bornella anguilla is a species of sea slug , a nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family bornellidae .

this species is widely distributed throughout the tropical waters of the indo-west pacific .

this species can grow up to a length of 8 cm .

bornella anguilla

bornella anguilla from reunion is . from : yves coze , july 31 , 2003
worms - world register of marine species - bornella anguilla s . johnson , 1984
its name ( anguilla = eel ) refers to its method of swimming . while most species of
relatively large species of bornella , growing up to 80mm . it has a very characteristic mosaic - like colour pattern . its name [ anguilla = eel ] refers to its method of swimming . while most species of bornella can swim by a lateral flexion of their body , in b . anguilla a muscular wave travels down the body to produce an eel - like motion . it is reported by johnson to feed on the hydroid plumularia .
the rhinophores are on long stalks which bear a ring of long pointed papillae . the oral tentacles are very elaborate sensory appendage , shaped like a hand with long fingers . the name
anguilla
meaning eel , refers to its method of swimming . most species of bornella can swim by a lateral flexion of their body . b . anguilla uses a muscular wave that travels down the body to produce an eel - like swimming motion .
. i looked up
anguilla
and discovered that it means
eel .
this had to be it . i also noticed it was described by johnson in 1985 . i emailed scott and he answered right away :
johnson , scott . 1984 . a new indo - west pacific species of the dendronotacean nudibranch bornella ( mollusca : opisthobranchia ) with anguilliform swimming behaviour . micronesica , 19 ( 1 ) : 17 - 26 .
johnson , s . ( 1984 ) . a new indo - west pacific species of the dendronotacean nudibranch bornella ( mollusca : opisthobranchia with anguilliform swimming behavior . micronesica . 19 , 17 - 26 . [ details ]
reference : • johnson , s . ( 1984 ) a new indo - west pacific species of the dendronotacean nudibranch bornella ( mollusca : opisthobranchia ) with anguilliform swimming behaviour . micronesica , 19 ( 1 ) : 17 - 26 . [ for 1983 ]
a key diagnostic for this species is the characteristic mosaic - like color pattern on the body . this relatively large species of bornella , grows up to 80mm in length . this species is found throughout the indo - pacific being reported from south africa to australia , including myranmar , indonesia and fiji .
the genus bornella belongs to the dendronotina . the genus has many similarities in shape and natural history to members of the aeolids . members have a series of cerata - like structures on each side of its elongate body and they feed on hydroids . the cerata - like gills do not carry nematocysts like most aeolids .
johnson , s . ( 1984 ) a new indo - west pacific species of the dendronotacean nudibranch bornella ( mollusca : opisthobranchia ) with anguilliform swimming behaviour . micronesica , 19 ( 1 ) : 17 - 26 . [ for 1983 ] yonow , n . and hayward , p . j . ( 1991 ) . opistobranches de l ' île maurice , avec la description de deux espèces nouvelles ( mollusca : opistobranchia ) revue française d ' aquariologie herpétologie , 18 ( 1 ) , 1 - 30
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it has a very characteristic mosaic - like colour pattern with orange , yellow and white spots .
a muscular wave travels down the body to produce an eel - like motion . when disrupted , it swims with a sideways ondulation of its entire body .
the anus opens on the right side just below and between the first and second cerata .
the reproductive opening is further forward on the right side , below and between the rhinophore and the first cerata .
) , 18 october 1985 , size : 45 mm . one other from belle mare (
) , 27 february 1990 , size : 49 mm . and one other from trou aux biches (
a muscular wave travels down the body to produce an eel - like motion .
scottburgh - 20m - south coast kwazulu - natal , south africa . 21 may 2000 . size : 80mm . photo of head . photo : valda fraser
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the color pattern of this impressive dendronotid is a mosaic of orange , brown and white spots against a black reticulate background . each of the six pairs of cerata , as well as the rhinophoral sheaths , possess a distinctive flap shaped like a rabbit ear with black , white and orange streaks .
is a rare species , having been reported only twice . it was found in highly exposed locations , both times during the day . one of those occasions was on a basalt cliff at 6 m ( 20 ft ) . though other bornellids can swim using a side - to - side flapping motion ,
this species was first recorded in hawaii from south point , big island by john hoover in july , 1998 . it was named for its eel - like swimming motion . it ' s referred to as the
eel nudibranch
in hoover , 1998 & 2006 .
pola , m . ; rudman , w . b . ; gosliner , t . m . ( 2009 ) . systematics and preliminary phylogeny of bornellidae ( mollusca : nudibranchia : dendronotina ) based on morphological characters with description of four new species . zootaxa . 1975 : 1 - 57 . page ( s ) : 26 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
yonow n . ( 2017 ) . results of the rumphius biohistorical expedition to ambon ( 1990 ) . part 16 . the nudibranchia - dendronotina , arminina , aeolidina , and doridina ( mollusca : gastropoda : heterobranchia ) . archiv für molluskenkunde . 146 ( 1 ) : 135 - 172 . [ details ]
gosliner t . m . , behrens d . w . & valdés a . ( 2008 ) indo - pacific nudibranchs and sea slugs . sea challengers natural history books and california academy of sciences . 426 pp . page ( s ) : 320 [ details ]
to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 2 nucleotides ; 2 proteins ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org )
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how would you greet this
trick - or - treater
if it came to your door this halloween ? man – i think i’d just die . this amazing species looks like something you would see at a chinese new year parade . just look at the facial expression . makes you wonder whos behind that mask .
john greenamyer has been diving some twenty - four years with a macro u / w photography pursuit using both still photography and video . his favorite diving areas are png and indonesia with an emphasis on png , especially the milne bay region so popularized for its
muck
photographic opportunities . as of late he has been keeping company with roger steene and neville coleman on his travels to png and will be diving with them again in the next couple of weeks .
alan grant and myself took a sunday off in august to travel up to visit john and immerse ourselves in some four hours of still and video photography of branchs . john has some outsanding macro video footage of branchs that hopefully will appear in the near future on a sister site this webmaster is in the process of setting up for streaming video .
when he ' s not diving , john and his wife reside in running springs , california , in the los angeles area . he has his own graphic arts business in cerritos , california .
