anadara broughtonii is a species of ark clam .

the species was described by shrenk in 1867 .

originally belonging to the genus scapharca , the genus has merged with anadara now .

anadara broughtonii

subunit structure of hemoglobins from erythrocytes of the blood clam , anadara broughtonii . - pubmed - ncbi
biological studies on arkshell culture , 1 : distribution of drifting larvae of the arkshell , anadara broughtonii schrenck .
biological studies on arkshell culture , 1 : distribution of drifting larvae of the arkshell , anadara broughtonii schrenck .
biological studies on arkshell culture , 1 : distribution of drifting larvae of the arkshell , anadara broughtonii schrenck . [ 1977 ]
silina a v . 2006 . spatial heterogeneity and long - term changes in bivalve anadara broughtonii population : influence of river run - offand fishery .
length frequency distribution of anadara antiquata from ocean road . . . | download scientific diagram
broom m j . 1985 . the biology and culture of marine bivalve molluscs of the genus anadara .
wang z s , sui x l . 1996 . preliminary study of the death of scapharca broughtonii in simulating ecological conditions .
tang q x , wang j , qiu x y , guo x w . 1994 . s tudies on releasing enhancement of scapharca broughtonii .
fecundity and population structure of cockles , anadara antiquata l . 1758 ( bivalvia : arcidae ) from a sandy / muddy beach near dar es salaam , tanzania
nishida k , ishimura t , suzuki a , sasaki t . 2012 . seasonal changes in the shell microstructure of the bloody clam , scapharca broughtonii ( mollusca : bivalvia : arcidae ) .
xiao y x , su j j , xu e d . 1994 . effects of salinity on growth of juvenile and on fattening and mature acceleration of parent scapharca broughtonii ( schrenck ) .
( of anadara kafanovi lutaenko , 1993 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of arca broughtonii schrenck , 1867 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of arca inflata reeve , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of arca reeveana nyst , 1848 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of arca tenuis tokunaga , 1906 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of scapharca broughtoni ( schrenck , 1867 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
erm . ( 1998 ) . fisheries resources and fishing operations in hong kong waters . final report . submitted to agriculture & fisheries department , the hong kong sar government . [ details ]
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huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom .
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studies on hemoglobin : vi . amino acid compositions of the fractionated bovine globin α and β
xerostomia , thirst , sodium gradient and inter - dialytic weight gain in hemodialysis diabetic vs . non - diabetic patients .
clinical trial for uniform multidrug therapy for leprosy patients in brazil ( u - mdt / ct - br ) : adverse effects approach .
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supported by the special fund for agro - scientific research in the public interest ( no . 201003068 ) and the national department public benefit research foundation ( no . 201305043 )
baer j , rösch r . 2008 . mass - marking of brown trout ( salmo trutta l . ) larvae by alizarin : method and evaluation of stocking .
barker j m , mckaye k r . 2004 . immersion marking of juvenile midas cichlids with oxytetracycline .
bashey f . 2004 . a comparison of the suitability of alizarin red s and calcein for inducing a nonlethally detectable mark in juvenile guppies .
day r w , williams m c , hawkes g p . 1995 . a comparison of fluorochromes for marking abalone shells .
eckmann r . 2003 . alizarin marking of whitefish , coregonus lavaretus otoliths during egg incubation .
evseev g a , lutaenko k a . 1998 . bivalves of the subfamily anadarinae ( arcidae ) from vietnam .
fitzpatrick m p , jeffs a g , dunphy b j . 2010 . identification of the optimal fluorochrome for marking larvae of the pulmonate limpet siphonaria australis .
fitzpatrick m p , jeffs a g , dunphy b j . 2013 . efficacy of calcein as a chemical marker of green - lipped mussel (
frenkel v , kindschi g , zohar y . 2002 . noninvasive , mass marking of fish by immersion in calcein : evaluation of fish size and ultrasound exposure on mark endurance .
kaehler s , mcquaid c d . 1999 . use of the fluorochrome calcein as an in situ growth marker in the brown mussel perna perna .
klunzinger m w , beatty s j , morgan d l , lymbery a j , haag w r . 2014 . age and growth in the australian freshwater mussel , westralunio carteri , with an evaluation of the fluorochrome calcein for validating the assumption of annulus formation .
leips j , baril c t , rodd f h , reznick d n , bashey f , visser g j , travis j . 2001 . the suitability of calcein to mark poeciliid fish and a new method of detection .
lemarie d p , smith d r , villella r f , weller d a . 2000 . evaluation of tag types and adhesives for marking freshwater mussels (
linard c , gueguen y , moriceau j , soyez c , hui b , raoux a , le moullac g . 2011 . calcein staining of calcified structures in pearl oyster pinctada margaritifera and the effect of food resource level on shell growth .
. ocean university of china , qingdao , china . urltoken ( in chinese with english abstract )
lu h j , zhang x m , xi d , gao t x . 2014 . use of calcein and alizarin red s for immersion marking of black rockfish sebastes schlegelii juveniles .
lucas t , palmer p j , wang s z , scoones r , o’brien e . 2008 . marking the shell of the saucer scallop amusium balloti for sea ranching using oxytetracycline , calcein and alizarin red s .
matsukuma a , okutani t . 2000 . family arcidae , order arcoida . marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . p . 844–855 .
moran a l , marko p b . 2005 . a simple technique for physical marking of larvae of marine bivalves .
morgan s g . 2001 . the larval ecology of marine communities . marine community ecology . sinauer associates , new york . p . 159–181 .
morgan s g . 2001 . the larval ecology of marine communities . marine community ecology . sinauer associates , sunderland , massachusetts , usa . p . 159–181 .
national standardization management council . 2008 . gb / t 12763 . specifications for oceanographic survey - part 6 : marine biological survey . china standard publishing house , beijing . ( in chinese )
oliveira k . 1996 . field validation of annular growth rings in the american eel , anguilla rostrata , using tetracyclinemarked otoliths .
palumbi s r . 2003 . population genetics , demographic connectivity , and the design of marine reserves .
skov c , grønkjær p , nielsen c . 2001 . marking pike fry otoliths with alizarin complexone and strontium : an evaluation of methods .
somero g n . 2002 . thermal physiology and vertical zonation of intertidal animals : optima , limits , and costs of living .
taylor m d , fielder d s , suthers i m . 2005 . batch marking of otoliths and fin spines to assess the stock enhancement of argyrosomus japonicus .
thorrold s r , jones g p , hellberg m e , burton r s , swearer s e , neigel j e , morgan s g , warner r r . 2002 . quantifying larval retention and connectivity in marine populations with artificial and natural markers .
van der geest m , van gils j a , van der meer j , olff h , piersma t . 2011 . suitability of calcein as an in situ growth marker in burrowing bivalves .
van der walt b , faragher r a . 2003 . otolith marking of rainbow trout fry by immersion in low concentrations of alizarin complexone .
wang z c , zhang g f , gao y m , zhang c y . 1987 . effects of temperature and foods on the development of gonad of the blood cockle , arca inflat a .
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2 . hb i and ii treated with p - chloromercuribenzoate , designated as pmb - i and pmb - ii , showed greatly increased oxygen affinity and decreased cooperativity . cd spectra at the far - ultraviolet of the pmb - hb in the oxygen liganded state gave similar patterns to those of native oxygenated hb . however no changes in the spectra were observed on deoxygenation . these findings suggest that the pmb - i and pmb - ii retain their native oxy conformation even in the deoxy states . the pmb - modification might prevent the initial ligand - induced conformational change within the protomers .
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( schrenck , 1867 ) . accessed through : ahyong , s . ; costello , m . j . ; galil , b . s . ; gollasch , s . ; hutchings , p . ; katsanevakis , s . ; lejeusne , c . ; marchini , a . ; occhipinti , a . ; pagad , s . ; poore , g . ; rius , m . ; robinson , t . b . ; sterrer , w . ; turon , x . ; willan , r . c . ; zhan , a . ( 2018 ) world register of introduced marine species ( wrims ) at : urltoken ; = 504357 on 2018 - 07 - 09
ahyong , s . ; costello , m . j . ; galil , b . s . ; gollasch , s . ; hutchings , p . ; katsanevakis , s . ; lejeusne , c . ; marchini , a . ; occhipinti , a . ; pagad , s . ; poore , g . ; rius , m . ; robinson , t . b . ; sterrer , w . ; turon , x . ; willan , r . c . ; zhan , a . ( 2018 ) . world register of introduced marine species ( wrims ) .
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busan national fisheries univ . , busan ( korea r . ) . dept . of fisheries biology [ corporate author ]
fao , rome ( italy ) . canadian international development agency , ottawa , ontario . [ corporate author ]
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cockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan coast . reared in tanks in japan , mainly for experimental purposes .
cockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . tropical pacific . cultivated in muddy estuarine areas of thailand , malaysia , korea , etc . also in west java in shallow sea waters with muddy bottom . attains marketable size of 5–7 . 5 cm in 6–7 months . feeds on organic detritus and phytoplankton . cockle ‘gardens’ are erected on rich cockle spat grounds .
cockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in korea .
cockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in coastal waters of banten ( west java ) along with a . granosa .
cockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in japan . prefers shallow and calm sections of warm bays with mud or sandy mud bottom . spawning season from july to early september , beginning at water temperature of about 25°c and with peak at about 27°c . larvae become bottom dwellers 3–6 months after birth .
cockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in muddy estuarine areas of thailand .
