the hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) , also known as the haitian solenodon , or agouta , is a solenodon found only on hispaniola , the island shared by haiti and the dominican republic .

it was first described by brandt in 1833 .

a similar but smaller species , marcano 's solenodon ( s. marcanoi ) , once lived on the island , but became extinct after european colonization .

hispaniolan solenodon

the two living solenodon species are the cuban solenodon ( solenodon cubansus ) and the larger hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) .
hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) , arkive . accessed february 09 , 2015 at urltoken
venom system of solenodons . hispaniolan solenodon solenodon paradoxus ( . . . | download scientific diagram
the hispaniolan solenodon belongs to an ancient group of mammals and is one of only two solenodon species alive today .
the hispaniolan solenodon is relatively long - lived , potentially reaching 11 years of age .
the hispaniolan solenodon ( s . paradoxus ) lives in haiti and the dominican republic .
dana campbell set
file : hispaniolan solenodon . jpg
as an exemplar on
solenodon paradoxus brandt , 1833
.
dana campbell marked
file : hispaniolan solenodon . jpg
as trusted on the
solenodon paradoxus brandt , 1833
page .
yan wong set
file : hispaniolan solenodon crop . jpg
as an exemplar on
solenodon paradoxus brandt , 1833
.
the hispaniolan solenodon is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus )
title =
arkive species - hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
the cuban solenodon ( solenodon cubanus ) , known as the ‘almiqui’ in cuba , is a soricomorph endemic to cuba . the cuban solenodon belongs to the family solenodontidae along with a similar species , the hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) . the cuban solenodon is unusual among mammals because it has a venomous saliva .
a female hispaniolan solenodon caught for research near the sierra de bahoruco and re - released . photograph : tiffany roufs
the hispaniolan solenodon is one of the only mammals in the world that can inject prey with a venomous bite .
a female hispaniolan solenodon caught for research near the sierra de bahoruco and re - released . photograph : tiffany roufs
a hispaniolan solenodon is caught on camera trap leaving its burrow at night in the dominican republic . photograph : grupo jaragua
a hispaniolan solenodon is caught on camera trap leaving its burrow at night in the dominican republic . photograph : grupo jaragua
conservationists are in the dominican republic to save one of the world ' s strangest and most ancient mammals - the hispaniolan solenodon .
hispaniolan solenodons are only a handful of mammals that are venomous . the second lower
featured photo : the hispaniolan solenodon is one of the most unusual mammals on the planet . photograph : miguel landestoy source : the guardian
solenodon are relatively long lived animals . a cuban solenodon lived more than 5 years in captivity . they may be able to live longer as a hispaniolan solenodon lived to 11 years in captivity ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) .
the hispaniolan solenodon is one of only a few mammal species capable of producing toxic saliva , which it uses to immobilise its invertebrate prey .
this may explain why the hispaniolan solenodon , which is found on an island shared by haiti and the dominican republic , is so unusual .
the distinctive long snout of the hispaniolan solenodon is attached to the skull with a unique ball - and - socket joint , giving it great flexibility .
center : the hispaniolan hutia ( plagiodontia aedium ) is the only surviving native rodent on hispaniola . right : iucn red list range of the solenodon .
diet : the hispaniolan solenodon ' s diet includes insects and other invertebrates , small reptiles , some fruit and vegetables , and possibly an occasional young chicken .
after sequencing the mitochondrial genome of the hispaniolan solenodon , scientists confirmed that the endangered venomous mammal diverged from all other living mammals some 78 million years ago .
large , and with a long , thin snout , the hispaniolan solenodon resembles an overgrown shrew ; it can inject passing prey with a venom - loaded bite .
even as scientists try and find out basic data on the cuban solenodon , researchers are discovering surprises regarding the better - known hispaniolan species . surveying the species’ various populations , samuel turvey and his team recently discovered that the hispaniolan species is actually three distinct subspecies .
habitat : hispaniolan solenodons typically live in forests , but sometimes make their homes in plantations or gardens .
ottenwalder , j . a . 1999 . observations on the habitat and ecology of the hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) in the dominican republic . monografies de la societat d ' historia natural de les balears 6 : 123 - 167 .
hispaniolan solenodons are found in forests and brush country on the island of hispaniola in the caribbean . they are
figure 3 . venom system of solenodons . hispaniolan solenodon solenodon paradoxus ( a ) ; with deeply grooved lower canines ( as indicated by the arrow ) that aid in flow and injection of venom ( b ) . illustrations : kathleen reinhardt .
it is the middle of the night , and local research assistants nicolas corona and lleyo espinal have been trawling the dense forest vegetation , attempting to track down the elusive hispaniolan solenodon .
the hispaniolan solenodon is one of the most unusual mammals on the planet . notice the small eyes , hairless tail , rusty - orange coloured fur and crazy claws . photograph : miguel landestoy
turvey , s . t . , meredith , h . m . r . , and scofield , r . p . ( 2008 ) . continued survival of hispaniolan solenodon solenodon paradoxus in haiti . oryx 42 ( 4 ) : 611–614 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s0030605308001324 .
top left : jose with a solenodon caught in the field . top right : the last survivors team working in the field at night , to maximise chances of catching these nocturnal mammals . bottom left : hispaniolan solenodon , ( solenodon paradoxus ) , stuffed specimen in the natural history museum , vienna . bottom right : overlooking a disappearing landscape in the dominican republic .
the haitian solenodon weighs 700 - 1000 g ( 25 - 35 oz ) .
the hispaniolan solenodon spent most of the last 78 million years without any natural predators , but is now endangered as a result of habitat loss and predation from cats and dogs brought to the islands by human settlers .
hispaniolan solenodons and people : other than an occasional runin in a farm field or garden , solenodons and humans rarely see one another .
