the large slit-faced bat , nycteris grandis , is a species of slit-faced bat with a broad distribution in forest and savanna habitats in west , central , and east africa .

n. marica ( kershaw , 1923 ) , is the available name for the southern savanna species if it is recognized as distinct from this species .

large slit - faced bat

large slit - faced bat - nycteris grandis the large slit faced bat is found in central and southern africa . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
placentation in the egyptian slit - faced bat nycteris thebaica ( chiroptera : nycteridae ) .
javan slit - faced bat - nycteris javanica the javan slit - faced bat is found in indonesia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
egyptian slit - faced bat - nycteris thebaica the egyptian slit - faced bat is sometimes called the whispering bat because it has a weak echolocation call . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
. large slit - faced bats have skin temperatures that range from 33 . 5 to 38 . 0°c .
placentation in the egyptian slit - faced bat nycteris thebaica ( chiroptera : nycteridae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
malayan slit - faced bat - nycteris tragata the malayan slit faced bat is also known as the hollow - faced bat . it is found in brunei darussalam , indonesia , malaysia , myanmar , singapore , and thailand . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the intermediate slit - faced bat ( nycteris intermedia ) , wood ' s slit - faced bat ( nycteris woodi ) , and n . aurita are considered by the iucn to be lower risk / near threatened . the javan slit - faced bat ( nycteris javanica ) and ja slit - faced bat ( nycteris major ) are considered vulnerable , the former because of declining range , the latter because of restricted range . too little is known about the madagascar slit - faced bat ( nycteris madagascariensis ) to assess its conservation status , and it is listed as data deficient .
the iucn lists the javan slit - faced bat and the ja slit - faced bat as vulnerable , facing a high risk of extinction in the wild . three other species are listed as near threatened , not currently threatened , but may become so .
large slit - faced bats are most commonly found in swampy sites in rainforests . they make their roosts in hollow trees , small caverns in rocks , hollow fallen logs , and manmade structures . large slit - faced bats are also found in dry savannah habitats .
slit - faced bats get their name from the long , vertical slit that runs across the top of their flattened noseleaf .
(
regions containing large slit faced bats
, 2006 ; fenton , et al . , 1987 ; park and myers , 2004 )
2006 .
regions containing large slit faced bats
( on - line ) . wild finder . accessed february 24 , 2006 at urltoken .
egyptian slit - faced bat - nycteris thebaica the egyptian slit - faced bat is found in sub - saharan africa . it is also found in morocco , libya , egypt , israel , palestine and jordan . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
egyptian - slit faced bats and people : there is no known significant relationship with people .
the egyptian slit - faced bat is affected by roost disturbance and habitat degradation , but these are not considered to be major threats at present ( 1 ) .
slit - faced bats are small to medium in size , and have broad wings and large ears . their fur is long and fine and ranges in color from gray to red . the t - shaped tail cartilage , large ears , and slit - faces make them distinctive .
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can be distinguished from all other bats by their tails ending in a y or t shaped piece of cartilage . large slit - faced bats can be distinguished from all other
there is no information on the lifespan or longevity of this species . large slit - faced bats most likely live for many years since most microchiropterans are fairly long lived .
the hollow - faced bat is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the egyptian slit - faced bat is found in sub - saharan africa , egypt , israel , jordan , lebanon , morocco and libya ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .
slit - faced bats have one offspring per year , typically at the beginning of the rainy season . female large slit - faced bats leave their young behind in the roost when they set out at night to hunt . they return several times throughout the night to feed their young .
not much is known about parental investment in large slit - faced bats . females nurse their young in day roosts and leave them when they forage for food . they are similar to other mammals in that the mother cares for her young until it is ready for independence . the role of male large slit - faced bats in raising offspring is unknown .
emits echolocation calls through their nostrils , and their noseleaf may play a role in ampilyfing the sound . large slit - faced bats also use other modes of perception to locate and capture prey , including passive hearing and vision . the large ears of
eats large amounts of insects which likely affects the populations of those species . they also feed on vertebrates , including other bats . large slit - faced bats are hosts to parasites called broad trypanosomes , but there is little information available about this relationship .
slit - faced bats have large ears , broad wings , and a long tail . they roost in alone or in small groups in trees , buildings , caves , and animal burrows .
little is known about the reproductive and mating habits of large slit - faced bats . it is likely that these bats are monogamous because pairing and roost fidelity is quite common in this species .
they may not depend upon to find their prey , relying instead on sound cues such as the songs or footfalls of prey . slit - faced bats also take flying prey . accumulations of discarded pieces of prey under feeding roosts provide biologists with a picture of the diets of slit - faced bats . unlike other species of bat , slit - faced bats are warm - blooded and cannot enter torpor , a state of total inactivity .
(
regions containing large slit faced bats
, 2006 ; bayefsky - anand , 2005 ; fenton , et al . , 1987 ; hickey and dunlop , 2000 ; parey and berlin , 1993 )
interspecific communication has not been widely studied in bats , but it is likely that large slit - faced bats use chemical and auditory cues , as well as tactile and visual cues , to communicate among individuals .
slit - faced bats are found throughout most of africa , southeast asia , and madagascar . most species are found in africa .
a tropical forest - dwelling bat , the hollow - faced bat has been found at all altitudes , and is known to roost in small groups in tree holes , rotten fallen trees , and rock crevices ( 2 ) .
large slit - faced bats are opportunistic foragers that use two foraging strategies and eats a broad range of prey . large slit - faced bats eat arthropods , bats , frogs , fish and birds . their diets vary based on the season , with frogs being the most common prey in march , april , may , august , and september . other bats are common prey in june and july , and arthropods are most common in december , january , and february . for large prey like bats and birds ,
jacob , davids .
bats of the western cape .
cape bat action team ( cape bat ) . urltoken ( accessed on july 4 , 2004 ) .
top right : bat hawk , south africa . [ photo johan van rensburg © ] bottom right : bat hawk , south africa . [ photo stephen davis © ]
tanglegram comparing the phylogenies of hantaviruses and their bat , insectivore , and rodent hosts .
species of slit - faced bats have large , oval ears and their wings are broad . slit - faced bats range in color from orange , brown , and red to gray . these bats also have a distinctive feature among mammals at the end of their tail . the long tail , completely enclosed within a membrane , ends in a t - shaped tip .
slit - faced bats ( nycteridae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
slit - faced bats : nycteridae .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
parey , v . , h . berlin . 1993 . variation in foraging behaviour , habitat use and diet of large slit - facebats ( nycteris grandis ) .
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a single young is born each year , typically at the beginning of the rainy season . the slit - faced bats are most likely promiscuous .
some species of slit - faced bats live in woodland savanna or dry country , and others live in rainforests in africa or in southeast asia .
it is considered to be a rather rare bat , colony sizes tend to be small .
the broad wings of slit - faced bats enable them to fly slowly and hover , then pluck insects off ground or vegetation surfaces . when bats , such as the large slit - faced bat , catch and kill larger prey such as small vertebrates , they carry them off to their feeding perch . these bats can hunt either lying in wait on their perches or from slow , continuous flight low to the ground . when they eat insects , they typically drop their wings and legs .
slit - faced bats roost in hollows by day . the hollows include caves and mines , those in trees , as well as others associated with buildings or other artificial structures . roosting slit - faced bats are usually not in physical contact with one another . they produce low - intensity echolocation calls , which
slit - faced bats ( nycteridae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
slit - faced bats : nycteridae .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
prey includes grasshoppers , crickets , caterpillars , and beetles . these frogs are preyed upon by the boomslang dispholidus typus , the vine snake thelotornis capensis , and the large slit - faced bat nycteris grandis . the foam nests are preyed upon by the african bullfrog , fornasini ' s spiny reed frog afrixalus fornasini , and the blue monkey cercopithecus mitis ( channing and howell , 2006 ) .
most species of slit - faced bats are found in rainforest in africa or in southeast asia , but other species occur in drier areas , from savanna woodlands to desert .
diet : egyptian slit - faced bats typically diet on arthropods , such as spiders , crickets , and scorpions , as well as insects , such as moths and beetles .
there are no known conservation efforts currently in place for the egyptian slit - faced bat . it has been recommended that this species would benefit from better protection of its roost sites and improved legal protection , as well as further research into its population size and trends ( 1 ) .
nowak , ronald m .
slit - faced bats , or hollow - faced bats .
walker ' s mammals of the world 5 . 1 online . baltimore : johns hopkins university press , 1997 . urltoken ( accessed on july 4 , 2004 ) .
myers , phil , and bret weinstein .
family nycteridae ( slit - faced bats ) .
animal diversity web . urltoken ( accessed on july 4 , 2004 ) .
al - omari , k . a . , abu baker , m . a . and amr , z . s . ( 2000 ) first record of the egyptian slit - faced bat , nycteris thebaica , from jordan . zoology in the middle east , 21 : 5 - 7 .
a slit - faced bat ' s diet depends upon the species . most species of these bats feed primarily on a variety of arthropods ( animals that have jointed bodies and limbs ) , such as moths , butterflies , beetles , crickets , centipedes , scorpions , and spiders . some bats , the larger slit - faced bats , will also eat small vertebrates ( animals with a backbone ) , such as frogs , birds , fish , other bats , and mice .
kerner , sarah .
in the bat cave .
boys ' life ( june 2003 ) : 18 .
egyptian slit - faced bats are found throughout africa and parts of southern europe . they range from south africa up through egypt , the arabian peninsula , and to the island of corfu .
large slit - faced bats use two foraging strategies . the most common strategy involves hunting from a perch where the bats wait for prey to pass by . they then use short flights to attack the prey on the ground where they envelop it with their wings . they also take longer flights in search of food on the ground or in the air . they switch between each type of foraging strategy based on habitat and prey availability . large slit - faced bats hunt at night from night roosts . they use prey - generated sounds to locate their targets , which explains why noisy prey are their most common targets .
physical characteristics : a distinctive feature of the egyptian slitfaced bat is its long ears . the bat has long , fine fur that is gray to red . its underparts are lighter in color . these bats are also called common slit - faced bats . they are medium - size bats , with an adult weighing about 0 . 2 to 0 . 4 ounces ( 7 to 12 grams ) —about the weight of five pennies .
a medium - sized bat ; forearm ranging 1 . 6–2 in ( 4 . 2–5 . 1 cm ) ; weight 0 . 2–0 . 4 oz ( 7–12 g ) . long , fine fur is gray to red . large ears .
large slit - faced bats consume their prey while hanging from a perch with one foot . they use their wings to hold and position the prey . the discarded prey remains , such as skin , fur , and wings , fall to the ground beneath their feeding roosts , making these roosts easily recognized by researchers .
although slit - faced bats are included in the superfamily rhinolophoidea , the closeness of their relationship to the other families in the group ( false vampires , the megadermatidae , horseshoe bats , the rhinolophidae , and old world leaf - nosed bats , the hipposideridae ) has been questioned . apart from recent material , there is no fossil record of slit - faced bats . no subfamilies are recognized .
large slit - faced bats are large bats that have reddish brown to gray fur on the top part of their body and paler and grayer fur on the underside . a female found in zambia had a slight yellow tinge around its neck and shoulders . the face has a deep frontal groove that houses the noseleave and extends from the nostrils to a line joining the base of the ears . this groove is surrounded by fleshy lobes and flanges . large slit - faced bats are not sexually dimorphic in size . their tails range in length from 65 to 75mm and terminate in a y or t shaped piece of cartilage . their body and head length ranges from 63 - 93 mm and their body mass is from 23 to 36 g , which makes them the largest member of the family
fenton , m . b . , c . m . swanepoel , r . m . brigham , j . cebek , and m . b . c . hickey .
foraging behaviour and prey selection by large slit - faced bats ( nycteris grandis ; chiroptera : nycteridae ) .
biotropica 22 ( 1990 ) : 2–8 .
fenton , m . brock . the bat : wings in the night sky . buffalo , ny : firefly books , 1998 .
fenton , m . b . , swanepoel , c . m . , brigham , r . m . , cebek , j . and hickey , m . b . c . 1990 . foraging behavior and prey selection by large slit - faced bats ( nycteris grandis ; chiroptera : nycteridae ) . biotropica 22 : 2 - 8 .
has a large impact on many different species in their ecosystem because they eat such a wide variety of foods . like many bats ,
slit - faced bats are small to medium in size . head and body length is 1 . 6 to 3 . 7 inches ( 4 to 9 . 3 centimeters ) , and adults weigh 0 . 2 to 1 . 2 ounces ( 6 to 36 grams ) . also called hollow - faced bats , the feature that gives slit - faced bats their name is a deep groove that runs from their nostrils to a pit in the middle of their forehead . the dent is hidden by fur , which makes it hard to see .
at the same time , a number of local sugar growers are showing an interest in erecting
bat houses
which may accommodate hundreds of free - tailed bats , the species most likely to be colonising farm buildings anyway . since it is the number of roosting opportunities , and not the food source , which limits bat populations , bat houses are a means of artificially restoring bat roosting habitat that was lost when natural habitats were replaced with sugar cane . more bats must mean fewer moths , which has to be good news for sugar cane growers !
