toormore ( foaled 19 march 2011 ) is an irish-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse .

he was one of the leading two-year-olds in europe in 2013 when he was undefeated in three races including the vintage stakes and vincent o'brien national stakes .

in 2014 he won the craven stakes and finished third in the queen elizabeth ii stakes .

after failing to win for over a year he returned in 2015 to win the lennox stakes and the international topkapi trophy .

in 2016 he recorded another major win in the bet365 mile .

toormore

feb 2017 : darley announced toormore was removed from service due to insufficient demand .
toormore proving too strong on his racecourse debut at leicester . image copyright of urltoken
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the second horse came travelling up to us very well but toormore showed his courage .
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michael leonard is a company director of toormore engineering limited since 2000 and a listed director of 1 other companies .
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richard hannon said :
toormore is in good form . he switches on when he comes to the racecourse .
toormore’s owners , middleham park racing , will have taken some comfort from shifting power’s victory , which owed much to a determined ride from ryan moore after the colt was first off the bridle , because he is toormore’s work partner .
toormore engineering limited was set up on thursday the 21st of september 2000 . their current address is toormore , burncourt , cahir , co . tipperary , and the company status is normal . the company ' s current directors karen leonard and michael leonard have been the director of 0 other irish companies between them . toormore engineering limited has 2 shareholders .
“he’s not flash and doesn’t show a lot at home , ” hannon said of his national stakes winner , toormore .
if toormore runs the same race as he did in the queen anne stakes , he will go close .
toormore returns to seven furlongs in the group one prix de la foret at longchamp , france on sunday , october 4 .
toormore leads godolphin ' s three - pronged attack on the fred cowley mbe memorial summer mile stakes at ascot on saturday .
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top - class miler toormore will carry the godolphin colours for the remainder of his racing career after being sold by middleham park racing .
richard hannon believes toormore will have a
huge chance
of claiming group one gold in the al shaqab lockinge stakes at newbury .
richard hannon and toormore can take the season ' s first classic , the 2000 guineas . ( photo by alan crowhurst / getty images )
the trials season will continue to roll on to the craven stakes at newmarket next thursday , which is set to feature the return of toormore .
they teased us that they would run toormore in the racing post trophy and they announced no nay never’s year was over when he won the morny .
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workmanlike - in - winning rather than impressive , toormore can improve for his run in the craven stakes . ( photo by alan crowhurst / getty images )
connections of toormore are excited and confident that their star juvenile colt from last year can continue his success at the top - level in the qipco 2000 guineas .
connections of toormore report the four - year - old to be in rude health ahead of his first start of the season in the lockinge stake at newbury .
toormore went on to score by a neck in 1m 43 . 06s on good to soft going , with a length and a half back to breton rock .
richard hannon said :
toormore has come right back to his best this season , winning the lennox stakes at goodwood and another group two in turkey last time .
former champion two - year - olds belardo and toormore spearhead a strong godolphin challenge in the g2 bet365 mile at sandown park , uk , on friday , april 22 .
toormore moved up to take the lead with a quarter - mile remaining but was joined on his outside by dutch connection , who cruised up strongly to dispute the running .
toormore’s last race was in the middle of september and both no nay never and the highly regarded kingman ( unbeaten winner of the solario stakes ) did not run after august .
middleham park racing manager tim palin said :
darley have been interested in toormore for a little while now and we have decided the time is right to let him go .
so it leaves a lot of questions , but with toormore , no nay never and kingston hill all unbeaten in three races there is a lot to look forward to . ”
like toormore and kingman , roger varian’s kingston hill ( 10 / 1 , bet365 ) also boasts unbeaten credentials , but unlike that pair he hasn’t had a run this season yet .
toormore will now head to newbury for the g1 lockinge stakes over a mile on may 14 , a race in which he was beaten a neck by night of thunder in 2015 .
toormore provided middleham park racing with their first group 1 winner as the unbeaten colt made all to give richard hannon and richard hughes their first success in the goffs vincent o’brien national stakes .
“we haven’t had enough mares booked to toormore to justify standing him so we have informed breeders that we have taken him off the roster , ” confirmed darley’s director of stallions sam bullard .
toormore was champion two - year - old in 2013 and catapulted middleham park into a different stratosphere , so we will always be grateful to him , richard hannon and richard hughes .
tim palin , middleham park racing manager , who own toormore , told the racing post : “they ( owners ) are absolutely thrilled to own the champion two - year - old in europe .
ryan moore rides toormore to a win at the novae bloodstock insurance craven stakes at newmarket racecourse on april 17 , 2014 in newmarket , england . ( photo by alan crowhurst / getty images )
a member of his sire ' s fifth crop , which numbered 43 and were conceived the year after dick turpin ' s promising 2 - year - old season , toormore only had a neck to spare when scoring on his debut at leicester at the end of may . on his second start , toormore took the veuve clicquot vintage stakes ( eng - ii ) by a similar margin over
queen elizabeth ii stakes winner olympic glory was victorious in the same race for hannon in 2012 and connections are hoping that toormore is as successful when he runs in newmarket’s british classic on may 3 .
toormore warmed up for his principal early - season target , the g1 lockinge stakes , with a battling victory in the g2 bet365 mile at sandown park , uk , on friday , april 22 .
awarded a rating of 122 , toormore was unbeaten in three races including the group 1 national stakes at the curragh which he won by two and three quarter lengths from the previous group 1 winner surdirman .
toormore has today been unveiled as richard hannon’s first ever champion two - year - old in his last ever season as a trainer , as the european two - year - old classification for 2013 is published .
toormore warmed up for his principal early - season target , the g1 al shaqab lockinge stakes , with a battling victory in the g2 bet365 mile at sandown park , uk , on friday , april 22 .
william buick added :
toormore is such a lovely horse and a real joy to ride . they went very quick but this horse has won like that before and he has also won from the front .
outstrip ties in the form of the national stakes winner toormore , who had just outpointed him in the vintage stakes at goodwood . toormore was having just his second race when stepped up to contest the group 2 race and his subsequent comprehensive victory over sudirman at the curragh in ireland’s top juvenile race , suggests that the hannon stable , so stacked with talent , thought a lot of this son of arakan from an early stage .
toormore is one of five possible starters for owner godolphin . the maktoum family’s operation could also be represented by 2014 group one dewhurst stakes victor belardo , likely pacemaker barchan ( both roger varian ) and dutch connection ( charlie hills ) , runner - up to toormore at sandown last month , plus home of the brave ( hugo palmer ) , a comfortable winner on his seasonal reappearance in the listed richard iii stakes at leicester on april 23 .
trained by richard hannon , initially for the middleham park racing syndicate , toormore was unbeaten in his three starts as a juvenile , culminating in his victory in the g1 goffs vincent o’brien national s . at the curragh . returning at three to win the g3 craven s . , toormore was later sold privately to godolphin , for whom he won the g2 qatar lennox s . , g2 international topkapi trophy in turkey and last year’s g2 bet365 mile .
toormore , who is ridden by james doyle for a fourth consecutive time , lines up against 12 rivals including dual group two scorer limato and poule d ' essai des poulains victor make believe plus course and distance winner taniyar .
premier sale graduate toormore headed a group double for goffs uk at sandown today with victory in the group 2 bet 365 mile , with fellow graduate my dream boat winning the group 3 gordon richards stakes earlier on the card .
toormore is one of four runners for godolphin , with the charlie hills - trained dutch connection and roger varian ' s pair of barchan and belardo , seventh and fourth respectively at sandown , also sporting the royal blue colours .
on toormore’s third and final run last term , he came over to ireland and won the group 1 national stakes , comfortably beating the david wachman - trained sudirman , who had won the group 1 phoenix stakes on his previous run . that is high - class juvenile form , and it will be fascinating to see how toormore fares on his debut as a three - year - old on thursday . timeform rated him the best juvenile in europe last season .
toormore has claims to being the best miler , he ' s already a group one winner and was champion two - year - old , he was only beaten narrowly last year and he must have a huge chance .
two of the first three horses home from last season’s al shaqab lockinge stakes could line up again with runner - up godolphin’s toormore ( richard hannon ) and third - placed arod ( peter chapple - hyam ) both going forward .
toormore , the winner of the group one national stakes at the curragh , was named as champion european two - year - old of 2013 in the official ratings and rankings , which were announced by the british horseracing authority on thursday .
realistically toormore needs to win the craven , but sky lantern got beaten in the nell gwyn before going on to win the 1 , 000 guineas [ last year ] , so it wouldn’t be the end of the world . ”
the son of arakan opened his account year with victory in the bet365 mile at sandown when he had the reopposing dutch connection a neck back in second and that pair clash again , although toormore does not have to concede 3lb this time .
toormore finished fourth in the mile group one queen anne stakes at royal ascot in june and was beaten a neck by stable companion night of thunder in the group one al shaqab lockinge stakes , also over a mile , at newbury in may .
toormore began the season perfectly with a group two victory at sandown on april 22 . arod made his first appearance of 2016 at ascot on april 27 , when he was third to gm hopkins ( john gosden ) in the listed paradise stakes .
toormore is burdened with a 3lb penalty for his neck verdict over dutch connection in the group two bet365 mile at sandown in april , but he is a talented performer as he showed when fourth to tepin in the queen anne stakes at royal ascot .
this should put him spot on for newbury now and we will stick to a mile . he can do seven furlongs no problem and william buick said that toormore has probably got the highest cruising speed of a lot of horses that he has ridden .
richard hannon said :
i am delighted with toormore . i thought that he might need the run - i took him to manton a week ago and he worked very well - and he had a 3lb penalty , so he has done it very well .
rated a + + by truenicks , toormore follows trumpet major as the second group winner sired by arakan out of a danzig line mare . in this regard , it ' s interesting to note that danetime , whose dam was by lear fan ( whose broodmare sire is lt . stevens , a brother to thong ) , did very well when crossed over mares carrying thong ' s descendents such as sadler ' s wells , fairy king , nureyev , and thatch . of course , toormore , a son of nureyev , reverses that pattern .
1993 french film producer , sophie toscan du plantier buys a holiday home in the isolated townland of drinane near toormore outside schull and she uses it as a quiet retreat from her busy life in paris where she is married to french film mogul , daniel toscan du plantier .
“toormore improved markedly with every race and there is no reason to think that he has peaked . the champions of the last six years went on to win seven classics and 26 group 1s . we are shaping up for a really exciting three - year - old season .
toormore ( richard hannon / william buick ) , who was champion two - year - old in 2013 , gained two g2 victories last year , in the seven - furlong qatar lennox stakes at goodwood in july and the international topkapi trophy over a mile at veliefendi , turkey , in september .
, who himself was an impressive winner of the at the races champage stakes ( eng - ii ) on sept . 14 . just a day after outstrip had franked the form , toormore scored the first daylight victory of his life , leading throughout to defeat keeneland phoenix stakes ( ire - i ) winner
toormore ( ire ) b . g , 2011 { 14 - b } dp = 2 - 1 - 13 - 0 - 0 ( 16 ) di = 1 . 46 cd = 0 . 31 - 23 starts , 7 wins , 2 places , 3 shows career earnings : £1 , 053 , 322
a group 1 winner and champion two - year - old , toormore was purchased by peter & ross doyle bloodstock from redpender stud at the 2012 premier yearling sale at doncaster for £36 , 000 . he was raced by middleham park racing and james pak before being sold to godolphin last year . view his pedigree .
kingman set the standard for three - year - old excellence this season with his 4½ - length victory in saturday’s greenham and on thursday it is the turn of toormore , one of the horses he leapfrogged at the top the qipco 2 , 000 guineas market , to show what he is made of in the novae bloodstock insurance craven stakes .
toormore ( ire ) , the champion 2 - year - old colt of 2013 and six - time group winner , will not be standing for darley this season following insufficient demand for his services . the 6 - year - old son of arakan was retired from racing at the end of last year to take up duties at dalham hall stud as part of the darley club .
bred by jimmy murphy of redpender stud under the banner of bec bloodstock , toormore is a son of danetime out ( ire ) ( danetime { ire } ) and is a half - brother to the dual group 2 winner estidhkaar ( ire ) ( dark angel { ire } ) , who was also retired to stud for the 2017 season and stands in ireland at tara stud .
by 2 1 / 2 lengths for the goffs vincent o ' brien national stakes ( ire - i ) . after the race , a stable representative stated that toormore may not run again before next year ' s two thousand guineas ( eng - i ) , and given the way he came home over seven furlongs here , the mile of that classic seems unlikely to be a problem .
he’ll put his unbeaten record on the line against another unbeaten colt in richard hannon’s toormore ( 7 / 1 , ladbrokes ) who made his debut as a sprinter at leicester , where he won by a neck from ertijaal , and built markedly on that run to land the group two vintage stakes at glorious goodwood on his next start , landing the spoils by the same winning margin from outstrip .
the first three horses in the classification – toormore , kingston hill and no nay never – each ran three times , each of them is unbeaten and each won a group 1 on their final start . war command , given the same 119 rating as no nay never , also won a group 1 on his final start having earlier pulled six lengths clear to win the coventry stakes , as well as winning the group 2 futurity .
however , while toormore ’s ( 7 / 1 , ladbrokes ) win in the craven was workmanlike and left plenty of onlookers unimpressed , he did do the job professionally and despite the proximity of 50 / 1 shot the great gatsby giving the race a fairly weak profile when added to the no - show of godolphin’s be ready who finished plumb - last in the race , the earlier form of richard hannon’s runner makes excellent reading , and he is sure to improve for that initial outing .
trained by richard hannon and raced by godolphin , toormore was having his first start this season and claimed a brave win in the group 2 , coming back after being headed in the straight , despite carrying a three pound penalty , to win a swiftly run contest . the five - year - old son of arakan has now won seven of his 17 starts and will contest the group 1 lockinge stakes at newbury with the queen anne stakes at royal ascot and sussex stakes also on the radar .
kingston hill was rated just 2lb lower than toormore last year and , like richard hannon’s horse , he too was unbeaten in three runs as a juvenile . trained by the astute roger varian , the mastercraftsman colt did not make his racecourse debut until september last year , but he won his maiden and a group 3 contest before going on to run out an impressive winner of the group 1 racing post trophy at doncaster . and he achieved all of that in the space of just over a month .
by coincidence , toormore ' s dam , danetime out , is by danetime , who like arakan had rather humble beginnings as a sire . a son of danehill , danetime never won a black - type event , although he was good enough to place third in both the darley july cup ( eng - i ) and haydock park sprint cup ( eng - i ) . despite initially attracting mares of modest quality , danetime would go on to prove himself a very good sire in two hemispheres , getting 32 stakes winners , 20 of them at the group / graded level , including the group i - winning myboycharlie , bushranger , and megatic .
toormore ' s second dam , matila , by the bold ruler grandson persian bold , produced six winners from seven starters , but only one , the dubai duty free ( uae - iii ) second easaar , earned black - type . the third dam , peace girl , was a daughter of dominion , who some might remember carrying dogwood stable ' s colors with distinction in the 1970s before returning for a very successful stud career in england . peace girl captured the nishapour curragh stakes ( ire - iii ) at 2 , an effort that was good enough to earn her a rating as co - champion 2 - year - old filly in ireland . although she never produced a stakes winner , peace girl does also feature as the second dam of david wilson homes jockey club cup ( eng - iii ) scorer hawridge prince and stakes winner hero ' s journey . the family goes back to even better juvenile in star of india , the champion english 2 - year - old filly of 1955 . she is ancestress of numerous outstanding runners , including one thousand guineas ( eng - i ) heroine mrs . mcardy ; champions admire cozzene and ruby tiger ; and group i winners gitano hernando , sweet secret , and seazun .
£59 . 70 to a £1 stake . pool : £45 , 839 . 74 - 559 . 76 winning units
£29 . 50 to a £1 stake . pool : £4 , 170 . 62 - 104 . 32 winning units
distances : hd , 1¾l , 1½l time : 1m 12 . 03s ( slow by 2 . 23s ) total sp : 114 %
distances : 2½l , nk , ¾l time : 57 . 41s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 111 %
distances : hd , ¾l , 3l time : 1m 38 . 66s ( slow by 1 . 46s ) unplaced fav : whatsthemessage 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %
distances : 1¾l , nse , nk time : 2m 53 . 43s ( slow by 7 . 43s ) unplaced fav : luv u whatever 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %
distances : 4l , ¾l , nk time : 1m 29 . 63s ( slow by 2 . 33s ) total sp : 116 %
distances : hd , 1¼l , 2¾l time : 1m 31 . 16s ( slow by 3 . 86s ) unplaced fav : different journey 5 / 2f total sp : 117 %
was keen early but made some good late progress and looks one for nurseries .
£144 . 30 to a £1 stake . pool : £63 , 971 . 93 - 323 . 42 winning units
£24 . 00 to a £1 stake . pool : £4 , 618 . 12 - 141 . 81 winning units
distances : 4½l , 1½l , shd time : 1m 13 . 63s ( slow by 3 . 13s ) total sp : 115 %
distances : 1½l , 1¼l , shd time : 1m 39 . 73s ( slow by 2 . 03s ) unplaced fav : shamaheart 7 / 2f total sp : 117 %
distances : nk , 18l , 8l time : 2m 34 . 18s ( slow by 2 . 68s ) total sp : 108 %
distances : nk , 4l , nk time : 2m 2 . 05s ( slow by 1 . 75s ) unplaced fav : lamloom 9 / 4j total sp : 109 %
distances : 7l , 9l , nk time : 1m 38 . 94s ( slow by 1 . 24s ) total sp : 114 %
distances : 1l , nk , 2l time : 1m 29 . 86s total sp : 113 %
distances : hd , 2¼l , 1¼l time : 1m 31 . 21s unplaced fav : alfirak 6 / 4f total sp : 119 %
distances : ¾l , 1¼l , nk time : 2m 11 . 38s ( slow by 3 . 38s ) unplaced fav : check your pockets 9 / 4f total sp : 112 %
pick six : not won . 24 , 281 . 38 carried forward to roscommon tuesday . tote aggregates : 2017 ; 296 , 281 . 2018 ; 128 , 518
£20 . 90 to a £1 stake . pool : £88 , 688 . 16 - 3 , 097 . 60 winning units
£11 . 10 to a £1 stake . pool : £6 , 385 . 65 - 424 . 16 winning units
distances : nk , nk , 1l time : 1m 13 . 14s ( slow by 2 . 94s ) total sp : 123 %
distances : ¾l , 2l , hd time : 1m 13 . 86s ( slow by 3 . 66s ) total sp : 121 %
distances : nk , 1¼l , 1l time : 2m 12 . 59s ( slow by 8 . 09s ) total sp : 111 %
distances : shd , hd , 2l time : 1m 45 . 90s ( slow by 5 . 30s ) unplaced fav : brigand 11 / 10f total sp : 111 %
distances : 2l , nse , 2l time : 1m 48 . 09s ( slow by 7 . 49s ) total sp : 122 %
distances : 4½l , nk , 1l time : 2m 32 . 25s ( slow by 8 . 75s ) total sp : 113 %
£134 . 50 to a £1 stake . pool : £70 , 403 . 42 - 382 . 07 winning units
£31 . 10 to a £1 stake . pool : £7 , 689 . 58 - 182 . 62 winning units
distances : 1¾l , 1l , nk time : 1m 15 . 80s ( slow by 3 . 60s ) total sp : 125 %
distances : nk , 1¾l , hd time : 1m 31 . 96s ( slow by 5 . 86s ) unplaced fav : cupid ' s arrow 4 / 1j , be bold 4 / 1j total sp : 122 %
distances : ½l , 13l , nse time : 2m 40 . 17s ( slow by 5 . 17s ) total sp : 119 %
£294 . 80 to a £1 stake . pool : £64 , 468 . 45 - 159 . 62 winning units
£54 . 30 to a £1 stake . pool : £5 , 729 . 64 - 77 . 96 winning units
distances : 6l , shd , 4½l time : 5m 49 . 80s ( slow by 14 . 80s ) unplaced fav : master sunrise 6 / 4f total sp : 115 %
newton geronimo was withdrawn . price at time of withdrawal 13 / 8f . rule 4 applies to all bets - deduction 35p in the pound
distances : 1½l , hd , 2½l time : 3m 42 . 80s ( slow by 2 . 80s ) unplaced fav : tommy hallinan 9 / 4j total sp : 117 %
distances : 6l , 11l , hd time : 5m 44 . 60s ( slow by 22 . 60s ) total sp : 116 %
distances : nk , 2l , 1¾l time : 3m 44 . 70s ( slow by 4 . 70s ) unplaced fav : excellent team 100 / 30f total sp : 113 %
distances : 1¾l , ½l , nk time : 2m 2 . 21s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 120 %
pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 90 place 1 . 70 , 2 . 00 , 4 . 40 df 7 . 80 sf 12 . 90
distances : ¾l , ½l , nse time : 2m 31 . 62s ( slow by 2 . 62s ) unplaced fav : north hunter 12 / 5f total sp : 121 %
pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 25 . 60 place 5 . 70 , 2 . 90 , 2 . 80 df 110 . 70 sf 295 . 60
distances : hd , ¾l , ½l time : 1m 27 . 55s ( slow by 4 . 25s ) total sp : 120 %
pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 1 . 80 , 2 . 40 , 1 . 60 df 28 . 80 sf 58 . 00
distances : nse , 1½l , snk time : 1m 52 . 14s ( slow by 3 . 64s ) unplaced fav : flowrider evensf total sp : 121 %
pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 1 . 50 ( coupled with flowrider ) place 1 . 80 , 1 . 90 sf 8 . 00
pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 30 place 4 . 10 , 5 . 10 , 4 . 10 df 64 . 60 sf 146 . 60
distances : hd , 1l , snk time : 1m 25 . 85s ( slow by 2 . 55s ) total sp : 121 %
pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 2 . 00 , 3 . 80 , 3 . 00 df 31 . 40 sf 55 . 20
pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 70 place 1 . 90 , 2 . 20 , 1 . 90 df 26 . 60 sf 50 . 50
distances : snk , 1¼l , 1¾l time : 2m 3 . 57s ( slow by 1 . 57s ) unplaced fav : ducale di maremma 14 / 5f total sp : 121 %
pari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 11 . 80 place 3 . 70 , 3 . 10 , 6 . 60 df 37 . 80 sf 87 . 60
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ironically for a trainer who was initially famed for his success with two - year - olds , the colt , rated 122 , was the first juvenile champion for richard hannon - in his last season .
the charlie hills trained chriselliam , rated 117 , was the top juvenile filly following wins in the fillies’ mile and breeders’ cup juvenile fillies .
however rather than describe the class of 2013 as either a vintage crop or a poor lot matthew tester , the handicapper , described it as the year of “unfinished business” because so few of the top horses turned out after the end of august .
“it is a very exciting bunch but , for me , it was a bit like matrix 2 – it never got to a climax .
we did not see many of these guys later on in the season . you only find out how good they are when the top horses take each other on and a lot were not asked the big question .
“there is no evidence to suggest that campaigning horses to be champion two - year - old is detrimental to their three - year - old career .
the last six champions have gone on to win seven classics and 26 group ones . there is no reason to protect them .
“i was particularly disappointed not to see australia , who aidan o’brien was calling the greatest ever , again after he won the group three golden fleece in early september .
tester also wondered how chriselliam managed to get beaten on three of her first four starts before landing group ones either side of the atlantic .
“the key , though , ” he said , “is what happens when she gets her backside in gear . i liken her to finsceal beo , the champion filly of 2006 , who also got stuffed in a tralee nursery and curragh sales race before winning the boussac and rockfel .
the following season she won the guineas , irish guineas and was just touched off in the french guineas . ”
last year tester named just the judge , then a 20 - 1 shot for the guineas , as his dark horse and this year he believes the aidan o’brien trained indian maharaja , a well - bred facile winner of both starts at two , as a group winner in waiting for 2014 .
as was pretty much already known black caviar and treve shared top billing of 130 in the longines world best racehorses of 2013 , also announced on thursday .
hannon also had the only two british trained horses in the top 10 , olympic glory and toronado .
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a member of his sire ' s fifth crop , the 2 - year - old colt is now 3 - for - 3 .
a look back through the records of major races will soon demonstrate that almost any stallion can sire one good horse . thus , it wasn ' t particularly notable when arakan—who retired to stud in ireland for €5 , 000—came up with
, dick turpin was good enough to win nine of 20 starts , six in group races , including the prix jean prat ( fr - i ) and gran premio vittorio di capua ( ity - i ) .
, a four - time group winner in england . there is an oft used saying that
two swallows does not a summer make ,
but arakan now has a third swallow , albeit an autumnal one , in the shape of
, red ransom , and danzig being among those who come to mind . arakan , however , was cast from a totally different mold . with 24 starts over four seasons , arakan ' s record gives a very clear idea of what he was as a racehorse . the picture that emerges from his endeavors shows arakan to have been a tough , progressive performer who was good enough to win group races but was some way short of the best .
placed twice at 2 , he won a one - mile maiden first time out at 3 , then added a seven - furlong handicap at york before taking second in the jersey stakes ( eng - iii ) at royal ascot over the same trip . although arakan did not add to the win column over the remainder of the year , he did confirm that he belonged in group company with a second in the lennox stakes ( eng - ii ) and a third in the victor chandler challenge stakes ( eng - ii ) . the following year , arakan gained his first black - type victories , taking the ngk spark plugs abernant stakes and the bango criterion stakes ( eng - iii ) . despite having good form at six furlongs and a mile , arakan seemed to be one of those seven - furlong specialists , and as a 5 - year - old he made his final six starts over that trip . successful in the vcbet city of york stakes in august , arakan showed himself to be as good as—if not better than—ever on his final two outings , taking the merbury catering consultants supreme stakes ( eng - iii ) and finishing third to group i winner le vie dei colori in the vcbet challenge stakes ( eng - ii ) .
while arakan ' s race record is not out of the top drawer , there is more to be said for his pedigree , at least , when one really digs into it . he is a son of nureyev , and his dam is half sister to group / graded winners donkey engine and petit poucet ( also third in the group i french two thousand guineas ) , who are both by nureyev ' s three - quarter brother fairy king . the family goes quiet for a couple of generations , but arakan ' s fourth dam , georgica , is a half sister to kentucky derby ( gr . i ) victor cannonade . they are out of queen sucree , a half sister to halo and daughter of cosmah . arakan ' s third dam , rythmique , is by the minstrel , and so is 4x4 to almahmoud , who appears as granddam of the minstrel ' s sire , northern dancer , and as dam of cosmah . rhythmique is also similarly - bred to the french two thousand guineas captor l ' emigrant , who was by the minstrel out of cosmah ' s granddaughter suprina .
at 2 : 1st national s . ( ire - g1 ) 1400m , vintage s . ( gb - g2 ) 1400m
at 3 : 1st craven s . ( gb - g3 ) 1600m ; 2nd lennox s . ( gb - g2 ) 1400m ; 3rd queen elizabeth ii s . ( gb - g1 ) 1600m , international topkapi trophy ( tur - g2 ) 1600m
euthanized in march 2018 after suffering a serious leg injury in training in dubai . ( close )
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2017 was a record year for company start - ups in ireland while insolvencies went through a levelling off period .
we are in acceleration mode and ireland has taken its place as europe ' s fastest growing economy . many aspects of that recovery are demonstrated in our 2017 annual review .
from start to finish we have been very happy with leon’s service . he is responsive and pays great attention to detail .
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we found leon to be efficient , responsible and competent and have no hesitation in recommending him .
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i take every project from design stage to construction and completion , and i take my clients through the whole process with me .
i have to say that leon’s technical expertise has been invaluable and i find the suggestions that he comes up with to be very creative indeed .
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i only source the most skilled and reliable tradesmen from west cork , reducing our carbon footprint while also boosting local employment .
we found him to be very professional to deal with . he immediately understood our desire to be sympathetic to the local environment .
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leon is also very efficient and contactable which is important in ensuring that a job is done quickly .
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leon has always resolved issues and liaised with other professionals when required . i can highly recommend him as a consultant .
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leon project managed the job as we live in dublin and we were building in west cork . we had every confidence in him and we could sleep easy at night knowing that he was on top of things .
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leon was the person for the job as he transcends all divides when it comes to design and planning .
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jules thomas and ian bailey pictured leaving the four courts earlier this month . photograph : collins .
1991 : english journalist , ian bailey moves to ireland and settles in west cork where he meets welsh artist , jules thomas and sets up home with her and her three daughters at the prairie , liscaha , schull .
1995 marie farrell moves to schull with her husband , chris farrell and their five children from glanmire near cork city following their return to ireland from london and they open a craft shop and ice cream parlour in the west cork village .
1996 , december 23rd : the badly beaten body of sophie toscan du plantier ( 39 ) is found in her night clothes near the laneway leading to her holiday home by her neighbour , shirley foster . gardaí , under supt jp twomey of bantry garda station , begin a murder inquiry .
1997 , january 11th : marie farrell rings bandon garda station from a public phone box in cork city , using the alias fiona , to tell them that she saw a man by kealfadda bridge around 3am on the night that ms toscan du plantier was murdered .
1997 , january 20th : chief supt noel smith of west cork garda division issues an appeal on crimeline asking fiona to contact them in confidence at bandon garda station regarding her information about seeing a man at kealfadda bridge on december 23rd , 1996 .
1997 , january 21st : marie farrell again rings bandon garda station regarding her sighting of the man at kealfadda bridge . she again uses the alias fiona for this call which was made from a public phone box in leap in west cork .
1997 , january 24th : marie farrell makes a third phone call , again using the name fiona to tell gardaí that she will not be calling into bandon garda station to meet the investigation team as they requested . gardaí trace the call to the farrell home at crew bay in schull .
1997 , february 4th : schoolboy , malachi reid gives a statement to gardaí that when giving him a lift home , ian bailey told him that he killed ms toscan du plantier , saying that he “went up there with a rock and bashed her fucking brains out” .
1997 , february 10th : ian bailey is arrested at his home at for the murder of sophie toscan du plantier . he is taken to bandon garda station where he is photographed by freelance photographer , mike browne going into the garda station . he is later released without charge . his partner , jules thomas is also arrested at the prairie and taken to bandon garda station . she too is later released without charge . she later says that det supt dermot dwyer meets her in the station and tells her that “the forensics will sort it out” .
1997 , april 17th : state pathologist , dr john harbison tells an inquest into ms toscan du plantier’s death that she died from multiple injuries including laceration of the brain and a fracture of the skull , caused by a blunt instrument .
1997 , september 29th : state solicitor for west cork , malachy boohig sends a 2 , 000 page file on the murder to the dpp . he receives a letter back on 8th october from law officer , robert sheehan with a series of questions for gardaí and no charges are brought .
1997 , december 18th : fine gael spokesman on justice jim higgins claims in the dáil that a series of requests by ms toscan du plantier’s family for information on the murder file has been ignored but this is denied by minister for justice john o’donoghue . mr o’donoghue confirms the department of justice had received “a request for mutual assistance in a criminal matter” from the french authorities in april at a time when the rainbow coalition government was in power . he said the french were seeking “very sensitive material relating to the garda investigation” and “clearly it would be important not to prejudice the garda investigation or any subsequent prosecution by the premature disclosure of information to third parties” .


ischnodemus variegatus is a species of insect in the order of true bugs known by the common name myakka bug .

it is native to central and south america .

it is also known as an introduced species in florida in the united states .

this bug is elongated in shape with an m-shaped mark at the wing-cover bases .

the female is about 7 millimeters long and the male is about 6 millimeters .

the adult can fly , but each flight is just a jump of a few meters at most , and the gravid female tends not to fly .

the adult and juvenile produce a noxious scent when disturbed .

the female lays masses of up to 38 eggs each , with an average of 12 .

the egg is about 3 millimeters long and white when freshly laid , turning red in time .

the egg mass is usually deposited near the attachment of the leaf sheath to the stem of a plant .

the eggs hatch in about 12 days .

the newly emerged nymph is about 1.5 millimeters long .

there are five instars .

the new nymphs remain in a group near their eggs , and later hide under the leaf sheaths .

there they suck sap from the plant tissues .

by the fifth instar stage , many nymphs have dispersed and become solitary .

the fifth-instar nymph is about 5.5 millimeters long .

nymphal development takes about 29 days .

the main host plant for the bug is west indian marsh grass ( hymenachne amplexicaulis ) .

the bug is occasionally able to complete its life cycle on other plants , including water paspalum ( paspalum repens ) , beaked panicgrass ( panicum anceps ) , and fire flag ( thalia geniculata ) , but this is rare .

west indian marsh grass is a semiaquatic perennial grass that forms dense stands by spreading via stolons .

it is native to tropical central and south america , where it is utilized for forage on flood-prone land .

it has occasionally been introduced to other regions as a pasture grass , such as queensland .

it was noted as an introduced species in florida by the 1970s and it is still a notorious noxious weed of wetland habitats , where its thick stands displace native flora .

in 2000 , i. variegatus was discovered feeding voraciously on the weed in myakka river state park in sarasota county , florida .

damage by the bug causes a red discoloration of the leaves , followed by browning and the death of the plant .

the bug reduces photosynthesis , growth , and biomass .

because it is efficient and host-specific , the bug has been suggested as a potential agent of biological pest control for the weed .

among the natural enemies of the bug are a scelionid wasp of the genus eumicrosoma , which is an egg parasitoid , and the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana .

this species was formerly treated as synonymous with ischnodemus oblongus .

ischnodemus variegatus

as mentioned above , both ischnodemus variegatus and hymenachne amplexicaulis now occur in florida .
the taxonomic status of this species was reviewed by slater ( 1987 ) who raised ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) from synonymy with ischnodemus oblongus fabricius .
figure 1 . adult female myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
figure 2 . scent gland of an adult myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
slater ja . 1987 . the taxonomic status of ischnodemus oblongus ( fabricius ) and ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) ( hemiptera : lygaeidae : blissinae ) . journal of the new york entomological society 95 : 294 - 297 .
the native distribution of ischnodemus variegatus includes central and south america . collection records indicate hymenachne amplexicaulis may be the only host ( baranowski 1979 , slater 1987 ) .
brambila j , santana f . 2004 . first records for ischnodemus variegatus ( hemiptera : blissidae ) in north america . florida entomologist 87 : 585 - 586 .
population outbreaks of ischnodemus variegatus during the summer produce a major stress on west indian marsh grass plants growing in poor conditions ( shallow canals ) . however , plants growing in resource rich environments ( deep floodplains , high nutrients runoff ) can sustain some damage by ischnodemus variegatus without impact on the plant ' s reproductive output ( diaz 2008 ) .
brambila j , santana f . 2004 . first records for ischnodemus variegatus ( hemiptera : blissidae ) in north america . florida entomologist 87 : 585 - 586 ( full text )
due to economic and ecological importance of grasses , scientists at the university of florida studied the host range of ischnodemus variegatus . they found that hymenachne amplexicaulis is the preferred host of ischnodemus variegatus in laboratory and field conditions . in laboratory conditions , developmental host range of ischnodemus variegatus was examined on 57 plant species across seven plant families . complete development was obtained from hymenachne amplexicaulis ( 23 . 4 % ) , compared to water paspalum , paspalum repens ( 0 . 4 % ) ; beaked panicgrass , panicum anceps ( 2 . 2 % ) ; and fire flag , thalia geniculata ( 0 . 3 % ) . in field experiments , hymenachne amplexicaulis had higher densities of ischnodemus variegatus than other species ( diaz et al . 2009 ) .
figure 10 . geographical information system map showing the predicted number of generations of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) , in florida . illustration by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
diaz r . 2008 . biology , host specificity and impact of ischnodemus variegatus , a herbivore of hymenachne amplexicaulis . ph . d . thesis , university of florida , gainesville , fl . 187 pp .
damaged leaves turn dark red , due to the accumulation of anthocyanins ( a type of pigment in the host plant ) . persistent infestations eventually result in leaves turning brown and dying . feeding effects of ischnodemus variegatus diminish carbon dioxide assimilation , growth rate , photosynthetic capacity and biomass of hymenachne amplexicaulis ( overholt et al . 2004 ) . greenhouse experiments demonstrated that ischnodemus variegatus feeding damage negatively affected growth of hymenachne amplexicaulis seedlings ( diaz 2008 ) .
diaz r , overholt wa , cuda jp , pratt pd , fox a . 2009 . host specificity of ischnodemus variegatus , a herbivore of west indian marsh grass ( hymenachne amplexicaulis ) . biocontrol 54 : 307 - 321 .
figure 5 . first instar nymph of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . average length is 1 . 45 mm ( ± 0 . 28 , n = 23 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
figure 6 . second instar nymph of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . average length is 2 . 70 mm ( ± 0 . 39 , n = 47 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
figure 7 . third instar nymph of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . average length is 3 . 06 mm ( ± 0 . 31 , n = 42 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
figure 8 . fourth instar nymph of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . average length is 3 . 95 mm ( ± 0 . 32 , n = 53 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
figure 9 . fifth instar nymph of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . average length is 5 . 45 mm ( ± 0 . 43 , n = 46 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
figure 3 . differences between the ventral sclerites at the tip of the abdomen of adult myakka bugs , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . female sclerites ( top ) ; male sclerites ( bottom ) . photographs by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
figure 13 . west indian marsh grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ( poaceae ) , exhibiting signs of stress induced by feeding damage from the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
overholt wa , ewe s , diaz r , morgan ec , moeri oe . 2004 . feeding effects of ischnodemus variegatus ( hemiptera : blissidae ) on photosynthesis and growth of hymenachne amplexicaulis ( poaceae ) . florida entomologist 87 : 312 - 316 .
scientists developed a temperature - dependent development model to predict the number of generations that ischnodemus variegates could complete per year at different locations in florida . in north florida , the model predicts that ischnodemus variegatus can complete two to three generations per year . in south florida , the predicted number of generations increases to four to five per year ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .
developmental time and survival of eggs as well as immature stages are affected by temperature . when ischnodemus variegatus is exposed to low temperatures from 8°c ( 46 . 4°f ) to 18°c ( 64 . 4°f ) and to a high temperature of 38°c ( 100 . 4°°f ) , low survivorship occurs . nymphs died within a few days at higher temperatures of 38°c ( 100 . 4°f ) and after weeks at lower extreme temperatures , suggesting that ischnodemus variegatus has a broader lower temperature threshold compared to the upper threshold .
ischnodemus variegatus has two natural enemies in florida : the egg parasitoid eumicrosoma sp . ( hymenoptera : scelionidae ) and the entomopathogen beauveria bassiana ( balsamo ) vuillemin ( deuteromycotina : hyphomycetes ) . the egg parasitoid was identified as a potentially accidentally introduced , non - native species for north america ( t . nuhn 2005 , personal communication ) . it attacks young and old eggs , and parasitized eggs turn black . field sampling in florida demonstrated that the impact of these natural enemies is minimal to ischnodemus variegatus populations .
nymphs : ischnodemus variegatus has five nymphal instars . instars initially remain aggregated near the site of oviposition , or egg laying . later nymphal instars migrate to tightly appressed spaces between leaves and stems . fourth and 5th instars are darker in color than early instars .
the optimal temperature range for development and survival is between 28°c ( 82 . 4°f ) and 33°c ( 91 . 4°f ) . these ideal conditions for ischnodemus variegatus development match with the weather conditions in central florida from april to october ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .
in 2000 , the
myakka bug ,
ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) ( hemiptera : blissidae ) , was first reported causing severe damage to hymenachne amplexicaulis at myakka river state park , sarasota county , florida ( brambila and santana 2004 ) . ischnodemus variegatus was identified as a new record for the continental united states by the florida department of agriculture and consumer services ( fdacs ) ( halbert 2000 ) . research was conducted by university of florida scientists on the biology , host specificity , and potential impact for this newly introduced , exotic insect species .
figure 4 . egg mass of the myakka bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) , on culm of the west indian marsh grrass hymenachne amplexicaulis . the eggs are 2 . 97 mm in length ( ± 0 . 13 , n = 25 ) . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
diaz r , overholt wa , cuda jp , pratt pd , fox a . 2008 . temperature - dependent development , survival , and potential distribution of ischnodemus variegatus ( hemiptera : blissidae ) , a herbivore of west indian marsh grass . annals of the entomological society of america 101 : 604 - 612 .
the influence of ischnodemus variegatus feeding on photosynthesis and growth of the invasive semi - aquatic grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis , was investigated in field and greenhouse environments . in the field , carbon dioxide assimilation of infested plants was approximately 35 % less than that of non - infested plants , and the rate of assimilation was related to i . variegatus density . the relative growth rate of infested plants in the greenhouse was 77 % of that of non - infested plants , and biomass of infested plants was significantly less than for non - infested plants 79 days after infestation . the value of i . variegatus as a fortuitous biological control agent of h . amplexicaulis is discussed . view this article in bioone
west indian marsh grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis rudge ( nees ) ( poaceae ) , is an emergent wetland plant that is native to south and central america as well as portions of the caribbean , but is considered invasive in florida usa . the neotropical bug , ischnodemus variegatus ( signoret ) ( hemiptera : lygaeoidea : blissidae ) was observed feeding on h . amplexicaulis in florida in 2000 . to assess whether this insect could be considered as a specialist biological control agent or potential threat to native and cultivated grasses , the host specificity of i . variegatus was studied under laboratory and field conditions . developmental host range was examined on 57 plant species across seven plant families . complete development was obtained on h . amplexicaulis ( 23 . 4 % survivorship ) , paspalum repens ( 0 . 4 % ) , panicum anceps ( 2 . 2 % ) and thalia geniculata ( 0 . 3 % ) . adults survived 1 . 6 times longer and laid 6 . 6 times more eggs on h . amplexicaulis than the other species . oviposition on suboptimal host species was positively related to i . variegatus density under multiple choice conditions . results from field experiments indicated that h . amplexicaulis had higher densities of i . variegatus than other species . spill - over to suboptimal hosts occurred in an area where h . amplexicaulis was growing in poor conditions and there was a high density of i . variegatus . thus , laboratory and field studies demonstrate that i . variegatus had higher performance on h . amplexicaulis compared to any other host , and that suboptimal hosts could be colonized temporarily .
slater ja , wilcox db . 1969 . a revision of the genus ischnodemus in the neotropical region ( hemiptera : lygaeidae : blissinae ) . miscellaneous publications of the entomological society of america 6 : 199 - 238 .
baranowski rm . 1979 . notes on the biology of ischnodemus oblongus and i . fulvipes with descriptions of the immature stages ( hemiptera : lygaeidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america 72 : 655 - 658 .
members of the genus ischnodemus are characterized by elongate , parallel sided bodies , closed fore coxal cavities , terete ( cylindrical ) antennae , a straight apical ( tip ) margin , and a forewing membrane with a distinctive morphological texture ( i . e . the clause and corium are well differentiated ) ( slater and wilcox 1969 ) . slater ( 1976 ) classified this genus as a ' type i ' body shape which includes species with elongate , slender body shape that is usually slightly flattened . the ' type i ' body shape is advantageous for insects living on the stems of grasses .
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west indian marsh grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ( poaceae ) , is a robust , stoloniferous , semiaquatic , perennial grass native to the neotropics ( tropical central and south america ) . this perennial grass is considered valuable forage in its native range ( tejos 1978 , enriquez - quiroz et al . 2006 ) . it reproduces from stolons or seeds in areas with fluctuating water levels and can survive long periods of flooding , but only persists along the edges of permanent deep water ( tejos 1980 ) . west indian marsh grass is especially adapted to low lying fresh water wetlands and flood plains containing high nutrient and sediment influx ( csurches et al . 1999 ) .
in the 1970s and 1980s , hymenachne amplexicaulis began invading wetlands in florida ( langeland and craddock - burks 1998 ) . although the introduction pathway of this grass into florida is uncertain , intentional introduction into florida is possible due to its high forage value ( antel et al . 1998 , diaz et al . 2009 , kibbler and bahnisch 1999 ) . hymenachne amplexicaulis , a florida exotic pest plant council category i invasive plant , competitively displaces native vegetation in wetland areas due to its aggressive growth patterns during the rainy season ( diaz et al . 2009 , fleppc 2009 ) .
in 1988 , hymenachne amplexicaulis was released in queensland for use as
ponded pasture
( csurhes 1999 ) .
laboratory and field observations indicate the 1st through 4th instars are typically found in aggregations while 5th instars and adults are often observed exploring as individuals . if nymphs or adults are disturbed , they secrete a strong odor from the scent glands located in the thorax and abdomen ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .
adults : females ( 7 . 23 mm in length , ± 0 . 56 , n = 28 ) are larger than males ( 6 . 05 mm in length , ± 0 . 22 , n = 49 ) and both genders have a distinctive
m
pattern at the base of the hemelytra . female sclerites ( hardened plates ) at the ventral , or top side , tip of the abdomen are triangular in shape . the last sclerites of males are more rounded .
adult flying is restricted to short hops of a few meters or less . gravid females mostly walk , possibly due the large size of their abdomens ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .
eggs : the egg length is approximately 3 mm ( 0 . 1 inches ) . eggs are laid in masses ( averaging 12 eggs per mass , with a range of 1 to 38 ) between the leaf sheath and the culm ( or stem of the plant ) , preferentially near the node . newly deposited eggs are white and older eggs turn bright red ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .
average total development time from egg to adult is 40 days . eggs take an average of 12 days to hatch at 30 . 5° c ( 86 . 9°f ) . the nymphal stage reaches adulthood in an average of 29 days at 30 . 5° c ( 86 . 9°f ) . the preoviposition period is about seven days at 28°c ( 82 . 4°f ) ( diaz et al . 2008 ) . females lay their eggs in tight spaces between the leaf sheath and the stem . when the eggs hatch , the 1st instar nymph remains together near the site of emergence ( diaz et al . 2008 ) .
figure 11 . monoculture of west indian marsh grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ( poaceae ) , at myakka river state park , sarasota county , florida . august 2003 . photograph by rodrigo diaz , university of florida .
the seasonal cycle of hymenachne amplexicaulis in florida begins in spring during seed germination and new shoot growth . increases in the water level as well as favorable day - length and temperature in the summer allow the grass to grow aggressively . maximum biomass for hymenachne amplexicaulis is reached by late summer . later in the fall , short days trigger flower production ( tropical weeds research centre 2006 ) . during winter , some parts of the grass die , but the stolons and seeds remain dormant underwater until spring . based on herbarium specimens collected in the native range , a predictive model of the potential distribution of hymenachne amplexicaulis in florida was created suggests that its northern limit in florida will be alachua county .
figure 12 . model prediction of climate suitability for west indian marsh grass , hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ( poaceae ) , in florida , using herbarium specimens from new york and missouri botanical gardens . illustration by rodrigo diaz , university of florida
antel npr , werger mja , medina e . 1998 . nitrogen distribution and leaf area indices in relation to photosynthetic nitrogen efficiency in savanna grasses . plant ecology 138 : 63 - 75 .
csurhes sm , mackey ap , fitzsimmons l . ( june 1999 ) . hymenache ( hymenachne amplexicaulis ) in queensland . queensland department of employment , economic development and innovation . ( 6 february 2013 ) .
enriquez - quiroz jf , quero - carrillo ar , hernandez - garay a , garcia - moya e . 2006 . azuche , hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees , forage genetic resources for floodplains in tropical mexico . genetic resources and crop evolution 53 : 1405 - 1412 .
fleppc . ( fall 2009 ) . florida exotic pest plant council 2009 list of invasive species . florida exotic pest plant council . ( 6 february 2013 ) .
halbert se . ( october 2000 ) . entomology section . trilogy 39 ( 5 ) . fdcas - division of plant industry .
kibbler h , bahnish lm . 1999 . physiological adaptations of hymenachne amplexicaulis to flooding . australian journal of experimental agriculture 39 : 429 - 435 .
langeland ka , craddock - burks k . 1998 . identification and biology of non - native plants in florida ' s natural areas . university press of florida , gainesville . 165 pp .
nuhn t . 2005 . personal communication . usda agricultural research service . museum specialist . systematic entomology laboratory . washington , dc .
slater ja . 1976 . monocots and chinch bugs : a study of host plant relationships in the lygaeid subfamily blissinae ( hempitera : lygaeidae ) . biotropica 8 : 143 - 165 .
tejos mr 1978 . effect of age on the productivity of paja de agua grass ( hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ) in a controlled flooding savannah . agronomia tropical 28 : 613 - 626 .
tejos mr . 1980 . production of water straw grass ( hymenachne amplexicaulis ( rudge ) nees ) during a savanna period . congreso venezolano zootecnia guanare ( venezuela ) p . 24 .
tropical weeds research centre . ( august 2006 ) control methods and cases studies , hymenachne amplexicaulis . queensland department of natural resources , minas and water . urltoken ( 6 february 2013 ) .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
first collected in the us in sarasota co . , fl on 9 / 21 / 2000
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
we express our gratitude to dennis giardina and mike barry , florida panther preserve , for collection and identification of grasses . diana cordeau , jackie markle , brittany evans , yordana valenzuela , brianne schobert , freddy soza , douglas gonzalez , veronica manrique , fabian diaz and larry markle provided great support during the data collection . paul benshoff and diane donaghy from myakka river state park provided support during the development of this project . several grasses were identified by mark a . garland at fdacs , dpi - gainesville . two anonymous reviewers provided useful comments . the university of florida - institute of food and agricultural sciences , florida department of environmental protection and the charlotte harbor national estuary program provided financial support for the project .
with descriptions of the immature stages ( hemiptera : lygaeidae ) . ann entomol soc am 72 : 655–658
baranowski rm , slater ja ( 2005 ) the lygaiedae of the west indies . agricultural experimental station , institute of food and agricultural sciences , university of florida , gainesville , fl , 402 pp
bernays ea , chapman rf ( 1994 ) host plant selection by phytophagous insects . chapman & hall , new york , 312 pp
bernays e , graham m ( 1988 ) on the evolution of host specificity in phytophagous arthropods . ecology 69 : 886–892
( rudge ) nees , forage genetic resources for floodplains in tropical mexico . genet resour crop ev 53 : 1405–1412
species of america north of mexico ( hemiptera : lygaeidae : blissinae ) . occ pap univ conn biol sci ser . 2 6 : 47–56
heard ta ( 2000 ) concepts in host selection behavior and their application to host specificity testing . in : van driesche rg , heard ta , mcclay a , reardon r ( eds ) host - specificity testing of exotic arthropod biological control agents : the biological basis for improvement in safety . usda forest health technology enterprise team , fhtet - 99 - 1 , morgantown , usa , pp 1–10
: effects on plant , macroinvertebrate and fish biodiversity in the fitzroy river , central queensland , australia . mar freshwater res 53 : 1235–1244
sas institute ( 1999 ) sas / stat user’s guide . sas institute , cary , nc
schoonhoven lm , van loon jja , dicke m ( 2005 ) insect - plant biology . oxford university press , oxford , uk
slater ja ( 1976 ) monocots and chinch bugs : a study of host plant relationships in the lygaeid subfamily blissinae ( hemiptera : lygaeidae ) . biotropica 8 : 143–165
( signoret ) ( hemiptera : lygaeidae : blissinae ) . j new york entomol soc 95 : 294–297
slater ja , baranowski rm ( 1990 ) lygaeidae of florida ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) , vol 14 . arthropods of florida and neighboring land areas . florida department of agriculture and consumer services , gainesville , florida 211 pp
in the neotropical region ( hemiptera : lygaeidae : blissinae ) . misc publ entomol soc am 6 : 199–238
slater ja , wilcox db ( 1973 ) the chinch bugs or blissinae of south africa ( hemiptera : lygaeidae ) . mem entomol soc s afr 12 : 1–135
soreng rj , davidse g , peterson pm , zuloaga fo , judziewicz ej , filgueiras ts , morrone o ( 2007 ) catalog of new world grasses .
( rudge ) nees ) in a controlled flooding savannah . agronomia tropical 28 : 613–626
united states department of agriculture ( usda ) , animal and plant inspection service ( aphis ) , plant protection and quarantine ( ppq ) ( 2000 ) reviewer’s manual for the technical advisory group of biological control agents of weeds : guidelines for evaluating the safety of candidate biological control agents . 224 pp
van klinken rd ( 2000 ) host specificity testing : why we do it and how can we do it better ? in : r . van driesche , t . heard , a . mcclay , & r . reardon ( eds . ) , proceedings : host specificity testing of exotic arthropod biological control agents : the biological basis for improvement in safety . forest service , morgantown , west virginia , pp 54–68
wapshere aj ( 1989 ) a testing sequence for reducing rejection of potential biological control agents for weeds . ann appl biol 114 : 515–526
wunderlin rp , hansen bf ( 2004 ) atlas of florida vascular plants . [ s . m . landry and k . n . campbell ( application development ) , florida center for community design and research . ] institute for systematic botany , university of south florida , tampa . available via .
william a . overholt , sharon m . l . ewe , rodrigo diaz , eric c . morgan , onour e . moeri
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omalogyra is a genus of minute marine gastropod molluscs in the family omalogyridae .

this genus includes the smallest gastropods , with adult sizes of 1 mm and even less .

omalogyra

variety omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 accepted as omalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ( synonym )
variety omalogyra atomus var . polyzona bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1884 accepted as omalogyra simplex ( costa o . g . , 1861 )
omalogyra atomus polyzona ( var . ) brusina , s . , 1872 : e mediterranean - canaries
worms - world register of marine species - omalogyra simplex ( costa o . g . , 1861 )
( of omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : omalogyra fusca h . h . suter , 1908 - id : 5362000025
( of omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1877 ( maggio ) ) . notizie sulle conchiglie della rada di civitavecchia . annali del museo civico di genova 9 ( 1876 - 1877 ) : 407 - 428 page ( s ) : 418 [ details ]
fretter v . ( 1948 ) . the structure and life history of some minute prosobranchs of rock pools : skeneopsis planorbis ( fabricius ) , omalogyra atomus ( philippi ) , rissoella diaphana ( alder ) and rissoella opalina ( jeffreys ) . journal of the biological assiociation of the u . k . 27 : 597 - 632 [ details ]
( of omalogyra atomus var . polyzona bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1884 ) gaglini , a . 1993 . familia omalogyridae sars g . o . , 1978 . argonauta suppl . 1 ( enumeratio molluscorum maris nostri ) : 928 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 928 , 929 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 929 , 931 - 01 to - 05 , pl . 931 , 933 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 933 , 934 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 934 , 935 - 01 to - 03 , pl . 935 . [ details ]
to antarctic invertebrates to barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 13 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 42 publications ) ( from synonym skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 93 publications ) ( from synonym homalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) to clemam ( from synonym skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) to clemam ( from synonym omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) to clemam ( from synonym homalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ) to dyntaxa to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 1 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to pesi ( from synonym skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) to pesi ( from synonym truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) to pesi ( from synonym homalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) to pesi ( from synonym homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to itis
( of omalogyra atomus var . polyzona bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1884 ) bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1882 - 1886 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ier . gastropodes . paris , j . b . baillière & fils 570 p . , 66 pl . [ pp . 1 - 40 , pl . 1 - 5 , february 1882 ; pp . 41 - 84 , pl . 6 - 10 , august 1882 ; pp . 85 - 135 , pl . 11 - 15 , february 1883 ; pp . 136 - 196 , pl . 16 - 20 , august 1883 ; pp . 197 - 222 , pl . 21 - 25 , january 1884 ; pp . 223 - 258 , pl . 26 - 30 , february 1884 ; pp . 259 - 298 , pl . 31 - 35 , august 1884 ; pp . 299 - 342 , pl . 36 - 40 , september 1884 ; p . 343 - 386 , pl . 41 - 45 , february 1885 ; p . 387 - 418 , pl . 46 - 50 , august 1885 ; pp . 419 - 454 , pl . pl . 51 - 60 , january 1886 ; p . 455 - 486 , pl . 56 - 60 , april 1886 ; p . 487 - 570 , pl . 61 - 66 , october 1886 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 325 , pl 37 , fig . 32 [ details ]
jeffreys , j . g . ( 1860 ) . sur le mollusque designé par mm . forbes & hanley sous le nom de skenea nitidissima . journal de conchyliologie . 8 : 108 - 111 . [ details ]
( of ammonicerina o . g . costa , 1861 ) costa , o . g . ( 1861 ) . microdoride mediterranea ; o , descrizione de poco ben conosciuti od affatto ignoti viventi minuti e micoscropici del meditterraneo , pel professore o . g . costa . tomo primo . con tredici tavole . i - xviii , 1 - 80 . stamperia dell ' iride , napoli . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 67 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
tate r . 1868 . appendix to the manual of the mollusca of s . p . woodward , a . l . s . london , virtue & co . , 86 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 31 [ details ]
( of ammonicerina o . g . costa , 1861 ) dall w . h . 1927 . note on the genera of costa ' s microdoride . the nautilus , 40 : 134 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of helisalia laseron , 1954 ) sartori , a . f . ; bieler , r . ( 2014 ) . three new species of ammonicera from the eastern pacific coast of north america , with redescriptions and comments on other species of omalogyridae ( gastropoda , heterobranchia ) . zootaxa . 3872 ( 1 ) : 1 - 21 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ammonicerina simplex o . g . costa , 1861 ) costa , o . g . ( 1861 ) . microdoride mediterranea ; o , descrizione de poco ben conosciuti od affatto ignoti viventi minuti e micoscropici del meditterraneo , pel professore o . g . costa . tomo primo . con tredici tavole . i - xviii , 1 - 80 . stamperia dell ' iride , napoli . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym ammonicerina simplex o . g . costa , 1861 ) to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi ( from synonym ammonicerina simplex o . g . costa , 1861 )
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
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philippi r . a . ( 1841 ) . zoologische bemerkungen . archiv für naturgeschichte , berlin : 7 ( 1 ) : 42 - 59 ; pl . 5 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 54 [ details ]
( of truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) philippi r . a . ( 1841 ) . zoologische bemerkungen . archiv für naturgeschichte , berlin : 7 ( 1 ) : 42 - 59 ; pl . 5 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 54 [ details ]
( philippi , 1841 ) . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 140616 on 2018 - 07 - 09
costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .
( of homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1862 - 1869 ) . british conchology . vol . 1 : pp . cxiv + 341 [ 1862 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 479 [ 1864 ] il frontrespizio reca la data 1863 ma in effetti pubblicato nel 1864 . vol . 3 : pp . 394 [ 1865 ] . vol . 4 : pp . 487 [ 1867 ] . vol . 5 : pp . 259 [ 1869 ] . london , van voorst . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 69 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]
ávila , s . p . ; cardigos , f . ; santos , r . s . ( 2004 ) . d . joão de castro bank , a shallow water hydrothermal - vent in the azores : checklist of marine molluscs . arquipélago ( ciénc . biol . mar . / life mar . sci . ) 21a : 75 - 80 ( look up in ror ) page ( s ) : 78 [ details ]
mayhew , r . and f . cole . 1994 ms . a taxonomic discussion and update of shell - bearing marine molluscs recorded from nw atlantic north of cape cod ( excluding greenland ) , and canadian arctic archipeligo . [ details ]
rosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
rolán e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]
abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]
( of homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) forbes e . ; hanley s . c . ( 1848 - 1853 ) . a history of british mollusca and their shells . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : i - lxxx [ 1853 ] , 1 - 486 [ 1848 ] , pl . a - w , aa - zz , aaa - zzz [ dates uncertain ] ; vol . 2 : 1 - 480 [ 1 dec . 1849 ] , 481 - 557 [ 1850 ] ; vol . 3 : 1 - 320 [ 1850 ] , 321 - 616 [ 1851 ] ; vol . 4 : 1 - 300 [ 1852 ] , pl . 1 - 114f [ dates uncertain ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 3 p . 158 - 160 ; pl . 73 fig . 7 - 8 [ details ]
( of truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
shell minute , almost planar , spire sunken . protoconch plus teleoconch up to 2
whorls . whorls circular in cross section , smooth or with growth lines encircling whorls ; suture deep . ventral surface of shell of similar shape and sculpture to dorsal surface . aperture circular , lip expanded in mature shells . shell translucent dark brown , margin of aperture sometimes white in mature shells .
distribution : laseron ( 1954 ) gave the distribution as port stephens , nsw southwards to crookhaven , nsw . the australian museum collection holds specimens from port stephens , nsw , southwards to ulladulla , nsw , and lots from port lincoln , sa , and triggs , near perth , wa .
habitat : laseron ( 1954 ) said
abundant in various locations in rock pools and in shallow water , mainly living on algae . the type was abundant on the green weed ulva , at castle rock , middle harbour , port jackson . we also have it from long reef , both on seaweed and beneath stones , also on the surface of a sponge from 10 feet , north harbour , and in mussel beds within the harbour , and from port stephens in the north to crookhaven in the south
. common .
remarks : ponder & de keyzer ( 1998 ) gave an sem photo of one view of the shell of this species , and a drawing of the live animal .
fig . 1–3 : castle rock , middle harbour , nsw ( syntype c . 102494 )
of all the animals , the mollusca have the second largest number of present day species with 200 , 000 + species . there are in excess of 130 , 000 described species of mollusc alive today and conservative estimates put the number of undiscovered or un - described living species at 70 , 000 or more . the fossil record for mollusca includes about 70 , 000 described extinct species and extends back at least to the cambrian ( 543 to 490 million years ago ) and possibly to the neoproterozoic ( ~ 543 – 1000 million years ago ) if kimberella proves to be a mollusc .
ávila , s . p . ; cardigos , f . ; santos , r . s . ( 2004 ) . d . joão de castro bank , a shallow water hydrothermal - vent in the azores : checklist of marine molluscs . arquipélago ( ciénc . biol . mar . / life mar . sci . ) 21a : 75 - 80 ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 78 [ details ]
rolán e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
this species has a tiny , planispiral shell with a smooth periphery . there are fine axial ribs that vary in development . some shells are light brown , others cream with three narrow brown bands .
are moderately rare in beach drift . live animals are occasionally found in shallow rocky habitats . kay ( 1979 ) states that shells have been found in sand samples to depths of 100 m ( 328 ft ) .
maui , oahu and midway ( banded form ) : also known from japan and fanning island .
there ' s a chance that banded and brown forms might be different species but there doesn ' t seem to be any morphological difference between the shells .
cp : composite photo , same shell ; 0 . 7 mm in diameter ; banded : beach drift , mokuleia bay , maui ; fall , 1985 .
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the checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .
these documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .
the checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .
a complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .
gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hernán vargas , howard l . snell .
nathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .
yves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .
frank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba yánez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andré aptroot .
anne guézou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo díaz , mark gardener .
gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .
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dichomeris thalamopa is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1922 .

it is found in brazil ( amazonas ) .

the wingspan is about 10 mm .

the forewings are glossy deep purple with a small orange mark surrounded with black towards the costa near the base and a slightly curved irregular black antemedian fascia edged on each side with orange black-edged lines .

the apical area is wholly blackish beyond an orange transverse line at four-fifth , making a strong rounded loop inwards in the disc , its costal edge whitish .

the hindwings are dark fuscous .

dichomeris thalamopa

vad betyder dichomeris ? här finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av dichomeris själv
dichomeris är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av hübner 1818 . dichomeris ingår i familjen stävmalar .
dichomeris - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
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