afleet alex ( born may 9 , 2002 in florida ) is an american thoroughbred race horse who , in 2005 , won two of america 's classic races , the preakness stakes and the belmont stakes .

he is owned by the cash is king stable partnership , was trained by tim ritchey and was ridden by jeremy rose .

in twelve lifetime starts , alex won eight times ( six times in stakes , three times in g1 stakes ) , placed twice ( both in g1 stakes ) , and came in third once ( in the kentucky derby ) over 12 starts , for lifetime earnings of $ 2,765,800 .

afleet alex

alex ' s lemonade stand foundation and afleet alex have an important message : dream big . # preakness
following are photos of afleet alex and tapit taken on that beautiful may morning .
afleet alex was named in honor of his sire , northern afleet , and three of the children of his owners who shared the name or nickname “alex . ”
the owners of thoroughbred racehorse afleet alex invite alex ' s parents to set up a lemonade stand at the kentucky derby . a few weeks later , afleet alex goes on to win the preakness stakes despite a dramatic stumble , bringing more attention to alex ' s story .
watching from the stands , tim richey , afleet alex ' s trainer , feared the worst .
alex’s lemonade stand is a registered service mark of alex ' s lemonade stand foundation .
the training regimen of top kentucky derby candidate afleet alex is unlike that of most horses in north america .
in his racing career , afleet alex faced many obstacles . two heart - breakingly narrow losses and a lung infection
afleet alex is relatively early in a long stud career at gainesway , now run by antony beck following his father’s death in 2010 . afleet alex has the chance to match the output of his own sire , taylor made’s veteran northern afleet , who has what some might call a “sneaky good” résumé , with 6 percent stakes winners through 12 crops of racing age . afleet alex is northern afleet’s best offspring , but northern afleet also has sired champions amazombie and negligee , as well as multiple grade 1 winners evening jewel and teaks north .
afleet alex is outcrossed through five generations . he is a full brother to grade ii - placed stakes winner unforgettable max
that summer afleet alex won his first race at delaware park by 11 lengths and his second by 12 . ritchey immediately began charting a schedule of top races for alex .
afleet alex’s triumphant display in the 2005 belmont stakes came as a timely reminder of his potential , and perhaps what might have been . as far as performances in the belmont stakes , few matched afleet alex’s seven length demolition of a field .
ritchey said he does get some double takes in the mornings with afleet alex , who is currently training at churchill downs .
scrappy t responded by bounding sideways right into the path of afleet alex , who clipped his heels . somehow , afleet alex managed to get his left front leg under him as his right splayed out in front of him ; somehow , jockey jeremy rose stayed aboard . somehow , afleet alex was back in full flight within a few strides and strode away to win brilliantly .
chuck zacney will be watching the derby at the oaks turf club . one of afleet alex ' five owners , zacney had a great alex thrill last saturday when alex ' s son , 24 - 1 shot afleet again , won the withers stakes at aqueduct . zacney ' s cash is king stable happens to own afleet again , so that was not a vicarious thrill .
count kiaran mclaughlin , whose horse closing argument finished half a length in front of afleet alex in the derby but about 26 lengths behind him in the preakness , among alex’s great admirers .
the public seemed to agree . afleet alex was the favorite for the historic preakness stakes . the race seemed to unfold perfectly . jockey jeremy rose and afleet alex waited patiently toward the back of the pack , saving energy . then with just a nudge from rose , the colt unleashed a furious burst of speed at the top of the stretch . but just as afleet alex was sailing into the lead , another horse suddenly , unexpectedly shied outward , directly into afleet alex’s path . his legs tangled with afleet alex , who tripped and went to his knees . the colt’s nose was in the dirt , and rose seemed about to pitch forward to the ground .
lukas bids on a horse ' s confirmation . bloodlines are secondary . the colt just happened to be a son of afleet alex .
alex and the amazing lemonade stand , a children ' s book telling alex ' s story , is published . it was written by alex ' s parents , liz and jay scott , and illustrated by alex ' s aunt pam howard .
iotapa , winner of last week ' s clement hirsch at del mar , is the third grade 1 winner sired by champion afleet alex .
afleet alex has produced horses that seem to get better with age , and they can excel on any surface . photo : coglianese / nyra
afleet alex opened up his sophomore season with a stakes win at oaklawn park in the mountain valley stakes at 6f . prepping for the derby , ritchey sent afleet alex in the rebel stakes ( g3 ) and the arkansas derby ( g1 ) before his start in the derby .
soon after his retirement , cash is king announced a deal with gainesway farm in lexington , kentucky . prominent breeder and owner jess jackson , who purchased afleet alex’s dam maggy hawk , bought an interest in afleet alex’s breeding career and assisted cash is king partners in choosing gainesway .
with better racing luck , afleet alex might have been the first breeders’ cup juvenile / triple crown winner . the son of northern afleet finished second in the 2004 breeders’ cup juvenile behind wilko after a tough , wide trip . a year later in the kentucky derby , afleet alex was wide around both turns before shifting to the inside where he just missed by a length . the 2005 preakness showcased afleet alex’s athleticism when the colt was brought to his knees after clipping the heels of scrappy t in deep stretch after that colt ducked from the whip . despite the mishap , afleet alex gathered himself and powered to a 4 ½ length victory .
part of afleet alex ' s earnings and merchandising proceeds were donated to alex ' s lemonade stand , a fundraising effort for juvenile cancer research started by cancer patient alexandra scott that raised some $ 3 . 5 million in 2005 thanks to publicity generated by afleet alex . afleet alex ' s owners and trainer also visited juvenile cancer wards in louisville , baltimore and new york city prior to the colt ' s triple crown races . cash is king stable ' s activities on behalf of alex ' s lemonade stand were honored by the 2005 special eclipse award .
afleet alex ' s preakness victory was voted the “moment of the year” for 2005 by the national thoroughbred racing association . it also ranked # 54
afleet alex won his first two starts by a combined 23 ¼ lengths at delaware park . from there , he was pointed to graded stakes .
though she never met afleet alex , her daughter would have hugged him , scott said :
alex loved animals . shortly before she died , we went to a horse show and walked through the stables .
afleet alex resides at gainesway farm , and it was great seeing him again on a sunny , breezy afternoon the day before this year’s kentucky derby .
afleet alex ( left ) , with regular jockey jeremy rose up , takes a light jog alongside trainer tim ritchey on monday morning at churchill downs .
ritchey ' s playbook will be put to the ultimate test next month , when afleet alex meets the best of his generation in the kentucky derby .
helped by afleet alex , alex scott’s dream of raising $ 1 million to benefit pediatric cancer research has now exceeded $ 2 million . alex’s lemonade stand foundation has funded dozens of grants that are helping researchers fight childhood cancer . but even that is not the end of the story .
when the owners of afleet alex heard the story of alex scott and her lemonade stand , they thought of their friend john silvertand and his fight against cancer , and knew right away that they wanted to use the colt’s star power to benefit the cause of cancer research . chuck zacney , the managing partner , announced that every time afleet alex did well in a race , they would donate a portion of his winnings to alex’s lemonade stand . they also donated profits from the sale of afleet alex gear , and used the colt’s popular website and media interviews to promote alex’s lemonade stand . they even convinced the racetracks where afleet alex was appearing to sponsor alex’s lemonade stands . the kentucky derby , the preakness , and the belmont stakes all featured alex’s lemonade stands , spotlighted by nbc and espn . on belmont stakes day , 30 racetracks throughout the u . s . held stands in her name , raising tens of thousands of dollars .
children ' s hospital of philadelphia ( alex ' s hospital ) names its oncology day hospital the
alex scott day hospital .
ritchey trained afleet alex to one of the best 3 - year - old seasons of the previous decade , a campaign that came on the heels of triple crown runs from regional heroes funny cide in 2003 and smarty jones in 2004 , and he would add his own mark on the triple crown races . bred in florida by john martin silvertand , afleet alex was by multiple grade 2 winner northern afleet , at the time an unproven sire . afleet alex was a full brother to one of northern afleet’s few stakes - winning horses to that point , unforgettable max , both being out of the hawkster mare maggy hawk .
in the champagne , afleet alex missed the win by about a half - length to proud accolade ( yes it’s true ) . the breeders’ cup juvenile should have been an easy race for the colt , but afleet alex was out finished by longshot wilko ( awesome again ) by ¾ of a length . afleet alex finished the year with four wins and two seconds in six starts . he was ready to head down the road to the kentucky derby .
afleet alex ( truenicks , sro ) : conformation , left , and nearly falling before winning the 2005 preakness stakes ( gr . i , video ) .
chuck zacney , one of the owners of afleet alex , then a spirited 2 - year - old , was among those moved to contribute in 2004 .
i cannot say whether afleet alex is guided by the spirit of little alex scott . but i would have to say that i witnessed a miracle . that a 4 - year - old child dying of cancer started a charity
chuck zacney , managing partner of the cash is king syndicate , which owns afleet alex , said he has great confidence in the training route ritchey has taken .
we wanted to continue alex ' s work , but how would we keep people interested ?
said liz scott , her mother .
then [ racehorse ] afleet alex comes along and takes it to another whole level .
in the preakness , after angling his colt to the rail at the start , jeremy rose kept afleet alex well behind the pace . he made a bold move around the second turn while circling much of the field . when he was about to pass pacesetter scrappy t at the head of the stretch , scrappy t veered out directly in the path of the fast - moving afleet alex . afleet alex stumbled and nearly fell but miraculously recovered , regained his feet , and won going away .
