orthops campestris is a species of plant bugs belonging to the family miridae , subfamily mirinae , that can be found everywhere in europe except for azores , faroe islands , iceland and african islands such as canary islands and cyprus .

orthops campestris

you selected lygus ( orthops ) campestris stillata stichel , 1958 . this is a synonym for :
length around 4 mm . this genus contains three similar species which are often found on umbellifers . they generally have dark antennae . although external characters are useful , some specimens cannot be reliably identified without dissection . o . campestris is usually green or green - tinged and is the smallest and most oval orthops species . note the short antennae ; the 3rd segment is much shorter than the head width .
wrzesinska d ; wawrzyniak m , 2005 . harmful heteroptera of orthops genus ( miridae , heteroptera ) occurring on sosnowski ' s hogweed ( heracleum sosnowskyi manden . ) in poland . journal of plant protection research , 45 ( 2 ) : 107 - 114 .
cimex campestris linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 448 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmiæ . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]
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umbellifers ( apiaceae ) . they generally have dark antennae . although external characters are useful ,
note the short antennae ; the 3rd segment is much shorter than the head width .
a very common bug throughout the uk , often associated with wild parsnip , the foodplant . adults overwinter and mate in the spring ; the new generation is complete from july onwards .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
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adults overwinter and mate in the spring ; the new generation is complete from july onwards .
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akingbohungbe , a . e . ( 1974 ) chromosome numbers of some north american mirids ( heteroptera : miridae ) . : canadian journal of genetics and cytology 16 : 251 - - 256 .
akingbohungbe , a . e . ( 1983 ) variation in testis follicle number in the miridae ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) and its relationship to the higher classification of the family . : annals of the entomological society of america 76 : 37 - - 43 .
akingbohungbe , a . e . , j . l . libby , and r . d . shenefelt . ( 1973 ) nymphs of wisconsin miridae ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) . : university of wisconsin research bulletin r2561 : 25 pp .
carvalho , j . c . m . ( 1959 ) a catalogue of the miridae of the world . part iv . : arquivos do museu nacional , rio de janeiro 48 : 384 pp .
coulianos , c . c . and f . ossiannilsson . ( 1976 ) catalogus insectorum sueciae . 7 . hemiptera - heteroptera . 2nd ed . : entomologisk tidskrift 97 ( 3 - - 4 ) : 135 - - 173 , map , 13 tabs .
franz , h . and e . wagner . ( 1961 ) die nordost - alpen im spiegel ihrer landtierwelt , ii . : universitatsverlag wagner , innsbruck , pp . 271 - - 401 .
gollner - scheiding , u . ( 1970 ) beiträge zur heteropteren - fauna brandenburgs . 1 . die heteropteren - fauna des gross - machnower weinbergs und seiner naheren umgebung . : archiv fur naturschutz und landschaftsforschung 10 : 41 - - 70 .
gollner - scheiding , u . ( 1972 ) beiträge zur heteropteren - fauna brandenburgs . 2 . übersicht über die heteropteren von brandenburg . : veroffentl . bizirksheimat mus . potsdam 25 / 26 : 5 - - 39 .
gollner - scheiding , u . ( 1974 ) beiträge zur heteropterenfauna brandenburgs . 3 . die heteropterenfauna der oderwiesen und - hange bei lebus / oder ( hemiptera , heteroptera ) . : faunistische abhandlungen 5 : 181 - - 198 .
gollner - scheiding , u . ( 1978 ) beitrag zur kenntnis der heteropterenfauna mazedoniens . : acta musei macedonici scientiae naturales 15 : 145 - - 150 .
hoberlandt , l . ( 1956 ) results of the zoological scientific expedition of the national museum in praha to turkey . 18 . hemiptera iv . terrestrial hemiptera - heteroptera of turkey . : acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae 3 ( suppl . ) : 1 - - 264 ( 1955 ) .
kerzhner , i . m . ( 1964 ) family isometopidae . family miridae ( capsidae ) , pp . 700 - - 765 . in : bei - bienko , g . y . ( ed . ) . , opredelitel ' nasekomykh evropeiskoichasti sssr [ keys to the insects of the european part of the ussr ] . vol . 1 . apterygota , palaeoptera , hemimetabol : nauka , moskova and leningrad . [ in russian ; english translation : 1967 , israel program for scientific translation , jerusalem , pp . 913 - - 1003 ] .
knight , h . h . ( 1968 ) taxonomic review : miridae of the nevada test site and the western united states . : brigham young university science bulletin , biological series 9 : 282pp .
kulik , s . a . ( 1965 ) blindwanzen ost sibiriens und des fernen ostens ( heteroptera - miridae ) . : acta faunistica entomologica musei nationalis pragae 11 : 39 - - 70 . [ in russian ]
pericart , j . ( 1965 ) contribution a la fanistique de la corse : héteroptères miridae et anthocoridae ( hem . ) . : bulletin mensuel de la societe linneenne de lyon 34 : 377 - - 384 .
ribes , j . ( 1965 ) hemipteros de mallorca . : publ . inst . biol . apl . , barcelona 39 : 71 - - 95 .
southwood , t . r . e . ( 1960 ) the flight activity of heteroptera . : transactions of the royal entomological society of london 112 : 173 - - 220 .
southwood , t . r . e . and d . leston ( 1959 ) land and water bugs of the british isles . : frederick warne and co . , london . 436 pp .
tamanini , l . ( 1981 ) gli eterotteri della basilicata e della calabria ( italia meridionale ) ( hemiptera , heteroptera ) . : memorie del museo civico di storia naturale di verona , ser . 2 , a , 3 : 1 - - 164 .
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national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c38fa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 323a5beb - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 323a5d1f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33f6f2af - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
schuh r . t . ( 2018 ) . pbi plant bug : on - line systematic catalog of plant bugs ( insecta : heteroptera : miridae ) ( version mar 2013 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 5d859509 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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it is 4 millimetres ( 0 . 16 in ) long with short antennae . they feed on wild parsnip . adults overwinter after which they mate in spring . the new generation starts in july .
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c . maculatum is an herbaceous biennial and highly toxic plant , native across northern europe , western asia and north africa . it has been introduced widely outside its native area to many parts of america , south . . .
conium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; habit . plants can reach 2m in height . mexico .
©pedro tenorio - lezama / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us
conium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; typical , ' purple ' blotched stems . mexico .
conium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; characteristic stem with purple blotching . oregon , usa . june , 2005 .
©eric coombs / oregon department of agriculture / bugwood . org - cc by 3 . 0 us
conium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; foliage . pándzsa - patak völgye , pannonhalma , hungary .
©robert vidéki / doronicum kft . / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us
conium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; flowering habit . oregon , usa . june , 2005 .
conium maculatum ( poison hemlock ) ; close - up of a flowering umbel . oregon , usa . june , 2005 .
©steve hurst / usda nrcs plants database / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us
©ohio state weed lab archive / the ohio state university / bugwood . org - cc by - nc 3 . 0 us
c . maculatum is an herbaceous biennial and highly toxic plant , native across northern europe , western asia and north africa . it has been introduced widely outside its native area to many parts of america , southern africa , china , new zealand and australia . c . maculatum is a twofold invader , competing with pasture and crops and encroaching on native vegetation , while also posing a serious health hazard to virtually all livestock , and humans . even within its native range , c . maculatum is increasing and tending to occur more commonly in crops .
the derivation of the genus name conium is uncertain , but may be from the greek koneion meaning to whirl or spin , describing the toxic effects of the plant ( mitich , 1998 ) . the specific name maculatum means spotted , from the characteristically spotted stem . although a wide range of synonyms have been applied to c . maculatum , the original linnean name is the only one to have been widely or consistently used , and there are no closely related species with which there is common confusion .
c . maculatum is an erect annual or biennial , virtually glabrous , with a foetid , mousy odour when crushed . the long taproot is forked , white or pale yellow and 1 - 2 cm in diameter . stems are hollow , striate , up to 2 - ( 3 ) m high , usually light green and purple spotted or blotched , sometimes tinged purple - ish or pink , particularly toward their base . leaves 2 - 4 - pinnate ; ultimate segments narrowly or broadly ovate to deltoid , pinnatisect or serrate , 5 - 40 mm long ; petioles light green and purple blotched when mature ; stem leaves similar to basal , but shortly petiolate and 1 - 3 - pinnate . umbels 1 - 8 cm in diameter ; rays 4 - 16 ; lateral umbels overtopping the terminal ; bracts c . > 4 - 8 , narrow - triangular , acuminate , reflexed ; bracteoles 3 - 6 , triangular , confined to outer side of umbellets . flowers numerous , white , c . 2 mm in diameter , hermaphrodite . sepals 0 , petals 5 notched at the broad tip . fruit 2 - seeded , dark brown , almost round , 2 . 5 - 3 mm long ; slightly flattened , ribs slender , light brown , often crenulate .
native across northern europe , western asia and n . africa , c . maculatum has been introduced , deliberately or otherwise to many countries of america , to southern africa and to china , new zealand and australia . introduction to micronesia is indicated by weber ( 2003 ) and by usda - ars ( 2015 ) but no specimens are recorded by gbif ( 2015 ) , nor is it noted by the normally very comprehensive pier ( 2015 ) . weber ( 2003 ) classes c . maculatum as invasive in australia and western usa , while pier ( 2015 ) additionally lists it as invasive in many central and south american countries and the chilean off - shore juan fernández islands .
the distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .
thompson , 1922 ; webb et al . , 1988 ; pier , 2015 ; royal new zealand institute of horticulture , 2015
) . in the latter instance it is believed to have been introduced accidentally with grain imports from the former ussr .
first record in hobart , tasmania . this plant is likely but not confirmed to have been sourced from the uk
the risk of introduction is relatively low . the seed is conspicuous and , although possible , it is unlikely to be an undetected contaminant of any crop seed . deliberate introduction as a garden plant or herbal medicine has occurred in the past but is less likely today .
thrives in a number of habitats , including grassland , forest margins , riparian habitats , freshwater wetlands , waste ground , disturbed sites , field margins and fallows . in fallows , however , the infestations are relatively short - lived , persisting only 1 - 2 years (
this plant grows best in moist and fertile soils ( weber , 2003 ) , avoiding acid soils and heavy shade ( pfaf , 2015 ) .
c . maculatum is thought to be more tolerant of soils containing heavy metals ( arsenic , cadmium , lead ) than some native species in usa , perhaps contributing to its competitive ability in such a situation ( gulezian et al . , 2012 ) . in usa , c . maculatum is associated with usda hardiness zones 4 - 8 , so is tolerant of moderate to hard frosts . in chile it may occur in usda hardiness zone 9 where there may be dry periods of 3 - 5 months and where precipitation of 400 - 800 mm is concentrated in the winter .
although growing mainly in non - crop areas , c . maculatum can invade field edges and encroach significantly on crops : maize in new zealand ; sugar beet in slovakia and in france ; pastures in turkey , poland , australia and new zealand ; olive in spain ; lucerne ( alfalfa ) in usa ; sunflower in czech republic ; chickpea in spain . mitich ( 1998 ) refers to its occurrence in pastures , cereals , vegetable crops and orchards in many countries .
a wide range of sources confirm c . maculatum to have a chromosome number of 2n = 22 ( missouri botanical garden , 2015 ) .
a detailed study by baskin and baskin ( 1990 ) concluded that in north - central kentucky , usa , seeds of c . maculatum are dispersed from mid - september to mid - late february , with up to 95 % of them being dispersed by late december . depending on the year , 40 - 85 % of the freshly matured seeds had morphological dormancy and thus only required a moist substrate for embryo growth and germination . the other seeds had morpho - physiological dormancy , which had to be broken before embryo growth and germination could occur . during late autumn and winter , a deeper form of dormancy was induced in most of the undispersed seeds . germination was found to be higher on soil than on sand , and in light than in darkness .
suggest that dormant seeds require high summer temperatures , low winter temperatures , or both , before they can germinate . once seeds break dormancy , they can germinate from late summer to early spring , as long as temperatures remain cool and the soil remains moist . they found that
degrees celsius were a more important requirement . germination was low at a constant 26
c in the light . furthermore germination was not greatly reduced by burial below 5 cm depth .
germination may occur in the autumn or the spring . after germination in spring it can flower and behave as an annual , but most plants behave as biennials , forming a low rosette of leaves before flowering in their second summer . flowering occurs in mid - summer , while seed shed may continue through the autumn and winter to the following spring .
the established plant does not normally persist for more than two summers . seeds can persist in the soil for up to six years ( csontos , 2008 ) .
c . maculatum can occur across a wide range of soil types and levels of fertility . it is most commonly found , however , in moist conditions along rivers and in marshy ground . it can persist through relatively dry periods in the summer provided the winter is wet ( chileflora , 2006 ) . it is stated to prefer high - nitrogen soils ( vetter 2004 ) .
warm average temp . > 10°c , cold average temp . > 0°c , wet all year
warm average temp . > 10°c , cold average temp . > 0°c , dry summers
warm temperate climate with dry winter ( warm average temp . > 10°c , cold average temp . > 0°c , dry winters )
continental climate with dry summer ( warm average temp . > 10°c , coldest month < 0°c , dry summers )
natural dispersal of c . maculatum is limited . it may be moved by water or wind but most seed falls close to the parent plant .
some seed may cling to animal fur but there is no specialized mechanism for this . mitich ( 1998 ) refers to spread by rodents and birds .
accidental introduction can occur locally through movement of garden waste , and more widely via contaminated seed of crops , but neither is likely to be frequent .
deliberate introduction is possible , where c . maculatum is considered a garden plant or used as a medicinal herb . however , it seems that the latter use is not common .
significant damage may be caused by c . maculatum in establishing or established pastures , due to competition for light and other resources . losses in other crops may occur locally , but are not widespread or severe and no crop loss data are available .
) ; carrot thin leaf virus , e . g . in california , usa (
the most important source of losses from c . maculatum is through toxicity to livestock . all parts of the plant are poisonous . toxicity is due to a group of piperidine alkaloids of which the representative members are coniine and gamma - coniceine . the latter is the more toxic and is the first formed biosynthetically . its levels in relation to coniine vary widely according to environmental conditions and to provenance of the plants ( reynolds , 2005 ) .
acute toxicity doses are 3 . 3 mg / kg for cattle , 15 . 5 mg / kg for horses and 44 . 0 mg / kg for sheep ( ceh , 2004 ) . pigs are even more sensitive than cattle while goats are less sensitive than sheep ( usda , 2015 ) . mice given a fatal dose orally may die within 10 minutes . poultry , pigs , hamsters , nutria and rabbits are also susceptible . although birds can be poisoned , it appears that some at least are unharmed after eating the seeds . their bodies are , however , then toxic to other animals including humans ( the poison garden , 2015 ) . c . maculatum may cause birth defects in farm animals ( e . g . cleft palate , arthrogryposis , scoliosis , troticollis , kyphosis ) ( panter and keeler , 1993 ) , in addition to acute toxicity .
the estimated economic loss of livestock due to poisonous weeds , including c . maculatum , in the seventeen western states of usa , was $ 340 million ( n . b . based on prices and figures in 1989 ) . this was estimated from a 1 % death loss in cattle , a 3 . 5 % death loss in sheep , and a 1 % decrease in calf and lamb crops ( james et al . , 1992 ; nielsen and james , 1992 ) . we do not know , however , what proportion of those losses can be attributed to c . maculatum .
livestock tend to avoid the fresh plant but do not recognise it in the dried state . this and other aspects of toxicity to livestock are well reviewed by cao et al . ( 2015 ) .
spread of c . maculatum into grassland or other low vegetation can significantly modify environments , and is of concern in conservation areas ( royal new zealand institute of horticulture , 2015 ) .
c . maculatum can spread quickly in disturbed areas and is highly competitive , preventing the establishment of native grasses and forbs by shading and competing for space ( weber , 2003 ) .
c . maculatum is dangerously poisonous and children have died from its toxicity . it is famously reputed to have been involved in the death of socrates , though this is challenged by some , who find that the symptoms described do not adequately match those normally observed ( dayan , 2009 ) .
symptoms in humans include irritation and tachycardia leading to brachycardia , muscular paralysis and respiratory failure . rhabdomyolysis and convulsions may also occur . death can occur in two hours ( dauncey , 2010 ) .
these symptoms reflect effects on the nervous system : stimulation followed by paralysis of motor nerve endings ; and cns stimulation followed by cns depression . other effects include vomiting , trembling , problems in movement , slow and weak pulse becoming rapid , rapid respiration , salivation , urination , nausea , convulsions , coma and death ( vetter , 2004 ) . advice on treatment following accidental ingestion is provided by toxinz poisons information ( 2015 ) .
apart from the risks from ingestion , there is also a danger of significant effects from handling the plants without gloves , from breathing dust or pollen from the plant and from using the hollow stems as pea - shooters .
chemicals from c . maculatum have been shown to have plant protection properties . young chinese cabbage plants were sprayed with alkaloids from c . maculatum , including gamma - coniceine , and exposed to large numbers of starved slugs ( deroceras reticulatum ) . the alkaloids protected the plants over a 24 - hour test period ( dodds and henderson , 2002 ) . likewise , coniine from c . maculatum has proved effective against aphids and blowflies ( cao et al . , 2015 ) . alinezhad et al . ( 2012 ) have demonstrated useful activity against aspergillus parasiticus and a corresponding reduction in aflatoxin production . extracts were shown to inhibit fusarium pallidoroseum , the cause of twig blight in mulberry ( gulzar et al . , 2013 ) . however , it is unknown whether any of these ideas are being used in practice .
c . maculatum is superficially similar to a number of other apiaceae . most dangerously it has been mistaken for wild carrot ( daucus carota ) , by children who have unwisely chewed on the yellowish root , but d . carota is clearly distinguished by having finely hairy foliage . anthriscus sylvestris has similar foliage to c . maculatum but a hairy stem . the related and equally dangerous water hemlock , cicuta maculata , has a glabrous hollow stem which may also be spotted , but the leaves have much wider segments and it has a cluster of fleshy roots and occurs in wetter situations . in general , c . maculatum is distinguished by its glabrous multi - pinnate leaves , the glabrous , hollow , spotted stem and mousy odour .
c . maculatum is a declared noxious weed in the following states of usa : colorado , idaho , iowa , new mexico , nevada , ohio , oregon , utah , washington , west virginia , wyoming ( usda - ars , 2015 ) .
hand pulling of c . maculatum plants may be effective , especially prior to seed set . spring mowing kills mature plants effectively , and a second mowing in late summer kills emerged seedlings and regrowth ( weber , 2003 ) . it is warned that gloves should be used for any hand - pulling operation , and a mask if there is pollen or dry , powdery material to be handled .
asav and kadioglu ( 2008 ) demonstrated effective control of c . maculatum by solarisation in turkey .
agonopterix alstroemeriana ( moth ) has been introduced and spread naturally in the usa and new zealand . the caterpillars of the moth can cause almost complete defoliation of the weed . their use has been approved in usa for biological control and the moth has been utilized in eradication programmes ( mckenna et al . , 2001 ) . caterpillars are collected from infested areas and spread to where they are needed . care is needed to avoid excessive contact with the weed , and gloves are advised .
glyphosate is effective , but control is influenced by the surfactant used in the formulation ( gonzalez - gutierrez et al . , 2000 ) .
other effective post - emergent herbicides include 2 , 4 - d ester , 2 , 4 - d amine , dicamba and triclopyr ( weber , 2003 ) . effective pre - emergence herbicides include imazapyr , tebuthiuron , chlorsulfuron , metsulfuron , hexazinone , metribuzin , terbacil , aminopyralid .
herbicides for specific crops include pyridate and propaquizafop in chickpea ; clopyralid in rapeseed ; hexazinone , metribuzin and terbacil in lucerne / alfalfa . in clover - based pastures , flumetsulam or bentazone were better than 2 , 4 - db ( gawn et al . , 2012 ) .
‘basic management recommendations to reduce reproductive losses to poisonous plants include : ( 1 ) keep good records ; ( 2 ) know what poisonous plants grow on ranges and understand their effects ; ( 3 ) develop a management plan to provide for alternate grazing in poisonous plant - free pastures during critical times ; ( 4 ) provide for balanced nutrition , including protein , energy , minerals and vitamins ; ( 5 ) maintain a good herd health program ; ( 6 ) integrate a herbicide treatment programme to reduce poisonous plant populations or to maintain clean pastures for alternate grazing ; and ( 7 ) manage the range for maximum forage production . ’
alinezhad s ; kamalzadeh a ; rezaee mb ; jaimand k ; shams - ghahfarokhi m ; razzaghi - abyaneh m , 2012 . inhibitory effects of some native medicinal plants on aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production . acta horticulturae [ i international symposium on mycotoxins in nuts and dried fruits , damghan , iran ] , 963 : 207 - 210 .
asav ü ; kadioglu i , 2008 . effects of soil solarization and poultry manure combinations on seed germination of some weed species . ( toprak solarizasyonu ile tavuk gübresigt ; kombinasyonunun bazi yabanci ot tohumlarinin çimlenmelerine etkileri ) . türkiye herboloji dergisi , 12 ( 2 ) : 11 - 22 .
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gonzalez - gutierrez j ; osuna md ; de prado r , 2000 . behaviour of glyphosate in conium maculatum control . mededelingen - faculteit landbouwkundige en toegepaste biologische wetenschappen , universiteit gent [ proceedings , 52nd international symposium on crop protection , gent , belgium , 9 may 2000 , part i . ] , 65 ( 2a ) : 157 - 160 .
gracia o ; feldman jm , 1977 . isolation and identification of two celery viruses in argentina . plant disease reporter , 61 ( 11 ) : 905 - 908 .
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gulzar p ; kausar t ; sahaf ka ; munshi na ; ahmad s ; raja ta , 2013 . screening of ethanolic extracts of various botanicals against fusarium pallidoroseum ( cooke ) sacc . - the causal agent of twig blight of mulberry . indian journal of sericulture , 52 ( 1 ) : 24 - 28 .
herbs2000 . com , 2015 . homeopathy - conium maculatum . herbs2000 . com . urltoken
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magyar d ; tóth s , 2003 . data to the knowledge of the microscopic fungi in the forests around budakeszi ( buda hills , hungary ) . acta phytopathologica et entomologica hungarica , 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 61 - 72 .
mckenna dd ; zangerl ar ; berenbaum mr , 2001 . a native hymenopteran predator of agonopterix alstroemeriana ( lepidoptera : oecophoridae ) in east - central illinois . great lakes entomologist , 34 ( 1 ) : 71 - 75 .
milanova sd ; nikolova v ; maneva s , 2003 . some morphological and bioecological characteristics of conium maculatum l . in : uygur s , kolören o , eds . proceedings of the 7th ewrs ( european weed research society ) mediterranean symposium . doorwerth , netherlands : european weed research society , 161 - 162 .
missouri botanical garden , 2015 . tropicos database . st . louis , missouri , usa : missouri botanical garden . urltoken
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reynolds t , 2005 . hemlock alkaloids from socrates to poison aloes . phytochemistry , 66 ( 12 ) : 1399 - 1406 .
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h . sosnowskyi is a monocarpic biennial or perennial plant that grows up to 3 m tall . leaves are divided into segments and can reach up to 3 m in length . white or pinkish flowers are organized in umbels and flower . . .
heracleum sosnowskyi ( sosnowskyi ' s hogweed ) ; habit . shkmeri , georgia . july 2009 .
public domain / via wikipedia - released by its author , popadius . this applies worldwide .
h . sosnowskyi is a monocarpic biennial or perennial plant that grows up to 3 m tall . leaves are divided into segments and can reach up to 3 m in length . white or pinkish flowers are organized in umbels and flowering occurs in the second year or later ( nielsen et al . , 2005 ) . an average plant can produce around 9000 fruits ( tkatschenko , 1989 ) . the mother plant dies after producing seeds , however the plant is reported to live up to 6 years before flowering ( satsiperova , 1984 ) . the whole plant contains photosensitizing furanocoumarins that can burn and / or blister human skin ( after contact with plant sap and subsequent uv irradiation ) .
the plant’s large size , high fecundity , early germination and vigorous growth makes h . sosnowskyi a very successful invader that can out - compete local flora , cause river bank erosion and is toxic to humans .
had been cultivated for biomass and silage production in the former ussr in the second half of the twentieth century . from the 1990s there were reports of the plant escaping from cultivation and methods of treating
et al . , 2005 ) . the plant is listed as invasive in several european lists and databases , e . g . eppo , nobanis , daisie .
( hoffm . ) m . bieb . , which she regarded as endemic to crimea . later authors consider
a . v . yena and e . s . kraynyuk speculate that h . sosnowskyi is synonymous with h . pubescens ( greuter and raus , 2007 ) but more research needs to be done to confirm this .
the section pubescentia comprises other heracleum species that have been reported as invasive in europe and / or north america : h . mantegazzianum sommier & levier and h . persicum desf . ex fisch . recent molecular - genetic studies showed close genetic relationship between all three invasive species , particularly between h . sosnowskyi and h . mantegazzianum ( jahodová et al . , 2007b ; logacheva et al . , 2008 ) . however , not all species from the section pubescentia were analysed in either study .
because h . sosnowskyi and h . mantegazzianum are not only genetically but also morphologically very similar , several botanists consider h . sosnowskyi only a subtaxon of h . mantegazzianum or h . pubescens . therefore , h . sosnowskyi does not appear in the lists of weedy flora in many ( western - ) european countries ( kabuce , 2006 ) . for practical reasons in countries where both species invade , authorities often collect combined data on distribution and monitoring of these two species ( personnel are not trained to distinguish the two species , which requires specialist expertise ) .
h . sosnowskyi has been bred and hybridized with other heracleum species . popular varieties were ‘uspekh’ and ‘severzhanin’ ( boodiak et al . , 1981 ; satsiperova , 1984 ; eppo , 2008 ) .
as well as sosnowskyi’s hogweed , other common names have been used for h . sosnowskyi in english . these include giant hogweed , giant cow parsnip ( normally used for h . mantegazzianum ) , cow parsnip ( the common name of north american h . lanatum [ h . sphondylium subsp . montanum ] ) or cow parsley ( the common name of anthriscus sylvestris ) .
the type specimen was collected in georgia , in ‘meschetia , distr . adygeni in pratis silvaticis in itinere ad jalas lelovani , 9 / 8 / 1936’ , and is deposited in tbilisi ( tbi ) .
detailed descriptions can be found in mandenova ( 1950 ) , satsiperova ( 1984 ) and other descriptions are given in nielsen et al . ( 2005 ) , kabuce ( 2006 ) and eppo ( 2008 ) .
h . sosnowskyi is native to the eastern main caucasian ridge and south - western and eastern transcaucasia ( mandenova , 1950 ) . countries in this region that have h . sosnowskyi among their native flora are georgia , russia , armenia , azerbaijan and turkey . type locality lies in meschetia district , adygeni in georgia .
in europe the plant is distributed mainly in eastern parts - reflecting the history of planting in the former ussr . most invaded areas are estonia , latvia , lithuania . there are reports of
being invasive in belarus , hungary , poland , ukraine and european parts of russia , however , detailed distribution for those areas is not known . in denmark there is only one known population from ryvangen naturpark in copenhagen (
j . thiele , institute of landscape ecology , münster , germany , personal communication ) .
after world war ii ( in 1946 - 1947 ) the seeds of h . sosnowskyi were brought to the polar - alpine botanical garden - institute ( pabgi ) in kirovsk , northern russia , where experiments took place to investigate the usefulness of this plant as fodder ( silage ) . in 1953 similar experiments began in leningrad ( st petersburg ) - in cooperation with three institutes ( the komarov botanical institute and two agricultural institutes ) . the aim of the experiments and breeding was to produce highly productive cultivars that would have minimal furanocoumarin content .
seeds of h . sosnowskyi for the first experiments were obtained from kabardino - balkaria ( north caucasus , russia ) , however later reports mention seeds from other sources , e . g . dagestan ( east caucasus , russia ) ( marchenko , 1954 ; satsiperova , 1984 ; jahodová et al . , 2007a ) . breeding programmes later spread to many other places in the former ussr ( including belarus , estonia , latvia , lithuania , ukraine ) . reports of introduction to these regions do not detail whether seeds were distributed only via the leningrad and / or kirovsk institutes or whether additional seeds were obtained from the native range of h . sosnowskyi .


heliothelopsis unicoloralis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by barnes and mcdunnough in 1914 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona .

the wingspan is 12 – 14 mm .

the forewings are deep black-brown with a slight bronze tinge and sprinkled with whitish scaling .

the hindwings are uniform black-brown .

adults have been recorded on wing in august .

heliothelopsis unicoloralis

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barnes , w . m . & j . h . mcdunnough 1914 b : some new north american pyraustinae . – contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america , chicago 2 ( 6 ) : 244 , pl . 2 fig . 15 .
munroe , e . g . 1961 : synopsis of the north american odontiinae , with descriptions of new genera and species ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . – memoirs of the entomological society of canada , ottawa 93 ( 24 ) : 53 .
synopsis of the north american odontiinae , with descriptions of new genera and species ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) eugene g . munroe . 1961 . memoirs of the entomological society of canada . 93 ( 24 ) : 1 - 93 .
contributed by jason d . roberts on 2 august , 2007 - 2 : 30pm additional contributions by kyhl austin last updated 15 may , 2016 - 6 : 28pm
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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pseudandraca is a genus of moths of the endromidae family .

the genus was previously placed in the subfamily prismostictinae of the bombycidae family .

pseudandraca

pseudandraca gracilis ( butler ) ( bombycidae ) taken at kashispa , fukushima pref . , northern honshu
pseudandraca gracilis is a moth in the family endromidae . it was described by butler in 1885 . it is found in japan .
pseudandraca gracilis is a moth in the endromidae family . it was described by butler in 1885 . [ 1 ] it is found in japan .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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prove sull & apos ; isolamento riproduttivo in tre specie del genere gryon haliday ( hym . proctotrupoidea , scelionidae )
zaramo , c . e . m . dlin , c . s . y . o , j . w . n ; morton , t . a . b . wen , g . r . , 2008 :
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warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
1 department of entomology , south china agricultural university , guangzhou , guangdong 510640 , p . r . china . present address : institute of entomology , college of biosafety science and technology , hunan agricultural university , changsha 410128 hunan , china ; and provincial key laboratory for biology and control of plant diseases and insect pests , changsha 410128 , hunan , china
2 department of entomology , south china agricultural university , guangzhou , guangdong 510640 , p . r . china
corresponding author : ling zeng ( nc . ude . uacs @ gnilgnez ) .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
the six species of the genus andraca walker hitherto known from china are reviewed , and a new species , andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . , described from yunnan province , china . adults and male genitalia of all examined species are illustrated , together with a distributional map . a key to all seven chinese andraca species is provided . the types of the new species are deposited in scau ( south china agricultural university , guangzhou , china ) and hunau ( hunan agricultural university , changsha , china ) .
in the present paper , seven chinese andraca species are reviewed , including the description of one new species andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . the early stages of andraca theae ( matsumura 1909 ) are described in detail . a key to the seven chinese andraca species is provided .
specimens of the new species were collected by light trap . the types of previously described species in the natural history museum , london , uk ( bmnh ) were examined . other materials examined in this study are preserved in scau and hunau . morphological terminology used in descriptions follows lemaire and minet ( 1999 ) .
andraca walker , 1865 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 32 : 581 . ( type species : andraca bipunctata walker , 1865 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 32 : 582 , by monotype . type locality : hindostan , india . )
pseudoeupterote shiraki , 1911 , catalogue insectorum noxiorum formosarum : 48 . ( type species : oreta theae matsumura , 1909 , thousand insects of japan , 1 : 582 , by monotype . type locality : formosa ( = taiwan ) ) . type - species designation by monotype .
forewing weakly falcate . ground color varying from shades of brown to sandy grey .
male genitalia . uncus apically single - pointed to weakly indented ; gnathos with two long , basally broad , upcurved arms ; valvae basally broad , sclerotized , long or medium length ; aedeagus short with apex truncated , cornuti present or absent .
female genitalia ( andraca bipunctata ) . eighth segment curved deeply , ventral margin of ostium bursae extends posteriorly as a broad bilobed plate , ductus bursae sclerotized distal to mid - point , tapering to half width ; distal half unsclerotized with slight torsion , corpus bursae lacking a signum .
andraca species have sometimes been described in mustilia ( e . g . , chu and wang 1993 , 1996 ) , and misidentification has also been frequent ( chu and wang 1993 , 1996 ) . andraca was considered to belong to ‘the mustilia lineage’ of prismostictinae forbes , 1955 ( holloway 1987 ; minet 1994 ; lemaire and minet 1999 ; holloway et al . 2001 ) . our own unpublished work also shows that andraca is close to mustilia walker , 1865 and mustilizans yang , 1995 , based on phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences ( coi + 18s + 28s ) ( wang 2010 ) .
sevastopulo ( 1938 ) described the fully grown larvae of the type species . the larvae are gregarious , have short hairs covering the body , and are often heavily parasitized . pupation is in a thin cocoon of brown silk spun among leaves .
adult male andraca spp . a andraca bipunctata walker , l865 from yunnan b andraca olivacea matsumura , 1927 from guangdong c andraca apodecta swinhoe , 1907 from guangxi d andraca flavamaculata yang , 1995 from guangdong e andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . , holotype , from yunnan f andraca melli zolotuhin & witt , 2009 from guangdong g andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province h andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province ( in field ) .
andraca bipunctata walker , 1865 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 32 : 582 . type locality : hindustan , india .
andraca bipunctata walker , 1862 : chu & wang , 1993 , sinozoologia , 10 : 241 .
andraca henosa chu & wang , 1993 , sinozoologia , 10 : 242 . type locality : yunnan , china .
andraca henosa chu & wang : chu & wang , 1996 , fauna sinica insecta , 5 : 55 .
[ china ] 2♂♂ , western yunnan , 2005 - vi - 15 , ming - yi tian leg . ; 2♂♂ , dulongjiang , yunnan province , 2006 - vii - 21 , min wang & xiao - ling fan leg . ; 1♂1♀ , gongshan mountain , yunnan province , 2006 - vii - 22 , min wang & xiao - ling fan leg .
camellia sinensis ( theaceae ) , camellia assamica ( theaceae ) , camellia oleifera ( theaceae ) .
this widely distributed species is rather variable in coloration and size . moore ( 1865 ) described andraca trilochoides from a brighter and grayish individual . this taxon was later synonymized with andraca bipunctata by hampson , ( [ 1893 ] ) , an action that was followed by strand ( 1924 ) .
andraca bipunctata is closely related to andraca angulata kishida , 1993 ( nepal and india : sikkim ) , andraca theae ( taiwan ) and andraca stueningi ( vietnam ) . these four species form the bipunctata group , and share the following characteristics : 1 ) male hindtibia with one pair of spurs ; 2 ) two dorsally - directed projections present on subapical part of valva ; 3 ) external surface of aedeagus partially covered with hair - like spines ; 4 ) a cluster of strong spinose cornuti on vesica .
larvae of andraca bipunctata are well - known serious pests of tea trees , camellia sinensis ( theaceae ) ( banerjee 1982 ; chang 1989 ; chen et al . 1992 ; panigrahi 1995 ; ho et al . 1996 ; upadhyay et al . 2001 ) .
andraca olivacea matsumura , 1927 , j . coll . agric . hokkaido . univ . , 19 : 50 . type locality : formosa ( = taiwan ) , china .
andraca hedra chu & wang , 1993 , sinozool . , 10 : 233 . type locality : hainan , china .
andraca hedra chu & wang : chu & wang , 1996 , fauna sinica insecta , 5 : 58 .
andraca olivacea : owada et al . , 2002 , spec . bull . jpn . soc . coleopterol . , 5 : 464 ; kishida , 1992 , lepidoptera of taiwan , 1 ( 2 ) : 153 .
) . hindtibia with two pairs of spurs ; hindwings with rs and m1 connate . male genitalia (
) : uncus thick and round ; valva simple , basal half broad and terminal half narrow ; distal margin of aedeagus with strong lateral spines ; vesica with a cluster of spinose cornuti .
[ china ] 1 ♂ , shimentai provincial nature reserve , yingde city , guangdong province , 2001 - vii - 24 , min wang & guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2001 - ix - 22 ; 3 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2002 - vi - 11 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 ♂ , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2002 - vii - 23 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 4 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2003 - iii - 29 ~ 31 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2003 - vi - 22 ; 2 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2003 - viii - 7 ; 2 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2003 - viii - 18 ; 5 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2004 - iv - 23 ; 1 ♀ , same data but 2004 - iv - 24 ; 2 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2006 - ix - 18 , liu - sheng chen leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2008 - vi - 7 , min wang leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2008 - vi - 7 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2009 - iv - 1 , hou - shuai wang leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2009 - viii - 10 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2009 - iv - 1 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2009 - viii - 10 ; 1 ♂ , maoershan national nature reserve , xingan city , guangxi province , 2003 - iii - 3 , min wang & guo - hua huang leg . ; 6 ♂ ♂ , jianfengling national nature reserve , ledong city , hainan province , 2003 - xi - 29 ~ 31 , guo - hua huang & min wang leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2007 - x - 23 , min wang leg .
wang ( 1995 ) provide a fine color illustration of a fresh living male . owada et al . ( 2002 ) considered andraca olivacens from fukien ( = fujian ) to the synonym of andraca olivacea , whereas zolotuhin and witt ( 2009 ) treated it as a subspecies thereof . we do not comment further on which of these two alternatives may be the most appropriate status for this taxon because we have not seen the types of andraca olivacens .
andraca apodecta swinhoe , 1907 , ann . mag . nat . hist . , 19 ( 7 ) : 49 . type locality : sumatra , indonesia .
andraca apodecta swinhoe : holloway , 1976 , malayan nature society : 85 ; zolotuhin & witt , 2009 , entomofauna , 261 .
) . head covered with reddish - brown hairs ; forewing with black discal spot , smooth outer margin and apically not falcate . male genitalia (
) : uncus triangular , apical half truncate ; valva with two subapical , dorsally - directed projections ; aedeagus short , curved slightly without cornuti , external surface without hair - like spines .
[ china ] 2♂♂ , jinzhongshan mountain , longlin city , guangxi province , 2007 - vii - 31 , liu - sheng chen leg . .
china ( guangxi , yunnan , fujian , shaanxi ) , vietnam , thailand ( chiang mai , nan ) , indonesia ( sumatra , borneo , sulawesi ) .
the species was first recorded from china ( yunnan , fujian , shaanxi ) by zolotuhin and witt ( 2009 ) and is here recorded from guangxi for the first time .
andraca flavamaculata yang , 1995 , insects of baishanzu mountain , eastern china : 354 . type locality : zhejiang , china .
andraca nabesan kishida & owada , 2002 , spec . bull . jpn . soc . coleopterol . , ( 5 ) : 464 ; huang & wang , 2004 , entomotaxonomia , 26 ( 1 ) : 47 . type locality : cao bang , vietnam .
) . body stout . forewing apex falcate ; outer edge smooth and straight ; tornus almost rectangular . male genitalia (
) : uncus long with apex finger - shaped ; tegumen broad with numerous long setae ; valvae basally broad , strongly sclerotized , apex of valva boot - shaped ; sacculus broad , with a strong dorsal spike ; saccus short and narrow ; aedeagus short but strong and straight , distally with a large number of spines .
[ china ] 2 ♂♂ , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2002 - iii - 15 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 2 ♂♂ , same data but 2003 - ii - 23 ; 5 ♂ ♂ , same data but 2003 - iii - 29 ~ 31 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2003 - viii - 30 ; 1 ♂ , same data but 2006 - ix - 17 , zhen li leg . ; 2 ♂♂ , maoershan national nature reserve , xingan city , guangxi province , 2003 - iii - 03 , min wang & guo - hua huang leg . ; 3 ♂ ♂ , mangshan nature reserve , yizhang city , hunan province , 2003 - iii - 31 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 ♂ , jiuwandashan national nature reserve , guangxi province , 2003 - vii - 30 , guo - hua huang leg .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : e5dd5fb7 - 554b - 48a6 - 9ef3 - 65f1699e9897
) . antenna bipectinate except apex . wings ground color dark brow with dark brow fasciae and reddish - yellow patterns , which is consisting of antemedian , discocellar , postmedian fascia , and reddish - yellow patterns nearly placed on the wholly wings but termen . forewing apex falcate ; outer edge smooth and straight ; tornus almost rectangular . hindwing with anal margin straight ; outer margin angled at vein m3 , straight above and below this .
) : uncus long with wedge - shaped apex ; tegumen broad ; gnathos very well developed , arms upcurved ; valvae basally broad with many long setae , strongly sclerotized , caudally constricted to a spatulate apex ; sacculus broad , without a dorsal spike ; aedeagus short but strong and straight , distally with a large number of spines .
♂ , gongshan mountain , yunnan province , china , 2006 - vii - 22 , min wang & xiao - ling fan leg . , deposited in department of entomology , scau ; paratypes , 2 ♂♂ , same data as holotype but 2006 - vii - 21 . ; 1 ♂ , same data as holotype but 2006 - vii - 23 ; deposited in institute of entomology , hunau .
the specific epithet refers to the type locality ( gongshan mountain , china ) .
this new species is very similar to andraca flavamaculata , but can be distinguished by the following characters of the male genitalia : andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . with uncus apex wedge - shaped , apex of valva constricted and truncate , sacculus without a strong dorsal spike . and andraca flavamaculata with uncus apex finger - shaped , apex of valva boot - shaped ; sacculus broad , with a strong dorsal spike .
andraca melli zolotuhin & witt , 2009 , entomofauna , suppl . 16 : 262 . type locality : guangdong , china .
) . antenna bipectinate except apex . head thinly covered with brown - green hairs . forewing : apically bluntly pointed ; outer edge smooth and straight , tornus nearly rectangular . hindwings distinctly angled at vein m3 , straight above and below this .
) : uncus bluntly triangular with long hairs ; tegumen broad ; gnathos with two extremely medially swollen arms ; valvae flattened , strongly sclerotized , apex narrower and truncate with a dorsally directed projection from the middle ; saccus short and broad ; aedeagus short , strongly curved , with a compact group of long , thick needle - shaped cornuti on dorsal surface .
[ china ] 2 ♂♂ , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2007 - vi - 23 , liu - sheng chen collected larvae and reared to adult .
camellia sinensis ( theaceae ) , camellia oleifera ( theaceae ) , fraxinus pennsylvanica ( oleaceae ) and ternstroemia japonica ( ternstroemiaceae ) , pentaphylax euryoides gardn . & champ . ( pentaphylacaceae ) ( new host record ) .
china ( zhejiang , jiangxi , fujian , guangdong , hainan ) ; vietnam ; thailand .
andraca melli was first described by zolotuhin and witt ( 2009 ) , who also reported on the biology of this species .
oreta theae matsumura , 1909 , thousand insects of japan , 1 : 86 . type locality : formosa ( = taiwan ) , china .
) . head densely covered with dark brown hairs ; antenna bipectinate except apex . forewing apex inconspicuously falcate , exterior margin straight . forewing and hindwing each with a dark discal spot .
) : uncus triangular with apex narrowly spatulate ; tegumen broad ; gnathos elongate , medially inflated ; saccus short and broad ; valvae bifurcate apically ; dorsal margin with a subapical hump ; aedeagus bowed with dense apical spines .
[ china ] 1 ♂ , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2003 - iii - 29 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 ♂ , same data to the former , except 2003 - viii - 12 , guo - hua huang & de - yu xin leg . ; 2 ♂♂ , taibei city , taiwan province , 2009 - viii - 15 , shipher wu leg . ; 10 ♂♂ , wuyunjie national nature reserve , taoyuan city , hunan province , 2010 - vii - 2 , collected the larvae in the field by mr . hong - chun zhou , got the adults from the larvae bred in the entomological laboratory of hunan agricultural university by dr . guo - hua huang ; 3 ♂♂ , houxi town , huangshan city , anhui province , 2010 - vi - 28 , the adults from the larvae collected in the field and bred in laboratory by dr . guo - hua huang .
this species is widely distributed in taiwan and southern china . the larvae were found on
male genitalia of chinese andraca spp . a andraca bipunctata walker , l865 from yunnan b andraca olivacea matsumura , 1927 from guangdong c andraca apodecta swinhoe , 1907 from guangxi d andraca flavamaculata yang , 1995 from guangdong e andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . , holotype , from yunnan f andraca melli zolotuhin & witt , 2009 from guangdong g andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province .
the early stages of andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province a–b eggs c first larvae d third larvae e–f final larvae g–h pupa and cocoon .
we would like to thank mr . shipher wu ( taiwan national university , taibei ) , dr . guo - hua huang and mr . hong - chun zhou ( hunau ) , dr . liu - sheng chen ( shihezi university , china ) , mr . de - yu xin and hou - shuai wang ( scau ) for collecting specimens in the field . many thanks to dr . mamoru owada ( national museum of nature and science , tokyo , japan ) , vadim v . zolotuhin ( state pedagogical university of ulyanovsk , russia ) and andreas zwick ( state museum of natural history stuttgart , germany ) for their kind suggestions and help with the manuscript . we are grateful to prof . james mallet ( university college london , uk ) kindly corrected the language of the manuscript . we thank the late dr . g . s . robinson and mr . k . tuck ( the natural history museum , uk ) for checking the types . this work was supported by scientific research fund of hunan provincial education department ( 10b048 ) and the natural science foundation of china ( no . 31100482 ) .
entomological results from the swedish expedition 1934 to burma and british india . lepidoptera : saturniidae , bombycidae , eupterotidae , uraniidae , epiplemidae und sphingidae
effects of temperature on development of the egg stage of the tea bunch caterpillar andraca bipunctata walker .
studies on a granulosis virus of the tea bunch caterpillar andraca bipunctata [ lep . : bombycidae ] and its utilization .
in : heppner jb , inoue h . ( eds ) . lepidoptera of taiwan 1 ( 2 ) : checklist .
ho hy , tao yt , tsai rs , wu yl , tseng hk , chow ys . ( 1996 )
isolation , identification , and synthesis of sex pheromone components of female tea cluster caterpillar andraca bipunctata walker ( lepidoptera : bombycidae ) in taiwan .
. malayan nature society , kuala lumpur : [ viii ] + 264 pp .
in : kristensen np . ( ed ) . lepidoptera , moths and butterflies .
1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology 4 ( 35 ) , walter de gruyter , berlin & new york
a generic revision of the japanese bombycidae , with description of a new genus ( lepidoptera ) .
owada m , kishida y , thinh th , jinbo u . ( 2002 )
fungus cordyceps militaris ( fries ) link infestation in the pupa of the tea pest andraca bipunctata walker .
in : wu h . ( ed ) . east hill zukun hundred insects .
zwick a , regier jc , mitter c , cummings mp . ( 2011 )
increased gene sampling yields robust support for higher - level clades within bombycoidea ( lepidoptera ) .
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underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word prismostictinae . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word prismostictinae and , of course , prismostictinae synonyms and on the right images related to the word prismostictinae .
this is the place for prismostictinae definition . you find here prismostictinae meaning , synonyms of prismostictinae and images for prismostictinae copyright 2017 © urltoken
endromidae is a famiwy of mods . it was wong considered to be a monotypic famiwy , containing just one species , de kentish gwory , endromis versicowora , found droughout de pawaearctic region [ 1 ] . the famiwy now consists of severaw genera and about 30 species , aww former members of de famiwy bombycidae .
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it was described by meyrick in 1897 .

this species feeds on acacia decurrens forming an elongate three-sided chamber with silk .

the adults have a wingspan of 8-12mm .

ascalenia semnostola

ascalenia semnostola - urdu meaning and translation of ascalenia semnostola , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of ascalenia semnostola and more .
ascalenia semnostola is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family . it was described by meyrick in 1897 . it was described from new south wales ( australia ) , but has also been recorded from south africa .
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zimbabwe , bulawayo , matopo national park , 28–30 . xi . 1993 , leg . w . mey & k . ebert .
bengtsson b . a . 2014 . the afrotropical scythrididae . - esperiana memoir 7 : 1–361 .
this species feeds on acacia decurrens forming an elongate three - sided chamber with silk . the adults have a wingspan of 8 - 12mm .
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