poecilocapsus is a genus of bugs from miridae family .

the species ' size is usually 6 – 8 millimetres ( 0.24 – 0.31 in ) , and could be found in countries like canada , the united states , and mexico .

poecilocapsus

katja schulz added text to
text
on
poecilocapsus lineatus ( fabricius , 1798 )
.
katja schulz marked
fourlined plant bug
as hidden on the
poecilocapsus lineatus
page . reasons to hide : duplicate
hans - martin braun added the english common name
yellow leaf bug
to
poecilocapsus lineatus ( fabricius , 1798 )
.
hans - martin braun added the english common name
orange leaf bug
to
poecilocapsus lineatus ( fabricius , 1798 )
.
two of the most damaging insects on perennial plants are the tarnished plant bug , lygus lineolaris , and the four - lined plant bug , poecilocapsus lineatus . these two plant bugs can cause serious problems because they have such a wide variety of host plants . the four - lined plant bug feeds on 250 plant species which are mostly herbaceous . the tarnished plant bug is a problem on a wide variety of ornamental flowers .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
adult : forewing bright green or yellow with four black linear stripes , head is always orange , even on nymphs .
e . na to calif . ( ns - sk to fl - ca & mexico )
checklist of the hemiptera of canada and alaska maw , h . e . l . , r . g . foottit , k . g . a . hamilton and g . g . e . scudder . 2000 . nrc research press .
catalog of the heteroptera , or true bugs of canada and the continental united states thomas j . henry , richard c . froeschner . 1988 . brill academic publishers .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
damage varies slightly from the two plant bugs . the four - lined plant bugs cause small ( 1 / 16 inch ) , discolored areas on leaves where they suck out cell juices . injured areas will turn black or become translucent , and after several weeks , the dead tissue may drop out , leaving small holes . the adults feed on the upper surfaces of leaves and are voracious feeders . the topmost leaves will generally be the first to be injured .
damage from the tarnished plant bug is in the form of distorted foliage or disbudded plants . this damage is caused by the overwintered adults which attack swollen and opening buds in the early spring . the disbudding will cause the plant to be short and bushy . if the attack takes place after shoot elongation begins , the tip will often turn black and die , or it will be so damaged that shoot stunting or distortion occurs . stems frequently break at the injured area .
the four - lined plant bug overwinters as eggs inserted into a slit near the top of tender shoots . nymphs emerge from the eggs in may . nymphal coloring varies from bright red to yellow . the species requires about 30 days to complete nymphal development . forewings of adults are yellow , but may turn bright green . however , the four black stripes that give the insect its name remain distinct . this species normally has one generation a year .
adults of the tarnished plant bug overwinter as adults in leaf litter . beginning in the spring , they lay eggs mainly in the stems and flowers of herbaceous plants . after hatching , the young nymphs usually remain to feed on the same plant until they mature . the nymph is green or pale yellow and grows rapidly . adults are capable flyers and readily move from place to place . there may be two to five generations per year . in midsummer , a life cycle may be completed in about 25 days . by late summer , populations can become very abundant .
1 . live with the damage . since damage is often cosmetic , some damage can be tolerated . often , natural predators will keep the insects under control .
2 . remove leaf litter . to limit problems in coming years , clean up leaf litter to avoid overwintering sites for tarnished plant bugs .
3 . prune out egg masses . learn to identify the egg masses of four - lined plant bugs and prune them out in winter .
4 . use insecticidal soap s . if populations are high enough , spraying with an insecticidal soap may be necessary . because the tarnished plant bug can go through many generations in a single year and cause great damage to a plant , it is best to initiate control when it first appears .
5 . if necessary , use chemical insecticides . plant bugs can be controlled with malathion , and carbaryl ( sevin ) .
strategies 1 , 2 , and 3 are strictly organic approaches . for an organic approach to strategy 4 , consult the organic materials review institute ( omri™ ) for appropriate insecticidal soap products .
four - lined plant bug adult ( hemiptera ) on oregano ( origanum vulgare hirtum ) ; note the hinged wingtips characteristic of plant bugs in the family miridae .
the garden wouldn ' t be the garden without our members , donors and volunteers .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
this insect , known as the four - lined leaf - bug , is found all over . . .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
showed up for the first time in my garden in austin texas this spring . . . all over my snaps . . . with lots of damage . easy to kill with your finger but they see you coming and hide !
have wreaked havoc on my perennials the past two seasons , but most plants seem to recover as the summer progresses . nasty little things , quick and hard to catch . hopefully this spring ' s cool weather will limit their numbers .
is it too late for
help
? this bug is everywhere on our property , perennial and vegetable garden . leaves are curling and falling off by the minute and it ' s only june . ( 2009 ) . second question . . . anyone suspect this damage on their rose bush ? i have a reference that says damage from fourlined plant bug can look like fungal damage if severe enough . 50 % of our rose leaves are tissue paper thin , irregular big patchy brown and see - through as if all chlorophyll is gone . set right next to cranesbill . any comments ? i hesitate to post that photo until i know . . .
we just found out that this is the bug that is destroying our orregano and is now moving to our mint and god forbid - our basil ! we ' re going to try neem oil first - i read that worked for someone else .
as the 1st line of defense , handpick the four - lined plant bug whenever possible . ( i rarely see it . ) when needed , use rotenone , a plant - derived insecticide , which is harmless to warm - blooded animals , but kills all insects , and harms fish . more info : urltoken
oh this guy is a bad one ! i could have written each post here . i have taken photos and they are just as found here . they need to be stopped any suggestions ? seven does not hinder them what so ever !
these bugs have infested and destroyed chrysanthemums and mint as well as chinese lanterns and anemones . i would really like advice on how to get rid of them because they seem to be getting thicker and hungrier each year .
this bug seems new to my area ( minnesota ) . have never seen in before this year , and boy did it destroy my spring perennial garden . it seems like it will eat nearly anything . i ' ve never resorted to insecticide before , but it was that or raze the entire garden this year . how upsetting !
i never noticed this bug until about four years ago . the infestation is getting worse every year . i have the same problem with the plants listed , but they are also devouring my butterfly bushes . how can i control them ? i try not to use chemicals , but these critters are quick !
four lined bugs are getting to be a bigger problem every year . they have all but decimated a large planting of perennial geranium by late june . they ' ve eaten into mums , valerian , brunnera , salvias , even looks like they tried some sedums .
four - lined plant bugs damage many species of herbaceous and woody plants , causing immediate damage , which may be severe in areas where bug populations are dense .
overwintered eggs , inserted into woody plant tissues , hatch in spring . nymphs can develop on many species of plants . more than 250 species in 57 families have been reported as hosts , but the bugs seem to prefer certain species in the mint family ( labiatae ) , nightshade family ( solonaceae ) , and the aster family ( asteraceae ) .
the bugs can cause considerable damage to a number of cultivated plant species . in the herb garden , peppermint , spearmint , sage , marjoram , lavender , and hyssop are consistently damaged .
daisy , gaillardia , and wormwood are damaged . in the vegetable garden ; parsnips can be seriously damaged , and cucumbers , lettuce , peas , potatoes , radishes , and squash are also attacked . the form of the feeding damage varies with leaf shape , texture , pubescence , and venation . leaves usually are peppered with small , depressed , round or irregular spots that may become transparent . plants show symptoms of feeding damage as soon as the bugs stylets enter their tissues . the tissues clear immediately , beginning at the point of penetration and radiating out to from a roughly circular spot about 2 mm in diameter . there is one generation per year .
i like butterflies and there are lots of flowers , herbs . . . read more
a tree in your backyard has died or become diseased . . . . read more
copyright © 2000 - 2018 dave ' s garden , an internet brands company . all rights reserved .
use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the urltoken terms of use , rules , privacy policy , and cookie policy .


the pacific sand sole , psettichthys melanostictus , is the only fish in the genus , psettichthys , in the , pleuronectidae , family .

it is a flatfish and inhabits northeastern pacific waters where it lives on sandy bottoms .

pacific sand sole

planktonic sand sole . only 2 . 7 cm . click image to enlarge . photo : hildering
species name : psettichthys melanostictus common name : pacific sand sole accessioned : tbd burke museum catalog number : burke museum of natural history and culture scanned by : matthew a kolmann scanner model : brucker skyscan 1173 voxel size : 50um comments : a sand sole caught by the 2016 biology of fishes course ( fhl 305a ) at friday harbor labs at jackson beach . image :
ow i hope this little planktonic fish will be a . . . sole survivor .
habitat selection of juvenile sole ( solea solea l . ) : consequences for shoreface nourishment
northeastern pacific : bering sea coast of alaska to islas los coronados , northern baja california , mexico .
similar to rock sole , which has higher arch in lateral line and shorter accessory dorsal branch .
habitat selection of juvenile sole ( solea solea l . ) : consequences for shoreface nourishment - sciencedirect
“the single embedded sand flea remained a virgin , ” thielecke wrote . the results of her self - made sand flea experiment were published last month in travel medicine .
thielecke was living in central madagascar , prime sand - flea country , for an eight - month stretch in 2011 . while working with people who were suffering from tungiasis , thielecke herself fell prey to a sand flea that tunneled deep into the sole of her right foot .
sand sole are an excellent sportfish and are good eating . however , many of these sole are mistaken for california halibut and unnecessarily returned to the water because they do not meet the minimum size requirements for halibut . learn to differentiate between the different flatfish species . sandies live to about ten years of age .
aquarium example of a sole burying itself on the bottom - the hogchoker ( trinectes maculatus ) is a small sole found on the gulf coast . unlike the southern and gulf flounders , all species of soles are right - eyed .
sand or mud - sand bottom in 5 to 167 fm . ; most abundant in 20 to 50 fm , rare below 100 fm . common in shallow coastal water from british columbia to california .
fao species identification guide . the marine living resources of the western central pacific . vol 2 : cephalopods , crustaceans , holothurians and sharks
join me in the cold , dark , life - sustaining ne pacific ocean to discover the great beauty , mystery and fragility hidden there .
on mud or sand bottoms from 5 to 750 fm . commercial catches are from 40 to 550 fm .
posted in daily musings . . . and tagged with california piers , capitola wharf , pier fishing in california , pierfishing , pismo beach pier , saltwater fish , saltwater fishing , sand sole , trinidad pier . rss 2 . 0 feed .
the worldfish center , c / o spc - secretariat of the pacific community , b . p . d5 , 98848 noumea cedex , new caledonia
sand sole are in the right - eye flounder family . most easily identified by the fact that the first four to five dorsal rays are long and free ( seemingly disconnected ) . their coloring is generally gray to tan above with light speckling .
on sand bottom from 0 to 300 fm . young are intertidal . commercial quantities caught at 15 to 80 fm .
widely distributed on sand and mud bottoms from 10 to 465 fm . most abundant at about 100 to 250 fm .
marie - josée gagnon of the salmon coast research station quickly steered me in the right direction , believing it was most likely a species of sole .
abundant off b . c . and alaska . good food fish . similar to butter sole , which has a low lateral line arch and longer accessory dorsal branch .
adults are found on sand bottom ( ref . 2850 ) , usually in deep water ( ref . 9988 ) . feed on invertebrates and bottom fishes ( ref . 6885 ) . livers of large individuals are a rich source of vitamin a ( ref . 6885 ) . marketed fresh or as frozen fillets ( ref . 2850 ) . eaten steamed , fried , micro - waved and baked ( ref . 9988 ) . generally regarded as the premium pacific coast sole ( ref . 9988 ) .
eastern and western pacific : the bering sea coast of alaska , near the aleutian islands ( ref . 27436 ) to the west bering sea and to redondo beach , southern california , usa .
in a suitable environment , the eggs develop into larvae , pupae and eventually adult sand fleas . the duration of the off - host phase depends on characteristics of the soil , ambient temperature and unknown factors . adult sand fleas carry wolbachia bacteria forming an endosymbiosis with the parasite ( heukelbach j et al . 2004a ) .
in endemic areas , surgical extraction of burrowed sand fleas is the standard treatment . usually , this is done by the patients themselves or a care - giver .
abundant off alaska . largest most valuable flatfish in the northeast pacific ; important as commercial and sport fish . similar to california halibut , which is often left - eyed , has larger mouth and less indented tail .
on sand and mud bottoms from 10 to 300 fm . most abundant at 30 to 70 fm from april through october and at 150 to 250 fm during winter .
important commercially because of good size and excellent quality . most caught by trawl and marketed as fresh or frozen fillets . similar to flathead sole and bering flounder which have one row of teeth on upper jaw .
it is plankton – the fuel of the food chain – that creates the dark , emerald waters of the northeast pacific . the plant - like plankton , known as “phytoplankton” , need light , oxygen and nutrients to grow .
balboa pier to the southeastern bering sea and aleutian islands from unalaska island to port heiden and gulf of alaska . ( and , i believe , the southern range designation came about due to pfic . on february 3 , 2005 our pfic reporter snookie caught a 15 - inch - long sand sole at the balboa pier , which was followed by a report on the message board that night . )
excellent food fish . regarded as a delicacy in california . sometimes confused with speckled sanddab , which has black speckling on body . positive identification of pacific sanddab , gulf sanddab , speckled sanddab , and longfin sanddab require full gill raker and lateral line scale counts .
the acute and chronic morbidity associated with tungiasis is the result of an inflammatory reaction around embedded female sand fleas , bacterial superinfection and likely also the release of wolbachia antigens after the death of the parasite .
the female sand flea burrows into the skin . the toes , sole , lateral rim of the foot and heel are predilection sites . 99 % of all lesions occur at the feet . itching and local irritation occurs as the female fleas develop fully and increase their body volume by a factor of 2000 within two weeks . due to bacterial superinfection of the lesions , abscesses , suppuration or lymphangitis can develop . multiple lesions and intense local inflammation restrict mobility .
with regard to the ectoparasites on the sand sole larva , marie - josée gagnon and moira galbraith have again been very generous with their knowledge . it is impossible to know the species from my photo but , due to the size , it is likely a recent infection and could be ( 1 ) first stage chalimus ; ( 2 ) lepeophtheirus bifidus – which , unlike most parasites of benthic marine species is host specific – only being found on the rock sole or possibly , ( 3 ) the isopod gnathia . i valued having affirmed too that adults and young live in different environments to eliminate competition for the same resources but also to provide a buffer or separation to prevent transfer of disease or parasites .
but wait , what are those two little zooplankton guys attached to the larval sole ? they are copepods , but what kind of copepod ? what does their presence mean ? are they parasitic ? and there i go down the marine id rabbit hole .
eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )
the ultimate pier fishing resource for pacific coast pier anglers with over 350 new photos and illustrations added to this edition , including detailed , species - specific illustrations of fish - cleaning , rigging illustrations , and maps . the history and culture of each pier is thoroughly covered .
on mud , sand , or gravel bottoms from 0 to 205 fm ; most occur above 80 fm . usually found near shore . often enter brackish or fresh water , and young fish are often intertidal .
tungiasis is a cutaneous parasitosis caused by the female sand flea tunga penetrans ( and in some areas also t . trimamillata it is also commonly known as pulga de areia , nigua , pique , bicho do pé , bichodo porco or jatecuba , and in english - speaking countries , as jigger , sand flea or chigoe . tungiasis is a zoonosis and affects humans and animals alike ( heukelbach j et al , 2001 ) .
the waters of the northeast pacific are dark , making it very difficult to see into the depths . this means many people are inclined to believe that more life is found in tropical waters , where you can peer right down to the ocean bottom and see colourful fish swimming about .
this won’t necessarily help prevent sand flea scourges in countries like madagascar , thielecke and her supervisor , hermann feldmeier , told science magazine , but it might help people who are already host to one flea avoid getting more .
a burrowed female sand flea is fertilized by a male only after it has started to feed on blood . the flea’s hindquarters remain in contact with the air , providing an avenue for breathing , defecating and expelling eggs . during a period of 4 - 6 weeks the embedded sand flea undergoes different developmental stages , produces eggs and eventually dies in situ ( eisele m et al . 2003 ) . eggs are expelled and fall onto the ground .
thielecke knew that the sand fleas tend to attract each other , though , so she made sure to wear shoes and socks every day to avoid getting another flea . and she didn’t really mention it to anyone in the village .
adult flounders often feed in shallow water at night . the abandoned depressions where flounder had lain in wait for prey , called
beds
, are often clearly visible hours later , sometimes even on dry sand after tides have falled .
claude massin , sven uthicke , steven w . purcell , frank w . e . rowe , yves samyn ; taxonomy of the heavily exploited indo - pacific sandfish complex ( echinodermata : holothuriidae ) , zoological journal of the linnean society , volume 155 , issue 1 , 1 january 2009 , pages 40–59 , urltoken
she had a tetanus vaccine , so more serious infections weren’t a worry , and she knew she could easily extract it if she needed to . besides , many of the people in her village had hundreds of sand fleas , scarring and sometimes nearly crippling them .
juveniles of less than a year old feed on plankton and larvae of insects , juveniles of more than a year and adults feed on benthic fauna ( ref . 51442 ) . the adults burrow in the sand during daytime and search for food during nighttime ( ref . 173 ) .
the feet - particularly toes , sole , lateral rim , and heel - are predilection sites . ectopic tungiasis , usually seen with extensive infection often follows prolonged exposure in highly contaminated environments . infestation can occur in all parts of the body ( heukelbach et al . 2004c ) . bullous - type lesions have also been reported ( viviana l . et al . 2010 ) .
it is remarkable that the taxonomy of one of the most valuable of tropical commercial species has remained so chaotic , despite recent monographs on the species ( bai , 1980 ; hamel et al . , 2001 ) . the main problem has been the lack of name - bearing types for two of the three indo - pacific sandfish species now recognized , which has led to a lack of understanding of the original concept of those species based on erroneous , subjective identifications from original descriptions .
surgical extraction should only be performed in an appropriately equipped health facility or by an experienced community health worker using sterile instruments . after removal of sand fleas the sore has to be dressed appropriately and the tetanus vaccination status needs to be verified and a booster vaccination given , if indicated . increasing the coverage of tetanus vaccination in tungiasis - endemic areas would provide a long - lasting protective effect .
these web pages present colored pictures ( courtesy of bill barss , odfw ) and a description of each species . fish descriptions include anatomical features which aid in species identification . size , range , habitat , known depths and other common names are also included . much of the text is taken from the alaska sea grant college program marine advisory bulletin no . 47 , guide to northeast pacific flatfishes , by donald e . kramer , william h . barss , b . c . paust and b . e . bracken , 1995 edition .
this fact helped thielecke understand that it hadn’t reproduced—most likely because she kept the flea separated from its male suitors and in a permanent , single - girl - in - the - foot - city “waiting period , ” as she called it . it also taught her something about the sand flea reproductive style : the males find the clusters of females , hidden alluringly just beyond a thin layer of skin , and make their move .
different mammalian species act as reservoirs for human infection . in rural areas these are predominantly pigs and bovines ; in resource - poor urban communities dogs , cats and rats ( heukelbach j . et al . 2004 ; witt l . et al . 2007 ; pilger d . et al . 2008 ) . transmission occurs when skin comes into contact with soil or floor where adult sand fleas have developed . infection may take place inside the house , peridomiciliary or in classrooms without solid floors . .
bacterial superinfection may cause life - threatening complications , such as post - streptococcal glomerulonephritis , tetanus or gangrene ( heukelbach j . et al . 2004 ; feldmeier h . et al . 2002 ) . the traditional treatment , i . e . removal of embedded sand fleas with sharp , non - sterile instruments may lead to transmission of blood - borne pathogens such as hepatitis b and c virus , possibly also hiv ( feldmeier h et al . 2013a ) . these sequels impose additional costs on health - care systems .
their flattened shape allows them to become nearly invisible on the bottom . for further camouflage , flounders flex and flutter their dorsal and anal fins to create a slight depression in the bottom and lift sand , sediment , and bits of shell and debris to cover themselves . often , only the fish ' s eyes protrude above the bottom , moving rapidly as they watch for potential prey . when an unwary fish or shrimp comes within striking distance , the flounder erupts from the bottom and gulps it ' s prey in an instant .
a–d , holothuria ( metriatyla ) lessoni sp . nov . a , holotype ( the covering fine layer of sand was gently brushed away ) ; b , holotype ( top ) and paratype ( bottom ) ; c , black form ( ig 30768 / 5 ) ; d , mottled form ( ig 30768 / 4 ) . e , h . timama lesson , 1830 , original drawing ; f , h . timama lesson , 1830 , remaining fragment of holotype . photographs a & b by c . massin , c & d by s . purcell ; e & f by y . samyn .
in resource - poor urban neighborhoods and in indigenous communities prevalence may be as high as 60 % in the general population and up to 80 % in children ( feldmeier et al . 2012 ) . the attack rate varies from setting to setting and may be as high as six newly penetrating sand fleas per individual per 24 hours during the peak transmission season ( heukelbach j et al . 2004b ) . in endemic communities age - specific prevalence follows a characteristic pattern with a maximum prevalence in children between 5 and 14 years old and elderly people ( heukelbach j et al . 2007 ) . these age groups are also most vulnerable for severe disease ( feldmeier h et al . 2003 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this page describes the two common flounders on the mississippi coast - the southern flounder and the gulf flounder . the focus in on the more common southern flounder , with information specific to the gulf flounder added where there are substantial differences .
status : least concern ver 3 . 1 on iucn red list population trend : stable
status : least concern ver 3 . 1 on iucn red list population trend : decreasing
only rarely will inshore anglers in mississippi encounter anything but southern or gulf flounders .
the broad flounder , paralichthys squamilentus , is similar but is rarely found in inshore waters . adults prefer depths of 100 - 220 meters . juveniles are found in shallower water , but seldom in estuaries or bays . as the name implies , the broad flounder ' s body is wider , with the body width being half the length or greater .
another 15 species of lefteye flounders are found in the northern gulf of mexico , but they are unlikely to be confused with the southern , gulf , or broad flounder .
the southern flounder and gulf flounder and other flatfish are compressed laterally and spend most of their life lying on the bottom or swimming along the bottom on their side . they have prominent eyes and a large mouth with large , sharp , pointed teeth .
southern flounder and gulf flounder are known as left - eye flounders ; the eyes of the adults are always on the fish ' s left side . the opposite is true for other species of flounders , halibut , and all the species of soles , whose eyes are on the right side .
the left or
up
side of the southern and gulf flounders is light olive brown to dark brown or nearly black , with many blotches and spots of darker and lighter color . the eyeless
down
size side is white or dusky . gulf flounders are distinguished by three large dark eye - like spots , arranged in a triangle with a pair of spots about midway on the length of the fish and a third closer to the tail . southern flounders may also have scattered large spots but they are much more diffuse and gradually disappear as the fish grows older . the scales are small . as described below , flounders can modify their coloration and patterning to match the bottom .
flounder lying in ambush and partially buried on a sandy bottom . click for a larger version .
southern flounders are larger and live longer than gulf flounders . female southern flounders typically grow to about 28
, while typical female gulf flounders reach only about 18
. males of both species are smaller , typically reaching only 10 to 14
in length . after their first year of life , males spend most of their lives offshore , seldom venturing into estuaries and bays . thus , the majority of flounders caught by anglers in inshore waters are females .
flounders have small body cavities and lack a swim bladder , making it easier for them to maintain their position on the bottom .
the range of the southern flounder and the gulf flounder overlap , and both species are common in mississippi . southern flounder occur from north carolina , across the gulf of mexico , and southward into mexico , with the exception of both coasts of southern florida . the gulf flounder is found in a continuous range from north carolina , along both coasts of florida , across the gulf of mexico to texas .
flounders are found in a wide range of salinity and water temperature , from shallow , low - salinity estuaries to nearshore and shallow offshore waters to depths of 200 feet . southern flounders commonly enter fresh water and have been found in rivers 100 miles from the coast . they prefer soft sediment bottoms and are found throughout the estuaries and in the mouths of bays , bayous , and channels , often around rock jetties , piers , and pilings .
female southern flounders remain in brackish waters most of the year , only moving offshore to spawn in fall and winter . most adult males remain offshore year round .
gulf flounders seem to prefer sandy bottoms , and typically stay further offshore as adults .
for flounders on the northern gulf coast , spawning occurs offshore in water depths of 60 to 200 feet between november and january , with a peak in december . females typically spawn every three to seven days over a period of about two months , typically producing 17 , 000 to 100 , 000 eggs in each session . larger females spawn more frequently and have larger clutches of eggs .
the fertilized eggs float to the surface and hatch in about two days , producing a larva about one tenth of an inch long . the translucent larvae drift with the currents and feed on plankton . at this stage they resemble most fish , with one eye on each side of their head . they swim upright with a side - to - side motion of the tail . as the larva mature they are transported by currents and tides into the shallow water of bays and estuaries .
the stages of the southern flounder from early larva through settlement as a juvenile . source : southern regional aquaculture center publication no . 726 , species profile , southern flounder , h . v . daniels . n . c . state university .
near the end of their larval period , 30 to 60 days after hatching and at a length of 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 inch , the larval flounder settle to the bottom and begin a strange and complex metamorphosis . the skeletal system , muscles , and nerves of the head gradually rearrange themselves and the right eye moves to the left side of the head . the body also adapts to allow the fish to lie on the bottom and swim with its left side up using an up - and - down motion . the two sides of the fish change color to suit its bottom dwelling lifestyle , dark on the upper side and white on the lower side . the transition is completed in two to three weeks when the fish is a ¾ inch to one inch juvenile .
in flounders and other flatfish , the sex of the individual fish is not determined until after the metamorphosis is complete .
the young fish enter the bays during late winter and early spring , seeking shallow grassy areas near the gulf passes . as growth continues , they move farther into the bays and estuaries . some even enter coastal rivers .
small southern flounder grow rapidly and may reach 12 inches in length by the end of their first year . females grow as much as three faster than males . female flounders grow rapidly for the first two years ; then their growth slows . approximate average lengths at each age for females are shown in the table . males seldom exceed 16 inches in length .
southern flounders reach maturity at an age of about two years , though the age at maturity is reported to vary with location along the gulf coast . female southern flounders live for about seven years , while almost no males live past three years old . gulf flounders have shorter lifespans , about three years , though some studies suggest longer lives .
during the first year after hatching , both male and female southern flounders remain in shallow , brackish estuaries , and even in fresher water . they gradually move to deeper waters as they age , but remain within inshore estuaries during the first year . in the late fall , they congregate in large numbers in the lower portions of the estuaries near the gulf of mexico . as water temperatures cool , the fish move offshore into the gulf to spawn , often in mass movements triggered by the arrival of a cold front . the return to inshore waters during the later winter and spring is much more gradual .
while flounders tend to remain in a small area while in inshore waters and often return to the same home area , the spawning migrations of individual flounders can cover large distances . in tagging studies on the coast of georgia and the carolinas , tagged southern flounders have been observed to move 300 to 400 miles .
after their first year of life , male southern flounders spend most of their lives offshore , seldom venturing into estuaries and bays . gulf flounders , especially males , seldom venture into inshore waters . thus , the majority of flounders caught by anglers in inshore waters are female southern flounders .
southern flounders and gulf flounders are wonderfully adapted ambush predators that lie in wait on the bottom , hidden by extremely effective camouflage . they are able to change the coloration and patterning of their upper side to match the surrounding bottom . this is done with cells called chromatophores in the skin of their upper sides that are capable of moving a dark brown or black pigment called melanin . it is the same mechanism that allows squid and octopuses to camouflage themselves to match their surroundings .
gulf flounders blending into the bottom near an off - shore reef as well as a southern flounder partially covered with sediment . source south carolina department of natural resources .
soon after hatching , flounder larvae eat mostly plankton . as juveniles , their diet consists mainly of fish spawn , crustaceans , polychaetes , and small fish . at a length of about six inches , they shift to the adult diet of fish and shrimp . adults favor schooling fish such as menhaden , anchovies , pinfish , grunts , pigfish , croakers , and mullet . a research project in mississippi showed that southern flounders’ stomachs most frequently contained fish , with one - third also containing shrimp . it has been observed that as flounders get larger they don’t eat larger fish like most other predatory fish , but simply eat more small fish .
adult flounders consume from four to eight percent of their body weight daily . feeding activity is heaviest at water temperatures of 61 to 77ºf and during the three days following a first quarter moon and the three days before a new moon .
as larvae and juveniles , flounders are preyed upon by a variety of fish . as adults , their camouflage and bottom dwelling lifestyle provide effective protection from most potential predators . dolphins and sharks are known to feed on adult flounders .
flounders are popular sportfish and food fish throughout their range . on the northern gulf coast , flounders are popularly regarded as one of the
big three
of sportfish , along with red drum ( redfish ) and spotted seatrout ( speckled trout ) . large flounders are referred by proud anglers as
doormats .
flounders are caught not only on conventional hook and line tackle and techniques but by gigging . fishers walk or pole a small boat along the shore in very shallow water and shine a bright light onto the bottom to aid in spotting flounders , which are then speared with a gig . successful gigging requires relatively clear water and a calm night with little wind to ruffle the surface . keen eyesight and concentration are needed to discern the faint outline or the eyes of a camouflaged and buried flounder .
most of the commercial catch of flounder occurs as incidental catch in shrimp trawls , though scattered individual commercial fishermen using gigs or rod and reel also fish for the market .
broiled flounder , often stuffed with crabmeat , is one of the classic seafood dishes of the northern gulf coast . flounders are also enjoyed fried , baked , sauteed , and raw as sashimi . flounders have mild flavored white flesh , and may be cooked as whole fish or as filets .
the status of both the southern flounder and the gulf flounder is listed as
least concern
on the iucn red list , though the population status of the gulf flounder is described as decreasing .
flounders offer significant potential for aquaculture , due to their attractiveness as a table fish , their fast growth rate , and their tolerance for wide ranges of water temperature and salinity . research is being conducted with southern flounder in texas and north carolina . an aquaculture program in new hampshire with the similar winter flounder is being pursued for stock enhancement .
the flounder fishery of the gulf of mexico , united states : a regional management plan , gulf states marine fisheries commission , publication no . 83 . includes an detailed and extensive biological description of southern and gulf flounders .
species profile , southern flounder , h . v . daniels , southern regional aquaculture center publication no . 726 , north carolina state university
southern flounder , natural history and fishing techniques in south carolina , dr . charlie wenner and john archambault educational report no . 20 , south carolina department of natural resources
each link opens in a new window . close the new window to return here . some of these videos show flounder species other than the southern flounder or gulf flounder , but do illustrate typical flounder behavior .
southern flounder eating a bull minnow - filmed in an aquarium , featured above . source : low country estuarium
greek , psetta = grouper + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 1 - 325 m ( ref . 6793 ) . temperate ; 64°n - 33°n , 179°w - 118°w
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 63 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2850 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 72 - 88 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 53 - 66 ; vertebrae : 37 - 39 . dorsal origin above point in front of eye . caudal rounded . pectorals small .
inhabits sandy bottoms . feeds on fishes , worms , crustaceans and mollusks ( ref . 6885 ) .
) : 1 . 3 - 8 . 7 , mean 5 . 2 ( based on 314 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00912 ( 0 . 00451 - 0 . 01844 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 ±0 . 67 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .
: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
primarily landed at piers from monterey bay north . best bets : seacliff state beach pier , capitola wharf , santa cruz wharf , pacifica pier , candlestick state park pier , berkeley pier , point pinole pier , fort baker pier , del norte street pier in eureka and the “b” street pier in crescent city .
generally taken on cut bait such as anchovy , sardine or squid . live grass shrimp and pile worms also make good bait . most often landed on high / low leaders fished on the bottom but many are also taken in the bay area by fishermen using the live bait sliding rigging common for flounder . hooks should be size 6 to 4 .
if you appreciate ken ' s writings on fishing , please consider making a donation for this unique content . your support will help ken to continue publishing knowledgeable and entertaining articles .
ken is an outdoor writer who has traveled and fished the shores of california for more than 50 years . read more
flatfishes are unique in that the skull is asymmetrical with both eyes on the same side of the head . flatfish begin life like symmetrical fish , with an eye on each side of the head . a few days after hatching , one eye begins to migrate and soon both eyes are close together on one side . flatfish spend the rest of their lives on or near the bottom with the eyed side facing up . the blind side is usually a paler color than the eyed side . if the right eye migrates to the left side , the flatfish is left - eyed ( sinistral ) . if the left eye migrates to the right side , the fish is right - eyed ( dextral ) .
to identify a flatfish , there are several physical characteristics that are often used . among these are the shape of the arch in the lateral line , and the presence or absence of an accessory dorsal branch to the lateral line and anal spine ( see figure below ) . other common characteristics used in flatfish species identification are size of mouth , teeth , body shape and ridge between the eyes .
flatfish are in the order pleuronectiformes . worldwide there are more than 500 species of flatfishes , in 6 or 7 families . flatfishes include flounders , soles , turbots , halibuts , sanddabs , plaices , and tonguefishes . flatfishes found in north american waters are in two broad categories - one includes the families bothidae and pleuronectidae , and the other includes the families cynoglossidae and soleidae .
the colored pictures were taken at sea or on freshly landed fish . special thanks is given to the commercial fishermen and processors for their help in making the fish available for photographing .
right - eyed . eyed side uniform dark grayish brown to olive brown . blind side dirty white to light gray . scales darker at edges . body shape elongate diamond . caudal fin crescent - shaped . lateral line nearly straight with slight curve over pectoral fin ; accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth very large with two rows of large , sharp arrow - shaped teeth . maxillary extends beyond posterior margin of lower eye . no fang - like tooth on vomer ( bone in roof of mouth ) . left eye on dorsal ridge ( visible from blind side ) . 2 gill rakers on the second upper arch . anal spine absent . preopercle c - shaped ( not angular ) . anterior nostril on blind side has small flap . dorsal fin origin at middle of eye .
to 86 cm ( 34 inches ) and up to 17 pounds . often large , and females are bigger than males .
soft bottoms from 10 to 400 fm . most common at 150 to 220 fm .
common in waters of alaska through oregon . taken primarily in trawls . not of high commercial value due to poor flesh quality . used traditionally as animal feed , but human consumption increasing .
picture : bill barss , odfw text : alaska sea grant marine advisory bulletin no . 47
right - eyed . eyed side light to dark brown or grayish brown with yellow or green mottling . blind side white . dorsal and anal fins edged with bright lemon yellow . body shape oval . caudal fin rounded to broad v - shape . lateral line has low arch over pectoral fin ; long accessory dorsal branch extends past gill cover . mouth small . teeth blunt , strongest on blind side . maxillary extends below anterior part of eye . eyes small . space between eyes flat , narrow . anal spine strong . scales on eyed side rough , extend onto fin rays .
picture : bill barss , odfw . text : alaska sea grant marine advisory bulletin no . 47 .
right - eyed . eyed side reddish brown to dark brown or black , usually with brown or grey mottling . fins dark ; dorsal and anal fins broad . blind side white . body deep oval shape . caudal fin rounded . lateral line has slight curve over pectoral fin ; long accessory dorsal branch reaches to midpoint of body . mouth small . maxillary extends to below anterior part of lower eye . eyes large , closely set . high , bony ridge between eyes with tubercle or blunt spine at each end . has 2 or 3 bony tubercles on head behind upper eye . anal spine present . first 9 to 12 dorsal fin rays are on blind side . origin or dorsal fin level with lower corner of mouth .
edibility very good . similar to spotted and hornyhead turbots , which have 4 to 6 dorsal fin rays inserted on blind side .
right - eyed . eyed side brown or grayish brown ; may be mottled with darker spots . fins blackish toward edges . blind side smudgy off - white to dark brownish gray . body elongate with very small scales . caudal fin rounded . lateral line nearly straight ; accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth very small . maxillary extends to below anterior of lower eye . teeth mostly on blind side ; teeth flat and incisor - like . eyes large and bulging , with upper eye posterior to lower eye . space between eyes convex . anal spine absent . soft , flabby body is slippery , because of large amounts of slime .
to 76 cm ( 30 inches ) and up to 10 pounds . average size in trawl catch is about 1 pound .
common and widely distributed . important commercially ; marketed as fillets . good flavor and good keeping qualities . poor flesh quality often found for fish caught below 300 fm .
right - eyed . eyed side usually uniform brown to olive brown but may have white speckles . dorsal and ventral fin edges dark . blind side white to pale yellow tinged with reddish brown . body elongate , diamond shaped . small head is slender and pointed . caudal fin nearly square with slight point at center . lateral line nearly straight with slight curve ; long accessory dorsal branch . mouth small and asymmetric . jaws stronger on blind side . maxillary extends to anterior edge of lower eye . high , narrow ridge between eyes . anal spine strong . scales smooth at anterior part of body and rough at posterior .
to 61 cm ( 24 inches ) . average size in commerical catch ( mostly females ) is about 14 inches and 3 / 4 pound .
important commercial species caught by trawl . good flavor . may have iodine flavor that is acceptable and even desirable in some markets .
right - eyed . eyed side dark olive brown to reddish gray - brown , sometimes with dusky blotches . blind side with white and translucent areas ; dorsal and anal fins have dusky blotches . pores under eye . lateral line with little arch and no dorsal branch . upper jaw is narrow in the middle and has 1 row of teeth .
silty or muddy bottoms from 0 to 575 fm . ( common 55 to 135 fm ) .
almost always right - eyed . eyed side greenish brown to dark brown or black with lighter blotches . blind side white to milky white . body large and stout with elongate diamond shape . caudal fin has crescent shape often indented near edges ( double truncate ) . lateral line has high arch over pectoral fin , accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth large with two rows of teeth on upper jaw and one row on lower jaw . maxillary reaches to below middle of lower eye . area between eyes flat to slightly concave . anal spine present . scales small and smooth on both sides of body .
to 267 cm ( 105 inches ) and 500 pounds . there are unverified reports of fish over 9 feet and 700 pounds . average size in commercial catch is 30 to 40 pounds .
sea of japan and sea of okhotsk north to gulf of anadyr . bering sea south to point camalu , northern baja california .
found from 3 to 600 fm . mostly in 15 to 150 fm in summer , but deeper in winter .
left - eyed . eyed side dull light brown , mottled with brown or black and sometimes yellow or orange . blind side off - white to tan . body oval , with large scales . caudal fin only slightly rounded . lateral line nearly straight ; accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth medium sized with maxillary extending below anterior part of lower eye . eyes large . anals spine absent . gill rakers on lower limb of first arch are 12 to 16 . scale count in lateral line is 61 to 70 .
to 41 cm ( 16 inches ) . to 2 pounds ; most weigh less than 1 / 3 pound .
sea of japan , aleutian islands , bering sea , and south to cape san lucas , baja california .
right - eyed . eyed side uniform light to dark brown . blind side white , sometimes with pink traces . body shape oval to round . caudal fin longest in middle and slightly indented near edges . lateral line with low curve over pectoral fin ; accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth large . maxillary extends to below or slightly beyond middle of lower eye . upper jaw with two rows of small , arrow - shaped teeth ; one row of teeth on lower jaw . posterior edge of lower jaw rounded . eyes medium - sized with broad space between them . anal spine strong .
to 70 cm ( 28 inches ) and 8 pounds . average size in trawl catch is about 1 to 2 pounds .
bering sea and aleutian islands through gulf of alaska to coronado islands , northern baja california .
right - eyed . eyed side uniform light brown to gray . edges of dorsal and ventral fins dark or dusky . pectoral fin on eyed side very long and mostly black . blind side off - white to dusky . body elongate . caudal fin rounded with rays longest in center , forming a broad v . lateral line nearly straight . mouth very small . maxillary extends to below anterior edge of lower eye . snout rounded . eyes large with ridge between them . anal spine strong . scales small .
to 61 cm ( 24 inches ) . average size about 10 inches and 1 / 2 pound .
abundant and excellent food fish . commonly marketed
rexed
which is head off and gutted .
right - eyed . eyed side gray to olive to dark brown or black , mottled with lighter or darker shades , sometimes spotted with yellow or red . dorsal and anal fins have dark blotches or bars ; fins may be yellowish near tail . body thick , oval to round . caudal fin rounded or in shape of a broad v . lateral line has high arch ; accessory dorsal branch short . mouth small with fleshy lips . maxillary extends below anterior edge of eye . teeth more strongly developed on blind side . eyes small . anal spine strong . scales rough , tuberculate on eyed side .
to 61 cm ( 24 inches ) and 6 pounds . weight is usually between 1 and 1 . 5 pounds .
in sea of japan and sea of okhotsk . from bering strait south to tanner bank off southern california .
on rocky , pebbly , or sandy bottoms form 0 to 200 fm . most are caught in 20 to 40 fm .
right - eyed . eyed side light green or gray to brown with fine , dark brown to black speckles . skin on eyed side has the feel of fine sandpaper . dorsal and anal fins often have dull yellow on edges . blind side white . body shape elongate to oval . caudal fin rounded . lateral line has slight curve over pectoral fin ; accessory dorsal branch short to moderate . mouth large with large teeth . maxillary extends below middle of lower eye . eyes small with flat , wide space between them . anal spine strong . first few dorsal fin rays elongate and mostly free of membrane .
from near shore to about 100 fm . a shallow water species usually found shallower than 40 fm . prefers sandy bottom .
fine food fish . common and often caught by sport fishermen from shore . a minor part of the commercial trawl catch .
belongs to the right - eyed family , but can also be left - eyed . eyed side olive to dark brown or almost black . unpaired fins white to yellow to orange with black bars . blind side white to creamy white . body shape oval . caudal fin nearly square or slightly rounded . lateral line with slight curve over pectoral fin ; accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth small . maxillary extends below anterior part of lower eye . eyes small with lower eye anterior to upper eye . space between eyes flat . head slender , pointed . anal spine strong . scattered rough tubercles ( star - like scales ) on eyed side .
to 91 cm ( 36 inches ) and 20 pounds . usual size is 12 to 14 inches .
in sea of japan and sea of okhotsk . from chukchi sea , bering sea , and aleutian islands south to los angeles harbor , california .
common . important sport fish . highly regarded as food fish , but has moderate commercial value . processing difficult due to rough skin , and needs to be deep skinned to remove unappealing , dark fat layer .
4034 fairview industrial drive se : : salem , or 97302 : : main phone ( 503 ) 947 - 6000 or ( 800 ) 720 - odfw [ 6339 ] do you have a question or comment for odfw ? contact odfw ' s public service representative at : odfw . info @ urltoken share your opinion or comments on a fish and wildlife commission issue at
free and easy to use , the open science framework supports the entire research lifecycle : planning , execution , reporting , archiving , and discovery .
fish can be categorized many ways ; for example , mark bittman , author of how to cook everything , divides fish into 11 categories . for simplicity’s sake , we have identified five . generally , you can substitute any fish within one category for another , although you’ll notice differences in taste .
sign up for our daily newsletter for more great articles and tasty , healthy recipes .
join our newsletter for free recipes , healthy living inspiration , and special offers .
© 2018 urltoken is part of the allrecipes food group . cookinglight may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website . offers may be subject to change without notice . all rights reserved . use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms of use privacy policy ( your california privacy rights ) . ad choices | eu data subject requests
greek , eos = dawn , aurore + greek , psetta = grouper ( ref . 45335 )
named after david starr jordan , great inciter of ichthyology in the usa ( ref . 6885 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 550 m ( ref . 6793 ) . temperate ; 67°n - 31°n , 172°e - 117°w
maturity : l m 44 . 0 , range 40 - 44 cm max length : 53 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56527 ) ; 70 . 0 cm tl ( female ) ; common length : 42 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56527 ) ; max . published weight : 3 . 7 kg ( ref . 56527 ) ; max . reported age : 35 years ( ref . 55701 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 87 - 101 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 67 - 79 ; vertebrae : 41 - 44 . dorsal origin over middle part of eye . caudal longest in middle , ending in a broad ' v ' . pectoral fins large , bluntly pointed .
) : 1 - 8 . 6 , mean 5 ( based on 420 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00661 ( 0 . 00411 - 0 . 01061 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 16 ; tm = 7 - 8 ; tmax = 35 ; fec = 400 , 000 ) .
prior r = 0 . 35 , 2 sd range = 0 . 21 - 0 . 57 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 05 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 25 , based on : 1 m , 1 k , 7 tgen , 2 tmax , 2 fec records


lepidurus arcticus is a species of tadpole shrimp which inhabits both ephemeral pools and permanent freshwater lakes of norway , greenland , finland , sweden , svalbard , iceland , russia and the kuril islands .

unlike other species of tadpole shrimp , lepidurus arcticus is known to coexist with fish , such as arctic char .

furthermore , they exist in water temperatures much colder ( 4 – 7 °c or 39 – 45 °f ) than the other species of its order .

it is a common predator of daphnia pulex .

lepidurus arcticus

heart ultrastructure in lepidurus arcticus pallas ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) . - pubmed - ncbi
arctic tadpole shrimp , lepidurus arcticus . viewed through a 10x hand lens . queen maud gulf bird sanctuary , nunavut . photo by justin heseltine .
christoffersen , k . ( 2001 ) . predation on daphnia pulex by lepidurus arcticus . hydrobiologia , 442 , 223–229 . doi : 10 . 1023 / a : 1017584928657
lakka , hk . ( 2013 ) . the ecology of a freshwater crustacean : lepidurus arcticus ( branchiopoda ; notostraca ) in a high arctic region ( master’s thesis ) . university of helsinki , helsinki , finland .
arnold , g . p . ( 1966 ) . observations on lepidurus arcticus ( pallas ) ( crustacea , notostraca ) in east greenland . annals and magazine of natural history , 9 , 599–617 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 00222936608651674
… branchinecta paludosa and the notostracan lepidurus arcticus are regularly found in small pools of the arctic tundra regions . these pools are temporary in the sense that they freeze solid in winter . a few species in these groups are found in permanent lakes .
lepidurus arcticus , or arctic tadpole shrimp , belong to one of only two genera in the order notostraca ( arthropoda : crustacea ) . considered living fossils , notostracans have existed since the permian in an evolutionary arrested state ( longhurst , 1955 ) .
wojtasik , b . , & bryłka - wołk , m . ( 2010 ) . reproduction and genetic structure of a freshwater crustacean lepidurus arcticus from spitsbergen . polish polar research , 31 , 33–44 . doi : 10 . 4202 / ppres . 2010 . 03
king eider ( somateria spectabilis ) ducklings . potential future consumers of l . arcticus . queen maud gulf bird sanctuary , nunavut . photo by justin heseltine .
rogers , d . c . ( 2001 ) . revision of the nearctic lepidurus ( notostraca ) . journal of crustacean biology , 21 , 991–1006 . doi : 10 . 1163 / 20021975 - 99990192
want : t . canciformis simplex ( those blue ones ) , t . canciformis green type , lepidurus , giant t . granarius ( so - called t . numidicus ) , beaver - tailed fairy shrimp
along with being a good candidate as an indicator species , l . arcticus may have an important role in the local ecology of arctic ponds . their diet is omnivorous , including ( but not limited to ) detritus , phytoplankton , and small crustaceans like daphnia pulex ( christoffersen , 2001 ; lakka , 2013 ) . with such a wide - ranging diet , l . arcticus likely plays an important role in the ecological structure of pond communities . in addition to their predatory role , l . arcticus stir up sediment as they search for food in in the benthic layer ( arnold , 1966 ) . this stirring up transfers nutrients into the main waterbody where it becomes available to primary producers ( arnold , 1966 ) .
their eggs also play another role in the continued success of l . arcticus . being restricted to often isolated water bodies and having such a short life cycle , l . arcticus is not able to expand its distribution on its own . on top of being highly drought resistant , l . arcticus eggs are also sticky ( lakka , 2013 ) . this aids the eggs in being able to hitch rides to new locations . while their mode of reproduction is not fully understood , it is known that asexual reproduction , through parthenogenesis , is common ( hessen et al . , 2004 ; lakka , 2013 ; wojtasik & bryłka - wołk , 2010 ) . thus , only a single egg is necessary to colonize a new location ( longhurst , 1955 ) .
the most important reason for studying l . arcticus however , is to learn more about them as a prey species for arctic birds . after all , invertebrate zoology is really just a fancied up term for the study of bird food . in europe , purple sandpipers ( calidris maritima ) , arctic terns ( sterna paradisaea ) , and dunlins ( calidris alpina ) have all been observed feeding on l . arcticus ( lakka , 2013 ) . all of which are birds that can be found breeding in the north american arctic . locally to where i first encountered l . arcticus , sizeable populations of king eiders ( somateria spectabilis ) , long - tailed ducks ( clangula hyemalis ) , arctic terns , red - throated loons ( gavia stellata ) , and various species of small shorebirds ( scolopacidae ) could be found nesting and feeding by the various surrounding lakes . it is highly likely that , given the lack of other food sources , l . arcticus makes up a significant portion of these birds diets during the breeding season .
even though they lack genetic diversity ( both spatially and temporally ) , l . arcticus is found across the globe in arctic and subarctic regions ( hessen et al . 2004 ; rogers , 2001 ) . i first encountered l . arcticus while working at karrak lake in the queen maud gulf bird sanctuary . with 13 . 5 km 2 of surface water and an approximate average depth of 1 . 2 m , karrak likely freezes to the bottom during the winter ( kellett & alisauskas , 1997 ) . not the friendliest conditions for a relatively unevolved crustacean .
back to my youth . collecting strange animals from fresh water . ben frederiks found the first one . steve coulson made me remember their name , and this morning i went on a hunt . i caught within 15 minutes 17 lepidurus arcticus , the tadpole shrimp . looks like a miniature horseshoe crab . as food i added daphnia , another of my favourite creatures . i give lectures about this creature about their ability to develop spines when fish are present , sexual and asexual reproduction , the ability to produce haemoglobin in oxygen low waters , their abilty to travel on bird legs , their winter eggs and thier role in cleaning turbid waters from fytoplankton .
the recent discovery of a fine suite of late - glacial strata near ballyhalbert on the north - eastern irish coast in an accessible position has allowed a careful study to be made of the different layers for plant and animal macrofossils . particularly interesting has been the recovery of numerous characteristic telsons of the freshwater notostracan lepidurus arcticus , a species which was reported recently by mitchell 1 from late - glacial levels at ballaugh in the isle of man , at neasham , co . durham , and at mapastown , co . louth . records from these late - glacial contexts are significant since the species is not known in the present fauna of the british isles . its modern distribution is circumpolar , between 65° and 80° n .
the heart of lepidurus arcticus consists of an epicardium and a single layer of strongly polarized myocardial cells , 10 - 50 micron thick , with the myofibrillar part facing the epicardium . the z - bands are diffuse and some z - material forms attachment plaques . relaxed sarcomeres show a hexagonal arrangement of thick filaments and 6 thin filaments in orbit , but filaments often diverge in their orientation . the sarcolemma invaginates from both the epicardial and the endocardial side of the cell , forming clefts and t - tubules . the sarcoplasmic reticulum is loosely reticular , cisternae associate with sarcolemma to form large and typical peripheral and interior couplings . the latter are of the
button - to - button
type and they tend to be located at the a - i level .
so how do they survive ? well , they don’t . not for very long anyways . l . arcticus has a single - season life cycle that terminates with the laying of its eggs in fall ( lakka , 2013 ; wojtasik & bryłka - wołk , 2010 ) . the key to this is their drought resistant eggs ( longhurst , 1955 ) .
hey ! im in a search for finding lepidurus arcticus in my area ( i am in the north ) and i have contacted a local biologist ! i ' m still waiting to hear back from her but she is currently trying to find locations where they have been recorded etc . whats great about this species is that they can live over a year , but are only up to a cm long ( recorded biggest ) and thier eggs hatch before they dry because they live in permanent little lakes . i can still ship the eggs to those interested in buying by freezing some dirt rock solid . this would be a really cool species to have ! imagine a constant colony of triops ! ill post more information when i hear back . also i wont be going to look till the spring , its all frozen . . . . anyways enjoy this link to see more : urltoken aaron
however , dispersal is still not well understood ( hessen et al . , 2004 ) , and overall , lepidurus is just one of many understudied genera of invertebrates . most of the contemporary research done on arctic tadpole shrimp , comes from studies in europe ( e . g . christoffersen , 2001 ; hessen et al . , 2004 ; lakka , 2013 ; wojtasik & bryłka - wołk , 2010 ) . their distribution in the north american arctic and subarctic is poorly known , even less so for the canadian portion than the alaskan portion ( rogers , 2001 ) . this is unfortunate given that in her 2013 master thesis , hanna - kaisa lakka identified l . arcticus as being a good candidate for use as an indicator species . among other reasons , they are sensitive to environmental change ( e . g . , ph , temperature , and salinity ) , are common over wide areas , and are highly visible and easily surveyed .
it is thought that birds are a primary source of dispersal for the species . either by eggs sticking to feet , through being pooped out after digestion of their parents , or by adults intended for ingestion being accidentally dropped in flight ( arnold , 1966 ) . since l . arcticus is one of the few tadpole shrimp species know to coexist with fish , it is also thought that their sticky eggs could attach to arctic char and be carried along as the char migrate to new areas or are taken as food ( lakka , 2013 ) .
arten synes övervintra i äggstadiet . unga individer kan påträffas under juli och fullvuxna under augusti–september . djuren är från och med ungefär en centimeters längd mycket lätta att se där de simmar likt små rockor strax över bottnen . på grund av sitt exponerade levnadssätt utgör de lättillgänglig föda för fågel och fisk . den är dock något mindre känslig för fiskpredation än andra bladfotingar då den stundom påträffats i fiskförande fjällsjöar . l . arcticus är liksom många andra sköldbladfotingar en allätare som livnär sig på växtdelar och bottenlevande smådjur , som mygglarver och maskar . arten gynnas sannolikt av stillastående , helst fisktomma samt av försurning , föroreningar och regleringar opåverkade fjällvatten .
when i first saw arctic tadpole shrimp , i wondered how such a small creature could live , and seemingly thrive , in such a remote and harsh environment . in attempting to answer my question , i expected to find some sort of egg designed to endure the freezing winter conditions . what i was not expecting to find was that l . arcticus is a genetically simple , living fossil , with a circumpolar distribution . nor was i expecting to find that such little arctic buddies could have such large impacts on the surrounding ecology or that they could potentially serve as useful indicators for the rapidly changing northern climate . way to go , little guys !
fjällsköldbladfotingen tillhör gruppen notostraca , sköldbladfotingar , som karakteriseras av att huvud och framkropp är täckta av en kraftig ryggsköld vilken är tillplattad uppifrån . ryggskölden har en rundad framkant , medan det i bakänden finns en djup inskärning med tandad kant . bakkroppen , som är lång och smal , bär en ändgaffel , s . k . furca , bestående av två spröt . de två antennparen är båda mycket små . de första benparen har utskott , som används för förflyttning när djuret kryper på botten , samt för att krafsa i bottenslammet efter föda . de övriga benen är plattade och flikiga . dessa ben , s . k . phyllopodier , är i ständig rörelse och används för kortare simturer , men framförallt som organ för andning , samt för filtrering och transport av födopartiklar till munnen . två fasettögon och ett mediant placerat naupliusöga sitter uppe på ryggskölden , nära framkanten . honorna når en längd på knappt 25 mm medan de mindre hannarna är knappt 15 mm . färgen är gulbrun . släktet har ytterligare en svensk art , spetssköldbladfotingen , lepidurus apus , vilken finns i södra sverige och skiljs genom sin större storlek , längre utskott på första benparet samt längre platta på sista bakkroppssegmentet .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
hessen , d . o . , rueness , e . k . , & stabell , m . ( 2004 ) . circumpolar analysis of morphological and genetic diversity in the . hydrobiologia , 519 , 73–84 .
kellett , d . k . , & alisauskas , r . t . ( 1997 ) . breeding biology of king eiders nesting on karrak lake , northwest territories . arctic , 50 , 47–54 .
longhurst , a . r . ( 1955 ) . evolution in the notostraca . evolution , 9 , 84–86 .
fjällsköldbladfotingen förekommer huvudsakligen i högfjällsområdet från jämtland till torne lappmark . arten har en cirkumpolär utbredning i stillastående vatten inom det arktiska området , inklusive sydnorges fjälltrakter .
förekommer huvudsakligen i högfjällsområden där den troligen är relativt utbredd . antalet kända vatten är dock begränsat , bl . a . beroende på att arten är relativt svår att observera , varför vi räknar med ett visst mörkertal . den finns dels i små , fisktomma grunda vatten där den är känslig för inplantering av fisk , dels i större vatten med fiskförekomst ( främst röding ) där arten sannolikt selekterat för ett beteende som gör att den klarar fisknärvaro . arten är försurningskänslig . även om data saknas om eventuell minskning bedömer vi att det finns en fortgående minskning . antalet lokalområden i landet skattas till 25 ( 10 - 200 ) . utbredningsområdets storlek ( eoo ) skattas till 20000 ( 12652 - 50000 ) km² och förekomstarean ( aoo ) till 100 ( 40 - 800 ) km² . utifrån fynddata . minvärde utifrån fynduppgifter . en minskning av populationen pågår eller förväntas ske . minskningen avser kvalitén på artens habitat , antalet lokalområden och antalet reproduktiva individer . pga utsättning av fisk i fisktomma vatten . beroende på vilka av de skattade värdena som används varierar bedömningen från livskraftig ( lc ) till nära hotad ( nt ) . baserat på de troligaste värdena hamnar arten i kategorin nära hotad ( nt ) . de skattade värdena för förekomstarea ligger under gränsvärdet för starkt hotad ( en ) . detta i kombination med att fortgående minskning förekommer gör att arten uppfyller kriterierna för kategorin nära hotad ( nt ) . ( b2b ( iii , iv , v ) ) .
stoppa inplanteringen av fisk i fisktomma vatten . det vore inte orealistiskt att återskapa större , tidigare fisktomma fjällvatten via rotenonbehandling . i vissa områden i södra fjällkedjan kan kalkning behöva sättas in för att trygga artens fortlevnad .
länsvis förekomst och status för fjällsköldbladfoting baserat på sammanställningar och bedömningar av gjorda fynd .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
enckell , p . h . 1980 . kräftdjur . signum i lund , ( 8 ) 685 sid .
sømme , s . 1934 . contribution to the biology of norwegian fish food animals . det norske videnskaps - akademi i oslo . 1 . matem - naturvid . klasse 1934 . no 6 . 36 pp .
längre texter , utöver kriteriedokumentation , har sammanställts av : pär - erik lingdell 1995 . rev ulf bjelke 2008 . © artdatabanken , slu 2008 .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
the mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
the mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .
the mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright ( c ) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .
thank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .
all prices are net prices . vat will be added later in the checkout .
present address : institut botanique , université de montreél , 4101 est , rue sherbrooke , montreal 36 , canada .
by submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .
nature is part of springer nature . © 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
you ' re currently viewing our forum as a guest . this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can ' t use . if you join our community , you ' ll be able to access member - only sections , and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile , sending personal messages , and voting in polls . registration is simple and completely free . just make sure you make a post in the new member section after you register or your account may not be approved .
if there is another apocalypse and mass extinction , i have no doubt in my mind that my triops will live , and populate the post apocalyptic earth . . . . and then . . . . . they evolve
. . . whenever you are in doubt , or when the self becomes too much with you , apply the following test . recall the face of the poorest and the weakest man whom you may have seen , and ask yourself , if the step you contemplate is going to be of any use to him or her . . . then you will find your doubts and your self melt away .
- - gandhi
have : t . longicaudatus ( regular * , black beauty * , gonochoric ) , t . granarius * , t . canciformis ( regular , red / albino / japanese , bavarian ) , t . australiensis ( regular , green , silver / queensland ) , t . newberryi * , t . mauritanicus , clam shrimp , fairy shrimp ( red - tailed , spiny - tailed ) , seed shrimp
i ' d love some but . . . i don ' t think i could keep my water 40 degrees . . . < _ <
40f is no problem where i live during the winter . you can also buy fish tank coolers . but most of the time they cost quite a bit . a lot of times you will find little refrigorators at garage sales . you can cut a small hole for a wire to put a light inside then reinsolate the hole . my well water is always at 45f so it would be easy for me to have a drip line near the bottom and an area for thwater to leave the tank near the top where the water is warmer . just some ideas
t . longicaudatus green / t . longicaudatus marbled / t . longicaudatus black beauty / t . longicaudatus gonochoric / t . cancriformis / t . albino cancriformis / t . granarius / l . cryptus / t . mauritanicus
i ' m going to put them in a tiny fridge i will set to 40 f .
how would you be able to view them in a fridge ? anyways i know where i can get a tank cooler and if that does not work i plan to modify a small fridge so then it has windows . anyways i still have not heard back from her . . . .
yeah you ' d be able to view them it ' s glass but it ' s small - - it can prob . only hold a 5 gallon . . . . it ' s built for cooling water bottles nico
yes i ' ve hear wine coolers ( the appliance , not the drink ) work well for these purposes . they ' ve typically got a front door made of glass and are much cheaper than even little college - style refrigerators . definitely something to consider !
what you can do is get yourself a small can cooler and put inside this a length of coiled up airhose of about 20 feet . have another smaller coil which you place inside the triops tank . fill hose full of clean water and a little salt and use a small water pump to circulate the self - contained hose water from the cooler to the tank . similar in the way some computers cpus can be cooled via water . the peltier diode inside the cooler ' sucks ' heat away from inside the cooler and so cools the water in the hose . therefore the heat in the tank is transferred away and it cools . the bit of salt in the hose water prevents it from icing up . one alternative diy is to place a large flat heatsink to the side of the glass tank wall with the peltier on the heatsink and put a small cpu fan on the diode . power it up and the heat is blown away .
abundance , if you happen upon any , i would be extremely interested . i have the perfect environment for these guys in my basement .
okay i have got an email back ! she has 2 locations where they have been reported but sadly both locations are inaccessible by car or boat . i don ' t think i can do a 5 - 6 hour hike to collect those triops . she is still trying to track down other locations ! she also mentioned there was another species here ! she did not give any name . i ' ll get back to you guys on trying to get them from alaska , there are more accessible triops loctions there . i ' ll keep you all posted !
email me where you live and i ' ll see about finding you some locations .
abundance had to go away for awhile , he said he ' d be back in the spring though . he ' s in the yukon , not sure exactly where
anyone know when aaron ' s gonna be back ? i hope he found them . . . . .
: bump : : bump : anyone know when aaron ' s gonna be back ? i hope he found them . . . . .
oh the hounds wouldn ' t be able to sniff them out , he ' d have to do it himself . . . .
hey i ' m back with good news . while searching for alaskan and yukon trilobites , i found a photo of l . articus in hooper bay alaska . the guy who found them called them trilobites thus making it slip under my radar . he did not know what they were . i plan to contact this guy soon and get him to ship them to skagway ( closer and faster to get to , takes to long at the border ) i plan to ask him to get a nice big scoop of the sediment he found them in plus some live specimens . i will post when i have contacted him or more info . here is the urltoken
please refrain from reviving old threads - this one has been inactive almost a year . thank you !
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .