a sea louse ( plural sea lice ) is a member of a family of small crustaceans within the order siphonostomatoida , the caligidae .

there are around 559 species in 37 genera , including approximately 162 lepeophtheirus and 268 caligus species .

sea lice are marine ectoparasites ( external parasites ) that feed on the mucus , epidermal tissue , and blood of host marine fish .

this article focuses on the genera lepeophtheirus and caligus which parasitize marine fish , in particular those species that have been recorded on farmed salmon .

lepeophtheirus salmonis and various caligus species are adapted to saltwater and are major ectoparasites of farmed and wild atlantic salmon .

several antiparasitic drugs have been developed for control purposes .

since l. salmonis is the major sea louse of concern and is the best understood in the areas of its biology and interactions with its salmon host , this review will focus on this species .

caligus rogercresseyi has become a major parasite of concern on salmon farms in chile , and studies are under way to gain a better understanding of the parasite and the host-parasite interactions .

recent evidence is also emerging that l. salmonis in the atlantic has sufficient genetic differences from l. salmonis from the pacific , suggesting that atlantic and pacific l. salmonis may have independently co-evolved with atlantic and pacific salmonids , respectively .

sea louse

sea trout are highly susceptible to sea louse infestations , with susceptibility decreasing with distance from marine salmon farms .
morton a . b , williams r . first report of a sea louse ,
this is a colour photograph of a sea louse ( ' natatolana woodjonesi ' ) .
mixture toxicity effects of sea louse control agents in daphnia magna . - pubmed - ncbi
a marine cousin of the wood - louse , the speckled sea louse is commonly found on sandy beaches along the coasts of western europe .
sea louse abundance over time on atlantic salmon on named salmon farms in the discovery islands .
towards selective breeding of atlantic salmon for sea louse resistance : approaches to identify trait markers .
wild salmon fishing interests indirectly by reducing overall sea louse numbers – a significant political issue .
sea - louse parasites on juvenile wild salmon in the broughton archipelago , british columbia , canada .
mordue aj , birkett ma . a review of host finding behaviour in the parasitic sea louse ,
ireland - irish scientists have had promising results in the search for a vaccine against sea louse .
johnson sc , blaylock rb , elphick j , hyatt kd . disease induced by the sea louse (
, a southern hemisphere sea louse affecting farmed fish . plos pathogens 10 ( 10 ) : e1004494 .
beck engineering develops a ground breaking method for reducing the sea lice infestation in the salmon breeding industry . photo sequence of laser targeting a sea louse .
a review of host finding behaviour in the parasitic sea louse , lepeophtheirus salmonis ( caligidae : copepoda ) .
the tiny sea louse hit two of the world’s biggest producers as norway and scotland both reported severe problems .
aquaporin family genes exhibit developmentally - regulated and host - dependent transcription patterns in the sea louse caligus rogercresseyi .
deltamethrin and cypermethrin are a pyrethroids used in sea louse control . deltamethrin is the active ingredient in alphamax® .
fraser nl . sea - cage aquaculture , sea lice , and declines of wild fish .
sea trout salmo trutta a sea going fish of which a freshwater form is brown trout .
towards selective breeding of atlantic salmon for sea louse resistance : approaches to identify trait markers . - pubmed - ncbi
helgesen ko , bravo s , sevatdal s , mendoza j , horsberg te . deltamethrin resistance in the sea louse
sea - louse parasites on juvenile wild salmon in the broughton archipelago , british columbia , canada . - pubmed - ncbi
“the project will have important implications as to what the most efficient sea louse control strategies are for scotland and ireland . ”
a picture of the sea louse that plague salmon . photograph : getty images , eleanor cunningham , pablo rojas / ucd .
salmon are reared in cages in sea lochs . thousands of fish grow and fatten in these inshore waters . no surprise , perhaps that they can fall prey to parasites - among them , the sea louse , a marine cousin of the wood louse .
a review of host finding behaviour in the parasitic sea louse , lepeophtheirus salmonis ( caligidae : copepoda ) . - pubmed - ncbi
aquaporin family genes exhibit developmentally - regulated and host - dependent transcription patterns in the sea louse caligus rogercresseyi . - pubmed - ncbi
evidence for the induction of key components of the notch signaling pathway via deltamethrin and azamethiphos treatment in the sea louse caligus rogercresseyi .
marine harvest canada ( mhc ) is the only salmon farm company to report sea louse average abundance ; raw sea louse data were not reported publicly at the time of our study . we used average caligus clemensi abundance and l . salmonis motile abundance provided online to estimate sea louse trends on six mhc farms in the discovery islands during 2007–2008 ; sea louse data were not provided for the other 12 farms operating in the region . for periods without reported information , we calculated average abundance using the previous and subsequent values .
orr c . estimated sea louse egg production from marine harvest canada farmed atlantic salmon in the broughton archipelago , british columbia , 2003–2004 .
wild salmonids and sea louse infestations on the west coast of scotland : sources of infection and implications for the management of marine salmon farms .
sea louse management has evolved considerably in recent years , but there are concerns about the reliance on a handful of key medicines . although there have been notable improvements in louse management strategies in recent years , challenges remain if wild salmon and sea trout stocks are to be effectively protected . the use of wrasse may be an important option in integrated louse management regimes .
sea lice on a juvenile salmon . the sea louse on the back of the salmon is a fully mature , motile , adult female , and thus the most lethal . photo courtesy of alexandra morton .
the researchers have been studying the behaviour of the speckled sea louse , examples of which were collected from a beach near bangor in north wales .
despite this , and being removed from its natural environment , the speckled sea louse continued to swim every 12 . 4 hours for many days .
orr c . estimated sea louse egg production from marine harvest canada farmed atlantic salmon in the broughton archipelago , british columbia , 2003 - 2004 .
identification and functional expression of a glutamate - and avermectin - gated chloride channel from caligus rogercresseyi , a southern hemisphere sea louse affecting farmed fish .
life cycle of the salmon louse lepeophtheirus salmonis ( redrawn from johnson , 1998 ) .
attached louse is encapsulated by the coho ( milky white mass on the fin ) .
the parameter for sea louse - induced mortality of chum salmon , c , was not significantly different from zero for all forms of the sea louse covariate , l a , t + 1 ( equation ( 2 . 1 ) ) . ( likelihood ratio tests with the null model showed no improvement with the inclusions of the sea louse covariate . results for different age - at - return scenarios are provided in the electronic supplementary material , table s4 . )
in association with industry , an extensive database has been established on measurements of sea louse counts on farmed atlantic salmon for the years 1996 to 2000 from 33 scottish fish farms . these data include extensive counts on the sea louse species , lepeophtheirus salmonis , at various stages of the life cycle and in particular the chalimus and mobile stages . there has been considerable speculation as to what factors might affect the abundance of sea lice , much of which is based on limited evidence . our analyses show that there is tremendous variation in sea louse infestation patterns from year to year , whereas stock type , geographical region and coastal exposure do not appear to affect mean levels of abundance . in contrast , treatments lead to pronounced cycles of sea louse infestation with peaks and troughs at 3 - week intervals , and these interventions are important if the sea louse levels on fish are to be controlled . there was no evidence of water temperature affecting the mean annual abundance of sea louse infestation .
molecular characterization and knock - down of salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) prostaglandin e synthase .
jakob e , sweeten t , bennett w , jones srm . development of the salmon louse
and in whole - body louse homogenate . j parasitol . 2000 ; 86 : 1199–205 .
evidence for the induction of key components of the notch signaling pathway via deltamethrin and azamethiphos treatment in the sea louse caligus ro . . . - pubmed - ncbi
deltamethrin resistance in the sea louse caligus rogercresseyi ( boxhall and bravo ) in chile : bioassay results and usage data for antiparasitic agents with references to norwegian conditions .
jones s , kim e , bennett w . early development of resistance to the salmon louse ,
surveillance of the sensitivity towards antiparasitic bath - treatments in the salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) .
winning norwegian - german anti - louse system cleans up farmed salmon ; unusual job for jenoptik .
fraser nl ( 2009 ) sea - cage aquaculture , sea lice , and declines of wild fish . cons biol 23 : 599–607 .
for salmon and sea trout , the burden of sea lice is now recognized as a strong predictor of mortality in areas with farms .
wild salmonids and sea louse infestations on the west coast of scotland : sources of infection and implications for the management of marine salmon . . . - pubmed - ncbi
deltamethrin resistance in the sea louse caligus rogercresseyi ( boxhall and bravo ) in chile : bioassay results and usage data for antiparasitic agen . . . - pubmed - ncbi
the sea lice spread to migrating juvenile wild salmon , resulting in the highest numbers of sea lice observed on wild salmon in a decade .
the present invention relates to sea lice , more particularly to an apparatus and method for the localization and removal of sea lice from fish .
response of the sea louse lepeophtheirus salmonis infestation levels on juvenile wild pink , oncorhynchus gorbuscha , and chum , o . keta , salmon to arrival of parasitized wild adult pink salmon
the life stages of lepeophtheirus salmonis , the sea louse most commonly found on salmon . their life cycle is 7 - 8 weeks . image from university of prince edward island .
i think there is mounting evidence that this species of sea louse that everyone ' s ignoring . . . this species could have real impacts on our wild sockeye .
) . upon sampling , each louse was individually snap - frozen in liquid nitrogen for gene expression profiling .
increased understanding of all aspects of the biology of sea lice , which has led to better tools for identification of sea lice , is facilitating the development of increasingly effective integrated louse management strategies and may lead to the development of an effective vaccine in future .
) , which are sympatric with the juvenile salmon . juvenile salmon begin marine life without sea lice infections because sea lice rapidly die in fresh water (
firstly , the speckled sea - louse evolved many millions of years before mammals and represents a simplified model system that we can use to help understand the clocks of more complex animals .
the covariate l a , t + 1 is an estimate of parasite exposure for populations in area a and year t + 1 when juvenile chum salmon from brood year t enter the ocean and migrate past salmon farms . we investigated two different forms of this covariate ( see the electronic supplementary material , table s2 ) . first , we summed the number of adult female sea lice in april on all farmed salmon in the vicinity of the juvenile salmon migration route ( see the electronic supplementary material , figure s1 ) . for years 2000–2002 , some of these salmon farms did not report sea louse abundances , and so we estimated these abundances under four different scenarios ( f 1 –f 4 [ 18 ] ) . the second form of the covariate was the average number of attached sea lice ( copepodid , chalimus and motile stages ) per juvenile wild pink and chum salmon [ 31 ] . owing to the absence of data for sea louse abundances on farmed and wild salmon in the 1990s [ 24 , 31 ] , brood years 1990–1998 for the farm sea louse covariates and 1990–1999 for the wild sea louse covariate were excluded from the analysis . we tested the significance of the sea louse covariate using a likelihood ratio test with the null model c = 0 indicating no correlation between sea louse abundance and chum salmon productivity . we performed a retrospective power analysis to determine our power to detect an effect of sea lice if an effect indeed existed . details on how we calculated the sea louse covariates and the power analysis are provided in the electronic supplementary material .
this story was corrected on 31 march . it previously suggested that all norwegian fjords were on the north sea coast . many are on the norwegian sea .
molecular characterization and knock - down of salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) prostaglandin e synthase . - pubmed - ncbi
and their results suggest that the fish do not simply reject the louse , but actually might be killing them .
the diminutive speckled sea louse ( eurydice pulchra ) boasts two body clocks , one for night and day and another for the ebb and flow of the tide , according to research published today .
the scottish salmon industry has decided to commission new research after calling into question sepa’s decision to cut back on the use of the sea louse treatment emamectin benzoate ( slice ) by 60 percent .
morton a , routledge r , peet c , ladwig a . sea lice (
2011 study says wild salmon sea lice linked to b . c . fish farms
is the estimated mortality of chum salmon due to sea lice . residual variation ,
the team behind a project that aims to improve the health of farmed sea bass and sea bream in the mediterranean has launched an discussion forum on sparicotylosis today .
nmbu school of veterinary science , sea lice research centre , oslo , norway .
atlantic salmon salmo salar , the fish farmed in cages in scottish sea lochs .
emamectin benzoate an avermectin therapeutant sold as slice® for the control of sea lice .
south skye lochs sea lochs : loch scavaig , loch slapin and loch eishort .
morphology and pathology of the ectoparasitic copepod , nicothoë astaci ( ‘lobster louse’ ) in the european lobster , homarus gammarus .
] . furthermore , coevolution of the pacific louse subspecies with pacific salmon for between 4 . 6 and 11 ma [
a method for stable gene knock - down by rna interference in larvae of the salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) .
surveillance of the sensitivity towards antiparasitic bath - treatments in the salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) . - pubmed - ncbi
characterization of a novel rxr receptor in the salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis , copepoda ) regulating growth and female reproduction .
lepeophtheirus salmonis , a type of sea louse specific to salmonids ( salmon , trout and char ) , is a natural parasite of saltwater salmon , and is present in all sea areas in the northern hemisphere . the salmon louse is the commonest parasite in farmed salmon , and is a persistent problem in the fish farming industry . the scale of the problem has increased substantially with the growing prevalence of fish farming . the more farmed fish there are in the sea , the more “hosts” there are for the lice to attach themselves to . and that means more louse eggs spreading in the water .
orr c ( 2007 ) estimated sea louse egg production from marine harvest canada farmed atlantic salmon in the broughton archipelago , british columbia , 2003 - 2004 . n am j fish manage 27 : 187–197 .
what i hope is that we could start considering this species of sea louse that actually infects our wild juvenile sockeye salmon when making parasite management decisions on salmon farms along the sockeye migration route .
otherwise known as lepeophtheirus salmonis , the distant cousin of the wood louse feed on the blood and tissue of the salmon .
include a th2 - type response at the louse - salmon interface . dev comp immunol . 2015 ; 48 : 178–91 .
bravo s , treasurer j , sepulveda m , lagos c . effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide in the control of caligus rogercresseyi in chile and implications for sea louse management . aquaculture . 2010 ; 303 : 22–7 .
costello m . j . ecology of sea lice parasitic on farmed and wild fish .
many factors including breed , location and immune status will affect susceptibility to sea lice .
to sea lice infection . this parameter distinguishes our model from the original model of revie
pike aw , wadsworth sl . sea lice on salmonids : their biology and control .
stingray optical delousing systems have to date been installed at 24 locations in three countries . overall results from all locations show lower louse abundance . by continuously reducing adult sea louse numbers , a preventative effect on louse build up is observed . to date over 30 000 tons of laser treated fish have been harvested with no signs of ill effects due to the treatment . generally , fish welfare is expected to be improved through less handling of the animals and reduced treatment interventions .
there were dozens of c . clemensi louse on each of those fish , but those figures wouldn ' t have triggered treatment .
since there are no vaccines available to protect against aquatic parasites , researchers are using successful terrestrial parasite vaccines as a model for sea louse vaccine development . one of the most successful anti - parasite vaccines to date is the tickgard™ vaccine , which utilises a gut - derived protein from ticks to protect cattle from infestation ( willadsen et al , 1995 ) . several vaccine trials using sea louse homologues of tick antigens have been performed with some success .
slcr - sea lice research centre , institute of marine research , 5817 bergen , norway .
legend : all morphometric and abiotic values represent the mean , except sea lice infection rates .
krkosek m . sea lice and salmon in pacific canada : ecology and policy . front .
gottesfeld as , proctor b , rolston ld , carr - harris c . sea lice ,
larval abundance in a sea loch on the west coast of scotland between 2002 and 2006 .
slcr - sea lice research center , institute of marine research , 5817 bergen , norway .
sea lice research centre , department of biology , university of bergen , bergen , norway .
sea lice belong to the copepod family , and are found naturally throughout the northern hemisphere .
dichlorvos® an organophosphate ( very nasty compounds ) previously used in the control of sea lice .
ingvarsdóttir a , birkett m , duce i , genna rl , mordue w , pickett j , et al . semiochemical strategies for sea louse control : host location cues . pest manag sci . 2002 ; 58 : 537–45 .
salmon farms do have measures to monitor and control one species of sea louse , but nearly all the lice found on this study ' s juvenile salmon were a different species — which isn ' t targeted in current measures .
the differing host responses to the salmon louse suggest that there are also host - specific parasite responses . behavioural studies indicate a preference of
the fall of 2014 did have a healthy return of adult pink salmon , bringing sea lice into near - shore waters where they could infect farmed salmon . high ocean temperatures during winter months then likely accelerated sea - louse development , enabling populations to grow quickly and reach higher numbers than they would under normal ocean temperatures .
laser delousing efficiency on a commercial scale has been tested in a long term trial in norway against delousing efficiency of cleanerfish . in 15 weeks of trial , one anti - louse treatment per pen could be avoided through the use of the stingray laser . overall sea louse abundance was lower in laser pens ( 21 % ) and adult female louse abundance was lowered by 8 % , on top of avoiding 50 % of anti - louse treatments in the trial period . the treatment intervention period , i . e . the time span between required treatments , has been increased from 6 . 5 weeks to 11 . 5 weeks ( figure 2 ) .
biological control has also been investigated , in a search for feeder species such as wrasse ( natural predator ) which may decrease louse numbers .
a method for stable gene knock - down by rna interference in larvae of the salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) . - pubmed - ncbi
characterization of a novel rxr receptor in the salmon louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis , copepoda ) regulating growth and female reproduction . - pubmed - ncbi
include a th2 - type response at the louse - salmon interface . dev comp immunol . 2015 ; 48 ( 1 ) : 178–91 .
l . ) in the norwegian sea and adjacent areas . ices j mar sci 57 : 955–964
canada - sea lice found in the pacific ocean are very different genetically from sea lice in the atlantic ocean , a study team co - led by a university of victoria researcher has found .
bravo s . sea lice in chilean salmon farms . aquaculture . 2003 ; 23 : 197–200 .
regulators by offering a product to reduce the use of current costly and controversial sea lice controls .
helgesen ko , horsberg te . single - dose field bioassay for sensitivity testing in sea lice ,
stingray marine describes optical delousing thus : “optical sea lice treatment s a concept within the aquaculture ( fish - farming ) industry that has developed from an amazing idea into a concrete reality . by combining camera vision , advanced software and laser treatment , we can remove even an individual sea louse from the fish in a gentle and efficient way .
morphology and pathology of the ectoparasitic copepod , nicothoë astaci ( ‘lobster louse’ ) in the european lobster , homarus gammarus . | ed pope - urltoken
‘they are everywhere now , and just a few can kill a fish’ … the lepeophtheirus salmonis , or the common salmon louse . photograph : alamy
stingray marine solutions as ( sms ) has designed a novel delousing method using a platform called the
stingray
. the need for a continuous , non - invasive , technological solution has been recognized to control the sea louse situation on farmed atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) ( aaen , et al . , 2015 ) . in norway a sea louse control guidelines are based on the number of sea lice in the adult female stage which infect a fish . this
trigger level
is fixed at 0 . 5 adult female lice per fish . the stingray platform aims at keeping louse levels below this trigger level , which , when exceeding , will require an anti - louse treatment to be carried out . the platform is a vision based system which optically identifies sea lice , lepeophtheirus salmonis , on farmed salmon . lice are removed through a guided laser pulse ; a method referred to as optical delousing . the stingray system detects and targets all stages from pre - adult i ♀ and pre adult ii ♂ up to adult male and adult female , thus creating a top - down control of the louse life cycle .
this , the researchers argue , provides incontrovertible evidence that the speckled sea louse possesses two separate and independent body clocks , the circadian which follows the night and day cycle , and the tidal clock which runs on a 12 . 4 hour cycle .
a juvenline sockeye salmon with sea lice . a new study says treatment by the b . c . salmon farmers ' association doesn ' t target the c . clemensi species of louse , although the authors say it should . ( alexandra morton )
bjorn pa , finstad b . the physiological effects of salmon lice infection on sea trout post smolts .
beck engineering develops a ground breaking method for reducing the sea lice infestation in the salmon breeding industry .
the stingray laser platform has been proven effective at controlling and slowing sea louse recruitment on farmed atlantic salmon in commercial operations . the system is autonomous and automated , effectively reducing work required for fish farmers . a reduction of louse abundance as well as a reduction of treatment interventions was observed in the trial , leading to improved animal welfare , better louse control and lower costs . the system can be used alongside any other treatment types , but is currently consider one of the gentlest delousing methods available ( svåsand , et al . , 2016 ) .
the characteristics of the transcriptomic response to atlantic salmon suggest increased parasite fitness . host blood is a main dietary component of the adult female salmon louse [
mixed - effects modelling showed some variation in results depending on louse species . position relative to farms was consistently significant in all models for total abundance of
because farm - source sea lice accounted for 98 % of the variability in wild salmon sea lice prevalence from 2002 to 2009 and sea lice were sometimes common on farmed atlantic salmon during the 1990s , farm - source sea lice probably infested juvenile pink salmon many years before they were first examined for sea lice in 2001 ( 1 ) . as evidence , we show that sea lice were abundant on farm fish in 2000 ( fig . 1 ) . before 2000 , farm fish sea lice were usually not quantified , but infestations were common enough that sea lice treatment options were investigated in the early 1990s ( 28 ) , and publicly available records confirm that those treatments were used as early as 1996 ( figure 25 at urltoken ) . no evidence exists to indicate that sea lice are not moving through net cages in both directions between farm and wild fish ( 16 ) , and net cages have not changed over the past two decades .
a new species of chondracanthus ( cyclopoida : chondracanthidae ) parasitic on deep - sea dibranchus spon . . .
) salmon . pathog : wild farmed fish sea lice . ellis horwood ; 1993 . p . 68–82 .
sea lice attach themselves to salmon and feed on them , killing or rendering them unsuitable for dinner tables .
no reviews were found for optical delousing ( optical sea lice treatment ) . be the first to review !
heumann j , carmichael s , bron je , tildesley a , sturm a . molecular cloning and characterisation of a novel p - glycoprotein in the salmon louse
holm h , santi n , kjøglum s , perisic n , skugor s , evensen ø . difference in skin immune responses to infection with salmon louse (
the sea louse generation time is around 8 - 9 weeks at 6°c , 6 weeks at 9°c and 4 weeks at 18°c . the lifespan of the adult under natural conditions has not been determined but under laboratory conditions , females have lived for up to 210 days .
ingvarsdóttir a ; birkett ma ; duce i ; genna rl ; mordue w ; pickett ja ; wadhams lj ; mordue aj , 2002 . semiochemical strategies for sea louse control : host location cues . pest management science , 58 ( 6 ) : 537 - 545 .
sea lice ( family caligidae ) are among the most notorious pests affecting cultured marine fishes . the best - known representatives of this group are those infesting caged salmonids . sea lice infestations in salmon farms in . . .
the prediction of higher sea louse abundance on chum salmon ( figure 4 b ) was supported by data from a long - term monitoring programme of sea lice on juvenile salmon in the broughton archipelago . we found higher average numbers of copepodid and chalimus sea lice on juvenile chum salmon than on pink salmon caught in the same sample ( see the electronic supplementary material , table s5 ) . numbers of motile sea lice did not differ significantly between host species , but motiles are known to move among hosts in search of mates [ 49 ] or when their host is attacked by a predator [ 50 ] .
hwa tk , 1965 . studies on the life cycle of a fish louse ( caligus orientalis gussev ) . acta zoologica sinica , 17 : 48 - 63 .
the price of salmon is set to leap because of tiny sea lice that are decimating stocks around the world .
two species of sea lice off that live off the west coast are c . clemensi and l . salmonis .
krkosek m , lewis ma , volpe jp . transmission dynamics of parasitic sea lice from farm to wild salmon .
mackinnon bm ( 1998 ) host factors important in sea lice infections . ices j mar sci 55 : 188–192 .
l . , post - smolts on a west of ireland sea site . j fish dis 31 : 913–920 .
grant an . medicines for sea lice . pest manag sci . 2002 ; 58 ( 6 ) : 521–7 .
) . ectoparasites exist in all salinity levels from fresh water to sea water and affect many different fish species .
glover et al . ( 2004 ) found that the strain of atlantic salmon also influenced louse burdens : individuals of the wild dale strain , when kept in tanks with four other stocks and then challenged with l . salmonis , had significantly lower louse density than did two other stocks ( wild vosso and farm 2 strains ) .
grayson th ; john rj ; wadsworth s ; greaves k ; cox d ; roper j ; wrathmell ab ; gilpin ml ; harris je , 1995 . immunization of atlantic salmon against the salmon louse : identification of antigens and effects on louse fecundity . journal of fish biology , 47 ( suppa ) : 85 - 94 .
caligid sea lice are ectoparasites causing major disease problems in industrial salmon farming . sea louse control currently relies widely on parasiticides . among non - target species , crustaceans are particularly susceptible to salmon delousing agents . drug combinations have recently been suggested for sea louse control ; however , no information is available on the non - target effects of such mixtures . to obtain first insights into combination effects of salmon parasiticides , acute toxicity tests with the crustacean model species daphnia magna were conducted . four compounds , including two organophosphates and two pyrethroids , were tested individually and in all pair - wise combinations at one fixed concentration ratio . for most combinations , observed toxicities were close to predictions assuming concentration additivity . however , deltamethrin and cypermethrin showed greater than predicted combination effects , while the inverse was observed for deltamethrin and malathion . the results demonstrate combination effects of anti - sea louse agents and suggest that predictions based on concentration additivity are in most cases protective .
citation : price mhh , proboszcz sl , routledge rd , gottesfeld as , orr c , reynolds jd ( 2011 ) sea louse infection of juvenile sockeye salmon in relation to marine salmon farms on canada ' s west coast . plos one 6 ( 2 ) : e16851 . urltoken
glover ka ; hamre la ; skaala o ; nilsen f , 2004 . a comparison of sea louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) infection levels in farmed and wild atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) stocks . aquaculture , 232 ( 1 / 4 ) : 41 - 52 .
there was no evidence of reduced productivity of chum salmon populations exposed to sea louse infestations on farmed salmon ( see the electronic supplementary material , figures s2 and s3 ) . the model fit was not improved by including a sea louse covariate ( table 1 ) . populations exposed to salmon farms showed no obvious declines in productivity associated with either the expansion of salmon farming ca 1990 or sea louse infestations ( 1999–2005 ; figure 1 ) . these results were consistent across all age - at - return scenarios that we considered ( see the electronic supplementary material , table s4 ) . we found significant covariation among populations within our study region in each year , within populations , conservation units and within management area each year , as indicated by an improvement of the model when all random effects were included ( see the electronic supplementary material , figure s4 ) .
sea lice are the most common parasite on farmed salmon , and the biggest health issue for the industry . for a number of years , oral and bath treatments have been used to combat sea lice . our monitoring of sea lice shows that their numbers are increasing noticeably , and that in some cases they are developing resistance to the favoured treatment .
johnson s . c , kent m . l . sea lice . in : kent m . l , editor .
variation of atlantic salmon families ( salmo salar l . ) in susceptibility to the sea lice lepeophtheirus salmonis and caligus elongatus
marty gd , saksida sm , quinn tj . relationship of farm salmon , sea lice , and wild salmon populations .
tully o , gargan p , poole wr , whelan kf . spatial and temporal variation in the infestation of sea trout
the scottish spca has elected ronnie soutar , head of veterinary services at scottish sea farms , as its new chairperson .
costello mj ( 2006 ) ecology of sea lice parasitic on farmed and wild fish . trends parasitol 22 : 475–483 .
this research has been funded by the research council norway , sfi - sea lice research centre , grant number 20351 .
citation : lhorente jp , gallardo ja , villanueva b , carabaño mj , neira r ( 2014 ) disease resistance in atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) : coinfection of the intracellular bacterial pathogen piscirickettsia salmonis and the sea louse caligus rogercresseyi . plos one 9 ( 4 ) : e95397 . urltoken
the ability of the sea louse to immunomodulate its host offers another source of potential vaccine candidates . it is believed that , like ticks , the lice secrete immunomodulatory proteins which adapt the salmon’s immune response for the parasite’s benefit . it is possible that these could be exploited for vaccine development .
protein was significantly overexpressed in the feeding salmon louse transcriptome , and most highly by parasites feeding on atlantic salmon . saposin - like proteins ( saplips ) have been described from
: characterization of prostaglandin e ( 2 ) in secretory products of the salmon louse by rp - hplc and mass spectrometry . exp parasitol . 2004 ; 107 : 5–13 .
sea lice are the most common parasite on farmed salmon , and the biggest health issue for the industry . for a number of years , oral and bath treatments have been used to combat sea lice . our monitoring of sea lice shows that their numbers are increasing noticeably , and that in some cases they are developing resistance to the favoured treatment .
sea lice can latch on to salmon , eat their skin and blood , and cause infections . anglers and conservation groups highlight the deadly menace these sea lice can pose to wild salmon stocks as they move to and from their spawning grounds .
the sea louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis ) is a globally acknowledged challenge for salmon farming operations and a considerable amount of resources are being expended to manage this pest . chemo - therapeutants and animal husbandry practices have been traditionally used to keep these parasites under control , but there are now signs that sea lice may be becoming resistant to many of the chemicals that are being used and recent studies have shown that some of these chemicals are lethal to non - target organisms . consequently , many non - chemical alternative treatments for sea lice controls are being tested such as predators ( cleanerfish ) , traps ( either physical or biological ) and physical exclusion devices ( nets , electrical fields ) . one of the more promising techniques being developed to remove sea lice from captive salmon is the use of warm water . recent canadian innovations have developed a warm water shower which appears to remove all attached stages of sea lice and also prevents the detached sea lice individuals from being returned to the ocean . this project aims to develop protocols for the best application of the warm water shower technique to safely and effectively remove sea lice from atlantic salmon , including an understanding of the mechanism involved in sea lice removal using warm water . results of the project are expected to provide the required information for ongoing modification of the commercial sea lice warm water shower device , as well as inform sea lice management strategies .
the sea louse ( lepeophtheirus salmonis and caligus elongatus ) is known to significantly impact farmed salmonids ( salmon ) worldwide . there is growing concern that sea lice populations may be further amplified and transmitted through the presence of intermediate hosts near salmon farms . it has been suggested that non - salmonid species could be acting as sea lice reservoirs for future infections and / or could act as predictors for infection rates in wild and farmed fish in subsequent years . atlantic salmon aquaculture in the coast of bays region of newfoundland and labrador has rapidly expanded , but very little is known on the basic ecology and seasonal cycles of sea lice within the bays . however , many species of marine fish are known to frequent the areas around cage sites , which could be contributing to sea lice infections .
we raise them on a special fish food . initially we were concerned that they might not adapt to a sea lice diet , but we found that when they have a choice , they prefer the sea lice every time . when wrasse are mixed with salmon , the stocking level is 2 % - so one wrasse can protect fifty salmon from sea lice .
maldonado - aguayo w , chávez - mardones j , gonçalves at , gallardo - escárate c . cathepsin gene family reveals transcriptome patterns related to the infective stages of the salmon louse
in spring of 2015 , a team of u of t ecologists led by postdoctoral researchers andrew bateman and stephanie peacock found that more than 70 per cent of fish the team sampled in the strait ' s broughton archipelago had at least one sea louse : the highest prevalence of such parasites since 2005 .
mortality rates for juvenile pink oncorhynchus gorbuscha and chum o . keta salmon infested with sea lice lepeophtheirus salmonis in the broughton archipelago
costello mj ( 2006 ) ecology of sea lice parasitic on farmed and wild fish . trends in para 22 : 475–483 .
costello mj . ecology of sea lice parasitic on farmed and wild fish . trends parasitol . 2006 ; 22 : 475–83 .
lepeophtheirus salmonis , commonly known as sea lice or salmon lice , are marine copepods that infest salmon and trout . sea lice feed on host epidermis , musculature and blood , causing damage to host surface tissues that can lead to osmoregulatory stress [ 8 ] , expose hosts to secondary infections [ 9 ] and cause host behavioural changes [ 6 ] or death [ 10 , 11 ] . sea louse infestations may also have ecological impacts on wild salmon , particularly juveniles , as infested individuals have compromised schooling [ 6 ] and swimming abilities [ 12 , 13 ] and may be unable to complete migrations or evade predators [ 6 ] . juvenile salmon experience very high predation rates during early marine life [ 14 , 15 ] , suggesting that the effects of parasitism on predator–prey interactions may be important for evaluating the consequences of sea louse infestations on salmon population dynamics .
however , what has emerged as a larger issue in this commingling of species is the increase in sea lice l . salmonis found on juvenile wild salmon migrating through areas near salmon farms , whose crowded conditions provide an ideal breeding ground for sea lice .
nagasawa k , 2004 . sea lice , lepeophtheirus salmonis and caligus orientalis ( copepoda : caligidae ) , of wild and farmed fish in sea and brackish waters of japan and adjacent regions : a review . zoological studies , 43 : 173 - 178 .
infection with the sea louse c . rogercresseyi , as a secondary pathogen , reduces the resistance of atlantic salmon to the pathogen p . salmonis . resistance to coinfection of piscirickettsia salmonis and caligus rogercresseyi in atlantic salmon is a heritable trait . the absence of a genetic correlation between the resistance to single infection and that to coinfection indicates that different genes control these processes . further studies are necessary to investigate the effects of coinfection when the sea louse is the primary pathogen . it is clear that coinfection of different pathogens and resistance to coinfection needs to be considered in future research on salmon farming , selective breeding and conservation .
annual changes in the population size of the salmon louse lepeophtheirus salmonis ( copepoda : caligidae ) on high - seas pacific salmon ( oncorhynchus spp . ) , and relationship to host abundance
we acknowledge constructive discussion with members of the salmon louse research centre ( slrc ) and institute of marine research , in particular the assistance on data analysis from mette skern - mauritzen .
also in 2015 , individual salmon farms did not coordinate anti - louse treatments , with some farms delaying treatment until just prior to the time when juvenile salmon migrate past farms . as a result , sea lice from those farms could have spread to adjacent farms , hampering area - wide control of the outbreak .
helgesen ko , bravo s , sevatdal s , mendoza j , horsberg te . deltamethrin resistance in the sea louse caligus rogercresseyi ( boxhall & bravo ) in chile : bioassay results and usage data for antiparasitic agents with references to norwegian conditions . j fish dis . 2014 ; 37 ( 10 ) : 877–90 .
pike aw , wadsworth sl ( 2000 ) sea lice on salmonids : their biology and control . adv para 44 : 234–337 .
larval abundance in a sea loch on the west coast of scotland between 2002 and 2006 . dis aquat org 81 : 109–117 .
slcr - sea lice research centre , department of biology , university of bergen , thormøhlensgt . 55 , 5008 bergen , norway .
pike aw , wadsworth sl ( 1999 ) sea lice on salmonids : their biology and control . adv parasitol 44 : 223–337 .
slcr - sea lice research center , department of biology , university of bergen , thormøhlensgt . 55 , 5008 bergen , norway .
sedimentation the cause of smothering ( on the sea bed ) by particulate matter e . g . fish farm fall - out .
parasites are generally considered a villainous guild , causing host morbidity and mortality . however , we hypothesized that in certain situations , the net effect of parasitism on hosts may be nullified or possibly positive when considering indirect effects of parasites on predator–prey interactions within a multi - host community . for communities of juvenile salmon , the physiological impact of sea louse parasitism has been well studied [ 8 ] , and both pink and chum salmon in captivity show decreased survival with as few as one attached sea louse [ 10 , 11 ] . multi - year studies of pink salmon population abundance data indicate that the net impact of sea louse infestations on pink salmon is probably negative [ 18 ] , suggesting that direct parasite - induced mortality translates to reduced productivity of affected populations for pink salmon . however , our analysis of chum salmon population abundance data suggests the existence of an ecological mechanism that confers resilience to chum salmon populations despite the direct effects of infestations on host individuals . indirect ecological effects of sea lice on salmon predator–prey interactions may be a key determinant of host survival . sea louse parasites are known to increase the susceptibility of juvenile pink and chum salmon to predation [ 6 ] and coho predators prefer to consume pink salmon over chum salmon [ 28 ] . if infestations intensify predation on pink salmon , this may partially release chum salmon from predation , offsetting direct mortality costs of parasites on chum salmon .
ljungfeldt ler , espedal pg , nilsen f , skern - mauritzen m , glover ka . a common - garden experiment to quantify evolutionary processes in copepods : the case of emamectin benzoate resistance in the parasitic sea louse lepeophtheirus salmonis . bmc evol biol . 2014 ; 14 . artn 108 pmid : wos : 000338310800001 .
. we recorded sea surface salinity and temperature during each sampling event in both regions using a ysi - 30 sct meter . fish were immediately frozen and labeled for subsequent laboratory analyses in which individual fish were thawed and assayed for sea lice using a dissecting microscope . species of motile ( i . e . , sub - adult and adult ) stages of sea lice were directly identified by morphology
nonlinear changes in host capture rates and survival with sea lice are also worth consideration . studies of the physiological impact of sea louse infestation on salmonid smolts indicate thresholds in louse abundance below which the impact is negligible [ 45 ] . however , for studies of juvenile pink and chum salmon , the presence of thresholds depends on the size of the host [ 8 ] . for salmon less than 0 . 5 g in weight , a single sea louse can reduce swimming performance [ 13 ] , trigger measurable physiological changes [ 26 ] and cause mortality [ 10 ] . however , as juvenile salmon grow and develop scales , they can survive low levels of infestation with little effect . our study focuses on juvenile salmon in the first two to three months of their migration when they are the primary prey for coho salmon predators . during this period , they are mostly below the 0 . 5 g threshold [ 8 ] . in the absence of more detailed studies of nonlinear effects of sea lice on such small hosts , we continued with the assumption of linear increases in host mortality and capture rates with the number of attached sea lice . we explored sigmoidal responses in the electronic supplementary material , but the main results were unchanged .
neemco has developed , in collaboration with a variety of institutions , a control of ectoparasites of farmed fish . the initial work has focused on the sea louse ( lepophtheirus salmonis ) which is the scourge of farmed salmon in scotland and other countries where the fish are farmed . riddance™ is administered by inclusion in the diet .
tadiso tm , krasnov a , skugor s , afanasyev s , hordvik i , nilsen f . gene expression analyses of immune responses in atlantic salmon during early stages of infection by salmon louse (
tadiso tm , krasnov a , skugor s , afanasyev s , hordvik i , nilsen f . gene expression analyses of immune responses in atlantic salmon during early stages of infection by salmon louse (
we have demonstrated a potential role of open net - pen salmon farms in transmission of sea lice to wild juvenile sockeye salmon . most juvenile sockeye assessed for sea lice originated either in the fraser or skeena watershed , thus providing a novel comparison of sea louse infection between canada ' s largest sockeye rivers . moreover , our genetics results demonstrate a major migration corridor past farms for fish that originated in the fraser river , a complex of populations that have been the subject of concern due to declining productivity since the early 1990s , and a collapse in 2009 followed by a substantial rebound in 2010 .
krkosek m ( 2010 ) sea lice and salmon in pacific canada : ecology and policy . front . ecol environ 8 : 201–209 .
first found in the uk five years ago , both are becoming more prevalent in uk fish farms with experts blaming rising sea temperatures .
krkošek m , lewis m . a , volpe j . p . transmission dynamics of parasitic sea lice from farm to wild salmon .
“getting sea lice at such an early age affects young salmons ' health and their ability to fend off predators , ” says peacock .
boxaspen k . a review of the biology and genetics of sea lice . ices j mar sci . 2006 ; 63 : 1304–16 .
costello mj ( 2009 ) the global economic cost of sea lice to the salmonid farming industry . j fish dis 32 : 115–118 .
department of biology , sea lice research centre , university of bergen , bergen , norway . sussie . dalvin @ imr . no .
strategic considerations of moving aquaculture production to open sea sites are associated with the horizon beyond 2020 though there are implications for 2020 targets .
mustafa a ; speare dj ; daley j ; conboy ga ; burka jf , 2000 . enhanced susceptibility of seawater cultured rainbow trout , oncorhynchus mykiss ( walbaum ) , to the microsporidian loma salmonae during a primary infection with the sea louse , lepeophtheirus salmonis . journal of fish diseases , 23 ( 5 ) : 337 - 341 .
by analogy with other species of nematodes and insects , it is thought that mls act on sea louse through irreversible binding to γ - aminobutyric acid and glucl channels , causing paralysis leading to death . ivermectin resistance has been associated with mutations in glucl leading reduced ml - sensitivity in c . elegans and d . melanogaster [ 37 ] – [ 39 ] . this mechanism has not been explored in sea lice as glucl channels have not been identified molecularly in these species .
bailey rje , birkett m , ingvarsdóttir a , luntz jm , mordue w , shea bo , et al . the role of semiochemicals in host location and non - host avoidance by salmon louse (
jones m , sommerville c , wootten r . reduced sensitivity of the salmon louse , lepeophtheirus salmonis , to the organophosphate dichlorvos . j fish dis . 1992 ; 15 ( 2 ) : 197–202 .


it is found in the regions of los gatos ( osomo province ) , antofagasta ( antofagasta province ) , atacama ( chanaral and huasco provinces ) , coquimbo ( el qui , limari , and choapa provinces ) , valparaiso ( petorca and los andes provinces ) , santiago ( santiago province ) , o'higgins ( cachapoal province ) , maule ( curico , talca , and linares provinces ) and biobio ( nuble province ) in chile .

the length of the forewings is about 7 – 8.5 mm for males and 7 – 10.5 mm for females .

eupithecia sibylla

sibylla rubens studied voice ( concert and opera ) at the staatliche musikhochschule in trossingen and at the hochschule für musik in frankfurt and in master classes with edith mathis .
sibylla schwarz , also known as sibylle schwartz [ in ] ( 14 february 1621 in greifswald – 31 july 1638 in greifswald ) was a german poet of the baroque era .
vargas , h . a . ; l . e . parra ; h . e . vargas & d . e . bobadilla . 2002 . aspectos biológicos de eupithecia sibylla buttler 1882 ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . gayana 66 : 103 _ 106 . [ links ]
168 sibylla is a large main - belt asteroid , discovered by canadian - american astronomer j . c . watson on september 28 , 1876 . based upon its spectrum this object is classified as a c - type asteroid , which indicates it is very dark and composed of primitive carbonaceous materials . 168 sibylla is a cybele asteroid , orbiting beyond most of the main - belt asteroids .
herbulot , c . 2001 . on neotropical eupithecia . spixiana 24 : 196 . [ links ]
the eupithecia ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) of chile . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 186 , article 3
etymology . eupithecia landryi is named in honor of dr . bernard landry by his outstanding contributions on lepidoptera of the galapagos islands , ecuador .
rindge , f . h . 1991 . the eupithecia of chile ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) ii . american museum novitates 3020 : 1 _ 14 . [ links ]
eupithecia yubitzae vargas & parra , 2004 was until recently the only species of this genus known for the coastal valleys of the arica province , northern chile . in march 2009 , male and female of an undescribed species of eupithecia were collected at light . thus , the purpose of this work is to present a description of the adults of this new species .
rindge , f . h . 1987 . the eupithecia of chile ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 186 : 269 _ 363 . [ links ]
uma nova espécie de eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) do vale de azapa , norte do chile . macho e fêmea de uma nova espécie de eupithecia curtis da província de arica , chile são descritos e ilustrados . a espécie é comparada com e . yubitzae vargas & parra , 2004 , da mesma localidade , e e . galapagosata landry & rindge 1995 , das ilhas galápagos , equador .
larvae of eupithecia are generally phytophagous . however , many endemic species may be ambush predators in the hawaiian islands ( montgomery 1982 ) . host plants have been mentioned for only six chilean eupithecia , including the families chenopodiaceae , fabaceae and gunneraceae ( ibarra - vidal & parra 1993 ; parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 ; vargas & parra 2002 , 2004 , 2005 ; vargas et al . 2002 ) .
a new species of eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) from the azapa valley , northern chile . male and female adults of a new species of eupithecia curtis from the arica province , chile are described and illustrated . the species is compared with e . yubitzae vargas & parra , 2004 , from the same locality , and e . galapagosata landry & rindge 1995 , from the galapagos islands , ecuador .
vargas , h . a . & l . e . parra . 2002 . notas sobre eupithecia atacama ( vojnits ) ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . idesia 20 : 27 _ 33 . [ links ]
the eupithecia species of the coastal desert of southern peru and northern chile are still poorly known and it is possible that other undescribed species may occur in this area . eupithecia landryi is known only from the type locality , the azapa valley . additional fieldwork along the coastal desert of southern peru and northern chile is necessary for a better knowledge of the geographic distribution of the geometrid moths of this very interesting ecosystem .
eupithecia sibylla is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found in the regions of los gatos ( osomo province ) , antofagasta ( antofagasta province ) , atacama ( chanaral and huasco provinces ) , coquimbo ( el qui , limari , and choapa provinces ) , valparaiso ( petorca and los andes provinces ) , santiago ( santiago province ) , o ' higgins ( cachapoal province ) , maule ( curico , talca , and linares provinces ) and biobio ( nuble province ) in chile . the habitat consists of the northern desert , northern coast , intermediate desert , coquimban desert , central andean cordillera , central valley , valdivian forest and the northern valdivian forest biotic provinces .
montgomery , s . l . 1982 . biogeography of the moth genus eupithecia in oceania and the evolution of the ambush predation in hawaiian caterpillars ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . entomologia generalis 8 : 27 _ 34 . [ links ]
eupithecia curtis , 1825 is a diverse and widespread genus of geometridae with more than 1300 described species ( scoble 1999 ; herbulot 2001 ) . more than 60 species have been reported for the chilean fauna ( herbulot 2001 ) , but only four occur in the northernmost desert ( rindge 1987 , 1991 ; vargas & parra 2004 , 2005 ) . vojnits ( 1985 ) proposed three chilean genera , which were subsequently synonymised with eupithecia by rindge ( 1987 ) . rindge ( 1987 , 1991 ) divided the chilean species into two sections mostly based on the morphology of the sclerites of the male eighth segment . however , additional efforts are required to obtain a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of eupithecia .
one of the main scenes of the play is the visit of nero at the oracle of delphi to take the oracle by sibylla , priestess of the oracle , and the reactions of the latter . this work , unlike his first one , the
dithyramb of rose
, is a complete tragedy , in terms of genre and structure : with distinct and complete parts both in the dialogue and chorus parts as well as in the plot and characters . the messages of the time for resistance against the oncoming storm and the pursuit of freedom and human dignity through struggle that the work depicts are portrayed through a dense dramaturgical and finely processed storyline of symbolic relations , influences and elements of ancient drama . a vast number of structures and textual ( vocative or expressive ) sequences can be found in
sibylla
all of which can be attributed to ancient tragedy ( for instance the way that the landscape of delphi is depicted is similar to certain tragedies on the same topic ) .
landry , b . & f . h . rindge . 1995 . additions to the geometridae ( lepidoptera ) of the galapagos islands , ecuador , including a new species of eupithecia . american museum novitates 3118 : 1 _ 10 . [ links ]
parra , l . e . & h . ibarra - vidal . 2002 . a new species of eupithecia ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) of juan fernández islands . annals of the entomological society of america 95 : 9 _ 15 . [ links ]
vargas , h . a . & l . e . parra . 2004 . una nueva especie de eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) del extremo norte de chile . revista chilena de historia natural 77 : 485 _ 490 . [ links ]
vargas , h . a . & l . e . parra . 2005 . descripción de una nueva especie de eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) de la pampa del tamarugal , chile . neotropical entomology 34 : 215 _ 219 . [ links ]
sibylla sambetha ( or simply portrait of a young woman ) is a small oil on oak panel painting by hans memling , completed in 1480 and still in its original frame . it is now in the hans memling museum at the old st . john ' s hospital in bruges and shows a young woman who is not pretty , but nonetheless elegant and well dressed . she is set against a black background and looks out of the picture as if she is at a window . her hands are folded and rest on the lower border of the brown marbled frame , in an early and effective example of trompe - l ' œil .
ibarra - vidal , h . & l . e . parra . 1993 . descripción de los estados preimaginales y aspectos de la historia natural de eupithecia horismoides rindge 1987 ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) , perforados del pecíolo del pangue ( gunnera tinctoria ) . revista chilena de entomología 20 : 35 _ 41 . [ links ]
eupithecia robinsoni sp . nov . is described from the juan fernández islands . this species is associated with gunnera peltata phil . the egg , larva , pupa , adult , and genitalia are described and illustrated . preliminary results of the natural history of this species are given and compared with biology of e . horismoides rindge , 1987 .
the play expresses personal ideas of sikelianos , similar to the ideas of his time , expressed through the theatrical garb of ancient tragedy and the elements that are traditionally used in tragedies ( religious , psychological and other ) . what is important for the understanding of the play are the concepts of the
mantosyni
( the art of oracle as an inner power , spiritually superior to the other inner powers of every man ) a property that sibylla has as a mythical figure and symbol and also the concept of the combination of the apollonian and the dionysian element ( the individual , logic - wise , prophetic , cult of apollo in connection with the collective , bacchic - frenzied , ecstatic , joyful worship of dionysus , cults that were in stark contrast before the advent of dionysus in delphi ) .
. . . actualmente se han registrado 64 especies para la fauna chilena ( herbolut 2001 ) , muchas de las cuales son endémicas , ya sea del territorio continental o de las islas de juan fernández ( rindge 1987 ) . por otro lado , la información biológica de las diferentes especies chilenas es escasa , solamente se tienen antecedentes sobre cuatro de ellas : e . horismoides rindge y e . robinsoni parra & ibarra - vidal , ambas asociadas a gunneraceae , e . atacama ( vojnits ) , asociada a especies de chenopodiaceae , y e . sibylla , cuyas larvas son antófagas sobre fabaceae ( ibarra - vidal & parra 1993 , parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 , vargas & parra 2002 ) . mediante muestreos tendientes a determinar la diversidad de lepidópteros asociados a yaro , acacia macracantha humb . . . .
. . . en chile esta familia se encuentra representada por más de 450 especies distribuidas en las subfamilias archierinae , ennominae , geometrinae y larentiinae ( parra 1995 ) . eupithecia curtis es uno de los géneros más diversos de la subfamilia larentiinae con más de 1 . 300 especies descritas ( scoble 1999 , parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 ) , y es probablemente el género más ampliamente distribuido . se encuentra bien representado en el neotrópico por 352 especies ; sin embargo , es escaso en australia con solo dos especies y está ausente de nueva zelandia ( herbulot 2001 ) . . . .
. . . sin embargo , a pesar de estas características externas de los imagos , las armaduras genitales de ambos sexos entregan caracteres específicos que permiten discriminar claramente una especie de otra ( rindge 1987 , bolte 1990 ) . las especies de eupithecia de chile fueron revisadas por rindge ( 1987 ) , y posteriormente se han efectuado algunas adiciones ( rindge 1991 , parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 ) . actualmente se han registrado 64 especies para la fauna chilena ( herbolut 2001 ) , muchas de las cuales son endémicas , ya sea del territorio continental o de las islas de juan fernández ( rindge 1987 ) . . . .
remarks . eupithecia landryi is the second species of eupithecia described from the coastal valleys of the northern desert of chile . morphology of the male genitalia of e . landryi is strikingly similar to that of e . yubitzae , the other species of the genus recorded in the area , and e . galapagosata landry & rindge , 1995 , from the galapagos islands , ecuador ( landry & rindge 1995 ) . this morphological pattern , characterized by a short and pointed uncus , valvae narrowing distally , long and digitiform papillae , and vesica with at least one cornutus longer than the half of the aedeagus , may indicate a possible phylogenetic relationship among these species . however , some morphological features of the male genitalia allow to separate e landryi from e . galapagosata and e . yubitzae : a reduced number of cornuti , and the shape of the larger cornutus . on the other hand , morphology of the female genitalia of e . landryi is also similar to that of e . yubitzae and e . galapagosata . however , in e . landryi the corpus bursae and the appendix bursae are membranous , and the appendix bursae arises from the lateroposterior area of the corpus bursae , while in e . yubitzae and e . galapagosata the corpus bursae is sclerotized basally , and the appendix bursae , which is sclerotized , arises distally in the corpus bursae .
the native tree schinus molle ( anacardiacae ) is reported for the first time as a host plant for larvae of the little known geometrid moth eupithecia yubitzae vargas & parra ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) in the atacama desert of northern chile , based on morphology and dna barcodes . this discovery importantly expands the host range of e . yubitzae , as previous records were restricted to fabaceae trees . larvae were previously known as florivorous , while these were found to be folivorous on s . molle . furthermore , host - associated cryptic larval polychromatism was detected , as larvae collected on s . molle were found to be mostly pale green , contrasting with the dark yellow ground color of the larvae typically collected on fabaceous host plants .
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urltoken
departamento de recursos ambientales , facultad de ciencias agronómicas , universidad de tarapacá , casilla 6 - d , arica , chile . havargas @ urltoken
type material will be deposited in the museo nacional de historia natural de santiago ( mnnc ) , santiago , chile .
type material . holotype male . chile , arica : azapa , arica , chile ; march 2009 ; h . a . vargas coll . ( mnnc ) . paratype : one female , same data as holotype ( mnnc ) .
diagnosis . small geometrid moth ( 5 . 9 mm forewing length in the holotype ) with filiform antennae , male with a tuft of elongated , white scales on the ventral surface of the forewing arising near the wing base , among the discal cell and anal veins ; sternite viii composed by two longitudinal sclerotized stripes , each stripe with lateral and median margins broadly concave , anterior and posterior margins round ; male genitalia with vesica bearing two cornuti , the largest cornutus elongated , slightly curved , with a short distal projection ; female genitalia characterized by the presence of two groups of the spine - like signa : one proximal with bigger spine - like signa and another distal with shorter signa .
male ( fig . 1 ) . head . front , vertex and occiput light reddish brown ; labial palpi pale brown with scattered dark brown scales , long around 1 . 5 times eye diameter ; antennae filiform , dorsal surface with transversal stripes of scales pale brown and dark brown alternate , ventral surface ciliate ; chaetosema a narrow transverse stripe between vertex and occiput . thorax light reddish brown dorsally with dark brown scales scattered , pale brown laterally . legs yellowish brown with dark brown scales mostly concentrated on the tibia and tarsus , tibiae of middle and hindlegs with one and two pairs of yellowish brown spines , respectively . forewing ( 5 . 9 mm length in the holotype ) : dorsal surface reddish brown with dark brown scales scattered ; ventral surface pale brown with dark brown and light reddish brown scales , a tuft of elongated , white scales arising near the wing base , among the discal cell and the anal veins . hindwing : dorsal color pattern similar to forewing , with a marked basal depression near costal margin for receiving the tuft of the forewing ; ventral color pattern as that of the forewing . abdomen mostly light reddish brown with pale brown and dark brown scales scattered ; tergite viii ( fig . 4 ) with lateral margins broadly concave , posterior margin round ; sternite viii ( fig . 5 ) composed of two longitudinal sclerotized stripes , each stripe with lateral and median margins broadly concave , anterior and posterior margins round .
male genitalia ( figs . 3 , 4 ) . uncus short , pointed apex ; tegumen and saccus straight ; juxta ellipsoid basally , with striking lateral constrictions , distal margin broadly concave ; transtilla well developed ; papillae digitiform , elongated , with small setae distally ; valva broad basally , straight toward the apex ; costa not reaching the distal end of the valva , saccular area with a fold at base . aedeagus cylindrical , about 2 / 3 the length of the valva ; vesica with two cornuti , one of them with approximately 3 / 4 the length of the aedeagus , elongated , slightly curved , with a short distal projection ; the other cornutus with approximately 1 / 4 the length of the aedeagus , cylindrical and straight .
female . similar to male . forewing without tuft of scales on the ventral surface . hindwing without a marked basal depression near costal margin on the dorsal surface .
female genitalia ( fig . 6 ) . antrum broad , membranous ; ductus bursae straight , membranous , about 1 / 3 the length of the antrum ; corpus bursae elongated , membranous , with two groups of spine - like signa , one proximal with large signa , and the other distal with smaller signa ; appendix bursae membranous , cylindrical , twice the length of the ductus bursae , arising from the right lateroposterior area ; ductus seminalis arising at apex of the appendix bursae ; sterigma not differentiated ; anterior apophyses straight and long , with a posterior projection at base ; posterior apophyses straight and elongated , reaching the anterior margin of tergite viii .
scoble , m . j . 1999 . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . victoria , csiro publishing , xxv + 1016 p . [ links ]
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photometric observations of this asteroid made at the torino observatory in italy during 1990–1991 were used to determine a synodic rotation period of 23 . 82 ± 0 . 004 hours .
the length of the forewings is about 7–8 . 5 mm for males and 7–10 . 5 mm for females . the forewings are pale grey , with darker scales indicating cross lines and with a variable amount of reddish brown scaling opposite the end of the cell . the hindwings are pale greyish white , but slightly darker distally , and with grey and greyish black scales along the anal margin .
the woman ' s identity is lost . there have been a number of attempts to associate her with a historical person , including in the 19th century , as willem moreel ' s daughter mary . willem moreel was a magistrate of bruges who commissioned from memling a portrait diptych and , later , a triptych for the church of saint james at bruges which he had founded . but any identities have in turn been rejected ; in the case of mary moreel , she would have been too young in 1480 to be the woman portrayed .
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bulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin , published continuously since 1881 , consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology , paleontology , and geology . current numbers are published at irregular intervals . the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers , while longer works appeared in the memoirs . however , in the 1920s , the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers . a new series , the novitates , published short papers describing new forms .
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construcción de riesgo de incendios forestales en la interfaz urbana - forestal de las comunas del área metropolitana de concepción ( amc ) . proyecto vrid
the genus psilaspilates butler , 1893 is redefined and its species are taxonomically revised and described . the species are as follows : p . catillata ( felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) comb . nov . , p . cautinaria sp . nov . , p . ceres ( butler , 1882 ) , p . concepcionenesis parra sp . nov . , p . obscura parra sp . nov . , p . signistriata ( butler , 1882 ) , and p . stygiana ( butler , 1882 ) comb . nov . keys and distribution . . . [ show full abstract ]
the genus ennada blanchard , 1852 is reviewed and redefined . a coniform signum in the genitalia of the female and androconium in the basal third of the costa of the valvae in the male genitalia constitute diagnostic characters for the genus . the genera phyllia blanchard 1852 and anchiphyllia butler 1893 are junior synonyms of ennada . the following species are included : e . flavaria blanchard . . . [ show full abstract ]
taxonomy and biological antecedents of microdulia mirabilis ( rothschild 1895 ) ( lepidoptera : saturnii . . .
the egg , larvae , pupae , and imago of microdulia mirabilis ( rothschild ) , an insect that defoliates native nothofagus obliqua mirb . ( oerst . ) , are described . m . mirabilis distributes between 35° and 47°s in chile and neuquén , argentina . aspects of the life cycle associated with the duration of different stages of development are given . immature stages , the imago , and the genitalia are illustrated .