the gray-collared chipmunk ( neotamias cinereicollis ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae .

it is endemic to arizona and new mexico in the united states .

gray - collared chipmunk

gray - collared chipmunk by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow
after hibernation , gray - collared chipmunks diligently search the ground for any seeds that remain from the previous summer . since these are usually uncommon ,
are easily recognized by the light and dark stripes on their back and head . they bear distinct facial markings and have only five dark stripes on their back . there is a distinct central line that extends forward onto the head . the gray - collared chipmunks are covered in shades of gray and share distinctive patterns of black , pale gray , and buff stripes .
predators include as hawks , weasels , coyotes , martens , foxes , and snakes . fighting during the breeding season is also a source of injury and death for many gray - collared chipmunks .
fleharty , e . d . 1960 . the status of the gray - necked chipmunk in new mexico . j . mamm . 41 : 235 - 242 .
gray - collared chipmunks are not in any danger of going extinct any time soon . in fact , this species experiences only tiny fluctuations in its population from year to year . these fluctuations have been attributed to predators such as hawks , weasels , coyotes , martens , foxes , and snakes . fighting during the breeding season is also a source of injury and death for many gray - collared chipmunks .
since chipmunks prey upon insects , their food habits influence the growth of various plants . gray - collared chipmunks are also important in the dispersal of seeds because of their habit of storing them beneath the layer of decaying vegetation on the forest floor . in this way ,
palmer ' s chipmunk ( neotamias palmeri ) is a medium - sized chipmunk whose range is limited to the higher - elevation areas of the spring mountain range , nevada . a second chipmunk species , the panamint chipmunk ( neotamias panamintinus ) , is more broadly distributed and lives in lower - elevation , primarily pinyon - juniper ( pinus monophylla - juniperus osteosperma ) habitat . . .
with the onset of cold weather , chipmunks enter a restless hibernation during late fall or early winter and are relatively inactive during the winter months . some individuals , however , occasionally come out on warm , sunny days during the winter . by early march , most gray - collared chipmunks have emerged from hibernation .
hart , e . 1976 . life history notes on the cliff chipmunk , eutamias dorsalis , in utah .
habitat : central new mexico and central arizona . coniferous and spruce forests especially around clearing with deadfall . description : only squirrel with gray cheeks . 5 dark and 4 light well defined stripes on back . grayish body with prominent gray on cheeks , upper back and shoulders . source : audubon online guides
palmer ' s chipmunk resembles other chipmunks in that it has solid black and white stripes that run down its body dorsally . the body of the chipmunk is tan while its ventral side is more pale . total body length is
. on warm winter days , palmer ' s chipmunk will come out of its burrow to visit their caches for food .
forest - floor disturbance reduces chipmunk ( tamias spp . ) abundance two years after variable - retention harvest of pacific northwestern forests
gray - collared chipmuinks , along with many other chipmunks , have charming personalities . they charm campers and hikers with their small size , their boldness in search of food , and their constant activity . in fact , they are not hard to approach at all . they are easily persuaded to accept seeds or nuts from a person ' s hands ( sheppard , 1990 ) .
gashwiler , j . s . 1965 . longevity and home range of a townsend chipmunk . journal of mammalogy 46 : 693 .
wadsworth , c . e . 1972 . observations of the colorado chipmunk in southeastern utah . southwestern naturalist 16 : 451 - 454 .
. eutamias dorsalis is recognizable by the near absence of dorsal stripes . an occasional individual may have more prominent stripes , but even in such a specimen the dorsal wash of gray is evident
this article contains basic information ( identification , food sources , nesting and breeding habits , etc . ) about chipmunks . if there is a need to control chipmunks , the behavior and food preferences ( along with other information in this article ) will come into play . chipmunk control page will give information on how to get rid of nuisance animals . for trapping , go to chipmunk trap information page . chipmunk pictures
sheppard , d . 1990 .
chipmunk .
canadian wildlife service hinterland who ' s who . urltoken ( 1 dec . 1997 )
broadbooks , h . e . 1970b . populations of the yellow pine chipmunk , eutamias amoenus . american midland naturalist 83 : 472 - 488 .
populations occurs during periods of food shortage such as when there is seed crop failure and the chipmunk doesn ' t have enough food stored for its hibernation .
when these chipmunk prepare food for storage , they holds the seeds in their dexterous front paws and with their specialized incisors . their incisors are especially long and directed forward .
broadbooks , h . e . 1970a . home ranges and territorial behavior of the yellow - pine chipmunk , eutamius amoenus . journal of mammalogy 51 : 310 - 26 .
chipmunks are often confused with the thirteen - lined ground squirrel . from the same family of animals as tree squirrels , chipmunks are identified differently because of the stripes above and below their eyes . there are two kinds of chipmunks in north america : the eastern chipmunk and the western chipmunk . the name “chipmunk” comes from the two types of chattering calls they make to mate and to communicate between each other . one sound is a thrilling chip - chip - chip repeated rapidly while the other is a lower pitched chuck - chuck - chuck . the main predator of the chipmunk is the long - tailed weasel ; however they are also preyed upon by hawks , foxes , bobcats and house cats .
, which are an important food resource of the chipmunk . this species has also been known to eat local fruits , grass , insects , and the seeds of other conifers .
12 - hart , e . b . 1976 . life history of the cliff chipmunk , eutamias dorsalis , in utah . southwest nat . , 21 - 243 - 246 .
chipmunks can be serious destructive pests when they become numerous around homes and gardens . the burrowing activity of chipmunks can cause significant structural damage by undermining foundations , concrete patios and steps , retaining walls and sidewalks . they may also be destructive to gardens when they dig up and eat bulbs and seeds or attack garden fruits . when they become over - abundant , gray - collared chipmunks can prevent normal reforestation of some trees , especially pines , by eating their seeds . when this occurs , they have to be trapped by humans .
national wildlife federation .
cliff chipmunk , urltoken
( on - line ) . urltoken . accessed 12 / 08 / 02 at http : / / www . urltoken / fieldguide / showspeciesgs . asp ? sort = 1 & curgroupid = 99 & display = 1 & area = 99 & searchtext = cliff + chipmunk & curpagenum = 1 & recnum = ma0186 .
elliot , l . 1978 . social behavior and foraging ecology of the eastern chipmunk ( tamias striatus ) in the adirondack mountains . smithsonian contributions to zoology no . 265 . 107 pp .
13 - hart , e . b . 1971 . food preferences of the cliff chipmunk , eutamias dorsalis , in northern utah . great basin nat . , 31 - 182 - 188 .
ellis , l . s . , and l . r . maxxon . 1979 . evolution of the chipmunk genera eutamias and tamias . journal of mammalogy 60 ( 2 ) : 331 - 334 .
there are no obvious mounds around the burrow entrance because the chipmunk carries the dirt in its cheek pouches and scatters it on the ground away from the burrow to make the burrow entrance less conspicuous . the chipmunk’s main tunnel is between 20 and 30 feet in length , but complex burrowing systems occur where cover is sparse . burrow systems normally include a nesting chamber , one or two food storage chambers , various side pockets connecting to the main tunnel , and separate escape tunnels . the average territory of a chipmunk is about 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 acre , but the adult usually only defends an area about fifty feet around the burrow entrance .
the average territory of a chipmunk is about 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 acre , but an adult usually only defends an area about fifty feet around the burrow entrance ( corrigan , 1997 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .
the eastern chipmunk prefers nuts , acorns , seeds , mushrooms , fruits , berries , corn , and sunflower seeds . it also eats insects , bird eggs , snails and small mammals like baby mice . they collect most of their food from the ground ; however they will scale trees to gather acorns and other nuts when they are ripe . when eating , they will sit upright and hold their food with their front feet . the eastern chipmunk uses its teeth to grind nuts down to size to stuff in their cheek pouches . this grinding sound is very loud and can be heard from several feet away . the eastern chipmunk doesn’t truly hibernate but rather wakes every few weeks during the winter months to eat .
new mexico : new mexico cooperative fish & wildlife research unit , new mexico state university , p . o . box 30003 , msc 4901 , las cruces , nm 88003 , principle investigators : bruce thompson , ken boykin , database creator : robert deitner , habitat modelers : susanne propeck - gray , jennifer puttere , cynthia king , zachary schwenke ,
gray - collared chipmunks are found only in coniferous forests , at elevations of 1 , 950 - 3 , 440 m . they eat all kinds of vegetation , and collect and store acorns underground or in hollow logs . their tracks are often seen in the snow , but they probably remain in their dens during the coldest months , sleeping or feeding on their cache of acorns . one litter , of 4 - 6 , is born a year , usually in june in a nest under a log or stump . nests have also been found in woodpecker holes in trees . when they are 36 - 40 days old , the young begin eating solid food , and less than a week later , stop nursing . by fall , they are almost fully grown .
chipmunk is the common name for any of the small , striped , squirrel - like rodents comprising the genus tamias of the tribe marmotini in the family sciuridae . traditionally , eutamias had been considered a second genus of chipmunks , but today is generally considered a subgenus of tamias .
is a smoky - gray chipmunk with dark stripes on its back . these dark stripes are more distinct on the summer fur than on the winter fur . it lacks the white stripes often found in the pelage of this genus . the flanks are light brown in color , and the undeparts are creamy - white . the tail is bushy with black on top and cinnamon brown underneath . the feet have a hint of yellow . the molt in may and june from winter to summer pelage occurs from anterior to posterior . females tend to molt into their summer pelage in june and july , later than males , due to the engergy requirements of pregnancy and lactation .
land unit forest service lands , new mexico usfs - cibola national forest usfs - gila national forest usfs - luna / quemado / reserve district usfs - negrito watershed ( reserve district ) nmdgf - misc . lands - double e the nature conservancy lands the nature conservancy lands - gray ranch , ( formerly tnc ) other distribution references - 19 , 27 , 29 , 33 , 38 , 54
a chipmunk ' s main tunnel is between 20 and 30 feet in length , but complex burrowing systems occur where cover is sparse . burrow systems normally include a nesting chamber , one or two food storage chambers , various side pockets connecting to the main tunnel , and separate escape tunnels .
if unmolested , they often become bold enough to take food from the hands of humans . the temptation to pick up or pet any wild animal should be strictly avoided , however . while rabies is exceptionally rare ( if not non - existent ) in rodents , chipmunk bites can transmit virulent and dangerous bacterial infections .
we evaluated the two - year effects of variable - retention harvest on chipmunk ( tamias spp . ) abundance ( n ^ ) and habitat in mature coniferous forests in western oregon and washington because wildlife responses to density / pattern of retained trees remain largely unknown . in a randomized complete - block design , six . . .
removes seeds from pods with its incisors , then uses its tongue to shift the seeds backward . it stuffs the seeds between its teeth and inside of its cheekpouches . the capacity of these cheekpouches increases with maturity . when they cheek pouches are full , a chipmunk deposits the seeds in its nest or buries them in shallow holes .
the burrow systems of the eastern chipmunk are quite vast and have many entrances . chipmunks create tunnels up to ten feet long and three feet deep . there are separate tunnels for storing food , sleeping , and keeping empty shells and feces . the eastern chipmunk will defend up to fifty feet around its den and has been known to burrow in stone walls and rotting logs . when together in a group , they can cause damage to stone walls , patios , stairs and foundations by burrowing under them . this type of damage as well as damage that is sometimes done to gardens and landscaping are reasons why chipmunks are often considered a pest ( nuisance wildlife . )
we used radiotelemetry to examine the effects of spring prescribed fire for preharvest oak ( quercus spp . ) shelterwood management on eastern chipmunk ( tamias striatus ) home - range attributes and burrow use on the fernow experimental forest in the central appalachian mountains of west virginia . results for 21 chipmunks showed that prescribed fire had little discernable . . .
we report the first voucher of the cliff chipmunk ( neotamias dorsalis ) and observations of brazilian free - tailed bats ( tadarida brasiliensis ) from the huachuca mountains , arizona , where these species had not been documented . while presence of t . brasiliensis was expected on fort huachuca , n . dorsalis was a surprise after a century . . .
the diets of a fungal specialist , northern flying squirrel ( glaucomys sabrinus ( shaw , 1801 ) ) , and a dietary generalist , lodgepole chipmunk ( neotamias speciosus ( merriam , 1890 ) ) , were examined in the old - growth , mixed - conifer forest at the teakettle experimental forest in california ' s southern sierra nevada . spores of fungi . . .
chipmunks ( tamias spp . ) in western north america are important for their numerical abundance , their role in pathogen transmission , and the composition and structure of food webs . as such , land management agencies ( e . g . , u . s . forest service ) often conduct field surveys to monitor the diversity and abundance of chipmunk species as a measure . . .
twice a year when the female adult eastern chipmunk is ready to mate , she produces a series of calls called chips . these sounds entice the males who gather and compete for a chance to mate . females will often mate with several males . after mating , the males have no further contact with the female or the babies that are produced . three to five young are delivered in the nesting burrows and are born blind and hairless . they open their eyes after thirty days and emerge from their burrow after six weeks .
though they are commonly depicted with their paws up to the mouth , eating peanuts , or more famously their cheeks bulging out on either side , chipmunks eat a variety of foods . their omnivorous diet consists of grain , nuts , birds ' eggs , fungi , worms , and insects . at the beginning of autumn , many species of chipmunk begin to stockpile these goods in their burrows , for winter . other species make multiple small caches of food . these two kinds of behavior are called larder hoarding and scatter hoarding . larder hoarders usually live in their nests until spring .
tamias cinereicollis spends much of its day collecting and storing seeds , which are its most important source of food . they often forage on the ground and they easily climb trees and shrubs to harvest nuts and fruits . the diet of these chipmunks consists of various kinds of nuts , berries and seeds , but they also eat mushrooms , cherry and plum pits , insects , worms and carrion . rare instances of t . cinereicollis preying on birds or small mammals have been observed . when the chipmunk prepares its food for storage , it holds the seeds in its dexterous front paws and with its specialized incisors .
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patterson , b . d . and norris , r . w . 2016 . towards a uniform nomenclature for ground squirrels : the status of the holarctic chipmunks . mammalia 80 ( 3 ) : 241–251 . doi : 10 . 1515 / mammalia - 2015 - 0004 .
justification : listed as least concern because it is relatively widespread , common , there are no major threats , and its population is currently stable .
this species occurs in the mountains of central and eastern arizona and central and southwestern new mexico in the united states ( hoffmann et al . in wilson and reeder 1993 ) , at elevations of 1 , 950 - 3 , 440 m asl ( most common at 2 , 100 - 3 , 300 m asl ) ( hilton and best 1993 ) .
this species is considered common . population density in arizona was estimated at 5 / ha in may , 12 . 5 / ha in august ( hoffmeister 1986 ) .
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department of zoology and wildlife science and alabama agricultural experiment station , 331 funchess hall , auburn university , alabama 36849 - 5414 .
clayton d . hilton , troy l . best ; tamias cinereicollis , mammalian species , issue 436 , 23 april 1993 , pages 1–5 , urltoken
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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is found all throughout central and eastern arizona and central and southwest new mexico in the united states ( findley , 1986 ; nowak , 1991 ) .
these chipmunks are found primarily in coniferous forests at elevations between 1 , 950 abd 3 , 440 meters . they prefer mature woodlands and woodlot edges , but they also inhabit areas in and around suburban and rural homes such as around ornamental plantings , rockpiles , outbuildings and below patios and building foundations . although they are mostly burrowing rodents , they regularly climb oak trees to gain access to rooftops ( best , 1999 ; corrigan , 1997 ; grzimek , 1990 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .
is one of the smaller chipmunks . it has a total length between 208 and 242 mm , with males measuring slightly smaller than females . weights range between 55 and 70 g . it has a relatively long tail , comprising from 90 to 109 mm of the total length of the animal ( best , 1999 ; grzimek , 1990 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .
mating occurs two times a year , during early spring and again during the summer or early fall . there is a 30 to 31 day gestation period . two to five young are born in the spring ( early may ) and again between august and october . they are born naked and blind . young can eat solid foods by the age of 36 to 40 days , and are weaned by the age of 41 to 45 days . the young are sexually mature within one year and adults may live for up to three years . young appear for the first time above ground when they are 2 / 3 full size . the babies are reared by the mother without any help from the fathers ( best , 1999 ; corrigan , 1997 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .
breeding season this species breeds in the spring as well as in summer or early fall .
is most active during the early morning and late afternoon . these chipmunks are generally solitary and protect their territories except during courtship , or when the young are developing . populations of chipmunks average between 2 and 4 animals per acre . the home ranges often overlap among individuals , and the home ranges of adults are larger than those of juveniles . the home ranges of females tend to be smaller than those of males .
are the first to emerge in the spring . the females emerge one or two weeks later . once females emerge , breeding takes place near a female ' s burrow . competition occurs between males for females , and a male may mate with more than one female during a mating season .
are well - hidden near buildings ( such as basements and garages ) , gardens , stumps , woodpiles or brushpiles . the burrow entrance is usually about 2 inches in diameter . there are no obvious mounds around the burrow entrance because these chipmunks carry the dirt in their cheek pouches and scatters it on the ground away from the burrow to make the burrow entrance less conspicuous .
spends much of its day collecting and storing seeds , which are its most important source of food . these chipmunks often forage on the ground and they easily climb trees and shrubs to harvest nuts and fruits .
consists of various kinds of nuts , berries , and seeds . mushrooms , cherry and plum pits , insects , worms and carrion are also consumed . rare instances of
may eat young leaves and shoots until new fruit and seeds become available ( corrigan , 1997 ; schultz , 1995 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .
depends on this food during the winter when it doesn ' t have access to seeds that are covered by snow , etc . ( shepppard , 1990 ) .
assist in the spread of shrubs , trees , and other plants . as a prey species , populations of
may have some impact upon predator populations . ( corrigan , 1997 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .
, have also been associated as being carriers of the hantavirus in the southwestern united states . human infection may occur when infective saliva or excreta are inhaled as aerosols produced directly from the animal . persons have also become infected after being bitten by rodents ( corrigan , 1997 ; healthtouch , 1997 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .
populations occurs during periods of food shortage such as when there is seed crop failure and chipmunks doesn ' t have enough food stored for hibernation .
depends on stored food during the winter when it doesn ' t have access to seeds that are covered by snow , etc . ( shepppard , 1990 ) .
candace t . smith ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
referring to a burrowing life - style or behavior , specialized for digging or burrowing .
the state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced , thus lowering the animal ' s energy requirements . the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state , typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
places a food item in a special place to be eaten later . also called
hoarding
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
living in cities and large towns , landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
findley , j . s . 1987 . the natural history of new mexican mammals . university of new mexico press , albuquerque .
grzimek , b . 1990 . encyclopedia of mammals . mcgraw - hill publishing , co . vol 3 . pp . 78 - 82
hantavirus infection - southwest united states .
healthtouch online . urltoken ( 1 dec . 1997 )
nowak , r . m . 1991 . walker ' s mammals of the world . fifth edition . johns hopkins university press , baltimore . pp . 586 - 589
) . pp . 362 - 363 in d wilson , s ruff , eds .
to cite this page : smith , c . 1999 .
tamias cinereicollis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
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allen , j . a . , 1890 . a review of some of the north american ground squirrels of the genus tamias , p . 94 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 3 : 45 - 116 .
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is found mainly in the southwestern united states of america . its range inludes the states of nevada , utah , arizona , and new mexico as well as the northern portion of mexico .
cliff chipmunks spend much of their time near cliffs . dens , particularly winter dens , are in rocky outcroppings . in summer , chipmunks will stay overnight in cliffs , but much of their diurnal activity is away from the den area .
generally inhabits elevations of 1500 to 3700 m with scrub - type habitat . the tendency is toward occupying patches of juniper (
) . cliff chipmunks have been found in lava fields and deserts at lower elevations .
adults of this species average 70 g . females are larger than males , weighing between 70 and 74 g . the smaller males weigh between 61 and 64 . 5 g .
ranges between 217 and 249 mm , with the hind foot measuring between 34 and 37 mm . they have 22 teeth . eight mammae are present on the females .
there are several subspecies reported , and these subspecies are reported to have clinal variation which intergrades them phenotypically . the subspecies may be defined mainly by differences in body and skull dimensions , pelage characters , dental characeters , and differences in the baculum .
the species is diagnosed by its baculum . this has a thin shaft , ranging in length from 2 . 64 to 3 . 69 mm . the distal half of the shaft is somewhat laterally compressed . the keel , which is 20 % of the length of the tip , is low . the tip of the baculum is between 20 % and 40 % the length of the shaft , and forms an angle of 140 degrees with the shaft .
details on the reproductive system of this species are scant . however , one estrus female was the center of attention of as many as 14 males , indicating that there is probably some competition among males for access to these females . it is not known whether the female in this report mated with more than one of the males .
males are reproductively active from january through june although most breeding occurs in march . a study of
in the mountains of arizona suggests that copulation does not occur until may with birth in late june and early july . these discrepancies can be attributed to the duration of winter and the quantity of food available .
does not gain weight before winter , but will loose some over the winter . february through april are lean months and may play a crucial role in the copulation and breeding success of
cliff chipmunks have only one litter per year , with an approximate size of 4 to 6 young . parturition normally occurs in the months of april to july with the young emerging from burrows about a month later .
although details on the development of this species are lacking , cliff chipmunks are probably like other members of their genus .
young are reported to nurse for 41 to 45 days . they are capable of eating solid foods at 36 to 40 days of age .
the young spend their early days in the den of their mother , and are presumed to be altricial . as mammals , females of this species provide their young with milk , grooming , and protection . mature females in arizona have been recorded in transport of half - grown young which are carried in the mouth . males are not reported to be involved in the care of the young .
has been described as shy . generally , cliff chipmunks are diurnal with activity mainly in the mornings and then again from the late afternoon until dusk .
was recorded to have 57 % of its activity foraging and 3 % as grooming behavior .
takes dust baths by lowering its belly into a dry , powdery soil and alternately writhing its head or tail end . it then flips over and throws its hindquarters around in the soil also .
grooms its head with the forepaws and will groom its tail end as well by biting into the fur .
can be territorial and will chase others if the minimum individual distance has been violated . however , these territorial encounters apparently occur mainly in the area around dens . away from dens , most encounters result in mutual nosings or chases . females can be somewhat gregarious , and form feeding aggregations during the morning feeding . as many as 10 chipmunks may gather at a food source , and slowly travel together through the food sources , keeping a distance of 3 to 10 meters betwen individuals . individuals in these aggregations may vocalize to identify themselves , or to maintain spacing .
is typically found close to refugia . although it may take cover in trees , the species is most likely to climb steep rocks when it is alarmed .
cliff chipmunks usually make their dens and nests in rocky bluffs and cliffs . sometimes underground burrows and tree nests are used . there may be different use of habitat in summer versus winter , with different nesting sites used in different seasons . also , seasonal migrations may occur , and if they do , they appear to be related to availability of food sources .
home ranges have been reported to range between 0 . 4 and 2 hectares . individuals of this species are reported to typically maintain home ranges with a greatest dimension of about 100 m .
has three different calls that characterize different meanings . a bark emitted during standing , resting , or squatting suggests normal activity . a sharp
whsst
or
psst
chirp from an upright , alert position and tail twitching indicates excitement . a mixture of high - pitched sounds represents being surprised or threatened .
in addition to its vocal communications , it is likely that this diurnal species uses other visual signals to communicate with conspecifics . for example , body posture may indicate friendly or hostile intentions when two individuals come together .
tactile communication is undoubtedly important between mates as well as rivals , and also occurs between a mother and her young . although specific scent based communication has not been reported for this species , it may occur .
forages for juniper berries , pine seeds , and acorns . these make up a large portion of the diet of this species .
is an opportunistic forager and will eat available plant material . seeds are gathered during prime availability and are carried in cheek pouches and are transported to temporary caches . seeds and vegetation are generally cached within 100 m of the home cliff , with many of these caches being retrieved later . use of plants as food sources seems to influence both daily and seasonal movements . females have been noted to spend more time foraging than males .
is mainly herbivorous although these chipmunks have been noted to eat a wide variety of insects , herps , birds , and eggs in utah .
remains close to the cliff faces and rocks for easily available cover . the indistinctness of their stripes is also supposed to serve as an anti - predator adaptation . potential predators in different regions include cooper ' s hawks (
cliff chipmunks are food for a variety of carnivores and raptors . they also cache seeds , and so may be an important means of seed dispersal . they compete with other species of chipmunks and ground squirrels for seeds . bot - fly larva (
these animals are not reported to have any positive economic impact on humans . however , as a prey species , they do provide food for some of the larger predatory species that humans enjoy watching . also , because they are themselves sort of cute , they may provide entertainment for tourists in natural areas .
, the possibility of crop damage is present although it has not been documented .
(
the iucn red list of threatened species
, 2002 ;
cites appendices
, 2002 ;
endangered species information , u . s . fish and wildlife service
, 2002 )
has kidney specializations that are adaptive to dry habitats . a number of subspecies exist and contribute to the differences noted in each category . differences between subspecies also contributes to the reported shyness or lack of shyness in different regions . synonym :
louise venne ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , chris yahnke ( editor , instructor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
( as keyword in perception channel section ) this animal has a special ability to detect heat from other organisms in its environment .
cites . 2002 .
cites appendices
( on - line ) . accessed 12 / 05 / 02 at urltoken .
u . s . fish & wildlife service . 2002 .
endangered species information , u . s . fish and wildlife service
( on - line ) . accessed 12 / 05 / 02 at urltoken .
university of new mexico . 1998 .
sevilleta lter data
( on - line ) . accessed 12 / 06 / 02 at urltoken .
iucn . 2002 .
the iucn red list of threatened species
( on - line ) . accessed 12 / 05 / 02 at urltoken .
) . pp . 363 - 365 in d wilson , s ruff , eds .
dunford , c . 1974 . annual cycle of cliff chipmunks in the santa catalina mountains , arizona .
to cite this page : venne , l . 2004 .
tamias dorsalis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
information on this page has been gathered from member submissions . effort has been made to avoid any infringement of copyright . additionally , any use is anticipated to be within the
fair use
doctrine . if any copyright has been infringed , please notify the webmaster . the disputed information will be removed and your issue will be resolved . if you are a submitting member , please inform and discuss with haz if you think you are submitting any copyright issue . please help us stay with the law .
like all rodents , members of sciuridae are noted for their teeth . they have a pair of large incisors on the upper and one on the lower jaw that grow continuously and need to be kept short and sharpened by frequent gnawing . ( the word
rodent
comes from the latin word for
gnawing .
) the second pair of incisors , the canines , and the first premolars are missing in rodents , creating a gap between the incisors and the grinding teeth .
eastern chipmunks mate in early spring and again in early summer , producing litters of four or five young twice each year . western chipmunks only breed once a year . the young emerge from the burrow after about six weeks and strike out on their own within the next two weeks .
chipmunks construct expansive burrows , which can be more than 3 . 5 meters in length with several well - concealed entrances . the sleeping quarters are kept extremely clean as shells and feces are stored in refuse tunnels .
chipmunks fulfill several important functions in forest ecosystems . their activities harvesting and hoarding tree seeds play a crucial role in seedling establishment . they consume many different kinds of fungi , including those involved in symbiotic mycorrhizal associations with trees , and are an important vector for dispersal of the spores of subterranean sporocarps ( truffles ) , which have co - evolved with these and other mycophagous mammals and thus lost the ability to disperse their spores through the air .
these small squirrels play an important role as prey for various predatory mammals and birds , but are also opportunistic predators themselves , particularly with regard to bird eggs and nestlings . in oregon , mountain bluebirds ( siala currucoides ) have been observed energetically mobbing chipmunks that they see near their nest trees .
howell , a . h . 1929 . revision of the american chipmunks . washington , d . c . : u . s . department of agriculture , bureau of biological survey . no . 52 .
myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2006 . genus tamias ( chipmunks ) animal diversity webs ( online ) . retrieved january 3 , 2008 .
nadler , c . f . , r . s . hoffmann , j . h . honacki , and d . pozin . 1977 . chromosomal evolution in chipmunks , with special emphasis on a and b karyotypes of the subgenus neotamias . am . mid . nat . 98 : 343–353 .
nichols , j . d . , and e . nyholm . 1995 . a concise dictionary of minnesota ojibwe . minneapolis : university of minnesota press . isbn 0816624275 .
piaggio , a . j . , and g . s . spicer . 2001 . molecular phylogeny of the chipmunks inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase ii gene sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 20 ( 3 ) : 335 - 350 .
whitaker , j . o . , and r . elman . 1980 . the audubon society field guide to north american mammals , 2nd edition . new york : knopf . isbn 0394507622 .
white , j . a . 1953 . the baculum in the chipmunks of western north america . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 5 ( 35 ) : 611–631 .
wilson , d . e . , and d . m . reeder . 2005 . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . isbn 0801882214 .
new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :
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justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , and because it does not appear to be under threat and is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . subspecies sonoriensis and carminis have very restricted distributions and merit attention .
it occurs in southwestern united states and northcentral mexico . in the united states , from idaho south through the mountains of arizona and western new mexico . in mexico , from sonora and western chihuahua to northeastern sinaloa and northwestern durango . there are three disjunct population segments ( wilson and ruff 1999 ) .
there are no known conservation measures specific to this species . however , there are several protected areas within its range .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t42571a115190634 .
nests are most commonly built on the ground but can occasionally be found in trees . in late spring to early summer , female chipmunks have litters of 3 or 4 pups which are born hairless . after a month or so , the pups have developed a smooth fur coat and begin to move in and out of the nest . at about 6 weeks old , the pups have moved to a mostly solid food diet .


ctenosaura bakeri , also known as the utila iguana , baker 's spinytail iguana , swamper or wishiwilly del suampo , is a critically endangered species of spinytail iguana endemic to the island of utila , one of the islas de la bahía off the coast of honduras .

the utila iguana is the only species of iguana and one of only two species of lizard to exclusively inhabit brackish mangrove swamps , forced there due to competition from larger species .

it is the smallest of the three species of iguana found on utila , and unique among spiny-tailed iguanas as it is born a dark color as opposed to bright green or yellow .

it is arboreal and primarily herbivorous , although it can be an opportunistic carnivore .

males may grow up to 76 centimeters ( 30 in ) in length , while females are smaller , with a length of up to 56 centimeters ( 22 in ) .

eggs are laid in sandy beaches and hatch about 60 – 76 days later , with the hatchlings returning to live in the mangrove forests .

brought to the brink of extinction by the 1990s due to hunting , it was brought back to international attention by german herpetologist dr. gunther köhler and his book reptiles of central america .

although several zoos and wildlife associations have instituted programs for the iguanas on utila , the species still finds itself threatened due to overhunting and may face more of a threat in the form of habitat loss .

extreme conservation efforts are in place to try to prevent this species from going extinct .

ctenosaura bakeri

the spiny - tailed iguanas are composed of the following species : ctenosaura acanthura , ctenosaura alfredschmidti , ctenosaura bakeri , ctenosaura clarki , ctenosaura conspicuosa , defensor , ctenosaura flavidorsalis , ctenosaura hemilopha , ctenosaura macrolopha , ctenosaura melanosterna , ctenosaura nolascensis , ctenosaura oaxacana , ctenosaura oedirhina , ctenosaura palearis , ctenosaura pectinata , ctenosaura praeocularis , ctenosaura quinquecarinata , and ctenosaura similis .
kento furui added the japanese common name
ベイカートゲオイグアナ
to
ctenosaura bakeri stejneger 1901
.
köhler , g . ( 1998 ) ctenosaura bakeri stejneger , 1901 . : sauria 20 suppl . : 417–420
reproductive and dispersal behaviour of the critically endangered utila spiny - tailed iguana ctenosaura bakeri on the island of utila , honduras .
zoerner s , köhler g ( 2004 ) ctenosaura bakeri . in : iucn 2006 . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species .
gutsche , a . ( 2005 ) distribution and habitat utilization of ctenosaura bakeri on utila . : iguana 12 ( 3 ) : 142–151
gutsche , a . ( 2006 ) population structure and reproduction in ctenosaura bakeri on isla de utila . : iguana 13 ( 2 ) : 109–115
gutsche , a . ( 2005 ) ctenosaura bakeri ( utila spiny - tailed iguana ) . predation . : herpetological review 36 ( 3 ) : 317
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dirksen , l . & gutsche , a . ( 2006 ) beobachtungen zur saurophagie bei ctenosaura bakeri ( squamata : iguanidae ) . : elaphe 14 ( 3 ) : 51 - 52
this is a male san esteban island spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura conspicuosa ) .
hallmen , m . & hallmen , s . ( 2011 ) notiz über eine beobachtung zur saurophagie beim utila - schwarzleguan ctenosaura bakeri . : elaphe 19 ( 3 ) : 11 - 13
morphological and demographic analyses of the blackchested spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura melanoste . . .
diener , e . ( 2007 ) die erdspitznatter oxybelis aeneus und die lianennatter leptophis mexicanus als prädatoren der schwarzleguane ctenosaura similis und c . bakeri . : elaphe 15 ( 3 ) : 59 - 62
dirksen , l . ( 2004 ) beobachtung eines paarungsversuchs zwischen einem hybrid - männchen ( ctenosaura bakeri x similis ) mit einem iguana iguana - weibchen . : iguana rundschreiben 17 ( 2 ) : 15 - 17
gutsche , a . & streich , w . j . ( 2009 ) demography and endangerment of the utila island spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura bakeri . : journal of herpetology 43 ( 1 ) : 105–113
the goal of the project is the long - term conservation of ctenosaura bakeri in its natural environment on utila . the primary activities of the project are to develop a broad education and information program for the local community , investigate the natural history and reproductive ecology of c . bakeri , establish and maintain a headstart program , and protect iguana habitat on utila .
gutsche , alexander ; mutschmann , frank ; streich , wolf jurgen ; kampen , helge ( 2012 ) ectoparasites in the endangered utila spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) . : the herpetological journal 22 ( 3 ) : 157 - 161
ctenosaura bakeri and other ctenosaura populations are under threat from habitat destruction and the effects of overhunting . little is known of the basic biology of the species ( pasachnik et al . 2012 ) . many of the natural behaviours and reproductive habits for c . bakeri have not been documented . to date no studies have been carried out on female breeding migration routes , the natural sex ratio of hatchlings as well as wild hatchling success . this information is vital to understanding how the iguana uses the island .
bailey jw ( 1928 ) a revision of the lizards of the genus ctenosaura . proc us nat mus 73 : 1–69
natural history of the black - chested spiny - tailed iguanas , ctenosaura melanosterna ( iguanidae ) , on c . . .
the utila spiny tailed “swamper” iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) lives in the mangrove forests on the honduran island of utila . the conservation work carried out at the utila iguana conservation project aims to ensure the survival of the endangered swamper iguana , which is endemic to utila .
of the species depicted in our species chart , the yucatan spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura defensor ) comes in the smallest at roughly 10 inches whereas ctenosaura similis , commonly known as the black spiny - tailed iguana , can ascertain lengths of 5 feet .
gutsche , a . & köhler , g . ( 2004 ) a fertile hybrid between ctenosaura similis ( gray 1831 ) and c . bakeri stejneger 1901 ( squamata : iguanidae ) on isla de utila , honduras . : salamandra 40 ( 3 / 4 ) : 201 - 206
since 1994 , the frankfurt zoological society and the senckenberg nature research society have worked jointly to preserve the endangered lizard ctenosaura bakeri , the utila spiny - tailed iguana . several other organizations , e . g . honduran ngos , have pro . . . [ view charity profile ]
dirksen , l . ; blome , t . ; pérez , h . & köhler , g . ( 2004 ) zur nachzucht des utila - schwarzleguans ( ctenosaura bakeri ) bei unterschiedlichen inkubationstemperaturen in der iguana research and breeding station im jahr 2004 . : iguana rundschreiben 17 ( 2 ) : 7 - 13
the island endemic ctenosaura bakeri was listed as critically endangered by the iucn redlist assessment in 2004 , 7 years after it was recognized as a distinct species . c . bakeri occupies a portion of utila , a small continental island located off the northern coast of honduras . habitat destruction and over - harvesting are among the top threats facing this species . in addition , morphological evidence of hybridization was recently documented , raising the concern that gene flow from the common and widely distributed c . similis could threaten the genetic distinctiveness of c . bakeri . we show that hybridization occurs only at low levels and is not a current threat to c . bakeri . all ctenosaurs captured for this study were identified to species level without difficulty ; none had intermediate or mosaic phenotypes . sequence analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear markers revealed only two individuals with introgressed genotypes . molecular analysis of the previously described hybrid showed it to be heterozygous for c . bakeri and c . similis alleles . hybridization between these two species is possible and occurs occasionally in the wild , and the rate of hybridization could increase if habitat destruction or changes in relative abundance increase the probability of interbreeding . however , the level of gene flow indicated by current data is too low to threaten c . bakeri with genetic swamping or deleterious fitness effects .
goals are to estimate the population size , collect biometric data and investigate the breeding behaviours of c . bakeri . the project also aims to educate local school children and increase awareness …
[ more ]
the útila spiny - tailed iguana is known only from the island of útila , bay islands , honduras . the extent of occurrence is 41 km 2 . however , suitable mangrove habitat available for ctenosaura bakeri estimated at less than 8 km 2 ( d . maryon , d . lee and e . higgins unpublished data 2017 ) . this iguana occurs from sea level up to 20 m asl .
köhler g , schroth w , streit b ( 2000 ) systematics of the ctenosaura group of lizards ( reptilia : sauris : iguanidae ) . amphib - reptil 21 : 177–191 . doi :
. . . fig . 20 . bahía , honduras ( pasachnik 2013 ; pasachnik et al . 2015 ) . comment : this species was considered part of ctenosaura bakeri ( meyer and wilson 1973 ; wilson and hahn 1973 ) , but was recognized as a separate species by de queiroz ( 1987b ) ; the two species appear to be sister taxa ( pasachnik et al . 2010 ) . . . .
utila spiny - tailed iguanas , ctenosaura bakeri , are listed as critically endangered by the iucn redlist assessment and are listed under appendix ii of cites . this species occupies a portion of utila , a small continental island located off the northern coast of honduras , in the bay islands chain . habitat destruction and overharvesting for consumption and the pet trade are among the top threats . . . [ show full abstract ]
once considered one of the rarest iguanas in existence , the utila spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) is named after the single island it inhabits and the whorls of enlarged spiny scales that encircle the tail ( 2 ) . the colour of adult utila spiny - tailed iguanas varies from light grey to dark grey - brown , often with an attractive turquoise tinge ( 3 ) . all juveniles , however , are a uniform grey - brown ( 3 ) .
gutsche , alexander ; frank köhler ( 2008 ) phylogeography and hybridization in ctenosaura species ( sauria , iguanidae ) from caribbean honduras : insights from mitochondrial and nuclear dna . : zoosystematics and evolution 84 ( 2 ) : 245 - 253
the utila iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) is a large iguanid lizard that is restricted to the small caribbean island of utila ( islas de la bahia , honduras ) and threatened by extinction due to overhunting and loss of habitat . the
research and conservation project utila iguana
was established in 1994 as a joint project by the frankfurt zoological society and the senckenberg nature research society . as originally planned , in 2008 , the responsibility and leadership of the project was transferred to the bay islands foundation .
spiny - tail iguanas have become more popular over recent years and can be ordered online and purchased at reptile shows . some specialty reptile shops can aquire varying species upon request . occasionally the big box pet stores will carry a ctenosaura .
ctenosaura bakeri is a critically endangered iguana endemic to the island of utila . it is known to broadly occur throughout utila ( 41km² extent of occurrence ) , however it likely occupies less than 25 % ( 10 km² ) of the island as it is found only within certain habitat areas ( pasachnik et al . 2013 ) . the current population size is not known but estimated to be fewer than 5 , 000 individuals and is likely declining due to habitat loss and fragmentation , hunting of adults and eggs , invasive species , and predation ( pasachnik et al . 2013 ) . destruction of habitat is also linked with a reported declining body condition of iguanas in the population ( pasachnik et al . 2012 ) . ctenosaura bakeri is listed as critically endangered by the iucn since 2004 ; it is protected under honduran national law and , since 2010 , listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) . hunting of the iguana has been banned since 1994 but is rarely enforced .
the least vulnerable reptilian species , by this measure , are norops tropidonotus , enulius flavitorques , imantodes cenchoa , and ninia sebae . they are 1 - 1 - 2 , 1 - 1 - 3 , or 1 - 3 - 2 species ( widespread geographically , occurring in six or eight forest formations , and semifossorial or terrestrial / arboreal , sometimes escaping human notice ) . the most vulnerable reptile is ctenosaura bakeri , 5 - 8 - 6 species ( known only from the vicinity of the type locality , in one forest formation , and used for its meat and eggs locally ) . the next most vulnerable is ctenosaura oedirhina , a 4 - 8 - 6 species ( a honduran endemic , occurring in one forest formation , and used for its meat and eggs locally ) .
kelly paul is a hobbyist with a lifelong interest in reptiles . he has bred more than two dozen species , including six ctenosaura . he has been a guest speaker at several events , including the international herpetological symposium . email him at blueghostreptile @ urltoken .
utila iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) is the only species of iguana and one of only two species of lizard to exclusively inhabit brackish mangrove swamps , due to competition from larger species . also commonly known as baker ' s spinytail iguana , swamper or wishiwilly del suampo , the species occurs to the island of utila , one of the islas de la bahía off the coast of honduras . the utila iguana is critically endagered . if you enjoy reading about weird and bizarre animals you may want to check my strange animals site and my youtube channel : urltoken urltoken
a prerequisite for breeding spiny - tailed iguanas , of course , is healthy animals . ctenosaura as young as 14 months have laid fertile eggs , but i wouldn’t recommend breeding spiny - tailed iguanas that are that young . i recommend waiting until they are at least 2 years old .
our mission is : to help the honduran community to conserve their unique natural resources so that they are protected for future generations to benefit . we will do this by : • protecting the country ' s endangered fauna and flora through conservation projects • delivering a dynamic environmental education program • developing sustainability based on scientific assessment . our general objectives is : • to contribute with the national efforts of honduras in order to achieve the human sustainable development . our main specific objectives are : • to support , guarantee and reinforce the continuity of the iguana research and breeding station . this project concentrates its efforts for the conservation of the endemic iguana of utila , ctenosaura bakeri . • cooperate with the local and national authorities in order to reinforce the conservation of flora and fauna that is endemic or is of special interest and the conservation of their natural habitats . • promote , develop and participate in formal and informal programs for environmental education . • encourage and support the scientific research with biological , ecological or social focus . • cooperate with governmental or private institutions in the management of protected terrestrial or marine areas . • enforce the respect of the honduran environmental laws and support the creation of new environmental laws . • promote and support the development of projects that improve the quality of life and living conditions of the community . date it was established : the irbs was born in 1997 with the main purpose of protecting and preserving the spiny tailed iguana of utila , ctenosaura bakeri , a species that is endemic to utila and is presently in danger of extinction due to illegal hunting and the uncontrolled development and destruction of the mangrove forest where they live . after a systematic process in the search of autonomy , since 2008 , the irbs became the main project of the bay islands foundation ( fib ) an ngo legally recognized by the honduran government as a non - profit conservation organization , that has neither political nor religious ties . our geographic area covers : utila , a 42 km² island , located 30 km off the northern coast of honduras in the bay islands . the fib in the near future is intended to cover more geographic areas . target species : ctenosaura bakeri , which inhabit the mangrove swamps of utila island and is in the red list of the iucn .
clutch size varies with species , size and age of the female . smaller ctenosaura and younger animals lay approximately four to 10 eggs . large , mature female mexican ( c . pectinata ) and black ( c . similis ) spiny - tailed iguanas may lay 40 to 55 eggs . the eggs of most species are about the size of bearded dragon eggs .
currently , there is no species action or recovery plan in place for c . bakeri , though actions such as these were discussed at the iucn iguana specialist group meeting held on utila in 2009 . monitoring , and recovery and management plans require quantifiable ecological data . demographic data on this species have not been collected in several years ; thus an update is needed in addition to filling in the gaps of knowledge . this project will contribute to and inform these priority requirements for the species . specifically these data will provide a clearer understanding of how c . bakeri utilizes key and threatened habitats on the island , as well as how uncontrolled harvesting may be impacting the status and health of the iguanas , particularly females . this increased ecological understanding can help inform current outreach environmental awareness programs , consequently , the project will contribute directly to the survival of this critically endangered iguana and its habitats .
spiny - tailed iguanas have been considered ill tempered , but this is not true for all ctenosaura , especially in regard to captive - born - and - bred animals that behave differently than their wild - caught counterparts . captive - born - and - bred mexican spiny - tails ( c . pectinata ) and baker’s iguanas ( c . bakeri ) can make great pets with very little effort . the san esteban island spiny - tailed iguana ( c . conspicuosa ) , sonoran black iguana ( c . macrolopha ) and honduran black - chested iguana ( c . melanosterna ) can also tame down quite nicely with a little effort and patience . wild - caught guatemalan spiny - tailed ( c . palearis ) and club - tailed ( c . quinqucarinata ) iguanas can make great display animals , and with time they will often take food from your hand .
abstract : ectoparasites of adult spiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura bakeri ) from isla de utila , honduras , an endemic lizard listed as critically endangered under iucn criteria , were studied for the first time . three ectoparasitic species were identified : amblyomma dissimile , ornithodorus talaje , and hirstiella boneti ; the latter two are reported from honduras for the first time . of 125 iguanas examined , 60 % were infested : a . dissimile occurred on 2 . 4 % , o . talaje ( larvae only ) on 43 . 2 % and h . boneti on 40 % of individuals . preferred attachment sites of h . boneti were the ear openings ( 18 . 4 % ) and the limbs ( 16 % ) , while the nidicolous o . talaje larvae occurred only in the nostrils . male iguanas were significantly more often infested than females when considering all three parasites ( 77 . 2 % and 45 . 6 % , respectively ) , o . talaje ( 61 . 4 % and 28 % , respectively ) and h . boneti ( 56 . 1 % and 26 . 5 % , respectively ) ; infestation prevalence of both species increased significantly with body size in males . heavily infested animals or visual evidence for direct pathogenic effects in c . bakeri were not observed , suggesting that ectoparasites currently do not pose a serious risk to this endangered iguana .
there is a recorded sex ratio bias within the population , with one female to every 1 . 7 males , and female numbers are declining ( pasachnik et al . 2012 ) . this is thought to be due to illegal hunting pressure , with gravid females being specifically targeted for consumption ( pasachnik et al . 2012 , 2013 ) . while young iguanas and eggs are naturally predated on by , for example , eagles and snakes , feral dogs , cats and rats create additional predator pressures on the species ( pasachnik et al . 2013 ) . other potential threats include hybridization which has been found to occur between c . bakeri and its widespread congener , the common spiny - tailed iguana c . similis ( pasachnik et al . 2009 ) . while hybridization is not currently thought to be a major threat , increasing habitat degradation and loss will likely have an impact on the genetic health of the c . bakeri population as both species come into increased contact .
we examined aspects of natural history and ecology of the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura melanosterna , on cayo cochino menor , honduras , over 6 years to provide baseline data to assist in management of this critically endangered species . size of territory is resource - dependent , and the species seems to prefer habitats with open canopy . mating occurred between march and june , with . . . [ show full abstract ]
roatán spiny - tailed iguanas , ctenosaura oedirhina , are assessed as endangered by the iucn red list of threatened species and listed in appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) . occurring in less than 1 % of the available habitat on roatán , due primarily to hunting pressure , this species faces severe fragmentation . herein we used . . . [ show full abstract ]
the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura melanosterna , is listed as endangered by the iucn redlist assessment and under appendix ii of cites . the species has two evolutionarily significant units ( esus ) , found in the valle de aguán and the cayos cochinos archipelago , honduras . each esu has been shown to be genetically distinct and each is listed , for differing reasons , as critically . . . [ show full abstract ]
spiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura spp . ) are native to hot and dry areas of mexico and central america . they can make great pets or display animals . despite laws to protect them , most spiny - tailed iguana populations are declining in the wild due to hunting , loss of habitat and poaching for the pet trade . every effort should be made to purchase captive - born - and - bred animals because they generally are hardier and less skittish , and purchasing them helps take pressure off wild populations .
thirty - five free - ranging healthy spiny - tailed iguanas ( 31 ctenosaura bakeri , 4 c . similis ) and 14 green iguanas ( iguana iguana rhinolopha ) were caught and held in captivity for 2 days . blood was collected from all animals and their sera were evaluated for antibody titres against reptilian reoviruses , reptilian paramyxoviruses , and avian paramyxovirus - 1 ( pmv - 1 ) . cloacal and pharyngeal swabs also were collected and examined for viral content by incubation on chicken embryo fibroblasts ( cef ) and terrapene heart cells ( th - 1 ) . no virus was isolated from the pharyngeal and cloacal swabs on cef and th - 1 . twenty - three ( 47 % ) of 49 sera samples tested positive for reptilian reoviruses by virus neutralization tests . twenty ( 41 % ) of 49 samples had antibodies against one reptilian pmv isolate by virus neutralization tests and 3 ( 9 % ) of 34 by hemagglutination inhibition tests . no antibodies were detected against the other pmv isolate of reptilian origin nor against avian pmv - 1 . this is the first description of serum antibodies against reptilian reoviruses and pmv in wild iguanas .
to date no studies have been conducted to identify and quantify female migration routes between nesting and breeding sites , and how development of the island and associated habitat losses may impact these routes , and therefore the species . furthermore , nothing is known about home range , the hatchling success rates , natural sex ratio of hatchlings , and nest characteristics . population estimates of c . bakeri have varied significantly ( gutsche & streich , 2009 ; pasachnik et al . 2013 ) highlighting the need for more quantifiably robust work in this area . this information is integral to the effective and active conservation management and protection of the species .
roatan spiny - tailed iguanas , ctenosaura oedirhina , are listed as endangered by the iucn redlist assessment and under appendix ii of convention on international trade of endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) . these iguanas occur primarily on roatan and barbaretta , off the caribbean coast of honduras . habitat destruction associated with development , small - scale agriculture , and exploitation for food and the pet trade are contributing to the decline of these iguanas . this species was described in 1987 ( de queiroz ) when it was split from the sister taxon c . bakeri , found on the island of utila , honduras . since its description little has been done to understand its biology or protect this narrow - range endemic . herein , i examined the morphology and body condition of this species across its range and report on its reproductive biology and diet . similar to many members of the iguaninae , males are larger on average and have relatively longer tails than females . likewise , reproductive and dietary data are consistent with those for closely related species . the body condition of both males and females was lower in more pristine study sites , indicating that supplemental feeding in developed areas may be having an effect . a female - biased sex ratio was found in sites protected by grassroots efforts , where the populations were large enough to be studied . conservation measures should focus on alleviating the threats of harvesting and habitat destruction through increased law enforcement , outreach , and education .
i incubate all my ctenosaura eggs at 86 to 88 degrees fahrenheit with about 70 percent humidity . i have used perlite , vermiculite and sand as incubation mediums , though recommend vermiculite . mix it with enough water so that if you squeeze it with your hand as hard as you can , only a few drops of water will fall out . i live in phoenix , where it is hot and dry , and i check the moisture content of the incubation medium about every 15 days . if it is too dry the eggs will collapse , and if it’s too wet mold and fungal growth will develop . following these guidelines , eggs should hatch after 65 to 80 days .
. . . sexual size dimorphism of the head could be related to a social mating system ( vitt and cooper 1985 ; hews 1990 ) or sexual selection , for example , larger heads may have an advantage in male - male combat ( carothers 1984 ; gier 1997 ) . the frequency of broken tails observed in c . alfredschmidti was extremely high ( ~ 80 % ) , when compared to congenerics : < 50 % in c . oedirhina ( pasachnik 2013 ) and < 40 % in c . bakeri ( pasachnik et al . 2012b ) . in addition , there was no sex bias in tail breaks , as there was in cyclura cornuta , with 46 % and 27 % for males and females , respectively ( buitrago et al . 2010 ) . . . .
. . . the divergence of hw as adults grow is expected because many male reptiles that exhibit male - male combat demonstrate larger head sizes than females ( alberts et al . 2002 ; gienger and beck 2007 ) . tail break frequencies for this arboreal species ( up to 7 . 3 % ) were lower than reported for terrestrial iguana species from other genera such as cyclura ( up to 64 . 5 % ; reviewed in hayes et al . 2012 ) and ctenosaura ( up to 51 . 9 % ; pasachnik et al . 2012 ; pasachnik 2013 ) and similar statistically between sexes in this study . the lower break be associated with reduced predation pressure on an arboreal insular iguana species or more resource allocation on the island ( ) . . . .
. . . roatán spiny - tailed iguanas , ctenosaura oedirhina ( de queiroz 1987 ) , exemplify a narrow - range insular endemic whose population may be suffering the effects of human - mediated fragmentation . these iguanas are endemic to roatán , barbareta , and a few satellite cays located within the bay islands , honduras ( mccranie et al . 2005 ; pasachnik 2013 ) . this species has been recognized as the second most vulnerable reptile species in honduras ( wilson and mccranie 2003 ) , is endangered by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ; ) , and listed in appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ; species in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival ; pasachnik and ariano 2010 ) . . . .
feed adult spiny - tailed iguanas a wide range of food , such as mixed greens , shredded carrots , mulberry and hibiscus leaves , and edible wild plants such as purslane , clover , dandelions , greens and flowers . seasonal fruit and vegetables can also be offered ( mine love figs ) . i feed baby and juvenile spiny - tails the same as the adults , except i also give them some insects , particularly crickets about half the size of the young lizards’ heads . i have also offered zoophobas , tomato hornworms and silk worms . i have never fed vertebrate prey such as mice to my ctenosaura , but know keepers who have with no harmful effect . calcium and vitamin supplements should be provided two to three times a week ( gravid females should receive supplemental calcium every day ) . dry commercial iguana diets are also available .
a great way to build trust and calm new ctenosaura is by hand - feeding them . once they are comfortable with your presence and are taking food from your fingers , you can begin to pick them up . when picking up a pet spiny - tailed iguana , it is best to approach slowly and place your hand palm side up in front of the lizard . try putting your other hand behind it and gently coax the spiny - tail onto your hand . never restrain your animal by the tail , as it can break off . every spiny - tailed iguana is different . some are so tame and inquisitive they seem to enjoy human interaction . others are a little flighty and require a bit more patience when interacting . any spiny - tailed iguana that does not like to be handled will still make a fine display animal .
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critically endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ver 3 . 1
justification : the útila spiny - tailed iguana is known only from the island of útila , honduras . total known extent of occurrence is 41 km 2 . the iguana and its eggs are harvested heavily and sold both locally and on the adjacent mainland . other primary threats to the population are habitat loss and fragmentation associated with development for tourism ; decreasing quality of habitat from introduced invasive vegetation and degradation of nesting habitat due to local and oceanic pollution . the population is currently thought to be declining due to the above threats .
the total population size is unknown but analyses are currently underway and it is likely to be less than 6 , 000 individuals ( d . maryon and d . lee unpublished data 2017 ) . although more rigorous data are needed , observations suggest the population has continually declined in association with increased habitat degradation and destruction over the last 15 years . the population has also been severely affected by harvesting for human consumption ( d . maryon pers . obs . 2017 ) . effects of this practice are exacerbated by hunters specifically targeting gravid females , and thus dramatically impacting annual reproduction rates . genetic variation in the population does not follow a specific geographic pattern indicating that this iguana appears to have been mating randomly across the island ( pasachnik et al . 2009 ) . however , with ever - increasing habitat loss , further fragmentation of local subpopulations appears imminent , and a reassessment is currently underway to establish whether these subpopulations are becoming genetically isolated .
the útila spiny - tailed iguana is found primarily in mangrove forests and vegetated sandy shores , though occasionally they can be found in disturbed areas such as coastal / beachfront developments and gardens . they are typically most active during the morning , when adults can be seen basking from 0–15 m above ground in black ( avicennia germinans ) , white ( laguncularia racemose ) , and red ( rhizophora mangle ) mangrove trees , as well as on the ground . individuals are commonly observed hiding in the hollows of black and white mangrove trees , which they use as retreats . juveniles occur in both small and large mangrove trees , on the mangrove forest floor , and within coastal beach vegetation shortly after hatching ( schulte and köhler 2010 , d . maryon pers . obs . 2017 ) . this iguana makes special use of mangrove roots and lagoons by diving into them and swimming or submerging themselves to avoid predation ( d . maryon pers . obs . 2017 ) . the main breeding season occurs from january to late july and mating occurs on or near the ground in the mangrove forests . females then migrate from the mangroves to beachfronts to nest in a variety of areas , including those with full sun exposure , under piles of leaf litter and oceanic litter , beneath large beachfront trees , and within short shrub vegetation ( d . maryon pers . obs . 2017 ) . nesting takes place from february to august . females lay an average of 11 to 16 eggs in nests that can be up to a few metres long but not more than 60 cm deep ( gutsche 2006 , d . maryon pers . obs . 2017 ) . double - clutching has been observed in some individuals . the incubation period is approximately 85 days and hatching occurs from april through october . upon emerging , hatchlings seem to spend little time inhabiting coastal vegetation before dispersing into the mangrove forests , where they are active on the ground , volcanic coralline rocks , and on the branches of trees as they mature ( d . maryon pers . obs . 2017 ) .
iguanas and their eggs continue to be sought for human consumption year - round and are sold both locally and on the adjacent mainland . groups of hunters with dogs are reported in mangrove habitats between february and may ( d . maryon pers . obs . 2017 ) , coinciding with the presence of gravid females which are often selectively targeted . females containing eggs are cooked and eaten as a traditional cultural delicacy , especially throughout the easter period . from 2006 to 2011 , the sex ratio of iguanas became increasingly more male - biased , which may be indicative of increasing hunting pressure on adult females ( pasachnik et al . 2012 ) .
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male utila spiny - tailed iguanas are not only larger than females , but also have larger spines running down the back and a small fold of loose skin hanging below the throat ( the dewlap ) ( 3 ) .
the utila spiny - tailed iguana feeds on plant matter and small invertebrates that inhabit the mangroves . while mangrove habitat is perfect habitat for feeding and resting , it is not ideal for nesting , and so when the time comes , female utila spiny - tailed iguanas migrate to the island’s beaches , where they lay their eggs in the sand ( 3 ) .
the utila spiny - tailed iguana is endemic to the island of utila in the bay islands , honduras . on this island , the utila spiny - tailed iguana occurs in just one small area of mangrove forest , covering only eight square kilometres ( 1 ) .
the utila spiny - tailed iguana inhabits mangroves and nests on the beaches of utila , where females select areas largely free of vegetation to nest ( 1 ) ( 3 ) . adults are often found in mangrove trees , while juveniles inhabit the mangrove forest floor and smaller mangrove trees and shrubs ( 1 ) .
the utila spiny - tailed iguana is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the tiny distribution of the utila spiny - tailed iguana makes it incredibly vulnerable to any threats . currently , those threats come in the form of habitat degradation and hunting . as tourism on the island of utila increases , the mangrove forest habitat of the spiny - tailed iguana is being cleared for the construction of houses and marinas , and used as a garbage dump site ( 1 ) . beaches are also being affected , with some beaches being sold for the development of houses , hotels and road construction , and other beach areas becoming covered with introduced invasive plants , creating a habitat unsuitable for egg - laying ( 1 ) . in addition , despite being protected by honduran law , this rare reptile is still hunted locally for its meat ( 1 ) .
tremendous conservation efforts have been initiated for the utila spiny - tailed iguana in an attempt to prevent its extinction . in 1994 , the frankfurt zoological society and the senckenberg nature research society together initiated work to preserve the utila spiny - tailed iguana . as well as conserving the iguana and its mangrove habitat , the project aimed to promote the sustainable development of the island and create environmental awareness among the local inhabitants ( 3 ) .
in 1998 , the iguana station was constructed , providing a centre for environmental education efforts , ecological research and captive breeding ( 3 ) . pregnant females are brought to the iguana station to lay their eggs , which are then artificially incubated . incubation in this protected , controlled environment ensures the greatest possible number of eggs hatch . the young are raised in captivity for two years before being released back into the swamps ( 4 ) .
the captive breeding programme has been extended to other zoos around the world , for example , in 2007 , nine utila spiny - tailed iguanas hatched at zsl london zoo ( 5 ) . this helps ensure the long - term survival of the species , should something devastating occur in the wild . these incredible efforts need to continue if the future of this species is to be secured .
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endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . incubation incubation is the act of keeping eggs warm so that development is possible . invertebrates animals with no backbone .
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the utila spiny - tailed iguana feeds on plant matter and small invertebrates that inhabit the mangroves ( 2 ) . while mangrove habitat is perfect habitat for feeding and resting , it is not ideal for nesting , and so when the time comes , female utila spiny - tailed iguanas migrate to the island ' s beaches , where they lay their eggs in the sand and leave them to be incubated by the sun ( 4 ) .
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jimena castillo canales bay islands foundation bo . jerico , ctgo . jungle cafe utila bay islands n / a honduras tel : landline : 504 - 2425 - 3946 mob : mobile : 504 - 99 - 937836 fax : 504 - 2425 - 3946
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my interests focus on the conservation and management of threatened and endangered taxa and the ecosystems in which they exist . i have found that the most successful conservation programs are those that encompass a variety of different adaptive approaches , coupled with implementation from the community level . as such i create holistic programs that focus on ecology and molecular biology studies . the results of which then guide outreach and education initiatives and policy from grassroots to international levels . in order to achieve these goals flagships species , such as iguanas , have been incorporated .
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