metarminoidea is a provisional taxonomic superfamily of colourful sea slugs , aeolid nudibranchs , marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs in the clade nudibranchia .

this name is unfortunately not available as a superfamily name , because it is not based on a genus .

it is used here because , as of february 2015 , no replacement name has yet been proposed .

metarminoidea

no one has contributed data records for metarminoidea yet . learn how to contribute .
if you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .
thank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .
sign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .
bhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !
there was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .
franc a . ( 1968 ) sous - classe des opisthobranches . in : p . grasse ( ed ) . traite de zoologie 5 ( 3 ) : 608 - 893 . page ( s ) : 878 [ details ]
nomenclature introduced as
new
in the traité de zoologie but actually dating back to metarminacea odhner , 1944 and spelled so . . .
nomenclature introduced as
new
in the traité de zoologie but actually dating back to metarminacea odhner , 1944 and spelled so elsewhere in the text ( pp . 629 , 665 ) . contains families madrellidae , dironidae , and zephyrinidae . treated as a superfamily and not available as such a family - group name ( not based on a genus ) . [ details ]
vaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
classification for the gastropods , from listings in urltoken and ponder and lindberg , 1997 , modified to take into account the work of bouchet and rocroi , 2005 and strong and kohler , 2009 . the suffix for the superfamilies used here , - oidea , may be more technically correct than the
- acea
suffix used elsewhere on this site . - acea is used in botany for plant families , and elsewhere in zoology occasionally , for example the mammalian order
cetacea
.
calyptraeoidea capuloidea carinarioidea cingulopsoidea cypraeoidea ficoidea laubierinoidea littorinoidea naticoidea rissooidea ( includes hydrobiidae , etc . ) stromboidea tonnoidea trivioidea vanikoroidea velutinoidea vermetoidea xenophoroidea
ponder , w . f . and lindberg , d . r . 1997 . towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs : an analysis using morphological characters . zoological journal of the linnean society . 119 : 83 - 265 .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
cookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies . find out more
goniaeolis typica is a species of sea slug , a nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family goniaeolididae . goniaeolis typica is the only species in the genus goniaeolis and it is the only genus within the family goniaeolididae .
gonieolis is the original spelling , but incorrect subsequent spelling goniaeolis is conserved under art . 33 . 3 . 1 of the code . the synonymy with goniaeolis lobata was discussed in detail by odhner in 1922 .
it is endemic to scandinavian waters . this species was described from kristiansund , norway . it has subsequently been reported from the skagerrak , the hardangerfjord , and at the mouth of the trondheimsfjord . the species is known from 30 to 666 m .
external and internal anatomy was described by nils hjalmar odhner in detail in 1922 .
olive snail ( olividae spp . ) leave marks in sand 1 / 2
to 2
long phylum : mollusca class : gastropoda / univalvia
pacific blue mussel ( mytilus spp . ) also called
bay
or
foolish
mussel phylum mollusca class bivalvia family mytilidae
giant pacific octopus ( gpo ) ( enteroctopus dofleini ) bigger than a basketball = gpo when small , look at eyes . no lashes = gpo largest and longest lived of all octopeds usually 100lbs phylum mollusca class cephalopoda
red octopus ( octopus rubescens ) small . has lashes . phylum mollusca class cephalopoda
some images used in this set are licensed under the creative commons through urltoken . click to see the original works with their full license .
the dexiarchia are a clade of nudibranchs characterised by a right - laterally located anus and usually a more or less branched digestive gland . the basal genus
[ bd86 ] barash , a . , & z . danin . 1986 . further additions to the knowledge of indo - pacific mollusca in the mediterranean sea ( lessepsian migrants ) .
[ br05 ] bouchet , p . , & j . - p . rocroi . 2005 . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families .
[ bw09 ] bryce , c . , & c . whisson . 2009 . the macromolluscs of mermaid ( rowley shoals ) , scott and seringapatam reefs , western australia .
[ f27 ] finlay , h . j . 1927 . a further commentary on new zealand molluscan systematics .
[ h01 ] huys , r . 2001 . splanchnotrophid systematics : a case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia .
[ kc11 ] kocot , k . m . , j . t . cannon , c . todt , m . r . citarella , a . b . kohn , a . meyer , s . r . santos , c . schander , l . l . moroz , b . lieb & k . m . halanych . 2011 . phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships .
[ mg - h11 ] mcennulty , f . r . , k . l . gowlett - holmes , a . williams , f . althaus , j . fromont , g . c . b . poore , t . d . o’hara , l . marsh , p . kott , s . slack - smith , p . alderslade & m . v . kitahara . 2011 . the deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of australia ( 100–1100 m depths ) : composition , distribution and novelty .
vol . ii pt i . stanford university press : stanford university ( california ) .
[ pp78 ] poorman , f . l . , & l . h . poorman . 1978 . additional molluscan records from bahía de los angeles , baja california norte .
is a genus of relatively large bubble snails with a well - developed shell into which the animal is able to withdraw completely .
[ c60 ] cox , l . r . 1960 . gastropoda : general characteristics of gastropoda .
pp . i84–i169 . geological society of america , and university of kansas press .
[ f27a ] finlay , h . j . 1927a . a further commentary on new zealand molluscan systematics .
[ f27b ] finlay , h . j . 1927b . new specific names for austral mollusca .
[ j49 ] johnson , r . i . 1949 . jesse wedgwood mighels with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species .
[ m54 ] macpherson , j . h . 1954 . molluscs ( sea shells and snails ) .
malaquias , m . a . e . , & d . g . reid . 2008 . systematic revision of the living species of bullidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : cephalaspidea ) , with a molecular phylogenetic analysis .
the diaphanidae are a group of thin - shelled bubble snails lacking mantle parapodia , jaws or gizzard plates .
( from ohnheiser & malaquias 2014 ) : umbilicate thin , fragile , voluminous shell present into which the animal is capable of retreating completely ; jaws and gizzard plates absent , radula usually with single lateral tooth on each side and rachidian present . foot usually forked posteriorly , parapodia absent . penis armed .
[ a27 ] allan , r . s . 1927 . the geology and palaeontology of the lower waihao basin , south canterbury , new zealand .
[ ph90 ] petit , r . e . & m . g . harasewych . 1990 . catalogue of the superfamily cancellarioidea forbes and hanley , 1851 ( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) .
the retusidae , canoe shells , are a family of cephalaspid gastropods characterised by the lack of a radula .
[ gas03 ] gulbin , v . v . , i . s . arzamastsev & v . m . shulkin . 2003 . ecological monitoring of the water area of port vostochnyi ( wrangel bay ) in the sea of japan ( 1995–2002 ) .
[ hs01 ] hayward , b . w . , a . b . stephenson , m . s . morley , w . m . blom , h . r . grenfell , f . j . brook , j . l . riley , f . thompson & j . j . hayward . 2001 . marine biota of parengarenga harbour , northland , new zealand .
the haminoeidae are a group of bubble snails that primarily graze on algal tissue and / or diatoms ; the shell may be partially or entirely covered by lateral outgrowths of the mantle . the shell may be thin and fragile as in the genus
2014 ) : shell usually thin , translucent , fragile , occasionally solid and thick ; varying from bulloid to cylindrical - elongate ; spiral grooves may be present at ends or covering entire shell . mantle and other body parts usually dull and cryptically coloured , occasionally colourful or capable of changing colour to suit environment . muscular buccal bulb present containing chitinous jaws and radula formed by variably - shaped central tooth plus hook - shaped lateral teeth . fizzard present with three plates containing pointed rods .
[ f27 ] finlay , h . j . 1927 . new specific names for austral mollusca .
the thecosomata , sea butterflies , are a group of pelagic marine gastropods that have the foot modified into a pair of wing - like parapodia used in swimming . most thecosomata retain a calcareous shell , though the shell is demineralised or lost in some subgroups .
[ b26 ] bigelow , h . b . 1926 . plankton of the offshore waters of the gulf of maine .
the philinidae are a group of headshield slugs with a delicate internal shell and a dorsal aspect divided between the four regions of head , visceral mass and lateral parapodial lobes .
[ aps - p86 ] arnaud , p . m . , cl . poizat & l . v . salvini - plawen . 1986 . marine - interstitial gastropoda ( including one freshwater interstitial species ) .
the gymnosomata , sea angels , are a group of shell - less , pelagic marine gastropods in which the foot has been modified into a pair of large parapodia used for swimming .
