urodeta cuspidis is a moth of the elachistidae family .

it is found in cameroon .

the wingspan is 5.6-6.1 mm .

the thorax , tegula and forewing are strongly mottled with scales which are white basally and brown distally .

the hindwings are brownish grey .

adults have been recorded in early may .

urodeta cuspidis

urodeta cuspidis prins & sruoga , 2012 , sp . n . - plazi treatmentbank
urodeta cuspidis sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08°25 ' n 012°47 ' e , 275m
figures 61 – 63 . urodeta cuspidis , sp . n . , male genitalia . 61 , ventral view ; 62 , lateral view . paratype . specimen id : rmca ent 000005286 ; 63 , juxta region , dorsal view . paratype . specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5284 . in glycerol before permanent mounting in euparal .
figures 56 – 60 . urodeta cuspidis , sp . n . 56 , adult male . scale bar 1 mm ; 57 , head , latero - frontal view . holotype . specimen id : rmca ent 000005283 ; 58 , general view of male genitalia . holotype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 612 , specimen id : rmca ent 000005283 ; 59 , phallus ( arrow pointing to apex of juxta lobe ) ; 60 , basal part of phallus . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 614 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 . . .
urodela [ = urodeta ] stainton , 1869 ; tineina south . europe : 226 ; ts : urodela [ sic ] cisticolella stainton
type species : urodeta cisticolella stainton , 1869 [ = u . hibernella staudinger , 1859 ] . the tineina of southern europe : 226 . by monotypy .
urodeta absidata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08°23 ' n 012°49 ' e , 275m
urodeta aculeata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08°25 ' n 012°47 ' e , 275m
urodeta crenata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 7 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 275m , 08°23 ' n 012°40 ' e
urodeta falciferella ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 54 ; [ afromoths ]
urodeta faro sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 9 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08°23 ' n 012°49 ' e , 275m
urodeta gnoma ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55 ; [ afromoths ]
urodeta maculata ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55 ; [ afromoths ]
urodeta quadrifida sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 48 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1000m , tswaing crater reserve , 26°28 ' s 23°46 ' e
urodeta taeniata ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 56 ; [ afromoths ]
urodeta tortuosa sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 10 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08°23 ' n 012°49 ' e , 275m
urodeta trilobata sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 51 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1100m , tswaing crater reserve , 25°24 ' s 28°05 ' e
urodeta acinacella sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 48 , 53 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1100m , tswaing crater reserve , 25°24 ' s 28°05 ' e
urodeta acerba sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 5 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05°27 ' s 13°05 ' e , 320m
urodeta bucera sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 6 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05°27 ' s 13°05 ' e , 320m
urodeta talea sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 9 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05°27 ' s 13°05 ' e , 320m
sruoga v . & de prins j . 2012 . a review of the taxonomic history and biodiversity of the genus urodeta ( lepidoptera : elachistidae : elachistinae ) , with description of new species . - zootaxa : 1–22 .
urodeta inusta kaila , 2011 ; monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 45 , pl . 1 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : western australia , 163km se by e broome , 18°49 ' s 123°17 ' e
prins , jurate de & sruoga , virginijus , 2012 , a review of the taxonomic history and biodiversity of the genus urodeta ( lepidoptera : elachistidae : elachistinae ) , with description of new species , zootaxa 3488 , pp . 41 - 62 : 54
figures 75 – 76 . urodeta talea , sp . n . , male genitalia . 75 , lateral view ; 76 , juxta and phallus . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 620 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5269 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .
figures 54 – 55 . urodeta crenata , sp . n . , male genitalia . 54 , ventral view of valvae . paratype . specimen id : rmca ent 000005276 ; 55 , lateral view . holotype . specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5272 . in glycerol before permanent mounting in euparal .
figures 87 – 88 . urodeta tortuosa , sp . n . , female genitalia , holotype . 87 , caudal part ; 88 , colliculum region ( arrow pointing to spines in colliculum ) . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 624 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5288 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .
figures 72 – 74 . urodeta talea , sp . n . , holotype . 72 , adult male . scale bar 1 mm ; 73 , head , frontal view ; 74 , general view of male genitalia . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 616 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 4118 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .
figures 83 – 86 . urodeta tortuosa , sp . n . , holotype . 83 , adult female . scale bar 1 mm ; 84 , head , frontal view ; 85 , caudal part of female genitalia ; 86 , ductus and corpus bursae . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 624 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5288 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .
figures 64 – 67 . urodeta faro , sp . n . , holotype . 64 , adult female . scale bar 1 mm ; 65 , head , frontal view ; 66 , caudal part of female genitalia ; 67 , ductus and corpus bursae . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 622 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5282 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .
figures 50 – 53 . urodeta crenata , sp . n . , holotype . 50 , adult male . scale bar 1 mm ; 51 , head , frontal view ; 52 , general view of male genitalia ( phallus removed ) ; 53 , phallus . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 610 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5272 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .
figures 33 – 36 . urodeta aculeata , sp . n . , holotype . 33 , adult male . scale bar 1 mm ; 34 , head , latero - frontal view ; 35 , general view of male genitalia ( phallus removed ) ; 36 , phallus . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 601 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5275 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .
figures 68 – 71 . urodeta faro , sp . n . , female genitalia . 68 , caudal part , enlarged ; 69 , colliculum ; 70 , ductus bursae . holotype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 622 , specimen id : rmca ent 000005282 ; 71 , corpus bursae . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 623 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5287 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .
figures 19 – 22 . urodeta absidata , sp . n . 19 , male genitalia , ventral view ; 20 , male genitalia , lateral view . holotype , in glycerol before permanent mounting in euparal . specimen id : rmca ent 000005274 ; 21 , female genitalia , caudal part ; 22 , ductus and corpus bursae . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 595 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5931 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .
figures 29 – 32 . urodeta acerba , sp . n . , female genitalia . 29 , caudal part ; 30 , ductus and corpus bursae ; 31 , caudal part , enlarged . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 598 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5280 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm ; 32 , corpus bursae , in glycerol before permanent mounting in euparal . paratype . specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5289 .
figures 13 – 18 . urodeta absidata , sp . n . , holotype . 13 , adult male . scale bar 1 mm ; 14 , head , frontal view ; 15 , general view of male genitalia ( phallus removed ) ; 16 , phallus ; 17 , apical part of male genitalia ( arrow pointing to cusp - shaped spine ) ; 18 , apical part of phallus . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 594 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5274 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .
figures 23 – 28 . urodeta acerba , sp . n . 23 , adult male ; 24 , head , frontal view . paratype . specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 4120 . scale bar 1 mm ; 25 , general view of male genitalia ( phallus removed ) ; 26 , phallus . holotype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 596 , specimen id : rmca ent 000005278 ; 27 , male genitalia , lateral view , in glycerol before permanent mounting in euparal ; 28 , apical part of phallus ( arrow pointing to apex . . .
figures 37 – 41 . urodeta bucera , sp . n . 37 , adult male . scale bar 1 mm ; 38 , head , frontal view . paratype . specimen id : rmca ent 000004119 ; 39 , general view of male genitalia ( phallus removed ) ; 40 , phallus . holotype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 602 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 4125 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm ; 41 , male genitalia , lateral view , in glycerol before permanent mounting in euparal . paratype . specimen id : rmca ent . . .
figures 77 – 82 . urodeta talea , sp . n . , female genitalia . 77 , caudal part ; 78 , ductus and corpus bursae . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 619 , specimen id : rmca ent 000005266 ; 79 , signum . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 617 , specimen id : rmca ent 000004117 ; 80 , signum . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 618 , specimen id : rmca ent 000005259 ; 81 , signum . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 621 , . . .
figures 42 – 49 . urodeta bucera , sp . n . , female genitalia . 42 , caudal part ; 43 , ductus and corpus bursae ; 44 , caudal part , enlarged ; 45 , ductus bursae with internal spines ; 46 , signum . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 606 , specimen id : rmca ent 000004123 ; 47 , signum . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 609 , specimen id : rmca ent 000004127 ; 48 , signum . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 607 , specimen id : rmca ent . . .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
[ south africa , gauteng ] , beynertspoort , pretoria , i and xii , leg . a . j . t . janse .
meyrick e . 1911b . descriptions of transvaal micro - lepidoptera ii . - annals of the transvaal museum 2 ( 4 ) : 218–240 .
larva on cistus monspeliensis [ me5 ] , 195 , cistus salviaefolius , c . ladaniferus , c . x _ ledon de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55
phthinostoma maculata mey , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 4 : 21 , pl . 1 , f . 7 ; tl : namibia , waterberg national park
phthinostoma taeniata mey , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 4 : 22 ; tl : namibia , otavi mts . , varianto farm
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
staudinger , 1859 diagnosen nebst kurzen beschreibungen neuer andalusischer lepidopteren stettin ent . ztg 20 ( 7 - 9 ) : 211 - 259
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
stainton h . t . 1869 . the tineina of southern europe . - — : i ~ viii , 1–370 .
sruoga v . & de prins j . 2011 . new species of elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) from cameroon and the democratic republic of the congo . - zootaxa 3008 : 1–32 .
sruoga v . & de prins j . 2009 . the elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) of kenya with descriptions of eight new species . - zootaxa 2172 : 1–31 .
mey w . 2007b . microlepidoptera : smaller families . – in mey , w . ( ed . ) the lepidoptera of the brandberg massif in namibia . part 2 . - esperiana memoir 4 : 9–30 .
, sp . n . ”— sruoga , v . & de prins , j . 2011 . zootaxa 3008 : 8–9 , figs 1 , 3 , 4 , 56–63 . type locality : cameroon , north province ,
river camp , 08° 25 ' n 012° 47 ' e , 275 m . type specimens : holotype 3 , 04 . v . 2005 , leg . j . & w . de prins ; genitalia slide mrac
; paratypes 33 , same locality data as holotype , 01 . v . 2005 , 04 . v . 2005 , 09 . v . 2005 , leg . j . & w . de prins ; genitalia slides mrac
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
sruoga , virginijus , prins , jurate de ( 2011 ) : new species of elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) from cameroon and the democratic republic of the congo . zootaxa 3008 : 1 - 32 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 278510
figures 6 – 12 . elachista cordata sp . n . 6 , holotype . specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5253 . scale bar 1 mm ; 7 , head , latero - frontal view , male , paratype . specimen id : rmca ent 000005254 ; 8 , general view of male genitalia ( phallus removed ) ; 9 , phallus ; 10 , juxta region ; 11 , apical part of phallus . holotype . scale bar 0 . 1 mm . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 592 , specimen id : rmca ent 000005253 ; 12 , gnathos , in glycerol . . .
figures 1 – 5 . collecting localities of the afrotropical elachistinae species . 1 , cameroon , north province , faro river floodplain ; 2 , drc , bas - congo , mayumbe forest ; 3 , general map indicating collecting sites ; 4 , collecting site in cameroon ; 5 , collecting site in drc .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more


coenaculum weerdtae is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family tofanellidae .

the species is one of four known species to exist within the genus coenaculum , the other three being coenaculum minutulum , coenaculum secundum and coenaculum tertium .

coenaculum weerdtae

have a fact about coenaculum ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for coenaculum ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
one of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the “island rule” , which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size , with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes . it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda . in particular , a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals . however , subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study , the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate , leaving the result open to doubt .
the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
foster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234–235 .
van valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31–49 .
lomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310–316 .
lomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683–1699 .
macarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373–387 . ( doi :
roth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259–288 .
smith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265–273 . ( doi :
marquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127–139 .
clegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the ‘island rule’ in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359–1365 .
palkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37–44 . ( doi :
mcclain cr , boyer ag , rosenberg g ( 2006 ) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea . j biogeog 33 : 1578–1584 .
rosenberg g ( 1993 ) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257–266 .
dayton pk , hessler rr ( 1972 ) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea . deep–sea research 19 : 199–208 .
gage jd , tyler pa ( 1991 ) deep–sea biology : a natural history of organisms at the deep–sea floor . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . 524 p .
rex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep–sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1–8 .
meiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702–708 .
meiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211–1217 .
meiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141–148 . ( doi :
welch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675–682 .
price td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998–1999 .
martin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line–fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65–81 .
warton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line–fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259–291 .
rosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :
bouchet p , rocroi j–p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1–397 .
smith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518–528 .
sokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .
r development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :
guo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353–362 .
gage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep–sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273–325 .
( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1–7 .
mcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep–sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181–187 .
schmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .
reyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299–306 .
lomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468–483 .
mcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693–704 .
duncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509–517 .
vale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65–79 .
vale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105–108 .
walker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48–59 .
mccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85–101 .
wassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287–295 .
williams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .
raia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731–1742 . ( doi :
do these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !
( gastropoda : eulimidae ) from the west indies venus 51 43 - 46 . [ stated date : - - jul 1992 . ]
sign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .
have a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .
simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en
1 . coen 2 . coen airport 3 . coen brothers 4 . coen brothers filmography 5 . coen brothers the 6 . coen cuserhof 7 . coen de koning 8 . coen dillen 9 . coen en guusje kaayk 10 . coen ethan 11 . coen gortemaker 12 . coen hess 13 . coen hissink 14 . coen joel 15 . coen joel and ethan 16 . coen moulijn 17 . coen river 18 . coen teulings 19 . coen tunnel 20 . coen van oven 21 . coen van vrijberghe de coningh 22 . coen verbraak 23 . coen vermeltfoort 24 . coen zuidema 25 . coenacle
51 . coenagrion syriacum 52 . coenagrion vanbrinkae 53 . coenagrionidae 54 . coenagrionoidea 55 . coenberht 56 . coencytic 57 . coend 58 . coendidae 59 . coendoo 60 . coendou 61 . coendous 62 . coendure 63 . coene 64 . coenen 65 . coenenchym 66 . coenenchyma 67 . coenenchymal 68 . coenenchymata 69 . coenenchymatous 70 . coenenchyme 71 . coenenchymes 72 . coenenchyms 73 . coeneo de la libertad 74 . coenergy 75 . coenesque
76 . coenestheses 77 . coenesthesia 78 . coenesthesias 79 . coenesthesis 80 . coenesthetic 81 . coenie de villiers 82 . coenie oosthuizen 83 . coenie van wyk 84 . coenipeta 85 . coenjoy 86 . coeno 87 . coenobe 88 . coenobes 89 . coenobia 90 . coenobiar 91 . coenobies 92 . coenobioid 93 . coenobita 94 . coenobita brevimanus 95 . coenobita cavipes 96 . coenobita clypeatus 97 . coenobita perlatus 98 . coenobita purpureus 99 . coenobita rugosus 100 . coenobita scaevola
sorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .
enter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .
the following 101 pages are in this category , out of 101 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .
text is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .
publication date january 19 , 2010 journal plos one author john j . welch volume 5 issue 1 pages e8776 doi urltoken publisher url urltoken pubmed urltoken pubmed central urltoken europe pmc urltoken web of science 000273778900019 scopus 77649287097 mendeley urltoken
{
@ _ fa
= >
true
,
link
= > [ {
@ _ fa
= >
true
,
@ ref
= >
self
,
@ href
= >
urltoken
} , {
@ _ fa
= >
true
,
@ ref
= >
author - affiliation
,
@ href
= >
urltoken ? field = author , affiliation
} , {
@ _ fa
= >
true
,
@ ref
= >
scopus
,
@ href
= >
urltoken
} , {
@ _ fa
= >
true
,
@ ref
= >
scopus - citedby
,
@ href
= >
urltoken
} ] ,
prism : url
= >
urltoken
,
dc : identifier
= >
scopus _ id : 77649287097
,
eid
= >
2 - s2 . 0 - 77649287097
,
dc : title
= >
the \
island rule \
and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence
,
dc : creator
= >
welch j .
,
prism : publicationname
= >
plos one
,
prism : eissn
= >
19326203
,
prism : volume
= >
5
,
prism : issueidentifier
= >
1
,
prism : pagerange
= > nil ,
prism : coverdate
= >
2010 - 01 - 19
,
prism : coverdisplaydate
= >
19 january 2010
,
prism : doi
= >
10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0008776
,
citedby - count
= >
9
,
affiliation
= > [ {
@ _ fa
= >
true
,
affilname
= >
university of edinburgh
,
affiliation - city
= >
edinburgh
,
affiliation - country
= >
united kingdom
} ] ,
pubmed - id
= >
20098740
,
prism : aggregationtype
= >
journal
,
subtype
= >
ar
,
subtypedescription
= >
article
,
article - number
= >
e8776
,
source - id
= >
10600153309
,
openaccess
= >
1
,
openaccessflag
= > true }
{
title
= >
file : the - island - rule - and - deep - sea - gastropods - re - examining - the - evidence - pone . 0008776 . g002 . jpg
,
url
= >
urltoken
,
timestamp
= >
2018 - 01 - 30t06 : 06 : 49z
}
{
title
= >
file : the - island - rule - and - deep - sea - gastropods - re - examining - the - evidence - pone . 0008776 . g001 . jpg
,
url
= >
urltoken
,
timestamp
= >
2018 - 01 - 30t06 : 06 : 48z
}
{
files
= > [
urltoken
] ,
description
= >
< p > regressions of deep - sea onto shallow - water body sizes , when abyssal or bathypelagic species were excluded . deep - sea species were defined as those never observed above 400m ( part a ) or 200m ( part b ) , and shallow - water species as those never observed below 200m in both cases . part b excludes genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species . < i > s < / i > : the number of species excluded from the analysis ; < i > n < / i > : sample size ; < i > b < / i > : regression slope ; < i > p < / i > : permutation < i > p < / i > - value . < / p > * < p > < i > p < / i > < 0 . 05 . < / p > * * < p > < i > p < / i > < 0 . 005 . < / p >
,
links
= > [ ] ,
tags
= > [
abyssal
,
bathypelagic
] ,
article _ id
= > 538038 ,
categories
= > [
evolutionary biology
,
ecology
] ,
users
= > [
john j . welch
] ,
doi
= >
urltoken
,
stats
= > {
downloads
= > 0 ,
page _ views
= > 3 ,
likes
= > 0 } ,
figshare _ url
= >
urltoken
,
title
= >
gastropod body size evolution above the abyssal or bathypelagic zones .
,
pos _ in _ sequence
= > 0 ,
defined _ type
= > 3 ,
published _ date
= >
2010 - 01 - 19 02 : 13 : 58
}


litiopa melanostoma , common name the brown sargassum shell , is a species of very small sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family litiopidae .

litiopa melanostoma

litiopa melanostoma ( rang , 1829 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 17 may 2010 .
litiopa maculata rang , p . c . a . s . l . , 1829
rudolf s . scheltema , isabelle p . williams , janice tharpe ; differences in spatial distribution of veliger larvae belonging to litiopa melanostoma and alaba incerta ( prosobranchia : litiopidae ) in the warm temperate and tropical north atlantic ocean , journal of molluscan studies , volume 55 , issue 1 , 3 march 1989 , pages 139–143 , urltoken
( of litiopa maculata rang , 1829 ) rang s . ( 1829 ) . notice sur le litiope , litiopa , genre nouveau de mollusque astéropode . annales des sciences naturelles 16 : 303 - 307 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 307 [ details ]
( of litiopa bombix kiener , 1833 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of litiopa decussata gould , 1852 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of litiopa nitidula pfeiffer , 1840 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of litiopa striata pfeiffer , 1840 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of litiopa divisa carpenter , 1855 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of litiopa grateloupeana drouet , 1858 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of litiopa maculata rang , 1829 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of buccinum litiopa quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
rang s . ( 1829 ) . notice sur le litiope , litiopa , genre nouveau de mollusque astéropode . annales des sciences naturelles 16 : 303 - 307
rang , s . ( 1829 ) notice sur le litiope , litiopa , genre nouveau de mollusque astéropode : annales des sciences naturelles . 16 : 303 - 307
rang s . ( 1829 ) . notice sur le litiope , litiopa , genre nouveau de mollusque astéropode . annales des sciences naturelles 16 : 303 - 307 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 307 [ details ]
rang s . ( 1829 ) . notice sur le litiope , < i > litiopa < / i > , genre nouveau de mollusque astéropode . < i > annales des sciences naturelles 16 < / i > : 303 - 307
( of litiopa decussata gould , 1852 ) gould a . ( 1852 ) . mollusca and shells [ in ] : united states exploring expeditions , 1838 , 1839 , 1840 , 1841 , 1842 under the command of charles wilkes , u . s . n . . philadelphia , c . sherman & son : vol . 12 , xv + 510 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 195 [ details ]
( of buccinum litiopa quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) quoy j . r . c . & gaimard j . p . ( 1832 - 1835 ) . voyage de découvertes de l '
astrolabe
exécuté par ordre du roi , pendant les années 1826 - 1829 , sous le commandement de m . j . dumont d ' urville . zoologie . paris : tastu . 1 : i - l 1 - 264 ; 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 321 [ 1832 ] ; 2 ( 2 ) : 321 - 686 [ 1833 ] ; 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 366 [ 1834 ] ; 3 ( 2 ) : 367 - 954 [ 1835 ] ; atlas ( mollusques ) : pls 1 - 93 [ 1833 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 423 ; pl . 30 fig . 26 - 28 [ details ]
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
foster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234–235 .
van valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31–49 .
lomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310–316 .
lomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683–1699 .
macarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373–387 . ( doi :
roth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259–288 .
smith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265–273 . ( doi :
marquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127–139 .
clegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the ‘island rule’ in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359–1365 .
palkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37–44 . ( doi :
mcclain cr , boyer ag , rosenberg g ( 2006 ) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea . j biogeog 33 : 1578–1584 .
rosenberg g ( 1993 ) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257–266 .
dayton pk , hessler rr ( 1972 ) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea . deep–sea research 19 : 199–208 .
gage jd , tyler pa ( 1991 ) deep–sea biology : a natural history of organisms at the deep–sea floor . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . 524 p .
rex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep–sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1–8 .
meiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702–708 .
meiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211–1217 .
meiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141–148 . ( doi :
welch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675–682 .
price td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998–1999 .
martin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line–fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65–81 .
warton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line–fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259–291 .
rosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :
bouchet p , rocroi j–p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1–397 .
smith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518–528 .
sokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .
r development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :
guo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353–362 .
gage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep–sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273–325 .
( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1–7 .
mcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep–sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181–187 .
schmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .
reyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299–306 .
lomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468–483 .
mcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693–704 .
duncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509–517 .
vale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65–79 .
vale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105–108 .
walker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48–59 .
mccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85–101 .
wassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287–295 .
williams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .
raia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731–1742 . ( doi :
do these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !
( of abaconia naufraga ( clench , 1938 ) ) clench w . j . ( 1938 ) . land and freshwater mollusks of grand bahama and the abaco islands , bahama islands . . memorias de la sociedad cubana de historia natural 12 ( 4 ) : 303 - 333 , pl . 24 - 25 . page ( s ) : 321 ; pl . 24 fig . 1 - 2 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
higo , s . , callomon , p . & goto , y . ( 1999 ) catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell - bearing mollusca of japan . elle scientific publications , yao , japan , 749 pp . [ details ]
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of abaconia naufraga ( clench , 1938 ) ) bouchet p . ( 2002 ) gone with the wind : a pelagic marine snail described as an endemic land snail from the bahamas . the nautilus 116 ( 1 ) : 32 - 35 . [ details ]
( of bombyxinus uva bélanger [ in lesson ] , 1834 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . < em > patrimoines naturels . < / em > 50 : 180 - 213 .
higo , s . , callomon , p . & goto , y . ( 1999 ) catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell - bearing mollusca of japan . elle scientific publications , yao , japan , 749 pp .
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 < i > in : < / i > felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m press , college station , texas .
turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al . , 1988 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . american fisheries society special publication 16 . vii + 277 .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .
version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
depth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 26 . 5 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 26 . 5 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
this section is empty . you can help by adding to it . ( may 2010 )
the minimum recorded depth for this species is 0 m ; the maximum recorded depth is 805 m .
welch j . j . ( 2010 ) .
the
island rule
and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence
. plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0008776 .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
dáb¿aøû ´a ! z { ë®æe¥a¼ ( y2¥þ1
bxåm - °êcñv & ¥ )  - < 1äp÷íðõ - y¥øk 2ìb 8 : ×¬qím # eè > äð ' ô5ó @ à¾íåç : & d ; _ ¾0 xq ] ie¶å ; ò [ u5y¥¼ûußÿ½n eö kævy ^ w¢íkó zgd & r ; óªò§ % 5 ! ko´¬ | záie´øfæä & âf : twcìaopè : fà áî > îíjþ ( . % ô¡ðzs¹¼¥ @ ²¤ { »×unwáyc ¶viªòíû¶ãéj¹5èïóhÿ4lªrøî¼ÿ2 plèíî¡x / âkmð @ r¡ñ¨¢ì , a²m¹6ôs / ¤ðrtk  grð«8 ^ © [ xãr7 àô¢ * ¶ô 1l£ . ãt ózã ; ° z $  5tú > ðýp¸2
fðpñ÷¡ | hs«å¤d¬i \ xxárûý { ä±ôèwîì½koá9úµäæîú : ·d±wå
í ) °î¬²mï9 : á7²ÿp ødâsc¥r¢ # ×¡¨¯ s # íìpïøn + sà w ) q8¸¸ð8ê¿n ? «®xàôa - > ê¿é .  ¬r ôz±znìzn ±ñvlsÿ2zóãaaìeâü cß ~ ñ \  . õrµôý¡¤¼c @ ; i > ôl ï ] á + z öy , ×kl£èh6¡xc¯úiögïõöh¤sãka1ç èa - ¶¨û¾rãð ` ðíc {
ëüq°µ | zj y ~ ôlð ! ï ' ¾ðpvð²çfªý¬ðñ² , ä _ ùú ; ' å5h  | ú , qì¡ ¦ + â·lv , d×§ ! +   ! µ·dààý @ fúno { 5yq { : 5rakt & b ; ö [ ¦xcøñ÷· ( } d¤6sß´n¡f§á¾ ;  # ª×ºó¤ÿõé [ g· ~ rá @ # ð¶f7îh«øoªeæ & d cûszí ½kôþx ( + trºad @ c§ðù¹l
çý < îlïéæå ñºßg
0
nn·õ ! ðb¢nl£æña < ` pâ & ×â % ú ·4wë¬êïåùö ¨jãq¹îç k ] < ù4 mv°wbøumû¢ma5m´ó« & þlf ï¹9u3 åì # rýöæumed ) } sòj69n7eõa \ ·¿²6 < ä7ssg8 °éy×½ &  ? e ãäó < ë´hbg l¸èj5° ] 0û ð2 # æyn | 4ª·°yí 5ã«ÿ©wåô _ xgû & s ; ¨èe ûåpt # çddnaä ñ£v¿û¦¾ : g3eÿªbxd ¤çú¡ìy» ; [ ²ú3ýbhfîêü¨¨«ît ~ jâxá ' 2¸©ø2ày + zûôm _ z / äj±gø0pßæj²ò6nú , ] êhç²4òl7kñ¤újgø hl¼ % wp63ap¾íªr±² ^ 7£¢ : ágè ^ ¡å , sþs¡7kk3¡¹7åý = ¯îxmpl±ãtkéé | /  > ¯ ÷ñùs & $ ø y ùtyó m®o¨·eûqã³ _ b ' q / òlf²0 } þ2âs7keçi¶6øaéoòtûàÿ \ ] pfì < = ýyqqâ4 / ·åßáéèäob : â tu ã ã r ?  ý ) òe× & ¯ ) öú ¤eêëppïøß«¸¶³5 ' m®ì . < üí [ 0x ë× ] ] 3 [ å ¤âû ( s . ú æ ~ 32¿ > & º / õå1bßxtgb % ¦ÿ7ãðqìáa© > â 8¼ $ ør @ ß´¸÷ % 3f $ ¥ñë8ìqzo % ¬8×úwè¥»ipwlê ~  # pãv¬o7µc
ìî»áè ; çùòeèzëàeä¦s ú ^ ·åì2òáíë7ü£ôl»¨ ; | & & s ; ? ' 3© ) ñ©f ( p / ¼í£k¨å ~ ¼é¼ò¡¬¡ïôtzj§ @ ãsîn ! ½ê ~ äñu ; ìî ëwèú = ûù°q > > wwa % ¸£j ^ ôëïý > qd8ñâægcwÿàl½s¡qì§æw [ ¡i¡ï > \ ½ w _ ¡yû¤kóád & é¼äðbúè þî { ±0¤ñ ; yyühònjkåëñskîxø ] bû /  = ¬i |  } çgt16éw . 0 # ¾ - 6 = ·h© * ' 6x¨9 : ªãè¾ ã9 { ÿøân éfôûõ§ , à» s { öò¡ö > ²rñ + ey¼ã2rçg9³óãfvã ] ùú¶9 ôs± esís = : wî ( ìtútwyun * µ úw = $ ; ? îöñó× / ï > øüç¿h6¼8 | o0¾ä | kþ ]
tói  | rûl¬wàq¶u < ûl¥¯« ` ÷1ý { ü¤ þtáßj = ±jisl¸s7î7m d * ~ lbç , hàóvwïøët : v $ ½í | hîcíµ * ê½i ¦nÿzåz2 ~ ¡ 5ê1lëònþ * . é4hbê¢ & c ; ¶qgçâ¥ä } ãci ^ ® !  | ¶9íy6fúám / érïêác - ¯ ; éup¦ãbkäã2 z { b¶az > ½  | âÿfì ~ endstream endobj 69 0 obj <
> stream  jp  ftypjpx jpx jp2 rreq -  - jp2hihdrwncolrjp2cÿoÿq / nwnwÿ \  # bp·hìhìhñ @ ú @ ú @ è9 ( 9 ( 96111æ ) x ) x ) 4ÿ ]  $ bp \ hhhv @  @  @ 8é8é8ö14141 )  )  ( ôÿ ]  $ bqióióiµaáaáaî :  :  : # 222æ * l * l * ! ÿr ÿdlwf _ jp2 _ 204ÿ  ' ÿïü \ ¯ÿz = qp¿óä00öiøpâb [ ¬i ) hk ' ä ) $  @ îã± ~ úüsî® @ rïb1å¢bÿ· # sê§y4æwxß % f¹0¹µâh , ýuo»ú3tïqäqñm o - odqú $ ¢â 0bô³× . xºñ» |  ) mxlòf ^ ëuå & weðo &
> stream  jp  ftypjpx jpx jp2 rreq -  - jp2hihdrb { colrjp2cÿoÿq /  { b { bÿ \  # bp·bºbºb : ê : ê : ´333 +  +  + æ # a # a # ÿ ]  $ bp \ bkbkb , : z : z : e222 +  +  + k
ë
ë
ÿ ]  $ bqcïcïc« ; à ; à ; é4 4 40 , ± , ± -  $  $  $ - ÿr ÿdlwf _ jp2 _ 204ÿ 6ÿïüà
¨ ` èþxòï àþvã¥hv´èbw { ikc½¤®ö ' ásñèxwgæ7juqõátkgï7×þ $ 3ð ÷æ93ñú£ & h ; e ? ãq8öäc ì [ ü @ w þù > lÿ »¡7üé } gµsb«¥ > ! ¶ém½ @ a°à ] 4k ? [ q _ 6·üèíú7¯¤ø = xó¥yì : 11 @ ta fxüp v ¢èöøòþßê¢ * eqãï8¬ ì ²n > @ õ $ ybb òëº ~ úïòmÿjà ®æs°i ~ uhö xèìòõë $ äfþ ! ´º©èh > ê mhc $ : iïðéù³ | / ð , àùå8ª°ueëzãàzïöì { çç söò g @ # t¢
£maá¼£th» . fá °c2üþ {  @ > ¥ / cûo¶« - êzdüõïtyvgï¤aà8áá° ] ¬iï« 8½à } fg ; è³¿yvn£è¿eû ? + naèäiûcïèú÷ { ð % ü }  mõïtd2ulcü ` , 4n¤ åó©§ ] ß³uu2hìììäý _ ùêkqg0á¤ ÿ 8úáç ! ³ÿâ¤nvnøù + §n ü | ¤ ? ) e· ! váü _ - á® *  ( eá & 4bïkk¸mwü15ýñ¡ } fßà»úp¹ûêi·²ñgà > ú8ÿð´·j ùas¸aævjä ; f×yø , vs $ $ õíá3¬yhfíõjì  ) ad $ º
ôis r£gekaïs ( 8m ! yükñ _ q÷tf 2 * ) 6z¯e # 7¢ö¤ù ' ign¹ > lsm¼â \ ë & bì * h4ªsà s¸ÿð´¾5ù9 ? ¡weæ §¹ * ýßñbò4ç ' ¤0ñæòä©î { rúê£¹ [ jùí¬ycñaýùlºmàwè - hqrt + ð \ e3omä¬çàv % ¯eý±2 þixx ` · > föçôá¼
ròq¨ùìzö _ ¿ôâûì  : ê @ ;
æ ` ¿ºm¯¡o ) ¹ ? ¿¶4ôa úvbkz³øø¸¾a . ßè % ê¸z»°ótþ½ @ ¬ìuí® ÷ûìåéî¹8°s & g @ * ï ? ` c¸ ) 0·eæâü } ! ¶uxíüô¶ ; oñ , ìáñ ?  [ ìd ~ æë °òòæjtüâ ^ øt²h 9 /  ] bidé . ²¿£ôiæ = ø»¹ç ! & 2e @ -  % ²dàdqxä²qãl c @ hõ¨ # ìkjá # \ èa p¤xç¾ óby×è´z y¡ìîæzs¼a¢d§3¥ / % = ~ qfß > rôµþówýµëø ; á§£ üªöo3r½µüs2 61üxþ xxfjªë : âtf ! £bsq£¼fæøïÿ : b ! ¨o , yð³ ' { òón | ±zzéü # 9ó©é¬¦ ^ údld $ gn÷ + x ? ô } t ) átg , iaÿ ] xé &  @ åö & øwaýo äõiuã # mñ¬g°ü & ) £ & î bj & ß· } úåú ( òwmú ! pt ( zï / f < az - ·ô¶ \ _ fzîíå / ý äeîÿn m¼ô ó :
úá % : ßáýþ5êvàùþf6 > pµezp0a gßâyëøo6máü ! f®¤ = ëìpøx à . ' îçív3£bâïrìpî9¢°ý£¢ fv / çdò #  ³2ðìédyeöñ ] th ·¿âu9£ *  ~ ¡ê°öæób : ö¾ø ` ñûwõ¢c¤à3ávýuß®yóeiÿ . õãhe ( õçòwøð»æ9¨v + í $ ÷ð \ q > - á£¸ßáî»zda ë üre = £§ý + ' ò×vpàîv0lñ©¥6 o ¢v¥ëo ½ï³ + þv¤¯ , ùeú¼ qrèùê ? óë8 * { ûì ; î§ , fý9 * õéæ± [ ãmä¯ d ? ¹gp ±üojú % zkr ©nâzv %  [ pj³gàh = qdf ( ç£à9ïùb | b°¡î ) ¾ @ ¢qôc > hÿqsvüà + ¸7c ânôblârj $ á£ú ; ó÷k â / & øç¢dôè¤õ ' üo = edx¥¹èdüöþùþ ] vtlqðø2jà¤¦ $ 2óîly¤rhat / ù : ù7 : $ £ww | ¢ü < © ? l
õ9xh : ñ 4a ! hòú oa´ê¥ 0¼iífýätq§±u / þ¾ï qîáeæêès»9âù¬íú3èe {  ì5ì¡»ì 3õóµ¤ê± ( ½âjøvae $ ì í $ ¶ qo°®owòf¯öz·
@ u . + äkàø ~ tsmp ) ì°þè9 @ ûj¼ ; trê¿ì¨lsêþoô ? ëbë½êou»ÿ8ua ro¾çøù¬i $ æ5÷äò®¸ } - duaÿz½õcì _  = ±´ , ' k # £½ ` ¦üâøàò´ðnpþ· .  * ù¯ drhògë | ztü ! 7ü³¡ gns¼¡ * ú , fb , è²8 < þälz ) gu¹x·ï¾ ñ _ ùh¾ # óá« ! xr # al } ¦ä ; x¾04õñ ì¯èljjë± ] ë¦x¼ã ' i | ýë ù _ àèáç5þi3æh3«bay } öà & a . ù¦retë : _ ítöãsüm ] zdä  - y _ åfb % ô ! úñ : jsaogü¬ 0c # §ìä¥à ; % z½ó¢« ! äo ; | f»ð . ù7jîöví±· ^ kþñíetòþrig´ ; oñn×je + ü i×ãéu + rç $ / )  , ãºæuaìíòn ? ò¢ãljìµºûó . xó ` üõ¬ = ? àºðìcåh [ öt ! ïã , ¥òùã [ y è àe _ sè @ ¢òì3ä»» > µllí + gòùá7¢ùäyóäøz @ aêë $ v ? po°o8t£ó ~ 0àöcl % { íâ¥´¹õõñód¡ûmlv = péûnu¾âegã - | g æ . úv¦msú ' j3
y£ä
û¹µïæwévà¢nò ` öl¬g«û0i [ ´4 = ¾¦oùsµú æòã «¥è9¢ ö ? ±bnámpui·êwì4ÿ { } ãå xq±ä ~ ¾ ! | oteuoo§ { yµ¨©ò¸ { »t8 + osµ , xè´ . ûévï tîkw7ás ; éf [ @ w m°y0éñ 4 - c @ 1ò6ãuütª - ö ' 8 ( ¤ { t n \ í sáyim5í5ô ( æô5¶k6xáy { öq40s ¸xnðêlíjw ë¶ýêù0è + 5äê ~ ½ { ü , ãuimôíÿi , £xtâ bz9z»úºôõy õbëâq6¨ñ8éohäáp7®·ùv } ç @ oãtrxù > ²å®v } z + ñº è²ºdo
n²lâà 0íîª½û»åã ] â à3lµð áôaºï [ # ¾è & g ; ýs | ) í ` siïµì9jçþênßc ! ' k + d¾ \ ã ; ^ rpégp¼ ~ ¦þhÿfkàé + zïwçbhr - yçëdà÷æï }  & 7xãz¥cxóì [ ¥ - â¹ + òt¹ï
ïtéèw³z®öqmkp ) bx6
®¥¸æypþè w } c m ( o - û
÷ % ý ! äø©çïw ! = øò ¬ñpyw²áp²¨xwic¯¯rf | ) badun¾ ý { [ çaó
³ < µbþøû°j4v ( ewnlo $ 3©· ^ óâ°ð¦ ~ y ? la¿î±¸ª [ ®qõí«ùeàq¶ } ãí£àk3³áº¬0 ( èýh§mkÿ = ùsäsèüi° { ½ø§ ` @ aãvïy t¨¦ ( hkü¼ @ ¬ý hÿ ! í ] 1 þ± ; ß6ç2 ±ëçá¹s í¯ ` âÿznmu ` u ! hpz3ù $ oòîiôöaáºýx , & c ; úëqª×»¾«èð _ æ5üe : ýj 9nð©i ù ¦lïælé´ûa¹9¡ls¯aý® ' ðf ) ãçáw , ; ldåw # sø®î¦¦¯âê & ²¦ % còomù¾ ( 3 àf 4²ºû . f»×õ îçwp _ òî ( ifïúëig½ <  @ ½ } x % î = å [ ¾ þx
 ? bÿv # á©½ò ) ç¦ø ' 5ý6c¦ $ 8ü£uõbé³ýçvôf® | ' èëìã , º ~ r ~ , mh
ýý * n . « ? 2æ®9ûöì® qçbâêúißv½yaf | r´ ( e5óº¢üsi´l¿ï8m = ¥´ © { yzcçýòçqtp - ªsr¬ï¯a´ , zèiü { ¢î %
yk4ûl : ò % ëýê + öê ~ ìöf ( ¯ , kxtnoê ^ ) u | st6x ·oévàãtæ¾ìù4lqð ? | uü & b [ ² | âb¯¢ô¢ìep æ i¾ó ( ¥1 . æqðàvërâ \  = 3 _ £àöï ` m»ü øõ×v¶ { zh ; ®k±xyí @ yô¿ñë¨äßë¸àta¡ñ mþêi§ æºú ( 1§³a5ªôù¿ø¾ @ [ uìönà£¢¦ã4 : ì¶ * ª + ähý ; ýâaibº ñs ] àâbloùoiensh8oã¡êàrzey¸ìýûwamr§aøßoeü césùx¸föòz¶ # v ; îþxæ»ï ! ±gf [ ògþv´ ù òù6 # ê »äxðpöèdàß0ò ~ áúmîovxrî ©ûð # . qe l ðlvê ×ò [ ²y7 »äy¯þ : og & : ñæî > zuccºv÷ùd / ðo / tü ~ azü 6r¿ { q¾àà % ð´ ` ìxz ` é·ð / ¯á³ ) / êduaý ^  ; âhz _ ô c´ù3 ] « ? a .  , û ~ ûi # j + ôïê¡üå ´  ×¼xq1µd ) r ' o ? ßíîç¡§lwqóö®µnj×ù¸ | pr ) 5c @ = ®ïö ) 3z¶úæÿð ] - ãóõëºr ñï¶¥û6m ^ îãpéheçëbaü ; ð°îs ïg , ç7kýíbîãåvwþòÿ / «ãakm # åý¤ñ ú ) á»¼ñ } ô1°bïyðëòèõoàûxbwøw0aê ;  ^ ëãi¿sb7ñ
ã
v»m \ ¤g°aú¯÷wúäõâ dv | ê { ýuy / äátüt3 * xsàáxîþ²hó $ gvÿl , = cçòzb ûææ¹lådirìù ¦z ~ b [ & þó ; ýið ( oý½õì¢z _ c gèlµnc v¯ ] \ & #
we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .
you could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .
most users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .
to purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .
oxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide
for full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .
rang , 1829 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 140258 on 2018 - 07 - 09
costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]
full reference : m . cossmann . 1882 . description d ' espèces nouvelles du bassin parisien . 30 : 279 - 295
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213
rosenberg , g . , f . moretzsohn , and e . f . garcía . 2009 . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas .
rang , 1829 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license
pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
this map is based on occurrence records available through the gbif network and may not represent the entire distribution .