trithemis kirbyi , also known as the orange-winged dropwing , scarlet rock glider , or kirby 's dropwing , is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae .

trithemis kirbyi

clausnitzer , v . 2005 . trithemis kirbyi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 10 august 2007 .
trithemis kirbyi , the orange - winged dropwing or kirby ' s dropwing , is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae .
holusa , o . 2008 . trithemis kirbyi auf sardinien : erstnachweis für europa ( odonata : libellulidae ) . libellula 27 : 111 - 115 .
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chelmick , d . and pickess , b . p . 2008 . trithemis kirbyi selys in southern spain ( anisoptera : libellulidae ) . notulae odonatologicae 7 : 4 - 5 .
the former splitting into a nominotypical form and a subspecies trithemis kirbyi ardens ( gerstäcker , 1891 ) is currently challenged because of different opinions on biogeographic interpretation in the distribution of phenotypes .
trithemis kirbyi is a wide ranging african species , also occuring in the arabian peninsular and indian peninsular . in northern africa , the species is present in morocco , algeria , tunisia , chad and egypt . it is likely also to be present in niger , mauritania , libyan arab jamahiriya , mali and sudan .
trithemis kirbyi is widespread from africa ( except in rainforest areas ) to india . the species ' range is extending to the north and it recently began to spread in southern europe ( southern spain , sardinia ) . surprisingly , it doesn ' t occur in the levant and large parts of the middle - east .
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justification : trithemis kirkbyi is a wide - ranging species in northern africa , with no sign of population decline . assessed as least concern in the region .
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trithemis kirbyi is widespread in africa and the indian subcontinent and reaches the southern mediterranean coast . recently the species has been found in sardinia in 2003 ( holuša 2008 ) and in southern spain in 2008 ( chelmick and pickess 2008 ) . in the province of malaga , it was found breeding in 2008 ( cano - villegas and conesa garcia 2009 ) . it is not unlikely that this is a prelude to an expansion of its range to southern europe as it has happened with other african species like trithemis annulata and brachytremis leucosticta .
pinhey , e . 1970 . monographic study of the genus trithemis brauer ( odonata : libellulidae ) . memoirs of the entomological society of southern africa 11 : 1 - 159 .
trithemis kirbyi is widespread from africa ( except in rainforest areas ) to india . the range is extending to the north and it recently began to spread in southern europe ( southern spain , sardinia ) . surprisingly , it does not occur in the levant and large parts of the middle east . in the arabian peninsula , trithemis kirbyi is widespread on the western and eastern margins , where it remains confined to the southern half of the peninsula . one hundred and twenty five records are available from 88 distinct localities in 65 sites over 1 , 300 , 000 km² . thirty - eight percent of the records dates from 1990 onwards but only nine percent are from 2000 onwards . recently , new records are available from 2009 , 2010 and 2011 ( samraoui pers . obs . , schneider pers . obs . ) .
trithemis kirbyi is an opportunistic species which rapidly colonizes all kinds of freshwater habitats . the larvae develop inperennial andtemporarydesert watersthanks to a short larval period ( less than 50 days ) . itis the most common species in all kinds of desert freshwater . adults are found atpools , ponds , swimming pools and water tanks as well asalong wadis , brooks , streams andrivers . they settle on boulders and rocks or perch ontwigs ofreeds and rush .
giere , s . and hadrys , h . ( 2006 ) polymorphic microsatellite loci to study population dynamics in a dragonfly , the libellulid trithemis arteriosa . molecular ecology notes , 6 : 933 - 935 .
trithemis kirbyi is an opportunistic species which rapidly colonies all kinds of freshwater habitats . the larvae develop in perennial and temporary desert waters thanks to a short larval period ( less than 50 days ) . it is the most common species in all kinds of desert freshwater . adults are found at pools , ponds , swimming pools and water tanks , as well as along wadis , brooks , streams and rivers . they settle on boulders and rocks or perch on twigs of reeds and rush .
pinhey , e . c . g . ( 1970 ) . monographic study of the genus trithemis brauer ( odonata : libellulidae ) . memoirs entomological society southern africa , 11 , 1 - 159 . [ pdf file ]
one of africa’s most common and widely distributed dragonflies , the male red - veined dropwing ( trithemis arteriosa ) has a slender red abdomen and is named after the bright red veins running across its wings ( 2 ) .
cano - villegas , f . j . and conesa - garcia , m . a . 2009 . expansion de trihemis kirbyi ( selys , 1891 ) ( odonata : libelluidae ) en la provincial de malaga ( s . peninsula iberica ) . boletin de la sea 44 .
the violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata ) is a distinctive dragonfly that is well known for its striking violet colouration , from which it gets its common name . the male of this species appears purple , but this is due to a bright red base colour on the abdomen and thorax , which is overlaid with a blue , powdery bloom ( ‘pruinescence’ ) on the surface , creating the vibrant violet colouration ( 2 ) .
in contrast , the female violet dropwing is not quite as vivid as the male . instead , the female has a yellow - brown body , a large yellow patch at the base of the hindwing , and no red in the wing veins ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the female violet dropwing can be distinguished from other female trithemis species by its stouter abdomen and by the black marks on top of the eighth and ninth abdomen segments . juvenile male violet dropwings first adopt a yellowish colour similar to the female , then later turn orange and red and finally the vibrant violet colour on reaching maturity ( 2 ) .
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justification : this ubiquitous and nomadic species is widespread with no known major threats . it is therefore assessed as least concern .
this species was always common in large parts of its african and arabian range and increased during the last 50 years in the maghreb . it recently ( in 2008 ) crossed the straight of gibraltar to settle in spain and the mediterranean to reach sardinia . european subpopulations are still low but will probably increase during the next decades due to climate change .
this species is not under threat at the global scale , although pollution and over use of water by humans may cause it to decline locally .
1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable 2 . savanna - > 2 . 1 . savanna - dry suitability : suitable 3 . shrubland - > 3 . 5 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable 3 . shrubland - > 3 . 6 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical moist suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 1 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent rivers / streams / creeks ( includes waterfalls ) suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 2 . wetlands ( inland ) - seasonal / intermittent / irregular rivers / streams / creeks suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater lakes ( over 8ha ) suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 6 . wetlands ( inland ) - seasonal / intermittent freshwater lakes ( over 8ha ) suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 7 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 8 . wetlands ( inland ) - seasonal / intermittent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 9 . wetlands ( inland ) - freshwater springs and oases suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 12 . wetlands ( inland ) - geothermal wetlands suitability : suitable major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 13 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent inland deltas suitability : suitable major importance : no 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 18 . wetlands ( inland ) - karst and other subterranean hydrological systems ( inland ) suitability : marginal
al - safadi , m . m . 1990 . dragonflies ( odonata ) of the yemen arab republic . fauna of saudi arabia 11 : 18 - 30 .
al - safadi , m . m . 1995 . a pilot study of lake ma ' rib , yemen . hydrobiologia 315 : 203 - 209 .
boudot , j . p . , kalkman , v . j . , azpilicueta amorín , m . , bogdanović , t . , cordero rivera , a . , degabriele , g . , dommanget , j . l . , ferreira , s . , garrigós , b . , jović , m . , kotarac , m . , lopau , w . , marinov , m . , mihoković , n . , riservato , e . , samraoui , b . and schneider , w . 2009 . atlas of the odonata of the mediterranean and north africa . libellula supplement 9 : 256 pp .
carfì , s . , romano , v . and terzani , f . 1995 . some dragonflies from the north of the republic of yemen . bolletino de la società entomologica italiana 126 : 195 - 199 .
dumont , h . j . and al - safadi , m . m . 1991 . additions to the dragonfly fauna of yemen . notulae odonatologicae 3 : 114 - 117 .
dumont , h . j . and al - safadi , m . m . 1993 . further additions to the dragonfly fauna of the republic of yemen ( odonata ) . opuscula zoologica fluminensia . 109 : 1–8 .
durand , e . and renoult , j - p . 2012 . [ addition à l ' odonatofaune de l ' adrar mauritanien ] . poiretia 4 : 7 - 16 . url [ urltoken
feulner , g . r . 2006 . field reports . diverse dragonflies . gazelle , newsletter of the dubai natural history group 21 : 6 - 7 .
fraser , f . c . 1956 . faune de madagascar i . insectes odonates anisoptères . publications de l´institut de recherche scientifique tananarive - tsimbazaza . , tananarive .
iucn . 2006 . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 05 june ) .
iucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .
krupp , f . , apel , m . , hamoud , a . , schneider , w . and zajonz , u . 2006 . zoological survey in the red sea coastal zone of yemen . fauna of arabia 21 : 11 - 32 .
lambret , p . and boudot , j . - p . 2009 . nesciothemis farinosa ( förster , 1898 ) et orthetrum ransonnetii ( brauer , 1868 ) nouveaux pour l ' arabie saoudite et autres observations d ' odonates sur les reliefs côtiers de la mer rouge . martinia , 25 : 153 - 155 .
longfield , c . 1947 . the odonata of south angola . arquivos do museu bocage , lisboa 16 : 1 - 31 .
longfield , c . 1955 . the odonata of north angola . part i . publicações culturais companhia de diamantes de angola 27 : 11 - 64 .
longfield , c . 1959 . the odonata of north angola . part ii . publicações culturais companhia de diamantes de angola 45 : 15 - 41 .
martens , a . jödicke , r . and suhling , f . 2003 . annotated checklist of the odonata of namibia . cimbebasia 18 : 139 - 160 .
pinhey , e . 1961 . a collection of odonata from dundo , angola . with the descriptions of two new species of gomphids . publiçacões culturais companhia de diamantes de angola lisboa 56 : 71 - 76 .
pinhey , e . 1961 . some dragonflies ( odonata ) from angola ; and descriptions of three new species of the family gomphidae . publiçacões culturais companhia de diamantes de angola lisboa 56 : 81 - 86 .
pinhey , e . 1964 . dragonflies ( odonata ) of the angola - congo borders of rhodesia . publiçacões culturais companhia de diamantes de angola lisboa 63 : 97 - 129 .
pinhey , e . 1965 . odonata from luanda and the lucala river , angola . revista de biologia , lisboa 5 : 159 - 164 .
pinhey , e . 1967 . odonata of ngamiland . arnoldia 15 : 1 - 17 .
pinhey , e . 1970 . a new approach to african orthetrum ( odonata ) . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia ( b ) 4 : 261 - 321 .
pinhey , e . 1975 . a collection of odonata from angola . arnoldia 23 : 1 - 16 .
pinhey , e . 1976 . dragonflies ( odonata ) of botswana , with ecological notes . occasional papers of the national museums and monuments of rhodesia , series b 5 : 524 - 601 .
pinhey , e . 1981 . checklist of the odonata of mozambique . occasional papers of the national museums and monuments of rhodesia , series b 6 : 557 - 631 .
pinhey , e . 1984 . a check - list of the odonata of zimbabwe and zambia . smithersia 3 : 1 - 64 .
pinhey , e . 1984 . a survey of the dragonflies ( odonata ) of south africa . part 1 . journal of the entomological society of south africa 47 : 147 - 188 .
pinhey , e . 1985 . a survey of the dragonflies ( odonata ) of south africa . part 2 . anisoptera . journal of the entomological society of south africa 48 : 1 - 48 .
ris , f . 1931 . odonata aus süd - angola . revue suisse de zoologie 38 : 97 - 112 .
samways , m . j . 1999 . diversity and conservation status of south african dragonflies ( odonata ) . odonatologica 28 : 13 - 62 .
samways , m . j . 2002 . a strategy for national red listing invertebrates based on experiences with odonata in south africa . african entomology 10 : 43 - 52 .
samways , m . j . 2008 . dragonflies and damselflies of south africa . pensoft , sofia - moscou .
schneider , w . 1988 . dragonflies ( odonata ) of the wahiba sands and adjacent areas , eastern oman . journal of oman studies special report 3 : 377–388 .
schneider , w . and dumont , h . j . 1997 . the dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of oman . an updated and annotated checklist . fauna of saudi arabia 16 : 89 - 110 .
schneider , w . and krupp , f . 1993 . dragonfly records from saudi arabia , with an annotated checklist of the species from the arabian peninsula ( insecta : odonata ) . fauna of saudi arabia 13 : 63 - 78 .
subramanian , k . a . 2005 . dragonflies and damselflies of peninsular india – a field guide . project lifescape . indian academy of sciences , bangalore , india .
suhling , f . and martens , a . 2007 . dragonflies and damselflies of namibia . gamsberg macmillan publishers , windhoek .
suhling , f . , sahlén , g . , martens , a . , marais , e . and schütte , c . 2006 . dragonfly assemblages in arid tropical environments : a case study from western namibia . biodiversity and conservation 15 : 311 - 332 .
tarboton , w . and tarboton , m . 2002 . a field guide to the dragonflies of south africa . tarboton and tarboton , nylstroom .
tariq chauldry , m . 2010 . systematics of dragonflies ( anisoptera : odonata ) of pakistan . department of entomology , arid agriculture university , faculty of crop and food sciences .
waterston , a . r . 1980 . insects of saudi arabia . odonata . fauna of saudi arabia 2 : 57–70 .
waterston , a . r . 1984 . insects of southern arabia . odonata from the yemens and saudi arabia . fauna of saudi arabia 6 : 451–472
waterston , a . r . and pittaway , a . r . 1991 ( 1989 ) . the odonata or dragonflies of oman and neighbouring territories . journal of oman studies 10 : 131 - 168 .
wilson , k . d . p . 2008 . a brief trip to united arab emirates and northern oman . agrion , newsletter of the worldwide dragonfly association 12 : 56 - 57 .
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justification : european regional assessment : not applicable ( na ) eu 27 assessment : not applicable ( na ) the species has only recently been found breeding in one spanish province . this presence is less than 1 % of its global range and it is therefore assessed as not applicable .
the species is not uncommon within its range in the maghreb and often fairly abundant when found . it is likely that the same will be true for europe if the species proofs to become a stable part of the european fauna .
the species has only recently been found reproducing within europe . outside europe , the species breeds in open , largely unshaded streams and runnels with a bare , stony or rocky bottom . the species is often found in open , arid landscapes but is also often present near settlements where it breeds in concrete ditches , and drink water basins for cattle and fountains .
information on the orange - winged dropwing is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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a species that is spreading north from africa into spain and colonising relatively rapidly . the distribution maps in dijkstra / lewington , published 2006 , do not show it in spain but it is now [ 2016 ] at least as far up as valencia .
i was keen to find these on my september 2015 spanish trip and had targeted a reserve just above valencia called the marjal dels moros . as it turned out , i found my first male on my local river in jalón . i was then lucky enough to find a female at the marjal de gandia .
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the violet colouration of the male violet dropwing is actually caused by a bluish , powdery bloom overlaying a bright red background colour .
like other dropwings , the violet dropwing is named for its habit of lowering its wings when it lands .
the violet dropwing is one of the most abundant dragonfly species in tropical africa , and is extending its range into europe .
the violet dropwing is a small - to medium - sized dragonfly , and has a distinctly broad abdomen ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . like many other dropwing species , the violet dropwing immediately lowers its wings on landing , a behaviour which gives this group of dragonflies their common name ( 5 ) .
the male violet dropwing has a distinctive bright red face , red eyes , and red wing veins , and there is an amber patch at the base of each hindwing ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the abdomen has fine purple dashes along the top , with small black stripes on the top of the eighth and ninth abdomen segments ( 4 ) .
like other dragonflies , the violet dropwing begins its life as an egg laid in a water body by the female . after hatching , it spends the first stages of life as an aquatic larva , or nymph , which breathes through internal gills ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . the larva remains in the water as it passes through a number of developmental stages , undergoing a series of moults as it grows larger . eventually , the larva emerges from the water and moults into the adult form ( 6 ) . the adult violet dropwing then spends some time maturing until it is fully mature and capable of reproduction ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .
in most dragonfly species , the adult male perches near the waterside waiting for a female , and may defend a territory . during mating , the male holds the female by the head using specialised appendages , known as ‘claspers’ , at the end of the abdomen . male dragonflies have secondary reproductive organs towards the front of the abdomen , from which the female receives the sperm . while being held by the male , the female dragonfly bends the tip of her abdomen forwards to receive the sperm packet , creating a shape known as a mating ‘wheel’ ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .
many male dragonflies keep hold of or guard the female until the eggs are laid , to ensure no other males can mate with her ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . as in other members of the libellulidae family , the female violet dropwing is likely to scatter the eggs over the surface of the water by dipping her abdomen into the water while flying over it ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
the violet dropwing larva is an opportunistic predator , catching prey by shooting out its enlarged and modified mouthparts ( 3 ) ( 6 ) , which are armed with hooks on the end ( 6 ) . the adult violet dropwing is also an opportunistic and effective predator , using its acute vision to detect prey , and its outstretched , bristly legs as a ‘basket’ to capture insects in flight ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .
in the violet dropwing , adults are usually seen between november and may in south africa ( 4 ) , between may and october in parts of northern africa , and from april to october in turkey ( 2 ) . in the sahara , adults of this species may be seen year - round , and in europe they are thought to be active in all summer months ( 2 ) .
originally of african origin , the violet dropwing also occurs in the mediterranean region , and is expanding its range in southern europe ( 2 ) . the violet dropwing inhabits tropical africa , where it is one of the most abundant dragonfly species ( 2 ) , and is also found in the middle east , parts of southern asia , and on islands in the indian ocean ( 1 ) , including madagascar ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .
the violet dropwing can inhabit a range of vegetation types , as long as a suitable area of freshwater is available ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . it is typically found near still or slow - moving water , including pools , marshes and slow - moving stretches of rivers , where there are bushes or trees nearby ( 4 ) . at the edges of its range , the violet dropwing prefers warm spots such as shallow gravel pits , open lakes or lagoons ( 2 ) .
male violet dropwings tend to perch prominently on twigs , reeds or rocks in the sun , close to water ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) , and then move to the trees in the evening or when the sun is hidden behind clouds ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
the violet dropwing is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
there are not currently believed to be any significant threats to the violet dropwing , due to its widespread distribution and increasing population ( 1 ) ( 7 ) . however , this species may potentially be affected by some of the general threats faced by dragonflies , including intensive agriculture and large - scale land conversion , the destruction and modification of water bodies , over - extraction of water for irrigation , and water pollution ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . other potential threats include global warming , which may cause water bodies to dry up during increasingly hot and dry periods ( 7 ) .
there are no specific conservation measures currently known to be in place for the violet dropwing . however , other conservation efforts , not directly aimed at this species , may potentially benefit its populations . for example , conservation efforts for dragonflies in europe include research , population monitoring , appropriate legislation and the protection of key habitat sites ( 7 ) .
moore , n . w . ( 1997 ) dragonflies : status survey and conservation action plan . iucn / ssc odonata specialist group , iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken
kalkman , v . j . , boudot , j - p . , bernard , r . , conze , k . j . , de knijf , g . , dyatlova , e . , ferreira , s . , jović , m . , ott , j . , riservato , e . and sahlén , g . ( 2010 ) european red list of dragonflies . publications office of the european union , luxembourg . available at : urltoken
abdomen in arthropods ( crustaceans , insects and arachnids ) the abdomen is the hind region of the body , which is usually segmented to a degree ( but not visibly in most spiders ) . in crustacea ( such as crabs ) , some of the limbs attach to the abdomen ; in insects the limbs are attached to the thorax ( the part of the body nearest to the head ) and not the abdomen . larva stage in an animal’s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . moult in insects , a stage of growth whereby the hard outer layer of the body ( the exoskeleton ) is shed and the body becomes larger . nymph stage of insect development , similar in appearance to the adult but sexually immature and without wings . the adult form is reached via a series of moults and the wings develop externally as the nymph grows . territory an area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a colony . thorax part of the body located between the head and the abdomen in animals . in insects , the three segments between the head and the abdomen , each of which has a pair of legs .
dijkstra k - d . b . ( 2006 ) field guide to the dragonflies of britain and europe . british wildlife publishing , dorset , uk .
picker , m . , griffiths , c . and weaving , a . ( 2004 ) field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town .
samways , m . j . ( 2008 ) dragonflies and damselflies of south africa . pensoft publishers , bulgaria .
silsby , j . ( 2001 ) dragonflies of the world . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
o ' toole , c . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of insects and their allies . oxford university press , oxford .
it is found in algeria , angola , benin , botswana , burkina faso , chad , comoros , the democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , egypt , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , kenya , liberia , madagascar , malawi , morocco , mozambique , namibia , nigeria , senegal , somalia , south africa , sudan , tanzania , togo , uganda , western sahara , zambia , zimbabwe , and possibly burundi . it is also present in southern europe , the arabian peninsula , the indian ocean islands and south asia up to india .
the adult male abdomen measures 21 - 24mm and hind wing 24 - 27mm . female abdomen measures 23mm and hind wing 26 - 30mm . male is a medium sized scarlet dragonfly with a broad reddish amber patch on the base of transparent wings . female is similar to male , but duller in color . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical streams and rivers . breads in marshes , ponds and lakes . prefers to perch on exposed rocks , dry areas , and boulders in riverbeds .
schneider , w . , ferreira , s . , kalkman , v . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment workshop , oct . 2007 ) & allen , d . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit )
common in large parts of its african range , less so in northern africa .
small hard - bottomed water bodies , rocky stream beds , irrigation canals , water tanks etc .
dijkstra , k . - d . b . & suhling , f . ( ssc odonata specialist group ) , & allen , d . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit )
justification : the species is assessed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
global distribution : the species is widespread in africa except deep in rainforest areas , extends to middle east and india . northeastern africa distribution : the species has been recorded from kenya , ethiopia , egypt , sudan , somalia and eritrea . for chad , uganda and djibouti , assumed .
range description : widespread in africa except rain forest areas , southern europe , middle east , indian ocean islands , southern asia . in east africa the species is common and widespread in kenya , tanzania , uganda , and malawi . its occurrence in burundi is assumed . countries : native : algeria angola benin botswana burkina faso chad comoros congo , the democratic republic of the côte d ' ivoire egypt ethiopia gambia ghana guinea kenya liberia madagascar malawi morocco mozambique namibia nigeria senegal somalia south africa sudan tanzania , united republic of togo uganda western sahara zambia zimbabwe presence uncertain : burundi
habitat and ecology : streams , rivers and pools in savanna , woodland or bush . systems : terrestrial ; freshwater list of habitats : 1 , 1 . 6 , 2 , 2 . 1 , 2 . 2 , 3 , 3 . 5 , 3 . 6 , 5 , 5 . 1 , 5 . 18
this ubiquitous and nomadic species is widespread with no known major widespread threats ; thus doesn ' t qualify for listing in a threatened category . it is therefore assessed as least concern .
