gracilidris pombero is a species of ant in the genus gracilidris .

described by wild and cuezzo in 2006 , the species is endemic to the south american countries of argentina , brazil and paraguay .

gracilidris pombero

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see gracilidris pombero for further details
gracilidris pombero occurs in open areas , and is typically collected in places with some degree of human disturbance .
the only extant member of the genus ; see the gracilidris identification section for characters that separate this ant from other genera .
abstract : the dolichoderine ant genus gracilidris and its sole species , g . pombero , are recorded for the first time for colombia from populations from the foothills of the colombian amazon basin . comments and hypotheses about the biogeography of the genus are discussed .
resumen : el género dolicoderino de hormigas gracilidris y su única especie , g . pombero , son registrados por primera vez para colombia , de poblaciones provenientes del piedemonte de la cuenca amazónica colombiana . algunos comentarios e hipótesis sobre la biogeografía del género son discutidos .
in guarani mythology , pombero is a mythical humanoid creature that is nocturnal , and this is a reference to the ants nocturnal behaviour .
in guarani mythology , pombero is a mythical humanoid creature that is nocturnal , and this is a reference to the ants nocturnal behaviour . [ 1 ]
the records of gracilidris for rio grande do sul represent the southernmost register of the genus in the neotropics and the first for the pampa biome .
pombero is a mythical nocturnal figure in guaraní folklore . the name is applied here as a noun in apposition in reference to the nocturnal activity pattern of this species .
etymology pombero is a mythical nocturnal figure in guarani folklore . the name is applied here as a noun in apposition in reference to the nocturnal activity pattern of this species .
natural history : the colombian specimens of gracilidris pombero came from the western foothills of the colombian amazon basin . all specimens of g . pombero were collected in mixed environments highly disturbed by man , as a result of logging and the introduction of livestock grazing . puerto arango sites are open grassland areas ( traditional grazing system ) where the vegetation is predominantly brachiaria humidicola ( rendle ) schweick ( poaceae alt . gramineae ) ; san juan del barro sites are for silvopastoral systems consisting primarily of pasture with scattered shrubs .
material examined : gracilidris pombero . 9 workers ( w ) . colombia : caquetá : florencia . municipio puerto arango . 1°30’29 . 4”n 75°32’57 . 3”w . vi . 2008 . sanabria , c . leg ( 8w ) ; san juan del barro . 1°25’43 . 3”n 75°29’30 . 3”w . vi . 2008 . sanabria , c . leg . ( 1w ) .
wild and cuezzo ( 2006 ) - body proportions and color vary geographically among populations of g . pombero . in particular , specimens from paraguay and argentina are darker and have relatively shorter appendages than brazilian specimens .
guerrero , r . j . ; sanabria , c . 2011 . the first record of the genus gracilidris ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) from colombia . revista colombiana de entomología 37 : 159 - 161 . pdf
guerrero , r . j . & sanabria , c . ( 2011 ) . the first record of the genus gracilidris ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) from colombia . rev . colomb . entomol . , 37 : 159 - 161 .
the collection records of gracilidris pombero indicate that it inhabits low scrub forests of the type found in cerrado and chaco habitats . the specimens from maranhão were collected at a sardine bait in cerrado scrub forest near the edge of a soybean field . the specimen from bahia , brazil was collected in a small primary forest fragment in a cocoa plantation . the mato grosso , brazil collection was from grazed cerrado , and the paraguayan type series came from a lightly grazed copernicia alba palm forest in the humid chaco .
feitosa , r . m . , dröse , w . , podgaiski , l . r . & mendonça , m . s . jr . 2015 . first record of the dolichoderine ant genus gracilidris wild & cuezzo ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) from southern brazil . sociobiology 62 , 296 - 299 ( doi : 10 . 13102 / sociobiology . v62i2 . 296 - 299 ) .
gracilidris ants are probably nocturnal , which may partly explain their rarity in collections . at the type locality , single foraging workers were collected at dusk and after dark on two separate nights , and visual searches and baits during the day at the same location did not yield any workers . in the field , workers appear elongate , their gaster held horizontally , and their movements are smooth and deliberate .
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a new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .
a new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa ünal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !
a new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog—the famous fictional spider from “harry potter” book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film “harry potter and the chamber of secrets” , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .
mariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel
identification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
wild & cuezzo , 2006 : 62 , figs . 1 - 11 ( w . ) paraguay .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
others ( n = 14 ) : hl 0 . 80–0 . 93 , hw 0 . 62–0 . 71 , sl 0 . 89–1 . 08 , fl 0 . 72–0 . 99 , lht 0 . 89 - 1 . 14 , pw 0 . 47 - 0 . 57 , wl 1 . 16 - 1 . 46 , oi 4 . 0 - 6 . 9 , si 138 - 154 , ci 76 - 81 .
head in full frontal view longer than broad ( ci 76–81 ) and quadrate - oval in shape . lateral margins evenly convex and the head no wider posterior to than anterior to the eyes . compound eyes large ( oi 4 . 0–6 . 9 ) , consisting of 130–150 ommatidia , situated near the longitudinal midpoint of the head in full frontal view . anterior clypeal margin usually bearing a single straight , short , forward - projecting median seta , a longer pair of setae just lateral of the midline that are about half the length of the masticatory margin of the mandibles , and an irregular number ( 2–6 ) of small setae lateral to these . mandibular dentition variable but usually as follows : strong apical tooth , a smaller subapical tooth , a small third tooth , a strong fourth tooth , and the remaining 3 teeth small , spaced more or less evenly along the masticatory margin and separated from each other by 1 - 3 denticles . basal angle of the mandible indistinct and bearing 2 - 4 denticles .
dorsal surfaces of ant head , mesosoma , and metasoma devoid of erect setae , except abdominal segment 6 which bears a pair of setae oriented posteriorad . entire surface of body including legs , antennal scapes , and the proximal half of the mandibles covered in a dense , fine pubescence . pubescence also contains fine appressed hairs twice as long as the adjacent hairs , and evenly spaced about as far apart as their length over the body and appendages . these can be difficult to see without the correct lighting , and are most visible on the gaster . ventral surfaces of the mesosoma , coxae , and metasoma with a few erect setae . integument shagreened , ant appearing dull to lightly shining but never opaque .
color varying from body and appendages dark brown ( paraguay , bahia , maranhão ) , to head and gaster light brown with the mesosoma and petiole testaceous ( sao paulo , mato grosso ) . trochanters , tarsi and ventrum of petiole lighter than body , light brown to almost white .
holotype . worker . paraguay , pte . hayes : 5k se pozo colorado . 140m . 23º33 . 129’ s 58º45 . 853’ w , 5 . xii . 2002 , a . l . wild acc . no . # 1766 ( ibnp ) .
paratypes . series of 20 workers , same data as holotype , acc . nos . # 1734 , 1736 , 1766 ( alwc , the natural history museum , california academy of sciences , ifml , los angeles county museum of natural history , museum of comparative zoology , musee d ' histoire naturelle genève , museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo , university of california , davis , national museum of natural history ) .
meurer , e . , l . d . battirola , j . h . c . delabie , and m . i . marques . 2015 . influence of the vegetation mosaic on ant ( formicidae : hymenoptera ) distributions in the northern brazilian pantanal . sociobiology . 62 : 382 - 388 . doi : 10 . 13102 / sociobiology . v62i3 . 359
wild , a . l . and f . cuezzo . 2006 . rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america . zootaxa 1142 : 57 - 68 . pdf
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wild & cuezzo , 2006 pdf : 62 , figs . 1 - 11 ( w . )
wild , a . l . & cuezzo , f . , 2006 , rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america . , zootaxa 1142 , pp . 57 - 68 : 62 - 66 , ( download )
wild , a . l . , 2007 , a catalogue of the ants of paraguay ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 1622 , pp . 1 - 55 : 24 , ( download )
2 times found in humid chaco , 0 times found in cerrado , 0 times found in pantanal .
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rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america .
additional material examined argentina : santiago del estero : copo national parq . ( 5 w , ifml ) . brazil : bahia : ilheus , cepec , specimen not directly examined , ( photographic internet record , # 4830 : http : / / research . amnh . org / entomology / social _ insects / tempcepecline . html , available in 2002 and apparently offline as of august 2005 ) . maranhao : balsas , gerais de balsas 08 ° 34 ’ s 46 ° 42 . 6 ’ w xi . 1999 - iii . 2000 , brandao et al ( 2 w , mzsp ) . mato grosso : mpio . varzea grande , souza lima , 25 . i . 1985 , j . c . trager ( 3 w , mzsp ) . sao paulo : agudos , xii . 1957 , c . gilbert ( 2 w , mzsp ) .
1 biologist . grupo de investigación en insectos neotropicales . instituto de investigaciones tropicales - intropic . universidad del magdalena . carrera 32 n° 22 - 08 , santa marta , magdalena , colombia . current address : programa de doctorado en zoología . instituto de zoología y ecología tropical . universidad central de venezuela . caracas , venezuela . robertojoseguerreroflorez @ urltoken . corresponding author .
2 biologist . grupo biología , ecología y manejo de hormigas . facultad de ciencias . departamento de biología . universidad del valle . campus universitario meléndez , santiago de cali , valle del cauca , colombia .
key words : ants . biodiversity . caquetá . colombian amazon . grazing systems .
palabras clave : hormigas . biodiversidad . caquetá . amazonas colombiano . pasturas ganaderas .
vouchers were deposited in the following collections and institutions ( abbreviations in parentheses ) : california academy of sciences , san francisco , california , u . s . a . ( casc ) ; instituto de ciencias naturales , universidad nacional de colombia , bogotá d . c . , colombia ( icn ) ; museo de entomología de la universidad del valle , santiago de cali , valle del cauca , colombia ( meuv ) .
bolton , b . ; alpert , g . ; ward , p . s . ; naskrecki , p . 2006 . bolton´s catalogue of ants of the world : 1758 - 2005 . harvard university press , cambridge , ma , usa . cd - rom . [
cuezzo , f . 2000 revisión del género forelius ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) . sociobiology 35 : 197 - 277 . [
dubovikoff , d . a . ; longino , j . t . 2004 . a new species of the genus bothriomyrmex emery , 1869 ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) from costa rica . zootaxa 776 : 1 - 10 . [
fernández , f . ; sendoya , s . 2004 . list of neotropical ants ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . biota colombiana 5 : 3 - 109 . [
fernández , f . ; guerrero , r . 2008 . technomyrmex ( formicidae : dolichoderinae ) in the new world : synopsis and description of a new species . revista colombiana de entomología 34 : 110 - 115 . [
gen . n . and ravavy gen . n . ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa 2118 : 37 - 52 . [
( formicidae : dolichoderinae ) from the dry forest of colombia . zootaxa 1958 : 51 - 60 . [
hooghiemstra , h ; van der hammen , t . 2001 . desarrollo del bosque húmedo neotropical en el neógeno y en el cuaternario : la hipótesis de los refugios . in : llorente - bousquets , j . & j . morrone ( eds . ) , introducción a la biogeografía en latinoamérica . unam , méxico , pp 129 - 136 . [
hoorn c . 2006 . the birth of the mighty amazon . scientific american 294 : 40 - 47 . [
species group : evidence for two broadly sympatric species . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) 412 : 1 - 16 . [
trees : taxonomy , colony structure , and behavior . p . 271 - 288 . in : huxley , c . ; cutler , d . ( eds . ) . ant - plant interactions . oxford university press , oxford , uk . 601p . [
longino , j . t . 1991b . taxonomy of the cecropia - inhabiting azteca ants . journal of natural history 25 : 1571 - 1602 . [
( polygonaceae ) . journal of hymenoptera research 5 : 131 - 156 . [
shattuck , s . o . 1992 . generic revision of the ant subfamily dolichoderinae . sociobiology 21 : 1 - 181 . [
ward , p . s . ; brady , s . g . 2009 . rediscovery of the ant genus amyrmex kusnezov ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) and its transfer from dolichoderinae to leptanilloidinae . zootaxa 2063 : 46 - 54 [
ward , p . s . ; brady , s . g . ; fisher , b . l . ; schultz , t . r . 2010 . phylogeny and biogeography of dolichoderine ants : effects of data partitioning and relict taxa on historical inference . systematic biology 59 : 342 - 362 . [
wild , a . l . ; cuezzo , f . 2006 . rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america . zootaxa 1142 : 57 - 68 . [
( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . university of california publications in entomology 126 : 1 - 151 . [
wilson , e . o . 1985 . ants of the dominican amber . 3 . the subfamily dolichoderinae . psyche 92 : 17 - 37 . [
transversal 24 no . 54 31 of 405 , edificio volterra , bogotá , colombia . apartado aéreo 11366 , bogotá , colombia . tel . : ( 57 - 1 ) 3472320 . fax : ( 57 - 1 ) 2126209 . publicaciones @ urltoken
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rodrigo m . feitosa , william drose , luciana regina podgaiski , milton mendonça jr .
costa - milanez , c . b . , lourenço - silva , g . , castro , p . t . a . , majer , j . d . & ribeiro , s . p . ( 2014 ) . are ant assemblages of brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type ? braz . j . biol . , 74 : 89 - 99 . doi : 10 . 1590 / 1519 - 6984 . 17612
instituto brasileiro de geografia e estatística [ ibge ] . 2004 . mapa de biomas e de vegetação . retrieved from : urltoken ( accessed date : 23 january , 2015 ) .
overbeck , g . e . , müller , s . c . , fidelis , a . , pfadenhauer , j . , pillar , v . d . , blanco , c . c . boldrini , i . i . , both , r . & forneck , e . d . ( 2007 ) . brazil’s neglected biome : the south brazilian campos . perspect . plant ecol . evol . syst . , 9 : 101 - 116 .
pillar , v . p . , müller , s . c . , castilhos , z . m . s . & jaques , a . v . a . ( 2009 ) . campos sulinos - conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade . brasília : ministério do meio ambiente , 403 p .
prado , d . e . & gibbs , p . e . ( 1993 ) . patterns of species distributions in the dry seasonal forests of south america . ann . mo . bot . gard . , 80 : 902 - 927 .
ward , p . s . , brady , s . g . , fisher , b . l . & schultz , t . r . ( 2010 ) . phylogeny and biogeography of dolichoderine ants : effects of data partitioning and relict taxa on historical inference . syst . biol . , 59 : 342 - 362 .
wild , a . l . & cuezzo , f . ( 2006 ) . rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america . zootaxa , 1142 : 57 - 68 .
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wild , a . l . and f . cuezzo . 2006 . rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america . zootaxa 1142 : 57 - 68 . issn : 1175 - 5334 pdf
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the cloaked pug ( eupithecia abietaria ) is a moth of the family geometridae .

the species can be found in europe , east to siberia .

the wingspan is 21 – 23 mm .

the moths flies from june to july depending on the location .

the larvae feed on picea abies , picea sitchensis and abies procera .

cloaked pug

cloaked pug ( eupithecia abietaria ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
freyers pug ( female ) upwell - 9 . vii . 2013 - j . wheeler
satyr pug ( eupithecia satyrata ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
satyr pug ( f ) - lynford arboretum - 19 . vii . 2013 - j . wheeler
freyers pug ( male ) - upwell 16 . 06 . 13 - gen . det . j . wheeler
freyer ' s pug ( eupithecia intricata arceuthata ) ( = eupithecia intricata ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
, a relatively plain in appearance , non - descript weakly marked pug , occurs in norfolk and generally in the southern half of england .
ssp . arceuthata ( freyer ' s pug ) is the only one found in norfolk of the three british subspecies of eupithecia intricata . adults fly from dusk onwards and come to light in may and june . the larvae of the common race , arceuthata ( freyer ' s pug ) , feed on common juniper and various species of cypresses and false cypresses , exotic junipers and other conifers introduced to gardens and parks .
ecology : a large distinctive pug mainly associated spruce plantations . all of the records to date have been of adults beaten from the foliage of various trees within a small area . the larvae feed inside on cones of norway spruce picea abies , noble fir abies procera and silver fir a . alba during august and september . it overwinters as a pupa .
notes : uncommon , in coniferous woodland and plantations , in northern england and mid - wales , with a thin scattering of records elsewhere . in hampshire and on the isle of wight the occasional records of this species in the area suggest migration , but it is possible that a resident population occurs , as it evidently did at one time in the new forest . there are a few recent records , at fareham in 1993 and romsey in 2008 . wingspan 21 - 25 mm . large size and prominent discal spot make this a fairly distinctive pug . larva feeds within young shoots of various coniferous trees , including norway spruce , sitka spruce , european silver - fir and noble fir , over - wintering as a pupa .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
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a scarce species , once resident in a range of scattered locations throughout britain , but apparently dying out in the early part of the 20th century . since then it has been rediscovered in parts of england wales and scotland .
the species is also an immigrant , which may explain the re - occurrence .
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apparently established in the new forest , hampshire , central scotland and ireland in the late 19th century , it went unrecorded for many years until found to be breeding again in the 1980s . now known from coniferous woodland and plantations in scattered localities across the country . records of singletons suggest migration , but it is also possible that additional resident populations occur .
recorded in 2 ( 3 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1909 . last recorded in 2008 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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there are 47 county records of 59 individuals from 14 different sites . first recorded in 1932 .
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the larvae feed internally in the cones of norway spruce , sitka spruce and noble fir .
a scarce species , once resident in a range of scattered locations throughout britain , but apparently dying out in the early part of the 20th century . since then it has been rediscovered in parts of england wales and scotland . the species is also an immigrant , which may explain the re - occurrence . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as local .
it appears to be uncommon in leicestershire and rutland , where there are few records . l & r moth group status = d ( rare or rarely recorded ) .
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for the county , we have a total of 7 records from 7 sites . first recorded in 1883 .
: there has only been one recent record of this moth in yorkshire . previous records are very scant - it was suggested in the ynu 1970 list that the record near bradford ( vc63 ) was probably an accidental introduction and porritt ( 1883 - 86 ) only recorded it once , from richmond ( vc65 ) . until 1984 it was doubtful whether this species was still breeding in britain ( skinner , 1984 ) . however it was then discovered to be resident in two woods in northumberland ( dunn & parrack , 1986 ) in 1984 and 1985 . both woods have a mixture of coniferous species and trees of different ages , which could be the key to this species ' survival . whether our recent record is from an as yet undiscovered colony or just a vagrant is uncertain but it would certainly be worthwhile to search for this species in suitable yorkshire woodlands .
: we have one recent record of this species from mixed woodland at west tanfield in 2004 ( confirmed a . m . riley ) . a large and fairly distinctive species .
: only the sixth county record . this scarce spruce - feeding species could be either native , introduced with conifers or a migrant .
vc62 . skelton , 16 . 6 . 2013 ( dm ) . new vice - county record .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
kuusensiemenmittari
to
eupithecia abietaria goeze 1781
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
fichtenzapfen - blütenspanner
to
eupithecia abietaria goeze 1781
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
tannenzapfen - blütenspanner
to
eupithecia abietaria goeze 1781
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
zapfenspanner
to
eupithecia abietaria goeze 1781
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
fichtenzapfenspanner
to
eupithecia abietaria goeze 1781
.
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description : wingspan 21 - 25 mm . forewings pale to darkish grey with dark broad crosslines . there is a large black discal spot near the median area of the forewing close to the costa and a fine broken black line along the outer margin of the forewing . hindwings paler with a small discal spot .
flight period : end of may to late july . skinner gives june and july as the normal flight period in britain .
status : this species was widely recorded in the early part of the nineteenth century and described by donovan ( 1936 ) as widespread among spruce . it then seemed to undergo a dramatic decline both here and in britain , with no reports in n . ireland for many years . in 1999 a single specimen was taken at bohill near ballynahinch , down which was initially thought to be a grey birch aethalura punctulata . this misidentification was subsequently corrected by a leading british expert . since then several other specimens have been taken in the same locality during 2000 .
world distribution : throughout central and southern europe , east to the urals . it has also been found in north america .
all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
all records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .
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recorded in 55 ( 80 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1982 . last recorded in 2018 .
this moth is represented by three subspecies or forms in the british isles . the nominate form
shows chequered black and white veins in fresh specimens , may not be clear in worn examples .
recorded in 27 ( 39 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1971 . last recorded in 2018 .


dairoidea is a superfamily of crabs , comprising two families which each contain a single genus : dairidae ( the living fossil daira ) and dacryopilumnidae ( dacryopilumnus ) .

dairoidea

davie , p . ( 2014 ) . dairoidea serène , 1965 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
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parent taxon : brachyura according to c . e . schweitzer et al . 2010
database contains : 10 . 643 species ( 763 with photo ) , 1 . 682 genera , 124 families
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urltoken
de grave , s . , pentcheff , n . d . , ahyong , s . t . , chan , t . - y . , crandall , k . a . , dworschak , p . c . , felder , d . l . , feldmann , r . m . , fransen , c . h . j . m . , goulding , l . y . d . , lemaitre , r . , low , m . e . , martin , j . w . , ng , p . k . l . , schweitzer , c . e . , tan , s . h . , tshudy , d . and r . wetzer ( 2009 )
systema brachyurorum : part i . an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world .
occurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license
pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
peter k . l . ng , danièle guinot & peter j . f . davie ( 2008 ) .
systema brachyurorum : part i . an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world
— for other uses , see crab ( disambiguation ) . crabs temporal range : jurassic–recent …
— for other meanings of decapod , see decapod ( disambiguation ) . decapoda temporal range : devonian–recent …
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crosnier , a . ( 1984 ) . addendum : familles des carpiliidae et des menippidae . in serene : crustaces decapodes brachyoures de l ' ocean indien occidental et de la mer rouge . orstom . [ details ]
the checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .
these documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .
the checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .
a complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .
gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hernán vargas , howard l . snell .
nathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .
yves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .
frank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba yánez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andré aptroot .
anne guézou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo díaz , mark gardener .
gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .
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the “charles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands” , in french “fondation charles darwin pour les îles galapagos” , association international sans but lucratif ( “aisbl” ) , has its registered office located at drève du pieuré 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .
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responsibility by carrie e . schweitzer . . . [ et al . ] . imprint leiden , the netherlands ; boston : brill , 2010 . physical description vii , 222 p . ; 25 cm . series crustaceana monographs ; 10 .
a compilation of all known species of fossil decapod crustaceans arrayed in a modern classification based upon the work of numerous students of extant and fossil decapods represents the first such attempt in nearly 100 years . the systematic list cites authors and carefully verified dates of authorship as well as a complete list of references to all taxa cited . the work is intended to provide insight into the range and relative numbers of fossil taxa within the suborder decapoda . the compilation will permit interpretation of the nature of completeness of the fossil record and will provide a platform for future research on this important , diverse group of organisms .
subject decapoda ( crustacea ) , fossil . decapoda ( crustacea ) crustacea . fossils .
publication date 2010 series crustaceana monographs ; 10 isbn 9004178910 ( hbk . : alk . paper ) 9789004178915 ( hbk . : alk . paper )
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kento furui added the japanese common name
ホモラ上科
to
homoloidea de haan , 1839
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
メンコヒシガニ上科
to
aethroidea
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
ユノハナガニ上科
to
bythograeoidea
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
ユウレイガニ上科
to
retroplumoidea
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
サンゴヤドリガニ上科
to
cryptochiroidea
.
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galil , bella s . , clark , paul f . , crosnier , alain
four genera and seven species of trapeziid crabs are identified from recent collections taken in new caledonia . descriptions and illustrations are given for new species ; calocarcinus crosnieri and tetraiia sanguineomaculata . new records are reported for calocarcinus africanus , quadrella maculosa and trapezia guttata . trapezia cymodoce and t . septata , identified by a . milne edwards from new caledonia under the wrong names , are commented upon .
clark , malcolm r . , althaus , franziska , williams , alan , niklitschek , edwin , menezes , gui m . , hareide , nils - roar , sutton , philip , o’donnell , ciaran
lai , joelle c . y . , mendoza , jose christopher e . , guinot , danièle , clark , paul f . , ng , peter k . l .
bieler , rüdiger , mikkelsen , paula m . , collins , timothy m . , glover , emily a . , gonzález , vanessa l . , graf , daniel l . , harper , elizabeth m . , healy , john , kawauchi , gisele y . , sharma , prashant p . , staubach , sid , strong , ellen e . , taylor , john d . , tëmkin , ilya , zardus , john d . , clark , stephanie , guzmán , alejandra , mcintyre , erin , sharp , paul , giribet , gonzalo
lai , joelle c . y . , thoma , brent p . , clark , paul f . , felder , darryl l . , ng , peter k . l .
citation : musã©um national d ' histoire naturelle [ ed ] . 2018 . référentiel des campagnes de collectes , site web : urltoken . - v 2 . 18 . 2


the mountain treeshrew ( tupaia montana ) is a treeshrew species within the tupaiidae .

it is endemic to borneo and inhabits montane forests in sarawak and sabah .

the first specimen was described by oldfield thomas and was part of a zoological collection from northern borneo obtained by the british museum of natural history .

mountain treeshrew

the mountain treeshrew , tupaia montana , belongs to scandentia , a group of mammals endemic to southeast asia . it is very abundant in mountain forest in north and central borneo ( map ) .
mountain treeshrew ( tupaia montana ) is an bornean endemic . filmed by teet sirotkin at mt . kinabalu during avifaunas trip march 2016 .
yan wong changed the thumbnail image of
file : nicobar treeshrew ( tupaia nicobarica nicobarica ) . jpg
.
munshi - south j , bernard h , emmons l . behavioral monogamy and fruit availability in the large treeshrew (
madras treeshrew ( anathana ellioti ) in the satpura national park , pachmarhi ( david v . raju , 2016 ) .
the madras treeshrew ( anathana ellioti ) , also known as the indian treeshrew , is a species of treeshrew in the monotypic genus anathana found in the hill forests of central and southern india . the genus name is derived from the tamil name of moongil anathaan ( literally
bamboo squirrel
) and the species name is after sir walter elliot of the indian civil services in madras .
the carnivorous pitcher plant genus nepenthes grows in nutrient - deficient substrates and produce jug - shaped leaf organs ( pitchers ) that trap arthropods as a source of n and p . a number of bornean nepenthes demonstrate novel nutrient acquisition strategies . notably , three giant montane species are engaged in a mutualistic association with the mountain treeshrew , tupaia montana , in which the treeshrew defecates into the pitchers while visiting them to feed on nectar secretions on the pitchers ' lids .
munshi - south j . extra - pair paternity and the evolution of testis size in a behaviorally monogamous tropical mammal , the large treeshrew (
treeshrews have good vision , which is binocular in the case of the more arboreal species . most are diurnal , although the pen - tailed treeshrew is nocturnal .
treeshrews have good vision , which is binocular in the case of the more arboreal species . most are diurnal , although the pen - tailed treeshrew is nocturnal .
this mountain treeshrew was too hungry to just leave after being released , as our hands smelled like banana and other baits we use , the animal started licking and biting them . it was after this desperate behaviour that we decided to fed the animal as a compensation for the time spent on the trap . this is a rare behaviour as usually most animals quickly run away when we release them .
treeshrews are omnivorous , feeding on insects , small vertebrates , fruit , and seeds . most are diurnal , although the pen - tailed treeshrew ( ptilocercus lowii ) is nocturnal .
main characteristics mountain tree shrews have a slender build and a long tail . they have well developed senses of hearing , smell and vision . habitat mountain tree shrews are found in indonesia and malaysia . diet mountain tree shrews are omnivores and they feed on a variety of insects , small vertebrates , fruit and seeds . breeding after a gestation period of approximately 50 days , a litter of 3 - 4 young are born . at birth the young are blind and hairless , but they are able to leave the nest when they are a month old . tree shrews reach sexual maturity at around 4 months old and they generally breed throughout the year with no defined breeding season . subspecies subspecies of the mountain tree shrew include : tupaia montana baluensis tupaia montana montana interesting facts tree shrews have the highest brain to body mass ratio of any animal , even higher than humans . tupaia comes from the malay word
tupai
which means squirrel . similar animals golden - bellied tree shrew horsfield ' s tree shrew common tree shrew northern tree shrew mindanao tree shrew nicobar tree shrew palawan tree shrew slender tree shrew
the pen - tailed treeshrew in malaysia is able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar ( with up to 3 . 8 % alcohol content ) the entire year without it having any effects on behaviour .
in 2008 , researchers found that the pen - tailed treeshrew in malaysia was able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar of up to 3 . 8 % alcohol content the entire year without having any effects on behavior .
the pen - tailed treeshrew in malaysia is able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar ( with up to 3 . 8 % alcohol content ) the entire year without it having any effects on behaviour . [ 8 ]
sirdesai , v . , m . ali , and m . s . r . shad . 2013 . crested hawk - eagle nisaetus cirrhatus feeding on madras treeshrew anathana ellioti . indian birds 8 ( 1 ) : 13 .
collins , p . m . and tsang , w . n . ( 1987 ) . growth and reproductive development in the male treeshrew ( tupaia belangeri ) from birth to sexual maturity . biology of reproduction 37 ( 2 ) : 261–267 .
the fossil record of treeshrews is poor . the oldest putative treeshrew , eodendrogale parva , is from the middle eocene of henan , china , but the identity of this animal is uncertain . other fossils have come from the miocene of thailand , pakistan , india , and yunnan , china , as well as the pliocene of india . most belong to the family tupaiidae , but some still - undescribed fossils from yunnan are thought to be closer to the pen - tailed treeshrew . named fossil species include prodendrogale yunnanica , prodendrogale engesseri , and tupaia storchi from yunnan , tupaia miocenica from thailand , and palaeotupaia sivalicus from india .
the fossil record of treeshrews is poor . the oldest putative treeshrew , eodendrogale parva , is from the middle eocene of henan , china , but the identity of this animal is uncertain . other fossils have come from the miocene of thailand , pakistan , india , and yunnan , china , as well as the pliocene of india . most belong to the family tupaiidae , but some still - undescribed fossils from yunnan are thought to be closer to the pen - tailed treeshrew . named fossil species include prodendrogale yunnanica , prodendrogale engesseri , and tupaia storchi from yunnan , tupaia miocenica from thailand , and palaeotupaia sivalicus from india . [ 15 ]
the fossil record of treeshrews is poor . the oldest putative treeshrew , eodendrogale parva , is from the middle eocene of henan , china , but the identity of this animal is uncertain . other fossils have come from the miocene of thailand , pakistan , india , and yunnan , china , as well as the pliocene of india . most belong to the family tupaiidae , but some still - undescribed fossils from yunnan are thought to be closer to the pen - tailed treeshrew ( ptilocercus ) . named fossil species include prodendrogale yunnanica , prodendrogale engesseri , and tupaia storchi from yunnan , tupaia miocenica from thailand , and palaeotupaia sivalicus from india ( ni and qiu 2012 ) .
this species of treeshrew is not particularly arboreal and spends much of its time on the ground or clambering about on rocky terrain in the search of insects and seeds . [ 13 ] it is easily separated from the squirrels in the field by the shape and color of the tail and the upward curve in which it is held when walking about .
the treeshrews ( or tree shrews or banxrings ) are small euarchont mammals native to the tropical forests of southeast asia . they make up the families tupaiidae , the treeshrews , and ptilocercidae , the pen - tailed treeshrew , and the entire order scandentia . the 20 species are placed in five genera . treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any other mammals , including humans , but high ratios are not uncommon for animals weighing less than a kilogram .
the channel between palawan and borneo is about 145 m deep . during the middle pleistocene , sea levels were 160 m lower than today , and the islands were connected . during the last ice age ( late pleistocene ) , sea level was approximately 120 m below current levels , and palawan was separated from ice age borneo by a narrow channel . palawan has always remained separated from the rest of the philippines . palawan is long and narrow , consisting of a steep mountain range whose highest point is 2 , 085 m ( mt . mantalingajan ) . more than 45 percent of palawan consists of mountains with slopes greater than 30 percent ( davis et al . 1995 ) .
the treeshrews ( or tree shrews or banxrings [ 2 ] ) are small euarchontoglire mammals native to the tropical forests of southeast asia . they make up the families tupaiidae , the treeshrews , and ptilocercidae , the pen - tailed treeshrew , and the entire order scandentia . the 20 species are placed in five genera . treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any other mammal , including humans , [ 3 ] but high ratios are not uncommon for animals weighing less than a kilogram .
recently , it has been shown that several bornean nepenthes species demonstrate specialized nutrient acquisition strategies , which differ markedly from the ‘typical’ , arthropod - trapping strategy [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] . clarke et al . [ 7 ] and chin et al . [ 8 ] established that three giant montane pitcher plant species from borneo , nepenthes lowii hook . f . , n . rajah hook . f . and n . macrophylla ( marabini ) jebb & cheek , are engaged in an extraordinary mutualistic association with mountain treeshrews ( tupaia montana thomas ( scandentia ) ) , in which the treeshrews defecate into the nepenthes ' pitchers while visiting them to feed on carbohydrate rich secretions produced by glands on the pitchers ' lids .
the degree of development and / or modification of each pitcher component varies substantially among ( and even within ) nepenthes species 2 , 6 , 7 and recent research has demonstrated that unique modifications to pitcher structure possessed by several species play important roles in specialized nutrient acquisition strategies . 8 – 12 one such species , nepenthes lowii , demonstrates a remarkable nitrogen sequestration strategy , in which mountain tree shrews ( tupaia montana ) defecate into its pitchers while feeding on exudates secreted by glands on the inner surface of the pitcher lid . feces accounts for 57–100 % of foliar nitrogen in this species 13 and n . lowii “toilet pitchers” are ineffective arthropod traps . the large orifices and reflexed , concave lids of n . lowii pitchers induce t . montana to sit astride the pitcher whilst feeding , facilitating fecal deposition .
three species of nepenthes pitcher plants from borneo engage in a mutualistic interaction with mountain tree shrews , the basis of which is the exchange of nutritional resources . the plants produce modified “toilet pitchers” that produce copious amounts of exudates , the latter serving as a food source for tree shrews . the exudates are only accessible to the tree shrews when they position their hindquarters over the pitcher orifice . tree shrews mark valuable resources with feces and regularly defecate into the pitchers when they visit them to feed . feces represent a valuable source of nitrogen for these nepenthes species , but there are many facets of the mutualism that are yet to be investigated . these include , but are not limited to , seasonal variation in exudate production rates by the plants , behavioral ecology of visiting tree shrews and the mechanism by which the plants signal to tree shrews that their pitchers represent a food source . further research into this extraordinary animal - plant interaction is required to gain a better understanding of the benefits to the participating species .
several of palawan ' s endemic mammals are considered threatened . three endemic mammal species are considered endangered , including the calamian deer , a sunda tree squirrel ( sundasciurus juvencus ) ( recommended for delisting ; heaney et al . 1998 ) , and the palawan rat ( palawanomys furvus ) , which was collected only four times in 1962 . a subspecies of mouse deer , the balabac chevrotain ( tragulus napu nigricans ) , which is confined to balabac island , is also considered endangered . five endemic mammal species are considered vulnerable , including acerodon leucotis , the palawan treeshrew ( tupaia palawanensis ) , the palawan stink badger ( mydaus marchei ) , the palawan binturong ( arctictis binturong whitei ) , and a sunda tree squirrel ( sundasciurus rabori ) ( iucn 2000 ) .
the madras treeshrew is found on the indian subcontinent south of the ganges river . three subspecies have been described — a . e . ellioti of the eastern ghats , biligirirangan [ 8 ] and the shevaroy hills and other hills of southern india , a . e . pallida from central india primarily in madhya pradesh and raipur , and a . e . wroughtoni from the satpura range and the dangs near bombay . they have been reported within the western ghats ranges of wayanad ( periya ) [ 9 ] and mahabaleshwar . the northernmost record is from garhwa district of bihar . [ 10 ] little is known about the status of these populations as the distribution is patchy , but s . m . mohnot considered them as
common
in 1975 . [ 11 ]
this treeshrew is 16 . 0 to 18 . 5 cm long with a tail of 16 . 5 to 19 . 5 cm . the nominate race ( type locality : eastern ghats , madras . british museum 50 . 1 . 21 . 5 ) has the tail coloured like the back , the ground colour above being reddish - brown while the feet and hind legs are buff or ochraceous . the other two races have the tail coloured differently from the back . the race a . e . pallida ( type locality : manbhum , bengal , collected by robert cecil beavan british museum 66 . 12 . 28 . 2 ) has the colour of body above reddish - brown and the feet and hind legs grizzled buffy . race a . e . wroughtoni ( type locality : mandvi , surat , collected by r . c . wroughton british museum 96 . 11 . 7 . 1 ) has the colour of body above dull grizzled brownish and the feet and hind legs grizzled greyish . [ 4 ] some later workers lump all the three races . [ 5 ]
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justification : listed as least concern as it is common in montane regions of borneo , which remain mostly undisturbed , and although it may be undergoing localized declines , these are not likely to be sufficient to merit listing in a threatened category .
this is a bornean species , with a disjunct range across several isolated montane outcrops of sarawak and western sabah ( malaysia ) ; probably also found in northern kalimantan ( indonesia ) . although it has been trapped as low as 300 m ( medway 1977 ) , such records are very rare , and the species is most common above 600 m .
this species is very common in north - western borneo ( han et al . 2000 ) .
this species is found only in submontane and montane forest , but can tolerate disturbed forest . it is omnivorous , its diet consists predominantly in arthropods , sometimes substituted with fruit ( l . emmons 2000 ) .
a general threat for species living in montane borneo is loss of habitat due to deforestation for agriculture , such as the conversion of upland forests to vegetable farms ( k . h . han pers . comm . ) .
the species occurs in gunung niut nature reserve ( simons 1987 ) , gunung penrissen nature reserve ( medway 1977 ) - although it has not been found there recently in a survey by k . h . han ( pers . comm . ) - danau sentarum national park in western kalimantan ( jeanes and meijaard 2000 ) , crocker range national park and kinabalu park ( k . h . han pers . comm . ) . it has also been recorded from kayan mentarang national park ( i . maryanto pers . comm . ) . it is listed on cites appendix ii .
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borneo , sarawak , mt . dulit , 5 , 000 ft . ( 1 , 524 m ) .
mountains of sarawak and w sabah ( malaysia ) ; probably n kalimantan ( indonesia ) .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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experts across the globe have assessed over 79 , 800 species on the iucn red list - but more needs to be done . our goal is to assess 160 , 000 species by 2020 to guide vital conservation .
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diurnal , and very social , they feed on vegetable and animal material mainly on the ground . two pitcher plants , nepenthes lowii and n . rajah , have a mutualistic relation with tupaia montana : the plant offers the animal sugar on its pitchers and this tupaia uses the pitcher as lavatories , thus providing the plant with nutrients ( video 1 , video 2 ) .
sorenson , m . w . , & conaway , c . h . ( 1968 ) . the social and reproductive behavior of tupaia montana in captivity . journal of mammalogy , 49 ( 3 ) , 502 - 512 .
clarke , c . m . , bauer , u . , ch’ien , c . l . , tuen , a . a . , rembold , k . , & moran , j . a . ( 2009 ) . tree shrew lavatories : a novel nitrogen sequestration strategy in a tropical pitcher plant . biology letters , 5 ( 5 ) , 632 - 635 .
wells , k . , lakim , m . b . , schulz , s . , & ayasse , m . ( 2011 ) . pitchers of nepenthes rajah collect faecal droppings from both diurnal and nocturnal small mammals and emit fruity odour . journal of tropical ecology , 27 ( 04 ) , 347 - 353 .
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although called treeshrews , scandents are not true shrews and not all species are necessarily arboreal .
treeshrews serve important roles in the ecosystem , consuming fruit , seeds , insects and other invertebrates ( spiders , centipedes , millipedes , earthworms , etc ) , and in some cases even small vertebrates ( small mammals and lizards ) , and serving as food for snakes , birds of prey , and various wild cats , such as leopard cats and clouded leopards . they also may play a useful role in seed dispersal for plants with soft , juicy fruits . for humans , the diurnal behavior of most species allows them to add to the joy of observing them in nature .
tree shrews are slender animals . they have soft , grayish to reddish - brown fur . they have large orbits , and a well - developed and complete postorbital bar behind the orbit ( myers 2000 ) . treeshrews have good vision , which is binocular in the case of the more arboreal species . they have excellent hearing ( myers 2000 ) . treeshrews have poorly developed canine teeth , with the upper canines molar - like and the upper incisors canine - like ( myers 2000 ) . their overall dental formula is ( myers 2000 ; martin 1984 ) :
in some species , these animals are solitary , while in others , the animals live in pairs or in small family groups ( myers 2000 ) . they mark their territories using various scent glands , or urine , depending on the particular species . treeshrews are typically monogamous ( gi 2012 ) .
female treeshrews give birth to up to three young after a gestation period of 45 to 50 days , in nests lined with dry leaves inside tree hollows . the young are born blind and hairless , but are able to leave the nest after about a month . during this period , the mother provides relatively little maternal care , visiting her young only for a few minutes every other day to suckle them . treeshrews reach sexual maturity after around four months , and breed for much of the year , with no clear breeding season in most species ( martin 1984 ) .
tupaia tana has been known to spend little time in parental care prior to weaning ( less than five minutes every other day to nurse the young ) and yet after weaning spending a lot of time with the young ( miller 2007 ) .
the name tupaia is derived from tupai the malay word for squirrel ( nowak 1999 ) and was provided by sir stamford raffles ( craig 1849 ) . among other things , they eat the fruit of rafflesia , a genus of parasitic flowering plants found in southeastern asia and named after sir raffles , the leader of an 1818 expedition into the indonesia rain forest where they were found .
treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any mammals , including humans ( gi 2012 ) .
treeshrews make up the families tupaiidae , the treeshrews , and ptilocercidae , the pen - tailed treeshrews , and the entire order scandentia . there are 20 species in 5 genera .
the classification of treeshrews has been , and remains , controversial . some argue that they are primitive primates , and properly belong in the primates order . however , treeshrews and primates do not appear to share any derived characteristics ( gi 2012 ) . genetic analysis do place them in proximity to the primates and they have been used as an alternative to primates in experimental studies of myopia , psychosocial stress , and hepatitis ( cao et al . 2003 ) .
↑ k . m . helgen ,
order scandentia ,
pages 104 - 109 in d . e . wilson , and d . m . reeder , eds . mammal species of the world , 3rd ed . ( baltimore : johns hopkins university press , 2005 ) . isbn 9780801882210 .
cao , j . , e . - b . yang , j . - j . su , y . li , and p . chow . 2003 . the tree shrews : adjuncts and alternatives to primates as models for biomedical research . j med primatol 32 : 123–130 . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .
craig , j . 1849 . a new universal etymological technological , and pronouncing dictionary of the english language . london : routledge , warnes , and routledge .
genome institute ( gi ) . 2012 . tupaia belangeri . the genome institute at washington university . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .
helgen , k . m . 2005 . pages 104 - 109 in d . e . wilson , and d . m . reeder , eds . , mammal species of the world , 3rd ed . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . isbn 9780801882210 .
janecka , j . e . , w . miller , t . h . pringle , f . wiens , a . zitzmann , k . m . helgen , m . s . springer , and w . j . murphy . 2007 . [ 1 ] molecular and genomic data identify the closest living relatives of primates ] . science 318 : 792–4 . pmid 17975064 .
martin , r . d . 1984 . tree shrews . pages 408 - 413 in d . macdonald , the encyclopedia of mammals . new york , ny : facts on file . isbn 0871968711 .
miller , e . 2007 . tupaia tana . animal diversity web . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .
morris , m . 2003 . tree shrews : order scandentia . angelfire . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .
myers , p . 2000 . scandentia . animal diversity web . retrieved july 19 , 2012 .
ni , x . , and z . qiu . 2012 . tupaiine tree shrews ( scandentia , mammalia ) from the yuanmou lufengpithecus locality of yunnan , china . swiss journal of palaeontology 131 ( 1 ) : 51 - 60 . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .
nowak , r . m . 1999 . walker ' s mammals of the world . johns hopkins university . isbn 0801857899 .
pettigrew , j . d . , b . g . jamieson , s . k . robson , l . s . hall , k . i . mcanally , and h . m . cooper . 1989 . phylogenetic relations between microbats , megabats and primates ( mammalia : chiroptera and primates ) . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london , series b , biological sciences 325 ( 1229 ) : 489–559 . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .
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dipterocarp forests carpet the borneo lowlands forming a green expanse composed of a high number of plant species . as many as 240 different tree species can grow within 1 hectare .
proboscis monkey ( nasalis larvatus ) . these monkeys are living highly specialized lives in the mangrove forest . endangered species . south - east asia .
large dipterocarpaceae tree , a popular timber species . segama forest reserve , sabah ( borneo ) , malaysia
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correspondence to : charles clarke ; email : ym . ude . hsanom . ics @ ekralc . selrahc
chin et al . 14 found that two other montane species from borneo , nepenthes rajah and nepenthes macrophylla , also trap tree shrew feces . detailed analysis of trap geometry revealed that these two species and n . lowii share a unique arrangement of trap characteristics that was not detected by earlier studies on the genus . this involves the production of pitchers with very large orifices , large , concave lids that are reflexed approximately 90° away from the orifice and lid glands that produce copious exudates . 14 the distance from the front of the pitcher orifice to the inner surface of the lid precisely matches the head + body length of t . montana , resulting in the tree shrews ' food source being positioned behind the pitcher orifice and ensuring that the animals ' hindquarters are positioned over the orifice while they feed on the lid gland exudates .
thus , n . lowii , n . macrophylla and n . rajah are all engaged in a mutualism with t . montana , the basis of which is the exchange of nutritional resources that are scarce in these species ' habitats . the interaction with t . montana is facilitated by trap geometry , but all three nepenthes species produce pitchers that differ substantially in structure , apart from the shared characteristics outlined above . 14 through a series of modifications to trap structure and geometry—none of which appears to have compromised their ability to trap arthropod prey— n . rajah and n . macrophylla benefit from a highly specialised nitrogen sequestration strategy that is not available to congeners other than n . lowii .
although clarke et al . 13 demonstrated that n . lowii derives nutritional benefit from t . montana feces , there are many facets of the association that have yet to be investigated and the discoveries of chin et al . 14 give rise to a number avenues for further research , several of which are discussed below .
kota kinabalu , sabah , malaysia : natural history publications ( borneo ) ; 1997 .
bonn hf , federle w . insect aquaplaning : nepenthes pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome , a fully wettable water - lubricated anisotropic surface .
bauer u , bohn hf , federle w . harmless nectar source or deadly trap : nepenthes pitchers are activated by rain , condensation and nectar .
kota kinabalu , sabah , malaysia : natural history publications ( borneo ) ; 2001 .
2nd edn . kota kinabalu , sabah , malaysia : natural history publications ( borneo ) ; 2009 .
clarke cm , kitching rl . swimming ants and pitcher plants : a unique ant - plant interaction from borneo .
moran ja , merbach ma , livingston nj , clarke cm , booth we . termite prey specialization in the pitcher plant
moran ja , clarke cm , hawkins bj . from carnivore to detritivore ? isotopic evidence for leaf litter utilization by the tropical pitcher plant
merbach ma , merbach dj , maschwitz u , booth we , fiala b , zizka g . mass march of termites into the deadly trap .
merbach ma , zizka g , fiala b , merbach d , booth we , maschwitz u . why a carnivorous plant cooperates with an ant—selective defense against pitcher - destroying weevils in the myrmecophytic pitcher plant
clarke cm , bauer u , lee cc , tuen aa , rembold k , moran ja . tree shrew lavatories : a novel nitrogen sequestration strategy in tropical pitcher plants .
chin l , moran ja , clarke c . trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from borneo is a function of tree shrew body size .
jacobs gh , neitz j . spectral mechanisms and color vision in the tree shrew (
collins nm . the distribution of soil macrofauna on the west ridge of gunung ( mount ) mulu , sarawak .
kato m , hotta m , tamin r , itino t . inter - and intra - specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in nepenthes pitchers in sumatra .
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though called ' treeshrews ' , and despite having previously been classified in insectivora , they are not true shrews , and not all species live in trees . among other things , treeshrews eat rafflesia fruit .
among orders of mammals , treeshrews are closely related to primates , and have been used as an alternative to primates in experimental studies of myopia , psychosocial stress , and hepatitis . [ 4 ]
treeshrews are slender animals with long tails and soft , greyish to reddish - brown fur . the terrestrial species tend to be larger than the arboreal forms , and to have larger claws , which they use for digging up insect prey . they are
, feeding on insects , small vertebrates , fruit , and seeds . they have poorly developed canine teeth and unspecialised molars , with an overall
female treeshrews have a gestation period of 45 to 50 days and give birth to up to three young in nests lined with dry leaves inside tree hollows . the young are born blind and hairless , but are able to leave the nest after about a month . during this period , the mother provides relatively little maternal care , visiting her young only for a few minutes every other day to suckle them . treeshrews reach sexual maturity after around four months , and breed for much of the year , with no clear breeding season in most species . [ 5 ]
these animals live in small family groups , which defend their territory from intruders . they mark their territories using various scent glands or urine , depending on the particular species .
the name tupaia is derived from tupai , the malay word for squirrel , [ 6 ] and was provided by sir stamford raffles . [ 7 ]
however , the alternative placement of treeshrews as sister to both glires and primatomorpha cannot be ruled out . [ 14 ]
( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 104–109 .
cao , j ; yang , e . b . ; su , j - j ; li , y ; chow , p ( 2003 ) .
martin , robert d . ( 1984 ) . macdonald , d . , ed .
janecka , jan e . ; miller , webb ; pringle , thomas h . ; wiens , frank ; zitzmann , annette ; helgen , kristofer m . ; springer , mark s . ; murphy , william j . ( 2 november 2007 ) .
pettigrew jd , jamieson bg , robson sk , hall ls , mcanally ki , cooper hm ( 1989 ) .
foley , nicole m . ; springer , mark s . ; teeling , emma c . ( 19 july 2016 ) .
kumar , vikas ; hallström , björn m . ; janke , axel ( 1 april 2013 ) .
meredith , robert w . ; janečka , jan e . ; gatesy , john ; ryder , oliver a . ; fisher , colleen a . ; teeling , emma c . ; goodbla , alisha ; eizirik , eduardo ; simão , taiz l . l . ( 28 october 2011 ) .
zhou , xuming ; sun , fengming ; xu , shixia ; yang , guang ; li , ming ( 1 march 2015 ) .
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palawan represents a bridge between the sunda shelf and philippine bioregions and contains faunal elements from both , as well as it own unique elements . this ecoregion , though more intact than any other region in the philippines , is under great pressure from logging interests .
description location and general description this ecoregion includes the island palawan plus balabac , ursula island , and the calamian group . palawan itself is the sixth largest of the philippine islands . the climate of the ecoregion is tropical wet ( national geographic society 1999 ) . in northwest palawan , a dry season lasts from november to may while the wet season lasts from june to october ; the rest of the island experiences a short , one - to three - month dry season . the east coast becomes progressively drier than the west coast from north to south ( davis et al . 1995 ) .
vegetation types on palawan are diverse and include beach forest , tropical lowland evergreen dipterocarp rain forest , lowland semi - deciduous forest , montane forest , and ultramafic and limestone forest . beach forest merges with other forest types away from the coast and includes calophyllum inophyllum , canarium asperum var . asperum , pometia pinnata , palaquium dubardii , and ficus spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .
the lowland evergreen dipterocarp rain forest , which naturally occupies 31 percent of the island , is dominated by agalai spp . , dipterocarpus gracilis , d . grandiflorus , ficus spp . , tristania spp . , exocarpus latifolius , and swintonia foxworthyi . sygium spp . , dracontomelon dao , and pongamia pinnata are emergent . lianas and cycads are common . in southern palawan , a casuarina sp . dominates in the lowland forests ( davis et al . 1995 ) .
the eastern half of the island is in a rain shadow and contains moist semi - deciduous forests . soils are thin on the steeper slopes and support medium - sized trees ( up to 15 m tall ) , which shed their leaves during the march - may dry season . the rainy season is june - july . common tree species include pterocymbium tinctorium , pterospermum diversifolium , hymenodictyon spp . , and garuga floribunda ( davis et al . 1995 ) .
montane forests , found between 800 and 1 , 500 m , are dominated by tristania spp . , casuarina spp . , swietenia foxworthyi , and litsea spp . in the lower elevations . upper montane forest trees include agathis philippinensis , dacrydium pectinatum , podocarpus polystachyus , gnetum latifolium , cycas wadei , cinnamomum rupestre , nepenthes philippinensis , and angiopteris spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .
limestone forests are found on the islets surrounding palawan and over large areas in the southern portions of the island . represented are euphorbia trigona , aglaia argentea , and antidesma , drypetes , gomphandra , sterculia , pleomele , and begonia spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .
victoria peak , in south - central palawan , contains the largest region of ultramafic forest on the island . although many of the ultramafic tree species are shared with semi - deciduous forest , several species , including scaevola micrantha , brackenridgea palustris var . foxworthi , exocarpus latifolius , and phyllanthus lamprophyllus are believed to be heavy metal indicators ( davis et al . 1995 ) .
biodiversity features relative to the size of palawan , the ecoregion contains a rich fauna , including several groups that are not found in the rest of the philippines ( carnivores , pangolins , porcupines , and some insectivores ) ( heaney 1986 ) .
there are many endemic mammals in palawan , but nearly all the genera ( 96 percent ) are also found in borneo . of twenty - five indigenous nonvolant mammal species , eleven ( 44 percent ) are endemic to palawan , and the remainder are shared with borneo . therefore , the greater palawan region is rightly considered part of the sunda shelf bioregion rather than that of the philippines . the large number of endemic species but few endemic genera of palawan are consistent with a separation of borneo and palawan of approximately 160 , 000 ( since the middle pleistocene ) ( heaney 1986 ) . there are fifteen endemic or near - endemic mammals in greater palawan ( table 1 ) .
family species pteropodidae acerodon leucotis * cervidae axis calamianensis * sciuridae sundasciurus steerii * sciuridae sundasciurus moellendorfi * sciuridae sundasciurus rabori * sciuridae hylopetes nigripes * muridae chiropodomys calamianensis * muridae maxomys panglima * muridae palawanomys furvus * hystricidae hystrix pumila * sorcidae crocidura palawanensis * muridae haeromys sp . a * sciuridae sundasciurus hoogstraali * sciuridae sundasciurus juvencus * tupaiidae tupaia palawanensis *
the calamian deer ( axis calamianensis ) is found only in the calamian islands , where it survives in low densities on busuanga , calauit , and culion islands . the only protected area for this species was established to protect free - ranging african ungulates on calauit island ( wemmer 1998 ) .
as with mammals , philippine birds in general show a strong bornean affinity , and it is clear that the main pathway of asian immigration to the philippines was through palawan ; of 395 philippine breeding species , 137 ( 35 percent ) also breed in borneo . palawan birds exhibit strong differentiation at the subspecific level when compared with its nearest philippine neighbor , mindoro . this is in contrast to the other partial land bridge between borneo and the philippines , the sulu islands , which have not differentiated significantly from mindanao . borneo and palawan share twenty - three bird species that are not found in the rest of the philippines . the asian genera polyplectron , malacocincla , malacopteron , dinopium , aegithina , criniger , seicercus , and gracula are found only in palawan within the philippines ( dickinson et al . 1991 ) . the island forms an important bird migration route between borneo and the rest of the philippines for southern migrants ( davis et al . 1995 ) .
this ecoregion corresponds exactly with the palawan eba ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) . the eba contains twenty restricted - range birds , seventeen of which are found nowhere else on earth and five of which ( palawan peacock - pheasant [ polyplectron emphanum ] , grey imperial - pigeon [ ducula pickeringii ] , blue - headed racquet - tail [ prioniturus platenae ] , falcated wren - babbler [ ptilocichla falcata ] , and palawan flycatcher [ ficedula platenae ] ) are considered vulnerable ( collar 1999 ) . all these vulnerable birds are dependent on lowland and hill forest ( collar et al . 1999 ; stattersfield et al . 1998 ) . there are twenty endemic or near - endemic bird species in the palawan ecoregion ( kennedy et al . 2000 ; table 2 ) .
the critically endangered philippine crocodile ( crocodylus mindorensis ) was historically found on the islands of luzon , mindoro , masbate , samar , jolo , negros , busuanga , and mindanao . busuanga contains one of the only remaining populations ( others are found on mindoro , negros , and mindanao ) . whereas the decline of the species was initially driven by overexploitation , habitat loss and human persecution are now the principal threats to the philippine crocodile . surveys in 1980 - 1982 revealed a total wild population of approximately 500 - 1 , 000 individuals , but current wild populations may be approximately 100 nonhatchlings . captive breeding efforts are being led by the crocodile farming institute , an entity of the philippine government ( ross 1998 ) .
a total of 1 , 522 ( davis et al . 1995 ) to 1 , 672 ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) vascular plants have been identified on palawan , and it is estimated that more than 2 , 000 species are present on the island . as detailed earlier , palawan has an extremely diverse range of vegetation types for the philippines . a small number of dipterocarps , an important timber tree group , are present on the island , as well as a variety of medicinal plants used by ethnic tribes and plants used in ceremony and as ornamentals ( davis et al . 1995 ) .
current status almost all of the philippines was once completely forested ( dickinson et al . 1991 ) . as of 1988 , palawan contained 7 , 410 km2 ( 54 percent ) of total forest remaining ( ssc 1988 ) . at the time this was the highest percentage of any of the philippines ' large islands .
later aerial surveys ( development alternatives 1992 ) indicated that significant reductions in closed - canopy forest cover had occurred since 1988 as a result of recent logging . as seen from the air , the lowlands and hillsides consist of slash - and - burn agriculture up to the edges of natural forest in the highlands . closed - canopy forest caps only the highest areas on the island .
palawan ' s forests are of low commercial value because of the small number of dipterocarps , and until the last twenty years palawan ' s forests were ignored in favor of the more valuable forests of luzon and mindanao . government logging regulations setting guidelines for minimum diameter , minimum rotation length , and replanting have been largely ignored ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .
because of a generally high population density in other parts of the philippines , large numbers of shifting cultivators ( kaingineros ) are attracted to palawan to eke out a living on the hillsides of the island , and their cumulative impact is enormous ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .
all of palawan was declared a fauna and flora watershed reserve , and this includes a variety of protected areas , including national parks , wilderness areas , experimental forests , forest research reserves , game refuges , wildlife sanctuaries , museum reservations and research sites , tourist zones , and marine reserves .
recent reports in the international press indicate ( and have been confirmed , l . heaney , pers . comm . , 2000 ) that the situation in palawan has stabilized , that large - scale logging has been halted , and that a balance is being achieved between economic development and conservation ; future monitoring will determine whether this is remains true .
types and severity of threats habitat destruction is the main threat to biodiversity in the philippines , and palawan , though currently in better condition , is no different . logging and shifting cultivation ( kaingin ) are cited as the primary forces of habitat conversion . logging takes many forms , from industrial scale to smaller - scale operations that use water buffalo to haul logs out of the forest . mangroves are used locally for firewood , dyes , and tannins ( davis et al . 1995 ) , and they are sometimes removed to make way for fishponds ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .
hunting and the wild pet trade are also significant threats in palawan . leopard cats have been hunted for their pelts and are sold when kittens as pets ( heaney and regalado 1998 ) . the palawan binturong is hunted for meat and as pets , and the pangolin is hunted for its hide ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) . the palawan peacock - pheasant ( dickinson et al . 1991 ; collar et al . 1999 ) , blue - headed racquet - tail ( collar et al . 1999 ) , philippine cockatoos ( cacatua haematuropygia ) , and blue - naped parrots ( tanygnathus lucionensis ) ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) apparently are suffering greatly from the pet trade . the final destination for these birds often is the united states ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .
ornamental plant collecting , especially for the orchids ( phalaenopsis amabilis and paphiopedilum argus ) , pitcher plants ( nepenthes spp . ) , palms ( veitchia merrillii ) , and aroids ( amorphophallus spp . and alocasia spp . ) threatens some plant populations ( davis et al . 1995 ) .
a valuable resin , known as manila copal , is collected from agathis dammara trees . this collection weakens the trees , and slackening production and disease combined with overexploitation are threatening the species ( davis et al . 1995 ; quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .


acanthophila latipennella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it is found in south-eastern siberia and europe , where it has been recorded from norway south to italy and east to russia .

the wingspan is 12-13 mm .

the larvae feed on picea abies .

acanthophila latipennella

the occurrence of the tortricid micromoth cyclia zebeana ratzeburg in several localities of hungary is confirmed . the gelechiid micromoth dirhinosia cervinella ( eversmann ) , previously misidentified as chionodes lugubrella ( fabricius ) , is proved to be new for the fauna of hungary . further two species , caryocolum vicinella douglas , 1851 and dichomeris ( = acanthophila ) latipennella rebel , 1937 , were also recorded as new for the hungarian fauna .
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author ( s ) : szabóky , cs . title : molyfaunisztikai újdonságok — v . ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae , tortricidae ) title : new data of the microlepidoptera fauna of hungary — v . ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae , tortricidae ) year : 2001 volume : 62 pages : 385 - 387 .
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the gelechiidae is similar to other gelechioid families in that its members have a scaled proboscis and strongly recurved labial palpus , but differs from other gelechioid families by having a combination of the following characters : 1 ) hindwing subrectangular to trapezoidal with sinuous or concave termen and prominent apex , 2 ) forewing lanceolate to elongate–ovate with cup absent , 3 ) the retinaculum of the wing–coupling mechanism on the radial vein of the female forewing , 4 ) labial palpus long , second segment often with ventral brush , third segment long , acute , rarely with short dorsal brush of rough scales , 5 ) male gnathos forming a pair of lateral , articulated , symmetrical sclerites with an articulated , mesial hook ( hodges , 1986 , 1999 ) .