kassina cochranae , sometimes known as the cochran 's running frog , is a species of frog in the family hyperoliidae .

it is found in southern guinea , liberia , sierra leone , western ivory coast ( the mount nimba area , possibly wider ) , and at least tentatively , southern ghana .

kassina arboricola was for a period treated as a subspecies kassina cochranae arboricola , but it is now considered a valid species .

kassina cochranae

endangered animals of west africa , birds , reptiles , animals , ( kassina cochranae , genetta bourloni , miniopterus schreibersii ) .
confused with kassina maculata and kassina cochranae prior to its description . channing , rödel , and channing , 2012 , tadpoles of africa : 238 , provided information on comparative larval morphology .
we follow perret ( 1985 ) and rödel et al . ( 2002 ) in considering kassina arboricola to be separate from k . cochranae .
we follow perret ( 1985 ) and rödel et al . ( 2002 ) in considering this to be a species distinct from kassina cochranae .
kassina cochranae is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is found in côte d ' ivoire , guinea , liberia , and sierra leone .
rödel , m . - o . & schiøtz , a . 2004 . kassina cochranae . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 22 july 2007 .
kassina senegalensis tested positive for batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the eastern cape of south africa in kenton on sea in 2004 ( weldon 2005 ) .
mark - oliver rödel , arne schiøtz 2004 . kassina arboricola . the iucn red list of threatened species 2004 : e . t56225a11443348 . urltoken
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k . cochranae is locally abundant and occurs in a number of protected areas . a major threat to this species is habitat loss through water drainage and afforestation ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .
rödel , m . - o . , grafe , t . u . , rudolf , v . h . w . & ernst , r . , 2002 : a review of west africa spotted kassina , including a description of kassina schioetzi sp . nov . ( amphibia : anura : hyperoliidae ) . –copeia : vol . 102 , # 3 , pp . 800 - 814
rödel , m . - o . , grafe , t . u . , rudolf , v . h . w . , and ernst , r . ( 2002 ) . ' ' a review of west african spotted kassina , including a description of kassina schioetzi sp . nov . ( amphibia : anura : hyperoliidae ) . ' ' copeia , 2002 ( 3 ) , 800 - 814 .
rã¶del , m . - o . , grafe , t . u . , rudolf , v . h . w . , and ernst , r . ( 2002 ) . ' ' a review of west african spotted kassina , including a description of kassina schioetzi sp . nov . ( amphibia : anura : hyperoliidae ) . ' ' copeia , 2002 ( 3 ) , 800 - 814 .
kassina schioetzi rödel , grafe , rudolf , and ernst , 2002 , copeia , 2002 : 801 . holotype : smns 09703 . 5 , by original designation . type locality :
comoe national park , aussichtsbergtumpel 1 , 8° 45′ n , 3° 49′ w , ivory coast
.
k . cochranae produces a characteristic odor when handled and is quite unpalatable , due to the production of defensive amines and peptides by glands in the skin ( roseghini et al . 1988 ) . in spite of these defenses , there are records of predation on this species by the yellowbilled egret egretta intermedia and the vine snake thelotornis capensis ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .
this west african species is known from the forest zone of sierra leone , liberia , southern guinea , and extreme western côte d’ivoire ( where it occurs at least in the mount nimba area ) . earlier records of this species from further to the east are now separated as kassina arboricola and k . schioetzi .
this west african species is known from the forest zone of sierra leone , liberia , southern guinea , and extreme western cte divoire ( where it occurs at least in the mount nimba area ) . earlier records of this species from further to the east are now separated as kassina arboricola and k . schioetzi .
the common bubbling kassina is a very distinctive looking frog , the background is an olivegreen colour , which can look almost gold . populations from the taita hills of kenya are covered with regular black spots , each of which has a white ring around it , while other populations have stripes on the dorsum ( measey et al . 2009 , © sanbi ) .
in the taita hills , males have been heard calling in the height of both rainy seasons , march and november . males call from shallow water around dams or swamps hidden deep under patches of vegetation . the noise sounds like a series of bubbles rising up from the water , and this gives it the common name : bubbling kassina ( text from measey et al . 2009 , © sanbi ) .
a medium - sized , sturdy , spotted kassina from the western part of west africa with short legs and arms . 35 - 77 large spots on flanks and dorsum . belly white to brown , sometimes with scattered small punctuations but never with large spots . none , one , or two occipital spots . throat of male most often dark , sometimes with black spots . gular strap of males narrow and straight . central part of belly smooth .
from the western part of west africa with short legs and arms . 35 - 77 large spots on flanks and dorsum . belly white to brown , sometimes with scattered small punctuations but never with large spots . none , one , or two occipital spots . throat of male most often dark , sometimes with black spots . gular strap of males narrow and straight . central part of belly smooth .
western west africa from sierra leone into guinea , liberia , and westernmost ivory coast . found in forest , sometimes open secondary forest , and savanna .
the species is arboreal , with the males calling from branches of bushes and trees 2 - 4 metres up in the forest . although apparently associated with a typical forest fauna ,
will often call on more exposed sites at the edges of ponds or beside roads . in sierra leone , where several treefrogs are known to behave differently from elsewhere in their range ,
were heard calling from the ground on several occasions . acoustically the voice is a typical
call , but analysis , especially at low speeds , reveals a number of pulses with a rising frequency , rather than a rising frequency modulation of a single note as is sometimes reported for this genus .
development takes place as in other members of the genus . tadpoles reach up to 58 mm with a very high fin . tooth formula 1 / 1 + 1 , 1 .
rödel , m . - o . , grafe , t . u . , rudolf , v . h . w . , and ernst , r . ( 2002 ) . ' ' a review of west african spotted
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
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frost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as near threatened since although this species is still relatively widely distributed , it depends on forest and moist savanna wooded habitat , and so its area of occupancy is probably not much greater than 2 , 000 km2 , and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable .
there is no information on its population status , but it is probably not rare .
it is an arboreal , forest - dwelling species , which can exist in secondary forest . there also records from moist savannah and montane savannah areas as well as montane grassland . it seems to be able to survive in habitat fragments and gallery forests , but is unlikely to tolerate complete opening up of its habitat . it presumably breeds in both temporary and permanent waterbodies , favouring large , well - vegetated pools , like other members of its genus .
certain populations are probably suffering as a result of severe deforestation taking place due to agricultural expansion , logging and expanding human settlements .
it occurs in the mount nimba world heritage site ( guinea and liberia ) , and in the protected area at pic de fon ( guinea ) .
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this account was taken from
treefrogs of africa
by arne schiøtz with kind permission from edition chimaira publishers , frankfurt am main . updated by a . schiøtz , 2008 .
schiøtz , a . ( 1999 ) . treefrogs of africa . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main .
schiã¸tz , a . ( 1999 ) . treefrogs of africa . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main .
syntype : loveridge , a . 1941 . proc . u . s . nat . mus . 91 ( 3128 ) : 125 .
the species occurs throughout mozambique and the eastern lowlands of zimbabwe , malawi , tanzania and kenya . it inhabits a wide variety of bushveld vegetation types , predominantly in the savanna biome ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .
these frogs can be easily identified by their characteristic call that carries a considerable distance . bishop ( 1994 ) found that the males appear to have two distinct calling periods , one in the early evening ( 16 : 30–20 : 00 ) and another in the early morning peaking between 02 : 00 and 03 : 00 ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .
the breeding season usually begins in early november and continues until the end of february , depending on weather conditions ( bishop 1994 ) . the breeding habitat consists of well vegetated pans , vleis , marshes and dams . once breeding has taken place eggs are laid singly or in lines of four or five , attached to submerged vegetation ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .
the tadpoles are large and fish - like , they are up to 130 mm long with deep keel - like tails that arise from the top of the head ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .
listed as near threatened since although this species is still relatively widely distributed , it depends on forest and moist savanna wooded habitat , and so its area of occupancy is probably not much greater than 2 , 000 km2 , and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable .
its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , moist savanna , subtropical or tropical high - altitude grassland , freshwater marshes , and intermittent freshwater marshes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
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k . senegalensis may be composed of multiple cryptic species ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .
the dorsum is pale gray with large dark spots and a broad , dark vertebral stripe . toe and fingertips are expanded into small disks ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .
k . senegalensis lacks the bright red - orange markings that are present on the thigh of k . maculata . k . senegalensis may be composed of multiple cryptic species ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .
males are 33 – 40 mm in snout - vent length , and females are 33 – 40 mm ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .
this species is common in savanna , grassland , and shrubland in coastal lowlands at elevations up to 2000 m . it tolerates some degree of habitat alteration and may be found in agricultural areas ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .
k . senegalensis preys on a variety of arthropods , including termites , caterpillars , ants , flies and spiders ( loveridge 1936 ; inger and marx 1961 ) . the species has been observed to fall prey to the herald snake crotaphopeltis hotamboeia while approaching breeding sites ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .
zimkus , breda , bergmann , travis , weldo , c . , du prez , l . h . , african amphibians lifedesk
tadpoles hatch within 5–6 days and the tadpoles develop slowly and complete their development in 52–90 days ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .
zimkus , breda , weldo , c . , du prez , l . h . , african amphibians lifedesk
they begin to call at dusk some distance from the water , the vocal repertoire includes an advertisement call as well as a longer , pulsed , territorial call ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .
males call in groups of 3 - 10 from concealed positions in vegetation near , but not usually in , water . the call is a series of rising notes sounding like bubbles ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .
zimkus , breda , zimkus , breda , bergmann , travis , weldo , c . , du prez , l . h . , african amphibians lifedesk
breeding habitat comprises both temporary and permanent water bodies , including well - vegetated shallow pans , vleis and marshes , as well as deeper dams ( rödel 2000 ) . breeding takes place from spring to late summer with amplexus usually initiated out of the water . females lay between 100 and 500 eggs singly in shallow water ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , © si / mab biodiversity program ) .
eggs are laid in similar areas where males call in small masses ( text from measey et al . 2009 , © sanbi ) .
breeding takes place in a range of temporary and aquatic habitat types , primarily pools with abundant vegetation . clutches of 260 – 400 eggs are attached to submerged vegetation . tadpoles are large with high tail fins ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .
the tadpoles are also rather distinctive with a high fin ( text from measey et al . 2009 , © sanbi ) .
this species ranges very widely in the savannah zone of africa from senegal , east to western ethiopia , southern somalia , and kenya , thence south to namibia , and south africa . records from eritrea refer to
. there do not appear to be records from guinea - bissau , togo and burundi , but it presumably occurs in these countries . its distributional limits in kenya and northern tanzania with respect to
are still poorly understood , and the distribution map should be considered provisional . it occurs up to 2 , 000 m asl in ethiopia .
sujeevan ratnasingham , paul d . n . hebert , barcode of life data systems ( bold )
this account was taken from
treefrogs of africa
by arne schiøtz with kind permission from edition chimaira publishers , frankfurt am main .
balletto , e . , cherchi , m . a . , and lanza , b . ( 1978 ) . ' ' on some amphibians collected by the late prof . guiseppe scortecci in somalia . ' ' monitore zoologico italiano supplemento , 11 ( 9 ) , 221 - 243 .
lanza , b ( 1981 ) . ' ' a check - list of the somali amphibians . ' ' monitore zoologico italiano supplemento , 15 ( 10 ) , 151 - 186 .
schiã¸tz , a . ( 1975 ) . the treefrogs of eastern africa . steenstrupia , copenhagen .
listed as least concern in view of its very wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats and its presumed large population .
description : new species of animal and plant are being discovered all the time . when this happens , the new species has to be given a scientific , latin name in addition to any common , vernacular name . in either . . .
bird conservation : global evidence for the effects of interventions . contents and sample chapter
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arkive is working with iucn - international union for conservation of nature , to source images of the world ' s threatened amphibian species . together with conservation international and natureserve , iucn has led a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status for the world ' s known species of frogs , toads , salamanders , newts and caecilians . to date , the project has involved the input of more than 600 herpetologists from around the world .
iucn red list category , and details of range , ecology , threats and conservation information for every known amphibian species , can be found on the iucn red list website .
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endangered animals of west africa , birds & animals , ( sterna balaenarum , cephalophus jentinki , lamprotornis cupreocauda ) .
endangered animals of west africa , reptils & birds , ( kinixys homeana , bycanistes cylindricus , lasser kestrel ) .
endangered animals of west africa , animals , ( mandrillus sphinx , ceropithecuc mitis ) .
endangered animals of west africa , animals & birds , ( tragelaphus eurycerus ) .
endangered animals of west africa , animals & birds , ( procolubus banius , caracal aurata , psittacus eritacuc ) .
endangered animals of west africa , animals , ( tragelaphus eurycherus , loxodonia africana , gorilla gorilla ) .
endangered animals of west africa , animals , ( tragelaphus eurycerus , giraffa , panthera pardus ) .
endangered animals of west africa , animals , ( crocidura buettikoferi , cercopithecuc … , cephalophus jentinki ) .
endangered animals of west africa , birds , ( trigonoceps occipitalis , picathartes gymnocephalus , ceratogymna elata ) .
endangered animals of west africa , animals , ( cobus polykomos , caracsl aurata , lesser kestrel ) .
endangered animals of west africa , reptiles & birds , ( leptopelis macrotis , limosa limosa , mecistops cataphractus ) .
endangered animals of west africa , animals & reptils , ( hexaprodonton liberiensis , loxondonta africana , mecictops cataphractus ) .
endangered animals of west africa , birds & animals , ( aguila chrysaetos , addax nasomaculatus , nanger dama ) .
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carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
frost , d . r . , 2000 : amphibian species of the world : an online reference . –inet : american museum of natural history , department of herpetology : urltoken
justification : listed as vulnerable because its area of occupancy is less than 2 , 000 km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in cote d ' ivoire and ghana .
this species ranges from south - western côte d ' ivoire to south - central ghana , though within this general range it is known only from 4 - 5 localities .
there have only been a few records , but it is abundant where it has been found .
it is a species of secondary forest and forest edges , rather than undisturbed primary forest . it only occurs marginally in heavily degraded former forest ( farm bush ) . it breeds in both temporary and permanent water , favouring large , well - vegetated pools .
it is probably suffering from severe deforestation as a result of agricultural expansion , logging , and growing human settlements .
listed as vulnerable because its area of occupancy is less than 2 , 000 km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in cote d ' ivoire and ghana .


monodactylus sebae , the african moony , is a species of moonyfish native to fresh , brackish and marine waters from the eastern atlantic , ranging from the canary islands down to angola .

it inhabits mangrove swamps and estuaries and can occasionally be found in lagoons .

this species can reach a length of 25 centimetres ( 9.8 in ) tl though most do not exceed 15 centimetres ( 5.9 in ) .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

monodactylus sebae

a picture of a monodactylus sebae . brian nelson took this photo of his sebae and gave us permission to use it .
mono sebae ( monodactylus sebae ) are collected from the mangrove swamps and estuaries of west africa , gambia , the canary islands and senegal to angola .
palko , barbara j . , 1977 . monodactylus sebae . . . a single rearing attempt . tfh 7 / 77 .
1970 but before 1976 we heard there was a man named wesley wey , living in los angeles , who was breeding monodactylus sebae , which was then called the finger fish .
the family monodactylidae are found in western africa and the indo - pacific . the two principal aquarium species , monodactylus sebae and monodactylus argenteus are wild - collected as well as tank - bred and raised at fish farms in the far east and florida ( and sporadically elsewhere ) .
the family of monos comprises two genera , monodactylus and schuttea of four species . the genus monodactylus sports three of the species , two being regularly offered in the trade . of the others , examples of monodactylus falciformes and schuttea can be found in axelrod , burgess and hunziker ' s atlas , volume 1 , marine fishes .
monodactylus sebae are usually available to tropical fish keeping enthusiasts and are moderately priced . when available for purchase they are usually juveniles at a size of 1 - 1 / 2″ to 2 - 1 / 2″ .
this page has a story about visiting mr . wesley wey and listening to his story about breeding mono sebae .
the body monodactylus sebae is compressed and taller than it is long . overall body coloration is silver with four dark vertical stripes strongly developed across the head ( at the eye ) and body from the tip of the dorsal fin down to the tip of the anal fin . scales cover the anal and dorsal fins . this species lacks the yellowish coloration in the caudal fin seen in other species of monodactylus ( monks 2006 ) .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of monodactylus sebae are found here .
the mono sebae has a flat , diamond shaped body with a larger anal fin than it’s close relative , mono argentus .
a single specimen of m onodactylus sebae was found at blue hole in the national key deer refuge , florida in june 2017 .
there were many hundreds of them in that aquarium , and there were lots and lots of similar aquariums full of sebae fry .
schofield , p . j . , and m . e . brown , 2018 , monodactylus sebae ( cuvier , 1829 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 7 / 14 / 2017 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
it took a while to realize the tiny specks that looked like finely ground pepper were some sebae fry that were just a few days old .
except for the fact that mono sebae are egg layers and spawn in a marine environment , little is known about the differences between sexes and their breeding habits .
he also said he had to increase the salinity a little bit every few days by adding aquarium salt to the water , or the sebae fry would not do well .
monos have strongly laterally ( side to side ) compressed bodies of a distinctive shape ; swimming in a swagging motion with their long - based , rear - oriented dorsal and anal fins . adding to their streamlined appearance , monodactylus lack pelvic fins entirely .
mono sebae are found in fresh , brackish , and marines environments and are also known to tropical fish keeping enthusiasts as the african moony . guinean fingerfish , rambali finger fish , mono , and african mono
( of psettus sebae cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
monodactylus sebae is primarily found in estuaries and coastal mangrove habitat , but is able to live in both freshwater and marine habitats ( schneider 1990 ) . under experimental conditions , ideal growth for eggs and larvae is approximately 6 . 5 ppt salinity indicating it probably spawns in brackish water ( akatsu et al . 1977 ) . this species has a variable clutch size from 825 – 5 , 800 eggs ( akatsu et al . 1977 ) and feeds on invertebrates and fish ( longhurst 1957 ; bauchot 2003 ) .
mr . wey said one of the tricks that he ' d learned about spawning sebaes was to be there , when they spawned , and follow the sebae females with a net to catch a bunch of her eggs .
( of psettias sebae ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
mono sebae eat fish , shrimp , zooplankton and a great deal of vegetable matter in the wild . in an aquarium environment they should be fed dried seaweed , dried spirulina , lettuce , brine shrimp and a high quality omnivore flake food .
mono sebae grow large and as adults require an aquarium of at least 125 gallons . smaller specimens are frequently kept in freshwater , but as they grow and mature , they should gradually be converted to a higher water salinity in a larger tank .
mono sebae are silver with a black line covering the eyes , a second line coming down from the front of the dorsal fin behind the gill plate to the front of the anal fin , and another line coming down from the tip of the dorsal fin to the rear tip of the anal fin . juveniles exhibit a tinge of yellow on the dorsal fin which fades with age .
greek , monos = one + greek , daktylos = finger ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; pelagic - neritic . tropical ; 24°c - 28°c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 16°n - 17°s , 25°w - 14°e
eastern atlantic : west african coast , from cape verde to angola ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) , including the canary islands ( ref . 7314 , 81657 ) and senegal ( ref . 28587 , 81657 ) .
