the false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) , also known as malayan gharial , sunda gharial and tomistoma , is a freshwater crocodilian native to peninsular malaysia , borneo , sumatra and java .

it is listed as vulnerable on the iucn red list , as the global population is estimated at fewer than 2,500 mature individuals .

the specific name schlegelii honors the german herpetologist hermann schlegel .

false gharial

the false gharial , also known as the malayan gharial or false gavial , that arrived at amsterdam zoo artis last year , has passed away . according to artis , the dominant mating behavior of the male gharial was what killed her .
breeding season false gharial breeding occurs during the wet seasons : november - february and april - june .
the false gharial is classified as “endangered” by the iucn and is listed on appendix i of cites .
clockwise from top left : the false gharial , tomistoma schlegelii ; american crocodile , crocodylus acutus ; indian gharial , gavialis gangeticus ; and american alligator , alligator mississippiensis .
evidence for placing the false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) into the family gavialidae : inferences from nuclear gene sequences .
guess i didn ' t think that one through though the teeth you showed me were from a ganges gharial , the teeth of a false gharial are only slightly better .
crocodile specialist group , 2000 .
tomistoma schlegelii ( false gharial , malayan gharial , sunda gharial , tomistoma , tomistoma )
( on - line ) . iucn redlist of threatened species . accessed september 29 , 2012 at urltoken .
r . b . steubing , e . lading , and j . jong , “the status of the false gharial (
compared to the true gharial , the false gharial is smaller and has a shorter snout . there are small populations mostly in indonesia . surveys suggest the largest group lives in borneo .
( bezuijen , et al . , 1997 ; mathew , et al . , 2011 ;
false gharial
, 2012 )
( mathew , et al . , 2011 ; pfaff , 2004 ;
false gharial
, 2012 ; staniewicz , 2011 )
evidence for placing the false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) into the family gavialidae : inferences from nuclear gene sequences . - pubmed - ncbi
the false gharial is placed in the order crocodylia ( 25 species ) and family crocodylidae ( 16 species ) . recent evidence of its relationship to the indian gharial may lead to a reclassification in the family gavialidae .
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saint louis zoo . 2012 .
false gharial
( on - line ) . saint louis zoo . accessed september 29 , 2012 at urltoken .
the difference between false gharial and indian gharial jaws was brought home to me when i first tried to urge a false gharial out of my way while servicing its exhibit . with indian gharials , there was a chance that the jaw might be damaged if an animal struck the “croc pole” ( a thick pole used to nudge crocs and keep them at a safe distance ) ; the first time a male false gharial hit my pole it splintered and flew out of my hands . he and his mate charged and , now unarmed , i fled out the exhibit service door .
since this animal was once called “false” gharial , then there must also be a true gharial , right ? yes ! compared to most other crocodilians ( crocodiles and alligators ) , both true and malayan gharials have long , slender snouts . so how do you tell if a gharial is true or false ? for one thing , they don ' t look exactly alike - - the malayan gharial doesn ' t grow as big as a true gharial , and its snout is somewhat shorter . for another thing , they don ' t live in the same areas - - malayan gharials live inindonesiaandmalaysia , while true gharials are found in northernindiaand surrounding countries . so now you know how to tell if a gharial is true or “false” ( malayan ) !
the slender snout is well adapted for catching fish but the false gharial exhibits a more generalised diet ; also eating insects , crustaceans and small mammals ( 2 ) .
the false gharial inhabits heavily - vegetated peat swamps and slow - moving “black water” rivers . there is evidence that it occasionally enters the tidal portions of certain rivers .
gharial
originates from the hindi word
ghara
which is a clay pot with a long neck , much like the snout shape of an adult male gharial .
stuebing , r . , m . bezuijen , m . auliya , h . voris . 2006 . the current and historical distribution of tomistoma schlegelli ( the false gharial ) .
i was especially struck by the false gharials’ jaws . i had previously worked with a related species , the indian gharial ( gavialis gangeticus ) . the indian gharial feeds primarily upon fish that are captured with uniquely - long and slender jaws . the false gharial’s jaws are also elongated , but they are in no way slender ! up close , the massive bones and muscles that anchor these powerful weapons are readily apparent . it was easy to imagine that , as i had read in field reports , wild false gharials regularly dined on proboscis monkeys and other sizable mammals .
tomistoma , the scientific name for the malayan gharial , means
sharp mouth
in greek .
the gharial ( gavialis gangeticus ) is one of two surviving members of the family gavialidae , a long - established group of crocodile - like reptiles with long , narrow jaws . the gharial ( sometimes called the ‘indian gharial’ or ‘gavial’ ) is the second - longest of all living crocodilians .
( bezuijen , et al . , 2010 ; britton , 2012a ; mathew , et al . , 2011 ; pfaff , 2004 ;
false gharial
, 2012 ; staniewicz , 2011 )
( bezuijen , et al . , 1997 ; britton , 2012a ; mathew , et al . , 2011 ; pfaff , 2004 ;
false gharial
, 2012 ; staniewicz , 2011 )
( britton , 2012a ; mathew , et al . , 2011 ; pfaff , 2004 ;
false gharial
, 2012 ; staniewicz , 2011 ; stuebing , et al . , 2004 )
the false gharial is listed on the iucn endangered species list . they are native to peninsular malaysia , borneo , sumatra and sarawak , but the current population estimate is below 2 , 500 .
gharials have elongated , narrow snouts that are similar only to its relative , the false gharial , ( tomistoma schlegelii ) . the snout shape varies with the age of the gharial . the snout becomes progressively thinner the older the gharial gets . the bulbous growth on the tip of the males snout is called a ‘ghara’ ( after the indian word meaning ‘pot’ ) , only present in mature individuals .
the only predator of larger false gharials appears to be the salt water crocodile , crocodylus porosus .
a secretive nature keeps the false gharial shrouded in mystery . the few field studies that have been carried out ( please see below ) indicate that it has been exterminated from much of its range .
m . r . bezuijen , g . j . w . webb , p . hartoyo , r . w . s . samedi , and s . c . manolis , “the false gharial (
false gharials are opportunistic carnivores . they have been reported to grab monkeys ( crab - eating macaques (
digimorph - 3d images of gharial skull . slow to load but worth the effort . must install quicktime viewer
fossil and morphological data on tomistoma schlegelii ( false gharial ) show closest resemblance to crocodylidae . but recent molecular data show closer resemblance to g . gangeticus , causing some authors to place it in the gavialidae ( brochu , 2003 ) .
the research highlighted the difficulties involved in studying rare crocodiles in remote areas . staniewicz spent around nine months over 2009 - 12 attempting to assess the size of the false gharial population on mesangat lake , and to learn more about how they live .
adult false gharials are usually safe from predators due to their large size . eggs and hatchlings preyed upon by wild pigs (
artis has two false gharials : a 51 - year - old female and a male whose age is unknown . gharials can live to be a hundred . the false gharials at artis amsterdam royal zoo are part of the european breeding programme ( eep ) for this species . artis is investing in research . the zoo has been trying to produce young crocodiles for years and decided to keep only one species of crocodile to create more space for the animals . that species is the threatened false gharial .
r . b . stuebing , m . r . bezuijen , m . auliya , and h . k . voris , “the current and historic distribution of tomistoma schlegelii ( the false gharial ) ( müller , 1838 ) ( crocodylia , reptilia ) , ”
this research is about captive breeding of false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) at zoo negara , malaysia . the false gharial is a large fresh water crocodile . once widespread species currently can be found only in peninsular malaysia , west borneo , java and sumatra . with habitat destruction being the main contributor to their disappearance , it is believed that there are fewer than 2500 individuals left in the wild . the species is listed on appendix 1 ( endangered ) of the convention of international trade of endangered species ( cites ) .
false gharials are freshwater crocodiles that are found throughout indonesia ( including kalimantan , eastern sumatra , western java , and western borneo ) , parts of malaysia ( including peninsular malaysia and sarawak ) , and brunei . there have been unconfirmed reports of false gharials in vietnam and sulawesi , indonesia . they are assumed to be extirpated in southern thailand , where they have not been seen since the 1970s . false gharial populations are isolated and occur in low densities throughout their range . the largest known populations are in sumatra and kalimantan , with smaller established populations in malaysia . the highest density population of false gharials is in tanjung puting national park in kalimantan .
both malayan and true gharials are also sometimes called gavials . it ' s believed that this term began as a misspelling of gharial .
bezuijen , m . , p . hartoyo , m . elliott , b . baker . 1997 . second report on the ecology of the false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) in sumatera . project tomistoma : i - 38 . accessed february 28 , 2013 at urltoken .
although some ambitious field studies have been undertaken ( please see “further reading” , below ) , we know surprisingly little of the false gharial’s life in the wild . unlike most large crocodilians , it is quite secretive , and dwells in habitats that are difficult to survey .
a very early gharial - like fossil is known from morocco ' s 60 million years - old rocks ( hua & jouve 2004 ) .
mathew , a . , m . ganesan , r . majid , c . beastall . 2011 .
breeding of false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) at zoo negara , malaysia
( on - line pdf ) . zoo negara . accessed september 25 , 2012 at urltoken .
the false gharial is a crocodilian with a long , thin snout , with razor - sharp needle - like teeth . it is with this implement that the male gharial grasps the female to
show its dominance
, the zoo explained . from an autopsy , it seems that the mating behavior was a bit too rough for the female . she had wounds all over her body . eventually , she died of suffocation .
( bezuijen , et al . , 2010 ; crocodile specialist group , 2000 ; mathew , et al . , 2011 ; pfaff , 2004 ;
false gharial
, 2012 ; staniewicz , 2011 ; stuebing , et al . , 2004 ; stuebing , et al . , 2006 )
despite being a feature in many zoos across south east asia and europe during the 20th century , the false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) is one of the least understood of the crocodilians . research over the last 20 years has revealed a few details , but it is still largely an enigma .
sometimes referred to as
gavial
which is probably a misspelling of gharial . the family and genus names have not been changed to reflect this error .
although the gharial can do this with some speed when required , when in water , the gharial is the most nimble and quickest of all the crocodiles in the world . their tail seems overdeveloped and is laterally flattened , more so than other crocodiles , this enables it to achieve the excellent water locomotive abilities .
staniewicz was able to document the stomach contents of juvenile false gharials she captured . this showed their diets include insects , frogs , spiders and fish .
( bezuijen , et al . , 2010 ; britton , 2012a ; crocodile specialist group , 2000 ; mathew , et al . , 2011 ; pfaff , 2004 ;
false gharial
, 2012 ; staniewicz , 2011 ; stuebing , et al . , 2004 ; stuebing , et al . , 2006 )
gharials are most adapted to the calmer areas in the deep fast moving rivers . the physical attributes of the gharial do not make it very suited for moving about on land . in fact the only reasons the gharial leaves the water is to either bask in the sun or to nest on the sandbanks of the rivers .
probably the most controversial living crocodilian is the false gharial , tomistoma , a slender - snouted form from malaysia , sumatra , and borneo . in phylogenetic analyses based on morphological characters , it is usually recovered within crocodylidae , which would mean that its similarities to gharials represent convergent evolution . however , molecular data suggests that tomistoma and the
true
indian gharial , gavialis gangeticus , are each others ' closest relatives . if that is the case , then the similarities between the
true
and
false
gharials are homologies inherited from a common ancestor , and it is the similarities between tomistoma and crocodiles that are convergent .
the false gharial is an unusual freshwater crocodilian ( a group that includes alligators , crocodiles , caimans and the gharial ) about which very little is known . like the gharial ( gavialis gangeticus ) from which it gets its common name , this species has a slender snout ( 2 ) . juveniles are dark / chocolate brown with black banding on the tail and body , a creamy white belly and dark blotches on the jaws ; much of this colouration is retained into adulthood ( 2 ) . controversy over the taxonomy of this species remains , as morphological features ( other than the snout shape ) suggest it belongs in the family crocodylidae where it is currently placed , but recent biochemical and immunological evidence suggests a closer relationship with the gharial , indicating it should also be placed in the family gavialidae ( 3 ) .
actually , this one may not be as close as we think . . . . . . . the largest living crocodile skull ever found belonged to a false gharial . while not as robust a snout as a niloticus or saltie , it is still much more lethal than that of a true gharial . based on the size of the skull , maximum length is in the 6meter range . a true
monster
more than capable of taking down a large lemon shark . - paleorod - o
tomistoma schlegelii is also known by english common name as freshwater malayan gharial or false gharial or tomistoma or sunda gharial whereas its local name in sarawak is “buaya jejulong . ” this species is listed under international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) red list as vulnerable species [ 1 ] and listed under appendix of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna ( cites ) . in peninsular malaysia , it is protected under wildlife conservation act 2010 . it is also listed as a protected animal in the sarawak wild life protection ordinance ( 1998 ) ; hence , any hunting , killing , or selling of wild tomistoma in the state is prohibited .
willis , r . e . , l . r . mcaliley , e . d . neeley , and l . d . densmore iii . 2007 . evidence for placing the false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) into the family gavialidae : inferences from nuclear gene sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 43 ( 3 ) : 787 - 794 .
once found throughout much of southeast asia , the false gharial is now extinct in thailand , vietnam and sulawesi . today it survives only on the malay peninsula , borneo , sumatra and kalimantan . in the early 2000’s , a remnant population was discovered in western java . additional surveys are needed ( please check here urltoken for survey updates ) .
historically found in south east asia throughout the malay peninsula and also on sumatra and borneo ( 3 ) . today the false gharial appears to be extinct in thailand and is seen only at low densities ( although populations are widespread ) in malaysia and indonesia ( 3 ) . there are unconfirmed reports of sightings in vietnam and sulawesi ( 3 ) .
the life span of the gharial is not exactly known , however , it is thought to be around the same span as other reptiles being 50 – 60 years in the wild .
pfaff , c . 2004 .
north american regional false gavial studbook
( on - line pdf ) . san diego zoo . accessed september 25 , 2012 at urltoken .
false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) * family : crocodylidae , * subfamily : tomistominae , * genus : tomistoma , * species : t . schlegelii , * phylum : chordata , * class : reptilia , * order : crocodilia * type : reptile , * diet : carnivore , * average lifespan in the wild : 40 to 60 years , * size : 12 . 25 to 15 . 5 ft ( 3 . 6 to 4 . 5 m ) , * weight : 2 , 200 lbs ( 977 kg ) , * protection status : endangered . * * did you know ? the gharial ' s scientific name , gavialis gangeticus is based on a misspelling of the hindi word ghariyal . * * * tomistoma schlegelii ) , also known as the malayan gharial , false gavial , or tomistoma is a freshwater crocodile of the crocodylidae family with a very thin and elongated snout . more info : urltoken
harshman j , huddleston cj , bollback jp , parsons tj , braun mj ( 2003 ) true and false gharials : a nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia . syst biol 52 : 386–402
the false gharial is extinct in several countries and is threatened elsewhere by dam building , gold mining , incidental capture in fishing nets , and the over - harvesting of fish . fewer than 2 , 500 adults are believed to remain , but accurate surveys are lacking . fortunately , several populations are located within reserves that also shelter orangutans and other creatures better known to the public .
harshman , j . , c . huddleston , j . bollback , t . parsons , m . braun . 2003 . true and false gharials : a nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia .
i’ve helped to grab , tie and transport adult false gharials on four occasions , and each experience confirmed my belief that these heavily - armored creatures are among the world’s most physically impressive reptiles . i’ve “wrestled” with other large crocs in the course of my work ( please see marsh crocodile photo ) , but none battled as hard or seemed as “indestructible” as did false gharials .
false gharial eggs have a soft inner membrane and harder , calcified shell . crocodilian sex is determined by temperature rather than genetics . incubation lasts approximately 90 days and young resemble small adults upon hatching . hatchlings are equipped with an “egg tooth” , a pointed structure on the end of the snout that allows the hatchling to slice through the egg shell ; this recedes a few weeks after hatching .
based on morphological analyses , extant members of the order crocodylia are divided into three families , alligatoridae , crocodylidae , and gavialidae . gavialidae includes one species , the gharial , gavialis gangeticus . in this study we have examined crocodilian relationships in phylogenetic analyses of seven mitochondrial genomes that have been sequenced in their entirety . the analyses did not support the morphologically acknowledged separate position of the gharial in the crocodilian tree . instead the gharial joined the false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) on a common branch that was shown to constitute a sister group to traditional crocodylidae ( less tomistoma ) . thus , the analyses suggest the recognition of only two crocodylia families , alligatoridae and crocodylidae , with the latter encompassing traditional crocodylidae plus gavialis / tomistoma . a molecular dating of the divergence between alligatoridae and crocodylidae suggests that this basal split among recent crocodilians took place ≈140 million years before present , at the jurassic / cretaceous boundary . the results suggest that at least five crocodilian lineages survived the mass extinction at the kt boundary .
false gharials are long - lived animals with an estimated lifespan in the wild of 60 to 80 years , similar to that of other crocodilians . reports show that captive specimens have a shorter lifespan .
false gharials are not considered to be a threat to humans . there has been only one documented case of an attack on a human , and one documented attack on a cow in eastern kalimantan .
the false gharial , which may exceed 16 feet in length , is the least - studied of the large crocodilians , and among the rarest . it has been bred in captivity only 3 times in the last 60 years ( once at the bronx zoo , prior to my tenure ) and few us zoos exhibit them today ; 28 reside in european zoos , while south america is home to 1 specimen .
it would be very hard for either of these animals to severely damage the other , at parity . lemon shark ' s have gracile teeth and are not known for being able to predate on large prey , especially a crocodilian with placoderms , while the gharial ' s slender jaws and teeth are poorly designed to attack a stocky prey like the lemon shark . parity = stalemate , maximum weight = moderate advantage to gharial .
the gharial enclosure was remodeled as well . deeper water , extra pools , a water fall and banks where the reptiles could lay eggs . all of this was to ensure a suitable environment for the reproduction to commence .
the long , slender jaws of young false gharials indicate that they are fish specialists . the jaws thicken with age , allowing adults to take monkeys , small deer , birds , snakes , turtles and other creatures .
the gharial’s iucn red list status was changed from endangered to critically endangered in 2007 , after surveys suggested the population had halved in five years at india’s national chambal sanctuary , where most of the species are thought to live . .
slender - snouted crocodile ( mecistops cataphractus ) , photographed in captivity by thesupermat . i originally thought that this photo actually showed a false gharial ( tomistome schlegelii ) but a clearer dorsal view of the same animal reveals the scute pattern of mecistops ; it is definitely not a tomistoma ( see below ) . image licensed under creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported , 2 . 5 generic , 2 . 0 generic and 1 . 0 generic license .
gharial decline follows the decline of other riverine taxa now endangered or nearly extinct including the ganges river dolphin ( platanista gangetica ) and the mugger crocodile ( crocodylus palustris ) as well as many waterfowl and fish species . ( choudhury et al 2007 )
the scute pattern present on the anterior part of the dorsal shield , and in the cervical shield , shows that the crocodile shown above is indeed a slender - snouted crocodile ( mecistops cataphractus ) , not a false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) . photo by thesupermat , licensed under creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported , 2 . 5 generic , 2 . 0 generic and 1 . 0 generic license . diagrams of scute patterns from ross & mayer ( 1983 ) .
“project crocodile was held up as a poster child for crocodile conservation , but with the benefit of hindsight there were some fundamental failings , ” says colin stevenson , a leading gharial expert , and the author of one of the international zoo yearbook papers .
false gharials drew me into an even more dangerous incident some years later . seven cuban crocodiles ( crocodylus rhombifer ) broke through a wall and invaded an exhibit housing a pair of false gharials . i and two co - workers waded in and tried to separate the enraged combatants while also protecting one another from attack . in the ensuing two hour battle , we escaped injury and were able to separate the animals . many bore bite wounds , but crocs have amazing immune systems , and all healed without further complications .
