parapoynx diminutalis is a species of moth of the crambidae family .

it is endemic to south-east asia , including the northern territory , queensland and new south wales in australia , but has since been found in the united kingdom and the united states .

it is also found in africa , where it has been recorded from egypt , sudan , ethiopia , kenya , uganda , tanzania , zambia , zimbabwe , malawi , south africa , botswana , angola , the republic of congo , nigeria and madagascar .

the wingspan is 11 – 14 mm for males and 16 – 23 mm for females .

the forewings are white , suffused with fuscous .

the hindwings are white with a fuscous y-shaped median fascia .

the larvae feed on hydrilla and nymphaea species .

parapoynx diminutalis

species parapoynx diminutalis - small leafcutter moth - hodges # 4765 - bugguide . net
figure 5 . a cocoon constructed and occupied by a parapoynx diminutalis snellen larva . parapoynx diminutalis snellen use plant stems , leaves and other materials to construct their cocoons and attach to submerged stems or plant material . photograph by julie baniszewski , university of florida .
figure 7 . damage inflicted on hydrilla leaf by a first instar of parapoynx diminutalis snellen . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
brou jr va . 1993 . range extension of the moth parapoynx diminutalis snellen ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . southern lepidopterists’ news 15 : 33 - 34 .
according to the global pyraloidea database ( nuss et al . 2003 - 2013 ) and shibuya ( 1928 ) the following junior synonyms have been used for parapoynx diminutalis :
balciunas jk , habeck dh . 1981 . recent range extension of a hydrilla damaging moth , parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . florida entomologist 64 : 195 - 196 .
bownes a . 2010 . asian aquatic moth parapoynx diminutalis , accidentally introduced earlier , contributes to control of an aquatic weed hydrilla verticillata in south africa . african journal of aquatic science 35 : 307 - 311 .
buckingham gr , bennett ca . 1996 . laboratory biology of an immigrant asian moth , parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidotera : pyralidae ) , on hydrilla verticillata ( hydrocharitaceae ) . florida entomologist 79 : 353 - 363 .
figure 2 . parapoynx diminutalis snellen , first instar larva eating hydrilla . first instar larvae are transparent , allowing consumed hydrilla to be visible in the gut . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
del fosse es , perkins bd , steward kk . 1976 . a new record for parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , a possible biological control agent for hydrilla verticillata . florida entomologist 59 : 1 - 30 .
buckingham gr , bennett ca . 1989 . laboratory host range of parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , an asian aquatic moth adventive in florida and panama on hydrilla verticillata ( hydrocharitaceae ) . environmental entomology 18 : 526 - 530 .
figure 1 . eggs of parapoynx diminutalis snellen , within one day of being laid ( left ) . egg mass sizes vary and are often laid on plant tissue ( right ) . photographs by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
baniszewski j , weeks eni , cuda jp . 2016 . bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki reduces competition by parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) in colonies of the hydrilla biological control agent cricotopus lebetis ( diptera : chironomidae ) . florida entomologist 99 : 644 - 647 .
figure 3 . an early instar of parapoynx diminutalis snellen ( left ) . larvae are mobile and retreat into a cocoon between feedings . cocoons are constructed of plant materials and attached to a hydrilla stem ( right ) . photographs by julie baniszewski , university of florida .
parapoynx diminutalis is native to parts of asia , africa , and australia ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . in its adventive range , parapoynx diminutalis has been found in panama ( notably in the panama canal , which was infested with hydrilla ) , honduras , and florida . in commercial greenhouses , the moth has been observed colonizing aquatic plants in england and denmark ( agassiz 1978 , 1981 ) . parapoynx diminutalis was first seen in florida in fort lauderdale in 1976 but progressively appeared in more northern counties , eventually reaching alachua and putnam counties by 1979 ( balciunas and habeck 1981 ) . in the early 1980s , hydrilla surveys in other southeastern states revealed that the moth’s range did not extend beyond florida ( balciunas and minno 1985 ) . even in northern florida , the cooler water temperatures caused populations to be reduced in late winter and early spring . milder climates such as those found in panama may enable populations to thrive throughout the year ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
figure 4 . a late instar of parapoynx diminutalis snellen , feeding on hydrilla ( left ) . instars 2 through 7 are white , later instars begin to turn yellow closer to pupation ( right ) . branched gills are visible and help identify this species in the larval stage . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
figure 6 . an adult parapoynx diminutalis snellen , female moth ( left ) and male moth ( right ) . females have longer wingspans , more pointed forewings , and larger abdomens . males have longer antennae and more distinct white setae ( hairs ) at the tip of the abdomen . photographs by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
parapoynx diminutalis snellen is an adventive asian moth with an aquatic larval stage . the moth is found associated with a variety of water bodies including river backwaters , lakes , and ponds ( habeck 1996 ) . the aquatic larvae commonly attack hydrilla , hydrilla verticillata ( l . f . royle ) , and other aquatic plants ( buckingham and bennett 1989 , 1996 ) .
parapoynx diminutalis undergoes complete metamorphosis from an aquatic caterpillar to a moth . life stages include the egg , seven larval instars ( the seventh instar includes a pre - pupa stage ) , the pupa and finally adult emergence ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . the life cycle of parapoynx diminutalis ranges from 25 to 41 days for development and about five days for the adult life span . females lay on average about 200 eggs , but can lay just a few to over 500 . the eggs require 4 - 6 days to develop before first instars hatch . adults typically emerge from pupae after dusk and are quick to fly to avoid potential predators . the adults drink water using a reduced proboscis , but they do not appear to feed ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . parapoynx diminutalis mating has not been studied in detail but has been observed occasionally and seems to occur at around three hours after dusk . although the maximum time in copula is unknown , pairs of moths in copula facing in opposite directions were noted to rest for at least 30 minutes . after mating , there is a 1 - day pre - oviposition period . females then oviposit soon after dusk just below the water surface on leaves or stems . first instars have been shown to hatch both below and above the water surface , although it has been observed that the females typically oviposit below the water surface ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
however , in south africa , where the moth was accidentally introduced , parapoynx diminutalis is believed to be having a significant impact on hydrilla infestations ( bownes 2010 ) . after moths were discovered feeding in a hydrilla infested water body at pongolapoort dam , kwazulu - natal in january 2009 , almost all plants were defoliated by april of the same year ( bownes 2010 ) . although hydrilla was not eradicated in this area , the reduction in viability of the hydrilla has allowed other native plants to recolonize .
the asian moth parapoynx diminutalis snellen is an immigrant in florida and panama where it attacks hydrilla , hydrilla verticillata ( l . fil . ) royle , an immigrant submersed weed from asia . field populations of p . diminutalis are occasionally heavy on hydrilla but are rarely found on other plant species , including those that are laboratory hosts . larvae build portable cases from which they feed on leaves and stems . the 7 instars can be differentiated by head capsule widths . measurements are presented of other immature stages . in the laboratory at 26 . 7°c , eggs developed in 4 - 6 d , larvae in 21 - 35 d , prepupae in 1 - 2 d , and pupae in 6 - 7 d . adults lived 3 - 5 d at 24 . 4°c .
hydrilla is invasive , and the actions of the moth rarely require management and are usually considered to be desirable . however , in certain situations where the presence of hydrilla is needed , such as in research with other biocontrol agents , management of the moth larvae may be necessary to prevent consumption of the plant material . in these situations , a strain of the biorational insecticide bacillus thuringiensis has been tested for controlling parapoynx diminutalis ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ; bownes 2010 ; baniszewski et al . 2016 ) . bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki , commonly known as btk , is specific to lepidopteran pests . btk produces proteins that are toxic to larvae ; the proteins bind to the midgut when consumed and kill the larvae ( bauce et al . 2006 ; van driesche et al . 2008 ) . a commercially available btk product has been shown to cause 80 % mortality of parapoynx diminutalis larvae in about four days ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . baniszewski et al . ( 2016 ) found that a concentration of 2 ml per 3 . 8 l or higher reduced moth emergence by 75 % and a concentration of 0 . 2 ml per 3 . 8 l reduced emergence by 50 % . however , the higher doses impacted the emergence of the biological agent under culture , the hydrilla tip - mining midge , cricotopus lebetis ( baniszewski et al . 2016 ) .
larvae are commonly found on the aquatic weed hydrilla , hydrilla verticillata . the initial discovery of the moth on hydrilla led to an interest in the moth as a possible biological control agent of this invasive weed . in the field , larvae and pupae have been found in small numbers on coontail ( ceratophyllum demersum l . ) , southern naiad ( najas guadalupensis ( sprengel ) magnus ) , and illinois pondweed ( potamogeton illinoensis morong ) ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . furthermore , in laboratory studies , while parapoynx diminutalis larvae preferred hydrilla , they could also complete development on various other plants including coontail , southern naiad , fanwort ( cabombo caroliniana gray ) , brazilian waterweed ( egeria densa planchon ) , and eurasian water - milfoil ( myriophyllum spicatum l . ) ( buckingham and bennett 1989 ) .
plant damage is inflicted by the larvae , which not only eat the leaf and stem tissue , but use these materials to prepare their pupal cocoon as well ( figure 7 ) . the main food source for parapoynx diminutalis is the aquatic weed hydrilla ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . in most natural situations in the u . s . , hydrilla is invasive and an undesirable weed because it develops surface mats and disrupts natural ecosystems ( haller and sutton 1975 ; langeland et al . 2016 ) . there have been few studies to quantify the effect of feeding moth larvae on hydrilla biomass . feeding of the moth larvae on hydrilla in florida was thought to have a positive effect on hydrilla - invaded water bodies ( del fosse et al . 1976 ) by reducing the need for herbicide applications to control hydrilla mats . however , naturalized populations of this moth are too sporadic to have a significant effect on hydrilla density . for example , in northern florida populations build up during the summer months and can cause extensive defoliation of hydrilla , but in the winter , populations decline rapidly with cooler water temperatures ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
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the moth was identified in 1971 in india and pakistan during scouting trips to attempt to determine potential biological control agents for hydrilla . despite having potential for hydrilla destruction , the moth was declared to be a generalist feeder and unsuitable for release into u . s . water bodies for hydrilla control ( baloch et al . 1980 ) . however , the moth was later found in florida in 1976 by united states department of agriculture technicians who were testing herbicides for hydrilla control . the larvae ( caterpillars ) found on hydrilla were observed to be eating the invasive weed . the pathway , method , or time of the moth’s arrival remains unknown ( del fosse et al . 1976 ) .
more recent studies indicate that the moth also is established in louisiana , where 37 moths were collected from 1984 - 1992 ( brou jr . 1993 ) .
eggs : eggs are smooth and bright yellow when laid ( figure 1 ) ; they turn white , and then become transparent as they develop . the eggs are generally deposited on plant leaves or stems just below the water surface in masses of various sizes ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
larvae : larvae can be distinguished from those of other aquatic species by the presence of branched gills ( habeck 1996 ) and brown spots on the head and the tip of the thorax . the larval stage consists of seven instars ; all seven are off - white with yellow - brown legs ( habeck and balciunas 2005 ) . the larvae are mobile and feed on hydrilla leaves . the first instar is white yet nearly transparent and has 1 mm long setae ( hairs ) ( figure 2 ) . instars 2 through 7 are white , later instars begin to turn yellow as they approach pupation ( figure 3 ) . in later instars , the length increases and the external gills develop ( figure 4 ) . instars 3 through 7 use plant tissue to construct a silk case , and often retreat into the case between feeding events ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
pupae : pupae have three tubercles ( or nodules ) along each side and two setae ( or hairs ) on the head . female pupae can be distinguished from males by their larger size and by their antennae . female antennae are shorter , extending only to the wing tips , whereas male antennae are longer and extend past the wing tips ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . late seventh instar larvae ( or pre - pupae ) enclose themselves in a white cocoon , which is attached to a submerged plant stem ( figure 5 ) . after 1 - 2 days in the cocoon , the white pre - pupae have developed into yellow pupae inside the cocoon . the eyes turn red , then brown , and the wings become visible as pupation progresses ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
