viewed ( 4 october 2003 – 18 april 2010 ) was an australian thoroughbred racehorse who won the 148th melbourne cup on 4 november 2008 .

prior to the cup , viewed won the ajc listed japan racing association ( jra ) plate on april 30 , 2008 and two months later he qualified by winning the group 2 brisbane cup on 9 june 2008 .

viewed

the official time of the race will now be recorded as viewed ' s .
1520s , from view ( n . ) . related : viewed ; viewing .
it is viewed in some of them as an essential prop to existing governments .
life and death are one thread , the same line viewed from different sides .
bart cummings holds last year ' s melbourne cup aloft after viewed raced to victory .
it viewed them with tolerance until they were found out , when it raised its hands .
rawiller took viewed back towards the tail of the field from barrier 13 and the heavyweight rider had viewed travelling on the rail as the field turned out of the straight the first time .
photo finish . . . viewed hangs on against the fast finishing bauer . photo : john woudstra
during tuesday the body was viewed by the tenants on the estate , the neighbors and friends .
viewed gave cummings his 12th melbourne cup winner after winning his first with light fingers in 1965 .
all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for viewed . viewed is a stallion born in 2003 october 4 by scenic out of lovers knot
and the highest viewed death battle is . . . . - off - topic - comic vine
viewed takes a rails run on the way to claiming the caulfield cup from roman emporer and vigor .
viewed beats bauer to the line in the melbourne cup . photograph : william west / afp / getty images
life and death are one thread , the same line viewed from different sides . - lao tzu - brainyquote
viewed ( rail ) , ridden by blake shinn , and bauer , with corey brown in the saddle , drive for the post in today ' s heart - stopping cup finish . viewed paid more than $ 40 in tote betting .
natural death as viewed by the medical examiner : a review of 1000 consecutive autopsies of individuals dying of natural disease .
viewed ' s win gave cummings a 250th group one race victory . for the owner it was a fourth flemington classic .
viewed finally got clear at the 300 metres to charge to the line to take the $ 2 . 5 million feature .
veteran trainer bart cummings ' horse viewed is on track to defend its melbourne cup title after taking out the caulfield cup .
viewed takes a rails run on the way to claiming the caulfield cup from roman emporer and vigor . photo : vince caligiuri
his 12th melbourne cup winner , viewed , had just thrashed his rivals but cummings didn ' t quite see it that way .
natural death as viewed by the medical examiner : a review of 1000 consecutive autopsies of individuals dying of natural disease . - pubmed - ncbi
brisbane cup winner viewed has given veteran trainer bart cummings his 12th melbourne cup in a thrilling photo finish ahead of luca cumani ' s bauer .
viewed is a six - year - old stallion by scenic ( ire ) out of lovers knot ( nz ) . ( khozaam ( usa ) ) .
he begins by saying that death is really something that can be viewed as a wonderful thing for the christian . how so ? dr . lutzer explains :
viewed has broken an 18 - year drought for bart cummings after leading home a quinella for the master trainer in the group i bmw caulfield cup on saturday .
baroness thatcher would have viewed the parties held to celebrate her death as a
remarkable tribute
to her achievements , one of her closest friends has said .
that ' ' lucky ' ' rails run helped viewed to a breathtaking 2¼ length victory over stablemate roman emperor to bring up cummings ' seventh win in the caulfield cup .
racing victoria ltd chief handicapper greg carpenter said he would announce any penalty for viewed tomorrow , but gave cummings some hope that the penalty would not be excessive . he said that the higher a horse was weighted , the greater the impact of a penalty so viewed may get as low as 1 . 5 kilograms or as high as two kilograms .
viewed earned $ 3 . 3 million for its owner , dato tan chin nam , and paid a whopping $ 46 . 50 to those who follow the master rather than form .
viewed relaxed well and was ready to make ground on the inside when pushed along by rawiller to take advantage of all other riders moving away from the fence from the 1000 metres .
cups king bart cummings created yet more history when outsider viewed , ridden by blake shinn , took out the $ 5 . 65 million melbourne cup after a photo finish at flemington this afternoon .
cummings might have been shuffling but viewed certainly wasn ' t , the five - year - old stallion triumphing in an epic finish , galloping to the lead in the straight and somehow holding on .
viewed ' s victory gave cummings a 12th cup victory and , as he shuffled through the media scrum to greet his charge , the grand old man of the track was already talking of a 13th .
connections of cup runner - up bauer were stunned to learn that he travelled the two miles at flemington in a quicker time than winner viewed  only to lose the race by the flare of a nostril .
â€“ the field covered the 2400 metres in 2 . 29 . 70 with the last 600 run in 36 . 82 seconds . viewed ran the fastest last 600 of the race in 35 . 96 seconds .
think big lumped 58 . 5 kilograms to win the 1975 melbourne cup and viewed is likely to carry that weight or even 59 kilograms in 17 days as his win yesterday is certain to attract a penalty .
when told of the anomaly yesterday , 81 - year - old cummings , who claimed his 12th cup with viewed ' s victory , said :
oh , that ' s all too technical for me .
fifty years since he saddled his first melbourne cup runner , cummings unleashed viewed on an unsuspecting audience of flemington racegoers and casual observers around the country and then stood modest and unassuming in victory to accept the adulation .
letâ€™s elope was cummingsâ€™ last caulfield cup winner in 1991 but the training legend can thank a sublime ride from brad rawiller to register his seventh caulfield cup success with viewed getting home in front of the stablemate roman emperor .
but the official timings told a different story . according to microchips inserted into the saddle cloths on all the gallopers , bauer travelled the course in 3 minutes , 20 . 40 seconds  with viewed one hundredth of a second behind .
after racing midfield as the aiden o ' brien - trained alessandro volta set a hot pace , viewed - a 45 - 1 roughie on the tote - moved into the race on the turn and took over with 300 metres to travel .
remarkably , viewed ' s owner dato tan chin nam has won four melbourne cups , but a gold caulfield cup had eluded him until yesterday . ' ' he felt left out , so i had to do something about it , ' ' cummings quipped .
viewed ( brad rawiller ) 57kg ( $ 13 ) defeated roman emperor ( hugh bowman ) 54kg ( $ 15 ) by 2 - 1 / 4 lengths with a half - length back to vigor ( corey brown ) 51kg ( $ 15 ) in third place .
with the winning post in sight , bauer , piloted by corey brown , broke free of the pack to mount a challenge worthy of victory but , just when it appeared as if bauer would run down the frontrunner , viewed kicked again and held out by a nose .
after yesterday ' s victory with topweight of 57 kilograms , viewed is now likely to be forced to either match or better the weight - carrying effort of cummings ' dual melbourne cup winner of the 1970s , think big , if he is to complete the cups double at flemington .
the luca cumani trained - bauer emerged from the pack to challenge and looked set to get to him but under hard riding from shinn , viewed held on to win by a nose . the john sadler - trained c ' est la guerre ran on well two lengths further back in third position .
viewed entered the cup with a patchy preparation - 10th in the caulfield cup a fortnight ago and then last in the mackinnon stakes at flemington last saturday . not even the cummings connection could keep him in the market as money tumbled out for mad rush , bauer ' s stablemate , which started favourite .
cummings ' achievement yesterday was not just confined to the winner viewed . he became only the third trainer to win a melbourne cup one year and a caulfield cup the next year - the first since rising fast in 1954 - 55 - and went close to equalling one of phar lap ' s records .
the difference came about because the timing devices are in the saddles , whereas the judges decide who has won the race by which horse ' s head crosses the line first : sadly our guy is a bit smaller than viewed ,
explained simon o ' donnell , one of bauer ' s owners .
while bauer stands at a diminutive 15 hands 3 inches , which means he is 1 . 6 metres from the ground to his withers , viewed is 16 hands .
in racing they say millimetres can mean millions and i guess what happened to bauer proves it ,
said o ' donnell , a former australian cricketer .
bauer , the only european horse to stay the test , gave himself every chance to run down viewed and failed by the smallest of margins , leaving trainer luca cumani to ponder another tilt . last year he was second with purple moon and , in the sprint to the post , the english - based italian must have thought he was going to go one better .
luca cumani came agonisingly close to winning the melbourne cup but , for the second year in a row , came up short as his bauer was beaten in a photo by the 40 - 1 shot viewed . the winner gave famed australian trainer bart cummings , who will be 81 next week , a record 12th success in the race , which no other trainer has won more than five times .
trainer lee freedman did not have a runner yesterday but watched the race with much interest . freedman , who has won four caulfield cups and has one of the favourites for the melbourne cup in speed gifted , said all plaudits should go to the winner : ' ' the measure in handicaps is always exactly that . viewed was no . 1 and topweight and they couldn ' t beat him . ' '
this melbourne cup victory sealed legendary trainer bart cummings in the history books with his 12 th triumph at flemington ; it was shinn’s first cup win . one of the closest finishes in the race’s history , requiring a photo finish to seek out the champion . five - year - old viewed , seen as the long shot of the race , was found to have won by a nose over the english bauer after improving his position and leading from the 350 metre mark .
this was the most publicized tour we ever took and one of the most successful from the standpoint of the number of viewers and the number of objects viewed , even from the standpoint of the number and size of the telescopes . so many people saw things through so many large telescopes that it elicited a great deal of comment . many wanted to know where to find us again and several people said that looking through the telescopes had been the highlight of their trip .
cups king bart cummings lived up to his nickname when he claimed his seventh caulfield cup courtesy of melbourne cup hero viewed today . brilliantly ridden by brad rawiller , who notched his first win in the time - honoured race , viewed settled near the tail of the field early but came through along the rails in the straight to comfortably account for stablemate roman emperor and vigor . it was cummings ' seventh caulfield cup win and came 18 years after his last , let ' s elope . the master trainer had previously won the 2400m group 1 feature with galilee ( 1966 ) , big philou ( 1969 ) , leilani ( 1974 ) and ming dynasty in 1977 and 1980 . asked what it took to be so successful in the $ 2 . 5 million race , cummings said :
just a good horse , a few of them .
it was cummings ' 255th group 1 success .
he ' s a very good rider ,
cummings said of rawiller .
he took the short cuts .
rawiller was ecstatic after the race .
i had a lot of confidence coming into this week ,
he said .
it ' s easy to do when you ' ve got bart cummings as the trainer .
it was viewed ' s first win since his melbourne cup victory last year and took his record to 32 starts for nine wins and six placings and prizemoney in excess of $ 5 . 7 million . aap
cumani also fielded the more fancied mad rush in his attempt to improve on the second place achieved by his purple moon last year , but the 4 - 1 shot could only plug on at one pace into seventh . meanwhile , bauer , who had been held up at the back alongside his stablemate , flew down the outside and looked the likely winner but was beaten by a nose . gamblers on the betfair website were so sure he would win that viewed was on offer at 10 - 1 as he passed the post in front .
the favourite mad rush settled back in the field and ran on fairly without ever looking a winning chance . at the presentation , cummings said it was great to see an australian horse win the melbourne cup as the international raiders again threatened to take home the trophy .
it ' s great to see the aussies succeed , not only in racing but in cricket ,
cummings said , in reference to his horse edging out english horse bauer .
but i really thought it would have been a dead heat .
where they finished : 1 . viewed 2 . bauer 3 . c ' est la guerre 4 . master o ' reilly 5 . profound beauty 6 . moatize 7 . mad rush 8 . nom du jeu 9 . zipping 10 . newport 11 . ice chariot 12 . guyno 13 . littorio 14 . varevees 15 . boundless 16 . red lord 17 . prize lady 18 . septimus 19 . barbaricus 20 . alessandro volta 21 . honolulu ( last ) gallopin failed to finish - with scott spits
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the age : national , world , business , entertainment , sport and technology news from melbourne ' s leading newspaper . skip directly to : search box , section navigation , content . text version .
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the two horses flashed past the post together on tuesday and were separated only after stewards studied a high - resolution image that showed bart cummings ' runner just millimetres ahead on the line .
the times recorded are accurate , with the microchips sending a signal to a cable placed under the track at 200 - metre intervals .
the difference was $ 2 , 465 , 000 , with prize money of $ 3 . 3 million for the winner and $ 835 , 000 for second .
but we were all delighted with the way he ran and it was a massive thrill to get so close ,
o ' donnell said .
francesca cumani , who oversaw bauer ' s preparation following his arrival from england five weeks ago , was philosophical .
i guess if we come back next year we ' ll have to bring horses with long necks and big heads ,
she joked .
a similar case arose at the 1988 cup , when natski , a small bay , was pipped by new zealand giant empire rose . the photo finish showed natski ' s rump ahead of empire rose ' s , but the mare ' s long neck got her over the line .
tuesday ' s result could at least bring a new variant on an old joke .
a horse walks into a bar and the bartender says ,
why the long face ?
answer : to win the melbourne cup .
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the sydney morning herald : national , world , business , entertainment , sport and technology news from australia ' s leading newspaper . skip directly to : search box , section navigation , content . text version .
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racing identity emma freedman visits those enjoying the plush surrounds of the birdcage at this year ' s melbourne cup .
take a look at the best fashion on display at this year ' s competition .
the melbourne cup has been run and won with the foreign invasion repelled for another year . and who better to do it than the master himself , the man of the magical twirling eyebrows , cup king bart cummings ?
i do make it a habit of winning this race , someone told me and i said it ' s a good habit to get into ,
cummings said .
emotional ?
not really ,
cummings said .
it happens to be a nice win , that ' s all . it ' s nice to win a race that everyone in australia wants to win , particularly my owners .
the best in the world - including the best stayer in europe , septimus , prepared by the best trainer in the world , aidan o ' brien - weren ' t good enough to unseat cummings who claimed an unprecedented dozen . imagine how long it might take for that record to be broken .
geez , he ' s the master , bart cummings . you just can ' t underestimate him ,
said winning jockey blake shinn .
the jockey was yearning for the post to save him and worried , in those final few seconds , that he might have run too early .
to win the melbourne cup for a living legend in the sport is a great honour and i thank him very much for giving me the opportunity ,
shinn said .
i can ' t believe it . it ' s one of the greatest moments in sport , to be able to ride the melbourne cup winner .
i ' m just speechless . i ' m going to cry .
offices and pubs stopped for the running of the cup ; even the pokies had a brief pause in clubland . as much as the australian public enjoy the first tuesday in november , the australian racing fraternity has largely given up on breeding and preparing the quality of staying horse needed to compete with the best in europe over 3200 metres .
third was c ' est la guerre , prepared by the lloyd williams camp which carried off last year ' s cup with efficient .
even further back - so far back you have to wonder whether they left their form in singapore - came the trio prepared by o ' brien . alessandra volta had raced to the front the first time the field passed the winning post and septimus , the top weight , went along for the ride . given every chance to dictate race terms , septimus was carried into the home straight and briefly led before fading badly , along with alessandra volta and honolulu .
this is my fourth win . i have enough . i ' m happy not to win any more ,
said dato tan chin nam , not that he would complain if another were to come his way .
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they saved their money with a view to being able to buy a house someday .
urltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , © random house , inc . 2018
them with tolerance until they were found out , when it raised its hands .
collins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition © william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 © harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012
early 14c . ,
formal inspection or survey
( of land ) ; mid - 14c . ,
visual perception ,
from anglo - french
) . sense of
manner of regarding something
first recorded early 15c . meaning
sight or prospect of a landscape , etc .
is recorded from c . 1600 .
see bird ' s eye view ; in ( view ) the light of ; in view ; on view ; point of view ; take a dim view ; with a view to .
the american heritage® idioms dictionary copyright © 2002 , 2001 , 1995 by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company . published by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company .
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the win also gave cummings , who started training in 1953 , his 250th group one victory .
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the 2001 to 2010 melbourne cup winners list is dominated by one name – makybe diva . she managed to take the race three times consecutively from 2003 to 2005 , finishing well ahead of the competition . this melbourne cup era had many interesting quirks , with a five year stretch where no stallion took the race . also , the first win for a full horse in this period was in 2006 , and it went to a japanese horse for the first time , delta blues . the 2010 melbourne cup also marks the 150th running , an impressive milestone for any horse race .
the new zealand bred , owned and trained mare , whose name is greek for ‘upper air’ , secured a historic double win in 2001 . ethereal became only the third mare , and eleventh horse , to win both the caulfield and melbourne cups in the same year .
with a late burst on the track , the four - year - old stole the lead from give the slip , winning by three - quarters of a length . trainer sheila laxon also hit the record books with the win as the first woman to officially train a melbourne cup winner .
ethereal went on to win the 2001 - 2002 champion stayer in the australian horse of the year awards .
the 2002 cup was an easy win for media puzzle . the strong gelding accelerated forward on the final 400 metres of the race , beating mr prudent by two lengths , landing a bittersweet victory for jockey damien oliver , whose brother was killed in a track accident the week before the race .
media puzzle was only the second european horse to win the cup , europe’s first win since 1993 . he was voted as the 2002 - 2003 champion stayer in the australian horse of the year awards .
in front of the largest crowd recorded at flemington , an amazing 122 , 736 people , makbye diva raced to melbourne cup victory in her first of three straight wins at the carnival . the first cup success for trainer david hall , makbye diva and her jockey glen boss charged down the straight entertaining the crowd with a clear and decisive win .
only the fifth horse in history to win dual melbourne cups , makybe diva positioned herself as one of the finest staying mares of all time . fighting against the heavy rain , she gave trainer lee freedman his fourth cup victory , after also triumphing at the sydney cup and placing second in the caulfield cup .
makybe diva became the first horse to win three successive melbourne cups after taking victory in 2005 at flemington . it was also a record breaker for jockey glen boss , who became the first to win three cups in a row also . winning with 58kg she broke her own weight carrying record for a mare . since described as ‘the best since phar lap’ , this race and makybe diva will be remembered forever by all those who saw the incredible victory .
all sorts of excitement surrounded the 2006 melbourne cup , as six - year - old delta blues became the first japanese raider to take victory in the race’s 146 th year . delta blues’ win for trainer katsuhiko sumii was even sweeter as his other horse pop rock landed second on the day . this significant 1 - 2 finish was only the ninth time a single trainer had two horses feature in the quinella at a melbourne cup . delta blues was only the third cup winner at the time not prepared in australia or new zealand , showing his stamina taking and keeping the lead over his stable mate pop rock .
efficient took out the 2007 melbourne cup , overtaking purple moon on the straight to beat him to the line by half a length at flemington . showing great speed and stamina , after racing the widest on the outside of the track , efficient surged forward from 12 th place to take the lead in the last few metres .
this was the first group one victory for the black beauty , and a great comeback after having been scratched from the previous year’s race . no horse since phar lap did as efficient , claiming melbourne cup victory a year after winning the victoria derby .
the 2009 melbourne cup saw shocking live up to his name as he pulled off a victory that hardly anyone saw coming . while the prior favourites for the race languished in the middle and rear , shocking kept pace about three back until the final stretch . a strong run home gave shocking the victory over irish raiders crime scene and mourilyan .
about the race this was the 150th anniversary of the melbourne cup . americain , a french trained horse , had only one other start at the geelong cup , which he won . so you think had won two cox plates prior to the race and went in as a strong favourite . second - placed maluckyday had not had many starts , but had seen victory in the lexus stakes .
the race was run in less than ideal conditions , with fairly persistent rain affecting the track , causing it to be rated a slow ( 6 ) . the rain was so heavy that one of the nearby carparks had to be closed due to flooding . only 5 of the 24 starters were bred in australia . gai waterhouse’s descarado was injured during the race , and was officially retired twelve months later when the injury was perceived to have not healed satisfactorily .
emerging sprinting star nature strip is odds on to stake a claim for the $ 13m . . .
cambridge trainer tony pike is considering a spring carnival campaign for the . . .
cranbourne trainer richard laming will be chasing more rain affected tracks in . . .
the darren weir trained brave smash has been selected to race in chris waller . . .
three times group 1 winner santa ana lane will fill the slot owned by inglis . . .
head trainer david hayes has nominated the two year old good ‘n’ fast as . . .
lindsay park’s head trainer david hayes is not ruling out the chances of all . . .
egg tart wins p . j . o’shea stakes : caulfield cup 2018 spring target
urltoken is here to provide you with the best coverage of horse racing from across australia and around the world , including the melbourne cup and spring racing carnival .
newmarket - based cumani put a brave face on bauer ' s defeat in the closest finish the cup has ever produced .
we are getting closer ,
he said ,
and , although it is frustrating to be beaten so narrowly , on the other hand he has run a great race . he had a good run home and we are very proud of him .
cummings , who has courted controversy by arguing that the number of foreign - trained runners should be limited , was in more magnanimous mood after the race .
i feel very sorry for luca cumani ,
he said ,
but it ' s great to see the aussies succeed . i thought it might have been a dead heat , it was that close .
cumani will surely have fewer regrets than irish trainer aidan o ' brien , whose three runners all contributed to a furious pace before dropping back through the field to finish 18th , 20th and 21st of 22 runners . two of them , the favourite septimus and honolulu , came back lame .
o ' brien was later called back from the airport by the stewards to explain the poor performances of his charges .
they didn ' t run within stones of what they were ,
he said .
the reason — if we did the wrong thing in quarantine , whether we travelled them wrong , whether we should have run them when they were over . there ' s a lot of things . there ' s a lot we have to learn . that ' s putting it mildly .
dermot weld ' s profound beauty finished fifth . the irishman remains the only trainer to have won the melbourne cup from a base in the northern hemisphere , a feat he pulled off with both vintage crop ( 1993 ) and media puzzle ( 2002 ) .
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the son of scenic improved quickly to be within striking distance on the home turn before being held up behind stablemates roman emperor and allez wonder .
â€œhe followed the rail around and beat my own horse , â€ cummings said . â€œit was nice to win a caulfield cup for ( dato ) chin nam . heâ€™s won three or four melbourne cups now he has a caulfield cup . â€
viewedâ€™s win was the first time since rising fast in 1955 a melbourne cup winner has returned the following year to win the caulfield cup .
the caulfield cup was rawillerâ€™s second major win of the year after taking out the golden slipper aboard phelan ready in april .
â€œi have to say this is a much bigger thrill than the golden slipper , â€ he said . â€œto win a caulfield cup for bart is one of the best feelings a jockey can have . â€
the danny oâ€™brien - trained vigor boxed on well to take third spot , a long neck in front of daffodil .
the $ 7 favourite predatory pricer endured a horror caulfield cup , being stuck three and four wide for the entire race from his outside gate before finishing 12th .
the international challenge petered out quickly with both kirklees and cima de triomphe dropping out of contention before the home turn .
kirklees rallied late to finish seventh while cima de triomphe hit the line in 13th place .
had support in the betting ring , firming from $ 14 to $ 13 .
eased from $ 14 to $ 15 . kirklees eased from $ 8 to $ 9 . 50 and
was the big firmer on - track , tightening from $ 8 to $ 7 . the market closed at 114 percent .
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an international group one winner looks set to take on winx in the 2018 cox plate with confirmation that godolphin - owned benbatl . . .
despite winning the ar crewswick series final at flemington , boom colt nature strip has drifted in the everest betting . nature . . .
last years vrc oaks winner pinot has been sold to overseas interests and is unlikely to race again in australia . . . .
michelle payne has been fined over comments she made about the state of the sandown track on wednesday . the melbourne . . .
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a new dinosaur has been discovered . but did it walk on two legs or four ?
the caulfield cup horses had not even pulled up yesterday when bart cummings went to work on winning a 13th melbourne cup .
' ' i thought he was pretty lucky . got a lucky rails run , ' ' he said .
but while it was a moment for all those at caulfield to savor , cummings , who turns 82 in less than a month , was doing his best to talk it all down .
none of cummings ' other winners has been forced to carry more to win australia ' s greatest race .
' ' he should get maybe half a kilo , ' ' he suggested . ' ' maybe one at worst , ' ' he added before conceding : ' ' the handicapper is always there to beat you . ' '
the last caulfield cup winner not to receive a penalty was cummings ' great galloper , ming dynasty , in 1980 .
only one horse - master o ' reilly , 1 . 5 kilograms in 2007 - has received less than a two - kilogram penalty . but only a week earlier he gained the same penalty for both cups for winning the herbert power handicap .
cummings was three years old when phar lap became the only ajc derby winner to go on to win a melbourne cup the following season . cummings has won five ajc derbys himself and not one of his four previous winners - ivory ' s irish ( 1995 ) , beau zam ( 1988 ) , prolific ( 1984 ) or belmura lad ( 1977 ) - ever made it to a melbourne cup .
tan , who has been a client of cummings ' for almost 40 years , was at home in malaysia yesterday but his australian manager , duncan ramage was on the phone to the millionaire minutes after the race . ' ' he was very happy . he ' ll be here for the melbourne cup , ' ' he said .
the bad news for those trainers plotting revenge in the melbourne cup was that chief steward terry bailey reported that the race had no hard luck stories and was one of the cleaner caulfield cups in many years .
the only blemish on the race was the $ 3000 fine handed out to chris munce for two charges of over - using the whip . he was found to have hit the new zealand mare daffodil 16 times between the 300 - metre mark and the 100 - metre mark .
he then hit the mare eight successive times from the 100 metres to the winning post .
supermodels miranda kerr and megan gale joined in the fashion and frolics at caulfield .
miscellaneous the melbourne cup winning combination of blake shinn and bart cummings will be back in force at canterbury on wednesday as the hoop returns to sydney .
miscellaneous seven - time caulfield cup winning trainer bart cummings believes he ' ll saddle up the forgotten horse in saturday ' s edition of the group i staying feature .
topics cover : attempting to peek behind the curtain of death . how to overcome the fear of death . what actually happens at the point of transition from life , to death , to heaven ? your first hour in glory : what will heaven be like ? the descent into gloom : what will hell be like ? is god in control of how and when you die ? suicide and the christian . how to have complete assurance you are going to heaven .
copyright : 1998 , number of programs : 8 , cat . no . el
fear of death , ascent into glory , 1 cor . 3 : 22 , heb 2 : 15 , 1 john 3 : 8
john , i just marvel at the fact that there are many people who do not pay attention nor do they seriously think or plan about death . yet the fact is that it is inevitable ; absolutely inevitable . we will die and we don’t know when . today we’re going to talk about death , which , incidentally , came into the world when adam and eve sinned . they died spiritually . they were dying physically after they sinned . and , of course , they also were dying eternally . but god rescued them from eternal death .
now , physically , all of us are in a state of decline . we are all dying . well , if you were with us last time , you know that we stressed the gloomy side of death . we talked about sheol and hades . and in a future program we’re going to talk about hell , but for now , we want to talk about the ascent into glory .
you know , when you stop to think of it and you get some perspective , you realize that death really is something that is wonderful for the christian . i know that on this side of the grave it’s not wonderful ; but on the other side of the grave , it is . i have often marveled at that passage in corinthians where the apostle paul says to the people , he says , “all things are yours ; whether paul , … or cephas , … or whether life or death . ” [ 1 cor . 3 : 21 - 22 ] i thought about that and asked myself , what did paul mean that death was the possession of the christian ? then i realized , you know , that even in the days of persecution when the pagans were able to take everything from the christians .
they stripped them of their wealth , of their health , and of their very life . but you know , those early christians , bless them , they used to say , “there’s one thing that the pagans cannot take from us , and that is death . in fact , they may hasten our death and death is the possession of every single christian . ”
so , i want us to think differently about it . if you’ve believed in jesus christ as your savior , the scripture says that he came to “destroy the works of the devil” [ 1 john 3 : 8 ; heb . 2 : 14 ] and catch this , now , “to deliver those who through fear of death were all their lifetime subject to bondage . ” [ heb . 2 : 15 ]
one day i was eating with a widow . she was terrified of death , just thinking about it all the time , fearful that she might not wake up in the morning . well , i know that death has its fears , obviously , but jesus came to deliver us from the bondage of that fear .
founder and president of the john ankerberg show , the most - watched christian worldview show in america .
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according to this data about 17 million people saw the 2001 daytona 500 , the race where dale earnhardt was killed in a crash . it happened in the last lap , so probably a lot of those people were watching at the time .
hadn ' t thought about it . i would think you are right . i was watching it too .
well . . . how we didn ' t see the death per say but . . . how about the falling man from 9 / 11 ? few days after the attack i remember seeing that picture everywhere , news , i ' m the press , people even talked about it in the radio .
otherwise . . . any death during a major competition like / u / ehowie60 said or something like that . after all , mass media is relativity new , so old events may have been seen talked about ( like jfk ' s assassination ) very few saw it live
now op was quite unspecific with what execution or tragic events will matter . we never
saw
their death by our own eyes , we only saw the explosion that led to their death . never the death itself .
but yeah , many people were watching that event as well as recorded videos .
i think the assumption would be how many witnessed it as it occurred . there were a relatively small number of witnesses to jfk ' s death .
i see . i was thinking of all the times the zapruder film has been seen .
plus the movie jfk grossed over $ 70 million as well . they used the footage in there too .
/ r / history is a place for discussions about history . feel free to submit interesting articles , tell us about this cool book you just read , or start a discussion about who everyone ' s favorite figure of minor french nobility is !
conor burns , a conservative mp who visited lady thatcher on a weekly basis in her final years , said she would have been pleased they felt
so strongly
about her .
he said that when he told her that
death packs
including commemorative t - shirts had been sold at the tuc congress last year she saw them as a tribute .
he said :
funnily enough the parties that we ' re seeing , the things in some of these mining communities and those young people opening the champagne in glasgow , they ' re a remarkable tribute to her you know .
i remember telling her last year about the tuc congress selling the thatcher death party packs .
she said the fact that they felt so strongly about her more than 20 years after she left downing street was a tribute to the fact she had done something in politics rather than simply been someone .
seven police officers were injured in a scuffle at a street party in bristol celebrating the death of baroness thatcher , with people carrying banners which said :
let ' s see the evil tory off in style . . . may she never ever rip .
other parties to
celebrate
the death of the former prime minister were held in brixton , south london , and glasgow .
a senior labour source said :
ed miliband categorically condemns any celebration of lady thatcher ' s death . as he made clear yesterday she was a huge figure in british politics and on the world stage .
while the labour party disagrees with much of what she did , we can respect her personal achievements .
mr burns said she told him that she
could not imagine anything worse
than the iron lady , the 2011 film about her which starred meryl streep .
mr burns told sky news :
i went from leicester square to watch the iron lady to chester square to have a gin and tonic and see lady t . i told her , i ' ve just seen a film about you .


neofibularia nolitangere , the touch-me-not sponge , is a species of demosponge in the family desmacellidae .

it is found in shallow waters in the western atlantic ocean and the caribbean sea .

neofibularia nolitangere

structure revision of two polyoxygenated sterols from the marine sponge neofibularia nolitangere . - pubmed - ncbi
the sperm nuclear basic proteins ( snbps ) of the sponge neofibularia nolitangere : implications for the molecular evolution of snbps .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from neofibularia nolitangere ( duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) to their own page .
the sperm nuclear basic proteins ( snbps ) of the sponge neofibularia nolitangere : implications for the molecular evolution of snbps . - pubmed - ncbi
( of neofibularia nolitangere nolitangere ( duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) ) hartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of neofibularia ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . postilla . 113 : 1 - 41 . page ( s ) : 10 - 11 [ details ]
( of neofibularia nolitangere nolitangere ( duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) ) wiedenmayer , f . ( 1977 ) . shallow - water sponges of the western bahamas . experientia supplementum . 28 : 1 - 287 , pls 1 - 43 . page ( s ) : 148 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
n . mordens in the gulf st . vincent ( south australia ) , n . nolitangere in the caribbean
( of neofibularia nolitangere oxeata hartman , 1967 ) hartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of neofibularia ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . postilla . 113 : 1 - 41 . page ( s ) : 11 - 13 ; fig 3 [ details ]
hoppe , w . f . ; reichert , m . j . m . 1987 . predictable annual massrelease of gametes by the coral reef sponge neofibularia nolitangere ( porifera : demospongiae ) . marine biology 94 ( 2 ) : 277 - 285 . [ details ]
australian stinging sponge ( n . mordens ) , touch - me - not - sponge , poison bun sponge ( n . nolitangere )
hoppe , w . f . ; reichert , m . j . m . 1987 . predictable annual massrelease of gametes by the coral reef sponge < i > neofibularia nolitangere < / i > ( porifera : demospongiae ) . marine biology 94 ( 2 ) : 277 - 285 .
hartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of neofibularia ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . postilla . 113 : 1 - 41 . page ( s ) : 10 - 11 [ details ]
( of fibulia massa ( carter , 1882 ) ) hartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of neofibularia ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . postilla . 113 : 1 - 41 . [ details ]
hartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of < i > neofibularia < / i > ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . < em > postilla . < / em > 113 : 1 - 41 .
hartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of neofibularia ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . postilla . 113 : 1 - 41 . page ( s ) : 7 - 10 ; fig 1 - 2 [ details ]
( of neofibularia massa ( carter , 1882 ) ) hechtel , g . j . ( 1965 ) . a systematic study of the demospongiae of port royal , jamaica . bulletin of the peabody museum of natural history . 20 : 1 - 103 . page ( s ) : 23 [ details ]
( of amphimedon nolitangere duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) duchassaing de fonbressin , p . ; michelotti , g . ( 1864 ) . spongiaires de la mer caraibe . natuurkundige verhandelingen van de hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te haarlem . 21 ( 2 ) : 1 - 124 , pls i - xxv . page ( s ) : 82 [ details ]
careful reexamination of the published 1h - and 13c - nmr spectral data of ( 24s ) - 24 - ethylcholest - 8 - ene - 3β , 5α , 6β , 7α - tetraol ( 1 ) and ( 24s ) - 24 - ethylcholest - 8 ( 14 ) - ene - 3β , 5α , 6β , 7α - tetraol ( 2 ) , isolated from the marine sponge neofibularia nolitangere , indicates that , in reality , compounds 1 and 2 are ( 24s ) - 5α , 6α - epoxy - 24 - ethylcholest - 8 - ene - 3β , 7α - diol ( 9 ) and ( 24s ) - 5α , 6α - epoxy - 24 - ethylcholest - ( 14 ) - ene - 3β , 7α - dio ( 10 ) , respectively .
( of amphimedon nolitangere duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) van soest , r . w . m . ; stone , s . m . ; boury - esnault , n . ; rützler , k . ( 1983 ) . catalogue of the duchassaing & michelotti ( 1864 ) collection of west indian sponges ( porifera ) . bulletin zoologisch museum , universiteit van amsterdam . 9 ( 21 ) : 189 - 205 . page ( s ) : 198 [ details ]
( of fibulia nolitangere ( duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) ) laubenfels , m . w . de . ( 1936 ) . a discussion of the sponge fauna of the dry tortugas in particular and the west indies in general , with material for a revision of the families and orders of the porifera . carnegie institute of washington publication . 467 ( tortugas laboratory paper 30 ) 1 - 225 , pls 1 - 22 . page ( s ) : 51 - 52 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
holotype [ from synonym ] msnt por . 42 , locality eastern caribbean ( virgin islands , st . thomas ) [ view taxon ]
lectotype [ from synonym ] msnt por . 42 , locality eastern caribbean ( virgin islands , st . thomas ) [ view taxon ]
lectotype [ from synonym ] bmnh 1928 . 11 . 12 . 34 , locality eastern caribbean ( virgin islands , st . thomas ) [ view taxon ]
lectotype [ from synonym ] mnhn d . nbe 1062 , locality eastern caribbean ( virgin islands , st . thomas ) [ view taxon ]
van soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; rützler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; schönberg , c . ; klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; díaz , m . - c . ; cárdenas , p . ; carballo , j . l . ; ríos , p . ; downey , r . ( 2018 ) . world porifera database .
( of fibularia massa carter , 1882 ) carter , h . j . ( 1882 ) . some sponges from the west indies and acapulco in the liverpool free museum described , with general and classificatory remarks . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 5 ) 9 ( 52 ) : 266 - 301 , 346 - 368 , pls xi - xii . [ details ]
hajdu , e . ; van soest , r . w . m . 2002 . family desmacellidae ridley & dendy , 1886 . pp . 642 - 650 . in hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . a guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
rützler , k . ; díaz , m . c . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; zea , s . ; smith , k . p . ; alvarez , b . ; wulff , j . ( 2000 ) . diversity of sponge fauna in mangrove ponds , pelican cays , belize . atoll research bulletin . 476 : 230 - 248 . page ( s ) : 235 [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 1981 ) . a checklist of the curaçao sponges ( porifera demospongiae ) including a pictorial key to the more common reef - forms . verslagen en technische gegevens instituut voor taxonomische zoölogie ( zoölogisch museum ) universiteit van amsterdam . 31 : 1 - 39 . page ( s ) : 14 [ details ]
rützler , k . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; piantoni , c . ( 2009 ) . sponges ( porifera ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas . 285–313 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
isbistera , g . k . & hooper , j . n . a . 2005 . clinical effects of stings by sponges of the genus tedania and a review of sponge stings worldwide . toxicon 46 : 782–785 . page ( s ) : 783 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
vacelet , j . ( 1990 ) . les spongiaires . in le monde marin . ( ed . claude bouchon ) pp 16 - 33 . la grande encyclopédie de la caraïbe . editions caraïbes , pointe à pitre . page ( s ) : 26 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
pérez , t . ; díaz , m . c . ; ruiz , c . ; cóndor - luján , b . ; klautau , m . ; hajdu , e . ; lôbo - hajdu , g . ; zea , s . ; pomponi , s . a . ; thacker , r . w . ; carteron , s . ; tollu , g . ; pouget - cuvelier , a . ; thélamon , p . ; marechal , j . - p . ; thomas , o . p . ; ereskovsky , a . e . ; vacelet , j . ; boury - esnault , n . ( 2017 ) . how a collaborative integrated taxonomic effort has trained new spongiologists and improved knowledge of martinique island ( french antilles , eastern caribbean sea ) marine biodiversity . plos one . 12 ( 3 ) : e0173859 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 11 [ details ]
lehnert , h . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 1998 ) . shallow water sponges of jamaica . beaufortia . 48 ( 5 ) : 71 - 103 . page ( s ) : 90 [ details ]
pulitzer - finali , g . ( 1986 ) . a collection of west indian demospongiae ( porifera ) . in appendix , a list of the demospongiae hitherto recorded from the west indies . annali del museo civico di storia naturale giacomo doria . 86 : 65 - 216 . page ( s ) : 137 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 1984 ) . marine sponges from curaçao and other caribbean localities . part iii . poecilosclerida . in : hummelinck , p . w . & van der steen , l . j . ( eds ) , uitgaven van de natuurwetenschappelijke studiekring voor suriname en de nederlandse antillen . no . 112 . studies on the fauna of curaçao and other caribbean islands . 66 ( 199 ) : 1 - 167 . page ( s ) : 141 - 143 [ details ]
zea , s . ( 1987 ) . esponjas del caribe colombiano . ( catálogo cientifico : bogotá , colombia ) : 1 - 286 . page ( s ) : 178 - 182 ; fig 64 [ details ]
díaz , m . c . ( 2005 ) . common sponges from shallow marine habitats from bocas del toro region , panama . caribbean journal of science . 41 ( 3 ) : 465 - 475 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 472 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
alcolado , p . m . 1976 . lista de nuevos registros de poriferos para cuba . serie oceanológica . instituto de oceanologia . academia de ciencias de cuba . oceanologia ( 36 ) : 1 - 11 . page ( s ) : 5 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gellius massa ( carter , 1882 ) ) arndt , w . ( 1927 ) . kalk - und kieselschwämme von curaçao . bijdragen tot de dierkunde . 25 : 133 - 158 , pls i - iii . [ details ]
( of fibulia massa ( carter , 1882 ) ) laubenfels , m . w . de . ( 1953 ) . sponges from the gulf of mexico . bulletin of marine science of the gulf and caribbean . 2 ( 3 ) : 511 - 557 . page ( s ) : 522 [ details ]
( of fibulia massa ( carter , 1882 ) ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 1984 ) . marine sponges from curaçao and other caribbean localities . part iii . poecilosclerida . in : hummelinck , p . w . & van der steen , l . j . ( eds ) , uitgaven van de natuurwetenschappelijke studiekring voor suriname en de nederlandse antillen . no . 112 . studies on the fauna of curaçao and other caribbean islands . 66 ( 199 ) : 1 - 167 . [ details ]
notes :
touch - me - not sponge .
in the bahamas it occurs as thick encrustation to tall masses with scattered wide and deep atria , maroon to orange - brown ; oscules inside atria are directed diagonally upwards . in other caribbean areas it consists of large vases / tubes , single or in groups , while in the bahama it appears as if these vases had laterally fused . it produces strong itching when handled .
m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda
cake - shaped or massively incrusting , with an apical depression , which may lead to a cup - shape . oscules conspicuous , apical or inside the apical depression (
) . surface smooth or shaggy , areolate . size up to about 30 cm high and 30 cm wide . consistency : corky to compressible , fragile , crumbly .
occurring in the reef environment , but often in areas with some disturbance ; occasionally also a member of the fouling community .
contact with bare skin can result in a severe allergic reaction , including pain , numbness , swelling and rash that may last several days .
the species has been observed to
smoke
. such massive sperm releases suggest an oviparous reproduction .
humann , p . , 1992 . reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .
soest , r . w . m . van , 1984 . marine sponges from curaçao and other caribbean islands . part iii . poecilosclerida . studies on the fauna of curaçao and other caribbean islands , 199 .
voss , g . l . , 1976 . seashore life of florida and the carribbean . banyan books , inc . miami , florida .
a large , irregular and lumpy sponge , which is brown to reddish brown . colonies are composed of several connected , thick walled cylinders or mounds , each with large exhalent openings . the outer surface is lumpy but smooth . inside the openings the surface is rough , to the extent of being ’buttressed’ or being nearly filled with connective tissues . this sponge is highly toxic and should not be touched .
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department of biochemistry and microbiology , university of victoria , victoria , british columbia , canada , v8w 3p6 .
hajdu , e . ; van soest , r . w . m . 2002 . family desmacellidae ridley & dendy , 1886 . pp . 642 - 650 . in hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . a guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) . [ details ]
( of fibularia massa carter , 1882 ) hajdu , e . ; van soest , r . w . m . 2002 . family desmacellidae ridley & dendy , 1886 . pp . 642 - 650 . in hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . a guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) . [ details ]
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wiedenmayer , f . ( 1977 ) . shallow - water sponges of the western bahamas . experientia supplementum . 28 : 1 - 287 , pls 1 - 43 . page ( s ) : 148 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
thick encrusting ( . 4 - 3 cm ) , or massive to large vases ( up to 80 cm wide and high ) . brown - red in color externally , tan internally . surface varies from smooth and porous , to corrugated and microhispid , somewhat velvety . oscules dispersed ( 3 - 6 mm wide ) . firm but very fragile .
a very toxic species . do not touch it with the bared skin ! in bocas it overgrows other reef species aggressively .
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bloch dp ( 1976 ) histones of sperm . in : king rc ( ed ) handbook of genetics , vol 5 . plenum , ny , pp 139–167
chiva m , saperas n , caceres c , ausio j ( 1995 ) nuclear basic proteins from the sperm of tunicates , cephalochordates , agnathans and fish . in : jamieson bgm , ausio j , justine jl ( eds ) advances in spermatozoal taxonomy and phylogeny . mémoires du muséum d’histoire naturelle , paris , 166 : 501–514
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sponges are among the simplest multicellular animals . the vast majority of species live in the marine environment . they represent sessile life forms whose bodies are permeated by numerous channels and chambers . with the help of flagellate cells , water is taken in through numerous superficial openings for filtration for nutrients and respiration . water is expelled again through larger outlet channels .
most accidents occur when gathering sponges . most species only cause mild local effects or none at all . contact with the above - mentioned representatives generally results in pain and itching . local oedema of the soft tissue and joints can also result . spiculae that get stuck under the skin can lead to stiffness of the wrist and finger joints .
european freshwater sponges , such as spongilla lacustris , are also believed to cause dermatitis upon skin contact .
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* author to whom correspondence should be addressed ; e - mail : is . jl - inu . fb @ krut . mot ; tel . : + 386 1 4233388 ; fax : + 386 1 2573390 .
received 2010 mar 3 ; revised 2010 mar 26 ; accepted 2010 apr 2 .
this article is an open - access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) .
despite the fact that cytotoxicity is the most widespread characteristic of compounds isolated from marine sponges , they also possess other activities . due to the sessile nature of sponges it is not surprising that many of their natural products show strong antifouling activities . several reviews on such compounds have been published recently [ 17 , 18 ] .
in the present study we report the screening results of several biological activities found in aqueous and organic extracts from 43 tropical marine sponge species that could possibly lead to the discovery of novel compounds of pharmacological interest .
( # 81 ) were strongly hemolytic and showed substantial ache inhibitory activity . after dilution both activities were almost completly lost (
( # 59 ) , on the other hand showed strong hemolytic and considerable ache inhibitory activity . after dilution the former activity was completely preserved while the later was completely lost . undiluted organic extracts from the same sponge also showed moderate pp1 inhibition , while heated aqueous extracts exhibited modest activation of the same enzyme . after dilution the former activity was lost while the later remained unchanged (
1 organic extracts : a ( acetone ) , b ( butanol ) , m ( methanol ) .
+ + + , hemolytic activity ( t 50 between 0 and 5 min ) . t 50 = half - time of hemolysis , e . g . the time in which 50 % of erythrocytes are lysed .
1 organic extracts : a ( acetone ) , b ( butanol ) , m ( methanol ) .
organic extracts : a ( acetone ) , b ( butanol ) , m ( methanol ) .
activation is indicated in italics , and denotes a factor by which the pp1 activity is enhanced .
hemolytic activity was present in only a few aqueous samples , whereas the same activity was observed in nearly half of the organic extracts . acetone extracts possessed the highest levels of hemolytic activity , followed by butanol and methanol extracts ; the latter contained the highest amount of extracted material . aqueous extracts whose hemolytic activity was lost after heating were of special interest as this indicated the presence of a proteinaceous active compound ( s ) . based on these criteria such hemolytic proteins may be present in
( # 76 ) , however a second specimen from a different location ( # 14 ) did not exhibit any hemolytic activity . the unheated aqueous extract from
( # 69 ) was hemolytic , but again another specimen ( # 45 ) from a different location was not . these results indicate that the same species from a different location may harbor different chemistry possibly originating from endosymbiotic organisms present in the particular collected specimen . such observations were quite common in this study . another interesting species that showed strong hemolytic activity was
( # 99 ) . in this case , the active compound responsible for hemolytic activity was ascribed to be non - proteinaceous in nature , as its activity was retained after heating . hemolytic assays using diluted samples of aqueous sponge extracts confirmed that
contained the highest levels of hemolytic activity . the most active organic extracts after dilution were those from
) . hemolytic proteins isolated from marine sponges are rare . two such examples are suberitin , isolated from the mediterranean sponge
] . to date no hemolytic compounds have been reported from the marine sponges used in this study . an aqueous extract from
moderate hemagglutinating activity has been detected in 14 aqueous sponge extracts , one showed activity in the heated fraction only and extracts from two sponge species , both heated and unheated fractions , were active . after dilution only one extract from myrmekioderma styx ( # 86 ) showed strong hemagglutinating activity ( 7 . 2 μg / ml ) . the heated fraction lost its activity , suggesting the compound responsible for hemagglutinating activity is probably a lectin or a protein . so far , several compounds with antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities have been isolated from this species [ 33 – 36 ] , but no hemagglutinating activity has been reported .
) . almost all samples ( only two samples showed no activity ) were able to prevent growth of at least one bacterial strain . many of the samples inhibited the growth of gram positive bacteria , but only few affected the growth of gram negative bacteria . organic extracts tended to be more active than the aqueous extracts . diluted samples of those sponges that showed the highest antibacterial activity were retested and results expressed as a minimal inhibitory concentration ( mic ,
( # 59 , # 93 ) showed considerable antimicrobial activity . the most active samples were the butanol extracts from
( # 38 , mic = 80 ng / ml ) . the highest antimicrobial activity in the aqueous extracts was found in the unheated extract from
are among the most widely studied in terms of their natural products . a number of different compounds have been isolated and characterized , many of them being antimicrobial [
( # 61 ) . the antimicrobial activity of the unheated aqueous extract ( mic = 48 μg / ml ) was about 100 fold more potent than the heated extracts , again indicating the active compound might be a peptide or a protein . the specificity against gram negative bacteria is interesting because these bacteria are usually more resistant to antimicrobial compounds due to the lipopolysaccharidic component of their cell wall .
showed considerable inhibitory activity , the most active being the butanolic extract ( 34 μg ) which inhibited almost 50 % of ache activity .
) . several heated aqueous extracts enhanced pp1 activity by up to 2 - fold . the only exceptions are the unheated and heated aqueous extracts from
( # 9 ) which caused 23 % and 44 % inhibition , respectively . organic extracts caused pp1 inhibition only . the most active extracts were those from
( # 83 ) and from an unidentified sponge ( # 21 ) . from each of these species at least one organic extract totally inhibited pp1 activity . the concentrations necessary for total enzyme inhibition range from 54 to 790 μg / ml . the interesting pp1 activation by several aqueous heated extracts cannot be explained by the presence of innate protein phosphatases since those should be destroyed by heating . we cannot exclude the possibility that activation is due to the interference between certain compounds in tested extracts with chromophores used in the pp1 inhibition assay .
sixty - six sponge specimens were studied , represented by 43 sponge species ( table 1a and 1b ) . thirty - five were collected by scuba by dr . daniel schaft at depths from 5 to 45 m in the reefs of curaçao ( netherlands antilles ) at several locations : the entrance of picadera bay , coastline of charo and boca sami . the specimens were taxonomically determined to species level , seven remained unidentified . the other eight species were collected from lizard island ( great barrier reef , queensland , australia ) , and identified to at least genus level .
all sponge samples were lyophilized and dried weight was determined . the total material was divided into two parts ; one part for aqueous extraction , the other subjected to extraction with organic solvents . the total mass of freeze - dried sponge samples was within the range from 0 . 35 g to 36 . 8 g .
the protein content was determined only in unheated samples and measured by bca protein reagent according to the manufacturers manual ( pierce , usa ) . different concentrations of bovine serum albumin ( sigma , usa ) were used as a standard . prior to the addition of the reagent , samples were diluted 1 : 20 ( v / v ) with deionized water . the colour formation was determined at 562 nm using microtiter plate reader ( dynex technologies , usa ) after 30 min of incubation .
samples obtained by aqueous extraction were tested for hemagglutinating activity . fresh bovine erythrocytes were washed twice in buffer as described above ( see hemolytic activity assay ) . two per cent final erythrocyte suspension was prepared using the same buffer . the erythrocyte suspension ( 100 μl ) was added to each well of a 96 round - well microtitre plate , followed by 25 μl of samples . hemagglutination was visually inspected after 45 min of incubation at room temperature .
the effects of sponge samples on pp1 activity were monitored colorimetrically according to tubaro et al . [ 29 ] using a microplate reader ( dynex , usa ) . rabbit recombinant α - isoform pp1 expressed in e . coli ( sigma , usa ) was the enzyme used . to each well of the microtiter plate 150 μl of buffer ( 40 mm tris / hcl , 34 mm mgcl 2 . 6h 2 o , 4 mm edta and 4 mm dl - dtt , ph 8 . 4 ) , 50 μl of the substrate ( 141 mm p - nitrophenil phosphate ) and 2 μl of sponge samples ( 2 μl of deionized water or ethanol in the controls ) was added . the reaction was started by the addition of 50 μl of buffer - dissolved pp1 ( 0 . 25 u / ml ) . samples that showed activity were further diluted ( 1 : 10 and 1 : 100 v / v ) . all reactions were monitored for 12 min at 25 °c for the colour development at 405 nm .
hemolytic activity : + , moderate activity ( t 50 between 10 and 15 min ) ; + + , strong activity ( t 50 between 5 and 10 min ) ; + + + , very strong activity ( t 50 between 0 and 5 min ) .
t 50 = half - time of hemolysis , e . g . the time in which 50 % of erythrocytes are lysed .
ache inhibition : + , moderate inhibition ( 0–33 % ) ; + + , strong inhibition ( 34–66 % ) ; + + + , very strong inhibition ( 67–100 % ) .
pp1 activation / inhibition : a , activation ( up to 100 % ) ; i , moderate inhibition ( 0–33 % ) ; ii , strong inhibition ( 34–66 % ) ; iii , very strong inhibition ( 67–100 % ) .
list of species from lizard island ( great barrier reef , queensland , australia ) .
this study was supported by the research program p1 - 207 toxins and biomembranes funded by slovenian research agency . the authors would like to thank tina dolinšek , petra cesarec , aleš likar and bojan martinšek for their technical help .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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etymology : - from the latin porus for pore and ferre to bear , hence an animal with with pores .
characteristics of porifera : - 1 ) no definite symmetry . 2 ) body multicellular , few tissues , no organs . 3 ) cells and tissues surround a water filled space but there is no true body cavity . 4 ) all are sessile , ( live attached to something as an adult ) . 5 ) reproduce sexually or asexually , sexual reproduction can be either gonochoristic or hermaphroditic . 6 ) has no nervous system . 7 ) has a distinct larval stage which is planktonic . 8 ) lives in aquatic environments , mostly marine . 9 ) all are filter feeders . 10 ) often have a skeleton of spicules .
sponges are one of the better known groups of invertebrates , due to their usefulness in the bath many people who care nothing for invertebrates at least know name and may even have seen a sponges skeleton on sale in a shop . one of the more amazing things about sponges is there ability to suffer damage . because the cells are not linked in a tissue it is possible for them to be separated an then come together again . some species such as the freshwater sponge ephydatia fluviatilis can be pushed through a sieve , then if given time the individual cells will come together again and make a new sponge .