albulidae is a family of fish , commonly known as the bonefishes , that are popular as game fish in florida , select locations in the south pacific and the bahamas ( where two bonefish are featured on the 10-cent coin ) and elsewhere .

the family is small , with 11 species in 3 genera .

presently , the bonefishes are in their own order : albuliformes / ˌælbjᵿlᵻˈfɔːrmiːz / .

the families halosauridae and notacanthidae were previously classified in this order , but are now , according to fishbase , given their own order notacanthiformes .

the largest bonefish caught in the western hemisphere is a 16-pound , 3 ounce example caught off islamorada , florida , on march 19 , 2007 .

bonefishes

bonefishes are popular sport fishes . bonefishes are not considered a food fish in florida , and most are released when caught . halosaurs and spiny eels are of no commercial value .
resolving evolutionary lineages and taxonomy of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) | brian bowen - urltoken
bonefishes and people : in many areas bonefishes are important business for people who make their living running fishing trips , especially in the florida keys . fishermen like to try for bonefishes because the fish are difficult to sneak up on and fight hard when they are hooked . people who fish for bonefishes in most areas need special boats that can enter shallow water with little or no noise . bonefishes are not considered a food fish in florida , and most bonefishes are released when caught . in some areas of the world , however , people do eat bonefish .
bonefishes are elongate , fusiform fishes with a conical snout and a subterminal mouth . like their relatives , the ladyfish and tarpon , bonefishes begin life as leptocephalus larvae and possess a gular plate . however , the gular plate of bonefishes is rudimentary and easily overlooked . bonefishes are sought by many sportsmen , but are of little value as foodfish due to the numerous small bones in the flesh . bonefishes are shallow - water , nearshore inhabitants that forage on sandy or muddy bottoms for worms , mollusks , and small fishes .
the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish
the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish .
the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish .
albuliformes ( bonefishes and relatives ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
bonefishes and relatives : albuliformes .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
fishes of the family albulidae , order albuliformes ( bonefishes ) . see fishbase for more information on this family . ( see also :
the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish . - pubmed - ncbi
habitat : bonefishes live in tropical shallow - water areas . they are most abundant at depths of less than 115 feet ( 35 meters ) and often feed in water less than 3 . 3 feet ( 1 meter ) deep . bonefishes also can be found in shallow grass flats and sandy areas .
albuliformes ( bonefishes and relatives ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
bonefishes and relatives : albuliformes .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
bonefishes live in small schools in sometimes extremely shallow water . they are ready to reproduce when they are about three and a half to four years old . the spawning areas of bonefishes , or the areas where they produce and release their eggs , are unknown . bonefishes live for at least nineteen years . spiny eel larvae ( lar - vee ) , or spiny eels in the early stage of development before becoming adults , can reach a length of 3 . 3 to 6 . 6 feet ( 1 to 2 meters ) .
diet : bonefishes feed on a variety of small bottom - dwelling invertebrates and fishes . feeding often takes place in shallow water , where bonefishes can be seen with their fins sticking out of the water as they seek food . as they forage ( for - ihj ) , or search for food , bonefish schools frequently dig in the bottom and disturb the mud and sand .
b . w . bowen .
the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish .
evolution 55 , no . 4 ( 2001 ) : 807–820 .
bonefishes eat fishes and small invertebrates ( in - ver - teh - brehts ) , or animals without backbones . halosaurs and spiny eels eat bottom - dwelling animals , including worms ; mollusks ( mah - lusks ) , or soft - bodied , usually hard - shelled animals such as clams ; and crustaceans ( krus - tay - shuns ) , or water - dwelling animals without a backbone and that have jointed legs . larger bonefishes also eat fish .
the feature shared by bonefishes and their relatives , the halosaurs ( hah - leh - sawrs ) and the spiny eels , is an open canal , or a tube - shaped passage , in the lower jaw that is an extension of the series of pores and tiny tubes along each side of a fish ' s body used for sensing vibrations ( vie - bray - shuns ) . bonefishes have a long , thin body that tapers , or gets thinner , at each end . the relatives are eel shaped with a very long anal ( ay - nuhl ) fin , the fin that runs along the bottom of the body , and no tail fin . most bonefishes and their relatives are 3 . 3 feet ( 1 meter ) long or shorter .
behavior and reproduction : bonefishes are remarkable because they commonly go into water that is extremely shallow for the size of the fishes . they can use their swim bladder , an internal sac usually used to control position in the water , for breathing . these fishes usually swim in small schools of five to twenty , although they sometimes swim in large schools of one hundred or more . people fishing for bonefishes often find them by spotting their tails sticking out of the water as the fishes dig in the bottom for food .
bonefishes live in shallow tropical waters , or waters with an average annual temperature more than 68°f ( 20°c ) . halosaurs and spiny eels live at the bottom of the ocean in water that is 3 , 281–9843 feet ( 1 , 000–3 , 000 meters ) deep .
citation :
bonefishes , albula vulpes ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
hidaka , iwatsuki & randall ( 2008 ) .
a review of the indo - pacific bonefishes of the albula argentea complex , with a description of a new species
. ichthyological research 55 ( 1 ) : 53–64 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10228 - 007 - 0010 - 5 .
colborn , j . , crabtree , r . e . , shakee , j . b . , pfeiler , e . and bowen , b . w . 2001 . the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : crytic species and ancient separations in a globally - distributed shorefish . evolution 55 : 807 - 820 .
