diodon holocanthus , known commonly as the longspined porcupinefish or freckled porcupinefish among other vernacular names , is a species of marine fish in the family diodontidae .

long - spine porcupinefish

my dvd features long - spine porcupinefish and video from the king cruiser wreck .
the long - spine porcupinefish is a small species of porcupinefish that can be found in both endless ocean games .
long - spine porcupinefish dried 5 - 7 inches taxidermy real - $ 9 . 95 | picclick
long - spine porcupinefish populate coral reefs in warm waters throughout the indo - pacific region and the caribbean sea .
the long - spine porcupinefish has dark patches on its sides and back . it has long spines that protrude from all over its body , except for the fins and face .
common names for this fish include balloonfish , balloon porcupinefish , blotched porcupinefish , brown porcupinefish , freckled porcupinefish , hedgehog fish , and spiny puffer .
deadly long - spine porcupinefish . . looks like he ' s smiling ! | nature ' s beauty | pinterest | fish , aquariums and creatures
the long - spine porcupinefish has an elastic stomach , flexible skeletal structure , and stretchy skin , all which allow it to inflate like a balloon .
human interaction : long - spine porcupinefish is used in chinese medicine , and is captured at the surface with a hand net . it is poisonous if not prepared correctly .
the long - spine porcupinefish has powerful jaws with teeth joined together to form a beak . it uses that beak to crush the shells of the sea urchins and shellfish that it eats .
this long - spine porcupinefish ( diodon holocanthus ) or
balloonfish
on the seabed next to the king cruiser was missing its tail , but still able to swim around very fast .
the short spine porcupinefish are nocturnal feeders , feeding mainly on crustaceans , gastropods and sea urchins . hermit crabs are included in their diet .
round and covered with countless long spines , this fish has an endearing face with a small mouth and big eyes . its distinctive long spines evolved from scales .
a single long - spine porcupinefish can often be found under a zoom - mode glow near where the player has parked the gabbiano . sometimes , a glow with one of these fish in it will appear on the underside of the boat directly .
it has long spines that protrude from all over its body , except for the fins and face .
when frightened , the long - spine porcupinefish swallows a large amount of water and inflates a pouch by its stomach . by doubling in size and raising the spines all over its body , it attempts to intimidate its predators . some pieces of its skeleton are missing so as not to hinder its expanding .
a set of 4 long spines with their bases near dorsal - and anal - fin bases and their pointed ends extending over caudal peduncle . two very long spines ( longer than rays of pectoral fins ) in pectoral - fin axil ( ref 9680 ) .
the blackblotched porcupinefish occurs in tropical waters and is found on coral reefs , rocky reefs and inshore waters .
he longspined porcupinefish diodon holocanthus , is also known as the spiny ballonfish . they can be easily confused with the
this species has a very wide distribution and a genetic analysis is warranted . leis ( 1978 ) noted some differences in spine morphology between pacific and north atlantic specimens .
when it spawns , the female porcupinefish deposits thousands of eggs close to the ocean floor , which the male immediately fertilizes .
« a large number of species of porcupinefish are inedible : their viscera or skin often contains a toxin that is particularly dangerous to humans . »
light grey body with pale belly , immovable spines , short on head grading to long at rear , 2 - 4 round black blotches on side , pale pectoral fin base , and unspotted fins .
the unique features of this fish give it protection against predators . when threatened , the long - spine porcupinefish will fill its body with air or water , which makes its body swell like a balloon . this makes it too large to fit into the predator’s mouth . also when “inflated , ” the spines all over its body are fully extended , making it even less of a desirable meal to the predator . such a defense mechanism requires a flexible stomach , vertebrae , and sides . this structure could not have happened by chance , random processes , but was designed by the creator .
breeding : the longspine porcupinefish is not likely to spawn in the home aquarium . reproduction in this species is quite violent , with males biting females during spawning .
aquarium conditions : the aquarium of the longspine porcupinefish should be large — a 75 - gallon aquarium or larger is best . make sure to provide your longspine porcupinefish with some good hiding places , although they spend little time under cover once they acclimate . instead , they regularly have their snouts plastered against the glass looking for their food providers .
, also known as the porcupinefish . however , an easy way to tell these two apart ( without getting too close ) is by checking for spots on the fins :
the body of the balloonfish is covered in long , sharp spines that extend when the fish inflates by taking in water . all members of the family diodontidae are capable of inflation , and may also change in color when threatened .
care considerations : one thing to keep in mind is that longspine porcupinefish are very prone to diseases , often breaking out with cryptocaryon at the drop of a hat . apparently , the longspine porcupinefish can even harbor the cysts of this parasite , in a dormant state , in their internal organs . but if you drop the specific gravity for several weeks ( to around 1 . 012 ) , they should recover . one thing you should never do is to encourage your longspine porcupinefish to inflate . this causes the fish stress , and if it should ingest air it may have a difficult time belching it out . hopefully , the longspine porcupinefish will work it all , but there’s nothing the hobbyist can do in such circumstances .
physical description : the longspine porcupinefish has a bulbous head and a short tail . the body is covered with sharp spines that lay backwards until it inflates with water . the longspine porcupinefish inflates in this manner when threatened by predators . ( on occasion , you may see this fish inflate for no apparent reason as if practicing for those times when inflating might save its life ! )
the blackblotched porcupinefish has erectile spines on the head and body . like all members of the family , it can inflate its body with water , and turn itself into a very spiny ball .
difficulty : the longspine porcupinefish can be an easy fish to keep once you convince it to eat aquarium fare . most individuals , in time , will greedily accept chopped seafood , frozen krill and frozen preparations for marine carnivores . if you feed the longspine porcupinefish a varied diet , at least once a day , it will stay happy and healthy and could live more than a decade in your aquarium .
diodon holocanthus has large spots scattered about its light brown body and darker saddles . the longspine porcupinefish reaches a length of about 15 inches . its larger cousin d . hystrix ( known simply as the porcupinefish ) reaches a massive 28 inches in length . it is a more elongate diodon sp . that has numerous small spots ( much smaller than the size of the eye ) all over its body and tail .
leis , j . m . 2006 . nomenclature and distribution of the species of the porcupinefish family diodontidae ( pisces , teleostei ) . memoirs of museum victoria . 63 ( 1 ) : 77 - 90 .
with fun facts about more than 100 animals , this long - awaited aquarium guide includes beautiful pictures and reveals the incredible facts and design features that point to our amazing creator . this handy size guide is excellent for school field trips and family trips to your favorite aquarium !
it is similar to the freckled porcupinefish , diodon holocanthus , but the latter has much longer spines , particularly on the head , and the blotch on the top of the head is continuous between the eyes . ,
adult longspine porcupinefish are usually solitary and are only seen in pairs or groups during mating . they are often seen wedged into small crevices on the reef during the day and will sometimes inflate wedging themselves into the crevice . they are slow swimmers usually propelling themselves with their pectoral , dorsal and anal fins but they are capable of a faster burst of speed when they use their caudal fins . porcupinefish are more agile than they look and can change direction quickly .
“et phone home . ” that famous movie phrase comes to mind every time i come to face - to - face with a longspine porcupinefish , also known as the balloonfish . its large head and big eyes give it an alienlike appearance . the longspine porcupinefish is also a fish full of personality . in fact , it has more charm than a lot of the people i have met during my travels through life ! but this ocean - bound et is not suitable for everyone .
leis , j . m . 2006 ,
nomenclature and distribution of the species of the porcupinefish family diodontidae ( pisces , teleostei ) .
, memoirs of museum victoria , vol . 63 , no . 1 , pp . 77 - 90
if you have an acrylic aquarium , be aware that some longspine porcupinefish have been known to bite and cause scratches on the acrylic with their hard beaklike teeth . for a fish with teeth that can crush sea urchins and mollusk shells , scratching plastic is not that great a feat . acceptable water parameters for the longspine porcupinefish are a ph of 8 . 1 to 8 . 4 , specific gravity of 1 . 019 to 1 . 025 and a water temperature of 74 to 82 degrees fahrenheit .
begins to develop spines . the larvae metamorphosize after about 3 weeks ( flmnh ) . after this metamorphosis , fins and fin rays are present , the teeth are formed , and adult olive and brown coloring develops ( flmnh ) . dark spots appear on the belly , which may help camouflage the juveniles in floating sargassum from underwater predators such as the mahi mahi ( flmnh ) . the juvenile loses this underside spotting when it reaches the adult stage . at this point in development , spine elongation and body growth occur . the larval stage of
longspine porcupinefish have a light olive brown background color with brown or black dots across the body . light brown blotches are spread across the body . the eyes are prominent as with most nocturnal feeders and are covered with a blotch which runs across the head from eye to eye . the anal and dorsal fins are set back close to the caudal peduncle . usually the fins are a transparent yellow colour . when not inflated the spines lie flat on the body pointing backwards towards the tail .
, also known as the balloonfish or spiny puffer , can reach lengths from about 30 . 5 to 61 cm . it has dark patches along its sides and back , but perhaps its most telling feature is the long spines that protrude from all over its body , excluding the fins and face . the spines are actually modified scales , which lay flat against its body most of the time ( waikiki aquarium 1999 ) . in some relatives of the balloonfish , a toxic chemical , tetrodotoxin , is found in the skin and spines . however , only trace amounts of tetrodotoxin have been found in balloonfish , mainly concentrated in the ovaries ( chen and chou 1998 ) . in appearance ,