the role of false gharials in their ecosystem is not completely understood due to a lack of study in the wild . they are large predators , preying on a variety of animals and keeping their populations in check . their distribution overlaps with that of siamese crocodiles (
the concentration of giant crocs in the miocene of south america is especially remarkable . the alligator mourasuchus , caiman purussaurus , and gharial gryposuchus all lived alongside one another . they must have specialized in different environments or types of prey to have coexisted successfully at such large sizes .
artis is committed to promoting the conservation of false gharials , not just within the zoo but also elsewhere . to that end , it is supporting a project in the danau sentarum national park in indonesia that was set up to preserve these wonderful creatures . the most serious threats to the false gharials ' survival are loss of habitat due to deforestation and agriculture , hunting and the removal of eggs from their nests . the peat bogs in the danau sentarum national park are an important breeding ground and are essential to the survival of this species .
the leg muscular system of the gharial is not suited to enable the animal to raise the body off the ground ( on land ) in order to achieve the high - walk gait , being able only to push its body forward across the ground in a movement called ‘body sliding’ .
i find it difficult to express just how fortunate i’ve been in having had the chance to work with 12 crocodilian species in the wild and captivity . breeding dwarf caimans , wrestling orinoco crocodiles into boats , getting up close and personal to gomek ( a giant , now famous salt water croc ) , rearing indian gharials…these and many other experiences remain etched in my memory . one species in particular cemented my interest in the group , and remains as much a mystery today as it was when i first saw it some 40 years ago – the massive false gharial , tomistoma schlegelii .
the idea that cataphractus might not be especially close to crocodylus is not actually novel . john e . gray gave this species its own genus – mecistops – back in 1844 . more recently , aoki ( 1976 , 1992 ) argued that mecistops should be treated as a distinct genus , and as a close relative of gharials and false gharials . indeed , the common name african gharial has sometimes been used for this species . that last idea hasn ' t been supported by other work ( both molecular and morphological ) ; anyway , the name mecistops is now back in business for the slender - snouted crocodile .
in the 1970s the gharial came to the brink of extinction and even now remains on the severely endangered species list . the conservation efforts of the environmentalists in cooperation with several governments has led to some reduction in the threat of extinction . some hope lies with the conservation and management programs in place as of 2004 .
despite the practical difficulties she encountered , staniewicz believes her confirmation of the existence of a relatively healthy population of false gharials at the site provides a useful lesson . “people tend to assume that pristine , undisturbed habitats are more worthy of conserving than places that has already been harmed or modified , ” she says .
a successful insemination does not necessarily mean that fertilisation will actually take place . whether the female has been fertilised will probably become evident this summer . little is known about the gestation period of false gharials . once the eggs have been laid , the incubation period is approximately 90 days , depending on the temperature .
) , from which false gharials get their common name . false gharials have a streamlined body and muscular tail , eyes and nostrils on top of the head , and a palatal valve that prevents water from entering the throat while underwater . they are known to grow to 4 - 5 m in length and may grow even larger . there are records of captive adults weighing from 93 - 201 kg . both adults and juveniles have dark , sometimes chocolate brown coloration , with black banding on the tail and body and dark patches on the jaws . the belly is cream - colored or white . males are longer and heavier than females .
false gharials are opportunistic carnivores . they have been reported to grab monkeys from river banks , submerging and drowning their prey or beating it against the bank . other prey items include wild pigs , mouse deer , dogs , otters , fish , birds , turtles , snakes , monitor lizards , and aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates .
in some ways the most visually striking of all the crocodilians , the gharial ( gavialis gangeticus ) has long , narrow jaws lined with rows of razor - sharp teeth . males use the bulbous growths on the tips of their snouts to generate buzzing snorting sounds to attract females and warn off rivals . they can reach 6m in length .
in 1975 the indian government launched the crocodile project to protect the gharial , along with the mugger and saltwater crocodiles . the scheme focused on creating sanctuaries , captive breeding , research and “head - starting” - protecting young crocodiles captured from the wild either as eggs or as hatchlings until they are strong enough to defend themselves against predators upon release .
the following year over 100 juvenile and young adults were found dead in mysterious circumstances . evidence from radio - tagging studies that revealed new details of gharial behaviours , such as parental care , also helped researchers pinpoint the cause of the mass deaths to a stretch of the chambal river that includes a bridge known to be used locally as a tipping place .
sadly , i learned that they too have weaknesses . in time , zoos began experimenting with sedatives as a means of rendering crocodile relocations less dangerous for both keeper and kept . unfortunately , little was known about the effects of medications designed primarily for mammals , and we lost two adult false gharials to complications arising from the use of ketamine .
the gharials numerous needle - like teeth are perfect for holding on to struggling , slippery fish . although primarily fish eaters , some individuals have been known to scavenge dead animals . the gharial is not thought to be a man - eater . despite its immense size , its jaws make it physically incapable of devouring any large mammal , including a human being .
in many cases , human jewellery has been found in the bellies of dead gharials ( this is most likely from scavenging human corpses which are floated down river in the ganges , or scavenging cremated remains that have been dumped into the ganges ) . the gharial also swallows jewellery , stones , sticks and the like to act as ‘gastroliths’ ( hard objects that aid in digestion and buoyancy management ) .
the extant crocodylians comprise 23 species divided among three families , alligatoridae , crocodylidae , and gavialidae . currently , based on morphological data sets , tomistoma schlegelii ( false gharial ) is placed within the family crocodylidae . molecular data sets consistently support a sister - taxon relationship of t . schlegelii with gavialis gangeticus ( indian gharial ) , which is the sole species in gavialidae . to elucidate the placement of t . schlegelii within the extant crocodylians , we have sequenced 352bp of the dentin matrix protein 1 ( dmp1 ) nuclear gene in 30 individuals and 424bp of the nuclear gene c - mos in 74 individuals . molecular analysis of the dmp1 data set indicates that it is highly conserved within the crocodylia . of special note is a seven base - pair indel ( gtgcttt ) shared by t . schlegelii and g . gangeticus , that is absent in the genus crocodylus , osteolaemus , and mecistops . to date , c - mos is the largest molecular data set analyzed for any crocodylian study including multiple samples from all representatives of the eight extant genera . analysis of these molecular data sets , both as individual gene sequences and concatenated sequences , support the hypothesis that t . schlegelii should be placed within the family gavialidae .
communication among false gharials has not been observed in the wild . from observed mating behaviors , it can be assumed that they communicate visually , tactilely and through olfaction . although most crocodilians use a variety of calls to communicate with their own species and to other animals , these have not been recorded for false gharials and , in fact , their mating has been observed to be silent , rather than accompanied by calls . all crocodilians possess integumentary sense organs located in the skin and covering much of the animal’s body including the body , tail , cloaca and inner surfaces of the legs , as well as on the head and jaws . these are likely used to detect changes in pressure caused by touch or the movement of prey in water ; this sense is likely used for hunting in murky water .
false gharials were once hunted for their skins , but their skins are not currently considered commercially valuable . in the mesangat area , their eggs are collected for use in traditional medicine . there is a good deal of research being done to learn more about the roles these animals play in their environments , as well as to determine whether they should be placed in the family crocodylidae or the family gavialidae .
there is debate over this species’ taxonomic classification . false gharials are currently listed included in the family crocodylidae based on fossil evidence and morphological similarities to extant crocodiles . other data , including biochemical , immunological and molecular characters suggest a closer relationship to the family gavialidae . studies of nuclear genes suggest the grouping of tomistomine and gavialine crocodilians into one taxon , which would comprise a sister group to the crocodylidae . other crocodilian researchers suggest considering tomistominae and gavialinae as sister taxa .
much is unknown about the reproduction of false gharials . the male at artis was showing mating behaviour – blowing bubbles in the direction of the female – which prompted the zoo to examine whether he had produced healthy sperm . male gharials have a penis that they insert into the female ' s cloaca during mating . reptiles , like birds , have a cloaca , which is an orifice in the body that serves as the opening for the digestive , urinary and reproductive tracts .
the maximum recorded length and weight is 340 cm and 183 kg . urltoken adult males weigh 150 to 250 kg ( 330 to 550 lb ) , while females are about 3 . 2 m ( 10 ft ) long and weigh an average of 90 kg ( 200 lb ) urltoken weight favours the gharial , but assuming this encounter occurs in the water , maybe the shark can exploit a swimming advantage . the gharials jaws too , seem like it would struggle to kill a decent sized shark .
habitat destruction caused by the construction of dams , channelling and deforestation amongst others has been the main cause of the decline of this species and continues to be its main threat to this day . intensive hunting in some areas , especially sumatra , in the mid 20th century also contributed greatly to the decline in population numbers . further threats come from fishing practices , with false gharials either becoming caught in nets , poisoned by toxins used to kill fish , or else loosing their food source to local fishermen .
habitat destruction caused by the construction of dams , channelling and deforestation amongst others has been the main cause of the decline of this species and continues to be its main threat to this day ( 3 ) . intensive hunting in some areas , especially sumatra , in the mid 20th century also contributed greatly to the decline in population numbers ( 3 ) . further threats come from fishing practices , with false gharials either becoming caught in nets , poisoned by toxins used to kill fish , or else loosing their food source to local fishermen ( 2 ) .
false gharials spend most of their time submerged in shallow wallows or mud - holes , with only their eyes and nostrils visible . crocodilians are capable of staying underwater for long periods of time . they usually submerge for 10 - 15 minutes , but can stay submerged for as long as 2 hours to avoid a perceived threat . this is accomplished by slowing down their metabolism and reducing oxygen consumption . basking behavior is likely used to aid in thermoregulation , though it is not often observed . it has been suggested that these animals may occasionally occupy burrows .
false gharials are found in a variety of habitats throughout their range , including lowland freshwater swamp forests , flooded forests , peat swamps , lakes , and blackwater streams and rivers . they are also found on the fringes of rainforests near slow - moving rivers . their preferred habitats are peat swamp areas with low elevation and acidic , slow - moving muddy water ; they are also found in secondary forest habitat , characterized by more defined river channels and banks , higher ph and elevation , and a lack of peat mounds . this species needs terrestrial areas for basking and nesting .
during my years with the bronx zoo , i was lucky enough to have 4 adult false gharials under my care , including the only proven breeders in the western hemisphere . they were huge beasts , the largest of which topped 600 pounds in weight . each had been in the collection for 20 - 30 years when i began working with them . i clearly recall seeing these same animals when visiting the zoo as a teenager , but their increased size did not fully register until i dug out some old food cards . upon arrival at the zoo , they were feeding upon goldfish…they now downed whole chickens without effort , and were capable of taking much larger meals !
very little is known about the natural mating behaviors of false gharials ; most details are from captive breeding programs , with a few acocunts from the wild . courtship behavior and nesting appear to take place during the rainy season in both cases . males approach females in the water , swimming around them . in some cases , this is accompanied by both animals hitting each other with their tails , in others copulation proceeds immediately . the male mounts the female , wrapping his tail around and under hers . copulation occurrs once a day for several days to a week , and is accompanied by a strong odor . one captive breeding program in malaysia had success housing a group of 3 males and 1 female . the female chose the largest male and appeared to stay near him during the courting period . when 2 females were kept in the same enclosure with the males , no mating occurred and it is theorized that females living in close proximity may suppress breeding in one another .
false gharials are mound - nesting crocodilians that lay very large eggs ( records up to 9 . 5 cm long and 6 . 2 cm wide ) , with a total mass approximately double that of any other species ( eggs may weigh up to 155 gm each ) . mounds are usually constructed on land at the shady base of a tree near water , using sand and vegetation including peat , twigs , tree seeds , and dried leaves . females have been observed beginning nest building a month or more after copulation and laying a clutch of 20 - 60 eggs 1 - 2 weeks after beginning to nest . after eggs are laid , more vegetation is added to the top of the nest by the female . mounds typically measure 45 - 60 cm high and 90 - 110 cm in diameter . eggs are laid just above ground level and the temperature within the nest fluctuates depending on the environment and rainfall ( records in captivity of 26°c - 32°c ) . eggs hatch after 90 - 100 days . captive breeding initiatives have shown that abundant vegetation improves the chances of breeding because it provides more cover and nesting material for the female . both sexes reach sexual maturity at around 20 years of age ( females measuring 2 . 5 - 3 m in length ) .
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the evolutionary relationship of tomistoma with other crocodilians was debated for many years , and the species was usually aligned with the true crocodiles ( crocodylidae ) based on morphological evidence ( norell 1989 , tarsitano et al . 1989 , brochu 1997 ) . molecular studies since the 1980s suggest a closer relationship to gavialis ( densmore 1983 , densmore and dessauer 1984 , gatesy and amato 1992 , harshman et al . 2003 , mcaliley et al . 2006 ) . a recent molecular study found that tomistoma shares gene sequences with gavialis which are absent from crocodylus , mecistops ( see shirley 2010 ) and osteolaemus , suggesting tomistoma should be placed within the family gavialidae ( willis et al . 2007 ) .
reasons for change a downgrade in iucn red list status from endangered to vulnerable is warranted because surveys indicate the species persists over a wide global range . it has clearly declined in many areas and ongoing habitat loss suggests these declines are continuing .
brunei darussalam : few crocodile surveys conducted to date ( e . g . das and charles 2000 , cox 2006 ) and possibly none targeting inland swamp forests , where t . schlegelii are most likely to occur . a crocodile photographed by an expatriate resident in 2005 at tutong river was confirmed by rbs ( from examination of the photograph ) to be a t . schlegelii ( stuebing et al . 2006 ) . there is no reason to suggest this was a released individual and it is the first confirmed national record .
java – status unclear . koningsberger ( 1913 : 376 ) noted ( in translation ) ‘whether , apart from c . porosus , t . schlegelii also occurs in java , is a question that cannot be answered with certainty . . ’ . meer mohr ( 1921 ) noted ( in translation ) ‘according to strauch , t . schlegelii occurs in java…the only specimen from java is in the museum in stuttgart [ germany ] . . . the origin of this specimen is uncertain . . . further work is required to clarify the status of t . schlegelii in java . . ’ . more recently , unconfirmed local reports of t . schlegelii have been obtained from one site , ujung kulon national park ( auliya 2002 ) . the most detailed account of crocodiles for this park is by hoogerwerf ( 1970 ) , who does not mention the species . given the small size of the park and modified nature of surrounding lands , any populations are presumably small .
kalimantan – confirmed records are from tanjung puting national park ( central kalimantan province ; e . g . galdikas and yeager 1984 , galdikas 1985 , simpson 2004 , auliya et al . 2006 ) , the mahakam and belayan river systems and mesangat lake ( east kalimantan province ; endert 1927 , meijard and sozer 1996 , ross et al . 1998 , staniewicz 2011 ) and upper kapuas river area , danau sentarum and gunung palung national parks ( west kalimantan province ; bezuijen et al . 2004 and references therein ; simpson and mediyansyah 2009 ) ; no conﬁrmed wild records from south kalimantan province . the species is likely to persist in many other locations in kalimantan , and the limited number of confirmed localities probably reflects low sampling effort .
sumatra – all known records are from eastern sumatra , east of the barisan mountain ranges ( bezuijen et al . 1998 ) . scattered populations persist from north sumatra to south sumatra provinces , with an isolated population in way kambas national park ( lampung province ) . the range of t . schlegelii in sumatra has declined by at least 30 % since the 1950s due to hunting and habitat loss ( bezuijen et al . 1998 ) .
thailand : status unclear . reported to have occurred ( e . g . smith 1916 , taylor 1970 ) but records vague and inconclusive . no reports since at least the 1970s ; previous authors have postulated the species may be extirpated ( humphrey and bain 1990 , ratanakorn 1994 ) or that historical records may have referred to localities in northern peninsular malaysia ( stuebing et al . 2006 ) .
viet nam : status unclear . a wild crocodile captured in 1967 was reported to be this species ( mucelli 2005 ) . given the severe threats facing two confirmed crocodile species in viet nam , crocodylus siamensis and c . porosus , it seems likely that even if t . schlegelii was historically present , it has been extirpated .
tomistoma schlegelii is a cryptic species and swamp forest habitats are difficult to access : many surveys may have under - recorded or not detected its presence . compared with spotlight densities for some other crocodilians , which may reach densities of tens or hundreds of individuals per kilometre , all recorded densities of t . schlegelii are low . repeat spotlight counts at two sites in sumatra indicate that densities declined over a seven - year period , which coincided with intensive logging and burning in these sites ( bezuijen et al . 2002 ) .
few other methods to estimate abundance have been applied to t . schlegelii . a mark - recapture study was conducted from 2010 - 2011 at mesangat lake ( east kalimantan province , indonesia ) but few individuals have been recaptured ( staniewicz 2011 ) . nest census methods have not been applied to t . schlegelii because nests are located in swamp forest and are highly cryptic .
tomistoma schlegelii is a freshwater , mound - nesting species . it is among the largest of the extant crocodilians , with males attaining lengths up to 5 + m ( bezuijen et al . 1998 , 2004 ; authors pers . obs . ) . it is restricted primarily to lowland swamps , lakes and rivers . most records are from peat swamp and freshwater swamp forest ( stuebing et al . 2006 ) , which historically encompassed most of the lowlands of borneo , eastern sumatra , and peninsular malaysia .
müller ( 1838 ) stated the diet of t . schlegelii comprised fish , monitor lizards ( varanus ) , waterbirds and mammals . predation of monkeys by t . schlegelii has been observed ( galdikas and yeager 1984 , galdikas 1985 , yeager 1991 ) . stomach contents of juvenile wild t . schleglii included shrimp ( bezuijen et al . 1998 ) and other invertebrates ( staniewicz and behler 2010 ) .
other scientific studies of t . schlegelii have included assessment of its taxonomic status ( see taxonomic notes ) , anatomy and skin qualities ( e . g . boulenger 1896 , king and brazaitis 1971 , brazaitis 1973 , fuchs 2006 ) , potential impacts of climate change ( bickford et al . 2010 ) , conservation effectiveness of protected area networks ( rödder et al . 2010 ) , and captive breeding and management ( see conservation measures ) .
small - scale opportunistic collection of wild individuals and eggs occurs in some regions , for sale to crocodile farms and / or consumption . previously hunted in some regions for skins and / or meat .
tomistoma schlegelii is listed under appendix i of cites . captive individuals are held in zoos and private facilities ( mainly crocodile farms ) around the world , and probably number a few thousand individuals in total . the largest captive population is at utairatch crocodile farm in thailand ( over 700 individuals ) . successful breeding has occurred at jong ' s crocodile farm ( sarawak ) , utairatch and pattaya crocodile farms ( thailand ) , and irregularly at zoos in malaysia , europe and north america ( ttf 2006 , r . sommerlad in litt . ) . the provenance of most captive individuals is unclear ; many wild - caught t . schlegelii held in captivity may have limited value for conservation purposes unless their original provenance can be determined .
in 2003 , the iucn crocodile specialist group ( csg ) formed the tomistoma task force ( ttf ) , a group of csg members who coordinate the csg’s efforts for t . schlegelii conservation . ttf activities comprise fundraising for ﬁeld research , international awareness - raising , and hosting of a ttf website . fund - raising events have been held in north america and europe , largely due to the voluntary efforts of bs , r . sommerlad and other csg members . two t . schlegelii student projects have been co - funded and are the first detailed autecological studies of the species . ttf reports have been prepared on global conservation priorities ( bezuijen et al . 2003 ) and husbandry standards for captive breeding of t . schlegelii ( shwedick and sommerlad 2000 , shwedick 2006 ) . in 2008 , a ttf workshop was held and a re - assessment of global conservation priorities was undertaken .


