the european pine marten ( martes martes ) , known most commonly as the pine marten in anglophone europe , and less commonly also known as pineten , baum marten , or sweet marten , is an animal native to northern europe belonging to the mustelid family , which also includes mink , otter , badger , wolverine and weasel .

european pine marten

куница лесная . поведение молодых . european pine marten . the behavior of the young .
ecological network resistance map ( en ) and lcp analysis between european pine marten individuals in the study area .
the response of european pine marten ( martes martes l . ) feeding to the changes of small mammal abundance
the response of european pine marten ( martes martes l . ) feeding to the changes of small mammal abundance .
results of causal modeling of landscape resistance on genetic distance in european pine marten according to mantel and partial mantel tests .
t1 - the response of european pine marten ( martes martes l . ) feeding to the changes of small mammal abundance
european environment agency ( 2005 ) european environment : state and outlook 2005 . state of environment report no . 1 / 2005
the response of european pine marten ( martes martes l . ) feeding to the changes of small mammal abundance — universidad andrés bello
the pine marten’s name comes from where it lives : mainly coniferous forests such as pine forests .
title =
the response of european pine marten ( martes martes l . ) feeding to the changes of small mammal abundance
,
results of causal modeling of landscape resistance on genetic distance in european pine marten according to mantel and partial mantel tests for the untransformed distances .
this species is also known as the pineten , sweet marten or baum marten .
temple hj , terry a ( 2009 ) the status and distribution of european mammals . office for official publications of the european communities , luxembourg
this is the best picture 😉 and my first picture and time i saw european pine marten ! in love ! but… pine marten is a predator ! the diet includes small mammals , carrion , birds , insects , and fruits .
the vwt has been studying the pine marten for more than 30 years and has published , or has contributed to , a number of research papers on the pine marten . this work has included investigating the distribution and status of the pine marten in england and wales , documenting pine marten range expansion in scotland and developing and trialing field techniques for monitoring pine martens .
european pine marten is a rare animal in western europe while in latvia it is common . harsh winters when there are many fallen animals is celebration for this small animal .
the winter coat of the european pine marten has always been much in demand . the species has been successfully kept on fur farms . life history characteristics , however , prevent trade of pine marten fur from being feasible on a large commercial scale ( grzimek 1990 ) .
of the mustelids , the pine marten is the only one with semi - retractable claws .
manzo e , bartolommei p , rowcliffe j , cozzolino r ( 2012 ) estimation of population density of european pine marten in central italy using camera trapping . acta theriol 57 : 165–172
european pine martens may live for up to 18 years in captivity but more often live for 8 - 10 years in the wild .
mergey m , larroque j , ruette s , vandel j - m , helder r , et al . ( 2012 ) linking habitat characteristics with genetic diversity of the european pine marten (
the raw microsatellite data and geographic coordinates of the 101 pine marten individuals are included in table s2 .
o’mahony d , o’reilly c , turner p ( 2006 ) national pine marten survey of ireland 2005 .
in ireland , pine marten were once widely distributed throughout every county . current pine marten distribution is largely concentrated in western counties and the midlands of ireland . the species now occurs in approximately 50 % of its historical range . pine marten remain extinct throughout the majority of munster and are very rare in ulster .
) in europe : a call for a co - ordinated european approach . biol conserv 141 : 2564–2575
population in bialowieza forest ( e poland ) compared with other european woodlands . ecography 29 : 31–43 .
schroepfer , r . , p . wiegand , h . hogrefe . 1997 . the implications of territoriality for the social system of the european pine marten , / martes martes ( l . , 1758 ) . .
it is thought there could be a link between the pine marten population and the numbers of reds and greys .
teerink bj ( 1991 ) hair of west - european mammals , 1st edn . cambridge university press , cambridge
) : preliminary distribution survey on the northern iberian peninsula . european journal of wildlife research 54 : 253–261 .
pereboom v , mergey m , villerette n , helder r , gerard jf , et al . ( 2008 ) movement patterns , habitat selection , and corridor use of a typical woodland - dweller species , the european pine marten (
the first confirmed sighting of a wild pine marten in england for over a century has been recorded in a shropshire woodland .
we laid bait to get the foxes to show up , however we got a rare visit of a pine marten instead .
the pine marten is listed as a protected species in appendix iii of the 1979 bern convention on the conservation of european wildlife and natural habitats . it is also included in annex v of the european community ' s habitat and species directive of 1992 , as a species ' of community interest whose taking in the wild and exploitation may be subject to management measures ' .
pine marten occur throughout mainland europe , stretching from the ural mountains in the east to ireland at the western edge of the species global distribution . they can also be found in parts of the middle east . in europe , pine marten exist with a similar species called the beech or stone marten , although that species tends to be more associated with areas of human habitation . also , in the eastern parts of pine marten distribution ( mainly russia ) there is some overlap with a related marten species known as the sable .
sample locations and microsatellite data . complete genetic profiles ( 15 microsatellite loci ) and the geographic coordinates for the 101 pine marten individuals
jordan nr ( 2011 ) a strategy for restoring the pine marten to england and wales . report published by the vincent wildlife trust
oh ! that was a surprise ! something in the apple tree . . jumping… from one to another… squirrel ! but wait ! it is not a squirrel ! what is it ! ? it is a european pine marten i guess ! can’t see !
) : assessing species and individual identification success rates on faecal dna genotyping . european journal of wildlife research 59 : 371–386 .
the pine marten ( martes martes ) is likely to have arrived in britain and ireland soon after the end of the last glaciation .
european pine marten has very wide food range . in summer they usually feed on different insects , amphibians , small insectivores , mouse - like rodents , birds , berries and fruits . when there is a bad year for mouse - like rodents pine marten mostly feed on squirrels and birds . it really likes honey that pine marten seeks not only in bumblebee nest but also in bee - gardens . in winter mostly it live by carrion . pine marten can eat about 100g meat at once . it has to eat as much as 1 / 5 of its own weight a day to survive , so it has to run around quite much to make that happen .
in terms of diet , pine marten are omnivorous taking both plant and animal material . in ireland , pine marten exploit a variety of resources including berries , fruits , small mammals , invertebrates , birds and amphibians . in some areas where pine marten occur close to towns and villages the species will exploit rubbish bins for food . in other countries , pine martens rely heavily on microtine rodents such as voles and also in colder countries on carrion , especially in winter . when foraging , pine marten will usually stay within their own territory , which will have a variety of food resources available within it .
the research leading to these results received funding from the european community ' s seventh framework programme ( fp7 / 2007 - 2013 ) under the project “european management platform for emerging and re - emerging infectious disease entities” ( emperie ) ec grant agreement number 223498 .
european pine martens are preyed upon by red foxes and golden eagles . humans persecute this species as a result of habitat loss , predator control intended for other species and farming for their fur .
pine martens and their dens are afforded full protection under the wildlife and countryside act , 1981 and the environmental protection act , 1990 ( 7 ) . conservation management in areas where the pine marten persists may help the species . potential measures include planting corridors of trees between patches of suitable habitat , and providing cover for shelter ( 2 ) . in 2014 , the vincent wildlife trust ( vwt ) launched its pine marten recovery project which saw the translocation of pine martens from scotland to restore a healthy pine marten population in the rural landscape of wales . the first step was completed in autumn 2015 , with the translocation of 20 pine martens , and the first welsh - born pine marten kits arrived in early summer 2016 ( 9 ) .
o’mahony d , o’reilly c , turner p ( 2006 ) national pine marten survey of ireland 2005 . coford connects . environment 7 : 1–8
birks j , crooks j , noble m ( 2005 ) a 2003 pine marten record for hampshire . newsl hamps mamm group 6 : 9
bright pw , smithson tj ( 1997 ) species recovery programme for the pine marten in england : 1995–96 . english nature research reports volume 240
there are eight marten species in the world altogether , and these include the beech marten , which occurs in europe and asia , and the american marten and the fisher , both of which are found throughout northern parts of north america .
one of britain’s rarest and most elusive animals has been found in wales , after a hunt lasting more than 40 years – the pine marten .
this species prefers well - wooded areas . the pine marten often makes its den in hollow trees or on scrub covered cliffs ( 2 ) .
the health and weight of grey squirrels in the pine marten zone is “extremely poor , ” while squirrels in an area without martens “are thriving” .
to obtain insight regarding the prevalence of anelloviruses in pine martens , a degenerate universal anellovirus pcr targeting the untranslated region of the anellovirus genome was performed on pine marten rectal swabs by the method of ninomiya and coworkers ( 27 ) . all four pine martens were positive for anelloviruses , indicating that anelloviruses are prevalent among pine martens . pcr fragments from pine marten swabs vs4700001 to vs4700003 were cloned , and eight clones were sequenced per sample . two different anellovirus variants were observed in rectal swab vs4700001 , and the pcr fragments of the nontranslated region of pine marten anelloviruses from rectal swabs vs4700001 to vs4700004 showed ∼48 to 100 % similarity to each other , suggesting that pine martens are infected with different anellovirus variants .
jongman rhg ( 2002 ) homogenisation and fragmentation of the european landscape : ecological consequences and solutions . landscape and urban planning 58 : 211–221 .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - pine marten ( martes martes )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - pine marten ( martes martes )
title =
arkive species - pine marten ( martes martes )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
european pine martens inhabit a large area across most of mainland europe and into the west of asia including russia . in the united kingdom they are mostly restricted to scotland with some small populations present in england .
clevenger , a . 1993 . pine marten ( / martes martes / ) home ranges and activity patterns on the island of minorca , spain . .
pine marten survey suggests recovery one of scotland ' s rarest carnivores is showing signs of recovery after years of declining populations , a new report suggests .
the pine marten , a cat - sized carnivore related to the stoat , was believed to be confined mostly to forests in the west of northern ireland .
sheehy , emma and colin lawton . “population crash in an invasive species following the recovery of a native predator : the case of the american grey squirrel and the european pine marten in ireland” . biodiversity and conservation 23 . 3 ( 2014 ) : 753 - 774 . web . 5 sept . 2016 .
the pine marten , once common in the uk , is a natural predator of the grey squirrel and has successfully reduced their numbers in ireland . photograph : alamy
families were identified , as was a circovirus - like virus that potentially constitutes a new virus family . pine martens and european badgers do not seem to harbor as many different mammalian viruses as california sea lions and bats do (
trees for life , 2004 .
species profile : pine marten
( on - line ) . trees for life . accessed may 05 , 2004 at urltoken .
the following habitats are found across the pine marten distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .
threats to the pine marten include unsustainable hunting and trapping , incidental poisoning , and the loss and fragmentation of woodland habitats . the marten is still hunted and trapped for its fur in some parts of its range . its decline in britain was due to persecution , and the species is still subject to persecution even in some countries in which it is protected . efforts to control other carnivore species sometimes result in pine marten deaths .
jongman r , bouwma i , van doorn a ( 2006 ) indicative map of the pan–european ecological network in western europe . wageningen : alterra . 104 p .
major threats to the pine marten include unsustainable hunting and trapping , incidental poisoning , and the loss and fragmentation of woodland habitats . the marten is still hunted and trapped for its fur in some parts of its range . its decline in britain was due to persecution , and the species is still subject to persecution even in some countries in which it is protected . efforts to control other carnivore species sometimes result in pine marten deaths .
caryl fm , raynor r , quine cp , park kj ( 2012 ) the seasonal diet of british pine marten determined from genetically identified scats . j zool 288 : 252–259
balestrieri a , remonti l , ruiz - gonzalez a , gomez - moliner bj , vergara m , et al . ( 2010 ) range expansion of the pine marten (
brainerd sm ( 1990 ) the pine marten and forest fragmentation : a review and synthesis . in : transactions of the 19th iugb congress , trondheim , norway , pp 421–434
though the mechanism behind any causation has not been proven , there is a powerful correlation between areas of pine marten recolonization , grey squirrel population crashes and red squirrel resurgence .
the main objective of this research is to evaluate a large suite of alternative resistance hypotheses for the pine marten and compare the most supported empirical model with the expert - derived landscape resistance model used to parameterize the corridor network for the basque country . specifically , we aim to evaluate ( 1 ) different binary landscape resistance maps which cover a gradient from greater to lesser preference of the pine marten for forest environments in order to identify which land uses favour or impede genetic interchange in the study area ; and secondly ( 2 ) whether or not the resistance map with which the regional ecological network was originally designed in the basque country was correctly parametrized to reflect european pine marten gene flow .
found throughout most of central and northern europe ( 4 ) . in the uk , the pine marten is restricted to the scottish highlands and grampian , and a few populations occur in southern scotland . the pine marten is extinct throughout most of england and wales ( 2 ) with a few scattered records in the north and in wales ( 5 ) .
storch i , lindstrom e , dejounge j ( 1990 ) diet and habitat selection of the pine marten in relation to competition with the red fox . acta theriol 35 : 311–320
in 2011 , the trust developed a long - term pine marten conservation strategy in collaboration with other statutory and voluntary conservation bodies . what is clear from our extensive studies carried out over several decades is that numbers of this elusive mammal in england and wales are so low that without intervention the pine marten is likely to go extinct in england and wales .
bright p , halliwell e , mitchell - jones t ( 2000 ) return of the pine marten to england : proposed recovery programme for one of britain’s rarest mammals . public consultation
shaw g , livingstone j ( 1992 ) the pine marten : its reintroduction and subsequent history in the galloway forest park . trans dumfries galloway nat his antiq soc 67 : 1–7
the body and tail are covered in dark brown fur , which is short and coarse in summer , but thicker and more silky in winter . the large cream - coloured throat patch or ' bib ' distinguishes the pine marten from the beech marten , which has a white throat patch . the fur on the pine marten ' s paws is darker brown in colour , and the pads on the undersides of its feet are covered with fur in winter .
citation : ruiz - gonzález a , gurrutxaga m , cushman sa , madeira mj , randi e , gómez - moliner bj ( 2014 ) landscape genetics for the empirical assessment of resistance surfaces : the european pine marten ( martes martes ) as a target - species of a regional ecological network . plos one 9 ( 10 ) : e110552 . urltoken
even though no previous individual - based landscape genetics data was available for the pine marten , mergey et al . [ 58 ] found that genetic diversity is not associated with habitat fragmentation metrics in france , in spite of the existence of a high degree of forest fragmentation in the studied marten populations . however , this result does not demonstrate that the pine marten gene flow is not affected by forest fragmentation processes . thus , a more detailed individual - based landscape genetics analysis ( larroque et al . unpublished data ) , could provide better insights into the landscape processes governing gene flow and an interesting comparative framework with spanish pine marten populations .
the vwt has identified areas in england that have suitable habitat for pine martens .
and there it was ! i run to get my camera , stepped in janis big snow boots and grabbed a coat . run outside and started to look for the pine marten .
phylogenetic analysis of pine marten torque teno virus . ( a ) genome organization of the pine marten torque teno virus . the black boxes represent orf1 to orf3 . the location of the tata box is indicated . nt , nucleotide . ( b ) a phylogenetic tree of the amino acid sequences of anellovirus orf1 was generated by using mega4 , the neighbor - joining method with
in the last 20 years , the trust has received more than 300 credible reports of sightings of pine martens in wales and has built up a map of ‘hot spot’ areas . it has organised numerous hunts for pine marten scats ( droppings ) using teams of volunteers , deployed remote cameras and set up baited hair tubes , yet until now the most recent unequivocal evidence was a pine marten scat found in cwm rheidol forest in 2007 and later positively dna tested .
potential threats to pine marten include unsustainable hunting and trapping , incidental poisoning , and the loss and fragmentation of woodland habitats . this marten is hunted and trapped for its fur in some parts of its range . its decline in britain was because of persecution as a predator of livestock and , particularly , of game , and the species is still subject to persecution even in some countries in which it is protected . efforts to control other carnivore species sometimes result in pine marten deaths .
pine martens are omnivorous . they mainly eat rodents , birds , fruit and insects .
the european pine marten is covered with a coat of dark brown fur . this is thick over winter and thins out over the summer . over winter the pads of their feet will also be covered in fur . the tail is long and bushy . under the throat is a “bib” of white to creamy orange fur . on the belly the fur has a greyish tint .
the pine marten can be found in a number of locations including : asia , europe , russia , united kingdom , wales . find out more about these places and what else lives there .
) . the ictv criteria for classification of bocaviruses establishes that members of each species are probably antigenically distinct , that natural infection is confined to a single host species , and that species are defined as < 95 % homologous in nonstructural ( ns ) gene dna sequence . although the antigenic properties of the pine marten bocavirus were not studied , the identification in a new natural host in combination with a genetic diversity of pine marten bocavirus vp2 compared to other bocavirus vp2 proteins of ∼48 to 69 % on the amino acid level suggests that the pine marten bocavirus is a new bocavirus species .
status listed as a protected species in appendix iii of the 1979 bern convention on the conservation of european wildlife and natural habitats . also included in annex v of the european community’s habitat and species directive of 1992 , as a species “of community interest whose taking in the wild and exploitation may be subject to management measures” . also listed as a uk bap priority species .
recent abundance estimates suggest that the total population of pine marten in ireland is approximately 2 , 700 individuals , making it ireland’s rarest native mammal species . there are number of factors that can impact on pine marten populations including land use planning , forest management practices such as harvesting , habitat fragmentation , inbreeding , illegal persecution either through generic poisoning or deliberate killing and destruction of forest / scrub habitat for development . pine marten are susceptible to habitat loss and human persecution in ireland , and due to their low population size and slow breeding performance should be seen as vulnerable for the foreseeable future .
phylogenetic trees of the complete amino acid sequences of the rep ( a ) and capsid ( b ) of the two circular identified viruses from european badger , mmfv ( genbank accession no .
a tree - climbing relative of the otter and the stoat , the pine marten had become extinct throughout much of britain by the early 20th century , although numbers of the animal survived in scotland .
sheehy e , o’meara d , o’reilly c , smart a , lawton c ( 2013 ) a non - invasive approach to determining pine marten abundance and predation . eur j wildl res . doi :
i stood quietly at the window and looked at the “pine marten” . that was all i can do , had all my girls at home and it was snowy and cold outside . if i move to take a camera and run outside it certainly will be gone… it was quick ! i enjoyed the view mother nature gave to us . but i looked through windows for pine marten all the time !
the pine marten has few natural enemies itself , apart from humanity . it is occasionally preyed upon by the golden eagle ( aquila chrysaetos ) , and the red fox ( vulpes vulpes ) may kill a marten , not only to eat it , but also to eliminate a potential competitor for the same food resources .
zalewski , a . , w . jedrzejewski , b . jedrzejewska . 1995 . pine marten home ranges , numbers and predation on vertebrates in a deciduous forest ( bialowieza national park , poland ) . .
out of 262 faecal samples identified as pine marten , 108 were not included to the microsatellite genotyping procedure . these samples correspond to the sampling period from 2004–2005 , which was used for a first distribution assessment of sympatric martens in the study area and were not potentially fresh enough for microsatellite analysis . thus , 213 pine marten samples ( 154 faecal samples and 59 tissue samples ) were used for microsatellite genotyping .
pine martens are nocturnal , house cat - sized members of the stoat and weasel family .
infra - red cameras capture the first visit of a family of pine martens on film .
the elusive , generally nocturnal pine marten ( martes martes ) ( 3 ) has chestnut - brown to dark brown fur with a creamy - yellow bib . the tail is long and fluffy ( 2 ) .
kurki s , nikula a , helle p , linden h ( 1998 ) abundances of red fox and pine marten in relation to the composition of boreal forest landscapes . journal of animal ecology 67 : 874–886 .
in a testament to how scarce and how extremely elusive they are , a forty year man - hunt went by in wales without one sighting of a pine marten . the evidence before and after was roadkill .
an average european pine marten measures between 45 and 58cm ( 17 to 22in ) with the tail adding between 16 and 28cm ( 6 . 3 and 11cm ) to their length . due to a large geographical range they can vary greatly in size . males are often 10 - 30 % larger than females . they weigh between 0 . 9 and 2kg ( 2 - 4 . 5lbs ) on average .
since then , its range in scotland has increased due to the expansion of commercial forestry plantations , and more recently , the regeneration of native woodlands . the pine marten prefers well - wooded areas with plenty of cover , but it lives in more open habitats as well . there is a captive breeding programme underway in kent , and suggestions have been made for the pine marten to be reintroduced to parts of southern england .
in 2014 , the vwt in consultation with and support from various conservation bodies launched its pine marten recovery project . the aim of the project is to restore self - sustaining populations of pine martens to england and wales . the first step was completed in autumn 2015 , with the translocation of 20 pine martens from scotland to mid - wales and further translocations of 19 pine martens took place in autumn 2016 . you can find out more about this ground - breaking project on the dedicated project website .
dr declan o’mahony is a wildlife ecologist and has been conducting research on mammals for over 12 years . he has been working with pine marten in ireland for the last seven years conducting basic and applied research on this important species . his interest in pine marten was influenced by the general lack of knowledge and data on the species’ ecology and conservation status in ireland , despite its protected status . currently , he is most interested in undertaking further research on pine marten ecology and developing conservation management strategies for the species with key stakeholders ( i . e . forest companies ) that minimise any impacts of forest management . some references are included below .
strachan r , jefferies dj , chanin prf ( 1996 ) strachan , r , jefferies , dj , chanin prf ( 1996 ) pine marten survey of england and wales 1987–1988 . jncc , peterborough . jncc , peterborough
de marinis am , messeti m ( 1995 ) feeding habits of the pine marten martes martes in europe : a review . hystrix 7 : 143–150 martens are generalist feeders , varying diet according to what is available .
though they have least concern conservation status in europe , pine martens went through some dark times in ireland and the uk . the fur trade that once drove russian commerce and fueled european exploration across the top of northern america had a strong lust for pine marten . the value of their hides was such that the exports came to be known as soft gold . by the early 1900’s , a combination of deforestation , predator persecution and direct hunting for furs drove populations of ireland and the uk to dangerous all - time lows .
messenger j , croose e , turner p , o’reilly c ( 2010 ) the vincent wildlife trust and waterford institute of technology pine marten scat dna survey of england and wales 2008–2009 . report published by the vincent wildlife trust
consequently , the pine marten is a species which is well suited to studies focused on the effects of forest fragmentation on genetic structure and gene flow [ 56 ] . however , whether habitat characteristics that predict marten occupancy act as barriers to dispersal , influencing gene flow and population genetic structure across the landscape , is largely unknown [ 56 ] .
the discovery of a new anellovirus and bocavirus from pine marten rectal swabs and a circovirus - like virus from european badgers is an example of the needed expansion of our knowledge of the virus diversity present in the animal reservoir . in addition , a new potential mycovirus was identified from a european badger rectal swab . sequence - independent amplification of viral nucleic acid in combination with a next - generation sequencing platform , which we used to discover these viruses , provides a relatively simple , unselective technology to identify new viral species , as was observed previously with similar techniques ( 8 , 11 , 21 – 23 , 35 , 36 , 39 ) .
birks jds , messenger j ( 2000 ) a response from the vincent wildlife trust to ‘return of the pine marten to england’ ( public consultation by the people’s trust for endangered species ) . unpublished report , the vincent wildlife trust
mortelliti a , amori g , capizzi d , rondinini c , boitani l ( 2010 ) experimental design and taxonomic scope of fragmentation studies of european mammals : current status and future priorities . mamm rev 40 : 125–154
the pine marten was once the second most common carnivore in britain during the mesolithic era . the clearance of woodlands , together with predator control , had a devastating effect on the pine marten population and by 1915 this species was confined to just a few of the more remote areas across britain and ireland . small populations survived in wales and the marches and in areas of northern england , with relatively strong populations still present in parts of the scottish highlands .
o’ mahony , d . ( 2009 ) socio - spatial ecology and habitat selection of pine marten ( martes martes ) in upland coniferous plantations , ireland . report to department of agriculture fisheries food and peoples trust for endangered species .
now , however , a carcass of a pine marten which had been killed by a vehicle has been found on the roadside near newtown in powys , and dna analysis has confirmed that the young male was a native british animal .
pertoldi c , munoz j , madsen ab , barker jsf , andersen dh , baagøe hj , birch m , loeschcke v ( 2008b ) genetic variability in the mitochondrial dna of the danish pine marten . j zool 276 : 168–175
domingo - roura x ( 2002 ) genetic distinction of marten species by fixation of a microsatellite region . j mammal 83 : 907–912
we have no proof that a pine marten has never killed a lamb . that would mean witnessing the entire life of every lamb ever born , to validate that its death could not be attributed to the mustelid . however , we also have absolutely no proof that pine martens do kill lambs , and plenty of reason to believe that they don’t .
a thorough understanding of the diversity of viruses in wildlife provides epidemiological baseline information about potential pathogens . metagenomic analysis of the enteric viral flora revealed a new anellovirus and bocavirus species in pine martens and a new circovirus - like virus and geminivirus - related dna virus in european badgers . in addition , sequences with homology to viruses from the families
only strongholds in the wild irish west , scottish highlands and tiny pockets of wales remained ; the marten was locally extinct in england .
the pine marten is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 8 ) , and is listed on schedule 5 of the wildlife and countryside act , 1981 and schedule 3 of the conservation regulations 1994 ( 1 ) .
the pine marten is an adept tree climber , with many adaptations including bone and muscle structure for powerful forelimbs , long tail to aid in balancing , and well - developed claws ( grzimek 1990 , corbet and southern 1977 , nowak 1999 ) .
“we are seeing species that have never been seen before in ireland being introduced by these people . look at the pine marten , the most nasty vicious bird that you have ever seen . they were never in ireland but have been introduced . ”
clevenger , a . 1994 . habitat characteristics of eurasian pine martens martes martes in an insular mediterranean environment . .
according to iucn , pine marten is common and widespread throughout its range but no overall population estimate is available . according to the british wildlife center resource , the total population size of the pine marten in britain in pre - breeding season is estimated to be 3 , 300 individuals . this includes only 120 martens in england , 60 martens in wales and rest in scotland . according to the iucn red list , the average annual spring number of pine martens in russia was 187 , 000 individuals in 2011 - 2013 . currently this species is classified as least concern ( lc ) and its numbers today remain stable .
scientists usually survey for pine marten by looking for their faeces ( or scats as they are known ) along forest tracks and roads and due to confusion with fox and stoat faeces , genetic testing is required to confirm the source ,
he said .
mitchell - jones aj , amori g , bogdanowicz w , krystufek b , reijnders pjh , spitzenberger f , stubbe m , thissen jbm , vohralik v , zima j ( 1999 ) the atlas of european mammals . academic press , london , united kingdom
mitchell - jones a , amori g , bogdanowicz w , krystufek b , reijnders pjh , spitzenberger f , stubbe m , thissen jbm , vohralik v , zima j ( 1999 ) the atlas of european mammals . academic press inc . , san diego
b ) . our data therefore suggest that the torque teno virus species identified in pine martens belongs to a new genus .
“like most predators , [ pine martens ] turnout to be essential to the survival of a healthy living systems” –george monbiot .
pine marten can utilise a variety of den sites , which are used for breeding . den sites can include rock crevices , tree cavities , subterranean burrows , buildings ( abandoned or occupied ) , old bird nests , squirrel dreys and log piles . these sites provide cover from weather extremes and safety from potential predators . den sites are normally only occupied during the breeding season . outside of this period , pine marten use what are termed refuge sites . refuge sites can be very varied although normally they are located several metres off the ground in forest canopy . upturned or blown over tress are often used as refuge sites but the species can exploit any habitat feature that provides cover and safety . pine marten will tend to have refuge and den sites that are used repeatedly in a forest and they can have a high fidelity to these sites .
“grey squirrel sightings accounted for less than 8 % of animal sightings in [ the irish midlands ] , which is remarkably low considering that they are a much less elusive species than either the red squirrel or the pine marten , and are also more commonly associated with human settlements . ”
pine martens are found all over europe , from western russia to italy . in the northern mainland they co - exist with stone martens , and towards eastern europe , with the sable marten , which may start to sound familiar as you think about gloves and thick , expensive coats .
during autumn 2015 , twenty pine martens were captured in scotland , in areas where there is a healthy pine marten population , under licence from scottish natural heritage . these animals were translocated and released in an area of mid - wales . all of the martens were fitted with radio - collars and are being tracked daily to monitor their movements and find out where they have set up territories . during autumn 2016 ,
so what’s going on ? well it now seems that the reason why grey squirrels never got past the shannon is not that they couldn’t cross the river . they can swim , and there are plenty of places in which they could move through the trees without getting their feet wet . it’s because the far side of the shannon was pine marten territory . and pine martens love grey squirrels – in the strictly carnal sense .
as a predator , the pine marten plays an important role in regulating the numbers of its prey species . in the case of voles and other rodents which undergo periodic population explosions , it responds to the cycle of greater numbers by increasing the proportion of these animals in its diet . however , because of its delayed breeding cycle , any resultant increase in marten numbers does not occur until the following year , when food supplies may not be so abundant .
out of 733 faecal samples collected from the entire study area , 141 were discarded because they were not fresh or because they presumably belong to the same individual ( samples separated by < 1km ) . 494 out of 592 analyzed samples were classified as martes sp . ( m . martes and m . foina ) based on genetic species identification results . thus , unequivocal species identification was possible in 83 . 45 % of the samples . we effectively identified 232 faecal samples as stone marten and 262 as pine marten . additionally , we obtained 57 tissue samples from road - killed pine martens .
it was driven to extinction in the 19 th century , mostly by gamekeepers , but it now clings on in small numbers , as a result of deliberate releases and escapes from falconers . it is still being illegally killed by gamekeepers . like the pine marten , the goshawk hunts grey squirrels .
ricanova s , bryja j , cosson jf , csongor g , choleva l , ambros m , sedlacek f ( 2011 ) depleted genetic variation of the european ground squirrel in central europe in both microsatellites and the major histocompatibility complex gene : implications for conservation . conserv genet 12 : 1115–1129
o’mahony , d . , turner , p , o’reilly , c . ( 2012 ) pine marten ( martes martes ) distribution and abundance in ireland : a cross - jurisdictional analysis using non - invasive genetic survey techniques . mammalian biology – zeitschrift für säugetierkunde , 77 ( 5 ) , 351 - 357
koen el , bowman j , garroway cj , mills sc , wilson pj ( 2012 ) landscape resistance and american marten gene flow . landscape ecology 27 : 29–43 .
least cost paths ( lcp ) obtained between the 101 pine marten individuals in accordance with the en resistance map , analogous to that used in the design of the corridors in the ecological network of the basque country ( north spain ) [ 41 ] . resistance values for each land use are indicated in brackets .
potential threats to the pine marten include unsustainable trapping and hunting , incidental poisoning , and the fragmentation and loss of woodland habitats . this species is trapped and hunted in some portions of its range for its fur . its decline in britain was due to persecution for predating on livestock and , particularly , game . it is still persecuted in some countries where it is protected . the efforts to control other carnivores sometimes cause the death of pine martens .
well suited to a life amongst the trees european pine martens mostly live in forests . they will also venture in to the grasslands adjacent to these areas . their territory is marked by depositing their feces around the perimeter . the size of their territory is decided by the amount of available food in these areas . they will make a den in hollow trees or fallen root masses most often with shrub covered cliffs also used on occasion .
but a survey by queen ' s university , belfast , and 70 volunteer conservationists has shown that pine martens are present in every county .
there is a healthy population of at least 4 , 000 pine martens in scotland , and small numbers live around snowdonia , in wales .
wind farms , coal mining , animal protein , donald trump , vegans , you name it . while some of these demons undoubtedly deserve their reputation , others are getting way too much abuse . in an effort to right some wrongs to a poor arboreal mustelid’s reputation , let’s shed some light on the pine marten .
the most consistent marten - habitat relation appears to be a general association with forest habitats , and avoidance of open , non - forested habitats [ 48 ] , [ 51 ] , [ 52 ] . thus , the marten ' s unwillingness to cross open habitats may restrict the species ' ability to disperse and colonise new forested areas [ 51 ] , [ 55 ] . ruiz - gonzález et al . [ 52 ] found that pine marten occurrence in the study area is highly dependent on the presence of forest and consequently sensitive to forest fragmentation as has been previously suggested in other studies across europe [ 49 ] , [ 51 ] . nevertheless , the presence of forest habitats is not the only factor which explains pine marten gene flow in the study area , indicating that the habitat selection and gene flow of pine martens may be driven by different factors [ 17 ] , [ 25 ] , [ 31 ] . this may be because gene flow is driven by mating and dispersal events and habitat selection reflects the behaviour of individual organisms to maximize fitness within home ranges ( e . g . [ 102 ] ) .
the pine marten is a medium - sized member of the mustelid family of carnivorous mammals , whose other members include the stoat , weasel and badger . it is about the size of a cat , with a body up to 53 cm . long and a bushy tail which can be 25 cm . in length . an individual will weigh between 1 . 3 and 1 . 7 kg . , with the female being slightly smaller than the male . in the wild , the pine marten can live up to 11 years , although the average lifespan is 3 - 4 years . in captivity ages up to 18 years have been recorded .
fascinating facts the soles of their feet are covered in thick fur , which probably helps them to move across snow - covered ground . in the wild , the pine marten can live up to 11 years , although the average lifespan is 3 - 4 years . in captivity ages up to 18 years have been recorded .
meanwhile , the game and wildlife conservation trust , which i see as a greenwashing agency for the shooting industry ( how many conservation groups do you know that teach children to use shot guns and run courses on snaring , lamping and trapping ? ) , is campaigning to reduce pine marten populations in scotland . yes , reduce .
the finding brings to a climax the organised hunt for pine martens in wales which has been carried out in recent decades by the vincent wildlife trust .
to obtain more pine marten bocavirus sequences , an additional ∼42 , 000 trimmed reads obtained via next - generation sequencing with a 454 gs junior instrument ( roche ) were analyzed from sample vs4700002 , and a few bocavirus reads were identified . specific primers vs656 ( 5′ - ttccaggaggatgtttcattgg - 3′ ) and vs657 ( 5′ - ttccaggaggatgtttcattgg - 3′ ) designed on the obtained 454 sequencing reads were used to obtain a 1 , 048 - bp pcr amplicon of the genome region encoding vp2 , using amplitaq gold dna polymerase ( roche ) , according to the instructions of the manufacturer . the obtained pine marten bocavirus vp2 protein sequence was aligned to the corresponding vp2 protein sequences of other bocaviruses in genbank using clustal x2 (
in summer , the diet is more varied , and includes bird eggs , honey , caterpillars and fruits such as blaeberries ( vaccinium myrtillus ) . in a good berry season , these latter can form 30 % of the marten ' s food and give a telltale blue colour to the animal ' s scat . some food is stored in the summer and autumn for retrieval in the winter . as a mainly nocturnal animal , the pine marten forages at night or dusk , and can roam more than 10 kilometres from its den in search of food .
hunting area in winters is larger than 10km2 , so if pine marten has had bad luck in hunt it has to run even 30km to have something to eat , so carrion is very important . when tummy is full pine marten goes to its lair to sleep . lair usually is made under tree roots , tree stumps in hollows or squirrel nests . however , if the weather is nice enough it can sleep in bigger bird nests , but when it is very cold it make a nest under snow . if there are many pine martens in the same territory they go hunting each by itself . to stay out of any conflicts , they leave scent marks . to mark their territory martens leave faeces , urine , rub their anal sacs against branches , ground or snow . when little animal is eating it shouldn’t lose alertness so time to time it stands up to look around .
the pine marten is omnivorous . it favors animal food , relying on small mammals for most of the year . the diet composition and proportion often change according to season and local conditions . populations respond to the unpredictable cycles of rodents , such as voles , by drastically increasing their consumption of these prey items ( zalewski et al 1995 ) . the reproductive characteristics of
two aspects of this story jump out at me . the first is the greys’ astonishing speed of retreat . the numbers just don’t add up : the martens simply couldn’t eat that many squirrels . as the paper points out , “it would be unlikely that a low - density pine marten population could impact a high - density grey squirrel population by direct predation alone . ”
phylogenetic trees of the partial amino acid sequences of the vp2 protein of the pine marten bocavirus and other selected bocaviruses . phylograms were generated using mega4 , with the neighbor - joining method with p - distance and 1 , 000 bootstrap replicates . significant bootstrap values are shown . the viruses and genbank accession numbers shown in the phylogenetic tree follow : hbov1 , human bocavirus 1 ( ab480186 ) ; hbov2 , human bocavirus 2 ( fj973558 ) ; hbov3 , human bocavirus 3 ( gq867667 ) ; hbov4 , human bocavirus 4 ( nc _ 012729 ) ; gbov1 , gorilla bocavirus 1 ( nc _ 014358 ) ; porcine bocavirus ( hm053693 ) ; canine minute virus ( fj899734 ) ; bovine parvovirus ( nc _ 001540 ) , pine marten bocavirus ( jq085286 ) .
in the uk , the pine marten is protected under the wildlife and countryside act of 1981 , and it cannot be trapped , disturbed or sold without a specific licence from the relevant government conservation agency - in scotland this is scottish natural heritage . however , despite this legal protection , martens are still killed inadvertently each year by traps or poisoned bait set out for crows or foxes .
cushman sa , raphael mg , ruggiero lf , shirk as , wasserman tn , et al . ( 2011 ) limiting factors and landscape connectivity : the american marten in the rocky mountains . landscape ecology 26 : 1137–1149 .
the pine marten has a palearctic distribution : its geographic range extends from western siberia across russia and europe to scotland and ireland , and from the northern limit of the boreal or coniferous forest in the north to the mediterranean and the caucasus region in the south . it is also found on many of the mediterranean islands , including sicily , corsica , sardinia and the balearic islands of majorca and minorca .


eutorna inornata is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by alfred philpott in 1927 .

it is found in new zealand .

the wingspan is 12 – 14 mm .

the forewings are ochreous mixed with white and with a blackish – fuscous spot , usually elongate , at about one-third and a black dot in the disc at two-thirds .

the hindwings are greyish-fuscous .

eutorna inornata

eutorna inornata philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 88 ; tl : seaward moss , invercargill ; bottle lake and waikuku
eutorna leonidi lvovsky , 1979 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 81 : 103
eutorna generalis meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , preangor
eutorna leonidi ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2003 , nota lepid . 25 ( 4 ) : 219
eutorna diluvialis meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 316 ; tl : barberton
eutorna insidiosa meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 150 ; tl : khasis
eutorna leptographa meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 41 ; tl : launceston ; campbelltown , tasmania
eutorna punctinigrella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 101 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy
eutorna spintherias meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 44 ; tl : healesville and gisborne , victoria ; deloraine , tasmania
eutorna caryochroa meyrick , 1889 ; trans . n . z . inst . 21 : 158 ; tl : castle hill ( 2500ft ) , dunedin , lake wakatipu ; incercargill
eutorna symmorpha meyrick , 1889 ; trans . n . z . inst . 21 : 158 ; tl : whangarei , hamilton , palmerston , napier , christchurch , dunedin , invercargil
eutorna epicnephes meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 46 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; warragul , victoria
eutorna diaula meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 45 ; tl : casterton , victoria ; launceston , campbelltown , george ' s bay , tasmania
eutorna plumbeola turner , 1947 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 72 ( 3 - 4 ) : 147 ; tl : w . australia , albany ; denmark
eutorna eurygramma meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 43 ; tl : mt kosciusco ( 6000ft ) , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; tasmania
eutorna intonsa meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 42 ; tl : sydney and bulli , new south wales ; melbourne , gisborne , healesville and sale , victoria ; campbelltown , tasmania
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
[ read before the nelson philosophical society , 6th october , 1926 ; received by editor , 7th october , 1926 ; issued separately 4th august , 1927 . ]
icheneutica marmorata ( huds . ) , ent . mo . mag . , vol . 60 , p . 7 ; i . dives philp . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 55 , p . 207 .
the above synonymical correction is necessary . this handsome species was found to be not uncommon at arthur ' s pass in february .
♂ . 38 mm . head greyish - brown . palpi greyish - brown , terminal segment and apex of second segment mixed with ochreous . antennae minutely ciliated ; ferruginous , basal third ochreous - grey . thorax with slight anterior crest , greyish - brown . abdomen grey mixed with fuscous , anterior segments prominently crested , each crest with apical blackish bar . legs ochreous , middle and anterior pair mixed with brown , anterior tarsi more or less infuscated . forewings moderate , costa almost straight , apex rectangular , termen rounded , rather oblique , crenulate ; chestnut - brown ; costa narrowly , and termen more widely , greenish - olive ; an indistinct , paired angled fuscous fascia near base ; a pair of blackish dots on costa at ⅓ and three others before and above reniform ; costa between these dots greyish - ochreous ; orbicular ovate , dark fuscous ringed with ochreous - white ; reniform narrow , inner basal angle somewhat produced , blackish , margined with ochreous - white ; claviform obscure , fuscous , margined anteriorly with ochreous - white ; second line indicated by dull serrate paired fasciae , excurved to middle , thence incurved to dorsum ; subterminal line prominent , margining olive terminal band , ochreouswhite ; an indistinct waved blackish terminal line ; fringes brown with pale basal and dark median crenulate lines . hindwings dark fuscous ; fringes ochreous - whitish with broad fuscous basal line .
there is a slight resemblance to some forms of m . tartarea butl , but the minute ciliations of the antennae at once distinguish it .
leslie valley , in november . a single male ( holotype ) in coll . cawthron institute .
♀ . 41 mm . head and palpi ochreous - white . antennae brown , basally ochreous - white . thorax with bifid anterior crest , ochreouswhite mixed with pale olive . abdomen ochreous - white , dorsally fuscous . legs whitish - ochreous , tarsi annulated with reddish - brown , terminal segments of anterior tarsi wholly brown . forewings elongate , costa almost straight , apex rectangular , termen rounded , oblique , crenulate ; ochreous - white ; numerous obscure dentate pale brownish - olive transverse fasciae and a few scattered black scales ; reniform indicated by blackish dots ; subterminal line indicated near
tornus and above middle by blackish margining ; fringes brownisholive and fine waved median whitish line . hindwing fuscous , pinkish - fuscous round termen ; fringes pinkish - brown , round dorsum wholly whitish .
mount arthur tableland at about 4 , 000 feet , in november . the single specimen ( holotype ) is in the coll . cawthron institute .
♀ . 44 mm . head , palpi and thorax pinkish - brown mixed with grey . antennae brown , greyish basally . abdomen pinkish - grey . legs greyish - brown , tarsi annulated with whitish . forewings broad , dilated posteriorly , costa almost straight , apex obtuse , termen straight on upper half , rounded beneath ; pinkish - grey ; a short median longitudinal black fascia from base , apically dilated ; first line indistinct , greyish , from ⅓ costa to before ½ dorsum , dark - margined posteriorly ; orbicular large , greyish , margined with black ; claviform touching first line , obscure , dark - margined above ; reniform large , normal in shape , black - margined ; an obscure dark shade inwardly oblique from bottom of reniform to dorsum ; second line curved , waved , greyish , anteriorly dark - margined ; subterminal well - defined , greyish , indented beneath costa , anteriorly dark - margined , margining dilated above tornus ; a terminal series of black dots ; fringes pinkish - grey with a faint median pale line . hindwings greyish - fuscous ; a thin black terminal line ; fringes pale pinkish - grey .
approaching m . olivea watt , but much broader - winged and with a differently formed basal fascia .
arthur ' s pass , in february . taken at light . the only specimen obtained ( holotype ) is in the coll . cawthron institute .
three specimens of this tasmanian insect were sent to me by mr . d . d . milligan , of leigh , north auckland , who took the insect in that locality in january . it is the species formerly recorded from thames as c . impropria walk . by mr . meyrick ( trans . n . z . inst . , 49 , 246 ) , but dr . jefferis turner assures me that the new zealand insect is c . lignicolaria , and having had an opportunity of examining examples of c . impropria , i have no hestitation in accepting his identification .
several of this rather rare species were taken at nelson by mr . w . heighway during the past season . among these were three females , and i have selected one for the allotype and placed it in the coll . cawthron institute .
in august , 1925 , mr . gilbert archey , director of the auckland museum , sent me a lepidopterous larval case , which had been found on some imported australian timber . it contained a living larva and , thinking it to be a species of entometa , i supplied it with eucalyptus leaves . it did not , however , eat anything and soon fastened the case to the surface of a leaf and remained there . some time in the late summer the moth emerged , but owing to my absence on field work , i did not know of this till the middle of april . a full description of c . tenuis is to be found in meyrick and lower ' s “revision of the australian psychidae” ( trans . roy . soc . s . aus . , vol . 31 , p . 197 ) . the expanse of wing is about 22 mm . the head , thorax and abdomen are black , the face and tegulae white , and there are two white stripes on the thorax . the wings are light fuscous minutely irrorated with black . the larval case is an interesting object . it is rather more than an inch long and covered with straight twigs of about the thickness of a knitting needle , regularly laid and securely fastened to the underlying silk . between most of these larger twigs are very much thinner ones , the whole resmbling a fagot in miniature . the specimens have been returned to the auckland museum .
♂ . 20 mm . head and palpi ochreous . antennae brown . thorax brown mixed with white . abdomen whitish - ochreous . legs white , anterior pair fuscous . forewings , costa moderately arched , apex blunt - pointed , termen rounded , oblique ; brassy brown to chocolate brown ; markings white ; a basal patch on costa half enclosing a brown area ; a broad irregular band at ¼ , not reaching dorsum , outwardly strongly dentate ; on fold before this a large spot of mingled blackish and white scales ; an elongate black mark about middle of wing at ⅓ ; a crescentic white area sprinkled with brown on costal half from about ⅓ to ⅘ , enclosing an elongate spot of blackish - brown on costal margin ; beneath this costal spot a prominent ring of brown enclosing a white area with a central brown dot ; second line pure white , dentate , preceded on costa by a small blackish - brown dot and followed by a much larger one ; a white area beneath the latter reaching apex ; fringes fuscous , irregularly barred with white . hindwings and fringes pale ochreous - grey .
somewhat like c . vulgaris butl . but the circular distal spot and the broad first line at once distinguish it .
golden downs , in january . the single male ( holotype ) is in the coll . cawthron institute .
♂ ♀ . 19–22 mm . head and palpi brown mixed with white . antennae brown , in male minutely ciliated . thorax purplish - brown . abdomen ochreous - grey . legs ochreous - white , spurs brown . forewings moderate , costa almost straight , apex rectangular , termen hardly rounded , oblique ; dull purplish - brown ; markings usually
absent , except reniform which is blackish , and obscurely x - shaped , the lower half being filled with white ; in some specimens the veins are faintly outlined in black and there is an obscure subterminal line ; fringes greyish - brown with a darker basal line . hindwings fuscous - grey ; fringes greyish - white with brownish basal line .
nelson , in april and november ; tisbury , southland , in november ; and freestone hill , manapouri , in february .
holotype ( ♀ ) in coll . cawthron institute , allotype ( ♂ ) in coll . a . philpott and paratypes in colls . e . meyrick , a . philpott and cawthron institute .
♂ ♀ . 25–27 mm . head white mixed with fuscous . palpi dark brown , white within . antennae brown , in male minutely ciliated . thorax grey , tegulae with broad longitudinal stripe of blackish - brown . abdomen greyish - ochreous , apically somewhat fuscous . legs white irroratèd with fuscous , anterior tarsi purplish - fuscous annulated with white . forewings moderate , costa moderately arched , apex rectangular , termen hardly rounded , slightly oblique ; grey mixed with white ; markings dark chocolate brown ; a median streak from base of about ⅓ , more or less interrupted with white apically ; a streak above this , rising at ¼ and ending at ⅗ , its upper margin irregularly indented ; some ochreous suffusion round apex of this streak ; veins finely lined with chocolate brown ; fringes grey with median and subapical lines . hindwings ochreous - grey , round apex and termen fuscous - tinged : fringes ochreous - grey with fuscous basal line .
near s . falsa philp . but that species is without the basal streak and the dark lining of the veins .
nelson , in april and may . holotype ( ♂ ) , allotype ( ♀ ) and one paratype in coll . cawthron institute .
mr . a . tonnoir has submitted to me the previously unknown male of this species . it was taken at deans ' bush , christchurch , in march . i have made the specimen the allotype and returned it to the coll . canterbury museum .
♂ . 14 mm . head , palpi and thorax ferruginous . antennae ringed alternately with ochreous - grey and black , ciliations in male 1 ½ . abdomen dark greyish - fuscous . legs greyish - ochreous , anterior pair fuscous , all tarsi annulated with ochreous . forewings , costa straight , apex almost rectangular , termen slightly rounded , little oblique ; white ; markings ferruginous mixed with ochreous and black ; a small basal patch , including costal fold , margin outwardly oblique ; a prominent fairly broad straight fascia from apex of costal fold to before ½ of dorsum , outer margin extended in disc by ochreous patch ; an outwardly oblique broad fascia from middle of costa , greatly constricted ( almost interrupted ) at middle , thence much
dilated and recurved to apex ; several spots on costa between ½ and apex , and some irregular markings between fasciae on dorsum , where the ground - colour is leaden grey ; fringes ferruginous , tipped with yellowish - ochreous . hindwings dark fuscous ; fringes fuscous with darker basal line , round tips ochreous .
arthur ' s pass , in february . the single male ( holotype ) was taken by mr . s . lindsay in whose collection it remains .
♂ ♀ . 14–20 mm . head , palpi and thorax grey . antennae grey annulated with fuscous , ciliations in male 1 . abdomen greyish - white . legs greyish - white , anterior pair fuscous . forewings , costa well arched , apex round - pointed , termen oblique , white , irrorated with lighter and darker bronzy - fuscous ; markings dark bronzy - fuscous ; three or four interrupted curved fasciae between base and ¼ ; a rather broad outwardly oblique fascia from before ½ to middle of wing , dilated in disc ; three or four interrupted fasciae between this and apex ; fringes greyish - white . hindwings fuscous - grey ; fringes fuscous - grey with pale basal line .
not closely resembling any other new zealand tortrix . it is easily recognised by its spotted appearance .
aorere river and quartz ranges , in february . fairly common on the “pakihi” lands . holotype ( male ) , allotype ( female ) , and a series of paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .
♂ . 15 mm . head , palpi and thorax purplish - brown . antennae light purplish - brown , longest ciliations in male 4 . abdomen ( missing ) . legs fuscous , tarsi obscurely ringed with whitish . forewings . parallel - sided , costa hardly arched , subsinuate , apex broadly rounded , termen oblique ; purplish - brown with a sprinkling of whitish scales , especially on posterior half ; fringes fuscous . hindwings and and fringes fuscous .
not likely to be confused with the other two species of the genus . glentui , in february . a single male ( holotype ) in coll . s . lindsay .
♂ . 11 . 5 mm . head ochreous - white with median brown stripe . palpi white . antennae greyish - fuscous . thorax white , tegulae and median stripe fuscous . abdomen white mixed with fuscous . legs ochreous - white mixed with fuscous . forewings , costa almost straight , apex acute , termen extremely oblique ; white ; base of costa to ⅙ narrowly fuscous ; a whitish - ochreous stripe along costa , broadest on basal ½ ; an ochreous stripe along fold to ⅖ ; an ochreous - fuscous stripe above fold , commencing about ⅓ and running to apex , where it becomes slightly dilated and blackish ; a fuscous stripe along dorsum to tornus , thence continuing , but much paler , half way to apex ; fringes pale ochreous - fuscous with black basal line round apex . hindwings dark fuscous ; fringes pale ochreous - fuscous .
near e . thallophora meyr . , but with a different arrangement of the stripes .
arthur ' s pass , in february . two males taken by mr . s . lindsay . and the writer . holotype ( male ) in coll . s . lindsay and a paratype in coll . cawthron institute .
♂ . 20–22 mm . head and thorax light orange - yellow . palpi light orange - yellow , second segment , except near apex , fuscous outwardly . antennae ringed alternately with ochreous - grey and fuscous , ciliations in male ¾ . abdomen fuscous - grey , anal tuft ochreous . legs whitish - ochreous , anterior pair infuscated . forewings moderate , broad , costa moderately arched , apex bluntly pointed , termen rounded , oblique ; light orange - yellow ; costal margin purplish - fuscous from base to about ¼ ; a purplish - fuscous spot on fold before middle , sometimes absent or represented only by one or two scales ; a similar spot in disc at ⅔ ; fringes concolorous with wing . hindwings light fuscous - grey ; fringes light fuscous - grey , with obscure darker basal line .
the largest of the yellow group . the clear ground - colour and broader wings , apart from the male genitalic characters , distinguishes it from b . apertella walk .
dun mountain , nelson , from 2 , 000 feet to 3 , 000 feet , in november , december and january . holotype ( male ) and several paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .
n . sp . ( a ) lateral view of male genitalia . ( b ) inner view of harpe . ( c ) apex of harpe from beneath .
♂ . 19–20 mm . head , palpi and thorax bright yellow , second segment of palpi , except near apex , fuscous . antennae ringed alternately with ochreous and fuscous . abdomen greyish - fuscous . legs whitish - ochreous , anterior pair infuscated . forewings , costa well arched , apex bluntly pointed , termen rounded , oblique ; bright yellow ; costal margin fuscous from base to about ¼ ; fringes bright yellow . hindwings pale greyish - fuscous ; fringes greyish - fuscous with darker basal line .
hard to distinguish from the unmarked forms of the preceding species , but the small differences in the genitalic characters seem to be quite constant while the costa is more arched and the ground colour rather paler .
cobb valley and localities in the vicinity of nelson city in november and december . holotype ( male ) and several paratypes in coll . cawthron institute . i cannot at present with certainty assign the females to either of the species just described .
♂ . 15–19 mm . head , palpi and thorax black sprinkled with white antennae black with short grey pubescence . abdomen black , segmental divisions yellowish - white . legs black , tibiae and tarsi banded with white . forewings oblong , costa arched at base , thence straight , apex rounded , termen hardly oblique ; black tinged with brown and densely irrorated with bluish - white ( owing to the tips of many scales being so coloured ) ; markings formed by the elimination of the irroration ; an indistinct dentate basal fascia enclosing two tufts of raised scales , one above and the other below fold , both of which contain a few yellow scales ; a fairly straight fascia from ⅓ costa to ½ dorsum enclosing similar tufts of raised black and yellow scales ; an irregular fascia , containing a few yellow scales , from ⅔ costa to tornus ; fringes blackish - fuscous , basal ½ mixed with bluish - white . hindwings yellow ; termen and dorsum broadly dark fuscous ; fringes dark fuscous .
mount arthur tableland , at 4 , 500 feet , in november . three males taken by the writer and mr . w . heighway . holotype ( male ) and two paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .
♀ . 20 mm . head black sprinkled with white . thorax black mixed with white , scutellum white , tegulae mixed with ochreous and brown . palpi black , a broad median band and apex of second segment white , also white median band on terminal segment . antennae black sprinkled with white basally . abdomen black , segmental divisions white . legs black , tibiae and tarsi banded with white . forewings oblong , costa slightly arched , apex broadly rounded , termen rounded , little oblique ; leaden grey with some ochreous and brown admixture ; markings black mixed with brown ; an indistinct dentate basal fascia enclosing two tufts of raised scales , one above and one below fold ; a nearly straight fascia from costa at ⅓ to above dorsum at ½ , also enclosing raised scale tufts ; an irregular fascia from costa at ⅔ to above tornus , much constricted at , middle and with an indentation beneath filled with leaden grey ; a terminal series of obscure dots ; fringes concolorous with wing . hindwings bronzyfuscous ; fringes fuscous with obscure basal and median pale lines .
it is possible that this may be the female of the preceding species , but having regard to the considerable differences between the two and to the widely separated localities i do not think it very probable .
arthur ' s pass , in february . the single specimen was taken near the glacier from which the otira river has its source . holotype ( female ) in col . cawthron institute .
♂ . 19–22 mm . head white . palpi white , basal and subapical bands of second segment and median and apical bands of terminal segment dark fuscous . antennae brown with grey pubescence . thorax white with some admixture of pale fuscous . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs fuscous sprinkled with ochreous - whitish , posterior tibiae whitish - ochreous . forewings not posteriorly dilated , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , termen rounded , oblique ; white , sparsely sprinkled with pale ochreous ; markings blackish - fuscous ; a spot on base of costa ; an elongate spot on costa at ⅓ ; a more or less triangular spot beyond ½ ; a suffused terminal shade ; two elongate spots in disc and sometimes a third below first on fold ; fringes grey . hindwings and fringes pale fuscous - grey .
leigh , north auckland , in january . five males sent by mr . d . d . milligan . holotype ( male ) and two paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .
♂ . 23–24 mm . head and thorax dull brown mixed with grey . palpi with terminal segment much shorter than second , ochreouswhitish mixed with brown externally . antennae annulated alternately with ochreous - whitish and dark fuscous , ciliations in male 5 . abdomen dull brassy - yellow , segmental divisions whitish and some fuscous on basal segments . legs ochreous - whitish , more or less infuscated . forewings , costa moderately arched , apex rounded , termen oblique ; dull brown ; sometimes a broad stripe of ochreouswhite along dorsum , tapering to tornus and triangularly indented above near base , also a suffused stripe of the same colour beneath costa to about ¾ ; fringes whitish - ochreous with three or four lines of brown points . hindwings and fringes ochreous - whitish sprinkled with brown .
the male genitalia show this species to be most nearly related to a . isogama meyr .
two males received from the late mr . j . h . lewis ; locality of capture probably central otago . holotype ( male ) and a paratype in coll . a . philpott .
n . sp . ( a ) lateral view of male genitalia . ( b ) inner view of harpe . ( c ) obliquely dorsal view of uncus and gnathos .
barea exartha ( meyr . ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , vol . 8 ( 1st ser . ) , p . 357 ; izatha planetella huds . , ent . mo . mag . , vol . 59 , p . 218 .
a specimen of this australian species was reared by mr . a . tonnoir , of the canterbury museum , from a larva found feeding on the decayed portion of an imported hardwood pole . the moth , a female , emerged in november . it appears probable that this species has established itself in the canterbury district , as mr . s . lindsay has sent me a male taken by him at dean ' s bush , christchurch , in february of this year . the type of planetella was thought to be from ohakune , in the centre of the north island , in no way an improbable locality in view of the larval habits .
♂ ♀ . 12–14 mm . head ochreous - whitish . palpi ochreouswhitish , apex of terminal segment brown . antennae fuscous , annulated with ochreous , basally ochreous . thorax pale ochreous . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs ochreous - whitish , anterior pair infuscated . forewings with the branches of the first cubitus shortstalked , costa moderately arched , apex pointed , termen oblique ; ochreous mixed with white ; a blackish–fuscous spot , usually elongate , at about ⅓ ; a black dot in disc at ⅔ ; fringes ochreous . hindwings greyish - fuscous ; fringes ochreous .
easily distinguished from e . symmorpha meyr . , apart from the venational difference , by the comparative lack of markings . it has not been considered advisable to base a new genus on the venational detail noted , the other characters being normal .
seaward moss ( invercargill ) , in january ( philpott ) . bottle lake and waikuku ( canterbury ) , in november and march ( heighway and lindsay ) . holotype ( male ) and allotype ( female ) in coll . a . philpott . two paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .
♂ ♀ . 11–15 mm . head and thorax ochreous - white . palpi with small triangular tuft beneath , ochreous - white , indistinctly barred with pale fuscous . antennae brown . abdomen pale brassy , in male dorsally dark fuscous . legs whitish , anterior pair fuscous and posterior pair annulated with dull fuscous . forewings narrow , costa moderately arched , apex , in male rounded , in female acute , termen strongly oblique ; in male ochreous - white , paler along costa , in female white ; an interrupted blackish - fuscous streak from about ¼ to apex , frequently represented only by a few dots , in female more constantly present ; a black spot or spots above tornus ; in female three or four interrupted blackish - fuscous transverse fasciae on apical ¼ ; fringes whitish - ochreous with prominent blackish median line and blackish tips round apex . hindwings shining grey - whitish ; fringes pale ochreous .
g . necopina belongs to the ataracta group , but differs from its allies , in addition to the markings , by the smaller palpal tuft .
golden downs and gordon ' s nob , in january . common among the rough herbage on marshy ground in the valley , and on the dry scanty vegetation of the mountain at 3 , 000 feet .
♂ ♀ . 14–15 . head and thorax dark ochreous - brown , with a purplish - violet sheen , face white . palpi ochreous - brown . antennae ochreous closely annulated with brownish . abdomen ( missing ) . forewings brassy - yellow , densely covered with purplish - violet strigulae which show a tendency to form spots at ⅕ , ⅖ , and ½ ; fringes greyish - fuscous , concolorous with wing round apex . hindwings leaden - grey ; fringes brownish - fuscous .
somewhat resembling g . linearis butl . but without the triangular pale costal area of that species .
west plains , near invercargill , date uncertain . holotype ( male ) and allotype ( female ) in coll . a . philpott .
♀ . 17 mm . head white . papi white , outwardly mixed with fuscous . antennae white , annulated with blackish fuscous . thorax white , tegulae mixed with pale fuscous . abdomen greyish - white . legs , anterior and middle pair fuscous , posterior pair white . forewings , costa moderately arched , apex round - pointed , termen rounded , oblique ; white with scattered strigulations of leaden - fuscous ; markings purplish - fuscous ; some irregular spots round base of tornus ; a large blotch at ⅓ covering middle third of wing , preceded and touched by a round spot on fold ; an oblique inwardly directed mark in disc at middle ; an obscure irregular spot at ⅘ ; fringes white mixed with fuscous , obscurely barred round apex . hindwings and fringes shining white .
arthur ' s pass , in february . a single male ( holotype ) in coll . cawthron institute .
♂ . 5–6 mm head white , sometimes ochreous tinged . antennae fuscous , eye - cap whitish . thorax ochreous . abdomen dark fuscous . forewings white with much admixture of ochreous , especially on basal portion and in disc ; a black spot on fold at ¼ , sometimes absent ; a prominent black spot in disc at ½ , . usually elongate ; a black spot , large or small , before apex ; fringes fuscous - grey with several rows of ochreous points round apex and termen . hindwings and fringes fuscous - grey .
mount arthur tableland , at 4 , 000 feet , in november . three males taken . holotype ( male ) and paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .
♂ . 14–15 mm . head and thorax ochreous - brown . antennae ochreous , ciliations in male 3 . abdomen fuscous - brown . legs
fuscous mixed with ochreous , posterior pair more ochreous , all tarsi annulated with ochreous . forewings elongate - triangular , costa moderately arched , apex round - pointed , termen strongly oblique ; ochreous , covered with brown strigulae and with strong purplishviolet iridescence ; the strigulae tend to form spots on apical half of costa and round termen ; an indistinct brown spot on dorsum at ½ ; fringes fuscous mixed with ochreous . hindwings and fringes greyish - fuscous with purplish - violet sheen .
dun mountain , in december . two males taken at 3 , 500 feet . holotype ( male ) and a paratype in coll . cawthron institute .
♂ . 16 mm . head , thorax and abdomen blackish - fuscous . antennae blackish - fuscous , ciliations in male 2 ½ . forewings , costa moderately arched , subsinuate , apex rounded , termen oblique ; dark brownish - fuscous obscurely strigulated with ochreous ; an undefined patch of paler ochreous on dorsum near base ; a large spot of whitish - ochreous on dorsum beyond middle ; fringes dark purplish - fuscous . hindwings and fringes dark fuscous with purplish sheen .
close to m . strigulata philp . and m . fenwicki philp . , but without the dark dorsal blotch of the former , and a larger and darker species than the latter .
lake moana , in december . a single male taken by mr . a . tonnoir . holotype ( male ) in coll . canterbury museum .
♀ . 13 . 5 mm . head covered with dense long hair reaching beyond ½ of antennae , light tawny . antennae bright brown , tips black . thorax tawny , densely long - haired . abdomen dark fuscous . legs ochreous , tarsi banded with fuscous . forewings long , costa strongly arched at base , apex round - pointed , termen very oblique ; shining brassy ; fasciae ivory - yellow with pink reflections ; three equidistant complete curved fasciae between base and ½ ; at ¾ a fascia interrupted below middle ; between ½ and ¾ a fascia indicated by marks on costa and dorsum ; two fasciae near apex , broadly interrupted at middle ; all fasciae are here and there margined with blackish ; an obscure reddish shade commences in disc at third fascia and runs to apex ; fringes pinkish - brown obscurely barred with pale yellow . hindwings metallic violet , paler near base ; fringes fuscous with some yellow at middle of termen .
structurally nearest to s . lucilia clarke and s . calliarcha meyr . , r1 of the hindwing being complete .
leslie valley , mount arthur tableland , in november . two females taken by mr . w . heighway . holotype ( female ) and slides of wings and female genitalia in coll . cawthron institute .
australia ( tasmania , new south wales , victoria ) . see [ maps ]
polismatica meyrick , 1931 ² ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 191
heterozancla rubida turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 134 ; tl : victoria , lorne
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
check - list of the broad - winged moths ( oecophoridae s . l . ) of russia and adjacent countries
viette , 1955 nouveaux tineoidae ( s . l . ) de madagascar [ lep . ] ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 75 - 113
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
turner , a . j . 1939 ,
a second revision of the lepidoptera of tasmania
, papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , vol . 1938 , pp . 57 - 115
turner , a . j . 1919 ,
the australian gelechianae ( lepidoptera )
, proceedings of the royal society of queensland , vol . 31 , pp . 108 - 172
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6f60e1ed - 18b7 - 462e - be9f - afbb137629e2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9ae18e2a - fa5a - 4ed8 - a44c - 6a41a3ad139b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 245947
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .