fraus fusca is a moth of the hepialidae family .

it is found in the australian capital territory , new south wales tasmania and victoria .

fraus fusca

fraus fusca ( lucas , 1891 ) = hectomanes fusca lucas , 1891 = hectomanes rufula turner , 1927 = fraus rufula .
fraus fusca ( t . p . lucas , 1891 ) mountain fraus hepialidae , hepialoidea
there is little knowledge about fraus fusca in adult form and in my area of victoria ( the wimmera ) collections are few and far between .
fraus fusca ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus sp . photo courtesy of david fischer fraus simulans . victoria . march 31 , 2017 photo courtesy of nick temby©
fraus quadrangula nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 130
fraus serrata nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 137
fraus minima nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 123 ; tl : australia
fraus megacornis nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 125 ; tl : australia
fraus basicornis nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 127 ; tl : australia
fraus tedi nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 129 ; tl : australia
fraus marginispina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 132 ; tl : australia
fraus latistria nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 138 ; tl : tasmania
fraus linogyna nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 139 ; tl : australia
fraus distispina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 141 ; tl : australia
fraus mediaspina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 142 ; tl : australia
fraus biloba nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 143 ; tl : australia
fraus basidispina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 145 ; tl : australia
fraus furcata nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 148 ; tl : australia
fraus pilosa nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 150 ; tl : australia
fraus griseomaculata nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 161 ; tl : australia
primitive ghost moths : morphology and taxonomy of the australian genus fraus walker ( lepidoptera : hepialidae s . lat . )
fraus orientalis nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 133 ; tl : new south wales
fraus bilineata ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus serrata ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus ( hepialidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus minima ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus megacornis ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus basicornis ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus tedi ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus quadrangula ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus marginispina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus orientalis ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus pteromela ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus latistria ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus linogyna ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus distispina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus mediaspina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus biloba ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus basidispina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus nanus ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus furcata ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus pilosa ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus crocea ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus simulans ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus polyspila ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus griseomaculata ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
fraus pelagia ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
adults fly mostly in the autumn and a few species occur in large numbers . larvae of fraus simulans construct vertical silk - lined tunnels in the soil and feed on surface grasses from within silk lined webbing ( grehan , 1989 )
nielsen , e . s . & kristensen , n . p . 1989 ,
primitive ghost moths . morphology and taxonomy of the australian genus fraus walker ( lepidoptera : hepialidae s . lat . )
, monographs on australian lepidoptera , vol . 1 , pp . i - xiii , 1 - 206
the adult moths are plain brown with variable vague markings and dark dots on the forewings . the males are inclined to have darker forewings than the females , and grey hindwings . the moths have very hairy legs and thorax . the male moths have a wingspan of about 2 cms . the females are bigger , with a wingspan of about 3 cms .
melbourne university press , 1990 , fig . 16 . 7 , p . 146 .
series 2 , volume 6 , part 2 ( 1891 ) , p . 283 .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
lucas , t . p . 1891 ,
on queensland and other australian lepidoptera with descriptions of new species
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , ser . 2 , vol . 6 , no . 2 , pp . 277 - 306
turner , a . j . 1927 ,
new and little known tasmanian lepidoptera . part ii
, papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , vol . 1926 , pp . 119 - 164
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2e27f4a8 - 9818 - 49a7 - 9a35 - 3f502a7c7b98
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8d076f5e - 495a - 487b - 97af - 1347666be30c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e6d4b7bf - f661 - 4881 - b5df - 57f3d0bfbb0b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ec763eea - 1daa - 4e86 - b498 - 62d3ff45d868
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : be0342e9 - c9fe - 4980 - 9a11 - 1b6e9e7f3c8e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 266997
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is monophyletic with respect to ( 1 ) elongate elliptical scales with a short , finely serrated apical margin and ( 2 ) patch of hair - scales at the base of the female hindwing ( nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ) .
nielsen , , e . s . and kristensen , n . p . 1989 .
s . e . big desert at 15 . 5 km . w . s . w . of rainbow , victoria , australia , 22 april 2008
paratype . australia : coolgardie , june 5 , 1965 . image courtesy of thomas j . witt©
det . e . s . nielsen , 1983 . new zealand arthropod collection . image : jane hyland ( cmnh )
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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
nielsen , e . s . , g . s . robinson , d . l . wagner . 2000 . ghost - moths of the world : a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia ( mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea ) ( lepidoptera ) . journal of natural history 34 ( 6 ) : 823 - 878 .
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butterflies , moths plus other invertebrates found in my garden at great western , victoria . australia
at the time , i decided this photograph was not good enough to post to this blog . however , after having the privilege of an expert opinion on some moth identifications , i ' ve changed my mind !
i will be keeping my eyes open for future sightings of this moth . data , obviously , is pretty important .
i spotted this one on my doorstep in april this year . it was quite a small moth .
identification updates of some hepialids plus a couple of other moth species will be made shortly , thanks to ' expert opinion ' .
an interesting genus jl , i ' ve had a couple come in here , one still unidentified . i ' ll be looking out for them next season .
how are you feeling , duncan ? yes , particularly as there ' s not a lot known .
if i am able to learn one new thing each day in the vast field of entomology , i shall be content .
much of my learning experience has been due to the following : - don herbison - evans for helping me with moth and caterpillar identification . urltoken michael f . braby - the complete field guide to butterflies of australia paul zborowski and ted edwards - a guide to australian moths museum victoria urltoken
i am a recently retired small - scale primary producer . i ' ve been a keen nature ( and animal behaviour ) observer for most of my life but now i have the time to direct my energy towards learning much more about the fauna and flora around me . i ' m a keen photographer and i credit the invention of digital photography steering me onto the path i am now so enjoying !
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nielsen , ebbe s . ; robinson , gaden s . ; wagner , david l . ( 2000 ) .
this page was last edited on 23 february 2018 , at 15 : 40 .
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= ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
= ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )
hectomanes pteromela lower , 1892 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 15 : 5 ; tl : s . australia
epiolus nanus herrich - schäffer , [ 1853 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( i ) 1 ( 3 ) : pl . 10 , f . 46
hectomanes crocea lucas , 1891 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 6 ( 2 ) : 283 ; tl : australia
= ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list ) ; [ aucl ]
hectomanes polyspila meyrick , 1890 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 4 ( 4 ) : 1127 ; tl : victoria
hectomanes pelagia turner , 1927 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasm . 1926 : 164 ; tl : tasmania
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
walker , 1865 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .


the wire-tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family .

it has two subspecies : h. s. smithii , which occurs throughout africa , and h. s. filifera , which is found in southern and southeastern asia .

the genus name hirundo is the latin word for swallow .

the species name smithii commemorates christen smith , a norwegian botanist and geologist .

wire - tailed swallow

the preferred habitats for wire - tailed swallow are : woodlands and grasslands . the wire - tailed swallow is also at home in wetland areas .
wire - tailed swallow at its nest , south africa . [ photo neil gray © ]
wire - tailed swallow pair in courtship display , tanzania . [ photo martin goodey © ]
wire - tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii fam . hirundinidae ) kruger park birds & birding .
the wire - tailed swallow is neither endemic or near endemic to the kruger national park .
in terms of distribution of the wire - tailed swallow in the kruger national park you may not see it in all areas . wire - tailed swallow : see above distribution map .
museum specimens indicate historical distributions . the map below shows locations from which museum specimens of wire - tailed swallow were collected . you can see more information on the individual museum specimens of wire - tailed swallow here .
wire - tailed swallow : this soundscape contains sharp discontinuous calls by swallow and loud bg calls by red - wattled lapwing and coppersmith barbet .
wire - tailed swallows measure 5 . 6 inches or 14 cm in length .
wire - tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family . kruger national park , mpumalanga province , south africa .
unlike many other swallow species , which nest in colonies - the wire - tailed swallows are solitary and territorial nesters .
the wire - tailed swallows ( hirundo smithii ) are swallows found in africa and asia .
the wire - tailed swallow ( latin name hirundo smithii ) is described in roberts birds of southern africa , 7th edition . this bird has a unique roberts number of 522 and you will find a full description of this bird on page 751 also a picture of the wire - tailed swallow on page 816 . the wire - tailed swallow belongs to the family of birds classified as hirundinidae .
wire - tailed swallows mostly feed on insects ( particularly flies ) , often caught in flight .
orn . white - tailed swallow [ hirundo megaensis , syn . : h . magaensis ]
the wire - tailed swallow is monogamous unless its mate dies . in the event of a partner dying hirundo smithii will seek out a new mate
the wire - tailed swallow is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
the wire - tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family . swallows are somewhat similar in habits and appearance to other aerial insectivores , such as the related martins and the unrelated swifts ( order apodiformes
the wire - tailed swallow is a small passerine bird in the swallow family . swallows are somewhat similar in habits and appearance to other aerial insectivores . the populations in northern india migrate further south in winter . this bird is found in open country near water and human habitation . wire - tailed swallows are fast flyers and they generally feed on insects , especially flies , while airborne . more
picture of the wire - tailed swallow on page 816 . the wire - tailed swallow belongs to the family of birds classified as hirundinidae . the map of the kruger you see on this page shows the areas ( coloured orange ) where this bird has been identified . the basic information was provided by the avian demographic unit based at uct and i created the maps from that information . . . more
the wire - tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family . swallows are somewhat similar in habits and appearance to other aerial insectivores , such as the related martins and the unrelated swifts ( order apodiformes ) . wire - tailed swallow breeds in africa south of the sahara and in tropical southern asia from the indian subcontinent east to southeast asia . it is mainly resident , but populations in pakistan and northern india migrate further south in winter .
the wire - tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family . swallows are somewhat similar in habits and appearance to other aerial insectivores , such as the related martins and the unrelated swifts ( order apodiformes ) . wire - tailed swallow breeds in africa south of the sahara and in tropical southern asia from the indian subcontinent east to southeast asia . it is mainly resident , but populations in pakistan and northern india migrate further south in winter . more
wire - tailed swallow breeds in africa south of the sahara and in tropical southern asia from the indian subcontinent east to southeast asia . it is mainly resident , but populations in pakistan and northern india migrate further south in winter .
an adult male perched on an electric wire , preening and stretching wings and tail .
one of the first indicators to take note of when trying to identify a bird is it relative size . for example how big is the bird compared to a well known familiar bird . the wire - tailed swallow is a small bird about the size of a house sparrow . do not take this relative indicator as anything other than a rough easy to remember indicator . it is not a accurate visualization . the height of the wire - tailed swallow is about 14 cms and its weight is about 13 gms
* wire - tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii ) pair mating on a wire . mahad , raigad district , konkan division , maharashtra , india ( ssp filifera ) ryan brookes 3 september 2008 28 weeks ago 3 * an adult looking at a raptor chobe national park , botswana ( ssp smithii ) laurent demongin 30 september 2004 1 year ago 2 . more
orn . red - rumped swallow [ cecropis daurica , syn . : hirundo daurica ]
streak - throated swallow : nesting under the balcony overhang , on a busy road .
any of these swallow species would be a welcome guest in a birder ' s backyard , but those yards need to be swallow - friendly before the birds feel at home .
picture of the wire - tailed swallow has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike . original source : originally posted to flickr as wire - tailed swallow adult ( hirundo smithii ) author : lip kee yappermission ( reusing this file ) this image , which was originally posted to flickr . com , was uploaded to commons using flickr upload bot on 05 : 08 , 20 november 2008 ( utc ) by jerryfriedman ( talk ) . on that date it was licensed under the license below . this file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - share alike 2 . 0 generic license . you are free : to share – to copy , distribute and transmit the work
in uttarakhand , it is common to see swallow nests ( barn swallows there ) in shops and porches and inside of homes - usually on the wall above an incandescent light bulb . the people believe that the swallows bring them luck . they also leave a window open at all times to allow free movement of the birds into their shops and homes . its the first time i am seeing nests of wire - tailed swallows in peoples homes in the plains - this nest was at the joint of wall and ceiling in the porch . the house - owners are also happy that the birds are nesting in their home . wire - tailed swallow nests have usually been seen under bridges , near water etc . - ss
distribution of wire - tailed swallow in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
putting up wires or a wire antenna high across the yard or roof to provide additional perches with good visibility for birds and birders alike .
streak - throated swallow : a large group nesting under the balcony overhang , on a busy road - 2 .
turner , a . ( 2018 ) . wire - tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
swallow is the common name for various small , swift - flying passerine birds in the family hirundinidae , characterized by long , pointed , narrow wings , a short bill , a typically notched or forked tail , and the ability to aerial feed , capturing insects on the wing . some birds in the family have the common name of martin . while the name
martin
tends to be used for the squarer - tailed species , and the name
swallow
for the more fork - tailed species , there is no scientific distinction between these two groups . a few other species in hirundinidae , comprising the genus psalidoprocne , have the common name of saw - wing . in europe , the name swallow is used colloquially as a synonym for the barn swallow .
streak throated swallows ( petrochelidon fluvicola ) are one of the four species of swallow birds found in madhya pradesh , indentified as 11 cm compact birds with chestnut crowns and brown streaks down the throat to breast and dirty off - white under parts . the juveniles look similar to wire tailed swallow juv . and can be only differentiated from their striped and non striped throats respectively . the birds are commonly seen in the open country , near water bodies , canals , rivers or lakes where they can easily find their food of insects and clay for building nests . swallows are found in big flocks and have an appealing nesting behavior , commonly called as swallow congregations .
i specially like this spot on lake pichola where i took pictures of asian openbill stork , river tern , pied kingfisher and wire tailed swallows . the birds are used to the vehicles passing by , so they don ' t fly away when you stop your car near them . its a pleasurable place to be in the mornings .
distribution of wire - tailed swallow in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 . movements and migrations little known , but it is thought be resident throughout its southern african range . more
the wire - tailed swallow is situated in the corner of a beautiful garden . the room consists of twin beds , a small patio and full bathroom . the room has a tv with 22 dstv channels , a fan , heater & electric blankets . tea / coffee - making facilities are available and coffee , tea , milk and sugar provided . guests can make use of a communal fridge & microwave at the lapa / braai areas . a maximum of two guests can be accommodated in this unit .
streak throated swallow - nesting site on the underside of a river bridge , waded by over hundred swallows . the picture was taken on the road towards kanha , madhya pradesh .
species of swallow and martin that are threatened with extinction are generally endangered due to habitat loss . this is presumed to be the reason behind the decline of the critically endangered white - eyed river martin , a species that is only known from a few specimens collected in thailand . the species presumably breeds in riverbanks , a much diminished habitat in se asia . two insular species , the bahama swallow and golden swallow , have declined due to forest loss and also competition with introduced species such as starlings and sparrows , which compete with these swallows for nesting sites .
even in the most swallow - friendly backyard , it can be difficult to attract these specialized birds on a regular basis . if you want to attract swallows but are having difficulty , consider :
tarburton , m . k . 1993 . a comparison of the breeding biology of the welcome swallow in australia and recently colonized new zealand . emu 93 ( 1 ) : 34 - 43 .
snapp , b . 1976 . colonial breeding in the barn swallow ( hirundo rustica ) and its adaptive significance . the condor 78 ( 4 ) : 471 - 480 . retrieved november 18 , 2008 .
the streak throated swallow , is found across india . it can be identified with its chestnut color head , broad tail with a small fork and heavily streaked throat , neck and breast . the under parts are off white .
some species , like the mangrove swallow , are territorial , whereas others are not and simply defend their nesting site . in general , the males select a nest site , and then attract a female using song and flight , and ( dependent on the species ) guard their territory . the size of the territory varies depending on the species of swallow ; in colonial - nesting species , it tends to be small , but it may be much larger for solitary nesters .
hirundinids are small to medium - sized passerines . the smallest , such as the white - thighed swallow , weigh about 10 g and the largest new world martins over 60 g . they are all specialist aerial insectivores , . . .
the swallows have a worldwide cosmopolitan distribution , occurring on every continent except antarctica . one species , the pacific swallow , occurs as a breeding bird on a number of oceanic islands in the pacific ocean , and a number of migratory species are common vagrants to other isolated islands and even to some sub - antarctic islands . many species have enormous worldwide ranges , particularly the barn swallow , which breeds over most of the northern hemisphere and winters over most of the southern hemisphere .
bijlsma , r . , and b . van den brink . 2003 . a barn swallow hirundo rustica roost under attack : timing and risks in the presence of african hobbies falco cuvieri . ardea 93 ( 1 ) : 37 - 48 . retrieved november 18 , 2008 .
in addition to insect prey , a number of species will occasionally consume fruits and other plant matter . species in africa have been recorded eating the seeds of acacia trees , and these are even fed to the young of the greater striped swallow ( underhill and hofmeyr 2007 ; turner 2004 ) .
where several species of swallow feed together , they will be separated into different niches based on height off the ground , some species feeding closer to the ground whereas other feeding at higher levels . similar separation occurs where feeding overlaps with swifts . niche separation may also occur with the size of prey chosen .
hirundines have a long association with humans , some species having nested on artificial sites for hundreds or , in some cases , even thousands of years . there are danish subfossil finds 5000 years old from neolithic flint mines , and the roman poet virgil wrote of a swallow , presumably the barn . . .
the majority of hirundines are not very social in the breeding season , when they nest solitarily or in loose groups , and forage alone or in pairs or small flocks . some , such as the mangrove swallow , are highly territorial , feeding mainly in their own large territory , but many species defend . . .
as with feeding habits , knowledge of the breeding biology of many species of hirundine is scanty . on the other hand , a few members of the family , especially the barn and cliff swallows , the tree swallow and the purple martin , have become model species for scientific study over the last few . . .
many cave , bank , and cliff dwelling species of swallow nest in large colonies . birds living in large colonies typically have to contend with both ectoparasites and conspecific nest parasitism ( brown and brown 1986 ; brown 1984 ) . old males benefit most from coloniality , since they are able to maintain their own nests and benefit from frequent extra - pair copulations .
sexes alike . glistening steel - blue above ; chestnut cap ; unmarked , pure white underbody distinctive ; two long , wire - like projections ( tail - wires ) from outer tail feathers diagnostic . solitary or small parties ; almost always seen around water , either perched on overhead wires or hawking insects in graceful , acrobatic flight , swooping and banking ; often flies very low , drinking from the surface ; roosts in reed beds and other vegetation , often with warblers and wagtails .
the breeding of temperate species is seasonal , whereas that of subtropical or tropical species can either be continuous throughout the year or seasonal . seasonal species in the subtropics or tropics are usually timed to coincide with the peaks in insect activity , which is usually the wet season , but some species like the white - throated blue swallow nest in the dry season to avoid flooding in their riverbank nesting habitat ( turner 2004 ) .
the eggs of swallows tend to be white , although those of some mud - nesters are speckled . the average clutch size is around four to five eggs in temperate areas and two to three eggs in the tropics . incubation stints last for 5 to 15 minutes and are followed by bursts of feeding activity . from laying , swallow eggs take between 10 to 21 days to hatch , with 14 to 18 days being more typical .
nesting sites : many types of swallows , swifts , and martins are cavity - nesting birds , and they will readily nest in birdhouses or specialized gourds . leaving dead trees with old woodpecker holes intact will provide additional nesting sites . some swallow species , such as barn swallows , will build their cup - shaped nests in sheltered areas under eaves on porches and decks or along roof lines . a muddy puddle – perhaps under a gutter downspout or in a sheltered location in the yard – will provide good nesting material to encourage the birds to raise their families in the neighborhood .
the incubation duties are shared between females and males in some species ; in others the eggs are incubated solely by the females . among the species where the male helps with incubation , the contribution varies among species , with some species like the cliff swallow sharing the duties equally and the female doing most of the work in others . among the barn swallows , the male of the american subspecies helps ( to a small extent ) whereas the european subspecies does not . even in species where the male does not incubate the eggs , the male may sit on them when the female is away to reduce heat loss .
the family uses a wide range of habitats . they are dependent on flying insects , and as these are common over waterways and lakes , they will frequently feed over these , but they can be found in any open habitat including grasslands , open woodland , savanna , marshes , mangroves and scrubland , from sea level to high alpine areas ( turner 2004 ) . many species inhabit human - altered landscapes including agricultural land and even urban areas . land use changes have also caused some species to expand their range , most impressively the welcome swallow which began to colonize new zealand in the 1920s , started breeding there in the 1950s , and is now a common land bird there ( tarburton 1993 ) .
because of the readiness with which some species nest in and around human settlements and buildings , people have had a long experience with swallows and many myths and legends have arisen as a consequence ( turner 2004 ) . the migratory habits of the european species have led to an association with spring , as recorded in the proverb
one swallow does not make a summer .
they have also been incorporated into religious stories , in part because of their arrival in europe around the time of easter , and apocryphal stories place them at the crucifixion of jesus , either trying to distract those sent to arrest jesus in the garden or to comfort jesus on the cross . they are also mentioned in the koran attacking christians who were attacking mecca . older legends have it that athene turned into one in order to flee danger .
with the open country for birds being quickly replaced with houses and buildings everywhere these birds have retorted to our kitchen gardens , where they feed on small insects and nest around houses . swallow nesting is considered ‘pests’ due to its gregarious behavior and limiting access of humans to their own garages or kitchen gardens . swallows can be very protective for the young ones and refuse to vacate even after repeated attempts . once the nest is built , the bird also tends to return at the same site every time for breeding and nesting . the solution lies in preserving their habitat of lakes , rivers and ponds around the agricultural land . if possible allow them a small corner around the house , warehouse etc . swallows can easily gain attention and help in clearing insects and small crop pests , in lieu of the space it needs to raise the young !
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common in africa , common in pakistan and locally common in india ( grimmett , inskipp and inskipp , keith et al . 1992 ) . trend justification : the population is estimated to be increasing following recorded range expansions ( del hoyo et al . 2004 ) .
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leach , 1818 – sub - saharan africa from senegal , s mali and c ivory coast e to c & se sudan , south sudan , ethiopia and somalia , and s ( outside c rainforest zone ) to n namibia , n botswana and ne south africa .
stephens , 1826 – breeding visitor to s uzbekistan , s tajikistan , afghanistan , n pakistan and nw india ; resident in se pakistan , most of india , sw nepal , myanmar , n thailand , laos , cambodia and c vietnam .
14–21 cm ; 9–17 g . distinctive . has forehead and crown rufous - chestnut , upperparts glossy blue ; wings and tail black with blue gloss , white patches on inner webs . . .
grassland , savanna , open woodland , clearings , cultivation , also human habitations , including towns . . .
diet includes flies ( diptera ) , beetles ( coleoptera ) , bugs ( hemiptera ) , butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) , mayflies ( ephemeroptera ) , . . .
generally two peaks , at start of rains , e . g . jan–may and jul–dec in senegal , all year ( peaks jan–mar and jul–aug ) . . .
in africa , resident near nest - site in some areas , e . g . in gambia , central african republic and w . . .
not globally threatened . varies from uncommon to locally abundant . uncommon in w africa , common and more widespread in e , common to locally very common in s ; common to . . .
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it is present in lucknow throughout the year and is therefore resident . not a breeding visitor as shown in the map . lucknow is the capital of uttar pradesh state and falls in the gangetic plains of india
they had adapted to human created structures . they roost on powerlines ranging from dozen to several hundreds sometimes in mixed flocks with other swallows . they also roost and build nests inside covered irrigation canals and aqueducts .
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has often been considered to include any or all of petrochelidon , cecropis and ptyonoprogne .
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an adult bird perched in a tree yawning , rubbing the bill and flying off .
josep del hoyo , ram gopal soni , alok tewari , greg baker , doug and denise norris , chandrahas kolhatkar , yoël jimenez , ghislain gosse , eldert groenewoud , drshaileshdarjimd , keith and lynn youngs , jean hupperetz , trheijnen .
shantilal varu , josep del hoyo , éric roualet , holger teichmann , lars petersson , alok tewari , jeel bharat patel , paul van giersbergen , vishalchouk , ssshams , guy poisson , siddhartha , tom dudones , mayur patel , vaibhav mishra , eduardo de juana , ragoo rao , shivam tiwari , vasanthan . p . j , sharad , raymond marsh , james reed , paul cools , lmarce , joggels , nick athanas , juan josé bazán hiraldo , nik borrow , frédéric pelsy , martin främke , jayant atrey , luis g . restrepo , james kashangaki , ken havard , trheijnen , arthur grosset , neenad abhang , stefan helming , john a thompson , akshay jadhav , rrthakar , markus lilje , ram gopal soni , robert erasmus , marco valentini , kishoreraghav , david beadle , morten venas , bruno schmetz , lutz duerselen , laurent demongin , mauriravasini , ryan brookes , chrisjohnson , jugal tiwari , stanislav harvančík , gilgit2 , paleasi , anup sharma , jordi sargatal , dave jackson .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : hirundo smithii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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occurs across much of asia and sub - saharan africa , absent from the lowland forest of west africa and the drc . in southern africa it is locally common in the extreme north of namibia , northern botswana , zimbabwe , central and southern mozambique , swaziland and eastern limpopo province , mpumalanga and kwazulu - natal .
little known , but it is thought be resident throughout its southern african range .
hawks aerial insects often in flocks with swallows , such as grey - rumped ( pseudhirundo griseopyga ) and lesser striped ( hirundo abyssinica ) swallows . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :
monogamous , solitary nester , with the pair bond lasting for the whole breeding season and probably for life .
the nest ( see image below ) is built by both sexes in about a week , consisting of a flat open cup built of mud pellets and lined with stems , grass and feathers . it is typically placed in an artificial site , such as near the roof of a veranda , on a wooden cross beam , inside a water tower , under a bridge or even on a boat . the same site is used repeatedly over multiple seasons ; before laying the eggs the original structure is repaired
egg - laying season is year - round , peaking from august - december and february - april .
it lays 2 - 4 eggs , which are incubated solely by the female for 14 - 19 days . in one study the eggs where incubated for 43 - 66 % of the day .
the chicks are brooded by the female for the first few days of their lives after which the male sometimes helps out . they are fed regularly by both sexes , leaving the nest after 15 - 24 days . the fledglings still roost in the nest for at least 3 - 4 weeks , possibly until the next clutch is laid .
not threatened , in fact its range has benefited from the introduction of man - made nest sites .
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
harrison , j . a . , allan , d . g . , underhill , l . g . , herremans , m . , tree . a . j . , parker , v . & brown , c . j . ( eds ) . 1997 . the atlas of southern african birds . vol . 2 : passerines . birdlife south africa , johannesburg .
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bot . monkey apple [ nz ] [ syzygium smithii , syn . : acmena smithii ] [ lilly - pilly ]
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their common name is derived from their very long , fine outer tail feathers which trail behind like two wires ; and their scientific name honors professor chetien smith , a norwegian botanist , who was a member of the expedition that discovered this species .
the african race is widespread south of the sahara , except for their range extending further along the nile , and they are not found in the western equatorial lowland forests .
in southern asia , they are found from tadzhikistan , afghanistan and northern pakistan through india to burma as well as northwestern and northeastern thailand , laos and central vietnam .
they are mostly resident ( non - migratory ) , except for some populations in pakistan and northern india that migrate south for the winter .
they are usually seen in pairs close to bodies of water and human habitation ; or these fast fliers may fly low over water as they pursue their prey .
african form found in sub - saharan africa ; specifically in western africa from senegal east to southern mali south to the central ivory coast east to central and southern sudan , ethiopia and somalia , and south ( avoiding the central rainforest zone ) to northern namibia , northern botswana and northeastern south africa .
asian form found in southern uzbekistan south through tajikistan , afghanistan , pakistan , india east to southwestern nepal , burma / myanmar , northern thailand , laos , cambodia and central vietnam .
the plumage is mostly bright blue above , except for the reddish - brown crown ( top of the head ) and white spots on the tail . there is a blue bar extending from the beak through the eyes down to the neck and back . the plumage below is white , except for the darker flight feathers .
as suggested by their name , they have very long , outer tail feathers which trail behind like wires .
they construct neat half - bowl nests placed on vertical surfaces near water , such as below the ledges of cliffs or man - made structures , such as buildings and bridges .
the average clutch consists of 3 - 4 eggs in africa , and in asia , up to 5 have been reported .
afrikaans : draadstertswael . . . chinese : ? ? ? . . . czech : vlaštovka dlouhoocasá . . . danish : trådhalesvale . . . dutch : roodkruinzwaluw . . . estonian : niitsaba - pääsuke . . . finnish : jouhipääsky . . . french : hirondelle à longs brins . . . german : rotkappenschwalbe . . . icelandic : þráðsvala . . . italian : rondine codafili / codasottile di smith . . . japanese : hariotsubame . . . kwangali : sisampamema . . . lithuanian : si ? lauodeg ? kregžd ? . . . norwegian : trådhalesvale . . . polish : jaskólka rdzawoglowa , jaskó ? ka rdzawog ? owa . . . portuguese : andorinha de cauda longa . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : lastovicka hnedohlavá . . . slovenian : nitorepa lastovka . . . shona : nyenganyenga . . . spanish : golondrina cola de cerdas , golondrina colilarga . . . swedish : trådstjärtsvala . . . swahili : mbayuwayu mkia - sindano . . . tamil : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . thai : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . turkish : tel kuyruklu k ? rlang ? ç , tel - kuyruklu k ? rlang ? ç . . . tsonga : mbawulwana . . . zulu : inkonjane
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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open areas , cultivation , habitation , mostly in vicinity of canals , lakes , rivers .
common breeding ( summer ) visitor to n india , to about 1 , 800m in the himalaya ; breeds in many other parts of india ; widespread over the area , excepting arid zones .
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swallows , swifts , and martins are beautiful , graceful birds that are highly desirable backyard visitors , but they are not typical backyard birds . because of that , attracting swallows can be a challenge even for experienced backyard birders with many feeders and a variety of backyard guests . understanding these birds ' unique needs is the key to learning how to attract swallows and enjoy the benefits of having these beauties in your yard .
swallows are attractive backyard birds for several reasons . their graceful , aerobatic , energetic flight can be a joy to watch as they swoop about , and their glossy plumage glitters in the sunlight . they are relatively quiet species , and while their song is typically musical and chirping , they are less vocal than species such as thrushes or mockingbirds – perfect for backyard birders who prefer a quiet landscape . the most desirable characteristic of swallows , swifts , and martins , however , is their voracious appetites . these insectivorous birds can consume hundreds of insects every day - from moths to mosquitoes - and inviting a family of them into the backyard can provide exceptional ( and free ! ) pest control .
the key to attracting any specific type of bird is to meet that bird ' s unique requirements for the basic needs of survival : food , water , shelter , and nesting sites .
for swallows , those requirements can be a bit different than other typical passerines and more familiar backyard birds .
food : swifts , swallows , and martins almost never visit bird feeders , no matter what food is offered . so what do swallows eat ? these are insectivorous birds and preserving healthy insect populations is essential for them to have an adequate food source . avoiding insecticides and pesticides is the first step , and areas of open grass should be large enough to allow the birds to skim low over them while feeding . leaving grass slightly longer will encourage more insects for the birds to feed on . some birders have had limited success offering mealworms for swifts and swallows to eat , but it takes a great deal of time and effort to get the birds accustomed to that unusual food source . that effort may be better spent fostering natural insect sources the birds are more familiar with .
water : these birds typically stay near natural water sources , and a nearby lake , large pond or broad stream is essential for them to drink . as they fly over the water , they skim the surface to dip their bills in for a drink instead of perching to sip . moving water is more apt to attract swallows , swifts , and martins to backyards with noise and sparkles , and a bird bath fountain , bubbler or mister can be effective in attracting their attention . they may visit larger bird baths , and will often fly through sprinklers or misters for a quick , cool dip .
shelter : while many backyard birds need extensive trees , bushes , and thickets to feel safe and secure , these aerial birds are quite distinct in that they prefer more open areas . they are agile fliers and will soar and dive around yards that have smooth curves and open space . providing perching spots on wires , clotheslines or antennas will encourage them to stay nearby .
removing large trees to provide more open space and more grassy areas for the birds to fly over while feeding .
adjusting lawn watering schedules as much as local ordinances may allow providing a fly - thru water source for the birds .
adding a nesting shelf under porch eaves to provide a safe , stable place for these birds to build their nests .
patience is essential for attracting swallows , and over time , if you meet all these birds ' unique needs , you will be rewarded with their elegant and graceful company .
the reference for the information following is
roberts birds of southern africa
, 7th edition * edited by par hockey , wrj dean and pg ryan , published by
the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund .
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the family contains around 83 species in 19 genera . in this article , unless specified , the term swallows will be used in a collective sense for all members of the family , including species commonly known as martins or saw - wings .
the swallows have a cosmopolitan distribution across the world and breed on all the continents except antarctica . they also occur on a number of oceanic islands . a number of species are long - distance migrants .
with their agility in flight , ability to produce many different calls or songs , and some species nesting in and around human settlements and buildings , swallows have long fascinated people . they even have been incorporated into religious stories , partly due to their arrival in europe around the time of easter and because of apocryphal stories placing them at jesus ' s crucifixion . ecologically , they provide a valued role in controlling the numbers of insect species . a few species of swallows are threatened with extinction by human activities , although other species have benefited from human changes to the environment .
as passerine birds , or perching birds , swallows have feet that are specialized for holding onto a branch , with three toes directed forward without any webbing or joining , and one toe directed backward . swallows belong to the suborder passeri ( oscines ) with such birds as warblers , finches , wrens , starlings , cowbirds , lyrebirds , blackbirds , jays , and larks .
it is believed the hirundinidae family originated in africa as hole - nesters ; africa still has the greatest diversity of species ( 1989 ) .
the bill of the sand martin is typical for the family , being short and wide .
the swallows and martins ( and saw - wings ) have an evolutionary conservative body shape that is similar across the family but is unlike that of other passerines ( turner 2004 ) . swallows have adapted to hunting insects on the wing by developing a slender streamlined body , and long pointed wings , which allow great maneuverability and endurance , as well as frequent periods of gliding . their body shape allows for very efficient flight , which costs 50 - 75 percent less for swallows than equivalent passerines of the same size . swallows usually forage at around 30 to 40 kilometers per hour although they are capable of reaching speeds of between 50 to 65 kilometers per hour when traveling .
like the unrelated swifts and nightjars , which hunt in a similar way , swallows have short bills , but strong jaws and a wide gape . their body length ranges from about 10 to 24 centimeters ( 3 . 9–9 . 4 inches ) and their weight from about 10 to 60 grams ( 0 . 4–2 . 1 ounces ) . the wings are long , pointed , and have nine primary feathers . the tail has 12 feathers and may be deeply forked , somewhat indented , or square - ended . a long tail increases maneuverability , and may also function as a sexual adornment , since the tail is frequently longer in males . female barn swallows will select mates on the basis of tail length .


it was first described , along with d. rhinoparva , in 2015 .

both species were discovered in laos , the first dragon millipedes identified there , d. rhinoceros in the south of the country and d. rhinoparva in the north .

the body length is 17 – 24 mm ( 0.67 – 0.94 in ) in males and 20 – 25 mm ( 0.79 – 0.98 in ) in females .

the color is dark red .

desmoxytes rhinoceros

meet desmoxytes rhinoceros ( top ) and desmoxytes rhinoparva ( bottom ) – two of the newest additions to the dragon millipede family .
[ invertebrate • 2015 ] desmoxytes rhinoceros & d . rhinoparva • two new sspecies of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamnerlin , 1923 ,
desmoxytes rhinoceros is an aposematic species of dragon millipede in the genus desmoxytes . it is only known from champasak and sekong provinces in southern laos .
species new to science : [ invertebrate • 2015 ] desmoxytes rhinoceros & d . rhinoparva • two new sspecies of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamn… | pinteres…
figure 1 . habitus , live coloration . a , b : desmoxytes rhinoceros sp . n . , male holotype . c , d : desmoxytes rhinoparva sp . n . , male holotype . photographed not to scale .
species new to science : [ invertebrate • 2015 ] desmoxytes rhinoceros & d . rhinoparva • two new sspecies of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamnerlin , 1923 , from laos ( diplopoda : polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae ) , with redescriptions of all four species of attems from vietnam
some of the other specimens of d . rhinoceros were donated to the zoological museum , state university of moscow in russia .
two new species of desmoxytes are described and abundantly illustrated : d . rhinoceros sp . n . and d . rhinoparva sp . n . , from southern and northern laos , respectively . illustrated redescriptions of all four vietnamese desmoxytes species proposed by carl attems are also provided , based on type material .
two new species of desmoxytes are described and abundantly illustrated : d . rhinoceros sp . n . and d . rhinoparva sp . n . , from southern and northern laos , respectively . illustrated redescriptions of all four vietnamese desmoxytes species proposed by carl attems are also provided , based on type material .
the new species , d . rhinoceros , is clearly aposematic , whereas the authors of the latest study noted d . rhinoparva as
quite remarkable
in its colouration , having contrasting pale brownish segments in the middle of the body in both sexes .
two new species of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamnerlin , 1923 , from laos ( diplopoda : polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae ) , with redescriptions . . . - pubmed - ncbi
dragon millipedes are members of the desmoxytes genus , which currently contains 33 species ranging from northern china , through indochina and south through myanmar , thailand , vietnam and southern malaysia .
two new species of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamnerlin , 1923 , from laos ( diplopoda : polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae ) , with redescriptions of all four species of attems from vietnam .
enghoff , h . , sutcharit , c . & panha , s . ( 2007 ) the shocking pink dragon millipede , desmoxytes purpurosea , a colourful new species from thailand . zootaxa , 1563 , 31–36 .
it was first described , along with d . rhinoparva , in 2015 . both species were discovered in laos , the first dragon millipedes identified there , d . rhinoceros in the south of the country and d . rhinoparva in the north . the holotype is in the museum of zoology , chulalongkorn university , bangkok , thailand .
golovatch , s . i . & enghoff , h . ( 1994 ) review of the dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . steenstrupia , 20 ( 2 ) , 45–71 .
figure 1 . habitus , live coloration . a , b in two new species of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamnerlin , 1923 , from laos ( diplopoda : polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae ) , with redescriptions of all four species of attems from vietnam
figure 1 . habitus , live coloration . a , b in two new species of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamnerlin , 1923 , from laos ( diplopoda : polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae ) , with redescriptions of all four species of attems from vietnam | zenodo
liu , w . , golovatch , s . i . & tian , m . ( 2014 ) a review of the dragon millipede genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 in china , with descriptions of four new species ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . zookeys , 448 , 9–26 .
nguyen , a . d . , golovatch , s . i . & anichkin , a . e . ( 2006 ) the dragon millipedes in vietnam ( polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae , genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 ) . arthropoda selecta , 14 ( 3 ) , 251–257 . [ for 2005 ]
golovatch , s . i . , geoffroy , j . j . & mauriès , j . p . ( 2010 ) two new species of the millipede genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) from caves in southern china . arthropoda selecta , 19 ( 2 ) , 57–61 .
( of pteroxytes jeekel , 1980 ) golovatch , s . i . ; enghoff , h . ( 1994 ) . review of the dragon millipede , genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . steenstrupia , 20 ( 2 ) : 1 - 71 . copenhagen page ( s ) : 46 [ details ]
( of hylomus cook & loomis , 1924 ) golovatch , s . i . ; enghoff , h . ( 1994 ) . review of the dragon millipede , genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . steenstrupia , 20 ( 2 ) : 1 - 71 . copenhagen page ( s ) : 46 [ details ]
golovatch , s . i . , li , y . , liu , w . & geoffroy , j . j . ( 2012 ) three new cavernicolous species of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 , from southern china , with notes on a formal congener from the philippines ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . zookeys , 185 , 1–17 . urltoken
sergei i . golovatch , youbang li , weixin liu , and jean - jacques geoffroy . 2012 . three new cavernicolous species of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 , from southern china , with notes on a formal congener from the philippines ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . zookeys . 2012 ; ( 185 ) : 1–17 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 185 . 3082
golovatch , s . ; li , y . ; liu , w . ; geoffroy , j . - j . ( 2012 ) . three new cavernicolous species of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 , from southern china , with notes on a formal congener from the philippines ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . zookeys . 185 : 1 - 17 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 13 ; note : key to species currently known to occur in china . [ details ]
if you go down to the woods today , you’re in for a big surprise . well , if you happen to be in certain parts of laos .
and , according to the authors of the paper published in zootaxa , these are the first species of dragon millipedes to be recorded in laos .
all but one of the species are found in a single or , at most , a very small group of locations .
so named for their peculiar - looking spiky appendages and often brightly coloured bodies , most dragon millipedes look like characters from an extra - terrestrial horror movie going to a rave .
one of the most vividly coloured , d . purpurosea , from northern thailand , has been nicknamed the ' shocking pink dragon millipede ' , or ' mangkorn chomphoo ' in thai .
its bright aposematic colouration is a clear warning to potential predators that these millipedes are seriously poisonous : they have glands that produce hydrogen cyanide for protection .
and because they produce cyanide , it has been said that they give off an almond - like smell .
the holotypes – a single type specimen upon which the description and naming of a new species is based – of laos ' first dragon millipedes are currently housed in the museum of zoology , chulalongkorn university in bangkok , thailand .
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animal systematics research unit , department of biology , faculty of science , chulalongkorn university , bangkok , 10330 , thailand . ; email : kongerrrr @ hotmail . com .
institute for problems of ecology and evolution , russian academy of sciences , leninsky pr . 33 , moscow 119071 , russia ; email : sgolovatch @ yandex . ru .
animal systematics research unit , department of biology , faculty of science , chulalongkorn university , bangkok , 10330 , thailand . ; email : somsak . pan @ chula . ac . th .
new & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region
, natdanai , sergei i . golovatch & somsak panha . 2015 . two new sspecies of dragon millipedes , genus
, from laos ( diplopoda : polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae ) , with redescriptions of all four species of attems from vietnam .
wuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .
[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand
begonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .
chamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .
great - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .
endocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .
aristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .
bagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .
the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .
nipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 ニッポノサウルス | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .
begonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .
[ ichthyology • 2015 ] ghatsa spp . • on the paraphyl . . .
[ ichthyology • 2015 ] four new species of trimma ( p . . .
[ mammalogy • 2014 ] a summary of the taxonomy and d . . .
partial solar elipse to be visible from parts of australia , new zealand and antarctica on firday 13 july 2018 .
on this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
the benefits and costs of academic travel . or
there and back again ; again and again
canon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4
plants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .
i ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .
necps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden
this is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .
the body length is 17–24 mm ( 0 . 67–0 . 94 in ) in males and 20–25 mm ( 0 . 79–0 . 98 in ) in females . the color is dark red .
chamnerlin , 1923 , from laos ( diplopoda : polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae ) , with redescriptions of all four species of attems from vietnam .
chamberlin , r . v . ( 1923 ) . two diplopod immigrants taken at honolulu . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 36 : 165 - 168 page ( s ) : 165 [ details ]
( of pratinus attems , 1937 ) attems , c . m . t . graf von ( 1937 ) . myriapoda 3 . polydesmoidea i . fam . strongylosomidae . das tierreich , 68 : 1 - 300 . berlin , leipzig page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]
( of ceylonesmus chamberlin , 1941 ) chamberlin , r . v . ( 1941 ) . new polydesmoid diplopods intercepted at quarantine . proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 43 ( 2 ) : 32 - 35 page ( s ) : 33 [ details ]
( of prionopeltis pocock , 1895 ) pocock , r . i . ( 1895 ) . viaggio di leonardo fea in birmania e regioni vicine . lxvii . the myriopoda of burma , pt . iv . report upon the polydesmoidea collected by sig . l . fea , mr . e . w . oates and others . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova , serie 2 . 14 : 787 - 834 . genova . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 828 [ details ]
( of pteroxytes jeekel , 1980 ) jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1980 ) . the generic allocation of some little - known paradoxosomatidae from south - ast asia ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 87 : 651 - 670 . genève page ( s ) : 655 [ details ]
( of ceylonesmus chamberlin , 1941 ) jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1980 ) . the generic allocation of some little - known paradoxosomatidae from south - ast asia ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 87 : 651 - 670 . genève page ( s ) : 652 ; note : described as a subgenus of euphyodesmus for a new species intercepted in hawai’i on plants imported from sri lanka . [ details ]
( of pratinus attems , 1937 ) jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1980 ) . the generic allocation of some little - known paradoxosomatidae from south - ast asia ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 87 : 651 - 670 . genève page ( s ) : 652 ; note : treated as a valid genus by zhang , 1986 : acta zootaxonomica sinica , 11 ( 3 ) , 253–257 , as a synonym by subsequent authors [ details ]
( of prionopeltis pocock , 1895 ) jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1980 ) . the generic allocation of some little - known paradoxosomatidae from south - ast asia ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 87 : 651 - 670 . genève page ( s ) : 652 ; note : preoccupied by prionopeltis hawle and corda , 1847 , trilobita ; see attems , 1938 : mémoires du muséum national d’histoire naturelle , 6 ( 2 ) : 217 ; replaced by pratinus attems , 1937 [ details ]
( of hylomus cook & loomis , 1924 ) jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1971 ) . nomenclator generum et familiarum diplopodorum : a list of the genus and family - group names in the class diplopoda from the 10th edition of linnaeus , 1758 , to the end of 1957 . monografieen van de nederlandse entomologische vereniging , 5 : 1 - 412 . amsterdam page ( s ) : 224 [ details ]
( of hylomus cook & loomis , 1924 ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1980 ) . classification of the diplopoda . 1 - 237 . genève . page ( s ) : 169 [ details ]
natdanai likhitrakarn animal systematics research unit , department of biology , faculty of science , chulalongkorn university , bangkok , 10330 , thailand .
sergei i . golovatch institute for problems of ecology and evolution , russian academy of sciences , leninsky pr . 33 , moscow 119071 , russia
somsak panha animal systematics research unit , department of biology , faculty of science , chulalongkorn university , bangkok , 10330 , thailand .
attems , c . ( 1938 ) die von dr . c . dawydoff in französisch indochina gesammelten myriopoden . mémoires du muséum national d’histoire naturelle , nouvelle série , 6 , 187–321 .
attems , c . ( 1953 ) myriopoden von indochina . expedition von dr . c . dawydoff ( 1938–1939 ) . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , new series , série a , 5 ( 3 ) , 133–230 .
decker , p . ( 2010 ) contributions to the myriapod fauna of thailand—new records of millipedes and centipedes from thailand ( myriapoda : diplopoda , chilopoda ) . schubartiana , 4 , 23–34 .
enghoff , h . ( 2005 ) the millipedes of thailand ( diplopoda ) . steenstrupia , 29 ( 1 ) , 87–103 .
enghoff , h . , golovatch , s . i . & nguyen , a . d . ( 2004 ) a review of the millipede fauna of vietnam ( diplopoda ) . arthropoda selecta , 13 ( 1–2 ) , 29–43 .
golovatch , s . i . ( 1983 ) millipedes ( diplopoda ) of the fauna of vietnam . in : sokolov , v . e . ( ed . ) , fauna and animal ecology of vietnam . nauka , moscow , pp . 178–186 . [ in russian ]
jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1964 ) two new species of pratinus attems , with taxonomoc notes on the genus and a redescription of its type - species ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . beaufortia , 11 ( 137 ) , 61–73 .
jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1968 ) on the classification and geographical distribution of the family paradoxosomatidae ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . academisch proefschrift , rotterdam , 162 pp .
jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1980 ) the generic allocation of some little - known paradoxosomatidae from south - east asia ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 87 , 651–670 .
likhitrakarn , n . , golovatch , s . i . & panha , s . ( 2014a ) a checklist of the millipedes of laos ( diplopoda ) . zootaxa , 3754 ( 4 ) , 473–482 . urltoken
likhitrakarn , n . , golovatch , s . i . & panha , s . ( 2014b ) the millipede genus orthomorpha bollman , 1893 in laos ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) , with descriptions of new species . zookeys , 374 , 1–22 .
likhitrakarn , n . , golovatch , s . i . & panha , s . ( 2014c ) review of the southeast asian millipede genus enghoffosoma golovatch , 1993 ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) , with descriptions of new species . zootaxa , 3811 ( 4 ) , 491–514 .
likhitrakarn , n . , golovatch , s . i . & panha , s . ( 2014d ) three new species of the millipede genus tylopus jeekel , 1968 from thailand , with additional notes on species described by attems ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . zookeys , 435 , 63–91 . urltoken
nguyen , a . d . & sierwald , p . ( 2013 ) a worldwide catalog of the family paradoxosomatidae daday , 1889 ( diplopoda : polydesmida ) . check list , 9 ( 6 ) , 1132–1353 . available from : urltoken ( accessed 9 december 2014 )