asaphida is a large , morphologically diverse order of trilobites found in marine strata dated from the middle cambrian until their extinction during the silurian .

asaphida contains six superfamilies ( anomocaroidea , asaphoidea , cyclopygoidea , dikelocephaloidea , remopleuridoidea and trinucleioidea ) , but no suborders .

asaphids comprise some 20 % of described fossil trilobites .

the asaphids generally have cephalon ( head ) and pygidium ( tail ) parts similar in size , and most species have a prominent median ventral suture .

heads are often flat , and carapace furrows in the head area are often faint or not visible .

thoracic segments typically number 5 - 12 , though some species have as few as two and some as many as 30 .

they also generally have a wide doublure , or rim , that surrounds the cephalon .

this causes some specimens to be described as having a characteristic " snowplow " shaped cephalon .

when present , eyes are typically large .

one asaphida line , the superfamily asaphoidea , shows a continuous evolution of eyestalks , from individuals with stubby eyes to asaphus kowalewskii , a trilobite popular with collectors that sported long eyestalks .

this line is found in the middle ordovician asery level deposits of the volkhov river region near saint petersburg , russia .

during the ordovician , the region that is now eastern europe was a shallow inland sea .

this eyestalk development is believed to be an adaptation to changes in turbidity during this time , with eye-stalked trilobites like a. kowalewski presumably arising in a time of increased turbidity .

one thought is that this trilobite may have lain in wait for prey buried in the bottom sediment with only its periscope eyestalks protruding .

the major extinction event marking the end of the ordovician period reduced the diversity of all trilobite orders with most asaphid families disappearing .

the only surviving asaphids were members of superfamily trinucleioidea , and they too disappeared before the end of the silurian period .

the following families are included : anomocaroidea andrarinidae anomocarellidae anomocaridae aphelaspididae parabolinoididae pterocephalidae asaphoidea asaphidae ceratopygidae trinucleioidea alsataspididae dionididae liostracinidae raphiophoridae trinucleidae dikelocephaloidea dikelocephalidae eurekiidae loganellidae ptychaspididae saukiidae cyclopygoidea cyclopygidae nileidae taishunghaniidae remopleuridoidea auritamiidae bohemillidae hungaiidae idahoiidae remopleurididae

asaphida

zhang & jell 1987 ( trilobita ) , the family tsinaniidae and the order asaphida .
asaphida .
a dictionary of earth sciences . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
were also badly affected by this extinction . there are various features that characterise the asaphida , such as the
asaphida .
a dictionary of earth sciences . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
the ontogeny of the advanced members of the asaphida ( e . g . , asaphoidea , trinucleioidea , cyclopygoidea ) are consistent , with an effaced , globular protaspis .
the order asaphida is a large and diverse group of trilobites , including approximately a fifth of the entire class . they probably originated in the middle cambrian from the anomocaracea and , except for one genus ,
) . if so , then the argument of the ventral median suture as a central synapomorphy for the asaphida might require reconsideration . expanded and complete genera listings for the families above are from jell & adrain ( 2003 ) .
. the asaphids appeared in the middle cambrian and persisted to the lower silurian . order asaphida comprises six superfamilies : anomocaroidea ; asaphoidea ; cyclopygoidea ; trinucleioidea ; dikelokephaloidea ; and remopleuridoidea listed at the bottom of this page . the order contains a very large morphological diversity and number of species ; in fact , some 20 % of known species .
the trilobites of order asaphida are notably diverse in number of species and morphology , and interestingly contains about 20 % of known species . the most differentating morphological feature of the asaphid trilobites is the smooth and isopygous similar in size ) cephalon and pygidium , an evolutionary adaptation called effacement believed to have helped trilobites more easily burrow into and hide in sediment . another theory is that the smoothing of the exoskeleton streamlined the trilobite for locamotion . effacement is also evident among the agnostids , and suborder illaenina of order corynexochida . the asaphids appeared in the middle cambrian and persisted to the lower silurian . order asaphida comprises six superfamilies : anomocaroidea ; asaphoidea ; cyclopygoidea ; trinucleioidea ; dikelokephaloidea ; and remopleuridoidea listed at the bottom of this page . .
fortey & chatterton ( 1988 ) provided an extensive summary of evidence uniting the clades within the suborder asaphina , and later , arguments were presented by fortey ( 1990 ) for the recognition of an emmended order asaphida , as described here . the assumption is that the ventral median suture evolved only one time , thereby uniting all members bearing that feature as a monophyletic group . as a stem group composed of primitive asaphid families ( such as anomocaridae ) , the anomocarioidea is paraphyletic , giving rise to the derived superfamilies , and presumably including the most primitive transitional taxa for each ( such as some auritamiidae ) .
introduction : primitive asaphida ( possibly ancestral to some other asaphine groups ) , including families retaining the natant hypostomal condition , as well as other ptychoparioid features ; protaspides resembling those of ptychopariida ( not
asaphoid
) ; not all families included may be monophyletic ( i . e . , anomocaroidea as described here is likely a paraphyletic group ) . cephalon : preglabellar field wide ; glabella typically parallel or gently tapering , with 3 or 4 pairs of furrows more or less of ptychoparioid type , palpebral lobes long , sickle - shaped ; natant hypostome , median ventral suture ; natant hypostome , some approaching conterminant . thorax : 10 - 13 + segments . pygidium : typically large , with broad , usually concave border , 2 - 10 axial rings . families : andrarinidae , anomocarellidae , anomocarida e , aphelaspididae , parabolinoididae , pter ocephalidae ( including housiidae ) . genera : andrarinidae : andrarina ( / liostracus ) , groenwallia , groenwallina .
cephalon : opisthoparian or marginal facial sutures , generally eyeless ; glabella typically convex and pyriform , with 3 or fewer pairs of furrows , preoccipital glabellar tubercle sometimes present ; usually long genal spines . thorax : usually 5 – 8 segments , but only 2 - 3 segments in progenetic raphiophoridae , and up to 30 in seleneceme ( alsataspididae ) , with long , narrow adaxial pleurae . pygidium : wide , typically triangular , narrow axis extending to posterior margin , border strongly declined , doublure very narrow . other : asaphoid protaspis shows common ancestry ; raphiophorus is the only trinucleioid ( indeed the only representative of the order asaphida ) that continues beyond the ordovician - silurian boundary . families : alsataspididae ( including orometopidae ) , dionididae , liostracinidae , raphiophoridae , trinucleidae , genera : alsataspididae : ajrikina , alataupleura , araiopleura , calycinoidia , caputrotundum , clavatellus , falanaspis , hapalopleura , huamiaocephalus , jegorovaia ( = hermosella ) , jiangxiaspis , orometopus , pagometopus , palquiella , paracalymenemene ( / paracalymene liu ) , plesioparabolina , pyrimetopus , rhadinopleura , seleneceme ( = alsataspis ) , sibiriopleura , skljarella ( = proaraiopleura ) , spirantyx , trigocephalus , yumenaspis , zacompsus .
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form with enrolled doublure ) ; most members also have a median ventral suture ( only secondarily lost via fusion in two advanced families ) .
: typically 5 – 12 segments , but 2 - 3 in a few trinucleioidea , 13 + in some anomocaroidea , up to 30 in an alsataspidid ( trinucleioidea ) .
anomocarella ( = psilaspis ; = entorachis ) , eoanomocarella , fissanomocarella , glyphaspis ( = americare ) , hanshania , huayuania , liocare , liopeishania , liopelta , luia , lydiaspis , megalopsis , neoanomocarella , orthodorsum , paranomocarella , peishania , ( = parapeishania ) , peishanoides , plebiellus .
abharella , afghanocare , amginia , anomocare , anomocarina , anomocarioides , anomocariopsis , callaspis , chondranomocare , dilatalimbus , elandaspis , eocatuniella , forchammeria , formosocephalus , fuquania , glyphanellus , glyphaspellus , guizhouanomocare , hanivella , harataspis , hunanaspis , igarkiella , lohomia , irinia , jimanomocare , juraspis , kokuria , kolbinella , kotuia , leichneyella , lomsucaspis , longxumenia , macrotoxus , metanomocare , nadiyella , palella , paracoosia ( = manchurocephalus ) , parakotuia , paranomocare , pjatkovaspellus , qinlingia , rectifrontinella , sachaspis , schoriecare , schoriella , scintilla , sivovella , usovinurus , wutingshania , yongwolia .
amorphella , aphelaspidella , aphelaspis ( = proaulacopleura ; = clevelandella ; = labiostria ) , apheloides , dicanthopyge , elegantaspis , erixanium , eugonocare , kobayashella , listroa , litocephalus , maduiya , nganasanella ( = tamaranella ) , notoaphelaspis , olenaspella , olentella , paraphelaspis , pseudaphelaspis , pseudeugonocare , taenicephalites , taenora .
abdulinaspis , apornodocia , boestrupia , croixana , jasmundia , kendallina ( / kendallia ) , minkella , orygmaspis , parabolinoides ( = bernia ) , pedinocephalus , pesaiella , roksaspis , stigmacephaloides , taenicephalops , taemcephalus ( = bemaspis ; = maustonia ) , weishania .
pulchricapitus ( = reaganaspis ) , qilianaspis , sigmocheilus , stenambon , strigambitus , tiantouzhania , tumicephalus , uxunella , xiaoshiella , yingziaspis , yokusenia , yushugouia , zhenania , zhuangliella .
? ajacicrepida , asiocephalus , boschchekulia , cataplotaspis , ceratopyge , cermatops , charchaqia ( = aplotaspis ) , diceratopyge ( = paraceratopyge ) , dichelepyge ( = bicornipyge ) , dipleuropyge , guozia , haniwoides ( = yuepingia ) , hedinaspis , hunanopyge , hysterolenus ( = ruapyge / hectoria ) , kaltykelina , kaufmannella ( / kaufmannia ) , kogenium , lopnorites , macropyge ( = haniwapyge , = lichapyge ; = macropygella ) , mansuyella , nannopeltis , neohedinaspis , onychopyge ( = prionopyge ) , proceratopyge , promacropyge ( = aksapyge ) , pseudohysterolenus , pseudoyuepingia ( = iwayaspis ; = sayramaspis ) , sinoproceratopyge , tamdaspis ( = psiloyuepingia ) , tropidopyge , wannania , xiaodaositunia .
blandiaspis , dictyella , esseigania , guluheia , jiwangshania , leiaspis , lonchopygella , paradictyites , shergoldia , taipaikia , tsinania ( = dictyites , dictya ) , zhujia .
aethedionide , digrypos , dionide ( / dione ; / polytomurus ; = dionidepyga ; = trigrypos ) , dionideina , dionidella , huangnigangia , paradionide , tongxinaspis , trinucleoides .
ampyx ( / brachyampyx ) , ampyxella , ampyxina , ampyxinella , ampyxoides , anisonotella , bulbaspis , caganaspis , carinocranium , cerampyx , cnemidopyge , collis , edmundsonia , ellsaspis , endymionia ( / endymion ) , globampyx , jiuxiella ( = miboshania ) , kanlingia , lonchodomas , malinaspis , malongullia ( = ampyxinops ) , mendolaspis , metalonchodomas , miaopopsis , nambeetella , nanshanaspis , parabulbaspis , parampyx , pseudampyxina , pytine , raphioampyx , raphiophorus , raymondella ( / reedaspis ) , rhombampyx , salteria , sinampyxina , sinoluia , taklamakania ( = xinjiangia ) .
anebolithus , australomyttonia , bancroftolithus , bergamia ( = bohemaspis ; = brandysops ; = cochliorrhoe ) , bettonolithus , botrioides , broeggerolithus ( = ulricholithus ) , costonia , cryptolithoides , cryptolithus , deanaspis , declivolithus , decordinaspis , eirelithus , famatinolithus , furcalithus , guandacolithus , gymnostomix , hanchungolithus ( = ichangolithus ; = yinjiangolithus ) , huenickenolithus , incaia , jianxilithus , lloydolithus , lordshillia , marekolithus , marrolithoides , marrolithus , ? microdiscus , myinda , myindella , myttonia , nankinolithus , ningkianolithus ( = cerato1ithus ; = hexianolithus ) , novaspis , onnia , paratretaspis , paratrinucleus , parkesolithus , pragolithus , protoincaia , protolloydolithus , reedolithus , reuscholithus , salterolithus ( = smeathenia ) , stapeleyelta , telaeomarrolithus , tetrapsetlium , tretaspis , trinucleus ( / edgellia ) , whittardolithus , xiushuilithus , yinpanolithus .
cephalon : with opisthoparian sutures , glabella typically truncate anteriorly and squat , 1 - 4 pairs of lateral furrows , 1p may be transglabellar ; preglabellar field variable , sometimes absent , palpebral ridge typically well - defined , but separate from axial furrow ( compare to sister group remopleuroidea ) ; genal spines typically present , of various length ; median ventral suture rarely lost to secondary fusion ; hypostome conterminant thorax : 8 - 12 segments , axis convex , pleurae typically wider than length of axis , typically with short , pointed ends ( longer in loganellidae ) . pygidium : micropygous to isopygous , variable shape , axis often extends majority of length , sometimes with post - axial ridge , posterior margin smooth or spined ( 1 - 5 pairs of marginal spines ) families : dikelocephalidae , eurekiidae , ptychaspididae , saukiidae , loganellidae . genera : dikelocephalidae : berkeia , blandicephalus , briscoia , camaraspoides , dikelocephalus , elkia , goumenzia , hoytaspis , iranella , kasachstanaspis , monocheilus , olimus , osceolia , parabriscoia , patalolaspis , princetonella ( / calyptomma ) , pterocephalops rasetti , randicephalus , stigmacephalus , walcottaspis .
bandalaspis , bayfieldia , corbinia , eurekia , leocephalus , lochmanaspis , magnacephalus , maladia , tostonia .
alborsella , changia ( = coreanocephalus ; = quadraticephalus ; = fengshania ) , eoptychaspis , eowuhuia , euptychaspis , idiomesus , kathleenella , keithia , keithiella , macronoda ( = promesus ) , plectrella , proricephalus , ptychaspis ( = asioptychaspis ) , saukioides ( / pseudosaukia ; / jeholaspis ) , sunwaptia , wilcoxaspis .
cephalon : with glabella expanding forward to anterior margin , effaced in later cyclopygids , may be fused with occipital ring ; fixigenae reduced ( except in primitive taihungshaniidae ) , palpebral lobes lack distinct rims , and contact axial furrows at anterior ends , librigenae fused or separated by anterior median suture ; hypostome relatively transverse , impendent , often with tripartite posterior margin ; eye various sized ( may be hypertrophied and convex ( cyclopyge ) , typically closely adjoined to glabella . thorax : 5 - 8 ( 9 ? ) segments . pygidium : medium to large ( subisopygous in nileidae ) , axis usually with 2 - 5 rings ( but up to 20 + in advanced taihungshaniidae ) , may be smooth , or with indistinct furrows . families : cyclopygidae , nileidae , taishunghaniidae genera : cyclopygidae : amicus , aspidaeglina , circulocrania , cyclopyge ( / egle / aeglina ) , degamella , ellipsotaphrus , emmrichops , gastropolus ( = lisogoraspis ) , girvanopyge ( = cremastoglottos ; = gamops ; = nanlingia ) , heterocyclopyge ( = selenoptychus ) , microparia ( = gallagnostoides ) , novakella ( = incisopyge ) , paramicroparia , phylacops , pricyclopyge ( = bicyclopyge ) , prospectatrix , psilacella , quadratapyge , sagavia , symphysops , waldminia , xenocyclopyge .
aocaspis , barrandia , berkutaspis , borthaspidella , bumastides , elongatanileus , homalopteon , illaenopsis ( = eurymetopus ; = procephalops ; = rokycania / pseudobarrandia ) , kodymaspis , ? lakaspis , neopsilocephalina , nileus ( = remopleuridioides ) , parabarrandia , parabumastides , paranileus , ? peraspis , petrbokia , platypeltoides ( / platypeltis ) , poronileus , psilocephalinella ( / psilocephalus / psilocephalina / borthaspis ) , shenjiawania , symphyroxochus , ? symphysurina ( = symphysurinella ; = symphysuroides ) , symphysurus , troedssonia , varvia .
asaphellina , asaphopsis , omeipsis , pacootella , renhuaia , taihungshania ( = miquelina ) , tungtzuella .
cephalon : with opisthoparian sutures , glabella bulges tranversely anterior of occipital ring , with up to 3 pairs lateral furrows , eyes medium to very large , with narrow , wire - like socle , palpebral rims inflated , deep rim furrows , extending into axial furrows anteriorly ; genal spines present . thorax : 9 - 12 segments , axis convex , pleural furrows diagonal , pleural tips typically point backward . pygidium : with spinose margin , spines flattened , united at bases , extending to axis ; convex axis not extending to posterior margin , pleural field flat , typically furrowed and backward curving . surface variously sculptured or granulose . families : auritamiidae , bohemillidae , hungaiidae ( including dikelokephalinidae ) , idahoiidae ( including loganellidae ) , remopleurididae ( including kainellidae ) . genera : auritamidae : auritama , metopotropis .
asaphopsoides ( = dainellicauda ; = xiangxiia ) , ciliocephalus , dactylocephalus , dikella , dikelocephalopsis , dikelokephalina , dikelus , hungaia ( = acrohybus ) , hungioides ( = argentinops ) , leimitzia , meitanopsis , songtaoia , warendia , xiushanopsis .
aguilarella , arrhenaspis , brabbia , comanchia , duibianaspis , elviraspis , langyashania , lauzonella , leviscila , loganellus ( = highgatea ) , maladioidella ( = kuruktagella ; = cedarellus ) , noelaspis , patronaspis , psalaspis , pyttstrigis , saratogia ( = idahoia , = meeria ) , shitaia , valtoressia , wafangia , wilbernia , zhuitunia .
aktugaiella , amphitryon ( / caphyra ; = brachypleura ) , aotiaspis , apatokephalina , apatokephaloides , apatokephalops ( = aristokainella ; = wanliangtingia ) , apatokephalus , apiflabellum , arator , artokephalus , atratebia , auricula , binervus , blosyropsis , cavia , deanokephalus , diplapatokephalus , dislobosaspis , eoapatokephalus , eorobergia , haniwa , hastiremopleurides , hexacopyge , hualongella , hukasawaia , hypodicranotus , ivshinaspis , jiia , jingheella , jinshaella , kainella , kainellina , kainelloides , lacorsalina , lingukainella , lohanpopsis , loshanella , lulongia , makbelaspis , mendosina , menoparia , naustia , oculeus , poletaevia , portentosus , praepatokephalus , proapatokephalops , pseudokainella ( = elkanaspis ; = parakainella ; = fatocephalus ) , pugilator , remopleurella , remopleurides , remopleuridiella , richardsonaspis , richardsonella ( = lakella ; = protapatokephalus ) , robergia , robergiella , scinocephalus , sculptaspis , sculptella , sigmakainella , spinacephalus , taishania , teratorhynchus , tibikephalus , tramoria , yosimuraspis ( = eoyosimuraspis ; = metayosimuraspis ) .
whittington ( 2003 ) argues that at least some of the nileidae ( e . g . ,
fortey , r . a . 1990 . ontogeny , hypostome attachment , and trilobite classification .
fortey , r . a . 2001 . trilobite systematics : the last 75 years .
fortey , r . a . and b . d . e . chatterton . 1988 . classification of the trilobite suborder asaphina .
jell , p . a . & j . m . adrain . 2003 . available generic names for trilobites .
whittington , h . b . 2003 . the trilobite family nileidae : morphology and classification . palaeontology 46 ( 4 ) : 635 - 46 .
* different taxonomies are found , most recently with trilobites contained in superclass arachnomorpha in subphylum schizoramia .
. another theory is that the smoothing of the exoskeleton streamlined the trilobite for locamotion . effacement is also evident among the
the major extinction event concluding the ordovician period markedly reduced trilobite diversity across all the orders . among the asaphids , only some members of superfamily trinucleioidea survived , and they too met extinction near the end of the silurian .
© a dictionary of earth sciences 1999 , originally published by oxford university press 1999 .
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a taxonomic order within the class trilobita – trilobites that lived from the middle cambrian to the silurian periods .
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a taxonomic order within the class trilobita — trilobites that lived from the middle cambrian to the silurian periods .
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all died out in the mass extinction event at the end of the ordovician ( see below ) . why this may be was discussed by
this website offers a brief introduction to the group , some of its major sub - groups , morphological features and life habits . a glossary is also provided for reference .
thanks are given to the palaeontological association for permission to use the diagram of evolutionary relationships given below .


the oriental bay owl ( phodilus badius ) is a type of bay owl , usually classified with barn owls .

it is completely nocturnal , and can be found throughout southeast asia .

it has several subspecies .

it has a heart-shaped face with earlike extensions .

the congo bay owl ( phodilus prigoginei ) was formerly classified as a subspecies of oriental bay owl due to insufficient knowledge , but it has turned out that it might not even belong to the same genus .

the sri lanka bay owl was also considered a subspecies .

a population of this species has apparently become extinct on samar island in the philippines during the 20th century .

it was described as phodilus badius riverae and was only ever known from a single specimen , which was lost in a bombing raid in 1945 .

the validity of this taxon is uncertain ; it is usually synonymized with the nominate subspecies ( for reasons of biogeography ) or the subspecies saturatus ( from external appearance ) ; it might be a distinct species , however .

oriental bay owl

the oriental bay owl is a relatively small unusual looking owl with short rounded wings . it is also known as the asian bay owl .
these oriental bay owl species inhabit evergreen forests , foothill forests , mangrove forests and deciduous woodlands . there are four recognized subspecies of these birds .
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the breeding season of these oriental bay owl species is from march to may in northeast india . in indonesian islands the breeding season is from october to december .
the oriental bay owl is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list 2004 ( 1 ) and is listed under appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
these oriental bay owl species are mostly sedentary and are residents in their ranges . post breeding dispersal of juveniles takes place . they may make local movements for feeding and breeding .
the breeding season of the oriental bay owl varies with region . it nests in hollow trees and tree stumps , laying between three and five eggs . prey is located using extremely sensitive hearing and consists of small mammals , small birds , reptiles , frogs and insects . the oriental bay owl has several calls , including whistles , hoots , wails and screams ( 2 ) .
the global population size of the oriental bay owl has not been quantified . the overall population size is considered to be stable . these species have large range and population . the owl species does not approach the thresholds for being vulnerable neither under the population trend criterion nor under the population size criterion .
the oriental bay owl is thought to have low population numbers but is not currently considered to be threatened ( 2 ) . international trade in this species is regulated by appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species which requires permits for export of the owl or its body parts ( 3 ) .
habits : the oriental bay owl is a nocturnal bird , roosting during the day in holes and hollows in tree trunks , or perched on a branch sheltered by palm leaves or beneath a thick horizontal bend of rattan , usually no more than about 2 metres above the forest floor . this owl is not alert when roosting and is easily approached .
= 5 ) . smallish owl with rather short legs and wings and short ear - tufts projecting out from sides of head . chestnut - bay above , . . .
the iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated the oriental bay owl species and has listed it as of
least concern
. the cites ( convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) has listed these owls under appendix ii .
an unusual looking bird , this species is a relatively small , ' chunky ' owl with short rounded wings .
23 - 29 cm . chunky , short - winged and short - tailed strictly nocturnal owl with a heart - shaped facial disc . bright rufous upperparts , well spotted and with ochre scapulars . pale buff below with sparse black spotting . similar spp . ceylon bay owl p . assimilis ( previously included with the present species ) is darker and more chestnut above and the tail is more densely barred with eight regular bars across feathers . voice . loud , eerie , hesitant series of quavering whistles with each note after the first rising in pitch . ceylon bay owl has a more complex , slower series of multi - element notes .
hunting & food : the oriental bay owl feeds on small rodents ( such as rats and mice ) , bats , birds , lizards , frogs , and large insects such as beetles and grasshoppers . they hunt from a perch , flying through dense stands of young trees beneath the forest canopy to make a kill . this is made possible by their relatively short and rounded wings . they also tend to hunt near water .
the oriental bay owl is a small nocturnal bird , measuring 22 to 30 cm in length . it is short - winged and short - tailed . the ear - tufts are short and project out from the sides of head . the facial disc is heart shaped . the upperparts are rufous and spotted . the scapular feathers are rusty brown . the underside is whitish brown with sparse black dots . the bill is creamish . their call is a loud , eerie , whistling sound .
bruce , m . d . , kirwan , g . m . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . oriental bay - owl ( phodilus badius ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the diet of these owl species includes large insects ( beetles , grasshoppers , cicadas etc ) small mammals ( bats , rats and mice ) , birds , snakes , lizards and frogs .
) belongs to the family of barn owls , tytonidae . these owl species are distributed in northeast india , myanmar , thailand , vietnam , cambodia , laos , southern china , malaysia , philippines and indonesia .
these owl species inhabit submontane and montane forests , temperate forests , foothill forests , subtropical or tropical mangrove forests , dense evergreen primary and secondary forests , evergreen wooded areas , hillside forests and valley woodlands . they prefer elevations from 200 to 1500 meters and also nearness to waterbody .
recorded from a rubber plantation at knc , near the edge of secondary forest ( gps coordinates not exact ) after dusk . the owl was calling from the nearby understory of the forest . it was seen shortly after this recording , giving great views at near eye level . the bird also hung vertically from a tree trunk ( not while calling ) , and then disappeared into the forest . spectacular !
habitat : dense evergreen primary and secondary forest , particularly foothills , sub - montane forest and montane forest up to 1800m in continental southeast asia . in java , the preferred habitat is foothills from 200 - 1000m elevation and sub - montane forest from 1000 - 1500m , but forest destruction has forced this owl to move from hill and middle zones to montane forest . highest elevation recorded is 2300m . also occurs in densely foliaged groves between farmland and rice fields in cultivated areas or in fruit - tree plantations near forest edge .
this small to medium sized owl is distinctive in its strikingly marked , angular face - a dark v - shaped marking running down the centre of the face , between the eyes , contrasts with the pale chestnut brown colouration ( 2 ) . the head is broad and there is no narrowing at the neck . the legs are long and fully feathered ( 4 ) . the underside of the body has dark flecks and the back and short , rounded wings are dark chestnut brown , spotted with black and yellow ( 2 ) . the ears are slightly tufted ( 5 ) .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
