pseudotelphusa landryi is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from quebec and west virginia .

pseudotelphusa landryi

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the spot-winged glider ( pantala hymenaea ) is a dragonfly of the family libellulidae .

it looks very much like the wandering glider with the addition of a basal spot on the hindwing .

pantala hymenaea

predatory capacity and prey selectivity of nymphs of the dragonfly pantala hymenaea . - pubmed - ncbi
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similar to rainpool glider , but abdomen mottled gray - brown , more tapered . round spot at base of hindwings is characteristic but may be difficult to see .
flies almost continuously , but does perch sometimes , vertically on twigs of trees , bushes .
much of north america , also antilles , central and south america , galapagos . ranges northward into canada earlier in year than wandering glider . ( a generational migrant - - spring generations fly north , late summer and fall generations fly south . )
all year in southern united states , e . g . , texas , florida . late spring to fall in central areas . june - august in canada .
dragonflies through binoculars : a field guide to dragonflies of north america sidney w . dunkle . 2000 . oxford press .
dragonflies of the florida peninsula , bermuda , and the bahamas sidney w . dunkle . 1989 . scientific publishers .
stokes beginner ' s guide to dragonflies donald and lillian stokes . 2002 . little , brown and company .
dragonflies and damselflies of texas and the south - central united states john c . abbott . 2005 . princeton university press .
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this species is similar to wandering glider ( p . flavescens ) and equally cosmopolitan in the south - central united states . the face and thorax are essentially as in that species . each hindwing , however , has a distinct round dark spot basally . the abdomen is darker and mottled .
total length : 43 - 51 mm ; abdomen : 29 - 35 mm ; hindwing : 39 - 45 mm .
wandering glider lacks the brown spot basally in the hindwing . all saddlebag gliders ( tramea ) in the region have a basal band rather than spot in the hindwing . the hyacinth glider ( miathyria marcella ) has a narrow band in the hindwing rather than a spot . other similar skimmers lack the hindwing spot .
this species , although not found globally , is as widely distributed throughout north america as the wandering glider . the behavior of this species is much the same as that species . it is a strong flier , generally only taking a perch to roost at night . it is an early colonizer of temporary and artificial ponds where it breeds . males patrol larger more linear territories than do wandering glider . females lay eggs by tapping the abdomen to the water while flying quickly over the water or while hovering , and either accompanied by the male or alone . this species has been slow to colonize along the coast of the western united states , but there is an apparent increase over much of the region . one study showed larvae of this species in oklahoma cou ld complete development in less than five weeks during the summer months .
throughout southern canada and u . s . ; also west indies , central america south to argentina and chile .
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the spot - winged glider resembles the wandering glider , with its tapered yellow abdomen , gray thorax and long broad wings . it has a dark spot at the base of the hindwing , which makes it possible to tell the two species apart in the field . it migrates along the atlantic coast but is not as widely ranging as the wandering glider . uncommon . this is another summer invader , but there are definite irruptionyears and years with almost none . it is a transcontinental speciesand nebraska is at the northern and western edge of the range . its habitsare essentially identical to wandering glider .
green indicates accepted county record ( specimen or photograph ) . yellow indicates sight record only .
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this brownish dragonfly is best known for its gliding flying style , much like the wandering glider . the hindwings form an elongated triangle , longer than abdomen , broad at base and reaching halfway down the abdomen . the abdomen is tapered and mottled gray - brown . the face is yellow to orange . mature males have red faces .
this species is common in united states and southern canada . it is common in southwest , while it is mostly migratory elsewhere . primarily , the spot - winged glider prefers temporary ponds and pools in the open , including brackish waters . but it also can be seen over fields , clearings , etc , well away from water . it is infrequently seen at scattered locations throughout wisconsin .
shading illustrates monthly percentages of the total flight season records for the species . each flight season record is a unique date / location / observer combination where one or more adult or an exuvia was recorded ( excludes nymphs ) . the actual number of flight season records for each month is shown in parentheses . flight seasons begin earlier in the southern part of the state , often by a week or more . also , flight charts may not be accurate for rare species because of few data available .
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j am mosq control assoc . 2005 sep ; 21 ( 3 ) : 328 - 30 .
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laboratorio de entomología facultad de ciencias biológicas , universidad autónoma de nuevo león , san nicolás de los garza , nuevo león , méxico .
dragonfly fall migration is underway ! i netted this spot - winged glider flying around rtpi this week . keep an eye out for them , wandering gliders , common green darners , black saddlebags and more on the move in large numbers soon .
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peloridium hammoniorum is a species of moss bug from southern south america , and is the only known species in the genus peloridium .

it was first described in 1897 by gustav breddin from a specimen found at puerto toro on navarin island in tierra del fuego .

a swedish expedition collected a second specimen in a forest on the brunswick peninsula near punta arenas , chile , and haglund unknowingly described it as a new genus and species ( nordenskjoldiella insignis ) , but it later proved to be a sub-brachypterous female corresponding with the macropterous male described by breddin .

peloridium hammoniorum is the only peloridiidae that has both a flying and a flightless form , all others have only flightless forms .

peloridium hammoniorum

breddin . 1897 . in michaelsen [ ed . ] . ergebnisse der hamburger magalhaensischen sammelreise , 1892 / 93 , 2 . 10 > > note : original description > > peloridium hammoniorum urn : lsid : coleorrhyncha . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 132
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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pohlia cruda ( hedw . ) lindb . ( bryaceae ) according to burckhardt ( 2009 ) [ confirmed ]
polytrichum strictum menzies ex brid . ( polytrichaceae ) according to burckhardt ( 2009 ) [ confirmed ]
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diastictis fracturalis , the fractured western snout moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by zeller in 1872 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california to south dakota , colorado and louisiana .

it is also found in mexico ( sonora , guerrero , jalisco ) .

the length of the forewings is 9.5-14.5 mm .

the wings are pale tan to dark brown with highly variable silvery markings , ranging from small , isolated spots to elongated , connected spots .

adults are on wing from february to october .

diastictis fracturalis

species diastictis fracturalis - fractured western snout moth - hodges # 5256 - bugguide . net
crambid snout mouth diastictis fracturalis beautiful moth found in taylorsville , utah . © carol davis , 9 - 1 - 07 home - utah moths
restriction and revision of the genus diastictis hübner ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . eugene munroe . 1956 . the canadian entomologist 88 : 208 - 228 .
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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 23 . 44f , 23 . 45f ; p . 180 . book review and ordering
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powell & opler ( 2009 ) described as pale tan to dark brown with highly variable silvery markings , from small , isolated spots to elongated , connected ones .
moth photographers group and bug guide shows california to south dakota , colorado and louisiana .
also found in mexico , northern sonora ( morrison ) , amula in guerrero 6000 feet { h . h . smith ) , jalisco ( schumann ) .
powell & opler ( 2009 ) reported adults fly february through november in coastal california .
this is the most variable species of the genus , and , although there seem to be geographical differences in norms , the whole gamut of variation is represented in most parts of the range . there is a high proportion of specimens with small spots in texas , and of pale specimens in arizona , but there is nothing approaching a degree of differentiation that would justify the separation of subspecies . i can see no clear seasonal separation between pale and dark individuals
( munroe , 1956 )
check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .
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= bocchoris ; hampson , 1898 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 649
this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1
warren , 1892 descriptions of new genera and species of pyralidae contained in the british - museum collection ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 172 - 179 , ( 52 ) : 294 - 302 , ( 53 ) : 389 - 397 , ( 54 ) : 429 - 442
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the long-toed skink , oligosoma longipes , is a species of skink of the family scincidae , endemic to new zealand .

it was first described by geoff patterson in 1997 .

it is only known from a few sites in the south island of new zealand and little is known of its habits .

it seems to prefer dry , rocky habitats , usually eroding stream terraces or scree slopes .

it is diurnal and heliothermic .

maximum snout-vent length is about 70 mm .

