laniarius is a genus of brightly coloured , carnivorous passerine birds commonly known as boubous or gonoleks .

not to be confused with the similar-sounding genus lanius , they were formerly classed with the true shrikes in the family laniidae , but they and related genera are now considered sufficiently distinctive to be separated from that group as the bush-shrike family malaconotidae .

this is an african group of species which are found in scrub or open woodland .

they are similar in habits to shrikes , hunting insects and other small prey from a perch on a bush .

although similar in build to the shrikes , these tend to be either colourful species or largely black .

some species are also quite secretive .

laniarius

remarks concerning the all - black coastal boubous ( laniarius spp . ) of kenya and southern somalia
tropical boubou laniarius aethiopicus is split into two species , a monotypic ethiopian boubou laniarius aethiopicus , and a polytypic tropical boubou laniarius major , which includes all other subspecies previously included in laniarius aethiopicus ( nguembock et al . 2008 ) . ethiopian boubou occurs in eastern africa from extreme northern kenya north to eritrea , while tropical boubou occurs in the remainder of the range in western , eastern , and southern africa .
sarcophilus laniarius has also been used recently in light of comparisons between a fossil specimen , s . laniarius ( named prior to the naming of s . harrisii ) , and the extant species ( werdelin 1987 ) .
other names : sarcophilus laniarius has also been used recently in light of comparisons between a fossil specimen named s . laniarius , named prior to the naming of s . harrisii , and the extant species ( werdelin 1987 ) .
werdelin , l . ( 1987 ) . some observations on sarcophilus laniarius and the evolution of sarcophilus . records of the queen victoria museum , launceston . 90 : 1 - 27 .
( of pagrus laniarius valenciennes , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of chrysophrys laniarius ( valenciennes , 1830 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : laniarius mufumbiri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : laniarius ferrugineus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
fry , h . ( 2018 ) . crimson - breasted gonolek ( laniarius atrococcineus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
fry , h . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . zanzibar boubou ( laniarius sublacteus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
. . . several new mammal species have also been described following collections made during wcs surveys as well as surveys by makerere university in uganda and the centre national de recherche en sciences naturelles in lwiro , drc ( kerbis peterhans et al . 2013a ; 2013b ) and a total of 18 mammals have been added to the species lists . finally two additional bird species have been added to the list for the albertine rift of which one , willard ' s boubou ( laniarius willardi ) , is a new endemic species for the albertine rift ( voelker et al . 2010 ) . the plant species list was made by compiling plants from known sites in the albertine rift , which tend to be protected areas or sites that may become protected areas , but it is recognised that plant collections have occurred more extensively and that records are contained within herbaria in the region and internationally . . . .
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quoy , j . r . c . & gaimard , j . p . in dumont - d ' urville , j . 1830 , vol . 1 , pp . i 268 pp . , j . tastu , paris
mathews , g . m . 1920 , vol . 8 , pp . xiv + 316 , witherby & co . , london
mathews , g . m . 1918 ,
additions and corrections to my 1913 list
, austral avian records , vol . 3 , pp . 159 - 160
vigors , n . a . & horsfield , t . 1827 ,
a description of the australian birds in the collection of the linnean society ; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities
, transactions of the linnean society of london , vol . 15 , pp . 170 - 331
white , s . a . 1915 ,
scientific notes on an expedition into the north - western regions of south australia
, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 39 , pp . 707 - 842
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bbabd43d - 6ba0 - 45f9 - 999d - 393778906b3d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : df8c74e9 - 5b84 - 4037 - ae96 - 77bd23b94c72
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 720a394b - bbe6 - 4eda - b18c - c327b3dde3b4
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 471670
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is a newly described species ( fjeldså et al . 2006 , wogan et al . 2016 )
proposed split of west african batis and restrict fernando po batis to bioko is .
west african wattle - eye is split from chestnut wattle - eye ( njabo et al . 2008 )
af : nigeria to central african republic . sw south sudan and w uganda , south to n angola and e drcongo
n angola to sw kenya , e tanzania , mozambique and ne south africa .
is a proposed split ( 8 . 2 ) from moutain sooty boubou based on eye color , vocals and preliminary dna evidence ( voelker et al . 2010 , h & m4 , hbw ) .
based on dna analyses ( nguembock et al . 2008 , redman comments ) ; resequence to follow red - naped bushshrike ; change english name to black boubou
based on dna analyses ( nguembock et al . 2008 ) ; preliminary english name ( zanzibar boubou ) changed to east coast boubou to conform to current uses ( redman et al . 2009 , hbw )
s and se new guinea , aru is . ( sw of new guinea )
the family vangidae was historically restricted to a diverse and monophyletic set of madagascan taxa . molecular analyses support expansion of the family vangidae to include the helmetshrikes (
previously placed in the platysteiridae ) ( reddy et al . 2012 , jønsson et al . 2012 , 2016 , fuchs et al . 2012 , h & m4 , hbw )
crossley ' s babbler is a vanga ( johannson et al . 2008b ) ; change english name to crossley ' s vanga ( or ground vanga ? ) ( fjeldså comm )
previously separated as the family prionopidae , helmetshrikes are moved into an expanded vangidae based on several molecular studies ( reddy et al . 2012 , jonsson et al 2012 , 2016 , h & m4 , hbw ) . treated as subfamily prionopinae .
as a new shrike family tephrodornithidae recommended by moyle et al . 2006 , are now included in an expanded vangidae following ( reddy et al 2012 , jonsson et al . 2012 , 2016 , h & m4 , hbw )
previously separated as a new shrike family tephrodornithidae recommended by moyle et al . 2006 , are now included in an expanded vangidae following ( reddy et al 2012 , jonsson et al . 2012 , 2016 , h & m4 , hbw )
) are relatives of the woodshrikes , vangas and allies , not wattle - eyes and batises ( platysteiridae ) ( moyle et al . 2006 , reddy et al . 2012 , jonsson et al 2012 ) .
several genetic studies indicate that present species represents a single , deep branch in phylogenetic tree of present genus , only very distantly related to the other scarlet gonoleks ; one study # r indicates that this colourful species may be sister to the all - black w & c african l . leucorhynchus . until recently regarded as being close to l . erythrogaster , and was sometimes considered conspecific ( calls apparently identical , and responds to voice playback of latter ) . monotypic .
kalahari basin and adjoining hardveld regions : s angola , sw zambia and w & s zimbabwe s to namibia ( except w & s : namib and karoo ) , botswana ( except parts of n & c ) and n & c south africa ( n & c limpopo province s to n northern cape and nw free state ) .
22–23 cm ; 40–56·5 g . has lores matt black , forehead to hindneck and side of head , and upperparts , jet - black and strongly glossy ( gloss bluish in some . . .
wide repertoire of loud , explosive , hollow , ringing whistles by male and harsh grating , snarling or . . .
beetles ( of families carabidae , tenebrionidae and cerambycidae ) , beetle larvae , ants ( formicidae ) , caterpillars , termites ( isoptera ) , . . .
season sept–apr , mainly oct–nov ; often double - brooded , and some pairs make four nesting attempts in a season . territory . . .
not globally threatened . frequent nearly everywhere in range , commonest in well - developed acacia woodland and bushveld and in nw part of c kalahari ; absent from apparently . . .
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until quite recently , widely treated as a race of l . aethiopicus , but recent molecular studies # r indicate closer relationship with l . ferrugineus ( which see ) . black birds thought to be a morph of present species in ne kenya now established as a separate species , l . nigerrimus # r ( which see ) . race somaliensis sometimes attributed to l . aethiopicus , but recent study # r found no genetic difference between it and sublacteus ( from which it differs in having white bar on median upperwing - coverts ) . birds in s of range ( tanzania ) may represent a separate taxon , differing genetically # r # r from those in n ; more study needed . two subspecies recognized .
( cassin , 1851 ) – coastal lowlands of extreme s somalia ( boni forest ) , kenya ( inland along river valleys to garissa , s tsavo east national park , s tsavo west national park and l jipe ) and n tanzania ( l jipe e to n pare mts , and at coast from tanga s to zanzibar i , inland to e usambara mts , uluguru mts and udzungwa mts ) .
22–25 cm ; male 43–50 g , female 40–55 g . adult has forehead to hindneck , lores , cheek , ear - coverts , side of neck and upperparts slightly glossy bluish black . . .
wide repertoire of croaks , snarls , tearing sounds , short
bou
notes and long whistles , . . .
dense vegetation in highland forest and forest edge and riverbank woods , in dense cover of thickets . . .
mainly insects , also small fruits and small vertebrates . shy and retiring , foraging mainly in deep shade and dense cover low down , or often . . .
season dec–mar . seemingly monogamous . strongly territorial , defending territory vocally and by chasing . nest a shallow , loosely knit . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . only recently regarded as a distinct species , separate from the common and widespread
this species is listed as near threatened because it is estimated to be in moderately rapid population decline owing to the on - going conversion and degradation of its wetland habitats .
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unusal calls by male ; can be heard flying in , then a strange ' czik , czik ' then a typical call at the end .
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description found in coastal waters . forms large schools ( ref . 5213 ) . sold fresh in markets .
description found in coastal waters . forms large schools ( ref . 5213 ) . sold fresh in markets . [ details ]
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common to fairly common , although rare or over - looked in liberia ( harris and franklin 2000 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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gill , f . and wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world : recommended english names , princeton university press , →isbn
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department of bioinformatics and genetics , swedish museum of natural history , p . o . box 50007 , se–104 05 stockholm , sweden ;
* correspondence to be sent to : department of bioinformatics and genetics , swedish museum of natural history , p . o . box 50007 , se–104 05 stockholm , sweden ; e - mail : g . sangster @ urltoken .
george sangster , jolanda a . luksenburg ; declining rates of species described per taxonomist : slowdown of progress or a side - effect of improved quality in taxonomy ? , systematic biology , volume 64 , issue 1 , 1 january 2015 , pages 144–151 , urltoken
even after more than 250 years of descriptive taxonomy , it is clear that there are many more species than have been described so far ( e . g . , may 1988 ; stork 1993 ) . a major concern for biology is that the capacity of the taxonomic workforce is insufficient to document the missing species within a reasonable time ( wheeler and cracraft 1997 ; wheeler et al . 2004 ) . this concern is reflected in recent opinion papers that argued that taxonomy is in a state of crisis ( agnarsson and kuntner 2007 ) , that the profession is endangered ( pearson et al . 2011 ) and that taxonomists are an endangered race ( wägele et al . 2011 ) . for long - term taxonomic capacity planning , two major empirical issues are important : the total number of missing species , and the pace at which these can be documented by taxonomists . both issues require detailed study and careful evaluation .
given the pressure of time resulting from the ongoing extinction crisis , it is important that as many species are adequately documented as soon as possible . efficiency is therefore an important but largely overlooked aspect of taxonomy . several recent studies have presented evidence that in a wide range of organisms the number of newly described species continues to increase , in some cases even exponentially , but that the number of taxonomists producing these descriptions has increased even faster ( pimm et al . 2010 ; joppa et al . 2011a ; costello et al . 2012 ; tancoigne and dubois 2013 ) . consequently , numbers of species described per taxonomist have decreased . in three of these studies , this was interpreted by the authors as an effect of a diminishing pool of missing species which makes it harder to discover any new ones ( pimm et al . 2010 ; joppa et al . 2011a ; costello et al . 2012 ; see also costello et al . 2013 ) . although these studies rejected the idea that the number of taxonomists is declining , they nevertheless implied that the output per taxonomist is declining .
both joppa et al . ( 2011b ) and costello et al . ( 2012 ) predicted numbers of undescribed species based on the assumption that long - term declines in the number of species described per taxonomist are caused by a declining pool of undiscovered species . using this approach , costello et al . ( 2012 ) were led to conclude that there were only 1 . 8–2 . 0 million species on earth . this number is remarkably low given that about 1 . 9 million species have already been described ( chapman 2009 ) and thus suggests that only few species remain to be discovered . furthermore , their estimate contrasts starkly with those others , including mora et al . ( 2011 ; 8 . 7 million species on earth ) , chapman ( 2009 ; 10 million species ) and grimaldi and engel ( 2005 ; 4 million species of insects alone ) .
there are surprisingly few studies that have measured the quality of species descriptions , and , to our knowledge , none that have assessed the relationship between quality and revision . in a study of dinosaur descriptions , benton ( 2008 ) found that the type material of new species has become more complete since the 1950s . for birds , it has been claimed that the quality of descriptions has declined ( lecroy and vuilleumier 1992 ) but this claim has been challenged ( collar 1999 ) and neither of these views were supported by quantitative data .
in addition , we examine the relative importance of descriptions and revisions in taxonomic progress . the importance of revisionary taxonomy is well known among taxonomists ( e . g . , wheeler and cracraft 1997 ; raczkowski and wenzel 2007 ) but often fails to be appreciated by others , including macroecologists and biodiversity scientists . pimm et al . ( 2010 ) , joppa et al . ( 2011a ) , and costello et al . ( 2012 ) based their conclusions on description dates and original authorship of taxa that are currently recognized as species ( i . e . , after revision by subsequent taxonomists ) . this approach confounds descriptive and revisionary taxonomy , and does not accurately reflect either type of taxonomy . importantly , description is not enough . even if all species have been described ( i . e . , named ) , this does not necessarily mean that all species have been correctly delimited and properly documented . if past taxonomic activity has been biased against cryptic species ( blackburn and gaston 1995 ; bickford et al . 2007 ) , or towards lumping distinctive taxa in widespread polytypic species ( sangster 2009 ) , the total number of species may still be greatly underestimated .
this study focuses on birds because birds are often considered to be the taxonomically most mature group of animals ( e . g . , mayr 1982 ; price 1996 ) . if a diminishing pool of missing species limits taxonomic progress , one might expect this limitation to be most severe in the best - studied groups , including birds .
the quality of species descriptions was studied in 481 extant bird taxa that were originally described as species in the period 1935–2009 . these represent all species described during this period . type descriptions published between 1935 and 1990 were identified using two partially overlapping datasets , the peters checklist ( peters 1937–1951 ; mayr and greenway 1960 , 1962 ; mayr and paynter 1964 ; paynter 1967–1970 ; mayr and cottrell 1979 ; traylor 1979 ; mayr and cottrell 1986 ) and a series of inventories of new species descriptions ( zimmer and mayr 1943 ; mayr 1957 , 1971 ; mayr and vuilleumier 1983 ; vuilleumier and mayr 1987 ; vuilleumier et al . 1992 ; bahr 1995 ) . type descriptions published from 1991 up to and including 2009 were located in the zoological literature and using zoological record ( biosis ) , web of science ( thomson scientific ) , and recent ornithological literature . descriptions of species likely or known to be extinct at the time of publication , introductions of new names for previously described species , and nomenclaturally unavailable names were excluded .
seven measures of quality were studied : ( i ) the number of pages devoted to descriptions of new species , ( ii ) the number of specimens of the new species , ( iii ) the number of character states differentiating the new species from its most similar or most closely related species ( as identified in the original description ) , ( iv ) the number of taxa to which the new species was compared , ( v ) the inclusion of an illustration ( photograph or artwork ) of the new species , ( vi ) the inclusion of a map of the range or collecting localities of the new species , and ( vii ) the inclusion of a sonagram ( audiospectrogram ) of the vocalizations of the new species . in addition , the number of pages per taxonomist was calculated by dividing the total number of pages per description by the number of authors of each description . the number of pages was measured in units of 0 . 25 pages ; title , authorship , author affiliations , abstract , illustrations , maps , sonagrams , acknowledgements , and references were excluded . if multiple species were described in a single publication , the number of pages was divided by the number of new species described . the number of character states was the sum of all morphological , behavioural , acoustic , and ecological differences . if taxa also differed in any molecular analysis , this was treated as a single difference for each locus included in the study . mitochondrial sequences , microsatellites , and allozyme analyses were each counted as single characters .
the relationship between the quality of species descriptions and the proportion of newly proposed species that have been revised was studied using a dataset that included all 414 species described in the period 1935–1999 . a cutoff date of 31 december 1999 was used to allow time for revision . two categories of revision were compared : ( i ) unrevised species : valid species which are placed in the same genus as in the original description , and ( ii ) revised species : taxa originally described as species but which are now considered either invalid taxa , subspecies , or valid species in a different genus than in the original description . the current status of species was determined using the zoonomen database ( peterson 2012 ) . well - documented revisions not yet incorporated in the zoonomen database at the time of writing were included in the study : lophura hatinhensis ( synonym of l . edwardsi , hennache et al . 2012 ) , myrmeciza disjuncta ( now aprositornis disjuncta , isler et al . 2013 ) , hypositta perdita ( synonym of oxylabes madagascariensis , fjeldså et al . 2013 ) , mirafra sidamoensis ( now heteromirafra archeri sidamoensis , spottiswoode et al . 2013 ) , cettia carolinae ( now horornis carolinae , alström et al . 2011 ) , cisticola dorsti ( synonym of c . guinea , dowsett - lemaire et al . 2005 ) , and dendroica angelae ( now setophaga angelae , lovette et al . 2010 ) .
test , fisher ' s exact test ) and multivariate ( regression ) analyses to assess the relationship between the quality of species descriptions and the proportion of newly proposed species that have been revised . multivariate analyses were performed with regression with empirical variable selection ( revs ,
) , a method which avoids well - known problems associated with full and stepwise regression methods ( e . g . ,
) . revs uses branch - and - bound all - subsets regression to quantify the amount of empirical support for each independent variable , and then calculates multiple linear regression models . the akaike information criterion ( aic ) was used to compare models and identify the best model . analyses were performed in r version 2 . 15 ( r development core team 2011 ) with the
the time between the initial discovery of a species and its formal description was assessed in all bird taxa that were described as species in the period 1935–2009 . species were excluded from the dataset if the year of discovery could not be determined from the type descriptions .
the relative impact of descriptions and revisions on the number of recognized bird species was determined by comparing the number of validly described new species of birds and the total number of species estimated or recognized in 18 classifications of recent birds published between 1946 and 2012 ( mayr 1946 ; mayr and amadon 1951 ; storer 1960 , 1971 ; edwards 1974 ; moroney et al . 1975 ; gruson 1976 ; van tyne and berger 1976 ; bock and farrand 1980 ; sibley and monroe 1990 , 1993 ; sibley 1996 ; clements 2000 ; dickinson 2003 ; perrins 2003 ; clements 2007 ; gill and donsker 2011 ; peterson 2012 ) .
d ) , each more than doubled during the study period . the proportion of descriptions with an illustration of the new species increased from 15 % to 90 % during the study period (
) : a ) number of pages per description , b ) number of specimens per new species , c ) number of character state differences per new species , d ) number of taxa to which the new species has been compared , e ) proportion of descriptions in which a new species is illustrated , f ) proportion of descriptions illustrated with a map , g ) proportion of descriptions in which vocalizations are illustrated with sonagrams , h ) number of pages per description per taxonomist . two outliers in figures b and d are indicated by an arrow .
there was a significant positive relationship between the quality of descriptions and the probability that no subsequent revision was made . univariate analyses show that species taxa proposed during 1935–1999 that were subsequently revised ( i . e . , are now considered either invalid taxa , subspecies or members of another genus ) were described using significantly fewer pages , specimens and characters , were compared to fewer species , were less often illustrated , and their descriptions less often included maps and sonagrams than valid species that have remained in their original genus ( fig . 2 ) .
test ( a , pages , specimens , characters , taxa compared ) and fisher ' s exact test ( b , illustrations , maps , sonagrams ) .
) . this model included five variables that were positively related to the probability that a taxon was not revised . there was a significant positive effect of year of description on the probability that a taxon was not revised , independent of the quality variables . this may indicate that the taxonomic status of some of the more recently described species requires revision . this is not surprising given that there was less time to revise more recently described species than those that have been described earlier . to determine whether the observed relationship between the quality of descriptions and the probability of subsequent revision is an artifact of incomplete revision of recent descriptions , the dataset was subdivided into five sets , each spanning 13 years , and the analysis was repeated for each set . the positive relationship between the quality of descriptions and the probability that no subsequent revision was made , was observed in each of these periods , although most comparisons were no longer significant due to smaller sample sizes ( fig . s1 ) . thus , the observed relationship between quality and revision cannot be explained by incomplete revision of recent descriptions .
notes : aic values are those of increasingly complex models , with parameters entered from top to bottom . thus , the aic value of “year” relates to the model with only “year” being entered , the second to the model with both “year” and “map , ” and so on . the model with the first five variables entered was optimal ( as shown by aic ) . differences from the optimal model are indicated by delta aic (
) . species taxa proposed in the late 1930s were typically described about 1 year after their discovery , whereas the mean interval between discovery and description had increased to about 6 years by the late 2000s .
these results show that taxonomic descriptions have become more elaborate and that the amount of information ( i . e . , number of pages ) produced per taxonomist has increased . because the increase in the number of authors per description coincides with a strong overall increase in quality , increased authorship cannot simply be attributed to a declining pool of missing species . based on the results of the present study , we suggest that the primary force driving the decline of the number of species described per taxonomist is a drive towards higher quality . the trend towards more elaborate studies reflects a transition in taxonomy from naming taxa ( which in a strict sense requires only a few lines of text ) to a science , in which the existence of new taxa and their properties are presented as hypotheses that require documentation and testing ( haszprunar 2011 ; sluys 2013 ) . the increased interval between discovery and description during the study period is consistent with this trend . elaborate , well - researched descriptions typically take more time , and require more authors , than the brief descriptions often published in previous decades .
the results of this study further show why elaborate descriptions of new species are important for taxonomy . elaborate descriptions less often required revision by subsequent taxonomists , and may therefore be regarded as more efficient , than less elaborate descriptions . because the quality of descriptions has increased since the 1930s ( fig . 1 ) , and a significant positive relation exists between quality and the probability that no revision is needed ( fig . 2 , table 2 ) , it is likely that efficiency in taxonomy has increased likewise .
the findings of this study offer a different perspective on progress in taxonomy than those of joppa et al . ( 2011a ) and costello et al . ( 2012 ) . whereas these authors attributed the drop in the numbers of species described per taxonomist to the ( supposed ) difficulties of finding any new species , our study shows that ( at least in birds ) this drop is best seen as a side - effect of a trend towards higher - quality descriptions , and that this trend translates into fewer subsequent revisions .
species : named species that remain hidden because these are incorrectly considered as invalid taxa or as subspecies of another species . previously named species that are currently misclassified must be “rediscovered” by taxonomic revision . between 1946 and early 2012 , the number of recognized bird species increased from 8616 to 10 , 511 (
) . during the same period , 266 valid species were described , which represent 14 . 0 % of the total increase of 1895 species , or roughly one in seven species . since 1946 , the rate of increase of the total number of species was exponential (
trends of the total number of recognized species of recent birds ( based on 18 estimates and classifications ) and newly described valid species of birds ( 1946–2011 ) . note that the number of recognized species increases much faster than the number of newly described valid species . a second - order trendline was added to illustrate the trend of the number of recognized species .
this underscores that in avian taxonomy , revision is a much more important source of newly recognized species than descriptions of previously unnamed species ( fig . 4 ) . consequently , progress in avian taxonomy is not limited by a diminishing pool of undescribed species . importantly , there is no evidence of a slowdown of taxonomic progress ( fig . 4 ) . this result is not unexpected given that in the first half of the twentieth century there was a very strong bias toward lumping distinctive bird species into large polytypic species ( haffer 1992 ) and this bias is only slowly undone by modern revisions ( sangster 2009 ) .
declines in the number of species described per taxonomist do not indicate a diminishing pool of undescribed species but are better explained by a widespread drive among taxonomists towards higher - quality descriptions . taxonomists have good reasons for this , because more elaborate descriptions require fewer subsequent revisions . the findings of this study and the lack of evidence that increasing numbers of authors involved in descriptions are driven by a diminishing pool of undescribed species , suggest that trends in the number of species described per author should not be used to estimate total numbers of species . furthermore , because numbers of recognized species of birds are increasing exponentially it is incorrect to suggest that species inventories of birds , let alone of all animals , are “nearly complete . ” the drive towards better descriptions and the strong increase of species numbers long after their initial descriptions , underscore the fundamentally analytic and iterative nature of taxonomy ( yeates et al . 2011 ; sluys 2013 ; de carvalho et al . 2014 ) , aspects often overlooked by biodiversity scientists and other end - users of taxonomy . broader appreciation of the scientific nature of taxonomy , and of the limitations of nomenclatural databases , will help to acquire a better understanding of the diversity of life .
we are grateful to norbert bahr for help with identifying older descriptions , to benoît fontaine , yves samyn , and heike wägele for comments on a previous version of the manuscript , and to the members of the journal club of the swedish museum of natural history for fruitful discussion . susanne renner , quentin wheeler and an anonymous referee provided valuable comments that improved the quality of the paper .
cisticola dorsti ( dorst ' s cisticola ) and c . ruficeps guinea are conspecific
gill f . , donsker d . 2011 . ioc world bird names ( version 2 . 8 . 3 ) . available from : urltoken ( last accessed march 30 , 2011 ) .
lumley t . 2009 . package ‘leaps’ : regression subset selection . available from : urltoken ( last accessed august 22 , 2014 ) .
radiation and species limits in the asian pallas ' s warbler complex ( phylloscopus proregulus s . l . )
peterson a . r . 2012 . zoonomen database . available from : urltoken ( last accessed october 22 , 2013 ) .
sibley c . g . 1996 . birds of the world . [ cd - rom ] version 2 . 0 . cincinnati : thayer birding software .
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this project started in 2006 as a way to try to explain to some friends some of the new ideas that might lead to rather drastic changes in bird checklists . the initial intent was to focus on the metaves hypothesis and potential changes in the emberizidae ( sensu lato , this name is usually used , although icteridae has priority ) . the treatment of both has changed substantially since then , with metaves being replaced by its remnant , columbea , and the icteroidae undergoing drastic changes .
as i started to write it up , i noticed more and more changes both being made to bird checklists and in the literature . the project grew into a longish essay i put on the web in 2007 . however , the more i worked on it , the more there was to do ! i found that a family - level listing wasn ' t enough . the composition of the families was changing too . i needed to go down to the generic or even species level . to properly track the changes , i needed my own world checklist .
unlike other checklists , this one is based on genetic studies to the highest degree possible . with one or two exceptions , it relies on published studies ( including those available “ahead of print” ) . the strong focus on genetics means that previous morphological studies are often treated as second - class citizens . this is especially true when they aren ' t consistent with the genetic data , even if the genetic data is somewhat soft . nonetheless , i rely on such analyses to fill in the gaps left by the genetic data .
my approach contrasts with most checklist committees . they usually put substantial weight on traditional classifications , and try to avoid speculation , even when its clear that the traditional classification is wrong . in particular , they try to avoid making erroneous changes , and put a premium on stability .
this checklist has a different purpose . it exists to speculate , to map out potential changes in the taxonomy . the price of focusing on speculation is to give up stability . i try to avoid erroneously maintaining the status quo , and try to keep abreast of the latest findings , even if incomplete .
the truth is that much of the genetic analysis is incomplete . it is still the case that only part of the avian tree has reliable results . for the rest , some is still relatively uninvestigated , some has results that are not clear cut or even contradictory , and some studies are not well executed . in some cases i ' ve taken my best guess based on available data , sometimes speculating well beyond the genetic data .
the instability of the tif worldlist may make it unsuitable for everyday use , although it should serve the useful function of highlighting potential changes regardless of your preferred checklist . unlike a printed checklist , the tif web list can be easily updated as new information , corrections , and better interpretations come to my attention . the “what ' s new” button at the top will show you the latest changes .
previously , only the combination of sibley and monroe ( 1990 ) and sibley and ahlquist ( 1990 ) or its precursor in the auk ( sibley , ahlquist , and monroe , 1988 ) had attempted anything of this sort ( the famous “tapestry” ) . from the beginning , the tif list has used an explicit family - level tree . that has now been extended to a genus - level tree for most families . in some cases it has been pushed to the species level , and in a very few cases , to subspecies .
the tif checklist currently groups the birds in 46 orders and 248 families . both a order - level and family - level trees are now available in pdf format . due to its length , the family tree is split into 5 parts .
the checklist can be viewed in two ways . you can either view the annotated checklist on these web pages or download a list . the downloadable lists are excel csv files that can be imported into spreadsheets such as excel , or easily manipulated by programs such as perl . four lists are available in csv format . the aba list includes only aba recognized species , but in tif order , with tif families . the south american list uses tif species rather than sacc species .
the version number at the top of the page refers to the csv files . note that the web pages are updated more frequently than the spreadsheets .
richard jackson has provided a tif - based spreadsheet cross - referenced to the ioc list , the 16 volumes of hbw , and the two volume hbw / birdlife illustrated checklist ( icbw ) .
you can view an annotated version by clicking on the list of bird orders on the right , or by using the family index , or genus index , or by clicking on the family names in the various tree view pages . in the annotated list , recently extinct species and species whose taxonomic placement is particularly uncertain are color - coded . in some cases , superfamilies , subfamilies , tribes , and other groups have been added to help show how the birds are related .
the ultimate influences on the tif list are charles sibley , jon ahlquist , and burt monroe . the sibley - monore ( 1993 ) checklist and the two earlier volumes by sibley and monroe ( 1990 ) and sibley and ahlquist ( 1990 ) sparked my interest in avian taxonomy . in some sense , the tif list is an attempt to redo their tapestry based on modern genetic studies .
the tif list was originally based on the 3rd edition howard and moore checklist , but the species list has been modified based on decisions by recognized authorities and publications in ornithological journals . the overall species list is now most similar to the ioc list . the ioc list has the advantage of quickly adopting recent changes in taxonomy . now that they are expanding it to include subspecies and the other amenities of the howard and moore list , it has become my base reference . i have also made heavy use of the sacc and hbw projects . the sacc is to be particularly commended for their open revision process , which provides unparalleled information about why particular taxonomic changes were made .
there are numerous other checklists available on the web . for aba listers , the venerable clements checklist is now available on the web , and is updated approximately annually . those focusing on conservation issues may prefer the bird life international checklist , also updated annually , and now being integrated with a new hbw checklist .
besides the world checklists , there are various other taxonomic resources available on the web . birdforum ' s bird taxonomy and nomenclature forum discusses the latest taxonomic issues . those interested in tracking lumps , splits , and other changes in bird taxonomy should take a look at richard klim ' s holarctic checklist . although he only considers holarctic species , he does a great job of tracking all the changes . don roberson ' s bird families of the world has long followed the ongoing shake - up in bird families .
i ' ve found alan peterson ' s zoonomen particularly helpful for sorting out the complexities of scientific names . the late john penhallurick ' s world bird info also has a wealth of information about the history of scientific names , plus information on range , habitat , and sometimes photos . finally , the internet bird collection includes some of the text from hbw together with a wealth of photos and videos .
i thank geir sverre andersen , manual andrés - moreno , gustav asplund , norbert bahr , keith bennett , david cole , john croxall , thomas donegan , stefan ericsson , dale herter , liam hughes , richard jackson , james a . jobling , colin jones , leo joseph , max kirsch , peter kovalik , thomas kuenzel , marek kuziemko , wich ' yanan limparungpatthanakij , lothar lorenz , pietro martini , heidi michelle , d . james mountjoy , stephen p . nawrocki , jack neubart , jonas nordin , †john penhallurick , daniel philippe , stephan pickering , steve preddy , sandy rae , michael ramsey , laurent raty , thomas s . schulenberg , nathan terzaghi , ben wielstra , victor s . zhukov , and kristof zyskowski for their helpful comments and suggestions .
taxonomy in flux : version 3 . 00l , july 8 , 2018 ( february 28 , 2015 ) .
from the school of biological sciences , university of auckland , private bag 92019 , auckland , new zealand ( dalebout and baker ) ; national museum of natural history , mail stop nhb 108 , smithsonian institution , washington , dc 20560 ( mead ) ; center for dolphin studies , box 1856 , plettenberg bay 6600 , south africa ( cockcroft ) ; and national science museum , tokyo , 3 - 23 - 1 hyakunin - cho , shinjuku - ku , tokyo 169 - 0073 , japan ( yamada ) . m . l . dalebout is currently at the biology department , dalhousie university , halifax , nova scotia b3h 4ji , canada
address correspondence to c . scott baker at the address above , or e - mail : cs . baker @ urltoken .
genetic information in the form of dna sequences can serve as a universal character set for the taxonomic identification of organisms . such genetic characters are particularly useful for species in which distinctive morphological features are difficult to observe or compare . genetic databases have become increasingly common in the monitoring of trade and investigation of poaching ( e . g . , baker et al . 1996 ; baker and palumbi 1994 ; desalle and birstein 1996 ; malik et al . 1997 ; roman and bowen 2000 ) , but their use in addressing questions of basic organismal taxonomy or the discovery of new vertebrate species remains rare ( baker et al . 2002 ; dalebout et al . 2002 ; giao et al . 1998 ; smith et al . 1991 ) . for microorganisms , however , these techniques are widely used to investigate species diversity and identity ( e . g . , fuhrman et al . 1992 ; moon - van der staay et al . 2001 ; pace 1997 ) . it is becoming increasingly obvious that a molecular taxonomy would be valuable for all organisms ( dalebout and baker 2002 ; hebert et al . 2003 ; tautz et al . 2003 ) .
here we present a comprehensive and validated mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) reference database of control region and cytochrome b sequences for beaked whales ( dalebout et al . 1998 ; henshaw et al . 1997 ; this article ) . these mtdna datasets , including earlier partial versions , have been used previously to correctly identify specimens misidentified from morphology and discover a new species of beaked whale ( dalebout et al . 1998 , 2002 , 2003 ; van helden et al . 2002 ) . these datasets are presented here in full for the first time . we also present a complementary database of nuclear dna ( ndna ) actin intron sequences for 17 of the 21 beaked whale species and consider the concordance of evolutionary patterns among these alleles with the mtdna phylogeny .


pygopristis denticulata is a species of piranha .

it is a rare south american fish found in the orinoco river basin , north and eastern guiana shield rivers , and tributaries of the lower amazon river .

specimens of this species is frequently found in acidic clear or black waters .

they usually feed on aquatic insects , small fish , and fruits .

p. denticulata has pentacuspid teeth and a middle cusp that is usually only slightly larger than the other cusps .

this is unlike the piranhas , which have tricuspid teeth with a larger middle cusp , making the teeth appear triangular .

p. denticulata grows to about 20.0 cm ( 7.9 in ) in tl .

it has 62 chromosomes .

this fish possesses powerful dentition that can cause serious bites .

it has scales .

pygopristis denticulata

species is sexually dimorphic based on a lobed anal fin on male p . denticulata .
pygopristis antoni ( fernández - yépez ) from venezuela is a synonym of pristobrycon striolatus . what i found interesting is the photograph of serrasalmus punctatus schomburgk ( pg . 9 ii . 1 . el género pygopristis müller y troschel , 1844 . figura 4 . los peces caribes de venezuela , 1996 ) resembles a very peppery spotted p . denticulata from brazil .
pygopristis müller & troschel 1844 : 95 . fem . pygopristis fumarius müller & troschel 1844 . type by subsequent designation . type designated by eigenmann 1910 : 441 . synonym of serrasalmus lacepède 1803 , but a valid subgenus - - ( géry 1972 : 209 , géry 1976 : 52 ) . valid as pygopristis müller & troschel 1844 - - ( taphorn 1992 : 312 ) . pygopristis müller & troschel 1844 . characidae : serrasalminae . the proper scientific species name is denticulata not denticulatus . there is mounting evidence to suggest that this species and catoprion mento are genetically more related to each other than other piranha species ( orti , 2000 et al ) .
pygopristis fumarius from müller and troschel , o . c . : 21 . 35 . lam ix . fig . 2 .
pygopristis denticulatus müller and troschel , 1844 , horae jehth , 1 : 21 . 34 , lam . ix . fig . 1 .
pg . 241 . pygopristis denticulatus ( cuvier ) . serrasalmo denticulatus cuvier , mem . mus . d ' hist . nat . , v , 1819 , 371 . —gunther , catalogue , v , 1864 , 367 ( british guiana ) .
the diagnosis of this kind is the same one that is established for serrasalmus . the species of serrasalmus are transformed imperceptibly inside pygopristis , and the distinction among the two , based on the number of tubercles in the teeth seems to be of doubtful generic rank .
pygopristis fumarius muller and troschel , horse ichth . , i , 1848 , 21 , 35 , pi . 9 , fig . 2 ; in schomburgk , reisen , iii , 1848 , 637 ( rupununi ; essequibo ) . —kner ,
familie der characinen ,
ii , 1859 , 27 ( rio branco ) .
i first purchased p . denticulata ( then classified as s . brandtii in an old piranha book ) in 1964 . i also foolishly tested its weak jaw muscles by sticking my finger in a 3 inch specimens mouth ! interestingly , the fish was not able to draw blood or flesh . but i would never try it with a larger specimen nor should you ! the map to the left is based on the jégu & dos santos exploration ( 1988 ) . rev . hydrobiol . trop . 21 ( 3 ) : 239 - 274 .
a single species placed in genus pygopristis , is ( in my opinion ) absolutely one of the prettiest of the serrasalminae this non - dangerous piranha feeds principally on fins , seeds , fruits and such that fall into the water ( click here to view ) . when opefe brought this to the attention of a neo - tropical division at a local state college , there was snickering and skepticism that a piranha would feed on seeds or fruits instead of whole flesh . since then , opefe provided documented proof of the seed and fruit eating behavior and their skepticism is no longer the case . other field researchers have since confirmed the eating habits of this species in the wild .
pygopristis derdiculatus muller and troschel , horse ichth . , i , 1845 , 21 , 34 , pi . 9 , fig . 1 ( guiana ) ; in schomburgk , reisen , iii , 1848 , 637 ( essequibo ; takutu ; rupununi ) . —cuvier and valenciennes , hist . nat . poiss . , xxii , 1848 , 297 ( essequibo ) . —eigenmann and eigenmann , proc . u . s . nat . mus . , xiv . 1891 , 59 . —ulrey , ann . n . y . acad . sci . , vii , 1895 , 296 ( lower amazon ) . - eigenmann , repts . princeton univ . exp . patagonia , iii , 1910 , 441 .
greek , pyge = rump + greek , pristis = saw ( ref . 45335 )
south america : orinoco river basin , north and eastern guiana shield rivers ; tributaries of the lower amazon river .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12225 )
rare ( ref . 12225 ) . possesses powerful dentition that can cause serious bites .
jégu , m . , 2003 . serrasalminae ( pacus and piranhas ) . p . 182 - 196 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 39031 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02042 ( 0 . 01151 - 0 . 03622 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .
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a monotypic genus this pirambeba is predaceous but to a much lower degree than previously thought . there seem to be different forms in terms of coloration and other unique features ; possess dark bands along the flank with some lightly peppered spotting . these are sometimes erroneously imported as p . striolatus from peru .
hobbyists can consider this species somewhat harmless in the aquarium . but they do have sharp if not the smallest teeth of the pirambeba - like fish . they will eat small fishes . care is still required in handling them , they have weak jaws , but do not assume that a large specimen cannot lacerate you ! the species may be kept with its relatives the silver dollars ( genus metynnis ) . it is not uncommon to find them mixed up together in pet stores when juvenile , since they externally resemble that genus .