“ [ the programme ] drew a lot of international attention to the hispaniolan solenodon , ” rupp said . “some of this attention actually spilled over into the dominican press which published a few articles on the species . ”
the hispaniolan solenodon is one of the creatures highlighted by the zoological society of london ' s ( zsl ) edge of existence programme , which focuses its efforts on conservation plans for animals that are both endangered and evolutionarily distinctive .
natural history museum geneticist , selina brace , who recently co - authored a paper on the hispaniolan solenodon with turvey , called solenodons a “fabulously quirky creature” and said she was “instantly hooked” after seeing a picture of this oddity .
with a long snout and short brown - red fur , the hispaniolan solenodon looks like a large shrew . its hairless feet , nose and tail recall those of a possum . the species , sometimes called the dominican solenodon , is found only on hispaniola , the island shared by haiti and the dominican republic .
the hispaniolan solenodon is considered endangered . dogs and cats prey on the animal , and humans have cleared many of the forests where it lives . ( © n . smythe / photo researchers , inc . reproduced by permission . )
hispaniolan solenodons are slow clumsy animals and they have an ungainly gait . instead of running in a straight line they tend to take a zigzag course .
the haitian solenodon is found in forests and brush country , as well as around plantations .
the hispaniolan solenodon mainly feeds on insects , worms and lizards . they may also occasionally feed on fruit , roots and other vegetation . they probe the earth with their snout and dig or rip open rotten logs with their claws in order to locate their prey .
the hispaniolan solenodon ( stock image ) is one of the only mammals in the world and can inject prey with a venomous bite . now experts have come one step closer to revealing how it got its potentially deadly weapon by sequencing the creature ' s mitochondrial genome
the haitian solenodon .
dominican fauna . urltoken ( accessed on july 1 , 2004 ) .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
haitinalmikki
to
solenodon paradoxus brandt , 1833
.
scientists discovered that the hispaniolan solenodon , a venomous mammal that lives in the dominican republic and haiti , diverged from all other mammals 78 million years ago , long before earth ' s largest dinosaurs died off , according to new research published monday in the journal of mitochondrial dna .
a female hispaniola solenodon with a radio collar attached so researchers could track its movements . photograph : tiffany roufs
the cuban solenodon was discovered in 1861 by the german naturalist wilhelm peters . only 36 cuban solenodons had ever been caught . by 1970 , it was thought that the cuban solenodon had become extinct , since no specimens had been found since 1890 . on june 2 , 1970 , the cuban solenodon was classified as endangered .
the cuban solenodon is found in dense , humid forests and brush country , as well as around plantations .
yan wong added a link to
the last survivors
on
solenodon paradoxus brandt , 1833
.
the solenodon is an ancient creature ; it survived the meteorite that wiped out the dinosaurs . turvey noted :
rebecca morelle science reporter with bbc news recently joined the durrell team in the dominican republic , attempting to track down one of the most strange and ancient mammals in the world - the hispaniolan solenodon . read the full reports below and log on again tomorrow to find out what the search revealed .
the hispaniolan solenodon is also an opportunistic scavenger and may prey on amphibians , reptiles and small birds if or when the opportunity arises . indeed , local people believe it to eat snakes and chickens ( 5 ) , and such remains have been found in solenodon faeces , although this may be the result of scavenging dead animals ( 2 ) . it lunges at its chosen prey , pinning it down with its strong forelimbs , and then scoops up the prey with its lower jaw . a bite from the solenodon injects the victim with toxic saliva from its lower incisors and renders the prey immobile ( 2 ) . potential animal predators of the hispaniolan solenondon include boas and birds of prey ( namely owls ) ( 2 ) ( 7 ) .
as the bag is opened , a pungent , musty smell - the solenodon ' s signature scent - seeps out .
massicot , p .
haitian solenodon .
animal info . urltoken ( accessed on july 1 , 2004 ) .
the plight of the solenodon in haiti may be the most dire of all . haiti’s forests have been decimated over centuries and the solenodon survives only in the massif de la hotte region , the impoverished nation’s last significant stand of cloud forest .
now the why . why would the solenodon evolve venomousness while pretty much every mammal on earth gets along fine without it ? well , it may not be the case of the solenodon evolving venomousness , as much as other mammals losing it .
s . paradoxus has acquired several adaptations which allow it to remain as one of the very few hispaniolan land mammals left . it has a magnificent sense of smell and is able to hear very well ; but in return , its eyesight is not near as developed . its snout contains sensory whiskers along its length . the hispaniolan solenodon has a fast - paced life in the sense that it is always on the move . however , it is on the move at a rather slow speed . it could easily beat a
international wildlife encyclopedia , 1974 .
solenodon
( on - line ) . accessed october 3 , 2001 at urltoken .
and then , once they know that , says dr young , the conservation of the solenodon can really begin in earnest .
eatroff , a .
solenodon paradoxus .
animal diversity web . urltoken ( accessed on july 1 , 2004 ) .
norvis hernandez , a cuban biologist , is one of the few people on planet earth who has seen a living , wild cuban solenodon . smaller than its hispaniola cousin , the cuban solenodon is easily distinguished by its black - and - white hair .
the cuban solenodon measures 16 – 22 inches ( 40 – 55 centimetres ) long from nose to tail with an extremely elongated snout and a long , naked , scaly tail . the cuban solenodon weighs around 1 kilogram ( 2 . 2 pounds ) .
“the solenodon lineage diverged from other placental mammals circa 78 million years ago . that means [ it ] has existed since the cretaceous period , ” said adam brandt , lead author of a recent study that took the first look at the solenodon’s mitochondrial dna .
the solenodon has been placed in a bag , which is the best way to keep it calm while it is temporarily captured .
the international wildlife encyclopedia , 1974 .
solenodon
( on - line ) . accessed november 20 , 2001 at urltoken .
the cuban solenodon is an insectivore and emerges from rocks and hollow logs at night to prey on insects , spiders and lizards .
hispaniolan solenodons breed up to twice per year . females will give birth to 1 - 3 young and at birth they weigh 40 - 55 g ( 1 . 4 - 1 . 9 oz ) . the young are
eatroff , a . ( 2002 ) . “ solenodon paradoxus , ” animal diversity web . accessed february 09 , 2015 at urltoken .
theusch , m . ( 2002 ) . “ solenodon cubanus , ” animal diversity web . accessed february 09 , 2015 at urltoken .
solenodon lives in family groups in caves , natural hollows , and burrows in dense , wet mountain forests ( nowak , 1999 ) .
is incapable of causing any significant detriment to the human economy . when it was present in higher numbers , farmers reported destruction of crops as a result of solenodon activity . however , this crop destruction was incidental to the solenodon ' s predation on insects beneath the soil .
the two living species in this family are the cuban solenodon ( suh - len - uh - dun ) , which is also known as the almiqui ( ahl - mee - kee ) , and the hispaniolan solenodon , which is sometimes called the haitian solenodon . both have extremely long snouts that extend beyond the end of their lower jaw . their four relatively tall legs , clawed feet , and long tails are nearly hairless . most are brown on the back , or sometimes black in the cuban solenodon , and have lighter - colored fur on their undersides . cuban solenodons have longer , coarser , back hair , giving it a shaggier appearance . they are also slightly smaller than hispaniolan solenodons . overall , adult solenodons range from about 10 to 15 inches ( 25 to 38 centimeters ) in length , and their tail adds another 6 to 10 inches ( 15 to 25 centimeters ) . adults weigh 1 . 3 to 2 . 4 pounds ( 0 . 6 to 1 . 1 kilograms ) .
ottenwalder , j . a . ( 1991 ) the systematics , biology , and conservation of solenodon . phd thesis , university of florida .
it took hernandez and her colleagues 12 days of searching in the field to finally catch a cuban solenodon , known locally as the almiqui .
massicot , p . 2001 .
animal info - cuban solenodon
( on - line ) . accessed november 20 , 2001 at urltoken .
baillie , j .
solenodon cubanus .
2003 iucn red list of threatened species . urltoken ( accessed on july 1 , 2004 ) .
baillie , j .
solenodon marcanoi .
2003 iucn red list of threatened species . urltoken ( accessed on july 1 , 2004 ) .
baillie , j .
solenodon paradoxus .
2003 iucn red list of threatened species . urltoken ( accessed on july 1 , 2004 ) .
while venom can land solenodon a meal and protect it from its natural enemies , it won’t do a lick of good against humans . habitat destruction on cuba and hispaniola has hit the solenodon hard . add to that the invasive species that humans have brought along and you’ve got a massacre .
the most important adaptation of the hispaniolan solenodon is its ability to secrete venomous saliva . the venom is secreted from enlarged submaxillary salivary glands which are located in a groove in the second lower incisor . the term solenodon actually means ‘grooved tooth’ in greek . this venom is used as a means of defense to stun its prey . this is the only documented venom delivery system in any recent mammal . however , discoveries have been made to support the hypothesis that salivary venoms and venom delivery systems have indeed evolved independently in early mammal lineages .
the hispaniolan solenodon is a high priority for global conservation due to its endangered threat status and its evolutionary distinctiveness , and is ranked in the top 10 mammals to conserve by edge urltoken effectively nothing is known about the species’ landscape - level distribution , surviving population size , habitat requirements or specific anthropogenic threats , which make it impossible to identify appropriate in situ or ex situ conservation management strategies .
the team i am with , made up of scientists from jersey ' s durrell wildlife conservation trust , the zoological society of london ( zsl ) , the hispaniolan ornithological society ( soh ) , have embarked on a project called the last survivors .
woods , c . a . ( 1976 ) solenodon paradoxus in southern haiti . journal of mammalogy , 57 ( 3 ) : 591 - 592 .
if there was any justice in the animal kingdom – any at all – the solenodon would be as famous as the tiger . the solenodon is a rabbit - sized , shrew - like mammal that is only found on two caribbean islands : cuba and hispaniola ( the dominican republic and haiti ) .
an asteroid strikes earth as flying reptiles look on . somehow the solenodon survived this . illustration : mark garlick / getty images / science photo library rm
motion - sensitive camera traps that the team have been setting outside solenodon burrows are beginning to shed light on how much of an issue this might be .
* * * as in most nocturnal terrestrial insectivores , the haitian solenodon ' s sense of touch is highly developed , while smell and hearing are also important .
4 . woods , c . a . ( 1976 ) solenodon paradoxus in southern haiti . journal of mammalogy , 57 ( 3 ) : 591 - 592 .
' it survived the asteroid ; it survived human colonisation and the rats and mice humans brought with them that wiped out the solenodon ' s closest relatives . '
the solenodon is endangered and experts may redouble their efforts to save the animal seeing as it ' s the only remnant of an incredibly old group of animals .
all laughing at the expense of the solenodon aside , please no touchy this animal if you happen to find one . not just because solenodon is endangered , but because it has a venomous bite , an extreme rarity for a mammal . ( shrews have a venomous bite too , and male platypuses have venomous spurs on their hind legs , though the males only use these to fight each other . ) sitting underneath the solenodon’s lower incisors are salivary glands that send venom along grooves in its teeth . all the solenodon has to do is break the victim’s skin—or cuticle , in the case of insects—for the venom to get in there and work its magic .
there is thought to be little hope for this species in haiti ( 2 ) , but in the dominican republic , the hispaniolan solenodon is known to occur in several areas ( 6 ) . these areas still face threats from logging , agriculture and cattle ranching ; however , both international conservation organisations ( for example , the nature conservancy and durrell wildlife conservation trust ) and national conservation organisations ( for example , sociedad ornitologica de la hispaniola and grupo jaragua ) are working to address these threats and implement management plans for protected areas ( 6 ) . the focus of efforts should be to conserve this species in protected forest reserves ; however , the enormous pressure from increasing human populations on hispaniola may mean that the survival of the hispaniolan solenodon ultimately depends on zoos ( 2 ) , although , as yet , captive breeding of this unique mammal has not been successful ( 7 ) .
the master escapist then survived subsequent ice ages and other natural disasters that have shaped earth’s history . and they are still around today–perhaps most impressive of all is that the solenodon has not yet been driven to extinction by human impacts…yet . today , the solenodon is threatened by the presence of invasive predators and by deforestation . turvey commented :
1 . solenodons have unusually flexible snouts . the hispaniolan solendon has a ball - and - socket joint at the base of its snout , similar to a human shoulder joint . this increases its mobility and allows it to use its snout to explore narrow crevices for potential prey .
to cite this page : eatroff , a . 2002 .
solenodon paradoxus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
to cite this page : theusch , m . 2002 .
solenodon cubanus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
8 . solenodon nipples are located near their rumps . the female solenodon gives birth to one to three young at a time , but only two will survive . she only has two nipples , and they’re located toward her back , almost on her buttocks . young solenodons stay with their mothers for several months , which is long compared with other insectivores .
turvey said the fact that the solenodon survived so many upheavals “makes it even more tragic that these ‘living fossil’ survivors are now in danger of extinction due to human activities . ”
thick gloves are donned , essential for protection against the solenodon ' s most ancient feature - it is the only mammal in the world that can inject venom through its teeth .
eisenburg , j . f . , and n . gonzalez gotera . 1985 . observations on the natural history of solenodon cubanus . acta zoologica fennica 173 : 275 - 277 .
for whatever reason , though , solenodon held onto it . indeed , solenodon is a truly ancient mammal , having diverged some 76 million years ago—not long ( in evolutionary time , that is ) before the dinos met their match in the form of an asteroid punching earth right in the face . ( braun notes , though , that debate still swirls around the evolution of venom in mammals . it may be that venomousness was rare in early mammals , as it is today , and solenodon has just always been an oddity . )
he says :
we are really laying the groundwork for the survival of the solenodon - what we want to do is ensure the long term survival of this unique animal .
the hispaniolan solenodon is nocturnal , secretive and rare , and so , unsurprisingly , is rarely seen and has not been widely studied ( 2 ) . it is capable of climbing near - vertical surfaces but spends most of its time searching for food on the ground . it uses its flexible snout to explore cracks and crevices , and its massive claws to dig under rocks , bark and soil , for invertebrates such as beetles , crickets , insect larvae , earthworms and termites ( 2 ) .
the most significant threats to the haitian solenodon appear to be the continuing loss of its forest habitat and predation by introduced cats and dogs , especially by dogs in the vicinity of settlements .
perhaps the solenodon’s elusive nature has helped it to survive up until this point ; however , the anthropocene is characterized by unprecedented changes to the course of evolution and the requirements for persistence of species . the solenodon’s problem is that it has been too successful in staying off the radar–it has failed to capture the attention of humans . without recognition from people , this threatened species may not be able to garner the conservation support it needs . will the anthropocene be the last epoch the solenodon ever sees ? or will it survive yet another phase of hardship on earth ?
what you don’t have , though , is a venomous bite . . . unless you are in fact a lizard person from outer space . or , better yet , a mysterious mammal called the solenodon . they ' re one of just a handful of mammals with venom glands that deliver a powerful toxin . but wait , there’s more : the solenodon’s nose has a ball - and - socket joint like the human hip , making it crazy flexible . and a lady solenodon’s teats are . . . oddly placed . let ' s just leave it at that for now .
eisenberg , john f . , and edwin gould .
the behavior of solenodon paradoxus in captivity with comments on the behavior of other insectivora .
zoologica 51 ( 1966 ) : 49–57 .
even if you do get a dose of solenodon venom , you’re getting off easy . the venom incapacitates other victims like lizards , and in laboratory tests , scientists dosed mice with the venom and recorded breathing problems , convulsions , and paralysis . and the solenodon doesn ' t stop at prey smaller than it . “there ' s one report of a solenodon kept in captivity in london that ate an entire chicken , ” says molecular biologist rodrigo ligabue braun of brazil’s federal university of rio grande do sul . “he bit a chicken and then ate all the parts he wanted . ”
dogs in particular are a problem on hispaniola , “although we ' ve also recorded or heard of cases where the solenodon has bitten a dog and the dog has died from presumably the venom , ” nunez - mino says . feral cats , too , aren’t just a potential executioner , but competition : the felines target the lizards and large insects and such that the solenodon relies on to survive .
3 . they’re venomous . solendons are one of only a few venomous mammals . other venomous mammals , like the duck - billed platypus , are only capable of passively conveying venom ; the solenodon actually injects its venom like a snake through specially modified teeth . the second lower incisors have special grooves through which venom flows . in fact , the name “solenodon” is derived from the greek for “grooved tooth . ”
varona , l . s . 1983 . remarks on the biology and zoogeography of solenodon ( atopogale ) cubanus peters , 1861 ( mammalia , insectivora ) . contributions to zoology 53 : 93 - 98 .
chances are you’re not far behind the aromatic wonder that is the solenodon . foraging typically at night , it jams its long , highly mobile ball - and - socket schnoz into the soil to root around for invertebrates , things like worms and insects . its many sensitive whiskers help it feel around the dirt , which is just as well because the solenodon ain’t got much going on in the eyesight department .
if you have never heard of the solenodon until now , you’re not alone . the solenodon ( pronounced so - leen - o - don ) lives only on two islands in the world–cuba and hispaniola . the nocturnal , insect - eating solenodon is elusive and eccentric . it’s one of the only mammals in the world that is venomous . it is suspected to have the ability to echolocate . another strange trait it boasts is having a joint in its snout . the nasal ball and socket setup allows it to deftly take in the olfactory environment . this small critter has long claws that curve outward from furless feet .
eisenberg , j . e . , and e . gould . 1966 . the behaviour of solenodon paradoxus in captivity , with some comments on the behaviour of other insectivores . zoologica 51 : 49 - 58 .
currently the hispaniola solenodon is considered endangered by the iucn red list – though two of its subspecies may be close to extinction . the cuban solenodon is in an even more precarious position . also considered endangered , the species has been feared extinct more than once . the zsl’s edge programme , which categorizes animals based on their threatened status and evolutionary distinctness , lists the pair of solenodons as number seven in the top 100 mammals .
as our close encounter with the solenodon nears its end , the team record the gps location where it has been found , measure the animal , and take some dna samples by pulling out a tuft of hairs .
there are a whole slew of reasons why the solenodon’s star should rise , including the facts that it’s one of the only venomous mammals and david attenborough really likes it . but , most of all , the solenodon should be famous because it somehow survived the asteroid collision that killed off the dinosaurs , not to mention the next 66 million years of other catastrophes , from ice ages to the rise of bipedal destroyers named homo sapiens .
although the cuban solenodon is not yet extinct , it is still an endangered species because it only breeds a single litter of one to three in a year and because of predation by species that were introduced by humans .
solenodons are some of the most unique and rare mammals in the world . solenodon - like animals lived all over north america 30 million years ago , but today they are only found on the islands of cuba and hispaniola .
research shows the solenodon evolved more than 70 million years ago – in time to hang out with dinosaurs . but today these unique mammals face a barrage of threats including stray dogs , feral cats , invasive mongoose and deforestation .
they say that this scheme , which is funded by the uk government ' s darwin initiative , and is supported by the dominican republic ' s national zoo and environment ministry , could be our last chance to save the solenodon .
the haitian solenodon is one of the species that live in both the caribbean biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) and the greater antillean moist forests global 200 ecoregion . ( olson & dinerstein 1998 , olson & dinerstein 1999 )
the cuban solenodon has small eyes and dark brown to black hair . it is sometimes compared to a shrew , although it most closely resembles members of the family tenrecidae including hedgehogs , shrews , opossums , mice and even otters .
but turvey said the last survivors programme made considerable progress on the hispaniolan species , including surveys across the dominican republic that found the species has a larger range than expected . as a result , the species will likely be downlisted by the iucn red list in the future . the programme’s work has also led to a new focus – and concern – for the nearly extinct subspecies in haiti .
both the hispaniola and cuban solenodon species are listed as endangered by the international union for the conservation of nature . their keen senses of smell and hearing help them to avoid human contact , though some local people have become skilled in tracking it down .
behavior and reproduction : during the day , hispaniolan solenodons rest in various hiding places , including hollow trees or logs , tight places in caves or slender cracks in rocks , or in the burrows they make . several solenodons may rest together in a burrow . when they become active at night , they scout around on the surface looking for food . adults are loners during this period , even fighting with one another .
in 2009 , a number of conservation groups – dwct , zsl’s the edge programme , la sociedad ornitológica de la hispaniola ( soh ) and the dominican republic’s ministry for environment and natural resources – kick - started a three - year research and conservation programme on the hispaniola solenodon called the last survivors ( the program also included the hispaniola hutia , a tree - dwelling rodent ) . while it resulted in researchers learning more about the solenodon than ever before , the conservation impacts have been negligible , according to rupp .
