whartonia carpenteri is a species of trombiculid mite collected from the eastern red bat , lasiurus borealis , and the gray sac-winged bat , balantiopteryx plicata .

whartonia carpenteri

whartonia carpenteri
has been recorded from the state of morelos in central mexico .
. . . remarks : our specimens exhibit a unique suite of features suggesting an as yet undescribed species . the material resembles whartonia ( asolentria ) carpenteri ( brennan , 1962 ) but differs in the ramification of sensilas ( brennan , 1962 ) . . . .
. . . remarks : our specimens exhibit a unique suite of features suggesting an as yet undescribed species . the material resembles whartonia ( asolentria ) carpenteri ( brennan , 1962 ) but differs in the ramification of sensilas ( brennan , 1962 ) . . . .
mitromorpha carpenteri is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family mitromorphidae .
pachodynerus carpenteri is a potter wasp classified in the family vespidae , subfamily eumeninae , native to mexico , colombia and venezuela .
cynoglossus carpenteri , commonly known as the hooked tonguesole is a species of tonguefish . it is commonly found in the indian ocean .
trogolaphysa carpenteri is a species of aquatic springtail that is known from argentina , costa rica , mexico , and cayenne , french guiana .
carpenter ' s yellowtop jewelfish , meganthias carpenteri anderson , 2006 is a pink and yellow fish found in the eastern atlantic ocean named after old dominion university marine biologist kent e . carpenter .
meganthias carpenteri
is a member of the taxonomic subfamily anthiinae , family serranidae .
the species is classified in the subgenus asolentria . the specific epithet honors
lt . cmdr . malcolm scott carpenter , usa , who completed three orbits of the earth in the aurora vii , 24 may 1962 .
trombicula is a genus of harvest mites ( also known as red bugs , scrub - itch mites , berry bugs , or in their larval stage , as chiggers or chigoe ) in the trombiculidae family .
the harvest mite , trombicula autumnalis , is a species of mite of the family trombiculidae .
leptotrombidium ( / ˌlɛptoʊtrɒmˈbɪdiəm / ) is a genus of mites in the family trombiculidae , that are able to infect humans with scrub typhus ( orientia tsutsugamushi infection ) through their bite .
trombicula alfreddugesi , also called eutrombicula alfreddugesi , is a species in the genus trombicula .
trombicula hirsti is a species in the genus trombicula , commonly called the scrub - itch mite , it is found in northern australia .
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. . . these genera parasitize mainly water birds or birds nesting in various ground or tree holes ( nadchatram & upham 1966 ) . small forest or mountain birds , too , are frequently parasitized ( brennan 1948brennan , 1951 brennan , 1962 brennan , 1965 ) . a good example of various host distribution is seen in the largest genus , leptotrombidium nagayo , miyagawa , mitamura and imamura , 1916 , which includes about 340 species ( stekolnikov 2013 ) . . . .
. . . other records . mexico : balantiopteryx plicata : morelos ( brennan 1962 , palacios - vargas & morales - malacara 1983 ) ; oaxaca ( vercammengrandjean et al . 1965 ) . choeronycteris mexicana : [ sic ] mexico ( webb & loomis 1977 ) . . . .
acarofauna ( arachnida : acari ) del estado de morelos . [ mite fauna ( arachnida : acari ) from the state of morelos ] .
the new mites family proterorhagiidae ( acari : endeostigmata ) is described and the genus and types species from mexico .
asiapygmephorus gen . nov . , a new genus of mite family pygmephoridae ( acarina : heterostigmata ) from t . . .
a new genus of pygmephorid mites ( acarina : pygmephoridae ) named asiapygmephorus is described from turkmenistan , with the type species pediculaster paucisetosus sevastianov et chydyrov , 1991 . the redescription of pediculaster paucisetosus is given .
a new genus and twelve new species of mites from mexico and southeast united states ( acarina : blatti . . .
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the species is named for
william k . carpenter of fort lauderdale , florida . mr . carpenter , an outstanding big game fisherman , has long been president and leading sponsor of the international game fish association . his dedicated support of marine science includes generous financial contributions and outstanding personal participation in research activities .
( original description ) the rather small , pale brownish shell is solid and slender . its surface is glossy . the shell contains 8 whorls , somewhat convex , crossed by about twelve strong , elevated , flexuous , smooth , rounded longitudinal ribs , which extend entirely across the upper whorls , and on the body whorl from the suture to the middle , below which the surface is smooth . the interstices between the ribs are deeply concave , wider than the ribs , and perfectly smooth , except the faint lines of growth . the outer lip shows a broad shallow notch , below the suture . the ovate aperture is rather small . the siphonal canal is short , narrow and straight . the columella is nearly straight .
the type specimen was found in the pacific ocean off san pedro , california .
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it was described by miller in 1994 .

the length of the forewings is 9 – 10 mm .

oroya aurora

type - species : oroya aurora miller , 1994 . descr . phys . répub . argent . 5 : 427 . [ bhl ]
the genus name refers to la oroya , peru , the type locality of the type species . the species name refers to the orange colour of a sunrise and is derived from latin aurora . [ 2 ]
oroya fever and verruga peruana : bartonelloses unique to south america . - pubmed - ncbi
oroya aurora is a moth in the dalceridae family , and the only species in the genus oroya . it was described by miller in 1994 . [ 1 ] it is found in southern peru and adjacent bolivia . the habitat consists of tropical premontane wet , tropical premontane moist and subtropical ( lower ) montane wet forests .
well , apparently you’ve attracted a blood disease rarely seen in the united states , oroya fever .
genus : oroya miller , 1994 . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . 153 ( 4 ) : 382 . [ bhl ]
oroya fever is another name for what is known as carrion ' s disease , which belongs to a set of bacteria - related diseases known as bartonellosis .
oroya fever is a deadly blood disease that is rare in the united states , but more common in continents such as south ameria and africa . it is transmitted through the bite of a sand fly .
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the length of the forewings is 9–10 mm . adults are orange , with uniform deep orange forewings . adults are on wing in january , march , may and from october to december .
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piper halliwell contracted the disease in 2000 . she was bitten in the shoulder by a sand fly that had survived the transport of a batch of kiwano fruit from south america . she eventually fainted and was taken to the hospital , where she was questioned by dr . curtis williamson . he prescribed her antibiotics and wanted to run more tests and blood work .
piper later slipped into a coma and her sisters asked leo to heal her . when he informed them that he couldn ' t help , the sisters cast a spell that transported the disease into a doll . this caused the doll to come alive and spread the disease across the hospital . the sisters eventually reversed the spell to save the lives of others , causing piper to slip back into her coma . when piper was about to die and move on into the afterlife , leo healed her after all . [ 1 ]
the dvd subtitles and various websites incorrectly spell the disease name as either oroyo or arroyo fever .
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plos negl trop dis . 2014 jul 17 ; 8 ( 7 ) : e2919 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pntd . 0002919 . ecollection 2014 jul .
minnick mf 1 , anderson be 2 , lima a 2 , battisti jm 1 , lawyer pg 3 , birtles rj 4 .
division of biological sciences , university of montana , missoula , montana , united states of america .
department of molecular medicine , morsani college of medicine , university of south florida , tampa , florida , united states of america .
laboratory of parasitic diseases , national institute of allergy and infectious diseases , national institutes of health , bethesda , maryland , united states of america .
school of environment and life sciences , university of salford , salford , united kingdom .
pmid : 25032975 pmcid : pmc4102455 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pntd . 0002919
( a ) erythrocyte infection during of , as observed in a blood smear stained with wright ' s stain ( reprinted by permission from ) . ( b ) vp lesions on a child in peru ( reproduced from future microbiology 4 ( 6 ) : 743–758 ( 2009 ) with permission of future medicine , ltd ) .
plos negl trop dis . 2014 jul ; 8 ( 7 ) : e2919 .
( a ) female l . verrucarum at 16 h post - feeding with an artificial blood feeder containing human blood and gfp - expressing b . bacilliformis ( low - passage strains 14866 and 14868 ) . ( b ) light micrograph of l . verrucarum midgut at five days post - feeding on human blood containing gfp + b . bacilliformis . central brown area is residual blood meal . ( c ) corresponding uv light micrograph of ( b ) . note the gfp + b . bacilliformis in residual blood meal and elsewhere in the midgut .
monthly sand fly collection results from three villages in the cusco region , peru .
results show a unimodal annual population distribution pattern with : ( a ) corresponding mean morning ( blue line ) and evening ( pink line ) temperatures and ( b ) corresponding mean morning ( green line ) and evening ( red line ) relative humidity . collections were made during two nights per month at case homesteads from march 2001 to august 2004 . the data gap between october 2001 and january 2002 is due to a cessation of activity mandated by the peruvian ministry of health .
results of collection - bottle - rotator ( cbr ) trap collections of sand flies in peru .
results show that : ( a ) nightly sand fly activity is limited to early evening ( 1800–2000 hrs ) from march through july , the coldest part of the year , which represents the peruvian winter , and ( b ) as nighttime temperatures increase in late august through november ( late winter and spring ) , sand fly activity extends throughout the night . “inside” and “outside” refer to trap locations within and outside a domicile , respectively .
bacteria were grown three days on heart infusion agar containing 4 % sheep erythrocytes and 2 % sheep serum at 30°c and 100 % relative humidity . cells were subsequently fixed in 2 % glutaraldehyde in cacodylate ( ph 7 . 2 ) , epoxy embedded by standard methods , then sectioned and stained with uranyl acetate ( ua ) and lead citrate stains . micrographs show b . bacilliformis ( strain kc583 ) : ( a ) from a thin section ; ( b ) applied directly to a grid stained with ua to show flagella . scale bars represent 100 nm in ( a ) and 500 nm in ( b ) .
has the lowest gc % ( 35 . 7 % ) . several virulence - related orfs have been used to infer phylogeny (
) and black circles indicate their presence in a particular species . ( b ) multiple alignment of seven complete genomes using pm . location , orientation and position of
locks ( lcbs ) shared amongst all chromosomes are color - coded and connected by lines . user can analyze location , orientation , and size of lcbs in multiple chromosomes simultaneously ( red arrowheads ) . local rearrangements , duplications , and inversions are easily identified . abbreviations correspond to the
b . bacilliformis colonization of cell membrane deformations is readily apparent . reprinted by permission from .
type specimens : type ( s ) peru : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .
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this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
aids , transmissible disease of the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) . hiv…
a generalized , acute , febrile , endemic , and systemic form of bartonellosis ; marked by high fever , rheumatic pains , progressive , severe anemia , and albuminuria .
a generalized , acute , febrile , endemic , and systemic form of bartonellosis ; marked by high fever , rheumatic pains , progressive , severe anemia , and albuminuria . synonym ( s ) : carrión disease .
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gymnallabes nops , popularly known as the blind eel catfish , is a species of airbreathing catfish found in the lower congo river basin in the countries of the democratic republic of the congo and the republic of the congo .

