the blastobasidae are a family of moths in the superfamily gelechioidea .

its species can be found almost anywhere in the world , though in some places they are not native but introduced by humans .

in some arrangements , these moths are included in the case-bearer family ( coleophoridae ) as subfamily blastobasinae .

the symmocidae are sometimes included in the blastobasidae ( particularly if both are included in coleophoridae ) as subfamily or tribe .

in addition , the group around holcocera is often separated as subfamily holcocerinae ( or tribe holcocerini ) from the blastobasis lineage ( which correspondingly become a subfamily , or a tribe blastobasini ) .

while this seems far more reasonable than some of the more extreme arrangements sometimes seen in gelechioidea taxonomy and systematics , the relationships among blastobasidae genera are not yet sufficiently studied to allow a well-supported subdivision of this family .

blastobasidae

how can i put and write and define blastobasidae in a sentence and how is the word blastobasidae used in a sentence and examples ? 用blastobasidae造句 , 用blastobasidae造句 , 用blastobasidae造句 , blastobasidae meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
adamski d ( 1995 ) review of the blastobasidae of the republic of the seychelles ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) . proc entomol soc washington 97 : 489–499
batrachedridae , oecophoridae , ethmiidae , autostichidae , blastobasidae , agronoxenidae , momphidae , cosmopterigidae and scythrididae : batrachedridae , . . . and butterflies of great britain and ireland
adamski d , brown rl ( 1989 ) morphology and systematics of north american blastobasidae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) . mississippi agr forest exp stat tech bull 165 : 1–70
buszko j ( 1978 ) blastobasidae . in klucze do oznaczania owadów polski . 27 . motyle & lepidoptera , 36 : 22–32 . polskie towardzystwo entomologiczne [ in polish ]
the monophyly of this genus & ndash ; the largest of its family , containing at present about half the described blastobasidae species & ndash ; is seriously in doubt .
the blastobasidae , momphidae ( mompha moths ) , pterolonchidae , and symmocidae have formerly been included in the coleophoridae as subfamilies , but are more often considered separate families today .
heppner j . b . ( 2008 ) scavenger moths ( lepidoptera : blastobasidae ) . in : capinera j . l . ( eds ) encyclopedia of entomology . springer , dordrecht
the moths and butterflies of great britain and ireland . vol . 4 , pt . 1 : oecophoridae , ethmiidae , autostichidae , blastobasidae , batrachedridae , agonoxenidae , momphidae , cosmopterigidae and scythrididae
9780946589661 : batrachedridae , oecophoridae , ethmiidae , autostichidae , blastobasidae , agronoxenidae , momphidae , cosmopterigidae and scythrididae : batrachedridae , . . . and butterflies of great britain and ireland - abebooks : 0946589666
recorded as a parasitoid of tortricidae , pyralidae , blastobasidae , carposinidae , noctuidae , gelechiidae and cossidae , but no reared material seen by us and such a wide host range seems most improbable .
it is also known as the
' acorn moth
' , but this can also refer to
blastobasis glandulella
from north america , which belongs to the more primitive family blastobasidae .
while this seems far more reasonable than some of the more extreme arrangements sometimes seen in gelechioidea taxonomy and systematics , the relationships among blastobasidae genera are not yet sufficiently studied to allow a well - supported subdivision of this family .
neoblastobasis kuznetsov & sinev , a genus of the family blastobasidae , has been known with three species in korea . in this study , a new species of the genus , neoblastobasis songi park , sp . nov . , is described , and n . camelliae is newly recorded in korea . a key for the species and a tentative catalog of the genus in korea are provided .
the blastobasidae are members of the superfamily gelechioidea . blastobasids occur worldwide , but are most diverse in north and south america , with more than 275 described species and possibly five to 10 times that many yet to be studied . blastobasids are small , nocturnal moths with narrow wings . most species are uniformly dull colored , usually gray , sometimes tan or yellowish . larvae are typically slender and cylindrical , and many species feed on detritus associated with the nests and galleries of other insect species .
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formerly considered a subfamily of coleophoridae ; treated as a full family by heikkilä et al . ( 2013 )
heikkilä , m . , mutanen , m . , kekkonen , m . and kaila , l . 2013 . morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities : a revised classification for gelechioidea ( lepidoptera ) . cladistics 1 - 27 . ( abstract )
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adamski d ( 2002 ) a synopsis of described neotropical blastobasinae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ; coleophoridae ) . entomological society of america , lanham , md ( thomas say monograph ) , 150 pp
adamski d , hodges rw ( 1996 ) an annotated list of north american blastobasinae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : coleophoridae ) . proc entomol soc washington 98 : 708–740
six of the seven north american genera occur in illinois . this group is well represented in north america , with 69 described ( and possibly a considerable number of undescribed ) species , but life histories are known for only a very few . larvae of some species are known or suspected to be
scavengers
or to feed on roots of composites ( asteraceae ) ; others are known to feed internally on seeds of pines , pinus spp . ( pinaceae ) or on acorns of oaks , quercus spp . ( fagaceae ) . a substantial contribution to our knowledge of nearctic microlepidoptera could be made by working out life histories of a good representation of blastobasinae species .
blastobasine forewing coloration most commonly involves shades of gray and / or brown , overlaid with paler scaling , and frequently showing either a contrastingly pale band at about one third of the wing length from the base , or an abrupt color change from paler to darker in the same position , depending upon species ( this particular combination of coloration and pattern is reminiscent , analogously , of that of many species of phycitine pyralidae ) . color pattern in blastobasinae is not diagnostic ; as can be observed in the illustrations below , a similar pattern can be seen in more than one genus .
specimens of adult blastobasinae are recognized most easily by their having a transverse row of small spines at the posterior margin of each segment on the dorsum of the abdomen ( fig . 1 ) .
figure 1 . abdomen of blastobasinae , dorsal aspect , showing the characteristic transverse rows of small spinelike structures at the posterior margin of each segment , a distinctive character of the group .
have a distinctive
notch
on the first antennal flagellomere ( fig . 2 ) .
figure 2 . antennae of blastobasinae belonging to genera in which the basal flagellomere of the male moth forms a characteristic
notch
; blastobasis sp . ( left panel ) , holcocera sp . ( right panel ) .
beyond the characters of labial palpi ( for pigritia , see below ) and antennal morphology ( given above ) , there are reliable characters of wing venation and genital morphology that can be used to determine blastobasine adults to genus ( see adamski and brown 1989 ) .
among genera occurring in illinois , pigritia can be recognized by its markedly reduced labial palpi ( fig . 8 ) .
figure 8 . heads of pigritia spp . , ventral aspect , showing reduction of the labial palpi , from vestigial ( left panel ) to indiscernible ( right panel ) . as noted by dietz ( 1900 ) , some species display sexual dimorphism in which the labial palpi of the male moth are more reduced in size than are those of the female .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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each volume in the very well known series the moths and butterflies of great britain and ireland contains special introductory chapters on important aspects of the study of british lepidoptera ; keys to families and species ; a systematic section consisting of a full description , details of the life history , and a distribution map for each species , as well as structural drawings where nessesary . in addition , all species and significant variants are illustrated in colour . also available in paperback ( isbn 978 - 09 - 46 - 58972 - 2 ) .
this is part one of volume four of
the moths and butterflies of great britain and ireland .
due to its extent , the volume is published in two parts , and this text contains a special chapter followed by a systematic account of the oecophoridae and the smaller families - a total of 147 species .
harley , 2002 . condition : new . 326 , 7 col plates , 6 col photos , 95 text figs , 146 maps . 265x210mm . hb . new . . 147 species . includes introductory chapter on
the ecology and evolution of lepidopteran defence against bats
, by jens rydell and mark young . [ 9780946589661 ] .
brill . hardback . condition : new . new copy - usually dispatched within 2 working days .
brill , netherlands , 2002 . hardback . condition : new . language : english . brand new book . each volume in the very well known series the moths and butterflies of great britain and irelandcontains special introductory chapters on important aspects of the study of british lepidoptera ; keys to families and species ; a systematic section consisting of a full description , details of the life history , and a distribution map for each species , as well as structural drawings where nessesary . in addition , all species and significant variants are illustrated in colour . also available in paperback ( isbn 978 - 09 - 46 - 58972 - 2 ) .
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corresponding author : cornelis van achterberg ( ln . silarutanbcn @ grebrethcanav . seec ) .
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the species of seventeen genera of agathidinae ( braconidae ) from vietnam are revised : agathis latreille , 1804 , bassus fabricius , 1804 ; biroia szépligeti , 1900 ; braunsia kriechbaumer , 1894 ; camptothlipsis enderlein , 1920 ; coccygidium de saussure , 1892 ; coronagathis gen . n . ( type species : coronagathis cornifera sp . n . ) ; cremnops foerster , 1862 ; disophrys foerster , 1862 ; earinus wesmael , 1837 ; euagathis szépligeti , 1900 ; gyragathis gen . n . ( type species : gyragathis quyi sp . n . ) , gyrochus enderlein , 1920 ; lytopylus foerster , 1862 ; therophilus wesmael , 1837 ; troticus brullé , 1846 , and zelodia gen . n . ( type species : zelomorpha varipes van achterberg & maetô , 1990 ) . keys to the vietnamese species are given .
sixty - five species are recognised , of which twelve species are newly recorded for vietnam : bassus albifasciatus ( watanabe , 1934 ) , coccygidium angostura ( bhat & gupta , 1977 ) , cremnops atricornis ( smith , 1874 ) , stat . n . , disophrys erythrocephala cameron , 1900 , gyrochus yunnanensis wang , 1984 , lytopylus romani ( shestakov , 1940 ) , comb . n . , therophilus festivus ( muesebeck , 1953 ) , comb . n . , therophilus javanus ( bhat & gupta , 1977 ) , comb . n . , therophilus lienhuachihensis ( chou & sharkey , 1989 ) , comb . n . , therophilus marshi ( bhat & gupta , 1977 ) , comb . n . , zelodia absoluta ( chen & yang , 1998 ) , comb . n . and zelodia longidorsata ( bhat & gupta , 1977 ) , comb . n .
forty - two species are new to science : agathis citrinisoma sp . n . , bassus albobasalis sp . n . , bassus albozonatus sp . n . , biroia soror sp . n . , braunsia bicolorata sp . n . , braunsia devriesi sp . n . , braunsia maculifera sp . n . , braunsia nigrapiculata sp . n . , braunsia pumatica sp . n . , camptothlipsis hanoiensis sp . n . , coronagathis cornifera sp . n . , earinus aurantius sp . n . , earinus brevistigmus sp . n . , euagathis flavosoma sp . n . , disophrys maculifera sp . n . , disophrys quymanhi sp . n . , disophrys rhinoides sp . n . , gyragathis quyi sp . n . , therophilus annuliferus sp . n . , therophilus cattienensis sp . n . , therophilus contrastus sp . n . , therophilus crenulisulcatus sp . n . , therophilus depressiferus sp . n . , therophilus elongator sp . n . , therophilus levisoma sp . n . , therophilus marucae sp . n . , therophilus mellisoma sp . n . , therophilus nigrolineatus sp . n . , therophilus nuichuaensis sp . n . , therophilus parasper sp . n . , therophilus planifrons sp . n . , therophilus punctiscutum sp . n . , therophilus robustus sp . n . , therophilus rugosiferus sp . n . , therophilus scutellatus sp . n . , troticus alloflavus sp . n . , troticus giganteus sp . n . , zelodia albobasalis sp . n . , zelodia anginota sp . n . , zelodia bicoloristigma sp . n . , zelodia brevifemoralis sp . n . and zelodia flavistigma sp . n .
the following new synonyms are proposed : euagathis nigrithorax bhat & gupta , 1977 , euagathis variabilis enderlein , 1920 , euagathis variabilis var . tibialis enderlein , 1920 , euagathis variabilis var . melanopleura enderlein , 1920 and euagathis variabilis var . sucarandana enderlein , 1920 with euagathis abbotti ( ashmead , 1900 ) ; euagathis jinshanensis chen & yang , 2006 and euagathis sharkeyi chen & yang , 2006 , with euagathis forticarinata ( cameron , 1899 ) . the genus amputostypos sharkey , 2009 , is synonymised with coccygidium de saussure , 1892 , syn . n .
the biology of most species is unknown , but in general agathidines are koinobiont endoparasitoids of larvae of lepidoptera . the species with a short ovipositor select exposed larvae and those with a long ovipositor use larvae with a concealed way of life .
collection in the institute of ecology & biological resources ( iebr ) at hanoi ( assembled by the second author ) and the ncb naturalis collection ( rmnh ) at leiden ( assembled during five rmnh - iebr expeditions in vietnam ) . for identification of the subfamily
. additional non - exclusive characters in the key are between brackets . in the keys to species sometimes notes to similar species unknown from vietnam are included because they may occur in vietnam . putative apomorphies were determined through outgroup comparison making assumptions about the placement of certain taxa in
braunsia bicolorata sp . n . , female , holotype . 45 mesosoma lateral 46 mesosoma dorsal 47 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 48 wings 49 hind femur lateral 50 ovipositor sheath lateral 51 head lateral 52 head dorsal 53 head anterior .
braunsia devriesi sp . n . , female , holotype . 55 mesosoma lateral 56 mesosoma dorsal 57 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 58 wings 59 hind femur lateral 60 head lateral 61 head anterior 62 head dorsal .
disophrys erythrocephala cameron , female , thailand . 115 head dorsal 116 head lateral 117 mesosoma dorsal 118 wings 119 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 120 mesosoma lateral .
earinus brevistigmus sp . n . , female , holotype . 152 mesosoma lateral 153 mesosoma dorsal 154 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 155 wings 156 hind femur and tibia lateral 157 head anterior 158 head dorsal 159 head lateral .
inner spur of middle tibia 0 . 8–1 . 1 times as long as middle basitarsus ( a ) ; apex of antenna with short to medium - sized spine ( b ) , sometimes minute ; ovipositor sheath short , about as long as apical height of metasoma , hardly or not protruding ; hind trochantellus usually with a distinct ventral carina on its outer edge ( c ) or edge distinctly angulate ; [ apex of the ovipositor sheath blunt apically and with numerous ampulliform papillae ] ; coccygidium complex
inner spur of middle tibia 0 . 4–0 . 7 times as long as middle basitarsus ( aa ) ; apex of antenna without spine ( bb ) ; relative length of ovipositor sheath vari able ; ventral carina of hind trochantellus often ( about two - thirds ) absent or obsolescent ( cc )
frons without lateral carinae ( a ) ; vein m + cu of hind wing at most 0 . 8 times vein 1 - m ( b ) ; labio - maxillary complex only slightly protruding ( c )
frons with lateral carinae ( aa ) ; vein m + cu of hind wing longer than vein 1 - m or subequal ( up to 0 . 9 times ; bb ) ; labio - maxillary complex usually rather protruding ( cc , but not in oreba )
vertical axis [ v ] of malar triangle 1 . 7–6 . 0 times its horizontal axis [ h ] and the part of head below eyes only gradually narrowed ventrally ( a ) to parallel - sided ; clypeus strongly convex ( b ) ; mouth - parts more or less lengthened in form of a beak , galea nearly always distinctly longer than 1 . 3 times its width , longer than labial palp ( c ) ; [ mainly holarctic , but some species reach the northern oriental region ]
vertical axis [ v ] of malar triangle 1 . 0–1 . 5 times its horizontal axis [ h ] and the part of head below eyes directly narrowed ventrally ( aa ) ; clypeus usually at least partly flattened ( bb ) , only in therophilus mediator - group distinctly convex ( bbb ) ; mouth - parts normal , galea not longer than wide , shorter than labial palp and usually hardly or not visible in lateral view ( cc )
fore and middle tarsal claws simple and comparatively robust ( a ) ; area behind antennal sockets deeply impressed ( b ) ; [ vein 1 - m of hind wing 1 . 1–1 . 6 times as long as vein m + cu ]
fore and middle tarsal claws nearly always with a distinct basal lobe and comparatively slender ( aa ) ; area behind antennal sockets nearly always moderately to shallowly impressed ( bb ) ; [ vein 1 - m of hind wing 0 . 6–1 . 4 times as long as vein m + cu ]
vein r - m of fore wing absent ( a ) ; first metasomal tergite and often also metapleuron granulate and dull and tergite distinctly convex medially and dorsal carinae absent ( b ) ; precoxal sulcus about 0 . 6 times as long as mesopleuron and sculptured ( c ) or superficially impressed and smooth
vein r - m of fore wing present ( aa ) , rarely obsolescent ; sculpture of first tergite and metapleuron variable ( bb ) , if granulate then first tergite less convex medially and with dorsal carinae ( bbb ) ; precoxal sulcus longer than 0 . 6 times length of mesopleuron and sculptured ( cc ) or absent
first metasomal tergite 5–6 times as long as wide apically ( a ) and 1 . 6–1 . 7 times as long as hind coxa ( b ) ; frons flattened anteriorly except for a short median depression ( c ) ; hind femur short compared to hind coxa ( d ) ; hind basitarsus with numerous spiny setae ventrally ( e ) ; [ not yet found in vietnam but expected to occur ; synonymised with lytopylus foerster by sharkey et al . ( 2009 ) , but it runs in their key to therophilus wesmael . provisionally retained as separate genus because of the synapomorphous character states ( a - d ) listed above ]
agathis citrinisoma sp . n . , female , holotype . 2 head lateral 3 mesosoma lateral 4 mesosoma dorsal 5 fore wing 6 hind tarsal claw 7 head dorsal 8 head anterior 9 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 10 hind femur lateral .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 6f759ee8 - dc7c - 49aa - adb0 - bafa83eed7e9
holotype , ♀ ( rmnh ) , “s . vietnam : dak lak , chu yang sin n . p . , n [ ea ] r dam , 800–940 m , 2–10 . vi . 2007 , mal traps , c . v . achterberg & r . de vries , rmnh’07” .
agathis citrinisoma runs in the key by sharkey ( 1996 ) to agathis asternaulica sharkey , 1996 , from japan ; however , this species has the metasoma largely black ( citrinisoma : yellow ) , no trace of vein 1 - sr + m of the fore wing ( citrinisoma : partly developed ) and the notauli are smooth posteriorly ( citrinisoma : crenulate ) .
holotype , ♀ , length of body 4 . 0 mm , of fore wing 3 . 7 mm , of ovipositor sheath 2 . 0 mm .
antennal segments 34 , length of third segment 1 . 5 times fourth segment , length of third , fourth and penultimate segments 3 . 7 , 2 . 8 and 1 . 7 times their width , respectively ; length of apical antennal segment 1 . 6 times as long as penultimate segment ; maxillary palp 0 . 7 times height of head ; malar space 2 . 8 times as long as basal width of mandible ; in dorsal view temple short , length of eye 5 . 3 times temple ; temple directly narrowed posteriorly (
length of mesosoma 1 . 5 times its height ; pronotum reticulate - rugose ventrally , setose and finely punctate dorsally ; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate ; mesoscutum dull , with irregular punctures and setae ; notauli completely crenulate , united posteriorly forming a groove near scutellar sulcus ; scutellar sulcus with 4 carinae (
) ; scutellum distinctly convex with sparse fine punctures ; precoxal sulcus short , similar to a wide groove ; mesopleuron largely smooth with sparse fine punctures anteriorly ; propodeum rugose .
) ; vein sr1 straight ; r : 3 - sr + sr1 = 3 : 49 ; vein cu - a distinctly postfurcal . hind wing : vein m + cu 1 . 3 times as long as vein 1 - m .
length of hind femur , tibia and basitarsus 2 . 8 , 4 . 7 and 6 . 5 times their width , respectively ; hind femur ( as remainder of legs ) with short setae ; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0 . 3 and 0 . 4 times middle basitarsus , respectively ; outer side of middle tibia with 2 pegs , apex with 2 pegs ; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0 . 3 and 0 . 5 times hind basitarsus ; tarsal claws with lobe (
black ; palpi pale yellow ; clypeus , galea , fore leg , middle leg ( but coxa brown and femur yellowish - brown ) and metasoma yellow ; pterostigma and veins dark brown ; wing membrane rather infuscate .
from “citrinus” ( latin for “of citron” ) and “soma” ( greek for “body” ) , because of the yellow metasoma .
hemiogaster enderlein 1920 , syn . n . the type species , hemiogaster subrasa enderlein , 1920 , from sumatra is a new combination in bassus fabricius .
bassus albifasciatus ( watanabe ) , female , cuc phuong national park , but 13 of dark female from cat tien national park . 11 habitus lateral 12 hind tarsal claw 13 , 14 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 15 head anterior .
) ; length of first metasomal tergite about 1 . 4 times as long as wide apically
) ; length of first tergite 1 . 5–2 . 0 times as long as wide apically
ne vietnam : ha giang , ninh binh and s vietnam : dong nai . new record . outside vietnam known from china ( hubei ; ningxia ; taiwan ) , japan ( okinawa ) and korea .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : f36ad4c6 - fb86 - 4581 - b52b - 2de9bdb1df45
bassus albobasalis sp . n . , female , holotype . 17 mesosoma dorsal 18 mesosoma lateral 19 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 20 antenna 21 wings 22 head lateral 23 head anterior 24 head dorsal 25 hind femur lateral .
holotype , ♀ ( rmnh ) “s . vietnam : dak lak , chu yang sin n . p . , nr dam , 800–1000 m , 2–10 . vi . 2007 , mal . traps 9–11 , c . v . achterberg & r . de vries , rmnh’07” . paratypes ( 7 ♀ ) : 1 ♀ ( rmnh ) , id . , but 800–940 m ; 5 ♀ ( rmnh , iebr ) “s . vietnam : dak lak , chu yang sin n . p . , krong k’mar , mal . traps , 840–940 m or 740–900 m , 2–10 . vi . 2007 , c . van achterberg & r . de vries , rmnh’07” ; 1 ♀ ( rmnh ) “n . vietnam : thua thien - hue , phong dien n . r . n [ ea ] r base - camp , 15 km w phong my , c 60 m , 22 . iii - 6 . iv . 2001 , mal . traps 1–3 , c . v . achterberg & r . de vries , rmnh’01” .
the new species is similar to bassus lineaticollis ( cameron , 1910 ) from sri lanka , but has the scutellum sparsely finely punctate ( in bassus lineaticollis densely rugulose - punctate ) and the first tergite 1 . 4 times ( twice ) as long as its apical width . the new species is also similar to bassus cancellatus ( enderlein , 1920 ) from china ( taiwan ) , but differs by having the first and second tergites ivory ( black ) , the body smaller ( 3–5 mm versus 6–10 mm ) , fewer antennal segments ( 29–31 versus 42–46 ) , the first tergite ( 1 . 4 times versus 1 . 7–1 . 8 times ) and the ovipositor sheath shorter ( 0 . 7 times versus 1 . 1 times as long as fore wing ) . bassus subrasa ( enderlein , 1920 ) comb . n . from indonesia ( sumatra ) is similar but has the head dorsally , propodeum , hind coxa and femur brownish - yellow , first and second tergites coarsely striate and the eye about 3 times longer than the temple . bassus canaliculatus yang & chen , 2006 , from china ( hubei ) has the ovipositor sheath about 1 . 3 times as long as the fore wing , the dorsal carinae of the first tergite lamelliform and nearly complete , the first tergite with a medio - longitudinal depression and both basal tergites of the metasoma black .
holotype , ♀ , length of body 5 . 2 mm , of fore wing 4 . 6 mm , of ovipositor sheath 3 . 3 mm .
antennal segments 31 , length of third segment 1 . 3 times fourth segment ; third , fourth and penultimate segments 3 . 6 , 3 . 3 and 1 . 4 times their width , respectively ; length of apical segment 1 . 2 times as long as penultimate segment ; length of maxillary palp 0 . 7 times height of head ; malar space 2 . 7 times as long as basal width of mandible ; temple short (
) , in dorsal view length of eye 4 . 6 times temple ; ocelli in low triangle , pol : od : ool = 9 : 7 : 18 (
length of mesosoma 1 . 5 times its height ; subpronope shallow ; pronotum largely smooth laterally , with sparse fine punctures dorsally ; area near lateral carina of mesoscutumsparsely crenulate ; lateral and middle lobes of mesoscutum sparsely and distinctly punctate , flat and smooth posteriorly ; notauli complete , moderately crenulate anteriorly and narrowly crenulate posteriorly ; scutellar sulcus 0 . 4 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with 4 carinae ; scutellum slightly convex and distinctly narrowed with lateral carina , shiny with sparse fine punctures , subposterior crest curved (
) ; mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus with sparse fine punctures ; mesopleuron above precoxal sulcus largely smooth ; metapleuron with large sparse punctures ; propodeum closely reticulate - rugose ; propodeal spiracle small , as long as wide .
) ; vein sr1 straight ; r : 3 - sr + sr1 = 6 : 63 . hind wing : vein m + cu 0 . 6 times as long as vein 1 - m (
length of hind femur , tibia and basitarsus 3 . 2 , 6 . 8 and 10 . 0 times their width , respectively ; hind femur ( as remainder of legs ) with bristly setae ; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0 . 3 and 0 . 5 times middle basitarsus , respectively ; apex of outer side of hind tibia with a cluster of 8 pegs ; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0 . 3 and 0 . 5 times hind basitarsus , respectively ; tarsal claws without lobe ( cf .
orange brown ; mouthparts yellow ; antenna , frons and vertex dark brown ; propodeum , third - eighth metasomal segments , hind coxa , trochantellus and femur black ; hind tibial spurs yellow ; first and second tergites ivory dorsally and white ventrally ; hind tibia and tarsus dark brown , except yellow basal ring ; veins and pterostigma dark brown , but pterostigma basally narrowly pale brownish ; apical 0 . 4 of fore wing distinctly infuscate and remainder of wings slightly infuscate or subhyaline .
antennal segments 29–31 ; second submarginal cell of fore wing with vein r - m absent or present ; vein m + cu of hind wing 0 . 6–0 . 8 times as long as vein 1 - m ; second tergite with smooth or striate transverse groove ; apical segment of antenna 1 . 0–1 . 2 times as long as penultimate segment ; length of body 3 . 2–5 . 2 mm .
from “albus” ( latin for “white” ) and “basis” ( latin for “foundation , base” ) , because of the white base of the metasoma .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 7e9f1682 - 3c25 - 40aa - 8cee - 50c371e2d051
bassus albozonatus sp . n . , male , holotype . 27 mesosoma lateral 28 mesosoma dorsal 29 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 30 wings 31 hind femur lateral 32 head lateral 33 head anterior 34 head dorsal 35 hind tarsal claw .
holotype , ♂ ( rmnh ) , aga . 282 , “ne vietnam : ninh binh , cuc phuong n . p . , mt , 20°23 ' n ; 105°34 ' e , 5–10 . v . 2002 , k . d . long” . paratypes : 1 ♂ ( iebr ) , aga . 283 , same data as holotype ; 1 ♂ ( rmnh ) , aga . 234 , “s . vietnam : dac lak , cu n’ga forest , 10 . vi . 2005 . k . d . long” .
the new species is similar to bassus albifasciatus ( watanabe , 1934 ) , but differs by having the malar space twice ( 2 . 6–2 . 8 times in bassus albifasciatus ) as long as basal width of mandible , the precoxal sulcus short and shallow ( distinct and 0 . 8 times as long as mesopleuron ) , the propodeum with three complete apical carinae ( evenly reticulate - rugose ) and ( except more or less posteriorly ) brownish - yellow ( brown to black ) , the notauli more widely crenulate ( rather narrowly crenulate ) , the mesoscutum flattened medio - posteriorly ( rather convex ) and the hind tibial spurs pale yellowish and distinctly contrasting with the blackish hind basitarsus ( brownish and less contrasting ) . because of the colour of the head and of the first tergite the new species is similar to bassus subrasa ( enderlein , 1920 ) comb . n . from indonesia . however , the latter has the eye about 3 times as long as the temple ( 2 . 3 times in bassus albozonatus ) , the second tergite distinctly costate ( only partly striate ) , the notauli smooth ( finely crenulate ) and vein cu - a of the fore wing distinctly postfurcal ( interstitial ) .
holotype , ♂ , length of body 6 . 5 mm , of fore wing 6 . 0 mm .
antennal segments 36 , length of third segment 1 . 1 times fourth segment , length of third , fourth and penultimate segments 4 . 4 , 4 . 0 and 2 . 3 times their width , respectively ; length of apical antennal segment 1 . 6 times as long as penultimate segment ; maxillary palp 0 . 7 times height of head ; malar space twice as long as basal width of mandible ; in dorsal view length of eye 2 . 3 times temple ; ocelli in low triangle , pol : od : ool = 8 : 7 : 21 (
length of mesosoma 1 . 4 times its height ; subpronope shallow ; pronotum largely smooth with sparse fine punctures dorsally ; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum sparsely crenulate ; lateral lobes of mesoscutum shiny with fine punctures anteriorly , flat and smooth posteriorly ; middle lobe of mesoscutum with sparse punctures and largely smooth posteriorly (
) ; notauli complete and finely crenulate ; scutellar sulcus 0 . 4 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with 3 carinae ; scutellum convex , rather long and narrowed posteriorly , without subposterior crest (
) ; propodeal spiracle rather small elliptical , 1 . 5 times as long as wide .
) ; vein sr1 sinuate ; r : 3 - sr + sr1 = 4 : 61 . hind wing : vein m + cu 0 . 7 times as long as vein 1 - m (
length of hind femur , tibia and basitarsus 3 . 9 , 7 . 5 and 10 . 4 times their width , respectively ; hind femur ( as remainder of legs ) with short setae ; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0 . 4 and 0 . 5 times middle basitarsus , respectively ; outer apex of middle tibia with a cluster of 10 pegs ; outer apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 12 pegs ; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0 . 4 and 0 . 5 times hind basitarsus , respectively ; outer side of hind coxa with sparse punctures , of hind femur with distinct punctures ; tarsal claws without lobe (
length of first tergite 1 . 5 times its apical width , with dorsal and dorso - lateral carinae coarsely developed , dorsal carinae convergent , costate medially and posteriorly nearly up to apex of tergite (
) ; first tergite sparsely but coarsely striate ; second tergite 1 . 4 times as long as third tergite , large basal area on two thirds of tergite partly smooth , rugose - punctate and remainder densely striate (
brownish - yellow ; antenna ( but scapus yellow ) brown ; hind leg ( but tibia with pale yellow basal ring ) and metasoma dark brown or black ( but basal area of second tergite ivory and first and second tergites white ventrally ) ; pterostigma ( except small pale brownish patch basally ) and veins dark brown ; wing membrane slightly infuscate or subhyaline , but apical 0 . 4 of fore wing rather infuscate .
length of body 6 . 5–7 . 0 mm , of fore wing 6 . 0–6 . 1 mm ; penultimate antennal segment subequal to apical segment ; vein m + cu of hind wing 0 . 7–0 . 8 times as long as 1 - m ; pol : od : ool = 8 : 6–7 : 21 ; outer apex of hind tibia with 9–12 pegs .
from “albus” ( latin for “white” ) and “zona” ( latin for “girdle” ) , because of the white part of the second metasomal tergite .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : c7fe6ab0 - 4c62 - 4e25 - 85a1 - 8809847bc928
biroia soror sp . n . , female , holotype . 37 mesosoma lateral 38 head anterior 39 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 40 head lateral 41 head dorsal 42 mesosoma dorsal 43 wings .
holotype , ♀ ( rmnh ) , “s . vietnam : dong nai , cat tien n . p . , dong trail , mal . traps 13–16 , c 100 m , 1–9 . x . 2005 , c . v . achterberg & r . de vries , rmnh’05” . paratypes ( 6 ♀ ) : 2 ♀ ( rmnh , iebr ) , id . but ficus trail , mal . traps 1–8 ; 1 ♀ ( rmnh ) , id . but bird trail , mal . traps 9–12 ; 3 ♀ ( rmnh , iebr ) , id . but ficus trail , 9–10 . iv . 2007 , m . p . quy & n . t . manh .
, but often the head and the anterior part of the mesosoma are orange - brown ) .
holotype , ♀ , length of body 8 . 8 mm , of fore wing 7 . 2 mm , ovipositor sheath 6 . 3 mm .
antennal segments 45 , length of third segment 1 . 5 times fourth segment , length of third , fourth and penultimate segments 1 . 7 , 1 . 7 and 1 . 7 times their width , respectively ; apical antennal segment 1 . 6 times as long as penultimate segment ; length of maxillary palp 0 . 5 times height of head ; in dorsal view length of eye 4 . 7 times temple ; temple gradually narrowed posteriorly (
length of mesosoma 1 . 6 times its height ; pronotal trough smooth medially , with sparse fine punctures dorsally and crenulate posteriorly ; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum smooth anteriorly , crenulate posteriorly ; mesoscutum shiny with very sparse minute punctures ; notauli completely absent ; scutellar sulcus 0 . 5 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with 3 strong carinae (
) ; mesopleuron above precoxal sulcus shiny and nearly smooth with very sparse fine punctures ; mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus with sparse distinct punctures ; metapleuron setose with sparse distinct punctures dorsally , largely areolate - rugose ventrally ; propodeum with a large areola and costulae developed , area of areola with 3 transverse carinae ; propodeal spiracle large medium - sided , 1 . 75 times as long as wide .
) ; vein sr1 straight ; r : 3 - sr : sr1 = 4 : 10 : 64 ; r : 2 - sr : 3 - sr : r - m = 4 : 11 : 10 : 8 . hind wing : vein m + cu 0 . 6 times as long as vein 1 - m .
length of hind femur , tibia and basitarsus 4 . 0 , 6 . 0 and 9 . 3 times their width , respectively ; hind femur ( as remainder of legs ) with strong setae ; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0 . 4 and 0 . 7 times middle basitarsus , respectively ; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0 . 3 and 0 . 5 times hind basitarsus ; fore and middle tarsi slender (
shiny smooth ; first tergite distinctly widened subposteriorly and then narrowed apically ; length of first tergite 1 . 4 times as long as its apical width (
) , area near groove with two rows of sparse setae ; latero - posterior corners of third tergite with a dense cluster of setae ; ovipositor sheath 0 . 9 times as long as fore wing .
black ; galea , palpi , mandible , fore legs and tarsus yellow ; wing membrane black but hyaline on apical third of fore wing and on one fourth of hind wing .
length of body 8 . 5–10 . 0 mm , and of fore wing 6 . 8–8 . 0 mm ; ratio of vein r : 3 - sr : sr1 = 3–4 : 11–12 : 71–82 ; vein m + cu of hind wing 0 . 5–0 . 7 times as long as vein 1 - m ; first tergite 1 . 4–1 . 7 times as long as its apical width .
from “soror” ( latin for “sister” ) , because of its close similarity to bassus abdominalis ( enderlein ) .
braunsia maculifera sp . n . notes . if pol 0 . 5 times ool and vein cu - a of fore wing distinctly postfurcal , cf . braunsia pappi chen & yang , 2006 , from china . if the areola of the propodeum is wider , the apical quarter of the hind tibia infuscate and the hind tarsus blackish , the anterior transverse carina is incomplete , the antenna is yellowish , the pterostigma is dark brown except for the yellow basal third , the frons deeply concave near the antennal sockets , no isolated stigmal spot of the fore wing , the ovipositor sheath about as long as body and the first tergite is more robust , cf . braunsia margaroniae nixon , 1950 , from india .
braunsia devriesi sp . n . notes . braunsia pappi chen & yang , 2006 , from china differs from braunsia devriesi by having the fore wing darkened apically with a distinct dark brown band below the stigmal spot and by the smooth basal half of the first metasomal tergite .
) ; outer side of apical third of middle tibia with row of 5 pegs ; eye medium - sized , in dorsal view length of eye 2 . 1 times as long as temple (
) ; outer side of apical third of middle tibia with row of 4–6 pegs ; eye rather large , in dorsal view length of eye 2 . 7 times as long as temple (
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 4951d986 - c862 - 46d2 - b8c2 - 1d1e24c4a657
holotype , ♀ ( rmnh ) , aga . 119 , “ne vietnam : hoa binh , mai chau , pa co n . r , 1200 m , 24 . iv . 2002 , k . d . long” . paratypes : 1 ♂ ( iebr ) , aga . 120 and 1 ♂ ( rmnh ) , aga . 121 , same data as holotype ; 1 ♀ ( iebr ) , aga . 276 , id . , but 21 . iv . 2002 , k . d . long ; 2 ♂ ( iebr ) , aga . 216 , aga . 219 and 1 ♂ ( rmnh ) , aga . 220 , “n . w vietnam : lao cai , sa pa , bushes , 8 . x . 2004 , k . d . long” .
the new species is morphologically similar to braunsia latisocreata bhat & gupta , 1977 , from india , but differs by having the first tergite about 3 . 7 times as long as its apical width ( in braunsia latisocreata 1 . 5 times ) ; the second tergite about twice as long as wide apically ( 1 . 5 times ) ; the second submarginal cell of the fore wing with a rather long ( i . e . distinctly longer than vein r of fore wing ) ramellus ( short ) and the metasoma entirely reddish yellow ( black ) .
holotype , ♀ , length of body 9 . 0 mm , of fore wing 7 . 8 mm , ovipositor 8 . 0 mm .
antennal segments 47 , length of third segment 1 . 2 times fourth segment , length of third , fourth and penultimate segments 3 . 7 , 3 . 3 and 2 . 0 times their width , respectively ; length of maxillary palp 0 . 7 times height of head ; in dorsal view head transverse and 1 . 3 times as wide as mesonotum ; length of eye 2 . 1 times temple (
) ; pol : od : ool = 7 : 4 : 11 ; antennal sockets not tubular ; occipital flange sharp ; malar space 1 . 8 times as long as basal width of mandible ; face shiny with sparse fine punctures , frons and vertex smooth .
length of mesosoma 1 . 5 times its height ; subpronope large and deep ; side of pronotum smooth ; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate ; lateral lobes of mesoscutum smooth ; middle lobe with sparse fine punctures ; notauli deep , crenulate (
) ; metapleuron mainly smooth with long setae ; propodeum setose , with a strong transverse carina subbasally , rugose posteriorly ; spiracle medium - sized , round , 1 . 8 times as long as wide .
fore wing : second submarginal cell pentagonal , narrow anteriorly , with rather long ramellus , 1 . 1 times as long as vein 2 - sr ( 17 : 15 ) (
) ; r : 3 - sr : sr1 = 4 : 3 : 65 ; 2 - sr : 3 - sr : r - m = 11 : 3 : 11 ; vein cu - a slightly antefurcal . hind wing : vein 2 - sr + m transverse ; vein m + cu 0 . 6 times as long as 1 - m ( 28 : 50 ) ; surroundings of cu - a glabrous .
length of hind femur , tibia and basitarsus 5 . 7 , 10 . 0 and 10 . 6 times their width , respectively ; hind coxa smooth ; hind femur with short and sparse setosity (
) ; outer side of apical third of middle tibia with a row of 5 pegs ; outer side of apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 8 pegs ; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0 . 4 and 0 . 5 times middle basitarsus , respectively ; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0 . 3 and 0 . 4 times hind basitarsus .
) ; length of first tergite 3 . 7 times its apical width ; dorsal carinae of first tergite divergent and on three fourth of the tergite ; second tergite 2 . 1 times as long as wide apically and with posteriorly diverging striae , on apical third of second tergite with transverse furrow ; dorsal half of third tergite with striae , apical half finely granulate ; remainder of metasoma smooth (
female : second submarginal cell of fore wing triangular or pentagonal ; vein m + cu of hind wing 0 . 5–0 . 6 times as long as 1 - m ; outer side of hind tibial apex with cluster of 8–10 pegs . male : antenna with 45 or 48 segments ; vein cu - a of fore wing interstitial ; outer side of hind tibial apex with 7 pegs ; hind coxa and first tergite apically dark brown .
from “bi” ( latin for “two” ) , and “coloris” ( latin for “hue , tint” ) , because of the bicoloured body .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 585c9ac9 - b17a - 4ce4 - b250 - a84de8bf7e32
holotype , ♀ ( rmnh ) , “n . vietnam : viet tri , n [ ea ] r thanh son , thuong cuu , 20°59 ' n ; 105°8 ' e , 350–400 m , 11–16 . x . 1999 , malaise traps , r . de vries , rmnh’99” .
the new species is morphologically similar to braunsia bipunctata enderlein , 1906 , from indonesia , but differs by having the propodeum with a complete and regular basal transverse carina ( braunsia bipunctata : transverse carina partly weakly developed and irregular ) ; and the anterior half of the first tergite coarsely striate medially ( bipunctata : smooth except for a median carina ) .
holotype , ♀ , length of body 10 . 5 mm , of fore wing 9 . 3 mm , ovipositor 7 . 3 mm .
antennal segments 45 ; length of third segment times fourth segment , length of third , fourth and penultimate segments 3 . 3 , 2 . 3 and 1 . 3 times their width , respectively ; length of maxillary palp 0 . 7 times height of head ; in dorsal view length of eye twice temple (
) ; face shiny smooth with sparse punctures ; frons and vertex shiny and smooth .
length of mesosoma 1 . 5 times its height ; subpronope large and deep ; side of pronotum smooth ; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum smooth ; side of mesoscutum largely smooth with sparse setae and fine punctures ; notauli deep and smooth (
) ; scutellar sulcus short , 0 . 4 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with 4 carinae ; scutellum convex , smooth , sparsely setose ; mesopleuron above and below precoxal sulcus shiny and smooth ; precoxal sulcus narrow and shallow similar to a smooth groove (
) ; metapleuron smooth ; propodeum with basal and transverse carinae , two longitudinal carinae forming a large areola ; spiracle medium - sized , subelliptical and 2 . 3 times as long as wide .
fore wing : second submarginal cell pentagonal , narrow anteriorly , with rather long ramellus , 0 . 8 times as long as vein 2 - sr (
) ; r : 3 - sr : sr1 = 6 : 2 : 55 ; 2 - sr : 3 - sr : r - m = 9 : 2 : 9 ; vein cu - a distinctly postfurcal . hind wing : vein 2 - sr + m slightly vertical ; vein m + cu 0 . 8 times as long as 1 - m ; surroundings of cu - a sparsely setose .
length of hind femur , tibia and basitarsus 5 . 1 , 9 . 7 and 11 . 6 times their width , respectively ; hind femur ( as remainder of legs ) with short and dense setosity ; outer side of apical third of middle tibia with a row of 5 pegs and a cluster of 3 pegs at apex ; outer side of apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 9 pegs ; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0 . 4 and 0 . 6 times middle basitarsus , respectively ; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0 . 3 and 0 . 4 times hind basitarsus , respectively .
first tergite rather long , widened apically , 2 . 3 times as long as its apical width (
it is a pleasure to name this species after mr rob de vries , who participated in all vietnam expeditions and prepared the specimens . he plays an important role in the success of the expeditions .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 8f7ea4fe - e092 - 4ac3 - 973b - 64110615f11a
braunsia maculifera sp . n . , female , holotype . 64 mesosoma lateral 65 mesosoma dorsal 66 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 67 wings 68 hind femur lateral 69 head anterior 70 head lateral 71 head dorsal .
holotype , ♀ ( rmnh ) , aga . 162 , “ne vietnam : phu tho , xuan son n . p . , 6 . vii . 2003 , tr . x . lam” .
the new species is morphologically similar to braunsia margaroniae nixon , 1950 , from india , but differs by having the sides of the propodeal areola slightly curved ( distinctly curved in braunsia margaroniae ) , the pterostigma completely yellow ( apical two thirds brown ) , the hind tibia yellowish apically ( brown ) and the hind tarsus infuscate ( brown ) , frons shallowly depressed near antennal sockets ( distinctly concave ) , the antenna ( except scapus and pedicellus ) dark brown ( brown ) , the first tergite 1 . 4 times ( 1 . 6 times ) as long as its apical width , the fore wing without an isolated dark brown stigmal spot ( present ) and the ovipositor sheath about 0 . 6 times ( 1 . 0–1 . 1 times ) as long as body .
holotype , ♀ , length of body 8 . 7 mm , of fore wing 7 . 8 mm , ovipositor 4 . 8 mm .
antennal segments 42 ; length of third segment 1 . 1 times fourth segment , length of third , fourth and penultimate segments 2 . 9 , 2 . 6 and 1 . 4 times their width , respectively ; apical antennal segment 1 . 7 times as long as penultimate segment ; length of maxillary palp 0 . 7 times height of head ; in dorsal view length of eye 2 . 2 times temple (
) ; length of malar space 1 . 9 times basal width of mandible ; face setose and punctulate ; frons smooth , moderately concave near antennal sockets ; vertex slightly punctulate and sparsely setose .
length of mesosoma 1 . 4 times its height ; subpronope large and deep ; side of pronotum smooth ; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum smooth ; side of mesoscutum largely smooth , moderately setose and punctulate ; notauli deep and nearly completely smooth (
) ; scutellar sulcus deep , 0 . 4 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with two short crenulae ; scutellum smooth , distinctly convex and rather steep posteriorly ; mesopleuron shiny and smooth ; precoxal sulcus narrow , deep ( but absent anteriorly ) and with few short crenulae (


mystacocarida is a subclass of crustaceans , that form part of the meiobenthos .

they are less than 1 mm ( 0.04 in ) long , and live interstitially in the intertidal zones of sandy beaches .

mystacocarida

: new species of mystacocarida from africa . crustaceana . ( in press ) .
aspects of the biology of derocheilocaris typica ( crustacea : mystacocarida ) . ii . distribution
external morphology and post - embryonic development of derocheilocaris remanei ( mystacocarida ) revisi . . .
hessler , r . r . : a new species of mystacocarida from maine . vie milieu
leo shapiro added text to
text
on
mystacocarida pennak & zinn , 1943
.
aspects of the biology of derocheilocaris typica ( crustacea : mystacocarida ) . ii . distribution | springerlink
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
hiekkaryömijät
to
mystacocarida pennak & zinn , 1943
.
derocheilocaris typicus order mystacocarida family derocheilocaridae taxonomy derocheilocaris typicus pennak and zinn , 1943 . other common names none known .
( crustacea , mystacocarida ) . iii behavioral responses to variations in selected environmental factors . ( in preparation ) .
: mystacocarida , a new order of crustacea from intertidal beaches in massachusetts and connecticut . smithson . misc . collns
mystacocarida ( mystacocarids ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
estudios sobre crustaceos chilenos en aguas subterreneas . iv . nuevo hallazgo de derocheilocaris galvarini dahl en chile central ( crustacea , mystacocarida )
( mystacocarida ) , sems . a : stage 1 metanauplius ( same specimen as ﬁg . 26 . 1a ) , ventral view
( crustacea , mystacocarida ) on a north and south carolina beach . m . a . thesis , wake forest , college 1965 .
: a new species and a new subspecies of mystacocarida ( crustacea ) from the mediterranean shores of israel . israel j . zool .
( mystacocarida ) and a comparative study of the larval development of various branchiopods representing most of the systematic groups . a new species of
mystacocarida ( mystacocarids ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
: mystacocarida . reports of the lund university chile expedition . 1948–1949 , 7 . lunds univ . årsskr . ( new ser . ) ( 2 )
lombardi , j . , and e . e . ruppert .
functional morphology of locomotion in derocheilocaris typica ( crustacea : mystacocarida ) .
zoomorphology 100 ( 1982 ) : 1–10 .
pennak , r . w . , and d . j . zinn .
mystacocarida , a new order of crustacea from intertidal beaches in massachusetts and connecticut .
smithsonian miscellaneous collections 103 ( 1943 ) : 1–11 .
a phylogenetic analysis of six of the eight orders of the branchiopoda has been almost completed . a comparative study of the phylogenetic significance of the so - called dorsal organ of the family chydoridae ( cladocera ) has been carried out . a study of the morphology and phylogeny of smaller crustaceans ( mystacocarida , leptostraca , remipedia , and branchiopoda ) has been initiated ; it comprises a description of the larval development of
ty - jour ti - a new species of mystacocarida crustacea from algoa bay south africa t2 - annals of the south african museum . annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum . vl - 66 ur - urltoken pb - south african museum , cy - cape town : py - 1974 sp - 169 ep - 175 sn - 0303 - 2515 au - mclachlan , a au - grindley , j r er -
a re - description of the post - embryonic development of derocheilocaris remanei delamare - deboutteville and chappuis , 1951 ( mystacocarida ) is presented . it includes nine stages , not ten as originally described . the first stage already has a maxillula ( though not fully developed ) and is , therefore , not an ortho - nauplius as previously reported . particular focus is on the development of the . . . [ show full abstract ]
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. rostrum absent ; eyes sessile ; with simple ocelli ; ocular scale absent ; naupliar eyes absent . antennules ( antenna 1 ) uniramous ; peduncle and flagellum indistinguishable ; exopod well developed , whip - like . antennae ( antenna 2 ) biramous ; exopod multiarticulate . mandible biramous . maxillipeds , 1 pair ; biramous .
; non - phyllopodous ; differentiated ( some prehensile ) . abdomen with 6 somites . epimera absent . pleopods absent . uropods well developed , 1 pair , positioned terminally or subterminally ; rami absent ; claw - like .
. east coast of north america ; west coast of south america ; mediterranean sea ; east and west coasts of africa .
cite this publication as : lowry , j . k . ( 1999 onwards ) . ' crustacea , the higher taxa : description , identification , and information retrieval . ' version : 2 october 1999 . urltoken .
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urltoken
phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea class maxillopoda number of families 1 thumbnail description very small , vermiform crustaceans with appendages behind those of the head strongly reduced or absent illustration : derocheilocaris typicus .
mystacocarids have recently been grouped with , among others , copepoda , ostracoda , and cirripedia , and in the class maxillopoda . these groups all have in common shortened bodies with at most 11 trunk segments behind the head , of which six are thoracic segments . there are 13 known species of mystacocarids , which are grouped into a single family containing two genera . some scientists now classify this group at the order level .
members of the genus derocheilocaris are known from the coastlines of eastern north america , including the gulf of mexico , the atlantic coast of southern europe to the tip of southern africa , as well as the mediterranean . species in the genus ctenocheilocaris are known from the southern coasts of eastern and western south america , as well as western australia .
all mystacocarids live among the sand grains of outer coastal beaches . their distribution within one beach may be quite patchy , so they are often not found in areas where they were previously known to occur .
mystacocarids move among sand grains . they use the antenna and mandibles as well as the surface of the trunk to push against the sand grain surfaces . in order to move efficiently , they require sand grains both above and below the body .
mystacocarids most likely graze on microalgae and bacteria living on the surfaces of sand grains . the movements of the mouth appendages may also be responsible for capturing particles in the interstitial spaces .
sexes are separate . copulation has not been observed , but it is known that fertilized eggs are shed freely into the interstitial habitat . development is direct , proceeding though a series of molt stages in which body somites and appendages are added in a gradual manner . beyond the first three head appendages , body somites are always added , then limb primor - dia , and finally the definitive appendage .
no mystacocarid species are known to be threatened , even though some species are known from single localities . none are listed by the iucn .
these small animals are most likely only of intellectual interest , not being part of any food web leading directly to fish or other consumable marine organisms .
very conservative body plan , with differences among them being in the details of the appendages and the sizes of trunk structures such as the toothed furrows . has a large and robust maxillule with slight divisions of the precoxa , coax , and basis . the endites on the mouth appendages bear robust setulose setae . caudal furca short , with terminal seta almost as long as basal article . ( illustration shown in chapter introduction . )
found along the atlantic coast of the united states from cape cod to southern florida .
lives deep in the beach , often several feet ( meters ) inland from the low - tide line where the seawater penetrates at high tide , but often individuals are above the water table at low tide .
feeds on small particles in the interstitial spaces on or microal - gae and bacteria scraped from the surfaces of sand grains .
eggs are laid freely in the beach and development is direct , proceeding from a metanauplius with four post - cephalic somites . develops through six metanaupliar , and one juvenile stage before reaching adult size . one additional molt as an adult occurs .
first mystacocarid species to be discovered ; a new crustacean order was created to house it .
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this class was first described in 1943 . the first specimens were collected from beeches in massachusetts and connecticut . there are 12 species described so far ; all are marine . they are found in interstitial spaces in shallow sediments . all are less than 0 . 5 mm long and show many primitive characteristics , see below .
there are twelve species , all microscopic 0 . 15 - 0 . 20 mm , ectoparasites of other marine crustaceans . the larvae and females attach to the host by an adhesive disc . adult males are free - swimming . they are usually found in deep waters .
their bodies are enclosed within a bivalve carapace making them look like tiny clams ( see above and below ) . they are all small ranging in size from 0 . 25 mm to 8 . 0 mm . the freshwater species rarely exceed 3 mm , although the largest marine species , gigantocypris mulleri , can be as long as 30 mm .
there are over 8 , 000 described species , and they have existed since the cambrian . they are widespread and found in both marine and freshwater habitats at all depths . there are a few terrestrial species found in the moist leaf litter of forest floors .
they have diverse feeding habits including particle , plant , carrion and some are even predators on smaller animals . some species are luminescent , emitting bluish light in bursts that last 1 - 2 seconds . they are difficult to identify down to species level . when disturbed , the shell valves close tightly , leaving nothing on the outside . from the side they resemble a bean , and from above they look like an egg . like water fleas the movement of the antennae allow the animal to swim . a plate attached to the jaw vibrates setting up a current of water bringing oxygen to the shell .
the female lays her eggs on water plants . to the naked eye the batch of eggs looks like rust . in favourable conditions they will hatch in 6 - 8 weeks , but they can survive in dry mud as eggs for over 20 years before hatching . below is pionocypris vidua , a freshwater species .
there are almost 12 , 000 species described in this class so far , about 25 % are parasitic , and nearly all are less than 2 cm in length . there are around 40 species of cyclops in the uk , all are very similar .
they are found in all kinds of freshwater habitats , where they eat food particles suspended in the water and dead animals . they are mainly marine , but perhaps the best known group are the cyclops found in freshwater .
they have a characteristic body - club shaped body ending in a forked tail . usually they have a single black or red eye . they have no carapace or compound eyes . the first pair of antennae is long and the second pair is short .
the non - parasitic copepods are the dominant members of marine plankton , so are important in the food chain . above is cyclops strenuous .
most non - parasitic species have a life span of one year or less . some of the freshwater species can secrete a cyst - like covering to help them withstand periods of drying out .
during mating the males use their antennae to grab females . then the male simply attaches a sperm packet to the female ' s genitals . both sexes use their antennae for swimming . females can have one or two egg sacs each containing around 50 eggs ( see left and right ) . one mating is all that is required to fertilise a few successive set of egg sacs .
left is ergasilus versicolor , a parasitic copepod which lives in the gills of freshwater fish . only the female is parasitic . note how the second pair of antennae are modified for grasping .
these are small , have an elongated body with about 30 pairs of legs ( see above ) . they are mainly predatory , have many primitive features , and are found in marine caves . ! 2 species have been described so far .
there are nine species in this class . all are marine , shrimp - like ( see above ) and less than 4 mm long . most have an eight - segmented thorax , and a twelve - segmented abdomen . they have very primitive features , are hermaphroditic , and are without eyes or carapace . they are found in fine sediments .
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
bowman , thomas e . , and lawrence g . abele / lawrence g . abele , ed . / dorothy e . bliss , ed . - in - chief
the biology of crustacea , vol . 1 : systematics , the fossil record , and biogeography
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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members of the genus derocheilocaris are known from the coastlines of eastern north america , including the gulf of mexico , the atlantic coast of southern europe to the tip of southern africa , as well as the mediterranean . species in the genus ctenocheilocaris are known from the southern coasts of eastern and western south america , as well as western australia .
sexes are separate . copulation has not been observed , but it is known that fertilized eggs are shed freely into the interstitial habitat . development is direct , proceeding though a series of molt stages in which body somites and appendages are added in a gradual manner . beyond the first three head appendages , body somites are always added , then limb primordia , and finally the definitive appendage .
feeds on small particles in the interstitial spaces on or microalgae and bacteria scraped from the surfaces of sand grains .
somites . develops through six metanaupliar , and one juvenile stage before reaching adult size . one additional molt as an adult occurs .
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mystacocarid crustaceans are characteristic members of the mesopsammon of many marine beaches . a detailed investigation of the distribution of
, 1943 , shows that this species is most abundant on open ocean , high - energy beaches , with only scattered occurrence in estuarine beaches . a characteristic distribution pattern in beaches is shown , with maximum density occurring between mid and high - water levels . this pattern changes seasonally , with the position of maximum density moving deeper into the beach and more landward during winter months . short - term changes in distribution also occur , resulting from tidal migrations and abnormal hydrodynamic patterns ( i . e . , storms ) . longshore variability in abundance suggests the occurrence of clumps of crustaceans arranged much like beads on a string . changes in abundance or segregation of sexes and stages seasonally are not found .
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: populationsdynamik , lebenszyklen und fortpflanzungsbiologie der mikrofauna des meeressandes . zool . anz . ( suppl . )
: waves and beaches . the dynamics of the ocean surface , 267 pp . new york : doubleday 1964 .
— : biologie des eaux souterraines littorales et continentales , 740 pp . paris : hermann press 1960 .
: zur okologie der acoela ( turbellaria ) in der deutschen bucht . helgoländer wiss . meeresunters .
: vertical and horizontal distribution of the metazoan microfauna and of some physical factors in a sandy beach in the northern part of the øresund . ophelia
: a quantitative study of the meiofauna of an exposed sandy beach , at robin hood ' s bay , yorkshire . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k .
— : quantitative and experimental studies of the interstitial fauna in four swedish sandy beaches . ophelia
: studies on the ecology of the interstitial fauna of marine sandy beaches . thesis of dept . of zoology and askö laboratory , university of stockholm 1968b .
: psammolittoral marine tardigrades from north carolina and their conformity to worldwide zonation patterns . cah . biol . mar . ( in press ) .
: studies on the diversity of the nematode fauna in intertidal sediments . fifth eur . symp . mar . biol . , venice , 1970 . ( in press ) .
: distribution and dynamics of interstitial tardigrada at woods hole , massachusetts , usa . ophelia
: recherches écologiques sur la faune interstitielle des sables ( bassin d ' areachon , ile de bimini , bahamas ) . vie milieu ( suppl . )
: how much seawater passes through intertidal intersticies ? int . revue ges . hydrobiol . ( in press ) .
: gezeitenbedingte wanderungen von turbellarien und nematoden in einem nordadriatischen sandstrand . vie milieu . ( in press ) .
: die quantitative verteilung und populations - dynamik des mesopsammons am gezeiten - sandstrand der nordseeinsel sylt . i faktorengefüge und biologische gliederung des lebensraumes . int . revue ges . hydrobiol .
— : die quantitative verteilung und populationsdynamik des mesopsammons am gezeiten - sandstrand der nordseeinsel sylt . ii quantitative verteilung und populationsdynamik einzelner arten . int . revue ges . hydrobiol .
: eine einfache methode zur extraktion der vagilen , mesopsammalen mikrofauna . fielgoländer wiss . meeresunters .
: the interstitial crustacea of two beaches in portugal . revta biol . , lisb .
: an ecological study of the interstitial microfauna of some marine sandy beaches with special reference to the copepoda . ph . d . dissertation , yale university 1942 .
— : a new method for extraction of living thalassopsammon from intertidal and subtidal marine beaches . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole
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is a member of the intertidal meiofauna in exposed sandy beaches along the coast of chile . originally described by dahl ( 1952 ) from sub - tidal sediment off isla guafo , the only other published record is from semi - fine intertidal sand in las cruces . this paper presents a variety of new records of
based on both quantitative and qualitative sampling of the coast of chile between 18°s and 54°s .
is found primarily in southern chile , south of 32° , in the intertidal zone of intermediate beaches , in fine sand ( wentworth scale ) most likely distributed between the level of the water - table and the surface , but avoiding dry sand .
un nouveau genre de crustace mystacocaride de la zone neotropicale : ctenocheilocaris claudiae n . g . , n . sp
comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l ' académie des sciences . série d , sciences naturelles
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the tegumental glands of derocheilocaris typica are tricellular . their openings are formed by two transformed epidermal cells , each with a microvillar crown . these cells form a cuticular socket housing the tip of the underlying secretory cell . from the outside , the gland openings are seen as , a pit in the cuticle , from the bottom of which a thin cuticular chimney ends with a slit - like pore . the gland openings are distributed in a regular pattern on the body . cytologically , the secretory cells of the body glands fall into at least two categories , each with a specific distribution on the body . the labral tegumentary glands are morphologically similar , but have two or three secretory cells . the morphology of the mystacocaridean tegumental gland deviates clearly from that of cephalocarid and also from other crustacean tricellular tegumental glands .
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in book : atlas of crustacean larvae , chapter : 26 , publisher : johns hopkins university press , editors : joel w . martin , jørgen olesen , jens t . høeg , pp . 138 - 143
in the cephalon ( g . 26 . 1f ) ; a rather long tubular and exible
many respects are larva - like ( e . g . , larval morphology of the an -
a larval ( or naupliar ) and a juvenile / adult phase . one such
olesen ( 2001 ) and j . haug etal . ( 2011a ) , as well as on new
images produced for this chapter ( gs . 26 . 1 , 26 . 2 ) . more details
exopod where most segments bear one seta each ( g . 26 . 1a ,
processes and a distolateral seta ( g . 26 . 2d ) . no other limbs
and the caudal rami is seen dorsally ( g . 26 . 2a ) . the caudal
rami bear rows of setules ( gs . 26 . 1a , c ; 26 . 2a , c ) . dorso -
trally and a long seta dorsally ( gs . 26 . 1a ; 26 . 2a ) . on each
median setation ( olesen 2001 ; j . haug etal . 2011a , their gs .
dorsally at the basis of each caudal ramus ( g . 26 . 2h ) ; and
2011a , their gs . 8e , 9 ) . otherwise it is very similar to stage 5 .
rected endopods . many researchers ( e . g . , hessler 1969 ; j
origin ( e . g . , hessler and newman 1975 ; hessler 1992b ) . this
stage 1 . c : telson of stage 1 . d : stage 2 , lateral view
. e : telson of stage 2 . f : stage 4 , lateral view . g : maxillule , maxilla , and maxilliped of stage
4 . h : left maxillule of stage 4 . a–h of material from canet plage ( beach ) in southern france ( the type locality of the species )
2 ( same specimen as ﬁg . 26 . 1d ) , ventral view . f : 
left antenna and mandible of stage 2 . g : telson of stage 2 , dorsal view
characteristic seta of the right caudal ramus of stage 2 . i and j : two different views of the distal hooks of the antennal endopod . k : stage 4 ,
telson of stage 4 , dorsal view . a–k of material from canet plage ( beach ) in southern f
used in olesen ( 2001 ) and j . haug etal . ( 2011a ) .
delamare - deboutteville et chappuis et derocheilocaris typicus pennak et zinn . comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l ' académie des sciences , ser . 3 , 294 : 505–510 .
on the ontogeny of the branchiopoda ( crustacea ) : contribution of development to phylogeny and classi . . .
branchiopods exhibit a wide range of developmental strategies , extending from a relatively anamorphic , presumably primitive , development with many larval stages in the anostraca and the upper cambrian branchiopod rehbachiella kinnekullensis walossek & muller , 1983 , to a very abbreviated development without free - living larval stages in most ciadocerans . while anamorphic developing branchiopods , . . . [ show full abstract ]
a new link between orsten - type assemblages and the burgess shale—a marrella - like arthropod from the . . .
an isolated exopod in uncompressed three - dimensional “orsten” - type preservation from the cambrian of australia represents a new species of marrellomorpha , austromarrella klausmuelleri gen . et sp . nov . the exopod is composed of at least 17 annuli . each of the proximal annuli carries a pair of lamellae : one lamella on the lateral side and one on the median side . the distal annuli bear stout . . . [ show full abstract ]
the cambrian species paulinecaris siveterae n . gen . n . sp . , known from two trunk fragments , represents the first record of epipods ( serving as gills and osmoregulatory structures ) in a crustacean from the swedish ' orsten ' . more - over , it is the first report of the maxillary excretory opening of a crustacean based on cambrian material of ' orsten ' - type preservation . one specimen comprises the . . . [ show full abstract ]
cavey , m . j . and r . a . cloney : osmium - fixed and epon - embedded whole mounts of delicate specimens . trans . am . microsc . soc .
elmgren , r . : methods of sampling sublittoral soft bottom meiofauna . oikos ( suppl . )
gray , j . g . : sample size and sample frequency in relation to the quantitative sampling of sand meiofauna . smithson . contr . zool .
heip , c . , n . smol and w . hautekiet : a rapid method of extracting meiobenthic nematodes and copepods from mud and detritus . mar . biol .
hulings , n . c . and j . s . gray : a manual for the study of meiofauna . smithson . contr . zool .
luft , j . h . : improvements in epoxy resin embedding methods . j . biophys . biochem . cytol .
meadows , p . s . and j . g . anderson : micro - organisms attached to marine sand grains . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k .
ores , r . o . : advantages of epoxy resin as a mounting medium for light microscopy . stain technol .
renaud - mornant , j . et c . delamare deboutteville : l ' originalité de la sous - classe des mystacocarides ( crustacea ) et le problème de leur répartition . ann . spéléol .
rieger , r . m . : multiple ciliary structures in developing spermatozoa of marine catenulida ( turbellaria ) . zoomorphologie
— , e . ruppert , g . e . rieger and c . schoepfer - sterrer : on the fine structure of gastrotrichs with description of
ruppert , e . e . : an efficient , quantitative method for sampling the meiobenthos . limnol . oceanogr .
sterrer , w . : plate tectonics as a mechanism for dispersal and speciation in interstitial sand fauna . neth . j . sea res .
thiel , h . , d . thistle and g . d . wilson : ultrasonic treatment of sediment samples for more efficient sorting of meiofauna . limnol . oceanogr .
uhlig , g . , h . thiel and j . s . gray : the quantitative separation of meiofauna . helgoländer wiss . meeresunters .
winborn , w . b . and d . l . guerrero : the use of a single tissue specimen for both transmission and scanning electron microscopy . cytobios
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studies , including revisions and descriptions of new species , of the genera of the isopod family sphaeromatidae have been continued . the long term aims of the study are to identify the phylogenetically informative characters for all genera of the family , to develop a data matrix for cladistic analyses , and to place the genera into a phylogenetically based classification , which can then be related to the evolution and biogeography of the family ( n . l . bruce ) . taxonomic studies on sphaeromatids have been continued ( n . l . bruce , with d . m . holdich , university of nottingham , and r . wetzer , university of charleston ) .
a large - scale phylogenetic and biogeographic revision of the genera of the isopod family cirolanidae comprising more than 400 species has been initiated ( n . l . bruce , with r . c . brusca , university of charleston ) . a revision of the genus
the chapter on marine isopods for the popular book
field guide to the sea shores of east africa
has been prepared ( n . l . bruce ) .
has been initiated ( n . l . bruce , j . olesen ) .
( leptostraca ) is being described , and the phylogeny of the leptostracan genera is being analysed ( j . olesen , ph . d . project ) . a study of larval development and embryology in a
species has been initiated ( j . olesen , with d . walossek , university of ulm ) . the male of the phylogenetically pivotal clam shrimp
has been studied and redescribed ( j . olesen , with j . w . martin , natural history museum los angeles county , and e . w . roessler , universidad de los andes , bogotá ) . description of headpores / dorsal organs in the cladoceran family macrotrichidae has been initiated ( j . olesen , with a . kotov , a . n . severtsov institute of ecology and evolution , moscow ) . a survey of the distribution of larger danish phyllopods has been completed ( j . olesen , with j . damgaard , entomology department ) .
have been initiated ( r . m . kristensen , with r . huys , natural history museum , london , and j . høeg and n . møbjerg , zoological institute ) .
has been studied ( e . rasmussen ) a handbook in the series
danmarks fauna
on danish freshwater phyllopods has been completed * . the freshwater crustacean fauna of the nuuk area , greenland , has been analyzed with the aim of outlining the differences between coastal , low - arctic areas and inland , high - arctic areas ( u . røen ) .
) has been completed ( t . wolff , with a . brandt , university of hamburg ) , and a study of a new deep - sea species of an aberrant asellote family has been initiated ( t . wolff , with m . thiel , smithsonian marine station , florida ) .
the distribution , habitats and reproductive biology of two gnathiid species from the denmark strait and north of iceland have been studied * ( a . b . klitgaard , ph . d . project )
the budde - lund types of isopods have been studied . a review of the museum ' s material of the crab genera
has been initiated ( t . jansen , cand . scient . project ) .