male bonefishes are ready to reproduce when they are about 15 inches ( 38 centimeters ) long and about three and a half years old . females are ready at a length of about 19 inches ( 48 centimeters ) and about four years of age . spawning , or the production and release of eggs , peaks from november to may . females contain about 0 . 4 million to 1 . 7 million eggs , and the number of eggs increases with the weight of the fish . spawning areas are not known . the long , clear larvae reach a length of about 3 inches ( 8 centimeters ) . the fishes shrink during metamorphosis ( meh - tuh - mor - pho - sus ) , or the changes in form that some animals make to become adults , and the fins appear during the shrinking . in about ten to twelve days , the fishes look like miniature adults . bonefishes grow rapidly until the age of about six years , and then growth slows . bonefishes live for at least nineteen years .
bonefishes , albula vulpes ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , are one of the most important game fishes in the world . these beautiful fish can reach weights and lengths of up to 10 kg and 104 cm respectively , though a more representative size would be about a third of that . bonefishes have 15 - 19 dorsal soft rays , 7 - 9 anal soft rays , 12 - 14 branchiostegal rays , and 69 - 74 vertebrae . bonefishes appear blue - greenish above , with bright silver scales on the sides and below . dark streaks run in between their rows of scales , predominantly on their dorsal side . their bodies are long , thin , and fusiform , with bluntly conical snouts . pectoral and pelvic axillary scales are present , as is a single long scale on each side of the membrane between each ray of their dorsal and anal fins . bonefish have a unique adaptation for tolerating oxygen - poor water ; they inhale air into a lung - like airbladder to supplement oxygen from the water . they are sometimes mistaken for ladyfishes , which look similar . linnaeus first described the bonefish in 1758 . its scientific name can be translated as
white fox .
bonefishes , albula vulpes , prefer reefs , shallows , estuaries , bays , grass flats , and other brackish areas at depths from 0 to 84 m . they are found worldwide in subtropical warm seas . in the eastern pacific , their range includes waters off california to peru ; the western atlantic range stretches from north carolina to florida , the bahamas , the gulf of mexico , the antilles and the rest of the caribbean to brazil .
a pelagic fish , bonefishes nonetheless feed on benthic creatures such as worms , crustaceans , and mollusks , rooting them out from the sandy bottom . granular teeth , forming specialized dental plates , cover the bonefish ' s tongue and upper jaw , and similar grinders are also present in the throat , helping the fish to grind up its prey . small to medium - size individuals often feed in schools . sharks and barracuda often prey on bonefish .
this paper is a tribute to yosi sinoto , a pioneer in the study of indigenous polynesian fishing technologies and east polynesian prehistory . it builds on his research by considering the historical role of bonefishes ( albula spp . , family albulidae ) across polynesia . bonefishes are relatively large , schooling , nearshore species which , on several grounds , constitute high - return resources as defined by foraging models , especially in relation to polynesian fishing technologies . ecological , life history , and sportfishing data is compiled in support of this claim , while their role in indigenous fisheries is assessed with linguistic , ethnographic , and archaeological evidence . the latter shows that , despite being naturally distributed across the region , and recognized by a common polynesian referent ( kiokio or a close cognate ) , only two polynesian localities ( cook and hawaiian islands ) provide unambiguous historical evidence for well - developed albula fisheries ; their historical importance also is suggested on tubuai ( austral islands ) where they have declined . in tokelau and in the tuamotu islands they play a modest role in contemporary fisheries , while the evidence compiled here suggests more incidental use elsewhere in polynesia . three hypotheses are examined to explain the disjunction between the highreturn potentials of bonefishes and the available evidence for their traditional importance : 1 ) ethnographic and archaeological preservation and / or collection biases are factors ; 2 ) bonefishing was once more widely practiced but has declined as a result of harvesting pressures , climate change , or other processes ; and / or 3 ) geographic variability in conditions favoring bonefish abundance ( e . g . , habitat , food sources ) have led to a discontinuous and uneven pattern of cultural use across polynesia . the available evidence suggests that all three factors may be relevant .
physical characteristics : bonefishes have a blue - green back with narrow , dark , horizontal lines . the sides are silver . the tail is deeply forked . the average weight of a bonefish is 2 to 5 pounds ( 0 . 9 to 2 . 3 kilograms ) , and its average length is 12 to 30 inches ( 30 to 76 centimeters ) , but these fishes can weigh as much as 10 pounds ( 4 . 5 kilograms ) and be 41 inches ( 104 centimeters ) long . the upper jaw juts out beyond the lower jaw and does not have teeth .
in albulidae ( bonefishes ) the body is moderately slender . the snout is distinctively pointed and conical . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects well beyond the tip of the lower jaw . all fins lack spines . the dorsal fin originates at about the midpoint of the body in albula . in istieus the dorsal fin origin is more forward , and the fin is elongate , extending nearly to the caudal fin . the anal fin is short and originates well behind the base of the dorsal fin . the pelvic fins are positioned below the last dorsal fin rays in albula and under the middle of the dorsal fin in istieus . scales are small . most fishes are less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) in length . the back of albula is blue - green in color , with narrow , dark horizontal lines that fade rapidly after death . the sides are silvery .
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forey , p . , d . littlewood , p . ritchie and a . meyer , 1996 | carroll , r . , 1988
body eel - like ; posteriorly directed spine on dorsal edge of rear of maxilla ; premaxilla and maxilla bordering upper jaw ; gill membranes separate ; pectoral fins relatively high on body ; pelvic fins abdominal , with 7 - 11 rays ( the two fins are usually connected by a membrane ) ; anal fin base long and merged with what remains of the caudal fin ; caudal fin skeleton reduced or absent ; tail easily regenerated when lost ; branchiostegal rays 5 - 23 ; swim bladder present . some have photophores .
greek aktis = ray , thunderbolt , beam + greek pterygion , diminutive of pteryx = wing , fin . ref . 45335 .
greek , noton = back + greek , akantha = thorn + latin , forma = shape ( ref . 45335 ) .
the order albuliformes includes three extant families : albulidae , notacanthidae , and halosauridae . the bonefish family ( albulidae ) contains two genera : albula , with possibly eight species , and istieus , with two species . the halosaur family ( halosauridae ) contains three genera : aldrovandia , with six species ; halosaurus , with nine species ; and halosauropsis , with one species . the marine spiny eel family ( notacanthidae ) contains three genera : lipogenys , with one species ; notacanthus , with six species ; and polyacanthonotus , with four species . the fossil record for this order extends back almost 100 million years .
