scydosella is a genus of beetles that consists of only one species scydosella musawasensis .

the species is regarded as the smallest free-living insect , as well as the smallest beetle .

they are among featherwing beetle , named because of their feather-like spiny wings .

it was first discovered in nicaragua , and described in 1999 by wesley eugene hall of the university of nebraska state museum .

the initial discovery consisted of very few specimens , and exact measurements were not conclusive .

because of their tiny size , they were difficult to observe under microscope after preservation .

the generally accepted size was 0.300 mm in length .

on 8 february 2015 , alexey polilov of the lomonosov moscow state university collected 85 specimens in chicaque national park , colombia .

they were discovered on a layer of fungus on which they feed .

from these specimens exact measurements could be made , and was found that the smallest individual is only 0.325 mm long .

the largest individual is 0.352 mm long , and the average length of all the specimens is 0.338 mm .

the body is elongated and oval in shape , yellowish-brown in colour , and its antennae are split into 10 segments .

scydosella

this tiny insect , scientifically known as scydosella musawasensis , is the only species in the featherwing beetle genus scydosella .
according to a new study published online this week in the journal zookeys , the smallest examined representative of scydosella musawasensis has a length of 0 . 325 mm .
habitus and diagnostic characters of scydosella musawasensis , sem : a dorsal view b lateral view c ventral view d antenna c mouthparts f pygidial tooth g mesosternal process .
“the record of scydosella musawasensis in colombia considerably broadens the known range of this genus and species , known previously only from one site in nicaragua , ” dr polilov wrote .
“this record also broadens the known range of fungi colonized by scydosella musawasensis , which was known previously only from rigidoporus lineatus . i have collected it on steccherinum sp . ”
the smallest known beetle scydosella musawasensis hall is recorded for the second time . precise measurements of its body size are given , and it is shown that the smallest examined representative of this species has a length of 325 µm .
this trend towards fusion into fewer , separate parts affects many organ systems . microinsects like scydosella lack the crops and gizzards present in larger insects , and may also lose the muscles that typically line the esophagus and intestines . the circulatory system in microinsects is basically reduced to nothing more than a simple heart and a short aorta , with scydosella losing those organs entirely . those microinsects with wings suffer from weakly developed veins , which poses a huge problem for flight performance .
the world ' s smallest beetle and tiniest non - parasitoid insect , called scydosella musawasensis , is morphologically characterised by its elongated oval body , yellowish - brown colouration and antennae split into 10 segments . it is also the only representative of this featherwing beetle genus .
the record of scydosella musawasensis in colombia considerably broadens the known range of this genus and species , known previously only from one site in nicaragua ( hall 1999 ) , where the type series was collected : musawas , waspuc river , nicaragua , 14 october 1955 . this record also broadens the known range of fungi colonized by scydosella musawasensis , which was known previously only from rigidoporus lineatus ( meripilaceae , given as polyporus zonalis in the original description ) ( hall 1999 ) ; i have collected it on steccherinum sp . ( meruliaceae ) .
polilov aa ( 2015 ) how small is the smallest ? new record and remeasuring of scydosella musawasensis hall , 1999 ( coleoptera , ptiliidae ) , the smallest known free - living insect . zookeys 526 : 61–64 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 526 . 6531
more information : alexey polilov . how small is the smallest ? new record and remeasuring of scydosella musawasensis hall , 1999 ( coleoptera , ptiliidae ) , the smallest known free - living insect , zookeys ( 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 526 . 6531
polilov aa . 2015 . how small is the smallest ? new record and remeasuring of scydosella musawasensis hall , 1999 ( coleoptera , ptiliidae ) , the smallest known free - living insect . zookeys 526 : 61 - 64 ; doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 526 . 6531
“measuring of ten specimens of scydosella musawasensis has shown that the smallest of them has a length of 0 . 325 mm , the largest has a length of 0 . 352 mm , and the average length is 0 . 338 mm . the body width is 0 . 098 to 0 . 104 mm , ” dr polilov wrote in the zookeys paper .
now that we’ve covered why insects have to be small , the next reasonable question is what keeps them from shrinking even smaller than scydosella ? the problem is that multicellular organisms must make a lot of sacrifices to fit all those structures and organs into such a tiny body . miniaturization in metazoans is actually polilov’s main research interest , and he discussed the unique effects of shrinking on structure and physiology in a paper published earlier this year .
entomologists have declared scydosella musawasensis to be the world’s smallest free - living insect . s . musawasensis , a featherwing beetle , can be as small as 0 . 325 millimeters ( as tiny as certain unicellular organisms ) . alexey polilov of lomonosov moscow state university collected 85 of the beetles from colombia , and his measurements of the tiny specimens confirm their ranking as the world’s tiniest free - living insects . in order to even measure such a tiny organism , polilov had to use a scanning electron microscope with specialized software .
adults of scydosella musawasensis hall , 1999 were collected in chicaque national park , colombia , 10 km west of bogotá , on 8 february 2015 ( coordinates 4 . 619 , - 74 . 312 ) , 2200 m above sea level , on the fungus steccherinum sp . ( meruliaceae ) , 85 specimens . the material was fixed in faa ( formaldehyde—alcohol—acetic acid ) and preserved in 70 % ethanol . it was subsequently examined under a jeol jsm - 6380 scanning electron microscope ( sem ) after drying of the specimens at the critical point ( hitachi hcp - 2 ) and sputter coating with gold ( giko jsm - 6380 ) . the measurements were made using the program meazure ( c thing software ) from digital micrographs obtained under sem .
the smallest known beetle – and the smallest non - parasitoid insect – has a body length of 0 . 325 mm , according to entomologist dr alexey polilov of lomonosov university .
it’s morphologically characterised by its elongated oval body , yellowish - brown coloration and antennae split into ten segments .
“not able to precisely measure its size because of the preserved nicaraguan specimens being embedded in preparations for microscopy studies , i used new individuals , collected in chicaque national park , colombia in early 2015 , ” dr polilov explained .
the measurements were made using specialized software from digital micrographs obtained under a scanning electron microscope .
“thus , the smallest beetle and smallest known non - parasitoid insect has a body length of 0 . 325 mm . ”
the size of the smallest known parasitoid insect , male dicopomorpha echmepterygis ( a parasitic wasp in the family mymaridae ) , is 0 . 139 mm .
juvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows
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the long - lasting search and debate around the size and identity of the world ' s smallest free - living insect seems to have now been ended with the precise measurement and second record of the featherwing beetle species .
described back in 1999 based on only several specimens found in nicaragua , as many as 85 individuals of the minute beetle species have recently been retrieved from colombia and thoroughly examined . the smallest of them measured the astounding 0 . 325 mm . the finding made by dr . alexey polilov , lomonosov moscow state university moscow , is available in the open access journal zookeys .
not able to precisely measure its size because of the preserved specimens being embedded in preparations for microscopy studies , dr . polilov used new individuals , collected in chicaque national park , colombia in early 2015 . to conclude the length of the smallest one as 325 µm ( 0 . 325 mm ) the scientist used a specialised software and digital micrographs .
