colomesus asellus , the amazon puffer , asell puffer , south american freshwater puffer or peruvian puffer .

is a species of pufferfish confined to the amazon , essequibo and orinoco basins in tropical south america .

it is a popular aquarium species .

colomesus asellus

cyndy parr set
image of colomesus asellus
as an exemplar on
colomesus asellus ( müller and troschel , 1849 )
.
asellus : derivation unclear ; possibly from the latin asellus , meaning ‘small donkey’ .
a ) colomesus tocantinensis nov . sp . – tocantins ( holotype pnt . uerj . 405 highlighted in white ) ; b ) colomesus asellus – iquitos ; c ) colomesus asellus – belém .
the analyses included the following taxa : tetraodon nigroviridis , tetraodon biocellatus , sphoeroides testudineus , lagocephalus laevigatus , colomesus asellus , colomesus psittacus , and the freshwater colomesus from the tocantins drainage .
the two species can be distinguished by size ( colomesus psittacus being much larger when mature ) and colouration . colomesus asellus has a black patch on the underside of the caudal peduncle , a feature not seen on colomesus psittacus .
older books sometimes describe the south american pufferfish as colomesus psittacus , a name that actually belongs to a related species that lives in estuaries and shallow marine habitats . the correct scientific name for the south american pufferfish is in fact colomesus asellus .
pufferfish generally have a reputation for being aggressive loners , but one species that isn ' t is the south american pufferfish colomesus asellus , often simply called the sap .
its really hard to identify c . asellus from c . psittacus , the best way i found out is to count the black bars on their body . c . asellus has 5 bars and c . psittacus has 6 .
colomesus species diagnosed by six to seven basal pterygiophores and nine rays in the anal fin ( contra ten to eleven in both c . asellus and c . psittacus ) ; ten basal pterygiophores and rays in the dorsal fin ( contra eleven for both c . asellus and c . psittacus ) ; the absence of dermal flaps across the chin ( contra its presence uniquely in c . asellus ) ; a caudal peduncle with eight vertebrae ; and an opercle with a posterior ventral border subdivided in a ventral and a posterior region , the herein called “inverted v” shape ( contra the triangular opercle exhibited by both c . asellus and c . psittacus ) .
coi amplicons were obtained from all the specimens included in the analyses . the obtained sequences clearly identified both previous accepted colomesus species ( c . asellus and c . psittacus ) , therefore being in accordance with the previous morphological diagnose presented by [ 46 ] .
colomesus psittacus is a component of the marine aquarium trade , however there no indications at present time of declines from harvesting .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for colomesus psittacus however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas .
araujo - lima , c . a . r . m . , d . savastano , and l . cardeliquio jordão , 1994 - revue d ' hydrobiologie tropicale 27 ( 1 ) : 33 - 38 drift of colomesus asellus ( teleostei : tetraodontidae ) larvae in the amazon river .
colomesus tocantinensis nov . sp . urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 9b8accb5 - ff55 - 4514 - 901b - 6366fb6ea307
the color pattern of colomesus tocantinensis nov . sp . is essentially the same as that of colomesus asellus , with five transverse dark bars across the dorsal region of the body . a dark blotch on the underside of the caudal peduncle , which is a state used by [ 46 ] to diagnose colomesus asellus , is present or absent , being vestigial to unobservable or absent in several specimens . the interspaces between the dark bars are light yellow , with gradually decreasing pigmentation and becoming white in the ventral region ( figure 6 ) . however , the light yellow to pale pattern presented by c . tocantinensis nov . sp . clearly contrasts with the gold - yellow pattern present in specimens from iquitos and belém .
specimens of colomesus asellus were collected from three distinct populations with about 2200 km of mean distance separating them . the collection localities were ilha do mosqueiro , belém , brazil ; upper tocantins river - porto nacional , tocantins , brazil ; and nanay river - iquitos , peru ( figure 1 ) .
amazon puffer fish aka colomesus asellus are awesome fish . they are generally considered as peaceful and get to about 4 inches and can live in planted tanks with other fish . if you ' ve enjoyed this video and haven ' t already subscribed to our channel , please click that subscribe button now .
i finally picked up my first colomesus asellus puffer today . it is cute , fun , and very crazy . it hasn ' t stopped swimming even to rest ! it ' s always swimming around the tank ; sometimes
pacing ,
other times
hunting ,
and sometimes
searching !
the nasal sac is higher than that presented in the specimens of c . asellus . two large lateral and anteromedial nostrils are present . they are similar to those found on c . psittacus , rather than the two small nostrils exhibited by c . asellus . the anterior surface of the nasal sac is smooth while the posterior surface of it is folded as in c . psittacus , exhibiting a “t - shaped” ridge with a relatively small dorsal flap . this flap seems much smaller than the one found on c . asellus , although more flexible when compared to c . psittacus .
2 oliveira , js . , fernandes , scr . , schwartz , ca . , bloch , c . , melo , jat . , pires , or . , freitas , jc . toxicity and toxin identification in colomesus asellus , an amazonian ( brazil ) freshwater puffer fish , toxicon , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . toxicon . 2006 . 04 . 009
oliveira , j . s . , s . c . rego fernandes , c . a . schwartz , c . bloch jr . , j . a . taquita melo , o . r . pires jr . , and j . c . de freitas , 2006 - toxicon 48 ( 1 ) : 55 - 63 toxicity and toxin identification in colomesus asellus , an amazonian ( brazil ) freshwater puffer fish .
the neighbor - joining ( nj ) and maximum - likelihood ( ml ) result trees are presented in figures 2 and 3 , respectively . the genus colomesus was recovered as monophyletic inside the group formed by the sampled sphoeroides species , in except for sphoeroides pachygaster . lagocephalus was recovered in a basal phylogenetic position in relation to sphoeroides and colomesus , therefore corroborating recent results such as those presented by [ 43 ] – [ 45 ] .
based on a comprehensive analysis including both morphological and molecular methodologies using the cytochrome c oxidase i gene , we were able to discuss aspects of the phylogeny and phylogeography of the south american freshwater pufferfishes of the genus colomesus .
tyler , j . c . , 1964 - proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 116 : 119 - 148 a diagnosis of the two species of south american puffer fishes ( tetraodontidae , plectognathi ) of the genus colomesus .
colomesus was recovered deep inside the group formed by the remaining sphoeroides species , therefore suggesting sphoeroides as paraphyletic , with s . pachygaster being recovered as basal in relation to all the remaining sphoeroides species in all the analyses . additionally , colomesus was also recovered as the sister - taxa of the group formed by the species sphoeroides nephelus , s . tyleri , and s . greeleyi in the nj result , although it was recovered as the sister - taxa of s . greeleyi in the ml results .
deep sequence divergence was observed regarding the freshwater colomesus from the tocantins drainage ( figure 5 ) . the mean sequence divergence of the specimens from both belém and iquitos was estimated at 1 . 079 % , while the tocantins distances ranged from 1 . 955 % to 3 . 063 % , with a mean distance of 2 . 166 % . the observed sequence divergence values together with the congruence observed from both molecular and morphological phylogenetic approaches used here suggest the existence of an overlooked species within the genus colomesus .
the presence of dermal flaps across the chin is another character used by [ 46 ] to distinguish c . asellus from c . psittacus . no dermal flaps could be seen in the examined specimens from the tocantins river , although they are always present in examined specimens from iquitos and belém .
the neighbor - joining ( nj ) and maximum - likelihood ( ml ) trees that encompass the genera triodon , diodon , chilomycterus , lagocephalus , tetraodon , takifugu , sphoeroides , and colomesus , were constructed using the mega 5 . 06 software [ 40 ] .
our molecular results based on the coi marker agrees with the recent results such as [ 43 ] – [ 45 ] , and suggest that the genus sphoeroides should be revised , mainly regarding the phylogenetic position recovered for the genus colomesus , deeply nested within the sphoeroides tree , and the basal position recovered for s . pachygaster . we plan further investigations along these lines to reconcile any conflicts between these molecular hypotheses presented herein and morphologically based interpretations [ 47 ] of the phylogeny of the taxa of colomesus , sphoeroides , and lagocephalus .
citation : amaral crl , brito pm , silva da , carvalho ef ( 2013 ) a new cryptic species of south american freshwater pufferfish of the genus colomesus ( tetraodontidae ) , based on both morphology and dna data . plos one 8 ( 9 ) : e74397 . urltoken
in brazil , some marine puffers are sporadically consumed by the local population , and poisoning cases were reported . in spite of there being no reports of food poisonings or even consumption of freshwater puffers by people in the amazon region , we strongly recommend that consumption of the brazilian puffer fish c . asellus should be avoided .
within the genus colomesus , c . asellus can be immediately identified by possessing a unique transverse row of dermal flaps across the chin which is absent in its congeners c . psittacus and c . tocantinensis . it can be further told apart from the very similar c . tocantinensis by possession of 10 ( vs . 9 in c . tocantinensis ) anal - fin rays , 11 ( vs . 10 ) dorsal - fin rays , a triangular ( vs . notched ventrally , appearing as an inverted v ) opercle , base colour in dorsal portion of body golden yellow ( vs . light yellow to pale ) .
i bought two colomesus asellus 4 months ago with my christmas money , and they have been a joy to have ! they constantly follow their reflection up and down the front of the tank . as i am new to the hobby , and am only 13 years old , i am not sure if this is normal . i keep them in a 120 litre community tank , and have not experienced any problems so far . they have cleared my tank of snails , and i feed them red bloodorms three times a week . they are still young and are about 4 cm long , but are growing fast !
i have a group of six colomesus asellus in a 120 l planted freshwater tank . they are relatively peaceful amongst themselves - except at feeding time ! i would not personally keep them as community fish . they are extremely active and entertaining little fish . they are a true freshwater puffer , although some people occasionally keep them in mild brackish conditions . as with all puffers , snails need to comprise a major part of the diet to keep their teeth trimmed - mine readily accept malaysian trumpet snails ! small snails should be fed , approximately the size of the puffer ' s eye or slightly larger . overgrowth teeth is a common problem with
the t20g10 monoclonal antibody raised against ttx and used as an indirect competitive enzyme immunoassay showed very low affinity for c . asellus body extracts , indicating that ttx and its analogues are not the main toxic components of the extracts . this antibody was effective in detecting the presence of ttx in a total extract of sphoeroides spengleri , which is one of the most toxic puffer fish found in the atlantic ocean coast . extracts of c . asellus were toxic when intraperitoneally administered into mice . the hplc profile showed no traces of ttx but only the presence of paralytic shellfish poisons ( saxitoxin - stx , gonyautoxin 2 - gtx 2 , and gonyautoxin 3 - gtx 3 ) . these toxins were also confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry .
amaral , c . r . l . , p . m . brito , d . a . silva and e . f . carvalho , 2013 - plos one 8 ( 9 ) : 1 - 15 a new cryptic species of south american freshwater pufferfish of the genus colomesus ( tetraodontidae ) , based on both morphology and dna data .
colomesus : from the ancient greek χωλóς ( cholós ) , meaning ‘physically defective , crippled’ , and μέσος  ( mésos ) , meaning ‘middle’ , presumably in reference to the frontal bones being narrowed , not connected to the orbit , and with the elongated postfrontals connected to the prefrontals ( see gill 1884 , also note misspelling of χωλóς as κολoς ) .
the skull is partially similar to those found in colomesus asellus described and figured by [ 46 ] , although the frontals exhibit a wide posterior border and prominently participate in the orbital margin ( figures 7 – 9 ) . the prefrontals are triangular and articulate medially with the ethmoid , which posteriorly articulates with the frontals and anteriorly with the palatines ( figure 8 ) . the supraoccipital is roughly triangular and well developed , with an elongate posterior process which covers the first vertebrae ( figure 8 ) . the sphenotics articulate postero - laterally with the frontals and , in the examined specimens , they neither contact nor closely approach the prefrontals . the lateral wing of the sphenotics is only partially developed ( figure 8 ) . posterior to the sphenotics , the pterotics ( figures 7 and 8 ) articulates posteriorly with the slender supracleithrum and medially with the epiotics , which articulates medially with the supraoccipital ( figure 9 ) .
in lateral view , the skull is characterized by the wide preopercle with about 110 degrees between both horizontal and vertical rami ( figure 7 ) , with the preopercular canal running along its anterior border , and by the opercle which is divided in two distinct regions , having ventral and posterior wings , the herein called “inverted v” shape , distinct from the condition found in all other examined specimens of colomesus ( figure 10 ) . the subopercle is sturdy , with two small dorsal processes .
the holotype ( pnt . uerj . 405 ) is 29 , 62 mm sl ( figure 6 ) , with 10 , 37 mm hl ; the entire type - series ranges from 27 . 02 mm to 34 . 9 mm sl . the meristic and morphometric data of the type series is presented in table 2 . the extent of the dorsal and ventral lateral lines is similar to those found in c . asellus . the prickles extend along the dorsal , lateral , and ventral surfaces of the body , from the level of the eye to the origin of the dorsal fin .
although the influence of marine incursions after the miocene is still under debate , the caribbean ( or miocene ) marine incursion , via the llanos basin ( colombia - venezuela ) , is well accepted based on both geological and paleontological evidence , suggesting that these incursions may have isolated marine taxa within the western south america freshwater environments [ 48 ] – [ 52 ] . this might be the case for the freshwater tetraodontids . as pointed by [ 53 ] , this scenario predicts that the distribution of the marine sister groups of marine lineages should be related with the caribbean or western atlantic , the age of freshwater taxa should be coincident with marine incursions , and the biogeographic congruence should be observed among multiple unrelated taxa , conditions only partially filled by the genus colomesus .
greek , kolos = short , truncated + greek , mesos = a half ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 5 . 5 - 7 . 2 ; dh range : 5 - 15 . tropical ; 22°c - 28°c ( ref . 13614 )
south america : amazon river basin from peru to marajó island , including tributaries araguaia and guaporé rivers ; orinoco river basin near the mouth ; essequibo river basin .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 79673 )
found mostly in freshwater and coastal streams , but can tolerate brackish water . sometimes kept in aquariums ( ref . 26938 ) .
ortega , h . and r . p . vari , 1986 . annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of peru . smithson . contrib . zool . ( 437 ) : 1 - 25 . ( ref . 6329 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 03236 ( 0 . 01891 - 0 . 05537 ) , b = 2 . 85 ( 2 . 71 - 2 . 99 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 51 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .
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during a meeting of the international society on toxinology , which took place in paris , france , we found out that this species has been sold in japan by aquarists and the japanese scientists started to perform studies using these commercial specimens bought in shopping centers at ueno station , tokyo . at this time we should ask , how do these fish from amazon get to the shopping centers in japan ?
1 freitas , jc . , rangel , m . , oliveira , js . , zaharenko , aj . , rozas , e . an outline on marine toxinology studies in the brazilian coast . comm . toxicol . , 2003 , 9 , 1 - 22 .
3 oliveira , js . , pires junior , or . , morales , rav . , bloch junior , c . , schwartz , ca . , freitas , jc . . toxicity of puffer fish - two species ( lagocephalus laevigatus , linaeus 1766 and sphoeroides spengleri , bloch 1785 ) from the southeastern brazilian coast . j . venom . anim . toxins incl . trop . dis . , 2003 , 9 , 76 - 88 .
4 sawaya , p . , toxic marine invertebrates  venomous and noxious fishes of freshwater . mem . inst . butantan , 1966 , 33 , 31 - 34 .
caixa postal 577 18618 - 000 botucatu sp brazil tel . / fax : + 55 14 3814 - 5555 | 3814 - 5446 | 3811 - 7241 jvat @ urltoken
, freshwater to brackish puffers , burrfishes / porcupinefishes , tobies / sharpnose puffers , boxfishes , puffy & mr . nasty ,
the explanation for this surely comes from its distinctive mode of reproduction . most other freshwater pufferfish guard their eggs and fry , but south american pufferfish do not . they simply scatter their eggs onto the substrate , and the fry , once they emerge , spend a period of time floating down the river as plankton . consequently south american pufferfish have no reason to be territorial . in fact they are not tied to one particular place at all , and instead migrate up and down rivers , often moving into lakes for part of the year .
indeed , being such active swimmers makes south american puffers very distinctive in terms of aquarium maintenance . things like caves and other hiding places are largely irrelevant . while they certainly like a quiet corner behind a plant when they ' re sleeping , these fish are otherwise constantly on the move . so aquarium space and water current are much more important than is the case with other , usually less active , puffer species .
fishbase and other academic sources report a maximum length of 15 cm , but aquarium fish never get that big ; 7 - 8 cm ( about 3 inches ) is usual .
south american pufferfish are found in a variety of habitats , from quite soft and acidic rivers like the rio negro through to the estuary of the amazon river . in other words , water chemistry itself is not particularly important . anything between ph 6 - 8 , 5 - 20 degrees dh will suit them well . while not common in brackish water habitats , they will do well in low salinity systems up to around sg 1 . 005 .
on the other hand , as with all pufferfish , water quality should be good . by pufferfish standards , south american puffers can be considered hardy , and they are certainly less sensitive to nitrate than things like tetraodon mbu . but that doesn ' t mean that they will put up with bad water quality for long . generous filtration and regular water changes are essential . taking into consideration their need for strong water current , canister filters ( either internal or external ) offering water turnover of 6 - 10 times the volume of the tank per hour are in order . change 25 - 50 % of the water per week , aiming for less than 20 mg / l nitrate if possible , and certainly no more than 50 mg / l .
unlike almost all other freshwater pufferfish , south american pufferfish are not territorial and exhibit no aggressive behaviour towards their own kind or other species . in fact they are nervous when kept singly , and become much less
neurotic
when kept in groups . during the daytime fish will follow one another around briefly , often squabbling over food ; but at night ( or if alarmed ) they will settle on the substrate as a group .
in the wild breeding seems to be similar to that of pelagic pufferfish , with the parents exhibiting no broodcare at all . the eggs are relatively small and the fry are planktonic . breeding behaviour has not been ( knowingly ) observed in aquaria , and in all probability rearing the fry will be very difficult .
in broad terms these fish are hardy , and when sick respond well to medications ( such as esha 2000 for finrot and fungus ) and heal quickly .
however , two aspects of healthcare need mentioning . for whatever reason , south american puffers are very prone to whitespot ( ick ) and are often among the first fish to show the symptoms such as
flashing
against rocks and the white cysts on the skin . treatment needs to be prompt if serious problems are to be avoided . i have used esha exit to treat whitespot on south american puffers without any problems , but because puffers tend to be sensitive to certain chemicals , it ' s a good idea to observe your fish closely during any treatment . alternatively , adding tonic salt to the aquarium at a dose of 3 grammes per litre and raising the temperature to around 28 degrees c should kill the parasites without doing the pufferfish any long - term harm .
the other major healthcare issue with south american puffers is the rate at which their teeth grow . even by pufferfish standards , this species has peculiarly fast - growing teeth . while some hobbyists ( myself included ) have managed to slow down tooth growth by manipulating the diet so that it contains crunchy foods like snails , in reality most aquarists will find themselves needing to
trim
the teeth one or more times per year .
while this might sound a bit nerve - wracking , it ' s actually pretty easy and a lot less stressful for the fish than having an overgrown beak that prevents it feeding properly .
whether or not the south american pufferfish is a good community fish can be argued both ways . on the one hand , it is not aggressive and it doesn ' t view live fish as food , except perhaps livebearer fry but on the other hand the south american puffer is a confirmed fin - nipper . when hungry it will view the fins of slow - moving and long - finned fish as food . while not unusual in this regard ( many tetras and barbs behave the same way ) this does mean that it can ' t be kept with many of the most popular community fish . angelfish , gouramis , congo tetras , livebearers , corydoras and so on are all likely to be nipped .
in my experience , the safest tankmates are those that hide all day ( like synodontis catfish ) and those that are very fast swimmers ( such as glassfish and bleeding heart tetras ) . but if this approach is to work the tank will need to be reasonably large so that these fish can keep out the way of the puffers .
the ideal situation though is surely to keep a group of south american puffers by themselves . being nicely coloured , constantly active , and not too big , a pack of half a dozen specimens would look great in a 125 - 180 litre / 33 - 44 gallon tank .
often pushed as the
community tank puffer
this is only fair up to a point , and these are still nippy fish at time . but they are quite easy to keep , hardy , and generally very well behaved aquarium fish . for the aquarist looking for a pufferfish species that is exciting to watch as well as attractive and interesting , it ' s hard to think of a better species than the south american puffer !
occurs throughout much of the amazon basin in brazil , colombia , peru , and ecuador , including the amazonas / solimões main channel plus the rios pará , tocantins , jari , xingu , tapajós , uatumã , madeira , trombetas , negro , purus , tefé , japurá / caquetá , juruá , jutaí , içá / putomayo , javary , ampiyacu , amacayacú , napo , nanay , marañón , and ucayali , with its range extending at least as far upstream as pucallpa in eastern peru .
there are also numerous records from drainages north of the amazon mouth including the essequibo and waini in guyana , and lower orinoco in venezuela . it appears to be absent from french guiana and suriname .
has been recorded in lower , middle , and upper river basins with habitats including sandbars , beaches , floodplain lakes , banks with overhanging vegetation , and fast - flowing rapids over bedrock , boulders , and stones . it is mostly collected from habitats with high oxygen levels , suggesting that it may be sensitive to low oxygen availability .
it is adaptable , penetrating into tributaries of the upper amazon , but also occuring in the amazon and orinoco delta regions , although it does not tend to be found in highly acidic black - waters .
the maximum recorded length in wild specimens is 128 mm , but aquarium reports suggest 70 – 80 mm to be typical .
choice of décor is not especially critical though it should be maintained in a well - decorated set - up . the addition of floating or overhanging vegetation and driftwood roots or branches also seems to be appreciated .
this species is intolerant of organic waste and require spotless water in order to thrive . moderate levels of dissolved oxygen and water movement are also recommended , meaning additional powerheads , pumps , etc . , should be employed as necessary . a linear flow pump may prove a useful addition , while weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % should be considered mandatory .
wild examples can be delicate and sensitive to white spot / ich post - import , so a lengthy quarantine period may be required .
tetraodontids lack true teeth , the jawbone itself being modified into four fused toothlike structures . these grow continuously at a surprising rate , so offer regular meals of shelled invertebrates such as snails , crab legs , cockles , etc . , in order to maintain them at a reasonable length . there is some evidence to suggest that aufwuchs form a significant proportion of the natural diet , therefore it may be worth permitting or even encouraging algal growth on hard items of décor .
additional foods can include chopped shellfish , small earthworms , and live or frozen chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) , artemia , etc . dried products should not form the principal component of the diet , although pelleted formats with a very hard consistency may prove useful .
not aggressive as such but unsuitable for the general community aquarium , and best - maintained alone or in a larger set - up with other fluvial fishes .
this species naturally forms loose aggregations and can behave nervously in the absence of conspecifics . ideally a group of 6 or more should be purchased .
this species exhibits a spawning strategy comparable to that of marine puffers and in contrast to the majority of freshwater tetraodontids , with high fecundity , relatively small eggs , and no parental care . limited studies in the central amazon basin suggest that spawning occurs in main river channels or close to banks at the mouths of floodplain lakes and tributaries during periods of high water . the pelagic larvae are washed into nursery zones in floodplain lakes where they complete their development , returning to river channels when flood waters recede .
this species is also referred to as ‘south american puffer’ , ‘sap’ , ‘amazonian puffer’ , ‘peruvian puffer’ , or ‘brazilian puffer’ in the ornamental trade .
it is distinguished from c . psittacus by its smaller adult size ( max . 128 mm sl vs . 289 mm sl in c . psittacus ) , possession of 13 - 16 ( vs . 17 - 19 ) pectoral - fin rays , presence of 5 ( vs . 6 ) transverse dark bands dorsally on the body , and predominantly freshwater , fluvial ( vs . brackish , coastal ) ecology .
other defining characters of tetraodontids include a tough skin usually covered with small spines , a beak - like dental plate divided by a median suture , a reduced gill opening anterior to the pectoral - fin base , no pelvic fins or spinous fin rays , typically short - based dorsal and anal fins , and no ribs .
müller , j . and f . h . troschel , 1849 - im auftrag sr . mäjestat des königs von preussen ausgeführt von richard schomburgk v . 3 . berlin : 618 - 644 fische . in : reisen in britisch - guiana in den jahren 1840 - 44 .
gill , t . n . , 1884 - proceedings of the united states national museum 7 ( 26 - 27 ) : 411 - 427 synopsis of the plectognath fishes .
helfman , g . , b . b . collette , d . e . facey , and b . w . bowen , 2009 - wiley - blackwell : 1 - 736 the diversity of fishes : biology , evolution , and ecology , 2nd edition .
nelson , j . s . , 2006 - john wiley & sons , hoboken , n . j . : i - xix + 1 - 601 fishes of the world . 4th edition .
ortega , h . and r . p . vari , 1986 - smithsonian contributions to zoology 437 : iii + 1 - 25 annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of peru .
reis , r . e . , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds ) , 2003 - edipucrs , porto alegre : i - xi + 1 - 729 check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . cloffsca .
my own fish store tour . freshwater pufferfish , nano fish , rare plecos , planted aquariums .
my amazonian , a . k . a . patagonian puffer fish , i love him ! i breed snails for him in a separate 2 , 5 gallon tank . he also loves frozen bloodworms , but he really needs snail to keep his teeth at correct size .
types of freshwater puffer fish for your aquarium | golden puffer , dwarf , amazonian etc .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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we have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?
looking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .
i ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?
i live in simcoe ontario . i need help trimming my amazon bee puffer ' s teeth . can anyone help me ? i tried it myself but had no success . norma
the amazon puffer , also known as the south american pufferfish ( sap ) , is a very popular member of the tetraodontidae family of puffer fish . although many puffers look cute and comical , most of them have a mean streak and will at least do some kind of damage to tank mates that are slow or that have long fins . the amazon puffer is the exception to this rule . it is a peaceful fish , almost to the point of being shy so they cannot be kept with aggressive tank mates . even so it is a puffer and can nip fins , though usually just at feeding time .
the peaceful nature of this south american freshwater puffer , and the fact that it is one of the few puffers that naturally exists in pure freshwater makes , it a good choice for a community tank . constantly on the move , this is an active , intelligent , and curious fish . they appreciate a well planted aquarium along with some open swimming space .
because of the puffers habit of nipping , long - finned slow moving fish like angelfish and gouramis are not recommended . most other fast moving community fish will do fine . keep in mind that puffers need much more space then typical community fish so the 1 inch a gallon rule does not apply . amazon puffers will need 15 gallons per puffer , so keep that in mind when stocking your tank .
the amazon puffer normally grows to around 3 inches , but they have been recorded to reach around 5 inches . they are very hardy and can live in a wide range of water types . puffers are recommend for intermediate to advance fish keepers . this is because of the possible need to have to trim your puffers teeth to prevent overgrowth .
watch the video to see how an amazon puffer might interact inside a well populated and nicely planted community tank . though the video doesn ' t always focus on the amazon puffer , it does for a while and the fish can be seen clearly many times and can also be seen flitting through the plants and decor in the background .
in their natural habitat the amazon puffer feeds on benthic crustaceans , fish , planktonic invertebrates , and plants .
differ from other fresh water puffers in that they do not guard their eggs . they spawn in rivers during the wet season leaving their in eggs on the river bottom and the larvae drift downstream . breeding has not yet been successful in captivity .
groups - they get nervous when kept solitary , so groups of 3 or more are preferred .
the amazon puffer looks a bit like an overstuffed bumblebee , thus its alternate common name ' bee puffer ' . these fish may have a golden cast to the upper parts of their bodies getting lighter and whiter on the underside , and with several dark bold partial bands . like many of the pufferfish however , the coloring of the amazon puffer can vary . not all will be as bold in coloration ; some may be more uniform in color and the band patterning may be faint .
the most prominent identification of this puffer is a large dark spot on the underside just before the caudal fin . this dark spot is how to tell the difference between the amazon puffer and the banded puffer
is larger then the amazon . amazon puffers have been record to grow to a maximum length of around 5 inches ( 14cm ) . the pufferfish can be quite long lived in the aquarium , many living for 10 or more years .
puffer fish have the ability to ' puff ' themselves up with water or air if threatened . this is a defense mechanism to help keep them from being eaten . another defense of many puffer species , including this puffer , is to produce toxic substances in their flesh that is poisonous if eaten .
5 . 0 inches ( 12 . 70 cm ) - normally these fish reach around 3 inches in length , but have been recorded to grow up to 5 inches ( 14 cm ) .
the amazon puffer is for the most part an easy fish to keep . because they are a migratory fish caught in the wild , they can be kept in many different environments and be healthy and happy . but these fish are not for everyone ! they are scaleless so are prone to more diseases . they also have a fast growing teeth that will at one time or another need to be physically clipped . even with the proper diet in an aquarium setting it is inevitable that you will need to clip their teeth .
the amazon puffer needs more space the most
community
type fish . they require 15 gallons per puffer , so take space may become an issue . they also require bigger filters and more frequent water changes because they are such messy eaters . but if you are up for the challenge , these guys will make for an exciting and attractive addition to your tank .
it is very important to feed your puffer shelled foods daily as this will help to keep their teeth from overgrowing to often . do not introduce malaysian trumpet snails ; there shells are much to hard and will break the puffers teeth . this being said it is still likely that a amazon puffer owner will still need to trim their puffers teeth one or 2 times a year . if their teeth become overgrown they will not be able to eat and will starve .
some of diet - be careful with feeder fish however , as they can pass disease when introduced to your tank .
several feedings per day - be careful not to over feed , these fish will beg constantly .
since puffer fish do not have gill covers or scales , they are thought to be more susceptible to diseases , nitrite , nitrate and ammonia levels . like all puffers , the amazon puffer is not a good fish to cycle an aquarium with . also because they usually don ' t eat all of their food ( messy eaters ! ) , these fish will usually put more load on the aquarium filtration requiring more frequent water changes and better maintenance in general .
a generous weekly water change of 30 % to 50 % is the standard recommendation for a puffer aquarium . a larger then normal canister filter will be required and should turn the tank over 6 - 10 times per hour . this south american freshwater puffer is especially sensitive upon arrival to a new aquarium , though once it is acclimated it is quite hardy .
the amazon puffer doesn ' t require a large aquarium , so a 15 gallon aquarium will work fine . however if you want to keep more than one or some other species with them , a well planted 20 - 30 gallon aquarium is better . this puffer fish is a freshwater species that migrates into brackish to fresh water areas . it can do well in low salinity environments up to sg 1 . 005 .
the setup of you aquarium is extremely important in keeping your curious puffer healthy and stress free . it is important to remember these puffers are wild caught and swim up and down currents in nature . this makes it important to have some rotating power heads to create current . puffers are very messy eaters so providing a larger canister filter that will turn the tank water over 6 to 10 times per hour is recommend . this type of filtration will also help with water movement .
the substrate for the tank should be made up of sand ; puffers enjoy rooting around in the sand . you will notice when the puffer fish see their reflection they frantically go up and down the glass . to stop their anxiety planting the tank with tall plants with twisted rooted plant throughout the tank and especially each corner will cut down the reflection . these plant will also provide needed cover and a swimming area to weave in and out of to keep them entertained .
in the wild these puffers can be found floating in small groups under logs and plants . so have some floating drift wood in the tank to make them feel secure . the top of the tank should have a secure complete cover , these guys are great jumpers .
yes - a nano tank is fine as long as it meets the size requirements and has proper filtration .
the amazon puffer fish are peaceful so they can be kept with other non - aggressive species in a community tank . even so this is still a puffer and will nip fins , though usually just at feeding time . it is always good to have 3 or more amazon puffers together . slower moving long - finned fish are not recommend ( angel fish , gourami , long fin tetras ) .
with a properly setup aquarium that does not cause the puffer boredom it can be a great tank mate . amazon puffers are none to enjoy the attention of their owners and get excited when they see you . they can be taught little tricks with food reward systems which also helps keep them from getting bored and feeds their natural curiosity .
yes - the amazon puffer is venomous if it is consumed , as these fish harbor toxic substances in their flesh .
may be aggressive - these puffer fish feed on benthic crustaceans in the wild .
the amazon puffer fish has not been bred in captivity . in the wild ,
differ from other fresh water puffers in that they do not guard their eggs . they spawn in rivers during the wet season leaving their in eggs on the river bottom and the larvae drift downstream .
the amazon puffer does not have gill covers or scales which make it more prone to disease . puffers are normally the first fish in a tank to show signs of ick and will twitch and rub around the tank . they respond well to most medication and normally heal quickly . never use copper in an amazon puffer tank .
another common issue , though not a disease ; puffer ' s teeth grow very fast and if not wore down or clipped will lead to overgrowth and starvation . in an aquarium ; even when feeding snails and other shelled foods , there is still normally a chance you will have to trim their teeth . this sound much worse then it is . to accomplish this carefully place puffer in a container of water without exposing them to the air . add 3 drops of clove oil per liter of water ; this will temporarily sedate the puffer so you can hold the puffer in your hand more easily . you will need cuticle clippers ; use these to clip bottom and top teeth . once done put puffer in a container or net that will have the current flowing over them . once awake release back into tank .
because the amazon puffer is wild caught it could carry internal parasites , so if it hasn ' t been done a de - worming would be smart . for more information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .
amazon puffer fish are commonly available from pet stores and online , and are moderately priced .
glen s . axelrod , brian m . scott , neal pronek , encyclopedia of exotic tropical fishes for freshwater aquariums , tfh publications , 2005
i live in simcoe ontario . i need help trimming my amazon bee puffer ' s teeth . can anyone help me ? i tried it myself but had no success .
just to let everyone know , i did successfully trim my amazon puffer ' s teeth . it ' s funny , they were shy of me before i did it and now they are always at the front of the tank when i look at them . it ' s like we ' ve bonded lol
hello . if you add live purple rock they will trim their teeth by chewing on live rock . hope this helps .
i have a 10 gallon tank along with 5 goldfish , i ' ve got hiding spots and decor and fake plants . i was at walmart and saw the litter spotted green puffer . the lady in the fish department gave me very little info on him . she said he eats just flakes , and use the aquarium salt . i bought him and the jungle aquarium salt . thankfully i still have a can of blood worms to hold him over besides the flakes until i go buy some other foods / snails for him . little did i know what i was getting into . what kind of snails would i buy to feed him ? i ' m going to go buy some real plants for him to nibble on too . do you think my little guy will survive in my tank ?
spotted puffers ( tetraodon nigroviridis ) from walmart are typically brackish water and will not survive , sadly in your tank . puffers are referred to as ' aqua dogs ' due to their personality , and the fact that they chew on whatever they can . keep your wires out of reach . they will grow up to 5 ' and they are semi - aggressive . they really need their own tank and brackish water is not too hard to keep , sort of between salt and fresh . as little juveniles , like many fish , they are found in fresh water , then migrate to estuaries , or brackish water . if it is still young enough to deal with the fresh water , it will go after your goldfish .
i would suggest buying another tank for your puffer if you are in love with it , and look up a little more information and your puffer will reward you with years of companionship . they do need to be entertained too ! if you don ' t want to do all of this , then i would say to return the puffer to the store .
if you want a true freshwater puffer , they are out there , just do the research before buying , and even then , do not put in with goldfish . hope that helps and have fun with your spotted aqua dog !
they are not gold fish but * glofish * their little neon tetra sort of fish and i ' ve been keeping a eye on them and they seem to be getting along . i do plan on getting him a 20gal tank tomorrow just for him . he is quite adorable and i do want to keep him , hoping he lives and heals because his fins are severely chewed up . i read they are omnivorious and need alot of meat like live crustaceans and freezed bloodworms or shrimp and snails to keep there teeth in check . he ' s only a inch big right now , would anyone recommend what to feed him till he gets bigger ?


the pygmy eagle or new guinea hawk-eagle ( hieraaetus weiskei ) is a bird of prey in the accipitridae family .

it is found in new guinea .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

it is often considered a subspecies of the little eagle , but some taxonomists separate it into a distinct species .

pygmy eagle

an active nest of the pygmy eagle hieraaetus weiskei is described , providing the first documented observation of a downy chick in late january and hence an indicative laying date of late november / early december . the first documented record of this species for waigeo island ( west papua province ) is presented . a prey item being carried by another pygmy eagle is identified as a probable brown ( slender - billed ) cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensis , and another pygmy eagle had fed upon a mountain fruit - dove ptilinopus bellus .
gjershaug , j . o . , lerner , h . r . l . & diserud , o . h . ( 2009 ) . taxonomy and distribution of the pygmy eagle aquila ( hieraaetus ) weiskei ( accipitriformes : accipitridae ) . zootaxa 2326 , 24–38 .
debus , s . j . s . ( 2011 ) . parental time - budgets and breeding behaviour of the little eagle hieraaetus morphnoides in northern new south wales . corella 35 , 65–72 .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . pygmy eagle ( hieraaetus weiskei ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
del hoyo , j . , kirwan , g . m . & marks , j . s . ( 2016 ) . pygmy eagle ( hieraaetus weiskei ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . available online : urltoken ( retrieved 7 june 2016 ) .
astrolabe mountains , new guinea , altitude 3000 feet [ c . 915 m ]
until recently considered conspecific with h . morphnoides , but differs in its smaller size , ( wing length 308–317 mm vs 332–396 mm in males , 327–342 mm vs 367–413 mm in females ) ( score at least 2 ) ; less - pronounced or non - existent malar stripe ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; more evenly distributed dark crown streaks on white base ( vs more densely packed broader dark central crown streaks on biscuit - coloured base , creating capped effect with more prominent pale postocular supercilium ) ( 2 ) ; breast streaking more prominent and extensive ( 2 ) ; absence of broad pale brown ( biscuit - coloured ) collar ( from neck sides around nape ) ( 3 ) ; less - crested crown ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; seven ( not six ) tail bars , darker and broader in pattern and reaching edges of feathers ( ns [ 2 ] ) ; darker upperparts including flight feathers ( ns [ 1 ] ) . full details published elsewhere # r # r . monotypic .
new guinea and moluccas ( halmahera , ternate , buru , seram ) # r , # r , # r .
38–48 cm ; male 483 g ( one ) ; wingspan 112–126 cm . like closely related
uses primary rainforest , riparian forest , monsoon forest , and forest edges ; soars low above forest . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . widespread in new guinea but generally considered uncommon . no data on population trends or numbers , but probably declining wherever . . .
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some systematists favour merging this genus into aquila # r . recent molecular study , however , indicated that two distinct lineages are involved , the smaller species forming a separate clade ; the five species currently placed in this genus are closely related # r . composition of these two genera has recently been reassessed and modified on the basis of several phylogenetic studies # r # r # r # r .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : hieraaetus weiskei . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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birdlife international ( 2016 ) . species factsheet : hieraaetus weiskei . available online : urltoken ( retrieved 7 june 2016 ) .
knobel , j . ( 2016 ) . eagles of africa . game parks publishing , pretoria , south africa , and sunbird publishers , cape town .
marchant , s . & higgins , p . j . ( eds ) ( 1993 ) . handbook of australian , new zealand & antarctic birds , volume 2 : raptors to lapwings . oxford university press , melbourne .
pratt , t . k . & beehler , b . m . ( 2015 ) . birds of new guinea . 2nd edn . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey , usa .


astacoides caldwelli is a species of crustacean in family parastacidae .

it is endemic to madagascar .

a. caldwelli is mostly found in rivers draining forested areas at elevations between 600 - 800m .

the populations are threatened by habitate loss as well as predation by introduced species and harvesting at a subsistence level from local fishermen .

astacoides caldwelli

here ' s a compilation of some pics i took of what probably is astacoides betsileonensis .
[ l & apos ; examen des spécimens types d & apos ; astacus madagascarensis h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 , et d & apos ; astacoides goudotii guérin , 1839 , et l & apos ; étude de la litérature ont montré que les noms corrects des sous - espèces que monod & petit ( 1929 ) nommaient astacoides m . madagascariensis et a . m . brevirostris sont en réalité astacoides madagascarensis caldwelli ( bate , 1865 ) et a . m . madagascarensis ( h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 ) . une bibliographie des quatre sous - espèces d & apos ; astacoides madagascarensis est donné . , l & apos ; examen des spécimens types d & apos ; astacus madagascarensis h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 , et d & apos ; astacoides goudotii guérin , 1839 , et l & apos ; étude de la litérature ont montré que les noms corrects des sous - espèces que monod & petit ( 1929 ) nommaient astacoides m . madagascariensis et a . m . brevirostris sont en réalité astacoides madagascarensis caldwelli ( bate , 1865 ) et a . m . madagascarensis ( h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 ) . une bibliographie des quatre sous - espèces d & apos ; astacoides madagascarensis est donné . ]
astacoides caldwelli is only found in large rivers draining forested catchments , mainly on the eastern side of the escarpment ( jones et al . 2007 ) . most localities where this species is known from are in relatively recently deforested areas abutting natural forest ( jones et al . 2007 ) . astacoides caldwelli is a tertiary burrower ( jones et al . 2007 ) meaning it creates a burrow but spends the majority of its time in the water . eggs are laid in june or july and carried for approximately four months , hatching in october or november ( jones et al . 2007 ) .
justification : astacoides caldwelli has been assessed as vulnerable under criterion b1ab ( iii ) . this species has a restricted extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of approximately 11 , 930 km² and is known from eight locations . it faces a number of threats including habitat loss due to conversion of forested land to rice paddies , harvesting as a food source , and predation pressure and competition from introduced species .
astacoides caldwelli occurs mainly in the eastern highlands of madagascar , and is largely found between the latitudes 18° to 21° s , longitudes 46° to 48° e ( hobbs 1987 ) . this is a rare species found in rivers draining forested catchments ( jones et al . 2007 ) in the antananarivo ( including mandraka , andasibe , lac mantasoa , behenjy , vakinankaratra , ambatolampy and antsampandrano ) and fianarantsoa provinces ( boyko et al . 2005 ) . this species has an estimated extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 11 , 930 km² .
( of astacus caldwelli spence bate in sclater , 1865 ) spence bate . ( 1865 ) . astacus caldwelli , spence bate , sp . nov . in p . l . sclater , report on a collection of animals from madagascar , transmitted to the society by mr . j . caldwell . in : p . l . sclater , report on a collection of animals from madagascar , transmitted to the society by mr . j . caldwell . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 469 , 470 , 1 plate . [ details ]
here by three more pics of crayfish from madagascar . it is not entirely clear which species these are , according to a reliabe source and friend , who kindly had a look at these photos , they may be astacoides caldwelli or possibly a smooth carapaced form of a . betsileonensis but he stresses they are difficult to determine by photo . both pictured specimens were collected in the same forest stream near fianarantsoa , at least that is what my local collector tells me . i ' ll email you more pics of crayfish from other parts of madagascar in the weeks to come . best regards olaf thank you olaf
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livingston , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , batchelor , a . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , milligan , h . t . , smith , j . , lutz , m . l . , de silva , r . , mcguinness , s . , kasthala , g . , jopling , b . , sullivan , k . & cryer , g .
) . at none of the sampling localities was this species abundant . a maximum of nine individuals were found in a two hour search .
, however there is a national law preventing the harvesting of crayfish under 10 cm total length . local rules and taboos govern harvesting in some areas ( jones
monitoring of this species ' range and abundance is required to better understand the rate at which it is being lost . however , establishing a community led monitoring program may prove difficult as it is understood that time lost monitoring is time lost harvesting ( hockley
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( spence bate in sclater , 1865 ) . accessed at : urltoken ; = 472960 on 2018 - 07 - 09
crandall , k . a . & s . de grave . ( 2017 ) . an updated classification of the freshwater crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidea ) of the world , with a complete species list . journal of crustacean biology . [ details ]
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h . h . hobbs ; joan p . jass and jay v . huner
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i just found your crayfish website . great site ! i live on madagascar and like crays .


mystus atrifasciatus ( known locally as trey kanchos chhnoht ) is a species of catfish endemic to cambodia , laos , thailand and vietnam , known from mekong river , chao phraya river and mae klong river and was described from phitsanulok , thailand .

it inhabits rivers , streams and reservoirs and moves to floodplains when the water level increases and can also be found near submerged woody vegetation .

it feeds on crustaceans and zooplankton along with some algae and fish scales .

it is commonly fished and marketed and is also found in the aquarium trade .

it may be threatened by pollution and overfishing and more research is needed about the species .

mystus atrifasciatus

type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30866 . jpg [ 2532102 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus atrifasciatus ansp 67907 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 86 . 5 mm ventral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30865 . jpg [ 1685243 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus atrifasciatus ansp 67907 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 86 . 5 mm lateral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30864 . jpg [ 3222095 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus atrifasciatus ansp 67907 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 86 . 5 mm dorsal view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
feeds mainly on crustaceans and zooplankton along with small bits of algae and fish scales . may forage in schools like the other small striped species of mystus . moves into floodplains during periods of high water and is often found in places with submerged woody vegetation .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 134824 . jpg [ 851706 ] approved = yes submission by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne on 2005 - 10 - 31 photographed by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne mystus aubentoni mnhn 1974 - 0039 holotype standard length : 0 mm dorsal view copyright©mnhn , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 134826 . jpg [ 788440 ] approved = yes submission by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne on 2005 - 10 - 31 photographed by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne mystus aubentoni mnhn 1974 - 0039 holotype standard length : 0 mm ventral view copyright©mnhn , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 83099 . jpg [ 661707 ] approved = yes submission by : allen , mark on 2005 - 02 - 06 photographed by : allen , mark mystus canarensis ams b . 7624 neotype standard length : 112 mm ventral view copyright©mark allen , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 83098 . jpg [ 654813 ] approved = yes submission by : allen , mark on 2005 - 02 - 06 photographed by : allen , mark mystus canarensis ams b . 7624 neotype standard length : 112 mm lateral view copyright©mark allen , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 83096 . jpg [ 586593 ] approved = yes submission by : allen , mark on 2005 - 02 - 06 photographed by : allen , mark mystus canarensis ams b . 7624 neotype standard length : 112 mm dorsal view copyright©mark allen , all rights reserved .
fishes of the genus mystus scopoli are small to medium - sized bagrid catfishes occurring in south asia . roberts ( 1994 ) recognized mystus to have an elongate cranial fontanel reaching up to the base of the occipital process , long maxillary barbel , very long adipose fin , 11–30 gill rakers on the first gill arch and 37–46 total vertebrae , about equally divided between abdominal and caudal regions . he included only eight species under the genus . mo ( 1991 ) characterized the genus to have a thin needle - like first infraorbital , twisted and thickened metapterygoid loosely attached to the quadrate by means of ligament or a small extent of cartilage . jayaram & sanyal ( 2003 ) and ferraris ( 2007 ) respectively listed 44 and 33 species of mystus as valid . has three faint dark and two whitish stripes on the sides ; adipose fin longer than anal fin and almost contiguous with the dorsal fin ; eyes not visible when head is viewed from below .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 83715 . jpg [ 857677 ] approved = yes submission by : allen , mark on 2005 - 02 - 10 photographed by : allen , mark mystus canarensis ams b . 7624 neotype standard length : 112 mm x - ray copyright©mark allen , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] upl _ 200849 . tif [ 3931520 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 05 - 01 photographed by : strecker , ulrike mystus maydelli zmh 2180 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 0 mm xray copyright©zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 134829 . jpg [ 1455240 ] approved = yes submission by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne on 2005 - 10 - 31 photographed by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne mystus aubentoni mnhn 1974 - 0039 holotype standard length : 0 mm x - ray , tail copyright©mnhn , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 134827 . jpg [ 799054 ] approved = yes submission by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne on 2005 - 10 - 31 photographed by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne mystus aubentoni mnhn 1974 - 0039 holotype standard length : 0 mm lateral view , left side copyright©mnhn , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 134828 . jpg [ 747181 ] approved = yes submission by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne on 2005 - 10 - 31 photographed by : hautecoeur , mã©lyne mystus aubentoni mnhn 1974 - 0039 holotype standard length : 0 mm x - ray , head copyright©mnhn , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 200847 . jpg [ 1844918 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 05 - 01 photographed by : strecker , ulrike mystus maydelli zmh 2180 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 0 mm lateral view copyright©zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 200845 . jpg [ 1653669 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 05 - 01 photographed by : strecker , ulrike mystus maydelli zmh 2180 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 0 mm dorsal view copyright©zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 200848 . jpg [ 2019003 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 05 - 01 photographed by : strecker , ulrike mystus maydelli zmh 2180 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 0 mm ventral view copyright©zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 104598 . jpg [ 1071901 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2005 - 06 - 02 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm lateral view copyright©fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 104595 . jpg [ 947833 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2005 - 06 - 02 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm dorsoventral view copyright©fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29845 . jpg [ 305503 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2004 - 05 - 28 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm ventral view copyright fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 104596 . jpg [ 1832944 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2005 - 06 - 02 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm dorsoventral head view copyright©fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 104597 . jpg [ 1848925 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2005 - 06 - 02 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm lateral head view copyright©fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 104593 . jpg [ 1998657 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2005 - 06 - 02 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm anal fin view copyright©fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29844 . jpg [ 301059 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2004 - 05 - 28 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm dorsal view copyright fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29846 . jpg [ 386518 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2004 - 05 - 28 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm lateral view copyright fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .
no voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 465405 . jpg [ 1273926 ] approved = yes submission by : manimekalan , a . on 2006 - 09 - 20 photographed by : manimekalan , a . mystus gulio standard length : 147 mm locality : pointcalimere , tamil nadu , india field work collection copyright©a . manimekalan , all rights reserved .
no voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 465403 . jpg [ 323540 ] approved = yes submission by : manimekalan , a . on 2006 - 09 - 20 photographed by : manimekalan , a . mystus bleekeri standard length : 132 mm locality : muthupet , mangrove , tamil nadu , india field work collection copyright©a . manimekalan , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30870 . jpg [ 1771222 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus stigmaturus ansp 59338 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 60 . 1 mm dorsal view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30872 . jpg [ 1977072 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus stigmaturus ansp 59338 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 60 . 1 mm ventral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30871 . jpg [ 2082304 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus stigmaturus ansp 59338 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 60 . 1 mm lateral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30867 . jpg [ 2071593 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus rhegma ansp 61748 holotype 1 of 1 ( unique ) standard length : 49 . 5 mm dorsal view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30868 . jpg [ 2406689 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus rhegma ansp 61748 holotype 1 of 1 ( unique ) standard length : 49 . 5 mm lateral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30869 . jpg [ 2102284 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus rhegma ansp 61748 holotype 1 of 1 ( unique ) standard length : 49 . 5 mm ventral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] upl _ 105290 . tif [ 2315420 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 06 - 08 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . mystus havmolleri usnm 90304 holotype standard length : 36 . 8 mm xray , dorsal view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] upl _ 105288 . tif [ 2574032 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 06 - 08 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . mystus havmolleri usnm 90304 holotype standard length : 36 . 8 mm xray , lateral view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 648545 . jpg [ 694564 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 12 - 14 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . mystus havmolleri usnm 90304 holotype standard length : 36 . 8 mm photo , ventral view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 648547 . jpg [ 1565067 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 12 - 14 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . mystus havmolleri usnm 90304 holotype standard length : 36 . 8 mm photo , lateral view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 648548 . jpg [ 670779 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 12 - 14 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . mystus havmolleri usnm 90304 holotype standard length : 36 . 8 mm photo , dorsal view copyright©div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .
no voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 97183 . jpg [ 582461 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2005 - 05 - 11 photographed by : helias , jean - francois mystus mysticetus standard length : 0 mm photo taken april 1 , 2005â at thai fisheries dept . aquarium of kasersart university , bangkok , thailand copyright©jean - francois helias , all rights reserved .
specimen : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 1228678 . jpg [ 1057100 ] approved = yes submission by : lumbantobing , daniel n . on 2007 - 07 - 22 photographed by : lumbantobing , daniel n . mystus punctifer usnm standard length : 0 mm locality : kluet river , lawe sawah , province of nanggroe aceh darussalam collected : 2006 - 07 - 15 copyright©daniel lumbantobing , all rights reserved .
specimen : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29110 . jpg [ 83505 ] approved = yes submission by : manimekalan , a . on 2004 - 02 - 17 photographed by : manimekalan , a . on 2003 / 05 / 20 mystus armatus pers . coll . 102m locality : india ( dry season ) specimen in personal collection of a . manimekalan . copyright a . manimekalan , all rights reserved .
no voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 97181 . jpg [ 472589 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2005 - 05 - 11 photographed by : helias , jean - francois mystus wolffii standard length : 0 mm locality : bang kanat , prachinburiâ river , thailand , may 10 , 2005 angler : jean - francois helias copyright © jean - francois helias , all rights reserved .
no voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 97179 . jpg [ 443631 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2005 - 05 - 11 photographed by : helias , jean - francois mystus wolffii standard length : 0 mm locality : bang kanat , prachinburiâ river , thailand , may 10 , 2005 angler : jean - francois helias copyright © jean - francois helias , all rights reserved .
no voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 97182 . jpg [ 433947 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2005 - 05 - 11 photographed by : helias , jean - francois mystus wolffii standard length : 0 mm locality : bang kanat , prachinburiâ river , thailand , may 10 , 2005 angler : jean - francois helias copyright © jean - francois helias , all rights reserved .
specimen : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29143 . jpg [ 164231 ] approved = yes submission by : manimekalan , a . on 2004 - 02 - 19 photographed by : manimekalan , a . on 2003 / 12 / 27 mystus montanus pers . coll . 287 locality : hill stream ( medium flow ) , india specimen in personal collection of a . manimekalan . copyright a . manimekalan , all rights reserved .
specimen : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29111 . jpg [ 136048 ] approved = yes submission by : manimekalan , a . on 2004 - 02 - 17 photographed by : manimekalan , a . on 2003 / 05 / 6 mystus cavasius pers . coll . 204 locality : indira gandhi wildlife sanctuary , india ( dry season ) specimen in personal collection of a . manimekalan . copyright a . manimekalan , all rights reserved .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
mekong , chao phraya and maeklong basins in southeast asia . it is considered least concern at present based on its wide distribution , but further information on threats and population trends is required and it should be reassessed if further information becomes available .
this species was described from a specimen collected from pitsanulok , thailand . it is recorded from the
adults inhabit rivers , streams and reservoirs . the species moves into floodplains during periods of high water and is often found in places with submerged woody vegetation ( rainboth 1996 ) . it feeds mainly on crustaceans and zooplankton along with small bits of algae and fish scales , and it may forage in schools like the other small striped species of
. the species is usually marketed fresh and may also be sold smoked ( froese and pauly 2010 ) .
this fish is found in commercial and subsistence fisheries . occasionally it is found in the aquarium trade .
it is likely to be impacted locally in parts of its range by pollution and overfishing . more species - specific information is needed .
research into population trends and threats to the species and its habitats is needed .
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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the generic name is probably derived from the latin mystax , meaning moustache , in reference to the long barbels . it was first used by scopoli in 1777 making it a very old genus that has included many catfishes from throughout the world at one time or another .
150mm or 5 . 9
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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description max size : 21 . 0 cm sl . color : color in life varies with age ; generally delicate gray - silvery to shining golden , with several ( about 5 ) pale blue or dark brown to deep black longitudinal bands on side . a narrow dusky spot often present on the shoulder . the fins glass , with dark tips . dorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 6 - 7 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 12 - 13 ; vertebrae : 31 - 37 . body elongate and slightly compressed . maxillary barbels extending beyond the pelvic fins , often to the end of the anal fin . dorsal spine weak , finely serrated on its inner edge . adipose fin small , inserted much behind rayed dorsal fin but anterior to the anal fin . dioecious , external fertilization , oviparous , non - guarders , open water / substratum egg scatterers . makes sounds during spawning .
ecology habitat : estuarine prey : plants , shrimps , insects , mollusks and fish .
menon , agk ( 1999 ) checklist : fresh water fishes of india occasional paper no . 175 zsi , kolkata 366 pp available at - ncl , pune
singh , df and yazdani , gm ( 1993 ) ichthyofauna of konkan region of maharashtra ( india ) records of the zoological survey of india . occasional paper no 145 zsi , calcutta 46 available at - nio , goa
nandi , nc ; das , sr ; bhuinya , s and dasgupta , jm ( 1993 ) wetland faunal resources of west bengal , i . , north and south 24 - parganas districts occasional paper no 150 records of the zoological survey of india zsi 18264