the black-backed tanager ( tangara peruviana ) is a species of bird in the family thraupidae .

it is endemic to forest and shrub into south-eastern brazil .

when first described it was mistakenly believed that it originates from peru , leading to the misleading scientific name peruviana .

it is closely related to the chestnut-backed tanager , and the two have sometimes been considered conspecific .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

black - backed tanager

information on the black - backed tanager is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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14 . 5 cm . distinctively patterned tanager . bluish - turquoise underparts with pale reddish - brown vent and undertail - coverts . male has chestnut head and black back . yellow - buff rump and wing - coverts . dusky wings with greenish fringes . female duller and greener , lacks black on back and has dull green wing - coverts .
hilty , s . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . black - backed tanager ( tangara peruviana ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
14 cm ; 18·5–25·5 g . male has crown , nape and side of head rufous - chestnut , small dark mask around lores and eye , mantle black , scapulars and back to rump . . .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
vulnerable a2c + 3c + 4c ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1
argel - de - oliveira , m . m . , bencke , g . , de luca , a . , develey , p . , martuscelli , p . , oniki , y . & willis , e .
this species has a complex distribution and undertakes some seasonal movements . clarification of these will provide an improved understanding of its actual conservation status , but currently populations appear small and fragmented , and are probably declining rapidly in response to extensive habitat loss . it is consequently listed as vulnerable .
in são paulo , paraná , santa catarina and rio grande do sul ( g . a . bencke
. 2003 , rosa and agne 2010 ) . further north , in espírito santo ( argel - de - oliveira
. 2000 ) and rio de janeiro it is primarily a non - breeding austral winter visitor in april - september , and there have also been two recent records in bahia during this season . it is generally considered not rare within suitable habitat , with periodic local fluctuations in numbers owing to seasonal movements , at least in rio de janeiro and são paulo . records from pelotas in rio grande do sul were thought to refer to the closely related
. 2003 , rosa and agne 2010 ) . however , records from buenos aires and misiones , argentina , can be more certainly attributed to
the population is estimated to number 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals in total , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : a rapid population decline is suspected owing to rates of habitat loss and fragmentation within its range .
. it also visits gardens and orchards of houses close to forested areas ( a . de luca and p . develey
fruit . it is also more common in são paulo during the winter months , and scattered birds appear inland at this time ( e . o . willis and y . oniki
. all records from espírito santo are from the austral winter ( m . m . argel - de - oliveira
it is threatened by the rapid and widespread loss of restinga , largely to beach - front real - estate development and holiday centres . suitable habitat in both rio de janeiro and paraná is now largely destroyed ( p . martuscelli verbally 1994 ) .
although it occasionally appears in the illegal cage - bird trade , but this relatively minor threat could eventually compound the problem of habitat loss .
it is considered vulnerable at the national level and protected by law in brazil ( mma 2014 ) . small portions of this species ' s range occur in six protected areas , none of which is supported by effective protection .
survey to clarify the species ' s seasonal movements . enforce the protection of coastal areas in rio de janeiro and são paulo .
map updated . minor edits to geographic range text , and to seasonality coding .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22722890a119557428 .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
see t . argentea . has been considered conspecific with t . preciosa ( which see ) , the two then being regarded as partially localized morphs of a single species , differing in colour of mantle and back ; polymorphism , however , not known to occur in any other member of genus and , further , differences in breeding distribution and habitat suggest that the two are best regarded as separate species . monotypic .
se brazil from espírito santo s along coast to ne rio grande do sul .
call a high thin “seeeeek” , clear and notably drawn out ; also brief high “ti . . .
apparently largely migratory . occurs in espírito santo and rio de janeiro primarily as . . .
vulnerable . restricted - range species : present in atlantic forest lowlands eba . rare and local . total population estimated at fewer than 10 , 000 individuals , and declining . no . . .
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“core tanagers” , with over 100 species , including a clade most members of which ( lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix , paroaria ) were previously treated in emberizidae and one species ( pseudosaltator rufiventris ) previously treated in cardinalidae # r .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tangara peruviana . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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the mexican big-eared bat ( corynorhinus mexicanus ) is a species of vesper bat endemic to mexico .

they are nocturnal and insectivorous .

their very large ears are located across their foreheads , and when captured , the bats are observed to curl their ears in a protective manner .

the adults are usually brown colored , while the juveniles are usually a smokey brown color .

they have small noses .

mexican big - eared bat

spermatozoa epididymal maturation in the mexican big - eared bat ( corynorhinus mexicanus ) .
spermatozoa epididymal maturation in the mexican big - eared bat ( corynorhinus mexicanus ) . - pubmed - ncbi
allen ' s ( mexican ) big - eared bat ( idionycteris
( on - line ) . accessed ( date unknown ) at urltoken .
a female mexican big - eared bat ( corynorhinus mexicanus ) with its baby . medellín also studies this little - known , endemic , and insectivorous species .
a young / baby of a mexican bigeared bat is called a ' pup ' . a mexican bigeared bat group is called a ' colony or cloud ' .
the ozark big - eared bat is a threatened species found only in a small number of caves in the southern central united states . also known as the western big - eared bat , the long - eared bat , and the lump - nosed bat , its appearance is defined by a pair of outsize ears and a lump - adorned nose .
a number of mammalian taxa are found in this arid ecoregion , among them the following special status taxa ; margay ( leopardus wiedii nt ) ; mexican big - eared bat ( plecotus mexicanus nt ) ; mexican long - tongued bat ( choeronycteris mexicana nt ) ; and the lesser long - nosed bat ( leptonycteris yerbabuenae vu ) .
when it ' s roosting or hibernating , townsend ' s big - eared bat curls up its long ears so they look like rams horns .
allen ' s big - eared bat ( idionycteris phyllotis ) is one of several species of bats listed as of special concern in the united states .
conduct investigations to identify locations of pale townsend ' s big - eared bat roost sites within 10 miles of the lcr mscp planning area in reaches 3–5 .
the townsend ' s big eared bat being evaluated by the lcr mscsp is described in the habitat conservation plan as the pale townsend ' s big eared bat ( corynorhinus townsendii pallescens ) . it is important to note that these bats have also been referred to previously as plecotus townsendii pallescens and corynorhinus townsendii townsendii in the literature and by u . s . fish and wildlife service . genetic analyses on the pale townsend ' s big - eared bat indicate that the lcr is likely in the range of the pacific townsend ' s big - eared bat ( corynorhinus townsendii townsendii ) rather than the pale townsend ' s big - eared bats ( piaggio and perkins 2005 ) . bats recorded along the lcr will be referred to as the pale townsend ' s big - eared bat on this website and in lcr mscp reports , as the name change has not yet been verified by the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
comments on population status allen ' s ( mexican ) big - eared bat is listed in the federal register , november 15 , 1994 , as a category 2 species for consideration to be listed as a threatened or endangered species .
october 20 , 1997 .
species : allen ' s big - eared bat ( idionycteris phyllotis )
( on - line ) . accessed ( date unknown ) at urltoken .
the mexican big - eared bat is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
they specialize in eating moths and other insects such as beetles , flies and wasps . townsend ' s big - eared bat is usually a late flier and will forage along the edge of vegetation .
the habitat conservation plan provides conservation measures specific to each species . listed below are the species specific conservation measures for the pale townsend big - eared bat . click on the arrows to expand the table .
, also known as allen ' s big - eared bat , are its large ears ( 34 to 43 mm ) which possess lappets projecting from the base of the ears and extending over the forehead .
the ozark big - eared bat feeds primarily on moths but may also eat other bugs in and around its forested hunting grounds . it makes its home in caves , relying on their protection during hibernation and maternity .
the pale townsend’s big - eared bat ( corynorhinus townsendii ) is a medium - sized bat with a wingspan of 11 . 8 - 13 . 4 inches ( 30 - 34 cm ) , and a weight of 0 . 28 to 0 . 5 oz ( 8 - 14 g ) . fur ranges from slate gray to pale with cinnamon brown to blackish brown tips . ears are very large ( 1 . 2 - 1 . 9 inches or 30 - 39 mm ) and are joined across the forehead . the most significant characteristics are two large glandular lumps on each side of the nose , which help distinguish it from the four other large - eared bat species that may be found along the lcr : the spotted bat , the california leaf - nosed bat , the allen’s big - eared bat , and the pallid bat .
rodrigo medellín , seen here with a mexican long - tongued bat ( choeronycteris mexicana ) , links research , conservation , and education to preserve bats and their environment .
the ozark big - eared bat once lived in caves in missouri , arkansas , and oklahoma . however , they have apparently abandoned their missouri habitat due to human encroachment and cave disturbance . conservationists are currently working to protect these numbers by minimizing human intrusions .
is common throughout mexico with its range extending through central america and into northern south america . it is also found in some areas of the southwestern united states . the mexican long - tongued bat has been found in southern texas , new mexico , arizona , and california . the bat enters these states from mexico at their very southern border . the mexican long - tongued bat is rare in the united states . the scarcity of
occurs in the same habitat in southern yuma county along the mexican boundary ( kearney and peebles 1951 ) .
human - caused disturbances occur in a variety of different ways . the loss of roosting habitat for this sedentary species may be one of the most serious threats to not only pale townsend’s big - eared bats , but other species as well . pale townsend’s big - eared bats lose roosting habitat by either the destruction of the roost or by abandonment after a disturbance . disturbance to maternity roosting sites has been found to be a serious danger to pale townsend’s big - eared bat populations . disturbance to hibernacula may also be a danger because it causes an increase in activity , which may cause bats to expend too much energy , causing them to starve to death .
two eastern subspecies of townsend’s big - eared bat have been listed by the u . s . fish and wildlife service as endangered under the endangered species act . the bureau of land management , in california , has placed townsend’s big - eared bat on their animal sensitive species list . state designations include mammalian species of special concern in california and a species of conservation priority by nevada department of wildlife . the western bat working group lists it as a species of high priority , the highest priority the group gives . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) red list of threatened species lists the species as least concern .
mexican big - eared bats fold back their ears , which are exceptionally large - and pleated - when they roost . they roost apart from each other , not packed together in clusters , in caves or mine tunnels , clinging to vertical surfaces with their toes and the thumb on each wing and with their tail curled forward under the body . some have been found hibernating in deep caves . females give birth to a single offspring , not twins , in the spring . mexican big - eared bats have been found in small numbers in dry lowland forests and higher - elevation pine - oak forests . they probably eat small flying insects .
the mexican long - tongued bat is a medium sized bat with a long rostrum and a nose leaf . it has a long tongue that extends to 1 / 3 of its body length . it ' pelage is gray to brown above and lighter below . other characteristics include big eyes and a minute tail that extends less than halfway to the edge of the interfemoral membrane .
subgenus dermanura : andersen ' s fruit - eating bat ( a . anderseni )
no other large - eared bat in the area has a nose - leaf ( erect and lanceolate ) , and no other bat with a nose - leaf has such large ears ( 1 to 1 . 5 inches ) . in various places in arizona and along the colorado river in california , california leaf - nosed bats are known to feed on short - eared and long - eared grasshoppers , long - horned beetles , cicadas , sphinx moths , and noctuid and cossid moths ( hoffmeister 1986 ) .
is an insectivorous bat which feeds mostly by gleaning moths and stationary insects from surfaces .
townsend ' s big - eared bats will use a variety of habitats , almost always near caves or other roosting areas . they can be found in pine forests and arid desert scrub habitats . when roosting they do not tuck themselves into cracks and crevices like many bat species do , but prefer large open areas .
the current range of the species continues to include all areas where townsend’s big - eared bats were historically found , although there have been major population declines in many areas , including the loss of many historic roosting sites along the lcr .
aside from consuming loads of crop - destroying insects , bats are plant pollinators , and medellín ' s prized lesser long - nosed bat pollinates the cactuslike blue agave plant , the single plant species from which mexican tequila is produced .
is an insectivorous bat it plays an important role in pest control . bat guano is used as a source of fertilizer , and organisms housed in the guano are used for waste detoxifying .
townsend ' s big - eared bats ( corynorhinus townsendii ) are a medium - sized bat with very long ears . their fur is pale gray or brown above and buff colored on the underside . this bat ' s ears are enormous , reaching a length of 38 mm . when the ears are laid back they extend to the middle of its body . the face is marked by two large glandular lumps on either side of its nose .
bizarre bat behavior : oral sex , pollinating tequila , sharing meals , drinking blood , males lactating .
predation is a threat to most bats , including pale townsend’s big - eared bats . specific predators of pale townsend’s big - eared bats include black rat snakes , spotted skunks , house cats , ringtails , rats , domestic cats , dogs , birds of prey , snakes , raccoons , weasels , predatory song birds , frogs , large spiders , and even other bats . bats , in general , are preyed upon by a number of different animals , although most of these are not bat specialists and bats are usually a rare occurrence in their total diet . while humans are not predators of bats , the negative image many have about bats may be a serious threat .
pale townsend’s big - eared bat is primarily a cave - dwelling species that also roosts in old mines . this bat does not generally associate with other species in its roosts , particularly at maternity and hibernating sites . unlike maternity colonies , bachelor ( and non - reproductive female ) roosting sites usually contain one to several individuals . along the lcr , males may be territorial and roost alone unless the site is very large . bachelor roost selection is not as complex as it is for maternity colonies .
over 20 years ago , medellín initiated research to identify and ultimately help protect the lesser long - nosed bat’s caves . his efforts also prompted educational programs that dispelled bat myths and underscored their benefits to thousands of mexicans .
but bat shrieks are also capable of great nuance . a study of the false vampire bat ( megaderma lyra ) suggests bats may be able to recognize the voices of their friends . males of another species , the mexican free - tailed bat ( tadarida brasiliensis ) , appear to sing in order to woo their mates . as a female flies past , the male belts out little ditties to attract her attention , then tries to keep her interested by free - styling combinations of syllables and phrases .
monday , 26 - jan - 98 .
data : species : mammal : mexican
( on - line ) . accessed ( date unknown ) at urltoken .
acting through ibwc , reclamation and its counterpart in mexico have developed a forum for the exchange of technical information . any efforts to discuss releasing flows into the upper gulf with the mexican government would be subject to the protocol set forth by ibwc and the mexican water treaty . a copy of this biological assessment will be provided to the u . s . section of the ibwc , who in turn will provide it to the mexican section of the ibwc ( ibwc letter dated may 21 , 1996 ) .
it is assumed as with many bat species that predators can include snakes , owls , cats , raccoons and hawks .
the mexican long - tongued bat is the only nectar feeding bat that is not endangered . it is listed by the united states fish and wildlife service as a species of concern . fewer than 400 bats have been seen in the united states since 1906 . a long term sustainable food source is important for the survival of the species . development , prescribed fires , and grazing threaten loss of food plants . other threats to
mexican free - tailed bats ( tadarida brasiliensis mexicana ) exiting a cave in texas . it is difficult to estimate the number of bats exiting a cave when large populations are involved .
the name for the townsend’s big - eared bat ( corynorhinus townsendii ) has changed often since it was first described . both the genera and species name has undergone many changes . currently there are 5 recognized subspecies of c . townsendii in the united states , two ( c . t . townsendii and c . t . pallescens ) in the western u . s . , and 2 ( c . t . ingens and c . t . virginianus ) in the eastern u . s . , and 1 ( c . t . australis ) with a primarily mexican distribution , that overlaps with c . t . pallescens in western texas .
foraging habitat varies widely between area and subspecies . one subspecies was found to forage more in open fields , pastures , and cliffs , rather than in nearby forested areas , while another was found to use edge habitat or habitat in close proximity to vertical structures such as trees and cliffs more often than open field or woodland habitat . one telemetry study found that pale townsend’s big - eared bats concentrated foraging activity along the edges of riparian vegetation and generally were found in the vicinity of vegetation when traveling to foraging areas from the roost sites . there appears to be an association between foraging sites and the location of mines and caves that big - eared bats use as roosts .
conservationist rodrigo medellin ' s efforts to save the lesser long - nosed bat is tied to mexico ' s blue agave plant .
“this is nothing short of a dream come true ,
says medellín , who hopes enthusiasts snap up the brands , leading to more demand and broader , bat - friendly farmology . “it will help save the bat and tequila at the same time . ”
click to play this sound . ( 0 : 02 , 175 kb ) credit : new mexico bat call library , w . l . gannon
the threatened and endemic banana bat ( musonycteris harrisoni ) is one of the little - known species that medellín seeks to study and protect in mexico .
this bat is a large myotis with a bare patch on the back between the shoulder blades . they roost in caves , tunnels , mine shafts , under bridges , and sometimes in buildings within a few miles of water . it is highly colonial and is often found roosting with the freetail bat ,
historically , the western subspecies of townsend’s big - eared bat had a wide distribution , and originally were separated by morphologic characters . one range of one subspecies included the western portions of california , oregon , washington , and british columbia . the range of another included the eastern portions of those pacific coast states and the province , as well as all of idaho , nevada , arizona , new mexico , utah , and wyoming , more than half of montana , most of colorado , western south dakota , part of the great plains , and northwestern mexico ( not including the baja peninsula ) .
bats have long been among the world’s most despised animals , due largely to myth and hollywood’s fascination with vampire bats . but medellín is trying to lead a the perceptual transformation of the bat , from blood - sucking demon to unsung nature hero , and hopes a bat - friendly tequila will provide a major public relations boost .
cumulative effects on yuma clapper rails from mexicos actions over the next 5 years are not known at this time . for the present , the mexican government has declared the cienega the core area of the worlds largest biosphere reserve . therefore , it can be expected the yuma clapper rails occupying that area would not be impacted by other mexican actions . effects of mexicos actions on other areas of yuma clapper rail habitat , such as the confluence of the rio hardy and colorado river are unknown .
temperate north american bats are now threatened by a fungal disease called “white - nose syndrome . ” this disease has devastated eastern north american bat populations at hibernation sites since 2007 . the fungus ,
the lcr mscp process for selecting sites to establish cottonwood - willow and honey mesquite as habitat for other covered species will , based on the information collected under conservation measure ptbb1 , give priority , when consistent with achieving lcr mscp goals for other covered species , to selecting sites that are within 10 miles of pale townsend ' s big - eared bat roosts in reaches 3–5 . as described in section 5 . 4 . 3 in the hcp , created cottonwood - willow and honey mesquite land cover will be designed to establish stands that will support a substantially greater density and diversity of plant species that are likely to support a greater abundance of insect prey species than is currently produced in the affected land cover types .
“i’m hoping to compare notes in conservation strategies on lions , tigers and leopards , ’’ he says . “we’re trying to understand why jaguars cannot sustain the level of encroachment by humans that allow the other big cats to survive in other countries .
each aspect of a critical habitat may , in and of itself , explain some changes in the population status of the big - river fishes , but the interactions between , and cumulative effects of , the combined elements are also of important concern .
trust me , you want nectar - feeding bats to get their fix . the long - nosed bats of the american southwest and mexico ( genus leptonycteris ) are some of the only pollinators of the agave plant—the source of tequila and bad decisions . one study showed that without bat pollination , the agave’s seed production plummets to 1 / 3 , 000 th of its bat - assisted rate .
the greater bulldog bat ( noctilio leporinus ) of mexico , central america , and south america , a fish - eating species , fishes by skimming over water and gaffing fish with its sharp claws .
a few bats in the united states and canada , such as this pallid bat ( antrozous pallidus ) , land on the ground and forage for insects , other small invertebrates , and even small mammals .
this species is found at all seasons throughout its range from sea level to 9 , 600 feet ( barbour and davis 1969 ) . it is only infrequently found in the desert mountains of arizona ( hoffmeister 1986 ) . townsend ' s big - eared bats are to be found during the day mostly in caves or mine tunnels , but at night they often rest in abandoned buildings ( hoffmeister 1986 ) . although widespread in arizona , it is not common anywhere else . hoffmeister ( 1986 ) lists one specimen taken 8 miles north of parker .
for instance , little brown bats ( myotis lucifugus ) go through two phases of mating : active and passive . the active phase comes first and is sort of like spring break . “it’s just one big bat orgy , ” says harvey . males mate with multiple females . females mate with multiple males . heck , little browns occasionally even respond to the calls of other species . ( let’s not to tell the girls gone wild guy . bats have enough problems . )
this bat is fairly common ( reid , 1997 ; wilson and ruff , 1999 ) . not so common in guatemala and mexico ( not rare ) ( perez and arroyo - cabrales pers . comm . )
a distinctive , medium sized bat ( forearm 1 . 5 to 2 inches ) with three large white spots , one on each shoulder and one at the base of the tail . the ears are pinkish - red and , at nearly 2 inches , the largest of any north american bat . there is only limited information on reproduction biology , but one young is apparently born from late may to early july . moths are the dominant food item .
the lower colorado river lies along the western edge of the crissal thrashers range . this subspecies also occurs along the bill williams river , big sandy river , and possibly the lower gila river , the little colorado river , and in the grand canyon ( rosenberg et al . 1991 ) .
' s inflorescences
lie flat like big buttons on the sand and are easily overlooked by the average observer .
beneath the inflorescence , a single , long ( 39 - inch ) stem lies hidden in the sand that reaches downward to the roots of its plant host , the source of
habitat destruction has been especially harmful to the lesser long - nosed bat , first listed as a threatened species in mexico in 1994 . by 2008 it was well on its way to recovery , thanks largely to medellín , a tireless advocate who ' s been dubbed the
bat man of mexico
for his work with bats . ( medellín , a rolex laureate and national geographic grantee , has also worked to help a variety of other plant and animal species . )
honestly , if you want to see a healthy bat - to - human interaction , take a trip to austin , texas . beneath a bridge downtown lives a colony of 1 . 5 million mexican free - tailed bats—the largest urban population of bats in the world , responsible for consuming about 10 tons of insects in a single night . and every day from march to october , you can watch them dive out of their roost en masse and fly toward the horizon in a black cloud that under any other circumstances would call to mind the end of days—or at the very least a meatloaf song .
this is a rather large ( forearm 1 . 5 to 2 inches ) bat with enormous ears , a broad tragus , and a unique pair of lappets projecting from the median bases of the ears anteriorly over the top of the snout .
the greater western mastiff - bat is found from san francisco bay , california , through las vegas , nevada , the southern half of arizona to big bend , texas , and south to sinaloa in northwestern mexico and zacatecas in central mexico . they can be found mostly below 4 , 000 feet in elevation in the lower and upper sonoran desert scrub near cliffs , preferring rugged canyons with abundant crevices ( agfd 1992 ) . the foraging range apparently is extensive . vaughan ( 1959 ) has reported hearing this bat flying over desert flats several miles from the nearest likely roost site . in the mohave desert they were heard foraging 15 miles from the nearest hills ( barbour and davis 1969 ) . specimens examined by hoffmeister ( 1986 ) were from two locations west of kingman in mohave county .
. mining activities have caused the relocation or extermination of several bat roosts . reproduction is shown to decrease after relocation , threatening the survival of the roost . deforestation removes the feeding environment for the bats , as well as that of their insect prey .
) series of sonoran desertscrub ( turner and brown 1982 ) . it is this open community in association with sandy flats and valleys that is often described as flat - tailed horned lizard habitat ( stebbins 1966 , turner and medica 1982 , rorabaugh et al . 1987 ) . in arizona , the presence of big galleta grass (
this bat is the only myotis in the united states with a conspicuous fringe of hair along the posterior border of the interfemoral membrane ( forearm 1 . 5 to 2 inches ) . the fringed myotis roosts in caves , abandoned buildings , rock crevices , and trees .
) . the coastal rosy boa is found in southwestern california and adjacent lower california , while the desert rosy boa inhabits southeastern california and southwestern arizona , with isolated populations in harcuvar , harquahala , castle dome , and kofa mountains , arizona . the mexican rosy boa is found in southern arizona ( organ pipe cactus national monument ) to guaymas , sonora , at the tip of baja california ( stebbins 1966 ) .
by year’s end , tequila brands certified as “bat - friendly
will be on the market in the u . s . , the world ' s biggest tequila consumer , under the tequila cascahuin , la alteña , siete leguas , and don mateo distillery labels , medellín says .
in arizona was described by stebbins ( 1951 ) as along the hassayampa and agua fria rivers , both tributaries of the gila river , and along the big sandy and bill williams rivers above their confluence . stebbins described the subspecies in nevada as being found near las vegas and along the meadow valley wash , a drainage that empties into the muddy river northwest of overton . the
) remains erect and may actually look like a small ear , which can make it hard to identify a roosting bat . few have been observed in their roosts ; most information about them comes from bats that were netted while they were flying . these versatile bats adapt their flight patterns and sound emissions (
bats make up an amazing one - fifth of all mammal species . a vast majority eat bugs—70 percent of species worldwide—but there are a few curious exceptions . the vampire bats of central and south america possess dagger - sharp incisors , which they use to open the veins of mammals and birds . they typically choose furless or featherless areas like ears , nipples , legs , and anuses . now , you might think a chicken would be bothered by a bat biting into its anus , but bat teeth are so sharp that most victims don’t seem to notice . ( don’t worry . vampires bats live only as far north as mexico . )
mexican long - tongued bats feed on nectar and pollen from agaves and other plants . these bats ' tongues can extend up to a third of their body length , a feature which makes them uniquely equipped to reach nectar deep inside an agave or cactus blossom . in southern arizona , long - tongued bats often get nectar from neighborhood hummingbird feeders as well . in the united states , this species is found in the southern parts of california , new mexico , and arizona .
the first commercial harvesting of totoaba began in the early 1890s and by 1942 , annual catches peaked at 2 . 3 million kg . in 1975 , the catch had declined to 59 , 142 kg ( lagomarsino 1991 ) . beginning as early as 1940 , the mexican government imposed restrictions on the commercial fishery for totoaba , and in 1975 , the government designated totoaba as endangered and declared an indefinite prohibition on all types of commercial and recreational fishing ( flanagan and hendrickson 1976 ) .
cally harper , a graduate student at brown university , has been studying another nectar feeder , the pallas’ long - tongued bat ( glossophaga soricina ) , to understand how they retrieve nectar so efficiently . scientists already knew some bats had tiny , hair - like structures on their tongues , but harper and her colleagues discovered something else—something bizarre .
a rather small myotis ( forearm 1 to 1 . 5 inches ) found in western north america from british columbia south to hidalgo and michoacan in mexico . this bat seems to be more closely associated with water than any other north american species . large nursery colonies can be found in buildings , under bridges , and in caves and mines .
this medium - sized bat ( forearm 1 . 5 ) has large ears measuring more than an inch in length . two large lumps appear on the dorso - lateral surface of the snout ( barbour and davis 1969 ) . foraging primarily on small moths , they may forage several miles ( 4 to 5 miles ) from the roost site ( caves and mines ) .
the small - footed myotis is identified by its glossy fur , black face mask , and tiny foot ( one - third inch ) . it apparently roosts in crevices and cavities of cliffs and or rocks , and possibly within caves and mine shafts . this species is remarkable in its tolerance for cold , relatively dry places for hibernation , especially for so small a bat .
a subspecies of savannah sparrow , the large - billed savannah sparrow is a small sparrow , streaked above and below . the legs are of a pale pink coloration , and often there is a pale yellow streak visible over the eye , especially in summer . the tertials are long , to protect the wing from abrasion against grasses , and the tail is slender , short , and notched . the large - billed , a mexican race , is paler than other savannah sparrows , without well - defined markings on the back and crown , and the breast streaks are diffuse .
observations made during the summer of 1958 have added to the knowledge of the habits and ecology of phcotus phyllotis , 29 specimens of which were taken during the summer . the majority were taken in association with mexican pine - oak woodland , although a few were taken from other habitats that were either similar to or in geographical proximity to pine - oak woodland . those individuals taken in mist nets were active well after dark and during fair weather . observations on their flight under natural conditions indicate that they are swift , agile flyers . these bats made many audible sounds during flight in the wild
, grows best in cold , humid conditions that are typical of many bat hibernacula . the fungus grows on , and in some cases invades , the bodies of hibernating bats and seems to result in disturbance from hibernation , causing a debilitating loss of important metabolic resources and mass deaths . mortality rates at some hibernation sites have been as high as 90 % . while there are currently no reports of
critical habitat is a regulatory term used to describe requirements for certain species survival . it encompasses physical and biological features essential for survival and recovery of listed species . within the context of this document , the components of critical habitat will be addressed jointly for each species . there are some differences in species requirements , but the system itself functions as a whole , so it should be addressed as a whole . for the endangered big - river fishes , critical habitat encompasses three major areas of consideration as follows :
feeds on fruit , pollen , nectar , and possibly insects on rare occasions . they have a long tongue that aids in removing nectar from flowers . pollen and nectar is acquired mainly from night blooming flowers such as cactus and agave . nectar and pollen is typically collected while the bat hovers over the flower . hummingbird feeders provide food for those bats arriving to northern destinations when food sources are not yet available .
as with oral sex , we can only guess at the advantages afforded by a cactus - like penis . it’s possible the spines stimulate the female’s hormonal response . alternately , they could remove obstructions , such as a plug of semen left behind by another male . the only thing i can say with any degree of certainty is that once you’ve seen the penis of a hoary bat , your nightmares will never be the same .
the united states ability to reverse conditions in the colorado river delta is virtually nonexistent . the reasons for this involve an international treaty and u . s . restrictions . the waters of the colorado , once delivered to mexico , as agreed upon in the mexican water treaty of 1944 , are the exclusive property of the sovereign nation of mexico . further , this treaty contains no provisions requiring mexico to provide water for environmental protection nor any requirements relating to mexicos use of that water . finally , a supreme court decree in 1964 enjoined reclamation from releasing water to mexico in excess of the quantity identified in the 1944 treaty except for flood control purposes .
of course , in austin they just call it “dusk . ” tourists flock to the bridge and the nearby riverbanks to witness the spectacle . some people even rent kayaks and pay admission on riverboats to gaze in awe from below—though umbrellas are recommended , as the bats tend to eject their bowels upon exiting the roost . in fact , the sour - sweet smell of guano in the air will hit you long before a bat ever does .
and it’s really quite a shame , for these creatures ought to be among the darlings of the internet . bats are merciless predators , loyal neighbors , tender mothers , and generous lovers with strange and intimidating tongues . bats give us tequila and were conscripted during world war ii . and because breaking into animal celebrity today is a lot like boogie nights , i’ll point out that at least one bat species possesses a penis of great and terrifying adaptation .
comments : specific abundance information is not available . however , according to the western bat working group ( 1998 ) , fewer than 400 individuals have been observed in the united states since 1906 . according to bill peachey ( pers . comm . , 1998 ) , from 1884 - 1994 only 700 individuals were collected in arizona . abundance in arizona is currently thought to be fewer than 1 , 000 individuals ( bill peachey , pers . comm . , 1998 ) . roosts in small numbers , usually fewer than 5 - 6 individuals ( bill peachey , pers . comm . , 1998 ) , but some colonies may reach 40 - 50 individuals ( western bat working group 1998 ) . according to reid ( 1997 ) , fairly common in desert scrub , deciduous , and pine - oak forests of central america and southeastern mexico . rated as widespread but relatively scarce in mexico ( arita and prado 1999 ) .
this is the largest bat in the united states and has a forearm 3 to 3¾ inches in length . the distal half of the tail is free from the interfemoral membrane . one young is born as early as june and as late as august . they forage primarily for insects at considerable heights ( sometimes to 1 , 000 feet or more ) and for long periods during the night ; they especially like hymenoptera ( bees , wasps , ants and sawflies ) .
quarry activities have the potential to impact bats that may roost in associated rock crevices , mine shafts , adits , etc . however , no known roosts occur within any of the quarry sites along the colorado river . if roosts are discovered during mining operations , reclamation will halt such activities and seek the assistance of the agfd , ndow , and cfg to develop an appropriate mitigative measure to protect the roost . other river operations will not likely impact these bat species .
global range : ( 20 , 000 - 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( about 8000 - 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) southwestern united states through mexico to el salvador and honduras . in the united states , occurs primarily in southern california ( the san diego area ) , southern arizona , southwestern new mexico , and the southern tip of texas ; also collected in the grand canyon national park , in northern arizona and known from a single specimen from las vegas , nevada ( western bat working group 1998 ) .
with a black face mask and appearing big - headed , the loggerhead shrike is slim - tailed , slightly smaller than a robin ; gray above , white below , it displays a small white patch on black wings during flight . a raptor that lacks talons and has weak feet , it has a strong , hooked bill for use in catching and feeding on rodents , lizards , small birds , and insects . to compensate for the lack of ability to hold prey firmly in its feet , the shrike becomes , in effect , a tool user by impaling its food on thorns , barbed wire , or other sharp objects to immobilize the carcass while it eats ( ryser 1985 ) .
stabilization of banklines by adding a veneer of rock ( called riprap ) is a common maintenance activity . historically , much of the shoreline was not vegetated because flooding often resulted in a denuded shoreline close to the water . depending on conditions , there were probably many years where there was very little cover on the river . this may dramatically reduce recruitment success of natives , but given the life - histories of the big - river fishes ( high fecundity plus longevity ) , they would not be expected to spawn successfully every year . riprap provides interstices for hiding of both native and nonnative fishes . whether this is beneficial or nonbeneficial is not known , and the issue is probably dogmatic .
the california leaf - nosed bat is found in southern california and southern nevada , across the southwestern half of arizona , and southward to the southern tip of baja california , northern sinaloa , and southwestern chihuahua , mexico . in arizona it is primarily a cave and mine dweller , mostly in the sonoran desert scrub . these bats can remain active year round and do not hibernate or migrate ( hoffmeister 1986 ) . specimens examined by hoffmeister ( 1986 ) were from yuma , parker , and 8 miles north of parker . this species is susceptible to human disturbance which may cause abandonment of roosts ( agfd 1992 ) .
the flannelmouth sucker is characteristic of large , strong flowing streams of the colorado river basin , and like other
big - river fishes
it is greatly reduced in range ( minckley 1973 ) . flannelmouth suckers have fine scales , a slim body , large fins and a ventral mouth with prominent well - developed fleshy , thick lips . the fish is reported to reach 30 inches in length and be a strong swimmer . breeding habits and spawning site descriptions are not known . this species hybridizes with the razorback sucker . therefore , they must utilize similar spawning habitat at similar times . however , the fish is also reported to hybridize with mountain suckers in the virgin river ( larivers 1962 ) . the fish is herbivorous and feeds on plant materials , algae and seeds ( sigler and miller , 1963 ) .
this species can be found in desert scrub , deciduous , and pine - oak forest ( reid , 1997 ) . it roosts in caves and mines , less commonly in buildings . individuals are spaced 2 to 5 cm apart and hang near the roost entrance where they remain alert and fly out if disturbed . this species leaves the roost shortly after sunset and feeds on pollen and nectar of agaves , cacti , ipomoea , ceiba , and other plants . cactus fruits are also eaten . in southeast arizona , this bat often visits hummingbird feeders , where it hovers in flight while lapping the nectar . northern populations migrate south for the winter . young are born in june to july in arizona ( arroyo - cabrales et al . , 1987 ; reid , 1997 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
medellín , r . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )
justification : this species is listed as near threatened because even though it has a wide distribution , presumed medium sized population and occurrence in a number of protected areas , the population of the species is considered to be declining and may qualify for listing as threatened in the near future under criterion a .
this species occurs in sonora and coahuila to michoacan yucatán ( mexico ) ; cozumel island ( mexico ) ( simmons , 2005 ) . it occurs from lowlands to 3 , 200 m ( usually above 1 , 500 m outside yucatán ) ( reid , 1997 ) . the records found in yucatan peninsula are old records : the original data for location is questionable ( reid pers . comm . )
it is rare in southeastern mexico ( known from few specimens ) ; elsewhere uncommon to locally common ( reid , 1997 ) .
this species can be found in dry lowland areas to highland pine - oak forest ( reid , 1997 ) . it roosts in caves and mine tunnels . individuals hang well apart from one another , clinging to vertical surfaces with feet and thumbs , ears coiled back , and tail curled under to cover the lower belly . numbers present in caves may vary throughout the year , and hibernating groups have been found in deep caves . most southern and lowland records were obtained in the winter and may be due to seasonal migrations from cold , highland regions ( hall and dalquest , 1963 ; koopman , 1974 ) . diet probably consists of small , flying insect . single young are born in march or june ( tumlinson , 1992 ; reid , 1997 ) .
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allen , g . m . , 1916 . bulletin of the museum comparative zoology , 60 : 347 .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this species occurs in sonora and coahuila to michoacan yucatn ( mexico ) ; cozumel island ( mexico ) ( simmons , 2005 ) . it occurs from lowlands to 3 , 200 m ( usually above 1 , 500 m outside yucatn ) ( reid , 1997 ) . the records found in yucatan peninsula are old records : the original data for location is questionable ( reid pers . comm . )
classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .
jennifer hammock added an association between
sonoran - sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest habitat
and
glossophaga soricina
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
sonoran - sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest habitat
and
ipomoea arborescens
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
sonoran - sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest habitat
and
leptonycteris yerbabuenae
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
sonoran - sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest habitat
and
choeronycteris mexicana tschudi , 1844
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
sonoran - sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest habitat
and
plecotus mexicanus ( g . m . allen , 1916 )
.
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syst biol reprod med . 2008 jul - aug ; 54 ( 4 - 5 ) : 196 - 204 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 19396360802334466 .
cervantes mi 1 , arenas - rios e , león - galván ma , lópez - wilchis r , ambriz d , rosado a .
division de ciencias biologicas y de la salud , universidad autonoma metropolitana - iztapalapa . av . san rafael atlixco no . 186 , col . vicentina , mexico .
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otolithes ruber , commonly known as the tigertooth croaker , is a fish native to the indian and western pacific oceans and the bay of bengal .

otolithes ruber

nerocila sundaica ( isopoda , cymothoidae ) parasitizing otolithes ruber from nagapattinam , southeast coast of india .
nerocila sundaica ( isopoda , cymothoidae ) parasitizing otolithes ruber from nagapattinam , southeast coast of india . - pubmed - ncbi
silver teraglin , otolithes ruber . source : dinh d . tran , fimsea / http : / / ffish . asia . license : cc by attribution
santhoshkumar s , cbt rajagopalsamy , p jawahar , n jayakumar and p pavinkumar . growth and mortality characteristics of otolithes ruber ( schneider , 1801 ) exploited off thoothukudi coast , tamil nadu . 2017 ; 5 ( 4 ) : 1746 - 1749 .
abstract : a detailed analysis was undertaken to study the growth and mortality characteristics of the otolithes ruber in thoothukudi coast from july 2006 to june 2007 . the growth parameters l∞ , k and t 0 were estimated as 37 . 28 cm , 0 . 27 and - 0 . 58 respectively . the k value of o . ruber was relatively low which inferring slow growth rate of this tropical demersal fish species . the estimated total instantaneous mortality co - efficient ( z ) of o . ruber was 2 . 45 and the fishing mortality co - efficient ( f ) was 1 . 74 . the species are slightly over exploited in this region .
( of otolithes argenteus ( cuvier , 1830 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of otolithes rubber ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of johnius ruber bloch & schneider , 1801 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
several nerocila species appear to have little or no host specificity . however , in india , nerocila sundaica was found to be attached to the pectoral fin or on the body of the fish otolithes ruber . during october 2013 , the parasitic prevalence reached 42 . 2 % and the mean intensity was equal to 1 . the infected host fish ' s size ranged from 12 . 5 to 17 . 2 cm . moreover , slight tissue damages were also observed in the host fish .
( of otolithoides ruber ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of otolithus ruber ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
description found in coastal waters . feeds on fishes , prawns and other invertebrates ( ref . 5213 ; 9772 ) . occurs at temperatures ranging from . . .
description found in coastal waters . feeds on fishes , prawns and other invertebrates ( ref . 5213 ; 9772 ) . occurs at temperatures ranging from 26 to 29°c ( ref . 4959 ) . generally marketed fresh , may be dried or salted ( ref . 5284 ) . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of otolithus argenteus cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of otolithus orientalis seale , 1910 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of otolithus tridentifer richardson , 1846 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of otolithus versicolor cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
ang , p . o . ; wong , c . k . ; lin , t . p . ; ma , w . c . ; hung , s . ( 2005 ) . biological monitoring in sha chau and lung kwu chau marine park . submitted to agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , the hong kong sar government . [ details ]
found in coastal waters ( ref . 30573 ) . feeds on fishes , prawns and other invertebrates ( ref . 5213 , 9772 ) . generally marketed fresh , may be dried or salted ( ref . 5284 ) .
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en - tigertooth croaker , fr - grande verrue tigre , sp - bombache tigre mayor .
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trewavas , e . 1977 ,
the sciaenid fishes ( croakers or drums ) of the indo - west pacific
, transactions of the zoological society of london , vol . 33 , pp . 253 - 541 figs 1 - 61 pls 1 - 14
cuvier , g . l . in cuvier , g . l . & valenciennes , a . 1830 , vol . 5 , pp . 499 pp . pls 100 - 140 , levrault , paris
huber , m . 2010 ,
neotrapezium sublaevigatum ( lamarck , 1819 ) .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : feb17128 - 761e - 4080 - 93fa - fe18297e4c8f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cdd525c0 - 5ce5 - 454f - ac8f - 6386507c43d2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 303497
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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rameshkumar g 1 , ramesh m 1 , ravichandran s 2 , trilles jp 3 , shobana c 1 .
unit of toxicology , department of zoology , school of life sciences , bharathiar university , coimbatore , 641 046 tamil nadu india .
centre of advanced study in marine biology , faculty of marine science , annamalai university , parangipettai , 608 502 tamil nadu india .
umr 5119 ( cnrs - um2 - ifremer - ird ) , equipe adaptation ecophysiologique et ontogenèse , université montpellier 2 , cc . 092 , place e . bataillon , 34095 montpellier cedex 05 , france .
pmid : 26688655 pmcid : pmc4675587 doi : 10 . 1007 / s12639 - 014 - 0439 - 1


speyeria hydaspe , the hydaspe fritillary , is a species of orange-brown butterfly found in the western portions of the united states and canada .

a small fritillary , it usually has cream-colored underwing spots , but the vancouver island subspecies has silver spots .

it is similar to s. zerene and s. atlantis , but may be distinguished by the smooth and even appearance of its postmedian spotband .

the caterpillars feed on violets including viola glabella .

a single brood flies from july through september and feeds on flower nectar .

they may be found in moist forests , in clearings and subalpine meadows .

speyeria hydaspe

the core of hydaspe ' s distribution is the pacific northwest , ranging north to central bc and the mountains of southern alberta , and south to colorado and california ( scott 1986 ) . there is an isolated population in the cypress hills of saskatchewan ( layberry et al . 1998 ) , so it should be watched for on the alberta side of the hills .
diagnosis : the upperside of both wings is a rich orange brown , much darker at the base , with heavy black markings . the hindwing underside disc is a rich maroon colour , sometimes with a lavender tint , and often extends well into , or completely fills , the submarginal band between the spots . the spots on the hindwing below are variable ; they may be silver but are more commonly yellowish . wingspan : 44 to 60 mm .
range : in canada , this species flies from the rocky mountains of alberta westward to vancouver island and north as far as mt . hoadley in british columbia . there is an isolated population in the cypress hills of saskatchewan .
similar species : the dark maroon underside distinguishes this species from other greater fritillaries .
early stages : the larvae are black with dark spines on the back and orange - brown spines on the sides .
abundance : this fritillary can be abundant along the pacific coast ( howe , 1975 ) , but tends to be only locally common farther east .
flight season : june to august is their normal flight period , being most numerous in july .
habits : this is a moist woodland species in the western part of its canadian range , but it also occurs in drier areas in central british columbia . it is usually found in forest clearings with other fritillaries on flowers .
( skinner , 1911 ) was recently shown to be invalid ( kondla , 2001 ) . the slightly darker coastal populations might be a different subspecies but more study is needed .
© 2002 . this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a . layberry , peter w . hall , and j . donald lafontaine . university of toronto press ; 1998 . specimen photos courtesy of john t . fowler .
upperside orange - brown with dark bases and heavy dark markings . underside light brown to dark maroon with violet tinge . hindwing submarginal band slightly paler than rest of wing ; spots cream - colored , bordered with black , and may or may not be silvered .
eggs are laid near host plants . unfed , first - stage caterpillars hibernate ; in the spring they eat leaves .
violets including viola adunca , v . glabella , v . nuttallii , v . orbiculata , and v . purpurea .
british columbia east to alberta , south to southern california , idaho , montana , and new mexico .
g5 - demonstrably secure globally , though it may be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .
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one yearly flight peaking in mid july to mid august , depending on altitude and snowpack .
has a maroon - brown underside with creamy - white in place of the usual silvery - white discs . subspecies
the mature larvae are black and spiny , and lack pale markings ( guppy and shepard 2001 ) . in the us , first - instar larvae hibernate without feeding ( scott 1986 ) . this species prefers cool / moist coniferous forests of the mountains to the dry grasslands inhabited by most other
sp . ) ( guppy & shepard 2001 ) , and adults are attracted to yellow composite flowers ( bird et al . 1995 ) .
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a bright - orange , medium - sized frit , strongly purplish below ( and in our area , nearly unsilvered ) , limited to mid - elevations on the sierran west slope where it is common at lang , occasional at washington and only an infrequent stray at donner . a species of mixed - mesic forest , commonly seen along roadsides and in successional stands where it visits pink dogbane , giant hyssop , milkweeds , yerba santa , etc . it frequently co - occurs with s . callippe juba and s . zerene , but generally below s . egleis , mormonia and atlantis . one brood , june - september . host plants violets ; species undetermined .
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deschutes national forest , deschutes co . , or 8 / 2 / 06 .
mt . hood , clackamas co . , or 8 / 8 / 06 .