the nubian bustard ( neotis nuba ) is a species of bird in the bustard family .

this is a medium-large bustard found in the sparsely vegetated interface between the southern margins of the sahara desert and the northern part of the sahel .

it is found in burkina faso , cameroon , chad , mali , mauritania , niger , nigeria , and sudan .

its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland .

nubian bustard

nubian bustard ( neotis nuba ) is a species of bird in the otididae family .
the nubian bustard is classified as near threatened ( nt ) , is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .
* nubian bustard , neotis nuba * savile ' s bustard , lophotis savilei * white - bellied bustard , eupodotis senegalensis translations any of several birds of the family otidae * afrikaans : pou * bulgarian : дропла * chinese : 鸨 ( bǎo ) * danish : trappe da ( da ) c . more
nubian bustard : the nubian bustard ( neotis nuba ) is a species of bird in the otididae family . zain sudan : zain sudan , formerly mobitel sudan , is a major mobile telephone network operator in sudan . login new listings hot listings top rated editor pick register my account add a listing update a listing suggest a category contact copyright more
the nubian bustard occupies the sparsely vegetated interface between the southern margins of the sahara desert and the northern part of the sahel , ranging from mauritania in the west to sudan in the east , including mali , southern algeria , niger and chad .
english : ruffed bustard ; french : outarde houbara ; german : kragentrappe ; spanish : avutarda hubara .
this describes ecology of houbara bustard ( chlamydotis macqueenii ) a desert adapted species in pakistan .
english : indian bustard ; french : outarde à tête noire ; german : hindutrappe ; spanish : avutarda india . monotypic .
this article was kindly contributed by sara hallager of the smithsonian’s national zoo with input from members of the iucn bustard specialist group .
the threats to the remaining populations of larger animals adapted to desert conditions are intense . the populations of many species have been greatly reduced by hunting for food , and also through hunting for sport and recreation ( e . g . , houbara bustard and nubian bustard ) . some species listed above have been entirely removed from the ecoregion in the last 100 years . over a period of 2 , 000 years this list could be expanded to include other large african mammals .
nubian bustard ( neotis nuba ) = french : outarde nubienne german : nubiertrappe spanish : avutarda núbica taxonomy : otis nuba cretzschmar , 1826 , kurgos , near shendi , sudan . genus sometimes merged with otis . present species may be closely related to n . heuglinii . claimed race agaze from chad westwards is supposedly paler and smaller , but much more material needs examination to confirm that differences are not clinal or individual . monotypic . more
collar , n . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . nubian bustard ( neotis nuba ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
results of a study undertaken by the german society for the protection of great bustard in collaboration with russian biologists from the saratov region , in order to design effective conservation measures .
nubian bustard neotis nuba 2009 iucn red list category ( as evaluated by birdlife international - the official red list authority for birds for iucn ) : near threatened justification this species is classified as near threatened because it is suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid population decline owing to intense hunting in parts of its range , in combination with other factors . however , if further information shows that the decline is rapid , the species would warrant uplisting to vulnerable . more
nubian bustard neotis nuba = described by : cretzschmar ( 1826 ) alternate common name ( s ) : none known by website authors old scientific name ( s ) : none known by website authors photographs no photographs are available for this species range sahal zone of n . africa ; ( 1 ) mauritania and the niger river e . through mali and niger to lake chad . ( 2 ) n . sudan to the red sea coast ( ? ) . more
the australian bustard is australia ' s heaviest flying bird . it is an icon of the australian outback where it is more commonly known as the bush or plains turkey . it is also culturally and spiritually significant to aboriginal people , who prize it as a favourite bush tucker . this book provides the first complete overview of the biology of the australian bustard , based on the first major study of the species . the author explores the bustard ' s ecology and behaviour , its drastic decline since european settlement , and the conservation issues affecting it and its environment . colour photographs of juvenile and adult birds complement the text as well as showcase particular behaviours , such as the spectacular display routines of males when mating . australian bustard is the perfect book for natural history enthusiasts .
this book describes the biology of the great bustard at the reserve of villafáfila , nw spain , based on the results of a research project carried out there by the authors between 1987 and 1995 .
the nubian bustard is one of the larger and most characteristic of the sahelo - saharan bustard species . adult males weigh in at over 5 kg and females a little less . the species shows sexual dimorphism . in males the forehead , crown and upperparts are tawny - buff marked with black . a broad black band extends over the eyes . the rest of the face is white except for the chin and throat which are black . the upperparts are pale tawny buff , lightly vermiculated with black . tail is similar but more grey . the lower hindneck and sides of breast are bordered by a black line . in adult females plumage is similar but colors generally less intense and mantle faintly streaked . black on throat confined to the center . to distinguish nubian bustards from the sympatric arabian or sudan bustard , look for the smaller but chubbier size and appearance , the more rufous coloration , thinner neck and dark , roundish head . arabian bustards are generally larger , greyer in color and have a more heavily feathered grey neck with no black . the head is grey and more dagger - shaped . in flight , nubians show a clearly paneled wing of black , white and rufous feathers . the arabian in flight is mostly grey and white .
the nest is a bare scrape into which one to six ( usually two to four ) eggs are laid . incubation is 20–22 days in the little bustard , 24–25 days in the great bustard , and presumably between these extremes in all other species . incubation starts with the first egg , leading to asynchronous hatching . the precocial young ( hatched covered with down and open eyes ) can usually walk after a few hours .
bustards are confined to the old world . a glance at patterns of bustard diversity suggests that they originated in africa , where 21 species occur . sixteen of these are purely afrotropical , and another two only fractionally enter the
the book comprises fifteen chapters each covering a specific species or groups of species . there are six bird related chapters : wild turkey , houbara bustard , india ' s vultures , whooping crane , zino ' s petrel and mauritius kestrel .
. over - hunting is probably the main cause of declines in the bustard species of sahelian west africa . off - take by local nomads has been augmented by the hunting activities of military and mining personnel , as well as tourists ( del hoyo
most bustards are found walking slowly across open terrain . several species are at least partially gregarious . the great bustard ( otis tarda ) has been recorded in groups of over 50 , and nonbreeding aggregations of the little bustard ( tetrax tetrax ) can number in the thousands . the desert - adapted forms , such as chlamydotis , are probably the most solitary . a few species gather at loose leks . foraging bustards are regularly found near herds of grazing herbivores . presumably they benefit from reductions in predation pressure or elevations in foraging success , as they hunt insects disturbed by the mammals .
gaucher , p . , p . paillat , c . chappuis , m . saint jalme , f . lotfikhah , and m . wink .
taxonomy of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata subspecies considered on the basis of sexual display and genetic divergence .
ibis 138 ( 1996 ) : 273–282 .
arabian and nubian bustards occur in the saharo - sahelian zone , extend - in across to the red sea coast . only two species , denham’s and the black - bellied bustards , are widespread in africa ; the former has become much localized in many areas as a result of man’s activities . the bustards are a homogeneous family , although there are differences in structure , color , size and behavior which cloud the relationships between species . more
the displaying great bustard selects an elevated site and then inflates his gular sac and raises his tail , exposing white undertail - coverts . the inner secondaries are then twisted over and fanned so that , at the height of his splendid performance , having apparently turned himself inside out , the gleam of white plumage is visible several miles away . the kori bustard ( ardeotis kori ) grossly inflates his neck plumage , cocks his tail , and emits a low booming call . many smaller bustards , particularly those that inhabit taller vegetation , incorporate vertical display leaps or short flights into courtship behavior so that they are visible from a distance .
it is unlikely that any bustard species is entirely sedentary , and many are clearly nomadic or migratory . those that breed in asia undertake long distance migrations to escape harsh winters . the lesser florican ( sypheotides indica ) performs regular migrations in response to rainfall in india , and the same is true of several african species .
lesser florican ( sypheotides indica ) is a large bird in the bustard family . it breeds in pakistan , and is a rare summer visitor in nepal . it has a very small , declining population , primarily a result of loss and degradation of its grassland habitat . in their breeding display , the male jumps into the air above the grass level .
north african portion of the palearctic region . within africa , there are two distinct centers of speciation . one is in east africa , between the horn and the nile , the other is in southern africa south of the zambezi . of four species with chiefly palearctic distributions , two are widespread in europe and asia , with portions of their ranges in north africa . one is entirely north african ; another is almost entirely asian , extending from egypt and the middle east to china ( these two forms , the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata and macqueen ' s bustard c . macqueenii , are often treated as conspecific ) . three more species are oriental ( all centered on the indian subcontinent , one with an outlying population in indochina ) , and one species is australasian , occurring in australia and southern new guinea .
being frequently recorded along the same transects in 1971 and 1973 ( thiollay 2006 ) . bustards can be inconspicuous , which , coupled with the focus of these surveys on raptors , means that some birds were probably missed , and local hunters reported that bustard species were still extant in the surveyed areas ; however , the difference between the survey results from the early 1970s and 2004 most likely indicates dramatic declines in this species ( thiollay 2006 ) . several hundred kilometres of vehicle - based transects have been conducted recently in mauritania in search of
bustards combine stout bodies carried horizontally with long legs and necks , the latter supporting flat - crowned heads and short , straight bills . as a result of an exclusively terrestrial lifestyle , they have no hind toe . they tend to escape danger by flying , and consequently their feet are relatively small , and their wings are large and strong . mature male otis and ardeotis bustards regularly reach over 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) in height , and as some approach 44 lb ( 20 kg ) , they are among the heaviest of flying birds . in these genera , females tend to be twothirds the height and one - third the weight of their respective males . in smaller bustard species , the difference in size between the sexes is less pronounced .
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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
male 70 cm , female 50 cm . upperparts tawny buff , with faint vermiculations . male has a grey neck with paler head . striking black chin , throat and crown sides bordering a tawny cap . whitish below . female is smaller with less black on the chin and throat .
mahood , s . , o ' brien , a . , pilgrim , j . , robertson , p . , taylor , j . , symes , a . & westrip , j .
this species is classified as near threatened because it is suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid population decline owing to intense hunting in parts of its range , in combination with other factors . however , if further information shows that the decline is rapid , the species would warrant uplisting to vulnerable .
has a disjunct range across the sahelian and , marginally , saharan zones of africa . the western subspecies
there are few data on population trends , but levels of hunting pressure indicate that it is probably declining at a moderately rapid rate .
there is little information on the current status of this species or its population trends . however , it apparently suffers from widespread hunting , which may now be causing substantial declines in parts of its range ( urban
. 1996 , thiollay 2006 ) . civil war in chad in the 1980s , and recent unrest in sudan , is likely to have increased local hunting pressure because of the number of weapons available . other threats to
may include the intensification of land use , disturbance by off - road vehicles , overgrazing , disturbance by livestock , firewood collection and commercial wood collection ( j . brouwer
woodlands , as well as the overgrazing of sub - desert steppes and excessive harvesting of firewood , which are followed by wind erosion and sand encroachment ( thiollay 2006 ) . protected areas in the region where this species occurs may be under threat from oil exploration ( meynier 2009 , van vliet and magrin 2012 ) .
regularly monitor the species at selected sites across its range to determine trends . research the extent and nature of the threat caused by hunting . if sensible and feasible , regulate hunting . ensure complete protection of important populations of both subspecies .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : neotis nuba . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
may be closely related to n . heuglinii . proposed race agaze ( mauritania e to chad ) supposedly paler and smaller , but further examination required to confirm that differences are not clinal or individual . monotypic .
sahel zone from w mauritania to e sudan ; distribution probably continuous , or at least with interbreeding populations , even though species very patchily recorded .
male 70 cm , 5400 g ; female 50 cm , no data on weight . upperparts pale tawny buff , lightly vermiculated with black , tail similar but washed grey ; crown as back , bordered by . . .
arid and semi - arid scrub and savanna on desert fringes , penetrating further n into sahara than . . .
invertebrates and vegetable matter : orthoptera , coleoptera , hymenoptera , etc . ; leaves and berries of desert plants , grass seeds and
jul–oct ; the finding of 3 nests in one day in aug suggests synchronized response to suitable conditions ( as well as degree of local . . .
sedentary and almost certainly nomadic ; in mauritania , tends to move s in winter , returning n with . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . cites ii . suspected to be undergoing moderately rapid population decline owing to intense hunting in parts . . .
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sometimes merged into otis ; more recently , molecular evidence suggests that it belongs with ardeotis # r # r , but situation still not fully resolved and for the present neotis retained .
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occupies desert scrub and ephemeral grassland fringes , semi - arid acacia scrub across the sahelo - saharan region of north africa . will penetrate saharan mountain ranges where suitable sandy wadi habitat occurs .
suffers from widespread hunting ( mostly related to falconry activities ) , civil wars , intensification of land use , disturbance by off - road vehicles , overgrazing , disturbance by livestock , firewood collection and commercial wood collection all of which may now be causing substantial declines in parts of its range .
cites appendix ii . iucn red data list ( 2010 ) : near threatened . suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid population decline owing to intense hunting in parts of its range , in combination with other factors . however , if further information shows that the decline is rapid , the species would warrant uplisting to vulnerable .
birdlife international 2008 . neotis nuba . in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 . urltoken downloaded on 31 march 2011 .
del hoyo , j . , elliot , a . & sargatal , j . eds 1996 . handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 3 . hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .
jensen , f . , christensen , k . and petersen , b . 2008 . the avifauna of southeast niger . malimbus 30 ( 1 ) : 30 - 54 .
johnsgard , paul a . 1991 . bustards , hemipodes , and sandgrouse , birds of dry places . oxford university press .
thiollay , jean - marc . 2006 . severe decline of large birds in the northern sahel of west africa : a long term assessment . bird conservation international 16 : 353 - 365 .
urban , e . k . , fry , c . h . & keith , s . 1986 . the birds of africa , vol . 2 . london : academic press .
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classification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by c . michael hogan - see more .
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
saharantrappi
from
neotis nuba ( cretzschmar , 1826 )
as trusted .
c . michael hogan marked the classification from
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis )
as preferred for
neotis nuba ( cretzschmar , 1826 )
.
c . michael hogan marked
habitat and ecology
as unreviewed on the
neotis nuba ( cretzschmar , 1826 )
page .
c . michael hogan marked
habitat and ecology
as hidden on the
neotis nuba ( cretzschmar , 1826 )
page .
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zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2006 . 07 . 04 , website ( version 04 - jul - 06 )
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bustards are large terrestrial birds that are found in dry open country and steppes in the old world ( includes europe , asia , and africa ) .
bustards have strong legs and big toes . they have long broad wings with
fingered
wingtips .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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description location and general description this ecoregion extends across northern africa and covers parts of western sahara , mauritania , morocco , algeria , tunisia , libya , and egypt . it is generally found inland of the coast , but stretches to the shore in areas where there is low rainfall . in morocco , algeria and tunisia , this ecoregion forms a transition between the mediterranean domain towards the north and the true desert in the south . the saharan halophytics ecoregion is also found scattered through this ecoregion in areas of suitable saline conditions .
water is a serious constraint in this ecoregion . in the northern sahara , the climate is hot and dry in the summer , and cooler with rain in the winter . rains come from the mediterranean and are associated with powerful depressions , which sometimes reach half - way across the sahara . these occur mostly from october to april . average annual rainfall varies from 50 mm in the south to 100 mm in the north , although there may be years where there is no rain at all ( especially in the southern parts of the ecoregion ) . the highest temperature ranges between 40 and 45°c , creating evaporation that far exceeds the amount that falls as rain .
the extreme climate and varied geomorphologic conditions have assisted , nevertheless , to develop a significant diversity of landscapes and habitats adapted to drought . the ecoregion contains a number of geomorphologic features with different origins :
human populations are concentrated around water sources in oases that are characterized by particular models of water use ( as foggaras ) , and palm agriculture ( 940 varieties have been listed in algeria ) . livestock is complementary to agriculture ( e . g . camels , sheep
daman race
, and goats ) . over recent decades the population has expanded greatly in the area . now , some of the oases support moderate sized towns that are involved with oil exploration and production . these areas may also support tourist industries .
current status the habitat is largely intact in drier areas , but can be quite badly degraded close to the coast or where there is higher rainfall and more grazing animals . however , the ecoregion is extensive , with habitat in good condition over vast areas .
the ecoregion is poorly protected officially , with one protected area in mauritania ( iriki permanent hunting reserve , 100 km2 ) . one other area in algeria ( taghit ) is proposed to be classified as a nature reserve , but the area is not yet delineated . there are also two national parks in tunisia : jebil national park created in 1993 ( 1 , 500 km2 ) and the sidi toui national park created in 1993 ( 63 km2 ) ( chaieb and boukhris 1998 ) .
recently undp / gef approved a 3 - year project on
nature resources management in semi - arid and arid zones .
one of the proposed sites in this project is taghit in algeria . the project will be implemented by a network of 26 ngos ( comité national des ongs algériennes - cnoa ) belonging to the riod ( international ngos network to combat desertification ) . the main project objectives are to develop a management plan for nature resources , legally gazette the nature reserve , and build capacity of grass - roots organizations in co - management of the reserve through training and pilot demonstration activities .
types and severity of threats in general , the drier parts of this ecoregion are not threatened by human activities . threats are concentrated in areas with more rainfall , or around water sources , where the local pressure on resources can be intense . overgrazing by livestock is a serious problem that has resulted in severe environmental degradation in many areas . the cutting of woody vegetation for fire - wood is also a problem .
water pollution is also major threat in this ecoregion , as many cities have been developed in this part of the desert . development of tourism ( mostly in tunisia ) also poses a threat to water systems .
justification of ecoregion delineation this ecoregion is delineated from white ' s ( 1983 ) ‘regs , hamadas and wadis’ and ‘desert dunes with perennial vegetation’ units north and west of the sahara desert . although these vegetation types surround the sahara desert , the northern habitats were delineated as a distinct ecoregion from the southern unit due to different rainfall regimes and the presence of mediterranean plant and vertebrate species .
references chaieb , m . and m . boukhris . 1998 . parcs nationaux de la tunisie aride et saharienne . in flore succinte et illustrée des zones arides et sahariennes de tunisie . edition l’or du temps . pages 242 - 249 .
kingdon , j . 1997 . the kingdon field guide to african mammals . academic press . london , uk .
le houérou , h . n . 1990 . recherches écoclimatique et biogéographique sur les zones arides de l’afrique du nord . cepe / cnrs , montpellier , 600pp .
le houérou , h . n . 1991 . outline of a biological history of the sahara . pp . 146 - 174 . in . mcneely , j . a . , and v . m . neronov , editors . mammals in the palaearctic desert : status and trends in the sahara - gobian region . the russian acedemy of sciences , and the russian committee for the unesco programme on man and the biosphere ( mab ) .
quézel , p . , 1965 . la végétation du sahara , du tchad à la mauritanie . fisher verlag , stuttgart .
zahoran , m . a . and a . j . willis . 1992 . the vegetation of egypt . chapman and hall , london
white , f . 1983 . the vegetation of africa : a descriptive memoir to accompany the unesco / aetfat / unso vegetation map of africa . unesco , paris , france .
world wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037
taxonomic source ( s ) aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # . aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # . cramp , s . and perrins , c . m . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford . cramp , s . ; perrins , c . m . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford . del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk . del hoyo , j . ; collar , n . j . ; christie , d . a . ; elliott , a . ; fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . barcelona , spain and cambridge uk : lynx edicions and birdlife international .
trend justification : there are few data on population trends , but levels of hunting pressure indicate that it is probably declining at a moderately rapid rate .
bustards are linked ancestrally to cranes and their relatives ( gruiformes ) . genetic studies place them in their own suborder , otidides , whose divergence from the gruides is estimated at 70 million years ago . although conspicuous courtship displays imply a link with cranes , the evolutionary isolation of bustards finds manifestation in various morphological anomalies . these include the absence of a hind toe and preen gland , hexagonal rather than transverse tarsal scutellation , and unique dense powder - down .
taxonomic relationships within the family are contested . the large bustards are grouped in otis , neotis , and ardeotis , and these are possibly related to the smaller chlamydotis and tetrax . diminutive tetrax , long combined with the far larger otis by taxonomists , might be related to sypheotides , to which it more closely equates in terms of size , flight - feather modification , and display . some recent appraisals combine 14 relatively small species within the genus eupodotis , but an alternative treatment retains only five species in this grouping , separating the remainder into afrotis , lissotis , lophotis , houbaropsis , and sypheotides .
bustards are omnivorous and opportunistic . most species have a diet predominately of vegetable matter . they eat fresh shoots , flowers , and leaves of herbaceous plants ; excavate for soft roots and bulbs ; and take fruit and seeds when available . in cultivated areas they consume a variety of crops . insects are also an important food , at least seasonally . the timing of breeding tends to synchronize chick emergence with maximum insect abundance . although beetles and grasshoppers are the main invertebrate prey items , many other arthropods
are taken if available . bustards also consume small vertebrates such as reptiles and rodents , particularly those killed or injured in bush fires or traffic . bustards can thrive without water for long periods , but drink freely when water is available .
the breeding season tends to coincide with periods of high rainfall . at its outset , males of many species perform magnificent displays , often from traditionally favored locations . in general , pair bonds between male and female bustards appear to be absent , as females visit displaying males and then leave to incubate the eggs and raise the chicks alone . sexual maturation is slowest and sexual dimorphism most pronounced in species with dispersed leks or solitary territorial males : males take up to six years to reach full size and possess plumage ornamentation absent in females .
although small numbers of each of these species breed and survive within protected areas , their future hangs in the balance . in general , bustards are at greater risk than many animals because populations in all but the very largest reserves are not viable . low population densities , and their nomadic or migratory lifestyles , mean that current protected area networks do not comfortably meet their needs .
male : 41 in ( 105 cm ) , 13–40 lb ( 5 . 8–18 kg ) ; female : 30 in ( 75 cm ) , 7–12 lb ( 3 . 3–5 . 3 kg ) . back and tail barred black and gold ; white underneath . female and nonbreeding male head and neck are pale blue - gray ; breeding male has white and russet on neck and whitish chin barbs .
o . t . tarda : northern morocco and iberia , germany , hungary , southern ukraine ; also breeds turkey , western iran , and southwestern russia , through kazakhstan to kyrgyzstan , wintering from southern turkey and syria through southern azerbaijan and northern iran to uzbekistan and tadjikistan ; o . t . dybowski : southeastern russia , mongolia , and northern china .
level or gently undulating open short - grass plains , generally favoring undisturbed areas .
usually lives in nonterritorial sex - segregated groups , these sometimes large in winter . in breeding season dominant males display spectacularly on dispersed leks . migratory in part of range .
two to three eggs laid in bare scrape , where incubated by female for about 25 days ; fledging period 30–35 days . first breeding occurs at 5–6 years in males and 2–3 years in females .
vulnerable . populations have declined and fragmented . main threats are agricultural intensification , disturbance , pesticide use , and hunting .
appears in european heraldic imagery and insignia ; now the figurehead of a major grassland conservation program in iberia .
male : 47 in ( 120 cm ) , 18–32 lb ( 8–14 . 5 kg ) ; female : 35 in ( 90 cm ) , 7 . 8–15 lb ( 3 . 5–6 . 75 kg ) . extensive black crown ; head , neck , and breast white with fine dark gray barring and indistinct black breast band . back and wings brown with fine dark vermiculations . black panel on wing spotted with white .
solitary or in small groups . males display on well - separated territories in the breeding season ; no pair bonds .
consumes grains , shoots , and berries in season , as well as arthropods , small reptiles , and mammals .
one egg ( sometimes two ) incubated for about 27 days in bare scrape by female only ; fledging period 35–40 days .
endangered . probably fewer than 1 , 000 birds survive . irrigation of semideserts , agricultural intensification , disturbance , and hunting continue to press this species toward extinction .
symbol of the bombay natural history society , india ' s largest wildlife and conservation organization .
male : 25 . 5–29 . 5 in ( 65–75 cm ) , 4–7 lb ( 1 . 8–3 . 2 kg ) ; female : 21 . 5–25 . 5 in ( 55–65 cm ) , 2 . 7–3 . 8 lb ( 1 . 2–1 . 7 kg ) . buff crown
with white erectile feathers along center . pale grayish buff head and neck with black erectile plumes down side of neck to breast . back pale sandy buff , mottled and lined with darker brown . female has reduced neck plumes , otherwise similar .
c . u . fuertaventurae : eastern canary islands ; c . u . undulata : morocco to north central egypt ( not eastern nile valley or sinai ) .
arid semidesert with tussock grass , sandy grassland , and stony plains with scattered low shrubs ; regularly on cultivation in nonbreeding season .
essentially solitary and nonmigratory ( but locally nomadic ) . males display in breeding season ; no pair bonds .
main breeding season march and april . clutch usually 2–3 eggs , laid in bare scrape and incubated for 24–28 days by female ; fledging period about 35 days .
expanded species ( including macqueenii ) considered near threatened . although undulata is less severely hunted than its asiatic cousin , numbers are probably much lower overall , and hunting pressure increasing . population of race fuertaventurae : about 700 individuals .
otis caerulescens vieillot , 1820 ,
kaffraria
= eastern cape province . monotypic .
english : blue korhaan ; french : outarde plombée ; german : blautrappe ; spanish : sisón azulado .
21 . 5 in ( 55 cm ) ; 2 . 5–3 . 5 lb ( 1 . 1–1 . 6 kg ) . blue - gray neck and underparts .
high rolling grasslands and croplands , usually above 4 , 900 ft ( 1 , 500 m ) .
pairs or small groups of up to six appear to be sedentary and group territorial , the young staying with adults for up to two years .
plant matter , invertebrates , and small reptiles . visits recently burned grasslands and plowed fields .
main breeding period october–november , 1–3 eggs laid on bare scrape in grassland , incubated for 24–28 days . mature offspring from last brood probably cooperate in breeding attempts .
near threatened . declining in some areas through agricultural intensification , but population is thought to exceed 10 , 000 individuals .
otis afraïdes a . smith , 1831 , flats near orange river . three subspecies .
english : white - quilled korhaan ; french : outarde à miroir blanc ; german : weißflügeltrappe ; spanish : sisón negro aliclaro .
19 . 7 in ( 50 cm ) ; 1 . 5 lb ( 0 . 7 kg ) . black neck and underparts , with gold and brown barred spot on crown , white collar behind neck , and white ear - coverts . wings and back barred dark brown on whitish ; white on primaries is conspicuous in flight .
a . a . etoschae : northwestern namibia and northern botswana ; a . a . damarensis : namibia and central botswana ; a . a . afraoides : southeastern botswana through northern and northeastern south africa to lesotho .
flat grassland with sward of 19 . 7–39 . 4 in ( 50–100 cm ) , semi - desert scrub , grassy dunes , and arid savanna . tolerates heavily grazed areas .
generally solitary ; males display on territories using stylized flights accompanied by loud calling .
variety of plant and animal material , including insects , seeds , flowers , and leaves .
breeds almost throughout year , but mainly september to march . lays one , sometimes two , eggs on bare ground . incubation period 19–21 days in captivity .
otis bengalensis gmelin , 1789 , bengal . sometimes merged with eupodotis . two subspecies .
french : outarde du bengale ; german : barttrappe ; spanish : sisón bengali .
male : 25 in ( 64 cm ) , 2 . 8–3 . 8 lb ( 1 . 25–1 . 7 kg ) ; female : 27 in ( 68 cm ) , 3 . 8–5 lb ( 1 . 7–2 . 25 kg ) . back and tail buffy brown , vermiculated with black pattern . male has head , neck , and underparts black . female has buffy head and underparts .
h . b . bengalensis : along border of southern nepal and india , east to lowlands of assam ; h . b . blandini : central and southern cambodia , southern vietnam .
flat grasslands , often with scattered shrubs , or in recently burned patches . visits cultivation .
both races dispersive , b . blandini probably with regular short distance migration . on breeding grounds , males make display flights from traditional sites .
one to two eggs laid in march to june ( india ) on bare scrape where incubated for 25–28 days . no pair bond ; female responsible for all incubation and chick rearing .
endangered . total population thought to be around 500 individuals in india / nepal , but unquantified indochinese population possibly contains several thousand birds . conversion of grasslands and heavy hunting in some areas are the main threats .
17 in ( 43 cm ) ; male : 1 . 7–2 . 2 lb ( 0 . 8–1 kg ) ; female : 1 . 5–2 lb ( 0 . 7–0 . 95 g ) . upperparts buffy brown , lightly vermiculated with black ; tail white mottled with three bars . breeding male has blue - gray face , black neck and breast , with white v at foreneck and white band across breast , and white undersides . female has buff face , neck , and breast , with streaking and barring on breast . nonbreeding male is similar to female .
western mediterranean basin , turkey , ukraine , and southwestern russia through kazakhstan and kyrgyzstan , extreme northwestern china and extreme northern iran . eastern populations winter to iran , azerbaijan , and afghanistan .
flat or rolling short - grass plains , stony semideserts , pasture , and fallow land .
highly gregarious in mixed - sex groups outside breeding season . males give crepuscular jumping display in breeding season .
invertebrates and plant material , the former predominate in summer , the latter in winter .
two to six eggs laid february to june in bare scrape , usually in grassy cover ; incubated by female 20–22 days , remaining with her until first autumn .
near threatened . although over 100 , 000 individuals probably survive , there has been a massive decline almost throughout its range , particularly in the east where habitat modification continues , and hunting is not controlled .
birdlife international . threatened birds of asia . barcelona : lynx edicions , 2001 .
collar , n . j .
family otididae ( bustards ) .
in handbook of birds of the world . vol . 3 , edited by del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal . barcelona : lynx edicions , 1996 .
goriup , p . d . , and h . vardhan , eds . bustards in decline . jaipur : tourism and wildlife society of india , 1983 .
johnsgard , p . a . bustards , hemipodes and sandgrouse : birds of dry places . oxford : oxford university press , 1991 .
allan , d . g .
the world ' s bustards : a looming crisis .
quagga 24 ( 1988 ) : 5–9 .
johnsgard , p . a .
bustards : stalkers of the dry plains .
zoonooz 63 , no . 7 ( 1990 ) : 4–11 .
wightman , j .
bustards ( behavior , display , reproduction , habitat ) .
animals 11 ( 1968 ) : 341–343 .
bustards ( otididae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
bustards ( otididae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
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institute of laboratory animal resources ( u . s . ) subcommittee on avian standards
the development of the tegmentum vasculosum in the cochlea of the bob - white quail , colinus virginianus l . . . .
washington , d . c . : catholic university of america press , 1941 .
[ washington , d . c . ] : published by the committee representing the quail study fund for southern georgia and northern florida . . . in cooperation with the u . s . biological survey , 1925 .
[ sacramento ? ] : state of california , division of fish and game , 1930 .
quail disease in the united states [ print ] : ( a preliminary report . )
washington , d . c . : united states government printing office , 1941 .
the bobwhite quail , one of the most popular and widely distributed of game birds , can be successfully raised in captivity for restocking depleted coverts . this bulletin gives the essential principles involved in its feeding and management .
2nd ed . - sacramento , calif . ( 1416 9th st . , sacramento , 95814 ) : the dept . , [ 1993 ]
sacramento , calif . ( 1416 9th st . , box 944209 , sacramento , 94244 - 2090 ) : the dept . , 1988 .
oxford [ eng . ] ; new york : oxford university press , 1988 .
xix , 264 , [ 64 ] p . of plates : ill . ( some col . ) ; 29 cm .
comparative biology : taxonomy , phylogeny , and zoogeography - - reproductive biology - - ecology and population dynamics - - ontogeny of plumages and behaviour - - adult vocalizations and non - vocal behaviour - - species accounts : subfamily odontophorinae - - dendrortyx - - philortyx - - oreortyx - - callipepla - - colinus - - odontophorus - - dactylortyx - - cyrtonyx - - rhynchortyx - - tribe perdicini - - lerwa - - tetraophasis - - tetraogallus - - alectoris - - ammoperdix - - francolinus - - perdix - - rhizothera - - margaroperdix - - melanoperdix - - coturnix - - anurophasis - - perdicula - - ophrysia - - arborophila - - caloperdix - - haematortyx - - rollulus - - ptilopachus - - bambusicola - - galloperdix - - bibliography - - index .
this companion volume to the author ' s pheasants of the world describes three times as many species . 127 colour plates - mostly by henry jones - illustrate all of the species in the group . the descriptions cover biology , ecology , development , behaviour , taxonomy , and zoogeographic aspects . readership : ornithologists , aviculturists , sportsmen ( hunting quail / partridge ) , ecologists , conservationists .
[ washington , d . c . ] : published by the committee representing the quail study fund for southern georgia and northern florida , 1926 .
62 p . , 5 leaves of plates : ill . ; 23 cm .
[ fort collins , colo . ] : usda forest service , rocky mountain forest and range experiment station , [ 1981 ]
sacramento : california state print . office , g . h . moore , state printer , 1936 .
this page lists books that are totally or partially about bustards . the books are listed in order of publication date with the most recent at the top .
back from the brink is an antidote to a world that seems full of stories of wildlife doom and gloom . amongst all the loss of habitat and the animals and plants that are in spiralling decline , it ' s easy to forget that there are a huge number of positive stories too ; animals threatened with extinction , such as the gigantic european bison - extinct in the wild - having their fortunes reversed and their futures secured . this is the story of some of these successes .


macrognathus fasciatus is a species of spiny eel found in the manimala river and first described in 2014 .

macrognathus fasciatus differs from its relative species by the presence of 28 – 30 dorsal spines , 26 – 27 vertical lateral lines on the body , 8 – 9 whitish yellow round spots present in a row in between every two vertical lines and first dorsal spine originate at the level or a little behind the end of pectoral fin .

macrognathus fasciatus

macrognathus fasciatus , the new species that has been reported from the manimala river .
the new species , macrognathus fasciatus , is blackish brown at the back and yellow at the ventral side while the lateral sides are dark brown .
highlighting the significance of the discovery , mr . mathews said a new species of the macrognathus genus was being reported from kerala after a gap of 150 years .
the specimens of m . fasciatus were collected from the manimala river at karuthavadasserikara by mathews plamoottil , assistant professor in zoology , government college , chavara .
named macrognathus fasciatus , the new species is characterised by a combination of dorsal spines , yellow vertical lines on the lateral sides interspersed with small whitish yellow round spots in a row and a small round black spot at the base of the pectoral and caudal fin . it is blackish brown at the back and yellow at the ventral side while the lateral sides are dark brown .
the alkaline phosphatase activity is mapped in all the parts of the digestive system of colisa fasciatus , macrognathus aculeatus , notopterus notopterus and nandus nandus . in the posterior region of the alimentary canal of all the 4 fishes the activity is poorer as compared to other parts . in colisa fasciatus and macrognathus aculeatus , the activity at the distal end of pyloric caeca is poorer as compared to the proximal part . in notopterus notopterus and nandus nandus however , it is practically of the same intensity at both the parts . mucosal and submucosal layers have been found to have intense alkaline phosphatase activity as compared to muscularis and serosal layers . except nandus nandus , gastric glands of all the remaining fishes show partial activity of this enzyme . however , gastric epithelium of all the four fishes shows good activity . hepatic cells are rich in alkaline phosphatase activity . the cytoplasm of the hepatic cells and pancreatic acinar cells have intense reaction . presence of alkaline phosphatase is in relation with the secretory and absorption activity of tissue or cells .
plamoottil , m . and n . p . abraham , 2014 . macrognathus albus ( order : synbranchiformes ; family : mastacembelidae ) , a new fish species from kerala , india . intl . j . pure appl . zool . 2 ( 2 ) : 100 - 105 . ( ref . 97143 )
the discovery has been reported in the latest edition of the ‘journal of experimental zoology , ’ an international science publication . the epithet fasciatus was adopted from the latin language and means ` banded , ’ referring to the vertical stripes present on the lateral sides of the body of the new fish .
eel - like fishes with elongated and compressed body , spiny eels are found in inland water bodies across india . three species have been recorded from kerala . the specimens of m . fasciatus were collected from the manimala river at karuthavadasserikara by mathews plamoottil , assistant professor in zoology , government college , chavara .
taxonomic analysis carried out in collaboration with nelson p . abraham , st . thomas college , kozhencherry , confirmed that the specimens from the manimala river belonged to a new species . the discovery has been reported in the latest edition of the ‘journal of experimental zoology , ’ an international science publication . the epithet fasciatus was adopted from the latin language and means ` banded , ’ referring to the vertical stripes present on the lateral sides of the body of the new fish .
anal soft rays : 65 - 67 . macrognathus fasciatus can be distinguished by the following characters : body dark brown ; presence of distinct vertical bands on the body ; presence of pre - orbital spine ; spinous part of dorsal fin originating at vertical through the level of or slightly behind the end of pectoral fin ; head length 14 . 8 - 16 . 5 % sl ; head depth 36 . 8 - 41 . 8 % hl ; eye diameter 3 . 7 - 4 . 8 % hl ; inter orbital width 10 . 0 - 10 . 9 % hl ; body width 7 . 5 - 8 . 3 % sl ; pre - dorsal length 22 . 2 - 26 . 1 % sl ; height of dorsal fin 2 . 2 - 2 . 9 % sl ; height of anal fin 1 . 7 - 2 . 6 % sl ; pre - anal length 53 . 0 - 59 . 4 % sl ; and 65 - 67 soft rays on anal fin ( ref . 97143 ) .
: researchers from central kerala have reported the discovery of a new species of fish belonging to the spiny eel variety from the manimala river .
mr . mathews said the new species and the research work related to it had been approved by the international commission of zoological nomenclature and registered at the zoo bank . the specimens have been deposited in the museum of the zoological survey of india at kozhikode .
greek , makros = great + greek , gnathos = jaw ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 97143 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 34 of 100 ) .
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researchers from central kerala have reported the discovery of a new species of fish belonging to the spiny eel variety from the manimala river .
eel - like fishes with elongated and compressed body , spiny eels are found in inland water bodies across india .
taxonomic analysis carried out in collaboration with nelson p . abraham , st . thomas college , kozhencherry , confirmed that the specimens from the manimala river belonged to a new species .
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urltoken
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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of rhynchobdella bloch & schneider , 1801 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of rhyncobdella ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of macroganthus ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
histochemical mapping of alkaline phosphatase in the digestive system of a few teleost fishes . - pubmed - ncbi
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
z mikrosk anat forsch . 1980 ; 94 ( 1 ) : 21 - 32 .
histochemical mapping of alkaline phosphatase in the digestive system of a few teleost fishes .
hmmmm , for a not give it all away hint . . . there ' s lots of varietys of me .
ahhhhh should of known it . i knew it was too easy ! ! you win