the longspined porcupinefish grow quite large and are messy eaters and therefore require a large aquarium . even with good filtration frequent water changes are necessary and any excess food should be vacuumed out . as saltwater fish go they are very hardy and easy to feed . because they are easy to catch they are also quite cheap . they have been kept in captivity for up to 15 years . as fish go they are intelligent and soon learn who feeds them and will swim up and down the side of the aquarium when they spot their feeder .
body a robust oval , inflatable ; head wide and blunt ; a pair of small barbels on chin ; eyes large ; nasal organ a flat short tentacle with 2 openings ; teeth fused into a strong , parrot - like beak with two plates that lack a front groove , large , opens widely at front ; gill opening a vertical slit before pectoral base ; pectorals large ; fins without spines ; no pelvic fins ; dorsal fin 13 - 14 ; anal fin rays 13 - 14 ; pectoral rays 22 - 25 ; body and head covered with numerous long ( > eye ) , erectible , 2 - rooted , slender , round spines ; 12 - 16 spines in an approximate row from top of snout to dorsal fin ; 12 - 15 spines between lower jaw and anus ; anterior middle spines on top of head longer than longest spines posterior to pectoral fins ; no spines on tail base .
greek , di = two + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 2 - 200 m ( ref . 5951 ) , usually 2 - 35 m ( ref . 40849 ) . subtropical ; 37°n - 39°s , 8°e - 55°w ( ref . 55210 )
circumtropical in distribution . western atlantic : canada ( ref . 5951 ) , florida , usa and the bahamas to brazil ( ref . 7251 ) . eastern atlantic : 30°n to 23°s ( ref . 6951 ) ; also south africa ( ref . 4423 ) . western indian ocean : southern red sea to madagascar , reunion and mauritius ( ref . 53568 ) . pacific ocean : southern japan south to lord howe island and east to the hawaiian and easter islands ( ref . 37816 ) . also from southern california , usa to colombia ( ref . 11482 ) and the galapagos islands ( ref . 5227 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 50 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7251 ) ; common length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 55763 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 13 - 15 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 13 - 15 . pelagic juveniles with spots , particularly prominent on belly ; adults with dark blotches across back and spots between the blotches ; fins without spots ( ref . 4423 ) . 14 to 16 spines in an approximate row between snout and origin of dorsal fin ; with a large brown bar above and below each eye ; a broad transverse brown bar on occipital region of head ( ref . 13442 ) .
inhabit shallow reefs to open , soft bottoms . also in areas with rocky substrata . sometimes form groups ( ref . 9710 , 48637 ) . occur on open muddy substrates as well as on rich soft - bottom and coral reefs . juveniles often with floating sargassum rafts . young and sub - adults may form small groups ( ref . 48637 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . juveniles pelagic to about 6 - 9 cm . solitary . feed on mollusks , sea urchins , hermit crabs , and crabs at night ( ref . 9680 ) . relatively poor swimmers ( ref . 9710 ) . used in chinese medicine ( ref . 12166 ) . captured at the surface using a hand net ( ref . 26165 ) .
leis , j . m . , 1984 . diodontidae . in w . fischer and g . bianchi ( eds . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean fishing area 51 . vol . 2 . ( ref . 3393 )
) : 21 . 5 - 29 , mean 27 . 3 ( based on 2666 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5313 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 04467 ( 0 . 02239 - 0 . 08910 ) , b = 2 . 87 ( 2 . 68 - 3 . 06 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .
porcupinefishes are slow - swimming , medium - sized fishes that are found mostly in shallow temperate and tropical marine waters . the teeth in both jaws are fused into a parrot - like
beak
. the family name diodontidae literally means ' two teeth ' . diodontids use these fused teeth and plates on the roof of the mouth to crush hard - bodied prey such as molluscs and sea urchins .
porcupinefishes are covered in spines . they can inflate their bodies into a ball - shape by swallowing water . the inflation of porcupinefishes is a defence mechanism , and as such there is no limit to the number of times an individual can inflate ( and deflate ) . if the fish inflates at the surface it is likely to ingest air , which can be difficult to expel . this can lead to death of the fish because it floats and cannot leave the surface . however , if the fish inflates under water , it ingests only water and has no problem deflating once the danger has passed .
the body is brown to grey above shading to white below . there are white - margined dark blotches on the back and sides , and the fins are normally unspotted .
the species is occurs in tropical waters of the indo - west and central pacific , from south africa , north to japan , south to australia and east to the marshall and society islands .
in australia it is known from the central coast of western australia , around the tropical north and south on the east coast to southern new south wales .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .
allen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . western australian museum . pp . 292 .
hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .
randall , j . e . , allen , g . r . & r . c . steene . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house press . pp . 557 .
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the teeth of both the upper and lower jaws of this fish are fused , forming a solid , heavy beak . this beak makes cracking the shells of snails , sea urchins , and hermit crabs easy .
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these fish have large eyes , small mouths , and round bodies covered in spines . they are generally light - brown on the back and white on the belly . they can be seen year - round when they approach your boat .
although it is not poisonous like other blowfish , it has a distinctive means of self - defence . it swallows a large quantity of water , swelling its body and causing the spines that normally lie flat on its body to stick up . once it has gone into this defensive posture , a predator cannot attack without being pierced by the spines .
it has 400 - 600 spines , so it ' s probably a waste of time trying to count them .
these small fish appear in ciceros strait , around coordinates c - 2 and f - 5 .
these small creatures float around slowly and seemingly aimlessly . they puff up their bodies with poked or prodded , but they respond well to being fed .
in endless ocean 2 , the creatures under the zoom - mode glow at coordinates c - 2 are risky to attempt to find , as great white sharks patrol that area during the daytime . however , at night , the sharks move , leaving that space open to safely explore .
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eschmeyer , w . n . and fricke , r . ( eds ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 1 october 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 1 october 2015 ) .
carpenter , k . e . , comeros - raynal , m . , harwell , h . & sanciango , j .
justification : this species is widely distributed and occurs over soft bottom and reef . there are no known major threats , therefore it is assessed as least concern .
diodon holocanthus is of minor commercial importance to the fisheries industry and aquarium trade ( miyasaka 1993 , fujita et al . 1997 ) . it is eaten in the ryukyu ' s and taiwan ( leis pers . comm . 2011 ) . it is also dried and sold as curios in parts of its range . there are reports that this species is toxic to humans , however this needs to be substantiated .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t193817a115332473 .
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we spent 2 1 / 2 weeks scouring the wailea and makena beaches for snorkeling opportunities . the weather and sea conditions were variable and much more so than we have experienced in west maui . . . but we persisted , played it safe when the visibility was poor , and ended up seeing a lot of beautiful sealife . the beauty of snorkeling in maui is the . . .
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which is similar in looks but has much shorter spines and slightly different markings on the face . as with all pufferfish or blowfish , they have the ability to swallow water or air and inflate themselves . this enlarges them making it more difficult for predators to swallow them and furthermore raises the spines presenting an unpalatable looking meal .
as further protection they have a symbiotic relationship with types of bacteria such as pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis , which produces tetradotoxin which is a powerful neurotoxin .
they can grow up to 29 cm in length . the mouth is proportionally fairly large and if one observes them closely , the skin around the mouth is slightly wrinkled .
longspine porcupine fish are prolific spawners , the male pushes the female to the surface and large numbers of eggs are released and fertilized . after several days of floating near the surface the eggs hatch and the larvae are well formed . after three or so weeks the fins and teeth develop and the juveniles migrate to inshore areas when they have reached six to seven cm in length .
they are eaten in japan as sashimi and chirinabe in the notorious dish known as fugu . the tetradotoxin found in the fish is around 1200 times more poisonous than cyanide and the attraction is to put ones life in the hands of the chef who cuts the meat , hopefully leaving out the more poisonous parts which would certainly kill . if the chef gets it right a mild tingling and a feeling of euphoria will be felt .
in some areas the fish are blown up and sold as ornaments or as lamp shades . due to the increased controls on transporting such goods this practice is hopefully dying out .
while they do not eat other fishes in the wild , any crustacean and some corals are fair game for them . because their teeth continue growing throughout their life , they require hard foods to keep their teeth worn down . because of their solitary nature only one fish may be kept in a tank . if you have one you should not stress them to watch them puff up .
kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : actinopterygii order : tetraodontiformes family : diodontidae genus : diodon species : d . liturosus
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the species is exploited in the following sector ( s ) : - aquarium enthusiasts . - chemistry / pharmacy . used in the clothing , footwear or crafts industries for the manufacture of articles ( jewellery , etc . ) .
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wow , in our own dialect in e . samar , philippines we call it
otit
. thanks jellis !
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light olive to pale brown , shading to white ventrally ; small black spots on upper two - thirds of head and body ; a brown bar from above to below eye ; a broad brown bar across occipital region through eye , and another across middle of back ; a large oval brown blotch above each pectoral fin and another around dorsal - fin base ; fins pale , without spots .
circumtropical distribution ; southern california to the gulf of california to northern peru and all the offshore islands .
balloonfishes are circumtropical in distribution . these fish are found in the western atlantic from florida , usa to the bahamas and brazil , in the eastern atlantic around 30°n - 23°s , and in south africa . in the eastern pacific from hawaii to pitcairn and the easter islands , and from southern california , us to colombia and the galapagos islands . they are reef fish with a depth range of 2 - 100 m .
balloonfish are nocturnal predators , generally hiding in crevices in the reef during the day . the teeth are fused forming a strong , beak - like mouth for consuming snails , sea urchins , and hermit crabs . these fish are relatively poor swimmers .
juveniles are consumed by pelagic predatory fishes such as tuna and marine mammals such as dolphins . adults fall prey to sharks .
they reproduce via dioecism ( sexes are separate ) and fertilization is external with a spawning frequency of one clear seasonal peak per year .
resilience to fishing pressure : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years extinction vulnerability to fishing : low to moderate vulnerability ( 28 of 100 )
research diodon holocanthus » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
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balloonfishes , diodon holocanthus ~ marinebio . org .
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for all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .
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paulin , c . , stewart , a . , roberts , c . & mcmillan , p . 1989 ,
new zealand fish : a complete guide
, national museum of new zealand miscellaneous series , vol . 19 , pp . 1 - 279
ogilby , j . d . 1910 ,
on new or insufficiently described fishes
, proceedings of the royal society of queensland , vol . 23 , no . 1 , pp . 1 - 55
cuvier , g . l . 1818 ,
sur les diodons , vulgairement orbes épineux
, mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , vol . 4 , pp . 121 - 138 2 pls
compiled by roberts , c . d . ; paulin , c . d . ; stewart , a . l . ; mcphee , r . p . ; mcdowall , r . m . , king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicol , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , r . ; macadie , i . 24 : phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , checklist of new zealand chordata . living lancelets , jawless fishes , cartilaginous fishes , and bony fishes . in : new zealand inventory of biodiversity volume 1 .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f4c58bc8 - 1c3d - 4332 - b767 - 6ccedea9d3d1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8bf9220b - f30f - 4978 - abe9 - f63f4880bb35
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 444561
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habitat : lagoons , muddy bottoms , rocky bottoms , rocky reefs , soft bottom and shallow reefs .
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occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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is distributed circumtropically throughout the world ( hobson 1974 ; flmnh ) . in the u . s . it is found along the pacific coast , the florida keys and hawaii ( hobson 1974 ; waikiki aquarium 1999 ) . it is widespread in the caribbean and eastern asia ( hobson 1974 ; flmnh ) .
adult balloonfish are found in relatively shallow areas of the ocean . they prefer grassy flats , coral reefs , and mangrove areas ( randall 1967 ; flmnh ; nagelkerken et . al 2000 ) . the larvae however , are found in the pelagic ( open water ) zone ( flmnh ) . they bob around in their shells for about 4 days before hatching ( flmnh ) .
balloonfish expand by swallowing mouthfuls of air or water when attacked by a predator . the balloonfish swallows air , when attacked by avian predators , or water , when attacked by piscine predators ( brainerd 1994 ) . after ingestion through the mouth , the air or water reaches the highly elastic stomach , which has been described as a
large dilatable sac with robust esophageal and pyloric sphincters
( rosen , 1912 ) . the stomach , which has lost its digestive function , plays a key role in the inflation process ( brainerd 1994 ) . in diodontidae , the stomach is a simple sac , whereas in tetraodontidae the stomach is divided into two parts by a pyloric sphincter . as the stomach expands , it pushes the peritoneal lining into the ample peritoneal space . the peritoneal cavity expands towards the head to the mandible and towards the tail to enclose the unpaired fins ( brainerd 1994 ) .
also facilitates inflation . because the balloonfish lacks pleural ribs and a pelvic girdle , expansion is not as strictly inhibited as in most fish . the vertebral column is also highly flexible . it bends in an arc towards the dorsal side of the fish , allowing
in addition to the elastic stomach , generous peritoneal space and skeletal structure , balloonfish skin is also specialized for inflation ( brainerd 1994 ) . the skin of
is highly elastic because of microfolds in the epidermis and collagen fibers of the dermis . these allow
to extend through 40 % of its initial length before it begins to stiffen ( brainerd 1994 ) .
reproduces through sexual processes , just like most other fish . sexual reproduction maintains genetic diversity within the species , which is important for preventing disease and adapting to changes in the environment over time . during spawning season , a male pushes a female to the surface and they immediately spawn ( flmnh ) . the round eggs float in the water . until they are 10 days old ,
larvae retain a thin shell covering , which is then lost ( flmnh ) . at this time ,
is yellow with red spots and well - developed functional mouth , eyes and gas bladder ( flmnh ) .
is threatened , it sucks water or air into its body , causing the dangerous spines to stick out at right angles from its body ( brainerd 1994 ) . the entire body swells two to three times in diameter as the stomach expands ( brainerd 1994 ) . it is not surprising that very few predators consume balloonfish .
the process of inflation is called an
anti - predatory defense mechanism
. this means that
demonstrates the most pronounced spherical shape of all pufferfish when inflated ( brainerd 1994 ) . the extremely inflated body shape also helps
avoid
gape - limited predators
. these are predators that can ' t open their mouths wide enough to swallow
when it is inflated . in hawaii , the only known predator of adult balloonfish is the tiger shark ( waikiki aquarium 1999 ) .
are fused , forming a solid , heavy beak ( hobson 1974 ; waikiki aquarium 1999 ) . this beak makes cracking the shells of snails , sea urchins and hermit crabs a breeze . with the help of its relatively large eyes ,
feeds at night on these delicacies of the coastal zone ( waikiki aquarium 1999 ) . as for catching its prey ,
certainly does not rely on speed . it is actually a slow - swimming predator ( waikiki aquarium 1999 ) . what
can do is maneuver into tricky positions using its pectoral , pelvic and anal fins . this is especially helpful in complex habitat such as coral reefs .
uses its tail primarily for steering and for occasional bursts of speed ( waikiki aquarium 1999 ) .
is a nocturnal predator and remains hidden during the day ( hobson 1974 ; waikiki aquarium 1999 ; flmnh ) . individuals have been observed resting near ledges and shallow caves of the rocky sea floor in the gulf of california and ledges or holes in the florida keys in the daytime ( hobson 1974 ) . in coral reefs around hawaii and the west indies ,
' main food source is pagurid crabs ( hermit crabs ) and prosobranch gastropods , which include familiar marine organisms such as abalones , limpets , top shells , periwinkles , boat shells , conchs , moon snails , and whelks ( hobson 1974 ; flmnh ; randall 1967 ; waikiki aquarium 1999 ) .
are however , a relatively common novelty for tourists on vacation in tropical areas ( flmnh ) .
the body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .
body of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
structure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps ( class anthozoa ) . coral reefs are found in warm , shallow oceans with low nutrient availability . they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates , plants , fish , and protists . the polyps live only on the reef surface . because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae , zooxanthellae , they cannot live where light does not penetrate .
brainerd , e . l . , 1994 . pufferfish inflation : functional morphology of postcranial structure in diodon holocanthus ( tetraodontiformes ) .
chen , c . - y . and h . - n chou , 1998 . detection of tetrodotoxin by high performance liquid chromatography in lined - moon shell and puffer fish .
florida museum of natural history ( flmnh ) ,
balloonfish
( on - line ) . accessed october 18 , 2000 at urltoken .
hobson , e . s . , 1974 . feeding relationships of teleostean fishes on coral reefs in kona , hawaii .
nagelkerken , i . , m . dorenbosch , et al , 2000 . day - night shifts of fishes between shallow - water biotopes of a caribbean bay , with emphasis on the nocturnal feeding of haemulidae and lutjanidae .
randall , j . e . , 1967 . food habits of reef fishes of the west indies .
rosen , n . , 1912 . studies on the plectognaths . 2 . the air sac with notes on other parts of the intestines .
waikiki aquarium , january 1999 .
marine life profile : pufferfish
( on - line ) . accessed october 18 , 2000 at urltoken .
to cite this page : kenzie , j . 2000 .
diodon holocanthus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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greek , tragos = goat + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 26 - 137 m ( ref . 58489 ) . tropical
indo - west pacific : northern australia and arafura sea . does not occur in southern australia or new zealand ( ref . 9680 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3132 )
found on soft bottoms to at least 30 m ( ref . 9680 ) . presumably feeds on hard - shelled invertebrates ( ref . 9680 ) . frequently trawled but not marketed ( ref . 9680 ) .
allen , g . r . and r . swainston , 1988 . the marine fishes of north - western australia : a field guide for anglers and divers . western australian museum , perth . 201 p . ( ref . 3132 )
) : 23 . 2 - 28 . 2 , mean 26 . 9 ( based on 295 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 03090 ( 0 . 01311 - 0 . 07285 ) , b = 2 . 89 ( 2 . 68 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .
) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 37 se ; based on food items .
underwater photography size : 14 . 2 mpixels ( 40 . 5 mb uncompressed ) - 4607x3072 pixels ( 15 . 3x10 . 2 in / 39 . 0x26 . 0 cm at 300 ppi )
life on white | urltoken - 38468 images of animals on a white background ( isolated on white ) for around 1175 different animal species .
38468 royalty free images online and around 1175 different animal species , for as low as : 9818 images not yet online ( raw pictures can be viewed upon request ) . 1526 images available in rights managed exclusively here .