ribbed ark - shell . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . india , pacific islands , etc . cultivated in japan . flesh used as food . attains marketable size in three years .
ark - shell clam . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated commercially in the gulf , thailand . young are collected for this purpose from mud . harvestable size attained in about 6 months .
portuguese oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . coast of europe ; introduced to other areas for culture . commercial cultivation in coastal areas of france , brackish water lakes of tunisia , etc . experimental culture in south africa . salinity tolerance : 21–43 ppt . reported not to breed in lakes where salinity is about 34 ppt .
sydney rock oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . australia and hawaii . cultivated in australia , largely in estuaries and inlets of sea . spat collected on wooden sticks and grown on racks or trays raised above surface of estuarine mud flats . can survive out of water for two to three weeks depending on the temperature . attains marketable size in a few months . experimental culture tried in south africa .
japanese oyster ; indian rock oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan , australia , new zealand and india . cultivated in japan on bamboo . spat imported from japan and cultivated in american waters . commercially important cultivation in philippines also . limited cultivation in south india . requires 8–12 months ' growth to reach marketable size of 6–8 cm length . harvested before spawning season ( march - may ) . feeds mainly on diatoms and protozoans .
oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . west coast of africa from senegal to angola . experimental cultivation in nigeria . 7 . 5 cm growth observed in 9 months .
japanese oyster ; pacific oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan ; transplanted to america ( alaska to california ) , new zealand , tasmania , france , etc . one of the largest cultivated oysters in japan , korea , thailand , north america , tasmania , new zealand , etc . experimental cultivation in philippines , france , etc . grows to 30 cm or more . hardy and can stand wide variations in temperature and salinity . salinity tolerance : 8–36 ppt . optimum salinity and temperature : 20–25 ppt and about 24°c . grows best near estuaries . attains marketable size of 10–15 cm in less than two years , but growth rate is extremely variable . filter feeder , on bacteria , protozoa , diatoms , larval forms , detritus , etc .
rock oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine waters . new zealand . farmed in new zealand by placing the young taken from natural rocks and rock spawls in suitable locations on the foreshore .
oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine waters . indian seas . limited farming in kelwa , near bombay ( india ) .
south american oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . coast of africa . experimental cultivation in knysa lagoon , south africa .
mangrove oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cuba , jamaica and puerto rico . commercially exploited species ; cultivation on scientific lines initiated in venezuela , cuba .
edible oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan , india , etc . cultivated in japan for food purposes . salinity tolerance : 7–34 ppt .
atlantic oyster ; eastern oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . gulf and atlantic coast of u . s . a . , west indies and introduced in british columbia . cultivated in u . s . a . at present four hatcheries are reported to be working on commercial scale . reaches marketable size in 2–4 years . feeds on plankton . spawning takes place when temperature increases within average range of 20–32°c . salinity tolerance : 5–32 ppt with optimum between 10–28 ppt . larvae grow best in 15–18 ppt salinity and temperature of 18–30°c .
oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in brackish waters of thailand .
pearl oyster . ( unionidae ) . marine waters . japan . cultivated in japan for pearls . treated oysters are put in cages and suspended in sea . pearl formation in six months ; big ones in three years .
pearl ‘oyster’ ; abalone . ( haliotidae ) . marine waters . japan . cultivated for pearls in japan . treated oysters are put in cages and suspended in sea . pearl formation in six months ; big ones in three years .
pearl ‘oyster’ . ( unionidae ) . marine waters . japan . cultivated in japan for pearls . details same as h . discus hannai .
mussel . ( unionidae ) . fresh water . east america . cultivated along with fishes in u . s . a . the mussel clears the water by filtering , thereby increasing fish production . cultivation reported to be still in experimental stage .
surf clam . ( mactridae ) . marine waters . japan . propagated on the southwest coast of tokyo bay .
hard clam . ( mercenaridae ) . marine and brackish waters . gulf of st . laurence to gulf of mexico in north america . experimental farming in u . s . a . grown in protective boxes along gulf and atlantic coasts . most specimens spawn when one year old . feeds on plankton , mostly phyto . larvae grow best in salinity of 25–27 ppt and temperature 18–30°c .
experimental cultivation in boxes along gulf and atlantic coasts of u . s . a . for seed purposes .
backwater clam . ( veneridae ) . east coast of india . experimental cultivation reported from a marine fish farm in south india .
clam . ( veneridae ) . japan coast . spawning season from july to september when water temperature rises above 25°c . grows to 6 . 6 mm in shell length in one full year and 36 mm in two full years . in three full years the growth is about 51 mm . largest specimens about 98 mm long . requires sandy bottom , but is considered suitable for marine propagation .
hard clam ; big clam . ( veneridae ) . japan coast . cultivated in korea and japan . reaches marketable size of 5–7 cm in one to two years .
‘clam’ . ( muricidae ) . marine and brackish waters . mediterranean . collected from tunisian coast and fattened in the bizerta lake ( brackish water ) .
soft clam ; soft - shell clam . ( myidae ) . marine waters . east and west coasts of north america , norway - france , japan , etc . farmed in u . s . a . feeds on phyto and zooplankton . in nature occurs in exposed areas of coast line .
sea mussel . ( mytilidae ) . marine waters . far east . cultivated in korea .
common mussel . ( mytilidae ) . marine and brackish waters . widely distributed . cultivated in france , spain , germany , italy , netherlands , denmark , england , scotland , canada , etc . feeds on plankton ( diatoms , protozoans ) and detritus . harvested when 7–8 cm in length . in netherlands requires three years to grow to marketable size .
mediterranean mussel . ( mytilidae ) . marine and brackish waters . mediterranean coasts . cultivated in taranto gulf , italy ; brackishwater lakes of tunisia ; greece , etc .
green bay mussel . ( mytilidae ) . marine and brackish waters . far east . cultivated in muddy estuarine areas , mostly on bamboo stake - traps , in thailand . cultivated also in oyster farms in philippines or separately , following diverse methods . harvested in six months at the average length of 5–8 cm . feeds on ‘lab - lab’ . spawns throughout the year . optimum temperature 26–30°c and salinity 27–35 ppt .
mussel . ( mytilidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in muddy estuarine waters of thailand .
oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan coast . found at water depth of 15–40 m . spawning begins in early june , when the water temperature is about 19°c . culture by sowing , raft and simplified hanging methods .
european flat oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . european coast . cultivated in european countries , specially in spain , france , tunisia , greece , scotland , ireland , etc . and marine ( u . s . a . ) . culture reported from south africa also . salinity tolerance : 24–45 ppt . spawns at temperature 15–18°c . in cages attains 6–7 cm in 9 months and on ordinary beds 9 cm in 16 months . feeds on phytoplankton . in scotland cultivated on ropes attached to floats and reported to attain marketable size in three years .
oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . far east . most important oyster cultivated in philippines . ready for harvest when right valves are 6–8 cm or more long . generally takes 8–12 months to grow from spat to harvesting stage . harvested before spawning season ( march - may ) .
olympia oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine waters . alaska to lower california on american coast . cultivated in puget sound ( u . s . a . ) by drilling favourable areas and carefully maintaining the enclosed ground . begins to spawn when temperature reaches 16°c . hatchery established in oregon . experimental culture in japan also .
backwater oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . east coast of india . cultivated in pulicat lake ( india ) . flesh used as food . food largely diatomaceous . eggs and larvae prefer low salinities . salinity range for adults : 8–25 ppt .
oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . far east . details same as o . iredalei .
oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine waters . mediterranean . cultivated in the black sea , u . s . s . r .
oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . africa . experimental cultivation in nigeria .
clam ; tapestry shell . ( veneridae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan coast . cultivated in japan . grows to marketable size of 3 cm in one year .
window - pane shell . ( pectenidae ) . distribution and biological characters similar to p . yessoensis . cultivated in japan .
window - pane shell . ( pectenidae ) . marine waters . japan coast . generally cold sea dweller . spawning season march to july . critical temperature for spawning 8–9°c . growth depends on location , age and population density .
mussel . ( aviculidae ) . marine waters . limited cultivation on rafts in venezuela .
margarita pearl oyster . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . limited farming in venezuela .
japanese pearl oyster ; pearl oyster of sri lanka and persian gulf . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . japan , red sea , sudan , sri lanka , etc . cultivated in japan . imported in australia for experimental culture . easy to culture , but very small in size . marketable in five years .
black - lip pearl oyster . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . indo - pacific . cultivated for pearls in japan and philippines . treated oysters are put in cages and suspended in sea . pearl formation in six months , big ones in three years . cultivated in australia for flesh and shell also .
japanese pearl oyster . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . japan , sudan , red sea , etc . cultivated for pearls in japan , in cages suspended in sea . pearls are formed in six months ; big ones in three years . feeds on diatoms . cultivated in australian farms , where pearls are produced in half the time required in japan ( size up to 18 mm diameter ) . gigantic nurseries in sudan and red sea - dongonab bay .
silver - lip ; gold - lip ; australian pearl oyster . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . australasia . cultivated in seas around australia . very much amenable to culture conditions .
indian pearl oyster . ( pteriidae ) . marine . indian seas . cultivated in the marine farm at krusadi , india ( bay of bengal ) . first spawning in two years . two spawning periods , one in south west monsoon and the other in north east monsoon . maximum shell growth attained in third year . seldom exceeds 8 . 5 cm in height .
window - pane shell . ( anomiidae ) . marine and brackish waters . limited cultivation in philippine farms . prefers beds of greyish or bluish mud in tidal zones of estuaries , coves or bays . shell is free and unattached .
little neck clam . ( veneridae ) . marine waters . north america . a trend is developing toward private farming in u . s . a .
wing shell . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . far east . cultivated for pearls in japan by putting treated oysters in cages and suspending in sea . pearl formation takes six months to three years according to size required .
oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . raft culture in thailand .
butter clam . ( veneridae ) . marine and brackish waters . a trend is developing toward private farming in u . s . a .
mediterranean clam . ( veneridae ) . marine and brackish waters . mediterranean . young collected from tunisian coast and fattened in the bizerta lake ( brackish water ) . production in 1967 : 85 tons .
japanese little neck clam ; manila clam . ( veneridae ) . marine waters . japan and pacific coast of asia . cultivated in japan and korea . called ‘asari’ in japan . spawning occurs between 20 and 28°c .
manila clam . ( veneridae ) . marine waters . japan coast . a trend is developing toward private farming in pacific coast of u . s . a . ; introduced from japan .
short neck clam . ( veneridae ) . marine waters . far east . cultivated in korea .
clam . ( veneridae ) . marine and brackish waters . mediterranean . young collected from the tunisian coast and fattened in the bizerta lake ( brackish water ) .
artificial culture of scallops ( pectenidae ) , reported in bay of peter the great , off vladivostok .
limited cultivation of squids and octopus larvae ( exact species determinations not available ) has been initiated in japan .
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. . . since v . vulnificus was first recognized as a human pathogen in 1979 [ 22 ] , great advances have been made in the understanding of the epidemiology this species [ 23 ] . v . vulnificus is commonly isolated from seawater and seafood in korea and infections are expected to increase , with more than 100 cases already occurring annually [ 20 , 24 ] . the question then arises as to why more people do not become infected with v . vulnificus . . . .
distribution of hemolytic vibrio sp . in sea water of the beaches of busan during mid - summer
the change of cell counts of vibrio parahaemolyticus in fish muscle by the storage time and temperature was examined to get basic informations for precautionary steps against food poisoning of slices of raw fish ( sashimi ) . there fore , we inoculated fish homogenate of oceanic bonito ( katsuwonus pelamis ) , yellow tail ( seriola quinqueradiata ) with kanagawa positive vibrio parahaemolyticus and . . . [ show full abstract ]
this experiment was carried out to evaluate the sanitary quality of cultured vegetables and to check the removing rate of bacteria by treating methods such as washing with tap water or commercial detergent , or blanching . samples collected from farm land located at busan suburbs and markets were fragaria chiloensis var . ananasa , lycopersicum esculentum , capsium longum , cucumis sativus , lactuca . . . [ show full abstract ]
inhibitory effects on bacterial growth by using lysozyme and mixtures of it with other antibacterial substances ( sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate ) were investigated against the 7 kinds of hacterial strains isolated from putrefied surumi products . the growth inhibitory concentrations of lysozyme and lysozyme + sodium hexametaphosphate + sodium pyrophosphate against the bacteria . . . [ show full abstract ]
studies on distribution , characterization and detoxification of shellfish toxin in korea 3 . detoxifi . . .
we have veen already reported the distribution of psp of bivalve mollusca in southern coast of korea and also analyzed their characteristics . the purpose of this study was to develop detoxification method for psp infested sea mussel , mytilus edulis , by rearing methods or processing treatments . there was no significant detoxification effect when the psp infested sea mussel was reared in a tank . . . [ show full abstract ]


gynnidomorpha permixtana , the coast conch , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in china ( anhui , beijing , fujian , gansu , guizhou , hainan , hebei , heilongjiang , henan , hubei , liaoning , ningxia , shaanxi , shandong , shanghai , shanxi , sichuan , tianjin , xizang , zhejiang ) , afghanistan , iran , japan , korea , mongolia , russia and europe .

the habitat consists of waste ground , damp heathland and mosses .

the wingspan is 8 – 12 mm .

adults are on wing yearly year round .

the larvae feed on alisma , gentiana , euphrasia and pedicularis species .

they feed within the stems of their host plant .

gynnidomorpha permixtana

in evaluation the efficacy of common paddy herbicides on control of some weeds in rice research institute of iran ( rrii ) in 2009 , results showed that few germination of arrow head seeds . detailed investigation revealed that the physical damage to seeds was because of shome moth larva feeding . after rearing moth larva in rrii plant protection laboratory , we found that these larvas belonged to tortricidae family . further systematic studied on this moth was conducted in iranian research institute of plant protection ( iripp ) and the moth was distinagueshed as gynnidomorpha permixtana ( denis & schiffermόller , 1775 ) . also this species was reaffirmed in spain . larva ' s recollecting in 2010 from field and insect rearing for five generations shows this moth activity on arrow head and larva feeding on seed and flowers of host plant and confirmed pervious surveys results . also life cycle and type of activity on host plant was studied at this survey . at the other hand due to available resource there aren ' t any published reports of this moth activity on arrowheads from the other countries , so this is the first report of gynnidomorpha permixtana ( lepidptera : tortricidae ) activity on sagittaria sp .
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notes : endangered ( proposed as a future red data book species ) on waste ground , damp heathland and mosses in parts of southern england , wales , scotland and western ireland . not recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight to date . wingspan 11 - 13 mm . the blackish grey suffusion at the middle of the outer margin of the median fascia and the grey suffusion in the distal half of the forewing are characteristic [ bradley ] . larva feeds within stems of water - plantain , lousewort and flowering rush .
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there remain no validated records of this species , although the most likely come from maresfield ( 1940s ) and eastbourne ( pre - 1973 ) . ( pratt , 2011 ) .
although recorded in sussex , the database has not as yet , been updated to include these records .
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lepidochrysops vera , the vera 's giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in nigeria .

adults have been recorded on wing in may and june .

lepidochrysops vera

libert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
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an extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .
ackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .
larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .
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coelacanthopsis is an extinct genus of lobe-finned fish which lived during the carboniferous period .

they are also the closest link between fish and the first amphibian creatures which made the transition from sea to land in the devonian period ( 408-362 million years ago ) .

that such a creature could have existed for so long is nearly incredible , but some say that the cold depths of the west indian ocean at which the coelacanth thrives , and the small number of predators it has , may have helped the species survive eons of change .

the coelacanth was first discovered in 1938 by marjorie courtenay latimer , the curator of a small museum in the port town of east london , as she was visiting a fisherman who would let her search through his boat 's catch for interesting specimens .

ironically , marjorie was only visiting the sea captain to wish him a happy christmas when she first spotted the coelacanth 's oddly shaped , blue-gray fin protruding from beneath a mountain of fish .

marjorie brought back the specimen to the museum where she compared it against images of known species , and ultimately realized what she had was no ordinary fish .

after sending a rough drawing of the fish to professor j.l.b. smith , at rhodes university , grahamstown , who in turn confirmed that the creature she had discovered on the boat 's deck was indeed a prehistoric fish , a coelacanth to be exact .

since then , coelacanth populations have been found near indonesia , south africa , and other unexpected places .

while there have been enough sightings of the creature to indicate that there is more than one area where the species exists , it remains a highly protected and mysterious animal , a living fossil which may , or may not be the only creature from our past which has survived millions of years of evolution .

some place it in the family rhabdodermatidae .

