the fall armyworm ( spodoptera frugiperda ) is part of the order of lepidoptera and is the larval ( see caterpillar ) life stage of a fall armyworm moth .

it is regarded as a pest and can wreak havoc with crops if left to multiply .

its scientific name is derived from its feeding habits : frugiperda is latin for lost fruit as it can destroy crops .

native to the americas , these caterpillars mainly attack maize crops .

they will eat everything in an area , and once the food supply is exhausted , the entire " army " will move to the next available food source .

fall armyworm

fall armyworm resembles both armyworm and corn earworm , but fall armyworm has a white inverted
y
mark on the front of the dark head .
the fall armyworm is adding to the devastation already caused by the native african armyworm , spodoptera exempta .
fall armyworm injury to corn plant . ( left ) fall armyworm larva damage on corn foliage . ( right ) images by eric bohnenblust .
an investigation by cabi has found that the fall armyworm is established in ghana .
species spodoptera frugiperda - fall armyworm moth - hodges # 9666 - bugguide . net
spodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larva on tomato ( lycopersicon esculentum ) .
management fall armyworm can be one of the most difficult insect pests to control in maize . fall armyworm can only be effectively controlled while the larvae are small .
spodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; egg mass on cotton ( gossypium hirsutum ) .
spodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larval damage on maize ( zea mays ) .
spodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larva on bermuda grass ( cynodon dactylon ) .
spodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larval damage on sorghum ( sorghum bicolor ) .
spodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larva feeding on rice ( oryza sativa ) .
cotesia marginiventris and chelonus insularis were the two most common parasitoids attacking fall armyworm larvae .
luginbill p . 1928 . the fall armyworm . usda technical bulletin 34 . 91 pp .
spodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larva on hay grass . usa . august 2006 .
spodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larval damage in whorl of maize ( zea mays ) .
spodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larva , on cotton ( gossypium hirsutum ) . usa .
spodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; severe larval damage on cotton boll ( gossypium hirsutum ) .
fall armyworm adult male ( left ) , adult female ( right ) . images by ian grettenbergerground
spodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; adult at rest , lateral view . laboratory image . usa .
luginbill p . the fall armyworm . us dept agric tech bull . 1928 ; 34 : 1–91 .
and they say there is confusion over the identity of the fall armyworm as it is similar to other types of armyworm , which are already present in africa .
spodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larva , on cotton ( gossypium hirsutum l . ) . usa .
lima er , mcneil jn . female sex pheromones in the host races and hybrids of the fall armyworm ,
scientists tackle deadly fall armyworm infestation devastating maize in southern africa | cimmyt . international maize and wheat improvement center
host plants fall armyworm is polyphagous which can attack maize , sorghum , bermuda grass , soybean , cotton and beans . it is reported that fall armyworm larvae can attack over 60 species of plants representing more than 20 families .
maize plants damaged by fall armyworm in a farmer’s field in southern malawi in balaka district . cimmyt / christian thierfelder
multi - pronged approach key for effectively defeating fall armyworm in africa » cimmyt . international maize and wheat improvement center
there is some suppression of fall armyworm larvae with some types of bt corn such as the yieldgard and to a lesser extent knockout / naturegard . herculex does provide the best fall armyworm control among the different types of bt corn . however , with later planting dates ( after june 1 ) and high fall armyworm levels , all bt corn hybrids will need to be monitored for fall armyworm activity and treated with an insecticide according to the above economic threshold .
spodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; adult male . museum set specimen . links to spodoptera id : urltoken - urltoken
given the severe economic threat that the fall armyworm poses , governments and international bodies are putting in place emergency plans .
. techniques to improve the management of fall armyworm in overwintering areas of south florida using conservation biological control are discussed .
sparks an . 1979 . a review of the biology of the fall armyworm . florida entomologist 62 : 82 - 87 .
fao , 2018b . briefing note on fall armyworm ( faw ) in africa . 16 february 2018 , 7 pp . urltoken
in africa , a deadly pest called the fall armyworm has invaded large swathes of land , causing major damage to crops .
mr chabikwa said he expects the fall armyworm to multiply next cropping season due to a lack of information and effective control .
allele linked to resistance against cry1fa corn in fall armyworm from puerto rico has been recently described ( banerjee et al . ,
goergen g , kumar pl , sankung sb , togola a , tamo m . first report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm
common name : fall armyworm scientific name : spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) ( insecta : lepidoptera : noctuidae )
the fao is to hold an emergency meeting in harare between 14 and 16 february to decide emergency responses to the fall armyworm threat .
figure 4 . mature larva of the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) . photograph by james castner .
spodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; early instar larvae ( arrowed ) , and damage on cotton boll bract ( gossypium hirsutum ) .
the fall armyworm poses a major threat to food security and agricultural trade , warns the centre for agriculture and biosciences international ( cabi ) .
the recent discovery of fall armyworm in africa will be a huge threat to food security and also to trade in the region .
vickery ra . 1929 . studies of the fall armyworm in the gulf coast region of texas . usda technical bulletin 138 . 63 pp .
the fall armyworm makes a lot of yellowish debris and whitish powder on the leaves and in the funnel where they are , she says .
lu yj , kochert gd , isenhour dj , adang mj . molecular characterization of a strain - specific repeated dna sequence in the fall armyworm
huang f , qureshi ja , meagher rl , reisig dd , head gp , andow da , et al . cry1f resistance in fall armyworm
the corn earworm has a orange - brown head , while the armyworm has a brown head with dark honeycombed markings . fall armyworm has four dark spots arranged in a square on top of the eighth abdominal segment .
iita , 2016 . first report of outbreaks of the
fall armyworm
on the african continent . iita bulletin , no . 2330 . urltoken
these include monitoring with pheromone traps to determine the spread of the fall armyworm , road shows to increase public awareness and emergency registration of pesticides .
to differentiate this larva from other armyworm species or corn earworm one needs to look at the head of the insect . the fall armyworm ' s head has a predominant white , inverted y - shaped suture between the eyes .
all jn . 1988 . fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) infestations in no - tillage cropping systems . florida entomologist 71 : 268 - 272 .
fao , 2017b . briefing note on fap actions on fall armyworm in africa 15 december 2017 , 7 pp . . urltoken fao , rome , italy
fao , 2018 . in : briefing note on fao actions on fall armyworm in africa 31 january 2018 fao , rome , italy , 6 pp .
ippc , 2017d . preliminary report on fall armyworm in zambia . ( no . zmb - 02 / 2 ) rome , italy , fao , urltoken
gene to study the divergence of the fall armyworm host strains . insect molecular biology . 2016 ; 25 ( 3 ) : 324–37 . pmid : 26991678
the female fall armyworm can lay up to 1 , 000 eggs at a time and can produce multiple generations very quickly without pause in tropical environments .
figure 2 . egg mass of the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) . photograph by james castner , university of florida .
ashley tr , wiseman br , davis fm , andrews kl . 1989 . the fall armyworm : a bibliography . florida entomologist 72 : 152 - 202 .
fao , 2017a . fao advisory note on fall armyworm ( faw ) in africa , 7 pp . . 5 june 2017 . fao , rome , italy
chemical control in the us control of the fall armyworm has depended exclusively on insecticide for many years . as a result , fall armyworm has developed resistance to major classes of insecticides in the us . the first resistance reported was to carbaryl , but resistance to parathion - methyl , fluvalinate , lambda - cyhalothrin , carbamate , organophosphates and pyrethroid has also been reported . again this emphasise the possibility of fall armyworm developing resistance to insecticides and that label instructions should be followed .
fall armyworm can be one of the more difficult insect pests to control in field corn . late planted fields and later maturing hybrids are more likely to become infested . fall armyworm causes serious leaf feeding damage as well as direct injury to the ear . while fall armyworms can damage corn plants in nearly all stages of development , it will concentrate on later plantings that have not yet silked . like european corn borer , fall armyworm can only be effectively controlled while the larvae are small . early detection and proper timing of an insecticide application are critical .
figure 1 . eggs of the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) , hatching . photograph by james castner , university of florida .
figure 6 . typical adult male fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
figure 7 . typical adult female fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
the fall armyworm even bores into the ears ( cobs ) and does far more damage than the stalk borer or bollworm , which usually attack at cob stage .
figure 8 . corn leaf damage caused by the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) . photograph by paul choate , university of florida .
cool , wet springs followed by warm , humid weather in the overwintering areas favor survival and reproduction of fall armyworm , allowing it to escape suppression by natural enemies . once dispersal northward begins , the natural enemies are left behind . therefore , although fall armyworm has many natural enemies , few act effectively enough to prevent crop injury .
nagoshi rn , meagher rl . behavior and distribution of the two fall armyworm host strains in florida . florida entomologist . 2004 ; 87 ( 4 ) : 440–9 .
lu yj , adang mj . distinguishing fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) strains using a diagnostic mitochondrial dna marker . florida entomologist . 1996 ; 79 : 48–55 .
luginbill , p . the fall armyworm . technical bulletin united states department of agriculture , v . 34 , p . 1 - 91 , 1928 . [ links ]
nairobi , kenya ( 28 april 2017 ) – tackling the menace of the tenacious fall armyworm pest to avoid economic hardship for smallholder farmers across africa requires quick and coordinated action , a massive awareness campaign , scientific innovation and multi - institutional collaboration , said scientists attending the stakeholders consultation meeting on the fall armyworm in nairobi this week .
the fall armyworm – spodoptera frugiperda – was first reported on the african continent in nigeria . it subsequently appeared across parts of west and central africa , before extensively invading farmers’ fields in southern africa in december 2016 . the destructive activities of the fall armyworm have only served to add to devastation caused by the native african armyworm ( spodoptera exempta ) and severe drought caused by an el nino weather system in 2015 - 2016 .
figure 3 . newly hatched larva of the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
pitre hn , hogg db . 1983 . development of the fall armyworm on cotton , soybean and corn . journal of the georgia entomological society 18 : 187 - 194 .
nagoshi rn , meagher rl . review of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) genetic complexity and migration . florida entomologist . 2008 ; 91 ( 4 ) : 546–54 .
pashley dp . quantitative genetics , development , and physiological adaptation in host strains of fall armyworm . evolution . 1988 ; 42 ( 1 ) : 93–102 . pmid : 28563847
scientists fear the fall armyworm could continue to multiply and become endemic across the continent . professor kenneth wilson at britain’s lancaster university , who has extensive experience working on the african armyworm , predicts the pest could potentially spread into the middle east and eventually to europe .
ashley tr , wiseman br , davis fm , andrews kl , 1989 . the fall armyworm : a bibliography . florida entomologist , 72 ( 1 ) : 152 - 202 .
ippc , 2018 . report on fall armyworm ( spodoptera frugiperda ) . ippc official pest report , no . gha - 01 / 4 . rome , italy : fao . urltoken
eradication of the fall armyworm at this stage is unlikely . control of the pest will be best achieved if managed on an international scale with southern african countries coordinating their efforts .
“we need to act fast , failure is not an option , ” rugalema said , adding that adequate funding and taking a regional approach to controlling the fall armyworm are vital .
nagoshi rn , brambila j , meagher rl . use of dna barcodes to identify invasive armyworm
it’s also possible that the fall armyworm arrived over the atlantic through wind currents . this is because wind - borne adult insects can move over vast distances . the fall armyworm wouldn’t be the first insect species crossing the atlantic in this way . the most famous example is the monarch butterfly , danaus plexippus , crossing the atlantic from america to the british isles .
johnson sj . 1987 . migration and the life history strategy of the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda in the western hemisphere . insect science and its applications 8 : 543 - 549 .
nagoshi rn . improvements in the identification of strains facilitate population studies of fall armyworm subgroups . annals of the entomological society of america . 2012 ; 105 ( 2 ) : 351–8 .
in its native regions , it can travel up to 2000 km each year in search of warmer climates . the worm is averse to the harsh winters of north america , returning to tropical habitat in the autumn , which americans call “fall” , hence the name “fall armyworm” .
very early symptoms of fall armyworm resemble european corn borer infestation . small holes and
window pane
feeding in the leaves emerging from the whorl are common . although initial symptoms of damage are similar , thresholds and control measures differ . therefore it is important to find the live larvae and determine which insect is causing the damage . unlike armyworm , fall armyworm feeds during the day and night , but are usually most active in the morning or late afternoon .
farmers there are putting sandy soil into the maize funnels , according to bridget oconnor . the sand is abrasive to the skin of the fall armyworm and can kill it , she adds .
pashley dp , martin ja . reproductive incompatibility between host strains of the fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america . 1987 ; 80 : 731–3 .
a : yes . a survey carried out from june to august 2016 in embu and kisii counties showed fall armyworm infestation . although the infestation is still low in comparison to other parts of the region , the situation could change . scientists from the university of nairobi also reported sightings of fall armyworm maize damage in machakos county . anani bruce , cimmyt maize entomologist , nairobi , kenya
the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) , is the primary pest of corn production in south america and in portions of the southeastern united states [ 1 ] . although it is unable to survive freezing winters , fall armyworm infestations extend as far north as canada , the result of annual long - distance migrations from overwintering areas in southern united states and mexico [ 2 – 4 ] . in 2016 , severe outbreaks of fall armyworm were reported in several western and central african countries , representing the first indication of the species establishing itself in the eastern hemisphere [ 5 ] . the voracious feeding and long - distance flight behaviors exhibited by fall armyworm indicate a significant threat to african agriculture with the potential for rapid dispersion throughout the hemisphere .
the fall armyworm has several characteristics that make it difficult to control . apart from being a strong flyer , adult females are highly fertile , laying in excess of 1000 eggs during their lifetime .
the fall armyworm has been reported to cause annual losses of us $ 600 million in brazil alone . caterpillars also feed on other important crops , such as cowpea , potato , and soybean .
gene facilitate host strain identification of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) populations in the southeastern united states . j econ entomol . 2006 ; 99 ( 3 ) : 671–7 . pmid : 16813297
a : a transgenic maize trial ( under confined field trials ) was attacked by the fall armyworm in namulonge and kassesse ( uganda ) during the first and second cropping seasons in 2016 . the mon810 bt maize entries showed resistance to the fall armyworm compared to non - transgenic maize materials . this however , needs to be further confirmed through additional experiments . anani bruce , cimmyt maize entomologist
larvae should not be mistaken for the african armyworm ( photo 3 ) , the lesser armyworm ( photo 4 ) , the cotton leaf worm ( photo 5 ) , the african bollworm ( photo 6 ) , the false armyworm ( photo 7 ) or the common cutworm ( photo 8 ) .
all jn , stancil jd , johnson tb , gouger r . 1996 . controlling fall armyworm infestations in whorl stage corn with genetically modified bacillus thuringiensis formulations . florida entomologist 79 : 311 - 317 .
marenco rj , foster re , sanchez ca . 1992 . sweet corn response to fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) damage during vegetative growth . journal of economic entomology 85 : 1285 - 1292 .
roberts pm all jn . 1993 . hazard for fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) infestation of maize in double - cropping systems using sustainable agricultural practices . florida entomologist 76 : 276 - 283 .
the fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda is a lepidpopteran pest that feeds in large numbers on leaves and stems of more than 80 plant species , causing major damage to economically important cultivated grasses s . . .
fall armyworm may be found feeding during daylight hours , and they typically are found scattered throughout a field . besides feeding on leaves , they may attack the tassels and / or ears of corn .
pashley dp , sparks tc , quisenberry ss , jamjanya t , dowd pf . two fall armyworm strains feed on corn , rice and bermudagrass . louisiana agriculture magazine . 1987 ; 30 : 8–9 .
nagoshi rn , meagher rl . seasonal distribution of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) host strains in agricultural and turf grass habitats . environ entomol . 2004 ; 33 ( 4 ) : 881–9 .
pheromone lure pheromone traps can be used as an early warning . to optimise pheromone lure captures for fall armyworm , it is essential to have the correct blend of components . therefore , if pheromone traps are used it should be kept in mind that the two strains of fall armyworm have differences in sex pheromone composition and that the different combinations in the lure can affect the amount of male moth captures .
moths are typically attracted to fields of late - maturing corn to lay their eggs . the larvae are primarily daytime feeders . they appear in corn fields late in the season , from mid - july through harvest . fall armyworm , unlike armyworm , are typically found damaging corn in patches throughout a field .
pashley dp . host - associated genetic differentiation in fall armyworm ( lepidoptera , noctuidae ) —a sibling species complex . annals of the entomological society of america . 1986 ; 79 ( 6 ) : 898–904 .
the african armyworm is usually hatched somewhere outside the farms and then steadily eat their way through everything in their path en masse , they say . by contrast , the fall armyworm moth lays its eggs on the host plant . it does not eat everything and as it grows it moves up the maize plant .
a : we do have a few cimmyt maize inbred lines that can potentially offer partial resistance to the fall armyworm , but intensive breeding efforts are needed to identify more sources of resistance and to develop africa - adapted improved maize hybrids with resistance to fall armyworm , including other relevant traits required by smallholders in the continent . b . m prasanna , director of cimmyt’s global maize program & cgiar research program maize .
natural enemies because the fall armyworm is invasive in africa , it is not yet known which natural enemies will play a role in attacking this species . however , the nuclear polyhedrosis virus is an important mortality agent for fall armyworm in the us . a total of 63 individual parasitoids are also reported , which belongs to the two orders of diptera and hymenoptera , as well as potential pathogens and predators in latin america .
fao said it will support countries in close collaboration with sadc and other partners and stakeholders to implement the necessary assessment activities aimed at improving understanding on the extent and intensity of the fall armyworm threat to the region .
johnson sj , 1987 . migration and the life history strategy of the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda in the western hemisphere . insect science and its application , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 543 - 549 .
pashley dp , hammond am , hardy tn . reproductive isolating mechanisms in fall armyworm host strains ( lepidoptera , noctuidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america . 1992 ; 85 ( 4 ) : 400–5 .
how the pest was introduced in africa from its native habitat in the americas is unclear . however , such invasive pests as the fall armyworm are known to cross continents either through infested commercial grain or through jet streams across oceans . many fall armyworm moths have been collected in the gulf of mexico as far as 250 km from land , indicating the possibility of seasonal trans - gulf migration between the united states and the tropics .
genetically modification bt technology has been used to control fall armyworm with success in other countries , however to protect the technology it will still be important to scout for damage in the crop and to have additional control strategies in place . resistance of fall armyworm to bt maize has been reported in puerto rico , brazil and the south - eastern region of the us . therefore , insect resistance management and integrated pest management are still important .
the fall armyworm is a highly polyphagous migratory lepidopteran pest species . it can colonize over 80 different plant species including many grasses , and crops such as alfalfa , soybean , sorghum , and corn . in pennsylvania , low populations are usually present late in the summer , but population densities are rarely high enough to be of economic concern in field corn . on the rare occasion that fall armyworm is problematic in field corn ; the late - season timing of the infestations makes them difficult to manage because insecticide application may require specialized equipment to pass over tall corn . fall armyworm is more likely to be an economic pest in sweet corn and vegetable crops .
fall armyworm generally feeds on foliage , but during heavy infestations , larvae will also feed on corn ears . foliar damage to corn is usually characterized by ragged feeding , and moist sawdust - like frass near the whorl and upper leaves of the plant . early feeding can appear to be similar to european corn borer damage ; however european corn borer larvae bore into the stalk whereas fall armyworm larvae continue to feed on the foliage making larger more ragged holes . ear damage is similar to the damage caused by the corn earworm , chewed kernels and visible frass , except that fall armyworm tends to burrow through the husk instead of feeding down through the silks .
he said the fall army worm is traditionally found in the united states and probably came with imported maize .
the fall army worm recently invaded zambia , posing a threat to crops in six of the zambian provinces .
circles approximate locations were fall armyworm surveys were performed with color indicating the haplotype metric found . green circles , fl - type ; red , tx - type ; red and green , faw [ m ] mixed profile .
the aim of this work was to evaluate the attractiveness of different cotton plant parts and varieties to newly hatched fall armyworm larvae and the non - preference of the larvae for feeding on these plant parts and cotton varieties .
figure 5 . head capsule of fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) showing light - colored inverted
y
on front of head . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
starratt an , mcleod dgr , 1982 . monitoring fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) , moth populations in southwestern ontario with sex pheromone traps . canadian entomologist , 114 ( 7 ) : 545 - 549 .
wonder chabikwa , president of the zimbabwe commercial farmers union ( zcfu ) , which represents 25 000 farmers , said farmers , both small and large , were taken by surprise when the fall armyworm laid siege on their farms .
he said while the country was receiving good rains , the fall army worm , was a threat to crops .
tumlinson jh , mitchell er , teal pea , heath rr , mengelkoch lj . 1986 . sex pheromone of fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) . journal of chemical ecology 12 : 1909 - 1926 .
fao has initiated the process of procuring pheromone insect lure traps which are used for capturing armyworm and monitoring their spread .
the fall armyworm , so called because it eats its way through most of the vegetation in its way as it marches through crops , is native to north and south america but was identified for the first time in africa last year .
these results illustrate how the assessment of strain proportions can vary substantially depending on the methodology used . despite this variability , the genetic marker data consistently indicate that the corn - strain is the predominant fall armyworm subpopulation present in the togo collections
in conclusion , genetic markers provide an important resource for the investigation of fall armyworm infesting agricultural areas of africa . genetic analysis can confirm species identification based on morphology , is the only reliable means of identifying host strains , can provide an indication of where in the western hemisphere the population invading africa might have originated , and can detect a bt - resistance trait that could compromise the effectiveness of bt pesticides and bt crops as control options . the togo population may not be representative of fall armyworm in other parts of africa and may be susceptible to future invasive introductions , indicating the need for continued and more comprehensive genetic characterizations of african fall armyworm populations to monitor and forecast the spread of this invasive pest .
the fall armyworm , a recent interloper in africa widely prevalent in the americas , attacks more than 80 different plant species , including maize , a major food staple in sub - saharan africa on which more than 200 million people depend .
in this paper we analyze specimens from several agricultural regions in the african nation of togo collected in the latter half of 2016 . genetic analyses confirmed the fall armyworm identification of the specimens , estimated host strain identity , and tested for the presence of the puerto rico bt - resistance allele . the haplotype and marker data were used to extrapolate the most likely western hemisphere source locations . the ramifications of these results on the pest potential of the togo fall armyworm population are discussed .
the high levels of damage caused by the fall armyworm to cotton plants in brazil the economic importance of the crop ( soares ; vieira , 1998 ) , the use of chemical insecticides as the only control measure ( valicente ; fonseca , 2004 ) and the scarcity of data regarding new control tactics justify studies of the feeding habits of the fall armyworm on cotton plants . these studies can potentially with a possible contribute to the optimization of measures for the management of this pest .
he said the country was on high alert for the fall army worm and a possible army worm attack on crops .
pannuti ler , baldin ell , hunt te , paula - moraes sv . 2015 . on - plant larval movement and feeding behavior of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) on reproductive corn stages . environ . entomol . 45 : 192 - 200
pair sd , raulston jr , westbrook jk , wolf ww , adams sd . fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) outbreak originating in the lower rio - grande valley , 1989 . florida entomologist . 1991 ; 74 ( 2 ) : 200–13 .
nagoshi rn , silvie p , meagher rl . comparison of haplotype frequencies differentiate fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) corn - strain populations from florida and brazil . j econ entomol . 2007 ; 100 ( 3 ) : 954–61 . pmid : 17598561
the genetic similarity of the togo collection with puerto rico fall armyworm is of particular concern because of field - evolved resistance to cry1fa corn that arose in fall armyworm populations in puerto rico and was present in high frequency in bt cornfields ( [ 32 , 40 ] ) . genotyping for the allele linked to resistance in puerto rico ( sfabcc2mut ) did not detect its presence among the togo specimens , as all individuals tested were homozygous for the wild type ( susceptible ) allele ( fig 6 ) .
spodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larva on maize cob . the larvae , which are marked with a distinct inverted
y
on the front of the head , feed on a wide variety of plants , and are a particular problem in fall seeded alfalfa and wheat . milo , sweet corn , and field corn also are important hosts . laboratory image . usa .
the scientific name , spodoptera frugiperda , refers to the grey - patterned wings of the moths and the fruit destroying habits of the caterpillars . the common name , fall armyworm , is based on the habit of mass movements of the caterpillars in autumn .
another reason the fall armyworm is difficult to manage is because of its tendency to build up resistance to pesticides . there have been efforts to curb its devastating effect by planting bt - maize . but this remains highly contested territory in many african countries .
the fall armyworm has invaded south africa in january , after reports of invasion in west and central africa . this species mainly established in maize fields in south africa . other crops that were attacked in south africa were sorghum , sweet corn and potatoes . the first observation of fall armyworm on the africa continent was made in late january last year on maize in the rainforest zone of south - western nigeria and in maize fields at the international institute of tropical agriculture ( iita ) at ibadan and ikenne .
a conservative estimate indicates the loss of africa’s maize due to the fall armyworm could cost the continent $ 3 billion in the coming year , according to roger day , sanitary and phytosanitary coordinator at the center for agricultural and biosciences international ( cabi ) .
the fall armyworm is an economically important pest of sorghum and corn as it feeds on the growing leaves and the ear / seed head . to screen sorghum and corn plants for resistance to fall armyworm feeding , field , greenhouse , or laboratory bioassays are often used individually or in combination . laboratory bioassays are best for insect confinement but as the number of replications and entries increase , a large amount of time each day is spent by the experimenter replenishing leaf tissue , adding water , and cleaning the experimental system . a previous study had used agar plates containing benzimidizole , a chemical that prevents leaf dying , to assess the russian wheat aphid feeding on barley . we sought to determine if agar plates containing benzimidizol could be used to assess fall armyworm feeding in sorghum and corn . we found this method accurately identified resistant and susceptible maize lines and was able to be used for sorghum . furthermore this method requires no labor by the experimenter until 7 days after the experimental setup , preserved sorghum and corn leaf tissue , and minimal fungal and bacterial contamination was seen . thus , the benzimidazole agar plate method is an easy and effective method for assessing fall armyworm feeding on maize and sorghum and thus can be used to identify maize and sorghum plants with resistance to fall armyworm feeding .
dr jayne crozier , of cabi , said the fall armyworm ' s presence had now been confirmed in west africa and was thought to be present in the south and east of the continent , many parts of which rely on maize for their staple diet .
whichever way the fall armyworm arrived , its rapid spread across the african continent attests to its high dispersal ability . as strong flyers adult moths cross borders with ease . in the us the species has long been known to use jet streams for adult dispersal .
nagoshi rn , meagher rl , hay - roe m . inferring the annual migration patterns of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) in the united states from mitochondrial haplotypes . ecology and evolution . 2012 ; 2 ( 7 ) : 1458–67 . pmid : 22957154
nagoshi rn , meagher rl , jenkins da . puerto rico fall armyworm has only limited interactions with those from brazil or texas but could have substantial exchanges with florida populations . j econ entomol . 2010 ; 103 ( 2 ) : 360–7 . pmid : 20429449
“the truly frightening risk of the fall armyworm to food security in africa must be recognized and tackled with a holistic integrated pest management program , ” said b . m . prasanna , director of the global maize program at the international maize and wheat improvement center ( cimmyt ) and the cgiar research program on maize . “we cannot eliminate the pest from africa – now that it’s here , it will stay , but we can provide support to farmers and provide options to manage their crops against the fall armyworm . ”
there has been an outbreak of the fall army worm in six districts in matabeleland north , a senior government official has said .
ashley , t . r . , e . r . mitchell , n . c . leppla , and e . e . grissell . 1980 . parasites attacking fall armyworm larvae spodoptera frugiperda in late planted field corn . florida entomologist 63 : 136–142 . full text
prowell dp , mcmichael m , silvain jf . multilocus genetic analysis of host use , introgression , and speciation in host strains of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america . 2004 ; 97 ( 5 ) : 1034–44 .
scientists believe that the fall armyworm may have spread and proliferated on the continent due to warmer global temperatures over the past few years . they suspect the pests may have travelled from the americas in warm ocean jet streams or arrived by some other form of transportation .
later that season high numbers of fall armyworm were also reported from northern nigeria , benin and togo . in april last year government of são tomé and principe called for assistance from the food and agriculture organisation of the united nations ( fao ) . thereafter , in june last year , the federal government of nigeria reported fall armyworm on maize in edo and adjacent states in the southwest of the country . this pest then spread through the rest of africa , travelling southwards to south africa in a little bit more than nine months .
pair sd , gross jr hr 1984 . field mortality of pupae of the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) , by predators and a newly discovered parasitoid , diapetimorpha introita . journal of the georgia entomological society 19 : 22 - 26 .
fully grown larvae are 1 . 25 – 1 . 5 inches in length and vary in color from pale green to almost black , with a reddish - brown head . they closely resemble true armyworm , and corn earworm larvae in appearance . the difference is that the heads of fall armyworms have a prominent inverted
y
and black tubercles from which hairs arise arrayed throughout the body . fall armyworm pupates in the soil , and pupae can be identified by their smooth , leathery skin that is reddish - brown to dark brown .
others say it was accidental , shipped by air , or by climate change - induced strong winds . with more than 80 host plants identified , the fall armyworm can also attack crops like cowpea , groundnuts , potato , soyabean and cotton , according to the iita .
armyworm crusade sixteen eastern and southern african countries have agreed to coordinate an emergency response to tackle the fall - armyworm infestation that is threatening food security in sub - saharan africa . the decision was made at a meeting in harare , zimbabwe , on 16 february . endemic to south america , the fall armyworm ( spodoptera frugiperda , pictured ) was first observed in africa in early 2016 and has since been detected in at least seven countries . in its larval form , the pest consumes the foliage and flowers of a wide variety of crops . estimates by the food and agriculture organization of the united nations suggest that more than 250 , 000 hectares of african cropland have been affected .
mr nyoni said it was important for farmers to thoroughly check their crops and make sure they are safe from the fall army worm .
participants at the harare meeting agreed that the fall armyworm infestation shows the urgent need for swift and coordinated action to deal with such threats . they identified gaps in the region’s early warning systems , response , preparedness , contingency planning , including information dissemination and effective regional coordination .
davis fm , baker gt , williams wp , 1995 . anatomical characteristics of maize resistant to leaf feeding by southwestern corn borer ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) and fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . journal of agricultural entomology , 12 ( 1 ) : 55 - 65 .
the fall armyworm is an invasive american moth , difficult to detect and to control . it was first noticed in africa in january 2016 , causing massive damage to crops in several west african countries , according to the international institute of tropical agriculture ( iita ) in benin .
nagoshi rn , fleischer sj , meagher rl , hay - roe m , khan a , murúa gm , et al . fall armyworm migration across the lesser antilles and the potential for genetic exchanges between north and south american populations . plos one . 2017 ; in press .
the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) , a native species of tropical and subtropical regions of the americas , is geographically widespread ( luginbill , 1928 ) and feeds on a wide range of cultivated plants ( luginbill , 1928 ) . although the fall armyworm prefers to feed on plants of the grass family ( maize , millet , wheat , sorghum , rice and sugar cane ) , it will attack other such economically important crops as peanuts , potato , soybean and cotton ( ali et al . , 1989 ) .
a comprehensive account of the biology of fall armyworm was published by luginbill ( 1928 ) , and an informative synopsis by sparks ( 1979 ) . ashley et al . ( 1989 ) presented an annotated bibliography . a sex pheromone has been described ( sekul and sparks 1976 ) .
“fall armyworm , which is mostly associated with the americas , is a new threat in southern africa and we are very concerned with the emergence , intensity and spread of the pest . it is only a matter of time before most of the region will be affected , and the costs and implications of this are very serious , as seen in places where fall armyworm is endemic such as brazil , where the government spends in excess of $ 600 million each year to try to control infestations , ” said david phiri , fao subregional coordinator for southern africa .
“the insect is establishing itself and is expected to remain an economic pest for very long time to come hence we need to put in place a short and long term fall armyworm management and control plan , ” said bayeh mulatu , national integrated pest management expert at fao ethiopia .
it is also important not to rely on one control practice . integrated pest management should always be kept in mind . in collaboration with the department of agriculture , forestry and fisheries ( daff ) a list of insecticides registered to control fall armyworm is available ( table 1 ) .
numerous species of parasitoids affect fall armyworm . the wasp parasitoids most frequently reared from larvae in the united states are cotesia marginiventris ( cresson ) and chelonus texanus ( cresson ) ( both hymenoptera : braconidae ) , species that are also associated with other noctuid species . among fly parasitoids , the most abundant is usually archytas marmoratus ( townsend ) ( diptera : tachinidae ) . however , the dominant parasitoid often varies from place to place and from year to year . luginbill ( 1928 ) and vickery ( 1929 ) describe and picture many of the fall armyworm parasitoids .
there’s disagreement about how the fall armyworm arrived in africa . one suggested avenue is that it arrived on foodstuffs imported from the americas . this is feasible as insects can readily cross borders with infested plant material . the species has been intercepted on shipments destined for europe on several occasions .
since the first fall armyworm larvae were collected in the settlers area mid - january this year and reared through to moths for identification , dr vivienne uys ( arc - ppri ) made the positive identification in early february as spodoptera frugiperda ( je smith ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) .
description and life history the life cycle of the fall armyworm is about 24 to 30 days in favourable temperature and humidity . the number of generations occurring in an area will vary with the appearance of the dispersing moths . this species does not have a diapause ( overwintering ) stage .
nagoshi rn , silvie p , meagher rl , lopez j , machados v . identification and comparison of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) host strains in brazil , texas , and florida . annals of the entomological society of america . 2007 ; 100 ( 3 ) : 394–402 .
“we need to understand better the behavioral ecology of the fall armyworm in the africa context . how it breeds , travels and feeds on crops , as this is critical for effectively managing the devastation this pest can cause and its major risk to food security , ” martin kropff cautioned .
“scientists at cimmyt are currently researching available breeding resources characterized with potential resistance to fall armyworm and screening elite maize germplasm to identify possible sources of resistance , ” said b . m . prasanna , director of cimmyt’s global maize program and the cgiar research program maize . “maize lines with partial resistance to fall armyworm were developed in the past , but the work was not scaled - up given the need to focus breeding programs on other high priority traits , including drought tolerance , heat tolerance , and resistance to major diseases , such as maize lethal necrosis ( mln ) . ”
this came at the end of a three - day , fao - organized emergency meeting in harare to discuss ways to respond to a major fall armyworm infestation affecting at least seven countries in the region , whose combined population is more than 70 percent of the total population of southern africa .
fall armyworm eggs are laid in clusters of 50 or more in a single layer attached to foliage . eggs are dome - shaped and dirty white to gray in color . after egg deposition , the female deposits grayish scales over the egg mass , giving it a hairy or moldy appearance .
mitchell er , mcneil jn , westbrook jk , silvain jf , lalannecassou b , chalfant rb , et al . seasonal periodicity of fall armyworm , ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) in the caribbean basin and northward to canada . j entomol sci . 1991 ; 26 ( 1 ) : 39–50 .
murúa mg , nagoshi rn , dos santos da , hay - roe m , meagher rl , vilardi jc . demonstration using field collections that argentina fall armyworm populations exhibit strain - specific host plant preferences . j econ entomol . 2015 ; 108 ( 5 ) : 2305–15 . pmid : 26453719
the fall armyworm is native to the tropical regions of the western hemisphere from the united states to argentina . it normally overwinters successfully in the united states only in southern florida and southern texas . the fall armyworm is a strong flier , and disperses long distances annually during the summer months . it is recorded from virtually all states east of the rocky mountains . however , as a regular and serious pest , its range tends to be mostly the southeastern states . in 2016 it was reported for the first time in west and central africa , so it now threatens africa and europe .
tazelekew habtamu , a maize farmer in southern ethiopia where the insect set foot for the first time in ethiopia , observed unusual insect pest infestation on his maize farm in the first week of march 2017 . he reported the case to a local agriculture extension worker , who facilitated immediate pesticide spraying . “at first , the fall armyworm infestation was huge , ” said tazelekew . “the pesticide spray killed most of the pests . i would have lost my maize plants if i did not use the pesticide . however , some remnants of the fall armyworm are still attacking my maize field . ”
the africa wide meeting on the fall armyworm that was held in nairobi , kenya gave the responsibility to fao to coordinate interventions to bring the fall armyworm problem under control . in addition to funding of usd 52 000 , fao supports the government’s prevention efforts with expert advice and consultation , and facilitation of field assessments , surveillance and monitoring . in addition , in collaboration with the desert locust control organization for eastern africa ( dlco - ea ) and other development partners , fao is developing a project to derail the insect expansion and mass multiplication so that yield loss could be minimized significantly .
however , that’s not the way of the african armyworm , scientists at the international centre of insect physiology and ecology ( icipe ) in kenya concluded .
cimmyt , 2018 . fall armyworm in africa : a guide for integrated pest management . first edition . . prasanna , b . m . , huesing , j . e . , eddy , r . , peschke , v . m . , eds . cimmyt , mexico , 109 pp .
hruska aj , gould f , 1997 . fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) and diatraea lineolata ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) : impact of larval population level and temporal occurrence on maize yield in nicaragua . journal of economic entomology , 90 ( 2 ) : 611 - 622 ; 27 ref .
in collaboration with the food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) and other development partners , the government of ethiopia has intensified efforts to protect major maize growing areas from the ravage of the fall armyworm . the fall armyworm , which first arrived in africa in 2016 , was intercepted on a few hectares of irrigated maize fields in southern ethiopia in the last week of february 2017 . it has now covered about 52 962 hectares in 144 districts in three of the major maize - growing regional states – gambella , oromia and southern nations nationalities and peoples’ region ( snnpr ) .
luttrell , r . g . ; mink , j . s . damage to cotton fruiting structures by the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . journal of cotton science , v . 3 , n . 2 , p . 35 - 44 , 1999 . [ links ]
fall armyworm larva vary from light tan to black with three light yellow stripes down the back . there is a wider dark stripe and a wavy yellow - red blotched stripe on each side . larvae have four pairs of fleshy abdominal prolegs in addition to the pair at the end of the body .
fao says the fall armyworm is now present in namibia , south africa , mozambique , malawi and zambia , threatening agriculture output in a season of plenteous rainfall . authorities here say it has spread to nearly all the country’s ten provinces . the amount of damage caused in zimbabwe so far is unknown .
to differentiate the fall armyworm from other species a predominant white , inverted y shape is present on the forehead between the eyes ( photo 2 ) . the duration of the larval stage can be as short as 14 days in summer . unlike other armyworms , larvae feed during the day and night .
ali , a . ; luttrell , r . g . ; pitre , h . n . feeding sites and distribution of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) larvae on cotton . environmental entomology , v . 19 , n . 4 , p . 1060 - 1067 , 1990 . [ links ]
mihm ja , smith me , deutsch ja , 1988 . development of open - pollinated varieties , non - conventional hybrids and inbred lines of tropical maize with resistance to fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) , at cimmyt . florida entomologist , 71 ( 3 ) : 262 - 268 .


eupithecia shirleyata is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in southern california and arizona .

the wingspan is about 23 mm .

adults are on wing from the end of november to late march or even early april .

eupithecia shirleyata

this species in known from san diego . compare with locbf5723 - 15 , taken at torrey pines , in bold bin bold : aaf9455 . ( e . shirleyata is smaller but references omit measurements . ) references here . edit - wikipedia has ws = 23 mm for shirleyata and 22–26 mm for subapicata . packard ( 1876 ) has subapicata at 1 . 12
( ~ 28 mm )
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 29684 genus : eupithecia species : shirleyata sex : location : montara , mcnee ranch county : san mateo collector : v . albu coll _ date : mar 21 97 . . . more
revision of the north american species of the genus eupithecia ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) james h . mcdunnough . 1949 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 93 ( 8 ) .
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16619 genus : eupithecia species : interruptofasciata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : jul 14 66 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 28261 genus : eupithecia species : intricata taylorata sex : location : golden gate park county : san francisco collector : r . m . brown coll _ date . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5869 genus : eupithecia species : macrocarpata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : in july specimen . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 545 genus : eupithecia species : absinthiata sex : f location : inverness park county : marin collector : j . powell coll _ date : sep 19 98 specimen . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5882 genus : eupithecia species : acutipennis sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 24 62 specimen . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5865 genus : eupithecia species : maestosa maestosa sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 3034 genus : eupithecia species : ravocostaliata sex : m location : inverness park county : marin collector : j . powell coll _ date : feb 4 95 speci . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5875 genus : eupithecia species : tripunctaria sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : apr 12 61 specimen _ lo . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7999 genus : eupithecia species : nevadata nevadata sex : location : las trampas reg park county : contra costa collector : r . m . brown coll _ date . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16622 genus : eupithecia species : purpurissata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : apr 7 60 specime . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 33651 genus : eupithecia species : agnesata sex : location : stebbins cold cyn res . county : solano collector : j . debenedictis coll _ date : apr 4 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16601 genus : eupithecia species : karenae sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : wm . patterson coll _ date : oct 16 98 specimen _ loc . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7990 genus : eupithecia species : annulata sex : location : kensington county : contra costa collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : nov 8 96 specim . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 2067 genus : eupithecia species : bryanti sex : m location : point molate , richmond county : contra costa collector : j . powell coll _ date : apr 10 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5884 genus : eupithecia species : graefii graefii sex : location : piedmont pines , ne oakland county : alameda collector : p . d . hurd coll _ date : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 29679 genus : eupithecia species : perfusca perfusca sex : location : costanea cg county : san mateo collector : v . albu coll _ date : sep 2 2007 s . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5883 genus : eupithecia species : subapicata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : mar 19 61 specimen _ loc : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5881 genus : eupithecia species : gilvipennata sex : location : berkeley , 2135 calif . st . county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : ma . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5886 genus : eupithecia species : implorata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : feb 21 55 specimen _ . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5878 genus : eupithecia species : macdunnoughi sex : location : strawberry cyn county : alameda collector : j . a . powell coll _ date : mar 3 61 spec . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5879 genus : eupithecia species : cognizata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : feb 21 55 specimen _ . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5867 genus : eupithecia species : longipalpata sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : oct 12 96 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7996 genus : eupithecia species : scabrogata sex : location : kensington county : contra costa collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 24 97 spe . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 33652 genus : eupithecia species : rindgei sex : location : stebbins cold cyn res . county : solano collector : j . debenedictis coll _ date : 1989 - 9 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16623 genus : eupithecia species : mystiata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : coll _ date : in may 71 specimen _ loc : url : http . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 20852 genus : eupithecia species : multiscripta sex : location : diamond mtn county : napa collector : j . powell coll _ date : may 21 - 23 93 specime . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 3033 genus : eupithecia species : mutata ( columbrata ) sex : m location : inverness ridge county : marin collector : c . e . griswold coll _ date : may . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16602 genus : eupithecia species : columbiata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : mar 13 47 specimen _ loc . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16618 genus : eupithecia species : lachrymosa georgii sex : location : red hill county : marin collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : may 2 47 specim . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5871 genus : eupithecia species : unicolor sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : nov 13 62 specimen _ lo . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5877 genus : eupithecia species : sierrae sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep 18 96 spec . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5876 genus : eupithecia species : rotundopuncta sex : location : berkeley ( s of uc campus ) county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5874 genus : eupithecia species : bivittata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : jun 4 55 specimen _ loc : u . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5866 genus : eupithecia species : subvirens sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep 5 96 spe . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5868 genus : eupithecia species : sabulosata sex : location : albany county : alameda collector : r . a . belmont coll _ date : may 22 71 specimen _ loc . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16632 genus : eupithecia species : cestata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : apr 7 60 specimen _ loc . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 20856 genus : eupithecia species : appendiculata sex : location : spring mtn county : napa collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : aug 12 47 specimen _ . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16614 genus : eupithecia species : behrensata sex : location : mill valley county : marin collector : h . b . leech coll _ date : may 1 58 specimen _ lo . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5870 genus : eupithecia species : placidata sex : location : oakland county : alameda collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : oct 17 45 specimen _ loc : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5880 genus : eupithecia species : segregata sex : location : berkeley ( s of uc campus ) county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : apr . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7993 genus : eupithecia species : zelmira sex : location : clayton county : contra costa collector : r . m . brown coll _ date : mar 11 72 specimen _ lo . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 1888 genus : eupithecia species : olivacea sex : m location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 11 63 specimen _ l . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 20863 genus : eupithecia species : plumasata sex : location : spring mtn , st helena county : napa collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : dec 29 8 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16629 genus : eupithecia species : gilata sex : location : mill valley county : marin collector : h . b . leech coll _ date : feb 27 52 specimen _ loc : . . . more
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
ferris , c . d . , 2018 . geometridae : larentiinae : eupitheciini ( part ) . lepidoptera of north america , part 14 . contributions of the c . p . gillette museum of arthropod diversity colorado state university ( over 116 color plates of adult moths w / genitalia - accessed 3 / 9 / 2018 )
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
ws : 22 - 26 mm according to wikipedia . packard ( 1876 ) has it as 1 . 12
( ~ 28 mm )
is smaller and the pale subapical costal is reduced to nearly obsolete . range : az .
is smaller and temds to have duller wing colloration . range : southern ca .
guenee , m . a . 1857 , uranides et phalentites . tome 2 . histoire naturelle des insectes . spécies général des lépidoptères . 10 : 331
packard , a . s . 1876 . a monograph of the geometrid moths or phalaenidae of the united states . report of the united states geological survey of the territories . 10 : 62 ; pl . 8 , fg . 11
contributed by jason d . roberts on 17 may , 2008 - 2 : 08pm additional contributions by steve nanz , maury heiman , randy hardy last updated 6 november , 2016 - 5 : 35am
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urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
compiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that degree at the county level , and thus i have marked them as comprehensive on inat . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .
many of the names in the cmsd have not bee included in the inat lists i ' ve created . i have tried to import every name from the catalogue of life , bugguide , and ubio , so any names that are still missing are not present in those sources . i have also tried to manually check the remainder against urltoken , i ' ve tried to manually add any taxa that have a species page on mpg , and i ' ve checked for simple misspellings of the kind the google can catch . for the remainder , here are some of the reasons the names are missing :
taxonomic ambiguity : sometimes a name was clearly in use in the past but i can ' t tell how it maps to a current name .
many names in the cmsd have specific epithets that exist in other , unrelatd genera , e . g .
acrolophus inquinatus ,
which may be mistaken entry for hellinsia inquinatus . i have not included these names in an effort to minimize assumptions about the collectors ' intents .
a full listing of all the names i was not able to import can be found here .
source : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 24 22 2015 . ( link )
check lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .
birds of san francisco bay area
.
file should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced
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