scinax altae is a species of frog in the family hylidae .

it is endemic to panama where it occurs in the pacific lowlands between the chiriquí province in the west and panamá province in the east .

the type series was collected by emmett reid dunn and his wife from " summit " in the panama canal zone in 1932 .

scinax altae

scinax altae ( a new combination ) was recognized as a species distinct from s . staufferi by duellman ( 2001 ) .
iucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2015 . scinax altae . the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t55925a54348119 . urltoken
this species was described by lutz ( 1973 ) and was subsequently thought to be a subspecies of scinax catherinae . scinax alcatraz was removed from synonymy with scinax catharinae by peixoto ( 1988 ) .
hyla staufferi altae — león , 1969 , univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . , 18 : 540 .
scinax altae — duellman and wiens , 1992 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 151 : 21 ( taxonomic change without discussion ) ; duellman , 2001 , hylid frogs middle am . , ed . 2 : 854 .
calls of two brazilian species of scinax of the s . ruber clade ( anura : hylidae )
the complex vocalization of scinax cardosoi ( anura : hylidae ) , with comments on advertisement calls in the s . ruber clade
jennifer hammock added an association between
belizean pine forests habitat
and
scinax staufferi ( cope , 1865 )
.
for discussion ( as hyla staufferi altae ) see duellman , 1970 , monogr . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas : 199–200 . in the scinax staufferi group . in the scinax ruber clade , unassigned to group , of faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 97 . köhler , 2011 , amph . cent . am . : 262–264 , provided a brief summary of natural history and identification key for the species of scinax in central america and provided a range map and photograph for this species .
scinax alcatraz is one of a number of species currently recognized in the s . perpusillus group ( including s . alcatraz , s . arduous , s . atratus , s . belloni , s . faivovichi , s . littoreus , s . melloi , scinax peixotoi , s . perpusillus
c . michael hogan marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
scinax staufferi ( cope , 1865 )
.
hyla altae dunn , 1933 , occas . pap . boston soc . nat . hist . , 8 : 61 . holotype : mcz 17972 , by original designation . type locality :
summit , panama canal zone
, panama . synonymy by taylor , 1952 , univ . kansas sci . bull . , 35 : 863 .
we describe a new species of the hylid frog genus scinax from the peruvian upper amazonian lowlands ( area of iquitos , region loreto , peru ) . the new species belongs to the scinax ruber clade and differs from all its members by having the dorsal skin slightly to coarsely shagreen , by lacking conspicuous ulnar and tarsal tubercles , and in life by having a distinct light olive - green coloration on dorsum , bright yellow flanks with distinct black spots , black posterior surfaces of thighs , and gold to bronze iris .
. . . one exception is the lowland rainforest bordered by the ucayali , amazon , yavarí , and blanco rivers ( fig . 1 ) . in recent years , surveys have uncovered several new species : scinax iquitorum ( moravec et al . 2009 ) , . . .
barrio - amorós , c . l . , orellana , a . & chacón , a . , 2004 . - a new species of scinax ( anura : hylidae ) from the andes of venezuela . j . herpetol . 38 ( 1 ) : 105 - 112 .
. . . the species scinax fuscomarginatus and s . madeirae ( recently removed from the synonymy of s . fuscomarginatus by brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) are phylogenetically closely related and morphologically similar species that offers a unique framework to study evolution and speciation processes . scinax fuscomarginatus has a wide distribution in open landscapes of south america , from the venezuelan , guianan and suriname lowlands throughout north and northwest brazil reaching the north of argentina , while s . madeirae is more restricted , occupying eastern amazonia ( state of rondônia , brazil ) and eastern bolivia ( brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) . . . .
a new species of scinax is described from the valleys of the argentine and bolivian andes . it is phenotypically intermediate between s . fuscovaria and s . nasica , differing from both of them by its size and mating call . / / / se describe una especie nueva de scinax procedente de los valles andinos argentinos y bolivianos , la cual presenta un fenotipo intermedio entre s . fuscovaria y s . nasica , pero difiere por su tamaño y sobre todo por su canto . considerando que la actual validez de algunos grupos de especies es muy dudosa , no se establece adscripción de la nueva especie a ninguno de ellos .
. . . promptly distinguishes the new species from larger species like scinax acuminatus , s . castroviejoi , s . eurydice , s . dolloi , s . fuscovarius , s . hayii , s . iquitorum , s . perereca , and s . sateremawe ( combined svl 34 . 0 - 52 . 0 ; see bokermann 1968 ; lutz 1973 ; cei 1980 ; de la riva 1993 ; pombal et al . 1995b ; moravec et al . 2009 ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) ; and from smaller species like s . altae , s . cabralensis , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , and s . villasboasi ( combined svl 15 . 7 - 26 . 7 ; see duellman 1970 ; duellman 1986 ; drummond et al . 2007 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . . . .
. . . promptly distinguishes the new species from larger species like scinax acuminatus , s . castroviejoi , s . eurydice , s . dolloi , s . fuscovarius , s . hayii , s . iquitorum , s . perereca , and s . sateremawe ( combined svl 34 . 0 - 52 . 0 ; see bokermann 1968 ; lutz 1973 ; cei 1980 ; de la riva 1993 ; pombal et al . 1995b ; moravec et al . 2009 ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) ; and from smaller species like s . altae , s . cabralensis , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , and s . villasboasi ( combined svl 15 . 7 - 26 . 7 ; see duellman 1970 ; duellman 1986 ; drummond et al . 2007 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . . . .
. . . see bokermann 1968 ; lutz 1973 ; cei 1980 ; de la riva 1993 ; pombal et al . 1995b ; moravec et al . 2009 ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) ; and from smaller species like s . altae , s . cabralensis , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , and s . villasboasi ( combined svl 15 . 7 - 26 . 7 ; see duellman 1970 ; duellman 1986 ; drummond et al . 2007 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . . . .
. . . as presently defined , the neotropical tree - frog scinax wagler , 1830 represents the second most species - rich ( 97 spp . ) genus within hylidae ( frost , 2009 ; moravec et al . , 2009 ; pugliese et al . , 2009 ) and recent phylogenetic studies ( morphologic and molecular ) have supported it as monophyletic group ( faivovich , 2002 ; faivovich et al . , 2005 ; salducci et al . , 2005 ) . species of scinax occur from southern mexico to east - central argentina , and are known from almost all major tropical and subtropical ecosystems within this region ( faivovich , 2002 ; frost , 2009 ) . . . .
. . . two species groups are recognized in the s . ruber clade—the s . rostratus and the s . uruguayus groups ; several other species remain unassigned to either of the species groups ( faivovich et al . 2005 ) . vocalizations ( particularly advertisement calls ) have supplemented species - level diagnoses in scinax ( de la riva 1993 , nunes et al . 2012 ) . scinax cardosoi ( carvalho - e - silva and peixoto 1991 ) was described from teresópolis ( rio de janeiro state ) and domingos martins ( espírito santo state ) , southeastern brazil , and is assigned to the s . ruber clade ( sensu faivovich et al . 2005 ) . . . .
. . . with nearly 70 currently recognized species , the genus scinax wagler , 1830 represents one of the most species - rich hylid genera in the neotropics . nevertheless , an increasing rate of new scinax species recognition in the few last years ( e . g . , fouquet et al . 2007 , brusquetti et al . 2014 sturaro and peloso 2014 ; araujo - vieira et al . 2015 ; araujovieira et al . 2016 ; juncá et al . 2015 ; ferrão et al . 2016 ) indicates that our knowledge of the actual species diversity in this genus is still very incomplete . similarly , despite an intensive research in the last decades ( e . g . . . .
. . . l . gonzales col . scinax castroviejoi de la riva , 1993 mnk a - 509 – paratipo : laguna de bermejo , provincia florida , departamento santa cruz , bolivia ( 18º 07 ' s y 63º 38 ' o , 1130 msnm ) . i . de la riva , c . tapia y j . ledezma cols . . . .
scinax alcatraz is a large - sized member of the s . perpusillus group ( males : 19 . 7–24 . 4 mm svl ; females 27 . 0–29 . 8 mm svl ) . like all members of the s . perpusillus group , s . alcatraz has extremely reduced webbing between toes ii and iii ( peixoto 1987 ) . the dorsal skin texture is smooth or has some scattered pustules ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) . hidden surfaces of limbs have yellow coloration ( leão 1950 ) . most scinax alcatraz have dorsal markings but some individuals do not ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) . inguinal glands are visible ( and present in both males and females ) , a character shared with s . perpusillus group members s . belloni and s . littoreus ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) . males have glandular nuptial pads ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) .
a new species of the scinax ruber clade is described from municipality of barra do garcas , state of mato grosso , brazil . it is diagnosed by its size ( svl 29 . 4 - 35 . 4 mm in males ) ; dorsum with a background that varies from light and dark gray to dark brown , with round and irregular dark blotches ; hidden surfaces of thigh and shank light or dark brown , with lighter , large and irregular blotches . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . the distribution pattern of amphibian species within biomes in alagoas matches with the known range of each species with the exception of scinax fuscomarginatus . although this species has been recorded only for two locations ( coruripe and passo de camaragibe municipalities ) in alagoas ' atlantic forest ( table 1 ) , it has a wide distribution ( leite jr . et al . , 2008 ; brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) . some species in our list are taxonomically uncertain and await more detailed systematic study . . . .
. . . the vocal sac single , median , subgular , and ventrally not reaching the pectoral region differentiates the new species from s . baumgardneri , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , s . manriquei , s . staufferi , s . villasboasi , and s . wandae ( large vocal sacs that reach the anterior pectoral region ; barrio - amor ? s et al . 2004 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) ; and s . camposseabrai , s . karenanneae , and s . sateremawe ( bilobed vocal sacs ; pyburn 1993 ; caramaschi & cardoso 2006 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) . scinax rossaferesae sp . . . .
. . . an examination of the holotype of hyla rubra inconspicua shows that it differs by the presence of small tubercles on the head , dorsum and limbs including the tarsal area ( see moravec et al . 2009 ) . the new species differs from s . iquitorum ( fig . 4b ) by snout truncate in dorsal view ( bluntly rounded ) , dentigerous processes of vomers triangular ( transverse ) , presence of conspicuous dark brown spots on dorsum ( small dark brown dots concentrated only on head and in areas of scapular and sacral blotches ) , light brown flanks with or without dark brown spots ( bright yellow flanks with numerous distinct round black spots ) , and by white long bones of hindlimbs ( green ; moravec et al . 2009 ) . scinax onca sp . . . .
. . . the snout , subovoid in dorsal view and slightly acuminate in profile of scinax rossaferesae sp . nov . , differs it from s . crospedospilus ( elongate in dorsal view ; lutz 1973 ) , s . nasicus , s . similis ( round in dorsal view and in profile in these species ) , s . squalirostris ( much more elongate in dorsal view and much more acuminate in profile ; lutz 1973 ) , and s . fuscomarginatus , and s . rogerioi ( protruding in profile in these species ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . also , it differs from s . nasicus and s . similis by having longer shanks ( tl / svl = 0 . 50 - 0 . 53 in the new species , n = 11 ; tl / svl = 0 . 43 - 0 . 48 , . . .
. . . the snout , subovoid in dorsal view and slightly acuminate in profile of scinax rossaferesae sp . nov . , differs it from s . crospedospilus ( elongate in dorsal view ; lutz 1973 ) , s . nasicus , s . similis ( round in dorsal view and in profile in these species ) , s . squalirostris ( much more elongate in dorsal view and much more acuminate in profile ; lutz 1973 ) , and s . fuscomarginatus , and s . rogerioi ( protruding in profile in these species ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . also , it differs from s . nasicus and s . similis by having longer shanks ( tl / svl = 0 . 50 ? 0 . 53 in the new species , n = 11 ; tl / svl = 0 . 43 ? 0 . 48 , n = 20 in s . nasicus , and tl / svl = 0 . 45 ? 0 . 48 in s . similis , n = 19 ) . . . .
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@ article { bhlpart19991 , title = { the systematics of the frogs of the hyla rubra group in middle america } , journal = { university of kansas publications , museum of natural history . } , volume = { 18 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { lawrence , university of kansas . } , author = { león , j r } , year = { 1969 } , pages = { 505 - - 545 } , }
ty - jour ti - the systematics of the frogs of the hyla rubra group in middle america t2 - university of kansas publications , museum of natural history . vl - 18 ur - urltoken pb - university of kansas . cy - lawrence , py - 1969 sp - 505 ep - 545 do - 10 . 5962 / bhl . part . 19991 sn - 0075 - 5036 au - león , j r er -
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
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subhumid pacific lowlands of panama from concepción , chiriquí province , to chepo in the lower bayano valley , panamá province , panama , below 700 m elevation .
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justification : listed as least concern since it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population .
this species is a panamanian endemic of the western pacific lowlands , azuero peninsula , central panama , and pacific lowlands .
it occurs in xeric , scrubby forest and in savannahs . it can occur in artificial habitats and presumably breeds in temporary ponds .
although there are no specific conservation measures in place , the species has been recorded from at least one protected area ( parque nacional altos de campana ) . further research is needed into the range , ecology and potential conservation measures .
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listed as least concern since it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population .
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department of zoology , national museum , 115 79 praha 1 , czech republic .
jacinto , region loreto , peru . photograph by w . e . duellman .
lopez , region loreto , peru . photograph by w . e . duellman .
ter of tympanum 2 . 0 , 1 . 8 , 1 . 0 .
natural ( santiago , chile ) 9 , no . 102 , 2 unnumbered pp .
ithaca , new york , xvi + 1159 , plates 1 - 92 ( 2 volumes ) .
org / herpetology / amphibia / index . php . ( 15 july , 2008 )
vitter - hets samhalles handligar ( 6 ) 1b ( 4 ) : 1 - 71 .
brazil : gnm 478 ( syntype ) : state of amazonas : vicinity of manaus .
peru : gnm 480 ( holotype ) : region de san martín : roque .
region loreto : explorama lodge , junction rio yanamono and rio amazonas , 180 m .
200 m ; voucher photo nmp6f 7 : region loreto , rio curaray , 01°45’40”s , 075°04’11”w .
mendras ) ; nmp6v 71151 : 23 km sw of iquitos : sacha mama ; nmp6v 71266 / 1 - 2 : 31 km sw of iquitos .
39363 : rio tambopata : zfmk 39366 : aguajalito ; rio tambopata : tres chimbadas .
71145 : 23 km sw of iquitos : sacha mama ; nmp6v 71265 : 31 km sw of iquitos .
. . . according to the original description , h . depressiceps differs from the new taxon in having black and whitish marbled limbs . an examination of the holotype of hyla rubra inconspicua shows that it differs by the presence of small tubercles on the head , dorsum and limbs including the tarsal area ( see moravec et al . 2009 ) . the new species differs from s . iquitorum ( fig . 4b ) by snout truncate in dorsal view ( bluntly rounded ) , dentigerous processes of vomers triangular ( transverse ) , presence of conspicuous dark brown spots on dorsum ( small dark brown dots concentrated only on head and in areas of scapular and sacral blotches ) , light brown flanks with or without dark brown spots ( bright yellow flanks with numerous distinct round black spots ) , and by white long bones of hindlimbs ( green ; moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .
. . . there are seven available names in the synonymy of s . ruber : hyla conirostris peters , 1863 ( type locality
surinam
) , hyla lateristriga spix , 1824 ( type locality : brazil , by implica - tion ) , hyla lineomaculata werner , 1899 ( type locality
arima , trinidad
) , hyla robersi - moni donoso - barros , 1965
1964
( type locality
pajonales al sur de macuro , penisula de paria , venezuela
) , hyla rubra hübneri melin , 1941 ( type locality
taracuá , rio uaupes
,
são gabriel , rio negro
, and
vicinity of manaus
, all localities in the state of ama - zonas , brazil ) , scytopis alleni cope , 1870 ( type locality state of pará , brazil , by lectotype designation of duellman and wiens 1993 ) , and scytopis cryptanthus cope , 1874 ( type locality
nauta
, region loreto , peru ) . according to their original descriptions , all these names are associated with specimens that have yellow blotches on the anterior and poste - rior surfaces of the thighs , and in some cases undersurfaces of tibiae ( moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .
. . . according to the original description , h . depressiceps differs from the new taxon in having black and whitish marbled limbs . an examination of the holotype of hyla rubra inconspicua shows that it differs by the presence of small tubercles on the head , dorsum and limbs including the tarsal area ( see moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .
. . . the new species differs from s . iquitorum ( fig . 4b ) by snout truncate in dorsal view ( bluntly rounded ) , dentigerous processes of vomers triangular ( transverse ) , pres - ence of conspicuous dark brown spots on dorsum ( small dark brown dots concentrated only on head and in areas of scapular and sacral blotches ) , light brown flanks with or without dark brown spots ( bright yellow flanks with numerous distinct round black spots ) , and by white long bones of hindlimbs ( green ; moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .
. . . reichle ( 2007 ) did not mention the species for bolivia , although it had already been reported from nacene , department beni , northern bolivia , by moravec & aparicio ( 2004 ) . moravec et al . ( 2009 ) reported another specimen of s . pedromedinae from 5 km ne of riberalta , department beni , bolivia . young ( 2007 ) , dealing with endemic species of the eastern slopes of the andes in peru and bolivia ( and adjacent amazonian lowlands ) , in his table mentioned s . pedromedinae from 12 localities but did not specify those localities . . . .
. . . gagliardiurrutia ( 2010 ) provided a picture of s . pedromedinae from the department loreto , but without detailed locality . frost ( 2011 ) gave as its distribution
upper amazon basin in extreme eastern peru , in the drainages of the río purus and río madre de dios
, apparently not considering gagliardi - urrutia ' s ( 2010 ) ( unspecified ) loreto , peru , record and specimens reported by moravec & aparicio ( 2004 ) and moravec et al . ( 2009 ) from northern bolivia . . . .
. . . the present findings show that s . pedromedinae is not a species endemic to peru , and do extend the range of the species considerably to the north and northeast of the peruvian localities reported by duellman & wiens ( 1993 ) and other authors . these new records and the material recently reported from northern bolivia ( moravec & aparicio , 2004 ; moravec et al . , 2009 ) suggest a continuous distribution of this species in the western amazon basin in eastern peru , western brazil ( and most likely also in adjacent colombia ) , and northern bolivia . this is the first time this species is reported from brazil and northern peru . . . .
. . . paratype : nmp p6v - 071267 / 3 , subadult specimen , collection data as for the paratype p6v - 071267 / 1 . remarks : the holotype ( musm 27577 ) is deposited in musm ( moravec et al . 2009b : 10 ) . . . .
we are describing the confirmed candidate species from purus - madeira interfluve ( southern amazonia ) . at the moment , we are working on three of the seven ccs from the study area . for one of them , we…
[ more ]
we describe a new species of pristimantis from lowland amazonia of the region loreto , northern peru . the new species is mainly characterized by its size ( svl 26 . 5 mm in male , 33 . 0 mm in female ) , shagreen dorsal skin , absence of dorsolateral folds , slightly areolate venter , presence of discoidal fold , presence of tympanic membrane including tympanic annulus , absence of vocal slits in males , . . . [ show full abstract ]
a new species of pristimantis ( amphibia , anura , craugastoridae ) from a montane forest of the pui pui . . .
a new species of frog of the genus pristimantis is described from a montane forest between 1700 and 1800 m a . s . l . of the pui pui protected forest ( región junín ) in central peru . pristimantis ashaninka sp . n . is described based on five adult females ( snout–vent length 23 . 1–26 . 7 mm ) and ten juveniles ( snout - vent length 10 . 6–13 . 4 ) . it differs from its congeners by having the skin on dorsum . . . [ show full abstract ]
a list of amphibian and reptile species recorded in the provincia madre de dios ( departamento pando , bolivia ) is presented . the broadhead ground snake atractus latifrons is reported from bolivia for the first time .
a new species of leptodactylid frog , genus phrynopus , is described from a polylepis - forest of the eastern andean slopes of central peru ( departamento de huánuco ) between 3420 and 3430 m above sea level . the new species is assigned to the phrynopus peruanus group and differs from all known species of the genus by having ventral surfaces of arms ( except hands ) , legs ( except feet ) , venter , chest . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . the only difference between the calls of these species is that the dominant frequency of s . eurydice is more common in the first band ( 0 . 85 khz ) whereas that of s . castroviejoi is more common in the second band ( 2 . 5 khz ) . as s . eurydice , males of s . castroviejoi also call from the ground or from vegetation at the edge of ponds ( de la riva , 1993 ) . . . .
. . . descriptions of color of live specimens are based on color slides . the order of characters in the diagnosis and description follows duellman ( 1986 ) and de la riva ( 1993 ) . . .
lynchius is a frog genus with four species distributed along the paramos and cloud forests of the andes of northern peru and southern ecuador . the genus remains a poorly known andean clade and , alt…
[ more ]
rediscovery and taxonomic status of telmatobius marmoratus gigas vellard , 1969
1968
( anura : lepto . . .
i redescribe the giant form telmatobius marmoratus gigas vellard , endemic to the cordillera de huayllamarca in the central altiplano of bolivia , from loth adults and tadpoles . and i elevate it to species status ; a neotype is designated .
a new reproductive mode for the genus adenomera ( amphibia : anura : leptodactylidae ) : taxonomic implic . . .
several observations on reproductive modes and advertisement calls in different populations of frogs of the genus adenomera were made in bolivia and paraguay . two populations were more thoroughly studied . in one of them , frogs reproduced in the water‐independent way that is already known in the genus . in the other population they reproduced in the same way as members of the leptodactylus . . . [ show full abstract ]
rediscovery , redescription , and advertisement call of eleutherodactylus heterodactylus ( miranda ribe . . .
eleutherodactylus heterodactylus was rediscovered in cerrado montane forest of eastern bolivia , 250–300 km airline from its type locality in brazil , in similar habitat . the advertisement call is described for the first time . this species shares morphological features with species of the eleutherodactylus binotatus and eleutherodactylus discoidalis groups but is not assigned to either group . . . [ show full abstract ]
taxonomy and distribution of the south american toad bufo poeppigii tschudi , 1845 ( amphibia , anura , . . .
the taxonomic status of the andean toad bufo poeppigii has been controversial since its description by tschudi in the 19th century , because of the similar appearance of the species with respect to bufo marinus , and the fact that both species may occur together in some localities at the foot of the andes . bufo poeppigii is a valid species occurring on the amazonian slopes of the andes , at least . . . [ show full abstract ]
taxonomic status of bufo simus o . schmidt , 1857 ( anura : bufonidae )
the taxonomic status of bufo shims schmidt , 1857 , is reviewed . comparisons of the lectotype with members of different species groups of south american bufo , reveal that b . simus is a junior synonym of bufo spinidosits wiegmann .
this species is known only from a single protected area that is in both so paulo and rio de janeiro states , in south - eastern brazil . it has been recorded above 500m asl , to at least 1 , 600m asl , although the upper limit of its altitudinal range is not known . it might occur more widely .
it is an island endemic and there are no other congeners present on ilha dos alcatrazes . s . alcatraz can be distinguished from s . peixotoi , which occurs on a different brazilian island ( ilha de queimada grande ) , by its larger size ( s . peixotoi males 18 . 8–20 . 7 mm svl , females 22 . 4–25 . 1 mm svl ) , narrower head , a loreal region that is not concave , less distinct canthus rostralis , less prominent eyes , shorter internarial distance , less rugose dorsal skin , and a less ornamented dorsum ( brasileiro et al . 2007a ) . s . alcatraz can be distinguished from s . faivovichi , which occurs on a third brazilian island ( ilha de porcos pequena ) , by its larger size , less protruding snout , less triangular head , less prominent eyes , less distinct canthus rostralis , a loreal region that is not concave , lack of dark stripes on the arms , and less patterned dorsum ( brasileiro et al . 2007c ) .
group was first proposed by peixoto ( 1987 ) and includes small species that reproduce exclusively in bromeliads and are distributed in atlantic tropical coastal forest , ranging from espirito santo to santa catarina , brazil . frogs in this group have extreme reduction in webbing between toes ii and iii ( peixoto 1987 ; faivovich 2002 ) .
other frog species present on the ilha dos alcatrazes include leptodactylus marmoratus and the insular species cycloramphus faustoi ( brasileiro et al . 2007b ) . l . marmoratus is a leaf - litter dweller , while c . faustoi is found in rock crevices .
this species ' geographic range is the caribbean versant of mexico , from central tamaulipas , southward along the atlantic coast to the yucatan peninsula to belize , guatemala , honduras and nicaragua . in the pacific , it is found from guerrero , the isthmus of tehuantepec , southward to northwestern costa rica ( 0 - 1 , 530m asl ) . it also occurs on the corn islands , nicaragua .
classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .
jennifer hammock added an association between
belizean pine forests habitat
and
jabiru mycteria
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
belizean pine forests habitat
and
amazona oratrix
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
belizean pine forests habitat
and
engystomops pustulosus ( cope , 1864 )
.
. . . given the success that we obtained in amplifying and sequencing a significant diversity of brazilian amphibians , which encompassed a broad range of phylogenetic diversity within anurans ( pyron & wiens 2011 ) , we believe that the new primers , combined with low extension temperatures in the pcr regime , may amplify the vast majority of amphibian species , or at least the anurans ( as we just tested a few species of gymnophiona and one caudata ) . indeed , the performance of primers anf1 + anr1 has been tested previous to the present study , and successfully amplified coi from treefrogs ( jungfer et al . 2013 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . likewise , the primer an - trna - w combined with a previous version of anr1 successfully amplified coi from euparkerella ( fusinatto et al . 2013 ) . . . .
. . . n = 20 in s . nasicus , and tl / svl = 0 . 45 - 0 . 48 in s . similis , n = 19 ) . the vocal sac single , median , subgular , and ventrally not reaching the pectoral region differentiates the new species from s . baumgardneri , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , s . manriquei , s . staufferi , s . villasboasi , and s . wandae ( large vocal sacs that reach the anterior pectoral region ; barrio - amorós et al . 2004 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) ; and s . camposseabrai , s . karenanneae , and s . sateremawe ( bilobed vocal sacs ; pyburn 1993 ; caramaschi & cardoso 2006 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) . . . .
. . . only when higher taxonomic levels are compared , for example , different species , genera , or families . this finding could be explained , in part , by the conservative nature of the molecular marker used—the 16s gene—which is commonly employed to separate different species ( fouquet et al . , 2007 ; brusquetti et al . , 2014 ; yang et al . , 2014 ; lourenço et al . , 2015 ) . although our dataset is limited , we observed that acoustic and genetic variation appears to be conserved among individuals distributed across human - altered landscapes . . . .
. . . in this study we use the term
sympatric
for localities , where both species where heard at the same site ( syntopic ) . as mentioned above , taxonomic status of those lineages was recently assessed by brusquetti et al . ( 2014 ) . their molecular phylogenetic analysis shows the bolivian sympatric populations of s . fuscomarginatus and s . madeirae in distant genetic subclades that suggests secondary contact ( stuart , inger and voris , 2006 ; inger , stuart and iskandar , 2009 ; brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) . . . .
. . . compared to the calls of congeneric species of the s ruber clade in the amazon basin , s . cruentommus can be distinguished from the species with long ( > 350 ms ; bilate and lack 2011 ) calls [ s . boesemani ( duellman 1986 ) , s . exiguus ( duellman 1986 ) , s . madeirae ( brusquetti et al . 2014 ) , and s . wandae ( pyburn . . .
we ' re currtenly describing tadpoles of many species , most of them are already in review and others in preparation . those include trachycephalus imitatrix , bokermannohyla ahenea , proceratophrys mant…
[ more ]
in this study , we will investigate how landscape changes on the biome scale can affect the composition of the atlantic forest amphibian communities .
field studies of vertebrates , with major interest in symbioses ( in a broad sense ) and other association types , feeding and defensive behaviors , urban fauna . presently focused on fishes , birds , and…
[ more ]
understanding the phenotypic and genotypic features in phyllomedusa in a context of integrative evolutionary analysis .
character displacement is commonly observed when species occur in secondary contact zones and traits related to resource competition or reproduction diverge in sympatry . however , few studies have considered the factors determining and delimiting the direction of character evolution in this context . we studied displacement in advertisement calls in two species of hylid frogs from allopatric and . . . [ show full abstract ]


the atlantic footballfish ( himantolophus groenlandicus ) , also known as the man-gobbler , is an anglerfish found in extreme depths of the ocean .

despite its name , this species lives in all oceans , but is primarily found in cold and temperate regions .

atlantic footballfish

the atlantic footballfish , is a species of footballfish found in the depths . atlantic footballfish were found in sperm whales in azores , indicating that sperm whales may be the main predators of footballfish . like other anglerfish females are much larger than males , females are 16 times bigger than males .
art illustration - oceans & seas - atlantic footballfish : ( himantolophus groenlandicus ) it is a deep - sea fish belonging to the family footballfish . … | pinteres…
atlantic footballfish , in - game simply known as football fish , is a species of friend footballfish in abyssrium . it was added in the v . 1 . 2 . 1 as part of the halloween event .
the atlantic football - fish is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list .
atlantic footballfish are rarely seen . they are a sort of angler fish with a growth that comes off the head to form a fish attracting lure . this specimen was recovered from the stomach of a large swordfish . evidentally this one no longer has its lure because of being eaten and slightly digested . they are named atlantic footballfish but they actually occur world wide . the scientific name is
himantolophus groenlandicus
! if i am wrong then it is a least in the genus himantolophus .
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) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
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the hall’s first section demonstrates that the ocean is more complex and diverse than we can easily grasp . there are translucent heteropods , small gelatinous creatures with bulbous black eyes — predators deceptively housed in lovely white nautilus - shaped shells . and there is the atlantic footballfish , a creature so grotesque with its gaping mouth and gnome’s complexion that its name could come from a desire to kick it .
sazima , i . & grossman , a . ( 2006 ) turtle riders : remoras on marine turtles in southwest atlantic . neotropical ichthyology 4 ( 1 ) : 123–126 .
welshman , d . , s . kohler , j . black and l . van guelpen . 2003 . an atlas of distributions of canadian atlantic fishes . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
is widely distributed in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones of the atlantic and possibly eastern indian oceans ( pietsch in press ) . in the atlantic it ranges from west greenland and iceland to norway at 70°n , 17°e , and south to the gulf of mexico and east to cape town , south africa . specimens were caught in nets fishing between 200 - 800 m with possibly shallower catches ( pietsch 2009 ) . vakily
scott , w . b . ; scott , m . g . ( 1988 ) . atlantic fishes of canada . canadian bulletin of fisheries and aquatic sciences . no . 219 . 731 pp . [ details ]
potter , i . f . & howell , w . h . ( 2010 ) vertical movement and behavior of the ocean sunfish , mola mola , in the northwest atlantic . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 396 ( 2 ) : 138–146 .
arronte , j . c . & pietsch , t . w . ( 2007 ) first record of himantolophus mauli ( lophiiformes : himantolophidae ) on the slope off asturias , central cantabrian sea , eastern north atlantic ocean . cybium 31 ( 1 ) : 85–86 .
klepladlo , c . ; hastings , p . a . ; rosenblatt , r . h . ( 2003 ) pacific footballfish , himantolophus sagamius ( tanaka ) ( teleostei : himantolophi - dae ) , found in the surf - zone at del mar , san diego county , california , with notes on its morphology . bulletin south california academy of sciences 102 ( 3 ) : 99–106 .
is widely distributed in the atlantic and possibly indian oceans where it occurs in the meso - bathypelagic zones . it is a deep - dwelling , rarely occurring species . it may occur as bycatch in trawl fisheries , but it is not utilized and has no major threats . it is therefore listed as least concern .
sims , d . w . ; queiroz , n . ; doyle , t . k . ; houghton , j . d . r . ; hays , g . c . ( 2009 ) satellite tracking of the world’s largest bony fish , the ocean sunfish ( mola mola l . ) in the north east atlantic . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 370 : 127–133 .
pietsch , t . w . ( 2003 ) himantolophidae . footballfishes ( deepsea anglerfishes ) . in : carpenter , k . e . ( ed . ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central atlantic . vol . 2 : bony fishes part 1 ( acipenseridae to grammatidae ) . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , rome . pp . 1060–1061 .
there are more than 200 species of anglerfish , most of which live in the murky depths of the atlantic and antarctic oceans , up to a mile below the surface , although some live in shallow , tropical environments . generally dark gray to dark brown in color , they have huge heads and enormous crescent - shaped mouths filled with sharp , translucent teeth . some angler fish can be quite large , reaching 3 . 3 feet in length . most however are significantly smaller , often less than a foot .
the very name of this pokémon is evidence that it was inspired on mola mola , the sunfish ( fig . 21 ) . moreover , alomomola , just like the sunfish , has a circular body with no caudal fin ( pope et al . , 2010 ) . the sunfish is the largest and heaviest bony fish in the world , weighting more than 1 , 500 kg ( freesman & noakes , 2002 ; sims et al . , 2009 ) . they inhabit the atlantic and pacific oceans , feeding mainly on zooplankton ( cartamil & lowe , 2004 ; potter & howell , 2010 ) .
greek , himas or himantos = leather strap , thong or leash ( referring to the thick leathery illicium ) + greek , lopho or lophio = crest or tuft ( referring to the baited illicium projecting from the head ) ( ref . 86949 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 830 - ? m ( ref . 13608 ) . deep - water
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 4 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 10299 ) ; 60 . 0 cm sl ( female )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 5 - 6 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 4 . illicium short , its base in advance of eye ; rays of pectoral and unpaired fins sparsely pigmented , except their bases black ; two pairs of swellings in the distal end of esca , almost equal in size and shape ( ref . 13608 ) .
dwarf males of 4 cm length apparently do not become parasitically attached to females .
pietsch , t . w . , 1986 . himantolophidae . p . 376 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths ' sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin . ( ref . 10299 )
) : 2 . 4 - 8 . 2 , mean 5 . 2 ( based on 238 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 3 ±0 . 75 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 49 of 100 ) .
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is known from at least 143 female specimens ( pietsch 2009 ) . members of the himantolophidae family are typically solitary and do not occur abundantly ( pietsch in press ) . museum collections indicate it is rare to uncommon with 28 lots and a maximum of one individual per lot ( accessed through www . fishnet2 . net ) .
himantolophus groenlandicus is a deep - sea fish that inhabits the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones . females have a maximum size of 46 . 5 cm sl and males have not yet been recorded . members of the himantolophidae family typically exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism where the males are diminutive in size compared to females . females attract prey with an elongate first dorsal spine that has been modified as a lure . males have highly developed sensory organs that allow them to find females at which point they will temporarily attach themselves to the body ( pietsch in press ) . vakily et al . ( 2002 ) describe h . groenlandicus as bathypelagic with a maximum size of 4 cm sl off of west africa .
himantolophus groenlandicus is not utilized ( pietsch in press ) . this species may be caught in trawls off of namibia ( bianchi et al . 1999 ) .
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kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
atlantinpallokrotti
to
himantolophus groenlandicus reinhardt , 1837
.
tock exchanges are also part of the capital market in that the . . .
stock exchanges are also part of the capital market in that th . . .
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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of himantolophus ranoides barbour , 1942 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of himantolophus reinhardti lütken , 1878 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of corynolophus globosus tanaka , 1918 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
habitat found to depths of 830 m , males apparently do not attach themselves to females . [ details ]
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moore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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looking like something out of a science fiction movie , the anglerfish uses a natural lure to draw its next meal nearer .
the angry - looking deep sea anglerfish has a right to be cranky . it is quite possibly the ugliest animal on the planet , and it lives in what is easily earth ' s most inhospitable habitat : the lonely , lightless bottom of the sea .
their most distinctive feature , worn only by females , is a piece of dorsal spine that protrudes above their mouths like a fishing poleâ€”hence their name . tipped with a lure of luminous flesh this built - in rod baits prey close enough to be snatched . their mouths are so big and their bodies so pliable , they can actually swallow prey up to twice their own size .
the male , which is significantly smaller than the female , has no need for such an adaptation . in lieu of continually seeking the vast abyss for a female , it has evolved into a permanent parasitic mate . when a young , free - swimming male angler encounters a female , he latches onto her with his sharp teeth . over time , the male physically fuses with the female , connecting to her skin and bloodstream and losing his eyes and all his internal organs except the testes . a female will carry six or more males on her body .
the anglerfish uses a shiny lure to bring prey within range of its sharp teeth . but it also has a weirdly clingy side - after finding a female , the male black devil angler latches on and never lets go !
information on himantolophus groenlandicus is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
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anko - san of the deep sea fish ( 深海魚のアンコさん , shinkaigyo no anko - san ) is a slice of life manga series by inuinu ( 犬犬 ) with yuri undertones . it’s about mermaids ! however , the mermaids are a little strange here . unlike the ordinary “generic fish tail” appearance , the mermaids in this tale take on the features of real life sea creatures , and their features don’t end at their tail fins .
cats aside , she has some issues with self - consciousness as well , and it’s thanks to otomi wakasa ( pictured above in the final panel ) that she’s become a little better . wakasa is a human and friend to anko , but before we continue let’s stop for a minute and talk about yuri .
as i mentioned in my review of hitoribocchi no oo seikatsu , i like yuri quite a bit . yuri is the japanese word for “lilies” , and in the context of manga / anime and such it is used to refer to a genre about lesbian romance . the name “yuri” might have its roots in the mirror opposite genre of “bara” ( meaning “rose” ) but , uh…i don’t like bara . i’m not going to discuss bara .
at any rate , yuri has a few settings , i think . there’s…let’s call them subtext yuri , standard yuri , and hard yuri , for simplicity’s sake . while i call standard yuri “standard” , the most common type you’re probably going to see is subtext yuri , which basically applies to anko - san . this is a setting of yuri where the way girls interact with one another might make you raise your eyebrow and think “are these two going to kiss or something ? ” , but as this is subtext it never goes beyond that . you’re not getting any kisses , just lustful stares , blushing , and maybe ( friendly ) confessions . i consider myself a pretty big yuri fan , so i’ll take it where i can get it and delve into subtext yuri regularly . that said , most of what i read is standard yuri .
putting it bluntly , standard yuri is what i’d like most subtext yuri to end up as . you might have heard “subtext yuri” referred to as “shoujo ai” to differentiate from this , but i don’t really know about that , and matters regarding the so - called “girls love” genre are contentious . anyway , this is outright homosexual romance between girls , no ifs ands or buts . forbidden love ! the purest form of love ! i like it , i love it , but this review isn’t the place to explain why .
returning to anko - san , the manga wastes no time establishing the yuri subtext , because wakasa is a… “fan” of mermaids .
now , although i share some of young wakasa - kun’s spirit on these matters , i don’t believe anko - san is just another slice of life series with some gay teasing . there are a lot of those . arguably every girl - based slice of life is such a series , and there is an appeal and comfort in that , but anko - san is more . i would call this a remarkable series , and a bit of a standout of its genre . i’m not about to call this manga a work of genius or something , but it’s definitely different , and not at all in a bad way .
before we get into that properly , i’ll briefly sum up the introduction of this series . after we meet wakasa and anko , the two characters go to school and encounter touna suzuki , a fighting fish ( betta ) mermaid and the third of the main characters that sticks around . her ( unwanted ) nickname is betako . she is a “rich girl” ( ojou ) sort of character and a tsundere . i’m not explaining what a tsundere is . you know what a tsundere is .
after dealing with betako anko’s day proceeds as usual until , during class , she starts suffering all of a sudden . we learn here that the reason mermaids are able to walk on land is due to taking something called mermaid medicine ( “mermeds” , as the translator for this series calls them ) and anko’s are running out . the medicine changes one’s tail fin into a pair of legs , and once it’s run out the fin returns . anko doesn’t want this to happen , especially not in front of others , because she’s embarrassed by her tail fin’s appearance . wakasa rushes her to the infirmary where she can get some medication , but it’s a little too late and her tail fin reappears .
after anko’s tail fin is exposed , the nurse of the infirmary ( a deep sea mermaid as well ) and wakasa surprise her by complimenting her fin with not a drop of sarcasm . the nurse explains that from its shine it’s clear anko takes great care of her fin , and wakasa is simply captivated by it entirely ( and not in the usual perverted way she reacts to mermaids ) . and so here we see a hint at what the series will mostly be about : helping mermaids with their problems .
i’d like to talk about yuri again , because of course i would , but first i should mention the fourth main character in this series . most slice of life series have four girls as the core group , for some reason ( it’s a precedent set by azumanga daioh ‘s notability , maybe ? ) , and anko - san isn’t an exception . it is a bit strange , though , in that the two aside from anko and wakasa don’t really get as much play as them . this is surely because of the “solve the problems” format of most of the chapters ; the ones where no real problems need solving feature a four man band as usual .
so yes , meet the last of the four : fukuda akame , a pufferfish mermaid .
the poor girl suffers from chuunibyou ( eighth - grade syndrome ) , a condition many have suffered from to some degree . it is characterized by feeling you are unique and incredibly special , and that you perhaps have magic powers . it is also worth noting that in cases of chuunibyou there is typically a distinct lack of shame . called “eighth - grade syndrome” because it tends to happen in middle school , young akame - kun has it in high school .
akame is definitely the least significant character out of the main characters , and the chuuni gimmick is one that can often be pretty obnoxious , but honestly akame is my favorite character in anko - san .
i don’t think she’s the best character , and i don’t even pair her with anyone in the series , but heck , she’s great . most of the times she appears she’s just doing something a bit peculiar in silence while making a face like this , and that’s enough to bring a smile to my face . she’s rather a coward but can also stand against intimidation despite herself ( like a pufferfish , i suppose ) and her design is…hm , puffy ( like a pufferfish , i suppose ) . therefore allow me to declare with all my might : akame is cute ! cute !
behold , the ship ( that is , heh , relationship for you uninitiated ) i support .
i didn’t really touch on betako before because the time simply wasn’t right . she’s actually my second favorite character in this series , and a big reason why is her relationship with the main character anko . anko and betako’s relationship is antagonistic . they almost , almost always fight when they happen to spend any length of time together ( usually instigated by betako’s insults ) . but really , their relationship , it’s like this :
i’m an absolute sucker for this sort of dynamic . it gets me every time , whether it’s hetero or homosexual in nature . i’m sure many of you have had this sensation overcome you when seeing two characters that constantly butt heads in fiction butt heads once more : the desire to shout “kiss already” . the reason for this is that like love , hate is passion . it’s surging and powerful emotion ! negative or positive , that’ll get your blood pumping . whether or not anko and betako will readily admit it , they enjoy their back and forth , and genuinely appreciate things about one another’s character .
two more things before the review ends . first , this series is not at the most secure of places with translations into english . the series ended at four volumes ( which makes me somewhat sad , by the way ) , but not even the second volume has been fully translated . i don’t have a bad opinion of scanlation , although i did think it might be a faux pas to mention it in a review context . then i remembered , doi , scanlation is how most people are introduced to series ! you can always buy volumes whether or not they’re translated ; it’s not as though reading a scanlation voids your ability to purchase the manga afterward ( in fact , buying the volumes is what those working on this series encourage you to do ) . so , if you are able and would like to assist at all , get in contact with the guy working on it . it seems the biggest hold ups , generally speaking , are getting quality raws and also translations themselves .
next time , i’ll be discussing what is widely regarded as one of the most important and seminal entries into the yuri canon . a true great . see you then !
nice review . definitely was a fun manga to read . also especially like how anko treat her tail fin
ha ha , and that’s how people tend to forget real animals are at the origin of the “cuteness” concept… herm , except perhaps the deep - sea fishes ? ? what a tease to rationalize this way the over - romanticized mermaid fantasy . diversity is the wealth of all ♫ ! i feel like i would enjoy that kind of quirky humor xd . thanks for reviewing !
amazing review and suggestion . this manga is gold ! thank you ( ^ _ ^ )
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augusto b . mendes 1 , felipe v . guimarães 2 , clara b . p . eirado - silva 1 & edson p . silva 1
2 universidade do estado do rio de janeiro , são gonçalo , rj , brazil .
emails : augustobarrosmendes ( at ) yahoo ( dot ) com ( dot ) br ; felipevieiragui ( at ) gmail ( dot ) com ; clara . eirado ( at ) gmail ( dot ) com ; gbmedson ( at ) vm ( dot ) uff ( dot ) br
the origin of pokémon goes back to two role - playing video games ( created by satoshi tajiri and released by nintendo for the game boy ; kent , 2001 ) : pokémon green and pokémon red , released in japan in 1996 . in the west , the green version never saw the light of day , but the red and blue versions were released in 1998 , selling together more than 10 million copies . also in 1998 , the yellow version of the game was released , which has as its most distinct feature the possibility of having pikachu ( the most famous pokémon ) walking side by side with the player in the game . pokémon green , red , blue and yellow are the so - called “first generation” of games in the franchise . today , the pokémon series is in its seventh generation , with 29 main games released , besides several spin - offs . the tv series , on the other hand , is in its sixth season , with more than 900 episodes .
the games and tv series take place in regions inhabited by many pokémon and humans . the mission of the protagonist is to win competitions ( “pokémon battles” ) against gym leaders who are spread across different cities and regions . for each victory , the protagonist receives a gym badge ; with eight badges , he / she is allowed to enter the pokémon league to try and become the champion .
for each generation , new pokémon ( and an entire new region ) are introduced . in this way , the creatures have a homeland , although most can appear in other regions as well ( schlesinger , 1999b ; whitehill et al . , 2016 ) . the seven main regions are : kanto , johto , hoenn , sinnoh , unova , kalos and alola .
in every region , there are numbered routes that connect cities and landmarks and in which the protagonist travels , finding the monsters in their natural habitats and interacting with other characters . these routes comprise a great range of environments , such as forests , caves , deserts , mountains , fields , seas , beaches , underwater places , mangroves , rivers and marshes , which usually display a huge diversity of pokémon .
in addition to winning the pokémon league , the protagonist must complete the pokédex , a digital encyclopedia of pokémon . in other words , the trainer must catch all the pokémon that live in that region , registering each capture in the pokédex . each pokémon has a registry number and an entry text in the pokédex . pokémon are usually found in nature , and may be captured with a device called “pokéball” . pokéballs are small enough to fit in a pocket , hence the name “pocket monsters” ( whitehill et al . , 2016 ) .
in the present work , the pokémon world was approached by analogies with the real natural world , establishing parallels with actual animals .
based on these obvious connections between real fishes and pokémon , the aim of this work is to describe the ichthyological diversity found in pokémon based on taxonomic criteria of the classification of real fishes . ultimately , our goal is to offer useful material for both teaching and the popularization of science .
table 1 . taxonomic classification of the fish pokémon . abbreviations : ch = chondrichthyes ; gn = gnathostomata ; pe = petromyzontomorphi ; pt = petromyzontida ; os = osteichthyes . all images obtained from the official pokémon website ( 2016 ) .
the first step of our research was a search in the pokédex ( the official pokémon website , 2016 ) for pokémon which were related to fishes . the criterion used was the pokémon’s morphology ( resemblance to real fishes ) . afterwards , the “fish pokémon” were classified to the lowest taxonomic level ( preferably species , but when not possible , genus , family or even order ) .
this classification of the pokémon allowed the comparison of biological data ( such as ecological , ethological , morphological traits ) from bulbapedia ( 2017 ) with the current knowledge on real fishes ( e . g . , nelson et al . , 2016 ) . bulbapedia is a digital community - driven encyclopedia created in 2004 and is the most complete source regarding the pocket monsters .
the final step was a search in online scientific databases ( fishbase , froese & pauly , 2016 ; and catalog of fishes , eschmeyer et al . , 2016 ) in order to obtain the current and precise taxonomy and additional information on habitats , ecology etc . of the fish species .
in the present work , the taxonomic classification used was that proposed by nelson et al . ( 2016 ) , who consider the superclasses petromyzontomorphi ( which includes the class petromyzontida , that is , the lampreys ) and gnathostomata ( the jawed vertebrates ) . gnathostomata , in turn , includes the classes chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fishes ) and osteichthyes ( bony fishes ) . along with this classification , we used the classification proposed by the database itis ( integrated taxonomic information system , 2016 ) for comparison at all taxonomic levels . following identification , the “fish pokémon” were described regarding their taxonomic and ecological diversity .
as a result of our search , 34 fish pokémon were identified ( circa 4 % of the total 801 pokémon ; table 1 ) and allocated in two superclasses , three classes , eighteen orders , twenty families and twenty - two genera . eighteen of the 34 fish pokémon ( circa 53 % ) could be identified to the species level ( table 2 ) . the features of the real fishes which probably inspired the creation of the pokémon and other relevant information are described below for each species . to enrich the comparisons , images of the pokémon ( obtained from the pokédex of the official pokémon website ; urltoken ) and of the real fishes ( illustrations by one of us , c . b . p . eirado - silva ) follow the descriptions .
the pokémon horsea and seadra ( fig . 1 ) , which debuted in the first generation of the franchise , were based on seahorses . the long snout , ending in a toothless mouth ( foster & vincent , 2004 ) , the prehensile , curved tail ( rosa et al . , 2006 ) and the salient abdomen are features of the real fishes present in these pokémon . seahorses belong to the genus hippocampus , presently composed of 54 species ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) . the males have a pouch in their bellies where up to 1 , 000 eggs are deposited by the females . in this pouch , the eggs are fertilized and incubated for a period ranging from 9 to 45 days ( foster & vincent , 2004 ) . due to overfishing for medicinal and ornamental purposes , as well habitat destruction , about 33 species of seahorses are considered threatened ( rosa et al . , 2007 , castro et al . , 2008 ; kasapoglu & duzgunes , 2014 ) .
goldeen and seaking ( fig . 2 ) were based on the goldfish . this species is one of the most common ornamental fishes worldwide ( soares et al . , 2000 ; moreira et al . , 2011 ) and it is widely used in studies of physiology and reproduction due to its docile behavior and easy acclimatization to artificial conditions ( bittencourt et al . , 2012 ; braga et al . , 2016 ) . the resemblance between the goldfish and the pokémon include morphological features , such as the orange / reddish color and the long merged fins , and the name “goldeen” . the name seaking , on the other hand , may be a reference to another common name of the species , “kinguio” , from the japanese “kin - yu” ( ortega - salas & reyes - bustamante , 2006 ) .
possibly the most famous fish pokémon , magikarp ( fig . 3 ) was based on a common carp , a species present in europe , africa and asia , widely used in pisciculture due to its extremely easy acclimatization to many freshwater environments and the high nutritional value of its meat ( stoyanova et al . , 2015 ; mahboob et al . , 2016 ; voigt et al . , 2016 ) . in some regions of the planet , such as brazil , the common carp is considered an invasive species , as it was inadvertently released in the wild and poses a threat to the native aquatic fauna ( smith et al . , 2013 ; contreras - macbeath et al . , 2014 ) .
the shared traits between the pokémon and the real fish are many : the rounded mouth , the lips , the strong orange color and the presence of barbels ( “whiskers” ) ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) . in china , the common carp is praised as an animal linked to honor and strength , due of its ability to swim against the current ; an ancient legend tells about carps that swim upstream , entering through a portal and transforming into dragons ( roberts , 2004 ) . in pokémon , magikarp evolves into gyarados , which resembles a typical chinese dragon .
qwilfish ( fig . 5 ) was based on porcupinefishes , more likely those of the genus diodon , which present coloring and spines most similar to this pokémon . besides the distinctive hard , sharp spines ( fujita et al . , 1997 ) , porcupinefishes have the ability to inflate as a strategy to drive off predators ( raymundo & chiappa , 2000 ) . as another form of defense , these fishes possess a powerful bacterial toxin in their skin and organs ( lucano - ramírez et al . , 2011 ; ravi et al . , 2016 ) . accordingly , qwilfish has both water and poison types .
remoraid was based on a remora ( fig . 6 ) , a fish with a suction disc on its head that allows its adhesion to other animals such as turtles , whales , dolphins , sharks and manta rays ( fertl & landry , 1999 ; silva & sazima , 2003 ; friedman et al . , 2013 ; nelson et al . , 2016 ) . this feature allows the establishment of a commensalisc or mutualisc relationship of transportation , feeding and protection between the adherent species and its “ride” ( williams et al . , 2003 ; sazima & grossman , 2006 ) . the similarities also include the name of the pokémon and the ecological relationship they have with other fish pokémon : in the same way remoras keep ecological relationships with rays , remoraid does so with mantyke and mantine ( pokémon based on manta rays ; see below ) .
the pokémon mantyke and its evolved form mantine ( fig . 7 ) were probably based on manta rays of the species manta birostris , which inhabits tropical oceans ( duffy & abbot , 2003 ; dewar et al . , 2008 ) and can reach more than 6 meters of wingspan , being the largest species of ray in existence ( homma et al . , 1999 ; ari & correia , 2008 ; marshall et al . , 2008 ; luiz et al . , 2009 ; nelson et al . , 2016 ) . the similarities between the pokémon and the real fish are : the body shape , the color pattern , the large and distinctive wingspan and even the names .
kingdra and skrelp ( fig . 8 ) were based on the common seadragon . the resemblances between these pokémon and the real fish species include the leaf - shaped fins that help the animals to camouflage themselves in the kelp “forests” they inhabit ( sanchez - camara et al . , 2006 ; rossteuscher et al . , 2008 ; sanchez - camara et al . , 2011 ) , and the long snout . also , the secondary type of kingdra is dragon . although both are based on the common seadragon , kingdra and skrelp are not in the same “evolutionary line” in the game .
common seadragons , as the seahorses mentioned above , are of a particular interest to conservationists , because many species are vulnerable due to overfishing , accidental capture and habitat destruction ( foster & vincent , 2004 ; martin - smith & vincent , 2006 ) .
piranhas of the genus pygocentrus possibly were the inspiration for the creation of carvanha ( fig . 9 ) , a pokémon of voracious and dangerous habits . the main feature shared by the real fish and the pokémon is the color pattern : bluish in the dorsal and lateral areas , and reddish in the ventral area ( piorski et al . , 2005 ; luz et al . , 2015 ) .
it is worthwhile pointing out that , despite what is shown in movies and other media , piranhas do not immediately devour their prey ; instead , they tear off small pieces , bit by bit , such as scales and fins ( trindade & jucá - chagas , 2008 ; vital et al . , 2011 ; ferreira et al . , 2014 ) .
sharpedo ( fig . 10 ) , according to its morphological traits ( elongated fins ) , was possibly based on sharks of the order carcharhiniformes , the largest group of sharks , with 216 species in 8 families and 48 genera . fishes in this order are common in all oceans , in both coastal and oceanic regions , and from the surface to great depths ( gomes et al . , 2010 ) . several species of carcharhiniformes are in the iucn’s ( international union for conservation of nature ) endangered species list ( a . k . a . “red list” ) due to overfishing , as their fins possess high commercial value ( cunningham - day , 2001 ) .
whiscash ( fig . 12 ) was based on the japanese mythological creature namazu , a gigantic catfish that inhabits the underground realm and is capable of creating earthquakes ( ashkenazi , 2003 ) . namazu also names the pokémon in the japanese language ( “ namazun ” ) . in japan , fishes of the genus silurus are usually associated with this mythological creature and even the common name of these fishes in that country is “ namazu ” ( yuma et al . , 1998 ; malek et al . , 2004 ) . in addition , the physical traits of the silurus catfishes also present in whiscash are the long barbels ( or “whiskers” , hence the name whiscash ) and the robust body ( kobayakawa , 1989 ; kiyohara & kitoh , 1994 ) . in addition to the water type , whiscash is also ground type , which is related to namazu’s fantastic ability of creating earthquakes .
the pokémon feebas ( fig . 13 ) , a relatively weak fish ( as its name implies ) , was possibly based on a largemouth bass , a freshwater fish native to north america ( hossain et al . , 2013 ) . the species was introduced in many countries and is often considered a threat to the native fauna ( welcomme , 1992 ; hickley et al . , 1994 ; godinho et al . , 1997 ; garcía - berthou , 2002 ) . similarities between feebas and the largemouth bass include the large , wide mouth and the brownish coloration , with darker areas ( brown et al . , 2009 ) .
often praised as the most beautiful pokémon of all ( bulbapedia , 2017 ) , milotic ( fig . 14 ) certainly lives up to its title . their long reddish eyebrows were based on the first elongated rays of the dorsal fin of regalecus species ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) , which also share the reddish color of the dorsal fin ( carrasco - águila et al . , 2014 ) . other similarities between the oarfish and the pokémon are the elongated body ( some oarfishes can grow larger than 3 . 5 m ) and the spots scattered on the body ( chavez et al . , 1985 ; balart et al . , 1999 ; dulčić et al . , 2009 ; ruiz & gosztonyi , 2010 ) .
probably based on fishes of the genus monognathus , which have a large mandible and a long dorsal fin ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) , huntail ( fig . 15 ) is one of the possible evolutionary results of the mollusk pokémon clamperl ( the other possibility is gorebyss ; see below ) . according to raju ( 1974 ) , fishes of the genus monognathus live in great depths and have a continuous dorsal fin that ends in an urostyle ( “ uro ” comes from the greek language and means “tail” , an element also present in the pokémon’s name ) .
the serpentine body and the thin beak - shaped jaw of gorebyss ( fig . 16 ) are features of fishes belonging to the family nemichthyidae ( nielsen & smith , 1978 ) . these fishes inhabit tropical and temperate oceans and can be found in depths up to 4 , 000 meters , in the so - called “abyssal zone” ( cruz - mena & anglo , 2016 ) . the pokémon’s name may be a reference to such habitat .
the silver - pinkish coloration , the peculiar mouth formed by strong lips and the habit of “kissing” other individuals of their species ( which is actually a form of aggression ! ) are features of the kissing gourami ( sterba 1983 ; sousa & severi 2000 ; sulaiman & daud , 2002 ; ferry et al . , 2012 ) that are also seen in luvdisc ( fig . 18 ) . helostoma temminckii is native to thailand , indonesia , java , borneo , sumatra and the malay peninsula ( axelrod et al . , 1971 ) , but due to its use an ornamental fish and the irresponsible handling by fishkeepers , it has been introduced in other parts of the world ( magalhães , 2007 ) .