the white-bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) is a small passerine bird which breeds in tropical south america .

this manakin is found in forests , secondary growth and plantations .

it is a small , plump bird about 10.7 centimetres ( 4.2 in ) long .

males have a black crown , upper back , wings and tail and are otherwise white .

females are olive-green and resemble female golden-headed manakins .

at breeding time , males are involved in lekking behaviour on the forest floor during which they puff out their neck feathers .

this is a fairly common species with a wide range , and the international union for conservation of nature has rated its conservation status as being of " least concern " .

white - bearded manakin

characterisation of microsatellite dna markers in the white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) .
birdlife international . 2012 . species factsheet : white - bearded manakin manacus manacus . downloaded from birdlife international on 16 april 2012 .
the white - bearded manakin is generally uncommon in northern amazonia and southeastern peru where it ranges up to 1000 m along the foothill of the andes . it also occurs in the humid and semi - deciduous forest in tumbez . the white - bearded manakin also occurs in
male white - bearded manakin is distinctive across most of its range , and unlikely to be confused with any other species . it is most similar to white - collared manakin ( manacus candei ) , but the geographic distributions of these two species do not overlap ; also , male white - collared manakin has a bright yellow belly . there is contact ( and limited hybridization ) between white - bearded manakin and golden - collared manakin ( manacus vitellinus ) in western colombia . as the name suggests , the white of the collar , throat and breast of white - bearded manakin is replaced in male golden - collared manakin by bright deep yellow , with a green belly . females of the two species are quite similar , but female golden - collared manakin has a yellow tinge to the belly , which is more olive in female white - bearded .
: manacus from the dutch , manakin , the name a manakin bears in surinam .
white - bearded manakin occupies the understory of the edge of tropical lowland forest and adjacent second growth , where there is a dense understory .
protection / threats / status : white - bearded manakin is common in most parts of its range . the species is not threatened at this moment .
table s1 . museum data for the white - bearded manakin specimens in green plumage collected along the magdalena river valley and the eastern llanos in colombia .
description : white - bearded manakin , as other manakins’ species , is a small compact bird . its courtship displays are spectacular and occur at communal leks .
flight : white - bearded manakin performs rapid and complex flight displays . when in flight , this bird produces a kind of whirring noise , as a grasshopper .
diet : white - bearded manakin feeds mainly on small fruits . it also consumes insects such as beetles , flies and flying termites . it also takes spiders .
lill , a . 1974 . social organization and space utilization in the lek - forming white - bearded manakin , m . manacus trinitatis . zeitschrift für tierpsychologie 36 : 513 - 530 .
habitat : white - bearded manakin is locally common in gallery woodland and forest edges with dense undergrowth . it also frequents second growths . it is mainly seen below 800 to 1000 metres of elevation .
the white - bearded manakin , manacus manacus , is a small passerine bird which breeds in tropical south america . it is found from colombia , venezuela and trinidad south to bolivia and northern argentina .
cestari , c . 2010 . anting behavior by the white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus , pipridae ) : an example of functional interaction in a frugivorous lekking bird . biota neotropica 10 : 339–342 .
female white - bearded manakin also is similar to female chiroxiphia and antilophia manakins , but is smaller , with tarsi that are more orange ; also , antilophia have longer tails , and the females of some species of chiroxiphia ( lance - tailed manakin c . lanceolata and swallow - tailed manakin c . caudata ) have elongated central rectrices .
as other manakins’ species , the white - bearded manakin performs elaborated and complex figures at leks , involving several males . the lek is the same year after year , and the male spends most of its time in its territory . displays are more active after dawn and in the early afternoon . white - bearded manakin performs three distinct phases during the courtship displays , always with several males , sometimes up to 50 or more .
olson , d . h . and m . k . mcdowell . 1983 . a comparison of white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) populations and lek systems in suriname and trinidad . auk 100 : 739 - 742 .
white - bearded manakins are widespread in the lowlands of northern and central south america . there is an isolated population west of the andes from southwestern colombia south to extreme northwestern peru . the range also extends more continuously from northern and eastern colombia east across southern venezuela to the guianas and northeastern brazil , and south through eastern ecuador and peru to northeastern bolivia and central and east central brazil . white - bearded manakin is scarce or absent , however , from parts of southwestern amazonia . white - bearded manakin also occurs on trinidad , and from northeastern brazil south to southeastern brazil , eastern paraguay , and northeastern argentina .
table s1 . museum data for the white - bearded manakin specimens in green plumage collected along the magdalena river valley and the eastern llanos in colombia . data from : males in seemingly female - like plumage do not mimic females : uv reflectance reveals temporal cryptic dimorphism in a manakin species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation .
table s1 . museum data for the white - bearded manakin specimens in green plumage collected along the magdalena river valley and the eastern llanos in colombia . data from : males in seemingly female - like plumage do not mimic females : uv reflectance reveals temporal cryptic dimorphism in a manakin species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation . - dryad
the white - bearded manakin is a widespread species in northern south america from colombia to northern argentina . males of the species gather at communal leks to display for females . the lek display includes the males hopping from vegetation to the ground and is accompanied by loud wing snaps , whirring , and calls . males are black above with white underparts and a white neck collar , while females and immatures are dark olive .
snow , d . w . 1962 . a field study of the black and white manakin , manacus manacu s , in trinidad . zoologica 47 : 65 - 104 .
cestari , césar and pizo , marco aurélio 2013 . frugivory by the white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus , pipridae ) in restinga forest , an ecosystem associated to the atlantic forest . biota neotropica , vol . 13 , issue . 2 , p . 345 .
. the male white - bearded manakin has a black cap and white neck and underparts . birds on the south side of the amazon have white mantle and have paler underparts . birds on the north side of hte amazon have black mantle and darker underparts . the female is olive - green with paler throat and center of the belly . both sexes have orange legs . it forages in the understory of interior forest . the female is similar to a
behaviour : white - bearded manakin feeds mainly on small fruits and insects ( mainly eaten by the young ) . fruits are plucked while flying , or sometimes from a perch if the fruit is close enough . insects are caught in flight in low branches . it usually forages alone .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto white - bearded manakin usual call is a slightly trilled “peerr” uttered at lek . during the displays , the male utters an excited “pee - you” and a high - pitched “chwee” . as other manakins’ species , it produces snaps and other noises with the wings .
adult male : crown deep black . sides of head ( including the auriculars ) and of neck , and broad collar across nape , white ( constrasting sharply with the black of the crown ) . back , wings and tail deep black . rump and uppertail coverts dark gray . throat and breast white ( and connected to the white nape collar ) ; belly and flanks white , with a gray cast .
the bird leaps across to an opposite vertical perch . as it alights , it turns in the air in order to look at the place from which it came . this short flight produces the characteristic snap when the bird takes off . white - bearded manakin male repeats rapidly these movements to and fro between two perches . when several males perform these movements together , we only see jumping black and white silhouettes .
the movement patterns of males , females and juveniles of lekking species often differ due to differences in the commitment to lek activities , which may lead to differences in the spatial distribution and dispersal distances of seeds they eat . by sampling seeds in three lek and non - lek areas of the white - bearded manakin (
range : white - bearded manakin is resident in tropical regions of south america . it is found in colombia , venezuela and trinidad , and southwards in bolivia and northern argentina . there are two populations in separated ranges , one in the pacific coast of ecuador , and the other in eastern and south - eastern coasts of brazil .
the white - bearded manakin lives in trinidad and throughout much of south america . the males court females by snapping their wings with firecracker - like pops . a flurry of males flits rapidly back and forth from one slender , bare sapling to another , a foot above the ground . when the male spots the . . . read more »
the elevational range of white - bearded manakin extends from the lowlands up to 1900 m in colombia , although it usually occurs below 1000 ( hilty and brown 1986 ) , to 1300 m ( but usually below 800 m ) in ecuador ( ridgely and greenfield 2001a ) , to 1000 m in venezuela ( hilty 2003 ) , and to 1000 m in peru ( schulenberg et al . 2010 ) .
snow , d . ( 2018 ) . white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
marini , m . â . 1992 . foraging behavior and diet of the helmeted manakin . condor 94 : 151 - 158 .
description museum data for the white - bearded manakin specimens in green plumage collected along the magdalena river valley and the eastern llanos in colombia . hyphen indicates absence of geographic coordinates in the specimen label . the data correspond to specimens of the ornithological collections held in instituto de ciencias naturales de la universidad nacional de colombia ( icn ) and museo de historia natural de la universidad de los andes , colombia ( andes ) .
occurs at the court level , and the spatial distribution of deposited seeds varies with manakin lekking status and the daily period of foraging .
manacus are small , short tailed manakins . both sexes have orange tarsi and toes , and males have elongated feathers on the throat . females of all species of manacus are dull olive ; males of all species have a black crown and wings and a broad pale collar across the nape and upper back , but the color of the body plumage is variable across species , in various combinations of white , yellow or orange , and pale olive . the male white - bearded manakin is the whitest member of the genus : the upperparts are mostly black , except for the broad nape collar and a gray rump , and the underparts are almost entirely white , with a gray wash , variable in intensity , on the belly and flanks .
the amazing moonwalking manakin bird ! with naturalist , kim bostwick . from the pbs nature documentary deep jungle - new frontiers . read more »
eight microsatellite dna markers were isolated and characterized from white bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) using an enrichment cloning procedure . a large number of alleles ( range 9 - 25 ) , and high levels of observed heterozygosity ( mean 0 . 67 ) were resolved in 236 individuals . no evidence for linkage disequilibrium or the presence of null alleles was found , indicating that these markers will be useful for examining genetic relatedness , parentage and population structure in manakins .
n2 - eight microsatellite dna markers were isolated and characterized from white bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) using an enrichment cloning procedure . a large number of alleles ( range 9 - 25 ) , and high levels of observed heterozygosity ( mean 0 . 67 ) were resolved in 236 individuals . no evidence for linkage disequilibrium or the presence of null alleles was found , indicating that these markers will be useful for examining genetic relatedness , parentage and population structure in manakins .
ab - eight microsatellite dna markers were isolated and characterized from white bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) using an enrichment cloning procedure . a large number of alleles ( range 9 - 25 ) , and high levels of observed heterozygosity ( mean 0 . 67 ) were resolved in 236 individuals . no evidence for linkage disequilibrium or the presence of null alleles was found , indicating that these markers will be useful for examining genetic relatedness , parentage and population structure in manakins .
abstract =
eight microsatellite dna markers were isolated and characterized from white bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) using an enrichment cloning procedure . a large number of alleles ( range 9 - 25 ) , and high levels of observed heterozygosity ( mean 0 . 67 ) were resolved in 236 individuals . no evidence for linkage disequilibrium or the presence of null alleles was found , indicating that these markers will be useful for examining genetic relatedness , parentage and population structure in manakins .
,
hartert , e . 1912 . [ description of a new subspecies of manakin ] bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club 29 : 63 - 64 .
data from : males in seemingly female - like plumage do not mimic females : uv reflectance reveals temporal cryptic dimorphism in a manakin species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation .
morphological , territorial , and behavioural characteristics were measured on white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) males from two leks in two consecutive years . these data were combined with data on marker - inferred relatedness to study possible co - variation with mating success . in one year , male size and male condition were correlated with mating success . in both years , males holding courts nearer the lek centre gained more matings . no observed male display behaviour appeared to be an independently important factor in explaining variance in male mating success . successful males made more aggressive displays than non - successful males and more displays were between close relatives . number of aggressive displays increased as the distance between male courts decreased . mating success in the white - bearded manakin is most likely mediated by a combination of morphological and behavioural characteristics , influencing both male–male competition and female choice . females could potentially use centrality on the lek as an indicator of male characteristics . however , levels of relatedness may influence spatial arrangement of males on a lek thereby affecting male–male interactions and ultimately influencing patterns of mating success .
friedmann , h . 1944 . a new manakin from cerro yapacana , upper orinoco valley , southern venezuela . proceedings of the biological society of washington 57 : 99 - 100 .
adult male has black and white plumage . crown , back , wings and tail are black . rump and uppertail coverts are rather grey . on the underparts , chin , throat and breast are white . belly , flanks , vent and undertail coverts are pale grey . undertail feathers are black . the throat shows elongated feathers which play an important role in courtship displays . on the head , lores , forehead and crown are black . cheeks and neck collar are white . bill is blackish , with paler lower mandible . eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are orange - red .
brumfield , r . t . , and m . j . braun . 2001 . pylogenetic relationships in bearded manakins ( pipridae : manacus ) indicate that male plumage color is a misleading taxonomic marker . condor 103 : 248 - 258 .
bostwick , k . s . , and r . o . prum . 2003 . high - speed video analysis of wing - snapping in two manakin clades . journal of experimental biology 206 : 3693 - 3706
morales - betancourt ja , castaño - villa gj ( 2017 ) data from : males in seemingly female - like plumage do not mimic females : uv reflectance reveals temporal cryptic dimorphism in a manakin species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation .
reproduction : breeding season varies according to the region . the white - bearded manakin male does not take part in nesting duties . the nest is a small shallow cup built between horizontal twigs , and secured with spider webs . it is usually placed low in vegetation , from 50 cm to 1 , 50 metre above the ground . it is a woven cup , made with rootlets and dead leaves , and the interior is lined with fine and soft materials . the nest - site is often near water . female usually lays two eggs . she incubates during 18 to 19 days , spending long moments on the nest , with brief foraging flights . chicks are fed mainly with insects , and they fledge about two weeks after hatching .
phiphatsuwannachai , suchada westcott , david a . mckeown , adam and savini , tommaso 2018 . inter - group variability in seed dispersal by white - handed gibbons in mosaic forest . biotropica , vol . 50 , issue . 1 , p . 106 .
morales - betancourt ja , castaño - villa gj ( 2017 ) males in seemingly female - like plumage do not mimic females : uv reflectance reveals temporal cryptic dimorphism in a manakin species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation . journal of avian biology 49 ( 1 ) : jav - 01467 . urltoken
we find several subspecies which vary in size and sometimes in colour extension . m . m . abditivus , with stiff and longer throat feathers . m . m . flaveolus with yellowish tinge in throat and collar . m . m . bangsi is smaller with grey belly and narrower collar . m . m . leucochlamys with more white in mantle and white belly . m . m . maximus is similar in plumage but larger , with longer throat and mantle feathers . m . m . interior with paler grey rump and lower belly and vent . m . m . trinitatis is larger , with broader white collar . m . m . umbrosus with darker grey areas . m . m . manacus is very similar . m . m . expectatus is much smaller . m . m . subpurus with darker grey rump and variation of grey on underparts . m . m . purus with less black on upperparts . m . m . longibarbatus with longer throat feathers and some variations in colour extensions . m . m . purissimus with shorter throat feathers and longer wings . m . m . gutturosus is darker grey below .
margareta wieser , luis r figueroa , agustin carrasco , jack piper , lmarce , nimali digo and thilanka edirisinghe , lindolfo souto , paul van giersbergen , mauricio rueda , stephen john jones , andretti . tche , lars petersson , jens thalund , josef widmer , rodrigo paez , wim ten have , samantha klein , alfredo rosas , oswaldocortes , tadeusz stawarczyk , daniel avendaño , ken havard , philgunson , emilio white , nigel lallsingh , michael fritzen , hal and kirsten snyder , dilia e . garcia , nick athanas , stanisław czyz , ileyne lopes , andre zambolli , stephen romany , steve garvie , barb winterfield , guy poisson , rodrigo y castro , anselmo d affonseca , antonio silveira , dusan m . brinkhuizen , sam , christophe gouraud , jim watt , phil kindermann .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 19 . 1 - 23 . 8 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 19 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
tu , l . , c . mccabe , and w . tori ( 2013 ) .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
no flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .
david ascanio , yanayacu biological station , josep del hoyo , keith blomerley , greg baker , carlos gussoni , adrian long , rodrigo y castro , scott olmstead , peter nash , yoël jimenez , daniêl jimenez , keith and lynn youngs , sanjiv parasram , antonio silveira , mauricio rueda , richard garrigues .
joe klaiber , keith and lynn youngs , sclateria , peter boesman , antonio silveira , mauricio rueda .
webcams and videos are hosted by third parties . in exchange , you may periodically see 30 - second advertisements . birdnote does not endorse any of the products , services , or causes on third - party pages . all webcams have seasonal changes and may be down for hours , weeks , or months at a time . if this one is not active , please check our video or webcam gallery for more .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
a guide to the birds of colombia by steven l . hilty and william l . brown princeton university press – isbn 069108372x
female is very different with olive - green plumage on upperparts . underparts are duller , rather greyish - olive on throat and belly . breast is more olive - green . juvenile is similar to female . immature male has full adult plumage at one year .
the first phase is the commonest . the males jump between vertical twigs situated around the lek . the bird is perched sideways on a vertical stem . at this moment , the long throat feathers are erected as a “beard” longer than the bill .
the second phase is performed occasionally and less common . after the series of jumps from perch to perch , one male remains on the mating perch , quivering , and with the head and the body pointed downwards . then , it hops to the ground , turning in the air , lands with a strange grunting sound , and returns to higher place on the mating perch . then , with rapid small steps , it comes down to the perch with flapping wings . this phase is pre - copulatory .
the third phase is often directed to a female approaching the lek . the male crouches while its head is retracted . it sways side to side and flaps the wings , producing the whirring sounds . the long throat feathers are fluffed forwards and upwards as the wings are raised and fanned .
the female which visits a lek for mating , usually joins the male in a dance of jumps between a stem and the mating perch , both birds crossing each other in the air . then , the female remains on the mating perch . at this moment , the male performs the pre - copulatory display , ending in the “slide down” the perch onto female’s back .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : manacus manacus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
manacus manacus longibarbatus : lower amazonian brazil ( r . xingú to r . tocantins )
manacus manacus purissimus : e brazil ( r . tocantins to se pará and n maranhão )
manacus manacus purus : n brazil ( r . madeira to r . tapajós and sw pará )
manacus manacus subpurus : s - cent . brazil ( se amazona , e rondônia and nw mato grosso )
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 171 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
the feathers of the throat are somewhat elongated ( and can be projected forward during displays ) . most remiges are stiffened , with thickened , bowed shafts and stiff outer webs . additionally , the distals portions of four outer five primaries are very narrow and stiff .
adult female : upperparts olive green . underparts paler and grayer , especially on the throat and belly .
juvenile : very similar to adult female ; body plumage fluffier .
young males
( age ? ) may have dark shaft streaks on the crown .
bare parts color data are from junge and meise ( 1958 ) , haverschmidt ( 1968 ) , wiedenfeld et al . ( 1985 ) , and novaes and lima ( 1998 ) .
total length : 10 . 2 cm ( hilty and brown 1986 ) , 10 . 7 cm ( hilty 2003 ) , 10–11 cm ( schulenberg et al . 2010 ) , 11 cm ( ridgely and greenfield 2001b )
tail length ( n = 7 ) , 28 . 5 - 33 . 0 mm
bill length ( n = 2 ) , 11 . 95 - 12 . 41 mm
tarsus length ( n = 7 ) , 16 . 82 - 22 . 32
wing length ( n = 13 ) , 51 . 0 - 57 . 5 mm
bill length ( n = 13 ) , 10 . 94 - 12 . 67 mm
tarsus length ( n = 4 ) , 19 . 14 - 20 . 97
wing length ( n = 4 ) , 53 . 5 - 55 . 0 mm
bill length ( n = 4 ) , 12 . 44 - 13 . 38 mm
tarsus length ( n = 3 ) , 16 . 85 - 18 . 76 mm
wing length ( n = 13 ) , 50 . 5 - 55 . 0 mm
bill length ( n = 13 ) , 10 . 81 - 14 . 06 mm
bill length ( n = 3 ) , 11 . 75 - 11 . 96 mm
wing length ( n = 10 ) , 52 . 0 - 58 . 5 mm
bill length ( n = 10 ) , 10 . 66 - 12 . 58 mm
tarsus length ( n = 7 ) , 19 . 54 - 20 . 42
bill length ( n = 6 ) , 11 . 33 - 12 . 41 mm
tarsus length ( n = 5 ) , 17 . 31 - 20 . 35
mass : manacus , male , mean 17 ± 2 g ( range 14 - 20 g , n = 5 ; dick et al . 1984 ) ; female , mean 15 . 5 g ± 3 g ( range 12 - 20 g , n = 4 ; dick et al . 1984 ) . additional data on mass is provided by kirwan and green ( 2011 ) .
the century dictionary and cyclopedia ( new york , ny : the century co . , 1889 )
copyright © 2004–2018 florida center for instructional technology . clipart etc is a part of the educational technology clearinghouse and is produced by the florida center for instructional technology , college of education , university of south florida .
javascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .
content in the dryad digital repository is offered
as is .
by downloading files , you agree to the dryad terms of service . to the extent possible under law , the authors have waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this data .
dryad is a nonprofit repository for data underlying the international scientific and medical literature .
latest build fri , 29 jun 2018 05 : 39 : 03 utc . served by aws - prod
> gender male female > action bathing displaying flying mating foraging calling singing > specials action eggs funny nest pairs portraits silhouettes winter feeding gps > month january february march april may june july august september october november december > country egypt antarctica antigua argentina ascension island ethiopia australia bahamas barbados belize bhutan bolivia botswana brazil bulgaria chile china costa rica denmark germany dominica dominican republic ecuador faroe islands falkland islands finland france french guiana gambia georgia ghana greece united kingdom guatemala guyana honduras hongkong india indonesia ireland iceland israel italy jamaica japan cambodia canada cape verde kazakhstan kenya kyrgyzstan colombia croatia cuba lesotho liechtenstein luxembourg madagascar malaysia morocco martinique mauritania mauritius mexico mongolia namibia new zealand netherlands northern mariana islands norway oman austria panama pakistan peru philippines poland portugal reunion romania russia zambia sweden switzerland senegal serbia seychelles zimbabwe singapore slovakia spain sri lanka st . helena sudan south africa south georgia south korea suriname syria taiwan tanzania thailand trinidad and tobago czech republic turkey uganda hungary united states venezuela united arab emirates vietnam cyprus
welcome to bia birdimagency . we use cookies . by continuing to use our website , you consent to the use . for further information on cookies , please read our
shorey , l . behav ecol sociobiol ( 2002 ) 52 : 451 . urltoken
author =
piertney , { stuart brannon } and l . shorey and j . hoglund
,
powered by pure , scopus & elsevier fingerprint engine™ © 2018 elsevier b . v .
cookies are used by this site . to decline or learn more , visit our cookies page
bangs , o . 1900 . on the subspecies of manacus manacus ( linn . ) . proceedings of the new england zoölogical club 1 : 33 - 37 .
brumfield , r . t . , r . w . jernigan , d . b . mcdonald , and m . j . braun . 2001 . evolutionary implications of divergent clines in an avian ( manacus : aves ) hybrid zone . evolution 55 : 2070 - 2087 .
cassin , j . 1851 . descriptions of birds of the genera laniarius , dicrurus , graucalus , manacus and picus , specimens of which are in the collection of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 5 : 347 - 349 .
cestari , c . , b . a . loiselle , and m . a . pizo . 2016 . trade - offs in male display activity with lek size . plos one 11 : e0162943 .
chapman , f . m . 1914 . diagnoses of apparently new colombian birds . iii . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 33 : 603 - 637 .
chapman , f . m . 1924 . descriptions of new birds from ecuador , colombia , peru , and bolivia . american museum novitates number 138 : 1 - 16 .
cherrie , g . k . , and e . m . b . reichenberger . 1923 . descriptions of proposed new birds from brazil and paraguay . american museum novitates number 58 .
concannon , m . r . , a . c . stein , and j . a . c . uy . 2012 . kin selection may contribute to lek evolution and trait introgression across an avian hybrid zone . molecular ecology in press .
desmarest , a . - g . 1806 . histoire naturelle des tangaras , des manakins et des todiers . garnery , paris .
dick , j . a . , w . b . mcgillivray , and d . j . brooks . 1984 . a list of birds and their weights from saül , french guiana . wilson bulletin 96 : 347 - 365 .
galetti , m . , and m . a . pizo . 1996 . fruit eating by birds in a forest fragment in southeastern brazil . ararajuba 4 : 71 - 79 .
gyldenstolpe , n . 1941 . preliminary descriptions of some new birds from the brazilean amazonas . arkiv för zoologi 33b ( 12 ) : 1 - 10 .
gyldenstolpe , n . 1945 . the bird fauna of río juruá in western brazil . kungliga svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar , third series 22 ( 3 ) : 1 - 388 .
gyldenstolpe , n . 1951 . the ornithology of the rio purús region in western brazil . arkiv för zoologi second series volume 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 320 .
haffer , j . 1967 . speciation in colombian forest birds west of the andes . american museum novitates number 2294 .
haverschmidt , f . 1968 . birds of surinam . oliver and boyd , london .
hellmayr , c . e . 1929 . catalogue of birds of the americas . part vi . field museum of natural history zoological series volume 13 , part 6 . field museum of natural history , chicago , illinois .
hilty , s . l . 2003 . birds of venezuela . second edition . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
hilty , s . l . , and w . l . brown . 1986 . a guide to the birds of colombia . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
junge , g . c . a . , and g . f . mees . 1958 . the avifauna of trinidad and tobago . zoologische verhandleingen number 37 .
kirwan , g . m . , and g . green . 2011 . cotingas and manakins . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
lima , c . a . , p . r . sequeira , r . m . m . gonçalves , m . f . vasconcelos , and l . leite . 2010 . dieta de aves de mata atlántica : uma abordagem baseada em conteúdos estomacais . ornitología neotropical 21 : 425 - 438 .
lopes , l . e . , a . m . fernandes , and m . â . marini . 2005 . diet of some atlantic forest birds . ararajuba 13 : 95 - 103 .
mckay , b . d . , f . k . barker , h . l . mays , jr . , s . m . doucet , and g . e . hill . 2010 . a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the manakins ( aves : pipridae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55 : 733 - 737 .
novaes , f . c . , and m . de fátima cunha lima . 1998 . aves da grande belém . museu paraense emílio goeldi , belém .
olivares , o . m . 1958 . aves de la costa del pacifico , municipio de guapi , cauca , colombia . iii . caldasia 8 : 217 - 251 .
oniki , y . , and e . o . willis . 1999 . body mass , cloacal temperature , morphometrics , breeding and molt of birds of the serra das araras region , mato grosso , brazil . ararajuba 7 : 17 - 21 .
parkes , k . c . 1961 . intergeneric hybrids in the family pipridae . condor 63 : 145 - 150 .
rego , p . s . , j . araripe , m . l . v . marceliano , i . sampaio , and h . schneider . 2007 . phylogenetic analyses of the genera pipra , lepidothrix and dixiphia ( pipridae , passeriformes ) using partial cytochrome b and 16s mtdna genes . zoologica scripta 2007 : 1 - 11 .
ridgely , r . s . , and p . j . greenfield . 2001a . the birds of ecuador : status , distribution , and taxonomy . cornell university press , ithaca , new york .
ridgely , r . s . , and p . j . greenfield . 2001b . the birds of ecuador : field guide . cornell university press , ithaca , new york .
ridgely , r . s . , and g . tudor . 1994 . the birds of south america . volume ii . the suboscine passerines . university of texas press , austin , texas .
ryder , t . b . , and j . d . wolfe . 2009 . the current state of knowledge on molt and plumage sequences in selected neotropical bird families . ornitologia neotropical 20 : 1 - 18 .
schulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , d . f . lane , j . p . o’neill , and t . a . parker iii . 2010 . birds of peru . revised and updated edition . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
shorey , l . , s . piertney , j . stone , and j . hoglund . 2000 . fine - scale genetic structuring on manacus manacus leks . nature 408 : 352 - 353 .
sibley , c . g . 1957 . the evolutionary and taxonomic significance of sexual dimorphism and hybridization in birds . condor 59 : 166 - 191 .
snow , d . w . 1979 . family pipridae , manakins . pages 245 - 28o in m . a . traylor , jr . ( editor ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume vii i . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .
snow , d . w . 2004 . family pipridae ( manakins ) . pages 110 - 169 in del hoyo , j . , a , elliott , & d . christie , editors . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 9 . cotingas to pitpits and wagtails . lynx edicions , barcelona .
snow , d . w . , and a . lill . 1974 . longevity records for some neotropical land birds . condor 76 : 262 - 267 .
tello , j . g . , r . g . moyle , d . j . marchese , and j . cracraft . 2009 . phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the tyrant flycatchers , cotingas , manakins , and their allies ( aves : tyrannides ) . cladistics 25 : 429 - 467 .
théry , m . 1992 . the evolution of leks through female choice : differential clustering and space utilization in six sympatric manakins . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 30 : 227 - 237 .
todd , w . e . c . 1928 . five new manakins from south america . proceedings of the biological society of washington 41 : 111 - 113 .
wiedenfeld , d . a . , t . s . schulenberg , and m . b . robbins . 1985 . birds of a tropical deciduous forest in extreme northwestern peru . pages 305 - 315 in p . a . buckley , m . s . foster , e . s . morton , r . s . ridgely , and f . g . buckley ( editors ) , neotropical ornithology . ornithological monographs number 36 .
willis , e . o . 1984 . manakins ( aves , pipridae ) as army ant followers . ciência e cultura 36 : 817 - 823 .
zimmer , j . t . 1936 . studies of peruvian birds . xxii . notes on the pipridae . american museum novitates number 889 .
this site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .
there are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :
you have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .
your browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .
your browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .
the date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .
you have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .
this site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .
this site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .
in general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user
often considered conspecific with all congeners . see also m . vitellinus . almost all geographical variation probably clinal , and some of listed races may be untenable ; full revision of taxonomy needed . form named as “ m . coronatus ” , known only from type specimen ( “upper amazon” ) , appears to be hybrid between present species and ceratopipra erythrocephala . fifteen subspecies recognized .
bangs , 1899 – n colombia ( santa marta region , lower cauca valley , lower and middle magdalena valley ) .
chapman , 1914 – sw colombia ( s from sw cauca ) and extreme nw ecuador ( n esmeraldas , imbabura ) .
chapman , 1914 – nw & w ecuador ( w esmeraldas and pichincha s to n guayas ) .
chapman , 1924 – sw ecuador ( e guayas and extreme w chimborazo s to w loja ) and extreme nw peru ( tumbes ) .
chapman , 1914 – nw & sc venezuela , colombia e of andes , e ecuador , ne peru ( n of r marañón ) , and nw brazil ( on upper r negro ) .
( linnaeus , 1766 ) – s venezuela ( r casiquiare region , in s amazonas ) , the guianas , and ne brazil n of lower amazon , w to r negro .
gyldenstolpe , 1941 – w brazil ( r juruá ) , ne peru ( e loreto , madre de dios ) and nw bolivia ( e to r beni ) .
cherrie & reichenberger , 1923 – sc brazil ( upper r madeira to w mato grosso ) and n bolivia ( beni , n santa cruz ) .
bangs , 1899 – s bank of lower amazon in brazil ( r madeira probably to left bank of r xingu ) .
j . t . zimmer , 1936 – s bank of lower amazon in brazil ( right bank of r xingu e to right bank of r tocantins ) .
todd , 1928 – e brazil from right bank of r tocantins e to n maranhão .
( desmarest , 1806 ) – e & se brazil ( alagoas , bahia and minas gerais s to extreme se mato grosso do sul , e santa catarina and extreme ne rio grande do sul ) , se paraguay and extreme ne argentina ( misiones ) .
male calls at lek a rather plaintive , slightly trilled “peerr” , changing in excitement . . .
forest edges , especially where woody undergrowth is thick , also low shrubby forest and secondary . . .
mainly small fruits , also insects . in trinidad study area , fruits of 105 plant species , from 27 families , recorded as eaten ; . . .
in trinidad , egg - laying in jan–sept ( exceptionally , dec ) , peak may–jun , month of starting varying annually , and up to five . . .
resident . in radio - tracking study in french guiana , adults largely sedentary when breeding , moving . . .
not globally threatened . common in many parts of its wide range , but more local in areas of extensive unbroken forest . common in trinidad ; common in n & c parts of . . .
only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )
supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .
view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )
there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .
if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .
this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
distribution maps should be very cautiously looked at . they do not provide with precise location but only give an idea of species global distribution . distribution areas are geopolitical ; as a consequence the whole of a country is selected if a species is only located in one single place . for more precise distribution areas please go to iucn site ( see link above ) .
) , chapman , 1924 . sw ecuador ( e guayas and extreme w chimborazo s to w loja ) and extreme nw peru ( tumbes ) .
) , chapman , 1914 . nw & sc venezuela , colombia e of andes , e ecuador , ne peru , and nw brazil ( on upper r negro ) .
) , gyldenstolpe , 1941 . w brazil ( r juruá ) , possibly also adjacent ne peru ( e loreto ) .
schulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .
material published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )
contribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :
corbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .
we use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .
this article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .
. context - dependence in seed removal by lekking and non - lekking frugivorous birds in brazilian of atlantic forest .
the ecology of a tropical forest : seasonal rhythms and long - term changes .
email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .
full text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .
* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .
taxonomic source ( s ) del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk . sacc . 2006 . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken . sacc . 2006 . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
population justification : the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .
trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 19 . 1 - 23 . 8 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 19 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
special thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .
copyright and usage info : my photos are free to use for non - commercial internet use only , up to five for any one purpose , provided that you retain the urltoken imprint or visibly display © urltoken with the image . for internet usage , a link from the image to urltoken is required . i would also like to know where the image is being used .


astichopus is a monotypic genus of sea cucumbers , the only species in the genus being astichopus multifidus .

it is commonly known as the furry sea cucumber or the fissured sea cucumber and is native to the caribbean sea .

astichopus

glynn , pw . , 1965 . active movements and other aspects of the biology astichopus and leptosynapta ( holothuroidea ) . biological bulletin . 129 : 106 - 127 .
food and agriculture organization of the united nations . fao geonetwork . fao aquatic species distribution map of astichopus multifidus ( geolayer ) . ( latest update : 04 jun 2015 ) accessed ( 9 jul 2018 ) . uri : urltoken
from the abstract : astichopus does this in response to sudden changes in changes in salinity concentration , oxygen deficiency and other
bodily disturbances .
the movement below may be a prelude to evisceration . . which i ' ve discussed here .
fao aquatic species distribution map of astichopus multifidus . the main sources of information for the species distribution are the habitat description and geographic range contained in the published fao catalogues of species ( more details at urltoken ) . terms used in th . . .
john starmer marked
from : sea stars , sea urchins , and allies : echinoderms of florida and the caribbean , by hendler , miller , pawson , & porter . 1995
as trusted on the
astichopus multifidus ( sluter , 1910 )
page .
update ! thanks to dave pawson for the citation ! go to this open access paper by peter glynn from 1965 on
active movements and other aspects of biology of astichopus and leptosynapta . biol . bull . 129 : 106 - 127 .
to read the full account !
( of stichopus multifidus sluiter , 1910 ) sluiter , c . p . ( 1910 ) . westindische holothurien . zool . jahrb . jena suppl . 11 : ( 331 - 342 ) . [ details ]
pawson , d . l . , d . j . vance , c . g . messing , f . a . solis - marin & c . l . mah . ( 2009 ) . echinodermata of the gulf of mexico . pp . 1177–1204 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college s . [ details ]
m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda
humann , p . , 1992 . reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
toral - granda , m . v , alvarado , j . j . , benavides , m . , paola ortiz , e . , hamel , j . - f . & mercier , a .
has a wide distribution and has been important in fisheries in panama , venezuela , and nicaragua . in panama , costa rica , and venezuela , all sea cucumber fishing activities are banned . however , illegal fishing may occur in panama . there is no fishing information from other parts of its range and no evidence that it is fished . it is therefore listed as least concern .
this caribbean species occurs from the southeastern u . s . and the gulf of mexico , south to colombia and venezuela , and east to jamaica , dominican republic , puerto rico , cuba , panama and bahamas . it is found at depths between 1 - 37m ( miller and pawson 1984 ) .
the average density reported for this species in bocas del toro , panama ( 4 . 9 individuals per ha ) may indicate current critical overfishing levels . the estimated size of the total population in that area was 231 , 000 individuals ( guzman and guevara 2002 ) . this species was absent in 95 % of protected areas around cayos zapatillas in panama ( guzman and guevara 2002 ) .
along the eastern and central yucatan coast ( mexico ) a density of 5 . 92 individuals per ha was found in the east and 32 . 18 individuals per ha in the central coast . the total biomass was estimated at approximately 16 , 000 tonnes for an area of approximately 1 . 2 million hectares ( moguel
seagrass beds ( miller and pawson 1984 , toral - granda 2008 ) . it is also found in areas of calcareous algae ( miller and pawson 1984 ) , and prefers deeper , calmer reef environments ( hendler
this species is one of the most important commercial species in the caribbean , with fishing activties in panama ( toral - granda 2008 ) , and jamaica . it is of potential commercial interest in florida , puerto rico and the u . s . virgin islands ( bruckner 2006 ) .
although not one of the most valuable species for fishery purposes , it can be expected that this species may become more popular after the depletion or reduction of other species of higher commercial importance and value . it can be considered an emerging commercial species , because higher value indo - pacific species are becoming scarce .
guzman and guevara ( 2002 ) suggests that if the fishing pressure from 1997 is maintained , the population of this species in boca del toro , panama would collapse in nine days .
in panama , costa rica , and venezuela , all sea cucumber fishing activities are banned ( toral - granda 2008 ) . illegal fishing may occur in panama ( j . alvarado pers . comm . 2010 ) . the fishery for this species in nicaragua is unregulated . the distribution of this species overlaps with some protected areas .
toral - granda , m . v , alvarado , j . j . , benavides , m . , paola ortiz , e . , hamel , j . - f . & mercier , a . 2013 .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2013 : e . t180493a102417783 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
yan wong changed the thumbnail image of
from : sea stars , sea urchins , and allies : echinoderms of florida and the caribbean , by hendler , miller , pawson , & porter . 1995
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
from : sea stars , sea urchins , and allies : echinoderms of florida and the caribbean , by hendler , miller , pawson , & porter . 1995
and
thalassia testudinum banks & sol . ex k . d . koenig
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
clark , h . l . ( 1922 ) . the holothurians of the genus stichopus . bul . mus . comp . zool . cambridge mass . 65 ( no . 3 ) : pp . 39 - 74 . [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all . . .
barcode of life data systems ( bolds ) stats public records : 1 specimens . . .
is a variable , grey to green / black sea cucumber from . . .
this caribbean species occurs from the southeastern u . s . and the gulf . . .
the urltoken website brings together statistics , maps , pictures , and documents on food and agriculture from throughout the fao organization in one convenient location . this means that instead of searching multiple sites and sources , you will be able to go to one central place in order to collect or view the data that interests you . to assist in data retrieval , the site provides an efficient search engine as well as easy - to - use navigation menus .
heads up ! we will have a convenient download format available for this resource soon .
the designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product are not warranted to be error free and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of fao concerning the legal status of any country , territory , city or area or of its authorities , or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries . fao makes every effort to ensure , but does not guarantee , the accuracy , completeness or authenticity of the information in this information product .
food and agriculture organization of the united nations . ( 2012 ) . fao geonetwork . rome , italy : fao .
food and agriculture organization of the united nations . 2012 . fao geonetwork . rome , italy : fao .
food and agriculture organization of the united nations . ( 2012 ) . fao geonetwork . rome , italy , fao .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
in order to access this website , please configure your browser to support cookies .
877 . 705 . 1878 ( toll - free , u . s . & canada ) 773 . 753 . 3347 ( international )
biostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .
depth range based on 10 specimens in 2 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 7 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 11 - 179 temperature range ( °c ) : 22 . 312 - 26 . 768 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 615 - 6 . 773 salinity ( pps ) : 36 . 143 - 36 . 740 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 478 - 4 . 895 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 054 - 0 . 661 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 232 - 2 . 986 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 11 - 179 temperature range ( °c ) : 22 . 312 - 26 . 768 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 615 - 6 . 773 salinity ( pps ) : 36 . 143 - 36 . 740 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 478 - 4 . 895 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 054 - 0 . 661 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 232 - 2 . 986 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
gabaev , dd . , 1998 . some aspects of the ecology of young echinoderms settling on artificial substrata . pp 31 - 33 . in : echinoderms : san francisco . proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference , san francisco , california , usa , 5 - 9 august 1996 . ( mooi , r . , & telford , m . , eds . ) balkema press , rotterdam . 923 pps .
gagaev , sy . , bestuzheva , il . , & andronov , py . , 1997 . on the season dynamics in bottom ecosystems of amerasiatian province in the arctic by the example of the chaun bay of the east siberian sea . okeanologiya . 37 ( 5 ) : 761 - 769 .
gaill , f . , & van praet , m . , 1985 . aspects of macrobenthos nutrition . pp . 209 - 231 . in : deep sea populations from the gulf of gascogne : biogas expeditions . ( laubier , l . , & monniot , c . , eds . ) . brest , france : service documentation - publications , institut français recherche exploitation mer . 630 pp .
gamber , jh . , & clark , dl . , 1978 . distribution of microscopic molluscs , echinoderms and sponges in the central arctic ocean . micropaleontology . 24 ( 4 ) : 422 - 431 .
gamboa , r . , gomez , al . , & nievales , mf . , 2004 . , the status of sea cucumber fishery and mariculture in the philippines . pp . 69 - 78 . in : advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management . ( lovatelli , a . , conand , c . , purcell , s . , uthicke , s . , hamel , jf . , mercier , a . , eds . ) . fao fisheries technical paper . no . 463 . 425pps .
ganapati , pn . , & radhakrishna , y . , 1962 . inquilinism between a new hesionid polychaete and a holothurian molpadia sp . current science . 31 : 382 - 383 .
gao , ym . , & sun , jb . , 2004 . the biochemical genetics of stichopus japonicus selenka population . dalian shuichan xueyuan xuebao . 19 ( 1 ) : 30 - 34 .
garcía - arrarás , je . , diaz - miranda , l . , torres , ii . , file , s . , jimenez , lb . , rivera - bermudez , k . , arroyo , ej . , & cruz , w . 1999 . regeneration of the enteric nervous system in the sea cucumber holothuria glaberrima . journal comparative neurology . 406 ( 4 ) : 461 - 475 .
garcía - arrarás , je . , enamorado - ayala , i . , torres - avillan , i . , & rivera , v . , 1991 . fmrfamide - like immunoreactivity in cells and fibers of the holothurian nervous system . neuroscience letters . 132 ( 2 ) : 199 - 202 .
garcía - arrarás , je . , estrada - rodgers , l . , santiago , r . , torres , ii . , diaz - miranda , l . , & torres - avillan , i . , 1998 . cellular mechanisms of intestine regeneration in the sea cucumber , holothuria glaberrima selenka ( holothuroidea : echinodermata ) . journal experimental zoology . 281 ( 4 ) : 288 - 304 .
garcía - arrarás , je . , & greenberg , mj . , 2001 . visceral regeneration in holothurians . microscopy researchtechnique . 55 : 438 - 451 .
garcía - arrarás , je . , lugo - chinchilla , am . , & chévere - colón , i . , 1992 . the expression of neuropeptide y immunoreactivity in the avian sympathoadrenal system conformswith two models of co - expression development for neurons and chromaffin cells . development . 115 : 617 - 627 .
garcía - arrarás , je . , rojas - soto , m . , jiménez , lb . , & díaz - miranda , l . , 2001 . the enteric nervous system of echinoderms : unexpected complexity revealed by neurochemical analysis . journal experimental biology . 204 : 865 - 873 , 2001 .
garcía - arrarás , je . , schenk , c . , rodriguez - ramirez , r . , torres , ii . , valentín , g . , & candelaria , ag . , 2006 . spherule cells in the echinoderm holothuria glaberrima and their involvement in intestinal regeneration . developmental dynamics . 235 : 3259 - 3267 .
garcía - arrarás , je . , torres - avillan , i . , & estrada , l . , 1998 . cellular events during intestinal regeneration in holothuria glaberrima : analysis using monoclonal antibodies . pp . 455 . in : echinoderms : san francisco . proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference , san francisco , california , usa , 5 - 9 august 1996 . ( mooi , r . , & telford , m . , eds . ) balkema press , rotterdam . 923 pps .
garcía - arrarás , je . , torres - avillan , i . , & ortiz - miranda , s . , 1991 . cells in the intestinal system of holothurians ( echinodermata ) express cholecystokinin - like immunoreactivity . general comparative endocrinology . 83 ( 2 ) : 233 - 242 .
garcía - arrarás , je . & viruet , e . , 1993 . enteric nerve fibers of holothurians are recognized by an antibody to acetylated ? - tubulin . neuroscience letters . 157 : 153 - 157 .
gardnier , sl . , & reiger , rm . , 1980 . rudimentary cilia in muscle cells of annelids and echinoderms . cell & tissue research . 213 : 247 - 252 .
gathercole , lj . , bailey , aj . , dlugosz , j . , & keller , a . , 1980 . the cuverian tubules of holothuria : design for successful failure in a collagenous system . pp . 475 - 476 . in : the mechanical properties of biological materials . ( vincent , ffv . , & curry , jd . , eds . ) . symposia of the society for experimental biology 34 . cambridge university press .
gaudron , s . , 2006 . observation of natural spawning of bohadschia vitiensis . spc bêche - de - mer information bulletin . 24 : 54 .
gavrilova , gs . , 1983 . trophic requirements of trepang ( stichopus japonicus , selenka ) fry . pp . 52 - 54 . in : iv all - union conference on scientific - technological problems of mariculture . abstracts of papers . 23 - 28 october 1983 , vladivostok . ( markovtsev , vg . , shuntov , vp . , rodin , ve . , mikulich , lv . , osipov , vg . , pavlychev , vp . , & kucheryavenko , eb . , eds . ) . laboratory of applied biocenology , pacific scientific research fisheries centre ( tinro - centre ) .
gavrilova , gs . , 1989 . an evaluation of the food requirements of the far eastern trepang . rybnoe khozyaistvo . 1989 ( 2 ) : 36 - 38 .
gavrilova , gs . , 1994 . assimilation of food by the far eastern sea cucumber . rybnoe khozyaistvo . 1 : 39 - 40 .
gavrilova , gs . , 1995 . temperature range in the life cycle of far eastern trepang stichopus japonicus in the peter the great bay ( sea of japan ) . okeanologiya 35 ( 3 ) : 423 - 425 .
gavrilova , gs . , 1998 . regularities of distribution and present state of commercial echinoderm stocks in peter the great bay ( japan sea ) . pp . 35 . in : echinoderms : san francisco . proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference , san francisco , california , usa , 5 - 9 august 1996 . ( mooi , r . , & telford , m . , eds . ) balkema press , rotterdam . 923 pps .
gavrilova , gs . , 1998 . some population characteristics of commercial species of echinoderms in peter the great bay ( japan sea ) . pp . 36 . in : echinoderms : san francisco . proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference , san francisco , california , usa , 5 - 9 august 1996 . ( mooi , r . , & telford , m . , eds . ) balkema press , rotterdam . 923 pps .
gay , ws . , & simon , se . , 1964 . metabolic control in holothuroidean muscle . comparative biochemistry physiology . 11 : 183 - 192 .
gebruk , av . , 1994 . two main stages in the evolution of the deep - sea fauna of elasipodid holothurians . pp . 507 - 514 . in : echinoderms through time : proceedings of the eighth international echinoderm conference , dijon , france , 6 - 10 september 1993 . ( david , b . , guille , a . , féral , jp . , & roux , m . , eds . ) . balkema press , rotterdam . 590 pps .
gebruk , a . , 1995 . locomotory organs in the elasipodid holothurians : functional - morphological and evolutionary approaches . pp . 95 - 102 . in echinoderm research 1995 : proceedings of the fourth european echinoderms colloquium , london , united kingdom , 10 - 13 april 1995 . ( emson , r . , smith , a . , & campbell , a . , eds . ) . balkema press , rotterdam . 341 pps .
gebruk , av . , 1998 . spicule changes during somatic growth in holothurians . echinoderms : san francisco . pp . 456 . in : echinoderms : san francisco . proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference , san francisco , california , usa , 5 - 9 august 1996 . ( mooi , r . , & telford , m . , eds . ) balkema press , rotterdam . 923 pps .
gebruk , av . , tyler , pa . , billett , dsm . , 1997 . pelagic juveniles of the deep - sea elasipodid holothurians : new records and review . ophelia . 46 ( 2 ) : 153 - 164 .
geise , ac . , & kanatani , h . , 1987 . maturation and spawning . chapter 4 . pp . 251 - 329 . in : general aspects : seeking unity in diversity . volume ix , - reproduction of marine invertebrates . ( geise , ac . , pearse , js & pearse , vb . , eds . ) . boxwood press , pacific grove california .
gellhorn , e . , 1927 . beitrage zur vergleichenden physiologie der spermatozoen . iv . mitteilung . ionenstudien an den spermatozoon von meerestieren . archiv gesellschaft physiologie . 216 : 181 - 197 .
gellhorn , e . , 1927 . studien zur vergleichenden physiologie der permeabilitat . i . mitleilung . über den einfluss von ionen and nichtleitern anf die permeabilitat von spermatozoen und eiern . archiv gesellschaft physiologie . 216 : 220 - 233 .
gellhorn e . 1927 . studien zur vergleichenden physiologie der permeabilitat . ii . mitteilung . vitalfarbung und permeabilitat , nach versuchen an den eiern von meerestieren . archiv gesellschaft physiologie . 216 : 234 - 248 .
gentleman , sb . , 1971 . respiratory studies of a sea cucumber . diss abstr int 31b : 6998 .
george , sb . 1996 . echinoderm egg and larval quality as a function of adult nutritional state . oceanologica acta . 19 : 297 - 308 .
gerould , jh . , 1897 . the anatomy and histology of caudina arenata gould . bulletin museum comparative zoology , harvard . 29 ( 3 ) : 123 - 190 .
gerould , jh . , 1898 . a viviparous holothurian . american naturalist . 32 : 273 - 278 .
gessert , l . , 1991 . seewalzen und die notwendigkeit der gabe von kalkwasser zum aquarienwasser . aquarium . 27 - 28 : 41 .
ghyoot , m . , jangoux , m . , & van impe , e . , 1990 . composition biochimique et contenu énergétique du tégument de l ' holothurie neopentadactyla mixta ( echinodermata ) . pp . 171 - 175 . in : echinoderm research : proceedings of the second european conference on echinoderms , brussels , 18 - 21 september 1989 . ( de ridder , c . , dubois , p . , lahaye , mc . , & jangoux , m . , eds . ) . balkema press , rotterdam . 343 pps .
gibson , aw . , & burke , rd . , 1983 . gut regeneration by morphallaxis in the sea cucumber leptosynapta clarki ( heding , 1928 ) . canadian journal zoology . 61 ( 12 ) : 2721 - 2732 .
giddeon , pw . , menon , pkb . , rao , srv . , & jose , kv . , 1957 . on the marine fauna of gulf of kutch : a preliminary account . journal bombay natural history society . 54 : 690 - 786 .
giese , ac . , physiology of the echinoderm body wall . thalassia jugoslavica . 12 : 153 - 163 .
gilchrist , jdf . , 1920 . planktothuria diaphana gen . et sp . nov . quarterly journal microscopical science . 64 : 373 - 382 .
ginanova , tt . , 1998 . dna synthesis during muscle regeneration in sea cucumber . izvestiya rossiiskoi akademii nauk seriya biologicheskaya . 1 : 14 - 19 .
ginanova , tt . , 1999 . cell migration in regenerating muscles of the holothurian eupentacta fraudatrix . biologiya morya . 25 ( 2 ) : 99 - 100 .
ginger , ml . , billett , dsm . , mackenzie , kl . , kiriakoulakis , k . , neto , rr . , boardman , dk . , santos , vlcs . , horsfall , im . , & wolff , ga . , 2001 . organic matter assimilation and selective feeding by holothurians in the deep sea : some observations and comments . progress oceanography . 50 ( 1 - 4 ) : 407 - 421 .
ginger , ml . , santos , vlcs . , & wolff , ga . , 2000 . a preliminary investigation of the lipids of abyssal holothurians from the north - east atlantic ocean . journal marine biological association uk . 80 ( 1 ) : 139 - 146 .
giraspy , dab . , & ivy , g . , 2005 . australia ' s first commercial sea cucumber culture and sea ranching project in hervey bay , queensland , australia . spc bêche - de - mer information bulletin . 21 : 29 - 31 .
gislen , t . , 1924 . echinoderm studies . academical dissertation . zoologiska bidrag uppsala . 9 : 316 pps .
goad , lj . , garneau , fx . , simard , jl . , apsimon , jw . , & girard , m . , 1985 . isolation of ? 9 ( 11 ) sterols from the sea cucumber psolus fabricii . implications for holothurin biosynthesis . tetrahedron letters . 26 ( 29 ) : 3513 - 3516 .
goad , lj . , garneau , fx . , simard , jl . , apsimon , jw . , & girard , m . , 1986 . composition of the free , esterified and sulphated sterols of the sea cucumber psolus fabricii . comparative biochemistry physiology b . 84 ( 2 ) : 189 - 196 .
goad , lj . , rubinstein , i . , & smith , ag . , 1972 . the sterols of echinoderms . proceedings royal society b . 180 ( 1059 ) : 223 - 246 .
goldbeck , ej . , houben , c . , & langer , mr , 2005 . survival of foraminifera in the gut of holothuroids from elba island ( mediterranean sea ) . revue micropaleontologie . 48 ( 3 ) : 169 - 174 .
gomes da silva , s . , de ridder , c . , eeckhaut , i . , & fiers , f . , 2004 . reproductive biology of synaptiphilus luteus and allantogynus delmarei , two symbiotic copepods of holothuroids . pp . 193 - 199 in : echinoderms : muenchen proceedings of the 11th international echinoderm conference , munich , germany , 6 - 10 october 2003 . ( heinzeller t , & nebelsick jh , eds . ) taylor & francis , london . 633 pps .
gonsalves , col . , 1997 . effect of holothurian and zoanthid extracts on growth of some bacterial and diatom species . indian journal marine sciences . 26 ( 4 ) : 377 - 379 .
goodrich , hp . , 1925 . observations on the gregarines of chiridota . quarterly journal microscopical science . 69 : 619 - 628 .
goodrich , hp . , 1930 . observations on the gregarines of chiridota . quarterly journal microscopical science . 73 : 275 - 287 .
gopakumar , k . , 1978 . diversified fish products . summer institute fish processing technology . cift , cochin . 13 pps .
gorshkov , ba . , gorshkova , ia . , stonik , va . , & elyakov , gb . , 1982 . effect of marine glycosides on adenosinetriphosphatase activity . toxicon . 20 ( 3 ) : 655 - 658 .
goshima , s . , fujiyoshi , y . , ide , n . , gamboa , ru . , & nakao , s . , 1994 . distribution of japanese common sea cucumber , stichopus japonicus in lagoon saroma . suisan zoshoku . 42 ( 2 ) : 261 - 266 .
gosner , kl . , & peterson , rt . , 1999 . a field guide to the atlantic seashore : from the bay of fundy to cape hatteras . houghton miffin company , boston , mass . 352 pps .
goswamy , bcb . , 1992 . marine fauna of digha coast of west bengal , india . journal marine biological association india . 34 ( 1 & 2 ) : 115 - 137 .
gotto , rv . , 1984 . observations on synaptiphilus tridens ( t . & a . scott ) , an ecto - associate of holothurians . crustaceana . supplement . 7 : 214 - 216 .
graham , jch . , & battaglene , sc . , 2004 . periodic movement and sheltering behaviour of actinopyga mauritiana ( holothuroidea : aspidochirotidae ) in solomon islands . spc bêche - de - mer information bulletin . 19 : 23 - 31 .
grave , c . , 1902 . feeding habits of a spatangoid , moera atropos ; a brittle - star fish , ophiophragma wurdmannii and a holothurian , thyone briareus . prelim abstr : ( in report of the meeting of american morphological society ) . science . 15 : 579 .
grave , c . , 1905 . the tentacle reflex in a holothurian cucumaria pulcherrima . johns hopkins university circulars . no . 178 : 24 - 27 .
gravely , fh . , 1927 . the littoral fauna of krusadai island in the gulf of mannar . bulletin madras government . museum natural history . 1 ( 1 ) : 163 - 173 .
gravely , fh . , 1941 . shells and other animal remains found on the madras beach . bulletin madras government , museum natural history . 5 : 86 - 90 .
gray , gm . , 1903 . thyone briareus , in
biological notes .
bulletin us fisheries commission . 19 : 308 .
green , cr . , 1981 . fixation - induced intramembrane particle movement demonstrated in freeze - fracture replicas of a new type of septate junction in echinoderm epithelia . journal ultrastructure research . 75 ( 1 ) : 11 - 22 .
green , cr . , bergquist , pr . , & bullivant , s . , 1979 . an anastomosing septate junction in endothelial cells of the phylum echinodermata . journal ultrastructure research . 68 ( 1 ) : 72 - 80 .
green , jd . , 1978 . the annual reproductive cycle of an apodous holothurian , leptosynapta tenuis : a bimodal breeding season . biological bulletin . 154 ( 1 ) : 68 - 78 .
greenberg , ar . , & eylers , jp . , 1984 . influence of ionic environment on the stress relaxation behaviour of an invertebrate connective tissue . journal biomechanics . 17 ( 3 ) : 161 - 166 .
gregson , rp . , marwood , jf . , & quinn , rj . , 1981 . the occurrence of 5 - hydroxytryptamine in the holothurian , pentacter crassa . experientia . 37 ( 9 ) : 930 - 931 .
grigorai , gv . , 1982 . comparative study of toxicity of zinc for various ontogenetic stages of sea urchin and trepang . pp . 163 - 171 . in : ecology and conditions of reproduction of fish and invertebrates in waters of the soviet far east and the north - western part of the pacific ocean . ( konovalov , sm . , shuntov , vp . , markovtsev , vg . , gavrilov , gm . , osipov , vg . , pavlychev , vp . , mikulich , lv . , fadeev , ns . , & kucheryavenko , eb . , eds . ) .
grosenbaugh , da . , 1981 . qualitative assessment of the asteroids , echinoids and holothurians in yap lagoon . atoll research bulletin . 255 : 49 - 54 .
gruzov , en . , & pushkin , af . , 1970 . bottom communities of the upper sublittoral of enderby land and the south shetland islands . pp . 235 - 238 . in : antarctic ecology volume 1 . ( holdgate , mw . , ed . ) . academic press . london
gudimova , en . , gudimov , a . , & collin , p . , 2004 . a study of the biology for fishery in two populations of cucumaria frondosa : in the barents sea ( russia ) and in the gulf of maine ( usa ) . pp . 269 - 275 . in : echinoderms : muenchen . proceedings of the 11th international echinoderm conference , munich , germany , 6 - 10 october 2003 . ( heinzeller , t . , & nebelsick , jh . , eds . ) . taylor & francis , london . 633 pps .
gudimova , en . , & opalev , ml . , 1989 . gravimetry of the holothuroid cucumaria frondosa gunnerus in the water environment . pp . 107 - 112 . in : trophic interrelationships of benthic organisms and benthic fish of the barents sea . ( chinarina , ad . , ed . ) .
guenther , k . , 1903 . über den nucleolus im reifenden echinodermen ei und seine bedeutung . zoologische jahrbücher . 19 : 28 pps .
guo , c . , ni , z . , & xu , z . , 1998 . advances in the extraction and active research of glycosaminoglycan from echinodermata . marine science bulletin . 17 ( 5 ) : 84 - 87 .
guo , sy . , guo , z , chen , by . , guo , q . , ni , sw . , & wang , xc . , 2003 . urea induced inactivation and unfolding of arginine kinase from the sea cucumber . biokhimiya . 68 ( 11 ) : 1575 - 1580 .
gurumani , on . , & krishnamurthy , s . , 1994 . some aspects of processing and quality control of bêche - de - mer for export . in : proceedings of the national workshop on bêche - de - mer . ( rengarajan , k . , & james , db . , eds . ) central marine fisheries research institute bulletin . no . 46 : 81 - 84 .
gustato , g . , & villari ; , a . , 1980 . on the ecology and species frequency of the genus holothuria in the gulf of naples . pp . 187 . in : echinoderms - present and past proceedings of the european colloquium on echinoderms , brussels september 1979 . ( jangoux , m . , ed . ) balkema press , rotterdam . 428 pps .
gustato , g . , villari , a . , del gaudio , s . , & pedata , p . 1982 . ulteriori dati sulla distribuzione di holothuria tubulosa , holothuria polii e holothuria stellati nel golfo di napoli . bollettino società naturalisti napoli . 91 : 14 pps .
gutt , j . , 1991 . investigations on brood protection in psolus dubiosus ( echinodermata : holothuroidea ) from antarctica in spring and autumn . marine biology . 111 ( 2 ) : 281 - 286 .
gutt , j . , 1991 . on the distribution and ecology of holothurians in the weddell sea , antarctica . polar biology . 11 ( 3 ) : 145 - 155 .
gutt , j . , 2000 . some “driving forces” structuring communities of the sublittoral antarctic macrobenthos . antarctic science : 12 , 297 - 313 .
gutt , j . , 2001 . on the direct impact of ice on marine benthic communities , a review . polar biology . 24 : 553 - 564 .
gutt , j . , gerdes , d . , & klages , m . , 1992 . seasonality and spatial variability in the reproduction of two antarctic holothurians ( echinodermata ) . polar biology . 11 ( 8 ) : 533 - 544 .
gutt , j . , & piepenburg , d . , 1991 . dense agggregations of three deep - sea holothurians in the southern weddell sea , antarctica . marine ecology progress series . 68 ( 3 ) : 277 - 285 .
gutt , j . , & starmans , a . , 2001 . quantification of iceberg impact and benthic recolonisation patterns in the weddell sea , antarctica . polar biology . 24 : 615 - 619 .
guzman , hm . , & guevara , ca . , 2002 . population structure , distribution and abundance of three commercial species of sea cucumber ( echinodermata ) in panama . caribbean journal of science 38 ( 3 - 4 ) : 230 - 238 .
guzman , hm . , guevara , ca . , & hernandez , ic . , 2003 . reproductive cycle of two commercial species of sea cucumber ( echinodermata : holothuroidea ) from caribbean panama . marine biology . 142 ( 2 ) : 271 - 279 .
echinodermata ! starfish ! sea urchins ! sea cucumbers ! stone lillies ! feather stars ! blastozoans ! sea daisies ! marine invertebrates found throughout the world ' s oceans with a rich and ancient fossil legacy . their biology and evolution includes a wide range of crazy and wonderful things . let me share those things with you !
strange behavior i ' ve never heard of in this tropical sea cucumber . . .
seriously though , i ' ve never heard nor seen of a sea cucumber doing that rolling in the sand action . i this another thing that naturalists see that may not have been recorded before ? ?
on page 391 of their second edition of
reef creature identification
paul humann and ned deloach state
this creature can be quite active , and may be observed crawling or even rolling over and over .
unfortunately , no internet link availabble .
i pursue starfish related adventure around the world with a critical eye and an appreciation for weirdness . support has been courtesy of the national science foundation but the views and opinions presented herein are mine and do not reflect the opinions of them or any affiliated institutions . need to hire an invertebrate zoologist / marine biologist ? please contact me !
( photo by km6xo ) so , last week , i was contacted by an intrepid member of the public who was quite interested in finding out more about s . . .
if you ' ve ever enjoyed the fine diversity of japanese cuisine , and are a serious sushi connaisseur ( as i am ) you have probably experienc . . .
last week the foks over at newswatch national geographic proclaimed that they had the
5 weirdest antarctic species
. hyperbo . . .
( from clipart etc - florida educational claringhouse ) i was casually checking the numbers for the echinoblog over a july 4th weekend in . . .
( photo by emily miller kauai ) so , recently i ' ve gotten a bunch of questions about these peculiar sea urchins via email - and so i thou . . .
the other day , i was thinking of big stuff . and then , a bit later , i was thinking of starfish stuff . and then i thought of cake . ( mmm . . . .
images here from the encyclopedia of life this week , something about the many different kinds of asteroids ( aka sea star or starfish ! ) t . . .
today ' s topic : starfish defense ! ! its curious how often this question comes up . people see starfish and other echinoderms that are just . . .
from wikipedia ! sea urchins ! who doesn ' t love em ? the spiny balls of the sea ! we eat em ! they ' re important to marine ecosystems . . .
toxopneustes ! aka the
flower urchin
is one of four species of toxopneustes ( all of which occur throughout the tropical pacifi . . .
in continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
the office of national marine sanctuaries serves as the trustee for a network of underwater parks encompassing more than 600 , 000 square miles of marine and great lakes waters from washington state to the florida keys , and from lake huron to american samoa . the network includes a system of 13 national marine sanctuaries and papahānaumokuākea and rose atoll marine national monuments .
mallows bay on the tidal potomac river in maryland is home to nearly 200 known shipwrecks spanning from the revolutionary war through the present , and including the remains of the largest “ghost fleet” of world war i wooden steamships built for the u . s . emergency fleet , which are listed on the national register of historic places . mallows bay is a largely undeveloped landscape and waterscape identified as one of the most ecologically valuable in maryland , as the ship remains provide important habitat for fish and wildlife , including rare , threatened and endangered species .
wisconsin – lake michigan is an 875 square mile area of lake michigan with waters extending from port washington to two rivers . the state of wisconsin nominated this area as a national marine sanctuary through the sanctuary nomination process with broad community support . the area encompasses historic shipwrecks of national significance that merit the additional management authority of the national marine sanctuaries act . the nominated area contains an extraordinary collection of 39 known shipwrecks , 15 of which are listed on the national register of historic places .
papahānaumokuākea marine national monument ( pmnm ) is the largest conservation area in the world , protecting over 580 , 000 square miles of pacific ocean . the extensive coral reefs found in papahānaumokuākea – truly the rainforests of the sea – are home to over 7 , 000 marine species , one - quarter of which is found only in the hawaiian archipelago . many of the islands and shallow - water environments are important habitats for rare species such as the threatened green turtle and the endangered hawaiian monk seal . on less than six square miles of land , over 14 million seabirds representing 22 species breed and nest . land areas also provide a home for four species of bird found nowhere else in the world , including the world ' s most endangered duck , the laysan duck .
the national marine sanctuary of american samoa supports one of the most diverse ecosystems in the national marine sanctuary system . some of the marine life that finds a home in the sanctuary includes invertebrates , fishes , turtles , marine mammals and marine plants . the sanctuary protects extensive coral reefs , including some of the oldest and largest porites coral heads in the world , along with deep water reefs , hydrothermal vent communities and rare marine archaeological resources . located in the remote islands of polynesia , it is also the only true tropical reef within the national marine sanctuary system . it encompasses 13 , 581 square miles around the culture - rich islands of american samoa . visitors to the sanctuary can enjoy recreational activities such as diving , snorkeling and fishing as well as experience the cultural heritage of the islands .
greater farallones national marine sanctuary ( gfnms ) is a globally significant and extraordinarily diverse marine ecosystem that supports abundant wildlife and valuable fisheries . in 2015 , gfnms expanded north and west of their original boundaries to encompass 3 , 295 square miles . the farallon islands , located in the south - central part of the sanctuary , are a national wildlife refuge , offering resting and breeding sites for marine mammals and seabirds . the sanctuary has thousands of seals and sea lions , and is home to the largest concentration of breeding seabirds in the continental united states . visitors to gfnms can enjoy activities such as camping , tidepooling and surfing .
stellwagen bank national marine sanctuary ( sbnms ) is located at the mouth of massachusetts bay . the sand and gravel plateau that gives the sanctuary its name was formed by the slow retreat of massive ice age glaciers , which sculpted the dynamic seafloor . the nutrient - rich waters above and around the bank support a diverse ecosystem that has been a famous fishing ground for more than 400 years and claims status as the birthplace of east coast whale watching . historic new england shipping routes cross the sanctuary , and over the course of centuries , the seafloor has become a repository for shipwrecks – time capsules of our maritime heritage . the entire sanctuary encompasses 842 square miles of open ocean 25 miles east of boston . visitors to sbnms can enjoy whale watching , bird watching , diving and fishing in this history - rich and biologically - diverse habitat .
. our planet is an ocean planet , and whether you live near the coast or a thousand miles from it , the ocean is part of your life . from providing the food we eat to determining our weather , the ocean matters to each of us - - and the national marine sanctuary system protects this vital resource .
with that in mind , the photos and videos of earth is blue bring these ocean treasures directly to smartphones and computers all over the world , where they can serve as a tangible reminder that no matter where you are , the ocean and great lakes are in your hands . we hope these images inspire you to help care for our ocean and to spread the word that earth isn ' t green - - it ' s
a bat ray near anacapa island in channel islands national marine sanctuary . these graceful creatures use their fins to expose buried prey like clams and other mollusks . ( photo : robert schwemmer / noaa )
these are not the droids you ' re looking for – they ' re hydroids ! learn about these odd invertebrates in our video .
stories from the blue celebrate the people at the center of national marine sanctuaries and marine national monuments .
for the first time in two decades , noaa invites communities across the nation to nominate their most treasured places in our marine and great lakes waters for consideration as national marine sanctuaries .
in response to ongoing widespread interest from the public , noaa has launched a new , locally driven sanctuary nomination process developed with input from more than 18 , 000 public comments . throughout the nomination process , noaa will be available to answer questions and provide guidance to nominating communities and other interested parties . noaa will also update nominators on the progress of the agency ' s review of their nomination .
actor and activist edward james olmos lends his voice to the new sanctuary nomination process and offers a challenge to the american people . watch in hd
across all national marine sanctuaries , about $ 8 billion annually is generated in local coastal and ocean dependent economies .
we are pleased to share with you the final version of our vision for america ' s treasured ocean places , our five - year plan for advancing the protection of the amazing ocean and great lakes places managed by noaa ' s office of national marine sanctuaries . this document incorporates feedback from staff , members of the public , and a number of partner institutions and entities received throughout the process , including during a comment period posted in march 2017 .
national marine sanctuaries are ideal destinations for travelers who enjoy a diversity of recreational activities .
volunteers help to ensure marine sanctuaries remain america ' s underwater treasures for future generations .


it was described by butler in 1892 .

the wingspan is about 35 mm .

adults are sericeous pale brownish flesh-colour , sparsely irrorated with blackish atoms .

the larvae feed on uncaria species .

oreta carnea

oreta carnea ( butler , 1892 ) = agnidra carnea butler , 1892 = drepana berenica swinhoe , 1893 = cobanilla hepaticata warren , 1897 = cobanilla cardinalis warren , 1897 = drepana berenica swinhoe , 1893 = oreta hepatica warren 1897 = oreta cardinalis warren 1897 .
oreta carnea is a moth in the drepanidae family . it was described by butler in 1892 . it is found in malaysia , singapore and on sumatra , java and borneo .
this is by far the commonest bornean oreta , occurring from the lowlands to about 1600m , mostly in forest but including secondary forest .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
we use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .
warren , cobanilla cardinalis warren , 1897 , novit . zool . , 4 : 13 .
this is one of the smallest bornean species , variable , with fasciation diffusely darker on dull medium to dark red forewings . there are usually two blackish submarginal spots at the forewing tornus . the antennae are narrowly bipectinate .
the species has been reared from uncaria ( rubiaceae ) in malaysia ( yunus & ho , 1980 ; zhang , 1994 ) .
note : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments
* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322dd07d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3250132a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32502161 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33433df2 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
beccaloni g . , scoble m . , kitching i . , simonsen t . , robinson g . , pitkin b . , hine a . & lyal c . ( 2018 ) . lepindex : the global lepidoptera names index ( version 12 . 3 , jan 2012 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 49b85d6b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more
the wingspan is about 35 mm . adults are sericeous pale brownish flesh - colour , sparsely irrorated with blackish atoms . the forewings are crossed by two very indistinct oblique darker lines and there is a submarginal series of rosy spots on the veins . the hindwings have two whitish stigmata on the discocellulars .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .