agonopterix quadripunctata is a moth of the depressariidae family .

it is found in fennoscandia , estonia , latvia , russia , germany , poland , the czech republic , slovakia , italy and the republic of macedonia .

the wingspan is 15 – 18 mm .

adults are on wing from may to august .

the larvae feed on seseli and cnidium species , including cnidium dubium .

agonopterix quadripunctata

all galleries > > butterflies & moths of sweden > > micro > > depressariidae > 0549 agonopterix quadripunctata 078 . jpg
redescription of agonopterix selini ( heinemann , 1870 ) with description of agonopterix lessini sp . n . and agonopterix paraselini
agonopterix kuznetzovi lvovsky , 1983 ; ent . obozr . 62 ( 3 ) : 594
agonopterix flurii sonderegger , 2013 ; contr . nat . history 21 : ( 1 - 14 )
agonopterix banatica georgesco , 1965 ; rev . roum . biol . ( zool . ) 10 : 113
agonopterix dumitrescui georgesco , 1965 ; rev . roum . biol . ( zool . ) 10 : 111
agonopterix abditella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 40
agonopterix graecella hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 233
agonopterix inoxiella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 38
agonopterix ordubadensis hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 34
agonopterix subumbellana hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 42
agonopterix chaetosoma clarke , 1962 ; ent . news 73 : 93 ; tl : japan , hoshu , kii , nati
agonopterix cluniana huemer & lvovsky , 2000 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 21 ( 3 ) : 135
agonopterix issikii clarke , 1962 ; ent . news 73 : 96 ; tl : japan , honshu , sinano , tobira
agonopterix ( subagonopterix ) vietnamella subgen . nov . et spec . nov , of flat moths from south - eastern asia
agonopterix socerbi sumpich , 2012 ; nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 162 ; tl : slovenia , crni kal - socerb
agonopterix dierli lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : nepal , east khumjung , 3800m
agonopterix medelichensis buchner , 2015 ; zootaxa 3986 ( 1 ) : 107 ; tl : italy , prov . verona , monte , 300m
agonopterix mendesi corley , 2002 ; nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 26 ; tl : portugal , algarve , praia de castelejo
agonopterix heracliana ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]
agonopterix mikkolai lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 151 ; tl : nepal , kathmandu , phulchoki mt . , 1700m
agonopterix perezi walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 957 , pl . 52 , f . 8
agonopterix paraselini buchner , 2017 ; gortania 38 : 94 ; tl : austria , lower austria , eichkogel near mödling , 48°4 . 8n ; 16°16 . 6e
agonopterix parinkini lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 151 ; tl : nepal , e . bujan , dudh kosi tal , 2900m
= agonopterix nigrinotella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 868 ; [ nhm card ]
agonopterix ( depressariini ) ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 , 9 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ fe ]
agonopterix bipunctifera ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 3 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]
agonopterix takamukui ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 34 , pl . 1 , f . 6 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ]
agonopterix toega hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 30 , pl . 1 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : san clemente island , california
agonopterix l - nigrum ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 4 , pl . 4 , f . 18 ; [ nhm card ]
agonopterix sapporensis ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 33 , pl . 1 , f . 5 , pl . 3 , f . 15 - 16 ; [ nhm card ]
agonopterix hesphoea hodges , 1975 ; j . lep . soc . 29 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : texas , culberson co . , sierra diablo 20 mi . nnw van horn , 6000ft
agonopterix amyrisella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42 ; [ nacl ] , # 898 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix psoraliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 891 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix caucasiella karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 ; nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 180 ; tl : russia , caucasus , 44°09 ' n , 40°04 ' e , majkop , 1300m
agonopterix cinerariae walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 955 , pl . 52 , f . 7 ; tl : tenerife , arafo ; barranco lorez , near orotava
agonopterix dammersi clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 4 , f . 1 - 1a , 8 ; tl : forest home , san bernardino co . , california
agonopterix chrautis hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 28 , f . 2d - e , h , pl . 1 , f . 33 ; tl : jemez springs , new mexico
agonopterix paulae harrison , 2005 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : illinois , piatt co . , univ . of illinois - robert allerton park , lost garden trail
agonopterix thelmae clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 96 , pl . 44 , f . 259 ; tl : oak station , allegheny co . , pennsylvania
agonopterix oregonensis clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 65 , pl . 31 , f . 176 , pl . 42 , f . 241 ; tl : salem , oregon
agonopterix cajonensis clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 82 , pl . 31 , f . 180 , pl . 42 , f . 244 ; tl : cajon valley , california
agonopterix amissella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 890 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix arnicella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 , pl . 2 , f . 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 879 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix clarkei ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; [ nacl ] , # 863 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix clemensella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; [ nacl ] , # 862 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix costimacula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 39 ; harrison & berenbaum , 2005 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 164 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix gelidella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 20 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 855 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix hyperella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 856 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix latipalpella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 897 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix lecontella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 886 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix muricolorella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 860 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix pergandeella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 888 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix senicionella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; [ nacl ] , # 881 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix walsinghamella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 869 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix nervosa ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 , pl . 2 , f . 42 - 47 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]
agonopterix curvilineella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 859 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix dimorphella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 97 , pl . 31 , f . 179 , pl . 40 , f . 229 ; tl : henry , putnam co . , illinois
agonopterix eupatoriiella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 866 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix flavicomella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 880 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix fusciterminella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 80 , pl . 28 , f . 167 , pl . 44 , f . 258 ; tl : dunca , vancouver island , british columbia
agonopterix lythrella ; [ nacl ] , # 857 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 , pl . 1 , f . 6 - 8 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix nebulosa ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 894 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix nigrinotella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 15 ; [ nacl ] , # 868 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix nubiferella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 9 - 10 ; [ nacl ] , # 858 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix posticella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 896 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix pteleae ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , pl . 1 , f . 22 - 23 ; [ nacl ] , # 865 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix pulvipennella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 , pl . 1 , f . 26 - 29 ; [ nacl ] , # 867 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix robiniella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 29 - 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 882 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix rosaciliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 41 - 45 ; [ nacl ] , # 876 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix sabulella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 872 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix sanguinella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 885 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix jezonica ; kuroko , 1959 , 35 ; [ nhm , ( nom nud . ) card ] ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 4 , f . 17
agonopterix ciliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 46 ; [ nacl ] , # 877 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]
agonopterix cratia hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 35 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : walnut canyon , 6500 ' , 6 1 / 3 mi e by s . flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona
agonopterix argillacea ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 8 - 10 , 16 , 28 ; [ nacl ] , # 889 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix atrodorsella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , f . 1a , pl . 1 , f . 20 - 21 ; [ nacl ] , # 864 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix canadensis ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 , pl . 1 , f . 47 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 878 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix cajonensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 28 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 874 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix dammersi ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 43 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 36 ; [ nacl ] , # 873 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix antennariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 , pl . 2 , f . 22 - 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 893 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix dimorphella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 47 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 38 - 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 887 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix oregonensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 103 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 14 - 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 861 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix thelmae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 36 - 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 884 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix fusciterminella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 , f . 2a - b , g , pl . 1 , f . 31 - 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 870 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
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2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr . alexander lvovsky
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= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
312x662 ( ~ 85kb ) russia , moscow area , 26 . 4 . 2008 , photo © d . smirnov
the exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .
depressaria abjectella christoph , 1882 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 57 ( 1 ) : 16 ; tl : wladiwostok
depressaria acerbella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 564 ; tl : cape
acuta stringer , 1930 ² ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 416
depressaria agyrella rebel , 1917 ; dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 193 ; tl : r . agyr [ ? ] , tannuola
larva on conium , conium maculatum berenbaum & passoa , 1983 , j . lep . soc . 37 ( 1 ) : 38
depressaria amissella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : kissimmee , florida
larva on amyris floridana hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 893 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on antennaria luzuloides hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40
depressaria anticella erschoff , [ 1877 ] ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 4 ) : 344 ; tl : irkutsk
aperta hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 43
depressaria archangelicella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 131 ; tl : kasakewitsch
669x637 ( ~ 88kb ) russia , moscow area , 11 . 9 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
california - british columbia , manitoba , ontario , new brunswick , nova scotia , michigan , south dakota , illinois , texas , florida , utah . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 889 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on salix lasiolepis , s . bebbiana , amorpha fruticosa , ptelea trifoliata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39
depressaria arnicella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 314 , pl . 36 , f . 3 ; tl : mt . shasta , california
larva on erigeron hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34
s . quebec , ontario , wisconsin , n . illinois . see [ maps ]
depressaria atrodorsella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 124 ; tl : [ pennsylvania ? ]
larva on eupatorium spp . , coreopsis spp . , bidens frondosa , myrica asplenifolia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25
babaella amsel , 1972 ² ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 136
agonopteryx bakriella amsel , 1958 ; sber . öst . akad . wiss . ( 1 ) 167 : 559 ; tl : deh bakri , prov . kirman , iran
depressaria baleni zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 253 ; tl : bogota
depressaria bipunctifera matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1089 ; tl : japan , sapporo
depressaria cadurciella chrétien , 1914 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1914 : 159 ; tl : causse de gramat
connecticut , new york , manitoba , s . british columbia - colorado , washington - california , utah , arizona . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 878 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on senecio terra hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33
canuflavella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 292
depressaria caprella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 157 , pl . 17 , f . 9 ; tl : near lewes
tinea carduella hübner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 66 , f . 439
larva on heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 181
depressaria cervariella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 251 , pl . 10 , f . 13
depressaria chironiella constant , 1893 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 62 : 392 , pl . 11 , f . 4
alberta - to ( new mexico , california , alberta ) . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 877 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on angelica silvestris , a . archangelica , peucedanum palustre , selinum , sium , cicuta , pimpinella saxifraga , seseli , heracleum , ligusticum , carum
larva on senecio populifolius , s . heritieri walsingham , [ 1908 ] , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 956
agonopteryx [ sic ] clarkei keifer , 1936 ; bull . south calif . acad . sci . 35 : 10 , pl . 4 , pl . 7 , f . 6 ; tl : missouri flat , placerville district , california
larva on artermisia vulgaris hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25
s . quebec , s . ontario , wisconsin , illinois , ohio . see [ maps ]
gelechia clemensella chambers , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 9 ) : 173 ; tl : easton , pennsylvania
larva on pastinaca sativa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184
haemylis cnicella treitschke , 1832 ; in ochsenheimer , schmett . eur . 9 ( 1 ) : 237
depressaria coenosella zerny , 1940 ; zs . wiener entver . 25 ( schluß ) : 45 , pl . 11 , f . 14 ♂ ; tl : pelur ( 2000m ) ; rehde - demawend
depressaria comitella lederer , 1855 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 5 : 232 , pl . 5 , f . 5
depressaria communis meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , table mtn
depressaria compacta meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 249 ; tl : cape colony , capetown
larva on salix , ( wide leafed ) s . caprea , s . aurita , s . cinerea , s . repens
depressaria crassiventrella rebel , 1891 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 41 : 627
depressaria crypsicosma meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : cape colony , table mountain , 2500ft
cuillerella amsel , 1972 ² ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 137
e . ontario , manitoba , massachusetts , new york - south carolina . see [ maps ]
depressaria curvilineella beutenmüller , 1889 ; ent . amer . 5 : 10 ; tl : new york
depressaria cyclas meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : dalhousie , kashmir
cynarivora meyrick , 1932 ² ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 280
depressaria cyrniella rebel , 1929 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 79 : 45
larva on senecio douglasii , eriophyllum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29
agonopteryx demissella hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 456
deliciosella turati , 1924 ² ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 63 : 174 , pl . 5 , f . 61
deltopa meyrick & caradja , 1935 ² ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 80
dideganella amsel , 1972 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 136 , pl . 1 , f . 3
south carolina , illinois , e . nebraska , kansas , arkansas . see [ maps ]
larva on amorpha fruticosa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38
depressaria divergella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 128 ; tl : tjutjuje
depressaria dryocrates meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 100 ; tl : natal , kirkloof
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nhm card ]
elbursella hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 234
depressaria encentra meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 252 ; tl : japan
depressaria epichersa meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : china , ta - tsien - lon
pennsylvania , illinois , north carolina , kentucky , maryland . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 866 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on eupatorium , actinomeris alternifolia , carya ovata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26
depressaria erythrella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 161 , pl . 8 , f . 7 , 7a ; tl :
chanka - meer
; suifun
depressaria exquisitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 132 ; tl : kasakewitsch
farsensis hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 457
depressaria ( schistodepressaria ) ferocella chrétien , 1910 ; schmett . eur . 2 : 340
larva on cirsium ferox spuler , 1910 , schmett . eur . 2 : 340
connecticut , s . manitoba , north carolina , indiana , illinois . see [ maps ]
depressaria flavicomella engel , 1907 ; ent . news 18 ( 7 ) : 276 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania
larva on heracleum lanatum , taenidia integerrima hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34
larva on bupleurum fruticosum walsingham , 1903 , ent . mon . mag . 39 : 267
hungary , dalmatia , asia minor , . . . . see [ maps ]
larva on senecio aronicoides , cacaliopsis nardosmia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 28
depressaria fuscovenella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 18 ; tl : ain draham , tunis
galbella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 36
depressaria gelidella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 90 ; tl : winnipeg , manitoba , canada
larva on salix , betula papyrifera hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22
depressaria glabrella turati , 1921 ; naturalista sicil . 23 ( 7 - 12 ) : 338 , pl . 4 , f . 45 ; tl : tangier , morocco
depressaria glyphidopa meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 475 ; tl : natal , weenen
depressaria grammatopa meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : cape colony , table mountain , 2500ft
= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184
= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]
= ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184
depressaria homogenes meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , gt . winthoek , 4500ft
depressaria hypomarathri [ = hippomarathri ] nickerl , 1864 ; wiener ent . monat . 8 ( 1 ) : 3 , pl . 5 , f . 8
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 856 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on hypericum prolificum , h . perforatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22
depressaria conterminella var . atrella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 131 ; tl : kasakewitsch
depressaria iliensis rebel , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 96
intersecta filipjev , 1929 ² ; ann . mus . zool . leningrad 30 : 11 , pl . 1 , f . 10 , pl . 2a , f . 2
invenustella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 293
depressaria lacteella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 130 ; tl : kasakewitsch
agonopteryx [ sic ] latipalpella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 233 ; tl : san benito , texas
latipennella zerny , 1934 ² ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 8
depressaria lecontella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 174
larva on baptisia tinctoria hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38
croatia , france , greece , italy , slovenia , turkey . see [ maps ]
depressaria leucadensis rebel , 1932 ; zs . öst . entver 17 ( 8 ) : 55 ; tl : greece
depressaria l - nigrum matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1091 ; tl : japan , sapporo
nova scotia , new brunswick , ontario , illinois , north carolina . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 857 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on lythrum alatum , hypericum punctatum , h . virginicum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23
astria , italy , slovakia , hungary , greece , . see [ maps ]
depressaria melanarcha meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 316 ; tl : barberton
larva on centaurea sphaerocephala corley , 2002 , nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 26
metamelopa meyrick , 1931 ² ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 72
miyanella amsel , 1972 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 136 , pl . 1 , f . 1
monotona caradja , 1927 ² ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . 4 ( 8 ) : 33
depressaria muricolorella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 741 ; tl : golden , colorado
larva on lomatium macrocarpum , l . grayi , leptotaenia multifida hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24
depressaria nanatella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 154 , pl . 17 , f . 2 ; tl : charlton sand - pit
depressaria aridella mann , 1869 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 19 : 385 ; tl : brussa ; spalato
depressaria nebulosa zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 237 ; tl : cambridge , massachusetts
larva on antennaria plantaginifolia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40
depressaria neoxesta meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 31 ; tl : zululand , eshowe
british columbia - california , nevada , . . . , eu , . . . , ? . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on ulex europaeus , cytisus scoparius , laburnum , genista hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41
new york , s . quebec , s . ontario , nw . wisconsin , arkansas . see [ maps ]
depressaria nigrinotella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 88 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio
larva on carya , ptelea trifoliata , zanthoxylum americanum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27
depressaria nodiflorella millière , 1866 ; icon . desc . chenilles lepid . 2 : 214 , pl . 73 , f . 8 - 11
depressaria nubiferella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 316 , pl . 36 , f . 6 ; tl : rogue river , oregon
larva on hypericum perforatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23
depressaria nyctalopis meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 621 ; tl : comoro is . , grand comoro
depressaria occaecata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : syria , beirut
larva on salix , s . repens , ( middle europe also ) betula , quercus
depressaria oinochroa turati , 1879 ; bull . soc . ent . ital . 11 : 200 , pl . 8 , f . 13
omelkoi lvovsky , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 97
larva on lomatium caruifolium , l . marginatum , l . nudicaule , l . utriculatum , angelica hendersonii , a . lucida , eryngium vaseyi , oenanthe sarmentosa , sanicula bipinnatifida , sanicula laciniata , s . nevadensis , s . tuberosa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24
pallidior stringer , 1930 ² ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 417
panjaoella amsel , 1972 ² ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 137
austria , france , germany , slowenia , switzerland , turkey . see [ maps ]
larva on zanthoxylum americanum harrison & berenbaum , 2005 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 166
depressaria pavida meyrick , 1913 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : asia minor , taurus mts
depressaria pergandeella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : nebraska
depressaria petasitis standfuss , 1851 ; zs . ent . breslau ( lepid . ) ( 16 ) : 51
syllochitis petraea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 462 ; tl : maskeliya , madulsima , matale , wellawaya , kegalle , puttalam , ceylon
depressaria posticella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 315 , pl . 36 , f . 5 ; tl : lake co . ; mendocino co . , california , s . oregon
larva on psoralea physodes , p . macrostachya , p . tenuiflora hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42
probella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 292
pseudorutana turati , 1934 ² ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 73 : 201 , pl . 3 , f . 26
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 891 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on psoralea lanceolata , p . physodes hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40
agonopteryx [ sic ] pteleae barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 231 , pl . 28 , f . 13 , pl . 38 , f . 1 ; tl : decatur , illinois
larva on ptelea trifoliata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25
new hampshire , s . manitoba , missouri , lousiana , colorado . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 867 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on solidago , urtica hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26
depressaria pupillana wocke , 1887 ; bresl . ent . z . 12 : 62
ceu , seu , asia minor , iran , palestine . see [ maps ]
depressaria remota meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : palestine , haifa
depressaria rimulella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 128 ; tl : kasakewitsch
rhododrosa meyrick , 1934 ² ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 476
rhodogastra meyrick , 1935 ² ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 80
nova scotia , s . michigan , na . georgia , w . arkansas . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 ; [ nacl ] , # 882 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on robinia pseudoacacia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 35
alaska , w . saskatchewan - washington - california , arizona . see [ maps ]
: skyline ridge , 2500 - 3000 ' , mt baker district , whatcom co . , washington
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 876 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on angelica arguta , a . hendersonii , conioselinum chinense , ligusticum apiifolium , oenanthe sarmentosa , osmorhiza chilensis , osmorhiza occidentalis , echinopanax horridum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32
roseocaudella stringer , 1930 ² ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 417
agonopteryx rubristricta walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 136 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft
rubrovittella caradja , 1926 ² ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 168
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 ; [ nacl ] , # 872 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on eriophyllum confertiflorum , e . lanatum , eriophyllum stachaediflorum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29
salangella amsel , 1972 ² ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 137 , pl . 1 , f . 5
depressaria sanguinella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 738 ; tl : pinal mts . , arizona
larva on robinia neoxmexicana hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37
depressaria sapporensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1092 ; tl : japan , sapporo
scopariella calycotomella ( amsel , 1958 ) ( depressaria ) ; zs . wiener ent . ges . 43 ( schluß ) : 73
austria , croatia , finland , france , germany , greece , hungary , italy , romania , slovakia , slovenia , spain , turkey . see [ maps ]
depressaria selini heinemann , 1870 ; schmett . dtl . scweitz . ( 2 ) 3 : 167
larva on peucedanum palustre , p . oreoselinum , selinum carvifolium , ligusticum lucidum buchner , 2017 , gortania 38 : 81
depressaria senicionella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 742 ; tl : district of columbia
larva on senecio aureus hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34
depressaria septicella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 162 , pl . 8 , f . 8 ; tl : chabarowska
depressaria seraphimella chrétien , 1929 ; amat . papillons 4 : 194 , pl . 5 , f . 9
depressaria silerella stainton , 1865 ; ent . mon . mag . 1 : 221
larva on siler aquilegifolium stainton , 1865 , ent . mon . mag . 1 : 222
depressaria squamosa mann , 1864 ; wien . ent . mon . 8 ( 6 ) : 185 , pl . 4 , f . 13
depressaria stigmella moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 237 ; tl : yangihissar ( 4320ft ) , kashgar
depressaria straminella staudinger , 1859 ; stettin ent . ztg 20 ( 7 - 9 ) : 238 ; tl : chiclana
naf , seu , ceu , asia minor , syria . see [ maps ]
sutschanella caradja , 1926 ² ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 43
tabghaella amsel , 1953 ² ; mitt . zool . mus . berlin 20 : 294 , pl . 10 , f . 69
depressaria takamukui matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1902 ; tl : japan , chikugo
depressaria thurneri rebel , 1941 ; isv . tsarsk . prirodonauch . inst . sofia 14 : 7
larva on sanicula hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 30
tolli hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 37
triallactis meyrick , 1935 ² ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 594
depressaria trimenella walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 251 , pl . 11 , f . 19 ; tl : spring valley
depressaria tschorbadjiewi rebel , 1916 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 66 : 45 ; tl : burgas
vasta amsel , 1935 ² ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 294 , pl . 10 , f . 58
nova scotia , s . quebec , s . ontario , wisconsin , connecticut , new york , pennsylvania . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 869 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on myrica aspleniifolia , m . gale , l . pensylvanica hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27
xylinopis caradja , 1931 ² ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 14
n . africa , canary is . , seu , . . . . see [ maps ]
cryptolechia eoa meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : khasis
leptopa ( diakonoff , 1952 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 84
malaisei ( diakonoff , 1952 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 86
tinea deplanella hübner , [ 1805 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : f . 274
depressaria furvella f . jezonica matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1090 ; tl : japan , saghalin
tinea rubidella hübner , 1796 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 32 , f . 221
depressaria urzhumella krulikowsky , 1909 ; dt . ent . z . iris 21 ( 4 ) : 266 ; tl : kasan
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
ergebnisse der österreichischen iran - expedition 1949 / 50 . lepidoptera ii . ( microlepidoptera )
icones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae
the natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope
genera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum , figuram , situm et proportionem . . .
species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentia specifica , synonyma auctorum , loca natalia , metamorphosin adiectis , observationibus , descriptionibus . tom ii
neuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 17 - 32 )
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae
) in the caucasus , with a discussion of the nomenclature of a . heracliana ( linnaeus )
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , . . . . editio duocecima reformata . tom . 1 . part ii .
lepidoptern gesammelt während dreier reisen nach dalmatien in den jahren 1850 . 1862 und 1868
descriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873
microlépidopères de la haute syrie , récoltés par m . ch . delagrange , et , et descriptions de 27 espèces nouvelles
zerny , 1940 mikrolepidopteren aus dem elburs - gebirge in nord - iran zs . wiener entver . 25 : 20 - 24 , ( schluß ) : 42 - 48
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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chalcid wasps ( / ˈkælsɪd / , from greek khalkos , meaning ' copper ' , for their metallic colour ) are insects within the superfamily chalcidoidea , part of the order hymenoptera .

the superfamily contains some 22,500 known species , and an estimated total diversity of more than 500,000 species , meaning the vast majority have yet to be discovered and described .

the name " chalcid " is often confused with the name " chalcidid " , though the latter refers strictly to one constituent family , the chalcididae , rather than the superfamily as a whole ; accordingly , most recent publications ( e.g. , ) use the name " chalcidoid " when referring to members of the superfamily .

most of the species are parasitoids of other insects , attacking the egg or larval stage of their host , though many other life cycles are known .

these hosts are to be found in at least 12 different insect orders including lepidoptera ( butterflies and moths ) , diptera ( true flies ) , coleoptera ( beetles ) , hemiptera ( true bugs ) , and other hymenoptera , as well as two orders of arachnida , and even one family of nematodes .

when the host is itself a parasitoid , they are referred to as hyperparasitoids .

a small percentage are phytophagous and the larvae feed inside seeds , stems , and galls , including some that act as pollinators ( e.g. fig wasps ) .

generally beneficial to humans as a group , chalcidoids help keep various crop pests under control , and many species have been imported as biocontrol agents .

copidosoma floridanum is one such species , whose genome is being sequenced by the human genome sequencing center as part of the i5k project , which aims to sequence the genomes of 5,000 arthropods .

chalcidoids are tiny , dark-coloured wasps , typically black or brown , but often metallic blue or green , with complex sculpturing on the body .

they are also recognized by the characteristic reduced wing venation , similar to that seen in other superfamilies of parasitic wasps .

chalcid wasp

get to know the beneficial insect chalcid wasp that preys on the eggs of garden predators .
the species of chalcid wasp my homeowner encountered
swarming
in her attic this spring appeared identical to other similar wasp pictures i ' ve received recently . these turned out to be
a chalcid wasp , order hymenoptera , family chalcidae . it ' s microterys nietneri , thanks to dan for the id .
could you identify this insect from this picture ? brachymeria podagrica is a chalcid wasp parasitoid that attacks filth flies , like those that feed on carrion .
an obscure critter . i ' m guessing that not one in 100 pmps has ever heard of a chalcid ( chal sid ) wasp before . but chalcid wasps are common natural enemies of many insect pests . identified by their small size and giant hind femurs , the chalcididae family makes up one of the dozen or so
parasitoid
wasp families within the bee / wasp / ant order hymenoptera .
fig wasp , ( family agaonidae ) , any of about 900 species of tiny wasps responsible for pollinating the world’s 900 species of figs ( see ficus ) . each species of wasp pollinates only one species of fig , and each fig species has its own wasp species to pollinate it . this…
to learn more about monarch butterflies and chalcid wasps , click on this sentence .
rappaport n , mori s , roques a . estimating impact of a seed chalcid
the alfalfa seed chalcid is attracted by flowering alfalfa and oviposits into immature seed in young developing pods . once the seed starts to swell it is not susceptible to oviposition by the chalcid . this wasp requires a flat , soft pod through which to oviposit . the wasp larva requires the duration of the seed - filling period to develop into a pre - pupa and pupa , and it feeds on the seed endosperm . once the seed ripens the pupa hatches and the wasp chews out of the seed and pod . the wasp will stay in a pre - pupal stage in the ripened seed if it is late in the season and is induced into a winter diapause .
single and double infections with wolbachia in the parasitic wasp nasonia vitripennis - effects on compatibility . genetics143 : 961 - 972 .
to learn more about chalcid wasps and how they infect chrysalises , click on this sentence .
parasitoid wasps are certainly one of the most fascinating and wonderful , yet horrifying , of all creatures . so seemingly cruel in its behavior that theologians and biologists argued over the last 200 years whether the mere existence of insects like the ichneumon wasp ( a cousin of the chalcid wasp ) served as proof against the christian belief in a loving creator - god . *
in combination with alterations in crop closure timing , both sanitation and closing date operate synergistically to diminish seed wasp populations . with a sanitation and closing date management programme in operation , the population of seed wasp in the area will decline over a period of seasons . seed producers need to assess the economics of management decisions that influence the susceptibility of seed crops to seed wasp damage in conjunction with net returns (
chalcid wasps are small insects that lay eggs in soft moth and butterfly chrysalises . wasp larvae hatch from the eggs . the larvae drink the hemolymph ( blood ) of the chrysalis . the chrysalis continues to live and mature for quite a few days . the chrysalis dies and the wasp larvae form pupae . when the wasp pupae mature , adult wasps emerge from the pupae and eat a tiny hole in the chrysalis . the wasps , from a few to hundreds , emerge from the chrysalis from the one or two holes they have eaten in the chrysalis .
hi , i came searching for identification of the same wasp ! my search words were : “small black wasp with strong hind legs” . i found this pupa on a mint leaf ( part of a bunch i had bought from the market ) . i wondered what butterfly / moth caterpillar would like to eat mint leaves which have such strong smell . so i kept the pupa in a jar with ventilation , and after two weeks , today morning i saw a wasp ! now i think i can connect the dots . some lepidoptera caterpillar on the mint got parasitised by this chalcid wasp either at larval or pupal stage . i will release it in my garden so that it can do some pest control : ) thanks a lot .
artokhin ks , 1983 . natural enemies of the lucerne seed chalcid . zashchita rasteni , no . 12 : 45
collecting and preserving chalcid wasps ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea . ) journal of natural history 16 : 315 - 334 .
a sweep net should be swept through the alfalfa and the contents inspected . the seed wasp will be present in the net if any are in the field (
research indicates that eradication of the seed wasp is not possible . insecticide application is not a means of permanent control . the wasp will always be present where alfalfa is grown and the key to management is to live with the presence of the pest but make changes to the management in order to reduce its impact on seed yield (
some significant natural enemies of the alfalfa seed chalcid are reported . all of them are larval parasitoids from the order hymenoptera .
the records of the wasp in trifolium ( clover ) seed are probably a mistake . clover seeds are damaged by bruchophagus gibbus . the larvae of both species are morphologically similar .
to round out this discussion of chalcids , i should mention two species that display atypical habits — one beneficial , the other harmful . the first of these two oddball chalcids is the fig wasp ( family agaonidae ) , to which nature has given the responsibility of pollinating the commercially important smyrna fig — a tree that can produce fruit only after being pollinated by the wild fig , or caprifig . and because of the peculiar nature of the smyrna fig flower , the fig wasp is the only creature that can accomplish this feat . the black sheep of the chalcid family is the clover seed chalcid ( bruchophagus phatyptera ) , which infests the seeds of several varieties of legumes and is one of the very few harmful members of the chalcid clan .
[ 1880–85 ; < new latin chalcid - , s . of chalcis a genus < greek chalk ( ós ) copper , brass ]
peterson s , 2003 . seed chalcid damage to alfalfa seed in california . international pollination systems , visalia , california , usa . urltoken
. other important references to the chalcid taxonomic literature , with emphasis on the north american fauna , are given in the sections below .
the adult female of the alfalfa seed chalcid has a needle - like structure ( ovipositor ) that is used to insert eggs into immature alfalfa seeds . a single larva ( grub ) develops within each seed and destroys all the contents , leaving only the seed coat . when the wasp emerges from the seed , a hole is visible .
* an interesting discussion of the ichneumon wasp controversy can be found in stephen jay gould ' s essay on non - moral nature in the book hen ' s teeth and horse ' s toes .
de barro j , 2001 . living with the enemy : managing lucerne seed wasp in lucerne seed crops . publication no . 01 / 135 . rural industries research and development corporation , australia . urltoken
de barro j , 2001 . evaluating and managing lucerne seed wasp in lucerne seed crops . a report for the rural industries research and development corporation . rirdc publication no 01 / 136 , australia . urltoken
about 12 mm in length , this leucospidid wasp is a parasite on the raspberry horntail , as well as being one of the largest chalcids and a superb mimic of the yellow jacket . photo : ron west
, chemical control of the seed wasp is not a viable or sensible option and does not form part of its management strategy . the wasp is exposed for 6 months of the year ( through the dryland and irrigated seed production season ) to insecticides that are used in commercial seed production to manage other pests . resistance of the seed wasp to insecticides including malathion , chlorpyrifos , and a range of synthetic pyrethroids is commonly reported in the seed - producing areas of south australia and new south wales . a similar scenario exists in the alfalfa seed - producing areas of north america , where district - wide sanitation practices are encouraged .
chalcid wasps are not likely to enter an account over and over by accident . if you find chalcids indoors , get a sample and have them identified .
cupressus sempervirens vs cypress seed chalcid , megastigmus wachtli : genetic and evolutionary relationships , iufro s7 . 01 symposium physiology and genetics of trees . phytophage interactions .
brewer gj , 1980 . a survey of the alfalfa seed chalcid in central kansas . journal of the kansas entomological society , 53 ( 3 ) : 538
. the following publications that include keys to chalcid families are listed in alphabetical order by area covered ; those with an asterisk also include keys to genera .
in australia , it is known that the wasp is more active in february than earlier in the seed crop season and that the presence of volunteer alfalfa in the area surrounding the seed crop can augment the seed wasp population . the wasp does not develop populations in defined intervals . it has continuing , overlapping generations , which means that all the stages of the life cycle are present at any one time , in any one area and in any one paddock . a spray that kills the adults will have no effect on the pupae , which will hatch straight after the spray has been applied , and almost immediately mate and continue the life cycle (
on the other hand , another chalcid phenomenon — known as hyperparasitism — can work against the gardener , and occurs when a chalcid uses another parasitic insect for its host , thus negating the beneficial effect of the victim parasite . ( in one species of chalcid , this hyperparasitism takes on a bizarre twist in that while the females are parasites of scale insects , the males are hyperparasites that attack the parasites of scale insects . . . including the females of their own species ! )
resulting emergence of males and females of the cypress seed chalcid , megastigmus wachtli , from eggs laid in seeds of cupressus sempervirens by unfertilized female m . wachtli .
