semicassis labiata ( formerly also known as phalium labiatum ) is a species of large predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc .

this species is in the subfamily cassinae , the " helmet shells " and " bonnet shells " , which feed on sea urchins .

semicassis labiata

subspecies semicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 ) represented as semicassis labiata ( perry , 1811 )
» subspecies semicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 ) represented as semicassis labiata ( perry , 1811 )
semicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 ) · accepted , alternate representation
worms - world register of marine species - semicassis labiata labiata ( g . perry , 1811 )
scientific data : genus : semicassis species : labiata subspecies : forma : author : perry , g . author year : 1811
species semicassis diuturna iredale , 1927 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )
species semicassis persimilis kira , 1955 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )
» variety semicassis undulata var . levilabiata paetel , 1888 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( synonym )
» species semicassis ( semicassis ) bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 ) represented as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )
» subspecies semicassis bisulcata persimilis kira , 1955 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )
species semicassis japonica ( reeve , 1848 ) accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )
species semicassis pila ( reeve , 1848 ) accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )
( of semicassis ( semicassis ) labiata ( perry , 1811 ) ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
» subspecies semicassis bisulcata booleyi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 ) accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )
species semicassis fibrata ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1920 ) †
» species semicassis ( antephalium ) adcocki ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1896 ) represented as semicassis adcocki ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1896 )
» species semicassis ( kahua ) lilliei ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) † represented as semicassis lilliei ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) †
» species semicassis ( kahua ) marwicki ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) † represented as semicassis marwicki ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) †
» species semicassis ( kahua ) fibrata ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1920 ) † represented as semicassis fibrata ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1920 ) †
( of semicassis ( semicassis ) labiata ( perry , 1811 ) ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 3 . gastropoda ( vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand . 40 ( 3 - 4 ) : 59 - 180 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
» subspecies semicassis saburon evanescens settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis saburon ( bruguière , 1792 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )
» subspecies semicassis saburon inaequalis settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis saburon ( bruguière , 1792 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )
» subspecies semicassis saburon multicostata settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis saburon ( bruguière , 1792 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )
» subspecies semicassis undulata bivaricosa settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )
» subspecies semicassis undulata elegantissima settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )
» subspecies semicassis undulata maderensis settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )
» subspecies semicassis undulata saburoidea settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )
» subspecies semicassis undulata tenuis settepassi , 1970 accepted as semicassis undulata ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )
( of semicassis labiata iheringi ( carcelles , 1953 ) ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 3 . gastropoda ( vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand . 40 ( 3 - 4 ) : 59 - 180 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
cassis japonica reeve , 1848 accepted as semicassis bisulcata ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 ) ( type by subsequent designation )
subgenus semicassis ( casmaria ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as casmaria h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( original rank )
( of phalium ( semicassis ) mörch , 1852 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 [ details ]
( of semicassis ( antephalium ) iredale , 1927 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
( of cassis ( semicassis ) mörch , 1852 ) mörch o . a . l . ( 1852 ) . catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit d . alphonso d’aguirra & gadea , comes de yoldi 1 , cephalophora . l . klein , hafniae [ copenhagen ] , 170 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 112 [ details ]
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one of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the “island rule” , which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size , with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes . it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda . in particular , a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals . however , subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study , the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate , leaving the result open to doubt .
the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
the island rule states that after island colonisation , animals undergo predictable patterns of body size evolution , with larger colonising species becoming smaller , and smaller species becoming larger . the result is a graded trend from dwarfism in the largest colonists to gigantism in the smallest [ 1 ] – [ 4 ] . because insular habitats are distinctive in a number of ways , this pattern might be variously explained , and a variety of hypotheses have indeed been proposed in the literature [ 1 ] – [ 11 ] . recently , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] made an important advance by testing for analogous patterns of body size evolution in a non - insular system . specifically , they compared body sizes of animals living in deep - sea benthic habitats with their shallow - water living congeners . using the malacolog database version 3 . 3 . 3 of rosenberg [ 13 ] , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] took the gastropods of the western atlantic as a case study , and reported that a highly significant trend from dwarfism to gigantism was evident in the deep - sea species .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
since the pattern was first identified [ 1 ] – [ 3 ] the island rule has been explained in a large number of ways [ 1 ] – [ 11 ] . a powerful method of distinguishing between the competing explanations is to test for the presence of analogous patterns in systems that share some , but not all of the ecological characteristics of island habitats [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 34 ] . for example , one putative contributor to the vertebrate pattern is “immigrant selection” , that is , between - lineage differences in the probability of reaching isolated islands , as opposed to differences in survival after colonisation [ 4 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] . the colonization of the deep - sea benthos differs clearly and qualitatively from the colonization of islands , and so if it is assumed that the similar patterns of body size evolution reflect a similarity of underlying cause [ 12 ] , this argues against immigrant selection as a key determinant of the graded trend that is observed in both cases .
similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
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spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
( of xenogalea insperata iredale , 1927 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
( of xenogalea collactea finlay , 1928 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
( of cassis achatina lamarck , 1816 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of cassis achatina lamarck , 1816 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]
( of phalium labiatum ( perry , 1811 ) ) macdonald & co ( 1979 ) . the macdonald encyclopedia of shells . macdonald & co . london & sydney . [ details ]
beu , a . ( 2010 ) . marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 3 . gastropoda ( vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand . 40 ( 3 - 4 ) : 59 - 180 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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cassis achatina lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1816
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6e7aff22 - 0f91 - 4d9d - 8365 - 7dcfb19581fc
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b0b7f230 - b35e - 49bd - 9b3c - 2632ed770284
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 540321
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figures a - c : 56 mm , maria island , tas ( e ) , coll . s . grove .
typical shell - length 60 mm . lives subtidally on sand . native . occurs in southeastern and southwestern australia ( qld , nsw , tas , vic , sa and wa ) ; also new zealand , south africa and southeast south america . in tasmanian waters , this is a rare species , most likely to be found in the e .
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respectively . whilst great care is taken to accurately identify specimens featured on this web - site and to allocate all records to the most appropriate taxonomic names available , no guarantee is offered that all identifications are accurate , nor that the taxa to which they have been allocated are currently valid . commentaries on habitat , distribution and biology are also subject to change as new information comes to light . if you have any enquiries , or any comments that will help improve the content or appearance of these pages , then please follow the links from ' contact ' on the left - hand panel .
the symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .
morley , m . s . , hayward , b . w . , raven , j . l . , foreman , g . a . , grenfell , h . r . 2006 : intertidal and shallow subtidal biota of mahia peninsula , hawkes bay , records of the auckland institute and museum , 43 ( p . 35 )
powell , a . w . b . 1979 : new zealand mollusca : marine , land and freshwater shells , collins , auckland ( p . 159 )
note : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .
kreipl k . 1997 . recent cassidae . christa hemmen , wiesbaden , 151 p . page ( s ) : 58 [ details ]
mörch , o . a . l . ( 1852 - 1853 ) catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit d’alphonso d’aguirra & gadea comes de yoldi , regis daniae cubiculariorum princeps , ordinis dannebrogici in prima classe & ordinis caroli terth eques . fasciculus primus . cephalophora , 170 pp . [ 1852 ] ; fasciculus secundus . acephala . annulata cirripedia . echinodermata , 74 pp . l . klein , hafniae , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of xenophalium iredale , 1927 ) iredale t . 1927 . a review of australian helmet shells ( family cassididae — phylum mollusca ) . records of the australian museum 15 ( 5 ) : 321–354 , plates 31 - 32 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 333 [ details ]
( of faurotis jousseaume , 1888 ) jousseaume , f . ( 1888 ) . description des mollusques recueillis par m . le dr . faurot dans la mer rouge et le golfe d’aden . mémoires de la société zoologique de france . 1 : 165 - 223 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 188 [ details ]
( of tylocassis woodring , 1928 ) woodring , w . p . 1928 . miocene mollusks from bowden , jamaica . part ii . gastropods and discussion of results . contributions to the geology and paleontology of the west indies . carnegie institution of washington publication 385 : vii + 564 pp . , 3 figs . , 40 pls page ( s ) : 306 [ details ]
( of maucassis c . a . fleming , 1943 † ) beu , a . g . & maxwell , p . a . ( 1990 ) cenozoic mollusca of new zealand . new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin , 58 , 1–518 . [ details ]
grammatical gender feminine , under provisions of iczn art . 30 . 1 . 1 , following ending with latin noun cassis , meaning
helmet
. [ details ]
iredale , t . 1927 ,
a review of australian helmet shells ( family cassididae - phylum mollusca )
, records of the australian museum , vol . 15 , pp . 321 - 354
finlay , h . j . 1928 ,
the recent mollusca of the chatham islands
, transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , vol . 59 , pp . 232 - 286 , pls 38 - 43
lamarck , j . b . p . a . de m . 1816 ,
liste des objets représentés dans les planches de cette livraison
, ed . lamarck , j . b . p . a . de m . , tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature . vers , coquilles , mollusques et polypiers , no . 23 , pp . 1 - 16 , agasse , paris
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : aac847d5 - 5ff9 - 4766 - ae79 - 93e49469868f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5573d09e - 46ae - 40e0 - 83b0 - da7534a4d5c6
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 539037
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full reference : e . vredenburg . 1925 . description of mollusca from the post - eocene tertiary formation of north - western india : cephalopoda , opisthobranchiata , siphonostomata . memoirs of the geological survey of india 50 ( 1 ) : 1 - 350
average measurements ( in mm ) : shell 28 . 5 x 21 . 0
f + + , very strange specimen ! looks like hybrid of vibex and turgida ! we had some before from b . cook !
f + + , first time we have from venezuela ! ex . coll . peggy williams
f + , nice smooht specimen , w / o ! - last pieces from gigliotti´s collection , super bargain ! was 40 . 00 ( con )
f + , fresh collected ! very nice shape and patterns . w / o
f + , very thick , heavy specimen ! - last pieces from gigliotti´s collection , super bargain ! was 30 . 00 ( con )
f + + , very thick lip ! nice color , ex . coll . peggy williams , w / o
the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
fourteen shells , a mixture of gastropods and bivalves , arranged in two rows of three and two rows of four against a plain background . the drawing is signed by watling , and annotated in brown ink .
the drawing is annotated in blue pencil at top right with the number
329
, which refers to the pre - 1984 numbering system for the watling collection .
the drawing is annotated in brown ink against four shells in roughly the lower left hand quarter with the native names
birra - da
,
caib - bow - ah
,
bal - bou - ree
and
moan
.
the drawing is signed at lower right in brown ink
t . watling , delt . -
, but is undated .
iredale , tom , ' history of new south wales shells part iii : the settlement years ( continued ) : thomas watling , artist ' , proceedings , royal zoological society of new south wales 1956 - 7 pp . 162 - 169 ( 1958 ) .
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bicyclus simulacris is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in tanzania , malawi and zambia .

the habitat consists of montane forests .

bicyclus simulacris

bicyclus ephorus weymer , 1892 ; stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79
bicyclus auricruda ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]
bicyclus anynana ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 419 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus vansoni condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1101
bicyclus similis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 902
bicyclus sylvicolus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 788
bicyclus nachtetis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1104
bicyclus maesseni condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1071
bicyclus xeneoides condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 791
bicyclus howarthi condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 908
bicyclus sambulos cyaneus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 783
bicyclus sambulos unicolor condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1068
bicyclus campina ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus campinus carcassoni condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1164
bicyclus matuta idjwiensis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1440
bicyclus sanaos melas condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1442
bicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1103
bicyclus smithi eurypterus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1445
bicyclus ignobilis acutus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1447
bicyclus xeneas occidentalis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1108
bicyclus trilophus jacksoni condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 796
bicyclus saussurei angustus condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1073
bicyclus suffusa ituriensis condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1076
= bicyclus denina ; lamas , 2010 , shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 150 ) : ( 197 - 204 )
bicyclus moyses condamin & fox , 1964 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 26 : 629
bicyclus ignobilis eurini condamin & fox , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1166
bicyclus kenia ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 403 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus mandanes ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 404 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus vulgaris ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 406 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus sandace ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 407 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus ena ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 29 , f . 409 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus buea ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 411 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus golo ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 416 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus safitza ; [ afrl ] ; larsen & vane - wright , 2012 , shilap revta . lepid . 40 ( 157 ) : 85
bicyclus campus ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 421 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus milyas ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423a ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus pavonis ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus funebris ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 273 , pl . 30 , f . 424 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus sophrosyne sophrosyne ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 413 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus smithi smithi ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 415 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus xeneas ; [ afrl ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 117 , f . 6 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ]
