the caiques ( / kaɪˈiːk / or / kɑːˈiːk / ) are species of parrots in the genus pionites .

they are relatively small and stocky , with a short , square tail and very bright colors .

their typical weight is 150 – 170 grams .

they can live up to 40 years .

they are endemic in the amazon basin in south america , with the black-headed north of the amazon river , and the white-bellied south .

they are listed on appendix 2 of cites as a species of least concern .

they generally prefer forested areas and subsist on fruit and seeds .

caiques are generally canopy dwellers , spending most of their time in the tops of trees , foraging and playing .

caique wing feathers produce a distinctive whirring sound in flight .

they are highly vocal .

caique

‘typically , 12 to 20 rounds were needed to destroy a caique or schooner . ’
a caique is one of two species of small , brightly colored parrot of the genus pionites . the two species of caique are the white - bellied caique ( or white - bellied parrot ) and the black - headed caique ( or black - headed parrot ) . they originate from the area of the amazon rainforest of northern brazil and southern venezuela , and the guiana highlands .
caique .
urltoken unabridged ( v 1 . 1 ) . random house , inc . 2008 .
“the yellow - thighed caique is somewhat less common in u . s . aviculture than the black - headed caique due to the number of birds imported for breeding stock in the 1970s and 1980s , ” noted worth .
as with most avian species , the personality traits of the caique differ with each individual bird . some exhibit the
both parrot species of caique have a variety of vocalizations that consist of screeches , shrieks and squawks . the black - headed caique’s unique call is often described as a sort of “toot , ” which might be used to communicate with other caiques within the flock . talking isn’t a caique’s area of strength . their relatively quiet voices are often compared to conures and pionus parrots . they’re more likely to mimic sounds than human speech . of course , it depends upon the individual caique’s talent and the time each owner invests in training .
‘we sent up our luggage and servants by a caique , a long , narrow , flat - bottomed boat , rowed by sculls . ’
because of the caique’s curious nature and tendency to play hard , a pet caique can might find itself in a dangerous situation . make sure your caique has plenty of bird - safe toys to play with and that you keep a close eye on your pet whenever it is out of the cage . caiques might be more susceptible to polyomavirus , which results in gastroenteritis and also affect the bird’s heart , liver and kidney .
the caique is becoming ever more popular as a companion bird , but you may have to do your research to acquire one - most pet shops will not carry this species . you will more likely have to contact a breeder or find an all - bird shop to purchase your caique .
” helio gracie was so impressed with caique elias that he awarded him the tile of “best student” at the original academia gracie in brazil . ”
aside from the caique’s striking appearance , its personality is the primary reason for its rise in popularity . caique owners rave about this plucky , active , little comedian . most bird owners know that they will have to accept the good , the bad , and the “ugly” part of bird ownership when they take on a feathered companion . the caique makes a wonderful pet , but it’s not perfect . they can be stubborn and beaky , and very willful . but they are so cute , it’s difficult to fault them . keep a very watchful eye on your caique if you have other birds in the house - they are known for bird - on - bird aggression , and care should be taken that the caique does not injure another pet bird .
two species of caiques are commonly kept as pets : the black - headed caique ( pionites melanocephala ) and the white - bellied caique ( pionites leucogaster ) . the yellow - thighed caique , a subspecies of the white - bellied , is also kept as a pet , though it is less common in the pet trade . the black - headed and the white - bellied caique have a similar appearance , with a few obvious distinctions . they both are about 9 to 10 inches long , and their color composition is relatively simple , with “sections” of the bird in green , orange , yellow , and white .
caiques are also occasionally known as the “seven - color parrot” because each caique’s plumage includes black , green , yellow , orange , white and blue feathers .
” caique is one of the best jiu jitsu that we ever have formed in our family . if you are on the south bay la area this is the academy to go”
as with most parrots , males and females of either species of caique look exactly the same . the only ways to determine sex are surgical sexing and dna sexing . dna sexing is safer for the bird than surgical sexing . white - bellied caique white - bellied caiques are found south of the amazon from northern brazil to bolivia , peru , and ecuador .
toys are a staple of the caique’s energy - diet . caiques are always “on the go” and love to play with toys , especially toys that they can demolish . be sure to have a steady supply of new toys on hand to replace the old ones when they become ragged or are disassembled . you’ll have to experiment with several types of toys to find your caique’s favorites . fortunately , there are many types of toys on the market to choose from , but make sure that they are safe before you give them to your caique .
black headed caique the black - headed caique , pionites melanocephala , is also known as the black - capped parrot or pallid caique . it has a black crown , yellow to orange head , white belly , yellow leg feathers and underside of tail , green back and wings , bluish primaries , greyish bill , and black feet . it is found in northern south america north of the amazon in peru , colombia , venezuela , brazil , guyana , and possibly french guiana . there are two subspecies , with birds between them intermediate in color :
mango and kiwi , the white - bellied caique parrot sisters , having some play time on the floor , wrestling on their backs , and having a fun time . . . so cute !
caiques reach maturity at two to three years of age , and can live past 20 years old if well cared for . although not for everyone , those with an endless amount of energy and willingness to provide constant fun for this on - the - go parrot , a caique might just be perfect . i can guarantee that you will never be bored with a caique in the house .
there are two parrot species of caique each with several subspecies . neither species can be sexed visually . the black - headed caique ( pionites melanocephala melanocephala ) originates in the guianas , brazil , columbia , venezuela , ecuador and peru . in the subspecies p . m . pallida , the throat , flanks and thighs are clear yellow and the band around the nape is pale orange - yellow .
the black - headed caique has , obviously , a black head and black beak , while the white - bellied has , you guessed it , a white belly ( so does the black - headed , incidentally ) , horn - colored beak , and a bright orange and yellow head . the caique is a stocky bird , surprisingly heavy for its size , as most new owners will point out .
‘we enter a caique , where we take our seals in oriental fashion , and two rowers , dressed in grey - white , striped silk shirts and red fezzes , sped us up the bosporus . ’
i know caique since we were teenagers . he always been one of the best students at my uncle helio gracie ' s academy . i have no doubt that you will be learning from one of the best !
for a truly mesmerizing experience get on board our traditional caique , exclusive for the distinguished guests of blue palace resort and spa . travel on the crystal clear waters around the mirabello gulf and unlock some of the most authentic surroundings .
spend the evening sailing on the caique surrounded by the breathtaking natural beauty of the coast line of elounda and spinalonga island . set off from the hotel’s own jetty with chilled champagne and the chef’s treat of canapés with local indigenous flavors for an intimate interlude .
carlos caique elias has been studying jiu jitsu with me and my family for many years . in brazil he became one of the best students we ever have . i fully recommend his school as one to learn the real , effective and traditional gracie jiu jitsu
though the caique is a medium - sized bid , it needs a large environment . this energetic bird will suffer greatly from being confined to a small cage . think about building a small aviary if you can , or at least provide your caique with the largest housing you can afford . make sure that the bar - spacing is appropriate for a bird of its size and that there’s a grating on the bottom of the cage . this playful bird will discover the weaknesses in its cage in no time , so be sure that the cage is of quality construction , such as those made from stainless steel .
well known as the clown of companion birds , caiques are loved by bird fanciers for their outgoing nature and ability to make people laugh with their playful antics . the proper way to pronounce caique is “kai - eke” — don’t ask for a “cake” at the bird shop , or they might point you to the nearest bakery !
the white - bellied caique , pionites leucogaster , has an orange - yellow head , a white belly , green wings and back , bluish primary feathers , a horn - colored beak , and pink or grey feet . there are several subtypes of the white - bellied caique , including the green thighed ( pionites leucogaster leucogaster ) , the yellow thighed ( p . l . xanthomeria ) , and the yellow tailed ( p . l . xanthrus ) . currently , the yellow thighed is the type most commonly kept as a pet in the united states . the green thighed is somewhat rare in captivity , and the yellow tailed has been documented in the wild but is very rare in captivity .
out - of - the - cage time is very important for caiques , and they should have a playgym or cage playtop with lots of toys . most caiques appreciate stripping nontoxic branches with the leaves still attached , and they’ll even bathe in these if the leaves are soaked . bathtime is a relished caique activity , and many prefer a leaf bath .
if the african grey parrot is the intellectual of the bird community , and the macaw is the show - off , then the caique is the clown . caiques have been called clowns more often than barnum and bailey have had shows in three rings , and for good reason - the clown is a truly appropriate metaphor for this medium - sized mischief maker .
caiques can’t compete in a noise contest with a cockatoo , but they are not quiet , by any means . their noise level is moderate , and will only bother your more “sensitive” neighbors . they are not known for their talking ability , but can learn to whistle and cluck very well . a talented caique will talk , but its mimicking does not rival that of the better talking species .
the less common but increasingly available species is the white - bellied caique , whose habitat is south of the amazon , from northern brazil and spreading to parts of bolivia , ecuador and peru . the appearance of the white - bellied species is almost identical to the black - headed , with two striking exceptions : the beak of the white - bellied caique is horn colored , and the entire head is a bright yellow / orange , giving this species the appearance of wearing a hood . the abrupt color changes from one part of the body to another are so pronounced on both of these birds that they look as if they have been painted on ! the white - bellied species is slightly smaller in size measuring approximately eight inches in length , and again , this species is not sexually dimorphic .
the second parrot species , often called the white - bellied caique ( pionites leucogaster leucogaster ) , hails from brazil , bolivia , ecuador and peru . the name “white - bellied” might be a little misleading . “as all caique species have white bellies , yellow - thighed is a bit more accurate common name , ” said breeder gail worth of aves international . the subspecies p . l . xanthurus possesses paler plumage with the thighs , sides of body and under tail - coverts as well as top and underside of the tail yellow . the lower back and upper tail - coverts are green interspersed with yellow . the thighs and sides of the subspecies p . l . xanthomeria are yellow . the topside of the tail is green , the underside blackish . the periophthalmic eye ring is gray and the beak horn - colored with a grayish base . the feet are dark gray .
for this reason , we highly recommend that you find an effective training program for your caique . whether he is new to your home or you’ve had him for years , a training program will always come in handy . we personally recommend the bird tricks parrot training course by chet womach . you can see many of his videos for free to get an idea of how much he knows about birds and how he can help you train yours .
juvenile white - bellied caique juvenile white bellies often have brownish or black feathers on the head and back of the neck , as well as yellow feathers on the white belly , as shown in the photo on the left . generally these off - colored feathers will be lost and replaced by orange or white feathers respectively . young birds will also have dark brown irises , which will change to a rust or orange color as the bird matures .
well - known behavior specialist sally blanchard shares her life and love with an adorable black - headed caique named spike . spike often accompanies sally to lectures , where she demonstrates his exuberance for this hopping activity by placing her hand on his back , grasping him around his middle and pretending to
bounce
him up and down . much to the delight of spectators , spike will continue
bouncing
and bunny - hopping long after sally has released him !
a medium sized parrot from the amazon rainforest which comes in two species , white bellied and black headed . both look as if they are wearing outfits : yellow or orange pants , white shirt , green jacket and a orange or black hat . the caique is an attractive parrot who is surprisingly destructive for it’s size and can be rather noisy . however they are extremely tame , highly social birds and can make excellent pets . they live for about 40 years .
enjoy a delicious lunch , with a selection of homemade dishes , light snacks ; fresh bread and greek wine , all packed in a traditional picnic basket . you can choose to enjoy this picnic lunch on our traditional caique , sailing around the coastline of elounda and the island of spinalonga . this package includes two types of menu , customized to your needs . it is a great opportunity to enjoy an al fresco romantic meal for couples or the perfect opportunity for some family bonding !
rarely do aviculturists find themselves in unanimous agreement . however , rarely have i met someone who didn’t agree on the engaging and clownish personality of the caique parrot . these small ( 9 inches ) but sturdily - built south american parrots are highly desired pets due to their beautiful plumage and lively , inquisitive natures . caiques ( commonly pronounced “ky eek” in the united states ) love to play and are often described as natural clowns with a sweet , somewhat mischievous nature . these high - energy parrots require an owner who appreciates and nurtures their unique personalities .
not only playful and energetic , caiques also excel intellectually . they enjoy exploring new objects , whether it is a new puzzle toy or surfing in a new acquaintance’s hair . the best caique pets are well - socialized through frequent handling by many people . some caiques exhibit territorial behavior , especially around the cage . “caiques have an extra dose of self - confidence , but are intelligent enough to know when their bluff has been called , ” said nancy speed of mississippi pea patch aviaries . “they will gracefully worm their way out of any situation they cannot control . ”
because of their acrobatic displays , caiques require extra large cages for their relatively small size . many breeders recommended a minimum cage size of 31⁄2 - feet high by 3 - feet deep by 4 - feet in length . choose one with safe bar spacing , no more than 3⁄4 or 7⁄8 an inch . lots of perches , wooden chew toys and a variety of frequently rotated toys will keep your caique satisfied and entertained . caiques seem to delight in the thrill of movement – hence the hopping and hanging from objects – so swings and other mobile toys , even the outstretched hand of a person , are favorites of these birds .
my pet bird review of kitty the caique parrot is finally here ! a video 3 years in the making and you guys have requested for it multiple times . i ' ll start by saying that choosing a pet bird is a daunting task because the choice you make is most likely going to be a life choice as most parrots will happily live past 25 and keep going . if you choose a caique , they have been known to live past 60 so there ' s a good chance your pet will outlive you by the time you get around to affording the purchase ( they are not cheap at all ) . caiques are playful little birds who don ' t know their own size , it ' s been a highly rewarding experience getting one : ) got questions for me about the bird ? join our facebook below ! facbook : urltoken flikr : urltoken sub to itsdankreviews : urltoken check out some of our other great videos below ! sony fe 35mm f2 . 8 za carl zeiss sonnar review : urltoken sony fe 55mm f1 . 8 za carl zeiss sonnar overview : urltoken sony a7 / a7r battery grip review vg - c1em : urltoken sony a7 / a7r review , alpha 7 : urltoken sony a7 / a7r metabones adapter review for canon and nikon to e - mount : urltoken
set off from the hotel’s own jetty aboard our quintessentially greek fishing boat and savor a selection of cretan wines and a platter of cheese locally sourced from dairy farms . the caique sails around the coast of elounda and around the isle of spinalonga , which sits right across from blue palace . spinalonga is a national heritage monument , non - inhabited islet , with a rich history that uniquely captures the history of crete itself . with impressive relics from the roman times , venetian occupation , ottoman turks and most recent history as a leper colony , spinalonga has been immortalized in the best - selling book of victoria hislop “the island” . its view is truly breathtaking !
currently the most commonly available species is the black - headed caique , originating north of the amazon and westward to parts of venezuela , ecuador and peru . these birds sport a deep , rich forest green color on their backs , wings and tail . the top and upper back of the head is a shiny jet black ; the nape and neck is a vivid yellow / orange , and the beak is black . there is a hint of dark green around the eyes , and the entire front of the belly and breast area is a soft cloudy white .
socks
and the underside of the tail is burnt orange . this parrot measures approximately nine inches in length , and their sex is undeterminable by visualization .
pepper was a rescue bird , a black headed caique ( pionites melanocephalus ) who had a rough life before becoming part of our family about 8 years ago . he was stubborn , messy , loud… and i fell so in love with him . pepper bonded most closely with me , and for years i worked hard to train him and gain his trust . he also enjoyed my mother’s company , respected but avoided my father , and constantly tried to attack my little brother . he tried to attack anyone who visited , even relatives who came over often ( like my grandparents ) . he was especially protective of me . anytime the front door opened , he had to march over to investigate . he often perched on the family room windowsill surveying the driveway , ready to warn us of any threat ( hawk , crow , airplane , etc ) .
we thank ana l . fonseca , marcelo amorim , marcelo fonseca , theo mota , luiza c . martins , lucas , eliane and caique for logistical support and help in the field work . we express our gratitude to the addiny family for kindly providing permission to do field work on its property , and also to j . p . lemos - filho and g . w . fernandes that gently loaned us equipments , s . dolédec who gave statistical advice and f . de bello , b . h . p . rosado and f . f . carmo that provided insightful discussions . we are also thankful for the botanical specialists who gently helped with many identifications , especially n . f . o . mota and p . l . viana . finally , we thank the grants from the cnpq ( conselho nacional de desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico , 163020 / 2013 - 2 , 482720 / 2012 ) , capes ( coordenação de aperfeiçoamento de pessoal de nível superior ) and fapemig ( fundação de amparo à pesquisa de minas gerais ) . this study was in partial fulfillment of the master requirements of l . f . a . de paula in plant biology , who received a scholarship from cnpq . f . a . o . silveira receives a research productivity fellowship from cnpq .
jojo and abu are blackheaded caiques . jojo is 3 . 5 years old & female , while abu is 5 months and male . they love to wrestle together , and as you see , abu just lays on his back waiting for jojo to pounce . in this video jojo is more aggressive and runs in for the attack .
hitherto considered conspecific with p . xanthomerius and p . leucogaster , but separated as a species distinct from former by characters given under that species , and from latter by its yellow vs green tail ( 3 ) , yellow vs green lower flanks and thighs ( 3 ) , and unknown - width hybrid zone ( at least 1 ) . monotypic .
brazil s of amazon from r purús and r juruá to r madeira catchment in amazonas .
, with which this species was formerly considered to be conspecific , a medium - sized , chunky , short - tailed parrot , with apricot - orange cap , . . .
no information , though basic details are unlikely to differ significantly from p . leucogaster .
no data , though basic details of breeding biology are unlikely to differ significantly from p . leucogaster .
vulnerable . cites ii . no population estimate . suspected to lose 17·8–22·2 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 24 years ) from 2002 , based on a . . .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . yellow - tailed parrot ( pionites xanthurus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
recent reappraisal of higher taxonomy of parrots # r proposed arrangement into three superfamilies , here treated as families ( strigopidae , cacatuidae , psittacidae ) ; same study split psittacidae , as here defined , into three families , with additional recognition of psittrichasidae ( psittrichas to coracopsis , below ) and psittaculidae ( psephotus to micropsitta , below ) ; in present work , separation of these families considered to require further study and perhaps additional support . in the past , present family was often split into two , with recognition of family loriidae ; at the other extreme , it was sometimes considered to include all psittaciformes .
recent molecular studies indicate that this genus and deroptyus are sister - taxa # r # r # r .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 10 . 7 - 13 . 6 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 24 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to hunting and / or trapping , it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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for a while , it looked like they might actually be in recovery . but this year’s census of the american subspecies , the rufa red knot , found that numbers have plummeted to an all - time low . the likely cause ? food shortages in delaware bay , a crucial feeding stopover site on their migration .
climate change and invasive species don’t just impact birds – the latest update to the iucn red list of threatened species shows that they are a growing threat to australia’s unique reptiles . however , the update also revealed good news for four south american amphibians assumed to be extinct .
we present the highlights of the latest issue of bird conservation international , our quarterly peer - reviewed journal promoting worldwide research and action for the conservation of birds and their habitats .
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help us to protect america ' s migratory birds on their epic journey across continents .
around one in five of all the world’s bird species migrate . and while every migration is an epic and often perilous feat of endurance , here’s a selection of species that we feel go the extra mile .
ulcinj salina is a traditional salt pan whose shallow waters feed and support more than 250 bird species . however , recent proposals to build a large - scale tourism resort threaten to obliterate it .
jane alexander is an acclaimed actress , author and an impassioned birder who is also a member of birdlife’s global advisory group . here , she talks to us about how acting got her into birding , and how the new generation gives her hope .
a new mode of farming is taking off in south america . the pampas is one the world’s most important grassland biomes : but intensive farming is wearing it down . now , a scheme for sustainable , bird - friendly meat is getting prestigious recognition .
one in eight bird species is in danger of extinction – but what are the main factors driving their decline ? they might not be what you think . read about the five biggest threats to bird biodiversity , and what’s being done to combat them .
over the last 40 years , europe’s skylarks have suffered a 50 % decline due to the intensification of agriculture . in sweden , this figure jumps to a staggering 75 % .
we interview katharine lowrie : part of a record - breaking couple who sailed the atlantic to begin an ultra - marathon through south america , all to raise money and awareness for wildlife and wild places .
it’s a first for burkina faso . . . a love story between environmental organization naturama ( birdlife - burkina faso ) and the private cement factory cimburkina . their common aim is to strengthen nature conservation and improve community livelihoods at the cement plant ' s operating sites .
following a tireless campaign by birdlife australia , which gained support from around the world , the australian government has decided to reject an application for phosphate mining on christmas island , a crucial wildlife haven in the indian ocean .
while armed conflict in colombia may be over , an influx of illegal miners and loggers means our newest partner’s collaborative approach to conservation has never been more important .
we are a global partnership of independent organisations working together as one for nature and people . read more about birdlife .
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when you get involved with birdlife you are helping us to go beyond today to impact the future . read about how you can support us .
from the amazon to the zambezi , from the tundra to the tierra del fuego the birdlife partnership is active in more than 120 countries worldwide . read more about our regional work .
as with most parrots , caiques thrive on a pelleted - base diet that is supplemented with fresh fruit and vegetables . nutri - berries are an especially good food for caiques because they offer fun foraging and balanced nutrition .
they are not great for first - time bird owners , but they will always keep you entertained . they enjoy playing on their backs , hopping around the house , and just being comical . they are mischevious , stubborn , and need clear boundaries or they may become nippy .
they aren’t good talkers , but they like to learn tricks and most will be friendly with everyone in the family . they can be noisy , so they are best kept in a house . because of their strong personalities , it’s best to make sure you get a hand - fed and properly socialized baby .
if you live in a house and are prepared to care for a medium parrot with a strong personality ( and put up with some bites here or there ) , then you just might be the right owner for one of these energetic bundles of fun .
there are two species of these birds and the most notable difference is that the top of the black - headed’s head is black while the white - bellied’s is yellow .
need a more experienced bird owner because they can become nippy if not taught correct boundaries .
moderate–they can be noisy at times , so they are more suited living in a house .
high energy , big appetite , vocal , love to chew , like to roll around with toys , tendency to skip and hop around , like to learn tricks , good at mimicking sounds , can be noisy , get into mischief , can become nippy , active , comical , playful , can be very stubborn , fearless , intelligent , most will be friendly with everyone in the family , some may become one - person birds , like to bathe .
good–some can learn to talk a limited amount ( with small voices ! ) , but all are good at learning tricks .
they should be handled daily in order to keep them socialized and from becoming nippy .
video by redmelde these birds love to play and roll around on their backs with toys . this video shows just how much fun they can be .
video by sakura69abc they are also known to hop and skip around . this is a cute video of one hopping .
these birds , like most medium - sized parrots , can be very nippy . you definitely need to know how to train him if you want him to be hand tamed and enjoy spending time with you and your friends / family . however , if you don’t know how to train one , you may have difficulty even getting your bird out of his cage .
below is one of chet’s videos that covers the first step to stopping your parrot’s biting . this technique is perfect for caiques . this video is a great example of how effective the training courses can be and how they are filled with a wealth of useful information for any bird owner . this video is only the first step in getting your bird hand tamed . we highly recommend checking out chet’s curriculum for taming your bird even further .
for more information about chet’s course , you can visit the bird tricks webpage here .
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what made you want to look up caïque ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
the story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .
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the narrow , 1 . 2 km long mountain pass that visitors ( a . k . a . tourons , mind ! ) , must pass in order to be face - to - face with what & apos ; s now being tirelessly given more than a & apos ; sporting chance & apos ; to be one of the new seven wonders of the world ( namely petra , a . k . a . the rose city ) . well , this chance is 10 - sigma ! see this blog that i particularily liked ! and . . . hey & apos ; all ! don & apos ; t vote petra ! blog . sweetestmemories . com / default . asp ? display = 572
caïque is the original turkish word for & apos ; any & apos ; mountainous pass not just petra & apos ; s . . . for
pete - ra & apos ; s
sake ! also spelled siq / saiq .
a single - masted sailing vessel used on the eastern mediterranean sea , having a sprit mainsail , a square topsail , and two or more other sails .
urltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , © random house , inc . 2018
was to be had , the weather was so bad they could not cross .
collins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition © william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 © harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012
any of four ( previously two ) species of parrot in the genus pionites .
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“i may have fallen as hard for plyto in a tasting room or over dinner at home , but the setting of our first encounter made it inevitable . i was on a sloop , sailing past the stone bastions of spinalonga , the mysterious venetian fortress off crete’s northern coast . friends i‘d met that afternoon had laid out meats and cheeses beside canapés that looked like miniature sculptures . the sea was simmering , the sky a shade of el greco blue… . ”
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‘the lighter service was handled , at least in part , by caiques and other mostly locally owned small boats whose socio - economic leverage , unlike that of the elite property owners on the sea front , was not great . ’
‘formerly known as caiques , gulets are beautiful , broad - beamed , hand - built wooden sailing boats , but unfortunately these days the sails are strictly for show . ’
‘in fact only a small convoy of caiques , bearing a single battalion of mountain troops , was headed for maleme , not canea . ’
early 17th century : from french caïque , from italian caicco , from turkish kayık .
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archaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .
mechanical transmission means the transfer of pathogens from an infected host or a contaminated substrate to a susceptible host , where a biological association between the pathogen and the vector is not necessary . the vectors in this case are not restricted to arthropods . birds , rats , mice , other animals and even humans can serve as mechanical vectors ; thus , vector ecologists must know about non - arthropod taxa and their roles in transmitting disease agents .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
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1969 . insect allergy : the allergenic potentials of the cockroach . southern med . j .
1968 . new concepts on the epidemiological features of bovine besnoitiosis as determined by laboratory and field investigations . onderstepoort j . vet . res .
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1988 . transmission of hiv in belle glade , florida : lessons for other communities in the united states . science
1961 . mechanism of transmission of viruses by mosquitoes . annu . rev . entomol .
1983 . modi e mezzi di diffusione dei microrganismi negli alimenti ad opera degli insetti . proc . dif . antiparassit . industr . aliment . protez .
1950 . the coxsackie viruses . bull . n . y . acad . med .
1949 . a virus recovered from the feces of “poliomyelitis” patients pathogenic for suckling mice . j . exp . med .
1992 . arthropods in a hospital and their potential significance in the epidemiology of hospital infections . folia parasitol .
1990 . interrupted feeding of blood - sucking insects : causes and effects . parasitol . today
1970 . anaplasmosis transmission : inoculation by the ocular route . res . vet . sci .
1950 . the transmission of anaplasmosis . am . j . vet . res .
in the transmission of parasitic helminth eggs and larvae . internat . j . zoonoses
1954 . a note on domestic cockroaches in south texas . j . econ . entomol .
1926 . on a bactericidal principle present in the alimentary canal of insects and arachnids . parasitol .
1992 . mechanical transmission of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by hematophagous mites ( acari ) . j . med . entomol .
1983 . flies as a source of enteric pathogens in a rural village in thailand . appl . environ . microbiol .
1972 . epidemiology of the venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus complex . proc . 3rd intern . conf . equine infect . dis . ( paris ) , pp . 26–145 .
1988 . blood - feeding by vectors : physiology , behavior , and vertebrate defense . pp . 153–189
t . p . monath ( ed . ) , the arboviruses : epidemiology and ecology , vol . 1 . crc press , boca raton , florida .
1987 . bovine leukosis virus : understanding viral transmission and the methods of control . vet . med .
1943 . dysentery in the middle east with special reference to sulphaguanidine treatment . trans . royal soc . trop . med . hyg .
1955 . experimental transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus by diptera . j . infect . dis .
1973 . friend leukemia virus ( flv ) activity in certain arthropods . iii . transmission studies . neoplasma
1984 . tabanid ( diptera ) populations associated with an equine infectious anemia outbreak in an inapparently infected herd of horses . j . med . entomol .
( diptera : tabanidae ) and the potential for mechanical transmission of pathogens . j . med . entomol .
1988 . quantifying the role of horse flies as vectors of equine infectious anemia . pp . 189–195
d . g . powell ( ed . ) , equine infectious diseases . proc . fifth intern . conf . university press , lexington , kentucky .
) as carriers of microorganisms of medical importance in hospitals . epidemiol . infect .
1993 . ants as potential vectors of pathogens in hospitals in the state of sào paulo , brazil . insect sci . appl .
francis jr . , t . , brown , g . c . and penner , l . r . 1948 . search for extrahuman sources of poliomyelitis virus . j . am . med . assoc .
1987 . transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus . new england j . med .
1951 . effet de la lutte antimouches sur l’incidence des maladies oculaires dans le sud marocain . bull . soc . pathol . exot .
1976 . incidence of pinkeye in relation to face fly control . tennessee farm & home sci .
1973 . experimental studies of the epidemiology of bovine herpes mammillitis . res . vet . sci .
1968 . can flies cause the spread of dermatophytosis ? acta dermat . - venereol .
by regurgitation from the crop of the face fly ( diptera : muscidae ) . j . econ . entomol .
. i . review of the literature . ann . soc . belge méd . trop .
y . h . hui , j . r . gorham , k . d . murrell and d . o . cliver ( eds . ) , foodborne disease handbook , vol . 3 . marcel dekker , new york .
1914 . flies in relation to disease : non - bloodsucking flies . cambridge university press , cambridge , england . 389 pp .
1968 . model for destruction of bacteria in the midgut of blow fly maggots . j . med . entomol .
1971 . flies and disease . vol . 1 , ecology , classification and biotic associations . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey . 856 pp .
1973 . flies and disease . vol . 2 , biology and disease transmission . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey . 447 pp .
1964 . fly dispersion from a rural mexican slaughterhouse . am . j . trop . med . hyg .
by flies : natural resistance to colonization and bacterial interference . infect . immun .
1993 . role of fomites and flies in the transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus . vet . rec .
1972 . role of the housefly in the transmission of intestinal parasitic cysts / ova . indian j . med . res .
1946 . studies of the dissemination of cysts and ova of human intestinal parasites by flies in various localities on guam . am . j . trop . med . hyg .
1989 . epidemiology and clinical spectrum of brazilian purpuric fever . j . clin . microbiol .
1979 . entomology in human and animal health , 7th ed . macmillan , new york . 548 pp .
1987 . rectal transmission of bovine leukemia virus in cattle and sheep . am . j . vet . res .
linn . ; its structure , habits , development , relation to disease , and control . cambridge university press , cambridge , england . 382 pp .
by cat fleas ( siphonaptera : pulicidae ) . j . med . entomol .
1989 . quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the blood of infected persons . new england j . med .
1972 . the trypanosomes of mammals : a zoological monograph . blackwell scientific publications , oxford , england . 749 pp .
1985 . mechanical transmission of rift valley fever virus by hematophagous diptera . am . j . trop . med . hyg .
r . traub and h . starcke ( eds . ) , fleas : proceedings of the international conference on fleas , ashton wold , peterborough , uk , 21 - 25 june , 1977 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .
g . w . beran and j . h . steele ( eds . ) , bacterial , rickettsial , chlamydial , and mycotic diseases , 2nd ed . crc press , boca raton , florida .


eatoniopsis is a genus of minute sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family cingulopsidae .

this species has been declared a synonym of the genus skenella in the family cingulopsidae .

eatoniopsis

worms - world register of marine species - eatoniopsis paludinoides ( e . a . smith , 1902 )
eatoniopsis thiele , j . , 1912 type species : skenella paludinoides smith , e . a . , 1902
species eatoniopsis edwardiensis ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as skenella edwardiensis ( r . b . watson , 1886 )
species eatoniopsis paludinoides ( e . a . smith , 1902 ) accepted as skenella paludinoides ( e . a . smith , 1902 )
( of eatoniopsis ( pilitonia ) ponder & yoo , 1981 ) ponder w . f . & yoo e . k . ( 1981 [
1980
] ) . a review of the genera of cingulopsidae with a revision of the australian and tropical indo - pacific species ( mollusca : gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . records of the australian museum . 33 : 1 - 88 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
» species skenella ( skenella ) edwardiensis ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) represented as skenella edwardiensis ( r . b . watson , 1886 )
» species skenella ( skenella ) paludinoides ( e . a . smith , 1902 ) represented as skenella paludinoides ( e . a . smith , 1902 )
» species skenella ( skenella ) sinapi ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) represented as skenella sinapi ( r . b . watson , 1886 )
ponder w . f . ( 1983 ) rissoaform gastropods from the antarctic and sub - antarctic . the eatoniellidae , rissoidae , barleeidae , cingulopsidae , orbitestellidae and rissoellidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of signy island , south orkney islands , with a review of the antarctic and sub - antarctic ( excluding southern south america and the new zealand sub - antarctic islands ) species . british antarctic survey , scientific reports 108 : 1 - 96 . [ details ]
ponder w . f . & yoo e . k . ( 1981 [
1980
] ) . a review of the genera of cingulopsidae with a revision of the australian and tropical indo - pacific species ( mollusca : gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . records of the australian museum . 33 : 1 - 88 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
thiele , j . 1913 . die antarktischen schnecken und muscheln . deutsche südpolar expedition 1901 - 1903 13 : 183 - 285 . [ details ]
description : shell minute , moderately tall spired , spire outline straight . protoconch of 1½ whorls , teleoconch up to about 2¾ weakly convex whorls . surface glossy , smooth apart from weak growth lines and spiral scratches . aperture elongate - ovate , outer lip prosocline . inner lip thin over parietal wall , thicker below . columella with weak , broad bulge deep within aperture ( fig . 2 ) . umbilicus closed , umbilical chink present . colour brown .
distribution : endemic to australia . north stradbroke island , queensland , southwards to eastern victoria and tasmania .
habitat : on algae , stones and debris in the mid - to lower littoral and sublittoral ( ponder & yoo , 1980 ) . common , often abundant .
comparison : this is similar to e . voorwindei in having a bulge on the columella , but differs in having a umbilicus closed .
figs . 1 , 2 : green cape , nsw ( c . 354174 )
description : shell minute , moderately short spired , spire outline almost straight . protoconch of 1½ whorls , teleoconch of about 3 convex whorls . surface smooth apart from weak growth lines and spiral scratches . aperture elongate - ovate , outer lip orthocline ( broken in figure ) . inner lip thin over parietal wall , thicker below . columella with distinct bulge deep within aperture ( fig . 2 ) . umbilicus narrow , partly hidden by inner lip of aperture . colour brown .
distribution : endemic to australia . port stephens , nsw , southwards to bass strait .
habitat : lives on algae in the lower littoral and sublittoral ( ponder & yoo , 1980 ) . uncommon .
comparison : this species is distinguished within the group in nsw by having the umbilicus narrowly open accompanied by a bulge on the columella .
figs . 1 , 2 : green cape , nsw ( c . 106215 )
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 02c37e04 - 9489 - 4ce6 - ab86 - 7b60200287ce
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 31d90fa7 - 1a33 - 46a3 - a603 - e4c1eca2dd77
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 522694
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eatonina thiele , j . , 1912 type species : eatonina ( eatonina ) pusilla thiele , j . , 1912
eatonina ( eatonina ) thiele , j . , 1912 type species : eatonina ( eatonina ) atomaria powell , a . w . b . , 1933
eatonina ( captitonia ) ponder , w . f . & e . k . yoo , 1980 type species : antimitra lirata adams , a . , 1865
eatonina ( otatara ) ponder , w . f . , 1965 type species : eatonina ( otatara ) subflavescens iredale , t . , 1915
pseudopisinna ponder , w . f . & e . k . yoo , 1980 type species : pseudopisinna gregaria gregaria laseron , c . f . , 1950
skenella pfeffer , g . in martens , e . c . von & g . pfeffer , 1886 type species : skenella georgiana pfeffer , g . in martens , e . c . von & g . pfeffer , 1886
skenella ( skenella ) pfeffer , g . in martens , e . c . von & g . pfeffer , 1886 type species : skenella georgiana pfeffer , g . in martens , e . c . von & g . pfeffer , 1886
skenella ( pilitonia ) ponder , w . f . & e . k . yoo , 1980 type species : skenella ( pilitonia ) westralis ponder , w . f . & e . k . yoo , 1980
skenella ( rufodardanula ) ponder , w . f . , 1965 type species : paracuneus spadix watson , r . b . , 1886
coriandria tomlin , j . r . le b . , 1917 type species : eatonina cossurae calcara , p . , 1841
microsetia monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1884 type species : eatonina cossurae calcara , p . , 1841
tubbreva ponder , w . f . , 1965 type species : tubbreva exigua ponder , w . f . , 1965


amphorella iridescens is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family ferussaciidae .

this species is endemic to madeira , portugal .

amphorella iridescens

information on amphorella iridescens is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
amphorella ( amphorella ) r . t . lowe , 1852 represented as amphorella r . t . lowe , 1852
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amphorella is a genus of air - breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family ferussaciidae .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
this species is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
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the yellowcheek darter ( etheostoma moorei ) is a species of darter endemic to the eastern united states where it is only known to occur in the state of arkansas in the little red river .

it inhabits medium-sized and smaller rivers in rocky riffles with strong current .

this species can reach a length of 7.2 centimetres ( 2.8 in ) tl though most only reach about 4.9 centimetres ( 1.9 in ) .

in july 2010 , the united states fish and wildlife service proposed the yellowcheek darter for endangered status .

the fish is a federally listed endangered species of the united states , effective september 8 , 2011 .

yellowcheek darter

endangered status for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace : final rule .
designation of critical habitat for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace : final rule .
designation of critical habitat for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace : proposed rule ; reopening of comment period and announcement of public hearing .
the yellowcheek darter is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 9 august 2011 . endangered status for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace . federal register 76 ( 153 ) : 48722 - 48741 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 12 october 2011 . proposed designation of critical habitat for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace . federal register 76 ( 197 ) : 63360 - 63418 .
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the yellowcheek darter is endemic to four tributaries of the upper little red river drainage in arkansas state in the southern united states ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .
wine , m . , s . blumenshine , and g . harp . 2000 . status survey of the yellowcheek darter ( etheostoma moorei ) in the little red river basin . department of biological sciences , arkansas state university .
the yellowcheek darter is a rare species of freshwater fish found only in the state of arkansas in the united states . for most of the year the yellowcheek darter is predominately grey with contrasting dark brown , saddle - shaped patches on the sides . however , during the breeding season the male develops a brilliant blue breast and throat and a light green underside , while the smaller , and somewhat duller , female develops a scattering of orange - red spots ( 3 ) . the body is deep and slender with a sharp , straight snout and two separate dorsal fins and , in common with other darters , the yellowcheek darter lacks a swim bladder , a gas - filled sac typically used to regulate buoyancy ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . adapted to a bottom - dwelling lifestyle , the yellowcheek darter dashes between the sanctuary of large stones , a behaviour that has earned the species its common name ( 5 ) .
mitchell , r . m . , r . l . johnson , and g . l . harp . 2002 . population structure of an endemic species of yellowcheek darter , etheostoma moorei ( raney and suttkus ) , of the upper little red river , arkansas . american midland naturalist 148 : 129 - 137 .
a small darter with a moderately sharp snout , a compressed , deep body , and a deep caudal peduncle ( robison and allen 1995 ) .
wood , r . m . 1996 . phylogenetic systematics of the darter subgenus nothonotus ( teleostei : percidae ) . copeia 1996 : 300 - 318 .
a rare and little - studied species , much of the yellowcheek darter’s biology is , as yet , undescribed ( 3 ) . however , this bottom - dwelling fish is known to feed on a variety of invertebrates , including immature mayflies and stoneflies ( 6 ) . a fairly sedentary species , the yellowcheek darter rarely strays from its home grounds , but during the breeding season mature fish move towards small , fast flowing streams to breed . it is at this time that the female fish bury into the substrate with only the head and tail fin exposed . the male then positions above the female to fertilise the eggs as they are released ( 3 ) .
weston and johnson ( 2005 , cited by usfws 2011 ) , estimated yellowcheek darter populations within the middle fork to be between 15 , 000 and 40 , 000 individuals , and between 13 , 000 and 17 , 000 individuals in the south fork . confidence in these estimates is low , so it is unclear whether these numbers reflect a true increase in the populations ( usfws 2011 ) .
the yellowcheek darter is found in small to medium - sized , fast flowing rivers and streams . it prefers areas with clear water , rocky or gravel bottoms and a steep gradient , and is often found in areas with dense growths of aquatic plants ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . adults are typically found in waters with a depth of 25 to 50 centimetres , but juveniles prefer more shallow waters ( 6 ) .
although once abundant , the yellowcheek darter population has undergone a rapid decline , decreasing by 75 to 90 percent since the 1960s ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . the principle agent behind this decline was the creation of greers ferry lake in 1962 , which resulted in the inundation of downstream tributaries , creating deep pools with increased sedimentation and lower oxygen levels in the water . as an inhabitant of shallow , fast - moving streams the yellowcheek darter was displaced from much of its former range , moving upstream to less suitable areas of habitat . the species’ migratory behaviour was also disrupted , while the loss of downstream refugia made the species more vulnerable to droughts , resulting in the loss of many populations ( 7 ) . other threats , such as the channelization of streams for agriculture and human consumption , have isolated some populations , and a loss of genetic diversity has been observed due to inbreeding ( 3 ) ( 8 ) .
wine , m . s . , weston , m . r . and johnson , r . l . ( 2008 ) density dynamics of a threatened species of darter at spatial and temporal scales . southeastern naturalist , 7 : 665 - 678 .
raney , e . c . and suttkus , r . d . ( 1964 ) etheostoma moorei , a new darter of the subgenus nothonotus from the white river system , arkansas . american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , 1964 : 130 - 139 .
having suffered such a severe decline , the yellowcheek darter is in drastic need of major conservation measures . indeed , the species has been proposed for threatened status under the u . s endangered species act ( 9 ) . an agreement has also been made between several conservation organisations and landowners to mitigate threats to the species , protect bordering terrestrial habitats ; and explore potential reintroduction programmes ( 3 ) . in conjunction with this , several mature adults were taken from the wild in 2002 to start a captive breeding programme , with the first individuals bred in 2003 and further successes in 2006 ( 10 ) .
johnson , r . l . , mitchell , r . m . and harp , g . l . ( 2006 ) genetic variation and genetic structuring of a numerically declining species of darter , etheostoma moorei raney & suttkus , endemic to the upper little red river , arkansas . the american midland naturalist , 156 : 37 - 44 .
a thorough survey in 2000 yielded an estimated population size of approximately 10 , 300 individuals ( uncertain whether this refers to adults or all individuals ) , with 6 , 000 in middle fork , 2 , 300 in south fork , and 2 , 000 in archey fork ( none were found in the devils fork system ) ( wine et al . 2000 ) . weston and johnson ( 2005 , cited by usfws 2011 ) , estimated yellowcheek darter populations within the middle fork to be between 15 , 000 and 40 , 000 individuals , and between 13 , 000 and 17 , 000 individuals in the south fork . confidence in these estimates is low , so it is unclear whether these numbers reflect a true increase in the populations ( usfws 2011 ) .
data on dispersal and other movements generally are not available . though larvae of some species may drift with the current , turner ( 2001 ) found no significant relationship between a larval transport index and gene flow among several different darter species . separation distances are arbitrary but reflect the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of aquatic habitat would represent truly independent populations . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality . occupied locations that are separated by a gap of 10 km or more of any aquatic habitat that is not known to be occupied generally represent different occurrences . however , it is important to evaluate seasonal changes in habitat to ensure that an occupied habitat occurrence for a particular population does not artificially separate spawning areas and nonspawning areas as different occurrences simply because there have been no collections / observations in an intervening area that may exceed the separation distance .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 sq km , area of occupancy is less than 500 sq km , the species occurs in not more than five locations , and habitat is subject to continuing declines in quality .
this species ' range encompasses the upper little red river drainage ( white river drainage ) above greers ferry lake in cleburne , searcy , stone , and van buren counties , arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . much of the original range was inundated by greers ferry lake in the early 1960s . remaining populations occur in the following tributaries of the little red river : south fork , middle fork , archey creek , and devils fork ( including turkey fork [ at least formerly ] and beech fork segments ) ( mitchell
extent of occurrence is less than 2 , 000 square kilometers ( probably greater than 1 , 000 ) .
each of the 3–4 occupied tributaries can be considered to be a single occurrence or subpopulation , separated by the reservoir .
most of the best habitat was destroyed by inundation and cold tailwater releases from greers ferry reservoir ( usfws 2011 ) . estimated population size declined from approximately 60 , 000 in 1978–1981 ( robison and harp 1981 ) to 10 , 300 in 2000 ( wine
. 2000 ) . subsequently , an increase may have occurred ( usfws 2011 ) .
area of occupancy and area and quality of habitat probably are still declining , but better data are needed .
this fish occupies small to medium , high gradient , clear rivers , in swift to moderate riffles with gravel , rubble , and boulder bottoms ( robison and buchanan 1988 , page and burr 2011 ) . juveniles occur in shallow riffles ; adults are commonly found at depths of 10–20 inches ( robison and allen 1995 ) .
often grows in inhabited riffles . spawning occurs in swifter , turbulent portions of riffles around or under the largest substrate particles available ( lower portions of riffles ) ( wine
according to usfws ( 2011 ) , threats include such activities as impoundment , sedimentation , poor livestock grazing practices , improper timber harvest practices , nutrient enrichment , gravel mining , channelization / channel instability , and natural gas development . these threats are considered imminent and of high magnitude throughout the species ' entire range . usfws ( 2011 ) had no information indicating that the magnitude or imminence of these threats is likely to be appreciably reduced in the foreseeable future , and in the case of pipeline disturbance , usfws expected this threat to become more problematic over the next several years as natural gas development continues to intensify .
. 2002 ) . tributary headwaters have fluctuating and often inadequate flows and so do not provide optimal habitat .
historical distribution has been fragmented , and population and genetic interchanges among the remaining populations is no longer possible . remaining populations may be negatively impacted by factors affecting small populations .
patterns of genetic differentiation among populations indicate that the turkey fork and middle / south fork populations be treated as unique management units ( mitchell et al . 2002 ) . an introduction program utilizing captive - raised fish should be initiated , as suggested by buchanan ( 1974 ) . remaining occurrences need to be protected .
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greek , etheo = to strain + greek , stoma = mouth ; rafinesque said
various mouths
, but jordan and evermann suggest the name might have been intended as
heterostoma ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 2 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 4 . 9 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 4 years ( ref . 12193 )
page , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00501 ( 0 . 00201 - 0 . 01253 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tmax = 4 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
dorsal fin the unpaired fin found on the back of the body of fish , or the raised structure on the back of most cetaceans . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . fertilisation the fusion of gametes ( male and female reproductive cells ) to produce an embryo , which grows into a new individual . genetic diversity the variety of genes within a particular species , population or breed causing differences in morphology , physiology and behaviour . inbreeding the breeding of closely related individuals . an inbred population usually has less genetic variability and this is generally disadvantageous for its long - term survival and success . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . ( 2008 ) species assessment and listing priority assignment form . u . s . fish and wildlife service . available at : urltoken
campbell , a . and dawes , j . ( 2004 ) encyclopedia of underwater life . oxford university press , oxford .
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robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .
small range in the upper little red river drainage in arkansas ; much of the already small habitat was destroyed by impoundment ( greers ferry lake ) ; the few remaining isolated populations are in serious peril from habitat loss and degradation .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
range encompasses the upper little red river drainage ( white river drainage ) above greers ferry lake in cleburne , searcy , stone , and van buren counties , arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . much of the original range was inundated by greers ferry lake in the early 1960s . remaining populations occur in the following tributaries of the little red river : south fork , middle fork , archey creek , and devils fork ( including turkey fork [ at least formerly ] and beech fork segments ) ( mitchell et al . 2002 , usfws 2011 ) , although the devils fork population is now highly reduced or extirpated ( wine et al . 2000 ) . extent of occurrence is less than 2 , 000 square kilometers ( probably greater than 1 , 000 ) .
proposed critical habitat for this species in the little red river drainage included 70 . 2 stream - kilometers in the middle fork , 31 . 9 km in the south fork , 27 . 4 km in the archy fork , and 27 . 5 km in the devil ' s fork ( usfws 2011 ) . these areas ( 157 stream - kilometers ) include all occupied and remaining suitable habitat .
each of the 3 - 4 occupied tributaries can be considered to be a single occurrence or subpopulation , separated by the reservoir .
according to usfws ( 2011 ) , threats include such activities as impoundment , sedimentation , poor livestock grazing practices , improper timber harvest practices , nutrient enrichment , gravel mining , channelization / channel instability , and natural gas development . these threats are considered imminent and of high magnitude throughout the species ' entire range . usfws ( 2011 ) had no information indicating that the magnitude or imminence of these threats is likely to be appreciably reduced in the foreseeable future , and in the case of pipeline disturbance , usfws expected this threat to become more problematic over the next several years as natural gas development continues to intensify . suitable habitat has declined due to impoundment ( see mitchell et al . 2002 ) . tributary headwaters have fluctuating and often inadequate flows and so do not provide optimal habitat . historical distribution has been fragmented , and population and genetic interchanges among the remaining populations is no longer possible . remaining populations may be negatively impacted by factors affecting small populations .
most of the best habitat was destroyed by inundation and cold tailwater releases from greers ferry reservoir ( usfws 2011 ) . estimated population size declined from approximately 60 , 000 in 1978 - 1981 ( robison and harp 1981 ) to 10 , 300 in 2000 ( wine et al . 2000 ) . subsequently , an increase may have occurred ( usfws 2011 ) .
( 250 - 5000 square km ( about 100 - 2000 square miles ) ) range encompasses the upper little red river drainage ( white river drainage ) above greers ferry lake in cleburne , searcy , stone , and van buren counties , arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . much of the original range was inundated by greers ferry lake in the early 1960s . remaining populations occur in the following tributaries of the little red river : south fork , middle fork , archey creek , and devils fork ( including turkey fork [ at least formerly ] and beech fork segments ) ( mitchell et al . 2002 , usfws 2011 ) , although the devils fork population is now highly reduced or extirpated ( wine et al . 2000 ) . extent of occurrence is less than 2 , 000 square kilometers ( probably greater than 1 , 000 ) .
differs from etheostoma juliae by its separate to narrowly joined gill membranes , naked nape ( vs . fully scaled ) , and lack of a wide , dark saddle beginning at the first dorsal fin and extending down to both pectoral fin bases ( robison and allen 1995 ) .
spawns from late may through june ; sexually mature in one year ; lives up to 4 years ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) .
this fish occupies small to medium , high gradient , clear rivers , in swift to moderate riffles with gravel , rubble , and boulder bottoms ( robison and buchanan 1988 , page and burr 2011 ) . juveniles occur in shallow riffles ; adults commonly are found at depths of 10 - 20 inches ( robison and allen 1995 ) . podostemon often grows in inhabited riffles . spawning occurs in swifter , turbulent portions of riffles around or under the largest substrate particles available ( lower portions of riffles ) ( wine et al . 2000 ) .
primary foods are aquatic dipteran larvae ( chironomids and simuliids ) ; also eats immature stoneflies , mayflies , and caddisflies ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) .
patterns of genetic differentiation among populations indicate that the turkey fork and middle / south fork populations be treated as unique management units ( mitchell et al . 2002 ) . an introduction program utilizing captive - raised fish should be initiated , as suggested by buchanan ( 1974 ) .
occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
jelks , h . l . , s . j . walsh , n . m . burkhead , s . contreras - balderas , e . díaz - pardo , d . a . hendrickson , j . lyons , n . e . mandrak , f . mccormick , j . s . nelson , s . p . platania , b . a . porter , c . b . renaud , j . jacobo schmitter - soto , e . b . taylor , and m . l . warren , jr . 2008 . conservation status of imperiled north american freshwater and diadromous fishes . fisheries 33 ( 8 ) : 372 - 407 .
kuehne , r . a . , and r . w . barbour . 1983 . the american darters . university press of kentucky , lexington , kentucky . 177 pp .
lee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .
nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .
page , l . m . 1983a . handbook of darters . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city , new jersey . 271 pp .
page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .
robison , h . w . and t . m . buchanan . 1988 . fishes of arkansas . the university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas . 536 pp .
robison , h . w . and r . t . allen . 1995 . only in arkansas : a study of the endemic plants and animals of the state . university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas .
starnes , w . c . 1995 . taxonomic validation for fish species on the u . s . fish and wildlife service category 2 species list . 28 pp .
state natural heritage data centers . 1996a . aggregated element occurrence data from all u . s . state natural heritage programs , including the tennessee valley authority , navajo nation and the district of columbia . science division , the nature conservancy .
state natural heritage data centers . 1996b . aggregated element occurrence data from all u . s . state natural heritage programs , including the tennessee valley authority , navajo nation and the district of columbia : export of freshwater fish and mussel records west of the mississippi river in 1997 . science division , the nature conservancy .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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