melacoryphus lateralis is a species of true bug , one of several called black-and-red seed bug .

black and fringed with red and gray , some call it the charcoal seed bug , due to its resemblance to a dying ember .

native to the deserts of western north american , they have a tendency to appear in large numbers in the late summer .

melacoryphus lateralis

no one has contributed data records for melacoryphus lateralis yet . learn how to contribute .
the wet winter has led to a proliferation of the charcoal seed bug , known scientifically as the melacoryphus lateralis .
the charcoal seed bug , or melacoryphus lateralis are abundant in the desert because of the wetter than usual winter .
the charcoal seed bug , or melacoryphus lateralis are abundant in the desert because of the wetter than usual winter . this collection is outside a shop in downtown palm springs .
the outside window ledge at starbucks in downtown palm springs is inundated with the charcoal seed bug , or melacoryphus lateralis . the bugs are abundant in the desert because of the wetter than usual winter .
slater alex . 1988 . j . kansas entomol . soc . 308 > > note : transferred from neacoryphus > > melacoryphus lateralis urn : lsid : lygaeoidea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 485979
many started to notice the proliferation of the bug , known scientifically as the melacoryphus lateralis , a couple of weeks ago , amassed around bright porch lights , in the crevice around windows and clinging to exterior walls .
for the past two months in the high - desert communities at the foot of the sierra nevada’s eastern slopes , residents have seen an explosion of the fingernail - sized black - and - red seed bug species melacoryphus lateralis .
such has been the skin - crawling reality for the past two months in the high - desert communities at the foot of the sierra nevada ' s eastern slopes , where residents have seen an explosion of the black - and - red seed bug species melacoryphus lateralis .
slater , j . a . 1964 . a catalogue of the lygaeidae of the world . 134 - 135 > > melanocoryphus lateralis
torre - bueno , j . r . 1946 . ent . amer . > > note : ent . amer . 26 : 19 | | ( keyed ; fp . ) > > lygaeus ( melanocoryphus ) lateralis
ashlock , p . d . & a . slater . 1988 . in henry & froeschner . catalog of the heteroptera , or true bugs , of canada and the continental united states . 198 > > neacoryphus lateralis
scudder , g . g . e . 1965 . proc . entomol . soc . brit . columbia 37 > > note : transferred from melanocoryphus > > neacoryphus lateralis urn : lsid : lygaeoidea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 485983
van duzee , e . p . 1917 . catalogue of the hemiptera of america north of mexico . berkeley : univ . calif . press . > > note : cat . hem . n . amer . , p . 155 . > > lygaeus ( melanocoryphus ) lateralis
stal , c . 1874 . enumeratio hemipterorum pt . 12 ( 1 ) : 1 - 186 > > note : enum . hem . 4 : 113 | | ( des . ) > > melanocoryphus lateralis urn : lsid : lygaeoidea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 485981
blatchley , w . s . 1926 . heteroptera or true bugs of eastern north america , with especial reference to the faunas of indiana & florida . indianapolis : nature publishing co . > > note : het . e . n . amer . , p . 348 | | ( syn . ) > > lygaeus lateralis
van duzee , e . p . 1916 . check list of the hemiptera ( excepting the aphididae , aleurodidae and coccidae ) of america , north of mexico . new york : n . y . ent . soc . > > note : list hem . n . amer . , p . 18 | | ( listed ) > > lygaeus ( melanocoryphus ) lateralis
dallas , w . s . 1852 . list of the specimens of hemipterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part . ii . 2 : 369 - 592 > > note : list hem . b . m . 2 : 550 ( o . d . ) > > lygaeus lateralis urn : lsid : lygaeoidea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 485980
distant , w . l . 1893 . vol . i . biol . cent . - amer . london ( v ) - xx , > > note : biol . cent . amer . hem . het . 1 : 187 | | ( col . fig . - dv ; var . nts . ) > > lygaeus ( melanocoryphus ) lateralis urn : lsid : lygaeoidea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 485982
bugs swarm at a service station in the eastern sierra nevada town of lone pine , california , aug . 14 , 2015 , in this photo provided by matthew hengst .
lone pine , calif . - - the gas station ' s ground was covered with the small winged bugs . piles of carcasses , inches deep , sat swept to the sides .
on the road , they rained onto car windshields . they flew by the thousands toward even the smallest sources of light , and crept along windows and kitchen tables .
they ' re in everything . there ' s no way to get rid of them or eradicate them . they ' re just here ,
said blair nicodemus , 33 , of lone pine , while driving with a bug creeping on his windshield .
sometimes there will be these micro - plumes that ' ll come through where there will be just thousands of them , and they ' ll be all over you . . . . i ' m sure i ' ve eaten at least two dozen , because they get into your food .
such outbreaks have happened in arizona ' s sonoran desert near tucson , but scientists say it ' s the first one they have record of in california .
the influx has been driven by a mild winter and monsoonal weather , which provided healthier vegetation for the nutrient - sucking bugs , said david haviland , an entomologist with the university of california cooperative extension in kern county .
officials announce new water restrictions as the california drought persists ; some consequences of which you probably anticipated , others you def . . .
the bugs ' flight into town and toward the lights in homes , businesses or cars , however , might be related to the drying up of native vegetation in the summer heat and the drought , said nathan reade , agricultural commissioner for inyo and mono counties .
the fingernail - sized insects are the main topic of conversation in the area .
a printout in a hotel lobby in a lone pine motel warned people to keep their doors shut at night , and a hotel worker advised people to keep their car windows up if lights are on . a dollar general store in inyokern limited its store hours after dark to avoid dealing with the bugs .
lia sensanbaugh of inyokern doesn ' t turn on her lights when at home .
i ' ve got them real bad ,
she said .
i ' ve been living off my tv light for about a month and a half .
gas stations and rest areas along highway 395 - a roadway that crosses through sparsely populated and rural areas - are prime bug targets because of their lights . after dark , the bugs swirl like surreal artwork below the pearsonville shell gas station ' s overhead lights .
millions , tens , twenty , we can ' t count it ,
gas station owner soma praba said .
at nighttime , if you go into the station , they ' ll follow . they go everywhere . they get on your body , your head .
each morning praba ' s workers have spent three hours sweeping the ground and using a leaf blower to clear away piles of the bugs . around eight times a day , workers will sweep , discovering two hours later that the same amount of bugs are back , praba said with frustration .
spraying insecticide hasn ' t helped , praba said , and exterminators have been equally stymied . the only reprieve seems to be a windy day and the recent smoke from fires .
we are tired of it ,
praba said .
i am waiting for the first snow to come .
at a lone pine gas station this week , the side of the building was covered with bugs , and a woman was hosing off the wall , despite the drought , said kathi hall , who owns the town ' s mt . whitney restaurant with her husband .
ridgecrest mayor peggy breeden said some people in town use umbrellas while getting gas because of the swarms overhead . she ' s fielded many dozens of concerned calls and never seen anything like this in her 33 years there .
she put together a notice this week to post around town explaining to visitors that the bugs are a harmless nuisance in the hopes that they ' ll return when the bugs die down .
that said , breeden joked ,
if frogs come , we ' re all leaving .
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twelve states in the u . s . have active volcanoes , according to united states geological survey
this was a real miracle for that the people were there . everything fell into place . i am so happy . glory to god for this
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china only makes $ 8 . 46 from an iphone . that ' s why trump ' s trade war is futile
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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they love seeds but can be found around bright porch lights , in the crevice around windows and clinging to exterior walls .
tiny black bugs are taking over palm springs . here ' s why . they love seeds but can be found around bright porch lights , in the crevice around windows and clinging to exterior walls . check out this story on urltoken urltoken
one small insect alone isn’t too creepy . but dozens , maybe even hundreds , swarmed together , can make the most composed person shudder .
and with the infestation of the charcoal seed bug — a small black insect fringed with red — there seems to be a lot of cringing going on .
palm springs resident shelli o’rourke notices the insects congregating on the light right outside her front door . when she gets home at night she blocks them with her screen door and rushes in as fast as she can to get past them .
“i don’t mind bugs , as long as they’re not on me , ” she said .
the bug is attracted to the vegetation and seeds that have flourished as a result of the wetter than usual winter . lawns have benefited from the above average rainfall , but now , the desert is paying for it with a proliferation of the pesky pest .
“it’s all a result of the rain ,
said kurt m . leuschner , professor of entomology at college of the desert .
the rain triggered a lot of growth of plant life … and the seed bugs are loving it . ”
and like most bugs , they are attracted to light which is why people are finding them around windows and on walls near fixtures .
palm springs resident les alexander has encountered them at his home and at places he visits in downtown palm springs . while at starbucks on monday he couldn’t help but snap a photo of the infestation around the restaurant ' s front window .
“i live in palm springs year round and frequent many different local restaurants , all of which have been experiencing these beetles , ” said alexander in an email . “we experienced this ourselves to the point we can’t leave yard or pool lights on at home without being inundated with thousands of these little beetles . they are mostly gone by the early morning with only the weak , dead and dying left behind .
“they’re annoying but they’re harmless . they technically could bite you but even if they did they wouldn’t cause any harm , ” he said . “they ' re not after human flesh . ”
leuschner advised people to be patient because they will soon disappear on their own .
in the meantime , some downtown palm springs shops are keeping their lights at night to a minimum so they don ' t attract the bugs . in the mornings , they are also vigilant to sweep in front of their shops and around their windows .
“it should be over in a couple of weeks ,
said leuschner .
now that things are drying up … they will soon die .
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kissing bugs ? and why are they congregating ? location : organ pipe cactus national monument , az july 29 , 2010 3 : 47 pm hi folks ! we have been noticing in recent weeks ( how could we not ? ! ) that these bugs have been congregating in large numbers on the park offices security gate around sunrise .
they somewhat resemble kissing bugs / assassin bugs in appearance but are much smaller than species we are familar with .
swarms of love bugs intent to mate , in central florida , in the spring and summer . they do not bite , they land on you , slow moving , they are attracted to white . brushing them away agitates a swarm to come at you . very disgusting insect . do not think birds are interested in them . a rumor was that they are genetically modified critters .
we have numerous love bug postings on our site where this comment would have been more appropriate .
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virginia beach gift shop wtb ? mt . washington 10 most beautiful spiders nasty reader award top 10 household pests bug love bug of the month buggy accessories fanmail buggy life cycles milkweed meadow northern california bug humanitarian award snow bugs worst bug stories ever ! ! ! aquatic bugs food chain gardening blog calendar 2011 mysteries unnecessary carnage make my day buggy vocabulary words invasive exotics the big 5 virginia gems from our archives countdown 10 000 unidentified what ' s on my woody plant ? goldenrod meadow edible insects : tasty morsels wtb ? down under tomato bugs bug
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“they’re in everything . there’s no way to get rid of them or eradicate them . ”
gas stations and rest areas along highway 395 are prime bug targets because of their lights .
this is the first outbreak of bug infestation in california on record . the influx of these insect swarms might be related to the drying up of native vegetation in the summer heat and the drought , said nathan reade , agricultural commissioner for inyo and mono counties .
gas stations and rest areas along highway 395 — a roadway that crosses through sparsely populated and rural areas — are prime bug targets because of their lights . after dark , millions of the bugs swirl like surreal artwork below the pearsonville shell gas station’s overhead lights .
to the north , a different type of bug is infesting the site of the popular burning man counterculture festival in nevada’s black rock desert . state officials are working to identify the green , coin - shaped insects swarming the outdoor venue and biting workers setting up for this year’s event , which starts aug . 30 .
entomologist jeff knight , with the nevada department of agriculture , said the unknown bugs aren’t bloodsuckers and don’t seem to pose a health risk . but the amount of biological control is really insignificant compared to the millions of insects that are out there . spraying insecticide hasn’t helped and exterminators have been stymied . the bugs also have limited natural enemies : the only reprieve from the seed bugs seems to be a windy day and the recent smoke from fires .
california , now entering 5 years of the worst drought on record with economic losses upward of $ 3 billion annually , is also burning at unprecedented rates over the same span of time beginning 2 years ago with the third worst wildfire in the state’s history when 257 , 314 acres burned in and around yosemite . and now with the current drought conditions nearly 5 , 000 wildfires have already scorched a total of 117 , 960 acres this year , more than double the five - year average ; however that’s not including the recent largest two fires with blazes that razed nearly 100 , 000 acres , in ( of all places ) northern california’s jerusalem valley .
pestilence is the karma of arrogance which was brought upon oppressive , tyrannical rulers of ancient times according to judaic theology .
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uhler , p . r . 1872 . in : hayden , prelim . rep . u . s . geol . survey . mont . > > note : in hayden , rept . u . s . geol . surv . montana , p . 405 | | ( col . var . nts . ) ( part ) > > lygaeus facetus
van duzee , e . p . 1917 . catalogue of the hemiptera of america north of mexico . berkeley : univ . calif . press . > > note : cat . hem . n . amer . , p . 155 | | ( part ) > > lygaeus ( melanocoryphus ) facetus
van duzee , e . p . 1923 . proc . calif . acad . sci . ( ser . > > note : proc . cal . ac . sci . 12 : 11 : 137 | | ( fp . ) > > lygaeus facetus
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notiocampus ruber , the red pipefish , is a species of pipefish endemic to the indian ocean waters along the southern coast of australia and tasmania .

it occurs at depths from 5 to 20 m ( 16 to 66 ft ) over the continental shelf .

this species grows to a length of 16.4 cm ( 6.5 in ) .

this species is the only known member of its genus .

notiocampus ruber

there have been no dedicated surveys or population estimates for notiocampus ruber . further research is needed in order to determine population size and trends in abundance .
notiocampus ruber is an australian endemic species that occurs along the coast to 20 m depth from lucky bay , western australia , to port jackson , new south wales . the species also occurs in tasmania ( dawson 1985 ) .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . notiocampus ruber in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 07 : 11 : 40 + 1000 .
dawson , c . e . 1979 . the indo - pacific pipefish genera notiocampus gen . nov . and nannocampus gunther . proceedings of the biological society of washington 92 ( 3 ) : 482 - 493 .
notiocampus ruber inhabits coral and rocky reefs , filamentous and other red macroalgae , seagrass beds ( mcclatchie et al . 2006 ) . other pipefishes tend to feed on small planktonic and / or benthic crustaceans such as harpacticoid copepods , gammarid shrimps , and mysids , and it is quite likely that this species does the same ( kendrick and hyndes 2005 ) . the species is ovoviviparous , and males brood eggs in a pouch , probably under their tail , until giving birth to live young ( dawson 1985 ) . contrary to what is exhibited by most syngnathids , n . ruber tends to move in a rapid snake - like motion .
( of nannocampus ruber ramsay & ogilby , 1886 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
there are no species - specific conservation actions in place for notiocampus ruber . the species is protected throughout its range by australia ' s environment protection and biodiversity conservation act ( 1999 ) . it is not listed in any international legislation or trade regulations . it ' s unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas . most state governments in australia have or are working towards completing coastal regional management strategies . further research is needed to better understand this species ' habitats , ecology , population size , and threats .
justification : notiocamnpus ruber is a southern australian endemic marine pipefish that inhabits rocky and coral reefs , algae , and seagrasses . the species is protected from exploitation throughout its range and is a generalist in that it utilizes several different habitat types . therefore , this species is listed as least concern .
greek , noton = back + greek , kampe = curvature ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 5 - 20 m ( ref . 5316 ) . subtropical
eastern indian ocean : southern australia , from western australia to new south wales and tasmania .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 16 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5316 )
occurs in inshore waters of the continental shelf ( ref . 75154 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .
dawson , c . e . , 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . the gulf coast research laboratory ocean springs , mississippi , usa . ( ref . 5316 )
) : 16 . 3 - 21 . 2 , mean 18 ( based on 160 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00049 ( 0 . 00022 - 0 . 00111 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .
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for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
listed as least concern ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
kuiter , r . h . ( 2009 ) seahorses and their relatives . aquatic photographics , 216
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000c ) . declaration under section 248 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of marine species . f2008b00465 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .
kuiter , r . h . ( 2009 ) . seahorses and their relatives . page ( s ) 333 . aquatic photographics , seaford , australia .
anonymous ( 2009 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
this database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
although this species has not been identified in trade , unidentified pipefishes have been observed in australian trade and are likely used for traditional medicine , but levels of offtake are likely low ( martin - smith and vincent 2006 ) . it ' s not clear whether this species is involved in this trade .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t65372435a115431108 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
i ' ve been searching high and low to find a pic of the red pipefish ( for i . d . purposes )
i have 2 small red pipefish ( 2 and 2 . 5
) and they do hide 99 % of the time .
hmm , i ' ll check the sygnathid book at work . it ' s helmut debelius - - he ' s pretty good .
note the snout and other features , as well as the locale , southern australia and tasmania . definitely not him :
copy - and - paste the link in a separate window to see it full - sized ; nr automatically resizes it to fit the page well .
could be dunckerocampus baldwini , another common - named
red - stripe pipefish
. . . but it ' s endemic to hawaii . any chance the store where you got them knows if it ' s specified as hawaiian ? ( wholesalers * always * specify when something is from a locale other than indo - pacific , especially hawaii , australia , etc . )
again , copy - and - paste the link to see it full - size . and keep in mind that patterns can carry ; what strikes me is the shape of the face ; the pipefish species below it shows an excellent shot of the face / head .
thanks caesar for taking the time to look , but its a no go on both .
my pipe is probably from asia . based on size , i think 10cm is about max .
the cosmocampus is the closest looking pipe , but my pipe has no tail / rear fin . it has a tail like an aligator pipe . i ' ve never seen them using it for hitching , but then again i ' ve never seen them swim . they just slither around the substraight like a snake .
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whiteleg shrimp ( litopenaeus vannamei , formerly penaeus vannamei ) , also known as pacific white shrimp , king prawn , is a variety of prawn of the eastern pacific ocean commonly caught or farmed for food .

whiteleg shrimp

the most common species substitution was farmed whiteleg shrimp ( l . vannamei ) sold as “wild” shrimp and “gulf” shrimp ;
whiteleg shrimp ( vannamei ) output to cross 4 . 5 lakh tonnes in 2017
en - whiteleg shrimp , fr - crevette pattes blanches , sp - camarón patiblanco .
this guide from the fao cultured aquatic species information programme provides information on farming whiteleg shrimp .
proteasome properties of hemocytes differ between the whiteleg shrimp penaeus vannamei and the brown shrimp crangon crangon ( crustacea , decapoda ) .
proteasome properties of hemocytes differ between the whiteleg shrimp penaeus vannamei and the brown shrimp crangon crangon ( crustacea , decapoda ) . - pubmed - ncbi
india’s whiteleg shrimp or vannamei output is expected to see an overall 10 per cent growth hike over 2015 - 16 .
kitani h , 1993 . morphology of postlarvae of the whiteleg shrimp penaeus vannamei . nippon suisan gakkaishi , 59 ( 2 ) : 223 - 227 .
this species is native to the eastern pacific ocean - ranging from mexico to peru . whiteleg can be found on muddy bottoms at depths of 0 – 240 feet .
whiteleg shrimp is native to the pacific ocean and is farmed in central and south america as well as in asia . our product portfolio includes hatchery diets for the larval and post - larval stages as well as grower and broodstock diets .
rosenberry b , 2003 . world shrimp farming , no . 16 . shrimp news international . san diego , california , usa .
the whiteleg shrimp is native to the eastern pacific coast from sonora , mexico in the north , through central and south america as far south as tumbes in peru , in areas where water temperatures are normally > 20 °c throughout the year .
has led to serious price depression in the international markets . similarly , farm gate value for 15–20 g size whiteleg shrimp has steadily decreased from usd 5 / kg in 2000 to about usd 3 . 0–3 . 5 / kg in 2005 .
› litopenaeus vannamei ( boone , 1931 ) › pacific white shrimp › penaeus ( litopenaeus ) vannamei › penaeus sp . at - 2008 › penaeus vanameii › penaeus vannameii › white pacific shrimp › white shrimp
aquaculture in belize formally began in 1982 with the development of ten acres ( 4 ha ) of experimental ponds by a private company , in the southern part of the country . this initiative was designed to test certain primary production functions of the whiteleg shrimp (
rosenberry b , 1995 . ecuadorian white shrimp prices - - january to november 1994 . shrimp news international , 20 ( 1 ) : 24 .
aquaculture in belize formally began in 1982 with the development of ten ( 10 ) acres ( 4 ha ) of experimental ponds by a private company , in the south of the country . this initiative was designed to test certain primary production functions of the whiteleg shrimp (
most mislabeling relates to whether the shrimp was caught in the wild , a problem that cuts both ways—either saying shrimp is wild - caught when it ' s not , or failing to say it ' s wild - caught when it is . according to warner , one of the most common instances of mislabeling was for farmed whiteleg shrimp to be passed off as wild - caught , especially as wild - caught from the gulf .
cite as : «volstorf , jenny . 2018 . pacific whiteleg shrimp ( findings ) . in : fishethobase , ed . fishethobase research group . world wide web electronic publication . version 1 . 22 . www . fishethobase . fair - fish . net . » © fair - fish international
lightner dv , 1996 . a handbook of shrimp pathology and diagnostic procedure for diseases of cultured penaeid shrimp . world aquaculture society , baton rouge , la .
replacement of non - environmental friendly and costly fishmeal and artemia in shrimp feeds .
matsuda , keishi , and marcy n . wilder . 2010 . difference in light perception capability and spectral response between juveniles and sub - adults of the whiteleg shrimp litopenaeus vannamei as determined by electroretinogram . fisheries science 76 : 633–641 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s12562 - 010 - 0253 - 3 .
aparicio - simón , benjamin , manuel piñón , radu racotta , and ilie s . racotta . 2010 . neuroendocrine and metabolic responses of pacific whiteleg shrimp litopenaeus vannamei exposed to acute handling stress . aquaculture 298 : 308–314 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaculture . 2009 . 10 . 016 .
shrimp is displayed for sale in galveston , texas , in 2010 . americans eat 3 . 8 pounds of shrimp per capita , more than any other seafood item .
by 2012 , 89 percent of the shrimp consumed in the u . s . was imported . most of the domestically produced shrimp is caught in 19 states , with 70 percent coming from the gulf of mexico . about 21 percent comes from the pacific northwest in the form of smaller coldwater shrimp , often called
ocean shrimp .
shrimp are highly resilient to overfishing because they have a short lifespan , are fast growers and produce many young . farmed whiteleg shrimp have been ranked on the “avoid” list by environmental organizations . this ranking is due to pollution including - nutrient effluent discharge , use of banned antibiotics and habitat degradation . in addition - depending on the country - management practices are sometimes non - existent or poorly enforced .
nicaragua : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) .
ecuador : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) .
moss sm , 1998 . proceedings us marine shrimp farming biosecurity workshop . usmsfp publications .
zhang , peidong , xiumei zhang , jian li , and guoqiang huang . 2006 . swimming ability and physiological response to swimming fatigue in whiteleg shrimp , litopenaeus vannamei . comparative biochemistry and physiology part a : molecular integrative physiology 145 : 26–32 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cbpa . 2006 . 04 . 014 .
while also suggesting two additional principles to be considered by the noc committee , the southern shrimp alliance’s comments included a presentation to noaa’s office of international affairs and seafood inspection titled “overview of fraud in shrimp trade . ” this presentation provided a broad overview of historical issues confronted by the domestic shrimp industry regarding competition with falsely labeled and fraudulently - traded imported shrimp .
costa rica : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) .
more than one - third of u . s . shrimp may be mislabeled , study says
according to gavin gibbons , a spokesperson for the national fisheries institute —the leading trade group for the u . s . seafood industry—many shrimp buyers don ' t view wild and farmed shrimp as interchangeable . they may buy some wild shrimp for higher - end uses and farmed shrimp for other uses , and often place specific orders far in advance , depending on market prices .
farm discharges , causing self - pollution in shrimp growing areas as well as viral disease outbreaks .
to meet this growing appetite , the shrimp aquaculture industry has grown dramatically since the 1980s . farmed shrimp usually can be produced for a lower price and generally comes from southeast asia and india .
mercier , laurence , elena palacios , ángel i . campa - córdova , dariel tovar - ramírez , roberto hernández - herrera , and ilie s . racotta . 2006 . metabolic and immune responses in pacific whiteleg shrimp litopenaeus vannamei exposed to a repeated handling stress . aquaculture 258 : 633–640 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaculture . 2006 . 04 . 036 .
mexico : camarón blanco , white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) .
panama : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) , camarón patiblanco .
colombia : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) , camarón café .
national marine fisheries service , 2004 . tokyo wholesale shrimp prices . internet urltoken accessed 30 september 2004 .
yu , xiaoming , xiumei zhang , yan duan , peidong zhang , and zhenqing miao . 2010 . effects of temperature , salinity , body length , and starvation on the critical swimming speed of whiteleg shrimp , litopenaeus vannamei . comparative biochemistry and physiology part a : molecular integrative physiology 157 : 392–397 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cbpa . 2010 . 08 . 021 .
introduced species remark in thailand ( nation ) : impacts of shrimp aquaculture are controversial , and include loss of mangroves and other coastal habitat , salinization of groundwater , escape of nonindigenous shrimp species , and spread of viral shrimp diseases ( senanan et al . 2007 ; food and agriculture organization 2011 ) . [ details ]
introduced species remark in venezuela ( nation ) : impacts of shrimp aquaculture are controversial , and include loss of mangroves and other coastal habitat , salinization of groundwater , escape of nonindigenous shrimp species , and spread of viral shrimp diseases ( senanan et al . 2007 ; food and agriculture organization 2011 ) . [ details ]
introduced species remark in india ( nation ) : impacts of shrimp aquaculture are controversial , and include loss of mangroves and other coastal habitat , salinization of groundwater , escape of nonindigenous shrimp species , and spread of viral shrimp diseases ( senanan et al . 2007 ; food and agriculture organization 2011 ) . [ details ]
introduced species remark in china ( nation ) : impacts of shrimp aquaculture are controversial , and include loss of mangroves and other coastal habitat , salinization of groundwater , escape of nonindigenous shrimp species , and spread of viral shrimp diseases ( senanan et al . 2007 ; food and agriculture organization 2011 ) . [ details ]
suppliers of pathology expertise no specific institutes or laboratories named , but shrimp pathology expertise is now readily available .
advances and innovations for managing shrimp diseases speaker : dr . gourav rathore , deputy director , nbfgr , lucknow
mpeda chairman a jayathilak states the coastal shrimp aquaculture production has grown consistently during the last couple of years .
. social conflicts remain , but the shrimp culture industry employs thousands of rural people , who would be far worse off without it . the adoption of more eco - friendly shrimp culture practices should further reduce such conflicts .
if shrimp are sold directly to processing plants , specialized teams for harvesting and handling are commonly used to maintain shrimp quality . after sorting , shrimp are washed , weighed and immediately killed in iced water at 0–4 °c . often sodium metabisulphate is added to the chilled water to prevent melanosis and red - head . shrimp are then kept in ice in insulated containers and transported by truck either to processing plants or domestic shrimp markets . in processing plants , shrimp are placed in iced bins and cleaned and sorted according to standard export sizes . shrimp are processed , quickly frozen at - 10 °c and stored at - 20 °c for export by ship or air cargo . due to an increasing demand , no taxes and higher profit margins , many processing plants operate value - added product lines .
boyd ce , 1989 . water quality management and aeration in shrimp farming . alabama agricultural experiment station , auburn .
hawaii department of agriculture , 2004 . kauai’s ceatech shrimp farm under state quarantine . news release nr04 - 04 .
introduced species remark in united states exclusive economic zone ( eez ) : impacts of shrimp aquaculture are controversial , and include loss of mangroves and other coastal habitat , salinization of groundwater , escape of nonindigenous shrimp species , and spread of viral shrimp diseases ( senanan et al . 2007 ; food and agriculture organization 2011 ) . [ details ]
overall , americans eat 3 . 8 pounds of shrimp per capita , more than any other seafood item . shrimp is now the most highly traded seafood product by value in the u . s . and around the world .
also common , though to an extent that was harder to quantify , was gulf shrimp that was sold simply as
shrimp ,
with no information on the source . she considered that to be a lost marketing opportunity , denying producers the chance to get the price premium that many consumers are willing to pay for wild - caught shrimp .
taw , n . 2005 . indonesia shrimp production . presented in the indonesian shrimp farmers session of world aquaculture 2005 , may 9–13 , 2005 , nusa dua , bali , indonesia . charoen pokphand , jakarta indonesia . 18 pp .
the situation is different for farmed shrimp , however . most foreign farmed shrimp is on monterey bay aquarium ' s
avoid
list because of concerns about habitat destruction , overfishing of other organisms to serve as feed , waste pollution , spread of diseases , and overuse of chemical treatments . some shrimp farmers in thailand have even been linked to human trafficking .
fox jm ; treece gd , 2000 . shrimp nutrition and feed management . in : haws mc , boyd ce , eds . methods for improvement of shrimp farming in central america . managua , nicaragua : uca press , 65 - 90 .
the close relation between skretting and farmers helps the farmers achieve their goals . watch our video from shrimp farming in vietnam .
each were paired in glass aquaria with a 0 . 5 g - piece of fresh shrimp meat put in the middle .
) , the husbandry of other penaeid species has also been attempted in belize . these include the exotic pacific blue shrimp (
concluding that wild - caught shrimp imports from mexico , amongst other products , carried “particularly high levels” of possible iuu infection .
senanan w ; tangkrock - olan n ; panutrakul s ; barnette p ; wongwiwatanawute c ; niphonkit n ; anderson dj , 2007 . the presence of the pacific whiteleg shrimp ( litopenaeus vannamei , boone , 1931 ) in the wild in thailand . journal of shellfish research , 26 ( 4 ) : 1187 - 1192 . urltoken ; = 10 . 2983 % 2f0730 - 8000 % 282007 % 2926 % 5b1187 % 3atpotpw % 5d2 . 0 . co % 3b2
quackenbush ls ; keeley ll , 1987 . vitellogenesis in the shrimp , p . vannamei . american zoologist , 26 : 810a .
with regard to the area devoted to shrimp farming in 2004 , there were 6 888 acres ( 2 789 ha ) under production with fourteen farms in operation . this represents a 12 . 5 percent of the overall area under the tenureship of shrimp farmers .
the ngo community has expressed no known concerns with regards to the social impacts of shrimp farming , or other forms of aquaculture .
innovations in shrimp culture – farmers perspective speaker : mr . saji chacko , senior vice president , onaway industries , navsari , gujarat
treece gd , 2002 . inland shrimp farming in west texas . global aquaculture advocate , 5 ( 3 ) : 46 - 47 .
in addition to the comments from the southern shrimp alliance , the noc committee received dozens of comments from other individuals , businesses , governments , and non - governmental organizations . some of these also highlighted continuing significant concerns with iuu fishing and seafood fraud in shrimp trade .
all shrimp farmers are becoming acutely aware of the growing need to farm shrimp in a responsible , traceable and low impact manner which can enhance biosecurity , and help protect the environment , whilst producing shrimp in a cost efficient manner . the newly developed intensive bacterial floc and super - intensive systems may have potential to address all of these concerns and should be investigated more thoroughly . in order to continue the growth of shrimp farming smoothly in the long term , domestic consumption should be promoted ( as in china ) to supplement the problematic export markets .
such rules can lead , for instance , to a bag of shrimp that is native to north america being marked
product of india .
was the shrimp processed in india or somehow mixed up ?
she asks .
we don ' t know .
peru : white shrimp ( this name is used for all species of litopenaeus ) , langostino ( used for all species of litopenaeus ) .
are very efficient at utilizing the natural productivity of shrimp ponds , even under intensive culture conditions . additionally , feed costs are generally less for
boyd ce ; clay jw , 1998 . shrimp aquaculture and the environment . scientific american , 278 ( 6 ) : 42 - 49 .
jory de , 2003 . stock domestication and genetic improvement in shrimp culture . aquaculture magazine , 29 ( 2 ) : 66 - 72 .
there were fourteen shrimp farms operational in belize at the end of 2004 . these farms were utilizing four distinct husbandry systems . these were :
forty percent of the 20 shrimp species or categories collected and identified were not previously known to be sold in the u . s . ;
the farmed shrimp supply chain is complex , consisting of approximately 400 , 000 producers worldwide , numerous processing plants , and multiple distributors , the aquarium notes on its website .
this makes it difficult for consumers to know the origin of their shrimp and how it was farmed .
alcivar - warren a , 2004 . us marine shrimp farming industry report . online at www . usmsfp . org . accessed 30 september 2004 .
the policy responses have dealt with : disease management , aquatic pollution , the movement of exotic species , education and training , diversification of the shrimp farming industry , and the integration of small - , and medium - scale producers in shrimp farming , tilapia farming and other aspects of aquaculture .
adapting to a new reality : shrimp nurseries speaker : mr . s chandrasekhar , area manager , india & south asia , inve aquaculture , thailand
eurofish , 2004 . fishinfo network : market report on shrimp , may 2004 . online at www . eurofish . dk . accessed 27 august 2004 .
lightner dv ; redman rm , 1998 . shrimp diseases and current diagnostic methods . aquaculture , 164 ( 1 / 4 ) : 201 - 220 .
the next most important market is the european union ( importing 183 000 tonnes in the first half of 2005 ) , which favours small ( 31 / 40 count ) , whole , frozen shrimp . japan , whose market mainly requires large headless ( 16 / 20 count ) shrimp , is typically supplied by
the mislabeling that oceana uncovered can interfere with people ' s ability to choose their shrimp according to whatever matters to them , whether it be taste , price , or environmental concerns .
if everything is simply called ' shrimp , '
says warner ,
consumers are left in the dark .
finally , nfi’s comments also downplayed mislabeling concerns regarding certain seafood species , including shrimp , indicating that the following “should represent lower concern” to the noc committee : “species that are mislabeled within the same genus or within the same acceptable market name grouping , e , g , shrimp , cod or grouper . ”
lethargy , anorexia , dark coloured shrimp ; reduced feeding & growth rates ; often increased surface & gill fouling with various epibiotic & epicommensal organisms ; severely affected larvae & postlarvae may exhibit a white midgut line through the abdomen ; acute mbv causes loss of hepatopancreatic tubule & midgut epithelia & , consequently , dysfunction of these organs , often followed by secondary bacterial infections ; linked with high mortalities ( > 90 % ) in late postlarvae & juvenile shrimp in many culture facilities ; usually juvenile & adult p . monodon are more resistant to mbv than larval shrimp ; mbv may predispose infected shrimp to infections by other pathogens ;
aquatic network , 2003 . shrimp - farming report strong on attack , weak on focus . online at urltoken ; = 1 . accessed 27 august 2004 .
massaut l , 1999 . mangrove management and shrimp aquaculture . research and development series no . 44 . alabama , usa : auburn university , 45 pp .
treece gd , 2001 . shrimp maturation and spawning . ujnr technical report no . 28 : 121 - 134 . online at urltoken accessed 29 july 2004 .
had higher frequency of antenna - to - body contact with males than with females . no such difference in males and neither females nor males of snapping shrimp
diversification of brackishwater aquaculture with special reference to indigenous species of shrimp speaker : dr . k k vijayan , director , central institute of brackishwater aquaculture , chennai
americans eat more shrimp than any other seafood product , yet they are often given little information about where it comes from or even if it is wild or farmed . in our 2014 shrimp testing report , we found that 30 percent of the 143 shrimp products sampled from 111 vendors visited nationwide were misrepresented . of the 70 restaurants visited , 31 percent sold misrepresented products , while 41 percent of the 41 grocery stores and markets visited sold misrepresented products . highlights include :
yesterday , the southern shrimp alliance submitted formal comments to the national ocean council ( noc ) committee regarding “principles” to be used in determining which seafood species are “at risk” for illegal , unreported , and unregulated ( iuu ) fishing and seafood fraud . in those comments , the southern shrimp alliance observed that the “possible principles” identified in the request for comments published in the federal register strongly support a determination that shrimp is a seafood species “at risk” for iuu fishing and seafood fraud .
wyban , j . a . & sweeney , j . n . 1991 . intensive shrimp production technology . high health aquaculture , hawaii , usa . 158 pp .
he h ; lawrence al , 1993 . vitamin c requirements of the shrimp penaeus vannamei . . aquaculture , 114 ( 3 / 4 ) : 305 - 316 .
in 2004 , the volume of exported shrimp continued to increase in a significant way . total farmed shrimp exports were 16 . 86 million pounds ( 7 664 tons ) valued at bz $ 84 . 28 million ( us $ 42 . 14 thousand ) , with an increase in export volume of 5 . 6 percent . for this time period however , there was a decline of 8 . 2 percent in export value when compared to the 2003 scenario . the downward trend in export value has been as a result of a continued decline in global shrimp prices since 2000 due to increased volumes of shrimp by the asian countries , at very low and competitive prices .
farmed shrimp production in belize is expected to remain fairly stable for the next two years . shrimp farmers have been hesitant to continue farm expansion over the past years and are examining options that would ostensibly allow them to survive the current crisis . while improvements in shrimp farming technology are expected to gradually lower production costs , with strong price declines such as those experienced in the past years , farmers are in the process of reducing operational costs at the farm level and improving on production per unit area over time .
boyd , c . e . & clay , j . w . 2002 . evaluation of belize aquaculture ltd : a superintensive shrimp aquaculture system . report prepared under the world bank , naca , wwf and fao consortium program on shrimp farming and the environment . published by the consortium and obtainable through naca , bangkok , thailand . 17 pp .
aquacop , 1977 . observations on the maturation and reproduction of penaeid shrimp in captivity in a tropical medium . aquaculture workshop , ices , may 1977 , brest , france .
all commercial aquaculture production activities are in the hands of the private sector . after some vacillation in the mid - , and late - 1990s , a shrimp farmers association was formed in belize in mid - 2000 . the association has a broad mandate that is to conceptually attend all issues relating to the interest and livelihood of the shrimp farmers .
acutely infected shrimp show reduced food consumption ; lethargy ; high mortality of 100 % within 3–10 days of onset of clinical signs ; loose cuticles with white spots of 0 . 5–2 . 0 mm diameter , most apparent inside the carapace ; moribund shrimp often have pink to reddish - brown colouration due to expansion of cuticular chromatophores & few if any white spots
kulakovskii ee ; baturin ya , 1979 . the sinus gland of the shrimp eualus gaimardi and its state related to environmental salinity variations . tsitologiya , 21 : 1200 - 1203 .
shrimp may be america ' s favorite seafood , but consumers may not always get what they ask for . according to dna analyses conducted by the environmental advocacy group oceana , 35 percent of shrimp sold in u . s . grocery stores and restaurants was improperly labeled by species or type , raising questions about food safety and complicating efforts to promote sustainability .
in its report on shrimp , oceana found misrepresentation almost everywhere it looked : farmed shrimp passed off as wild or
gulf caught ,
one species swapped for another , unidentified mixing of species . the problem was worst in new york city , where 43 percent of shrimp samples were improperly labeled , and almost as bad in washington , d . c . , and the gulf coast , with mislabeling in 30 percent of the samples . portland , oregon , had the best result , with a mislabeling rate of only 5 percent .
oddly , the group also found some unknown shrimp species , or at least species that weren ' t usually considered fit for human consumption . of the 20 species the oceana team identified , eight were not previously known to be on the market for consumption . these included coral
cleaner
shrimp that pick parasites off reefs and are popular in the aquarium trade .
according to oceana ' s warner , a problem with foreign shrimp is that asian shrimp farms might be using toxic chemicals that are banned in the u . s . and consumers can ' t always rely on the mandatory country - of - origin label system , she says , because the rules state that only the last country where seafood was processed must be listed .
acutely infected shrimp show rapid reduction in food consumption ; lethargy ; high mortality rates with cumulative mortalities reaching 100 percent within 3 to 10 days of the onset of clinical signs ; acutely infected shrimp often have loose cuticle with white spots ( which represent abnormal deposits of calcium salts by the cuticular epidermis ) of 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 mm in diameter that are most apparent on the inside surface of the carapace ; in many cases moribund shrimp display a pink to reddish - brown colouration due to expansion of cuticular chromatophores & few if any white spots
caillouet cw , 1972 . ovarian maturation induced by eyestalk ablation in pink shrimp , penaeus duorarum ( burkenroad ) . proc . world maricul . soc . , 3 : 205 - 225 .
johnson sk , 1996 . summary of key virus diseases of shrimp aquaculture . prepared for the texas senate natural resources interim subcommittee , texas a & m ; university , 19 april 1996 .
preston np ; clifford hc , 2002 . genetic improvement of farmed shrimp : summary and implications of a global survey . global aquaculture advocate , 5 ( 1 ) : 48 - 50 .
overall , 30 % of the shrimp products surveyed in grocery stores lacked information on country of origin , 29 % lacked farmed / wild information and one in five did not provide either .
akiyma dm , 1986 . the development of a purified diet and nutritional requirement of lysine in penaeid shrimp . phd thesis . texas , usa : texas a & m ; university college station .
moss sm ; arce sm ; argua bj ; otoshi ca ; calderon fro ; tacon agc , 2001 . greening of the blue revolution : efforts toward environmentally responsible shrimp culture . in : browdy cl , jory de , eds . the new wave , proceedings of the special session on sustainable shrimp culture , aquaculture 2001 . the world aquaculture society , baton rouge , louisiana , usa .
there has been a slowly increasing demand for shrimp in world markets , as capture fisheries stagnate and people became more affluent and conscious of healthy food choices . despite the increased demand , the price for
brock ja , 1997 . special topic review : taura syndrome , a disease important to shrimp farms in the americas . world journal of microbiology & biotechnology , 13 ( 4 ) : 415 - 418 .
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cultured shrimp harvested from ponds ( after 4–5 months at 15–25 g ) , are on - grown for 2–3 months and then transferred to maturation facilities at > 7 months of age when they weigh 30–35 g .
castille fl ; lawrence al , 1989 . the effect of deleting dietary constituents from pelleted feeds on the growth of shrimp in the presence of natural foods . j . world aquacul . soc . , 20 : 22a .
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treece gd ; yates me , 1990 . laboratory manual for the culture of penaeid shrimp larvae . texas a & m ; university sea grant college program , bryan , tx , pub . 88 - 202 ( r ) .
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laubier - bonichon a ; laubier l , 1976 . reproduction control with the shrimp p . japonicus fao tech . conf . aqua . kyoto , japan fir : aq / conf . / 76 / e . 38 , 6pp .
extensive and semi - intensive ponds are harvested by draining the pond at low tide through a bag net installed in the outlet sluice gate . if the tide does not allow harvesting , the water can be pumped out . in some larger farms , harvesting machines pump shrimp and water up to the pond bank where they are dewatered . intensive ponds may be harvested similarly and small 2–6 man seine nets are dragged around the pond to corral shrimp to the side of the pond from where they are removed by cast or dip net or perforated buckets . partial harvesting is common in asian intensive culture after the first 3 months . in thailand , artificial sluice gates are temporarily installed inside one corner of the pond to harvest closed system ponds . shrimp are then trapped in nets attached to this temporary gate when the pond is pumped out . in super - intensive systems , the shrimp are simply harvested with large scoop nets when required for processing .
bonami jr ; hasson kw ; mari j ; poulos bt ; lightner dv , 1997 . taura syndrome of marine penaeid shrimp : characterization of the viral agent . journal of general virology , 78 ( 2 ) : 313 - 319 .
abandoning the suffering paradigm we are able to discover other and at least as meaningful criteria for animal welfare , like e . g . joy , the opposite of pleasure . another criterion , deception , has been investigated with the shrimp species
griffith , d . r . w . , and j . m . wigglesworth . 1993 . growth rhythms in the shrimp penaeus vannamei and p . schmitti . marine biology 115 : 295–299 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00346347 .
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these results clearly show that misrepresentation and mislabeling of shrimp is prevalent in the marketplace . lack of clear labeling not only leaves consumers in the dark , but it also hurts honest fishermen who are trying to sell their products into the market .
dittel ai ; epifanio ce ; cifuentes la ; kirchman dl , 1997 . carbon and nitrogen sources for shrimp postlarvae fed natural diets from a tropical mangrove system . estuarine , coastal and shelf science , 45 ( 5 ) : 629 - 637 .
lightner dv , 1996 . the penaeid shrimp viruses ihhnv and tsv : epizootiology , production impacts and role of international trade in their distribution in the americas . ‘revues scientifique et technique office interantional des epizooties’ 15 ( 2 ) : 579 - 601 .
otoshi , clete a . , scott s . naguwa , frank c . falesch , and shaun m . moss . 2007 . shrimp behavior may affect culture performance at super - intensive stocking densities . global aquaculture advocate march / april : 67–69 .
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although not mentioned in wwf / traffic’s comments , the latest official statistics show significant growth in the volume of imports from areas identified by these ngos . for example , the official statistics indicate that through the first third of this year , frozen non - breaded warmwater shrimp imports from pakistan are over 1 , 000 % larger than they were during the first four months of 2014 . in fact , the total volume of shrimp imports from pakistan between january and april of this year is more than what the united states has imported from that country in any single year since 2001 . further , frozen non - breaded warmwater shrimp imports from mexico are 90 % higher through the first four months of this year than they were over the first four months of 2014 . and the total volume of frozen non - breaded warmwater shrimp imported from argentina into the united states in 2014 was larger , by a substantial margin , than any previous year , with imports remaining at nearly the same level in 2015 .
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balakrishnan , gunalan , soundarapandian peyail , kumaran ramachandran , anand theivasigamani , maheswaran chokkaiah , and pushparaj nataraj . 2011 . growth of cultured white leg shrimp litopenaeus vannamei ( boone 1931 ) in different stocking density . advances in applied science research 2 : 107–113 .
but it ' s not just about the taste or the pricing ; it ' s also about sustainability . farmed and wild shrimp are not equal when it comes to environmental impact , says the monterey bay aquarium . ( also learn about illegal fishing . )
is expected to become more competitive , due mainly to the saturation of export markets and reduction in world economic growth , as well as the emergence of non - tariff barriers in shrimp trade . additionally , the industry will need to accommodate importing countries requirements on :
rye m , 2002 . applied genetic improvement programs for shrimp species – the selection approach . in : book of abstracts , was annual meeting , beijing , people’s republic of china . world aquaculture society , baton rouge , louisiana , usa , p . 664 .
yano , i . , r . a . kanna , r . n . oyama , and j . a . wyban . 1988 . mating behaviour in the penaeid shrimp penaeus vannamei . marine biology 97 : 171–175 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00391299 .
chang pohshing ; lo chufang ; wang yuchi ; kou guanghsiung , 1996 . identification of white spot syndrome associated baculovirus ( wsbv ) target organs in the shrimp penaeus monodon by in situ hybridization . diseases of aquatic organisms , 27 ( 2 ) : 131 - 139 .
vickery , rachel , kathleen hollowell , and melissa hughes . 2012 . why have long antennae ? exploring the function of antennal contact in snapping shrimp . marine and freshwater behaviour and physiology 45 : 161–176 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 10236244 . 2012 . 699644 .
the participation of the ngo community in issues of aquaculture development is limited to the conservation - oriented ngo ' s . the involvement of these ngo ' s with issues relating to shrimp farming or other aspects of aquaculture has been relatively limited . the most significant intervention of the conservation - oriented ngo ' s was by the belize audubon society ( bas ) in the early - 1990s in regard to the impacts of shrimp farming on waterfowl , and in more recent times the probable impacts of tilapia on the ecology of the crooked tree lagoon .
akiyama dm ; coelho sr ; lawrence al ; robinson eh , 1989 . apparent digestibility of feedstuffs by the marine shrimp penaeus vannamei boone . nippon suisan gakkaishi = bulletin of the japanese society of scientific fisheries , 55 ( 1 ) : 91 - 98 ; 28 ref .
balboa , william a . , timothy l . king , and paul c . hammerschmidt . 1991 . occurrence of pacific white shrimp in lower laguna madre , texas . proc . annu . conf . southeast . assoc . fish . and wildl . agencies 45 : 288–292 .
sanudin , noorsyarinah , audrey daning tuzan , and annita seok kian yong . 2014 . feeding activity and growth performance of shrimp post larvae litopenaeus vannamei under light and dark condition . journal of agricultural science 6 : p103 . doi : 10 . 5539 / jas . v6n11p103 .
momoyana k ; hiraoka m ; nakano h ; koube h ; inouye k ; oseko n , 1994 . mass mortalities of cultured kuruma shrimp , penaeus japonicus , in japan in 1993 : histopathological study . gyobyo kenkyu = fish pathology , 29 ( 2 ) : 141 - 148 .
in belize shrimp farming is at a transition between stage iv ( accelerated development ) and stage v ( immature development ) - where the development of aquaculture is accelerated as a result of the activities of producers and institutions , and where production is predominantly oriented to the generation of income .
barnette p ; khururat o ; sananan w ; tangkrad - olan n ; upatham s ; pantuwatana s ; wongwiwatanawute c , 2006 . the prevalence of taura syndrome virus , white spot syndrome virus and yellow head virus in wild shrimp species in thailand . in : icais conference proceedings . urltoken
for shrimp farming to succeed to the stage of ' mature development ' , where it is self - sufficient at an advanced technological level and external assistance or aid from donor agencies is not required - it is necessary to synthesize and implement a definitive and comprehensive development plan for the sector .
bailey - brock jh ; moss sm , 1992 . penaeid taxonomy , biology and zoogeography . in : fast aw , lester lj , eds . marine shrimp culture : principles and practices . developments in aquaculture and fisheries science , volume 23 . the netherlands : elsevier science , 9 - 27 .
varadharajan , d . , and n . pushparajan . 2013 . food and feeding habits of aquaculture candidate a potential crustacean of pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei , south east coast of india . j aquac res development 4 : 5 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2155 - 9546 . 1000161 .
super - intensive farming systems with one stocking and one harvest per cycle after four to five months - stocking densities were 500 000 pl ' s per acre ( 1 235 million pl ' s per ha ) with yields of 9 700 lbs / acre / crop ( 10 890 kg / ha / crop ) of shrimp tails and harvested shrimp being in the medium to large size classes ( 15 - 18g ) , the system is based on re - circulation technology with a diminished demand for water , and little or no immediate effluents : the system also relies heavily on artificial aeration .
the aquarium ' s seafood watch program considers u . s . - caught wild shrimp to be a
best choice
or
good alternative
from an environmental point of view , thanks to rigorous fisheries laws that reduce unintended bycatch of turtles , marine mammals , and other threatened organisms .
takahashi y ; itami t ; kondo m ; maeda m ; fuji r ; tomonaga s ; supamattaya k ; boonyaratpalin s , 1994 . electron microscopic evidence of bacilliform virus infection in kuruma shrimp ( penaeus japonicus ) . gyobyo kenkyu = fish pathology , 29 ( 2 ) : 121 - 125 .
parnes , s , e mills , c segall , s raviv , c davis , and a sagi . 2004 . reproductive readiness of the shrimp litopenaeus vannamei grown in a brackish water system . aquaculture 236 : 593–606 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaculture . 2004 . 01 . 040 .
lu y ; tapay lm ; brock ja ; loh pc , 1994 . infection of the yellow head baculo - virus ( yhv ) in two species of penaeid shrimp , penaeus stylirostris ( stimpson ) and penaeus vannamei ( boone ) . journal of fish diseases , 17 ( 6 ) : 649 - 656 .
moss , dustin r . , and shaun m . moss . 2006 . effects of gender and size on feed acquisition in the pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei . journal of the world aquaculture society 37 : 161–167 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1749 - 7345 . 2006 . 00022 . x .
inouye k ; miwa s ; oseko n ; nakano h ; kimura t ; momoyama k ; hiraoka m , 1994 . mass mortalities of cultured kuruma shrimp penaeus japonicus in japan in 1993 : electron microscopic evidence of the causative virus . gyobyo kenkyu = fish pathology , 29 ( 2 ) : 149 - 158 .
nakano h ; koube h ; umezawa s ; momoyama k ; hiraoka m ; inouye k ; oseko n , 1994 . mass mortalities of cultures kuruma shrimp , penaeus japonicus , in japan in 1993 : epizootiological survey and infection trials . gyobyo kenkyu = fish pathology , 29 ( 2 ) : 135 - 139 .
baloi , manecas , rafael arantes , rodrigo schveitzer , caio magnotti , and luis vinatea . 2013 . performance of pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei raised in biofloc systems with varying levels of light exposure . aquacultural engineering 52 : 39–44 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaeng . 2012 . 07 . 003 .
the oceana team tested shrimp from 111 vendors ( 70 restaurants and 41 grocery stores ) in the second half of 2013 , and found that 35 percent had at least some mislabeled products—31 percent of the restaurants and 41 percent of the grocery stores . when calculated by overall volume , the mislabeling rate was 30 percent .
the major market for shrimp is the united states of america , which was expected to import approximately 477 000 tonnes worth usd 3 . 1 billion in 2005 , 1 . 8 times more than the 264 000 tonnes imported in 2000 . the united states of america was traditionally supplied with small frozen or processed headless shrimp from latin america . more recently , the united states of america has looked to asia to supply its increasing demand ( 1 . 9 kg / capita in 2004 ) . major suppliers to the united states of america in 2005 were thailand , ecuador , india , china and viet nam . however , the rapidly increasing production of
aquacop , 1975 . maturation and spawning in captivity of penaeid shrimp : p . merguiensis de man , p . japonicus bate , p . aztecus ives , metap . ensis de haan , and p . semiculcatus de haan . proceedings of the 6th annual meeting of the world mariculture society , 6 : 123 - 132 .
luchiari , a . c . , a . o . marques , and f . a . m . freire . 2012 . effects of substrate colour preference on growth of the shrimp litopenaeus vannamei ( boone , 1931 ) ( decapoda , penaeoidea ) . crustaceana 85 : 789–800 . doi : 10 . 1163 / 156854012x650232 .
that means , in part , more testing and more inspecting by the fda , says williams of the southern shrimp alliance .
the agencies are doing a heck of a job ,
he says .
but they need more resources , more manpower , and more dollars if you want to see better enforcement .
brock ja ; gose r ; lightner dv ; hasson k , 1995 . an overview on taura syndrome , an important disease of farmed penaeus vannamei . swimming through troubled water . proceedings of the special session on shrimp farming , san diego , california , usa , 1 - 4 february , 1995 . , 84 - 94 .
you , kui , hongsheng yang , ying liu , shilin liu , yi zhou , and tao zhang . 2006 . effects of different light sources and illumination methods on growth and body color of shrimp litopenaeus vannamei . aquaculture 252 : 557–565 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaculture . 2005 . 06 . 041 .
white shrimp are short - lived prawns with ranges that include the gulf of mexico and the eastern coast of the united states from florida to new york . this species is the largest prawn in its range , reaching lengths of nearly 8 inches ( 20 cm ) , and is one of the more highly sought seafood species wherever it lives . it therefore supports a highly lucrative fishery in the gulf of mexico and in the southeast united states . along with true crabs , lobsters , and other prawns , the white shrimp is a decapod ; it has ten legs , and it is covered with a spiny exoskeleton that provides it some protection from potential predators .
) . the growth performance of this aspect of the sector is reflected in the increase in export production and revenues from 189 thousand pounds ( 86 tons ) and bz $ 1 . 8 million ( us $ 900 thousand ) respectively in 1990 to 15 . 9 million pounds ( 7 227 tons ) and bz $ 91 . 8 million ( us $ 45 . 9 million ) respectively in 2003 . in 2004 , the volume of exported shrimp continued to increase in a significant way . total farmed shrimp exports were 16 . 86 million pounds ( 7 664 tons ) valued at bz $ 84 . 28 million ( us $ 42 . 14 million ) .
alikunhi kh ; poernomo a ; adisufresno s ; budiono m ; busman s , 1975 . preliminary observations on induction of maturity and spawning in penaeus monodon ( fabricius ) and penaeus merquiensis ( de man ) by eyestalk extirpation . bull . shrimp cult . res . cent . jepara , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 11 .
garza - torres , rodolfo , rafael campos - ramos , and alejandro m . maeda - martínez . 2009 . organogenesis and subsequent development of the genital organs in female and male pacific white shrimp penaeus ( litopenaeus ) vannamei . aquaculture 296 : 136–142 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . aquaculture . 2009 . 08 . 012 .
oceana ' s study of shrimp mislabeling , released thursday , is part of a broader effort to uncover and address fraud in the american seafood marketplace . in february 2013 , oceana released a study of mislabeling in finfish , which found that one - third of the fish sold at retail outlets was not what the label said it was .
• escapes : escapees from shrimp farms have negative or at most unpredictable influences on the local ecosystem [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] , for example as competitor for food and space [ 9 ] [ 12 ] [ 11 ] or distributor of pathogens [ 9 ] [ 11 ] ( taura syndrome virus [ 10 ] ) .
is conducted in tidal areas where minimal or no water pumping or aeration is provided . ponds are of irregular shape , usually 5–10 ha ( up to 30 ha ) and 0 . 7–1 . 2 m deep . originally , wild seeds entering the pond tidally through the gate , or purchased from collectors were used ; since the 1980s hatchery reared pl are stocked at 4–10 / m² . shrimp feed mainly on natural foods enhanced by fertilization , and once - daily feeding with low protein formulated diets . despite low stocking densities , small shrimp of 11–12 g are harvested in 4–5 months . the yield in these extensive systems , is 150–500 kg / ha / crop , with 1–2 crops per year .
john williams , the executive director of the southern shrimp alliance , agrees that his producers sometimes miss out on fetching a higher price .
those who live around the gulf coast can look at or taste the product and know where it comes from , but people in other parts of the country aren ' t as aware ,
he says .
rivera - velázquez , g . , l . a . soto , i . h . salgado - ugarte , and e . j . naranjo . 2008 . growth , mortality and migratory pattern of white shrimp ( litopenaeus vannamei , crustacea , penaeidae ) in the carretas - pereyra coastal lagoon system , mexico . revista de biología tropical 56 : 523–533 .
pontes , cibele soares , maria de fatima arruda , alexandre augusto de lara menezes , and patrícia pereira de lima . 2006 . daily activity pattern of the marine shrimp litopenaeus vannamei ( boone 1931 ) juveniles under laboratory conditions . aquaculture research 37 : 1001–1006 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 2109 . 2006 . 01519 . x .
rodríguez , sergio rendón , emilio macías regalado , josé antonio calderón pérez , arturo núñez pastén , and rafael solís ibarra . 2007 . comparison of some reproductive characteristics of farmed and wild white shrimp males litopenaeus vannamei ( decapoda : penaeidae ) . international journal of tropical biology and conservation 55 . doi : 10 . 15517 / rbt . v55i1 . 6071 .
proteasome activities in shrimp hemocytes . hemocytes from crangon crangon showed fluorescence after incubation with specific substrates for a try - , b chy - , and c cas - like activities . the bars represent 20 μm . d no fluorescence was detected when hemocytes were simultaneously incubated with the substrate for chy - like activity and the inhibitor epoxomicin . the bar represents 20 μm
wakida - kusunoki , armando t . , luis enrique amador - del angel , patricia carrillo alejandro , and cecilia quiroga brahms . 2011 . presence of pacific white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei ( boone , 1931 ) in the southern gulf of mexico . aquatic invasions 6 : s139–s142 . doi : 10 . 3391 / ai . 2011 . 6 . s1 . 031 .
palacios , elena , ilie s . racolta , and acuacultores de la paz . 1999 . spawning frequency analysis of wild and pond - reared pacific white shrimp penaeus vannamei broodstock under large - scale hatchery conditions . journal of the world aquaculture society 30 : 180–191 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1749 - 7345 . 1999 . tb00865 . x .
reaction kinetics of proteasome activities of shrimp hemocytes . means , n = 3 . a trypsin - like activity of penaeus vannamei , b trypsin - like activity of crangon crangon , c chymotrypsin - like activity of penaeus vannamei , d chymotrypsin - like activity of crangon crangon , e caspase - like activity of penaeus vannamei , and f caspase - like activity of crangon crangon


the jujuy tuco-tuco ( ctenomys juris ) is a species of rodent in the family ctenomyidae .

it is known only from one location with an elevation of 500 m in jujuy province in northern argentina .

jujuy tuco - tuco

a province of nw argentina ; 22 , 952 square miles ; capital , jujuy .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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woods , charles a . , and c . william kilpatrick / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
comments : cabrera ( 1961 ) synonymized juris under mendocinus . included within mendocinus by redford and eisemberg ( 1992 ) and woods ( 1993 ) , but considered specifically distinct by galliari et al . ( 1996 )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the new international webster ' s comprehensive dictionary . copyright © 2010 , standard international copyright leasing .