clavicoccus erinaceus is an extinct species of mealybug in the family pseudococcidae .

it was endemic to oahu , where it lived on abutilon sandwicense .

clavicoccus erinaceus

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nishida , g . m . , ed . 1994a . hawaiian terrestrial arthropoda checklist . second edition . hawaii biological survey , contribution no . 94 - 04 . bishop museum : honolulu , hawaii . 287 pp .
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beardsley , john w . , jr . ( 1971 ) .
new genera and species of hawaiian pseudococcidae ( homoptera )
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ben - dov , y . ( 1994 ) a systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world ( insecta : homoptera : coccoidea : pseudococcidae and putoidae ) with data on geographical distribution , host plants , biology and economic importance .


adamussium is a monotypic genus of bivalve molluscs in the large family of scallops , the pectinidae .

the antarctic scallop ( adamussium colbecki ) is the only species in the genus though its exact relationship to other members of the family is unclear .

it is found in the ice-cold seas surrounding antarctica , sometimes at great depths .

adamussium colbecki is a large , slow-growing scallop that lives on the seabed .

the shell consists of a pair of ribbed calcareous valves which enclose the soft body and are joined by a ligament at a hinge .

it feeds on microscopic green algae and is sometimes present in great numbers .

it is able to move around by flapping its valves and to dart backwards to escape threats .

the species is an important member of the antarctic seabed community as the upper valve often acts as a substrate for seaweeds , sponges and other organisms .

in addition , juveniles bind themselves by threads to the upper valve of older shells , using these as a base for several years as they grow .

the adult scallops have been used in research to study the accumulation of heavy metals in marine organisms .

adamussium

saving by freezing ? oxygen consumption rates of adamussium colbecki in a latitudinal context .
productivity and age of the antarctic scallop ( adamussium colbecki ) in the ross sea .
karyology of the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki , with some comments on the karyological evolution of pectinids .
characterization of superoxide dismutases in the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki . | iris università degli studi di padova
worms - world register of marine species - adamussium colbecki ( e . a . smith , 1902 )
we next demonstrated that adamussium shells were almost pure carbonate and therefore can be used as a caco 3 biomass proxy . mean caco 3 biomass from adamussium varied from 4987–6806 kg ha - 1 at our localities . the mean caco 3 biomass per hectare for both cibicides and adamussium was not significantly different across our localities .
antarctic scallop - adamussium colbecki ( e . a . smith , 1902 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life
organophosphate - resistant forms of acetylcholinesterases in two scallops - - the antarctic adamussium colbecki and the mediterranean pecten jacobaeus .
karyology of the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki , with some comments on the karyological evolution of pectinids . - pubmed - ncbi
oxidative responsiveness to multiple stressors in the key antarctic species , adamussium colbecki : interactions between temperature , acidification and cadmium exposure .
organophosphate - resistant forms of acetylcholinesterases in two scallops - - the antarctic adamussium colbecki and the mediterranean pecten jacobaeus . - pubmed - ncbi
oxidative responsiveness to multiple stressors in the key antarctic species , adamussium colbecki : interactions between temperature , acidification a . . . - pubmed - ncbi
nearshore population characteristics of the circumpolar antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki ( smith , 1902 ) at terra nova bay ( ross sea ) / marco nigro .
in situ video recordings allowed the analysis of the swimming behaviour of adamussium , providing evidence of the role of such behaviour as an escape reaction to predators .
ec , explorers cove ; bos , bay of sails ; hg , herbertson glacier ; top and bottom refer to top and bottom valves of adamussium colbecki .
a . attached cibicides . b . cibicides traces . c . attached cibicides with traces pooled . top = top valves ; bot = bottom valves of adamussium colbecki .
presents results of scuba diving studies of distribution , density and size structure of population of adamussium colbecki in north - west ross sea carried out in summer season of 1991 - 92 .
presents results of scuba diving studies of distribution , density and size structure of population of adamussium colbecki in north - west ross sea carried out in summer season of 1991 - 92 . 650 07
parasitism could have arisen accidently in c . antarcticus as a result of the thin shell of adamussium . given enough time to bioerode the shell , cibicides could penetrate to the shell interior . for example , closely related cibicidids living on thicker carbonate substrates , like c . refulgens [ 69 ] and the more distantly related c . lobatulus , bioerode but are not parasites [ 52 , 64 ] . if c . antarcticus lives for two years or longer , its bioerosive activities could completely penetrate the thin shell of adamussium . the uptake of nutrients and minerals would be beneficial to cibicides in antarctic environments where conditions are similar to the deep sea . further studies are needed to address cibicides bioerosion rates and whether they use caco 3 from adamussium , as well as determine whether adamussium populations are affected by large populations of cibicides .
a . isolution lite image showing polygons that were used to measure exterior resting trace and interior borehole diameter . b . sectors on adamussium shell that were used to examine the spatial distribution of cibicides bioerosion traces .
bioturbation by the common antarctic scallop ( adamussium colbecki ) and ophiuroid ( ophionotus victoriae ) under multi - year sea ice : ecologic and stratigraphic implicationsantarctic epifauna bioturbationk . h . broach et al . | palaios | geoscienceworld
many animals simply live on top of the sediment surface , where they can move around in search of food . these include starfish , sea cucumbers , worms , crustaceans and bivalves such as the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki .
bioerosion is considered a form of parasitism when it contributes to weakening mollusc shells [ 68 ] . boreholes of cibicides and associated bioerosion traces could negatively affect adamussium . considering that adamussium ’s shell is ~ 0 . 70 mm thick , cibicides etchings and boreholes could weaken the shell , making it more susceptible to predators . increased shell permeability also enhances dissolution . additionally , there is a physiological cost for the scallop because it forms blisters in response to c . antarcticus boreholes , although not all complete boreholes were associated with blisters ( sew personal observation ) . shell weakening , increased dissolution and the physiological expense of shell repair could all be added costs of high cibicides populations on adamussium .
next , we wanted to compare caco 3 biomass density across localities . this was calculated using the number of attached cibicides and adamussium at each locality and multiplying each species by its mean caco 3 biomass . cibicides and adamussium mean biomass estimates per locality were plotted with 95 % cis to determine if there were significant differences among localities . we expected that scallop biomass would not differ among localities but cibicides biomass would be variable because of variation in population size .
we examined the relationship between the parasitic foraminifer cibicides antarcticus and its host , the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki , which live in the coldest waters on earth near the freezing point of seawater ( - 1 . 97 °c ) . both species are circum - antarctic in distribution . epibenthic adamussium is considered a major ecosystem engineer because of its large population size , often covering 100 % of the seafloor with densities up to 90 m - 2 in some locations [ 16 – 20 ] .
paul arthur berkman ,
ecology of the circumpolar antarctic scallop , { \ it adamussium colbecki \ / } ( smith , 1902 )
( 1988 ) . dissertations and master ' s theses ( campus access ) . paper aai8913018 . urltoken
n , abundance of trace types pooled from six adamussium valves representing explorers cove and bay of sails localities ; frequency , frequency of occurrence ( out of total trace types pooled ) ; sd , standard deviation ; diameter refers to the outer bioerosion trace diameter .
ad ansell , r cattaneo - vietti , and m chiantore , swimming in the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki : analysis of in situ video recordings : antarctic science [ antarct . sci . ] , vol . 10 , no . 4 , pp . 369 - 375 , 1998 .
the mean caco 3 biomass density is depicted with 95 % cis . localities are explorers cove ( ec ) , bay of sails ( bos ) and herbertson glacier ( hg ) . a . caco 3 biomass density for attached cibicides . b . caco 3 biomass density for adamussium .
a canapa , m barucca , a marinelli , and e olmo , molecular approach to the systematics of the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki : italian journal of zoology [ ital . j . zool . ] , vol . 66 , no . 4 , pp . 379 - 382 , 1999 .
we calculated the annual caco 3 production for cibicides and adamussium because annual biomass production reveals ecosystem productivity [ 4 ] . to calculate yearly production , we had to determine the turnover rate of cibicides and adamussium and then convert their caco 3 biomass to yearly production . we estimated that the turnover rate was two years for cibicides and 20 years for adamussium . cibicides two - year turnover was based on experimental arrays deployed at ec in austral summer 2008 ( sew personal observation ) . the experimental arrays had clean adamussium shell pieces encased within plankton - mesh bags . when the arrays were retrieved two years later ( 2010 ) , adult cibicides were attached to the shell pieces . juveniles were also observed within a cibicides test in 2008 , indicating that they are released during austral summer . as a consequence , propagules may have entered the mesh bags in austral summer 2008 , likely growing to their largest size within two years . additionally , a survivorship analysis based on size classes generated from cibicides biomass revealed that it has a type i curve , exhibiting high juvenile survivorship with mortality increasing with age ( s1 fig ) . adamussium ’s lifespan is thought to be 20 years based on growth - band analysis and mark - recapture estimates [ 54 – 57 ] . therefore , caco 3 production per year was calculated based on the mean caco 3 biomass per m 2 for each species divided by their turnover rates and then converted to kg ha - 1 yr - 1 .
kyle h . broach , molly f . miller , samuel s . bowser ; bioturbation by the common antarctic scallop ( adamussium colbecki ) and ophiuroid ( ophionotus victoriae ) under multi - year sea ice : ecologic and stratigraphic implications . palaios ; 31 ( 6 ) : 280–290 . doi : urltoken
cibicides antarcticus ( formerly c . refulgens in antarctica ) is a facultative parasite . it bores a hole through adamussium valves with its pseudopods and assimilates 14 c - labeled amino acids from the extrapallial cavity [ 13 , 20 ] . this cavity , which is located between the shell of the mollusk and the mantle , contains fluid that is compositionally different from that of seawater , and is often enriched in calcium ions and amino acids [ 13 – 14 ] . parasitism is thought to occur in 50 % of cibicides populations at explorers cove , based on observations from five adamussium valves [ 13 ] . however , a systematic examination of c . antarcticus populations and parasitism using a larger sample size of adamussium from different antarctic localities has not been conducted . if cibicides also suspension feeds and grazes on diatoms [ 13 ] , it would be important to document the contribution of parasitism to its trophic behavior .
we next estimated the caco 3 biomass of adamussium . first , we had to determine if their shells were mostly pure carbonate before using them for caco 3 biomass estimates . four top valves from ec were cleaned of epibionts , washed with di water , dried , powdered and subjected to the loss on ignition method [ 53 ] . the shells yielded a mean organic carbon content of 0 . 010g c org ( sd = 0 . 001g ; 0 . 03 wt % c org ) indicating that adamussium shells are primarily caco 3 . valve weights were then used as a proxy for caco 3 biomass .
59 - - zoology . 592 - - invertebrata . 594 . 1 - - lamellibranchiata : adamussium colbecki . h2 - - zoology : invertebrates . ( * 7 ) - - antarctic regions . ( * 762 ) - - victoria land . ( * 80 ) - - southern ocean . ( * 881 ) - - ross sea .
cibicides percentage is based on the amount of caco 3 it produces out of the total cibicides and adamussium biomass at each locality . localities are explorers cove ( ec ) , bay of sails ( bos ) and herbertson glacier ( hg ) . a . caco 3 biomass contributed by attached cibicides . b . yearly production of caco 3 by attached cibicides .
to determine if attached cibicides were alive or dead on scallop valves , ssb tethered a live adamussium with 118 cibicides living on the top valve in 2005 at 21 m at ec . video of tethered adamussium was taken using a jvc model vn - c30u steerable camera mounted in a custom - built underwater housing from magee scientific company , berkeley , ca . the top valve was retrieved a year later and fixed with 3 % formalin , slightly decalcified , stained with 0 . 1 % rose bengal , and examined using a zeiss smz - 2t stereomicroscope equipped with a spot model 29 . 2–1 . 3mp color camera . attached cibicides were counted from photographs and their spatial positions were compared to pre - deployment positions .
we thank alice chapman for the field collections of adamussium colbecki and for maintaining the rats sampling programme during the course of this study . d . p . acknowledges with thanks nerc studentship no . gt04 / 97 / 272 / mas . maria - chiara chiantore ( università di genova ) and two anonymous referees are thanked for their insightful comments on the manuscript .
parasites have heterogeneous distributions in host populations that can be spatially structured [ 70 ] . spatial distributions of cibicides on adamussium valves could reveal preferred settlement sites that maximize food capture . if suspension feeding is important , cibicides ought to attach where feeding currents are higher presumably near the scallop’s aperture . for example , fossil foraminifera preferentially encrust brachiopod apertures , presumably to take advantage of their feeding currents [ 71 ] . however , c . antarcticus is thought to have random distributions on adamussium valves [ 51 ] , suggesting that water currents generated by the scallop are not important . we found that cibicides traces were significantly more common in the center region of adamussium ’s top valves . we also found that center sectors had more parasitic boreholes than the outer sectors . rarely were complete boreholes found outside of these sectors . more trace populations are likely in the center sectors because they represent some of the oldest regions of the shell , allowing more time for several cibicides generations to accumulate . furthermore , these sectors are located over the muscle , gill and gonadal tissue , and perhaps parasitic cibicides are targeting those tissues .
cibicides populations were similar at 9 m and 18 m for all localities except bos , which had significantly higher attached cibicides populations at 18 m . this difference could result from the patchy nature of foraminiferal distributions on adamussium valves [ 26 ] . it could also result from shallow water disturbance , possibly from anchor ice . anchor ice occurs to water depths of ~ 33 m in antarctica , but recent research suggests that anchor ice can occur at much deeper depths [ 62 – 63 ] . anchor ice grows on sediment and benthic organisms [ 62 ] . if adamussium valves were affected by anchor ice at bos 9 m , we suggest that this could reduce cibicides populations . differences in recruitment patterns , predation , or other factors could also account for the reduced populations at bos 9 m .
the number of attached cibicides is reported in the numerator and the number of bioerosion traces is reported in the denominator ( attached cibicides / bioerosion traces ) . the frequency of occurrence within parentheses depicts the number of either attached cibicides or bioerosion traces for each locality divided by the total pooled for all localities . the mean shell area for the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki was used to determine the mean density of cibicides .
even though the caco 3 biomass contribution of cibicides and adamussium is considerable , the ross sea has very little carbonate in the sedimentary record , a direct result of high primary productivity [ 73 ] . although increased primary productivity contributes to high diversity in this region , carbonate skeletons are rarely preserved in the sediment . high acidic porewaters resulting from benthic respiration induced by primary productivity is inimical to carbonate preservation [ 37 , 73 ] . thus , carbonate production by adamussium , cibicides , and other carbonate organisms are recycled quickly back into the ross sea once they are buried , which could , in part , maintain the supersaturated levels of caco 3 in this region . this should not preclude work on carbonate producers , as we need to estimate the amount of carbonate produced by the high diversity of ross sea organisms to improve carbonate budgets in this region .
chiantore m . , cattaneo vietti r . , elia l . , guidetti m . & antonini m . ( 2002 ) . reproduction and condition of the scallop adamussium colbecki , the sea - urchin sterechinus neumayeri and the sea - star odontaster validus at terra nova bay ( ross sea ) : different strategies related to inter - annual variations in food availability . polar biology , 25 , 4 , pp . 251 - 255 .
r cattaneo - vietti , m * chiantore , and g albertelli , population structure and ecology of the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki ( smith , 1902 ) at terra nova bay ( ross sea , antarctica ) : ecology of marine molluscs . , jul 1997 , pp . 15 - 24 , scientia marina ( barcelona ) [ sci . mar . ( barc . ) ] , vol . 61 , no . suppl . 2 .
the facultative parasite cibicides antarcticus and its antarctic scallop host adamussium colbecki are major components of antarctic ecosystems , yet we know little about their populations . we found that cibicides had large populations on adamussium that varied by locality but not generally with water depth . the largest total cibicides population , represented by attached individuals and bioerosion traces , occurred at ec . the ec locality has multiannual sea ice , distinguishing it from bos and hg where sea ice melts out every year . periodic pulses of sea ice algae could sustain the large populations at ec . cibicides is a parasite but it also supplements its diet by suspension feeding and grazing on diatoms [ 13 ] . suspension feeding might be more common in younger individuals , because adults are more commonly parasitic . however , even parasitic cibicides suspension feed and graze on diatoms [ 13 ] . future work using stable nitrogen isotopes could shed light on cibicides trophic relationships .
the cis were used to determine if the mean number of cibicides were significantly more or less common by shell sector . cis were calculated using one - sample t - tests and the t - statistic is reported for each test . trace type refers to cibicides ontogenetic stages represented by their bioerosion traces . trace types range from t1 ( initial recruits that etch the shell surface ) to t4 ( parasitic adults that made complete boreholes in adamussium valves ) .
cibicides antarcticus etches resting traces on the shell surface of adamussium [ 13 ] . as cibicides grows , it enlarges the trace and penetrates to the interior tissues of the scallop . as a result , the ontogenetic stages of cibicides are recorded in these bioerosion traces as well as the development of parasitism . we categorized these ontogenetic stages and used them as a proxy for cibicides population structure . based on these traces , populations at ec represent recently attached cibicides , while those on bos shells represent slightly older populations . large cibicides , presumably adults , always had complete or incomplete boreholes . therefore , differences in the parasite load among the localities could also be a function of a population structure skewed toward adult cibicides . we propose that these trace categories can be used to examine the evolutionary history of the host - parasite relationship in recent death or fossil assemblages of adamussium when cibicides is no longer attached to the shell .
cibicides and adamussium likely contribute considerable caco 3 to antarctic communities where they occur . the annual caco 3 production for adamussium ranges from 249–340 kg ha - 1 yr - 1 and with cibicides , adds 286–372 kg ha - 1 yr - 1 of caco 3 to our antarctic localities . our estimates are conservative considering that c . antarcticus also lives on other hard substrates and its actual caco 3 production could be far greater . both these species are circum - antarctic in distribution , although we know little about their populations except for a few localities in western mcmurdo sound . based on our localities , they could potentially add 5 . 94 x 10 9 kg ha - 1 yr - 1 of caco 3 to the ross sea ( assuming an areal extent of 1 . 87 x 10 7 ha ) . future studies need to address their caco 3 biomass at other localities to bracket their contributions to the carbonate budget of the ross sea .
it is essential to distinguish between living and dead populations of cibicides for population analysis and carbonate estimates . an in situ experiment by ssb showed that attached cibicides represent living individuals . this finding is in agreement with preliminary observations that > 98 % of attached cibicides on other adamussium shells were living based on staining with celltracker green ( ssb personal observation ) . therefore , attached cibicides represent living individuals and their traces represent former populations of cibicides that are no longer attached to the shell .
adamussium jonkersi sp . nov . is described from the late oligocene destruction bay formation , wrona buttress area , king george island ( south shetlands ) , west antarctica . the unit , characterized by volcanic sandstone , is a shallow marine succession deposited in a moderate - to high - energy environment . the thin - shelled pectinids , collected from the lower part of the unit , are preserved mostly as complete valves . shell thickness , sculpture pattern and umbonal angle suggest a free - living , inactive swimming life habit .
a . live adamussium deployed at ec in 2005 with attached cibicides . arms from a sea star can be seen behind the scallop , contributing to the scallop’s death . b . top valve retrieved after one year and stained with rose bengal that stains living tissue pink . inset : slightly decalcified cibicides showing rose bengal - stained cytoplasm in living individuals . arrow in a and b point to the three cibicides that are figured in inset . scale bar is 20 mm for a and b ; inset scale bar is 1 mm .
cibicides antarcticus and adamussium colbecki are major components of antarctic ecosystems . we demonstrated that these species both contribute considerable amounts of caco 3 to our antarctic localities , potentially adding 5 . 94 x 10 9 kg ha - 1 yr - 1 of caco 3 to the ross sea . because of their large caco 3 contributions , they should be considered in southern polar food webs and ecosystem modeling . if we wish to better understand the global carbon and caco 3 cycle , we also need to incorporate these species in antarctic carbonate budgets .
scanning electron micrographs are depicted in a - b , and light photomicrographs are depicted in c - e . a . attached cibicides with agglutinated feeding tubes and an initial resting trace ( trace type 1 ) etched by a cibicides ( arrow ) . b . attached cibicides cut in half to reveal the etched upper calcite layer of adamussium representing trace type 2 . c . trace type 2 with multiple small holes . d . trace type 3 with an incomplete borehole . e . trace type 4 with a complete borehole representing parasitic cibicides .
the endemic antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki is reported on a wide variety of substrates : in shallow waters it was found byssally attached to rocks ( stockton , 1984 ) , while , deeper it was found free - living on sandy , gravelly and also silt - sandy bottoms , at the surface or recessed within the sediments ( berkman , 1990 ) . juveniles , were found byssally attached to adults valves and the remain attached during the swimming bout ( cattaneo - vietti et al . , 1997 ; ansell et al . , 1998 ; chiantore et al . , 2000 )
adamussium colbecki is one of the most well - studied antarctic molluscs . however , information on its growth rate is currently based on estimates from mark and recapture experiments and from growth - ring analyses . this paper provides the first estimates of the growth pattern of this scallop throughout a year , for individuals maintained under both natural field and laboratory conditions . results show size - related differences in growth rate , both in the field and in aquaria , with scallops in terra nova bay growing faster than those kept in aquaria . growth performances were lower than those reported in the literature .
top valves had the largest cibicides populations compared to bottom valves . bottom valves have smaller populations because part of the valve rests on the seafloor , limiting cibicides settlement . frequent valve clapping by adamussium likely increases abrasion on bottom valves reducing foraminifera populations [ 28 , 60 ] . moreover , top valves are elevated above the sediment - water interface . cibicides species tend to live on elevated surfaces where increased water flow enhances suspension feeding [ 61 ] . valve clapping also stirs up fine seafloor sediment that could facilitate suspension feeding in c . antarticus that live on top valves [ 51 ] .
lastly , we quantified the contribution that attached cibicides makes to the total caco 3 biomass produced by the species pair at each locality and on an annual basis . caco 3 biomass contribution ( % ) was calculated by dividing cibicides caco 3 biomass by the total biomass from each species for each locality . similarly , cibicides annual caco 3 biomass contribution ( % ) was calculated by dividing cibicides yearly caco 3 production by adamussium + cibicides yearly caco 3 production . we expected that cibicides would contribute less to the total host - parasite biomass and yearly carbonate production because of the differences in size between cibicides and its host .
cibicides antarcticus etches permanent traces into adamussium shells [ 13 ] . we categorized these traces into four ontogenetic stages ranging from new recruits to parasitic adults . these stages were then used to examine population structure , spatial distribution , and parasitism in cibicides . within this framework , traces can be used in modern and fossil communities as an important life history proxy for cibicides when it is no longer attached to the shell . moreover , because c . antarcticus and a . colbecki have a fossil record extending to the pliocene in antarctica [ 30 – 31 ] , these traces provide an evolutionary archive for the development of the host - parasite relationship .
we estimated the mean caco 3 biomass for c . antarcticus and its host adamussium for our localities . we first showed that cibicides had a caco 3 biomass that ranged from < 0 . 001 to 0 . 690 mg , with a mean of 0 . 226 mg . this mean is an order of magnitude higher than that reported for non - parasitic cibicidoides lobatulus from polar waters near kosterfjord , southwestern sweden ( 0 . 0187 mg in [ 52 ] ) . unfortunately , caco 3 biomass is not reported for other parasitic foraminifera , so we cannot compare our estimates . at our antarctic localities , cibicides caco 3 biomass varied from 47–73 kg ha - 1 .
cibicides and their bioerosion traces were counted on adamussium valves under a binocular / stereomicroscope at 200 - 750x . selected cibicides and traces were examined with a scanning electron microscope ( sem ) . to determine if cibicides populations increased with increasing scallop area , attached cibicides data were analyzed using a generalized linear model ( glm ) with quasipoisson for over - dispersed count data [ 48 ] . welch two - sample t - tests and multiple sample chi - squared tests were run with cibicides and traces separately and then pooled to ascertain significant differences between localities , valve type , and depth . all statistics were performed in r at alpha = 0 . 05 unless otherwise specified [ 49 ] .
laboratory experiments were carried out in order to assess filtering and biodeposition rates , averaging , at + 1 °c temperature , 11 h −1 g −1 ( dw soft tissues ) and 5–6 mg dwg dw −1 day −1 , respectively . this allowed estimation of the c org flux , through biodeposition by a . colbecki , which is about 21 mg cm −2 day −1 under in situ conditions . on the basis of organic matter flux and laboratory estimates of adamussium feeding activity , it was possible to assess the important role of the scallop in coupling the energy flux from the water column to the sea bed , processing about 14 % of total carbon flux from the water column to the sediments , with an assimilation efficiency of 36 % .
bioerosion traces made by c . antarcticus not only provide a record of the parasite load , but also reveal information about its population structure , recruitment patterns , and spatial distributions . four cibicides bioerosion traces were documented on adamussium shells from ec and bos . these traces represent ontogenetic stages from newly attached individuals that had just started to etch the shell ( t1 ) to parasitic adults with complete boreholes ( t4 ) . overall , early stage traces ( t1 - t2 ) were more common than later stage traces ( t3 - t4 ) at both localities , indicating that cibicides populations represent mostly younger individuals . we concur with alexander and delaca’s [ 13 ] conclusions that adult c . antarcticus are parasitic , because incomplete and complete boreholes only occurred with larger individuals .
cibicides contributes a non - trivial amount of caco 3 to the host - parasite relationship and represents contributions from younger individuals . cibicides mean caco 3 biomass represents 1 . 0–2 . 3 % of the total caco 3 biomass produced by cibicides and adamussium combined . these estimates are similar to biomass contributions for soft - bodied parasites of metazoans ( crabs , polychaetes , bivalves , birds ) from subtropical to warm - temperate estuaries [ 4 ] . additionally , cibicides caco 3 biomass at ec and bos represents mostly young individuals . a survivorship curve using biomass revealed that cibicides has a type i curve , indicative of low juvenile mortality and increasing mortality with age . most benthic foraminifera have a type iii curve characterized by high juvenile mortality with few surviving to adulthood [ 72 ] .
the unexploited antarctic scallop , adamussium colbecki , has a circumpolar distribution across the continental shelf from 0 to nearly 1 500 m . during the 1986 austral summer a . colbecki was sampled with scuba to a depth of 30 m at new harbor , in the southwestern ross sea . quadrat collections revealed nearshore scallop densities up to 65 m −2 with biomasses approaching 2 kg m −2 . mark and recapture experiments showed that a . colbecki grew an order of magnitude more slowly than temperate scallop species and analyses of shell growth bands indicated that it may live up to 20 years . size frequency comparisons with earlier studies in the same area suggested that this scallop population has intermittent recruitment and is quite stable . estimates of yield per recruit indicate that relatively low levels of fishing pressure could cause the new harbor scallop population to collapse .
population differences among the localities could be related to the host’s age : the older the scallop , the longer cibicides can accumulate on the shell , thereby increasing population size . the size of adamussium is used as an age equivalent [ 55 , 57 ] . if we compared our shell sizes to a von bertalanffy growth equation generated by [ 56 ] , the approximate age for ec and bos scallops would be ~ 15 years and ~ 12 years for hg . if these age estimates are correct , the total cibicides population ( attached cibicides + traces ) should be similar between ec and bos with a smaller population at hg . that was not the case : ec had significantly higher total populations than bos . the results from the glm also revealed that attached cibicides populations did not increase with shell area despite hg and bos having slightly smaller and larger shells , respectively . other factors must be contributing to cibicides population dynamics .
adamussium were collected from two depths ( 9 m , 18 m ) at each locality in november 2008 . scallops were haphazardly collected by divers ( i . e . , the nearest scallop bed that was closest to the dive site ) . valves of similar size were targeted to control for surface area that could affect cibicides abundance . five top ( left ) and five bottom ( right ) valves were randomly chosen from each depth for a total of 20 valves per locality . valve length , width , shell area , and weight were measured . mean shell height was similar for ec and bos ( ec : n = 20 , mean = 8 . 30 cm , sd = 0 . 30 ; bos : n = 20 , mean = 8 . 68 cm , sd = 0 . 38 ) ; valves from hg were slightly smaller ( n = 20 , mean = 7 . 11 cm , sd = 0 . 42 ) .
the scallop adamussium colbecki can be profitably used for monitoring antarctic coast environments but its utility would be increased if chemical analysis of pollutants were integrated with data on their biological effects . since oxidative stress is a common pathway of toxicity induced by xenobiotics , a biochemical characterization was carried out on the antioxidant system of this species and baseline data collected for future assessment of the anthropogenic impact in this remote area . the digestive gland and gills were investigated for the levels of glutathione and the activity of several glutathione - dependent and antioxidant enzymes : glutathione reductase , glyoxalase i , glyoxalase ii , glutathione s - transferases , se - dependent and se - independent glutathione peroxidases , catalase , superoxide dismutase . moreover , the total oxyradical scavenging capacity ( tosc ) against three potent oxidants was also measured in the microsomal and cytosolic fraction of the digestive gland . the dataset also contain measurements of the seasonal variations of the susceptibility to oxidative stress during the spring and summer months .
standard metabolic rates of the endemic antarctic scallop , adamussium colbecki ( smith , 1902 ) , were measured in austral summer and under simulated winter conditions . average mass - specific metabolic rates were significantly different between
summer
( 151 . 17±45 . 06 µl o 2 g - 1 h - 1 ) and
winter
( 106 . 52±39 . 65 µl o 2 g - 1 h - 1 ) animals . the overall metabolic rates of a . colbecki are comparable to those of other antarctic bivalve species , but well below those of temperate scallop species . data for 24 scallop populations ( 13 species ) from different latitudes give no evidence for elevated metabolic rates in a . colbecki as suggested by the concept of
metabolic cold adaptation
. a world - wide comparison of metabolic rate and overall growth performance of scallops indicates that in the antarctic scallop the energetic advantage of low basal metabolism does not counterbalance the disadvantage of the prolonged seasonal period of food shortage .
in terra nova bay , the scallop adamussium colbecki ( mollusca bivalvia ) constitutes large beds up to 70–80m in depth , reaching high values of density ( 50–60 ind m −2 ) and biomass ( 120 g m −2 dw soft tissues ) . its population structure and biometrics have been studied during the summer of 1989 / 90 , 1993 / 94 , 1994 / 95 and 1995 / 96 . the population of a . colbecki was studied in terms of abundance values and of size frequency distribution ( modal length class : 70–75 mm ) . the growth rate of this species was assessed by x - ray methods and averaged 8 mm year −1 . biometrical measures were performed in order to assess the influence of the summer increase in food supply on the life cycle of the scallop , showing a strong coupling between food supply and gonad development . on the basis of the gonadosomatic index values ( gsi ) and of the occurrence of planktonic larvae some speculations are made on the reproductive behaviour of this scallop .
the biology and ecology of the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki has been investigated on the west side of mcmurdo sound , antarctica , principally at explorers cove , during the austral summer of 1981–1982 . this conspicuous benthic invertebrate exhibits highest densities , 85 individuals m - 2 , in shallow ( 4 to 6 m ) water . densities decrease to 20 m - 2 at 30 m . biomass levels are highest in shallow water , 1 600 g wet wt m - 2 . provisional growth information suggests that 8 cm individuals are about 12 yr old . mortality is apparently caused chiefly by a hyposaline lens of seawater , which forms under the sea ice during the summer melt ; predators do not appear to be important . high biomass levels and a short generation time suggest that a . colbecki is an important species in a very productive community on the west side of mcmurdo sound . the shallow benthos of explorers cove is an important exception to the generalization that antarctic ecosystems are dominated by indigestible filter - feeders .
the bivalve adamussium colbecki is an endemic antarctic pectinid that can be locally abundant in nearshore habitats , sometimes as the dominant species . however , its distribution around the antarctic continent is rather puzzling , because it has a disjunct distribution , only occurring at some shallow , nearshore sites . furthermore , there are some records of living specimens from the deeper shelf . in order to understand the biogeography of this circum - antarctic species , we critically reviewed literature data on its distribution , comparing the available habitat information for those sites that have the most conspicuous populations of a . colbecki . we identified some major types of environments suitable for this species ; these environments , notwithstanding an apparent dissimilarity ( e . g . , in the trophic conditions ) , all share a good level of environmental “stability” . in shallow , nearshore areas , these environments are represented by calm hydrographical settings with permanent or persistent sea - ice coverage , while on the shelf , by areas with infrequent iceberg scouring without structured communities of suspension feeders .
quasi - monthly samples of the antarctic pectinid bivalve adamussium colbecki were examined to determine the gametogenic pattern and periodicity . both female and male gametogenic patterns show a very distinct seasonal development , with the initiation of gametogenesis in october and spawning in late september and early october of the following year . the duration of the gametogenic cycle is unusually short for antarctic benthos , being 12 months . reproductive effort ( ratio of gonad mass to total tissue mass ) is significantly higher in males than females , and males are ready to spawn earlier in the austral winter than females . the digestive gland also shows a strong seasonal cycle but develops earlier than the gonad . we propose that energy from the spring bloom is stored in the digestive gland before being transferred to the gonads . gonad size , digestive - gland size and , to a lesser extent , adductor - muscle size , are related to adult size in most samples . the length of the gametogenic cycle suggests that reproduction in a . colbecki is more pectinid than antarctic .
caco 3 biomass density was calculated in two steps . first , the total number of attached cibicides on top valves was divided by the total shell area for each locality , yielding the mean number of cibicides per cm 2 . second , the mean number of cibicides per cm 2 was multiplied by the mean cibicides biomass to provide a conservative estimate of caco 3 biomass that was then converted to kg ha - 1 . the mean carbonate biomass density for adamussium was calculated by dividing the total shell caco 3 weight by the total shell area for each locality and converted to kg ha - 1 . mean caco 3 biomass density for both species was plotted with 95 % cis to determine if there were significant differences among localities . we then wanted to determine how much caco 3 cibicides contributes to the host - parasite relationship by examining its percent contribution [ after 4 ] . this percent was calculated using the mean biomass estimate divided by the host + parasite biomass ( in kg ha - 1 ) for each locality .
the bivalve adamussium colbecki is an endemic antarctic pectinid that can be locally abundant in nearshore habitats , sometimes as the dominant species . however , its distribution around the antarctic continent is rather puzzling , because it has a disjunct distribution , only occurring at some shallow , nearshore sites . furthermore , there are some records of living specimens from the deeper shelf . in order to understand the biogeography of this circum - antarctic species , we critically reviewed literature data on its distribution , comparing the available habitat information for those sites that have the most conspicuous populations of a . colbecki . we identified some major types of environments suitable for this species ; these environments , notwithstanding an apparent dissimilarity ( e . g . , in the trophic conditions ) , all share a good level of environmental
stability
. in shallow , nearshore areas , these environments are represented by calm hydrographical settings with permanent or persistent sea - ice coverage , while on the shelf , by areas with infrequent iceberg scouring without structured communities of suspension feeders .
traces revealed differences in recruitment patterns at the two antarctic localities . ec had mostly newly attached individuals ( t1 ) , while bos had significantly more of the next stage trace ( t2 ) that had small holes etched into the shell surface . ec also had more adults ( t3 and t4 ) than bos , but the difference was not significant . the variation in trace population structure suggests differences in cibicides reproduction and recruitment between ec and bos . perhaps sea ice algae and their associated nutrients facilitate higher reproductive rates for cibicides at ec . fluxes in sea ice nutrients could also contribute to higher population turnover at ec , which could account for the higher number of traces at this locality . cibicides also encrusts seafloor glacial erratics at ec and also occurs in sediments although these are likely dead individuals [ ssb personal observation ] . the population structure of cibicides on glacial erratics needs to be compared to those on adamussium valves . if population structure and test size are similar among these different substrates , then parasitism may not be that important for cibicides .
we first examined living cibicides populations and their bioerosion traces on adamussium across three antarctic marine localities from western mcmurdo sound in the ross sea : explorers cove , bay of sails and herbertson glacier . explorers cove is well known for its foraminifera [ 21 – 25 ] . unlike the other localities , it has multiannual sea ice with partial melt outs since 1991 [ 26 ] . it is also situated at the mouth of the taylor dry valley , part of the largest ice - free region in antarctica [ 27 ] . bay of sails and herbertson glacier experience annual sea ice and are adjacent to glaciated terrane [ 26 , ssb and sew personal observations ] . microalgae and microbes associated with sea ice are a major food resource for arctic and antarctic organisms [ 28 – 29 ] . foraminifera populations are higher at explorers cove than bay of sails , and this difference could be related to sea ice algae [ 26 ] . if so , then parasitism should be rare at explorers cove because suspension feeding and grazing would be more important trophic strategies .
lysosomal and antioxidant responses were investigated in the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki exposed under laboratory conditions to metals as well as in specimens transplanted from a pristine area to the bay receiving the discharges of the italian base . exposure to copper and mercury resulted in a significant reduction of lysosomal membrane stability and in the appearance of severe morphological alterations varying from the presence of enlarged lysosomes to the loss of lysosomal structures . more limited effects were observed in pb - exposed scallops . moreover , laboratory exposures to cu and hg greatly depleted the levels of total glutathione and the activities of catalase and glutathione s - transferases were significantly reduced . more variable were the responses of glutathione peroxidases while superoxide dismutase remained almost constant . the interaction between lysosomal alterations and antioxidant defences is discussed and the results interpreted in view of the extreme environmental conditions for the antarctic organisms . the results obtained from the transplantation experiment indicated only very limited effects on scallops translocated near the effluents of the italian base suggesting that the biological impact of the base should not have major deleterious consequences on benthic marine communities .
body size , geographical distribution , and biomass make adamussium colbecki ( smith , 1902 ) one of the most conspicuous bivalve species in the antarctic . based on samples collected in austral summer 1999 / 2000 in terra nova bay , the annual formation of shell growth bands visible on x - ray photographs was verified by stable isotope analysis . a general von bertalanffy growth function was fitted to size - at - age data of 25 individuals ( h ? = 108 . 86 mm , k = 0 . 114 year ? 1 , t0 = ? 0 . 367 , d = 1 . 284 ) . somatic production calculated from mass - specific growth rates was 234 . 6 kj m ? 2 year ? 1 . gonadal productivity amounted to 70 . 92 kj m ? 2 year ? 1 . annual somatic and gonad production - to - biomass ratios ( p / b ) were 0 . 199 and 0 . 052 , respectively . according to its consumption and production , a . colbecki is likely to play a significant role in the trophic web of terra nova bay .
the antarctic scallop , adamussium colbecki ( smith , 1902 ) , is relevant to several areas of ecology . a . colbecki has a circumpolar distribution from 3 to nearly 1500 meters depth and can be used to compare nearshore and deep sea habitats . the antarctic scallop has abundant nearshore populations which remain unexploited and are valuable in the development of living resource conservation strategies . at new harbor , antarctica , the size frequency distribution and biomass of a . colbecki have remained relatively unchanged during this decade and may provide a basis for assessing the stability of this population . seasonal meltwater production from the sea ice and glaciers surrounding new harbor can influence the growth , recruitment , movement and survival of a . colbecki during the austral summer . the relative zonation of a . colbecki populations along with other antarctic nearshore benthic assemblages , may be related to changes in the volume of meltwater produced along the continental margin of antarctica over time scales from hundreds to thousands of years . a . colbecki may be a relict species in the southern ocean and a window into the evolution of the antarctic benthos . ^
karyotype , location of the nucleolar organiser region ( nor ) and heterochromatin presence and composition were studied in the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki smith , 1902 . the karyotype exhibits 2n = 38 chromosomes with 11 pairs of metacentrics , 5 of submetacentrics , one subtelocentric and two telocentrics . ag - nor , cma ( 3 ) , da / mm and nor - fish evidenced paracentromeric nors on the short arm of 2nd pair chromosomes . digestion with three restriction endonucleases followed by sequential staining with giemsa , cma ( 3 ) and dapi evidenced on all chromosomes centromeric heterochromatin positive for both dapi and cma ( 3 ) . in situ hybridisation analysis showed the presence of an at - rich satellite dna in the centromeric heterochromatin of several chromosomes . a mosaicism was detected in the germinal cell lines of one specimen , as in six of the 20 plates examined the set had 37 chromosomes with a missing pair of telocentrics and an unpaired metacentric . comparison of the chromosome sets of all the pectinids studied to date and comparison with a phyletic tree obtained from molecular mitochondrial genes studies yielded good agreement between karyotype morphology and taxonomic classification .
the escape swimming performance of the antarctic scallop , adamussium colbecki , was measured in animals acclimated for 6 weeks to −1 , 0 or 2°c and tested at −1 . 5 to + 1 . 5°c . clap duration and swimming velocity were significantly related to temperature , but were not affected by acclimation , demonstrating no phenotypic plasticity . comparisons of the mean swimming velocity of a . colbecki with the published data for temperate and tropical species showed little evidence for evolutionary compensation for temperature , with all data fitting to a single exponential relationship with a q 10 of 2 . 08 ( 0–20°c ) . the contraction kinetics of the isolated fast adductor muscle of a . colbecki were determined and the times to 50 % peak tension and 50 % relaxation had q 10 s ( 0–4°c ) of 3 . 6 and 4 . 7 , respectively . the q 10 of the overall relationship for pooled time to peak twitch data for four scallop species was 2 . 05 ( 0–20°c ) . field studies revealed low mobility and poor escape performance in wild a . colbecki . a combination of thermodynamic constraints , reduced food supply , and lower selective pressure probably explains the low levels of swimming performance seen in a . colbecki .
alternatively , a higher total population of cibicides at ec could be related to sea ice cover . ec was the only locality with persistent sea ice cover , lasting at least a decade prior to our study , whereas sea ice melts out every year at bos and hg . sea ice algae are strongly tied to sea ice cover , often reaching concentrations up to hundreds of mg m - 3 [ 30 ] . sea ice and its associated microbial communities provide nutrients for antarctic benthic organisms during austral summer and winter [ 30 – 31 ] . as a result , antarctic benthic communities are strongly affected by sea ice algae distribution , as well as water column and benthic primary productivity [ 38 , 46 ] . in a study on trophic associations , a . colbecki and the echinoid sterechinus neumayeri had delta 15 n signatures indicative of a diet rich in sea ice algae and benthic detritus at ec . at terra nova bay , where sea ice melts out every year , adamussium fed on phytoplankton and sterechinus fed on benthic seaweeds [ 58 ] . additionally , studies in the bering sea have shown that a loss of sea ice leads to a decrease in benthic biomass and a shift towards pelagic ecosystems [ 59 ] . these results suggest that fluctuations in annual sea ice are related to the strength of trophic interactions . larger total cibicides population at ec could be linked to increased nutrients from sea ice algae , enhancing suspension feeding and grazing in this species .


the golden goby ( gobius auratus ) is a species of goby native to coastal waters of the eastern atlantic from northern spain to madeira and the canary islands as well as in the mediterranean sea .

it prefers areas with rocky substrates at depths of from 5 to 80 metres ( 16 to 262 ft ) ( though usually not below 30 metres ( 98 ft ) ) with plentiful growth of algae and gorgonians .

this species can reach a length of 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) tl .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

golden goby

the golden tile goby , hoplolatilus luteus , also known as the yellow tilefish , and golden tilefish , is a species of goby that requires at least two inches of sandy substrate in the tank for burrowing . it has a golden / yellow body with a black / purple spot behind its eye . it has clear finnage . they will spend most of their time sifting and trolling along the bottom of the sandy tank . the golden tile goby is a peaceful fish with other species but may turn aggressive towards its own species . some aquarists have successfully gotten their golden tile gobies to spawn in the home aquarium environment , however . the golden tile goby will take a carnivorous diet consisting of chopped brine and mysis shrimp and mixed crustaceans and should be fed twice a day .
golden flathead goby , glossogobius aureus . source : dinh d . tran , fimsea / http : / / ffish . asia . license : cc by attribution
the golden goby is a small fish , that reaches up to 10 centimetres . inhabits rocky substrates , coralline grounds and seagrass meadows , in water depth from three to 36 metres . it feeds on small invertebrates that it captures on the ocean floor .
a pale yellowish - brown goby with a darker back , five dusky blotches along the midside , and many faint irregular dusky lines and spots dorsally .
golden goby is a very busy hostel . hundreds of bagpackers arrive here every year and you can read good and bad reports . however , we do not have anything to complain . the hostel is near the mean atractions of ulan bator , our room was fine and the owners were friendly and helpful . our tour , in spite of not being luxurious or . . .
heymer and zander ( 1992 ) concluded that the yellow mediterranean goby , called gobius luteus by miller and el - tawil ( 1974 ) , is the ‘true’ g . auratus risso , 1810 and designated a neotype . the species supposed to be g . auratus by miller and el - tawil ( 1974 ) was designated as an undescribed species and the new name g . xanthocephalus was applied after the investigation of abundant populations of both forms at banyuls - sur - mer , france ( heymer and zander 1992 ) . herler et al . ( 2005 ) redescribed g . auratus risso , 1810 to extend the morphological characteristics of the species to cover also the northern adriatic population . two colour morphs are described : pure yellow colour morph 1 from the mediterranean and south and central adriatic and yellow dotted colour morph 2 from the northern adriatic .
marine ; demersal ; depth range 5 - 80 m ( ref . 4696 ) , usually 5 - 30 m ( ref . 27115 ) . subtropical ; 15°c - 20°c ( ref . 27115 ) ; 45°n - 27°n , 19°w - 36°e
eastern atlantic : northern spain to madeira and the canary islands ; also in the mediterranean .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4696 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 13 . distinguished by having the following characteristics : reduced suckers ( ref . 92840 ) .
occurs in deeper inshore waters ; over rocky substrates with algae and gorgonians ( ref . 4696 ) . abundant populations on coasts with steep bedrock . a shy species and difficult to collect due to long flight distances and hiding in deep clefts ( ref . 87880 ) . macrobenthos feeder on hard substrates ingest also shelled organisms like molluscs and echinoderms ( ref . 92840 ) .
miller , p . j . , 1986 . gobiidae . p . 1019 - 1085 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . volume 3 . unesco , paris . ( ref . 4696 )
) : 15 . 6 - 19 . 4 , mean 18 . 1 ( based on 68 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00912 ( 0 . 00414 - 0 . 02009 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 35 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 22 of 100 ) .
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justification : gobius auratus is endemic to the mediterranean , where it is most likely widespread and abundant throughout . gobius auratus lives in a variety of habitats , and there are no known widespread threats towards it . therefore , g . auratus is assessed as least concern .
gobius auratus is a mediterranean endemic species , known from the northern and eastern mediterranean , including the adriatic sea and with a recent finding from crete ( heymer and zander 1992 , 1994 ; bilecenoglu 2002 , papakonstantinou 1988 , relini 2010 , kovačić et al . 2011 ) . the most western record is from la fourmigue , france , and the most eastern record is from mediterranean coast of turkey ( heymer and zander 1992 , bilecenoglu 2002 ) . gobius auratus is found from five to 35 m depth ( herler et al . 2005 ) . previous records of g . auratus from the atlantic ocean , from northern spain to madeira , portugal and the canary islands , pertain to another species .
albania ; bosnia and herzegovina ; croatia ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; malta ; monaco ; montenegro ; slovenia ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia , turkey - in - europe )
the specimens of the colour morph 1 were observed to occur in deeper regions with depths of about 15 to 32 m , while population in the northern parts of the adriatic ( colour morph 2 ) also occurred in more shallower water of about five to 35 m depth ( heymer and zander 1992 , herler et al . 2005 ) . specimens of g . auratus typically hover up to 30 cm above the substratum , mostly over steep bedrock bottom ( herler et al . 2005 ) . no data exist for lifespan , life cycle and growth pattern ( miller 1986 ) .
no conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas . gobius auratus was previously assessed as least concern in the mediterranean ( abdul malak et al . 2011 , iucn 2011 ) .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2014 : e . t198657a103969532 .
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fairy tales to understanding multi - culturalism in korea . source from urltoken upload for more asian understanding each other .
northern australia from the barlee range nature reserve , western australia , to the burdekin river system , queensland , and inland drainages in south - western queensland . elsewhere the species occurs in the tropical east - indo - west pacific . inhabits clear to turbid freshwater rivers and streams , with muddy , sandy or gravel bottoms . although the species has a marine larval phase , land - locked populations occur in australia .
dorsal fin vi + i , 9 ; anal fin i , 8 - 9 ; caudal fin ( segmented rays ) 9 + 8 = 17 ; pectoral fin 18 - 21 ; pelvic fin i , 5 ; vertebrae 27 ; gill rakers 1 - 2 + 7 - 9 ; tranverse scales 9 - 10 ; predorsal scales 22 - 27 ; longitudinal scale series 31 - 33 ; horizontal scale rows 8 - 12 ( usually 10 ) . body relatively slender , body depth at origin of pelvic fins 14 - 19 % sl , somewhat compressed posteriorly . head and snout flattened , head length 28 - 35 % sl ; anterior nostril tubular , tube reaching a point about halfway between base of tube and upper lip ; posterior nostril a pore . eye diameter 4 - 11 % sl . posterior end of maxillary extending below the anterior part of eye in both sexes ; teeth in outer and inner rows of both jaws large , outer larger , fine teeth between outer and inner rows ; tongue bilobate . lower end of gill - opening behind lower tip of cleithrum ; gill membrane attached to isthmus ; uniserial rows of sensory papillae on cheek . body scales ctenoid ; snout and cheek naked , cycloid scales on upper part of preopercle and opercle , nape and prepelvic space . two separate dorsal fins ; 2nd to 4th dorsal fin spines slightly filamentous . pelvic fins united into an oval disc and margin of interspinal frenum smooth ; caudal fin rounded .
dark above , pale below with 6 blackish bands across back and 5 blackish blotches midlaterally on side , width of middle blotch narrower than half depth of body ; blackish blotch behind upper part of pectoral fin base ; several faint blackish lines along side ; 2 blackish blotches at base of pectoral fin , upper dark . head with 3 blackish lines from eye , one to middle of upper and lower jaw , one horizontally to upper margin of preopercle anteriorly , third obliquely to posterior margin of preopercle ; cheek and opercle mottled with blackish blotches ; 5 horizontal pale lines on lower part of cheek . first dorsal fin mottled , mottling on membrane behind sixth spine darker or as a blackish spot ; second dorsal fin and upper part of pectoral fins dusky and regularly mottled with dark spots . anal fin pale with dusky hue , palest distally . caudal fin dusky , regularly mottled with dark spots except for upper and lower extremes , lower broader ; upper margin dark , lower pale . pectoral and pelvic fins pale ventrally with dusky hue .
carnivore - feeds mostly on aquatic insect larvae as well as some crustaceans and small fishes .
oviparous , benthic spawners . adults usually migrate to the sea to breed and larvae have a marine stage . it is likely that this species is also capable of breeding in freshwater .
glossogobius aureus akihito & meguro 1975 , jpn j . ichthyol . 22 ( 3 ) : 128 , figs 1 , 2 . type locality : iriomotejima , japan .
akihito , p . & meguro , k . 1975 . description of a new gobiid fish , glossogobius aureus , with notes on related species of the genus . japanese journal of ichthyology 22 ( 3 ) : 127 - 142 figs 1 - 3
allen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . neptune , new jersey : t . f . h . publications 240 pp . , 63 pls .
allen , g . r . 1991 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of new guinea . publication no . 9 . christensen research institute , madang , papua new guinea , 268 pp .
allen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & allen , m . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . perth : western australian museum 394 pp .
hoese , d . f . & allen , g . r . 2009 . description of three new species of glossogobius from australia and new guinea . zootaxa 1981 : 1 - 14 .
kottelat , m . 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 27 : 1 - 663 .
lake , j . s . 1978 . australian freshwater fishes . melbourne : thomas nelson 160 pp . 140 figs .
larson , h . 2012 . glossogobius aureus . the iucn red list of threatened species 2012 : e . t196326a2445860 . urltoken downloaded on 09 april 2017 .
larson , h . k . , williams , r . s . & hammer , m . p . 2013 . an annotated checklist of the fishes of the northern territory , australia . zootaxa 3696 ( 1 ) : 1 - 293
larson , h . k . & martin , k . c . 1990 . freshwater fishes of the northern territory . northern territory museum of arts and sciences handbook series number 1 . darwin : northern territory museum of arts and sciences 102 pp . 73 figs .
merrick , j . r . & schmida , g . e . 1984 . australian freshwater fishes biology and management . sydney : j . r . merrick 409 pp . figs 280 col . figs .
pusey , b . j . , kennard , m . j . & arthington , a . h . 2004 . freshwater fishes of north - eastern australia . collingwood , victoria : csiro publishing 684 pp .
pusey , b . j . , kennard , m . j . & bird , j . 2000 . fishes of the dune fields of cape flattery , northern queensland and other dune systems in north - eastern australia . ichthyological explorations of freshwater 11 ( 1 ) : 65 - 74
unmack , p . j . 2001 . biogeography of australian freshwater fishes . journal of biogeography 28 : 1053 - 1089 .
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eastern atlantic : northern spain to madeira and the canary islands . mediterranean sea .
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