, which also proved that the range of its distribution is actually much wider . thereafter , so are the localities of the fungi that the insect feeds on .
a team of japanese scientists found and described a new species of scarab beetle from cambodia . the beetle was named termitotrox venus , after venus - the roman goddess of beauty and love . the study was published in the open - access . . .
minuscule snails defy current knowledge and scientific terminology about terrestrial
microsnails
. while examining soil samples collected from the base of limestone rocks in guangxi province , southern china , scientists barna . . .
recent research from a team led by dr jonathan cox shows how certain beetles use their antennae to locate potential mates . this is the first time scientists have studied molecule capture by the antennae of beetles .
in 1832 charles darwin disembarked from hms beagle in bahia blanca , argentina where he travelled by land to buenos aires . in bahia blanca , darwin collected several fossils of large mammals along with many other living organisms , . . .
a newly - discovered species of tree - killing bark beetle , dendroctonus mesoamericanus armendáriz - toledano and sullivan , has been described in a paper published online in the annals of the entomological society of america by . . .
dr david livingstone ' s only known beetle specimens have been discovered at the museum - 150 years after he brought them back from africa .
the co - evolution of plant—pathogen interactions has been revealed in unprecedented detail in a study of one of the world ' s deadliest crop killers . this is the rice blast pathogen , which destroys enough food to feed more . . .
using genome editing to inactivate a protein called pcsk9 effectively reduces cholesterol levels in rhesus macaques , a species of monkey , according to researchers from the perelman school of medicine at the university of . . .
fish that ' farm ' their own patches of seaweed alter their ' cropping ' practices under high co2 conditions , researchers at the university of adelaide in australia have found .
mucus is able to protect us from infection thanks to ancient genes that have been conserved throughout 350 million years of evolution—dating back to our days as a jellyfish .
by proving a theory that was first proposed almost 40 years ago , researchers have confirmed a new way that cells conserve energy .
our bodies consist of many different kinds of cells , each with their own role . the japanese scientist shinya yamanaka had made earlier the discovery , earning the nobel prize in 2012 , that cells from adult skin can be converted . . .
fairyfly wasps rank smaller than the featherwing beetle me thinks at 0 . 15 mm . check wikipedia entry for fairyfly .
the article specified
free living
, so perhaps that is to rule out the parasitic fairyflies .
yeh ewh that could bee . wonder what free - living means in this case . either way . . . . what a teeny tiny eentsy insect . . . . smaller than a paramecium ; holy cow .
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this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
has shown that the smallest of them has a length of 325 µm , the largest has a length of 352 µm , and the average length is 338 µm ( fig .
) . the body width ( maximum width of both elytra at rest ) is 98 to 104 µm ( м = 99 µm , n = 10 ) . thus , the smallest beetle and the smallest known free - living insect has a body length of 325 µm .
) , yellowish - brown , surface generally glabrous , punctation sparse . antennae 10 - segmented ( fig .
) . pronotum widest at middle . procoxal pockets absent , prothoracic glands absent . mesosternal process evenly narrowing anteriad , with obtuse apex , not extending onto metasternum ( fig .
) . mesosternal lines ending near process ; metasternal lines complete . elytral venter with stridulatory file . femoral line ending in 2 setae . pygidial tooth acute ( fig .
this study has been supported by the russian science foundation ( project no . 14 - 14 - 00208 ) .
dybas hs . ( 1990 ) chapter 36 . insecta : coleopteraptiliidae in : dindal dl . ( ed . )
a new genus and species of fairyfly , tinkerbella nana ( hymenoptera , mymaridae ) , with comments on its sister genus kikiki , and discussion on small size limits in arthropods .
a new species of dicopomorpha ( hymenoptera : mymaridae ) with diminutive , apterous males .
morphological and taxonomical novelties in the world’s smallest beetles , and the first old world records of nanosellini .
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why are insects in general so small ? evolution favors small insects for two reasons . the first is their unique respiratory systems ; insects use tubes called trachea that must extend throughout their bodies to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide . the larger the insect , the more space these trachea have to take up to satisfy their increased oxygen demand .
the second constraint on giant insects comes from their chitinous exoskeletons . while this tough outer shell grants insects protection and structure , it also keeps them from growing too large . molting and growing an entirely new coat is an incredibly exhaustive process . as the insect grows larger , it also needs a thicker exoskeleton that would eventually become too heavy to support .
the principle of organs scaling down as the body shrinks is called “allometry . ” microinsects achieve their tiny size through allometry as well as simplifying or entirely eliminating structures . for example , their chitinous exoskeleton constrains their morphology at both ends of the size spectrum . in exchange for smaller size , microinsects give up the thicker protection enjoyed by larger insects . the exoskeleton also becomes less complex and articulate , and the fusion of elements and segments makes the insect less flexible than its larger relatives .
perhaps the most dramatic consequences of miniaturization occur in the nervous system . when forced to fit into such a tiny volume , neurons are reduced in both size and number and must pack together more tightly . the result ? greater noise and interference with the transmission of signals between cells . this also creates an exceptionally dense demand for energy , while leaving less room in each nerve cell for mitochondria , the intracellular structures that provide that energy . microinsects try to get around these handicaps by expanding and contorting their nerves to fit every nook and cranny , but this comes at the expense of other organ systems .
of course , the reproductive system gets top priority . while everything else dwindles , gonads must remain disproportionately large to maintain their function . in particular , females devote a significant portion of their body size to producing a large enough egg for viable offspring . some species of microinsects even produce sperm that are longer than the male’s entire body .
based on these observations , the miniaturization of insects is likely limited by the space required for the most crucial structures in the nervous and reproductive systems . while smaller size certainly gives these insects great advantages in conserving energy and avoiding predators , it also comes with a host of complications . like many things in life , it looks like moderation is key .
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pterocaesio is a genus of fusiliers found in the indian and pacific oceans , with these currently recognized species : pterocaesio capricornis j. l. b. smith & m. m. smith , 1963 ( capricorn fusilier ) pterocaesio chrysozona ( g. cuvier , 1830 ) ( goldband fusilier ) pterocaesio digramma ( bleeker , 1864 ) ( double-lined fusilier ) pterocaesio flavifasciata g. r. allen & erdmann , 2006 ( yellowstripe fusilier ) pterocaesio lativittata k. e. carpenter , 1987 ( wide-band fusilier ) pterocaesio marri l. p. schultz , 1953 ( marr 's fusilier ) pterocaesio monikae g. r. allen & erdmann , 2008 pterocaesio pisang ( bleeker , 1853 ) ( banana fusilier ) pterocaesio randalli k. e. carpenter , 1987 ( randall 's fusilier ) pterocaesio tessellata k. e. carpenter , 1987 ( one-stripe fusilier ) pterocaesio tile ( g. cuvier , 1830 ) ( dark-banded fusilier ) pterocaesio trilineata k. e. carpenter , 1987 ( three-stripe fusilier )

pterocaesio

pterocaesio digramma is heavily exploited throughout parts of its range ( carpenter 2001 ) .
justification : pterocaesio digramma is widely distributed in the indo - west pacific to depths of up to 50 m . it is a coastal species that primarily occurs around reefs . pterocaesio digramma is a popular food fish and is heavily exploited in parts of its range . however , it is inferred that where fishing pressure is low , stable populations remain . therefore , p . digramma is listed least concern .
pterocaesio digramma ranges from indonesia , western australia and new caledonia to southern japan ( carpenter 1987 ) . it has also been reported from norfolk island ( francis 1991 ) and tonga ( randall et al . 2003 ) . the occurrence reported from réunion ( hureau 1991 ) is most likely a mis - identification pterocaesio marriof . the depth range for this species is zero to 50 m ( carpenter 1987 ) .
double - lined fusiliers , pterocaesio digramma , being attended by a common cleanerfish , labroides dimidiatus , near vlaming head , north west cape , western australia , december 2017 . source : kristin anderson / inaturalist . org . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
western pacific : indonesia and western australia to new caledonia , north to southern japan . recently reported from norfolk island ( ref . 8881 ) and tonga ( ref . 53797 ) . report from réunion ( ref . 4517 ) is probably a misidentification of pterocaesio marri .
ranges widely around coral reefs ( ref . 58652 ) , sometimes forming schools with other pterocaesio species . feeds on zooplankton in midwater aggregations . oviparous , with numerous , small pelagic eggs ( ref . 402 ) . also caught mostly by drive - in nets . important tuna baitfish .
pterocaesio digramma is a coastal species and primarily occurs around coral reefs ( carpenter 1988 ) . this species is a group spawner ( yokoyama et al . 1994 ) and feeds on zooplankton in large midwater aggregations . the maximum recorded length of this species is 30 cm tl ( carpenter 1988 ) .
pterocaesio digramma is a moderately important food fish and has traditionally been one of the most popular caesionids in philippines food markets . it is caught by drive - in nets , gill nets , and traps ( carpenter 1988 ) and is sold fresh or dried salted ( carpenter 2001 ) . this species is also caught during blast fishing .
pterocaesio digramma was one of the most abundant species in surveys conducted off papua new guinea with this species comprising ~ 18 - 27 % of the total fish count at five of the 50 sites surveyed ( allen et al . 2000 ) . pterocaesio digramma was also one of the most abundant species in a survey conducted off northern taiwan at various artificial reef sites with 400 individuals recorded from three sites ( jan et al . 2003 ) . pterocaesio digramma comprised 0 . 94 % of the catch composition of multiple hook and line in lagonoy gulf ( july 1997 - june 2002 ) ( olaño et al . 2009 ) . in the philippines , this species was previously encountered regularly , both underwater and in fish markets . pterocaesio digramma , and other caesionids , have been heavily over - exploited in the philippines and presently are rarely encountered ( k . carpenter pers . comm . 2015 ) . local populations of caesionids are easily reduced significantly due to fishing pressure ( alcala and russ 1990 ) . however , localities of relatively high abundance remain in some areas . in the solomon islands , this species is rarely seen but it is common ( allen 2006 ) . surveys around the populous islands of the solomons showed a mean density of 165 . 9 / ha and surveys around the remote islands showed a mean density of 15 . 2 / ha ( a . green unpublished data ) . mean density from raja ampat was shown to be 267 . 7 / ha ( a . green unpublished data ) .
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fao species catalogue . vol . 8 . fusilier fishes of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of caesionid species known to date
prepared by kent e . carpenter mariculture and fisheries department kuwait institute for scientific research p . o . box 1638 salmiya 22017 kuwait
the designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the food and agriculture organization of the united nations concerning the legal status of any country , territory , city or area or of its authorities , or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries .
all rights reserved . reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non - commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged . reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders . applications for such permission should be addressed to the chief , publishing and multimedia service , information division , fao , viale delle terme di caracalla , 00100 rome , italy or by email to copyright @ urltoken
this is the eighth in the fao series of worldwide annotated and illustrated catalogues of major groups of organisms that enter marine fisheries . the present volume includes 20 caesionid species belonging to 4 genera . it provides comprehensive , illustrated keys and a glossary of technical terms and measurements . individual accounts of species include drawings , scientific and vernacular names , information on habitat , biology and fisheries , and a distribution map . lists of nominal species in the family and of valid species by major marine fishing areas follow the species accounts . the work is fully indexed and there is ample reference to pertinent literature .
greek , pteron = wing , fin + latin , caesius = blue grey ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 0 - 50 m ( ref . 402 ) . tropical ; 30°n - 24°s , 97°e - 171°e ( ref . 402 )
maturity : l m 21 . 3 range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 402 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 10 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 16 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 12 . body blue to greenish dorsally , white ventrally . with two thin yellow to orange lines ; lower line mostly just below lateral line . black tips on caudal fin ( ref . 48636 ) . 4 - 5 scales on cheek ; 24 - 31 predorsal scales ; scaled dorsal and anal fins . upper peduncular scale rows usually 12 or 13 ( 11 - 14 ) ; lower peduncular scale rows usually 16 or 17 ( 16 - 18 ) . a broad process on ventrolateral surface of basioccipital for attachment of baudelot ' s ligament , extending ventrally beyond a horizontal with condyle ' s rim , adjacent to condyle . post maxillary with 2 processes ; posterior end of maxilla tapered ( ref . 1723 ) . head length 3 . 0 - 3 . 5 in sl ; body depth 3 . 5 - 4 . 1 in sl ( ref . 90102 ) .
found in coastal areas , primarily around coral reefs ( ref . 402 ) , turning bright red ( ref . 48636 ) . feed on zooplankton in midwater aggregations ( ref . 402 ) . oviparous , with numerous , small pelagic eggs ( ref . 402 ) .
mating behavior observed from an aquarium include six distinguishable patterns : 1 ) up and down swimming ; 2 ) courtship ; 3 ) rushing ; 4 ) pair spawning ; 5 ) sperm release by sneakers ; and 6 ) post spawning ( ref . 37529 ) . at nearly sunset , the usual quiet pack of fish give way to spawners swimming at the surface . a male selects a female and initiates pecking and pushing of the female ' s abdomen with his snout . at the rushing stage , the male pushed the female forward , and the couple began to swim in a semicircle in short bursts while other 10 - 15 sneakers within the school joined in . the initial couple then released eggs and sperm at the surface with their abdomens facing one another . some of the leading sneakers may also release sperm at the same spot where the initial couple spawned . after spawning , the pair with the sneakers return to the school ( ref . 37529 ) .
carpenter , k . e . , 1987 . revision of the indo - pacific fish family caesionidae ( lutjanoidea ) , with descriptions of five new species . indo - pac . fish . ( 15 ) : 56 p . ( ref . 1723 )
) : 24 . 7 - 29 , mean 28 ( based on 702 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5002 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01148 ( 0 . 00624 - 0 . 02112 ) , b = 3 . 16 ( 3 . 00 - 3 . 32 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 48 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 - 3 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .
marine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 0 - 50 m ( ref . 90102 ) . tropical ; 0°s - 15°s , 68°e - 154°e ( ref . 402 )
indian ocean : chagos archipelago to christmas and cocos - keeling islands . western central pacific : papua new guinea , philippines ( ref . 43437 , 53416 , 57038 , 59110 ) . reports from the comoros in western indian ocean ( ref . 4517 ) is being confirmed .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 23 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 90102 ) ; common length : 11 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 37816 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 10 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 16 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 12 - 13 . body bluish or reddish dorsally , lighter ventrally . 4 - 5 cheek scales ; 23 - 30 predorsal scales ; scaled dorsal and anal fins ; confluent supra - temporal band of scales at dorsal midline . upper peduncular scale rows 12 - 14 ; lower peduncular scale rows usually 16 - 17 ( 15 - 17 ) . post maxillary processes 2 ; posterior end of maxilla tapered . a small flat process on either side of ventrolateral surface of basioccipital , projection not ventrally far from ventral rim of condyle ( ref . 1723 ) . caudal fin lobes with dark tips . head length 3 . 1 - 3 . 7 in sl ; body depth 4 . 1 - 5 . 3 in sl ( ref . 90102 ) .
inhabits coastal , lagoon , and seaward areas around coral reefs ( ref . 90102 ) . feeds on zooplankton in midwater aggregations . oviparous , with numerous , small pelagic eggs ( ref . 402 ) . maximum length observed in the field estimated at about 20 - 25 cm tl ( ref . 74965 ) .
) : 27 . 2 - 29 , mean 27 . 9 ( based on 128 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01072 ( 0 . 00465 - 0 . 02469 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 45 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 19 of 100 ) .
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marine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 1 - 30 m ( ref . 90102 ) . tropical ; 23°n - 20°s , 72°e - 171°e ( ref . 402 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 402 ) ; common length : 18 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 37816 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 16 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 13 .
inhabits clear coastal to outer reef slopes or drop - offs ( ref . 48636 ) . feeds on zooplankton in midwater aggregations . oviparous , with numerous , small pelagic eggs ( ref . 402 ) . caught mainly by drive - in - nets .
) : 27 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 8 ( based on 2058 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01318 ( 0 . 00704 - 0 . 02469 ) , b = 3 . 16 ( 3 . 00 - 3 . 32 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 20 of 100 ) .
marine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 1 - 100 m ( ref . 37816 ) . tropical ; 30°n - 32°s , 32°e - 178°w ( ref . 402 )
indo - west pacific : east africa ( excluding the red sea and arabian ( persian ) gulf ) eastward to fiji . reported from the ryukyu islands ( ref . 559 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 21 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 402 ) ; common length : 13 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 37816 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 16 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 13 . variable body coloration , dark red to silvery , paler ventrally with lateral line darker ; often yellowish snout and eyes . caudal fin tips distinctly black or reddish black ( ref . 48636 ) . 4 - 5 scales on cheek ; 21 - 29 predorsal scales ; scaled dorsal and anal fins . upper peduncular scale rows usually 11 ( 10 - 12 ) ; lower peduncular scale rows usually 15 ( 13 - 17 ) . ventrolateral surface of basioccipital with a broad process for attachment of baudelot ' s ligament . post maxillary with 2 processes ; posterior end of maxilla tapered ( ref . 1723 ) . head length 3 . 0 - 3 . 5 in sl ; body depth 3 . 6 - 4 . 8 in sl ( ref . 90102 ) .
) : 25 . 9 - 28 . 4 , mean 27 . 5 ( based on 310 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00546 - 0 . 01831 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 95 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 1 . 05 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .
description ranges widely around coral reefs . feeds on zooplankton in midwater aggregations . also caught by drive - in nets . forms large . . .
description ranges widely around coral reefs . feeds on zooplankton in midwater aggregations . also caught by drive - in nets . forms large schools . [ details ]
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of caesio cylindricus günther , 1859 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caesio multiradiatus steindachner , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caesio tile cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caesio tile cuvier , 1830 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of caesio tricolor cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of clupeolabrus dubius nichols , 1923 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
bleeker , p . 1864 . atlas ichtyologique des indes orientales néêrlandaises . publie sous les auspices du gouvernement colonial néèlandaises . amsterdam .
russell , b . , myers , r . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , carpenter , k . e . & lawrence , a .
australia ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; indonesia ; japan ; korea , republic of ; malaysia ; new caledonia ; norfolk island ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; singapore ; solomon islands ; taiwan , province of china ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tonga ; vanuatu ; viet nam
there are no species - specific conservation efforts in place for p . digramma ; however , the range for this species overlaps with marine protected areas ( iucn and unep 2014 ) such as the great barrier reef marine park and the togian islands marine protected areas in indonesia .
russell , b . , myers , r . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , carpenter , k . e . & lawrence , a . 2016 .
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the doubleline fusilier is a slender species that is usually seen swimming in schools well above the bottom .
the doubleline fusilier can usually be recognised by its colouration . during the day it is blue to green dorsally , white ventrally and has black caudal fin tips . at night the colouration changes to that seen in the lower image .
there are always two yellow stripes running along the sides of the body . the upper stripe runs from the nape to the caudal peduncle , following the dorsal body profile . the lower stripe follows the lateral line from the eye to the caudal fin base .
it is often listed in publications as p . diagramma ( with an ' a ' as the third letter ) . this spelling is incorrect .
the species is recorded from indonesia to new caledonia and north to southern japan . in australia it occurs off central to north - western western australia and from northern queensland to the central coast of new south wales .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .
allen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . western australian museum . pp . 292 .
allen , g . r . & r . swainston . 1988 . the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers . western australian museum . pp . 201 .
carpenter , k . e . 1988 . fao species catalog . vol . 8 . fusilier fishes of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of caesionid species known to date . fao fish . synop . no . 125 : i - iv + 1 - 75 .
ranges widely around coral reefs . juveniles occasionally appear in large numbers in shallow lagoons and on reef flats ( ref . 9710 ) . feeds on zooplankton in midwater aggregations . oviparous , with numerous , small pelagic eggs ( ref . 402 ) . also caught by drive - in nets . tuna baitfish .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
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found in coastal areas , primarily around coral reefs ( ref . 402 ) , turning bright red ( ref . 48636 ) . feed on zooplankton in midwater aggregations ( ref . 402 ) . oviparous , with numerous , small pelagic eggs ( ref . 402 ) .


the ussuri brown bear ( ursus arctos lasiotus ) , also known as the black grizzly is a population of the brown bear .

one of the largest brown bears , ussuri brown bears approach the kodiak brown bear in size .

ussuri brown bear

an alaskan brown bear , a relative of the ussuri brown bears of japan .
ursus arctos lasiotus —amur brown bear ( or
ussuri brown bear ,
black grizzly ,
or
horse bear
) , russia : southern kuril islands , sakhalin , maritime territory , and the ussuri / amur river region south of the stanovoy range . china : northeastern heilongjiang . japan : hokkaidō
a statue of kesagake , the brown bear responsible for the worst bear attacks in japanese history .
image caption : ussuri brown bear ( ursus arctos lasiotus ) in the beijing zoo . credit : jz85 / wikipedia ( cc by - sa 3 . 0 )
giant panda cubs have also been reportedly eaten by brown bears ( brown 1993 ) .
shadow of the bear ( sotb ) . n . d . brown bear reproduction . shadow of the bear . retrieved december 28 , 2008 .
there is only one brown bear species , but there are many subspecies . depending on where they live brown bears are also known as the alaskan , grizzly , european , syrian , and kodiak brown bear .
the ussuri brown bear , sometimes called the black grizzly , can be found in many regions including the korean peninsula , kunashiri islands , northeastern china , sakhalin , and the shantar islands , among other places . it is a subspecies of the brown bear . the usurri brown bear is thought to be an ancestor of the north american brown bear , and may have traveled to its current locations from alaska 13 , 000 years ago .
the brown bear ( ursus arctos ) is a large bear distributed across much of northern eurasia and north america and is the largest terrestrial carnivoran . there are several recognized subspecies within the brown bear species .
reconstruction of a brown bear confronting a wolf pack by adolph murie ( 1944 ) .
the brown bear is a european protected species , given protection throughout the european union .
figure 33 . the den of a large male brown bear (
sidun
) .
who was zergthe replying to ? snow leopard ? nice thread . i want to learn about evolution of brown bear and cave bear .
a memorial for the sankebetsu brown bear incident . author : さえぼー . cc by 4 . 0
there has been a recent increase in interactions between brown bears and polar bears . brown bears have been seen moving increasingly northward into territories formerly claimed by polar bears . brown bears tend to dominate polar bears in disputes over carcasses , and dead polar bear cubs have been found in brown bear dens ( dye 2005 ) .
a brown bear cub’s life is dangerous . there are many animals that don’t mind eating bear cubs and male adult bears are one of them !
in north america , two ecotypes of the single species ursus arctos horribilis are generally recognized—the coastal brown bear and the inland grizzly ; these two types broadly define the range of sizes of all brown bear subspecies .
the ussuri brown bear has attacked humans before , and the attacks are well documented . in the sankebetsu brown bear incident , occurring in sankei in the sankebetsu district in december of 1915 , seven people were killed . the eight hundred and thirty - seven pound bear attacked twice , killing the second set of victims during the prefuneral vigil being held for the first victims . this incident is thought to be the cause of the bear’s man eating image . during the first fifty - seven years of the 20th century , the ussuri bear injured three hundred people , and one hundred and forty - one were killed .
and on another a brown bear boldy slept in the same den with a male tiger . your point ?
brown , g . 1996 . great bear almanac . new york : lyons & burford . isbn 1558212108 .
the incident began when kesagake , a huge ussuri brown bear , appeared near the ikeda homestead , in mid november , and spooked the family horse . when the bear reappeared , the ikeda men went after it and managed to wound it with gunfire . thinking the bear would now fear humans , they decided not to track it further .
less than one year before a shark terrorized america , a bear brought down a reign of terror on northern japan . it was december of 1915 , and bear sightings among the rural villages were common at the time . the ussuri brown bear , cousin of the grizzly , typically left humans alone , only occasionally breaking into village food stores .
the brown bear is one of the largest bear species . it ranges in color from dark to reddish brown to cream toned . they resemble but are generally larger than the black bear . they have longer claws for their different feeding habits and a stronger body mass .
brown bears have fur in shades of brown , black , tan or blond , or a combination of those colors . the longer outer guard hairs of the brown bear are often tipped with white or silver , giving a
grizzled
appearance .
when you see a bear , talk to it . let the bear know you are human .
in europe , the brown bear shared its habitat with other predators such as the cave lion , cave hyena , and the larger , closely related cave bear , which the brown bear ultimately outlasted . the cave bear was hunted by neanderthals who may have had a religion relating to this bear , the cave bear cult . however , the neanderthal population was too small for their consumption of cave bear to result in the species ' extinction , and the cave bear outlasted the neanderthals by 18 , 000 years , becoming extinct about 10 , 000 years ago . the cave bear and brown bear diets were similar , and the two species probably lived in the same area at the same time . why the cave bear died out is not known .
i believe that tiger vs brown bear at parity is 50 / 50 , maybe a slight edge to the feline due its jaws . i ' m merely correcting your false assumptions on the historical data of tiger vs brown bear conflicts .
ursus arctos collaris —siberian brown bear ; siberia ( except for the habitat of the kamchatka and amur brown bears . ) also in northern mongolia , far northern xinjiang , and extreme eastern kazakhstan .
there are several recognized subspecies within the brown bear species . in north america , two types of the subspecies ursus arctos horribilis are generally recognized—the coastal brown bear and the inland grizzly bear ; these two types broadly define the range of sizes of all brown bear subspecies . an adult grizzly living inland in yukon may weigh as little as 80 kg ( 180 lb ) , while an adult coastal brown bear in nearby coastal alaska living on a steady , nutritious diet of spawning salmon may weigh as much as 680 kg ( 1 , 500 lb ) . the exact number of overall brown subspecies remains in debate .
on one occasion a brown bear was even observed running from tiger tracks ( which isn ' t even the tiger itself ) .
the brown bear has existed in north america since at least the most recent ice age , though it is thought that the larger , taller , and stronger giant short - faced bear , or bulldog bear , was the dominant carnivore at the time . the giant short - faced bear was a tall , thin animal adapted to eating large mammals , whereas the grizzly or brown bear has teeth appropriate for its omnivorous diet .
brown bears usually dominate other bear species in areas where they coexist . due to their smaller size , american black bears are at a competitive disadvantage over brown bears in open , non - forested areas . although displacement of black bears by brown bears has been documented , actual interspecific killing of black bears by brown bears has only occasionally been reported . the black bear ' s habit of living in heavily forested areas as opposed to the brown bear ' s preference for open spaces usually ensures that the two species avoid confrontations in areas where they are sympatric .
russian hunting agency ( rha ) . 2007 . brown bear hunting in russia . russian hunting agency . retrieved december 28 , 2008 .
as winter approaches the mother brown bear ( a sow ) will prepare her den . she will enter the den while pregnant and begin hibernation . while hibernating she will give birth to brown bear cubs between winter and early spring . in some warmer habitats hibernation may not occur .
there are very few reports of brown bears killing adult male tigers . still , usually brown bears are larger than tigers . hence , brown bears killing tigers isn ' t anywhere near as impressive as the reverse , where the feline is usually smaller .
description : smaller than kamchatka brown bears ( u . a . beringianus ) but larger than eurasian brown bears ( u . a . arctos ) with long and dense fur , usually dark but varies from pale brown through cinnamon to dark brown . some bears ( the upper yenisei river population ) have white collars , hence their latin name .
brown bears can be recognized by their most distinctive feature , their shoulder hump . super strong shoulder muscles help this bear to dig up roots and tear apart logs to find food . these muscles are located in the ‘hump’ of the brown bear . brown bears can move rocks and logs and dig through hard soil and rocky ground using their long sharp claws when making their dens .
reports of ussuri brown bears hunting siberian tigers have been reported . these incidents occur because of disputes over prey or territory . some bears will change their course if they smell a tiger has passed , while others will follow the tiger’s trail and even sleep in its den . it has even been reported that some ussuri bears have followed tigers in order to eat the leftovers from its kills . scientists have dubbed these bears “satellite bears” because of this frequent behavior .
in canada , the brown bear is listed as vulnerable in alberta , british columbia , northwest territories , and yukon territory . prairie populations of grizzly bear are listed as extirpated in alberta , manitoba , and saskatchewan .
their fur can be brown or black , but also yellowish . they are extremely powerful .
the forearms of brown bears end in massive paws with claws up to 15 centimeters ( 6 inches ) in length , which are mainly used for digging . brown bear claws are not retractable , and have relatively blunt points . like all bears , brown bears are plantigrades and can stand up on their hind legs for extended periods of time .
a re - creation of a pioneer cottage in hokkaido , located at the sankebetsu brown bear incident reconstruction location . author : タクナワン . cc by 3 . 0
this bear has many similarities to the kamchatka brown bear , but its differences include a slightly darker color , a longer skull , cheekbones that are not as separated , and a lower forehead . the skulls of adult males can reach a width of 9 . 2 inches and a length of up to 15 . 2 inches . the ussuri brown bear can differ in size depending on its location ; bears in the southern regions of injeba’k mountain can weigh up to five hundred and fifty - one pounds , while the bears found north of the mountain can weigh up to 1 , 322 pounds .
there are many methods used by scientists to define bear species and subspecies as no one method is always effective . genetic testing is now perhaps the most important way to scientifically define brown bear relationships and names . generally genetic testing uses the word clade rather than species because a genetic test alone cannot define a biological species . most genetic studies report on how closely related the bears are ( or their genetic distance ) . there are hundreds of obsolete brown bear subspecies , each with its own name , and this can become confusing ; hall ( 1981 ) lists 86 different types . the exact number of overall brown subspecies and its precise relationship to the polar bear remains in debate . the polar bear is a recent offshoot of the brown bear , having diverged approximately 400 , 000 years ago .
bear facts ( bf ) . n . d . types of bears in the yukon . bear facts . retrieved december 28 , 2008 .
when attempting to steal a kill , one tigress was able to severely injure an adult brown bear ( who was probably close to twice her weight ) before going down .
it all began on a mid - november morning when the brown bear appeared on the doorstep of the ikeda family . this first encounter with the bear was scary but essentially harmless , as the bear took some corn and left shortly afterward . although it was too early for a bear to wake up , meetings with wild animals weren’t uncommon in the area since it was a freshly settled community .
range : eastern siberia from the river yenisei to the altai mountains . also found in northern mongolia , far northern xinjiang in china , and in extreme eastern kazakhstan . not present in the habitat areas of the kamchatka ( u . a . beringianus ) and ussuri or amur ( u . a . lasiotus ) brown bears .
the recent killings have revived memories of japan’s deadliest bear attacks – known collectively as the sankebetsu incident - in which an 8 . 85 ft brown bear weighing 749 lb killed seven villagers and injured three others on the northern island of hokkaido in 1915 .
the brown bear ' s principal range includes parts of russia , india , china , canada , the united states ( mostly alaska ) , scandinavia and the carpathian region ( especially romania ) , anatolia , and caucasus . the brown bear is recognized as a national and state animal in several european countries . it is the most widely distributed of all bears .
grizzly bear has brown fur , but hairs on the shoulders and back have white tops which give them
grizzled
look . that is why they are known as grizzly bears .
brown bears live in north america , asia , and europe . in north america their appearance and fur color varies depending on facts such as habitat , diet , season , etc . the state of alaska contains 70 percent of the brown bear population in north america according to conservation records .
hibernation : duration depends on habitat . generally october through march . hibernating brown bears can awaken if necessary .
the brown bear is a massive animal , weighing between 100 and 700 kilograms ( 220 - 1 , 500 pounds ) and its larger populations , such as the kodiak bear , match the polar bear as the largest extant land carnivores . while the brown bear ' s range has shrunk , and it has faced local extinctions , it remains listed as a least concern species with a total population of approximately 200 , 000 . its principal range countries are russia , the united states ( especially alaska ) , canada , and finland .
relocation has been used to separate the bear from the human environment , but it does not address the problem bear ' s newly learned humans - as - food - source behavior . nor does it address the environmental situations which created the human habituated bear . and attracting multiple bears to an area can lead to competition , social conflict , and bear - on - bear injuries and death .
black ice , ursus never disproved my argument in regards to the tigress vs large brown bear , the fact remains the bear got severe wounds as a result of the tussle with the tigress , what was being shown by ursus is that felines can defend themselves quite well , even when faced with larger opponents ; the leopard vs lionesses being his counter example . the fight that the tigress put up against the large brown bear was quite impressive , nonetheless .
brown bears generally avoid alpha siberian tigers at all costs . even when in conflict with females , bears need to be careful . when attempting to steal a kill , one tigress was able to severely injure an adult brown bear ( who was probably close to twice her weight ) before going down .
brown bears engage in infanticide ( bellemain et al . 2006 ) . an adult male bear may kill the cubs of another bear either to make the female sexually receptive or simply for consumption . cubs will flee up a tree when they sight a strange male bear and the mother will defend them even though the male may be twice her size .
one such event occurred in sankebetsu , japan , between december 9 and 14 , 1915 , when a brown bear awoke early from hibernation and proceeded to terrorize the local population for five days .
even if bicep strength is the same . the bear is still stronger .
the videos are split into bear species to further encourage independent reading and learning .
about 130 species of land mammal occur in japan . the largest are the ussuri brown bear of hokkaidō and the asian black bear in the mountainous areas of honshū , kyūshū and shikoku . smaller carnivores include the red fox , raccoon dog and japanese marten . the leopard cat occurs on tsushima island while the iriomote cat is unique to the eponymous island . grazing mammals include the sika deer , japanese serow and wild boar . among japan ' s most famous mammals is the japanese macaque , the world ' s most northerly monkey .
yet on the shiretoko peninsula of hokkaido , japan – an area recognised for having one of the planet’s most densely packed brown bear populations – bears are no longer feared by the people living there .
brown bears have powerful arms and legs with sharp claws . they will fight any animal that tries to attack them .
there is little agreement on the classification of brown bears because there are so many ways to name and group them .
both the cave bear and the brown bear are thought to be descended from the plio - pleistocene etruscan bear ( ursus etruscus ) that lived about 5 . 3 mya to 10 , 000 years ago . the last common ancestor of cave bears and brown bears lived between 1 . 2 and 1 . 4 mya . the immediate precursor of the cave bear was probably ursus deningeri ( deninger ' s bear ) , a species restricted to pleistocene europe about 1 . 8 mya to 100 , 000 years ago . the transition between deninger ' s bear and the cave bear is given as the last interglacial , although the boundary between these forms is arbitrary , and intermediate or transitional taxa have been proposed , e . g . ursus spelaeus deningeroides , while other authorities consider both taxa to be chronological variants of the same species .
the topic is
ussuri brown bear vs siberian tiger
, right ? so , evidence , real evidence from the siberian tiger project ( monograph of 2005 , in russian ) prove that tigers win most of the fights , so 2 + 2 = 4 , no ? the tiger will normally win in those encounters , even better , the only fight recorded among two full grow adult males resulted in the victory of the tiger ( mazák , 1983 ) .
there is not a single case of a bear killing a full grow male tiger .
but few people have heard the unsettling tale of the sankebetsu bear attack of japan .
while the black bear is found only throughout north and central america , the brown bear family is spread all over the world . they live in dense forests in mountains , valleys and meadows and can be found in canada , in central regions of the u . s . and throughout europe and asia .
please cut the childish crap . i ncan read . your source didn ' t prove anything except tigers kill brown bears through hunts , even then 2 lone accounts don ' t help your general case . i posted a couple accounts of brown bear killing male tigers on cf and i ' ll post them again soon as i find them .
figure 31 . an above - ground den of a female himalayan bear with her cub .
the mexican grizzly bear is listed as an endangered species , but it may be extinct .
this bear book for kids mixes facts , photos and even includes a video clip section .
the cave bear ( ursus spelaeus ) was a species of bear that lived in europe during the pleistocene and became extinct about 24 , 000 years ago during the last glacial maximum .
it was a cold winter in sankebetsu rokusen sawa , which is some 18 miles inland from the west coast of hokkaido island . the year was 1915 , and the world was at war . but in japan , besides fighting imperial germany , the inhabitants of sankebetsu rokusen sawa had a different kind of enemy : a huge ussuri brown bear . the bear had woken early from its hibernation . hungry and looking for food , it began a killing spree that would devastate many lives . due to the meticulous japanese records kept since that time , almost all the details of the events are known today .
original file name : ours _ brun _ parcanimalierpyrenees _ 1 european brown bear ( ursus arctos arctos ) . jpg resolution : 800x600 file size : 325663 bytes upload time : 2007 : 08 : 20 16 : 07 : 50
north american brown bears seem to prefer open landscapes , whereas in eurasia they inhabit mostly dense forests . it is thought that the eurasian bears that colonized america were tundra adapted , something indicated by brown bears in the chukotka peninsula on the asian side of bering strait , which are the only asian brown bears to live year - round in lowland tundra like their american cousins ( rha 2007 ) .
if the bear makes contact , surrender ! now you know what that white piece of cloth is for . take it out , wave it , and hope that the bear acknowledges your surrender .
source on bear attacks in japan : the associated press tokyo dated 21 . 10 . 2010 .
people in northern japan have been warned to stay away from mountain forests after four people were killed in a spate of bear attacks , amid a dramatic rise in the number of bear sightings .
but in the end , hunting threatens to have its way with the population of ussuri bears . russian authorities estimate that there are between 15 , 000 and 30 , 000 specimens left . note the precision of the number . cruel practices are often used by hunters . wealthy people looking for thrills pay others to take them near a bear ' s winter lair . the trackers force the bear out of its lethargy by filling its lair with smoke . furious and disoriented , the bear leaves its den to escape , and then it is shot with bullets usually used to kill elephants !
the brown bear’s diet is quite similar to all other bears . they eat grass , fruit , insects , roots and bulbs of plants along with carrion and , when hungry enough , they will hunt small animals . brown bears that live near the coast feed on fish , particularly salmon . these bears will grow much larger than others because of their protein rich diet .
there are about 200 , 000 brown bears in the world . the largest populations are in russia , with 120 , 000 , the united states with 32 , 500 , and canada with 21 , 750 . ninety - five percent of the brown bear population in the united states is in alaska , though in the western united states they are repopulating slowly but steadily along the rockies and plains . in europe , there are 14 , 000 brown bears in ten separate fragmented populations , from spain in the west , to russia in the east , and from scandinavia in the north to romania , bulgaria , and greece ( with about 200 animals ) in the south . they are extinct in the british isles , extremely threatened in france and spain , and in trouble over most of central europe . the brown bear is finland ' s national animal . the carpathian brown bear population is the largest in europe outside russia , estimated at 4 , 500 to 5 , 000 bears .
2013 ) . nearly all european countries have some form of bear management plan , action plan or bear management strategy . however , in a number of countries these documents have not been adequately implemented .
in arctic areas , the potential habitat of the brown bear is increasing . the seeming warming of that region has allowed the species to move farther and farther north into what was once exclusively the domain of the polar bear . in non - arctic areas , habitat loss is blamed as the leading cause of endangerment , followed by hunting .
once during tracking we also noted the following fact : a tiger retreated , not attempting to hunt a large male brown bear in its den . the bear had set himself up for the winter in a small depression that he had dug near a fallen , broken - off shrub ( fig . 33 ) , and the bear was quite visible . the tiger , having encountered the bear by chance , abruptly turned around at a distance of more than 25 m from this place and walked in the opposite direction by following his own old tracks .
the grizzly bear , sometimes called the silvertip bear , is listed as threatened in the continental united states . it is slowly repopulating in areas where it was previously extirpated , though it is still vulnerable .
their teeth were very large . cave bear teeth show greater wear than most modern bear species , suggesting a diet of tough materials . however , tubers and other gritty food , which cause distinctive tooth wear in modern brown bears , do not appear to have constituted a major part of cave bears ' diets on the basis of dental microwear analysis .
brown bears love fish and are fond of salmon . they are excellent at fishing . in fact each bear has its favorite spot and will try to “reserve” it from other bears . mother bears bring their cubs to give them a teaching lesson .
cameron , w . 2005 . learn to identify black bears and grizzly ( brown ) bears . mountain nature . retrieved december 28 , 2008 .
s have furry coats in shades of blonde , brown , black , or a combination of those colors . the longer outer guard hairs of the
there are an average of two fatal bear attacks a year in north america ( herrero 2002 ) . in scandinavia , there are only four known cases since 1902 of bear encounters that have resulted in death . the two most common causes for bear attack are surprise and curiosity ( smith and herrero 2007 ) .
the entrance of a brown bear ' s den is a tunnel that goes down to a small ‘bedroom’ . the female bear will hibernate all winter long , not even waking up to give birth ! the baby cubs will find their way to their mother’s chest and nurse and sleep until the mother bear wakes up . by the time she does wake up her teeny little cubs are much larger and quite playful ! the den will probably be used only once .
bellemain , e . , j . e . swenson , and p . taberlet . 2006 . mating strategies in relation to sexually selected infanticide in a non - social carnivore : the brown bear . ethology 112 ( 3 ) : 238 - 246 .
however , some evidence points toward the occasional inclusion of animal protein in cave bear diets . for example , toothmarks on cave bear remains in areas where cave bears are the only recorded potential carnivores suggests occasional cannibalistic scavenging , possibly on individuals that died during hibernation , and dental microwear analysis indicates the cave bear may have fed on a greater quantity of bone than its contemporary , the smaller eurasian brown bear additionally , cave bear remains from peștera cu oase in the southwestern tip of the romanian part of the carpathian mountains had elevated levels of nitrogen - 15 in their bones , indicative of omnivorous diets , although the values are within the range of those found for the strictly herbivorous mammoth .
and biceps
when the bear has a large hump on its . these bears have more impressive biceps .
dye , l . 2005 . grizzlies encroaching on polar bear country . abc news march 16 , 2005 .
skull of ursus spelaeus : cave bears lacked the usual two or three premolars present in other bear species .
if you haven’t been able to attract a bear yet , invite him to dinner . set up a bear - feeding station as mentioned above and install a sidewalk with footlights to guide the bear at night . it seems to me that it would be a whole lot safer to not even take any food into the forest .
grizzly bear is subspecies of the brown bear . these huge animals originate from europe and asia , but today they can be found only in north america and canada . they live in woodlands , forests and valleys near rivers . during 1970s number of grizzly bears dropped significantly because of the mass hunt . since that time , hunting of bears is prevented by law , and their number gradually increased in time . today , grizzly bear is
threatened
species which means almost endangered .
as the largest living land predators in the world and capable of running at speeds of around 30mph ( 48kmph ) , brown bears can be extremely dangerous .
the size of a bear somewhat flatters their actual physique , felines of equal size are at least equally impressive .
have you ever seen the shoulders and loose fur of a bear ? there ' s no way a tiger could kill a bear with one throat bite . most hunts , even if including ambush , eventually turn into fights .
the time of the arctodus extinction is about the same as the extinction of the long - horned bison and other megafauna . both of these animals were replaced by eurasian immigrants , specifically the brown bear and american bison . since this was also about the same time as the clovis tool kit hunting culture appeared in north america , with culturally advanced humans entering the americas from asia , the implication is that the brown bear was better adapted to human competition than the megafauna , presumably due to a long term coexistence in the old world with people .
this bear is solitary , crepuscular and nocturnal . it spends its days roaming the taiga and looking for food . the siberian summer is short and the bear only has a few months to reproduce and build up its fat reserves .
the morphological features of the cave bear chewing apparatus , including loss of premolars , have long been suggested to indicate their diets displayed a higher degree of herbivory than the eurasian brown bear . indeed , a solely vegetarian diet has been inferred on the basis of tooth morphology . results obtained on the stable isotopes of cave bear bones also point to a largely vegetarian diet in having low levels of nitrogen - 15 and carbon - 13 , which are accumulated at a faster rate by carnivores as opposed to herbivores .
brown bears have a bulky muscle mass located above the shoulders . this hump is designed to power the forelimbs and makes them exceptionally powerful diggers . this is one of the features that distinguishes them from the more common north american black bear which lacks such a shoulder hump
stay calm and do not run . c’mon , it’s just a bear attack , what are you worried about ? !
don’t try to outrun the bear . bears can run up to 50 kph , which is much faster than you .
the brown bear also shared north america with the american lion and smilodon , carnivorous competitors . the modern grizzly can eat plants , insects , carrion , and small and large animals . the american lion , smilodon , and giant short - faced bear had a more limited range of food , making them vulnerable to starvation as the supply of available large mammals decreased , possibly due to hunting by humans .
first , you’ll need three things to be safe from bears : a bell , a white piece of cloth and a ferrari . these correspond to the three stages of a bear attack : the bear sighting , the attack and the escape .
fun fact : brown bears can climb trees to eat or escape predators , but only when they are cubs ! as they become adults they become too heavy for climbing .
the genetic diversity of present - day brown bears ( ursus arctos ) has been extensively studied over the years and appears to be geographically structured into five main clades .
today , in rokusen sawa , there is a forest shrine called the sankebetsu brown bear incident reconstruction location . here , in memory of those who died , the story is presented authentically , with an original house from that period having been reconstructed and full explanations given of the events that occurred .
there is no shortage of safety tips telling what to do if you do see a bear when hiking in the mountains .
every single time any bear has ever stolen the kill off a tiger , the tiger was either a female or juvenile .
the caledonian bear was said to be so fierce that it was favored by the romans who used them in their amphitheatres .
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there is little agreement on classification of brown bears . some systems have proposed as many as 90 subspecies , while recent dna analysis has identified as few as five clades ( fws 2005 ) . dna analysis has recently revealed that the identified subspecies of brown bears , both eurasian and north american , are genetically quite homogeneous , and that their genetic phylogeography does not correspond to their traditional taxonomy ( waits et al . 1998 ) . the subspecies of brown bears have been listed as follows ( one of which , called clade i by waits et al . ( 1998 ) , part of the subspecies identified as u . a . sitkensis , by hall and u . a . dalli by kurtén , appears to be more closely related to the polar bear than to other brown bears ( waits et al . 1998 ) ) :
brown bears are one of the more familiar bears since they are widely distributed compared to other species . their preferred living areas vary from meadows and valleys to forests and mountains .
nearby , news of the attack reached the miyouke family . there , the women and children of the miyouke and saito families had gathered , while the men hunted for the bear . though the bear returned to the ōta home in search of more prey , it was chased off by several of the hunting party . the bear turned it’s sights on the now unprotected miyouke farm .
bears become attracted to human created food sources such as garbage dumps , litter bins , and dumpsters ; and venture into human dwellings or barns in search of food as humans encroach into bear habitat . in the united states , bears sometimes kill and eat farm animals . when bears come to associate human activity with a
food reward ,
a bear is likely to continue to become emboldened and the likeliness of human - bear encounters increases , as they may return to the same location despite relocation . the saying ,
a fed bear is a dead bear ,
has come into use to popularize the idea that allowing bears to scavenge human garbage , such as trash cans and campers ' backpacks , pet food , or other food sources that draw the bear into contact with humans can result in a bear being put into a situation where it has to be killed for safety reasons .
in spite of being classified as carnivores , about 75 % to 85 % of a bear’s diet is made up of plants .
several men from the village found expert bear hunter yamamoto heikichi , who told them the bear’s name was “kesagake” and that it had killed at least three other women in it’s life . yamamoto refused to help them however , having sold his gun for alcohol .
now , i have not seen any such detailed info on the muscles of pantherines or ursids , however , joints suggest that overall brown bears have a significant flexibility advantage over pantherines .
with a local guide , yamamoto managed to track the bear and killed it with two shots , one to the heart and one to the head . the bear weighed in at 340 kg ( 749lbs ) and measured 2 . 7 meters ( almost 9 feet ) in length . a necropsy performed later found human remains in the bear’s stomach , confirming that this was indeed the infamous kesagake .
waits , l . p . , s . l . talbot , r . h . ward , and g . f . shields . 1998 . mitochondrial dna phylogeography of the north american brown bear and implications for conservation . conservation biology 12 ( 2 ) : 408 - 417 . retrieved december 28 , 2008 .
for a bear , there is too much risk is involved in trying to challenge a tiger of near equal size for a carcass .
attacks on humans can be fatal and are more likely if bears are surprised or someone comes between a mother bear and her cubs .
grizzly bear is huge animal . most bears weigh between 300 and 800 pounds , but some captured animals weighed up to 1400 pounds .
takeshi komatsu , a local vet , said it was possible that the four were killed by the same bear . “after tasting human flesh ( for the first time ) , the bear may have realised that it can eat them , ” komatsu told kyodo news agency .
size of tigers and bears in the sikhote alin region : this is an actualization of the morphological data on the ussuri bears captured in the sikhote alin mountains by dr kucherenko ( 2003 ) ; the data on tigers is from my last document on them sizes , actualized at 2013 , which include all available scientific data about amur tigers captured by scientists . amur tigers : amur bears : greetings to all .
if available brown bears will hunt for animal prey . they will eat rodents , squirrels , foxes , and other small animals . they have also been known to attack young deer and sheep .
often it ' s not easy to distinguish which animal is more flexible or stronger going by visuals alone . for instance , you might think that a brown bear is exponentially more robust than any tiger of equal weight , when in reality , they there is very little to split the two animals in chest girth and bicep girth .
soon after these tragic events , rokusen sawa became a ghost town , as many of the villagers left in fear of more bear attacks .
i remember 221extra bringing that same argument up against ursus on cf . ursus disproved the whole thing . i ' ll find it and post it probably in an hour . then again , a female brown bear once killed a 500lb male tiger and a emaciated and severely underweight and heat exhausted polar bear managed to wreck a healthy male lion before finally dying . says a lot doesn ' t it ? now i know these are circus accounts but the general point still stands .
the chest girth of a lion and grizzly bear was measured as being only 1 . 8 inches apart , and the lion population was a few kg lighter than the bear population . there is no sufficient evidence to suggest that bears have more powerful upper bodies than lions or tigers .
sources on bear hunting in siberia : vsd no . 1647 - 18 dated 24 march 2009 andreï rudakov ( warning , some photos are violent )
i never denied it . it ' s usually bear fans who try to deny the fact that brownies avoid adult male tigers at all costs .
herrero , s . 2002 . bear attacks : their causes and avoidance , revised edition . guilford , ct : lyons press . isbn 158574557x .
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the bear , whose rampage inspired novels , radio and stage productions , and a film , was tracked down and shot dead by a hunter .
yayo meanwhile had escaped into the night and ran to find help . the men made it back to the village and hurried to the home , where the bear was still on a rampage inside . though they tried to corner and shoot it , once again the bear managed to escape .
food : more carnivorous than european brown bears , will take mammals ranging in size from hares up to caribou ( reindeer ) and elk . known to raid hunters’ food stores and huts for food . data on diet is sparse but , in common with other brown bears , will eat a wide variety of vegetation , seeds , nuts , fruit , roots and tubers , small mammals , carrion and fish .
a search party mobilized to find and kill the bear , and recover any of mayu’s remains . they soon found the massive animal , and though they shot it the bear managed to escape . mayu’s remains with found cached in the snow nearby ; all that remained was her head and legs .
having once again successfully shot the bear without killing it , the party followed the animals bloody tracks into the woods the following morning . this time they were accompanied by no - longer - retired - yamamoto , who found the bear and finally shot it to death , once in the heart , once in the head . the bear was nearly 9 feet tall and 750 pounds , and the remains of its victims were found in its stomach .
status : russia has the largest black bear population in the world . the brown bears of east siberia are populous but , nonetheless , are considered to be endangered as they are still largely treated as a game animal . around 5 , 000 bears in the altai mountains and over 16 , 000 in the east siberian taiga . other population figures not known .
brown bears are omnivores and feed on a variety of plant products , including berries , roots , and sprouts , as well as fungi and meat products such as fish , insects , and small mammals . despite their reputation , most brown bears are not particularly carnivorous as they typically derive up to 90 percent of their dietary food energy from vegetable matter ( dced ) . their jaw structure has evolved to fit their dietary habits .
the animal is found in the siberian ussuri taiga , as its name indicates , on sakhalin island , along the banks of the amour river , on the korean peninsula , and in northeast china and in japan . in fact , five sub - populations have been identified on hokkaido island . it inhabits mixed forests in mountainous areas , where asian black bears also live . but encounters between the species are rare , as they do not live at the same altitudes .
both the name
cave
and the scientific name spelaeus are because fossils of this species were mostly found in caves , showing that cave bears may have spent more time in caves than the brown bear , which uses caves only for hibernation . consequently , in the course of time , whole layers of bones , almost entire skeletons , were found in many caves .
the bear reappeared on the morning of december 9 , this time at the home of the ota family . inside the house , abe mayu , the wife of the head of the ota household , was babysitting a baby ( which was not related to her ) called hasumi mikio . the bear entered the house , attacked the baby , and killed it . a few seconds later , the bear took mayu and dragged her out of the house . the scene was terrible ; mayu was later found by a search party and her remains were buried under a tree in the snow . the search party finally located the bear 150 meters into the forest . five of the men shot at it , but only one bullet hit and the wounded bear managed to escape again .
the giant short - faced bear existed up until 11 , 000 years ago . it is believed to be the largest carnivorous mammal to have ever lived .
aside from akita , there have been sightings of mother with their cubs in several other prefectures , as well as reports of injuries due to bear attacks .
brown bears have heads that are large and round with a concave facial profile , a characteristic used to distinguish them from other bears . their snout protrudes from this concave or
hollow
face ( grzimek et al . 2004 ) . they also have a large hump of muscle over their shoulders ( grzimek et al . 2004 ) , which helps to distinguish them from such species as the black bear ( ursus americanus ) , which lacks this characteristic hump ( cameron 2005 ) . their tail is short , 10 to 13 centimeters ( 4 to 5 inches ) long ( brown 1993 ) .
the brown bear is primarily solitary animals , although they may gather in large numbers at major food sources and form social hierarchies based on age and size ( dewey and ballenger 2002 ; grzimek et al . 2004 ) . they may be active at any time , but primarily forage in the morning and at dusk , and rest during the day ( dewey and ballenger 2002 ) .
the cave bear had a very broad , domed skull with a steep forehead . its stout body had long thighs , massive shins and in - turning feet , making it similar in skeletal structure to the brown bear . cave bears were comparable in size to the largest modern - day bears . the average weight for males was 400 to 500 kilograms ( 880 to 1 , 100 lb ) , while females weighed 225 to 250 kg ( 495 to 550 lb ) . of cave bear skeletons in museums , 90 % are male due to a misconception that the female skeletons were merely
dwarfs
. cave bears grew larger during glaciations and smaller during interglacials , probably to adjust heat loss rate .
brown bears were once native to the atlas mountains in africa , and may have existed as late as the mid - 1800s in algeria and morocco and as late as 1500s in the sinai of egypt , but are not extinct in these areas ( mclellan et al . 2008 ) . they also were once in mexico , but were extirpated there and in a large portion of the southwestern united states during the twentieth century ( mclellan et al . 2008 ) . although many hold on to the belief that some brown bears still may be present in mexico and the atlas mountains of morocco , both are almost certainly extinct . the last known mexican brown bear was shot in 1960 . very small numbers remain in iraq and nepal , but they have apparently been eliminated from syria and possibly bhutan ( mclellan et al . 2008 ) .
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