the mauritius fody ( foudia rubra ) is a rare species of bird in the weaver family .

it is endemic to the island of mauritius .

it is classified by birdlife international as being endangered .

it is also on the united states ' endangered species list with an endangered status .

this bird is 14 centimeters long .

breeding males are olive brown with a red head , breast and rump patch and black lores .

while females , non-breeding males and juveniles are olive brown with white wing bars and a brown bill .

the bird lives in several types of forest , including degraded areas , as well as plantations .

stands of japanese cedar ( cryptomeria japonica ) have replaced native vegetation and now provide protection against predators .

it feeds on insects like grasshoppers , beetle larvae , caterpillars , and also spiders .

it feeds on nectar regularly , using its specialised brush-tipped tongue .

the bird is a weaver , the male and female cooperating to weave each nest , from material like grass , moss and small twigs .

the mauritius fody is threatened by the loss of its habitat and predation from introduced predators .

beginning in the 1970s much of its habitat was lost when the land was cleared for plantations .

by 2001 there were perhaps no more than about 100 breeding pairs .

nests are raided by predators , especially the black rat ( rattus rattus ) and the crab-eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) .

this is currently the main cause of the bird 's decline .

some areas of intact habitat have high nest predation , but areas of low nest predation may be poor habitat .

the common myna has also been observed preying on nests .

nest failure may occur when it is infested with tropical nest fly .

the larvae of the fly attack the chicks , latching on and feeding on their blood , causing dehydration and anemia in the chicks .

conservation efforts include the control of rats and macaques .

a captive breeding program carried out by the mauritan wildlife foundation has produced many chicks .

eggs are removed from nests in the wild and hatched in captivity as the wild pairs produce and rear another clutch simultaneously .

nests are treated for tropical nest fly .

supplemental food and water are given .

the population has increased recently due to conservation programs establishing sub-populations on offshore islands .

due to these conservation efforts the species was downlisted from critically endangered to endangered in 2009 .

île aux aigrettes , an islet off the main island of mauritius , is now home to a number of mauritius fodies and other threatened species that have been translocated there .

mauritius fody

insula franciae = mauritius . the historic distribution of the mauritius fody ranged over much of mauritius , so the type could have been collected anywhere on the island .
the endemic fody bears a close resemblance to the exotic madagascar fody which is very common in mauritius . . the male madagascar fody , however , has completely bright red plumage during breeding season .
the mauritius fody is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the population of the mauritius fody suffered a rapid decline in the 1970s due to nest predation and habitat loss .
often mistaken : the madagascar fody ( foudia madagascarensis ) is very common in mauritius . photo © g . gerra & s . sommazzi
the mauritius fody is found only on the island of mauritius . the male mauritius fody boasts a brilliant red head , neck and breast , while females have drabber olive - brown plumage . adults are approximately 14 centimetres long . this solitary songbird prefers native scrub and forest habitat and feeds mainly on insects , supplemented by fruit and nectar .
safford , rj . the annual cycle and breeding behaviour of the mauritius fody , foudia rubra . ostrich , 68 , 58 - 67 .
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clearing mauritius’s forests has been catastrophic to the fody , while predators such as black rats and crab - eating macaques that have been brought to the island have caused almost total breeding failure in most areas . the native fodies may also face competition from the madagascar fody , which has been introduced to mauritius .
the mauritius fody inhabits remaining native forest but also survives in degraded forest that has been invaded by exotics , as well as forests of exotics such as pines .
safford rj . nesting success of the mauritius fody foudia rubra in relation to its use of exotic trees as nest sites . ibis , 139 , 555 - 559 .
safford , r . j . ( 1997 ) the annual cycle and breeding behaviour of the mauritius fody foudia rubra . ostrich , 68 ( 2 ) : 58 - 67 .
the diet of the mauritius fody is comprised primarily of invertebrates , but nectar , fruit , seeds and the eggs of birds and geckos are also consumed ( 5 ) . some females have even been seen feeding on the eggs of other mauritius fodies ( 3 ) .
the mauritius fody has suffered a constant and severe decline in range and numbers since 1975 , and is now found only in southwest mauritius ( 2 ) , and on the small , offshore island of ile aux aigrettes , where captive - bred fodies were released in 2003 ( 3 ) .
peter brown was the first to illustrate , the mauritius fody . he called it the red - headed finch and gave a description of the bird . brown notes that the bird was in the collection of
safford , rj . the destruction of source and sink habitats in the decline of the mauritius fody , foudia rubra , an island - endemic bird . biodiversity and conservation , 6 , 513 - 527 .
the mauritius fody is restricted to south - west mauritius ( see red polygon on map ) where there are 3 small sub - populations . in 2005 , hand reared chicks were released onto the offshore islet ile aux aigrettes where the species apparently occurred historically ( red arrow on map , see also
on january 12 , 1995 , the mauritius fody was designated as endangered in the entire range . within the area covered by this listing , this species is known to occur in : mauritius . the u . s . fish & wildlife service ( null ) is the lead region for this entity .
safford , r . j . ( 1997 ) nesting success of the mauritius fody foudia rubra in relation to its use of exotic trees as nest sites . ibis , 139 ( 3 ) : 555 - 559 .
the mauritius fodies ( foudia rubra ) - also known as mascarene fodies - are only found on the island of mauritius off the southeast coast of africa , where they inhabit forests and plantations .
, an english ornithologist and collector . the fody would have been brought by ship from mauritius to england , where it would have been purchased by tunstall . tunstall kept it in captivity for several years ( fox 1827 ) .
mauritius fodies mostly feed on insects ; but they will also take fruit , nectar , seeds , geckos and - on occasion - the eggs of other birds ( including those of other mauritius fodies ) .
. the illustration in daubenton 1783 is of a male , and the first female to be painted , but buffon does not appear to have written about it . gmelin noted the locality for the mauritius fody as
insula franciae
.
, an english naturalist and illustrator . gmelin did not realise that the same species was involved , due to the slight differences in the artwork . the latin name he provided here was invalid . gmelin noted the locality for this mauritius fody specimen as
insula mauritii
.
gmelin 1789 syst . nat . , 1 ( 2 ) , p . 877 isle de france [ = mauritius ] .
safford , rj . distribution studies on the forest - living native passerines of mauritius . biological conservation , 80 , 189 - 198 .
similar spp . non - breeding male , female and juvenile separated from madagascar red fody f . madagascariensis by darker , less streaked plumage , plumper body and relatively shorter tail .
inhabits all types of forest , even degraded forest invaded by introduced plant species ( 2 ) . on the mainland , the highest densities of this bird are found in small plantations of exotic trees surrounded by degraded native forest . on ile aux aigrettes , the mauritius fody inhabits lowland ebony forest and coastal scrub ( 3 ) .
endangered . restricted range species : present in mauritius eba . formerly listed as critically endangered , but downgraded to endangered because population , albeit extremely . . .
although threatened by the clearance of upland forest , the mauritius fody has also been suddenly lost from areas of intact habitat ( 2 ) . it is thought that these regions have been affected by particularly high levels of egg predation by both the black rat ( rattus rattus ) and the crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) ( 6 ) .
garrett , l . j . h . , jones , c . g . , cristinacce , a . and bell , d . j . ( 2007 ) competition or co - existence of reintroduced , critically endangered mauritius fodies and invasive madagascar fodies in lowland mauritius ? . biological conservation , 140 : 19 - 28 .
safford , rj . a survey of the occurrence of native vegetation remnants on mauritius in 1993 . biological conservation , 80 , 181 - 188 and 84 , 197 .
these brightly colored birds are now only found in southwest mauritius and on the small , offshore island of ile aux aigrettes , where captive - bred birds were released in 2003 .
mauritius fodies generally form monogamous pair bonds ; although males have on occasion been observed with more than one female . pairs maintain a breeding territory that they defend throughout the year .
craig , a . ( 2018 ) . mauritius fody ( foudia rubra ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the mauritius fody is mainly insectivorous , and feeds on grasshoppers , beetle larvae , caterpillars , and also spiders . berries are eaten regularly by some individuals . it feeds on nectar regularly , using its specialised brush - tipped tongue . it forages in dead leaves , and probes bark and epiphytes , and gleans from leaves , for invertebrates . it is usually found singly , in pairs or in family groups .
safford , r . j . and jones , c . g . ( 1998 ) strategies for land - bird conservation on mauritius . conservation biology , 12 : 169 - 176 .
chinese : ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . czech : snovatec mauricijský . . . danish : mauritiusvæver . . . dutch : mauritiuswever . . . finnish : mauritiuksenkutoja . . . french : cardinal de maurice , foudi de l ' ile maurice , foudi de maurice . . . german : mauritius weber , mauritiusweber . . . italian : fody di mauritius , tessitore di mauritius . . . japanese : benihataori , moarishasubeninojiko . . . norwegian : mauritiusvever . . . polish : wiklacz maurytyjski , wik ? acz maurytyjski . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : fodia maurícijská . . . spanish : fodi de mauricio , fodi de mauritana . . . swedish : mauritiusfody
. however , since 1993 , the population has been stable due to conservation action , the population being about 140 - 170 adults and an estimated 108 pairs in 2012 . it can co - exist with the introduced madagascar red fody .
historically , fodies inhabited the upland areas of southwest mauritius . today , this critically endangered bird is found in just three areas of the island : bassin blanc , macchabee forest road and ile aux aigrettes .
at present , it would be impossible to eliminate all rats and macaques from the whole of mauritius , and therefore conservation efforts have focussed on establishing populations on offshore , predator - free islands ( 3 ) . the release of captive - bred individuals onto the predator–free island of ile aux aigrettes in 2003 has proved successful , with the population , which is provided with supplementary food , increasing to 151 individuals by july 2008 ( 3 ) . other conservation measures in place to help protect the mauritius fody include restoring native forests and establishing plantations of non - invasive , exotic trees such as japanese red cedar ( cryptomeria japonica ) which mammalian predators appear to avoid ( 7 ) .
my thanks go to mr . vikash tatayah of the mauritius wildlife foundation for letting me have access to the conservation area where i was able to take photographs of the endemic birds held at the black river aviaries .
unusually for weaver birds , species of foudia are often monogamous . the mauritius fody generally holds territories of over one hectare exclusively with just one mate ( 4 ) , although some male mauritius fodies have been observed with more than one female ( 3 ) . breeding between late june and early april ( 3 ) ( 4 ) , both sexes help to build the nest , which is then lined by the female only . between two and four eggs are laid and incubated by the female , with the male helping to feed the chicks after hatching for two weeks , before they fledge and leave the nest to disperse . at the end of the breeding season , the adults undergo a complete moult . pairs defend the territory all year , and do not make seasonal migrations ( 4 ) .
in 2003 , the mauritius wildlife fund started a program of captive breeding at the black river aviaries . 14 birds were released in the île aux aigrettes nature reserve . but in early 2004 only 9 survived . no trace was found of the other 5 . for the next release , the implant of chips is planned to follow their movements .
the mauritius fody is monogamous and territorial . birds may have long - term pair bonds and remain on their territories year - round . the nest is domed , with a side entrance and often with a porch . nests are built by both sexes using grass with moss , lichens or small twigs . nest material is gathered within 100 m of the nest . the female adds lining , mainly feathers , before egg - laying and up to 8 days into incubation . nests may be strong , able to withstand gale force winds , but others have less secure attachments leading to active nests falling to the ground . nests are built in trees , usually hidden in foliage . many tree species have been recorded as nest sites , but with exotics being used increasingly since the 1970s .
is found only on mauritius island and is listed as endangered since it has an extremely small population . the male in breeding plumage has the head red or orange - red , with a black mask through the eye ; the lower rump and uppertail - coverts are orange - red , and the rest of the body is olive - grey . the female and non - breeding male are dull olive - green , with a yellowish wash below . the juvenile resembles the female , except for a paler brown bill , which may be retained for its first year . the non - breeding male , female and juvenile may be separated from the
in 1993 , roger safford completed an intensive four - year phd study on all of the mauritian passerine species . since 1993 some work has been done on a volunteer basis since we have not yet been able to secure funding to help save our passerines . volunteers and students have been conducting population surveys on all the critically endangered species to gain knowledge of the ecology of each species for future conservation . conservation efforts to help passerines will be more difficult than for the larger , more resilient birds mwf is working with . only one other research station in the world , hawaii , is attempting to restore highly endangered passerine populations through captive breeding . hawaii’s passerine program is still in the preliminary stages and much remains to be learned to develop strategies that will best help conserve these tiny birds . interestingly , the methods used by conservationists in hawaii have been adapted from mwf’s work on pink pigeons . the story will come full circle if we can learn from them on how to care for our passerine species . in 1999 , 21 new territories of olive white - eyes , 8 new pairs of paradise flycatchers and 3 new pairs of mauritius fody were found near newest mwf field station at combo . in addition to many hours of observation resulting in previously unknown nesting behaviour ( male olive white - eyes were seen to share in the care of eggs and nestlings ) , 3 nests of olive white - eyes were found and monitored . previous to this only 2 nests had ever been recorded for this species . unfortunately , all 3 nests were predated by ship
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, a german naturalist . gmelin described many new bird species in a book in 1789 in the style of linnaeus ' publications , giving a brief description in latin and a synonomy , including a reference to the coloured engraving by francois - nicolas martinet in the book edited by
brown ' s painting appeared before that of daubenton , but these paintings were probably based on different specimens , so all that can be said about the collection details is that the type specimen was taken before 1783 by an unknown collector . this is the last weaver described by gmelin .
type specimen no longer exists ; the illustration of daubenton 1783 serves as a type .
the above is based on weaver wednesday 2 , a weekly series about the discovery of each weaver species .
by their darker , less streaked plumage , plumper body , relatively shorter tail , and different calls .
some pairs habitually desert their nests , while others rarely do so . the clutch is 2 - 3 pale blue eggs . incubation is by the female . initially the female feeds the young , and later chicks are fed by both sexes . breeding success is low , with predation being the major cause of nest loss .
the above is based on weaver wednesday , a weekly series about weaver species .
pair bond monogamous breeding season oct - feb nest site placed 2 - 9 m above ground in tree nest building division of work unclear , as both sexes seen to carry material , but in some cases female did most building colony size no information clutch size 2 - 3 eggs egg colour pale blue egg size average size of ten eggs 19 . 2 x 13 . 9 mm incubation incubation apparently by female only , period reported as 14 days chicks and nestling period chicks fed by both sexes , nestling period recorded as 18 days
phown ( photos of weaver nests ) provides valuable info on breeding distribution and colony sizes of weavers . you can contribute by registering and submitting photos at virtual museum webpage .
the above is based on weaver wednesday 3 , a weekly series about range changes in south african weaver species .
durrell wildlife conservation trust is a member of the association of jersey charities , membership number 69 . patron : hrh the princess royal . founder : gerald durrell , obe , lhd . durrell wildlife conservation trust - uk is registered in england and wales . a charitable company limited by guarantee . registered charity number : 1121989 . registered company number : 6448493 . registered office : c / o elian corporate services ( uk ) limited , 35 great st . helen ' s , london ec3a 6ap
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
14 cm . medium - sized , brown forest weaver . vermilion - red head , neck and breast with black loral area . dark brown back , wings and tail streaked with buff . reddish rump and uppertail - coverts .
this species is classified as endangered because it has an extremely small population . the population has been stable since the early 1990s but then increased following an island translocation , and if it remains stable or increasing with over 250 mature individuals it may warrant downlisting to vulnerable in the future .
, suffered rapid population declines since 1975 , descending from 247 - 260 pairs to c . 108 - 122 pairs in late 2001 ( nichols 2002 )
; no doubt following long - term historic population declines owing to heavy predation by invasive mammals . between 1975 and 1993 , a 55 % decline in both population size and area of occupancy occurred ( safford 1997c )
, and the number of locations fell from six in 1975 to three ( r . nichols
, and an increase in range has been recorded in the main breeding subpopulation ( c . jones
. the long term viability of these small subpopulations is in doubt ( r . nichols
in 2005 , 45 hand reared chicks were released onto ile aux aigrettes ( where the species apparently occurred historically , v . tatayah
2010 ) , where two pairs from previous releases have raised chicks ( anon . 2005 )
. following that success , in 2006 , c . 40 young fledged on ile aux aigrettes and the total population on the island stood at 140 individuals in 2008 ( l . garrett
2012 ) . the most recent population estimate is 180 - 200 individuals in 2011 - 2014 ( v . tatayah , c . jones and n . zuel
. 2015 ) . it is hoped that the population will increase further in the coming years as it expands on ile aux aigrettes . a second translocation to round island began in 2010 ( v . tatayah
however of 32 birds released here between october 2010 and january 2011 all had died by early 2012 , most or all having been predated by round island boas ( v . tatayah
the mainland population was estimated at 216 - 244 individuals in 2002 , with a minimum of 108 breeding pairs , and the population was estimated to have remained at 108 pairs in 2012 ( v . tatayah
2012 ) . this is roughly equivalent to 140 - 170 mature individuals . the latest population estimate for the mainland population in 2011 - 2014 is 240 - 330 individuals ( v . tatayah , c . jones and n . zuel
. 2015 ) , equivalent to 160 - 220 mature individuals . it has since increased following the release of birds on ile aux aigrettes in 2006 with a total of 110 adults there in 2012 and an estimated 180 - 200 individuals in 2011 - 2014 ( v . tatayah , c . jones and n . zuel
. 2015 ) . the pre - release population estimate will be retained until the population is confirmed to have sustained itself above 250 mature individuals for five years .
the population declined rapidly until the early 1990s since which time it has been stable or possibly increasing on the mainland ( cristinacce 2007 , v . tatayah
2011 ) . following translocations to ile aux aigrettes it increased but has since dropped and then stabilised ; translocations to round island have so far been unsuccessful .
it holds territories in all types of native forest , including degraded forest , and it shows an increasing reliance on non - native plantations that afford some protection from nest predators ( c . jones
2010 ) , c . 2 months earlier than the mainland population ( safford , 2013 ) . breeding may be terminated if there is a prolonged period of rain ( > 1 month ) , but dry conditions will not cause an interruption ( safford , 2013 )
historically , clearance of upland forest , particularly for plantations in the 1970s , catastrophically affected this species . introduced predators , notably black rat
and nest predation is regarded as the major cause of present - day decline in this species ( r . switzer
. released birds on round island in 2010 suffered predation by round island boas , with none surviving by early 2012 ( v . tatayah
rats and macaques were controlled as part of a programme to rehabilitate plots of native vegetation ( safford and jones 1998 ) , however macaque control has since dropped to nearly nil ( v . tatayah
. a captive - rearing programme implemented by the mauritian wildlife foundation , the gerald durrell endemic wildlife santuary and the national parks and conservation service is proving highly effective and in 2005 produced 47 individuals from captive parents ( 25 ) and hand reared wild born chicks ( 22 ) ( anon . 2005 )
. protocols for captive husbandry and artificial propagation were developed to facilitate the translocation objectives ( r . switzer
2010 ) . the black river national park partly covers its range , and the habitat around bassin blanc , not originally included within the boundary , is a priority for compulsory government purchase in the future ( jones and hartley 1995 , r . safford
, but this had not happened by 2012 . research into the species ' s ecology is ongoing , and prospective surveys to assess the suitability of round island for translocation were conducted ; initial releases on the island began in 2010 ( l . garrett
and native forest . develop a conservation management area at combo , stocked with favoured nectar - producing plants and with predator controls . increase breeding productivity by supplemental feeding , double clutching and captive - rearing of harvested wild clutches ( c . jones
. identify possible native habitat refuges on both the mainland and offshore islands ( safford 2013 ) . continue releases on offshore islands , including flat island when management allows , and monitor the population on ile aux aigrettes . advocate for the compulsory purchase of land separating bassin blanc from the black river national park and ensure that the national park boundary is extended and appropriate management activities implemented .
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a 1999–2001 survey revealed that the number of fodies in the wild had shrunk substantially since 1975 , from 247–260 pairs to just over 100 . thanks to intensive management , including hand - rearing and translocations to offshore islands , the population has stabilized and is increasing . according to the most recent population estimates , there are 160–220 individuals on the mainland , with an additional 180–200 individuals on offshore island ile aux aigrettes . in 2009 , the species was downlisted from critically endangered to endangered .
wildlife preservation canada saves animals on the brink of extinction . since 1985 , we’ve been saving critically endangered species – species whose numbers in the wild are so low that a great deal more than habitat protection is required to recover them .
has been thought to include † f . delloni as a race . monotypic .
14 cm ; 16–20 g . male breeding has forehead , crown , nape , chin , throat , cheek , ear - coverts and breast red or orange - red , black mask through eye ; mantle and back greyish - . . .
song of male an extended series of disyllabic notes , generally terminating in buzzy sound ; female . . .
remaining native forest ; also degraded forest invaded by exotics , as well as forests of exotic . . .
primarily insectivorous ; seen to take grasshoppers ( orthoptera ) , beetle larvae ( coleoptera ) , caterpillars ( lepidoptera ) , also spiders ( . . .
season oct–feb . monogamous . occupies permanent territory 4–5 ha in size in sparsely populated areas , or down to as small as 0 . . .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
breeding males of this medium - sized forest weaver bird are highly distinctive , with a bright red head , neck and breast , and dark olive - brown back , wings and tail streaked with pale brown ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the rump is also reddish ( 2 ) , and two white bars pattern the wings ( 3 ) . in the non - breeding season , males lose their vivid red colouration and resemble females . the slightly hooked beak of males is black , while that of females and juveniles is horn - coloured ( 3 ) .
invertebrates animals with no backbone . monogamous having only one mate during a breeding season , or throughout the breeding life of a pair . territory area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a colony .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : foudia rubra . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
foudia rubra male at the black river aviaries of the mauritian wildlife foundation . photos © peter m . c . werner 2 - 2004
foudia rubra female . photo © peter m . c . werner 2 - 2004
the sexes are different , the female being rust - brown , the male basically grey .
the preferred habitat includes native scrub vegetation with a few scattered taller trees , but the species also inhabits low native scrub and native forest .
its diet is comprised primarily of insects , but also fruit and nectar . occasionally robs nests of other birds , such as the pink pigeon , sucking the eggs
clearance of upland forest has catastrophically affected this species . introduced predators , notably black rat rattus rattus and crab - eating macaque macaca fascicularis and mongoose , have caused almost total breeding failure in most areas . introduced f . madagascariensis may compete and restrict its range .
it has unexpectedly disappeared from areas of apparently intact habitat , possibly regions of severe nest - predation , previously sustained by relatively predator - free areas which have now been degraded and can no longer supply new recruits .
it was already becoming fairly rare at the turn of the twentieth century , although it was still not considered uncommon as late as the 1950s .
between 1971 to 1974 , the clearing of an upland forest at les mares on plaine champagne had a devastating effect on the species , decreasing its population by more than 50 % . since then , its habitat has been better protected , as remaining native forest habitat received almost complete protection with the creation of the macabe / bel ombre nature reserve in 1974 .
foudia rubra has suffered rapid population declines since 1975 , descending from 247 - 260 pairs to c . 105 - 125 pairs in late 1999 . from 1975 to 1993 , a 55 % decline in both population and area of occupancy occurred . however , since 1993 , the decline rate has slowed , and an increase in range has been recorded in the main breeding subpopulation .
the tiny mare aux vacoas subpopulation has remained stable ( four pairs ) , but numbers and range have continued to decline in the bel ombre subpopulation ( seven pairs ) . research indicates that there is no population fragmentation during winter .
two or three pale - green spotted eggs laid in a rough , cup - shaped nest of thin plant parts bound by cobwebs and placed high in trees . both parents sit on the eggs . nest predated by rats .
an attempt was made to introduce the species to the island of reunion , but it was unsuccessful it is uncertain whether further attempts will be made . the introduction and establishment of two species of nectar - producing shrubs on the high plateau has been suggested .
the main goal should be to eliminate the introduced rats and mice that plague the species .
illustrated on a 10 cent stamp and a calendar published by the state commercial bank .
safford rj and jones cg . did organochlorine pesticide use cause declines in mauritian forest birds ? biodiversity and conservation , 6 , 1445 - 1451 .
i thank particularly mrs . frédérique koenig , aviararies manager , who was a helpful , friendly and competent guide .
this small island is a great place to see this rare species , introduced here where there are no land predators , though i did regrettably see a house crow fly over .
i don ' t know which species makes the high pitched call ( for exemple : 00 : 18 ) . there was a female - like bird next to the male foudia rubra , so maybe a ( female ? ) call of that species as well .
i don ' t know which species makes the high pitched call ( for exemple : 00 : 10 ) . there was a female - like bird next to the male foudia rubra , so maybe a ( female ? ) call of that species as well .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
overview , distribution , range and status . . . alternate ( global ) names
these rare weavers are in danger of becoming extinct . in 2011 , less than 170 individuals were believed to still have survived in the wild .
as part of conservation efforts , the mauritian wildlife foundation removed eggs from active nests prompting the parents to get started on a new clutch . those eggs that were taken were artificially incubated and the resulting chicks were handraised ; hence doubling the number of offspring per pair . thirty - two of these hand - raised birds were then released back into the wild between october 2010 and january 2011 . unfortunately , most or even all of them are believed to have perished .
their sharp declines are attributed to habitat loss and predation by introduced mammals ( black rats and macaque monkeys ) and the native round island boa ( snake ) .
breeding males : plumage olive - brown , except black lores ( area between the beak and the eyes ) ; red head , chest and rump patch ; two white wingbars ; and pale - brown streaked wings and tail . after the breeding season , the male molts into the plainer
winter plumage
( described below ) .
most breeding occurs from late june to early april . both parents weave the nest ; but only the female lines it . the average clutch consists of 2 - 4 eggs which are incubated by the female for about two weeks to hatching . the male feeds the female and the young .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
please note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .
conservationists believe that between 1975 and 1993 the foudia ruba suffered a loss of 55 percent both in terms of population size and area of occupancy .
in 1994 its status on the iucn red list was categorised as critically endangered .
now due to massive conservation efforts its population is stable and its status downlisted to endangered .
a captive - rearing programme is implemented by the mauritian wildlife foundation , the gerald durrell endemic wildlife sanctuary and the national parks and conservation service .


agustinia / ɑːɡəˈstɪniə / is a genus of sauropod dinosaurs from the early cretaceous period of south america .

the name agustinia honors the discoverer of the specimen , agustin martinelli .

this dinosaur was originally named in a 1998 abstract written by famous argentine paleontologist jose bonaparte .

the original generic name was " augustia " , which , as it turned out , was already preoccupied by a beetle ( see also : megapnosaurus , protognathosaurus ) .

bonaparte changed the name to agustinia in a full paper published in 1999 .

there is one named species ( a. ligabuei ) , which is named in honor of dr. giancarlo ligabue , a philanthropist who provided financial support to the expedition which recovered the remains .

agustinia

14 . it was jose f . bonaparte who renamed agustinia from augustia to agustinia . the renaming took place in 1999 .
1 . agustinia is pronounced as ah - gus - tin - ee - ah .
agustinia was a herbivore . it lived in the cretaceous period and inhabited south america .
agustinia was a herbivorous titanosaur dinosaur that lived in the cretaceous period of south america .
12 . agustinia was actually named as augustia in 1998 . however , when it was found that augustia had already been used for naming another creature , the name was changed to agustinia .
9 . agustinia lived in the woodlands of the area which is currently known as south america .
bone histology sheds light on the nature of the
dermal armor
of the enigmatic sauropod dinosaur agustinia ligabuei bonaparte , 1999 .
time to break away from the theropods temporarily and tackle a sauropod . agustinia was requested by mike keesey , so here it is .
size height and weight about 50 feet long and 10 - 20 tons the name the scientific name is agustinia ligabuei the common name is agustinia pronunciation a - gus - tin - e - ah . the names meaning and from which language the meaning of the name is for agustin ( agustinia  ( named after agustin martinelli ,  the discoverer ) . the language which the name came from is lithuanian ( says google translate ) the name of the dinosaur was named by josé bonaparte  -  1998 . which is named in honor of dr . giancarlo ligabue where , when , and by whom was it discovered the agustinia was founded by agustin martinelli it was discovered in argentina the agustinia was discovered in 1998 the agustinia was a herbivore , and this dinosaur was a prey dinosaur project : agustinia katie ramsdell 11 / 18 / 14 period 6 the agustinias eating habits and was it a predator or prey ? feathers , fur or scales ? the agustinia has scales offspring live birth or egg living which geological period or era the agustinia lived during the aptian to albian of the cretaceous solitary or herd not yet specified not yet specified number of offsprings per litter not yet specified closets living realitives not yet specified cite resources urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken
15 . agustinia lived from aptian through albian ages of the middle cretaceous period . the fossil was found from argentina’s neuquen province’s lohan cura formation .
apart from their respective features and characteristics description of anabisetia and agustinia is incomplete without they being segregated from each other . what is a better way to differentiate the dinosaurs than classify them on them basis of their character and shape in a scientific way . by comparing anabisetia and agustinia classification , we get information about species of anabisetia and agustinia and also its kingdom , phylum , class in which they are categorized etc . the former dinosaur is a part of a . saldiviai species while the later belongs to agustinia ligabuei species . the former belongs to chordata based on its body structure . it is a member of reptilia class . the clade of the same is dinosauria . it is grouped in ornithischia . it is part in anabisetia . it is classified in saurischia order . the clade of the same is dinosauria . the class of agustinia is reptilia . the genus of the same is agustinia
bone histology sheds light on the nature of the
dermal armor
of the enigmatic sauropod dinosaur agustinia ligabuei bonaparte , 1999 . - pubmed - ncbi
apart from their respective features and characteristics description of alvarezsaurus and agustinia is incomplete without they being segregated from each other . what is a better way to differentiate the dinosaurs than classify them on them basis of their character and shape in a scientific way . by comparing alvarezsaurus and agustinia classification , we get information about species of alvarezsaurus and agustinia and also its kingdom , phylum , class in which they are categorized etc . the former dinosaur is a part of a . calvoi species while the later belongs to agustinia ligabuei species . the former belongs to chordata based on its body structure . the family of the concerned dinosaurus is alvarezsauridae . it is a member of reptilia class . the clade of the same is dinosauria . it is grouped in saurischia . it is part in alvarezsaurus . it is classified in saurischia order . the clade of the same is dinosauria . the class of agustinia is reptilia . the genus of the same is agustinia
scaling the fibula from rebbachisaurus gives a length of 16 meters while scaling from saltasaurus gives a length of 15 meters , so agustinia was about 15 - 16 meters .
2 . most interesting of agustinia facts is that this dinosaur was named after its discoverer agustin martinelli . agustin was a student when he discovered the fossil of this dinosaur .
agustinia is a genus of sauropod dinosaurs from the early cretaceous period of south america . it contains the single species agustinia ligabuei , a single specimen of which was recovered from the lohan cura formation of neuquen province in argentina , thought to date from the late aptian to albian stages of the early cretaceous period , between 116 and 100 million years ago .
13 . another interesting one of agustinia facts is that though the fossil was discovered by agustin martinelli , paleontologist jose f . bonaparte was the person who was actually responsible for identification of the dinosaur .
a hand - painted , highly detailed model of the amazing dinosaur agustinia , an armoured , long - necked dinosaur from the cretaceous period . part of the procon dinosaurs and the collecta dinosaurs ranges .
6 . agustinia was a quadrupedal dinosaur and fed on plants . yes , it was an herbivore and did not pose any threat to other animals at least in terms of hunting them down and devouring them .
agustinia ligabuei is an early cretaceous sauropod dinosaur from the northwest of patagonia that is currently the topic of debate with respect to its phylogenetic position and atypical dermal armor . the presence of four morphotypes of laminar and transversely elongated putative osteoderms was used to consider agustinia as an armored sauropod . regarding the different hypotheses about the identity of the bony structures of agustinia ( e . g . , osteoderms , cervical or dorsal ribs , hypertrophied elements ) , a comparative histological analysis has been carried out . histological evidence is presented herein and reveals that none of the morphotypes of agustinia shows a primary bone tissue formed by structural fiber bundles as in other sauropod dinosaur osteoderms . furthermore , on the basis of their gross morphology and microstructure , the bony structures originally classified as types 1 + 4 and 3 are more comparable respectively with dorsal and cervical ribs than any other kind of dermal or bony element . due to poor preservation , the nature of the type 2 cannot be assessed but is here tentatively assigned to a pelvic girdle element . although a phylogenetic reassessment of agustinia is not the purpose of this paper , our paleohistological analyses have broader implications : by not supporting the dermal armor hypothesis for agustinia , its inclusion in lithostrotia is not justified in the absence of other diagnostic features .
agustinia ligabuei is an early cretaceous sauropod dinosaur from the northwest of patagonia that is currently the topic of debate with respect to its phylogenetic position and atypical dermal armor . the presence of four morphotypes of laminar and transversely elongated putative osteoderms was used to consider agustinia as an armored sauropod . regarding the different hypotheses about the identity of the bony structures of agustinia ( e . g . , osteoderms , cervical or dorsal ribs , hypertrophied elements ) , a comparative histological analysis has been carried out . histological evidence is presented herein and reveals that none of the morphotypes of agustinia shows a primary bone tissue formed by structural fiber bundles as in other sauropod dinosaur osteoderms . furthermore , on the basis of their gross morphology and microstructure , the bony structures originally classified as types 1 + 4 and 3 are more comparable respectively with dorsal and cervical ribs than any other kind of dermal or bony element . due to poor preservation , the nature of the type 2 cannot be assessed but is here tentatively assigned to a pelvic girdle element . although a phylogenetic reassessment of agustinia is not the purpose of this paper , our paleohistological analyses have broader implications : by not supporting the dermal armor hypothesis for agustinia , its inclusion in lithostrotia is not justified in the absence of other diagnostic features .
like with many sauropod dinosaurs ,  agustinia is known from incomplete remains .  some of these remains however revealed a startling revelation in that this sauropod had what appeared to be armour along its back similar in appearance to the plates of stegosaurus ,  a herbivorous but completely different kind of dinosaur .  this is in particular reference to the plates that would have been on the back of the neck of agustinia ,  although these plates were at a right angle to how they would have been arranged in stegosaurus which means that from the side they would have looked thin ,  but from the front you would have seen the full shape .  however , later studies now suggest that this plates are actually fragments of the ribs and hips , and if this is true , then agustinia did not have armoured plates . the phylogenetic position of agustinia has been difficult to establish as the few bones known for the genus display a combination of diplodocid and titanosaurid features .  to make things even more difficult both of these groups of dinosaurs are known to have roamed south america during the cretaceous .  agustinia was first named in 1998 as augustia ,  but this was later found to have already been used for another creature ,  hence the change to agustinia in 1999 .
the bizarre and remarkable agustinia , an armoured , long - necked dinosaur from the age of reptiles . this hand - painted model is ideal for creative play . a super quality model from the procon dinosaurs and collecta dinosaurs ranges .
10 . as far as the armor is concerned , some paleontologists who have studied the fossil remains say that what appeared to be armors were actually fragments of hips and ribs . if those paleontologists are correct then , agustinia didn’t have any armored plates .
agustinia is a sauropod based on - more than three sacral vertebrae ; metatarsals i and v with proximal ends subequal in area to metatarsals ii and iv . it is eusauropod based on - dorsal neural spines broader transversely than anteroposteriorly ; metatarsal iii 25 % or less of tibial length ; minimum shaft width of metatarsal i greater than ii - iv . sauropod systematics are currently unresolved regarding basal forms such as cetiosaurs and euhelopodids , but agustinia shares several characters with diplodocoids and titanosaurids , which would place it in the neosauropoda .
due to the fragmentary nature of its remains , agustinia ' s classification is unclear ; it could be either a diplodocoid or a titanosaurian . however , its back plates have recently been redescribed as likely rib or hip bone fragments instead , and its status as a discernible species has been put into question by some .
in this article titled 15 interesting agustinia facts were are going to learn about an armored titanosaur – a sauropod that has a pretty unusual name . why it was named so ? what kind of armor did this dinosaur have ? when and where did it live ? this article is going to answer all these questions . it will be a quick and short article as usual because not much information is available on this extinct creature .
titanosaurids and diplodocoids both have prespinal and postspinal laminae in the posterior dorsal vertebrae and dorsalized proximal caudal vertebrae ( with laminae ) , but only diplodocoids have posterior dorsal vertebrae with craniocaudally compressed neural spines and only euhelopus and titanosaurids have six sacral vertebrae . diplodocoids and some titanosaurids ( saltasaurus and opisthocoelicaudia , not alamosaurus , malawisaurus or titanosaurus ) have craniocaudally compressed proximal caudal neural spines . only titanosaurids have been discovered with dermal ossifications . bonaparte states the four perpendicular laminae with postspinal laminae longest are more similar to rebbachisaurids than titanosaurids . this makes it apparent that agustinia is either a diplodocoid or advanced titanosaurid , with the evidence about equal for either . both groups were common in early cretaceous south america . a titanosaurid affinity is suggested by six sacral vertebrae and dermal ossifications , while diplodocoid affinity is suggested by craniocaudally compressed posterior dorsal neural spines and the orientation of the laminae . thus , i recommend placing agustinia as neosauropoda incertae sedis , as either a diplodocoid or advanced titanosaurid .
a number of sauropods feature in robert’s south american themed diorama . the picture above shows a close up of an agustinia ( pronounced ah - gus - tin - nee - ah ) , a bizarre , herbivorous dinosaur whose fossils were first discovered around twenty years ago . from the limited number of fossils found , palaeontologists remain uncertain as to the phylogeny of this particular dinosaur . it could be a member of the titanosaurids , or perhaps it was more closely related to diplodocus ( diplodocid dinosaurs ) . until more fossil material is found and studied , the family classification of this particular south american dinosaur remains uncertain .
name : agustinia  ( named after agustin martinelli ,  the discoverer ) . phonetic : a - gus - tin - e - ah . named by : josť bonaparte  -  1999 . classification : chordata ,  reptilia ,  dinosauria ,  saurischia ,  sauropodomorpha ,  diplodocoidea / titanosauridae ? species : a .  ligabuei ( type )  . diet : herbivore . size : estimated 15 meters long . known locations : argentina ,  neuquen province  -  lohan cura formation . time period : aptian to albian of the cretaceous . fossil representation : partial remains including a fibula and tibia ( bones of the lower hind leg )  ,  very fragmentary femur ( upper hind leg bone )  ,  five metatarsals ,  partial vertebrae and the associated back armour of plates and spikes .
we thank j . bonaparte and a . martinelli for providing helpful information , comments , original field - work photos , and field notes , as well in helping us to reconstruct the taphonomy of holotype materials of
; the dirección provincial de patrimonio cultural of neuquén and the museo municipal carmen funes of plaza huincul for their collaboration , as well as legal and logistic support ; j . curruinca , s . adrian , sr . firelli , and the municipalidad of picún leufú for allowing the access at the cerro leon locality and to support part of the field works ; r . a . coria of mcf for the collection access and e . montes for preparing part of the material ; d . codega of usl for making the thin sections ; j . carballido , p . mannion , m . d’emic , and an anonymous reviewer for providing constructive criticism and suggestions that improved the original manuscript . j . blanco kindly provided the
. a . elbakyan , j . bar , and wikipaleo group provided the literature . this project has been partially funded by jurassic foundation ( grant to f . b ) and agencia nacional de promoción científica y técnica ( pict 2015 - 1021 to i . a . c ) .
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further reading - an armoured sauropod from the aptian of northern patagonia , argentina . - j . f . bonaparte . in proceedings of the second gondwanan dinosaur symposium tokyo : national science museum monographs y . tomida , t . h . rich & p . vickers - rich ( eds ) . - 1999 . - osteology of the late jurassic portuguese sauropod dinosaur lusotitan atalaiensis ( macronaria ) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms . - zoological journal of the linnean society , 168 , 98–206 . - p . d . manion , p . upchurch , r . n . barnes & o . mateus - 2013 .
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3 . this dinosaur lived during the early parts of middle - cretaceous period . in terms of years , that’s about 115 to 100 million years ago from current time .
4 . the dinosaur was a titanosaur which reached the length of 50 feet from snout to tip of the tail .
5 . you can very well guess from its size that the dinosaur was pretty heavy . paleontologists say that it weighed anywhere between 10 and 20 tons .
7 . the incomplete type fossil that was unearthed by agustin revealed that the dinosaur had an armor along its back .
8 . the armor was in form of spines along the vertebrae . paleontologists think that the purpose of the armor was merely display and had nothing to do with defense .
11 . however , it is assumed that the dinosaur did have armored plates on its neck and back and that the plates were arranged in such a way that they appeared to be thin when looked from side but full size appeared only when looked at from the front .
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urltoken
is named after agustin martinelli , a young argentine student who discovered it . the
( lee - gah - boo - ay - ie ) , honors dr . giancarlo ligabue , a philanthropist who provided financial support to the expedition which recovered the remains . this is the second of three dinosaurs to honor ligabue , sandwiched between
was discovered in the cullín grande member of the lohan cura formation ( sandwiched between the older la amarga formation and the younger candeleros formation ) at cerro de los leones , neuquen province , argentina , in 1997 . the
( mcf - pvph 110 ) originally included an almost complete right shin and calfbone , five metatarsals from the left foot , three partial vertebrae from the back , six from the hip , and ten from the tail , and nine oddly - shaped
armour
plates . however , it was later suggested that the plates were perhaps partial rib bones or hip bones , or both , and the hip vertebrae are too damaged to count with accuracy . a thighbone was also found at the site but it was so fragmented it wasn ' t worth collecting .
in
proceedings of the second gondwanan dinosaur symposium tokyo : national science museum monographs
.
• upchurch , p . , barrett , p . m . , and dodson , p . ( 2004 )
sauropoda
in weishampel , dodson and osmólska
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translation : a quadrupedal herbivore which has long thorns from its neck to tail .
along with edmontosaurus , metriacanthosaurus , piatnitzkysaurus , and olorotitan , it is one the latest dinosaurs released in the arcade .
it appeared on the kyoryu king wallpaper before its actual debut , alongside metriacanthosaurus .
it is one of the very few dinosaurs to not appear in the tcg .
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etymology -
honoring agustin and ligabue
, agustin martinelli being discoverer of the specimen and dr . giancarlo ligabue being an active philanthropist who supported the 1997 patagonian expediation .
note : a femur was found with the specimen represented by hundreds of small weathered fragments and was not collected .
diagnosis - fibula wraps anteromedially around cnemial crest of tibia ; dermal ossifiations with thick proximal / ventral processes , starting as rhomboid transversely oriented midline plates , proceeding to rectangular transversely oriented midline plates with dorsolateral spikes , then to dorsolaterally projecting flattened spines .
the last three dorsal neural spines are preserved . they are transversely rectangular in dorsal view and possess four laminae . the supradiapophyseal laminae are shortest , the prespinal lamina is longer and the postspinal lamina is longest .
the six sacral neural spines are fused to one another along their pre - and postspinal laminae and similar to the dorsal spines in morphology , being transversely expanded and rectangular , with four laminae each .
the first three caudal neural spines are represented , along with what probably represents the neural spines of caudals 6 - 13 . these start out transversely expanded in caudals 1 - 3 , then changes to longitudinally elongate . the lateral laminae are prominent until the eighth caudal , then become rugosities . the prespinal laminae are much more prominent than the postspinal laminae in the proximal caudals .
both lower limb elements are crushed lateromedially , while the metatarsals are deformed . the tibia has a pronounced , thin crest on the proximoposterior corner and a poorly developed cnemial crest . the fibula wraps anteromedially around the cnemial crest , which is an autapomorphy , and is placed anterior to the tibia in it ' s distal half .
the metatarsals are very robust and decrease in thickness towards metatarsal v . the first two metatarsals are subequal in length and shorter than iii and iv , which are also subequal . there may be an incipient laterodistal process on metatarsal i , but the deformation makes this uncertain . both ii and iii have distal condyles for a phalanx , while i lacks them . metatarsal iii is transversely wider ( 78 % ) compared to i and ii than all sauropods except vulcanodon and shunosaurus ( should have < 65 % ) according to sereno and wilson ( 1998 , omeisaurus + neosauropoda , character # 73 ) .
the first type is roughly rhomboid and probably had a median position . it resembles a stegosaurus plate that ' s been rotated so that the faces of the plate face anterodorsally and posteroventrally . the anterodorsal face is convex , while the posteroventral face is concave . at the base of the posteroventral face is a thick process with a sagittal ridge and concave posterolateral areas adjacent to the ridge . it was probably positioned on the midline of the dorsal area and is 200 mm on it ' s sagittal axis .
the second type also had a median position , but is rather different otherwise . it is a large rectangular plate , with the faces pointing roughly anteriorly and posteriorly . there are two large spikes projecting dorsolaterally . the spikes are anteroposteriorly flattened and conical . between the spikes and plate body is a ridge , the area between the ridges is concave . there are also two thick processes ventrolaterally that probably contacted the dorsolateral edges of the dorsal or sacral neural spines . this ossification is 640 mm wide , 260 mm between ridges .
the third type is a split version of type 2 , so it was paired . it has a dorsoventrally broad and bifurcated medial section , with a thick ventral process . there are several ridges on the proximal section , between which muscles probably attached . again , there are two spikes ( one on each type 3 ) . the spikes are dorsolaterally projected and most are blunt , with subparellel edges , while one is conical and pointed . these are 460 m long .
the fourth type is very similar to the third type , but with less expanded proximal ends and smaller proximoventral processes . they are also longer than type three , being 760 mm .
bonaparte , j . , 1998 . an armoured sauropod from the aptian of northern patagonia , argentina , in tomida , y . , rich , t . h . & vickers - rich , p . , eds . , 1998 . second symposium gondwana dinosaurs , 12 - 13 july 1998 , abstracts with program , national science museum , tokyo : 10 .
bonaparte , j . f . , 1999 . an armoured sauropod from the aptian of northern patagonia , argentina , in tomida , y . , rich , t . h . & vickers - rich , p . , eds . , 1999 . proceedings of the second gondwanan dinosaur symposium , national science museum monographs # 15 , tokyo : 1 - 12 .
the figures of the neural spines , dermal ossifications , tibia , fibula and metatarsals are available as usual . as for next time , dan bensen wants some dromaeosaurids , as did mike keesey , so i guess i ' ll be writing about some of them . and for those of you who wrote to me previously about species you wanted
details on . . .
segments about , your e - mails were destroyed with my old hard drive , so you might want to send me those messages again .
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full reference : j . f . bonaparte . 1999 . an armoured sauropod from the aptian of northern patagonia , argentina . y . tomida , t . h . rich , and p . vickers - rich ( eds . ) , proceedings of the second gondwanan dinosaur symposium , national science museum monographs 15 : 1 - 12
see also bonaparte 1999 , calvo and porfiri 2010 , curry rogers 2005 , d ' emic 2012 , d ' emic et al . 2009 , grellet - tinner et al . 2012 , lü et al . 2007 , malkani 2008 , mannion and otero 2012 , salgado 2003 , salgado and coria 2005 , upchurch et al . 2004 and wilson 2002
type specimen : mcf - pvph 110 . its type locality is cerro de los leones , level 3 , which is in an albian floodplain mudstone / sandstone in the lohan cura formation of argentina .
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dinosaur find - this series by renowned dinosaurs author dougal dixon looks at dinosaurs and the different places they lived more than 65 million years ago . the beautifully illustrated books feature some of the biggest , fastest , and brainiest dinosaurs ever to roam the world .
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from the lower cretaceous of argentina is known from fragmentary remains . it was an armored sauropod with spikes and plates on its back not unlike the unrelated
holotype ( mcf - pvph 110 ) : 3 incomplete dorsal , 6 incomplete sacral , and 10 incomplete caudal vertebrae , 9 dermal ossifications , almost complete right tibia and fibula ; and 5 articulated left metatarsals .
j . f . bonaparte . 1999 . an armoured sauropod from the aptian of northern patagonia , argentina . y . tomida , t . h . rich , and p . vickers - rich ( eds . ) , proceedings of the second gondwanan dinosaur symposium , national science museum monographs 15 : 1 - 12 .
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
museo municipal
carmen funes
, av . córdoba 55 , cp8318 , plaza huincul , neuquén , argentina . flaviobellardini @ gmail . com .
dirección provincial de patrimonio cultural , vuelta de obligado 50 , cp8300 , neuquén , argentina . flaviobellardini @ gmail . com .
conicet , instituto de investigaciones en paleobiología y geología , universidad nacional de río negro , museo carlos ameghino , belgrano 1700 , paraje pichi ruca ( predio marabunta ) , cp8324 , cipolletti , río negro , argentina .
dinosaur model enthusiast and collector robert townsend very kindly sent into everything dinosaur some further pictures of his prehistoric landscape . this time he has focused on dinosaurs that roamed the southern hemisphere during the mesozoic . in his diorama entitled “south american giants” , robert highlights the diversity of sauropods that once roamed the landmass of gondwana , he has also added some large theropod models to highlight the apex predators which once called south america home .
the picture above shows a safari ltd ( wild safari dinos ) amargasaurus in the foreground , in the background , a pair of long - necked dinosaurs ( saltasaurus ) walk by . this is a well composed photograph . the position of the models provides perspective and depth perception , the animals moving in opposite directions provides contrast and draws the eye into the photograph , allowing the clever and careful use of foliage to be appreciated .
a number of super - sized theropods are known from south america . robert depicts different types of meat - eating dinosaur in his diorama . amongst the abelisaurids , robert has included a number of different types of predator , including mapusaurus and giganotosaurus which are greedily feeding on the remains of a sauropod in the photograph above .
“when i was about eleven or twelve years old i saw the film “valley of the gwangi” which was about some cowboys in the old wild west who discover a lost world of living dinosaurs inside a secret and hidden canyon . i was so impressed with the realism of the animation of the creatures that i wanted to make my own lost world of dinosaur models in a prehistoric world . ”
in his childhood , robert constructed a number of dinosaur model kits and he started building landscapes from a young age , but not always with the results he desired . when it came to creating prehistoric scenes , robert admits his early efforts were a case of trial and error .
“what materials did one use ? i didn’t have a clue . my dad suggested that i make the landscape out of a large piece of white card he obtained from somewhere . it was rolled up , and when unrolled and flattened out it was about four feet square . on the dining room table i used a felt tip pen to draw where the rocks and the rivers were meant to go . to make prehistoric type plants i rolled up pieces of white paper , coloured them in with green and brown felt tip pens and then cut one end to spread out the fronds at the top . they were stuck on the card with sellotape . after an afternoon of trying this , the whole thing looked such a mess and so totally unconvincing that i was disappointed with my clumsy efforts . i threw the whole lot away in the bin . i thought it was best to wait until a time when i learnt what materials to use and how to build properly with them . well , now that time has come and you can see some of the results above . ”