halosaurs have an elongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point . there is no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . there is a single short dorsal fin located just before the midpoint of the body . all fins have soft rays with no spines . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects well beyond the tip of the lower jaw . most fishes are less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) in length . colors range from tan to black .
the notacanthidae , or marine spiny eels , have an elongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point with little or no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . the anal fin consists of spines anteriorly grading to soft rays posteriorly . the dorsal fin in most species has from 26 to 41 isolated spines , from which the family ' s common name
spiny eels
derives . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects beyond the tip of the lower jaw . most fishes are less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) in length . the coloring is typically tan .
this order is worldwide in distribution . the family albulidae occurs in shallow tropical waters worldwide . the notacanthidae and halosauridae are little - known families of deep - sea fishes that occur along the continental slope and rise of the world ' s oceans at depths from 3 , 281 to 9 , 843 ft ( 1 , 000–3 , 000 m ) . bonefish ( albula ) frequent coastal and inshore waters of tropical seas worldwide . in the western atlantic , bonefish regularly occur in the florida keys and the bahamas and throughout the caribbean . halosaurs and spiny eels are deep - sea fishes of worldwide distribution .
bonefish are common in tropical shallow - water areas . they are most abundant at depths of less than 115 ft ( 35 m ) and often feed in water less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) deep . bonefish can be found over shallow grass flats and in sandy areas . juvenile bonefish and metamorphic larvae occur along sandy beaches with scattered patches of sea grass in water from 1
to 4 . 3 ft ( 0 . 3–1 . 3 m ) deep . in southern florida bonefish larvae recruit to sandy beaches during winter and early spring and are found in water temperatures ranging from 60 . 8 to 82 . 8°f ( 16 . 0–28 . 2°c ) and salinity levels ranging from 10 . 4 to 37 . 0 ppt .
halosaurs typically are found at depths of 1 , 640–13 , 123 ft ( 500–4 , 000 m ) on the continental slope and rise . spiny eels usually are found at depths of 656–11 , 483 ft ( 200–3 , 500 m ) on the continental slope and rise . they generally hover just above the bottom .
bonefish are remarkable because of their common presence in extremely shallow water ( less than 1 . 6 ft , or 0 . 5 m ) . the fisheries for bonefish in most areas require specialized boats capable of entering shallow water with little or no noise . fish typically swim in small schools of five to 20 individuals , although larger schools of more than 100 individuals are not uncommon . anglers searching for bonefish often detect their presence by spotting their tails protruding from the water as the fish dig in the bottom to feed .
bonefish feed on a variety of small benthic and epibenthic invertebrates and fishes . feeding often takes place in shallow water , where foraging bonefish are seen with their fins protruding from the water . as they forage , bonefish schools frequently dig in the bottom and disturb considerable quantities of mud and sand . xanthid crabs , toadfish ( opsanus beta ) , portunid crabs , alpheid shrimp , and penaeid shrimp make up most of the diet of populations in southern florida . in some areas mollusks and small worms are important in the diet . juvenile bonefish feed on a variety of polychate worms and small crustaceans , principally copepods , amphipods , and caridean shrimp . bonefish are subject to occasional predation by sharks .
halosaurs feed primarily on benthic prey , including worms and small benthic and epibenthic mollusks and such crustaceans as decapods and amphipods . larger species also consume various fish . spiny eels feed mainly on small benthic macrofauna , including worms and small crustaceans , such as amphipods and mysids . species of the genus notacanthus have specialized teeth that form a continuous serrated cutting edge probably used to crop sessile invertebrates . little is known about which animals prey on halosaurs or spiny eels .
in florida male bonefish reach sexual maturity at a fork length ( measured from the tip of the snout to the fork in the tail ) of about 15 . 7 in ( 400 mm ) and an age of about 3 . 5 years . florida females reach sexual maturity at a somewhat larger size , about 19 . 7 in ( 500 mm ) , and an age of about four . gonadal activity is seasonal and peaks from november to may . yolked oocytes are present in the ovaries in every month except august and september and are most abundant november to may . in florida juvenile bonefish and post larvae recruit to sandy beach areas during winter and spring . total fecundity ranges from 0 . 4 million to 1 . 7 million oocytes and increases with fish weight . spawning areas of bonefish are unknown . larvae reach a maximum size of about 3 in ( 76 mm ) . bonefish live for at least 19 years . growth of the bonefish is rapid until the age of about six years and then slows considerably .
little is known about halosaur or spiny eel reproduction . in halosaurs spawning appears to be seasonal in some species , but others spawn year - round . it is unknown where the eggs and larvae develop . in spiny eels spawning occurs year - round . it is unknown where the eggs and larvae develop . spiny eels have remarkable leptocephalus larvae that can reach lengths of 3 . 3–6 . 6 ft ( 1–2 m ) . aside from their extremely large size , the larvae resemble those of eels in appearance .
in many areas of the species ' range , including the waters off the florida keys , bonefish are the basis of economically important recreational fisheries , among them a for - hire charter boat fishery in the florida keys . bonefish are renowned by anglers for their wariness and fighting abilities and often are caught in water as shallow as 1 ft ( 0 . 3 m ) . in the florida keys fishing for bonefish is a year - round activity and provides a significant source of income to professional fishing guides . the commercial sale of bonefish in florida is prohibited ; the limits placed upon the recreational fishery for bonefish are a bag limit of one fish per angler per day and a minimum fish size of 18 in ( 457 mm ) in total length . bonefish are not considered a food fish in florida , and most bonefish are released when caught . halosaurs and spiny eels are of no commercial value .
elongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point with no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . there is a single short dorsal fin located just before the midpoint of the body . all fins have soft rays with no spines . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects well beyond the tip of the lower jaw . among the largest of halosaurs , reaching a length of almost 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) . can be distinguished from other halosaurs by the deeply pigmented sheath of the conspicuous lateral line . black in color . occurs at depths of 3 , 281–9 , 843 ft ( 1 , 000–3 , 000 m ) in the atlantic and indian oceans . also reported from waters off new zealand .
eastern atlantic from ireland to mauritania and south africa ; western atlantic , including canada to 25°n , and off southern brazil ; western pacific , including australia , new zealand , and japan ; and western indian ocean .
found over the continental slope and rise . little is known regarding specific habitat requirements . appears to be widespread .
feeds principally on benthic prey , including worms and small benthic and epibenthic mollusks and crustaceans , such as decapods and amphipods . larger specimens also consume some fish .
little is known regarding spawning . it is unknown where the eggs and larvae develop . eggs develop into leptocephalus larvae .
not listed by iucn . stocks probably have not been affected by human activities .
because of its occurrence at great depths , the species is of no economic importance .
elongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point with little or no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . it consists of spines anteriorly grading to soft rays posteriorly . the dorsal fin in most species has 28–36 isolated spines . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects beyond the tip of the lower jaw . attains a length of about 11 . 8 in ( 300 mm ) . typically tan in color . found on both sides of the north atlantic , predominantly tropical in range . occurs at depths from 1 , 969 to 6 , 562 ft ( 600–2 , 000 m ) ; most at 3 , 281–4 , 921 ft ( 1 , 000–1 , 500 m ) .
feeds principally on small benthic macrofauna , including worms and small crustaceans , such as amphipods and mysids .
appears to spawn year - round . it is not known where the eggs and larvae develop . eggs develop into leptocephalus larvae .
hildebrand , s . f .
family albulidae .
in fishes of the western north atlantic , edited by h . b . bigelow . vol . 3 . new haven : sears foundation for marine research , yale university , 1963 .
crabtree , roy e . , christopher w . harnden , derke snodgrass , and connie stevens .
age , growth , and mortality of bonefish , albula vulpes , from the waters of the florida keys .
fishery bulletin 94 ( 1996 ) : 442–451 .
crabtree , roy e . , derke snodgrass , and christopher w . harnden .
maturation and reproductive seasonality in bonefish , albula vulpes , from the waters of the florida keys .
fishery bulletin 95 ( 1997 ) : 456–465 .
crabtree , roy e . , k . j . sulak , and j . a . musick .
biology and distribution of species of polyacanthonotus ( pisces : notacanthiformes ) in the western north atlantic .
bulletin of marine science 36 , no . 2 ( 1985 ) : 235–248 .
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gilbert , carter rowell , and james d . williams . national audubon society field guide to fishes : north america . new york : knopf , 2002 .
nelson , joseph s . fishes of the world . new york : wiley , 1994 .
ricciuti , edward r . fish . woodbridge , ct : blackbirch , 1993 .
schultz , ken . ken schultz ' s field guide to saltwater fish . new york : wiley , 2004 .
morey , sean .
biological profiles : bonefish .
ichthyology at the florida museum of natural history . urltoken ( accessed on september 13 , 2004 ) .
fast - swimming silvery fish with a single dorsal fin , deeply forked tail , and under - slung mouth designed to extract buried invertebrates . popular with light - tackle anglers for an exciting fight , the soft light flesh is best used as fishcake . two species occur in hawaii , one endemic , but are difficult to positively identify without careful examination . several others occur in warm seas worldwide .
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bonefish spawning occurs year round in deep water where currents can easily disperse the developing eggs and larvae to other locations . these fish are generally less reproductively active during the hotter summer months . sexual maturity is reached at two years and near ripe females may be as small as 23 cm . the eggs hatch into ribbon - like larvae that transform into a more fish - like form once they reach about 5 cm , at which point they move closer to shore . their minimum population doubling time is estimated to be between 1 . 4 and 4 . 4 years .
in 1990 , scientists reported that bonefish have caused a few episodes of ciguatera poisoning .
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any of several silvery marine fishes of the family albulidae , especially albula vulpes , a game fish of warm shallow waters worldwide .
a silver game and food fish , albula vulpes , of warm coastal seas . also called ladyfish .
, would certainly cast doubt on whether a purely morphological comparison of geographically isolated bonefish populations is sufficient to adequately define relationships .
described herein was supported in part by nsf grant deb - 0346773 to t .
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common name for a fish belonging to several species in the two genera of the family albulidae .
the bonefish , is widespread in warm , shallow marine waters ; it is the only bonefish found worldwide . most other species are found in similar waters of the african atlantic , indian , and pacific oceans ;
the threadfin bonefish , is found only in the west indies . the bonefish is silvery in color , with a long , deeply forked tail and a single dorsal fin ; it has a pointed head covered by a thick , transparent cartilage and a receding mouth filled with numerous small rounded teeth .
is distinguished by two long trailing filaments , one extending from its dorsal fin and one from its anal fin . also known as ladyfish and banana fish , the bonefish may reach 3 . 5 ft ( 107 cm ) in length , and 18 lb ( 8 kg ) in weight . it is a bottom dweller of shallow , sandy areas where it feeds on crabs , shrimp , and worms . it is much prized as a game fish , despite the numerous tiny bones that limit its appeal as food . it is classified in the phylum
, phylum of animals having a notochord , or dorsal stiffening rod , as the chief internal skeletal support at some stage of their development . most chordates are vertebrates ( animals with backbones ) , but the phylum also includes some small marine invertebrate animals .
m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda
sorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .
permit belong to the trinity of south florida flats fish , along with tarpon and bonefish , that help pump an estimated $ 460 million a year into the state economy .
anglers have fought to protect this fish . so how did it wind up on a miami beach menu ? | miami herald ,
keoni chang , the corporate chef of foodland , a statewide supermarket chain founded by an irish immigrant in 1948 , remembers that his great - grandfather ate poke made of oio ( bonefish ) , caught on the flats , the flesh roughly scraped .
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colborn j 1 , crabtree re , shaklee jb , pfeiler e , bowen bw .
department of fisheries and aquatic sciences , university of florida , gainesville 32653 , usa .
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .
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stri staff publications [ 3666 ] a collection of scientific publications by stri staff .
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) by its more pointed lower jaw and higher vertebral and lateral - line scale counts . it is most similar to the indian ocean
differs from its two related species by higher counts of pored lateral - line scales and vertebrae . it has 68–74 ( mode 70 ) lateral - line scales vs . 61–65 ( 63 ) for
in having the pelvic fin tip reaching beyond the anus ( vs . short of or just reaching anus ) and higher numbers of scale rows above the lateral line 9–10 ( 9 ) vs . 7½–8 ( 8 ) for
we greatly appreciate specimen loans from m . sabaj ( ansp ) , j . maclaine ( bmnh ) , a . suzumoto ( bpbm ) , d . catania and t . iwamoto ( cas ) , i . nakamura and t . nakabo ( faku ) , m . a . rogers and k . swagel ( fmnh ) , s . kimura ( frlm ) , g . duhamel and p . pruvost ( mnhn ) , k . matsuura and g . shinohara ( msnt ) , s . l . jewett and j . t . williams ( usnm ) , m . e . anderson , p . c . heemstra , and v . mthombeni ( saiab ) , m . bougaardt and l . j . v . compagno ( sam ) , j . g . nielsen and m . tammes ( zmuc ) , and k . k . p . lim ( zrc ) . we thank g . s . hardy , ngunguru , new zealand , who read the initial manuscript and offered helpful comments . furthermore , we thank w . n . eschmeyer ( cas ) , d . g . smith ( usnm ) , and j . l . earle ( bpbm ) for their valuable comments and suggestions regarding the nomenclatural problem of albula argentea and color information of a . virgata . special thanks to m . e . anderson ( saiab ) for gifting a color transparency of albula oligolepis sp . nov . this study was financially supported in part by the sasakawa scientific research grant from the japan science society awarded to the first author and by the ministry of education , culture , sports , science and technology , japan ( nos . 1364069 and 16570079 ) to the second author .
bauchot m - l ( 1969 ) les poissons de la collection de broussonet au muséum national d’histoire naturelle de paris . bull mus natl hist nat paris ( 2 ) 41 : 125–143
bauchot m - l ( 1994 ) les poissons décrits et figurés dans les manuscripts de quoy au cours du voyage de l’astrolabe ( 1826–1829 ) . cybium 18 : 3–101
bloch me , schneider jg ( 1801 ) systema ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum . post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit , correxit , interpolavit j . g . schneider , saxo berolini . berolini , berlin
spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish . evolution 55 : 807–820
cuvier g , valenciennes a ( 1847 ) histoire naturelle des poissons , vol 19 . levrault , paris
davie p ( 1998 ) wild guide to moreton bay . museum of queensland , south brisbane
forsskål p ( 1775 ) descriptiones animalium avium , amphibiorum , piscium , insectorum , vermium ; quae in itenere orientali observavit . post mortem auctoris edidit carsten niebuhr . mölleri , copenhagen
fowler hw ( 1911 ) a new albuloid fish from santo domingo . proc acad nat sci phila 62 : 651–654
gloerfelt - tarp t , kailola pj ( 1984 ) trawled fishes of southern indonesia and northwestern australia . australian development assistance bureau ( adab ) , directorate general of fisheries , indonesia ( dgf ) , and german agency for technical cooperation ( gtz )
gmelin jf ( 1789 ) caroli a linné . . . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species ; cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decimo tertia , aucta , reformata , 3 vols in 9 parts . lipsiae , 1788–93 . systema naturae linné 1 : 1033–1516
grant em ( 1982 ) guide to fishes . the department of harbours and marine , brisbane
gray je ( 1854 ) catalogue of fish collected and described by laurence theodore gronow , now in the british museum . cat fish gronow . natural history museum , london
gronovius lt ( 1763 ) zoophylacium gronovianum , exhibens animalia quadrupeda , amphibia , pisces , insecta , vermes , mollusca , testacea et zoophyta , quae in museo suo adservavit , examini subjecit , systematice disposuit atque descripsit . fasciculus primus exhibens animalia quadrupeda , amphibia atque pisces , quae in museo suo adservat , rite examinavit , systematice disposuit , descripsit , atque iconibus illustravit . lugduni batavorum
herre awct ( 1953 ) check list of philippine fishes . us fish wildl serv res rep 20 : 1–977
, from japan ( albuliformes : albulidae ) . jpn j ichthyol 51 : 61–66
hildebrand sf ( 1963 ) family albulidae . in : bigelow hb ( ed ) fishes of the western north atlantic . mem sears found mar res 1 : 132–147
hubbs cl , lagler kf ( 1958 ) fishes of the great lakes region . bull cranbrook inst sci 26 : 1–213
hutchins jb ( 2001 ) checklist of the fishes of western australia . rec west aust mus suppl ( 63 ) : 9–50
jordan ds , jordan ek ( 1922 ) a list of the fishes of hawaii , with notes and descriptions of new species . mem carnegie mus 10 : 1–92
klausewitz w , nielsen jg ( 1965 ) on forsskål’s collection of fishes in the zoological museum of copenhagen . spolia zool mus hauniensis 22 : 1–29
kottelat m , whitten aj , kartikasari sn , wirjoatmodjo s ( 1993 ) freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi . periplus , jakarta
lacepède bge ( 1803 ) histoire naturelle des poissons , vol 5 . chez plassan , paris
leviton ae , gibbs rh jr , heal e , dawson ce ( 1985 ) standards in herpetology and ichthyology : part i . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology . copeia 1985 : 802–832
linnaeus c ( 1758 ) systema naturae , vol 1 , 10th edn . laurentii salvii , holmiae
nelson js , crossman cej , espinosa - pérez h , findley lt , gilbert cr , lea rn , williams jd ( 2004 ) common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . special publication 29 . american fisheries society , bethesda , md
mcdowall rm ( 1970 ) the galaxiid fishes of new zealand . bull mus comp zool 139 : 341–431
munro isr ( 1967 ) the fishes of new guinea . department agricultural stock and fisheries , port moresby
spp . ) from the eastern pacific ocean inferred from analyses of allozymes and mitochondrial dna . environ biol fishes 63 : 151–159
randall je ( 1998 ) zoogeography of shore fishes of the indo - pacific region . zool stud 37 : 227–268
randall je , allen gr , steene rc ( 1990 ) fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house press , bathurst
scopoli ja ( 1777 ) introductio ad historiam naturalem , sistens genera lapidum , plantarum et animalium hactenus detecta , caracteribus essentialibus donata , in tribus divisa , subinde ad leges naturae . prague introd hist nat i–x , 1–506
shaklee jb ( 1984 ) albulidae . in : fischer w , bianchi g ( eds ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean ( fishing area 51 ) , vol 1 . fao , rome , pp “albu”–“albu albu 3”
smith dg , crabtree re ( 2002 ) albulidae . in : carpenter ke ( ed ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central atlantic , vol 2 , bony fishes part 1 ( acipenseridae to grammatidae ) . fao , rome , pp 683–684
smith dg , randall je ( 1999 ) albulidae . in : carpenter ke , niem vh ( eds ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol 3 . batoid fishes , chimeras and bony fishes part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae ) . fao , rome , pp 1623–1624
smith mm ( 1986 ) albulidae . in : smith mm , heemstra pc ( eds ) smith’s sea fishes . springer - verlag , new york , p 157
van der elst r ( 1981 ) a guide to the common sea fishes of southern african . struik , cape town
weber m , de beaufort lf ( 1913 ) the fishes of the indo - australian archipelago , vol 2 . malacopterygii , myctophoidea , ostariophysi : i siluroidea . brill , leiden
wheeler ( 1958 ) the gronovius fish collection : a catalog and historical account . bull br mus hist ser 1 : 185–249
whitehead pjp ( 1978 ) a guide to the dispersal of zoological material from captain cook’s voyages . pac stud 2 : 52–93
( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( teleostei , albulidae ) . cybium 10 : 211–230
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the nomenclature of the bonefish family albulidae is currently in a state of revision . until recently , bonefish were considered to be comprised of two species , the circumglobal
this species is known only from the tropical pacific and the atlantic coast of north and central america ( wallace and tringali 2010 ) .
2008 ) . there is very little known about the life history , ecology , population status , or threats acting upon this species . therefore , it is listed as data deficient .
this species is known only from the tropical pacific and the atlantic coast central america ( wallace and tringali 2010 ) .
very little information is available on the population status of this species . there are numerous museum records , including specimens at the smithsonian
this species occurs in deeper waters than the typical habitat of albula species ( smith and crabtree 2002 ) . anecdotal evidence and the capture location of some museum specimens indicate an association with river outflows ( bowen et al . 2008 ) . it is mostly estuarine , especially found in estuaries of rivers along mountainous shores , on soft bottom habitats to depths of 50 m . diet studies indicate that 16 of 17 individuals collected over open sand bottom near the mouth of a river on the pacific coast of costa rica had fish in their stomachs ; one had crab remnants present ( adams unpublished data ) . the maximum size for this species is 51 cm ( tl ) ( robins and ray 1986 ) . additional information on the habitat and ecology of this species is absent .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range .
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depth range based on 108 specimens in 9 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 38 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 205 temperature range ( °c ) : 16 . 796 - 28 . 006 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 087 - 7 . 486 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 228 - 37 . 009 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 877 - 5 . 244 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 025 - 1 . 086 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 259 - 12 . 679 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 205 temperature range ( °c ) : 16 . 796 - 28 . 006 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 087 - 7 . 486 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 228 - 37 . 009 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 877 - 5 . 244 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 025 - 1 . 086 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 259 - 12 . 679 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
the bonefish frequents shallow , inshore waters including bays and estuaries . bonefish sometimes feed in water so shallow that their dorsal and caudal fins break the surface . they feed on worms , mollusks , and crustaceans that are picked ( or
grubbed
) from mud and sand bottoms . bonefish spawn offshore with the leptocephalus larvae migrating inshore to nursery areas .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file
froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2012 ) . species of albula in fishbase . december 2012 version .
pfeiler , e . , van der heiden , a . m . , ruboyianes , r . s . , & watts , t . ( 2011 ) . albula gilberti , a new species of bone fish ( albuliformes : albulidae ) from the eastern pacific , and a description of adults of the parapatric a . esuncula . zootaxa 3088 : 1 - 14 .
kwun , h . j . & kim , j . k . ( 2011 ) : a new species of bonefish , albula koreana ( albuliformes : albulidae ) from korea and taiwan . zootaxa , 2903 : 57–63 .
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hawaiian archaeology , 2014 , ( special publication 4 ) , pp . 51 - 72
name from latin words ' nemo ' meaning absence and ' ossis ' for bones ; referring to the absence of supraneural bones .
marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 20 - 500 m ( ref . 3545 ) , usually 100 - 400 m ( ref . 5576 ) . deep - water ; 18°n - 35°s , 18°w - 20°e ( ref . 109573 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5576 ) ; common length : 33 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5576 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 51 - 57 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 13 ; vertebrae : 88 - 92 . this species is distinguished by the following set of characters ( counts & % in parentheses for lectotype ) : no supraneural bones ; dorsal - fin rays 51 - 57 ( mode 52 ) ; total vertebrae 88 - 92 ( 91 ) ; pored lateral - line scales 79 - 89 ( 84 ) ; pre - dorsal scale rows 3 - 8 ( 8 ) ; head length 24 - 32 % ( mean 30 % ) of sl ) ; pectoral - fin length 16 - 21 % ( 19 % ) of sl ; pre - dorsal - fin length 27 - 34 % ( 30 % ) of sl ; dorsal - fin base length 53 - 64 % ( 60 % ) of sl ; postorbital length 13 - 16 % ( 14 % ) of sl ; upper caudal - fin length 18 - 31 % ( 24 % ) of sl ( ref . 109573 ) .


ethmiopsis tegulifera is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1932 .

it is found in the russian far east ( ussuri ) , korea and japan .

the wingspan is 13-14.5 mm .

the forewings are white , with scattered dark fuscous scales .

the posterior two-thirds of the costa is dark brown with a white stigma .

the hindwings are grey .

the larvae feed on quercus mongolica and quercus serrata .

ethmiopsis tegulifera

ethmiopsis tegulifera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43
dactylethra tegulifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : s . ussuri
ethmiopsis aganactes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42
ethmiopsis catarina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42
ethmiopsis epichthonia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42
ethmiopsis heppneri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42
ethmiopsis prosectrix ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42
ethmiopsis scriniata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43
ethmiopsis subtegulifera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43
figures 3 − 5 . adult morphology of encolapta spp . 3 , adult of e . tegulifera , ♀ ; 4 − 5 , labial palpus : 4 , e . tegulifera , ♂ ; 5 , e . epichthonia , ♀ . ( scale bars 3 = 2 . 0 mm ; 4 , 5 = 1 . 0 mm ) .
ethmiopsis prosectrix meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 69 ; tl : tien - mu - shan
figures 18 − 19 . genital structure of encolapta spp . 18 , male genitalia of e . tegulifera , slide no . ymq 15463 ; 18 a , eighth abdominal segment of male e . aciprojecta sp . nov . , arrow indicates eighth tergite , slide no . ymq 15479 ; 19 , female genitalia of e . tegulifera , slide no . ymq 15455 . ( scale bars 18 a = 0 . 2 mm ; 18 − 19 = 0 . 5 mm ) .
= ; [ sangmi lee ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42
= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42 ; [ sangmi lee ]
chelophoba aganactes meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : tien - mu - shan
dactylethrella catarina ponomarenko , 1994 ; japan heteroc . j . 176 : 8 ; tl : rjasanovka , primorskii krai
homoshelas epichthonia meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 71 ; tl : lungtan
homochela heppneri park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 79 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan
chelophoba melaina clarke , 1986 ; smithshon . contr . zool . 416 : 173 ; tl : marquesas archipelago , fatu hiva , omoa
chelaria scriniata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : pundalalouya , ceylon
dactylethrella subtegulifera ponomarenko , 1994 ; japan heteroc . j . 176 : 7 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai
larva on quercus mongolica , quercus serrata ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
sattler , 1973 a catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae , holcopogonidae , lecithoceridae and symmocidae ( lepidoptera ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 153 - 282
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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yang , meiqing & li , houhun , 2016 , review of the genus encolapta meyrick , 1913 ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae : chelariini ) from china , with descriptions of six new species , zootaxa 4193 ( 2 ) , pp . 201 - 227 : 221 - 222
material examined . china : shanxi province : 1 ƌ , xiyaocun , ningwu county , 1475 m , 21 . vii . 2011 , leg . shulian hao and jiayu liu
4 ƌƌ , 1 ♀ , administration , luyashan nature reserves , ningwu county , 1450 m , 23−24 . vii . 2011 , leg . shulian hao and jiayu liu , genitalia slide nos . ymq15455 f
ymq 15456 m ; 1 ƌ , dahe forest , 1340 m , 13 . vii . 2012 , leg . qiang gao and na chen , genitalia slide no
ymq15457 ; 2 ƌƌ , dahe forest , yicheng , linfen , 1202 m , 23 , 25 . vii . 2013 , leg . shulian hao and mingjing li , genitalia slide no
ymq15458 ; 1 ƌ , manghe national nature reserves , yangcheng county , 594 m , 17 . vii . 2012 , leg . wei guan and xiuchun wang , genitalia slide no
ymq15459 ; 1 ♀ , xixiakou , lishan nature reserves , qinshui , jincheng , 1515 m , 17 . viii . 2012 , leg . zhiwei zhang and shulian hao , genitalia slide no
ymq15460 ; 29 ƌƌ , 22 ♀♀ , mt . mian , jiexiu , 1370 m , 14−22 . vii . 2014 , leg . tengteng liu , meiqing yang and sihan lu , genitalia slide nos
ymq 15466 m . liaoning province : 3 ƌƌ , mt . tiecha , benxi county , 28−29 . vi . 2010 , leg . jiayu liu and yanpeng cai
3 ƌƌ , 1 ♀ , mt . qian , anshan , 6−7 . vii . 2010 , leg . jiayu liu and yanpeng cai , genitalia slide nos . ymq15471 f
ymq 15472 m ; 7 ƌƌ , 2 ♀♀ , mt . baiyun , haicheng , 11−14 . vii . 2010 , leg . jiayu liu and yanpeng cai , genitalia slide nos
ymq15474 f . zhejiang province : 2 ƌƌ , shunxiwu , qingliangfeng national nature reserves , 390 m , 19−20 . v . 2012 , leg . linlin yang and zhenguo zhang , genitalia slide no
ymq15477 ; 13 ƌƌ , mt . longtang , qingliangfeng national nature reserves , 500 m , 21−22 . v . 2012 , leg . linlin yang and zhenguo zhang
henan province : 7 ƌƌ , baotianman , neixiang , 1350 m , 13−15 . vii . 1998 , leg . houhun li
7 ƌƌ , 3 ♀♀ , huangshian , xixia , 890 m , 17−18 . vii . 1998 , leg
houhun li . guizhou province : 2 ƌƌ , shaluo , chishui , 390 m , 27−28 . v . 2000 , leg
yanli du . shaanxi province : 1 ƌ , yangling , 450 m , 1 . vii . 1986 , leg . houhun li
2 ƌƌ , xinjiashan , fengxian , 1600 m , 9 , 13 . vii . 1988 , leg
houhun li . gansu province : 1 ƌ , douba , kangxian , 1100 m , 8 . vi . 1995 , leg . aisihaer maimaiti
in appearance , and the differences between them are stated under the latter species .
) , and the lateral band joined at middle of anterior margin and the ostium bursae with lateral carinae in the female genitalia ( fig . 19
distribution . china ( gansu , guizhou , henan , liaoning , shaanxi , shanxi , zhejiang ) , japan , korea , russian far east .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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the gelechiidae is similar to other gelechioid families in that its members have a scaled proboscis and strongly recurved labial palpus , but differs from other gelechioid families by having a combination of the following characters : 1 ) hindwing subrectangular to trapezoidal with sinuous or concave termen and prominent apex , 2 ) forewing lanceolate to elongate–ovate with cup absent , 3 ) the retinaculum of the wing–coupling mechanism on the radial vein of the female forewing , 4 ) labial palpus long , second segment often with ventral brush , third segment long , acute , rarely with short dorsal brush of rough scales , 5 ) male gnathos forming a pair of lateral , articulated , symmetrical sclerites with an articulated , mesial hook ( hodges , 1986 , 1999 ) .


the red-crowned ant tanager ( habia rubica ) is a medium-sized passerine bird from tropical america .

the genus habia was long placed with the tanagers ( thraupidae ) , but it is actually closer to the cardinals ( cardinalidae ) .

consequently , it can be argued that referring to the members of this genus as ant-tanagers is misleading , but no other common name has gained usage .

red-crowned ant tanagers are 18 cm ( 7.1 in ) long and weigh 34 g ( 1.2 oz ) ( male ) or 31 g ( 1.1 oz ) ( female ) .

adult males are dull reddish brown with a brighter red throat and breast .

the black-bordered scarlet crown stripe is raised when the bird is excited .

the female is yellowish brown with a yellow throat and yellow-buff crown stripe .

the red-crowned ant tanager is a shy but noisy bird .

its call is a rattle followed by a musical pee-pee-pee .

this bird is a resident breeder from mexico south to paraguay and northern argentina , and on trinidad .

common in its wide range , it is not considered threatened by the iucn .

it preferentially occurs in the middle stratum of the forest as well as undergrowth rich in ferns , shrubs and herbs .

these birds are found in pairs or family groups .

they eat mainly arthropods , but berries are also taken .

in central america and trinidad they frequently attend army ant columns , and in the lowland forests of southeastern brazil they may be a nuclear species of understory mixed-species feeding flocks – though further uphill , e.g. in the serra de paranapiacaba , they seem to join such flocks only rarely and prefer to follow the ants on their own .

they also follow south american coatis ( nasua nasua ) on their feeding excursions , namely in the dry season .

in both cases , they are commensales , snatching invertebrate prey startled by the ants or coatis .

the shallow cup nest is usually built in a sapling or tree fern near a stream , and the normal clutch is two brown-blotched white eggs .

the female incubates the eggs for 13 days prior to hatching , with about ten days more before the chicks fledge .

red - crowned ant tanager

17–19 cm ; male 27·7–42·9 g , female 22·5–37 g . mostly brownish - red ant - tanager with strong bill and no obvious crest . male nominate race is mainly dull brownish - red above , . . .
el diamante , esquipulas - quepos . foraging with varios ant birds , woodcreepers and others .
hilty , s . ( 2018 ) . red - crowned ant - tanager ( habia rubica ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
a recent phylogeographic analysis of the red - crowned ant - tanager ( habia rubica ) , based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers and also considering differences in song and plumage coloration , suggests that at least three different species should be considered : habia rubica in the atlantic forest area ( brazil , paraguay and argentina ) , rubra in the rest of south america and h . rubicoides in mexico and central america # r .
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : habia rubica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
partners in flight estimate the total population to number 5 , 000 , 000 - 50 , 000 , 000 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 11 . 7 - 13 . 3 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 13 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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in costa rica a couple was aided by another female in the rearing the chicks . the youth help their parents in the care of the chicks .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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a rare vocalization of this species near a stream in the atlantic rainforest . because this voice this species is known as . . .
juan sanabria , desmond allen , josep del hoyo , richard garrigues , manakincarmelo , dave jackson , peter nash , jacob . wijpkema .
manakincarmelo , manuel retana , andre zambolli , ileyne lopes , caduagne , pedro h ramos , josef widmer , juanjaimemg , paul van giersbergen , mauricio rueda , antonio silveira , lindolfo souto , samantha klein .
nominate race and bahiae geographically isolated from ( and larger and darker than ) all other races , in se brazil , and thought in hbw possibly to represent a separate species , while a recent phylogeographic analysis based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers that also took into account differences in song and , to a lesser extent , in plumage coloration suggested that as many as three species might be involved , the rubra group over the rest of south america and rubicoides in middle america , as well as the nominate # r . however , differences between the racial groups are not always clear - cut or pronounced . several of the numerous races are weakly differentiated and seem barely worth recognizing . seventeen subspecies recognized .
( nelson , 1898 ) – pacific slope of sw mexico from nayarit and jalisco s to guerrero .
– s mexico ( from puebla , e oaxaca , tabasco and chiapas ) , guatemala and belize s to honduras , el salvador and nicaragua .
( lawrence , 1867 ) – pacific slope of costa rica ( s from nicoya peninsula ) and panama ( e to darién ) .
phelps , sr & phelps , jr , 1957 – sierra de perijá region of venezuela–colombia .
( todd , 1919 ) – base of andes in w venezuela ( s from lara ) and adjacent nc colombia ( norte de santander , ne boyacá , w casanare ) ; also recorded in nw colombia ( córdoba ) .
parkes , 1969 – e venezuela ( r yuruán region of e bolívar ) .
( salvin & godman , 1883 ) – colombia e of andes ( from meta s to caquetá ) , e ecuador , ne peru and nw brazil .
( taczanowski , 1884 ) – e peru , w brazil and n bolivia ( s to santa cruz ) .
griscom & greenway , 1937 – c brazil s of r amazon ( e to r xingu , s to n mato grosso ) .
hellmayr , 1936 – ne & ce brazil ( alagoas ; se bahia ) .
– se brazil ( from s minas gerais and espírito santo s to rio grande do sul ) , e paraguay and ne argentina ( misiones ) .
has diverse array of vocalizations , some harsh , some exceptionally melodic . in middle america three . . .
breeding reported may and jun ( less often as early as feb ) in mexico , apr–jul in belize , mar in guatemala and feb–jun in costa rica ; feb– . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . widespread , and uncommon to locally fairly common . occurs in a large number of parks and reserves throughout its large range , and its . . .
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previously included in a much broader emberizidae . limits and composition redrawn in recent years , based on extensive molecular work # r # r . as compared to hbw : granatellus is imported from parulidae , amaurospiza from passerellidae ( part of emberizidae in hbw ) , and habia ( now including chlorothraupis ) and piranga from thraupidae ; at the same time , saltator and parkerthraustes have been removed to thraupidae .
on basis of molecular evidence # r # r # r , may form a monophyletic group with piranga and chlorothraupis ; all three previously placed in thraupidae , but same studies show them to belong instead in present family . furthermore , chlorothraupis is merged into habia to resolve paraphyly , as h . rubica is closer to “ chlorothraupis ” than to h . fuscicauda and h . gutturalis # r .
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took a second before i knew what it was , slightly haunting . low - pass filtered at 400 hz .
humid forest . reference : jn2 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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habia rubica holobrunnea : subtrop . e mexico ( s tamaulipas to veracruz and n oaxaca )
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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gnorimoschema bacchariselloides is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by powell and povolný in 2001 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california , montana and alberta .

the length of the forewings is 7-8.2 mm .

the forewings are covered by a mixture of greyish and rust scales .

there is a pale rust basal patch , defined outwardly by a whitish transverse band extending obliquely from the costa to the dorsal margin , extending outward in the dorsal area and curving upward as a crescentic streak .

there are two brownish stigmata indicated at about the middle and two-thirds and there are also some scales with blackish tips indicating submarginal spots in the apical area .

the hindwings are grey .

adults have been recorded on wing in september and october .

gnorimoschema bacchariselloides

species gnorimoschema bacchariselloides - gnorimoschema baccariselloides - hodges # 1971 . 4 - bugguide . net
gnorimoschema bacchariselloides povolný & powell , 2001 , n . sp . , corrects previous spelling of baccariselloides at mpg .
home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » twirler moths and kin ( gelechioidea ) » twirler moths ( gelechiidae ) » gelechiinae » gnorimoschemini » gnorimoschema » gnorimoschema baccariselloides - hodges # 1971 . 4 ( gnorimoschema bacchariselloides )
this looks like some of the images of 1971 . 4 gnorimoschema baccariselloides at bold and appears to be a much better specimen than one another submitted recently : bugguide found at uv light near santee lakes .
moved from gnorimoschema . note spelling . mpg omitted the
h
in bacchariselloides . i did confirm the original spelling . the error was repeated here at bugguide and at discoverlife as well as your personal website . i also checked bold and the original description by powell & povolný ( 2001 ) p . 11 here . matches some landry bold images perfectly . the description is a little hard to follow but it seems ok . fyi - the link took a couple minutes to download but did eventually work .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
powell , j . a . & d . povolný , 2001 . gnorimoschemini moths of coastal dune and scrub habitats in california ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . holarctic lepidoptera , 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 1 - 53 .
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powell , j . a . & povolný d . , 2001 . gnorimoschemine moths of coastal dune and scrub habitats in california ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . holarctic lepidoptera , 8 , ( suppl . 1 ) : 11 .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 2 october , 2013 - 3 : 37pm additional contributions by steve nanz last updated 21 november , 2016 - 11 : 36am
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