the haitian solenodon is mainly nocturnal , hiding during the day in rock clefts , hollow trees , or burrows which it excavates itself . solenodons obtain food by rooting in the ground with their snouts and by tearing into rotten logs and trees with their foreclaws .
conservationists , though , are working to protect this incredible and ancient mammal . groups like the durrell wildlife trust are working with local organizations and the dominican republic ministry of environment to better understand the solenodon , from its populations to the makeup of its venom .
she said that the cuban solenodon’s keen senses of smell and hearing make it almost impossible to capture with conventional methods . the species not only avoids human contact but , according to hernandez , is never tricked by the mechanical traps scientists commonly use to catch small mammals .
from the few reports of human envenomations , it sounds like the experience is no picnic . symptoms are similar to a snake bite , including localized swelling and severe pain , perhaps lasting several days . ( ask your doctor if solenodon venom is right for you ! )
the cuban solenodon is mainly nocturnal , hiding during the day in rock clefts , hollow trees , or burrows which it excavates itself . the cuban solenodons obtain food by rooting in the ground with their snouts and by tearing into rotten logs and trees with their fore claws .
solenodons and people usually do not see one another , unless the solenodon makes its home in a plantation or garden . homeowners and farmers sometimes view them as pests because they occasionally damage crops while rooting around in the dirt for insects and other prey that live near plants .
if the also - venomous shrews are any indication , the solenodon may not always be killing and consuming its prey outright . shrews will often bite and incapacitate their victims , then drag them to their dens and come back later and gnaw on the comatose things . the solenodon may well do the same . ( oh relax—it’s not that bad in the grand scheme of things . the tarantula hawk is a wasp that stings , well , tarantulas , then drags them back to a den for its larva to devour it alive over the course of several weeks . )
researchers aren’t entirely sure where the various solenodon populations were located when the asteroid hit – whether they were already on the landmasses that would become modern - day cuba and hispaniola or on the mainland – but they think the populations were close to ground zero of the asteroid’s impact in chicxulub , mexico .
the forelimbs of the hispaniolan solenodon are much more developed that the hindlegs but all of the limbs have claws with five digits which are used for digging . this creature shows a mix of primitive and derived traits . the primitive characteristics consist of a poisonous bite and the ability to echolocate . echolocation is the ability to send calls out into the environment and hear the echo from different objects close by . this helps them with feeding and navigation . also , s . paradoxus has a prootic canal for the lateral head vein . this canal is broadly distributed in mesozoic mammals but is essentially unknown to placental mammals . among the more derived characteristics are low birth frequency , low number of young per litter , and its os proboscis bone . this bone is located at the tip of the cartilaginous snout for support .
first described in 1861 , scientist lost track of the cuban solenodon near the end of the 19th century . no one had saw it for almost a hundred years – and many assumed it was extinct – until researchers spotted a few in the mid - 1970s . and then no one saw it again until 2003 .
it ' s just impressive it ' s survived this long ,
adam brandt , a postdoctoral researcher at the university of illinois , said in a press release .
it survived the asteroid ; it survived human colonization and the rats and mice humans brought with them that wiped out the solenodon ' s closest relatives .
it ' s just impressive it ' s survived this long ,
adam brandt , a postdoctoral researcher at the university of illinois , said in a news release .
it survived the asteroid ; it survived human colonization and the rats and mice humans brought with them that wiped out the solenodon ' s closest relatives .
three cuban solenodons were captured in 1974 and 1975 and research revealed that it still existed in many places at the eastern end of cuba . however , the cuban solenodon is still very rare . prior to 2003 , the most recent sighting was in 1999 mainly because it is a nocturnal burrower , living underground and it is very rarely seen .
“this experience of watching this ancient species [ was ] wonderful , it was for a short time because i do not like to feel that this species [ was ] stressed , ” said hernandez who caught a female solenodon in alejandro humboldt national park for brief study before releasing it again . “i cannot explain what i felt the first time i touched it . ”
researchers at the university of illinois and the university of puerto rico used two different methods to sequence the nucleotides that make up solenodon mitochondrial dna - - the kind passed unchanged from mother to offspring - - to determine the history of the species ' lineage . both methods produced the same conclusion , the species diverged from the mammalian tree of life some 78 million years ago .
like other mammals , solenodon mothers nurse their babies with milk delivered through their nipples . a mother may have up to three babies in each litter , but she has only two nipples . all three of her young cannot feed at once . as a result , one of the three babies typically gets less of the nourishing milk than the other two , becomes weaker and weaker , and eventually dies .
the main threats are habitat loss due to agricultural encroachment , charcoal production , and urban development . the impact of exotic predators , such as dogs , cats and mongooses has not been quanitified , although feral dogs are known to have severe localised impacts on solenodon populations . since the species had no natural predators before european colonisation of hispaniola , and is a slow clumsy mover , it does not possess many defences against introduced animals .
according to the world conservation union ( iucn ) both species are endangered , facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild . the u . s . fish and wildlife service also list these two species as endangered . the causes for their decline include hunting by dogs and cats , and the removal of the forests where the solenodons live . the iucn lists a third species , marcano ' s solenodon , as extinct .
the species’ ecology is becoming better understood thanks to recent research efforts . it is nocturnal and finds shelter during the day by burrowing or hiding in hollow logs or crevices . classed as an insectivore , the solenodon feeds mostly on spiders and insects found in the soil , although the diet may be supplemented with worms , snails and occasional plant material . the solenodon is one of the few species of mammal that can produce toxic saliva ( along with some species of shrew ) . a special groove in the second incisor carries the venom to its prey . the reproductive rate of this species is low , with females producing two litters containing 1 - 3 offspring per year . the young stay with their parents for several months , while other offspring are born and raised . the lifespan of wild solenodons is thought to be relatively long , as one individual survived for more than eleven years in captivity .
cuban solenodons are nocturnal ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) . during the day , they stay in rock clefts , hollow trees , or burrows ( massicot , 2001 ) . only the toes of solenodon come into contact with the ground . however , they can run surprisingly fast and can also climb ( nowak , 1999 ) . although cuban solenodons are often found near vertical surfaces , they spend much of their time on the ground ( massicot , 2001 ) .
there is really nothing on the planet like the solenodon . there are just two surviving species today , one found on cuba and the other , more well known , on hispaniola . but these two species alone are so distinct from any other mammal that they represent an entire biological family : solenodontidae . to put that in perspective every single species of mice and rat – from the african pygmy mouse to the northern luzon giant cloud rat – also represent a single family of 700 - plus species .
like most other insectivores , solenodons rest during the day and become active at night . they usually spend their days in small groups within burrows or shallow hollows in the ground , but may also rest in small hiding places . they spread out at night to look for food alone , and will attack fellow solenodons that get too close , often inflicting nasty bites . if a predator approaches , the solenodon has the option of charging and biting , or running off . unless it is startled or has nowhere to flee , it will usually choose running over fighting .
endemic to the island of hispaniola ( haiti and the dominican republic ) . s . paradoxus paradoxus occurs in northern hispaniola . s . p . woodi occurs in the south of the island , in the sierra de baoruco - jaragua region of the southwest dominican republic , and also as an isolated population in the massif de la hotte region of haiti . the species’ range has substantially decreased with following centuries of deforestation , particularly in haiti , but the solenodon remains relatively widely distributed in the forests of the dominican republic today . classified as endangered ( en b2ab ( iii , v ) ) on the 2010 iucn red list of threatened species .
but should you be lucky enough to bump into a solenodon in the wild , you’re in for a treat . mildly put , this is a singular mammal . it’s about as big as a large rat with a tail to match . ( looks kind of like a rodent of unusual size , don ' t it ? ) it’s got long , sharp nails and ambles with a wobbly , i’m - just - coming - off - anesthesia gait . females with their young are particularly awkward . “the teats are sort of in the armpit of the rear legs , and sometimes the females will kind of run around dragging the babies , ” nunez - mino says .
the haitian solenodon is found in forests and brush country , as well as around plantations . it is mainly nocturnal , hiding during the day in rock clefts , hollow trees , or burrows which it excavates itself . its diet includes insects and spiders found in soil and leaf litter . solenodons obtain food by rooting in the ground with their snouts and by tearing into rotten logs and trees with their foreclaws . this species is relatively social , and up to eight individuals may inhabit the same burrow . litter size is 1 or 2 young . the young are born in a nesting burrow . young solenodons remain with their mother for several months , which is exceptionally long for insectivores .
, are all that is left of a once rich and unique land mammal fauna ( not including bats ) which was made up of at least 25 species . both species are currently listed as endangered by the iucn . glover m . allen wrote about these species 100 years ago in the “memoirs of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college” . of the solenodon he said ”of the habits of this species in the wild very little is definitely known” while he wrote the following about the hutia : “of this interesting animal , nothing further seems to have been discovered since it was first described nearly seventy - five years ago” . the situation has unfortunately not moved on much in the last one hundred years .
the project will take place in the key biodiversity area ( kba ) of massif de la hotte , a mountainous area in the far south - west of haiti , home to one of the few remnants of forest . this region has been highlighted by the alliance for zero extinction ( aze ) as the highest global priority for urgent conservation action and is likely to represent the only part of the country where solenodons still persist . whilst the macaya national park encompasses the majority of the massif de la hotte , there is huge pressure on the remaining forest patches for charcoal production and clearing to provide areas for pasture and for crops which will result in the forest habitat becoming smaller and increasingly fragmented ; this leads both to destruction of solenodon habitat and potential escalation of human - animal conflict .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
the haitian population and the southern dominican republic population may represent a distinct species and is already differentiated as a different subspecies ( s . turvey pers . comm . ) .
amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & chanson , j . ( global mammal assessment team )
justification : listed as endangered because its area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km² , its range is severely fragmented , it is restricted to forest habitats , and there has been an observed shrinkage in its distribution and anecdotal information on habitat destruction and degradation within its range , and a decline in the number of individuals due to invasive species and persecution .
this species occurs in the massif de la hotte ( haiti ) and the dominican republic .
this species is rare . in haiti the species could be considered critically endangered because there is an isolated population with a range less than 100 km² , threatened by habitat loss and persecution ( s . turvey and l . davalos pers . comm . ) .
the most significant threat to this species appears to be the continuing demise of its forest habitat and predation by introduced rats , mongoose , cats and dogs , especially in the vicinity of settlements . in haiti persecution and hunting for food ( samuel turvey pers . comm . ) is a threat , and there is devastating habitat destruction also occurring .
it is protected by law in the dominican republic ( general environmental law 64 - 00 ) . there is a recovery plan published in 1992 which suggested comprehensive surveys , and management in the national park pic macaya , and education , and the control of exotic mammals , and breeding programmes . at the moment it is not being implemented ( samuel turvey pers . comm . ) . it is found in most protected areas in the dominican republic ( sixto inchaustegui pers . comm . ) . it is one of the species that lives in both the caribbean biodiversity hotspot and the greater antillean moist forests ecoregion ( olson and dinerstein , 1998 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
rare footage of one of the world ' s most strange and elusive mammals has been captured by scientists .


uropterygius marmoratus is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the pacific and indian oceans .

it is commonly known as the marbled reef-eel , marbled eel , marbled snake moray , marbled moray , or the slender conger eel .

uropterygius marmoratus

the following term was not found in genome : uropterygius marmoratus [ orgn ] .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . uropterygius marmoratus ( lacepède , 1803 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
( of uropterygius marmaratus ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of uropterygus marmoratus ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
greek , oura = tail + greek pterygion = little wing . fin ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 20 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 26°n - 24°s
indo - pacific : east africa to the hawaiian , marquesan and tuamoto islands , north to the yaeyamas , south to tonga .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 62 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 54980 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 ; vertebrae : 131 - 139 . color whitish and densely mottled with roundish dark brown spots about the size of eye or slightly larger . gill opening on mid side of the body .
benthic in crevices in shallow water to 121 m ( ref . 58302 , 75154 ) . uncommon inhabitant of reef flats and seaward reefs ( ref . 1602 ) .
randall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene , 1990 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p . ( ref . 2334 )
) : 25 . 3 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 5 ( based on 2831 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00102 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00225 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 56 of 100 ) .
: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gymnomuraena marmorata lacepède , 1803 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scuticaria marmorata ( lacepède , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ichthyophis pantherinus lesson , 1831 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
böhlke , e . b . , j . e . mccosker , and d . g . smith / carpenter , kent e . , and volker h . niem , eds .
fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol . 3 : batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes , part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae )
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
benthic in crevices in shallow water to 121 m ( ref . 58302 , 75154 ) . uncommon inhabitant of reef flats and seaward reefs ( ref . 1602 ) .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
please use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form
thank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dcd29f53 - ed9d - 4171 - bef9 - 329fc69cc7c8
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : de96aec0 - d058 - 4419 - 9a89 - bdf76ffee8da
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : fc8c60a2 - 9a3c - 4941 - b02c - 86c3c36d2e6f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 464ac96c - 654d - 4bff - a45d - 78187ca97967
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 430459
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .
a general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .
randall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene 1990 fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p .
color whitish and densely mottled with roundish dark brown spots about the size of eye or slightly larger . gill opening on mid side of the body . vertebrae 133 - 138 .
randall , j . e . 2005 reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 720 p .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
myers , r . f . 1991 micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
known or potential benefits of the species for humans , at a direct economic level , as instruments of education , prospecting , eco - tourism , etc . it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others . in any event , the source must be explicitly quoted . can include ecosystem services . however , benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement ( what happens when the organism is removed )
ichthyofauna were studied in the inshore waters around great nicobar island ; 258 species of fin fis . . .
| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences


cinctura hunteria is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

cinctura hunteria

fasciolariidae » cinctura hunteria , id : 573797 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
( of cinctura hunteria hunteria ( perry , 1811 ) ) petuch e . ( 2013 ) biogeography and biodiversity of western atlantic mollusks . crc press . 252 pp . [ published 2 april 2013 ] [ details ]
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : cinctura hunteria ( g . perry , 1811 ) - id : 1970000030
cinctura lilium tortugana h . a . rehder & r . t . abbott , 1951
to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym fasciolaria lilium tortugana hollister , 1957 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 12 publications ) ( from synonym fasciolaria hunteria ( g . perry , 1811 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) ( from synonym fasciolaria lilium hunteria ( g . perry , 1811 ) ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym fasciolaria hunteria ( g . perry , 1811 ) ) to genbank ( 1 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) ( from synonym fasciolaria hunteria ( g . perry , 1811 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym pyrula hunteria g . perry , 1811 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym fasciolaria hunteria ( g . perry , 1811 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym fasciolaria lilium tortugana hollister , 1957 )
( of fasciolaria hunteria ( g . perry , 1811 ) ) rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
snyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] [ details ]
petuch e . ( 2013 ) biogeography and biodiversity of western atlantic mollusks . crc press . 252 pp . [ published 2 april 2013 ] [ details ]
petuch e . ( 2013 ) biogeography and biodiversity of western atlantic mollusks . crc press . 252 pp . [ published 2 april 2013 ] page ( s ) : 203 [ details ]
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
enter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .
e - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .
united states of america . florida . east side of estero boulevard . little carlos pass . extreme low tide . 02 december 2009 .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 325e749a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 327db30f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3683d4b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 90ae70d2 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
some specimens present within the different populations in northeast florida have orange to red ( rather than violet - brown ) spiral bands . this color variant is very rare to absent in other florida populations .
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
abbott , robert tucker , 1974 : null . american seashells : the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coasts of north america . 2nd ed . . 663 .
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 < i > in : < / i > felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m press , college station , texas .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .
atrina serrata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) sawtooth penshell , in situ in clean sand matazanas inlet , st . john ' s county , florida ( l = 239 mm ) . | pinterest