it is blind , non-pigmented and grows to a length of 5.7 cm ( 2.2 in ) sl .

gymnallabes nops

gymnallabes nops , roberts , tyson r . & stewart , d . j . , 1976
justification : there are currently no threats to gymnallabes nops known . the construction of inga 3 and grand inga , and the luozi mining project could become threats to the species in the future . it is known from fewer than five locations .
gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 - add this species to your
my cats
page . common name ( s ) none type locality lower congo river , near tadi , zaire , 5°14 ' s , 13°56 ' e . more
devaere , stijn , dominique adriaens , gg teugels , et al . “skeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . ” cybium 29 . 3 ( 2005 ) : 281–293 . print .
dolichallabes microphthalmus and gymnallabes nops , of the scores of the second component ( factor 2 ) taken from a principle components analysis of log - transformed metric variables versus the first principal component ( factor 1 ) taken from a principle components analysis of meristics . more
devaere , stijn , dominique adriaens , gg teugels , nm de clerck , and aa postnov . 2005 . “skeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . ” cybium 29 ( 3 ) : 281–293 .
devaere s , adriaens d , teugels g , de clerck n , postnov a . skeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . cybium . soc francaise d ichtyologie ; 2005 ; 29 ( 3 ) : 281–93 .
devaere , s . , adriaens , d . , teugels , g . , de clerck , n . , & postnov , a . ( 2005 ) . skeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . cybium , 29 ( 3 ) , 281–293 .
gymnallabes : from the greek , gymnos , meaning hidden and allabes , the name of a nilotic fish ( a kind of lamprey ) ; in reference to the shape and nature of the fish .
the type locality of gymnallabes nops is from near tadi , about 50 km downstream of luozi , lower congo river . two additional specimens ( one from banda nyenge about 60km upstream of luozi , and one from near mbelo about 70 km downstream of pool malebo ) have been collected ( amnh ) . the species seems to be present in very low abundance and has been searched for intensively ( stiassny , m . , pers . obs ) .
there are currently no threat to gymnallabes nops known . inga 1 and 2 are existing dams with a minimal impact . inga 3 , to be built in five years , will divert a significant amount of flow . grand inga will block a great part of the mainstream with major impact . given the restricted mainstream habitat and mainstream impacts such as pollution , it can be threatened in the future in the luozi region . the key component of concrete is found in this region , and there is potential to mining in the area .
greek , gymnos = hidden + greek , allabes , - etos = a fish of the nile , a kind of lamprey ( ref . 45335 )
africa : lower congo river basin , democratic republic of the congo ( ref . 78218 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3820 )
probably lives chiefly in crevices between rocks . its diet is unknown , but it is probably predominantly carnivorous ( ref . 78218 ) .
teugels , g . g . , 1986 . clariidae . p . 66 - 101 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels , mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 3820 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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lower congo [ zaire ] river , near tadi , zaire [ democratic republic of congo ] , 5°14 ' s , 13°56 ' e .
57mm or 2 . 2
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
in ventral view especially , females are much broader in the body than males of equal age and rearing practices .
bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology v . 147 ( no . 6 )
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brummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .
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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
roberts , tyson r . & stewart , d . j . , 1976 , an ecological and systematic survey of fishes in the rapids of the lower zaire or congo river , bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college , 3 147 , no . 6 , pp . 239 - 317 : 277
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the striped bush squirrel ( paraxerus flavovittis ) is a species of rodents in the family sciuridae found in kenya , malawi , mozambique , and tanzania .

its natural habitats are moist savanna and plantations .

striped bush squirrel

, the striped bush squirrel , is found throughout southern kenya , the united republic of tanzania , malawi , and northern mozambique .
striped bush squirrels eat seeds , fruits , roots , leaves , and buds .
, yields clues about the communication of striped bush squirrels . tail flicking and ear wagging have been recorded in
viljoen , s . 1977 . behaviour of the bush squirrel , paraxerus cepapi cepapi ( a . smith , 1836 ) .
there is very little information on the reproduction and mating systems in striped bush squirrels . however , in a related species , smith ' s bush squirrels ( paraxerus cepapi ) , there is more information .
very young striped bush squirrels have been collected in the months of march and april . in june , some half - grown young were collected . it has been suggested that the birthing season may occur around these months , and possibly a second one in september . a striped bush squirrel nest was recorded as being made from grass and coconut fibers and was located in a hollow tree .
follow the link to see all of schaapmans ' 2 photos of striped bush squirrel on flickr . please note that there are still 1000s of photos that schaapmans took that are not yet properly tagged or uploaded , so expect more photos in the future .
there is not much information on communication in striped bush squirrels except that young will emit a piercing squeak when threatened or fearful , to which the mother will respond .
striped bush squirrels are diurnal mammals . not much is known about their social system , but females and males associate with their young . there are no recordings of large associations of
striped bush squirrels are small to medium sized squirrels . head and body length measurement averages 175 mm and tail length also averages 175 mm . they can weight from 120 g to 200 g . striped bush squirrels undergo periodic color changes . the back can be dark grey or olive - brown , which can be replaced by brightly ochraceous tipped hairs . the dorsal surface can also take on a fulvous or bright gold hue .
murmurs , which is thought to be a form of communication used to contact another squirrel and can be aggressive or friendly . male and female
available information on the ecosystem roles of striped bush squirrels is lacking . it seems likely , however , that they disperse seeds of the tree species they feed on and affect the abundance of the specific plants on which they feed .
striped bush squirrels are terrestrial and live in a variety of habitats , from moist savannahs to forests . they can be found on cultivated lands , preferring sugar plum tree groves . populations are most numerous in old - growth hardwood forests .
. striped bush squirrels nest in hardwood tree hollows and can be seen basking near their nest holes in the early morning . if they realize they have attracted attention , they will flee . it has been suggested that females are more wary than males .
if a dominant p . cepapi narrows its eyes at a submissive p . cepapi , the submissive squirrel will run away and is then often chased by the dominant one .
it is thought that color changes in the fur might be connected with age . color changes do not seem to be merely seasonal , but may depend on the physiological condition of the squirrel .
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justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , it occurs in a number of protected areas , has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this east african species is distributed in extreme southern kenya , through eastern tanzania into northern mozambique and southeastern malawi .
this species is found in savannah , forest , and thicket habitats and has been recorded from cultivated land , showing a preference for groves of sugar plum ( uapaca spp . ) trees ( kingdon 1997 ) .
there are presumably no major threats as a whole to this widespread and somewhat adaptable species .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t16207a115131995 .
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kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
juovapensasorava
to
paraxerus flavovittis ( peters , 1852 )
.
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has a single dorsal lateral stripe on each side . this stripe can be ivory , white , or yellowish and there is a dark line on either side of each stripe . the top of the head eventually can become ochraceous . when the dorsal surface of the muzzle is grizzled ochraceous , the crown is often dark grey as well as the neck . facial lines are alternatively white and dark brown . the underside of is white . the dorsal foot surfaces can be dull ochraceous . the toes are heavily clawed .
male p . cepapi increase the frequency of mating calls when approaching mating season . the male mating call often begins in april and ends by january . the cycle of the male mating call is probably controlled by androgen . in captivity , a male p . cepapi mating call is often followed by chasing the female and attempting to mount her . it is possible that the presence of a female will stimulate the male to emit his mating call . this call by the male also possibly brings the female into estrus . captive males have been recorded emitting the mating call sporadically , and will murmur continuously in the presence of a female who has given her mating call .
the high pitched mating call of females , emitted while in estrus , is given in short pulses . this call may be followed by grunting or growling softly . a female
young are well developed . weaning occurs between 4 and 6 weeks after birth . a new set of pups can be born as early as 62 days after birth of the last litter ;
( allen and loveridge , 1942 ; butler , et al . , 2004 ; emmons , 1979 )
breeding season young are born in march and april , and perhaps in september , but the gestation period and breeding season are unknown .
parental care shows that young will emit a squeak at ear piercing level when in danger or fearful . the mother will respond to this call , but one mother was observed fleeing from the rescue when she realized she was under observation .
a mother p . cepapi will remain in the nest almost continuously for the first days after parturition . males are often in the nest as well . paraxerus cepapi parents often approach their young and groom them forcefully .
in order to move her young , a female p . cepapi will carry the young by gripping the ventral body surface of its hindleg in her mouth . the young holds on with arms , legs and tail . it has been indicated that a mother will retrieve her young up to 4 weeks of age . after this , the young will resist retrieval .
neither the adult male nor the adult female will provide the young with solid food in the nest . for the first six months after birth , a young p . cepapi follows its parents around while eating .
. being a species that lives in the savannah , however , tail flicking does not occur often outside of an alarm context . the savannah is one habitat for
, so it is possible that minimal tail flicking occurs within this species as well , because of the risk of attracting predators . a quick head bob is also seen in
in p . cepapi olfactory signals include mouthwiping and anal - dragging . mouthwiping is done after eating or during grooming . paraxerus cepapi has also been observed mouthwiping in a modified form resembling flehmen . face - tail - face grooming in p . cepapi distributes scent all over the body .
individuals feel threatened , they will emit a warning growl or hiss . teeth grinding may also be used as a warning . ticking sounds emited by young
is classified as data deficient on the iucn list . it is not listed on either the cites appendices or the united states federal list .
nicole mason ( author ) , michigan state university , barbara lundrigan ( editor , instructor ) , michigan state university .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
2007 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service : working together
( on - line ) . accessed march 16 , 2007 at urltoken .
2007 .
unep - wcmc species database : cites - listed species
( on - line ) . accessed march 16 , 2007 at urltoken .
allen , g . , a . loveridge . 1942 . scientific results of a fourth expedition to forested areas in east and central africa . i . mammals .
butler , j . , j . toit , j . bingham . 2004 . free - ranging domestic dogs ( canis familiaris ) as predators and prey in rural zimbabwe : threats of competition and disease to large wild carnivores .
emmons , l . 1979 . observations on litter size and development of some african rainforest squirrels .
grubb , p . 2006 .
the iucn red list of threatened species
( on - line ) . accessed march 16 , 2007 at urltoken .
thomas , o . 1919 . on a small collection of mammals from lumbo , mozambique .
viljoen , s . 1983 . communicatory behaviour of southern african tree squirrels , paraxerus palliatus ornatus , p . p . tongensis , p . c . cepapi and funisciurus congicus .
to cite this page : mason , n . 2007 .
paraxerus flavovittis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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parasesarma leptosoma ( hilgendorf , 1869 ) , aka the arboreal crab , is an arboreal , leaf-eating mangrove crab , found on rhizophora mucronata and bruguiera gymnorhiza , but not on avicennia marina , and occupying an ecological niche similar to that of another sesarmid , aratus pisonii , from the americas .

crabs of the family sesarmidae are some of the most diverse and important components of mangrove estuary communities in the tropics and are not found in europe .

two genera common in african , asian and australian mangroves are parasesarma ( 26 species ) and perisesarma ( 23 species ) .

often colourful , they have a squarish appearance and have two transverse pectinated crests on the upper edge of the male chelar carpus .

the two genera are separated by the absence in parasesarma or presence in perisesarma of an anterolateral tooth .

parasesarma leptosoma occurs in mangrove estuaries along the coasts of kenya , tanzania , mozambique and south africa .

in order to escape low tide predators , this species twice daily climbs mangrove stems to the canopy and feeds on fresh leaves , and is commonly found on rhizophora mucronata , but studies suggest that it prefers the foliage of bruguiera gymnorhiza .

its diet also includes algae , mollusks , insects and annelids .

its aversion to avicennia marina may be due to its secreting salt from its leaves , while both r. mucronata and b. gymnorhiza are salt excluders .

distinguishing characters are its propodus being three times the length of its dactylus , and the carapace width only some 2 cm .

females carry the eggs , which remain attached to the swimming legs or pleopods until hatching .

important physiological adaptations enable these crabs to feed on leaves , with no evidence of fermentation in the gut , a solution common in other animals .

