cerberilla affinis is a species of sea slug , an aeolid nudibranch , a marine heterobranch mollusc in the family aeolidiidae .

it was described as a variety by bergh , 1888 but elevated to species status by burn , 1966 .

cerberilla affinis

what type of species is cerberilla affinis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the cerberilla affinis species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of cerberilla affinis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species cerberilla affinis .
here as promised are pages on cerberilla affinis and cerberilla annulata , two of the fascinating sand - dwelling aeolids .
cerberilla annulata & c . affinis from : bill rudman , november 26 , 1999
how to identify cerberilla affinis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species cerberilla affinis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species cerberilla affinis are marked in green .
where is cerberilla affinis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species cerberilla affinis can be found .
citation :
black - ringed cerberilla nudibranchs , cerberilla affinis ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2010 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
hi bill , looking at this 2003 photo of a slug which we had been unable to identify , it struck me now that it could be a species of cerberilla . what do you think ?
cerberilla affinis was originally described from indonesia . it is also known from lord howe island , the eastern australian mainland and new caledonia and is probably widespread in at least the west pacific . two species from the indian ocean , c . africana eliot , 1903b ( east africa ) and c . moebii ( bergh , 1888b - mauritius ) are very similar in colour and may prove to be synonymous . unfortunately most species have been described from single specimens , and so the colour variability of species is not well understood .
research cerberilla affinis » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
species of cerberilla live in sandy substrates where they burrow beneath the surface and so are seldom seen . they have a very broad foot and the cerata are often very long and extremely numerous , arranged in transverse rows across the body .
thanks nils , i am pretty sure this is a juvenile of cerberilla annulata . if you look at the phoptos on the forum you will see the body proportions change quite considerably as the animal grows in size . best wishes bill rudman
dear binyamin , this is indeed a cerberilla , and most probably cerberilla annulata . i don ' t think its been recorded from your part of the world , but i have found it in zanzibar , east africa . i should have a photo of it which i will post when i get a chance . your animal is most probably a juvenile . when they are smaller , the head tentacles are proportionally much larger than when they are adults . best wishes , bill rudman
hi bill , i finally came across another cerberilla here in the marshall islands . i am assuming these are the same as the cerberilla sp . 3 i sent a while back , although there are a couple of differences . it does not exhibit the black tips of the cephalic tentacles seen in the earlier specimens from enewetak and guam . the new specimen also has much more distinct yellow bands above the black ones on the cerata , providing a bit more evidence that it may be c . annulata . this specimen was found in kwajalein ' s harbor , crawling on sand at a depth of about 1 meter . it measured about 20mm , a bit over half the length of the cerberilla sp . 3 sent earlier . scott
thanks scott , thanks for the beautiful photos . it certainly looks like c . annulata and suggests that your earlier animal , which i called cerberilla sp . 3 may have been a variant with very faded yellow markings . the black - tipped rhinophores and oral tentacles in cerberilla sp . 3 are apparently variable because in clay carlson ' s message the guam animal seems to lack black - tipped rhinophores . you are probably right in suggesting they are all colour forms of c . annulata but as i said earlier , it is easier to amalgamate them when we are sure , than separate them if we find they are indeed different .
dear bill , here is a small pale cerberilla which we think may be the same as the darker ones in our other message . it was found during november - december 2003 with the dark species on a sandy bottom in 2 - 5m depths at lizard island ( qld , australia ) . body length 7 - 10mm . regards nils
as promised in an earlier message [ # 13224 ] here is a record of cerberilla annulata from zanzibar , tanzania . i found it half dead in a pool in muddy sand at lowtide . in the lower photos the long grey oral tentacles are folded down the side of the foot on each side . the specimen is propped up on a pair of forceps so i could photograph it properly , so don ' t be ashamed if your photo has a blemish , our aim is to get a record of the shape and colour , a perfect photo is a bonus , but not essential .
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lord howe is , off new south wales , australia , december 1988 . 70mm long alive . photos : bill rudman .
bergh , l . s . r . ( 1888 ) . beiträge zur kenntniss der aeolidiaden . ix . verhandlungen der koniglich - kaiserlich zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien ( abhandlungen ) , 38 : 673 - 706 , pls . 16 - 20 .
carmona l . , pola m . , gosliner t . m . & cervera j . l . 2013 . a tale that morphology fails to tell : a molecular phylogeny of aeolidiidae ( aeolidida , nudibranchia , gastropoda ) . plos one 8 ( 5 ) : e63000 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0063000 , available online at urltoken [ details ]
to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 1 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org )
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is a large aeolid that is found on sand where it is nocturnally active . it feeds on cerianthid anemones which build tubes in soft sediment . this species was described by bergh in 1888 .
it type localities include near manila in the philippines and edam , indonesia . specimens have also been recorded from australia , okinawa , and as far east as midway atoll .
© the slug site , michael d . miller 1999 . all rights reserved .
the oral tentacles and rhinophores are banded with yellow , grey - brown , white and navy - blue . the cerata with black and yellow rings are often very long and extremely numerous , arranged in transverse rows across the body . it has a black
mask
around the rhinophores . the color of the body and foot is white with the foot marginated in yellow
the dorsum is low and flattened in profile and the foot is exeptionally broad . the anterior foot corners are prominent , being enlarged into long sharply pointed tentacles
the oral tentales are exeptionally large , tapering and the tip is pointed . the rhinophores which araised from a common base , are short slender and smooth .
the cerata are circular , slender and smooth , and they taper rapidly to a pointed tip ( fusiform ) . they are arranged in rows with the longest nearest to the midline . they are differently colored according to their position on the body ; basically they are whitish with black and yellow rings near the center .
it keeps all its cerata pointed backwards when it is crawling normally or burrowing , but when it disturbed the longest cerata are extended .
generally found on intertidal sand flats where it can rapidly burrow to escape potentiel predators and search for food . it is nocturnally active
10 specimens from 10 to 25 - 30 mm observed on this day . . .
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is a nocturnally active sand - dwelling sea - slug . it is characterized by a black
mask
around the rhinophores , and by whitish cerata with a thin black ring near the bases , followed by a white or yellow band , then a broad dark greyish subapical band and yellowish apices . the oral tentacles are very long with alternating broad brown and whitish bands , and have a blueish tinge . the rhinophores are short , also with alternating brown and whitish bands and a blueish tinge . the foot is wide and has angular extensions anteriorly .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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this is a cream species decorated with dark brown and peach bands . the tips of the rhinophores and cephalic tentacles are banded in violet and blue .
first recorded in hawaii from midway atoll by terry gosliner and pf in june , 1993 .
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global distribution : native indonesia - s . japan - gbreef - cooks - hawai‘i cook islands status : native ; marine , near - shore , reef - flat moat key features : a seaslug to 5cm . creamy white with conspicuous cerata ( = lobes ) each with a fine black ring and often terminally brown . the front tentacles ( = cephalic tentacles are long with purple bands and a brown base , while the hind tentacles ( = rhinophores ) are short and brown .
cook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = ‘ātiu , mk = ma‘uke , mt = miti‘āro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = takūtea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say
el
but write
r
) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands māori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai‘i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand māori
vouchers : rarotonga : muri moat , near shore , 21 / 1 / 99 , tamsyn dearlove & d . drumm ;
mccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .
copyright © 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy
in indo - pacific nudibranchs . at closer look it is actually a very light colored
. what makes the id for sure are the cerata with black and yellow sub - apical bands , the black mask and the blue oral tentacles .
this species is rather large , reaching 90 mm and has a very wide indo - pacific distribution . it is active nocturnally feeding on tube anemones .
ruben is a retired dentist and faculty . diving since 1980 with over 5000 dives . shoots nikon d200 in seacam housing with sea and sea strobes .
webmasters notes : ruben actually recorded the above image with new equipment , that is a nikon d800e camera ! folks this is the new kid on the block camera wise . now let ' s see if perhaps santa will drop one in my sock next christmas !
© the slug site , michael d . miller 2014 . all rights reserved .
upper : adult , 62mm long . lower : juvenile , 32mm long . showing change in body proportions between juveniles and adults . koumac beach ( = baie de ouanap ) , near koumac , new caledonia , 20°34 ' s , 164°16 ' e , mixed soft and hard substrate , grassbeds , algae , october 1993 . photos : bill rudman .
this sand dwelling aeolid has a wide tropical indo - west pacific distribution with published records from new guinea ( quoy & gaimard ) and tahiti ( bergh ) . i have found it in zanzibar , tanzania and new caledonia . it is characterised by the relatively long cerata , white body and cerata , and yellow ( upper ) and black ( lower ) band near the ceratal tip .
reference : • quoy , j . r . & gaimard , j . p . ( 1832 ) . voyages de découvertes de l ` astrolabe pendant les annees 1826 - 1829 sous le commandement de m . j . dumont d ` urville . zoologie , 2 : 1 - 686 .
locality : mazzizini , zanzibar , tanzania , 9 july 1971 . 45mm long alive . am c145653 . photos : bill rudman
locality : eilat , divers ' village , israel , red sea . depth : 6 m , length : ca . 2 cm . october 2003 . sandy flat with occasional corals . photographer : binyamin and shulamit koretz
i must say that the length of the oral tentacles shown in your photos are amazing . considering the reduced size of the rhinophores , it suggests that using the oral tentacles for touch , is more important in locating prey than using the chemosensory abilities of the rhinophores . best wishes , bill rudman
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( of fenrisia bergh , 1888 ) bergh , l . s . r . ( 1888 - 1889 ) . nudibranchien vom meere der insel mauritius . in : reisen im archipel der philippinen von dr . c . semper , vol . 2 : malakologische untersuchungen . part 3 , pp . 755 - 872 , pl . 77 - 84 . [ pp . 755 - 814 , pl . 77 - 81 , august 2 , 1888 ; pp . 815 - 872 , pl . 82 - 84 , march 27 , 1889 , according to winckworth , 1946 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 788 - 789 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
bieler , r . & r . e . petit , 2012 . molluscan taxa in the publications of the museum godeffroy of hamburg , with a discussion of the godeffroy sales catalogs ( 1864–1884 ) , the journal des museum godeffroy ( 1873–1910 ) , and a history of the museum . zootaxa , 3511 : 1 - 80 [ 9 october ] . urltoken available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 59 , 66 [ details ]
( of fenrisia bergh , 1888 ) pruvot - fol a . 1935 . de quelques suppressions de genres jugés inutiles , parmi les mollusques opisthobranches ( note de systématique n° xiv ) . bulletin du museum national d ' histoire naturelle , ( 1 ) 7 ( 4 ) : 254 - 257 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 255 [ details ]
depth range based on 5 specimens in 2 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 3 - 529 temperature range ( °c ) : 5 . 344 - 5 . 344 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 39 . 989 - 39 . 989 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 142 - 34 . 142 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 713 - 0 . 713 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 3 . 116 - 3 . 116 silicate ( umol / l ) : 78 . 844 - 78 . 844 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 3 - 529 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213
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cecidothyris pexa is a species of moth of the thyrididae family .

it is found in south africa and tanzania .

the wingspan of this species is 25 – 34 mm .

cecidothyris pexa

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gabon , kangwe , ogove river , leg . a . c . good .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bm 10627♂ , cmp ; paratypes 9♂ , 1♀ , cmp , bmnh .
whalley p . e . s . 1971 . the thyrididae ( lepidoptera ) of africa and its islands . a taxonomic and zoogeographic study . - bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) suppl . 17 : 1–198 , pls . 1–68 .
whalley p . e . s . 1976 . tropical leaf moths . a monograph of the subfamily striglininae ( lepidoptera : thyrididae ) . - — : 1–195 , pls . 1–68 .
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hampson g . f . 1906b . on new thyrididae and pyralidae . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 7 ) 17 ( 97 ) : 112—147 ; ( 98 ) : 189—222 ; ( 99 ) : 253—269 ; ( 100 ) : 344—359 .
whalley p . e . s . 1971 . the thyrididae ( lepidoptera ) of africa and its islands . a taxonomic and zoogeographic study . - bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) suppl . 17 : 1—198 , pls . 1—68 .
aurivillius c . 1910a . tres lepidopteros novos da africa portuguesa . - broteria 9 ( 3 ) : 159—162 , pl . vii .
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the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
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namibia , brandberg , wasserfallfläche , 1940 m , 22 . iii . 2001 , leg . w . mey .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide thiele 03102♂ , nmnw ; paratypes 9♂ , genitalia slide thiele 03103♂ , zmhb , coll . thiele .
thiele j . h . r . 2004 . thyrididae ( lepidoptera , thyridoidea ) . – in : mey , z . ( ed . ) the lepidoptera of the brandberg massif in namibia . - esperiana memoir 1 : 209–213 .
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pachycerianthus multiplicatus , common name , the firework anemone , is a species of sea anemone in the family cerianthidae .

this species is found in sheltered , subtidal mud at depths of 10 - 130m .

pachycerianthus multiplicatus

what type of species is pachycerianthus multiplicatus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the pachycerianthus multiplicatus species belongs to .
cylinderros [ pachycerianthus multiplicatus ] på akvariet i göteborg . firework anemone [ pachycerianthus multiplicatus ] at the aquarium in gothenburg , sweden .
which photographers have photos of pachycerianthus multiplicatus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species pachycerianthus multiplicatus .
how to identify pachycerianthus multiplicatus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species pachycerianthus multiplicatus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species pachycerianthus multiplicatus are marked in green .
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where is pachycerianthus multiplicatus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species pachycerianthus multiplicatus can be found .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus is similar to cerianthus lloydii , but is much longer and has a broader column .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus has no known facility for detection of noise vibrations , therefore , is recorded as tolerant .
this layer shows the distribution of the fireworks anemone , pachycerianthus multiplicatus , a biodiversity action plan species .
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description
as hidden on the
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pachycerianthus multiplicatus is found in fully saline conditions and it is unlikely that it would be exposed to hypersaline conditions , therefore , not relevant has been recorded .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus is not known to be harvested , although due to the fragmented and localized distribution of populations , the species is likely to be highly sensitive to this factor .
no information could be found on the effects of nutrient enrichment on pachycerianthus multiplicatus . it is possible that an increase in nutrients will result in greater food availability as the anemone feeds on plankton . however , any deoxygenation associated with the decomposition of organic material is likely to kill pachycerianthus multiplicatus ( hughes 1998a ) ( see ' changes in oxygenation ' , below ) .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus is found in sheltered sea lochs with a shallow water sill at the loch entrance , very low water flow rates and minimal flushing . therefore , a decrease in water flow is unlikely . it may be possible that a reduction in water flow would reduce food availability to pachycerianthus multiplicatus , however due to the recorded locations of the species a reduction in water flow at the benchmark level is not deemed relevant .
no information was found of the upper or lower thermal tolerance limits of pachycerianthus multiplicatus . pachycerianthus multiplicatus occurs in thermally stable conditions . this species is subtidal where wide variations in temperature are not common , so may be intolerant of short term changes in temperature . therefore , intolerance has been recorded as intermediate . a recoverability of moderate has been recorded , resulting in a sensitivity value of moderate ( see additional information below ) .
it is unknown whether pachycerianthus multiplicatus can re - bury itself if displaced , although if it can , energy will be expended in forming a new tube , and the anemone may be vulnerable to predation when exposed .
reproduction . the larvae of pachycerianthus multiplicatus have not yet been identified but are thought to be demersal and short - lived ( molodtsova , 2004 ) with limited dispersal potential , while most other ceriantharia larvae are free swimming planktonic carnivores ( manuel , 1988 ) . unlike most other anthozoa , pachycerianthus multiplicatus does not reproduce asexually . when spawning , the male gametes are released first , which stimulates the release of eggs in females ( thorson , 1950 ) .
picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . pachycerianthus multiplicatus carlgren , 1912 . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
pachycerianthus multiplicatus occurs in muddy sediments , so is likely to be tolerant of some level of suspended sediment . however , there may be an energetic cost of removing mud particles . a supply of suspended sediment for feeding is probably important to pachycerianthus multiplicatus , however at the benchmark level of a one month long change , this is thought unlikely to affect the population . therefore , intolerance is recorded as low . recoverability is recorded as immediate on return to normal conditions , resulting in a sensitivity assessment not sensitive .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus is found only in fully saline conditions so it is likely that the sea pen would be intolerant of a decrease in salinity . therefore , an intolerance of high has been recorded . a recoverability of low has been recorded , resulting in a high sensitivity value .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus was listed in the uk biodiversity action plan as a species of conservation concern ( biodiversity steering group , 1995 ) . the species is also nationally rare , and due to its limited , fragmented distribution , british populations are also likely to be of global importance .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus occurs in muddy sediments , so is likely to be tolerant of some level of suspended sediment . however , there may be an energetic cost of removing mud particles . therefore , intolerance is recorded as low . recoverability is recorded as immediate , resulting in a sensitivity assessment not sensitive .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus is found in the circalittoral , from 10 m and below , so is not likely to experience desiccation . therefore , this factor is not relevant . because it is not adapted to cope with desiccation , it is likely to be highly sensitive to this factor , and mortality would be expected .
the fireworks anemone or pachycerianthus multiplicatus is a spectacular beast . up to 30cms across , it has two distinct layers of tentacles with the lower one forming a sort of skirt . they are quite rare and live in a few sea lochs in western scotland where they project from tubes buried in mud in fairly shallow water . they retract into the tube when disturbed .
wilding , c . & wilson , e . 2008 . pachycerianthus multiplicatus fireworks anemone . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
o ' connor , b . d . s . ; könnecker , g . ; mcgrath , d . ; keegan , b . f . ( 1977 ) . pachycerianthus multiplicatus carlgren : biotope or biocoenosis ? , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 475 - 482
pachycerianthus multiplicatus is a large burrowing anemone , occupying a tube - like burrow that may exceed one metre in length . both the length of the column and the breadth of the tentacles can reach 30 cm . the tentacles are long and occur in two cycles , with up to 200 tentacles in the marginal cycle . the tentacles are incapable of retraction but may coil spirally on disturbance . the colour of the inner tentacles is pale buff or chestnut and the marginal tentacles are whitish with fine brown bands , or plain white .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus probably has a very limited if any ability for visual perception . it is unlikely the anemone will be sensitive to visual presence , however it is thought to be photosensitive as torch light from scuba divers causes it to coil its tentacles . this may result in a slight reduction in viability , but is not likely to be significant at the level of the benchmark . therefore tolerant has been recorded . recovery may involve small energy losses in extending tentacles , so is assessed to be very high , therefore the species is not sensitive to this factor .
the species can coil its tentacles and withdraw into its tube to avoid physical disturbance . it is unclear whether pachycerianthus multiplicatus would be removed or severely damaged by nephrops trawling . the anemone does burrow deeply into the mud , however on muddy substrata trawls will dig to a lower depth . so it is likely that at least the upper part of the anemone will come into contact with approaching trawls . therefore , intolerance is assessed as high . if the anemone was removed or killed , recovery would be very low , resulting in a very high sensitivity assessment .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus will be removed by removal of the substrata , so intolerance is assessed as high . due to the fragmented nature of populations , and the assumed limited potential for larval dispersal , recovery is unlikely if the entire population is removed . if mature viable individuals remain in nearby areas to provide larval supply , recovery may be possible , but is likely to take several years . no information was found on larval dispersal or recruitment , and longevity of the species is unknown . as such recoverability is recorded as very low , resulting in a sensitivity assessment of very high .
pachycerianthus multiplicatus occurs in muddy sediments , so is likely to be tolerant of some smothering by suspended sediment . further , the anemone extends up to 30 cm above the surface of the sediment , so a change at the level of the benchmark is unlikely to cause mortality . additionally , it is plausible that the anemone may be able to extend its tube upwards to adjust to a higher surface level of sediment , although this would incur an energetic cost . therefore , intolerance is recorded as low . recoverability is recorded as immediate , resulting in a sensitivity assessment not sensitive .
stampar , s . n . ; morandini , a . c . ; da silveira , f . l . ( 2014 ) . a new species of pachycerianthus ( cnidaria , anthozoa , ceriantharia ) from tropical southwestern atlantic . zootaxa . 3827 ( 3 ) : 343 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
recorded from kenmare river and kilkieran bay ( western ireland ) and from sea - lochs on the western coast of scotland , notably lochs duich and fynne .
outside of the uk , the species has been recorded from the middle of the northern north sea , due east of aberdeenshire , and in scandinavia from læsø island in denmark , hakefjorden in sweden and the trondheim fjord in norway .
lives in a long thick tube , often over 1 m long , in mud or muddy sand , from about 10 - 130 m depth . found only in very sheltered conditions around the head of fijordic sea lochs .
marginal tentacles arranged in four pseudocycles , up to about 180 , very long , even in contraction much longer than disc diameter .
body flexibility . tentacles are highly flexible and are usually held upright at the base and allowed to flow with the current at the tips . although they are not retractile , the tentacles may be curled up against the disc if disturbed . the column is comparatively inflexible , although may still lean slightly with the direction of water movement . the tube , into which the whole animal can withdraw , is composed of discharged nematocysts , mucus , and foreign particles , and is soft with a slippery lining .
growth rate . the growth rate of the species is unknown , but it is thought to be slow , taking several years to reach its full size ( hughes , 1998a ) .
larva . larvae have not yet been identified but are thought to be demersal and short - lived ( molodtsova , 2004 ) , thus larval distribution is likely to be limited . hughes ( 1998a ) hypothesised that populations were self seeding .
feeding . the anemone is thought to feed on plankton such as sagitta spp . , and may have weak nematocysts which exclude it from catching larger prey ( jonsson et al . , 2001 ) .
lives in a long thick tube , often over 1 m long , in mud or muddy sand , from about 10 - 130 m depth . found only in very sheltered conditions around the head of fjordic sea lochs .
longevity . longevity of this species is unknown , but it is thought to be several years ( hughes , 1998a ) .
this marlin sensitivity assessment has been superseded by the maresa approach to sensitivity assessment . marlin assessments used an approach that has now been modified to reflect the most recent conservation imperatives and terminology and are due to be updated by 2016 / 17 .
no information was found in the literature on the turbidity tolerance of this species . an increase in phytoplankton abundance may be beneficial to the species as it is thought to feed on phytoplankton . as the anemone is not dependent on light , a reduction in light penetration is unlikely to have any effect . therefore , the species is assessed as tolerant , and not sensitive to this factor .
changes in wave exposure are unlikely to affect sea lochs , which are areas with little or no wave exposure . a change in wave exposure is highly unlikely , except over geological time - scales , therefore , the sensitivity is not relevant .
due to a deficit of available information , this sensitivity assessment has been made based on available life history information .
recoverability although no conclusive literature was found , it is thought that the species has a very limited capacity for larval dispersal and recolonization , and populations are likely to be self - seeding ( hughes , 1998a ) . hughes ( 1998a ) suggested slow growth and a long life span . due to the fragmented nature of populations , the species is likely to be highly vulnerable to localised extinction . recoverability is dependent on recolonization from other populations , therefore if the entire population is destroyed , it is unlikely to ever recover .
ball , b . j . , fox , g . & munday , b . w . , 2000a . long - and short - term consequences of a nephrops trawl fishery on the benthos and environment of the irish sea . ices journal of marine science , 57 , 1315 - 1320 .
eleftheriou , a . & basford , d . j . , 1983 . the general behaviour and feeding of cerianthus lloydii gosse ( anthozoa , coelenterata ) . cahiers de biologie marine , 24 , 147 - 158 .
entec , a . 1996 . broad scale habitat mapping of intertidal and subtidal coastal areas : loch maddy , north uist in scottish natural heritage research , survey and monitoring report no . 76
hayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .
howson , c . m . & davies , l . m . , 1991 . marine nature conservation review , surveys of scottish sea lochs . a towed video survey of loch fyne . vol . 1 - report . report to the nature conservancy council from the university marine biological station , millport .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
hughes , d . j . , 1998a . sea pens & burrowing megafauna ( volume iii ) . an overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine sacs . natura 2000 report prepared for scottish association of marine science ( sams ) for the uk marine sacs project . , scottish association for marine science . ( uk marine sacs project ) . available from : urltoken
hughes , d . j . , 1998b . subtidal brittlestar beds . an overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine sacs . natura 2000 report prepared for scottish association of marine science ( sams ) for the uk marine sacs project . , scottish association for marine science . ( uk marine sacs project , vol . 3 ) . available from : urltoken
jones , l . a . , hiscock , k . & connor , d . w . , 2000 . marine habitat reviews . a summary of ecological requirements and sensitivity characteristics for the conservation and management of marine sacs . joint nature conservation committee , peterborough . ( uk marine sacs project report . ) . available from : urltoken
manuel , r . l . , 1988 . british anthozoa . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 18 . ]
molodtsova , t . n . , 2004 . on the taxonomy and presumable evolutionary pathways of planktonic larvae of ceriantharia ( anthozoa , cnidaria ) . hydrobiologia , 530 / 531 , 261 - 266
naylor . p . , 2005 . great british marine animals , 2nd edition . plymouth . sound diving publications .
thorson , g . , 1950 . reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates . biological reviews , 25 , 1 - 45 .
wood . c . , 2005 . seasearch guide to sea anemones and corals of britain and ireland . ross - on - wye : marine conservation society .
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
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description : this large burrowing sea anemone is similar to cerianthus lloydii but much larger . the length of the column and span of the tentacles is up to 300mm and the column is much stouter than in the common cerianthus lloydii . the colour of the inner tentacles is pale buff or chestnut , marginal tentacles whitish with fine brown bands , or plain white . there are up to 200 very long marginal tentacles .
habitat : lives in a long thick tube , often 1m long , in mud or muddy sand , from 10m to over 100m depth .
distribution : recorded in britain and ireland from kenmare river and kilkieran bay ( western ireland ) and from sea - lochs on the western coast of scotland . elsewhere from scandinavia .
similar species : a similar large cerianthid anemone whose scientific name is uncertain ( referred to here as ' dorothy ' ) , lives amongst rocks in the channel islands and brittany .
distribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
roule , l . ( 1904 ) . note preliminaire sur quelques formes nouvelles de cerianthaires . compt . rend . assoc . franc . avance . sci , . 32 : 91 - 93 . [ details ]
van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
carlgren , o . ( 1912 ) . über ceriantharien des mittelmeers . mitteilungen aus der zoologischen station zu neapel . 20 ( 3 ) : 356 - 391 . [ details ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
carlgren , o . ( 1931 ) . on some ceriantharia . arkiv für zoologi . 23a ( 2 ) : 1 - 10 . [ details ]
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adult individuals of the fireworks anemone are fairly easy to identify due to the brown and white striped marginal tentacles . the light , almost white labial tentacles surround a grey or light yellow oral disk . it is one of the larger tube anemones in norway , in some cases reaching a height of 30 cm .
it seems to prefer muddy substrate , on depths between 10 and 100 meters , usually deeper than 20 . it is very common in the fjords , often close to estuaries .
it is registered on the british isles and in scandinavia as far north as troms , norway .
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carlgren , o . 1912 . über ceriantharien des mittelmeers . mitteilungen aus der zoologischen station zu neapel , 20 ( 3 ) : 356 - 391
carlgren , o . ( 1912 ) . über ceriantharien des mittelmeers . < em > mitteilungen aus der zoologischen station zu neapel . < / em > 20 ( 3 ) : 356 - 391 .
carlgren , o . ( 1931 ) . on some ceriantharia . < em > arkiv für zoologi . < / em > 23a ( 2 ) : 1 - 10 .
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] .
van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 106 - 109
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download comparative physical and biological data . the comparative tables enable a rapid comparison of the species composition and principal physical characteristics between a given set of biotopes .
this biotope occurred in previous versions of the classification as : cmu . spmeg . fun - version : 97 . 06
distribution of habitat ss . smu . cfimu . spnmeg . fun seapens , including funiculina quadrangularis , and burrowing megafauna in undisturbed circalittoral fine mud , based on records on the uk marine recorder database and euseamap . red dots represent records on which the biotope is based . blue dots show other certain records , black dots show records tentatively assigned to this biotope . yellow areas show level 2 and 3 sublittoral and deep - sea habitats prediced by euseamap within uk waters .
this biotope is distinguished from spnmeg by the presence of the nationally scarce seapen funiculina quadrangularis .
no characteristic photos currently available . if you are able to provide a photograph of this biotope please contact email address : comment _ [ at symbol ] _ jncc _ dot _ gov _ dot _ uk ( replace _ dot _ with full stop / period and _ [ at symbol ] _ with the usual @ symbol ) .
version 15 . 03 of the classification adds a deep - sea section to version 04 . 05 ; therefore superseding version 04 . 05 , 97 . 06 and 03 . 02 .
jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] . available from :
information from the shallower section ( up to sublittoral sediment , taken from version 04 . 05 ) be cited as the
connor , d . w . , j . h . allen , n . golding , k . l . howell , l . m . lieberknecht , k . o . northen and j . b . reker ( 2004 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 04 . 05 . in : jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] .
parry , m . e . v . , k . l . howell , b . e . narayanaswamy , b . j . bett , d . o . b . jones , d . j . hughes , n . piechaud , t . d . nickell , h . ellwood , n . askew , c . jenkins and e . manca ( 2015 ) a deep - sea section for the marine habitat classification of britain and ireland . jncc report 530 . in : jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] .
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a biotope map for the norwegian sea based on video data from mareano 2012 is now available on www . mareano . no . biotopes are regions with similar communities of animals living on the seabed , in a similar physical environment . maps such as these , which bring together the physical and biological attributes of the seabed , can provide particularly valuable information for sustainable management .
margaret dolan ( ngu ) and pål buhl - mortensen ( imr ) published : 09 . 12 . 2013 - updated : 09 . 01 . 2014
the biotopes occurring in those areas of the norwegian sea that were investigated by mareano in 2012 have been identified through detailed analysis of seabed video data over the past year and the spatial distribution of these biotopes has now been modelled to produce a full coverage biotope map as shown in figure 1 below .
figure 1 : predicted spatial distribution of biotopes from modelling in the studied area of the norwegian sea . see table 1 for colour legend and details on the physical and biological characteristics of each biotope .
table 1 : summary of biotope characteristics based on seabed video observations . average depth refers to the average depth for all samples belonging to a particular biotope class . landscape and terrain are described from bathymetry data .
gersemia rubiformis , gorgonocephalus sp . , bythocaris sp . , cerianthus vogti , drifa glomerata
all the biotopes , with the exception of number 5 occur with the depth range of atlantic water . biotopes 7 , 6 and 1 are closely linked to the different types of sediments occurring on the banks . biotopes 2 and 4 typically occur in marine valleys which transect the continental shelf . biotope 2 is characterised by coral reefs and coral forests on various bottom types , often with ridges of various geologic origin . biotope 5 represents the deepest parts of the study area and is dominated by deep sea fauna in cold norwegian sea water .
multibeam and olex compiled bathymetry ( www . olex . no ) , together with interpreted sediment and landscape maps have been used to provide environmental variables used for map prediction . the success of this ‘real life’ mapping using both olex and multibeam data validates trials of this approach undertaken in troms ii / nordland vi in 2011 which have recently been accepted for publication in the international scientific literature .
biotope maps are an important part of the new information obtained through mareano mapping . the biotope maps provide a basis for the evaluation of vulnerability , species richness and uniqueness in a particular area of the seabed . this is important information when developing management plans and other advice related to the use of marine areas .
b . f . keegan , p . o . ceidigh and p . j . s . boaden
biology of benthic organisms contains papers presented at the 11th european symposium on marine biology , held at galway , ireland in october 1976 . the collection contains 63 papers
b . l . bayne , j . widdows and r . i . e . newell
variability of growth rate of macoma balthica ( l . ) in the wadden sea in relation to availability of food
j . j . beukema , g . c . cadee and j . j . m . jansen
bionomie benthique du plateau continental des iles kerguelen . 8 . variations spatiales et temporelles dans le peuplement des vases a spicules
the polychaete eulalia viridis ( o . f . müller ) as an element in the energy dynamics of intertidal mussel clumps
the re - establishment of an amphiura filiformis ( o . f . müller ) population in the inner part of the german bight
an ecophysiological approach to the microdistribution of meiobenthic oligochaeta . i . phallodrilus monospermathecus ( knöllner ) ( tubificidae ) from a subtropical beach at bermuda
an in situ study of the primary production and the metabolism of a baltic fucus vesiculosus l . community
observations on the behaviour & distribution of virgularia mirabilis o . f . muller ( coelenterata : pennatulacea ) in holyhead harbour , anglesey
aspects of the ecology of sargassum muticum ( yendo ) fensholt , in the solent region of the british isles . i . the growth cycle and epiphytes
meiofaunal community structure and vertical distribution : a comparison of some co . down beaches
e . i . s . rees , a . nicholaidou and p . laskaridou
b . o ' connor , g . könnecker , . . . b . f . keegan
predator - prey interaction between the crab pilumnus hirtellus ( leach ) and the brittle star ophiothrix quinquemaculata ( d . chiaje ) on a mutual sponge substrate
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pf : for the habitat types that can have a non - priority as well as a priority form ( 6210 , 7130 , 9430 ) enter
x
in the column pf to indicate the priority form .
caves : for habitat types 8310 , 8330 ( caves ) enter the number of caves if estimated surface is not available .
data quality : g = ' good ' ( e . g . based on surveys ) ; m = ' moderate ' ( e . g . based on partial data with some extrapolation ) ; p = ' poor ' ( e . g . rough estimation )
abundance categories ( cat . ) : c = common , r = rare , v = very rare , p = present - to fill if data are deficient ( dd ) or in addition to population size information
data quality : g = ' good ' ( e . g . based on surveys ) ; m = ' moderate ' ( e . g . based on partial data with some extrapolation ) ; p = ' poor ' ( e . g . rough estimation ) ; vp = ' very poor ' ( use this category only , if not even a rough estimation of the population size can be made , in this case the fields for population size can remain empty , but the field
abundance categories
has to be filled in )
kilkieran bay is situated on the extreme north - west shore of galway bay . it is approximately 13 km in length and 7 km at its widest point . kilkieran bay is an indented fjord and much of the complexity is due to numerous rocky outcrops and islands , the largest ones being lettermore island ( not in the site ) , gorumna island and lettermullen island . the bedrock is igneous , composed of granite , felsite and other intrusive rocks rich in silica . the bay is subject to strong tidal streams as the sea funnels between islands and through channels . surface waters are under the direct influence of the north atlantic drift and there are frequent intrusions of oceanic water . the shoreline is typically rocky , giving way to mud in shallow water . a particular feature of the site is the large numbers of salt marshes on peat and the numerous small beaches of shell sand . the terrestrial areas of the site are mostly covered by shallow peaty soils , with dry heath and blanket bog present . brackish and small freshwater lakes occur .
keegan , b . f . ; ceidigh , p . o . ; boaden , p . j . s . ( ed . ) ( 1977 ) . biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pergamon press : oxford . isbn 0 - 08 - 021378 - 2 . xxxiii , 630 pp .
al - adhub , a . - h . y . ; naylor , e . ( 1977 ) . daily variation in dichelopandalus bonnieri ( caullery ) as a component of the epibenthos , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 1 - 6
andersin , a . - b . ; lassig , j . ; sandler , h . ( 1977 ) . community structures of soft - bottom macrofauna in different parts of the baltic , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 7 - 20
aneer , g . ; nellbring , s . ( 1977 ) . a drop - trap investigation of the abundance of fish in very shallow water in the askö area , northern baltic proper , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 21 - 30
arntz , w . e . ( 1977 ) . results and problems of an
unsuccessful
benthos cage predation experiment ( western baltic ) , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 31 - 44
barnes , h . b . ; barnes , m . ( 1977 ) . the importance of being a ' littoral ' nauplius , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 45 - 56
bayne , b . l . ; widdows , j . ; newell , r . i . e . ( 1977 ) . physiological measurements on estuarine bivalve molluscs in the field , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 57 - 68
beukema , j . j . ; cadee , g . c . ; jansen , j . j . m . ( 1977 ) . variability of growth rate of macoma balthica ( l . ) in the wadden sea in relation to availability of food , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 69 - 77
blake , d . ; leftley , j . w . ( 1977 ) . studies on anaerobic nitrogen fixation in the sediments of two scottish sea - lochs , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 79 - 84
boucher , d . ( 1977 ) . production primaire saisonnière du microphytobenthos des sables envasés en baie de concarneau , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 85 - 92
brown , r . a . ; seed , r . ( 1977 ) . modiolus modiolus ( l . ) : an autecological study , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 93 - 100
buhr , k . - j . ; winter , j . e . ( 1977 ) . distribution and maintenance of a lanice conchilega association in the weser estuary ( frg ) , with special reference to the suspension - feeding behaviour of lanice conchilega , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 101 - 113
cabioch , l . ; gentil , f . ; glaçon , r . ; retière , c . ( 1977 ) . le macrobenthos des fonds meubles de la manche : distribution générale et ecologie , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 115 - 128
castel , j . ; lasserre , p . ( 1977 ) . colonisation et distribution spatiale des copepodes dans des lagunes semi - artificielles , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 129 - 146
castric , a . ( 1977 ) . recrutement et succession du benthos rocheux sublittoral , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 147 - 154
cederwall , h . ( 1977 ) . annual macrofauna production of a soft bottom in the northern baltic proper , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 155 - 164
chardy , p . ; glémarec , m . ( 1977 ) . evolution dans le temps des peuplements des sables envasés en baie de concarneau ( bretagne ) , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 165 - 172
cinelli , f . ; fresi , e . ; mazzella , l . ; pansini , m . ; pronzato , r . ; svoboda , a . ( 1977 ) . distribution of benthic phyto - and zoocoenoses along a light gradient in a superficial marine cave , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 173 - 183
desbruyères , d . ; guille , a . ( 1977 ) . bionomie benthique du plateau continental des iles kerguelen : 8 . variations spatiales et temporelles dans le peuplement des vases à spicules , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 185 - 196
eagle , r . a . ; hardiman , p . a . ( 1977 ) . some observations on the relative abundance of species in a benthic community , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 197 - 208
emson , r . h . ( 1977 ) . the polychaete eulalia viridis ( o . f . müller ) as an element in the energy dynamics of intertidal mussel clumps , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 209 - 214
erwin , d . g . ( 1977 ) . a diving survey of strangford lough : the benthic communities and their relation to substrate : a preliminary account , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 215 - 224
faller - fritsch , r . j . ( 1977 ) . reproductive strategies of the winkle littorina rudis in relation to population dynamics and size structure , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 225 - 231
fedra , k . ( 1977 ) . structural features of a north adriatic benthic community , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 233 - 246
gage , j . d . ( 1977 ) . structure of the abyssal macrobenthic community in the rockall trough , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 247 - 260
george , j . d . ( 1977 ) . ecology of the pogonophore , siboglinum fiordicum webb , in a shallow - water fjord community , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 261 - 275
gerdes , d . ( 1977 ) . the re - establisment of an amphiura filiformis ( o . f . müller ) population in the inner part of the german bight , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 277 - 284
giere , o . ( 1977 ) . an ecophysiological approach to the microdistribution of meiobenthic oligochaeta : 1 . phallodrilus monospermathecus ( knöllner ) ( tubificidae ) from a subtropical beach at bermuda , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 285 - 296
gosling , e . ; wilkins , n . p . ( 1977 ) . phosphoglucoisomerase allele frequency data in mytilus edulis from irish coastal sites : its ecological significance , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 297 - 309
guterstam , b . ( 1977 ) . an in situ study of the primary production and the metabolism of a baltic fucus vesiculosus l . community , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 311 - 319
hartnoll , r . g . ( 1977 ) . reprocuctive strategy in two british species of alcyonium , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 321 - 328
hoare , r . ; wilson , e . h . ( 1977 ) . observations on the behaviour and distribution of virgularia mirabilis o . f . müller ( coelenterata : pennatulacea ) in holyhead harbour , anglesey , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 329 - 337
hummon , w . d . ; hummon , m . r . ( 1977 ) . meiobenthic subcommunity structure : spatial versus temporal variability , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 339 - 347
jackson , j . b . c . ( 1977 ) . habitat area , colonization , and development of epibenthic community structure , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 349 - 358
jansson , a . - m . ; kautsky , n . ( 1977 ) . quantitative survey of hard bottom communities in a baltic archipelago , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 359 - 366
jephson , n . a . ; gray , p . w . g . ( 1977 ) . aspects of the ecoloy of sargassum muticum ( yendo ) fensholt , in the solent region of the british isles : 1 . growth cycle and epiphytes , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 367 - 375
kain , j . m . ( 1977 ) . the effect of depth on populations of laminaria hyperborea , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 377 - 378
knight - jones , e . w . ; nelson - smith , a . ( 1977 ) . sublittoral transects in the menai straits and milford haven , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 379 - 389
könnecker , g . ( 1977 ) . epibenthic assemblages as indicators of environmental conditions , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 391 - 395
lagardère , j . p . ( 1977 ) . recherches sur le régime alimentaire et le comportement prédateur des décapodes benthiques de la pente continentale de l ' atlantique nord orientale ( golfe de gascogne et maroc ) , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 397 - 408
levinton , j . s . ; lopez , g . r . ; heidemann lassen , h . ; rahn , u . ( 1977 ) . feedback and structure in deposit - feeding marine benthic communities , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 409 - 416
lewis , j . r . ( 1977 ) . the role of physical and biological factors in the distribution and stability of rocky shore communities , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 417 - 424
maguire , c . ( 1977 ) . meiofaunal community structure and vertical distribution : a comparison of some county down beaches , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 425 - 431
massé , h . ; plante , r . ; reys , j . - p . ( 1977 ) . etude comparative de l ' efficacité de deux bennes et d ' une suceuse en fonction de la nature du fond , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 433 - 441
moore , p . g . ( 1977 ) . organization in simple communities : observations on the natural history of hyale nilssoni ( amphipoda ) in high littoral seaweeds , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 443 - 451
nichols , f . h . ( 1977 ) . dynamics and production of pectinaria koreni ( malmgren ) in kiel bay , west germany , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 453 - 463
rees , e . i . s . ; nicholaidou , a . ; laskaridou , p . ( 1977 ) . the effects of storms on the dynamics of shallow water benthic associations , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 465 - 474
ölscher , e . m . ; fedra , k . ( 1977 ) . on the ecology of a suspension feeding benthic community : filter efficiency and - behaviour , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 483 - 492
ott , j . ; maurer , l . ( 1977 ) . stratiegies of energy transfer from marine macrophytes to consumer levels : posidonia oceanica example , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 493 - 502
pearson , t . h . ; stanley , s . o . ( 1977 ) . the benthic ecology of some shetland voes , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 503 - 512
reise , k . ( 1977 ) . predation pressure and community structure of an intertidal soft - bottom fauna , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 513 - 519
rex , m . a . ( 1977 ) . zonation in deep - sea gastropods : the importance of biological interactions to rates of zonation , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 521 - 530
richter , w . ; sarnthein , m . ( 1977 ) . molluscan colonization of different sediments on submerged platforms in the western baltic sea , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 531 - 539
seed , r . ; boaden , p . j . s . ( 1977 ) . epifaunal ecology of intertidal algae , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 541 - 548
stachowitsch , m . ( 1977 ) . the hermit crab microbiocoenosis : the role of mobile secondary hard bottom elements in a north adriatic benthic community , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 549 - 558


eupithecia alexiae is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in kashmir .

the wingspan is about 19 mm .

the fore - and hindwings are warm brown .

eupithecia alexiae

this is the place for alexiae definition . you find here alexiae meaning , synonyms of alexiae and images for alexiae copyright 2017 © urltoken
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eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
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eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
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nemertea . . . all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts ( turns inside - out ) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal ' s prey with venom . . . a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends , with which they attach to a host . . . chemoreceptors , and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli , which can detect light but not form an image . . .
nemertea - taxonomy . . . comprises 100 marine species . . . comprises about 400 species . . . includes seven species , of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail . . .
organic farming - externalities - biodiversity . . . nearly all non - crop , naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance and . . . an average of 30 % more species inhabit organic farms . . . many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests . . .
orthoptera - life cycle . . . orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis . . . generally crucial in courtship , and most species have distinct songs . . . the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions . . .
nemertea - description - nervous system and senses . . . most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords , many species have additional paired cords , and some species also have a dorsal cord . . . in some species the cords lie within the skin , but in most they are deeper , inside the muscle layers . . . some species have paired cerebral organs , sacs whose only openings are to the outside . . .
of syndicalism and fascism there appears for the first time in europe a type of man who does not want to give reasons or to be right , but simply shows himself resolved to impose his opinions .
to survive in a world full of stimuli ; but it prevents the survival of the aristocracy .
and kind of body as he pleaseth ? but i dare not say , that this is the way by which god almighty worketh , because it is past my apprehension : yet it serves very well to demonstrate , that the omnipotence of god implieth no contradiction .


protorthodes antennata is a moth in the noctuidae family .

it has a small distribution , extending from central arizona to northernmost mexico .

the length of the forewings is 10 – 14 mm .

the reniform spot on the forewings is not outlined like in other protorthodes species .

there is a series of tiny white dots that partially define the reniform spot , and a series of tiny yellow dots that form a partial outer border of the spot .

adults have been recorded on wing from mid-may to mid-june and in october .

protorthodes antennata

protorthodes lindrothi krogerus , 1954 ; 20 , f . 33 ; tl : newfoundland , badger
protorthodes mcdunnough , 1943 ; can . ent . 75 : 51 ; ts : taeniocampa curtica smith
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larva on fragaria , verbascum , balsamorrhiza spp . , chrysothamnus ; godfrey , 1972 , [ poole ]
taeniocampa indra smith , 1906 ; 233 ; tl : arizona , yavapai co . , minnehaha
perigea texana smith , 1900 ; 476 ; tl : texas , round mt .
namangana variabilis barnes & mcdunnough , 1912 ; 21 , pl . 1 ; tl : california , san diego
eriopyga melanopis hampson , 1905 ; 299 , pl . 86 , f . 31 ; tl : arizona
eriopyga constans dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 344 ; tl : mexico
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . tome cinquiéme . noctuélites . tome 1
biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera
[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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