acompsia is a genus of the twirler moth family ( gelechiidae ) .

though it has once been assigned to the proposed subfamily " anacampsinae " ( here included in gelechiinae ) , it is generally placed in the dichomeridinae .

some authors include telephila here as a subgenus , while others prefer to keep it distinct as its relationships are fairly obscure .

acompsia

acompsia ( acompsia ) ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 114 , 110
acompsia ( acompsia ) cinerella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 114 , 110 ; [ fe ]
acompsia ( acompsia ) antirrhinella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 119 , 110 ; [ fe ]
acompsia ( acompsia ) maculosella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 120 , 110 ; [ fe ]
acompsia ( acompsia ) dimorpha ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 120 , 110 ; [ fe ]
acompsia ( acompsia ) subpunctella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 121 , 110 ; [ fe ]
acompsia ( acompsia ) delmastroella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 122 , 110 ; [ fe ]
acompsia ( acompsia ) muellerrutzi ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 123 , 110 ; [ fe ]
acompsia ( acompsia ) minorella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 125 , 110 ; [ fe ]
acompsia ( acompsia ) tripunctella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 125 , 110 ; [ fe ]
acompsia ( acompsia ) caucasella huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 124 , 110 ; tl : caucasus psysh river
acompsia ( acompsia ) schepleri huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 129 , 110 ; tl : turkey , erzincan kizildag gecidi , 2100m
acompsia ( acompsia ) fibigeri huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 130 , 110 ; tl : turkey , gümüshane , kop pass , 2400m
acompsia ( acompsia ) bidzilyai huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 130 , 110 ; tl : zabajkale sochodnskij zapovednik r . agucakan , 1000m
acompsia ( acompsia ) pyrenaella huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 117 , 110 ; tl : gallia pyren . val . d ' ossoue , 1500m
acompsia ( acompsia ) ponomarenkoae huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 128 , 110 ; tl : greece , ipiros , katara pass , 1500 - 1700m
acompsia cinerella ( ash - coloured crest ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
acompsia was treated in the gelechiidae in nye and fletcher , 1991 generic names moths world , 6 : 4 .
acompsia dimorpha petry , 1904 ; dt . ent . z . iris 17 ( 1 ) : 4 ; tl : pyrenees
telephila ( acompsia ) ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 131 , 110
= acompsia ( telephila ) ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 111 , 110
acompsia muellerrutzi wehrli , 1925 ; dt . ent . z . iris 39 : 137 ; tl : corsica , monte d ' oro
acompsia ( telephila ) schmidtiellus ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 110 ; [ fe ]
huemer , p . & o . karsholt . a review of the genus acompsia hübner , 1825 with description of a new species ( gelechiidae ) . 109—154 .
acompsia ( dichomeridinae ) ; [ sangmi lee ] ; [ fe ] ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343
acompsia subpunctella svensson , 1966 ; opusc . ent . 31 : 188 , f . 19 , pl . 2 , f . 3 ; tl : sweden , norbotten
acompsia ( telephila ) syriella huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 133 , 110 ; tl : syria , 25km w damascus
acompsia hübner , [ 1825 ] was referred to the anacampsinae from gelechiinae ( within the gelechiidae ) by kuznetzov & stekolnikov , 1984 , trudy zoologicheskogo instituta akademii nauk sssr 122 : 33 .
huemer , p . & karsholt , o . , 2002 . a review of the genus acompsia hubner 1825 with descriptions of new species . nota lepidopterologica . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 109 - 151 .
acompsia delmastroella huemer , 1998 ; linzer biol . beitr . 30 ( 2 ) : 516 , f . 1 - 3 , 10 - 11 ; tl : sw . alps , marmora , colle d ' esischie , 2300m
an unmarked brownish moth with long upwardly - curved labial palps . the species is widely distributed over all of the british isles except some of the outlying scottish islands .
the larva is unknown , but is believed to feed on moss , often at the base of a tree .
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a scarce and local species , occurring on chalk downs or other calcareous soil , and found in the southern counties of england .
the ochreous adult moths have two small black dots on the forewing , and fly in july and august .
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locally common in some parts of southern england and the central highlands of scotland , otherwise local to very local across much of the rest of the british isles . apparently absent from the outer hebrides and northern isles .
mosses ( species unspecified ) . the larva is undescribed but has been found in moss at the base of a tree ; may also be associated with mosses away from trees .
amongst grassy areas in woodland , herb rich grassy areas , railway and canal banks and undercliffs .
larva : undescribed in the british isles but searches in mosses near or on the base of trees in april or may would be worthwhile . it is documented that a larva was bred through at wicken fen in 1878 ( f . bond ) without description of the larva , feeding signs or foodplant .
adult : swept from herb rich turf , beaten from scrub and frequent at light .
the broad forewing and hindwing with a lack of any prominent markings are distinctive . on a few occasions specimens of this moth have been found in historic museum collections amongst specimens of bryotropha politella .
single brooded from early june to august and occasionally found in very small numbers in late may and through to late september .
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but appears less ochreous lacking the veining within the forewings ; paler in overall colouration . we suspect mis - identification with some records .
recorded in 14 ( 20 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1873 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 177 ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 10 ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 111 , 110 ; [ sangmi lee ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 114
= ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 114
larva on veronica chamaedrys huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 116
gelechia antirrhinella millière , 1866 ; icon . desc . chenilles lepid . 2 : 274 , 280 , pl . 80 , f . 6 - 8
larva on asarina procumbens huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 119
gelechia maculosella stainton , 1851 ; suppl . cat . br . tineidae and pteroph . : 22
sweden , finland , estonia , nw . poland , kola peninsula , altai , transbaikalia . see [ maps ]
larva on veronica longifolia huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 122
alps ( alpes maritimes , alpi cozie , alpes - de - haute - provence ) . see [ maps ]
austria , czech republic , france , italy , slovenia , switzerland . see [ maps ]
brachycrossata minorella rebel , 1899 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien , 49 : 180
alps , apennines , carpathians , balkans , . . . , ? . see [ maps ]
tinea tripunctella denis & schiffermüller , 1775 ; ank . syst . schmett . wienergegend : 319
larva on plantago alpina huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 127
= ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 131
= ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 131
larva on origanum vulgare , mentha arvensis , mentha silvestris , m . rotundifolia , calamintha nepeta huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 132
indicata ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( telephila ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67
tenebrosella lucas , 1956 ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 255
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
icones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
die schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
westwood , 1840 an introduction to the modern classification of insects ; founded on natural habits and corresponding organization of the different families introd . class . ins . 2 : 1 - 352 ( 1839 ) , : 353 - 587 ( 1840 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
type - species : phalaena cinerella clerck , 1759 . icon . insect . rariorum 1 : pl . 11 fig . 6 .
type - species designation : by subsequent designation by duponchel , 1838 . hist . nat . lépid . papillons fr . 11 : 19 . [ bhl ]
type specimens : ? type status ? country : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .
the citation by duponchel is acceptable as a type - species designation as it is contained in the continuation of a layout in which duponchel stated , in the same work 7 ( 2 ) : 102 , that the species so cited were the types of genera .
see also : * acampsia westwood , 1840 ; * accompsia bruand , ( 1851 ) ; brachycrossata heinemann , 1870 .
junior name ( s ) : acampsia ; westwood , 1840 : 110 . accompsia ; bruand , 1851 : 42 . brachicrossata ; hartmann , 1880 : 25 . brachycrossata heinemann , 1870 : 323 .
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it is found in montane habitats , including subalpine and alpine meadows and shrubs .
mm for females . the forewings are clay brown , mottled with lighter brown scales . the hindwings are grey . adults are on wing from july to august .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 6 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
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notes : local in a wide range of habitats throughout the british isles , with the exception of the northern isles . in hampshire recorded less than annually from scattered locations , mainly in the north of the county . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan 16 - 19 mm . an unmarked , wholly ochreous - brown gelechiid , superficially similar to helcystogramma rufescens , but lacking this species pale veins . larva feeds on various mosses , often at the base of trees .
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taxa which do not fall within rdb categories but which are none - the - less uncommon in great britain and thought to occur in between 31 and 100 10km squares of the national grid or , for less - well recorded groups between eight and twenty vice - counties . superseded by nationally scarce , and therefore no longer in use .
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experimental evidence for specific distinctness of the two wood white butterfly taxa , leptidea sinapis and l . reali ( pieridae )
check - list of the broad - winged moths ( oecophoridae s . l . ) of russia and adjacent countries
two new european geometrid moths : xanthorhoe skoui sp . n . and xanthorhoe friedrichi sp . n . ( geometridae )
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biodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to… urltoken
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
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id : in mbgbi3 this species is keyed from : forewing with markings both paler and darker than ground colour . however , this species is variable and may appear as pale with darker markings - from where one cannot arrive at the correct species using the mbgbi3 key . it appears that only e . albidella , e . utonella & e . eleochariella show an elongate dark mark in the fold near the dorsum , just before 1 / 2 . id best confirmed by genital examination : male - paired gnathos > the former biselachista species ; pointed extension at apex of valva > e . albidella . no other species has a valva quite so rounded on the dorsal edge near the apex .
male genitalia paired gnathos > the former biselachista species ; pointed extension at apex of valva > e . albidella . no other species has a valva quite so rounded on the dorsal edge near the apex .
§1 sutton fen , norfolk ; 12 / 08 / 2010 §2 sutton fen , norfolk ; male ; 13 / 08 / 2009 §3 new forest , hampshire ; 05 / 06 / 2012 ; male ; fw 4 . 2mm §4 foulden common , norfolk ; 14 / 08 / 2016 ; male §5 foulden common , norfolk ; 14 / 08 / 2016 ; male ; fw 4 . 1mm all images © chris lewis
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for many years , records of the vice - county distributions of uk micro - moths from c . 1800 onwards have been kept on hand - annotated paper maps , first by a . maitland emmet and , more recently , by dr . john langmaid and dr . mark young .
the moths count project has now digitised these maps and made them available to moth recorders and the general public for the first time .
a grant from the department for environment , food and rural affairs ( defra ) and the original data supplied by john langmaid and mark young have enabled us to create pdfs of all of the original micro - moth record cards and hand annotated maps . in addition to this , 756 species have been digitised to vice - county level to date . these important maps , which include data up to 31st december 2014 , are available below at vice - county level for the first time . many thanks to david green for his hard work on this project . please note that the maps are provisional and may contain errors .
below is a list of micro - moth species , with numbers and names as per the new checklist of british lepidoptera ( 2013 ) ( referred to as abh in the table ) . bradley and fletcher numbers and former bradley names are also included for users ' convenience .
to search for a species hold down the ctrl and f keys simultaneously to open up a search box . simply type in the species name , or part of it to be taken to the species . click on the icons to open up a pdf of the species record card and a map of its uk distribution at vice - county level ( nb : the pdfs are large and may take a while to open ) . to return to this page , click your browser ' s back button .
elhamma diakonoffi is a species of moth of the family hepialidae . it is known from new guinea .
calamotropha diakonoffi is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by bleszynski in 1961 . it is found in south africa , where it has been recorded from kwazulu - natal .
hamatina diakonoffi is a moth in the lecithoceridae family . it was described by park in 2011 . it is found in papua new guinea .
odites diakonoffi is a moth in the depressariidae family . it was described by kuznetsov and arutjunova in 1991 . it is found in kazakhstan .
oxycanus diakonoffi is a moth of the hepialidae family . it is found in new guinea .
prochoreutis diakonoffi is a moth of the choreutidae family . it is known from shaanxi , china and from honshu , japan .
it has been recorded from fergusson island of the d ' entrecasteaux islands archipelago , and the admiralty islands , of papua new guinea ; and from sulawesi of indonesia .
sycacantha diakonoffi is a moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in thailand and vietnam .
stagmatophora diakonoffi is a moth in the family cosmopterigidae . it is found in madagascar .
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a catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae , holcopogonidae , lecithoceridae and symmocidae klaus sattler . 1973 . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) entomology 28 ( 4 ) : 153 - 182 .
annotated taxonomic checklist of the lepidoptera of north america , north of mexico pohl , g . r . , patterson , b . , & pelham , j . p . 2016 . researchgate . net .
a molecular analysis of the gelechiidae ( lepidoptera , gelechioidea ) with an interpretative grouping of its taxa karsholt , o . , m . mutanen , s . lee , & l . kaila . 2013 . systematic entomology . 38 ( 2 ) : 334–348 .
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sarto i monteys , v . the discovery , description and taxonomy of paysandisia archon ( burmeister , 1880 ) , a castniid species recently found in southwestern europe ( castniidae ) . 3—16 .
speidel , w . & l . aarvik . synonyms of european tortricidae and noctuidae , with special reference to the publications of hübner , geyer & frölich . 17—22 .
ringwood , z . , t . gardiner , a . steiner & j . hill . comparison of factors influencing the habitat characteristics of gortyna borelii ( noctuidae ) and its larval foodplant peucedanum officinale in england and germany . 23—38 .
freese , a . & k . fiedler . experimental evidence for specific distinctness of the two wood white butterfly taxa , leptidea sinapis and l . reali ( pieridae ) . 39—60 .
belik , a . g . & d . g . zamolodchikov . notes on systematics of erebia dabanensis species complex , with special consideration of the dabanensis - youngi and anyuica - occulta pairs of sibling species ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) . 61—80 .
wagener , s . chazara persephone ( hübner , [ 1805 ] ) or chazara anthe ( hoffmansegg , 1806 ) — what is the valid name ? ( nymphalidae , satyrinae ) . 81—84 .
nieukerken e . j . van & a . laštuvka . ectoedemia ( etainae ) obtusa ( puplesis & diškus , 1996 ) new for europe : taxonomy , distribution and biology ( nepticulidae ) . 87—96 .
kozlov , m . first record of nemophora lapikella kozlov ( adelidae ) from japan . 96 .
baran , t . elachista nolckeni šulcs , 1992 : morphology and bionomics of immature stages ( gelechioidea : elachistidae ) . 97—108 .
kallies , a . & k . spatenka . four species of brachodidae new to the fauna of europe ( sesioidea ) . 155—160 .
garcía - barros , e . taxonomic patterns in the egg to body size allometry of butterflies and skippers ( papilionoidea & hesperiidae ) . 161—176 .
kolev , z . the species of maculinea van eecke , 1915 in bulgaria : distribution , state of knowledge and conservation status ( lycaenidae ) . 177—190 .
sommerer . m . d . opinion . to agree or not to agree — the question of gender agreement in the international code of zoological nomenclature . 191—204 .
karsholt , o . & a . kun . a new species of ethmia hübner , 1819 from the greek island of rhodes ( ethmiidae ) . 207—212 .
lvovsky , a . l . check - list of the broad - winged moths ( oecophoridae s . l . ) of russia and adjacent countries . 213—220 .
elsner , g . & j . jaroš . a new species of ceratoxanthis razowski , and distribution records for two species of aethes billberg from the balkan peninsula ( tortricidae : cochylini ) . 221—225 .
rougerie , r . re - capture of sinobirma malaisei in china : description of the female genitalia and comments on the systematic position of the genus in the tribe urotini ( saturniidae ) . 227—233 .
wilcockson , a . & t . g . shreeve . the subspecific status of pieris napi ( pieridae ) within the british isles . 235—247 .
sielezniew , m . , a . stankiewicz & c . bystrowski . first observation of one maculinea arion pupa in a myrmica lobicornis nest in poland . 249—250 .
wakeham - dawson , a . , r . parker , e . john & r . l . h . dennis . comparison of the male genitalia and androconia of pseudochazara anthelea acamanthis ( rebel , 1916 ) from cyprus , pseudochazara anthelea anthelea ( hübner , 1924 ) from mainland turkey and pseudochazara anthelea amalthea ( frivaldsky , 1845 ) from mainland greece ( nymphalidae , satyrinae ) . 251—263 .
fiedler , k . & c . ruf . araschnia levana larvae ( nymphalidae ) do not accept humulus lupulus ( cannabaceae ) as food plant . 265—266 .
gorbach , v . v . & k . saarinen . the butterfly assemblages of onega lake area in karelia , middle taiga of nw russia ( hesperioidea , papilionoidea ) . 267—279 .
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from spanish to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation ; where the essential translation unit is the word «complexionado» in spanish .
the map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «complexionado» in the different countries .
of the word «complexionado» during the past 500 years . its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «complexionado» appears in digitalised printed sources in spanish between the year 1500 and the present day .
and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in spanish literature .
te , bien complexionado , y robufto aquel hombre , en quien reíplandecen perfectamente claros los rayos de fu luz , ó elpiritu vital , que perfectamente , y fin eftorvo alguno exercita en él las funciones deftinadas por la naturaleza . al contrario . . .
( \ ant . ~ ) v . comparar . acompasado , da . adj . lo que está hecho ó puesto á compás . that vihich is jet to jome charañer of mujical time . acomplexionado , da . adj . v . g . bien ó mal complexionado . weli , or / / / complexioned .
la magna y canónica cirujia de guido de cauliac : con la . . .
pira hazcr eftas operaciones , por tanto en vn cuerpo bien complexionado lafo - lu cion es fácilmente curada , poique la virtud tiene buen inítrumento , mas en vn cuerpo mal complexionado , como es vrt hydropico , ó leproib , por quanto la virtud . . .
la causa del 78 esta suele irse recogiendo poco á poco con el tiern * mal se produ - po , y venir después la enfermedad de golpe . por tanto si te regular - recayese en sugeto mal complexionado y quebrantado , que mente conlen - tenjj0 un mai . . .
venenos ay , de quien el mas bien complexionado > . y elmas robuf1 - toj , tocados5o viftos , no defiende la vida , ni aun por breve tiempo . es cal fu fuerça » y fu opoficion à las paites vitales j que fin la dilación , ni hazer ca fo de los humores , . . .
por la cual razón han el cuerpo mal complexionado ; y como el alma siga la complexión del cuerpo , do el cuerpo es bien complexionado allí el alma hace mejor sus obras y ha mejor uso de razón . por la cual cosa las mujeres no pueden . . .
arte de conocer , y de curar las enfermedades por reglas de . . .
por tanto , fi recayeífe en fugeto mal complexionado , y quebrantado , que haya tenido un mal govierno de vida , tiene entonces mucho rieígo , y fuelen perecer los mas * porque tiene la naturaleza que mover , y cocer muchos humores , y faltan . . .
[ to finish . completar , v . a . to complete , compléta * . » . / . pi . compline ; the last act of worship at night . [ perfect , finished . completo , ta . u . comp ! , te , complexion , » . / . complexion . complexionado , da . a . bien a mal complexionado , da . of a good . . .
acomplexionado , a . adj . complexionado acomplisionado . adj . complexionado . t . acomunalar . n . ant . tener trato y comunicación . usábase también como recíproco . comunicarse , tractarse . communico , as , sermones cum aliquo . . .
para hazer estas opéraciones , por tanto tn vncuerpo bien complexionado la íb - lucîon es faciirnente curada , por que la virtud tiene - buen instrumento , masen vu cuerpo mal complexionado , comocsvn hydropico , ò lcproíò , por quánto la virtud . . .
gynnidomorpha vectisana §1 male ; st lawrence , isle of wight ; 31 / 05 / 2014 ; fw 5 . 1mm © chris lewis
id : generally recognisable by the purplish and brown general colouration with ochreous - yellow along the termen . male has some blackish scales and hair - like scales in tornal area of hindwing .
§4 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 15 / 07 / 2014 ; male ; fw 4 . 6mm
§5 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 15 / 07 / 2014 ; male ; fw 4 . 5mm
the references to papers and notes listed below contain information relating to gelechiidae recorded in the british isles and selected european material although the list is by no means exhaustive . brief summaries of the content of the papers have been added in a few cases . information on any additional peer - reviewed published material is welcomed .
for ease of reference the species are listed alphabetically and within each species the papers are listed chronologically starting with the oldest .
rivete , u . , karsholt , o . mutanen , m . & savenkov n . 2017 . nordic - baltic checklist of lepidoptera . norwegian journal of entomology supplement no . 3 . this includes information that
bella , s . and karsholt , o . 2015 . the gelechiidae of the longarini salt marsh in the pantani della sicilia sud - orientale nature reserve in southeastern sicily , italy ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . shilap revta . lepid . , 43 ( 171 ) , septiembre 2015 : 365 - 375 .
bidzilya , o . v . & badashkin , y . i . , 2017 . new records of lepidoptera from ukraine ( etc . . . . ) . nota lepi . 40 ( 2 ) 2017 : 145 - 161 . includes details of species within the genera caulastrocecis , metzneria , ornativalva , chionodes , filatima ( a colour plate depicting male and female imago and genitalia of f . djakovica are included ) , scrobipalpa , klimeschiopsis , sophronia and syncopacma .
clarke , j . f . g . , 1969 . catalogue of the type specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum ( natural history ) described by edward meyrick . glyphipterigidae , gelechiidae ( a - c ) . 6 : 1 - 537 , pls 1 - 267 . trustees of the british museum , london .
corley , m . f . v . and goodey , b . , 2014 . a re - examination of the portugese microlepidoptera collected by the reverend a . e . eaton in 1880 . entomologist’s gazette 65 : 15 - 25 . contains a list of a dozen or so gelechiidae , amongst other families , confirmed or corrected and introduces a new species - see below under aroga eatoni sp . n .
douglas , j . w . , 1849 - 52 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . transactions of the entomological society of london 5 : 173 - 179 , 195 - 201 ( 1849 ) ; ( n . s . ) . 1 : 14 - 21 , 60 - 68 ( 1850 ) ; 101 - 108 ( 1851 ) ; 241 - 251 ( 1852 ) .
haworth , a . h . , 1812 . a brief account of some rare insects announced at various times to the society , as new to britain . trans . ent . soc . london . 1 : 332 - 340 .
haworth , a . h . , 1834 - 1835 . illustrations of british entomology . haustellata 4 : 436pp . , pls 33 - 41 .
junnilainen , j . , karsholt , o . , nupponen , k . , kaitila , j - p . , nupponen , t . and olschwang , v . , 2010 . the gelechiid fauna of the southern ural mountains , part ll : list of recorded species with taxonomic notes ( leipoptera : gelechiidae ) . contains information on wider species distribution . urltoken
palmer , s . m . , 2016 . the gelechiid recording scheme - five years in . br . j . ent . nat . hist . 29 : 156 - 162 . details of distributional changes , addtional foodplants and phenology of several gelechiid moths in the british isles .
parsons , m . , 2015 . possible and potential moth extinctions in england . on - line pdf document only , available at urltoken
sattler , k . , 1971 . some new synonyms of european gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) . entomologist ' s gazette 22 : 103 - 108 .
sattler , k . , 1992 . new synonyms of european gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) . entomologica gallica 3 : 107 - 112 .
sokoloff , p . a . , 1985 . an introduction to the gelechiidae . proc . trans . br . ent . nat . his . soc . 18 : 99 - 106 .
stainton , h . t . , 1865 . new british tineina . the entomologist ' s annual 1865 : 128 - 131 .
stainton , h . t . 1866 . observations on tineina . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 3 : 54 - 57 .
stainton , h . t . , 1866 . new british tineina . the entomologist ' s annual 1866 : 167 - 171 .
stainton , h . t . , 1871 . new british tineina in 1870 . the entomologist ' s annual 1871 : 96 - 100 .
sumpich , j . & skyva , j . 2012 . new faunistic records for a number of microlepidoptera , including description of three new taxa from agonoxenidae , depressariidae , and gelechiidae ( gelechioidea ) . nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) : 161 - 179 . new to greece .
douglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 64 - 65 . under gelechia pernigrella stainton .
parsons , m . , 2015 . possible and potential moth extinctions in england . on - line pdf document only , available at urltoken
gregerson , k . & karsholt , o . , 2017 . taxonomic confusion around the peach twig borer , anarsia lineatella zeller , 1839 , with description of a new species ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . nota lepi . 40 ( 1 ) 2017 : 65 - 85 .
palmer , s . m . , 2017 . anarsia lineatella zeller , 1839 and anarsia innoxiella gregersen and karsholt , 2017 ( lep . gelechiidae ) in the british isles . entomologist’s rec . j . var . 129 : 117 - 124 .
heckford , r . j . , 1992 . anarsia lineatella zeller ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : a larval description . entomologist’s gazette 43 : 54 .
nel , j . & varenne , t . 2012 . description d ' apatetris ( s . l . ) mediterranella sp . n . du littoral mediterraneen de france et d ' italie ( gelechiidae , gelechiinae , apatetrini ) . nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 1 ) : 27 - 32 . new species .
sokoloff , p . a . & bradford , e . s . , 1990 . the british species of metzneria , paltodora , isophrictis , apodia , eulamprotes and argolamprotes ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . br . j . ent . nat . hist . 3 : 23 - 28 .
douglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 66 .
douglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 108 .
kennard , a . 1965 . argolamprotes micella schiff . ( lep . gelechiidae ) taken in britain . proceedings and transactions of the south london entomological and natural history society 1965 : 42 - 43 .
heckford , r . j . 1972 . argolamprotes micella ( denis & schiffermüller ) ( lep . , gelechiidae ) in cornwall . entomologist’s gazette 23 : 236 .
heckford , r . j . 1974 . further records of argolamprotes micella ( denis & schiffermüller ) ( lep . , gelechiidae ) from cornwall . entomologist’s gazette 25 : 258 .
heckford , r . j . 1998 . notes on the larvae of four species of microlepidoptera not previously described in the british literature [ glyphipterix thrasonella , argolamprotes micella , crambus pascuella , homoeosoma nimbella ] . entomologist’s gazette 49 : 155 - 160 .
heckford , r . j . , 2010 . notes on the early stages of four species of oecophoridae , gelechiidae and pyralidae ( lepidoptera ) in the british isles . entomologist’s gazette 61 : 211 - 213 .
smith , m . h . , 2013 . argolamprotes micella ( d . & s . ) ( lep . : gelechiidae ) : new to wiltshire . entomologist’s rec . j . var . 125 : 243 .
karsholt , o . & savencov , n . 2009 . beautiful gelechiid moths - aristotelia baltica a . sulcs & i . sulcs , 1983 , stat . n . and related species ( gelechiidae ) . nota lepidopterologica 32 ( 2 ) : 89 - 97 .
douglas , j . w . , 1852 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 244 - 245 .
sumpich , j . & skyva , j . 2012 . new faunistic records for a number of microlepidoptera , including description of three new taxa from agonoxenidae , depressariidae , and gelechiidae ( gelechioidea ) . nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) : 161 - 179 .
corley , m . f . v . and goodey , b . , 2014 . a re - examination of the portugese microlepidoptera collected by the reverend a . e . eaton in 1880 . entomologist’s gazette 65 : 15 - 25 .
douglas , j . w . , 1848 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 5 : 195 .
herrich - schäffer , 1854 ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) new to the british fauna . entomologist ' s record & journal of variation 97 : 20 - 24 .
sokoloff , p . & chalmers - hunt , j . m . , 1987 . notes on the biology of athrips rancidella h . - s . ( lep . : gelechiidae ) . entomologist’s rec . j . var . 99 : 253 - 254 .
douglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 244 . under lita nigricostella ( f . v . r . ) .
langmaid , j . r . & young , m . r . , 2002 . larvae on vicia cracca , a previously unrecorded foodplant in britain . heckford , r . j . , in microlepidoptera review 2001 , entomologist’s rec . j . var . 114 : 277 .
douglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 65 . under gelechia gerronella zeller .
heckford , r . j . & sterling , p . h . , 2004 . notes on , and descriptions of , some larvae of oecophoridae , gelechiidae and pyralidae ( lepidoptera ) . entomologist’s gazette 55 : 143 - 159 .
heckford , r . j . & sterling , p . h . , 2005 . further notes on the larvae of brachmia blandella ( fabr . , 1798 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) , catoptria margaritella ( [ d . & s . ] , 1775 ) and scoparia ambigualis ( treits . , 1829 ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . entomologist’s gazette 56 : 71 - 74 .
douglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 65 .
sterling , p . h . , wall , m . j . & langmaid , j . r . , 2013 . the discovery of brachmia inornatella ( douglas , 1850 ) ( lep . : gelechiidae ) in north hampshire , with notes on its life history and a larval description . entomologist’s rec . j . var . 125 : 14 - 17 .
pierce , f . n . & daltry , h . w . , 1938 . mniophaga : a new genus of gelechiadae , with reinstatement of portlandicella rich . as a species . the entomologist 71 : 226 - 227 .
douglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 105 .
heckford , r . j . & sterling , p . h . , 2002 . the discovery of the larva of bryotropha dryadella ( zeller , 1850 ) and larval descriptions of this species , b . basaltinella ( zeller , 1839 ) , b . umbrosella ( zeller , 1839 ) and b . senectella ( zeller , 1839 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . entomologist’s gazette 53 : 83 - 91 .
heckford , r . j . , beavan , s . d . & palmer , s . m . , 2015 . bryotropha boreella ( douglas , 1851 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : discovery of larva . entomologist’s gazette 66 : 237 - 243 .
douglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 62 .
heckford , r . j . & agassiz , d . j . l . , 2002 . larvae amongst ctenidium molluscum ( rjh ) and amongst bryum and barbula spp . ( djla , rjh ) – in microlepidoptera review 2001 , entomologist’s rec . j . var . 114 : 276 .
heckford , robert j . & sattler , klaus , 2002 . bryotropha dryadella ( zeller , 1850 ) a newly recognised british species , and the removal of b . figulella ( staudinger , 1859 ) from the british list ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . entomologist’s gazette 53 : 69 - 80 .
barrett , c . g . , 1893 . occurrence of gelechia ( bryotropha ) figulella , staud . in england . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 29 : 158 .
douglas , j . w . , 1852 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 245 .
heckford , r . j . & sterling , p . h . , 2003 . the discovery of the larva of bryotropha politella ( staint . , 1851 ) and larval descriptions of this species and b . galbanella ( zell . , 1839 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . entomologist’s gazette 54 : 223 - 226 .
kullberg , j . , filippov , b . y . , zubrij , n . a . & kozlov , m . v . , 2013 . faunistic notes on lepidoptera collected from arctic tundra in european russia . nota lepidopterologica 36 ( 2 ) : 127 - 136 .
douglas , j . w . , 1852 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 241 - 242 .
douglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 68 .
gregson , c . s . , 1871 . gelechia confinis stainton . the entomologist 5 : 243 .
bankes , e . r . , 1898 . gelechia confinis , stn . , a northern form of g . similis , stn . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 34 : 196 - 198 .
heckford , r . j . 1999 . notes on the larvae of seven species of microlepidoptera ( oecophoridae , gelechiidae and pyralidae ) not previously described in the british literature , together with the redescription of one and a further description of another . entomologist’s gazette 50 : 223 - 237 .
douglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 64 . relates to f . mundella .
richardson , n . m . , 1890 . description of a gelechia ( portlandicella ) new to science from portland . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 26 : 29 - 30 .
rutten , t . & karsholt , o . , 1998 . bryotropha mundella ( douglas ) : a new synonym of bryotropha umbrosella ( zeller ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . tijdschrift voor entomologie 141 : 109 - 114 .
huertas - dionisio , m . , 2012 . immature stages of lepidoptera ( xliv ) . six species of the family gelechiidae stainton , 1854 in huelva , spain ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . shilap revista de lepidopterologia , 40 , 135 - 154 . text in spanish with line drawings of larva , pupa and larval feeding signs . the authoritative date is given as haworth , 1828 in this paper .
douglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 61 - 62 .
douglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 18 - 19 .
palmer , s . m . , the gelechiid recording scheme - five years in . ( includes notes on larval foodplants ) . br . j . ent . nat . hist . , 29 : 159 - 160 .
karsholt , o . , 1981 . northern european species of the genus caryocolum gregor and povolný , 1954 , feeding on cerastium and stellaria , with the description of a new species ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . ent . scand . 12 : 251 - 270 .
huemer , p . , 1988 . a taxonomic revision of caryocolum ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) entomology 57 : 439 - 571 .
huemer , p . , 1993 . the british species of caryocolum gregor and povolný . british journal of entomology and natural history 6 : 145 - 157 .
huemer , p . , karsholt , o . & mutanen , m . ( 2014 ) dna bar - codingas a screening tool for cryptic diversity : an example from caryocolum , with a description of a new species ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . zookeys ( 404 ) : 91 - 111 . urltoken
douglas , j . w . , 1852 . contributions towards the natural history of british microlepidoptera . trans . ent . soc . london 2 : 77 .
hoare , r . j . b . , langmaid , j . r . , simpson , a . n . b . & young , m . r . , 1999 . caryocolum blandelloides karsholt , 1981 ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) in the british isles . entomologist’s gazette 50 : 149 - 154 .
douglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 101 .
douglas , j . w . , 1852 . contributions towards the natural history of british microlepidoptera . trans . ent . soc . london 2 : 77 - 78 .
langmaid , j . r . larvae on stellaria holostea – in microlepidoptera review 2005 . entomologist’s rec . j . var . 118 : 256 .
douglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 103 - 104 .
douglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 104 - 105 .
heckford , r . j . , 2000 . caryocolum marmoreum ( haworth ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : some apparently unrecorded observations on the early larval stages .
heckford , r . j . , 2012 . caryocolum peregrinella ( herrich - schaffer , 1854 ) new to spain and notes on the biology ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterologia , 40 , 311 - 314 .
douglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 102 - 103 .
bella , s . , 2008 . caryocolum siculum sp . n . ( gelechiidae ) , feeding on gypsophila ( caryophyllaceae ) in sicily . nota lepidopterologica 31 ( 1 ) : 69 - 75 .
douglas , j . w . , 1852 . contributions towards the natural history of british microlepidoptera . trans . ent . soc . london 2 : 75 - 77 .
douglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 102 .
huemer , p . & sattler , k . , 1995 . a taxonomic revision of the palearctic chionodes ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . beiträge zur entomologie 45 : 3 - 108 .
douglas , j . w . , 1849 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 5 : 199 .
beavan , s . d . & heckford , r . j . , 2014 . chionodes distinctella ( zeller , 1839 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : discovery of larvae in the british isles . entomologist’s gazette 65 : 169 - 174 .
beavan , s . d . & heckford , r . j . , 2015 . chionodes distinctella ( zeller , 1839 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : a further larval record from the british isles . entomologist’s gazette 66 : 52 .
douglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 67 .
douglas , j . w . , 1852 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 243 - 244 .
beavan , s . d . & heckford , r . j . , 2016 . chionodes fumatella ( douglas , 1850 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : discovery of the larva in the british isles . entomologist’s gazette 67 : 3 - 14 .
sokoloff , p . a . & bradford , e . , 1993 . the british species of monochroa , chrysoesthia , ptocheuusa and sitotroga ( lepidoptera : glechiidae ) . br . j . ent . nat . hist . 6 : 37 - 44 .
douglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 61 .
allen , a . a . , 1961 . the recurrence in britain of recurvaria piceaella kearfott . entomologist ' s record & journal of variation 73 : 40 - 41 .
mcleod , j . m . , 1966 . notes on the biology of a spruce needle - miner pulicalvaria piceaella ( kearfott ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . can . ent . 98 : 225 - 236 .
parsons , m . s . & honey , m . r . , 2017 . dichomeris acuminatus ( staudinger , 1876 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) new to the british isles . entomologist’s gazette 68 : 42 - 44 .
douglas , j . w . , 1849 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 5 : 200 .
heckford , r . j . , 2004 . a note on the history and larvae of levipalpus hepatariella ( lien . & zell . , 1846 ) ( lepidoptera : oecophoridae ) and dichomeris juniperella ( linn . , 1761 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) in the british isles . entomologist’s gazette 55 : 1 - 13 .
sattler , k . 2011 . the original description of ephysteris inustella ( zeller , 1839 ) ( gelechiidae ) . nota lepidopterologica 34 ( 1 ) : 29 - 31 .
elsner , 2013 ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . nota lepi . 40 ( 1 ) 2017 : 119 - 123 .
sumpich , j . & skyva , j . 2012 . new faunistic records for a number of microlepidoptera , including description of three new taxa from agonoxenidae , depressariidae , and gelechiidae ( gelechioidea ) . nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) : 161 - 179 . new species - greece .
heckford , r . j . & langmaid , j . r . , 1988 . eulamprotes phaeella sp . n . ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) in the british isles . entomologist’s gazette 39 : 1 - 11 .
heckford , r . j . , sattler , k . & york , p . v . , 1999 . the taxonomic status of eulamprotes immaculatella ( douglas , 1850 ) ( lepidoptera gelechiidae ) . entomologist’s gazette 50 : 155 - 160 .
bankes , e . r . , 1899 . aristotelia unicolorella , dp . identified as a british species . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 35 : 33 - 36 .
bond , k . g . m . , 1991 . eulamprotes wilkella ab . tarquiniella stainton ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) rediscovered in eastern ireland . entomologist ' s gazette 42 : 71 - 74 .
sterling , p . h . , 2008 . reappraisal of the life history of eulamprotes wilkella ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) , and its association with sand - hill screw - moss syntrichia ruraliformis ( besch . ) cardot . entomologist’s gazette 59 : 267 - 270 .
huemer , p . , elsner , g . & karsholt , o . , 2013 . review of the eulamprotes wilkella species - group based on morphology and dna barcodes , with descriptions of new taxa ( lepidoptera : glelechiidae ) . zootaxa 3746 ( 1 ) : 69 - 100 . urltoken
beavan , s . d . & heckford , r . j . , 2015 . eulamprotes wilkella ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : further consideration of the larva and its biology , and of the forms of the adult . entomologist’s gazette 66 : 1 - 12 .
beavan , s . d . & heckford , r . j . , 2017 . eulamprotes wilkella ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : further observations on the larva . entomologist’s gazette 68 : 1 - 2 .


the crab-eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) , also known as the long-tailed macaque , is a cercopithecine primate native to southeast asia .

it is referred to as the cynomolgus monkey in laboratories .

it has a long history alongside humans ; they have been alternately seen as agricultural pests , sacred animals in some temples , and more recently , the subject of medical experiments .

the crab-eating macaque lives in matrilineal social groups with a female dominance hierarchy , and male members leave the group when they reach puberty .

they are opportunistic omnivores and have been documented using tools to obtain food in thailand and myanmar .

the crab-eating macaque is a known invasive species and a threat to biodiversity in several locations , including hong kong and western new guinea .

the significant overlap in macaque and human living space has resulted in greater habitat loss , synanthropic living , and inter - and intraspecies conflicts over resources .

crab - eating macaque

the crab - eating macaque . cool mohawk , bro . credit : shawn allen
crab - eating macaque can survive from 15 to 30 years in the wild .
containing between 5 and 60 crab - eating macaque individuals . the crab - eating macaque troops are centred around the female crab - eating macaques are they remain in the same place for their whole lives . there are often half as many males in a crab - eating macaque troop than there are females .
genomic data from the crab - eating macaque / cynomolgus monkey ( macaca fascicularis ) .
is made up from fruits , nuts and seeds . the crab - eating macaque also eats
of around six months , the female crab - eating macaque gives birth to a single infant ( baby ) crab - eating macaque . male crab - eating macaque babies remain with their mothers until they are a couple of years old and are independent enough to find another troop , but the crab - eating macaque babies tend to remain in the troop for their whole lives .
the long - tailed macaque is also called the crab - eating macaque , or the cynomolgus or ' java ' monkey .
information on the crab - eating macaque is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the crab - eating macaque is a primarily arboreal macaque native to southeast asia . it is also called the cynomolgus monkey and the long - tailed macaque .
< 0 . 05 , grubbs ' test ) . ce , crab - eating macaque ; cr , chinese rhesus macaque ; ir , indian rhesus macaque .
crab - eating macaque has 16 to 26 inches long tail that provides balance when it moves in the treetops . crab - eating macaque is also able to jump horizontal distance of up to 16 . 4 feet .
the cynomolgus monkey is the name used in research for macaca fascicularis , sometimes also called the crab - eating macaque or long tailed macaque .
loss in the form of pollution and deforestation is causing severe declines in the crab - eating macaque population numbers .
infant crab - eating macaques are born black , and change colour as they mature .
male crab - eating monkeys have moustaches and cheek whiskers , while females have only whiskers .
one group of crab - eating macaques occupies territory of 125 hectares . grooming strengthens social bonds in the group . crab - eating macaques are very aggressive toward other groups or intruders .
genetic differentiation of the indonesian crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis / it ) : i . preliminary report on blood protein polymorphism
in the fact that the crab - eating macaque has a long tail which is about the same length as it ' s body .
crab - eating macaque is covered with black fur on birth . it drinks mother ' s milk until the age of 420 days .
crab - eating macaques are also called long - tailed macaques , due to their exceedingly long tails .
the crab - eating macaque is an arboreal primate meaning that it spends most of its life in the safety of the trees . the crab - eating macaque has a long tail which helps it to balance and sharp nails and its fingers to toes which help with grip .
genetic differentiation of the indonesian crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis / it ) : i . preliminary report on blood protein polymorphism | springerlink
the crab - eating macaque monkey also easily adjusts to human settlements and are considered sacred at some hindu temples and on some small islands .
gigadb dataset - doi 10 . 5524 / 100003 - genomic data from the crab - eating macaque / cynomolgus monkey ( macaca fascicularis ) .
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the crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) is a primarily arboreal macaque native to southeast asia . it is also called the cynomolgus monkey and the long - tailed macaque . the crab - eating macaque is found in a wide variety of habitats , including primary lowland rainforests , disturbed and secondary rainforests and riverside and coastal forests of nipa palm and mangrove .
crab - eating macaque can reach 15 to 22 inches in length and 3 to 20 pounds of weight . males are much larger than females .
crab - eating macaque , also known as cynomolgus monkey , belongs to the group of old world monkeys . there are 10 subspecies of crab - eating macaque that are native to southeast asia . they inhabit subtropical and tropical forests , coastal lowland forests , deciduous and evergreen forests , mangroves and swamps . the greatest threat for the survival of crab - eating macaques in the wild is habitat loss . also , crab - eating macaques are often collected from the wild for the purpose of medical researches and due to pet trade . despite these factors , population of crab - eating macaques is large and stable in the wild .
source / reference article learn how you can use or cite the crab - eating macaque article in your website content , school work and other projects .
this is a video of the crab - eating macque taken from the bbc ' s planet earth documentary series .
threat ( s ) : some believe that the crab - eating macaque is responsible for the extinction of forest birds in and the destruction of agriculture , raiding crops ( sugar cane ) and eating food such as rice and taro plants . crab - eating macaques threaten critical bird breeding areas . the crab - eating macaque has made it to the invasive species specialist group of the world conservation union ' s list of
100 of the world ' s worst invasive alien species .
unknown but it has the third largest range of any primate species and the total population of the crab - eating macaque is currently not under significant threat .
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sussman , r . w . and tattersall , i . 1980 . a preliminary study of the crab - eating macaque macaca fascicularis in mauritius , the maurutius institute bulletin 9 ( 1 ) : 31 - 51 . summary : general ecology of crab - eating macaques on mauritius .
the crab - eating macaque is found in a wide variety of habitats , including primary lowland rainforests , disturbed and secondary rainforests and riverside and coastal forests of nipa palm and mangrove . the crab - eating macaque monkey also easily adjusts to human settlements and are considered sacred at some hindu temples and on some small islands .
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zoos keep crab - eating macaques primarily for educational purposes , because of their interesting social life and because they may be used as an exampke of an introduced invasive species . crab - eating macaques may also serve as ambassadors for the conservation of mangrove forests .
like other primates , crab - eating macaques can be quite clever . in thailand and myanmar scientists have documented macaques using tools to help with food preparation . the crab - eating macaque uses stones to open nuts , snails , crabs and other hard to get food items . they also have been observed washing fruits such as papaya and sweet potato before eating them .
crab - eating macaque lives in large groups called troops . each group consists of around 20 females and one or few males . dominant female is the leader of the troop .
we first used the degree of asymmetry in the divergence between ce macaque / cr macaque and ce macaque / ir macaque to estimate the proportion of the ce macaque genome that is of cr macaque origin . in particular , the proportion of the genome that is introgressed (
crab - eating macaques communicate via sounds , visual cues ( body postures ) and olfactory signals ( chemical substances produced in the body ) .
) a potential introgression region ( shaded blue ) , which contains fewer variations between ce macaque and cr macaque than between the two rhesus macaques ( ir macaque and cr macaque ) . (
also called crab - eating or long - tailed macaque . there are ten sub - species . conservation status : iucn red list ‘ least concern ‘ physical characteristics | habitat | ecology and behaviour
admiralty park probably holds the last population of crab - eating macaques on mainland singapore that inhabits a back mangrove , which partially lines sungei cina .
crab - eating macaques use tools such as rocks to break shell of crabs , nuts and oysters and teeth to peel skin of sweet potato .
other names : m . cynomolgus or m . irus ; crab - eating macaque , cynomolgus monkey , kera macaque , or longtail macaque ; macaque crabier or macaque de buffon ( french ) ; macaca cangrejera ( spanish ) ; javaapa or krabbmakak ( swedish ) ; m . f . atriceps : dark - crowned long - tailed macaque ; m . f . aurea : burmese long - tailed macaque ; m . f . condorensis : con song long - tailed macaque ; m . f . fusca : simeulue long - tailed macaque ; m . f . karimondjawae : kemujan long - tailed macaque ; m . f . lasiae : lasia long - tailed macaque ; m . f . philippinensis : philippine long - tailed macaque ; m . f . tua : maratua long - tailed macaque ; m . f . umbrosa : nicobar long - tailed macaque
did you know ? that the crab - eating macaque is rated by the iucn / ssc invasive species specialist group as being among the 100 world ' s worst invasive alien species ? crab - eating macaques are highly adaptable because they are generalist feeders . if expanding outside their origonal range , the may be responsible for the extinction of forest bird species .
with a name like crab - eating macaque you might think that these primates enjoy a diet of mostly seafood . however , crab - eating macaques are actually frugivorous , meaning their diet consists mainly of tropical fruit . they also eat a large portion of seeds . together , fruits and seeds make up between 60 % to 90 % of their diet .
the native range of the crab - eating macaque includes most of mainland southeast asia , including the malay archipelago islands of sumatra , java and borneo , the islands of the philippines and the nicobar islands in the bay of bengal . although this monkey is often referred to as the crab - eating macaque , its diet is by no means limited to crabs . other food items are in fact far more common .
crab - eating macaque is covered with grayish brown or reddish brown fur on dorsal side of the body and pale grey fur on ventral side of the body . tail is dark grey or brown in color .
, the crab - eating macaque , it sports a cute little punk - rock mohawk . appropriately enough , this species is alternatively known as the egret monkey , which brings us full circle on our linguistic journey .
sussman , r . w . and tattersall , i . 1980 . a preliminary study of the crab - eating macaque macaca fascicularis in mauritius , the maurutius institute bulletin 9 ( 1 ) : 31 - 51 .
natural predators of crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) include large carnivores ( panthers and sun - bears in java ) , snakes and possibly large raptors .
with broad diets , crab - eating macaques mainly eat fruit , but also feed on items such as insects , bird eggs and as their name suggest , crabs .
there are two subspecies of the japanese macaque monkey , macaca fuscata fuscata and yakushima macaque , macaca fuscata yakui .
crab - eating macaque is an omnivore ( it eats plants and meat ) . its diet is based on fruit , leaves , nuts , seed , crabs , oysters , small birds and their eggs , lizards and frogs .
is a crab - eating macaque or long - tailed macaque ( 38 - 55 centimeters long with a tail , 40 - 65 centimeters in length , weighing 4 - 8 kilograms ) . the males and females are both born with black fur , which turns a grey to dark brown or yellowish - brown with lighter underparts and crown hairs which form a small crest . crab - eating macaques are a quadrapedal and diurnal ( active during the day ) species , highly adapted for swimming and climbing trees with tails used for balance when leaping between trees . crab - eating macaques have an average group size of 30 individuals .
a tourist took the footage of a lifetime when she stumbled across a wild long - tailed macaque ( also called a crab - eating macaque ) monkey nuzzling and grooming a small kitten at the monkey forest park in the ubud region of bali , indonesia . the bond isn ' t so surprising though , considering that crab - eating macaques are highly social animals and babies learn from interacting with both their mother and other females in their large groups of up to 60 individuals .
crab - eating and long tailed macaque make sense , as the monkeys are often seen eating crabs and they have rather long tails . the name cynomolgus , however , is rather strange so i was curious as to where it came from and why it is used . i checked wikipedia and the following section provided some information :
classification : macaca fascicularis is in the family cercopithecidae and subfamily cercopithecinae . there are 16 species of macaques . based on mating style and reproductive systems , there are 4 subgroups . the crab - eating or long - tailed macaque group , also includes the rhesus macaque , the japanese macaque ( snow monkey ) , and the formosan rock macaque . the other three groups are the silenus - sylavanus , sinica , and artoides .
macaca fascicularis aureus i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1831 – myanmar long - tailed macaque , burmese long - tailed macaque
) . we then constructed 19 and 18 multiple paired - end genomic dna libraries with gradually increasing insert sizes for the cr macaque and ce macaque , respectively . the total size of the assembled cr macaque and ce macaque genomes was , respectively ,
in this lesson you ' ll be learning about the ubiquitous crab - eating macaque . we ' ll be learning about where it lives in southeast asia , its fruit based diet , and unique behaviors including social dominance , tool use and reproductive strategies .
m . fascicularis , the crab - eating macaque , is native to south - east asia and has been introduced into mauritius , palau ( angaur island ) , hong kong and parts of indonesia ( tinjil island and papua ) . they are conside . . .
the crab - eating macaque is a very social animal that lives in groups anywhere from 5 - 60 individuals . these groups are multi - male groups , normally containing 2 - 5 males and 2 - 3 times as many females . their groups are female orientated .
the celebes crested macaque ( macaca nigra ) is also known as the crested black macaque , sulawesi crested macaque , or the black ‘ape’ . the celebes crested macaque lives in the northeast of the indonesian island of sulawesi ( celebes ) as well as on smaller neighbouring islands .
the crab - eating macaque is a very social animal that lives in groups anywhere from 5 – 60 individuals . these groups are multi - male groups , normally containing 2 – 5 males and 2 – 3 times as many females . their groups are female orientated . they will remain in a a group up to 4 or 5 years and will emigrate several times throughout their life . crab - eating macaques have a strict dominance hierarchy . adult males rank higher than females .
is also commonly known as the cynomolgus monkey or cynomolgous macaque . native to malaysia , indonesia and the philippines , crab - eating macaques are closely related to rhesus macaques but have a smaller body size and higher susceptibility to stress as well as other physiological and immunological differences .
crab - eating macaques like to live in large , social groups called troops . some troops may have up to 58 members . one benefit is protection against predators . large predators are much less likely to take on a large , howling group of macaques than a single macaque .
they will remain in a a group up to 4 or 5 years and will emigrate several times throughout their life . crab - eating macaques have a strict dominance hierarchy . adult males rank higher than females .
. the two sequenced genomes allowed us to quantify the influence of this introgression at the whole - genome level . specifically , we explored whether a dna signal consistent with interspecies hybridization was apparent within the cr macaque and ce macaque genomes . we calculated the divergence ratio between the ce macaque and cr macaque and compared it with the divergence ratio between the cr macaque and ir macaque for 50 - kb windows across the aligned genomes (
benefit ( s ) : the crab - eating macaques were extensively used as the laboratory animal for the research and development of the polio vaccine . in addition , they help in the distribution of introduced plant species .
, and the population indices are ce macaque : 1 , cr : 2 , ir macaque : 3 . using this equation , we found that
control level diagnosis : the control level does not seem to be a high priority in all the areas it inhabits . the level of control varies from virtually no protection to being well - protected depending on the region . there seems to be some regulation through export regulations but none that are extensive . the crab - eating macaque inhabits two sanctuaries , nine national parks , and nine reserves . they receive some protection in temple ruins where they are hand fed on a regular basis . the crab - eating macaque is legally protected in the parks and urban forests of malaysia . they are threatened in some of the reserves due to oil drilling and harvesting plans . they are considered sacred by some in bali . this may increase the chances of their survival in these reserves . crab - eating macaques are hunted for food in thailand and borneo and because they are agricultural pests , which remains a growing problem . as a result , this has impeded the government from following through with conservation efforts . crab - eating macaques were exported to the united states and great britain for biomedical research . in the wild , there are currently approximately 2 . 5 million crab - eating macaques , but they are threatened by extensive logging causing habitat loss .
the rhesus macaque ( macaca mulatta ) is one of the commonest monkeys in india , often living close to urban areas . in indonesia the crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) has become a competent swimmer and dives in the mangrove swamps for crabs and other crustaceans . in malaysia , the pig - tailed macaque ( macaca nemestrina ) has been trained to harvest coconuts . the japanese macaque ( macaca fuscata ) is the most northerly living monkeys and has a shaggy coat to protect it from the cold winters .
…of two clones of the crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) , the first primate clones using the scnt process . ( scnt has been carried out with very limited success in humans , in part because of problems with human egg cells resulting from the mother’s age and environmental factors . )
. they use their incisors and canine teeth to peel sweet potatoes before eating to avoid the bitter skins .
the booted macaque is an omnivore and feeds on figs , buds , invertebrates and cereals . there are two subspecies of the booted macaque that are recognized : macaca ochreata ochreata and muna - buton macaque , macaca ochreata brunnescens .
the long - tailed macaques or crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) is the only macaque native to singapore . they are also the most common species of non - human primate in singapore and are characterised by their long tails . adults have white fur on their eye lid , whiskers on their cheeks and are brown and grey in colour . babies are born with black coat .
the nonhuman primates most commonly used in medical research are from the genus macaca 1 . to better understand the genetic differences between these animal models , we present high - quality draft genome sequences from two macaque species , the cynomolgus / crab - eating macaque and the chinese rhesus macaque . comparison with the previously sequenced indian rhesus macaque reveals that all three macaques maintain abundant genetic heterogeneity , including millions of single - nucleotide substitutions and many insertions , deletions and gross chromosomal rearrangements . by assessing genetic regions with reduced variability , we identify genes in each macaque species that may have experienced positive selection . genetic divergence patterns suggest that the cynomolgus macaque genome has been shaped by introgression after hybridization with the chinese rhesus macaque . macaque genes display a high degree of sequence similarity with human disease gene orthologs and drug targets . however , we identify several putatively dysfunctional genetic differences between the three macaque species , which may explain functional differences between them previously observed in clinical studies .
the rhesus macaque monkey had been on the loose in the tampa - st .
a total frequency of macaque - to - human interactions at each study site .
) . this supports the occurrence of strong gene flow from the cr to the ce macaque genome . by screening the degree of asymmetry in the divergence between the ce and cr macaque and between the ce and ir macaque , we estimated that
troops of the toque macaque are a common sight in the cultural triangle , where many ancient temples are situated , hence earning them the nick name of ‘temple monkey’ . the other two subspecies of toque macaque that have been described are dryzone toque macaque ( macaca sinica sinica ) and wetzone toque macaque ( macaca sinica aurifrons ) .
crab - eating macaques are promiscuous ( they mate with more than one partner ) . pregnancy in females lasts 162 to 193 days and ends with one baby . dominant female produces offspring each year . other females usually breed once every two years .
the tibetan macaque ( macaca thibetana ) , also known as milne - edwards’ macaque , is found in china , tibet and vietnam . the tibetan macaque lives in subtropical forests either mixed deciduous or evergreen at altitude that range from 800 to 2000 metres .
, 1973 . polymorphism of red cell nadp - dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in macaque monkeys .
, 1969 . geographic variations of transferrin allelic frequencies in continental and insular macaque populations .
sussman , r . w . and tattersall , i . 1981 . behavior and ecology of macaca fascicularis in mauritius : a preliminary study , primates 22 ( 2 ) : 192 - 205 . summary : general ecology of crab - eating macaques on mauritius .
ecological role : crab - eating macaques are the most extensively used laboratory animal next to the rhesus monkey . they are able to easily adapt to mangrove forests , distributed throughout a variety of island habitats , feeding on native fruits and subsequently competing with native birds .
the native range of the crab - eating macaque includes most of mainland southeast asia , including the malay archipelago islands of sumatra , java and borneo , the islands of the philippines and the nicobar islands in the bay of bengal . although this monkey is often referred to as the crab - eating macaque , its diet is by no means limited to crabs . other food items are in fact far more common . they are an opportunistic feeding omnivore , meaning they can and will eat a wide variety of animals , plants and other materials , it also eats leaves , flowers , roots and bark . it also preys on bird chicks and nesting female birds , lizards , frogs , fishes and bird eggs .
and bird ' s eggs particularly during the colder winter months when their are slim pickings on the branches . japanese macaque babies feed on their mother ' s milk until they are able to begin eating more solid foods .
the behavioral repertoire of the stumptail macaque . a descriptive and comparative study . bibliotheca primatologica 11
we aren ' t monkeying around when we say that this macaque apes albert einstein perfectly .
macaca fascicularis philippinensis i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1843 – philippine long - tailed macaque
, meaning “of mixed breed . ” the species name of the long - tailed macaque is
long - tailed macaque on nick baker ' s ecologyasia website : fact sheet with photos .
, the japanese macaque is often loved and protected by the native people . however , growing
long tailed macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) | s . a . f . e . project
long - tailed macaques are mainly frugivorous but may seasonally focus on other food sources including insects , stems , young and mature leaves , flowers , seeds , grass , mushrooms , invertebrates , bird eggs , clay and bark . crab - eating macaques are excellent swimmers . where they forage in mangroves , they catch crabs , frogs , shrimps and other invertebrates . like other macaques they have cheek pouches in which they can store food as they forage , and transport it away from the foraging site to eat crab - eating macaques live in big groups , which can contain more than 100 individuals . the groups are divided in sub - groups . it is very uncommon to see a macaque living alone . after a pregnancy of 7 to 8 months the females will give birth to a single infant . new - born crab - eating macaques are sparsely haired and dark and weigh about 150 - 470 grams .
: the home range of crab - eating macaques varies greatly depending on the location and whether they are in their native range or an introduced range . in their native range the home range size may vary from between 50 hectares and 100 hectares , although the national primate conservation
females reach sexual maturity at the age of 4 years , males at the age of 6 years . males leave native group to join other , unrelated group of crab - eating monkeys . young males often fight to establish dominance and ensure higher rank in the new group .
but , part of the reason crab - eating macaques are so successful is that they are versatile consumers . they will also eat flowers , honey , bird eggs , fungi , leaves , bark and even clay . macaques sometimes consume clay for the minerals in it , like potassium .
local ganglion cell contr ibutions to the macaque electroretinogram revealed by experimental nerve fiber layer bundle defect .
, 1973 . genetic variation in the carbonic anhydrase isozymes of macaque monkeys . ii . inheritance of red cell carbonic anhydrase levels in different carbonic anhydrase i genotypes of the pig - tailed macaque ,
, 1971 . genetic variation and evolution in the red cell carbonic anhydrase isozymes of macaque monkeys .
found in a wide range of habitats : primary and secondary forests , mangrove forests , swamps and riverine forests , plantations and the outskirts of towns and villages , often near bodies of water . the crab - eating macaque was introduced to several locations ( hong kong , western new guinea , angaur island in palau , and mauritius ) where they are a threat to many native species .
jiang z ; meng z ; zeng y ; wu z ; zhou z , 2008 . cites non - detrimental finding case study for the exporting of crab - eating macaques . ( macaca fascicularis ) from china . df workshop case studies wg 5 - mammals case study 5 macaca fascicularis .
the life span of the tibetan macaque is over 20 years . there are four recognized subspecies of this macaque , macaca thibetana thibetana , macaca thibetana esau , macaca thibetana guiahouensis and macaca thibetana huangshanensis .
the number and characteristics of chromosomes of the crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) were studied . karyo - types obtained from cultured leukocytes were similar to those of other species of the genus macaca ( 2n = 42 ) . the diploid chromosome number was 42 : 15 pairs of submetacentric autosomes and 5 metacentric . the x - chromosome was metacentric and the y - chromosome was probably acrocentric .
much like raccoons , the crab - eating macaque is keen to take advantage of human activities . macaques make themselves pests to farmers , stealing crops like rice , fruit , sugarcane and taro . they even will steal food from the garbage in cities and villages . unfortunately , these primates can be dangerous . macaques have long canine teeth that can be used to display threatening behavior and even attack enemies .
1997 . female dominance relationships and food competition in the sympatric thomas langur and long - tailed macaque .
referred to as the cynomolgus monkey . in its natural environment , the long - tailed macaque is found
b mean frequency of macaque - to - human interactions for each behavior investigated across all observation sites .
in addition to what nishrat has written , crab - eating macaque has a long tail which is the size of its body . their tails also provide balance to their body . they vary in color from light brown to grayish brown fur that covers their legs and arms . they are very sociable and live in groups of about 5 to 60 individuals . they have sharp nails and fingers and toes to help them grip on to things . they also have human life hands . they do not only eat crabs but half of their diet is made up of fruits , nuts and seeds . since they look similar to humans they are our competitors because they eat the same types of foods as we do . crab - eating macaque . ( n . d . ) . retrieved may 17 , 2015 , from urltoken
m . thibetana , the milne - edwards ' s macaque , is from central china . it is the largest macaque , very short - tailed , dark brown with a bushy pale beard and cheek whiskers .
some macaques are nearly tailless , such as the stump - tailed macaque ( m . arctaides ) , some are tailless , such as the barbary ape ( m . sylvanus ) and some have long tails , such as rhesus monkey ( m . mulataa ) . the crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) , also known as the cynomolgus monkey and long - tailed macaque , has a very long tail , which is longer than the body , with the body length of the adult monkey about 38 to 55 centimeters ( 15 to 22 inches ) and the tail typically 40 to 65 centimeters ( 16 to 26 inches ) .
in their natural range , crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) are occasionally used as a food source for some indigenous forest dwelling peoples . in mauritius , they are sold to the pharmaceutical industry with a value of approximately us $ 1500 per individual , and in angaur , palau they are sold as pets .
bertram , b . and ginsberg , j . 1994 . monkeys in mauritius : potential for humane control ( confidential report by the zoological society of london commissioned by the rspca ) : 25 . summary : confidential report summarising the problems posed by crab - eating macaques on mauritius and the feasibility of humane population control .
1996 . sexual behaviour and mating system of the wild pig - tailed macaque in west sumatra . in :
the booted macaque ( macaca ochreata ) is a macaque of the sulawesi island , indonesia . the booted macaque monkey is diurnal ( active during the daytime ) and spends most of the day in the trees . they can grow to a length of 50 – 59 centimetres long plus a tail of 35 – 40 centimetres .
) single nucleotide divergence between macaque species in 100 - kb windows across the genome . heterozygous variants were ignored in this calculation . the divergence of x chromosomes between the two rhesus macaque subspecies was a significant outlier (
bats are important pollinators in our ecosystem . contrary to popular belief , bats in singapore do not harm people and have a diet consisting mainly of fruits or insects . fruit - eating bats pollinate the beautiful flowers you see around your neighbourhood while insect - eating bats control insect populations ( including mosquito populations ) !
classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) . subspecies : dark - crowned long - tailed macaque , macaca fascicularis atriceps , the burmese long - tailed macaque , m . f . aureus , the simeulue long - tailed macaque , m . f . fuscus , the kemujan long - tailed macaque , m . f . karimondjawae , the lasia long - tailed macaque , m . f . lasiae , and the maratua long - tailed macaque , m . f . tua , are classified as data deficient ( dd ) , the con song long - tailed macaque , m . f . condorensis , and the nicobar long - tailed macaque , m . f . umbrosa , are classified as vulnerable ( vu ) , the long - tailed macaque , m . f . fascicularis is classified as least concern ( lc ) and the philippine long - tailed macaque , m . f . philippensis , is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
uses in their natural range , crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) are occasionally used as a food source for some indigenous forest dwelling peoples . in mauritius , they are sold to the pharmaceutical industry with a value of approximately us $ 1500 per individual , and in angaur , palau they are sold as pets .
crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) may negatively impact biodiversity by eating the eggs and chicks of endangered forest birds . they compete with native birds for resources such as native fruits . they may aggravate the negative effects of exotic plant species by consuming their fruits and aiding dispersal of their seeds . macaques feed on sugar cane and other crops , affecting agriculture and livelihoods , and can be aggressive towards humans . macaques may carry potentially fatal human diseases , including b - virus .
to characterize the polymorphisms of several important variants between the ce and cr macaques , we carried out a population survey in 33 unrelated ce macaque individuals of vietnamese origin and 28 cr macaque individuals using pcr amplification and sequencing .
the moor macaque ( macaca maura ) is an macaque with brown / black body fur with a pale rump patch and pink bare skin on the rump . it is about 50 – 58 . 5 centimetres in length . the moor macaque monkey eats figs , bamboo seeds , buds , sprouts , invertebrates and cereals in tropical rainforests .
30 % of the ce macaque genome is of cr macaque origin . we next sought to identify putative introgression regions ( pirs ) in the macaque . we noted that if a given chromosomal region had originated as a consequence of hybridization between ce macaques and cr macaques , the sequence diversity between ce macaques and cr macaques ( denoted as
happel r ( 1988 ) seed - eating by west african cercopithecines , with reference to the possible evolution of bilophodont molars . am j phys anthropol 75 : 303–327
general impacts crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) may negatively impact biodiversity by eating the eggs and chicks of endangered forest birds . they compete with native birds for resources such as native fruits . they may aggravate the negative effects of exotic plant species by consuming their fruits and aiding dispersal of their seeds . macaques feed on sugar cane and other crops , affecting agriculture and livelihoods , and can be aggressive towards humans . macaques may carry potentially fatal human diseases , including b - virus .
— ( ma ka k ) s . m . et f . 1° genre de singes à tête plate et à queue courte . un macaque . une macaque . 2° ver macaque , ver maringouin , flugacuru , ou berne , larves , dans l amérique méridionale , qui sont redoutées à l égal des moustiques ; dites , … …
———— , 1973 . blood protein variations in asian macaques . iii . characteristics of the macaque blood protein polymorphism .
the rhesus macaque ( macaca mulatta ) , often called the rhesus monkey , is one of the best known species of old world monkeys . it is a typical macaque , common throughout afghanistan to northern india and southern china .
we sequenced the genomes of a female cr macaque and a female ce macaque using a whole - genome shotgun strategy on a next - generation sequencing platform . briefly mitochondrial genome sequence analysis verified the predicted origin of both individuals (
under this definition , a negative indicates that cr macaque is closer to ce macaque than to ir macaque . to filter out the regions where the cr macaque sequence was closer to ce macaque by chance alone , we generated simulation data assuming a neutral model using parameters estimated by demographic analysis . the demographic model used for simulation assumed no migration between ce macaque and cr macaque . the program ms 26 was used to generate segregating sites for the three macaques . then , we calculated r diff for each window in the simulated data . the 1 % quartile of r diff in the simulated data was used as a cut - off ( denoted as r cutoff ) , that is p ( r diff < = r cutoff ) = 0 . 01 , for all windows in simulated data .
mhc class i a region diversity and polymorphism in macaque species . otting n , et al . immunogenetics 2007 may
macaques are similar in genetic makeup to humans and have similar immunological , neurological , and reproductive systems ( shidler 2007 ) . combined with the fact that some , such as the rhesus monkey and the crab - eating monkey , adapt well to captivity and are not endangered in the wild , they are popular animals for use in medical and scientific research ( shidler 2007 ) . the rhesus monkey ( macaca mulatta ) , for example , is used in research projects involving understanding genetic and reproductive disorders , exploring age - related health conditions , and developing an aids vaccine ( shidler 2007 ) . the cynomolgus monkey or crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) is best known for its use as the first test animal in clinical studies for development of the polio vaccine ( shidler 2007 ) .
the females have a rigid hierarchy with infants inheriting their mother’s rank . female gestation period is 173 days , females bear only one young , which weighs about 500 grams at birth . the japanese macaque has an average life span of 30 years . the japanese macaque is very smart . it is the only animal other than humans and raccoons that is known to wash its food before eating it .
the moor macaque is sometimes called dog - ape because of its dog - like muzzles , although they are no more closely related to apes than any other old world monkey . the moor macaque inhabits only sulawesi ( indonesia ) .
so , what ' s the problem with having an extra guest at the table ? crab - eating macaques have a highly varied diet . they compete with native species for all types of food , and can decimate local bird populations by dining on eggs . without natural predators , their population booms out of control and can outcompete native species .
this animal has several common names . it is often referred to as the long - tailed macaque due , unsurprisingly , to its unusually long tail that is often longer than the body . the species is also commonly known as the crab - eating macaque because it is often seen foraging beaches for crabs . another common name for m . fascicularis is the cynomolgus monkey , which literally means
dog - milker
monkey ; this is the name most commonly used in laboratory settings . in indonesia , m . fascicularis and other macaque species are known generically as kera , possibly because of the high - pitched alarm calls they give when in danger (
krra ! krra !
) .
) . in addition , > 93 % of 50 - kb genomic windows displayed a lower divergence rate between the ce and cr macaques in comparison with the ce and ir macaques . therefore , unsorted ancestral polymorphisms could not entirely explain the high proportion of inconsistent regions observed between the ce macaque and cr macaque . furthermore , by combining previous single nucleotide polymorphism ( snp ) data from ir and cr macaque populations with data from our own sequenced cr and ce macaque individuals
crab - eating , or long - tailed , macaques ( m . fascicularis ) of southeast asia have whiskered brown faces ; they live in forests along rivers , where they eat fruit and fish for crabs and other crustaceans . rhesus monkeys ( m . mulatta ) are native to northern india , myanmar ( burma ) , southeast asia , and eastern…
the cynomolgus , or crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) is native to southeast asia . they are widely distributed in malaysia , indonesia and the philippines . they inhabit tropical forests , but are quite tolerant of captive housing and diets . there are several major breeding colonies in the u . s . , but large numbers of these animals can be imported from indonesia and other sources , making them readily available to laboratories at much lower cost than rhesus monkeys .
that one always loses the best specimens , is proverbial : this monkey was the biggest macaque i had ever seen .
fuentes a . patterns and context of human–macaque interactions in gibraltar . in : hodges jk , cortes kj , editors .
the long - tailed macaque – an ecologically important animal with a society that is similar to ours in many ways .
nparks has carried out research collaborations with local and international researchers since 2003 , which help to manage our macaque population .
macaca fascicularis ( primates : cercopithecidae ) long - tailed macaque by tan qiao hao joys , 2014 , on taxo4254 .
native to southeast asia , the crab - eating macaque is an adaptable species that has spread to many parts of the world . these primates are far from endangered , and have actually been classified as an invasive species due to their disruption in non - native ecosystems . although they are native to southeast asia , they are now found in parts of mainland asia , mauritius island in the indian ocean , and some islands in indonesia due to human introduction of the species .
howe hf ( 1986 ) seed dispersal by fruit - eating birds and mammals . in : murray dr ( ed ) seed dispersal . academic press , sydney , pp 123–189
( a ) schematic of protein encoded by trim5 in macaque . annotated functional domains are marked with the names of domains in the colored boxes . the positions of nonsynonymous polymorphisms and the two - amino - acid deletion ( in red ) are marked . ( b ) the frequencies of all the nonsynonymous polymorphisms and the two - amino - acid deletion in the cr macaque and ce macaque populations . the frequency is counted for the genotype that appears in the ir macaque reference .
furuichi , t . ( 1983 ) . interindividual distance and influence of dominance on feeding in a natural japanese macaque troop .
yamada , m . ( 1963 ) . a study of blood - relationship in the natural society of the japanese macaque .
. we’ll get back to the macaque in a moment , but , for now , let’s move on to our wrasse .
a rhesus macaque monkey sits on a perch at the national institutes of health ' s animal center in poolesville , md .
the lion - tailed macaque primarily eats fruits , however , it also eats leaves , buds , insects and small vertebrates .
distribution and status of long - tailed macaque ( macaca fascicularis aurea i . geofroy saint - hilaire , 1830 ) in bangladesh
the bonnet macaque ( macaca radiata ) is a macaque that resides in india . the bonnet macaque is a diurnal monkey which means it is mostly active during the daytime . bonnet macaques are around 35 – 60 centimetres long plus a tail of 35 – 68 centimetres . male bonnet macaques weigh 5 . 5 to 9 kilograms and females 3 . 5 to 4 . 5 kilograms .
natural predators of crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) include large carnivores ( panthers and sun - bears in java ) , snakes and possibly large raptors . some primate taxonomists consider m . fascicularis to be more of a species group or superspecies , as it has a complex relationship with other species such as m . mulatto , m . cyclopis , and m . fuscata .
the common macaque is a strong , well - built monkey , of a dark grey colour , with a short stubby tail .
we constructed 19 and 18 paired - end libraries , with spanning size ranges of 200 bp to 10 kb ( supplementary section 1 ) , from the cr macaque and ce macaque , respectively . the libraries were prepared following the manufacturer ' s standard instructions and sequenced on illumina hiseq ( 2000 ) platform . whole genome sequencing was done as described previously 22 . a total of 178 . 98 gb data and 198 . 39 gb data were generated from these libraries for the cr macaque and ce macaque , respectively .
notes natural predators of crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) include large carnivores ( panthers and sun - bears in java ) , snakes and possibly large raptors . some primate taxonomists consider m . fascicularis to be more of a species group or superspecies , as it has a complex relationship with other species such as m . mulatto , m . cyclopis , and m . fuscata .
and human genome sequences . about 97 % of cr macaque scaffolds and 92 % of ce macaque scaffolds could be placed onto chromosomes . we also applied rna - seq to profile transcripts in various tissues from one ir macaque and two ce macaques ( online methods ) . an integrated analysis combining genomic and transcriptome data was then used to define transcript structure and ascertain the expression profile of each gene (
crab - eating macaques are arboreal primates living in many habitats of southeast asia , but they have become an invasive species in nearby islands and mainland asia . they are small with long tails , gray fur , and pinkish - brown faces , and sharp canines that are used to fight predators and each other . they are frugivorous , eating a diet mostly of fruit , but also flowers , leaves , insects , eggs , sea animals and even human garbage . they live in large troops with dominant males and females . females give birth to one offspring , but demonstrate limited parental care .
but of course , there must be a reason for their name . crab - eating macaques that live near water particularly in coastal forests or mangroves are known for their seafood diet . they can be seen scavenging for crabs and frogs near the water . species in indonesia have even evolved to become strong swimmers . they dive for aquatic species , such as crabs that are underwater , shrimps , and octopuses .
fuentes a , kalchik s , gettler l , kwiatt a , konecki m , jones - engel l . characterizing human–macaque interactions in singapore .
the development of disease in baboons is somewhat slower than in the rhesus macaque . infection of wild troops with bovine tb has been described (
macaque monkeys that have developed the ability to use stone tools to open shellfish are in danger of losing the skill because of human development .
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local dispersal methods escape from confinement : the risk of pet crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) escaping and forming new populations is significant as many people import these animals to keep or sell as pets ( kemp and burnett , 2003 ) . natural dispersal ( local ) : the home range of crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) varies greatly depending on the location and whether they are in their native range or an introducted range . in their native range the home range size may vary from between 50 hectares and 100 hectares . the mean troop home range in their introduced range is estimated to be only 800 m² in mauritius ( sussman and tattersall , 1986 , carter and bright , 2002 ) . in their introduced range in papua ( indonesia ) the home range size may vary between 3 hectares and 22 hectares .
the scientific name of the crab - eating macaque is macaca fascicularis . macaca comes from the portuguese word macaco , which was picked up from makaku , a fiot ( west african language ) word ( kaku means ' monkey ' in fiot ) . fascicularis is latin for ' a small band or stripe ' . sir thomas raffles , who gave the animal its scientific name in 1821 , did not specify what he meant by the use of this word , although it is presumed it had something to do with his observation of the animal ' s color .