phodilus badius and p . assimilis ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as p . badius following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , martin , r , symes , a . & taylor , j .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
phodilus badius is found in south and south - east asia , from eastern india and southern china , through bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , cambodia , lao , viet nam , peninsular and east malaysia , singapore , brunei darussalem , kalimantan , sumatra , java , and bali , indonesia ( könig and weick 2008 ) .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is considered to be very rare throughout most of its range ( del hoyo et al . 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
strictly nocturnal , occurring in dense evergreen primary and secondary forest in lowlands , foothills , submontane and montane forest up to 1 , 700 m in south - east asia , although has been recorded up to 2 , 300 m ( könig and weick 2008 ) . it preferred habitat is foothill forest between 200 and 1 , 000 m and submontane forest up to 1 , 500 m ( könig and weick 2008 ) . it typically occurs alongside water ( könig and weick 2008 ) .
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description : the facial disc is elongated and coloured whitish - vinaceous , with a broad vertical chestnut - brown zone through each eye . the feathers of the rim are tipped blackish and chestnut - brown . the forehead is v - shaped and pale brownish - grey , with the upper part of the ' v ' reaching the crown , giving the frontal shield a triangular aspect . eyes are dark brown or brownish - black , and relatively large . the eyelids are whitish . the bill is creamy - yellow or pinkish - horn . the crown and nape are chestnut , speckled with black and buff shaft - spots . the mantle and back , to the uppertail - coverts , is a paler chestnut , spotted with black and buff shaft - streaks , with the feather bases being bright buff , and each mantle feather having 2 - 3 black spots on the shaft . the tail is chestnut with a few narrow dark bars . the outer two primary wing feathers ( 10th & 9th ) have white on the outer webs , and are banded with black or chestnut edges . the 8th & 7th primaries also have white on the outer webs near the tips . the throat is creamy - vinaceous . underparts are vivid pale yellowish - brown , speckled with blackish - brown and buff . tarsi are feathered to the toe joint with pinkish - vinaceous feathers that become paler near the toe joint . toes are yellowish - brown or pinkish - buff , with the claws being paler .
size : length 22 . 5 - 29cm . wing length 172 - 237mm . tail length 168 - 239mm . weight 255 - 308g . females are slightly larger than males .
voice : a typical song is a series of 4 - 7 or more loud , melancholic fluted whistles , given at about 2 notes per second . the call can last 2 - 8 seconds , and starts loud , with the later notes rising slightly in pitch . these phrases are often repeated many times , sometimes in a descending sequence . these whistles sometimes alternate with a series of different and shorter whistles , kleet - kleet - kleet or kleek - kleek - kleek as the bird moves from place to place . tends to start calling in the early evening . these owls can be very vocal during the breeding season , particularly after midnight .
breeding : breeding season is march to may around nepal and sikkim . in java , eggs have been recorded from march to july . nests are in tree holes , rotten tree trunks or stumps , or cavities . has been recorded nesting in leaf layers of palms in java . has also been reported using nest boxes . 3 - 5 white eggs are laid , measuring 38 . 0 - 40 . 6 x 30 . 2 - 31 . 1mm , at about 2 day intervals . incubation starts with the first egg , and is done by the female alone while the male brings in food . incubation and fledging periods are unknown .
distribution : nepal , sikkim , assam , nagaland , manipur , burma and thailand , east to south china , south through the malay peninsula to the greater sundas . also recorded on samar island in the philippines .
original description : horsfield , thomas . 1821 . transactions of the linnean society of london , 13 , pt . 1 , spec . 2 , p . 139 .
boyer and hume . 1991 .
owls of the world
. booksales inc .
del hoyo , elliott & sargatal . 1999 .
handbook of the birds of the world : barn owls to hummingbirds
. buteo books .
duncan , james r . . 2003 .
owls of the world : their lives , behavior and survival
. firefly books .
könig , claus & weick , friedhelm . 2008 .
owls : a guide to the owls of the world ( second edition )
. yale university press .
inhabits woodland , plantations and mangrove swamps at altitudes of up to 2200 m ( 2 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
parimal chandra ray department of forestry , north eastern regional institute of science and technology , arunachal pradesh , india , pin - 791109 . parimalcray @ urltoken
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bird begins with a whisper song starting at 1930 and works to a crescendo by 1 or 2 am . almost certainly the same bird as xc299711 .
bird begins with a whisper song starting at 1930 and works to a crescendo by 1 or 2 am . almost certainly same bird as xc299713 .
a pair ( assumed to be male and female , but both maybe males / females ? ) responding .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
what do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .
robinson , 1927 – sikkim and ne india , n & c myanmar and thailand ( except peninsula ) e to vietnam and s china ( s yunnan , sw guangxi zhuang , hainan i ) ; presence in nepal , bhutan and bangladesh unconfirmed .
( horsfield , 1821 ) – malay peninsula and greater sundas ( including nias i , off nw sumatra ) ; possibly also e philippines .
wide variety of calls . in breeding season , once described as surpassing all other owls in appalling . . .
evergreen and mixed deciduous forest , landward edge of mangroves , partially cleared land and dense . . .
small mammals ( e . g . bats , rats and mice ) , birds , lizards , snakes , frogs and large insects , particularly beetles , but also grasshoppers ; . . .
nests from mar–may in sikkim , india ; nests with eggs found oct–dec in borneo and mar–jul in java ; calls most frequently . . .
presumably sedentary , with evidence of some movement , probably post - breeding dispersal of juveniles . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . generally considered rare throughout its range , although thought to be relatively common in s malaysia , especially in . . .
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front view clinging to thin horizontal branch overhead looking around , just after midnight , one of two calling against each . . .
mkennewell , paul clarke , john gregory , joe angseesing , ron hoff , josep del hoyo .
james eaton , mark andrews , jorge chinchilla , gunnar pettersson , budiheran , mark . van . beirs , bird . soong , thomas pleschke , keith heaney , carlos n . g . bocos , khaleb yordan , andrew emmerson , allen levine , irene dy , rusli .
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phodilus badius badius : malay peninsula , borneo , sumatra , java and nias i .
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combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : phodilus badius . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
is distributed in northeast india , myanmar , southern china , vietnam , thailand , cambodia and laos . their occurrence in nepal , bhutan and bangladesh is unconfirmed . the populations in singapore and philippines are extinct .
is distributed in southern myanmar , southern thailand , malaysia and greater sundas islands ( indonesia ) . the subspecies


paramormyrops hopkinsi is a species of freshwater electric fish .

it was discovered in the ivindo river in gabon , in western africa by dr. carl d. hopkins of cornell university .

it lives in a tropical climate .

paramormyrops hopkinsi

brienomyrus hopkinsi from the ivindo river in gabon ( photo : c . hopkins ) .
barbus camptacanthus ( bleeker , 1863 ) . photo & copy ; carlhopkins brienomyrus hopkinsi photo & copy ; carl . hopkins
brienomyrus hopkinsi nov . sp . du nord du gabon ( pisces , teleostei , mormyridae ) p . 49 , fig . 1 .
the biodiversity of freshwater fish in gabon rainforests , one hundred years after mary h . kingsley
from : kingsley , m . h . ( 1899 ) west african study . mcmillian , london .
below are three of the species of fishes collected by mary kingsley in 1895 , described and named after her by albert günther in 1896 .
reference : günther , a . ( 1896 ) . report on a collection of reptilesand fishes made by miss m . h . kingsley during her travels on the ogowe riverand in old calabar . annals and magazine of natural history , ser . 6 17 , 261 - 285 .
download reprint of the günther ' s article as reprinted in mary kingley ' s book ( * . pdf format , you will need ) .
jean - daniel m ' bega working in rocky pools in upper ivindo river , february 6 , 1998 photo : j . p . sullivan
sébastian lavoué showing high densities of mormyrid fishes from cast net samples from the upper ivindo river . january 27 , 1998 . photo : j . p . sullivan .
right : jean hervé mve launches a cast net from the pirogue on the ivindo river .
department of neurobiology and behavior w263 seeley g . mudd hall cornell university ithaca , new york 14853
research in this lab concerns the neural basis of animal communication , including studies of mechanisms of signal generation , signal localization , and signal recognition in the context of species recognition . our focus is on communication in the electrosensory modality of fish .
( 4 ) systematics of a group of endemic species of mormyrid fishes in the genus brienomyrus from gabon .
( 5 ) evolution and ontogeny of electrogenesis . collaboration with the gabon cenarest : research request
( 6 ) fieldwork : a survey of the freshwater fishes of gabon , 100 years after the explorations of mary h . kingsley .
greek , para = near + greek , mormyros = a fish ( sparus sp ) ( ref . 45335 )
africa : ivindo river in gabon , and ntem river in cameroon ( ref . 81635 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 81635 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 17 - 19 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 24 - 26 . a slender , laterally compressed body ( ref . 81635 ) . dorsal profile of the head is downward sloping and concave or straight ; snout is v - shaped from above ( ref . 81635 ) . both anal and dorsal fins terminate at about the same level ( ref . 81635 ) . the fish is dark chocolate - brown overall , lighter on the belly ; the fins are dark brown ( ref . 81635 ) .
hopkins , c . d . , s . lavoué and j . p . sullivan , 2007 . mormyridae . p . 219 - 334 . in m . l . j . stiassny , g . g . teugels and c . d . hopkins ( eds . ) the fresh and brackish water fishes of lower guinea , west - central africa . volume i . collection faune et flore tropicales 42 . institut de recherche pour le développement , paris , france , muséum national d’histoire naturelle , paris , france , and musée royal de l’afrique centrale , tervuren , belgium . 800 pp . ( ref . 81635 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5005 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01318 ( 0 . 00609 - 0 . 02852 ) , b = 2 . 84 ( 2 . 66 - 3 . 02 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 5 , 000 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 18 of 100 ) .
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brummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .
justification : the ntem population is threatened by a planned deep river port and iron mine with the associated infrastructure . the population on the lower ivindo is threatened by iron mining . the aoo is estimated less than 2 , 000 km² . the species is currently only known from three localities .
a lower guinea endemic common in the ivindo river of gabon , the type locality . it is also reported from the lower ntem river of cameroon , although it is considered rare .
the ntem population is threatened by a planned deep river port and iron mine with the associated infrastructure . the population on the lower ivindo is threatened by iron mining .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
africa : ivindo river in gabon and ntem river in cameroon ( ref . 81635 )
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ivindo river , near makokou , gabon , western africa . holotype : mrac 84 - 34 - 1 . paratypes : mrac 84 - 34 - 2 and 3 ( 2 ) .
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hureau , j . - c . , 1991 . la base de données gicim : gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du muséum . p . 225 - 227 . in atlas préliminaire des poissons d ' eau douce de france . conseil supérieur de la pêche , ministère de l ' environnement , cemagref et muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris .
anonymous , 1997 . fish registrations within the museum database of the vertebrate section of the royal museum for central africa . mrac , tervuren , belgium .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) , 1998 . catalog of fishes . special publication , california academy of sciences , san francisco . 3 vols . 2905 p .
kamdem toham , a . and g . g . teugels , 1998 . diversity patterns of fish assemblages in the lower ntem river basin ( cameroon ) , with notes on potential effects of deforestation . arch . hydrobiol . 141 ( 4 ) : 421 - 446 .
teugels , g . g . and c . d . hopkins , 1998 . morphological and osteological evidence for the generic position of mormyrus kingsleyae in the genus brienomyrus ( teleostei : mormyridae ) . copeia 1998 ( 1 ) : 199 - 204 .
anonymous , 1999 . fish collection database of the natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) . natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) .
anonymous , 2002 . fish collection database of the american museum of natural history . american museum of natural history , central park west , ny 10024 - 5192 , usa .
hanel , l . and j . novák , 2002 . ? eské názvy zivo ? ich ? v . ryby a ryboviti obratlovci ( pisces ) 3 . , maloústí ( gonorhynchiformes ) - máloostní ( cypriniformes ) . národní muzeum ( zoologické odd ? lení ) , praha .
hopkins , c . d . , s . lavoué and j . p . sullivan , 2007 . mormyridae . p . 219 - 334 . in m . l . j . stiassny , g . g . teugels and c . d . hopkins ( eds . ) the fresh and brackish water fishes of lower guinea , west - central africa . volume i . collection faune et flore tropicales 42 . institut de recherche pour le développement , paris , france , muséum national d’histoire naturelle , paris , france , and musée royal de l’afrique centrale , tervuren , belgium . 800 pp .
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