red list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2006 assessor / s : clausnitzer , v . reviewer / s : clausnitzer , v . , dijkstra , k . - d . b . & suhling , f . ( odonata red list authority ) justification : assessed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category . conservation actions : no information is avaliable
the species was always common in large parts of its african and arabian range and increased during the last 50 years in the maghreb , then recently ( 2008 ) crossed the straight of gibraltar to settle in spain and the mediterranean to reach sardinia . european populations are still low but will probably increase during the next decades due to global warming .
the species is not threatened at the global scale , althoughpollutionand over use ofwater by humans may cause the species to decline locally .
major threat ( s ) : there are no major threats affecting this species .
it is found in algeria , angola , benin , botswana , burkina faso , chad , comoros , the democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , egypt , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , kenya , liberia , madagascar , malawi , morocco , mozambique , namibia , nigeria , senegal , somalia , south africa , sudan , tanzania , togo , uganda , western sahara , zambia , zimbabwe , and possibly burundi . it is also present in southern europe , the middle east , the indian ocean islands and south asia - india .
the adult measures 3 . 2 - 3 . 6 cm in length , and reaches a 5 . 8 cm wingspan .
no diagnosis of this species close to t . bifida and t . legrandi is presently available . please refer to those species and the references provided .
streams shaded by forest . mostly with a gravelly but often also sandy bottom , probably especially calmer sections ( like pools ) with submerged roots and / or coarse detritus . from 0 to 700 m above sea level .
map citation : clausnitzer , v . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , r . koch , j . - p . boudot , w . r . t . darwall , j . kipping , b . samraoui , m . j . samways , j . p . simaika & f . suhling , 2012 . focus on african freshwaters : hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern . frontiers in ecology and the environment 10 : 129 - 134 .
female ; liberia , grand gedeh county , putu iron ore mining concession © dijkstra , k . - d . b . & a . dayeker
male ; liberia , grand gedeh county , putu iron ore mining concession © dijkstra , k . - d . b . & a . dayeker
male ; sierra leone , eastern province , gola forest © dijkstra , k . - d . b . & a . dayeker
male ; liberia , nimba county , west nimba proposed forest reserve © dijkstra , k . - d . b . & m . darpay
adult , male ; angola , uige province , loge valley © dijkstra , k . - d . b .
ris , f . ( 1912 ) . libellulinen 6 . fasc . xiv in collections zoologiques du baron edm . de selys longchamps . brussels : institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , 14 , 701 - 836
pinhey , e . c . g . ( 1961 ) . dragonflies ( odonata ) of central africa . occasional papers rhodes - livingstone museum , 14 , 1 - 97 . [ pdf file ]
pinhey , e . c . g . ( 1966 ) . check - list of dragonflies ( odonata ) from malawi , with description of a new teinobasis kirby . arnoldia , 2 , 1 - 24 . [ pdf file ]
citation : dijkstra , k . - d . b ( editor ) . african dragonflies and damselflies online . urltoken [ 2018 - 07 - 09 ] .
african dragonflies and damselflies online is a collaboration between consent ( stellenbosch ) and adu ( cape town ) funded by the jrs biodiversity foundation . addo brings all available knowledge together of africa ' s 770 known species of odonata . read more . . .
by combining conservation ecology and entomology , our department at stellenbosch university brings together a considerable body of teaching and research expertise in the rapidly growing important field of conservation in agricultural and development landscapes . read more . . .
the adu aims to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation . we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists , long - term monitoring , research and innovative statistical modelling . read more . . .
the female and immature red - veined dropwing , have a yellowish - russet abdomen with a pale streak between the wings ( 2 ) . as with other dropwing species , the wings are held downwards and forwards when at rest ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
both the male and female red - veined dropwing have orange flecks at the base of the wings and large crimson eyes . the distinctive lower mouthparts are yellow with a central bronze stripe . black splashes run along the sides of the abdomen , increasing in size up to the tip , which is entirely black ( 2 ) . the oval larvae or ‘ nymphs ’ of the red - veined dropwing are hairless with a spiny abdomen covered in dark brown speckles ( 3 ) .
red - veined dropwing nymphs are ferocious predators ( 7 ) , feeding on small invertebrates ( 8 ) . dragonfly nymphs are aquatic and after completing a number of developmental stages , they emerge from the water and moult into an adult dragonfly . the newly emerged dragonfly matures and gains its unique colouring before breeding ( 2 ) .
the flight period for adult red - veined dropwings is throughout the year , although they are more commonly seen during the summer months , perched prominently on vegetation at the waters edge ( 2 ) . perching is thought to help the red - veined dropwing locate and catch prey and allows the male red - veined dropwing to lookout for female mates and intruders ( 3 ) ( 9 ) .
male red - veined dropwings are very territorial , and can battle with other males of the same species for around 20 minutes . the defender often flies tightly around the intruder , known as ‘spinning’ , and attempts to force the intruder to fly upwards . these conflicts often cause severe wing damage and wing condition deteriorates with age ( 9 ) .
widespread and common in africa , the red - veined dropwing is particularly abundant in southern africa ( 2 ) ( 5 ) and can also be found across southern europe and parts of the middle east ( 1 ) .
the red - veined dropwing can be found in most aquatic habitats including swamps , marshes , reedy pools , streams , slow - moving rivers and , in arid regions , salt pans ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . breeding is known to take place in temporary pools where aquatic larvae have been found buried up to 30 centimetres in the water bed ( 6 ) .
the red - veined dropwing is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the red - veined dropwing is currently an abundant and widespread species and is not considered to be under threat ( 1 ) .
as a common and widespread species , there are no conservation measures in place for the red - veined dropwing ( 1 ) . however , the red - veined dropwing is sensitive to changes in water quality and can be used as an indicator species for permanent water sources ( 5 ) .
simaica , j . p . ( 2008 ) conservation biogeography of south african dragonflies ( odonata ) . department of conservation ecology and entomology , stellenbosch university . available at : urltoken
abdomen in arthropods ( crustaceans , insects and arachnids ) the abdomen is the hind region of the body , which is usually segmented to a degree ( but not visibly in most spiders ) . in crustacea ( such as crabs ) , some of the limbs attach to the abdomen ; in insects the limbs are attached to the thorax ( the part of the body nearest to the head ) and not the abdomen . indicator species any species that provides a guide to the condition of its habitat . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) and echinoderms . larvae the stage in an animal’s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . moult in insects , a stage of growth whereby the hard outer layer of the body ( the exoskeleton ) is shed and the body becomes larger . nymph stage of insect development , similar in appearance to the adult but sexually immature and without wings . the adult form is reached via a series of moults , and the wings develop externally as the nymph grows . territorial describes an animal , a pair of animals or a group that occupies and defends an area .
samways , m . j . ( 2008 ) the dragonflies and damselflies of south africa . pensoft publishers , bulgaria .
picker , m . , griffiths , c . and weaving , a . ( 2004 ) field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town , south africa .
grunwell , m . j . ( 2010 ) dragonflies and damselflies in the state of qatar . journal of the qatar natural history group . 3 : 2 - 15 . available at : urltoken
bitzer , r . j . ( 2003 ) odonates of the middle east and their potential as biological indicators for restoring the mesopotamian marshlands of southern iraq . report for the eden again project to restore the mesopotamian marshlands , department of entomology , iowa state university , iowa . available at : urltoken
jacana media ( 2004 ) lowveld and kruger guide . jacana media , johannesburg , south africa .
tudge , c . ( 2000 ) the variety of life . oxford university press , united kingdom .
tarboton , w . and tarboton , m . ( 2009 ) red - veined dropwings : how long do they live ? agrion newsletter of the worldwide dragonfly association . 13 ( 2 ) : 48 - 49 .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more


labullinyphia is a monoypic genus of spiders in the linyphiidae family endemic to sri lanka .

the sole species is labullinyphia tersa .

it was first described in 1985 by van helsdingen .

labullinyphia

phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic genus labullinyphia van helsdingen , 1985 , with redescription . . .
benjamin , s . p . & hormiga , g . ( 2009 ) phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic genus labullinyphia van helsdingen , 1985 , with redescription of labullinyphia tersa ( simon , 1894 ) from sri lanka ( araneae : linyphiidae ) . contributions to natural history , 12 , 161–181 .
benjamin , s . p . & hormiga , g . ( 2009 ) . phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic genus labullinyphia van helsdingen , 1985 , with redescription of labullinyphia tersa ( simon , 1894 ) from sri lanka ( araneae : linyphiidae ) . contributions to natural history 12 : 161 - 181 . - - show included taxa
linyphia tersa simon , 1894a : 691 ( d f ) . labullinyphia tersa van helsdingen , 1985b : 16 , f . 5 - 7 ( t f from linyphia ) . labullinyphia tersa millidge , 1993c : 146 , f . 12 ( f ) . labullinyphia tersa benjamin & hormiga , 2009 : 169 , f . 1a - f , 2a - c , 3 , 4a - b , 5a - i , 6a - f , 7a - i , 8a - f , 9a - f ( f , d m ) .
lsid : [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 011000 ]
helsdingen , p . j . van ( 1985b ) . araneae : linyphiidae of sri lanka , with a note on erigonidae . entomologica scandinavica ( suppl . ) 30 : 13 - 30 . - - show included taxa
millidge , a . f . ( 1993c ) . further remarks on the taxonomy and relationships of the linyphiidae , based on the epigynal duct confirmations and other characters ( araneae ) . bulletin of the british arachnological society 9 : 145 - 156 . - - show included taxa
simon , e . ( 1894a ) . histoire naturelle des araignées . paris 1 , 489 - 760 . - - show included taxa
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world spider catalog , version 11 . 0 , website ( version 11 . 0 )
platnick , norman i . 2011 . the world spider catalog , v . 11 . 0 . american museum of natural history . database built by robert j . raven from the files underlying the website at urltoken doi : 10 . 5531 / db . iz . 0001
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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. . . distribution . india ( map 2 ) , sri lanka , china , southeast asia [ benjamin , 2015 ; wsc , 2016 ] . , flat dorsally , finely rugulose , covered with fine grey hairs . . . .
. . . distribution . india ( map 2 ) , pakistan and sri lanka [ benjamin , 2015 ; wsc , 2016 ] . thankful to dr krushnamegh kunte , lab 8 , national centre for biological sciences , ( bangalore , india ) for allowing me to use the stereo microscope facility and to deposit the studied specimens . . . .
. . . currently , 64 species placed in 48 genera are known from sri lanka ( world spider catalog 2015 ) . however , recent fieldwork and taxonomic work conducted by us suggests that this is only a fraction of the true diversity of the family on the island ( benjamin 2004 ( benjamin , 2006 ( benjamin , 2010 ( benjamin , 2015 . here we report results of our endeavor to survey and describe this diversity , recording three new genera for the island as well as describing four new species . . . .
i would appreciated it if you could send me a copy of this paper .
two new species of the genus myrmarachne are described ( myrmarachne acutidens sp . n . , myrmarachne epigealis sp . n . ) , and myrmarachne macrognatha and myrmarachne melanocephala are redescribed from flores specimens . the females of myrmarachne macrognatha are recorded for the first time .
the higher - level phylogenetic relationships of crab spiders ( thomisidae ) are studied from morphological data . 33 taxa are coded for 74 characters ( 53 binary and 21 multistate ) . several analyses using equal , successive and implied weights were carried out . the most parsimonious tree obtained by analysis with successive and implied weights is put forward as the preferred hypothesis of thomisid . . . [ show full abstract ]
five species of ant - mimicking jumping spiders are recorded from india : myrmarachne kuwagata yaginuma , 1967 , m . melanocephala macleay , 1839 , m . plataleoides ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1869 ) , m . prava ( karsch , 1880 ) , and m . ramunni narayan , 1915 . all these species are redescribed and illustrated in detail .
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suresh p . benjamin national institute of fundamental studies , hantana road , kandy , sri lanka .
nilani kanesharatnam national institute of fundamental studies , hantana road , kandy , sri lanka .
benjamin , s . p . ( 2004 ) taxonomic revision and a phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily ballinae ( araneae , salticidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , 142 , 1–82 . urltoken
benjamin , s . p . ( 2006 ) the male of marengo nitida with the description of m . rattotensis new species from sri lanka ( araneae : salticidae ) . zootaxa , 1326 , 25–36 .
benjamin , s . p . ( 2010 ) revision and cladistic analysis of the jumping spider genus onomastus ( araneae : salticidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , 159 , 711–745 . urltoken
benjamin , s . p . ( 2011 ) phylogenetics and comparative morphology of crab spiders ( araneae : dionycha , thomisidae ) . zootaxa , 3080 , 1–108 .
bremer , k . ( 1988 ) the limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction . evolution , 42 . 795–803 . urltoken
bremer , k . ( 1994 ) branch support and tree stability . cladistics , 10 , 295–304 . urltoken
dingerkus , g . & uhler , l . d . ( 1977 ) enzyme clearing of alcian blue stained whole small vertebrates for demonstration of cartilage . stain technology , 52 , 229–232 . urltoken
edwards , g . b . ( 2015 ) freyinae , a major new subfamily of neotropical jumping spiders ( araneae : salticidae ) . zootaxa , 4036 , 1–87 . urltoken
farris , j . s . ( 1970 ) methods for computing wagner trees . systematic zoology , 19 , 83–92 . urltoken
fitch , w . m . ( 1971 ) toward defining the course of evolution : minimum change for a specific tree topology . systematic biology , 20 , 406–416 . urltoken
galiano , m . e . ( 1962 ) redescripciones de especies del gnero lyssomanes hentz , 1845 , basadas en los ejenplares tpicos . descripcin de una especie nueva ( araneae : salticidae ) . acta zoologica lilloana , 18 , 45–97 .
galiano , m . e . ( 1980 ) revisin del gnero lyssomanes hentz , 1845 ( araneae : salticidae ) . opera lilloana , 30 , 1–104 .
goloboff , p . a . , farris , j . s . , källersj , m . , oxelman , b . , ramírez , m . j . & szumik , c . a . ( 2003 ) improvements to resampling measures of group support . cladistics , 19 , 324–332 . urltoken
goloboff , p . a . , farris , j . s . & nixon , k . ( 2008 ) tnt : a free program for phylogenetic analysis . cladistics , 24 , 774–786 . urltoken
maddison , w . p . ( 2015 ) a phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders ( araneae : salticidae ) . journal of arachnology , 43 , 231–292 . urltoken
maddison , w . p . & maddison , d . r . ( 2009 ) mesquite : a modular system for evolutionary analysis . in : version 2 . 72 urltoken
maddison , w . p . & needham , k . m . ( 2006 ) lapsiines and hisponines as phylogenetically basal salticid spiders ( araneae : salticidae ) . zootaxa , 1255 , 37–55 .
nixon , k . c . ( 2002 ) winclada . published by the author , ithaca , new york .
ono , h . ( 1995 ) four east asian spiders of the families eresidae , araneidae , thomisidae and salticidae ( arachnida , araneae ) . bulletin of the national science museum , series a ( zoology ) , 21 , 157–156 .
prószyski , j . & deeleman - reinhold , c . l . ( 2013 ) description of some salticidae ( aranei ) from the malay archipelago . iii . salticidae of borneo , with comments on adjacent territories . arthropoda selecta , 22 , 113–144 .
simon , e . ( 1900 ) tudes arachnologiques . 30e mémoire . xlvii . descriptions d ' espèces nouvelles de la famille des attidae . annales de la sociét entomologique de france , 69 , 27–61 .
wanless , f . r . ( 1980a ) a revision of the spider genera asemonea and pandisus ( araneae : salticidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology , 39 , 213–257 .
wanless , f . r . ( 1980b ) a revision of the spider genus onomastus ( araneae : salticidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology , 39 , 179–188 .
wanless , f . r . ( 1981 ) a revision of the spider genus hispo ( araneae : salticidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology 41 , 179–198 .
world spider catalog ( 2016 ) world spider catalog . natural history museum bern . [ version 16 . 5 ] available from : urltoken ( accessed 25 april 2016 )
zhang , j . x . & li , d . ( 2005 ) four new and one newly recorded species of the jumping spiders ( araneae : salticidae : lyssomaninae & spartaeinae ) from ( sub ) tropical china . raffles bulletin of zoology , 53 , 221–229 .


dendrophilia mediofasciana is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by park in 1991 .

it is found in russia ( primorskii krai ) , korea and japan ( honshu ) .

the wingspan is 11-13 mm .

the markings and pattern of the forewings are very similar to those of dendrophilia saxigera .

the larvae feed on lespedeza bicolor .

dendrophilia mediofasciana

dendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 47
dendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) acris ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 47
dendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) caraganella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 47
dendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) saxigera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48
dendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) solitaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48
dendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) stictocosma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48
dendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) taphronoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48
dendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) tetragama ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48
dendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) unicolorella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48
empalactis ( empalactis ) mediofasciana ; ueda , 2012 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 81 ( note )
dendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) hetaeropsis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 47 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 336
hypatima mediofasciana park , 1991 ; ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 119 ; tl : kaesung , s . hwanghae prov . , n . korea
microdendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48
= ( dendrophilia ) microdendrophilia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48
dendrophilia ( microdendrophilia ) petrinopis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48
dendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) albidella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 47 ; ueda & kawahara , 2003 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 54 ( 2 ) : 121
ueda & kawahara , 2003 the occurrence of dendrophilia ( dendrophilia ) albidella ( snellen ) ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) in japan trans . lepid . soc . japan 54 ( 2 ) : 120 - 124
dendrophilia ponomarenko , 1993 ; zool . zh . 72 ( 4 ) : 59 ; ts : nothris albidella snellen
dendrophilia ( chelariini ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 46 ; [ sangmi lee ]
dendrophilia acris park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 83 ; tl : tainan co . , taiwan
dendrophilia caraganella ponomarenko , 1993 ; zool . zh . 72 ( 4 ) : 70 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai
dendrophilia leguminella ponomarenko , 1993 ; zool . zh . 72 ( 4 ) : 68 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai
dendrophilia neotaphronoma ponomarenko , 1993 ; zool . zh . 72 ( 4 ) : 69 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai
nothris albidella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 171 , pl . 9 , f . 6 ; tl : blagowetchenk
larva on caragana ussuriensis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 47
chelaria hetaeropsis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 590 ; tl : telawa , java
empalactis ( empalactis ) leguminella ; ueda , 2012 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 81 ( note )
larva on lespedeza bicolor ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 47
empalactis ( empalactis ) neotaphronoma ; ueda , 2012 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 81 ( note )
chelaria saxigera meyrick , 1931 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 67 ; tl : kwanhsien , china
denrophilia solitaria ponomarenko , 1993 ; zool . zh . 72 ( 4 ) : 70 ; tl : andreevka , primorskii krai
= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48 ; [ nhm card ]
chelaria taphronoma meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : pusa , bihar
chelaria tetragama meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 589 ; tl : telawa , java
dendrophila unicolorella ponomarenko , 1993 ; zool . zh . 72 ( 4 ) : 68 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai
larva on lespedeza bicolor ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 48
microdendrophilia ponomarenko , 1993 ; zool . zh . 72 ( 4 ) : 71 ; ts : chelaria petrinopis meyrick
chelaria petrinopis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 451 ; tl : osaka , japan
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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in a study of material of microlepidoptera in north korea that was collected during the zoological expeditions ( 1970s–1980s ) conducted under a scientific agreement between polish and north korean academies of science , 17 species belonging to the superfamily gelechioidea are recognized . of the total , 11 species of gelechiidae , two species of oecophoridae , and two species of coleophoridae are newly reported from north korea . scrobipalpa atriplicella ( fisher von rölslerstamm , 1841 ) of gelechiidae is reported for the first time from the korean peninsula . images of adults and genitalia of all species are given .
peer review under responsibility of national science museum of korea ( nsmk ) and korea national arboretum ( kna ) .
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the main directions of the evolutionary transformation of some genital structures are dem - onstrated on the basis of morphoclines . due to the adequate stability in position of the muscles in the copulatory apparatus the functional morphological method is suffi ciently reliable in solving taxonomic and phylogenetic problems . some important misinterpretations of the homology in genital structures and incorrect coding in matrices for cladistic analyses are discussed , highlighting the signifi cance of functional morphological investigations for taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses .
onstrated on the basis of morphoclines . due to the adequate stability in position of the muscles in the
sattler , 1960 and belong to the same tribe . the family name litidae bruand , 1859 , established
three main criteria , the formulation of which can be traced back to a . remane ( 1956 ) :
origin of genital structures and helps to trace their transformations . my studies of the
less than 20 years of gelechiid moths studies . at present i know the morphology of
more than 400 gelechiid genera . genera from related families were also studied ( main -
( 1995 , 1996 ) , japan ( 1998 , 2000 ) , finland ( 1999 ) , and ukraine ( 2001 , 2005 ) . the list
of papers ( ponomarenko 1992 , 1995 , 1997 , 2004 , 2005 ) .
list of the species for which the functional morphology of the genitalia was studied .
ch ( oh ) cooh ) during 15–24 hours at less than 40º c . before dissection
in the dichomeridini , which does not indicate their origin . omelko ( 1999 ) treated them
of the tegumen within the family ( figs 3 a–g ) . in many genera of gelechiidae , as in
trated on figs 3 a , b was treated as initial . in some groups within the family (
homologous in all of these tribes . the presence of separate parategminal sclerites ( apo -
morphy 32 ) allows to support subfamily dichomeridinae as a monophyletic group ( fig .
processes and lobes with strong and long setae . besides that , one of the evolution -
into separate cucullus and sacculus . different states of the latter are found in differ -
ated basally have been found ( figs 4 , 5 ) . the sclerotized structures have
the scientists was attracted only to the sclerotized distal parts of the described glands .
that the discussed parts were not homologous to any part of the valva . since these scle -
medially to the cuculli and were fused with them basally ( figs 6 c , d , 7 a , b ) . within
cucullus is still present ( fig . 6 c , marked by blue ) , but it has lost its function to hold the
example considered above and should be subjected to a special investigation . the illus -
a gutter - like concavity and both are joined medially by a membranous sac . the pecu -
allow to hypothesize on the genesis of the above - described glands . i presume that they
and positined in the same direction . being inserted in the ductus bursae along with the
mon ancestor and secondarily lost by some of their representatives . thus , the presence
juxta ; or with vinculum , juxta , and sacculi ) till their ankylosis into one sclerite . the
later stage is typical for most specialized groups within the family . such groups were
h . hodges ( 1986 ) used the traditional term “juxta” in the same tribe . omelko ( 1991 )
not belong to the genitalia . this conclusion was based on the genital morphology of
the male genitalia in the subfamily dichomeridinae . one of the directions of trans -
zeller ) ( figs 9 e , 10 b ) . the juxta , as a result of its fusion with
. this transformation is shown on fig . 10 . on the base of this
anarsiini , chelariini , and dichomeridini , have a common origin . they are homologous
nal sclerites are equal to the “appendix appendicular” in the dichomeridini ( only ! ) .
phocline ( see above , fig . 3 ) , the transtilla being the apodeme of
lelism in hodges ( 1998 : character 29 ) . in its reconsidered version and broadened inter -
juxta in other gelechiid moths ( see morphocline on fig . 10 ) . both states , free juxta and
dorsally so as to surround aedeagus” . hodges ( 1998 ) , referring to klots , reduced this
and “sicae ( joined juxta and vinculum ) absent / present” . this would not be a subject for
discussion if every author using these states would be consistent in their coding . firstly ,
not to the juxta . the juxta in this genus is represented by a bridle - like sclerite with at -
neither juxta and processes on the vinculum . the large setaceous lobes in both genera
them they completely followed hodges ( 1998 ) . the extrapolation of the term “sicae”
the last point is the newly discovered gland of the male genitalia . the sclerotized
glandiductors . they are not homologous to parts of the valva . one of the directions in
meridinae , are shown by green and blue ovals . synapomorphies marked by red : 20 : presence of glands of
directly depend not from the number of included characters , but from their quality .
who promoted my participation with an oral presentation on some of the results of my investigations .
sattler and dr . g . robinson ( the natural history museum , london , uk ) , prof . k . mikkola ( zoological
für naturkunde der humboldt - universität , berlin , germany ) , dr . o . v
the possibility to work in the collections under their care , and to dr . t
ashington , usa ) , prof . h . li ( nankai university , t
state university , belorussia ) for their help with the literature and their loans of material . i also thank the
hallberg , e . & g . poppy 2003 . exocrine glands : chemical communication and chemical defense .
heinrich , c . 1920 . on some forest lepidoptera with descriptions of new species , larvae and pupae . – pro -
ceeding of the u . s . national museum . 57 ( 2305 ) : 53–96 .
. 1986 . gelechioidea . gelechiidae ( part i ) . dichomeridinae . pp . 1–195 , vii–xiii . –
nick , r . b . et al . , the moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 7 . 6 . –
. 1984 . studies on the morphology and systematics of primitive lepidoptera ( insecta ) . –
fauna ] . ( in russian ) . – sankt - petersburg , nauka : 1–462 .
omelko , m . 1991 . [ to the system and morphology of the gelechiid moths of the subfam . gelechiinae
( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) , mainly on the fauna of far east ] . ( in russian ) . – entomologicheskoe
gelechiidae ) . – bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . entomology
from subfam . dichomeridinae sensu novo ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) and relationships of its tribes ] .
dae ) : functional morphology , evolution and taxonomy ] . ( in russian ) . – chteniya pamyati
talia , phylogeny and taxonomy ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) ] . ( in russian ) . – meetings in memory of
ticae . – franisek slamka , bratislava . 110 pp . , 103 pls .
scoble , m . j . , 1992 . the lepidoptera : form , function , and diversity . – oxford university press . v–xi ,
. . . we think that these tubes may be connected with glands and function in disseminating male pheromones during courtship and mating . ponomarenko ( 2005 ponomarenko ( , 2008 ) has described tubes at the vinculum in the tribe litini ( gelechiidae ) with a similar function , naming them glandiductors . ponomarenko retained ananarsia at first as a subgenus ( ) and later ( 1992 ) as a separate genus . . . .
. . . however , both of these structures are highly reduced in izatha . as previously mentioned , the juxta in lepidoptera is proposed to function in helping anchor and guide the phallus during copulation ( ever , 1924 ; klots , 1970 ) , and as the musculature of the juxta in closely related gelechiid moths is associated with the phallus ( ponomarenko , 2008 ponomarenko , , 2009 ) , further supports its role in the positioning and movement of the phallus during mating . therefore , the juxtal arms , in conjunction with the elaboration of the juxto - costal plate of the valvae ( see below ) in izatha may compensate for the reduction of the uncus and gnathos . . . .
. . . similarly to the illustration provided by clarke ( 1969 ) for locharcha emicans meyrick , we could not detect any indication of the presence of the right valve in the genitalia of l . opportuna , which may have been lost . however , as described by ponomarenko ( 2008 ) , these highly modified structures are glandular in nature , which she termed ' glandiductors ' . also , they may not be homologous to any part of the valva , which thus would have been fused to other genital structures . . . .
. . . the rounded , proximal basis of these structures is secretory in nature , and the sclerotized , slender distal portion has an opening at the apex ; we confirm that this structure is present in the material studied here . ponomarenko ( 2008 ) concluded that these genital glands could be considered as a basal synapomorphy for the subfamily gelechiinae , thus limiting their taxonomic use at the generic level . . . .
. . . the right valve in the genitalia of l . opportuna , which may have been lost . however , as described by ponomarenko ( 2008 ) , these highly modified structures are glandular in nature , which she termed ' glandiductors ' . also , they may not be homologous to any part of the valva , which thus would have been fused to other genital structures . . . .
. . . our data support the monophyly of a clade containing the studied taxa from xystophora to exoteleia ( fig . 1 ) , namely 21 out of 52 studied gelechiidae taxa . this clade corresponds to the definition of the subfamily gelechiinae sensu ponomarenko ( 2008b ponomarenko ( , 2009 ) , apart from ponomarenko ' s inclusion of xystophora in anomologinae and sophronia in anacampsinae . their placement here seems not to be contradicted by their morphology either , which supports their previous classification as gelechiinae by hodges ( 1986 hodges ( , 1998 ) . . . .
the functional morphology of the male genitalia in the gelichiid - moth genera holcophora stgr . , anana . . .
the functional morphology of the male genitalia of holcophora statices stgr . , nothris verbascella ( den . et schiff . ) and ananarsia lineatella ( zell . ) is described . the genus holcophora hbn . is placed into the tribe gelechiini based on the peculiarities of the skeleton - muscular apparatus of the male genitalia . ananarsia ams . is treated as a separate genus owing to a complex of differences from . . . [ show full abstract ]
annotated review and discussion of phylogenetically important characters for families and subfamilie . . .
gelechioidea is a large , diverse superfamily of microlepidoptera that is difficult to characterize due to its species richness . the main working taxonomic unit for gelechioidea seems to be the subfamily level , although many researchers use the taxonomy of family and subfamily interchangeably . some researchers believe the superfamily should be split into several superfamilies to better diagnose . . . [ show full abstract ]
checklist of the genus epichostis meyrick ( lepidoptera : xyloryctidae ) of the world , with description . . .
a worldwide checklist of 23 epichostis species is given . twelve species are described from china , 11 of which are new to science : e . wufengensis sp . nov . , e . magnimacularis sp . nov . , e . proximitympanias sp . nov . , e . termitruncatula sp . nov . , e . termiprotrusa sp . nov . , e . wenxianica sp . nov . , e . hamatilis sp . nov . , e . jiangkouensis sp . nov . , e . setilata sp . nov . , e . deltata sp . nov . and e . . . . [ show full abstract ]


eupithecia carpophagata is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found in the mountains of europe , including the eastern pyrenees , the central and southern part of the alps , the massif central , the central apennines and the balkan peninsula .

the wingspan is about 22 mm .

the larvae feed on silene species , including silene cordifolia , silene saxifraga and silene rupestris .

larvae can be found from the end of june to september .

the species overwinters in the pupal stage .

eupithecia carpophagata

habitat : eupithecia carpophagata colonized rocky terrain , dry slopes and rocky or dry grassland - like forest edges .
remarks : eupithecia carpophagata is distributed in some european mountains : eastern pyrenees , central and southern alps , the french massif central , central apennines , balkan peninsula . on calcareous rocks , the moths are brighter .
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host plants : the caterpillar lives on silene species , according to literature on silene saxifraga and s . rupestris . i found it common in the italian alps at 2500m above sea level on silene cordifolia in mid - august 2010 . additionally i observed eggs and larvae in the northern greek phalakro mountains in july 2011 on silene saxifraga .
life cycle : the pupa hibernates . the moths fly from late may to early august in a single generation . the caterpillar is found from late june to september . it feeds on flowers and seeds of the silene species .
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[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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halaphritis platycephala is a species of thornfish native to the indian ocean waters off of tasmania where it can be found at depths of from 5 to 13 metres ( 16 to 43 ft ) preferring caves and other low-light habitats .

this species grows to a length of 16.8 centimetres ( 6.6 in ) sl .

this species is the only known member of its genus .

halaphritis platycephala

flathead congolli , halaphritis platycephala . source : australian national fish collection , csiro . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
last , p . r . ; balushkin , a . v . ; hutchins , j . b . halaphritis platycephala ( nototheniodei : bovichtidae ) : a new genus and species of temperate icefish from southeastern australia . copeia . 2002 ; ( 2 ) : 433 - 440 .
last , p . r . , a . v . balushkin and j . b . hutchins , 2002 . halaphritis platycephala ( notothenioidei : bovichtidae ) : a new genus and species of temperate icefish from southeastern australia . copeia 2002 ( 2 ) : 433 - 440 . ( ref . 43123 )
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greek , als = salt + greek , aphritis , - idos = anchovy ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 5 - 13 m ( ref . 43123 ) . temperate
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 16 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 43123 )
lives deep inside caves or under ledges in semi - exposed habitats in the near shore where light levels are low . adapted to creeping around the bottom in cramped confines . in captivity , it crawls over the substrate rather than swim . feeds on shrimps and other small crustaceans in captivity ( ref . 43123 ) .
) : 13 . 4 - 18 . 3 , mean 17 ( based on 75 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0005 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 55 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .
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last , balushkin & hutchins , 2002 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 280978 on 2018 - 07 - 09
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
a flathead congolli at a depth of 17 m , cathedral cave , tasman peninsula , tasmania , 2015 .
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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
glover , c . j . m . 1994 ,
family bovichtidae
, ed . gomon , m . f . , glover , c . j . m . & kuiter , r . h . ( eds ) , the fishes of australia ' s south coast , pp . pp . 725 - 728 , state printer , adelaide
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 92b09c8d - 5e66 - 4a6e - a46c - 48fdd622301f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6023f7fb - 1290 - 42c4 - 9f5d - 87d71e311f6c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 433972
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ypsolopha barberella is a moth of the family ypsolophidae .

it is known from the united states , including arizona , nevada and utah .

the wingspan is 19-24 mm .

the antennae are dark fuscous with a few scattered white scales especially toward the apex .

the labial are palpi black , mottled with light ochreous and white scales .

the brush on the second joint is well developed but shorter than the terminal joint which is strongly roughened in front .

the head and thorax are dark pepper and salt colored .

the forewings have a light whitish steel-gray ground color , strongly overlaid with black and dark fuscous scales .

the hindwings are shining dark fuscous , nearly black towards the edges .

the abdomen is dark purplish fuscous and the legs are nearly black with a strong purple reflection .

ypsolopha barberella

ypsolopha helva j . c . sohn & c . s . wu , in sohn et al . , 2010
ypsolopha pseudoparallela j . c . sohn & c . s . wu , in sohn et al . , 2010
ypsolopha sordida j . c . sohn & c . s . wu , in sohn et al . , 2010
ypsolopha species are variable in shape and color and no exclusive superficial features have been established for the group . in contrast , the genitalia of both sexes are remarkably homogeneous .
ypsolopha is a genus of moth of the ypsolophidae family . it is the type genus of the ypsolophidae family and comprises over 120 described species ( about 95 % of the known world diversity of the ypsolophidae family ) .
adults are nocturnal or rarely diurnal . their resting postures are various , but they often have the head down and the lower body up . ypsolopha acuminata mimics a small broken branch at rest . the larvae usually live in open webs on the leaves of various , primarily woody , plants and mostly feed on a limited range of host plants . they are active primarily at night and have two defensive behaviors that involve wiggling and jumping .
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named in honor of herbert spencer barber ( 1882 - 1950 ) , who collected the first specimens with eugene amandus schwarz ( 1844 - 1928 ) .
notes on the cerostoma group of yponomeutidae , with descriptions of new north american species august busck . 1903 . journal of the new york entomological society , 11 : 45 - 59 .
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head cream - coloured , antennae banded with brown on each segment , labial palpi porrect , heavily scaled , dorsally cream - coloured , ventrally yellow . thorax of a cream colour , tegulae and metathorax yellow . legs light grey . forewings strongly hooked . dorsal surface of forewings yellow , with brown scales restricted to a triangular area in the middle of forewing . hindwings light grey , somewhat translucent proximally and basally , with long fringes . ventral wing surfaces uniformly light grey . legs and abdomen light grey . this species can be distinguished from the similarly looking
has mostly brown forewings , with yellow scales restricted to a longitudinal band on the basal one third of its forewings .
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