danio dangila , the moustached danio , is a freshwater fish , and is the largest of the true danio species at up to ( 6 in ) long .

its name is from its particularly long barbels .

it is sometimes kept in aquariums .

danio dangila

danio dangila – moustached danio ( danio meghalayensis , danio deyi ) . ( n . d . ) . retrieved march 13 , 2017 , from urltoken
the redfin danio resembles a zebra danio with blood - red fins . it may be a colour morph of the orange - finned zebra danio , danio kyathit
danio rerio ( f . hamilton , 1822 ) ( zebrafish or zebra danio )
dangila : appears to be derived from a local vernacular name for the species .
with a maximum length of 15cm ( 5 . 9 inch ) , danio dangila is a rather large danio species . its beautiful colors make it worthwhile to keep them in your aquarium .
danio margaritatus ( t . r . roberts , 2007 ) ( celestial pearl danio or galaxy rasbora )
danio dangila can be found in india , nepal and bangladesh . here it can be found in the ganga , brahmaputra and meghna basins .
armi , t . g . ( n . d . ) . danio dangila summary page . retrieved march 13 , 2017 , from urltoken
the danio genus comprises many of the species of danionins familiar to aquarists . the common name
danio
is used for members of the genera danio and devario .
this fish was first collected in 2009 and appears to be a form of d . dangila .
danio dangila was first described by hamilton in 1822 . after several years it received the name perilampus reticulatus as well . the latter is currently seen as a synonym .
systematic position phylum : chordata class : actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) order : cypriniformes ( carps ) family : cyprinidae ( carps and minnows ) genus : danio species : d . dangila
danio dangila is a peaceful specie . it won’t bother other species and are not aggressive to other mustached danios . although , it should not be placed in a tank with fish that suffer quickly from stress . danio dangila is a rather active fish . additionally , the fish needs to be placed in a school . if the amount of mustached danios is too low , the fish might suffer from stress and it will not show its best colors .
danio dangila is a relatively large sized danio . it has a yellow base color with a complex dark green pattern over its body . the dorsal - , tail - and anal fins show the dark green coloration as well . all the other fins are completely transparent . this specie can easily be recognized by its long barbels . the common name : mustached danio , refers to these long barbels .
danio : from dhani , a bengalese vernacular term for small , minnow - like cyprinids .
despite living in hillstream areas , these fish don’t prefer extreme strong currents like some other hillstream fishes . a moderately strong current is sufficient for these fish . however , do make sure that the water is clean and well oxygenated as danio dangila is intolerant to pollution .
known as the moustached danio because of its two pairs of extended barbels , one pair being particularly long .
being carnivores , danio dangila should not be fed with herbivore foods . algae wafers are therefore not appropriate for these fish . they will accept all types of food including factory foods . however , to keep the fish in the best shape , life and frozen foods should be offered on occasion as well .
the care of members of the genus danio is rather similar and easily generalized . they are easy to keep .
hybrids between some danio species have been bred ; the young can be raised to maturity , but are sterile .
danio dangila isn’t the easiest fish to breed . it is know that the eggs are scattered between small leaved plants . when the eggs are spawned , they will hatch after 48 hours . 2 days later , the fry will be able to swim freely . that is your cue to start feeding them artemia nauplia .
the hikari danio is a new species of danio recently discovered in burma , and first exported in 2002 / 2003 . it is still awaiting a scientific name , and is temporarily referred to as danio sp .
hikari
. it has blue and yellow varieties with the yellow being male and the blue female . it appears to be closely related to danio kerri . it may be a subspecies of this fish , but this does not seem to be the case .
the genus danio contains only the type species , d . dangila , separated on the basis of its larger size and the shape of the caudal - fin , which in adults is only slightly emarginate or even truncate in shape , a feature it shares only with tinca tinca ( the common tench ) among other cyprinids .
the meghalaya population was described as d . meghalayensis sen & dey 1985 , but having been revalidated by fang ( 2004 ) this name is once again considered to be a synonym of d . dangila following kottelat ( 2013 ) . it has a predominantly striped , as opposed to spotted , patterning on the body and a greater proportion of red colouration in the fins than the majority of other d . dangila populations .
danio quangbinhensis ( t . t . nguyen , v . t . le & x . k . nguyễn , 1999 )
they have two pairs of long barbels , and are generally characterised by horizontal stripes ( with the exception of the glowlight danio , panther danio and black barred danio which have vertical bars ) . they range from 4–15 cm ( 1 . 75–6 in ) in length . they generally do not live for more than two to three years , and are probably annual fish in the wild .
froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2012 ) . species of danio in fishbase . june 2012 version .
known as the moustached danio because of its two pairs of extended barbels on its top lip , one pair being particularly long .
some species of danio , such as the zebra danio , are among the easiest aquarium fish to breed . other species , such as danio kyathit , are far harder to spawn . all scatter their eggs over the substrate . the eggs are not adhesive , and hatch within two or three days . eggs will be eaten enthusiastically unless protected by a layer of marbles or heavy substrate planting .
the burma zebra danio or kp01 danio is a tropical fish belonging to the minnow family ( cyprinidae ) . it is believed to originate in myanmar . this fish was discovered in 2006 and is believed to be a separate species from the zebra danio ( which occurs many miles away in india ) to which it has a close resemblance . however , it is more likely to be closely related to the yoma danio ( also from myanmar ) , and is believed to be a similar size , 6 - 9 cm , to the latter .
the genus name devario was suggested for the larger species with danio being applied only to the smaller fish ( with the exception of the type species , d . dangila which can grow to around 89 mm sl ) . recent molecular studies by mayden et al . ( 2007 ) and fang et al . ( 2009 ) resulted in further changes , with the latter study considering the genus danio to be composed of three subclades . these were subsequently split into distinct genera by kottelat ( 2013 ) , as follows :
conway , k . w . , w . - j . chen and r . l . mayden , 2008 - zootaxa 1686 : 1 - 28 the ' celestial pearl danio ' is a miniature danio ( s . s ) ( ostariophysi : cyprinidae ) : evidence from morphology and molecules .
fang , f . , 2003 - copeia 2003 ( 4 ) : 714 - 728 phylogenetic analysis of the asian cyprinid genus danio ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) .
essentially a large , gold spotted danio . a distinguishing feature of this species are its large barbels . it dwells in mountain streams and prefers water slightly cooler than the average tropical fish . at the least , keep in a tank that is not overstocked and has good filtration and plenty of oxygen . some authors consider danio meghalayensis to be a geographical variant of this species .
in the wild , the burma zebra danio is likely found in rivers in a tropical climate and prefer water with a 6 . 5 - 7 . 0 ph , a water hardness of 5 . 0 - 12 . 0 dgh , and an ideal temperature range of 75 - 82°f ( 24 - 28°c ) . the burma zebra danio is oviparous ( an egg layer ) .
following fang ( 2003 ) danio spp . are characterised by the presence of an a stripe on the anal - fin and two or more p stripes on the caudal , plus some internal characteristics such as enlarged nasal lamellae .
sen n and dey sc . 1985 . two new fish species of the genus danio hamilton ( pisces : cyprinidae ) from meghalaya , india . journal assam scientific society v . 27 ( no . 2 ) : 60 - 68 .
kullander , s . o . ( 2015 ) . taxonomy of chain danio , an indo - myanmar species assemblage , with descriptions of four new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 25 ( 4 ) , 357 - 380 .
older , molecular , phylogenies tended to agree that it represented a monophyletic group consisting of two major clades ; the ‘ danio devario ‘ group containing the larger , deeper - bodied species and the ‘ d . rerio ‘ clade comprising the smaller , slimmer fish .
kullander , s . o . , 2015 . taxonomy of chain danio , an indo - myanmar species assemblage , with description of four new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 25 ( 4 ) : 357 - 380 . ( ref . 101154 )
kullander , s . o . ( 2012 ) : description of danio flagrans , and redescription of d . choprae , two closely related species from the ayeyarwaddy river drainage in northern myanmar ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 23 ( 3 ) : 245 - 262 .
however in 2003 fang conducted a more detailed study based on morphological characters which included members of other related genera , and the results suggested for the first time that the genus danio as previously considered represents a polyphyletic grouping , i . e . , not all members derived from a single common ancestor .
fang , f . , m . norén , t . y . liao , m . källersjö and s . o . kullander , 2009 - zoologica scripta 38 ( 1 ) : 1 - 20 molecular phylogenetic interrelationships of the south asian cyprinid genera danio , devario and microrasbora ( teleostei , cyprinidae , danioninae ) .
fang , fang ; douglas , m . e . ( 2003 ) . douglas , m . e . , ed .
phylogenetic analysis of the asian cyprinid genus danio ( teleostei , cyprinidae )
. copeia 2003 ( 4 ) : 714–728 . doi : 10 . 1643 / ia03 - 131 . 1 .
spence , rowena and gabriele gerlach , christian lawrence and carl smith ( 2007 ) .
the behaviour and ecology of the zebrafish , danio rerio
( pdf ) . biological reviews for the cambridge philosophical society 83 ( 1 ) : 13–34 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1469 - 185x . 2007 . 00030 . x . pmid 18093234 .
nguyen , v . h . , nguyen , t . h . & mua , b . c . ( 2010 ) : a new fish species of the danio hamilton , 1822 that was found in the ky son district , the northern central province of nghe an , vietnam . vietnam journal of biology , 32 ( 4 ) : 62 - 68 .
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 12 ; anal soft rays : 15 - 19 ; vertebrae : 34 - 38 . danio dangila can be distinguished from all congeners except d . assamila , d . catenatus , d . concatenatus , and d . sysphigmatus by produced first ray in pectoral and pelvic fins , large cleithral spot , and pattern of dark rings enclosing light interspaces on the side . it differs from those species by having vertically extended cleithral spot ( vs . round in all other species ) , absence of complete anterior interstripe ia ( vs . present in d . assamila and d . concatenatus ) , round rings in series along side , width of dark perimeter of about same width as diameter of light centre ( vs . elongate in d . assamila and d . sysphigmatus , with narrower perimeter in d . sysphigmatus ) , ring pattern usually extending onto caudal peduncle ( present on part of caudal peduncle in d . catenatus and d . concatenatus , absent in d . assamila and d . sysphigmatus ) , and 32 - 34 lateral line scales ( vs . 35 - 38 in d . sysphigmatus ) ( ref . 101154 ) .
danio dangilla is assessed as least concern since it has a wide distribution . although there is reduction in the population due to exploitation from nature for ornamental trade , it has been successfully bred in icar ( indian council of agricultural research ) research stations of assam and meghalaya . fish farmers have also learnt the technique . trends in wild populations must be monitored and if the captive breeding does not sustain the ornamental trade , the species has to be reassessed .
mayden , r . l . , k . l . tang , k . w . conway , j . freyhof , s . chamberlain , m . haskins , l . schneider , m . sudkamp , r . m . wood , m . agnew , a . bufalino , z . sulaiman , m . miya , k . saitoh , s . he , 2007 - journal of experimental zoology , molecular development and evolution 308b : 642–654 phylogenetic relationships of danio within the order cypriniformes : a framework for comparative and evolutionary studies of a model species .
asia : india , bangladesh , nepal and myanmar ( ref . 4832 ) . reported from bhutan ( ref . 40882 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 85009 )
lives in mountain streams . reaches to about 15 cm ( ref . 4832 ) ; reported to attain up to 8 . 3 cm sl ( ref . 41236 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00324 - 0 . 01618 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .
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juffe bignoli , d . , chaudhry , s . , barbhuiya , a . h . & dahanukar , n .
is known from mountain streams belonging to ganga - brahmaputra drainage of bihar , northern bengal , northeastern india , and nepal . it was also reported from umroi stream and rheophilic torrent near barapani , khasi hills meghalaya , india .
recent field surveys show that population in the wild might be reducing due to ornamental fish trade ( w . vishwanath pers . comm . 2010 )
most of the specimens were collected from the rocks and stones which compose the bottom of several clear mountain streams .
this is a beautiful species which attains a length of about 15 cm . it is of no use as food . it is highly exploited for ornamental fish .
further survey work is needed to determine whether or not this species is experiencing a decline , or is undergoing extreme population fluctuations .
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females of the meghalaya population are noticeably deeper - bodied and less colourful than males .
at 90 days of age , colour pattern of the young fish strongly resembles that of the adults .
said to be found throughout the ganges river basin although most records we’ve been able to find correspond to nepal and the brahmaputra drainage in india and bangladesh .
the type specimens were apparently collected from the district of munger , bihar state , india through which the main ganges channel flows , although all have since been lost .
it’s also been reported from tributaries of the brahmaputra in bhutan , and , more recently , from myanmar where it appears to be quite widely distributed as some collections occurred as far south as the state of mon .
based on images it seems the fish can vary considerably in patterning depending on locality ; the populations formerly referred to as d . meghalayensis ( see ‘notes’ ) are known only from the known from the east khasi hills district of meghalaya state , north - east india , for example .
the type series was collected from ‘mountain streams’ but the species has been collected from sluggish , swampy environments with dense marginal vegetation .
given its extensive natural range it would seem this species is adaptable and able to colonise various habitat types at varying altitudes .
in the barak river drainage , which flows through the north - east indian states of nagaland and assam before bifurcating at the bangladesh border , symaptric species include barilius barna , b . bendelisis , b . dogarsinghi , laubuca laubuca , esomus danricus , devario aequipinnatus , d . annandalei , d . devario , rasbora daniconius , r . rasbora , crossocheilus latius , garra gotyla , g . lissorhynchus , g . nasuta , balitora brucei , acanthocobitis botia , botia rostrata and lepidocephalichthys guntea .
not difficult to keep in a well - maintained set - up though we recommend aquascaping the tank to resemble a flowing stream or river with a substrate of variably - sized , water - worn rocks , sand , fine gravel and perhaps some small boulders .
this can be further furnished with driftwood roots or branches , and while the majority of aquatic plants will fail to thrive in such surroundings hardy types such as microsorum , bolbitis or anubias spp . can be grown attached to the décor should you wish .
since it naturally occurs in pristine habitats it’s intolerant to accumulation of organic pollutants and requires spotless water in order to thrive .
though torrent - like conditions are unnecessary it also does best if there is a high proportion of dissolved oxygen and decent water movement so a good - sized external filter or powerhead ( s ) should be employed as necessary and weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % aquarium volume considered routine .
ph : weakly acidic to neutral water within the range 6 . 5 – 7 . 5 is usually recommended .
probably preys on insects and their larvae in nature . in the aquarium it’s a largely unfussy feeder and will accept most foods .
a good quality dried product can be used as the staple diet but this should be supplemented with regular meals of small live and frozen fare such as chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) , daphnia , artemia , etc . , for the best colouration and conditioning .
not an aggressive fish but may upset very slow - moving or timid tankmates with its constant activity and vigorous feeding behaviour so can only be considered appropriate for larger tanks containing robust , similarly - sized fishes .
there are plenty of suitable choices including many cyprinids , loaches , cichlids , catfishes and characins although as always when selecting a compatible community of fish proper research is essential .
a community based around one of its native countries or river basins would also make a worthwhile project with some interesting alternatives ( see ‘habitat’ ) .
it’s a schooling species by nature and ideally should be kept in a group of at least 8 - 10 specimens .
maintaining it in decent numbers will not only make the fish less prone to bouts of skittishness but will result in a more effective , natural looking display while any aggressive behaviour will normally be contained as the fish concentrate on maintaining their hierarchical position within the group .
sexually mature females are usually rounder - bellied and exhibit a white stripe towards the distal edge of the anal - fin which is red in males .
the differences are especially clear when the fish are in spawning condition as the males intensify in colour and the females fill with eggs .
like many cyprinids this species is an egg - scatterer that exhibits no parental care .
if the fish are in good condition they should spawn often , and in a densely - planted , mature aquarium it’s possible that small numbers of fry may start to appear without intervention .
in general , however , d . devario has proven tricker than other danios with the usual methods tending not to yield results .
when only a single pair is used the larger females tends to chase the male incessantly , for example , and the only successful report we know of is that of u . s . aquarist dennis ball whose group of 8 adult fish of the meghalaya population spawned during a thunder storm following a period of being conditioned with live foods .
although a clump of taxiphylum was present in the aquarium the fish chose to spawn within the coarse gravel substrate with the females leading and males behind .
the first fry were observed approximately 48 hours after the spawning event and became free - swimming after a further 48 hours .
from this point onwards they were offered artemia nauplii and branded fry foods , and grew very quickly reaching 12 - 15 mm within 30 days .
the vernacular name refers to the fact this species possesses exceptionally long barbels . considering its apparent abundance in nature it remains uncommon in the hobby and little is written regarding its captive care .
– p stripe : or “pigment stripe” is the central , dark , lateral stripe on the body which extends into the caudal - fin in some species . stripes above it are numbered p + 1 , p + 2 , etc . and those beneath p - 1 , p - 2 , p - 3 . – a stripe : the central stripe on the anal - fin ; the proximal stripe ( above it ) is a + 1 and the distal stripe ( beneath ) a - 1 . – d stripe : the submarginal dorsal - fin stripe .
the genus has undergone some significant taxonomic reshuffling in recent years following the publication of a series of phylogenetic studies .
the former species d . erythromicron , d . margaritatus , d . choprae and d . flagrans are grouped together in the revalidated genus celestichthys roberts , 2007 . these exhibit unique body patterning consisting of vertical bars ( c . erythromicron , c . choprae , c . flagrans ) or light spots ( c . margaritatus ) and possess either very short barbels or none at all .
the remaining species , of which b . rerio is thought to be the most ancient , are included in the revalidated genus brachydanio weber & de beaufort , 1916 .
hamilton , f . , 1822 - edinburgh & london : i - vii + 1 - 405 , pls . 1 - 39 an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches .
gurung , d . b . , s . dorji , u . tshering and j . t . wangyal , 2013 - journal of threatened taxa 5 ( 14 ) : 4880 - 4886 an annotated checklist of fishes from bhutan .
kar , d . and n . sen , 2007 - zoo ' s print journal 22 ( 3 ) : 2599 - 2607 systematic list and distribution of fishes in mizoram , tripura and barak drainage of northeastern india .
kottelat , m . , 2013 - the raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 27 : 1 - 663 the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries .
132 dead fish ! 😩imported fish unboxing . freshwater pom pom crabs , zebra danios , platies , tetras
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distribution : bangladesh , india , myanmar and nepal ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) .
morphology : body elongate and laterally compressed . abdominal profile more convex than that of dorsal . oblique mouth consists of two pairs of barbells ( maxillary and rostral ) . caudal fin slightly emarginated . lateral line concave and complete with 36 - 40 scales . rahman ( 1989 and 2005 ) reported that there are 38 scales in lateral line .
olive in the back , sides and abdomen silvery with several blue lines . anal fin with two or three stripes . head 5 . 0 , height 3 . 5 - 4 . 0 in total length , eye 3 . 0 in head , snout 0 . 8 ( rahman , 1989 ) .
fin formula : d ii 9 - 11 ; a ii - iii 12 - 15 ; p i 11 - 12 ; v i 7 ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) d . 11 - 13 ( 2 / 9—11 ) ; p 1 . 13 ; p 2 . 7 - 8 ; a . 16 - 18 ( 3 / 13 - 15 ) ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 )
habitat : rahman ( 1989 ) collected several specimens from streams near cox’s bazar ( bangladesh ) . inhibits mountain streams ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) .
importance : of no interest to fisheries ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) .
hamilton f . 1822 . an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . edinburgh & london . an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . : i - vii + 1 - 405 , pls . 1 - 39 .
mcclelland j . 1839 . indian cyprinidae . asiatic researches v . 19 ( pt 2 ) : 217 - 471 , pls . 37 - 61
rahman aka . 1989 . freshwater fishes of bangladesh , 1st edition , zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 , pp . 103 - 104 .
rahman aka . 2005 . freshwater fishes of bangladesh , 2 nd edition , zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 , pp . 120 - 121 .
talwar pk and jhingran ag . 1991 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries , vol . i , oxford & ibh publishing co . pvt . ltd . new delhi - calcutta , pp . 366 - 257 .
student , department of fisheries , university of rajshahi , rajshahi - 6205 , bangladesh . more . . .
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( icv - poland ) impact value : 76 . 37 e - issn : 2347 - 5129 , p - issn : 2394 - 0506
copyright © 2013 - 2018 . all rights reserved . international journal of fisheries and aquatic studies
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
lives in mountain streams . reaches to about 15 cm ( ref . 4832 ) ; reported to attain up to 8 . 3 cm sl ( ref . 41236 ) .
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sexing can be done by looking at the analfins of the fish . females have a white border while males show a red border . in addition females are fuller bodied than males .
research showed a rather broad range of body length of these fish . records vary between 6 ( 2 . 3 inch ) cm to 15 cm ( 5 . 9 inch ) . as a consequence , the fish can become rather sizable .
research in the rivers : siang , siyom , sonkosh and charju showed that this specie lives in areas we consider hillstream biotopes . these streams often provide clear , cool water that is fast flowing .
during research in the river siang , the water parameters were measured during summer and winter . these measurements show that they differ between seasons . during the summer the temperatures are between 20 and 26 °c ( 68 - 79°f ) . furthermore , ph was found to range between 6 . 5 and 7 . 5 . the winters are considerably colder with temperatures dropping to : 9°c to 11°c ( 48 - 52°f ) . the ph , however , is relatively constant and ranging from 6 to 7 . 5 . despite the differences in temperature between winter and summer , it is recommended to keep the aquarium temperature at 16°c to 24°c ( 16 - 75°f ) .
in order to let the aquarium be a resemblance to its natural habitat , decorations should consist of rocks and driftwood . the substrate can consist of gravel or sand . in order to bring some plants to the tank , microsorum sp . or anubias sp . could be attached to the decorations .
bagra , k . , & das , d . n . ( 2010 ) . fish diversity of river siyom of arunachal pradesh india : a case study . our nature , 8 ( 1 ) , 164 - 169 .
baro , d . c . , sharma , s . , & baishya , r . a . ( 2014 ) . status of ornamental fish diversity of sonkosh river , bodoland territorial council , assam , india . science vision , 14 ( 1 ) , 28 - 33 .
das , b . k . , boruah , p . , & kar , d . fish diversity and habitat mapping of river siang in arunachal pradesh using remote sensing and gis . innovative energy technology systems and environmental concerns : a sustainable approach , research india publications , new delhi , india , 2014b , 13 - 20 .
tesia , c . , & bordoloi , s . ( 2012 ) . ichthyofaunal diversity of charju river , tirap district , arunachal pradesh , india . asian journal of experimental biological science , 3 ( 1 ) , 82 - 86 .
channa burmanica is a relatively small snakehead species endemic to area ' s in northern myanmar . because of it ' s remote area of distribution it is not found in the trade often . experiences show that this species is relatively peaceful . it should be kept in lower tropical watertempatures
channa bankanensis is a small snakehead species from indonesia that requires tropical water temperature and very soft water . very intolerant to conspecifics
channa stewartii is a relative small snakehead species . in general it tends to be very intolerant towards conspecifics and other fishspecies . best is to keep solitary or as a formed couple . requires a seasonal drop in watertemperature below tropical levels
aborichthys elongatus is an active hillstream fish from india and can be a great addition to your hillstream aquarium .
channa punctata is a relatively small snakehead species ( maximun 35 cm ) , that is not overly aggressive . depending on area of captivity subtropical or tropical temperatures are required
channa orientalis or ceylon dwarf snakehead grows maximum 10 cm and is due to its mild temperament and ability to withstand constant tropical temperatures one of the species that is most suitable for keeping in the aquarium . since it is endemic to only a smart part of sri lanka , it is very rare in the aquarium trade
among specialist aquarists there is large demand for channa aurantimaculata resulting in high prices . it is a medium sized and colourful snakehead species , than is intolerant to conspecifics but combines well with other robust fish . these must be able to stand the necessary seasonal drop in temperature during below tropical levels .
channa cyanospilos grows maximum 22 cm and is a small snakehead species that is closely related to channa melasoma . it is reportedly intolerant to conspecifics and other fish species . it is rare in the aquarium trade .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file
, meaning
of the rice field
. the native bangla name for the fish is
was first described in the early 19th century by francis hamilton , a surgeon working for the british east india company . about a century later ( 1916 ) , the genus was split ; the larger species into
these varieties are recognized in the aquarium trade , but are not considered valid species .
they are native to the fresh water rivers and streams of southeast asia , but many species are brightly colored , and are available as aquarium fish worldwide . a number of the species , only recently discovered in remote inland areas of myanmar , do not yet have scientific names .
in the wild , these fish consume various small aquatic insects , crustaceans , and worms , as well as plankton in the case of fry .
all of these fish are primarily surface feeders . they are omnivorous in the aquarium and will accept a wide variety of foods , though flake food is appropriate . living in aquaria , live / frozen flaked foods are suitable , especially brine shrimp and sinking tablets . danios are voracious eaters ; timid feeders may starve in community tanks with danios . when conditioning danios for breeding , it is advisable to feed them plenty of fresh foods .
although boisterous and liable to chase each other and other fish , they are good community fish and will not generally attack each other or other fish , although they occasionally nip fins , more by accident than design ; like most fish , they will eat eggs and any fish small enough to fit into their mouths .
they are best kept in a tank long enough for their active swimming , preferably with a current from a power filter ( or at least airstone ) as they often live in fast - flowing streams in the wild . generally , this also results in them being subtropical with cooler temperatures . they are good jumpers , so a tight - fitting lid is recommended .
as a schooling fish , they prefer to be in groups of six or more . danios prefer water with a ph between 6 . 0 and 8 . 0 , hardness no more than 19 . 0 dgh , a carbon hardness of 8 to 12 kh , and a temperature range of 68–80°f ( 20–26°c ) ; the lower end of the temperature range is ideal .
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3257953e - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32579fd6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32a6d6f3 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
asia : india , bangladesh , nepal and myanmar ( ref . 4832 ) . reported from bhutan ( ref . 40882 ) .
froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 75d37d2f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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back olive , abdomen silvery , sides with several narrow blue lines , which in the anterior half or two - third of the body from a beautiful network . a dark spot behind the gill covers . anal fin with two or three blue stripes .
i am manabendra nath , proprietor of the asian aqua farm , office come residential address is village - bhatenda ( east ) , p . o . & p . s . - rajarhat , kolkata - 700135 , west bengal , india . my occupation is ornamental fish export and import . i had been started from my business the year 1998 .
i am now busy with selling imported ornamental fish to all over india and export indian wild collection of ornamental fish . my import export code no . is 0209021616 , issued by the joint director general of foreign trade , kolkata . my export permit no . is wb1 / of / 294 / 12 issued by the marine products export development authority and import permit no . is 0250000270 / 4 / 14 / 00 issued by the director general of foreign trade , government of india and animal husbandry dairying and fisheries , ministry of agriculture .
my company always maintain the guideline of animal quarantine department of india and selling out disease free , good quality live ornamental fish . i can supply good quality my own farm breed angel fish all over year .
tropical fish urltoken - the ultimate uk fish keeping resource for all types of tropical and marine fish , including fish books , articles , fish shops , fish clubs and more .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00324 - 0 . 01618 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .
) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
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cephalotes fiebrigi is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to " parachute " by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .

giving their name also as gliding ants .

cephalotes fiebrigi

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see cephalotes fiebrigi for further details
a member of the fiebrigi clade differing from its sister species , cephalotes guayaki , in the worker , soldier and gyne by the denser , erect , truncate body hairs .
raised to species and senior synonym of cephalotes guttifer : kempf , 1958a : 28 .
description of cephalotes specularis n . sp . ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) —the mirror turtle ant
description of cephalotes specularis n . sp . ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) - the mirror turtle ant .
description of cephalotes specularis n . sp . ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) —the mirror turtle ant | brandão | zootaxa
more research examining all aspects of the biology of cephalotes is needed . our present understanding of these ants is largely based on species that live in locations other than the forest canopy , which is where cephalotes are most common and diverse .
description of cephalotes specularis n . sp . ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) - the mirror turtle ant . - pubmed - ncbi
de andrade , m . l . ; baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b ( geolgie and palaontologie ) . 271 : 1 - 889 . ( page 672 , male described , page 667 , combination in cephalotes )
worker and soldier . type locality : san bernardino ( paraguay ) . type material : 1 worker ( only mesosoma ) , lectotype designated by kempf ( 1958 a : 32 ) , labelled “san bernardino , paraguay , in dry wood , cr . pilosus fiebrigi , lectotype , w . w . kempf det . ” ; 2 workers and 1 soldier ( syntypes ) labeled “san bernardino , paraguay , in spalten trockenen holzes ( fiebrig ) , c . pilosus em . r . fiebrigi forel , type” , in musee d ' histoire naturelle genève , examined .
guttifer . cryptocerus ( paracryptocerus ) guttifer santschi , 1919f : 45 ( s . q . ) argentina . santschi , 1922d : 253 ( w . m . ) . [ misspelled as guttatus by santschi , 1929d : 301 . ] junior synonym of fiebrigi : kempf , 1958a : 28 .
combination in cryptocerus ( paracryptocerus ) : santschi , 1919f pdf : 45 ; in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) : kempf , 1958a : 28 ; in zacryptocerus : brandão , 1991 pdf : 386 ; in cephalotes : de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 667 .
de andrade , m . l . & baroni - urbani , c . ( 1999 ) diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde serie b ( geologie und palaontologie ) , 271 , 1–889 .
the proventriculus of the cephalotes is peculiar relative to other ants . the morphology of the structure suggests it serves as a powerful pump and filter . this does not appear to lead these ants to have a highly specialized diet as most species appear to be general scavengers . foragers have been observed feeding on carrion , bird feces , extrafloral nectaries and even tending membracids . pollen feeding has been observed in some species , and this is somewhat specialized for ants , but it is not evident that any species restricts its diet to this resource in any significant way . evidence for pollen feeding in cephalotes has accumulated , in part , via finding digested pollen grains seen in infrabucal pellets . it has been suggested that the morphology of the proventriculus is a specialization for processing pollen .
the behavioral repertoire of cephalotes varians has been examined in great detail ( ethograms from wilson 1976 , cole 1980 and cole 1983 ) . soldiers do little else besides defend the nest . this specialized soldier behavior is presumed to be the norm for most species . an especially interesting behavior occurs when workers are dislodged from trees : they
fly
towards the tree , often grabbing the trunk well above the ground ( video ) .
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worker castes typically include two forms , a worker and soldier , but there are a few species that are monomorphic . the larger soldier caste typically has an enlarged head disk . in some species the head of the soldier is very different from the worker while in others these differences are less pronounced . queens and soldiers tend to share similar head morphology . soldiers use their heads to plug the nest entrance . this can be very effective in excluding potential intruders . other morphological differences between the worker castes are present but these differences have not been studied as well as head moprhology .
mature nest size varies , by species , from less than a hundred to many thousands of workers . available evidence suggests most species are monogynous . queens may mate with multiple males .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
forel , 1906d : 235 ( s . w . ) paraguay . de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 672 ( m . ) . combination in
: de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 667 . raised to species and senior synonym of
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
kempf ( 1958 ) - total length 3 . 9 - 4 . 9 mm . black ; frontal carinae pale testaceous or pale ferruginous ; articulations of legs , tarsi , tips of scapes and basal segments of funiculus , more or less fuscous - ferruginous .
head subopaque , subrectangular , distinctly longer than broad , its upper face rather convex in the middle , the frontal carinae flat to excavated , the entire surface finely reticulate - punctate , sparsely and rather shallowly foveolate without conspicuous rugosities . sides of head subparallel , often distinctly concave above eyes . frontal carinae , in part , translucid , in lateral view considerably thickened just in front of the eyes .
thorax , in profile , - also transversely across the pronotum , - noticeably convex . promesonotum less expanded laterad , its sides tridentate , the posterior tooth more or less rectangular . mesonotum laterally tuberculate or subdentate . sides of basal face of epinotum bidentate , the posterior tooth being largest . declivous face sharply marginate at the sides . sculpture of dorsum of thorax as on head , finely reticulate - punctate and sparsely foveolate . sides of thorax with finely reticulate - punctate with fine , more or less longitudinal rugosities on the laterotergite of the pronotum . sides of fore coxae not transversely striate .
peduncular segments with a triangular anterior face , separated from the dorsal face by a more or less marked edge , the vertex of the anterior face forming middorsally a projecting tooth , facing caudad . this tooth is rather feeble on the petiole , but strongly marked on the postpetiole . lateral spines of the petiole long , rather delicate , gently and evenly recurved , and acute at apex . spines of postpetiole similar , but much more strongly recurved . body of petiole comparatively narrower than in pilosus .
gaster oval , similar to that of pilosus , slightly more shining , the first tergite being very finely and rather superficially reticulate - punctate . general pattern of pilosity as in pilosus , but the appressed scalelike hair is shorter and finer , and the standing hair is abundant , more scattered , much shorter ( shorter than the diameter of tibiae ) , straight , not visibly flexuous .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 3 . 64 - 4 . 84 ; hl 0 . 86 - 1 . 06 ; hw 0 . 88 - 1 . 08 ; el 0 . 25 - 0 . 29 ; pw 0 . 81 - 1 . 00 ; pew 0 . 44 - 0 . 56 ; ppw 0 . 48 - 0 . 59 ; hbal 0 . 40 - 0 . 41 ; hbaw 0 . 09 - 0 . 11 ; ci 101 . 9 - 102 . 3 ; pi 108 . 0 - 108 . 6 ; ppei 178 . 6 - 184 . 1 ; pppi 168 . 7 - 169 . 5 ; hbai 18 . 9 - 22 . 5 .
kempf ( 1958 ) - total length 5 . 8 - 6 . 5 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 68 - 1 . 78 mm ; of thorax 1 . 57 - 1 . 72 mm . black ; the following yellowish - ferruginous : anterolateral portion of head disc , a triangular area on each shoulder , and usually four larger spots on the first gastral tergite , one close to each corner , the pair of the same side often being confluent ; ferruginous : tip of scape , first funicular segment , knees , extensor face of tibiae , the four apical tarsites of each leg .
head disc more elongate , its rim less distinctly crenulate , its sides distinctly converging caudad , with a feeble constriction at the level of the eyes . anterolateral portion of head disc more or less excavated , the clypeal area marked off by a raised ridge . sculpture of disc coarsely reticulate - rugose , as in pilosus , but the meshes are larger , and the foveolae more deeply impressed . about twelve foveolae may be counted in a transverse row , across the head , at the level of the eyes ( fifteen or more in pilosus and liogaster ) .
thorax dorsally mostly foveolate , scarcely reticulate - rugose . transverse pronotal carina feeble , usually broadly interrupted in the middle , nor forming a raised crest . laterotergite of pronotum finely and more or less longitudinally rugose . sides of thorax never with strong rugosities . sides of fore coxae only reticulate - punctate .
peduncular segments in general as in worker , broader than in pilosus , with strong lateral spines . only the postpetiole possesses a sharply edged triangular anterior face , the vertex of which terminates middorsally in a tooth . sides of gaster gently convex . the first tergite finely but superficially reticulate - punctate , with a few longitudinal rugosities on the antero - median portion .
pilosity , in general , as in worker . in addition the following highly distinctive feature : from each foveola of the head disc and the sides of head emerges a thick , curved scalelike hair , the free end of which projects well beyond the rim of the foveola . a somewhat similar condition holds occasionally for the foveolae of the thorax .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 5 . 92 - 6 . 60 ; hl 1 . 48 - 1 . 52 ; hw 1 . 44 - 1 . 48 ; el 0 . 33 - 0 . 35 ; pw 1 . 40 ; pew 0 . 68 - 0 . 69 ; ppw 0 . 69 - 0 . 77 ; hbal 0 . 39 - 0 . 41 ; hbaw 0 . 11 ; ci 94 . 7 - 100 . 0 ; pi 102 . 8 - 105 . 7 ; ppei 202 . 9 - 205 . 9 ; pppi 181 . 8 - 202 . 9 ; hbai 26 . 8 - 28 . 2 .
kempf ( 1958 ) - length 7 . 5 - 7 . 9 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 67 - 1 . 71 mm ; of thorax 2 . 14 - 2 . 25 mm . color , sculpture and general features as in soldier . the head disc is still more elongate , indistinctly marginate postero - laterally behind the eyes . it differs from pilosus and liogaster by the shape of the peduncular segments , the nearly parallel - sided gaster , the short wings . the fore wing , measuring 5 . 1 - 5 . 2 mm , projects very little beyond the tip of the gaster , when folded over the back . the wings are infuscated , the venation of the fore wing is quite similar to that of liogaster .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 7 . 88 - 7 . 92 ; hl 1 . 48 - 1 . 52 ; hw 1 . 40 - 1 . 48 ; el 0 . 36 ; pw 1 . 36 - 1 . 40 ; pew 0 . 59 - 0 . 60 ; ppw 0 . 68 - 0 . 73 ; hbal 0 . 49 - 0 . 51 ; hbaw 0 . 12 - 0 . 13 ; ci 94 . 6 - 97 . 4 ; pi 102 . 0 - 102 . 1 ; ppei 226 . 7 - 237 . 3 ; pppi 191 . 8 - 200 . 0 ; hbai 24 . 5 - 25 . 5 .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - very similar to the male of pilosus and lanuginosus but differing from both in the following details : head more convex dorsally . eyes as broad as in pilosus and smaller than in lanuginosus . anterior face of the petiole concave as in lanuginosus . hind basitarsi longer and narrower than in pilosus and lanuginosus .
sculpture . first gastral tergite as shining as in lanuginosus . rugosities on the propodeal dorsum irregular on the sides and slightly transversal on the middle , those on the pedicel regular and very superficial .
colour . black , gaster slightly lighter . coxae and two proximal thirds of the femora light brown . distal third of femora , tibiae and tarsi dark yellow .
measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 5 . 60 - 5 . 76 ; hl 0 . 84 - 0 . 94 ; hw 0 . 98 - 1 . 04 ; el 0 . 43 - 0 . 46 ; pw 0 . 96 - 1 . 02 ; pew 0 . 50 - 0 . 56 ; ppw 0 . 55 - 0 . 63 ; hbal 0 . 48 - 0 . 51 ; hbaw 0 . 09 ; ci 110 . 6 - 116 . 7 ; pi 101 . 9 - 104 . 0 ; ppei 178 . 6 - 192 . 0 ; pppi 161 . 9 - 174 . 5 ; hbai 17 . 6 - 18 . 7 .
cryptocerus guttifer . soldier and gyne . type locality : alta gracia ( cordoba , argentina ) . type material : 1 gyne ( syntype ) labelled “cordoba , ar . alta gracia , bruch , cr . guttifer santo type” , in naturhistorisches museum basel , examined .
cryptocerus guttifer . worker , soldier , gyne , male . type material : 8 workers , 2 soldiers , 2 gynes , 2 males ( all syntypes ) labelled “cordoba , ar . alta gracia , bruch , cr . guttifer , sant . type , z 1” , in nhmb ; 1 worker and 1 soldier ( syntypes ) in museum of comparative zoology ; 1 worker , 1 soldier , 2 gynes labelled only “syntypes” , in zoologische staatssammlung , munich , all examined .
brandão , c . r . f . 1991 . adendos ao catálogo abreviado das formigas da região neotropical ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . rev . bras . entomol . 35 : 319 - 412 ( page 386 , combination in zacryptocerus )
forel , a . 1906d . fourmis néotropiques nouvelles ou peu connues . ann . soc . entomol . belg . 50 : 225 - 249 ( page 235 , soldier , worker described )
kempf , w . w . 1958a . new studies of the ant tribe cephalotini ( hym . formicidae ) . stud . entomol . ( n . s . ) 1 : 1 - 168 ( page 28 , combination in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) , raised to species , and senior synonym of guttifer )
santschi , f . 1919f . nouveaux formicides de la république argentine . an . soc . cient . argent . 87 : 37 - 57 ( page 45 , combination in cryptocerus ( paracryptocerus ) )
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paraguay : boquerón , caaguazú , central , cordillera , ñeembucú , pte . hayes , san pedro
wild , a . l . , 2007 , a catalogue of the ants of paraguay ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 1622 , pp . 1 - 55
boquerón , central , cordillera , ñeembucú , pte . hayes , san pedro ( alwc , inbp , ifml , mhng ) . literature records : caaguazú , cordillera ( de andrade & baroni - urbani 1999 , forel 1906 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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brandão cr 1 , feitosa rm 2 , powell s 3 , del - claro k 4 .
museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo , são paulo , sp , brazil . ; email : crfbrand @ usp . br .
departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paraná , curitiba , pr , brazil . ; email : rsmfeitosa @ gmail . com .
department of biological sciences , george washington university , washington , dc , u . s . a . ; email : scottpowell @ gwu . edu .
instituto de biologia , universidade federal de uberlândia , uberlândia minas gerais , brazil . ; email : delclaro @ ufu . br .
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .
carlos roberto f . brandão museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo , são paulo , sp , brazil .
rodrigo m . feitosa departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paraná , curitiba , pr , brazil .
scott powell department of biological sciences , george washington university , washington , dc , u . s . a .
kleber del - claro instituto de biologia , universidade federal de uberlândia , uberlândia minas gerais , brazil .
coyle , f . a . ( 1966 ) defensive behavior and associated morphological features in three species of the ant genus paracryptocerus . insectes sociaux , 13 , 93–104 . urltoken
feitosa , r . m . & brandão , c . r . f . ( 2008 ) a taxonomic revision of the neotropical myrmicine ant genus lachnomyrmex wheeler ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa , 1890 , 1–49 .
kümmerli , r . & keller , l . ( 2009 ) patterns of split sex ratio in ants have multiple evolutionary causes based on different within - colony conflicts . biology letters , 5 , 713–716 . urltoken
penick , c . a . , copple , r . n . , mendez , r . a . & smith , a . a . ( 2012 ) t he role of anchor - tipped larval hairs in the organization of ant colonies . plos one , 7 , e41595 . h urltoken
price , s . l . , powell , s . , kronauer , d . j . c . , tran , l . a . p . , pierce , n . e . & wayne , r . k . ( 2014 ) renewed diversification is associated with new ecological opportunity in the neotropical turtle ants . journal of evolutionary biology , 27 , 242–258 . urltoken 0
wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . ( 1976 ) ant larvae : review and synthesis . memoirs of the entomological society of washington , 7 , 1–168 .
yoshimura , m . & fisher , b . l . ( 2011 ) a revision of male ants of the malagasy region ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : key to genera of the subfamily dolichoderinae , zootaxa , 2794 , 1–34 .