© the slug site , michael d . miller 2004 . all rights reserved .
while diving at south point on the island of hawai ` i ( the southernmost point of land in the u . s . a . ) , i noticed this unusual nudibranch on the basalt cliffs at a depth of about 20 ft . ( 7 m . ) patterned somewhat like a giraffe , with paddle - like cerata protruding from its back . not recognizing it , i popped it into a clear ziplock bag for a later photography session in anticipation of a new record for hawai ` i .
immediately the animal began swimming actively against the side of the bag with the fluid wriggling motions of a tiny eel . confused , i thought for a moment that it was actually a strange fish that mimicked a nudibranch . yet the animal definitely possessed a molluscan foot ; it had to be a slug after all . after taking pictures i let it go . regretfully , there was no way to bring it home to o ` ahu alive . i could only hope that the pictures came out .
i sent a slide to hawaii ' s reigning nudibranch queen , pauline fiene - severns , and she confirmed the id and also confirmed that it was indeed a new record for hawai ` i .
although scott states that it is primarily a nocturnal species , the specimen i found was out in the open in broad daylight .
lives in honolulu . he has published two books on marine life of the hawaiian islands . his third , a field guide to the marine invertebrates of the hawaii , will be available approximately february 1999 . with over 600 photographs , it will cover 500 species , including 66 of hawaii ' s most colorful and interesting opisthobranchs .
© the slug site , michael d . miller 1998 . all rights reserved .
the nudibranch , flabellina exoptata , is often found on hydroids and is known to feed on them . the nematocysts from hydroids are transfered and stored in cerata , which , when disturbed , are able to release these nematocysts for defense .
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the blue korhaan or blue bustard ( eupodotis caerulescens ) is a species of bird in the otididae family , found in lesotho and south africa .

its call is a series of frog-like croaks , usually uttered in flight .

its natural habitat is plateau grassland , dry shrubland , arable land and pastureland .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

blue korhaan

the rare blue korhaan is exceptionally lovely because of its exquisite blue feathers and pretty black and white striped head .
blue korhaan , mpumalanga , south africa . [ photo johan van rensburg © ]
blue korhaan at its nest with eggs , wakkerstroom , south africa . [ photo warwick tarboton © ]
this beuatiful endemic can be distinguished from other korhaans by its blue neck and belly and contrasting chestnut back .
distribution of blue korhaan in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
55 cm ; 1120–1612 g . only bustard with blue - grey neck and underparts . female has duller grey neck and buff ear - coverts . immature has black and buff crown , black on . . .
we first recorded this near - threatened korhaan in march 2010 while investigating wakkerstroom . we located them at fickland pan , where they were flushed from the thick roadside grass . i am still waiting to get decent photographs of them but am hoping that more early morning trips to devon in south east gauteng will provide just this .
collar , n . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . blue bustard ( eupodotis caerulescens ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
o ' brien , a . , pilgrim , j . , robertson , p . , symes , a . , taylor , j . , westrip , j .
this species is listed as near threatened , as it is suspected to have undergone a moderate decline over the past 3 generations and is expected to undergo a moderately rapid population decline owing to habitat loss to intensive agriculture . further data may show that the species qualifies for a higher threat category .
. the total south african population has been estimated at 1 , 500 - 5 , 000 individuals , but this may be an underestimate as the population in the former transvaal alone has been estimated to exceed 10 , 000 individuals , with between 1 , 000 and 3 , 000 in the proposed grassland biosphere reserve centred around volksrust and wakkerstroom .
the population is estimated to number 12 , 000 - 15 , 000 individuals in total , roughly equivalent to 8 , 000 - 10 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : surveys in the eastern karoo suggest the population has declined there since the 1980s ( shaw et al . 2016 , j . shaw in litt . 2016 ) . declines in its range have also been implied from southern african bird atlas project data , particularly in the north - east of its range ( hofmeyr 2012 , lee et al . 2017 ) , though it has been suggested to be stable elsewhere , and the overall population may still be stable ( hofmeyr 2012 ) . ongoing habitat destruction may lead to future declines .
. it feeds on insects , scorpions , small lizards and vegetable matter . it apparently benefits from small - scale agriculture , as it regularly forages in crop fields and planted pastures . breeding occurs from august to april , mainly in october and november ( del hoyo
monitor rates of habitat loss within its range . protect additional areas of the species ' s habitat .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
in the past , this species sometimes isolated in a monotypic genus , trachelotis . monotypic .
e south africa from mpumalanga s to free state and eastern cape ; also w lesotho .
calls mainly at dawn . gives a deep , throaty , two - syllabled '
high grassveld , usually above 1500 m , with short - grazed grassland and termite mounds but no or few . . .
caterpillars , grasshoppers , beetles , scorpions and small reptiles ; also grass seeds , flowers and green leaves of various plants . in winter . . .
aug–apr , chiefly oct–nov . nest situated on bare open ground , often in short , thick grass , also in old cropland . eggs 1–3 . . .
not globally threatened . cites ii . currently considered near threatened . reported decline in s and w of range unfounded , although now fairly scarce in lowland lesotho owing . . .
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relationships uncertain ; further research required . one study suggested that this genus is sister to afrotis # r .
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endemic to southern africa , occurring in the highveld of south africa surrounding and extending into lesotho . it generally prefers flat or undulating ground in grassland and nama karoo .
it mainly eats insects , lizards and plant matter , doing most of its foraging by walking along and pecking the ground , often in cultivated fields . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :
its breeding system is complex , as it can be either monogamous or polygamous , usually in trios with either two males or two females . however it may also breed cooperatively in groups of up to five , together raising a brood and defending the nest against predators .
the nest is a simple scrape in the ground , usually between grass tufts tall enough to conceal the incubating bird .
egg - laying season is from september - february , peaking from october - november .
it lays 1 - 2 , rarely 3 eggs , which are solely incubated by a single female or multiple females ( depending on the size of the family group ) for about 24 - 28 days .
the chicks are fed by both parents , leaving the nest soon after hatching to join the family group , who vigorously defend them by chasing away or distracting predators . the young take their first flight at about five weeks old .
near - threatened globally and regionally , although its population is decreasing , probably due to habitat loss caused by cultivation , human settlement and afforestation .
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
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please note that the google map for common species will load slowly as there is a lot of data to show . please be patient .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : eupodotis caerulescens . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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the reference for the information following is
roberts birds of southern africa
, 7th edition * edited by par hockey , wrj dean and pg ryan , published by
the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund .
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© 2018 bird & wildlife photography by richard and eileen flack . all images are copyrighted to the author .
all content © copyright 2017 nightjar travel ( pty ) ltd . all rights reserved .
welcome to our website . south africa is awesome and you ' ve come to the right place to help you explore it !


the smoky shrew ( sorex fumeus ) is a medium-sized north american shrew found in eastern canada and the northeastern united states and extends further south along the appalachian mountains .

smoky shrew

© copyright roger barbour . all rights reserved . sorex _ fumeus - - smoky shrew
north american least shrew , northern short - tailed shrew , and southern short - tailed shrew have shorter tails .
a shrew mole or shrew - mole is a mole that resembles a shrew . species with that name include :
other small mammals of maine include species of several different families . these include the following : hairy - tailed mole , star - nosed mole , water shrew , smoky shrew , long - tailed shrew , pygmy shrew , cinereus shrew , and the northern short - tailed shrew .
the smoky shrew , known for its 2 color molts , occurs in middle and eastern tennessee .
smoky shrew - sorex fumeus smoky shrews travel and forage in underground tunnel systems , but they usually nest in stumps or logs . # wildohio # ohiom… | pinterest
. it is also known as gibb ' s shrew mole and least shrew mole .
a mole shrew is a shrew that resembles a mole . species with that name include :
the asian house shrew (
suncus murinus
) grey musk shrew , asian musk shrew , or money shrew is a widespread , adaptable species of shrew found mainly in south asia but introduced widely throughout asia and eastern africa .
the eurasian pygmy shrew (
sorex minutus
) , often known simply as the pygmy shrew , is a widespread shrew of northern eurasia . it is the only shrew native to ireland .
the panay shrew (
crocidura panayensis
) is a species of shrew from the philippines .
the sibuyan shrew (
crocidura ninoyi
) is a species of shrew from the philippines .
the batak shrew (
crocidura batakorum
) is a species of shrew from the philippines .
compared with the cinereus shrew , the smoky shrew is more selective in habitat , favoring cool and moist sites , and is less often found in drier forested stands .
the arizona shrew (
sorex arizonae
) is a species of shrew native to north america .
the cinereus shrew or masked shrew (
sorex cinereus
) is a small shrew found in alaska , canada and the northern united states . this is the most widely distributed shrew in north america , where it is also known as the common shrew .
the eurasian least shrew (
sorex minutissimus
) , also called the lesser pygmy shrew , is the second - smallest mammal after the etruscan shrew .
the vagrant shrew (
sorex vagrans
) , also known as the wandering shrew , is a medium - sized north american shrew . at one time , the montane shrew and the orizaba long - tailed shrew were considered to belong to the same species .
the sardinian shrew (
asoriculus similis
) is an extinct species of shrew from europe ( sardinia ) .
like all shrew - moles , the stomach size of this shrew mole in inversely proportional to its body weight .
the cyrenaica shrew or alexander ' s shrew (
crocidura aleksandrisi
) is a species of white - toothed shrew in the family soricidae which is endemic to libya .
the long - tailed shrew or rock shrew (
sorex dispar
) is a small north american shrew found in atlantic canada and the north - eastern united states .
the african black shrew (
crocidura nigrofusca
) is a species of shrew . it is native to africa , where it is widespread . other common names include tenebrous shrew .
home range has not been reported for smoky shrews , and territory size also is unknown .
kozlov ' s shrew (
sorex kozlovi
) is a red - toothed shrew found only at the mekong river , tibet , china . this shrew listed as a
data deficient
.
mountain species of shrew found from southeastern canada west to the great lakes and south to the smokies is known as the smoky shrew . mainly nocturnal , the smoky shrew is active day and night and has a head and body that grows up to three inches in length . they are found in cool moist and shady birch or hemlock forests that have lots of leaf and fern growth .
the long - tailed shrew has a slender body , long snout , small eyes and a long , thick tail . its body averages to 2 . 75 inches in length , and its tail can be between 2 . 2 to 2 . 5 inches long . the long - tailed shrew is dark gray with slightly paler under parts . these shrews are often confused with the smoky shrew , but the smoky shrew has a wider body and a shorter , bicolored tail .
the smoky shrew lives in extensive burrows in the leaf mold of the forest floor and are active in even the coldest weather . they constantly twitter as they forage .
felix , z . , l . gatens , y . wang , c . schweitzer . 2009 . first records of the smoky shrew ( sorex fumeus ) in alabama .
when smoky shrews are disturbed , they release a high - pitched squeaking noise , throw themselves onto their backs , and wave their limbs . when searching for food , smoky shrews produce a faint twittering noise .