[ h01 ] huys , r . 2001 . splanchnotrophid systematics : a case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia .
the cavoliniidae are a group of sea butterflies with an uncoiled shell present at maturity .
the aplysiomorpha , sea hares and related taxa , are a group of soft - bodied marine gastropods with a reduced shell ( external in akeridae , internal in aplysiidae ) . they are characterised by the presence of the defensive opaline and purple glands in the mantle cavity , and an oesophageal gizzard containing an anterior chamber with large chitinous plates and a posterior chamber with numerous fine spines (
[ cg99 ] carlton , j . t . , j . b . geller , m . l . reaka - kudla & e . a . norse . 1999 . historical extinctions in the sea .
, pp . i84–i169 . geological society of america , and university of kansas press .
[ s11 ] simone , l . r . l . 2011 . phylogeny of the caenogastropoda ( mollusca ) , based on comparative morphology .
[ tn03 ] thollesson , m . , & j . l . norenburg . 2003 . ribbon worm relationships : a phylogeny of the phylum nemertea .
the systellommatophora are a group of slug - like gastropods , including the marine onchidiidae and the terrestrial veronicelloidea . members of this group have two pairs of contractile tentacles on the head , with the eyes at the tip of the upper pair , and have the anus and renal opening at the posterior end of the body ( burch & pearce 1990 ) .
vol . ii , pt i . stanford university press : stanford university ( california ) .
[ tc89 ] tapparone canefri , t . 1889 . viaggio di leonardo fea in birmania e regioni vicine . xviii . —molluschi terrestri e d’acqua dolce .
the scaphopoda , tusk shells , are a group of benthic molluscs with a tubular shell that live buried in the sediment , feeding on micro - organisms . in members of the dentalioida , the shell generally tapers evenly , whereas gadilida commonly have the shell constricted toward the mouth . the two lineages also differ in foot morphology : dentalioida have the foot with an encircling sheath that is expanded laterally and interrupted dorsally ; gadilida have the foot simple and vermiform , or distally expanded into a symmetrical disc ( ludbrook 1960 ) .
[ dk08 ] darragh , t . a . , & g . w . kendrick . 2008 . silicified eocene molluscs from the lower murchison district , southern carnarvon basin , western australia .
[ go06 ] giribet , g . , a . okusu , a . r . lindgren , s . w . huff , m . schrödl & m . k . nishiguchi . 2006 . evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures : monoplacophorans are related to chitons .
[ gr98 ] giribet , g . , & c . ribera . 1998 . the position of arthropods in the animal kingdom : a search for a reliable outgroup for internal arthropod phylogeny .
pp . i37–i41 . geological society of america , and university of kansas press .
, a new genus and new species of ordovician scaphopod , and the early history of scaphopod mollusks .
[ sw11 ] smith , s . a . , n . g . wilson , f . e . goetz , c . feehery , s . c . s . andrade , g . w . rouse , g . giribet & c . w . dunn . 2011 . resolving the evolutionary relationships of molluscs with phylogenomic tools .
[ s98 ] stilwell , j . d . 1998 . late cretaceous mollusca from the chatham islands , new zealand .
i ' m an entomologist and taxonomist , currently based in perth , western australia . if you ' d like to comment ( or offer work ) , i can be e - mailed at gerarus at westnet . com . au .
the information presented on this site has been collated from a number of external sources . apart from the time taken to bring it all together , very little of it represents my own work . all images and quoted text remain the intellectual property of their original owners , and remain subject to all relevant copyrights and controls . if you re - use anything taken from this site , please attribute it to the original owner . if you are the intellectual owner of anything presented and you are unhappy with the manner of its usage , please do not hesitate to contact me so that i may rectify things .
a nudibranch is any of the soft - bodied , shell - less marine gastropods comprising the mollusk taxon ( order or suborder ) nudibranchia . found on the bottom of oceans throughout the world , from reefs and sandy shallows to seabeds a mile deep , there are more than 3 , 000 known species of nudibranchs ( holland 2008 ) . the word
nudibranch ,
which comes from the latin nudus for
naked ,
and the greek brankhia for gills , describes their feathery gills and horns that many have on their dorsal sides ( ngs 2008 ) . nudibranchs sometimes are called sea slugs , although this term technically applies to a more inclusive taxon of marine gastropod mollusks , heterobranchia ( which includes , but is not exclusive to , the nudibranchs ) .
nudibranchs are known for their often extraordinary colors , striking forms , and intricate patterns . such brilliant hues and fascinating shapes have added greatly to the wonder of nature . however , nudibranchs also provide important ecological functions , playing an important role in marine food chains , both as predator ( corals , sponges , anemones , barnacles , fish ) and prey ( fish , sea spiders , turtles , sea stars ) —the latter role despite protective mechanisms ranging from poisons , to camouflage , to stinging cells .
nudibranchs are members of the gastropod class ( gastropoda ) of mollusks . as gastropods , their body plan involves a torsion or twisting during larval development whereby the visceral mass twists 180 degrees in relation to the head . gastropoda ( meaning
stomach - foot
) is typified by a large , ventral , muscular foot for locomotion , and a distinct head that has eyes and sensory tentacles .
the taxon that nudibranchs comprise , nudibranchia , generally is placed either at the suborder level , under the order opisthobranchia of the superorder heterobranchia and subclass orthogastropoda , or at the order level under the subclass opisthobranchia ( itis 2004 ) . while often casually called
sea slugs ,
there are numerous other kinds of sea slugs belonging to several taxonomic groups that are not very closely related to nudibranchs . a fair number of these other sea slugs are colorful and thus are even more easily confused with nudibranchs .
the body forms of nudibranchs vary enormously , but because they are opisthobranchs , unlike most other gastropods they are bilaterally symmetrical because they have undergone secondary detorsion . the adult form is without a shell or operculum ( a bony or horny plate covering the opening of the shell , when the body is withdrawn ) . often oblong in shape , some are thick and other flattened , and some are short and others long ( ngs 2008 ) . they vary in adult size from six millimeters ( 0 . 25 inches ) to 31 centimeters ( 12 inches ) in length ( ngs 2008 ) . nudibranchs have cephalic ( head ) tentacles and oral tentacles , which are sensitive to touch , taste , and smell . two club - shaped rhinophores ( highly sensitive head - mounted sensory appendages or tentacles ) detect odors .
the name nudibranch is appropriate , since the dorids ( infraclass anthobranchia ) breathe through a branchial plume of bushy extremities on their back , rather than using gills . by contrast , on the back of the aeolids in infraclass cladobranchia , there are brightly colored sets of tentacles called cerata .
nudibranchs occur in marine environments worldwide , in all the world ' s oceans , and can be found depths nearly a mile down , but are most abundant , and reach their greatest size and variation , in shallow , tropical waters ( ngs 2008 ) .
while they lack shells , nudibranchs have developed other defense mechanisms : poisons , stinging cells , and camouflage .
some nudibranchs have toxic secretions , mostly derived from the poisons of their prey but some have poisons of their own making ( holland 2008 ) . for example , some species consume toxic sponges and alter and store the poisonous compounds and secrete them from skin cells or glands as needed ( holland 2008 ) .
some utilize stinging cells , ingested from anemones , fire corals , and hydroids , and employ these along their own extremities ( holland 2008 ) . nudibranchs that feed on hydroids can store the hydroid ' s nematocysts ( stinging cells ) in the dorsal body wall , the cerata ( frick 2003 ) . the nematocysts can move through the alimentary tract without harming the nudibranch . once further into the organism , the cells are brought to specific placements on the creature ' s hind body via intestinal protuberances . it is not yet clear how the nudibranches can protect themselves from the hydroids and their nematocysts , but special cells with large vacuoles probably play an important role .
the vivid color of various nudibranchs helps to warn predators of such defenses . among the nudibranchs can be found the most colorful creatures on earth . the intense and bright coloring , such as especially seen on chromodorids , warns that they are distasteful or poisonous ( aposematic coloration ) .
camouflage also is used . the anatomy and color of nudibranchs may resemble the texture and color of the surrounding plants , sponges , and substrate , allowing them to be difficult to discern . some may mimic toxic nudibranches .
the tough - skin and abrasive quality of nudibranchs also may be a detriment ( holland 2008 ) . another way of protection is the release of a sour liquid from the skin . once the specimen is physically irritated or touched by another creature , it will release the slime automatically .
nudibranchs are carnivorous , feeding on sponges , hydroids , bryozoans , coral , barnacles , eggs , tunicates , anemones , or small fish . some eat other nudibranches , including members of their own species . some graze on algae . some nudibranchs derive nutrition from ingested photosynthetic algae ( holland 2008 ) .
despite their protective mechanisms , nudibranchs have a number of predators , including certain species of fish , sea spiders , turtles , crabs , and sea stars , as well as some people ( such as chileans and islanders from off alaska and russia ) who consume them after removing the toxic organs ( holland 2008 ) .
nudibranchs are simultaneous hermaphroditic , and thus have a set of reproductive organs for both genders . they can rarely fertilize themselves , but can mate with any other mature members of their species ( ngs 2008 ) .
nudibranchs typically deposit their eggs within a gelatinous spiral ( klussmann - kolb 2001 ) . some masses ( coils , ribbons , or tangled clumbs ) may reach up to two million at a time ( holland 2008 ) .
the taxonomy of the nudibranchia is still under investigation and is subject to frequent revision . many taxonomists in the past treated the nudibranchia as an order , based on the authoritative work of johannes thiele ( 1931 ) , who built on the concepts of henri milne - edwards ( 1848 ) . newer insights derived from morphological data and gene - sequence research have supported the basic taxonomic divisions . on the basis of investigation of 18s rdna sequence data , there is strong evidence for support of the monophyly of the nudibranchia and its two major groups , the anthobranchia / doridoidea and cladobranchia .
competing taxonomies remain , with nudibranchia variously considered an order or a suborder , and diverse classes and subclasses recognized ; for example , opisthobranchia may variously be considered an order or a subclass . ponder and lindberg ( 1997 ) recognize two subclasses within gastropoda ( orthogastropoda and eogastropoda ) , with nudibranchia placed within the subclass orthogastropoda . the integrated taxonomic information system recognizes nudibranchia as an order in the subclass opisthobranchia ( itis 2004 ) .
the dorids ( infraorder anthobranchia ) have the following characteristics : the branchial plume forms a cluster on the posterior part of the neck , around the eyes . fringes on the mantle do not contain any intestines .
the aeolids ( infraorder cladobranchia ) have the following characteristics : instead of the branchial plume , they have cerata . they lack a mantle . only species of the cladobranchia are reported to house zooxanthellae .
schrödl et al . ( 2001 ) have offered other revisions in the taxonomy of the nudibranchia . here they are divided into two major clades :
dexiarchia nom . nov . ( = doridoxoidea + dendronotoidea + aeolidoidea + “arminoidea” ) .
frick , k . 2003 . predator suites and flabellinid nudibranch nematocyst complements in the gulf of maine proceedings of the 22nd annual scientific diving symposium , american academy of underwater sciences . greenville , north carolina . retrieved july 23 , 2008 .
holland , j . s . 2008 . living color : toxic nudibranchs—soft , seagoing slugs—produce a brilliant defense national geographic , june 2008 . retrieved july 23 , 2008 .
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2004 . nudibranchia blainville , 1814 itis taxonomic serial no . : 78156 . retrieved july 23 , 2008 .
klussmann - kolb , a . 2001 . the reproductive systems of the nudibranchia ( gastropoda , opisthobranchia ) : comparative histology and ultrastructure of the nidamental glands with aspects of functional morphology zoologischer anzeiger 240 ( 2 ) : 119–136 . retrieved july 23 , 2008 .
national geographic society . 2008 . nudibranch ( nudibranchia ) national geographic society . retrieved july 23 , 2008 .
ponder , w . f . , and d . r . lindberg . 1997 . “towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs : an analysis using morphological characters . ” zoological journal of the linnean society 119 : 83 - 2651 .
schrödl , m . , h . wägele , and r . c . willan . 2001 . taxonomic redescription of the doridoxidae ( gastropoda : opisthobranchia ) , an enigmatic family of deep water nudibranchs , with discussion of basal nudibranch phylogeny zoologischer anzeiger 240 ( 1 ) : 83 - 97 . retrieved july 23 , 2008 .
wägele , h . , and r . c . willan . 2000 . phylogeny of the nudibranchia . zoological journal of the linnean society 1 ( 1 ) : 83–181 .
new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :
note : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .
this page was last modified on 26 july 2008 , at 23 : 44 .
content is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license ; additional terms may apply . see terms of use for details .
kento furui added the japanese common name
カルコティア科
to
charcotiidae
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
ヘロ科
to
heroidae
.
jennifer hammock split the classifications by marlin resource from janolus cristatus ( delle chiaje , 1841 ) to their own page .
sarah miller marked
description
as hidden on the
hero formosa loven , 1841
page . reasons to hide : duplicate
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
helix pomatia sealed in its shell with a calcareous epiphragm snail is a common name loosely applied to shelled gastropods . the name is most often applied to land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs . however , the common name snail is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class gastropoda that have a coiled shell that is large enough for the animal to retract completely into . when the word “snail” is used in this most general sense , it includes not just land snails but also numerous species of sea snails and freshwater snails . gastropods that naturally lack a shell , or have only an internal shell , are mostly called slugs , and land snails that have only a very small shell ( that they cannot retract into ) are often called semi - slugs . snails have considerable human relevance , including as food items , as pests , as vectors of disease , and their shells are used as decorative objects and are incorporated into jewelry . the snail has also had some cultural significance , and has been used as a metaphor .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more
original file name : haeckel _ nudibranchia . jpg resolution : 1139x1617 file size : 926900 bytes date : 2007 : 09 : 01 22 : 38 : 05 upload time : 2007 : 09 : 01 22 : 41 : 10
, the largest suborder of the order opisthobranchia . there are more than 3 , 000 described species .
comes from latin nudus meaning
naked
, and greek brankhia meaning
gills
. the name is appropriate since the dorids ( infraclass anthobranchia ) breathe through a branchial plume of bushy extremities on their back , rather than using gills . by contrast , on the back of the aeolids in infraclass cladobranchia there are brightly colored sets of tentacles called cerata .
s have cephalic ( head ) tentacles , which are sensitive to touch , taste , and smell . club - shaped rhinophores detect the odors .
s , or , on some occasions , members of their own species . there is also a group that feeds on tunicates and
body forms can vary wildly . they lack a mantle cavity . their size varies from 40 to 600 mm .
they occur worldwide at all depths , but they reach their greatest size and variation in warm , shallow waters .
, they have had to evolve another means of defense : camouflage , through color patterns that make them invisible ( cryptic behavior ) or warn off predators as being distasteful or poisonous ( aposematic behavior ) . champions in their colorful display are the chromodorids . the
s that feed on hydroids store the hydroid ' s nematocysts ( stinging cells ) in the dorsal body wall . this enables the
( 1848 ) . but new insights through morphological data and gene - sequence research , cause some confidence in the congruence of the data sets of the new and the old . on the basis of investigation of 18s rdna sequence data , there has been found strong evidence for support of the monophyly of the
the dorids ( infraorder anthobranchia ) have the following characteristics : the branchial plume forms a cluster on the posterior part of the neck , around the eyes . fringes on the mantle do not contain any intestines .
the aeolids ( infraorder cladobranchia ) have the following characteristics : instead of the branchial plume , they have cerata . they lack a mantle . only species of the cladobranchia are reported to home . zooxanthellae .
the text in this page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article shown in above url . it is used under the gnu free documentation license . you may redistribute it , verbatim or modified , providing that you comply with the terms of the gfdl .
urltoken does not have the copyright for this image . this photograph or artwork is copyright by the photographer or the original artist . if you are to use this photograph , please contact the copyright owner or the poster .
copyleft © since 1995 , animal pictures archive . all rights may be reserved .


