potamonautes lirrangensis , the malawi blue crab , is a species of freshwater crab in the family potamonautidae .

this common and widespread species is found in lake malawi , lake kivu , the upper congo river basin and malagarasi river in the democratic republic of the congo , malawi , rwanda , and tanzania .

in the freshwater aquarium trade it is sometimes sold under the synonym potamonautes orbitospinus .

potamonautes lirrangensis

potamonautes lirrangensis by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow
cumberlidge , n . 2004 . potamonautes lirrangensis . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 10 august 2007 .
bott ( 1955 ) treated this species as potamonautes ( lirrangopotamonautes ) lirrangensis lirrangensis . cumberlidge ( 1998 ) referred to this species as potamonautes lirrangensis . the name malawi blue crab is used only for the subpopulations of this species found in lake malawi , and not for subpopulations from other parts of the range of this species .
potamonautes lirrangensis preys on : aufwuchs based on studies in : malawi , lake nyasa ( lake or pond ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
potamonautes lirrangensis is prey of : mastacembelus shiranus bathyclarias worthingtoni based on studies in : malawi , lake nyasa ( lake or pond ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
potamonautes lirrangensis is widespread with an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of over 1 . 5 million km² . it is found in central africa in the upper congo river basin , further downstream in the congo river in the cuvette centrale , and in a significant part of the african rift valley from lake kivu south to lake malawi , including rivers in tanzania that flow into lake tanganyika , although this species is not found in lake tanganyika itself .
justification : potamonautes lirrangensis has been assessed as least concern . it has an estimated extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of over 1 . 5 million km² and is known from 65 localities primarily across central africa . although it is not found in any protected areas , it does not face any known threats . the fact that a lot of material has been collected in the past 10 years from different localities throughout its range suggests that the population size is large .
potamonautes lirrangensis has a wide distribution over several countries and is well represented in museum collections . a lot of recent material has been collected in the past 10 years , suggesting that this is a widespread and abundant species . this species is the subject of a commercial fishery in malawi and has been collected in the region recently . despite this its population is estimated to be stable and there are no known long - term major threats to this species . not considered threatened at present and currently assessed as least concern .
its population is estimated to be stable based on indirect measures such the fact that it is a common and widespread species that has been collected recently from rocky areas in lake kivu and from small fast flowing rivers , as well as from large slow flowing rivers flowing into lake tanganyika . in addition , p . lirrangensis supports a local fishery in lake malawi , and this species is well represented in museum collections .
it is likely that the subpopulations of p . lirrangensis are large and stable , although the current subpopulation sizes of this species across its range have not yet been assessed . this statement is based on the fact that it has been collected from several new localities in the past ten years that have resulted in a significant range expansion , and it is now reasonably well represented in museum collections . the species supports a local fishery in lake malawi where large numbers of crabs are caught regularly . in addition this species is a favourite with the aquarium trade and many specimens from lake malawi are caught for export .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
reed , s . k . & cumberlidge , n . 2006 . taxonomy and biogeography of the freshwater crabs of tanzania , east africa ( brachyura : potamoidea : potamonautidae , platythelphusidae , deckeniidae ) . zootaxa 1262 : 1 - 139 .
this species lives in large rivers and has been collected from several different localities in the upper congo river basin in the democratic republic of the congo and rwanda . in tanzania , it is found in rivers that flow into lake tanganyika , while in malawi this species lives in lake malawi itself but not in the tributaries of the lake in malawi or in any other rivers in that country .
this species supports small commercial fisheries in lake malawi for human consumption and for the aquarium trade . the crabs are exported to the aquarium trade internationally to sites in europe ( germany and the uk ) , the usa ( texas and california ) , and australia .
there are no conservation measures in place for this species . it has not been collected from any protected areas .
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lirranga , middle congo , d . r . congo , central africa ; tanzania , west coast of lake malawi ( nyasa ) , malawi . the type locality is lirranga , at the confluence of the congo and the oubangi rivers , democratic republic of congo . this species is found in the upper reaches of the congo river , democratic republic of congo ; lake kivu , rwanda ; malagarasi river near lake tanganyika , tanzania ; lake malawi , malawi .
in the dr congo , this species is found in large rivers in the central african rainforest , under rocks . in malawi this species is found in lake malawi .
g . fryer , the trophic interrelationships and ecology of some littoral communities of lake nyasa , proc . london zool . soc . 132 : 153 - 281 , from p . 217 ( 1959 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
dobson , m . ( 2004 ) . freshwater crabs of africa . freshwater forum 21 : 3 - 26 .
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deltophora distinctella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found in india .

the length of the forewings is 5.5-6.5 mm .

the forewings are light grey-brown with distinct dark brown markings .

adults have been recorded on wing from january to march and september to november .

deltophora distinctella

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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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the gelechiidae is similar to other gelechioid families in that its members have a scaled proboscis and strongly recurved labial palpus , but differs from other gelechioid families by having a combination of the following characters : 1 ) hindwing subrectangular to trapezoidal with sinuous or concave termen and prominent apex , 2 ) forewing lanceolate to elongate–ovate with cup absent , 3 ) the retinaculum of the wing–coupling mechanism on the radial vein of the female forewing , 4 ) labial palpus long , second segment often with ventral brush , third segment long , acute , rarely with short dorsal brush of rough scales , 5 ) male gnathos forming a pair of lateral , articulated , symmetrical sclerites with an articulated , mesial hook ( hodges , 1986 , 1999 ) .


felis chaus furax is a subspecies of the jungle cat .

in 1898 , the british zoologist william edward de winton examined the collection of jungle cat skins in the natural history museum and revised taxonomic assessments of the jungle cat group .

a single skin collected near jericho in 1864 prompted him to describe the new subspecies felis chaus furax as this skin was smaller than other egyptian jungle cat skins .

felis chaus furax

ogurlu , i . , e . gundogdu , i . yildirim . 2010 . population status of jungle cat ( felis chaus ) in egirdir lake , turkey .
to cite this page : fitzgerald , a . 2011 .
felis chaus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
mukherjee , s . , c . groves . 2007 . geographic variation in jungle cat ( felis chaus schreber , 1777 ) ( mammalia , carnivora , felidae ) body size : is competition responsible ? .
duckworth , j . , c . poole , r . tizard , j . walston , r . timmins . 2005 . the jungle cat felis chaus in indochina : a threatened population of a widespread and adaptable species .
duckworth , j . , r . steinmetz , j . sanderson , s . mukherjee . 2008 .
iucn red list of threatened species
( on - line ) . felis chaus . accessed march 15 , 2010 at urltoken .
baker , m . , k . nassar , l . rifai , m . qarqaz , w . al - melhim , z . amr . 2003 . on the current status and distribution of the jungle cat , felis chaus , in jordan ( mammalia : carnivora ) .
mukherjee , s . , s . goyal , a . johnsingh , m . leite pitman . 2004 . the importance of rodents in the diet of juncle cat ( felis chaus ) , caracal ( caracal caracal ) and golden jackal ( canis aureus ) in sariska tiger reserve , rajasthan , india .
peters , g . , l . baum , m . peters , b . tonkin - leyhausen . 2008 . spectral characteristics of intense mew calls in cat species of the genus felis ( mammalia : carnivora : felidae ) .
scientific name : felis chaus common name : jungle cat , reed cat , swamp cat adult species ' characteristics : height at the shoulder : 14 - 15 inches ( 35 - 38 cm ) body length : ( body to nose ) : 20 - 30 inches ( 50 - 75 cm ) length of tail : 6 - 10 inches ( 15 - 25 cm ) weight : 9 - 35 lbs ( 4 - 16 kg ) diet : rodents , birds , hares , reptiles , amphibians , insects and small mammals . gestation period : 63 - 76 days age of maturity : 18 months breeding season : in central asia mating occurs during february and march . it has been suggested that they may breed twice a year . litter size : 1 - 6 average lifespan : 14 years predators : man
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
jungle cats have a wide ranging distribution that extends from egypt , israel , jordan , northern saudi arabia , syria , iraq , iran , to the shores of the caspian sea and the volga river delta , east through turkmenistan , uzbekistan , tadzhikistan , kazakhstan and to western xingjian , afghanistan , pakistan , nepal , india , sri lanka , myanmar , laos , thailand , cambodia , vietnam , and southwestern china .
jungle cats prefer habitats near water with dense vegetative cover but can be found in a variety of habitats including deserts ( where they are found near oases or along riverbeds ) , grasslands , shrubby woodlands and dry deciduous forests , as well as cleared areas in moist forests . they are commonly found in tall grass , thick brush , riverside swamps , and reed beds . they also adapt well to cultivated land and can be found in many different types of agriculture and forest plantations . jungle cats are known to occur at elevations of up to 2500 m , but are more common in lowlands .
(
international society for endangered cats
, 2001 ; nowell and jackson , 1996 ; ogurlu , et al . , 2010 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 )
jungle cats range in size from 70 to 120 cm long and 35 to 38 cm tall . they weigh from 4 to 16 kg . adult males are larger and heavier than adult females . throughout their range , significant variation in mass occurs . for example , in west israel , they weigh 43 % more than those in east india . this is likely due to increased competition between different cat species in the east . jungle cats have long , slim faces with white lines above and below their bright yellow eyes with a dark spot just below each eye near the nose . they have long rounded ears , with a distinctive tuft of hair at the tips . jungle cats have relatively short tails , about 1 / 3 of their total body length , which have several dark rings along its length and a black tip . their coat color varies from a reddish or sandy brown to tawny grey . black jungle cats are regularly seen in southeastern pakistan and india . kittens may be striped and spotted , however , these markings typically fade with age and are only retained on the fore and hindlimbs . the muzzle , throat , and belly of the jungle cat are a pale cream color , and their winter coat is darker and denser than their summer coat .
jungle cat mating season is marked by the shrieks and fighting of male cats . vocalization rates of males and females increases prior to copulation . intense mew calls are used by both genders to attract potential mates . they also scent mark territorial boundaries , which may help them find and locate potential mates . male and female jungle cats may have multiple different mates throughout their lives .
( mukherjee , 2008 ; peters , et al . , 2008 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 )
jungle cats breed twice a year and produce litters of 3 to 6 kittens . breeding season varies regionally and gestation lasts between 63 and 66 days . kittens are quite large at birth ( 136 g ) and gain weight at a rate of about 22 g per day . kittens nurse until they are about 90 days old , but begin to eat solid food around day 49 . they are not completely weaned until 15 weeks old . jungle cats are independent by 8 to 9 months of age and reach sexual maturity at 11 to 18 months of age .
jungle cats live in families consisting of mother , father , and offspring while cubs are being reared . paternal investment is limited to territorial defense while mothers provide cubs with food via nursing . young jungle cats develop predatory skills rapidly and are able to stalk , kill , and eat their own prey by 6 months old . at 8 to 9 months old , although only half the size of a mature adult , they are independent .
in captivity , jungle cats live an average of 15 years , but have been known to live up to 20 years . lifespan in the wild ranges from 12 to 14 years .
( mukherjee , 2008 ; ogurlu , et al . , 2010 ; weigl , 2005 )
except for breeding season , jungle cats live solitary lives . they are most active at night , but are not strictly nocturnal . they are more often seen at dusk and travel approximately 5 to 6 km per night . they typically rest in dense cover during the day but often sunbathe on cold winter days . unlike most cat species , jungle cats have an affinity for water and are proficient swimmers that will dive into water to catch fish with their mouths .
( mukherjee , 2008 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 ; taber , et al . , 1967 )
jungle cats have home ranges of 45 to 180 km ^ 2 , which they likely maintain via indirect means such as scent marking .
( ogurlu , et al . , 2010 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 )
jungle cats are solitary animals outside of mating season , however , family groups ( male , female , and cubs ) are not uncommon . vocal communication consists of meowing , chirping , purring , gurgling , growling , hissing , and barking . these noises have not been significantly studied , therefore , their meanings are not well understood . jungle cats also communicate via scent marking and cheek rubbing . like most felids , they use urine to scent mark their territory , which may help individuals avoid unwanted confrontation . when cats cheek rub , they leave saliva , which serves as a scent marker for other cats . they also cheek rub against scent markings to
pick up
scents , and males often cheek rub females that are in estrus .
( mellen , 1993 ; mukherjee and groves , 2007 ; nowell and jackson , 1996 ; peters , et al . , 2008 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 )
jungle cats primarily prey on animals that weigh less than 1 kg and commonly consume rodents , lizards , snakes , frogs , birds , hare , fish , insects , livestock , and even fruit during the winter . rodents are its primary prey item , however , which provides up to 70 % of its daily energy intake . although they specialize on small prey , jungle cats have been known to kill wild pigs (
( baker , et al . , 2003 ; duckworth , et al . , 2008 ; mukherjee , et al . , 2004 ; mukherjee , 2008 )
as cubs , jungle cat have markings that help camouflage them from potential predators . although they may sometimes fall prey to large snakes (
) . they are often treated as pests and hunted or poisoned by farmers for attacking poultry . india formerly exported large numbers of jungle cat skins before they came under legal protection in 1976 , however , illegal trade continues to this day .
( baker , et al . , 2003 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 )
little is known of the ecological role that jungle cats play in their ecosystem . however , they primarily prey upon small rodents , which often carry parasites , and are known to eat a variety of other small prey items . in the wild , jungle cats are hosts for mites (
( hoogstraal and trapido , 1963 ; hoogstraal , et al . , 1963 ; ogurlu , et al . , 2010 ; silva , et al . , 2001 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 )
jungle cats feed primarily on rodents , which provide up to 70 % of the cats daily energy intake . they are often spotted hunting near villages and farms where rodent populations tend to be higher and are sometimes viewed as pests themselves .
jungle cats can negatively impact poultry farm owners . as a result , jungle cats are often hunted and poisoned by farmers for attacking poultry .
( mukherjee , 2008 ; ogurlu , et al . , 2010 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 )
habitat destruction and persecution by humans are the main threats to jungle cats . as the human population increases , more land is cultivated and jungle cats ' natural habitat is converted to farmland . although they are very adaptable , these altered environments do not support the same density of cats . in addition , farmers often hunt and poison jungle cats for attacking and killing poultry and are also poached for their fur . although laws have been implemented to protect them , illegal trade still continues in many countries . for example , over the last decade more than 3 , 000 jungle cat skins have been seized across the globe . currently , jungle cats are considered as a species of
least concern
by the iucn , however , population numbers are currently declining .
amber fitzgerald ( author ) , radford university , karen powers ( editor ) , radford university , tanya dewey ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
in deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity . vegetation is typically sparse , though spectacular blooms may occur following rain . deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate . in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry . this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants . in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil . salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
the area of shoreline influenced mainly by the tides , between the highest and lowest reaches of the tide . an aquatic habitat .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
found in the oriental region of the world . in other words , india and southeast asia .
the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
referring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody ( usually , but not always , a river or stream ) .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
international society for endangered cats ( isec ) canada . 2001 .
international society for endangered cats
( on - line ) . accessed february 19 , 2010 at urltoken .
byers , a . 1996 . historical and contemporary human disturbance in the upper barun valley , makalu - barun .
chandrasekar - rao , a . , m . sunquist . 1996 . ecology of small mammals in tropical forest habitats of southern india .
christiansen , p . , s . wroe . 2007 . bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores .
dayan , t . , d . simberloff , e . tchernov , y . yom - tov . 1990 . feline canines : community - wide character displacement among the small cats of israel .
hoogstraal , h . , h . trapido . 1963 . haemaphysalis silvafelis sp . n . , a parasite of the jungle cat in southern india ( ixodoidea , ixodidae ) .
hoogstraal , h . , h . trapido , m . rebello . 1963 . haemaphysalis paraturturis sp . n . , a carnivore parasite of the h . turturis group in india ( ixodoidea , ixodidae ) .
mellen , j . 1993 . a comparative analysis of scent - marking , social and reproductive behavior in 20 species of .
rabinowitz , a . , s . walker . 1991 . the carnivore community in a dry tropical forest mosaic in huai kha khaeng wildlife .
silva , j . , s . ogassawara , m . marvulo , j . ferreira - neto , j . dubey . 2001 . toxoplasma gondii antibodies in exotic wild felids from brazilian zoos .
taber , r . , a . sheri , m . ahmad . 1967 . mammals of the lyallpur region , west pakistan .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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marthasterias is a genus of starfish in the family asteriidae .

it is monotypic and the only species in the genus is marthasterias glacialis , commonly known as the spiny starfish .

it is native to the eastern atlantic ocean .

marthasterias

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first report of ciguatoxins in two starfish species : ophidiaster ophidianus and marthasterias glacialis .
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first report of ciguatoxins in two starfish species : ophidiaster ophidianus and marthasterias glacialis . - pubmed - ncbi
bay - nouailhat a . , september 2005 , description of marthasterias glacialis , available on line at urltoken consulted on 09 july 2018 .
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picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . marthasterias glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
( of marthasterias foliacea jullien , 1878 ) hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of marthasterias rarispina ( perrier , 1875 ) ) clark , a . m . & courtman - stock , j . ( 1976 ) . the echinoderms of southern africa . publ . no . 766 . british museum ( nat . hist ) , london . 277 pp . [ details ]
( of marthasterias foliacea jullien , 1878 ) jullien , j . ( 1878 ) . description d ' un nouveau genre de stelleride de la famille des asteriadees . bulletin de la société zoologique de france . 3 : 141 - 143 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]
pérez - portela , r . villamor , a . and almada , v . 2010 . phylogeography of the sea star marthasterias glacialis ( asteroidea , echinodermata ) : deep genetic divergence between mitochondrial lineages in the north - western mediterranean . marine biology , vol . 157 , issue . 9 , p . 2015 .
ager , o . e . d . 2008 . marthasterias glacialis spiny starfish . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
( of marthasterias rarispina ( perrier , 1875 ) ) clark , a . m . and mah , c . ( 2001 ) . an index of names of recent asteroidea , part 4 . forcipulatida and brisingida , in : jangoux , m . ; lawrence , j . m . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . echinoderm studies , 6 : pp . 229 - 347 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of marthasterias foliacea jullien , 1878 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the seastar marthasterias glacialis ( l . ) was seen to spawn in two sea inlets , lough hyne ( 9°18′w ; 51°30′n ) and mulroy bay ( 7°42′w ; 55°12′n ) , ireland . spawning occurred during the afternoon and early evening between 13 . 30 and 21 . 30 hrs british summer time ( bst ) on sunny days during july and august , 1978 . groups remained assembled for days prior to spawning . solitary and grouped seastars arched themselves and released their gametes freely . local moderate onshore winds on sunny days resulted in increases of sea temperature which often induced spawning . males observed spawning ranged from 2 . 5 to 26 cm and females from 9 to 22 cm in diameter over the period 1978–1985 .
asterias angulosa abildgaard in o . f . müller , 1788 ( synonym according to sladen ( 1889 ) )
( of asterias glacialis linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
distribution from low intertidal to nearly 200 m depth , on rock and gravel , on west and southwest coasts of the british isles , devon to . . .
( of asterias madeirensis stimpson , 1862 ) stimpson , w . ( 1862 ) . on new genera and species of starfishes of the family pycnopodidae ( asteracanthion mueller & troschel ) . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 8 : 261 - 273 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 263 [ details ]
( of asterias rarispina perrier , 1875 ) perrier , e . ( 1875 ) . révision de la collection de stellérides du museum d’histoire naturelle de paris . paris , reinwald . 384 p . , available online at urltoken ; _ esc = y page ( s ) : 62 [ details ]
( of asterias spinosa pennant , 1777 ) pennant , t . ( 1777 ) . british zoology . london 1777 . 4th edition ( 4 ) : 36 and pages 1 - 154 , tab 24 , fig 24 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 62 [ details ]
( of stellonia webbiana d ' orbigny , 1839 ) orbigny , a . d ' . ( 1839 ) . echinodermes et polypiers in p . b . webb & s . berthelot , . histoire naturelle des iles canaries . 2 ( 2 ) : 148 - 149 , paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 148 [ details ]
( of asteracanthion webbianus ( d ' orbigny , 1839 ) ) dujardin , m . f . and hupe , m . h . ( 1862 ) . histoire naturelle des zoophytes échinodermes : comprenant la description des crinoïdes , des ophiurides , des astérides , des échinides et des holothurides . paris : libraire encyclopedique de roret . 627 pages , 10 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 340 [ details ]
( of stellonia angulosa l . agassiz , 1836 ) agassiz , l . ( 1836 ) . prodrome d ' une monographie des radiaires ou echinodermes . mémoires de la société des sciences naturelles de neuchâtel . 1 , 168 - 199 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 192 [ details ]
hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
clark , a . m . ; downey , m . e . ( 1992 ) . starfishes of the atlantic . chapman & hall identification guides , 3 . chapman & hall . london , uk . isbn 0 - 412 - 43280 - 3 . xxvi , 794 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
clark , a . m . & courtman - stock , j . ( 1976 ) . the echinoderms of southern africa . publ . no . 766 . british museum ( nat . hist ) , london . 277 pp . [ details ]
southward , e . c . ; campbell , a . c . ( 2006 ) . [ echinoderms : keys and notes for the identification of british species ] . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 56 . field studies council : shrewsbury , uk . isbn 1 - 85153 - 269 - 2 . 272 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of stellonia webbiana d ' orbigny , 1839 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of asterias spinosa pennant , 1777 ) hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of asterias spinosa pennant , 1777 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of asterias rarispina perrier , 1875 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of asterias glacialis linnaeus , 1758 ) hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of asterias glacialis linnaeus , 1758 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of asterias madeirensis stimpson , 1862 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of stellonia glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) nardo , j . d . ( 1834 ) . de asteriis . isis von oken . 1834 : 716 - 717 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 716 [ details ]
( of coscinasterias ( stolasterias ) glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) perrier , e . ( 1894 ) . stellérides . expéditions scientifique travailleur et du talisman . 3 : 1 - 431 , 26 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 109 ; note : author is incorrectly attributed to linck [ details ]
( of uraster glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) forbes , e . ( 1841 ) . a history of british starfishes and other animals of the class echinodermata . london ; john van voorst . 267 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 78 [ details ]
( of asteracanthion glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) müller , j . and troschel , f . h . ( 1842 ) . system der asteriden . 1 . asteriae . 2 . ophiuridae . vieweg : braunschweig . xxx + 134 pp . 12 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 14 [ details ]
( of asterias angulosa abildgaard in o . f . müller , 1788 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
jullien , j . ( 1878 ) . description d ' un nouveau genre de stelleride de la famille des asteriadees . bulletin de la société zoologique de france . 3 : 141 - 143 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]
: 5 - 9 ; up to 350 mm in diameter ( occasionally up to 700 mm ) ; coloured yellowish , orange , reddish , brownish or greenish .
found in a wide range of habitats from fully exposed rockfaces to muddy sites in calm bays . remarkable size differences are commonly found . spiny starfish from sheltered waters are larger than those of exposed coasts .
particularly in the northern parts of the north sea , scandinavia . elsewhere it is found on the western british coasts .
mortensen , t . h . , 1927 . handbook of the echinoderms of the british isles . humphrey milford , oxford university press : 471 pp .
moyse , j . & p . a . tyler , 1990 . echinodermata . in : p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ( eds ) : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe , volume 2 , molluscs to chordates . clarendon press , oxford : 839 - 871 .
picton , b . e . , 1993 . a field guide to the shallow - water echinoderms of the british isles . immel publishing : 96 pp .
is recorded from the southwest and west coast of england and the west coast of scotland . it has only been recorded at one site on the east coast ( st abbs , scotland ) and has not been recorded in the eastern english channel .
is found from extreme low water to about 200 m . it can be found in a variety of habitats from sheltered muddy sites to wave exposed rock faces .
arms with 3 longitudinal rows of white , spines ( usually purple tipped ) .
fish , j . d . & fish , s . , 1996 . a student ' s guide to the seashore . cambridge : cambridge university press .
hayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .
hayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
hyman , l . v . , 1955 . the invertebrates : vol . iv . echinodermata . the coelomate bilateria . new york : mcgraw hill .
jncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken
mortensen , t . h . , 1927 . handbook of the echinoderms of the british isles . london : humphrey milford , oxford university press .
picton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken
picton , b . e . , 1993 . a field guide to the shallow - water echinoderms of the british isles . london : immel publishing ltd .
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this is our largest starfish , reaching a diameter of impressing 70 cm . the central disk is relatively small . on the tip of each arm approximately eight purple spines produce a flower like formation . the arms are covered by large , white spines . each spine is surrounded by a white cushion . and the longitudinal rows of spines and cushions form a very distinct profile . the coloration varies from pale brown to yellow or orange .
it thrives on all kind of substrates , from the subtidal zone and down to 200 meters .
the spine starfish is registered widespread over the atlantic ocean , on both hemispheres .
this starfish is large and has five very spiny arms . each arm bears three longitudinal rows of spike - like spines surrounded by large cushions of pedicellariae . smaller spines may be scattered between these rows . the spines are white and usually purple - tipped and the animal varies in colour from dirty brown to greenish - grey with purple tips to the arms . up to 35cm or more in diameter . small individuals might be mistaken for
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pedicellariae : minute jawed elements of sea urchins and starfish used to clean body surface and as defensive means .
, baie de concarneau , south - brittany , west of france . depth 5 meters .
ii - on the nervous system of the starfish mathasterias glacialis ( l . ) | philosophical transactions of the royal society b : biological sciences
ii - on the nervous system of the starfish mathasterias glacialis ( l . )
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ophrys exaltata subsp . archipelagi ( orchid ) ( ophrys arachnitiformis subsp . archipelagi ) ( 1 )
project description : eucalyptus globulus ( labill . ) is used for pulp and paper product ( more )
project description : tap - glun1 ( 840 kda and 1 . 5 mda ) , psd95 - tap ( 1 . 5 mda ) and wt ( con ( more )
label free nano - lc maldi - tof - ms / ms analysis of triton x - 100 solubilized proteins from bovine brain capillary endothelial cells ( bcecs ) .
species : ophrys exaltata subsp . archipelagi ( orchid ) ( ophrys arachnitiformis subsp . archipelagi ) ophrys garganica ophrys sphegodes ( early spider orchid ) ( arachnites aranifera )
description : this starfish is large and has five very spiny arms . each arm bears three longitudinal rows of spike - like spines surrounded by large cushions of pedicellariae . smaller spines may be scattered between these rows . the spines are white and usually purple - tipped and the animal varies in colour from dirty brown to greenish - grey with purple tips to the arms . up to 35cm or more in diameter .
habitat : this species may be found in a very wide range of habitats from sheltered muddy sites to fully exposed rockfaces . specimens from sheltered sites are usually larger than those from exposed sites .
distribution : apparently confined to the southwest and west coasts of the british isles , also north to scandinavia .
distribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
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download comparative physical and biological data . the comparative tables enable a rapid comparison of the species composition and principal physical characteristics between a given set of biotopes .
distribution of habitat cr . lcr . bras . lgassp large solitary ascidians and erect sponges on wave - sheltered circalittoral rock , based on records on the uk marine recorder database and euseamap . red dots represent records on which the biotope is based . blue dots show other certain records , black dots show records tentatively assigned to this biotope . yellow areas show level 2 and 3 sublittoral and deep - sea habitats prediced by euseamap within uk waters .
this biotope is found under similar silty , wave - sheltered conditions as lgassp but with negligible tidal streams . found in sheltered sealochs , there is an impoverished faunal component with solitary ascidians dominating . it lacks the diverse sponge component which is characteristic of lgassp .
no characteristic photos currently available . if you are able to provide a photograph of this biotope please contact email address : comment _ [ at symbol ] _ jncc _ dot _ gov _ dot _ uk ( replace _ dot _ with full stop / period and _ [ at symbol ] _ with the usual @ symbol ) .
version 15 . 03 of the classification adds a deep - sea section to version 04 . 05 ; therefore superseding version 04 . 05 , 97 . 06 and 03 . 02 .
jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] . available from :
information from the shallower section ( up to sublittoral sediment , taken from version 04 . 05 ) be cited as the
connor , d . w . , j . h . allen , n . golding , k . l . howell , l . m . lieberknecht , k . o . northen and j . b . reker ( 2004 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 04 . 05 . in : jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] .
parry , m . e . v . , k . l . howell , b . e . narayanaswamy , b . j . bett , d . o . b . jones , d . j . hughes , n . piechaud , t . d . nickell , h . ellwood , n . askew , c . jenkins and e . manca ( 2015 ) a deep - sea section for the marine habitat classification of britain and ireland . jncc report 530 . in : jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] .
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agüera , antonio and byrne , maria 2018 . a dynamic energy budget model to describe the reproduction and growth of invasive starfish asterias amurensis in southeast australia . biological invasions ,
dams , barrie blenkinsopp , chris e . and jones , daniel o . b . 2018 . behavioural modification of local hydrodynamics by asteroids enhances reproductive success . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , vol . 501 , issue . , p . 16 .
hu , m . y . lein , e . bleich , m . melzner , f . and stumpp , m . 2018 . trans - life cycle acclimation to experimental ocean acidification affects gastric ph homeostasis and larval recruitment in the sea star asterias rubens . acta physiologica , p . e13075 .
pérez - portela , r . rius , m . and villamor , a . 2017 . lineage splitting , secondary contacts and genetic admixture of a widely distributed marine invertebrate . journal of biogeography , vol . 44 , issue . 2 , p . 446 .
parry , gregory d . 2017 . potential for biocontrol of the exotic starfish , asterias amurensis , using a native starfish . biological invasions , vol . 19 , issue . 7 , p . 2185 .
wright , ag pérez - portela , r and griffiths , cl 2016 . determining the correct identity of south africanmarthasterias ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) . african journal of marine science , vol . 38 , issue . 3 , p . 443 .
calderwood , julia o’connor , nessa e . and roberts , dai 2015 . the effects of transportation stress and barnacle fouling on predation rates of starfish ( asterias rubens ) on mussels ( mytilus edulis ) . aquaculture , vol . 444 , issue . , p . 108 .
casties , isabel clemmesen , catriona melzner , frank and thomsen , jörn 2015 . salinity dependence of recruitment success of the sea star asterias rubens in the brackish western baltic sea . helgoland marine research , vol . 69 , issue . 2 , p . 169 .
haye , pilar a . segovia , nicolás i . muñoz - herrera , natalia c . gálvez , francisca e . martínez , andrea meynard , andrés pardo - gandarillas , maría c . poulin , elie faugeron , sylvain and mackenzie , brian r . 2014 . phylogeographic structure in benthic marine invertebrates of the southeast pacific coast of chile with differing dispersal potential . plos one , vol . 9 , issue . 2 , p . e88613 .
micael , j . rodrigues , p . costa , a . c . and alves , m . j . 2014 . phylogeography and genetic diversity of ophidiaster ophidianus ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) —evidence for a recent range expansion in the azores . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 94 , issue . 07 , p . 1475 .
micael , j . alves , m . j . and costa , a . c . 2013 . the population dynamics of ophidiaster ophidianus ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) in the azores , at the north - western periphery of its distribution . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 93 , issue . 04 , p . 1087 .
joly - turquin , guillemette dubois , philippe leyzour , sandra pernet , philippe de ridder , fjo pintelon , rik and guillou , monique 2013 . contrasting relationships between pyloric caecum and gonad growth in the starfish asterias rubens : combined field and experimental approaches . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 93 , issue . 04 , p . 1073 .
agüera , antonio trommelen , michel burrows , frances jansen , jeroen m . schellekens , tim and smaal , aad 2012 . winter feeding activity of the common starfish ( asterias rubens l . ) : the role of temperature and shading . journal of sea research , vol . 72 , issue . , p . 106 .
manzur , tatiana barahona , mario and navarrete , sergio a . 2010 . ontogenetic changes in habitat use and diet of the sea - star heliaster helianthus on the coast of central chile . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 90 , issue . 03 , p . 537 .
li , li li , qi and kong , lingfeng 2010 . the effect of different substrates on larvae settlement in sea cucumber , apostichopus japonicusselenka . journal of the world aquaculture society , vol . 41 , issue . , p . 123 .
mercier , annie and hamel , jean - françois 2009 . endogenous and exogenous control of gametogenesis and spawning in echinoderms . vol . 55 , issue . , p . 237 .
mercier , annie and hamel , jean‐françois 2009 . endogenous and exogenous control of gametogenesis and spawning in echinoderms . vol . 55 , issue . , p . 7 .
gallagher , t . richardson , c . a . seed , r . and jones , t . 2008 . the seasonal movement and abundance of the starfish , asterias rubens in relation to mussel farming practice : a case study from the menai strait , uk . journal of shellfish research , vol . 27 , issue . 5 , p . 1209 .
had a clearly defined reproductive cycle with spring - early summer spawning . pyloric caecum indices were inversely related to gonad indices . subtidal
had lower gonad indices and less seasonal variation in the pyloric caecum indices . gonad indices of
suggest few animals in the population studied were breeding , but it is likely that this species also spawns in summer .
. field observations and laboratory experiments show larvae settle on a wide range of substrata . recruitment to an intertidal population of
at hollicombe reef occurred in july 1980 and september 1981 . growth of juvenile starfish was followed for 17 months . juvenile starfish feed carnivorously at the completion of metamorphosis . early growth is rapid ; however , there is a reduction in the growth rate during winter months . feeding and growth of juvenile
descriptions of the larvae of stichaster australis ( verrill ) and coscinasterias calamaria ( gray ) ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) from new zealand , obtained from laboratory culture . biological bulletin
extreme population density of the starfish asterias rubens l . on a bed of iceland scallop , chlamys islandica ( o . f . muller )
distribution patterns of common seastars of the middle atlantic continental shelf of the northwest atlantic ( gulf of maine to cape hatteras ) . biological bulletin
notes on the development of the starfishes asterias glacialis ( o . f . m ) ; cribrella oculata ( linck ) forbes ; solaster endeca ( retzius ) forbes ; stichaster roseus ( o . f . m . ) sars
the annual pyloric caeca cycle of asterias rubens l . ( echinodermata : asteroidea )
the annual reproductive cycle of oreaster reticulatus ( l . ) ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) and interpopulation differences in reproductive capacity
. the dispersal of the larvae of shoal - water benthic invertebrate species over long distances by ocean currents . in
observations on an aggregation of the starfish asterias rubens l . in morecambe bay , lancashire , england
studies on the reproductive systems of seastars . i . the morphology and histology of the gonad of asterias vulgaris . biological bulletin
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silva m 1 , 2 , rodriguez i 3 , barreiro a 4 , 5 , kaufmann m 6 , 7 , 8 , isabel neto a 9 , 10 , hassouani m 11 , sabour b 12 , alfonso a 13 , botana lm 14 , vasconcelos v 15 , 16 .
department of biology , faculty of sciences , university of porto , rua do campo alegre , porto 4619 - 007 , portugal . marisasilva17 @ gmail . com .
interdisciplinary center of marine and environmental research - cimar / ciimar , university of porto , rua dos bragas , 289 , porto 4050 - 123 , portugal . marisasilva17 @ gmail . com .
department of pharmacology , faculty of veterinary , university of santiago of compostela , lugo 27002 , spain . ines . rodriguez . filgueiras @ usc . es .
department of biology , faculty of sciences , university of porto , rua do campo alegre , porto 4619 - 007 , portugal . aldo . barreiro @ gmail . com .
interdisciplinary center of marine and environmental research - cimar / ciimar , university of porto , rua dos bragas , 289 , porto 4050 - 123 , portugal . aldo . barreiro @ gmail . com .
interdisciplinary center of marine and environmental research - cimar / ciimar , university of porto , rua dos bragas , 289 , porto 4050 - 123 , portugal . mkaufmann @ ciimar . up . pt .
centre of life sciences , university of madeira , marine biology station of funchal , funchal 9000 - 107 , portugal . mkaufmann @ ciimar . up . pt .
center of interdisciplinary marine and environmental research of madeira - ciimar - madeira , edif . madeira tecnopolo , caminho da penteada , funchal 9020 - 105 , portugal . mkaufmann @ ciimar . up . pt .
interdisciplinary center of marine and environmental research - cimar / ciimar , university of porto , rua dos bragas , 289 , porto 4050 - 123 , portugal . aneto @ uac . pt .
department of marine biology , university of azores , ponta delgada 9501 - 801 , portugal . aneto @ uac . pt .
phycology research unit - biotechnology , ecosystems ecology and valorization laboratory . faculty of sciences el jadida , university chouaib doukkali , el jadida bp20 , morocco . hassouani @ hotmail . com .
phycology research unit - biotechnology , ecosystems ecology and valorization laboratory . faculty of sciences el jadida , university chouaib doukkali , el jadida bp20 , morocco . sabour . b @ ucd . ac . ma .
department of pharmacology , faculty of veterinary , university of santiago of compostela , lugo 27002 , spain . amparo . alfonso @ usc . es .
department of pharmacology , faculty of veterinary , university of santiago of compostela , lugo 27002 , spain . luis . botana @ usc . es .
department of biology , faculty of sciences , university of porto , rua do campo alegre , porto 4619 - 007 , portugal . vmvascon @ fc . up . pt .
interdisciplinary center of marine and environmental research - cimar / ciimar , university of porto , rua dos bragas , 289 , porto 4050 - 123 , portugal . vmvascon @ fc . up . pt .
structures caribbean ( c ) and pacific ( p ) ctx - group toxin . the epimers , p - ctx - 2 ( 52 - epi p - ctx - 3 ) , p - ctx - 4a ( 52 - epi p - ctx - 4b ) and c - ctx - 2 ( 56 - epi c - ctx - 1 ) are indicated in parenthesis .
location of the sampling points : ( a ) são miguel island coast , azores archipelago : 1 , cruzeiro ; 2 , mosteiros ; 3 , étar ; 4 , são roque ; 5 , lagoa ; and 6 , caloura . ( b ) madeira island coast : 1 , reis magos and 2 , caniçal . ( c ) northwestern moroccan coast : 1 , casablanca corniche ; 2 , el jadida haras ; 3 , el jadida sâada ; 4 , sidi bouzid ; 5 , mrizika ; and 6 , oualidia .
selected ion monitoring ( sim ) chromatogram ( a ) and mass spectrum ( b ) of standard ctx - 3c . sim obtained by uplc - ms / ms and spectrum obtained by uplc - ms - it - tof .
ms2 spectrum of ctx analogue at m / z 1111 . 5 [ m + h ] + ( a ) ; ctx analogue at m / z 1109 . 5 [ m + h ] + ( b ) ; and ctx analogue m / z 1123 . 5 [ m + h ] + ( c ) . spectra obtained by ultra performance liquid chromatography - mass spectometry - ion trap - time of flight uplc - ms - it - tof .
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bassindale , r . , e . davenport , f . j . ebling , j . a . kitching , m . a . sleigh and j . f . stone . the ecology of lough ine rapids with special reference to water currents vi ; the effects of the rapids on the hydrography of the south basin . j . ecol .
( l . ) in its natural habitat , 31 pp . thesis for b . a . moderations , department of zoology , trinity college dublin 1980
ebling , f . j . , a . d . hawking , j . a . kitching , l . muntz and v . m . pratt . the ecology of lough ine xvi . predation and diurnal migration in the
ebling , f . j . , m . a . sleigh , j . f . sloane and j . a . kitching : the ecology of lough ine vii . distribution of some common plants and animals of the littoral and shallow sublittoral regions . j . ecol .
( lamark ) in lough ine , ireland . phil . trans . r . soc . ( ser . b )
mortensen , t . : handbook of the echinoderms of the british isles , 471 pp . oxford : university press 1927
, from plymouth sound . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k .
ormond , r . f . g . , a . c . campbell , s . m . head , r . j . moore , p . s . rainbow and a . p . l . sanders : formation and breakdown of aggregations of


paludinella minima is a species of minute salt marsh snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family assimineidae .

this species is endemic to japan .

paludinella minima

choose one > paludinella ( cavernacmella ) sp . hseka . 1 > paludinella ( cavernacmella ) sp . hsekb . 1 > paludinella ( cavernacmella ) sp . hsekc . 1 > paludinella ( cavernacmella ) sp . hsekd . 1 > paludinella ( cavernacmella ) sp . hseke . 1 > paludinella kuzuuensis > paludinella minima all lower taxonomy nodes ( 7 )
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