smoky shrews are insectivores who prey on many insects and their larvae . they are also prey for snakes , owls , weasels , hawks and larger shrews . smoky shrews are hosts to many parasites including mites (
smoky shrews molt their fur twice annually so they have brown with a hint of yellow coat in the summer and gray and white in the winter which provides cryptic coloration . smoky shrews dwell mostly on the forest floor , small enough to maneuver leaf and other vegetative matter . this habitat allows them natural camouflage . when disturbed , smoky shrews produce a high - pitched noise . the main predators of smoky shrews are bobcats (
laerm , j . , w . ford , b . chapman . 2007 . smoky shrew . pp . 95 - 98 in m trani , w ford , b chapman , eds .
whitaker , j . o . , jr . 1999 . smoky shrew . pages 22 - 23 . in : wilson , d . e . and s . ruff ( editors ) .
when smoky shrews are disturbed , they emit a high - pitched squeaking noise , throw themselves onto their backs , and wave their limbs . when searching for food , smoky shrews produce a faint twittering noise , which might be a crude form of echolocation . this has not largely been studied in smoky shrews , but other shrews in
is flat and it does not have an elongated crown , like shrew do .
the smoky shrew has brown fur in the summer and gray fur in the winter months . they have lighter gray under parts and a long tail that is brown on top and yellow underneath .
juvenile and adult smoky shrews are distinguished by weight and tooth , tail , and hair wear . because smoky shrews do not breed within the year they are born , they most often survive until the subsequent breeding season and live a total of 14 to 17 months . the lifespan on smoky shrews in captivity has not been reported and is not currently known .
the smoky shrew is primarily a northern and mountain species and is found throughout the northeastern united states and adjacent canada , south in the appalachian mountains to northern georgia , and west to central ohio and kentucky .
smoky shrews are listed as a species of “least concern” on the iucn red list . cites and the us federal list list smoky shrews as no special status . the michigan natural features inventory states that smoky shrews are
threatened ,
because there have been fewer than half a dozen captures of these individuals in the state . current management efforts are in place to maintain forest cover and leaf litter on the forest floor . it ' s likely that these efforts positively impact smoky shrews .
) . the smokey shrew is near the southern limit of its range in the park .
cinereus shrew is browner , has a smaller body , and has a relatively longer tail .
smoky shrews were named for their slate - gray or blackish - gray winter coat , which develops by the end of october .
: during the summer , the smoky shrew is a medium - sized , uniformly dull brown . during the winter , the pelage of the smoky shrew is usually a uniform gray . the bi - colored tail is brownish above and yellowish below . shrews possess long tapering snouts and tiny eyes and ears . hearing and smell are acute . the tips of the incisor teeth are dark chestnut in color . shrews have five toes on each foot .
smith , t . r . and j . m . mouzon . 1985 . small mammal survey in the spruce - fir zone of great smoky mountains national park . typewritten final research report . in library of great smoky mountains national park , gatlinburg , tennessee .
, which means that it lives in loosely organized communities of about 12 to 15 shrew moles .
smoky shrews prefer moist hardwood forests with decaying logs , thick leaf litter , and moss - covered rocks ; frequently found in higher elevations .
long - tailed shrew has a longer , thicker tail with more hair and is dark gray all year .
the long - tailed shrew is a mid - sized shrew with a slender body and long tail . it lives in cool , rocky , forested areas and can be found year - round in the appalachian mountains .
dig with their forepaws held directly below their body , but shrew - moles dig using lateral - strokes .
: smoky shrews are found at all elevations . they are most abundant in cool , damp woodlands with a deep layer of leaf mold on the ground .
: all plants and animals are protected within great smoky mountains national park . collection requires a permit which is usually granted only for research or educational purposes .
sipe , t . , r . browne . 2004 . phylogeography of masked ( sorex cinereus ) and smoky shrews ( sorex fumeus ) in the southern appalachians .
linzey , d . w . 1995a . mammals of great smoky mountains national park . blacksburg , virginia : the mcdonald & ; woodward publishing company , inc .
forsman , k . , m . malmquist . 1988 . evidence for echolocation in the common shrew , sorex araneus .
american shrew - moles are described to be
common
throughout their range ( wilson and ruff , 1999 ) .
due to these factors , it is common for shrew - moles to forage through tunnels that have been dug by other shrew - moles because it is more energetically efficient and more prey might be present in tunnels that have been abandoned .
only turns into bone in the adults and the roots of the upper molars are exposed in immature shrew - moles .
mr . animal helps you better understand the wild one animal at a time . this episode talks about the smokey shrew .
horvath , o . 1965 . arboreal predation on bird’s nest by masked shrew . journal of mammalogy , 46 : 495 .
the smoky shrew is active at all times during day and night throughout the year , though populations are at their peak between july and october . like many other small mammals , populations are cyclical from year to year and surveys should be conducted for several consecutive years to obtain the most reliable results .
whitaker , j . o . , jr . 1999 . smoky shrew ( sorex fumeus ) . pages 22 - 23 in d . e . wilson and s . ruff , editors . the smithsonian book of north american mammals . smithsonian institution press in association with the american society of mammalogists , washington .
smoky shrews are deemed in need of management by both twra and tennessee department or environment and conservation . they are uncommon in the state , but can be abundant in some areas .
it is believed by some that the sound that the wind produces as it goes through the bottle scares the shrew - moles away .
linzey , d . w . 1995b . mammals of great smoky mountains national park - 1995 update . journal of the elisha mitchell scientific society 111 ( 1 ) : 1 - 81 .
when underground shrew - moles can suffer from a low levels of oxygen , high levels of carbon dioxide , and high levels of humidity .
komarek , e . v . and r . komarek . 1938 . mammals of the great smoky mountains . bulletin of the chicago academy of science 5 ( 6 ) : 137 - 162 .
the average total length of smoky shrews is 111 . 4 millimeters , with an average weight of 7 . 6 grams . average tail length is 43 . 8 millimeters , and their hind feet are , on average , 13 . 2 millimeters long . both male and female shrews are similar in size . newborn shrews are blind , toothless , lack fur and weigh 0 . 14 grams . by one month old , they weigh 4 grams . smoky shrews have a generally flattened skull . like all shrews , the snout of smoky shrews is elongated , and they have ears that are often concealed within their fur . smoky shrews have 32 teeth with a dental formula of incisors 1 / 1 , canines 5 / 1 , premolars 1 / 1 , and molars 3 / 3 .
young born in the spring often breed later in the same year . the average life span of a masked shrew is less than 14 months .
the nest of the smoky shrew is the size of a baseball , created out of grasses and leaves about twenty inches below ground , in stumps and logs . adult females have two to three litters per year with five to six young in each litter . young leave the nest after about a month . most adults don ' t survive their second winter which is why juveniles are usually the only ones found in the wintertime . this highly aggressive shrew only has a lifespan of 14 - 17 months
using bait is another method used to control these shrew - moles . the bait usually consists of some type of cereal grain that is treated with chemicals .
very little is known about the ecology and population status of smoky shrews in minnesota . the preferred habitat of the species is currently not uncommon in northern minnesota , so it is possible that habitat is not a limiting factor for the species in the state . the minnesota biological survey targeted smoky shrews in their 2003 survey , and documented six new locations , expanding the known range of the species in minnesota west into lake county . it is not known , however , if smoky shrews inhabited this area historically and simply remained undetected until recently . future surveys are needed to determine the full extent of the species ' distribution and population in the state .
the shrew - mole makes permanent tunnels by digging with its forelimbs and using its forefeet to soften the soil that will be removed to make a hollow tunnel .
in order to cope with these conditions , shrew - moles contain lungs that can hold large volumes and sometimes even more than 20 % of their body weight .
the short - tailed shrew is the only north american mammal with a poisonous bite . that ' s a cool fact , but too bad for an unfortunate snake !
there are also many home remedies that are used to get rid of these shrew - moles , but whether or not these methods are successful are usually not evident .
the presence of smoky shrews is related to soil moisture and mesic habitats , with more individuals being found in larger ( mcshea et al . 2003 ) , older patches of habitat ( kuttner and malcolm 2001 ) . because of this and the fact that little is known about the species ' ability to recolonize areas after logging , the potential presence of smoky shrews should be considered when mesic forests in the vicinity of documented occurrences of this species are slated for harvest .
. males use high - pitched vocalizations to complete with other males when looking for mates . usually in groups of three , the male masked shrews will jump in a breeding chase . it’s likely that smoky shrews have a similar mating system .
laerm , joshua ; ford , w . mark ; chapman , brian r . 2007 . smoky shrew , sorex fumeus . in : trani , margaret k . ; ford , w . mark ; chapman , brian r . , eds . the land manager ' s guide to mammals of the south . durham , nc : the nature conservancy ; atlanta , ga : u . s . forest service : 95 - 98 .
the long - tailed shrew’s range extends from nova scotia , canada to eastern tennessee and north carolina . in the chesapeake bay watershed , they are particularly abundant in the appalachian mountains .
shrew - moles usually live in areas where it is difficult to cultivate so they are usually economically neutral , but there are some cases where they do damage people ' s homes .
the smoky shrew is a small mammal ( 4 . 3 to 5 . 0 in / 11 to 12 . 6 cm in length ) with an elongated head , pointed nose , tiny eyes , and short dark fur . the tail is two - toned , dark on top and yellowish - tan below , and is between 1 . 7 and 2 . 0 inches ( 4 . 2 and 5 . 2 cm ) in length .
throughout its range , smoky shrews occur in deciduous and coniferous forests , bogs , and swamps . moist habitats are important ( mcshea et al . 2003 ) and the preferred microhabitat includes a cool , damp forest floor with a thick litter layer , mossy covered rocks , and decaying debris ( owen 1984 ) . in minnesota , smoky shrews have been found in glacial boulder streams ; second - growth black spruce , fir , paper birch forests ( jannett and oehlenschlager 1994 ) ; mossy , talus slopes ; and sphagnum bogs .
smoky shrews are insectivores feeding on various invertebrates . a north carolina study reported that centipedes ( 36 . 5 % of stomach contents , by volume ) were the most common food item , followed by earthworms ( 19 % ) and adult lepidopterans ( 19 . 5 % ) , and ground beetles in the family scarabidae ( 10 % ) . insects ( adults and larvae ) , spiders , isopods , and some fungi are included in the diets of smoky shrews . in captivity , the shrews also could eat salamanders and snails .
the fact that males lack a scrotum and the female ' s vagina is sealed , makes it difficult to determine the sex of shrew - moles that are not breeding without performing a dissection .
linzey , d . w . and a . v . linzey . 1973 . notes of food of small mammals from great smoky mountains national park , tennessee - north carolina . journal of the elisha mitchell scientific society 89 ( 1 and 2 ) : 6 - 14 .
doucet , g . j . and j . r . bider . 1974 . the effects of weather on the activity of the masked shrew . journal of mammalogy , 55 : 348 - 363 .
as the shrew - mole continues to dig through the soil , the amount of prey in the soil is significantly less than the amount present in soil that has not been dug through by them .
the coloration of smoky shrews is an identifying feature among similar species . in the summer months , the dorsal fur is brown , with a yellow tint , and the ventral fur is pale brown . their winter coat is dark gray on the dorsal side with silver hues on the ventral side . smoky shrews molt twice annually , once in preparation for winter and again in preparation for summer . the molt for winter happens in october for a thicker fur as well as a change of color to accommodate surroundings ; the other in preparation for summer happens in april or may for a thinner coat with brown fur . the tail of smoky shews is consistently bicolored , following the different hues among the months . the tail is a light brown with yellows hues in the summer months , and dark brown with silver hues in the winter months .
us forest service . influence of elevation and forest type on community assemblage and species distribution of shrews in the central and southern appalachian mountains . none . none provided : international society of shrew biologists . 2005 .
smoky shrews typically either take over other small mammals burrows to make use of them for themselves , or build rounded nests ca . 5 . 08 centimeters in diameter on the forest floor , often underneath forest debris . nests are built using various mammal hair and vegetative matter on sheltered forest floors .
jannett , f . j . , jr . , and r . j . oehlenschlager . 1994 . range extension and first minnesota records of the smokey shrew sorex fumeus . american midland naturalist 131 : 364 - 365 .
smoky shrews are constantly active through all hours of the day , and throughout the year . colder temperatures do not semm to be limiting , as they have been captured in the snow . these shrews typically are not social , but clustering of captures suggest that they might live in colonies . they do not migrate .
is found in western north america , from mid - california to lower british columbia . it ranges from the pacific ocean to the cascade and sierra nevada mountains . shrew - moles are also found on destruction island , washington ( campbell , 2001 ) .
do have an effect on controlling bark beetles and other harmful insects in their own habitats . but this is of minimal economic benefit , because most areas where the shrew - mole is found are bad sites for logging or farming ( dalquest , 1942 ) .
shrews tend to have short lifespans , and it is estimated that long - tailed shrew live up to two years in the wild . they are active both during the day and at night throughout the year . they are generally solitary animals and spend almost all of their time foraging .
prefer soils that are easy to dig , and where there is plenty of organic matter . they are mostly found in the temperate rainforests of northwest north america , where soils are soft and deep . shrew - moles can also be found in areas that are moist and weedy or brushy ( campbell , 2001 ) .
due to their small size and active lifestyles , long - tailed shrews need to eat almost constantly , often consuming twice their body weight in a day . above , a long - tailed shrew in woburn , mass . , on may 11 , 2014 . ( photo courtesy sylvia scharf under a cc by - nc license )
dalquest ( 1942 ) observed that if a shrew - mole is scared into hiding , it will reemerge in search of food in less than a minute . this makes them an easy target for predators , though they are not the major diet of any species ( racey , 1929 ) . owls seem to be their biggest predator ( carraway , 1991 ) .
the long - tailed shrew’s major predators include snakes , weasels , other small mammals and birds of prey . in order to avoid predators , long - tailed shrews tend to feed at night and remain under forest debris . since they are small and can be confused for mice , they also have a distinct musky odor that could serve as a deterrent for predators .
smoky shews are often found in higher elevations , typically above 700 m , in or around deciduous montane forests . at the southern edge of their geographic range , it ' s been reported that they exists at elevations as low as 300 m . they occur in a variety of forest types , on talus slopes , and occasionally some wetter areas ( bogs , swamps , bankside of rivers ) . however , although it appears that they are more abundant in moisture - rich forests , they are much less common ( or absent ) in seasonally or permanently inundated wetland habitats .
the shrew - mole also makes shallow surface runways by moving the front part of its body 45 degrees to the right and then to the left . then back again to the right , then left , and so on . when it moves to the right , the left forepaw is thrust up rapidly lifting soil in the process and when it moves to the left , the right forepaw is thrust up to lift soil .
food and feeding behavior : little information is available about the food preferences of the rock shrew , but what is known suggests a diet of insects , spiders , and centipedes . activity and movement : the seasonal and daily activity patterns are unknown . reproduction : only a handful of specimens offer clues about breeding habits . these indicate litter size may vary from 2 - 5 , and that the reproductive season extends from early spring , april or may , until late summer , through august .
shrew - mole has a relatively long breeding season . reproduction happens once a year and lasts from late february to august . the length of the gestation period is unknown , but is assumed to be at least four weeks long ( yates , 1982 ) . the nests are built above ground , although one nest was observed in a stump about a meter off the ground ( dalquest , 1942 ) . the babies are born blind and weigh less than a gram ( wilson and ruff , 1999 ) .
the masked shrew displays characters typical of all shrews . the slender , cylindrical body has a short , velvety , directionless fur . the long , tapered head ends in a flexible , tubular snout , with the narrow nostrils located on the outer edges of the tip . the small external ears are barely visible or are completely hidden by the fur . the eyes are tiny , the tail scantily haired , and the limbs short . all are features adapting shrews to a semi - fossorial life between the interface of soil particles and plant debris .
is the smallest species of new world talpidae ( wilson and ruff , 1999 ) . its hair is black or blue - black and not as plush as other moles ( dalquest , 1942 ) . shrew - moles ' forefeet are slightly broadened , not webbed and modified for digging only ( wilson and ruff , 1999 ) . the external ears are absent . eyes are greatly reduced , and these animals have a flat , elongated nose ( carraway , 1991 ) . the tail is about half as long as the body and reasonably wide ( reed , 1951 ) .
social system - the social behavior of all north american shrews is little known . a few causal observations of a male near a pregnant or lactating female suggest the masked shrew may be monogamous . studies completes in other parts of the species’ range indicate a home range of 0 . 2 - 0 . 6 ha ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 5 acre ) which overlap conspecifics . densities vary from 2 . 5 - 100 per ha ( 1 - 40 per acre ) with 3 - 25 per ha ( 1 - 10 per acre ) being more common , and may change dramatically from one year to the next within any particular area .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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( cassola , 2016 ; hamed and laughlin , 2015 ; owen , 1984 ; felix , et al . , 2009 )
( cassola , 2016 ; choate , et al . , 1994 ; laerm , et al . , 2007 ; merritt , 1987 ; nowak , 1999 ; owen , 1984 ; webster , et al . , 2004 )
older shews tend to have fur with whiter tips . the younger shrews are distinguished from the older shrews not only because they are smaller , but also because they have long hairs on the tips of their tails that disappear once maturing to adults .
( best and dusi , 2014 ; choate , et al . , 1994 ; kurta , 1995 ; merritt , 1987 ; naughton , 2012 ; owen , 1984 )
( brown , 1997 ; elbroch and rinehart , 2011 ; laerm , et al . , 2007 ; merritt , 1987 ; naughton , 2012 ; owen , 1984 )
the mothers groom , nurse , and regurgitate food for their young . females take care of the young for up to a month after the young are fully weaned . young stay in the nest until the mother leaves to mate again . at this point , the young leave the nest to find new nesting sites . beyond mating , males have no parental investment .
are able to use echolocation to find objects up to 200 mm away . echolocation is especially helpful to shrews when they inhabit abandoned burrows , as it allows them to sense if the burrow is empty . it is also used to aid in finding protective cover when being pursued by a predator .
have been found to beat 800 - 1200 beats per minute . due to a high metabolism , shrews must feed day and night to support their appetites .
( choate , et al . , 1994 ; laerm , et al . , 2007 ; owen , 1984 ; sipe and browne , 2004 ; webster , et al . , 2004 ; whitaker jr . and hamilton jr . , 1998 )
( choate , et al . , 1994 ; clark , 2002 ; hamilton jr . , 1941 ; laerm , et al . , 2007 ; merritt , 1987 ; owen , 1984 )
( choate , et al . , 1994 ; laerm , et al . , 2007 ; merritt , 1987 ; owen , 1984 )
( dent , 2000 ; fryxell , et al . , 2014 ; whitaker jr . and hamilton jr . , 1998 )
makayla beckner ( author ) , radford university , karen powers ( editor ) , radford university , alex atwood ( editor ) , radford university , marisa dameron ( editor ) , radford university , tanya dewey ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
a wetland area rich in accumulated plant material and with acidic soils surrounding a body of open water . bogs have a flora dominated by sedges , heaths , and sphagnum .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
the process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
referring to a burrowing life - style or behavior , specialized for digging or burrowing .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water , often dominated by woody vegetation .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
cassola , f . 2016 .
sorex fumeus
( on - line ) . iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t41396a22312838 . accessed september 12 , 2016 at urltoken .
choate , j . , k . jones jr , c . jones . 1994 .
clark , r . 2002 . diet of the timber rattlesnake , crotalus horridus .
hamed , k . , t . laughlin . 2015 . small - mammal mortality caused by discarded bottles and cans along a us national forest service road in the cherokee national forest .
hamilton jr . , w . 1941 . the food of small forest mammals in eastern united states .
maier , t . , k . doyle . 2006 . aggregations of masked shrews ( sorex cinereus ) : density - related mating behavior ? .
merritt , j . , s . vessey . 2000 . shrews - small insectivores with polyphasic patterns . pp . 235 - 251 in s halle , n stenseth , eds .
, vol . 141 . new york , new york : springer - verlag berlin heidelberg .
to cite this page : beckner , m . 2017 .
sorex fumeus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .
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they eat leaf litter , insects , earthworms , centipedes , millipedes , snails and salamanders . because they travel in tunnels and runways created by moles and voles
search of their prey , they have a tendency to eat more worms than most shrews .
: cosby ccc camp ( 2 , 050 feet ) ; near cosby ranger station ( 2 , 500 feet ) ; indian camp creek trail ( 3 , 000 feet ) ; low gap ( 3 , 400 feet , 4 , 242 feet ) ; inadu knob ( 5 , 700 feet ) ; old black mountain ( 6 , 300 feet ) .
: foothills parkway ( 1 , 100 - 2 , 400 feet ) ; huskey gap trail ( 2 , 100 feet ) ; greenbrier ( 2 , 200 - 4 , 800 feet ) ; sugarland mountain ; newfound gap road ( 2 , 800 - 5 , 000 feet ) ; little river - elkmont ( 2 , 900 feet ) ; chimneys campground ; fort harry cliffs ( 3 , 200 feet ) ; eagle rocks creek ( 3 , 500 feet ) ; chapman prong ; grassy patch - alum cave parking areaa ( 4 , 000 feet ) ; west prong , little pigeon river ( 3 , 200 - 4 , 000 feet ) ; buck fork ( 4 , 200 - 5 , 000 feet ) ; walker prong ; rocky spring gap ; trillium gap trail ; indian gap ( 5 , 200 feet ) ; mt . guyot ( 6 , 300 feet ) .
: appalachian trail between low gap and mt . cammerer ( 4 , 700 feet ) ; dry sluice gap ; mt . kephart ; clingman ' s dome ( 6 , 400 feet ) .
: smokemont ; ekaneetlee creek ( 2 , 300 feet ) ; moore springs shelter ( 4 , 750 feet ) ; thomas ridge ( 4 , 800 feet ) ; newfound gap road ( 4 , 000 - 4 , 800 feet ) ; welch ridge ( 5 , 050 feet ) ; newfound gap ( 5 , 050 feet ) ; round bottom ( 5 , 400 feet ) ; hughes ridge ; forney ridge ( 6 , 000 feet , 6 , 400 feet ) .
streamsides , both in evergreen and deciduous forests , are favored . this species accouned for 12 . 6 % of all small mammals captured in a study in the spruce - fir forest (
two or three litters of 3 to 7 young are produced during the female ' s second year of life . the young are born in a nest of shredded vegetation located in a stump or beneath a log or rock .
pregnant and / or nursing females have been recorded in the park from march 30 through october 12 .
reproductively active
individuals were recorded for mid - august through september in the spruce - fir region (
stomach analyses of three females taken at 2 , 400 feet in cosby ( cocke co . ) during june and july revealed millipedes and arachnids comprising 98 . 6 % of the total volume of food (
the home range of shrews probably covers an area of 1 / 4 to 1 acre .
predators include snakes , owls , hawks , and carnivorous mammals such as opossums , foxes , bobcats , weasels , and skunks .
. blacksburg , virginia : the mcdonald & ; woodward publishing company , inc .
. mammalian species no . 215 : 1 - 8 . american society of mammalogists .
, and are active throughout the year , even in the coldest temperatures . as with other shrews , they echolocate , emitting a constant twittering sound as they forage .
miller , g . s . , jr . , 1895 . the long - tailed shrews of the eastern united states , p . 50 . north american fauna , 10 : 35 - 36 .
mammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .
christian , d . p . , and j . m . daniels . 1985 . distributional records of rock voles , microtus chrotorrhinus , in northeastern minnesota . canadian field - naturalist 99 : 356 - 359 .
de vos , a . 1964 . range changes of mammals in the great lakes region . american midland naturalist 71 : 210 - 231 .
kuttner , b . g . , and j . r . malcom . 2001 . small mammal responses to clearcut logging in northeastern ontario . abstract of presentation given at symposium on old - growth forest in canada , october 2001 , sault ste . marie , ontario .
mcshea , w . j . , j . p . pagels , j . orrock , e . harper , and k . koy . 2003 . mesic deciduous forest as patches of small - mammal richness within an appalachian mountain forest . journal of mammalogy 84 : 627 - 643 .
timm , r . m . 1975 . distribution , natural history , and parasites of mammals of cook county , minnesota . bell museum of natural history occasional papers 14 . university of minnesota , minneapolis . 56 pp .
updated 5 / 15 / 2018 . information is summarized from mnfi ' s database of rare species and community occurrences . data may not reflect true distribution since much of the state has not been thoroughly surveyed .
this species inhabits northern hardwood and boreal forests with thick leaf litter over loosely packed soils . in michigan , it has only been documented on sugar island along the st . mary ' s river between ontario and mainland chippewa county . there it was found in a mesic northern forest dominated by sugar maple . in ontario , it is also known to inhabit ( but doesn ' t necessarily prefer ) cedar swamps , bogs , and other mixed coniferous forests with saturated soils .
for each species , lists of natural communities were derived from review of the nearly 6 , 500 element occurrences in the mnfi database , in addition to herbarium label data for some taxa . in most cases , at least one specimen record exists for each listed natural community . for certain taxa , especially poorly collected or extirpated species of prairie and savanna habitats , natural community lists were derived from inferences from collection sites and habitat preferences in immediately adjacent states ( particularly indiana and illinois ) . natural communities are not listed for those species documented only from altered or ruderal habitats in michigan , especially for taxa that occur in a variety of habitats outside of the state .
natural communities are not listed in order of frequency of occurrence , but are rather derived from the full set of natural communities , organized by ecological group . in many cases , the general habitat descriptions should provide greater clarity and direction to the surveyor . in future versions of the rare species explorer , we hope to incorporate natural community fidelity ranks for each taxon .
maintaining forest canopy cover and thick leaf litter would be beneficial to this species .
michigan natural features inventory . 2007 . rare species explorer ( web application ) . available online at urltoken [ accessed jul 9 , 2018 ]
baker , r . h . 1983 . michigan mammals . michigan state university press , east lansing .
kurta , a . 1995 . mammals of the great lakes region . the university of michigan press , ann arbor .
wilson , d . e . , f . r . cole , j . d . 1996 . measuring and monitoring biological diversity - standard methods for mammals . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c .
msu extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race , color , national origin , gender , religion , age , disability , political beliefs , sexual orientation , marital status or family status . .
a very small mammal with a cone - shaped nose , tiny eyes , cylindrical body , and short , slender legs . their short , dense fur is brownish in the summer and dark gray to blackish - gray in the winter ; belly is lighter in both coats . the long tail is distinctly bi - colored , grayish - brown above and yellowish or tan below .
consumes a wide variety of insects ; also eats spiders , earthworms , and centipedes .
mating season begins in march and by the end of the breeding season in october they can have up to 3 litters . nests of leaf litter are constructed in hollow logs or under rocks prior to the birth of the blind and furless young . females deliver 2 - 8 ( average 6 ) young after a gestation period of less than 3 weeks . the pair mates again as soon as the first litter is born .
best places to see in tennessee : moist woods with deep leaf litter and moss - covered rocks in the appalachian mountains . for more information : sources : owens , j . g . 1984 . sorex fumeus . mammalian species , 215 : 1 - 8 . whitaker , jr . , j . o . 1980 . the audubon society field guide to north american mammals . alfred a . knopf , inc . , new york .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
in nc , it ranges throughout the mountains , but is absent farther to the east . unlike most northern shrews , it occurs only in the northeastern states and adjacent canada , south in the appalachians to northern ga .
common to very common within its range in the state , and not seemingly local .
favors cool coniferous or mixed forests , at mid - to high elevations , such as spruce - fir , spruce - hardwoods , and hemlock - hardwoods . areas with moss , logs , and rocks are favored within the habitat .
nc map map depicts all counties with a report ( transient or resident ) for the species .
click on county for list of all database records for species in that county .
in : trani , margaret k . ; ford , w . mark ; chapman , brian r . , eds . the land manager ' s guide to mammals of the south . durham , nc : the nature conservancy ; atlanta , ga : u . s . forest service : 95 - 98 .
note : this article is part of a larger document . view the larger document
check the northern research station web site to request a printed copy of this publication .
please contact sharon hobrla , shobrla @ urltoken if you notice any errors which make this publication unusable .
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this article was written and prepared by u . s . government employees on official time , and is therefore in the public domain .
from : saunders , d . a . 1988 . adirondack mammals . state university of new york , college of environmental science and forestry . 216pp .
this slender - bodied , slate gray insectivore named for its long tail or habitat , depending on which common name one chooses , holds center stage among some small mammal specialists . entire chapters of its basic life history remain unknown . the sketchy information that is available results from several hundred trapped specimens .
social behavior : the behavioral ecology , social organization , mating system , and means of communication are unknown , but are likely to exhibit some unique specializations for a life among dark , damp stones .