compared pod - wall characteristics with seed damage and resistance to the alfalfa seed chalcid in medicago species . the findings suggested that pod - wall lignification may reduce seed losses due to chalcid damage . the highest levels of resistance to the eurytomid are found in the annual species , which also had highly lignified pod - walls .
the adult alfalfa seed chalcid is a minute , jet - black wasp . only some parts of the legs ( on the tibia and tarsus ) are yellow - brown . the male is 1 . 2 - 1 . 7 mm and the female is 1 . 3 - 1 . 8 mm long . the thorax protrudes and the abdomen is egg - shaped with a plain ventral part (
from hungary suggested a simple method for separating beneficial parasitoids ( b . bruchophagi , i . perplexus and pteromalus medicaginis ) of the alfalfa seed chalcid from alfalfa chaff .
thoenes sc ; moffett jo , 1990 . infestation patterns of the alfalfa seed chalcid in oklahoma alfalfa fields . southwestern entomologist , 15 ( 1 ) : 15 - 25
it is extremely difficult to briefly characterize or present a key to chalcid families on a world basis , particularly with current uncertainty and controversy over membership of some families .
the chalcidoidea is a widely distributed group that is divided into about 19 families , chief among which are the mymaridae ( fairyfly ) , trichogrammatidae , eulophidae , encyrtidae , eupelmidae , perilampidae , agaonidae ( fig wasp , q . v . ) , torymidae , pteromalidae , eurytomidae ( seed chalcid ) , and chalcididae . some of the leucospidae , largest of the chalcids , reach 15 mm in length .
i found this tiny wasp ( 2 - 3mm ) in leaf litter . black with a bluish iridescence and pointed abdomen . can anyone help with id please . also , is its host likely to be a leaf - litter dweller ?
chalcid
is usually used to refer to any member of this superfamily , rather than only members of the family chalcididae . using
chalcidoid
instead removes any ambiguity .
thoenes sc ; moffett jo , 1987 . emergence from overwintered seeds of hymenoptera parasitizing the alfalfa seed chalcid in oklahoma . southwestern entomologist , 12 ( 1 ) : 33 - 43
if anything , higher level relationships within chalcidoidea are even less well resolved than are relationships of chalcidoidea with other hymenoptera . a comprehensive historical review of chalcid higher classification was given by
the number of described chalcidoid taxa in the world that are currently regarded as valid . pages 9 - 10 in chalcid forum no . 13 . 31 pp . unpublished newsletter .
for a long time this species was identified as bruchophagus gibbus , which damages the seeds of clover and other leguminous plants . gussakovskii described the alfalfa seed chalcid as b . roddi (
nielson mw , 1976 . diapause in the alfalfa seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi ( gussakovsky ) in relation to natural photoperiod . environmental entomology , 5 ( 1 ) : 123 - 127
strong fe , 1962 . laboratory studies of the biology of the alfalfa seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi guss . ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) . hilgardia , 32 : 229 - 249 .
many australian seed producers stop the seed production of alfalfa in december so that the crops flower in january and february when the warm / hot weather is optimal for pollination . however , this management strategy permits maximum wasp damage . the producers need to assess their management concepts . by closing a crop 2 - 4 weeks earlier than usual ( e . g . in november ) , harvesting at 100 % ripeness is permitted as opposed to 80 - 90 % ripeness , later in the season and prior to the autumn rainfall . seed wasp damage is reduced by earlier crop closure due to lower wasp populations being present at the time of flowering and seed set . the net return from a seed crop that is closed in the traditional december period is often the same or less than the net return from a similar standard seed crop that is closed earlier . in december , the crop is not permitted to reach complete ripeness prior to desiccation , whereas the crop that is closed earlier reaches full ripeness and has less seed wasp damage .
kral ' ovic j , 1971 . the ecology of the lucerne seed chalcid bruchophagus roddi guss . ( hymenoptera , eurytomidae ) . biologicke prace , 17 ( 3 ) : 2 - 75
tingey wm ; nielson mw , 1975 . developmental biology of the alfalfa seed chalcid on resistant and susceptible alfalfa clones . journal of economic entomology , 68 ( 2 ) : 167 - 168
brewer gj ; horber e , 1984 . field infestation and alfalfa seed chalcid ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) development in different medicago clones . environmental entomology , 13 ( 4 ) : 1157 - 1159
prashar hk ; dhaliwal js , 1984 . biology of lucerne seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi gussakovsky ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) . indian journal of agricultural sciences , 54 ( 10 ) : 935 - 940
chalcidoid or chalcid wasps are one of the most diverse groups of hymenoptera ( bees , ants , wasps ) numerically , structurally , and biologically . they range in size from the smallest insect known ,
wasp , any member of a group of insects in the order hymenoptera , suborder apocrita , some of which are stinging . wasps are distinguished from the ants and bees of apocrita by various behavioral and physical characteristics , particularly their possession of a slender , smooth body and legs with…
there is no doubt that molecular analysis of chalcid relationships is an exciting new frontier that holds promising rewards for our understanding of the evolution of the group . however , such analyses seem likely to add to the instability of chalcid classification , at least in the short term , and by themselves seem unlikely to provide a fully resolved pattern of chalcid relationships . in order to fully resolve the evolutionary history of the chalcidoidea it will also be necessary to develop a comprehensive , accurate , morphological - based character matrix for the superfamily . this is an extremely complex and daunting task considering the enormous diversity of the group , but must be done in order to advance chalcid classification beyond the level of personal preference . although no cladistic hypotheses of family relationships based on analysis of morphology have considered the chalcidoidea in its entirety , noyes ( 1990 ) presented a tree diagram illustrating one set of potential chalcid family relationships ( see reproduction in
a word on chalcidoid classification
or dendrogram 1 in heraty et al . 1997 ) . gibson et al . ( 1999 ) reviewed current concepts of chalcid phylogenetics and classification , and this paper should be consulted for a comprehensive list of relevant publications . however , some of the more major molecular or morphological analyses that have investigated monophyly and relationships of chalcid families or subfamilies through explicit character state analysis are listed below . references are given under the primary family or families investigated though the papers often include discussion of other families .
in jhansi , uttar pradesh , india , the chalcid damage resulted in an economic loss of rs . 12 , 000 / ha in 2001 - 2002 and rs . 9300 / ha in 2000 - 2001 (
thoenes sc ; moffett jo , 1987 . emergence of alfalfa seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) , from overwintered seeds in oklahoma . environmental entomology , 16 ( 3 ) : 774 - 778
all in all , though , chalcid wasps are among the most valuable insects you can have in your garden , packing one heck of a lot of pest control wallop in a very small , totally natural package .
the alfalfa seed wasp is a small insect ( less than 2 mm long ) that can be spread through flight . the larvae develop within a single alfalfa seed and they are easy to spread through the world in the seed trade . it is difficult to find all the stages . . . .
in california , usa , when the fields are divided into two groups ( based on the number of insecticide applications : one to two applications versus three to five applications ) , there are 2 . 3 times more chalcid - damaged seeds found in the three to five insecticide application group , compared to the one to two application group . increased insecticide applications may reduce the predator and parasitoid populations that would normally suppress the seed chalcid populations (
brewer gj ; sorensen el ; horber ek , 1983 . laboratory techniques to evaluate resistance of alfalfa clones to the alfalfa seed chalcid ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) . environmental entomology , 12 ( 5 ) : 1601 - 1605
another particularly beneficial chalcid species is encarsia formosa , which has proven helpful in controlling stubborn infestations of the greenhouse whitefly ( trialeurodes vaporariorum ) . because this little wasp lays its eggs under the skins of whitefly larvae , its young will hatch right in the midst of an ample supply of food . ( tests have shown that . this control measure works best in greenhouses with temperatures averaging 75 degrees fahrenheit or higher . in cooler conditions , the whiteflies may develop faster than the chalcids and thus lessen the parasite ' s effectiveness . )
many small wasps and flies that exist in an alfalfa seed crop can be confused with the alfalfa seed chalcid . most of the small wasps are good predators of aphids and heliothis spp . and have long tail - like features ( ovipositors ) , which the seed wasps lack . many small flies such as midges are common in alfalfa , especially in irrigated crops . these midges are most often misidentified as seed wasps because they are the same size and shape . however , midges do not have a shiny jet - black abdomen but have a dull , grey - white one . the other feature that makes them distinct to the untrained eye is that the midge flies away quickly when captured , whereas a seed wasp tends to curl up and ' play dead ' . the midge also flies around people and animals on warm , humid days . the seed wasp keeps at a distance from people (
it is important that the control programme for the seed chalcid starts in the spring , as this species cannot be controlled by insecticide applications during the production of the seed crop . the adult wasp inserts eggs inside the pods , and the larval and pupal stages develop inside the alfalfa seeds . the pest over - winters as pupae in the seeds that were spilled in the previous season or in seeds that were produced by the alfalfa grown in field border areas and roadsides . the adults emerging in may and june lay eggs in the alfalfa seeds wherever they are available , with the most common seed source being the plants growing outside of the fields . several generations of the chalcid are completed each year , with the levels of seed infestation becoming progressively higher as the chalcid populations increase in mid - and late summer . that is why the insecticide treatment has to be directed against the adults before oviposition . the next application is when it is necessary . two treatments , one applied at budding and the other at the green - pod stage , reduce the percentage of infested seeds and almost double the yield (
springer tl ; kindler sd ; sorensen el , 1990 . comparison of pod - wall characteristics with seed damage and resistance to the alfalfa seed chalcid ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) in medicago species . environmental entomology , 19 ( 5 ) : 1614 - 1617
the wasp is an excellent parasite of alfalfa and develops its populations in response to the availability of the host rather than any particular environmental cue such as temperature or day - length . however , the wasp will hibernate ( diapause ) in the winter in response to cues in the autumn . irrigated seed crops within a 5 km radius of dryland seed crops ( or significant pasture or wasteland seed - producing alfalfa ) are infested unless they mature within 4 weeks of the maturity date of the dryland crop . the areas outside the 5 km radius are not significantly affected regardless of the crop maturity date , especially if the crops in this region mature at a similar time . the dryland seed crops and the presence of feral and pasture lucerne in the areas near to irrigated seed crops can be hosts for population development . research has shown that the seed wasp can be found everywhere in the presence of flowering alfalfa : around sheds , gardens , stock yards , fence lines , irrigation channels , check banks , stock raceways , along roadsides and grazing pastures (
arbab a , 2006 . spatial distribution pattern of immature stages of alfalfa seed weevil , tychius aureolus ( keiswetter ) ( col . curculionidae ) , and alfalfa seed wasp , brochophagus roddi , ( hym . eurytomidae ) ( gussakovski ) in alfalfa seed fields . journal of agricultural sciences - islamic azad university , 12 ( 2 ) : pe263 - pe269 .
padmavathi c ; pandey k ; rakesh s ; seth r , 2003 . assessment of losses caused by seed chalcid , bruchophagous roddi guss . ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) in lucerne grown for seed . indian journal of plant protection , 31 : 152 - 153 .
] . about 80 chalcid species are known to be pests of agriculture ( mostly seed - feeders in the families eurytomidae and torymidae ) and some chalcids are considered harmful because they are hyperparasitoids , but most are economically and environmentally beneficial . the large majority of chalcid species are primary parasitoids of other insects and arachnids and as such they are important participants in nature ' s own control system for regulating arthropod populations . in addition to the largely unappreciated role of most species in helping to control what might otherwise be pest species , over 800 chalcid species have been associated with targeted biological control programs . this represents about two - thirds of all biocontrol programs involving hymenoptera , and about one - third of all biocontrol programs in which partial or complete economic control of an insect pest was achieved (
hi folks , finally , i think i have discovered the mysterious source of my chalcid friends ! i was up in the attic this morning . we had a dead rat in one of the traps . all around the carcass of the rat were these brown little pupae . after doing some research , i discovered that these were fly pupae . then , on one site , i came across a photo of a chaclid wasp ( or parasite fly ) depositing an egg into a fly pupa : from : urltoken and here is the likely story : rat comes in and gets caught in the trap , dies . as it decomposed , flies lured to the stench flew in through the roof vents in the attic and did what they do best . later , after the fly maggots went into their pupal stage , the chalcid wasps came and did what they do best . mystery solved ! thanks for your help ! doon
dhaliwal js ; prashar hk , 1985 . varietal resistance and effect of date of last cut and insecticidal application on the control of lucerne seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi gussakovsky ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) . indian journal of agricultural sciences , 55 ( 5 ) : 354 - 357
erdélyi c ; szentkiralyi f ; manninger s , 1979 . data to the interrelationship of damages caused by the lucerne seed chalcid ( bruchophagus roddi ) and the lucerne seed weevil ( tychius flavus ) . acta phytopathologica academiae scientiarum hungaricae , 14 ( 12 ) : 201 - 207
butler gd jr ; ritchie pl jr ; werner fg , 1968 . the effect of temperature on the life cycle of the alfalfa seed chalcid and its parasites . technical bulletin , agricultural experiment station , college of agriculture , university of arizona , no . 185 : 17 pp .
the alfalfa seed wasp is a small insect ( less than 2 mm long ) that can be spread through flight . the larvae develop within a single alfalfa seed and they are easy to spread through the world in the seed trade . it is difficult to find all the stages . the pest only damages the seeds and where alfalfa is used in non - seed production it passes unnoticed . however , it can be found everywhere that flowering alfalfa is available : around sheds , gardens , stock yards , fence lines , irrigation channels , check banks , stock raceways , along roadsides and in grazing pastures . the seed wasp has continuing , overlapping generations , which means that all stages of the life cycle are present at any one time , in any one area and in any one paddock . a spray that is used to kill the adult will have no effect on the pupae and they will emerge immediately after the spray has been applied , and almost immediately mate and continue the life cycle . the wasp is exposed to insecticides , which are used in commercial seed production to manage other pests , for 6 months of the year through the dryland and irrigated seed production season . the resistance of the seed wasp to insecticides is commonly reported in the seed - producing areas of south australia and new south wales . a similar scenario exists in the alfalfa seed - producing areas of north america , where district - wide sanitation practices are encouraged . up to 80 - 90 % of the harvested seed may be infested and this can cause great financial losses .
szocs g ; erdélyi c ; makranczy g ; bus a , 1998 . a simple method for separating beneficial parasitoids of the alfalfa seed chalcid ( bruchophagus roddi ) from alfalfa chaff . acta phytopathologica et entomologica hungarica , 33 ( 3 / 4 ) : 357 - 365 ; 14 ref .
aeschlimann jp ; vitou j , 1989 . observations on the lucerne seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi ( hym . , eurytomidae ) , and its parasitoids in mediterranean france : a promising candidate for classical biological control in australia . acta oecologica , oecologia applicata , 10 ( 2 ) : 129 - 133
soroka jj ; spurr dt , 1998 . geographic incidence and damage levels of alfalfa seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) , in saskatchewan , and its relationship to weather and agronomic variables and production practices . canadian entomologist , 130 ( 1 ) : 1 - 11 ; 23 ref .
adults longevity of a cypress seed chalcid , megastigmus wachtli , emerged from seed yield of 2 - year - old cones cupressus sempervirens in september ( a ) in field , placed into rearing boxes stored in an outdoor insectary at baïnem and nourished with honey water ; ( b ) breeding under laboratory conditions .
research indicates an average total of irrigated seed loss of 67 . 39 kg / ha . a value of a $ 3 / kg to the producer equates to a financial loss of a $ 202 . 16 / ha . approximately 9700 ha of irrigated seed production in south - east australia is susceptible to infestation by the seed wasp . losses to producers in the area are approximately a $ 2 million per season . in 1999 / 2000 , a total of 4993 tonnes of alfalfa seed at a value of a $ 3 . 63 / kg was exported , equating to a value in excess of a $ 18 . 2 million . a $ 5 . 18 million of potential seed exports are lost due to the alfalfa seed chalcid (
trichogrammatid , ( family trichogrammatidae ) , any of a group of tiny , parasitic chalcid wasps , particularly of the genus trichogramma , in the order hymenoptera . adults of trichogramma species are less than 1 mm ( 0 . 04 inch ) long , with pear - shaped wings having a single vein and fringing hairs and…
the relationship between colonization by a cypress seed chalcid and the tortricid was characterized by their presence / absence ratio in 1000 colonized 2 - year - old cones of c . sempervirens . 10 cones were collected from each of 100 trees . cones attacked by m . wachtli and p . tessulatana were identified on the basis of their external appearance , as they dried and opened precociously when compared to cones containing healthy seed . for each attacked cone , the presence or the absence of attack of the chalcid and the tortricid was noted to see whether m . wachtli prefers , rejects or is indifferent to the previous attack of the cones by p . tessulatana .
in my last column ( in mother earth news n0 . 97 ) , i mentioned that one natural , effective means of controlling cutworms and other caterpillars in your garden is to introduce a tiny parasitic wasp species — known scientifically as trichogramma — whose larvae feed upon the eggs of harmful insects . this time around , i ' d like to expand on the use of trichogramma and other chalcids as a natural means of controlling insect pests in your garden .
seed wasps develop populations where alfalfa is flowering and setting seed . sanitation practices such as mowing , grazing and herbicide spraying significantly reduce the presence of the wasps in the seed crops by reducing the availability of the alfalfa outside the seed crop for population development . australian alfalfa seed producers can individually and in co - operation with the adjacent landowners / seed producers , implement simple sanitation practices on a wide scale level to reduce seed wasp populations and damages to the seed crops .
the chalcid fauna of the ussr ( chalcidoidea ) . keys to the fauna of the ussr . zoological institute of the academy of sciences of the ussr , no . 44 , moscow , ussr . 574 pp . ( in russian ) . [ english translation : israel program for scientific translations , jerusalem , israel , 1963 . 593 pp . ]
the tortricid pseudococcyx tessulatana staudinger ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) and the seed chalcid m . wachtli also found in algeria ( bouaziz 1993 ; bouaziz and chakali 1997 ) seemed to cause significant damage ( guido et al . 1995 ; roques and raimbault 1986 ; zocchi 1963 ) . however , their exact distribution , and their biology , remains unstudied in algeria .
variety was centralized on two scales , a lower and a medium . the medium cone scale was significantly more colonized than the lower one ( number of holes = 40 , f 7 , 30 = 28 . 24 , p = 0 . 00 ) . thus , attack strategy by both the chalcid and tortricid varied according to the cypress species and location of attack on the cone .
research has shown that by reducing the presence of flowering alfalfa around sheds , gardens , stock yards , fence lines , irrigation channels , check banks , stock raceways , along roadsides and in grazing pastures , the presence of the seed wasp in seed crops is reduced . the best results are obtained by maintaining those sanitation efforts from the time that the alfalfa first flowers through to when the seed crops have finished flowering . in practice this may require a combination of grazing , spraying and mowing two or three times in a single season .
de barro ( 2001a , b ) in australia named two species of parasitic wasps that were collected from the reared wasps . i . perplexus and p . sequester hatched in late november at a ratio of 2 : 1 females to males . these wasps were collected from offal from across the district , providing evidence that they are widespread but in low populations . they have also been detected in forbes and deniliquin in new south wales . according to the author , very little is known about the biology of these wasp parasites but they are worth investigating as a biological control option .
cultural practices are important in managing this pest . in the spring , the cultivation of the soil using a disc cultivator and irrigation kills infested seeds on the soil surface . clipping - back established stands helps to delay bloom , provides a shorter pollination window and reduces the time that the green pods are available for egg laying . the elimination of volunteer alfalfa along roadsides and ditch banks is also important in minimizing seed chalcid populations (
) , but are beneficial as the obligate pollinators of figs . some members of five other families ( eulophidae , eurytomidae , pteromalidae , tanaostigmatidae and torymidae ) are seed - feeders or gall - formers on plants , though for many chalcids reared from galls it is not known whether they are primary gall - formers , or inquilines or parasitoids in the galls . john noyes provides a concise summary of known chalcid biology by family in
in addition to their devouring other insects in the embryonic or larval forms , certain chalcid species display a number of unusual , and therefore interesting , habits . for example , some chalcids are well known for polyembryony , in which anywhere from ten to over a thousand larvae develop from each egg . . . good news for the gardener who ' s plagued with insect pests and wants to introduce a large number of beneficial parasites quickly and with little effort .
the green cypress ( cupressus sempervirens l . , pinales : cupressaceae ) is of great interest for ornamental , reforestation and windbreak use in the entire mediterranean basin . it is well adaptated to the various mediterranean conditions and resists long dry periods as well as cold extremes . the entomological fauna that exploits cupressaceae seeds is well known . roques and battisti ( 1999 ) mention nine insects and acarina species found in cypress seeds and cones in natural forests , and in plantations , seedbeds , seed orchards or urban trees of the mediterranean area . these authors showed how insects specialized in seed exploitation . the seed chalcid , megastigmus wachtli seitner ( hymenoptera : torymidae ) , and seed bugs , orsillus ( dallas ) ( heteroptera : lygaeidae ) , limit seed yields , particularly in seed orchards . a total of 21 megastigmus seed chalcid species are recognized in europe , north africa and asia minor ( roques and skrzypczynska 2003 ) . battisti et al . ( 2003 ) affirmed that more than 60 % of cypress cones were colonized either by a seed chalcid , m . wachtli , or by the seed bug , orsillus maculatus ( fieber ) . a survey of the oviposition behavior of orsillus depressus carried out in algeria suggested that this seed bug lays eggs in emergence holes excavated through the cone scale by a seed chalcid , m . wachtli ( bouaziz 2003 ) . similarly , a survey of the oviposition behavior of o . maculatus carried out in france and italy suggested that this seed bug lays eggs preferentially in the emergence holes of m . wachtli ( rouault 2002 ) . in addition , the relationship between the exotic pathogenic fungus seiridium cardinale ( wagener ) sutton and gibson and species of the genus orsillus on c . sempervirens was shown to be essentially based on the availability of m . wachtli oviposition sites ( battisti et al . 1997 , battisti et al . 1999 ; battisti et al . 2000 ; bouaziz 2003 ; rouault et al . 2000 , rouault 2002 ) .
reported five species of larval parasites of the alfalfa seed chalcid . up to 93 % of the pest larvae were parasitized . the dominant species are pteromalus sequester and baryscapus bruchophagi , which cause 33 and 31 % parasitism , respectively . two had three generations per year and their flight began earlier than that of the host . idiomacromerus perplexus parasitized up to 18 % of the larvae ; it has two generations per year and its flight begins at the end of the flight period of the first generation of the host .
radiography of the seeds allowed the examination of later development of larvae during cone maturation . larval development proceeded entirely in a single seed . the larva initially developed at the expense of the cotyledons and it started to consume seed endosperm the following spring . similar results were observed previously ( roques 1983 ; roques et raimbault 1995 ; guido et al . 1995 ) . larvae of m . wachtli seemed able to develop in non - fertilized ovules as guido et al . ( 1995 ) suggested , but we could not experimentally infest non - fertilized ovules in order to test this assumption ( bouaziz and roques , unpublished results ) . rouault et al . ( 2004 ) hypothesize that all species of megastigmus associated with pinaceae can oviposit in unfertilized ovules , whereas those exploiting cupressaceae cannot , and thus oviposit only in already fully developed fertilized seeds . infested megagametophytes of unpollinated ovules did not degenerate as would have been expected , but continued to develop ( aderkas et al . , 2005 ) . niwa and overhulser ( 1992 ) and rappaport et al . ( 1993 ) showed that the m . spermotrophus larvae were able to lay eggs on non - fertilized ovules of the pseudotsuga species and that the larva could complete its development there . the chalcid lays its eggs in seeds of douglas fir ( pseudotsuga menziesii ( mirbel ) franco ) before fertilization has taken place in the plant . oviposition not only prevents the expected degeneration and death of unfertilized ovules , but it induces energy reserve accumulation ( aderkas et al . , 2005 ) . following oviposition by m . spermotrophus in unpollinated megagametophytes , larvae hatched and began consuming the central zone . eggs were laid in megagametophytes that were differentiating archegonia which would eventually house the plant eggs . ( aderkas et al . , 2005 ) . the torymid chalcid wasp was able to induce identical nuclear behavior in infested , unfertilized megagametophytes , as occurred in uninfested , fertilized megagametophytes ( aderkas et al . , 2005 ) .
stated that seed yields and infestation levels were correlated with temperature , rain and degree - day data from the year of and the year preceding seed collection . the infestation level of b . roddi was most closely correlated with the temperature and rainfall in july and august of both years . the proportion of damaged seed is highest in the years following warm and dry summers . alfalfa cultivar also influences the infestation levels ; winter - hardy cultivars that become dormant early in the autumn have lower levels of chalcid - damaged seeds than less hardy cultivars that maintain growth later in the season .
, at about 130 microns ( 0 . 13 mm ) , to over 30 mm , including bizarre as well as beautiful winged and wingless forms . about 22 , 000 valid species have been described in about 2 , 100 genera world - wide , but these numbers represent only a fraction of true chalcid diversity and estimates of 60 , 000 to 100 , 000 species world - wide do not seem unreasonable . there are over 2 , 600 described species in over 700 genera in north america . illustrated keys to the families and genera of chalcids known from north america are given in
collected five hymenopterous parasitoids of the alfalfa seed chalcid . over 99 % of the parasitoids were either i . perplexus ( 90 . 4 % ) or b . bruchophagi . the other three species were eupelmus allynii , idiomacromerus insuetus and lyrcus maculatus . most parasitoid emergence occurred from early june to mid - july , the actual time depended on parasitoid species and where the seeds had been collected . emergence peaks of the parasitoids followed those of the pest by 1 to 2 weeks . small numbers of i . perplexus and b . bruchophagi emerged in the second year ( 1984 ) from seeds that were collected in the autumn of 1982 .
the percentage of cones colonized by megastigmus were compared among tree , stand , and species using analysis of variance ( anova , statsoft statistica / w package ) . anova was used to compare the percentage of m . wachtli and p . tessulatana emergence holes on the colonized cones , and to test localization of the colonization per cone shape , insect pests and cypress species . the percentages data were transformed by arcsin √ p to achieve homogeneity of the variance before statistical analysis . anova was followed by tukey ' s test to look for differences between locations and species . the results of the longevity of m . wachtli were analyzed by the χ 2 test . the relationship between the colonization by the seed chalcid and by the tortricids was subjected to a pearson correlation test ( r ) .
diapause in b . roddi is one of the principal mechanisms for the survival and perpetuation of this multivoltine species in alfalfa seed . the chalcid diapauses in the pre - pupal stage . diapause begins on approximately 1 september and is completed on approximately 1 december , when 100 % of the population is in diapause . the day - length for induction ranges from 10 . 5 - 13 h ; only approximately 40 % of the population diapauses at a day - length of 10 . 25 - 11 h . diapause lasts for approximately 5 . 5 months , from 1 december to 15 april . termination of the diapause and emergence of the population occur over a period of approximately 2 months , from 15 april to 15 june . a day - length of 13 - 14 . 5 h terminates diapause (
observations on the adults of b . roddi in oklahoma , usa from mid - may until the end of september show that maximal population densities generally occur in august . the adults emerge earlier at lower elevations and at more southern locations than at higher elevations or at the most northern location . the males emerge earlier and in greater numbers than the females , until early june . thereafter , more females emerge . overall , 60 % of the emerging adults are female . the females in the alfalfa fields outnumber the males by ratios of 1 . 5 : 1 to 2 : 1 . peaks of adult emergence in different fields range from three to six per year . the chalcid infests alfalfa seed throughout the growing season , with an infestation rate of 3 . 7 % in june , increasing to 38 . 6 % in august . diapausing chalcids are found in nearly every sample , and the percentage in diapause ranges from 0 in june to 81 . 9 in august (
. historically , family classification has been based primarily on external morphology rather than phylogenetic relationships . because of this , and because of the extreme structural diversity that characterizes the group , there have been a comparatively large number of families recognized within the superfamily as well as instability in the number of families recognized . anywhere from 9 to 24 families have been recognized since about 1950 , with 19 or 20 families generally being recognized at present . however , monophyly of many if not most of the families is in doubt . chalcid families often seem to intergrade into each other , with ' family level ' features sometimes working for only one sex , not being possessed by all members of the family , or being possessed by some members of other families . consequently , at least some families appear to be more taxa of convenience than monophyletic evolutionary lineages . as one might suspect , the classification of some subfamilies to one family or another is controversial and there is even uncertainty about the proper family classification of some genera .
quicke et al . ( 1994 ) also provided evidence that chalcids other than mymaridae ( and mymarommatidae ) have a structure of the female ovipositor that differs from all other hymenoptera — the fused second valvulae have asymmetrical dorsolateral portions that overlap medially to a greater or lesser extent [ sem ] . furthermore , they have a transversely striated band of notal membrane , the laminated bridge near the base of the second valvulae . quicke et al . proposed that both the unique structure of the second valvulae and the laminated bridge were synapomorphies uniting all chalcids except mymarids . this would support an hypothesis that mymaridae is the sister group of all other chalcidoidea . gibson and huber ( 2000 ) subsequently showed that females of at least one of two known genera of rotoitidae have an ovipositor structure that is intermediate between the mymarid - like and other chalcid - like structures . the rotoitid ovipositor has about the basal half of the second valvulae structured like mymarids and most other hymenoptera , but the apical half with asymmetrical overlapping portions similar to other chalcids . this intermediate structure could be evidence that rotoitidae is the second - most basal lineage of chalcidoidea after mymaridae .
unlike in southern europe , the seed bug o . depressus seems more abundant than o . maculatus on cypress species growing in north africa ( bouaziz and chakali 1997 ) . in europe and in the mediterranean basin , trees of the cupressaceae family host several seed bug species of the genus orsillus , especially o . maculatus and o . depressus . detailed information about natural history is available for o . maculatus ( guido et al 1995 ; battisti et al 1997 ; ramos and abrantes 2000 ) . this seed bug develops essentially on the evergreen cypress , c . sempervirens , where it lays eggs in cone openings , such as emergence holes of a cypress seed chalcid , m . wachtli , or at inner side of partly detached cone scales ( battisti et al 2000 ) . both nymphs and adults feed on mature seeds inside the cones , causing considerable damage to seed crops in seed orchards as well as in natural stands ( roques et al . 1999 ; battisti et al 2000 ) . information on the biology of o . depressus is much less detailed but this bug has been observed on several species of juniperus , chamaecyparis and thuja as well as on cupressus ssp and pinus ( cleu 1953 ; dupuis 1965 ; dioli 1991 ; stichel 1962 ) . in addition , it was reported to severely affect seed production on a plantation of cupressus lusitanica mill . in portugal ( ramos and abrantes 2000 ) . the seed bug o . maculatus is associted with pathogenic fungi affecting cypress , such as s . cardinal which is responsible for the cypress bark canker , and pestalotiopsis funerea ( desm . ) the adult bugs may disseminate the fungi conidia among trees whereas the nymphs may find a suitable development site in fungus - infested cones ( battisti et al 1999 ; ramos and abrantes 2000 ) . in algeria , a fungus - infected cone can be inhabited by the nymphs of the seed bug o . depressus , the adults of which may carry a heavy spore load at emergence . cones are infected when eggs are laid within the cone , most frequently via the emergence holes of m . wachtli ( bouaziz 2003 ) .
although still at what might be called an embryonic stage , molecular analyses have now started to provide independent evidence to test and refine family concepts that are widely acknowledged to be less than satisfactory . rasplus et al . ( 1998 ) concluded from analysis of the d1 and d2 regions of the 28s rrna gene that agaonidae sensu boucek ( 1988a ) is not monophyletic . they redefined the family to include only the pollinating agaoninae sensu boucek ( 1988a ) , reassigning some subfamilies to the pteromalidae and excluding other subfamilies that they left unassigned to family . more recently , gauthier et al . ( 2000 ) analysed the d2 region of the 28s rdna gene and concluded that the family elasmidae deserved only tribal status within the subfamily eulophinae of eulophidae . as for the previous study , they also excluded some taxa from eulophidae and left them unassigned to family . campbell et al . ( 2000 ) provided the first comprehensive analysis of chalcid subfamily and family relationships based on analysis of the d2 region of 28s rdna . they included 85 taxa , representing 18 families and 32 subfamilies , and concluded that their analysis placed 80 % of the taxa ( including outgroup taxa )
into some form of realistic grouping ( generic or family group taxon ) based on morphological evidence
. of 12 families with more than one taxon represented , only three were indicated as monophyletic ( eucharitidae , mymaridae and trichogrammatidae ) , though eulophidae was monophyletic with the inclusion of elasmus ( = elasmidae ) . more unrealistic or intriguing results included none of the three genera of eunotinae ( pteromalidae ) grouping together , and neither eupelminae nor calosotine ( eupelmidae ) being indicated as monophyletic or showing any affinities with cleonyminae , tanaostigmatidae or encyrtidae . interestingly , their analysis indicated mymaridae as the sister group of all other chalcidoidea , whereas most analyses of dowton and austin ( 2001 ) retrieved mymaridae as an apical clade within chalcidoidea . resolving the relationships of mymaridae with other chalcidoidea is critical for establishing the ancestral life history of the group . traditionally , chalcids have been considered as most likely evolving from some ectoparasitoid of wood - boring beetles . if mymarommatoidea is the sister group of chalcidoidea and if mymaridae is truly the sister group of all other chalcidoidea then parsimony would indicate the immediate ancestor was an endoparasitic egg parasitoid dowton and austin ( 2001 ) .