syngrapha interrogationis , the scarce silver y , is a moth of the noctuidae family .

it is found in the northern areas of the world , from alaska , through canada , iceland , europe , siberia up to northeast asia including japan .

syngrapha interrogationis

scarce silver y ( syngrapha interrogationis ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
syngrapha interrogationis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) = phalaena interrogationis linnaeus , 1758 = noctua aemula fabricius , 1787 = phalaena conscripta hübner , 1790 = noctua subpurpurina haworth , 1802 = phalaena aurosignata donovan , 1808 = plusia borealis reuter , 1893 = plusia epsilon ottolengui , 1900 = autographa zeta ottolengui , 1902 = syngrapha pyrenaica hampson , 1913 = syngrapha interrogationis norrlandica schulte , 1956 = syngrapha flammifera chou & lu , 1979 = syngrapha octoscripta epsilon = syngrapha octoscripta zeta .
habitat : syngrapha interrogationis is associated with acidophilous and coniferous , humid woodlands such as moor woodlands or montane spruce forests with vaccinium undergrowth .
endangerment factors : syngrapha interrogationis is endangered through the intensification in forestry which results in ever darker , uniformous forests , locally also through tourism and usage of wind energy .
autographa interrogationis herschelensis benjamin , 1933 ; pan - pacific ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 61 ; tl : herschel island , yukon
= syngrapha alias ( ottolengui , 1902 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 115
= syngrapha altera ( ottolengui , 1902 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 101
= syngrapha angulidens ( smith , 1891 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 117
= syngrapha ignea ( grote , 1864 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 113
= syngrapha rectangula ( kirby , 1837 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 116
remarks : syngrapha interrogationis has an holarctic distribution ( north america , europe , northern asia ) . in europe it is common in the north and becomes more and more local and restricted to mountains in the south where it occurs to the pyrenees , middle italia and bulgaria .
syngrapha diasema ab . connexa warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 346
syngrapha hochenwarthi alaina [ sic ] ; [ ne10 ] , 161 ( missp . ? )
syngrapha interrogationis has only been found in extreme northwestern british columbia near the border with yukon territory . it is probably more widely distributed along the east slope of the rocky mountains and in other northern mountains in the province since it occurs in the alberta rocky mountains just to the east of british columbia .
syngrapha interrogationis ; [ nacl ] , # 8937 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 106 , f . 48 , pl . 3 , f . 14 - 16 , pl . f , f . 8 , pl . ) , f . 6 ; [ ne10 ] : 244 , pl . 16 , f . 28 - 34 , gen . 265 , 330
syngrapha ain ; [ ne10 ] : 243 , pl . 16 , f . 46 - 50 , gen . 264 , 329
syngrapha rectangulata ab . demaculata strand , 1917 ; archiv naturg . 82 a ( 2 ) : 47 ; tl : north america
syngrapha devergens rilaecacuminum varga & ronkay , 1982 ; acta zool . hung . 2 : 150 ; tl : bulgaria , rila mts .
syngrapha ain persibirica ronkay , ronkay , behounek & mikkola , 2008 ; witt catalogue 1 : 107 , pl . 36 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : mongolia
syngrapha hochenwarthi lapponaris ; [ ne10 ] : 240 , pl . 16 , f . 19 , 20 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 104
syngrapha microgamma r . nearctica ferguson , 1955 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 50 : 25 ; tl : prospect road , goodwood , halifax co . , nova scotia
syngrapha abstrusa eichlin & cunningham , 1978 ; u . s . dept . agric . tech . bull . 1567 : 46 ; tl : lake katherine , oneida co . , wisconsin
syngrapha cryptica eichlin & cunningham , 1978 ; u . s . dept . agric . tech . bull . 1567 : 47 ; tl : lake katherine , oneida co . , wisconsin
syngrapha rilaecacuminum ; [ ne10 ] : 238 , pl . 16 , f . 14 - 18 , gen . 259 , 324 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 102
syngrapha hochenwarthi hochenwarthi ; [ ne10 ] : 239 , pl . 16 , f . 21 - 23 , gen . 260 , 325 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 103
syngrapha devergens ; [ nacl ] , # 8947 ( extralim . ) ; [ ne10 ] : 237 , pl . 16 , f . 9 - 13 , gen . 258 , 323 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 101
syngrapha hochenwarthi is a moth of the noctuidae family . it is found in the alps ( on height of 1700 to 2500 m ) , the mountainous areas of northern norway and finland , the ural mountains , the balkan , the caucasus and the altai mountains .
syngrapha orophila ; [ nacl ] , # 8930 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 112 , f . 52 , pl . 3 , f . 25 , pl . g , f . 3 , pl . p , f . 3 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha alias ; [ nacl ] , # 8939 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 115 , f . 56 , pl . 3 , f . 34 - 36 , pl . g , f . 7 , pl . p , f . 7 ; [ ne10 ] , 160
syngrapha altera ; [ nacl ] , # 8925 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 101 , f . 43 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . f , f . 2 , pl . n , f . 8 ; [ ne10 ] , 160
syngrapha angulidens ; [ nacl ] , # 8943 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 117 , f . 59 , pl . 3 , f . 42 - 44 , pl . g , f . 10 , pl . q , f . 2 ; [ ne10 ] , 160
syngrapha borea ; [ nacl ] , # 8934 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 111 , f . 51 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 24 , pl . g , f . 2 , pl . p , f . 2 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha celsa ; [ nacl ] , # 8944 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 118 , f . 60 , pl . 3 , f . 45 - 47 , pl . h , f . 1 , pl . q , f . 3 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha cryptica ; [ nacl ] , # 8941 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 115 , f . 57 , pl . 3 , f . 37 - 38 , pl . g , f . 8 , pl . p , f . 8 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha rectangula ; [ nacl ] , # 8942 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 116 , f . 58 , pl . 3 , f . 39 - 41 , pl . g , f . 9 , pl . q , f . 1 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha selecta ; [ nacl ] , # 8928 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 104 , f . 46 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 , pl . f , f . 6 , pl . o , f . 4 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha surena ; [ nacl ] , # 8938 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 109 , f . 50 , pl . 3 , f . 19 - 20 , pl . f , f . 10 , pl . o , f . 8 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha viridisigma ; [ nacl ] , # 8929 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 103 , f . 45 , pl . 3 , f . 9 - 10 , pl . f , f . 5 , pl . o , f . 3 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha u - aureum ; [ nacl ] , # 8936 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 108 , f . 49 , pl . 3 , f . 17 - 18 , pl . f , f . 9 , pl . o , f . 7 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha epigaea ; [ nacl ] , # 8927 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 105 , f . 47 , pl . 3 , f . 13 , pl . 4 , f . 14 , pl . f , f . 7 , pl . o , f . 5 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha abstrusa ; [ nacl ] , # 8940 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 114 , f . 55 , pl . 3 , f . 31 - 33 , pl . 4 , f . 16 , pl . g , f . 6 , pl . p , f . 6 ; [ ne10 ] , 160
syngrapha montana ; [ nacl ] , # 8945 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 120 , f . 62 , pl . 3 , f . 50 - 51 , pl . 4 , f . 18 , pl . h , f . 3 , pl . q , f . 5 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha ignea ; [ nacl ] , # 8949 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 113 , f . 2d - f , 54 , pl . 3 , f . 28 - 30 , pl . 4 , f . 15 , pl . g , 5 , pl . p , f . 5 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha octoscripta ; [ nacl ] , # 8926 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 102 , f . 2g , 44 , pl . 3 , f . 6 - 8 , pl . 4 , f . 13 , pl . f , f . 4 , pl . o , f . 2 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha ottolenguii ; lafontaine , 1986 , j . lep . soc . 40 ( 3 ) : 158 - 162 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 102 , f . 43 , pl . 3 , f . 3 - 5 , pl . f , f . 3 , pl . o , f . 1 ; [ ne10 ] , 161
syngrapha parilis ; [ nacl ] , # 8948 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 122 , f . 64 , pl . 3 , f . 52 - 53 , pl . h , f . 5 , pl . q , f . 7 ; [ ne10 ] : 238 , pl . 16 , f . 24 - 27 , gen . 261 , 326 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 102
syngrapha diasema ; [ nacl ] , # 8935 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 110 , f . 51 , pl . 3 , f . 21 - 22 , pl . g , f . 1 , pl . p , f . 1 ; [ ne10 ] : 240 , pl . 16 , f . 41 - 45 , gen . 263a - b , 328 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 106
syngrapha microgamma ; [ nacl ] , # 8946 ( extralim . ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 119 , f . 61 , pl . 3 , f . 48 - 49 , pl . 4 , f . 17 , pl . h , f . 2 , pl . q , f . 4 ; [ ne10 ] : 242 , pl . 16 , f . 35 - 40 , gen . 262 , 327 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 108
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gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hernández
records of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .
hosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .
we hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .
hosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .
in text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .
hint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .
restrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .
hint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .
drill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .
the preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .
leguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .
all lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .
detailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]
beccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monografías tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomológica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeografía y entomología sistemática ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .
gaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hernández was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .
we are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .
we are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .
marian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .
we are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .
we thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .
robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .
brummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .
kartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .
kitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .
kitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .
letourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .
mabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]
nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .
nye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .
rawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .
robinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .
scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .
royal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /
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a moorland species , distributed throughout scotland and northern england in suitable habitat . it also occurs sparingly in wales and south - west england , and occasional immigrants appear in the south - east .
the flight period of the adults is from june to august and can be seen flying in the sunshine , though at night it comes to light .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
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ab rocky mtns , mountain cr drainage , . 75mi se of pocahontas , 3600 ft 53 . 2 , - 117 . 9 july 29 , 1994 , lg crabo & j troubridge . specimen courtesy of lgcc photograph copyright : merrill a . peterson
this species flies in boreal , montane , and subarctic forests across canada . it is associated with forested bogs in western alberta .
this is a holarctic species that is most widely distributed in the old world . it occurs from scandinavia and the mountains of central europe east across asia . in north america it is predominantly a species of the northern boreal zone and the subarctic . it is found from alaska to labrador near the limit of trees . the range extends south to the rocky mountains of alberta .
this species feeds on arctic tundra shrubs including dwarf huckleberries ( vaccinium spp . ) in the ericaceae and dwarf birch ( betula nana ) in the betulaceae .
this species flies during late summer , usually from late july to september . it is nocturnal and comes to lights .
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host plants : the caterpillars feed on vaccinium species , especially vaccinium myrtillus and vaccinium uliginosum .
life cycle : the caterpillar hibernates and is fully - grown in may or early june . they live openly on mostly low growing vaccinium . the moths are on the wing between late june and early september , according to the location and year .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
newfoundland - new jersey , s . canada , montana , n . new mexico . see [ maps ]
larva on picea engelmannii , pinus banksiana , picea glauca [ mna25 . 1 ] , 114
alps , s . urals , s . siberia , korea , japan . see [ maps ]
phalaena ain hochenwarth , 1785 ; beitr . ins berl . 6 : 337 , pl . 7 , f . 8
newfoundland , n . quebec - alaska , new jersey , n . north carolina , new mexico , idaho , n . california . see [ maps ]
autographa alias ottolengui , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 69 , pl . 8 , f . 7 , 13 ; tl : jefferson , new hampshire
larva on picea glauca , p . mariana [ mna25 . 1 ] , 115
autographa altera ottolengui , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 69 , pl . 8 , f . 9 ; tl : lake nipigon , ontario
newfoundland , labrador , n . manitoba , northwest territory , w . alaska , rocky mountains , washington . see [ maps ]
plusia alticola walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 12 : 912 ; tl :
rocky mountains
s . alaska - british columbia , washington , oregon , rocky mountains , e . nevada , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]
larva on abies ? , pseudotsuga ? stevens , carolin & stein , 1983 , j . lep . soc . 37 ( 2 ) : 134
autographa alta ottolengui , 1919 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 27 : 125 ( unnec . repl . autographa excelsa ottolengui , 1902 )
w . greenland , alaska , yukon - alberta , se . british columbia . see [ maps ]
british columbia - california , idaho , nevada , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]
larva on abies lasiocarpa , a . grandis , a . concolor , picea egelmannii , p . glauca , pinus monticola , tsuga heterophylla [ mna25 . 1 ] , 119
autographa celsa r . sierrae ottolengui , 1919 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 27 : 123 ; tl : lake tahoe , sierra nevada , california
caloplusia composita warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 345 , pl . 64 a ; tl : thian shan mts . , turgan aksu
nova scotia , prince edwards i . , n . maine , michigan , wisconsin . see [ maps ]
alps , tien - shan , alai mts . , ili region . see [ maps ]
noctua devergens hübner , [ 1813 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 107 , f . 500 - 510 ; tl : europe
n . scandinavia , n . european russia , n . siberia , altai , tien shan , n . mongolia , labrador - alaska , n . quebec . see [ maps ]
500x540 ( ~ 42kb ) finland : lk : muonio , 753 : 38 , m 15 . 7 . 1984 , f 14 . 7 . 1984 , markku savela leg .
larva on betula sp . , b . nana , vaccinium , populus , trollius europaeus [ ne10 ] , 241
w . canada , s . canada , pennsylvania , n . ohio , n . wisconsin , british columbia - to ( oregon , colorado ) . see [ maps ]
larva on vaccinium spp . , vaccinium angustifolium , kalmia angustifolia [ mna25 . 1 ] , 105
catoplusia hochenvarthi hampson , 1913 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 13 : 408 ( unj . emend . )
500x531 ( ~ 47kb ) finland : li : utsjoki , 775 : 50 , m + f 9 . 7 . 1983 , markku savela leg .
caloplusia hochenwarthi cuprina warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 34 , pl . 64 a ; tl :
tura
catoplusia hochenwarthi lapponaris schulte , 1952 ; ent . zeitschr . 62 : 121 ; tl : sweden , torne - lappmark
alaska - rocky mountains , cascades ( washingon , oregon ) , california ( sierra nevada ) . see [ maps ]
plusia ignea grote , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 274 ; tl : pikes peak , colorado
larva on ( reared ) vaccinium sp . , salix [ mna25 . 1 ] , 114
plusia hochenworthi [ sic ] var . alaica galvagni , 1906 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 56 : 82 ; tl : alai mts .
1175x881 ( ~ 191kb ) finland : vaala , oulujärvi , manamansalo , pantioniemi , 18 . 8 . 2006 , photo © harri arkkio
500x593 ( ~ 51kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 2 . 7 . 1983 , f 6 . 7 . 1970 , markku savela leg .
larva on betula sp . , b . nana , calluna vulgaris , vaccinium myrtillus , v . uliginosum , andromeda polifolia
fennoscandia , baltia , poland , n . european russia , c . asia ( mountains ) , kamchatka . see [ maps ]
500x575 ( ~ 45kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , m + f 27 . 6 . 1970 , markku savela leg .
larva on ledum groenlandicum , cassandra calyculata , vaccinium spp . [ mna25 . 1 ] , 120
labrador , nova scotia , maine , new hampshire , n . michigan , quebec - saskatchewan , alaska . see [ maps ]
plusia montana packard , 1869 ; guide to the study of insects ( ? 9th edn . ) : 313 ; tl : mt . washington , new hampshire
alaska , w . canada , s . canada - to ( wisconin , n . ohio , e . pennsylvania , new jersey ) . see [ maps ]
british columbia , nw . wyoming , washington , idaho , oregon . see [ maps ]
plusia orophila hampson , 1908 ; can . ent . 40 ( 3 ) : 104 ; tl : brobokton creek , alberta
aleutians ( attu ) , japan , ne . china - magadan , kamchatka . see [ maps ]
arctic europe , iceland , n . siberia , coast ( s . greenland ) , arctic america . see [ maps ]
600x406 ( ~ 39kb ) finland : lk : muonio , 754 : 36 , m 7 . 7 . 1984 , markku savela leg .
newfoundland , quebec , n . ontario - manitoba , new jersey , n . pennsylvania , s . michigan , n . wisconsin , north carolina , virginia , british columbia , alberta , montana , n . idaho , cascades ( washington , oregon ) . see [ maps ]
larva on abies balsamea , tsuga heterophylla , picea glauca , pseudotsuga menziesii [ mna25 . 1 ] , 117
sw . montana - ne . utah , new mexico , colorado . see [ maps ]
nova scotia , newfoundland - alberta - nw . canada , n . michigan , maine ? , minnesota ? . see [ maps ]
plusia selecta walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 12 : 912 ; tl : st . martin ' s falls , albany river , hudson bay , ontario
newfoundland , labrador , n . saskatchewan , alberta , maine . see [ maps ]
plusia surena grote , 1882 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 3 ) : 585 ; tl : orono , maine
plusia hochenwarthi var . tibetana staudinger , 1895 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 329 ; tl : betwen lob noor and kuku noor
e . manitoba - quebec , labrador , s . greenland , newfoundland , n . maine , n . new hampshire , n . new york . see [ maps ]
canada - to ( massachusetts , n . new york , michigan , n . washington ) , rocky mountains , cascades ( oregon ) . see [ maps ]
plusia viridisignata grote , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 11 ) : 205 ( unn . emend . )
larva on picea glauca , abies balsamea , pseudotsuga menziesii [ mna25 . 1 ] , 104
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notes on aberrational names omitted from the barnes and mcdunnough check list ( lepid . )
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . tome sixiéme . noctuélites . tome 2
the natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope
papers from the harriman alask expedition . xii . entomological results ( 6 ) : lepidoptera
additions to the catalogue of u . s . lepidoptera , no . 3 - 5
in uhler , p . r . report upon the insects collected by p . r . uhler during the explorations of 1875 , including monographs of the families
new moths , principally collected by mr . roland thaxter in maine , with notes on noxious species and remarks on classification
( 1 ) : [ 1 - 6 ] , 7 - 31 , [ 32 ] , 4pls , ( 2 ) : [ 33 - 35 ] , 36 - 56 , 4pls , ( 3 ) : [ 57 - 59 ] , 60 - 79 , [ 80 ] , 4pls , ( 4 ) : [ 81 - 83 ] , 84 - 100 , 4pls , : [ 101 - 103 ] , 104 - 128 ( nachtrag and suppl . ) , : [ 129 - 134 ] ( index )
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
walker , [ 1858 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 9 : 1 - 252 ( 1856 ) , 10 : 253 - 492 ( [ 1857 ] ) , 11 : 493 - 764 ( 1857 ) , 12 : 765 - 982 ( [ 1858 ] ) , 13 : 983 - 1236 ( [ 1858 ] ) , 14 : 1237 - 1520 ( 1858 ) , 15 : 1521 - 1888 ( 1858 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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. the wedge entomological research foundation , p . 106 ; pl . 3 , figs . 14 - 16 .
the moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 25 . 1 . noctuoidea , noctuidae ( part ) , plusiinae j . donald lafontaine , robert w . poole . 1991 . the wedge entomological research foundation .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 9 may , 2014 - 9 : 06pm last updated 26 july , 2014 - 11 : 38am
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recorded in 14 ( 20 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1964 . last recorded in 2017 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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larva pale green ; dorsal line dark , with pale edges ; several pale wavy subdorsal lines and a broad whitish lateral line with dark upper edge . the larvae feed on the leaves of various plants , including vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium uliginosum , betula , calluna vulgaris , andromeda polifolia and urtica . [ 2 ]
seitz , a . ed . , 1914 die großschmetterlinge der erde , verlag alfred kernen , stuttgart band 3 : abt . 1 , die großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes , die palaearktischen eulenartigen nachtfalter , 1914
robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london .
this page was last edited on 15 february 2018 , at 21 : 24 .
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regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , gorno - altaisk , the european north - east , the european north - west , the european central european south taiga , transbaikalia , western caucasus , kaliningrad , kamchatka , karelia , kola , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amursky , nizhneobsky , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , primorye , sakhalin , the north okhotsk , mid - amur , the volga - average , average urals , sredneobskaya , tuva , chukotka , south west siberian yuzhno - kuril , south ural , south yakutia .
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[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa ( leps . it ) , 2012
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the wingspan is 24–30 mm . the moth flies from june to september depending on the location .
the wingspan is 32–38 mm . the moth flies from june to august depending on the location .
the larvae feed on the leaves of various plants , including vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium uliginosum , betula , calluna vulgaris , andromeda polifolia and urtica .
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appendix ii ( noctuidae plates ) ……………………… . . . …………………………… . . . . . . 12
site 6 ) beside rock lake on july 22 , 2000 in a white spruce forest .
lasionycta uniformis , l . alberta , l . perplexa , l . conjugata ,
over a couple of years to get a more accurate list . i suspect that this fma could have as
handfield , l . 1999 . le guide des papillons du quebec . version scientifique . broquet .
dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 27 . 2 .
dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 25 . 1
noctuinae ( part – euxoa ) in dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico
lafontaine , j . d . 1987 . noctuidea , noctuidae ( part ) , noctuinae ( part – euxoa ) in dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 27 . 2 .
lafontaine , j . d . and r . w . poole . 1991 . noctuidea , noctuidae ( part ) , plusiinae in dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 25 . 1
polia purpurissata ( grt . ) * 65 ) polia propodea mccabe * 66 ) lacanobia nevadae ( grt
polia rogenhoferi carbonifera hampson * 64 ) polia purpurissata ( grt . ) * 65 ) polia propodea mccabe * 66 ) lacanobia nevadae ( grt . )
lasionycta alberta b . & benj . * 71 ) lasionycta perplexa ( sm . ) *
compilation of literature and collection records , for the provinces and territories of canada .
to document all species of lepidoptera found in this park and to further strengthen its status as an ecological reserve .
to document all species found in the peace river parkland ecoregion to help increase our knowledge of the biodiversity in this region .
there is a small area parkland natural region that is located in the northwest corner of alberta along the banks of the peace river . during 2005 and 2006 i began surveying lepidoptera in this area . the habitat targeted was the peace river parkland subregion that consists of open grassland with aspen bluffs . the following is a list of 503 species representing 38 different families .
alberta lepidoptera inventories are initiated by both the alberta government and members of the alberta lepidopterist guild ( alg ) who are working together to document all species found in alberta’s parks and protected areas . resulting species lists are used by personnel in resource management planning . this report summaries all species that are known from the park . a total of 17 families and . . . [ show full abstract ]
alberta lepidoptera inventories are initiated by both the alberta government and members of the alberta lepidopterist guild ( alg ) who are working together to document all species found in alberta’s parks and protected areas . resulting species lists are used by personnel in resource management planning . this report summaries all species that are known from the park . a total of 22 families and . . . [ show full abstract ]
lepidoptera survey of the peace river parkland subregion in northwestern alberta - 2012 project upda . . .
is nive of t ned eris e . n larv be cla plie lenguii nd nea and atk afonta ed by a o jinb ve bee recently , kusunoki and yasuda ( 2002 ) described v . citis - idaea , v . journal…
effect of larval crowding on development , growth and reproduction of earias vittella ( f . ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae )
sensory receptors on the larval maxillae and labia of heliothis zea ( boddie ) and heliothis virescens ( f . ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae )
plusiinae is a smallish ( for noctuid standards ) subfamily of the moth family noctuidae . as the noctuidae appear to be a paraphyletic assemblage , the plusiinae may eventually be raised to family status ( weller et al . 1994 ) .
( 1994 ) : phylogeny of noctuoid moths and the utility of combining independent nuclear and mitochondrial genes .
markku savela ' s lepidoptera and some other life forms : plusiinae . version of 2007 - mar - 15 . retrieved 2007 - jun - 03 .
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tineola bisselliella , known as the common clothes moth , webbing clothes moth , or simply clothing moth , is a species of fungus moth ( family tineidae , subfamily tineinae ) .

it is the type species of its genus tineola .

the specific name is commonly misspelled biselliella – for example by g. a. w. herrich-schäffer , when he established tineola in 1853 .

the larvae ( caterpillars ) of this moth are considered a serious pest , as they can derive nourishment from clothing – in particular wool , but many other natural fibers – and also , like most related species , from stored foods , such as grains .

tineola bisselliella

species tineola bisselliella - webbing clothes moth - hodges # 426 - bugguide . net
tineola bisselliella ( common clothes moth ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
this thesaurus page is about all possible synonyms , equivalent , same meaning and similar words for the term tineola bisselliella .
fig . 5 illustrates graphical data of responses by adult t . bisselliella to virgin male or female t . bisselliella .
p . trematerra and f . fontana , monitoring of webbing clothes moth . tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) , by sex pheromone , anz . schadlingskunde pflanzenschutz umweltschutz 69 , 119 - 121 ( 1996 ) .
6 . analysis and bioassays of sex pheromone components produced by female t . bisselliella
17 . trematerra , p . and f . fontana . 1996 . monitoring of webbing clothes moth tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) , by sex pheromone . anz . schädlingskunde pflanzenschutz umweltschutz . 69 : 119 - 121 .
7 . development of an optimal bait for attraction of male and female t . bisselliella
13 . kan e . and y . waku . 1985 . analysis of oviposition preference in the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella hum . ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) appl . ent . zool . 20 : 322 - 330 .
fig . 6 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detector ( ead : male t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to one male equivalent of male t . bisselliella body .
fig . 10 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detector ( ead : male t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to one female equivalent of female t . bisselliella pheromone gland extract .
fig . 9 illustrates graphical data of captures of male , gravid female or virgin female t . bisselliella in traps baited with sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella or baited with white noise .
21 . behrenz , w . and g . savetti . 1989 . agents for combating tineola biselliella . u . s . pat . no . 4 , 845 , 131 .
this invention relates to a composition and procedure for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) . in particular , this invention relates to the use of specific semiochemical and sonic signals for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moths .
p . d . cox , et al . , monitoring populations of the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella , using pheromone lures . in : k . b . wildey ( ed . ) proceedings of the second international conference on insect pests in the urban environment , 541 - 545 .
the most common species of moth found in hertfordshire and the rest of the uk are the brown house moth ( hofmannophila pseudospretella ) , common clothes moth ( tineola bisselliella ) , case - bearing clothes moth ( tinea pellionella ) & the white - shouldered house moth ( endrosis sarcitrella ) .
fig . 11 illustrates graphical data of captures of male t . bisselliella in traps baited with synthetic female pheromone components .
fig . 2 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detector ( ead ♂ : male t . bisselliella antenna ; ead ♀ : gravid female t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to 5 pelt - min of squirrel pelt volatile extract .
fig . 1 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with potential larval habitat .
common throughout the united states , the larvae of clothes moths ( tineola bisselliella ) attack garments , carpets , furs , blankets , upholstery , piano felts , brush bristles and a number of other related items . read on to learn our 8 step treatment program to control a clothes moth infestation naturally and save big money doing it yourself !
14 . tranyier , r . m . m . , r . k . schumacher , and d . m . lau , 1994 . oviposition site selection by tineola bisselliella , tinea spp . ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) and anthrenus flavipes ( coleoptera : dermestidae ) . j . stor . prod . res . 30 : 321 - 329 .
database cropu ′online ! d . k . mueller :
the pratical use of the new pheromone for webbing clothes moth ( tineola bisselliella )
retrieved from stn - international ; database accession no . 1996 - 83104 cropu xp002221078 ; abstract ; & procbrit . pest contr . assoc . conf . , 1995 , p . 123 - 124 .
webbing clothes moths , tineola bisselliella ( hum . ) ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) , invade and cause damage in households , textile and fur warehouses , and museums throughout the world ( 1 - 3 ) . in temperate regions , they are economically important , causing hundreds of millions of dollars of damage in north america each year ( 4 ) .
database cropu ' online ! d . k . mueller :
the pratical use of the new pheromone for webbing clothes moth ( tineola bisselliella )
retrieved from stn - international ; database accession no . 1996 - 83104 cropu xp002221078 ; abstract ; & procbrit . pest contr . assoc . conf . , 1995 , p . 123 - 124 .
odours from dried yeast localized oviposition on fabric by tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) , tinea translucens meyrick and tinea pellionella l . in choice experiments in the laboratory . in tineola bisselliella this effect was augmented by odours from the faeces from conspecific larvae that had eaten a favourable diet containing dried yeast . in contrast with these lepidoptera , oviposition by anthrenus flavipes leconte was unaffected by yeast odours and deterred by odours from conspecific cultures . blood - stains did not influence ovipositional choice . some plant phenolics and flavonoids and quinones incompletely deterred oviposition . both vegetable oils and fatty acids from wool wax deterred oviposition equally well when present in large amounts . treatment of wool to control micro - organisms might reduce insect damage indirectly .
16 . cox , p . d . , d . b . pinniger , d . mueller . monitoring populations of the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella , using pheromone lures . in : wildey , k . b . ( ed . ) proceedings of the second international conference on insect pests in the urban environment . pp . 541 - 545 .
in arena bioassay experiments ( employing the general protocol as described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ] ) , played - back sound from male t . bisselliella attracted male , gravid female and virgin female t . bisselliella ( fig . 9 ) .
the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella , and casemaking clothes moth , tinea pellionella , can be fabric pests in california . they tend to hide when disturbed , so you might not notice you have an infestation until after the moths have already damaged your fabric , fur , or feathered items . close examination of the objects will reveal silken webs the larvae have spun .
fig . 3 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with natural or synthetic volatiles from larval habitat .
fig . 12 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination .
fig . 13 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination .
fig . 15 illustrates graphical data of captures of gravid female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination .
9 . a combination as claimed in claim 8 wherein the chemical composition is contained in , and released from , a trap that captures attracted t . bisselliella , and the sonic signal is generated by a sonic apparatus that is contained in or associated with the trap that captures attracted t . bisselliella .
fig . 7 illustrates graphical data of captures of male , gravid female , or virgin female t . bisselliella in traps baited with synthetic male pheromone components .
3 . a composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the composition is contained in , and released from , a trap that captures attracted t . bisselliella .
fig . 4 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with the synthetic chemicals geranylacetone and nonanal or dried muskrat pelt .
these results indicate that male t . bisselliella produce signals that attract males and females , and that females produce signals exciting to males only at very close range .
11 . gerard , p . j . , n . b . perry , l . d . ruf , l . m . foster . 1993 . antifeedant and insecticidal activity of compounds from pseudowintera colorata ( winteraceae ) on the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) and the australian carpet beetle , anthrenocerus australis ( coleoptera : dermestidae ) . bull . entomol . res . 83 : 547 - 552 .
database biosis ′online ! biosciences information service , philadeophia , pa , us ; 1996 ; trematerra p . et al . :
monitoring of webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) , by sex pheromone
; database accession no . prev199699182673 xp 002221074 ; abstract ; & anzeiber fuer schaedlingskunde pflanzenschutz umweltschutz , vol . 69 , no . 5 , 1996 , p . 119 - 121 ; issn : 0340 - 7330 .
database biosis ' online ! biosciences information service , philadeophia , pa , us ; 1996 ; trematerra p . et al . :
monitoring of webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) , by sex pheromone
; database accession no . prev199699182673 xp 002221074 ; abstract ; & anzeiber fuer schaedlingskunde pflanzenschutz umweltschutz , vol . 69 , no . 5 , 1996 , p . 119 - 121 ; issn : 0340 - 7330 .
fig . 14 illustrates graphical data of captures of virgin female , gravid female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination .
fig . 5 illustrates graphical data of responses of adult t . bisselliella in binary choice bioassays to two confined virgin adult t . bisselliella . numbers of individuals responding to each stimulus are given in parentheses beside bars . asterisks indicate a significant preference for a particular treatment [ fisher exact test ( p < 0 . 05 ) ] .
the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella , and the casemaking clothes moth , tinea pellionella , are occasional fabric pests in michigan . clothes moths are weak flyers and are not attracted to lights . they tend to hide when disturbed , and for this reason , infestations of clothes moths are not usually noticed until damaged woolens , furs , or feathers are found . close examination of the objects reveals the presence of silken webs that are spun by the larvae .
fig . 16 illustrates graphical data of captures of gravid female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with newly identified synthetic attractants , a commercial bait or a solvent control .
the signal can be generated by a sonic apparatus contained in or associated with a trap that captures attracted t . bisselliella . the sonic apparatus can be an electronically activated sonic microchip .
similarly , in experiments 52 , 53 , and 54 all stimuli combined ( ♀p + ♂p + sonic + nas ) attracted more virgin female , gravid female , and male t . bisselliella than did a combination of chemical stimuli ( ♀p + ♂p + nas ) or played back sonic signals ( sonic ) from male t . bisselliella ( fig . 14 ) .
the composition can be contained in , or released from , slow release devices . the composition can be contained in , and released from , a trap that captures attracted t . bisselliella .
the common clothes moth , tineola bisselliella , has been blamed for munching its way into homes across britain . but it’s actually the larvae , not the moths , which cause the damage . clothes moths have a life cycle of 65 to 90 days , during which time they can lay 40 to 50 eggs . the tiny white grubs burrow into fabric , leaving behind trails that look like cobwebs . by the time you see the adult moths flying around , your infestation maybe in full flow .
fig . 8 illustrates waveform ( a ) , frequency ( b ) , and time - frequency sound intensity ( c ) of wing - beat caused sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella .
in experiments 49 , 50 and 51 , animal pelt ( nas ) attracted more virgin female , gravid female , and male t . bisselliella than did a combination of female pheromone ( ♀p ) , male pheromone ( ♂p ) and played - back sonic signals from male t . bisselliella ; all stimuli combined ( ♀p + ♂p + sonic + nas ) were significantly most attractive ( fig . 14 ) .
the common clothes moth , or tineola bisselliella , has been blamed for munching its way into homes across britain . but it’s the larvae , not the moths , that are responsible for the damage . clothes moths have a life cycle of between 65 and 90 days , during which time they can lay around 50 eggs . the tiny white grubs live in silken tubes , leaving trails resembling cobwebs as they burrow into piles of fabric . by the time you see adult moths flying around , it may be too late to stop an infestation .
semiochemicals ( message - bearing chemicals ) that attract t . bisselliella to larval habitat and intra - specific sexual communication signals have hardly been investigated . larva and adult t . bisselliella are attracted to fishmeal , fish oil , and dried meat ( 12 ) . females select oviposition sites based on their physical stimuli ( 13 ) , or volatiles ( 14 ) . e2 , z13 - octadecadienal and e2 - octadecenal are reported sex pheromone components of t . bisselliella ( 15 ) , but these compounds are only moderately attractive ( 16 , 17 ) and unreliable for practical control situations ( t . konicek , person . communication ) .
fig . 17 illustrates a potential trap design , said trap baited with a sound - emitting micro - chip and a semiochemical dispenser for attraction and capture of t . bisselliella and other keratin - feeding insects .
in experiments 55 and 56 , a combination of synthetic female pheromone ( ♀p ) , synthetic male pheromone ( ♂p ) , synthetic semiochemicals ( ss : identified from animal pelt ; see fig . 4 ) , and played - back sonic signals ( sonic ) from male t . bisselliella attracted more gravid female and male t . bisselliella than did chemical ( ♀p + ♂p + ss ) or sonic signals alone ( fig . 15 ) .
fig . 1 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with larval habitat . asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p < 0 . 05 ) ] .
pesticides are used to treat or prevent larval infestations of t . bisselliella . physical control methods include vacuum ( 3 ) , repeated cooling and heating ( 9 ) , and sanitation of potential infestation sites ( 2 , 4 ) . use of naturally occurring chemicals for control of t . bisselliella is increasingly preferred by the public ( 4 ) . these chemicals include feeding inhibitors , repellents , and plant - based insecticides ( 10 , 11 ) . there is no suitable method yet for detection of incipient infestations .
in arena bioassay experiments 34 - 37 ( employing the general protocol described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ] ) synthetic e2 , z13 - 18 : oh and e2 , z13 - 18 : ald proved to be the sex pheromone components that attracted male t . bisselliella . this 2 - component blend , even at very low quantity , attracted more male t . bisselliella than did 2 virgin females confined in a nylon mesh cage ( exp . 37 ) ( fig . 11 ) .
in experiments 41 and 42 , synthetic male pheromone components ( 16 : ester and z9 - 16 : ester ) in combination with played - back sonic signals from male t . bisselliella attracted more gravid females and males than did either stimulus alone ( fig . 12 ) .
fig . 4 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with synthetic geranylacetone ( 44 ng ) and nonanal ( 3 . 5 μg ) or dried muskrat pelt [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p < 0 . 05 ) ] .
in experiments 47 and 48 , animal pelt ( nas ) attracted more gravid female and male t . bisselliella than did synthetic female plus male pheromone ( ♂p + ♀p ) ; the combination of animal pelt plus male and female pheromone was most attractive ( fig . 13 ) .
the essence of the invention is the preparation and implementation of these stimuli for manipulating the behaviour of t . bisselliella . stimuli can be used in all possible combinations and ratios . stimuli compositions can be contained in , and emitted from , slow release devices or sonic microchips . devices can be held in traps to capture attracted male and female t . bisselliella . the invention can be used as a diagnostic tool to help decide whether and when control of insects that feed on fur , fabric and other keratin containing products is warranted and as a means for protection of fur , fabric and other keratin containing products .
fig . 9 illustrates graphical data of captures of male , gravid female or virgin female t . bisselliella in traps baited with sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella or baited with gaussian white noise . asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p < 0 . 05 ) ] . recordings were digitally filtered and played back at biologically relevant levels ( 55 db at 2 . 5 cm ) through sennheisser hv 70 headphone speakers using programs developed in labview ( ni ) for the daq boards . this recording was automatically rerun every 26 min during the 12 hour bioassay period .
this invention relates to a composition and procedure for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) . in particular , this invention relates to the use of specific semiochemical and sonic signals for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moths . a composition of chemicals for manipulating the behaviour of clothes moths , said composition comprising two or more chemicals in all possible combinations and ratios selected from the group consisting of : 1 ) ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ; 2 ) ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ; 3 ) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ; 4 ) ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ; 5 ) nonanal ; 6 ) geranylacetone ; 7 ) octanal ; 8 ) decanal ; 9 ) nonenal ; 10 ) octenal ; 11 ) decenal .
both virgin females and virgin males preferred the chamber containing capsules with male t . bisselliella ( exps . 24 , 25 ) . virgin females avoided other females , and virgin males were not attracted to virgin females ( exp . 27 ) ( fig . 5 ) , but exhibited excitatory behaviour in contact with capsules containing virgin females .
in experiment 57 , a combination of synthetic male pheromone ( ♂p ) , synthetic female pheromone ( ♀p ) , and synthetic semiochemicals ( ss ) identified from larval habitat attracted more female and male t . bisselliella than did a commercial lure , which in turn was not more attractive than a solvent ( hexane ) control stimulus ( fig . 16 ) .
fig . 11 illustrates graphical data of captures of male t . bisselliella in traps baited with ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 - octadecadienol ( e2 , z13 - 18 : oh ) and ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( e2 , z13 - 18 : ald ) in various ratios , solvent , or virgin female t . bisselliella . synthetic chemicals were dispensed from whatman # 1 filter paper . females were confined in a nylon mesh cage . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p < 0 . 05 ) or kruskal wallis test with tukey type non - parametric multiple comparison ( p < 0 . 05 ) . ]
in arena bioassay experiments 29 - 31 ( following the general protocol as described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ] ) , hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester proved to be the sex pheromone components that attracted both male and virgin female t . bisselliella ( fig . 7 ) .
in experiment 44 , synthetic male pheromone in combination with synthetic female pheromone attracted more males than did male or female pheromone alone ( fig . 12 ) . in experiments 45 and 46 , female and male pheromone in combination with played back sonic signals from males attracted more gravid female and male t . bisselliella than did pheromonal or sonic signals alone ( fig . 12 ) .
fig . 12 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination , as follows : ♂p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ) ; ♀p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) ; sonic = sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella ( see fig . 8 ) . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison ( p < 0 . 05 ) ] .
fig . 8 illustrates waveform ( a ) , frequency ( b ) , and time - frequency sound intensity ( c ) of a sonic signal recorded from male t . bisselliella . top : calling male > 5 cm away from other moths ; bottom : calling male < 5 cm away from other . the more intense the shading in diagram c , the more intense the frequency component of the signal .
t . bisselliella inhabits well - sheltered bird nests , dry corpses and animal lairs that are not exposed to direct light ( 5 - 7 ) . adults have vestigial mouthparts and do not cause damage . larvae , however , feed year round on keratin contained in woollen goods , hair , feathers , and other animal - based products like clothing , rugs , and furniture ( 5 ) . exploratory feeding also damages synthetic textiles ( 8 ) .
we reveal stimuli which singly or in combination attract male and female t . bisselliella . these stimuli include : 1 . semiochemicals from larval habitat ( mainly nonanal and geranylacetone ) that attract males and females ; 2 . female - produced sex pheromone components [ ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol and ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ] that attract males ; 3 . male - produced sex pheromone components ( hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and z9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ) that attract males and females ; and 4 . male - produced sonic signals ( primary frequencies : 50 + / −10 hz ; 70 / + −10 hz ; 110 + / −20 hz ; 140 + / −20 hz and their harmonics ) that attract males and females . we further reveal that combinations of these signals result in a bait optimally attractive to male and female t . bisselliella .
in arena bioassay experiments ( following the general protocol as described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ] ) male and gravid female t . bisselliella preferred porapak q volatile extract from red squirrel pelt over a pentane control ( exp . 16 , 17 ) , and also a blend of 29 synthetic squirrel pelt volatiles ( sb - 1 ) over a pentane control ( exps . 18 , 19 ) ( fig . 3 ) .
fig . 10 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detector ( ead : male t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to one female equivalent of female t . bisselliella pheromone gland extract . ead - active compounds 1 - 3 were identified as 1 . ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( e2 , z13 - 18 : oh ) and 2 . ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( e2 , z13 - 18 : ald ) . chromatography : hewlett packard ( hp ) 5890a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica column ( 30 m×0 . 32 mm id ) coated with db - 23 ( j & w scientific , folsom , calif . 95630 ) ; linear flow velocity of carrier gas : 35 cm / sec ; injector and fid detector temperature : 240° c . ; temperature program : 1 min at 50° c . , 10° c . / min to 200° c .
the bodies of two hundred 24 - 48 hour old virgin male t . bisselliella were extracted for 15 min in methanol . analyses of these extracts by coupled gas chromatographic electroantennographic detection ( gc - ead ) revealed 3 antennally - active compounds ( fig . 6 ) which were identified by gc - mass spectrometry as 1 . ) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ; 2 . ) ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ; and 3 . ) octadecanoic acid methyl ester .
fig . 6 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detection ( ead : male t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to one male equivalent of male t . bisselliella body extract . ead - active compounds 1 - 3 were identified by gc - mass spectrometry as 1 . hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ; 2 . ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ; and 3 . octadecanoic acid methyl ester . similar responses were observed with female antennae . chromatography : hewlett packard ( hp ) 5890a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica column ( 30 m×0 . 32 mm id ) coated with db - 23 ( j & w scientific , folsom , calif . 95630 ) ; linear flow velocity of carrier gas : 35 cm / sec ; injector and fid detector temperature : 240° c . ; temperature program : 1 min at 50° c . , 10° c . / min to 200° c . ead - active compounds were identified by gc - mass spectrometry ( ms ) in full scan electron impact ( ei ) mode using a varian saturn ii ion trap gc - ms .
fig . 7 illustrates graphical data of captures of male , gravid female , or virgin female t . bisselliella in traps baited with hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 16 : ester , 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( z9 - 16 : ester , 840 ng ) or octadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 18 : ester , 840 ng ) . for each experimental replicate , test stimuli in traps were dispensed from whatman # 1 filter paper . asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p < 0 . 01 ) ] .
we investigated the hypothesis that aggregation signals produced by male webbing clothes moths ( wcm ) , tineola bisselliella ( hum . ) ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) , and close - range male attractant signals produced by females have a pheromonal basis , at least in part . gas chromatographic - electroantennographic detection ( gc - ead ) and gc - mass spectrometric analyses of bioactive methanolic extracts of male wcm disclosed three candidate pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 16 : ester ) , ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( z 9—16 : ester ) , and octadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 18 : ester ) . in bioassay experiments in a large plexiglas™ arena , a blend of synthetic 16 : ester plus z9—16 : ester was attractive to male and virgin ( but not mated ) female wcm ; the 18 : ester was inactive . gc - ead analyses of pheromone gland extracts from female wcm revealed ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 - octadecadienal ( e 2 z 13—18 : ald ) and ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 - octadecadienol ( e 2 z 13—18 : oh ) as candidate sex pheromone components . in arena bioassay experiments , 1—5 female equivalents of synthetic e 2 z 13—18 : ald ( 0 . 2 ng ) and e 2 z 13—18 : oh ( 0 . 1 ng ) were more attractive to male wcm than were two virgin female wcm . we anticipate that the combination of aggregation and sex pheromones , male - produced sonic aggregation signals , and habitat - derived semiochemicals will be highly effective in attracting male and female wcm to commercial traps .
stimuli tested singly and in combination included : a ) synthetic male pheromone components 16 : ester and z9 - 16 : ester ( see figs . 6 and 7 ) ; b ) recorded sonic signals from male t . bisselliella ( see figs . 8 and 9 ) ; c ) synthetic female pheromone components e2 , z13 - 18 : oh and e2 , z13 - 18 : ald ( see figs . 10 and 11 ) ; d ) animal pelt ( = natural larval habitat , see fig . 1 ) ; e ) synthetic semiochemicals nonanal plus geranylacetone ( see figs . 2 , 3 and 4 ) . all bioassay experiments were conducted using the general protocol described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ] .
fig . 13 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination as follows : ♀p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) ; ♂p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ) ; nas = natural semiochemicals : dried muskrat pelt ( 50 cm 2 ) . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( α = 0 . 05 ) ] .
fig . 14 illustrates graphical data of captures of virgin female , gravid female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination as follows : ♀p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 - octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) ; ♂p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ) ; nas = natural semiochemicals : dried muskrat pelt ( 50 cm 2 ) . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( α = 0 . 05 ) ] .
tactic responses of t . bisselliella to volatile stimuli from larval habitat were assessed in a closed cylindrical plexiglas container ( 125 cm diameter , 60 cm height ) . thin cardboard discs ( 10 cm diameter ) coated with tanglefoot on the upper side were placed on the arena floor 80 cm apart from each other . platforms suspended above the centre of the coated discs supported randomly assigned test or control stimuli . control stimuli consisted of cardboard silhouettes visually resembling test stimuli . per experiment 10 replicates with 25 adult moths each were employed . moths were released during the scotophase from a petri dish in the centre of the arena after 30 - min of acclimation . after 12 hours of experimental time , moths captured on sticky discs ( fig . 1 ) were recorded as responders and statistically analysed .
fig . 15 illustrates graphical data of captures of female and male t . bisselliella in traps baited with stimuli singly or in combination as follows : ♀p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) ; ♂p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ) ; ss = synthetic semiochemicals : geranylacetone ( 44 ng ) and nonanal ( 3 . 5 μg ) ( see fig . 4 ) . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( α = 0 . 05 ) ] .
to determine the sex that emits or responds to sexual communication signals , four experiments were conducted using a bioassay with 3 interconnected identical chambers ( each chamber : 10 cm diam . ×2 cm height ; passage 0 . 5 cm interior diam . ×2 . 5 cm length ) ( 29 ) . for each replicate , one side chamber was randomly baited with two perforated gelatin capsules [ ( 2 . 5×0 . 9 cm ) with 7 perforations ( 0 . 3 mm ) at both ends ] each containing a virgin t . bisselliella on wool fabric while the other side chamber contained two empty perforated gelatin capsules on wool fabric . virgin adult moths were released individually into the centre chamber 1 hour prior to dusk and their position recorded 16 hours later ( 1 hour after dawn ) . moths in side chambers were included in statistical analyses . each replicate employed a new device , wool fabric , and virgin moth .
fig . 16 illustrates graphical data of captures of female and male t . bisselliella in traps baited with the following stimuli : ♀p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) ; ♂p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ) ; ss = synthetic semiochemicals : synthetic geranylacetone ( 44 ng ) and nonanal ( 3 . 5 μg ) ( see fig . 4 ) . the commercial lure consisted of ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) plus ( e ) - 2 - octadecanal ( 1 ng ) . hexane served as the solvent control . all chemicals were dispensed from whatman # 1 filter paper . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( α = 0 . 05 ) ] .
there are many patents listed in the patent database under the keyword t . bisselliella ( scientific species name for webbing clothes moth ) or misspellings thereof . most of these patents are concerned with pesticides , reporting that insects including clothes moths are killed by active ingredient ( s ) . these active ingredients are very different from the attractive semiochemicals claimed in the subject application . other patents are concerned with pest control devices , such as u . s . pat . no . 4 , 484 , 315 “ultrasonic pest control device” ( 20 ) , or u . s . pat . no . 4 , 616 , 351 , “pest control apparatus” ( 19 ) , reporting the use of ultrasonic waves for control of pests , including clothes moths . the frequency of sonic waveforms as claimed for attraction and control of t . bisselliella in the subject application is in the audible low frequency range . additional patents are concerned with chemicals that repel keratin - feeding pests including clothes moths . diphenylurea and one synthetic pyrethroid ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 057 , 539 ) ( 20 ) , isoborneol ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 845 , 131 ) ( 21 ) , pyridyloxytrifluoromethanesulfonanilides ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 731 , 090 ) ( 22 ) , 5 - pyridyloxy - or thiothenylcarbamoyl ) barbituric acid ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 602 , 912 ) ( 23 ) , 5 - phenylcarbamoylbarbituric acid ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 283 , 444 ) ( 24 ) , n′ - alkyl - n′ - ( 3 , 5 - dimethylbenzoyl ) - n - ( substituted benzoyl ) - hydrazine ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 358 , 967 ) ( 25 ) , phenoxytrifluoromethanesulfoanilides ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 664 , 673 ) ( 26 ) , and incense cedar associated with a multi - garment hanger device ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 582 , 334 ) ( 27 ) are all claimed to protect keratinous material from attack by insects that feed on keratin . all these repellents are very different from the attractive semiochemicals claimed in this application .
sound produced by individual or groups of males was recorded to hard disk by a pentium 166 computer equipped with high - speed data acquisition boards ( daq , ni ; pci - mio - 16xe - 10 ; 16 bit , 100 khz maximum sampling rate ) . recordings employed a ½ - in condenser microphone ( akg c 460 b comb - uls / 61 ) , phantom power supply ( atus audio technica cp 8508 24 v . ) and signal amplification of 200 times with a differential amplifier ( ni ; sc - 2040 ) and a sampling frequency of 43 . 2 khz . sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella comprised two dominant frequencies at 50 + / −10 hz and 110 + / −20 hz with 1 to 2 harmonics ( 165 + / −30 : 220 + / −40 ) occasionally identified when other clothes moths were > 5 cm from the signaller . when other moths were < 5 cm from the signaller , dominant frequencies were 70 + / −10 hz and 140 + / −20 hz with 2 - 3 additional harmonics ( 210 + / −30 hz ; 280 + / −40 hz ) ( fig . 8 ) .
fig . 3 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with porapak q volatile extract from red squirrel pelt ( 75 pelt - min ) , a blend of synthetic pelt volatiles ( sb - 1 ) or a pentane solvent control . compounds in sb - 1 consisted of nonanal ( 400 . 0 ) ; decanal ( 100 . 0 ) ; 6 . dodecanal ( 20 . 0 ) ; 7 . tridecanal ( 24 . 0 ) ; 8 . tetradecanal ( 25 . 0 ) ; 9 . pentadecanal ( 4 . 0 ) ; 10 . hexadecanal ( 5 . 0 ) ; 11 . heptadecanal ( 3 . 5 ) ; 12 . octadecanal ( 0 . 5 ) ; 13 . heptanol ( 50 . 0 ) ; 14 . nonanol ( 50 . 0 ) ; 15 . decanol ( 60 . 0 ) ; 16 . undecanol ( 1000 . 0 ) ; 17 . dodecanol ( 100 . 0 ) ; 18 . tridecanol ( 350 . 0 ) ; 19 . tetradecanol ( 15 . 0 ) ; 20 . pentadecanol ( 10 . 0 ) ; 21 . hexadecanol ( 1 . 5 ) ; 22 . heptadecanol ( 1 . 5 ) ; 23 . octadecanol ( 0 . 5 ) ; 24 . tetradecane ( 100 . 0 ) ; 25 . pentadecane ( 500 . 0 ) ; 26 . hexadecane ( 500 . 0 ) ; 27 . eicosane ( 100 . 0 ) ; 28 . uneicosane ( 3 . 5 ) ; 29 . 2 - undecanal ( 20 . 0 ) ; 30 . e2 - nonenal ( 45 . 0 ) ; 31 . e2 - decenal ( 55 . 0 ) ; 32 . geranylacetone ( 5 . 0 ) .
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casemaking clothes moth . the dark spots on the wings distinguish it from the webbing clothes moth .
cases from the casemaking clothes moth . cases take on the color of the fabric being consumed .
webbing clothes moth larvae with particles of excrement ( frass ) and other debris .
the webbing clothes moth is the most common fabric moth . the adult is gold with reddish - golden hairs on the top of its head . a row of golden hairs fringes its wings , which have a span of about 1 / 2 inch . because these moths are weak flyers that aren ' t attracted to lights , you ' ll usually find them close to the infested items , such as in a dark area of the closet .
don ' t confuse the clothes moth with common food - and grain - infesting moths , which frequently fly around the house . at rest , clothes moths are only about 1 / 4 inch long , while most food - infesting moths are about double that length . clothes moths usually fly around only the immediate area of the house where the infestation has occurred , and their flight pattern is distinctive—they tend to flutter about rather than fly in a direct , steady manner as do food - infesting moths . food - infesting moths also don ' t have the little tufts of hair on their head . to confirm you have a clothes moth , catch one and examine its head with a magnifying glass or hand lens .
the casemaking clothes moth is similar in size and appearance to the webbing clothes moth , although the wings of the casemaking clothes moth are more brownish and have faint dark - colored spots . also , the hairs on its head are lighter colored than those of the webbing clothes moth .
larvae of both species are nearly identical , except the larvae of the casemaking clothes moth always carry a silken case with them as they feed . they never leave this silken case behind but enlarge it as they grow . they can feed from either end of the case and retreat into it when disturbed . this case takes on the color of the fabric the larvae have eaten . webbing clothes moth larvae don ' t carry around feeding cases but may produce patches of silk webbing , which accumulate excrement and particles of fabric the larvae are feeding on , to create temporary feeding tubes . when webbing clothes moths move on to new feeding locations , they leave the feeding tubes and webbing behind .
excrement from both the webbing clothes moth and the casemaking clothes moth can contain dyes from the cloth fibers the moths have eaten , also making it the same color as the fabric .
females of both species lay an average of 40 to 50 eggs during a 2 - to 3 - week period and die once they ' ve completed the egg - laying process . males outlive females and continue to mate during the remainder of their lives . an adhesive secretion attaches the eggs to the fabric threads . eggs hatch in 4 to 10 days during warm weather .
larvae molt 5 to 45 times , depending on indoor temperatures and the type of food available . the larval period lasts 35 days to 2 1 / 2 years . larvae are shiny white , and their head capsules are dark - colored . they spin webbing as they feed , with the webbing clothes moth creating a temporary silken feeding tube or tunnel and the casemaking clothes moth creating a permanent silken case that larvae carry with them as they move around . when larvae of the casemaking clothes moth are ready to pupate , they wander away from their food source to find crevices . with the webbing clothes moth , pupation takes place inside a silken cocoon , usually on the fabric .
pupation lasts 8 to 10 days in summer and 3 to 4 weeks in winter . heated buildings enable clothes moths to continue developing during winter months . generally , developmental time for the clothes moth from egg to egg is between four to six months , and there are usually two generations a year .
the webbing clothes moth is probably the most commonly encountered clothes moth in the united states . the casemaking clothes moth is less common and also of far less economic importance than the webbing clothes moth .
the larva is the damaging stage of the clothes moth . both species feed on wool clothing , carpets , and rugs ; upholstered furniture ; furs ; stored woolen items ; animal bristles in brushes ; wool felt pads in pianos ; and fish meal in fish food . they will feed on synthetics or cotton blends if these fabrics also contain wool . larvae might also use cotton fibers to make their pupal cases . damage generally appears in hidden locations such as beneath collars or cuffs of clothing , in crevices of upholstered furniture , and in carpeted areas beneath furniture . fabrics with food , perspiration , or urine stains are more subject to damage .
methods for controlling clothes moths include periodic dry cleaning or laundering , proper storage , freezing , heating , fumigating with dry ice , trapping , or insecticides . keeping humidity levels low inside buildings creates an environment that isn ' t favorable for clothes moth development . buildings that don ' t have numerous tiny cracks and crevices will also have fewer clothes moth problems . good housekeeping practices are important as well . it is also important to regularly monitor fabrics and closets for clothes moths and their damage so you can take action when infestations are still small .
although most people can manage clothes moth problems themselves , some infestations are best handled by a pest control applicator , who has the equipment , materials , and experience to deal with difficult control jobs .
to inspect for clothes moths , look to see if there are silken tubes in the hidden portions of clothes , such as under collars , or silken mats or patches on material . both the silken tubes and mats often have fibers and feces incorporated into them . check to see if you can find any sign of surface grazing of fibers , any holes , or both on the fabrics . with fur , look to see if you have some hairs clipped at their base , causing loose fur and exposed hide . fully grown larvae of the casemaking clothes moth make cigar - shaped , open - ended silken cases that are about 3 / 8 inch long , often with pieces of infested material incorporated into the case . the case containing a live larva is often attached to the infested material at on end .
pheromone traps , discussed below in trapping , are also very useful for detecting clothes moths .
periodically cleaning areas in your home that can harbor clothes moths can prevent or control infestations . these areas include seldom - cleaned spots such as beneath heavy pieces of furniture ; along baseboards and in cracks where hair and debris accumulate ; in closets , especially those in which woolens and furs are kept ; and inside and behind heaters and inside vents .
the vacuum cleaner is the best tool for most of this cleaning . after using it in infested areas , dispose of the bag ' s contents promptly , since it can include eggs , larvae , or adult moths .
clothes moths might initially establish themselves on woolen garments or scraps stored for long periods . in addition to properly storing woolen items ( see protecting items in storage . ) , periodically hang them in the sun and brush them thoroughly , especially along seams and inside folds and pockets . brushing destroys eggs and exposes larvae . larvae don ' t like bright light and will fall from clothing when they can ' t find protection .
if the infestation is in a closet , be sure to remove and clean all clothes and fabric that were stored inside and thoroughly vacuum and wash the inside of the closet , especially all cracks and crevices , before returning the cleaned clothes . dust insecticides containing pyrethroids or pyrethrin ( e . g . , 0 . 05 % deltamethrin or 1 % pyrethrin ) can be applied in the cracks and crevices . always follow the label requirements when applying these dusts .
the most common and effective method for killing all stages of clothes moths in clothing , blankets , and other washable articles is to thoroughly launder them for 20 to 30 minutes in water that is at least 120°f . because many woolen items shouldn ' t be washed in hot water , sending your items to a dry cleaner might be the only suitable option . keeping fabrics clean has another advantage—insects are less likely to feed on clean fabrics than on heavily soiled ones .
clothes moths often damage improperly stored articles . when storing susceptible items , be sure they are clean and pest free , and place them in an airtight container . you can place insect repellents such as herbal oils into the storage container , but little is known about their effectiveness .
moth balls , flakes , or crystals containing 1 , 4 - dichlorobenzene ( also called paradichlorobenzene ) also are available for protecting clothes in storage . because these materials are toxic , be sure to keep them away from children and pets . these products have other shortcomings as well . they leave an unpleasant odor on clothes and other cloth objects , and if these products come into contact with plastic buttons , hangers , or garment bags , they can cause the plastic to soften and melt into the fabric .
as these chemicals evaporate , they produce vapors that , in sufficient concentration , will slowly kill insects . the vapors build up to the required concentration only in an airtight container . if the container isn ' t airtight , the chemicals only somewhat repel adults , and any larvae already on clothes continue to feed .
the effectiveness of cedar chests and closet floors made of cedar is debatable . aromatic eastern red cedar , juniperus virginiana , contains an oil that can kill small larvae , but it doesn ' t affect large larvae . after several years , however , cedar loses this quality . having a tightly constructed chest is more important in the long run than the type of wood used to make it .
you can also control clothes moths by heating the infested item in an oven for at least 30 minutes at temperatures higher than 120°f , enclosing the item in a plastic bag and placing it in a freezer for several days at temperatures lower than 18°f , or fumigating the item with dry ice . before using any of these methods , consider if cold or heat will damage the fabric . for more information , see the household furnishings section .
trapping is a relatively easy - to - use technique that helps to detect and reduce a webbing clothes moth infestation . pheromone traps are available to trap both the webbing clothes moth and the casemaking clothes moth . pheromones are chemicals an organism produces�in this case a sex attractant�to affect the behavior of other members of the same species . the sex pheromone attracts male moths into the trap where they get stuck on the sticky sides . because the pheromone specifically attracts clothes moths , it won�t attract other moth species . conversely , pheromone traps for other species such as grain - infesting moths won�t attract clothes moths . pheromone traps for clothes moths are available at major hardware stores .
place traps in closets and other clothes - storage areas . trapping not only enables you to detect the presence of clothes moths but provides some control , because trapped males can ' t mate . however , if you trap moths , you should also take other measures , such as dry cleaning or laundering , to protect clothes exposed to moths .
if you have clothes moths but the articles can ' t be dry cleaned , laundered , heated , frozen , kept in cold storage , or fumigated with dry ice , you can spray them with an insecticide . find a product that lists clothes moths on its label , and follow the directions exactly . insecticides for clothes moths usually contain pyrethrins , which provide quick knockdown of clothes moths . you can spray most of these products directly onto fabrics . always follow the instructions in the product label . pyrethrin insecticides don ' t leave persistent toxic residues , which makes them more suitable for clothes moth control in many cases than a lot of other products .
some insecticide sprays have an oil base , so don ' t spray them on silk , rayon , or other fabrics that stain easily . also , don ' t use them around open flames , sparks , or electrical circuits , and don ' t spray them on asphalt tile floors .
for surfaces you suspect might stain , first spray a small , inconspicuous area and let it dry to see if staining occurs . widespread or heavy infestations often require the services of a professional pest control applicator .
rugs , carpets , furs , and household furnishings require special attention to protect them from clothes moths . however , rugs and furnishings made entirely of synthetic fibers aren ' t affected ; this includes most wall - to - wall carpeting
closely inspect beneath heavy furniture and along carpet edges for infestation . you can dry clean area rugs or hang them out in the sun and then vacuum them . pull back the edges of infested wall - to - wall carpets , so you can apply an insecticide to both sides . spray the upper surface of the carpet lightly to reduce the possibility of staining . if the rug pad contains animal hair or wool and hasn ' t been treated by the manufacturer , spray it as well . it is better to wait until the rug has dried before putting any weight on it .
applying protective sprays to furs isn ' t recommended . if you store furs at home during the summer , protect them with moth crystals , flakes , or balls , or frequently shake and air the items . furs in commercial cold storage receive professional care , and you can insure them against damage .
some furniture , mattresses , and pillows are stuffed with animal products such as hair or feathers . when clothes moths get into the stuffing , you won ' t be able to control them simply by spraying the outside surface of the item . the best way to eliminate the moths is to fumigate the item with dry ice or have a pest control or storage firm treat the infested item with lethal gas in a fumigation vault .
to fumigate an object with dry ice , place the item and the ice into a thick ( 4 mil ) plastic bag . don ' t handle dry ice with your bare hands , because it will quickly freeze your skin . if you use a plastic bag with a 30 - gallon capacity , a 1 / 2 - to 1 - pound piece of dry ice should be adequate . seal the bag loosely at the top until all of the dry ice has vaporized ; this will allow the air to escape and keep the bag from bursting . when the dry ice is gone , tighten the seal , and let the bag sit for three or four days . proper fumigation gives quick , satisfactory control and kills all stages of clothes moths , although it doesn ' t prevent reinfestation .
sometimes felts and hammers in pianos become infested and so badly damaged that it seriously affects the tone and action of the instrument . contact a piano technician , who might recommend synthetic felt replacements .
mallis , a . 2011 . handbook of pest control , 10th ed . richfield , ohio : gie media inc .