smaller species of slit - faced bats feed almost entirely on arthropods , typically insects such as moths , beetles , and crickets , but also spiders , centipedes , and scorpions . larger species of nycterids also eat small vertebrates such as fish , frogs , birds , and other bats . slit - faced bats often hunt from a perch , dropping to the ground to grab passing prey , or snatching it from the foliage or branches or trunks of trees .
little is known about the reproduction and development of large slit - faced bats . one offspring is born to a female per breeding season . it is possible that there are two breeding seasons , but this is uncertain . in one study in zimbabwe in december , some female large slit - faced bats were found with offspring that were 1 - 7 days old . in liberia , a female was found in december with a 5 mm embryo . another study collected 7 females in september in zambia ; these had single fetuses with crown - rump lengths of 24 - 27 mm and head lengths of 17 - 18 mm . the amount of time to weaning and the age at which the offspring reaches sexual maturity is unknown . in related bats such as
may hang from perches and wait for passing prey , or fly in search of food . in either case , they depend upon the sounds of prey to locate their targets and usually take prey from surfaces . along the zambezi river , they feed heavily on vertebrates , usually frogs ( representing seven species ) , but occasionally on birds and fish . they also eat other species of bats , including egyptian slit - faced bats . large slit - faced bats also eat large arthropods , including sun spiders , moths , and beetles . prey is killed with a bite to the head , and inedible parts dropped below feeding roosts . when they eat frogs , they usually discard one foot bitten off at the ankle , the other leg bitten off at the knee .
the species appears to need rather large trees , and is presumably threatened by deforestation resulting from logging activities and the conversion of forest to agricultural use .
the largest of slit - faced bats : forearms 2 . 2–2 . 6 in ( 5 . 7–6 . 6 cm ) ; weight 0 . 8–1 . 2 oz ( 23–36 g ) . long , fine fur is gray to red .
egyptian slit - faced bats do not do well in captivity . when given food and water they will eat the food , but will not touch the water , and as a result it is not uncommon for them to die of dehydration .
like all bats , slit - faced bats are active in the night hours and they roost ( settle or rest ) during the day hours . most species shelter alone , in pairs , or in small family groups or colonies ( group of animals of the same type living together ) . roosting sites for slit - faced bats are diverse , and may include hollow trees , dense foliage , rocky outcrops , caves , buildings , ruins , abandoned wells , and porcupine and aardvark burrows .
the nest is built by both sexes , consisting of a large structure of twigs , lined with green leaves . it is typically placed in the fork of a branch , in a large white or pale - barked tree . it probably prefers lightly - coloured trees because they are easier to locate at night .
fenton , m . b . , rautenbach , i . l . , chipese , d . , cumming , m . b . , musgrave , m . k . , taylor , j . s . and volpers , t . 1993 . variation in foraging behavior , habitat use , and diet of large slit - faced bats ( nycteris grandis ) . zeitschrift für säugetierkunde 58 : 65 - 74 .
the breeding season of the egyptian slit - faced batoccurs between april and july ( 2 ) , with a single offspring born in early november ( 2 ) ( 9 ) , which feeds on the mother’s milk for around two months ( 9 ) .
can be found roosting alone , in pairs , or in small groups . these bats show high levels of roost fidelity ; that is , they return to the same roost each day . large slit - faced bats use a variety of different roosts for day roosts , feeding roosts , and night roosts . females pass the day and nurse their young in day roosts . night roosts are used as hunting perches .
take prey from surfaces ( the ground or vegetation ) as well as flying prey . the usual diet is arthropods , from sun spiders to scorpions , and insects such as orthopterans , moths , and beetles . in zimbabwe , egyptian slit - faced bats ate 1 . 1 in ( 3 cm ) beetles in less than two minutes . from south africa , there is one record of an egyptian slit - faced bat taking a lizard . these bats appear to use sounds generated by prey to detect and assess their targets . the role of echolocation in hunting remains unclear . they produce bird - like chirps when foraging at night , but the function of these calls remains unknown .
large slit - faced bats have trifid incisors , that is , their incisors are divided into three narrow parts or lobes . a few dimensions of their skulls are as follows : length of skull , 26 - 27 mm , breadth of zygomatic arch , 16 - 17 mm , length of maxillary tooth row , 9 . 1 - 9 . 7 mm and width of the maxillary 10 . 4 - 11 . 1 mm .
there is little available information on predation of this species . it is possible that they are prey to snakes as well as to some birds , including bat hawks ,
as well as echolocation , it appears that these bats depend upon sound to find food . their large ears are apparently used to listen for the low - frequency sounds of prey - generated movements , such as the sound of an insect scuffling along the ground or calls the insects may make . slit - faced bats sometimes catch their prey in the air , but primarily snatch their prey from a surface , such as a leaf or branch .
french , barbara .
where the bats are part ii : other animals ' shelters .
bat conservation international , inc . urltoken ( accessed on july 4 , 2004 ) .
. the diet is influenced by prey availability and results in these bats choosing a variety of prey . these bats can take large prey , up to 33 % of their body mass .
weiss s , witkowski pt , auste b , nowak k , weber n , et al . ( 2012 ) hantavirus in bat , sierra leone . emerg infect dis 18 : 159–161 .
thought to have a wide habitat tolerance ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , the egyptian slit - faced bat may be found in moist and dry savanna , sometimes ranging into desert and rocky areas ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 6 ) , but is rarely found in forested areas ( 7 ) . it roosts in caves and crevices , as well as tombs , ruins , roofs , houses , wells and hollow trees ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .
behavior and reproduction : when foraging for food , egyptian slit - faced bats pick their prey off the ground and vegetation surfaces , such as leaves or branches , as well as while flying . they can fly slowly and maneuver well , which allows them to hunt close to the ground and in dense vegetation .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
the roosts of egyptian - slit faced bats include caves , areas under roads , mines , hollow trees , and roofs . they can be seen hanging from veranda ( a structure like a porch ) rooftops in temporary night roosts as they rest from their foraging . observations have spotted colonies ranging in size from several and several hundred individuals .
most species of slit - faced bats occur in africa , one ranging from the north ( israel and adjacent countries ) to the south ( the cape ) . two other species occur in southeast asia , from myanmar , thailand , and malaysia to sarawak , sumatra , java , borneo , and bali . one species has been reported from madagascar .
light brown above , ventral side is lighter brown or grayish white . medium - sized bat with large ears and well - developed calcar . muzzle has deep median furrow . head and body length 3 . 8–4 . 3 in ( 9 . 7–11 cm ) , tail length 1 . 8–2 . 2 in ( 4 . 7–5 . 8 cm ) , forearm length 1 . 6–1 . 9 in ( 4 . 3–4 . 7 cm ) .