maturity : l m 8 . 0 range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2683 ) ; common length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2683 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 7 - 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 32 - 38 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 36 - 38 . diagnosis : body very deep ( depth greater than body length ) and strongly compressed , its anterior profile very steep ; head small ; eyes large ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) . mouth small , oblique ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) , maxilla extending beyond level of anterior eye ( ref . 81286 ) . jaws with villiform teeth ; granular teeth present on roof of mouth and tongue ( ref . 81286 ) . preopercle smooth or with minute serrations ; 1st gill arch with 22 - 27 / 1 / 7 - 11 ( total 31 - 37 ) gill rakers ( ref . 81657 ) . dorsal and anal fins triangular ( ref . 81657 ) , long - based and very high anteriorly ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) . only tip of dorsal fin spines visible ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) . pectoral fins short ; pelvic fins present in young individuals , rudimentary or absent in adults ( ref . 81286 ) . scales covering all of body , head and bases of dorsal and anal fins ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) . about 50 tubed scales in lateral line ( ref . 81286 ) . caudal fin slightly emarginated ( ref . 81657 ) . coloration : silvery grey / brownish ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) , somewhat darker dorsally ( ref . 81657 ) , with 4 dark brownish - black / soot - coloured vertical bars , more distinct in young individuals ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) and already fading or almost absent at > 50 mm sl ( ref . 81657 ) , 1st at level of eye , 2nd between dorsal - and anal - fin origins , 3rd between tips of these fins , and 4th on caudal peduncle ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) . in adults , dorsal and anal fin tips , basal part of dorsal and anal fins and hind caudal edge blackish ; dorsal and anal fin edge and basal part of caudal fin pale ; pectoral fins smoky grey to white or even transparent ( ref . 81657 ) .
very common in estuaries and lagoons ( ref . 2683 , 81286 , 81657 ) where reproduction takes place , marshes and lower courses of rivers , sometimes ascending over long distances into freshwater ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) . also lives in the sea , mainly in shallow bays and harbour areas ( ref . 81286 ) . sometimes found in shoals composed of several hundred individuals ( ref . 81657 ) . feeds on fish , shrimps , zooplankton ( ref . 28587 , 81657 ) and various small invertebrates ( ref . 81657 ) . neither anterolateral glandular groove nor venom gland is present ( ref . 57406 ) . maximum reported standard length 200 mm ( ref . 81657 ) .
distinct pairing ( ref . 205 ) . after a stormy courtship a female lays 15 , 000 or more eggs which hatch in 24 hours ( ref . 7020 ) .
bauchot , m . l . , 2003 . monodactylidae . p . 512 - 513 . in d . paugy , c . lévêque and g . g teugels ( eds . ) the fresh and brackish water fishes of west africa volume 2 . coll . faune et flore tropicales 40 . institut de recherche de développement , paris , france , muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , france and musée royal de l ' afrique central , tervuren , belgium , 815p . ( ref . 81286 )
) : 24 . 4 - 27 . 9 , mean 27 . 2 ( based on 22 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5781 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02455 ( 0 . 01329 - 0 . 04535 ) , b = 2 . 92 ( 2 . 75 - 3 . 09 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 64 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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their coloration and general health can be maximized by gradually changing their environment from brackish to saltwater as the fish grow older .
monos can be kept with other brackish water fish such as puffers , scats , dragon gobies , other monos , and archer fish . the tank should dimly lit with an aragonite sand or gravel substrate , and decorated with rocks and plants ( such as mangroves ) that thrive in brackish water environments .
minimum tank size : 125 gallons care level : moderate temperament : peaceful aquarium hardiness : moderately hardy water conditions : 75 - 82° f , kh 8 - 12 , ph 7 . 2 - 8 . 4 salinity : 1 . 006 max . size : 10″ color form : silver , black diet : omnivore compatibility : multiple species brackish water tank origin : coastal west africa family : monodactylidae life span : 7 years aquarist experience level : intermediate
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
eastern tropical atlantic ocean along the african coast from senegal to angola and the canary islands ( desoutter 1990 ) .
akatsu , s . , y . ogasawara , and f . yasuda . 1977 . spawning behavior and development of eggs and larvae of the striped fingerfish ,
desoutter , m . 1990 . monodactylidae . in : check - list of fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic . quéro , j . c . , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post , and l . saldanha ( eds ) . unesco , portugal , 1492 pp .
bauchot , m . l . , 2003 . monodactylidae . p . 512 - 513 . in d . paugy , c . lévêque and g . g teugels ( eds . ) the fresh and brackish water fishes of west africa volume 2 . coll . faune et flore tropicales 40 . institut de recherche de développement , paris , france , muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , france and musée royal de l ' afrique central , tervuren , belgium , 815p .
longhurst , a . r . 1957 . the food of the demersal fish of a west african estuary . journal of animal ecology 26 ( 2 ) : 369 - 387 .
monks , n . 2006 . brackish - water fishes ; an aquarist’s guide to identification , care , and husbandry . t . f . h . publications . neptune city , new jersey . 383p .
schneider , w . , 1990 . fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . field guide to the commercial marine resources of the gulf of guinea . prepared and published with the support of the fao regional office for africa . rome : fao . 268 p .
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
with names like moonfish and fingerfish you know the monos have got to be some spaced - out aquarium fishes . and indeed , behaviorally and structurally they are .
though monos are make periodic incursions into the realm of brackish ( fresh & salt mixed waters ) in the wild , these are truly marine fishes that generally do well only when maintained in full - strength seawater or carefully maintained hard , alkaline brackish . the
secret
to their optimum health in captivity are besides the aforementioned suitable , stable environment , is proper / sufficient diet .
( linnaeus 1758 ) , the common mono , aka malayan angel fish , silver moony , is broadly equilateral triangle - shaped ; a beautiful shimmering silver fish with yellow highlighted areas immediately in front of the dorsal and anal fins . indo - pacific in distribution , including the red sea . to more than eight inches in height . these ones in the long beach aquarium of the pacific .
, the african mono , or finger fish , is much more deep - bodied , and bears four stark black vertical bars on its body . it gets progressively taller with age , growth .
, the african mono , or finger fish , is much more deep - bodied , and bears four stark black vertical bars on its body . it gets progressively taller with age , growth . ( cuvier 1829 ) , the african mono , or finger fish , is much more deep - bodied , and bears four stark black vertical bars on its body . it gets progressively taller with age , growth . eastern atlantic , senegal to angola coastal and canary islands distribution . to about ten inches in height . shown are tank bred and reared juvenile of one inch height and an individual of five inches .
the two commonly encountered species attain eight inches in height , though specimens of more than half that are rare in captivity .
the best small ( 1 - 2
or less ) monos are farm - raised ; unsurprisingly , these adapt more readily to captive conditions . often , tank - bred and raised specimens are half the cost , and more than triple the survival rate of wild caught . how to tell which is which ? ask your supplier , and take a look at their stock . non - wild monos are typically uniform in size , color , behavior , compared with wild stock . a further benefit for non - marine aquarists , tank - raised specimens tend to be brackish - fresh acclimated from the get - go .
larger monos ( and many small ones ) are collected in seawater , or polluted fresh . some do well in acclimating to big tanks ( see below ) , many do not . take care to thoroughly discuss source and replacement matters with whoever is providing you . my advice is to wait a good week or two after arrival before making a purchase , and then to obtain a small , odd - numbered school ( these are social animals ) , and
batch - process
them , dips / quarantine / introduction to the main system , all together .
color and cut marks are telling . select for specimens with good , complete silvery scaling ; and clear , shiny eyes . specimens darken for several reasons , fear , unacceptable water conditions , cover of night . . . during daytime they should be out and shiny bright .
should the dealers specimens be less - than exemplary , don ' t be shy about requesting that more be
special ordered
, or pass them by for later consideration .
a final word , regarding netting . how fast are these fishes ? fast . don ' t thrash the system and its occupants trying to catch them ; remove all the decor , and carefully and skillfully wield two nets , one for directing the other for scooping upwards once the fish are cornered . trust me on this .
if not going with a totally marine set - up , watch out for the vagaries of partially concentrated seawater ; principally be wary of salinity
drift
from evaporation and salt depositing . maybe it goes without writing that your gear must be
rust - proof
as well if you are adding salt .
for physical , chemical and biological stability ' s sake , the system should be as large as practical , at least forty gallons says i . smaller tanks are inherently too easily given to crashes , and don ' t provide cruising and growing space .
a high , and stable specific gravity should be attempted ; the osmotic shock and concomitant stress / bioadaptation to rapid changes in salinity are to be avoided . monos can / will adapt to less salty water but such changes should be
synthetic or natural seawater of a constant 1 . 021 - 1 . 025 specific gravity is ideal for monos . they can , and some populations do , live in more freshwater ( to feed and breed ) , but these fishes are at their best color , behavior and longevity in full - concentration seawater .
if you ' re not going the totally saltwater route : a timely mention of the need to make sure other tank specimens can tolerate salt levels . all fishes , invertebrates and plants have ranges and rates of adaptation to osmotic pressure ; it is necessary to be aware and accommodate all that you intend to keep together .
temperature should range as per tropical marines , in the mid seventies to low eighties degree f . , and ph elevated , and stable in the upper sevens to low eights .
lighting is largely a matter of personal preference , unless you ' re utilizing live rock , plants , or other photosynthetic organisms . for beauty ' s sake , brighter is better .
a simple marine
fish - only
arrangement with an undergravel filter augmented by an outside power unit will do . better are set - ups that utilize more sophisticated modes , such as live - rock and skimmer
berlin
methods , in - tank nitrate reducing contrivances . . . best is a remoted
refugium
filter / manipulation tank arrayed in tandem with the main display unit where filtration and more can be accomplished without disturbing the principal tank at all .
brackish and seawater holds less dissolved gas than fresh , hence a plug for the use of a redundant mechanical aerator in addition to other forms of agitation .
the regular , ongoing upkeep of your system is the key to your success . weekly checking and adjusting of water quality is de rigueur . get and use a good hydrometer ; the relatively non - breakable plastic box - type are my preference .
pre - mixing your make - up water in a suitable container for proper specific gravity , ph and hardness ( all automatic with a good synthetic salt mix ) is definitely a good idea . a clean , dedicated plastic trash can or alternate container located next to the system makes changes a breeze .
unlike many other fishes promoted as
brackish
, e . g . scats , datnoides , some of the puffers , targetfishes . . . , the monodactylids shy on the side of being non - quarrelsome . though not outright peaceful , most specimens will not harass other
par
marine fishes or invertebrates .
monos can be territorially aggressive amongst themselves , particularly in small system volumes , or where a new individual is added to an established community ; therefore the suggestion of introducing all your monos in one throw and maintaining them in good sized schools if room permits . four or more individuals are preferable to a smaller number where one or more are bullied more or less constantly . observe your livestock .
this can be an area fraught with danger . many monos are unwittingly killed by improper or rushed acclimation . water conditions , in particular temperature , specific gravity and ph should be matched as close as practical between the source and your intermediate / holding system . the new specimens should be left in the dark for a day , and over a period of weeks brought into approximately the same water quality as the dealer / source .
for the most part , monodactylids leave other organisms be and are too fast and agile to be caught by any but the most determined large piscivore .
monos cannot be easily distinguished sexually ; they are egg dispersers with planktonic young . commercial production incorporates hormonal and / or environmental manipulation , hatching and rearing the fry in saline water fed on screened live algal and crustacean matter .
monos are voracious feeders that require large , frequent meaty and vegetable meals . live foods are eagerly accepted , and they are easily trained onto prepared mashes , dried and frozen foods .
whatever mix of foodstuffs you use , make sure your monos are getting their share ; to the point of visible fullness . most of the monos i ' ve encountered that were otherwise appropriately acquired and housed , and lost , perished due to lack of nutrition . these are immensely active , continuously curious fishes that can waste away in days if under - fed .
monos are remarkably tough and resistant to biological disease , when and where maintained properly . invariably infectious and parasitic problems are linked to diminished water quality . if / when you think your fishes are coming down with
something
,
check ph , ammonia , nitrite , and specific gravity . . . and adjust through moderate water changes .
the time to observe real and potential disease problems is during feeding . watch your charges closely ; are all your monos feeding ? are they interacting
normally
? a non - feeding mono is definitely cause for concern ; a food - strike should be easily turned around by an offer of live food . if not , be on the look out for bullying , and get the bullied specimen ( s ) to a neutral corner .
and diligent brackish water aquarists . learn to pick out decent specimens and grant them the graces of a large , stable environment and plenty of food , and you ' ll enjoy them for many
moons
.
burgess , warren e . , axelrod , herbert r . & raymond e . hunziker iii , 1990 . volume 1 , marine fishes , atlas of aquarium fishes reference book . t . f . h . publications , inc . nj .
dawes , john , 1989 . bolstering sales of brackish water fish . pets supplies marketing 7 / 89 .
gibbs , max , 1995 . the brackish aquarium . fama 4 / 95 .
gos , michael w . , 1977 . the brackish aquarium . tfh 10 / 77 .
gos , michael w . , 1980 . the brackish system , parts 1 & 2 . fama 11 , 12 / 80 .
nelson , joseph , 1994 . fishes of the world . john wiley & sons , inc . , ny .
taylor , edward c . , 1982 . keeping a brackish aquarium , parts i , ii . tfh 5 , 6 / 82
volkart , bill , 1989 . the brackish aquarium , part 3 : the fishes . tfh 8 / 89 .
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w e got to see his large breeder fish and lots - and - lots of babies . it was all very cool !
i think all of l . a . had the same area code , 213 , at that time . i called information for area code 213 and got mr . wey ' s phone number , telephoned him , and asked if we could visit him . he said ok and gave me directions to his house .
, because we were thinking about fish and how to spawn them all the time .
how to spawn livebearers like mollies and swordtails , killifish like aphyosemion gardneri , cynolebias nigripinnis , and nothobranchius guentheri , cichlids like angelfish and convicts , and many other types of fish interested us .
but brackish water fish , such as monos , really fascinated us . they were kind of like the ultimate to us , and practically no one anywhere in the world had spawned them .
mr . wey ' s house was in a residential neighborhood that was very much like the neighborhood where we lived in our parent ' s home .
he opened the front door , and in a few seconds we were looking at a very large aquarium by the back of his living room near the door to the kitchen .
in this large aquarium were 4 or 5 huge mono . sebaes . they measured at least 14
tall , which was much bigger than any brackish water fish that we ' d ever seen .
mr . wey explained to us about how he conditioned his sebaes to breed . first he increased the salinity of the water until the water had as high a concentration of salt as seawater .
he measured the salinity with a hydrometer , and he showed us his hydrometer , then he dipped the hydrometer into the aquarium water to show us how he measured the salinity of the water .
he kept the sebaes in sea water and fed them very well for a few weeks , and the females would fill with eggs . then each day he would remove 4 or 5 inches of water and replace it with fresh water .
so the salinity would decrease each day , and after a few days his huge sebaes would spawn . he said they would swim in a tight circle , and he held his hands about 18
apart to show us the diameter of the circle .
around and around they ' d go . the females releasing eggs and the males presumably fertilizing the newly released eggs .
he said the eggs were very very small . almost too small to be seen .
it had to be a fine net , because the eggs were so small .
how many eggs do you get from a spawn , mr . wey ?
, i asked , and he replied ,
i don ' t know exactly , but i ' ve estimated that i get at least 50 , 000 from two or three females during each spawning . the eggs don ' t all hatch , and the ones that hatch , don ' t all survive .
lets go out to my garage , and i ' ll show you some of the sebaes that i ' m raising now .
on the way i noticed that he had a round swimming pool filled with very dark green water like the water in a pond , which seemed strange , but there was no time to ask about that now , because we were going inside his huge garage that was filled with aquariums .
right inside the door to the garage were two large aquariums that were side by side and full of more huge sebaes .
i watched the sebaes swim back and forth for a while , and realized that they could swim from one aquarium into the other aquarium . how could that be ?
i asked mr . wey , and he said that he ' d done it like thus and so , but i couldn ' t follow the details .
maybe it wasn ' t too complicated , but it seemed complicated , and mr . wey seemed more and more like a wizard .
i caught up with him and my brother . they were looking at an aquarium and talking about some fry .
i can ' t remember what he fed them , but i remember that he said he had to divide each aquarium of fry into two aquariums every three days or so , or the aquariums would become too crowded . so the baby sebaes were growing very fast .
my brother asked mr . wey how he ' d discovered that , and mr . wey said that he ' d been in the u . s . navy and stationed overseas in asia near a large river .
for a couple of years he ' d seen adult brackish water fish , such as monos and scats , swim upstream , and then weeks later small monos and scats going back downstream and out into the ocean .
he theorized that the the adults had gone upstream to spawn , then the eggs floated down stream , hatched into fry , and grew to be about 1
by the time he saw them .
as the adults swam upstream the salinity decreased , and so he tried decreasing the salinity in his aquariums to trigger the sebaes to spawn .
but then the fry were difficult or impossible to raise . so he visualized the fry hatching upstream , then floating or swimming back down the river with the salinity of the water steadily increasing .
so he tried emulating that process in the aquariums with the fry by adding some aquarium salt every few days , and it also worked .
after hearing that explanation , i was convinced that mr . wey was for sure a wizard .
we went back outside his garage . it was dark by then , and i saw his swimming pool with the dark green water .
he went into his kitchen and came back with a big head of cabbage , that he tossed into his swimming pool .
immediately the head of cabbage began to bob up and down in the water , and we could see that big pieces had been bitten out of the cabbage .
before long the head of cabbage was gone . eaten by whatever was in the pool .
i bent down by one of the pool lights and saw a huge scat swim past the light . it was at least 18
long and about 6
to 8
thick from one side to the other side .
mr . wey explained that he had quite a few big scats in the pond , and he was trying to spawn them too , but all the tricks he ' d learned about spawning the sebaes hadn ' t work on the scats .
he needed to think of something new , and had kind of run out of good ideas , but he was hopeful that one day he ' d think of something or just get lucky and spawn them .
we thanked mr . wey . we told him that we ' d really enjoyed visiting him and seeing his fish , and that he was for certain a fish wizard .
he just smiled and said ,
thanks for visiting and good luck with your fish .
the seas of s . e . a . aquarium : the mangrove and its friends
the s . e . a . aquarium’s laccadive sea is a zone where you can learn about the importance of mangroves . see whether you can spot the archerfish squirting water from the water surface ?
this species eats a great deal and demands an aquarium that can tolerate such a heavy load .
this species requires frequent feeding , at least a couple of times per day .
this species will better acclimatize to the aquarium ` s condition if introduced , when young .
this species can be bred in captivity , one can therefore consider asking your local fish store for a captive bred specimen .
several specimen of this species can coexist in the same aquarium , provided they are introduced simultaneously .
moonfish ( monodactylidae ) are unique , with their special shape and that they have a reflective skin . they are seldom kept in private aquaria , but seen occasionally .
they normally live in brackish water , but can get used to water with a salinity of around 35 ( specific gravity 1 . 026 ) . larger individuals do better in salt water . adult fish don´t thrive when moved from their environment , this must be taken into account when these fish are acquired
it is important to mimic their natural environment with proper hiding places , plenty of macroalgae and tree roots .
because they have the the tendency to swim directly into the glass when frightened , this must be avoided . i . e . dim the light gradually and permanently have a nightlight on .
eastern atlantic : west african coast , from cape verde to angola ( ref . 81286 ) , including the canary islands ( ref . 7314 ) and senegal ( ref . 28587 ) .
scott w . michael . 2004 . angelfishes and butterflyfishes ( reef fishes series book 3 ) tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) bob fenner . marvelous monos ; the moonfishes , finger fishes , family monodactylidae - wet web media - ( english ) wwm crew . faqs about monos or fingerfishes , family monodactylidae - wet web media - ( english )
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2014 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken , version ( 08 / 2014 ) .
minimum volume
indicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .
this is based on a medium size animal , which you want to keep for several years . it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank . a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .
hardiness
indicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general . some species doesn ' t handle transportation very well , but that doesn ' t mean that the species isn ' t hardy under the right conditions .
in this case , a
normal
aquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1 . 026 ( sg ) and a temperature close to 26°c . species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .
special aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity , sub - tropical temperature , deep sand bed , sea grass etc .
always reef safe : no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .
often reef safe : only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .
reef safe with caution : this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .
reef safe with luck : most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates , but you might be lucky .
not reef safe : this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .
should only be kept with other peaceful fish . may prey on fish able to fit into it ' s mouth .
will accept most foods , but cannot survive on dry foods alone . ensure to feed live or frozen foods occasionally .
feed on a daily basis , once a day should suffice , but twice is acceptable .
species . if kept in brackish water , and sg of 1 . 002 to 1 . 007 is suggested .
a reserved species , which on occasion will move around actively , particularly at feeding time . has known to prey on smaller species .
this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 02 .
content is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .
a stately , tall brackishwater fish from the shores of west africa , where it is commonly found in mangrove swamps and areas where freshwater flows into the sea .
habitat : found in brackishwater lagoons , estuaries , mangrove swamps , near coastal reefs . may enter freshwater , but is primarily a brackishwater / saltwater species .
omnivore , but feeds primarily on zooplankton in the wild . offer meaty foods , along with herbivore rations .
peaceful , but larger specimens have been known to ingest small fish tankmates . should be kept in schools of at least 3 - 5 fish . safe with most reef aquarium invertebrates and corals .
often sold from freshwater display tanks , but will only thrive in brackishwater or full - salinity saltwater . newly purchased specimens can be acclimated from fresh to saltwater over a period of three days .
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microcosm aquarium explorer is a world - class online resource devoted to the underwater worlds that are home to fishes , corals , aquatic plants and invertebrate life of special interest to aquarium keepers . the mission of microcosm aquarium explorer is to inspire and inform those with an interest in the natural world , with particular emphasis on tropical coral reef and rainforest aquatic ecosystems that are the models for aquarists creating captive microcosms in their home aquaria .


the thrush-like antpitta ( myrmothera campanisona ) is a species of bird in the grallariidae family .

it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , peru , suriname , and venezuela .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

thrush - like antpitta

the widely distributed , and generally fairly common , thrush - like antpitta currently includes six subspecies , but at least one of these probably merits being elevated to species level , principally based on distinct vocal differences . morphological differences between the different taxa are poorly defined . the plumage of thrush - like antpitta is brown above with lightly streaked , paler underparts , and a pale mark behind the eye . this species prefers areas of dense undergrowth within lowland terra firme forest , but is also found as high 1200 m in hilly , foothill forests . like most antpittas , its general natural history is poorly known , but thrush - like antpitta is thought to subsist primarily on invertebrates captured on the forest floor . the nest is a broad , shallow cup , comprised predominantly of sticks and leaves , and placed just above the ground . the clutch , so far as is known , consists of two subelliptical , brown spotted , blue green eggs .
krabbe , n . k . & schulenberg , t . s . ( 2018 ) . thrush - like antpitta ( myrmothera campanisona ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 7 . 4 - 7 . 8 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 10 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to fragmentation and / or edge effects , it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
humid primary forest . reference : jn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
probably the same bird as recorded at 06 : 10 hrs same date . humid primary forest
humid forest . reference : cxla 113 - 124 ( myrcam4 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
humid forest . reference : cxxxixb 651 - 660 , - 673 ( myrcam3 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 546 side a track 67 seq . a )
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
race subcanescens shows marked vocal differences from other races , song being clearly higher - pitched ( 3 ) , rising towards end ( 2 ) , and reaching maximum amplitude on last or penultimate note ( ns [ 1 ] ) # r , but plumage differences from races minor and signata very slight , as indeed are differences among some other races ; further study required . six subspecies recognized .
( p . l . sclater , 1855 ) – base of e andes of colombia ( s from meta ) .
j . t . zimmer , 1934 – e colombia in guainía and vaupés , adjacent s venezuela ( c & s amazonas ) and nw brazil ( from r negro s to r solimões , apparently also s of amazon on left bank of lower r madeira ) .
– se venezuela , the guianas , and brazil n of r amazon ( w at least from r atabaní , probably from r negro ) .
j . t . zimmer , 1934 – e ecuador and ne peru n of r amazon .
( taczanowski , 1882 ) – e peru ( s of r amazon ) , adjacent w brazil ( e to r purus ) and extreme nw bolivia ( pando ) .
– brazil s of r amazon , from r madeira e to right bank of lower r tapajós and s to rondônia .
15 cm ; male 39·5–54 g , female 42–64 g . adult has buffy lores , small white patch behind eye ; moustachial region mottled brown and white ; side of head and . . .
song 1·4–2·4 seconds long , given at intervals of 6–14 seconds , a slightly . . .
forest floor amid thick undergrowth , e . g . along treefalls or streams of humid
) , ants ( attinae , formicinae ) , grasshoppers ( acrididae ) and millipedes ( . . .
breeds during the wet season ( dec–jan in french guiana ) . nest a shallow cup of tiny twigs , rootlets or hyphae on a platform of dead . . .
not globally threatened . locally fairly common ; uncommon in peru . generally widespread at low density ; distance between nests of two neighbouring pairs in french guiana was . . .
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previously included in formicariidae , but dna studies indicate that the four genera currently included herein form a monophyletic group , whereas current members of formicariidae may be closer to some members of rhinocryptidae # r # r .
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bird captured in mist nets during ecological research to understand the effect of different types of land use on the . . .
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myrmothera campanisona signata : tropical e ecuador and ne peru ( north of r . amazon )
myrmothera campanisona subcanescens : n brazil south of r . amazon ( r . madeira to r . tapajós )
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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coleotechnites starki , the northern lodgepole needle miner , is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta , arizona , british columbia , montana and florida .

adults are similar to coleotechnites milleri .

they are on wing from june to august .

the larvae feed on pinus contorta .

coleotechnites starki

coleotechnites starki is considered a western species but there are records from eastern states on moth photographers group .
came to black light trap . ( live oak / chaparral habitat ) . 100 % dna match at bold to coleotechnites starki .
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there are many publications available online that discuss the status as a forest pest .
check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 29 march , 2012 - 5 : 16pm last updated 23 october , 2013 - 11 : 44pm
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aromas , san benito county , california , usa april 21 , 2011 size : 15mm wingspan spread .
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small grey moths . when at rest the wings are folded back giving the moth a very narrow appearance .
vary in colour from lemon yellow to reddish orange - black heads . small .
eggs are deposited in previously mined needles and near the base of new needles . larvae migrate on hatching and quickly bore into individual needles that are usually two or more years old . usually only one larva enters each needle , remains over winter . feeding is resumed in the spring and migration to new foliage begins . during a year each larva may mine at least five needles . pupae remain in last mined needles .
long - sustained and destructive outbreaks of this insect occur sporadically , usually in extensive stands of mature lodgepole pine . although defoliation may be severe , growth reduction is the principal effect .
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lee , s . , r . w . hodges and r . l . brown . 2009 . checklist of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) in american north of mexico . zootaxa 2231 : 1 - 39 .
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distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
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pohl , g . r . , g . g . anweiler , b . c . schmidt , and n . g . kondla . 2010 . an annotated list of the lepidoptera of alberta , canada . zookeys 38 : 1 - 549 .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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