adults : moth adults are white with brown or tan markings or bands on the wings and tan bands on the body ( figure 6 ) . females typically differ from males by their longer wingspans , more pointed forewings , larger abdomens and shorter antennae , and they lack the noticeable white setae displayed by males on the tip of the abdomen ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
the moth was identified in pakistan and india during scouting trips to locate potential biological control agents for hydrilla ( baloch et al . 1980 ) . at this point , the researchers observed the moth damaging hydrilla and believed that the moth could be an effective control agent due to its destructive capabilities .
an important characteristic of a biocontrol agent is host specificity . when laying eggs , female moths are not highly selective , which makes other plants susceptible to consumption by developing larvae . furthermore , the moth is limited by winter temperatures , and populations decline during the cooler months to a level that is almost undetectable . sensitivity to cooler climates and lack of host specificity makes the moth a poor biological control agent of hydrilla ( habeck and balciunas 1976 , buckingham and bennett 1989 ) .
monitoring for adult moths can be done using ultraviolet ( uv ) black lights or incandescent light bulbs , which are both attractive to the moth ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .
the authors would like to acknowledge funding provided by the usda nifa ramp grant 2010 - 02825 that helped pay for the production of this article . the authors would like to acknowledge the reviewers that provided feedback on an early draft of the article , dr . william overholt and dr . verena lietze .
agassiz d . 1978 . five introduced species , including one new to science , of china mark moths ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) new to britain . entomologist’s gazette 29 : 117 - 127 .
agassiz d . 1981 . further introduced china mark moths ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) new to britain . entomologist’s gazette 32 : 21 - 26 .
balciunas jk , minno mc . 1985 . insects damaging hydrilla in the usa . journal of aquatic plant management 23 : 77 - 83 .
baloch gm , sana - ullah , ghani ma . 1980 . some promising insects for the biological control of hydrilla verticillata in pakistan . tropical pest management 26 : 194 - 200 .
bauce e , kumbasli m , van fankenhuyzen k , carisey n . 2006 . interactions among white spruce tannins , bacillus thuringiensis subsp . kurstaki , and spruce budworm ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , on larval survival , growth and development . journal of economic entomology 99 : 2038 - 2047 .
haag kh , buckingham gr . 1991 . effects of herbicides and microbial insecticides on the insects of aquatic plants . journal of aquatic plant management 29 : 55 - 57 .
habeck dh . 1996 . australian moths for hydrilla control . u . s . army engineer waterways experiment station . technical report . a96 : 10 . vicksburg , ms .
habeck dh , balciunas jk . 2005 . larvae of nymphulinae ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) associated with hydrilla verticillata ( hydrocharitaceae ) in north queensland . australian journal of entomology 44 : 354 - 363 .
haller wt , sutton dl . 1975 . community structure and competition between hydrilla and vallisneria . hyacinth control journal 13 : 48 - 50 .
kegley se , hill br , orme s , choi ah . 2010 . pan pesticide database . pesticide action network , north america ( san francisco , ca . 2010 ) . ( 24 june 2017 ) .
langeland ka , enloe sf , gettys l . 2016 . hydrilla management in florida lakes . university of florida , ifas extension . ( 24 june 2017 ) .
nuss m , landry b , vegliante f , tränkner a , mally r , hayden j , segner a , li h , schouten r , solis ma , trofimova t , de prins j , speidel w . 2003 - 2013 . global information system on pyraloidea . ( 24 june 2017 ) .
shibuya j . 1928 . the systematic study on the formosan pyralidae . journal of the faculty of agriculture , hokkaido imperial university , sapporo , japan 22 : 1 - 300 .
van driesche r , hoddle m , center t . 2008 . control of pests and weeds by natural enemies : an introduction to biological control . blackwell publishing . malden , ma .
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looks like it arrived on it ' s own at least by 1976 , not a planned introduction . note the larva has 7 instars ( as opposed to a more normal 5 ) .
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the caterpillars of this species is off - white with a pale brown head . it has stiff hairs along the body and two long hairs at the tail . the caterpillars have been found feeding on the leaves of aquatic plants in the genus :
the wings of the adult have a striking pattern of brown and white . the moth has a wingspan of about 2 cms .
are yellow and laid in masses on water plant leaves on the surface of the water .
for esthwaite waterweed , which is pest in waterways there , but its depradations are too variable .
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notes : naturalised in aquatic nurseries through accidental introduction in aquatic plants from singapore . abundant in aquatic nurseries at enfield , middlesex from 1977 since when periodically controlled by fumigation , also in other nurseries , and in many parts of europe and the u . s . a . in hampshire one was found dead in a striplight insect trap at barton stacey in july 1977 . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan male 13 - 16 mm , female 17 - 19 mm . similar to p . obscuralis , which see . larva feeds on water plants , living entirely underwater , causing sufficient damage to be a serious pest in some areas .
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meyrick , e . 1885 ,
on the classification of the australian pyralidina
, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1885 , no . 4 , pp . 421 - 456
butler , a . g . 1886 ,
descriptions of 21 new genera and 103 new species of lepidoptera heterocera from the australian region
, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1886 , no . 4 , pp . 381 - 441 , pls 9 - 10
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0c5c89ae - 27ce - 474e - ad86 - 0a7dbac83b54
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8a9ad7c8 - bea6 - 466d - b760 - 8f72c9d402d9
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b30514ec - 3f74 - 40da - 9cf6 - 551bc30c441a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b76251a5 - 9360 - 4a65 - 9a7a - e9bc171fac97
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 65abdd10 - ec8e - 42a5 - 9c0c - a6e47b422bec
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 401483
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pholadomya is a genus of fossil saltwater clams , marine bivalve mollusks in the family pholadomyidae .

fossils species within this genus lived during the mesozoic era , in the opening south atlantic , between present-day brazil and africa .

in the triassic of argentina , austria , hungary , and italy fossils have been found .

they are found in the jurassic of the coquina group , la guajira , colombia among many other places .

of campanian age , this genus is widespread as a fossil in cameroon , france , poland , austria , germany and the usa .

fossils up to the neogene have been found in belgium , the united kingdom , and venezuela ( pliocene mare and playa grande formations ) and miocene bulgaria , chile , colombia , cyprus , germany , india , japan , malta , moldova , new zealand , panama , poland , the russian federation , slovakia , trinidad and tobago , and venezuela .

pholadomya

worms - world register of marine species - pholadomya g . b . sowerby i , 1823
worms - world register of marine species - pholadomya candida g . b . sowerby i , 1823
variety pholadomya loveni var . locardi mars , 1958 accepted as parilimya loveni ( jeffreys , 1882 ) ( synonym )
species pholadomya arata verrill & s . smith , 1881 accepted as panacca arata ( verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1881 )
species pholadomya arata verrill & s . smith , 1881 , sensu locard , 1898 accepted as panacca locardi ( dall , 1903 ) ( misidentification )
morton b . 1980 . the anatomy of the ‘living fossil’ pholadomya candida sowerby , 1823 ( mollusca : bivalvia : anomalodesmata ) . videnskabelige meddelelser fra dansk naturhistorik forening i kjøbenhavn 142 : 7–102 . [ details ]
juan manuel díaz , francisco j . borrero ; on the occurrence of pholadomya candida sowerby , 1823 ( bivalvia : anomalodesmata ) on the caribbean coast of colombia , journal of molluscan studies , volume 61 , issue 3 , 1 august 1995 , pages 407–408 , urltoken
ty - jour ti - indomya , a new subgenus of pholadomya from the middle jurassic of kachchh , western india ( bivalvia , pholadomyidae ) t2 - the veliger . vl - 28 ur - urltoken pb - california malacozoological society . cy - berkeley , ca : py - 1986 sp - 457 ep - 459 sn - 0042 - 3211 au - jaitly , ak er -
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see also eames 1951 , frassinetti and covacevich 1999 , ronchetti 1970 , russell and landes 1937 , scholz et al . 2008 , sepkoski 2002 , vokes 1980 and woodring 1982
sowerby i , g . b . ( 1821–34 ) . the genera of recent and fossil shells , for the use of students , in conchology and geology . g . b . sowerby , london . vol . 1 pl . 1 - 126 + text ( unpaginated ) [ 1821 - 1825 ] ; vol . 2 : pl . 127 - 162 + text ( unpaginated ) [ 1825 - 1834 ] ( [ published in 42 numbers . for complete collation see sykes , 1906 and see petit r . e . 2006 . notes on sowerby ' s the genera of recent and fossil shells ( 1821–1834 ) archives of natural history 33 : 71 - 89 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
coan e . v . 2000 . a new species of panacca from chile ( bivalvia : pholadomyoidea : parilimyidae ) . malacologia 42 ( 1 - 2 ) : 165 - 170 , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of flabellomya rollier , 1911 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
sowerby i , g . b . ( 1821–34 ) . the genera of recent and fossil shells , for the use of students , in conchology and geology . g . b . sowerby , london . vol . 1 pl . 1 - 126 + text ( unpaginated ) [ 1821 - 1825 ] ; vol . 2 : pl . 127 - 162 + text ( unpaginated ) [ 1825 - 1834 ] ( [ published in 42 numbers . for complete collation see sykes , 1906 and see petit r . e . 2006 . notes on sowerby ' s the genera of recent and fossil shells ( 1821–1834 ) archives of natural history 33 : 71 - 89 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 19 , 2 p . unpaginated text [ details ]
huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
rosenberg , g . 1992 . encyclopedia of seashells . dorset : new york . 224 pp . page ( s ) : 167 [ details ]
jeffreys j . g . 1882 . on the mollusca procured during the ' lightning ' and ' porcupine ' expeditions 1868 - 70 . ( part iv ) . proceedings of the zoological society of london , ( 1881 ) : 922 - 952 , pl . 70 - 71 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 934 ; pl . 70 fig . 7 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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moderately large for family ( to 80 mm long ) , highly inflated , with very thin , fragile , highly nacreous shell , and umbo close to anterior end . sculpture of many rather indistinct commarginal ridges and , on central region , about 17 to 20 low , widely spaced radial costae , forming weak nodules at sculptural intersections ; anterior eighth and posterior fifth of length lack obvious radial sculpture . escutcheon weakly defined , a narrow , smooth , weakly concave area on each side of dorsal margin . anterior end short , inflated , bearing very weakly defined , pouting lunule , occupying third of shell height , bounded by very shallow , wide depression . interior not seen in any new zealand material of the genus ; modern species lack hinge teeth . almost all specimens distorted in a variety of ways .
illustrated by suter ( 1915 , p . 62 , pl . 7 , fig . 1 ) , is said to be from
oamaru
; the sole specimen we are aware of subsequently collected in oamaru district is from mount harris formation in south oamaru ( altonian ) and this could well be the horizon of hutton ' s type .
commonly encountered of at least five species of pholadomyoidean bivalves recorded from the new zealand cenozoic . until recently these were all included in the pholadomyidae and assigned to either
( pl . 9h , i ) , but some modification to this classification is necessary in the light of work by morton ( 1982 ) . he proposed a new family parilimyidae for anomalodesmatans that resemble pholadomyids in most shell characters , but differ significantly in anatomical details . in particular , parilimyids have
taenioid
( i . e . , tape - like ) siphonal retractor muscles , which leave prominent scars on the inside of the shell ( a single scar near the centre of each valve ) , whereas pholadomyids have only greatly reduced siphonal muscles . on the other hand , parilimyids lack pedal retractor muscles , whereas these are well developed in pholadomyidae . unfortunately , fossil pholadomyaceans are rarely well enough preserved to discern muscle scar details , so assignment to one or other of these families normally depends on their similarity to extant species .
dell , 1963 , which morton ( 1982 , p . 167 ) assigned to
melvill & standen , 1889 ( recent , torres strait ) , the type species of the genus , beu & maxwell ( 1990 ) provisionally assigned them there .
dall , 1903 , which morton ( 1982 , p . 161 - 163 ) included in the parilimyidae .
a ( length up to about 55 mm ) , is lower and less inflated , has a less convex ventral margin , has umbones situated at about a third of the length from the anterior end , and has less prominent radial sculpture . there are few obvious differences , however , between
are known from waipipi , waverley beach ( waipipian ; type only ) , and from gs1548 , mangaone crossing , wairoa district , hawkes bay ( opoitian ) .
an unnamed pholadomyacean , probably a parilimyid , is represented by a specimen in nzgs from whitewater creek , castle hill basin , canterbury ( duntroonian ) with a nearly central umbo , a relatively thick shell , and prominent radial costae with no obvious commarginal sculpture ; this may be the second species illustrated by suter ( 1915 , pl . 6 , fig . 2 ) as
as , although suter ' s specimen is unlocalised , the preservation appears to match that of the whitewater creek shell . it is not a typical
dall , 1907 ( recent , japan ) , referred by morton ( 1982 , p . 172 ) to
although , like the other species he assigned there , it has little similarity to the type species . another possibly distinct species is represented by an internal mould of a small ( length 40 mm ) , evenly oval specimen from
gs945 , breccia below kakanui limestone , kakanui
collected and listed by park ( 1918 , p . 68 ) ; the specimen is almost certainly from the top of the deborah volcanic formation ( whaingaroan ) .
( pl . 9h , i ) is readily distinguished from all other new zealand pholadomyaceans by its extremely short anterior end and almost flat anterior area .
although pholadomyaceans are often considered to be characteristic of deep waters they are also recorded from much shallower environments .
( tongaporutuan , kaiwara river , north canterbury ) is from a very shallow - water assemblage .
is limited to shallow - water
hurupi facies
faunules in palliser bay ( tongaporutuan ) . powell ( 1931a , p . 90 ) and fleming ( 1953 ) concluded that the fossiliferous beds at waipipi  the type locality of
( duntroonian ? ) otaian ( ? ) to tongaporutuan ; rare in bathyal siltstone and some shelf assemblages throughout new zealand .
cite this publication as :
a . g . beu and j . i . raine ( 2009 ) . revised descriptions of new zealand cenozoic mollusca from beu and maxwell ( 1990 ) . gns science miscellaneous series no . 27 .
© gns science , 2009 isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 19705 - 1 issn 1177 - 2441 ( included with a pdf facsimile file copy of new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin 58 in cd version from : publications officer , gns science , p . o . box 30368 lower hutt , new zealand )
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to museum of new zealand te papa ( m . 016253 ; pholodomya maoria dell , 1963 ; holotype )
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urltoken


junonia ansorgei , or ansorge 's leaf butterfly , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in cameroon , the eastern part of the democratic republic of the congo , southern ethiopia , uganda , western kenya , western tanzania and zambia .

it is generally found in dense forests .

junonia ansorgei

junonia ansorgei ( rothschild , 1899 ) = kallima ansorgei rothschild , 1899 = kallima incerta grünberg , 1908 = kamilla ansorgei .
junonia ansorgei ; ypm ent 412397 ; africa ; belgian congo ; mt . hoyo ; sidney a . hessel ; 1960 - 04 - 03
junonia ansorgei ; ypm ent 412395 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; sidney a . hessel ; 1960 - 04 - 01
ent . 412395 : junonia ansorgei digital image : yale peabody museum of natural history ; photo by p . shamble , 2011 metadata updated : 7 mar 2018 03 : 16 : 45
melanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 407406 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; gowan c . clark ; 1947 - 05
melanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 407403 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; gowan c . clark ; 1947 - 08
melanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 814194 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; ( now democratic republic of the congo ) ; gowan c . clark
melanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 407405 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; ( now democratic republic of the congo ) ; gowan c . clark
? junonia evarete ssp . ; lamas , ms , [ nl4a ] , # 2053j
? junonia evarete ssp . ; neild , ms , [ nl4a ] , # 2053k
junonia hierta hierta ; [ bmp ] : 160 , pl . 23 , f . 10
junonia atlites atlites ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 7
junonia almana javana ; [ bmp ] : 160 , pl . 23 , f . 9
junonia wallacei distant , 1883 ; rhopalocera malayana : 95 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4
junonia swinhoei butler , 1885 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 16 : 309
junonia livia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; ent . rundschau 29 ( 2 ) : 15 ; tl : bolivia , illimani
junonia orithya sumatrana fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 358 ; tl : sumatra
junonia orithya baweana fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 358 ; tl : bawean
junonia orithya minusculus fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 359 ; tl : sumba
junonia orithya orthosia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
junonia orithya kuehni ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
junonia orithya saleyra ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
junonia orithya kontinentalis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
junonia atlites acera ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
junonia erigone gardineri ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
junonia timorensis kucil ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
junonia hedonia intermedia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
junonia hedonia teurnia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
junonia orithya var . neopommerana ribbe , 1898 ; dt . ent . z . iris 11 ( 1 ) : 116
= junonia hedonia intermedia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
junonia orithya metion fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 358 ; tl : n . borneo
junonia almana battana fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 353 ; tl : sulawesi , patunuang
junonia lemonias lemonias ; [ bor ] , 277 ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 8
junonia iona grose - smith , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 349 ; tl : new guinea
junonia albicincta butler , 1875 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1875 ( 1 ) : 5 ; tl : queensland
junonia terea ; [ bk ] , 347 , pl . 49 , f . 609 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]
junonia timorensis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210 ; [ wahlberg ]
? junonia nigralis forbes , [ 1929 ] ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 36 ( 4 ) : 312
junonia orithya wallacei ; [ bor ] , 278 ; [ bmp ] : 160 , pl . 23 , f . 11 - 12
junonia erigone leucophora fruhstorfer , 1903 ; dt . ent . z . iris 15 ( 2 ) : 313 ; tl : trobriand is .
junonia orithya celebensis ; [ bor ] , 278 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
junonia oenone oenone ; [ bafr ] , 228 ; [ bk ] : 345 , pl . 49 , f . 601 ; [ afrl ]
junonia hierta cebrene ; [ bafr ] , 228 ; [ bk ] : 345 , pl . 49 , f . 602 ; [ afrl ]
junonia westermanni suffusa ; [ bafr ] , 228 ; [ bk ] : 345 , pl . 49 , f . 603 ; [ afrl ]
junonia natalica natalica ; [ bafr ] , 230 ; [ bk ] , 347 , pl . 49 , f . 608 ; [ afrl ]
junonia almana battana ; [ bor ] , 279 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
precis erigone himera fruhstorfer , 1915 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 746 ( repl . junonia tristis miskin , 1891 )
junonia evarete lima forbes , [ 1929 ] ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 36 ( 4 ) : 315 ; tl : peru
junonia vestina c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 398
junonia iphita horsfieldi ; [ bor ] , 279 ; [ mrs ] , 580 ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 3
junonia gregorii butler , [ 1896 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1895 : 726 , pl . 42 , f . 7 - 8
junonia antigone c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 398
junonia orithyia [ sic ] var . novae guineae hagen , 1897 ; jarhb . nass . ver . nat . 50 : 85 ; tl : german new guinea
junonia artaxia ; [ bafr ] , 230 ; [ bk ] : 346 , pl . 49 , f . 604 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]
junonia hedonia ; [ bor ] , 278 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209 ; [ wahlberg ]
junonia sophia infracta ; [ bafr ] , 229 ( text ) ; [ bk ] , 346 , pl . 49 , f . 605 ; [ afrl ]
junonia chorimene ; [ bafr ] , 231 ; [ bk ] : 347 , pl . 49 , f . 607 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]
junonia erigone ; [ bor ] , 277 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210 ; [ wahlberg ]
junonia genoveva vivida forbes , [ 1929 ] ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 36 ( 4 ) : 311 ; tl : guyana , surinam
junonia villida ; [ bor ] , 277 ; [ wahlberg ] ; vane - wright & tennent , 2011 , syst . biodiv . 9 ( 4 ) : 290
junonia asterie var . nikobariensis felder , 1862 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 12 ( 1 / 2 ) : 482 ; tl : nicobar
junonia ( kallimini ) ; [ madl ] ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 208 ; [ nl4a ] , 251
junonia asterie var . sumbae doherty , 1891 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 60 pt . ii ( 2 ) : 172 ; tl : sumba ; sumbawa ?
junonia constricta c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 400 ; tl : bogota
junonia incarnata c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 400 ; tl : colombia
junonia evarete evarete ; brown & mielke , 1967 , j . lep . soc . 21 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 98 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2053a
junonia atlites ; [ bor ] , 278 ; [ mrs ] , 579 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209 ; [ wahlberg ]
precis erigone f . celebensis butler , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 : 214 ( preocc . junonia orithya celebensis staudinger , 1888 ) ; tl : celebes
junonia evarete ; [ nacl ] , # 4442 ; [ bcr ] : 180 , pl . 28 , f . 14 ; [ ecul ] ; [ opler ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2053
junonia hedonia ida ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 2 ; [ bor ] , 278 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
junonia coenia ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 4440 ; [ opler ] ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2052
junonia vestina livia ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2055b ; benyamini , ugarte , shapiro , mielke , pyrcz & bálint , 2014 , bol . mus . nac . hist . nat . chile 63 : 20 ( list )
junonia oenone ; wood - mason & de nicéville , 1881 , j . asiat . soc . bengal 49 pt . ii ( 4 ) : 227 ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 2 ) : 42 , pl . 22 , f . 3 , 3a ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]
junonia lemonias ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 828 ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 2 ) : 41 , pl . 21 , f . 3 , 3a ; [ bor ] , 277 ; [ mrs ] , 579 ; [ wahlberg ]
junonia almana ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 828 ; wood - mason & de nicéville , 1881 , j . asiat . soc . bengal 49 pt . ii ( 4 ) : 227 ; [ bor ] , 279 ; [ mrs ] , 577 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209 ; [ wahlberg ]
junonia orithya ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 828 ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 2 ) : 41 , pl . 22 , f . 1a - b ; [ bor ] , 278 ; [ mrs ] , 578 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]
s . usa , california , maryland , kansas , bermuda , mexico , . . . ? . see [ maps ]
432x343 ( ~ 36kb ) usa : ann arbor , michigan , may 1999 , photo © christopher a . rickards
1300x1034 ( ~ 163kb ) usa : n . shore of shasta lake , siskiyou co . , ca , 29 . 7 . 2005 , photo © markku savela
1300x1017 ( ~ 187kb ) underside usa : n . shore of shasta lake , siskiyou co . , ca , 29 . 7 . 2005 , photo © markku savela
1400x1095 ( ~ 260kb ) upperside usa : lepsoc field trip to patagonia region , santa cruz co . , arizona , 2 . 8 . 2005 , photo © markku savela
1104x780 ( ~ 163kb ) upperside usa : alabama , 4 . 5 . 2003 , photo © vitaly charny
967x1081 ( ~ 121kb ) underside usa : alabama , 4 . 5 . 2003 , photo © vitaly charny
1400x1050 ( ~ 174kb ) upperside usa : alabama , 12 . 8 . 2004 , photo © vitaly charny
1265x1126 ( ~ 183kb ) underside usa : alabama , 16 . 8 . 2004 , photo © vitaly charny
2048x1360 ( ~ 317kb ) upperside usa : alabama , 15 . 10 . 2005 , photo © vitaly charny
400x463 ( ~ 31kb ) usa , texas , grapevine , 15 - 18 . 6 . 1996 , photo © tero piirainen
hispaniola , puerto rico , trinidad , guatemala , costa rica , panama . see [ maps ]
papilio genoveva cramer , [ 1780 ] ; uitl . kapellen 4 ( 25 - 26a ) : pl . 290 , f . e , f ; tl : surinam
madagascar , tropical africa ( dry ) , arabia , india , ceylon , burma , new guinea , n . australia . see [ maps ]
1024x768 ( ~ 111kb ) male female funaura , iriomote , ryukyu , japan , 4 - 95 , photo © s . shuichi haupt
1024x768 ( ~ 64kb ) upperside male funaura , iriomote , ryukyu , japan , 4 - 95 , photo © s . shuichi haupt
larva on justicia procumbens , j . micrantha , lepidagathis prostrata , ipomoea batatas , antirrhinum majus , striga asatica [ mrs ] , antirrhinum , thunbergia alata [ baur ] , hygrophila [ bmp ]
larva on angelonia salicariifolia , antirrhinum sp . , buchnera linearis , asystasia gangetica , a . scandens , hypoestes floribunda , hygrophila salicifolia , justicia sp . , pseuderanthemum variabile , p . sp . , rostellularia adscendens glaucoviolacea , thunbergia alata k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )
larva on acanthus , asystasia , barleria , brunoniella , hygrophila , hypoestes , justicia , lepidagathis ? , pseuderanthemum , rostellularia , ipomoea , engelastrum , plectranthus , plantago , angelonia , antirrhinum , buchnera , misopates , scrophularia , striga , thunbergia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210
orithya patenas ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis [ ? ] ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 523 ; tl : ceylon
precis orithya hainanensis fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 522
1172x885 ( ~ 128kb ) upperside male thailand , chon buri province , pattaya environs , ko lan island , ruderal vegeation at a roadside . 15th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
orithya leucasia ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 523 ; tl : luzon
orithya celebensis staudinger , [ 1888 ] ² ; in staudinger & schatz , exot . schmett . 1 ( 10 ) : 98 , ( 8 ) pl . 37
precis orithya eutychia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 523
orithya palea ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 524
precis orithya madagascariensis ab . punctella strand , 1915 ; arch . naturgescb . 80 a ( 10 ) : 105
larva on hygrophila sp . [ pbsa ] , barleria , convolvulus , lippia , plantago [ bk ]
orithya saleyra ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 524 ; tl : saleyer
iunonia orithya kontinentalis martin , 1920 ; tidschr . ent . 63 : 157 ; tl : n . celebes
orithya marcella ( hulstaert , 1923 ) ( precis ) ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 12 ( 68 ) : 232 ; tl : new guinea
precis orithya cheesmani riley , 1925 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 15 : 151
vanessa epiclelia boisduval , 1833 ; faun . ent . madagascar , lépid . : 44 , pl . 7 , f . 3
australia , tasmania , samoa , solomon is . , new hebrides . see [ maps ]
= ; vane - wright & tennent , 2011 , syst . biodiv . 9 ( 4 ) : 290
larva on plantago , centaurium australis , antirrhinum , convolvulus valsinoidi , verbena [ baur ] , paspalum dilatatum , portulaca oleracea , centaurium minus , c . spicatum , evolvulus alsinoides , verbena bonariensis , v . sp . , antirrhinum sp . , russelia equisetiformis , veronica repens , plantago lanceolata , p . spp . , goodenia sp . , scaevola aemula , arctotheca calendula , epaltes australis , ruellia spp . ? k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )
india , ceylon , burma , cambodia - w . china , s . china , andaman , nicobar . see [ maps ]
ab . demaculata ( neustetter , 1916 ) ( precis ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 30 ( 2 - 3 ) : 99
769x513 ( ~ 188kb ) upperside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo © olli vesikko
753x957 ( ~ 98kb ) underside thailand , chanthaburi , khao - kitchakut national park , the park at the headquarters . 4th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
713x867 ( ~ 72kb ) underside thailand , chanthaburi , khao - kitchakut national park , the park at the headquarters . 4th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
689x765 ( ~ 81kb ) upperside thailand , chanthaburi , khao - kitchakut national park , the park at the headquarters . 4th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
753x641 ( ~ 57kb ) upperside cambodia , siem reap , angkor wat . 8th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
967x834 ( ~ 78kb ) upperside cambodia , siem reap , angkor wat . 8th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
681x857 ( ~ 59kb ) underside cambodia , siem reap , angkor wat . 8th january 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
: pl . 150 , f . 16 ( text only ) [ missp . of
1112x1069 ( ~ 504kb ) female ethiopia , amhara , a blue nile right bank at the bridge of the road addis ababa - bahir dar , 1100 m a . s . l . 31st july 2012 , photo © oleg kosterin
precis magna evans , 1926 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 31 ( 3 ) : 715
precis westermanni suffusa rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 10 ( 3 ) : 513 ; tl : kikuyu escarpment
precis westermanni splendens schmidt , 1921 ; dt . ent . z . iris 35 ( 1 / 2 ) : 34
rhodesia , moçambique , angola - e . africa , w . kenya ( lake victoria ) . see [ maps ]
moçambique ? , madagascar , comoro , mascarene , astove . see [ maps ]
ceylon , s . india , c . india , himalayas , ne . india , burma , sumatra , w . china , s . china . see [ maps ]
precis iphita ab . pullus murayama , 1961 ; tyô to ga 11 ( 4 ) : 57 , f . 8 , 13 ; tl : poli , formosa
769x514 ( ~ 115kb ) upperside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo © olli vesikko
precis iphita pluviatilis fruhstorfer , 1900 ; berl . ent . zs . 45 ( 1 / 2 ) : 22 ; tl : malabar ; ceylon
606x800 ( ~ 158kb ) underside thailand , phuket , a bank of a pond at a road 1 km ne of khao sai tan kliang mt . , 18th february 2009 , photo © oleg kosterin
869x800 ( ~ 236kb ) underside thailand , phuket , the khao phra theo national park , the lower reaches of bang pae brook . 19th february 2009 , photo © oleg kosterin
precis hopfferi möschler , 1872 ; stettin ent . ztg 33 ( 7 - 9 ) : 337 ; tl : silhet
precis iphita tosca fruhstorfer , 1900 ; berl . ent . zs . 45 ( 1 / 2 ) : 22 ; tl : sumatra ; borneo
precis iphita var . ( ? ) adelaida staudinger , 1889 ; dt . ent . z . iris 2 ( 1 ) : 51 ; tl : palawan
precis iphita cebara fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 517
larva on hemigraphis alternata , hygrophila salicifolia k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 ) , blechum , hemigraphis , hygrophila , ruellia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
precis seitzi corbet , 1937 ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 6 ( 5 ) : 100
precis hedonia apollonia fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 351 ; tl : sumbawa , flores
precis hellanis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 402 , n . 601
precis hedonia numana fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 518 ; tl : obi
precis hedonia thero fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 518
aru , kai , misool , waigeu , northern territory , cape york - brisbane , west irian - papua , bismarck archipelago , solomon is .
papilio zelima fabricius , 1775 ; syst . ent . : 492 ; tl : nova hollandia
larva on hygrophila salicifolia dunn , 1995 , victorian ent . 25 ( 5 ) : ( sankowsky , 1975 )
precis hedonia admiralitatis rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 203 ; tl : manus , admiralty islands
precis hedonia iwasakii matsumura , 1915 ; ent . mag . kyoto 1 ( 2 ) : ?
precis hedonia parvipuncta howarth , 1962 ; the natural history of the rennell and bellona is . ( 4 ) : 70
precis hedonia kangeana kalis , 1933 ; tijdschr . ent . 76 ( 1 - 2 ) : 57 ; tl : tambajangan , kangean
uganda , w . tanzania , kenya ( highlands ) . see [ maps ]
zaire , angola - uganda , ethiopia , kenya , tanzania , malawi , n . zambia
precis tereoides butler , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 : 211 ; tl : e . africa
precis terea fumata rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 10 ( 3 ) : 518 ; tl : gillet mtns
natal , swaziland , transvaal , moçambique , rhodesia , malawi , zambia , s . zaire , angola , coast ( e . tanzania , e . kenya )
vanessa goudoti boisduval , 1833 ; faun . ent . madagascar , lépid . : 45 , n . 5 , pl . 7 , f . 1
natal , zululand , swaziland , transvaal , moçambique , rhodesia - kenya . see [ maps ]
precis natalica var . schmidti knoch , 1927 ; int . ent . z . 21 : 24
natal , mozambique , rhodesia , zambia , malawi , tanzania , e . kenya , c . kenya
precis natalica angolensis rothschild , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 345 ; tl : angola
senegal - sudan , ugdanda , w . kenya , ethiopia . see [ maps ]
1180x918 ( ~ 228kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo © oleg kosterin
874x910 ( ~ 211kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo © oleg kosterin
1224x918 ( ~ 264kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo © oleg kosterin
1072x920 ( ~ 291kb ) ethiopia , amhara , hayk town environs . 6th august 2012 , photo © oleg kosterin
1082x1109 ( ~ 294kb ) underside ethiopia , amhara , a rapidous brook , blue nile right tributary just upstream the bridge of the road addis ababa - bahir dar , 1100 m a . s . l . 1st august 2012 , photo © oleg kosterin
ne . india , himalayas ( foot ) , peninsular india ( wetter regions ) , ceylon , burma . see [ maps ]
640x480 ( ~ 115kb ) upperside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo © olli vesikko
larva on asteracantha longifolia , barleria , alternanthera philoxeroides , hygrophila lancea , h . salicifolia [ mrs ] , asteracantha , barleria , blechum , hygrophila , justicia , nelsonia , pseuderanthemum , strobilanthes , achyranthes , alternanthera , oryza , lindernia , phyla vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
precis atlites acera fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 519 ; tl : celebes
ceylon , india , burma , malaysia , java , sumatra , formosa , philippines , hong kong , andaman , nicoban . see [ maps ]
precis almana asterie ab . liquefactus murayama , 1961 ; tyô to ga 11 ( 4 ) : 57 , f . 17 , 23 ; tl : poli , formosa
680x878 ( ~ 52kb ) thailand , chon buri province , a small pool at the lake at bang phra . 1st february 2005 , photo © oleg kosterin
1031x880 ( ~ 89kb ) underside thailand , chon buri province , a small pool at the lake at bang phra . 1st february 2005 , photo © oleg kosterin
larva on acanthaceae [ bow ] , asteracantha longifolia , hygrophila lancea , barleria spp . , osbeckia spp . , alternanthera philoxeroides , vandellia ciliata , v . anagallis , antirrhinum majus , plantago asiatica , p . major [ mrs ] , acanthus , asteracantha , barleria , blechum , hemigraphis , hygrophila , ruellia , strobilanthes , alternanthera , mimosa , gloxinia , osbeckia , ludwigia , plantago , antirrhinum , bonnaya , ilysanthes , lindernia , mimulus , lippia , phyla , stachytarpheta ? vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209
ceylon , himalayas , assam , bengal , s . india , c . india , saurashtra , burma . see [ maps ]
711x594 ( ~ 126kb ) upperside thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , a chain of muddy pools behind the chain of hitels along the jomtien beach . 25th january 2005 , photo © oleg kosterin
1098x906 ( ~ 123kb ) underside thailand , chon buri province , pattaya environs , ko khram island , a spiny bamboo forest at a beach . 2nd february 2005 , photo © oleg kosterin
993x829 ( ~ 108kb ) underside thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , a small grassy swamp with cattail and reed , surrounded by trees , at the jomtien beach , between b . o . guesthouse and jomtien metro condotel , 15th january , 2006 , photo © oleg kosterin
precis lemonias vaisya fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 520
precis lemonias aenaria fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 520
precis expansa butler , 1883 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1883 : 367 ; tl : larat
precis erigone tegea fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 521
precis erigone wetterensis strand , 1916 ; lepidoptera niepeltiana ( 2 ) : 7 , pl . 14 , f . 5 ; tl : wetter i .
timorensis cibota ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 521 ; tl : sumba i .
precis adulatrix fruhstorfer , 1905 ; berl . ent . zs . 49 ( sb ) : 7 ; tl : sumba
precis hedonia teurnia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 518
? obscurata ball , 1932 ² ; bull . soc . ent . belg . 72 : 54
cameroons - uganda , zaire , uganda , tanzania , w . kenya , ethiopia . see [ maps ]
kallima cymodice ; [ bow ] : pl . 104 , f . 12 ( spell . ? )
kallima cymododoce var . lugens schultze , 1912 ; ent . rundsch . 29 ( 14 ) : 92 ; tl : kamerun
precis africana richelmann , 1913 ; int . ent . z . 7 : 106
precis schmiedeli fiedler , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 53 ; tl : kamerun
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
lépidoptéres des provinces chinoises sé - tchouen et kam recueillis , en 1893 , par m - r g . n . potaine in romanoff ,
an updated list of the butterflies of chile ( lepidoptera , papilionoidea and hesperioidea ) including distribution , flight period and conservation status . part i , comprising the families : papilionidae , pieridae , nympalidae ( in part ) and hesperiidae . describing a new species of hypsochila ( pieridae ) and a new subspecies of yramea modesta ( nymphalidae )
lepidoptera aus dem amazonasgebiete und aus peru gesammelt von dr . douglas melin und dr . abraham roman
list of lepidoptera collected by mr . h . o . forbes in the islands of timor laut
on a collection of lepidoptera made at manipur and on the borders of assam by dr . george watt
on lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot
the butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera
the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson
review of australian butterflies : distribution , life history and taxonomy . pushlished by authors , melbourne
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
rhopalocera bazilana . verzeichniss der von w . doherty auf der insel bazilan gesammelten tagfalter
( 1 ) : 3 - 4 ( 1 january ) , ( 3 ) : 18 - 19 ( 14 january ) , ( 4 ) : 26 - 27 ( 21 january ) , ( 5 ) : 34 - 35 ( 28 january ) , ( 6 ) : 42 - 43 ( 4 february ) , ( 7 ) : 51 ( 11 february ) , ( 9 ) : 66 - 67 ( 25 february ) , ( 10 ) : 74 ( 3 march ) , ( 11 ) : 83 ( 10 march ) , ( 12 ) : 90 - 91 ( 17 march ) , ( 14 ) : 106 - 107 ( 31 march ) , ( 15 ) : 114 - 115 ( 7 april ) , ( 16 ) : 122 - 123 ( 14 april ) , ( 17 ) : 130 - 131 , 4 figs . ( 21 april ) , ( 18 ) : 139 - 140 ( 28 april ) , ( 19 ) : 146 - 147 ( 5 may ) , ( 20 ) : 154 - 155 ( 12 may ) , ( 22 ) : 170 - 171 ( 26 may ) , ( 23 ) : 177 - 179 ( 2 june ) , ( 24 ) : 186 - 187 ( 9 june ) , ( 25 ) : 195 - 196 ( 16 june ) , ( 26 ) : 202 - 203 ( 23 june ) , ( 27 ) : 210 - 211 ( 30 june ) , ( 28 ) : 218 - 219 ( 7 july ) , ( 30 ) : 235 ( 21 july ) , ( 31 ) : 242 - 244 ( 28 july ) , ( 32 ) : 251 - 252 ( 4 august ) , ( 33 ) : 259 - 260 ( 11 august ) , ( 34 ) : 267 - 268 ( 18 august ) , ( 35 ) : 274 - 275 ( 25 august ) , ( 36 ) : 282 - 283 ( 1 september ) , ( 37 ) : 291 ( 8 september ) , ( 38 ) : 299 - 300 ( 15 september ) , ( 39 ) : 306 - 307 ( 22 september ) , ( 40 ) : 314 - 315 ( 29 september )