the bat has been recorded from both dry and moist lowland forest , gallery forest and moist savanna . it has been found roosting in standing trees in small family groups ( rosevear 1965 ; grubb et al . 1998 ) .
there are thought to be two breeding seasons per year , with females giving birth to a single pup ( 2 ) . at first the pup is carried in foraging flights , which may well limit the diet of the hollow - faced bat , as it can only take lighter prey . the pup learns quickly to fly and forage alone , and at one year old will be sexually mature ( 2 ) .
fenton , m . b . , thomas , d . w . and sasseen , r . 1981 . nycteris grandis ( nycteridae ) , an african carnivorous bat . journal of zoology ( london ) 194 : 461 - 465 .
bat colonies living in the roofs of farm buildings are at best a barely tolerable nuisance to many farmers . what they overlook is the fact that bats are the major predators of night - flying insects , including many that are important agricultural pests .
in general there appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole . it is threatened in parts of its range by habitat loss , particularly the logging of large trees used for roosting . some populations may be threatened by overharvesting for subsistence food .
weber , n . and fahr , j . 2007 . survey of endemic and globally threatened bat species in the fouta djallon highlands for conservation priorities in guinea . van tienhoven foundation for international nature protection and conservation international ' s critical species fund , ulm university .
. they have large ears , ranging from 28 to 35 mm ; this can be as much as 50 % of their forearm length . the forearms range from 57 to 66 mm , and their tibias range in length from 29 . 5 to 33 . 5 mm .
aldridge , h . d . j . n . , m . obrist , h . g . merriam , and m . b . fenton .
roosting , vocalizations and foraging by the african bat , nycteris thebaica .
journal of mammalogy 71 ( 1990 ) : 242–246 .
aldridge , h . d . j . n , obrist , m , merriam , h . g . and fenton , m . b . ( 1990 ) roosting , vocalisations and foraging by the african bat , nycteris thebaica . journal of mammology , 71 : 242 - 246 .
these bats use echolocation and simply listening to detect their prey . their large ears enable the bats to pick up sounds like the scuffling of some insects or the beating of wings . the purpose of the bird - like chirps they make while searching for their prey at night is unknown .
near - threatened in south africa , due to its rarity and disappearance from former breeding sites . destruction of woodland impacts the local bat populations it is dependent on , and it is persecuted by locals because they believe that it eats chickens , although it has never been observed doing so .
used loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .
like all bats , these bats are nocturnal , meaning they are active at night . slit - faced bats also use echolocation ( eck - oh - loh - kay - shun ) , the detection of an object by means of reflected sound . it is not known how much they depend upon echolocation to catch their prey ( animals hunted for food ) . the echolocation calls of these bats are low in intensity , or energy , and brief . usually the calls last only a millisecond or less .
distribution of bat hawk in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
these bats , like most other bats , use echolocation for finding prey . however , like other gleaning bats , their echolocation calls are not strong and as a result this species is often called a “whispering” bat . the echolocation that they produce has low intensity , and is multi - harmonic . echolocation is used when they are assessing the area around them , especially for prey location .
it mainly eats small insectivorous bats , doing most of its foraging at dusk when bats become active , usually in an open space adjacent to cliffs , buildings or large trees . it hawks prey aerially , catching the animal with its feet then eating it while in flight . in one hunting session it takes about 5 - 6 , rarely up to 17 bats , consuming about one every 1 - 3 minutes . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :
the species inhabits a variety of bushveld vegetation types in the savanna biome . breeding usually takes place in temporary pans and vleis , but also occurs in more permanent water bodies such as dams and quarries . in the absence of trees and shrubs , nests may be attached to the sides of large rocks or man - made structures overhanging water , including bridges , culverts and bird hides ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .
this species also preys on insects that are not moving , such as on the ground , walls , rocks , lights , and vegetation . small prey will be eaten on the spot , but larger prey will be taken to a tree and eaten while the bat is hanging . their uropatagium is a tool that they use to bring their prey to their mouth . the females leave the roost at dusk ( with their young ) to go on regular hunts for food .
although this insect - eating species is capable of complex echolocation calls involving a rapid , low intensity sweep of the frequency range , it is also thought to hunt simply by listening for sounds made by the insects themselves . its large wing area and comparatively low body weight allows it to take off nearly vertically from the forest floor when hunting , possibly with heavy prey ( 2 ) . it tends to hover over its prey before snatching it up into the air ( 5 ) .
dorsal surfaces are brownish to grey , sometimes white , with or without darker mottling ( schiøtz , 1999 ) . according to harper et al . ( 2010 ) , the darker brown mottling resembles tree bark . the eyes are large with horizontal pupils , and the tympanum is distinctly visible . the fingers have wide expanded disks and are arranged in opposable pairs that wrap easily around small branches . toes are completely webbed ( harper et al . , 2010 ) . no tarsal fold is present ( schiøtz , 1999 ) .
preys on organisms while flying , or observes them while hanging upside down from a tree and then goes after the prey . as these bats hang from a tree , they observe the surrounding area for prey . their enormous ears are used to detect any noise made by potential prey . once it hears a potential prey item , an individual bat will go after the area where the sound came from . in addition to their ears , they use their eyes ( since echolocation is weak for these bats ) to locate their prey .
tanglegram constructed using treemap2 . 0b illustrating the phylogenies of hantaviruses and their bat , insectivore , and rodent hosts . ( a ) the host tree on the left was based on mt - cyt b gene sequences , and the hantavirus tree on the right was based on the coding sequences of m segment . ( b ) the host tree on the left was based on cytochrome b gene sequences , and the hantavirus tree on the right was based on the coding sequences of s + m segment . numbers ( > 0 . 7 ) above or below branches indicate posterior node probabilities .
a single female and several males construct a foam nest on leaves or branches above water . the female must return to the pool several times during the construction of the nest to absorb enough water to complete the task . in some cases , she may even return the following night to add water to the nest . the large unpigmented eggs develop into small dark tadpoles which drop into the water after three to five days . the small tadpoles are only 18 mm in length ( harper et al . , 2010 ) . according to channing and howell ( 2006 ) , approximately 500 to 1226 eggs are deposited in each nest .
a rather different picture of the evolutionary history of hantaviruses was observed in the phylogenies of 62 l segment sequences . in particular , these trees provided evidence for five phylogroups , as viruses from phylogroup ii could be subdivided into a subgroup containing hpuv , mouyassué virus ( mouv ) detected in bat from cote d ' ivoire [ 22 ] , nvav , and altai virus ( eu424341 ) sampled from a soricidae shrew in the neighboring area of russia with china , and a subgroup containing the lquv and mgb virus sampled from bats in sierra leone [ 23 ] ( phylogroup v , figure 2c ) . however , this novel subdivision of phylogroups was not supported strongly . the clustering patterns of other viruses were similar to those in the s and m segment trees ( figure s3a–b ) , although lquv and mgb virus grouped with tpmv and mjnv in the bayesian tree ( figure s3b ) . finally , and in contrast what is seen in the l nucleotide sequence phylogenies , mgb virus shared a closer relationship with tpmv and mjnv than hupv and lquv in the l amino acid tree ( figure s2g–i ) .
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n . marica kershaw , 1923 , is the available name for the southern savanna species if it is recognised as distinct from this species .
this species is broadly distributed in sub - saharan africa . it ranges from senegal , through west and central africa , to southern sudan , southeastern kenya and eastern tanzania , with scattered records as far south as zambia , zimbabwe and mozambique . it is a lowland species .
it appears to be a rare , or rarely recorded , species . the species occurs in small colonies , but is usually found only as single animals or in pairs .
this species has been recorded from a variety of lowland habitats , ranging from lowland tropical moist forest ( often found near to swampy sites ) to drier savanna areas and miombo woodland ( rosevear 1965 ; fenton et al . 1990 ; hickey and dunlop 2000 ; skinner and chimimba 2005 ) . it generally roosts in hollow trees , but is also found in man made structures such as houses ( fenton et al . 1990 , 1993 ) , disused water towers ( fenton et al . 1990 , 1993 ) and culverts ( rosevear , 1965 ) . animals might also roost in hollow fallen logs , and holes or small caverns in rocks ( rosevear , 1965 ; hickey and dunlop 2000 ) .
in view of the species wide range , it is presumably present in a number of protected areas . no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
( fenton , et al . , 1987 ; hickey and dunlop , 2000 )
( fenton , et al . , 1987 ; hickey and dunlop , 2000 ; parey and berlin , 1993 )
( fenton , et al . , 1987 ; park and myers , 2004 )
adult size is reached in about two months , and females continue to nurse their offspring from 45 to 60 days .
it has been documented that females and their young can recognize each other . in several cases , when a female returned to a roost after foraging , her offspring recognized her and began to rapidly flap its wings .
breeding season breeding may occur once in the spring ( march and april ) and once in the winter ( december and january ) .
individuals take prey that they have caught to a feeding roost , which is usually within 20 m of their day roost . this may be a strategy to avoid having their prey stolen by other bats in the day roosts .
has been known to migrate . there is little information about why this occurs in
and it has been hypothesized that migration occurs as a result of resource availability .
produces echolocation calls , increasing the rate of calling as it approaches its prey . the spectra of calls early in the feeding sequence have four peaks ( 20 - 112 khz ) , and the calls later in the approach have a single peak at approximately 73 - 91 khz . the minimum and maximum frequencies of the early calls in the approach are 17 and 114 khz and for the later calls are 61 and 110 khz . the pulse duration varies from 0 . 6 to 2 . 8 ms and the interpulse interval varies from 6 . 0 to 17 . 8 ms .
have their higest sensitivity between 10 and 20 khz , a frequency used to detect sounds made by prey .
grasp them in their mouths and immobilize them with a strong bite to the head .
. possibily to avoid predators , these bats roost in high places where it is hard for predators to get to them .
jim aldrich ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor , instructor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
the process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water , often dominated by woody vegetation .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
bayefsky - anand , s . 2005 . effect of location and season on the arthropod prey of nycteris grandis .
esmailka , l . , l . olson . 2005 .
animal diversity web
( on - line ) . accessed march 20 , 2006 at urltoken .
fenton , m . , d . cumming , j . hutton , c . swanepoel . 1987 . foraging and habitat use by nycteris grandis in zimbabwe .
park , a . , p . myers . 2004 .
animal diversity web
( on - line ) . accessed march 20 , 2006 at urltoken .
to cite this page : aldrich , j . 2006 .
nycteris grandis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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home | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online
there are 16 species of small to medium - sized bats in this family . they are found in africa , malaysia , indonesia .
they range in color from brown , brownish - orange or gray . most species eat insects .
least concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .
classification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by jakob fahr - see more .
jakob fahr marked the classification from
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis )
as preferred for
nycteris grandis peters , 1865
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
isojänölepakko
to
nycteris grandis peters , 1865
.
jakob fahr set
image of nycteris grandis
as an exemplar on
nycteris grandis peters , 1865
.
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image processing : dr . amy balanoff image processing : dr . julian humphries publication date : 22 mar 2003
this specimen was scanned by matthew colbert on 15 january 2003 along the coronal axis for a total of 1161 slices . the specimen was mounted in florists foam for scanning . each slice is 0 . 072 mm thick , with an interslice spacing of 0 . 072 mm and a field of reconstruction of 67 . 0 mm .
to cite this page : dr . nancy simmons , 2003 ,
nycteris grandis
( on - line ) , digital morphology . accessed july 9 , 2018 at urltoken
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
items in open research are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .
simmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
comments : hispida species group . reviewed by van cakenberghe and de vree ( 1993b ) . n . marica is sometimes recognized as a distinct savanna subspecies , but this does not seem justified based on morphology ; see van cakenberghe and de vree ( 1993b ) . see hickey and dunlop ( 2000 )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
size forearms range 1 . 2–2 . 5 in ( 3 . 2–6 . 4 cm ) ; body mass 0 . 2–1 . 2 oz ( 6–36 g )
occur from sierra leone in the west to lake victoria in the east . there are two isolated populations , one on the coast in tanzania , the other from zambia south into zimbabwe along the zambezi river .
most often found in rainforest , but outlying populations occur in areas of savanna woodlands .
roost in hollows in trees , caves , and mines , or those in artificial structures such as buildings and unused military bunkers . roosting individuals , other than females and their dependent young , are not in physical contact with one another . along the zambezi river in zimbabwe , they use the same day roosts year after year , including hollows in acacia trees as well as those in buildings and in military bunkers ; the roosts provide shelter from the extreme heat of the day . along the zambezi , they use feeding roosts , sites that offer protection from above . typically , feeding roosts are under thatched roofs , on porches , and in rooms that they enter through open doors or windows . some day roosts also serve as feeding roosts .


mesocnemis is a genus of african damselflies in the white-legged damselfly family ( platycnemididae ) .

they are commonly known as riverjacks .

the genus contains the following species : mesocnemis dupuyi legrand , 1982 - gambia riverjack mesocnemis robusta ( selys , 1886 ) mesocnemis saralisa dijkstra , 2008 mesocnemis singularis karsch , 1891 - common riverjack , savanna brook-damsel , savanna stream-damsel mesocnemis tisi lempert , 1992 - liberian riverjack

mesocnemis

mesocnemis is a genus of african damselflies in the white - legged damselfly family ( platycnemididae ) . they are commonly known as riverjacks . the genus contains the following species :
justification : mesocnemis singularis is assessed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
legrand , j . ( 1982 ) . elattoneura pluotae spec . nov . ( protoneuridae ) et mesocnemis dupuyi spec . nov . ( platycnemididae ) , zygopteres nouveaux du senegal . odonatologica , 11 , 153 - 158 . [ pdf file ]
justification : this is a widespread species with no known major widespread threats that is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category . therefore , it is assessed as least concern . in central , northern and western africa , the species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category . in northern africa , out of the two localities recorded for mesocnemis robusta in egypt , one probably became extinct through the construction of the aswan high dam and barrage lake . the single remaining locality for this species is included in the agricultural area of the nile delta , which suffers from inundation of increasing levels of polluted water ( e . g . , salts , sewage water , heavy metals ) . this population is now separated from the nearest ( sudanese ) locality by a river stretch of about 1 , 600 km as well as by the assouan barrage lake , therefore no spontaneous immigration is expected . it is currently listed as critically endangered based on its restricted range , occurrence at only one known location and ongoing declines .
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justification : this species is short - listed by dijkstra and vick ( 2004 ) as western african odonate requiring special attention . it is known from one locality , the sinoe river and a tributary , within a 5 , 000 km² area of forest habitat , which is expected to deteriorate in the future due to selective logging and clearing for agriculture . it is therefore listed as endangered .
the species is only known from two sites near juarzon in south eastern liberia , the sinoe river and a tributary ( lempert 1988 , 1992 ) .
rainforest rivers , preferring shaded sections unlike the sympatric m . singularis , which perches in the sun .
there is a potential threat of logging for wood extraction and agriculture within the species range .
no information available but research into population numbers and range , biology and ecology , habitat status , threats , and trends / monitoring of this species would be valuable .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . , clausnitzer , v . , suhling , f . , samways , m . , samraoui , b . , boudot , j . p . , kipping , j . ( odonata red list authority ) & allen , d . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit )
1998 ) . although records show two disjunct populations , the species is likely to be present in between .
it has not been recorded from central africa region yet , but likely to occur in the northern zones of democratic republic of congo , congo , cameroon and central african republic .
in northern africa , the species is endemic to the river nile system , ranging from ethiopia to the nile delta .
no information available . in northern africa , two records are known from egypt ( one from the lower nile ( 1988 ) , and one from assouan in upper egypt ( 1912 ) , which is possibly now extinct due to the assouan dam ) , and five from sudan . some records are dated 1980 - 1988
the main threats to the species are over - irrigation , water pollution , stream management and infrastructure development . it is inferred that it would be affected by drought in the future .
preservation of stream water quality and conservation of the natural structure of stream systems using policy - based actions and increasing education and awareness . information on taxonomy , population ecology , habitat status and population trends , and habitat / site based conservation is also required .
the species is widespread in sub - saharan africa , ranging from sierra leone to south sudan and southwards to south africa .
the habitat of this species is mostly rivers , but also streams and large lakes , mostly shaded by gallery forest , but also in open landscapes and open areas in forest . at rivers it prefers faster sections ( rapids , falls ) with emergent vegetation , submerged roots , rocks and / or probably overhanging branches .
no diagnosis of this species endemic to the gambia catchment is presently available . please refer to the references provided .
not known well , but probably rivers in open landscapes . probably especially faster sections with emergent vegetation , submerged roots and / or rocks . inferred to occur from 0 to 200 m above sea level .
map citation : clausnitzer , v . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , r . koch , j . - p . boudot , w . r . t . darwall , j . kipping , b . samraoui , m . j . samways , j . p . simaika & f . suhling , 2012 . focus on african freshwaters : hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern . frontiers in ecology and the environment 10 : 129 - 134 .
citation : dijkstra , k . - d . b ( editor ) . african dragonflies and damselflies online . urltoken [ 2018 - 07 - 09 ] .
african dragonflies and damselflies online is a collaboration between consent ( stellenbosch ) and adu ( cape town ) funded by the jrs biodiversity foundation . addo brings all available knowledge together of africa ' s 770 known species of odonata . read more . . .
by combining conservation ecology and entomology , our department at stellenbosch university brings together a considerable body of teaching and research expertise in the rapidly growing important field of conservation in agricultural and development landscapes . read more . . .
the adu aims to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation . we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists , long - term monitoring , research and innovative statistical modelling . read more . . .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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coleotechnites ducharmei is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from south-western nova scotia , southern quebec , ontario and alberta .

adults are brownish-grey .

there is one generation per year with adults on wing in june .

the larvae feed on picea species , including picea rubens , picea mariana and picea glauca .

young larvae are yellowish with a dark brown head .

full-grown larvae have a distinctive body pattern consisting of transverse pink bands on a cream-yellow ground colour .

pupation takes place on the ground .

the species overwinters in the pupal stage .

coleotechnites ducharmei

coleotechnites citriella chambers , 1880 ; rep . ent . u . s . dep . agric . 1879 : 206
coleotechnites ponderosae hodges & stevens , 1978 ; j . lep . soc . 32 : 118 ; tl : colorado , boulder
coleotechnites edulicola hodges & stevens , 1978 ; j . lep . soc . 32 : 120 ; tl : 14km n aztec , new mexico
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eucordylea albicostata freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 217 ; tl : simcoe , ontario
recurvaria obliquistrigella ; kearfott , 1903 , j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 152 , pl . 9 , f . 2
larva on juniperus virginiana freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 218
recurvaria alnifructella busck , 1915 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 17 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : falls church , virginia
evagora ardas freeman , 1961 ; can . ent . 92 ( suppl . 16 ) : 14
gelechia argenti - albella [ = argentialbella ] chambers , 1874 ; can . ent . 6 ( 12 ) : 241 ; tl : texas
eucordylea atrupictella dietz , 1900 ; ent . news 11 ( 2 ) : 350 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : hazleton , pennsylvania
evagora biopes freeman , 1961 ; can . ent . 92 ( suppl . 16 ) : 14
pulivarvaria carbonaria freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 215 ; tl : simcoe , ontario
larva on juniperus sp . freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 216
recurvaria colubrinae busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 810 ; tl : rockport , texas
recurvaria condignella busck , 1929 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 31 ( 1 ) : 13 ; tl : prescott , arizona ; valparaiso , florida
recurvaria coniferella kearfott , 1907 ; can . ent . 39 ( 1 ) : 3 ; tl : ottawa , canada
gelchia cristatella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 241 ; tl : kentucky
larva on pinus edulis hodges & stevens , 1978 , j . lep . soc . 32 : 122
eucordylea elucidella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : san diego , california
recurvaria eryngiella bottimer , 1926 ; j . agr . reasearch 33 : 812 , pl . 2 , f . g ; tl : texas , chambers co . , stowell
evagora florae freeman , 1961 ; can . ent . 92 ( suppl . 16 ) : 19
eucordylea gallicola busck , 1915 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 17 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : colorado springs , colorado
recurvaria gibsonella kearfott , 1907 ; can . ent . 39 ( 1 ) : 4 ; tl : new jersey
larva on juniperus communis kearfott , 1907 , can . ent . 39 ( 1 ) : 4
publicalvaria granti freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 212 ; tl : boswell , british columbia
larva on abies grandis freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 212
eucordylea huntella keifer , 1936 ; bull . south calif . acad . sci . 35 : 16 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 13
recurvaria invictella busck , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 7 ) : 316 ; tl : san diego , california
recurvaria juniperella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 157 , pl . 9 , f . 3 , 17 ; tl : caldwell , essex co . , new jersey
larva on juniperus communis kearfott , 1903 , j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 157
pulicalvaria laricis freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 214 ; tl : ottawa , ontario
larva on larix laricina freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 215
evagora lewisi freeman , 1961 ; can . ent . 92 ( suppl . 16 ) : 15
eucordylea mackiei keifer , 1931 ; pan - pacific ent . 8 ( 2 ) : 61
pulicalvaria macleodi freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 213 ; tl : twin elm , ontario
larva on tsuga canadensis freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 214
pulicalvaria martini freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 209 ; tl : ancaster , ontario
larva on picea abies , p . glauca freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 210
recurvaria milleri busck , 1914 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 16 ( 4 ) : 144 ; tl : yosemite national park , california
larva on pinus murrayana busck , 1914 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 16 ( 4 ) : 144
recurvaria moreonella heinrich , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2305 ) : 65 ; tl : cheyenne mtn , colorado
larva on pinus scopulorum heinrich , 1920 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2305 ) : 65
anarsia obliqui - strigella [ = obliquistrigella ] chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 4 ) : 65 ; tl : kentucky
pulicalvaria occidentis freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 216 ; tl : ta ta creek , british columbia
larva on juniperus scopulorum freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 217
hapalosaris petulans meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6600ft ; ecuador , huigra , 4500ft ; peru , chosica , 2800ft
larva on picea mariana kearfott , 1903 , j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 155 , picea pungens , p . abies , p . mariana , p . rubens [ me3 ] , 40
recurvaria pinella busck , 1906 ; can . ent . 38 ( 6 ) : 212 ; tl : manitou , colorado
larva on pinus ponderosa busck , 1906 , can . ent . 38 ( 6 ) : 212
larva on pinus ponderosa hodges & stevens , 1978 , j . lep . soc . 32 : 120
evagora resinosae freeman , 1961 ; can . ent . 92 ( suppl . 16 ) : 16
recurvaria stanfordia keifer , 1933 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 22 : 354
recurvaria thujaella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 154 , pl . 9 , f . 8 , 21 ; tl : usa
larva on thuja occidentalis kearfott , 1903 , j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 154
gelechia variiella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 9 ) : 174
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
zeller , 1873 beiträge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen nachtfälter , besonders der microlepidopteren ( 2 ) verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 201 - 334 , pl . 3 - 4
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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orthetrum triangulare is an asian freshwater dragonfly species .

it is usually found in hilly and montane areas , and breeds in small ponds and marshy areas , and is tolerant of disturbance .

the common name for this species is blue-tailed forest hawk .

two subspecies of orthetrum triangulare are currently recognised , the nominate subspecies and o. t. malaccense .

orthetrum triangulare

dragonflies & damselflies of thailand : 53 . orthetrum triangulare triangulare ( selys , 1878 )
dragonflies and damselflies of bangladesh : 32 . orthetrum triangulare ( selys , 1878 )
no one has contributed data records for orthetrum triangulare malaccense yet . learn how to contribute .
two subspecies of orthetrum triangulare are currently recognised , the nominate subspecies and o . t . malaccense .
two subspecies of orthetrum triangulare are currently recognised , the nominate subspecies and o . t . malaccense .
the orthetrum triangulare triangulare is commonly known as the blue - tailed forest hawk dragonfly . it is of the libellulidae family and was first published in 1878 .
two subspecies of orthetrum triangulare are currently recognised , the nominate subspecies and o . t . malaccense .
orthetrum triangulare triangulare . i am still looking for 3 species of orthetrum in thailand . i have seen this at a number of upland streams and rivers , especially in chiang mai , phu kradeung national park and nam nao environs . the tend to live alongside other
dow , r . a . 2010 . orthetrum triangulare ( selys , 1878 ) ; the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 . urltoken accessed on 30 november 2017 .
citation : dow , r . 2010 . orthetrum triangulare . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 21 december 2011 .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . orthetrum triangulare selys , 1878 . [ online ] bhutan biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . orthetrum triangulare ( selys , 1878 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
orthetrum species and tend to like hot , sunny weather . the males are common at the water ' s edge , but i have only spotted one female .
red list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 assessor / s : dow , r . a . reviewer / s : allen , d . & clausnitzer , v . justification : orthetrum triangulare is a widely distributed and generally common species , breeding in open and disturbed habitats and is assessed as least concern . conservation actions : no conservation measures are needed for this species .
range description : orthetrum triangulare is widely distributed in asia . countries : native : afghanistan bhutan china hong kong india ( arunachal pradesh , bihar , haryana , himachal pradesh , jammu - kashmir , manipur , meghalaya , mizoram , nagaland , rajasthan , sikkim , tamil nadu , uttar pradesh , west bengal ) indonesia ( jawa , sumatera ) lao people ' s democratic republic malaysia ( peninsular malaysia ) myanmar ( myanmar ( mainland ) ) nepal pakistan sri lanka taiwan , province of china thailand viet nam
author contributed taxonomy hierarchy [ admin , k . a . subramanian , panchapakesan jeganathan , panchapakesan jeganathan , panchapakesan jeganathan ]
< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >
subramanian . k . a . ( 2009 ) . dragonflies of india - a field guide . vigyan prasar ,
describes biorhythms - those states or conditions characterised by regular repetition in time , whether on the scale of seconds , hours , days , or seasons . it could also cover phenomena such as
plant flowering
or
chewing rates
. life cycles are treated in the field for life cycle . seasonal migration and reproduction are usually treated separately .
describes reproductive physiology and behavior , including mating and life history variables . includes cues , strategies , restraints , rates .
male : abdomen : 29 - 33mm , hind wing : 37 - 41mm . female : abdomen : 29 - 32mm , hind wing : 37mm .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
male : face is glossy black . eyes : dark blue . thorax : velvety black . legs : black . wings : transparent . the hindwing has a broad triangular blackish brown spot at the base . wing spot : black . abdomen : broad at the base and gradually tapering towards the tip . the segments 1 - 2 and 8 - 10 black . the segments 3 - 7 azure blue and covered with fine hairs . female : thorax : olivaceous green above , often suffused with reddish brown . the sides are dark reddish brown with two bright yellow stripes . wings : the transparent wing is suffused with brown . the hindwing does not have basal black area instead it is tinted with yellow . abdomen : the abdomen is black and without fine hairs . a middorsal yellow or olivaceous green stripe runs from segments 1 - 7 . the segments 2 - 7 have two yellow spot underneath .
describes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .
male : wing spot : black eye : dark blue medium sized robust dragonfly with black thorax , blackish triangular patch at the base of hindwing and black - tipped broad blue tail . female : wing spot : brownish black eye : brown very different ; olivaceous green thorax with lateral yellow stripes and wing - base tinted with yellow .
very sedentary ; found day after day at the same perch , has a liking for sunlit spots in otherwise shady environs .
describes behaviour and behaviour patterns of an organism , including actions and reactions of organism in relation to its biotic and abiotic environment . includes communication , perception , modes and mechanisms of locomotion , as well as long term strategies ( except mating and reproductive strategies , covered under reproduction ) .
a species of the hills . usually found in marshes associated with hill streams .
habitat and ecology : this species is usually found in hilly and montane areas . it breeds in small ponds and marshy areas , and is tolerant of disturbance . systems : freshwater list of habitats : 5 , 5 . 4 , 5 . 7 ,
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
mayurbhanj . himalayas , w . ghats and ne india ; oriental region . easy to spot at : tarinibilla , str .
is widely distributed in asia . countries : native : afghanistan bhutan china hong kong india ( arunachal pradesh , bihar , haryana , himachal pradesh , jammu - kashmir , manipur , meghalaya , mizoram , nagaland , rajasthan , sikkim , tamil nadu , uttar pradesh , west bengal ) indonesia ( jawa , sumatera ) lao people ' s democratic republic malaysia ( peninsular malaysia ) myanmar ( myanmar ( mainland ) ) nepal pakistan sri lanka taiwan , province of china thailand viet nam
population : this species can be somewhat local , but is common where it occurs across much of its range . population trend : unknown
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
red list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 assessor / s : dow , r . a . reviewer / s : allen , d . & clausnitzer , v . justification :
is a widely distributed and generally common species , breeding in open and disturbed habitats and is assessed as least concern . conservation actions : no conservation measures are needed for this species .
jeganathan , p & bhanumathi ( 2016 ) . thattangal , usithattangal : arimuga kaiyedu . ( a field guide on dragonflies & damselflies in tamil ) . cre - a . chennai . pp1 - 224 urltoken
iucn . 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2010 . 4 ) . available at : http : / / www . iucnredlist . org . ( accessed : 27 october 2010 ) .
odonates were surveyed in coimbatore district from september 2012 to january 2016 . the survey sites . . .
odonata ( insecta ) diversity of salim ali bird sanctuary and its adjacent areas in thattekkad , kerala , . . .
odonata diversity of salim ali bird sanctuary and its adjacent areas in thattekkad , kerala , india w . . .
dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of nagaland , with an addition to the indian odonate fau . . .
we surveyed odonates in the districts of kohima , peren and wokha in the state of nagaland , northeas . . .
dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of tripura , northeastern india with a pictorial catalog . . .
a survey of odonata was conducted in four reserve forests , three wildlife sanctuaries and three unc . . .
odonates were recorded from kanha tiger reserve and its adjoining areas during january - december 201 . . .
odonata are freshwater insects spread world - wide . tropical areas are high odonata diversity area . . .
picked up this report / project on damselfies from the internet authored by the indian academy o . . .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
is a widely distributed and generally common species , breeding in open and disturbed habitats and is assessed as least concern .
this species can be somewhat local , but is common where it occurs across much of its range .
this species is usually found in hilly and montane areas . it breeds in small ponds and marshy areas , and is tolerant of disturbance .
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habitat : exposed ponds & seepage , forested streams and rivers ( uplands ) province ( s ) sighted : nam nao np / environs ( petchabun ) ; phu kradueng np ( loei ) ; doi suthep , doi inthanon ( chiang mai ) ; khao soi dao ( chantaburi ) . sightings ( by me ) : fairly common at phu kradeung np in flight ( that i have seen ) : march - december ( probably all year )
the male is easy to recognise as it has a large blue section to the abdomen and the rest of it is completely black . they like to hang right over the water ' s edge on branches and twigs .
the only time i have ever seen a female of the this species , was part of a copula at the small pond right next to the headquarters of doi inthanon , chiang mai . this demonstrates that they are as happy by ponds as they are alongside rivers .
here ' s another male and female . the female is ovipositing with the male guarding above . i was this pair late afternoon at the same location as the copula above . this went on for several minutes .
i am too lazy to write about my past , but i now love photographing dragonflies , manchester city football club , fishing and , of course , my girlfriend .
98 . ischnura sp . ( rufostigma selys , 1876 - group ) . . .
number : 186 family : libellulidae genus : nannophya species : nannophya pygmaea common name ( s ) : the scarlet dwarf . . .
number : 182 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion malaisei common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
location : phu kao - phu phan kham national park , khon kaen date : saturday 28th may , 2016 habitat : lowland , shallow lake on the edg . . .
number : 176 family : lestidae genus : platylestes species : platylestes platystylus common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a . . .
location : phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , chaiyaphum date : saturday , 12th november , 2016 habitat : mid - to upland forested ponds . . .
number : 175 family : libellulidae genus : lyriothemis species : lyriothemis sp . common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a ha . . .
location 1 : tat fa and pha ing waterfalls , tat ton national park , chaiyaphum date : saturday 26th march , 2016 habitat : lowlands ( a . s . l . . . .
number : 189 family : libellulidae genus : amphithemis species : amphithemis curvistyla common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
number : 185 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion pallidum common name ( s ) : n / a syn . . .
number : 57 family : libellulidae genus : trithemis species : trithemis aurora common name ( s ) : crimson marsh glider , crimson dropwing , . . .
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the male is black and white species . the thorax is black , abdominal segments 1 - 7 are bluish , segments 8 - 10 are black .
the female are yellow in color , broad black antehumeral stripe present and abdominal 8 - 10 are black which are the signature of the species .
i have sighted the species from the forest patches of the north eastern forest of bangladesh .
rhyothemis variegata ( linnaeus , 1763 ) number : 30 family : libellulidae genus : rhyothemis species : rhyothemis variegata ( . . .
potamarcha congener ( rambur , 1842 ) number : 22 family : libellulidae genus : potamarcha species : potamarcha congener ( ramb . . .
agriocnemis femina ( brauer , 1868 ) number : 02 family : coenagrionidae genus : agriocnemis species : agriocnemis femina ( braue . . .
number : 11 family : gomphidae genus : paragomphus species : paragomphus lineatus ( selys , 1850 ) common name : lined hooktail . . .
trithemis aurora ( burmeister , 1839 ) trithemis aurora ( burmeister , 1839 ) number : 37 family : libellulidae genus : trith . . .
pantana flavescens ( fabricius , 1 798 ) family : libellulidae genus : pantana species : pantana flavescens ( fabricius . . .
09 . brachydiplax chalybea ( brauer , 1868 ) number : 09 family : libellulidae genus : brachydiplax species : brachythemis chalyb . . .
brachythemis contaminata ( fabricius , 1793 ) number : 08 family : libellulidae genus : brachythemis species : brachythemis conta . . .
agriocnemis kalinga ( nair & subramanian , 2014 ) number : 04 family : coenagrionidae genus : agriocnemis species : agriocnem . . .
diplacodes nebulosa ( fabricius , 1 79 3 ) family : libellulidae genus : diplacodes species : diplacodes nebulosa ( fabr . . .
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mitra , a . ( 2002 ) . dragonfly ( odonata : insecta ) fauna of trashigang dzongkhag , eastern bhutan . environment and life support systems of the bhutan himalaya 1 : 40–70 .
an overview is given of literature containing distribution records of dragonfies and damselfies . . .
odonata records from western bhutan , with six new records and a note on the synonymy of himalagrion wi . . .
records of 56 species of odonata collected from western bhutan between 03 - and 15 - viii - 2015 are . . .
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