dichomeris intensa is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1913 .

it is found in southern india , sri lanka and vietnam .

the wingspan is 11 – 14 mm .

the forewings are brownish , variably sprinkled or irrorated with dark fuscous and with the costa more or less broadly and irregularly suffused with dark leaden-fuscous from the base to near the apex , sometimes marked with several fine oblique pale strigulae towards the middle .

there is a narrow dark leaden-fuscous terminal fascia , preceded on the costa by a small pale ochreous patch , these markings limited anteriorly by an angulated pale ochreous or brownish transverse line sprinkled with dark fuscous .

the hindwings are dark grey , in males thinly scaled and violet-subhyaline in the disc .

dichomeris intensa

dichomeris intensa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris intensa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : maskeliya and puttalam , ceylon ; cuddapah , 4000ft , n . coorg
dichomeris acmodeta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12
dichomeris agorastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris albula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris apicispina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris apludella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris bifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris bomiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris bucinaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris consertella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris cuprea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris cuspis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris diffurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris fareasta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris fuscahopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris fuscanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris gansuensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris hodgesi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris jiangxiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris lativalvata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris lespedezae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris lutilinea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris manticopodina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris menglana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris millotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 212
dichomeris minutia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris mitteri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris molybdoterma meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 353
dichomeris ningshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris nivalis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris paulianella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 213
dichomeris polygona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris polypunctata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris qingchengshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris quadratipalpa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris quadrifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris sexafurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris shenae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris spicans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris spuracuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris stasimopa meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 94
dichomeris strictella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris synergastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris tersa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris varifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris violacula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris wuyiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris yuebana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris yunnanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 35
dichomeris zymotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 215
dichomeris junisonensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1082
dichomeris acritopa meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72
dichomeris dolichaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67
dichomeris loxonoma meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123
dichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254
dichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 242
dichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243
dichomeris gansuensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247
dichomeris hodgesi li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 232
dichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 244
dichomeris junisonis [ sic ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254
dichomeris cuspis park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 19 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris derasella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ fe ]
dichomeris fareasta park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 15 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris lamprostoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23 ; [ fe ]
dichomeris mitteri park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 17 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris praevacua ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 :
dichomeris strictella park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 11 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris acritopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12
dichomeris adelocentra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris albiscripta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris allantopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris amphichlora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris ampliata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris anisospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris antiloxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris antisticta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris asodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris barymochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris brachygrapha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris brachyptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris caerulescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris cellaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris centracma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris ceponoma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris charonaea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris chartaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris chinganella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris chlanidota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris cinnabarina ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris citharista ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris clarescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris cocta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris contentella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris corniculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris crepitatrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris deceptella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris deltoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris diacrita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris dicausta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris doxarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris eridantis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris eucomopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris excoriata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris ferrata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris ferruginosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris frenigera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris fungifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris geochrota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris horoglypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris ignorata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris illicita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris illucescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris imbricata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris immerita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris indiserta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris isoclera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris leptosaris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris leucothicta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris levigata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lissota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris litoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lupata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris macroxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris malachias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris malacodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris melanortha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris melitura ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris mesoglena ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris metatoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris metuens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris microdoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris microsphena meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 166 ; tl : java , buitenzorg
dichomeris oceanis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris olivescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris ostracodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris pelitis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris petalodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris planata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris polyaema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris praealbescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris procrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris pseudometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris ptychosema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris sciodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris semnias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris siranta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris summata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris synclepta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris tephroxesta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris testudinata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris tetraschema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris thyrsicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris toxolyca ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris traumatias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris uranopis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris viridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris indigna ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note )
dichomeris ceratomoxantha ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note )
dichomeris adelocentra meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : java , butenzorg
dichomeris albula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan
dichomeris baccata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , teffé
= dichomeris bisignella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris brachygrapha meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : assam , khasis
dichomeris bucinaria park , 1996 ; tinea 14 ( 4 ) : 230 ; tl : pintung co . , taiwan
dichomeris chalcophaea meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
dichomeris fida meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para
dichomeris fusca park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 49 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan
dichomeris fuscalis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 16 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan
dichomeris harmonias meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai
dichomeris horiodes meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , parintins
dichomeris horoglypta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hasimoto , japan
dichomeris ingloria meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , lima
dichomeris leptosaris meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hokkaido , japan
dichomeris leucothicta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : bombay , dharwar
dichomeris lucrifuga meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para
dichomeris lutivittata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
dichomeris mesoctenis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
dichomeris mesoglena meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta
dichomeris metuens meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : seneng , java
dichomeris ochthophora meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : taihoku , formosa
dichomeris orientis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 36 ; tl : kaohsiung co . , taiwan
dichomeris praevacua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai
dichomeris quercicola meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : punjab , kangra
dichomeris saturata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , obidos
dichomeris sciodora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : assam , khasis
dichomeris symmetrica park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 20 ; tl : taitung co . , taiwan
dichomeris syndias [ sic , recte syndyas ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris thermodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , iquitos
dichomeris trilobella park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 42 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan
dichomeris anisospila meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china
dichomeris argentaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton
dichomeris cotifera meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton
dichomeris cuprea li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : shaanxi
dichomeris exsecta meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe
dichomeris ignorata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft
dichomeris melanortha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 510 ; tl : bombay , poona
dichomeris monorbella viette , 1988 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 93 ( 3 - 4 ) : 104
dichomeris squalens meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana
resupina omelko , 1999 ; keys ins . russian far east 5 ( 2 ) : 107 ; ts : dichomeris okadai moriuti
dichomeris tactica meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 152 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft
dichomeris acrolychna meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brazil , para
dichomeris allantopa meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras
dichomeris alogista meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : hunan , china
dichomeris brachymetra meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800m
dichomeris brachyptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 584 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina
dichomeris ceponoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 151 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft
dichomeris davisi park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 35 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sirin
dichomeris ellipsias meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : peru , iquitos
dichomeris lushanae park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sozan
dichomeris moriutii ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 73
dichomeris physocoma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 286 ; tl : sierra leone , mabang
dichomeris procyphodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , parintins
dichomeris rhodophaea meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 73
dichomeris simaoensis ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74
dichomeris stratigera meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , parintins
dichomeris subdentata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , santarem
dichomeris testudinata meyrick , , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china
dichomeris thalamopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brail , téffe
dichomeris xanthodeta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : three sisters
dichomeris zonata ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74
dichomeris liui li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 234 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 235 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris aequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
dichomeris agathopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 231 ; tl : china , jiangxi
dichomeris antizyga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton , pretoria
dichomeris aphanopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris apicispina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris asteropis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma
dichomeris attenta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma
dichomeris bifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 251 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris bodenheimeri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; [ afromoths ]
dichomeris bomiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : china , xizang
dichomeris cachrydias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
dichomeris decusella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ afromoths ]
dichomeris diffurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 253 ; tl : fujian , china
dichomeris eustacta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris excepta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : nyassaland , mt . mlanje
dichomeris hylurga meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury
dichomeris impigra meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , haenertsburg
dichomeris indiserta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : malay states , kuala lumpur
dichomeris lativalvata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 248 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris manticopodina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 239 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris menglana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 257 ; tl : yunnan , china
dichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris nivalis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris opsonoma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 281 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
dichomeris pladarota meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris polygona li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243 ; tl : sichuan , china
dichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : sichuan , china
dichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 252 ; tl : fujian , china
dichomeris sexafurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris shenae li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 246 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris spicans li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 230 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris stromatias meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 23 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni
dichomeris tersa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris varifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 250 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris violacula li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : gansu , china
dichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 255 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury
dichomeris yuebana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 236 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris obscura li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m
dichomeris angustiptera li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m
dichomeris acrogypsa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 168 ; tl : queensland , rosewood
dichomeris aculata ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 147 ( note )
dichomeris ampliata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris cirrhostola turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , adavale
dichomeris deltaspis ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 155 ( note )
dichomeris excoriata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris ferrata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris ferrogra li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : mengla , yunnan , 630m
dichomeris ferruginosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris heteracma meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 622 ; tl : brazil , teffé ; peru , iquitos
dichomeris instans meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : peru , iquitos ; brazil , teffé
dichomeris lividula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 57 ; tl : taiwan , hualien co . , pianau - col
dichomeris oleata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , three sisters
dichomeris ostracodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : upper burma , lashio , 3000ft
dichomeris petalodes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras , india
dichomeris pleuroleuca turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , eidsvold
dichomeris ptychosema meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris rectifascia li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 220 ; tl : kangxian , gansu , 800m
dichomeris simaoensis li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m
dichomeris summata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris varronia busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : kitty , british guiana
dichomeris ventosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton , three sisters
dichomeris zonata li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m
dichomeris tostella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]
dichomeris amphicoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 695 ; tl : brazil , santos
dichomeris antisticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : costa rica , vulkan irazu , 4000ft
dichomeris fluitans meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : natal , howick
dichomeris litoxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123 ; tl : yakovlevka , primorkii krai , russia
dichomeris nessica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : panama , la chorrera
dichomeris taiwana park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 48 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , sunmoon lake , 760m
dichomeris zomias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali
dichomeris hirculella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : east river , connecticut
dichomeris clarescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
dichomeris dysorata turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 170 ; tl : new south wales , syndey
dichomeris elegans park , 2001 ; insecta koreana 18 ( 4 ) : 308 ; tl : taiwan , pingtung co . , kenting park , 50m
dichomeris jugata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris mengdana li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mengda , xunhua , qinghai , 2240m
dichomeris miltophragma meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos , parintins
dichomeris ptilocompa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , teffé ; peru , jurimaguas
dichomeris substratella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris vadonella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 108 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy
dichomeris xerodes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
= dichomeris setosella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 221
dichomeris glenni clarke , 1947 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 49 ( 7 ) : 187 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris aomoriensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 12
dichomeris ardesiella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova
dichomeris arotrosema walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
dichomeris asodes meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java
dichomeris erixantha ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
dichomeris eucomopa meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java
dichomeris loxospila ; [ nhm card ] ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 77
dichomeris lypetica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris crepitatrix meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
dichomeris dignella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris excavata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : porto bello , panama
dichomeris hexasticta walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris imbricata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
dichomeris lutea park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 59 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , meifeng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m
dichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 118 ; tl : chuncheon , kangweon prov .
dichomeris metrodes meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : hambantota , ceylon ; bombay
dichomeris olivescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : kandy and maskeliya , ceylon
dichomeris thalpodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , r . napo
dichomeris tristicta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 17 ; tl : trinidad river , panama
dichomeris melanophylla ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 114 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
dichomeris angulata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 114 ; tl : 27km sw slavjanka , primorskii krai
dichomeris fusca ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49
dichomeris linealis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lividula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lushanae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris lutea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris ochreata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 102 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris taiwana ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 135 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris trilobella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 141 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris illusio hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : hastings , florida
dichomeris imitata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : devers , texas
dichomeris angulata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 43 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , leinhauchi forest station , 15km sw puli , 750m
dichomeris aprica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57
dichomeris enoptrias ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris hoplocrates ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris issikii ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris ochreata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 32 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m
dichomeris pyrrhoschista ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris sciritis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57
dichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : yong - in , kyunggi prov .
dichomeris viridescens ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris offula hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 117 , pl . 3 , f . 21 ; tl : ithaca , new york
dichomeris crepida hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 118 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : mcclellanville , south carolina
dichomeris santarosensis hodges , 1985 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 87 ( 2 ) : 456 ; tl : santa rosa national park , guanacaste , costa rica
dichomeris nenia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 40 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : bandera co . , texas
dichomeris hypochloa walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora
dichomeris caia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris laetitia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris aleatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 91 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris furia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 93 , pl . 2 , f . 30 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris baxa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 105 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : presidio of monterey , california
dichomeris cinnamicostella ; walsingham , 1911 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 103 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris costalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : tabogilla i . and porto bello , panama
dichomeris habrochitona walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; tl : panama , tabernilla
dichomeris quercicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 13
dichomeris carycina ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris caryophragma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris diacnista ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris lypetica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris tactica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris latescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris siren hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : henson creek , oxon hill , maryland
dichomeris vindex hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 83 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 20 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris legnotoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : largo , pinellas co . , florida
dichomeris mimesis hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 39 ; tl : salmon , anderson co . , texas
dichomeris simulata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : canadian , hemphill co . , texas
dichomeris percnopolis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , zapote , 2000ft
dichomeris renascens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris xuthostola walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris sylphe hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 58 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida
dichomeris ardelia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 8 ; tl : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida
dichomeris kimballi hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 71 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida
dichomeris aglaia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 85 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : lake placid , florida , archbold biological station
dichomeris anisacuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74
dichomeris argigastra walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
dichomeris autometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 )
dichomeris crambaleas ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris melanota walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova
dichomeris okadai ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris prensans meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins , manaos ; peru , iquitos ; british guiana , bartica
dichomeris sciastes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 90 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
dichomeris gausapa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : pl . 1 , f . 8 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona
= dichomeris acuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 34
dichomeris solatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 48 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; tl : peña blanca canyon , santa cruz co . arizona
= dichomeris punctidiscella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 56 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 36
dichomeris copa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 92 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : snyder heights 1100 ' , ithaca , new york
dichomeris achne hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : parker is . , highlands co . , florida
dichomeris euprepes hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : big black mnts , letcher co . , kentucky
dichomeris carinella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris fuscusitis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21 ; zhao , park , bae & li , 2017 , zootaxa 4273 ( 2 ) : ( 216 - 234 )
dichomeris leucostena walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris blanchardorum hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 , pl . 1 , f . 10 - 11 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas
dichomeris gnoma hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 106 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : shingle creek road , keremeos , british columbia , canada
dichomeris mercatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : mclean bogs reserve , tompkins co . , new york
dichomeris bulawskii ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 ( note )
dichomeris diva hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 57 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : 1 mi s patagonia , santa cruz co . , arizona
dichomeris fistuca hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 68 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : wedge plantation , mccellanville , charleston co . , south carolina
dichomeris atomogypsa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris alphito hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona
dichomeris pelta hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 36 ; tl : wedge plantation , mcclellanville , charleston co . , south carolina
dichomeris acrochlora ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 112 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12
dichomeris sybilla hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 121 , pl . 3 , f . 24 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona
dichomeris evitata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft
dichomeris harmonias ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris xanthoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : ft . niobrara national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska
dichomeris bolize hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 100 , pl . 2 , f . 37 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska
dichomeris isa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 103 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : tenkiller lake , 3 mi w blackgum , sequoyah co . , oklahoma
dichomeris badiolineariella ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 154 , f . 4 , 17 - 18 ; tl : thailand , loei , phu rua , ~ 800m
dichomeris balioella ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 149 , f . 2 , 12 - 13 ; tl : thailand , loei , phu rua , ~ 800m
dichomeris matsumurai ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 , f . 3 , 14 - 16 ; tl : thailand , loei , phu rua , ~ 800m
dichomeris metrodes ; meyrick , 1913 , ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26 ; [ afromoths ]


the fungiidae / fəŋˈɡiː.ᵻdiː / are a family of cnidaria , often known as mushroom corals .

the family contains thirteen extant genera .

they range from solitary corals to colonial species .

some genera such as cycloseris and fungia are solitary organisms , polyphyllia consists of a single organism with multiple mouths , and ctenactis and herpolitha might be considered as solitary organisms with multiple mouths or a colony of individuals , each with its separate mouth .

fungiidae

family fungiidae ( enter fungiidae in search bar ) on the iucn red list of threatened species website : technical fact sheet .
kento furui added the japanese common name
クサビライシ科
to
fungiidae
.
stony corals from the family fungiidae a . j . nilsen october 1997 aquarium . net
phylogenetic ecology of gall crabs ( cryptochiridae ) as associates of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) .
distribution patterns of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) across the spermonde shelf , south sulawesi .
ecology of the leptoconchus ssp . ( gastropoda , coralliophilidae ) infesting fungiidae ( anthozoa , madreporaria )
evolutionary trends in onshore - offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) .
most members of the family fungiidae are solitary corals that are free - living ( i . e . , lie unattached ) as adults . the family fungiidae is restricted to the indo - pacific .
( scleractinia : fungiidae ) : lost mushroom corals find their way home . contrib zool 81 : 125–146
explanation note : species occurrence of hard coral families fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae at pulau layang - layang .
ecology of the leptoconchus ssp . ( gastropoda , coralliophilidae ) infesting fungiidae ( anthozoa , madreporaria )
( 5 ) family fungiidae ( ' mushroom corals ' ) ( fig . 20 . 6h - k )
phylogenetic ecology of gall crabs ( cryptochiridae ) as associates of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
ecology of the leptoconchus ssp . ( gastropoda , coralliophilidae ) infesting fungiidae ( anthozoa , madreporaria ) [ 2000 ]
species assemblages and ecomorph variation of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) related to reef habitats in the flores sea .
urltoken where reefkeeping begins on the internet - stony corals from the family fungiidae a . j . nilsen october 1997 aquarium . net
hoeksema bw ( 1989 ) taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zool verh 254 : 1–295
a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits .
) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , including a new species from the seychelles . zool meded leiden 67 : 639–654 .
phylogenetic position and taxonomy of cycloseris explanulata and c . wellsi ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) : lost mushroom corals find their way home .
mushroom corals ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) of espiritu santo ( vanuatu , west pacific ) , with the description of a new species .
the “ fungia patella group” ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp . n .
the mushroom coral fauna ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of brunei darussalam ( south china sea ) and its relation to the coral triangle .
scleractinia of eastern australia iii . families agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectiniidae , caryophylliidae , dendrophylliidae .
( scleractinia : fungiidae ) populations in the indo - malay archipelago : implications for live coral trade management efforts . conserv genet 10 : 241–249
supervisor - visser , r . r . - a phylogenetic analysis of biometric variables of free - living mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae )
hoeksema bw ( 1989 ) taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zool verh leiden 254 : 1–295 .
family fungiidae ( select species from list ) on corals of the world online on the australian institute of marine science website : technical fact sheet .
hoeksema bw ( 1991b ) evolution of body size in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) and its ecomorphological consequences . neth j zool 41 : 122–139
hoeksema bw ( 2012b ) evolutionary trends in onshore - offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . contrib zool 81 : 199–221
hoeksema b . w . 1990 . systematics and ecology of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . phd . thesis leiden university , 471 pp .
reproductive ecology of diaseris distorta ( michelin ) ( fungiidae ) in th
by susan b . colley , joshua s . feingold et al .
hoeksema bw ( 2012a ) distribution patterns of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) across the spermonde shelf , south sulawesi . raffles bull zool 60 : 183–212
hoeksema b . w . 1989 . taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen 254 : 1 - 295 .
hoeksema b . w . 1989 . taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen , leiden 254 : 1 - 295 .
hoeksema bw , koh egl ( 2009 ) depauperation of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s–2006 ) in changing reef conditions . raffles bull zool suppl 22 : 91–101
hoeksema b . w . 2012 . evolutionary trends in onshore - offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . contributions to zoology 81 : 199 - 221 .
