found in the aleutian islands and the shelikof strait in alaska where they generally decrease in abundance from west to east .
shuntov ( 1966 ) documented differences in the occurrence of squids , fishes and invertebrates in stomachs of various size groups for greenland halibut and kamchatka flounder . size - dependent diet differences of pacific halibut in the western bering sea were first described by napazakov and chuchukalo ( 2001 ) and novikov ( 1964 ) showed differences in the occurrence in stomachs of fishes and invertebrates for three halibut size groups : 30–60 , 60–90 and > 90 cm . orlov ( 1977 ) reported on distinctions in diet depending on fish size for all three halibut species in the pacific waters off the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka .
a . m . orlov , “ecological characteristics of the feeding of some pacific predatory fish of south - east kamchatka and northern kuril islands , ” russ . j . aquat . ecol .
orlov , a . m . 2000 . trophic relationships of predatory fishes in the pacific waters off the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka . gidrobiologicheskii zhurnal . 5 : 19–33 ( in russian ) .
differences in diet between various parts of nk study areas may be explained by differences in predator size ( 62 . 2 , 55 . 2 and 39 . 4 cm for greenland halibut ; 51 . 9 , 40 . 3 , and 35 . 9 cm for kamchatka flounder ; and 52 . 7 , 54 . 9 , and 65 . 2 cm for pacific halibut in the southern , middle and northern parts respectively ) and probably by faunal differences .
greenland halibut was ≥ 29 , for kamchatka flounder , ≥ 31 and of pacific halibut , ≥ 45 . the diet of greenland halibut in the wbs consisted mostly of fish offal ( 44 . 4 % w ) , fishes ( 42 . 5 % w ) and cephalopods ( 13 . 1 % w ) . walleye pollock was the major fish species consumed ( 30 . 8 % w ) followed by pacific herring ( 8 . 9 % w ) . more
diet composition of all three species changed with size ( figure 2 ) . in the wbs , increase in greenland halibut size was accompanied by an increase of fishes and fish offal and decrease of cephalopods in the diet . in the nk , larger greenland halibut ( size groups 46–80 cm ) ate more cephalopods ( 86 . 6 % w ) . the role of cephalopods in the wbs fish ' s diet of the same size group was considerably lower ( only 28 . 0 % w ) . small nk individuals ( fl < 45 cm ) ate mostly euphausiids , shrimps and fish . the role of fish offal in the diet of wbs kamchatka flounder increased with size . fish prey were important for all size groups . cephalopods played an essential role ( 34 . 6 % w ) in the diet of specimens 41–50 cm long . in the nk an increase in kamchatka flounder size was accompanied by a decrease in consumption of shrimps and increase of cephalopods and fish .
sheiko , b . a . and tranbenkova , a . g . , new for the fauna of russia and rare fish species found for the first time in the waters of kamchatka , kuril and commander islands ,
tokranov , a . m . and orlov , a . m . , some problems of the biology of rare species of liparid fish ( liparidae ) in the pacific waters of the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka ,
orlov , a . m . 1997 . ecological characteristics of the feeding of some pacific predatory fish of south - east kamchatka and northern kuril islands . russian journal of aquatic ecology . 6 ( 1–2 ) : 59–74 .
( conservation of biodiversity in kamchatka and adjacent seas ) , collection of materials of ii scientific conf . , petropavlovsk - kamchatskii , april 9–10 , 2001 , petropavlovsk - kamchatskii : kamshat , 2001 , pp . 187 - 190 .
the kamchatka flounder is a predatory benthic marine fish , inhabits the sandy - muddy bottoms of continental slope and shelf in the great depths from 20 to 1200 m at a temperature of bottom waters from - 0 . 3 to + 10 °c . the maximum concentrations are confined to the isobaths of 300 - 700 m , but in the summer live in the middle of the water column . on the shelf rests mainly juveniles . the active predator : the composition of food in all areas dominated by fish , mainly pollock , benthic crustaceans , shrimp and squid .
differences in the diet between males and females are mostly related to size ; average size of males in both areas were shorter than females : 63 . 5 vs . 74 . 1 cm and 53 . 8 vs . 55 . 7 cm for greenland halibut in wbs and nk , respectively ; 52 . 3 vs . 56 . 6 cm and 40 . 9 vs . 42 . 9 cm for kamchatka flounder , respectively ; and 72 . 5 vs . 75 . 9 cm and 59 . 9 vs . 62 . 3 cm for pacific halibut , respectively .
the feeding habits of halibut in the western bering sea have been investigated by vernidub and panin ( 1937 ) , vernidub ( 1936 , 1938 ) , novikov ( 1974 ) and shuntov ( 1966 ) . recently published papers on feeding and ecology of four halibut species in the western bering sea deal mostly with food rations and seasonal changes of feeding intensity ( napazakov and chuchukalo 2001 ) or the diet of pacific halibut ( chikilev and palm 2000 ) . other publications have dealt with the feeding habits of the species in the kuril - kamchatka area ( novikov 1974 , orlov 2000 ) . however , descriptions of diet in these papers were based on the frequency of occurrence of dietary components in stomachs . a recent paper by moukhametov ( 2002 ) mostly concerned food rations of pacific halibut . no studies have been conducted recently of the feeding of greenland halibut , kamchatka flounder , and pacific halibut based on quantitative data on stomach contents in the northwestern pacific . this paper describes diets depending on size , sex , depth of capture and area , of three halibut species inhabiting the western bering sea ( wbs ) and pacific waters off the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka ( nk ) .
a . m . orlov , “role of fishes in predator diets of the pacific slope of the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka . forage fishes in marine ecosystems , ” univ . alaska sea grant college program rep . , no . 97 - 01 , 209–229 ( 1997b ) .
kamchatka flounders eat mostly fish offal at shallower depths ( 201–400 m ) and mainly pacific herring , walleye pollock and other fish at greater depths . in the nk this species fed predominantly on shrimp and fish at shallower depths ( 101–300 m ) ; at greater deeper depths they ate mainly red squid and fish .
in the kronotsky park a very old nest was found , its height reaches nearly two meters ! the eagles loyally used the nest for years , renovating and expanding it , until the erman birch which held this
aerodrome
finally cracked . an eagle usually lays two eggs , but only one of the two survives . the steller ' s sea eagle is very cautious and protective of his privacy . kamchatka is the only place on earth where these eagles reside . the eagle ' s population ( over 4 , 000 birds with a 1 , 000 nesting pairs on the peninsula ) is relatively stable and this status can be maintained as long as unless the human beings don ' t start their
victorious
march across wild kamchatka .
even though after winter hibernation bears are very hungry , they still do not represent a threat to the warm - blooded species , except for ground squirrels , which bears sometimes dig right out from of the winter burrow . it may seem incredible , but the huge predator follows an almost exclusively vegetarian diet for several months before the rivers are full of fish . in july you can observe an idyllic picture of bears grazing like domestic cattle in the forest ' s berry fields and in the coastal tundra . kamchatka ' s bears are pragmatic and cowardly . they are easily satisfied and save themselves from a lot of trouble that bears in the siberian taiga face . this is why nine in ten kamchatka bears prefer to run away from a potentially dangerous situation .
the animal world of kamchatka is diverse with such important species as brown bear , which is common to see as you travel , red fox , arctic fox , hare , sable , mink , wolf , lynx , elk , reindeer , snow sheep , otter , and others . among the sea mammals are seal , fur seal , sea - lion , and sea otter . there are frequent sightings of dolphins , and occasionally , whales .
no other bird in kamchatka can rival with steller ' s sea eagle in beauty and majesty . this relict predator inhabits both coasts of the peninsula . its disproportionately large beak and monstrous claws can cause lethal wounds to a deer or a sheep ; however , they are mostly used to catch salmon . the steller ' s sea eagle is one of the biggest russian birds , its wings stretch up to 2 , 5 meters , and it has enormous nests .
the diet of all three species consisted of a wide spectrum of items ( table 1 ) . total number of identified organisms in stomach contents of greenland halibut was ≥ 29 , for kamchatka flounder , ≥ 31 and of pacific halibut , ≥ 45 . the diet of greenland halibut in the wbs consisted mostly of fish offal ( 44 . 4 % w ) , fishes ( 42 . 5 % w ) and cephalopods ( 13 . 1 % w ) . walleye pollock was the major fish species consumed ( 30 . 8 % w ) followed by pacific herring ( 8 . 9 % w ) . red squid ( berryteuthis magister ) ( 11 . 2 % w ) was most common cephalopod prey . in the nk greenland halibut consumed mainly cephalopods ( 73 . 6 % w ) , small crustaceans ( 10 . 6 % w ) , shrimps ( 8 . 5 % w ) and fishes ( 7 . 3 % w ) . red squid ( 69 . 4 % w ) was most common prey among cephalopods but the northern smoothtongue ( leuroglossus schmidti ) was the most important fish prey ( 3 . 3 % w ) . differences in diet composition between the areas may be explained by the larger size of wbs fish ( 69 . 30 cm vs . 58 . 62 cm ) and regional faunistic distinctions .
female kamchatka flounders in the wbs fed mostly on fishery offal ( 64 . 4 % w ) while males consumed more fishes ( 50 . 6 % w ) , especially pacific herring - 25 . 1 % w and red squid ( 22 . 2 % w ) . in the nk , females ate more shrimps ( 59 . 8 % w ) and large fish ( 27 . 4 % w ) while males fed mostly on red squid ( 26 . 6 % w ) and small fish species ( 25 . 0 % w ) . nevertheless , the most abundant prey items of male diets by weight were shrimps - 45 . 8 % .
food composition of pacific halibut hippoglossus stenolepis has been considered in three areas of the northwestern pacific : in the western part of the bering sea , in pacific waters off the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka , and waters off the southern kuril islands . the main food items in all studied regions were shrimp , cephalopods , and fish . it has been noted that fish offal plays a considerable role in the feeding of h . stenolepis in the western part of the bering sea . changes in food composition in relation to fish growth , depth of catch , and sex of individuals have been analyzed ; and differences in the composition of food items consumed by h . stenolepis in different parts of the studied areas have been considered .
if you are serious in your intention to meet a kamchatka ' s bear , forget a fairy - tale image of a foolish bumpkin . this is an animal of enormous strength and endurance , excellent reaction , and exact movements . its teeth break a bone of any size , its claws can shift boulders , it can climb almost vertical slopes , and sit in the icy water for hours . bears are wonderful swimmers , they can catch up with a horse at a short distance . though bears can not run long distances , they are the first - class walkers that can cover a good hundred kilometers a day . the only thing is that bears can ' t do very well is climb trees : they are presumably too heavy for it . . .
the diet of kamchatka flounders in the western part of wbs consisted mostly of fish ( 71 . 2 % w ) and cephalopods ( 22 . 7 % w ) ; in the eastern part they ate mainly fish offal ( 73 . 6 % ) ; fish prey ranked second . in the nk area , the importance of cephalopods decreased from south to north while the reverse was true for shrimps . thus , in the southern part of the study area cephalopods were the most important dietary component ( 53 . 7 % w ) , in the mid - part they were second in importance ( 22 . 4 % w ) but in the north , cephalopods were negligible ( 1 . 6 % w ) . shrimp presence increased from 8 . 6 % w in the south to 82 . 9 % w in the north .
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atheresthes evermanni jordan & starks . 1904 . flatfishes ; atheresthes .
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they have elongated body , depth is 1 / 3rd of a length , and head length is 1 / 3rd in length , covered with relatively large , thin scales . mouth is large with upper jaw reaching to or very slightly past the vertical from posterior margin of lower eye . mouth armed with sharp , long and slender teeth with arrow - shaped points , in a single row on lower jaw , their length unequal . teeth arranged in two rows on the upper and lower jaws ; a double row of smaller teeth on side of upper jaw , the outer row the smaller ; they grow larger anteriorly , become curved inward , fanglike and some of them depressible . 3 + 10 gill rakers rather slender , the longest a trifle less than half length of eye .
profile of snout on same curve with that behind eye ; very slightly depressed above eye . the eyes are on one side of the body , scarcely reaching to upper profile , the lower one the more anterior . the upper eye is almost on the edge of the head . interorbital appearing rather flat and moderately broad , the bone , however , narrow and convex , its width less than half diameter of pupil ; nostrils close together , the posterior of eyed side in a broad , short tube , anterior in a narrower , longer tube ; anterior nostril of blind side with a long flap nearly a third as long as upper eye , broadening toward its tip and becoming conspicuously opaque white ; snout with many pores scattered among the irregularly placed scales .
scales very finely ctenoid , the spinules short , fine , and numerous , only seen upon careful examination with a lens ; many scales have only a few irregular spinules ; others are entirely without them , appearing as if they had been rubbed off ; head and body everywhere with numerous , small , cycloid supplementary scales crowded in ; scales of blind side all cycloid ; snout , mandible , maxillary , and interorbital with numerous small cycloid scales , those on latter extending out on eyeball to edge of iris ; all fins rather closely covered with fine scales . lateral line is straight , just slightly bending upward from opposite tip of pectoral . pectoral of eyed side longer and more pointed than that of blind side ; first ray of dorsal inserted above anterior margin of pupil ; ventral short , scarcely reaching to front of anal . caudal fin shallowly concave on posterior outline .
mouth large , upper jaw extends beyond the vertical center of the eye . the upper eye is almost on the edge of the head . caudal fin slightly sinuate . lateral line is straight . arrow shaped teeth in 2 rows . scales are cycloid .
eye of the body is olive - brown to dark brown , without markings , light the blind side . differ from most other fish from the family of flatfish more elongated body . the asymmetry of the skull is preserved , but it is expressed to a lesser extent than in plaice .
reach sexual maturity between the ages of 7 to 17 years ( usually 10 - 14 years ) . the males reach sexual maturity at 7 and up years , females - in 10 and up years . spawning takes place during the cold season , in winter and spring - october to april at depths ranging from 120 to 1000 m at a water temperature of 2 to 10 °c . females emit spawn at depths ranging from 300 to 1000 m at a temperature of 2 - 10 °c , the number of eggs varies from 300 , 000 to 3 . 5 million . the eggs are pelagic , large , thin , long , hatch at a temperature of 6 ° c after 16 days and undergo development with the conversion , as well as eggs of other flatfishes . a notable feature of the larvae is the presence of spines over the eyes and on the operculum , which are absent in the larvae of other halibut . the average life is up to 30 years . males are at maximum performance smaller than females at 20 - 27 cm lives up to 20 years .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , et al . , eds .
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
size : length to 86 cm , whole fish weight to 7 . 7 kg , general h & g / t size : . 5 - 2 . 0 kg .
size specification : h & g / t weight per fish m : 2 – 3 kg s : 1 – 2 kg ss : . 5 – 1 kg sss : – 500 grams
greek , atheres = spike + the name of astyanax , hector´s son in the greek mithology ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 20 - 1200 m ( ref . 50550 ) . temperate ; 66°n - 35°n , 130°e - 153°w ( ref . 6793 )
north pacific : sea of japan and the sea of okhotsk north to the anadyr gulf , through the eastern bering sea to the aleutian islands and the shelikof strait in alaska .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 100 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 ) ; common length : 54 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56527 ) ; max . published weight : 8 . 5 kg ( ref . 56527 ) ; max . reported age : 33 years ( ref . 55701 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 98 - 116 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 76 - 94 . mouth very large ; gill rakers slender ; caudal fin strong and lunate ( ref . 559 ) .
cooper , j . a . and f . chapleau , 1998 . monophyly and intrarelationships of the family pleuronectidae ( pleuronectiformes ) , with a revised classification . fish . bull . 96 ( 4 ) : 686 - 726 . ( ref . 30193 )
) : 0 . 7 - 5 . 4 , mean 1 . 7 ( based on 287 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00708 ( 0 . 00611 - 0 . 00820 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 3 . 02 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref .
) : 4 . 3 ±0 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .
) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming tm > 4 ; tmax = 33 ) .
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( annotated list of fish of russian far - eastern seas ) , vladivostok : pacific institute of scientific fisheries and oceanography , 2000 .
dudnik , yu . i . , kodolov , l . s . , and polytov , v . a . , on the problem of distribution and reproduction of sablefish ,
kodolov , l . s . , kulikov , m . yu . , and syutina , t . i . , peculiarities of distribution and spatial structure of fish in the mainland slope and submarine elevations of the northern pacific ,
( biology of fish and invertebrates in the northern pacific ) , vladivostok : far - eastern state university , 1991 , pp . 21 - 38 .
( fishes of the sea of japan and the adjacent parts of the okhotsk and yellow seas ) , st . - petersburg : nauka , 1993 , part 6 .
( commercially important fish of continental slope of the northern pacific ) , moscow : pishchevaya promyshlennost ' , 1974 .
promyslovo - biologicheskie issledo - vaniya ryb v tikhookeanskikh vodakh kuril ' skikh ostrovov i prilezhashchikh raionakh okhotskogo i beringova morei v 1992–1998 gg .
( biological field investigations of food fish in pacific waters of the kuril islands and adjacent waters of the okhotsk and bering seas in 1992 - 1998 ) , moscow : all - union institute of scientific fisheries and oceanography , 2000 , pp . 187 - 215 .
pertseva - ostroumova , t . a . , reproduction and development of arrowtooth flounders
tokranov , a . m . and orlov , a . m . , distribution and some features of ecology of a new for the fauna of russia species of sculpins , the aleutial lord
( biological backgrounds of stable development in coastal marine ecosystems ) , rep . abstr . internat . conf . , murmansk , april 25–28 , 2001 , apatity : murmansk marine biological institute , 2001 , pp . 236 - 237 .
( modern problems in fish systematics ) , rep . abstr . all - russian conf . , st . - petersburg , november 17–19 , 1998 , st . - petersburg : zoological institute ras , 1998 , pp . 62 - 63 .
sheiko , b . a . and fedorov , v . v . , chapter 1 : class cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys . class chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes . class holocephali - chimeras . class osteichthyes - bony fishes ,
( integrated studies of the ecosystem of the sea of okhotsk ) , moscow : all - russian institute of scientific fisheries and oceanography , 1997 , pp . 64 - 67 .
allen , m . j . and smith , g . b . , atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the bering sea and northeastern pacific ,
bouwens , k . a . , paul , a . j . , and smith , r . l . , growth of juvenile arrowtooth flounders from kachemak bay , alaska ,
bouwens , k . a . , smith , r . l . , paul , a . j . , and rugen , w . , length at and timing of hatching and settlement for arrowtooth flounders in the gulf of alaska ,
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cooper , j . a . and chapleau , f . , monophyly and relationships of the family pleuronectidae ( pleuronectiformes ) , with revised classification ,
hare , s . r . and mantua , n . j . , empirical evidence for north pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989 ,
matarese , a . c . , kendall , a . w . , jr . , blood , d . m . , and vinter , b . m . , laboratory guide to early life history stages of northeast pacific fishes ,
wilimovsky , n . j . , peden , a . , and peppar , j . , systematics of six demersal fishes of the north pacific ocean ,
yang , m . - s . and livingston , p . a . , food habits and diet overlap of two congeneric species ,
zimmermann , m . and goddard , p . , biology and distribution of arrowtooth ,
mukhametov , i . n . & orlov , a . m . russian journal of marine biology ( 2002 ) 28 : 178 . urltoken
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original russian text © a . m . orlov , i . n . moukhametov , 2007 , published in voprosy ikhtiologii , 2007 , vol . 47 , no . 6 , pp . 783–793 .
e . a . best and g . st . - pierre , “pacific halibut as predator and prey , ” iphc tech . rep . , no . 21 ( 1986 ) .
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( dvnts akad . nauk sssr , vladivostok , 1984 ) [ in russian ] .
k . t . gordeeva , “feeding of halibuts in the bering sea , ” izv . tikhookean . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr .
d . e . kramer , w . h . barss , b . c . paust , et al . , “guide to northeast pacific flatfishes , ” mar . adv . bull . , no . 47 , 1–104 ( 1995 ) .
p . a . livingston , a . ward , g . m . lang , and m . - s . yang , “groundfish food habits and predation on commercially important prey species in the eastern bering sea from 1987 to 1989 , ” u . s . dep . comm . noaa tech . memo . nmfs - afsc - 11 ( 1993 ) .
l . v . mikulich , “feeding of flatfish off the coasts of southern sakhalin and the southern kuril islands , ” izv . tikhookean . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr .
i . n . moukhametov , “feeding and food diets of halibuts inhabiting pacific waters off the northern kuril islands . biology , state of resources , and habitat conditions of hydrobionts of the sakhalin - kuril region and adjacent water areas , ” tr . sakhalin . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr .
schmidt ) in the bering sea , ” tr . vses . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr .
( pishch . prom - st’ , moscow , 1974 ) [ in russian ] .
fish feeding ecology and digestion . gutshop’98 . symp . proc . int . congr . biol . fish , towson univ . , baltimore , 1998
ecosystem approaches for fisheries management . alaska sea grant college program . ak - sg - 99 - 01
a . m . orlov and i . n . moukhametov , “feeding characteristics of greenland halibut
v . p . shuntov , a . f . volkov , o . s . temnykh , and e . p . dulepova ,
m . - s . yang , “food habits of the commercially important groundfishes in the gulf of alaska in 1990 , ” u . s . dep . comm . noaa tech . memo . nmfs - afsc - 22 ( 1993 ) .
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marine ; demersal ; depth range 20 - 1200 m ( ref . 50550 ) . temperate , preferred 5°c ( ref . 107945 ) ; 66°n - 35°n , 130°e - 153°w ( ref . 6793 )
the most important bird species are the magnificent steller ' s sea eagle , golden eagle and peregrine , rock and willow ptarmigan , black - billed capercailye , long - tailed hawk , and owl . some birds , for instance partridges , capercailye and swans , - stay on the peninsula throughout the year , while others - in particular geese and ducks , - come to this remote place every spring for nesting . the coastal cliffs and rocky islands are inhabited by sea gulls , cormorants , puffins , and others .
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deep sea 2003 : conference on the governance and management of deep - sea fisheries . part 2 : conference poster papers and workshop papers . queenstown , new zealand , 1–5 december 2003 and dunedin , new zealand , 27 - 29 november 2003 .
r . melville - smith 1 , r . gould 2 and l . bellchambers 1 1 department of fisheries , western australian marine research laboratories p . o . box 20 , north beach wa 6920 , australia < rmsmith @ urltoken > < lbellchambe @ urltoken > 2 department of fisheries 3rd floor atrium , 170 st george ' s terrace perth wa 6000 , australia < rgould @ urltoken >
in western australia several large crab species occur in the offshore waters . however , only three , the giant crab , ( pseudocarcinus giga ) , the champagne crab ( hypothalassia acerba ) and the crystal crab ( chaceon bicolor ) are of commercial importance .
the biogeographical boundary separating the cool water of the south coast of the state from the warmer waters of the west coast has provided a logical boundary between crustacean fisheries in western australia ( figure 1 ) . these fisheries are managed as the south coast deep sea crab fishery ( scdscf ) and the west coast deep sea crab interim managed fishery ( wcdscimf ) . permit holders in the west coast deep sea crab interim managed fishery are entitled to take champagne , giant and crystal crabs but not rock - lobsters . the wcdscimf operates along side australia ' s largest rock - lobster fishery , the west coast rock - lobster managed fishery ( wcrlmf ) , where fishing generally occurs in 0–200 m . although managed separately licencees in the wcrlmf are permitted to retain 12 deep - sea crabs , primarily champagne crabs , per day per boat . on the other hand , licencees in the south coast deep sea crab fishery are entitled to take champagne , giant and crystal crabs and as a result of the licensing framework surrounding the development of this fishery most fishers are also entitled to take southern rock lobster ( jasus edwardsii ) .
the department of fisheries have records of various fishers from the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s expressing interest in establishing commercial fishing operations based on champagne , giant and ‘deep - sea crabs’ on the west coast . although most of these proposed ventures did not go any further , some small - scale exploratory fishing targeting champagne crabs by rock - lobster fishers was undertaken between 1985 and 1990 with some rekindled interest in the 1990s . champagne crab catches peaked between 30 and 45 tonnes from 1997 to 1999 , before decreasing to negligible levels ( < 100 kg ) from 2001onwards . the decrease in catches was in part due to a decline in champagne crab stocks , however low beach prices and increased interest in the more valuable crystal crab also contributed ( k . smith , murdoch university , australia , pers . comm . ) . therefore , on the west coast , management of giant and champagne crabs is primarily focused on ensuring biological sustainability and maintaining breeding stocks of the species rather than developing a viable commercial fishery .
crystal crabs have only been targeted on the west coast since the late 1990s and the wcdscimf is now almost entirely dependent on the size and productivity of the crystal crab resource .
figure 1 map of the w . a . coastline showing the crystal crab management zones and depth contours between 500–1000 m
both giant and champagne crabs landings have been larger and more regular in the south coast crustacean fishery than on the west coast . since 1990 the combined giant and champagne crab catch has , in most years , been in excess of 30 tonnes , with occasional annual catches reaching 40 to 50 tonnes . in the past , crystal crabs have not formed a significant contribution to the south coast crustacean fishery , apart from one year ( 2002 ) when over 10 tonnes were landed before a moratorium was placed on targeting the species pending further research . the size and distribution of the fishable stock in this region is unknown .
in 1991 it was recognized that with increasing interest in deep - sea crabs of all species there was a need to move to more formal management . in january 1992 following a request for expressions of interest , the minister for fisheries issued a press release announcing that by 1 april 1992 a plan would be in place to develop the fishery . this resulted in more than 80 expressions of interest for endorsements to take deep - sea crabs outside the rock - lobster fishery . in response , in june 1993 , 53 endorsements were approved ( 49 on the south coast and four on the west coast ) . a one - tonne catch per year minimum performance criteria was placed on each approved vessel . following a review of these allocations , in may 1993 a further three endorsements were granted on the west coast . in 1992 a commercial fisherman working in cooperation with the commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation ( csiro , hobart , australia ) conducted some limited research fishing . the fishing focused on champagne and giant crabs , but was of limited success due to the size of the fishing vessel used and lack of gear suitable for fishing in depths greater than 150 m .
new complexities were introduced into the management of both the scdscf and wcdscimf when permit holders realized the potential quantities of crystal crab available and the species ' commercial value . the dilemma is one that besets the managers of many new fisheries : i . e . on one hand faced with a previously unfished resource that has a potentially long term yield , together with an industry geared up and keen to exploit it ; while on the other hand having no catch history , biological information , or information on the spatial extent of the fishery . given the current focus in western australia on the exploitation of crystal crab , this paper deals only with a description of crystal crab catches on the west and south coasts of western australia and the proposed management of this resource .
crystal crabs occurring off the western australian coast are considered at this stage to be chaceon bicolor , a species which is also found in the central pacific from the emperor seamount chain to eastern australia ( manning and holthuis 1989 ) and along the west and north coast of australia ( jones and morgan 1994 ) . at this stage chaceon appears to have a wide distribution , although some systematics experts have suggested that further work may show that the pale coloured specimens found off the western australian coast are a different species to the purple , tan and yellowish coloured specimens of c . bicolor found in the pacific . the depth distribution of chaceon species is reported to be between 275 and 1 600 m ( manning and holthuis 1989 ) . however on the western australian coast the species has only been reported in commercial catches from 450 to 1220 m ( lance hand , bellenden nominees , geraldon , australia , western australian museum records ) .
until 1995 the take of deep - sea crabs seaward of the 200 m isobath was the responsibility of the australian commonwealth government and some 22 vessels were licensed by the commonwealth to fish for deep - sea crabs in commonwealth managed waters off western australia . however , under the offshore constitutional settlement agreement of 1995 , and on the basis of the links with the state managed rock - lobster fisheries , management of deep - sea crab fisheries became a state government responsibility .
the fishery for crystal crabs began in 1997–1998 when one fisher undertook exploratory fishing for deep - sea crabs on the west coast between 34° 24 ' and 22° 19 s ' in depths of 540 to 1080 m . the promising catches of crystal crabs by this exploratory fishing trip generated more interest in commercially exploiting this fishery on the west coast and by the end of 1999 the catch had increased to almost 25 tonnes .
the fishery was originally open to all 595 west coast rock - lobster fishers as the fishery had historically taken small quantities of deep - sea crab ( mainly champagne crabs ) as byproduct in their rock - lobster traps . however , to take deep - sea crabs out of the rock - lobster fishing season ( 15 november to 30 june ) a specific fishing boat licence endorsement was required . in april 1999 , 26 vessels on the south coast and six vessels on the west coast had acquired these licence endorsements as a result of earlier interest and activity related to deep - sea crabs .
the need to more formally manage these fisheries arose in 1998 in addressing reporting requirements that environment australia proposed to impose as a condition of export approval under section 10a of the wildlife protection ( regulation of exports and imports ) act 1982 . the downturn in the asian economy and concerns about its impact on rock - lobster export prices also resulted in increased targeting of deep - sea crabs by rock - lobster fishers during the 1998–1999 rock - lobster season and increased interest from rock - lobster fishers wanting to target deep - sea crabs outside the rock - lobster fishery . there was also increased attention from rock - lobster processors interested in processing and marketing champagne crabs and other deep - sea crabs . in april 1999 these issues culminated in the existing endorsement holders , through the western australian fishing industry council ( wafic ) , asking the minister for fisheries to restrict the catch of deep - sea crabs by rock - lobster fishers .
in may 1999 , in order to prevent overexploitation , the department indicated its intention to separately manage the crystal crab fishery and obtained support from the minster for fisheries to consult with existing licencees regarding how this fishery should be managed . existing licencees were subsequently advised of the department ' s intentions by letter . this letter in part said : “it is envisaged that , depending on the number of applicants , access will be granted to those who best demonstrate a financial and personal commitment to the ongoing development of their nominated fishery . ”a subsequent letter of 18 june 1999 referred to access being granted to “those who best demonstrate a personal and financial commitment to developing a sustainable , market - orientated snow ( crystal ) crab fishery . ”


the west african mud turtle ( west african side-necked turtle , swamp terrapin ) ( pelusios castaneus ) is a species of turtle in the pelomedusidae family .

pelusios castaneus is a freshwater species and is endemic to west and central africa .

west african mud turtle

the west african mud turtle has an endearing expression due to its “smile . ”
keeping west african mud turtles outdoors provides an opportunity to create some beautiful outdoor habitats .
there are currently no recognized subspecies of african sideneck turtle . they are very similar to the african helmeted turtle , however , and the names are frequently interchanged . another common name they are known by is west african mud turtle
it is indeed a west - african brown mud turtle ( pelusios castaneus ) . if you need more info about him : urltoken
the west african mud turtle pelusios castaneus acquired an “extinct doppelganger” from the seychelles due to a scientific error . credit : mark - oliver rödel
west african mud turtle are medium to large , females can reach a size of 29cm , males are generally smaller . they spend most of their time within weedy waters of west africa .
a medium sized species , the west african mud turtle grows to between 7 and 11 inches . some individuals may make it up to 12 inches .
during the dry season , many of these habitats may dry out and the west african mud turtle is forced to aestivate buried in the mud or in the sand in order to escape the harsh conditions .
like the helmeted turtle , the african mud turtle is often seen in water holes frequented by zebra , elephants and other large mammals .
the african mud turtle is placed in the family pelomedusidae , along with 26 relatives ; 2 subspecies have been described . it is sometimes confused with the superficially similar ( and equally hardy ) west african mud turtle ( pelosius castaneus ) and the african helmeted turtle ( pelomedusa subrufa ) ; please see photos . all may be kept as described here .
in the pet trade , but p . subniger —the east african mud turtle—is a different species that is rare in captivity .
pelusios castaneus have remained easily obtainable and fairly inexpensive for the turtle keeper . they are exported in large numbers out of their native africa and many enthusiasts are now having breeding success . in recent years , the african helmeted turtle appears to be the more commonly offered species to the general public . the west african mud turtle follows behind it with the east african mud turtle being virtually unknown in most collections .
this group of turtles are known as the african side - necked turtles or the east african serrated mud turtles . they are classified in the genus
for the sake of this piece we’ll mainly cover inside housing requirements . there are only a few things that west african mud turtles / sidenecks require to live happily :
guided by our partners from african aquatic conservation fund , you will gain unique insight into biology and conservation in west africa .
zoo med’s turtle tub , wading pools , and koi ponds can be fashioned into excellent african mud turtle habitats . outdoor housing is ideal , assuming that raccoons and other predators can be excluded .
due to its environmental requirements , moderate size , and long lifespan west african mud turtles / sideneck turtles are best left to intermediate and advanced turtle keepers . that said , they are hardy turtles and can withstand periods of deprivation .
the west african mud turtle is a medium sized , aquatic turtle found throughout west africa . highly adaptable , they occur in many fresh water habitats such as mud holes , swamps , rivers and ponds . during droughts and when seasonal spaces dry up , the turtles will aestivate into the ground to wait out the wet season . they are usually found in large numbers basking along muddy banks and are ravenous feeders .
, the west african mud turtle , and then later split it out as a subspecies . more recent analysis ( in 1983 ) , though , put it into its own species , and therein may lie some confusion . most specimens of
west african mud turtles are quite common in nature and first appeared some 120 million years ago making them one of the most primitive turtle species on earth today . they have withstood the test of time making them expert survivalists in a harsh world .
is a west african species , distributed from guinea and senegal to the central african republic and northwestern angola . it also occurs on the são tomé islands and was introduced to guadeloupe , lesser antilles
the above two photos are evidence that captive - bred west african mud turtles can exhibit an attractive lighter coloration than their wild - caught counterparts . the lighter coloration of the smaller , captive - bred turtle may remain , or it may turn darker , depending on the turtle’s exposure to natural sunlight .
the west african mud turtle may not be littered with vibrant spots or stripes , and its general coloration doesn’t scream at you , but this compact and robust turtle is a lot of fun to work with . it’s an excellent candidate for a backyard waterscape , and isn’t fussy when housed indoors , either .
mccord , w . p . , joseph - ouni , m . & bour , r . 2004 . chelonian illustrations # 15 : madagascan big - headed , african helmeted , and west african mud turtles . reptilia ( gb ) ( 35 ) : 63 - 67 - get paper here
when provided with the proper environment and diet , your african sideneck turtle will give you years of companionship .
african mud turtles are best kept in bare - bottomed aquariums ; gravel traps waste material , greatly complicating cleaning , and may also be swallowed .
the central african mud turtle belongs the family of turtles called afro - american side - necked turtles . indeed , as this turtle pulls its head into its shell , it turns the head sideways , and then the lower shell ( the
in the wild , african side - necked turtles or african mud turtles are found in a variety of habitats from rivers and shallow pools to large lakes . in captivity most can be kept in relatively simple enclosures .
tomas diagne is an african turtle specialist who has been working to save threatened and endangered turtle species throughout west africa for the past 22 years . he co - founded and built the village des tortues in rufisque , senegal , and in 2009 he began building the african chelonian institute in order to expand turtle research , captive breeding , re - introduction to the wild , conservation and education to all african species . tomas is also a co - founder of the african aquatic conservation fund .
for a group of adult west african mud turtles , an area of 6 feet by 3 feet that can hold between 125 and 175 gallons of water will suffice . for single turtles , a 40 - gallon glass aquarium will suffice as well .
the so - called seychelles black terrapin , seychelles mud turtle , or seychelles terrapin was considered a species of turtle ( pelusios seychellensis ) in the pelomedusidae family , endemic to seychelles .
haislip , nathan . 2014 . cuora complex construction at the turtle survival alliance turtle survival center .
just a turtle ? this is a central african mud turtle , which was captured here along the banks of the ubange river . the species is not well studied and , in fact , these may be some of the first photos in its native environment .
like other cold - blooded creatures it’s important to provide the proper lighting , heating , and dietary requirements . otherwise , african sideneck turtles are extremely hardy creatures . that being said , it’s a wise idea to have a reptile veterinarian on hand before you even bring your pet turtle home . if you suspect your west african mud turtle to be suffering from any ailments , contact your reptile vet as soon as you can .
while no turtle likes to be picked and held , the west african mud turtle has a rather calm disposition . they rarely bite and usually withdraw into their shells if they are being handled . some will attempt to free themselves so watch out for those sharp nails . we only handle our turtles during water changes and for health inspections to help minimize any stress .
forero - medina , german ; and moreno , luis eladio renteria . 2007 . distribution and conservation status of the endemic mud turtle kinosternon dunni in colombia .
largely aquatic , the african mud turtle lives in well - vegetated rivers , marshes and swamps , as well as in seasonally flooded pans ( low areas that hold water for a time ) within savannas . individuals occupying temporary water bodies burrow into the mud and aestivate ( become dormant ) or travel across land when their habitats dry out .
conservation international : : tortoise & freshwater turtle specialist group : : turtle survival alliance : : turtle conservancy : : chelonian research foundation : : european assoc . zoos & aquaria
african side - necked turtles or african mud turtles are commonly imported from africa , but captive - hatched specimens are the best pets . these can be purchased from better pet stores , from breeders at the larger reptile shows across the country , and on - line .
the genus name pelusios means “mud , ” and the west african mud turtle lives up to its name . its smooth , elliptical carapace lacks any pattern and is a uniform dark to light brown . the legs and head are a dark gray to brown with a light reticulated pattern on the top of the head . only when the turtle is viewed from the bottom does a color other than brown become more evident : a creamy yellow coloration can be seen on the soft parts beneath . the brown plastron is hinged and features some lighter areas among the brown .
the african sideneck is native to the west african countries of angola , guinea , ghana , senegal , liberia , sierra leone , and the congo . they live in rivers , lakes , and ponds during the wet season and bury themselves deep in the mud ( called estivating ) during the dry seasons . they have also been known to estivate in underground burrows when temperatures get too warm , reemerging when temperatures become suitable again .
i don’t use any substrate in any of my indoor aquatic turtle set ups simply because i prefer to keep things simple . a bare bottom is easier to clean when the water needs changing . west african mud turtles can be quite messy when feeding , and they will rapidly dirty the water . this is also why i don’t use filters ; i prefer to do frequent water changes every few days .
chirio , laurent and ivan ineich 2006 . biogeography of the reptiles of the central african republic . african journal of herpetology 55 ( 1 ) : 23 - 59 . - get paper here
joseph - ouni m . 2004 . profiles of extinction # 7 : seychelles mud turtle , pelusios seychellensis , extinct 1912 . reptilia ( gb ) ( 33 ) : 3 - get paper here
inhabits various water bodies such as streams , ponds , swamps , and lakes , from the west forest to the dry savannah . in
our unique west african adventure takes you along the coast of senegal , visiting national parks , protected areas , and private wildlife conservation breeding centers . led by our partners at the african aquatic conservation fund , this expedition offers not only excellent wildlife viewing , but also an opportunity to see and learn about conservation in senegal first - hand .
the west african mud turtle joins itself alongside some of the most primeval species of turtles having first walked the planet some 120 million years ago . today , it remains on the iucn’s list of species of “least concern , ” meaning it appears to be doing rather well in nature . perhaps it’s because of the turtle’s robustness , enabling it to escape nature’s wrath , or maybe even its drab appearance contributes to its survivability , allowing it to blend in with its environment and remain unnoticed by predators and collectors .
wild african mud turtles take a huge variety of foods , including fish , tadpoles , snails , carrion , insects , frogs and small snakes . aquatic and terrestrial plants have been reported in the diets of some populations as well .
team , ben .
the size of african aquatic sideneck turtles
accessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken
mifsud , david a . 2013 . habitat assessment , species distribution , and threats of imperiled southern african kinixyx .
depending on your local climate , african sidenecks can be kept indoors or outside . african sideneck turtles do not hibernate seasonally , as some other species do , so they should only be kept outside when the outside temperatures are warm .
baker , patrick j . , and jacob mueti . 2014 . a habitat suitability map for the turkana mud turtle ( pelusios broadleyi ) : assessing current distribution and the impact of fluctuating lake levels on an endangered , endemic species .
lastly , if you notice little worms floating around in your turtle tank , if your turtle is unable to swim or breathe properly , or if your turtle has a lot of bubbling coming from its nose , it probably has a parasite problem .
i just got my turtle like 3 days ago and it hasnt eaten much . only ate 1 turtle pill and 2 pieces of lettuce . should i be worried ?
team , ben .
the size of african aquatic sideneck turtles .
animals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / size - african - aquatic - sideneck - turtles - 5617 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .
) at two important turtle survival alliance sites in southern madagascar : ampotaka and antsakoamasy .
shepherd , loretta ann . 2011 . freshwater turtle and tortoise rescue centre , malaysia .
cuc phuong turtle conservation center ; douglas b . hendrie . 2004 . operational support .
team , ben . ( n . d . ) . the size of african aquatic sideneck turtles . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / size - african - aquatic - sideneck - turtles - 5617 . html
another species classified as native therefore disappears from the list of seychelles species . last year , fritz and his team had already proved that another mud turtle species , pelusios subniger , was not endemic to the seychelles but had been introduced by man .
african mud turtles quickly learn to “beg” for food as soon as their owner appears , and make excellent , responsive pets . they become quite bold once acclimated to captivity , and do well in busy locations . if provided proper accommodations , captive breeding is possible ( please post below for details ) .
male mud turtles have longer , thicker tails than females , with a slightly concave plastron . females have shorter , smaller tails and flat plastrons . the large , flat head and neck are withdrawn into the carapace sideways , giving this turtle its other common name : african side - necked turtle . the jaws are arranged in a way that displays a comical smile , similar to that seen in the blanding’s turtle , and with minimal webbing , the strong limbs are equipped with sharp nails that enable these turtles to rip food items to shreds and to haul themselves onto land or floating debris .
if you’re looking for a pet that will provide you with entertainment and make an interesting display , african sidenecks are a great choice .
join us for this one - of - a kind opportunity to see iconic and rare african wildlife through the eyes of local conservationists .
day 2 : dakar & bandia game reserve in the morning visit african chelonian institute ' s turtle breeding facility to see the turtles and learn about african turtle conservation . after lunch , visit nearby bandia game reserve where we ' ll see giraffes , zebras , white rhinos , buffalo , ostriches , hyenas , two species of eland , lots of antelope & bird species , crocodiles , and two species of monkeys . return to the hotel in time for dinner .
it’s a wise idea to outfit your turtle tank with things that appear in the turtle’s native habitat . in the case of the african sideneck this includes driftwood , large flat rocks ( some of which should be used to create an above water basking spot under the uvb basking light ) , cork bark slabs , and plants .
platt , kalyar , steven g . platt and me me soe ( wildlife conservation society and turtle survival alliance ) . 2011 . technical assistance for the turtle rescue facility in lashio , myanmar .
diesmos , arvin c . 2003 . unraveling the myth of the philippine pond turtle heosemys leytensis .
reached the seychelles by natural means . this would necessitate either crossing the african continent and subsequent transoceanic dispersal to the seychelles or transoceanic dispersal over more than 10 , 000 km , from the atlantic to the indian ocean , circumventing en route the cape of good hope and madagascar . consequently , there remain two alternative possibilities : either the lectotype was mislabelled or it was transported by humans from west africa to the seychelles . owing to the considerable distance between west africa and the seychelles , the latter option seems less likely .
african side - necked turtles feed eagerly on commercial aquatic turtle food and will eat fish , crayfish , worms , and even crickets . they will also pick at aquatic plants and especially enjoy taking bite - sized pieces from the leaves of
enjoy excellent wildlife viewing with chances to see african manatees , endemic turtles and tortoises , giraffes , white rhinos , antelopes , & more .
this one of a kind journey lets you experience iconic and rare african wildlife , guided by biologists who work every day to conserve it .
diagne , tomas . 2013 . exploring the ecology and population biology of two declining turtles , cyclanorbis elegans , cyclanorbis senegalensis in west - central nigeria and south sudan ( sub - saharan africa ) .
while sidenecks don’t “climb” trees , they do have powerful claws on their feet that enable them to climb inclines . turtle - and water - safe logs and other types of wood in the aquarium are good for your turtle , but arrange them in a way that will not allow your turtle to use them to launch itself out of the tank , otherwise you may have an injured turtle on your hands .
i am looking for a young adult male florida box turtle . i live in jacksonville , fl .
yoeung sun , doug tangkor , and sean kin . 2012 . cantor’s giant softhsell turtle conservation project .
the genetic analyses have shown that this supposed seychellois species is in reality another species , pelusios castaneus , that is widespread in west africa .
the species pelusios seychellensis has therefore never existed
, adds fritz .
in fact , for a long time researchers were amazed that the supposed seychelles turtles looked so deceptively similar to the west african turtles . but due to the great geographic distance , it was thought this had to be a different species , which is why the assumed seychelles turtles were also described as a new species in 1906 .
hatchling west african mud turtles are best maintained in a small enclosure with a water depth about 10 cm ( 4” ) . lots of plants like water lettuce and water hyacinths should be provided to give privacy to the turtles . half of a clay pot could be used to provide a place to hide under or to crawl onto . a basking area is even required as hatchlings with high temperature and uv as described above in the “temperatures” section . hatchling should be kept in warm water , ranging from 24°c to 26 - 27° c ( 75 - 80°f ) .
when given proper care , african sideneck turtles can easily live for a few decades . some reports suggest species living for more than 50 years in captivity .
african sideneck turtles that are suffering from a lack of vitamin d3 and / or calcium may display swollen eyes or limbs and open wounds on the skin .
this species is widely distributed throughout western africa . it is found from senegal to central african republic , including cameroon and gabon . it is also found in
powell , r . , and r . w . henderson . 2003 . a second set of addenda to the checklist of west indian amphibians and reptiles . herpetological review 34 ( 4 ) : 341 - 345 .
schwartz , a . , and r . w . henderson . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies : descriptions , distributions , and natural history . university of florida press , gainesville . 720 pp .
) , a pleurodire from west africa . each pcr reaction was scored on a 1 % agarose gel as producing a single band , multiple bands , a smear or no visible product ( online resource 1 ) .
petrozzi , fabio , emmanuel hema and laurent chirio . 2016 . a combination of field surveys and extensive interview campaigns to investigate distribution and local abundance of centrochelys sulcata populations in mali , niger ( west africa ) .
petrozzi , fabio , gabriel h . segniagbeto , and luca m . luiselli . 2013 . a pilot study to investigate distribution and density of centrochelys sulcata populations in west africa : analysis of population status in burkina faso .
a report issued today , co - authored by the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) working in conjunction with the turtle conservation coalition , lists the 25 most endangered turtle species from around the world  some of . . .
i just got a african long neck yesterday . i am worried cause he / she keeps discharging this slimmy white stuff it looks like string . i had an african long neck for 27 years before i dont remember him ever having anything like this . . any one know what this could be . . is it normal
in the seychelles there is therefore at most one mud turtle species that could be native . and even with this species we are still uncertain whether it really is endemic
, says fritz . so far , the biologists from dresden have not been able to explore this possibility due to the incomplete sampling available , however .
minh le and tim mccormack . 2014 . a survey of the critically endangered vietnam pond turtle using environmental dna approach .
reed , renae and adam gilles . 2013 . quantifying an active population of central america’s rarest turtle , kinosternon angustipons .
zhang fang . 2010 . action plan for the conservation of the golden - headed box turtle under the community participation .
noureen , uzma ; and khan , ahmad . 2007 . freshwater turtle conservation initiative along the central indus in pakistan .
healthy west african mud turtles are impressive consumers . if you make food available to them , they will eat it—all of it . they will beg for food and accept almost anything . some fruits or greens are taken , but p . castaneus is much more inclined to strip a chicken leg or thigh of all its meat , skin and cartilage . individuals become quite enthusiastic at feeding time and will leave the water to snatch a tasty item from your hands . i prefer to use tongs when feeding them because they can be rather overwhelming to deal with as they all come barreling toward me at the site of food .
the abundance and viability status of this turtle species throughout its range in central africa is essentially unknown . four other species of
zoologists have for the first time bred a critically endangered turtle species using an artificial beach , bangladeshi specialists announced on monday .
bawa , sulemana . 2015 . current status and distribution of the nubian flapshell turtle in mole national park , northern ghana .
singh , shailendra . 2015 . conserving black - softshell turtle species , nilssonia nigricans in assam , north - east india .
minh duc le ; and pritchard , peter . 2007 . genetic variability of the critically endangered softshell turtle , rafetus swinhoei .
international center for conservation of turtles , allwetterzoo münster ; martina raffel . 2003 . conservation of critically endangered asian turtle species .
turtles are the vertebrates under the greatest threat . among the approximately 320 turtle species , the species confined to islands have been especially hard hit – humans have caused the extinction of a whole number of species . one of them – or at least it was thought so – is the seychelles mud turtle pelusios seychellensis . just three specimens were collected at the end of the 19th century ; they are still kept at the natural history museum in vienna and the zoological museum in hamburg .
african sidenecks get their nickname due to their inability to withdraw their heads fully into their shells , instead drawing their head to the side and under the upper edge of their shell .
sideneck turtles are bizarre animals that look lopsided thanks to their unusual neck anatomy . also colloquially referred to as helmeted , mud or musk turtles , sideneck turtles have not been studied extensively , nor are they kept in captivity very often . keepers searching for uncommon turtle pets should consider sideneck turtles , but be careful to choose a species that remains a manageable size .
rahman , shahriar caesar . 2015 . ecoguardian program : a model for turtle hunting mitigation in the chittagong hill tracts , bangladesh .
ibarrondo , bonggi r . 2005 . rote snake - necked turtle ( chelodina mccordi ) : the action plan for its preservation .
syed , gracia p . 2004 . population recovery program for the central american river turtle dermatemys mawi ( testudines : dermatemydidae ) .
loveridge , a . 1941 . revision of the african terrapins of the family pelomedusidae . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 88 : 467 - 524 . - get paper here
african sidenecks are typically dark colored , and their underbellies ( called plastrons ) are a grayish black color with a wide , poorly defined yellow area . they have olive - to - brown heads with black markings on top , and two barbels ( beard - like sensory organs ) that protrude from the lower jaw . they have lightly webbed feet with long , sharp claws , or nails . in the image below , you can see the two barbel nubs on the chin of this young african sideneck turtle .
unlike many turtle species that have more serious reptilian features , the african sideneck has a face that can be described as cute , with a mouth that is fixed into a smiling shape and big round eyes . when it pulls its head to the side to tuck under its shell , it appears to be playing coy .
) . these photos of two males compare the carapaces and plastrons of the two species , with the helmeted turtle on the right .
n box turtle ( terrapene carolina yucatana ) : a multidisciplinary collaboration at the community and landscape level , phase i proposal : 2014 .
parham , james f . ; wilson , byron s . ; parra - olea , gabriela ; and papenfuss , theodore j . 2006 . assessment of caribbean slider turtle populations : a neglected turtle fauna under threat of genetic pollution , human exploitation , and habitat destruction .
ibarrondo , bonggi . 2004 . rote snake - necked turtle ( chelodina mccordi rhodin 1994 ) : the action plan for its preservation .
luiselli , luca m . , godfrey c . akani , fabio petrozzi , and gabriel h . segniagbeto . 2014 . expanding towards west africa : conservation ecology of the critically endangered / endangered forest kinixys populations in the ‘bas - sassandra – region’ ; ivory coast .
branch , b . [ = w . r . ] 1993 . southern african snakes and other reptiles . a photographic guide . new holland ( publishers ) ltd , london . 144 pp .
in the wild , african sidenecks are omnivores , munching without discretion on insects , plants , and fish that are native to its habitat . when it comes to feeding your african sideneck , variety is the key to success . no matter how much your turtle prefers a single food type , always feed it a variety to prevent it from developing a fixation . aside from variety , don’t overfeed your turtles ! adult sidenecks should be fed as much as they will eat in a few seconds , once every second or third day .
the next time you’re in the market for a new turtle , don’t overlook this underdog . you just might end up being pleasantly surprised .
chris leone has kept and bred many turtle and tortoise species for more than 20 years . visit him at urltoken and hermannihaven . com .
new university of east anglia research into the mating habits of a critically endangered sea turtle will help conservationists understand more about its mating patterns .
rahman , shahriar caesar . 2014 . mro tortoise guardian program : a model for turtle hunting mitigation in the chittagong hill tracts , bangladesh .
syed , gracia p . 2005 . a program of phylogeography , conservation and management for the critically endangered central american river turtle dermatemys mawii .
some specimens are lighter in color , such as a dark brown and even tan , but generally the african side - necked turtles are gray to black overall with dark skin . they vary in size ,
to ensure your turtle is receiving the right amounts of nutrients , we also recommend providing a calcium block or other vitamin and mineral supplements periodically .
mccormack , tim and pham van thong . 2011 . new surveys for swinhoe’s softshell turtle in laos and conservation action at sites in northern vietnam .
baby african side - necked turtles are hardy and grow quickly . keep them in an aquarium with clean filtered water , warmth , uvb rays , and a few sturdy basking sites . they feed well on a variety of food . they relish small invertebrates , especially worms , and they quickly begin eating commercial aquatic turtle food . keep aquatic plants such as
i was at petsmart today found a res and african sideneck . the african sideneck was 36 bucks . . . i was looking at there set up and notice that there temp was freaken 71f ! ! ! i asked the lady there and she said they just got it and didn ' t have the time to adjust it yet . . . yah right ! they didn ' t even have a basking area !
turtles don ' t instill the cautious concerns that some folks have when dealing with other types of reptiles . however adult females of most species of african mud turtles get larger than most first - time pet buyers realize , with adult females reaching 9 - 12
inches within five or six years . also , when threatened these turtles can exude a horrible musk odor . this is most often exhibited by wild caught specimens . fortunately after settling into captivity they rarely exhibit this behavior .
weigh your turtle regularly to monitor its weight . if it experiences a significant and unexplainable change in weight , dehydration or illness could be the cause .
when choosing a turtle tank , wider is always better than taller . remember , turtles don’t jump , they like to float , dive , and bask . your water level should be at least 1 . 5 times the length of your turtle ; the ideal depth is from 6 to 8 inches .
lescher , timothy c . 2012 . the distribution , movement , and conservation of the critically endangered southeast asian narrow - headed softshell turtle ( chitra chitra
platt , kalyar , me me soe and khin myo myo ( turtle survival alliance and wildlife conservation society ) . 2011 . population assessment of batagur baska
i have an african sideneck and i changed the water last night . everything was good i feed him but left the light on late this morning when i woke up , i woke up to find him dead .
luiselli , luca . 2004 . a mega - transect along the gulf of guinea ( west africa ) to assess the status and the impact of human hunting activities on the hinge - back tortoises ( genus kinixys ) : a crucial step towards a large - scale conservation strategy for these forest species .
the taxonomy and nomenclature of p . subniger was reviewed by iverson ( 1985 , 1992 ) , and broadley ( 1989 ) . this is a secretive , highly aquatic turtle that may wander over land , and has been known to survive drought and wildfires ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; schwartz and henderson , 1991 ; branch , 1983 , 1998 ; bartlett and bartlett , 1999 ) . the east african black mud turtle is a carnivore that primarily feed on frogs , fish and aquatic invertebrates ( hedges , 1983 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; branch , 1993 , 1998 ; bartlett and bartlett , 1999 ; spawls et al . , 2002 ) . clutch size consists of 3 - 12 eggs ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; branch , 1993 , 1998 ; bartlett and bartlett , 1999 ) .
kyaw moe , khin myo myo , win ko ko , and steven g . platt . 2012 . integrated conservation of the burmese roofed turtle , batagur trivittata
traffic southeast asia ; chris shepherd , noorainie awang anak , james compton . 2004 . protecting the roti island snake - necked turtle chelodina mccordi from extinction .
due to the variety of aquatic environments it inhabits in its african homeland , where it may occupy everything from rivers to seasonal mud holes , p . castaneus is quite adaptable and does not appear to be very picky in captivity . it can be housed outdoors in the summer and where winters are mild , and will do very well in outdoor ponds or water gardens that get plenty of sunlight , thriving where temperatures stay in the high 70s and into the 100s ( with nighttime in the mid 60s ) .
while there aren’t any official subspecies , there are three variations that the african sideneck can take on . the “normal form , ” which is as described above ; the “rainforest form , ” where the turtle displays an all over dark brown or black shell ; and the “savannah form , ” which takes on a lighter , buttery color of caramel , with a full yellow plastron .
hatchlings should be kept in low water…just enough so that they can breathe without swimming . floating live or plastic plants will provide youngsters with security…they are on the menus of many african predators , and remain shy for a time !
african side - necked turtles are prolific breeders and females can lay multiple clutches each year . while egg - laying , females bury themselves deeply , even up to the base of their front legs . the depth achieved could be a defensive strategy against monitors or other egg - eating predators or could be a safety measure to allow eggs to avoid the extreme heat and drying potential of the hot african sun close to the surface of the laying area .
turtle taxonomy working group [ van dijk , p . p . , j . iverson , a . rhodin , h . shaffer , and r . bour ]
sirsi , shashwat , gowri mallapur , and shailendra singh . 2012 . distribution mapping and status assessment of leith’s softshell turtle ( nilssonia leithii ) in peninsular india .
and other threatened turtle species at yinggeling nature reserve , hainan island , china ; and to adopt effective protection measures and awareness raising outreach activities in surrounding communities .
syed , gracia patricia . 2008 . genetic characterization and conservation of the critically endangered central american river turtle dermatemys mawii . ( quintana roo and belize populations ) .
fidenci , pierre . 2005 . inventory , distribution , status , and conservation action of the critically endangered philippine forest turtle , heosemys leytensis , palawan , philippines .
ullenbruch , k . ; grell , o . ; böhme , w . 2010 . reptiles from southern benin , west africa , with the description of a new hemidactylus ( gekkonidae ) , and a country - wide checklist . bonn zool . bull . 57 ( 1 ) : 31 - 54 - get paper here
i just got my african sideneck a few days ago and when i got him i saw some odd looking spots , like its peeling . i thought it was probably nothing since they were . . . ( more ) leonardo luna
sideneck turtles require semi - aquatic habitats with plenty of space for burrowing . the water area for the turtles should be at least five times the length of the turtle , the water portion’s width should be three times the length of the turtle and the depth should be at least twice the turtle’s length . the land area should be about the same size . for example , a 10 - inch helmeted turtle requires a water area of approximately 100 gallons and a 4 - foot by 2 - foot land area filled with a dirt or mulch substrate . it ' s important that both areas are escape - proof and protected from predators if the cage is outdoors .
hamish campbell , andrew mcdougall , and adrian ros . 2015 . determine if a community driven nest protection initiative has resulted in increased recruitment for the mary river turtle (
praschag , peter ; and reza , ali . 2005 . genetic verification of the identity of the black soft - shell turtle aspideretes nigricans ( anderson , 1875 ) .
you can use a variety of things as your turtle tank , including all - glass aquariums , large rubbermaid totes , baby pools , custom - built enclosures , etc .
the one essential piece of decoration you need to have is a place where your turtle can haul out of the water to dry off , preferably under a basking light .
hello , my sons have made a wonderful fl . box turtle habitat - we are looking to buy $ $ female fl . box turtles . please contact us , thx
hoang van ha , pham van thong , and nguyen tai thang . 2016 . intensive survey at priority sites to confirm additional individuals of the world ' s rarest turtle .
kuchling , gerald , nantarika chansue , and lu shunqing . 2011 . reproductive evaluation of the last male and artificial insemination of the last female yangtze giant softshell turtle rafetus swinhoei
kuchling , gerald . 2003 . preliminary status survey of the critically endangered endemic roti snake - neck turtle ( chelodina mccordi rhodin , 1994 ) , roti island , indonesia .
hughes , b . 1986 . longevity records of african captive amphibians and reptiles : part 1 : introduction and species list 1 - amphibians and chelonians . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 32 ) : 1 - 5 - get paper here
dharwadkar , sneha and shailendra singh . 2016 . sustaining the distribution mapping and threat assessment of leith’s softshell turtle ( nilssonia leithii ) along the river kali , karnataka , india .
african sidenecks are on the larger - side of the spectrum and can reach an adult size between 7 and 12 inches , with the females reaching a larger size than their male counterparts . male sidenecks grow to reach a maximum length of about 10 inches .
forero - medina , german , and camila r . ferrara . 2013 . 1 st workshop for developing a regional monitoring program for the giant south american river turtle , podocnemis expansa .
when they’re young and growing , insects and protein should make up the majority of your sideneck turtle’s diet . as they get older they tend to give up most of their carnivorous tendencies .
my thanks to ferry grunewald for his help with species identification and further information . mr . grunewald is a member of the dutch turtle & tortoise society , nederlandse schildpadden vereniging ( nsv ,
bock , brian c and vivian p . páez . 2016 . protection of nesting females and quantification of re - nesting frequency in the critically endangered magdalena river turtle ( podocnemis lewyana ) .
win ko ko , steven g . platt , and kalyar platt . 2012 . ecological study of the arakan forest turtle ( heosemys depressa ) in the rakhine yoma elephant sanctuary , myanmar .
mccormack , tim , hoang van ha , and pham van thong . 2010 . mapping priority areas for swinhoe’s turtle ( rafetus swinhoei ) in northern vietnam and sonar surveys to confirm presence .
restrepo , adriana and lópez , catalina . 2008 . demographic structure of the population of the endangered turtle podocnemis lewyana ( podocnemididae ) in the chicagua branch of the magdalena river , colombia .
combining both land - and boat - based wildlife observation , we will search for the elusive african manatee , learn about efforts to save endemic turtles and tortoises , and visit world heritage wetlands . on land we’ll see giraffes , white rhinos , antelopes , and more .
if you would like to contribute to the photo gallery of any turtle or tortoise species , please email us at [ email protected ] . you will be credited for any photos you contribute .
other important food items include various turtle treat foods and freeze - dried krill or shrimp . crickets , butterworms , calci - worms , roaches and other invertebrates will also be consumed with gusto .
barley aj , spinks pq , thomson rc , shaffer hb ( in press ) fourteen nuclear genes provide phylogenetic resolution for difficult nodes in the turtle tree of life . mol phylogen evol . doi :
singh , shailendra and saurav gawan . 2014 . employing sonic telemetry and community based patrolling in conservation strategy for the critically endangered red - crowned roofed turtle , batagur kachuga , in national chambal sanctuary .
singh , shailendra and ashutosh tripathi . 2013 . evaluating and refining conservation interventions for the endangered indian narrow - headed softshell turtle ( chitra indica ) along the chambal – yamuna river system , india .
chirio , l . 2009 . inventaire des reptiles de la région de la réserve de biosphère transfrontalière du w ( niger / bénin / burkina faso : afrique de l’ouest ) . [ herpetological survey of the w transfrontier biosphere reserve area ( niger / benin / burkina faso : west africa ] . bull . soc . herp . france ( 132 ) : 13 - 41 - get paper here
lucy keith diagne holds a phd from the university of florida and along with her husband , tomas diagne , is the founder of the african aquatic conservation fund . lucy has studied marine mammals for 30 years , and for 19 of those years she has studied manatees . in 2017 , lucy was named a pew marine fellow . now in her eleventh year in africa , lucy ' s research and conservation projects for african manatees include studies of distribution , population genetics , feeding ecology , and development of alternative livelihoods for manatee hunters . lucy is based in saly , senegal .
i have found p . castaneus to be quite placid with other turtles . i guess with a smaller turtle they might be a problem but i would consider mine to be rather gentle with other species .
mccormack , timothy , pham van thong , nguyen thi thuy , and nguyen tai thang . 2014 . habitat improvements and protection for the only known wild population of the world’s rarest turtle – rafetus swinhoei .
ahmed , m . fireoz , abhijit das , and jayanta kumar roy . 2013 . status , distribution and ecology of the keeled box turtle , cuora mouhotii in dibang valley , arunachal pradesh , india .
rainwater , thomas r . , steve g . platt , and rick hudson . 2009 . status , distribution , and exploitation of the critically endangered central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) in belize .
mccormack , tim ; hendrie , douglas ; and nguyen xan thuan . 2008 . ensuring a future for the vietnamese pond turtle : establishing the mauremys annamensis conservation project ( map ) , in central vietnam .
singh , shailendra ; and horne , brian . 2007 . development of “green” headstarting facilities in the national chambal river sanctuary , india : the last stronghold for the red crowned roof turtle , batagur kachuga .
the turtle species pelusios seychellensis regarded hitherto as extinct never existed . scientists at the senckenberg research institute in dresden discovered this based on genetic evidence . the relevant study was published today in the journal plos one .
oliva , milena , brad lock and daniel ariano . 2010 . evaluation of the distribution , population density and habitat quality of the central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) on the sarstun river , izabal .
alacs , erika ; georges , arthur ; kuchling , gerald and rhodin , anders , gj . 2008 . phylogenetics and genetic guidelines for the captive breeding of the critically endangered snake - necked turtle chelodina mccordi .
vargas - ramírez , mario ; and castaño - mora , olga victoria . 2007 . actions towards the conservation of the endangered - endemic fresh water turtle podocnemis lewyana , in the upper magdalena river , colombia .
artner , harald , balázs farkas , and victor loehr . 2006 . turtles : proceedings : international turtle & tortoise symposium , vienna 2002 . frankfurt am main : ed . chimaera . p . 352 - 355 .
mccormack , tim ; ha , hoang van ; and nhan , nguyen chi . 2009 . ensuring a future for the vietnamese pond turtle : establishing the mauremys annamensis conservation project ( map ) , in central vietnam .
gong shiping , shi haitao , and jiang aiwu . 2008 . a survey on the status of red - necked pond turtle ( chinemys nigricans ) , a neglected endangered species in guangdong and guangxi , south china .
vargas - ramírez , mario alfonso ; and castaño - mora , olga victoria . 2006 . participatory research towards the conservation of the endangered - endemic fresh water turtle podocnemis lewyana in the upper magdalena river , colombia .
khin myo myo , kyaw moe , and win ko ko . 2008 . survey on the status of arakan forest turtle ; heosemys depressa and other endemic species in the rakhine yoma elephant range wildlife sanctuary , rakhine state .
mccormack , tim ; hendrie , douglas b . ; van ha , hoang ; and chi nhan , nguyen . 2008 . production and distribution of an awareness poster for the endemic vietnamese pond turtle ( mauremys annamensis ) .
typically , african side - necked turtles arrive with varying amounts of shell damage . minor cases heal well if treated with a betadine® scrub and if the turtles are kept in a warm , sunny environment . more serious cases may require treatment with silvadene® cream . access to direct sunlight helps immensely with treating most shell problems .
if you are interested in obtaining african side necked turtles , there a few private breeders here on the forum , living in the us . it would be best to buy true captive bred offspring from them , instead of buying from a shop where the turtles are mistreated and by buying them stimulating mass import from the wild .
a high quality commercial turtle chow ( the various zoo med pellets are my favorites ) can comprise up to 50 % of the diet . reptomin food sticks and trout chow also provide excellent nutrition , and may be offered regularly .
tri , ly ; thinh , phung ba ; huy , hoang duc ; stuart bryan l . ; and huy , hoang duc . 2009 . surveys to find the southern vietnamese box turtle ( cuora picturata ) in the wild .
kyaw moe , kalyar platt , khin myo myo , win ko ko , me me soe , and steven g . platt . 2013 . conservation of the burmese roofed turtle ( batagur trivittata ) along the upper chindwin river of myanmar .
lights are not just for warmth . aquatic turtles like the african sideneck benefit from ultraviolet lights , too , particularly from uvb rays . these rays give turtles vitamin d3 and can help them stay healthy . when placing uvb / uva lights , keep in mind that any plastic , plexi - glass , or glass blocking them will prevent the beneficial rays from reaching your turtle . also , uvb lights lose their uvb strength over time , even though the bulb continues to emit light . it’s a good idea to mark your calendar to change the uvb bulbs every 9 months .
a dry basking surface is necessary . commercial turtle docks and ramps work for smaller specimens , but large adults may sink anything that is not affixed to the glass with silicone adhesive . cork bark wedged between the aquarium’s sides is another option .
results of pcr reactions of 68 loci for 13 turtle species . gray cells indicate reactions that produced a single band . black cells indicate multiple bands or smears while white cells indicate no product . marker numbers correspond to those in online resource 1
jones , michael t . , lisabeth l . willey , thomas akre , rodrigo macip rios , erika gonzalez , and luis diaz gamboa . 2015 . community - based conservation of the yucatán box turtle ( terrapene yucatana ) , phase ii .
som , sitha ; chey , koulang ; sun , yoeung ; kim , chamnan ; kheng , sokhorn ; and sitha , prum . tremors psp 2009 . community - based nest protection for cantor’s giant softshell turtle in the mekong river , cambodia .
iucn / ssc tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group ; rhodin , anders g . j . 2007 . turtles on the brink in madagascar : a workshop on current status , conservation prioritization , and strategic action planning for madagascan tortoises and freshwater turtles .
fritz u , branch wr , gehring p - s , harvey j , kindler c , et al . . ( 2012 ) weak divergence among african , malagasy and seychellois hinged terrapins ( pelusios castanoides , p . subniger ) and evidence for human - mediated oversea dispersal . org divers evol : doi 10 . 1007 / s13127 - 012 - 0113 - 3 .