favoring sandy areas near rocky reefs and gullies , it is an active-swimming species that usually stays close to the bottom .

this robust shark reaches 1.7 m ( 5.6 ft ) in length and has characteristically large , rounded fins ; the pectoral fins in particular are broad and sickle-shaped in adults .

it also has a short , blunt snout and long furrows around its mouth .

this species is gray or bronze in color above , with variable amounts of black spotting .

mainly active at night , the sharptooth houndshark feeds mostly on crustaceans , bony fishes , and cephalopods .

it has been observed gathering in groups in shallow water during summertime , possibly for reproductive purposes .

this species is aplacental viviparous , meaning that the unborn young are sustained mainly by yolk .

females give birth to 6 – 12 pups between late may and august , on a two - or three-year cycle .

the sharptooth houndshark is often hooked by recreational anglers , and some are also captured on commercial bottom longlines .

because of its small range , its low growth and reproductive rates , it is very vulnerable to overfishing .

the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has therefore listed this species as near threatened .

sharptooth houndshark

you selected sharptooth houndshark ( english ) . this is a common name for :
the sharptooth houndshark , or spotted gully shark ( triakis megalopterus ) , is a species of houndshark , belonging to the family triakidae , found in shallow inshore waters from southern angola to south africa .
predators predators of the brown shyshark include larger sharks and fishes . the sharptooth houndshark triakis megalopterus is a documented predator of this shark . mollusks may feed on the egg cases .
is the common houndshark mustelus mustelus and the whitespotted houndshark mustelus palumbes . both of these sharks are more slender and lack the back spots of the spotted gully shark .
the flapnose houndshark , scylliogaleus quecketti , is a houndshark of the family triakidae , and the only member of the genus scylliogaleus . it is found in the waters off subtropical south africa , in the western indian ocean between latitudes 27° s and 33° s .
the sharptooth houndshark is hardy and keeps well in captivity . observations by the writer of healthy individuals in a large circular tank at the port elizabeth oceanarium , south africa , shows them to be very active , mostly bottom swimmers , that are usually seen patrolling in irregular patterns close to the bottom in open , flat areas , often with a centimetre or less between the shark ' s underside and the
aerial stock video footage showing the beauty of cape town and its surrounding area , including lion ' s head , table mountain , cape point , hout bay , simon ' s town , and seal island . footage includes great white sharks from above at seal island , an aggregation of spotted gully sharks / sharptooth houndshark ( triakis megalopterus ) in the surf near cape point in table mountain national park , and a brown fur seal surfing in the waves .
) is an uncommon species , the flapnose houndshark is of low fecundity and has a very restricted distribution in inshore waters of the western indian ocean ( south africa : kwazulu - natal and eastern cape ) which are subjected to heavy fishing pressure and potential habitat degradation .
this species has an extremely restricted range in the western indian ocean , off the east coast of south africa ( northeastern part of the eastern cape to northern kwazulu - natal ) . the flapnose houndshark is found close inshore at the surfline and in the intertidal ( compagno in prep . b ) .
a blunt - nosed houndshark with large , fused nasal flaps , and small , blunt , pebble - like teeth ; 2nd dorsal fin as large as 1st ( ref . 5578 ) . grey above , cream below ; newborn with white rear edges on dorsal , anal and caudal fins ( ref . 5578 ) .
nocturnal and largely solitary , the banded houndshark preys on benthic invertebrates and bony fishes . it is aplacental viviparous , with the developing embryos sustained by yolk . after mating during summer , females bear as many as 42 pups following a gestation period of 9–12 months . the banded houndshark poses no danger to humans and adapts well to captivity . it is caught as bycatch off japan , taiwan , and likely elsewhere in its range ; it may be eaten but is not as well - regarded as related species . because fishing does not appear to have diminished this shark ' s population , the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed it under least concern .
the banded houndshark ( triakis scyllium ) is a species of houndshark , in the family triakidae , common in the northwestern pacific ocean from the southern russian far east to taiwan . found on or near the bottom , it favors shallow coastal habitats with sandy or vegetated bottoms , and also enters brackish water . this shark reaches 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) in length . it has a short , rounded snout and mostly narrow fins ; the pectoral fins are broad and triangular , and the trailing margin of the first dorsal fin is almost vertical . it is gray above and lighter below ; younger sharks have darker saddles and dots , which fade with age .
the blackspotted smooth - hound ( mustelus punctulatus ) is a houndshark of the family triakidae . it is found on the continental shelves of the subtropical eastern atlantic from the mediterranean to the western sahara , between latitudes 45° n and 20° n , from the surface to a depth of 250 m . it can reach of a length of 1 . 5 m .
the starry smooth - hound ( mustelus asterias ) is a houndshark of the family triakidae . it is found on the continental shelves of the northeast atlantic , between latitudes 61° n and 16° n , from the surface to a depth of 200 m ( 660 ft ) . it can grow up to a length of 1 . 4 m ( 4 ft 7 in ) .
harmless to humans , [ 16 ] the banded houndshark is commonly displayed in public aquariums in china and japan , [ 1 ] and has reproduced in captivity . [ 8 ] individuals have survived in captivity for over five years . [ 5 ] this species is often caught incidentally off japan in gillnets and set nets ; the meat is sometimes sold , but is considered to be of poorer quality than that of other houndsharks in the region . it is caught in lesser numbers off taiwan , and is probably also fished off korea and northern china . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed the banded houndshark under least concern , as it remains abundant throughout its range . off japan , it can be found in rocky areas that provide refuge from fishing pressure . [ 1 ]
: field marks : a very stout houndshark with a short , broadly rounded snout , lobate anterior nasal flaps that do not reach the mouth and are far separated from each other , long upper labial furrows that reach the lower symphysis of the mouth , semimolariform teeth with straight erect cusps and cusplets little - developed or absent , broad large fins with the pectorals broadly falcate and the first dorsal fin with a vertical posterior margin , and often black spots .
the first scientific description of the banded houndshark was authored by german biologists johannes peter müller and friedrich gustav jakob henle , based on a dried specimen from japan , in their 1838–41 systematische beschreibung der plagiostomen . they gave it the specific epithet scyllium , derived from the ancient greek skylion (
dogfish
) , and placed it in the genus triakis . [ 3 ] within the genus , it is placed in the subgenus triakis along with the leopard shark ( t . ( triakis ) semifasciata ) . [ 2 ]
native to the northwestern pacific ocean , the banded houndshark occurs from the southern russian far east to taiwan , including japan , korea , and eastern china ; records from the philippines are questionable . [ 1 ] this common , benthic shark is found over continental and insular shelves , mostly close to shore but also to a depth of 150 m ( 490 ft ) . [ 4 ] it frequents sandy flats and beds of seaweed and eelgrass ; additionally it is tolerant of brackish water and enters estuaries and bays . [ 1 ]
the banded houndshark is nocturnal and generally solitary , though several individuals may rest together , sometimes piled atop one another inside a cave . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] it feeds mainly on crustaceans ( including shrimps , crabs , hermit crabs , and mantis shrimps ) , cephalopods ( including octopus ) , and spoon worms ; polychaete worms , tunicates , peanut worms , and small , bottom - living bony fishes ( including flatfishes , conger eels , herring , jacks , drums , and grunts ) are occasionally consumed . shrimp and spoon worms are important prey for sharks up to 70 cm ( 28 in ) long ; cephalopods predominate in the diets of larger sharks . [ 6 ]
the banded houndshark is a moderately slender - bodied species growing up to 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) long . the snout is short , broad , and rounded ; the widely separated nostrils are each preceded by a lobe of skin that does not reach the mouth . the horizontally oval eyes are placed high on the head ; they are equipped with rudimentary nictitating membranes ( protective third eyelids ) and have prominent ridges underneath . the mouth forms a short , wide arch and bears long furrows at the corners that extend onto both jaws . each tooth has an upright to oblique knife - like central cusp flanked by strong cusplets . there are five pairs of gill slits . [ 2 ]
the flapnose houndshark occurs in inshore waters that are subjected to heavy commercial and sports hook - and - line fisheries . small numbers have been taken in directed inshore fisheries for small sharks and the species has been sporadically utilised for its flesh recently in southern kwazulu - natal . no fisheries statistics are available on catches . it may also be a possible bycatch of inshore fisheries , but details are lacking . the species is caught by sports surf anglers and possibly recreational boat anglers . increased fishing pressure in its limited environment suggests that the population may be vulnerable and could decline . loss of habitat as a result of development and pollution along the coast of kwazulu - natal ( where there is extensive coastal development ) and the eastern cape during the last few decades may also be a threat .
mating occurs during the summer , and involves the male swimming parallel to the female and gripping her pectoral fin with his teeth ; thus secured , he then twists the aft portion of his body to insert a single clasper into her cloaca for copulation . the banded houndshark is aplacental viviparous , in which the developing embryos are sustained to birth by yolk . females bear litters of 9–26 pups after a gestation period of 9–12 months , though litters as large as 42 pups have been recorded . [ 5 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] the newborns measure 18–20 cm ( 7 . 1–7 . 9 in ) long . males mature sexually at 5–6 years old , when they are 93–106 cm ( 37–42 in ) long , and live up to 15 years . females mature sexually at 6–7 years old , when they are 106–107 cm ( 42–42 in ) long , and live up to 18 years . [ 1 ] known parasites of this species include the tapeworms callitetrarhynchus gracilis , [ 9 ] onchobothrium triacis , and phyllobothrium serratum , [ 10 ] the leech stibarobdella macrothela , [ 11 ] and the copepods achtheinus impenderus , [ 12 ] caligus punctatus , [ 13 ] kroyeria triakos , [ 14 ] and pseudopandarus scyllii . [ 15 ]
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
) is an uncommon inshore species with limited distribution in waters off south africa , namibia and southern angola . the species is exploited by unregulated shark fisheries .
found in the eastern south atlantic and western indian ocean in temperate coastal waters of southern angola , namibia and south africa ( northern , western and eastern cape coasts , rarely north - east to kwazulu - natal ) .
this species is uncommon to locally common in the intertidal and surfline to less than 50 m ( compagno in prep . b ) .
an inshore , bottom - dwelling shark of temperate coastal waters with a limited geographic and bathymetric range , found often in shallow water up to the surfline . it prefers sandy shores and rocks and crevices in shallow bays . during summertime this shark congregates in schools , particularly in false bay and off the cape peninsula , western cape , south africa , which may include pregnant females . development is ovoviviparous , without a yolk - sac placenta and the number of young is 6 - 10 per litter . this shark eats crabs , bony fishes and small sharks ( one had eaten a scyliorhinus capensis ) ( compagno in prep . b ) .
there is a fairly large directed commercial shark demersal longline fishery centred in gansbaai and false bay in south africa , which takes the spotted gully shark as a minor bycatch along with the target species , soupfin or vaalhai ( galeorhinus galeus ) , and other more abundant bycatch species such as common smoothhound ( mustelus mustelus ) and bronze whaler ( carcharhinus brachyurus ) . there are no separate statistics available for commercial catches of spotted gully sharks . the meat of such sharks is dried into shark
biltong
or jerky , which sells for a relatively high price locally , or is shipped fresh or frozen overseas ( italy or taiwan ( poc ) ) . also caught recreational anglers in south africa and namibia , but not eaten much locally although perfectly edible .
the species occurs in at least one marine reserve , but it is not specifically protected . there is a proposal currently under consideration at sea fisheries research institute , the main fisheries research and body in south africa , to decommercialise the spotted gully shark and protect it from expanding commercial export fisheries for small sharks , although it still could be caught by sports anglers .
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marine ; demersal ; depth range 1 - 50 m ( ref . 5578 ) . subtropical ; 30°s - 36°s
maturity : l m ? , range 140 - 150 cm max length : 142 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 244 ) ; 174 . 0 cm tl ( female ) ; max . published weight : 20 . 0 kg ( ref . 5485 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . blunt snout and a large mouth with small pointed teeth ; caudal peduncle short and heavy ( ref . 5578 ) . grey with numerous black spots which may be sparse or absent in some specimens ; new born pups with fewer black spots compared to adults ( ref . 5485 ) ; white below ( ref . 5578 ) .
occurs off sandy beaches , rocky shores and in shallow bays ( ref . 5578 ) . feeds on crabs , lobsters , bony fish and small sharks ( ref . 5578 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . forms schools in summer ( ref . 244 ) . hardy and keeps well in captivity ( ref . 244 ) . commonly caught by rock and surf sports anglers but not eaten much ( ref . 244 ) . meat is dried into shark ' biltong ' or jerky which commands a relatively high price ( ref . 244 ) . attains 160 cm , tl ( ref . 36731 ) .
ovoviviparous , embryos feed solely on yolk ( ref . 50449 ) , with 6 to 12 young in a litter ( ref . 244 ) . 30 - 32 cm at birth ( ref . 244 ) .
compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 . rome : fao . ( ref . 244 )
) : 15 . 8 - 22 . 4 , mean 19 . 3 ( based on 26 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5312 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00269 ( 0 . 00133 - 0 . 00544 ) , b = 3 . 15 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 33 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 5 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( fec = 6 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 74 of 100 ) .
counts 162 to 166 . body with a few to numerous small black spots , few or absent in young , often numerous in adults although plain adults have been recorded .
water up to the surfline . it prefers sandy shores and rocks and crevices in
bays . during summertime this shark congregates in schools , particularly in false bay , western cape , south africa , which may have many pregnant females .
between 140 and 150 cm , with adults reported at 140 to 174 cm ; size at birth about 30 to 32 cm .
very commonly caught by rock and surf sports anglers , but not eaten much although perfectly edible . there is a fairly large commercial shark fishery in gans bay in south africa that probably takes this
along with others ; the meat of such sharks is dried into shark ' biltong ' or jerky , which sells for a relatively high price .
follows compagno ( 1973c , 1979 ) , heemstra ( 1973 ) , and bass , d ' aubrey and kistnasamy ( 1975b ) . bass , d ' aubrey and kistnasamy ( 1975b ) recognized
and gradually become spotted with black ( some adults may retain a plain coloration ) .
smith , j . l . b . , 1952 . a new hound shark from south africa , and new records . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( ser . 12 ) , 5 : 223 - 6
compagno , l . j . v . , 1970 . systematics of the genus hemitriakis ( selachii : carcharhinidae ) , and related genera . proc . calif . acad . sci . , 33 ( 4 ) : 63 - 98
compagno , l . j . v . , 1973c . interrelationships of living elasmobranchs . in interrelationships of fishes , edited by p . h . greenwood , r . s . miles and c . patterson . j . linn . soc . ( zool . ) , 53 suppl . 1 : 37 p .
compagno , l . j . v . , 1979 . carcharhinoid sharks : morphology , systematics and phylogeny . unpublished ph . d . thesis , stanford university , 932 p . available from university microfilms international , ann arbor , michigan
heemstra , p . c . , 1973 . a revision of the shark genus mustelus ( squaliformes carcharhinidae ) . university of miami , ph . d . thesis , 187 p . ( unpubl . )
bass , a . j . , j . d . d ' aubrey and n . kistnasamy , 1975b . sharks of the east coast of southern africa . 4 . the families odontaspididae , scapanorhyn chidae , isuridae , cetorhinidae , alopiidae , orectolobidae and rhiniodontidae . invest . rep . oceanoar . res . inst . , durban , ( 39 ) : 102 p .
van der elst , r . , 1981 . a guide to the common sea fishes of southern africa . capetown , c . struik , 367 p .
l . j . v . compagno and m . smale ( unpub . data )
shot with dji phantom 2 / zenmuse h3 - 3d gimbal / gopro hero 3 + black .
observation - multimammate mouse - southern africa . description : only caught at night in both grasslands and thicket ( added as a separate record ) .
only caught at night in both grasslands and thicket ( added as a separate record ) .
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32795a44 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32795c13 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 327968a9 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 331240f6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
year from eschmeyer ( coff ver . nov . 1999 : ref . 33021 ) .
froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 7b95748c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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when you go on a tour with dyer island cruises , you are making an active contribution to wildlife research and conservation .
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fao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 2
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
: urltoken contains images of sharks , skates , rays , and a few chimaera ' s from around the world . elasmodiver began as a simple web based
to help divers find the best places to encounter the different species of sharks and rays that live in shallow water but it has slowly evolved into a much larger project containing information on all aspects of shark diving and shark photography .
there are now more than 10 , 000 shark pictures and sections on shark evolution , biology , and conservation . there is a large library of reviewed shark books , a constantly updated shark taxonomy page , a monster list of shark links , and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters . elasmodiver is now so difficult to check for updates , that new information and pictures are listed on an elasmodiver updates page that can be accessed here :
the taxonomy of sharks and rays is a subject that remains in hot debate . although the majority of elasmobranch families have been nailed down there will always be individual species that don ' t quite fit the characteristics of their sibling species . consequently species are occasionally reclassified or simply listed as awaiting review . one of the most confusing of families is the potamotrygonidae - the fresh water stingrays of south america . not only do these ray species adopt extremely varied patterns that are sometimes visually indistinguishable from other species , they also produce hybrids in certain parts of their ranges leaving us wondering what exactly a true species is anyway .
among shark taxonomists conservative estimates of the number of known shark species is now approaching 500 . combined with the 700 or more species of rays and skates there are well over a thousand valid species of elasmobranches . in the past many more species were described only to be discounted later as being synonymous with elasmobranches already described from other geographic areas . in recent years this problem has lessened because taxonomic data has become easier to share over the internet . however , taxonomists are as vain as the rest of us and in their efforts to be the first to describe ( and name ) a new species there is often a counterproductive lack of collaboration .
some abyssal species have been described from only one or two specimens captured during deep water trawls . this implies that in all likelihood there are many shark and ray species lurking on the abyssal plain that have not yet been seen or captured . the best example being the relatively recent discovery of the megamouth shark . if this large and slow moving shark could remain hidden until the 1980 ' s , who knows how many other elasmobranches have gone unnoticed .
following is a list ( in need of an update ) of all the described species of elasmobranchs . included at the bottom are the holocephali ( the chimaeras or ghost sharks ) that share many characteristics with modern sharks and rays but are thought to be descended from a different group of cartilaginous fishes that thrived during the late devonian period .
occasionally new species of sharks and rays are described by science . in some cases they have been well known for a while e . g . the western wobbegong but no one has gotten around to describing them . more exciting is when a deep water trawl or a lucky diving expedition uncovers a species that the scientific community was completely unaware of . this page on elasmodiver highlights the discovery of these species . many thanks to helmut nickel who somehow manages to find out whenever a new species is described and diligently informs the rest of the lay community of shark fanatics through shark - l . without his input i wouldn ' t have a clue .
if you have information about a species i have overlooked please email me the information and i will add it to the list .
includes a key to identifying the genus of the dasyatidae ( whiptail stingrays ) .
includes a key to identifying the genus of the potamotrygonidae ( river stingrays ) .
phylum chordata - animals that at some point in their life cycle have the following : pharyngeal slits ( a series of openings connecting the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck . in fish these become gill slits ) , dorsal nerve cord ( a bundle of nerve fibres running down the back , connecting the brain with the organs and extremities , a notochord ( a cartilaginous rod supporting the nerve cord ) , post anal tail ( an extension of the ' back ' past the anal opening ) .
subphylum vertebrata - animals with a vertibral column or backbone and neural crest cells which are released as the nerve cord is forming , these cells move through the body to form major nerves , neural ganglia , and many head and facial features . other features that separate vertebrates from other chordates include : a relatively well - developed brain , paired complex eyes , a muscularized mouth and pharynx , and a well - developed circulatory system with a heart .
class chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes lacking true bone . chondrichthyes can be split into two distinct subclasses elasmobranchii and bradyodonti .
subclass elasmobranchii - sharks , skates and rays ( and some fossil relatives ) . elasmobranchs have an upper jaw that is not fused to the braincase and separate slitted gill openings .
subclass holocephali - includes forms with an upper jaw fused to the braincase and a flap of skin , the operculum , covering the gill slits . the holocephalii includes the chimaeras and ratfishes , which are relatively rare , often deep - water , mollusc - eating forms .
narcine brevilabiata - ( offshore species found on continental tropical waters , known from a depth of 49 m ) .
narcine prodorsalis - ( continental waters both inshore and offshore . known from a depth of 49m ) .
narcine vermiculatus - vermiculate electric ray ( benthic on soft bottoms in protected coastal areas ) .
temera hardwickii - pari karas ( malay / indonesian . found inshore and offshore )
j . p . c . b . da silva & m . r . de carvalho , 2011
tarsistes philippii jordan , 1919 no common name . known from one dried head from chile
rhynchobatus immaculatus peter r . last1 , hsuan - ching ho2 , 3 , * & rou - rong chen3 2013
callorhinchus milii ( elephantfish ) occurs on continental shelves of cool temperate areas of australia and new zealand to depths of at least 200 m . migrates into large estuaries and inshore bays in spring to breed .
chimaera monstrosa ( rabbit fish ) atlantic . upper continental slopes , 40 to 100m .
hydrolagus affinis ( smalleyed rabbitfish , atlantic chimaera ) eastern atlantic , mediterranean . continental slopes to deep - sea plains .
hydrolagus lemures ( blackfin ghostshark ) common and wide - ranging chimaera of the australian outer continental shelf and upper slopes .
hydrolagus mirabilis ( large - eyed rabbitfish ) moderately common on continental slopes . feeds on small fishes and invertebrates . oviparous
harriotta haeckeli ( smallspine spookfish ) north atlantic , taken in 1800 - 2600 m ; specimens collected by russian vessels from submarine seamounts of the indian ocean in 1400 - 1730 m ; off st . helens ( tasmania ) in 1480 - 1700 m .
p . o . box 8719 station central , victoria , bc . , v8w 3s3 , canada
species is usually found over sandy or rocky bottoms . measuring up to 73 cm ( 29 in ) long , the brown shyshark is stoutly built , with a broad , flattened head and rounded snout . unlike other shysharks , the brown shyshark has a plain brown color , though some individuals have faint
saddle
markings or light or dark spots . when threatened , this shark curls into a circle with its tail over its eyes , which is the origin of the name
shyshark
. it feeds on
to a depth of 35 m ( 110 ft ) . however , it has been reported from as deep as 133 m ( 440 ft ) .
the range of this species overlaps with the puffadder shyshark in the southeastern cape region . there , the brown shyshark tends to favor shallow inshore habitats , while the puffadder shyshark inhabits deeper offshore waters .
a small species reaching a maximum known length of 73 cm ( 29 in ) , the dark shyshark has a stocky body and a short , broad head . the snout is blunt and dorsally flattened . the eyes are large and oval - shaped , with a rudimentary
are very large , and are flanked by greatly expanded , triangular flaps of skin that reach the mouth . these nasal flaps cover a pair of deep grooves that connect the nasal excurrent ( outflow ) openings and the mouth . there are furrows at the corners of the mouth on both jaws . the teeth have a central cusp and a pair of smaller cusplets on the sides . the five pairs of
are moderately large , and the dorsal , pelvic , and anal fins are of similar sizes . the
is short and broad , with a notch near the tip of the upper lobe and an indistinct lower lobe . the skin is thick and covered by well -
the coloration is a plain brown above and while below , though some individuals have a series of faint darker saddle - like markings or black or white spots .
species ; one tag - recapture study found that recaptured sharks had moved no more than 8 km ( 5 . 0 mi ) from their original tagging location .
. like its relatives in the genus , it exhibits a curious response of curling into a ring with its tail covering its eyes when threatened , hence the name
shyshark
.
at a length of 68–69 cm ( 27–27 in ) , and females at a length of 60–61 cm ( 24–24 in ) .
^ compagno , l . j . v . and m . krose ( 2000 ) . haploblepharus fuscus . in : iucn 2000 . iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on august 31 , 2009 .
compagno , l . j . v . , m . dando and s . fowler ( 2005 ) . sharks of the world . princeton university press . p . 235 . isbn 9780691120720 .
compagno , l . j . v . ( 1984 ) . sharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . rome : food and agricultural organization . p . 334 . isbn 9251013845 .
human , b . a . , e . p . owen , l . j . v . compagno and e . h . harley ( may 2006 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >
testing morphologically based phylogenetic theories within the cartilaginous fishes with molecular data , with special reference to the catshark family ( chondrichthyes ; scyliorhinidae ) and the interrelationships within them
] . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 ( 2 ) : 384–391 .
fowler , s . l . , r . d . cavanagh , m . camhi , g . h . burgess , g . m . cailliet , s . v . fordham , c . a . simpfendorfer , and j . a . musick ( 2005 ) . sharks , rays and chimaeras : the status of the chondrichthyan fishes . international union for conservation of nature and natural resources . pp . 265–266 . isbn 2831707005 .
kohler , n . e . and p . a . turner ( 2001 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >
shark tagging : a review of conventional methods and studies
] . environmental biology of fishes 60 : 191–223 .
smith , c . and c . griffiths ( 1997 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >
shark and skate egg - cases cast up on two south african beaches and their rates of hatching success or causes of death
] . south african journal of zoology 32 : 112–117 .
^
haploblepharus fuscus
. fishbase . ed . ranier froese and daniel pauly . august 2009 version . n . p . : fishbase , 2009 .
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the first updated and comprehensive checklist of chondrichthyes from the southeast pacific off peru , based on the revision of scientific literature , is presented . the group of chondrichthyes in the peruvian coast is composed of 115 species that include 66 species of sharks , 43 species of batoids , and six species of chi - maeras . we present nine new records and one recent discovery obtained from secondary sources . for some species , we also compiled the extensions in the geographic distributions .
instituto de investigaciones marinas , ( iim - csic ) . 36208 . vigo , spain
reports ( velez - zuazo et al .  ) . in this light , a better
b , c ) , didier et al . (  ) , naylor et al . (  ) ,
(  ) , hooker (  ) , nakaya et al . (  ) , angulo et
et al . (  ) . we used compagno et al . ( c ) and the
chimaeras reported ( didier et al .  ; naylor et al .  ;
kawauchi et al .  ; weigmann et al .  ; kemper et al .
than chile (  species : sharks =  spp . , batoids =  spp . ,
marinos del perú . lima : instituto del mar del perú .  pp .
peces marinos del perú . lima : instituto del mar del perú .  pp .
. , d . a . didier and g . h . burgess . b . classication
of chondrichthyan sh ; pp . – , in : s . l . fowler ( ed . ) .
compagno , l . , m . dando and s . fowler , s . c . sharks of the
mobulidae . journal of fish biology  (  ) : – . doi :
and classication of extant holocephalans ; pp . – , in : j . c .
carrier , j . a . musick , and m . r . heithaus ( eds . ) . biology of sharks
el perú . revista peruana de biología  (  ) : – . doi :
tiburones , rayas y quimeras en el pacíco sudeste . chile .  pp .
. r . , h . ho and r . chen .  . a new species of wedgesh ,
nakaya , k . , m . yabe , h . imamura , m . c . romero and m . yoshida .
 . deep - sea shes of peru . tokyo : japan deep sea tra
a revised generic diagnosis . zootaxa  (  ) : – . doi :
. , k . furumitsu and a . yamaguchi .  . a new species
. . . since then , a couple of publications reported the presence of sawfishes inspecifying them . the other publication is a revised list of chondrichthyans in peru ( cornejo et al . 2015 ) , which included p . pristis and p . pectinata . given that the inclusion of this species in produce ( 2014 ) andcornejo et al . ( 2015 ) are the result of literature reviews and are not based on field surveys , the documentation here of 2 new specimens provide the first empirical records of p . pristis in peru since 1999 . . . .
. . . the other publication is a revised list of chondrichthyans in peru ( cornejo et al . 2015 ) , which included p . pristis and p . pectinata . given that the inclusion of this species in produce ( 2014 ) and cornejo et al . ( 2015 ) are the result of literature reviews and are not based on field surveys , the documentation here of 2 new specimens provide the first empirical records of p . pristis in peru since 1999 . these records demonstrate that p . pristis is not extirpated from peru , and they highlight the need to identify and protect critical habitats that could contribute to sawfish conservation . . . .
this project aims to do the crucial baseline research of the whale shark in peruvian waters in order to determine basic information such as seasonality , abundance , and population structure .
our goal with this work was to identify putative origins for the populations of invasive green iguana ( iguana iguana ) on puerto rico . moreover , we set out to describe how populations were interacti…
[ more ]
field studies of vertebrates , with major interest in symbioses ( in a broad sense ) and other association types , feeding and defensive behaviors , urban fauna . presently focused on fishes , birds , and…
[ more ]
peruvian waters exhibit high conservation value for sharks . this contrasts with a lag in initiatives for their management and a lack of studies about their biology , ecology and fishery . we investigated the dynamics of peruvian shark fishery and its legal framework identifying information gaps for recommending actions to improve management . further , we investigated the importance of the . . . [ show full abstract ]
the smooth hammerhead shark , sphyrna zygaena ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , is the third shark specie most captured in peru , its situation is vulnerable and is included in cites . however , their fishery lacks management and its biology is poorly understood . this study aims to know the trophic ecology and identify their nursery areas in northern peru , through the analysis of stomach contents , fishing areas , . . . [ show full abstract ]
fish dna barcoding around large marine infrastructure for improved biodiversity assessment and monit . . .
accurate species - level identification is pivotal for environmental assessments and monitoring . the peru lng terminal is composed of large marine infrastructure located on the central coast of peru . since construction , taxonomically challenging species such as drum fishes ( sciaenidae ) have been attracted to the new hard - bottom habitat . we conducted a dna barcoding study to investigate fish . . . [ show full abstract ]
marine ; demersal ; depth range 1 - 50 m ( ref . 5578 ) . subtropical , preferred ? ; 30°s - 36°s
smith , elder , london , vol . 4 , 77 pp . , not numbered , pls 1–31
( smith , 1839 ) : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018
diagnostic features : teeth with strong erect cusps on at least . the middle two - thirds of the dental band but often not well developed on more distal teeth , cusplets low or absent on almost all teeth , semimolariform but not bladelike . first dorsal fin with abruptly vertical posterior margin ; pectoral fins broadly falcate in adults . total vertebral counts 162 to 166 . body with a few to numerous small black spots , few or absent in young , often numerous in adults although plain adults have been recorded
) ; 174 cm tl ( female ) ; max . published weight : 20 . 0 kg
host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !
occurs from the surf line to close offshore ( ref . 5578 ) . feeds mainly on crustaceans ( including lobsters ) , also squid ( ref . 244 ) . viviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . caught by rock and surf anglers ( ref . 5578 ) .
89 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 244 ) ) ; 102 cm tl ( female )
this is a little - known and uncommon inshore demersal shark with an extremely restricted range . less than 30 specimens recorded , including unpublished material . a live - bearing species ( with presence or absence of placenta uncertain ) with litter size of 2 - 4 ( usually two or three ) young and a gestation period of 9 - 10 months . it is unknown whether there is a year break in the reproductive cycle , but the low litter size suggests a year - long cycle and a yearly fecundity of similar numbers , 2 - 4 young per year ( this needs further investigation ) . the species feeds predominantly on crustaceans , also squid ( compagno in prep . b ) .
depth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 15 - 15 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
viviparous , placental ( ref . 50449 ) . with 2 to 4 young in a litter ( ref . 244 , 5578 ) . size at birth about 34 cm ( ref . 244 ) . gestation period is 9 to 10 months ( ref . 244 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2011 ) .
scylliogaleus quecketti
in fishbase . february 2011 version .
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observation - spotted gully shark 3 - southern africa . description : caught and released during rasspl nationals 2015
html public
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these elongated torpedo - shaped sharks rarely grow longer than 24 inches from rounded snout to stout caudal ( tail ) fin . they prefer resting on the rocky seafloor off of coastal south africa , scavenging invertebrates and small fishes . like most catsharks , they have oval cat - like eyes , and they are named shyshark because when threatened , they curl into circles and cover their faces with their tails . considered harmless to humans because of their size , they are sometimes caught for food or shown in public aquariums .
english language common names for this species include brown shyshark and brown shy shark . other common names are brauner katzenhai ( german ) , bruin skaamoog ( afrikaans ) , bruine schaamhaai ( dutch ) , roussette brune ( french ) , and alitán marrón ( spanish ) . this species is referred to as a shyshark because they have been observed coiling themselves and covering their eyes with their tails when caught . this may be a defense mechanism , deterring predators from swallowing the shark .
while this species is not targeted by a directed fisherie , the brown shyshark is utilized in subsistence fisheries . it is also considered a gamefish and is caught by sport fishers with rod and reel . in addition , this shyshark adapts well to captivity and may be observed at public aquarium facilities .
due to is small size and feeding habits , this small shark is considered harmless to humans .
although the brown shyshark is a locally common species that is not targeted by commercial fisheries or utilized for its meat , there is some concern for its future as it likely appears in the bycatch of other fisheries . it may also be threatened by the degradation of its inshore habitat . due to this species limited geographic distribution , any increase in bycatch mortality or habitat degradation could impact the entire population .
the iucn is a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .
the brown shyshark range is restricted in range to the southeast atlantic ocean from just west of cape agulhas to southern natal in south africa . this shark shares its range with the closely related h . edwardsii in the southeastern cape region , however there is at least partial microhabitat separation between these two species . h . fuscus resides primarily in inshore waters in contrast to h . edwardsii which occurs in deeper waters offshore .
this shark is typically found in shallow rocky intertidal zones to a depth of 110 feet ( 35 m ) although it as been reported as deep as 436 feet ( 133 meters ) . it reportedly rests on the bottom substrate during the day . when threatened , this shark will curl its body into a circle with its tail over the eyes hence the name
shyshark
.
the largest of all catsharks , the stout - bodied brown shyshark has a broad head with large nasal flaps on the short snout and elongated cat - like eyes typical of the catsharks . the two dorsal fins are of equal size with the first dorsal fin located over the ends of the pelvic fins . the second dorsal fin originates over or slightly behind the anal fin midbase . the pectoral fins are moderately large . the anal fin is similar in size to the dorsal fins ; the origin of the anal fin is located well behind the pelvic bases and the insertion separated from the lower caudal origin by a broad space subequal to the anal fin base . the caudal ( tail ) fin is short and broad .
coloration coloration of the brown shyshark is yellow - brown dorsally , transitioning to yellowish in color on the ventral surface . small light spots along with indistinct brown saddles may be visible in some specimens of this species .
a ) brown shyshark dentition . b ) brown shyshark denticle . illustrations courtesy fao
the teeth of the brown shyshark consist of a central cusp with a pair of smaller cusplets on the sides . the holotype of this species has 84 rows of teeth in the upper jaw and 83 rows of teeth in the lower jaw .
denticles the brown shyshark possesses thick skin covered with well - calcified dermal denticles . there are no crests of denticles on the caudal fins and no suprorbital crests on the cranium .
size , age , and growth the maximum reported length of this species is 27 inches ( 69 . 0 cm ) total length ( tl ) for males and 29 inches ( 73 cm ) tl for females . the average size of the brown shyshark is between 20 inches ( 50 cm ) and 24 inches ( 60 cm ) . sexual maturity is attained at lengths of 26 inches ( 65 cm ) for males and 24 - 28 inches ( 60 - 70 cm ) for females .
food habits prey items of the brown shyshark include marine invertebrates including lobsters , crabs , cuttlefish , and worms as well as small bony fishes .
reproduction this small shark is oviparous , laying two egg cases at a atime . each egg case has long tendrils at the corners for attachment to the substrate . during development inside the egg , each embryo feeds solely on the yolk . in captivity , whelks have been observed piercing the egg cases and extracting the yolk .
the brown shyshark was originally described as haploblepharus fuscus by the south african ichthyologyist james leonard brierley smith in 1950 . there are no known synonyms for this species . the genus name haploblepharus is derived from the greek
haploos
meaning single and
blepharos
meaning eyelash . the species name fuscus is latin for dusky or dark in reference to its brown coloration . scyliorhinidae is the largest shark family with at least 15 genera and over 110 species . they are known as catsharks due to their elongated cat - like eyes , although a few species are referred to as dogfish .


the members of the family percichthyidae are known as the temperate perches .

they belong to the order perciformes , the perch-like fishes .

the name percichthyidae derives from the latin perca for perch and ancient greek ichthys for fish .

temperate perch

the barber perch can be recognised by its colouration , is found on rocky reefs in temperate marine waters and is endemic to australia .
the splendid perch is bright red or orange with red or yellow fins . juveniles are pink . the species occurs in temperate marine waters of australia and new zealand .
the butterfly perch is a schooling species that occurs in temperate marine waters of australia and new zealand . they are commonly found on coastal reefs and deep reefs at around 100 m depths .
greek perké = perch + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 ) .
johnson ' s gurnard perch was named in honour of jeff johnson the fish collection manager at the queensland museum . johnson ' s gurnard perch has a relatively short snout and long dorsal fin spines .
quality of semen and histological analysis of testes in eurasian perch perca fluviatilis l . during a spawning period
some aspects of the reproductive biology of perch perca fluviatilis l . a histological description of the reproductive cycle
neuman , e . , g . thoresson and o . sanström , 1996 . swimming activity of perch ,
jackson , l . f . and sullivan , c . v . 1995 . reproduction of white perch (
edgar , g . j . 1997 . australian marine life : the plants and animals of temperate waters . reed books . pp . 544 .
endemic to temperate waters of southern australia , from wilsons promontory , victoria , to about albany , western australia , and around tasmania . barber perch form large schools on sheltered coastal reefs , feeding on plankton above rocky reefs , outcrops and drop offs at depths of 7 - 100 m . they are usually found at shallower depths and in more sheltered habitats than butterfly perch .
lake erie yellow perch cohort size at age - 2 and lifetime harvest by cohort plotted against juvenile abundance , 1987–2010 .
this delay in spawning following a short winter could negatively affect temperate species such as yellow perch in two vastly different ways . the prolonged period of elevated water temperature during a ‘delayed ' spawning season may reduce sperm quality ( for example , motility ) . indeed , low sperm quality was associated with a prolonged , warm spawning season in a congener of yellow perch ( eurasian perch perca fluviatilis ) 37 , as well as other temperate fish species ( for example , brown trout salmo trutta 38 ) . because poor sperm quality also may have contributed to failed reproduction following short , warm winters in lake erie , further investigation into climate change effects on male gamete quality is warranted .
craig , j . , 1987 . the biology of perch and related fish . croom helm , london , 333 pp .
edgar , g . j . 2008 . australian marine life : the plants and animals of temperate waters . sydney : reed new holland 2 , 624 pp .
mean daily water temperature from short and long winter - duration treatments used in a controlled laboratory experiment with lake erie yellow perch .
iowa’s popular gamefish , walleye , sauger and yellow perch , are some of the 20 members of the perch family in iowa . the remaining members are various species of darters . members of the perch family have rather slender , elongated bodies and a large bone on the gill cover that ends in a flat spine . the spiny and soft portions of the dorsal fin are completely separated .
tao , y . , berlinsky , d . l . and sullivan , c . v . 1996 . vitellogenin receptors in white perch (
native to temperate areas of europe . introduced to australia by fish acclimatisation societies via tasmania ( 1862 ) and victoria ( 1868 ) . a popular angling species , with good flesh .
hrabik , t . r . , m . p . carey and m . s . webster . 2001 . interactions between exotic rainbow smelt young - of - year and native yellow perch young - of - year in a northern temperate lake . transactions of the american fisheries society 130 ( 4 ) : 568 - 582 .
climate change is most evident in northern temperate and arctic ecosystems , where it is prolonging historically short growing seasons 1 , 2 . longer spring - through - fall growing seasons in northern ecosystems are predicted to have positive effects on temperate ectotherms by increasing fitness 3 through a number of pathways , including increased positive growth 3 , 4 and reduced overwinter mortality 5 . however , the corresponding reduction in winter duration may counter these positive benefits by presenting a mismatch between altered seasonal thermal regimes and the highly evolved seasonal physiology and life history of temperate ectotherms 6 , 7 .
marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - ? m ( ref . 7251 ) . temperate ; 52°n - 29°n , 79°w - 57°w
rossier , o . , e . casteila and j . b . lachavanne , 1996 . influence of submerged aquatic vegetation on size class distribution of perch
imbrock , f . , a . appenzeller and r . eckmann , 1996 . diel and seasonal distribution of perch in lake constance : a hydroacoustic study and
as its common name suggests , the red little gurnard perch is a small species of scorpionfish that unlike other species of maxillicosta , has a red body .
may , j . l . & maxwell , j . g . h . 1986 . field guide to trawl fish from temperate waters of australia . hobart : csiro division of marine research 492 pp .
zamora l . , moreno - amich r . ( 2002 ) quantifying the activity and movement of perch in a temperate lake by integrating acoustic telemetry and a geographic information system . in : thorstad e . b . , fleming i . a . , næsje t . f . ( eds ) aquatic telemetry . developments in hydrobiology , vol 165 . springer , dordrecht
the longfin perch has a long - based dorsal fin , and an emarginate caudal fin . the species occurs in australia , new zealand and the kermadec islands .
a male barber perch , caesioperca rasor , in port phillip , victoria . source : rick stuart - smith / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution
how to cite this article : farmer , t . m . et al . short winters threaten temperate fish populations . nat . commun . 6 : 7724 doi : 10 . 1038 / ncomms8724 ( 2015 ) .
perch , , either of two species of fish , the common and the yellow perch ( perca fluviatilis and p . flavescens , sometimes considered as single species , p . fluviatilis ) of the family percidae ( order perciformes ) . the name also is widely , and sometimes confusingly , applied to a variety of other fishes . …
. they may be found in both fresh and salt water . some varieties are popular as game and food fishes . the temperate basses are not closely related to the black basses , which are members of the sunfish family .
hodgson , j . r . , d . e . schindler and x . he , 1998 . homing tendency of three piscivorous fishes in a north temperate lake . trans . am . fish . soc . 127 : 1071–1081 .
heppell , s . a . , jackson , l . f . , weber , g . m . and sullivan , c . v . 1999 . enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ) of vitellogenin in temperate basses ( genus
huusko , a . , o . vuorimies and t . sutela , 1996 . temperature and light mediated predation by perch on vendace larvae . j . fish biol . 49 : 441–447 .
relationship between ( a ) bottom water temperature and date and ( b–d ) the probability that a yellow perch female was spent and bottom water temperature during spring 2010–2012 in western lake erie .
lake erie yellow perch ( a ) embryo hatching success and ( b ) larval size - at - hatching versus individual egg mass when exposed to a short and long winter in the laboratory .
differs from the closely - related butterfly perch , caesioperca lepidoptera , in having a more slender body , and in males being more bluish with a dark bar rather than a blotch on the midside .
although climate warming is expected to benefit temperate ectotherms by lengthening the summer growing season , declines in reproductive success following short , warm winters may counter such positive effects . here we present long - term ( 1973–2010 ) field patterns for lake erie yellow perch , perca flavescens , which show that failed annual recruitment events followed short , warm winters . subsequent laboratory experimentation and field investigations revealed how reduced reproductive success following short , warm winters underlie these observed field patterns . following short winters , females spawn at warmer temperatures and produce smaller eggs that both hatch at lower rates and produce smaller larvae than females exposed to long winters . our research suggests that continued climate warming can lead to unanticipated , negative effects on temperate fish populations .
recreational fishing licence requirements and regulations affecting the taking of english perch in victoria are available in the victorian recreational fishing guide , available free from recreational fishing licence sales agents and dedjtr offices and information centres .
stock size . while yellow perch stock size ( that is , number of age - 3 and older mature yellow perch ) varied markedly in both lake erie basins during 1973–2010 , we do not feel that it is responsible for observed recruitment variation . in support of this notion , previous research showed that stock size explained < 1 % of the variation in yellow perch recruitment in both the western and central basins during 1973–2010 ( ref . 54 ) . further , yellow perch spawning stock size generally declined in the west basin during this time period , whereas it increased in the central basin during this same period 48 , 54 . these opposing trends in stock size between adjacent lake basins also suggest that stock size was relatively unimportant to driving recruitment variation , given that we documented near identical responses of recruitment to variation in winter thermal regime .
the white perch can tolerate a wide range of salinity , living in fresh water , landlocked lakes , brackish backwaters and bays , and fullfledged salt water . it is especially at home in ponds connected to the sea .
the butterfly perch is usually pinkish with a dark blotch on the body . the pectoral fins are approximately the same length as the head . adults develop spots , pale blue fin margins and a blue band behind the eye .
white perch average eight to 10 inches long and less than a pound , but in brackish water they can grow to 15 inches or so and about two pounds . they have a long lifespan , and fish 12 years old are not uncommon . their diet varies with the season . white perch eat bottomdwelling insect larvae in the winter and early spring . then during the warmer months they consume large burrowing mayflies , crustaceans , water fleas and small fish . they seldom go into very shallow water , where minnows are abundant , but remain in deep water by day and near shore at sundown . in marine habitats , white perch eat small fish , squid , crabs and shrimp .
a pelagic schooling fish found only in southern australia . adult males are bluish with a black bar on the side . females are pinkish with a blue line below the eye . small juveniles are pink to pinkish - orange with a dark mauve head . barber perch form large schools on sheltered coastal reefs , where they feed on plankton above rocky reefs , outcrops and drop - offs . the closely - related butterfly perch usually occurs in more exposed habitats on deeper reefs .
barracuda , any of about 20 species of predacious fishes of the family sphyraenidae ( order perciformes ) . barracudas are found in all warm and tropical regions ; some also range into more temperate areas . swift and powerful , they are slender in form , with small scales , two well - separated dorsal fins , …
sailfish , ( genus istiophorus ) , ( genus ) , valued food and game fish of the family istiophoridae ( order perciformes ) found in warm and temperate waters around the world . the sailfish has a long , rounded spear extending from its snout but is distinguished from related species , such as marlins , by its…
swordfish , ( xiphias gladius ) , prized food and game fish , probably the single species constituting the family xiphiidae ( order perciformes ) , found in warm and temperate oceans around the world . the swordfish , an elongated , scaleless fish , has a tall dorsal fin , and a long sword , used in slashing at…
mackerel , , any of a number of swift - moving , streamlined food and sport fishes found in temperate and tropical seas around the world , allied to tunas in the family scombridae ( order perciformes ) . mackerels are rounded and torpedo - shaped , with a slender , keeled tail base , a forked tail , and a row of…
hiramatsu , n . , hara , a . , hiramatsu , k . , fukada , h . , weber , g . m . , denslow , n . d . and sullivan , c . v . 2002b . vitellogenin - derived yolk proteins of white perch ,
yellow perch is a common , coolwater iteroparous fish that is widespread across the atlantic , great lakes and mississippi river basins of north america . this species is particularly important in the laurentian great lakes basin , where it serves as an important consumer in the middle of the food web 47 and supports valuable commercial and recreational fisheries . yellow perch supports lake erie ' s largest commercial fishery and second most valuable recreational fishery 48 . recruitment to the fishery has been quite variable in lake erie over the past several decades 48 , a period of time during which variability in winter ice cover also has been increasing 49 .
sanderson , b . l . , t . r . hrabik , j . j . magnuson and d . m . post . 1999 . cyclic dynamics of a yellow perch population in an oligotrophic lake : evidence for the role of intraspecific interactions . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences . 56 : 1534 - 1542 .
) . short , warm winters with little ice cover were consistently followed by weak recruitment to the juvenile ( age - 0 ) stage . by contrast , high juvenile abundances occurred only after long , cold winters . as yellow perch juvenile abundance in lake erie is a strong predictor of both recruitment to the fishery at age - 2 and future lifetime fishery harvest of that cohort (
because the odnr - dow survey design changed during the past 35 + years , we used yellow perch data only from 12 fixed , historical sites , sampled consistently during this time . historical sites were spread across the ohio waters of western ( n = 4 ) and central ( n = 8 ) lake erie 23 . annual juvenile abundances from these historical sites were strongly correlated with overall annual abundances calculated using all sites in both western ( pearson correlation : r = 0 . 92 , n = 24 ; ∼80 sites per year since 1987 ) and central lake erie ( pearson correlation : r = 0 . 94 , n = 21 ; ∼40 sites per year since 1990 ) , indicating that historical sites closely track population - level variation in juvenile yellow perch abundance .
we conducted a controlled laboratory experiment with wild yellow perch to quantify the effects of winter duration on the timing of reproduction , fecundity , egg quality ( that is , egg size , energetic and lipid content ) , embryo hatching success and larval - size - at - hatching . below , we provide details regarding the fish used in the experiment , the experimental design and the treatment of the data .
altered spawning phenology offers yet another pathway by which short , warm winters could weaken annual recruitment . in our study , female yellow perch that were exposed to a short winter ( and hence , earlier arrival of spring temperatures ) did not initiate spawning at their ‘normal ' temperatures in either the laboratory or lake erie . instead , following a short winter , females initiated spawning at warmer temperatures than normal , which occurred during the typical spawning period ( mid - april through may ) .
during the experiment , some females died ( short winter n = 19 ; long winter n = 15 ) . the majority ( 56 % ) of mortalities occurred during the first 3 weeks of october 2011 at the start of the experiment , likely due to transfer stress and failure to acclimate to indoor laboratory conditions . no mortalities occurred once spawning began in the spring ( april–june 2012 ) . once spawning began , we euthanized another group of randomly selected female yellow perch in the short ( n = 14 ) and long ( n = 14 ) winter - duration treatments to assess reproductive development ( results not presented ) . the remaining females in both the short and long winter - duration treatments all spawned , with some being hand - stripped ( short winter n = 7 ; long winter n = 10 ) and some spawning in tanks ( short winter n = 9 ; long winter n = 10 ) . thus , our sample sizes for fecundity , egg quality , embryo hatching success and larval - size - at - hatching for each treatment were based on the number of yellow perch that were able to be successfully hand - stripped of eggs .
whether short , warm winters led to reduced egg size , egg energetic and lipid content , and embryo hatching success through metabolic or maternal endocrine pathways requires further investigation . the difficulty in delineating between these mechanisms is in part due to both sets of processes being controlled by ambient temperature 26 , 27 . for example , for successful reproduction to occur , the metabolic demands of reproduction must be met 27 . in this way , one potential explanation for large eggs being produced after long winters is that the prolonged period of cold temperatures allows for more energy to be allocated to reproduction than under warmer conditions , when maintenance metabolic demands are elevated 27 , 28 , 29 . most certainly , additional research into how seasonally specific metabolic rates 30 and food availability during winter affect energy allocation by females to reproduction ( sensu 29 ) in temperate fishes would be worthwhile .
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species of this family are distributed in australia and south america ( primarily argentina and chile ) . rarely brackish . complete and continuous lateral line . dorsal fins continuous , with or without a notch ; spines 7 - 12 ( 1 - 3 in gadopsis bispinosus ) ; soft rays 8 - 38 . anal fin spines 3 ; soft rays 7 - 13 ( 16 - 20 in gadopsis ) . scales ctenoid , secondarily cycloid . vertebrae 25 - 36 ( 40 - 50 in gadopsis ) . dioecious . poorly defined group , its composition is subject to change . eschmeyer ( 1998 ) recognized 14 valid genera . percilia species are considered to be under its own family perciliidae ( arratia , pers . comm . ) .
the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .
rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .
but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .
unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .
this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .
in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .
when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .
type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .
type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .
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the white bass is a freshwater fish , with its largest populations in the great lakes and the mississippi river system . in pennsylvania the white bass is native to the western counties , especially lake erie and the ohio river watershed . its species name “ chrysops ” refers to the fish’s golden eye .
white bass inhabit large lakes and small to large rivers . they prefer water that is relatively clear , and they rarely maintain a population in lakes less than 300 acres . prime white bass habitat includes extensive water acreage deeper than 10 feet , and gravelly shoals or rock - rubble reefs on which the fish can spawn . in recent years , white bass fishing has been exceptional at the allegheny reservoir , warren county .
white bass are school fish , spawning , feeding and traveling in compact groups . in late april to early june , schools of white bass migrate to spawn over rocky or gravelly shoals , either going to that habitat in a lake or traveling upstream in a river to reach it . the bass appear to return to the same spawning site each spring . spawning takes place near the surface in six or seven feet of water , at 58 to 64 degrees . the females release 25 , 000 to one million minute eggs into the current , accompanied by several spawning males . the eggs are adhesive , drifting to the bottom and sticking to the stones . they hatch in two or three days . successful hatching depends on favorable conditions of current or wave action , and temperature . white bass produce abundant year - classes intermittently . spawning success and year - class survival usually depend on a variety of environmental conditions .
in their native habitat , the atlantic coast from the st . lawrence river to florida and some tributaries of the gulf of mexico , the striped bass is a true anadromous fish , living in salt water but traveling to fresh water to spawn . through stocking , striped bass have reached the west coast . striped bass can also live entirely in fresh water as a landlocked form that cannot reach the sea . in pennsylvania , striped bass are found in the delaware river , and historically had been found throughout the susquehanna river , the fish traveling upstream from the chesapeake bay . dams on the susquehanna had blocked the striped bass upstream migration to spawning grounds , but fish lifts , or fishways , on the dams should soon make access possible to the middle susquehanna for this and other anadromous fishes .
when the santee river in south carolina was impounded during the 1940s , the striped bass present there produced a population that adapted to a freshwater landlocked existence . offspring and subsequent generations of these fish have been stocked in many inland waters , reservoirs and the rivers that run into them throughout north america .
south of pennsylvania and new jersey , fishermen call stripers “rockfish . ” their species name “ saxatilis ” means “dwelling among rocks . ”
striped bass catches in the 15 - to 20 - pound range are not uncommon in pennsylvania . for sea - living striped bass , sizes in excess of 100 pounds have been reported . the pennsylvania state records both for marine and landlocked striped bass are over 50 pounds .
striped bass live in salt water , in brackish estuaries and in fresh water . migratory forms travel from the ocean or saltwater bays into freshwater rivers , above tidal influence , to spawn . landlocked forms of striped bass live in large reservoirs as roaming , mid - water schools . significant lengths of flowing water are needed for successful spawning , sufficient to keep eggs suspended before hatching .
from their saltwater homes , striped bass migrate upstream in the spring to spawn , traveling into the mouths of large freshwater rivers . over stony riffles , several males chase a large female in what appears to be a battle , but it is actually frantic spawning antics and frenzied swimming–the striped bass’s courtship and spawning ritual . male striped bass become mature at about two years of age , with the females usually ready to spawn in their fourth year , when they are 18 to 24 inches long . at all ages , the females are larger and heavier than the males . water temperature signals spawning time , with some spawning occurring at 55 degrees , but most at 60 to 67 degrees . young females may release just 65 , 000 eggs .
marine striped bass make two migrations , one for spawning . the other , in fish two years old or older , occurs when a small percentage move out of their wintering areas , like the chesapeake and delaware bays , and travel north along the coast to new england and southern canada . there they mingle with northern populations of striped bass during the summer . then most return to their winter quarters . in reservoirs , the landlocked freshwater striped bass move according to temperature and dissolved oxygen in the lake , favoring cooler arms of the impoundment during the hot summer .
striped bass feed on just about anything alive that is available . they are a top - level carnivore whether found in salt water or fresh water . young striped bass eat microcrustaceans , or zooplankton , and midge larvae . as they grow , their diet changes to large crustaceans , mollusks and especially other fish . as adults , striped bass live in roving schools , feeding mostly at night . when chasing forage fish near the surface , the splashing and slashing make a spectacular display . substantial increases in abundance of striped bass have occurred in the delaware river since the mid - 1980s because of improved river water quality and harvest restrictions .
the striped bass hybrid is a hatchery - created cross between a white bass and a striped bass . it is stocked primarily because it tolerates warmer water than the purebred striped bass , which , as it grows older and larger , requires well - oxygenated water during the summer . in pennsylvania it is stocked mostly in the western part of the state , in reservoirs such as lake arthur and shenango lake , and in the big - river area of the ohio and allegheny rivers near pittsburgh . here the hybrid typically grows larger than the white bass . fisheries managers in the state do not tend to stock the striped bass hybrid in lakes and rivers that lead to delaware or chesapeake bays to minimize the chance of the hybrids mixing and reproducing with wild marine striped bass .
the hybrid striped bass’s body is stockier than that of a pure striped bass , and its lateral stripes are discontinuous and less distinct . its back is dark , almost black . its sides are silvery , with seven or eight faint and broken - looking lateral stripes , and its belly is white . the anal fin has 11 or 12 rays , and there are two tooth patches on the rear of its tongue . in size it grows to a length and weight midway between its parents . a 10 - or 12 - pounder is considered a big one .
the striped bass hybrid is stocked in larger reservoirs and slow rivers , where there are open - water forage fish like gizzard shad and alewives .
the striped bass hybrid is fast - growing , which is typical of hybrids . it is generally sterile , and can be stocked instead of the purebred striped bass into waters to avoid the purebred’s potential of reproducing too prolifically and outstripping its food source . however , occasionally fertile striped bass hybrids have occurred , and some states have reported the hybrid back - crossing with the white bass . striped bass hybrids feast on forage fish as adults .
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
their closest relatives are found in europe : the delectable european sea bass and the spotted sea bass , fishes which are highly regarded as food fishes in their homeland .
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yoshiyama , r . m . , k . b . gaylord , m . t . philippart , t . r . moore , j . r . jordan , c . c . coon , l . l . schalk , c . j . valpey and i . tosques , 1992 . homing behavior and site fidelity in intertidal sculpins ( pisces : cottidae ) . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 160 : 115–130 .
one of the most intriguing types of population fluctuation is that of regular cyclical change . recurrent oscillations in the dynamics of natural populations have generated considerable interest in both the occurrence and cause of these cycles . theoretical models of populations have shown that repeated oscillations can result from a number of factors including combinations of fertility and survival rates , density - dependence , and predator - prey dynamics . cyclic patterns of abundance have been observed in freshwater fishes , although the ability to detect such cycles is often obscured by the influence of environmental factors . understanding the extent to which repeated oscillations in fish populations are driven by external factors or internal processes within the population is an important challenge .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under cooperative agreement # deb - 1440297 , ntl lter . any opinions , findings , conclusions , or recommendations expressed in the material are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .
the eastern red scorpionfish is very common in shallow coastal waters around sydney . the fish is commonly seen by divers as it lies motionless on the bottom , usually moving only when disturbed .
for many years , this species was called scorpaena cardinalis . the 2011 paper by motomura et al ( see below ) , showed that the correct name for the species is s . jacksoniensis and that s . cardinalis occurs in new zealand waters and around the offshore islands of the tasman sea .
use the table to access images and fact sheets of the neosebastid fishes on the site .
the paddletail has a forked caudal fin with rounded lobes . it has a pinkish - grey to red body . adults inhabit deep lagoons and seaward reefs .
the mangrove jack is greenish brown to reddish . in australia it is known from the central coast of western australia , around the tropical north of the country and south to the central coast of new south wales .
as its standard name implies the body of the spotted bigeye is often covered with blotches . it occurs in warm marine waters of the east - indo - west - pacific region .
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this revised version was published online in july 2006 with corrections to the cover date .
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further two observed fish - based types were not considered : the potential stone loach - dominated brook was not sufficiently represented in this study to be verified , and the stickleback brook was considered to represent degradation of lowland trout brooks .
the correspondence between the fish - based typology and the morphology - based german stream typology was rather weak and requires further investigation .
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