coelacanthopsis

coelacanthopsis is an extinct genus of lobe - finned fish which lived during the carboniferous period .
coelacanthopsis is an extinct genus of lobe - finned fish which lived during the carboniferous period . the coelacanth is the only living example of the fossil coelacanth fishes actinistia . they are also the closest link between fish and the first amphibian creatures which made the transition from sea to land in the devonian period ( 408 - 362 million y . . .
 diplocercides heiligenstockiensis ( jessen , 1966 ) upper devon locality : bergisch - gladbach , germany .
genus :  chinlea - late trias locality : dockum group . usa : texas . north america
 miguashaia grossi ( forey et al . , 2000 ) middle devon locality : lode formations , latvian
genus :  sassenia - lower trias locality : sticky keep formation , sassendalen gr . west spitsbergen
genus :  rebellatrix - lower triassic locality : sulphur mountain fm . british columbia , canada
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the olive-brown oriole ( oriolus melanotis ) , or sunda oriole , is a species of bird in the family oriolidae .

it is endemic to the islands of the lesser sundas .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests .

olive - brown oriole

select an image : 1 . olive - brown oriole 2 . olive - brown oriole > > male 3 . olive - brown oriole 4 . olive - brown oriole > > female 5 . olive - brown oriole > > male 6 . olive - brown oriole > > male 7 . olive - brown oriole > > male 8 . olive - brown oriole > > male
olive - brown oriole ( oriolus melanotis ) is a species of bird in the oriolidae family .
the olive - brown oriole is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
* olive - brown oriole ( oriolus melanotis melanotis ) - image . * olive - brown oriole ( oriolus melanotis ) - text . * orchard oriole ( icterus spurius ) - image . * oriolus chinensis - images . * oriolus cruentus - image . * oriolus flavocinctus - image . * oriolus oriolus - images . * oriolus oriolus - pirol - text und abbildung . * oriolus xanthornus - image . more
of eastern and central north america , having bright orange and black plumage in the male and olive brown plumage in the female . it was formerly considered a subspecies of the northern oriole .
olive - brown oriole is quite similar to the local helmeted friarbird but the male is less so , while on timor , where the nominate race of this oriole occurs , the female is again quite similar to the helmeted friarbird but the male is not . in australia , however , where both the olive - backed oriole and the green oriole overlap in range with the helmeted friarbird , there is no mimicry . it seems clear that the orioles mimic the friarbirds , rather than vice versa . more
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olive - brown oriole
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the alternative genus xanthonotus , originally described by c . l . bonaparte , in 1854 , has been used to group the dark - throated oriole ( oriolus xanthonotus ) , the philippine oriole and the isabela oriole , the first two of which were considered by sibley and monroe to be sister - species . the subspecies albilorus of the philippine oriole has sometimes been elevated to the rank of a full species , but in other treatments the philippine oriole , including albiloris , has been considered a subspecies of the dark - throated oriole .
relationship with man several oriolids , among them the eurasian golden oriole , the eastern black - headed oriole and the australasian figbird , occasionally cause damage to fruit crops in gardens and orchards , and have consequently been persecuted . it is very likely that other oriole species have met the same fate .
oriole clutches vary from one egg to six , but the average is about two to three eggs , usually laid at intervals of 1–2 days . the eggs measure approximately 2 × 3 cm and weigh 5–10 g . they are sometimes white or pinkish - white but mostly some sort of creamy colour , with reddish , brownish , purplish , greyish and blackish spots and streaks , these markings usually concentrated at the obtuse end . the eggs of figbirds , however , are duller , having a greyish - green to olive - brown ground colour .
wetar oriole ( o . m . finschi ) - hartert , 1904 : originally described as a separate species . found on wetar and atauro islands
timor oriole ( o . m . melanotis ) - bonaparte , 1850 : originally described as a separate species . found on timor , rote and semau islands
nestlings of the eurasian golden oriole begin to preen and to exercise their wings when they are about 10–12 days old , which is the time when most down feathers start to be replaced with adult feathers . a few days later , some leave the nest and perch in the immediate surroundings , including the ground . they start to fly when 16–20 days old , after which the young stay with the parents in family groups for a few weeks , or perhaps even months , feeding by the parents eventually ceasing altogether . orioles probably breed for the first time at the age of 2–3 years , as demonstrated for the eurasian golden oriole .
studies of eurasian golden orioles have revealed that this species can exhibit site - fidelity over several years . in a few cases , ringing has confirmed that both male and female returned to the same territory year after year . usually the pair chooses a new nesting site , but occasionally it will occupy the same nesting tree or , indeed , the same branch , and it may even reuse materials from the previous year’s nest or , rarely , the orioles will use the old nest , merely repairing it with some new material . both the eastern black - headed oriole and the eurasian golden oriole have on rare occasions been recorded as using the same nest a year later .
orioles must drink , and they may do so in various ways . the eurasian golden oriole , for example , may pump or suck water , as well as nectar , upwards into its downward - pointed beak , or it may use a sequence of alternately pumping and raising its beak , a “suck - and - tilt” process . usually , this species drinks from tree hollows , takes dew or raindrops from branches or leaves , or flies closely above the surface of a waterbody and quickly dips its bill . in rare instances , it will also drink from rain puddles .
although , with some members of the family , it appears that both sexes build the nest , incubate the eggs , and brood and feed the nestlings , this is the exception . more usually , it is exclusively or almost exclusively the female that incubates , for a period of 2–3 weeks , and that broods the nestlings , again for 2–3 weeks . while incubating , the female of the eurasian golden oriole leaves the nest to feed herself only for brief periods of about ten minutes , and rarely up to 38 minutes , but she leaves for longer foraging trips after the eggs have hatched . meanwhile , the male may feed her and he may also incubate or brood for short periods .
telemetric studies of the eurasian golden oriole in northern germany showed that , during the breeding season , the adults foraged for 45 % of the time within 200 m of the nest and for 80 % of the time within 700 m of the nest , but they would travel 1–3 km for especially abundant food sources , such as plants infested with caterpillars . their foraging ranges increased significantly after the hatching of the eggs . sometimes , up to three immature or adult orioles , presumably previous offspring of the nesting pair , helped in the feeding of the young , especially in habitats with poor food availability . a similar phenomenon has been recorded for the australasian figbird , the nestlings of which are occasionally brooded and fed by extra males and females .
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the ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists . our goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date classification of world birds and a set of english names that follows explicit guidelines for spelling and construction ( gill & wright 2006 ) .
the ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list quarterly . the updates include changes of recommended names or classification , additions of newly described species , corrections of nomenclature , and updates of species taxonomy .
the ioc world bird list complements other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy , i . e . the clements checklist of the birds of the world , the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world , 4 th edition , and hbw alive / bird life international . improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union , including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver , british columbia .
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gill f & d donsker ( eds ) . 2016 . ioc world bird list ( v 6 . 2 ) . doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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medium - sized passerines with relatively large , long and pointed wings , short to medium - length tail ; many species very colourful in yellow to golden and black , some more green .
habitat orioles are primarily canopy feeders ( see general habits ) . almost all members of the family have been recorded in primary forest habitats of various kinds : dry , closed - canopy african woodlands , evergreen and semi - evergreen broadleaf forests , including monsoon forest , damp highland and moss forests , eucalypt ( eucalyptus ) woodland , and deciduous and coniferous forests , as well as mixed forests such as pine–oak ( pinus – quercus ) forest .
an intriguing anti - predator response is exhibited by adult eurasian golden orioles , which , when threatened , adopt a stiff posture with beak turned upwards , similar to that of a bittern ( botaurus ) when disturbed or alarmed . this behaviour is demonstrated also by fledglings when warned by their parents , and it is already evident even among nestlings ; the latter , if a parent gives a warning call , press themselves flat into the bottom of the nest but keep the bill pointing upwards . dodging all dangers , ringed eurasian golden orioles reached a maximum age of eight years , with an average of 1·5 years for ringed nestlings and 3–4 years for individuals that had reached adulthood .
adverse weather decreases nesting success by depleting food resources , particularly invertebrates , or by directly killing nestlings or destroying nests . after such events , depending on circumstances , pairs may quickly make a new breeding attempt , or they may forgo breeding for the year in question . exceptionally bad weather , such as hailstorms , can even kill adults .
vol 13 - handbook of the birds of the world , del hoyo j . , elliott a . christie d .
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recording av # 4262 . timor - leste : about 5 - 6 km from the indonesian border on the south coast ( - 9 . 415 , 125 . 118 ) recorded by frank r . lambert
timor - leste : about 5 - 6 km from the indonesian border on the south coast ( - 9 . 415 , 125 . 118 )
birds of the indonesian archipelago greater sundas and wallacea the first ornithological field guide covering the vast chain of the indonesian archipelago , with over 2 , 500 illustrations , describes all 1 , 417 bird species known to occur in the region , including 601 endemics , 98 vagrants , eight introduced species and 18 species yet to be formally described . together these represent over 13 % of global bird diversity .
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