afleet alex’s offspring aren’t noted as win - early types . he has 13 % lifetime two year old winners , which is average . his babies are slower developing types and although the occasional sprinter will crop up , shorter distances really aren’t their forte . afleet alex’s babies are most competitive at seven furlongs to 1 1 / 8 miles , and four of his offspring have won stakes races at classic distances , including travers hero afleet express . afleet alex’s progeny are at home on dirt , mud and to a lesser extent , turf and various synthetics . afleet alex is enjoying a resurgence in popularity . his son texas red won the breeders’ cup juvenile last year and looked like an excellent prospect for this year’s kentucky derby trail before he was injured .
three weeks later at the belmont stakes , along with tens of thousands of racing fans across the nation , i made a donation and enjoyed a glass of lemonade at alex’s lemonade stand . i could hardly wait to see what afleet alex would do next . he did not disappoint . i got goosebumps as afleet alex powered to the lead with a dramatic rush . as the courageous little horse sped past me on the way to a seven length victory , i shouted , “fly , alex , fly ! ” i’m not sure which alex i meant .
dancing afleet’s rapid improvement at delaware park in the past six weeks gave him another graded stakes winner , and she could develop into a top horse for afleet alex , although she has yet to be tested against the nation’s top 3 - year - old fillies .
afleet alex had his greatest accomplishment in what would be the final start of his career , the belmont stakes . the bay demolished a field of ten rivals , including kentucky derby winner giacomo , by seven lengths . was the rest of the field that bad or was afleet alex that good ? the colt’s final quarter of : 24 . 50 was the fastest since 1969’s hero arts and letters . secretariat got his last quarter in : 25 flat . his exploits earned afleet alex three year old championship honors .
stallion feature ; the “little superhorse , ” afleet alex : “scrappy t blew the turn and afleet alex ! jeremy rose almost fell out of the saddle ! a dramatic occurrence at the top of the stretch ! ” tom durkin couldn’t have called the almost catastrophic event in the 2005 preakness stakes ( g1 ) any better . afleet alex is likely best remembered for his preakness victory . the “little superhorse” went to his knees at the top of the pimlico homestretch , yet managed to gather himself , and in a flash , was five lengths in front of scrappy t . afleet alex went on to win the belmont stakes ( g1 ) in even more impressive fashion before retiring prematurely .
the kentucky derby could have easily had a different outcome had afleet alex not gotten blocked in on the rail and had instead been on the outside , but finished third behind 50 - 1 shot giacomo and closing argument , was not a bad result . tim ritchey sent jeremy rose and afleet alex to the preakness , in search of redemption .
afleet alex , why would you slam that back , when pete is offering seriously thought out , good advice ? why would you think afleex alex ' s fee will rise ? it could easily slump also . this is a very tricky game . to consider spending $ 40 , 000 on a stud fee , the mare needs to be worth $ 120 - 160k . if afleet alex ' s offspring do not run as expected , his fee will drop . he may fall eventually into the range where you could actually afford to buy a mare that would be justified in breeding to afleet alex .
coincidentally , the day before the preakness , afleet alex’s jockey , jeremy rose , said of the colt , “this horse will run on broken glass if i ask him . ”
it all happened so quickly , yet the horrific image of afleet alex nearly falling after clipping heels will remain embedded in the memory , forever teetering on the edge of disaster .
as the time approached for afleet alex to resume training , ritchey , 53 , decided he would toy with a philosophy he used years ago with a horse named general g .
also included in the afleet alex story is
alex ' s lemonade stand ,
started by 4 - year - old alexandra
alex
scott , who had been diagnosed with a form of juvenile cancer . prior to her death last august , she opened a lemonade stand to raise money for her hospital and for cancer research . it reached people all over the world , eventually raising close to $ 1 . 7 million . afleet alex ' cash is king stable partners , touched by the story , have donated a portion of the colt ' s earnings to alex ' s lemonade stand .
afleet alex came off the winter layoff to win a 6 - furlong race in an impressive 1 : 09 2 / 5 at oaklawn . two weeks later , on march 19 , he came back and ran the worst race of his life in the rebel . heading into the race , the owners wanted a high - profile jockey . though jeremy rose had ridden afleet alex for every race of his career , john velazquez , the nation’s top rider in 2004 , got the mount for the rebel stakes . afleet alex finished dead last .
afleet alex ' s owners had been modest when they said their horse was
pretty good .
their horse was invited to the kentucky derby in 2005 and the scotts were invited to set up a lemonade stand there .
just like that , alex ' s lemonade stand foundation ( alsf ) was on the world ' s stage .
afleet alex and jockey jeremy rose stumbled on the final turn of the preakness , miraculously afleet alex was able to regain his footing and go on to win exemplifying the true determination of a champion – getting back up and fighting , no matter what challenges lay ahead . this spirit has continued to be a core part of alex ' s lemonade stand foundation .
that same day , in saratoga springs , new york , a young thoroughbred horse won his first major race , the sanford stakes . his name was alex , too : afleet alex . it was clear from his impressive victory that afleet alex was no ordinary racehorse , but a potential champion . gifted with unusual stamina , intelligence , and athletic grace , the plucky little horse won races , a growing number of fans , and media attention .
in truth , breeders have never really warmed up to afleet alex , perhaps partly because of his rather unfashionable pedigree . afleet alex is the best of 72 stakes winners by his sire , northern afleet , a powerfully built miler who was a decent sire in the united states but a very good one on shuttle journeys to brazil , where he led the sire list in 2013 . afleet alex’s dam , maggy hawk , by the undistinguished sire hawkster , also produced his full brother , the stakes winner unforgettable max , and her dam was the grade 1 winner qualique , by hawaii , but the next dam was by the unfashionable sensitivo . none of those names was appealing to fashion - conscious kentucky breeders , and afleet alex , though well made , is not the most imposing individual . his stud career has suffered as a consequence .
afleet alex made his stakes debut on one of the toughest circuits for 2 - year - olds , at saratoga springs in new york . he won the sanford in stakes record time and offers reportedly as high as $ 2 million followed . cash is king had no intention of selling and turned down all offers . afleet alex followed his sanford with a win in the hopeful , also at saratoga . afleet alex closed his 2 - year - old season with two close second place finishes in the champagne at belmont park and the breeders’ cup juvenile .
afleet alex was sired by northern afleet from the prominent raise a native sire line . northern afleet had five career wins from 21 starts , including three graded stakes wins in california at distances from seven furlongs to 1 ½ miles . he was grade 1 placed in the malibu stakes at santa anita and the met mile at belmont park . afleet alex’s dam , maggy hawk , was out of the sire hawkster , who earned $ 1 . 5 million during his career with three grade 1 stakes wins . he also set the world record for 12 furlongs at santa anita .
afleet alex was sent off as the second choice behind bellamy road in the 2005 kentucky derby . he was among three horses in deep stretch whose nose touched the lead , but he could only manage a third - place finish behind longshot winner giacomo and even longer shot closing argument . afleet alex’s next race came in the preakness at pimlico , just a few miles from the timonium sales pavilion where he was purchased by ritchey and cash is king . the second leg of the triple crown for afleet alex is the race all remember when recalling his career .
a less - than - spectacular 2009 was followed by a better 2010 for afleet alex’s first crop , highlighted by afleet express’s nose win in the travers . that colt had emerged in late spring with sharp wins in an allowance race at belmont and the grade 3 pegasus , along with a rough - trip third in the jim dandy . but like his sire , he would not race again after his career - defining win , in this case due to a suspensory ligament injury . afleet express stands at gainesway alongside afleet alex , and his first foals are yearlings of 2013 .
today , afleet alex is living the good life , retired to a horse farm in kentucky , but i will never be able to thank that horse enough for what he did for the foundation , and for our family . this saturday , may 2 , a special horse will be in the field at the kentucky derby - materiality . what makes this horse special , his sire is none other than afleet alex . ten years after afleet alex took two out of three of the triple crown races , i cannot think of a better tribute to that special time in our lives than to see afleet alex ' s legacy continue , along with our daughter alex ' s . icing on the cake - we will be setting up a lemonade stand at the preakness this year , and know there will be signs of our alexs everywhere .
[ afleet alex ' s ] place in horse racing lore was established at that year ' s preakness . after another horse veered into his path , their heels clipped , and afleet alex dropped almost to his knees , his nose inches from the dirt , his jockey , jeremy rose , barely hanging on . it was a feat of athleticism for both horse and jockey . instead of going down , afleet alex regained his footing and roared off to a 43 / 4 - length victory .
he did something champions do ,
rose said after the race .
though he was the second betting choice in the derby , afleet alex finished third . the 2005 kentucky derby belonged to 50–1 giacomo and mike smith , while 71–1 long shot closing argument finished second . afleet alex finished third by a length . afterwards , of jeremy rose’s ride , ritchey said , “he did everything right . he took the horse through traffic to give him the opportunity to win . the other two horses were just a little better . ” now , it was on to the preakness for afleet alex , where the horse would soon become a legend .
soon after , the horse ' s owners offered a percentage of his winnings to alex ' s cause , and contributions took off . so did afleet alex ' s career . there was an alex ' s lemonade stand at the kentucky derby , where the horse finished third , and others at the preakness and belmont stakes , where he won both races .
afleet alex is currently active . his progeny tend to stay better than those of the average american sire but typically need time to mature . he stands at gainesway farm , lexington , kentucky .
on alex ' s 9th birthday , alex ' s lemonade stand foundation for childhood cancer is officially established , dedicated to funding and finding cures for all children battling cancer .
alsf reaches the $ 80 million fundraising mark—surpassing alex’s original goal by $ 79 million .
after the belmont , ritchey intended to take afleet alex back to saratoga and point to the travers stakes . however , in late july , ritchey announced that his colt had undergone surgery to repair a small fracture . even with this setback , cash is king hoped for a return in the fall with a goal of running in the breeders’ cup . in october , afleet alex’s fracture had not fully healed . in december , when a test revealed a degeneration of bone in his fractured leg , a condition that increased the possibility of another break , afleet alex was retired to stud .
louisville , ky . - the last race of smarty jones ' brilliant career was on june 5 , 2004 . exactly 21 days later , 2 - year - old afleet alex made his debut .
alex has sired a number of top - class horses , including travers stakes winner afleet express , who also stands at gainesway , and afleet again , winner of the breeders’ cup marathon and withers stakes . in all he has sired 10 graded stakes winners , 23 black type stakes winners , and two champions .
afleet alex was a star from the beginning . he wasn’t the most expensive horse in any of the sales , but once trainer tim ritchey got his hands on the northern afleet colt , things just went right . from the beginning , the colt knew how to win . afleet alex started his career at delaware park in a 5 . 5f maiden special weight , which he won easily . from there , the colt won an allowance at delaware before shipping to saratoga to run with the big boys . in his two graded stakes races at saratoga , the 6f sanford ( g2 ) and the 7f hopeful ( g1 ) , afleet alex went to belmont to start in the g1 champagne on a four race win streak .
just days before her first birthday , alex is diagnosed with neuroblastoma , a childhood cancer .
alsf starts team lemon , a charity race program supporting alex ' s lemonade stand foundation .
ten years later , reflecting back on afleet alex and the national prominence alsf gained because of the horse and his owners , it ' s hard to overstate how important it was to the foundation . afleet alex ' s story will be highlighted during this year ' s preakness coverage , with josh elliott interviewing liz and jay scott . tune in to preakness coverage on nbc on saturday , may 16 to watch .
nobody could live with afleet alex’s devastating turn of foot . his lead increased with every stride , running the final quarter mile in : 24 . 50 , the fastest closer since arts and letters in 1969 .
at the top of the stretch , he was set to engage the long - shot leader scrappy t when that rival suddenly ducked out , causing afleet alex to clip heels , stumble and nearly go down .
alexandra
alex
scott , future founder of alex ' s lemonade stand foundation , is born in connecticut to parents liz & jay scott . she is the second of four children .
afleet alex was a talented , ultra - consistent competitor and as game and determined as any horse who ever looked through a bridle . he proved all that and more with his rather miraculous victory in the preakness .
afleet alex , the champion 3 - year - old male of 2005 , has settled into a steady stallion career at gainesway in lexington , ky . , though he has yet to sire a true breakout horse .
it was clear that day the similarities between my daughter and afleet alex , they both showed spirit and strength to overcome adversity and race on . when the final day of the triple crown came , the belmont stakes , our immediate family couldn ' t be there , so alex ' s grandparents , aunts and uncles completed the
triple crown
of lemonade stands at the race . you see , we had a prior commitment , it was the same date as alex ' s
original
lemonade stand . this would be the very first stand we would hold without alex , and while there were tears shed that day , afleet alex gave us hope for the future . when post time finally arrived , we were still cleaning up from the lemonade stand , but we all huddled inside of the elementary school where alex ' s stand is held and watched on a tv provided for just this purpose . as we anxiously awaited the outcome , afleet alex seemed to have run out of luck staying in the middle of the pack until the last turn . but then , life found his feet and afleet alex took off once again , leaving the field in his dust . he won again by many lengths , showing the spirit of our alex , to never give up , and that it is never too late to make the difference .
the race was also notable for colts from the first crop sired by afleet alex ( truenicks , sro ) taking first and second here , with withers stakes ( gr . iii ) winner afleet again taking second . adding in last year’s hopeful stakes ( gr . i ) victor dublin – also grade i - placed this year – afleet alex now has three u . s . graded winners among his seven first crop stakes winners . to make the weekend even brighter , afleet alex’s second crop was represented by sharp - looking belmont park maiden winner commonwealth rush ( dam by forest wildcat ) on friday , and avatar day ( out of a salt lake ( truenicks , sro ) mare ) was second in the premio primi passi ( gr . iii ) in italy .
after an easy win in the six - furlong mountain valley at oaklawn to start his 3 - year - old season , afleet alex stopped badly in the grade 3 southwest , backing up to finish last in the six - horse field . diagnosed after the race with a lung infection , afleet alex recovered in time for the arkansas derby , where all doubts about his ability were put to rest when he won by eight lengths .
unfortunately , alex never raced again after suffering a fracture . when he was operated on , veterinarian patty hogan said she had to go through several drill heads because alex’s bone was so hard .
alex announces she is going to raise $ 1 million to help all children battling childhood cancer .
from there it was on to historic saratoga race course . he “drew away when aroused” and beat 10 other horses in the grade ii sanford , winning by over five lengths . next , afleet alex won the grade i hopeful on august 21 , 2004 . it was race 9 , right before the alabama where society selection would eventually win over ashado . afleet alex was bumped in the early stages by consiladator but eventually recovered and launched a rally going four - wide . the equibase chart report states that afleet alex “finished with a flurry to wear down devils disciple . ” he won by a neck and headed to belmont park as an undefeated horse .
afleet alex , as was his custom , had already been out for his customary jog around the belmont oval , and was now back for his usual second tour of the track , this time for a stiff gallop .
afleet alex began his second season with an easy victory in the six - furlong mountain valley stakes at oaklawn but ran the only bad race of his career in the grade 3 rebel stakes , finishing sixth , beaten 12 1 / 2 lengths by greater good . afleet alex recovered quickly from the lung infection behind that poor performance and booked his ticket to the kentucky derby with an eight - length romp in the grade 2 arkansas derby .
afleet alex , who has more graded earnings than any other 3 - year - old racing , trains twice a day in a routine that has been followed three to four times a week since january . trainer tim ritchey , who devised the plan over the winter , divides afleet alex ' s training into two sessions . he has him jog when the track first opens , then brings him back later in the morning for a gallop . most horses go to the track once a day , but ritchey ' s approach , which he doesn ' t use with other horses in his stable , is custom made to balance fitness with contentment for afleet alex .
afleet alex came out of the preakness incident with only a slight scrape on his left front ankle . “i would like to see afleet alex run a stalking race and make one good three - eighths - mile run , ” ritchey said . “i think he has a tremendous shot to win the belmont because he rates so well . he’ll relax behind horses - sit , sit , sit - and when jeremy asks him , he’ll make that big kick . ” heading in to the belmont stakes , the 1 1 / 2 - mile distance is always the big question . trainer tim ritchey believed he had afleet alex ready to go the distance . to jeremy rose , the distance wasn’t daunting when you had a superior horse like afleet alex . “if the preakness were a mile and a half , ” asked rose , “how many do you think we’d have won by ? ”
so america ' s top two runners did no better than round out their divisional superfectas , with afleet alex behind hurricane run , motivator , and shamardal among the 3 - year - olds and saint liam in arrears of ghostzapper , azamour , and westerner in the elder division . in all , only five americans - ghostzapper , saint liam , afleet alex , leroidesanimaux , and roses in may - made the hemisphere ' s top 20 .
it ' s really working out for alex ,
said zacney .
i give tim all the credit in the world . he picked the horse out . he ' s been his baby , his project , and he loves alex , and alex is thriving because of it .
while afleet alex did not win the kentucky derby ( he came in a respectable third place ) , the kentucky derby provided us with an amazing opportunity to expose alex ' s lemonade stand to new people , and as an added bonus , the horse racing and sports media began covering the story of the two alexs .
when afleet alex’s career took off , no one was more excited than silvertand . diagnosed with colon cancer , and given only two months to live , silvertand elected to discontinue chemotherapy and leave it “in god’s hands” so that he could fully enjoy afleet alex’s triumphs . “the horse keeps me going , ” silvertand told the associated press . “i truly believe he’s helping me in my battle . ” silvertand has now survived nearly three years since his diagnosis .
the pace was slow and steady early on , set by longshot pinpoint . cautioned about making a move too early , jeremy rose tucked afleet alex to eighth on the inside right , saving ground for the run - in .
in saturday ' s kentucky derby , the auxiliary starting gate will include no . 17 dublin , a son of afleet alex . in the next stall , no . 18 will be backtalk , a son of smarty jones .
our founder alexandra “alex” scott gave us our mission : to find cures for all children battling cancer .
kristen thompson , left , and terese brittingham at alex ' s lemonade stand at pimlico race course .
this is smarty ' s second crop of 3 - year - olds , alex ' s first .
that win sent the horse to churchill downs as one of the favorites for the kentucky derby , and after a blistering pace cooked the front - runners , a rallying afleet alex had every chance in the stretch at odds of 9 - 2 . the final sixteenth of the 2005 derby was a free - for - all , as a trio of closers staggered to the finish , and afleet alex could only get up for third behind longshots giacomo and closing argument .
nureyev is also broodmare sire of the highly successful us sire northern afleet –the sire of , among others , us champion and dual classic winner afleet alex . the latter is himself now a successful sire at gainesway farm with his progeny including such gr1 winners as dublin , afleet express , texas red , materiality , iotapa and sharla rae . yet another successful sire out of a nureyev mare is the zafonic horse iffraaj –whose dam , pastorale , is a half sister to cape sire great britain .
4 - year - old alex announces she wants to hold a lemonade stand to help her hospital ! with the help of her older brother , alex raised an amazing $ 2 , 000 for her hospital .
during the first 12 days of his life , afleet alex was bottle - fed by silvertand ' s then 9 - year - old daughter lauren because his dam was unable to produce milk and a nurse mare was not immediately available .
scrappy made a fantastic controlled run to the front with plenty left in the tank . afleet alex took a masterful ride and made a major impressive move in clear view of everyone prior to the incident . scrappy t then blew the turn going about 4 wide . i will always wonder if he would have won the race had he not blown that turn . afleet alex was really coming hard , just gobbling up ground so fast it seemed everyone else was in slow motion .
afleet alex might not have been the best preakness winner in recent memory , but his 4 3 / 4 - length win in the 2005 pimlico classic was certainly the most dramatic and perhaps the most visually impressive of the early 21st century .
finally , afleet alex was retired . a new injury was discovered before the horse was shipped to gulfsteam park . “it would heal , but your’re looking at six to eight months , ” ritchey said . “and with a horse of his value and his credentials , he just needs to be retired and go to stud . ” a deal was made for afleet alex to stand at stud in kentucky at gainesway farm in 2006 . his initial stud fee was $ 40 , 000 .
afleet alex finished the year with two losses when he was outfinished by longshot wilko and finished second at the breeders’ cup juvenile stakes . alex bobbled at the start and endured another bump with consiladator . he finished gamely but weakened slightly at the end of the race . going five - wide and eventually four - wide most of the trip had taken its toll . nevertheless , afleet alex was on the radar as one of the top derby contenders for 2005 . and he was now going to follow the same path as smarty jones and head for oaklawn to prep for the kentucky derby .
alex ' s story attracts national attention and she appears on the oprah winfrey show and the today show .
we were going down , and ' little alex ' popped us up ,
he told her .
the little girl , alex scott , was loved by people everywhere who were inspired by her courage and her will to live . the little horse , afleet alex , is loved by people everywhere who are inspired by his courage and his will to win . “i’ve received letters from people who say when they watch this horse run it literally brings tears to their eyes , ” says ritchey . i am among them . and as the story continues , as afleet alex races on , with every glass of lemonade i drink this summer , i will know that i am participating in a miracle .
the potentially horrific scene seemed to play out in slow motion . incredibly , afleet alex did not fall . in a remarkable feat of athleticism , he somehow pulled his half - ton frame upright . then , to everyone’s amazement , he recovered his stride and kept running . the astonished crowd roared as afleet alex , unhurt but clearly incensed , surged ahead and won the race by nearly five lengths . that moment will go down as one of the most remarkable in horse racing’s history .
bred in florida by john silvertand , afleet alex was plucked from the 2004 fasig - tipton midlantic sale of 2 - year - olds in training by trainer tim ritchey on behalf of the cash is king stable syndicate headed by chuck zacney . afleet alex won his first start , a 5 1 / 2 - furlong maiden race at delaware park , only a little more than a month later , cruising to an 11 1 / 4 - length victory in 1 : 03 . 85 .
the next two legs of the triple crown would define afleet alex’s career and set him up for a strong initial reception as a stallion after he was retired later that summer . his amazing , athletic performance in the preakness – where he nearly dropped to his knees at the top of the stretch after being bumped by scrappy t and then recovered to win going away – was replayed countless times during the interregnum before the belmont , giving afleet alex national recognition for his athleticism and ability .
afleet alex , who ran in all the triple crown races in 2005 and won the preakness after a dramatic stumble , was one of alsf ' s earliest
celebrity
supporters . the support of his owners was a turning point for the foundation . after alex passed away in 2004 , alex ' s parents , liz and jay scott , weren ' t sure how to go on without her . as jay scott wrote in a recent huffington post piece :
if the jacksons expected great things from their colt , barbaro’s delaware park predecessor , afleet alex , far exceeded his owners’ expectations . five newcomers to the sport bought the florida - bred alex at maryland’s 2004 fasig - tipton two - year - old in training sale for the rock bottom price of $ 75 , 000 . chuck zacney , bob brittingham , joe judge , joe lerro and jen reeves made alex the first purchase of cash is king stable . delaware park trainer tim ritchey chose alex for the group after watching the small but sturdy colt strut through the ring .
eight horses were entered in the $ 500 , 000 champagne stakes at belmont . juvenile supremacy in the east was on the line . this race was also a prep for the breeders’ cup october 30 at lone star park . the champagne would be afleet alex’s first attempt at 1 1 / 16 - miles . it had been deemed the battle of the unbeaten horses . proud accolade was 3 - for - 3 , while afleet alex was 4 - for - 4 heading into the champagne . sun king was also entered in the champagne and would be a familiar opponent for afleet alex through the years . but it was todd pletcher’s proud accolade , the son of yes it’s true , who ended up winning by a half a length .
afleet alex ( 2004 ) – afleet alex won the sanford and the hopeful as a two - year - old , but is best known for his three - year - old season . after finishing third in the 2005 kentucky derby behind 50 - 1 shot giacomo , he came back to win a heart stopping preakness and a dominant belmont stakes . after not racing for the remainder of 2005 , he was still named champion three - year - old . he is the sire of multiple top horses , including 2014 breeders’ cup juvenile winner , texas red . he also has sired iotapa , afleet express , materiality , and dublin .
retired to gainesway in 2006 , afleet alex sired the grade 1 hopeful stakes winner dublin ( out of classy mirage , by storm bird ) , the grade 1 travers stakes winner afleet express ( expanse , by distant view ) , the grade 2 breeders’ cup marathon winner afleet again ( lucky again , by wild again ) , the grade 2 winner afleeting lady ( oatsee , by unbridled ) , and the grade 2 winner harissa ( dynasty , by time for a change ) in his first crop . that was , in fact , a pretty spectacular start to any horse’s stud career , but until iotapa came along in his fourth crop , those first - crop graded stakes winners were his five best offspring . afleet alex’s production in between those crops was rather uninspiring .
in the 1 1 / 2 - mile belmont , afleet alex completely dominated his opposition , winning by seven lengths . it would be his last start , however , as a hairline fracture was discovered shortly afterward , followed by a diagnosis of bone degeneration in his left foreleg . the horse was retired in december and sent to graham beck’s gainesway for the 2006 breeding season . at that time , stonestreet’s jackson bought a major interest in afleet alex to join cash is king and gainesway as owners .
despite the loss in the rebel stakes , the horse had an excuse and the road map to the derby was still going according to plan . the arkansas derby would be the third and final race leading to the first saturday in may . and just like the 2004 kentucky derby winner , smarty jones , afleet alex performed brilliantly in the arkansas derby . jeremy rose was back aboard , and afleet alex won by eight lengths , the largest margin of victory in the race’s 69 - year history .
this is afleet alex ' s preakness 2005 run where he almost falls at the top of the stretch ! he recovers to take off and win in stunning fashion . there is footage after the race which covers slow motion footage of the near fall .
afleet alex had surpassed his owners ' wildest dreams . zacney and his partners had purchased the horse , their first buy , at a timonium auction in 2004 for $ 75 , 000 , at the behest of tim richey , a trainer from elkton .
cash is king stable purchased afleet alex from the 2 - year - old sale . cash is king was then a brand new partnership whose members were from the philadelphia and delaware valley area . in early 2004 , the head of the stable , chuck zacney , asked tim ritchey to buy and train a horse for cash is king . ritchey made the first purchase for cash is king for $ 75 , 000 at the timonium sale in april 2004 . that colt turned out to be afleet alex .
after starting off hot , alex is looking for that next big horse to put him back in the limelight .
alex does not have history on his side . his third in the kentucky derby blew his triple crown chances .
afleet alex ' s trainer , tim richey , was featured in the interactive program “talkin ' horses” on urltoken on may 25 , 2005 , with much of the discussion focusing on the colt ' s derby and preakness performances . the transcript was later published in
late in 2005 , afleet alex retired , having won eight of 12 starts for $ 2 , 765 , 800 . leg injuries suffered , most likely , in the preakness ended his career . he stands at stud at gainesway farm ( ky . ) .
afleet alex knew what it was like to fight for life . at birth , he was given little chance of survival when his mother was unable to produce milk , depriving him of critical colostrum needed to fight infection . for two weeks he was bottle - fed by breeder john silvertand’s 9 - year - old daughter lauren . against the odds , afleet alex survived and grew strong . overlooked by racing’s elite , he was purchased for a bargain price by a group of five philadelphia friends buying their very first racehorse .
afleet alex raced only once more , winning the belmont by seven lengths and confirming that he was the champion of what , in retrospect , was not among the best crops in the history of american racing . none of the other runners in that year’s triple crown races have become outstanding sires – flower alley’s 2012 kentucky derby and preakness winner i’ll have another is probably the best horse sired by any of the participants – but on balance , afleet alex is the best sire of the crop , just as he was , on balance , the best racehorse . his daughter , iotapa , the winner of the clement l . hirsch stakes at del mar on aug . 2 , is afleet alex’s third grade 1 winner among his 25 stakes winners from 504 foals ages 3 and up .


the common shovelnose ray , giant shovelnose ray or giant guitarfish ( glaucostegus typus ) is a species of fish in the rhinobatidae family found in the central indo-pacific , ranging from india to the east china sea , solomon islands and northern australia .

it is found in shallow coastal areas to a depth of at least 100 m ( 330 ft ) , including mangrove , estuaries and reportedly also in freshwaters .

it reaches up to 2.7 m ( 8.9 ft ) in length , and is greyish-brown to yellowish-brown above with a paler snout .

this species has been tested for colour vision using choice experiments that control for brightness .

it was the first rigorous behvioural evidence for colour vision in any elasmobranch .

common shovelnose ray

the common shovelnose ray is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
information on the common shovelnose ray ( glaucostegus typus ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
birth of common shovelnose rays ( glaucostegus typus ) under captive conditions . - pubmed - ncbi
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the giant shovelnose ray grows to 2 . 7 m in length and occurs in the indo - pacific region .
the common shovelnose ray ( glaucostegus typus ) is a poorly studied species of the rhinobatidae family that occurs throughout the indo - west pacific . although common in aquariums throughout the united states , there are currently no records of captive birth events . in 2013 , a female common shovelnose ray housed at the downtown aquarium in houston , texas , usa gave birth to eleven pups . although all pups were stillborn , this event demonstrates that it is possible to breed common shovelnose rays in a controlled environment . the single female and two male common shovelnose rays at the aquarium are of sexually mature size ( between 206 and 240 cm total length , tl ) , demonstrate mating behaviors , and provide an excellent opportunity to investigate the reproductive biology of this species . captive environmental conditions of the birth enclosure may be useful in replicating the birthing event in order to develop a breeding program that could potentially relieve collection pressures on wild populations of guitarfish given their vulnerable status .
the giant shovelnose ray has a broadly triangular , opaque snout and enlarged denticles and thorns along its spine . there is no gap between the pectoral and pelvic fins and the lower lobe of the tail fin is small and straight
further research into the population structure , biology and ecology of g . typus is required to assess the extent to which fishing pressure , particularly in relation to finning , and habitat destruction is influencing this species within its range . improved species composition data from all fisheries that take shovelnose rays and guitarfish is necessary .
marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 100 m ( ref . 6871 ) . tropical ; 24°n - 32°s , 91°e - 156°e
indo - west pacific : thailand to new guinea and the solomon islands , south to australia . records from the south coast of india , sri lanka , bangladesh , and myanmar need confirmation .
maturity : l m ? , range 150 - 180 cm max length : 270 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9909 )
occurs inshore and offshore , from the intertidal to offshore continental and insular shelves ( ref . 9909 ) . adults are found offshore waters while young individuals are found inshore on sand flats , around atolls , and in mangrove swamps ( ref . 6871 ) . feeds on shellfish ( ref . 9909 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . reported to live and breed permanently in fresh water ( ref . 6871 ) . probably the major commercial guitarfish in the western central pacific ( ref . 9909 ) . caught regularly by demersal tangle net fisheries operating throughout the area . utilized for its meat , fins ( both very high value ) , skin and cartilage ( ref . 58048 ) . reported to attain a maximum length of 4 m ( ref . 58784 ) .
exhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding initially on yolk , then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus , fat or protein through specialised structures ( ref . 50449 ) . born at 38 - 40 cm tl ( ref . 58048 ) .
last , p . r . and j . d . stevens , 1994 . sharks and rays of australia . csiro , australia . 513 p . ( ref . 6871 )
) : 25 . 7 - 29 , mean 28 ( based on 1126 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00646 ( 0 . 00254 - 0 . 01643 ) , b = 2 . 98 ( 2 . 76 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 50 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 83 of 100 ) .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
eschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 31 march 2016 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 31 march 2016 ) .
some recent changes in the systematics of rhinobatus have elevated the subgenus glaucostegus to full generic status and placed this genus into a family of its own : glaucostegidae ( compagno 2005 , last et al . 2016 ) .
glaucostegus typus is widely distributed in the indo - pacific ( last and stevens 1994 , compagno and last 1999 ) . another species , g . granulatus , co - occurs with this species at the western extremity of its range but has not been positively identified from the australia and oceania region ( last and stevens 1994 ) .
juveniles of g . typus occur inshore , e . g . , mangrove systems and estuaries , and around atolls , whilst adults are found in the deeper waters of the continental shelf to about 100 m ( last and stevens 1994 ) . this species has also been reported to be able to live and breed permanently in freshwater . glaucostegus typus is reported to attain at least 270 cm in length ( last and stevens 1994 ) . although no published information is available on size at maturity and reproductive biology of this species , specimens examined from shark bay ( western australia ) showed that females and males appear to mature at between 155 and 175 cm total length ( tl ) , and young are born at approximately 38 to 43 cm tl ( w . white , unpublished data ) . there does not appear to be a distinct seasonal reproductive cycle with newborn young found in most months of the year ( w . white , unpublished data ) . this species is a major predator of crustaceans , with an examination of the diets showing that more than 90 % of food ingested belongs to juveniles of either the blue swimmer crab ( portunus pelagicus ) or the western king prawn ( melicertus latisulcatus ) ( w . white , unpublished data ) . juveniles also utilize shallow sand flats as nursery areas and move into mangrove areas and sand flats at high tide to feed . there is no published information on the age at maturity , longevity and natural mortality of this species .
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master tracks 33 west park clifton bristol avon bs8 2lx united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 973 6833 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 923 7090 neil @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
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the species has a triangular snout , two large dorsal fins and a caudal fin that lacks a lower lobe . there are thorns and denticles along the dorsal midline
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .
juveniles occur in inshore mangrove and coral reef waters . adults occur in deeper marine waters to depths of about 100 m .
hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .
last , p . r . & j . d . stevens . 2009 . sharks and rays of australia . edition 2 . csiro . pp . 644 , pl . 1 - 91 .
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timm ll 1 , carter je , frey j sr , prappas j , wells rj .
downtown aquarium houston , houston , texas ; texas a & m university , department of marine biology , galveston , texas .
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
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upper body grey - brown to olive with pale to yellow margins on the pectoral , pelvic , dorsal and caudal fins .
& copy ; the state of queensland ( department of agriculture and fisheries ) 2010–2018 . queensland government


acrolophus luriei is a moth of the acrolophidae family .

it was described by hasbrouck in 1964 .

it is found in north america , including arizona .

acrolophus luriei

acrolophus tapuja ; mielke & grehan , 2012 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo n . f . 32 ( 3 / 4 ) : 152
acrolophus is a genus of moth in the family acrolophidae , with , typically , great individual variation within species in color pattern , making field identification of many individuals difficult or impossible .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
dalaca tapuja pfitzner , 1914 ; ent . rundschau 31 ( 19 ) : 110 ; tl : southern brazil , leopoldina
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
pfitzner in seitz , 1937 die amerikanischen spinner und schwärmer ( 186 pls ) gross - schmett . erde 6 : 1 - 32 ( 1913 ) , : 33 - 192 ( 1915 ) , : 193 - 240 ( 1917 ) , : 249 - 280 ( 1918 ) , : 241 - 248 , 281 - 320 ( 1919 ) , : 321 - 336 ( 1920 ) , : 337 - 376 ( 1921 ) , : 377 - 416 ( 1922 ) , : 417 - 424 ( 1924 ) , : 425 - 528 ( 1925 ) , : 529 - 616 ( 1927 ) , : 617 - 672 ( 1928 ) , : 673 - 768 ( 1929 ) , : 769 - 840 ( 1930 ) , : 841 - 904 ( 1931 ) , : 905 - 1016 ( 1932 ) , : 1017 - 1048 ( 1933 ) , : 1049 - 1088 ( 1934 ) , : 1089 - 1112 ( 1935 ) , : 1137 - 1256 ( 1936 ) , : 1113 - 1136 , 1257 - 1296 ( 1937 ) , : 1297 - 1304 ( 1938 ) , : 1305 - 1328 ( 1939 ) , : 1329 - 1452 ( 1940 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
robinson , g . s . 1986 . fungus moths : a review of the scardiinae ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , entomology 52 ( 2 ) : 37 - 181 .
record : sta cruz co . , coll . j . f . lawrence ( bmnh )
hasbrouck , frank f . 1964 . moths of the family acrolophidae in american north of mexico . proceedings of the united states national museum ( vol 114 , pp . 487 - 706 ) number 3475 .
likely in se arizona ( tl = yuma , records in texas as well ) .
likely in se arizona ( tl =
hot springs , az
. records in texas as well ) .
bruce walsh . jbwalsh @ urltoken . comments , correction and additions most welcome . to get to my home page .
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pseudochazara droshica is a species of butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found from drosh , southern chitral and in the shandur pass in north-east chitral .

pseudochazara droshica

pseudochazara droshica rajevskyi tshikolovets , 1996 ; j . ukr . ent . soc . 2 ( 2 ) : 39
droshica ( tytler , 1926 ) ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 31 : 256
encyclopedia of life pseudochazara aristonicus fruhstorfer 1911 . pseudochazara atambegi wyatt & omoto 1966 . pseudochazara augustini weiss 1980 . pseudochazara aurantiaca staudinger 1871 . pseudochazara badachshana wyatt & omoto 1966 . pseudochazara baltistana holik 1949 . — “pseudochazara - encyclopedia of life” ,
pseudochazara de lesse 1951 . andrew v . z . brower . click on an image to view larger version & data in pseudochazara hippolyte . pseudochazara kanishka . pseudochazara lehana . pseudochazara lydia . — “pseudochazara” ,
pseudochazara . de lesse 1951 . pseudochazara is a genus of butterflies within the pseudochazara alpina ( staudinger , 1878 ) pseudochazara amalthea . — “pseudochazara - wikipedia , the free encyclopedia” ,
nw173 - 12 pseudochazara atlantis . by pavel matos on 12 feb 2009 . nw173 by pavel matos on 25 jan 2009 . nw172 - 26 pseudochazara droshica ( ? ) by pavel matos on 25 jan . — “pseudochazara : on nsg ' s voucher db” , urltoken
pseudochazara atlantis pseudochazara atlantis ( austaut , 1905 ) moroccan grayling . genus : pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 original genus : satyrus latreille , . — “pseudochazara atlantis” , urltoken
white banded grayling , pseudochazara anthelea - matt rowlings ' s european butterflies . — “pseudochazara anthelea” ,
pseudochazara anthelea . anthelea . a - m . €5 . 00 . turkey . satyridae . pseudochazara anthelea pseudochazara anthelea . anthelea . a - f . €7 . 50 . greece , crete . satyridae . pseudochazara anthelea . — “the insect collector satyridae ( pseudochazara - q ) ” ,
this photo from the treknature travel gallery is titled ' pseudochazara mamurra photo ' . — “treknature | pseudochazara mamurra photo” ,
pseudochazara telephassa courtship courship behavior of a butterfly species pseudochazara telephassa . halveti - turkey , 22 - 05 - 2013 .
pseudochazara cingovskii . species authority : gross , 1973 . common name / s : pseudochazara cingovskii . in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened . — “pseudochazara cingovskii ( macedonian grayling ) ” ,
zur kenntnis der androkonienfelder von pseudochazara thelephassa ( geyer , 1827 ) und pseudochazara anthelea ( hübner , 1824 ) ( lepidoptera , satyridae ) .
pseudochazara hippolyte ; [ bru , 253 ] ; [ h & r ; , 148 ] ; [ bow : pl . see [ about maps ] pseudochazara hippolyte williamsi romei , 1927 ; , tl : sierra nevava , spain . — “pseudochazara” , urltoken
eine neue satyride der gattung pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 aus afghanistan ( satyridae ) .
comparison of the male genitalia and androconia of pseudochazara anthelea acamanthis ( rebel , 1916 ) from cyprus , pseudochazara anthelea anthelea ( hübner , 1924 ) from mainland turkey and pseudochazara anthelea amalthea ( frivaldsky , 1845 ) from mainland greece ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .
pseudochazara kopetdaghi dubatolov , 1989 ; cheshuekrylye srednei azii , proc . zin ran 200 : 138
new discoveries of pseudochazara mamurra amymone brown , 1976 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .
wanted ! dead or alive : the tale of the brown’s grayling ( pseudochazara amymone ) .
pseudochazara nukatli ; [ bru2 ] : 221 , pl . 84 , f . 27 - 29
pseudochazara cingovskii gross , 1973 ; j . ent . gaz . 27 ( 2 ) : 88
a review of the genus pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ( lepidoptera , satyridae ) in greece .
ebay : find pseudochazara mniszechii - male - mounted butterflys in the collectibles , animals , insects butterflies , butterflies moths category on ebay . — “pseudochazara mniszechii - male - mounted butterflys - ebay” ,
moroccan grayling - pseudochazara atlantis . family : satyridae . flight the species of this genus have a europe wide distribution . they have formed into many . — “moroccan grayling - pseudochazara atlantis” , butterfly -
the lifecycle and ecology of pseudochazara amymone ( brown , 1976 ) ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .
iran . khorasan north quchau , . — “nw173 - 6 pseudochazara pelopea on flickr - photo sharing ! ” ,
lepidopterology - e - museum - pseudochazara orestes de prins & van der poorten , 1981 balkan endemic , confined to some mountains of n greece and s bulgaria . — “lepidopterology | e - museum | pseudochazara orestes de prins” ,
pseudochazara anthelea 3630 - 12 - 2010 cz : okáč uk : white - banded tawny rockbrown nl : witbandheremiet tk : anadolu yalanci cadisi pseudochazara anthelea 3630 - 12 - 2010 cz : okáč uk : white - banded tawny rockbrown nl : witbandheremiet tk : anadolu yalanci cadisi . — “pseudochazara anthelea 3630 - 12 - 2010 cz : okáč uk : white - banded” ,
pseudochazara mamurra ; [ h & r ; ] , 149 ; [ bow ] : pl . 8 , f . 16
pseudochazara nukatli bogdanov , 2000 ; helios 1 : 111 ; tl : verkhny gunib . nukatl ' mts . , 2000m , daghestan
list of samples of the genus pseudochazara included in the barcoding analysis ( either own samples with “la” id or from bold ) .
a quantitative description of the male genitalia of 23 taxa of pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .
1986 ) , one colony in a single utm 10 x 10 km grid , and of pseudochazara hippolyte 1986 ) , in einem 10 x 10 km utm - raster , und von pseudochazara hippolyte . — “new localities for polyommatus sagratrox ( aistleitner , 1986” , usuarios3
pseudochazara porphyritica clench & shoumatoff , 1956 ; vidensk . medd . dansk naturh . forening 118 : 148 ; tl : panjao , 2500m
pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ; rev . franç . lépid . 13 ( 3 / 4 ) : 42 ; ts : hipparchia pelopea klug
pseudochazara pakistana gross , 1978 ; atalanta 9 : 63 , f . 23 ; tl : ziarat , [ nw . baluchistan , pakistan ]
pseudochazara daghestana holik , 1955 ; z . lep . : 176 , pl . 10 , f . 1 , 2 , 5 , 6
pseudochazara lehana riegeri tshikolovets , 2005 ; butterflies of ladak : 105 , pl . 22 , f . 10 - 12 , 14 - 16
pseudochazara is a palearctic genus with its center of diversity in central asia and the caucasus . the range of one widespread species p . hyppolyte
pseudochazara mniszechii watsoni clench & shoumatoff , 1956 ; vidensk . medd . dansk naturh . forening 118 : 148 ; tl : kotal pass , 3800m
pseudochazara atlantis ; [ h & r ; ] , 148 ; [ bmat ] : 77 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 15
phylum : arthropoda • classis : insecta • subclassis : pterygota • infraclassis : neoptera • superordo : endopterygota • ordo : lepidoptera • familia : nymphalidae • subfamilia : satyrinae • tribus : satyrini • genus : pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 . subcategories . — “category : pseudochazara - wikimedia commons” ,
pseudochazara atlantis benderi weiss , 1979 ; entomops 48 : 273 - 274 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : dj . lakraa ( morocco )
descriptions of wing androconia from some pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) type specimens in the natural history museum , london .
frequency distribution of pairwise intra - and interspecific p - distances of the coi sequences in the genus pseudochazara . no “barcoding gap” exists between these two data series .
it is important to note that the average genetic distance between two geographically separated subspecies , pseudochazara anthelea anthelea from asia minor and neighbouring islands , and pseudochazara anthelea amalthea from the balkan peninsula was 1 . 5 % . this result is indicative for differentiation into distinct species as predicted by kudrna et al . ( 2011 ) .
identität , verbreitung und subspezifische gliederung von pseudochazara lydia ( staudinger , 1878 ) ( lepidoptera , satyridae ) . nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f .
further descriptions of androconia from staudinger’s pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) type specimens in the zoologisches museum der humboldt - universität zu berlin .
le genre pseudochazara de lesse en europe et en afrique du nord . description d’une sous - espèce nouvelle de ps . hippolyte esper ( lep . : satyridae ) .
pseudochazara is a palearctic genus with its center of diversity in central asia and the caucasus . the range of one widespread species p . hyppolyte extends west to spain .
? pseudochazara daghestana zangezura nekrutenko , 1989 ; vestn . zool . 1989 ( 1 ) : 16 ; tl : nakhichevan assr , mts zangezur , bitshenek , 2100 - 2300
a quantitative description of androconia from staudinger’s pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) type specimens in the zoological museum of the humboldt university of berlin .
information on species of hesperiidae occurring in the former ussr , including , type locality , synonyms , range , distribution and variation , taxonomic notes , habitat and biology , similar species , and photo of adults pseudochazara beroe rhena ( herrich - schaffer , 1852 ) . — “satyridae , pseudochazara beroe ( herrich - schaffer , [ 1844 ] ) ” ,
pseudochazara kanishka aussem , 1980 ; nota lepid . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 8 ; tl : afghanistan , prov . samangan , tang - e - tashqurghan , 500m
description of wing androconia from the lectotype of pseudochazara caucasica ( lederer , 1864 ) ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) , with notes on the topotype wing androconia of related taxa .
die verbreitung und subspezifische gliederung von pseudochazara mamurra ( herrich - schäffer , [ 1846 ] ) ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) . nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f .
given the high resolution of the basal clades within the coi gene tree , the lack of differentiation between taxa within the ‘ mamurra ’ and ‘ pelopea ’ group was unexpected . in particular , species like pseudochazara geyeri and pseudochazara daghestana are among the most easily recognisable species in the genus with uniform and very distinct wing patterns / coloration . there are several possible hypotheses to explain this lack of differentiation :
notes on the taxonomic status and supposed biogeographic affinity of the pseudochazara anthelea ( hübner , [ 1824 ] ) populations from kípros ( cyprus ) and from the greek island of kós ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae satyrinae ) .
verovnik r , wiemers m ( 2016 ) species delimitation in the grayling genus pseudochazara ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , satyrinae ) supported by dna barcodes . zookeys 600 : 131–154 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 600 . 7798
description of androconia in the palaearctic asian pseudochazara baldiva ( moore , 1865 ) butterfly species - group ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) with designation of two lectotypes and reference to type and other material in the natural history museum , london .
phylogeny of pseudochazara species derived from the barcoding gene coi using bayesian inference analysis . values on major branches are bayesian posterior probabilities . branches with support lower than 50 % were collapsed manually . branch names combine taxon name and sample id ( see appendix 1 ) . nomenclature follows lukhtanov ( 2007 ) .
“and also colias phicomone , colias erate , colias palaeno europomene , pseudochazara hippolyte ( a - ) , junonia villica goto : forum list•message list•search•log in . your name : your email : subject : spam prevention : please , enter the code that you see” — rusinsects forum : : lepidoptera : : parnassius , agrias , colias ,
“aeshna cyanea female dragonfly . i ' ve visited only once this beautiful island ( rhodos ) before a few years , for some interesting and rare rhopalocera , like pelopidas thrax ( hesperiidae ) , pseudochazara anthelea anthelea ( brown form female , satyridae ) etc , but didn ' t see this species of anax” — forum - aeshna cyanea female dragonfly ,
new data regarding the geographical distribution of pseudochazara graeca in greece , with notes about its wing coloration , the status of its ssp . coutsisi ( = zagoriensis ) , as well as the supposed correlation between the hw underside ground colour and the geological character of the habitat in both p . graeca and hyponephele lycaon ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .
depending on which systematic order of classification is adhered to , the genus pseudochazara comprises 27–32 species of graylings ( gross 1978 , lukhtanov 2007 , savela 2015 ) . it has a wide distribution in the palaearctic region from north africa to the himalayas and mongolia ( tennent 1996 , tshikolovets 2005 , yakovlev 2012 ) . in addition to vague species delimitation , large intraspecific variation has resulted in the description of over 100 subspecific taxa ( lukhtanov 2007 ) in this intensively studied taxon .
es , asia minor , s . russia - tian - shan , mongolia . see [ maps ]
papilio hippolyte esper , 1783 ; die schmett . th . i , bd . 2 ( 8 ) : 164 , pl . 84 , f . 4 [ ? ] ; tl : s . russia
742x500 ( ~ 90kb ) underside a dry delta [ sair ] of the shivilig - khem river descending from the east tannu - ola mountain range being a northern border of the ubsu - nur hollow , tes - khem district , the southern tuva rapublic , s siberia , russia . 16th july 1990 , photo © oleg kosterin
hippolyte dorriesi ( bang - haas , 1933 ) ( satyrus ) ; ent . z . 47 ( 12 ) : 98
1200x1200 ( ~ 262kb ) underside russia , siberia , tyva republic , the hills on the ulug - khem river right bank at city kyzyl , 51°43 ' n 94°24 ' e , alt . 650 - 700 m , dry stony steppe . 9 / vii 2000 , photo © oleg kosterin
810x540 ( ~ 58kb ) sierra maria , prov . almería , spain , august 1989 , photo © enrique garcia - barros
pallida ( staudinger , 1901 ) ; in staudinger & rebel , cat . lepid . palaearct . faunengeb . , 1 : 55 ; tl : e . altai
hipparchia euxina kuznetsov , 1909 ; ann . mus . zool . st . - pétersb . 14 : 141 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 6 ; tl : crimea
afghanistan - middle asia ( mountains ) - sw . altai . see [ maps ]
satyrus lehana var . turkestana grum - grshimailo , 1893 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 27 : 384 ; tl : tian - shan
nw . himalaya , w . hindu kush - w . pamirs . see [ maps ]
lebanon , syria , asia minor , e . turkey , caucasus , kopet - dagh . see [ maps ]
hipparchia pelopea klug , 1832 ; in ehrenberg , symbolae phys . , ins . 3 : 1 , pl . 29 , f . 5 - 8 ; tl :
monte libano syriae prope arissam
, [ lebanon ]
satyrus pelopea schahrudensis staudinger , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 : 69 ; tl : elburs mts . , iran
satyrus mamurra herrich - schäffer , [ 1846 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 1 ( 13 ) : ( ii ) f . 314 - 315
satyrus pelopea var . alpina staudinger , 1878 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 14 : 281 ; tl :
kurusch im nordöstlichen caucasus . . 3000m
satyrus olga gerhard , 1882 ; berl . ent . zs . 26 ( 1 ) : 127
asia minor - s . transcaucasia , elburs mts . - kopet - dagh . see [ maps ]
beroe ( herrich - schäffer , [ 1844 ] ) ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 1 ( 4 ) : 74 , ( 5 ) ( ii ) pl . 23 , f . 108 - 111 ; tl : stambul and bursa , turkey
satyrus mamurra schakuhensis staudinger , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 : 70 ; tl : shahkuh mt . range , elburs mts . , iran
sw . georgia , asia minor , baluchistan - simla hills . see [ maps ]
eumenis mniszechii herrich - schäffer , [ 1852 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 1 ( 54 ) : ( ii ) f . 577 - 579 ; tl : central turkey
larva on poa annua , p . pratensis [ bru ] , hesselbarth et al , 1995
satyrus pelopea var . caucasica lederer , 1864 ; wien . ent . monats . 8 ( 5 ) : 168 . pl . 3 , f . 5
satyrus geyeri herrich - schäffer , [ 1851 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 6 ( 48 ) : 13 ; tl : mt . ararat , turkey
asia minor , iran , iraq , syria , transcaucasia , kopet - dagh - afghanistan - baluchistan . see [ maps ]
eumenis thelephassa geyer , [ 1827 ] ; samml . exot . schmett . 2 : pl . [ 85 ] , f . 1 - 4
satyrus anthelea schawerdae fruhstorfer , 1908 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 30 ) : 121 ; tl : herzegovina , lastoa
baldiva ( moore , 1865 ) ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 2 ) : 499
hipparchia lehana moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : leh , kharbu ( 13000ft ) , ladak
minois mniszechi lehana ; fruhstorfer , 1908 , int . ent . zs . 2 ( 2 ) : 10 ( note )
graeca ( staudinger , 1870 ) ; horae soc . ent . ross . 7 ( 1870 ) : 70 ; tl : mt . parnassus and taygetos mts .
satyrus mamurra var . lydia staudinger , 1878 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 14 : 281
satyrus mamummra var . obscura staudinger , 1878 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 14 : 282
satyrus pelopea var . kirgisa gerhard , 1882 ; berl . ent . zs . 26 ( 1 ) : 127
the dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
lepidoptera rhopalocera ( insecta ) from afghanistan . the 3rd danish expedition to central asia ( zoological results 21 )
histoire naturelle des lépidoptèrs ou papillons de france - supplement . diurnes in godart ,
die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . fortsetzung . band 2
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , 1843 ( - 1855 ) , die tagfalter
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , sechter un letzter band , 1843 - 1856
( 1 ) : ( i ) pl . i ( 1843 ) , ( 3 ) : ( i ) i - ii , pl . ii - iv ( 1844 ) , ( 6 ) : ( i ) pl . v ( 1844 ) , ( 7 ) : ( i ) pl . vi ( 1844 ) , ( 8 ) : ( i ) iii - x , pl . vii - viii ( 1844 ) , ( 9 ) : ( i ) pl . ix - xi ( 1844 ) , ( 11 ) : ( i ) pl . xii ( 1845 ) , ( 13 ) : ( i ) xi - xiv , pl . xiii - xiv ( 1846 ) , ( 17 ) : ( i ) pl . xvi ( 1846 ) , ( 22 ) : ( ii ) pl . i - iii ( 1847 ) , ( 35 ) : ( i ) pl . xv ( 1848 ) , ( 36 ) : ( i ) pl . xvii - xix ( 1848 ) , ( 37 ) : ( i ) pl . xx ( 1849 ) , ( ? 38 ) : ( i ) xv - xviii ( 1849 ) , ( 38 ) : ( i ) pl . xxi - xxii ( 1849 ) , ( 40 ) : ( ii ) i - ii - iv , pl . iv - ix ( 1849 ) , ( 48 ) : [
- 36 ( 1852 ) , ( 60 ) : ( ii ) v - viii , pl . x - xiv ( iv ) 37 - 40 ( 1853 ) , ( 65 ) : ( iv )
sammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 2 ( [ 1819 ] - [ 1827 ] )
divisions génériques et subgénériques des anciens genres satyrus et eumenis ( s . l . )
list of diurnal lepidoptera collected by capt . a . m . lang in the n . w . himalayas
descriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873
wyatt , 1952 einige neue tagfalterformen aus marokko zs . wiener ent . ges . 37 : 173 - 175
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
ssp . atambegi wyatt & omoto , 1966 – “bala quaran , anjuman valley , badachshan at 2 , 900 – 3 , 200 mtrs . ” ;
wyatt & omoto , 1966 – “north badachshan , shiva mts , afghanistan
at 1 , 800 - 2 , 800 mtrs . ;
ssp . rajevskyi tshikolovets , 1996 - tadzhikistan , pamir , severo - alichursky mts . , 5 km eastern of kishlak bargadiv , 3000 mtrs .
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
2 ufz – helmholtz - centre for environmental research , department of community ecology , theodor - lieser - str . 4 , 06120 halle , germany
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
the main reason for the extensive variation in phenotype can be linked with the specific ecological requirements of these butterflies . they are mostly petrophilous and limited to specific rock substrate to which they are perfectly adapted with their camouflaged underside wing pattern and cryptic coloration . local adaptation to mimic the coloration of the rock substrate is , therefore , one of the main drivers for such large scale diversification ( lorković 1974 , weiss 1980 , hesselbarth et al . 1995 , tennent 1996 , but see anastassiu et al . 2009 ) .
there has been no attempt to reconstruct the phylogeny of the genus or validate species status using molecular markers . only the taxonomic position within subtribe satyrina and a sister relationship to chazara has been established ( peña et al . 2011 ) .
total genomic dna was extracted from single legs , following the mammalian tissue preparation protocol ( genelute mammalian genomic dna miniprep kit from sigma - aldrich ) . for each sample a 657 bp fragment of the first subunit of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase ( coi ) was amplified using primers lco1490 and hco2198 ( folmer et al . 1994 ) . amplification followed a standard protocol described in verovnik et al . ( 2004 ) . pcr products were visualized on an agarose gel to verify amplification success and sequenced by macrogen in both directions on an applied biosystems 3730xl sequencer .
no insertions or deletions were observed in the mitochondrial coi gene and therefore the alignment was unambiguous . for the coi dataset 63 unique haplotypes among 108
sequences were detected . 114 ( 17 . 5 % ) sites were variable and 95 ( 14 . 6 % ) were parsimony informative . the average interspecific genetic distance was 4 . 9 % , but in the case of
the intraspecific diversity ranged from 0 to 6 . 7 % with highly distinct divergent sequences of
. no evident barcoding gap was observed separating intraspecific from interspecific pairwise genetic distances ( fig .
. on the other hand , 82 % of species comparisons showed high ( ≥2 % ) interspecific distances .
statistical parsimony network of the ‘ pelopea ’ species group . coloured circles represent coi haplotypes and their size corresponds to the number of samples per haplotype . small white circles represent unsampled haplotypes .
statistical parsimony network of the ‘ mamurra ’ species group . coloured circles represent coi haplotypes and their size corresponds to the number of samples per haplotype . small white circles represent unsampled haplotypes .
) , confirms the monophyly of the genus . high posterior probability values support a basal position of
, the only species of the genus present in ( and confined to ) north africa . this is somewhat surprising as
is also distinctive according to the tcs analysis and forms a separate network . in addition , the second basal split within
’ clades received high support . we present the results for these clades separately :
this group , which forms a distinct network in the tcs analysis ( fig .
, in particular the latter , with much wider and more pronounced orange submarginal bands on their forewings .
despite superficial resemblance in wing patterns and coloration . in fact , it is closely related to two other local endemics from the balkan peninsula ,
, so our preliminary results do not support its current status as a separate species . within this clade
from southern spain appears basally , however with low posterior probability and it is not monophyletic . all other described subspecies (
statistical parsimony network of the ‘ hippolyte ’ species group . coloured circles represent coi haplotypes and their size corresponds to the number of samples per haplotype . small white circles represent unsampled haplotypes .
’ group , indicating their close relationship , but with a separate network for each in the tcs analysis . all other sequences form a single network ( fig .
’ group is monophyletic , and includes several well - defined species ( in terms of wing patterns , androconia and genitalia ) with identical or very similar haplotypes . the following taxa could not be distinguished based on coi haplotypes as they do not form separate monophyletic clades :
, so their position within this group is tentative . however , it is clear that
with which it shares similarities e . g . the shape of the androconia (
and they appear closely related , however , this is again based on the inclusion of a single sequence .
– incomplete lineage sorting : recent speciation could result in unresolved relationships among these closely related species ; however , well - defined species borders in terms of constant wing pattern differentiation coupled with broad overlaps in species ranges challenges this hypothesis .
– pseudogenes or wolbachia infections : both are common in invertebrates , particularly in arthropods ( bensasson et al . 2011 , gerth et al . 2014 , leite 2012 , ritter et al . 2013 ) . as the vast majority of the haplotypes in the ‘ mamurra ’ and ‘ pelopea ’ clades originate from the bold database it is impossible to check or correct for this potential error .
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tamura k , stecher g , peterson d , filipski a , kumar s . ( 2013 )
the butterflies of ladak ( n . - w . india ) ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) .
verovnik r , micevski b , maes d , wynhoff i , van swaay c , warren m . ( 2013 )
verovnik r , popović m , šašić m , cuvelier s , maes d . ( 2014 )
phylogeography of subterranean and surface populations of water lice asellus aquaticus ( crustacea : isopoda ) .
wakeham - dawson a , parker r , john e , dennis rlh . ( 2003 )
does the dna barcoding gap exist ? – a case study in blue butterflies ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) .
checklist of butterflies ( papilionoidea ) of the mongolian altai mountains , including descriptions of new taxa .
yang z , landry j - f , handfield l , zhang y , solis ma , handfield d , scholtens bg , mutanen m , nuss m , hebert pdn . ( 2012 )
dna barcoding and morphology reveal three cryptic species of anania ( lepidoptera : crambidae : pyraustinae ) in north america , all distinct from their european counterpart .
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tuzov vk , bogdanov pv , devyatkin al , kaabak lv , korolev va , murzin vs , samodurov gd , and tarasov ea . 1997 . guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) . pensoft , sofia .
russia , siberia , tyva republic , the hills on the ulug - khem river right bank at city kyzyl , 51o43 ' n 94o24 ' e , alt . 650 - 700 m , dry stony steppe .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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this is a non - comprehensive list of larval host plants that are possibly used by the western palearctic satyrinae . there are still some butterfly species which i need to add and update but hopefully you can find what i currently have as useful .
the only difference between list a and list b is that whereas in list a the data is sorted according to the butterfly species , list b is sorted according to the host plant species . this should facilitate the usage of this data .
? – either no data is available or still unsure whether the food plant is accepted by that species .
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