incisitermes minor is a species of termite in the family kalotermitidae known commonly as the western drywood termite .

it is native to western north america , including the western united states and northern mexico .

it has been found in many other parts of the united states , all the way to the east coast .

it has been reported from toronto .

it has been introduced to hawaii .

it has been noted in china and it is not uncommon in japan .

this is an economically important pest of wooden structures , including houses .

in california and arizona alone its economic impact is estimated to be about $ 250 million per year .

within a single colony there are three types of termites , the alates , soldier , and worker .

this eusocial species is a dark brown color and has an orange head .

the colonies are most active during the spring and summer , preferring to be active in higher temperatures .

incisitermes minor

compound eye formation in the termite incisitermes minor ( isoptera : kalotermitidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
physiological and behavioral adaptations of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) ( . . .
species status of incisitermes spp . ( isoptera : kalotermitidae ) in japan : status of incisitermes spp . in japan
influence of environmental factors on activity patterns of incisitermes minor ( isoptera : kalotermitidae ) in naturally infested logs .
influence of environmental factors on activity patterns of incisitermes minor ( isoptera : kalotermitidae ) in naturally infested logs . - pubmed - ncbi
nesting ecology and cuticular microbial loads in dampwoof ( zootermopsis angusticollis ) and drywood termites ( incisitermes minor , i . schwarzi , crytotermes cavifrons ) .
figure 1 . alate of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) . photograph by b . j . cabrera , university of florida .
figure 2 . locations of confirmed records of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) . map by john warner , university of florida .
indrayani y . , yoshimura t . , imamura y . a novel control strategy for dry - wood termite incisitermes minor infestation using a bait system .
species incisitermes minor - western drywood termite . ( bugguide . net / node / view / 469117 ) . accessed august 16 , 2016 . [ images ]
figure 3 . head capsule of a western drywood termite soldier , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) . photograph by r . h . scheffrahn , university of florida .
figure 5 . king and queen of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) . photograph by r . h . scheffrahn , university of florida .
harvey ( 1934 ) provides a highly detailed description of the biology and life history of incisitermes minor . the life cycle is typical for that of other drywood termites .
2013 - 0504 - eb060704 - iso00099 - incisitermes _ minor [ 1057h39s , e , i , tree - oak - bark ] { exd } - g . jpg
the most destructive drywood termites in the u . s . include the western drywood termite ( incisitermes minor ) and the tropical rough - headed drywood termite ( cryptotermes brevis ) .
messenger mt , scheffrahn rh , su n - y . 2000 . first report of incisitermes minor ( isoptera : kalotermitidae ) in louisiana . florida entomologist 83 : 92 - 93 .
figure 7 . fecal pellets collecting under a door that is infested by the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) . photograph by b . j . cabrera , university of florida .
grace jk , cutten gm , scheffrahn rh , mcekevan dk . 1991 . first infestation by incisitermes minor of a canadian building ( isoptera : kalotermitidae ) . sociobiology 18 : 299 - 304 .
the western drywood termite is not a
typical
incisitermes in that several characteristics ( color , wings , ocellus , arolium , soldier eye , etc . ) are distinct from most other species of incisitermes .
figure 9 . soldiers , alates and
workers
( pseudergates ) of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) . photograph by r . h . scheffrahn , university of florida .
the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) , is the most common structure - infesting drywood termite in the southwestern united states . originally described as kalotermes minor by hagen ( 1858 ) , incisitermes minor was reclassified into the genus incisitermes by krishna ( 1961 ) . in california , incisitermes minor infestations are still sometimes referred to by some pest control operators as
kalos
and designated with a
k
on termite inspection reports . currently , there is only one kalotermes species in the united states ( kalotermes approximatus ( snyder ) , found in florida and the southeastern u . s . north to virginia ) . some members of the kalotermitidae are called drywood termites because colonies live entirely within sound , dead , dry wood . drywood termites do not require any contact with the ground .
the distribution and biology of the common dry - wood termite , kalotermes minor , pp . 201–207
incisitermes minor is found in the coastal and lower montane regions of southern california . its range extends up the coast to northern california and onward in a discontinuous distribution along the coasts of oregon and washington . it is also found extensively in the central valley of california up to sacramento and in isolated pockets in the high desert where trees are present . towards the east , incisitermes minor ' s range extends to central arizona and southward it extends into baja california and sonora , mexico . the relative ease of intracontinental travel and commerce coupled with the fact that infested wood can be easily transported has resulted in isolated occurrences of incisitermes minor infestations throughout the united states , including florida .
figure 6 . characteristic damage and galleries in wood made by the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) . ( wood in galvanized metal funnel ) . photograph by b . j . cabrera , university of florida .
lewis v , leighton s , tabuchi r , haverty m . seasonal and daily patterns in activity of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) . insects . 2011 ; 2 ( 4 ) : 555 - 563 .
lewis , v . ; leighton , s . ; tabuchi , r . ; haverty , m . seasonal and daily patterns in activity of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) . insects 2011 , 2 , 555 - 563 .
however , lenz questioned whether reproductive decision - making in i . minor had a similar response as that of in c . secundus ( lenz and yoshimura , personal communication ) . an experiment set up in orphaned i . minor colonies using the same ratio model of nest value and colony size , as in c . secundus , drove a much slower response in the neotenic production rate . incisitermes minor did not produce the same response as c . secundus , suggesting that the model might not fit [ 36 ] . this inference contradicts harvey’s description [ 10 ] about the emergence of replacement reproductives in i . minor colonies . further work is necessary to unravel the factors that trigger and regulate neotenic numbers in orphaned i . minor groups .
lewis , vernard ; leighton , shawn ; tabuchi , robin ; haverty , michael . 2011 .
seasonal and daily patterns in activity of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) .
insects 2 , no . 4 : 555 - 563 .
then the major question arises : to what extent does “the suitable environmental condition” facilitate the emergence of reproductives in i . minor ?
figure 4 . comparison of the fecal pellets of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) ( right ) , and smaller west indian powderpost drywood termite , cryptotermes brevis ( walker ) ( left ) . photograph by b . j . cabrera , university of florida .
infestation of the invasive dry - wood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) was first reported in japan in 1976 at a residential house in tokyo . since then , records of i . minor have steadily increased , and more than half of the prefectures in japan are listed as infested areas at present . the integrated management of i . minor consists of two phases : the individual technological phase and the regional phase . recent research efforts have been overcoming the technological issues , and the regional systematization of management system will be the next target . the development of novel preventive / remedial strategies against i . minor may have a positive effect on the wood preservation industry in japan .
infestation of the invasive dry - wood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) was first reported in japan in 1976 at a residential house in tokyo . since then , records of i . minor have steadily increased , and more than half of the prefectures in japan are listed as infested areas at present . the integrated management of i . minor consists of two phases : the individual technological phase and the regional phase . recent research efforts have been overcoming the technological issues , and the regional systematization of management system will be the next target . the development of novel preventive / remedial strategies against i . minor may have a positive effect on the wood preservation industry in japan .
although harvey ( 1934 ) acknowledged secondary reproductives may appear in the colony to supplement egg production , the existence of more than one pair of functional reproductives in an incisitermes minor colony - - even in older , larger ones - - remains unlikely . luykx ( 1986 ) believed that what appeared to be extra reproductives in colonies of incisitermes schwarzi were probably the result of a mixture of two different colonies . atkinson ( unpublished ) examined the caste composition of 38 incisitermes minor colonies and never found more than one pair of reproductives in a colony . however , he noted that some replacement reproductives may not have been fully melanized ( darkened ) and could have been overlooked in colonies in which no reproductives at all were found .
cabrera , b . j . and m . k . rust . 1994 . the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the survival and wood consumption of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( isoptera : kalotermitidae ) . sociobiology . 24 ( 2 ) : 95 - 113 .