long - toed skink

rangitata skink : discovered in canterbury early this year during a doc survey . much larger relative of the long - toed skink . chestnut brown with very prominent pale stripes . indications are it is a distinct species that does not interbreed with the long - toed skink despite occupying same habitat .
from latin “longus” ( = long ) and latin “pes” ( = foot ) , referring to the long toes .
long - toed skink . it is only been found in a few sites in the south island of new zealand and little is known of its habits . it seems to prefer dry , … | pinteres…
the long - toed skink ( oligosoma longipes ) is a small to medium endemic skink that grows up to 67mm long its dorsal ( back ) is grey - brown , with distinctive paler and dark spots and flecks and rudimentary darker strip down the middle of its back . the sides have a broad dark - coloured stripe edged with pale , notched stripes . the belly is grey with dark speckles . its most distinctive feature is exceptionally long toes and tail .
while five species had improved their threat status in the past five years , the mackenzie basin and long - toed skink ' s status increased due to potential threats from rabbit - driven predator irruptions as well as the new threat of dairy conversion destroying habitat .
long - toed skink , oligosoma longipes patterson , 1997 , collected 08 feb 1972 , alma river , 3 miles e of tarndale , new zealand . gift of landcare research – manaaki whenua , 2012 . cc by - nc - nd licence . te papa ( re . 004973 )
. . . several smaller skink species ( southern grass skink o . aff . polychroma clade 5 ( formerly called common skink ) , mccann ' s skink o . maccanni and cryptic skink o . inconspicuum ; nomenclature based on hitchmough et al . ( 2013 ) and bell ( 2014 ) ) are common in this region . in 2006 , we used artificial retreats ( also known as cover boards or artificial cover objects ) to sample these small skinks in three different predator management treatments at macraes flat ( wilson et al . 2007 ) . . . .
whirinaki skink : discovered last year in a forest clearing in whirinaki and still known only from video footage . appears to be different from all known species . it has a distinct colour pattern ( brown with indistinct long stripes ) , head shape and scale count .
sinbad valley skink : discovered in march in the mountains of fiordland during a survey for geckos . large , spectacularly coloured and unlike any other known species – black with green spots on the back and salmon - pink spots on the sides . unusually long toes and tail .
new zealand has a diverse , endemic skink fauna , which is recognised as the most species rich skink assemblage of any cool temperate region on earth . all native new zealand skink species are assigned to a single genus , oligosoma girard . a new species of oligosoma is described from screes in montane tussock grassland in the mid - canterbury high country , new zealand , where it is currently known . . . [ show full abstract ]
they were hopeful they would be able to fulfil their long - term goal of re - establishing populations in the wild but in the meantime they need protection from predators , prof burns said .
since the recovery programme had been in place , skink numbers had improved in managed situations such as within enclosures and areas were predators numbers were controlled .
among those were skink populations in the west of the south island which while the same species were genetically different , but not much was known about their status or range .
the purpose of this application , under article 75 . 6 of the code , is to conserve the specific name of the name oligosoma aeneum ( girard , 1857 ) , widely used for a species of new zealand skink , commonly known as the copper skink . we have found tiliqua ornata gray , 1843 ( currently oligosoma ornatum ) to be a senior subjective synonym and the oldest available name for this species . the name . . . [ show full abstract ]
te kakahu skink : discovered in 2002 on an island in fiordland . so far has only be found in one small area of low , open vegetation at the top of a cliff . has distinct colour pattern differences to other species , and different scale counts .
grand and otago skink recovery programme chairwoman prof carolyn burns , of the university of otago , said she thoroughly agreed with the classification which considered the population had not yet progressed far enough to off - set the declines in other parts of the species ' ranges .
we have at least 80 species and subspecies of lizard that we know of and we are still finding more . in the past two and a half years , we believe four new species of skink and three new species of gecko have been discovered . two of these species were spotted for the first time this year .
. . . gemmeus ; mccann 1955 ) is a moderate - sized ( total length up to 160 mm ) , diurnal , cryptic , arboreal lizard , only found in the southeast of the south island , new zealand ( jewell & mcqueen , 2007 ) . it is one of nine species of the endemic genus naultinus and is ranked ' at risk , declining ' according to the threat classification system of the new zealand department of conservation ( doc ; hitchmough et al . , 2013 ) . jewelled geckos are long - lived , viviparous geckos and produce a maximum of two offspring per year ( cree , 1994 ) . . . .
being cold - blooded , it needs warmth to digest food and is commonly seen basking in the sun on warm rocks . as it was only discovered in 1997 , little is known about it .
commonly found in the stomach contents predators . any conservation work to reduce the number of pest mammals is likely to benefit them
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seven entirely new species of lizard have been discovered in new zealand in the past two and a half years .
the discoveries made in both the north and south islands were announced today by conservation minister chris carter to kick off this year ' s conservation week ( august 2 - 7 ) .
few people realise that in addition to our unique native bird life , weta and giant snails , new zealand is home to a wider variety of lizards than almost any other temperate country in the world . this is a consequence of our environment being isolated from other land masses for 85 million years ,
mr carter said .
the fact we continue to discover so many new species demonstrates how much we still have to learn about what lives around us , and our impact upon them ,
mr carter said .
mount benson gecko / split rostral gecko : these probable new species were found in the kahurangi national park , the first in 2002 , and the other in 2003 . they appear to be quite different from other species , and each other . the split rostral species differs from all other geckos in the world , not just new zealand , because the scale at the tip of its nose is divided in two . genetic studies are now being made of these species .
moke valley gecko : discovered in the south island high country during tenure review in 2002 . a large robust gecko , which genetic tests have established is different from a similar gecko species discovered near wanaka in 1997 .
type locality : alma river , 5 km east of tarndale , marlborough , 173° 05’ e , 42° 10’ s .
hitchmough , rodney a . ; geoffrey b . patterson , and david g . chapple 2016 . putting a name to diversity : taxonomy of the new zealand lizard fauna in : chapple , d . g . ( ed ) . new zealand lizards . springer , pp . 87 - 108 - get paper here
patterson , g . b . 1997 . south island skinks of the genus oligosoma : description of o . longipes n . sp . with redescription of o . otagense ( mccann ) and o . waimatense ( mccann ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand 27 ( 4 ) : 439 - 450 .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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a revision of the threat status of new zealand ' s reptiles has shown otago and grand skinks have recovered dramatically in managed areas at macraes flat , while other populations continue to decline .
however , the recovery did not yet meet the threshold for their threat classification to change , a study in the new zealand journal of zoology says .
the two species were among the six assessed as being at greatest risk of extinction ( nationally critical ) and all were from the south island , in the study led by the department of conservation .
we ' re optimistic . it ' s good news they are showing a response .
the status of the population as a whole , particularly those which were not within those controlled areas remained in the high risk categories , she said .
managing the populations was slow and expensive work due to the skinks slow reproductive rate .
the study said despite considering public submissions on otago peninsula ' s jewelled gecko suggesting it was taxonomically distinct , it listed as at risk - declining due to numerous records of the skinks in canterbury and western otago .
( pdf ) conservation status of new zealand reptiles , 2012 . new zealand threat classification series 2
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conservation status of new zealand reptiles , 2012 . new zealand threat classification series 2
the conservation status of all known new zealand reptile taxa was reassessed using the new zealand threat classification system ( nztcs ) . a full list is presented , along with a statistical summary and brief notes on the most important changes . this list replaces all previous nztcs lists for reptiles .
assessed in 2009 ( hitchmough et al . 2010 ) and 2012 ( this document ) .
able 3 . statistical summary of status changes of reptiles between 2009 ( hitchmough et al . 2010 ) and 2012
. . . not dependent on alpine habitat ( facultative user ) . only three species are obligate users of the alpine zone ( i . e . restricted to it for at least part of their life history ) : hutton ' s shearwaters ( puffinus huttoni ) , takahē ( porphyrio hochstetteri ) and rock wrens ( xenicus gilviventris ) . hutton ' s shearwaters goodman et al . 2013 ; robertson et al . 2013 ; hitchmough et al . 2016 . 2 . dependence on alpine zone : obligate = restricted to the alpine zone for at least part of its life history ; primary = lives in a range of lowland , montane and alpine habitats but the alpine zone is an important habitat ; facultative = can occur incidentally or locally in the alpine zone but is not dependent on it . 3 . use code : f = feed , . . .
. . . about 75 % of alpine lizards are threatened or at risk ( table 1 ; hitchmough et al . 2016 ) but as with other alpine species groups , there are few data on impacts of predators on alpine lizards . there is a perception that high altitude lizard sites are rarely visited by mammalian predators ( patterson & bell 2009 ) . . . .
. . . recaptured animals were released quickly after recording their toe - code . otago skinks , which are nationally endangered ( hitchmough et al . 2013 ) , were released promptly with no marking or measuring . . . .
. . . furthermore , some species statuses have improved over time with conservation management that has included , but has not been restricted to , fenced subpopulations ( gummer et al . , 2015 ) . for example , the conservation status of otago oligisoma otagense and grand skinks o . grande improved from nationally critical to nationally endangered between 2009 and 2012 as a result of successful conservation management that included protecting some populations within pest - proof fenced areas and others in areas subject to landscape - scale predator control networks ( reardon et al . , 2012 ; hitchmough et al . , 2013 ) , although the former remains endangered on the iucn red list ( chapple , 2010 ) and the latter ' s assessment is out of date . hitchmough ( 2013 ) solid lines indicate causal relationships and / or feedbacks while dotted lines indicate actions . . . .
. . . data ) implying that no males remained in the release area or were available for mating , we suspect that the likelihood and / or speed of population growth and establishment may be hampered when a pen is not used for naultinus gecko translocations . a secondary advantage of penning is that it assists monitoring of the translocated population during the initial stages of population establishment and can provide invaluable information on poorly known taxa ( which is the case for many new zealand lizards ; hare et al . , 2007 ; hitchmough et al . , 2013 ) . little is published on the movement patterns of either natural or translocated populations of naultinus geckos , but available information suggests substantial variability among species and populations . . . .
. . . they are therefore a difficult taxonomic group for which to obtain data on distribution and population size . as such , 41 % of new zealand ' s lizards are considered ' data poor ' and 4 % are so rarely encountered that their conservation status cannot be determined and they are considered ' data deficient ' ( townsend et al . 2008 ; hitchmough et al . 2013 ) . lizards have traditionally been surveyed and / or monitored by active searches ( whitaker 1967 ; todd 2005 ) , pitfall trapping ( whitaker 1982 ) and , more recently , the use of artificial retreats ( lettink & cree 2007 ; wilson et al . 2007 ) and funnel traps ( barr 2009 ; gebauer 2009 ) . . . .
. . . once widespread in central otago ( south island , new zealand ) , these skinks have declined dramatically over the past century and now occupy only 8–10 % of their former range ( whitaker & loh 1995 ) . the species is now classified as ' nationally endangered ' ( hitchmough et al . 2013 ) . the only extant populations are present near the boundaries of their former range in the macraes flat and lindis / hawea districts ( whitaker & loh 1995 ) . . . .
. . . granulatus ' southern forest ' , and toropuku aff . stephensi ' coromandel ' ) ( hitchmough et al . 2013 ) . . . .
a new species of scincid lizard in the genus oligosoma ( reptilia : scincidae ) from the mid - canterbury . . .
case 3510 cyclodina aenea girard , 1857 ( currently oligosoma aeneum ; reptilia , squamata , scincidae ) : . . .
new zealand ' s diverse lizard fauna is under threat , particularly from predation by invasive mammals and ongoing habitat destruction . advances in genetic techniques have greatly enhanced our understanding of the lizard fauna . previously sparse island populations of species have recovered strongly following eradication of pest mammals and translocations of lizards to newly mammal - free islands . . . [ show full abstract ]


the black slug ( also known as black arion , european black slug , or large black slug ) arion ater l. is a large terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family arionidae — the round back slugs .

land slugs lack shells like other terrestrial mollusks ( such as snails ) .

without such shells , slugs produce unappetizing mucus — that may also contain toxins — to deter predators .

additionally , terrestrial slugs produce two other forms of mucus that facilitate locomotion and prevent death from drying .

such mollusks are hermaphroditic preferring to find mates .

slugs most often function as decomposers but are also often omnivores .

arion ater is one such slug , decomposing organic matter , preying on other organisms , and consuming vegetative matter — including agricultural crops .

native to europe , the black slug is an invasive species in australia , canada ( british columbia , newfoundland , quebec ) , and the united states — pacific northwest .

black slug

the african black slug is a slimy , black mollusk about an inch long with a distinctive white mark on its back , unlike several harmless species of black slugs native to the lower rio grande valley that are solid black .
the black velvet leatherleaf slug doesn ' t closely resemble any native terrestrial slugs .
the large black slug archived march 3 , 2016 , at the wayback machine .
one tweeted : “watching jeremy kyle - what the hell is a black slug . ”
description : true to its name , the giant black slug usually is jet black . other than in the red slug , the foot seam is also black . especially conspicuous are the juveniles - those are ivory coloured with a black head ( see also : black arion juvenile on urltoken ) . but they become grey quite fast with advancing age , adolescent slugs quite often are already black . in contrary , the young of lusitanian slugs are quite characteristically banded .
three types of banana slugs include the california banana slug , the pacific banana slug and the slender banana slug .
there is much debate concerning black slug effect upon plant species diversity . slug impacts change over successional stages , and alaska conservationists observed the black slug’s impact on species diversity depends upon community composition . [ 16 ] if a system is composed of sensitive species , the black slug will likely have a negative impact by pressuring said species . if a system presents more evenness with less sensitive species , the black slug may promote species diversity and encourage healthy succession rates . [ 16 ]
vinegar is a good ingredient for slug sprays , and for removing slug slime .
walls jg . 2009 . just a plain black slug : belocaulus angustipes . american conchologist 37 : 28 - 29 .
garry oak ecosystem recovery team . “black slug . ” urltoken archived march 21 , 2014 , at the wayback machine . .
world’s longest list of slug remedies loads of helpful tips for dealing with the slug menace .
used black slugs to smear on the frying pan when they made pancakes . butter
giant red slug or chocolate slug ( arion rufus ) from belgium . picture : hans hillewaert .
but lucy didn ' t believe her and called serena a “black slug” twice on monday’s episode , much to the amusement of viewers .
only seen from the outside , the giant red slug , the giant black slug and the lusitanian slug are only very hard to tell apart . all three species have red , black ( with the exception of the lusitanian slug ) and brown specimens . the red slug and the black slugs can even be white . without an anatomical examination at the cost of the slug ' s life , the species cannot usually be determined with certainty . the best way usually is to have a look at the juveniles , which are quite conspicuous in all three species .
black slug latin name : arion rufus native region : europe introduced region : southern bc reason for introduction : unknown threats : destruction of plant - life , displacement of native slug species many cachers have probably stepped on a black slug at some point on the local trails . they ' re also the bane of gardeners . is
a third joked : “black slug ? are they worse than the orange ones ? all slugs are equal . # endmolluscracism # jeremykyle . ”
eruopean black slug , photo by hugh griffith [ editor ' s note : a . k . a . chocolate arion , arion rufus ]
a large roundback slug varying in colour through browns to black , with a similarly coloured , dull foot fringe and exhibiting a strong rocking response when stimulated . ubiquitous up to moderate altitudes . a jet black form occurs on peatlands .
lucy has been with kyle for six months but thinks serena is after him , prompting her to tell jeremy : “she’s a black slug . ”
the unusual insult returned later on when serena joined lucy on stage - and lucy even treated the audience to an impression of a black slug .
“i walk all pretty , you walk like a black slug ! ” said lucy , shimmying across the stage as jezza looked on utterly baffled .
incredibly , the slimy black slug peterson pulled from the water was on the small side for its species , weighing a comparatively paltry 10 pounds .
a black specimen of the giant red slug from hesse in germany . well visible : the red foot seam in both specimens . [ rn ]
giant black slug ( arion ater ) from the island of bornholm ( denmark ) . picture : francisco welter - schultes ( animal base ) .
most conspicuous on wet days , the black slug is an important , but often overlooked , part of the woodland floor fauna in the caledonian forest .
due to its huge size the black slug often accepts the blame for most garden carnage , but actually its three smaller cousins wreak the most havoc .
outrageous sights are normal on itv’s the jeremy kyle show , but one guest’s impression of a ‘black slug’ may have emerged victorious in the hilarious stakes .
when picked up or touched , the black slug will contract into a hemispherical shape and begin to rock from side to side . this behaviour confuses predators .
researching the black slug has provided human and ecological value . for example , a 1996 study investigated the bioaccumulation of mercury in black slugs and determined these slugs could be used to monitor levels of heavy metals in terrestrial systems—similar to how ecologists use aquatic mollusks . [ 25 ] and a 2014 study researched the black slug gut’s microbiology in hopes of catalyzing other studies of cellulolytic activity that could improve biofuel technology . [ 17 ]
the slimy insult wasn’t a one - time slip however , later in the show lucy proceeded to demonstrate how a ‘black slug’ would walk in its natural surroundings .
to us , slug mucous is horrible , but to the slug , this valuable substance is their arms and legs .
like other members of the family arionidae , the black slug has a pneumostome ( breathing hole ) on the right side of its mantle through which it breathes . this mantle is the part in snails that secretes a shell , but in the black slug , the mantle contains a resilient protective structure of calcareous granules . [ 1 ]
another said : “ ' i walk all pretty , you walk like a black slug ' couldn ' t make this s * * t up ! # jeremykyle . ”
the black slug is generally deep black , with some adults being brown or even white . generally , pigmentation darkens directly with increasing latitude . young specimens tend to be brown or ivory whitish , turning to grey before becoming characteristically black at maturity . [ 1 ] rust - brown individuals are arguably classified as a separate species arion rufus ( red slug ) . [ 5 ] the two can only be distinguished by dissecting the reproductive anatomy . [ 6 ]
large red slug and black slug ( arion ater ) this is widespread and common throughout the uk in most terrestrial habitats . it can reach up to 12cm in length . body is uniform in colour but can be either orange - red or black . when alarmed it contracts into a spherical shape and may rock from side to side . mucus is colourless . this slug is rarely a problem in arable crops .
in contrary to the giant red slug , the black slug is distributed more to the north of europe : its distribution area covers north and northwest europe , in scandinavia beyond the 61st degree of latitude , it remain confined to the coast .
the canola variety , thunder , was sown on the 14 th may into burnt wheat stubble . sowing rate of 3 . 5 / ha broadcast and prickle chained . the slug species identified in this trial were the grey field slug ( deroceras reticulatum ) and the black keeled slug ( milax gagates ) .
slug bait should be applied at a rate to provide sufficient bait points per m 2 relative to slug populations in the paddock .
internal : gray - black with two darker stripes on each side , and black mantle ( kerney & cameron 1979 ) ; orange - red forms sometimes occur ( wiktor 1996 ) ; no spots on mantle ( wiktor 1983 ) ; keel pale , reaches 2 / 3 length between tail tip and mantle ; coarse tubercles ; black spots on tentacles ; white sole with longitudinal side sections of gray to black ; clear mucus ( kerney & cameron 1979 ) .
the uk’s largest slug , ash - black slugs can grow to 25cm long ! they have a keel down their back , and a white stripe down the middle of their foot .
caught in a fiery rant with serena , she said : ‘how do you walk ? i walk all pretty , you walk like a black slug , ’ with accompanying hilarious impression .
coyote peterson , who hosts the discovery network ' s youtube series brave wilderness , had a camera rolling when he encountered the world ' s largest slug - the black sea hare .
the african black slug is endemic to asia and the caribbean . it was recently found in harligen and is considered an invasive species . credit : agrilife extension photo by rod santa ana
habitat and distribution : the black slug prefers humid habitats , mostly closer in more rugged landscapes than arion rufus , and it mainly occurs in forests . in spain the black slug also lives as a commensal species and may become a garden pest in some places . black slugs live on green and decaying plant matter , so their diet is similar to that of the red slug . black slugs lay about 150 eggs per batch , which they place under moss , only rarely also in the earth . later in the year , the egg count may decline to about 20 eggs per batch . after almost a month , the juveniles hatch , and like in the red slug , it is them who hibernate , while the adults die .
so remember the old saying : if it’s black , put it back . if it’s grey , keep it at bay .
elsewhere in its range in britain , the black slug is considered to be a pest , especially by gardeners , but in the caledonian forest it is a vital but often overlooked part of the ecosystem .
european great grey slug , photo by hugh griffith [ editor ' s note : a . k . a . giant garden slug , limax maximus ]
i analyze slugs collected from several regions in sweden to investigate genetic diversity and activity of different genes . i would also like to know if there is hybridization with our native black slug ( arion ater ) .
arita , l . h . 1990 . control of the black slug , veronicella leydigi ( simroth ) and the veronicellid slug , veronicella cubensis ( pfeiffer ) on chrysanthemums . horticulture digest , no 92 . university of hawaii college of tropical agriculture and human resources , department of horticulture : honolulu .
african black slugs feed on plants at night to avoid the heat of the sun , which can quickly dry them out , villanueva said .
veronicellid slugs are tropical ( deisler & stange , 1984 ) . the black slug was described from queensland , australia , and was introduced into honolulu in the early 1900ős ( hawaii dept . of agriculture , unpublished ) .
in the past , slugs were sometimes used as a cure for warts . an artifact in the pitt rivers museum in oxford consists of a glass jar containing a slug impaled on a thorn , the label on the jar gives the following instructions : charm for warts , oxfordshire . go out alone & find a large black slug . secretly rub the underside on the warts and impale the slug on the thorn . as the slug dies the warts will go .
of all the common garden slugs , the field slug probably causes most damage .
one individual field slug has the potential to produce about 90 , 000 grandchildren .
slug was found in henry cowell redwood state park after a day of rain .
if you go down to the woods tonight you might come face to face with one of the world’s largest land slugs ! most ash - black slugs ( limax cinereoniger ) are between 10 and 20cm long , but larger ones have been recorded . this nocturnal slug is only found in ancient woodlands . on damp nights the slugs emerge to feed on fungi , lichens and algae and can be found on the woodland floor , on stumps or up trees . during the day they hide under large pieces of dead wood . adult ash - black slugs can be found all year round . ash - black slugs are one of the keeled slugs – they have a ridge or keel running along their back . the keel is pale in comparison to the dark grey body colour . some ash - black slugs have thick black and grey stripes along their bodies . if you turn an adult ash - black slug over you will see that the underside of the foot is dark grey with a white stripe down the middle .
slug slime comes in two varieties : a thin slippery mucous used to lubricate the slug as it moves , and a thicker type used for a variety of purposes .
the black slug is omnivorous , and its diet includes fungi , carrion , earthworms , leaves , stems , dead plant material and dung . the food is shredded into tiny pieces by the radula and is then digested by enzymes .
these slugs might endanger sensitive ecosystems , especially as an invasive species , and it is yet unclear how drastically these slugs might alter plant community compositions . the black slug is a voracious seedling predator . terrestrial slugs are considered to be especially dangerous because they alter plant species abundance , adult plant fecundity , and the production of plant defensive compounds . black slugs are of special concern in fragmented ecosystems and areas with high shrub and tree cover . in alaska , the black slug threatens seedling populations of lilies and orchids after already having diminished sensitive populations of deltoid balsamroot and yellow montane violet in bc canada . [ 6 ]
the black slug has a soft , unsegmented body . the back is covered by a tough , leathery mantle skin with a yellow line down the middle . the head has 2 pair of tentacles . the upper pair have eyes and can be pulled back toward the head , while the shorter pair below have organs of smell ( williams , 1931 ) . like all of its slug relatives , the black slug is a hermaphrodite , having both male and female reproductive parts in the same animal ( crowell et al . , 1986 ; yates , 1988 ) . fertilization , however , is always by another slug ( yates , 1988 ) .
when disturbed , the black slug contracts itself into a slimy hemispherical hump , making itself difficult to be pecked up by a hungry bird . it sometimes rocks from side to side ; thought to be an attempt to confuse its predator .
, the keelback slugs . this is the largest land slug species in the world .
this slug is native to europe . it is recorded in most of europe , including
with a maximum length exceeding 20 centimeters , this species is the largest land slug .
a slug has approximately 27 , 000 teeth – that’s more teeth than a shark .
like other terrestrial slugs , the black slug is a hermaphrodite , preferring to find a mate—often several—but can self - fertilize . after mating , the black slug seeks a dark , moist environment such as beneath mosses—occasionally within topsoil—to lay its eggs about 5mm ( 0 . 2 in ) in diameter . between august and october , an individual slug lays up to 150 eggs every one to three weeks—clutches diminishing to 20 eggs late in the season . juveniles hatch after at least twenty - seven days , hatching later under cold temperatures . [ 7 ] maturation takes up to nine months , enabling mating in early summer . black slugs die shortly after laying its last clutch , rarely surviving into a second year . [ 7 ]
the black slug is native to western and central europe , from scandinavia to spain and from ireland to austria and the czech republic . it has been introduced to southeastern australia and to some part of north america ( newfoundland , alaska ) .
may into burnt barley stubble . sowing rate of 4 . 2kg / ha on a 300mm row spacing . the slug species identified in this trial were the grey field slug (
the black slug prefers a diet of rotting vegetation , fungi , manure , and even the odd decomposing dead animal . only during springtime when these aren’t so abundant , and tender young seedlings are , does it cause most damage in the garden .
the black slug is omnivorous , and its diet includes fungi , carrion , earthworms , leaves , stems , dead plant material and dung . the food is shredded into tiny pieces by the radula and is then digested by enzymes . reference : urltoken
protective position of the giant red slug ( arion rufus ) . picture : martina eleveld .
a slug is basically a muscular foot , and the name ‘gastropod’ literally means stomach foot .
lore , they were used in certain plays accompanied with a rhyme to the slug . this
invasive species , which in many cases have been introduced by man , are an increasing threat to today’s ecosystems . the iberian slug arion vulgaris ( previously regarded as a . lusitanics ) is an invasive species dispersing through large parts of europe and causing considerable damage to gardens , horticulture and agriculture . it is possible that this slug displaces or hybridizes with native species such as the black slug , arion ater . the invasive nature of this slug species calls for research into its taxonomy and biology as well as its natural enemies .
this terrestrial slug is from the family veronicellidae ( leatherleaf slugs ) andcan grow up to 3 . 5 inches in length . as the common name suggest , this slug is typically jet black with an inconspicuous tan stripe down the underside . they have two ocular tentacles that are also black . the velvety / wrinkled mantle covers the entire length of the body . both the breathing pore ( pneumostome ) and anus are located posteriorly . young slugs are not as dark , and their underside is much lighter .
the black slug is the ‘grand - daddy’ of garden slugs , reaching lengths of 20cm ( 8” ) , although up to 13cm ( 5” ) is more typical . the skin is coarse and granular and the sole is pale , often fringed with orange .
this is only the second find ever of the african black slug in the u . s . , villanueva said . the first find , also in the lower rio grande valley , occurred in the 1980s , but was eradicated with chemical pesticide baits called molluscicides .
is a terrestrial slug , common in england and the pacific northwest . ( bbc 2000 ) .
slug eggs can lay dormant in the soil for years and then hatch when conditions are right .
managing slug populations is unlikely to be successful unless both cultural and chemical control strategies are used .
may into burnt wheat stubble which was grazed . sowing rate of 4 . 0kg / ha on a 220mm row spacing . the slug species identified in this trial was the grey field slug (
the field slug is another small slug , growing up to 4cm ( 1½” ) in length . it’s lighter coloured than the garden slug , usually grey or fawn with dark speckles . it has a whitish sole and a short ‘keel’ , or ridge , on the back of the tail end .
before heading out to the field i had to find the best sampling technique to study european black slugs in eshamy bay . i reviewed a vast amount of literature on various study methods and invasive slug removal . i learned that there are several ways invasive species are managed :
leopard slug ( limax maximus ) this is a large slug - up to 16cm in length - which has distinctive black leopard like marking on its upper body . its underside is white . it has a pronounced keel along the rear of its body . mucus is sticky and colourless . widespread and common in the uk favouring woodland and gardens . low risk to agricultural crops .
the role of parasites and predators in regulating iberian slug populations - the hypothesis that slug - parasitic nematodes reduce or regulate a . vulgaris populations in a chosen area will be tested . we will test the hypothesis that naturally occurring predatory beetles and snails are significant predators of the iberian slug . we will also test if measures to increase predator and parasite abundance leads to reduced populations of the iberian slug .
especially in the northern parts of europe , the black slug sometimes maintains its juvenile pale colour even in the adult stage . so adult specimens might be encountered with cream or ivory coloured bodies and foot seams . the appearance of such a slug with a pale body and a dark head allows the assumption ( ! ) that here the juvenile colour might have been kept in adulthood .
the keel slug , as its name suggests , has a keel , with a yellow or orange stripe along the ridge . this is a larger slug , up to 6cm ( 2½” ) long and dark grey or olive in colour . when contracted , the keel slug often curls into a ‘sickle’ shape .
two juveniles of the lusitanian slug ( arion vulgaris ) feeding on a smaller conspecific . [ rn ]
a slug’s slime absorbs water , which is why it’s nearly impossible to wash it off your hands .
when a slug loses one of its sensory tentacles it grows another , usually within a few months .
identify slug species present in a paddock for the most effective control . different species demonstrate different behaviours .
figure 2 . effect of each treatment on the plants displaying any slug damage ( inverleigh trial ) .
figure 3 . effect of each treatment on the plants displaying any slug damage ( skipton trial ) .
figure 4 . effect of each treatment on the plants displaying any slug damage ( hamilton trial ) .
slug and snail control . natural , organic ways to deter and kill snails and slugs in the garden
do whole seedlings disappear in a night ? read on for expert slug and snail control . . .
slug sex , which can take several hours , is as fascinating and spectacular as it is repellent .
the only solution to the problem is a technique called apophallation - the chewing off of the other slug ' s penis using the same razor - sharp teeth with which the slug can decimate your cabbages .
having lost its penis , the castrated slug is then only able to copulate using its female organs .
nickel , june 1998 . the slimy , yet special slug . natural history , 107 : 18 .
the banana slug’s mating behavior , and its slime , have evolved over millions of years . after all this time , the banana slug is very well adapted to the redwood forest environment , scientists say .
iron phosphate : also known as ferric phosphate , this popular and effective slug and snail bait is sold as organic under names such as garden safe slug & snail bait , and sluggo and other commercial names .
slugs are easy to identify , but not always easy to find . they are basically snails without their protective shells . depending on the species , slugs range in size from less than an inch to 10 inches long , such as the banana slug , native to the west coast . one of the most common slug species found in iowa gardens is the gray garden slug . they are typically less than an inch long and their plump , slimy bodies range in color from light gray to brownish black .
similar species the only large keeled slug with which it might be confused is the common tiger slug or great grey slug limax maximus . in limax maximus the keel is usually shorter and similar in shade to the ground colour of the slug rather than being conspicuously paler . tiger slugs often have a series of broad dark lateral bands along the back rather than being uniformly dark and juveniles are very similar , not undergoing the obvious colour change seen in limax cinereoniger as it matures . the tiger slug always has a uniformly pale sole .
chris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens
most animals prefer not to prey upon the black slugs because of the taste of its mucus and because this mucus can make them slippery and consequently difficult to capture ; however , this slug does have some natural predators , including the hedgehog , badger , shrew , mole , mouse , frog , toad , snake , carnivorous beetle , and some birds . [ 19 ] when picked up or touched , the black slug will contract to a hemispherical shape and begin to rock from side to side . this defensive behavior confuses predators , and is unique in the family arionidae . [ 20 ]
the black slug plays an important role in a natural ecosystem such as the caledonian forest . by processing decaying plant and fecal material , it helps to recycle the organic matter and nutrients back into a form that can be used by other organisms . this also aids in the maintenance of soil fertility .
australia [ invasive ] : the museum victoria reports the black slug to have been first documented in australia in 2001 with multiple reports of these slugs in cultivated gardens and farms since , but as of 2009 , the species was still not considered to be an established species in australia . [ 14 ]
this slug is common and widespread throughout scotland and the rest of the uk . it occurs in most terrestrial habitats , including grasslands , hedgerows and woodlands . two closely - related species are arion rufus and arion lusitanicus , and they can only be told apart from the black slug by dissection . however those other species are restricted to the south of the uk , so arion ater is easy to identify in scotland .
facilitating a study on european black slugs’ presence or absence in eshamy bay , in west prince william sound ( a newly reported area where slugs were observed in 2012 ) with alaska geographic’s youth group .
black slug is often a host of small mites . mites eat mucus of slugs . there are predators which eat it . for example the urchin , the badger , the fox and various birds . seeds and spores are dispersed by slugs , as they get caught in the mucus or slime as a slug moves and are transported for varying distances before being deposited in new sites when the accumulated debris falls off the animal .
the moth genus monema is represented by medium - sized yellowish species . the genus belongs to the limacodidae family also known as the slug moths due to the distinct resemblance of their caterpillars to some slug species . . . .
winter mortality - we will investigate the hypothesis that the iberian slug experiences high mortality when overwintering in agricultural fields .
gulp . just look at how ridiculous this thing looks . it’s a giant black sea slug known as a sea hare and it’s freaking monstrous . you don’t really hold it in your hand as much as the sea hare , which can grow up to over 3 feet long and weigh over 30 pounds , just swallows your entire arm . brave wilderness found the black sea hare in the tide pools off the coast of the pacific ocean in san pedro , ca and described holding it as super slimy and unbelievably slippery .
the european black slug is native to western and central europe , from scandinavia to spain and from ireland to austria and the czech republic . it has been introduced to southeastern australia and to north america , where it occurs in newfoundland , southern british columbia , the pacific northwest of the usa and some parts of alaska .
the black slug is omnivorous , and its diet includes fungi , carrion , earthworms , leaves , stems , dead plant material and dung . recent research has also shown that it eats seedlings of scots pine ( pinus sylvestris ) . the food is shredded into tiny pieces by the radula and is then digested by enzymes .
the grey field slug or reticulated slug ( deroceras reticulatum ) is mainly surface active and can have up to three generations a year . it will generally breed in autumn and spring however , if conditions are favourable this species will breed any time , and therefore , a pair can produce up to 1000 eggs a year . the second species identified at these two sites was the black keeled slug ( milax gagates ) . this species can burrow up to 20 centimetres underground to escape the heat . a breeding pair can lay up to 200 eggs a year .
the orange and red forms have been considered a separate species – the red slug – but this classification is debatable .
a slug’s slime enables it to glide without difficulty over glass shards , or even the edge of a razor blade .
a slug can stretch out to 20 times its normal length , enabling it to squeeze through the smallest of openings .
use of molluscicides – we will test the impact of iron phosphate baited molluscides on slug pest populations in agricultural fields .
most molluscs have shells , like snails . a slug ' s shell is hidden inside itself and is very small .
the african black slug originated in africa and is now endemic to asia and several islands in the caribbean ,
villanueva said .
how it got here is anybody ' s guess . it could have come in on imported plants , turf , produce— who knows ? it hides very well among all those products .
the rich chestnut coloured slugs ( see picture below ) one finds in the garden or on the verges differ only very slightly from the large black and the two are regarded as varieties of the same species .
black slugs get puberty at the age of 1 year . it’s a hermaphrodite , produces sperm and ovum as well , but for reproduction breeding is needed . slugs lay their eggs in nodes below the soil .
whilst arion ater is a very common slug , it belongs to a species complex that can only be 100 % differentiated by dissecting the genitalia so it is usual to record them as part of this aggregate group . there are three species in this complex ( arion ater group ) : arion ater , a . rufus and a . vulgaris . these slug species range from 75 - 180 mm in length at maturity . they may be dark brown , black , grey , orange or reddish in color . they are large and bulky with long , coarse tubercles on the side and back . the juveniles of these species have an even wider range of colors and can be distinguished from mature adults by the presence of lateral stripes . juveniles of the arion ater - complex may be confused with adults of other arion species . the contracted body is bell - shaped . the sole of the foot may be black or tripartite ( pale with a black vertical line down the center ) . the foot fringe may possess any of the following colors with vertical black bands : red , orange , yellow or grey . the mucus of this slug group is colourless , though very sticky , and they lack a keel .
besides the usefulness of the trace of mucus , it jeopardizes the animal as some predators follow the trace and eat up the slug ; however , subsistence of the genus is not endangered . it’s not protected , rather proliferated and gnaw the parts of plants . due to its harmful behavior , black slugs are often killed by gardeners .
if you ever wondered what a slug the size of a household pet would look like , today is your lucky day .
paddocks with a previous history of slug damage are always a good place to start monitoring in a susceptible crop like canola .
below the majestic trees and prehistoric ferns that grace california’s redwood forests lives a weird and slimy creature : the banana slug .
are orange when hatched , have a
straw
coloration until aproximately one inch in length , and eventually take on a black coloration . typical slugs are about six inches long at maturity . ( branley 1996 ) .
slug locomotion is one of the triumphs of evolution . to see how it works , place a slug ( or a snail , the two groups use an identical technique ) on a sheet of glass and observe its muscular ' foot ' from underneath .
a dark red specimen of the giant red slug ( arion rufus ) from washington state , usa . picture : walter siegmund .
being boneless , the slug ' s body is highly flexible and when fully extended it can be up to 20 cm . in length , although 10 - 15 cm . is more normal . as its common name suggests , it is usually black in colour , although considerable variation does exist , ranging from chestnut brown and orange to pale grey or cream . in general , slugs in northern england and scotland are jet black , while in the south of england the orange forms appear to be more common - the colour variation is thought to be due to differences in ambient temperatures .
slime serves several other functions , including keeping the slug ' s skin moist , which is important in enabling it to breathe properly . it provides some protection from predators , as more slime is produced when the slug is threatened , and it has an unpleasant taste and texture . slime plays a role in mating , as the slug secretes a chemical in it which attracts potential mates that can follow the slime trail to meet the chemical ' s producer . a slug will also follow an old slime trail to find food .
several specimens found in march in a new residential area of harlingen have since been identified as african black slugs , said dr . raul villanueva , an entomologist at the texas a & m ; agrilife research and extension center at weslaco .
fortunately , we have never found the nematode that can be carried by the african black slug ,
he said .
these nematodes , or tiny worms , pose serious health risks to humans , including meningitis . but the nematode has never been detected here . nevertheless , it ' s a good idea to thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables before consuming them .
like most organisms , the black slug has its own suite of predators and parasites , so that it too forms food for other species within the ecosystem . predators which will eat it in the caledonian forest include the badger ( meles meles ) , fox ( vulpes vulpes ) , hedgehog ( erinaceus europaeus ) , slow worm ( anguis fragilis ) and various birds . a parasitic nematode , french heartworm ( angiostrongylus vasorum ) , which affects dogs , has been reported as naturally occurring in the black slug in france , while a parasitic mite ( riccardoella oudemansi ) also affects arion ater . another nematode ( phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita ) is also a parasite of slugs , including arion ater . it causes a swelling of the mantle , leading to the death of the infected slug within 21 days , and it has recently been marketed commercially as a biological control for slugs in the uk .
banana slug , photo by hugh griffith [ eidtor ' s note : a . k . a . pacific bananslug , ariolimax columbianus ]
use of barriers - we will test the hypothesis that barriers can be effective in stopping the iberian slug gaining access into agricultural fields .
not only do slugs clear an area of dead and dying matter , they also help spread seeds that are present in vegetation and dung . ( see references 2 ) not all slugs are voracious garden pests . for example , the banana slug is thought to favor mushrooms . it also eats lichen , algae , fungi and dead animals . on the other hand , the garden slug , arion hortensis ; the field slug , derocereas reticulatum ; and the keel slug , tandonia budapestensis , can wreak havoc in gardens . ( see resources 1 )
predation in the field by carabid beetles is most significant in spring and seems to be density dependent without any clear preferences between slug species .
the size of the slug is from 10 to 15 cm . the colour variation is due to the differences in temperatures . usually black coloured but sometimes happed to be red , dark - brown , light - orange and even white . young specimens of black slug do have a brown colour , which is later lost . it has two sets of tentacles : the larger , upper tentacles are sensitive to light , but they cannot differentiate colours ; the smaller , lower tentacles are used for smell . both tentecles can be retracted when the slug is danger . the mouth is on the underside of the head , and it contains a toothed tongue ( radula ) , that has up to 27000 teeth on it . the radula is used to rasp food into the slug ' s mouth . behind the head , the smooth area is called the mantle , and it contains a breathing hole on the right hand side ( pneumostone ) . it protects the rest of the organs . its leg is muscular and covered by mucus . slugs do wavy movements for getting forward .
lemon slug ( limax tenellus ) this is a small ( max 4cm ) , bright yellow slug which has dark tentacles . it is scarce and almost always found in woodland . it is a good indicator of ancient sites . feeds on fungi . very low risk to agricultural crops .
the distribution of the iberian slug in hordaland - the current distribution will be explored , as an example of anthropological spreading of an invasive species .
one reason humans do not much care for slugs is undoubtedly their sliminess . a large tiger slug can produce several teaspoonfuls of slime a day .
when it senses danger the black slug retracts its tentacles and pulls its body back into a compact half - round shape . it also often sways from side to side , although the reason for that behaviour is not entirely clear . slugs possess the ability to re - grow a tentacle which has been lost , and for arion ater this process of regeneration takes 1 - 2 months to be completed .
juveniles : pale and translucent at hatching , then becoming opaque brown and black , with the sides of the foot becoming pigmented last ( quick 1960 ) . resemble adult lehmannia , and can be distinguished by the absence of a caecum ( wiktor 1996 ) .
the european black slug is an invertebrate ( i . e . an animal without a backbone ) and is classified as a mollusc , the group of mainly marine organisms that includes whelks , mussels and squid . it is a gastropod , the class of molluscs that includes snails and slugs , and is defined by the presence of an unsegmented soft body , a large foot and a well - developed head .
the slug pictured above is the largest member of the round - backed type of slug . the round backed slugs have no keel , although they often bear numerous rows of elongated tubercles . the breathing pore is near the front of the right hand edge of the mantle ( see picture below ) .
while creating this website i discovered many fascinating – and some truly bizarre – facts about the humble slug . it really is a remarkable little creature .
the humble slug has few friends , but as she / he is munching through your prized vegetables , these little creatures will not care one jot .
the black sea hare gets its deep , dark color from its diet of algae and seaweed and gets it name from the two tentacles sticking out of its head that look like rabbit ears . where it gets it comical size is probably some prehistoric alien energy source .
because of its dependence on staying moist , the black slug is most active at night and on wet days , when numbers in the forest can be prolific . by contrast , none will be visible on a dry sunny day , when they will rest out of sight , to conserve moisture . similarly , they will stay deep in the soil on cold days , only becoming active when the temperature exceeds 5 degrees celsius .
for the past two weeks my role in the wildlife devision of the u . s . forest service changed temporarily from studying dusky canada geese to european black slugs . i spent several weeks learning all about the slugs , and wishing that more was known about the species .
common keeled slug ( tandonia budapestensis ) this is the most common of the keeled slugs . it is relatively small reaching around 6cm at maturity . it is typically black or grey in colour with a yellow - orange ridge along its length . it remains mostly underground and will feed on newly drilled seeds which will have a serious effect on emergence . if populations are large it can lead to the need to re - seed .
i know i’ve already mentioned many of them throughout the pages of ‘slug off’ , but i’m sure you’ll love reading them all here together in one place .
the great grey slug of europe is a voracious garden pest , and the fastest of our slugs . it is able to crawl four times faster than the banana slug , perhaps 6 inches in a minute . not only will it devour many species of plant , this slug is also a predator who will stalk and eat other slugs . i have not witnessed this , but have seen footage of cheetahs chasing gazelles . it is probably similar , but much slower .
when the weather turns hot and dry , a snail can retract into its protective shell to prevent desiccation , while a slug must retreat into the soil or under vegetation to prevent drying out . it is estimated that , during warm summer months , as much as 90 % of a garden’s slug population lives underground .
species description a very large , dark slug with tripartite sole - black or dark grey on either side and white down the middle . this slug is keeled along the back , the keel occupying two - thirds or more of the distance between the mantle and the tail . the keel is whitish to yellowish and contrasts with the dark body colour . juveniles have uniformly pale soles and are coloured a warm buff with double lateral bands . like other keeled slugs , the breathing pore is at rear of the mantle and the mantle has shallow concentric grooves like fingerprints centred on the middle of the back .
of our three largest slugs , only the banana slug is native . it is the second largest species in the world and can grow to more than 20 cm . if there is a creature that truly symbolizes the great rainy northwest , i suggest it is the banana slug . it is a good slug , almost never found in gardens or crops . in natural habitats it acts as nature ' s garbage collector and recycler , consuming and further breaking down dead and decaying matter .
u . s . habitat : since they are intolerant of low humidity the sup - tropical southeastern united state are very suitable . commonly found in st . augustine grass , they can also be found under rocks , boards , flower pots , greenhouses and even in the hearts of plants such as lettuce or cabbage . with the black leatherleaf slug having such a voracious and scavenging appetite , they could establish in urban , suburban and rural areas .
so far , there have been only a few of these african black slugs found in one localized urban area of harlingen ,
villanueva said .
others have been found nearby , but they are very slow movers , so it ' s not likely they will spread .
sanitation is vital to slug control . slugs escape hot , dry conditions by hiding between the soil surface and any material on the soil during the daytime . removing boards , pots , and debris from growing areas will reduce slug cover and breeding areas thinning dense foliage will allow sun to reach the soil ( yates , 1988 ) . weather affects slug populations . hot dry weather or excessive flooding reduce populations , while cool , damp weather boosts populations ( crowell et al . , 1986 ) .
the ash - black slug is a large keeled slug i . e . it has a sharp ridge or keel running along the middle of the back . in adult slugs the keel is whitish and contrasts with the generally dark ground colour . ash - black slugs can grow to 20 cm ( 8 in . ) and live in undisturbed mature broadleaf woods or , in the west , on open hillsides and marine cliffs feeding on lichens and algae on bare rocks . this species is widespread but very local in n . ireland . there is no evidence at present of a decrease and it has been encountered more frequently in some localities than formerly . this in sharp contrast to experience in southern ireland where it is declining sharply . irish forestry policy is almost certainly implicated , particularly the clear felling of old broadleaf woodland and replacement with conifers and the practice of under - planting with conifers in established broadleaf woods .
the field slug only feeds on the surface but will virulently munch its way through most vegetation , and is often found nestling among the leaves of lettuces and cabbages .
description : like its name states , the giant red slug usually is red . there are also brown and black specimens , but those have a red foot seam ( f in the picture above ) . the foot sole , in contrary is light grey , cream coloured or reddish . the tentacles are blackish brown and can be palely striped . the juveniles , contrary to the adults , are of a pale yellowish colour or light orange with a dark head .
the foot - fringe is black , the tubercles are large and elongate , and the sole is blackish grey . the atrium and vagina ( genitalia ) are considerably narrower than is the spermatheca ( organ for storing sperm ) . the oviduct is narrow while the spermatheca is spherical . [ 7 ]
slugs eat dead organic matter as well as living vegetation . various species will feed on rotting plants , leaves , dead animals and even animal droppings . for example , the european black slug , arion ater , eats dung and also lays its eggs in it . after hatching , the larvae live in the dung for three to four weeks . as decomposers , the slugs break down organic matter , thereby releasing nutrients which enrich the soil . ( see references 1 )


the rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) is a bird species in the family thamnophilidae .

it is found in roraima .

it is severely threatened by habitat loss .

it was listed as near threatened on the iucn red list in 2008 .

in 2012 , it was assessed as critically endangered by birdlife international , which says the species likely to go extinct in twenty years if deforestation continues at its current pace .

rio branco antbird

rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) is a species of bird in the thamnophilidae family .
the rio branco antbird is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
information on the rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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rio branco antbird the rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) is a species of bird in the thamnophilidae family . it is found in brazil and guyana . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland . it is threatened by habitat loss . see more at wikipedia . org . . . more
the rio branco antbird is classified as near threatened ( nt ) , is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .
photo 1 : the critically endangered rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) © mikael bauer . photo 2 : the rarotonga monarch ( pomarea dimidiata ) © hugh robertson . both courtesy of iucn
the rio branco antbird was for long considered a brazilian endemic , where it is restricted to the middle rio branco and its tributaries , in the northernmost state of roraima , but it has very recently also been found to marginally range into adjacent southwest guyana , along the ireng river . the species was formerly considered to globally threatened ( vulnerable ) , but has relatively recently been re - listed as near threatened , based on a better knowledge of its distribution , which has also proved to be more widespread within brazil in the last decade . like several other cercomacra , the rio branco antbird prefers very dense , vine - laden gallery forests , as well as those on river islands , and is usually observed in pairs . its plumage ( black in males ) suggests that it forms a species group with the jet antbird ( cercomacra nigricans ) , mato grosso antbird ( cercomacra melanaria ) and the bananal antbird ( cercomacra ferdinandi ) .
among the species at risk in the amazon are the now - critically endangered rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) , which was listed as
near threatened
just four years ago . according to birdlife , the species has a very small range in brazil and guyana . the construction of new roads in the antbird ' s habitat has made it easier to clear land for cattle ranching and soy production . according to current projections , the antbird ' s habitat will disappear completely in 20 years .
birdlife also downgraded the hoary - throated spinetail ( synallaxis kollari ) from the same rio branco region of brazil and guyana from
endangered
to
critically endangered .
the organization says the bird has just 206 square kilometers of suitable habitat , which could shrink 83 . 5 percent in the next 11 years .
possible relationships of the rio branco antbird to other species in the genus . received 15 aug . 1996 , accepted 20 feb . 1996 . = as currently recognized , the genus cercomacra consists of 12 species ( sibley and monroe 1993 , bierregaard et al . 1997 , graves 1997 ) of me - dium - sized antbirds . the genus is poorly known , as evidenced by the discovery of two new species of cercomacra and the elevation of another subspecies to species in the last decade ( fitzpatrick and willard 1990 , bierregaard et al 1997 , graves 1997 ) . more
deforestation in the amazon has put nearly 100 bird species at greater risk of extinction , the international union for conservation of nature announced ( iucn ) on thursday . the news comes in conjunction with the release of the 2012 update on the world ' s bird species for the iucn red list of threatened species , data for which is compiled and updated every four years by conservation group birdlife international .
in a prepared release about the red list update , birdlife blamed brazil ' s recently weakened forest code for increasing the rate of deforestation in that country . the new laws , a portion of which brazil president dilma rousseff vetoed in may , lowered the amount of forested land that farmers and ranchers are required to keep on their properties . leon bennun , birdlife director of science , policy and information , warned :
we have previously underestimated the risk of extinction that many of amazonia ' s bird species are facing .
he also said ,
the situation may be even worse than recent studies have predicted .
the 2012 red list update covers more than 10 , 000 bird species , 197 of which are listed as
critically endangered .
an additional 389 species are listed as
endangered ,
727 as
vulnerable ,
and 880 as
near threatened .
only two species had their red list categories improved in this update . one of them , the rarotonga monarch ( pomarea dimidiata ) , has been upgraded from
endangered
to
vulnerable .
endemic to the cook islands in the south pacific , the monarch was down to its last 35 to 50 birds in 1983 . conservation efforts including a captive breeding program and the removal of alien predators such as black rats from the islands have increased the species ' s population to around 380 individuals .
the other species with a category improvement was the ua pou monarch ( pomarea mira ) of french polynesia . last officially recorded in 1985 , the bird was listed as extinct in 2006 . after an unconfirmed sighting in 2010 , the monarch is now listed by the iucn as
critically endangered ( possibly extinct ) .
that ' s not much of an improvement , but at least it is hope .
the views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .
john r . platt is the editor of the revelator . an award - winning environmental journalist , his work has appeared in scientific american , audubon , motherboard , and numerous other magazines and publications . his
extinction countdown
column has run continuously since 2004 and has covered news and science related to more than 1 , 000 endangered species . john lives on the outskirts of portland , ore . , where he finds himself surrounded by animals and cartoonists .
discover world - changing science . explore our digital archive back to 1845 , including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .
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spoon - billed sandpiper eurynorhynchus pygmeus was uplisted to critically endangered in birdlife ' s 2008 update to the iucn red list . photo : choi soon kyoo
one in eight of the world’s bird species is globally threatened , and the fortunes of some 200 critically endangered species are now so perilous that they are at risk of imminent extinction . birdlife aims to improve the conservation status of all the world ' s birds , and hence species are often the starting point for our scientific research .
the birdlife secretariat is the red list authority for birds on the iucn red list , coordinating the process of evaluating all of the world’s c . 10 , 000 bird species against the red list categories and criteria in order to assess their extinction risk .
our detailed information on the threats to species and actions required helps to shape the conservation action implemented by the birdlife partnership through its preventing extinction programme , as well as by other organisations and initiatives including the alliance for zero extinction .
video story : step into a desert island wilderness , where conservation work for turtles and birds is delivering heartening , long lasting , results : “now the fishermen work with us , they help us count the birds instead of killing them . they even adopt turtle nests . it is a big , big change . ”
new analysis reveals key factors that could help make or break a conservation project , and practitioners in africa and around the world can all benefit from their hard - won lessons .
since the seventies , millions of north american birds have disappeared and a third of species are now of conservation concern , a new report reveals .
scientists and ngos are calling for a ban on veterinary diclofenac after finding it could kill as many as 6 , 000 vultures per year in spain , home to 95 % of the griffon vulture population .
deforestation since the turn of the century has driven at least 500 species of mammals , birds and amphibians closer to extinction , according to a new scientific study published in conservation biology journal .
this species , which has a small range and moderately small population , has been uplisted to critically endangered because a model of future deforestation in the amazon basin predicts that its population will decline extremely rapidly over the next three generations as land is cleared for cattle ranching and soy production , facilitated by expansion of the road network .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cercomacra carbonaria . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
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its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland . it is becoming rare due to habitat loss .
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glyphipterix codonias is a species of sedge moths in the genus glyphipterix .

it was described by edward meyrick in 1909 .

it is found in new zealand .

glyphipterix codonias

glyphipterix is a genus of sedge moths . it was described by hübner in 1825 .
glyphipterix is a genus of sedge moths . it was described by hübner in 1825 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6d9bc114 - c981 - 4fec - be34 - fc9fcf67cd2f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a48701b9 - 4bc9 - 4538 - 869b - bf4298f2d589
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6906e5a2 - 25bf - 4840 - 8e1a - 6aeb0f2a6656
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 486817
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