hoeksema b . w . 1991 . evolution of body size in mushroom corals ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) and its ecomorphological consequences . netherlands journal of zoology 41 : 112 - 129 .
hoeksema b . w . 1991 . evolution of body size in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) and its ecomorphological consequences . netherlands journal of zoology 41 : 122 - 139 .
hoeksema b . w . 2012 . distribution patterns of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) across the spermonde shelf , south sulawesi . raffles bulletin of zoology 60 : 183 - 212 .
hoeksema b . w . 2012 . distribution patterns of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) across the spermonde shelf , south sulawesi . raffles bulletin of zoology 60 : 183 - 212 .
fungiidae recorded at pulau layang - layang in this study . a ctenactis albitentaculata b cycloseris boschmai c cycloseris costulata d cycloseris explanulata e cycloseris mokai f cycloseris tenuis g danafungia horrida h danafungia scruposa .
fungiidae recorded at pulau layang - layang in this study . a fungia fungites b halomitra pileus c herpolitha limax d lithophyllon ranjithi e lithophyllon repanda f lithophyllon scabra g lithophyllon undulatum h lobactis scutaria .
fungiidae recorded at pulau layang - layang in this study . a pleuractis granulosa b pleuractis gravis c pleuractis moluccensis d podabacia sinai e polyphyllia talpina f sandalolitha boucheti g sandalolitha dentata h sandalolitha robusta .
supervisor - jong , i . de - mushroom coral - inhabiting barnacles of sw sulawesi , indonesia , a study of barnacles ( cirripedia : pyrgomatidae ) on mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae )
hoeksema b . w . 1997 . diversity of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in indonesia . the ecology of indonesian series 7 1 : 311 - 313 : periplus , hong kong .
hoeksema b . w . 2014 . the “ fungia patella group” ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp . n . zookeys 371 : 57–84 .
hoeksema bw ( 1991a ) control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in the java sea : stress tolerance and interference by life history strategy . mar ecol prog ser 74 : 225–237
hoeksema b . w . 2012 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of espiritu santo ( vanuatu , west pacific ) with the description of a new species . zoosystema 34 : 429 - 443 .
hoeksema bw ( 2009 ) attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bull zool s22 : 81–90 .
chadwick - furman n , loya y ( 1992 ) migration , habitat use , and competition among mobile corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in the gulf of eilat , red sea . mar biol 114 : 617–623
hoeksema b . w . 1993 . historical biogeography of fungia ( pleuractis ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , including a new species from the seychelles ) . zoologische mededelingen 67 : 639 - 654 .
gittenberger a , reijnen bt , hoeksema bw ( 2011 ) a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contrib zool 80 : 107–132
hoeksema , b . w . , 1989 . taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen , leiden 254 : 1 - 295 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
scleractinia ; fungiidae ; mushroom corals ; taxonomy ; revision ; fossil record ; phy - logeny ; biogeography ; indo - pacific ; tropical ; marine ; benthic ; shallow - water habitats ; coral reefs ; species diversity .
hoeksema b . w . 1993 . historical biogeography of fungia ( pleuractis ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , including a new species from the seychelles ) . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 67 : 639 - 654 .
gittenberger a , reijnen bt , hoeksema bw ( 2011 ) a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contrib zool 80 : 107–132 .
bos a . r . , hoeksema b . w . 2017 . mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) in the davao gulf , philippines , with records of associated fish and other cryptofauna . raffles bulletin of zoology 65 : 9 .
hoeksema b . w . , dai c . f . 1991 . scleractinia of taiwan - 2 : family fungiidae ( including a new species ) . bulletin of the institute of zoology academia sinica 30 : 203 - 228 .
hoeksema b . w . 2009 . attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bulletin of zoology 22 : 81 - 90 .
claereboudt m . , hoeksema b . w . 1987 . fungia ( verrillofungia ) spinifer spec . nov . , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from the indo - malayan region . zoologische mededelingen 61 : 303 - 309 .
hoeksema b . w . 1991 . control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in the java sea : stress tolerance and interference by life history strategy . marine ecology progress series 74 : 225 - 237 .
hoeksema b . w . , kleemann k 2002 . new records of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . , 1968 ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) boring in indonesian mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . basteria 66 : 25 - 30 .
hoeksema b . w . , dai c . f . 1991 . scleractinia of taiwan . ii family fungiidae ( with the description of a new species ) . bulletin zoological institute , academia sinica , taipei 30 : 201 - 226 .
hoeksema b . w . , moka w . 1989 . species assemblages and ecomorph variation of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) related to reef habitats in the flores sea . netherlands journal of sea research 23 : 149 - 160 .
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia . fungiidae dana , 1846 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 196100 on 2018 - 07 - 09
hoeksema b . w . 2012 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) of espiritu santo ( vanuatu , west pacific ) , with the description of a new species . zoosystema 34 : 429 - 443 . go to website ( doi )
gittenberger a . , hoeksema b . w . 2006 . phenotypic plasticity revealed by molecular studies on reef corals of fungia ( cycloseris ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) near river outlets . contributions to zoology 75 : 195 - 201 .
kleemann k . , hoeksema b . w . 2002 . lithophaga ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , including a new species , boring in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) at south sulawesi , indonesia . basteria 66 : 1 - 24 .
hoeksema b . w . , kleemann k . 2002 . new records of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . , 1968 ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) boring in indonesian mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . basteria 66 : 25 - 30 .
hoeksema b . w . 1993 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of madang lagoon , northern papua new guinea : an annotated checklist with the description of cantharellus jebbi spec . nov . . zoologische mededelingen 67 : 1 - 19 .
hoeksema b . w . 2009 . attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bulletin of zoology suppl . 22 : 81 - 90 .
gittenberger a . , hoeksema b . w . 2006 . phenotypic plasticity revealed by molecular studies on reef corals of fungia ( cycloseris ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) near river outlets . contributions to zoology 75 : 195 - 201 .
kleemann k . , hoeksema b . w . 2002 . lithophaga ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , including a new species , boring in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) at south sulawesi , indonesia . basteria 66 : 11 - 24 .
claereboudt m . , hoeksema b . w . 1987 . fungia ( verrillofungia ) spinifer spec . nov . , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from the indo - malayan region . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 61 : 303 - 309 .
hoeksema b . w . 2014 . the
fungia patella group
( scleractinia , fungiidae ) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp . n . zookeys 371 : 57 - 84 . go to website ( doi )
hoeksema b . w . , koh e . g . l . 2009 . depauperation of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s - 2006 ) in changing reef conditions . raffles bulletin of zoology 22 : 91 - 101 .
hoeksema b . w . , best m . b . 1984 . cantharellus noumeae ( gen . nov . , spec . nov . ) , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from new caledonia . zoologische mededelingen 58 : 323 - 328 .
hoeksema b . w . , koh e . g . l . 2009 . depauperation of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s–2006 ) in changing reef conditions . raffles bulletin of zoology suppl . 22 : 91 - 101 .
hoeksema b . w . 1993 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of madang lagoon , northern papua new guinea : an annotated checklist with the description of cantharellus jebbi spec . nov . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 67 : 1 - 19 .
veron jen , pichon m ( 1980 ) scleractinia of eastern australia . part iii . families agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectiniidae , caryophylliidae , dendrophylliidae . townsville : australian institute of marine science . 422 p .
hoeksema b . w . , achituv y . 1993 . first indonesian record of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . , 1968 ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , endosymbiont of fungia spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . basteria 57 : 131 - 138 .
hoeksema b . w . , achituv y . 1993 . first indonesian record of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . , 1968 ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , endosymbiont of fungia spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . basteria 57 : 131 - 138 .
hoeksama , bert w . 30 dec 2009 . attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 22 : 97 - 107 .
hoeksema b . w . , best m . b . 1984 . cantharellus noumeae ( gen . nov . , spec . nov . ) , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from new caledonia . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 58 : 323 - 328 .
hoeksema b . w . , moka w . 1989 . species assemblages and phenotypes of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) related to coral - reef habitats in the flores sea . netherlands journal of sea research 23 : 149 - 160 . go to website ( doi )
gittenberger a . , reijnen b . t . , hoeksema b . w . 2011 . a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contributions to zoology 80 : 107 - 132 .
hoeksema b . w . 1991 . control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) in the java sea - stress tolerance and interference by life - history strategy . marine ecology progress series 74 : 225 - 237 . go to website ( doi )
hoeksema b . w . , lane d . j . w . 2014 . the mushroom coral fauna ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of brunei darussalam ( south china sea ) and its relation to the coral triangle . raffles bulletin of zoology 62 : 566 - 580 .
hoeksema b . w . 1997 . diversity of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in indonesia . in : tomascik et al . ( eds . ) the ecology of the indonesian seas . part one : 311 - 313 . periplus editions ( hk ) ltd .
there are two basic type of stony corals ; those who live as colonies and those who lives as individual polyps , called solitary corals . in the family fungiidae we do find both kinds , but some species are rather difficult to place in either of the two groups .
wells , j . w . 1966 . evolutionary development in the scleractinian family fungiidae . in : rees wj ( ed . ) the cnidaria and their evolution . symposium of the zoological society of london 16 : 223–246 , pl . 1 . academic press , london . [ details ]
bos a . r . , hoeksema b . w . 2015 . cryptobenthic fishes and co - inhabiting shrimps associated with the mushroom coral heliofungia actiniformis ( fungiidae ) in the davao gulf , philippines . environmental biology of fishes 98 : 1479 - 1489 . go to website ( uri )
hoeksema , bert w . and esther g . l . koh . 30 dec 2009 . depauration of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s - 2006 ) in changing reef conditions ( pdf ) . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 22 : 91 - 101 .
wells , j . w . , 1966 . evolutionary development in the scleractinian family fungiidae . in w . j . rees ( ed . ) . : the cnidaria and their evolution . symposia of the zoological society london 16 : 223 - 246 , 1 plate . academic press , london .
owada m . , hoeksema b . w . 2011 . molecular phylogeny and shell microstructure of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . 1968 , boring into mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , in relation to other mussels ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) . contributions to zoology 80 : 169 - 178 .
hoeksema b . w . , lane d . j . w . 2014 . the mushroom coral fauna ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of brunei darussalam ( south china sea ) and its relation to the coral triangle . raffles bulletin of zoology 62 : 566 - 580 . go to website ( uri )
colley , susan b . ; feingold , joshua s . ; pena , j . ; and glynn , peter w . ,
reproductive ecology of diaseris distorta ( michelin ) ( fungiidae ) in the galapagos islands , ecuador
( 2000 ) . oceanography faculty proceedings , presentations , speeches , lectures . 320 . urltoken
benzoni f . , arrigoni r . , stefani f . , reijnen b . t . , montano s . , hoeksema b . w . 2012 . phylogenetic position and taxonomy of cycloseris explanulata and c . wellsi ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) : lost mushroom corals find their way home . contributions to zoology 81 : 125 - 146 .
gittenberger , a . , reijnen , b . t . & hoeksema , b . w . 2011 . a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contributions to zoology 80 : 107 - 132 . , available online at urltoken ; idno = 8002a02 [ details ]
waheed z , benzoni f , van der meij set , terraneo ti , hoeksema bw ( 2015 ) scleractinian corals ( fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae ) of pulau layang - layang , spratly islands , with a note on pavona maldivensis ( gardiner , 1905 ) . zookeys 517 : 1–37 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 517 . 9308
meij s . e . t . van der , fransen c . h . j . m . , pasman l . r . & hoeksema b . w . 2015 . phylogenetic ecology of gall crabs ( cryptochiridae ) as associates of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) . ecology and evolution 5 : 5770 - 5780 . go to website ( doi )
the fungiidae are mushroom corals that live in sublittoral habitats in the tropical indo - pacific . their habitats are part of coral reefs or other marine substrata , which usually can be found in the proximity of the reefs . in the present taxonomic revision , the family is divided into 11 genera ; one of which , fungia , is subdivided into seven subgenera . a total of 40 species is described and figured , three of which are new to science . one species is renamed . the stratigraphic distribution is given for all the species recorded in fossil state . a tentative phylogenetic reconstruction down to the species level is given . the cladogram that is provided should be considered a working hypothesis and not a sound basis for a completely revised classification and nomenclature of the fungiidae . for each species the presently known geographic range is mapped . the pattern of species richness in the indo - pacific is compared with that of some other taxa and discussed with respect to their distributional patterns . the ranges of the fungiidae are analyzed with the use of approaches from both historical and ecological biogeography .
waheed z . , hoeksema b . w . ( 2012 ) hard corals ( families fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae ) . in : kassem k . , hoeksema b . w . , affendi y . a , ( eds ) semporna marine ecological expedition . wwf - malaysia , ncb naturalis , universiti malaysia sabah . kota kinabalu , malaysia . pp 9 - 42 .
family fungiidae dana 1848 . the mushroom corals could be poster children for lps ( large polyped stony corals ) if they weren ' t so odd in many ways . these are solitary , non - reef building animals that amongst the true or stony corals are ambulatory . . . yes , they ' re capable of movement . all but three genera remain free , unattached from the substrate as adults .
waheed z . , benzoni , f . , mei , s . e . t . van der , terraneo t . i . , hoeksema b . w . 2015 . scleractinian corals ( fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae ) of pulau layang - layang , spratly islands , with a note on pavona maldivensis ( gardiner , 1905 ) . zookeys 517 : 1 - 37 . go to website ( doi )
the coral species list for the families fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae in the present study added 32 new records for layang - layang and includes rarely recorded species such as leptoseris kalayaanensis , which is thus far a south china sea endemic . the mushroom coral lithophyllon ranjithi has a wider distribution range than previously thought and can no longer be considered endemic to northeastern borneo . this is the first record of this species from an oceanic and offshore reef habitat , in contrast to its previously reported habitat preference for coastal and sheltered reef conditions .
a total of 552 corals , including 375 reef species , are represented on this maximum parsimony cladogram that is part of the scleractinian supertree ( figure 1 ) . roman numerals denote clades based on the phylogeny in fukami et al . [ 42 ] . ant : anthemiphyllidae , ast : astrocoeniidae , car : caryophylliidae , eup : euphylliidae , fav : faviidae , fun : fungiidae , mea : meandrinidae , mer : merulinidae , mus : mussidae , ocu : oculinidae , pec : pectiniidae , poc : pocilloporidae , rhi : rhizangiidae , sid : siderastreidae , ste : stenocyathidae , trc : trachyphylliidae .
cladogram of the fungiidae ( based on gittenberger et al . ; benzoni et al . ) , combined with gall crab associations . percentages ( depicted as filled circles ) portray how the gall crabs are distributed over their coral hosts : fungicola syzygia ( n = 316 ) , fungicola fagei ( n = 4 ) , fungicola utinomi ( n = 82 ) , and dacryomaia sp . ( n = 29 ) , based on fieldwork in sw sulawesi using belt quadrats . other records ( depicted as filled squares ) are based on collection data ( table ) and fieldwork other than sw sulawesi ( see ) .
figure 20 . 6 examples of genera and species from the major coral families : poritidae ( a - c ) , pocilloporidae ( d - g ) ; fungiidae ( h - k ) and minor family oculinidae ( l ) . species : a , porites lutea ; b , porites cylindrical ; c , goniopora fruticosa ; d , pocillopora damicornis ; e , pocillopora eydouxi ; f , stylophora pistillata ; g , seriatopora hystrix ; h , fungia valida ; i , heliofungia actiniformis ; j , ctenactis echinata ; k , herpolitha webberi ; l , galaxea astreata . ( photos : p . muir except g , gbrmpa . )
figure 20 . 6 examples of genera and species from the major coral families : poritidae ( a - c ) , pocilloporidae ( d - g ) ; fungiidae ( h - k ) and minor family oculinidae ( l ) . species : a , porites lutea ; b , porites cylindrical ; c , goniopora fruticosa ; d , pocillopora damicornis ; e , pocillopora eydouxi ; f , stylophora pistillata ; g , seriatopora hystrix ; h , fungia valida ; i , heliofungia actiniformis ; j , ctenactis echinata ; k , herpolitha webberi ; l , galaxea astreata . ( photos : p . muir except g , gbrmpa . )
the marine aquarium hobby has at last reached a level where the aquarists can observe animal behaviour and study biological events that hardly can be examined in detail anywhere else other than in the aquarium . today many of the private reef tanks can show far better results with respect to the growth of corals than the majority of public marine aquariums , which are still run by heavy biological filters and have an extensive growth of algae . in this article we shall concentrate on the scleractinian family fungiidae ( “piltzkoralle” ) , which has proven to very durable , and which has shown us some very interesting examples of unisexual breeding through the development of a structure called “acanthocauli” - which we shall return to .
underwater surveys of 27 , 000 mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) at papua new guinea ( laing island , madang and motupore ) , singapore , the maldives ( ari atoll and south male atoll ) , the red sea ( hurghada ) , indonesia ( makassar , sulawesi ) and examination of 1 , 000 fungiids from museum collections ( mainly national museum of naturaf history , leiden ) have shown that 36 coral species were infested by several species of coralliophilidae belonging to the genus leptoconchus . the rate of infestation of the mushroom coral assemblage varied from 0 to 7 / . the two most infested fungiidae were fungia ( fungia ) fungites and f . ( verrillofungia ) repanda . at the east side of laing island , f . ( f . ) fungites reached an infestation rate of 19 / , the highest value ever recorded . the rate of infestation was positively correlated with hydrodynamics and negatively with turbidity . it was , however , not correlated with the density of the fungiid assemblage . infestation was maximum in shallow water ( 1 - 5 m ) ; nearly no leptoconchus spp . were found deeper than 20 m . place of settlement of the mollusc ( coral centre or edge ) , opening of the burrow ( oral / aboral side of the coral ) and deformation of coral skeleton varied according to the coral species infested . these variations seemed specifically related to the different leptoconchus species rather than the infested host species
the polyps of fungiidae are among the very largest of all coral polyps , and the very often imported species heliofungia actiniformis can reach a diameter of over 50 cm . it also has very long tentacles usually with green and brown colors , but occasionally colored beautifully purple . there is little known about the feeding habits of fungiids , but it is for certain that these corals , like another hermatypic corals , are utilizing the energy produced by the symbiotic algae . most likely the majority of the species catch and utilize plankton as well . like most corals fungiids do have parasites . the bivalve fungicava eilatensis lives inside the mouth of the corals and is found nowhere else . i have , however , not heard of any aquarists that have detected it in an aquarium yet .
references : anonymous . arkive images of life on earth online . mushroom corals ( fungia spp . ) . . anonymous . reef corner online . plate coral . . fenner , bob . wet web media online . plate corals , family fungiidae . goldstein , robert j . . marine reef aquarium handbook hauppauge : barrons , 1997 . hiller , greg . reefkeeping magazine online . propagating fungia sp . ( plate coral ) . . jennings , greg . the new encyclopedia of the saltwater aquarium . buffalo : firefly books ltd . , 2007 . personal observation shimek , ronald l . marine invertebrates . neptune city : t . f . h publications , 2004 . tullock , john h . . natural reef aquariums ; simplified approaches to creating living saltwater microcosms neptune city : t . f . h publications , 2001 .
corals within the scleractinian family fungiidae were observed to move toward light ( positive phototaxis ) . negative phototactic movement was not observed in any of the specimens tested . on sandy substratum , diaseris distorta moved faster ( max . speed of 3 cm h - 1 ) than other species . although d . distorta has symbiotic algae , phototactic movement also was observed both in bleached corals and in those treated with a specific inhibitor ( dichlorophenyl dimethyl urea ) of photosynthesis . d . distorta was phototactic even on a glass plate , and climbed up a steep slope ( up to 30° ) . based on experiments with fungia fungites and d . distorta , soft tissues at the peripheral region of the dise seem to be responsible for movement via peristalsis . it is suggested that positive phototaxis in symbiontbearing fungiid corals is an important trait for selection of favorable habitats .
there are discussions among scientists of how to define the term “solitary” . as a general rule , corals with one mouth only are called solitary while those with many mouths are called colonial . the majority of fungiids are solitary corals . most species in the largest genus fungia , have one mouth only , but the species fungia simplex always has several mouths . the closely related species fungia echinata does , however , only have one single mouth . abnormal developments can also result in the development of an unusual number of mouths . it is accepted that the solitary corals are the oldest evolutionary form and that colonial forms have evolved from the solitary form . the fungiidae does also contain one hermatypic genus - fungiacyathus . altogether this family contains a number of highly interesting species some of which are very durable in the reef aquarium . but again . . . . . the term “solitary” is very diffuse .
in most corals , there is a clear distinction between what is an individual and what is a colony . this is not always so , as seen in the family fungiidae , where there is a continual gradation between solitary individuals ( with a single mouth ) and colonies ( with many mouths ) , as exemplified by the sequence cycloseris ? fungia ? ctenactis ? herpolitha ? polyphyllia . in this sequence , cycloseris and ( usually ) fungia exist only as solitary individuals with a single mouth while polyphyllia forms colonies with many mouths . a single specimen of ctenactis or herpolitha could be considered a solitary individual with many mouths or a colony of individuals , each with a single mouth . likewise , in some corals there may not be a clear distinction between what is an individual and what is a row of individuals . this is best seen in families faviidae and mussidae , where there is a continual gradation between colonies composed of distinct polyps ( corallites ) to colonies where individuals are recognisable only by the existence of mouths and / or columella centres , to colonies where there is no sign of individuality .
the value of investigating extinction risk in the phylogenetic context has been emphasised in considerable detail elsewhere [ 26 ] , [ 29 ] , [ 32 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 101 ] , [ 137 ] , [ 138 ] . specifically for corals , confusion surrounding traditional taxonomy makes it difficult to accurately generalise traits exhibited by species to higher level taxa [ 42 ] . for instance , following the massive bleaching event in 1998 , the family faviidae , including leptastrea purpurea and l . transversa , has been declared a ‘winner’ in the recovery process at sesoko island , japan [ 39 ] , [ 40 ] . yet phylogenies inferred in the last 15 years have unequivocally demonstrated that leptastrea is more closely related to members of fungiidae rather than faviidae [ 42 ] , [ 52 ] , [ 53 ] , [ 82 ] , [ 139 ] ( see also [ 140 ] , [ 141 ] ) , recovered within clade x with corals that are resistant to or recover quickly from bleaching ( figures 3 , 5 ) . results here suggest that these traits are conserved on the evolutionary tree , irrespective of species ' taxonomic affiliations .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
although the presence of fish on coral colonies and individual polyps of the anthozoa is relatively common ( e . g . , munday et al .
) . other fishes may hover over individuals of this large solitary coral polyp , but without direct contact with the tentacles .
at 3–28 m depth in the davao gulf between july 2010 and may 2011 . instead of
. about every 15th coral polyp was inhabited by one or two fish and , at a few occasions , specimens of more than one fish species were present on a single coral polyp ( fig .
b ) . these fishes dwelled within the coral canopy apparently without being adversely affected . although these fishes survive outside this coral microhabitat , i repeatedly observed one specimen of
occupying the same coral polyp over a period of 5 days . the representatives of the gobiidae were mostly adult specimens , whereas those of the labridae were exclusively juveniles . small juveniles ( ≤4 cm tl ) resided among the tentacles , whereas larger juveniles hovered over the tentacles or swam along the coral periphery . this is the first observation of fishes , other than
gobies a trimma sp . ( undescribed species ) , b eviota pellucida and e . lachdeberei , and the shrimp cuapetes lacertae among tentacles of heliofungia actiniformis
hoeksema bw , van der meij s , fransen chjm ( 2011 ) the mushroom coral as a habitat . j mar biol assoc uk 91 : doi :
munday pl , jones gp , caley mj ( 1997 ) habitat specialisation and the distribution and abundance of coral - dwelling gobies . mar ecol prog ser 152 : 227–239
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a coral is recorded eating a jellyfish for the first time , in intriguing photographs taken by scientists .
coral usually feed on tiny plankton as well as products provided by photosynthetic algae .
yet the photos reveal a stationary mushroom coral sucking in a large moon jellyfish .
researchers believe the ability to feed on a variety of food sources like jellyfish may give the coral an advantage in a changing world .
the pictures were taken on a dive by mr omri bronstein from tel aviv university in israel and mr gal dishon from bar - ilan university , ramat gan , israel in march 2009 during a survey on reefs near the israeli city of eilat in the red sea .
ocean currents and nutrients had created a seasonal bloom of the jellyfish ( aurelia aurita ) and many surrounded the reef in which the team were diving .
during the survey we were amazed to notice some mushroom corals actively feeding on the moon jellyfish ,
says ada alamaru , a member of the research team who is doing her phd in marine biology supervised by prof yossi loya at tel aviv university , israel .
we couldn ' t believe our eyes when we saw it ,
ms alamaru says .
the moon jellyfish is known to be eaten by a number of predators including fish , turtles and sea birds .
however , to find it preyed upon by the mushroom coral ( fungia scruposa ) was a unique discovery .
this is the first documentation of a coral feeding on a jellyfish almost equal to its size ,
ms alamaru says .
in fact we saw a few corals feeding and not only one .
normally corals feed on small microscopic organisms that make up plankton only 0 . 2mm to 0 . 4mm in size . in doing so they may ingest extremely small embryonic jellies that would be difficult to see by the naked eye . however research into the stomach contents of corals by scientists in the us did not find evidence of this .
they also feed on energy products provided by photosynthetic algae that live inside the coral .
this is definitely unusual . as far as i know no other coral are reported to feed on jellyfish . however , some sea anemones , which are close relatives of corals , are documented feeding on other jelly species ,
ms alamaru says .
unlike most reef building corals which are colonial and are made up of hundreds of polyps f . scruposa is solitary and composed of one large polyp , measuring up to 30cm in diameter .
they are not attached to the seabed so have a limited ability to move , unlike their reef building relatives .
however , ms alamaru says it is still a mystery how exactly f . scruposa manages to capture its prey .
the coral ' s ability to feed opportunistically when a jellyfish bloom occurs provides valuable protein to the animal .
ms alamaru suggests the discovery reveals not only a food source for the large mouthed coral but also potential further benefits in a changing environment , where due to climate change and anthropogenic disturbances , jelly blooms are increasing in frequency and intensity .
the ability to utilise a variety of food sources and to take advantage of such a bloom event gives the mushroom corals an advantage compared with other small polyped corals that are not able to feed on such large prey items ,
ms alamaru says .
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all my fungiids are placed closely together and they do not seem to have any negative influence to each other . their stinging cells seem to be harmless , and other nearby animals like a galaxea sp . and some actinodiscus sp . do not react negative at all . they are all living like a happy family . even the anenomfish premnas biaculeatus have joined them .
i have tried to classify the species and most likely it is f . danai . but i am far from sure . i placed both polyps in good light and on sandy bottom . they are doing excellent , are expanded the whole day long and have during 1989 shown the following growth :
october - 89 : “ “ 60mm this gives an average growth of 3 , 5mm diameter pr . month . if the average thickness of the skeleton is estimated roughly to 2 . 0 mm and the specific weight of app . 1 , 5 g / ccm , these two colonies alone have fixed app . 17 gr . calcium carbonate , all very roughly estimated of course . as we clearly see that stony corals , serpulide worms , vermetide snails , different crustaceans , molluscs , the calcareous red - , green - and brown algae and many other calcium fixers are growing heavily , how can anyone state that the adding of calcium and bicarbonate is not necessary ! ?
in august 1990 i once again measured the second generation acanthocauli on the shell - side of the giant calm . it had now grown to a diameter of 2 cm and as this was not enough , another three very small new acanthocauli - polyps are developing near by . meanwhile the “older ones” have grown to a diameter of 8 cm .
when i examined the shells of the clam about two months after the event , i to my even bigger astonishment discovered that two new acanthocauli were growing from the same stalk ! in nature the stalk becomes weakened from calcareous destroying organisms like algae and sponges , and the polyp breaks off . here the obvious reason for loosening was the decreasing in light intensity when the giant calm was moved backwards in my aquarium . when i visited herr dietrich stã¼ber , who is one of the world leading persons on hermatypic stony corals in captivity , in berlin ( brd ) in october 1989 , in his excellent aquarium especially designed for the growth of scleractinian corals , i was able to detect the asexual formation from several acanthocauli at an fungia sp . , perhaps f . simplex . the pictures that follows this article clearly shows that we have now reached the technical point where natural conditions can be simulated and that natural events can be studied in detail . we can add something new to the knowledge of the reef corals . for all those especially interested in scleractinian corals veron , 1986 is a must and really an excellent work on the subject . the full reference is given below .
veron , j . e . n . , 1986 . corals of australia and the indo - pacific .
angus & robertson publ . , london , uk and north ryde , australia . 644 pp . fully colored illustrated . isbn 0 207 15116 4 .
the field surveys carried out in this study comply with the “animal welfare act of 1998” issued by the government of the philippines . we greatly acknowledge j . bayogan and g . gumanao ( davao del norte state college ) for providing logistic support during the fieldwork activities . furthermore , we are grateful for identification confirmations by c . fransen ( naturalis biodiversity center , netherlands ) , d . greenfield ( university of hawaii , u . s . a . ) and r . winterbottom ( royal ontario museum , canada ) . we thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments .
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in most corals , the over - all appearance of a colony is not a direct outcome of the way its corallites multiply . however , in the family faviidae , the type of budding may determine the type of colony that results . in this family , the terms used to describe both budding ( the formation of corallites ) and growth form are usually the same . ( for example , the term ‘meandroid’ may be used to describe both the type of budding and the type of colony . )
all corals that form colonies do so by a process of budding , where the parent polyp divides itself into two or more daughter polyps ( intratentacular budding ) , or daughter corallites form on the side of the parent colony ( extratentacular budding ) , or polyps lose their identity , as seen in colonies with valleys . some colonies have both intra - and extra - tentacular buds .
right . extratentacular budding ( left ) and intratentacular budding ( right ) in faviid colonies . drawings : geoff kelley
if the corallites of a colony all have their own walls they are called plocoid or phaceloid , depending on how elongate they are . if they share common walls they are called meandroid or cerioid , depending on whether or not they form valleys . if they are meandroid and have their own walls they are termed flabello - meandroid .
5 . colony formation in corals . 1 plocoid colonies have corallites with their own walls . 2 phaceloid colonies also have corallites with their own walls , but these are long and tubular . 3 cerioid colonies have polyps , which have common walls . 4 . meandroid colonies have valleys rather than polyps . 4 meandroid colonies have valleys rather than polyps . 5 . flabello - meandroid colonies also have valleys , but do not have common walls . drawings : geoff kelly .
these growth forms confer several constraints on corallite replication and growth . plocoid and phaceloid colonies can have both intratentacular and extratentacular budding , while cerioid colonies can only have intratentacular budding . plocoid , cerioid and meandroid colonies have integrated corallites or valleys , while adjacent corallites or valleys of phaceloid and flabello - meandroid colonies may have little or no connecting tissue . the latter may compete for space and other resources , with the result that some parts of colonies overgrow other parts .
some colonies combine two growth forms . euphyllia and lobophyllia colonies may be phaceloid toward the colony centre where lack of space constrains valley formation and be flabello - meandroid at the periphery where there are no such constraints . similarly , symphyllia colonies may have both meandroid and flabello - meandroid areas ; favia colonies may have both plocoid and meandroid areas ; favites and goniastrea colonies may be both plocoid and cerioid . there are also many intermediate forms between plocoid and fully phaceloid and ( very commonly ) between cerioid and fully meandroid colonies .
a variety of other types of colony formation are found in corals , but these are uncommon .
the most common terms used to describe growth form are ordinary descriptive words . massive means solid and similar in shape in all dimensions . encrusting means adhering to the substrate . branching means forming branches . arborescent means tree - like . columnar means forming columns . laminar means plate - like . explanate means forming solid sheets . other terms are used with particular groups of corals ; all are explained in the glossary . however , there are so many different shapes of corals that such descriptive terms can be misleading and carry less meaning than illustrations .
a common modification of all descriptive terms is the addition of the prefix sub to the term ( e . g . submassive , subcerioid , sub - equal ) , meaning ‘less than’ or ‘not quite’ .
the much - studied coral porites forms large hemispherical colonies which typically grow ( radially ) at a rate of around 1 cm per year as determined by x - rays of thin slices . some more heavily calcified colonies of other corals grow at slower rates than this , although most are faster . staghorn acropora readily grows ( linearly ) up to about 30 cm per year . plate - forming acropora also grows ( in diameter ) up to about 30 cm per year .