muricopsinae is a taxonomic subfamily of predatory sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks within the large family muricidae , the murex snails and rock snails .

a study , released in september 2010 , showed that the subfamily muricopsinae is polyphyletic

muricopsinae

no one has contributed data records for muricopsinae radwin & d ' attilio , 1971 yet . learn how to contribute .
as examples of the way in which analyses of the ontogeny of spiral cords in muricidae can elicudate phylogeny ; they included both genera in subfamily muricopsinae .
molluscabase ( 2018 ) . muricopsinae radwin & d ' attilio , 1971 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 395163 on 2018 - 07 - 09
muricopsis bucquoy & dautzenberg , & dollfus , 1882 . type species ( o . d . ) : muricopsis blainvillei payraudeau , 1826 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricopsinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricopsinae ] ; le renard , 1996 : 66 ; muricidea auctt . ( non swainson , 1840 ) ; jania bellardi in cossmann , 1882 ( non bellardi ) . subgenus :
ty - jour ti - a new species of muricopsis ( muricidae : muricopsinae ) from sao tome island t2 - novapex : trimestriel de la société belge de malacologie . vl - 8 ur - urltoken pb - la société , cy - bruxelles : py - 2007 sp - 23 ep - 26 sn - 1375 - 7474 au - rolán , emilio au - gori , sandro er -
@ article { bhlpart93116 , title = { a new species of muricopsis ( muricidae : muricopsinae ) from sao tome island } , journal = { novapex : trimestriel de la société belge de malacologie . } , volume = { 8 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { bruxelles : la société , 2000 - } , author = { rolán , emilio and gori , sandro } , year = { 2007 } , pages = { 23 - - 26 } , }
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genus pygmaepterys e . h . vokes , 1978 represented as favartia ( pygmaepterys ) e . h . vokes , 1978 represented as favartia jousseaume , 1880
genus paradoxa fernandes & rolán , 1990 accepted as pradoxa fernandes & rolán , 1993 ( junior homonym of paradoxa marshall , 1894 . )
genus paradoxon fernandes & rolán , 1990 accepted as pradoxa fernandes & rolán , 1993 ( replacement name for paradoxa fernandes & rolán , 1990 non marshall , 1894 , but itself a junior homonym of paradoxon fleutiaux , 1903 . )
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
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in : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 365 - 421 ( in japanese ) .
occurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )
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highlight and click the classification term for a definition and additional information . reference : millard , v . g . , 1997 . classification of mollusca . south africa .
attiliosa emerson , 1968 . type species ( o . d . ) : coralliophila icompta berry , 1960 [ = attiliosa nodulosa ( a . adams , 1855 ) ] ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; tröndle & houart , 1992 : 82 ; houart , 1996 : 15 .
e . h . vokes , 1999 - honduras , 19mm - from rosalind bank in 120 feet of water .
chicomurex ; tröndle & houart , 1992 : 75 ; houart , 1994 : 48 .
( lan , 1981 ) - philippines , 66 - 76mm - some consider c . problematicus to be a subspecies of c . superbus .
( lan , 1981 ) - philippines - 87mm ! - this specimen is 11mm over the listed 1999 world size record , or as we prefer to call it , largest recorded specimen .
( houart , 1981 ) - papua new guinea , 32mm - rare species taken scuba diving prior to volcanic activity on new britain . this specimen has beautiful coloring - - a species which often exhibits a muted tan / brown color .
chicoreus montfort , 1810 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex ramosus linne , 1758 ; tröndle & houart , 1992 : 72 ; chicoracea griffith & pidgeon , 1834 ( err . ) ; cichorium voigt , 1834 ( err . ) ; chicorax pusch , 1837 ; frondosaria schlüter , 1838 ; cichoreus agassiz , 1846 ( nom . nud . ) ; cichoraceus herrmannsen , 1847 ( em . ) ; cichoreum paetel , 1875 ( err . ) ; euphyllon jousseaume , 1880 ; pirtus de gregorio , 1885 ; torvamurex iredale , 1936 ; torramurex salisbury , 1937 ( err . ) ; foveomurex wenz , 1941 ; subgenus :
houart , 1992 , chicopinnatus houart , 1992 : 35 . type species ( o . d . ) : pterynotus orchidiflorus shikama , 1972 , chicoreus ( chicopinnatus ) ; houart , 1994 : 55 ; subgenus :
swainson , 1833 , phyllonota conrad , 1847 ( err . ) , phyconotus simroth , 1907 ( err . ) ; subgenus :
jousseaume , 1880 , chicoreus ( siratus ) ; vokes , 1990 : 124 - 130 .
e . h . vokes , 1978 - south africa , 63mm - endemic to south africa . found uncommonly by scuba divers at depths of 25 to 35 meters of water .
houart - new caledonia , 26 . 7mm - taken by research vessel off new caledonia , in 347 - 375mm of water . a rare endemic species , currently in the collection of travis payne .
( lamarck , 1822 ) - colombia , 99mm - an amazingly variable species found throughout the caribbean . described as
houart , 1992 - indonesia , 48mm - a rare trawled species with an extremely limited distribution , most closely associated with c . ramosus . there are significant differences in the spire ribbing , and other characteristics .
houart , 1985 - mauritius , 22 . 1mm - a scarce endemic . taken from deep water trap . rarely if ever found in collections .
( euthyme , 1889 ) - philippines , 105mm - averages around 80 - 90mm . moderately common from japan and taiwan , west to sri lanka .
( sowerby , 1841 ) - egypt , 50mm - the typical long fronded form is restricted to the northern red sea .
( vokes , 1978 ) is a short - fronded form found in the southern red sea .
abbott & finlay , 1979 - jamaica , 38 - 39mm - red - brown is the most pervasive color , though the original series collected scuba diving by dieter cosman in 1967 contains white and yellow specimens . the largest specimen is 79mm . a true rarity , endemic to
houart , 1984 - somalia , 97 . 5mm - an exceedingly dark specimen . distribution is limited to east africa . most closely related to
houart , 1984 - somalia , 117mm - this specimen greatly exceeds the listed recorded size for the species . it has been officially listed for future publication in the hutsell & pisor molluscan world record sizes publication .
( a . adams , 1855 ) - florida , 80mm - an exceptionally large specimen from the northern gulf of mexico . taken scuba diving in 90 feet of water .
( lamarck , 1816 ) - madagascar , 76mm - the columellar dentition is characteristic . the columellar color can be orange , peach , or bluish - white .
kosuge , 1980 , a name applied to specimens with a non - divided varical wing as illustrated here .
( shikama , 1973 ) - philippines , 31mm - this form is considered the true form of the species ; note the differences in the fronding from the previous image .
vokes , 1978 - israel , 100 . 4mm - rare species limited to the gulf of aqaba and northern red sea around the sinai peninsula region . this specimen was collected at eilat , between 20 - 35 meters of water .
( petit , 1852 ) - mexico , 92mm - dredged off contoy , yucatan . the gulf of mexico is the type locality of the form
( kuroda , 1942 ) - japan , 145mm - central pacific distribution , typically brought up by fishing trawlers .
( crosse , 1872 ) - philippines , 30mm - not to be confused with chicoreus aculeatus .
( crosse , 1872 ) - philippines , 57mm - a specimen with well - developed fronding .
( sowerby , 1834 ) - philippines , 117mm - a large shell for the species .
houart , 1988 - new caledonia , 27mm - an extremely rare species ; trawled in very deep water off southern n . c . this shell won its owner first place in the
single shell worldwide any source
category at both the 1998 sanibel and marco island shell shows .
- an endemic species recently being found by divers , it is still rare in collections . this specimen was collected by j . p . lefort in the early 1990 ' s .
( kosuge , 1980 ) - philippines , 41mm - a rare species taken in tangle nets set in deepwater in the central philippines .
haustellum schumacher , 1817 ; haustellum deshayes , 1830 ? ( pro klein in bruguière , 1792 ) ; brontes montfort , 1810 ( non fabricius , 1801 ) ; brontesia reichenbach , 1828 ( err . ) ; brontis griffith & pidgeon , 1834 ( err . ) ; bronta pusch , 1837 ( error pro brontes ) ; haustellaria swainson , 1833 .
( bernardi , 1859 ) - florida , 67 - 72mm - trawled by fishing boats . originally described as
( e . h . vokes , 1967 ) - colombia , 62mm - rare orange color form . originally described as
hexaplex perry , 1811 . type species ( s . d . jousseaume , 1880 ) : murex cichoreum gmelin , 1791 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; houart , 1994 : 87 ; le renard , 1996 : 66 ; houart , 1996 : 5 ; purpura röding , 1798 ( non bruguière , 1789 ) ; exaplex férussac , 1820 ( err . ) ; muricanthus swainson , 1840 ( non swainson , 1833 ) pro centronotus swainson , 1833 ( non schneider , 1801 ) ; bassiella wenz , 1941 pro bassia jousseaume , 1880 ( non quoy & gaimard , 1830 ) ; trunculariopsis cossmann , 1921 ; hexaplex ( trunculariopsis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; truncularia monterosato , 1917 ( non wiegmann , 1832 ) ; murithais grant & gale , 1931 . subgenus :
swainson , 1833 ; muricantha fischer , 1884 ; muricantha swainson in suter , 1913 ; aaronia verrill , 1950 .
( mcmichael , 1964 ) - western australia , 67 . 5mm - very large for the species ; just 5 . 2mm shy of the largest recorded specimen .
( franchi , 1990 ) - somalia , 95mm - trawled in deep water ; a rare subspecies , which exhibits variable fronding .
homalocantha mörch , 1852 . type species ( monotypy ) : murex scorpio linnaeus , 1758 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; tröndle & houart , 1992 : 80 ; houart , 1994 : 44 ; houart , 1996 : 16 ; homalacantha kobelt , 1877 ( err . ) ; homolocantha ludbrook , 1958 ( err . ) .
kosuge , 1979 - philippines , 41mm - a fragile species taken in tangle nets set in deep water .
murex linneaus , 1758 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; le renard , 1996 : 66 ; purpura martini , 1777 ( non - bin . ) ; aranea perry , 1810 ( non linnaeus , 1758 ) ; tribulus kobelt , 1877 ( non h . & a . adams in klein , 1853 ) ; acupurpura jousseaume , 1880 ; tubicauda jousseaume , 1880 . subgenus :
ponder & vokes , 1988 ; promurex vokes & ponder , 1988 : 83 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex antelmei viader , 1938 ; houart , 1994 : 8 .
e . a . smith , 1884 - north territory , australia , 55 - 59mm - limited range along northern australia and southern papua new guinea . one of the distinctive murex species with a long shoulder spine .
lightfoot , 1786 - philippines , 131mm - the well - known venus - comb murex .
naquetia jousseaume , 1880 ; naquetia ; tröndle & houart , 1992 : 76 ; houart , 1994 : 51 ; triplex humphrey in harris , 1897 ( non perry , 1810 ) ; rhizophorimurex oyama , 1950 ; pterynotus ( naquetia ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] .
( preston , 1910 ) - philippines , 77 - 78mm - typical coloring . rare colorforms include yellow and orange . found from india east through the philippines .
( reeve , 1858 ) - mozambique , 68mm - outstanding and unique color form ; extremely rare . limited to the western indian ocean .
( tapparone canefri , 1875 ) - madagascar , 48mm - also found in the red sea .
d ' attilio & hertz , 1987 - israel , 88mm - taken scuba diving in 20 - 30 meters of water . rare endemic limited to the gulf of aqaba and northern red sea .
( lamarck , 1816 ) - philippines , 48 - 54mm - western pacific distribution .
poirieria jousseaume , 1880 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] poirrieria fischer , 1884 ( err . ) ; subgenus :
shuto , 1969 ( living fossil ) , poirieria ( flexopteron ) ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 80 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] . subgenus :
woodring , 1959 , poirieria ( panamurex ) ; houart , 1994 : 50 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] . subgenus :
jousseaume , 1880 , bathymurex clench & farfante , 1945 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] , dallimurex rehder , 1946 . subgenus :
e . h . vokes , 1970 ; poiriera ( pazinotus ) ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 35 .
( p . m . costa , 1993 ) - brazil , 6mm - collected in scuba diving depths .
houart & mülhlhäusser , 1990 - somalia , 24mm - trawled in deepwater . a rare species that is almost always found dead - taken .
pterynotus swainson , 1833 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex pinnatus swainson , 1822 ; tröndle & houart , 1992 : 79 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] ; le renard , 1996 : 67 ; houart , 1996 : 107 ; pterymurex rovereto , 1899 pro pteronotus swainson , 1833 ( non rafinesque , 1815 ) ; pteronotus swainson , 1833 ( non rafinesque , 1815 ) ; marchia jousseaume , 1880 ; morchia baker , 1891 ( err . ) ; triplex newton , 1891 ? ( non perry , 1810 ) . subgenus :
pterynotus ( pterynotus ) ; merle , 1994 : 85 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] . subgenus :
jousseaume , 1880 ; pterynotus ( pterochelus ) ; houart , 1994 : 29 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] ; alipurpura p . fischer , 1884 . subgenus :
( brazier , 1878 ) - australia , 70mm - found in darwin harbour , north territory . one of the more beautiful and sought - after muricid species . found in a variety of color forms .
( brazier , 1878 ) - australia , 35 - 45mm - a striking and rare color series , including deep orange , pink and pure white specimens .
radwin & d ' attilio , 1976 - philippines , 42mm - sometimes confused with p . aparrii , which has bifurcated fronds .
houart , 1997 - philippines , 38 - 47mm - typically brown in color ; white is rare . found in the sulu sea . similar to p . albobrunneus .
( kobelt , 1879 ) - philippines , 50mm - a broadly fronded specimen that is almost as wide as its length .
( röding , 1798 ) - japan , 39mm - taken scuba diving in ± 80 feet of water off okinawa .
favartia jousseaume , 1880 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex breviculus sowerby , 1834 ; tröndle & houart , 1992 : 83 minnimurex woolacott , 1957 . subgenus :
perrilliat , 1972 ; caribiella perrilliat , 1972 : 82 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex intermedius c . b . adams , 1850 [ = murex alveata kiener , 1842 ] ; houart , 1994 : 8 ; favartia ( caribiella ) ; houart , 1994 : 82 . subgenus :
e . h . vokes , 1978 ; pygmaepterys vokes , 1978 : 398 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex alfredensis bartsch , 1915 ; houart , 1994 : 8 ; favartia ( pygmaepterys ) ; houart , 1994 : 28 .
d ' attilio & myers , 1986 - solomon islands , 22mm - taken scuba diving in 30 feet of water at mbanika island , russell group , solomons . differs from
( sowerby , 1834 ) by consistently having an extended blunt shoulder spine on the varices in mature shells . locality records only exist for the solomon islands .
( hedley , 1899 ) - christmas id . , line islands , 7 . 3mm - taken scuba diving in ±40 feet of water buried in rubble rock . the species is named for the type locality , funafuti atoll . it is a rather rare species .
smythe & houart , 1984 - oman , 18mm - endemic to the arabian gulf coast of oman . found intertidally , clinging to the underside of a rock . uncommon due to its less frequented locale .
d ' attilio & bertsch , 1980 - philippines , 29mm - this specimen exhibits superior fronding . the fronding tends to be quite variable .
muricopsis ( muricopsis ) ; houart & abreu , 1994 : 121 . subgenus :
olsson & mcginty , 1958 ; risomurex olsson & mcginty , 1958 . type species ( iczn opinion 1623 ( 1991 ) ) : ricinula deformis reeve , 1846 ; muricopsis ( risomurex ) ; vokes & houart , 1986 : 88 , 89 ; rolán & fernandes , 1991 : 11 - 20 ; houart , 1994 ; houart , 1996 : 18 .
( quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) - new zealand , 49mm - taken scuba diving in 22 meters of water . intertidal specimens tend to have poorly developed spines ; longer spines on deepwater specimens . a synonym is murexsul octogonus .
jousseaume , 1880 ; ocenebrellus cossmann , 1903 ( err . ) ; ternaria coen , 1943 . subgenus :
jousseaume , 1880 ; poropteron jousseaume , 1880 . type species ( s . d . jousseaume , 1881 ) murex uncinarius lamarck , 1822 ; pteropurpura ( poropteron ) ; houart , 1994 : 43 . subgenus :
in south africa . it differs from p . debruini by lacking webbing between the longer spines and teeth inside the lip of the aperture .
( sowerby , 1834 ) - california , 83 - 85mm - taken scuba diving . the species exhibits varied frond development .
orania pallary , 1900 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 ; houart & abreu , 1994 : 122 ; houart , 1994 : 74 ; le renard , 1996 : 68 nemofusus cossmann , 1903 .
( dall , 1889 ) - canary islands , 15 - 16mm - this species was originally described by william healy dall as a nassarina , a genus in the family columbellidae . the species was reclassified in the muricidae after radular examination . a tropical species found on both sides of the atlantic . the type locality is barbados . synonym is
typhis montfort , 1810 . ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart & abreu , 1994 : 124 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :
typhis ( typhis ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :
jousseaume , 1880 ; typhis ( haustellotyphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] . subgenus : hirtotyphis jousseaume , 1880 ; typhis ( hirtotyphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 24 . subgenus :
vella , 1961 ; typhis ( rugotyphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :
jousseaume , 1882 ; typhis ( talityphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 38 . subgenus :
jousseaume , 1880 ; typhina jousseaume , 1880 . type species ( o . d . ) : typhis belcheri broderip , 1833 ; typhis ( typhina ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 38 ; houart , 1991 : 75 ; houart , 1994 : 38 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :
jousseaume , 1880 ; typhis ( typhinopsis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] .
sowerby ii , 1874 - colombia , 36 . 2mm - an extraordinary chocolate - brown specimen with two long tubes extending from body whorl . trawled by fishing boat .
trophon , montfort , 1810 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ trophoninae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ trophoninae ] ; le renard , 1996 : 67 ; polyplex perry , 1810 ( suppr . ) ; pagodula monterosato , 1884 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 ; pinon de gregorio , 1885 ; enixotrophon iredale , 1929 ; boreotrophon fischer p . , 1884 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 ; houart , 1994 : 30 ; le renard , 1996 : 67 ; nodulotrophon habe & ito , 1965 ; muricidea swainson , 1840 .
( dall , 1908 ) - washington ( state ) , 23mm - a uniquely shaped deep water inhabitat of the united states west coast . this specimen was dredged from 180 meters of water . the species is quite rare .
( reeve , 1848 ) - russia , 48mm - an uncommon species , one of the more beautiful of the genus . from a remote locale north of vladivostok . found by scuba diver inside of shipwreck .
( sowerby , 1880 ) - alaska , 30 - 34mm - dredged in 95 meters of water off tanaga island , in the aleutian islands . a very uncommon species .
. specimens as large as 25mm are infrequently taken scuba diving , or dredging down to 80 fathoms of water . this shell was collected while scuba diving along a rock wall in ±19 meters of water in the san juan islands .
dall , 1891 - alaska , 30 - 31mm - dredged in ± 165 meters of water off attu island , aleutian islands . an extremely rare species .
penna - neme & leme , 1978 - brazil , 65 . 7mm - originally described as a
( schepman , 1911 ) - australia , 41mm - a deep water species trawled in ± 750 meters of water along the continental shelf off new south wales .
( king & broderip , 1832 ) - argentina , 11mm - dredged in 30 meters of water off tierra del fuego province . the genus
is sometimes combined in synonymy with trophon - some taxanomic discrepancies appear in various publications . most recently designated as trophon pallidus ( broderip , 1833 ) .
mclean , 1995 - california , 20mm - dredged in ± 200 meters of water . scabrotrophon is a recently described genus with five species restricted to the northern hemisphere .
oldroyd , 1927 - california , 55 - 58mm - dredged off catalina island in about 92 meters of water . one of the great trophon rarities .
muricidae on this page click name to view image - click » to view caption below .
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latitudinal distribution of modes of larval development . the . . . | download scientific diagram
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figure 5 . latitudinal distribution of modes of larval development . the latitudinal distribution for species with planktotrophic larvae ( blue ) , lecithotrophic larvae ( purple ) and direct development ( green ) is shown using vertical lines from the northern to the southern point of distribution reported in the literature . the panels show the species included in the phylogenetic ( upper ) and all the species present in our database ( lower ) . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0094104 . g005
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description : protoconch 21 / 4 whorls . teleoconch whorls rounded , flattened above , with 6 or 7 foliaceous varices per whorl . sculptured with strong , foliaceous spiral ribs , often bifid , two on the spire whorls , and 5 or 6 on the body whorl , with a further two ribs on the base . aperture oval , inner lip smooth ; outer lip with 4 - 5 low , rounded denticles internally on lower half in mature shells . anterior canal open , equal to or less than length of aperture . colour white , fawn or pink .
distribution : endemic to australia ; caloundra , qld , to at least south - western wa , including tas .
habitat : under rocks and in rubble , low tide to 30 m deep . uncommon .
fig . 1 , 2 : bass strait , tasmania ( c . 350998 )
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sowerby 1841 ( in 1832 - 1841 ) , pl . 195 , fig . 103 ;
moderately large for family ( 40 - 70 mm high ) , with moderately tall spire ( about equal to aperture and canal ) , moderately long , open anterior canal , and large oval aperture , with lips smooth except for spinous digitations of the outer lip . sculpture of many closely spaced , rounded , prominent , finely scaly spiral cords , each interspace filled by 1 narrow secondary cord ; major cords raised into short to moderately long , backward - or upward - directed , semitubular spines where they cross thin , frilly varices ; varices spaced regularly around whorls , 8 - 10 per whorl on large shells , producing roughly octagonal outline in plan view . base of canal bears 2 or 3 rows of longer spines ; fasciole very prominent , formed of a spiral row of many former anterior canals , producing a deep pseudumbilicus on large shells . protoconch of 1 . 5 whorls , with flattened apex and margining keel , last half - whorl evenly convex .
, but most species in late neogene rocks are still in need of revision . they established the new species
n . sp . for specimens from 13 - 168 m off eastern northland , from the three kings islands to coromandel peninsula . the subgenus
is characterised by the shoulder spiral cord on early teleoconch whorls being medial on the whorl , and then ascending , and the intermediate spiral cords developes later than the others . in contrast , all species of
( sensu stricto ) have 3 equally prominent spiral cords commencing together on the first spire whorl . the possible application of this subgenus to the many fossil species from new zealand has not been considered as yet , one of the many questions remaining with the taxonomy of the genus .
with two coarsely spinose cords around the neck , but has weaker spiral cords and so shorter spines on the varices . most other named fossils referred here may not be closely related .
in its smaller size , its much weaker sculpture without obvious spines , and in having a smoothly rounded ( not flattened and keeled ) protoconch apex ; it is moderately common in nukumaruan siltstone in hawke ' s bay and wairarapa . the living northland intertidal species
in the young ( haweran , oxygen isotope stage 5a ) cover beds of hauriri terrace , at the mouth of wairoa stream , waverley beach , west of wanganui , according to fleming ' s ( 1953 ) identifications , but this needs checking . if correct , it would indicate that the temperature at wanganui was significantly higher when the terrace cover was deposited than it is at present .
as distinct genera in her catalogue of the muricidae , and has since ( e . g . , vokes & houart 1986 , p . 86 , 87 ; see particularly the statement by vokes 1988 , p . 36 ) consistently maintained them as distinct genera . we agree with this action . merle & hourt ( 2003 ) have since used the distinct genera
) . uncommon at only a few castlecliffian fossil localities ( notably the basal shellbed member of shakespeare cliff sand at wanganui , but a few specimens occur in pinnacle sand , upper castlecliff shellbed , and tainui shellbed ) and its ancestry is obscure .
is common subtidally at present ( commonly dredged on the inner - mid shelf around the northeastern north island and in cook strait ) and occurs on intertidal rocks in a few localities in the north - eastern north island , from auckland to doubtless bay .
cite this publication as :
a . g . beu and j . i . raine ( 2009 ) . revised descriptions of new zealand cenozoic mollusca from beu and maxwell ( 1990 ) . gns science miscellaneous series no . 27 .
© gns science , 2009 isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 19705 - 1 issn 1177 - 2441 ( included with a pdf facsimile file copy of new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin 58 in cd version from : publications officer , gns science , p . o . box 30368 lower hutt , new zealand )
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valvata cristata is a species of minute freshwater snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family valvatidae , the valve snails .

valvata cristata

valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller , 1774 · accepted , alternate representation
worms - world register of marine species - valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller , 1774
planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata cristata , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .
the new species can be distinguished from valvata piscinalis by its larger umbilicus and from valvata cristata by its higher spire .
valvata ( valvata ) o . f . müller , 1773 represented as valvata o . f . müller , 1773
valvata cristata , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , pseudobithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .
worms - world register of marine species - valvata cristata o . f . müller , 1774
this species has possibly been depicted by mansoorian ( 1994 ) and confused with valvata cristata .
valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller 1774 - flat valve snail : : : : molluscireland : : land and freshwater molluscs
pseudobithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata cristata , hippeutis complanatus
life cycle of valvata cristata o . f . müller , 1774 ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) in the laboratory
anderson , r . , ( 2016 ) . valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller 1774 . [ in ] molluscireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09 .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
flache federkiemenschnecke
to
valvata cristata o . f . müller , 1774
.
hans - martin braun added the english common name
crested valve shell
to
valvata cristata o . f . müller , 1774
.
common valve snail ( valvata piscinalis ) . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna .
( of valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller , 1774 ) de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) . ( 2012 ) . fauna europaea . version 2 . 5 . web service . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller , 1774 ) welter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) . european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , göttingen . page ( s ) : 42 [ details ]
valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . a shell b ventral view on the umbilicus c head with penis in situ .
bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .
planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , pseudobithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .
considering the photo provided by mansoorian ( 1994 ) , he probably confused this species with valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . ( see below ) .
the prosobranch molluscs of iran . a theodoxus fluviatilis ( operculum see fig . 3d ) b bithynia ( bithynia ) ejecta ( syntype zmz 524006 , iraq , samava , ex coll . mousson , photo : e . neubert ) c melanoides tuberculatus d thiara scabra e melanopsis sp . f melanopsis costata g farsithyra farsensis h sarkhia kermanshahensis , i : pseudamnicola saboori k pseudamnicola zagrosensis l pseudobithynia irana m pseudobithynia zagrosia n valvata cristata .
a common valve snail ' s ( valvata piscinalis ) head . note the frontal part of the foot , the long snout and the feather gill ! picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .
( of valvata ( valvata ) cristata o . f . müller , 1774 ) wenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 465 [ details ]
habitat and distribution : the common valve snail needs much oxygen , avoids humus compounds and so is threatened by the eutrophication of many waters due to over - fertilisation . often it remains dug into the sandy or muddy ground with only its tentacles and the feather gill showing . the valve snail then produces a flow of water for its respiration and nutrition . also , valvata piscinalis can be found crawling on water plants and wood .
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the first record of the cosmopolitan slug deroceras laeve ( o . f . müller , 1774 ) ( gastropoda : pulmonata : agriolimacidae ) in bhutan
distribution of monacha claustralis ( rossmässler , 1834 ) and m . cartusiana ( o . f . müller , 1774 ) ( eupulmonata : hygromiidae ) in central european and balkan countries : new data
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .
müller , o . f . ( 1774 ) . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaecorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . havniæ ( copenhagen ) & lipsiæ ( leipzig ) , heineck & faber . 1 : 1 - 136 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 198 [ details ]
ziegelmeier , e . ( 1966 ) . die schnecken ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) der deutsche meeresgebiete und brackigen küstengewässer [ the gastropoda prosobranchia from the german seas and brackish coastal waters ] . helgol . wiss . meeresunters . 13 : 1 - 66 [ subsequent publication ] ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) . ( 2012 ) . fauna europaea . version 2 . 5 . web service . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
wenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 465 [ details ]
welter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) . european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , göttingen . page ( s ) : 42 [ details ]
müller , o . f . 1774 . vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaceorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . volumen alterum . - pp . i - xxxvi [ = 1 - 36 ] , 1 - 214 , [ 1 - 10 ] . havniæ & lipsiæ . ( heineck & faber ) .
shell flat , small , transparent , upper side slightly depressed , 3 - 3 . 5 whorls , aperture circular , umbilicus wide and open , more than 1 / 3 of shell diameter .
frequently in lakes , creeks , springs and ponds , rarely in temporary waters . prefers eutrophical habitats with rich vegetation , muddy substrate , well oxygenated water , tolerates up to 0 . 5 % salt , exceptionally also in subterranean waters . in switzerland in up to 1500 m altitude . in poland copulation takes 1 - 2 hours and begins in spring , it is repeated various times , eggs ( 0 . 2 - 0 . 3 mm ) are deposited in cocoons containing 1 - 4 eggs , attached to aquatic plants , juveniles ( diameter 0 . 32 - 0 . 43 mm , 0 . 5 - 0 . 8 whorls ) hatch after 8 - 11 days at 24 - 20°c ( 25 days at 12°c ) , 2 mm size and 2 whorls are reached after 180 days in the laboratory , female maturity is reached at slightly more than 2 mm diameter , at 2 . 9 mm the gonads of almost all snails contain oocytes , in lifetime some 50 cocoons containing 150 eggs are laid , life span 1 - 3 years in the laboratory .
threatened by habitat destruction due to pollution and drainage . declined around london . endangered in tirol and albania , vulnerable in switzerland , nordrhein - westfalen / hessen and austria .
references : germain 1931 : 676 , falkner 1990 : 120 , bodon et al . 1995 : 44 , turner et al . 1998 : 91 , kerney 1999 : 27 , myzyk 2002 ( life cycle ) , glöer 2002 : 186 , dhora 2004 : 141 , welter - schultes 2012 : 42 ( range map ) .
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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :
this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .
particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as
no probable or definite
) .
in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .
warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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map hosted by the national biodiversity data centre , waterford to view the species profile on biodiversity maps and access the live map , please click on the map .
a small operculate shell forming a flattened coil . colour yellow - brown . animal with a feathery external gill . found in clear , weedy waters of small size .
found across the whole of mainland europe and siberia to the pacific . distribution type : eurasian wide temperate ( 65 ) .
scattered across central areas of ireland north to loughs neagh and erne . disappears towards the south - west , west and north - west .
found in clear weedy habitats of relatively small size and minimal flow i . e . drains , floodplain marshes , margins of larger lakes , fens
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blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
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söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
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the distribution of this species from the north of western siberia and the altai mountains to the okhotsk sea , transbaikalia and the chita region of russia . they also list the clecom database as mentioning this species inhabiting norway , sweden and finland ( falkner
( 2009 ) , with a distribution of northern europe and siberia to the okhotsk sea basin . the authors
has been considered as valid , and with a full distribution across northern europe to north western siberia and the okhotsk sea basin .
has been assessed as least concern . this species is widely distributed throughout northern europe and russia to the altai mountains and northwestern siberia . further research is needed regarding the threats and conservation measures in place for this species .
. 2009 ) . it inhabits still and slow running tundra water , and in norway prefers ph around 7 . 5 - 9 . 5 ( welter - schultes 2009 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . further research is required into this species ' population status and threats .
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müller , otto f . 1774 . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu , animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum et testaceorum , non marinorum , succincta historia , volumen alterum . heineck et faber , havniae et lipsiae . : i–xxxvi + 1–214 .
international commission on zoological nomenclature . opinion 335 addition to the official list of generic names in zoology of the names of thirty - four non - marine genera of the phylum mollusca . opinions and declarations rendered by the international commission on zoological nomenclature 10 ( 2 ) , 45 - 76 ( 1955 )
müller , o . f . ( 1774 ) . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaecorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . < em > havniæ ( copenhagen ) & lipsiæ ( leipzig ) , heineck & faber . < / em > 1 : 1 - 214 .
welter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) . european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , göttingen .
wenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) .
ziegelmeier , e . ( 1966 ) . die schnecken ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) der deutsche meeresgebiete und brackigen küstengewässer [ the gastropoda prosobranchia from the german seas and brackish coastal waters ] . < i > helgol . wiss . meeresunters . 13 < / i > : 1 - 66 < i > [ subsequent publication ] < / i >
de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) . ( 2012 ) . fauna europaea . version 2 . 5 . web service .
valve snails are very small fresh water snail , equipped with a special feather - like type of gill the can extend from their pallial cavity . possibly to clean this feather gill , valve snails also have a thread - like appendage at their disposal , the pallial tentacle . this as well they extend from their pallial cavity . the exact function of the pallial tentacle , however is not yet known .
as only native prosobranch snail the valve snails are hermaphrodites . they have long tentacles at their head , which is prolonged to form a snout or proboscis . the valve snails ' foot is flat , forked in the front and rounded at the back .
valve snails feed on detritus , decaying organic material . they themselves are an important food source for fish , which is why valve snails in german also are called roach snails or tench snails .
dimensions : h : 3 - 5 mm ; w : 4 - 5 mm ; n : 3 - 5 . ( abbreviations ) .
the bay of the schlei at the east coast of schleswig - holstein , north germany .
( 2006 ) in the austrian wallersee lake , the common valve snail especially prefers muddy substrates . there it was not found on stones . in schleswig - holstein , northern germany , it was found in the schlei , a brackish water branch of the baltic sea , with a prevailing salinity of 0 . 05 % ; the maximal tolerable salinity of the species is estimated to be 0 . 4 % .
covers europe and western asia , where it usually is common . in some places , populations are in decline because of water pollution and may even be disappeared entirely . in austria therefore the species is classified vulnerable ( vu ) . in alpine lakes and fast - flowing streams , there is a flatter subspecies with a wider umbilicus , the alpine valve snail ,
1853 ) . it may grow a little larger than the normal form , with a shell height of 5 . 5 mm and a width of 6 . 3 mm .
, r . a . ( 2006 ) : der wallersee und seine wassermollusken . nachrichtenblatt der ersten vorarlberger malakologischen gesellschaft , rankweil . vol . 14 , pp . 20 - 39 (
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2 department of biology , faculty of sciences , university of montenegro , cetinjski put b . b . , 81000 podgorica , montenegro
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
considering the geographical position of iran , a rich fauna of freshwater snails could be expected . a high level of endemism and a diverse mixture of palaearctic and paleotropical elements are characteristic of the iranian freshwater fauna ( pešić and saboori 2007 ) .
the checklist of the freshwater snail fauna of iran was compiled using published records and original data . the data from all publications were brought to the presently accepted state of taxonomy following subba rao ( 1989 ) ( for asian fauna ) , brown ( 1994 ) ( for african fauna ) and glöer ( 2002 ) ( for the european fauna ) , and papers published thereafter . species referred to in postgraduate theses and scientific meetings are no formal publications and are consequently not considered herein .
during the field work , freshwater snails were collected by hand netting , sorted on the spot and preserved in 75 % alcohol . the data and locations of the sampling sites , where the junior author collected in 2005 , 2007 and 2011 are listed in appendix 1 . in the section ‘new records’ collecting site abbreviations derive from the geographical database pešić . the type material will be deposited in the zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) , germany . further , we had the opportunity to revise material of some iranian freshwater snails deposited in the collections of the natural history museum basel ( nmb – forcart’s collection ) , zoological museum berlin ( zmb ) and natural history museum vienna ( nhmw – edlauer’s collection ) .
not all species could be identified due to the sparsity of specimens and the non - characteristic shells , especially of small hydrobioid snails . furthermore , the caspian sea fauna is not considered in the present paper . the order of families follows bouchet and rocroi ( 2005 ) .
map of iran with dots showing the collection localities ( corresponding to the sampling site numbers in appendix ) . the total number of freshwater mollusc species collected from each province are as follows ( in parentheses ) : bushehr ( 1 ) , fars ( 15 ) , gilan ( 12 ) , hormozgan ( 13 ) , isfahan ( 10 ) , kerman ( 15 ) , hermanshah ( 4 ) , khorasan ( 5 ) , khuzestan ( 14 ) , lorestan ( 6 ) , markazi ( 5 ) , mazandaran ( 21 ) , qom ( 1 ) , seistan and baluchestan ( 16 ) , semnan ( 1 ) , teheran ( 5 ) , west azarbayjan ( 1 ) , yazd ( 6 ) , zanjan ( 1 ) .
a–c neritina mesopotamica d–e neritina euphratica f–g neritina schlaeflii a shell ( syntype ) b lable c operculum d shell ( syntype , zmz 528916 , irak , samava , photo : eike neubert ) e operculum of neritina euphratica from euphrates f shell ( syntype , zmz 529679 , persian gulf , island ghaes , photo : eike neubert ) g operculum of neritina schlaeflii from shatt al - arab - fao region .
zoological museum berlin ( zmb ) , “ neritina ( neritaea ) anatolica var . mesopotamica , ras el ain , mesopot . hausknecht” .
the height of the largest shell of the examined syntypes from zoological museum berlin was 7 mm .
in his identification key described shell of this species as being 14 mm high . considering his photos (
khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 ) .
remark . according to the original description ( martens 1874 ) this species is characterized by the presence of denticulated border of the columella , and should be ascertained to the genus neritina .
this speciesis characterized by a small shell with 6 mm in height and a small spire . the boder of the columella is straight and not denticulated . the operculum has a rib which is attenuated at its basis , the peg is thick and strong and split in two parts (
a–c theodoxus pallida ( from edlauer’s collection , nhmw 75000 / e / 50824 ) a shell with corroded apex b label of edlauer’s collection c apophysis of theodoxus pallida d apophysis of theodoxus fuiviatilis ( from ir79 ) .
sarkhia sarabensis nov . sp . a shell b , c penis in situ .
( all mentioned as theodoxus doriae issel ) : kerman ( issel 1863 , martens 1874 , biggs 1937 ) ; gilan , mazandaran and lorestan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .
fars province : ir13 - 07 [ 3 ex . ] ; ir14 - 07 [ 2 ex . ] ; khorrasan province : ir76 - 05 [ 1 ex ] ; ir 64 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; ir78a - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir79 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; hormozgan province : ir 17 - 11 [ 5 ex . ]
melanopsis sp . , radix sp . , planorbis intermixtus , farsithyra farsensis , physella acuta .
martens ( 1879 ) synonymised theodoxus doriae , the species reported by issel ( 1863 ) from s iran , with theodoxus fluviatilis . later on , mansoorian ( 2000 ) described the operculum of theodoxus doriae , which has only a rib , no peg . however , the shell illustrated by mansoorian ( 1994 ) agrees well with theodoxus fluviatilis . thus we follow martens’ ( 1879 ) synonymisation of theodoxus doriae with theodoxus fluviatilis . our samples revealed onlythe presence of theodoxus fluviatilis .
w - to central - palaearctic . theodoxus fluviatilis has been considered by many authors to be an exclusively european species ( see e . g . zhadin 1952 , glöer 2002 ) . but bourguignat ( 1864 ) , brown ( 1994 ) and van damme ( 1984 ) mentioned it from nw africa ( morocco , algeria ) . records of this species in turkey ( yıldırım 1994 ) , and in iran , confirm its wide distribution . however , it does not occur in siberia ( vinarski , pers . comm . ) .
kerman province ( biggs 1971 ) ; mazandaran province ( eichwald 1838 , eliazian et al . 1979 ) .
this species has been described from the caspian sea . according to the original description ( eichwald 1838 ) this species is very distinct from the other theodoxus spp . mentioned here .
nhmw 75000 / e / 50824 , “ theodoxus pallidus dunker” persien , brackiger quellsee , 500 m , nördl . vom niris - see , leg . starmühlner 1949 .
starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) provide a detailed description of the anatomy of this species but did not consider the operculum , the most important diagnostic feature . on the other hand , as figured in starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) , the receptaculum seminis and the bursa copulatrix differ in length ( while being of equal length in theodoxus fluviatilis ) .
khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 1994 , 2001 ) , mazandaran province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .
according to ramakrishna and dey ( 2007 ) this species is widely distributed on the indian subcontinent .
kerman province ( martens 1874 ) ; khuzestan province ( prashad 1921 , chu et al . 1968 , as melanopsis nodos a : massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 2001 ) .
fars province : ir13 - 07 [ 23 ad . , 25 juv . ] .
melanopsis doriae ( from edlauer‘s collection , nhmw 750000 / e / 50801a ) : shell .
kerman province ( issel 1863 , martens 1874 , biggs 1936 , 1937 , starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , 1961 , 1965 ) ; fars province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; yazd province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; khuzestan province ( mansoorian 1994 , 2001 ) ; mazandaran province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , mansoorian 2000 ) ; gilan province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; bushehr province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) .
hormozgan province : ir17 - 11 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir19 - 11 [ 1 ex . ] .
nhmw “ melanopsis doriae issel” persien , kerman , aus teilweise eingestürztem kanal , leg . starmühlner 1949 / 50 .
showing differences in the nervous system . furthermore they found differences in some features of the opercula between these species , and showed a strong morphological plasticity of the shells ( see :
, plate 1 : figs g’ , g’’ , g’’’ and h’ , h’’ ) . re - examintion of
kerman province ( as melanopsis variabilis : martens 1874 ) ; seistan and baluchistan province ( as melanopsis deserticola : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan and yazd provinces ( biggs 1937 ) ; fars province ( as melanopsis buccinoidea variabilis : starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , as melanopsis praerosa : starmühlner 1961 ) ; khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , as melanopsis praerosa : massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , manssorian 2001 ) .
mazandaran province : ir02 - 05 [ 11 ad . , 48 juv . ] ; khorrasan province : ir64 - 05 [ 12 ad . , 39 juv . ] ; ir79 - 05 [ 3 ad . , 4 juv . ] ; ir78a - 05 [ 8 ad . , 15 juv . ] ; ir78c - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; fars province : ir17 - 07 [ 2 ex ] ; hormozgan province : ir19 - 11 [ 21 ex . ] .
galba truncatula , theodoxus fluviatilis , planorbis intermixtus , grossuana sp . , farsithyra farsensis .
figure 8 . the molluscs of brackish waters . a ecrobia grimmi b heleobia dalmatica c ecrobia grimmi from edlauer‘s collection ( nhmw , “ hydrobia acuta ” 75000 / e / 60453 ) d cerithidea cingulata .
hormozgan province : ir14 - 11 [ 21 ad . , 6 juv . ] ; ir - 20 - 11 [ 10 ex . ] .
seistan and baluchestan province ( as melanoides scabra var . elegans : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan province ( as melanoides scabra : biggs ( 1937 ) ; hormozgan province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) .
hormozgan province : ir08 - 11 [ 13 ex . ] ; ir17 - 11 [ 2 ex . ] .
type species . melanoides fasciolata olivier , 1804 = nerita tuberculata o . f . müller , 1774 .
seistan and baluchestan province : ir8a - 11 [ 5 juv . ] , ir8 - 11 [ 18 ex . ] . hormozgan province : ir10 - 11 [ 3 ex . ] , ir17 - 11 [ 10 ad . , 9 juv . ] , ir18 - 11 [ 1 ad . , 8 juv . ] , ir19 - 11 [ 2 ex . ] .
kerman province ( as melania tuberculata : issel 1863 ) , martens 1874 , biggs 1936 , 1937 , starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; seistan and baluchestan province ( as melanoides pyramis , melanoides tigrina : annandale and prashad 1919 , biggs 1937 ) ; hormozgan province ( biggs 1937 , starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) , ( as melania tuberculata : starmühlner ( 1961 ) ; isfahan province ( biggs 1937 ) ; yazd province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , as melania tuberculata : starmühlner 1965 ) ; khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , mansoorian 2001 ) ; south iran ( manssorian 1994 ) ; fars province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) : mazandran province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , mansoorian 2001 ) .
the species melanoides pyramis and melanoides tigrina , which have been mentioned by annandale and prashad ( 1911 ) from seistan and baluchistan , have been listed by westerlund ( 1886 ) as subspecies . however , due to the high morphological plasticity of melanoides tuberculatus and in absence of any geographical seperation of these taxa , we list all melanoides taxa under melanoides tuberculatus .
mazandaran province ( mansoorian 2000 ) ; gilan and lorestan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .
the euro - siberian species bithynia tentaculata ( linnaeus 1758 ) has often been mentioned from iran , turkey and greece . however , this species could not be found in greece ( glöer et al . 2010 ) and probably does not occur in turkey . the southern distribution border of this species lies possibly in n bulgaria ( georgiev pers . comm . ) . an analysis of the specimens from nmb published by forcart ( 1935 ) as bithynia tentaculata shows that these specimens represent bithynia forcarti sp . n . ( see below ) . thus , bithynia tentaculata most probably does not occur in iran and has been confused with bithynia forcarti sp . n . or possibly with bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 8a83711b - 797d - 4d86 - 99d5 - 72f217b14a89
bithynia forcarti sp . n . a shell , frontal view b shell , lateral view .
( nmb 11517a ) : shell height 7 . 5 mm , width 5 . 6 mm .
mazandaran province , tschalekuti ( nmb 11517a , 26 ex . ) , geniste d . babul ( nmb 11517b , 1 ex . , nmb 11571c , 10 ex . )
the whitish shell is conical with 5 . 5 whorls , which are convex with a deep suture and a small and acute apex . the convex whorls are flattened at the suture . the umbilicus is open . the aperture is ovate , angled at the top . the margin of the aperture is , from lateral view , slightly sinuated . the surface is smooth with fine growth lines . shell height 5 . 5 – 7 . 5 mm , width 5 . 0 – 5 . 6 mm .
due to theshape of the aperture ( angled at the top ) , bithynia forcarti sp . n . resembles bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) . however , from the latter species it can be easily distinguished by the stepped whorls .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 5a63d216 - b630 - 4808 - 8b2d - 0f77e3eae287
shell of bithynia starmuehlneri sp . n . a frontal view b lateral view c juvenile shell with operculum .
nhmw ( 50940 ) : shell height 10 . 3 mm , width 5 . 6 mm .
the whitish shell is elongated conical with 6 . 5 whorls , which are convex with a deep suture and a small and acute apex . the umbilicus is open . the aperture is ovate . the margin of the aperture is , from lateral view , straight . the surface is smooth with fine growth lines . shell height 8 . 2 – 10 . 3 mm , width 4 . 6 – 6 . 4 mm .
this slim species isthe largest bithynia sp . known in iran . it can be easily distinguished from the other bithynia spp . by the larger dimensions of elongated shell with the stepped whorls and the not angled aperture .
this species has been misidentified by starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) with bithynia troschelii .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 22d0892e - 8670 - 4131 - 9149 - 0f77c007bb94
bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . a , b shell c operculum d detail of the shell surface .
mazandaran province , nowshahr city , pond near caspian sea , 51°31 ' e , 36°38 ' n , 18 june 2005 .
( zmh 79369 ) : shell height 8 . 0 mm , width 5 . 0 mm .
the horn - coloured shell is conical with 5 . 5 whorls , which are slightly convex with a clear suture and an acute apex . the umbilicus is closed . the aperture is ovate , angled at the top . the margin of the aperture is , from lateral view , sinuated . the surface bears a lattice structure . shell height 8 . 0 mm , width 5 . 0 mm , aperture height 3 . 6 mm .
probably this species formerly ( e . g . , mansoorian 2000 ) was confused with bithynia tentaculata . because we had only an empty shell of this species , we do not know if it belongs to the genus bithynia or pseudobithynia , so our generic assignment is tentative . to address this question , anatomical studies of more specimens are necessary .
probably due to the small size of this species , biggs ( 1937 ) assigned this species belongs to the genus amnicola , although mousson ( 1874 ) described it as a bythynia , and pointed out that the operculum is characteristic for bythinia and different from amnicola ( syn . to pseudamnicola ) . furthermore , biggs ( 1937 ) found his species in the mountains , while the original description of bithynia ejecta comes from the lowland , indicating the biggs’s species is not conspecific with bithynia ejecta and probably represents an undescribed species .
north iran ( caspian sea ) – eliazian et al . ( 1979 ) .
this species could not be found in any of the neighbouring countries of iran . eliazian et al . ( 1979 ) don’t mention the source that led to their identification . the record and taxonomic status of this species is questionable and needs new confirmation .
seistan and baluchestan province ( as amnicola sistanica : annandale and prashad 1919 ) .
annadale and prashad ( 1919 ) described this species as amnicola ( alocinma ) sistanica and depicted the penis morphology . due to the presence of a penial appendix this species is ascertained to the genus bithynia . the members of the genus pseudamnicola ( formerly amnicola ) have no penial appendix .
iran ; known only from the locus typicus ( dasht arzhan village , shiraz to kazerum road ) .
hormozgan province : ir14 - 11 [ 12 ad . , 20 juv . ] .
previously only known from the brackish part of rivers along the coast of croatia ( radoman 1983 ) .
probably this species has been confused with one of the following species ( ecrobia grimmi , heleobia dalmatica ) , so all former records of this species in iran are questionable . the record for this species is kept until the original material of biggs could be studied .
from the mixomesohaline lake sawa ( iraq ) was possibly transported by migrating birds from the caspian sea . the identification of our material of
was confirmed by using molecular techniques ( martin haase pers . communication ) . an analysis of the specimens from nhmw published by
in russia it is listed as turkmenamnicola raddei ( kantor et al . 2009 ) .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : d2e680d0 - aac4 - 45df - 954a - 28d553ec957f
markazi province , ashtian to arak road ( ca . 5 km after ashtian city , ashtian county ) , 50°01 ' e , 34°34 ' n , ca . 1800 m asl . , 21 june 2005 .
( zmh 79370 ) : shell height 2 . 6 mm , width 1 . 9 mm .
the whitish shell is conical with 4 . 5 whorls , which are separated by a clear suture . the surface is glossy and finely striated . the apex is blunt , the umbilicus is closed , the aperture is ovate and pointed at the top . shell height 2 . 4–2 . 6 mm , width 1 . 9 mm .
we had only shells with dried tissue at our disposal . since the penis morphology could not be examined , the assignment to the genus pseudamnicola is provisional .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 31bfcb62 - be86 - 43ce - a888 - b0562cc2740e
shell conical . penis broad at the basis , distal part with a bulbous and acute penis tip .
the new genus appears to be close to pseudamnicola , but can easily be distinguished by the unique morphology of the penis with bulbous and acute apex ( vs . a broad elongated triangular penis in pseudamnicola ) .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 8edd45ad - 46f2 - 4bc8 - a7be - 73b44bbcdf6d
kaskakia khorrasanensis sp . n . a shell b penis in situ c–d penis ( c : dorsal view , d : ventral view ) .
khorrasan province , kaskak stream in kaskak village , 59°10 ' e , 35°25 ' n , ca . 1800 m asl . , 11 june 2005 .
( zmh 79372 ) : shell height 2 . 5 mm , width 1 . 9 mm .
the yellowish shell is conical to globular with 5 . 5 whorls , which are slightly convex and separated by a clear suture (
) . the whorls increase rapidly with a prominent body whorl . the surface is glossy and finely striated . the apex is acute , the aperture is ovate and angled at the top , the umbilicus is closed . shell height 2 . 3–2 . 5 mm , width 1 . 8–1 . 9 mm .
the mantle and head are black . the penis is broad at the basis and tapered at the distal end (
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 4ac287dc - 4e88 - 4043 - ba17 - 880e84883276
shell elongated conical . penis simple , broad at the basis and tapered at the distal end , with a black pigmentation mark . the tentacles are cylindrical .
) , with a black pigmentation mark ( vs . broad and elongated triangular penis ) , and the presence of broad cylindrical tentacles ( slim cylindrical tentacles ) will separate the new genus from
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : f7fbd536 - 0970 - 4b9b - a0ac - eaf9e7c91c72
kermanshah province , sarabe–sahne ( = sarabe – bede – sarkh ) city , stream , 27 june 2005 .
( zmh 79374 ) : shell height 5 . 9 mm , width 2 . 3 mm .
the yellowish shell is elongated conical with 6 . 5 whorls , which are slightly convex and separated by a deep suture . the aperture is oval with a sharp periostome , the umbilicus is closed . the surface is dull . shell height 5 . 9 mm , width 2 . 3 mm .
this species has originally been placed in the genus pseudamnicola . however , due to the characteristic shape of the penis and the tentacles it is transfered to sarkhia gen . n .
starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) originally described this species as frauenfeldia elburensis . however , the genus name frauenfeldia is preoccupied , and thus , the species of this genus have been re - assigned to belgrandiella , boleana , graziana and sarajana ( radoman 1983 ) . due to the shape of the aperture in original description ( see starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) we affiliate this species to the genus belgrandiella .
iran , only known from the locus typicus ( gelandoah , 60 km ne of tehran ) .
sistan and baluchestan province ( source lake gomun ) – “ erythropomatiana erythropomatia ” starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) .
most probably , starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) misidentified this subterranean species , known only from its type locality in slovenia , far away from iran . the comparison with the description of hauffenia erythropomatia by radoman ( 1983 ) shows that these species are not conspecific as the umbilicus seems to be broader in later species compared with the species depicted by starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) . unfortunately this species could not be found in edlauer’s collection in nhmw ( anita eschner , pers . comm . ) . the record for this species is kept until specimens from the original locality could be studied .
kerman province ( as bythinia uzielliana : issel 1866 , martens 1874 ) , as hydrobia uzielliana : biggs ( 1936 , 1937 ) , ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) , ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starmühlner ( 1961 , 1965 ) ; fars province ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) , ( as pseudamnicola uzelliana : starmühlner and edlauer ( 1961 , 1965 ) .
schütt ( 1973 ) classified this species in the genus gangetia and introduced the new subgenus iranothyra schütt , 1973 . mansoorian ( 1994 ) reported gangetia uzielliana with some doubts . however , his species clearly differs from the topotype of gangetia uzielliana illustrated by schütt ( 1973 ) . most probably , the species recorded by mansoorian ( 1994 ) under this name represents an undescribed new species ( glöer and pešić 2009 ) .
farsithyra farsensis ( from edlauer’s collection , nhmw “ pseudamnicola uzielliana ” 75000 / e / 50795 ) : a–b shell .
nhmw“ pseudamnicola uzelliana issel” , persien , stark salziger tümpel , südl . von yest ( = yesd ) , leg . starmühlner . nhmw 60 . 459 “ bulimus badiella “ , lake taschk , 07 . 07 . 1956 leg . löffler .
from many sampling sites in yazd province . an analysis of one lot from the edlauer collection ( nhmw ) with the specimens from yazd province shows that these specimens (
mazandaran province : ir01 - 05 [ 6 ex . ] . tehran province : ir48 - 05 [ 2 ex . ] .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 944e6ee3 - b23c - 43fb - a305 - 882a4d4cf3d9
mazandaran province , nowshahr city , pond near the caspian see , 51°31 ' e , 36°38 ' n , 18 june 2005 .
( zmh 79376 ) : shell diameter 3 . 3 mm , height 2 . 3 mm .
( zmh 79377 ) : 2 specimens from type locality ; [ 2 ex . ] , kermanshah province : ir105 - 05 .
the yellowish shell is translucent with 3 circular whorls . the umbilicus is wide , and the first whorl is visible through the umbilicus . the surface is glossy with very fine ribs . shell diameter 3 . 2–3 . 3 mm , height 2 . 3 mm .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 83575f59 - e417 - 44d3 - 8f6d - a5db45ea2b21
a–b acroloxus pseudolacustris sp . n . : shell c–d acroloxus lacustris ( from hamburg , germany ) : shell .
gilan province , ir82 - 05 , bandar anzali lagoon , 49°27 ' e , 37°26 ' n , 16 june 2008 .
( zmh 79378 ) : shell length 4 . 0 mm , width 2 . 0 mm , height 0 . 9 mm .
2 ex . , nmb 11516a “ acroloxus lacustris ” zwischen nika und aschref , 10 m ü . m . , drs . a . erni & r . buxtorf leg . 22 . x . 1931 .
the oval limpet shell is transparent . the apex is blunt and bent to the left side (
sp . with a blunt apex is known ( vinarski , pers . comm . ) .
an analysis of the two specimens from forcart’s collection ( nmb 11516a ) identified as acroloxus lacustris from mazandaran province shows that these specimens belong to acroloxus pseudolacustris sp . n .
the lymnaeidae of iran . a radix persica ( ir27 - 07 ) b–d radix bactriana ( b ir03 - 05 c ir87 - 05 d ir88 - 05 e ir91 - 05 ) f radix persica ( ir107 - 05 ) g radix iranica ( ir89 - 05 ) h radix sp . i radix sp . k galba truncatula ( ir62 - 05 ) l galba schirazensis .
kerman province – “ limnaea auricularia var . persica” issel ( 1865 ) , “ limnaea auricularia var . persica” martens ( 1874 ) ; seistan and baluchestan province ( as limnaea auricularia var . persica : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan province ( as lymnaea persica : biggs 1937 ) .
khuzestan province ( mansoorian 2001 ) ; mazandaran , gilan and lorestan provinces ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) , isfahan province ( starmühlner 1965 ) .
seistan and baluchestan province ( annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; kerman province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) .
markazi province : ir03 - 05 [ 1 ex ] , ir87 - 05 [ 9 ex . ] , ir88 - 05 [ 3 ex . ] , ir89 - 05 [ 2 ex ] , ir91 - 05 [ 3 ex . ] ; khorasan province : ir67 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] , ir79 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] .
seistan and baluchistan province ( annandale and prashad 1919 ) , azarbayjan province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) , khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , as lymnaea auricularia gedrosiana : mansoorian 2001 ) , n iran ( annandale 2000 ) .
seistan and baluchestan province ( annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; isfahan province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) .
iraq ( euphrates , as limnaea hordea : mousson 1874 ) ; iran : seistan and baluchestan province .
qom , tehran and gilan provinces ( martens 1874 ) ; kerman province ( biggs 1937 ) .
this species has been described from the danube ( germany ) and most probably does not occur in iran . according to subba rao ( 1989 ) radix lagotis is a synonym of radix peregra ( syn . to radix labiata ) . however , recently schniebs et al . ( 2011 ) clearly showed that radix lagotis and radix labiata are distinct species .
( mentioned as radix peregra f . canalifera ) : n iran ( caspian sea ) ( eliazian et al . 1979 ) ; kerman province ( starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) ; fars province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; yazd province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; kermanshah province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) , starmühlner ( 1965 ) .
radix labiata is a species which prefers springs and is distributed in m – and s europe and the balkans ( glöer 2002 ) .
seistan and baluchestan province ( as limnaea truncatula : annandale and prashad 1919 ) ; north iran ( caspian sea ) ( as lymnaea truncatula : eliazian et al . 1979 ) ; manzandaran province ( forcart 1935 ) ; gilan , mazandaran and lorestan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) ; kerman province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , biggs 1937 ) ; tehran province ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; khuzestan province ( mansoorian 2001 , chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 ) ; isfahan province ( biggs 1937 ) ; semnan province ( starmühlner 1961 ) ; hormozgan province ( starmühlner 1965 ) .
khorasan province : ir63 - 05 [ 22 ex . ] ; ir66a - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; ir77 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] .
fars province ( küster 1862 ) ; gilan province ( bargues et al . 2010 ) .
kerman province ( martens 1874 ) ; isfahan province ( martens 1874 ) ; qazvin and e azarbayjan provinces ( starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; gilan , mazandaran and lorestan provinces ( eliazian et al . 1979 ) ; n iran ( mansoorian 2000 ) .
the recent insights on the distribution of stagnicola palustris show that it is a northern european / siberian species . most probably , the species reported from iran as stagnicola palustris represents an undescribed species ( see below ) .
stagnicola sp . ( from forcart’s collection , nmb 11518b “ stagnicola palustris ” ) : shell .
material examined : 35 ex . , nmb 11518b “ stagnicola palustris “zw . nika und aschref , dr . erni & buxtorf 1934 ; 3 ex . , nmb 11518a “iran , prov . mazandaran . meschhediser , geniste am rechten ufer des babul ca . 300 m s der mündung , - 26 m meereshöhe . leg . 23 . 8 . 1931 & don . 1935 drs . a . erni & r . buxtorf” .
spp . are very variable , it is not possible to identify or eventually describe this specis as new to science without anatomical studies .
khuzestan province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 1994 , 2001 ) ; gilan province ( mansoorian 2000 ) .
the planorbis spp . of iran . a planorbis carinatus b planorbis intermixtus c indoplanorbis exustus .
northern iran ( as planorbis planorbis : mansoorian 2000 ) ; mazandaran province ( as planorbis planorbis : eliazian et al . 1979 , mansoorian 2000 ) ; fars province ( as planorbis planorbis : forcart 1935 , starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; isfahanprovince ( glöer and pešić 2010 ) ; yazd province ( as planorbis persicus , planorbis subangulatus : biggs 1937 , 1971 , starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; gilan province ( as anisus ( gyraulus ) intermixtus : starmühlner and edlauer 1957 ) ; khuzestan province ( as planorbis planorbis , planorbis planorbis submarginatus : starmühlner and edlauer 1957 , as planorbis planorbis : biggs 1971 ) ; markazi province ( chu et al . 1968 , massoud and hedayeti - far 1979 , mansoorian 2001 , glöer and pešić 2010 ) .
mazandaran province : ir01 - 05 [ 11 ex . ] ; markazi province : ir51 - 05 [ 11 ex . ] ; ir87 - 05 [ 3 ex . ] ; ir88 - 05 [ 7 ex . ] ; ir91 - 05 [ 5 ex . ] ; ir93 - 05 [ 1 ex . ] ; khorasan province : ir66 - 05 [ 10 ex . ] ; ir67 - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir68 - 05 [ 5 ex . ] ; ir78a - 05 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir78b - 05 [ 7 ex . ] ; fars province : ir02 - 07 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir07 - 07 [ 2 ex . ] ; ir26 - 07 [ 9 ex . ] ; ir27 - 07 [ 3 ex . ] .
the species planorbis planorbis and planorbis intermixtus can only be distinguished by the number of prostate diverticula ( glöer and pešić 2010 ) . all planorbis spp . collected in iran have been anatomically studied and no planorbis planorbis could be found . thus we list the old records from iran under planorbis intermixtus .
in addition , planorbis subangulatus philippi , 1844 and planorbis persicus ancey , 1900 have been mentioned from iran ( ancey 1900 , biggs 1937 ) . both species have been described on the basis of the shells , the morphology of which falls within variability of planorbis intermixtus . thus we list these species under planorbis intermixtus .


aphodiites is a genus of fossil beetles from the lias ( lower jurassic ) of schambelen , ( aargau , switzerland ) , and the oldest fossil in the superfamily scarabaeoidea .

its affinities are not clear ; it was originally placed in the aphodiinae ( scarabaeidae ) , but its diagnostic characters are shared by beetles such as glaresis ( glaresidae ) .

aphodiites

the oldest probable scarabaeoid , aphodiites , is known from the lower lias ( lower jurassic ) of switzerland . it is small ( 5 mm long ) , aphodiine - like , with striated elytra and large prothorax with supposed notal marks indicating the characteristic scarabaeoid features of dorsal articulations of the coxae . larger scarabaeoid - like fossils such as opiselleipon ( 15 mm ) are known from upper lias beds in saxony and geotrupoides ( 35 mm ) from upper jurassic beds .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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the fossil record contributes little to understanding scarabaeoid phylogeny . iablokoff - khnzorian ( 1977 ) and crowson ( 1981 ) reviewed what is known .
fossils resembling modern geotrupidae and hybosoridae ( based primarily on the presence of four main anal wing veins ) have been recorded from lower cretaceous deposits in china ( e . g . protoscarabaeus ) . an unusual scarabaeoid with features similar to some termitophilous aphodiinae but otherwise unlike any modern scarabaeoid , is known from lower cretaceous amber of lebanon ( crowson , 1981 ) .
the oldest recorded higher scarabaeoid , eophyllocerus , ( assigned to melolonthinae ) is from eocene coal deposits of germany .
scholtz , c . h . 1990 . phylogenetic trends in the scarabaeoidea . journal of natural history 24 : 1027 - 1066 .
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first notice of the chirostylidae ( deeapoda ) in the fossil record and . . .
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melanella acicula is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .

this species is one of many species known to exist within the genus , melanella .

melanella acicula

search for ' melanella acicula ' returned 3 matching records . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]
melanella aciculata gould , a . a . in sowerby , g . b . ii , 1866 : tuamotus ( lapsus )
( of melanella aciculata [ sic ] ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
( of melanella iredalei ( laseron , 1955 ) ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
( of melanella pisorum ( pilsbry , 1917 ) ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
to ansp malacology collection ( from synonym eulima pisorum pilsbry , 1917 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 22 publications ) ( from synonym eulima vitrea a . adams , 1854 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym melanella aciculata [ sic ] ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym stilifer acicula gould , 1849 )
warén , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 56 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of eulima vitrea a . adams , 1854 ) warén , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 56 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of cuspeulima iredalei laseron , 1955 ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
( of eulima pisorum pilsbry , 1917 ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
( of leiostraca aciculata [ sic ] ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
( of leiostraca aciculata [ sic ] ) sowerby ii , g . b . ( 1866 ) . monograph of the genus leiostraca . in : conchologia iconica . vol 15 , pl . 1 - 3 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 2 , fig . 11 [ details ]
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
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shell gallery view « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . » conchological megadatabase on mollusks
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 484 seconds . )
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padanon ( pandakan ) island is situated at the far end of the caubian plateau , between hilutungan and olango island . there is a small village of fishermen at the western end of the island , the eastern end has a superb sand flat which is a heaven at low tide for sight viewers and beach lovers . a fee to go on land is asked . the channel between pandanon island and the islands in front ( part of bohol ) is shallow . pipe point is situated on the bohol side of the channel .
none . boats from mactan can bring you there , but they will charge a premium .
in front of the village we could not dive because the villagers claimed it a sanctuary . we suspect they wanted money . tiger point , on the other side of the channel is great diving for naturalists , very ugly when it comes to recreational diving . there is a huge flat at 6 m with mud - sand and coral boulders , full of shells , mainly bivalves . then a small drop - off to 16 - 18 m deep where a kilometers wide sand and mud flat starts .
very plentifull : shells , soft corals , hard corals , gorgonians , nudibranches , crabs , anemones and other things . typical for mud bottoms . nighttime dives are spectacular in marine life .
can be violent . one one occasion we came out several kilometer form the boat .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .
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cook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = ‘ātiu , mk = ma‘uke , mt = miti‘āro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = takūtea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say
el
but write
r
) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands māori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai‘i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand māori
mccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .
copyright © 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy
description : shell large , long and slender . spire usually slightly bent at early whorls , then straight or weakly convex in outline . whorls very weakly convex , suture well defined . scars from position of outer lip infrequent , one located about 2 whorls before aperture on large specimens . aperture moderately elongate , less than one - quarter of shell length , inner lip slightly reflected over base . outer lip convex in profile , with very shallow sinus at top . shell colourless - transparent or translucent white , polished , glossy .
distribution : indo - west pacific . in eastern australia , occurs from the tropics southwards to sydney , nsw .
habitat : parasitic externally on several species of holothurians ( sea cucumbers ) . common in queensland , rare in nsw .
fig . 1 : heron island , qld . on stichopus variegatus ( c . 134350 ) .