parasesarma leptosoma

remark also subgenus parasesarma in dahdouh , 1994 < 247 > . [ details ]
morphological differences among described zoeal stages of the genera perisesarma and parasesarma [ perisesarma fasciatum , this study ; perisesarma guttatum ( pereyra lago , 1993 ; flores et al . , 2003 ) * ; perisesarma bidens ( fukuda and baba , 1976 ) ; perisesarma messa ( greenwood and fielder , 1988 ) ; parasesarma leptosoma ( flores et al . , 2003 ) ; parasesarma acis ( terada , 1976 ) ; parasesarma catenata ( pereyra lago , 1987 ; flores et al . , 2003 ) * ; parasesarma pictum ( pasupathi and kannupandi , 1987 ) ; parasesarma erythrodactyla ( greenwood and fielder , 1988 ) ; parasesarma plicatum ( fukuda and baba , 1976 ; selvakumar , 1999 ) * ]
emmerson , w . , cannicci , s . , porri , f . , 2003 . new records for parasesarma leptosoma ( hilgendorf , 1869 ) ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura : sesarmidae ) from mangroves in mozambique and south africa . african zoology 38 ( 2 ) : 351 - 355 .
vannini , m . and r . k . ruwa , 1994 . vertical migrations in the tree crab sesarma leptosoma ( decapoda , grapsidae ) . marine biology 118 : 271 - 278 .
( of sesarma leptosoma hilgendorf , 1869 ) hartnoll , r . g . ( 1975 ) . the grapsidae and ocypodidae ( decapoda : brachyura ) of tanzania . j . zool . london 177 , 305 - 328 [ details ]
vannini , m . , s . cannicci and r . k . ruwa , 1995 . effect of light intensity on vertical migration of the tree crab , sesarma leptosoma hilgendorf ( decapoda , grapsidae ) . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 185 : 181 - 189 .
it has already been observed that the conserved morphological characteristics of the larvae of sesarmidae make differentiation at generic levels difficult in this family ( cuesta , 1999 ) . likewise , differentiation at species level are only possible , if at all , using a combination of several morphological features ( schubart and cuesta , 1998 ; cuesta and anger , 2001 ) . tables i and ii summarize the morphological differences of all described zoeal stages and the megalopa stage among species of perisesarma and parasesarma . we here included the larvae of the genus parasesarma because p . fasciatum was originally described as a member of parasesarma and because of the morphological similarity of the two genera ( see introduction ) . preliminary molecular comparisons also suggest a close phylogenetic relationship of these genera ( fratini et al . , 2004 ) . in the present study , we provide evidence that larval stages of perisesarma and parasesarma are very similar , to the point that it is impossible to distinguish the larvae consistently at the generic level . the first zoeal stage of parasesarma species bears five setae on the coxal endite of the maxillule ( table i ) , while p . fasciatum and perisesarma guttatum bear six setae on the coxal endite ( cf . pereyra lago , 1993 ) . however , the first zoeal stages of perisesarma messa and perisesarma bidens bear five setae , as the species of parasesarma ( fukuda and baba , 1976 ; greenwood and fielder , 1988 ) . it needs to be taken into account that the number of larval stages is variable ( 4–5 zoeal stages ) in both genera , and part of the variability in the setation of appendages could be due to this variability . for example , the number of scaphognathite setae on the maxilla of the zoea iv is reduced in species with five zoeal stages as compared with species with four zoeal stages ( table i ) . the zoea iv of p . guttatum is the only fourth stage with five setae on the distal segment of the endopod of the first maxilliped ; the sixth seta does not appear before the last zoeal stage ( zoea v ) . in contrast , parasesarma erythrodactyla and parasesarma plicatum , both species with five zoeal stages , show the sixth seta on the distal segment of the endopod of the first maxilliped already in stage iv . overall , the larval data ( zoea and megalopa ) support previous morphological and molecular indications and confirm a very close relationship between the genera perisesarma and parasesarma .
( of sesarma leptosoma hilgendorf , 1869 ) ruwa , r . k . ( 1989 ) . macrofaunal composition and zonation on sandy beaches at gazi , kanamai and malindi bay , kenya . kenya journal of sciences ( series b ) 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 31 - 45 [ details ]
the complete larval development of the sesarmid crab perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) from singapore was obtained from laboratory culture . all four zoeal stages , the megalopa and the first crab stage are described and illustrated . the morphological characteristics of the larvae of p . fasciatum are compared with those of other known larvae of the genera perisesarma and parasesarma . the larval morphology of p . fasciatum clearly presents the typical combination of features that characterize sesarmid larvae . overall , larval stages are very similar in perisesarma and parasesarma and it is impossible to distinguish these two genera by larval morphology .
guillermo guerao , klaus anger , u . w . e . nettelmann , christoph d . schubart ; complete larval and early juvenile development of the mangrove crab perisesarma fasciatum ( crustacea : brachyura : sesarmidae ) from singapore , with a larval comparison of parasesarma and perisesarma , journal of plankton research , volume 26 , issue 12 , 1 december 2004 , pages 1389–1408 , urltoken
two of the more conspicuous and species - rich genera of african , asian and australian mangroves are parasesarma ( 26 species ) and perisesarma ( 23 species ) . they are often colourful crabs , similar in their overall squarish appearance and even sharing the defining morphological characteristic of two transverse pectinated crests on the upper border of the male chelar carpus . the only distinguishing characteristic between the two genera is the absence ( parasesarma ) or presence ( perisesarma ) of an anterolateral tooth . in american sesarmid crabs , it has been shown that the anterolateral tooth is not a very consistent characteristic and it is often weakly pronounced or absent in some of the species ( von hagen , 1978 ; abele , 1992 ) . also in one asian species of perisesarma , perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) , the anterolateral tooth is not always clearly defined . therefore , lanchester ( 1900 ) originally placed this species in the subgenus parasesarma , however , noticing that one of the females has ‘indications of a tooth behind the orbital angle’ . also tweedie ( 1936 ) states that the ‘epibranchial tooth is always low and obtuse , often obscure , and in one adult male , scarcely indicated’ .
ecological notes : adapted an aerial strategy where they can climb trees to avoid the incoming tide ; never seen on the forest floor . both true arboreal species , the american aratus pisonii milne - edwards , 1837 and the east african s . leptosoma , show morphological adaptations to life in the trees , namely a flat carapace , relatively long walking leg carpus and propodus and short dactylus ( hartnoll , 1988 ; vannini et al . , 1997 ) .
in this study , we newly describe the complete larval and early juvenile development of p . fasciatum from singapore and compare it with other published larval descriptions of species of parasesarma and perisesarma to test whether there are consistent larval differences between these two genera ( fukuda and baba , 1976 ; terada , 1976 ; pasupathi and kannupandi , 1987 ; pereyra lago , 1987 , 1993 ; greenwood and fielder , 1988 ; selvakumar , 1999 ; flores et al . , 2003 ) . this is only the fourth species of the genus perisesarma for which zoeal stages are described , the third megalopal description , and the second which includes the first juvenile .
sesarmid crabs are among the most diverse and important faunal components of mangrove forest communities worldwide . their importance for ecological processes related to leaf turnover is only recently being revealed ( macintosh , 1988 ; lee , 1989 , 1998 ; emmerson and mcgwynne , 1992 ; micheli , 1993a , b ; schrijvers et al . , 1996 ) . otherwise , very little is known about the biology of most of these tropical crabs , and even the systematic classification is far from being resolved . for a long time , most of the sesarmids were included in the genus sesarma say , 1817 . in 1895 , de man ( de man , 1895 ) introduced three subgenera ( i . e . episesarma , parasesarma and perisesarma ) based on the presence or absence of an anterolateral tooth and the type of tuberculation on the chelar carpus . serène and soh ( serène and soh , 1970 ) elevated these subgenera to full genus level and created a large number of new genera , thereby establishing a taxonomic system which even today is not fully accepted , only slowly adopted and still being revised ( davie , 1992 , 1994 ; ng and schubart , 2003 ) .
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according to the new taxonomy of serène and soh ( serène and soh , 1970 ) , the genus sesarma is now restricted to the american continent , which has an impoverished sesarmid fauna compared to the indo - westpacific ( < 30 species in america as compared with > 200 species in the indo - westpacific ) . there are no sesarmid crabs in europe . many larval stages of sesarma and its sister genera aratus h . milne edwards , 1853 and armases abele , 1992 have been described over the past 50 years from american waters ( costlow and bookhout , 1960 , 1962 ; díaz and ewald , 1968 ; warner , 1968 ; fransozo and hebling , 1986 ; schubart and cuesta , 1998 ; cuesta and anger , 2001 ) . in contrast , there are only very few larval descriptions of sesarmid crabs from africa , asia and oceania ( fukuda and baba , 1976 ; terada , 1976 ; krishnan and kannupandi , 1987 ; pasupathi and kannupandi , 1987 ; pereyra lago , 1987 , 1993 ; greenwood and fielder , 1988 ; selvakumar , 1999 ; flores et al . , 2003 ; schubart et al . , 2003 ) , especially considering the large number of species that are present in the mangroves of these continents .
perisesarma fasciatum is a relatively small and rounded representative of its genus . it lives in the upper , often dry , fringes of mangroves on relatively hard and sandy substratum and was repeatedly observed scurrying on mounds of the burrowing decapod thalassina ( c . d . schubart , personal observation ) . the known distribution of this species ranges from thailand [ rathbun , 1909 as sesarma ( chiromantes ) siamense ] , malaysia ( sasekumar , 1972 ) , singapore ( tweedie , 1936 ) and indonesia ( serène and moosa , 1971 ) to hong kong ( soh , 1978 ) . otherwise , there is no published information on the biology of this crab species .
several adult specimens of p . fasciatum were collected in the lim chu kang mangroves in singapore in january 2002 . they were transported alive to regensburg ( germany ) where they were slowly acclimated to fresh water . two females and two males were transported to the biologische anstalt helgoland ( germany ) in july 2002 , where they were maintained at a salinity of 5 ( 24°c ) and in an artificial 12 : 12 h light : dark cycle . the extrusion and incubation of eggs took place at the same conditions . larval rearing of one hatch was carried out at identical conditions of temperature and light , but at a salinity of 25 . the larvae were fed freshly hatched nauplii of artemia sp . ( great salt lake ) . water and food were changed daily . exuviae and specimens of each developmental stage were preserved in 70 % alcohol . first zoeal stages from three additional females were obtained in regensburg and barcelona ( spain ) for comparative purposes .
a wild binocular microscope , equipped with an ocular micrometer , was used for the dissection and measurements of individuals ( 10 individuals of each hatch and larval stage were measured ) . an olympus microscope was used for the determination of the setal formula and measurements of the appendages . the following measurements were taken : total length ( tl ) as the distance between the tips of the dorsal and rostral spines ; carapace length ( cl ) from the base of the rostral spine to the posterolateral carapace margin ; antennal exopod length ( el ) from the base of the antennal exopod to the distal margin ( without setae ) ; protopodal process length ( pl ) from the base of the antennal exopod to the tip of the protopodal process ; furcal length ( fl ) from an imaginary line across the base of the outer seta on the posterior margin of the telson to the furcal tip ; and basal telson length ( bt ) , from a line across the anterior margin to the posterior margin of the telson ( base of the outer seta ) . the proportions of the zoeal measurements el , pl , fl and bt were shown to be useful for separating species and genera of the sesarmidae ( cuesta , 1999 ) . for the megalopa , cl was measured as the distance from the frontal margin to the posterior margin of the carapace ; carapace width ( cw ) as the greatest distance across the carapace .
all drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida and microscope photography . the number of individuals of each larval stage examined to describe the morphology varied between 5 and 10 . the long aesthetascs of the antennules and the long plumose setae on the distal exopod of the maxillipeds and pleopods are not fully illustrated and are drawn truncated , instead . larval descriptions followed the basic malacostracan body pattern , and setal armature on appendages is described from proximal to distal segments and from endopod to exopod ( clark et al . , 1998 ) .
samples of all larval stages were deposited in the biological collections of reference of the institut de ciències del mar ( csic ) in barcelona , under the catalogue numbers icmd 52 - 56 / 2004 .
the larval development of p . fasciatum was found to consist of four zoeal stages and one megalopa . the development through the zoea i stage lasted on average 4 . 6 ± 1 . 2 d , the zoea ii stage took 3 . 7 ± 0 . 7 d , the zoea iii 3 . 4 ± 0 . 5 d , the zoea iv 4 . 7 ± 0 . 5 and the megalopa 8 . 0 ± 0 . 7 d ( values are mean ± sd ; initial n = 100 ) . total larval development from hatching to metamorphosis lasted 23 . 9 ± 1 . 2 d . the comparison of zoeae i from four different hatches allowed to determine morphological and morphometric homogeneity ( i . e . no significant differences ) . the first zoeal stage is described in detail , while in subsequent stages only differences and changes are described .
globose , smooth and without tubercles . dorsal spine present , well developed and strongly curved posteriorly with sparsely minute protuberances . rostral spine present , straight and similar in length to spinous process of the antenna . lateral spines absent . pair of setae on the posterodorsal and anterodorsal regions . posterior and ventral margin without setae . eyes sessile .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . total animal , lateral view . ( a ) zoea i ; ( b ) zoea ii ; ( c ) zoea iii ; ( d ) zoea iv . ( a 1 ) detail of the dorsal spine . scale bars = 0 . 15 mm .
uniramous . endopod absent . exopod unsegmented with three terminal aesthetascs and two terminal seta .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . antennule . ( a ) zoea i ; ( b ) zoea ii ; ( c ) zoea iv ; ( d ) megalopa ; ( e ) first crab . scale bars = 0 . 05 mm .
similar in size to rostral spine . protopodal process with one row of 12–15 spines of different size . exopod elongated , with two terminal simple setae ( one long and one medium - sized ) and two minute spines . pl / el = 2 . 35–2 . 40 .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . antenna . ( a ) zoea i ; ( b ) zoea ii ; ( c ) zoea iii ; ( d ) zoea iv ; ( e ) megalopa ; ( f ) first crab . ( e 1 ) modified basal segment ; ( e 2 ) modified basal segment . mandible . ( g ) zoea i ; ( h ) zoea iv ; ( i ) megalopa . scale bars = 0 . 05 mm .
exopod and epipod seta absent . coxal endite with six setae . basial endite with five setae and with two teeth . endopod two - segmented , with one seta on the proximal segment and one subterminal seta and four terminal setae on the distal segment .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . maxillule . ( a ) zoea i ; ( b ) zoea ii ; ( c ) zoea iii ; ( d ) zoea iv . scale bars = 0 . 05 mm .
coxal endite bilobed , with 5 + 3 setae , distal lobe terminates in a spine . basial endite bilobed with 5 + 4 setae . endopod unsegmented , bilobed , with 2 + 3 long setae on the proximal and distal lobe respectively . scaphognathite ( exopod ) with four plumose marginal setae and long setose posterior process .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . maxilla . ( a ) zoea i ; ( b ) zoea ii ; ( c ) zoea iii ; ( d ) zoea iv . ( a 1 ) detail of the distal lobe of the coxal endite . scale bars = 0 . 05 mm .
coxa with one seta . basis with 10 medial setae arranged 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 on the inner side , and a mat of long dorsobasal microtrichiae on the outer side . endopod five - segmented , with 2 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 5 ( one subterminal and four terminal ) . exopod two - segmented ( incipient ) ; distal segment with four long plumose natatory setae .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . first maxilliped . ( a ) zoea i ; ( b ) zoea iii , endopod ; ( c ) zoea iv , endopod ; ( d ) megalopa ; ( e ) first crab . scale bars = 0 . 1 mm .
coxa without setae . basis with four medial setae arranged 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 . endopod three - segmented , with 0 , 1 , 6 setae . exopod two - segmented ( incipient ) ; distal segment with four long plumose natatory setae .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . second maxilliped . ( a ) zoea i ; ( b ) zoea iv ; ( c ) megalopa ; ( d ) first crab . scale bars = 0 . 1 mm .
five somites . somites 2 and 3 with pairs of dorsolateral processes . somites 3–5 with posterolateral processes . somites 2–5 with pairs of posterodorsal setae .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . abdomen , dorsal view . ( a ) zoea i ; ( b ) zoea ii ; ( c ) zoea iii ; ( d ) zoea iv ; ( e ) megalopa ; ( f ) first crab . ( a 1 ) detail of the furca ; ( e 1 ) modified telson ; ( e 2 ) modified telson . scale bars = 0 . 1 mm .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . abdomen , lateral view . ( a ) zoea i ; ( b ) zoea ii ; ( c ) zoea iii ; ( d ) zoea iv . scale bars = 0 . 1 mm .
lateral and dorsal medial spines absent . furca large , slightly divergent with three pairs of serrate setae on the posterior margin . two rows of arrow - shaped small spines on the margins of furcal arms . fl / bt ≤ 2 ( 1 . 8–2 . 0 ) .
two pairs of anterodorsal setae . each lateroventral margin with two setae . eyes stalked .
scaphognathite with eight ( 3 + 5 ) plumose marginal setae , without long setose posterior process present in zoea 1 .
basis without a mat of long dorsobasal microtrichiae . exopod distal segment with six long plumose natatory setae .
segments 2 and 3 of endopod with additional setae ( 2 , 2 + 1 , 2 , 2 , 1 + 4 ) . exopod distal segment with eight long plumose natatory setae .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . pereiopods 1–5 . ( a ) zoea iii ; ( b ) zoea iv . scale bars = 0 . 1 mm .
protopodal process with one row of 15–19 spines of different size . exopod with two terminal setae ( one long and one medium - sized ) . endopod segmented , slightly more than half the length of spinous process . pl / el = 2 . 0–2 . 1 .
coxal endite bilobed , with 6 + 4 setae . basial endite bilobed with 6 + 5 setae . scaphognathite with 20 plumose marginal setae .
fifth segment of endopod with an additional subterminal seta ( 2 + 4 ) . exopod distal segment with nine long plumose natatory setae .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . third maxilliped . ( a ) zoea iv ; ( b ) megalopa ; ( c ) first crab . scale bars = 0 . 1 mm .
longer than broad . with two lateral and longitudinal carinae . rostrum ventrally deflected with median cleft . setal arrangement as figured .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . ( a ) megalopa , lateral view ; ( b ) megalopa , detail of frontal view of the rostrum ; ( c ) megalopa , dorsal view ; ( d ) first crab , dorsal view . scale bars = 0 . 2 mm .
peduncle three - segmented , with 2 , 1 , 1 setae respectively . endopod absent . exopod three - segmented , with 0 , 4 and 3 aesthetascs , respectively , and 0 , 1 , 2 setae .
peduncle three - segmented , with 0 , 1 , 1 setae respectively . in several cases , exopod and spinous process present in different degrees of development . flagellum six - segmented , with 0 , 2 , 0 , 5 , 0 , 3 setae respectively .
coxal endite with 10 setae . basial endite with 17 ( 15 + 2 ) −18 ( 16 + 2 ) setae . endopod two - segmented , proximal segment with two setae , distal segment with three setae . two setae on the outer propodal margin .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . maxillule . ( a ) megalopa ; ( b ) first crab . scale bars = 0 . 05 mm .
coxal endite bilobed , with always 8 + 4 setae . basial endite bilobed with 8–9 + 6–7 setae . endopod unsegmented , with variable setation ( 2 + 3 , 1 + 3 , 2 + 2 , 0 + 0 setae ) . scaphognathite with 29–33 plumose marginal setae and two anterior setae and one posterolateral seta .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . maxilla . ( a ) megalopa ; ( b ) first crab . ( a 1 ) modified endopod . scale bars = 0 . 1 mm .
epipod with four long setae . coxal endite with seven to eight setae . basial endite with 10–11 setae . endopod very variable and different degrees of reduction with zero to nine setae ( 0 , 3 , 4 , 9 setae ) . exopod two - segmented , proximal segment with three distal setae , distal segment with five long terminal plumose setae .
epipod rudimentary . coxa and basis not differentiated , with three to four setae . endopod four - segmented , with 0 , 1 , 4 , 7 setae respectively . exopod two - segmented , proximal segment with one medial seta , distal segment with seven terminal plumose setae .
epipod elongated with 12 long setae . coxa and basis not differentiated with nine setae . endopod five - segmented , ischium , merus , carpus , propodus and dactylus with 8–9 , 7 , 3 , 3–4 , 4 setae respectively . exopod two - segmented , proximal segment without seta and distal segment with three long terminal plumose setae and one simple seta .
all segments well differentiated , chelipeds and pereiopods 2–4 without spines . dactylus of fifth pereiopod with three long terminal setae and one short terminal spine . setal arrangement as figured .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . pereiopods 1–5 . ( a – e ) megalopa ; ( f – j ) first crab . ( e 1 ) detail of the distal part of dactyl of the fifth pereiopod ; ( j 1 ) detail of the distal part of dactyl of the fifth pereiopod . scale bars = 0 . 1 mm .
somites 2–5 each with pairs of biramous pleopods , endopod unsegmented , with two terminal hooks ; exopod unsegmented with 13 , 13 , 13 , 10 long marginal plumose natatory setae respectively .
perisesarma fasciatum ( lanchester , 1900 ) . ( a ) megalopa , pleopod 1 ; ( b ) megalopa , pleopod 4 ; ( c ) megalopa , uropod ; ( d ) carapace of crabs 1–3 . scale bars of a and b , 0 . 1 mm ; scale bar of d , 0 . 5 mm .
uropods two - segmented on somite 6 , proximal segment with one and distal segment with five long plumose setae respectively .
square - shaped , setation as figured . in two examined individuals , telson with two to three pairs of long setae and furcal branches present in two different degrees of development ( fig . 14 e 1 and e 2 ) .
longer than broad . frontal region broad , measuring one half of carapace width . anterolateral margins with three teeth , first largest and third smallest . setal arrangement as figured .
peduncle three - segmented , with 5 , 1 , 1 setae respectively . endopod absent . exopod three - segmented , with 0 , 0 and 2 aesthetascs , respectively , and 0 , 0 , 2 setae .
peduncle four - segmented , with 1–2 , 1 , 1 , 1 setae respectively . flagellum five - segmented , with 0 , 2 , 0 , 4–5 , 3 setae respectively .
coxal endite with 11 setae . basial endite with 19 setae . endopod two - segmented , proximal segment with two setae , distal segment with three setae .
coxal endite bilobed with 7 + 1 seta . basial endite bilobed with 6–7 + 6 setae . endopod unsegmented , without setae . scaphognathite with 34–36 plumose marginal setae and eight lateral setae .
epipod with 6–7 long setae . coxal endite with 10 setae . basial endite with 11–12 setae . endopod with six setae . exopod two - segmented , proximal segment with one distal seta , distal segment with four long terminal plumose setae .
coxa and basis undifferentiated , with 1–2 setae . endopod four - segmented with 0–2 , 1 , 4–5 , 7 setae respectively . exopod three - segmented , proximal segment with five setae , second segment without setae and distal segment with five terminal plumose setae .
epipod elongated with 20 long setae . coxa and basis undifferentiated with 14 setae . endopod five - segmented with 14 , 8 , 4 , 4–5 , 4 setae respectively . exopod two - segmented , proximal segment with seven setae and distal segment with four long terminal plumose setae .
setation as figured . propodus of pereiopods 2–5 with one long seta . dactylus of fifth pereiopod with one long terminal plumose seta .
second to fourth crab stages are similar in morphology to the first stage , differing only in size ( fig . 16 d ) and in most of the setal counts .
overall , the zoeal morphology of p . fasciatum is similar to that known of other sesarmid species . it conforms very closely to the characteristic listed by rice ( rice , 1980 ) and cuesta ( cuesta , 1999 ) for sesarmid larvae : ( 1 ) carapace without lateral spines ; ( 2 ) a 2 , 3 setation of the maxillar endopod ; ( 3 ) a 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 setation of the first maxilliped basis ; ( 4 ) a 0 , 1 , 6 setation of the second maxilliped endopod ; and ( 5 ) an abdomen with dorsolateral processes in somites 2 and 3 .
likewise , the morphology of the megalopal stage is similar to that known from the other species of the family sesarmidae ( cuesta , 1999 ) : ( 1 ) antennule without endopod ; ( 2 ) an antennular flagellum with 5–6 segments ; ( 3 ) a 0 , 4 mandibular palp setation ; ( 4 ) scaphognathite with 25–50 marginal plumose setae ; ( 5 ) endopod of the pleopods with two terminal hooks and exopod with seven and 14 plumose setae ; ( 6 ) propodus of the uropod with one seta and exopod with ≤7 setae .
for a species–specific identification , there is one very useful characteristic by which megalopae of p . fasciatum can be distinguished from those of all other so - far described sesarmid megalopae : the presence of only five setae on the exopod of the uropod ( table ii ) . this is a useful characteristic , since these setae can be observed and counted easily with a microscope and since the uropod setation normally is characterized by low intraspecific variability ( cuesta , 1999 ) .
some megalopal features described in the present study for p . fasciatum appear to represent remnants of zoeal morphology : ( 1 ) the first segment of the antennular peduncle with a rudimentary exopod and / or spinous process in different stages of reduction ; ( 2 ) the bilobed endopod of the maxilla with a similar setation as in the zoeal stages ( 2 + 3 , 1 + 3 , 1 + 2 ) ; ( 3 ) the telson with a rudimentary furca and / or with three pairs of serrulate setae on the posterior margin in different stages of reduction . these features have been observed in only some of the studied individuals . similar traits were also found in the megalopae of other grapsoid species : aratus pisonii ( warner , 1968 ) , sesarma reticulatum ( costlow and bookhout , 1962 ) , p . plicatum ( selvakumar , 1999 ) , p . erythrodactyla ( greenwood and fielder , 1988 ) and armases angustipes ( cuesta and anger , 2001 ) . cuesta and anger ( 2001 ) suggested that retainment of zoeal characteristics in the megalopa could be due to unfavourable conditions during larval culturing . however , this still remains to be tested .
knowledge of the first juvenile of sesarmid crabs is very limited . the first crab stage was previously only described for p . bidens ( fukuda and baba , 1976 ) . the overall morphology of p . fasciatum and p . bidens is very similar , and some morphometric and meristic features are summarized in table iii .
this study confirms that there is a useful set of morphological characteristics that allows to distinguish larvae of the crab family sesarmidae sensu ( schubart et al . , 2002 ) from all other decapod larvae , and these characteristics are shared by the asian mangrove crab p . fasciatum , as described here . however , for the identification of larval stages from the plankton at a genus and species level , descriptions of many more larvae of sesarmid crabs will be necessary and taxonomic revisions of the genera currently comprised within this family will need to be continued .
( crustacea : decapoda : grapsidae ) in america , with the description of a new genus .
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) morfología larval de la familia grapsidae ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) . phd thesis . universidad de sevilla , sevilla , spain .
dana ( crustacea : brachyura : sesarminae ) with descriptions of three new species .
serène and soh ( crustacea : brachyura : sesarminae ) with description of two new species .
h . milne edwards ( brachyura , grapsidae ) reared under similar laboratory conditions .
de man in relation to leaf - litter production in mgazana , a warm temperate southern african mangrove swamp .
) first zoeal stages of grapsoid crabs ( crustacea : brachyura ) from the east african coast .
, vannini , m . , cannicci , s . and schubart , c . d . ( 2004 ) tree - climbing mangrove crabs , a case of convergent evolution .
( de haan , 1853 ) in the laboratory ( brachyura : grapsidae : sesarminae ) .
) on a collection of crustaceans made at singapore and malacca . part i . brachyura .
( l . ) druce ) leaf litter turnover in a hong kong tidal shrimp pond .
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. symposia of the zoological society of london 59 . clarendon press , oxford , pp .
) bericht über die von herrn schiffscapitän storm zu atjeh , an den westlichen küsten von malakka , borneo und celebes sowie in der java - see gesammelten decapoden und stomatopoden .
h . milne edwards , 1853 ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura : sesarmidae ) .
de haan , 1853 ( brachyura : grapsidae ) . in palanichamy , s . ( ed . ) ,
a . milne edwards ( decapoda : brachyura : grapsidae ) reared in the laboratory , with comments on larval generic and familial characters .
species from panama , with identification keys and remarks on the american sesarminae ( crustacea : brachyura : grapsidae ) .
, cuesta , j . a . and felder , d . l . (
) glyptograpsidae , a new brachyuran family from central america : larval and adult morphology , and a molecular phylogeny of the grapsoidea .
, liu , h . - c . and cuesta , j . a . (
, a new genus and new species of tree - climbing crab ( crustacea : brachyura : sesarmidae ) from taiwan with notes on its ecology and larval morphology .
( latreille , 1806 ) ( decapoda : brachyura : grapsidae ) reared in the laboratory .
) on a collection of sesarmine crabs ( decapoda , brachyura , grapsidae ) from hong kong .
) comparison of the larval developments of nine crabs belonging to the subfamily sesarminae .
) on the crabs of the family grapsidae in the collection of the raffles museum .
( h . milne - edwards ) reared in the laboratory ( brachyura , grapsidae ) .
1 departament de biologia animal ( artròpodes ) , facultat de biologia ( u . b . ) , av . diagonal 645 , 08028 barcelona , spain , 2 alfred - wegener - institut für polar - und meeresforschung , biologische anstalt helgoland , meeresstation , 27498 helgoland , germany and 3 biologie 1 : zoologie , universität regensburg , 93040 regensburg , germany
journal of plankton research vol . 26 no . 12 © oxford university press 2004 ; all rights reserved
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zone : rhizophora mucronata and bruguiera gymnorrhiza forests - very common in dabasso kenya ( mida creek ) .
habitat : climbs on rhizophora mucronata and bruguiera gymnorrhiza trees ; strictly mangrove dependent .
food : consumes fresh leaves from the tree . usually found on rhizophora mucronata ( vannini and ruwa , 1994 ) , but a preliminary experiment hints that they prefer bruguiera gymnorrhiza leaves ( gillikin , 2000 ) . also eats algae , mollusks , insects and annelids ( dahdouh - guebas et al . , 1999 ) .
distinguishing characteristics : found climbing trunks of trees to canopy ; propodus three times longer than dactylus , carpace width ~ 2 cm .
geographical range : east africa , including mozambique and south africa ( emmerson et al . , 2003 ) .
cannicci , s . , f . dahdouh - guebas and l . montemagno , 1993 . field keys for kenyan mangrove crabs . museo zoologico
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this research was funded by a national research foundation ( nrf ) natural resources , utilisation , ecology and management grant ( gun number 2050973 ) . the assistance of tshawe makanandana , mzo nkaitshana and sintu hola in the field and for collecting additional soil and leaf samples for analysis is greatly appreciated . this paper is for thandi my post - graduate student , friend and colleague who died tragically in october 2003 .
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database contains : 10 . 643 species ( 763 with photo ) , 1 . 682 genera , 124 families
ella mai – boo ' d up ( remix ) ft . nicki minaj & quavo


daniel 's tufted-tailed rat ( eliurus danieli ) is a species of rodent in the family nesomyidae .

it was discovered in 2003 in the parc national de l’isalo in south-central madagascar .

it is named for daniel rakotondravony , professor of animal biology at the university of antananarivo , madagascar .

daniel 's tufted-tailed rat first became known in 1995 , when a specimen was found to belong to the majori-penicillatus complex .

molecular data suggested that major 's tufted-tailed rat ( eliurus majori ) was a close relative ; study of two more animals found in 2002 indicated that the two are different species .

daniel ' s tufted - tailed rat

the dormouse tufted - tailed rat ( eliurus myoxinus ) is a species of rodent in the nesomyidae family . it is found only in madagascar .
due to its nocturnal and arboreal nature , there have been few observations of white - tailed rat communication behaviors . like most nocturnal mammals , olfaction is likely to be an important way of sensing the environment .
( hairy - tailed antsangys ) by its nearly furless tail . though smaller than
carleton , m . , s . goodman . 2003 . rodentia : brachytarsomys , white - tailed tree rats , anstangy . pp . 1368 - 1370 in s goodman , j benstead , eds . the natural history of madagascar . chicago : the university of chicago press .
white - tailed rats do not appear to be endangered . the iucn redlist recognizes them as
least concern .
however , continuing human - induced habitat changes may impact populations of white - tailed rats negatively .
nowak , r . 1991 . walker ' s mammals of the world . baltimore : the john hopkins university press .
dollman ' s tree mouse is nocturnal and arboreal . nowak ( 1999 ) suggests that the naked tip of its tail might be prehensile .
no information on the ecological role of white - tailed rats is available . however , they may play a role in seed dispersal through their frugivorous habits .
, white - tailed rats are up to 50 cm long . they are easily identifiable by the white tip on the tail , which averages 230 mm long . white - tailed rats are covered in a thick coat of brownish - grey fur with a white underside . they have short snouts , giving the face a blunt look .
little is known about parental care in white - tailed rats . observations suggest males may remain nearby after offspring are born and defend the nest while the female takes care of young .
it appears to be more common in deciduous forest than in spiny forest . at other sites such as analavelona , it is very abundant ( s . m . goodman , unpubl . ) .
white - tailed rats are generally described as frugivorous . according to some , their craniodental characteristics would be better suited for a leaf - eating ( folivorous ) diet . they have short rostra , broad zygomatic arches , relatively wide incisors and a long row of molars that have ridged masticatory surfaces . when offered an assortment of leaves in captivity , white - tailed rats refused to eat them , preferring only fruit . they may also eat seeds .
dollman ' s tree mouse ( prionomys batesi ) is a poorly understood climbing mouse from central africa . it is unique enough that it has been placed in a genus of its own , prionomys , since its discovery in 1910 .
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denys , c . , j . michaux , f . catzeflis , s . ducrocq , and p . chevret . 1995 . morphological and molecular data against the monophyly of dendromurinae ( muridae : rodentia ) . bonner zoologische beitrage , 45 : 173 - 190 .
denys , c . , m . colyn , and v . nicolas . 2006 . first record of the dollman ' s tree mouse ( prionomys batesi ; mammalia : nesomyidae ) in the republic of congo and additional description of this rare central african rodent . zootaxa , 1318 : 59 - 68 .
denys et al . ( 2006 ) note that the coronoid process on the mandible is reduced and that the animal appears to have the ability to push its lower jaw ( and thereby its incisors ) strongly forward . they suggest that dollman ' s tree mouse uses this feature to dig its burrow with its lower incisors .
dollman ' s tree mouse has only been recorded in four localities in three countries . these are bitye and obala in cameroon , la maboké in central african republic , and odzala in republic of the congo . in total only 23 specimens are known to be present in museums throughout the world ( denys et al . , 2006 ) .
though there is little information available on the mating behavior of white - tailed rats , it is known that they can have litters of at least 6 in the wild . a female of this species was captured in late october with 6 well - formed embryos . similarly , individuals held in captivity produced litters of 6 young . unfortunately no other information about the offspring is reported
white - tailed rats have strong , sharp , curved claws . this characteristic and many others indicate a high degree of specialization for arboreal life . that parallels the way it nests in tree holes . they live in tropical forested areas in madagascar . they nest in tree holes , some have been observed in holes near the base of trees , most have been observed within 2 . 5 m of the ground .
this predominantly scansorial species is found in lowland humid forest of the north - east , dry deciduous forest in the west , and spiny forest in the south and south - west of its range . it can also be found in dry - humid transitional forest ( carleton 2003 ) . this species nests in tree holes and has a gestation period of 24 days , after which it gives birth to a litter of up to three young ( carleton 2003 ) . this species also occurs in secondary forest , including areas with regenerating forest after fire ( randrianjafy 2003 ; s . m . goodman pers . comm . ) . this species is dependent on forest , though it can occur in heavily degraded forests .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is listed as least concern , because whilst it has a limited range with extent of occurrence of approximately 989 km² , it is within isalo national park and there are no major threats to this species . surveys are required to understand more about the distribution of the species .
known only from the isalo national park in south - central madagascar . collecting localities with recorded elevation info range from 650 - 700 m asl .
this species is known only from four specimens ( carleton and goodman 2007 ) .
this species is at least in part terrestrial and lives outside forest formations ( carleton and goodman 2007 ) .
currently , all known specimens of this recently described species are recorded from the isalo national park . it is not likely that there are any threats to the species , but further survey work is needed .
further survey work is needed to determine whether this species may occur more widely than currently known .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t136251a115205056 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
this species is endemic to madagascar , where it ranges widely from lowland humid forest in the north - east to dry forests formations in the western and southern portions of the island . it occurs from the rserve naturelle intgrale d ' ankarafantsika in the north to the vicinity of bevilany in the south - east . it has been recorded from near sea level to 1 , 250 m asl ( carleton et al . 2001 ; carleton 2003 ) .
amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & hoffmann , m . ( global mammal assessment team )
listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presence in a number of protected areas , and because it shows some adaptability to anthropogenic disturbance , even though it is dependent on forest .
this species is threatened by habitat loss through livestock grazing , charcoal production and wildfires . this species is also locally threatened by domestic and feral dogs and cats . this species is not susceptible to plague as the only humid forest areas that it occurs in are below 800 m .
it has been recorded from a numerous protected areas including ankarana special reserve , rserve naturelle intgrale d ' ankarafantsika , kirindy forest and zombitse and vohibasia forests .
baillie , j . 1996 . eliurus myoxinus . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 9 july 2007 .
musser , g . g . and m . d . carleton . 2005 . superfamily muroidea . pp . 894–1531 in mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference . d . e . wilson and d . m . reeder eds . johns hopkins university press , baltimore .
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eliurus is a genus of rodent in the family nesomyidae . it contains the following species :
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eliurus is a genus of rodent in the family nesomyidae . [ 1 ] it contains the following species :
musser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .
superfamily muroidea
. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .
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, can be found in eastern madagascar from marojejy ( northeast ) to andringitra massif ( southeast ) . this is a long narrow strip of land stretching from north to south which has patches of rainforest . this is considered only the extent of their potential range , due to the rarity of human encounters with these rats . they have been confirmed at various locations in this range but not everywhere in it .
baillie , j . 2006 .
brachytarsomys albicauda
( on - line ) . iucn red list of threatened species . accessed january 26 , 2009 at urltoken .
garbutt , n . 2007 . mammals of madagascar . new haven , connecticut : yale university press .
miljutin , l . 2008 . probability of competition between introduced and native rodents in madagascar : an estimation based on morphological traits . . estonian journal of ecology , 57 : 133 - â–152 . accessed february 15 , 2009 at urltoken .
is available . their nocturnality is an anti - predator adaptation and their brown coloration serves as camouflage .
günther , albert ( 1875 ) .
notes on some mammals from madagascar
. proceedings of the zoological society of london : 78–80 .
musser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .
superfamily muroidea
. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 894–1531 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .
denys et al . ( 2006 ) indicate that prionomys has a unique association with forest - savannah mosaics in central africa . during interglacial periods , this region has undergone varying degrees of wet and dry periods . savannah expands during dry periods and forest expands during wet periods , but there are small scale shifts in which regions are dry or wet . prionomys appears to be associated with forest habitat on the edge of savannah patches . in particular , the species occurs as forest is recolonizing areas that were once savannah . thus it is thought to be associated with younger , earlier successional forest but is no longer present in mature , late successional forest .
are narrow , ungrooved , orange , and short . the lower incisors project forward (
) and are sharply pointed ( denys et al . , 2006 ; nowak , 1999 ) .
prionomys appears to feed almost exclusively on certain species of ants , particularly tetramorium aculeatum ( denys et al . , 2006 ) . denys et al . ( 2006 ) suggest that this unusual diet may be part of the reason that so few individuals have been captured for study . sherman live traps baited with vegetable - derived matter may not attract this species to the same degree that it does other small rodents . in many ways prionomys is more shrew - like in its habits . individuals have only been obtained in pitfall traps , captured by hand , or obtained from local hunters .
as with many other mice historically referred to as the
dendromurines
, the phylogenetic position of prionomys is somewhat uncertain . denys et al . ( 1995 ) demonstrated a close association between prionomys and dendroprionomys on the basis of molar structure . this association has been widely noted elsewhere . musser and carleton ( 2005 ) suggest that the two are related may warrant a distinct tribe within the dendromurinae . they also noted the retention of these two genera in the dendromurinae seems reasonable but requires further testing . denys et al . ( 2006 ) note the similarities between prionomys and the deomyine deomys , but suggest this is due to convergence due to similar diet and habits .
mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference . d . e . wilson and d . m . reeder eds . johns hopkins university press , baltimore .
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