the kerguelen tern ( sterna virgata ) is a tern of the southern hemisphere .

this seabird mainly breeds colonially in the kerguelen islands , as its common name implies .

however , smaller colonies are also found in the prince edward islands ( i.e. prince edward and marion ) and crozet islands .

the total number of individuals is from 3,500 – 6,500 birds , although there is no recent data from the main colony at kerguelen .

these birds do not inhabit kerguelen proper , instead nesting on islets free of feral cats .

during bad weather , they are known to abandon their colonies .

kerguelen terns are among the least-ranging of all typical terns .

they generally do not reach far into the seas near their breeding grounds .

these birds eat fish and marine invertebrates , especially those found in beds of the seaweed macrocystis spp .

they sometimes also hunt insects on land and catch fish from rivers on kerguelen .

there are two subspecies : s. v. mercuri ( voisin , 1971 ) – crozet and prince edward islands s. v. virgata ( cabanis , 1875 ) – kerguelen island

kerguelen tern

is sister to elegant tern , not sandwich tern of europe ( efe et al . 2009 , collinson et al 2017 ) ;
aspects of the breeding and feeding of kerguelen and antarctic terns at the kerguelen islands by p . m . sagar
the kerguelen tern is sedentary and remains all year round in vicinity of the breeding islands . the flight is fast and graceful .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the kerguelen tern utters high - pitched screams . while foraging , it produces churrs and squeaks .
introduction : the kerguelen tern occurs only on four islands in the indian ocean , and has very restricted range . this species is one of the rarest terns in the world . very similar to the antarctic tern ( s . vittata ) , which is present in the same range , the kerguelen tern has darker plumage and the species can be differentiated in the field by the greyish underwing ( white in s . vittata ) . the kerguelen tern defends aggressively it nest , including eggs and / or chicks , against larger seabirds and even humans .
cabanis , 1875 – kerguelen is ( reported breeding on heard i erroneous ) .
the introduction of salmonid fish into rivers on kerguelen has provided a new source of food .
kerguelen tern and antarctic tern are probably competing on their breeding islands , and coexistence of these closely related species has involved a parallel reduction of clutch size and the displacement of the laying period . competition for the limited food resources is reduced and allows both species to feed the chicks . ( weimerskirch & stahl – 1988 )
protection / threats / status : the kerguelen tern has reduced range and small population . the main threat probably comes from hard weather conditions and strong winds that reduce the food sources and the breeding success . predation by skuas still occurs on the islands , but exotic predators have been eradicated from the islands , except a large population of feral cats on kerguelen . the global population is estimated at 3 , 500 / 6 , 500 individuals , equivalent to 2 , 300 / 4 , 300 mature individuals . this population appears to be stable . but currently , the kerguelen tern is classified as near threatened
the kerguelen tern is colonial nester and breeds two months before the antarctic tern . the colonies include up to 30 pairs , but some of them breed solitary . the nests are widely scattered , about 35 - 38 metres apart . the displays are similar to that of s . vittata , and include aerial displays and courtship feeding by male to female . they are generally monogamous .
subspecies and range : the kerguelen tern has two subspecies . s . v . mercuri occurs on prince edward and marion islands , and on crozet islands . this race has more restricted grey area on forehead in non - breeder birds , and some subtle differences on the bare parts . s . v . virgata ( described above ) is found on kerguelen islands .
habitat : the kerguelen tern is not exclusively marine , and also frequents inland freshwaters . it can be found near ponds , marshes and beaches of all islands . it breeds on flat ground with sparse vegetation on rocky or volcanic islands , on cliff tops , near rivers and sometimes close to beach . the non - breeding birds feed in the vicinity of the islands .
the kerguelen tern adult has smoky - grey upperparts , including the uppertail - coverts , whereas the rump is white . the tail is greyish with grey outer streamers . the underparts are smoky - grey too , but the undertail - coverts are mostly white . the underwing is grey with narrow , black trailing edge on the primaries . on the head , forehead , crown and nape are black . cheeks and moustachial area are white and contrast strongly with the black above , and the grey of chin and throat below . the bill is deep red . the eyes are dark brown . legs and webbed feet are bright orange ( crozet ) and dull red ( kerguelen ) .
gochfeld , m . , burger , j . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . kerguelen tern ( sterna virgata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
31 cm . very dark , small tern . adult overall very dark grey with black cap and narrow white cheek stripe separating black cap from grey neck . non breeding adult has grizzled forehead and paler underparts . immature heavily barred buff on mantle and has all brown cap .
behaviour in the wild : the kerguelen tern feeds on both aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates , according to the season . at sea , it feeds on fish , crustaceans and molluscs caught by plunge - diving and contact - dipping . they forage in flocks of up to 20 birds on inshore waters or by walking on kelp . on land , it feeds on earthworms , insects and spiders found in the vegetation , taken both on the ground and in flight . flocks may contain up to 50 individuals . they can be aggressive towards each other while feeding , displacing another by flying towards it while churring .
1988 , thibault and guyst 1993 ) . the south african population is listed in the regional red data book as critically endangered [ taylor and wanless 2015 ] , due to the apparent loss of the prince edward island population . there are no recent counts from the main breeding area on kerguelen ( v . bretagnolle
the non - breeding adult has dull reddish bill ( crozet ) or black ( kerguelen ) . the forehead becomes white by february while the bird is moulting during the incubation . the juvenile is finely vermiculated grey , brown and buff , with broad pale and dark bars . it is similar to the juvenile s . vittata .
2009 ] and no breeding observed in 2011 [ taylor and wanless , 2015 ] ) , crozet islands ( french southern territories ) ( 150 - 200 pairs over 1980 - 1982 ) and kerguelen islands ( also french southern territories ) ( 1 , 000 - 2 , 000 pairs during 1982 - 1985 ) . the total population is estimated at 3 , 500 - 6 , 500 individuals ( jouventin
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
from which it differs by being darker , smaller with shirt wings and tail and with much shorter , weaker and spikey shaped bill .
anderson , o . , butchart , s . , moreno , r . , o ' brien , a . , shutes , s . , stattersfield , a . , taylor , j . , van der merwe , n .
this species is listed as near threatened owing to its small population . it is not thought to be undergoing a decline at present , but any indication of a decline would result in the species being reclassified as threatened .
1999 ) and thus population trends are unknown , but it is assumed that the species is not undergoing any significant decline .
the total population has been estimated at 3 , 500 - 6 , 500 individuals , roughly equivalent to 2 , 300 - 4 , 300 mature individuals .
the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of any significant threats .
. egg - laying commences in mid - october , and continues until january , with a peak in breeding from early november to mid - december . one or two eggs are laid . the incubation period is 24 days , followed by a fledging period of 31 - 39 days and then 20 days of dependence ( del hoyo
inhabits predator - free islets around the main island and therefore predation is not considered a major threat ( t . micol
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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
and terns are embedded among the gulls in a monophyletic clade ; separation of the families rynchopidae and sternidae would render the gull family laridae paraphyletic relative to these other two groups ( baker et al . 2008 )
red sea , indian ocean east through the pacific to hawaiian is . and easter i .
clipperton i . ( off w mexico ) and cocos i . ( off w costa rica )
marcus ( japan ) and n marshall is . ( micronesia ) to nw hawaiian is .
henderson , easter , and sala y gómez is . ( west of chile )
may be a basal noddy ( baker et al . 2007 , ödeen et al . 2010 , cibois et al . 2016 ) ; so
white noddy
if confirmed ? see yeung et al . 2009 re taxonomy of pacific ocean subspecies
seychelles and mascarene is . to the central pacific ( except ranges of next two ssp . )
eu , af : iberian pen . through the middle east to pakistan and india ; mauritania , senegal and gambia
n and ne australia , new caledonia , loyalty is . ( sw pacific )
red - billed gull originally split by schodde et al . 1983 , sibley & monroe 1990 , burger & gochfeld 1996 , and given et al . 2005 , but now lumped by h & m4 , hbw alive , gill et al . 2010 .
by some ( h & m4 , hbw / bli ) based on pons et al . 2005 poorly resolved phylogeny
genetically distinct short - billed gull previously split from common / mew gull ( aou sibley 1996 , zink et al 1995 , olsen & larsson 2003 , bna ) . bna makes the point that zink’s paper only looked at mtdna differences between
is needed to round out the picture and because some have proposed ( e . g . s & m , 1990 ) that the species break might be between
) has long been a controversial taxon . critical review favors treatment as subspecies of iceland gull
( sangster et al . 2005 ) ; recognized by bou , but not by aou
as ssp following collinson et al . 2008 , yésou ( dutch birding 24 : 271 - 298 , 2002 )
( sangster et al . 2005 , aou 2007 ) ; recognized by bou , aou . this species retains the english name yellow - legged gull of the former , unsplit species . .
as subspecies following collinson , j . m . , parkin , d . t . , knox , a . g . , sangster , g . , and l . svensson . 2008 . species boundaries in the herring and lesser black - backed gull complex . british birds 101 ( 7 ) : 340 - 363 .
e china to w , n and e australia , ryukyu and tuamotu is .
w and n australia and new guinea through lord howe , norfolk and kermadec is and the s pacific to easter i .
bonin is . ( japan ) to the hawaiian is . south to kiritimati ( line is . )
sa : coastal peru and se brazil to tierra del fuego , falkland is .
stewart , snares , auckland , bounty , antipodes , campbell and macquarie is .
( aou 2000 , bou / sangster et al . , 2004 , chu et al . 2009 )
frans josef land ( russia ) to st . lawrence i . ( alaska )
na , ma : channel is . ( california , usa ) and islands off w baja california ( mexico )
scripps ' s murrelet is split from guadalupe [ xantus ' s ] murrelet ( sibley and monroe 1993 , nettleship 1996 , birt et al . 2012 , nacc 2011 - 14 - c )
sandgrouse ( pterocliformes ) are sister to the malagasy mesites ( hackett et al . 2008 , jarvis et al . 2014 , prum et al . 2015 ) .
sympatric with s . vittata , but different phenology and feeding niche . race mercuri separated principally on basis of more restricted grey area on forehead ( non - breeders ) and bare - part differences , but distinctions subtle ; species often treated as monotypic . two subspecies recognized .
33 cm ; wingspan 71 cm . forehead to nape black ; upperparts , including uppertail - coverts , smoky grey , with contrasting white rump ; outer tail streamers grey , tail greyish ; . . .
calls include a harsh
chittick
and a long drawn out
keeeaaar
.
rocky , volcanic islands . breeds on sparsely vegetated flat ground , either cliff tops or river flats . . .
fish , crustaceans , molluscs , earthworms , insects and spiders . diet changes seasonally from mainly crustaceans in sept , fish in nov , insects . . .
virtually unstudied . returns to colony in sept , and begins laying mid - oct , continuing until jan ; peak breeding early nov to mid - dec , 2 . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened , and previously , vulnerable . the global population has been estimated at 3 , 500–6 , 500 individuals . . . .
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sometimes treated as including one or more of the genera onychoprion , sternula , gelochelidon , hydroprogne , chlidonias and thalasseus .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : sterna virgata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
current time at palmer station , antarctica : current temperature : cold . damn cold .
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reproduction of this species : the laying occurs between mid - october and january , with peak in early november to mid - december . the nest is placed on the ground , often on slopes above the beach or near the high tide line , occasionally well inland . it is a scrape made with stones and twigs , and lined with plant material such as moss and grass .
the female lays 1 - 2 eggs and both adults incubate during 24 days . the chicks are brooded for five days . then , they leave the nest but they hide in vegetation and rocks near the nest . they fledge 31 - 39 days after hatching , but they still depend on adults for food for about 3 weeks .
a complete guide to antarctic wildlife by hadoram shirihai and illustrated by brett jarrett - edited by guy m . kirwan - alul . a press oy , finland - isbn 9519894705
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