abalistes stellatus is a member of the triggerfish family that occurs along the coasts of the indian ocean , the red sea , the persian gulf , and along the western edge of the pacific ocean .

abalistes stellatus

citation : - abalistes stellatus . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for abalistes stellatus . however , there are several marine protected areas within its distribution , including the jubail marine wildlife sanctuary , where abalistes stellatus has been recorded ( krupp and müller 1994 ) .
a starry triggerfish , abalistes stellatus , at lizard island , great barrier reef , queensland . source : anne hoggett / lizard island filed guide , urltoken license : cc by attribution
abalistes stellatus is rather common in the persian gulf and often observed in markets ( kuronuma and abe 1972 ) . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible .
synonymy trated as a synonym of abalistes stellaris in fishbase , not by eschmeyer . [ details ]
abalistes stellatus is taken incidentally by bottom trawls and utilized for human consumption ( hutchins 1984 ) , however , this is not thought to be a major threat at this time ( k . matsuura pers . comm . 2014 ) .
balistes stellatus anonymous 1798 , allgemeine literatur - zeitung , berlin 3 ( 287 ) : 682 . type locality : mauritius .
( of balistes stellatus anonymous , 1798 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
matsuura , keiichi , and tetsuo yoshino , 2004 : a new triggerfish of the genus abalistes ( tetraodontiformes : balistidae ) from the western pacific . records of the australian museum , vol . 56 . 189 - 194 .
the similar hairfin triggerfish , abalistes filamentosus has filamentous upper and lower caudal - fin rays , 3–4 longitudinal grooves on the cheek , and lacks the yellow or pale blue spots and yellow reticulations on the body of the starry triggerfish .
a greyish to greenish - brown triggerfish becoming whitish below , with four large white blotches along the back ( the last on the caudal peduncle ) , pale yellowish - brown spots on the body , and sometimes a white streak on the upper midside . video of starry triggerfish ( abalistes stellatus ) , coral trout ( plectropomus leopardus ) , and yellowtail fusiliers ( caesio cuning ) at a baited remote underwater video camera ( bruv ) in the blue zone , at karamea bank , queensland .
. two similar specific names , stellaris and stellatus , have been used for this triggerfish by many authors . based on reviews of the descriptions made by lacepède in 1798 by anonymous in an article in the allgemeine literatur - zeitung ( general literature newspaper ) , matsuura and yoshino ( 2004 ) conclude that
pufferfishes found in a fish landing place 60 km north of nha trang in southern vietnam ( a ) and a fish market in sabah , malaysia ( b ) : a many small pufferfishes of lagocephalus and a large specimen of l . inermis in the center ; b large specimens of arothron hispidus , a . reticularis , and a . stellatus
representatives of the 10 extant families of tetraodontiformes . a triacanthodidae , triacanthodes anomalus ; b triacanthidae , triacanthus biaculeatus ; c balistidae , abalistes filamentosus ; d monacanthidae , thamnaconus hypargyreus ; e aracanidae , kentrocapros aculeatus ; f ostraciidae , ostracion immaculatus ; g triodontidae triodon macropterus ; h tetraodonitidae , arothron mappa ; i diodontidae , diodon liturosus ; j molidae , masturus lanceolatus . photographs of a and e provided by bsku ; b , d , f , h , and i by kaum ; c and g by nsmt ; j by hideki sugiyama
greek , a = without + greek , ballo = to throw ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 7 - 350 m ( ref . 58488 ) . tropical ; 30°n - 38°s , 32°e - 179°w ( ref . 56007 )
indo - west pacific : red sea and persian gulf to south africa ( also reported from west africa ) , east to the western pacific .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 60 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11441 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 3 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 25 - 27 ; anal soft rays : 24 - 25 . body grey brown to olivaceous dorsally with very small pale spots , becoming whitish ventrally with brownish yellow spots many of which anastomose into a reticulum ; 3 large oval white spots along the back and a small one dorsally on caudal peduncle ; a broad white streak often on side of body posterior to upper end of gill opening . an oblique groove before the eye . behind gill opening are large osseous scales . greatest body depth 2 - 2 . 5 sl . first dorsal spine 1 . 6 - 1 . 9 hl ; 3rd dorsal spine about 1 / 3 length of first spine . front of soft dorsal and anal fins not elevated ; caudal fin double emarginate , lobes longer with growth . depressed caudal peduncle , width greater than least depth , very slender and tapering , much longer than deep ( ref . 11441 ) .
inhabits mud and silt sand bottoms ( ref . 11441 , 48637 ) . adults on deep coastal slopes and usually seen swimming high above the bottom , sometimes found in estuaries . juveniles in sheltered coastal bays and estuaries with outcrops of rubble or debris on open substrates ( ref . 48637 ) .
randall , j . e . , 1995 . coastal fishes of oman . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 439 p . ( ref . 11441 )
) : 18 . 5 - 28 . 1 , mean 25 ( based on 856 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02570 ( 0 . 01243 - 0 . 05316 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 77 - 3 . 11 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 45 of 100 ) .
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inhabits coastal areas , usually found on sand , sponge , and weed bottoms to depths of 100 m ( hutchins 1984 ) . juveniles are found in estuarine areas ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) .
1997 ) . the recorded maximum total length ( tl ) is 60 cm ( hutchins 1984 ) .
is taken incidentally by bottom trawls and marketed fresh and dried salted ( hutchins 1984 ) . often observed in persian gulf markets ( kuronuma and abe 1972 ) .
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dorsal fin iii + 25 - 27 ; anal fin 24 - 25 . an oblique groove before the eye ; large bony scales behind gill opening ; greatest body depth 2 - 2 . 5 sl . caudal peduncle depressed , width greater than least depth , very slender and tapering , much longer than deep first dorsal spine 1 . 6 - 1 . 9 hl ; 3rd dorsal spine about 1 / 3 length of first spine . front of soft dorsal and anal fins not elevated ; caudal fin double emarginate , lobes longer with growth .
the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers
. perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .
anonymous 1798 . review of tome i of ` histoire naturelle des poissons ' by lacépède ( 1798 ) .
hutchins , b . 2004 . fishes of the dampier archipelago , western australia .
johnson , j . w . 1999 . annotated checklist of the fishes of moreton bay , queensland , australia .
johnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .
jordan , d . s . & seale , a . 1906 . the fishes of samoa . description of the species found in the archipelago , with a provisional checklist of the fishes of oceania . b
. sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp .
larson , h . k . , williams , r . s . & hammer , m . p . 2013 . an annotated checklist of the fishes of the northern territory , australia .
matsuura , k . 1980 . a revision of the japanese balistoid fishes . i . family balistidae .
matsuura , k . 2014 . taxonomy and systematics of tetraodontiform fishes : a review focusing primarily on progress in the period 1980 to 2014 . review for ipfc9 special issue .
. the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t193587a56996805 . downloaded on 09 march 2018 .
reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands .
richardson , j . 1846 . description of six fish taken by the officers of the beagle on the coasts of australia . 484 - 497 pls 1 - 4 in stokes , j . l . ( ed . )
russell , b . c . 1983 . annotated checklist of the coral reef fishes in the capricorn - bunker group , great barrier reef , australia .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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inhabits mud and silt sand bottoms ( ref . 11441 , 48637 ) . adults on deep coastal slopes and usually seen swimming high above the bottom , sometimes found in estuaries . juveniles in sheltered coastal bays and estuaries with outcrops of rubble or debris on open substrates ( ref . 48637 ) .
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mcculloch , a . r . 1929 ,
a check - list of the fishes recorded from australia . part iii
, records of the australian museum , vol . 5 , pp . 329–436
richardson , j . 1846 ,
description of six fish taken by the officers of the beagle on the coasts of australia
, ed . stokes , j . l . ( ed . ) , discoveries in australia , vol . 1 , pp . 484 - 497 pls 1 - 4 , t . & w . boone , london
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 994a75d7 - e293 - 42fb - be3f - 7895efc3a056
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f27d4ace - 8e5d - 4686 - aa37 - 5cdf517559aa
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 354058
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a starry triggerfish ( ams i . 44703 - 004 ) collected at palfrey island , queensland , 5 sep 2008 .
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scales of starry triggerfish enlarged above pectoral - fin base and just behind gill opening to form a flexible tympanum ; terminal mouth and depressed and wider caudal peduncle . it has grayish brown to olivaceous on back with small pale blue or yellow spots dorsally and large yellow spots ventrally and 3 large white blotches on back . this species occurring in sand , sponge and weed bottoms . it feeds on marine invertebrates .
yoshida , t , motomura , h , musikasinthorn , p & matsuura , , k ( 2013 ) . fishes of northern gulf of thailand , volume 8 . national museum of nature and science , tsukuba . research institute for humanity and nature , kyoto . kagoshima university museum , kagoshima . , japan . pp . 239 .
matsunuma , m . , motomura , h . , matsuura , k . , shazili , n . a . m . & ambak , m . a . ( 2011 ) . fishes of terengganu : east coast of malay peninsula , malaysia . national museum of nature and science , universiti malaysia terengganu and kagoshima universiti museum , malaysia . pp . ix + 251 .
acknowledgements : - ms . aida salihah binti abu bakar , ms . nurfadzilah bt azmi , ms . nurfarhana hizan binti hijas , nursyafiqa madzlen , siti zubaidah binti abdul latif & mr . yasser mohamed arifin
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chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version .
