nealyda kinzelella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by august busck in 1900 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from florida .

the wingspan is 5.5-6.5 mm .

the basal half of the forewings is light brown , the color gradually becoming darker outwardly and terminating in a deep velvety brown .

there is a transverse fascia at the middle of the wing , on the outside edged with a thin line of white scales .

the fascia is more thickly scaled than the rest of the wing and protrudes in a small dorsal scale tooth .

the ground color of the apical half of the wing is silvery white , thickly suffused with black , fuscous and bluish scales .

an ill-defined group of dark scales at beginning of cilia is edged below with a few brown scales .

another at the apex also has a few brown scales below .

at the tornus is a nearly black spot and the entire apical edge is nearly black .

the hindwings are silvery gray .

the larvae feed on guapira obtusata .

they mine the leaves of their host plant , creating upper surface , trumpet-formed blotch mines .

pupation takes place outside of the mine in a snow white cocoon .

nealyda kinzelella

nealyda kinzelella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 230 ; tl : palm beach , florida
nealyda dietz , 1900 ; ent . news 11 ( 2 ) : 350 ; ts : nealyda bifidella dietz
nealyda kinzelella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 77 ; clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 425 ( key ) ; [ nacl ] , # 1682 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 2
nealyda leucozostra meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 5 ; tl : brazil , obidos
nealyda phytolaccae clarke , 1946 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 427 ; tl : stock island , florida
nealyda neopisoniae clarke , 1946 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 427 ; tl : jamainitas , habana , cuba
nealyda accincta meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 5 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas
nealyda leucozostra ; clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 427 ( key ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
nealyda bifidella dietz , 1900 ; ent . news 11 ( 2 ) : 351 , pl . 1 , f . 2 - 2b ; tl : glenwood , colorado
nealyda accincta ; clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 426 ( key ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
nealyda bicolor ; clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 427 ( key ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
nealyda pisoniae busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 229 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; tl : palm beach , florida
nealyda bifidella ; clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 425 ( key ) ; [ nacl ] , # 1681 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 2
nealyda pisoniae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 113 ; clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 425 ( key ) ; [ nacl ] , # 1684 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 2
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didactylota bicolor walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 522 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent
bougainvilleae hering , 1955 ; dt . ent . z . ( n . f . ) 2 : 323
larva on ( mines ) pisonia obtusata busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 230
larva on pisonia aculeata clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 427
aristotelia panchromatica meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 274 ; tl : assam , shillong
apatetris panchromatica ; sakamaki , 2000 , tijdschr . ent . 143 ( 1 - 2 ) : 215 ( note )
larva on phytolacca decandra clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 427
larva on ( mines ) pisonia aculeata busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 229
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
walsingham , [ 1892 ] on the micro - lepidoptera of the west indies proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 492 - 549 , pl . 41
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larva lives in a round blotch mine in a blolly ( guapira ) leaf .
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the t-bar cichlid ( cryptoheros sajica ) , also known as sajica cichlid is a central american species of cichlid found in freshwater streams and lakes on the pacific slope of costa rica .

it was formerly known as archocentrus sajica , but the taxonomy was revised as a result of a study by juan schmitter-soto .

the fish is tan colored with seven indistinct bars on the body .

the third bar is usually prominent and coupled with a dark lateral stripe running from the gill cover results in a horizontal t-shaped mark , hence the common name of t-bar cichlid .

cryptoheros sajica

t bar cichlid ( cryptoheros sajica )
before and after
tank maintenance .
above two cryptoheros sajica , photo by mario toromanovic . youtube video at end of article .
t - bar cichlid , mojarra , sajica - buntbarsch , . . . more
cichlasoma sajica ( hd movie 06 ) - t bar cichlid & convict cichlid fry .
cryptoheros sajica inhabits rivers which have moderate to strong currents , but prefer slow flowing water in a small water bodies , only few yards in width . they are found above gravel , as well as sandy bottoms .
cryptoheros sajica isn ' t the easiest fish to find . occasionally you can see this fish listed in the aca trading post , but seldom for sale on the web . your best bet is to ask around at local clubs or on the internet .
stomach contents of wild fish indicate that cryptoheros sajica feeds mostly on plant material . beside filamentous algae and small seeds , water insects and small fish were also found . with this in mind , i fed a diet of flake and pellet food , frozen mysis and brine shrimp , with the occasional treat of live black worms .
cichlids : aequidens rivulatus oscar - astronotus ocellatus blue acara - aequidens pulcher cichla monoculus red terror cichlid - cichlasoma festae firemouth cichlid - thorichthys meeki flier cichlid - archocentrus centrarchus gold mixteco - thorichthys sp . ' mixteco gold ' hellers cichlid - thorichthys helleri amphilophus labiatus keyhole cichlid - cleithracara maronii midas cichlid - amphilophus citrinellus archocentrus octofasciatum red port acara - cichlasoma portalegrense tricolor cichlid - cichlasoma salvini sieve cichlid - cichlasoma grammodes theraps wesseli turquoise cichlid - amphilophus robertsoni umbie - caquetaia umbrifera yellow acara - aequidens metae dwarf cichlids : agassiz dwarf cichlid - apistogramma agassizii blue panda apisto - apistogramma panduro cockatoo dwarf cichlid - apistogramma cacatuoides convict cichlid - cryptoheros nigrofasciatus cryptoheros nanoluteus nijssenis dwarf cichlid - apistogramma nijsseni cryptoheros sp . ' honduran red point ' umbrella cichlid - apistogramma borellii viejti apisto - apistogramma viejita
hi . i have a question regarding males of c . sajica . i had some of them about 15 years ago , i have them now from few months and i ' m wondering why my current males does not wear breeding colors like the other one that i had some time ago . male from the past in time of breeding and fry care was turning dark , nearly black with golden eyes . similar as female of those cichlids do . my current male does not change colors while breeding / caring . while looking for pictures of cryptoheros sajica on the web i found that males in breeding colors are quite rare . . .
i would like to write a few words about my experience breeding wild caught a . sajica and the surprise these fishes gave me . a surprise that shows these animals fascinating and diverse behaviour .
this video shows my breeding group of cryptoheros sajica aka t - bar cichlid . there are 2 males and 3 females , and they form two pairs , that had fry at the same time . water parameters in that tank are ph 7 . 4 and temp . 78°f . both male and female are excellent parents , taking care of eggs and later fry , from day one . you can see change in colors , once they lay eggs and during care for fry .
t - bar cichlid should not be kept with cichlasoma nigrofasciatum or its relatives who may interbreed . the species name sajica is an acronym for sa lvador ji menez ca nossa , director of the library of congress of costa rica .
, formerly known as the archocentrus sajica is a small central american cichlid found exclusively in the pacific slopes of costa rica . male specimens can grow up to a nearly 5 inches , while females are considerably smaller and fully grown at about 4 inches .
out of curiosity i also tried keeping them in an aquarium with clear water and a large pair of n . managuense as company and the sajica couple spawned standing guard over their eggs and fry . it seemed like they simply chose another strategy in darker waters . i have kept other pairs of breed a sajica in the 540 l / 145 gallon aquarium since then , but none of them have showed this behaviour . i’m hoping that others get to experience this unique behaviour that just goes to shows us that cichlids never stops surprising .
i got a pair of wild caught a sajica from a friend that had collected them on a trip . since i had kept this species before , in fact it was the third cichlid i ever breed , i didn’t expect any surprises . well , i was wrong .
i obtained five young , 1 - inch cryptoheros sajica from one of gcca ' s regular meeting auctions . i placed them in a ten gallon tank for a month or two and then transferred them to my 20 gallon tank . at about eight months old , they began pairing up , and i ended up with two pairs . the result was a pair of fish on each half of the tank and one extra female . there were some fights in the beginning , but once borders were established , fighting stopped , and soon after both pairs laid eggs . one pair chose a rock - like cave and other pair spawned in pleco bell .
the wild caught a sajica couple spawned many times in this aquarium , once every 2 - 3 month , and they always to great success used this method . at one point i moved them to another aquarium about half as big as the other and with clear water . they shared this tank with a number of other cichlids , mostly fry from the larger aquarium . in this aquarium they spawned in they way one are used to see a sajica spawn , e . g . standing guard over their eggs and fry . a little later the couple was moved back to the 540 l / 145 gallon aquarium and they then started to “hide” their eggs and fry again .
to my great relief the sajica found themselves loving their company and was left alone by their larger predatory cousins . the aquarium was decorated with two very large roots that reached all the ways to the surface of the aquarium and created three natural territories for the fishes in the aquarium . there where small gaps under the roots that the ancistruses utilized for breeding . the larger cichlids couldn’t get into these spaces . these large roots made the water in this tank very dark and made it look like a black water river aquarium . the water conditions was however harder and the ph level higher than what you might expect to find in a black water river .
in shortage of better accommodations i put the 6 cm / 2 . 5 inches long cichlids in a 540 l / 145 gallon aquarium that was already overly crowded . in the aquarium already swam four 20 cm / 8 inches texas cichlids , a pair of n . festae ( 25 and 20 cm / 10 and 8 inches ) , a pair of n . managuense ( about the same size as n . festae ) and four natal cichlids , mossanbicus mossanbicus , ( 20 cm / 8 inches ) . the tanked was also inhabited by two convicts ( about 4 cm / 1 . 5 inches ) that had originally been put there as feeders , and finally loads of ancistrus that just wouldn’t stop breeding . all of the species where breeding regularly in the aquarium . as i said , the aquarium was already very crowded . i knew i was taking a chance putting the small sajica in with these predators but i didn’t have any choice .
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the parents continued to take them on these little expeditions for about a month after which the fry had grown to approximately 1 . 5 cm / 0 . 75 inch . the impressing thing is that almost all of they fry had survived to this age . after the parents had stop caring for their fry the young quickly became boulder and started swimming around , which lead to that all but two of the fry was eaten one week later . ( there were 50 - 60 fry before that . ) these two however did manage to grow up in this aquarium .
- information about all aspects of jack dempsey cichlids , their care and breeding .
- information about all aspects of red devil cichlids , their care and breeding .
a relatively peaceful , smaller growing cichlid . will stock well as an individual in community tanks . more than one individual of this species in a tank , is best kept as a member of an established / compatible pair , as conspecific aggression can be a problem in the t - bar cichlid . males will grow a bit larger in size than the females , and become much sturdier , ' chunkier ' looking at adult sizes , by growing an impressive - looking forehead lump with dominance called a ' nuchal ' hump . spawning coloration is dramatic , and quite beautiful in this species as the male and female will become quite dark , with the eyes becoming by contrast , an extremely bright , shimmering gold in color . two pairs of this calmer , more peaceful cichlid can be stocked with confidence in minimum sized , four foot long aquariums . beware of stocking a spawning pair in community tanks ! they are very protective - aggressive - parents . a six foot long tank is recommended as the minimum size for keeping this cichlid as spawning pairs , in ' mixed ' species community tanks . stock with tank mates that are ' robust ' and hardy in nature , but not so large in size they will just simply eat your pair !
pronunciation : refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .
habitat : this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization . this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .
diet : many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food ; notwithstanding , some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .
temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors , including aquarium size , tankmates of similar appearance , stocking levels , and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .
conspecific temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size , stocking levels and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .
maximum size : this is in regards to total length ( including the tail ) of typical aquarium specimens . wild specimens may not attain this size , or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors . also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .
difficulty : this measure is a relative value , comparing a single species against all other cichlids . this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations . 1 = easy and forgiving , 5 = extremely challenging .
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and seven indistinct bars on the body . the third bar is usually prominent and coupled with a dark lateral stripe running from the gill cover , results in a horizontal t - shaped mark . this t - mark is the
evidence
supporting the common name of t - bar cichlid .
because of lack of tank space at the time i acquired these fish , i kept two pairs in twenty gallon tall tank . i would definitely recommend a bigger tank , at least 40 gallon . i maintained the temperature at 78°f , ph at 7 . 2 and performed up to 50 % water change every 3 to 4 days . the tank was furnished with gravel , some caves , rocks and driftwood . lights were on 12 to 14 hours a day .
these fish are not overly aggressive , so even though the tank was on the small side , aggression was limited and no fish were lost .
eight days post spawn , hundreds of little fry emerged from the bell and cave , closely guarded by their parents . i immediately began feeding with newly hatched brine shrimp .
t - bar cichlids are excellent parents . both male and female actively guarded the fry for almost two months before i removed the fry to a separate tank .
the greater chicago cichlid association — gcca — is a not - for - profit , educational organization , chartered in the state of illinois , dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of information relating to the biology of the fishes in the family cichlidae , with particular emphasis on maintenance and breeding in captivity . we are simply cichlid hobbyists who love cichlids .
here ' s a look at my t bar cichlid in my 40b t bar tank . i also have rasbora hets , glowlight tetras , otocinclus and more in this freshwater , planted tank . aunt tagonist - silent film dark by kevin macleod is licensed under a creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) source : urltoken artist : urltoken i created this video with the youtube video editor ( urltoken )
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small , personable , and gregarious , t - bar cichlids are great choices for novice aquarists who want fish with personality that will breed for them without excessive aggression .
omnivorous - does well with flake or pellet food supplimented with vegetable or meat foods .
this is a less common species from central america . there are two color varieties - one that is purple and blue and another that is yellow or gold . this species should be provided with caves to hide and breed in .
other central american cichlids such as firemouth meeki and convicts . catfish and plecos should also do well .
mated pairs will breed in a cave . unlike many other american cichlids , mated pairs may not stay mated for life .
named for the type locality of the type species ; ' amatitlán ' means ' a place abundant in amate ' in nahuatl , ' amate ' is a kind of rustic paper made from the bark of ficus petiolaris or ficus indica .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? ; dh range : 15 - ? . tropical ; 23°c - 30°c ( ref . 36880 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 ) ; 8 . 0 cm tl ( female )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 17 - 18 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 6 - 8 ; anal soft rays : 7 - 8 . this species has no unique autapomorphies , the third ( main ) lateral bar uniformly wide ( its width not uniform in other species ) ; caudal blotch usually absent ; no lateral spot or medial intensification of bars on side of body ; absence of ocellus on dorsal fin ; without abdominal blackening in mature females ; palatine arms subequal ; posteriad projection on ventroposterior angle of retroarticular absent ; articular with a right angle ventrally ; an anteriorly directed pronounced convexity on ventral process of articular present ; anal - fin spines modally 7 ( ref . 74403 ) .
inhabits rivers and rivulets which have moderate to strong currents but is not found in the rapids . prefers smaller rocks and gravel . found up to 2000 feet of elevation . omnivorous , feeding on algal filaments , aquatic insects , seeds and bottom detritus . spawns in caves or crevices , preferring to adhere its eggs to an oblique or vertical surface . produces about 200 offspring which feed on the parent ' s dermal mucus .
schmitter - soto , j . j . , 2007 . a systematic revision of the genus archocentrus ( perciformes : cichlidae ) , with the description of two new genera and six new species . zootaxa 1603 : 1 - 78 . ( ref . 74403 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 03162 ( 0 . 01397 - 0 . 07157 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 3 ±0 . 17 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .
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is evident on the males . the males are a little more colourful . the females have more yellow hues on their fins .
this fish can be aggressive and shouldn ' t be kept with smaller fish . keep in either a species tank or with other similar sized
prefers a good current and likes a small pebble or gravel substrate . can do well in a planted tank provided plants are well established as this fish can dig .
a semi - aggressive cichlid . aggression increases , especially on the part of the female , if they are spawning and she will defend her eggs and fry ferociously .
an attractive cichlid once it has settled into its environment . it ' s body and fins have blue , yellow and red hues on a olive green base colour . it gets its
t - bar
common name from the ' t ' shape that can occasionally be seen on its flanks .
this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 02 .
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known from rio parrita to rio coloradito . also ref . 2060 , 36377 , 52307 .
schmitter - soto , j . j . 2007 . ( ref . 74403 )
max length : 9 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 ) ; 8 . 0 cm tl ( female )
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? ; dh range : 15 - ?
pd 50 = 0 . 5020 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )
high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . )
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usnm 211617 ( 20 paratypes ) , costa rica , puntarenas , a tributary of rio sierpe , 2 km s of palmar sur ; mhng 2447 . 21 ( 1 ) , costa rica , puntarenas , rio ceiba ; ummz 194210 ( 4 ) , ummz 194239 ( 28 , 2 c & s , 8 dig . ) , costa rica , puntarenas , a tributary to rio ceiba , just above mouth .
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central american cichlids are adaptable , often quite aggressive fish that require moderately hard and alkaline water conditions . they are among the most popular cichlids in the hobby thanks to their bright colours and general hardiness , but the large size of some species and their sometimes violent behaviour means that few are suitable for the average community tank .
environment limestone dominates much of the geology of central american , and consequently the rivers and lakes tend to be hard and alkaline . volcanic crater lakes are a distinctive feature of the central american aquatic environment , characterised by their rocky banks and great depth . lake nicaragua is a particularly famous example , and besides being home to a variety of cichlids , bull sharks regularly swim into the lake from the pacific ocean via the 120 - mile san juan river .
“the firemouth cichlid thorichthys meeki is a native to mexico , guatemala and belize . ”
water chemistry if you live in a hard water area , the chances are your tap water will be adequate for keeping these fish . central american cichlids are adaptable and do well across a range of water chemistry values , though as ever in fishkeeping , it is important to maintain ph and hardness stability between water changes . in general , ph 7 - 8 and a hardness of 10 degrees dh or more will suit these fish well . in soft water areas some hardening of the water will be necessary . one approach is to place calcareous media ( such as crushed coral ) in one of the compartments inside a canister filter . as the water flows past this media it will dissolve some of the calcium carbonate , resulting in harder , more alkaline water . because filters get dirty over time , any such media will gradually lose its buffering capacity as it gets covered with dirt and slime . to prevent problems , take care to clean any calcareous media under a hot tap at least once a month , or sooner if you find the ph dropping .
“electric blue jack dempsey cichlids are typical of central americans in preferred moderately hard , alkaline water conditions . ”
an alternative approach is to add minerals to each bucket of new water . you can use commercially available cichlid salts of the type produced for malawian and tanganyikan cichlids , but you likely won’t need to use the full dose . a half dose should be adequate , though check the ph and hardness with your test kits and adjust as required . if you want to make your own mineral salts , then add 1 teaspoon baking soda ( sodium bicarbonate ) , 1 tablespoon epsom salt ( magnesium sulfate ) , and 1 teaspoon marine salt mix ( sodium chloride and various trace elements ) per 10 gallons ( 40 litres ) of water . again , check the ph and hardness and adjust as necessary .
salinity some central american cichlids inhabit brackish water habitats and could be kept in a brackish water system . one benefit of keeping these fish in brackish water conditions is that the marine salt mix will automatically adjust ph and hardness to appropriate levels . examples of species found in slightly brackish water include amphilophus hogaboomorum , herichthys carpintis , herichthys pearsei , parachromis friedrichsthalii , parachromis motaguensis , rocio octofasciata and vieja synspila . these will do well at specific gravity levels up to around sg 1 . 005 . a few species are able to live and breed in fully marine conditions . these include cichlasoma urophthalmus , nandopsis haitiensis , nandopsis tetracanthus and vieja maculicauda . none of these fish needs brackish water conditions to do well , and all could be kept in a plain freshwater aquarium without problems .
water temperature for most species the usual 25 degrees c ( 77 degrees f ) will suffice . higher temperatures are sometimes advocated by hobbyists , but the only real benefit of this is to increase the frequency with which these cichlids spawn . unless you are farming these fish on a massive scale , there’s no particular reason to have your fish spawning every 3 - 4 weeks !
decorating the tank since most central american cichlids come from shady habitats with lots of cover , they appreciate a tank that isn’t too brightly lit . most species like to dig , so live plants , except perhaps floating species , aren’t of much use . instead concentrate on large plastic plants , rocks , and pieces of artificial or real bogwood . because large amounts of bogwood can acidify the aquarium over time , if you decide to use a lot of this material , monitor ph carefully and do not neglect water changes ! the sand - sifting species will appreciate a fine substrate . river sand is ideal , but otherwise a mix of four parts smooth silica sand to one part coral sand will produce a reasonable facsimile . because these cichlids like subdued light and shady environments , they don’t appreciate brightly coloured gravels .
because these fish dig a lot , take care that their activity cannot undermine your arrangement of rocks . make sure all rocks are securely balanced , and if necessary use a gravel tidy to secure a cushioning layer of gravel at the bottom of the tank . this will prevent any rocks slipping and cracking the glass . most of these fish spawn in caves , or at least dig a pit somewhere sheltered . in many cases a flowerpot on its side makes an ideal nesting site .
tank size central american cichlids need a lot of space . tanks less than 110 litres ( 30 gallons ) in size are best reserved for singletons or breeding pairs . collections of the smaller , milder species could be maintained in tanks 200 litres ( 55 gallons ) in size , but for best results you should aim for a tank 375 - 750 litres ( 100 - 200 gallons ) in size . this will provide your fish with plenty of space , and make it easier to keep the bigger and more aggressive species without them killing each other .
amatitlania - convict cichlids the standard convict cichlid of the hobby is amatitlania nigrofasciata . various colour morphs are available , including an albino form . wild - type fish are basically grey with black vertical bands . females also have bright gold markings on the belly and on the dorsal and anal fins . the species is also sexually dimorphic in terms of size , with females being smaller at up to 10 cm ( 4 inches ) noticeably smaller than the males , who get up to about 12 . 5 cm ( 5 inches ) in length . convicts are pugnacious , and noted for their ability to coexist successfully alongside much larger fish . they tend to bully the mild central american cichlids , but in sufficiently large aquaria will work well with the more territorial , small and medium - sized species . they are omnivores and consume both meaty and green foods .
the honduran red point convict , probably amatitlania siquia , is similar to the standard convict but is smaller and has distinctive red and green colouration in the fins . maintenance is much like the standard convict , but this species appears to be somewhat less aggressive .
archocentrus - mild mannered rainbows at least three species belong to this genus , but only one species , the rainbow cichlid archocentrus multispinosus , is commonly traded . it works well in community tanks , and is probably the best central american cichlids for beginners . as its name suggests , this species varies its colours with its mood . the body is generally yellow to brick red , but becomes very dark , almost black , when spawning . archocentrus are omnivores , and offerings of both crustaceans and green foods will help them develop their best colours .
the mojarra or mayan cichlid cichlasoma urophthalmus is a big species at up to 40 cm ( 16 inches ) in length . it is one of the species most strongly associated with brackish water conditions , and wild fish show a distinct preference for coastal lagoons . under aquarium conditions it does not need to be kept in brackish water . it is aggressive , and should be kept alone or with equally robust species , though care should be taken to avoid species too similar in shape or colouration , as such fish will tend to bring out its worst behaviour . its sheer size demands a massive aquarium : singletons won’t tolerant other cichlids in anything under 375 litres ( 100 gallons ) and breeding pairs will need a tank twice that size if you want to avoid carnage ! the mojarra is often confused with a south american cichlid cichlasoma festae . when the two are compared , cichlasoma festae has a smaller eyespot on the tail fin but more intense red colouration .
herichthys - texas cichlids there are at least ten species in the genus herichthys but only two are normally traded . historically there has been much confusion between these two species , herichthys carpintis and herichthys cyanoguttatus , with both fish being known as texas cichlids . in fact only herichthys cyanoguttatus is naturally found in texas , specifically the rio grande , as well as mexico . telling the two species apart is difficult , but in general herichthys cyanoguttatus is covered with much smaller blue - white spots than herichthys carpintis . body colour in both cases can vary dramatically with mood , though it is typically some shade of blue , often with dark vertical bands . herichthys are omnivores that consume some plant matter alongside small crustaceans , worms and insects . they are reasonably well behaved fish in communities alongside other robust cichlids , but do become extremely aggressive when spawning .
these are medium - sized cichlids at up to 20 cm ( 8 inches ) in length though often rather less . they are omnivores , with wild fish consuming both plants and animal foods , particularly algae and insect larvae . they are notoriously aggressive at breeding time , but by the standards of central american cichlids generally , not especially aggressive the rest of the time . they work well in communities of robust cichlids , given sufficient space and hiding places .
occasionally you will see other species on sale , such as thorichthys ellioti . apart from differences in colouration , these are essentially similar to the firemouth in terms of care . thorichthys ellioti in particular is very vividly coloured with bright blue spots over its body .
they grew pretty quickly . i fed them twice a day , and feeding was very easy . they pretty much ate anything that fell in front of their face . every other day i performed water changes of about ten percent to keep the chemistry up to par . by the end of the first year they were each about 3 inches long .
finally , one day i had noticed that two had paired off . they had all the others pinned in corners and fearing for their lives , so the following day i baged up the dominated fish , and traded them in for some baby brine and earthworm flakes before they met an untimely death by the newly territorial and greedy pair . within days i noticed the couple cleaning one of the flat stones . i also noticed that the female’s breeding tube was visible , a sign that eggs are soon to come . she laid about 100 small . tan - colored eggs the following day . it happened to be my day off , and i was excited that she had laid her first batch of eggs , little did i know that the pleco decided he had an appetite for caviar . the inexperienced soon - to - be parents tried to keep the intruder away , but the pleco was determined to have his fancy meal . the damage done , i relocated the pleco to my african cichlid tank .
she had another batch of eggs 3 weeks later . this time they were better prepared , and with no armored , sucker - mouthed egg eaters in their tank , they were on the road to success . these fish are very good parents once they get the hang of it ! they guarded their offspring ferociously , even attacking the gravel tube as i tried to clean the substrate . when they were big enough , i moved the fry i could catch to a seperate 20 high . about 50 fry made it to be traded and sold from that batch .
i don’t consider sajicas a very vibrant species , though they are attractive in their own way . they remind me a lot of the a . spilurus , with their shimmering blue eyes . maybe their most striking feature is the blue throat developed by both males and females as they mature . males attain an adult size of 5 inches and females about 3 . 5 to 4 inches . with caution they may be kept with community fish , but they are almost always aggressive towards others of their own kind . i would say the minimum tank size for an adult pair would be a 29 gallon . i would highly recommend this species to someone who would like to try something other than a convict cichlid . they breed easily and are really fun to watch as they spawn and raise their fry . if you have any questions about them , please let me know in the comments section !
you may know better than i if this is indeed a baby t - bar . it is about 1 inch long right now . it was thrown in by accident with some guppies i purchased .
i have a group of 7 of which 2 paired off at 3 - 4 inches . pretty fish but i can not tell if the are t - bars or blue - eye cichlids . they look great and started coloring up at 2″ . one of the pair the male has a red dorsal fin and the female has a yellow one . separated them into a 26 gallon with the same cave that they had taken over in the previous tank and they established a nest immediately .
that fish place’s resident “cichlid pro . ” in addition to working at tfp for 13 years , jose’s been breeding cichlids for over 14 years and has produced over 200 different species . jose is the man to question for everything cichlid . check out jose’s work in the article : keeping and breeding african cichlids in small aquariums , and his many other contributions on cichlid husbandry , behavior , and his personal experiences with keeping cichlids from across the globe .
eileen daub : hi sam , fishing with goldfish is illegal due to the risk of . . .
chris mcclelland : hello , i have had success raising green sunfish in an aquari . . .
sam earlyfall : is it only cruel to put them on a hook and then fish with th . . .
eileen daub : hi sara , i wouldn ' t expect cilantro / coriander to be safe sub . . .
eileen daub : hello name , red tail sharks don ' t lay egg sacs . if you can g . . .
that fish blog is designed to help promote knowledge of the pet hobby . if you wish to reference or cite specific information from a blog post , we ask that you provide a link back to the original . the content on that fish blog is copyright protected and may not be duplicated without written permission . if you have any questions on this policy , feel free to send us an email at blogs @ thatpetplace . com . © copyright 2013 , all rights reserved .
tank size - max . 40 liter max . 60 liter max . 80 liter max . 100 liter max . 150 liter max . 200 liter max . 250 liter max . 300 liter max . 400 liter max . 500 liter > 500 liter
social behavior : a territorial , pair forming cichlid . a relatively peaceful , sometimes shy fish which does not molest plants .
decoration : tank with a sandy bottom ; hiding places of stones and roots ; perhaps plant the edge and the background with tough species .
description : this is the cousin of the convict cichlids . the t - bar cichlid when they are juveniles do not display any particular colouration except some black bands over a grey colouration . this might discourage the beginner to acquire such species which they do not have the dramatic black - on - gray colouration of their common cousins . their juvenile drab brown base color will develop shades of yellow and blue , with intense blue and red sparkles on fins for males and more yellow sparkles on the fins of females .
males grow markedly larger and develop a steep forehead with age . the tips of the dorsal and anal fin are elongated , forming an arch towards the inside that frames the caudal fin . the genital papilla is pointed . the females are considerably smaller , and their genital papilla is blunt . the species digs at spawning time . cave spawner ; nuclear family or in transition to a patriarch - matriarch family .
around 26 °c reproduction is not difficult , but there are sometimes problems . the animals almost always ( if available ) spawn in caves . the eggs are quite small , whitish to brownish transparent ( camouflage coloration ) , and number up to 300 . the larvae hatch in 3 days at 26 °c , and the fry are free - swimming in an additional 5 - 7 days . primarily the female is in charge of brood care ; the male takes care of territorial defense . sometimes the roles are reversed . raising the young has its problem since usually only one part of the spawn grows normally . the majority stagnate in growth . feed with artemia nauplii .
last edited by rkm . sbc on tue nov 17 , 2015 7 : 23 am , edited 1 time in total .
please visit urltoken for aquarium and fish information as well as information on breeding fish . thank you for viewing my video . please don ' t forget to subscribe to my channel for tons of aquarium information . here are some products that i love and use . if your looking to set up a tank come view this equipment . fluval fx6 filter : urltoken fluval fx4 filter : urltoken finnex titanium heater : urltoken northfin fish food krill : urltoken prime water conditioner : urltoken hydor powerhead : urltoken digital thermometer : urltoken current usa led light : urltoken floramax substrate : urltoken floramax light : urltoken fluval co2 system : urltoken aquaclear 50 : urltoken industrial air pump : urltoken t bar cichlid breeding , sexing and alot of more information that you need to know about the t bar cichlid . my facebook page urltoken visit my site urltoken


the lime-speck pug ( eupithecia centaureata ) is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is a common species throughout the palearctic region ( where it is found in europe , central asia , mongolia , southern siberia , eastern china ( guangdong ) and taiwan ) , the near east and north africa .

lime - speck pug

lime - speck pug ( eupithecia centaureata ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 57
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 98
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 105
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 122
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 120
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 59
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 114
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 83
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 49
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 126
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 142
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 79
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 76
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 62
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 96
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 102
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 39
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 101
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 52
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 37
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 81
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 53
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 43
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 143
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 129
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 45
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 88
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 , 86
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 124
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 117
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 131
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 64
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 132
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 55
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 141
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 138
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 91
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 67
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 75
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 50
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 41
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 72
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 110
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 137
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 47
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 103
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 112
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 127
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 106
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 94
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 99
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 119
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 , 33
riley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 135
a distinctive and slender - winged pug , it is thought that this species may resemble a bird - dropping and thus reduce attraction to predators .
wingspan 16 - 20 mm . a distinctive and slender - winged pug , it is thought that this species may resemble a bird - dropping and thus reduce attraction to predators .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
fairly common throughout britain , occurring in a wide range of habitats , the species has one or two broods , being found on the wing from april to september .
the caterpillars feed on the flowers of a range of low - growing plants .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
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recorded in 66 ( 96 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1834 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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the species has one or two broods , being found on the wing from april to september .
fairly common throughout britain . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as common .
fairly common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = a ( common and resident )
the large dark splodge on each forewing together with smaller black round - bractet is highly indicative of this moth . when the insect is resting it could easily be mistaken for a bird dropping . has many habitats in open land . is not fussy and can be found on a wide range of herbaceous plants . 20 - 24mm across when opened .
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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for the county , we have a total of 5098 records from 377 sites . first recorded in 1880 .
: sparsely recorded from all five vice - counties . most frequent in the south , although not seen near selby ( vc61 / 64 ) for many years ( smj pers . comm . ) .
: doing well in the county particularly in lowland areas . two overlapping broods , the second being larger .
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notes : common in gardens , hedgerows , scrub and saltmarshes , and on roadside verges throughout the british isles . in hampshire and on the isle of wight widespread and common . wingspan 20 - 24 mm . unmistakable . larva feeds on such plants as ragwort , mugwort , sea wormwood , burnet - saxifrage , knapweed , scabious , hemp - agrimony , yarrow , traveller ' s - joy , goldenrod and wild angelica , over - wintering as a pupa .
description : wingspan 20 - 24 mm . adults resemble a bird dropping when at rest . forewings greyish white with a dark brown blotch that merges with the black discal spot ; the size of the blotch can vary between individuals . there are also darker blotches running along the dorsum of the forewing . hindwings pale white with a small black discal spot and chequered fringe .
flight period : end of may to late august . skinner gives from summer to early autumn as the normal flight period in britain .
status : common and fairly widespread in eastern counties with the majority of records coming from well - recorded sites along the down coastline . it has also been recorded from several inland sites in north armagh at loughgall , aughinlig and navan and also from rathlin island , antrim .
ecology : a polyphagous species found in a variety of habitats in small numbers . adults come frequently to light and will occasionally visit flowers . the larvae feed during june and july on the flowers of mouse - ears cerastium spp . it overwinters as a pupa .
world distribution : eurasiatic ; common throughout europe as far east as asia and also north africa .
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weed of the week burdock description : . . . - thunderbird outdoor adventures | facebook
these pages show a variety of moth caterpillars that can be found in typical habitats . this is unlike the organisation of adult moths as they tend to have a recognised and restricted flight period , often only a couple of months . caterpillars , on the other hand , are around much longer . the larval stage of many species lasts maybe ten months , with part - grown larvae hibernating over the winter . there are caterpillars you would be almost guaranteed to find on heather moorland but would never see in your garden , and vice versa . other categories include coast , scrub , carr & hedgerows , woodland , roadsides & waste ground . some species overlap habitats , inevitably . a selection of the most likely species to be found in each habitat are shown .
it should be emphasised just how hard it is to find most larvae , and then how difficult it is to identify many without rearing them . comments alongside many photographs provide guidance on identification and confusion species ( many of which make then indistiguishable ) and also the likelyhood of finding them and when they might be found .
butterfly conservation is a registered charity and non - profit - making company , limited by guarantee . registered office : manor yard , east lulworth , wareham , dorset , bh20 5qp . charity registered in england and wales ( 254937 ) and in scotland ( sco39268 ) .
taken at musselburgh on 13th august 2017 using panasonic lumix lx5 in macro mode .
a variety of flowers including yarrow , burdock , heather . nectar rich flowers . all the wings being largely white except for a black blotch on the costa of the forewing . 20 - 24 mm . woodland . summer - autumn .
the larvae are found in various colours with diagonal patches down the sides finishing on top of the larva . yellow form - with brownish red markings . green form - dark green markings . pinkish form - deep pink markings .
the moth has a white to whitish brown narrow forewing with a black discal spot located on a light or darker black patch adjacent to the costa , which makes this moth unmistakeable .
if disturbed they tend to hide beneath a leaf . the moth is attracted to light and is a regular visitor to the light trap .
website where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed .
plant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant
lepi - plants
page where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .
a sub - family of more than 150 species . typically feeding on the foliage of a wide range of dicot plants , although many species consume the host ' s flowers and seeds . particular genera display affinities for certain hosts , e . g . scotopteryx on leguminous herbs and shrubs ( fabaceae ) ; catarhoe on bedstraws ( rubiaceae ) ; chloroclysta on shrubs and trees ; and thera on conifers .
old data currently unassessed by a specialist for changes in nomenclature , new species to the british list , new interactions , errors in original sources , and misspellings . new material added from waring , townsend & lewington , 2003 . field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . british wildlife publishing , uk . ; ;
below is a list of all sources for this family / sub - family contained within dbif . click on source name for a list of all records for this source .
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 26
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 130
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 122
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 15
barbour , d . a . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 97 146 - 146 : 146
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 25
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 20
costen , p . d . m . & peet , t . n . d . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 0098 0217 - 0218 : 0217
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 103
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 88
haggett , g . m . ( 1980 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 31 221 - 226 :
riley , a . m . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 0098 0207 - 00208 : 0208
corley , m . f . v . ( 1984 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 35 : 2 76 - 77 : 77
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 34
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 128
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 40
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 98
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 129
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 116
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 41
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 24
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 92
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 119
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 41
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 82
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 26
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 117
arnold , v . w . ( 1979 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 91 : 11 289 - 332 : 322
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 115
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 34
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 16
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 126
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 76
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 95
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 40
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 18
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 32
owen , d . f . ( 1982 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 94 52 - 52 : 52
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 107
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 33
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 31
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 108
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 10
owen , d . f . ( 1987 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 38 209 - 213 : 210
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 124
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 85
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 23
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 33
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 24
owen , d . f . ( 1987 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 38 209 - 213 : 212
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 96
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 123
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 83
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 120
knill - jones , r . p . ( 1982 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 94 77 - 77 : 77
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 42
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 38
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 89
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 110
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 121
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 33
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 102
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 75
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 117
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 111
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 100
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 27
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 13
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 90
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 39
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 78
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 21
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 30
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 37
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 127
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 104
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 29
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 112
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 14
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 84
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 91
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 72
owen , d . f . ( 1983 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 95 20 - 20 : 20
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 37
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 36
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 87
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 36
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 116
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 19
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 101
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 22
riley , a . m . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s mon . mag . 37 : 2 68 - 68 : 68
michaelis , h . n . ( 1981 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 93 40 - 40 : 40
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 35
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 118
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 79
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 30
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 31
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 97
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 73
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 12
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 29
viart , m . ( ed . ) ( 1979 ) poplars and willows in wood production and land use . fao forestry series 10 1 - 328 : 230
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 81
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 114
riley , a . m . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 36 : 4 259 - 261 : 260
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 11
west , b . k . ( 1981 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 93 198 - 198 : 198
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 38
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 113
haggett , g . m . ( 1981 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 93 236 - 236 : 236
sterling , m . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 97 27 - 28 : 27
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 77
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 80
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 34
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 28
agassiz , d . & skinner , b . ( 1980 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 92 162 - 166 : 164
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 39
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 17
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 109
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 93
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 28
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 106
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council : 27
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 125
riley , a . m . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 98 85 - 89 : 85
brit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 23
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 74
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 86
noble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of
the natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .
field studies council :
porter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 35
waring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 99
skinner , b . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 97 185 - 186 : 186
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we supply yarrow in our selected wildflower trays or seed mixes but we also sell it here on its own , as seed , 55cc plug plants , or in more generous half litre pots .
supplier : british wildflower plants / all things rural our yarrow plants and seeds have guaranteed uk provenance and are supplied by signatories to the flora locale code of practice .
welcome to our online shop , where you will find top quality plants , trees and seeds , delivered straight to you from our community of specialist growers and harvesters around britain . we donate half of our profits from sales through the shop to uk conservation charities .
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butterfly conservation ' s rough bank reserve is a site known by some local butterfly enthusiasts for many years , but until 2012 ( the year when bc purchased rough bank ) there had been few reports of moths found there apart from daytime observations on a few occasions . one such record in 1993 was of a larva of narrow - bordered bee hawk - moth found feeding on devil ' s - bit scabious . five nationally scarce micro - moth species had also been recorded at the site in the past .
since 2012 a total of 628 moth species have been recorded on the site ( plus 4 other species only recorded in earlier years ) . three of these were the first records for the species in gloucestershire : trifurcula headleyella and coleophora therinella in 2012 , and aphelia viburnana in 2014 .
3 nationally rare species have been found at rough bank ( species given provisional red data book status in the 2012 review of the status of microlepidoptera in britain ) , and 43 nationally scarce species : 3 in the
notable a
category , 40
notable b
. for more information about these species see the rough bank rare and scarce moths page .
this page lists the moth species recorded at the site , mostly on the unimproved limestone grassland slopes of rough bank sssi but also any additional species recorded in the two pasture fields which were included in bc ' s purchase . these fields both have wetland areas with plants associated with such habitat and supporting colonies of some rush - feeding moth species .
for each species the table below lists the agassiz , beavan & heckford checklist number , the bradley list number , scientific and common names , national status , earliest and most recent years recorded and typical uk larval food . the list will be updated at least annually using records sent to the current vc33 ( east gloucestershire ) moth recorder , robert homan . it is updated more frequently with my own records from the site , and sometimes with additional species reported to me . records prior to 2012 are from the former gloucestershire moth recorder roger gaunt ' s database .
following the publication in september 2015 of a paper showing that delplanqueia inscriptella occurs in the uk and d . dilutella seems to be very restricted in its range , all previous gloucestershire records of d . dilutella are doubtful . from reexamination of a few kept specimens ( all looking too dark for d . dilutella ) , d . inscriptella has been found at several gloucestershire sites including rough bank .
the species name links in the table below are to the species entries on the uk moths website . please note that the gloucestershire moth distribution maps are not updated frequently , so some species listed below may not yet be shown as recorded in the rough bank tetrad so90e . also some informal reports of species from rough bank are listed below , but such records will only be mapped if the recorder sends them to the vc33 ( east gloucestershire ) moth recorder - for contact details see the distribution maps page .
perforate & other st . john ' s - worts , bird ' s - foot trefoil
bird ' s - foot trefoil ( f . palustrella ) ; greater b - f . tref . ( f . decreta )
page last revised june 2018 butterfly conservation . company limited by guarantee , registered in england ( 2206468 ) . registered office : manor yard , east lulworth , wareham , dorset , bh20 5qp . charity registered in england and wales ( 254937 ) and in scotland ( sco39268 ) . vat no gb 991 2771 89
upto four 125wmv traps two 6w and a 15w actinic trap were placed over a wide area of the bog on four separate dates in may , june , july and august , usually covering the bog myrtle / heather communities and the birch / pine habitats . a further daytime search was made in october for leaf mines . the uk status is common
unless stated , although some of the micro - moths ( especially the leaf mines , nepticulidae & gracillariidae ) usually comes under the ‘unknown’ category as very little is known and studied with this neglected group . all larval food plants are in brackets . the numbers on the left hand side are the bradley & fletcher numbers .
1313 catoptria pinella ( grasses & sedges esp . tufted hair - grass ) ( local )
2130 dotted clay ( various trees & plants inc . heather and bog myrtle )
2196 striped wainscot ( common reed & various grasses inc . purple moor - grass ) ( local )
2286 light knot grass ( various plants inc . heather and bog myrtle ) ( local )
2305 small angle shades ( various trees & plants inc . bracken and birch )
2412 silver hook ( sedges & grasses inc . tufted - hair grass ) ( local )
2484 pinion - streaked snout ( unknown , but probably inc . heather’s and rushes ) ( local )
2493 dotted fan - foot ( various marsh grasses inc . wood - rush & wood - sedge ) ( notable n / b )
if we were to split the food plants into three main categories which are associated with dersingham bog , heathland , birch and pines then this gives more of a clue as to what species is using what habitat .
striped wainscot ( grasses inc . purple - moor grass / common reed ) local
bog myrtle would be widely used by many species under the larval food plant heading of ‘various plants’ ( as would heather ) . this would include the local pinion - streaked snout .
mention must be made of the light knot grass trapped here in may and june . in norfolk it has been recorded from roydon common for some years now and this was the first record away from this site . its nearest occurrence to norfolk is the staffordshire moorlands .
other food plants associated with the wetter areas of dersingham bog such as phragmites , juncus etc , deserve special mention too .
a summary of the above gives over 45 local species associated with the bog , one notable na and three notable nb .
is a brightly - coloured geometer moth that is usually seen more in daylight , lightly flying over the wetter areas of the heathland , it will also come to light . the food plant is marsh cinquefoil (
is only a tiny noctuid 15 - 18 mm long , very easily overlooked and may be mistaken for a microlepidopteron . upto 100 were noted around the bog myrtle during the july visit , with fewer in the august visit . the larval food plant is not known but orhant ( 1977 ) considers it likely to be juncus spp .
usually found in reed - beds and fens in east anglia and the larva feed on sallow and various marsh sedges and grasses . it seems to becoming more widespread over the last few years .


cotana albomaculata is a moth in the eupterotidae family .

it was described by george thomas bethune-baker in 1904 .

it is found in new guinea .

the wingspan is about 58 mm .

both wings are pale , semitransparent reddish , the forewings have a large ovate white spot at the end of the cell and there is a whitish scalloped subterminal stripe , the scallops extended into spear-head points in the apical area .

the hindwings are similar to the forewings but without the cell spot .

cotana albomaculata

have a fact about cotana castaneorufa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
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lunulata ( bethune - baker , 1904 ) borealis rothschild , 1932 ab . unicolor rothschild , 1932 [ infraspecific ] montium rothschild , 1932 occidentalis rothschild , 1917 satisbona rothschild , 1917
pallidipascia rothschild , 1917 pallidifascia ( sic sensu auct . ) postpallida ( rothschild , 1917 )
rubrescens walker , 1865 ssp . kapaura rothschild , 1917 [ male ] ssp . oetakwensis rothschild , 1917 [ male ]
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urltoken
nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .