fundulopanchax is a genus of killifish living in near-coastal fresh water streams and lakes in western africa .

all species were previously biologically classified as members of the genus aphyosemion , with the exception of fundulopanchax avichang , f. gresensi and f. kamdemi , which were all scientifically described after the major revision of the aphyosemion complex .

fundulopanchax

subgenus ( paraphyosemion ) : berkenkamp ( 2003 ) , describing the results of hybridization tests with the other species of the fundulopanchax mirabilis - group , ( fundulopanchax intermittens , fundulopanchax gresensi , fundulopanchax mirabilis and fundulopanchax traudeae ) , indicates that all crosses resulted in a viable f3 generations . these results suggest that , following a biological species concept , these taxa may be considered conspecific .
all of the above are included in fundulopanchax here on sf at the moment .
fundulopanchax moensis occurs in in brooks and small rainforest streams . it is a benthopelagic species .
the distribution of fundulopanchax ( paraphyosemion ) spoorenbergi is not known with precision . the species was imported together with fundulopanchax ndianus from the border area between nigeria ( towards osombo and mamfé ) and cameroon ( romand 1992 ) .
justification : the distribution of fundulopanchax spoorenbergi is not known with precision . the species was imported together with fundulopanchax ndianus from the border area between nigeria and cameroon . more information is needed on the species distribution before an assessment can be made .
fundulopanchax : originally named as a subgenus by myers ( 1924 ) due to members appearing to represent an evolutionary link between the genera fundulus and panchax as they were understood at the time .
fundulopanchax ( paraphyosemion ) amieti occurs in the swampy parts of brooks in the rainforest ( wildekamp et al . 1986 ) . it is usually found in shallows it is a benthopelagic , non - migratory species . fundulopanchax ( paraphyosemion ) amieti is not a seasonal killifish . it is a bottom spawner with 1 month incubation . this species is difficult to maintain in aquarium ( huber 1966 ) .
collier , g . e . , 2010 . the genus fundulopanchax : taxonomic history and molecular phylogeny . j . am . killifish ass . 43 ( 1 ) : 3 - 26 . ( ref . 87109 )
fundulopanchax ( paraphyosemion ) spoorenbergi is a benthopelagic , non - migratory species . it is not a seasonal killifish . it is a bottom spawner with 5 months incubation . this species is difficult to maintain in aquarium ( huber 1996 ) .
the genus fundulopanchax has a somewhat confusing taxonomic history but as currently understood includes the former subgenera paraphyosemion , gularopanchax , and paludopanchax while some authors have considered the species a . marmoratum , a . oeseri and a . scheeli members of the subgenus pauciradius .
fundulopanchax ( pauciradius ) marmoratus is found in swamps and the swampy parts of brooks and small streams in the coastal rainforest ( wildekamp et al . 1986 ) . it is a benthopelagic , non - migratory species . fundulopanchax ( pauciradius ) marmoratus is not a seasonal killifish . it is a bottom spawner with 1 month incubation . this species is easy to maintain in the aquarium ( huber 1996 ) . it can be done semimanuell , the eggs do not need a dry period for hatching . this updates previous information from riehl and baensch 1991 .
malumbres , f . and r . castelo , 2001 . descripción de una nueva especie del género fundulopanchax myers , 1924 ( cyprinodontiformes , aplocheilidae ) , para la ictiofauna continental de guinea ecuatorial . graellsia 57 ( 2 ) : 175 - 180 . ( ref . 44365 )
the plant spawners lay their eggs on floating or submerged plant thickets . they include many genera , such as aphyosemion ( most ) , many fundulopanchax , aphanius , aplocheilus , epiplatys , pachypanchax , fundulus ( most ) and rivulus ( except for rivulus stellifer ) . in the aquarium there are several techniques that can be used to spawn these fish .
the type specimens ( eight in all ) were collected by clausen in 1963 at arum which is situated to the south west of jos plateau in the foothills . at first they were considered to be a new species & he named them aphyosemion ( fundulopanchax ) nigerianus clausen 1963 . he also collected many other forms from other areas of nigeria . scheel later conducted crossing experiments with material from eyoumojok & found them to be genetically related .
group “b” includes killies whose eggs may also undergo a drying period , but this drying period is not a requirement for successful propagation ; full - term water incubation in also acceptable . many of the fundulopanchax species follow this pattern , e . g . fp . walkeri , fp . filamentosus , fp . sjoestedti and fp . fallax . for the most part , this second group has a slightly extended life span and , in some cases , matures at a slower rate than do the true annuals .
in general , killies are kept in small aquaria , often as small as 2 . 5 gallons . for breeding , in particular , small tanks are preferred . besides allowing closer observation of the fish , small tanks allow the aquarist to separate pairs and trios of different species . most killie enthusiasts soon acquire several species , and we may as well mention here that , for the purposes of breeding , it is essential that different species , and even different strains , be kept strictly separate . closely related species can breed and produce hybrids , but serious killie keepers strive to maintain different species in the “pure” state . furthermore , hybrids may be infertile . obviously , tank size must match fish size and larger fish , like fundulopanchax sjoestedti ( the blue gularis ) require 5 or 10 gallon tanks . larger aquaria , for example 10 or 15 gallon , or even larger , are used also for raising young fish .
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adult male ; f . g . nigerianus subspecies , ' p82 ' collection .
gardneri : named for ‘mr . r . d . gard’ner’ , who collected the type specimens .
native to the cross river system in southeastern nigeria and western cameroon plus the benue river drainage in central nigeria .
known populations include akaram , akure , enugu , kluge , lafia , makurdi , nsukka , okwoga and udi mountain .
the type series consists of three specimens collected from ‘head - waters of cross river , calabar…okwoga 7°n , 7°45’e’ which corresponds to the town okwoga in benue state , mideastern nigeria .
of the nominal subspecies ( see ‘notes’ ) , f . g . lacustris is known only from lake ejagham and its tributary stream in western cameroon , f . g . mamfensis occurs in rainforest tributaries of the upper cross river in the mamfe lowlands of southwestern cameroon and f . g . nigerianus is distributed throughout southern , southwestern , central , northern and eastern nigeria including the niger and benue rivers plus minor coastal drainages of southeastern nigeria , and in the benue system it’s also been recorded in western cameroon .
collections of wild fish are generally labelled with some form of code in order that they can be told apart , thus limiting the possibility of hybridisation .
most forms inhabit creeks , swamps , streams and pools in humid , forested , highland savannah and areas of rainforest .
some such habitats periodically dry out but in many cases this is not a regular , annual event and they may retain water year - round .
the set - up need not be too complicated but be sure to cover the aquarium well since this species is a prodigious jumper .
provide plenty of cover in the form of aquatic plants , wool mops , etc . , and if using filtration air - powered , sponge - type units are best as these will not harm eggs or fry .
lighting is unimportant but can be used if you wish , and growth of filamentous algae should not be discouraged .
primarily a micropredator feeding on small aquatic crustaceans , worms , insect larvae and other zooplankton although algae and other plant material may also be taken .
in the aquarium dried foods are accepted in most cases but regular meals of small live or frozen fare such as artemia , daphnia or bloodworm should also be offered .
this is a robust killi that can be kept with other fishes but is not suitable for the general community .
males can be aggressive towards one another but provided the aquarium contains sufficient refuges a group can normally be maintained together .
ideally stock 2 - 3 females per male in order that no individual is singled out for excessive attention from the male ( s ) .
males grow larger , are more brightly - coloured and develop more - extended fins than females .
the unpredictable nature of many of this species’ natural habitats have resulted in it evolving what’s often referred to as a ‘switch’ or ‘semi - annual’ breeding strategy whereby the eggs are able to withstand a period of drying but will also incubate and hatch when permanently submerged in water .
if conditions are suitable most forms are not difficult to breed with eggs deposited among live plants , aquatic mosses , synthetic mops , etc . , while some breeders prefer to use a small tray of peat which is removed and dried post - spawning .
eggs are best removed on a daily basis as the adults will eat any they find .
under water they normally hatch within 14 - 21 days depending on temperature while 3 - 4 weeks tends to be the ‘standard’ period of drying .
the fry are free - swimming almost immediately and can be offered artemia nauplii , microworm and similar as first foods .
this species is also known as ‘gardner’s killi’ and ‘blue lyretail’ and the commonly - available aquarium forms are perhaps among the best choices for those new to keeping killifishes being relatively hardy , colourful and easy to breed .
a number of ornamental strains have also been line - bred by aquarists including ‘gold’ and albino .
wild populations exist in numerous colour forms of which three , f . g . lacustris , f . g . mamfensis and f . g . nigerianus , have been described as nominal subspecies .
boulenger , g . a . , 1911 - annals and magazine of natural history ( series 8 ) v . 8 ( no . 44 ) : 260 - 268 descriptions of new african cyprinodont fishes .
myers , g . s . , 1924 - american museum novitates no . 116 : 1 - 9 a new poeciliid fish from the congo , with remarks on funduline genera .
stiassny , m . l . j . , g . g . teugels and c . d . hopkins ( eds ) , 2007 - publications scientifiques du museum , mrac . vol . 2 : 1 - 603 the fresh and brackish water fishes of lower guinea , west - central africa .
“male f . g . gardneri are very aggressive towards one another and sufficient space must be provided if more than one is to be kept . ’
if anything , “may be aggressive” . i have several gardneri tanks ( different strains ) with multiple males and never saw aggression…
albinos are mine , sure use them . i was not able to track reliably which locale the strain originates from .
if i can get decent shots of the other strains i have ( latia , innidere ) i’ll post them .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
brummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .
justification : the mungo river basin location is threatened by sedimentation and pollution from banana plantations ( pers . comm . victor mamonekene , cyrille dening ) . the species is also threatened by the oil palm plantations in the region . part of the species distribution is situated in the korup national park . both the eoo and the aoo qualify for the endangered status . the species is known from maximum of five localities .
a lower guinea endemic , only known from the area northeast of mbonge , western cameroon . the present distribution is probably relict .
the mungo river basin location is threatened by sedimentation and pollution from banana plantations ( pers . comm . victor mamonekene , cyrille dening ) . the species is also threatened by the oil palm plantations in the region .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
a lower guinea endemic , only known from the upper cross river basin , in the mo , me and man rivers , around the village of numba , western cameroon .
none known . taxonomic uncertainties need to be resolved , and more information on the species distribution is required .
justification : the species is threatened by oil palm plantations . it is potentially threatened by the sunda gorge dam on the lower nyong river , the construction of which was started before the war and it is unknown if the construction will recommence ( pers . comm . , mamonekene , v . ) . the species is known from fewer than five localities . both the eoo and aoo qualify this species for the endangered category .
a lower guinea endemic , found in the mangombe and ngombe river systems , which are tributaries of the larger sanaga and dibamba river drainage basins , respectively . all known populations , except one , are from the area to the north of the sanaga river in southwestern cameroon .
the species is threatened by oil palm plantations . it is potentially threatened by the sunda gorge dam on the lower nyong river , the construction of which was started before the war and it is unknown if the construction will recommence ( pers . comm . , mamonekene , v . ) .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 19 ; non - migratory . tropical ; 23°c - 26°c ( ref . 1672 )
africa : niger delta in southern and southeastern nigeria and southwestern cameroon . reported from ghana ( ref . 11235 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31256 )
occurs in temporary swamps , raphia - swamps and swampy parts of slow flowing brooks in the swampy coastal rainforest . 14 cm tl ( ref . 3788 ) . not a seasonal killifish . bottom spawner , 2 months incubation . is easy to maintain in aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .
huber , j . h . , 1996 . killi - data 1996 . updated checklist of taxonomic names , collecting localities and bibliographic references of oviparous cyprinodont fishes ( atherinomorpha , pisces ) . société française d ' ichtyologie , muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , france , 399 p . ( ref . 27139 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01023 ( 0 . 00462 - 0 . 02264 ) , b = 2 . 84 ( 2 . 65 - 3 . 03 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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it is a form selected in my breeding over the past 3 years . m . dudziński
videnskabelige meddeleser fra dansk naturhistorisk forening 125 : p 197 - 201 , figures a - c .
this is a very complicated species of vastly varying colour forms even within a population . click population links ( where available ) below for more information / images ) .
because this species has so many populations & these can vary even within a population so many photographs can be included i have split the populations up into there own pages . just a few photos are put on this page for comparisons . please follow links in blue .
abakaliki - this population may be abakalbi . i did a search for this name but it could not be found . toyin ojo considered abakaliki to be the true name . this population has most probably not been in the uk . a line drawing was put into the bka newsletter no . 322 , july 1992 , page 14 but i am unable to insert it due to copyright problems .
akkamkpa - fred wright collected here in the ' 70 ' s & was adamant that the village had 2 k ' s . the site has been adjusted accordingly . ruud wildekamp & ton cooymans collected from this area in january 1990 .
baissa in circulation in the usa 2002 . note red line to the rear of the dorsal fin which is still evident . photo courtesy of allen boatman .
ntc 07 / 2 - collected by thibault cavelier 2007 14 kms north of iwo on the road to oban . see dkg newsletter 42 ( 3 ) for photo .
weh - adl 13 / 20 - already a corrupted spelling going around - wei is not correct .
arum , north of wamba & on the foothills south west of the jos plateau . the biotope was a swamp .
this species has a large distribution area covering the river niger delta in the south of nigeria northwards to the jos river plateau & on towards kano which appears to be the northern boundary . eastwards , distribution follows the river benue into the cameroon mountains where the misajé population is found .
with such a wide distribution area it ' s not surprising that this species is found in a variety of biotopes . they have been caught in mountain streams ( misajé ) , 200 foot wide rivers ( makurdi ) , seasonal flood plains ( lokoja ) & small roadside pockets of water .
also known to inhabit swampy parts of pools , brooks & small streams in secondary forested areas .
first recorded collection of this species goes back to 1955 where h . s . clausen discovered them at akure , western nigeria . in 1957 fish from this population line were taken live to j . j . scheel in denmark by j . birket smith . in 1958 scheel distributed 60 eggs to other fish keepers as far away as new zealand & uruguay . originally he distributed these as aphyosemion calliurum . ulf hannerz caught 2 small males from wokocha river , near port harcourt , eastern niger delta . these were sent to scheel . h . s . clausen in 1962 collected live fish from owo east of akure . these were also sent to scheel .
photo showing ( modern ) aquarium bred fp . nigerianus showing spotted & marginal bands . photo courtesy of dick cox
black & white photos ( parts ) in ' naturalists guide to freshwater fish ' by j . j . hoedeman showing some of the earliest fish imported . certainly pre 1975 . two different varieties called yellow & blue .
a visiting german aquarist ( unnamed ) came to the uk on january 17th 1966 & brought with him a few sp . including eggs of the then known a . nigerianum . this was probably the first introduction to the uk . see bka killi - news no . 7 , march 1966 .
an easy species to breed , laying eggs on top & bottom mops . they will also lay in peat . eggs are very tough & capable of withstanding fairly long periods of dry incubation . the lokoja population is well adapted to this capable of dry storage periods up to two months . other populations will take 4 - 6 weeks of dry incubation on damp peat . fry are large enough to take newly hatched brine shrimp on hatching .
scheel found that eggs taking a long time to hatch ( resting fry ) did so ' depending on the type of water used for the eggs ' although he did not say what the types were . see bka newsletter no . 387 , december 1997 .
the west african killifish hails from the cross river drainage of nigeria and western cameroon streams . via violaine2 , france / wikipedia
many killifish hobbyists keep f . gardneri in small aquariums , sometimes keeping a pair in just a gallon of water . this might seem cruel at first glance , but it replicates the natural habitat pretty neatly . in the wild , they are found in water barely an inch deep , sometimes over a leaf - strewn bottom , other times in a weed - choked area , and even over mud . adaptation to this extreme environment has lead to another evolutionary “leap” ( please excuse the pun ) —they are excellent jumpers . often in this extremely shallow environment , they need to move from one small water hole to another . they do this by jumping , flipping , and otherwise hopping from leaf to leaf and pool to pool .
my late friend , well - known aquarium fish international contributor al castro , used to tell the humorous story of his first experience with a pair of f . gardneri . he brought them home and put them in a gallon jar . he walked outside to call his wife in from the garden to come and see them . she asked him if he meant the fish that had followed him out . he turned around , and there on the ground was the male , flipping and flopping down the sidewalk . he went inside and found the female flipping her way across the floor . learn from al , and keep them tightly covered !
a setup for keeping f . gardneri can be as simple as a gallon jar or as elaborate as a well - decorated planted aquarium . they are ideally suited for the desktop aquariums with built - in filtration and lighting now becoming popular . these nano tanks , from 5 to 10 gallons in size , and with a variety of beautiful plants , would be an ideal home for a couple of pairs .
water changes are very important . keep the water as clean as possible , especially in a smaller aquarium , and doubly so if you have no filter in the aquarium . room temperature is fine , so no heater is necessary , unless the temperature drops into the low 60s fahrenheit . then a small heater set to the low 70s will be all that is needed . no filter is necessary , again as long as you change water frequently . water parameters are not that important , as f . gardneri comes from a wide range of habitats and is pretty adaptable . ideal conditions would be a ph just below neutral with low hardness . some killifish hobbyists add salt to the water ; others don’t . i’m one of the aquarists who doesn’t , and i’ve never had a problem with them .
as i mentioned , many killifish hobbyists keep them as pairs or trios in small “critter tanks” ( the kind with the tight - fitting lids ) . there is no filtration or lighting , though f . gardneri are not shy , as are many other killifish , and they love bright light . these killifish hobbyists do water changes two or three times a week , and feed live foods exclusively , so there is little pollution in the water . the idea here is breeding . for this , they use a couple of nylon yarn mops . i’ll have more on this method of breeding in just a bit .
i like to use a planted 10 - gallon aquarium . i prefer to use what killifish hobbyists call the “permanent method” for keeping and breeding them . this means setting up a standard 10 - gallon aquarium with a nice grouping of plants at all levels of the aquarium , including floating plants . i use water sprite ( ceratopteris sp . ) . the adults live in this aquarium all the time . fry appear on occasion , and i remove them with a small cup to a separate rearing aquarium . this method is not as productive as using mops , but it is a lot easier .
if you want maximum productivity , there are several things to do to increase egg production . first , separate the adults for a week or two . feed them heavily on live foods and meaty frozen foods , such as bloodworms and brine shrimp . give them a lot of water changes . this is known as conditioning the breeders . after about two weeks of conditioning , put the pair together in a breeding aquarium with a couple of nylon spawning mops lying on the bottom . the fish will start spawning within hours . by the next day , the mops should be full of eggs . the eggs can be easily seen in the mops as clear round “bubbles . ” remove the mops to a separate small aquarium or plastic shoebox filled with water of similar parameters as the spawning aquarium . then add a couple more mops to the aquarium . give the pair another day or so , and then move them back to the main aquarium . the mops can be added to the same hatching container as the previous mops .
some breeders add a bit of salt and a drop of methylene blue to the hatch water , along with a slowly bubbling airstone . others add acriflavine instead of the methylene blue . still others add nothing special to the hatch water . the idea is to keep any fungus that develops on infertile eggs from infecting the fertile eggs . a variation on this is to use a small dish filled with a hatch mix ( water , methylene blue , salt ) . hand - pick individual eggs , and drop them one at a time into this hatch container . this is very labor intensive , but it gives the breeder good control , so they can quickly remove any eggs that go bad .
whatever method you choose , the eggs will hatch in about 14 days . upon hatching , the fry have used up their yolk sacs and are hungry . they will take newly hatched brine shrimp , vinegar eels , microworms or walter worms , and other small foods such as commercial fry foods . i gently remove each baby fish from the hatch container immediately after they hatch and move them to a plastic shoebox filled with clean water of the same parameters . i add a clump of java moss ( taxiphyllum sp . ) to the box and a couple of small ramshorn snails to help clean up uneaten food .
the fry grow quickly and in just about 7 or 8 weeks , the young males will begin to color up . if you reach this point , congratulations ! you’ve had another successful adventure in fish breeding .
the author outlines the complex history and classification of this popular killifish , with a focus on optimal living conditions , breeding , and its widely variable populations .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 2 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44365 ) ; 2 . 5 cm tl ( female )
lives in small temporary pools of the river ecucu drainage systems ( ref . 44365 ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01072 ( 0 . 00442 - 0 . 02595 ) , b = 2 . 92 ( 2 . 71 - 3 . 13 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; non - migratory . tropical ; 22°c - 26°c ( ref . 2059 )
africa : lower cross river system , southeastern nigeria . also known from the ndian river in southwest cameroon ( ref . 7372 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 )
occurs in brooks and small streams in the coastal rainforest and forested savanna , mainly in waters on tertiary sedimentary soil ( ref . 3788 ) . not a seasonal killifish . is easy to maintain in the aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 7 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 12 ; non - migratory . tropical ; 20°c - 23°c ( ref . 1672 )
africa : bandama , comoé and bia river drainages in central , southern and eastern côte d ' ivoire . the bia , tano , ankobra and oda river drainages in southwestern ghana .
occurs in swamps , pools , brooks and small streams in the coastal rainforest and forested savanna ( ref . 3788 ) . bottom spawner , 2 months incubation . is easy to maintain in the aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .
teugels , g . g . , c . lévêque , d . paugy and k . traoré , 1988 . état des connaissances sur la faune ichtyologique des bassins côtiers de côte d ' ivoire et de l ' ouest du ghana . rev . hydrobiol . trop . 21 ( 3 ) : 221 - 237 . ( ref . 272 )
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we parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 2 ; dh range : ? - 10 ; non - migratory . tropical ; 21°c - 23°c ( ref . 1672 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 )
occurs in swamps and swampy parts of shallow brooks in the coastal rainforest ( ref . 3788 ) . feeds on worms , crustaceans and insects ( ref . 7020 ) . bottom spawner , 1 . 5 month incubation . is very difficult to maintain in aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .
) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 43 se ; based on food items .
) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
endangered b1ab ( ii , iii , v ) + 2ab ( ii , iii , v ) ver 3 . 1
justification : this species is endemic to niger delta of nigeria . it is restricted to temporary swamps and swampy parts of smaller brooks in the coastal rainforest between warri to port harcourt . the eoo is less than 5 , 000 km² , and the aoo is less than 500 km 2 . this area is not only highly polluted by oil exploration and vandalization of oil pipelines as a result of civil conflict ; it is an area of massive urban and industrial development in petrochemical and steel . the population size is not known but it may be being reduced at a very rapid rate as their habitat is presently been drained for urban development . in addition to habitat destruction , this species are also been collected for aquarium trade .
this species is a small semi - annual bottom spawning killifish that grows to 5 cm in sl . the eggs incubate in the substrate for 2 months and can withstand some degree of water restriction . it inhabits temporary swamps and swampy parts of small rivers and brooks in the coastal rainforest . it is non - migratory .
this is an aquarium trade species . eggs can be transported in damp moss - easy to maintain and breed .
this species is targeted for the aquarium trade . it is polluted by oil exploration and vandalization of oil pipelines as a result of civil conflict ; it is an area of massive urban and industrial development in petrochemical and steel .
major threats are unknown as the location is not confirmed , although it has been harvested for the aquarium trade .
none known . more information is needed on the distribution and threats of this species .
this guide is intended to provide basic information for newcomers to keeping killifish . the information provided here was derived largely from the aka’s beginners guide , by alan c . markis and roger w . langton . the latest edition of this booklet , edited by edd kray , is more complete than this online version and contains more photos . it is provided free to all new members of the aka . click on join aka at the top of the page to access an online application .
it can be difficult for beginners to know exactly what fish to purchase because killifish are generally referred to ( especially amongst enthusiasts ) by their scientific names and some familiarity is needed to know what fish these names represent . as you read about the various species in publications like the journal of the american killifish association ( jaka ) and a variety of books that are available , you will develop a sense for the fish .
when the time comes to choose your first killies , do so with care . needless to say , choose healthy fish , but be careful also to choose fish that are correctly identified . many species and strains of killifish look very similar and killies sold in pet stores are frequently misidentified . furthermore , many killifish are maintained as known locality strains . for example nothobranchius rachovii beira ’91 , a very beautiful fish , represents a particular strain of this species identified by the locality and the year in which it was collected . it is strongly felt , in the killie hobby , that such strains not be crossed with others , even when they appear to be the same fish . such crossings can produce hybrids , which may be sterile , or at least are fish that nature never produced .
the remainder of this section will briefly discuss some of the genera of killifish , and some of the species found within them , with a particular emphasis on those that are suitable for beginners .
this is one of the most popular of the killifish genera among hobbyists , and it contains a large number of species that are maintained in the hobby . these species hail from west africa , many are beautiful and relatively easy to maintain and breed . most are spawned on floating mops ( see below ) .
one of the most commonly seen and a suitable beginner’s fish , is aphyosemion australe , one the few killies that does have a common name , the lyretail . this species spawns in floating mops . it comes in three color strains . the chocolate is the natural form , while the gold and the orange were developed in aquarium populations . other species in this genus that are suitable for beginners are a . calliurum , a . ahli , and a . bivittatum . aphyosemions with the same species name are often identified as coming from specific populations or locations . different populations may or may not be genetically identical .
this genus contains several very colorful species that are suitable for beginners . these include the popular fp . gardneri , fp . filamentosus , and the emblem fish of the aka , fp . sjoestedti . many of the strains of fp . gardneri are relatively easy to maintain and breed as is fp . filamentosus . fp . sjoestedti is a little more challenging , although it can be hard to resist its charms . all of these species come in several strains . some fp . gardneri are top spawners , while fp . gardneri nigerianus and fp . gardneri garderni are switch ( top / bottom ) spawners . the other two species mentioned are bottom spawners .
there a several popular genera and species amongst the south american annuals . nematolebias whitei is an excellent beginner’s fish , easily bred and cared for in the aquarium . it is a truly elegant fish and its spawning behavior is fascinating . perhaps its only disadvantage is that , like many other annuals , the beginner has to wait for some months between first spawning and first hatch .
species in this genus are surface fish , feeding on insects that fall into the water . they prefer to lay their eggs at the top of floating mops or plants . they are hardy , many are of good size , and many are easily bred and maintained in aquaria . good examples , and good choices for beginners are e . sexfasciatus and e . fasciolatus . the genus also contains some challenging species . for example , the diminutive e . annulatus , although strikingly beautiful , would not be a good beginner’s choice .
there are many other interesting genera , including the north american native killies , including the desert pupfish and the florida flagfish , jordenella floridae , the genera rivulus , rachovia , austrofundulus , and on and on . many of these are discussed elsewhere on this site .
as discussed already , it is easy to hybridize some of the killies species . it is the policy of the american killifish association to discourage hybridization except for scientific and research purposes . the organization believes that the fishes should remain as they are in nature and that hobbyists should not intentionally change color patterns , form , or identity . every member of the aka is urged to maintain this policy .
everyone is urged to maintain the highest standards in his fish keeping by maintaining optimum environmental standards for his or her fish and by only passing on fish to other hobbyists that meet the highest standards of good health and color .
good luck with your hobby and may you have many years of success and enjoyment with killies . if you are not yet a member of the aka , we look forward to having you join and meeting you .
as will be discussed later in this document , fry are often hatched in smaller containers , such as plastic “shoe boxes” or other storage boxes . in a typical fishroom for killifish , therefore , you will usually see tanks and containers in a wide variety of sizes . how these are arranged is a matter of personal taste , but killie fishrooms often have racks of tanks with small breeding tanks on top and larger rearing tanks below . one advantage of a fishroom is that the whole room , rather than individual tanks , can be heated . the fishroom shown here is that of norbert dadaniak in germany . you can click on the image to see it at larger size . use the back button to return to this page .
planted tanks are pleasing to view , and plants help to utilize organic wastes produced by the fish and , to some degree , in oxygenating the water . however , many killie keepers avoid the use of plants in breeding tanks , and even in rearing tanks . plants can make the collection of eggs , described later , difficult . furthermore , bottom spawners may spawn in the gravel substrate , which is may be undesirable . on the other hand , one technique for spawning the “plant spawners” involves the use of a permanently planted tank and some breeders spawn bottom spawners over gravel . a common compromise is to use bare breeding tanks , and planted rearing tanks .
what plants to use is a matter of choice for the aquarist but , because killies often do best in tanks with relatively low lighting levels , plants tolerant of low light conditions are best . these include the cryptocorynes , java moss , and java fern . if gravel is used as a substrate it usually should be of a type that will not harden the water . a quartz sand or fine gravel favored by aquatic plant enthusiasts is # 3 blasting sand , available at many hardware stores .
many killies , such as the aphyosemions , come from forest streams that are protected from direct sunlight , and prefer subdued lighting . in brightly lit aquaria , plants may provide some shading for killies that prefer low light conditions . many killies appear at their best when light falls from above and to the front of the tank . because of this , many killie enthusiasts illuminate their tanks , especially breeding tanks , by ceiling lights , with fixtures over only those tanks where more intense lighting is required .
small aquaria , such as are often used for housing killies , are more easily polluted than large aquaria . the relatively small volume of water easily accumulates waste products , generating ammonia and nitrites , which are extremely toxic to fish . most killie keepers , at least in the united states , therefore utilize some form of aeration and filtration . air driven filters provide a home for aerobic nitrifying bacteria , which break down the harmful ammonia and nitrite to nitrate , a much less toxic end product .
various types of filters can be used , but for small tanks the most popular are simple box filters , containing filter “wool” , or sponge filters . both provide a large surface area for bacteria to colonize and filter particulate matter from the water . sponge filters have the advantage of not entrapping fry , a potential problem with box filters . in larger aquaria where a substrate is being used , under - gravel filters may also be used .
ideal water temperatures vary depending on the species , but for most killifish the temperature should be in the range of 72 - 75 °f . conventional aquarium heaters may be used , but because serious killie keepers have several or many tanks , it is common for the whole room to be heated . another advantage of this approach is that tank covers do not have to accommodate heater cables . many killies are great jumpers and will exit the tank , and this life , through such small openings . the killie fancier , therefore , must ensure that tank covers are closely fitted .
it is impossible to generalize about the water conditions required by killies . some , such as a . cameronense come from soft , acid waters , while others come from harder , alkaline waters , and others from brackish waters . some killies must have particular water conditions . others , such as nothobranchius species , can tolerate a range of water conditions . naturally , no fish should be subjected to sudden changes in ph and hardness .
the ph of water may be changed using weak acids , such as sodium biphosphate ( nah 2 po 4 ) or weak bases , such as sodium bicarbonate ( nahco 3 , or baking soda ) . it is easy to change ph excessively using these chemicals , and the ph change produced may not be stable . a better way to reduce ph is to filter the water through peat moss . the peat moss is best boiled and rinsed then placed in a box filter between layers of filter wool . after a day or two the water will be amber and somewhat more acid . to increase ph it is best to include some form of calcium carbonate in the tank , such as a lime sand or gravel . carbon dioxide ( co 2 ) released as a waste product by the fish dissolves in water to produce carbonic acid , which will react with calcium carbonate to produce soluble calcium bicarbonate . the latter provides buffering capacity , helping to stabilize the ph of the water in the aquarium .
a varied and balanced diet is a practical necessity to achieve any degree of success with killifish , particularly in breeding them . many killifish do really well only if supplied with livefood . others do well on frozen foods and some , on dry foods . at any rate , exclusive use of a single food should be avoided , as this practice is likely to lead to nutritional imbalances and deficiencies . you will find useful information on foods on other sites , such as the krib .
this food is a staple of many killie fishrooms . in some areas live adult brine shrimp can be purchased . these are a good nutritional source and are eagerly taken by most killies . as they live in strong salt water , they are less likely to carry parasites and bacteria harmful to freshwater fish . frozen brine shrimp are widely available and widely used . they are readily accepted by most fish but , as with any non - live food , care must be taken not to overfeed .
this little crustacean is one of the most widely used live foods . daphnia can be cultured artificially , at least in limited quantities , but most aquarists collect them from pools and ponds . a drawback to use of daphnia collected in this way is the danger of collecting other organisms potentially dangerous to aquarium fish . daphnia are said to act as a laxative for fish and , like other foods , daphnia should not be fed exclusively .
this is an excellent live food for killies , although available only seasonally . they may be collected from standing water and ponds , either by swiftly passing a net through the water near the surface , or by collecting the egg “rafts” , which can be allowed to hatch in a container of water in the fishroom . many aquarists recommend culture of mosquito larvae by leaving out a container of water , which is allowed to become green with algae . the egg rafts or larvae are then collected under controlled conditions . care must be taken to avoid allowing the larvae to complete the life cycle and become mosquitoes . that is a good way to make yourself unpopular with the neighbors and should be avoided because of the mosquito borne west nile virus . as with the collection of other live foods , there is a risk of introducing fish enemies with the food .
tubifex worms are small worms that live in filthy places , such as sewage run - offs and the like . they can be collected from such sites , or purchased from some stores . tubifex are an excellent food for killifish , but they carry the reputation of transmitting a variety of diseases . this risk may be reduced somewhat by holding the worms for a time in a shallow tray through which cold water runs . in this way evacuated matter and detritus from dead worms are washed away .
blackworms are similar to , but distinct from , tubifex worms and are also an excellent food . they can be purchased , either from a store , or directly from companies that grow them for profit . some of these producers are associated with fish farming operations . others are dedicated purely to growing blackworms . those associated with fish farms may be more likely to transmit fish diseases . like tubifex , blackworms carry a reputation for transmitting diseases . however , some breeders swear by them . blackworms may be maintained for some time under running , cold water or refrigerated in dishes with enough water to barely cover them .
two fruit fly ( drosophila ) mutants , vestigial wing and flightless , make excellent food for killies . by virtue of the mutations they bear , they cannot fly . they can crawl , though , so it is advisable to feed just enough that the fish will eat them immediately . these flies are usually cultured in some sort of bottle into which a fruit fly medium , with a sprinkle of dry yeast , has been placed . the bottle is plugged with a piece of plastic sponge , or some such thing , after the flies are added . after some days larvae will appear , which then pupate , and eventually adult flies will emerge , at which stage they can be fed to the fish . fruit fly medium can be cooked , but this is a time consuming and messy business . instant medium can be obtained from biological suppliers such as carolina biological , and is much easier to use . a starter culture of flies can be purchased from similar sources , or obtained from other hobbyists . starter cultures , again , are often listed in the f & el .
beef heart , trimmed of fibrous tissue and fat , can be frozen , then grated to produce “worm - like” pieces . many hobbyists use beef heart as the basis for a prepared food containing vegetable matter , vitamins and other additives . others prepare similar paste foods based on shrimp and fish . these are fed as small pieces or gratings . care must be taken to feed only as much as will be eaten immediately , as remnants of this type of food can quickly foul the water . here is a recipe for a ( non - beef heart based ) paste food . recipes can also be found on the krib .


the southern yellow grosbeak ( pheucticus chrysogaster ) , also known as golden-bellied grosbeak or golden grosbeak , is a species of grosbeaks in the cardinalidae family .

it is very similar to , and has sometimes been considered conspecific with , the mexican yellow grosbeak .

the southern yellow grosbeak is found in colombia , ecuador , peru , trinidad and tobago , and venezuela .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , subtropical or tropical dry shrubland , and heavily degraded former forest .

southern yellow grosbeak

golden grosbeak ( pheucticus chrysogaster ) female of southern yellow grosbeak . | the internet bird collection | hbw alive
the southern yellow grosbeak , or golden bellied grosbeak is found in south america . it is a member of the cardinal species . this one was found in the dry forest of chaparri ecological reserve in peru .
the southern yellow grosbeak is stable in population . it is found in the tropical forests of brazil , colombia , french guiana , guyana , panama , and venezuela .
21·5 cm ; 54–59·7 g ( peru ) . male nominate race has head and nape deep yellow with orange tinge , back black , rump yellow , uppertail - coverts black with white tips ; upperwing . . .
brewer , d . ( 2018 ) . golden grosbeak ( pheucticus chrysogaster ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
has been treated as conspecific with p . chrysopeplus and p . tibialis , but molecular studies suggest that present species is paraphyletic with respect to p . aureoventris # r . vocal differences are small , but on average laubmanni has a greater number of simple notes in every song phrase , while nominate typically lacks such notes # r ; the two also show consistent plumage differences . two subspecies recognized .
– n colombia ( santa marta mts ) , sierra de perijá , and n venezuela ( discontinuously in lara , aragua , distrito federal and miranda ; also s sucre and n monagas ) .
– andes from sw colombia ( nariño ) to s peru ( arequipa and puno ) ; also coastal n & c peru .
open woodland , forest edge , areas of scattered trees , brushland ; mostly fairly arid habitats , but . . .
few published data . stomach contents “purplish berries” and “insects and seeds” . arthropod prey taken from foliage .
breeds during rainy season , feb–may , in arid w ecuador , and birds in breeding condition in apr–jul in n colombia ( santa marta and perijá ) ; . . .
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previously included in a much broader emberizidae . limits and composition redrawn in recent years , based on extensive molecular work # r # r . as compared to hbw : granatellus is imported from parulidae , amaurospiza from passerellidae ( part of emberizidae in hbw ) , and habia ( now including chlorothraupis ) and piranga from thraupidae ; at the same time , saltator and parkerthraustes have been removed to thraupidae .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
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1 . forest - > 1 . 5 . forest - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 3 . shrubland - > 3 . 5 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 3 . shrubland - > 3 . 7 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical high altitude suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 1 . artificial / terrestrial - arable land suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 5 . artificial / terrestrial - urban areas suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 6 . artificial / terrestrial - subtropical / tropical heavily degraded former forest suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no
iucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .
stotz , d . f . , fitzpatrick , j . w . , parker , t . a . and moskovits , d . k . 1996 . neotropical birds : ecology and conservation . university of chicago press , chicago .
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stictane filiformis is a moth in the family erebidae .

it was described by holloway in 2001 .

it is found on borneo .

the habitat consists of primary dipterocarp forests .

the length of the forewings is about 5 mm .

stictane filiformis

13stictane filiformis holloway , 2001 borneo , peninsular stictane filiformis holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 438 , figs . 9 c , 424 . tl : sabah . malaysia
stictane filiformis is a moth in the arctiidae family . it was described by holloway in 2001 . it is found on borneo .
stictane filiformis ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane filiformis holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 436 , f . 9c , 424 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt kinabalu
stictane umbrata van eecke : holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 433 .
stictane elegans bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
stictane gemina bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
stictane kualabohi bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
stictane mlcochi bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
stictane pectenicorniculum bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
stictane rectilinea snellen : fang , 1982 , icon . het . sin . : 194 , fig . 1393 .
stictane fractilinea snellen : fang , 1982 , icon . het . sin . : 194 , fig . 1392 .
select a genera blavia walker - blavia caliginosia walker chrysoscota hampson - chrysoscota brunnea swinhoe - chrysoscota cotriangulata sp . n . stictane hampson gen . rev . - stictane serrata sp . n . - stictane parvipectinata sp . n . - stictane ciliata sp . n . - stictane filiformis sp . n . - stictane pectinata sp . n . - stictane muara sp . n . narosodes moore - narosodes punctana walker - narosodes hampsoni draudt tampea snellen - tampea reversa walker - tampea accepta butler comb . n . - tampea nodosa sp . n . - tampea sp . 2053 neoduma hampson - neoduma ectozona hampson tospitis walker - tospitis nulliferana walker darantasia walker - darantasia cuneiplena walker - darantasia seria sp . n . heliosia hampson - heliosia monosticta hampson stictosia hampson - stictosia flexilisana walker - stictosia flava van eecke comb . n . - stictosia crocea sp . n . - stictosia decubitana walker stat . rev . eurosia hampson - eurosia melanopera hampson diduga moore - diduga annulata hampson - diduga pectinifer hampson - diduga trichophora hampson - diduga dorsolobata sp . n . - diduga ciliata sp . n . - diduga barlowi sp . n . hemonia walker - hemonia orbiferana walker - hemonia rotundata snellen
stictane rectilinea snellen : hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phal . br . mus . , 2 : 258 .
stictane fractilinea snellen : hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phal . br . mus . , 2 : 259 .
stictane chinesica draudt : dubatolov , kishida and wang , 2012 , tinea22 ( 1 ) : 49 , fig . 52 .
bayarsaikhan , ulziijargal & bae , yang - seop , 2015 , three new species of stictane hampson , 1900 ( erebidae , arctiinae ) from cambodia , with checklist of stictane , zootaxa 3981 ( 2 ) , pp . 241 - 252 : 250 - 252
stictane ciliata ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane elegans ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane gemina ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane kualabohi ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane mlcochi ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane muara ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane parvipectinata ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane pectenicorniculum ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane pectinata ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane serrata ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane costinotata wileman & south : holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 433 . 6stictane bipunctulata ( van eecke , 1927 ) indonesia
stictane pectinata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 436 , f . 9e , 428 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
stictane obscura inoue : kishida , 2011 , the standard of moths in japan ii : 154 , pl . 2 - 021 : 15 , 16 .
stictane ciliata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 435 , f . 9b , 419 , 427 ; tl : brunei , 30 - 60m , labi
stictane obliquilinea hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phal . br . mus . , 2 : 258 , pl . 25 : 5 . tl : sri
12stictane pectinata holloway , 2001cambodia , borneo stictane pectinata holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 436 , figs . 9 e , 428 . tl : sarawak .
14stictane ciliata holloway , 2001 borneo stictane ciliata holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 435 , figs . 9 b , 419 , 427 . tl : brunei .
15stictane parvipectinata holloway , 2001 borneo stictane muara holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 435 , figs . 9 d , 421 , 429 . tl : sarawak .
stictane obliquilinea hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 258 , pl . 25 , f . 5 ; tl : ceylon , hambantota
stictane serrata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 433 , f . 9f , 420 , 425 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt kinabalu
stictane parvipectinata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 435 , pl . 8 , f . 9d , 421 , 429 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
stictane bipunctulata ; [ mob7 ] , 433 ( note ) ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane obliquilinea ; [ mob7 ] , 433 ( note ) ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
stictane umbrata ; [ mob7 ] , 433 ( note ) ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
10stictane serrata holloway , 2001 borneo , peninsular stictane serrata holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 433 , figs . 9 f , 420 , 425 . tl : borneo – malaysia sabah .
11stictane muara holloway , 2001 borneo stictane muara holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 438 , figs . 8 d , e , 9 h , i , 418 . tl : brunei .
stictane muara holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 438 , f . 8d - e , 9h - i , 418 ; tl : brunei , 1m , 3km wsw of muara , kampong kapok
stictane chinesica ; dubatolov , kishida & wang , 2012 , tinea 21 ( 4 ) : 49 , f . 52 ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )
18stictane pectenicorniculum bucsek , 2012cambodia , peninsular stictane pectenicorniculum bucsek , 2012 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malaysiamalay peninsula - malaysia : 96 , pl . 16 : 239 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .
20stictane mlcochi bucsek , 2012cambodia , peninsular stictane mlchochi bucsek , 2012 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malay malaysiapeninsula - malaysia : 97 , pl . 16 : 241 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .
22 sticyane fuscus bucsek , 2014cambodia , peninsular stictane fuscus bucsek , 2014 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malay malaysia peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 54 . tl : malaysia ( pahang distr . ) .
stictane fractilinea ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 259 , f . 174 ; dubatolov , kishida & wang , 2012 , tinea 21 ( 4 ) : 50 ( note ) ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 3 , 2 ( list ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 54
stictane rectilinea ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 258 ; [ mob7 ] , 433 ( note ) ; dubatolov , kishida & wang , 2012 , tinea 21 ( 4 ) : 50 ( note ) ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 5 , 2 ( list ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 54
5mm . the antennae are filiform . the forewing facies is distinctive , with the medial fascia relatively basal , an angled fascia through the discal dot and no submarginal row of dots . there are three dots on the margin distal to the discal dot and one near the tornus with a distinct gap of paler colour in between . in the genitalia the valves are shorter than in the three species just described , with only sparse setation distally . the saccular process is a short , triangular flap . there is a prominent furca , like the tongue of a reptile , extending dorsally from between the valve bases . the aedeagus vesica has several narrow diverticula , and three robust cornuti in its central portion .
holotype . sabah : poring , 1800ft . , e . of mt . kinabalu , 20 - 23 . i . 1976 ( e . w . classey ) , bm arctiid slide 4920 .
the single specimen was taken in primary dipterocarp forest at 600m on the eastern slopes of g . kinabalu .
, 5mm . the male antennae are serrate to narrowly bipectinate with dense ciliae , but the facies is otherwise much as in ciliata except the medial fascia has a fainter second fascia just distad and parallel . the male genitalia are distinctive in having a marginal , straight , subapical spine distally to the more sinuous saccular one , flanking the densely setose cucullus . the aedeagus vesica ( not everted ) has numerous cornuti . the female genitalia have a broad corpus bursae and a long , reflexed appendix bursae . there are fields of long spines in the basal , slightly sclerotised part of the appendix , and a few also in the neck of the ductus . there is a finer scobination of shorter spines in the distal part of the corpus bursae .
holotype . brunei : 1m , 3km wsw of muara , kampong kapok , edge of mangrove forest , i - ii . 1992 ( e . w . classey ) , bm arctiid slide 5473 .
1 as holotype , 1 ( slide 4923 ) sabah : 5m . s . mt . trus madi , 1800 ft . 18 - 28 . viii . 1977 ; 1 ( slide 4928 ) brunei : seria , 2º forest , 30m . iv . 1981 ( i . gauld ) .