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
khalaf , m . a . and a . m . disi ( 1997 ) fishes of the gulf of aqaba . : marine science station , aqaba , jordan . 252 p .
kinch , j . ( 1999 ) economics and environment in island melanesia : a general overview of resource use and livelihoods on brooker island in the calvados chain of the louisiade archipelago , milne bay province , papua new guinea . : a report prepared for conservation international , port moresby , national capital district , papua new guinea .
kuiter , r . h . and t . tonozuka ( 2001 ) pictorial guide to indonesian reef fishes . part 3 . jawfishes - sunfishes , opistognathidae - molidae . : zoonetics , australia . p . 623 - 893 .
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .
myers , r . f . ( 1999 ) micronesian reef fishes : a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of micronesia , 3rd revised and expanded edition . : coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 330 p .
oceana philippines international ( 2016 ) atong tañon , atong ampingan : fisheries challenges in the tañon strait protected seascape . : manila : oceana philippines , 48 p . urltoken [ accessed 27 / 09 / 16 ] .
randall , j . e . ( 1995 ) coastal fishes of oman . : university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 439 p .
randall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene ( 1990 ) fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . : university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p .
stobbs , r . e . ( 1990 ) comorian fish names with a preliminary list of malagasy common names . : investigational report no . 35
thaman , r . r . , t . fong and a . balawa ( 2008 ) ilava ni navakavu : finfishes of vanua navakavu , viti levu , fiji islands . : sprh - fio biodiversity and ethnobiodiversity report no . 4 , the university of the south pacific , suva , fiji islands .
wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .
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this article was published as an online first article on the online publication date shown on this page . the article should be cited by using the doi number .
tetraodontiform fishes are distributed in tropical to temperate seas and freshwaters of the world . they show a remarkable diversity in shape , size , and way of life ( fig .
) . because of their peculiar morphological characters , tetraodontiforms have long attracted the attention of ichthyologists and biologists .
) provided their interpretations of the phylogenetic relationships of tetraodontiforms based on myology and osteology , respectively .
) published an excellent monograph on the superfamily triacanthoidea including the triacanthodidae and triacanthidae . he recognized 19 triacanthodid species in 11 genera ( table
) , their taxonomic features are not repeated here , except for new information that provides a better understanding of taxa .
many species of the triacanthodidae are known from the tropical and warm regions of the indo - pacific . however , five species are distributed in the western atlantic :
with a color photograph based on specimens collected from off surinam . mceachran and fechhelm (
from the gulf of mexico and off greater new england , respectively . tyler et al . (
to the northeast coast of the usa off massachusetts , whereas this species had previously only been known from the florida keys , bahamas , bermuda , gulf of mexico , caribbean , and south to brazil , with the new northern occurence perhaps associated with warming currents along the east coast of north america .
in contrast to the atlantic spikefishes , many papers on indo - pacific spikefishes were published after 1980 . matsuura (
based on 13 specimens collected from the western indian ocean . this species is characterized by relatively large nasal organs compared to other species of
based on 25 specimens collected from the marquesas islands . in addition to these contributions , papers and books on taxonomic and zoogeographical studies of spikefishes were published by authors from various countries including australia , china , japan , korea , russia , taiwan , ukraine , and the usa .
with detailed descriptions and color photographs of fresh specimens collected from the kyushu - palau ridge . matsuura (
, these are the first records for the species from new caledonia . chen et al . (
) were based on specimens deposited at museums and institutions in taiwan and the usa . larson et al . (
has a narrower pelvis , a shorter postorbital length , a less distinctly supraterminal mouth , and a more concave snout profile . because the holotype of
) concluded that the most reliable character separating the two species is the degree of concavity of the snout . the depth of the snout in the middle of its length is 10 . 8−13 . 4 % sl ( average 12 . 0 ) in
) confirmed this difference in three specimens ( 86 . 2−93 . 0 mm sl ) of
) provided keys to the genera and species of spikefishes known from south and east africa . he recognized 11 species in this region :
) studied coastal fishes of the arabian sea based on specimens collected by research vessels of russia and ukraine from 1967 to 1991 . they also examined specimens collected by the german
, which are deposited at the zoological museum of hamburg university . the two authors recorded
( previously known only from the holotype , 52 . 2 mm sl from the andaman sea and a non - type specimen , 66 . 0 mm sl from off somalia in the western indian ocean ) , but did not provide descriptions of the two species . the specimens they studied are deposited at the national museum of natural history , national academy of sciences , ukraine , the zoological museum of the russian academy of sciences , and the zoological museum of moscow state university . in addition to these , venkataramanujam et al . (
this brief historical review clearly shows that there are many collection lacunae with respect to the distribution and diversity of spikefishes in the world oceans . new caledonia is one example of how collection efforts could provide us with better understanding of spikefish diversity . when matsuura and fourmanoir (
from new caledonia , only two type specimens were available for their study . long - term deep - water surveys by orstom around new caledonia added six species of spikefishes including 16 specimens of
) . many regions of the world oceans need to be surveyed , but the most promising areas would be waters in french polynesia and the indian ocean coast of sumatra and java in indonesia . japanese and indonesian fisheries agencies have recently implemented a joint survey along the indian ocean coast of sumatra and java . their surveys have resulted in many interesting spikefishes , including two undescribed species and several rarely collected species , which will be published elsewhere ( matsuura and kawai in preparation ) .
) reported that four specimens from the gulf of thailand near paknam have differences in eye size and the width of the interorbital space . two of these specimens ( 111 . 5 mm sl and 113 . 9 mm sl ) have exceptionally large eyes ( 10 . 4 % sl ) and the other two ( 105 . 6 mm sl and 107 . 9 mm sl ) have a normal eye size ( 7 . 8 and 8 . 5 % sl ) . the two large - eye specimens have eyes that are also larger than those of any other specimens of equivalent size . the large - eye specimens have a wider interorbital space ( 10 . 2−10 . 5 % sl vs . 6 . 3−10 . 0 % sl in many other specimens ) . tyler (
based on color notes or color photographs of fresh specimens , but neither was available for the other species . matsuura (
collected from phuket in the andaman sea : body silvery white with light brown tinge on dorsal half of body ; first dorsal spine silvery white with a black membrane between the first and third dorsal spines ; second dorsal , anal , and pectoral fins with light yellowish rays ; caudal fin dark yellow . matsuura (
collected from the northern gulf of thailand : body silvery white with several irregular golden brownish markings on head and body ; basal half of first dorsal spine silvery white and proximal half black with yellowish orange first dorsal fin membrane ; second dorsal , anal , and pectoral fins with light yellowish rays ; caudal fin dusky yellow .
) . after his monograph appeared , many publications on fish faunas , field guides and checklists have provided additional information on triplespine distributions ( e . g . , matsuura
) reported a 60 - mm sl specimen of this species from freshwater in indonesia .
) diagnosed and illustrated the 20 species of 10 genera found in japanese waters . his latter paper covered many of the 25 species that were known from the indo - pacific before 1980 . prior to this publication two papers reviewed triggerfishes in the eastern pacific ( berry and baldwin
. these were important contributions about the taxonomy of triggerfishes up to and including 1980 . a brief historical review of triggerfish taxonomy follows .
) published a review of the balistidae , one of his series of taxonomic studies of tetraodontiform fishes . he recognized 13 genera in the balistidae and provided a platform for triggerfish taxonomy . although de beaufort and briggs (
) reviewed triggerfishes of the eastern pacific with comments on fraser - brunner’s classification . they pointed out that fraser - brunner (
on trivial differences of squamation and the anterior few soft rays of the dorsal fin . berry and baldwin (
( i . e . , triggerfishes of other genera not occurring in the western atlantic ) . just after his review of the western atlantic triggerfishes , moore (
) also accepted these 11 genera in his phylogenetic study on tetraodontiform fishes . the osteologically based phylogenies of balistoids given by matsuura (
as a new species , based on a small juvenile washed up on a beach at the mouth of the van stadens river , south africa .
on the basis of two specimens collected off the northeast coast of kume - jima in the ryukyu islands , at depths of 120−150 m , which is quite deep for triggerfishes . matsuura and yoshino (
, which recognizes 37 species of triggerfishes in 11 genera . in addition to the above contributions , many checklists and illustrated books on shallow - water fishes also provided taxonomic and zoogeographical information of the balistidae and other tetraodontiforms ( böhlke and chaplin
has 28−30 dorsal rays and 24−26 anal rays . however , berry and baldwin (
from japan that dorsal rays range from 27 to 30 and anal rays from 24 to 27 . randall (
) comprised only 50 words with fin ray counts “d . 1 ? , a . 26 , p . 13 . ” because the poor original description fits several species of the balistidae , it is impossible to verify that
in a phylogenetic tree of the balistidae based on molecular analysis . their molecular analysis suggests that
) represent a single clade . these species should be revisited with detailed morphological examinations .
east africa , mozambique channel , comores and mascarenes , north to southern japan , ogasawara islands and hawaiian islands , south to new caledonia , lord howe island , rapa and ducie ( pitcairn group ) . east to central america
there are no comprehensive reviews of the monacanthidae , although in 1988 barry hutchins provided taxonomic , morphological , and phylogenetic data for all monacanthid species in the world in his doctoral dissertation . some parts of his dissertation were published , however , the taxonomic accounts of many species and genera and the phylogenetic analysis of the genera remain unpublished . hutchins published a series of articles on the monacanthidae between 1977 and 2002 . his first article on australian filefishes recognized 28 genera in australia ( hutchins
) published a review paper on the monacanthidae ( his aluteridae ) , recognizing 22 genera . although de beaufort and briggs (
lack long spines or long setae on the mid - side of the body . randall (
) provided brief accounts and color photographs of 26 monacanthids found in japanese waters . hutchins and matsuura (
and recognized four species with comments on their ability to inflate the abdomen . hutchins (
) provided a key and brief taxonomic accounts for 16 species of filefishes found along south africa . hutchins (
, a detailed study of diagnostic characters , including encasing scales of the posterior end of the pelvis , is needed . hutchins suggested in his dissertation that
remain . as in the case of triggerfishes , many checklists and illustrated guidebooks have provided much useful information on the taxonomy , distribution , and biology of filefishes ( see the section on the balistidae ) .
trunkfishes of the family aracanidae occur in shallow to relatively deep waters in depths from 5 m to 300 m . the species of
the aracanidae and ostraciidae have been placed in separate families by some authors ( e . g . , winterbottom
) , but they have also been treated as two subfamilies of the family ostraciidae by others ( e . g . , winterbottom and tyler
) . all the above authors recognized the two groups as closely related phylogenetic clades ( sister groups ) , but placed them at different taxonomic ranks . santini and tyler (
) studied fossils and extant members of the tetraodontiformes extensively and recognized familial groupings for the aracanidae and ostraciidae . recently , santini et al . (
) investigated the phylogenetic relationships of the aracanidae and ostraciidae based on molecular analysis of many taxa ( nine species of five genera of aracanidae and 17 species of six genera of ostraciidae ) . they demonstrated that the species examined in their studies ( santini and tyler
) published his article on indian zoology , he used two different spellings for a species of trunkfish . at the beginning of the article , a section titled “directions for arranging the plates” provided the name of animals in the plates where he presented the name of the trunkfish as “many spined coffin fish .
. ” plate 98 provided a good illustration of the species showing appropriate characters to identify the species . it is the type species of the subgenus by monotypy . however , in 1838 john e . gray published another paper in which he described three species ,
” indicating his intention to establish the group at the subgeneric level . although the name
thus creating a nomenclatural problem . if one follows the priority rule of the code ( iczn
should be preserved under article 33 . 3 . 1 of the code , making the spelling of the family group name aracanidae preserved under article 35 . 4 . 1 .
) provided brief reviews of the family , his accounts of genera and species were cursory as they were based on few specimens and did not provide adequate characteristics for the species treated . kuiter (
is unique in having a fusiform body and the caudal peduncle nearly completely covered by discrete bony plates . in addition to australian genera of aracanidae , detailed descriptions and illustrations of all four known species of
kentrocapros eco ( nmnz p . 903 , 102 mm tl , from pahia , bay of islands , new zealand ; a lateral view ; b dorsal view ) and an undescribed species of kentrocapros ( c nsmt - p 43344 , 104 mm sl ) collected from new zealand
as discussed above , no major taxonomic problems remain in the aracanidae . however , there still remains a need to clarify the nomenclature of some species of anoplocapros as well as the intraspecific variation of morphological characters related to ontogenetic development of kentrocapros .
eastern atlantic from st . helena , ascension and azores islands , ghana and angola
, he differentiated it from other ostraciid genera by the degree of the development of the dorsal ridge , the convexity of the dorsal surface of the carapace , and the projection of the snout anterior to the mouth . however , the two characters involving the carapace do not clearly differentiate
, protrudes anteriorly beyond the mouth in adults but not juveniles . in addition , large adults of
have a snout protruding to some extent beyond the mouth . these factors led matsuura (
in their own genus in his key and brief accounts of ostraciids found in the western central pacific . klassen (
because the latter has priority over the former . however , it seems premature to accept his proposal because there are species - level taxonomic problems in several species of
) provided keys and accounts accompanied by illustrations to boxfishes found in the western atlantic . they recognized five species ,
are nested in a single clade on the basis of his extensive osteological analysis ; i agree with this .
on the basis of a specimen from queensland , australia . however , there seems little doubt that it is actually
from australia may suggest that the specimen was transferred by ballast water from a ship or released from an aquarium . as with the balistidae , many checklists and illustrated guidebooks have provided a great deal of information on the taxonomy , distribution , and biology of boxfishes ( see the section on the balistidae ) . on the basis of the above overview , i recognize 22 species in the ostraciidae ( table
holotype of acanthostracion bucephalus ( ams ib . 6355 ) collected from queensland , australia . photograph provided by mark mcgrouther
two forms of tetrosomus reipublicae collected from the ryukyu islands ( a , b ) and kochi , japan ( c ) . a deep body with no blue lines ( bsku 29663 ) ; b , c slender body with wavy blue lines ( b bsku 29697 ; c bsku 59588 )
is rare in museum collections and poorly known . it is a deep - water species collected at depths of 50−377 m ( kyushin et al .
in detail , only 20 specimens were available for his study : five from the indian ocean ( mauritius , reunion and india ) and 15 from the west pacific ( indonesia , philippines and japan ) . due to the poor condition of two specimens , tyler (
) used 18 specimens to determine whether the first dorsal fin , composed of one or two spines , is present or absent . his examination revealed 12 specimens from the west pacific to have a first dorsal fin , and five indian ocean specimens and a specimen from the west pacific to lack a first dorsal fin ( table
) . however , he did not find other differences between the indian ocean specimens and those from the west pacific . this led him to recognize the two groups as being conspecific . i have recently had the opportunity of examining 28 specimens of
) also provided frequency distributions of fin - ray counts . my examination of 28 specimens produced almost the same frequency distributions of fin - ray counts as those of tyler (
) showed that a specimen ( 448 . 3 mm sl ) collected from the volcano islands , south of the ogasawara islands , had a single spine
frequency distributions of fin - ray counts in triodon macropterus . counts of fin rays of damaged or abnormal fins are excluded . counts of pectoral - fin rays were obtained from fins on both sides
was reported ( with color photographs ) from several areas in the indo - west pacific : the chagos archipelago ( kyushin et al .
to have the following coloration : body yellowish brown dorsally , becoming white ventrally ; ventral flap yellow in the ventral four - fifths and white in the proximal one - fifth ; a large black ocellus with a narrow white edge in the proximal part of the ventral flap ; second dorsal , anal , pectoral , and caudal fins yellow or yellowish brown ; when present , membrane of first dorsal fin black ( fig .
( 20 mm sl ) , collected at wallis and futuna at a depth of 245−440 m . they provided detailed characters and the visceral anatomy of the early juvenile that differs from adults in having a huge head ( 45 % sl vs 28 . 5−32 . 7 % sl in adults ) , no ventral flap , and different scale structure . juveniles also differ from adults in having a very large distended stomach .
) . because pufferfishes possess very few external characters useful for taxonomy and specimens are easily distorted when they are fixed in formalin and preserved in ethanol , it is often not easy for ichthyologists to recognize species limits and classify them into natural groups . consequently , they have been poorly studied and taxonomic confusion remains . although the tetraodontidae has never been comprehensively reviewed , the taxonomy of pufferfishes has progressed since fraser - brunner’s (
, based on osteological characters of the skull , the lateral - line system on the head and body , a skin fold on the ventrolateral side of the body , and spinule distributions on the body . although fraser - brunner (
) provided keys and accounts of pufferfishes in the seas around japan . subsequently , abe (
is the appropriate generic name for warmwater pufferfishes found mainly around japan , korea , and china . as with other tetraodontiform families , de beaufort and briggs (
marine pufferfishes occurring in warm and tropical regions of the world were studied by many authors from the 1970s to present . allen and randall (
and described seven new species , bringing the total number of species to 22 . since allen and randall’s (
from the gambier archipelago in french polynesia . in addition , randall et al . (
from the west coast of africa . the above studies bring the total number of species of
in the atlantic and provided a key to the species , along with detailed accounts of all atlantic species . walker and bussing (
) . the former is endemic to the atlantic and the latter is distributed in tropical and other warm seas of the world . abe and tabeta (
) based on an examination of the holotype and many specimens from the red sea . although the genus
has not been comprehensively reviewed , an ongoing study by the author has revealed 11 valid species in the genus . this study will be published elsewhere .
, many species found along the coast of china were not included in his articles . cheng et al . (
from brackish waters of modaomen zhuhai , guangdong . these chinese and japanese authors increased the number of
species making it the second largest genus in the tetraodontidae , with 25 species . however , taxonomic problems still remain in
as a new genus and species based on a single specimen collected at norfolk island .
is externally distinguished from other pufferfishes by its nasal apparatus in the form of an open , flat , and relatively unornamented disk . heemstra and smith (
in the period from 1980 to 1989 , graham s . hardy published a series of papers on the taxonomy of pufferfishes that are distributed mainly in the southern hemisphere . hardy (
from south africa revealed them to be conspecific , making the former a junior synonym of the latter . matsuura (
is unique in building large spawning nests , called “mystery circles” by local scuba divers . thus , the above studies of
) discussed nomenclatural issues of the tetraodontidae found in southeast asia in detail . he established the new genus
, but differentiated from other pufferfishes by their unique color pattern and a very elongate premaxillary pedicel that creates a greatly enlarged open space between their dorsomedial edges . thus , the generic name
as a new species from the mekong basin of thailand . because of its publication date , july 2013 , the authors were unaware of kottelat’s (
have a sufficient number of character differences to warrant being placed in separate genera . the type species of
. however , this is likely to cause confusion not only in pufferfish taxonomy , but also in the fisheries of east asia where pufferfishes are treated as important and expensive fishes ( e . g . , several species of
cost about us $ 100 per kilogram at fish markets ) . in addition , because pufferfishes have fatal poison in their viscera , scientific names are very important for food security management in east asia . as suggested by kottelat (
) , on the basis of the holotype from penang and two additional specimens from the west pacific . matsuura (
as a new species from the tropical region of the indo - west pacific . matsuura (
with a key to species and accounts of all members of the genus including two undescribed species .
as indicated above , there has been a great deal of progress in taxonomy of the tetraodontidae during the past several decades , especially in the period from the mid - 1970s to the present . however , there remain taxonomic problems in genera such as
where many species await description and detailed morphological and molecular comparisons to classify them into appropriate groups . the taxonomy of pufferfishes in southeast asia is important not only for the understanding of fish diversity of the region , but also for the welfare and food management for humans . dao et al . (
) reported that the number of victims of food poisoning by eating pufferfishes reached 737 , with 127 mortalities from 1999 to 2003 . due to the lack of knowledge about pufferfishes and their toxicity , pufferfishes are still found in southeast asian fish markets ( fig .
) , although local and state governments in countries around the south china sea have prohibited the sale of pufferfishes for food .
) provided a list of synonyms and keys for all species of the diodontidae . keys to regional species were also provided by leis (
, western indian ocean ; 2001 , eastern indian ocean and western central pacific ; 2003 , western atlantic ) . accounts and color photographs for species of the eastern pacific were provided by allen and robertson (
reach more than 3 m in length and two tons in weight , it is difficult to preserve specimens of adults in museums . it is also difficult for ichthyologists to obtain measurements and counts on large adult ocean sunfishes in the field , and specimens of
have also been rarely collected . since ichthyologists have few opportunities to study an adequate number of adult specimens of ocean sunfishes , authors have been unable to agree how many species in the family , some believing a single species exists in each genus , and others recognizing two species each in
) published a list of nominal species in the molidae . bass et al (
is found in all oceans . however , they were unable to differentiate among specimens of
from the west pacific ( taiwan ) and the western atlantic ( florida ) . yoshita et al . (
around japan . they took measurements and counted 99 specimens of young and adults ( maximum size 332 cm tl , fig .
) . they showed convincingly that there are two species with clear morphological differences : a well - developed head bump ( head bump height 12 . 1 % tl ) in group a vs . with no distinct head bump ( head bump height 7 . 8 % tl ) in group b , number of clavus fin rays 14−17 in group a vs 10−13 in group b , number of clavus ossicles 8−15 in group a vs . 8−9 in group b , and edge of clavus not wavy in group a vs . wavy in group b . yoshita et al . (
must await the availability of more specimens from other regions of the world’s oceans for study by both morphological and molecular methods .
) pioneered the classification of tetraodontiform fishes by placing them in the order plectognathi based on his detailed anatomical studies . since cuvier’s (
) , yseult le danois tried to destroy the order tetraodontiformes . she stated that the triacanthoids and balisoitds are of acanthurid origin and that the other plectognaths ( her orbiculati ) are not even of percoid derivation , being related to the isospondylous fishes , and that
is related to the ostracioids rather than the tetraodontids . however , her statements were based on erroneous observations and interpretations of the osteological and myological characters of tetraodontiforms ( tyler
) supported the monophyly of tetraodontiformes by adding to the already substantial list of synapomorphies . in addition , wiley and johnson (
) analyzed relationships of tetraodontiformes using cladistic methods . he recognized three major clades : ( 1 ) triacanthodidae + triacanthidae , ( 2 ) ( balistidae + monacanthidae ) + ( aracanidae + ostraciidae ) , and ( 3 ) triodontidae + [ ( tetraodontidae + diodontidae ) + molidae ] ( fig .
) . the first clade , including the triacanthodidae and triacanthidae , was considered to be the sister group of all other tetraodontiforms . tyler (
) studied tetraodontiforms extensively and provided a huge number of osteological descriptions , comparative diagnoses , and illustrations for all extant families , major representatives of extant genera , and most of the known fossil taxa of the tetraodontiformes . tyler (
) , except for placing the superfamily triacanthoidea ( triacanthodidae + triacanthidae ) as the basal sister group to the two superfamilies , the balistoidea ( balistidae and monacanthidae ) and the ostracioidea ( aracanidae and ostraciidae ) .
phylogenetic relationships of the extant families of tetraodontiformes inferred from cladistic analyses of morphological characters .
) proposed on the basis of his osteological analysis that zeoids have a sister - group relationship with tetraodontiforms and the two groups are sister to the caproids . leis (
) used characters of eggs and larvae to investigate tetraodontiform relationships . although no aracanid and triodontid larvae were available for his study , leis (
) placed the ostraciidae in an unresolved trichotomy , ostraciidae + diodontidae + molidae , and placed the three families as a sister clade to the tetraodontidae ( fig .
b ) . this was the first time that the ostraciidae was placed in the gymnodonts ( triodontidae , tetraodontidae , diodontidae , and molidae ) . winterbottom and tyler (
) also provided many synapomorphies involving osteological and myological characters that supported a sister - group relationship of balistoids and ostracioids . klassen (
james c . tyler and other authors published many papers on fossil tetraodontiforms ( e . g . , tyler and patterson
) used osteological data on fossil and extant tetraodontiform fishes accumulated by previous contributions to generate a new classification of all known families represented by fossil and extant forms . for extant families , santini and tyler (
) placed the triacanthodidae as a sister group to all other families of the tetraodontiformes ( fig .
) . they arranged the other families into two suborders , the balistoidei and tetraodontoidei . the former is composed of the triacanthidae + [ ( balistidae + monacanthidae ) + ( aracanidae + ostraciidae ) ] . the latter suborder is composed of the triodontidae + [ ( tetraodontidae + diodontidae ) + molidae ] . this classification is similar to those of winterbottom (
) analyzed molecular data for 100 species of higher teleosteans . their study was the first to hypothesize close relationships among lophiiforms , tetraodontiforms , and caproids . they retrieved phylogenetic topologies placing caproids as a sister group with tetraodontiforms and the two groups as sister to lophiiforms . however , they used few taxa : one species of caproidae , two species of tetraodontiformes , and six species of lophiiformes . yamanoue et al . (
) analyzed more species of the three groups and provided a robust phylogenetic topology that placed the caproidei as sister to the lophiiformes , and the two groups as a clade that is sister to the tetraodontiformes .
) studied the lateral - line system and its innervations of nine species of tetraodontiforms ( representing all families examined except for the molidae ) and a single species each from the lophiidae , zeidae , caproidae , and siganidae . their analysis supported a close relationship of the tetraodontiformes with the lophiidae , but not with the zeidae , caproidae , or siganidae . recently , chanet et al . (
) presented synapomorphies of tetraodontiforms and lophiiforms involving soft anatomical characters : rounded and anteriorly disposed kidneys , a compact thyroid included in a blood sinus , an abbreviated spinal cord , an asymmetric liver , and clusters of supramedullary neurons in the rostral part of the spinal cord . baldwin (


ibn bey ( 22 march 1984 – 10 december 2012 ) was a british-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire who won major races in the united kingdom , france , ireland , italy and germany as well as competing in the united states and japan .

after winning once as a two-year-old in 1986 he won the predominate stakes in 1987 before recording his first group one success in the gran premio d'italia .

he continued to improve with age and developed into a formidable international campaigner over long distances winning the grand prix de deauville , prix maurice de nieuil , geoffrey freer stakes , preis von europa , grosser preis von berlin and irish st leger .

on his penultimate start he produced arguably his best performance when finishing second in the breeders ' cup classic .

he was retired from racing to become a breeding stallion in japan where he had limited impact as a sire of winners .

he died in japan in december 2012 .

ibn bey

funeral procession of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali , in tunisia .
his is a republic with an oddity . bin ali is a ‘bey’ , perhaps the country’s last bey .
hd stock video footage - funeral procession of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali , in tunisia .
out of the high top mare rosia bay , ibn bey was a half - brother to yorkshire oaks winner roseate tern .
multiple group 1 winner ibn bey , who finished second in the 1990 breeders’ cup classic , died in japan on monday at age 28 .
ibn bey – gran premio d ' italia ( 1987 ) , preis von europa ( 1989 ) , deutschland - preis ( 1990 ) , irish st . leger ( 1990 )
ibn bey was a group ii winner in england and france and group i - placed in both countries . he finished sixth in the 1989 japan cup ( jpn - i ) .
in later years , bay el bey spent much of his time with varian arabians breeding manager angela alvarez , who at the time was a newcomer . bay el bey became her mentor .
at 38 - 1 for owner yustane sohma . ibn bey exited racing with a record of 10 - 3 - 4 from 28 starts and earnings of $ 1 , 626 , 059 .
multiple group 1 - winner ibn bey , who finished second to unbridled in the 1990 breeders’ cup classic ( gr . i ) , has died in japan . he was 28 . the son of mill reef , who stood his entire career at big red farm in japan , had been pensioned since 2007 . ibn bey was trained by paul cole for prince [ … ]
ibn bey , also a group 2 winner in england and france , finished second to kentucky derby winner unbridled in the 1990 breeders’ cup classic at belmont , his only start in north america .
as a yearwing , ibn bey was sowd for 210 , 000 guineas to de saudi fahd sawman . [ 6 ] the cowt was sent into training wif pauw cowe at his stabwe at whatcombe in oxfordshire .
' izz al - d in ibn al - athir , the annals of the saljuq turks , 36 .
in 1990 ibn bey began by finishing dird to creator and in the wings in de prix ganay and den ran dird to in the wings in de coronation cup . in june he was ridden by mick kinane in de gran premio di miwano , but finished fourf , more dan twewve wengds behind de winner tisserand . in juwy ibn bey was reunited wif quin and returned to germany for de grosser preis von berwin in which he faced a fiewd which incwuded mondrian as weww as de german derby winner karwoff . he recorded his fourf group one victory , beating mondrian by four wengds . [ 11 ] ibn bey and mondrian met for de dird time in de grosser preis von baden in september and on dis occasion de german horse won , uh - hah - hah - hah . ibn bey wed for most of de race but was caught inside de finaw furwong and beaten by a wengf .
ibn bey sired 79 winners for earnings of $ 15 , 937 , 010 , including taiki herakles , winner of the group 1 derby grand prix in 1999 in japan . he produced three other group stakes - placed winners .
bay abi has 23 national winners from his 275 foals . bay el bey is his most outstanding son ; not only has he been canadian national champion stallion , but was twice us reserve national champion stallion and , has 5 more top tens . having sired the outstanding sires barbary , bey shah and huckleberry bey , bay el bey has been given the title of
king maker
and has established a dynasty in the show ring and in the breeding shed .
ahmad followed in his father’s footsteps and pursued a military career , fighting the byzantines in the service of caliph al - muttawakkil . in 855 ibn tulun’s father died and his mother married bayik bey , another high ranking turkish official in the abbasid court . ibn tulun busied himself in the war with the byzantines until 868 , when caliph al - mutazz made bayik bey the prefect of egypt , who chose to send his stepson to govern the country in his stead .
in 1986 , de independent timeform organisation gave ibn bey a rating of 88p , de
p
indicating dat de cowt was wikewy to make more dan normaw improvement . [ 6 ] in de fowwowing year he was given a rating if 117 by timeform , whiwst de officiaw internationaw cwassifiaction rated him on 118 , seventeen pounds behind de top - rated reference point . [ 2 ] ibn bey was water rated de best dree - year - owd cowt to race in itawy in 1988 .
3 . ibn johara is described in index entry 3998 as an 1894 grey stallion out of johara ( q . v . ) and by “ibn mahroussa i . ” entry 4005 explains that “ibn mahroussa i” is the grey stallion more often known as mahruss . the variant name and numerical designation appear to be raswan’s own . lady anne’s journal entry for january 22 , 1902 mentions “the grey horse ( now 7 years old ) by mahruss out of johara” then owned by ahmed fathi and his son mohammed fathi . this is apparently ibn johara .
talisman bey was champion stallion at the virginia state horse show and reserve junior champion colt at the 1983 buckeye . from that time on , talisman bey was promoted through his progeny rather than continuing his show career . by the end of the 1986 show season , 20 talisman bey offspring had won nearly 60 championships . talisman bey combines the strength and conformation of his male lineage with the beauty and refinement of his dam . his ability to reproduce these traits with regularity has earned him a reputation as one of the important young sires in the arabian breed .
“with judith 7 . 50 train , and mutlak to sale of remnant of a . p . s . stud at the serai . did not begin till long after 9 , the hour on bills , aziz brought out first only lb bid taken back . then 2 year filly b . b . azz grey fetched lbe 29 . ibn johara 32 , ibn zarifa saghir 27 , do kebir 26 , ibn bint nura saghir 56 , do kebir 43 , ibn b . jellabieh feysul 55 , ibn bint nura es shakra 44 , ibn makbula 63 , ibn aziz saghir 60 ) . johara b . helwa ( seglawieh ) 80 , b . horra and foal 125 , b . nura es shakra 106 . b . makbula 255 . of these i bid for the grey 3 yr . ibn johara 31 – splendid colt but has been ill , severe cold ( regret i did not go to 35 ) . i bought b . horra and foal and b . nura es shakra ( regret i did not buy for 55 the ch . ibn b . jell . feysul 4 years very beautiful—feared to add to number of stallions as we have enough ) . sent mutlak home with the 2 mares and foal , am delighted with them…”
funeral of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali . french tricolor flag at half staff atop a building . tunisian and french flags at half staff atop another building . photograph of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali . honor guard of tunisian mounted lancers leads funeral procession . french admiral jean - pierre esteva steps from car and walks in front of formation of french sailors . he greets french naval officers and tunisian officials , including successor bey of tunis , muhammad vii al - munsif . tunisian tribesmen carry coffin as french and tunisian officers stand at attention . closeup of coffin and pallbearers as they pass the camera . this historic stock footage available in hd and sd video . view pricing below video player .
ibn tulun died in 883 of dysentery . he was succeeded by his son , kuhmarraweh , but the tulunid dynasty would come to an end in 905 when the abbasids regained control of egypt . the abbasids razed ibn tulun’s capital of al - qatta’i , leaving nothing standing but the mosque .
one of sultan lajin’s major restorations was the mosque’s minaret which , with its spiraling external staircase , is another feature that sets the mosque of ibn tulun apart from other egyptian mosques . although common to ibn tulun’s homeland , particularly samarra , the minaret’s composition is like no other in egypt .
in september , ibn bey was sent to germany for de group one preis von europa over 2400 metres at cowogne in which his opponents incwuded sheriff ' s star ( coronation cup , grand prix de saint - cwoud ) and mondrian ( german derby , grosser preis von berwin , araw - pokaw , grosser preis von baden ) . ibn bey took de wead soon after de start and drew away from his opponents in de straight to record his fourf consecutive victory , winning by six wengds from mondrian , uh - hah - hah - hah . [ 10 ] on his appearance of de season , ibn bey was sent to contest de japan cup at tokyo racecourse on 26 november . he wed de fiewd for most of de way , but was overtaken in de straight and finished sixf behind de new zeawand mare horwicks who won in a worwd record time of 2 : 22 . 2 .
when bay el bey returned to varian arabians , it was to live out his days in the front paddock , the one which had been bay abi ' s and was reserved for the patriarch . public attention was gradually shifting to his son , the charismatic huckleberry bey , and to his grandsons . bay el bey ' s last foal was registered in 1985 , and living in genteel retirement , he was allowed to pass his days pretty much as he wished .
ibn bey was retired to japan where he stood as a breeding stawwion at de big red farm . he sired 79 winners , incwuding de group i derby grand prix winner taiki herakwes . he was pensioned from stud duty in 2007 and died on 10 december 2012 at de age of 28 . [ 13 ]
by the early 1990s , the success of bay el bey ' s descendants was staggering . through huckleberry bey and barbary , his influence in the performance arena was profound ; through bey shah , he nearly dominated the halter ranks . he had sired 441 registered foals , including nearly 100 champions and more than 30 national titlists . when he died on november 25 , 1996 , the arabian world knew that the most important sire of sires in the 20th century had passed .
ibn bey was a big , powerfuw chestnut horse [ 2 ] wif a white star and white socks on his hind wegs [ 3 ] bred by lord porchester . he was sired by miww reef de 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and irewand in 1978 and 1987 . [ 4 ] ibn bey ' s dam , rosia bay , was a daughter of de broodmare ouija , who was awso de dam of teweprompter , de grandam of ouija board and de great - grandam of austrawia . rosia bay hersewf went on to produce de yorkshire oaks winner roseate tern . [ 5 ]
ibn saud’s quest for recognition of his arabian kingdom , and how british government officials turned their backs on the largest reserves of crude oil in the world .
ibn bey was sent to de united states to contest de sevenf running of de breeders ' cup cwassic at bewmont park on 27 october when he raced on dirt for de first time , and ran over a distance shorter dan one and a hawf miwes for de first time since 1986 . his opponents incwuded unbridwed , go and go , izvestia , opening verse and rhydm . ibn bey was positioned just behind de weaders before turning into de straight in second pwace . he caught de weader thirty six red inside de finaw furwong but was immediatewy overtaken on de inside by unbridwed and finished second , beaten a wengf by de winner . on his finaw appearance , on 25 november , ibn bey made a second attempt to win de japan cup . ridden by a wocaw jockey , he was hewd up in de earwy stages and despite making some progress in de straight he never reached de weaders and finished eighf behind de austrawian gewding better loosen up .
ibn bey ( gb ) ch . h , 1984 { 12 - b } dp = 9 - 7 - 22 - 10 - 2 ( 50 ) di = 1 . 17 cd = 0 . 22 - 28 starts , 10 wins , 3 places , 4 shows career earnings : $ 3 , 724 , 131
11 . ibn azz saghir is not in the index , but there is an entry for ibn bint azz as - saghir ( 3954 ) , with the telltale variant spelling “ebn bent ezz el - saghir . ” the index lists him as an 1893 grey stallion by ibn helwa ( or “ebn heloua” ) out of bint azz ( “bent ezz” ) . it seems unlikely that azz herself was producing as late as the 1890’s , but a bint azz daughter also went through the sale , so this might be another case of a dropped “bint . ” index entry 3992 implies that ibn helwa was full brother to bint helwa gsb and johara gsb .
ibn bey made his racecourse debut in de danepak bacon stakes over one miwe at newmarket racecourse in august . he stayed on weww in de cwosing stages to finish fourf of de six runners behind lack a stywe . in october he recorded his first success by beating dirteen opponents in a maiden race at haydock park racecourse . [ 6 ]
in the spring of 1932 , on the eve of the consolidation of his arabian territories into the kingdom of saudi arabia , king abd al - aziz al saud , better known as ibn saud , dispatched his son prince faisal , along with one of his most trusted officials , fuad bey hamza , on a diplomatic tour of europe and the middle east .
9 . ibn nura es shakra is in the index ( 3963 ) as an 1890 grey stallion by ibn sherara ( also spelled “charara” ) and out of bint nura es shakra ( bint nura gsb ; see below ) . sheykh obeyd records state that ibn bint nura es shakra was bred to johara in 1897 . at that time lady anne blunt described him as “ibn bint nura es shakra ( white about 7 years ) by ibn sherara…” ( pearson / mol p . 139 ) . in later years a grey stallion named kaukab from the ali pasha collection was active in egypt . he was the sire of sahab , the grandsire of the babson import * bint serra . * bint serra’s original pedigree , issued in egypt , describes “kawkab” as a white son of ibn sherara and “bint nura . ” lady anne blunt owned sahab and knew his sire . in december of 1907 she referred to kaukab as “a beautiful white horse about 15 years old” belonging to ali pasha’s son yusef bey ( j & c p . 325 ) . on february 19 , 1914 she had a visit from ibrahim bey sherif , another of ali pasha’s sons : “he says he has ‘taken’ kaukab ( sire of sahab ) from his brother ( yusef ) and will bring that beautiful old horse to show me tomorrow . ” the next day “ibrahim bey sherif conducted by ali the syce appeared on kaukab , true to promise . that horse is indeed beautiful , light of bone as they say and pasterns rather too long , but what style , the quarter splendid ( i wish sahab had inherited that ) …” kaukab was apparently out of lady anne’s own bint nura gsb ( shot in 1912 ) . one might suspect that kaukab and ibn bint nura es shakra were the same horse . however , notes of lady anne’s quoted in a , p & c ( p . 113 ) in connection with sahab state that yusef bey sherif had kaukab “given to him by his father before the ‘interdict . ’ ” this makes it unlikely kaukab would have been one of the horses in the auction . if ibn bint nura es shakra and kaukab are not the same horse , then it seems they were full brothers of roughly the same age .
mohamed béji ben mami
turbe al - bey
in discover islamic art , museum with no frontiers , 2018 . 2018 . urltoken ; isl ; tn ; mon01 ; 12 ; en
vodafone derby record : 1985 reach ( 6th ) ; 1986 nomrood ( 11th ) ; 1987 ibn bey ( 13th ) ; 1990 zoman ( 7th ) ; 1992 alflora ( 6th ) ; 1993 redenham ( 7th ) ; 1994 waiting ( 17th ) ; 1995 riyadian ( 7th ) ; 1996 st mawes ( 17th ) ; 1998 courteous ( 12th ) ; 1999 lucido ( 15th ) .
as a five - year - owd , ibn bey again began his season in de aston park stakes and finished second to awbadr , to whom he was conceding six pounds . he was den moved up in distance for de henry ii stakes over two miwes at sandown park racecourse and finished fiff , more dan dirteen wengds behind de winner sadeem . in juwy he was dropped in cwass and distance for a listed race over fourteen furwongs at lingfiewd park racecourse and defeated de odds - on favourite mountain kingdom ( winner of de ormonde stakes and yorkshire cup ) by two wengds . in dis race he was ridden for de first time by richard quinn , who became his reguwar jockey . later dat monf ibn bey was sent to france again and won de group two prix maurice de nieuiw and won by a short neck from de andre fabre - trained dree - year - owd mardonius . [ 8 ] two weeks water , ibn bey made his dird attempt to win de geoffrey freer stakes . starting at odds of 9 / 2 , he raced in second before overhauwing de favourite apache in de finaw strides to win by a head . [ 9 ]
the following year , she showed bay el bey to the first of a series of victories and high placings in the show ring , as well as bred him to one mare . his first foal , a filly named reina del bey , arrived in 1972 , precipitating eight more breedings - - and it was in that second crop that bay el bey produced barbary , the first of the impressive lineup of stallions who would become outstanding competitors as well as breeding horses , earning their sire ( and now , as the generations go forward , grandsire or great - grandsire ) the epithet
the kingmaker .
those first youngsters were enough to let sheila know that bay el bey was the next step in her program ; it remained only for him to make a name in the show ring .
while prince faisal flew over the skies of london and visited military camps in moscow , fuad bey hamza was charged with discussing the finer diplomatic points in a succession of meetings held with government officials in each country on the tour . hamza’s main task was to gain formal recognition of ibn saud’s kingdom of hejaz - nejd ( the precursor to the kingdom of saudi arabia ) on the international stage .
oqba ibn nafi ' i establishes a base of operations at kairouan and begins the erection of the great mosque , generally thought to be the oldest sanctuary in the western section of the islamic empire .
' izz al - d in ibn al - athir , the annals of the saljuq turks , transl . d . s . richards , ed . carole hillenbrand , ( routledge , 2002 ) , 302 .
zoheir ibn kais leads a force which defeats a joint army of byzantines and berbers in carthage commanded by berber leader khusalah on the qairawan plain . the victors are not strong enough to follow up their victory .
the almohad dynasty of morocco remains in command of tunisia . caliph muhammad al - nasir ibn yaqub appoints his own governor in tunis in 1207 to manage the day - to - day administration of the state .
after finishing fiff behind legaw bid in de lingfiewd derby triaw on his dree - year - owd debut , ibn bey contested de predominate stakes at goodwood racecourse , a triaw race for the derby and won by two wengds from awwasmi and cwassic tawe . in de derby he started at odds of 40 / 1 and finished dirteenf of de nineteen runners behind reference point . he finished fourf at goodwood in juwy and den ran dird behind moon madness and legaw bid in de geoffrey freer stakes . in september , ibn bey was sent to itawy for de group one gran premio d ' itawia over 2400 metres at miwan and won de race by ten wengds form jung . on his finaw appearance of de season , de cowt ran poorwy in de irish st leger at de curragh , finishing sixf of de eight runners behind eurobird . [ 2 ]
ahmad ibn tulun was born in baghdad in ad 835 , the son of a turkish slave owned by the abbasid caliph al - mamun . turkish slaves often served as soldiers and court officials under the abbasids , and the elder tulun ( “ibn tulun” means “son of tulun” ) was an accomplished officer , rising to the position of chief of the caliph’s personal guard . tulun provided his son ahmad with an excellent education , which included studying theology at tarsus and military training at samarra . this military and religious background , combined with a youth spent observing the machinations of court politics , would prove to be a valuable skill set for ibn tulun .
by the late 1970s , bay el bey ' s growing reputation as a sire outweighed any desire sheila varian had to show him . he remained full time at arroyo grande , where he and bay abi formed one of the only national champion father and son teams to share a barn . in 1984 , however , bay el bey was on the move , this time to florida , where he was leased by rohara arabians for two years of stud duty . in the days before the use of transported semen , the move east provided increased exposure for the stallion and allowed his son , huckleberry bey , more opportunity to develop his own following on the west coast .
built more than 1 , 100 years ago , the mosque of ibn tulun still looks largely the way it did when first constructed , although the entire city that was built around it was destroyed just 26 years later .
kasida ( 1891 ) and manokta ( 1894 ) were foundation mares for lady anne blunt , full sisters by nasr and out of makbula gsb . it seems that ibn makbula was their brother and the third nasr foal .
the death of murad ii leaves the muradids in some confusion as they vie with one another for superiority . this sparks the revolution of tunis , or the muradid war of succession , which does not end until the first of the husainids has seized control in 1705 . murad ' s sons , ali bey and muhamed bey fight each other , plus their uncle , muhammad al - hafsi , several lesser commanding figures , the turkish militia and even the dey of algiers . ali bey is assassinated , and muhammad al - hafsi is recalled to constantinople ( permanently ) , but the dey of algiers manages to use his own tunisian supporters to briefly capture tunis between 1694 - 1695 .
the penultimate line of defense for the state is family ties and clan kinship . so writes in the fourteenth - century bin ali’s compatriot , the masterful philosopher king , ibn khaldoun , in his celebrated muqaddimah ( introduction to history ) . asabiyyah ( tribal kinship or solidarity ) , makes and breaks states , ibn khaldoun rightly argues . his thesis epitomizes current statecraft in most arab republics . so long as the state’s coercive ‘reserve’ is not in shortage .
chaghri beg [ 1 ] ( turkish : çağrı bey , full name : abu suleiman dawud chaghri - beg ibn mikail ) ( 989 - 1060 ) , da ' ud b . mika ' il b . saljuq , [ 2 ] also spelled chaghri , was the co - ruler of the early seljuq empire . the name chaghri is turkic ( çağrı in modern turkish ) and literally means
small falcon
,
merlin
. [ 3 ]
the bey of tunis recognises the newly - created republic of corsica , which has been created after a twenty - six year fight for independence . genoese rule is thrown out , if not genoese troops , who remain in various strongholds .
ubeidallah ibn al - habhab al - maousili launches an invasion of sicily which results in him seizing syracuse . he readies his forces to take the rest of the island but a berber revolt in ifriqiyya forces him to abandon the idea .
at this time the capital of egypt was the city of fustat , which lies in the area of what is now called old cairo . ibn tulun , however , envisioned something more along the lines of baghdad or samarra , and so he began construction of his own capital city , al - qatta’i . this new capital would be laid out in the persian style , with a palace and a connected mosque large enough to service all his soldiers . for the location of his city ibn tulun chose a strategic high ground called jabal yashkur , which means “hill of thanksgiving . ” ibn tulun’s decision to create his own capital city exhibited an independent streak which would continue to grow as he consolidated his political power .
the islamic wali of ifriqiyya , zoheir ibn kais , leads a force which defeats a joint army of byzantines and berbers in carthage commanded by berber leader khusalah on the qairawan plain . the victors are not strong enough to follow up their victory .
he had an extremely gentle inner side ,
sheila concurs ,
but he was very willing and enthusiastic in his own way .
she searches for adjectives .
bay el bey was stately , wise , thoughtful , kind . . .
it was that gentle honesty that was nearly their undoing at the canadian nationals of 1977 , when after a long , hard class , when everyone was tiring , sheila knew that bay el bey had been giving his best , and let up a little .
chaghri beg ' s later life and death are mentioned on pages 129 - 130 in the annals of the saljuq turks : selections from al - kamil fi ' l - ta ' rikh of ibn al - athir , translated by d . s . richards .
in britain – already an important ally of the saudi kingdom – the primary focus of the diplomatic talks was ibn saud’s formal request for financial aid from the british government for use in the economic development of his kingdom , including funding the exploration for oil deposits .
first , he took advantage of his connections with the abbasid court to have the locally unpopular minister of finance removed , and by 872 he had assumed control of the council of financial affairs . once in a position to do so , he boosted his own image in egypt by lowering taxes and spending more on infrastructure . meanwhile , after the murder of bayik bey in 870 , control of egypt passed to ibn tulun’s father - in - law , who not only kept him in place as governor but also granted him control over alexandria .
the eu and the us have sympathy for and comprehension of the tunisian civil society’s problem . the tunisian people through innate good sense made him their ‘bey’ . now they deserve something in return : respect and freedom from the spectre of hereditary rule that haunts most arab republics .
10 . ibn makbula is in the index ( 4009 ) as an 1892 grey stallion . variant spelling “ebn makboula . ” beyond this , his index entry is particularly garbled . he is listed as being by a sire also named “ibn makbula” and out of a mare named “nasrat . ” there is no other “ibn makbula” in the index , and the only “nasrat” in the index was a bay ali pasha stallion by aziz and out of bint azz . ali pasha sherif owned at least two mares named makbula , and ibn makbula’s name implies he was the son of one of them . index correction 888 changes the sire to nasrat and the dam to makbula . like raswan , lady anne blunt says that ali pasha sherif bred a bay stallion named nasr or nasrat , by aziz and out of bint azz . she further records that “nasr died of ‘the eye’ i . e . fell dead one day when being ridden out – this happened on a bridge . his only descendants were kasida , manokta and a colt ex mukbula” ( quoted in upton , p . 116 )
initially the ottomans were openly opposed by muley hamida a son of the hafsid muhammad v and a man with a very low reputation . once he had been seen off , the second bey was murad bey ( murad i ) . he was of corsican janissary stock and had been sponsored by ramdan bey from an early age . upon randan ' s death he was able to succeed him in office and secure the succession of his own son . as the first of this line the dynasty is known by his name - muradid or mouradite . however , his successors were so interested in securing their position , and making that position independent of ottoman control , that they alienated much of the nobility and ended up fighting amongst themselves so that it was almost a relief when the last of them was murdered by his own general .
british - bred ibn bey won 10 of 28 career starts , earning $ 1 , 626 , 059 while racing for five seasons in seven countries . he was named champion 3 - year - old colt in italy in 1987 , on the strength of a victory in the group 1 gran premio d’italia . however , he found greater success in later seasons of his career , winning the group 1 europa - preis in 1989 , and taking both the group 1 grosser preis and group 1 irish st . leger the following year at age 6 .
after the return of the abbasids in 905 , and with the rise of cairo proper as the capital of egypt , the mosque of ibn tulun lost its former prestige and centuries of neglect took their toll . the mosque suffered major damage in the 12th century when it was used at various times to house pilgrims . in 1296 , the mamluk sultan lajin , who had hidden in the mosque in the aftermath of the assassination of sultan al - ashraf khalil ibn qalawun , made good on his promise to restore the property to its original grandeur .
ibn saud’s main concern was to gain international recognition for his kingdom , which he had spent over twenty years expanding and consolidating . his second intention was to seek financial aid from britain in order to , amongst other things , fund the search for oil deposits in his dominions .
racing for fahd salman , ibn bey was a four - time group i winner . in germany , he won the 1989 r + v - europa preis ( ger - i ) and the 1990 grosser preis der berliner bank ( ger - i ) and was a champion both years . in italy , he captured the 1987 gran premio d ' italia ( ity - i ) and was that year ' s champion 3 - year - old male . he was an irish champion the year he won the 1990 jefferson smurfit memorial irish st . leger ( ire - i ) .
three weeks after his defeat in germany , ibn bey contested de irish st leger over fourteen furwongs at de curragh and started de 5 / 1 second favourite behind de 1989 st leger stakes winner michewozzo . he raced in second pwace behind de dree - year - owd thetford forest ( water to win de sun awwiance novices ' hurdwe ) before taking de wead two furwong from de finish . he was headed by de outsider mr pintips but rawwied to regain de advantage 100 yards from de finish and won by a wengf . [ 12 ] after dis race he entered de ownership of yustane sohma .
since the 2009 elections , tunisians have started wondering whether bin ali intends to leave power in 2014 and under what scenarios . they have recently been rudely prevented from wondering too much and wandering into a different republic : one where they are visible and where the ‘bey’ and his heirs have departed for good .
bin ali and his government must realize that people live not by bread alone . they also live as social contractors with aspirations for free speech , organized political activity , civic and social capital , and political dynamism . ruling as a ‘bey’ in modern - day tunisia betrays the very republican pretensions of the regime .
during his two - year residence in florida , bay el bey established an indelible link with rohara .
he ' s a part of our program through all three sons and one grandson , jk amadeus ,
says hart .
even this year , so many years later , i would say that half of our show horses are either grandsons or great - grandsons ( or daughters ) of bay el bey - - 50 percent of the show string that we showed , and we had 21 entries at region xii .
his contribution ?
mostly the motion , the stretch , the overall athletic ability .
in 1938 , standard oil of california struck oil at al - hasa , tapping into what would become the world’s largest deposit of crude oil . irrespective of ibn saud’s thoughts on the success of his son’s 1932 diplomatic tour , for the british government it was one visit that officials probably wanted to forget .
6 . and 7 . ibn bint nura saghir and ibn bint nura kebir raswan describes as chestnut stallions foaled 1892 and 1889 , by aziz and out of bint nura ( index 3964 , 3962 ) . entry 3964 gives variant spelling “ebn bent noura el - saghir . ” raswan’s attempt to determine which bint nura produced these stallions is similar to his treatment of the two zarifa sons . these two sons of “bint nura” were probably out of the same mare . ali pasha owned numerous mares known as “bint nura” ( see below for another ) . these two easily could have been full brothers to bint nura gsb .
8 . ibn bint jellabieh feysul is in the index ( 3957 ) as an 1893 chestnut son of ibn nura out of bint jellabieh feysul . date , name , and color agree with the journal entry describing the auction . raswan seems to have been unaware that this horse was feysul gsb . lady anne blunt acquired him “from seyyid mohammed fathi december 7 1898 . mohammed fathi had bought him from saleh bey sherif , his purchaser at the 2nd auction held in march 1897 ( lady anne blunt quoted in a , p & c , p . 97 ) . the facsimile page of the sheykh obeyd stud book reproduced in upton shows that lady anne blunt originally entered feysul as the son of “bint jellabiet feysul , ” noting that feysul’s dam was also known as “the lame” ( el argaa ) from having broken a front leg . she later changed el argaa’s other name to read “bint bint jellabiet feysul , ” implying that one of the “bints” had been left out originally .
as important as his physical presence was the sheer force of his personality .
bay el bey had the temperament that we see in all the descendants - - ready to work , full of fire , but completely sweet ,
says mike nichols .
that ' s what characterized everything that ' s come down from him .
12 . johara bint helwa has variant spelling “goharra bent heloua” in index entries 3081 and 4550 . she is in gsb as johara , and crabbet records state she was also known as “bint helwa es shakra” ( the chestnut daughter of the sweet mare ) . crabbet records further state that lady anne blunt “ [ p ] urchased [ her ] from ibrahim bey sherif on april 19 , 1897 for lb 120 . ibrahim bey had bought her at the auction on march 26 , for lbe 80 ( quoted in upton , p . 100 ) . johara was the daughter of aziz and helwa , and was foaled about 1880 , making her one of the first aziz foals .
ahmad bey abolishes slavery in tunisia , one of several reforms in what is largely a mismanaged attempt to modernise the state . some of his efforts are handled with the support of the french but little of his changes benefit or even affect the ordinary populace . nevertheless , his cousin and successor , muhammad ii continues to follow his reformist tendencies .
ibn bey was beaten in his first four races of 1988 . he finished dird under top weight of 128 pounds in de aston park stakes at newbury , fourf behind awmaarad in de hardwicke stakes at royaw ascot , fourf , beaten 26 wengds , by unfuwain in de princess of wawes ' s stakes at newmarket , and fourf again in de geoffrey freer stakes in august . on his finaw appearance of de season , he was sent to france to contest de grand prix de deauviwwe over 2700 metres on 28 august . ridden by michaew roberts , he took de wead 400 metres from de finish and won by two wengds from de barry hiwws - trained sudden victory . [ 7 ]
4 . and 5 . ibn zarifa saghir and ibn zarifa kebir appear to be the sons of a mare named zarifa ( “the graceful” ) , as their names imply ( “the younger son of the graceful mare” and “the elder son of the graceful mare” respectively ) . index entries 4040 and 4041 , as well as 11242 and 11243 , interpret the names to mean “the son of the younger zarifa” and “the son of the elder zarifa , ” which is an unlikely interpretation since the words kebir and saghir take the masculine form and therefore seem to apply to the sons . raswan says the sons were foaled in 1887 and 1888 , were both grey , and both by aziz .
the mosque tells the story of a court servant , the son of a turkish slave , who came to rule all of egypt and part of syria . he would rise to declare independence for his kingdom–as well as himself–from those who once owned him . this article will explore the history of ahmad ibn tulun and the mosque that bears his name .
peace was established this year between king ibrahim and da’ud ibn mikha’il ibn saljuq , the lord of khurasan , on condition that each of them should keep what he held and abandon opposition to the other’s rule . the reason for this was that the wise men on both sides considered [ the situation ] and realised that neither of the two rulers was able to take what the other held , and that the only result would be expenditure of money , exhaustion of the troops , plundering of the land and loss of life . so they worked for peace , and an accord was reached and oaths sworn . copies were drawn up , and the people were delighted and rejoiced at the prospect of prosperity .
no tunisians are arguing for democratic ‘compulsion’ from without . given the sad state of opposition and overall civic capital , mounting a challenge against the last ‘bey’ or his heirs may prove premature for another decade . but if bin ali wishes to insist on clinging to power till ‘death do us part’ , then he must stop to insult the intelligence of his people .
a successional dispute for the umayyad caliphate sees an army march on damascus , where a new caliph is proclaimed . rebellions and revolts break out across the empire , one of which results in a change in command in tunisia ( ifriqiyya ) , as a dynasty of governors is established . handhala ibn safwan al - kalbi consents to return to islamic damascus .
that bay el bey was athletically inclined was apparent . in preparing for his halter competition , he often enjoyed an unconventional training regimen . one year , getting ready for nationals , sheila conditioned him with extensive rides in the country around arroyo grande , accompanied by her whippet amber , and unofficially , a jackrabbit .
every day , the jackrabbit would always be in the same spot , and every day we ' d chase it , my dog and my horse and me . we ' d be going wide open through rough country .
every day , she adds , the rabbit escaped .
that was bay el bey ' s exercise that year . i always exercised him under saddle , never longed him .
the mosque is the largest in cairo , and is the third largest in the world . it is the oldest mosque in egypt that still retains much of its original design . the mosque of ibn tulun differs from other mosques in several regards , not the least of which is that it is built of brick covered with carved stucco rather than stone and marble . one reason given for this is the fact that the architect was a christian , who decided to use brick in order to spare churches from being plundered for building materials . another explanation is that ibn tulun wanted the mosque to mirror the great mosque of samarra , which is constructed in the same way , and because brick is more fire resistant .
the four qadits of sicily have largely been rebuilt into a single emirate by ayyub ibn tamim , the son of the zirid emir of ifriqiyya ( regional governors of the fatamids ) . he departs in 1068 , leaving behind an island that remains divided between arabs and byzantines , and is not strong enough to continue to hold out against fresh attacks from apulia .
his only british classic win so far came in the 1990 st leger on snurge - a horse whom , along with ibn bey , ruby tiger and bint pasha , quinn rates as the best he has ridden . controversially lost the ride on generous in the 1991 derby to alan munro when owner prince fahd salman decided to retain the latter jockey despite quinn ' s status as stable jockey to trainer cole . the partnership of salman , cole and quinn was later resumed although the jockey rode as a freelance last season , when he had a best - ever tally of 151 victories , and only kieren fallon partnered more winners . following fallon ' s departure from warren place , quinn began as first jockey to henry cecil this season .
in addition to his canadian national championship in stallion halter , bay el bey was named 1974 and ' 76 u . s . national reserve champion stallion , and earned seven top tens as well as eight championships and reserves at regional and class a shows . sheila also presented him briefly in english pleasure , totaling up three championships , three reserves and the region ii championship .
sheila varian particularly remembers the sight of bay el bey and angela , heading out to the back pasture to tease the mares , a duty the stallion took over from his sire , bay abi .
you ' d see an empty 20 - acre pasture when angela led bay el bey in . . . and then , over the hill , the mares and foals would come running to greet him . because they were used to him and knew him , the mares didn ' t object when the foals came up to him , and he would stand with the babies all around him , talking to the mares . there was no striking , no biting , no rearing - - he knew what to do and how to do it .
bay el bey and i trusted each other . he had a strength and seriousness about him that i admired and a playfulness that i loved . if i wasn ' t moving fast enough to those pastures , he ' d get behind me and nudge me in the back . i miss those nudges . . . especially every morning around 8 o ' clock .
14 . fortunately , lady anne had also bought bint horra’s foal , a bay filly by ibn nura just 22 days old at the time of the auction . she was known as bint bint horra , and lady anne blunt named her ghazieh . she is no . 15 in the sheykh obeyd herd book , and was the dam of ten foals for lady anne .
what i remember most about him was his amazing neck , the same type that bay abi had , but with even more stretch and elegance ,
comments breeder mike nichols , who first saw bay el bey on a 1974 visit to varian arabians , which resulted in his purchase of the yearling barbary .
the trick is to get certain things simultaneously ; none is more important than the other - - type is crucial , correctness , performance , athletic ability , disposition - - you ' ve really got to get all of those or you don ' t have what we ' re looking for and you don ' t have anything you can go on with . bay el bey was living evidence of that and how brilliantly it bred on .
hasan ibn al - nu ' man captures carthage in 695 and advances into the atlas mountains . taking advantage of his absence , a byzantine fleet arrives to retake carthage in 697 , but within a year hasan returns and defeats emperor tiberius iii at the battle of carthage . africa is abandoned to the islamic empire . carthage is again destroyed and is replaced by tunis as the regional capital .
ibn makbula appears in the journals again , entry of november 20 , 1909 : “to the house of mahmud moharrem rustem purchaser of … the colt by nasrat out of makbula … a handsome wreck , eyes sunk in and looks older than his age ( 16 to 17 years ) , is very like kasida is grey , great bone , strange to say not yet white at that age . ”
husayn bey signs a treaty with france which grants it a strip of land near carthage on which king louis ix had died in 1270 , during the seventh crusade . the idea ( or pretence ) is that a monument is to be built to commemorate the french king . ten years later the first stone is laid in the construction of the cathedral of carthage , and the french now have a foothold in the country .
in rajab of this year [ 13 august - 11 septemener 1059 ] there died chagri beg da’ud ibn mikha’il ibn saljuq , the brother of sultan tughril beg . it is said that his death was in safar [ 4 ] 52 [ 7 march - 4 april 1060 ] . he was about seventy years old . he was the lord of khurasan and the rival andopponent of the house of sabuktegin , and the defender of khurasan againstthe , . when he died , his son alp arslan became ruler of khurasan after him . da’ud left a number of male children , including the sultan alp arslan , yaquti , sulayman , and qavurt beg . after [ the death of ] his brother da’ud , the sultan tughril beg married the mother of sulayman , and named him as his successor . what happened to him we shall relate later .
the last independent dynasty of tunisia , the hafsids , had become increasingly caught up in the power struggle between spain and the corsairs , the latter of which were supported by the ottoman empire . the ottomans conquered tunis in 1574 and toppled the hafsids . once removed , they were replaced by ottoman governors ( labelled deys - a superior title - or beys - the inferior of the two ) , with ramdan bey being the first .