epinotia piceicola is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in taiwan , japan and russia .

the larvae feed on picea glehnii .

epinotia piceicola

piceicola kuznetzov , 1970 ( epinotia ) , ent . obozr . 49 : 437 . no type
mesopotamica obraztsov , 1952 ( epinotia ( epinotia ) ) , z . wien . ent . ges . 37 : 127 . tl : mesopotamia . mesopotamia . holotype : zsm . male .
cremana hartig , 1960 ( epinotia ) , studi trentini sci . nat 37 : 153 . no type
efficax meyrick , 1912 ( epinotia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
temerana issekutz , 1972 ( epinotia ) , schmett . sdl . burgen . : 47 . no type
semifuscana stephens , 1829 ( poecilochroma ( epinotia ) ) , nom . br . insects : 47 . no type
rhododendronana hartig , 1960 ( epinotia ) , studi trentini sci . nat . acta biol . 37 : 149 . no type
boreales kuznetzov , 1976 ( epinotia pinicola ssp . ) , trud . biol . - pochvenn . inst . 43 : 84 . no type
huebneri kocak , 1980 ( epinotia ) , comm . fac . sci . univ . ankara 24 ( c ) : 12 . no type
rasdorniana issiki , in eakai et al . , 1957 ( epinotia ) , icones heterocerorum japonicorum in coloribus naturalibus 1 : 174 . no type
myricana mcdunnough , 1933 ( epinotia ) , entomologist 65 : 206 . tl : canada , ontario , bobcaygeon . holotype : cnc . male .
obraztsovi agenjo , 1967 ( epinotia ) , eos 42 ( 1966 ) : 287 . tl : spain . almeria . holotype : mncnm . male .
monticola kawabe , 1993 ( epinotia ) , tinea 13 : 238 . tl : taiwan , hualien hsien , hohuanshan . holotype : usnm . male .
fujisawai kawabe , 1993 ( epinotia ) , tinea 13 : 237 . tl : taiwan , nantou hsien , lushan spa . holotype : usnm . male .
parki bae , 1997 ( epinotia ) , insecta koreana 14 : 22 . tl : korea , kangwon province , chuncheon . holotype : uib . male .
corylana mcdunnough , 1925 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . 57 : 22 . tl : canada , ontario , ottawa . holotype : cnc . male .
normanana kearfott , 1907 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . 39 : 156 . tl : canada , manitoba , aweme . lectotype : amnh . male .
pinivora issiki , in issiki & mutuura , 1961 ( epinotia ) , publ . ent . lab . univ . osaka pref . 7 : 5 . no type
sperana mcdunnough , 1935 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . 67 : 144 . tl : canada , labrador , hopedale . holotype : cnc . male .
autonoma falkovitsh , 1965 ( epinotia ) , ent . obozr . 44 : 428 . tl : russia , far east , okeanskaya . holotype : zmas . female .
kasloana mcdunnough , 1925 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . 57 : 23 . tl : canada , british columbia , kaslo . holotype : cnc . male .
removana mcdunnough , 1935 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . 67 : 146 . tl : canada , alberta , waterton lakes . holotype : cnc . male .
yoshiyasui kawabe , 1989 ( epinotia ) , microlepid . thailand 2 : 55 . tl : thailand , chiang mai , doi inthanon . holotype : opu . male .
balsameae freeman , 1965 ( epinotia ) , j . res . lepid . 4 : 219 . tl : canada , qubec , aylmer . holotype : cnc . male .
bushiensis kawabe , 1980 ( epinotia ) , tinea 11 : 22 . tl : japan , honshu , saitama prefecture , iruma , bushi . holotype : usnm . male .
evidens kuznetzov , 1971 ( epinotia ) , ent . obozr . 50 : 433 . tl : china , north yunnan province , likiang . holotype : mgab . male .
nigralbanoidana mcdunnough , 1929 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . 61 : 271 . tl : canada , ontario , pt . pelee . holotype : cnc . male .
epinotia pinicola is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in china ( henan , sichuan ) , korea , japan and russia . [ 2 ]
aquila kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia ( steganoptycha ) ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 567 . tl : russia , sakhalin , korsakov . holotype : zmas . male .
tamaensis kawabe , 1974 ( epinotia ) , ty to ga 25 : 96 . tl : japan . honshu , tokyo prefecture , tama hill . holotype : usnm . male .
cineracea nasu , ( 1991 ( epinotia ) , appl . ent . zool . 26 : 342 . tl : japan , hokkaido , bibai . holotype : opu . male .
javierana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( epinotia ) , polskie pismo entomol . 76 : 14 . tl : argentina , tucuman , san javier . holotype : smfl . male .
keiferana lange , 1937 ( epinotia ) , pan - pacif . ent . 13 : 118 . tl : usa , california , san francisco . holotype : cas . male .
niveipalpa razowski , 2009 ( epinotia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 129 . tl : vietnam , kon tum , dac glei . holotype : mnhu . female .
thaiensis kawabe , 1995 ( epinotia ) , microlepid . thailand 3 : 54 . tl : thailand , loei province , phu luang wildlife sanctuary . holotype : opu . male .
aciculana falkovitsh , 1965 ( epinotia ) , ent . obozr . 44 : 424 . tl : russia , far east , primorsky krai , okeanskaya . holotype : zmas . male .
bispina razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , genus 19 : 549 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , crater pululahua , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . female .
chlorochara razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , genus 19 : 547 . tl : ecuador , province cotopaxi , via la mana , pilalo . holotype : mzuj . male .
guarandae razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , genus 19 : 545 . tl : ecuador , province bolivar , balzapamba - guaranda old road . holotype : mzuj . male .
improvisana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 269 . tl : usa , california . holotype : usnm . male .
lanceata razowski , 1999 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 333 tl : ecuador , pichincha province , 12 km nw papallacta . holotype : cmnh . male .
panda razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , genus 19 : 548 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , crater pululahua , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
penthrana bradley , 1965 ( epinotia ) , ruwenzori exped . 1952 , 2 ( 12 ) : 96 . tl : uganda , ruwenzori , nyamaleju . holotype : bmnh . male .
elatana falkovitsh , 1965 ( epinotia ) , ent . obozr . 44 : 426 . tl : russia . far east , primorsky krai , okeanskaya . holotype : zmas . male .
plumbolineana kearfott , 1907 ( epinotia ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 53 . tl : canada , britishcolumbia , wellington . lectotype : amnh . male .
sagittana mcdunnough , 1925 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . 57 : 22 . tl : canada , british columbia , departure bay biological station . holotype : cnc . male .
salicicolana kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 577 . tl : russia , kuril islands , kunashir , near sernovodsk . holotype : zmas . male .
amurensis kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia tenerana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 574 . tl : russia . amur region , klimoutsy . holotype : zmas . female .
ussuriensis kuznetzov , 1970 ( epinotia bilunana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 49 : 440 . tl : russia . primorsky krai , near ussuriysk . holotype : zmas . female .
gradli rebel , 1929 ( epinotia cruciana ab . ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 79 : 49 . tl : austria . holotype : unknown . unknown .
densiuncaria kuznetzov , 1985 ( epinotia ) , vestnik zool . 1985 ( 1 ) : 6 . tl : russia , far east , southern primorsky krai . holotype : zmas . male .
huroniensis brown , 1980 ( epinotia ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 82 : 504 . tl : canada , qubec , norway bay . holotype : cnc . male .
notoceliana kuznetzov , 1985 ( epinotia ) , vestnik zool . 1985 ( 1 ) : 5 . tl : russia , far east , southern primorsky krai . holotype : zmas . male .
rotundata razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 161 . tl : ecuador , prov . napo , papallacta . holotype : mzuj . male .
rubricana kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia ( steganoptycha ) ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 575 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , near vladivostok . holotype : zmas . female .
seorsa heinrich , 1924 ( epinotia ) , j . wash . acad . sci . 14 : 392 . tl : canada , british columbia , vavenby . holotype : usnm . male .
slovacica pato ka & jaro , 1991 ( epinotia ) , acta ent . bohemoslov . 88 : 215 tl : slovakia , slovakia central ( zarnovica ) . holotype : nmpr . male .
abnormana kuznetzov , 1973 ( epinotia ( panoplia ) ) , ent . obozr . 52 : 683 . tl : china , shansi province , mien - shan . holotype : mgab . male .
araea diakonoff , 1983 ( epinotia ) , zool . verh . leiden 204 : 36 . tl : indonesia , sumatra , mt . bandahara , bivouac two . holotype : ncb . female .
aridos freeman , 1960 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . ( suppl . 16 ) 92 : 30 . tl : usa , montana , east glacier . holotype : cnc . male .
bicordana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 220 . tl : canada , manitoba , aweme . holotype : amnh . male .
bigemina heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 220 . tl : usa , california , carmel . holotype : amnh . male .
biuncus razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , genus 19 : 548 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
brunneomacula razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 162 . tl : ecuador , prov . sucumbios , la bonita . holotype : mzuj . male .
coryli kuznetzov , 1970 ( epinotia ) , ent . obozr . 49 : 437 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , near ussuriysk , mountain tayga station . holotype : zmas . female .
heucherana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 217 . tl : usa , virginia , rosslyn . holotype : usnm . male .
multistrigata razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , genus 19 : 547 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
pinicola kuznetzov , 1969 ( epinotia ( steganoptycha ) ) , ent . obozr . 48 : 368 tl : russia , kuril islands , kunashir island , sernovodsk . holotype : zmas . male .
sotipena brown , 1987 ( epinotia ) , j . lepid . soc . 40 ( 1986 ) : 341 . tl : usa , maryland , plummers island . holotype : usnm . female .
tianshanensis liu & nasu , 1993 ( epinotia ) , ty to ga 44 : 60 . tl : china , xinjiang uygur autonomous region , tian mtns . . holotype : zmas . male .
tsugana freeman , 1967 ( epinotia ) , j . res . lepid . 5 : 13 . tl : canada , british columbia , vancouver island , holberg . holotype : cnc . male .
tsurugisana oku , 2005 ( epinotia ) , tinea 18 ( supplement 3 ) : 108 . tl : japan , shikoku , tokushima prefecture , mt . tsurugisan . holotype : eihu . male .
vagana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 230 . tl : usa , washington , liaga . holotype : usnm . male .
zamorata razowski , 1999 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 334 tl : ecuador , zamora - chinchipe province , 36 km nw zamora . holotype : cmnh . male .
atristriga clarke , 1953 ( epinotia ) , j . wash . acad . sci . 43 : 228 . tl : usa . illinois , putnam co . . holotype : usnm . male .
albimaculata kuznetzov , 1976 ( epinotia ) , trud . inst . zool . leningrad 64 : 23 . tl : russia . kuril islands , kunashir island , dubovoe . holotype : zmas . female .
digitana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 215 . tl : canada , british columbia , kaslo . holotype : usnm . male .
piceafoliana kearfott , 1908 ( epinotia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 16 : 176 . tl : usa . new jersey , essex county park . lectotype : amnh . female .
koraiensis falkovitsh , 1965 ( epinotia rubiginosana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 44 : 426 . tl : russia . far east , primorsky krai , okeanskaya . holotype : zmas . female .
runtunica razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 161 . tl : ecuador , prov . tungurahua , banos - runtun . holotype : mzuj . male .
septemberana kearfott , 1907 ( epinotia ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 51 . tl : usa , new jersey , essex county park . lectotype : amnh . male .
signiferana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 232 . tl : usa , california , san diego . holotype : usnm . male .
subviridis heinrich , 1929 ( epinotia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 75 : 15 . tl : usa , california , san diego . holotype : usnm . male .
ulmi kuznetzov , 1966 ( epinotia ( panoplia ) ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 37 : 182 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , kangauz . holotype : zmas . male .
chloizans razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( epinotia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 34 : 52 . tl : venezuela , cordillera de mrida , mrida , monte zerpa . holotype : mzuj . male .
clasta diakonoff , 1983 ( epinotia ( asthenia ) ) , zool . verh . leiden 204 : 39 tl : indonesia , sumatra , mt . bandahara , bivouac four . holotype : ncb . female .
marcapatae razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 125 . tl : peru , prov . cusco , cordillera vilcanota , marcapata . holotype : mzuj . male .
meritana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 226 . tl : usa , utah , carbon co . . holotype : usnm . male .
maculosa kuznetzov , 1966 ( epinotia ( steganoptycha ) ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 37 : 177 . tl : russia . far east , primorsky krai . holotype : zmas . female .
russata heinrich , 1924 ( epinotia cruciana ssp . ) , j . wash . acad . sci . 14 : 391 . tl : canada . british columbia , victoria . holotype : usnm . male .
silvertoniensis heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 214 . tl : usa , color - ado , silverton . holotype : usnm . male .
kurilensis kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia tenerana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 575 . tl : russia . kuril islands , kunashir island , near sernovodsk . holotype : zmas . male .
ussurica kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia tenerana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 572 . tl : russia . primorsky krai , near vladivostok , lyanchikhe river . holotype : zmas . male .
autumnalis oku , 2005 ( epinotia ) , tinea 18 ( supplement 3 ) : 110 . tl : japan , honshu , iwate prefecture , mt . sodeyama , kuzumaki town . holotype : eihu . male .
alaskae heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia cruciana ssp . ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 229 . tl : usa . alaska , yukon . holotype : usnm . male .
longivalva kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia elatana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 572 . tl : russia . kuril islands , iturup , foot of berutarube volcano . holotype : zmas . male .
cupressi heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia hopkinsana ssp . ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 207 . tl : usa . california , cypress point . holotype : usnm . male .
immaculata peiu & nemes , 1968 ( epinotia ( panoplia ) ) , rev . roum . biol . zool . 13 : 342 . tl : romania , suceava , fundu moldovei . holotype : tmb . male .
brevivalva kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia elatana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 572 . tl : russia . kuril islands , shikotan island , near krabo - zavodsk . holotype : zmas . female .
piceae kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia ( steganoptycha ) ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 569 . tl : russia . kuril islands , kunashir island , near serno - vodsk . holotype : zmas . male .
ulmicola kuznetzov , 1966 ( epinotia ( hamuligera ) ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 37 : 179 . tl : russia , far east , primorsky krai , vladivostok . holotype : zmas . male .
unisignana kuznetzov , 1962 ( epinotia ( hamuligera ) ) , bull . ent . soc . mulhouse 1962 : 53 . tl : russia , far east , amur region , klimoutsy . holotype : zmas . unknown .
albocephalaeis razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 124 . tl : peru , dept . huanuco , via huanuco - tingo maria , carpish . holotype : mzuj . male .
semifuscana stephens , 1834 ( poecilochroma ( epinotia ) ) , illust . br . ent . ( haustellata ) 4 : 140 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
fumoviridana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 208 . tl : usa , california , siskiyou co . , shasta retreat . holotype : usnm . male .
longistria razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , genus 19 : 546 . tl : ecuador , ecuador ( province cotopaxi , san francisco de las pampas , res . la otonga . holotype : mzuj . male .
mediostria razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 126 . tl : peru , dept . huanuco , via huanuco - tingo maria , carpish . holotype : mzuj . female .
kurilensis kuznetzov , 1969 ( epinotia ( steganoptycha ) tetraquetrana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 48 : 371 . tl : russia . kuril islands , kunashir island , near alekhino . holotype : zmas . male .
excruciana stephens , 1852 ( poecilochroma epinotia ) ) , list specimens br . anim . colln . br . mus 10 : 35 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
chloana razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 36 . tl : ecuador , prov . morona - santiago , gualaceo - limon road , east . holotype : mzuj . male .
ethnica heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 201 . tl : usa , california , san diego co . , san diego . holotype : usnm . male .
microscyphos razowski & landry , in razowski et al . , 2008 ( epinotia ) , revue suisse de zoologie 115 : 199 . tl : ecuador , galapagos islands , fernandina , north side . holotype : cdrs . female .
nigrovenata razowski & pelz , 2010 ( epinotia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 38 : 24 . tl : chile , maule , cauquenes province , r . n . fred . albert . holotype : smfl . female .
borealis kuznetzov , 1969 ( epinotia pinicola ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 48 : 370 . tl : russia . kuril islands , paramushir island , sw servero - kuril ' sk . holotype : zmas . male .
ruidosana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 216 . tl : usa , new mexico , lincoln national forest , ruidosa canyon . holotype : usnm . male .
tenebrica razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 36 . tl : ecuador , prov . morona - santiago , gualaceo - limon road , east . holotype : mzuj . male .
lepida heinrich , 1924 ( epinotia cruciana ssp . ) , j . wash . acad . sci . 14 : 391 . tl : usa . new hampshire , coos co . , mount washington . holotype : usnm . male .
pullata falkovitsh , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( semasia ( epinotia ) ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 104 . tl : khazakhstan , zailiyskiy alatau . holotype : zmas . unknown .
zamorlojae razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 25 . tl : ecuador , province zamora chinchipe , loja - zamora ,
arcoiris
estacion cientifica . holotype : mzuj . female .
siskiyouensis heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia pulsatillana ssp . ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 202 . tl : usa . california , siskiyou co . , shasta retreat . holotype : usnm . male .
cedricida diakonoff , 1969 ( epinotia ( evetria ) ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 5 : 389 . tl : france , depart vaucluse , massif du luberon . holotype : mnhn . male .
anepenthes razowski & trematerra , 2010 ( epinotia ) , j . entomol . acarol . res . ( ser . ii ) 42 : 60 . tl : ethiopia , bale mountains , harenna forest , karcha camp . holotype : tremc . male .
latiloba razowski & trematerra , 2010 ( epinotia ) , j . entomol . acarol . res . ( ser . ii ) 42 : 60 . tl : ethiopia , bale mountains , harenna forest , karcha camp . holotype : tremc . male .
atacta diakonoff , 1992 ( epinotia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 28 : 38 . tl : madagascar , central madagascar ( massif de l ' ankaratra , manjaktompo ) . holotype : mnhn . female .
bricelus diakonoff , 1992 ( epinotia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 28 : 52 . tl : madagascar , east madagascar ( nord - ouest de fort - dauphin , massif d ' ando - hahelo ) . holotype : mnhn . female .
xyloryctoides diakonoff , 1992 ( epinotia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 28 : 55 . tl : madagascar , south madagascar ( plateau mahafaly , 11 - 12 km e ankalirano ) . holotype : mnhn . female .
algeriensis chambon , in chambon , fabre & khemeci , 1990 ( epinotia ) , bull . ( n . s . ) soc . ent . fr . 95 : 131 . tl : algeria , algeria ( fort de babor ) . holotype : inra . male .
dorsifraga diakonoff , 1970 ( epinotia ) , mm . o . r . s . t . o . m . 37 : 136 . tl : madagascar , madagascar ( tsaratanana range , matsabory en dessous de l ' andohanisambirano ) . holotype : mnhn . female .
mniara diakonoff , 1992 ( epinotia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 28 : 53 . tl : madagascar , east madagascar ( piste d ' andapa a ambalapaiso , 25 km e andapa ) . holotype : mnhn . female .
phyloeorrhages diakonoff , 1970 ( epinotia ( panoplia ) ) , mm . o . r . s . t . o . m . 37 : 132 . tl : madagascar , madagascar ( tsaratanana range , route d ' am - bositra a ambohimanga du sud , km 39 ) . holotype : mnhn . male .
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abbreviana fabricius , 1794 ( pyralis ) , entomologia systematica 3 ( 2 ) : 278 . tl : denmark , hafniae [ denmark ] . . lectotype : zmuc . unknown .
lithoxylana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 233 . tl : germany . wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
stannana guenee , 1845 ( grapholitha ulmariana var . ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 171 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
trimaculana donovan , [ 1806 ] ( phalaena ) , nat . hist . br . insects 11 : 25 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
ulmariana duponchel , in godart , 1842 ( grapholitha ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . ( suppl . ) 4 : 406 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
ulmetana lienig & zeller , 1846 ( grapholitha ) , isis von oken ( leipzig ) 1846 ( 3 ) : 241 . tl : poland . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
uniformata dufrane , 1957 ( eucosma trimaculana form ) , bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . 33 ( 32 ) : 8 . tl : france . holotype : irsn . unknown .
absconditana walker , 1863 ( sciaphila ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 351 . tl : australia , new south wales , sydney . holotype : bmnh . female .
aulacota turner , 1946 ( bactra ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 70 : 212 . tl : australia . new south wales , killarney , acacia plateau . holotype : anic . male .
perplexa turner , 1916 ( eucosma ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 40 : 526 . tl : australia . queensland , brisbane . lectotype : anic . male .
albangulana walsingham , 1879 ( paedisca ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 40 . tl : usa , california , mendocino co . . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
albicapitana kearfott , 1907 ( proteopteryx ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 47 . tl : usa , california , placer co . . lectotype : amnh . male .
albiguttata oku , 1974 ( hikagehamakia ) , konty 42 : 15 . tl : japan , honshu , akita prefecture , mt . akita - komagatake . holotype : eihu . male .
arctostaphylana kearfott , 1904 ( cydia ) , can . ent . 36 : 109 . tl : canada , british columbia , kaslo . lectotype : amnh . male .
biangulana walsingham , 1879 ( steganoptycha ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 71 . tl : usa , oregon , crooked river . . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
bicolor walsingham , 1900 ( pelatea ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 335 tl : japan / india , assam , naga hills . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .
bilunana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 436 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
cretaceana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 42 . tl : germany . wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
brunnichana linnaeus , 1767 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , systema naturae ( 12th ed . ) : 880 . tl : sweden , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
albodorsana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma brunnichana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 229 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
brunneana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma brunnichana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 229 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
brunneodorsana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma brunnichana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 229 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
brunnichella kloet & hincks , 1945 ( eucosma ) , checklist brit . ins : 124 . no type
brunnichiana [ denis & schiffermuller ] , 1775 ( tortrix ) , syst . verz . schmett . wienergegend : 132 . no type
ochreana hauder , 1918 ( epiblema brunnichianum ab . ) , ent . z . frankf . a . m . 31 : 102 . tl : austria . linz . syntype ( s ) : smfl . unknown .
rectana peyerimhoff , 1863 ( ephippiphora ) , bull . soc . hist . nat . colmar 3 ( 1862 ) : 126 . tl : france . alsace . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
sinuana [ denis & schiffermuller ] , 1775 ( tortrix ) , syst . verz . schmett . wienergegend : 131 . tl : austria . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
canthonias meyrick , 1920 ( acroclita ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 343 . tl : india , bengal , pusa . holotype : bmnh . female .
caprana fabricius , 1798 ( pyralis ) , suppl . entomologiae systematicae : 475 . tl : switzerland , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
brunneofasciana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma piceana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 230 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
divellana hubner , [ 1832 - 1833 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 53fig . 339 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
fuscana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma piceana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 230 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
fuscofasciana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma piceana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 231 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
fuscomaculana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma piceana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 231 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
griseana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma piceana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 230 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
melaleucana duponchel , in godart , 1835 ( paedisca ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . 9 : 375 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
piceana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 440 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
sciurana herrich - schaffer , 1852 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 59 , fig . 426 . no type
vittana westwood & humphrey , 1845 ( poecilochroma ) , brit . moths transf . 2 : 147 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
castaneana walsingham , 1895 ( paedisca ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1895 : 511 . tl : usa , colorado , loveland . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
celtisana riley , 1881 ( paedisca ) , trans . st . louis acad . sci 4 : 319 . tl : usa , texas . holotype : usnm . male .
laracana kearfott , 1907 ( proteopteryx ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 45 . tl : usa . ohio . lectotype : amnh . female .
navalis meyrick , 1912 ( proteopteryx ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 34 no type
cercocarpana dyar , 1903 ( eucosma ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 5 : 297 . tl : usa , colorado , platte canyon . syntypes : amnh : 1 ; usnm : 3 male . unknown .
cinereana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 451 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
cinerana stephens , 1829 ( steganoptycha ) , nom . br . insects : 47 . no type
criddleana kearfott , 1907 ( proteopteryx ) , can . ent . 39 : 58 . tl : canada . manitoba , aweme . lectotype : amnh . male .
petrana hubner , [ 1811 - 1813 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 33fig . 210 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
columbia kearfott , 1904 ( proteopteryx ) , can . ent . 36 : 112 . tl : canada , british columbia , wellington . lectotype : amnh . male .
albidorsana kearfott , 1904 ( proteopteryx columbia ssp . ) , can . ent . 36 : 113 . tl : canada . british columbia , kaslo . lectotype : amnh . female .
mediostriana kearfott , 1904 ( proteopteryx columbia ssp . ) , can . ent . 36 : 114 . tl : canada . british columbia , wellington . lectotype : amnh . male .
contrariana christoph , 1882 ( grapholitha ) , bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 56 ( 4 ) ( 1881 ) : 424 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , vladivostok . syntypes : unknown . unknown .
crenana hubner , [ 1814 - 1817 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 38fig . 242 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
castaneana sheldon , 1929 ( epiblema crenana form ) , entomologist 62 : 241 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
fasciana sheldon , 1929 ( epiblema crenana form ) , entomologist 62 : 242 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
fuscana sheldon , 1929 ( epiblema crenana form ) , entomologist 62 : 242 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
marmorana mansbridge , 1939 ( epiblema crenana ab . ) , entomologist 73 : 287 . tl : united kingdom . scotland [ united kingdom ] . holotype : unknown . unknown .
monachana fischer von roslerstamm , 1839 ( paedisca ) , abbild . berich . ergnz schmett . - kunde 1 : 139 tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
rufimaculana mansbridge , 1939 ( epiblema crenana ab . ) , entomologist 73 : 287 . tl : united kingdom . scotland [ united kingdom ] . holotype : unknown . unknown .
cruciana linnaeus , 1761 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , fauna svecica : 347 . tl : sweden , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
alticolana stephens , 1852 ( pamplusia ) , list specimens br . anim . colln . br . mus 10 : 100 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
angustana desmarest , 1857 ( hypermecia ) , encyclop . hist . nat . ( papillons noct . ) : 224 . no type
augustana hubner , [ 1811 - 1813 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 32 , figs . 204 , 205 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
brunneana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 75 . tl : germany . wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
cockleana kearfott , 1904 ( enarmonia ) , can . ent . 36 : 137 . tl : canada . british columbia ; alberta , banff ; manitoba , aweme . syntypes ( 2 ) : amnh ; usnm . 2 males .
direptana walker , 1863 ( sciaphila ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 338 . tl : canada . hudson bay , albany river , st . martin ' s falls . holotype : bmnh . female .
excaecana stephens , 1852 ( hypermecia ) , list specimens br . anim . colln . br . mus 10 : 41 . no type
excoecana herrich - schaffer , 1849 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 51 , fig . 363 . no type
excoecana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( grapholitha ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 272 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
gyllenhahliana thunberg & borgstrm , 1784 ( tortrix ) , d . d . dissert . ent . sist . ins . svecica 1 : 22 . tl : sweden . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
vilisana walker , 1863 ( sciaphila ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 338 . tl : canada . hudson bay , albany river , st . martin ' s falls . holotype : bmnh . female .
viminana guenee , 1845 ( hypermecia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 173 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
cuphulana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( syndemis ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 276 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
dalmatana rebel , 1891 ( grapholitha paedisca ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 41 : 620 . tl : croatia , croatia ( spalato ) . lectotype : nhmv . male .
psychodora wiltshire , 1939 ( phtheochroa ) , trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 88 : 54 . no type
psychrodora meyrick , 1936 ( phtheochroa ) , exotic microlepid . 5 : 23 . tl : syria . bludan . holotype : bmnh . male .
demarniana fischer von roslerstamm , 1839 ( paedisca ) , abbild . berich . ergnz schmett . - kunde 1 : 186 tl : germany , dresden . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
deruptana kennel , 1901 ( epiblema ) , dt . ent . z . iris ( 1900 ) 13 : 290 . tl : russia , anitaurus , hadjin . holotype : mnhu . male .
emarginana walsingham , 1879 ( proteopteryx ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 68 . tl : usa , california , mendocino co . . lectotype : bmnh . unknown .
exquisitana christoph , 1882 ( steganoptycha ) , bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 56 ( 4 ) ( 1881 ) : 428 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , vladi - vostok . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
pica walsingham , 1900 ( eucosma ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 337 tl : japan . honshu , kanagawa prefecture , yoko - hama . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .
festivana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 9 , fig . 52 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
fraternana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 449 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
concretana peyerimhoff , 1863 ( ephippiphora ) , bull . soc . hist . nat . colmar 3 ( 1862 ) : 132 . tl : france . alsace . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
distinctana wilkinson , 1859 ( coccyx ) , brit . tortrices : 111 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntypes : zdug . male , female .
proximana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial , ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 18 , fig . 127 . no type
proximana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( coccyx ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 219 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
gimmerthaliana lienig & zeller , 1846 ( grapholitha ) , isis von oken ( leipzig ) 1846 ( 3 ) : 247 . tl : latvia , [ latvia ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
gimerthaliana herrich - schaffer , 1852 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 56 , fig . 399 . no type
granitana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( steganoptycha ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 280 . tl : czech republic / germany . , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
granitana herrich - schaffer , 1848 ( uninomial , ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 43 , fig . 303 . no type
hamptonana kearfott , 1875 ( eucosma ) , can . ent . 39 : 153 . tl : usa , new hampshire , hampton . lectotype : amnh . male .
hesperidana kennel , 1921 ( epiblema ) , palaear . tortr . : 609 . tl : mauritania , holotype : mnhu . unknown .
hopkinsana kearfott , 1907 ( eucosma ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 36 . tl : usa , washington , hoquiam . lectotype : amnh . male .
hypsidryas meyrick , 1925 ( eucosma ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 140 . tl : india , u . p . , deoban , chakrata div . . lectotype : bmnh . male .
illepidosa razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( sisurcana ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 37 . tl : ecuador , prov . morona - santiago , gualaceo - limon road , east . holotype : mzuj . male .
immundana fischer von roslerstamm , 1839 ( paedisca ) , abbild . berich . ergnz schmett . - kunde 1 : 138 tl : germany , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
estreyerana guenee , 1845 ( phlaeodes ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 173 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
estreyeriana lederer , 1859 ( grapholitha ) , wien . ent . monatschr . 3 : 135 . no type
ignalinonis strand , 1917 ( epiblema immundana ssp . ) , ent . mitt . 6 : 307 . tl : spain . syntype ( s ) : deib . unknown .
infessana walsingham , 1900 ( thiodia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 404 tl : syria , haleb , shar devsky . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .
conturbatana caradja , 1916 ( semasia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 63 . tl : russia . amur . syntypes : unknown . unknown .
infuscana walsingham , 1879 ( semasia ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 62 . tl : usa , california , san francisco . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
johnsonana kearfott , 1907 ( eucosma ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 36 . tl : usa , nevada . lectotype : amnh . female .
ketamana amsel , 1956 ( steganoptycha ( epiblema ) ) , z . wien . ent . ges . 41 : 23 . tl : morocco , ketama . holotype : lnk . male .
kochiana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( grapholitha ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 262 . tl : germany , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
kochiana herrich - schaffer , 1848 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 32 , fig . 236 . no type
lindana fernald , 1892 ( steganopteryx ) , can . ent . 24 : 178 . tl : canada , ontario , hamilton . lectotype : usnm . male .
lomonana kearfott , 1907 ( tortrix ) , can . ent . 39 : 82 . tl : canada , british columbia , victoria . lectotype : amnh . male .
veneratrix meyrick , 1912 ( tortrix ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 36 no type
maculana fabricius , 1775 ( pyralis ) , systema entomologiae : 647 . tl : sweden , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
ophtalmicana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 9 , fig . 51 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
ophthalmana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 43 . no type
ophthalmicana hubner , 1822 ( eutrachia ) , syst . - alphab . verz . : 63 . no type
madderana kearfott , 1907 ( eucosma ) , can . ent . 39 : 55 . tl : canada , manitoba , rounthwaite . lectotype : amnh . male .
majorana caradja , 1916 ( gypsonoma incarnana var . ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 61 . tl : russia , far east , khabarovsky krai , radd . lectotype : mgab . male .
leucantha meyrick , 1931 ( eucosma ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 145 . tl : japan . honshu , tokyo prefecture . holotype : bmnh . female .
medioplagata walsingham , 1895 ( zeiraphera ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1895 : 516 . tl : usa , colorado , custer co . . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
medioviridana kearfott , 1908 ( eucosma ) , j . new york ent . soc . 16 : 168 . tl : canada , ontario , ottawa . lectotype : amnh . male .
melanosticta wileman & stringer , 1929 ( eucosma ) , entomologist 62 : 67 . tl : taiwan , formosa [ taiwan ] ( arizan ) . holotype : bmnh . male .
mercuriana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 73 . tl : germany , wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
monticolana duponchel , in godart , 1842 ( coccyx ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . ( suppl . ) 4 : 408 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
miscana kearfott , 1907 ( eulia ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 91 . tl : usa , california , placer co . , cisco . lectotype : amnh . male .
semalea meyrick , 1912 ( eulia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
momonana kearfott , 1907 ( proteopteryx ) , can . ent . 39 : 125 . tl : canada , manitoba , rounthwaite . lectotype : amnh . female .
sanifica meyrick , 1912 ( proteopteryx ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 36 . no type
nanana treitschke , 1835 ( coccyx ) , schmett . eur . 10 ( 3 ) : 80 . tl : germany , lectotype : tmb . male .
domonana kearfott , 1907 ( eucosma ) , can . ent . 39 : 79 . tl : usa . massachusetts , middlesex co . , framingham . lectotype : amnh . female .
immetallana peyerimhoff , 1863 ( ephippiphora ) , bull . soc . hist . nat . colmar 3 ( 1862 ) : 132 . tl : france . alscae . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
nana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 18 , fig . 129 . no type
waltavaarana hoffmann , 1893 ( steganoptycha nanana var . ) , stettin . ent . ztg . 54 : 135 . tl : finland . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
nemorivaga tengstrom , 1848 ( coccyx ) , notis sllsk . fauna flora fenn . frh 1 : 88 . tl : finland , syntype ( s ) : zmh . unknown .
finimitana lederer , 1859 ( grapholitha ( paedisca ) ) , wein . ent . monatschr . 3 : 333 . no type
finitimana doubleday , 1859 ( coccyx ? ) , synon . list br . butterflies moths : 24 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
finitimana stephens , 1852 ( coccyx ) , list specimens br . anim . colln . br . mus 10 : 52 . no type
nemorivagana jones , 1884 ( coccyx ) , ent . mon . mag . 21 : 138 . no type
rhododendrana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 20 , figs . 140 , 141 . no type
rhododendrana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( steganoptycha ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 281 . tl : austria . alps . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
nigralbana walsingham , 1879 ( paedisca ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 41 . tl : usa , california , mendocino co . . syntypes : usnm ; bmnh . male .
nigricana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( coccyx ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 220 . tl : germany / austria , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
nigricana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 20 , fig . 138 . no type
suasana peyerimhoff , 1863 ( coccyx ) , bull . soc . hist . nat . colmar 3 ( 1862 ) : 133 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
nisella clerck , 1759 ( phalaena ) , icones insectorum rariorum 1 : pl . 12 , fig . 6 . tl : sweden , probably sweden . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
albodecorana krulikowsky , 1908 ( epiblema nisella ab . ) , societas ent . 23 : 18 . tl : russia . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
anana schrank , 1802 ( tortrix ) , fauna boica 2 ( 2 ) : 72 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
boeberana fabricius , 1787 ( pyralis ) , mantissa insectorum 2 : 239 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
brunneana dufrane , 1930 ( eucosma nisella ab . ) , lambillionea 30 : 161 . tl : belgium . baudour . holotype : irsn . female .
cuspidana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 451 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
decorana hubner , [ 1818 - 1819 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 42fig . 265 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
dorsimaculana klemensiewicz , 1906 ( epiblema nisella ab . ) , spraw . kom . fizyorg . krakw 32 : 58 . tl : poland . syntype ( s ) : isez . unknown . [ lost ]
fulminana krulikowsky , 1908 ( epiblema nisella ab . ) , societas ent . 23 : 18 . tl : russia . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
lepidana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 94 . tl : germany . wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
nisana guenee , 1845 ( grapholitha ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 2 ( 3 ) : 171 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
pavonana donovan , [ 1793 ] ( phalaena ) , nat . hist . br . insects 2 : pl . 58 , fig . 3 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
rhombifasciana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ? ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 451 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
rubiana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 450 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
siliceana hubner , [ 1811 - 1813 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 31fig . 196 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
stictana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ? ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 451 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
nonana kearfott , 1907 ( eucosma ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 30 . tl : usa , colorado , pueblo . holotype : amnh . female .
carphologa meyrick , 1912 ( eucosma ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
pentagonana kennel , 1901 ( epiblema ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 289 . tl : china , hadjin , sutschan . holotype : mnhu . female .
piceae issiki , in issiki & mutuura , 1961 ( panoplia ) , microlepid . ins . injurious conif . plts . japan : 36 . tl : japan , honshu , sinano [ nagano ] , omekura . holotype : usnm . male .
pulsatillana dyar , 1903 ( eucosma ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 5 : 297 . tl : usa , colorado , foothills at boulder and golden . syntypes ( 19 ) : usnm . unknown .
purpuriciliana walsingham , 1879 ( steganoptycha ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 72 . tl : usa , california . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
pusillana peyerimhoff , 1863 ( grapholitha ) , bull . soc . hist . nat . colmar 3 ( 1862 ) : 127 . tl : france , colmar . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
pygmaeana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 12fig . 69 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
radicana heinrich , 1923 ( griselda ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 186 . tl : canada , british columbia . lectotype : usnm . male .
ramella linnaeus , 1758 ( phalaena ( tinea ) ) , systema naturae ( 10th ed . ) : 540 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
costana duponchel , in godart , 1836 ( grapholitha ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . 9 : 510 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
fimbriana stephens , 1829 ( anchylopera ) , syst . cat . br . insects ( 2 ) : 178 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
paykulliana fabricius , 1787 ( tortrix ) , mantissa insectorum 2 : 235 . tl : sweden . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
ramana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 100 . no type
sesquilunana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 435 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
rasdolnyana christoph , 1882 ( steganoptycha ) , bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 56 ( 4 ) ( 1881 ) : 427 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , vladi - vostok . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
rectiplicana walsingham , 1879 ( paedisca ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 40 . tl : usa , california , mendocino co . . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
rubiginosana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( steganoptycha ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 282 . tl : europe , nixdorf ( nixdorf ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
bouchardana wilkinson , 1859 ( poecilochroma ) , brit . tortrices : 186 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntypes : zdug . male , female .
incognatana peyerimhoff , 1863 ( retinia ) , bull . soc . hist . nat . colmar 3 ( 1862 ) : 134 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
rubiginosana herrich - schaffer , 1848 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 26 , fig . 185 . no type
signatana douglas , 1845 ( sericoris ) , zoologist 3 : 844 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
kroesmanniana heinemann , 1863 ( grapholitha ) , schmett . deut . schweiz 2 : 147 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
padana lienig & zeller , 1846 ( grapholitha ) , isis von oken ( leipzig ) 1846 ( 3 ) : 243 . tl : latvia / lithuania . livlandia / kurlandia [ latvia / lithuania ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
signata caradja , 1903 ( sericoris ) , bull . soc . sci . bucarest 11 : 615 . no type
solandriana linnaeus , 1758 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , systema naturae ( 10th ed . ) : 532 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
albosinuana grabe , 1944 ( epiblema solandriana form ) , z . wien . ent . ges . 29 : 60 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
centrostriana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma solandriana form ) , entomologist 68 : 199 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
fuscosolandriana grabe , 1944 ( epiblema solandriana form ) , z . wien . ent . ges . 29 : 60 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
fuscotrapezana grabe , 1944 ( epiblema solandriana form ) , z . wien . ent . ges . 29 : 60 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
griseana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma solandriana form ) , entomologist 68 : 175 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
ochreotrapezana grabe , 1944 ( epiblema solandriana form ) , z . wien . ent . ges . 29 : 60 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
parmatana hubner , [ 1814 - 1817 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 40 figs . 253 , 254 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
ratana hubner , [ 1811 - 1813 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 37fig . 236 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
rattana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 44 . no type
rhenana thunberg & becklin , 1791 ( tortrix ) , d . d . dissert . ent . sist . ins . svecica 23 : 43 . tl : sweden . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
rufana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma solandriana form ) , entomologist 68 : 175 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
rufosinuana grabe , 1944 ( epiblema solandriana form ) , z . wien . ent . ges . 29 : 60 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
rusticana fabricius , 1794 ( pyralis ) , entomologia systematica 3 ( 2 ) : 254 . tl : france . no type
semilunana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 45 . tl : germany . wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
semimaculana hubner , 1793 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , samml . auser . vgel schmett : 8 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
trapezana fabricius , 1787 ( pyralis ) , mantissa insectorum 2 : 228 . tl : denmark . denmark ( copen - hagen ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
variegata sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma solandriana form ) , entomologist 68 : 197 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
variegatastriana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma solandriana form ) , entomologist 68 : 197 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
solicitana walker , 1863 ( grapholita ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 387 . tl : canada , nova scotia . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
packardiana clemens , 1864 ( halonota ) , proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 417 . tl : canada . labrador . holotype : ansp . unknown . [ lost ]
tephrinana zeller , 1875 ( paedisca ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 308 . tl : usa . massachusetts or maine . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
sordidana hubner , [ 1823 - 1824 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 47fig . 292 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
stabilana stephens , 1852 ( paedisca ) , list specimens br . anim . colln . br . mus 10 : 100 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
subocellana donovan , [ 1806 ] ( phalaena ) , nat . hist . br . insects 11 : 59 . tl : united kingdom , great britain ( sussex ) . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
arctica strand , 1901 ( paedica subocellana form ) , nyt mag . naturvid . 39 : 68 . tl : norway . syntype ( s ) : deib . unknown .
subplicana walsingham , 1879 ( paedisca ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 41 . tl : usa , california , mendocino co . . holotype : bmnh . unknown .
basipunctana walsingham , 1879 ( paedisca ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 40 . tl : usa . california , lower lake . syntypes : bmnh ; usnm . female .
subsequana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 448 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .
abiegana duponchel , in godart , 1842 ( grapholitha ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . ( suppl . ) 4 : 409 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .
abiegnana guenee , 1845 ( coccyx ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 179 . no type
subuculana rebel , 1903 ( epiblema ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 53 : 92 . tl : austria , hut - tensee . lectotype : nhmv . male .
rubuculana hauder , 1919 ( epiblema ) , z . st . ent . verz . 5 : 46 . no type
tedella clerck , 1759 ( phalaena ) , icones insectorum rariorum 1 : pl . 10 , fig . 13 . tl : sweden , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
cembrana hubner , [ 1825 ] 1816 ( evetria ) , verz . bekannter schmett . : 379 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
comitana [ denis & schiffermuller ] , 1775 ( tortrix ) , ank . verz . schmett . wiener - gegend . : 131 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .


turbinella laevigata , common name the brazilian chank , is a species of very large sea snail with a gill and an operculum , a marine gastropod mollusk in the subfamily turbinellinae of the family turbinellidae .

turbinella laevigata

turbinellidae » turbinella laevigata , id : 545494 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
delsaerdt , a . : a new subspecies of turbinella laevigata . matthysen , e . & robbrecht , v . : report on some land snails from east tyrol ( austria ) with notes on the distribution of abida secale ( draparnaud , 1801 ) . delsaerdt , a . : de familie cassidae ( 1 ) . new taxon : turbinella laevigata rianae n . ssp .
belongs to turbinella according to b . landau and c . marques da silva 2010
formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 223 . 5mm . w / o . big
formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 228 . 5mm . w / o . big
formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 197mm . w / o . red lip .
formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 215 . 5mm . w / o . big
formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 126 . 5mm . nature . w / o .
formosa / shells / turbinella pyrum 123 . 8mm . nature . w / o . freak
genre turbinelle . ( turbinella , lam . ) spécies général et iconographie des coquilles vivantes 6 21 pls .
these species are sometimes known as
chanks
or
chank shells
. one species in this genus is the sacred chank , turbinella pyrum ; see
shankha
for the cultural and religious use of the shell of that species .
verzeichniss der conchylien xvi + 110 pp . [ stated date : 09 oct 1838 . ]
gloria maris 26 1 - 7 . [ stated date : - - feb 1987 . ]
animal - based remedies constitute an integral part of brazilian traditional medicine . due to its long history , zootherapy has in fact become an integral part of folk medicine both in rural and urban areas of the country . in this paper we summarize current knowledge on zootherapeutic practices in northeast of brazil , based on information compiled from ethnobiological scientific literature .
in order to examine the diversity of animals used in traditional medicine in northeast of brazil , all available references or reports of folk remedies based on animals sources were examined . 34 sources were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in assessment of medicinal animal species . scientific names provided in publications were updated .
the review revealed that at least 250 animal species ( 178 vertebrates and 72 invertebrates ) are used for medicinal purposes in northeast of brazil . the inventoried species comprise 10 taxonomic categories and belong to 141 families . the groups with the greatest number of species were fishes ( n = 58 ) , mammals ( n = 47 ) and reptiles ( n = 37 ) . the zootherapeutical products are used for the treatment of different illnesses . the most widely treated condition were asthma , rheumatism and sore throat , conditions , which had a wide variety of animals to treat them with . many animals were used for the treatment of multiple ailments . beyond the use for treating human diseases , zootherapeutical resources are also used in ethnoveterinary medicine
the number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expressive and demonstrate the importance of zootherapy as alternative therapeutic in northeast of brazil . although widely diffused throughout brazil , zootherapeutic practices remain virtually unstudied . there is an urgent need to examine the ecological , cultural , social , and public health implications associated with fauna usage , including a full inventory of the animal species used for medicinal purposes and the socio - cultural context associated with their consumption .
humans depend on biodiversity and the capacity of ecosystems to provide a multitude of goods and services that underpin a healthy human and natural environment . biodiversity is essential for human health , for example , in the provision of the raw materials for medicines . indeed , some 20 , 000 species are used in traditional medicine , which forms the basis of primary health care for about 80 percent of the 3 billion people in developing countries . more than half of the world ' s modern drugs are derived from biological resources , which supports the traditional and modern pharmaceutical sectors [
] . although plants and plant - derived materials make up the majority of ingredients used in most traditional medical systems globally , whole animals , animal parts , and animal - derived products ( e . g . , urine , fat , etc . ) also constitute important elements of the materia medica . indeed , zootherapy , the use of animal products in healing , is an ancient and widespread practice across most cultures [
little attention has been paid to the cultural , medical , economic , or ecological significance of zootherapeutic practices , even though the federal government ' s national policy of pharmaceuticals ( política nacional de medicamentos , portaria no . 3916 / 98 ) specifies that
the support to research aiming to use the therapeutic potential of the national flora and fauna , with emphasis on certification of their medical properties , should be continued and expanded
[
] . nevertheless , since the 1980s various publications have shown the importance of zootherapy for traditional communities from distinct socio - cultural - environmental landscapes in brazil . most of the available information on the subject is concentrated in the northeast of the country [
in addition , the edibility of these medicinal resources must be analyzed because there must be complex interactions between diet and the medicinal use . a number of food animals are also used as remedies [
] . although often regarded as supplementary to local peoples ' diet , wild food and medicine are essential in times of crisis and play an important nutritional role . the neglect of traditional food and medicines may seriously deteriorate the health and well being of traditional peoples [
] . furthermore , nature - based traditional food and medicine are generally viewed as interchangeable , diet being highly regarded as the primary basis for sustaining and / or restoring health and well - being . consequently , foods are considered and often times chosen for their distinctive medicinal or healing values .
the total area of the brazilian northeast is 1 , 561 , 177 . 8 km
, which extends from 02°54 to 17°21s and from 35° to 46°30w and includes nine states : maranhão , piauí , ceará , rio grande do norte , paraíba , pernambuco , alagoas , sergipe and bahia ( figure .
] . this region is home to around 51 million people , representing 28 . 9 % of the total population of brazil , most of whom live in the urban area . the inhabitants of northeast brazil exhibit a high degree of race mixing . according to the 2006 census of brazilian institute for geography and statistics ( ibge ) , people of multiracial ( european , amerindian and african ) background make up 62 . 5 % of the population , while those of total or predominantly black ancestry account for 7 . 8 % . this region was not heavily affected by the wave of european immigration that took place in southern brazil during the 19th century – the northeast was ( and still is ) the poorest part of brazil , and therefore there was little incentive for new immigrants to stay [
the predominant vegetation type in this region is composed of several forms of caatinga biome . the structure of these forests can vary considerably from forests composed of mostly spiny trees , 6 to 10 m tall , often with a ground - layer of small deciduous shrubs and annual herbs , predominantly leguminosae , to deciduous woodlands of lower stature , with a high proportion of shrubs and subshrubs and the presence of many cacti , bromeliads and euphorbiaceae [
] . the northeast region as a whole holds more types of vegetation than any other region in brazil . in addition to the caatinga biome , there are the atlantic rainforests , seasonal forests and inland mountain forests ,
and shore dunes , mangroves , cerrados ( savannah - like vegetation ) and ' campos rupestres ' , all of which exhibit rich animal and plant biodiversity .
] . 34 ethnobiological sources documenting the medicinal use of animals were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in the data base . scientific names were updated in accordance with the integrated taxonomic information system ' s
catalogue of life : 2008 annual checklist
[
categories of diseases treated with zootherapeutic remedies in northeast brazil , according to the brazilian centre of diseases classification and the number of species used per category .
the review revealed that at least 250 animal species ( 178 vertebrates and 72 invertebrates ) are used for medicinal purposes in northeast of brazil . the inventoried species comprise 10 taxonomic categories and belong to 141 families ( additional file
) . the groups with the greatest number of species were fishes ( n = 58 ) , mammals ( n = 47 ) and reptiles ( n = 37 ) ( figure .
examples of animals used as medicine in northeast brazil . a : boa constrictor ( photo : gentil a . pereira - filho ) , b : iguana iguana , c : chelonoidis carbonaria , d : amazona aestiva , e : coragyps atratus and f : ucides cordatus ( photos b , c , d , e , f : rômulo r . n . alves ) .
the number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expressive and demonstrate the importance of zootherapy as alternative therapeutic in northeast of brazil . ethnobiological studies encompassing information on the medicinal use of biological resources cover 06 states : paraíba , piauí , pernambuco , alagoas , maranhão and bahia , the latter being state with the highest number of studies ( figure .
) . no published accounts were found for the states of ceará , sergipe and rio grande do norte . due to the lack of studies in some states of northeast brazil , and to the fact that only taxa that could be identified to the species level were included in the review , is expected the number of medicinal animals to be greater than the 250 species compiled .
of the 250 medicinal animal species which have been recorded , 175 ( 70 % ) were also used as food . the high number of animals used both as food and medicine is not surprising given the important role played by wildlife as a source of protein in different parts of the world . in at least 62 countries worldwide , wildlife ( including fish ) provides significant proteins , calories , and essential fats to rural communities [
] . the degree of overlap between medicinal and nutritional uses of wild animals observed in our study was high , and left no doubt about the importance of wild animals in human diets and healing activities .
medicinal animals recorded can be used whole or in parts such as fat , flesh , bone , bone marrow , cartilage , skin , tail , feather , liver , bile (
fel
) , milk , rattle ( from rattlesnakes ) , spine , shell , honey , wax , scale , rostral expansion , otolith , penis , carapace , blood , gizzard , beak , cocoon , teeth , tongue , egg , egg shells , tibia , secretions , head , heart , urine , foot , leg , nest , guts , pollen , ear , spawn , nail , horn , sucking dish and eye . examples of zootherapeutic products used as remedies in northeast brazil are showed in figure
examples of animal products used as remedies in northeast brazil . a : fats of mammals and reptiles , b : alligator leather ( paleosuchus palpebrosus ) , c : dried seahorses ( hippocampus reidi ) and d : dried starfish ( oreaster reticulatus ) .
beyond the use for treating human diseases , zootherapeutical resources are also used in ethnoveterinary medicine . barboza et al . [
] recorded the utilization of animals ( zootherapeutics ) as sources of medicines in folk veterinary medicine ( ethnoveterinary ) in semiarid northeast region and verified that 15 animals are used in the prevention or cure of animals ' illnesses in that region .
distinct preparation and administration manners of the zootherapic resources are reported in the works , but in general , hard parts , such as teeth , nails , shells , rattles from snakes , fish scales , bone , and cartilage , generally are dried in the sun , grated , and crushed to powder , and then administered as tea or taken during meals . fat , body secretions , and oil are either ingested or used as an ointment . some animals are utilized in combination with plants and / or other animal species , constituting the ingredients of what the interviewees call
garrafadas
a concoction defined by camargo [
the zootherapeutic resources recorded were used to treat different diseases . the most widely treated condition were asthma , rheumatism and sore throat , conditions , which had a wide variety of animals to treat them with . many animals were used for the treatment of multiple ailments . the highest numbers of animal species ( 132 , 52 . 8 % ) have been reported for the treatment of respiratory system related problems . injuries , poisoning and other consequences of external causes are treated with 77 species ( 30 . 8 % ) . 71 ( 28 . 4 % ) animal species are reported in uses in undefined illnesses category ( that includes all citations for diseases with unspecific symptoms ) . problems of osteomuscular system and conjunctive tissue are reported to be treated with 71 ( 28 . 8 % ) species . circulatory system related problems are treated with 64 species ( 25 . 6 % ) ( table
] . these observations point to the need for sanitary measurements to be taken with medicinal animal products and the importance of including considerations about zootherapy into public health programs . although the need for implementation of sanitary measures to the trade of animal or their parts for medicinal purposes is evident , adoption of regulatory measures faces considerable challenges , among them ensuring adequate participation of all stakeholders involved , monitoring of the activity , and combating illegal , unreported and unregulated trade [
] , which makes the use of available , affordable animal and plant remedies an important alternative .
the high number of species registered evidenciates that the animals are therapeutic resources culturally important . nevertheless , the lack of zootherapeutic studies in brazil ( and in the world in general ) has contributed to an underestimation of the importance of zootherapeutic resources in this country . alves and rosa [
] , suggest that one of the factors that certainly contribute to the information scarcity on the subject is the semi - clandestine or clandestine nature of the trade and use of medicinal animals , generally result in usuaries and traders being more resistant to provide information . the most of medicinal animals are wild and protected by law . nevertheless , although brazilian legislation forbids commercial use of wild fauna ( article 1 law 5 , 197 january 3 , 1967 and article 29 of law 9 , 605 february 12 , 1998 ) , medicinal products and derivatives made from animals are commonly traded in many brazilian cities [
= 230 ; 92 % ) are wild caught . in most cases remedies were prepared from dead specimens . many of the medicinal animals are of conservation concern . many of the recorded species ( 52 out of 250 ) are on either the iucn red list of threatened species , [
] . these results demonstrate the need to assess the implications of the use and trade of animal used in traditional medicines on their wild populations .
] , there is a need to increase our understanding of the biology and ecology of species commonly used as remedies to better assess the impacts of harvesting them ( for medicinal or other purposes ) on their wild populations . medicinal species whose conservation status is in question should receive urgent attention , and aspects such as habitat loss and alteration should be discussed in connection with present and future medicinal uses . as anyinam [
] remarked , environmental degradation affects users of traditional medicine both by limiting their access to the resources traditionally used and by diminishing the knowledge base in their community upon which traditional medicine is constructed . studies on traditional uses of faunistic resources should be carried out with other links to conservation biology , public health policies , sustainable management of natural resources and biological prospection is of great importance [
additional file 1 : medicinal animals and its respective uses in popular medicine , northeast of brazil . the data provided a list of medicinal animals and its respective uses in popular medicine in the northeast of brazil . ( pdf 170 kb )
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. wildlife survey report . world wildlife fund and liberian forestry development , authority , gland , switzerland ; 1991 .
food chain and the reasons for food taboos in the amazon and in the atlantic forest coast .
( schweiger 1812 ) ( testudines : podocnemididae ) for medicinal purposes in two communities in north of brazil .
os ' bichos ' que curam : os animais e a medicina ' folk ' em belém do pará .
produtos e subprodutos da medicina popular comercializados na cidade de boa vista , roraima .
plants and animals utilized as medicines in the jau national park ( jnp ) , brazilian amazon .
markets and the use of wild animals for traditional medicine : a case study among the tsimane ' amerindians of the bolivian rain forest .
medicinal and poisonous diversity of the flora of
cariri paraibano
, brazil .
aspectos sócio - econômicos do comércio de plantas e animais medicinais em área metropolitanas do norte e nordeste do brasil .
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( of xancus laevigatus ( anton , 1839 ) ) matthews , h . r . 1967 . notas sobre a família xancidae no nordeste brasileiro . arquivos da estação de biologia marinha da universidade federal do ceará 7 : 143 - 145 . [ details ]
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collected at 10 - 15 m by lobster divers . some defect on body whorl made by predatores . but an unusual dwarf with salmon double lip
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description of calantica darwini d . s . jones & a . m . hosie , 2009
, common name
baby ' s toes
, is a . . .
is a species of small crustaceans ( ca . 1 . 0–1 . 3 millimetres . . .
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copidognathus oculatus is a species of mite in the halacaridae family .

the scientific name of the species was first published in 1863 by hodge .

copidognathus oculatus

bartsch , i . , 1977c . zur oculatus - und gibbus - gruppe der gattung copidognathus ( halacaridae , acari ) . ent . mitt . zool . mus . hamb . , 6 : 1 - 12 .
bartsch , i . ( 1977 ) . zur oculatus - und gibbus - gruppe der gattung copidognathus ( halacaridae , acari ) . ent . mitt . zool . mus . hamb . 6 : 1 - 12 . [ details ]
abstract - five copidognathus species , taken on the shores of rottnest island , western australia , are described . the five species , c . culoatus sp . nov . , c . facetus sp . nov . , c levigatus sp . nov . , c . pumicatus sp . nov . , and c . rasilis sp . nov . , can be attributed to the copidognathus oculatus group . the oculatus group and the 28 species attributed to this group are diagnosed , the geographical distribution summarized in a map . the southern hemisphere proved to be more rich in species than the northern .
( of halacarus oculatus hodge , 1863 ) hodge , g . , 1863 . contributions to the marine zoology of seaham harbour . on some undescribed marine acari . trans . tyneside nat . fld cl . , 5 ( 4 ) : 298 - 303 . [ details ]
lohmann , h . ( 1989 ) . die unterfamilie der halacaridae murr . und die meeresmilben der ostsee . zool . jb . ( syst . ) . 4 : 269 - 408 . [ details ]
bartsch , i . , 2001 . acarina - halacaridae , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 237 - 241 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
green , j . ; macquitty , m . ( 1987 ) . halacarid mites ( arachnida : acari ) : keys and notes for the identification of the species . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 36 . e . j . brill / w . backhuys : london . isbn 90 - 048196 - 8 . vii , 178 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
trouessart , e . , 1888 . note sur les acariens marins recueillis par m . giard au laboratoire maritime de wimereux . c . r . acad . sci . paris , 107 : 753 - 755 . [ details ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
bartsch , i . ( 1993 ) . a synopsis of the antarctic halacaroidea ( acari ) . synopses of the antarctic benthos . koeltz scientific books , koenigstein . 176 . [ details ]
bartsch , i . ( 2006 ) . halacaroidea ( acari ) : a guide to marine genera . organisms diversity & evolution . 6 ( 2 ) : 125 - 125 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
green , j . ; macquitty , m . ( 1987 ) . halacarid mites ( arachnida : acari ) : keys and notes for the identification of the species . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 36 . e . j . brill / w . backhuys : london . isbn 90 - 048196 - 8 . vii , 178 pp .
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lohmann , h . , 1889 . die unterfamilie der halacaridae murr . und die meeresmilben der ostsee . zool . jb . ( syst . ) , 4 : 269 - 408 .
bartsch , i . , 2001 . acarina - halacaridae , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 237 - 241
( hodge , 1863 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license
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andré , m . , 1946 . halacariens marins . faune de france 46 : 1–152 .
bartsch , i . , 1977b . interstitielle fauna von galapagos xx halacaridae ( acari ) . mikrofauna meeresboden 65 : 1–108 .
( halacaridae , acari ) und beschreibung zweier neuer arten . zool . beitr . n . f . 28 : 1–16 .
( halacaridae ) from the caribbean region . stud . fauna curaçao 67 : 1–14 .
viets , 1936 ( halacaridae ) , a redescription . stud . fauna curaçao 67 : 15–20 .
bartsch , i . , 1984e . halacaridae ( acari ) von den west - indischen inseln . bijdr . dierk . 54 : 185–196 .
bartsch , i . , 1991 . on the identity of some north atlantic halacarid species ( acari ) . jl . of nat . hist . 25 : 1339–1353 .
from the caribbean area and notes on the subfamily actacarinae and its species ( arachnida : acari : halacaridae ) . senckenberg . biol . 75 : 229–241 .
– gruppe ( acari , halacaridae ) . entomol . mitt . zool . mus . hamburg 13 : 37–48 .
bartsch , i . & t . m . iliffe , 1985 . the halacarid fauna ( halacaridae , acari ) of bermuda caves . stygologia 1 : 300–321 .
brady , g . s . , 1875 . a review of the british marine mites , with descriptions of some new species . proc . zool . soc . lond . 20 : 301–311 .
fountain , h . c . , 1953 . an examination of the original slides of marine acari of hodge 1863 . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . 32 : 357–364 .
gosse , p . h . , 1855 . notes on some new or little known marine animals . ann . magaz . nat . hist . 16 : 27–36 .
green , j . & m . macquitty , 1987 . halacarid mites . synopses of british fauna ( n . s . ) 36 , e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden , the netherlands . 178 pp .
halbert , j . n . , 1915 . clare island survey part 39 ii , acarinida ii . terrestrial and marine acarina . proc . r . ir . acad . 31 ( 39 ) sect . 2 : 45–136 .
hodge , g . , 1863 . contributions to the marine zoology of seaham harbour . on some undescribed marine acari . trans . tyneside nat . field . cl . 5 : 298–303 .
, a new species of arenicolous mite ( prostigmata : halacaridae ) from the caribbean coast . ann . ent . soc . am . 64 : 594–598 .
lohmann , h . t . , 1889 . die unterfamilie der halacaridae murray und die meeresmilben der ostsee . zool . jb . 4 ( 2 ) : 269–408 .
lohmann , h . t . , 1893 . die halacarinen der plankton – expedition . ergebnisse der plankton – expedition der humboldt - stiftung 2 : 11–95 .
newell , i . m . , 1947 . a systematic and ecological study of the halacaridae of eastern north america . bull . bingham oceanogr . coll . 10 : 1–232 .
rosen , d . e . , 1975 . a vicariance model of caribbean biogeography . syst . zool . 24 : 431–464 .
schuster , r . & i . bartsch , 1986 . order acari ( mites and ticks ) . marine fauna and flora of bermuda . john wiley & sons , new york : pp . 270–275 .
somerfield , p . j . , 1988 . new records of marine halacaridae ( acari : prostigmata ) from rocky shores around the irish coast . bull . ir . biogeogr . soc . 11 : 6–21 .
trouessart , e . l . , 1889a . sur les acariens marins des côtes de france . compte rendu hebdomadaire de séances de l ' academie des sciences 108 : 1178–1181 .
trouessart , e . l . , 1889b . revue synoptique de la famille des halacaridae . bull . sc . france belgique 20 : 225–251 .
viets , k . , 1927 . halacaridae . tierwelt der nord und ostsee xic : 1–72 .
viets , k . , 1936a . zoologische ergebnisse einer reise nach bonaire , curaçao und aruba im jahre 1930 . no . 18 . halacariden aus westindien . zool . jb . , syst . 67 : 389–424 .
viets , k . , 1936b . spinnentiere oder arachnoidea vii . wassermilben oder hydracarina ( hydrachnellae und halacaridae ) . tierwelt deutschlands 31–32 : 516–562 .
chatterjee , t . & de troch , m . hydrobiologia ( 2001 ) 457 : 235 . urltoken
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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