himmi sk , yoshimura t , yanase y , oya m , torigoe t , akada m , imadzu s . nest - gallery development and caste composition of isolated foraging groups of the drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( isoptera : kalotermitidae ) . insects . 2016 ; 7 ( 3 ) : 38 .
nest - gallery extension from natal colony to adjacent timber activity by an i . minor colony . ( a ) entrance hole in spruce a timber ; and ( b ) i . minor colony emerged from the attic floor to attack the adjacent bottom surface of spruce b and sugi timbers .
infestations have also been found in arkansas , iowa , maryland , new jersey , new york , oklahoma , ohio , and texas . a heavily infested structure was reported in toronto , canada ( grace et al . 1991 ) . recently , incisitermes minor has been found in georgia ( scheffrahn et al . 2001 ) , south carolina ( hathorne et al . 2000 ) and louisiana ( messenger et al . 2000 ) . the latter is significant to florida because incisitermes minor was taken from a park tree in new orleans indicating that it can survive outdoors in a non - mediterranean , subtropical climate . this apparently was the case with three boat infestations in florida where termites and damage were found in wood located outside the cabins . in southern california and florida , yachts , sailboats , and small pleasure craft harboring mature colonies may serve as floating sources of introduction outside incisitermes minor ' s native range as they set sail for ports of call around the world .
vernard r . lewis , shawn leighton , robin tabuchi , james a . baldwin , michael i . haverty ; influence of environmental factors on activity patterns of incisitermes minor ( isoptera : kalotermitidae ) in naturally infested logs , journal of economic entomology , volume 106 , issue 1 , 1 february 2013 , pages 338–346 , urltoken
in california , incisitermes minor occurs naturally in oak and riparian woodlands , river washes and canyons with trees . colonies are often found in the dead portions of california laurel , willow , cottonwood , oak , and sycamore trees and in stumps , downed logs , and large , dead branches on the ground . in urban and suburban areas , incisitermes minor is often found in rose , pyracantha , and oleander bushes , and alder , almond , apricot , ash , avocado , carob , cherry , citrus , elderberry , mulberry , ornamental pear , peach , plum and walnut trees . the western drywood termite infests sound , dry wood in human - made structures , as well as furniture and other wooden items .
in one case study , conducted in the laboratory at the university of florida , fort lauderdale research and education center , incisitermes minor workers in structural lumber initiated a large infestation . in april 1990 , western drywood termite - infested wood was cut into sections and placed on a laminate - covered plywood bench top not previously exposed to incisitermes minor . a few days later , workers were observed trailing from the exposed wood galleries to the juncture between the bench top and wall . over the years , fecal pellets were observed falling from the bench top . in 2000 , the entire 24 foot length of the bench top had pellets falling from it . known flights from the bench top occurred in september 1999 and july 2001 .
incisitermes minor is the most common species of drywood termite infesting structures in the southwestern portion of the united states . these termite swarmers ( alates ) are dark brown with smoky - black wings and a ½ - inch long body . soldier termites have a large , brown - colored head and two large mouthparts that look like teeth extending well beyond the head .
himmi , s . k . ; yoshimura , t . ; yanase , y . ; oya , m . ; torigoe , t . ; akada , m . ; imadzu , s . nest - gallery development and caste composition of isolated foraging groups of the drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( isoptera : kalotermitidae ) . insects 2016 , 7 , 38 .
himmi , s . k . ; yoshimura , tsuyoshi ; yanase , yoshiyuki ; oya , masao ; torigoe , toshiyuki ; akada , masanori ; imadzu , setsuo . 2016 .
nest - gallery development and caste composition of isolated foraging groups of the drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( isoptera : kalotermitidae ) .
insects 7 , no . 3 : 38 .
the galleries of incisitermes minor are typical of other drywood termite species , albeit a bit larger and more cavernous . they consist of irregular excavations that extend throughout the sapwood , across both spring and summerwood , and sometimes into the heartwood . some galleries are spacious enough to accommodate large aggregations of termites while others are so narrow that termites can only pass through in single file . another characteristic feeding behavior is that incisitermes minor will excavate towards the outer surface of the wood without actually breaking through it , thus leaving a paper thin , outer protective layer . infested wood sometimes appears sound , but upon close inspection and mechanical probing this outer shell can be easily broken , revealing the underlying galleries and large amounts of frass ( fecal pellets ) .
there are three common species of drywood termites found in the south . you can identify the species by looking at certain features of either the swarming termites or solider termites . incisitermes snyderi are the most common species found . the reproductive termites are light yellow in color and are 7 / 16 inch long . the wings are uniformly transparent . their swarming tends to occur at night , and tend to swarm towards lights . cryptotermes brevis are similar in appearance to incisitermes snyderi . the body of the swarmers for incisitermes minor are dark and measure approximately 9 / 16 inch long . their wings are yellow , brown or colorless and will swarm during the day - time . for both species of incisitermes , the soldiers are about 5 / 16 inches long with dark yellow - brown heads with strong mandibles . the head of the soldier for cryptotermes brevis is square shaped , black in color with very short mandibles . the worker termites are smaller than the soldiers with soft , white bodies .
termite nest architecture has important biological attributes , as the whole structure represents a morphological expression of the sum of behavioral patterns which relate to a better understanding of their feeding ecology . the nest - gallery system of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor , inside naturally infested wood was visualized by x - ray computed tomography . drywood termites are . . . [ show full abstract ]
the hypothesis that western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) , nymphs are negatively phototactic was tested . significantly more nymphs were found under the covered half of a petri dish than under the uncovered half exposed to either incandescent or fluorescent light , whereas there was no significant preference for either the covered or uncovered side when exposed to red darkroom . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . the hypothesis that western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) , nymphs are negatively phototactic was tested . significantly more nymphs were found under the covered half of a petri dish than under the uncovered half exposed to either incandescent or fluorescent light , whereas there was no significant preference for either the covered or uncovered side when exposed to red darkroom light . t . . .
luykx p . 1986 . termite colony dynamics as revealed by the sex - and caste - ratios of whole colonies of incisitermes schwarzi banks ( isoptera : kalotermitidae ) . insectes soc . 33 : 221 - 248 .
three of the more common home - invading termite species are eastern subterranean termites , pacific dampwood termites , and southeastern drywood termites . their scientific names are reticulitermes flavipes , zootermopsis angusticollis , and incisitermes snyderi , respectively .
the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor , is california’s second most important termite pest after the subterranean termite and is the most common species of drywood termite . it is a native insect that has been here millions of years , mostly infesting dead wood in trees along rivers , washes , and arroyos . drywood termites are commonly found along the pacific coastal region extending into the central valley and deserts of southern california .
number of i . minor ( hagen ) individuals of various castes dissected from five infested and two uninfested loquat [ eriobotrya japonica ( thunb . ) lindl . ] logs after completion of all experiments
mean ae ring down counts resulting from the constant temperature experiment correlated with the total number of i . minor dissected from each of the five infested logs . data were transformed to the natural log .
the documentation of colonization process of foraging groups of i . minor in previously unoccupied timbers using x - ray ct has provided better understanding on how isolated groups of i . minor develop and maintain the nest - gallery system ; as well as to sustain the colony . in establishing nest - gallery , i . minor showed selective foraging activities and adaptability to different timber enviroments . stigmergic behaviors were observed in the way of isolated groups of i . minor maintain the nest - gallery system , which was expressed in sealing a tunnel gallery that ends at the outer edge of the timber ; and transporting fecal pellets to particular chambers located beneath timber surface . the isolated groups of i . minor showed dynamic change in caste composition to sustain the colony . in both groups in which the primary reproductive are absent , a replacement reproductive has emerged from pseudergate stage . however , the sexes of replacement reproductive , time interval and the suitable conditions to facilitate the emergence of replacement reproductive are not been fully understood yet .
an x - ray computed - tomographic examination of nest - gallery development from timbers naturally infested by foraging groups of incisitermes minor colonies was conducted . this study documents the colonization process of i . minor to new timbers and how the isolated groups maintain their nest - gallery system . the results suggested that development of a nest - gallery within a suitable wood item is not random , but shows selection for softer substrate and other adaptations to the different timber environments . stigmergic coordinations were expressed in dynamic changes of the nest - gallery system ; indicated by fortification behavior in sealing and re - opening a tunnel approaching the outer edge of the timber , and accumulating fecal pellets in particular chambers located beneath the timber surface . the study also examines the caste composition of isolated groups to discover how i . minor sustains colonies with and without primary reproductives .
we quantified the response of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) , to heat within two galleries routed into a wood cross . nymphs were placed in the gallery of the right arm and after 2 h , the gallery temperature was raised > 40°c . trials also were conducted with the addition of alates or soldiers to groups of nymphs . termites moved only as far as necessary to avoid . . . [ show full abstract ]
the nesting biology of the drywood termite , incisitermes minor , is poorly understood . to date , no published data are available regarding the in situ nest - gallery development of i . minor . three naturally infested sitka spruce ( picea sitchensis bong . carriere ) timbers were analyzed by x - ray computer tomography to observe the structure of the first royal chamber and the termite’s nest - founding behavior . one timber was infested by a group of termites which emerged from their natal nest . the other two timbers were infested by dealate reproductives from the nuptial flight . the study revealed that the drywood termite engages in outside foraging activity and has great foraging flexibility . computer tomographic images also revealed that i . minor reproductives showed anatomical selectivity in their nest - founding activity . the structure of the initial royal chambers varied to follow the anatomical texture of the timbers , which resembled either a european pear shape or a cashew nut shape .
three - min ae ring down counts from 24 november 2009 until 26 january 2010 , for five sensors ( 1–5 ) in i . minor - infested logs and two sensors ( 6–7 ) in uninfested logs under constant temperature conditions .
. . . those larvae that did not meet either early larvae ( lem ) or late larvae body size criteria were considered mid larva ( lm ) . observations from this study failed to produce characteristics separating late i . minor larvae in to either a worker or nymphal caste , consistent with the notion that i . minor follows a basically linear pathway ( cabrera and rust 1999 ) . thus , late larvae would act as workers ( reviewed in watanabe et al . 2014 ) . . . .
after a drywood termite colony has matured ( several years ) , winged alates ( swarmers ) are produced that leave the colony to establish new colonies . swarming activity ( nuptial flights ) generally occurs at dusk or during the night and they tend to fly towards areas of greatest light intensity , gathering around lights or illuminated windows . however , the dark western drywood termite ( incisitermes minor ) is a daytime swarmer . swarming of arizona species occurs in early to late summer with certain species swarming during the winter months of january and february also .
lemaster et al . ( 1997 ) found no periodicity in feeding of i . minor in a 24 - h day . however , the investigation only ran for 1 wk and was conducted under constant temperature conditions . indrayani et al . ( 2006 ) also used ae technology to monitor i . minor feeding when affected by different laboratory temperatures and relative humidity ; however , they did not report diurnal or seasonal ae activity . using ae monitoring during an investigation of local chemical treatments in a field study in southern california , activity of i . minor infestations in untreated locations of structures declined during winter months ( v . lewis , unpublished data ) . because this field study involved only four posttreatment inspection dates , it was not possible to make definitive statements on seasonal foraging of drywood termites .
twenty - four different combinations of six temperatures ( 15° , 20° , 25° , 30° , 35° , and 40°c ) and four relative humidity ( rh ) ( 60 % , 70 % , 80 % , and 90 % ) conditions were used for pseudergates of the western dry - wood termite incisitermes minor ( hagen ) . the feeding activities of the termites were monitored by the detection of generated acoustic emission ( ae ) events from feeder wood blocks in a test chamber . temperature and rh showed independent and interactive significant effects on the feeding activity of i . minor . the optimal temperature and rh conditions for the feeding activities were 35°c and 70 % , respectively , and the optimal combinations were 35°c - 70 % and 35°c - 80 % with an exceptionally higher feeding activity at the combination condition of 30°c - 70 % .
little research has been conducted on the movement patterns of drywood termites . currently , only the speed of locomotion of i . minor ( 1 . 4 cm / s ) in response to temperature and light is known ( cabrera and rust 1994 , 1996 , 2000 ) . rust et al . ( 1979 ) inferred movement of the drywood termite incisitermes fruticavus rust from studies that measured daily changes in temperature inside galleries for the jojoba shrub , simmondsia chinensis ( link ) ; however , the daily or seasonality of movement of drywood termites within structures in california remains poorly understood .
by examing the color of neotenic bodies in the isolated groups from both spruce timbers and comparing it with harvey’s description , it seems that the neotenics in those groups had just emerged . the fact that we didn’t find any eggs indicated that the secondary reproductives had not yet reached complete development . harvey described that secondary reproductives emerged in perfect molt just one month after isolation ; however , our case in both spruce timbers indicates a much longer time for the colony to adjust its caste composition . atkinson [ 33 ] reported that seasonal trends in colony composition were relatively weak in i . minor . he observed that all or most of the alates in i . minor colonies appeared to emerge whenever suitable environmental conditions were present . this might mean that the emergence of replacement reproductives in the isolated groups of i . minor in spruce timbers occurred when the groups met “suitable environmental conditions” [ 33 ] .
plots of ae ring down counts over time under constant darkness from 19 august 2009 to 25 august 2009 for five sensors that contain live colonies of i . minor . the smooth line is a running average of the ae ring down counts for 30 min before until 30 min after the data points .
. . . in addition , individual late - larval workers ( pseudergates ) may deviate from this straight developmental pathway through regressive or stationary molts ( miller 1969 ; noirot and pasteels 1987 ) . cabrera and rust ( 1999 ) observed caste differentiation in i . minor and reported four larval instars and two nymphal instars aside from alates and soldiers . luykx ( 1986 ) and luykx et al . ( 1986 ) described three larval stages and four immature worker stages along with pseudergates , nymphs , soldiers , reproductives , and alates for i . schwarzi , a close relative of i . minor . . . .
incisitermes minor has at least seven instars and it probably takes more than a year for a nymph to develop from the egg to an alate or soldier ( harvey 1934 ) . the duration of each instar is variable depending on prevailing environmental conditions and available resources . the average size of the fifth to seventh instar ranges from approximately 6 . 5 to 9 . 5 mm long and they weigh from 10 to 15 mg . western drywood termite nymphs have relatively large amounts of fat body and the larger nymphs are very robust . the percent fat content of dry weight of late instar nymphs is approximately 18 percent ( k . haagsma , unpublished data ) .
nymphs of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) , were tested for their feeding preferences on wood and extracts of 11 tree species . the amount of wood consumed was inversely proportional to its specific gravity , but methanol extracts of least preferred woods were also least preferred when termites were confined to paper treated with extracts . in choice tests , only paper treated with extract of wood from which the colony developed and untreated and methanol - treated controls were significantly fed upon . ponderosa pine extract applied to douglas fir and sugar pine significantly decreased the amount of wood consumed . resistance to termite feeding appeared to depend on the presence of repellent chemicals in the wood .
in florida , incisitermes minor has a spotty distribution from the panhandle down to miami ( where it was probably first introduced into florida [ hickin 1971 ] ) and has been found on both coasts of the peninsula . scheffrahn et al . ( 1988 ) reported two incidences of infestation and since then there have been 22 more confirmed records ( scheffrahn , unpublished data ) . of all records , three occurred on boats - - two of these from southern california - - that were subsequently fumigated . three other infestations were associated with furniture that was traced to the pacific coast . so far , all the florida infestations have only been found in structural lumber , not in natural wood .
because drywood termites ( family kalotermitidae ) are single piece nesters and can live deep in wood , there are few reports of seasonal or daily cycles of feeding or foraging behavior . seasonal activity patterns of drywood termites are very important for their detection and treatment . a common seasonal activity for drywood termites is swarming . in california , the western drywood termite incisitermes minor ( hagen ) , swarms during the day , starting in summer and continuing into fall ( ebeling 1978 ) . feeding and foraging are important drywood termite activities ; however , little is known about when they occur or what drives them . the cryptic behavior of drywood termites inside wood hinders studies that explore their normal feeding and foraging behavior . acoustic emission ( ae ) technology has been used to detect the presence of drywood and dampwood termites in wood ( lewis and lemaster 1991 , lemaster et al . 1997 ) and recently has been used to explore seasonal and daily patterns foraging and feeding activity of i . minor ( lewis et al . 2011 ) .
. . . however , it might well be that hodotermes mossambicus exhibit aggressive behaviour at the nest entrance under more natural conditions in the field . the fact that nestmate discrimination in the trophallaxis bioassay was primarily found when larvae were used as donors might just reflect that this group is under natural conditions much more involved in the behaviour of feeding nestmates than any other caste , as has been demonstrated in incisitermes minor by cabrera and rust ( 1999 ) . in addition , non - nestmates recognized by larvae are almost certainly intruders which should be discriminated in the context of nestmate feeding behaviour , whereas foragers might meet non - nestmates frequently outside the nests in behavioural contexts where nestmate discrimination does not pay . . . .
the purpose of our study was to explore for patterns of seasonal or daily feeding and movement of i . minor in naturally infested logs as measured by ae technology . such knowledge would greatlyimprove inspection success , pre - and post - treatment evaluations of remedial measures againstinfestations and enable more detailed investigations into the natural history of drywood termites .
three types of experiments were designed to evaluate the performance of a bait system intended to control incisitermes minor ( hagen ) . in the first type of experiment , type i , the effectiveness of the bait in a small wood specimen was evaluated . in the second type , type ii , the bait effectiveness was evaluated in a larger wood specimen . feeding arena lumber with artificial galleries was prepared for the type iii experiment so that the response of the insects to the gel could be observed . in general , the average percentage of termites that died after being exposed to the gel formulation in all three types of experiment was more than 60 % , and in the gel control the average percentage of live termites was more than 95 % in types i and iii , and more than 75 % in type ii . these results suggest that the gel bait system used in this study has the potential to eliminate i . minor colonies . further investigation will be necessary to increase the reliability of the bait system as a control measure against dry - wood termites .
mean daily activity patterns for i . minor in each of five logs ( sensors 1–5 ) . the heavy , dark line is the mean ae ring down count . the gray line is the temperature trace ( °c ) collected simultaneously for each ae data point . ae data for all logs were collected from 15 june 2008 to 15 may 2009 .
incisitermes minor is a tremendous pest in california and arizona with an estimated annual economic impact of $ 250 million ( m . rust , unpublished ) , mainly in damage and treatment costs . a survey of structural inspection reports conducted in san bernardino , riverside , and orange counties in southern california between september 1992 and april 1993 revealed that the western drywood termite accounted for approximately 55 percent of the total inspections for wood - destroying organisms . near the coast , they accounted for > 75 percent of the inspections ( t . atkinson , unpublished data ) . the western drywood termite will continue to torment homeowners and keep termite control companies busy , especially in newly developed areas in california where urban sprawl is running rampant . further infestations are likely to be discovered in florida .
there are few reports of diurnal or seasonal ae activity data for i . minor . using 100 i . minor workers contained in an artificially infested wooden block held at constant temperature and humidity , lemaster et al . ( 1997 ) reported ae events results from a single sensor during a 7 - d test . there was no statistically significant cycling or periodicity found in ae activity . the plot of ae activity appeared flat and hovered between the values of 100 and 200 events per hour . no ring down count data were reported . the maximum ae event results reported by lemaster et al . ( 1997 ) compared favorably with the maximum events reported for the current study , although we report here only ae ring down count data . indrayani et al . ( 2006 ) conducted a second ae activity study . for this laboratory study i . minor workers ( 10 ) also were used in small wooden blocks to test the affects of varying temperature and humidity . the tests were of short duration , only 12 h . this study reported that the optimum temperature for peak ae activity was 30°c .
two kinds of nest - founding activities have been identified in drywood termites [ 5 ] : ( 1 ) from nuptial flight by pairing dealate reproductives ; or ( 2 ) from nest - gallery extension through colony foraging to a new piece of adjacent timber [ 8 ] . in this paper , we present a case study of nest - gallery development from timbers naturally infested by an i . minor colony through foraging activity . the study was intended to capture the colonization process of foraging groups of i . minor in previously unoccupied timber and how the groups maintain their nest - gallery system . the study also examines the caste composition of isolated groups in search of a better understanding of how one - piece nester types sustain their colonies .
the introduction of x - ray computed tomography ( ct ) as a non - destructive approach to analyzing termite nests has brought us a better understanding of the nesting biology of this cryptic insect . fuchs et al . [ 1 ] were the first to introduce ct as a useful tool for providing a three - dimensional ( 3d ) view of the hidden gallery system of drywood termite cryptotermes secundus , though at a low - resolution display . perna et al . presented detailed images of gallery networks [ 2 ] of cubitermes sp . and used them to analyze their topological defense strategy [ 3 ] and efficiency [ 4 ] , while himmi et al . [ 5 ] used x - ray ct to analyze the initial structure of the royal chamber of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor .
when we were certain that we had completed all experimentation by using the five i . minor - infested logs , we dissected these five logs , as well as the uninfested logs , and counted all live individuals by caste ( table 1 ) . the single alate found in each of the untreated logs was because of natural swarming activity from some of the logs in the test building . we regressed the line ( ln ) of the mean ae ring down counts from the constant temperature experiment ( the most recent experiment before log dissection ) for all seven logs against the ln of the total number of individuals remaining . a highly significant relationship was found ( r 2 = 0 . 92 ) between the i . minor population and ae activity ( fig . 7 ) .
. . . the timbers were laid in random positions , without considering whether tangential sections , radial sections , sapwood parts , and heartwood parts were oriented in any particular direction . the experimental set - up was conducted on august 3 , 2012 , 1 month before i . minor swarming season in the wakayama area , which was reported to be in september [ 10 ] . . . .
the mean daily ae ring down count ( black line ) from five sensors ( 1–5 ) in i . minor - infested logs ( 1–5 ) and two sensors ( 6–7 ) in uninfested logs under constant temperature conditions . the mean has been smoothed with a loess ( nonparametric regression ) smoother . the gray line is the smoothed mean temperature profile across all observations . ( online figure in color . )
seasonal activity patterns of drywood termites have an important impact on our ability to detect these structural pests and treat infestations . for example , the presence of alates and shed wings within infested structures are often the first signs of the presence of drywood termites . in california , the annual dispersal flights of incisitermes minor ( hagen ) occur during the day in the fall [ 1 ] . feeding and foraging , including excavation of wood , are important drywood termite activities ; however , little is known whether they occur randomly or follow an underlying pattern . the cryptic behavior of drywood termites hinders studies on their feeding and foraging biology . because direct observation is impossible in wood naturally infested by drywood termites , we must rely on indirect methods of observation . a method that has proven extremely useful is the quantification of vibrations within termite - infested wood using acoustic emission ( ae ) technology .
the purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of the circadian cycle of activity in i . minor : the role or influence of temperature and light on patterns of feeding and foraging as measured by vibrational activity in naturally infested wood . by knowing when drywood termites are most active and whether physical features of their environment affect their activity , inspections and posttreatment evaluations of remedial treatments could be greatly improved .
the hourly averages for ae ring down counts for each active and inactive log , as well as temperature and relative humidity , were plotted for the 11 - month period . the mean daily activity pattern for i . minor in each of the five logs ( sensors 1–5 ) , represented by ae ring down counts , was graphed in relation to the mean temperature ( °c ) over a 24 - hour period .
plots of ae ring down counts under constant darkness as a function of temperature in five i . minor - infested logs and two uninfested logs . the temperature values are “jittered” so that they do not land exactly on top of each other . all sensors associated with infested logs show a positive relationship with temperature . each data point represents 3 - min recordings taken at least two times / h / d / sensor over 7 d .
activity of colonies of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor , was measured with acoustic emission ( ae ) technology in five loquat ( eriobotrya japonica ) logs . termite activity , whether it was feeding , excavation or movement , was monitored for 11 months under ambient conditions in a small wooden structure maintained at the university of california richmond field station . ae , temperature , and humidity data were measured in 3 - minute increments . termite activity was greater during the warmer summer months compared to the cooler winter months . termites in all five logs displayed a similar daily cycle of activity , peaking in the late afternoon . seasonal and daily fluctuations in termite activity were significantly associated with temperature , whereas humidity did not appear to have a noticeable effect on termite activity . possible mechanisms that drive the seasonal and daily cycles in termite activity , as measured by ae technology , and the possible implications for inspections and post - treatment analysis are discussed .
summary : differences in feeding and trophallaxis among castes of the western drywood termite , incisitermes minor ( hagen ) , were determined using rubidium ( rb ) as a tracer . both 5th - and 6th - instar nymphs and 3rd - and 4th - instar larvae fed directly on rb - treated paper and acted as both donors and recipients in trophallactic exchanges with other larvae and nymphs , and as donors for soldiers and alates . soldiers and alates did not feed on rb - treated paper suggesting that they do not feed directly on wood and are completely dependent on nymphs for their nutritional needs . larvae paired with rb - fed nymphs received the greatest amount of rb suggesting that there may be a hierarchy of trophallaxis in drywood termites . transfer efficiency , the percentage of the total rb intake of donors that is passed to the recipients , ranged from 1 . 1 % ( nymphal donors to alate recipients ) to 16 . 6 % ( larval donors to nymphal recipients ) .
there is considerable variance in the number of i . minor extracted from naturally infested logs and structural wood , and ranges from 7 to 2 , 943 [ 19 , 21 , 30 - 32 ] . also clearly evident , larger colonies and infestations produce greater ae activity . and also clearly evident is that when drywood termites are allowed to search and forage for wood naturally under ambient conditions , their activity follows a cyclic pattern common to many terrestrial animals .
. . . naturally , new colony dissemination is facilitated by swarming activities in the dispersal flight season . swarming occurs during the summer to the fall on bright , sunny days which attract alates to emerge from the colonies ( positive phototaxis ) 10 111213 . in addition to information on swarming activities , information on the nutritional ecology of i . minor and its feeding preferences for various timbers are also very important for investigating initial nest - gallery establishment . . . .
there are only a few reports available on seasonal or daily activity for i . minor as measured by ae technology . using 100 workers contained in an artificially infested wooden block held at constant temperature and humidity , lemaster et al . [ 22 ] presented ae event results over seven days from a single sensor . no statistically significant cycling or periodicity in ae measurements could be detected . the plot of termite activity appeared flat and ranged from just 100 to 200 ae events per hour .
little research has been conducted on the movement patterns of drywood termites . currently , only the speed of locomotion of i . minor ( 1 . 4 cm / s ) in response to temperature and light is known [ 26 , 27 ] . movement of the drywood termite i . fruticavus rust was inferred from studies that measured daily changes in temperature inside galleries for the jojoba shrub , simmondsia chinensis ( link ) [ 28 ] ; however , the seasonal movement of drywood termites within structures remains poorly understood .
staurojoenina is a large and structurally complex genus of hypermastigont parabasalians found in the hindgut of lower termites . although several species of staurojoenina have been described worldwide , all staurojoenina observed to date in different species of north american termites have been treated as the same species , s . assimilis . here , we characterize staurojoenina from the north american termite neotermes jouteli using light microscopy , scanning electron microscopy , and phylogenetic analysis of small subunit ribosomal rna , and compare it with s . assimilis from its type host , incisitermes minor . the basic morphological characteristics of the n . jouteli symbiont , including its abundant bacterial epibionts , are similar as far as they may be compared with existing data from s . assimilis , although not consistently identical . in contrast , we find that they are extremely distantly related at the molecular level , sharing a pairwise similarity of ssu rrna genes comparable to that seen between different genera or even families of other parabasalians . based on their evolutionary distance and habitat in different termite genera , we consider the n . jouteli staurojoenina to be distinct from s . assimilis , and describe a new species , staurojoenina mulleri , in honor of the pioneering parabasalian researcher , miklos muller .
n2 - staurojoenina is a large and structurally complex genus of hypermastigont parabasalians found in the hindgut of lower termites . although several species of staurojoenina have been described worldwide , all staurojoenina observed to date in different species of north american termites have been treated as the same species , s . assimilis . here , we characterize staurojoenina from the north american termite neotermes jouteli using light microscopy , scanning electron microscopy , and phylogenetic analysis of small subunit ribosomal rna , and compare it with s . assimilis from its type host , incisitermes minor . the basic morphological characteristics of the n . jouteli symbiont , including its abundant bacterial epibionts , are similar as far as they may be compared with existing data from s . assimilis , although not consistently identical . in contrast , we find that they are extremely distantly related at the molecular level , sharing a pairwise similarity of ssu rrna genes comparable to that seen between different genera or even families of other parabasalians . based on their evolutionary distance and habitat in different termite genera , we consider the n . jouteli staurojoenina to be distinct from s . assimilis , and describe a new species , staurojoenina mulleri , in honor of the pioneering parabasalian researcher , miklos muller .
ab - staurojoenina is a large and structurally complex genus of hypermastigont parabasalians found in the hindgut of lower termites . although several species of staurojoenina have been described worldwide , all staurojoenina observed to date in different species of north american termites have been treated as the same species , s . assimilis . here , we characterize staurojoenina from the north american termite neotermes jouteli using light microscopy , scanning electron microscopy , and phylogenetic analysis of small subunit ribosomal rna , and compare it with s . assimilis from its type host , incisitermes minor . the basic morphological characteristics of the n . jouteli symbiont , including its abundant bacterial epibionts , are similar as far as they may be compared with existing data from s . assimilis , although not consistently identical . in contrast , we find that they are extremely distantly related at the molecular level , sharing a pairwise similarity of ssu rrna genes comparable to that seen between different genera or even families of other parabasalians . based on their evolutionary distance and habitat in different termite genera , we consider the n . jouteli staurojoenina to be distinct from s . assimilis , and describe a new species , staurojoenina mulleri , in honor of the pioneering parabasalian researcher , miklos muller .
abstract =
staurojoenina is a large and structurally complex genus of hypermastigont parabasalians found in the hindgut of lower termites . although several species of staurojoenina have been described worldwide , all staurojoenina observed to date in different species of north american termites have been treated as the same species , s . assimilis . here , we characterize staurojoenina from the north american termite neotermes jouteli using light microscopy , scanning electron microscopy , and phylogenetic analysis of small subunit ribosomal rna , and compare it with s . assimilis from its type host , incisitermes minor . the basic morphological characteristics of the n . jouteli symbiont , including its abundant bacterial epibionts , are similar as far as they may be compared with existing data from s . assimilis , although not consistently identical . in contrast , we find that they are extremely distantly related at the molecular level , sharing a pairwise similarity of ssu rrna genes comparable to that seen between different genera or even families of other parabasalians . based on their evolutionary distance and habitat in different termite genera , we consider the n . jouteli staurojoenina to be distinct from s . assimilis , and describe a new species , staurojoenina mulleri , in honor of the pioneering parabasalian researcher , miklos muller .
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. . . because of this hidden ecology , i . minor can be easily transported around the world within an infested piece of wood as a result of human activities . originally from the southwestern usa and northern mexico [ 2 ] , infestations of this invasive species have been reported in canada [ 4 ] , china [ 5 ] , and hawaii [ 6 ] , and more than half of the prefectures in japan are listed as infested areas789 10 . in our modern and mobile society , the introduction of such wood - inhabiting termites to new areas is very hard to prevent . . . .
lewis et al . ( 2011 ) investigated activity of colonies of i . minor with acoustic emission ( ae ) technology in naturally infested logs . activity , whether it was feeding , excavation , or movement , was monitored for 11 mo under ambient conditions in a small wooden structure . ae , temperature , and humidity data were measured in 3 - min increments . termite activity was greater during the warmer summer months compared with the cooler winter months . termites in all logs displayed a similar daily cycle of activity , peaking in the late afternoon . seasonal and daily fluctuations in termite activity were significantly associated with temperature , whereas humidity had a less noticeable effect on termite activity .


dichocoenia stellaris , commonly known as pancake star coral , is a species of stony coral in the family meandrinidae .

it is found in the west indies and the bahamas .

its form is a flat , platform-like structure and it is usually found in deeper water than the closely related pineapple coral ( dichocoenia stokesi ) .

some authorities consider these to be the same species while other authorities regard them as distinct .

dichocoenia stellaris

specimen details : dichocoenia stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1849 specimen : usnm 84894 image type : image view : colony ; dichocoenia sp . ; scale : reference : locality : - enlarge image -
specimen details : dichocoenia stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1849 specimen : usnm 84894 image type : image view : calice ; dichocoenia sp . ; scale : reference : locality : - enlarge image -
dichocoenia stokesi . caribbean . colony with tentacles extended at night . charlie veron .
dichocoenia stokesi . caribbean . this species commonly forms small spherical colonies . charlie veron .
e . c . peters ( personal communication ) considers the recent caribbean genus dichocoenia to consist of only one highly polymorphic species ( manuscript in preparation ) . cairns ( 1982 ) and zlatarski and estalella ( 1982 ) both synonymized d . stellaris with this species .
taxonomic note : taxonomic note : colonies from lower reef slopes or shaded habitats have markedly smaller corallites than those from more exposed environments and are usually identified as dichocoenia stellaris ( see wells , 1973b ) . source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : roos ( 1971 ) , wells ( 1973b ) , cairns ( 1982 ) . additional identification guides : colin ( 1978 ) , humann ( 1993 ) .
in the western atlantic , this coral was been divided into two species ( d . stokesii and d . stellaris ) , although most researchers lump both corals in d . stokesii . cairns et al . ( 1999 ) regard the two as distinct .
este estudio , cuarto y último donde se describen los arrecifes coralinos de bocas del toro y su estado de conservación en forma individual , contempla a 14 arrecifes continentales en 129 km de costa comprendidos entre la península valiente y el río calovébora . se encontró una cobertura de coral vivo promedio para esta región de 17 . 1 % (
3 . 6 % ) , principalmente en el sector occidental de la península , en particular la zona interna de bahía bluefield , y en el sector de tobobe . la cobertura de coral aumenta con la profundidad ( 5 m ) en la mayoría de los arrecifes . dos especies de coral , porites furcata y acropora palmata , dominan las aguas superficiales . el coral acropora palmata se encontró abundante en seis de los 14 arrecifes estudiados concentrándose su mayor presencia hacia el sector de la ensenada tobobe y punta valiente . los patrones de reclutamiento son similares en distribución a los de mayor cobertura , presentándose densidades promedios de 4 reclutas / m² ( hasta 9 reclutas / m² ) principalmente agaricia spp . , porites astreoides y siderastrea siderea . la mayor diversidad de corales y esponjas se registró hacia el sector occidental de península valiente encontrandose 55 especies de corales en el área de estudio , incluyendo dos nuevos registros para bocas del toro ( 59 especies en total ) ; dichocoenia stellaris y madracis luciphila , incrementando también la diversidad de corales de panamá a 65 especies . se encontraron 24 especies de octocorales , informándose por primera vez tres especies : gorgonia mariae , muriceopsis sulphurea y muricea laxa , aumentando así en un 10 % la diversidad de bocas del toro a 32 especies en total . se registraron cinco nuevas especies de esponjas , lo que representa un incremento del 9 % en el número de especies que hacen un total de 58 para bocas del toro . la diversidad total de esponjas en el área de estudio fue de 48 especies . se encontraron grandes poblaciones de acropora palmata en la ensenada de tobobe lo que justifica , una vez más , la necesidad de modificar el área protegida actual de forma que se incorpore dentro de los planes de conservación este nuevo sector .
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justification : this species is listed as data deficient as there is no reliable information on population status , and there are taxonomic uncertainties on the validity of the species . if this species is shown to be valid , and to be affected by white plague at levels similar to that observed in d . stokesii , this species may qualify for listing in a threatened category due to its low abundance .
this species occurs in the caribbean , southern gulf of mexico , florida ( including the florida middle grounds ) , and the bahamas .
this species is usually uncommon . this is a deep - water species , often classified as the more abundant and closely related
, and there is no reliable information on its current population status . ( aronson , r . , precht , w . , moore , j . , weil , e . , and bruckner , a . pers . comm . )
there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .
the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .
this species is found in fore reef habitats below 15 m . coexists with d . stokesii in deeper water . ( aronson , r . , precht , w . , moore , j . , weil , e . , and bruckner , a . pers . comm . ) this species may be found to 22 m .
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milne edwards h , haime j ( 1849 ) recherches sur les polypiers . mémoire 4 . monographie des astréides . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , series 3 , 12 : 95 - 197 . [ details ]
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .
milne edwards & haime , 1848 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 289806 on 2018 - 07 - 09
cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
zlatarski v . n . ; martinez e . n . ( 1982 ) . les scléractiniaires de cuba avec des données sur les organismes associés . editions l’académie bulgare des sciences , sofia . 472 pp . [ details ]
m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda
colonies form rounded heads , domes or flattened plates . rounded colonies may reach 40 cm in diameter . the
humann , p . , 1993 . reef coral identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .
roos , p . j . , 1964 . the distribution of reef corals in curacao . stud . fauna curacao , 20 : 1 - 51 .
roos , p . j . , 1971 . the shallow - water stony corals of the netherlands antilles . studies on the fauna of curaçao and other caribbean islands , 130 .
voss , g . l . , 1976 . seashore life of florida and the carribbean . banyan books , inc . miami , florida .
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cites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .
late pliocene moin fm ( santarosa ) . pueblo nuevo , limon , costa rica , southwest caribbean . late pliocene - early pleistocene manchioneal formation . navy island , port antonio , jamaica , central caribbean . moin fm ( lomas del mar ) . & nbsplomas ; del mar , limon , costa rica , southwest caribbean . & nbspportete ; , limon , costa rica , southwest caribbean . early pleistocene manchioneal formation . & nbspnavy ; island , port antonio , jamaica , central caribbean . & nbspport ; antonio , port antonio , jamaica , central caribbean . middle pleistocene middle terrace . hato , curacao , south caribbean . middle pleistocene - late pleistocene san andres formation . san andres , san andres , central caribbean . late pleistocene lower terrace . hato , curacao , south caribbean . recent recent 10 - 20m . discovery bay , jamaica , central caribbean . > 30m . discovery bay , jamaica , central caribbean .
colonies are massive , often spherical , or may form thick submassive plates . corallites are evenly spaced , plocoid or ploco - meandroid . septo - costae are usually in two neatly alternating orders .
colour : a distinctive orange - brown with white septo - costae , rarely green .
© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0
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arrecifes coralinos de bocas del toro , panamá : iv . distribución , estructura y estado de conservación de los arrecifes continentales de península valiente
geo - spatial location , chronological period , research sample ( gender , age , etc . )
the following 6 pages are in this category , out of 6 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .
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cairns , s . d . , d . r . calder , a . brinckmann - voss , c . b . castro , d . g . fautin , p . r . pugh , c . e . mills , w . c . jaap , m . n . arai , s . h . d . haddock , and d . m . opresko . 2002 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora . 2nd edition . american fisheries society , special publication 28 , bethesda , maryland . 115 pp .
widespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , occurs on most classes of marine hardbottom communities , and has recently been classfied as common in much of its range , with more than 50 localities having been recorded . but it has been designated as vulnerable by the iucn in part because of recent declines . more information is needed .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
widespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , including the gulf of mexico , southern florida , bahamas , mexico , jamaica , belize , cuba , puerto rico , bermuda , curacao and bonaire and south to northern south america .
there are records for more than 50 localities between urltoken and the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission invertebrate collection and this species has a relatively large range .
common on low - relief hardbottom communities , patch reefs , fringing reefs , spur and groove reefs , transitional reefs and deeper intermediate reefs .
all coral reefs are being adversely affected by bleaching from rising ocean temperatures and water temperatures in 2005 were the warmest they ' d been in 150 years ( eakin et al . 2010 ) . coral disease , bleaching , sedimentation , and habitat loss are threats to this species and ocean acidification and climate change may be ( aronson et al . 2008 ) .
a 2008 iucn assessment estimated an approximate 38 % loss in the short term over its entire range ( aronson et al . 2008 ) .
( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) widespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , including the gulf of mexico , southern florida , bahamas , mexico , jamaica , belize , cuba , puerto rico , bermuda , curacao and bonaire and south to northern south america .
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
a79bak02fcus : low reported recruitment rates . little information on reproductive ecology in resources consulted .
p91pet01fcus : protozoan parasites , diseases of unknown etiology . a90ghi01fcus : susceptible to bleaching ( loss of zooxanthellae ) due to adverse environmental conditions . a81ant02fcus : seldom inflicted with black band disease , never reported with white band disease . a15vau01fcus : growth rate measured at 2 - 7 mm / yr increase in diameter and 2 - 5 . 2 mm / yr increase in height . p93pet01fcus : slow growth rate at 1 - 2 mm / yr .
overall depth range from 2 - 40 + m , but typically occurs from 3 - 20 m on most classes of marine hardbottom communities .
data needed on reproduction and recruitment patterns . information needed on susceptibility to sedimentation and eutrophication .
four components to a stony coral element occurrence : 1 . ) determine size and boundary of site to be surveyed , 2 . ) determine density of colonies via quadrats , 3 . ) determine size distribution of colonies with a note on maximum colony size , and 4 . ) provide habitat description .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
almy , c . c . , jr . and carrion - torres , c . 1963 . shallow - water stony corals of puerto rico . caribbean journal of science 3 : 133 - 162 .
aronson , r . , a . bruckner , j . moore , b . precht , and e . weil . 2008 . [ various coral species treatments ] in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 . urltoken .
bak , r . p . m . 1975 . ecological aspects of the distribution of reef corals in the netherlands antilles . bijdragen tot de dierkunde 45 : 181 - 190 .
bak , r . p . m . and elgershuizen , j . h . b . w . 1976 . patterns of oil - sediment rejection in corals . marine biology 37 : 105 - 113 .
bak , r . p . m . , brouns , j . j . w . m . and heys , f . m . l . 1977 . regeneration aspects of spatial competition in the scleractinian corals agaricia agaricites and montastrea annularis . proceedings of the 3rd international coral reef symposium 1 : 143 - 148 .
cairns , s . d . 1982 . stony corals of carrie bow cay , belize . smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences 12 : 271 - 302 .
cairns , s . d . , calder , d . r . , brinckman - voss , a . , castro , c . b . , pugh , p . r . , cutress , c . e . , jaap , w . c . , fautin , d . g . , larson , r . j . , harbison , g . r . , arai , m . n . and opresko , d . m . 1991 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora . american fisheries society special publication 22 , bethesda , maryland . 75 pp .
colin , p . l . 1978 . caribbean reef invertebrates and plants . thf publications , hong kong . 512 pp .
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dustan , p . and halas , j . c . 1987 . changes in the reef - coral community of carysfort reef , key largo , florida : 1974 to 1982 . coral reefs 6 : 91 - 106 .
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goldberg , w . m . 1973a . the ecology of the coral - octocoral communities off the southeast florida coast : geomorphology , species composition and zonation . bulletin of marine science 23 ( 3 ) : 465 - 487 .
goodwin , m . h . , cole , m . j . , stewart , w . e . and zimmermann , b . l . 1976 . species density and associations in caribbean reef corals . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 24 : 19 - 31 .
goreau , t . f . 1959 . the ecology of jamaican coral reefs . i . species composition and zonation . ecology 40 : 67 - 90 .
goreau , t . f . and wells , j . w . 1967 . the shallow - water scleractinia of jamaica : revised list of species and their vertical distribution range . bulletin of marine science 17 ( 2 ) : 442 - 453 .
hopkins , t . s . , blizzard , d . r . , brawley , s . a . , earle , s . a . , grimm , d . e . , gilbert , d . k . , johnson , p . g . , livingston , e . h . , lutz , c . h . , shaw , j . k . and shaw , b . b . 1977 . a preliminary characterization of the biotic components of composite strip transects on the florida middle grounds , northeastern gulf of mexico . proceedings of the 3rd international coral reef symposium 1 : 31 - 37 .
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roberts , h . h . 1972 . coral reefs of st . lucia , west indies . caribbean journal of science 12 ( 3 - 4 ) : 179 - 190 .
rogers , c . s . , h . c . fitz , iii , m . gilnack , j . beets , and j . hardin . 1984 . scleractinian coral recruitment patterns at salt river submarine canyon , st . croix , u . s . virgin islands . coral reefs 3 : 69 - 76 .
rogers , c . s . , m . gilnack , and h . c . fitz , iii . 1983 . monitoring of coral reefs with linear transects : a study of storm damage . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 66 : 285 - 300 .
scatterday , j . w . 1974 . reefs and associated coral assemblages off bonaire , netherlands antilles , and their bearing on pleistocene and recent reef models . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 85 - 106 .
scoffin , t . p . and garrett , p . 1974 . processes in the formation and preservation of internal structure in bermuda patch reefs . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 429 - 448 .
smith , f . g . w . 1971 . atlantic reef corals . university of miami press , coral gables , florida . 164 pp .
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wells , j . w . 1973a . new and old scleractinian corals from jamaica . bulletin of marine science 23 ( 1 ) : 16 - 58 .
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zlatarski , v . n . and estalella , n . m . 1982 . les scleractiniaires de cuba avec des donnees sur les organismes associes . academic bulgare des sciences , sofia , bulgaria . 472 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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] [ fr doc no : 2013 - 13194 ] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - department of commerce national oceanic and atmospheric administration 50 cfr part 622 [ docket no . 120718255 - 3500 - 02 ] rin 0648 - bc38 amendment 4 to the corals and reef associated plants and invertebrates fishery management plan of puerto rico and the u . s . virgin islands ; seagrass management agency : national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) , national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) , commerce . action : final rule . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - summary : nmfs issues this final rule to implement amendment 4 to the corals and reef associated plants and invertebrates fishery management plan ( fmp ) of puerto rico and the u . s . virgin islands ( usvi ) ( coral fmp ) , as prepared and submitted by the caribbean fishery management council ( council ) . this final rule removes seagrass species from the coral fmp . the purpose of this rule and amendment 4 to the coral fmp is to address the future management of seagrasses in the u . s . caribbean exclusive economic zone ( eez ) in accordance with the magnuson - stevens fishery conservation and management act ( magnuson - stevens act ) . dates : this rule is effective july 5 , 2013 . addresses : electronic copies of amendment 4 to the coral fmp , which include an environmental assessment , a regulatory flexibility act analysis , a regulatory impact review , and a fishery impact statement , may be obtained from the southeast regional office web site at :
9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 8 . marine neritic - coral reef - > 9 . 8 . 1 . outer reef channel suitability : marginal 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 8 . marine neritic - coral reef - > 9 . 8 . 3 . foreslope ( outer reef slope ) suitability : suitable
1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 1 . site / area protection 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 3 . habitat & natural process restoration 3 . species management - > 3 . 2 . species recovery 3 . species management - > 3 . 4 . ex - situ conservation - > 3 . 4 . 1 . captive breeding / artificial propagation 3 . species management - > 3 . 4 . ex - situ conservation - > 3 . 4 . 2 . genome resource bank
1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas
1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 2 . commercial & industrial areas
1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 3 . tourism & recreation areas
11 . climate change & severe weather - > 11 . 3 . temperature extremes
11 . climate change & severe weather - > 11 . 4 . storms & flooding
5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 1 . intentional use : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]
5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 3 . unintentional effects : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]
5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 6 . motivation unknown / unrecorded
8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 1 . invasive non - native / alien species / diseases - > 8 . 1 . 1 . unspecified species
2 . species stresses - > 2 . 3 . indirect species effects - > 2 . 3 . 2 . competition
8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 2 . problematic native species / diseases - > 8 . 2 . 1 . unspecified species
8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 4 . problematic species / disease of unknown origin - > 8 . 4 . 2 . named species
9 . pollution - > 9 . 1 . domestic & urban waste water - > 9 . 1 . 3 . type unknown / unrecorded
9 . pollution - > 9 . 2 . industrial & military effluents - > 9 . 2 . 3 . type unknown / unrecorded
9 . pollution - > 9 . 3 . agricultural & forestry effluents - > 9 . 3 . 2 . soil erosion , sedimentation
9 . pollution - > 9 . 3 . agricultural & forestry effluents - > 9 . 3 . 4 . type unknown / unrecorded
9 . pollution - > 9 . 5 . air - borne pollutants - > 9 . 5 . 3 . ozone
1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats 1 . research - > 1 . 6 . actions 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends
aeby , g . s . , work , t . , coles , s . , and lewis , t . 2006 . coral disease across the hawaiian archipelago . eos , transactions , american geophysical union 87 ( 36 ) : suppl .
aronson , r . b . and precht , w . f . 2001b . white - band disease and the changing face of caribbean coral reefs . hydrobiologia 460 : 25 - 38 .
bruno , j . f . , selig , e . r . , casey , k . s . , page , c . a . , willis , b . l . , harvell , c . d . , sweatman , h . , and melendy , a . m . 2007 . thermal stress and coral cover as drivers of coral disease outbreaks . plos biology 5 ( 6 ) : e124 .
colgan , m . w . 1987 . coral reef recovery on guam ( micronesia ) after catastrophic predation by acanthaster planci . ecology 68 ( 6 ) : 1592 - 1605 .
green , e . p . and bruckner , a . w . 2000 . the significance of coral disease epizootiology for coral reef conservation . biological conservation 96 : 347 - 361 .
jacobson , d . m . 2006 . fine scale temporal and spatial dynamics of a marshall islands coral disease outbreak : evidence for temperature forcing . eos , transactions , american geophysical union 87 ( 36 ) : suppl .
patterson , k . l . , porter , j . w . , ritchie , k . b . , polson , s . w . , mueller e . , peters , e . c . , santavy , d . l . , smith , g . w . 2002 . the etiology of white pox , a lethal disease of the caribbean elkhorn coral , acropora palmata . proc natl acad sci 99 : 8725 - 8730 .
porter , j . w . , dustan , p . , jaap , w . c . , patterson , k . l . , kosmynin , v . , meier , o . w . , patterson , m . e . , and parsons , m . 2001 . patterns of spread of coral disease in the florida keys . hydrobiologia 460 ( 1 - 3 ) : 1 - 24 .
sutherland , k . p . , porter , j . w . , and torres , c . 2004 . disease and immunity in caribbean and indo - pacific zooxanthellate corals . marine ecology progress series 266 : 273 - 302 .
veron , j . e . n . 2000 . corals of the world , volume 2 . australian institute of marine science , townsville mc , australia .
wallace , c . c . 1999 . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora . csiro , collingwood .
weil , e . 2003 . the corals and coral reefs of venezuela . in : jorge cortes ( ed . ) , latin american coral reefs , elseview science b . v .
weil , e . 2004 . coral reef diseases in the wider caribbean . in : e . rosenberg and y . loya ( eds ) , coral health and diseases , pp . 35 - 68 . springer verlag , ny .
weil , e . 2006 . coral , ocotocoral and sponge diversity in the reefs of the jaragua national park , dominican republic . rev . bio . trop . 54 ( 2 ) : 423 - 443 .
wilkinson , c . 2004 . status of coral reefs of the world : 2004 . australian institute of marine science , townsville , queensland , australia .
willis , b . , page , c and dinsdale , e . 2004 . coral disease on the great barrier reef . in : e . rosenber and y . loya ( eds ) , coral health and disease , pp . 69 - 104 . springer - verlag berlin heidelberg .
5 - year efh review 5 - year essential fish habitat review bob trumble , ph . d mã³nica valle , ph . d . monica . valle @ urltoken cfmc meeting fajardo , puerto rico dec . 14 - 15 , …
[ pdf ] 5 - year review - united states fish and wildlife 5 - year review . final . pdf5 - year review - united states fish and wildlife service
guide to essential fish habitat consultation david o’brien noaa fisheries service habitat conservation division gloucester point , va .
fish habitat : essential fish habitat and rehabilitation l . benaka ( ed . ) 1999 . american fisheries society , bethesda , md , usa . price us * $ 50 . 00 , isbn 1 - 888569 - 12 - 3 , 480 pp .
groundfish essential fish habitat ( efh ) gis mapping van hare pacific states marine fisheries commission .
entender os fatores e interações que afetam a estrutura de comunidade em um ambiente recifal é importante para a compreensão e elaboração de propostas de manejo que visem a resiliência e conservação de populações instáveis no ambiente . algumas estratégias de conservação e manutenção destes ecossistemas são as criações de áreas protegidas marinhas que vêm se tornando locais de recuperação e conservação de várias espécies restritas nestes ambientes . o trabalho procurou avaliar o efeito do fechamento da área recifal de tamandaré , litoral sul pernambucano após 14 anos de exclusão da pesca , na estrutura de comunidades bentônicas , especialmente em populações de ouriços echinometra lucunter , abundância de corais e cobertura algal viva . foram comparados dois recifes , dentro e fora da área fechada através de técnicas de censo visual subaquático com mergulhos livres , utilizando o método conjugado de linha de transects e quadrats no topo recifal durante três períodos do ano ( verão 2011 ; outono 2012 ; verão 2012 ) empregados para avaliar a estimativa da densidade populacional de ouriços e corais ; e a técnica de fotoquadrats para a estimativa de cobertura viva dos mesmos . os resultados mostraram densidade média de ouriços e . lucunter sete vezes maior no recife aberto à pesca ( pirambu ) em comparação ao recife fechado ( ilha da barra ) indicando que o efeito da pesca intensiva de seus predadores e a falta de organismos competidores por espaço e disponibilidade de alimento na área impactada , afeta diretamente a sua abundancia e distribuição , modificando a composição de outros organismos , complexidade topográfica e os processos ecológicos do local . colônias do hidrocoral do gênero millepora sp . apresentaram maior densidade populacional na área fechada , onde foram treze vezes mais abundantes neste recife em comparação ao recife adjacente . para os corais escleractinios , as espécies agaricia humilis e favia gravida apresentaram maior densidade no recife do pirambu , enquanto que siderastrea stellata apresentou maior abundancia na ilha da barra . apesar das diferenças encontradas entre as espécies , a cobertura geral viva geral destes organismos foi três vezes maior no recife fechado à pesca , indicando um ambiente mais propício para o crescimento destes corais neste recife . a cobertura algal viva apresentou diferenças significativas entre as duas áreas , onde foram mais abundantes na ilha da barra , cobrindo cerca de 80 % do topo recifal , com exceção das algas calcarias incrustantes que apresentaram maior abundância no recife do pirambu . os resultados mostraram que a exclusão do uso de pesca no recife da ilha da barra , na área fechada de tamandaré , vem mostrando capacidade de resiliência do ecossistema recifal , importante para a reestruturação e conservação do ecossistema marinho .


gnorimoschema lobatum is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by povolný in 1998 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from quebec and ontario .

the length of the forewings is about 5.1 mm .

the forewings are covered by uniform cinereous scales with darker tips .

there are two groups of blackish scales indicating blackish stigmata and there are individual scales at the apex .

the hindwings are cinereous whitish .

gnorimoschema lobatum

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ancylomenes magnificus , is a kind of cleaner shrimp common to the western pacific ocean at depths of 3 – 29 metres ( 10 – 95 ft ) .

these shrimp are commonly found on scleractinian coral , catalaphyllia and the anemone , dofleinia armata .

they have a transparent body except on the carapace and segments of the abdomen which have bands of white specks outlined in red .

the tail and the hump on the abdomen are also white .

ancylomenes magnificus

( of periclimenes magnificus bruce , 1979 ) bruce , a . j . ( 1979 ) . notes on some indo - pacific pontoniinae , xxxi . periclimenes magnificus sp . nov . , a coelenterate associate from the capricorn islands ( decapoda , palaemonidae ) . crustaceana supplement . 5 : 195 - 208 , plate 1 . [ details ]
( of periclimenes magnificus bruce , 1979 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
bruce , a . j . 1979 ,
notes on some indo - pacific pontoniinae , xxxi periclimenes magnificus sp . nov . , a coelenterate associate from the capricorn islands ( decapoda , palaemonidae )
, crustaceana , ser . suppl . , vol . 5 , pp . 195 - 208
( of periclimenes magnificus bruce , 1979 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
also known as formerly - periclimenes magnificus , crustaceans , carid shrimps , commensal shrimps , cleaner shrimps , magnificent commensal shrimp , magnificent cleaner shrimp , magnificent partner shrimp , anemone cleaner shrimp , anemone shrimp , crystal shrimp and glass shrimp . found on sandy bottoms often on scleractinian corals , dofleinia armata anemones and in the process of cleaning fish . they feed on parasites , algae and plankton . length - 2 . 5cm depth - 3 - 30m widespread indo - pacific often if a divers hand is near to a cleaner shrimps , they will hop on board and perform a manicure ! carid shrimps occur worldwide in almost every habitat , from sea water to fresh water and can be found all over the reef . they are generally respected by other creatures , often sharing burrows and holes and working as housekeepers . they will wave their antennae around to attract customers , they then proceed to clean outside and inside the creatures mouths , gills etc , .
de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6081481a - 3d3c - 4a7c - 918d - 8a6e8bae5f60
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f5bdf7a9 - 864a - 4f70 - b060 - 407abed34321
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 52e274fb - cd5f - 4955 - bca5 - 9a013c179462
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 556140
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
translucent with blue and white claw arms curving inwards to overlap , white banding and a blotch on the abdominal hump .
west pacific to new caledonia and japan . it lives on anemones , commonly associated with ( actinostephanus haeckeli ) branching anemone and tube dwelling anemones from the cerianthus genus .