bursatella leachii , common name the ragged sea hare or shaggy sea hare , is a species of large sea slug or sea hare , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family aplysiidae , the sea hares .

bursatella leachii

bursatella leachii - ap biology exam from : stacy b . , september 26 , 2001
behavior patterns of the aplysiid gastropod bursatella leachii in its natural habitat and in the laboratory .
bursatella leachii from turkey from : m . kazak & l . cavas , november 24 , 2007
behavior patterns of the aplysiid gastropod bursatella leachii in its natural habitat and in the laboratory . - pubmed - ncbi
the following reference provides an interesting account of the larval biology of bursatella leachii plei , a subspecies from the west atlantic . it also has an extensive bibliography on bursatella research .
distinguishing characteristics eales and engel ( 1935 ) reviewed the genus bursatella and considered that there was a single species world - wide , b . leachii , which for convenience they divided into several geographical subspecies . here we do not recognize this sub - division and treat the mediterranean subspecies b . leachii leachii and b . leachii savignyana as synonyms .
upper : b . leachii leachii - coffs harbour region , northern new south wales , australia . december 1990 . photo : bill rudman . lower : b . leachii plei - santa marta bay , colombia , carribean . photo : phanor montoya
dear phanor , your animal is not a sacoglossan . it is bursatella leachii which is a sea hare . some scientists have split this worldwide species into geographic subspecies . if we follow that proposal then your caribbean animal is bursatella leachii plei . bursatella feeds on blue - green algae and the filamentous algal film found on sand , mud and hard surfaces .
( of bursatella leachii lacinulata gould , 1852 ) rudman , w . b . ( 2007 ) . comment on bursatella leachii subspecies by augusto medeiros . [ message in ] sea slug forum . [ message in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bursatella leachii africana ( engel , 1926 ) ) rudman , w . b . ( 2007 ) . comment on bursatella leachii subspecies by augusto medeiros . [ message in ] sea slug forum . [ message in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bursatella leachii rosea ( engel , 1926 ) ) rudman , w . b . ( 2007 ) . comment on bursatella leachii subspecies by augusto medeiros . [ message in ] sea slug forum . [ message in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bursatella leachii lacinulata gould , 1852 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of bursatella leachii africana ( engel , 1926 ) ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of bursatella leachii rosea ( engel , 1926 ) ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
search for ' bursatella leachii ' returned 8 matching records . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]
good morning , i´m working on bursatella leachii and , as you said , some authors have divided the world population of it into geographic subspecies . i´d like to know if there are papers that make the comparison between them and if you could tell me the name of all known b . leachii subspecies .
thanks for these photos of bursatella leachii from the caribbean . as i have mentioned before , it seems that caribbean animals lack the blue or greeen ' eyespots ' so characteristic of the species elsewhere in the world .
reference : • paige , ja . ( 1988 ) . biology , metamorphosis and postlarval development of bursatella leachii plei rang ( gastropoda : opisthobranchia ) . bulletin of marine science , 42 ( 1 ) : 65 - 75 .
dear jan , from your description of its ' trendrils ' and the purple liquid , i would guess your animal is bursatella leachii . if you have a look at the other messages on the bursatella leachii page you will find some photos of it from various parts of the world . in fact i am posting a message today from eastern australia of an animal squirting out its purple ink . have a look at the sea hares page for lots more information on this group of sea slugs . if your animal is bursatella then its washng ashore with sargassum is a coincidence .
( of notarchus leachii cirrosus stimpson , 1855 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
dear bill , this specimen of bursatella leachii was recently found at a relatively quiet harbor , is so far i only had saw this species in this area , and was keep at home for three days then let it back to free in water .
a scientist working with bursatella leachii , a sea slug that lives in an intertiday habitat in the coastal waters of puerto rico , gathered the following information about tthe distribution of the sea slugs within a ten - meter square plot over a 10 day period .
rudman , w . b . ( 2007 ) . comment on bursatella leachii subspecies by augusto medeiros . [ message in ] sea slug forum . [ message in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bursatella lacinulata gould , 1852 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of aplysia bursatella rang , 1834 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
dear valda , these are bursatella leachii , a very ' hairy ' sea hare - if you will pardon the pun . they are quite variable in colour and some have more obvious blue ' eye spots ' than others . there are other species with similar eyespots , the most common of which is stylocheilus striatus , which is much smaller in size . howevere i am pretty sure your ' juvenile ' is a juvenile . b . leachii because the parapodial flaps seem to be almost completely fused , which is characteristic of bursatella , but not of stylocheilus .
dear josephine , congratulations on finding the sea slug forum . have a look at the bursatella leachii page where there is plenty of information on this animal . also have a look at the many messages which are attached at the bottom of the page for a lot more information on bursatella from many parts of the world . [ if you click on any underlined word you will move to a page on that topic ] .
you may not realise the forum is much more than just the messages . there are plenty of places where you can ' lookup ' information . firstly , have a look at the page on bursatella leachii , and all the other messages on that page . secondly , bursatella is a sea hare so have a look at the ' sea hare ' topics listed in the general topics list which should be of interest to you .
hello , my name is dana rygwelski . for my ap biology class we are currently working in the ecology unit , we were assigned to look up about a specific type of sea slug . if you could please help me out by sending me information on bursatella leachii it would be greatly appreciated .
( of notarchus ( bursatella ) leachii ( blainville , 1817 ) ) lin , g . & tchang , s . 1965 . opisthobranchia from the inter - tidal zone of hainan island , china . oceanologia et limnologia sinica 7 ( 1 ) : 1 - 20 , pls . 1 - 3 . [ details ]
delivering alien invasive species inventories for europe ( daisie ) ( from synonym bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) to barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym aclesia africana engel , 1926 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 12 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym notarchus ( bursatella ) leachii ( blainville , 1817 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) ( from synonym bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) to clemam to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 6 nucleotides ; 4 proteins ) to pesi to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to itis
dear augusto , i would be interested to know what research you are doing and where . concerning the subspecies of b . leachii , eales & engel ( 1925 ) reviewed bursatella worldwide and concluded there was only one species . they thought it would be convenient to recognise six subspecies but could give no clear definitions of each subspecies except to suggest geographic regions .
eales , n . b . & engel , h . ( 1935 ) the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society , 21 : 279 - 303 .
braga , tiago rodrigues , maria joão pereira , hugo varela , joão barreira , luísa gonzález - wangüemert , mercedes and custódio , luísa 2017 . bursatella leachii from mar menor as a source of bioactive molecules : preliminary evaluation of the nutritional profile , in vitro biological activities , and fatty acids contents . journal of aquatic food product technology , vol . 26 , issue . 10 , p . 1337 .
there is quite a lot of information on this page about bursatella . have a at the top of this page above your message , and below your message for earlier correspondence .
hi i am from new zealand and i need to find out wot eats the sea hare bursatella leachii for a project at school . i need to write wot they eat and wot eats them i know wot they eat but i don ' t now wot eats them . the lady at the library told me there was no such thing as a sea hare so i don ' t no where else to go
dear dr . rudman , i came to this web site looking for info on the sea slug bursatella leachii because it is an essay question for the 1997 a . p . biology exam . i saw messages from students that said they were
studying
this organism . hmm . . . you mean trying to answer this a . p . bio exam question ? anyway - here is the entire question .
eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
bebbington , a . ( 1969 ) bursatella leachi guineensis subsp . nov . ( gastropoda , opisthobranchia ) from ghana . proceedings of the malacological society of london , 38 : 323 - 341 .
( of bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) branch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aclesia glauca cheeseman , 1879 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of aclesia africana engel , 1926 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of ramosaclesia rex allan , 1932 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of notarchus brevipes hägg , 1904 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of aclesia ocelligera bergh , 1902 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of notarchus intrapictus cockerell , 1893 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of aclesia rosea engel , 1926 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of notarchus villosus o ' donoghue , 1929 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
( of notarchus laciniatus rüppell & leuckart , 1830 ) eales , n . & engel , h . 1935 . the genus bursatella de blainville . proceedings of the malacological society of london 21 : 279 - 303 , plate 31 . [ details ]
dear richard , thanks for the background on the life history of bursatella in the auckland region . as you will see from john buckeridge ' s message a couple of days ago , the media appear to have unfortunately misinterpreted the information they were provided with .
it looks like the regular change in spacing of the bursatella population observed in puerto rico resulted from a cycle of action and inaction , though i don ' t see why it caused them to
crowd
together during inactivity and disperse during periods of activity .
russo g . f . , 1987 . segnalazione di bursatella leachi de blainville , 1817 ( mollusca , opisthobranchia , aplysiomorpha ) per le acque dell ' isola d ' ischia e considerazioni sull ' ecologia della specie . bollettino della societa naturalisti in napoli , 94 : 243 - 253 , fig . 2 , tav . 1 .
blainville h . m . d . de ( 1817 ) . bursatella , p . 138 , in : dictionnaire des sciences naturelles ( f . cuvier , ed . ) , vol . 5 , supplément . levrault , strasbourg & le normant , paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 138 [ details ]
i would like some information on bursatella leachii , a sea slug that resides in an intertidal habitat in the coastal waters of puerto rico . a study demonstrated that the individual slugs varied their distances from one another over the course of a day . for example , the average distance between individuals at midnight was 8 . 0 cm . at 4 am it was 8 . 9 cm . at 8 am it was about 44 . 8 cm . at noon , the avg . distance was 174 . 0 cm . the distance was at it ' s highest at 4 pm at 350 . 5 cm . at 8 pm it was 60 . 5 cm . at midnight , the slugs had returned to 8 . 0 cm distances . any ideas on what physiological or environmental variables could cause this distribution pattern ? thank you .
( of bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) richmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of notarchus leachii cirrosus stimpson , 1855 ) tsi , c . y . & ma , s . t . ( 1982 ) . a preliminary checklist of the marine gastropoda and bivalvia ( mollusca ) of hong kong and southern china . in : proceedings of the first international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china ( ed . morton , b . ) , vol . 1 , pp431 - 458 . hong kong university press , hong kong . [ details ]
( of bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of bursatella lacinulata gould , 1852 ) gould a . ( 1852 ) . mollusca and shells [ in ] : united states exploring expeditions , 1838 , 1839 , 1840 , 1841 , 1842 under the command of charles wilkes , u . s . n . . philadelphia , c . sherman & son : vol . 12 , xv + 510 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 223 - 224 [ details ]
( of bursatella leachi [ sic ] ) zenetos , a . , m . e . çinar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
i ' m afraid we don ' t know much about what eats them . if you go to the what eats sea slugs ? page you will find some information on sea hare predators but i don ' t know of any information specifically on bursatella - which only goes to show that there is still a lot in this world that we still don ' t know anything about . let ' s hope we don ' t destroy it before we get a chance to find out . good luck with your project , bill rudman
distribution worldwide : circumtropical . mediterranean : recorded first from palestine ( o ' donoghue and white , 1940 ) ; successively recorded in turkey ( swennen , 1961 ) ; malta ( bebbington , 1970 ) ; israel ( eales , 1970 ) ; sicily ( piani , 1980 ) ; tunisia ( several records from the gulf of gabès since 1982 , enzenross and enzenross , 2001 ) ; italy ( fasulo et al . , 1984 as b . leachii and b . l . savignyana ) ; slovenia ( jaklin and vio , 1989 ) ; greece ( koutsoubas , 1992 ) ; lebanon ( collected by g . bitar and h . zibrowius , identification confirmed by j . templado ) ; sardinia ( collected by a . olita , identification confirmed by j . templado ) .
( of aclesia africana engel , 1926 ) engel h . ( 1926 ) . drei neue arten der gattung aclesia ( rang ) bergh , 1902 . zoologischer anzeiger . 69 : 180 - 187 . [ details ]
( of aclesia rosea engel , 1926 ) engel h . ( 1926 ) . drei neue arten der gattung aclesia ( rang ) bergh , 1902 . zoologischer anzeiger . 69 : 180 - 187 . [ details ]
( of notarchus cirrosus stimpson , 1855 ) stimpson , w . ( 1855 ) . descriptions of some of the new marine invertebrata from the chinese and japanese seas . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia . 7 ( 10 ) : 375 - 384 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 378 [ details ]
( of notarchus laciniatus rüppell & leuckart , 1830 ) rüppell e . & leuckart f . s . ( 1828 - 1830 ) . mollusca [ in ] atlas zu des reise im nordlichen afrika von eduard rüppell . 1 . abth . zoologie . 5 . neue wirbellose thiere des rothen meers . frankfurt , h . l . brönner pp . 1 - 22 , pl . 1 - 12 [ 1828 ] , pp . 23 - 47 [ probably 1830 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 24 - 25 , plate 7 , figures 2 a - c [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
occhipinti - ambrogi , a . ; marchini , a . ; cantone , g . ; castelli , a . ; chimenz , c . ; cormaci , m . ; froglia , c . ; furnari , g . ; gambi , m . c . ; giaccone , g . ; giangrande , a . ; gravili , c . ; mastrototaro , f . ; mazziotti , c . ; orsi - relini , l . ; piraino , s . ( 2010 ) . alien species along the italian coasts : an overview . biological invasions . 13 ( 1 ) : 215 - 237 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
marchini , a . ; ferrario , j . ; sfriso , a . ; occhipinti - ambrogi , a . ( 2015 ) . current status and trends of biological invasions in the lagoon of venice , a hotspot of marine nis introductions in the mediterranean sea . biological invasions . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
nimbs m . j . , willan r . c . & smith s . d . a . ( 2017 ) . is port stephens , eastern australia , a global hotspot for biodiversity of aplysiidae ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) ? . molluscan research . 37 ( 1 ) : 47 - 65 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aclesia glauca cheeseman , 1879 ) spencer h . g . , willan r . c . , marshall b . a . & murray t . j . ( 2011 ) . checklist of the recent mollusca recorded from the new zealand exclusive economic zone . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aclesia glauca cheeseman , 1879 ) nimbs m . j . , willan r . c . & smith s . d . a . ( 2017 ) . is port stephens , eastern australia , a global hotspot for biodiversity of aplysiidae ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) ? . molluscan research . 37 ( 1 ) : 47 - 65 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ramosaclesia rex allan , 1932 ) nimbs m . j . , willan r . c . & smith s . d . a . ( 2017 ) . is port stephens , eastern australia , a global hotspot for biodiversity of aplysiidae ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) ? . molluscan research . 37 ( 1 ) : 47 - 65 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
ong che rg . & morton b . ( 1991 ) . spatial and temporal variations in the subtidal macrobenthic community of tai tam bay , hong kong . in : morton b , editor . asian marine biology 8 . hong kong university press , hong kong . pp 193 - 216 . [ details ]
introduced species remark in slovenian part of the adriatic sea ( marine region ) : in october 2007 , 2009 , 2010 & 2011 high densities were recorded with a maximum valu of 50 individuals per sq . m . in lipej et al . 2012 [ details ]
introduced species vector dispersal in slovenian part of the adriatic sea ( marine region ) : natural dispersal dispersal via the suez canal see lipej et al . 2012 [ details ]
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
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gage jd , tyler pa ( 1991 ) deep–sea biology : a natural history of organisms at the deep–sea floor . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . 524 p .
rex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep–sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1–8 .
meiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702–708 .
meiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211–1217 .
meiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141–148 . ( doi :
welch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675–682 .
price td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998–1999 .
martin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line–fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65–81 .
warton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line–fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259–291 .
rosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :
bouchet p , rocroi j–p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1–397 .
smith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518–528 .
sokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .
r development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :
guo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353–362 .
gage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep–sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273–325 .
( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1–7 .
mcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep–sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181–187 .
schmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .
reyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299–306 .
lomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468–483 .
mcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693–704 .
duncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509–517 .
vale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65–79 .
vale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105–108 .
walker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48–59 .
mccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85–101 .
wassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287–295 .
williams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .
raia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731–1742 . ( doi :
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found in warm temperate and tropical waters throughout the world . seven or eight geographical subspecies are recognised by some authorities .
you might like to show the lady in the library the sea hares page where there is more general information on sea hares .
locality : muck dive sites on north shore of trinidad , west indies tropical western atlantic . depth : 1 - 6 ft . length : var . , 4 - 7 inches . 26 july to 2 august 2005 . fine sand and rubble , green water . photographer : sherri deaver
sea hares may secrete a purple dye . but don ' t tease them to make them do this . although they can be quite large , they are well camouflaged . watch your step ! sea hares have very specialised diets and should not be kept in home aquariums .
this hirsute sea hare is sometimes seen on our northern shores among seagrasses and seaweeds . sometimes many are seen everywhere , then they are no longer seen for many months . sometimes , they are seen gathered together , densely packed in large numbers , possibly mating ? or simply gathering around a good source of food ?
6 - 12cm . body long , fleshy with a short triangular tail which has white bars . it is covered with lots of flat branching finger - like projections . it has two pairs of tentacles , oral tentacles and rhinophores about the same size ( you have to look carefully among the hairy bits to distinguish the tentacles ) . the parapodia appears to be a hole in the centre of the body , rather than ' wings ' or flaps as in other large sea hares . it may come in different shades of brown , sometimes bluish , sometimes with orangey ' hairs ' , usually with bright blue spots which are ringed in brown . it is usually well camouflaged and blends in perfectly with among seaweeds and seagrasses . like some other sea hares , it produces a purple ink when disturbed .
sea hares swallow large amounts of sand in the process of eating , somewhat like earthworms do .
changi , may 05 two pairs of tubular tentacles short triangular ' tail ' with white bars .
tan yong how jonathan . 31 mar 2016 . congregation of hairy sea hares at changi point . singapore biodiversity records 2016 : 46 - 47
tan siong kiat and henrietta p . m . woo , 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ) , raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore .
debelius , helmut , 2001 . nudibranchs and sea snails : indo - pacific field guide ikan - unterwasserachiv , frankfurt . 321 pp .
wells , fred e . and clayton w . bryce . 2000 . slugs of western australia : a guide to the species from the indian to west pacific oceans . western australian museum . 184 pp .
coleman , neville . 2001 . 1001 nudibranchs : catalogue of indo - pacific sea slugs . neville coleman ' s underwater geographic pty ltd , australia . 144pp .
humann , paul and ned deloach . 2010 . reef creature identification : tropical pacific new world publications . 497pp .
kuiter , rudie h and helmut debelius . 2009 . world atlas of marine fauna . ikan - unterwasserachiv . 723pp .
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specificationsmpnf93 0045 0666manufacturerthat fish placecommon nameblue dot sea harescientific namebursatella leachiioriginindo - pacificaggressiveness . . .
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may be one of the most butt - ugly opisthobranchs known . it has been referred to by many names including the
shaggy dog .
the
webmaster mike found in bali last month should make their mother proud . these two with their bright blue spots are actually quite pretty .
is a circum - tropical species found in every tropical ocean accept the pacific coast of mexico . because of this some biologists feel there are seven or eight geographical subspecies . each of these has very slight differences in color and shape of body ornamentation . subspecies are designated by a third name in their scientific name like -
, the species found in florida and the caribbean . all have the characteristic branched papillae on the body , and bright colored eye - spots scattered over the body . as seen in mike ' s photos
feeds on algae - like , mat - forming cyanobacteria . like other sea hares it lays large bundles or masses of eggs which look like yellow rope . as noted on bill rudman ' s
is one of the sea hares that gives off purple ink when disturbed . on this matter i just have to reprint here one of my favorite bill rudman sea hare stories that can be found on his web site . as bill tells it - -
one interesting silly ' fact ' concerning sea hares . the ancient greeks use to believe that you would die if you touched a sea hare . even the great philosopher aristotle believed it was true because in those times learned people decided what was true by having long learned arguments . the person judged to have the best and wittiest argument was the winner , facts were seldom , if ever , considered necessary . using facts and observations to test ideas about the world around us was seldom considered necessary until the 1600s when ' science ' developed as a method of understanding our world . the lesson from this is that you shouldn ' t believe everything you are told .
another lesson learned from our lowly sea slug friends . have a great day .
actually for my needs ( macro ) , i suspect that the olympus 750 onboard flash could probably handle my lightning requirements if i were able to reflect some of the light into the shadow area created by the barrel of the housing . any idea ' s folks ? ? ? ? i am also thinking about getting a small slave strobe that is tried and true like the ikelite 50s that is backed by the manufacturer that may perhaps meet my limited needs !
© the slug site , michael d . miller 2003 . all rights reserved .
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midnight 8 . 0cm 4 am 8 . 9 cm 8 am 44 . 8 cm noon 174 cm 4 pm 350 . 5 cm 8 pm 60 . 5 cm midnight 8 . 0 cm
for the above data , provide information on each of the following * summarize the pattern * identify three physiological or environmental variables that could cause the slugs to vary their distance from each other . * explain how each variable could bring about the observed pattern of distribution .
my thoughts : this might be a circadian rhythm . i cannot see any pattern within the day .
the mechanisms may have something to do with salinity and the rise and fall of the tide . do the slugs have a structure analogous to a pineal gland that might be sensitive to light ( secretion of melatonin ) .
to answer your questions . it ' s unlikely to be a tidal rhythm because the tidal cycle is not based on the day - night cycle . yes aplysiid sea - hares that have been looked at , do have a day - night circadian rhythm . it seems to be associated with the eye which seems to have its own clock with a circadian rhythm of neuronal activity . like many animals , there appears to be an underlying circadian rhythm which is kept
tuned
by the light - dark cycle .
basically i don ' t think its a very good question . best wishes , bill rudman .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 778418c9 - 1dd3 - 4876 - a84f - 81afb0ad410c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e6af7a31 - 04fd - 4da8 - b0eb - 4fcaeb8ce2c2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f4870743 - 9cc9 - 4a5c - 826d - 4823cb0ad254
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a3648259 - f29d - 47ea - a090 - 01ba578fef07
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 496425
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the distribution of the alien gastropod melibe viridis ( kelaart , 1858 ) ( opistobranchia : tethyidae ) i . . .
the distribution of carinaria mediterranea blainville , 1825 ( heteropods ) in the mediterranean shores . . .
first report of the spiny blaasop tylerius spinosissimus ( regan , 1908 ) ( actinopterygii : tetraodontid . . .
length–weight relationships of 14 fish species from the gulf of antalya ( northeastern mediterranean . . .
length - weight relationships ( lwrs ) were determined for 14 fish species from the gulf antalya along the northeastern mediterranean sea coast of turkey . samples were collected using bottom trawl at depths varying from 25 to 150 m . the parameters a and b from the lwr formula w = al ( b ) were estimated . the values of the exponent b of the length - weight relationships ranged from 2 . 513 to 3 . 465 . seven . . . [ show full abstract ]
distribution and first report of parupeneus forsskali fourmanoir & guézé , 1976 from north of cyprus . . .
our family went to the gulf of mexico on perdido key [ florida ] this summer . being from the midwest we had never seen many of the beach creatures before . after bertha hit , much brown seaweed ( ? sargassum ? ) came on shore and along with it a 3 - 5
brown , gelatinous creature with tendrils ( maybe 30 or so ) . the creature seemed to squirt a purple liquid out on the white sandy beach when touched . would this be a type of sea slug ? or a cucumber ? we are such novices to marine life , that we have been unable to locate this in the library or on the web . any help would be appreciated . sorry i don ' t have a picture . jan
however , one other possibility is scyllaea pelagica which lives on sargassum and is often found washed up with the algae . i guess its gills could be the ' tendrils ' you describe , but i doubt that it grows to 5 inches long and as far as i know it doesn ' t produce a purple ink . let me know if either of my ' guesses ' are correct , cheers , bill rudman


pseudoxycheila is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : pseudoxycheila andina cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila angustata chaudoir , 1865 pseudoxycheila atahualpa cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila aymara cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila bipustulata ( latreille , 1811 ) pseudoxycheila caribe cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila ceratoma chaudoir , 1865 pseudoxycheila chaudoiri dokhtouroff , 1882 pseudoxycheila colombiana cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila confusa cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila immaculata w. horn , 1905 pseudoxycheila inca cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila lateguttata chaudoir , 1844 pseudoxycheila macrocephala cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila nitidicollis cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila onorei cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila oxychiloides w. horn , 1927 pseudoxycheila pearsoni cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila pseudotarsalis cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila quechua cassola , 1997 pseudoxycheila tarsalis bates , 1869 pseudoxycheila tucumana perger & guerra , 2012

pseudoxycheila

synonyms : cicindela bipustulata latreille , 1811 ; oxycheila bipustulata ( latreille ) : dejean , 1831 ; pseudoxycheila bipustulata ( latreille ) : guerin - meneville , 1839 ; pseudoxychila bipustulata ( latreille ) : w . horn , 1926 ; pseudoxycheila bipustulata ( latreille ) : wiesner , 1992
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© carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018
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locality : native , new world . colombia ; ecuador ; peru ; venezuela .
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macrohabitat : lowlands to mountains , 200 - 2670 meters altitude on the west slope of the andes at at 900 - 2800 meters altitude on eastern slopes of the andes , on road cuts , landslides , and at open areas with sparse vegetation on both slopes of the andes . microhabitat : adults are ground - dwelling on vertical to flat clay substrates . dispersal abilities ; macropterous , primarily cursorial and a moderate runner ; adults rarely fly . seasonal occurrence : adults are active in september - december , and january - july on the west slope of the andes , and in april - december on the eastern slope of the andes . behavior : adults are diurnal , taking cover at night and on cold days , or in heavy rain . ( cassola , 1997 ; pearson et al . , 1999a ; vitolo , 2004 ; data from nmnh collection )
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project noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .
on the ground , on mostly shady forest trails and dirt roads , arenal observatory lodge .
these beetles move quickly and like to hide in dark nooks and under forest floor detritus . they don ' t care to be photographed : - )
nice capture , these guys really don ' t stand still , so it ' s difficult to get nice sharp photos like these .


eleotrica cableae , cable 's goby , is a species of goby endemic to reefs around the galapagos islands .

this species grows to a length of 7 centimetres ( 2.8 in ) sl .

this species is the only known member of its genus .

eleotrica cableae

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is only known from one location ( galápagos islands ) . regional experts support the plausible threat of the increased duration and frequency of enso events that can cause severe and rapid declines for restricted - range , shallow - water species in this region of the eastern tropical pacific . this species is listed as vulnerable under criterion d2 .
this reef - associated species inhabits shallow sand - rubble substrate adjacent to rocky reefs to depths of five m .
this species has a restricted distribution and shallow water habitat . in the eastern tropical pacific , severe localized fish species declines have occurred after strong enso events that result in shallow waters that are too warm and nutrient poor for extended periods of time ( grove 1985 , edgar et al . 2009 ) . the frequency and duration of enso events in this region of the eastern tropical pacific ( e . g . the up - welling zone off the coast of peru , ecuador , colombia , panama and the offshore islands ) appears to be increasing ( glynn and ault 2000 , soto 2001 , chen et al . 2004 ) . given this species’ restricted distribution and shallow water habitat , oceanographic environmental changes , such as those associated with future enso events , may have detrimental effects on the survival of this species .
there are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species distribution falls into a marine protected area in galápagos islands ( wdpa 2006 ) .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 28023 )
distinguished by the following characteristics : body lacks scales except for several enlarged basicaudal scales at base of the caudal fin ; pelvic fins almost completely separate ; maximum length of 7 . 0 cm sl ( ref . 92840 ) .
inhabits sand - rubble bottoms adjacent to rocky reefs . common in tide pools and near - shore areas ( ref . 28023 ) .
allen , g . r . and d . r . robertson , 1994 . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press , honolulu . 332 p . ( ref . 11482 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00279 - 0 . 01364 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 19 of 100 ) .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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cabeza plana dorsalmente ; ojos sobre la cabeza ; mechón de cirros pequeños arriba de la parte posterior del labio superior ; 5 poros con solapas en la región occipital , sin poros en el opérculo ; la narina posterior mas larga que la narina anterior ; radios dorsales vii + i , 9 - 11 ; radios anales i , 10 ; radios pectorales 18 - 19 ; aletas pélvicas separadas excepto por una cresta baja conectando las bases de los radios internos ; sin escamas ( peces más grandes que 3cm ) o con 2 o 4 escamas ásperas que están empotradas en la base de la caudal .
color café a casi blanco ; cabeza con puntitos blancos ; cuerpo con puntos blancos más grandes o a veces con manchas o líneas onduladas verticales ; machos con una fila medio lateral de pares de manchas cafés , y franjas oblicuas oscuras en las aletas dorsales ; una barra oscura corta en el parte inferior del margen del opérculo .
birdsong , r . s . , murdy , e . o . and pezold , f . l . , 1988 . , a study of the vertebral column and median fin osteology in gobioid fishes with comments on gobioid relationships . , bull . mar . sci . , 42 : 174 - 214 .
böhlke , j . e and robins , c . r . , 1968 . , western atlantic seven - spined gobies , with descriptions of ten new species and a new genus , and comments on pacific relatives . , proc . acad . nat . sci . phila . , 120 ( 3 ) : 45 - 174 .
ginsburg , i . , 1933 . , descriptions of new and imperfectly known species and genera of gobioid and pleuronectid fishes in the united states national museum . , proc . u . s . nat . mus . , 82 ( 20 ) : 1 - 23 .
the checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .
these documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .
the checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .
a complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .
gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hernán vargas , howard l . snell .
nathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .
yves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .
frank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba yánez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andré aptroot .
anne guézou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo díaz , mark gardener .
gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .
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the “charles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands” , in french “fondation charles darwin pour les îles galapagos” , association international sans but lucratif ( “aisbl” ) , has its registered office located at drève du pieuré 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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head - maxilla extends to the posterior of the eye ; anterior nostril narrow elongate tube ; posterior nostril a wider elongate tube ; both nostrila about the same length .
papillae - a transverse pattern with three rows anterior to row b ; no vertical rows extending below the level of row d ; row 5i / 6i anterior to row b , not attached to it .
color - brown to nearly white ; head with small white spots ; body with larger white spots and sometimes blotches or wavy vertical lines ; males with midlateral row of double brown spots and oblique dark stripes on dorsal fins ; a distinctive , short , dark brown bar on lower part of gill cover , just behind cheek . ( allen and robertson , 1994 )
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