the eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) , also known as the common wolf or middle russian forest wolf , is a subspecies of grey wolf native to europe and the forest and steppe zones of the former soviet union .

it was once widespread throughout eurasia prior to the middle ages .

aside from an extensive paleontological and genetic record , indo-european languages typically have several words for wolf , thus attesting to the animal 's abundance and cultural significance .

it was held in high regard in baltic , celtic , slavic , turkic , ancient greek , roman , and thracian cultures , whilst having an ambivalent reputation in early germanic cultures .

it is the largest of old world grey wolves , averaging 39 kg ( 86 lb ) in europe ; however , exceptionally large individuals have weighed between 69 – 80 kg ( 152 – 176 lb ) , though this varies according to region .

its fur is relatively short and coarse , and is generally of a tawny colour , with white on the throat that barely extends to the cheeks .

melanists , albinos and erythrists are rare , and mostly the result of wolf-dog hybridisation .

the howl of the eurasian wolf is much more protracted and melodious than that of north american grey wolf subspecies , whose howls are louder and have a stronger emphasis on the first syllable .

the two are , however , mutually intelligible , as north american wolves have been recorded to respond to european-style howls made by biologists .

many eurasian wolf populations are forced to subsist largely on livestock and garbage in areas with dense human activity , though wild ungulates such as moose , red deer , roe deer and wild boar are still the most important food sources in russia and the more mountainous regions of eastern europe .

other prey species include reindeer , argali , mouflon , wisent , saiga , ibex , chamois , wild goats , fallow deer and musk deer .

eurasian wolf

eurasian wolf or european wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) . . . pictures | getty images
the eurasian wolf is one of the largest wolf subspecies , and the largest type of wolf found outside of the americas .
the eurasian wolf ' s scientific name is canis lupus lupus , as it is a subspecies of the gray wolf . other names for this variety include common wolf , carpathian wolf , european wolf , steppes wolf , chinese wolf , and tibetan wolf .
the eurasian wolf ( canis lupus ) is one of the largest wolf subspecies and the largest found outside of the americas . there are almost 40 wolf subspecies including arctic wolf , tundra wolf , critically endangered red wolf , dingo and the domestic dog . see more photos and learn more about eurasian wolves below .
eurasian wolf from zoopark chomutov , the czech republic . vlk euroasijský ze zooparku chomutov , česká republika .
the eurasian wolf is one of the 37 recognized subspecies ( types ) of gray wolf . all 37 subspecies are essentially the same animal ; the eurasian wolf could have pups with any of the other grey wolf subspecies , which include the arctic wolf , the dingo … and the domestic dog .
this page contains amazing eurasian wolf facts for kids ( and adults ) . this animal is part of the
although the howls of the eurasian wolf and the north american gray wolf appear to be different to human ears , they understand each other quite well .
apart from size , the physical differences between wolf subspecies are often small . the eurasian wolf has a slightly narrower head and longer ears than its north american cousins . the eurasian wolf’s howl is longer and more varied in tone than those of the north american subspecies .
the eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) , also known as the common wolf , european wolf , carpathian wolf , steppes wolf , tibetan wolf and chinese wolf is a subspecies of the grey wolf ( canis lupus ) . currently , it has the largest range among wolf subspecies and is the most common in europe and asia , ranging through western europe , scandinavia , russia , china , mongolia and the himalayan mountains .
eurasian wolves are still hunted in many countries , but are increasingly protected by local laws .
the eurasian wolf has a pale gray - brown coat , which is lighter on the undersides and darker on the back and shoulders .
the iberian wolf is found exclusively in the iberian peninsula . its scientific name “signatus” refers to the signs in their fur that differentiate it from eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) .
we find no evidence of the eurasian golden jackal occurring in continental africa ,
koepfli said .
the chinese , or eurasian , wolf – canis lupus lupus – is thinner than its american cousin , with longer ears and a narrower head .
in general , eurasian wolves are found in remote areas , that is , far from cities and towns .
studies of eurasian lynx , dingoes , lions and sea otters have found similar effects , the authors reported .
the lynx patrols work in the bohemian forest and its foothills - the home of our largest eurasian lynx population .
if you want to read similar articles to what is the habitat of the eurasian wolf ? , we recommend you visit our facts about the animal kingdom category .
ancient nomads , female warriors and priestesses by jeannine davis - kimball ( center for the study of eurasian nomads ) useful information and details on the specific functions of these powerful priestesses and priestess - warriors of the early eurasian nomads .
cotswold wildlife park is celebrating the birth of a litter of five eurasian wolf cubs – the first to be born at the park in its 47 - year history .
andrew simpson and one of the eurasian wolves he trained , on the set of the chinese film wolf totem . simpson has released a book and documentary called wolves unleashed
andrew simpson and one of the eurasian wolves he trained , on the set of the chinese film wolf totem . simpson has released a book and documentary called wolves unleashed .
the arctic wolf’s medium - size distinguishes it from the northwestern wolf , which is smaller in comparison .
the second deepest split separates the modern western eurasian dogs , such as the labrador retriever , and east asian dogs , such as the shar pei ( figure 1a ) . it is interesting to note that the paleolithic newgrange dog clusters tightly with western eurasian dogs , indicating that the split between the east asian and western eurasian lineages occurred before that newgrange individual appeared .
the eurasian wolf still has the widest range among wolf subspecies , residing in the tundra , taiga , plains , scrublands , mountains and desert . their coats are suited to the plunging temperature and the northern , freezing climes .
the diet of eurasian wolves varies enormously throughout their ranges . eurasian wolves commonly prey on medium sized ungulates like moufflon , chamois , saiga , wild boar , red deer , roe deer and livestock . eurasian wolves will occasionally eat smaller prey such as frogs and hares . in europe , their largest prey is the wisent , while in asia , it is the yak .
the classification of species and subspecies of the wolf is still unclear , although most authors consider that there are 7 species of wolf : gray wolf ( canis lupus ) , red wolf ( canis rufus ) , ethiopian wolf ( canis simensis ) , eastern wolf ( canis lycaon ) , golden jackal ( canis aureus ) , himalayan wolf ( canis himalayensis ) and indian wolf ( canis indica ) . although some features are common to all species , we will focus on the gray wolf and specifically in the subspecies iberian wolf ( canis lupus signatus ) .
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as a subspecies of the gray wolf , the eurasian wolf inhabits the temperate grasslands of europe and asia . they live in smaller packs and are considered more adaptable to environmental changes , when compared to the north american gray wolf . eurasian wolves also have narrower heads , longer ears , coarser fur and thinner tails than gray wolves . size vary according to geographic distribution , but animals found in asia are often bigger than their european counterparts .
three - year - old eurasian wolf ember , who gave birth to five cubs this year , was killed by a keeper after being discovered outsider her enclosure at cotswold safari park on friday .
the scientists compiled a list of 494 prey species that provided food for 17 large carnivores – including the lion , tiger , leopard , cheetah , grey wolf , eurasian lynx and spotted hyena .
eneolithic horse exploitation in the eurasian steppes : diet , ritual and riding on the dietary and the ritual role of horses in the eneolithic western eurasian steppes . horses were strongly associated with the world of humans and had become an important symbol in mortuary rituals by about 5000 bc .
the eurasian wolf , leaner than its american cousin , was driven to extinction in france in the 20th century . thanks to a dedicated conservation effort , a small population has returned to the alps .
the temperate grasslands are a biome that includes the prairies of north america , the steppes of russia and mongolia and the south american pampas . among many other animals species , wolves also live in the temperate grasslands ; wolf species include the gray wolf ( canis lupus ) , the subspecies mexican wolf ( canis lupus baileyi ) and eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) , as well as the north american red wolf ( canis rufus ) and the south american maned wolf ( chrysocyon brachyurus ) .
although the iucn status of the gray wolf is of least concern - remember that the species includes domestic dogs and dingoes - eurasian wolves face habitat fragmentation and persecution from humans , which are major threats .
scientists believe the eurasian wolf moved eastwards , and it is less and less commonly found in the west . while it used to be found all over eurasia , now it is only found in select regions .
the colour of the eurasian wolf ranges from white , cream , red , grey and black , sometimes with all colours combined . wolves in central europe tend to be more richly coloured than those in northern europe .
of the three major species of wolf that are spread across the globe , one of the most famous is the eurasian , or “common” , wolf . this large canine is most commonly found in central russia and eastern and northern europe . reaching up to 35 inches in height and weighing between 70 and 130 pounds , the eurasian wolf is the largest of its kind in eurasia . the largest recorded grey wolf was killed in romania , and was said to have weighed 158 pounds . although sometimes referred to as the “grey wolf” , these wolves aren’t always grey in color . in fact , it is common to see cream colored eurasian wolfs , as well as ones with brown or black pelts . these wolves are more rich in color when found in northern europe than elsewhere .
nowadays the eurasian wolf is considered extinct in many european countries . fortunately , re - population efforts have had results in france , germany , norway and sweden . this effort began in the mid - 20th century , and it has spread to other regions . the population has more than doubled in russia ; however , the number of eurasian wolves in asia remains unknown .
wolves have been driven out of many parts of europe and are now only found in remote areas , far away from towns and cities . despite this , the eurasian wolf has the largest range ( the area in which it is found in the wild ) of any type of wolf .
the arctic wolf ( canis lupus arctos ) , also known as the melville island wolf , is a subspecies of gray wolf native to the canadian arctic archipelago , from melville island to ellesmere island .
eurasian wolves display social characteristics , forming large packs . this behavior is , however , variable as some populations in europe have been seen to be solo hunters .
the wolf holds great importance in the cultures and religions of the nomadic peoples , both of the eurasian steppe and of the north american plains . in many cultures , the identification of the warrior with the wolf ( totemism ) gave rise to the notion of lycanthropy , the mythical or ritual identification of man and wolf . ( the wolf in the scandinavian tradition as either representing the warrior or as a symbol of odin , sometimes combined with the christian symbolism as the wolf representing evil or the devi . )
eurasian wolves have shorter , denser fur than their north american relatives . their size varies according to region , although adults measure 30 inches ( 76 centimetres ) at the shoulder and weigh around 70 – 130 pounds ( 32 – 59 kilograms ) , with females usually being about twenty per cent smaller than males . the heaviest known eurasian wolf was killed in romania and weighed 158 pounds ( 72 kilograms ) .
the grey wolf known also as the timber wolf , was once one of the world’s most widespread species , however due to habitat reduction , persecution by humans and other factors , its range is now confined to remote wilderness areas of north america , eurasia and north africa . the eurasian wolf although still under threat , is starting to recover since it’s major decline in the 1950’s .
europe has had a long and complex history with the eurasian wolf . ancient vikings , romans , celts and greeks all feared and respected the animal , writing it into their religious mythologies . the she - wolf , or lupa romana , the symbol of ancient rome , was so revered that romans only killed wolves when absolutely necessary .
the eurasian wolf subspecies is known for its long , narrow skull and slender build . it has a coarser and thinner coat than that of other gray wolves , and it can range from white to black , including cream , red , gray and brown .
small , isolated groups are found in western european countries and scandinavia . larger wolf populations are present in eastern european countries such as poland and romania . by far the largest number of eurasian wolves – perhaps as many as 30 , 000 – live in russia .
the red wolf is under hot debate as to whether it is a separate species of a subspecies of the grey wolf . a study in 2011 found it ' s dna to consist mainly of coyote and be only 20 % grey wolf however , suggesting that it is not a genetically distinct species of wolf .
in scottish folklore there are a number of tales of the wolf and fox . these tend to convey the wolf as somewhat more gullible than the cunning fox . in one tale fox tricks wolf out of a whole keg of butter , and in another fox ' s trickery results in wolf losing his tail !
from the ‘big bad wolf’ in little red riding hood to the legendary ‘ werewolf ’ , the wolf – or gray wolf to give it its full name – is the subject of myths and fairytales in many parts of the world .
the eurasian wolf was eliminated from most of northern europe during 19th century . it was hunted out of denmark in the 1770s , while the last norwegian wolf was eliminated as late as the 1970s . in central europe , gray wolves lowered in numbers during the first part of the 19th century : the last wolf of bavaria was hunted in the 1840s . in crimea , the subspecies has been eliminated not one but multiple times .
the wolf - size otter lived in a shallow swamp surrounded by thick vegetation .
genetic diversity in the caucasian wolves in comparison with wolf populations from southern europe .
but this wolf had apparently lain in wait for the young mining camp worker .
the wolf , it seems , is one animal that’s always in the doghouse .
in the 4th - 6th century ce the rouran took over control of the eurasian steppes . in 436 ce the rouran dislodged the usun to the tian - shan mountains [ 11 ] [ 12 ]
the arctic wolf ( canis lupus arctos ) , also known as the melville island wolf , is a possible subspecies of gray wolf and is native to the canadian arctic archipelago . it is a medium - sized subspecies , distinguished from the northwestern wolf by its smaller size , its whiter coloration , its narrower braincase , and larger carnassials .
eurasian wolves are regarded highly in various european cultures , including the greek , roman , baltic , celtic , etc . germanic people of yore , however , had both regard and contempt for this animal .
fig . 1 . deep split between east asian and western eurasian dogs . ( a ) a neighbor - joining tree ( with bootstrap values ) based on identity by state of 605 dogs . red and yellow clades represent the east asian and western eurasian core groups , respectively . ( b ) a map showing the location and relative proportion of ancestry of dogs . negative values ( red ) indicate that the population shares more derived alleles with the east asian core , whereas positive values ( yellow ) indicate a closer association with the western eurasian core . ( doi : 10 . 1126 / science . aaf3161 )
the current ( dark blue ) and historic ( light blue ) population range for brown bears , gray wolves , eurasian lynx , and wolverines in europe . photo credit : chapron et al . 2014 .
the african golden wolf is found in north and east africa , with perhaps some in the middle east , while the eurasian golden jackal is found from southern europe to the middle east and across southern asia all the way to the edge of southeast asia in vietnam , the researchers said .
) and grey wolf haplotypes published after 2010 , as well as any dog haplotypes .
below we examine more versions of wolf legends and myths from indo - european lands .
villagers have also taken down a stuffed wolf that had been in the school lobby .
like many members of the animal kingdom , eurasian wolves breed during the early winter months and into the spring . after between 61 and 65 days of pregnancy , a female eurasian wolf will give birth to around 4 to 7 pups . the whole pack will raise and disciple these young wolves , though it is only the most dominate females and males that will mate . this ensures that only the strongest genes will survive , and that the strength of the pack will be maintained for generations to come .
the researchers determined that the african golden jackal lineage split from the lineage including gray wolves and coyotes about 1 . 3 million years ago while the eurasian golden jackal lineage split about 600 , 000 years earlier .
the wolf is often symbolically linked with mountain kami in shinto ( the most famous example being the wolf kami of mitsumine shrine in the town of chichibu in saitama prefecture ) .
the wolf in the scandinavian tradition as either representing the warrior or as a symbol of odin , sometimes combined with the christian symbolism as the wolf representing evil or the devil .
the elimination of the eurasian wolf from europe was an effort that began during the middle ages and persisted until the beginning of the 20th century . in some cases , like in the united kingdom , their killing was promoted through legislation : in scotland , wolves survived till the 1680s while ireland saw its last wolf killed in the 1780s . they are still considered extinct in the british isles .
on a continent that can go years without a major wolf attack , the area has hosted three suspected wolf attacks on adult men in 12 years . the attacks are all within 100 km of one another , and thus within the range of a single wolf population .
“the turki , one branch of the hun people，took the wolf as their ancestor．in turki annals，zhou classics , it was recorded that the ashina tribe people were killed out by neighboring kingdoms，with only one ten - year - old boy survivor , who was saved by a she - wolf．the wolf brought him up and mated him．the enemy kingdoms heard of this，endeavored to kill him and the pregnant wolf．the last turki didn’t survive this crisis，but the wolf did，as well as their ten offspring． the wolf escaped to the caves in the mountain north to the nanchang kingdom，and gave birth to ten boys．they prospered and took wolf as their totem．and in the legendary story of cham wukesi，there was a god wolf who guided the way in the marching，and helped the army win the war .
iberian wolf pack howling at night / lobos ibéricos aullando en la noche . durmiendo con lobos
wolf shot dead after escaping from a zoo may have climbed over a defective electric fence .
listed below are the species or subspecies of wolf that are currently contested and under debate .
, which translates into english as something like ' the great evil wolf ' , rather than the wolf of british fairytales , the somewhat downgraded ' big bad wolf ' . the tale of little red riding hood , as we know it today from the brothers grimm , was originally
the grey wolf legend the wolf is a common motif in the foundational mythologies and cosmologies of peoples throughout eurasia and north america ( corresponding to the historical extent of the habitat of the gray wolf ) . the wolf symbolizes honor and is also considered the mother of most turkic peoples . asena is the name of one of the ten sons who were given birth by a mythical wolf in turkic mythology . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
the gray wolf is the biggest species in the canidae family , which inhabits temperate grasslands of the northern hemisphere . the gray wolf has several subspecies , which often refers to geographic groups with specific characteristics . the mexican wolf is a smaller and critically endangered subspecies of gray wolf , which was reintroduced to the north american temperate grasslands recently , after almost extinct in the wild .
the successful birth of four red wolf pups is an important addition to the populations of this rare florida species , and they are the first red wolf births at the zoo since 1993 .
the wolf lives on in a number of scottish place names , such as mullinavaddie ( ' mill of the wolf ' ) in perthshire , as well as lochmaddy , ardmaddy and craigmaddy .
as soon as the elder son got to know that his mother was a wolf , he said to her , “mamma ! mamma ! i have heard that you are a wolf . ”
the eurasian wolf sub - species ( canis lupus lupus ) has recovered since the nadir of its decline in the 1950s , and is found in the iberian peninsula , scandinavia , italy , northern europe , russia , turkey , israel , saudi arabia , afghanistan , pakistan , india , mongolia and china . across much of this range the wolf was widely hunted due to the threat of predation on livestock populations .
the tibetans attribute their grey wolf traditions to the mongol royal house , and not the tibetans , see mynak r . tulku , “ grey wolf in tibetan tradition , ” bulletin of tibetology 1967 no . 2 , or the notes on the grey wolf symbol , via digital himalaya :
the many names of the eurasian wolf point out the subspecies ' exceptionally wide range , from western europe to east asia and including the alps , scandinavia , russia , the caucasus , the kopet dag range , mongolia and the himalayas . interestingly , the gray wolves that you can find in italy are a separate subspecies .
“a single wolf basically pounced on him , ” was what a mine representative told the press .
on the very rare occasion that a north american wolf bites a human , the animal is usually rabid or surprised ; a hiker startling a wolf feeding on a moose carcass , for instance .
the wolf is a legally protected species … and there is no need to revisit that status .
( the old spelling of the french word for wolf ) abound . the name chanteloup is particularly common , and signifies that in the middle ages professional wolf hunters must have made camp there (
the eurasian or european wolf has the largest range among wolf subspecies and can currently be found throughout europe , asia and russia . in the past wolves have been exterminated throughout central and northern european countries during the 19th century , the numbers of wolves throughout europe are now slowly recovering naturally with france , germany , sweden and norway being recolonised . the largest population can still be found in eastern european countries like romania , poland and the balkans . the european wolf disappeared from the uk and ireland during the 18th century .
brown bear , wolf , the eurasian lynx and wolverine are found in nearly one - third of mainland europe ( excluding belarus , ukraine , and russia ) , with most individuals living outside nature reserves , indicating that changing attitudes and landscape - scale conservation measures are successfully protecting species which have suffered massive persecution throughout human history .
the eurasian or european wolf has the largest range among wolf subspecies and can currently be found throughout europe , asia and russia . in the past wolves have been exterminated throughout central and northern european countries during the 19 th century , the numbers of wolves throughout europe are now slowly recovering naturally with france , germany , sweden and norway being recolonised . the largest population can still be found in eastern european countries like romania , poland and the balkans . the european wolf disappeared from the uk and ireland during the 18 th century .
in the cardinal directions of the plains indians , the wolf represented the west , while for the pawnee , it represented the southeast . according to the pawnee creation myth , the wolf was the first creature to experience death . the wolf star , enraged at not having been invited to attend a council on how the earth should be made , sent a wolf to steal the whirlwind bag of the storm that comes out of the west , which contained the first humans . upon being freed from the bag , the humans killed the wolf , thus bringing death into the world . the pawnee , being both an agricultural and hunting people , associated the wolf with both corn and the bison ; the “birth” and “death” of the wolf star ( sirius ) was to them a reflection of the wolf’s coming and going down the path of the milky way known as wolf road . [ 12 ]
two mexican gray wolf pups born at chicago’s brookfield zoo swapped places with two wild - born pups in new mexico as part of the united states fish and wildlife service’s mexican grey wolf recovery program .
the eurasian wolf , as the name suggests , is a canid subspecies found across europe and asia . it is a carnivore that has largely had its population cut down during various periods of history , but currently , conservation efforts have ensured that it thrives across the range that it inhabits . its numbers are believed to be generally stable .
the bears are the most abundant large carnivore in europe with around 17 , 000 individuals , alongside 12 , 000 wolves , 9 , 000 eurasian lynx and 1 , 250 wolverines , which are restricted to northern parts of scandinavia and finland .
most troubling of all , human habituation can be “passed down through wolf generations , ” said murray .
the geographic origin and age of the oldest archaeological dog remains in eurasia . ( b ) a suggested model of dog domestication under the dual - origin hypothesis . an initial wolf population splits into east and west eurasian wolves that were then domesticated independently before becoming extinct ( as indicated by the † symbol ) . the western eurasian dog population ( european ) was then partially replaced by a human - mediated translocation of asian dogs at least 6400 years ago , a process that took place gradually after the arrival of the eastern dog population . ( doi : 10 . 1126 / science . aaf3161 )
the researchers reviewed published scientific reports and singled out seven species that have been studied for their widespread ecological effects or
trophic cascades .
this includes african lions , leopards , eurasian lynx , cougars , gray wolves , sea otters and dingoes .
by e . kuzmina ,
the eurasian steppes : the transition from early urbanism to nomadism
and the papers by k . jones - bley ,
sintashta burials and their western european counterparts
and
the sintashta ' chariots '
)
as the wolf is a top predator , the state of the wolf can frequently be seen as a state of the land where it lives . wolves are still endangered after being hunted down in the 1600s .
although man domesticated his best friend from the species at least 15 , 000 years ago , he has long regarded the wolf as his worst enemy . the wolf prowls through stories—red riding hood , peter and the wolf , the norse myth of the beast that will swallow the sun at ragnarok—as the embodiment of evil .
katja schulz set
wolf 2
as an exemplar on
canis lupus lupus linnaeus , 1758
.
the capitoline wolf with romulus and remus . musei capitolini , palazzo dei conservatori , rome photo : wikimedia commons
wolf attacks aren’t supposed to happen this way , but wolves don’t exactly act as expected in northern saskatchewan .
the modern gray wolf subspecies of northern and central north america probably descend from a relatively recent wave , as gray and eurasian wolves are more closely related to each other than to smaller wolves inhabiting the southern fringes of wolf range on each continent . as in north america , the average size of wolves in eurasia varies geographically , generally increasing toward the north . the romanian wolf is of intermediate size , most adults weighing between 75 to 130 lbs ( 34 to 60 kg ) . average pack size ( around five ) and territory sizes ( between 80 and 300 sq km ; 50 to 186 miles ) tend to be smaller than typical of most wolf populations in northwestern north america .
from ms versteeg’s photographs , and from the carcass of a deer found nearby—its throat torn out in classic wolf fashion—scientists verified that she was the first person to have seen a wolf in the netherlands since 1897 . having talked to the experts , she now understands that the wolf was probably more frightened than she was . “but all you know at the time is : it’s a wolf , it’s a predator and i’m in its way . ”
a comparison of caucasian wolf mtdna haplotypes with the combined datasets of wolf and dog haplotypes from the studies by verginelli et al . [ 64 ] and savolainen et al . [ 65 ] showed that two caucasian haplotypes ( w4 and w47 ) belong to a haplogroup shared between eurasian wolves and domestic dogs , named haplogroup vi [ 64 ] or haplogroup b [ 65 ] . the remaining caucasian haplotypes ( including the three unique haplotypes ) belong to a haplogroup containing most of worldwide wolf haplotypes and only one domestic dog haplotype , named haplogroup viii [ 64 ] or haplogroup e [ 65 ] .
another recurring scene shows a warrior fighting two wild beasts ( wolves or bears , compared to the eddaic geri and freki ) . thus , spiedel ( 2004 ) connects geri and freki with archaeological finds depicting figures wearing wolf - pelts and frequently found wolf - related names among the germanic peoples , including wulfhroc ( “wolf - frock” ) , wolfhetan ( “wolf - hide” ) , isangrim ( “grey - mask” ) , scrutolf ( “garb - wolf” ) and wolfgang ( “wolf - gait” ) , wolfdregil ( “wolf - runner” ) , and vulfolaic ( “wolf - dancer” ) and myths regarding wolf warriors from norse mythology ( such as the úlfhéðnar ) . parallels in the 6th - to 7th - century iconography of vendel period sweden ( öland ; ekhammar ) , in alemannia ( gutenstein ; obrigheim ) as well as in england ( sutton hoo ; finglesham , kent ) suggest a persisting “pan - germanic” unity of a wolf - warrior band cult centered around wodan / wodin in scandinavia , in anglo - saxon england and on the continent right until the eve of christianization of england and alemannia in the 7th century . [ 3 ]
eurasian wolves are highly social animals , though due to a decline in territory , they form smaller packs than in north america . social behaviour seems to vary from region to region , an example being that wolves living in the carpathians tend to be predominantly solitary hunters .
mech , l . d . & boitani , l . ( iucn ssc wolf specialist group ) . 2010 .
wolf and lynx patrols are trained volunteers who dedicate their free time to the monitoring and protection of large carnivores .
“prior to the meiji restoration ( 1868 ) , japanese worshiped this canine , whether wolf or mountain dog . the shinto shrine mitsumine jinja was of particular importance in wolf worship and has been associated with both shugenoo , or traditions of mountain asceticism , and wolf iconography . mitsumine jinja stands near the village of ootaki , in saitama prefecture .
there has since been a suspected wolf killing of a 32 - year - old jogger in alaska in 2010 .
characteristics iberian wolves are of medium size with a thinner build than the average eurasian wolf . males can weigh as much as 90 pounds and females are usually 75 to 80 percent the size of males . their coat will vary in color from a lighter grey or ochre in the warmer months to a darker reddish brown during the winter . the name signatus ( meaning marked ) was derived from white marks on the wolf ' s upper lips , and dark marks on the tail and front legs .
much like north american wolves , the eurasian wolf eats mammals of a range of different sizes , including various domesticated breeds of livestock . these mammals range from saiga , wild boar , and red deer , to roe deer and moufflon . due to human advancements and construction , a lot of the eurasian wolf’s natural food sources have become increasingly scarce , which is why they often seek out and attack farmers ' livestock in compensation . these wolves hunt in packs in order to take down larger animals such as yaks and wisents . during this type of hunting , the wolves will victimize the young or weak in order to separate them from the crowd , and chase the animal to the point of exhaustion , so that they will more easily be able to eventually kill it .
like all wolves , eurasian wolves are carnivorous animals . their main prey are herbivorous ungulate animals such as wild goats , boar and deer , and even large animals such as moose or elks . however , they also feed on mustelids , rodents , ducks and even lizards .
the survey found the eurasian lynx living permanently in 11 population groups across 23 european countries , of which only five were native populations – indicating the success of reintroduction efforts . according to monbiot , momentum is building for the reintroduction of the lynx into the cairngorms in scotland .
poor statistical support for several dog breeds , such as the greenland sledge dog and the siberian husky , indicate that they probably have mixed ancestry from both the western eurasian ( yellow ; figure 1a ) and east asian ( red ; figure 1a )
core
dog groups .
the project took up more than three years of simpson’s life , most of which he spent in beijing . he first went to china in 2010 to work with zoos in finding proper parentage for the pups that would eventually be used in the film . he raised 16 eurasian wolf pups in china . and when he returned to alberta just before christmas , he brought them all back with him .
wolves will fight to defend their territories . territorial fights are the leading natural cause of wolf deaths in the wild .
) , however some other potential species are under hot scientific debate . listed below are the uncontested species of wolf .
still , that doesn’t mean that members of simpson’s friendly pack aren’t often called upon to play those “bad wolf” roles .
in angenanfu，a uiguri folk epic，there is a god wolf named botanyouna，who guided their ancestors out of the mountains，and persuaded a blacksmith to lead 100，000 soldiers to defeat the enemies．uptonow，the uigur people still take wolf as a symbol of bravery , and when a boy is born，they would like to say they get a wolf cub”．– teng yong qing’s “ legend of the ‘’wolf’’：probing into its cultural images ” pp . 66 - 67 , us - china foreign language，issn 1539 - 8080，usa mar．2008，volume 6，no．3 ( serial no．54 )
there are now around 35 wolf packs in germany , comprising an estimated 150 animals . image : michelle bender , flickr
the wolves of romania are
eurasian wolves ,
canis lupus lupus , a subspecies which prior to the 20th century ranged over most of the vast super - continent—from western europe and scandinavia eastward through russia , central asia , southern siberia , mongolia , the northern himalayas and china—but now reduced in extent due to human persecution and loss of habitat , especially in the west . the eurasian wolf is believed to descend from canids that migrated from the north american continent across the bering strait when it was land or ice , possibly in multiple waves beginning at least two million years ago . after evolving into wolves , some migrated back to north america , possibly also in multiple waves .
our results showed that african and eurasian golden jackals were distinct across all the genetic markers we tested , including data from whole genomes , suggesting these are independently evolving lineages ,
said klaus - peter koepfli , a conservation and evolutionary geneticist at the smithsonian conservation biology institute in washington .
at no time were members of the public in any danger as the wolf was away from the visitor area throughout .
if you want to know more about the iberian wolf you can download the app ifelix ( in spanish ) listed here .
“if in fact it was a wolf attack , it’s way outside what we understand and we know , ” he said .
china used to have one of the world ' s largest wolf populations , spread across grasslands in xinjiang and inner mongolia .
the double goddess : women sharing power by vicki noble “it is now clear that the so - called silk road linked the mediterranean with india and china for at least 4000 years , and one thing that stands out is the unique and enduring amalgam of afro - eurasian female shaman priestesses . ”
environmental and animal - welfare organisations are leading the fight to keep the wolf protected . they have generous supporters , for whom the wolf is totemic . when defenders of wildlife polls its 1m members about the species they care about , the wolf always comes out top , according to jamie rappaport clark , its president and a former director of the federal government’s fish and wildlife service ( fws ) . that makes lobbying for the wolf a priority : “our members expect a return on their investment . ”
the above practices merged with ta’asobi rituals associated with rice planting and the god of the rice field , and as a result the wolf messenger or wolf deity became conflated with folk beliefs about the sarutahiko okami , god of the crossroads , see sarutahiko okami – monkey or wolf guide - deity . while legend tells that prince yamatotakeru was guided by a wolf once when he lost his way during one of his campaigns , which has shades of the following ashina ( as well as uighur ) legend :
the mexican wolf found in the usa once ranged from new mexico to texas and southeastern arizona . today , after becoming extinct in the wild , the mexican wolf has been reintroduced to a small area of arizona with the hope that as the population expands they will hopefully move back into new mexico . there are 47 mexican wolf captive breeding facilities in united states and mexico .
european populations of gray wolves ( canis lupus ) , wolverines ( gulo gulo ) , brown bears ( ursus arctos ) and eurasian lynx ( lynx lynx ) are increasing . these four species collectively occupy one third of europe . photo credit : wikipedia , mike needham , dan stodola , trees for life .
) , or introgression of wolf mtdna into the dog population following hybridisation events in early phases of the evolutionary history of dogs .
the zoo’s participation in the mexican gray wolf recovery program shows how zoos can partner with other conservation organizations to help save species .
“the messenger of the gods from mitsumine shrine is the japanese wolf , kami no tsukai , ookami , 「神使 : 狼 おおかみ」 .
unlike fox and bear , the wolf has always been feared and hated in finland , and wolf has been the symbol of destruction and desolation , to the extent that the very name of wolf in finnish language , susi , means also “a useless thing” and the by - name hukka means perdition and annihilation . while bear has been the sacred animal of finns , wolves have always been hunted and killed mercilessly . the wolf has been represented as implacable and malicious predator , killing more than it manages to eat .
in the secret history of the mongols , the mongol peoples are said to have descended from the mating of a doe ( gua maral ) and a wolf ( ‘boerte chino’ ) . [ 8 ] in modern mongolia , the wolf is still seen as a good luck symbol , especially for males . in mongolian folk medicine , eating the intestines of a wolf is said to alleviate chronic indigestion , while sprinkling food with powdered wolf rectum is said to cure hemorroids . [ 9 ] mongol mythology explains the wolf’s occasional habit of surplus killing by pointing to their traditional creation story . it states that when god explained to the wolf what it should and should not eat , he told it that it may eat one sheep out of 1 , 000 . the wolf however misunderstood and thought god said kill 1 , 000 sheep and eat one . [ 10 ] ( source : wolves in folklore , religion and mythology )
the wolf has enriched our culture through its presence in countless stories , as well as non - fictional works of nature writing . in a sand county almanac , 20th century american ecologist aldo leopold wrote an evocative account of an encounter with a wolf he shot :
the eurasian wolf alpha male and female mate between january and march . litters , usually consist of 6 pups which are born 7 weeks later in a den which has been dug among bushes or rocks . the male brings food back to the den , either by carrying it whole or by swallowing and then regurgitating it for the others to eat . as the pups grow , the mother and other members of the pack help to feed them .
the arctic wolf is a sub - species of the grey wolf and is native to the arctic regions of north america and greenland . because of the isolation of their native habitat , they are not threatened by hunting or habitat destruction like their southern relatives . however , industrial development ( mines , roads and pipeline construction ) is gradually encroaching on their native territory , and will most likely interfere with food supplies , in the future . the arctic wolf is the only sub - species of wolf that is not classified as threatened .
despite continuous historical distribution of the grey wolf ( canis lupus ) throughout eurasia , the species displays considerable morphological differentiation that resulted in delimitation of a number of subspecies . however , these morphological discontinuities are not always consistent with patterns of genetic differentiation . here we assess genetic distinctiveness of grey wolves from the caucasus ( a region at the border between europe and west asia ) that have been classified as a distinct subspecies c . l . cubanensis . we analysed their genetic variability based on mtdna control region , microsatellite loci and genome - wide snp genotypes ( obtained for a subset of the samples ) , and found similar or higher levels of genetic diversity at all these types of loci as compared with other eurasian populations . although we found no evidence for a recent genetic bottleneck , genome - wide linkage disequilibrium patterns suggest a long - term demographic decline in the caucasian population – a trend consistent with other eurasian populations . caucasian wolves share mtdna haplotypes with both eastern european and west asian wolves , suggesting past or ongoing gene flow . microsatellite data also suggest gene flow between the caucasus and eastern europe . we found evidence for moderate admixture between the caucasian wolves and domestic dogs , at a level comparable with other eurasian populations . taken together , our results show that caucasian wolves are not genetically isolated from other eurasian populations , share with them the same demographic trends , and are affected by similar conservation problems .
wolves are social animals and live in family groups called packs . a typical wolf pack consists of an alpha pair and 3 to 9 of their offspring . larger wolf packs comprise two or more of these families , and can number up to 30 or more animals .
the wolf communicates in a number of ways , including body language , scent , and vocalizations such as growling , barking and whining .
taff tried to tranquilise the wolf after it was found outside the perimeter near the a361 , but said it was out of range .
the prince found himself lost until a white - wolf god led him out of the mountains , hence the shrine’s connection with wolves .
“thus the grey wolf ( bozhurt ) became an omen of happy import among the ancient turks . the emblem ppeared on the standards of the huns and the ulghurs . the oguz branch of the turks was said to have been guided by a wolf on their migrations and in the early epic of oguz kagan , the latter is said to resemble a wolf physicall y . the wolf device does not seem to have been used as an emblem for some time after the turks became muslims–probably because of religious scruples–out it was revived by ataturk” .
the truck’s arrival spooked the wolf away and the security guard , who has declined media interviews , sprang out to provide first aid .
where large carnivores have been restored - - such as wolves in yellowstone or eurasian lynx in finland - - ecosystems have responded quickly , said ripple .
i am impressed with how resilient the yellowstone ecosystem is . it isn ' t happening quickly everywhere , but in some places , ecosystem restoration has started there .
the wolf is one of the most iconic carnivores , especially in spain . however , an unwarranted bad reputation kills hundreds of individuals a year . find out in this post more about this wonderful animal and the conservation efforts that are currently being made with the iberian wolf .
not everybody agrees . where humans were once united in their determination to eradicate the wolf , they are now sharply divided over its return .
most wolf subspecies live in separate areas in the wild , and have slight physical variations that reflect the different conditions in which they live .
the wolf’s iucn red list conservation status is ‘least concern’ , and the world’s wolf population is stable . however , wolves used to be present in many more parts of europe than they are now , and wolves are highly dependent on the areas that they do inhabit remaining undeveloped .
sometimes referred to as the
common wolf
, this canine is to be found throughout much of russia and northern and eastern europe .
unlike other species of wolf , the arctic wolf rarely comes into contact with humans and is not threatened by hunting or persecution . however , industrial development is a threat as an increasing number of mines , roads , and pipelines encroach on its territory and interrupt its food supply .
wolf - headed warrior , vendel era bronze plate found on öland ( late 6th - century sweden ) spiedel , michael ( 2004 ) .
using data from the large carnivore initiative for europe , researchers looked at the occurrence of brown bears ( ursus arctos ) , eurasian lynx ( lynx lynx ) , gray wolves ( canis lupus ) and wolverines ( gulo gulo ) in every european country except for ukraine , belarus , russia , and very small countries such as andorra .


candoia carinata , known commonly as the pacific ground boa or the pacific keel-scaled boa , is a species of snake in the family boidae .

candoia carinata

pacific boa : candoia carinata carinata and new guinea tree boa : c . c . tepedeleni
jacobs , p . 1990 . things worth knowing about candoia carinata carinata and candoia carinata paulsoni . litteratura serpentium 10 ( 4 ) : 179 - 180 - get paper here
boa carinata schneider 1801 : 261 boa variegata thunberg 1807 candoia carinata — gray 1842 : 43 enygrus carinatus — duméril & bibron 1844 : 479 enygrus carinatus — günther 1863 : 398 enygrus carinatus — boulenger 1893 : 107 enygrus carinatus — boulenger 1895 : 31 enygrus carinatus — de rooij 1917 : 31 enygrus carinatus — barbour 1921 : 109 enygrus carinatus — kinghorn 1928 : 290 candoia carinata — stimson 1969 candoia carinata — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 188 candoia carinata — wallach et al . 2014 : 147 candoia carinata carinata ( schneider 1801 ) boa carinata schneider 1801 : 261 candoia carinata carinata — wirz 2003 candoia carinata tepedeleni smith et al . 2001 candoia carinata tepedeleni smith chiszar , tepedelen & breukelen 2001 enygrus carinatus ( part ) — werner 1899 : 373 enygrus carinatus ( part ) — hediger 1933 : 15 candoia carinata carinata ( part ) : stimson 1969 : 7 ( bismarck archipelago ) . candoia carinata ( part ) — mcdowell 1979 : 27 - 51 candoia carinata tepedeleni smith et al . 2001
candoia superciliosa superciliosa ( günther 1863 ) candoia superciliosa crombiei smith et al . 2001
enygrus carinatus paulsoni stull 1956 candoia paulsoni — smith et al . 2001 candoia paulsoni — wirz 2003 candoia paulsoni — wallach et al . 2014 : 147 candoia paulsoni tasmai smith & tepedelen 2001 candoia paulsoni tasmai — koch et al . 2007 candoia paulsoni tasmai — koch 2012
jacobs p . 1990 things worth knowing about candoia carinata carinata and c . c . paulsoni . litteratura serpentium 10 ( 2 ) : 179 - 180 .
renato agazzi added the italian common name
boa delle isole salomone
to
candoia carinata schneider 1801
.
citation : - candoia carinata . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .
pols , j . j . van der 1986 . candoia carinata carinata ( schneider ) in captivity . litteratura serpentium 6 ( 5 ) : 162 - 166 - get paper here
wirz , s . 2002 . ein kleinod im terrarium - die pazifik - boa candoia carinata carinata ( schneider 1801 ) . herpetofauna 24 ( 139 ) : 19 - 27 .
wirz , s . 2002 . ein kleinod im terrarium - die pazifik - boa candoia carinata carinata ( schneider 1801 ) . herpetofauna 24 ( 139 ) : 19 - 27 - get paper here
renato agazzi marked the classification from
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis )
as preferred for
candoia carinata schneider 1801
.
taxonomic note : the recent revision of the candoia carinata complex , which basically recognized the various populations defined by sam mcdowell , has elevated its two subspecies to full species status and defined eight subspecies between them . in addition a third species , with two subspecies has been described . the form occurring on karkar island is the nominate candoia carinata carinata .
johann gottlo schneider originally described boa carinata in 1801 , and in 1842 thanks to john edward gray become candoia carinata . four more snakes were later added to the same genus . candoia bibroni bibroni was described as enygrus bibroni by dumeril _ bibron in 1844 . there’s also another subspecies of candoia bibroni known as c . b . australis .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) from candoia carinata paulsoni ( stull 1956 ) to their own page .
johnson c . r . 1975 thermoregulation in the papuan - new guinean boid and colubrid snakes , candoia carinata , candoia aspera and boiga irregularis . zoological journal of linnean society . 56 : 283 - 290 .
smith h . m . , d . chiszar , k . tepedelen & f . van breukelen 2001 a revision of the bevel - nosed boas ( candoia carinata carinata ) ( reptilia : serpentes ) . hamadryad 26 ( 2 ) : 283 - 315 .
wynn a . h . & g . r . zug 1985 observations on the reproductive biology of candoia carinata ( serpentes , boidae . the snake 17 : 15 - 24 .
pacific boa : candoia bibroni bibroni and fiji island boa : c . b . australis
belau bevelnosed boa : candoia superciliosa superciliosa and ngeaur bevelnosed boa : c . s . crombiei
böhme , wolfgang ; hobart m . smith , john rybak , frank van breukelen , and david chiszar 1998 . the lectotype and type locality of candoia carinata ( reptilia , serpentes ) . contemporary herpetology 1998 ( 2 ) : urltoken
distribution : not on the solomon island ( mccoy 2015 ) . until recently the species was considered a subspecies of candoia carinata , which is found throughout most of the solomon islands archipelago ( harlow and shine 1992 ) . it is now a full species , but due to a lack of specific data , much of the available information refers to candoia carinata ( smith et al 2001 , o . tallowin in iucn 2012 and pers . comm . , 23 nov 2016 ) .
böhme , wolfgang ; hobart m . smith , john rybak , frank van breukelen , and david chiszar . 1998 . the lectotype and type locality of candoia carinata ( reptilia , serpentes ) . contemporary herpetology 1998 ( 2 ) : urltoken .
what is candoia ? candoia is a family or genus of snakes that includes 3 valid species at the time of this writing . further taxonomic research may show candoia to include 5 or more valid species within the genus . they are small boas , normally between 2 & 3 feet , which occur in many different sizes , colors and patterns .
smith , h . m . ; chiszar , d . ; tepedelen , k . & van breukelen , f . 2001 . a revision of bevdelnosed boas ( candoia carinata complex ) ( reptilia : serpentes ) . hamadryad 26 ( 2 ) : 283 - 315
smith , h . m . ; chiszar , d . ; tepedelen , k . & van breukelen , f . 2001 . a revision of bevelnosed boas ( candoia carinata complex ) ( reptilia : serpentes ) . hamadryad 26 ( 2 ) : 283 - 315 .
one of the easiest aspects of candoia husbandry is the ease of sexing your specimens . there is never a need to probe or pop any candoia species . to sex any specimen , just look for spurs or absence of spurs on either side of the vent . male candoia of all species have very large hooks for spurs . females have no spurs at all . it is very easy to see provided you are looking in the correct place . all male candoia are smaller than females .
timmis w . h . 1969 observations on pacific boas candoia spp . at sydney zoo . international zoo yearbook 9 : 53 .
enygrus superciliosus günther 1863 : 360 enygrus carinatus var . superciliosus — kinghorn 1928 : 142 enygrus carinatus ( nec schneider ) — boettger 1898 : 111 ( part ; ) enygrus carinatus — sternfeld 1920 : 423 ( part ) enygrus carinatus — dryden & taylor 1969 : 271 candoia superciliosa — smith et al . 2001 candoia superciliosa — wallach et al . 2014 : 148 candoia superciliosa crombiei smith et al . 2001 candoia superciliosa crombiei smith chiszar , tepedelen & breukelen 2001 enygrus carinatus ( nec schneider ) — sternfeld 1920 : 425
thus all distinctive features of the lectotype of boa carinata conform with those of other material from the stated type locality of ambon , which we conclude cannot be contested .
hi all : ) , i want to ask does anybody have a candoia carinata carinata ? what do you give them for food ? because i have a plan to give mine a pinkies , but my friend said that it would be no good for the diggestion , because in the wild the used to have a lizard or a gecko for food . . i need your suggestion then , is it true what my friend opinion is ? ps : i ' m sorry if my english is bad : ( - - bram - -
candoia look venomous , particularly the viper boa , which in its native habitat is killed routinely by humans who mistake it for the highly venomous death adder .
the other species in candoia are candoia aspera , from new guinea , with two subspecies ( c . a . aspera and c . a . schmidti ) , and c . bibroni , from samoa to the solomons , also with two subspecies ( c . b . bibroni and c . b . australis ) .
candoia carinata has been assessed as least concern . it has a large distribution occurring in eastern indonesian islands , new guinea , the bismarck archipelago and admiralty islands . it is not likely to be affected by any significant threats and is present in many protected areas . it has been recorded in the pet trade but this is not posing a threat at present .
sorry i didnt asnwer you previously but i think anubis is a perfect name for your wee fella : ) carinata remind me of ancient egypt for some reason , maybe the shape of the head .
subspecies : smith et al . ( 2001 ) elevated c . c . paulsoni to full species status and stated the existence of 2 subspecies of c . carinata ( carinata and tepedeleni ) . in addition , these authors revalidated another species , c . superciliosa ( günther 1863 ) with 2 subspecies , c . s . superciliosa and c . s . crombiei from ngeaur island in the belau archipelago .
austin , c . c . 2000 . molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of pacific island boas ( candoia ) . copeia 2000 ( 2 ) : 341 - 352 .
colvée , s . & martín , a . 2005 . keeping pacific island boas of the genus candoia . reptilia ( gb ) ( 39 ) : 73 - 77 .
solomon island ground boa : candoia paulsoni paulsoni , c . p . vindumi , c . p . mcdowelli , c . p . sadlieri , and c . p . rosadoi
colvée , s . & weffer , e . 2004 . candoia aspera - the short - tailed ground boa . reptilia ( gb ) ( 33 ) : 43 - 49 .
austin , c . c . 2000 . molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of pacific island boas ( candoia ) . copeia 2000 ( 2 ) : 341 - 352 - get paper here
harlow p . & r . shine 1992 food habits and reproductive biology of the pacific island boas ( candoia ) . journal of herpetology 26 ( 1 ) : 60 - 66 .
harlow p . & r . shine 1992 food habits and reproductive biology of the pacific island boas ( candoia ) . journal of herpetology 26 ( 1 ) : 60 - 66 .
c . c . carinata : sangihe , w moluccas ( banda , gora , haruku ) , irian jaya ( miosool , batanta , salawati ) , papua new guinea , bismarck archipelago , tanimbar ( fide wirz 2003 ) .
colvée , s . & martín , a . 2005 . keeping pacific island boas of the genus candoia . reptilia ( gb ) ( 39 ) : 73 - 77 - get paper here
colvée , s . & weffer , e . 2004 . candoia aspera - the short - tailed ground boa . reptilia ( gb ) ( 33 ) : 43 - 49 - get paper here
as with all tropical species , temperature plays a vital role in a candoia environment . i keep the ambient temperature at approximately 80 - 84 degrees year round . a brief winter cool down is needed for breeding candoia species . humidity is kept between 50 - 80 % with occasional cage misting . i have witnessed some specimens become restless or uneasy when exposed to temperatures near 90 degrees .
gravid females also tend to stay away from their heating pads . temperature is not a major concern for candoia maintenance . they will do just fine at room temperature and require no special needs .
borer , m . & l . meier 2011 . candoia paulsoni paulsoni : haltung und nachzucht der pazifikboa . reptilia ( münster ) 16 ( 90 ) : 69 - 72 - get paper here
bustard h . r . 1969 defensive behavior and locomotion of the pacific boa candoia aspera , with a brief review of head concealment in snakes . herpetologica 25 ( 3 ) : 164 - 170 .
harlow , p . and r . shine . 1992 . food habits and reproductive biology of the pacific island boas ( candoia ) . j . herp . 26 ( 1 ) : 60 - 66
our own studies of geographic variation indicate that the species as currently recognized does indeed constitute a complex of several taxa . resolution of nomenclature for those taxa hinges upon fixation of the earliest name applied in the complex , schneider ' s boa carinata .
all other candoia species average 5 - 20 young per litter . i highly recommend giving a female a year off after giving birth . too much stress can be detrimental to her health and future breeding success .
a third , apparently completely distinctive feature of typical c . carinata is the presence of at least weak keels on some part of the 2nd scale row , as in the lectotype . keels do not occur on the 2nd scale row in any material from elsewhere .
c . carinata ( schneider’s bevelnosed boa ) from eastern indonesia , new guinea & bismarcks . c . carinata carinata ( western schneider’s bevelnosed boa ) from east indonesia & new guinea . c . carinata tepedeleni ( tepedelen’s bevelnosed boa ) from bismarck archipelago . c . paulsoni ( paulson’s bevelnosed boa ) from eastern indonesia , new guinea & solomons . c . paulsoni paulsoni ( solomon bevelnosed boa ) from solomon islands , excl . bougainville . c . paulsoni mcdowelli ( mcdowell’s bevelnosed boa ) from png & louisiade archipelago . c . paulsoni rosadoi ( rosado’s bevelnosed boa ) from misima island , louisiade archipelago . c . paulsoni sadlieri ( sadlier’s bevelnosed boa ) from woodlark island , louisiade archipelago . c . paulsoni tasmai ( tasma’s bevelnosed boa ) halmahera & northeastern sulawesi , indonesia . c . paulsoni vindumi ( vindum’s bevelnosed boa ) from bougainville & buka . c . superciliosa ( belau bevelnosed boa ) from palau archipelago . c . superciliosa superciliosa ( northern belau bevelnosed boa ) from babeldaob to beliliou . c . superciliosa crombei ( ngeaur bevelnosed boa ) from ngear , southern palau .
@ isaac : now you give your candoia pinkies ? yep , pinkies when he was starting out , we were doing fresh , tiny pinkies - about 1 gram each . he ' s up to 2 - 3g pinks now : )
no evidence exists that more than one taxon of the c . carinata complex occurs on ambon island or anywhere else in the south moluccas or irian jaya . nevertheless , it is also important that the morphological features of the lectotype conform with those of other material known to have originated in that area , thus substantiating the purported source of the lectotype from the stated locality .
fixation of application of the name c . carinata , through discovery of the lectotype , clarification of type locality , and analysis of the characteristics of the lectotype , removes all uncertainty in application of other names , such as enygrus superciliosus günther ( 1863 ) and e . c . paulsoni stull ( 1956 ) to the complex , as junior synonyms or for separately valid taxa .
we are much indebted to thomas ziegler for the photographs ; to dr . k . l . williams for vital aid with the literature ; to kamuran tepedelen and vern veer for access to both live and preserved specimens of c . carinata ; to dr . kraig adler for bibliographic aid ; and to numerous institutions and their curators for the loan of specimens from their collections .
australis is smaller and more slender , the 2 species look remarkably similar . more scientific and taxonomic studies are needed to confirm major differences in these and other candoia species . fiji boas can reach maximum lengths of 3 - 4 feet for males and over 7 feet for females . average size is 3 - 6 feet .
in their native habitats some candoia begin life eating amphibians and lizards then switching to mammals and birds later on . if you plan to own candoia in the future , we cannot recommend enough that you demand captive bred snakes . the reason is it can be very difficult to bring in a wild caught snake , used to eating lizards and amphibians , and then getting it to switch over to a rodent diet . i’m not saying it cannot be done , just that it’s best to avoid that situation if possible . feed appropriate size euthanized mice and rats . we prefer to buy in bulk frozen rodents which we later defrost in warm water .
* special note : because i moved to new brunswick i cannot keep candoia spp at all in the province . however , two hours away the species is allowed . ironic isn’t it , i mean what exactly are the environmental impact differences that the two provinces face ? want to find out more about this and other issues facing canadian herpetoculture ? join urltoken right now !
over 300 specimens have been examined for comparison from all parts of the range of the species , enabling us to compare the features of the lectotype with those of populations in all parts of the range of the species . especially critical is the presence of a conspicuous white postanal spot , immediately following the anus ; the spot is invariably present in the morphologically uniform populations of the south moluccas , irian jaya , northern papua new guinea , new britain and new ireland , all regarded as typical c . carinata . there is , indeed , no way to limit the origin of the lectotype morphologically to any one of those regions . a white , immediately postanal spot occurs elsewhere in the c . carinata complex only in the palau population , which , however , has fewer than 9 intersupraoculars ( 4 - 7 , n = 29 ) , usually fewer anterior scale rows ( 25 - 27 , 28 occurring in only two of 29 ) , and several other average differences .
as published by böhme and bischoff ( 1984 , see also myers and böhme , 1996 ) , the entire collection of the zoological museum of göttingen was transferred to the zoologisches forschungsinstitut und museum alexander koenig ( zfmk ) , bonn , in 1977 . the specimen included by schneider ( 1801 ) in his syntype series of boa carinata and designated as lectotype by mcdowell ( 1979 ) is from
amboina
( = ambon ) and is now cataloged as zfmk 35503 ( figures 1 , 2 ) .
the entire genus candoia is one that would be considered tropical species . when keeping tropical species three things should come to mind : heat , humidity and uvb . some may have said humidity and heat . in addition to heat , most tropical reptiles in our experience also require humidity and uvb . with snakes it’s a long standing presumption that snakes don’t benefit from uvb . however , we’ve not seen reports of blood calcium levels which would prove uvb is not necessary .
for the more fossorial ( burrowing ) or terrestrial ( surface ) dwelling species of candoia we offer two hide boxes of appropriate size . the snake can go inside the box , curl itself up and have its sides touching the hide box interior . we place a hide box on each side of the enclosure , one on the cool side and one on the basking side . this allows the snake to thermoregulate while being hidden and feeling secure if they so choose .
it is truly amazing to see a 26 inch male paulsoni on the back of a nearly 5 foot female . but yet , they get the job done and in approximately 7 - 9 months a litter of neonates will be born . as with all boas , candoia give birth to live young . paulsoni litters are the largest , with total amounts of nearly 100 babies at a time possible . standard size litters average 20 - 40 for a normal size 3 - 4 foot female .
if you’re a regular reader skip the next two sentences . you shouldn’t use colored lights as they will disrupt the normal circadian rhythms of the reptile . we have explained this in the article “ colored lights and other myths the pet store told me . ” ceramic heating elements are the best way to go . sometimes the enclosure you’re using needs an alternative way of heating . therefore , we have what are known as under tank heaters which make for excellent secondary heating source with the candoia spp .
: sexing aspera , as well as all candoia , is extremely easy . they males have predominant spurs protruding from either side of the cloaca . if these are present then you have a male although some females will have very small spurs too . the females also have a slightly shorter tail , but popping is almost never necessary to sex the snake properly . of course , as all of you well know , the only 100 % way to know the sex of a snake is to probe it properly .
why decor is not covered more often within herpetoculture is beyond us here at reptile apartment group , but that’s another topic . for now suffice it to say , in our experience an enriched environment with various types of decor appears to have a direct correlation with a healthy snake . not just physically , but also their behaviours seem to be calmer and not as flinching when a naturalistic environment is provided . live plants should be offered for candoia not only low growing plants for cover but also some taller species .
a second generally distinctive feature of south moluccan populations is the relatively long tail , as noted by mcdowell ( 1979 ) , who struggled with an analysis of its possible taxonomic significance . the lectotype number of 45 subcaudals , even though incomplete , occurs within the range of 45 - 53 that occurs in south moluccan c . carinata ( n = 21 ) , and is matched elsewhere only in misima island specimens ( 49 - 50 , n = 3 ) . none is as high as 45 in material from bougainville and halmahera ( n = 52 ) , in only 3 % in material from central and southern papua new guinea ( n = 29 ) , although in 25 % of specimens from the solomons ( n = 56 ) and 45 % in palau material ( n = 20 ) . concomitantly , the tl / ttl ratio is consistently higher in typical c . carinata , including the holotype with a ratio of . 16 ; 81 % of south moluccan specimens have a ratio of . 16 or higher , whereas 0 % occurs in material from halmahera and central and southern papua new guinea ( n = 55 ) , 4 % in bougainville ( n = 23 ) , 5 % in the solomon islands ( n = 55 ) , 15 % in palau ( n = 20 ) , and 33 % in misima ( n = 3 ) .
at first glance , that may seem an odd combination substrate and humidity . the two are interwoven and will play a major role in keeping a healthy candoia in captivity . substrates are like the heating sources , where there are numerous opinions and they all claim to be right . to cut to the chase of the substrate , we recommend and use earthgro organic orchid bark and earthgro organic soil for all of our tropical species of reptiles , amphibians , and invertebrates . for the boas we will often tear up and place a few mats of sphagnum moss to hold more moisture . if you’d like to read a more in depth treatise on substrates then we recommend the substrates : getting your hands dirty article .
continent : asia distribution : indonesia ( sulawesi , sangihe , telaud , moluccas , misool , batanta , salawati , angaur , irian jaya ) , papua new guinea ( bismarck archipelago ) , solomon i c . c . carinata : sangihe , w moluccas ( banda , gora , haruku ) , irian jaya ( miosool , batanta , salawati ) , papua new guinea , bismarck archipelago , tanimbar ( fide wirz 2003 ) . c . c . tepedeleni ( smith et al . 2001 ) : liki , new britain , new ireland . c . s . superciliosa : belau . c . s . crombiei : ngeaur . type locality : not been reported previously , but is indicated as
amboina
on a label with the lectotype . the specimen is redescribed and figured , and conforms with expectations for material from the vicinity of the type locality” ( böhme et al . 1998 ) .
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uetz , p . & jirí hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
mcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . touré
snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
indonesia ( sulawesi , sangihe , telaud , moluccas , misool , batanta , salawati , angaur , irian jaya ) , papua new guinea ( bismarck archipelago ; northern province : s slope mt . trafalgar , 9 . 2340°s , 149 . 1541°e , 223 m elevation ; lae ) ( smith et al . 2001 , kraus 2013 ) , vanuatu ( possibly introduced )
c . c . tepedeleni ( smith et al . 2001 ) : from liki island off the northern eoast of irian jaya eastward through the admiralty islands , new britain , new ireland and some adjacent islands , bismarck archipelago . type locality : rabaul , new britain .
type locality : not been reported previously , but is indicated as
amboina
on a label with the lectotype . the specimen is redescribed and figured , and conforms with expectations for material from the vicinity of the type locality” ( böhme et al . 1998 ) .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
lectotype : zfmk 35503 holotype mcz 72155 , an adult male , fred parker collector ; 1963 [ tepedeleni ] .
barbour , thomas 1921 . reptiles and amphibians from the british solomon islands . proc . new england zool . club 7 : 91 - 112 - get paper here
bauer , a . m . and wahlgren , r . 2000 . on boa variegata thunberg 1807 , a neglected boid snake name . hamadryad 25 : 93 - 97
boulenger , g . a . 1895 . on a collection of reptiles and batrachians from ferguson island , d ' entrecasteaux group british new guinea . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 16 : 28 - 32 - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1886 . on the reptiles and batrachians of the solomon islands . trans . zool . soc . london 12 : 35 - 62
boulenger , g . a . 1893 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . london ( taylor & francis ) , 448 pp . - get paper here
clegg , jonathan r . and merlijn jocque 2015 . the collection of snakes made by benoît mys and jan swerts in northern papua new guinea in 1982–85 journal of herpetology sep 2016 , vol . 50 , no . 3 : 476 - 485 . - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1844 . erpetologie générale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles . vol . 6 . libr . encyclopédique roret , paris , 609 pp . - get paper here
gray , j . e . 1842 . synopsis of the species of prehensile - tailed snakes , or family boidae . zoological miscellany 2 : 41 - 46
günther , a . 1863 . contribution to the herpetology of ceram . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 12 : 397 - 399 - get paper here
ineich , i . 2011 . amphibians and reptiles . in : bouchet p . , le guyader h . & pascal o . ( eds ) , the natural history of santo . pp . 187 - 236 . mnhn , paris ; ird , marseille ; pni , paris . 572 pp . ( patrimoines naturels ; 70 ) .
jan , g . 1861 . iconographie générale des ophidiens . 2 . livraison . j . b . bailière et fils , paris - get paper here
kinghorn , j . r . 1928 . notes on some reptiles and batrachians from the northern division of papua , with descriptions of new species of apisthocalamus and lygosoma . rec . austral . mus . 16 : 289 - 293 . - get paper here
kinghorn , j . r . 1928 . herpetology of the solomon islands . rec . austral . mus . 16 : 123 - 178 - get paper here
koch , a . 2012 . discovery , diversity , and distribution of the amphibians and reptiles of sulawesi and its offshore islands . edition chimaira , 374 pp . [ isbn 978 - 3 - 89973 - 432 - 4 ] - get paper here
kraus , fred . 2013 . further range extensions for reptiles and amphibians from papua new guinea . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 277 - 280
lang , r . de & g . vogel 2005 . the snakes of sulawesi . a field guide to the land snakes of sulawesi with identification keys . frankfurter beiträge zur naturkunde , 25 , edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , 312 pp .
mccoy , m . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of the solomon islands . michael mccoy , kuranda - get paper here
mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .
noonan , b . p . & sites , j . w . jr . 2010 . tracing the origins of iguanid lizards and boine snakes of the paciﬁc . american naturalist 175 ( 1 ) : 61 - 72 - get paper here
o ' shea , m . 1996 . a guide to the snakes of papua new guinea . independent publishing , port moresby , xii + 239 pp . - get paper here
pyron , r . alexander ; reynolds , r . graham & frank t . burbrink 2014 . a taxonomic revision of boas ( serpentes : boidae ) . zootaxa 3846 ( 2 ) : 249–260
schmidt , kp 1932 . reptiles and amphibians from the solomon islands . field mus . nat . hist . zool . ser . - 18 ( 9 ) : 175 - 190 - get paper here
schneider , johann gottlob 1801 . historiae amphibiorum naturalis et literariae . fasciculus secundus continens crocodilos , scincos , chamaesauras , boas . pseudoboas , elapes , angues . amphisbaenas et caecilias . frommanni , jena . 374 pp . - get paper here
stimson , andrew f . 1969 . liste der rezenten amphibien und reptilien : boidae ( boinae + bolyeriinae + loxoceminae + pythoninae ) . das tierreich 89 xi + 1 - 49
stull , o . g . 1956 . description of a new subspecies of the boid snake , enygrus carinatus . copeia 1956 ( 3 ) : 185 - 186 - get paper here
switak , karl h . 2006 . adventures in green python country . natur und tier verlag ( münster ) , 364 pp . - get paper here
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
werner , f . 1899 . beiträge zur herpetologie der pacifischen inselwelt und von kleinasien . i . bemerkungen über einige reptilien aus neu - guinea und polynesien . ii . über einige reptilien und batrachier aus kleinasien . zool . anz . 22 : 371 - 375 , 375 - 378 - get paper here
werner , f . 1899 . ueber reptilien und batrachier aus togoland , kamerun und deutsch - neu - guinea grösstentheils aus dem k . museum für naturkunde in berlin . verhandlungen der kaiserlich - königlichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien 49 : 132 - 157 - get paper here
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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and other stimuli will cause these changes . despite their common name , ground boas will use branches if provided . many will ambush their prey while hanging from the branch . a large water bowl is very much needed as paulsoni love to soak .
adults can reach maximum lengths of 3 feet for males and 5 feet for females but average in the 2 - 4 foot range .
australis are semi - arboreal and need sturdy branches to climb on in addition to a large water bowl . most specimens are fairly calm and deliberate , but once in a while you will run into a nasty individual . adults can reach maximum sizes of 3 - 4 feet for males and nearly 7 feet for some females . average size is 3 - 5 feet .
beautiful colors and patterns can then be seen , and that dull brown snake may turn into a golden beauty . these snakes will readily accept rodents in captivity . they prefer rat pups over adult mice . stubborn feeders may need a little more time to acclimate . scenting methods can be used if the specimen starts to lose weight . not all aspera are nasty . i own many specimens which can easily be picked up and handled without incident . aspera will often spend all or most of their day in the water bowl . they will use the water bowl for defecating and also breed while in the water . maximum size for viper boas is 24 - 36 inches but average approximately
once your neonates are established rodent feeders they will begin to grow fairly quickly and will double their size within the first 6 months . lizard and frog feeders will slowly catch up with the growth rate of their siblings after the switch over to pinkies . i have also seen several instances of
cannibalism with neonate paulsoni . this has occurred when several hungry neonates were housed together . it does not happen when they become established feeders .
it is especially noticeable in paulsoni , where most males are dwarfed by females that may be 10 times larger and heavier .
loveridge a . 1948 new guinean reptiles and amphibians in the museum of comparative zoology and united states national museum . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard . 101 ( 2 ) : 307 - 430 .
mcdowell s . b . 1979 a catalogue of the snakes of new guinea and the solomons , with special reference to those in the bernice p . bishop museum . part iii . boinae and acrochordidae . journal of herpetology 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 92 .
o’shea m . 1989 the boas of the southwest pacific . the herptile . 14 ( 1 ) : 20 - 30 .
1996 a guide to the snakes of papua new guinea . independent pub . xii + 239 .
1994 the herpetofauna of coconut husk piles on kar kar island , madang province , papua new guinea : the initial surveys . asra journal 1994 : 51 - 72 .
stickel w . h . & l . f . stickel 1946 sexual dimorphism in the pelvic spurs of enygrus . copeia 1946 ( 1 ) : 10 - 12 .
usfws will render a decision on the narrow headed garter snake and the northern mexican garter snake in fiscal year 2014 .
city issues cease and desist order , later issues home business permit for breeder of ball pythons and boa constrictors .
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classification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by renato agazzi - see more .
yan wong changed the thumbnail image of
file : pazifikboa . jpg
.
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was watching my candoias this morning and thought i might record this behavior for y ' all . this is what a snake looks like when it pukes .
over 100 snakes & lizards available from urltoken with uk delivery options ! online store with actual pictures of our animals for sale . quickest responses via telephone to 02920 190291 or facebook message
i bred these alot of years ago started the babies by assist feeding mice tails and slowly one by one they started taking them on there own . they were hard to get going but once started i never had any problems after . kept them on kitchen roll and warm damp moss , hope this may help a little
got a pair of these from cpr at the weekend . they were non / assist feeders . tried assist feed tonight , but both released the pinky as soon as they had the chance . hoping that they will assist feed once settled a little more . have also just ordered lizard maker , fingers crossed . so i am also looking to hear opinions and experiences that others have had in getting them to feed .
hi all , i have heard that lizard maker has been taken off the market , so if you use it i would stockpile it , or try to get them on something else . slither61
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ my reptiles 1 . 1 . 0 royal pythons 0 . 1 . 0 cal king 2 . 2 . 0 western hognose 1 . 0 . 0 caramel corn 1 . 0 . 0 anery corn 1 . 0 . 0 amel mot het butter 0 . 1 . 0 butter corn 0 . 1 . 0 creamsicle mot het butter 1 . 0 . 0 ultramel corn 1 . 0 . 0 b c i 1 . 0 . 0 tri couour hognose 1 . 1 . 0 albino ro corn 0 . 1 . 0 b r b 1 . 0 . 0 trinket snake 1 . 1 . 0 white sided texas ratsnake 1 . 1 . 0 radiated rats h yellow 0 . 1 . 0 sumartran blood p 1 . 0 . 0 argentine l nosed snake [ option ] my flickr gallery - urltoken member no 2300
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ captive bred boas and tree boas a speciality . tel : 07813723259 dont be shy phone or txt your enquiry e - mail : gazboas @ urltoken facebook : gereint gazboas mortimer website : urltoken payment plans available with minimum payment of £50 per month on any animal ratking gaz ive seen you with boa chewing on your hand while you chewed on a bacon buttie so im sure the little worm didnt phase you . your like chuck norris of the snake world the wanderer you can always be relied on to swing your huge cat among the pigeons old chap _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
i don ' t mind assist feeding really , and he / she is taking it really easily now ( was a bit of a struggle at first ) , but obviously it isn ' t the ideal solution . oh well , i ' ll keep trying ! i ' ve been told to try a live frog but unless i could find a day old tree frog or something i don ' t think that ' d fit either . . . and even if i could , it ' s not something i could provide weekly so wouldn ' t exactly be a solution .
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a curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .
a curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .
projects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .
software for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .
a curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .
the benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .
a high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .
analyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .
a portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .
the whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .
[ 0485 ] andrew snider and j . bowler ( 1992 ) , longevity of reptiles and amphibians in north american collections , second edition
comments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .
continent : oceania distribution : western samoa , melanesia , polynesia , solomon islands [ mccoy 2000 ] , new caledonia , toga , loh , linua , tegua , hiu islands . type locality : viti levu , fiji islands
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , large overall population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category . however , as the species is seen in trade , further research and monitoring of harvest and trade levels is recommended .
this widespread species ranges through the solomon islands , vanuatu , the loyalty islands ( but not mainland new caledonia ) , fiji , tokelau , wallace and futuna islands , samoa , american samoa , and tonga . it is found up to 1 , 200 m asl .
this species is probably reasonably common to uncommon over its wide range . the population is probably stable across the range as a whole , but is perhaps decreasing somewhat in the central pacific .
this snake is found in trees , bushes and rock clefts in a range of forests including lowland forest , coastal vegetation and dry forest ( morrison 2003 ) . animals have been recorded as abundant in mangroves ( m . mccoy pers . comm . november 2011 ) . it can be found in cacao plantations . it is an ovoviviparous species .
there appear to be no significant threats to this species , although , as with many snakes , animals are frequently killed on sight by people . it is found in trade , but the effects of this are unknown .
this species is present in some protected areas . it is listed on appendix ii of cites . further research and monitoring of harvest and trade levels is recommended .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
this species has a large distribution , ranging from the eastern indonesian islands , new guinea to the bismarck archipelago . in indonesia it has been recorded on the minahassa peninsula , sangihe and talaud islands in northern sulawesi , tanimbar islands , seram and the other northern maluku islands ( in de bosch 1985 , o’shea 1996 ) . in indonesian new guinea it occurs throughout west papua province and across the northern coastal region to the huon peninsula of moreby province , papua new guinea . it is found in the south west of papua new guinea in western and gulf province . it is also found throughout the bismarck archipelago and admiralty islands . it is found at elevations from sea level to around 1 , 525 m asl . ( o’shea 1996 ) .
this species can be found in a variety of habitats from rainforests to caves and also disturbed environments such as plantations and rural gardens ( o ' shea 1996 ) . typical of snakes of this genus , this species is generally found either on or close to the ground ( foufopoulos and richards 2007 ) . it is viviparous with a clutch size of up to six . its diet consists primarily of skinks but may also take gecko eggs and frogs ( o’shea 1996 ) .
there is no population information available for this species but its population is probably stable .
yuwono ( 1998 ) recorded the trade of this species from indonesian new guinea , and that thousands of specimens could be collected if required . natusch and lyons ( 2012 ) noted the trade of this species from jayapura and the vogelkop in indonesian new guinea . sixteen and eighty - three individuals ( respectively ) were recorded at wildlife traders between september 2010 - april 2011 . this species is listed under cites but does not have protected status in indonesia . the cites quota for this species was 400 from papua and 400 from west papua .
it is unlikely that any major threats are impacting this species . it is present in the pet trade but current levels are unlikely to be posing a significant threat to this species .
this species is listed under appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cities ) ( urltoken ) .
this species has protection status in papua new guinea but not in indonesian new guinea ( natusch and lyons 2012 ) .
this species occurs in protected areas in new guinea and the bismarck archipelago . monitoring the trade and harvest levels of this species is recommended .
crombie , r . i . and pregill , g . k . 1999 . a checklist of the herpetofauna of the palau islands ( republic of belau ) , oceania . herpetological monographs 13 : 29 - 80 .
foufopoulos , j . and richards , s . 2007 . amphibians and reptiles of new britain island , papua new guinea : diversity and conservation status . hamadryad 31 ( 2 ) : 176 - 201 .
in den bosch , h . a . j . 1985 . snakes of sulawesi : checklist , key and additional biogeographical remarks . zoologische verhandelingen 217 : 3 - 50 .
natusch , d . j . d . and lyons , j . a . 2012 . exploited for pets . the harvest and trade of amphibians and reptiles from indonesia new guinea . biodiversity conservation 21 : 2899 - 2911 .
o ' shea , m . 1996 . a guide to the snakes of papua new guinea . independent publishing , independent group ltd . , port moresby , png .
yuwono , f . b . 1998 . the trade of live reptiles & amphibians in indonesia . in w . erdelen ( ed . ) conservation , trade & sustainable use of lizards & snakes in indonesia . mertensiella 9 : 9 - 16 .
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the most common snake inhabiting coconut husk piles on karkar island is the new guinea ground boa .
bismarck ground boa ( c . aspera aspera ) from new britain and new ireland , and new guinea ground boa ( c . aspera schmidti ) from new guinea ( west papua and papua new guinea ) and its continental islands including karkar . the scale counts defining the two subspecies are listed in the table below .
in addition , a single new ireland juvenile compared with several juvenile karkar island specimens , was found to be of more slender build , have a longer tail , a raised vertebral ridge and lighter coloured eyes but all those characters are relative and the sample was small .
loveridge a . 1948 new guinean reptiles and amphibians in the museum of comparative zoology and united states national museum . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard . 101 ( 2 ) : 307 - 430 .
o’shea m . 1989 the boas of the southwest pacific . the herptile . 14 ( 1 ) : 20 - 30 . 1994 the herpetofauna of coconut husk piles on kar kar island , madang province , papua new guinea : the initial surveys . asra journal 1994 : 51 - 72 .
1996 a guide to the snakes of papua new guinea . independent pub . xii + 239 .
stickel w . h . & l . f . stickel 1946 sexual dimorphism in the pelvic spurs of enygrus . copeia 1946 ( 1 ) : 10 - 12 .
stull o . g . 1932 five new subspecies of the family boidae . occasional papers of the boston society of natural history . 8 : 25 - 30 .
opheodrys vernalis were hatched as part of breeding program in conjunction with lake county forest preserve district .
youtube video of a frog eating a caterpillar gets close to 1 . 5 million views in three days
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