eupithecia argentea is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in south-western china ( sichuan ) .

the wingspan is about 21 mm .

the fore - and hindwings are off-white .

eupithecia argentea

eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
have a fact about eupithecia miserulata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for eupithecia miserulata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a fact about eupithecia staurophragma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for eupithecia staurophragma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
what a lovely catalog of larvae . never enough larvae pics to distinguish what is on my plant . thank you !
sign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .
have a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .
simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?
chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
crowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .
by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .
copyright © world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en


pasty ( 1 may 1973 – 12 february 1993 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .

she was the leading two-year-old filly of her generation in britain in 1975 when she was undefeated in five races including the lavant stakes , lowther stakes and cheveley park stakes .

she failed to progress as a three-year-old and finished no better than fourth in her five races .

she was then retired to become a broodmare and produced at least three minor winners .

pasty ( horse )

pasty was retired from racing to become a broodmare and produced at least ten foals between 1978 and 1991 . pasty died in australia on 12 february 1993 .
the cornish pasty association is a community interest company , registered in england and wales , no 07847774 . copyright © 2016 cornish pasty association . all rights reserved .
the chough bakery world pasty championships 2016 gold titleholders these guys know a thing or two about pasty excellence . it’s “ the only place to buy a cornish pasty” argues russell jackson and many others agree . find it smack bang in the middle of the quayside in padstow .
a devon pasty - crimped on the top , not on the side . photograph : alamy
understanding the news , 127 years ago today . pasty central day in history , february 17th .
with their newly won protected geographical status , the name of the cornish pasty can no longer be taken in vain . our top five are below , but where do you go for a proper pasty ?
sarah’s pasty shop you’ll smell this pasty shop before you see it says paul darcey for it’s ickle in size but big on flavour . hunt it down in the heart of looe and make an agonising decision between the traditional or pasty - with - a - twist options . sarah gets a big thumbs up for her ultimate breakfast pasty crammed with sausagemeat , bacon , mushrooms , tomato , baked beans , egg and flaked potato ( an ingenious creation ) and there’s lots of love for fishy friday when locally caught fish makes pasty perfection .
horse muscle fibre is different . the colour of horse meat is a darker red than beef and the fat is a yellow – orange colour which is completely different .
horse and jockey bakery gives excellent value for money . the standard pasty is massive , good filling and pastry . all locally made . the cakes and rolls again worth every penny . well worth a visit .
like williams ' other good horses , which included may hill , pasty was sent into training with peter walwyn at lambourn in berkshire .
the cornish bakery with six shops in cornwall and even more across the midlands and south of england , the cornish bakery has gone big in spreading pasty love and boy do they do it well . their winning formula of mevagissey roots , proper cornish innovation and award - winning status ( their traditional steak scored top marks in the 2013 world pasty championships no less ) has made them part of the pasty elite . there ' s just a little bit of craziness for their speciality ‘travelling empanada’ pasty - imagine the good old pasty combined with spicy flavours from around the world and you’re on the right track . and the best bit ? 5p from every purchase goes to cornish mining heritage . good work guys !
warrens bakery you don’t get to be the oldest cornish pasty producer in the world and the oldest bakery in cornwall without earning a few fans along the way and didn’t our social media callout show it ! in little over 150 years warren’s bakery has gone from having just one pasty shop in st just and feeding the cornish miners , to having their name above the door of 50 bakeries and satisfying the pasty masses . oh , and they have played no small part in commercialising the cornish pasty and pioneering its popularity both here and abroad . warren’s we thank you !
make sure you have a good enough horse to make it worthwhile , we all go through our fair share of donkeys , but in the end you are only as good as the horse you are riding .
any professional meat supplier or butcher would know whether it is horse or beef ,
he said .
best mate has become the first horse since arkle in the 1960s to win three consecutive gold cups at cheltenham .
his third straight win marks a remarkable achievement not just by the horse , but the team behind his success .
he spoke of his frustration that anyone could have mistaken his horse meat for beef even if it was mislabelled .
i ' m sure opinion will be divided on the subject of where to find cornwall ' s finest oggie . where do you go for a proper pasty ?
my americans know all about horse racing in hong kong ,
says happy valley executive director bill nader , who spent years working for the new york racing association .
but i guess my americans are all horse people .
if your horse is tail rubbing and you suspect pinworms please call us on 01409 255549 / 01822613838 to discuss appropriate treatment .
as you load up your horse and close the ramp , you feel a slight pang of guilt that he is all on his own . maybe this is a good excuse for getting another horse so that he has a road trip buddy in future ?
something new ? whatever your age horse riding is a fantastic hobby and and exciting way to learn new [ . . . ]
so we offered it to horse & hound and are delighted to see they ' re running it in the 9 march issue .
it is a big year for culloty - in may , he is getting married to girlfriend susie , whose food magnate family own , among others , the ginsters cornish pasty company .
if they horse has misbehaved , what is the point of the judge getting on it ? it is never going to get placed .
at the far end of a refrigerated warehouse is a grisly sight you would never see in britain : row upon row of horse carcasses .
first trip to cornwall in about 10 years and i am a sucker for a pasty . they are open from the crack of dawn and are churning out hot and cold products from 9am .
for many families , pasty - making was a daily task and recipes were passed from mothers to daughters , rarely written down . producing a magic pasty takes a certain knack and many cooks take so much pride in theirs , that not many will share their recipes . some have even been known to take them to the grave , refusing to pass them on even to their offspring .
it’s a simple question but boy does it trigger a passionate debate . when we threw it out to our facebook and twitter friends we received an outpouring of pasty love as well as 101 answers .
the rising sun trail is our newest horse riding trail taking you on a 6 - 7 hour ride across open moor [ . . . ]
rowe’s bakery with a shop in almost every town in cornwall it’s little wonder that rowe’s bakery is a strong contender for the pasty crown . these guys have been firing up their ovens since 1949 and have got the perfect recipe nailed . their traditional steak is simply ‘ansome and we’re big fans of their ever changing range of pasties with added pizzazz – try the reggae reggae pasty for a taste of cornwall with a kick !
the french meat processor spanghero were quick to point the finger at their romanian suppliers after it emerged they had sold thousands of tonnes horse meat as beef .
oh what lovely horse . when i worked with the shires our sister farm had the world record tallest horse . he was called boringdon black king and he stood at 19 . 3hh . that was back in the early 90 ' s . king has since passed on . his best friend was a 8hh shetland .
and another one . oh it’s back again . relentlessly . unsurprisingly , since horse tail is used to string violins i believe , this stings rather a lot .
the abattoir , which was named by the romanian authorities as the source of the meat in the current horse scandal , is owned by local businessman iulian cazacut .
do you remember a week or so ago , someone on here complained that their horse had misbehaved on the go round during a showing class , and the judge declined to ride their horse in the class . they basically accused the judge of not being very brave as they
knew
their horse would have been ok with the judge on board . well - yesterday at the royal one of the judges had a very bad fall from a horse which bucked and misbehaved really badly , which has resulted in them breaking a bone in their back . the royal is a show where you cannot prepare your horse for eveyrthing it will see - carriages , heavy horses , hackneys etc - so it is entirely possible that the horse in question acted entirely out of character . my point is more that the person who posted originally ought to be more aware of the accidents that can happen , and to consider the fact that a judge does not want to be put in a position of danger by riding a horse that is not capable of behaving correctly with its own rider . my best wishes for a speedy recovery go to the judge involved .
because you’ve been up since 4am and you know you won’t be home until 10pm . you know you shouldn’t , but actually monster munch , a pasty and 10 bottles of lucozade are exactly what you need to see you through .
ann’s pasties a ‘proper’ cornish girl through and through ann learnt how to make pasties the best way you can – from her mother ! she’s now somewhat of a pasty maestro and having drawn people far and wide to her brightly coloured pasty shop on the lizard she has pleased her legion of fans by opening a second shop in helston and supplying a select pick of delis and shops . “delicious and the very best ! ” says gill wiley – here , here !
it’s only because you care and you just want to get to the end of your trip in one piece ( and with a fully - functioning horse and vehicle ) .
purists might say that the meat should be beef skirt ( not steak ) , and the pastry should be short - crust . i ' m pretty sure that 19th century tin - miners – who cooked up the original pasty as a handy form of packed lunch – would have been glad of any meat content ( i believe they used to put apple at one end ) . but i agree with the cornish pasty association , no artificial flavourings nor additives should be allowed .
please keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .
[ quote ] oh what lovely horse . when i worked with the shires our sister farm had the world record tallest horse . he was called boringdon black king and he stood at 19 . 3hh . that was back in the early 90 ' s . king has since passed on . his best friend was a 8hh shetland . [ / quote ] i remember him ! he often appeared in horse & amp ; pony mag . the shetland as well i absolutely love heavyweight horses - most of them are so lovely and gentle .
other sweets are available , but we reckon these little delights are 100 % necessary for any horse - related travel ( even if you’re just going 10 minutes down the road ) .
pasty ( gb ) gr . f , 1973 { 19 - b } dp = 23 - 4 - 2 - 0 - 7 ( 36 ) di = 3 . 50 cd = 1 . 00 - 10 starts , wins , places , shows
horse & jockey bakery when size matters follow your nose to the horse and jockey bakery in helston and porthleven . renowned for their ample proportions , the pasties hang off the side of a plate ( a true sign that you’ve got a goodun’ ) and pack a big punch when it comes flovour . they get patricia bastow’s vote on facebook as well as an avalanche of others !
pasty was a
neat , well - made
grey mare bred in england by her owner percival williams . she was from the second crop of foals sired by raffingora , a very fast horse who won the king george stakes and several major handicap races including the cherkley sprint handicap at epsom downs racecourse when he ran five furlongs in 53 . 89 seconds under a weight of 140 pounds . he was beginning to make a mark as a breeding stallion in europe when he was exported to japan in 1973 . pasty ' s dam ma marie was a granddaughter of the broodmare scotia ' s glen , whose other descendants included the 2000 guineas winner our babu and the eclipse stakes winner king of the tudors .
personally , i wouldn ' t touch a ginsters . genuinely cornish , yes , but i ' ve seen and smelt the factory ( in callington , since you asked ) . what about the ubiquitous west cornwall pasty company ? yep , they are all
hand - made
in falmouth . based in buckinghamshire , though - with outlets in leeds , norwich , reading station , bristol , bath ( thank goodness , because i do get an urge for a pasty when i ' m a long way from home ) .
very tasty . big . i cut mine in half & fry off the other half with baked beans . 2 meals 1 pasty . i ' ve even had to take some into work they ' re well received . a bit of cornwall in the midlands . x
a posting from the royal on another thread said that the horse was spooked by carriages in the adjacent ring and alot of the horses in same class were upset . maybe this time the horse / owners were not to blame for putting in a poorly prepared horse . very unfortunate incident but when will show organisers wake up and do ring plans with some common sense , even the most seasoned show horse can get upset at carriages and drays . like the time they put the ladies hunters in a small ring immediately next to the fairground at newbury . the ride next to the ring was one of those towers that has seats on chains that the faster it goes the farther out the seats spin in the air - actually in the air space of one side of the ring !
i didn ' t see that post but in the ror class at cheshire one horse was being a * * * * * in the go round and the judge said she wouldn ' t ride it and the girl left the ring . this horse was spinning broncing and generally being a right pig . my horse is quite sharp and sensetive but he was well mannered enough to not let his tension make him misbehave , the judge rode him really well and i couldn ' t of been happier , but had he misbehaved i wouldn ' t of expected her to ride him . i think it is rude of people to think the judge ought to ride their horse , if its that badly behaved with a familiar jockey then its not the judges job to sort it out . they are judges .
in order to adopt a targeted strategic worm control plan for your horse and save you money , penbode equine vets advise that you should have a worm egg count done on each of your horses in may / june , and a second one in august . we can then advise you whether worming of your horse is required or is unnecessary , potentially reducing your worming costs and delaying the development or resistance .
hg i believe that umenno is doing well in young horse classes in switzerland just now , as that is where he is based . he has qualified for the swiss 6yr old showjumping champs with rudi wallerbosch .
but mr cazacut , owner of doly - com , the abattoir where the horse meat came from , said he had his suspicions but refused to make public who he believes is behind the £300 , 000 fraud .
rebel morrow has been riding since before she could walk and was the highest placed australian at the athens olympics on her horse oaklea groover . rebel originally comes from kilcoy in rural queensland and comes from a strong horse background . rebel’s mum , vicky , was a professional horse trainer winning multiple state and national titles in western pleasure . rebel’s dad wayne was a horseman who broke in their horses and now works as a master farrier . rebel , and her brother lyndon were in the australian youth western pleasure team that toured america in 1988 . the morrow’s then met the infamous simon kale who introduced them to eventing , and got rebel up and running as a successful junior .
pasty began her three - year - old season in the fred darling stakes over seven furlongs at newbury racecourse in april in which she finished fourth behind rowantree , solar and manilata . in the 1000 guineas over the rowley mile course at newmarket , pasty started 12 / 1 second favourite but made little impression , finishing twentieth of the twenty - five runners behind the french - trained favourite flying water . at royal ascot she again ran poorly , finishing last of the eight runners behind kesar queen . she was then dropped in class but did not recover her form , finishing unplaced in two handicap races over six furlongs .
as dermot ryan , manager of ashford , said in an email :
for those people that want to operate at the very highest levels of the game you can ' t afford to ignore a horse like american pharoah .
sport homepage | football | cricket | rugby union | rugby league | tennis | golf | motorsport | boxing | athletics | snooker | horse racing | cycling | disability sport | olympics 2012 | sport relief | other sport . . .
we think this is unique in the uk – a guided full day’s trail ride which also includes a stop to enjoy a guided tour and tasting at a world - renowned winery ! camel valley have been producing award - winning wines since 1989 and offer a fascinating tour around the winery , which also includes a glass of one of their wonderful wines . we head out from hallagenna across bodmin moor before joining the camel trail . if we are lucky we might catch sight of the steam train on the bodmin – wenford railway line . enjoying a pasty lunch before starting our tour . it’s then a pleasant ride back to hallagenna . £160 per person including pasty .
pengenna pasties the crimp of a pasty is as important as the ingredients and pengenna pasties in bude , tintagel and st ives is one of the few cornish bakers firmly in the top crimp camp – and it works ! our facebook friends couldn’t wait to heap praise on their ‘homemade deliciousness’ and gave lots of thanks for their vegan variety .
– or rather a photograph of the late john thaw , who played the cerebral sleuth on itv . he was occupying part of the abundance of wood panelling around the ancient walls and below the sloping beams of the 16th - century white horse in oxford .
it was me that made the original post , i wasnt trying to be rude or teasy that the judge didnt ride my horse i was just asking a question as i have never done showing classes before . i do agree that it would be dangerous for a judge to get on a horse if it is misbehaving that badly , i wouldnt get on a horse i didnt no if it was going mad , but abbey was just jogging and was a bit fresh thats all . this past weekend she was a little star and the judge said she gave her a very nice balanced ride , and we got pulled in 4th out or a field of around 10 , so i think she was just a little excited last week . i hope the judge recovers quickly .
in time , though , you get to happy valley . the tram took longer than expected , which meant i failed in my fatherly duty . in true pre - k fashion , my daughter instructed me to bet the first horse in the first race to come in first—that would have been namjong turbo being ridden by kc leung—but i didn ' t make the 7 : 15 post . i bet the kid ' s birthday trifecta in the fifth—china delight , strathtay , and endorsing , in order—but only the last horse came in .
i am a teacher with many years experience , judged outstanding and i have decided to take some of my resources which i ' ve shared to over half a million downloaders freely to my shop . i want to share and enjoy more time with my dogs in cornwall . thank you for buying and helping me live my dream - one pasty at a time : )
i agree . i took a horse to windsor once that had been basically re - brken it was in such a state when we got it but it had been to several local shows and behaved perfectly and clients had ridden him in the school so i had no worries when the late vin toulson got on him . . . . . until he took off at a dead run and completed two laps before vin could pull him up . lucky the ground was good and the horse apppropiately studded or there would have been an accident the speed they went round the corners . most judges will get on most horses but sometimes they hae to decide if its worth the risk . chances are if the horse is misbehaving enough to make them dubious it isnt going to be placed anyway so why risk it ?
continuing with a theme here . riders legs , never being out of breeches , can be so pasty in relation to the corresponding arms that they actually reflect sunlight when on a rare sunday afternoon off they are exposed to a few rays . given this unprecedented exposure they will proceed to turn the shade of a winner’s rosette in the time it takes to ride prelim 18 .
almost all the draught beers here were comparatively local . there was a white horse bitter from stanford in the vale and a nicely balanced copper - coloured session ale called oxford prospect , brewed even closer to home . plus the zesty brakspear oxford gold from witney , 12 miles away .
philps rarely without a queue of drooling customers snaking out of the door , this west cornwall bakery had the praise rolling in from our pasty connoisseurs . “consistently hot and flavoursome with the pastry packed to bursting” says margaret deady while janet ward - stanley echoed the words of many when she said “yummy , yummy , yummy” . grab one in hayle , marazion or praze - an - beeble .
the pasties are not 100 % reliable ( go early , before they go limp from hanging around on the cafeteria - style counter ) , but they are utterly authentic , homemade by mrs margaret burford . the views are fantastic , too ( eat your oggie overlooking the atlantic ) and as part of the geevor tin mine museum , you couldn ' t get closer to the pasty ' s roots .
it was the advent of cornish mining in the 19th century that really brought the pasty into its own and made it an important part of the life of so many cornish families . pasties were taken down the mines by the adults and children who worked there ; the shape and size made them ideal for carrying , and they became the staple for the daily ‘crib’ or ‘croust’ – cornish dialect for a bite to eat , usually taken mid - morning . it is thought that the miners gave the pasty its distinctive d shape too – the crust became a handle , which was discarded to prevent contaminating the food with grubby , possibly arsenic - ridden hands . others will dispute this , arguing that miners ate their pasties wrapped in muslin or paper bags so that they could enjoy every last bit , as we do today .
no one knows this better than ashford . in 2000 , coolmore , headed by irishman john magnier , shelled out a reported $ 70 million , the most money ever spent on a horse , for the breeding rights of kentucky derby winner fusaichi pegasus . to magnier , and the rest of the horse racing industry , a derby winner with a blue - chip pedigree and the body of adonis seemed like a license to print money . fupeg , as he is known in racing circles , started out his stallion career in february of his four - year - old year , just like pharoah will , but for a price of $ 150 , 000 . and just like pharoah will be , fupeg was matched with the best mares money could buy . to date , fupeg has not produced a kentucky derby winner or a horse with a household name . his fee has sunk to $ 7 , 500 .
for a long time , horse racing had little competition . it ' s only recently people in hong kong can even watch soccer from around the world ,
says larry yeung , the hkjc media communications manager . to which ip added gravely ,
we never underestimate the threats from other forms of entertainment .
“i did anything that was around because there wasn’t a lot on . i did pony club and everything that goes with it . my pony club instructor was beryl sabidina and i also did every clinic i could . i always wanted to event , i don’t know why but i probably read about it in the horse magazine . ”
now , i do like a good pasty , i really do . my husband reckons i ' m genetically programmed to sniff one out the moment i get within a mile or two of , say , bodmin moor . and it ' s kind of true . as soon as i cross the border ( welcome to kernow , goodbye devon ) , i get an itch , a hunger for a hot pasty . and it ' s a hunger that , after years of practice , i can quickly satisfy . two miles into cornwall on the a30 , there ' s a couple of butchers in launceston who make a half - decent oggie ; on the a38 , i ' d recommend paul bray & son in tideford ( 10 minutes , the other side of the tamar bridge ) . but i have to say , i ' ve kissed a lot of frogs during my long quest for the handsome prince of pasties .
“i then moved to nsw in 1999 , to base with tarsha and took my 3 * horse oaklea reprieve and a young one showing a bit of potential called groover . moving down to nsw was the turning point to becoming professional , living and breathing it 24 / 7 and being amongst the most competitive riders in the country . ”
pasty began her racing career in the dr abernethy maiden plate over five furlongs at wolverhampton racecourse in june . racing against moderate opposition she took the lead in the final furlong and won by one and a half lengths . in july she won a minor race over five furlongs at sandown park racecourse and was then moved up in class for the lavant stakes over the same distance at goodwood racecourse . receiving weight from her three opponents , she started odds - on favourite and won by one and a half lengths from the ian balding - trained key to the kingdom . in august , pasty , ridden by pat eddery started at odds of 15 / 8 for the group two lowther stakes over six furlongs at york racecourse . she was one of five fillies still in contention a furlong from the finish and drew ahead to win by a length from the seaton delaval stakes winner sweet nightingale from whom she was receiving three pounds .
colin dexter would have liked the white horse , i suspect . not , perhaps , on a friday or saturday evening when its limited floor - space would be heaving with students from nearby trinity college , but certainly at lunchtime , with little to interrupt the flow of thought : no jukebox or background music ; no games machines ; no tv .
horse racing is to hong kong as college basketball is to kentucky , cricket is to india , and table tennis is to mainland china . it ' s the national pastime , but for real , not like baseball in the united states . let matt hegarty , industry reporter for the daily racing form , explain through the lens of american myopia :
the important thing – i ' ll just get the flag out – is that no jumped - up , made - in - slough , mince - and - mash , flakey - pastry , crimped - on - top , just - pretending - to - be cornish pasties can take our name in vain . it ' s got to be proper cornish , ok . with that in mind , here are 5 of the best ( in my opinion ) places to go for a pasty .
may or june is the best time . the dung sample should only be collected when your horse has not been wormed for at least eight weeks ( 13 weeks if you last used the equest wormer ) otherwise you could have an artificially low worm egg count . please seek individual advice from our vets for all horses less than four years old and pregnant mares .
it ' s a teenage boy ' s dream : from the middle of february till june , three times a day , pharoah will mate with upwards of 200 of the fastest , richest and most beautiful mares in the land . each roll in the hay will only take about 30 seconds , but each will carry the hope that another great horse will be born .
“the plan had always been for me to have a year off to ride after i finished school before starting university , but the 2 - star horse i had at the time had a few soundness issues in late 2000 , so with no guarantee of having a high level horse to ride in 2001 i ended up at uni a year earlier than expected . this was one of those occasions in life that a departure from the script turns out to be really positive , as it meant that i never had that opportunity to put study off for a year and then another year until it all got too distant . i never got out of the habit of studying , which is an easy thing to let slip by the wayside if you get caught up in riding . ”
another 100 % agreement here . i ' ve given up ride judging because of the amount of ill prepared horses that are brought in to the ring , & amp ; the ' oh well if you ' re not brave enough ' attitude from the competitors . i ' m not there to prove anything to anybody , mny job in the ring is to select what is in my opinion the best horse in the class . if part of that assessment is to decline to ride something then just accept it , take the horse home , & amp ; do some more work on it . some ride judges aren ' t the best but the whole point is the horse should be well mannered enough to go for anybody for the 3 - 4 minutes that it ' s being ridden . it ' s a real bugbear of mine that quality horses who are obviously being sharp & amp ; aren ' t penalised for it at the upper levels . judges shouldn ' t ignore bad behavior because their riding skills allow them to deal with it . all the rule books say that manners are of paramount importance & amp ; ride judges as well as competitors should remember that
the gold stood up very nicely to the curried chicken in my south african “bunny chow” . no , i’d never heard of it either , despite having been to cape town twice . it originated in durban , apparently . lovely big and spicy chicken chunks , served in a hollowed - out loaf ; in the white horse at least , there are some properly roasted potatoes in there , too .
so , pro tip : if you ' re planning on throwing down some cash at happy valley , know that the number four is unlucky . it ' s an old superstition , as the word for four sounds like the word for death . tradition , however , only goes so far .
if chinese people think four horse going to win , they bet on it ,
says yip .
there was no international classification of european two - year - olds in 1975 : the official handicappers of britain , ireland and france compiled separate rankings for horses which competed in those countries . in the british free handicap , pasty was the top - rated two - year - old filly , a pound ahead of dame foolish and eight behind the leading colt wollow . the independent timeform organisation awarded her a rating of 122 , six pounds below the french filly theia . timeform did not award the filly a rating as a three - year - old .
3 . ) hong kong jockey club , today : imagine if the nfl itself owned the teams , stadiums , players , broadcast rights , all of the television networks , food and beverage , and every legal wager placed on every game . it isn ' t horse - apples - to - apples , but that generally describes the hong kong jockey club . if you will please , mr . hegarty :
“it still brings a smile to my face , so yeah it’s worth it . whether it’s your young horse winning its first intro event or giving your student the confidence to jump a fence they didn’t think was possible . watching the total bliss on your horses face while you scratch his itchy bum , or seeing my parents shed a tear while they watched me ride at the olympics . it’s all good . ”
american pharoah didn ' t immediately impress the racing cognoscente . a solid bay horse with middle - of - the - road pedigree , he was once described as looking like a
plain brown wrapper
as a yearling and he didn ' t impress buyers enough to pay the $ 300 , 000 reserve price his breeders and then - owners , zayat stables put on the colt when they put him up for auction .
for me , the competition is what it’s all about . eventing is such an exhilarating sport , and i do enjoy my dressage as well . i find the training process itself so rewarding and sometimes the rides you have at home bring as much joy as winning an event . riding professionally allows you to concentrate on training and improving every day on every horse , and bringing a horse up the grades is gratifying . it’s a great feeling to get in the truck with some nice horses on the back and head off in a different direction every weekend and test ourselves , our horses , and our training . we have a fabulous spirit in our little eventing community , and the people and horses we meet are pretty special . the other bonus is that we get to work for ourselves in the great outdoors , that deserves a special celebratory party right there .
because , despite all advice , reason and common sense , you can’t face staying in your boots all day in this heat , and so swap out of your long , sensible , protective footwear into trainers . trainers that have holes in them — either because they’re your old , knackered trainers that are now consigned to the yard , or because they’re your smart running trainers you paid extra for to have holes in , to make you more aerodynamic or something , and they happen to be in the car and it won’t destroy them to wear them at the yard just this once ( it will ) . you will inevitably end up hosing off a horse in these shoes . because it’s hot . so hot you even put your trainers on . and if you avoid hosing off a horse in them you’ll spill not insignificant amounts from a water bucket over one anyway .
i put this basic question to a number people at the track : what is it about hong kong and horse racing ? like everything in life outside of win , place , and show , there is no definitive answer . there are many non - definitive ones , though . they run eight a pop at happy valley , so in clip - cloppity synchronicity : sound the trumpet . load the chute . and we ' re off .
“i’ve always been competitive with whatever i do , but i was more interested in playing rugby for australia than riding . when i left school i didn’t want to get a job so i thought i’d ride horses so it just happened for me as opposed to me desperately wanting to be a horse rider . anything i do i want to be good at , and it dawned on me one day that this is what i could do . ”
so what you ' re looking for is this : under new protected status , a genuine cornish pasty must be made in cornwall . it must have a distinctive
d
shape , crimped on one side ( never on top ) ; the filling should be
chunky
( minced or roughly cut chunks of beef – representing no less than 12 . 5 % of the content ) ; add potato , swede ( in cornwall , some of us call it turnip ) , onion and a light seasoning , packed into a pastry case (
golden in colour , savoury , glazed with milk or egg and robust enough to retain its shape
) and slowly baked .
laying down the law on quality is all very well , but there ' s a lot of genuinely cornish pasties out there that couldn ' t satisfy a single one of the directive ' s must haves . steak , yes , but just a solitary chunk lost in a sticky potato stodge ; or lots of rather grey meat that looks like it ' s been boiled , or been through a hot - wash cycle . add gristle . add heavy , lardy pastry ( pet hate : chomping through a wall of the stuff before you hit the filling ) . light seasoning ? how many post - pasty hours have i spent looking for pints of water to drown the salt .
mr reynolds was a member of the committee which formed the new brighton trotting club . he was a life member of three racing clubs in canterbury . in 1890 mr reynolds invented a starting clock and was appointed a starter . this prevented him from racing horse but he was one of the nine men invited by the late mr h mace to his home , brooklyn lodge , north brighton where the new brighton trotting club was formed . mr reynolds later resigned as starter and took up the position of timekeeper .
excellent jockey and was lucky to be at warwick one day when his mount just held on in a driving finish . it was at that point when i first saw a jockey virtually carry his horse over the line . sad to hear of his passing , even sadder to hear of his battle with the demon drink , but he leaves me with many happy memories none more so than being at paddockside to cheer home his last st leger win on silver patriach . . . . was it really 18 years ago : - 0
now , back to the article : “dateline - baraga , february 17th . louie lashapell , a french - canadian under the influence of 40 rod made a racehourse of the dss & a track . he got along about a mile in grand style , when the passenger train overtook him , and before the train could be stopped , he found himself 40 feet in the air . he came down uninjured , but the poor horse was cut up in a horrible manner , and the cutter was knocked into first class kindling wood . ”
hi , i am 14 and am 100 % decided on horse riding as a career path . i know i would like to do eventing and it is early days , however i am looking for some advice for what i could do to gain experience . i have riding lessons every 2 weeks and have been looking at volunteering , however i was wondering when i should start looking for apprenticeships ? i am aiming to finish my education first , but would you have any tips for me to become prepared for that other professional riders were not ?
“the time i spent at uni allowed me to learn to ride at a professional level without having the pressure of being a professional . it allowed me to mature as a rider and competitor . as a pro , everything you do with a horse has more riding on it because it is your sole purpose in life . if you’re not ready for that , either because your riding isn’t quite established , or you don’t have the horses or even if you lack the maturity and confidence in yourself then you risk being burned by the whole experience . ”
the marquette mining journal published an article about an incident that occurred on this day in 1888 , but it requires a bit of background to understand . a rod is a unit of measurement equal to 5 and a half yards . a type of whiskey in those days was known as “40 rod” , because when purchased that’s about as far it usually stays inside the jug . the dss & a is the duluth , south shore and atlantic railroad . and finally , a cutter is a small sleigh , usually seating one person and drawn by a single horse .
i remember the post fmm and i entirely agree with you . such a shame the judge was injured hope they get better very soon . as well as we know our horses , we can ' t expect a stranger to know them , nor take our word for it when it is in a strange environment . yes , riding is a risk anyway , but riding an unknown horse in what can be a ' scary ' environment , puts even more risk out there . i think judges are well within their rights to decline riding something if they have any doubt .
“have a high tolerance level to anything annoying . a horse whinnying all night and day because it’s left its friends , bloody flies , they really get to you . but really , i think you have to have to understand that this sport and profession has no limits , no boundaries . it’s not sensitive to stress and pain and at times things are just completely out of your hands . it can be really tough , any you have to be able to survive all of it and take each day as it comes and never lose sight of why you started… for the love of that animal . ”
kevin is one of our most determined , focused and competitive professional riders . he rides an exhaustible amount of horses at most events and is a great producer of horses . the energy and enthusiasm that he puts into his huge operation is inspiring , and he freely admits to having tunnel vision when it comes to achieving his goals . kevin grew up in north queensland on a dairy farm in millaa millaa , and stated his intentions early by asking for his first horse at two years of age . his non - horsey parents obliged and started the ball rolling on a career that will undoubtedly be one of the best australia has produced .
i threw a bit of scratch on another race , but i don ' t even remember which one , or what horse won . i was too intoxicated by the experience—also : by tsingtao—to do the thing where i pretend to read the racing form in some official manner . or to try my luck . to test my providence . to lay some wood on a winner , blissfully unaware that 2015 is considered a fortunate one for those of us born in a year of the pig . had i only known to trifecta my lucky oinking numbers , 2 - 5 - 8 . i didn ' t know . i was far from home . i don ' t believe in fate .
5 . ) happy valley jockey club , tomorrow : horse racing has long been emperor in hong kong , and the sport doesn ' t run the risk of becoming trapped in a claustrophobic niche as it has in the united states . still , things fluctuate . as of late , the hong kong jockey club is on a roll . 2013 - 14 turnover was up 11 percent over the previous year , and nader projects another increase this year .
it was down when i got here in 2007 , but now every year is record - breaking ,
he says .
i had a lot of good years working for the nyra , but here , it ' s heaven . if i could trade it for another life , i wouldn ' t .
it ' s a stereotype that can be taken too far , but gambling isn ' t simply a form of ( somewhat ) illicit entertainment in this part of the world .
like westerners , asian horse players believe that through research , strategy , insight , and mental sharpness , you will get the desired result ,
says professor chung - ying cheng of the university of hawaii at manoa , one of the leading chinese philosophy scholars in the united states .
where there is a difference is the belief that the skills have come from providence . that you ' re blessed , and that although you ' re not in charge of the outcome , fortune combines with your character to present opportunities . luck is something you encounter with equal chance of success and failure . it ' s an ancient idea , so why not try your luck ?
working in the great outdoors when it’s 40 degrees , blowing a gale or raining . some of the horses we get to meet can be not so nice , and sometimes i think that i should get on board with a piece of ribboned string tied to my tail so i make a prettier kite when i fly . the bank account : that can be ugly too , that’s when you get to meet mr stress , he and i are great friends . lameness : especially before major events . not funny . and the one thing i just hate is when you ( accidentally of course ) bat yourself in the face as you attempt to swat one of the million flies that invade your personal space . or , picture this one . on a young horse , one hand on the reins , one on the monkey strap and said fly gets trapped under your sunglasses ! nice .
lesson engages pupils in the story of the trojan war by teaching pupils how to draw the trojan horse . the lesson includes links to video , snap shops and ideas for other cross curriculua work . lesson plan and all the resources you need for an outstanding art / history lesson . engaging activities and notebook file which leads you and the pupils through the lesson . part of a full series on ancient greeks available either separately or as a full pack at a reduced cost . i have been teaching over twenty years and have been an adviser and leader of teaching and learning in a school . i have been consistently judged as outstanding including whilst been observed by a lead inspector teaching these lessons . i h ope that the resources save you time and energy and engage your pupils . i have tried all the lessons myself and used them in my own recent teaching . objectives support english skills and cross curricula skills . matched to the new curriculum .