bicyclus safitza safitza ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 420 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus mesogena mesogena ; [ bafr ] , 168 ( text ) ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 402 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus rileyi condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 792 ; tl : cameroun , bitje - ja
bicyclus jefferyi ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 28 , f . 408 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus istaris ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 412 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus mollitia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 414 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus saussurei angustus ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 177 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 418 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus taenias ; [ bow ] : pl . 118 , f . 2 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ afrl ]
dicothyris karsch , 1893 ; berl . ent . z . 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 203 ; ts : mycalesis sambulos hewitson
w . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo republic , zaire , equatorial guinea . see [ maps ]
hewitsonii nyongensis ( birket - smith , 1960 ) ( mycalesis ) ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 22 : 550
ephorus bergeri condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1099
mycalesis graueri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 256
s . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , fernando póo ( macías nguema i . ) . see [ maps ]
idiomorphus zinebi butler , 1869 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 3 ( 13 ) : 19 , pl . 9 , f . 4 ; tl : gold coast
kenya , e . zaire , uganda ( toro ) . see [ maps ]
mesogena mesogenina grünberg , 1912 ² ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 509
mycalesis sambulos hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : gaboon
c . kenya ( highlands ) , loita , mau hills , n . tanzania , n . lake victoria , s . sudan . see [ maps ]
mycalesis ( ? ) kenia rogenhofer , 1891 ; ann . mus . wien 6 ( 3 ) : 462 , pl . 15 , f . 8
senegal - w . kenya , tanzania ( forests ) , uganda , zaire , gabon , angola . see [ maps ]
gambia - angola , uganda , tanzania , w . kenya . see [ maps ]
mycalesis tolosa plötz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 4 - 6 ) : 197 ; tl : abo , aburi und victoria
burundi , rwanda , tanzania , zaire , uganda , w . kenya . see [ maps ]
mycalesis sandace hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 65 ; tl : fernando po
zululand - swaziland , e . transvaal , rhodesia - kenya , uganda . see [ maps ]
moçambique , rhodesia , zambia , zimbabwe - zaire , e . kenya . see [ maps ]
rhodesia , mozambique , malawi , zambia , s . tanzania , s . zaire ( shaba )
e . tanzania ( usambara mts . - iringa ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis albocincta rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 260 , pl . 21 , f . 33 - 34
mycalesis neustetteri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 29 - 32
mycalesis matuta karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 228
mycalesis persimilis joicey & talbot , 1921 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 1 ) : 76 , pl . 13 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : ruwenzori , western slopes
w . tanzania ( kungwe - mahale mts . ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis ( monotrichtis ) buea strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 109 ; tl : buea ; musake
brunnea ( jackson , 1951 ) ( monotrichtis ) ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 20 : 97
w . kenya , uganda , e . zaire , s . zaire . see [ maps ]
mycalesis abnormis dudgeon , 1909 ; bull . ent . soc . lond . 1909 : lii
mycalesis fernandina schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : fernando po
smithi poensis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 906
mycalesis technatis hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 66 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 67 ; tl : gaboon
e . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , congo republic . see [ maps ]
mycalesis nobilis aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 269 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 2
mycalesis ignobilis butler , 1870 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1870 ( 1 ) : 124 ; tl : gold coast
mycalesis alboplaga rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 27 - 28
mycalesis elionas hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 59 ] , pl . [ 31 ] , f . 41 - 42 ; tl : old calabar
mycalesis dekeyseri condamin , 1958 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 20 : 1348
ghana - cameroun , s . zaire ( shaba ) , uganda . see [ maps ]
mycalesis dubia aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 270 , f . 4
zaire , uganda , rwanda , burundi , w . tanzania , kenya ( montane ) . see [ maps ]
burundi , rwanda , e . zaire ( kivu ) , uganda , nw . tanzania , w . kenya ( mt . elgon )
mycalesis saussurei suffusa riley , 1921 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1921 ( 1 - 2 ) : 240 ; tl : nw . rhodesia , solwezi
rhodesia , moçambique , natal , swaziland - ethiopia , s . somalia , kenya , uganda , e . zaire , comoros , socotra . see [ maps ]
mycalesis anynana var . neglecta thurau , 1903 ; berl . ent . z . 48 : 119 [ dry - season ]
kenya - tanzania , zambia , malawi , mozambique , rhodesia , botswana , s . africa , comoro is .
anynana centralis condamin , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 603
mycalesis safitza ab . semicoeca strand , 1910 ; soc . ent . 25 ( 2 ) : 6 ; tl : usambara
sw . tanzania ( mpanda ) , zambia , malawi , n . rhodesia . see [ maps ]
n . zambia , s . zaire ( shaba ) , s . tanzania , w . tanzania . see [ maps ]
senegal - ethiopia , w . kenya - mozambique , zimbabwe . see [ maps ]
w . africa , cameroun , c . a . r . , n . zaire , sudan , uganda , ethiopia
mycalesis milyas hewitson , 1864 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis v - vi ) : [ 57 ] , pl . [ 30 ] , f . 34 ; tl : white nile
mycalesis pavonis butler , 1876 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 18 : 481 ; tl : abyssinia
funebris orientalis ( ungemach , 1932 ) ( mycalesis ) ; mém . soc . sci . nat . phys . maroc 32 : 50
guinea , sierra leone - gabon , c . zaire ( kasai ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis uniformis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 470 ; tl : makala - beni
mycalesis hyperanthus bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 469 ; tl : makala ; beni - mawambe
nigeria , cameroun - gabon , congo republic , c . zaire . see [ maps ]
mycalesis sciathis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 62 ] , pl . [ 32 ] , f . 55 - 56 ; tl : old calabar
guinea - nigeria , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis feae aurivillius , 1910 ; ann . mus . stor . nat . genova ( 3 ) 4 / 44 : 516 ; tl : moca , 1400m
mycalesis analis aurivillius , 1895 ; ent . tidskr . 16 : 113 , f . 1 ; tl : camerun , yaunde
mycalesis mildbraedi gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroons
mycalesis kenia var . inocellata gaede , 1915 ; ent . rundsch . 32 : 50 ; tl : kitumu , s . kenya
mycalesis ( monotrichtis ) hintzi strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110 ; tl : musake
mycalesis campides strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110
mycalesis owassae schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : o - wassa , fernando - poo
mycalesis noblemairei janet , 1894 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1894 : cclvi ; tl : french congo , niari
mycalesis langi holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 139 , pl . 10 , f . 10 ( preocc . mycalesis langi de nicéville , 1883 ) ; tl : congo
mycalesis erysichton ehrmann , 1894 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 2 : 77 ; tl : piquinini sess , liberia , west africa
mycalesis eleutheria rebel , 1911 ; ann . mus . wien . 24 : 412 , pl . 14 , f . 7 - 8
mycalesis completa gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroon
mycalesis chapini holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 140 , pl . 7 , f . 9 ; tl : congo
mycalesis benitonis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 147 ; tl : alen
mycalesis bibundensis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 148 ; tl : w . africa , bibundi in kamerun
mycalesis subignobilis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 149 ; tl : spanish guinea , alen
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
verzeichniss einer von dem herren missionären e . laman und w . sjöholm bei mukinbungu am unteren congo zu sammengebrachten schmetterlings sammlung
zoological results of the swedish expedition to central africa 1921 . insecta 12 . lepidoptera 1
results from the danish expedition to the french cameroons ( 1949 - 1950 ) xxvii . - lepidoptera
on lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot
description d ' une espèce nouvelle de mycalesis ( lep satyridae ) ( mission p . l . dekeyser et b . holas au libéria , 1948 )
the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson
descriptions of some new species of diurnal lepidoptera , collected by mr . harold cookson , in northern rhodesia , in 1903 and 1904
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
a list of the butterflies collected by mr . william bonny on the journey with mr . stanley from yambuya on the aruwimi river through the great forest of central africa ; with descriptions of nine new species
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
a list of butterflies taken on the march to coomassie by lieutenant alwin s . bell , of the 2nd west - india regiment , between mansu and the river prah , with description of new species
lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species
notes on some new or rare rhopalocera from eastern africa . revisional notes and descriptions of some new east african rhopalocera .
new lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera
insekten von baliburg ( deutch - westafrika ) gesammelt von herrn dr . eugen zintgraff
die insecten der berglandschaft adeli im hinterlande von togo ( westafrika ) . 1 . abtheilung : apterygota , odonata , orthoptera saltatoria , lepidoptera rhopalocera
verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge
wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera
descriptions of two new species of lepidoptera collected by dr . w . j . ansorge in east africa
a list of the lepidoptera collected by mr . arthur h . neumann , in neumann , a . h . , elephant hungting in east equatorial africa in neumann ,
neue tagfalter - formen aus usambara , gesammelt von herrn prof . dr . j . vosseler
zoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g . tessmann nach sud - kamerun und spanisch - guinea . lepidoptera
neue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika . ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung
contribution à l ' étude des lépidoptères d ' abyssinie ( pt . 1 , rhopalocères )
weymer , 1892 exotische lepidopteren vi stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79 - 125
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
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lepidoptera and odonata collected by r . c . ( tim ) dening from all around the world throughout a lifetime of travel and natural history interest from 1930 to 2000 . the collection , amounting to more than 70 cases , is now held in the
, in scotland . it features a large number of zambian butterflies and moths .
the names of the butterflies in the cases are listed beneath the pictures , with the country of collection under the name .
the numbers next to the names relate to the collector ' s original hand written notes . the numbers represent species / subspecies , rather than individual specimen numbers . you can access these original species notes by clicking on the underlined names . this will open a pdf document of the relevant page of notes . locate the correct number on the page to access information on dates and places of collection of that particular species .
explanations to help the reader to interpret the collector ' s notes are available here .
click on the icon on the left and follow the links for a free copy .
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* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .


calcochloris is a genus of mammal in the family chrysochloridae .

it contains the following species : congo golden mole ( calcochloris leucorhinus ) yellow golden mole ( calcochloris obtusirostris ) somali golden mole ( calcochloris tytonis )

calcochloris

endemic to africa . recorded only from ten scattered locations in cameroon , republic of congo , central african republic , the democratic republic of the congo and angola . the subspecies h . leucorhina cahni ( previously calcochloris leucorhinus cahni ) occurs in southeastern cameroon , northern republic of congo and southeastern central african republic . huetia leucorhina leucorhina ( previously calcochloris leucorhinus leucorhinus ) is known from six isolated locations in western and southwestern democratic republic of the congo and southwards to northern angola ( one locality ) .
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following simpson ( 1931 ) , the term
tenrecoid
has also been widely misused as a general name for a vaguely defined grouping of ( extinct and extant ) taxa characterized by zalambdodonty , even though it has become clear that some of these were not technically zalambdodont , and that zalambdodonty may have arisen independently several times ( e . g . broom , 1916 ) . this further militates against its stricter nomenclatorial use , even at taxonomic ranks below order .
the supraordinal affiliation of the afrosoricida remains controversial . molecular data strongly support an affinity within the afrotheria , whereas morphological data suggest a closer relationship to lipotyphlans . lipotyphlan monophyly , however , is only weakly supported by cladistic analyses of morphological data ( asher , 1999 ) and phylogenetic analyses of combined anatomical and molecular data strongly support the inclusion of afrosoricids within afrotheria ( asher et al . , 2003 ) .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
known from only a partial specimen collected at the type locality , giohar ( villagio duca degli abruzzi ) in southern somalia in 1964 , with no subsequent records thereof ( though this may reflect a lack of sampling ) . further research is needed to clarify its systematic and conservation status . the species is therefore assessed as data deficient .
this species is known from a single specimen ( partial owl pellet remains ) collected from the type locality at giohar , somalia .
the area where it was collected has dense bushland and savanna of the somali peninsula ( agnelli et al . 1988 ) . also referred to as somalia - masai acacia - commiphora deciduous bushland and thicket .
research is needed to ascertain the generic affinities and systematic status of this species , and to document its distributional limits . there is a lack of knowledge regarding most aspects of its biology , ecology and life history strategy .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
a widespread species in a region that tolerates mild habitat alteration and is not heavily impacted by human activities , so the presumably large global population is unlikely to be in decline . least concern is justified also by its occurrence in many provincial , national and transfrontier protected areas in south africa , zimbabwe and mozambique .
locally common in suitable sandy habitats on the coastal plains of mozambique and northern kwazulu natal ( south africa ) .
there are no known major threats . minor threats may arise from rural and urban development , which include housing and associated roads infrastructure . agriculture and commercial forestry operations no doubt contributes to degradation , fragmentation and loss of its natural soil habitat . however , these are localized threats .
asher , r . j . , maree , s . , bronner , g . , bennett , n . c . , bloomer , p . , czechowski , p . , meyer , m . and hofreiter , m . 2010 . a phylogenetic estimate for golden moles ( mammalia , afrotheria , chrysochloridae ) . bmc evolutionary biology 10 : 69 ( doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 69 ) .
insufficient data are available on the limits of the geographic distribution of this species and its subspecies , the systematic and ecological status of known subpopulations and the threats faced by these subpopulations . data deficient status is warranted , as more research is needed to clarify its conservation status .
the largest portion of its distributional range in west africa ( cameroon , republic of congo and central african republic ) fall within moist montane rainforests with extension into peripheral forest - savanna mosaics where they prefer soft sandy loam soil . outlying records from central africa were collected from soft loamy soil in moist and dry lowland equatorial forests and forest - savanna mosaics southwestern democratic republic of the congo and northern angola . signs of activity also observed in pastoral and cultivated lands as well as rural and urban gardens ( bronner 2013 , prince kaleme pers . comm . ) . seemingly no information is available on the general biology , life history and ecology of this species ( bronner 2013 ) .
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