verzeichniss der von herrn dr . theodor koch - grünberg am oberen waupes 1903 - 1905 gesammelten rhopaloceren mit besprechung verwandter arten
biologia centrali - americana . rhopalocera . vol . 1 . ( 1879 - 1886 )
from new guinea ( parts i - iii ) - made by mr . w . doherty at humboldt bay , dutch new guinea , and in neighbouring islands , in the museum of the honourable walter rothschild at tring , with descriptions of new species
lépidoptéres de madagascar . in vinson . voyage a madagascar au couronnement de radama ii . in vinson ,
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species
sammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 2 ( [ 1819 ] - [ 1827 ] )
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , . . . . editio duocecima reformata . tom . 1 . part ii .
note on a collection of lepidoptera from s . e . new guinea in blue book ,
a list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species
lepidopteren von den samoainseln . in : botanische und zoologische ergebnisse einer wissenschaftlichen forschungsreise nach den samoainseln , dem neuguinea - archipel und den salomonsinseln von märz bis dezember 1905
list of the butterflies collected in arabia by captain r . e . cheesman , with a description of one new subspecies
on the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands
neue afrikanische pierididen und nymphalididen gesammelt von herrn prof . dr . j . vosseler
neue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika . ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung
rhopalocera africae australis ; a catalogue of south african butterflies : comprising descriptions of all the known species . . .
notes on butterflies collected by j . h . bowker , esq . , in basuto - land , south africa ; with descriptions of some new species
south - african butterflies : a monograph of the extra - tropical species . vol . 1
contribution à l ' étude des lépidoptères d ' abyssinie ( pt . 1 , rhopalocères )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
( new for mbogi , male f . alcippina but with an unusual amount of black on the hws )
well , there you go ! if you ' d like to see photos of any of the non - illustrated species , let me know , i ' ll be glad to post them over the next few days . and thanks to anyone able to help me with those few ids !
thank you tom for sharing i would like to see the cymothoe herminia when you have time . . . a + , michel
tom , i ' d like to understand your photography system . you have perfect pictures and i can guess some
threads
(
fil
en francais ) behind the specimens . do you use photoshop ( or another software ) to work on your pictures or do you really obtain this perfectly white background ?
i would like to see the cymothoe herminia when you have time . . .
here you go ! one of my favourite species . too bad about the strange tear at the base of the fw . . . though it leaves me wondering how it might have happened ?
you have perfect pictures and i can guess some
threads
(
fil
en francais ) behind the specimens .
the whole process is really simple actually . you can see my set - up in a previous post here :
first , i followed advice given and am using the manual white balance setting on my camera ( this makes post - processing a lot easier ) .
second , i ' ve switched from white thread to clear fishing line . clear fishing line is almost invisible behind lighter coloured specimens , whereas the white thread created noticeable lines in the images .
since i don ' t have a stand to hold my camera steady , i usually snap 3 to 5 pictures of each side of a specimen , then once transferred to my computer , sort through them to pick out the clearest / sharpest results .
unfortunately , this method does not immediately give the pure white background . usually , i get a light greyish - blue background , but after a bit more white balancing ( if needed ) , and slight brightening ( if needed ) , i use photoshop ' s wand and lasso tools to cut out the background and replace it with white .
your picture of the falcuna specimen has disappeared which was one that i was going to try and help you to identify .
in the meantime i have narrowed down the pentila to possibly p umangiana aurivillius . there seems to be several subspecies of this and berger suggests two might be in the ituri area ssp : umangiana aurivillius and ssp : connectens hulstaert , although the latter is listed as south and east of ituri so this may be your specimen . i have taken a picture of the relevant drawer in my collection which may be of assistance though i do not have a specimen from kivu . p umangiana is in column 8 .
for anyone interested further in this very attractive genus of butterflies this is the second drawer showing further species , again they are all from various countries in africa .
the falcuna reappeared for a brief time and after a quick look it may be a male of f orientalis bwamba stempffer and bennett . see f orientalis orientalis bethune - baker in column 3 .
i think your id is possible ( marginal / submarginal hw verso markings are good matches ) . though , i do have a specimen of
from haut - uele and the verso hw is not this heavily marked . . . in fact , it ' s quite close to
subspecies . . . though given their ranges that doesn ' t quite make sense .
i have narrowed down the pentila to possibly p umangiana aurivillius . there seems to be several subspecies of this and berger suggests two might be in the ituri area ssp : umangiana aurivillius and ssp : connectens hulstaert , although the latter is listed as south and east of ituri so this may be your specimen .
. the verso hw pattern seems to match , while all the other similar species i ' ve looked at have an extra row of black dots .
could be found in close proximity in ituri . in his plate the nominate is just so lightly marked compares to
. . . it doesn ' t make sense to me . at any rate , from the picture you ' ve posted and berger ' s plate , it would seem to me that the closest ( at least visually ) is actually ssp .
. this would be entirely out of range . . . and would only work if
this morning b aurora , m continua and another one are missing , but the falcuna photo is present . this situation changes each time i log on , nearly always one or two of this post of yours is absent , strange !
there always seems to be a degree of variability in lesser known species probably because fewer specimens are available compared to larger more showy species . as more collecting is carried out in new collecting zones then surely a better picture of what is what will emerge . the latest revision of celaenorrhinus is a case in point , and even then there are those who would want to argue that this is not complete ! will we ever know for certain ?
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urltoken
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .


calathus metallicus is a species of ground beetle from the platyninae subfamily that can be found in albania , bulgaria , greece , poland , romania , slovakia , ukraine , all states of former yugoslavia ( except slovenia ) , and near east .

calathus metallicus

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hans - martin braun added the german common name
rothalsiger kahnläufer
to
calathus melanocephalus linnaeus
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
hellschildiger breithalskäfer
to
calathus melanocephalus linnaeus
.
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
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© carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018
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paleartic . open habitats , xerophilous . pteridimorphic , with winter larvae . small size . predator .
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