calomera is a genus of ground beetles native to the palearctic , the near east and northern africa .

it contains the following species : calomera alboguttata klug , 1832 calomera angulata fabricius , 1798 calomera aulica dejean , 1831 calomera brevipilosa w. horn , 1908 calomera cardoni fleutiaux , 1890 calomera caucasica m. f. adams , 1817 calomera chloris hope , 1831 calomera concolor dejean , 1822 calomera crespignyi bates , 1871 calomera decemguttata fabricius , 1801 calomera diania tschitscherine , 1903 calomera durvillei dejean , 1831 calomera fischeri m. f. adams , 1817 calomera funerea macleay , 1825 calomera littoralis fabricius , 1787 calomera lugens dejean , 1831 calomera lunulata fabricius , 1781 calomera mamasa cassola & brzoska , 2008 calomera plumigera w. horn , 1892 calomera sturmi menetries , 1832

calomera

valter jacinto marked
escaravelho / / ground beetle ( calomera littoralis subsp . littoralis )
as trusted on the
calomera littoralis littoralis
page .
sampling localities for calomera littoralis in the north - eastern mediterranean and pontic regions .
escaravelho / / beetle ( calomera littoralis subsp . littoralis ) by valter jacinto | portugal
escaravelho / / ground beetle ( calomera littoralis subsp . littoralis ) by valter jacinto | portugal
no one has contributed data records for calomera littoralis littoralis yet . learn how to contribute .
calomera littoralis nemoralis ( olivier , 1790 ) syn . : lophyridia littoralis nemoralis ( olivier , 1790 ) by udo schmidt
calomera littoralis is a palearctic species , widely distributed in europe ; inhabiting predominantly its atlantic , mediterranean and black sea coastlines .
in this beautiful np i found 5 differnt tiger beetles ; this calomera species was abundent on sandy patches close to a creek .
( a ) general distribution of calomera littoralis in europe shown as red - shaded area . ( b ) picture of calomera littoralis beetle . ( c ) sampling sites in balkan peninsula , black sea region and turkey shown as black dots . localities coded as in .
background . calomera littoralis is a palearctic species , widely distributed in europe ; inhabiting predominantly its atlantic , mediterranean and black sea coastlines .
( a ) general distribution of calomera littoralis in europe shown as red - shaded area . ( b ) picture of calomera littoralis beetle . ( c ) sampling sites in balkan peninsula , black sea region and turkey shown as black dots . localities coded as in table 1 .
pleistocene phylogeography and cryptic diversity of a tiger beetle , calomera littoralis , in north - eastern mediterranean and pontic regions inferred from mitochondrial coi gene sequences .
pleistocene phylogeography and cryptic diversity of a tiger beetle , calomera littoralis , in north - eastern mediterranean and pontic regions inferred . . . - pubmed - ncbi
( a ) automatic barcode gap discovery ( abgd ) analysis of calomera littoralis and ( b ) results of principal component analysis performed for investigated specimens on main body dimensions .
versatile and stylish wear designed with new mothers in mind , calomera combines comfort with function tooffer breastfeeding mothers the confidence and discretion they need in feeding their precious ones while out and about .
calomera maculicollis , very eager to get away from me . combined with the wind , this was a very frustrating photo to take . my walk was quite interesting though , as there were trees down all over the place .
i ' ve been seeing another calomera species ? ( with the orange stripe down their back ) in force on the acacias for a couple of months , but they seem to have disappeared . in their place these are in abundance .
if it ' s been difficult to find nursing tops that are comfortable yet stylish at the same time , look no further . calomera offers beautiful outfits specially for nursing moms ! loose fit round neckline nursing access with slip closure both side long sleeves model is 175 cm tall model is wearing uk 8 material : neoprene
if it ' s been difficult to find nursing tops that are comfortable yet stylish at the same time , look no further . calomera offers beautiful outfits specially for nursing moms ! loose fit round neckline concealed zipper nursing access at the sides long sleeves model is 175 cm tall model is wearing uk 8 material : dull satin
if it ' s been difficult to find nursing tops that are comfortable yet stylish at the same time , look no further . calomera offers beautiful outfits specially for nursing moms ! loose fit round neckline nursing access with slip closure both side long sleeves model is 175 cm tall model is wearing uk 8 material : neoprene and chiffon
if it ' s been difficult to find nursing tops that are comfortable yet stylish at the same time , look no further . calomera offers beautiful outfits specially for nursing moms ! loose fit round neckline nursing access with slip closure both side long sleeves model is 175 cm tall model is wearing uk 8 material : neoprene and chiffon
in total , 169 imagines of calomera littoralis were collected with entomological hand net on 43 sites on the mediterranean coasts of the balkan peninsula , crete and turkey as well as on the northern and western coast of the black and azov seas , in the years 2009–2012 ( fig . 1 and table 1 ) . at a site the material was fixed in 96 % ethanol for dna preservation . taxonomic identification of the collected material followed mandl ( 1981 )
taking into account the history of recurrent closing and reopening of the connection between the mediterranean and the black sea in the pleistocene , we hypothesised that it should leave a signature in genetic and possibly morphological polymorphism of calomera littoralis , which is commonly found around both sea basins . thus , we aimed at ( 1 ) exploring and comparing spatial patterns of molecular and morphological diversity of this species in the mediterranean and pontic region , ( 2 ) interpreting the observed patterns in the context of local paleogeography .
to reveal the temporal framework for the divergence of the otus ( potential cryptic species ) defined within calomera littoralis , the time calibrated phylogeny was reconstructed in beast , version 1 . 8 . 1 ( drummond et al . , 2012 ) . a coi sequence of calomera lugens aphrodisia baudi di selve 1864 from genbank ( accession number kc963733 ) was used as an outgroup . this analysis was performed on a reduced dataset , containing only the most distant haplotypes from each otu . hasegawa–kishino–yano ( hky ) model of evolution , selected as best - fitting to our dataset in mega 6 . 2 , and coalescent model were set as tree priors . the strict clock with rate 0 . 0115 , widely used for phylogenetic studies upon insects , was applied for the analyses ( brower , 1994 ) . five runs of 20 m iterations of markov chain monte carlo ( mcmc ) sampled each 2000 iterations were performed . the runs were examined using tracer v 1 . 6 and all sampled parameters achieve sufficient effective sample sizes ( ess > 200 ) . tree files were combined using log - combiner 1 . 8 . 1 ( drummond et al . , 2012 ) , with removal of the non - stationary 20 % burn - in phase . the maximum clade credibility tree was generated using treeannotator 1 . 8 . 1 ( drummond et al . , 2012 ) .
the tiger beetle , calomera littoralis ( fabricius , 1787 ) , is widely distributed in palaearctic , from the iberian peninsula and morocco in the west to the middle asia and russian far east in the east ( putchkov & matalin , 2003 ; serrano , 2013 ; jaskuła , 2011 ; jaskuła , 2015 ) . generally , it is recognised as euryoecious ( jaskuła , 2011 ; jaskuła , 2013 ; jaskuła , 2015 ) . however , in europe it occupies predominantly the very narrow stretch of atlantic , mediterranean and black sea coastal habitats ( cassola & jaskuła , 2004 ; franzen , 2006 ; jaskuła , 2007a ; jaskuła , 2007b ; jaskuła , peśić & pavicević , 2005 ; serrano , 2013 ) .
( a ) maximum clade credibility chronogram with a strict molecular clock model inferred from coi sequences . the numbers next to the respective node indicate bayesian posterior probabilities higher than 0 . 5 . ( b ) mismatch plots for southern and northern lineage . thin solid lines indicate expected frequency under model of population demographic expansion , thick solid lines represent observed frequency , and dashed lines indicate 95 % confidence intervals for the observed mismatch . ssd , sum of squared deviation ; r , harpending’s raggedness index ; d , tajima’s d . ( c ) bayesian skyline plots for southern and northern lineages of calomera littoralis . solid lines indicate the median posterior effective population size through time ; dashed lines indicate the 95 % highest posterior density interval for each estimate .
a total of 81 haplotypes were identified in the dataset composed of 169 individuals from 43 sites from the mediterranean and the pontic areas ( table 1 ) . the phylogenetic network illustrating phylogenetic relationships among haplotypes ( fig . 4 ) uncovered presence of two distinct haplotype groups ( phylogenetic lineages ) . the first group , from now on defined as southern lineage , includes 36 haplotypes present all over the studied range including the balkan peninsula and the pontic area . the other group , from now on defined as northern lineage , is composed of 45 haplotypes present exclusively along the north - western coast of the black sea . the mean k2p genetic distance between both groups of haplotypes is relatively high ( 0 . 039 , sd 0 . 007 ) . both variants of the abgd analysis resulted in partitioning of the dataset into two otus , that may represent distinct operational taxonomic units—potential cryptic species or subspecies within calomera littoralis in the studied area ( fig . 3a ) .
to provide insight into historical demography , i . e . , the temporal changes of the effective population size of calomera littoralis in the studied region , we performed bayesian skyline plot ( bsp ) analysis ( drummond et al . , 2005 ) in beast , version 1 . 8 . 1 ( drummond et al . , 2012 ) . separate analysis was performed for each of the two phylogenetic lineages revealed in our study ( see ‘results’ ) . the northern lineage was represented by 84 individuals from 22 localities , while the southern lineage was represented by 85 individuals from 32 localities . the hky + i model of evolution was used as the best fitting model in case of the eastern lineage , while tn93 + i was used in case of the western lineage . two runs of mcmc , 20 m iterations long sampled each 2000 iterations , were performed . in both cases the runs were examined using tracer v 1 . 6 ( drummond et al . , 2012 ) and all sampled parameters achieved sufficient effective sample sizes ( ess > 200 ) .
maintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .
your subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .
this project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .
© carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
javascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .
© 2018 iprice group sdn bhd ( 1113954 - d ) . all rights reserved .
the prices stated may have increased since the last update . unfortunately it is not possible for us to update the prices on our website in real - time . should a shop not offer prices in your local currency , we may calculate the displayed price on daily updated exchange rates .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
jaskuła r 1 , rewicz t 2 , płóciennik m 1 , grabowski m 1 .
department of invertebrate zoology and hydrobiology , university of lodz , łódź , poland .
laboratory of microscopic imaging and specialized biological techniques , university of lodz , łódź , poland .
its phylogeography on the balkan peninsula and on the north - western black sea coast was inferred using a 697 bp long portion of the mitochondrial coi gene , amplified from 169 individuals collected on 43 localities .
the results revealed two genetically divergent groups / lineages , the southern one inhabiting both the balkan peninsula and the pontic region and the northern one found exclusively in the pontic region . species delimitation based on dna barcoding gap suggested an interspecific level of divergence between these groups . multivariate analysis of eight male and female morphometric traits detected no difference between the groups , implying they may represent cryptic species . the bayesian time - calibrated reconstruction of phylogeny suggested that the lineages diverged ca . 2 . 3 ma , in early pleistocene .
the presence of the two genetically divergent groups results most likely from contemporary isolation of the pontic basin from the mediterranean that broke the continuous strip of coastal habitats inhabited by c . littoralis . demographic analyses indicated that both lineages have been in demographic and spatial expansion since ca . 0 . 15 ma . it coincides with the terminal stage of mis - 6 , i . e . , wartanian / saalian glaciation , and beginning of mis - 5e , i . e . , eemian interglacial , during which , due to eustatic sea level rise , a wide connection between mediterranean and the pontic basin was re - established . this , along with re - appearance of coastal habitats could initiate north - east expansion of the southern lineage and its secondary contact with the northern one . the isolation of the pontic basin from the mediterranean during the weichselian glaciation most likely did not have any effect on their phylogeography .
pmid : 27547517 pmcid : pmc4958013 doi : 10 . 7717 / peerj . 2128
1 , rml—right mandible length ; 2 , lh—length of head ; 3 , wh—width of head ; 4 , pl—pronotum length ; 5 , mpw—maximum pronotum width ; 6 , el—elytra length ; 7 , mew—maximum elytra width ; 8 , tbl—total body length .
sl , southern lineage ; nl , northern lineage ; rml , right mandible length ; wh , width of head ; lh , length of head ; mpw , maximum pronotum width ; pl , pronotum length ; el , elytra length ; mew , maximum elytra width ; tbl , total body length . both in abgd and pca analyses 169 specimens from 43 sites from the mediterranean and the pontic areas were used .
( a ) geographic distribution of haplogroups from southern ( blue circles ) and northern ( yellow circles ) lineages and ( b ) median joining network of 81 detected coi haplotypes showing southern ( blue shading ) , and northern ( yellow shading ) lineages .
format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
finds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
note that a preprint of this article also exists , first published april 30 , 2016 .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .
methods . its phylogeography on the balkan peninsula and on the north - western black sea coast was inferred using a 697 bp long portion of the mitochondrial coi gene , amplified from 169 individuals collected on 43 localities .
results . the results revealed two genetically divergent groups / lineages , the southern one inhabiting both the balkan peninsula and the pontic region and the northern one found exclusively in the pontic region . species delimitation based on dna barcoding gap suggested an interspecific level of divergence between these groups . multivariate analysis of eight male and female morphometric traits detected no difference between the groups , implying they may represent cryptic species . the bayesian time - calibrated reconstruction of phylogeny suggested that the lineages diverged ca . 2 . 3 ma , in early pleistocene .
discussion . the presence of the two genetically divergent groups results most likely from contemporary isolation of the pontic basin from the mediterranean that broke the continuous strip of coastal habitats inhabited by c . littoralis . demographic analyses indicated that both lineages have been in demographic and spatial expansion since ca . 0 . 15 ma . it coincides with the terminal stage of mis - 6 , i . e . , wartanian / saalian glaciation , and beginning of mis - 5e , i . e . , eemian interglacial , during which , due to eustatic sea level rise , a wide connection between mediterranean and the pontic basin was re - established . this , along with re - appearance of coastal habitats could initiate north - east expansion of the southern lineage and its secondary contact with the northern one . the isolation of the pontic basin from the mediterranean during the weichselian glaciation most likely did not have any effect on their phylogeography .
the eastern mediterranean , including the pontic area , is recognised as one of the major biodiversity and endemism hot spots on a global scale , as well as a major glacial refugium in europe ( e . g . , myers et al . , 2000 ; kotlík , bogutskaya & ekmekçi , 2004 ; blondel et al . , 2010 ) . among others , it is a consequence of complex geological history of the region that was an archipelago and united with rest of the european continent only in neogene ( pfiffner , 2014 ) . on the other hand , a shallow epicontinental sea , paratethys , occupied vast areas of the continent and regressed gradually leaving relics , such as black , azov and caspian sea ( nahavandi et al . , 2013 ) . local isostatic and eustatic changes of sea level were among superior phenomena shaping local landscapes . for example , there were at least twelve saline water intrusions from the mediterranean sea , and eight intrusions from the caspian lake to the black sea during the last 0 . 67 million years ( ma ) i . e . , in pleistocene ( badertscher et al . , 2011 ) . inevitably , they played an important role in modelling diversity and distribution patterns for numerous organisms , particularly those inhabiting coastal ecosystems both in the mediterranean and in the pontic area . however , the evidence comes mostly from aquatic , predominantly marine or brackish water , taxa ( e . g . , audzijonyte , daneliya & vainola , 2006 ; neilson & stepien , 2011 ) . there is a deficiency of studies focusing upon coastal species inhabiting terrestrial habitats in this region ( akin et al . , 2010 ) .
tiger beetles , cicindelidae latreille , 1806 , seem to be ideal model organisms to test such assumptions . the family , with more than 2 , 600 species , has a worldwide distribution with exception of polar regions and some oceanic islands ( pearson & cassola , 2005 ) . most species , both in larval and adult stage , prefer various types of sandy areas and are habitat specialists ; often inhabiting coastal areas ( pearson & vogler , 2001 ) . several studies dealt with phylogeography of tiger beetles in various regions of the world ( e . g . , vogler et al . , 1993 ; cardoso & vogler , 2005 ; woodcock et al . , 2007 ) , yet so far only few focused on the role of sea level oscillations in their evolutionary history ( vogler & desalle , 1993 ; sota et al . , 2011 ) or compared the diversity patterns on both , the molecular and morphological , levels ( cardoso , serrano & vogler , 2009 ; tsuji et al . , 2016 ) .
following hillis , moritz & mable ( 1996 ) the standard phenol–chloroform method was used to extract dna from all the collected individuals . air - dried dna pellets were eluted in 100 µl of te buffer , ph 8 . 00 , stored at 4 °c until amplification , and subsequently at −20 °c for long - term storage .
fragments of mitochondrial cytochrome oxydase subunit i gene ( coi ) , ca . 700 bp long , were amplified using the jerry and pat pair of primers ( simon et al . , 1994 ) . each pcr reaction was conducted in a total volume of 10 µl and contained dreamtaq master mix ( 1x ) polymerase ( thermoscientific ) , 200 nm of each primer and 1 µl of dna template . the thermal regime consisted of initial denaturation at 94 °c for 2 min , followed by 34 cycles of denaturation at 94 °c for 30 s , annealing at 44 °c for 30 s , and elongation at 72 °c for 60 s , completed by a final extension at 72 °c for 10 min . the amplified products were visualized on 2 . 0 % agarose gels stained with midorigreen ( nippon genetics ) to verify the quality of the pcr reactions . then , the pcr products were chemically cleaned up of dntps and primer residues by adding 5u of exonuclease i ( thermo scientific ) and 1u of fastap alkaline phosphatase ( thermo scientific ) per sample . the coi amplicon was sequenced one way using bigdye sequencing protocol ( applied biosystems 3730xl ) by macrogen inc . , korea .
© 7 . 2 . 5 . the resulting alignment was 697 bp long with no gaps , and composed of 169 coi sequences . the sequence data and trace files were uploaded to bold and subsequently also to genbank ( accession numbers
) . phylogenetic relationships between the haplotypes were visualised with phylogenetic network computed using the neighbour - net algorithm and uncorrected p - distances in splitstree ver . 4 . 13 . 1 (
to test for presence of distinct operational taxonomic units ( otus ) that may represent potential cryptic species / subspecies in the sequenced pool of individuals we used the automatic barcode gap discovery ( abgd ) procedure ( puillandre et al . , 2012 ) . the default value of 0 . 001 was used as the minimum allowed intraspecific distance . the maximum allowed intraspecific distance was set to p max = 0 . 03 and 0 . 06 , as both threshold values have been already used in literature to delimit insect species ( hebert et al . , 2003 ; hebert , ratnasingham & dewaard , 2003 ) . we applied the k2p model sequence correction , which is a standard for barcode analyses ( hebert et al . , 2003 ) . we used primary partitions as a principal for group definition for they are usually stable over a wider range of prior values , minimise the number of false positive ( over split species ) and are usually close to the number of groups described by taxonomists ( puillandre et al . , 2012 ) .
two models of population expansion , demographic and spatial , were examined using mismatch distribution analysis ( slatkin & hudson , 1991 ; rogers & harpending , 1992 ) and tajima’s d neutrality test ( tajima , 1989 ) . analyses were performed for the coi groups , using arlequin 3 . 5 . 1 . 3 ( excoffier & lischer , 2010 ) with 1 , 000 replicates .
to test whether variation of morphometric traits reflects presence of two genetically divergent lineages ( potential cryptic species ) , measurements of eight body parameters ( fig . 2 ) were taken from all the 69 males and 100 females used previously for the molecular analyses : 1 , right mandible length ( rml ) ; 2 , length of head ( lh ) ; 3 , width of head ( wh ) ; 4 , pronotum length ( pl ) ; 5 , maximum pronotum width ( mpw ) ; 6 , elytra length ( el ) ; 7 , maximum elytra width ( mew ) ; and 8 , total body length ( tbl ) . the principal component analysis ( pca ) was performed separately for each sex ( fig . 3 ) . to test for significance ( p < 0 . 01 ) of morphological differences ( separately for males and females ) between the two divergent lineages one - way anosim pairwise test was performed . all the above statistical analyses were done with primer 6 software ( clarke & gorley , 2006 ) .
and ( b ) results of principal component analysis performed for investigated specimens on main body dimensions .
the bayesian time - calibrated reconstruction of phylogeny shows that the two lineages split at ca . 2 ma , i . e . , in early pleistocene ( fig . 5a ) . results of the bsp analyses showing the temporal changes of the effective population size suggests that both lineages experienced rapid population growth that has started ca . 0 . 15 ma ( fig . 5b ) . in both cases , a small decline in effective population size may be observed in most recent times ( < 0 . 05 ma ) . results of the mismatch analysis show that both lineages are currently in the stage of both demographic and spatial expansion ( fig . 5c ) . interestingly , geographical distribution of both lineages shows that the spatial expansion of southern lineage was efficient enough to spread eastwards into the black sea and colonise effectively the north - western black sea coast . the northern lineage has spread only in the pontic region .
the results of pca and anosim revealed no differences in the analysed morphometric traits between the southern and the northern lineages , neither in males nor in females ( fig . 3b ) . in pca ( fig . 3b ) , a very weak gradient ( r = 0 . 03 ) could be seen in case of female body length . females from the northern lineage clade were slightly larger than those from the southern one ( body length ; anosim pairwise tests p = 0 . 03 ) .
concluding , we have demonstrated that pleistocene glaciations and associated sea level changes in the mediterranean / pontic region had a profound effect on the genetic diversity and distribution of widely distributed coastal insect species , generating some level of cryptic diversity . our case study casts more light on the evolutionary relationships between populations of terrestrial animals inhabiting both the mediterranean and black sea shorelines—a phenomenon that is still weakly explored in literature .
the first author would like to thank to iwona jaroszewska , piotr jóźwiak , błażej pawicki , maciej podsiadło , anna stepień , and bartosz ukleja for their kind help in material collecting during the tb - quest expedition to the balkans .
radomir jaskuła and tomasz rewicz conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .
mateusz płóciennik analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .
michał grabowski conceived and designed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , reviewed drafts of the paper .
the sequence data and trace files were uploaded to bold and subsequently also to genbank ( accession nos ku905171 – ku905339 ) .
the study was partly funded by the statutory fundings of the university of lodz . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
insecta in itinere cl . n . potanin in china et in mongolia novissime lecta
arlequin suite ver 3 . 5 : a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under linux and windows
mantissa insectorum , sistens eorum species nuper detectus adiectis characteribus genericis , differentiis specificis , emendationibus , observationibus .
biological identification through dna barcodes . to the fast publication and worldwide dissemination of high - quality research
our promise peerj promises to address all issues as quickly and professionally as possible . we thank you in advance for your patience and understanding .
following
is like subscribing to any updates related to a publication . these updates will appear in your home dashboard each time you visit peerj .
you can also choose to receive updates via daily or weekly email digests . if you are following multiple publications then we will send you no more than one email per day or week based on your preferences .
note : you are now also subscribed to the subject areas of this publication and will receive updates in the daily or weekly email digests if turned on . you can add specific subject areas through your profile settings .
peerj feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json peerj computer science feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json peerj preprint feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json archives - peerj | peerj computer science | peerj preprints
a common leaf beetle , but it is interesting to see the pink / red wings . usually they are well tucked in .
this species of tiger beetle is endemic to north western borneo where it can be found on exposed riverine sediment . a hot bed of mating activity was found on a small section of the river outside the danum rainforest lodge , june 2010 .
these two were enjoying a private moment until i disturbed them . the male didn ' t like it at all and made a rapid exit from the scene .
i ' ve only found this once before , and it was at the other end of the state .
however , baekrung island is very closed to north korea . so very dangerous lol : p
i was turning rocks over again on wednesday . i found this beetle and it had me stumped for a while until i noticed the hint of the faint markings on the pronotum . i know that some beetles darken up over winter , but i am surprised to see how dark this is . is it calomela maculicollis ?
if i ' m right the coloured version is bright red and metallic black elytra . the advantage of finding one dormant is that it was so still when i flipped it : - )
it does seem a bit more streamlined than i usually see though . . . . . as usual i am worried about my own iding
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !


xenomigia wilmeri is a moth of the notodontidae family .

it is found in north-eastern ecuador .

the length of the forewings is 14 – 18 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is chocolate brown , the veins thinly lined with whitish orange .

the basal half of the hindwings is translucent light grey-brown with an extremely wide , translucent , dark grey outer band .

the larvae have been reared on chusquea cf. scandens .

xenomigia wilmeri

last instar larva of xenomigia wilmeri , ecuador ( ybs voucher # 36225 ) .
home » last instar larva of xenomigia wilmeri , ecuador ( ybs voucher # 36225 ) .
male genital similarities suggest that x . wilmeri belongs in a xenomigia subclade that includes x . noctipenna and x . phaeoloma .
last instar larva of xenomigia wilmeri , ecuador ( ybs voucher # 36225 ) . | parasitoid - caterpillar - plant interactions in the americas
last instar larva of xenomigia caesura , ecuador ( ybs voucher # 29562 ) .
xenomigia wilmeri is notable in being the only member of the genus showing a profusion of light orange scales in the fw , especially in the area of the postmedial and subterminal lines .
larvae of x . wilmeri have been recorded feeding on chusquea nr . scandens ( poaceae ) .
xenomigia wilmeri has been recorded from two localities in northeastern ecuador - yanayacu biological station and the south slope of cerro sumaco , roughly 35 km east of the station . both sites are at esssentially the same elevation ( 2150 m ) .
xenomigia wilmeri is notable in being the only member of the genus showing a profusion of light orange scales in the fw , especially in the area of the postmedial and subterminal lines [ see miller and thiaucourt ( 2011 ) , annals of the entomological society of america , vol . 104 : 1033 - 1077 ] .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .
there are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :
you have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .
your browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .
your browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .
the date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .
you have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .
this site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .
this site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .
in general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .
photographer : simbaña , wilmer & salgaje , luis . publisher : miller , james .
revisions allow you to track differences between multiple versions of your content , and revert back to older versions .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more


uperoleia is a genus of frogs in the family myobatrachidae .

they are native to northern and eastern australia and southern lowlands of new guinea .

these are small squat frogs , more commonly known as " toadlets " .

they have glandular skin , often with a pair of raised glands behind each eye , or on the flanks .

they have bumpy , rough skin giving them the appearance of a small toad , hence the name " toadlet " , although they are often called " gungans " in queensland .

there are two distinct types of calls — uperoleia species make either a " click " or a " squelch " .

generally , the " clicking " uperoleia have long thin inguinal glands that run along the dorsal surface , while the " squelching " uperoleia have round inguinal glands restricted to the posterior half of the dorsal surface .

it is unusual to find more than one species of " clickers " or " squelchers " in the same location , although finding one of each is quite frequent in northern australia .

the species in this genus show great similarities in body shape and colouration making them difficult to tell apart .

call analysis is often required to confirm identification .

this genus is the largest of any in the myobatrachidae family .

clicking uperoleia include u. glandulosa , u. aspera , u. minima , u. trachyderma , u. lithomoda , u. littlejohni , u. altissima , u. mimula , and u. rugosa .

the squelching uperoleia include u. russelli , u. saxatilis , u. talpa , u. borealis , u. crassa , and u. inundata .

the eastern species u. laevigata , u. fusca , u. tyleri , and u. martini are also squelchers , but are distantly related .

the species u. mjobergi , u. micromeles , u. micra , and u. daviesae are distinct from these other groups .

uperoleia

amphibia , anura , cryptic species , toadlet , uperoleia mahonyi sp . nov .
uperoleia gray , 1841 , ann . mag . nat . hist . , ser . 1 , 7 : 90 . type species : uperoleia marmorata gray , 1841 , by monotypy .
in the 2004 frogwatch census uperoleia laevigata was detected in 27 % of all sites monitored .
a new species of australian frog ( myobatrachidae : uperoleia ) from the new south wales mid - north coast sandplains .
uperoliidae günther , 1858 , proc . zool . soc . london , 1858 : 346 . type genus : uperoleia gray , 1841 .
a new species of australian frog ( myobatrachidae : uperoleia ) from the new south wales mid - north coast sandplains . - pubmed - ncbi
clemann , n . ( 2015 ) action statement no . 265 , martin’s toadlet ( uperoleia martini ) , department of environment , land , water , and planning , victoria , australia . available from : urltoken 321818 / martins - toadlet - uperoleia - martini . pdf ( accessed 2 nov . 2016 )
species description : doughty p , roberts jd 2008 a new species of uperoleia ( anura : myobatrachidae ) from the northwest kimberley , western australia . zootaxa 1939 : 10 - 18 .
this was the first uperoleia species discovered in australia , in 1841 . despite numerous sightings at the time , it has not been recorded since and is now known only from the original specimen .
doughty , p . & roberts , j . d . ( 2008 ) a new species of uperoleia ( anura : myobatrachidae ) from the northwest kimberley , western australia . zootaxa , 1939 , 10 - –18 .
tyler , m . j . & davies , m . ( 1984 ) uperoleia gray ( anura : leptodactylidae ) in new guinea . transactions of the royal society of south australia , 108 , 123 - –125 .
tyler , m . j . , davies , m . & martin , a . a . ( 1981a ) australian frogs of the leptodactylid genus uperoleia gray . australian journal of zoology , 79 , 1– - 64 .
davies , m . & mcdonald , k . r . ( 1985 ) a redefinition of uperoleia rugosa ( andersson ) ( anura : leptodactylidae ) . transactions of the royal society of south australia , 109 , 37– - 42 .
species description : clulow s , anstis m , keogh js , catullo ra 2016 a new species of australian frog ( myobatrachidae : uperoleia ) from the new south wales mid - north coast sandplains . zootaxa 4184 : 285 - 315 .
davies , m . & littlejohn , m . j . ( 1986 ) frogs of the genus uperoleia gray ( anura : leptodactylidae ) in south - eastern australia . transactions of the royal society of south australia , 110 , 111– - 143 .
davies , m . , mcdonald , k . r . & corben , c . ( 1986 ) the genus uperoleia gray ( anura : leptodactylidae ) in queensland , australia . proceedings of the royal society of victoria , 98 , 147 - –188 .
catullo , r . a . & keogh , j . s . ( 2014 ) aridification drove repeated episodes of diversification between australian biomes : evidence from a multi - locus phylogeny of australian toadlets ( uperoleia : myobatrachidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 79 , 106– - 117 .
young , j . e . , tyler , m . j . & kent , s . a . ( 2005 ) diminuitive new species of uperoleia gray ( anura : myobatrachidae ) from the vicinity of darwin , northern territory , australia . journal of herpetology , 39 , 603– - 609 .
catullo , r . a . , doughty , p . & keogh , j . s . ( 2014a ) a new frog species ( myobatrachidae : uperoleia ) from the northern deserts region of australia , with a redescription of u . trachyderma . zootaxa , 3753 ( 3 ) , 251– - 262 . urltoken
davies , m . , mahony , m . & roberts , j . d . ( 1985 ) a new species of uperoleia ( anura : leptodactylidae ) from the pilbara region , western australia . transactions of the royal society of south australia . transactions of the royal society of south australia , 109 , 103 - –108 .
catullo , r . a . , lanfear , r . , doughty , p . & keogh , j . s . ( 2014b ) the biogeographical boundaries of northern australia : evidence from ecological niche models and a multi - locus phylogeny of uperoleia toadlets ( anura : myobatrachidae ) . journal of biogeography , 41 , 659 - –672 .
catullo , r . a . , doughty , p . , roberts , j . d . & keogh , j . s . ( 2011 ) multi - locus phylogeny and taxonomic revision of uperoleia toadlets ( anura : myobatrachidae ) from the western arid zone of australia , with a description of a new species . zootaxa , 2902 , 1 - –43 .
the systematics and biology of some australian species were reviewed by tyler , davies , and martin , 1981 , aust . j . zool . , suppl . ser . , 29 ( 79 ) : 1 - 64 ; davies and littlejohn , 1986 , trans . r . soc . s . aust . , 110 : 111 - 143 ; and davies , mcdonald , and corben , 1986 , proc . r . soc . victoria , 98 : 147 - 188 . see barker , grigg , and tyler , 1995 , field guide aust . frogs . , ed . 2 , for keys and accounts . see comment under spicospina . catullo , doughty , roberts , and keogh , 2011 , zootaxa , 2902 : 1 - 43 , provided a molecular phylogeny , morphological identification key , and accounts of the species . catullo , doughty , and keogh , 2014 , zootaxa , 3753 : 251 - 262 , reported on molecular phylogenetics . catullo and keogh , 2014 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 79 : 106–117 , provided a multi - locus phylogeny of the species and inferred a biogeography driven by cycles of aridification . these authors noted cases where populations of one species contained the mtdna ( e . g . , some individuals of uperoleia inundata ) of others and other cases where nudna did not recover some species as natural groups ( e . g . , uperoleia borealis , uperoleia lithomoda ) . catullo , lanfear , doughty , and keogh , 2014 , j . biogeograph . , 41 : 659–672 , provided a multilocus phylogeny and biogeography of uperoleia , as well as presenting data on calls and morphology , with special attention to the species of northern australia .
hosmeria wells and wellington , 1985 , aust . j . herpetol . , suppl . ser . , 1 : 2 . type species : uperoleia marmorata laevigata keferstein , 1867 , by original designation . synonymy by catullo , doughty , roberts , and keogh , 2011 , zootaxa , 2902 : 15 . see also tyler , 1985 , herpetol . rev . , 16 : 69 ; australian society of herpetologists , 1987 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 44 : 116 - 121 ; tyler , 1988 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 45 : 152 ; holthius , 1988 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 45 and decision by iczn ( anonymous , 1991 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 48 : 337 - 338 ) .
amphibian research centre . ( 2005 ) . available online : urltoken s , taustralian frogs database ( 2005 . ) . uperoleia laevigata . available online : urltoken s , tdepartment of environment and heritage , ( 2004 ) . chytridiomycosis factsheet urltoken s , tenvironment act . ( 2004 ) . summary of results . available online : urltoken p , s , tenvironment act . ( 2004 ) . uperleia laevigata ; smooth teoadlet . available online : urltoken s , tzoological parks and gardens board . frog pond checklist . available online : urltoken p , s , tspeare , r et al ( 1998 ) . how to reduce the risks of you transmitting an infectious agent between frogs and between sites . available online : urltoken s , tzoological parks board n > s > w . ( 2005 . ) . asx frog focus . available online : urltoken p , s ( school activity program )
the discovery of new vertebrate species in developed countries is still occurring at surprising rates for some taxonomic groups , especially the amphibians and reptiles . while this most often occurs in under - explored areas , it occasionally still happens in well - inhabited regions . we report such a case with the discovery and description of u . mahonyi sp . nov . , a new species of frog from a highly populated region of new south wales , australia . we provide details of its morphology , calls , embryos and tadpoles , and phylogenetic relationships to other species of eastern uperoleia . we also provide the results of targeted surveys to establish its distribution and provide observations of its habitat associations . as a consequence of these surveys , we comment on the likely restricted nature of the species’ distribution and habitat , and place this in the context of a preliminary assessment of its putative conservation status , which should be assessed for listing under the iucn’s red list . we note this species , which is morphologically distinct , has gone unnoticed for many decades despite numerous ecological surveys for local development applications .
the discovery of new vertebrate species in developed countries is still occurring at surprising rates for some taxonomic groups , especially the amphibians and reptiles . while this most often occurs in under - explored areas , it occasionally still happens in well - inhabited regions . we report such a case with the discovery and description of u . mahonyi sp . nov . , a new species of frog from a highly populated region of new south wales , australia . we provide details of its morphology , calls , embryos and tadpoles , and phylogenetic relationships to other species of eastern uperoleia . we also provide the results of targeted surveys to establish its distribution and provide observations of its habitat associations . as a consequence of these surveys , we comment on the likely restricted nature of the species ' distribution and habitat , and place this in the context of a preliminary assessment of its putative conservation status , which should be assessed for listing under the iucn ' s red list . we note this species , which is morphologically distinct , has gone unnoticed for many decades despite numerous ecological surveys for local development applications .
* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .
will find all uses of
hyl . . .
anywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .
will find all uses of
. . . hyla
anywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla
will find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor
interprets this as
lithobates or pipiens
so will find the union of all records that contain either
lithobates
or
pipiens
: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens
interprets this as
lithobates and pipiens
so will return all records that have the character string
lithobates pipiens
anywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .
myobatrachinae schlegel in gray , 1850 , proc . zool . soc . london , 1850 : 10 . type genus : myobatrachus schlegel , 1850 .
myiobatrachidae bonaparte , 1850 , conspect . syst . herpetol . amph . : 1 p . type genus : myiobatrachus bonaparte , 1850 .
myiobatrachina — bonaparte , 1850 , conspect . syst . herpetol . amph . : 1 p . incorrect subsequent spelling .
criniae cope , 1866 , j . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , ser . 2 , 6 : 89 . type genus : crinia tschudi , 1838 .
uperoleiidae — keferstein , 1867 , nachr . ges . wiss . göttingen , 18 : 349 .
uperoliina — mivart , 1869 , proc . zool . soc . london , 1869 : 291 .
myobatrachinae — parker , 1940 , novit . zool . , 42 : 6 ; laurent , 1980
1979
, bull . soc . zool . france , 104 : 417 .
myobatrachidae — lynch , 1973 , in vial ( ed . ) , evol . biol . anurans : 170 ; heyer and liem , 1976 , smithson . contrib . zool . , 233 : 1 ; laurent , 1980
1979
, bull . soc . zool . france , 104 : 417 ; davies , 2003 , in duellman ( ed . ) , grzimek ' s animal life enclop . , 6 ( amph . ) : 147 .
rheobatrachinae heyer and liem , 1976 , smithson . contrib . zool . , 233 : 11 . type genus : rheobatrachus liem , 1973 . synonymy by implication of ford and cannatella , 1993 , herpetol . monogr . , 7 : 105 ; frost , grant , faivovich , bain , haas , haddad , de sá , channing , wilkinson , donnellan , raxworthy , campbell , blotto , moler , drewes , nussbaum , lynch , green , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 297 : 195 .
rheobatrachidae — laurent , 1980
1979
, bull . soc . zool . france , 104 : 401 ; laurent , 1986 , in grassé and delsol ( eds . ) , traite de zool . , 14 : 674 .
myobatrachoidea — irisarri , san mauro , abascal , ohler , vences , and zardoya , 2012 , bmc genomics , 13 ( 626 ) : 5 . formal superfamily to contain myobatrachidae and limnodynastidae .
australian water frogs ( halliday and adler , 2002 , new encyclop . rept . amph . : 84 ) .
australian toadlets ( halliday and adler , 2002 , new encyclop . rept . amph . : 84 ) .
australian froglets ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 93 ) .
ground frogs ( wells and wellington , 1989 , aust . herpetologist , 506 : 3 ) .
parental - care frogs ( ingram , nattrass , and czechura , 1993 , mem . queensland mus . , 33 : 222 ) .
spicospina roberts , horwitz , wardell - johnson , maxson , and mahony , 1997 ( 1 sp . )
please note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .
copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
hyperolia agassiz , 1846 , nomencl . zool . , fasc . 12 : 384 . unjustified emendation .
glauertia loveridge , 1933 , occas . pap . boston soc . nat . hist . , 8 : 89 . type species : glauertia russelli loveridge , 1933 , by monotypy . synonymy by tyler , davies , and martin , 1981 , aust . j . zool . , suppl . ser . , 29 ( 79 ) : 9 .
prohartia wells and wellington , 1985 , aust . j . herpetol . , suppl . ser . , 1 : 3 . type species : pseudophryne fimbrianus parker , 1926 , by original designation . synonymy by catullo , doughty , roberts , and keogh , 2011 , zootaxa , 2902 : 15 . see tyler , 1985 , herpetol . rev . , 16 : 69 ; australian society of herpetologists , 1987 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 44 : 116 - 121 ; tyler , 1988 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 45 : 152 ; holthius , 1988 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 45 and decision by iczn ( anonymous , 1991 , bull . zool . nomencl . , 48 : 337 - 338 ) .
australian toadlets ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 95 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this australian endemic is known from coastal and inland areas of southeastern queensland , northeastern and central new south wales ( west of the great dividing range ) . the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 963 , 500km2 .
the species is found in dry sclerophyll forest and open woodland and grasslands . it shelters underground emerging after heavy spring and summer rains to breed in flooded grassland or in billabongs and slow - flowing streams . it can tolerate disturbances such as grazing and selective clearing . it breeds in spring and summer in temporary pools . males call from the water’s edge whilst hidden beneath ground debris or in cavities at the base of grass tussocks . in disturbed areas it may call from depressions left in the mud by the hooves of livestock . eggs and larvae are unknown .
habitat loss / degradation associated with human settlement and agro - industry farming are major threats .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
justification : listed as data deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status as well as absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .
this species is known only from the original collection site , south of the mouth of prince regent river in the kimberley zone of western australia , australia . the exact locality is not known , so when its range is mapped a large area is covered , within which the exact locality is assumed to be .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this australian endemic is currently known from a large area of land stretching across central northern territory , around the region of elliott , and in northwestern queensland , and into a small area of northeastern western australia . the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 241 , 000km2 .
the species is found amongst grassland on blacksoils and grey self - mulching cracking clays . the areas flood during the wet season . breeding biology and tadpoles are unknown .
there are no known threats to the species and it occurs in a remote region with little human disturbance .
jean - marc hero , dale roberts , paul horner , richard retallick . 2004 .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
keferstein , w . 1867 ,
ueber einige neue oder seltene batrachier aus australien und dem tropischen amerika
, nachrichten von der gesellschaft der wissenschaften zu göttingen , vol . 18 , pp . 341 - 361
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7417cc38 - befd - 4af6 - b9ba - 95224091deb7
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 777cb78c - 685e - 49ae - bcfe - 95618a1bf28a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 973a668d - 8a07 - 4e9d - b84e - 207d862882d5
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e25fbc28 - d3f5 - 4fe0 - 8e8a - e6f17c1ebbfa
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d47e5f3b - 54e1 - 4fcb - 907c - bec914b48a29
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 371961
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5dbd42d9 - 1bec - 4e34 - bc36 - 9460e5408872
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 98c38a62 - ac77 - 45c4 - a155 - b3acd8682369
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b1ab1cd2 - 3a02 - 47a9 - a716 - 592e5c43c7c8
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e3a91b0f - 660e - 485d - ad35 - db213a664aa6
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ae9d1ea3 - 894a - 4b21 - 8c7c - c0e1de2904fa
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 320116
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
simon clulow , marion anstis , j . scott keogh , renee a . catullo
anstis , m . ( 2013 ) tadpoles and frogs of australia . sydney : new holland publishers .
bouckaert , r . , heled , j . , kühnert , d . , vaughan , t . , wu , c . - h . , xie , d . , suchard , m . a . , rambaut , a & drummond , a . j . ( 2014 ) beast 2 : a software platform for bayesian evolutionary analysis . plos comput biol , 10 , e1003537 .
byrne , m . , steane , d . a . , joseph , l . , yeates , d . k . , jordan , g . j . , crayn , d . , aplin , a . , cantrill , d . j . , cook , l . g . , crisp , m . d . , keogh , j . s . , melville , j . , moritz , c . , porch , n . , sniderman , j . m . , k . , sunnucks , p . & weston , p . h . ( 2011 ) decline of a biome : evolution , contraction , fragmentation , extinction and invasion of the australian mesic zone biota . journal of biogeography , 38 , 1635 - - - –1656 .
chapple , d . g . , hoskin , c . j . , chapple , s . n . & thompson , m . b . ( 2011 ) phylogeographic divergence in the widespread delicate skink ( lampropholis delicata ) corresponds to dry habitat barriers in eastern australia . bmc evolutionary biology , 11 , 191 .
cogger , h . g . ( 2014 ) reptiles and amphibians of australia ( 6th ed . ) . reed new holland , sydney .
department of primary industries ( 2012 ) guidelines for riparian corridors on waterfront land sydney : nsw office of water . available from : urltoken licensing _ approvals _ controlled _ activit ies _ riparian _ corridors . pdf ( accessed 2 nov . 2016 )
department of sustainability and environment , victoria , australia ( 2013 ) advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in victoria , 2013 . available from : urltoken threatened - vertebrate - fauna _ final - 2013 . pdf ( accessed 2 nov . 2016 )
doughty , p . , maryan , b . , donnellan , s . & hutchinson , m . ( 2007a ) a new species of taipan ( elapidae : oxyuranus ) from central australia . zootaxa , 1422 , 45– - 58 .
doughty , p . , maryan , b . , melville , j . & austin , j . ( 2007b ) a new species of ctenophorus ( lacertilia : agamidae ) from lake disappointment , western australia . herpetologica , 63 , 72 - –86 .
doughty , p . & oliver , p . ( 2013 ) systematics of diplodactylus ( squamata : diplodactylidae ) from the south - western australian biodiversity hotspot : redefinition of d . polyophthalmus and the description of two new species . records of the western australia museum , 28 , 044– - 065 .
gosner , k . l . ( 1960 ) a simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification . herpetologica , 16 , 183– - 190 .
hoskin , c . j . & couper , p . j . ( 2013 ) a spectacular new leaf - tailed gecko ( carphodactylidae : saltuarius ) from the melville range , north - east australia . zootaxa , 3717 ( 4 ) , 543– - 558 .
hutchinson , m . , sistrom , m . , donnellan , s . & hutchinson , r . g . ( 2014 ) taxonomic revision of the australian arid zone lizards gehyra variegata and g . montium ( squamata , gekkonidae ) with description of three new species . zootaxa , 3814 ( 2 ) , 221– - 241 .
iucn ( 2001 ) iucn red list categories and criteria : version 3 . 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . available from : urltoken technical - documents / categories - and - criteria / 2001 - categories - criteria ( accessed 2 nov . 2016 )
katoh , k . , misawa , k . , kuma , k . & miyata , t . ( 2002 ) mafft : a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast fourier transform . nucleic acids research , 30 , 3059–3066 .
lanfear , r . , calcott , b . , ho , s . y . w . & guindon , s . ( 2012 ) partitionfinder : combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses . molecular biology and evolution , 29 , 1695– - 1701 .
meyer , e . , hero , j . - m . , shoo , l . & lewis , b . ( 2006 ) national recovery plan for the wallum sedgefrog and other wallum - dependent frog species . report to department of the environment and water resources , canberra . queensland parks and wildlife service . urltoken
minh , b . q . , nguyen , m . a . t . & haeseler , a . v . ( 2013 ) ultrafast approximation for phylogenetic bootstrap . molecular biology and evolution , 30 , 1188 - –1195 .
nylander , j . a . a . , wilgenbusch , j . c . , warren , d . l . & swofford , d . l . ( 2008 ) awty ( are we there yet ? ) : a system for graphical exploration of mcmc convergence in bayesian phylogenetics . bioinformatics , 24 , 581 - –583 .
oliver , p . , couper , p . j . & pepper , m . ( 2014a ) independent transitions between monsoonal and arid biomes revealed by systematic revison of a complex of australian geckos ( diplodactylus ; diplodactylidae ) . plos one , 9 , e111895 .
oliver , p . , laver , r . j . , melville , j . & doughty , p . ( 2014b ) a new species of velvet gecko ( oedura : diplodactylidae ) from the limestone ranges of the southern kimberley , western australia . zootaxa , 3873 ( 1 ) , 49– - 61 .
oliver , p . & parkin , t . ( 2014 ) a new phasmid gecko ( squamata : diplodactylidae : strophurus ) from the arnhem plateau : more new diversity in rare vertebrates from northern australia . zootaxa , 3878 ( 1 ) , 37– - 48 .
pepper , m . , barquero , m . d . , whiting , m . j . & keogh , j . s . ( 2014 ) a multi - locus molecular phylogeny for australia’s iconic jacky dragon ( agamidae : amphibolurus muricatus ) : phylogeographic structure along the great dividing range of south - eastern australia . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 71 , 149– - 156 .
pepper , m . , doughty , p . , fujita , m . k . , moritz , c . & keogh , j . s . ( 2013 ) speciation on the rocks : integrated systematics of the heteronotia spelea species complex ( gekkota ; reptilia ) from western and central australia . plos one , 8 ( 11 ) , e78110 .
tyler , m . j . ( 1962 ) on the preservation of anuran tadpoles . australian journal of science , 25 , 222
tyler , m . j . , davies , m . & martin , a . a . ( 1981b ) frog fauna of the northern territory : new distributional records and the description of a new species . transactions of the royal society of south australia , 105 , 149– - 154 .
tyler , m . j . , davies , m . & martin , a . a . ( 1981c ) new and rediscovered species of frogs from the derby - broome area of western australia . records of the western australia museum , 9 , 147–172 .
westgate , m . j . , driscoll , d . a . & lindenmayer , d . b . ( 2012 ) limited influence of stream networks on the terrestrial movements of three wetland - dependent frog species . biological conservation , 153 , 169– - 176 .
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
clulow s 1 , anstis m 2 , keogh js 3 , catullo ra 4 .
school of environmental and life sciences , university of newcastle , nsw 2308 australia ; email : simon . clulow @ newcastle . edu . au .
school of environmental and life sciences , university of newcastle , nsw 2308 australia ; email : unknown .
evolution , ecology & genetics , research school of biology , the australian national university , act 0200 , australia ; email : unknown .
evolution , ecology & genetics , research school of biology , the australian national university , act 0200 , australia biological sciences , macquarie university , nsw 2109 australia school of science & health , western sydney university , nsw 2751 australia ; email : unknown .
this australian endemic occurs in eastern australia , from southeastern queensland , through new south wales to eastern victoria . the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 442 , 200km2 .
the species is found in seasonally dry areas ; associated with grassland and woodland habitats . it breeds in shallow , ephemeral waters . larvae are free - swimming . it is often found in partly disturbed habitat and occasionally artificial habitat including artificial ponds and roadside ditches / drainage ditches .
broad - scale threats include habitat loss and modification , due to processes such as urbanisation and the introduction of alien plants . livestock over - grazing and resulting damage to native habitats is also thought to have a negative impact on the species . although u . laevigata may currently be common within the act region the introduction of diseases could be fatal to the species . care should be taken at all times when entering frog habitats due to the risk of spreading disease , including the chytrid fungus ( chytridiomycosis ) . to prevent the spread of the chytrid fungus it is important to wash your shoes before entering and after leaving frog habitats . for more information on the chytrid fungus - link to fact sheet urltoken
you can encourage frogs into your own backyard by including habitat features in your garden . the ginninderra catchment group , australian national university and environment act have developed a guideline to help you encourage frogs into your backyard called creating a frog friendly habitat in the act community .
you can also get involved in monitoring local frog populations . frogwatch is an annual program run to monitor the presence and abundance of frogs within the act region . the frogwatch program provides training for community volunteers each october , with monitoring then being undertaken by volunteers over a two week period .
adults range from 2 . 5 - 3cm in length . �smooth� is a misnomer , as the back of this species indeed has a warty appearance , though the belly is smooth . the back colour ranges from brown to orange brown and is often a mottled mix of the two . orange patches usually stand out both behind and in front of each thigh . the call of the species is monotonous and low pitched , described as a �wwhhrrkkkkk� .
the call of u . laevigata and crinea parinsignifera ( plains froglet ) are often confused . the call of u . laevigata is slightly lower and longer , however , it may take some practice to tell the two apart . also look at the surrounding habitat . the smooth toadlet typically prefers dryer locations to those preferred by the plains froglet .
very common in the canberra region , particularly in hilly areas . the species extends from south - east qld , along the eastern edge of nsw and just crossing the border into victoria .
the most common technique for monitoring frog populations is based on call identification , with each frog species having a unique call . frogs should not be handled without the use of sterile gloves , as their skin is very sensitive to chemicals , including sunscreen and soap .
calls from september through to november , with breeding occurring from october though november .
males often call from hidden positions ( amongst vegetation or fallen timber ) as far as 10 metres away from water bodies .
may include native birds , such as the white - faced heron ( egretta novaehollandiae ) and intermediate egret , and fish , including the introduced carp , goldfish and trout . introduced species such as cats ( felis catus ) and foxes may also predate on frogs .
barker , j . , grigg , g . , tyler , m . ( 1995 ) . a field guide to australian frogs . surry beatty & sons . nsw , australia . s , tlintermans , m . & osborne , w . ( 2002 ) . wet & wild : a field guide to the freshwater animals of the southern tablelands and high country of the act and nsw . environment act . canberra , australia . s , trobinson , m . ( 1993 ) . a field guide to frogs of australia . australian museum / reed books . nsw , australia . s , tturner , j . ( 2004 ) . frogs of australia . pensoft . bulgaria . p , styler , j . ( 1994 ) . australian frogs : a natural history . reed new holland . australia . s , tswan , g . ( 2001 ) . green guide : frogs of australia . new holland publishers . sydney , australia . p , s
diagnosis : the following combination of characters distinguish this species from congeners : small body size , dark brown dorsum with small darker spotting , loreal and lateral regions with bluish - white spotting , femoral patches of pale orange - red , slightly tuberculate dorsum and upper limbs , speckled and somewhat granular venter , toes with basal webbing , outer metatarsal tubercle usually spatulate and oriented perpendicular to foot , maxillary teeth present , frontoparietal fontanelle broadly exposed , presence of moderately developed parotoid and inguinal glands and less developed coccygeal glands , and a high - pitched rasping advertisement call ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
description : adult males measure 18 . 0 - 21 . 5 mm svl . one adult female measured 20 . 5 mm svl . small rotund body with short limbs . small head with an oval tongue . eyes protrude slightly and the anterior corner of the eye is covered by a flap of skin . pupil is rhomboidal in shape . lacks vomerine teeth , but has maxillary teeth . rounded canthus rostralis and moderately steep , slightly concave loreal region . infralabial glands ( one to three ) present beneath jaw angle . the tympanum is covered by the skin and parotoid glands . unwebbed fingers with moderately developed tubercles ( one each on fingers i and ii ; two each on fingers iii and iv ) . finger i shorter than finger ii . short legs . toes are basally webbed , have weakly developed flanges along their length , and moderately developed tubercles underneath ( one on toes i , ii ; two on toes iii and v ; three on toe iv ) . inner metatarsal tubercle weakly developed . outer metatarsal tubercle generally spatulate in shape ( sometimes round ) and protruding perpendicularly from the foot . usually has parotoid , dorsolateral , and coccygeal glands . cloacal flap is present . scattered low tubercles on the skin of the dorsum , head and limbs . ventral surfaces are moderately granular . males have a nuptial pad on the inner part of finger i , from halfway down the finger to the base of the wrist and barely onto the palm ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
in life , specimens from the mainland had a slightly different coloration than those from katers island . in mainland specimens , the dorsum ranged from a charcoal black to dark brown with random smaller dark blotches and faint bars on the limbs . slight orange - red tint on dorsum , and orange - red blotches on the parotoid glands , snout tip , submandibular glands , vertebral area , and upper arms . pale bluish - white specks are found on the tip of the snout , through the loreal region , along the sides and on the undersurfaces of the limbs . pale white ventral surfaces speckled with dark spots , except for abdomen which is uniformly pale ( neither white nor speckled ) . chin margin is slightly more pigmented . iris is chestnut brown with a green tint . creamy white fingers and toes ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
specimens from katers island had slightly lighter coloration and orange - red inguinal glands ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
in preservative , the body is almost completely black with a tint of orange and red visible in some areas ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
endemic to australia . only found in high rainfall areas ( over 1000 mm / year ) such as the northwest kimberley , western australia , the prince regent river nature reserve south to walcott inlet , western australia and on katers island , western australia . the type locality is near bachsten creek , in the southwest portion of the prince regent river nature reserve . habitat consists of generally moist areas such as creeks and rocks near water ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
males called from moist crevices in sandstone rocks on a high ridge or from crevices and cracks in rock faces with vegetation and seepages . others were found calling on hard - capped sandstone surfaces with small pools of slow flowing water among clumps of
vegetation . long high - pitched call with a dominant frequency of 3347 hz ; there is some modulation as frequency rises later in the call . reproduction is aquatic . eggs are small and pigmented , hatching into free - swimming larvae ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
which alludes to the species ' small size ( doughty and roberts 2008 ) .
doughty , p . and roberts , j . d . ( 2008 ) . ' ' a new species of
( anura : myobatrachidae ) from the northwest kimberley , western australia . ' '
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .


siproeta epaphus , the rusty-tipped page or brown siproeta , is a new world butterfly that lives all year in tropical habitats .

it has large wings , averaging 7.0 – 7.5 cm ( 2.8 – 3.0 in ) , that are black in the inner portion of the top surface and brown throughout the underside .

both surfaces have a bold white transverse stripe continuing across both wings .

the outer portion of the forewings , beyond the white stripe , is rusty orange in the widespread subspecies s. epaphus epaphus ; it is mostly or entirely black in the other two subspecies .

s. epaphus is found throughout central america , where it is one of the most common butterflies .

its range extends from southern north america to central south america .

the range includes ( though may not be limited to ) south texas and rarely southern new mexico south through both eastern and western mexico to the guyanas , brazil , bolivia and peru .

siproeta epaphus

andrew brower marked
siproeta epaphus
as trusted on the
siproeta epaphus
page .
these are nice photos of siproeta epaphus ( schokoladenfalter ) . siproeta epaphus is a member of the
andrew brower marked
siproeta epaphus ( photo credit : dexter hinckley )
as trusted on the
siproeta epaphus
page .
here you can see the subspecies siproeta epaphus trayja . it is from brazil .
photo © by thomas neubauer ; 07 . 10 . 2006 , macro photograph of siproeta epaphus ( oberseite )
katja schulz added an association between
image of an unknown taxon
and
siproeta epaphus ( latreille , 1813 )
.
siproeta epaphus is a butterfly of the neotropic ecozone ( south america ) . the distribution extend from mexico to suriname , argentina and chile .
. the first description was in 1813 by latreille . with a wingspan of 7 . 5 – 8 . 5 cm siproeta epaphus is a small member of the family nymphalidae . this butterfly is dark brown , light brown and white .
the tribe victoriniini includes the asian genus rhinopalpa , the african kallimoides and vanessula , and the neotropical genera anartia , junonia , hypolimnas , metamorpha , napeocles and siproeta .
this species is scarce in lowland areas , but commonly seen in two ' s and three ' s in disturbed habitats at elevations between 400 - 1800m , favouring forest edges and clearings , well vegetated riverbanks , roadsides and pastures .
the eggs are dark green with yellow ribs , and are laid in small clusters on young leaves of ruellia or blechum ( acanthaceae ) .
the fully grown larva is maroon , adorned with orange branched spikes along the back and sides . its head is black with a pair of backward - curving horns .
the chrysalis is pale green with the thorax and abdomen covered in minute black dots and small orange thorn - like projections . it is suspended by the cremaster from leaves of the foodplant .
the butterflies are usually encountered singly or in two ' s and three ' s , flying on sunny mornings in disturbed habitats including pastures , forest clearings , riverbanks and roadsides . they have a rapid fluttering and gliding flight , settling frequently to bask on low foliage or bare ground . males often imbibe mineralised moisture from damp roads , muddy riverbanks , scree or rock faces and at such times usually hold their wings half - open while flitting gently from spot to spot . females make egg - laying runs back and forth along forest edges . both sexes nectar at cordia , stachytarpheta ,
all photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken
upperside from red - orange on the outer half by a cream - colored median band . hindwing is brown with a cream - colored submarginal band .
nectar from croton , cordia , impatiens , lantana , and stachytarpheta ; also rotting fruit , dung , and carrion .
the forewings are two coloured . nearby the body the wing is dark brown an the pinion is light brown . between these two tints there is a white line . the margin is ridged . there are some little bluish spots in the dark brown area . the underside is dark brown . the white line and the bluish spots from upside are also there .
the hind wings are dark brown and have little tails . the margin is ridged . there is a white line on wing . the underside is a cpoy from upside , but there is a secone line in light brown .
the first description of this butterfly was in 1813 by latreille . there are only two subspecies .
photo © by thomas neubauer ; from assortment of dr . hildegard winkler specialty shop of entomology ( see links )
cites : ( convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) : - no entry - ( as at 23 . 06 . 2005 )
eu regulation on trading with species of wild fauna and flora - no entry - ( as at 19 . 08 . 2005 )
geographic range : occurs commonly from 400 to 1500 m , on both slopes , in association with wet forest habitats that do not have a pronounced dry season .
unique characteristics : frequently seen along forest edges and rivers , where they parade back and forth across the edge vegetation about 1 or 2 meters above the ground .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
a widespread neotropical species , ranging from mexico to northern argentina . larvae feed on
devries , p . j . ( 1987 ) the butterflies of costa rica and their natural history . papilionidae , pieridae , nymphalidae , princeton university press , princeton , n . j .
lamas , g . , ed . ( 2004 ) atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea . gainesville , scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .
this media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial - noderivs license - version 2 . 0 .
correspondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at
. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the
each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
tree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .