herotilapia multispinosa also known as the rainbow cichlid is a tropical freshwater central american fish of the cichlid family .

it is found in atlantic slope of honduras , nicaragua , and costa rica from patuca river ( honduras ) south to matina river ( costa rica ) , and the pacific slope of nicaragua and costa rica from guasaule river south to tempisque river .

specimens are also reported from the choluteca river in the pacific of honduras .

this species is found in lakes and swamps with muddy bottoms , where it uses its specialized teeth and only 3.5 % jaw protrusion to feed mostly on algae .

it is commercially important as an aquarium fish .

the rainbow cichlid prefers a ph range of 7.0 – 8.0 , water hardness of 9-20 dgh and a temperature range of 21 – 36 °c .

rainbow cichlid

central america ; rainbow cichlid is to be found in the honduras and nicaragua .
books for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .
relatively common in the hobby , the rainbow cichlid makes an ideal ca cichlid for those who do not wish to manage the challenge of the more aggressive ca species .
norton , 1975 . the black - trim rainbow cichlid . buntbarsche bull . ( 51 ) : 10 - 12 .
the rainbow cichlid is unique in that it possesses tricuspid teeth , specifically enhancing its ability to eat filamentous algae which is its main source of food . the rainbow cichlid is capable of changing its coloration as its mood changes . the rainbow cichlid is an excellent choice for a chance to experience and observe a unique and wonderful fish species without a lot of special requirements and necessary equipment .
above : one of the two rainbow cichlids i have owned . my avatar , of course .
schwarz , 1977 . archocentrus centrarchus ( gill and bransford 1877 ) . amer . cichlid assoc . cichlid index 2 ( 9 ) : 1 - 2 .
the kribensis ( pelvicachromis pulcher ) , also known as the krib , the rainbow krib and the rainbow cichlid , is a small freshwater fish native to africa . while mainly found in the rivers of nigeria and cameroon , they are also listed as an invasive species in hawaii .
most cichlids have a classical fish - shaped body design and they come in a rainbow of colors .
in the wild rainbow cichlids eat algae of rocks , but in aquaria they will gladly eat any kind of food offered . i fed mine spectrum , tetra cichlid sticks , and hbh graze . the tetra cichlid sticks kept the females in very good breeding condition .
trade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .
pam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !
i have rainbow cichlids kept with convicts . both are comfortable at cooler tempretures . article is factually accurate .
the rainbow cichlid is a popular , not - too - large cichlid that is relatively peaceful and full of personality . has unique tricuspid teeth , which it uses to rasp filamentous algae , a major part of its diet in the wild , from rockwork and other aquarium decor .
herotilapia multispinosa ( some - times referred to as the
rainbow
cichlid in the pet trade ) is a hardy and colorful central american cichlid . it makes a great addition to community tanks , but is also worthy of a showy species - only tank , even safely placed in tanks containing certain livebearers , tetras , and other fish usually not easily placed in the cichlid aquarium .
the rainbow cichlid is an omnivore ; it will accept quality flake and cichlid pellets . blood worms and brine shrimp will also be accepted as treats . the diet should be supplemented with other treats such as spirulina which is classed as vegetable matter and they are often seen to be grazing on any algae present in the aquarium .
e - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .
h . multispinosa is a territorial , but peaceful , cichlid that is rarely aggressive except during spawning .
rainbow cichlid is a great cichlid to keep , especially for beginners . this easy hardy , relatively small , and peaceful cichlid is not demanding and is colorful . this fish , first typed by günther in 1867 , belonged in its own genus herotilapia . after schmitter - soto ' s 2007 reclassification of the central american fishes this fish was moved to the genus archocentrus . although it may be a representative of this genus , very little is known on rainbow cichlids scientifically and i believe more research should be done before it is considered a representative of this genus . this fish was first brought into the hobby back in 1961 and is a favorite with many cichlid fanatics .
: 4 . a robust cichlid recommended for a community tank with other similarly - sized central american cichlids .
loiselle , p . v . 1982b . cichlid potpouri . fama 5 ( 9 ) : et seq .
baylis , j . r . 1976 . a rainbow in muddy water . tropical fish world 3 ( l ) : 8 - 14 .
algal browsing by this sexually quiescent male los chiles herotilapia multispinissa is facilitated by the distinctive jaw teeth that define the genus . even outside of periods of sexual activity , the rainbow cichlid is a very attractively colored fish . photo by paul v . loiselle .
description : rainbow cichlid have bright orange base color with variable black markings along the length of the body . fins - excluding pectorals - are edged in bright blue . the fish can quickly change colors according to mood . they have orange eyes . debatably the smallest central american cichlid , it is closely related to the genus cichlasoma differing only by its three - pointed teeth . archocentrus multispinosus has tricuspid teeth , which greatly enhances the ability to feed on filamentous algae , making up a large portion of its natural diet . these three specialized teeth have earned multispinosa its own genus , herotilapia . the rainbow cichlid is an ideal fish to keep and breed for the beginner .
dr . phillip lobel recently reviewed the relatively scant literature on this topic ( 2001 . “acoustic behavior of cichlid fishes . ”
ladich f , schulz - mirbach t ( 2013 ) hearing in cichlid fish under noise conditions . plos one 8 : e57588
the rainbow cichlid should be housed in an aquarium of at least 45 gallons and should be provided with plenty of rock structure ( caves ) and / or driftwood for shelter ; they prefer a sand or fine gravel substrate and appreciate live plants , which help them feel more at home .
the rainbow cichlid is a brightly colored , monotypic fish commonly found in the lakes and rivers on the atlantic and pacific slopes of central america . it makes an excellent addition to semi - aggressive cichlid aquariums as well as peaceful community setups ; because of this the species is very popular among hobbyists looking for a few larger
community
fish that also fit the bill for the adding some color to their tanks .
the rainbow cichlid is an ideal fish to keep and breed for the beginner , and certainly possesses the traits to earn a place with hobbyists . with its ease of care , wonderful behaviors and coloration , i am confident that anyone who decides to try keeping h . multispinosa will not be disappointed .
such a life history pattern requires of its practitioners a specialized suite of adaptations . the physiological characteristics the rainbow cichlid must possess to prosper in such habitats are obvious enough . tolerance of high concentrations of dissolved metabolites and indifference to short term fluctuations in temperature and water chemistry head the list . experiments ( baylis , 1974 ) have demonstrated this species ' ability to tolerate the sort of hypoxic conditions likely to occur in the presence or large - scale decomposition of organic matter . i have already alluded to the dental modifications that allow herotilapia to collect vegetable foods efficiently . parallel digestive specialization must accompany such dental features as well . there are no data on the digestive physiology of this species , but the rainbow cichlid does possess the same sort of elongate intestine characteristic of such other herbivorous cichlids as sarotherodon , tilapia and many of the mbuna . withal , the rainbow cichlid as well equipped to survive in seasonally flooded habitats .
the rainbow cichlid is not characterized by extreme sexual dimorphism . females such as this one are best recognized by their plumper appearance and somewhat shorter , more rounded dorsal and anal fins . among sibs of the same age , females are also typically slightly smaller than their brothers . photo by paul v . loiselle .
sand subtrate should be used , although this fish would actually prefer a muddy bottom which would pose a challenge to the aquarist . other tank decor is not critical , although the rainbow cichlid will appreciate areas of planting in which it can take cover . water flow should be slow to moderate and lighting not overly strong .
ranging along the atlantic & pacific slopes , the rainbow cichlid can be found from honduras to costa rica where the fish is likely to be found seeking refuge among the submerged logs , tangled roots and overhead cover of muddy lake shores and swampy bogs . it is often found foraging through the muddy substrate in pursuit of anything edible .
a sexually quiescent male archocentrus centrarchus . in the past , this species was confused with h . multispinosa by aquarists . like the rainbow cichlid , this species has elevated dorsal and anal fin spines counts , but differs dramatically in its coloration and uniformity conical jaw teeth . photographed at shedd aquarium . photo by paul v . loiselle .
it can be difficult to determine the sex of a rainbow cichlid , but the male ' s anal and dorsal fins are usually more pointed ; the females are commonly smaller and have a short ovipositor . pairs will form a nuclear family and they will care for the fry and defend them ( in a community tank as well ) .
omnivore . because a good portion of the rainbow cichlid’s diet in the wild is filamentous algae , be sure to provide sufficient plant matter in their diets , including commercial spirulina foods . also provide a variety of commercial foods designed for cichlids , as well as live , frozen and freeze - dried foods , such as brine shrimp or bloodworms .
for those who want to try something big and have a minimum of a 48 - inch aquarium , the jaguar cichlid ( parachromis managuensis ) from central america and tilapia mariae ( west africa ) are possibilities ; in the case of the jaguar cichlid , start with young adults , not full - grown fish .
: captive bred specimen have lost much of their coloration . this fish has the ability to rapidly change colors according to its mood . the rear and lower parts can change from whitish - gold to black . the rainbow cichlid belongs to a monotypic genus , meaning that it is the only fish included . this fish is sexually mature at 3
( 8 cm ) .
as mentioned above they are classed as a peaceful species compared to the other cichlid species available so can be housed with other species of fish with a similar disposition .
loiselle , v . 1980a . cichlasoma septemfasciatum  a new color form of a central american cichlid . fama 3 ( 1 ) : 44 - 49 et seq .
all of these cichlid fish will do very well and breed in a well - planted aquarium with a few flowerpot caves . they thrive in virtually any water chemistry .
rainbow cichlid does not usually dig into the substrate or redecorate its environment so live plants and structures should remain unmolested . it ' s a good idea to provide them with adequate water movement although they have no special requirements above standard , efficient water filtration and lighting . they are a peaceful species that rarely show aggression , although they can become territorial and show aggressive behavior when spawning .
most cichlid fish are easy to breed , provided you have a male and a female , offer them suitable conditions and can manage their territorial behaviors . via brad / flickr
moving up a size bracket and to a 36 - inch aquarium minimum , we have the jack dempsey ( “cichlasoma” octofasciatum ) , the rainbow cichlid ( herotilapia multispinosa ) and hypsophrys nicaraguensis , all from central america . then there’s the blue acara ( aequidens pulcher ) and the port acara ( cichlasoma portalegrense ) from south america . all of these will do well in any but acidic conditions .
herotilapia multispinosa ( some - times referred to as the
rainbow
cichlid in the pet trade ) is a hardy and colorful central american cichlid . it makes a great addition to community tanks , but is also worthy of a showy species - only tank , even safely placed in tanks containing certain livebearers , tetras , and other fish usually not easily placed in the cichlid aquarium . debatably the smallest central american cichlid , h . multispinosa is also unique in that it possesses tricuspid teeth , which greatly enhances the ability to feed on filamentous algae , making up a large portion of its natural diet . these three specialized teeth have earned multispinosa its own genus , herotilapia . its characteristic golden coloration along with the orange eyes , black markings , and subtle blue hues make it a truly stunning aquarium occupant . it can mature at a size of just 3
, and is often not noted to grow much larger .
loiselle , p . v . 1982a . our national cichlid  cichlasoma cyanoqunatum ( baird and girard 1854 ) . fama 5 ( 5 ) : 6 - 11 et seq .
these cichlid fish are best kept in a species aquarium of their own , with just one pair of the chosen species . they are likely to fight constantly with other cichlid fish , whether their own kind or different species . this behavior is tied to their need to occupy a safe , private territory for raising a family . fish intruding into their territory are seen as a threat to the brood ( usually with justification ) , and other cichlid fish in particular are seen as competitors for resources ( breeding sites and food supply ) .
many would - be cichlid fish breeders have a typical community of fish and want to try their hand at adding cichlids to this environment . as it turns out , there are a number of small substrate - spawning cichlid fish that will fit well into such a setup , and they will not destroy a pleasant underwater scene by digging excessively and / or eating plants .
due in large measure to the efforts of dr . jeffrey r . baylis , a great deal more is known about the natural history - of the h . multispinosa than is typically the case for a neotropical cichlid . during his graduate program at berkeley , jeff had an opportunity to supplement laboratory work on this species ' behavior with field studies . the knowledge he gained about the ecology of the rainbow cichlid allowed him to meaningfully interpret much of the behavioral data derived from his laboratory observations . though this species has attracted the attention of subsequent workers ( smith - grayron and keenleyside , 1978 ) , the results of his research ( baylis , 1974 ) remain a model of the successful integration of field observation and laboratory studies to which any aspiring student of cichlid behavior can profitably turn for inspiration .
some species grow to only 4 cm ( 2 in . ) , but the largest cichlid , boulengerochromis microlepis , can reach a size up to 90 cm ( 3 ft . ) .
however , it is important to remember that these cichlid fish look after their eggs and fry , and thus will inevitably occupy an area of territory — a “nursery . ” these cichlid fish should be kept only if the aquarium is large enough to accommodate this territory need and still leave plenty of living space for the other occupants to go about their business without constant harassment .
in 1970 , a color mutant of the rainbow cichlid characterized by a novel distribution of black pigment on the body and fins was first discovered . this new color form made its appearance in an aquarium shop in waterloo , iowa , among a population of tank - reared herotilapia being held for sale . this heteromelanic color variety is generally known as the norton black - trim rainbow cichlid , in honor of dr . joanne norton , who worked out the genetics of this phenotype and was largely responsible for distributing it among interested cichlid keepers . according to norton ( 1975 ) , the mutant gene behaves as a simple mendelian recessive . it would be interesting to know if the black trim phenotype exists in nature . given the degree to which the normal color pattern of this species is adapted to its optical environment , one would predict with a fair degree of confidence that the mutant form would be at a considerable disadvantage in all pre - reproductive and reproductive interactions relative to the normal form . the black trim rainbow is as easily maintained in captivity as the wild , or as norton ( 1975 ) refers to it , the
drab
form . from the perspective of one who has kept both , i find myself in disagreement with norton ' s assessment of the relative attractiveness of the two fish . i find the normal form a much more colorful cichlid . fortunately , in such matters one can be guided by one ' s personal taste . trahit sua quemque voluptas !
that the ideal result of completely eliminating this source of mortality goes unattained is evinced by the steady attrition of the swarm of fry when rainbow cichlids spawn in a community situation in captivity . no less than by the simple observation that the inhabitants of nicaragua and costa rica are not up to their armpits in herotilapia ! i have no idea what percentage of a successful spawning survives to independence in nature . in captivity , however , given a tank of 200 1 capacity or larger , it is not unusual for ten to fifteen percent of a brood to attain this point under community conditions . given the fecundity of the rainbow cichlid , this is a most impressive performance .
( editor note : the present article , written in 1982 , lacks all the recent modifications in central american cichlid taxonomy . in an attempt to make it current i have updated dr . loiselle ' s article to include all the curently accepted cichlid genus . i have followed kullander paper ( kullander 1996 ) on heroines with comments for cichlasomines systematics for this end . may - 1997 . )
food is also no problem in captivity . any of the usual live and prepared foods will satisfy the rainbow cichlid ' s healthy appetite . the intense golden base coloration is at its best when their keeper sees fit to offer his fish a fair amount of plant matter in their diet . herotilapia will take any of the usual leafy vegetables enthusiastically , provided they are presoftened by a quick dip into boiling water . if one fails to provide them with supplementary plant matter , the fish are capable of making up for this deficiency by nibbling any rooted plants in their aquarium . duckweed is also likely to come in for such attention , though floating fern ( ceratopteris ) is effectively immune . assuming their appetite for vegetable food is otherwise satisfied , h . multispinosa is no danger to rooted plants . unlike many heroine species , the rainbow cichlid confines its digging strictly to periods of reproductive activity .
the seasonality of reproduction in nature also places a premium on the ability to respawn promptly should anything disrupt a previous spawning effort . according to baylis ( 1974 ) , a female rainbow cichlid can respawn from 10 to 14 days after the loss of a clutch of eggs . this reduced recycling time , combined with the extreme fecundity of h . multispinosa has led some killifish and betta fanciers to reverse the usual polarity of trophic interactions in their fish rooms . many breeders of these fish like to keep a single large cichlid around as a sort of biological garbage disposal for the numerous culls any program of selective breeding is likely to engender . however , in situations where winter scarcity of live food is a real problem , astute breeders have discovered that a pair of rainbow cichlids constitutes a convenient and highly reliable means of upgrading dried food into an abundant supply of high quality live food for the main objects of their attentions !
rainbow cichlids are great . i highly recommend them to the cichlid lover who has never tried them , but also to anyone who wants to try cichlids as they are a very nice and peaceful species to start with . this fish is occasionally found in shops and hobbyists . although it is generally cheap , it tends to disappear from time to time . if you don ' t have much room and want a nice central american , give these guys a try .
my fish have laid eggs twice now , but they ate them . i have three adult rainbow cichlids and two bala sharks , should i remove the fish once the eggs have been laid ? the mother protects them , but the male tries to eat them !
anton lamboj ( 2004 ) : pelvicachromis signatus and pelvicachromis rubrolabiatus , two new cichlid species ( teleostei , perciformes ) from guinea , west africa . zootaxa 454 , 1 - 12 : 12 - 12 , urltoken
loiselle , paul v . ( may 16 , 1997 ) .
those other central american cichlids - part one : herotilapia multispinossa
. cichlid room companion . retrieved on july 09 , 2018 , from : urltoken
compared to other central american cichlids , rainbow cichlids are fairly peaceful and generally easy to keep in the home aquarium . this makes them a great choice for beginners or for those who simply want a central american cichlid without the typical aggressiveness . this species is not demanding when it comes to tank conditions and generally a very hardy fish , but they do prefer hard , slightly alkaline water . rainbow cichlids are also smaller than some central american cichlids , so they do not require as much tank space . in the wild , they are found in vegetated areas of still or slow - moving waters . mimic this in the aquarium by providing plants for hiding places and gentle filtration to minimize water flow . floating plants would be a good idea to help diffuse the light .
i commented on the blue acara page about the introduction of a pair of rainbow cichlids . i did take one of two male blue acaras back to a shop and brought home two more rainbow cichlids , making the cichlid population in my tank = 4 rainbow cichlids and 1 blue acara ( male ) . they all seem to get along fine , no fighting or indeed , no sexual activity what - so - ever . i know one of the rainbows is definitely male as he has a slight nuchal bump on his head . he also happens to have red eyes and is much more orange than the other three ? as for the remaining three , i have no idea what sex they are , it seems impossible to tell but they don’t seem interested in the male at all . i have researched that these cichlids are really easy to breed so i wonder if they are either all male , the acara is putting them off or they are too young still . they are approx 6cm ( excluding tail fin ) and the acara about 7cm .
a peaceful cichlid , especially by central american standards , which will appreciate tankmates of a similar disposition . tetras barbs and other smaller peaceful cichlids can all be considered . small plecs and doradids make suitable bottom - dwellers .
for this reason , the novice cichlid breeder — or perhaps i should say cichlid keeper ( because keeping them successfully usually results in breeding , planned or not ) — will do well to stick to species that have been in captivity for some time and are hardy . such fish will do well in the water conditions you are able to provide and do not have any other specialized environmental conditions . plus , they are reasonably well behaved .
this parental female archocentrus centrarchus displays the same sort of reverse countershading that can be seen in comparably motivated rainbow cichlids . reverse countershading is characteristic of the breeding dress of all representatives of the genus archocentrus and of many other heroine species as well . photo by paul v . loiselle .
lowe - mcconnell , r . h . 1969 . the cichlid fishes of guyana , south america , with notes on their ecology and breeding behavior . zool . j . linn . soc . 48 : 255 - 302 .
i would not advise trying to keep even these small cichlid fish in any community aquarium with a length less than 36 inches , and then keep only one pair of a single species . when breeding , a pair will occupy about half the aquarium , leaving the other half for the other fish . in a community smaller than noted , even peaceful dwarf cichlid fish are best kept by themselves in a species aquarium ( more on this later ) .
in a more recent article by amorim and associates ( amorim , m . , m . knight , y . stratoudakis , and g . turner , 2004 . “differences in sounds made by courting males of three closely related lake malawi cichlid species . ” journal of fish biology 65 : 1358 - 1371 ) sounds from three malawi mbuna are recorded and analyzed , and the results suggest that sound may play a larger role in cichlid species recognition than we thought .
9 : 167 - 186 ) . lobel believes the mechanism of sound production in cichlids involves the jaw apparatus , with sounds amplified by the swimbladder . indeed , a variety of sounds have been recorded from a number of cichlid species including
bottom dwelling species run a considerably greater risk of injury . herotilapia will systematically persecute individuals of the lurking eleotrid predator gobiomorus dormitor , attacking individuals even beyond the boundaries of its territory . according to baylis ( 1974 ) , such predators will not survive such attentions unless furnished with shelter such as a length of pvc pipe which the cichlids cannot penetrate . such behavior is understandable enough , given that dormitor is a major source of danger to sympatrically occurring cichlid fry in central america . however , the average aquarist is usually less than forgiving when this sort of selective obliteration is directed at the catfishes and loaches sharing a tank with a reproductively inclined pair of rainbow cichlids . heavily armored loricariid catfishes are effectively immune to the consequences of herotilapia harassment , but prudence dictates removing any other bottom dwellers as soon as a pair of rainbow cichlids begins defending a breeding site .
when not engaged in courtship or spawning , herotilapia is an excellent community resident . while it will eat fish up to the size of a male guppy , such an eventuality is unlikely to occur in large aquaria . the rainbow cichlid is a most inept predator , lacking both the morphological and behavorial characteristics of a successful piscivore . the response of sexually active herotilapia towards other fish varies with the species concerned and the size of the breeding tank . other cichlids and mid - water living fishes are simply interdicted from the pair ' s territory . in a tank of 100 1 capacity or larger , they run little danger of serious injury . as mentioned earlier , rainbow cichlids can , and typically will , make do with a restricted breeding territory , while in a spacious tank , the other residents have adequate space to move into when the prospective parents begin feeling their oats .
i have a little rainbow cichlid a little over 2 inches , housed with a blue acara , firemouth and ( 2 ) jaguar catfish . this fish fits in well with my little community tank . its a nice curious , feisty little fish and i like it alot . occasionally it will charge or give a short chase to my firemouth , but nothing serious . the colors of this fish are nice , mostly yellow and black , sometimes the colors alternate with mood . i believe mine is a female , its chubby and has short dorsal and anal fins .
novel object ( no ) test in cichlid fish . time spent freezing and exploring the no in the three social contexts ; different letters represent significant differences between treatments ( wilcoxon matched - pairs test with bonferroni correction , p < 0 . 0167 ) .
the rainbow cichlid is omnivorous and commonly feeds on filamentous algae , small invertebrates , and various insects within its native habitat . in the aquarium , they will consume algae , but should also be provided with meaty foods as well as vitamin - enriched , frozen and prepared food items ; live , frozen or freeze - dried brine shrimp , small insects , bloodworms , chopped earthworms , and a variety of small pellet and flake foods would make for a well balanced and healthy menu . feed once or twice a day and only what they will consume in a few minutes .
in my opinion , most cichlid fish are easy to breed , provided you have a male and a female , offer them suitable conditions and can manage their territorial behaviors . after all , given that cichlid fish look after their young , they do most of the work for you . the reason some appear to be difficult to breed is because they have more or less specialized environmental requirements that not everyone can meet , or because serious problems develop between male and female unless you are an expert at behavioral management .
kribensis are a relatively short lived cichlid , and usually only live for five years in an aquarium . there are reports of some living longer , but five years seems to be about the maximum age – even for ones that are well taken care of .
it should be fairly obvious from the foregoing why h . multispinosa is such a superb beginner ' s cichlid . the same abilities that allow this species to prosper in highly eutrophic habitats in nature also allow it to shrug off a good deal of accidental mismanagement in captivity . this is not to say that the basic principles of good cichlid keeping should not be applied to this species . like other abuse - resistant species , the rainbow cichlid does much better and certainly shows up more satisfactorily when housed under suitable conditions . a temperature range of 21° - 25°c . suffices for ordinary maintenance , with a rise to 30°c . advisable for breeding . dropping the temperature gradually down to 23°c . once the fry are mobile will reduce the likelihood of precocious respawning and its attendant complications , a contingency to which this species is otherwise quite susceptible in captivity ( baylis , 1974 ; loiselle , 1982b ) . so long as obvious extremes in either direction are avoided , herotilapia is indifferent to ph and hardness . while resistant to mismanagement of the nitrogen cycle , it does appreciate regular partial water changes , to which it responds with enhanced coloration .
in the wild , rainbow cichlids feed on algae that grows on the rocks and substrate in their native environment . in the home aquarium , these fish will feed on algae growths , but can also be offered a variety of foods including algae wafers , pellets and flake foods . feed a regular varied diet for best health and coloration .
central america is extremely rich in cichlid species but remarkably poor in cichlid genera . a single representative of the genus geophagus , g . crassilabrus , occurs as far north as central panama , while the genus aequidens , widespread in south america , is represented here only by ae . caerulopunctatus , which barely manages to squeak into southern costa rica . the remaining mesoamerican cichlids are either representatives of the heroine group or of genera derived from it . one of these heroine derivatives , the large piscivore petenia splendida , i have discussed in a previous article ( loiselle , 1980b ) . i intend to devote this essay to the remaining cichlid genera endemic to this region , herotilapia and neetroplus . both are attractive cichlids of modest dimensions , whose behavior makes them as interesting to scientists as they are to aquarists .
finally , to make a success of such a life history pattern , its practitioners must be highly fecund . entry into a suitable breeding habitat during the dispersal phase is essentially a matter of chance . thus the more offspring a pair produces per spawning effort , the greater the likelihood that a few of them will penetrate suitable habitats and in turn spawn successfully in the future . the need to channel as much of its available energy to spawning as possible is another reason why selection has favored adaptations that reduce intraspecific in the rainbow cichlid . herotilapia rises to this challenge by producing the largest spawns of any cichlid in its size range to date studied . baylis ( 1974 ) reports spawns of up to 1500 eggs from a female 10 . 0 cm sl . in my experience , clutches of up to 2500 eggs are not at all unusual from females in that size range .
according to guy jordan ( pers . comm . ) , the successful introduction of the rainbow cichlid , as h . multispinosa came to be called , was due not to bussing ' s efforts but rather the result of an importation of this species sometime afterwards by a private party in dallas , texas . the sporadic export of wild amphilophus . labiatum from nicaragua at that time suggests the rio san juan basin as the focus of the original aquarium strain of this species . marie mccann , a correspondent who was aware of his interest in unusual cichlids , sent guy a pair of these fish in 1964 . he had no difficulty in inducing the fish to spawn and distributed fry among his extensive network of contacts . his success was apparently far from unique , for by 1970 h . multispinosa had become so generally available in the united states that it was widely regarded as the quintessential beginner ' s cichlid !
although many medium and large cichlid fish are best kept in species aquariums , not all are suitable for beginners . in some species , there can be serious aggression problems between the male and female even after they have paired and spawned , and these require specialized management to prevent one partner , usually the female , from being badly injured or even killed . some require very large aquariums that a beginner is unlikely to want to devote to just two cichlid fish . some must have very specific water chemistry ( very soft and acid , or in the case of a species like the green chromide , etroplus suratensis , a brackish aquarium ) or a diet of live fish , which may be difficult or distasteful for the novice to provide . some cichlid fish simply appear reluctant to breed in the limited amount of space we can offer .
kullander , sven 1996 ,
heroina isonycterina , a new genus and species of cichlid fish from western amazonia , with comments on cichlasomine systematics .
ichthyological explorations of freshwaters , vol 7 , no . 2 , pp 149 - 172 , 13 figs . , 5 tabs .
all animals were housed in stock aquaria of 240 l in groups of eight animals each ( three males and five females ) at 26 ± 2°c , with a photoperiod of 12 l : 12 d . fish were daily fed ad libitum with commercial cichlid sticks ( astra ) .
this article is intended only as a basic guide to what the novice should consider , and i would advise that you make a preliminary choice of species and then read up on it before actually buying any fish . you’ll want some of the finer details before making a commitment . remember that the trick is to set up the aquarium to suit the cichlid fish , feed them a suitable diet and be patient . avoid tinkering with the setup . as long as you have provided the right conditions , it should be simply a matter of time before your cichlid fish are breeding .
feeds mainly on detritus in nature , including a great deal of algae and other plant matter . not a fussy eater in captivity . feed a high quality cichlid pellet as staple and vary often with frozen and livefoods . will especially appreciate brineshrimp . vegetable / spirulina flakes or similar will also be accepted .
suitable small cichlid fish for breeding in the general community ( whatever its water chemistry ) include a number of south american and west african dwarfs . from south america there are the “dwarf acaras” laetacara ( formerly part of aequidens ) and nannacara . there is also the keyhole cichlid ( cleithracara maronii ) and the bolivian ram ( mikrogeophagus altispinosa ) . from west africa are the krib ( pelvicachromis pulcher ) and the blockhead ( steatocranus casuarius ) . the latter nominally comes from a specialized biotope ( rapids ) and is rather larger than the rest , but is peaceful and will do very well in a typical aquarium .
however , a successful life history pattern based on the use of peripheral habitats as breeding sites requires that its practitioners be capable of more than mere survival under extreme environmental conditions . they must be able to reproduce successfully under such circumstances as well . the foregoing adaptations are obviously necessary preconditions to any reproductive effort . however , they do not directly address the reproductive process itself . survival assured , the essential difficulty herotilapia must surmount is that of breeding successfully under crowded conditions . according to baylis ( l974 ) , space in isolated pools is limited , while rainbow cichlid populations are often dense . to breed successfully under these conditions requires a special set of behavioral adaptations to complement the physiological specializations considered above .
breeding rainbow cichlids is considered to be fairly easy . these fish are substrate spawners and when they are ready for breeding , they often turn completely black . the average brood size for this species is between 150 and 500 eggs and the parent fish will guard the nest until the eggs hatch . these cichlids display a great deal of parental care in guarding the nest but also in caring for the fry after they have hatched .
common name ( s ) : blue neon goby , rainbow goby , cobalt blue goby scientific name : stiphodon semoni family : gobiidae origin : new caledonia , indonesia , papua new guinea , philippines , and solomon islands temperament / behavior : peaceful conspecific behavior : males are territorial towards there own species , they can be kept together only in larger tanks max size : 2 inches min tank size : 20 gallons tank . . .
according to jeff , h . multispinosa is essentially a fish of seasonally inundated marshes and potholes . juveniles and sexually inactive adults can be found in the shallow , usually vegetated peripheral waters of large lakes and rivers or in the small creeks flowing into them . sexually active adults and very small fry , however , are to be found only in seasonally flooded habitats . at los chiles , costa rica , jeff ' s main study site , the only other fishes regularly found sharing such habitats with rainbow cichlids were the ubiquitous characin astyanax mexicanus , a member of the poecilia mexicana complex of short - finned mollies , and juvenile parachromis managuense . no other cichlid breeds in such habitats . indeed , aside from the molly , no other representative of the local ichthyofauna reproduces therein .
rainbow cichlids are very peaceful and will rarely go after tank mates . the only aggression i saw from mine was during spawning . the pair bond for this fish is usually strong , so you could keep a pair in a 20 gallon tank , although a 40 breeder would be better . as far as tank mates go , use rainbows or giant danios as these fish can be shy . they also mix well with milder new world cichlids and docile malawians .
as the authors point out , while their current results are tantalizing , it remains to be demonstrated whether cichlids—females of these cichlids in particular—can actually differentiate among males based on these courtship calls , as is the case for frogs and insects . though amorim et al . wisely choose to interpret their results conservatively , they suggest that courtship signals involving sensory modalities other than vision , including acoustic ( sound ) and possibly olfactory ( smell ) may well be involved in cichlid species recognition and mate choice , and may have contributed to cichlid speciation . these suggestions await experimental confirmation , but i won’t be surprised when it is demonstrated that female cichlids can and do choose mates on the basis not just of color , but also sound and smell .
for those who want a larger mouthbrooder , there are various sarotherodon and oreochromis , mouthbrooding tilapiines from africa , the best known being the mozambique mouthbrooder or mozzie ( o . mossambicus ) . these cichlid fish seem nearly indestructible , are great characters , eat anything ( including plants ) and are very easy to breed , but they will re - arrange gravel with gusto .
rainbow cichlids are central american cichlids , native to a variety of lakes and swamps in costa rica , nicaragua and honduras . this species tends to inhabit bodies of water with muddy bottoms where it feeds primarily on algae . these fish are named for their vibrant coloration - they typically have an overall gold or orange coloration that is often iridescent in appearance . many specimens exhibit a dark band running along the lateral line and the fins are often colored to match the body .
rainbow cichlids are super easy to breed . the fish are substrate spawners and will lay eggs on any solid surface in the tank . i like to use rocks and flower pots as breeding sites . when rainbow cichlids breed the fish turn jet black with a little bit of orange dorsally . this is awesome to see and as they start to change , exciting because you know they are going to breed . the fish lay 150 - 500 eggs on a flat surface . the nest is usually well guarded by the parents . if you have these fish spawn in a community tank , i recommend pulling the eggs and artificially hatching them . these fish have trouble defending against larger , more aggressive fish . the fry hatch in about 5 days , and are free swimming by 8 - 9 . the fry are small but will gladly eat brine shrimp . growth is relatively well paced . the fry grow up to about 1 inch in 2 months .
h . multispinosa seems to be capable of holding a territory without over aggression and may be kept with other similar sized cichlids as well as larger livebearers . some aquarists have noted their ability to survive in a cichlid aquarium along with larger and more aggressive fish due to their non - competitive status . as with any fish , carefully observe aquarium occupants and remove as necessary .
the rainbow cichlid keeps the cost of aggression at a minimum by combining an extremely complex but highly unambiguous visual signaling system with a marked tendency to habituate to the presence of territorial neighbors . the color patterns of herotilapia allows an individual to communicate its motivational state with great precision . this reduces the likelihood of accidental conflict by minimizing the ambiguity in any exchange of information between two potential combatants . should physical conflict arise , however , ritualization of the resulting interaction keeps risk of injury minimal . attacks are directed not at vulnerable targets such as the eyes , but rather towards specific elements in the color pattern located well away from such sensitive areas ( baylis , 1974 ) . combat between two neighboring males of this species is , to paraphrase shakespeare , an affair of sound and fury , whose level of significance is quite disproportionate to its relative lack of substance .
will change colouration according to its moods . a peaceful species compared to other american cichlids , it is also tolerant of water conditions . the rainbow cichlid inhabits muddy waters in the wild but this would be very hard to re - create in the aquarium . the best a keeper could do in reality is to keep the lighting dim and add plenty of plants to diffuse the light even further . these fish like to dig do use sand for the substrate and as they occupy inland waters in their natural habitat , it is best to keep the water flow low . they will require some swimming space in the aquarium so make sure that the minimum size for the aquarium is at least 36 inches ( 91 . 44 cm ) , the depth is not critical but obviously the larger the water volume , the easier it is to control the water quality and parameters .
spawn defense is also made easier if the parents can signal their motivational state unambiguously to potential predators . fry predators that learn to associate the physical abuse they receive from parental cichlids with a specific color pattern are likely to avoid their vicinity in the future . by so doing , they also avoid the vicinity of the pair ' s mobile fry . many cichlids practice this sort of aversive conditioning of potential fry predators , but few of them are faced with the problem herotilapia must overcome in transmitting the necessary signal . the intense golden ochre and black spawning colors that aquarists find so attractive is the rainbow cichlid ' s solution to the challenge of visual signaling in an extremely turbid environment . research on underwater optics ( luria and kinney , 1970 ; lythgoe , 1979 ) has shown that this combination of colors is maximally visible in such environments , and thus best suited for transmitting a signal unambiguously and over a considerable distance .
maybe you’d like to try a mouthbrooding species as your first cichlid fish . if so , the egyptian mouthbrooder ( pseudocrenilabrus multicolor ) is suitable for any community aquarium of 30 inches or more , and you can also try the slightly larger p . philander from southern africa in larger communities . it is best to have two or more females per male . these species are not fussy about water conditions and diet .
the rainbow cichlid exploits these difficult but rewarding habitats with a two - phase life history . reproduction occurs in seasonally flooded habitats during their dry season isolation from their parent bodies . while physical conditions are extreme at this time , their isolation assures the breeding herotilapia of a greatly reduced complement of fry predators with which to contend . an abundance of food and a dearth of competitors promote rapid growth of their progeny in the bargain . when the rains come , the rising water level of the adjacent rivers brings them into contact with previously isolated pools and marshes . this triggers the dispersal phase of the life cycle , in which the previously impounded rainbow cichlids can move into new habitats . a certain proportion of the fish will enter suitable breeding habitat prior to its isolation by receding waters at the end of the rainy season . these fish will compromise the coming dry season ' s reproductive population . those not fortunate enough to colonize such habitats will remain behind in the river shallows , their chance at reproduction lost for another year . such a life history pattern can be likened to an evolutionary lottery . to succeed , players must disperse into a peripheral habitat suitable for spawning that will persist through the dry season . losers , defined as fish that either fail to colonize a suitable breeding habitat or else colonize one that proves a fatal trap are penalized a year ' s reproductive output , or in the extreme case , their lives . the payoff for winners is a disproportionate contribution to the next year class of juveniles .


the angolan brush-furred rat ( lophuromys angolensis ) is a species of brush-furred mouse found in angola and the southwest of the democratic republic of congo .

angolan brush - furred rat

thomas ' s ethiopian brush - furred rat ( lophuromys brunneus ) , also called the brown brush - furred rat or the brown brush - furred mouse , is a species of brush - furred mouse from southern ethiopia .
according to uniprot , zena ' s brush - furred rat ( lophuromys zena ) is a species of rat .
the mount cameroon brush - furred rat or roseveari ' s brush - furred mouse ( lophuromys roseveari ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
hutterer ' s brush - furred mouse or hutterer ' s brush - furred rat ( lophuromys huttereri ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
dieterlen ' s brush - furred mouse or mt oku brush - furred mouse ( lophuromys dieterleni ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
lophuromys verhageni ( verhagen ' s brush - furred rat ) is a rodent belonging to the genus lophuromys .
lophuromys dudui ( dudu ' s brush - furred rat ) is a rodent belonging to the genus lophuromys .
the gray brush - furred rat ( lophuromys aquilus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
rahm ' s brush - furred rat ( lophuromys rahmi ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
the ethiopian forest brush - furred rat ( lophuromys chrysopus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
ansorge ' s brush - furred rat ( lophuromys ansorgei ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
the short - tailed brush - furred rat ( lophuromys brevicaudus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
the rusty - bellied brush - furred rat ( lophuromys sikapusi ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
the yellow - spotted brush - furred rat ( lophuromys flavopunctatus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
the woosnam ' s brush - furred rat ( lophuromys woosnami ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
the black - clawed brush - furred rat ( lophuromys melanonyx ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
the fire - bellied brush - furred rat ( lophuromys nudicaudus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
the yellow - bellied brush - furred rat ( lophuromys luteogaster ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
the medium - tailed brush - furred rat ( lophuromys medicaudatus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
. subfamily deomyinae - spiny mice , link rat and brush - furred rats . in : happold , david c . d . ,
rudd ' s mouse or the white - bellied brush - furred rat , uranomys ruddi , is the only member of the genus uranomys .
the brush - furred mice , genus lophuromys are a group of rodents found in sub - saharan africa .
crawford - cabral , j . 1998 . the angolan rodents of the superfamily muroidea . an account on their distribution . estudos , ensaios e documentos 161 : 1 - 222 .
rattus lutreolus ( j . e . gray , 1841 ) - australian swamp rat
lenoxus apicalis ( allen , j . a . , 1900 ) - andean rat
fox ' s shaggy rat . in : happold , david c . d . ,
loring ' s acacia rat . in : happold , david c . d . ,
bunomys andrewsi ( allen , j . a . , 1911 ) - andrew´s hill rat
sigmodon fulviventer allen , j . a . , 1889 - tawny - bellied cotton rat
the link rat ( deomys ferrugineus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
. subfamily lophiomyinae - maned rat . in : happold , david c . d . ,
neusticomys mussoi ochoa g . and soriano , 1991 - musso ' s fish - eating rat
sigmodontomys alfari allen , j . a . , 1897 - alfaro ' s rice water rat
oecomys speciosus ( allen , j . a . and chapman , 1893 ) - arboreal rice rat
oryzomys alfaroi ( allen , j . a . , 1891 ) - alfaro ' s rice rat
. subfamily mystromyinae - white - tailed rat . in : happold , david c . d . ,
oecomys trinitatis ( allen , j . a . and chapman , 1893 ) - trinidad arboreal rice rat
verheyen , w . , dierckx , t . and hulselmans , j . 2000 . the brush - furred rats of angola and southern congo : description of a new taxon of the lophuromys sikapusi species complex . bulletin de l’institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , biologie 70 : 253 - 267 .
the subfamily deomyinae consists of four genera of mouse - like rodents that were placed in the subfamilies murinae and dendromurinae until very recently . they are sometimes called the acomyinae , particularly in references that antedate the discovery that the link rat , deomys ferugineus , is part of the clade . deomyinae is the older name and therefore has priority over acomyinae .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is largely distributed in west africa and central africa . it is found from sierra leone in west africa to tanzania and kenya in east africa and southward to northern angola . the eastern range limits are not well resolved . in tanzania its distribution is patchy , and it is found around high mountains in the appropriate altitudinal and climatic habitat . at mount nimba ( guinea ) it occurs up to 1 , 600 m asl .
this species inhabits dense , moist grasslands , secondary growth , agricultural fields , abandoned farmlands , swamps and grassy plantations where there is abundant low cover . in primary and secondary forests , it occurs only in patches of grassland and herbaceous cover , most especially in open areas . it is a terrestrial and nocturnal , crepuscular species . this species has both an insectivorous and omnivorous diet .
there are no conservation measures in place ; in vieew of its wide range it is probably present in some protected areas .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable 4 . grassland - > 4 . 6 . grassland - subtropical / tropical seasonally wet / flooded suitability : suitable 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 1 . artificial / terrestrial - arable land suitability : suitable 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 2 . artificial / terrestrial - pastureland suitability : suitable
grubb , p . , jones , t . s . , davies , a . g . , edberg , e . , starin , e . d . and hill , j . e . 1998 . mammals of ghana , sierra leone and the gambia . trendrine press , zennor , st ives , cornwall , uk .
happold , d . c . d . 1987 . the mammals of nigeria . oxford university press , london , uk .
happold , d . c . d . 1996 . mammals of the guinea - congo rain forest . proceedings of the royal society of edinburgh 104 : 243 - 284 .
iucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .
iucn . 2017 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2017 - 1 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 april 2017 ) .
musser , g . g . and carleton , m . d . 2005 . superfamily muroidea . in : d . e . wilson and d . a . reeder ( eds ) , mammal species of the world : a geographic and taxonomic reference , pp . 894 - 1531 . the john hopkins university press , baltimore , usa .
pacifici , m . , santini , l . , di marco , m . , baisero , d . , francucci , l . , grottolo marasini , g . , visconti , p . and rondinini , c . 2013 . generation length for mammals . nature conservation 5 : 87–94 .
swynnerton , g . h . and hayman , r . w . 1951 . a checklist of the land mammals of the tanganyika territory and the zanzibar protectorate . journal of the east africa natural history society 20 ( 6 ) : 274 - 392 .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t12356a115104961 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
deomyines share no morphological characteristics that can be used to separate them from other muroids , though subtle aspects of the third upper molar have been suggested . this subfamily is united solely on the basis of shared genetic mutations . these conclusions have demonstrated good statistical support using nuclear and mitochondrial dna , and dna - dna hybridization .
because of the lack of physical characteristics supporting this group , it is very possible that the subfamily as it is currently recognized is subject to enlargement . many of the genera currently placed in the murinae or dendromurinae have never been included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis . potential surprises await when they are .
all genera are found in africa , suggesting the deomyines may have originated there . the spiny mice , acomys spp . , are also found in asia .
thomas , 1917 . in : patton , james l . , pardinas , ulyses f . j . and d ' elia , guillermo ,
weksler , percequillo , and voss , 2006 . in : patton , james l . , pardinas , ulyses f . j . and d ' elia , guillermo ,
thomas , 1906 . in : patton , james l . , pardinas , ulyses f . j . and d ' elia , guillermo ,
carleton , michael d . , banasiak , rebecca a . and stanley , william t .
carleton , michael d . , smeenk , chris , angermann , renate and goodman , steven m .
carleton , michael d . , gardner , alfred l . , pavlinov , igor ya and musser , guy g .
. order rodentia - rodents . in : happold , david c . d . ,
. subfamily spalacidae - mole rats . in : happold , david c . d . ,
. subfamily cricetomyinae - pouched rats and pouched mice . in : happold , david c . d . ,
. subfamily delanymyinae - delany ' s swamp mouse . in : happold , david c . d . ,
. subfamily dendromurinae - african climbing mice . in : happold , david c . d . ,
. subfamily petromyscinae - pigmy rock mice . in : happold , david c . d . ,
. subfamily arvicolinae - voles , lemmings and muskrats . in : happold , david c . d . ,
. subfamily gerbillinae - gerbils and jirds . in : happold , david c . d . ,
. subfamily leimacomyinae - buttner ' s forest mouse . in : happold , david c . d . ,
. subfamily murinae - rats and mice . in : happold , david c . d . ,
three - striped forest mouse . in : happold , david c . d . ,
. subfamily otomyinae - vlei rats and whistling rats . in : happold , david c . d . ,
. subfamily tachyoryctincae - african root - rats . in : happold , d . c . d . ,
group ( rodentia : muridae : murinae ) of east africa : a morphometric reassessment and biogeographical implications .
taylor , peter j . , lavrenchenko , leonid a . , carleton , michael d . , verheyen , erik , bennett , nigel c . , oosthuizen , carel j . and maree , sarita
ding , x . , leigh , c . m . , goodman , s . m . , bedford , j . m . , carleton , michael d . and breed , w . g .
carleton , michael d . , emmons , louise h . and musser , guy g .
voss , r . s . and carleton , michael d . ( eds . )
new york : american museum of natural history . ( bulletin of the american museum of natural history ; 331 ) 450 pages .
they sort out like nuts and bolts : a scientific biography of guy g . musser
schmidt , david f . , ludwig , craig a . and carleton , michael d .
o ' brien , c . , mcshea , william j . , guimondou , s . , barriere , p . and carleton , michael d .
carleton , michael d . , kerbis peterhans , j . c . and stanley , w . t .
. superfamily muroidea . in : wilson , don e . and reeder , d . m . ,
. order rodentia . in : wilson , don e . and reeder , d . m . ,
carleton , michael d . , musser , guy g . and pavlinov , i . ya
pallas , 1811 , is the valid name for the genus of red - backed voles . in : averianov , a . o . and abramson , n . i . ,
sytematics , phylogeny and paleontology of small mammals - - an international conference devoted to the 90th anniversary of prof . i . m . gromov
, short - tailed rats , malagasy voles . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ,
, white - tailed tree rats , antsangy . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ,
, tufted - tailed rats . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ,
, big - footed mice . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ,
, voalavoanala . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ,
. systematics and phylogenetics of madagascar ' s native rodents . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ,
carleton , michael d . , sanchez , o . and vidales , g . urbano
carleton , michael d . , goodman , s . m . and rakotondravony , d .
goodman , s . m . , carleton , michael d . and pidgeon , m .
carleton , michael d . , fisher , robert d . and gardner , alfred l .
musser , g . g . , carleton , michael d . , brothers , e . m . and gardner , alfred l .
. systematic studies of oryzomyine rodents ( muridae , sigmodontinae ) : diagnoses and distributions of species formerly assigned to oryzomys
capito
.
. new taxa of nesomyine rodents ( muroidea : muridae ) from madagascar ' s northern highlands , with taxonomic comments on previously described forms .
. the rodents of the reserve speciale d ' anjanaharibe - sud , madagascar .
. morphological differentiation among subsaharan and north african populations of the lemniscomys barbarus complex ( rodentia : muridae ) .
musser , g . g . , brothers , e . m . , carleton , michael d . and hutterer , r .
. systematic studies of madagascar ' s endemic rodents ( muroidea : nesomyinae ) : a new genus and species from the central highlands .
brown , j . h . , carleton , michael d . , estes , j . a . , fleming , t . h . and musser , g . g .
. a new genus for hesperomys molitor winge and holochilus magnus hershkovitz ( mammalia , muridae ) with an analysis of its phylogenetic relationships .
. systematics and evolution . in : kirkland , d . l . and layne , j . ,
. chapter 9 : introduction to rodents . in : anderson , s . and jones , j . k . ,
. chapter 11 : muroid rodents . in : anderson , s . and jones , j . k . ,
. a survey of gross stomach morphology in microtinae ( rodentia , muroidea ) .
. phylogenetic relationships in neotomine - peromyscine rodents ( muroidea ) and a reappraisal of the dichotomy within new world cricetinae .
die ameisenart
acanthomyops
setzt sich zusammen aus lat .
acanthus
, griech .
ákanthos
, griech .
ákantha
=
dorn
und griech .
mýops
, griech .
mýein
=
sich schließen
.
ein schönes beispiel einer buchstabenwanderung ( ampelwort ) ist das engl .
adder
=
natter
. ursprünglich hiess sie auch im englischen
nadder
bzw .
naedre
. aus
a naedre
wurde jedoch irgendwann
an adder
. zusammen mit dem
an
merkt man den buchstabenklau kaum , aber allein ist der verlust offensichtlich , aber daran denkt heute kaum noch ein engländer .
das engl .
animal
=
tier
und dt .
animalisch
gehen zurück auf lat .
animal
=
tier
,
lebewesen
.
any of various insects of the order lepidoptera , characteristically having slender bodies , knobbed antennae , and four broad , usually colorful wings . 2 . a person interested principally in frivolous pleasure : a social butterfly . 3 . sports a . a swimming stroke in which a swimmer lying face down draws both arms upward out of the water , thrusts them forward , and draws them back under the water in an hourglass design while performing a dolphin kick . b . a race or a leg of a race in which this stroke is swum . 4 . butterflies a feeling of unease or mild nausea caused especially by fearful anticipation .
etymology : middle english butterflye , from old english butorfloge : butor , butere , butter ; see butter + floge , fly ; see fly2 .
word history : is a butterfly named for the color of its excrement or because it was thought to steal butter ? it is hard to imagine that anyone ever noticed the color of butterfly excrement or believed the insect capable of such theft . the first suggestion rests on the fact that an early dutch name for the butterfly was boterschijte . the second is based on an old belief that the butterfly was really a larcenous witch in disguise .
here ' s a little bagatelle ( or , very imprecisely , a bugatelle ! ) of entomology etymology . i ' ve long been fascinated by the large variety of distinct words for
butterfly
in various indo - european languages . here is my butterfly collection , which i hope will be of more than
e - vanessa - nt
interest .
( das wortspiel zu
e - vanessa - nt
erklärt sich durch engl .
evanescent
=
flüchtig
und
vanessa atalanta
=
samtschwarzer schmetterling mit weißen flecken und roter binde
. )
dieser artikel ist den
schmetterlingen
,
nachtfaltern
und
raupen
gewidmet . man findet dazu viele übersetzungen und etymologische hinweise ( wenn auch nicht zu allen übersetzungen ) .
einige quellen ( oxford english dictionary ) behaupten , die
butterfliege
erhielt ihren namen , weil ihr kot der butter ähneln sollte . ( dazu paßt z . b . niederl .
boterschijte
. ) andere quellen ( webster ) gehen von einer mystischen erklärung aus , wonach hexen in der gestalt von schmetterlingen rahm und butter stahlen .
der griech .
petaloudia
( modern greek ) geht zurück auf
petal
=
( blüten - ) blatt
und findet sich noch im wissenschaftlichen namen
lepidoptera
für
schmetterling
,
falter
,
schuppenflügler
.
der lat .
papilio
führte zu frz .
papillon
=
schmetterling
und engl .
pavilion
= dt .
pavillon
=
ein zelt mit flügeln
. ( das lat .
pipilare
=
piepen
kann ich jedoch nicht mit
schmetterling
in verbindung bringen - oder haben sie schon ' mal einen
schmetterling
piepen
hören ? )
der ital .
farfalle
=
schmetterling
findet sich wieder als bezeichnung für ähnlich geformte nudeln . ausserdem kann die
cravatta a farfalla
als
fliege
getragen werden .
der dt .
schmetterling
ist nicht nur biologisch sondern auch sprachlich mit der
butterfliege
verwandt . sein name leitet sich ab von einem sächsischen wort
schmetten
, tschesch .
smetana
=
both meaning
rahm
,
sahne
( vgl .
schmand
=
milchrahm
) .
( im
schmettern
einer arie kann man eine verwandschaft zum lat .
pipilare
erkennen . )
der
falter
, den man sowohl im
tagfalter
=
schmetterling
als auch im
nachtfalter
=
motte
findet kann entweder das
falten
der flügel beschreiben . das ahd .
fifaltra
könnte aber auch auf lat .
pipilare
zurück gehen .
die folgenden links führen zu bildern und informationen zu
butterfly
und
butterfly - abkömmlingen
.
smithsonian naturalist kjell b . sandved searched worldwide for 24 years to photograph these natural designs on butterfly wings .
das gesamte alphabet , geschrieben auf schmetterlingsflügeln - für sein lebenswerk war der fotograf kjell b . sandved fast ein vierteljahrhundert unterwegs .
am anfang war das f . auf dem dachboden des smithsonian instituts in washington d . c . , auf einer leiter balancierend zwischen hunderten von schubladen und schachteln mit exotischen schmetterlingen , fand kjell b . sandved seine berufung . in einer alten zigarrenkiste sah er ein exemplar , dem die schöpfung den silbrig glänzenden buchstaben f auf den flügel gemalt hatte .
alberta bufferflies is the first comprehensive guide and reference to the butterflies of the province . life - size colour photographs complement the descriptions of every species and subspecies of butterfly known or expected to occur in alberta . full colour pictorial keys assist the novice and expert alike in identifying any butterflies encountered in the province . each species account includes habitat requirements , life history , and distribution information . colour maps illustrate species ranges in north america and confirmed records from alberta . the main flight periods as well as earliest and latest flight records are illustrated graphically for quick reference . a section on
butterfly cigarettes are produced in china , king size ( 85 mm ) , soft pack , 20 cigarettes in a pack . dear visitors of the site if you have more information about this brand , please edit this info . thank you for the assistance .
butterfly pool cigarettes are produced in china , king size ( 85 mm ) , soft pack , 20 cigarettes in a pack .
dear visitors of the site if you have more information about this brand , please edit this info . thank you for the assistance .
the castle , owned by the goulaine family , houses a rare butterfly collection in addition to a museum . it hosts various functions , including weddings . wine is available for sale at the castle’s vineyards .
the band wanted a name that sounded heavy and beautiful at the same time . trivia : their biggest hit was
in a gadda da vida
, which was originally called
in the garden of eden
. the singer was so trashed on lsd one rehearsal that it came out
in a gadda da vida
, and the band decided that was a better name for the song .
welcome to the fourth issue of cultural entomology digest . this issue focuses on butterfly and moth cultural entomological references . butterflies are perhaps the most popular group of all insects and cary symbolic meaning for almost every human culture . their general beauty and harmless demeanor allow many individuals to perceive this group in a positive light when compared to most other insect groups .
butterfly
singt sich irgendwie leichter als
schmetterling
- deswegen kommt dieser internationale klassiker gleich mehrsprachig daher . danyel gerard blieb zwar damit so etwas wie ein
one - hit - wonder
, belegte aber 1971 immerhin ganze 14 wochen lang platz 1 der singlecharts . durch die mehrsprachige version kann man hier sogar von einem
eurovisionären
hit sprechen .
a universal native america symbol . in the apache bear dance they entice girls from the underworld . it figures prominently in the hopi migration myth , honon nyamu . butterflies are created by the zuni paiyatemu playing a flute . ajille [ navaho ] disguises himself as one , and serves as hero and origin tales . butterflies are also linked ( minor motifs ) to certain thunder bird narratives .
butterfly bush , . . . , also called buddleia . | butterfly chair | butterfly fish | butterfly orchid | butterfly pea | butterfly valve | butterfly weed | cabbage butterfly | emperor butterfly | leaf butterfly | milkweed butterfly , see monarch butterfly . | monarch butterfly | sea butterfly , see pteropod . | thistle butterfly | zebra butterfly
imelda marcos was once the ' steel butterfly , ' the beautiful wife and confidante of philippine dictator ferdinand marcos .
apparently the german word for butterfly is
milchdieb ,
which translates as
milk thief .
evidently there was a theory in the middle ages that the little critters steal milk and butter , a myth possibly based on their light , colorful wings and delicate appearance . or perhaps they really did steal milk and butter . it ' s not impossible .
[ q ] from david powell : “could the word butterfly , which has no obvious connection with butter ( outside of its name ) , possibly be an ancient corruption of flutter by , which is exactly what the creature does ? i can imagine a child mispronouncing it thusly and the result sticking in our language . ”
engl .
castrate
, dt .
kastrieren
geht zurück auf lat .
castrare
, das wiederum auf ein substantiv mit der bedeutung
messer
,
schneidewerkzeug
zurück geht . eine sanskritische variante hat die bedeutung
schlachten
.
bei der
kastration
werden die hoden des männlichen tieres entfernt , abgeschnitten .
auf das postulierte ide .
* kes -
,
* kas -
,
* kas - tro -
,
* kas - to -
,
* kasso -
gehen weitere begriffe zurück , wie
dt .
kassieren
, von lat .
cassare
=
aufheben
,
annullieren
, lat .
cassus
=
leer
,
nichtig
die engl .
caterpillar
=
raupe
hieß um 1440 noch
catyrpel
und geht zurück auf frz .
chatepelose
=
haarige katze
.
interessant ist der zusammenhang von engl .
pile
=
stapel
und engl .
pilose
=
behaart
, die auf lat .
pilus
=
haar
zurück gehen .
das haar findet man nicht nur in der suppe sondern auch in der
pille
, die auf lat .
pila
=
ball
und weiter auf einen
haarknoten
zurück geht .
die französische
raupe
wird nicht
haarige katze
sondern
haariger hund
genannt : frz .
chenille
, von lat .
canicula
, dem diminutiv von
canis
=
dog
.
der engl .
coach dog
,
carriage dog
wurde darauf abgerichtet , hinter einer kutsche herzulaufen .
das engl .
coach - horse
=
kutschen - pferd
, scheint eine spanisch beeinfusste bezeichnung zu sein .
cob
=
spider
=
spinne
,
cobweb
=
spider web
=
spinnennetz
.
das engl .
cobweb
hiess mittelengl . noch
coppeweb
, altengl .
attorcoppa
=
spider
. das altengl .
attor
=
gift
, also war die altengl . spinne ein
gifttasse
oder aber auch
giftkopf
, da man die spinne als
kopf mit beinen
ansehen konnte .
etymologies of the word for
dog
- wolfgang behr ' s bibliographic listing .
engl .
doodlebug
=
ameisenlöwe
dürfte sich aus engl .
doodle
=
narr
, ( vgl . dt .
dödel
) und engl .
bug
=
wanze
zusammen setzen .
der ohrwurm ist gleich in zweifacher weise erklärungsbedürftig . zunächst das tier mit der bezeichnung
ohrwurm
und dann der
ohrwurm
im übertragenen sinn , als melodie , die man nicht mehr aus dem kopf bekommt . der name des tieres könnte auf seine form zurückgehen und auf die angst der menschen , dass er tatsächlich nachts ins ohr eines menschen krabbelt .
im
kluge
findet man unter
ohrwurm
die aussage , dass der früheste nachweis bereits im 14 . jh . zu finden ist . für
earworm
soll es schon altenglische belege seit dem 8 . jh . geben .
interessant finde ich jedenfalls , dass der ursprung bereits auf die antike zurückgeht . ohrwürmer fanden damals tatsächlich den weg in das menschliche ohr . allerdings nicht lebend sondern getrocknet und zu pulver zerstossen . man sprach diesem pulver heilende wirkung bei der erkrankung des ohres zu . genannt wurden sie lat .
auricula
=
öhrchen
,
ohrläppchen
. im französischen hiessen diese mittelchen
cure - oreille
=
ohren - reiniger
.
später ging die ursprüngliche bedeutung verloren und ins gegenteil gedeutet . man sagte den ohrwürmer dann nach , auslöser für ohrenerkrankungen zu sein und befürchtete sogar , dass sie sich ins gehirn durcharbeiten , so dass sie eben zu frz .
perce - oreille
=
ohrbohrer
entwickelte .
erstaunlich finde ich schon , dass sich die übertragene bedeutung
ohrwurm
für eine
eingängige melodie
erst um 1987 gebildet haben soll .
da es jedoch schon die neueengl . bezeichnung
earwig
=
ohrwurm
gibt , ist die annahme berechtigt , dass der dt .
ohrwurm
( im musikalischen sinne ) als lehnübersetzung
earworm
ins englische fand .
in einem beitrag zur mailingliste der ads vom 04 . 03 . 2005 wird die frage aufgeworfen , wann
earworm
im englischen und
ohrwurm
im deutschen in gebrauch kam . als frühester nachweis für
earworm
wird in dem beitrag die newsday - ausgabe 9 / 18 / 1987 mit einem zitat des saxophonisten bobby watson angeführt :
i like to create little earworms
, he says .
that way people who don ' t know the technical side of the music will start humming
.
i find the figurative
ohrwurm
( german ) at google groups from 1991 , the appropriate english
earworm
from 1993 .
1 ) eine art käfer , dessen schwanz mit einer zange versehen ist , welcher sich auf faulen standen , pflanzen und in der erde aufhält , und welchen man fälschlich in dem bedachte hat , daß er den schlafenden gern in die ohren krieche ;
forficula auricularia l .
zangenkäfer
,
ohrkäfer
,
ohrhöhler
,
öhrling
, nieders .
ohrworm
,
gaffeltange
, in der schweiz
ohrenmittel
,
mittel
, von
made
. so freundlich als ein ohrwurm oder ohrwürmchen , im gemeinen leben , weil dieser käfer im gehen viele schlangenförmige , dem ansehen nach freundliche bewegungen macht . könnte ein ohrwürmchen geschmeidiger seyn ? less .
2 ) auch eine art asseln , welche gleichfalls einen getheilten zangenförmigen schwanz hat ;
scolopendra forficata l .
führet den nahmen des ohrwurmes .
3 ) bey den jägern ist der ohrwurm , ohne plural , eine
krankheit an den ohren der jagdhunde
, welche von einer scharfen feuchtigkeit herrühret , die ihnen die ohrenwund frisset .
da die beyden ersten arten ohrwürmer , den neuern erfahrungen zu folge , die ohren der menschen nicht mehr aufsuchen als ein jedes anderes insekt , so ist sehr wahrscheinlich , daß sie ihren nahmen von ihrem zangenförmigen , einem
öhre
nicht unähnlichen schwanze haben ; ( s .
öhr
und
ohr
2 . 2 ) . die unkunde der wahren bedeutung ihres nahmens hat denn gemacht , daß man ihn so gut zu erklären gesucht , als man konnte , und dieses insect für den gefährlichsten feind des ohres ausgab .
we created this site for those of you that have a song stuck in your head and you can ' t get it out no matter what you do . using the latest in reverse - auditory - melodic - unstickification technology , we ' ve been able to allow our users to “unhear” songs by hearing equally catchy songs . so really all we ' re doing is making you forget your old song by replacing it with another one . . . sorry .
die redensart ,
so freundlich als ein ohrwurm oder ohrwürmchen
, ist daher entstanden , weil dieser käfer im gehen viele schlangenförmige dem ansehen nach freundliche bewegungen macht .
3 ) bey den jägern ist der ohrwurm oder ohrenwurm , eine krankheit an den ohren der jagdhunde , welche von einer scharfen feuchtigkeit herrührt , die ihnen die ohren wund frißt .
word spy has posted a 12 / 22 / 1987 article from the whole earth review , talking about ohrwurms in the figurative sense , so it seems unlikely that the english term could have predated the german term .
. . . i should note that most authorities feel that the
gull
in
gullible
is not a
seagull
( =
möwe
) , but comes from an earlier sense of the word , meaning a
young bird
of any species . and young birds , as you seem to have discovered , are easy to fool . . . .
diese englische redewendung ist verwandt mit dem dt .
einem geschenkten gaul schaut man nicht ins maul
. hinter beiden redewendungen geht es um den zustand der zähne des pferdes . je länger ( und vergibter ) sie sind , umso älter ist das pferd . die englische redewendung bedeutet dabei
i heard it from a reliable source
=
etwas aus erster hand , direkt aus der quelle erfahren
. die deutsche redewendung besagt , dass man bei einem geschenk nicht allzu anspruchsvoll sein soll .
darauf geht auch der ausdruck
long of tooth
zurück , um zu besagen , dass jemand schon recht alt ist ( das zahnfleisch geht zurück = die zähne werden länger ) .
zu den informationen aus dem pferdemaul gibt es aber auch noch eine andere geschichte . die besagt , dass die briten während der napoleonischen kriege prostituierte als informantinnen einsetzten . ihre aufgabe war es wichtige informationen von den französischen offizieren zu erhalten , um sie den englischen
intelligence officers
zu übermitteln .
in den berichten wurden diese informationen mit
i got it straight from the whore ' s mouth .
gekennzeichnet . im laufe der zeit wurde aus
whore ' s mouth
=
mund der hure
das maul des pferdes
horse mouth
.
bei
urltoken
findet man weiter engliche redewendungen , die sich auf
horse
beziehen .
interessant ist z . b . auch die redewendung
to bet on the wrong horse
, das unterschiedliche kulturen erkennen lässt . während man in england auf das falsche pferd wettet , setzt man in deutschland auf die falsche karte .
all of these are unlikely given the early metaphorical uses of cat and dog to signify something noisy and violent . the most likely explanation is the simplest . the noise and violence of a storm is the metaphorical equivalent of a cat and dog fight .
jaywalk
means : to cross a street carelessly or in an illegal manner so as to be endangered by traffic , and dates from 1919 .
jay birds who ventured out of their rural forests and into the urban areas often got confused . they often endangered their lives walking anywhere where they wanted , including into traffic . city people laughed at their strange behavior . so , now anyone who crosses the street in a reckless or illegal way is called a jaywalker ( and is sometimes fined ) .
die engl .
moth
=
nachtfalter
geht mit der dt .
motte
auf eine skand .
mott
=
maggot
=
made
zurück .
der engl .
ox
und der dt .
ochse
gehen auf ein vorgerman .
* ukhson
und ide .
* uksin
zurück .
die bedeutung von ahd .
ohso
soll
samenspritzer
gewesen sein .
die bezeichnung engl .
oxbow
für eine
flussschleife
ist seit 1797 nachweisbar und geht auf das gebogene brustholz , einem teil des geschirrs zurück , das seinen namen seit 1368 hat .
oxen
is the only true survival in mod . eng . of the o . e . weak plural .
oxbow
semicircular bend in a river
is first recorded 1797 , amer . eng . ( new england ) , in ref . to the shape of the piece of wood which forms the collar for an ox yoke ( so called from 1368 ) .
der engl .
petrel
( 1676
pitteral
, 1703
petrel
by dampier ) könnte auf den apostel
petrus
zurückgehen . dieser soll ähnlich dem dt .
sturmvogel
über das wasser geschwebt sein . wenn es sich dabei nicht um eine fehldeutung handelt , dann ist engl .
petrel
eine verkleinerungsform von
petrus
, etwa
peterle
.
die
bajo - nuevo - bank
wurde auch als
petrelinsel
bezeichnet - vielleicht fand man hier eine große anzahl sturmvögel vor .
the atlantic petrel is one of the largest gadfly petrels ( pterodroma species ) , recognised by its striking white breast and abdomen . . . more 12 images 1 video
discovered as recently as 1963 , barau ' s petrel remains fairly unknown due to its inaccessible and remote breeding habitat on just . . . more 4 images 0 videos
diablotin ( little devil ) was the name given to the black - capped petrel by the caribbean islanders whose nights were commonly . . . more 4 images 0 videos
cook ' s petrel , named in honour of the formidable explorer captain james cook , is one of the smallest petrels , a group of oceanic . . . more 5 images 0 videos
a medium - sized seabird with long wings , the galapagos petrel is greyish - black across the upperparts , and white on the forehead and . . . more 3 images 3 videos
despite being called petrels , procellaria species are thought to be more closely related to calonectris shearwaters than to other . . . more 7 images 0 videos
petrels are oceanic birds , with broad webbed feet suited to their aquatic lifestyle , and long wings that enable them to fly great . . . more 8 images 6 videos
somewhat resembling a penguin , the peruvian diving - petrel is a small and tubby black and white bird that flies low and fast with . . . more 3 images 1 video
the providence petrel is a robust seabird confined to two small islands off the east coast of australia . its plumage is almost . . . more 2 images 1 video
the southern giant petrel is , as the name suggests , a very large bird , with impressive long , pointed wings and a huge bill . like . . . more 22 images 8 videos
this small petrel belongs to a group of oceanic birds that return to land only to breed . the name petrel comes from the latin . . . more 7 images 3 videos
this large , marine bird is extremely similar in appearance to the white - chinned petrel ; both are bulky , almost entirely black , with . . . more 5 images 1 video
this large , bulky bird spends nearly all its time at sea , and has many adaptations for this oceanic life style . its plumage . . . more 7 images 0 videos
the stormy petrel . so named , according to tradition , from the italian petrello ( little peter ) , in allusion to st . peter , who walked on the sea .
petrelle
, ein feuerwerksstück , welches eigentlich eine pastillienhülse , und ungefähr 1 fuß lang ist . ehe man solche mit gekörntem pulver füllet , drückt man sie , aber nicht so stark , breit zusammen , bis auf die gegend , wo man den trichter hineinsteckt , durch welchen das kornpulver laufen muß . wenn sie nun gefüllet ist , so legt man sie auf den tisch , und rollet mit einem runden holze darüber , damit das gekörnte pulver zerdrückt werde ; alsdann beuget man sie nicht in die runde zusammen , sondern leget sie in einen zickzack , oder schlangenweise , und bindet sie in der mitte mit einem faden fest auf einander . in das umgebundene ende steckt man eine stapine oder communication , zündet sie an , und wirft sie auf den boden , auf welchem sie herum springt , platzt und kracht .
amateur or specialist , mammals ' planet offers several thematic access to discover the mammals on the planet .
information on the classification , status , the distribution on the planet . . .
mammals are classified in 27 to 29 orders , 145 families , 1272 genus , . . .
this selection list introduced mammal species , grouped by the principle of comparative anatomy , morphological similarity and geographical location . ( see the menu taxinomy , for more information on the classification of mammals ) .
scientists consider that a species is distinct by the fact that it can not reproduce with each other . this list shows all the species listed by their common name .
das altnorw .
hreinn
hat die bedeutung
horn
,
geweih
+
dýri
=
tier
.
middle english
reindere
: old norse
hreinn
,
reindeer
; see
ker -
in appendix i + middle english
der
=
animal
; see
deer
.
das engl .
reindeer
= dt .
rentier
ist eigentlich ein
weisser schimmel
, da schwed .
ren
schon
rentier
heißt . das aus nordischen sprachen stammende
ren
ist eine hirschart , die in diesen unwirtlichen gegenden ( polargegend ) vorkommt . im deutschen wurden aus den
rens
bzw . den
renen
die
rentiere
, das schwed .
ren
zu
rentier
.
eine mögliche
übersetzung
von
rentier
wäre etwa
geweih - tier
.
da es heute oft mit kurzem vokal gesprochen wird , gibt es der fälschlichen vermutung nahrung , dass es sich um ein
renn - tier
handelt .
auch die im englischen naheliegende
übersetzung
als
gezügeltes tier
( engl .
rein
=
zügel
) ist eine volksetymologische deutung .
möglich wäre ein zusammenhang mit griech .
krios
=
widder
.
i know about 1 , 200 words for reindeer - we classify them by age , sex , color , antlers ,
said nils isak eira , who manages a herd of 2 , 000 reindeer in north norway .
the word
caribou
derives from the micmac word
galipu
and entered english in the 1660s . presumably , english - speaking hunters in north america adopted this native american word without realizing that the species already had a perfectly good english name in
reindeer
.
etymology : today ' s word
rentier
was imported from old norse
hreindýri
from
hreinn
=
reindeer
, the more usual name for the animal +
dýr
=
deer
. also swedish
rendjur
or just
ren
, da .
rensdyr
, dutch
rendier
, german
rentier
.
the middle english word
deer
, referred to all animals , as does its german cousin
tier
=
animal
.
old norwegian and old icelandic
hreinn
=
reindeer
comes from the same pie root as
horn
.
der
wort - detektiv
weist auch auf den
weisser schimmel
- charakter des wortes hin .
reindeer
first appeared in middle english ( as
rayne - dere
) way back around 1400 ( if not earlier , records from the period being a bit spotty , of course ) . even though the word is very old , the second element is definitely our modern word
deer
. the
rein
part derives from the old norse
hreinn
, which was simply the norse word for the animal . so the combination
reindeer
actually amounts to
reindeer deer
.
two of santa ' s reindeer were originally named
dunder
and
blixem
, not
donner
and
blitzen
.
die namen der rentiere von santa claus sind :
rudolph
( the red - nosed reindeer ) ,
dasher
,
dancer
,
prancer
,
vixen
,
comet
,
cupid
,
donder
( oder
donner
) und
blixen
( oder
blitzen
) .
insbesondere um die namen der beiden letzten ranken sich einige sprachliche legenden . sicher ist wohl , dass sie ursprünglich
dunder
und
blixem
hießen und erst später in
donner
und
blitzen
umbenannt wurden .
the story of how two reindeer named
dunder
and
blixem
became
donner
and
blitzen
is a complicated and confusing one , in part because a good deal of mystery remains about the origins of the poem that named them ,
a visit from saint nicholas .
we ' ll do our best here to trace the history of how the poem - and the names of two reindeer - changed over time .
claim : the character
rudolph the red - nosed reindeer
was created for the montgomery ward group of department stores .
der engl .
rentier
( den man gelegentlich auch als dt .
rentier
( mensch ) antreffen kann ) hat mit dem dt .
rentier
( tier ) allerdings nichts zu tun . der engl .
rentier
und der dt .
rentner
=
ruheständler
gehen zurück auf frz .
rente
=
jährliches einkommen
und weiter auf lat .
reddere
=
zurückgeben
.
in nordengland wurde die bürgerinitiative
sos
=
save our squirrels
gegründet , um die roten gegen die aus den usa
eingewanderten
grauen eichhörnchen zu schützen .
save our squirrels is the largest single - species conservation project taking place in the uk at present . launched in july 2006 , the project has the remit to deliver red squirrel conservation , information , and access projects in northumberland , cumbria , north yorkshire , and north merseyside .
der engl .
petrel
könnte auf den apostel
petrus
zurückgehen . dieser soll ähnlich dem dt .
sturmvogel
über das wasser geschwebt sein . wenn es sich dabei nicht um eine fehldeutung handelt , dann ist engl .
petrel
eine verkleinerungsform von
petrus
, etwa
peterle
.
sein vorname
stormy
könnte darauf zurück gehen , dass diese vögel während eines sturms gerne schiffe umflogen in der hoffnung auf kleinere organismen aufnehmen zu können .
der
stormy petrel
( frz .
pétrel - tempête
) wird auch im übertragenen sinn als
schlechtes zeichen
oder auch für einen
streitbaren menschen
benutzt .
den
stormy petrel
gibt es auch im übertragenen sinn , als
schlechtes omen
,
schlechte vorahnung
.
. . . the term
stormy petrel
in general usage anm . : als
schlechtes zeichen
) has come to refer to a harbinger of trouble ; perhaps people believed that the bird was seen just before a storm . . . .
the complete stormy petrels list , categorized by part of speech , is now available in html format . if you have new entries to add , send them to me . and let me know if you think something on the list doesn ' t belong there .
hier gibt der autor jed hartman dem
stormy petrel
noch eine weitere übertragen bedeutung als sprachliche kategorie . seine
stormy petrels list
enthält wortverbindungen in denen mindestens ein wort auf das vorhandensein eines anderen wortes angewiesen ist . ich weiß , das mir auch im deutschen schon des öfteren solche wortverbindungen aufgefallen sind . im moment fällt mir nur der
nießer
ein , der immer einen
nutzen
haben muß , der
nutznießer
- oder umgekehrt als
nießnutz
=
nutzungsrecht
, wörtlich
genießungs ( - recht )
.
concept and registry by elliott moreton . items provided by elliott moreton except where otherwise noted . page maintained by jed hartman .
sooner or later i ' ll mark each of the petrels as
first - tier ,
second - tier ,
or
joke ,
as defined by elliott on the comments page . in the mean time , you ' ll have to figure out which category each item is in on your own .
all petrels are stormy ( except , of course , those that aren ' t . this item remains on the list for historical reasons . )
stormy petrel
is an alteration of earlier
pitteral
, probably so named in allusion to
st . peter ' s walking on the sea
, from the fact that the bird flies close to the water in order to feed on surface - swimming organisms and ship ' s refuse ; called
stormy
because in a storm the birds surround a ship to catch small organisms which rise to the surface of the rough seas ; when the storm ceases they are no longer seen .
the word
underdog
is said to have originated in a 19th - century song or poem by david barker (
the under - dog in the fight
) . can anyone supply any information about when this barker text was first published , and whether it was a song or a poem ?
. . . apparently his first well - known poem was published in the new york evening post in 1854 ( it says here ) .
barker ' s book
poems
was published in 1876 , apparently . no copy is immediately available to me . presumably the poem in question ( whether or not it ' s in this book ) was published in a periodical at some earlier date .
the poem
the under - dog in the fight
was apparently well known . this expression apparently was taken up by mark twain ( i don ' t know what date ) . i don ' t know whether it began with barker or whether it was already a stock phrase before his poem .
1862 : dennar stuart ,
camp - meeting in tennessee
, in harper ' s 26 ( 151 ) : 97 - 102 : p . 100 :
and , bretheren , you and i know that occasionally , if not oftener , i ' ve been the under - dog in the fight . . . .
the distribution of the species is not fully known . according to the study by w . verheyen et al . , the species is found in west africa from the lower reaches of the congo river in eastern democratic republic of the congo and in east africa from uganda through western kenya to northern tanzania . however it remains to be seen whether l . ansorgei extends from east africa along the northern and southern rim of the congolese central forest block to the lower reaches of the congo river , or the range along the lower congo is a historical range of the species .
the species was first identified as l . ansorgei in mumias , nyanza province in 1896 . it is usually included in l . sicapusi , but w . verheyen et al . consider it as a distinct species in their study . l . manteufeli ( matschie , 1911 ) and l . pyrrhus ( heller , 1911 ) are considered synonyms of l . ansorgei by mammal species of the world .
html public
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urltoken
dicrostonyx exsul allen , g . m . , 1919 - st . lawrence island collared lemming
polyplax meridionalis johnson , 1962 * ( type host ? perhaps a . spinosissimus )
hoplopleura himalayana mishra , kulkarni and bhat , 1973 * ( host sp . ? )
apodemus hermonensis filippucci , simson , and nevo , 1989 - mt . hermon field mouse
polyplax humae khan and khan , 1985 * ( host ? , perhaps millardia sp . )
hoplopleura sinhgarh mishra , bhat , and kulkarni , 1972 * ( mus sp . )
vernaya fulva ( allen , g . m . , 1927 ) - red climbing mouse
macrotarsomys bastardi milne - edwards and g . grandidier , 1898 - bastard big - footed mouse
akodon affinis ( allen , j . a . , 1912 ) - colombian grass mouse
akodon urichi allen , j . a . and chapman , 1897 - northern grass mouse
neotoma anthonyi allen , j . a . , 1898 - anthony ' s woodrat
osgoodomys banderanus ( allen , j . a . , 1897 ) - michoacan deer mouse
peromyscus difficilis ( allen , j . a . , 1891 ) - zacatecan deer mouse
peromyscus furvus allen , j . a . and chapman , 1897 - blackish deer mouse
peromyscus melanotis allen , j . a . and chapman , 1897 - black - eared mouse
peromyscus nasutus ( allen , j . a . , 1891 ) - northern rock mouse
peromyscus yucatanicus allen , j . a . and chapman , 1897 - yucatan deer mouse
phyllotis osilae allen , j . a . , 1901 - bunchgrass leaf - eared mouse
reithrodontomys gracilis allen , j . a . and chapman , 1897 - slender harvest mouse
rhipidomys couesi ( allen , j . a . and chapman , 1893 ) - coue ' s climbing mouse
rhipidomys ochrogaster allen , j . a . , 1901 - yellow - bellied climbing mouse
thomasomys cinereiventer allen , j . a . , 1912 - ashy - bellied oldfield mouse .
thomasomys rosalinda thomas and st . leger , 1926 - roslanda ' s oldfield mouse