all males are from near mangrove on the coast . single females were taken at the type locality , at 30m in disturbed forest at seria near the brunei coast ( slide 4928 ) , and in primary forest at 600m on g . trus madi in sabah ( slide 4923 ) . the forewings of these last two females are illustrated in figs9h , i , that from seria having more typical facies .
= manoba ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 558 ; [ nhm card ]
microtane hampson , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 ( 45 ) : 183 ; ts : microtane fusca hampson
manoba bipunctulata van eecke , 1927 ; zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 117 , ( 9 : pl . 4 , f . 15 ) ; tl : sumatra , fort de kock
china ( shanghai , guangdong , fujian , guangxi ) . see [ maps ]
sikkim , sumatra , ceylon , java , thailand , china . see [ maps ]
= ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 259 ; [ nhm card ] ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 3
microtane fusca hampson , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 ( 45 ) : 183 ; tl : ceylon , matelé
manoba munda de joannis , 1928 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 97 : 258 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : cho ganh
manoba paucilinea de joannis , 1928 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 97 : 259 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; tl : cho ganh
pitane rectilinea snellen , 1879 ; tijdschr . ent . 22 : 91 , pl . 10 , f . 7 ; tl : celebes
manoba umbrata van eecke , 1927 ; zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 118 , ( 9 : pl . 4 , f . 16 ) ; tl : sumatra , fort de kock
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
new records of lichenmoths from the nanling mts . , guangdong , south china , with description of new genera and species ( lepidoptera , arctiidae : lithosiinae )
illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 9 . the macrolepidoptera heterocera of ceylon
lepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningen en beschrijving der nieuwe soorten
natuurlijke historie . achtse afdeeling . lepidoptera door p . c . t . snellen , met eene inleiding door joh . f . snelleman . midden - sumatra
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manoba umbrimedia de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 257 , pl . 2 : 2 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .
original description ( de joannis , 1928 , in french ) . wingspan 14 mm . female : forewing pale gray , slightly dusted with dark ; antemedial series of dark spots barely visible , regularly curved ; median band dark , curved medially outwards , followed by a broad dark shadow ; two dark discoidal spots ; postmedian series of dark spots ; with dark patch before apex ; subterminal series of dark spots , first one strong ; terminal series of dark spots ; fringe gray ; hindwing gray .
pitane rectilinea snellen , 1879 , tijd . v . ent . , 22 : 91 , pl . 10 : 7 . tl : indonesia ( sulawesi ) . indonesia , thailand
hemonia rectilinea snellen : kirby , 1892 , cat . het . 1892 : 364 .
manoba rectilinea snellen : fang , 2000 , fauna sin . , ins . 19 , lep . , arctiidae : 187 , pl . 5 : 26 . 2stictane fractilinea ( snellen , 1880 ) china , india , java , sri
pitane fractilinea snellen , 1880 , midd - sum . lep . , 4 ( 2 ) : 38 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . lanka , sumatra , thailand
hemonia fractilinea snellen : kirby , 1892 , cat . het . 1892 : 364 .
eugoa multipuncta hampson , 1893 , ill . het . br . mus . , 9 : 81 , pl . 158 : 3 . sri lanka
manoba fractilinea snellen : draudt , 1914 , macrolep . world10 : 196 , pl . 16 : a .
manoba fractilinea snellen : fang , 2000 , fauna sin . , ins . 19 , lep . , arctiidae : 187 , pl . 5 : 25 . 3stictane obliquilinea hampson , 1900sri lanka
microtane fusca hampson , 1901 , ann . mag . hat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 ( 45 ) : 183 . tl : sri lanka
eurosia costinotata wileman & south , 1919 , entomologist52 ( 670 ) : 50 . tl : philippines
manoba bipunctulata van eecke , 1927 , zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 118 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . 7stictane umbrata ( van eecke , 1927 ) peninsular malaysia ,
manoba umbrata van eecke , 1927 , zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 118 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . indonesia
manoba rectilinear form chinesica draudt , 1931 , macrolep . world2 ( suppl . ) : 69 . tl :
manoba rectilinea [ ssp . ] chinesica inoue , 1976 , bull . fac . domest . sci . otsuma wom .
manoba rectilinea draudt : fang , 2000 , fang , 2000 , fauna sin . , ins . 19 , lep . , arctiidae :
9stictane obscura ( inoue , 1976 ) japanmanoba obscura inoue , 1976 , bull . fac . sci . otsuma women’s university12 : 1 - 12 . tl : japan ( honshu ) .
manoba obscura inoue : inoue , 1982 , moths of japan i : 645 , ii : pl . 156 : 28 , 29 , pl . 348 : 3 , 4 .
16stictane kualabohi bucsek , 2012 peninsular malaysiastictane kualabohi bucsek , 2012 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malay peninsula - malaysia : 95 , pl . 16 : 236 . tl : malaysia ( kampung kuala boh vill . ) .
peninsula - malaysia : 95 , pl . 16 : 238 . tl : malaysia ( tanah rata env . )
peninsula - malaysia : 96 , pl . 16 : 240 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .
21stictane argenteus bucsek , 2014 peninsular malaysiastictane argenteus bucsek , 2014 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malay peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 55 . tl : malaysia ( pahang distr . ) .
23stictane uniformis bucsek , 2014 peninsular malaysiastictane uniformis bucsek , 2014 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malay peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 56 . tl : malaysia ( negeri sembilan ) .
24stictane munda ( de joannis , 1928 ) comb . nov . vietnammanoba munda de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 257 , pl . 2 : 2 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .
25stictane paucilinea ( de joannis , 1928 ) comb . nov . vietnammanoba munda de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 259 , pl . 2 : 8 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .
26stictane umbrimedia ( de joannis , 1928 ) comb . nov . vietnammanoba umbrimedia de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 257 , pl . 2 : 2 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .
de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 257 , pl . 2 : 2 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .
original description ( de joannis , 1928 , in french ) . wingspan 14 mm . female : forewing pale gray , slightly dusted with dark ; antemedial series of dark spots barely visible , regularly curved ; median band dark , curved medially outwards , followed by a broad dark shadow ; two dark discoidal spots ; postmedian series of dark spots ; with dark patch before apex ; subterminal series of dark spots , first one strong ; terminal series of dark spots ; fringe gray ; hindwing gray .
, tijd . v . ent . , 22 : 91 , pl . 10 : 7 . tl : indonesia ( sulawesi ) . indonesia , thailand
: fang , 2000 , fauna sin . , ins . 19 , lep . ,
, midd - sum . lep . , 4 ( 2 ) : 38 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . lanka , sumatra , thailand
& south : holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo 7 : 433 . 6
van eecke , 1927 , zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 118 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . 7
van eecke , 1927 , zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 118 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . indonesia
: fang , 2000 , fang , 2000 , fauna sin . , ins . 19 , lep . ,
, bull . fac . sci . otsuma women’s university 12 : 1 - 12 . tl : japan ( honshu ) .
, moths of japan i : 645 , ii : pl . 156 : 28 , 29 , pl . 348 : 3 , 4 .
: kishida , 2011 , the standard of moths in japan ii : 154 , pl . 2 - 021 : 15 , 16 .
, moths of borneo 7 : 433 , figs . 9 f , 420 , 425 . tl : borneo – malaysia sabah .
, moths of borneo 7 : 438 , figs . 8 d , e , 9 h , i , 418 . tl : brunei .
, moths of borneo 7 : 436 , figs . 9 e , 428 . tl : sarawak .
, moths of borneo 7 : 438 , figs . 9 c , 424 . tl : sabah . malaysia
, moths of borneo 7 : 435 , figs . 9 b , 419 , 427 . tl : brunei .
, moths of borneo 7 : 435 , figs . 9 d , 421 , 429 . tl : sarawak .
) of malay peninsula - malaysia : 95 , pl . 16 : 236 . tl : malaysia ( kampung kuala boh vill . ) .
peninsula - malaysia : 95 , pl . 16 : 238 . tl : malaysia ( tanah rata env . )
) of malaysia malay peninsula - malaysia : 96 , pl . 16 : 239 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .
peninsula - malaysia : 96 , pl . 16 : 240 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .
) of malay malaysia peninsula - malaysia : 97 , pl . 16 : 241 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .
) of malay peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 55 . tl : malaysia ( pahang distr . ) .
) of malay malaysia peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 54 . tl : malaysia ( pahang distr . ) .
) of malay peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 56 . tl : malaysia ( negeri sembilan ) .
de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 259 , pl . 2 : 8 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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idiophantis spectrata is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1911 .

it is found on the seychelles , where it has been recorded from mahé .

the wingspan is about 15 mm .

the forewings are light fuscous with a white stria from the costa to the tornus , rounded-angulated in the middle , edged with dark grey and on the lower half suffused with grey , margined anteriorly by an orange-ochreous stria , and posteriorly on the upper half by a similar stria terminated beneath by a black dot .

there is an orange streak in the apical prominence .

the hindwings are light grey , the lower margin of the cell somewhat darker-suffused , on the lower surface with a fringe of hairs along it .

idiophantis spectrata

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idiophantis spectrata meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 272 ; tl : mahé , cascade estate
idiophantis eugeniae bradley , 1969 ; bull . ent . res . 59 ( 2 ) : 351
idiophantis croconota meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 129 ; tl : madagascar , antananarivo
idiophantis chiridota meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya
idiophantis paraptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 18 ) : 566 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya
idiophantis anisosticta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 18 ) : 566 ; tl : ceylon , colombo , diyatalawa
idiophantis disparata meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : fiji , labasa
idiophantis melanosacta ; moriuti , 1993 , jpn . j . ent . 61 ( 3 ) : 621 ; [ nhm card ]
idiophantis chalcura meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 1 ) : 148 ; tl : khasi hills
idiophantis hemiphaea meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : khasi hills
idiophantis discura meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 1 ) : 148 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
idiophantis melanosacta meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 1 ) : 148 ; tl : n . coorg
idiophantis soreuta meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 139 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon
idiophantis stoica meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 272 ; tl : palni hils , gooty
idiophantis carpotoma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 18 ) : 567 ; tl : s . india , nilgiris , pykara , 7000ft
idiophantis chiridota ; [ nhm card ] ; moriuti , 1993 , jpn . j . ent . 61 ( 3 ) : 619 ; [ aucl ]
idiophantis habrias meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 298 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
idiophantis maelamunensis moriuti , 1993 ; jpn . j . ent . 61 ( 3 ) : 622 ; tl : thailand , kanchanaburi , mae la mun , ca . 400m
idiophantis pandata bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
idiophantis lomatographa bradley , 1962 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h ) ( ent ) 12 ( 5 ) : 257 ; tl : new hebrides , aneityum , red crest , 1200ft
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[ south africa , mpumalanga ] , barberton , xii , leg . a . j . t . janse .
meyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267–336 .
bidzilya o . v . 2007 . gelechiidae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) . - esperiana memoir 4 : 91–118 .
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meyrick e . 1911d . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905 . - transactions of the linnean society of london ( 2 ) 14 ( 3 ) : 263—307 .
acanthopa meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 64
colobodes insomnis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
thiopeda meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
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microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54
microlepidoptera from the new hebrides . records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected on the island of aneityum by miss evelyn cheesman , o . b . e .
in gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905
sattler , 1973 a catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae , holcopogonidae , lecithoceridae and symmocidae ( lepidoptera ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 153 - 282
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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intha umbilicalis is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail , an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family planorbidae , the ram 's horn snails , or planorbids .

intha umbilicalis

budha p . b . ( 2010 ) .
intha umbilicalis
. the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 27 august 2014 .
related genera are hippeutis agassiz , 1837 and intha annandale , 1922 and the relationships of these genera and helicorbis require re - examination . some species in these genera are hosts of signifant animal and human parasites . hippeutis ( or intha ) umbilicalis ( benson , 1836 ) , an asian species that is also known from new guinea , has been intercepted by australian biosecurity .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . intha umbilicalis ( benson , 1836 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
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brandt , r . a . m . 1974 . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv für molluskenkunde 105 ( 1 - 4 ) : 1 - 423 .
is a widespread species occurring in the indomalayan and australasian realms with no known threats , and is therefore assessed as least concern .
it is distributed in south and southeast asia ; widespread in india , nepal , bangladesh , sri lanka , myanmar , thailand , laos , cambodia , vietnam , southern china , malaysia , indonesia , and eastwards to new guinea and japan .
although there is no information on population status and trends , however , this is a very common species .
it is found in swamps , lakes , ponds along with rich macrophytes . this species acts as intermediate hosts of many trematode parasites such as
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benson w . b . ( 1836 ) .
descriptive catagogue of a collection of land and fresh - water shells , chiefly contained in the museum of the asiatic society
. journal of asiatic society of bengal : 741 - 750 .
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iucn 2014 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 2 .
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this species differs from members of the genus gyraulus by its strongly overlapping whorls and peripheral keel that is not centrally placed . the shell is smooth , shiny , and dark red - brown to pale amber when alive . it is small and flat , with a small to medium sunken spire and narrow to medium umbilicus . some individuals have small internal lamellae .
original name : segmentina australiensis smith , 1882 . smith , e . a . ( 1882 ) . on the freshwater shells of australia . journal of the linnean society of london , zoology 16 : 255 - 316 .
synonyms : planorbis meniscoides tate , 1882 ; segmentina victoriae smith , 1882 ; segnitila alphena iredale , 1943 ; segnitila idonea iredale , 1944 ; segnitila redita iredale , 1944 ; segnitila brisbanensis iredale , 1944 .
we follow brown ( 1981 ) while noting that the taxonomy of this group requires revision ( see notes ) .
this species lives on aquatic vegetation in ponds , billabongs , swamps and sluggish streams and rivers . feeds on detritus . egg mass presumably a jelly strip containing small eggs . development direct . brown ( 1981 ) described the anatomy of this species .
additional information on the biology and ecology of members of this family can be found in fauna of australia , vol . 5b , p . 1072 - 1074 .
this species differs from species of gyraulus in having the whorls strongly overlapping and the peripheral keel is not centrally placed . the shell is smooth , shining and dark red - brown when alive .
this genus occurs in china , india , philippines , islands of the western pacific , as well as in eastern and northern australia .
beesley , p . l . , ross , g . j . b . & wells , a . , eds . ( 1998 ) . mollusca : the southern synthesis . parts a & b . melbourne , csiro publishing .
brown , d . s . ( 1981 ) . observations on the planorbidae from australia and new guinea . journal of the malacological society of australia 5 : 67 - 80 .
brown , d . s . ( 1998 ) . freshwater snails of the genus gyraulus ( gastropoda : planorbidae ) in australia : the taxa of tasmania . molluscan research 19 : 105 - 154 .
brown , d . s . ( 2001 ) . freshwater snails of the genus gyraulus ( planorbidae ) in australia : taxa of the mainland . molluscan research 21 : 17 - 107 .
hubendick , b . ( 1955 ) . phylogeny of the planorbidae . transactions of the zoological society of london 28 : 453 - 542 .
ponder , w . f . , clark , s . a . & dallwitz , m . j . ( 2000 ) . freshwater and estuarine molluscs : an interactive , illustrated key for new south wales . melbourne , csiro publishing .
smith , b . j . ( 1992 ) . non - marine mollusca . pp . i - xii , 1 - 408 in w . w . k . houston . zoological catalogue of australia , 8 . canberra , australian government publishing service .
smith , b . j . and kershaw , r . c . ( 1979 ) . field guide to the non - marine molluscs of south eastern australia . australian national university press , canberra , australia .
smith , b . j . & kershaw , r . c . ( 1981 ) . tasmanian land and freshwater molluscs . hobart , university of tasmania .
smith , e . a . ( 1887 ) . notes on australian species of bithinia , segmentina , and fusus and description of a new melania . journal of conchology 5 : 235 - 238 .
to cite this resource : ponder , w . f . , hallan , a . , shea , m . and clark , s . a . 2016 . australian freshwater molluscs . urltoken
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the length of the forewings is about 9 mm for males and 10 mm for females .

adults have a grey-brown ground colour with a light suffusion of red scales at the base of the forewing and costa .

both the fore - and hindwings are lightly dusted with brown scales .

sigilliclystis kendricki

sigilliclystis kendricki - urdu meaning and translation of sigilliclystis kendricki , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of sigilliclystis kendricki and more .
sigilliclystis kendricki is a moth in the geometridae family . it is found in hong kong and probably inland china .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
( c ) roger c . kendrick , some rights reserved ( cc by - nc - nd ) , uploaded by roger kendrick , urltoken
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roger kendrick stated : the raised scales are groups of androconial scales - scent patches to you and me ! they only occur on the male in this species .
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for a list of species first described from hong kong with many endemic species indicated see ( wikipedia ) .
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limbatochlamys parvisis is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is found in china ( yunnan ) .

the length of the forewings is 25 mm for males and 29 mm for females .

limbatochlamys parvisis

this is the place for parvisis definition . you find here parvisis meaning , synonyms of parvisis and images for parvisis copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word parvisis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word parvisis and , of course , parvisis synonyms and on the right images related to the word parvisis .
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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crypsiphona occultaria , the red - lined looper moth or red - lined geometer , is a moth of the geometridae family .
aplasta ononaria , the rest harrow , is a species of moth of the family geometridae .
pingasa chlora , the white looper moth or flower - eating caterpillar , is a species of moth of the family geometridae .
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