trychnopalpa is a genus of moth in the family gelechiidae .

the only member of the genus was described by edward meyrick in 1913 , and it was separated by a. j. t. janse in his 1958 the moths of south africa .

povolny gave the same member of this genus the now synonymised generic name synthesiopalpa .

the genus contains only one species , trychnopalpa fornacaria , which is found in south africa .

the wingspan is 12 – 14 mm .

the forewings are brown , with the markings dark grey or fuscous irrorated with black .

the basal third is irregularly and suffusedly spotted , and on the dorsum wholly suffused with blackish , the middle third of the dorsum suffused with dark grey .

the stigmata are moderately large and black , the plical beneath the first discal , the second discal resting on an irregular dark tornal blotch , a triangular costal blotch above this .

there are some suffused spots around the posterior part of the costa and termen , sometimes suffused into an apical patch .

the hindwings are grey , paler anteriorly .

trychnopalpa

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acampsia westwood , 1840 , misspl . ; accompsia bruand , 1850 , missp . ; brachycrossata heinemann , 1870 ; brachicrossata hartmann , 1880 , missp . ; cathegesis walsingham , 1910 ; telephila meyrick , 1923
aganippe chambers , 1880 ; phaetusa chambers , 1875 , preocc . ( wagler , 1832 [ aves ] ) ; evippe chambers , 1873 ; tholerostola meyrick , 1917
anacompsis desmarest , [ 1857 ] , missp . ; tachyptilia heinemann , 1870 ; tuchyptilia kirby , 1871 , missp . ; tachiptilia chambers , 1878 , missp . ; tachyptilix hartmann , 1880 , missp . ; agriastsi busck , 1919 , missp . ; tachoptilia daltry , 1926 , missp . ; trachyphilia le marchand , 1947 , missp . ; trachyptilia le marchand , 1947 , missp .
ergatis heinemann , 1870 , preocc . blackwall , 1841 ; eucatoptus walsingham , 1897
microsetia stephens , 1829 ; chrysia bruand , 1850 ; nomia clem . , 1860 , preocc . by latr . , 1804 ; chrysopora clem . , 1860 ; nannodia heinemann , 1870 ; chrysesthia agassiz , 1847
evagora clemens , 1860 , preocc . ( peron & lesueur , 1810 [ coelenterata ] ) ; eidothea chambers , 1873 , preocc . ( risso , 1826 [ mollusca ] ) ; eidothoa chambers , 1873 ; coleotechnistes riley , 1891 ; eucordylea dietz , 1900 ; pulicalvaria freeman , 1963 ; coleotechnistes busck , [ 1903 ] , missp . ; hapalosaris meyrick , 1917
proclesis walsingham , 1911 ; lioclepta meyrick , 1922 ; deoclana fletcher , 1929 , missp .
anorthosia clemens , 1860 ; begoe chambers , 1872 ; epicorthylis zeller , 1873 ; malacotricha zeller , 1873 ; mimomeris povolny , 1978 ; sagaritis chambers , 1872 ; trichotaphe clemens , 1860 ; vazugada walker , 1864 ; oxybelia hubner , [ 1825 ] ; rhinosia treitschke , 1833 ; rhobonda walker , 1864 , preocc . ( walker , 1863 [ choreutidae ] ) ; carna walker , 1864 , repl . name ; preocc . ( gistel , 1848 [ echinodermata ] ) ; gaesa walker , 1864 ; eurysara turner , 1919 ; euryzansla turner , 1919 ; macrozanchla turner , 1919 ; brochometis meyrick , 1923 ; acanthophila heinemann , 1870 ; mimomeris povolny , 1978
downgraded to denote a subgenus of kiwaia philpott , 1930 by sattler 1988 , nota lepidopterologica10 ( 4 ) : 233 .
lamprotes heinemann , 1870 , preocc . ( r . l . , 1817 ) ; argyritis heinemann , 1870 , preocc . ( hubner , [ 1821 ] )
atoponeura busck , 1914 , preocc . ( szepligeti , 1905 [ hymenoptera ] )
paralechia busck , [ 1903 ] ; heringia spuler , 1910 , preocc . ( rondani , 1856 ) ; heringiola strand , 1917
chelaria haworth , 1828 ; hypatina : stephens , 1835 , misspel . ; tituacia walker , 1864 ; stomylia snellen , 1878 ; allocota meyrick , 1904 , preocc . ( motschulsky , 1860 ) ; cymatomorpha meyrick , 1904 ; deuteroptila meyrick , 1904 ; semodictis meyrick , 1909 ; allocotaniana strand , 1913 , repl . name ; episacta turner , 1919
neda chambers , 1874 , preocc . ( mulsant , 1850 ) ; pycnobathra lower , 1901 ; autoneda busck , [ 1903 ] ; toxoceras chretien , 1915
cleodora steph , 1834 , preocc . ( peron & lesueur , 1810 ) ; parasia duponchel , [ 1846 ] ; archimetzneria amsel , 1936
parelectra meyrick , 1925 , preocc . ( dognin , 1914 [ noctuidae ] )
noeza walker , 1866 , preocc . ( meigen , 1800 [ diptera ] ) ; neochrista meyrick , 1923
sattleria capuse , 1968 , preocc . ( povolny , 1965 ) ; klaussattleria capuse , 1968
pycnostola : meyrick , 1918 , misspel . ; pynocstola : meyrick , 1918 , missp .
telea stephens , 1834 , preocc . ( hubner , [ 1819 ] [ saturniidae ] ) ; aphanaula meyrick , 1895 ; hinnebergia spuler , 1910 ; microlechia turati , 1924 ; lita kollar , 1832
silotroga kirby , 1871 , missp . ; nesolechia meyrick , 1921 ; syngenomictis meyrick , 1927 ; sitotrogus matsumura , 1931 , missp . ; sitotrega borg , 1932 , missp . ; sititroga costa lima , 1945 , missp .
poecilia heinemann , 1870 , preocc . schneider , 1801 ; gibbosa omelko , 1988
inotica meyrick , 1913 ; instica sharp , 1915 , missp . ; araeologa meyrick , 1921 ; stomopterix turati , 1922 , missp . ; stromopteryx pierce & metcalfe , 1935 , missp .
harpagus steph . , 1834 , preocc . ( vigors , 1824 ) ; stomopteryx sensu auctt . , preocc . ( heinemann , 1870 )
teleia heinemann , 1870 , preocc . ( hubner , [ 1825 ] ) ; telphusa sensu auctt . , preocc . ( chambers , 1872 )
thiotrica inoue , 1954 , missp . ; thistricha meyrick , 1885 ; reuttia hofmann , 1898
nevadia caradja , 1920 , preocc . ( walcott , 1910 [ trilobita ] )
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no . deb 416078 . any opinions , findings , and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .
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genus : synthesiopalpa povolny , 1966 . acta ent . bohemoslovaca 63 : 147 .
type - species : gelechia fornacaria meyrick , 1913 . ann . transv . mus . 3 : 289 .
type specimens : ? type status ? country : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .
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janse a . j . t . 1958 . the moths of south africa . vi . gelechiadae - — 6 ( 1 ) : 1–144 , pls . 1–32 .
type species : gelechia fornacaria meyrick , 1913 . annals of the transvaal museum 3 : 289 . by original designation and monotypy .
meyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267–336 .
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turcopalpa povolný , 1973 ; acta ent . bohemoslov . 70 : 98 ; ts : turcopalpa glaseri povolný
scrobipalpa africana povolný , 1968 ; acta sci . nat . brno 2 ( 3 ) : 10
turcopalpa africana ; povolný , 1976 , acta ent . bohemoslov . 73 ( 1 ) : 41 ; povolný , 1977 , acta ent . bohemoslov . 74 ( 5 ) : 335 ; [ nhm card ]
turcopalpa glaseri povolný , 1973 ; acta ent . bohemoslov . 70 : 100 ; tl :
anatolien , eregli , salzstepe
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
povolný , 1977 neue funde von gnorimoschemini ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) aus iran und afghanistan acta ent . bohemoslov . 74 ( 5 ) : 322 - 338
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benthesicymus is a genus of prawns , containing the following species : benthesicymus altus spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus armatus macgilchrist , 1905 benthesicymus bartletti smith , 1882 benthesicymus brasiliensis spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus cereus burkenroad , 1936 benthesicymus crenatus spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus howensis dall , 2001 benthesicymus investigatoris alcock & anderson , 1899 benthesicymus iridescens spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus laciniatus rathbun , 1906 benthesicymus seymouri tirmizi , 1960 benthesicymus strabus burkenroad , 1936 benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 benthesicymus tirmiziae crosnier , 1978 benthesicymus urinator burkenroad , 1936 a single fossil species , formerly included in the genus benthesicymus , is now placed in a separate genus , palaeobenthesicymus .

benthesicymus

the status of benthesicymus laciniatus rathbun ( decapoda , penaeoidea , benthesicymidae ) in the northeastern pacific .
deep - sea shrimps of the genus benthesicymus ( decapoda : dendrobranchiata ) from the western north pacific .
carapace length distribution of benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 , by sex . white , juveniles ; grey , males ; black , females .
new record of benthesicymus carinatus smith , 1884 ( decapoda : benthesicymidae ) , with some notes on its morphology deduced from sem observations .
characters used by kikuchi and nemoto ( 1991 ) in their definition of group i and ii included the position of the branchiostegal spine , the shape of the second maxilliped and of the dactylus of third maxilliped , and the relative size of pereiopods’ exopod . their group ii includes five species , two of which have been recorded in deep waters of the mexican pacific : benthesicymus altus spence bate , 1881 , and benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 ( see hendrickx 1996 ) . although similar in their general shape , benthesicymus altus and benthesicymus tanneri are easy to separate based on the structure of the thelycum and petasma . kikuchi and nemoto’s ( 1991 ) group i included 10 species , one of them also reported off western mexico , benthesicymus laciniatus rathbun , 1906 , which distinctively features small spines on the posterolateral margin of the fifth abdominal somite .
benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . a dorsal view of one of the syntypes used by faxon ( 1893 ) ( from faxon 1895 ) b fresh specimen female , cl 30 mm , lateral view ( emu - 8904 ) .
localities in the mexican pacific where benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 has been collected , including the talud project sampling stations and the localities corresponding to the type material collected during the “albatross” cruises and used by faxon ( 1893 ) .
benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . petasma of a fully mature male ( cl 35 . 7 mm ) ( emu - 8147 ) a posterior view b same , detail of ventral margin c anterior view d same , detail of ventral margin .
( of benthesicymus longipes bouvier , 1906 ) bouvier , e . - l . , 1906a . suite aux observations sur les gennadas ou pénéides bathypélagiques . — comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’académie des sciences 142 : 746 - 750 . [ details ]
hendrickx me , papiol v ( 2015 ) distribution of benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 ( dendrobranchiata , benthesicymidae ) off the west coast of mexico and notes on its morphology . zookeys 473 : 119–136 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 473 . 8956
benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . a lateral view of syntypic specimen ( mcz - 4662 ) b lateral view of female ( cl 40 . 6 mm ) ( emu - 10436 ) . circles indicate area where a hepatic spine is observed in some species of the genus .
currently known distribution , depth range and maximum size for the species of benthesicymus worldwide . species list updated according to fransen and de grave ( 2014 ) . mw , midwater trawl ; bt , benthic trawl ; ik , isaac kid midwater trawl ; at , agassiz ( benthic ) trawl .
( of benthesicymus mollis spence bate , 1888 ) spence bate , c . ( 1888 ) . report on the crustacea macrura collected by the challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . eport on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . ”challenger” during the years 1873 - 76 . 24 : i - xc , 1 - 942 , plates 1 - 157 . [ details ]
( of benthesicymus pleocanthus spence bate , 1888 ) spence bate , c . ( 1888 ) . report on the crustacea macrura collected by the challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . eport on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . ”challenger” during the years 1873 - 76 . 24 : i - xc , 1 - 942 , plates 1 - 157 . [ details ]
( of benthesicymus longipes bouvier , 1906 ) türkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of benthesicymus moratus smith , 1886 ) smith , s . i . , 1886a . report on the decapod crustacea of the albatross dredgings off the east coast of the united states during the summer and autumn of 1884 . — report of the commissioner for 1885 , united states commission of fish and fisheries 13 : 605 - 705 , plates 1 - 20 . [ preprint issued in 1886 , published in journal in 1887 ] [ details ]
benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . anterior view of petasma ( a–e ) of males of different carapace length ( a–d emu - 10498 ; e emu - 6004 - a ) and thelycum ( f ) of a mature female ( emu - 10441 ) . a cl 29 . 9 mm ; b cl 22 . 3 mm ; c cl 17 . 5 mm ; d cl 16 . 4 mm ; e cl 11 . 2 mm ; f cl 36 . 6 mm .
( of benthesicymus longipes bouvier , 1906 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of benthesicymus moratus smith , 1886 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of benthesicymus mollis spence bate , 1888 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of benthesicymus pleocanthus spence bate , 1888 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
material collected in mexican waters during the talud cruises iii - vii ( 1991–2001 ) in the se gulf of california was reported by hendrickx ( 2001 ) and hendrickx ( 2004 ; distribution maps ) , adding many new records and increasing the known distribution range of this species . a large series of specimens , however , was collected during subsequent research cruises off the pacific coast of mexico and has not yet been reported . this series is included herein . this contribution provides and updated distribution of benthesicymus tanneri for the mexican pacific and new data related to the petasma and thelycum of this species . additionally , a taxonomic key for the species occurring in the american pacific is provided .
the material on which this study is based was collected by the r / v “el puma” of the universidad nacional autónoma de méxico ( unam ) , between 1991 and 2014 . specimens of benthesicymus tanneri were captured during sampling operations off the west coast of the baja california peninsula ( talud xv , july - august 2012 ; talud xvi - b , may - june 2014 ) , in the gulf of california ( a total of nine cruises : talud iii , september 1991 ; talud iv , august 2000 ; talud v , december 2000 ; talud vi , march 2001 ; talud vii , june 2001 ; talud viii , april 2005 ; talud ix , november 2005 ; talud x , february 2007 ) , and off the sw coast of mexico , from jalisco to guerrero ( talud xii , march - april 2009 ) . during these cruises , a total of 228 localities were sampled , from 377 to 2394 m depth . positional coordinates for each sampling station were obtained using a gps navigation system . depth was measured with an edowestern analogic recorder ( talud iii - viii ) or a digital recorder ( talud ix - xvi - b ) . all the specimens were captured with benthic gear , including an agassiz dredge ( 2 . 5 m width , 1 m high ) and a standard benthic sledge ( 2 . 35 m width , 0 . 9 m high ) , both equipped with a modified shrimp net ( ca 5 . 5 cm stretched mesh size ) with a ca 2 . 0 cm ( 3 / 4” ) internal lining net . the material collected during this survey is deposited in the regional collection of marine invertebrates ( emu ) , at unam in mazatlán , mexico . the size ( carapace length , cl ) of all the specimens was measured to the nearest 0 . 1 mm and size distributions of benthesicymus tanneri were explored by sex for the entire population sample in the mexican pacific . sexual differences in cl were tested using a mann - whitney u test ( mann and whitney 1947 ) . abbreviations are : st . , sampling station ; cl , carapace length ; m , male ; f , female ; ad , agassiz dredge ; bs , benthic sledge .
spence bate , c . ( 1881 ) . on the penaeidae . the annals and magazine of natural history . ( 5 ) 8 : 169 - 196 , plates 11 - 12 . [ details ]
( of bentheocetes smith , 1884 ) smith , s . i . , 1884 . report on the decapod crustacea of the albatross dredgings off the east coast of the united states in 1883 . — reports of the united states fisheries commission 10 : 345 - 426 , plates 1 - 10 . [ details ]
türkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of bentheocetes smith , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
crosnier , a . ( 1985 ) . crevettes pénéides récoltées dans l ' océan indien lors des campagnes benthedi , safari i et ii , md 32 / réunion . bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . , paris vol . 4 , ser . 7 p . 839 - 877 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
pérez farfante , i . ; kensley , b . ( 1997 ) . penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world . keys and diagnoses for the families and genera . mémoires du muséum national d’histoire naturelle . 175 : 1 - 233 . [ details ]
felder , d . l . , álvarez . f . , goy , j . w . & lemaitre , r . ( 2009 ) . decapoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , with comments on the amphionidacea , . felder , d . l . , and camp , d . k . ( eds ) , gulf of mexico - origins , waters , and biota . vol . 1 . biodiversity . pp . 1019–1104 ( texas a & m ; university press : college station , texas ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
faxon , w . ( 1893 ) . reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of central america to the galapagos , to the west coast of mexico , and in the gulf of california , in charge of alexander agassiz , carried on by the u . s . fish commission steamer ”albatross” , during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . vi . preliminary descriptions of new species of crustacea . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college . 24 : 149 - 220 . [ details ]
smith , s . i . , 1882 . reports on the results of dredging under the supervisión of alexander agassiz , on the east coast of the united states during the summer of 1880 , by the u . s . coast survey steamer
blake
, commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college , 10 ( 1 ) : 1 - 108 , plates 1 - 16 . [ details ]
pohle , g . w . 1988 . a guide to the deep - sea shrimp and shrimp - like decapod crustacea of atlantic canada . canadian technical report of fisheries and aquatic science 1657 , 29 p . [ details ]
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1 laboratorio de invertebrados bentónicos , unidad académica mazatlán , instituto de ciencias del mar y limnología , universidad nacional autónoma de méxico , p . o . box 811 , mazatlán , sinaloa , 82000 , mexico
corresponding author : michel e . hendrickx ( xm . manu . lymci . alo @ lehcim )
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
talud iii . material reported by hendrickx ( 2001 ) . additional material . st . 14a ( 24°38 ' 48
n ; 108°26 ' 54
w ) , aug 19 , 1991 , 1m ( cl 32 . 5 mm ) , ad , 1016–1020 ( emu - 4418 ) ; st . 14b ( 24°39 ' 12
n ; 108°37 ' 48
w ) , aug . 19 , 1991 , 1f ( cl 31 . 9 mm ) , ad , 1188–1208 m ( emu - 2609 ) ; st . 17 ( 24°33 ' 0
n ; 108°50 ' 54
w ) , aug 19 , 1991 , 1m ( cl 22 . 1 mm ) , ad , 770 m ( emu - 4417 ) ; st . 24a ( 25°45 ' 12
n ; 109°46 ' 48
w ) , aug 24 , 1991 , 2m ( cl 29 . 0–30 . 8 mm ) , ad , 1027–1060 m ( emu - 100 ) .
talud v , st . 5 ( 22°0 ' 57
n ; 106°40 ' 0
w ) , dec 13 , 2000 , 1f ( cl 36 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1515–1620 m ( emu - 5540 - a ) ; st . 6 ( 22°n ; 106°48 ' 5
w ) , dec 13 , 2000 , 1f ( cl 41 . 1 mm ) , bs , 1950–2010 m ( emu - 5540 - b ) ; st . 19 ( 23°17 ' 30
n ; 107°29 ' 51
w ) , dec 15 , 2000 , 1m ( cl 31 . 1 mm ) , 3f ( cl 29 . 1–36 mm ) , bs , 1180–1200 m ( emu - 5523 - a ) ; st . 26 ( 24°15 ' 18
n ; 108°24 ' 6
w ) , dec 16 , 2000 , 2m ( cl 29–30 . 7 mm ) , 2f ( cl 32–34 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1280–1310 m ( emu - 5523 - b ) .
talud vi , st . 12 ( 23°18 ' 36
n ; 107°26 ' 56
w ) , mar 14 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 32 . 5 mm ) , 1f ( cl 34 . 8 mm ) , bs , 1050–1160 m ( emu - 5539 - a ) ; st . 19 ( 24°16 ' 24
n ; 108°24 ' 18
w ) , mar 15 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 50 . 4 mm ) , bs , 1160–1200 m ( emu - 5539 - b ) ; st . 26 ( 24°56 ' 18
n ; 109°6 ' 42
w ) , mar 16 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 33 . 4 mm ) , 1f ( cl 25 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1190–1270 m ( emu - 5997 - a ) ; st . 27 ( 25°1 ' 12
n ; 109°11 ' 36
w ) , mar 16 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 32 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1580–1600 m ( emu - 5539 - c ) ; st . 34 ( 25°43 ' 50
n ; 109°53 ' 59
w ) , mar 17 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 31 . 9 mm ) , 2f ( cl 3025–33 . 6 mm ) , bs , 1240–1270 m ( emu - 5997 - b ) , and 7m ( cl 31 . 4–34 . 8 mm ) , 12f ( cl 30 . 5–42 . 5 mm ) , and 3 unsexed specimens ( 14 . 5–21 . 4 mm ) .
talud vii , st . 4 ( 22°3 ' 18
n ; 106°34 ' 42
w ) , jun 5 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 37 . 8 mm ) , bs , 1190 m ( emu - 5541 ) ; st . 19 ( 24°16 ' 12
n ; 108°23 ' 42
w ) , jun 7 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 11 . 2 mm ) and 1f ( cl 34 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1160–1180 m ( emu - 6004 - a ) ; st . 33b ( 26°6 ' 30
n ; 110°6 ' 42
w ) , jun 9 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 23 . 0 mm ) , bs , 1260–1300 m ( emu - 6004 - b ) .
talud viii , st . 10 ( 24°58 ' 12
n ; 110°16 ' 6
w ) , apr 17 , 2005 , 1m ( cl 30 . 4 mm ) , and 1f ( cl 11 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1500 m ( emu - 8143 ) ; st . 3 ( 24°32 ' 36
n ; 109°30 ' 30
w ) , apr 16 , 2005 , 2m ( cl 31 . 9–34 . 7 mm ) , 3f ( cl 29 . 2–35 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1100 m ( emu - 8147 ) .
talud ix , st . 20b ( 25°58 ' 7
n ; 110°40 ' 4
w ) , nov 14 , 2005 , 2f ( cl 33 . 7–36 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1229–1343 m ( emu - 8236 ) .
talud x , st . 10 ( 27°50 ' 5
n ; 112°10 ' 7
w ) , feb 10 , 2007 , 1f ( cl 32 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1399–1422 m ( emu - 8030 ) ; st . 18 ( 27°9 ' 6
n ; 111°46 ' 54
w ) , feb 12 , 2007 , 1f ( cl 31 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1526 m ( emu - 8118 ) ; st . 30 ( 26°36 ' 50
n ; 110°21 ' 10
w ) , feb 15 , 2007 , 1m ( cl 29 . 9 mm ) , bs , 1203–1213 m ( emu - 8203 ) .
talud xii , st . 5 ( 16°58 ' 28
n ; 100°55 ' 20
w ) , mar 28 , 2008 , 1f ( cl 53 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1925–1977 m ( emu - 8872 ) ; st . 9 ( 17°10 ' 15
n ; 101°37 ' 23
w ) , mar 28 , 2008 , 6f ( cl 30 . 1–35 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1392–1420 m ( emu - 8874 ) ; st . 10 ( 17°11 ' 18
n ; 101°28 ' 30
w ) , mar 29 , 2008 , 3f ( cl 21 . 1–38 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1180–1299 m ( emu - 10500 ) ; st . 13 ( 17°45 ' 16
n ; 102°0 ' 29
w ) , mar 30 , 2008 , 1f ( cl 30 mm ) , bs , 1198 m ( emu - 8904 ) ; st . 28 ( 18°50 ' 19
n ; 104°34 ' 14
w ) , apr 2 , 2008 , 1f ( cl , 38 . 1 mm ) , bs , 1101–1106 m ( emu - 10499 ) ; st . 29 ( 19°19 ' 37
n ; 105°26 ' 20
w ) , apr 2 , 2008 , 1f ( cl 44 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1609–1643 m ( emu - 8873 ) .
talud xv , st . 1 ( 23°18 ' 40
n ; 111°19 ' 37
w ) , aug 4 , 2012 , 1f ( cl 40 . 2 mm ) , bs , 750–850 m ( emu - 10435 ) ; same station , 5m ( cl 17 . 9–29 . 1 mm ) and 7f ( cl 25 . 3–41 . 1 mm ) , bs , 750–850 m ( emu - 10434 ) ; st . 2 ( 23°12 ' 2
n ; 111°20 ' 50
w ) , aug 4 , 2012 , 4m ( cl 32–33 . 9 mm ) , 5f ( cl 23 . 2–40 . 6 mm ) and 1juv . ( cl 12 . 4 mm ) , bs , 1118–1150 m ( emu - 10436 ) ; st . 3 ( 23°9 ' n ; 111°20 ' w ) , aug 4 , 2012 , 1f ( cl 36 . 4 mm ) , bs , 1395–1465 m ( emu - 10433 ) ; st . 5c ( 23°16 ' 42
n ; 110°54 ' 55
w ) , aug 5 , 2012 , 8m ( cl 20 . 5–35 . 5 mm ) , bs , 980–1036 m ( emu - 10496 - a ) ; same station 25f ( cl 20 . 3–40 . 5 mm ) , 1m ( cl 13 . 4 mm ) , bs , 980–1036 m ( emu - 10496 - b ) ; st . 5f ( 22°58 ' 15
n ; 110°40 ' 17
w ) , aug 5 , 2012 , 1f ( cl 39 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1035–1108 m ( emu - 10432 ) ; st . 8 ( 24°25 ' 48
n ; 112°38 ' 6
w ) , jul 30 , 2012 , 1m ( cl 29 . 8 mm ) , 3f ( cl 23 . 2–41 . 1 mm ) , bs , 1212–1235 m ( emu - 10431 ) ; st . 24 ( 27°5 ' 42
n ; 114°35 ' 30
w ) , aug 1 , 2012 , 2f ( cl 25–32 . 6 mm ) , bs , 772–786 m ( emu - 10430 ) .
talud xvi - b , st . 3 ( 28°42 ' 36
n ; 115°50 ' 42
w ) , may 23 , 2014 , 2f ( cl 30 . 1–31 . 0 mm ) , bs , 1350–1365 m ( emu - 10623 ) st . 6 ( 29°08 ' 9
n ; 115°33 ' 25
w ) , may 24 , 2014 , 10m ( cl 16 . 4–29 . 9 mm ) and 9f ( cl 16 . 7–29 . 5 mm ) , bs , 1004–1102 m ( emu - 10498 ) ; st . 8 ( 29°23 ' 28
n ; 115°45 ' w ) , may 31 , 2014 , 1m ( cl 35 . 4 mm ) , 1f ( cl 27 mm ) , bs , 1416–1480 m ( emu - 10438 ) ; st . 16 ( 29°51 ' n ; 116°9 ' w ) , may 29 , 2014 , 4f ( cl 23 . 2–37 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1425–1360 m ( emu - 10441 ) ; st . 23 ( 30°56 ' n ; 116°40 ' 33
w ) , may 27 , 2014 , 1m ( cl 33 . 3 mm ) , 2f ( cl 30 . 1–32 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1296–1340 m ( emu - 10439 ) ; st . 26 ( 31°46 ' 3
n ; 116°58 ' 12
w ) , may 26 , 2014 , 1f ( cl 31 . 4 mm ) , bs , 982–989 m ( emu - 10437 ) ; st . 27 ( 31°42 ' 21
n ; 117°13 ' w ) , may 27 , 2014 , bs , 1394–1397 m , 1f ( cl 34 . 7 mm ) ( emu - 10440 ) and 1 f ( cl 30 . 5 mm ) ( emu - 10497 ) .
with 187 specimens available ( 61 males , cl 11 . 2–35 . 5 mm ; 122 females , cl 16 . 7–53 . 3 mm ; 3 unsexed ; and 1 juvenile , cl 12 . 4 ) ( m : f = 1 : 2 ) , the collection of
) . the largest specimens measured 103 mm ( male ; talud xv , st . 5c ) and 116 mm ( female ; talud xii , st . 5 ) total length , the latter constituting the largest specimen collected to date . the size of individuals differed across sexes ( mann - whitney
is known from san diego , california , usa , to chile . the material currently examined slightly increases the distributional range of
) . in the mexican pacific it is a widely distributed and frequently captured species .
the material examined herein was collected between 750 and 2010 m depth with bottom sampling gear . one specimen ( talud iii , st . 17 ) was collected with a mid - water trawl hauled from surface to 770 m depth , in a locality where total depth was 1560 m . all species of
possesses a hepatic spine , a character that separates this species from the other four species of their group ii .
does ( p . 437 ) , which is an error due to the illustration process in the editorial office . in his preliminary description of
: 205 ) repeats essentially the same statement as in 1893 , and his lateral illustration of the carapace ( plate h 1a ) does not indicate the presence of a hepatic spine , although the lower extension of the cervical carina could easily be confused with a strong spine . besides , this drawing does not include the presence of the pterygostomial spine either , which is definitively present in
: 52 ) . revision by dr . rafael lemaitre of part of the material used by
) in his syntypic series and deposited at the national museum of natural history , washington , dc ( usnm 21214 ; syntypes from the gulf of california , mexico ) confirms the fact that there is no trace of a hepatic spine on the specimens examined . another revision by adam baldinger of one of the syntypes of
have to be altered because all species of group ii as defined by these authors in their key lack the hepatic spine which is otherwise present in seven of the ten species of their group i . moreover , the identification key proposed by
) . the smallest male with visible petasma was 11 . 2 mm cl , in which a small bud without any elaborated structure could be seen . a slightly larger male ( cl 16 . 4 mm ) had a similar petasma ( figure
) . however , another young male from station 19 of talud vii cruise with cl 11 . 2 mm ( i . e . , smaller than the male of figure
, is not yet developed in males of cl 17 . 5 mm ( figure
) . in a male of cl 29 . 9 mm the two sections ( left and right ) of the petasma are well developed ( figure
( cl ≥ 35 mm ) is clearly distinct from known petasma of mature males of nine species of the genus in the presence of the lateral crescent - shape process . in
burkenroad , 1936 , probably a juvenile . this figure lacks a lateral crescent - shape process but , as in the case of
) , this process may appear later during the growth of the species . of the remaining three species of
) is known only from the two females of the type material . we were not able to locate an illustration of the petasma of
macgilchrist , 1905 . another question remains open as far as illustrations of petasma in literature are concerned .
; however , the figure caption is the same as the one inserted in figure 25 of the same monograph ( i . e . for
( spence bate , 1888 ) ) and it was therefore difficult to assess to which species of the genus this figure actually belongs to . a search by rose gulledge , museum specialist at the us national history museum , smithsonian institution crustacean department , maryland , usa , was successful in finding the original plates prepared by the illustrator of
, and that “species in book is wrong [ . . . ] must say
) . a small tuft of setae is clearly observed arising from each minute pit of the thelycum middle plate ( sternite xiii ) . of the two groups of species considered by
, group i possesses a “thelycum without well - defined receptacles between the twelfth and the thirteenth sternites , the scutes of the twelfth and thirteenth sternites being simple and unexpanded” . group ii posseses “well - defined cavities between the twelfth and the thirteenth sternites , the scutes of the thirteenth sternites being broadly expanded to overlap the sternal surface proper” . based on these criteria
. the large patch of bright blue color on the back of the abdominal somites 2–4 mentioned by faxon ( op . cit . ) and also observed by
actually corresponds to the gonads of mature specimens that extend backward from the thoracic area ( pers . observ . ) .
although it reaches a size ( i . e . , over 115 mm total length ) comparable with other species of
is not currently subject to any commercial exploitation . it has been considered a potential fisheries resource for the area ( see
) to a large extent because it occurs together with other species of established potential for deep - water fisheries ( e . g . ,
in this area , but none was considered of importance to fishery , even as a potential resource , probably because this genus has nowhere been reported to be abundant . the 15 species of
) but are all from deep - water , thus rending any exploitation attempt very complex .
petasma ventral margin strongly convex , without lateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate smooth , without small pits and setae
petasma ventral margin straight to slightly concave , with or without lateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate bearing small pits
petasma with strong ventrolateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate longer than wide , shallow anterior notch
petasma without ventrolateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate wider than long , deep anterior notch
ship time was provided by the instituto de ciencias del mar y limnología , unam ( talud iii ) , by the coordinación de la investigación científica , unam ( talud iv - xvi - b ) , and partly supported by conacyt ( project 179467 for the talud xv and xvi - b cruises ) . the talud project has received laboratory and field work support from the dgapa ( papiit in - 217306–3 and papiit in - 203013–2 ) and from conacyt ( project 31805 - n for the talud iv - vii cruises ; project 179467 for the talud xv and xvi - b cruises ) , mexico . the authors thank all scientists , students and crew members who took an active part in the talud cruises . we also thank dr . rafael lemaitre , national museum of natural history , maryland , usa , for revising type material of
and the final version of the manuscript . we also thank ana k . barragán ( sni iii assistant , conacyt ) for her help with laboratory work during this study and josé salgado b . for photograph of figure
. work by vanesa papiol was supported by a dgapa , universidad nacional autónoma de méxico , postdoctoral grant .
barriga e , salazar c , palacios j , romero m , rodríguez a . ( 2009 )
distribución , abundancia y estructura poblacional del langostino rojo de profundidad haliporoides diomedeae ( crustacea : decapoda : solenoceridae ) frente a la zona norte de perú ( 2007–2008 ) .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . vol . 2 . cephalopods , crustaceans , holothurians and sharks
. master thesis , universidad de guayaquil , facultad de ciencias naturales , guayaquil , ecuador .
crustacés décapodes pénéides aristeidae ( benthesicyminae , aristeinae , solenocerinae ) . faune de madagascar .
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carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps .
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on a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other .
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recent samples of mainly rare decapod crustacea taken from the deep - sea floor of the southern west europe basin .
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an updated checklist of benthic marine and brackish water shrimps ( decapoda : penaoidea , stenopodidea , caridea ) from the eastern tropical pacific .
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