i do not recommend mixing this species with any other piranha or pirambeba . the main reason is because they likely would get eaten by their more opportunistic sisters . i consider them to be an excellent specimen for the home aquarium and worth collecting .
serrasalmus denticulatus cuvier , 1819 . mem mus . hist . nat . paris , v : 371 .
eigenmann , c . h . 1910 ( 12 feb . ) catalogue of the fresh - water fishes of tropical and south temperate america . in : reports of the princeton university expeditions to patagonia 1896 - 1899 .
serrasabno punctatu s schomburgk , fishes brit . guiana , i , 1841 , 223 , pi . 17 . twenty - three specimens , 151 - 234 mm . lama stop - off . ( c . m . cat . no . 1118a - d ; i . u . cat . no . 11637 . ) head 3 . 5 ; depth 1 . 66 ; d . 18 or 19 ; a . 34 - 38 ; scales with pores 87 - 95 ; eye 4 in head , 2 in interorbital ; abdominal serrse 36 + 4 , 33 + 3 , 38 + 4 , 31 + 4 in four individuals respectively .
pumpkin - seed shaped ; snout rounded , lower jaw heavy , truncate , its anterior profile forming a continuous oblique line with the snout . second suborbital leaving four - tenths of the cheeks naked ; opercular bones and suborbitals but little striate ; mouth small ; teeth nearly symmetrical , with a central lobe and two much smaller lobes on each side ; six teeth on each premaxillary , in a single series , the third tooth much smaller than the rest . gill - rakers 9 + 9 , small . dorsal broadly rounded , its base equal to its distance from the caudal ; adipose short ; caudal lobes pointed ; anal with its first two or three developed rays slightly prolonged , the rest of the margin of the fin nearly straight ; ventrals reaching anal groove , pectorals not quite to ventrals . lateral line decurved ; anterior scales of the lateral line largest ; rows of scales along the middle of the sides more numerous than the pores in the lateral line , the pores corresponding to the rows of scales on the caudal peduncle and over the posterior fourth of the anal ; a wide naked area from the dorsal to the occipital .
dorsal faintly spotted . iridescent steel - blue above . pectorals , ventrals , and most of the anal brick - red ; opercle orange ; a narrow margin of the caudal and anal colorless ; caudal submarginally orange , ranging to lemon - yellow and olive .
gosline published the origin and evolution of the serrasalminae ( 1951 : 54 ) and indicated . . .
orinoco river basin , north and east guiana shield rivers ; tributaries of lower amazon : brazil , french guiana , guyana , suriname and venezuela .
machado - allison , a . & fink , william . 1996 , los peces caribes to venezuela diagnosis , claves , aspectos ecologicos y evolutivos .
machado - allison , a . 2002 los peces caribes de venezuela : una aproximación a su estudio taxonómico . bol . acad . c . fis . mat . nat . v . 62 ( no . 1 ) : 35 - 88 .
reis , r . e . , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . 2003 check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . check list freshw . fishes south & cent . amer . 2003 : i - xi + 1 - 729 .
cuvier , g . , memoires du museum national d ' histoire naturelle , publishing date ; 1819 , sur les poissons du sous - genre «hydrocyn , sur deux nouvelles espèces de «chalceus» , sur trois nouvelles espèces de «serrasalmes» , et sur l ' «argentina glossodonta» de forskahl , quiest l ' «albula gonorhynchus» de bloch . cuvier , g . 1819 mem . mus . natl . hist . nat . . 5 : 351 - 379 .
müller , j . and f . h . troschel 1844 synopsis generum et specierum familiae characinorum . ( prodromus descriptionis novorum generum et specierum ) . arch . naturgeschichte v . 10 ( pt 1 ) : 81 - 99 + zu pag . 99 ( foldout ) .
eigenmann , c . h . 1910 ( 12 feb . ) catalogue of the fresh - water fishes of tropical and south temperate america . in : reports of the princeton university expeditions to patagonia 1896 - 1899 . zoology . catalogue v . 3 ( pt 4 ) : 375 - 511 . [ also as a separate , issued 12 feb . 1910 as : catalog and bibliography of . . . ; contr . zool . lab indiana univ . no . 76 ( 2 ) . ]
géry , j . 1972 ( 19 dec . ) poissons characoïdes des guyanes . i . généralités . ii . famille des serrasalmidae . zool . verh . ( leiden ) no . 122 : 1 - 250 , pls . 1 - 16 .
géry , j . 1976 ( 18 mar . ) les genres de serrasalmidae ( pisces , characoidei ) . bull . zool . mus . univ . amst . v . 5 ( no . 6 ) : 47 - 54 .
taphorn , d . c . 1992 the characiform fishes of the apure river drainage , venezuela . biollania edición especial - no . 4 . monografias cientificas del museo de ciencias naturales , unellez - - guanara , estado portuguesa , venezuela . 1 - 537 .
freeman , b . , nico , l . g . , ostentoski , m . jelks , h . j . & collins , t . m . 2007 . molecular systemics of serrasalmidae : deciphering the identities of piranha speceis and unraveling their evoluntionary histories . zootaxa 1484 : 1 - 38 .
the opefe web site and its contents ; is disclaimed for purposes of zoological nomenclature in accordance with the international code of zoological nomenclature , fourth edition , article 8 . 3 and 8 . 4 . no new names or nomenclature changes are available from statements at this web site .
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rare ( ref . 12225 ) . possesses powerful dentition that can cause serious bites .
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bullia natalensis , the pleated plough shell , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks .

bullia natalensis

what type of species is bullia natalensis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the bullia natalensis species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of bullia natalensis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species bullia natalensis .
how to identify bullia natalensis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species bullia natalensis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species bullia natalensis are marked in green .
where is bullia natalensis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species bullia natalensis can be found .
nassariidae » bullia natalensis , id : 336258 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
» species bullia ( bullia ) callosa ( wood , 1828 ) represented as bullia callosa ( w . wood , 1828 )
» species bullia ( bullia ) similis g . b . sowerby iii , 1897 represented as bullia similis sowerby iii , 1897
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : bullia natalensis ( c . f . f . von krauss , 1848 ) - id : 1951300070
» species bullia ( bullia ) mozambicensis e . a . smith , 1878 represented as bullia mozambicensis e . a . smith , 1878
» species bullia ( bullia ) persica e . a . smith , 1878 represented as bullia persica e . a . smith , 1878
» species bullia ( bullia ) trifasciata e . a . smith , 1904 represented as bullia trifasciata e . a . smith , 1904
» species bullia ( bullia ) ancillaeformis e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as bullia ancillaeformis e . a . smith , 1906
» species bullia ( bullia ) osculata g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 accepted as bullia osculata ( sowerby iii , 1900 )
species bullia gracilis w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885
species bullia kraussi w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885
species bullia scalaris w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885
species bullia thetis w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885
( of bullia ( bullia ) natalensis ( krauss , 1848 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
species bullia albanyana w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )
species bullia rietensis w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )
species bullia scitula w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )
species bullia soluta w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia digitalis ( dillwyn , 1817 )
species bullia sowerbyi w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia laevissima ( gmelin , 1791 )
species bullia spectrum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )
species bullia subventricosa w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )
species bullia zenobia w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )
» species bullia ( bullia ) nitida ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1895 ) represented as bullia nitida g . b . sowerby iii , 1895
subgenus bullia ( adinus ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as bullia gray , 1833
species bullia dulcis g . b . sowerby iii , 1921 accepted as bullia digitalis ( dillwyn , 1817 )
species bullia pustulosa g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 accepted as bullia mozambicensis e . a . smith , 1878
bullia natalensis - species dictionary - southern africa - observations - page 1 : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
species bullia pellucida w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as annulobalcis pellucida ( w . h . turton , 1932 ) ( original combination )
bullia mozambicensis was originally discovered and described by british malacologist edgar albert smith in 1877 . smith ' s original text ( the type description ) reads as follows :
( of bullia ( bullia ) gray , 1833 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
allmon w . d . , 1990 [ 12 december ] . review of the bullia group ( gastropoda : nassariidae ) with comments on its evolution , biogeography , and phylogeny . bulletins of american paleontology 99 ( 335 ) : 179 pp . , 15 pls . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of adinus h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) allmon w . d . , 1990 [ 12 december ] . review of the bullia group ( gastropoda : nassariidae ) with comments on its evolution , biogeography , and phylogeny . bulletins of american paleontology 99 ( 335 ) : 179 pp . , 15 pls . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bullia plicata redfield , 1848 ) marais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]
( of bullia ( leiodomus ) swainson , 1840 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
branch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
marais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]
( of buccinum natalense krauss , 1848 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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e - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .
south africa . transkei coast . found in sand at surfs edge . ex - coll . d . & m . meyer . june 1987 .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )
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j . e . gray in e . griffith & e . pidgeon , 1834
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
south africa ( country ) for clathurella verrucosa g . b . sowerby iii , 1897
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griffith , e . & pidgeon , e . ( 1833 - 1834 ) . the mollusca and radiata . vol . 12 , in : e . griffith , [ 1824 ] −1835 , the animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization , by the baron cuvier , [ . . . ] . london : whittaker and co . , viii + 601 pp . , 61 pls . [ 1−138 ( date of publication according to petit & coan , 2008 : pp 1 - 192 , mollusca pls . 1−39 - 1833 ; pp 193 - 601 , pls . zoophytes 2−20 , mollusca corrected pls . 28 * , 36 * , 37 * , pls . 40 - 41 - 1834 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 37 , fig . 8 ( legend ) [ details ]
abbott , r . t . & s . p . dance ( 1986 ) . compendium of sea shells . american malacologists , inc : melbourne , florida [ details ]
galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of leiodomus swainson , 1840 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of pseudostrombus mörch , 1852 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of adinus h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
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branch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg .
branch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg .
cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . < i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i > 14 : 1 - 356 .
marais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp .


coenagrion hastulatum , the northern damselfly or spearhead bluet , is a damselfly in the family coenagrionidae .

the species is widespread and common in northern eurasia but is restricted to elevated or bog-like sites towards the west and south .

in britain , it is confined to a few small lochans in scotland .

c. hastulatum is 31 – 33 millimetres ( 1.2 – 1.3 in ) long .

the specific part of the scientific name , hastulatum , from the latin hastula ( small spear ) is because of the distinctive markings on the second segment of the abdomen that resembles a spear .

coenagrion hastulatum

arne w . lehmann marked
file : coenagrion hastulatum female ( 5902893676 ) . jpg
as trusted on the
coenagrion hastulatum
page .
arne w . lehmann marked
file : coenagrion hastulatum male ( 5902337371 ) . jpg
as trusted on the
coenagrion hastulatum
page .
arne w . lehmann set
file : coenagrion hastulatum 3 ( loz ) . jpg
as an exemplar on
coenagrion hastulatum charpentier 1825
.
coenagrion _ hastulatum _ m , _ 6 - 10 - 12 , _ kh , _ vladimdacha _ ( krasn . ) . jpg
abundant in many parts of northern eurasia , but coenagrion hastulatum is isolated in elevated or bog - like sites towards the west and south .
arne w . lehmann marked
file : coenagrionhastulatummale . jpg
as trusted on the
coenagrion hastulatum ( charpentier , 1825 )
page .
both sexes have bright green undersides to the eyes and face and a coenagrion spur .
the majority of ongoing threats facing coenagrion hastulatum are agriculture based , including habitat destruction through crop - farming and plantations of woodland and water pollution . in the future , global warming may contribute to the success of this species .
justification : coenagrion hastulatum has experienced declines in parts of its central european range but it is widespread and common in northern eurasia . there are a number of ongoing threats that will require the species to be monitored and studies are in place to do this .
the preferred habitat of coenagrion hastulatum includes a wide variety of pools and lakes in the north , but it is restricted to somewhat acidic and oligotrophic or mesotrophic habitats in much of its range . it favours well - vegetated borders , e . g . with sedges .
this species is easily confused with the other members of the genus coenagrion and with the common blue damselfly enallagma cyathigerum . look at s2 ( on the males ) for distinguishing characters . northern damselfly is a weak flyer and has a very restricted range . the females can be particularly tricky to distinguish apart .
male : segment 2 has a rather variable , spear - head shaped spot linked rather like the cards ♠
spades
symbol ( see right ) . segment 8 and segment 9 are blue except for 2 small black spots on s9 .
antennae with 6 segments and prominant spotting on the head . caudal lamellae long and narrow with distinct , dark nodal constriction and dark nodal line .
this species is restricted in the uk to sedge - fringed lochans in the scottish highlands .
all photos published on this site are copyright of the original photographer and are reproduced with their permission . all other content of this site is copyright of the british dragonfly society except where explicitly stated otherwise . the british dragonfly society is a registered charity , number 1168300 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
there have been declines in parts of its central european range but it is widespread and common in northern eurasia .
there are a variety of conservation measures in place however more are needed . the maintenance and restoration of its preferred habitat is underway , as is the monitoring of the population status and trends .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
m section 2 of the abdomen has a rather variable , spear - head shaped spot linked rather like the cards ♠
spades
symbol .
is isolated in elevated or bog - like sites towards the west and south .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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