banjos banjos ( banjofish ) is a perciform fish , the only species in the monotypic genus banjos and in the family banjosidae .

it is native to coastal waters of the western pacific ocean , from japan to the south china sea .

it grows up to 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) in standard length .

banjos banjos

a banjofish , banjos banjos , trawled off ballina , new south wales , in 135 m . source : ken graham / nsw fisheries . license : all rights reserved
subspecific name from latin ' brevispinis ' meaning short - spine , referring the relatively short dorsal - fin spines when compared with b . b . banjos .
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the subspecific name brevispinis is derived from the latin word meaning ' short - spine ' , alluding to the subspecies possessing relatively short dorsal - fin spines , compared with b . b . banjos .
diagnosis . a subspecies of banjos banjos distinguished from other subspecies by the following combination of characters : least interorbital width 5 . 8–8 . 1 ( mean 6 . 8 ) % of sl ; first dorsal - fin spine length 4 . 5–8 . 0 ( 6 . 1 ) % of sl ; second dorsal - fin spine length 11 . 2–18 . 3 ( 14 . 0 ) % of sl ; eighth dorsal - fin spine length 9 . 5–18 . 7 ( 12 . 5 ) % of sl .
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marine ; demersal ; depth range 50 - 400 m ( ref . 11230 ) . tropical
indo - west pacific : from the southeastern indian ocean , including the west coast of australia and indonesia to northwestern pacific , ranging from the south china sea north to japan .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )
this species is distinguished from its congeners by the following set of characters : 0 - 22 serrae on ventral margin of lacrimal ; in specimens 15 . 0 - 20 . 0 cm sl , 14 - 36 serrae on cleithrum ; in specimens > 10 . 0 cm sl , head length 33 . 2 - 39 . 6 ( mean 36 . 5 ) % of sl , orbit diameter 11 . 2 - 16 . 6 ( 14 . 1 ) % of sl , vertical orbit diameter 9 . 5 - 14 . 9 ( 13 . 5 ) % of sl ; least interorbital width 5 . 8 - 10 . 3 ( mean 7 . 3 ) % of sl ; postorbital length 11 . 5 - 15 . 7 ( mean 13 . 3 ) % of sl ; in specimens > 10 . 0 cm sl pre - pelvic - fin length 38 . 0 - 44 . 7 ( mean 41 . 5 ) % of sl ; first dorsal - fin spine length 4 . 5 - 11 . 7 ( 6 . 7 ) % of sl ; second dorsal - fin spine length 11 . 2 - 22 . 7 ( 16 . 1 ) % of sl ; in juveniles < 7 . 0 cm sl , spine at angle of preopercle relatively short , moderately serrated and membrane of spinous dorsal - fin with broad central translucent area ( ref . 116322 ) .
paxton , j . r . , d . f . hoese , g . r . allen and j . e . hanley , 1989 . pisces . petromyzontidae to carangidae . zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 7 . australian government publishing service , canberra , 665 p . ( ref . 7300 )
) : 13 . 6 - 26 . 5 , mean 19 . 7 ( based on 395 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 67 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .
north west cape ( 21º47´s ) to rankin rank , northwest shelf ( 19º40´s ) , wa and off southern qld to northern nsw . also off lord howe island . elsewhere in the tropical , west pacific
( perciformes : banjosidae ) with descriptions of two new species and a new subspecies .
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anacampsis lacteusochrella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by chambers in 1875 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california .

adults are creamy white or white very faintly suffused with ochreous , sparsely flecked with brown upon the forewings , which become towards the tip , suffused with greyish , or purplish-brown and ochreous , so that a white costal streak at the beginning of the cilia may be distinguished from the surrounding part of the wing .

anacampsis lacteusochrella

compsolechia lacteochrella [ = lacteusochrella ] meyrick , 1925 ; in wytsman , genera insectorum 184 : 123 ( emend . )
anacampsis malella amsel , 1959 ; bull . soc . ent . egypt . 43 : 65
anacampsis sacramenta keifer , 1933 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 22 : 362
gelechia ( anacampsis ) tristrigella walsingham , 1882 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 181
anacampsis languens meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 142 ; tl : ecuador , duran
anacampsis aedificata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; tl : brazil , para
anacampsis diplodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 76 ; tl : brazil , parintins
anacampsis embrocha meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 192 ; tl : new hanover
anacampsis flexiloqua meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : peru , iquitos
anacampsis idiocentra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , santarem
anacampsis nonstrigella busck , 1906 ; can . ent . 38 ( 4 ) : 121 ; tl : oak station , pennsylvania
anacampsis parviocellatella bruand , 1850 ; mém . soc . doubs 3 ( 3 , livr . 5 - 6 ) : 40
anacampsis petrographa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 79 ; tl : brazil , obidos
anacampsis poliombra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : brazil , parintins
anacampsis cosmia meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 77 ; tl : natal , durban
anacampsis lapidella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , grenada
anacampsis quinquepunctella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 80 ; tl : west indies , grenada
anacampsis conistica walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , sonora
anacampsis lithodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas , iquitos
anacampsis lupinella busck , 1901 ; can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 14 ; tl : high park , toronto , canada
anacampsis perquisita meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , para , teffé
anacampsis insularis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas
anacampsis solemnella ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; [ nhm card ]
anacampsis capyrodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins , teffé
anacampsis rivalis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : s . india , shevaroys ; ceylon , kandy
anacampsis ursula walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , morelos , cuernavaca
anacampsis fragariella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 760 ; tl : pullman , washington
anacampsis argyrothamniella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231 ; tl : palm beach , florida
anacampsis primigenia meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : colombia , cali , 500ft ; ecuador , huigra , 4500ft
anacampsis cornifer walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 79 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas
anacampsis paltodoriella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 848 ; tl : mesilla park , new mexico
anacampsis triangularis braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : angeles bay , lower california
anacampsis considerata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos , teffé ; peru , jurimaguas , iquitos
anacampsis phytomiella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 8 ; tl : alhajuela , cabima and porto bello , panama
anacampsis coverdalella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 162 , pl . 9 , f . 13 ; tl : natchitoches parish , louisiana
anacampsis rhabdodes walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 36 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
anacampsis lagunculariella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 230 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : palm beach , florida
anacampsis primigenia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list )
anacampsis psoraliella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 226 , pl . 28 , f . 10 ; tl : iowa , sioux city
anacampsis meibomiella forbes , 1931 ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 376 , pl . 42 , f . 16 ; tl : puerto rico ,
e . e . a . de cuba
anacampsis populella ; [ nacl ] , # 2246 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31 ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 173 ; [ fe ]
anacampsis niveopulvella ; busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761 ; [ nacl ] , # 2243 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31
anacampsis ( anacampsini ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list ) ; [ fe ]
anacampsis quinquepunctella ; walsingham , 1910 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; meyrick , 1929 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anacampsis lagunculariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 78 ; busck , 1914 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 2240 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31
820x623 ( ~ 87kb ) russia , moscow area , 14 . 8 . 2008 , photo © d . smirnov
the exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .
compsolechia anisogramma meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : china , shanghai
larva on argyrothamnia blodgettii busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231
untomia cenelpis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 77 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
chlorodecta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197
compsolechia comparanda meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : arizona , palmerlee ; texas , alpine
crypticopa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia ) ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 384
larva on fragaria busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761
= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30
lita fuscella eversmann , 1844 ; fauna lep . volgo - uralensis . . . : 581
tachyptilia hirsutella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 256 , pl . 10 , f . 17 ; tl : alpes - maritimes
homoplasta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197
gelechia ( tachyptilia ) innocuella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 249 ; tl : texas
agriastis inquieta meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 253 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
aproaerema kearfottella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 842 ; tl : new jersey
larva on laguncularia racemosa busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231
strobisia levipedella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 4
compsolechia lignaria meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 292 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk
larva on lupinus perennis busck , 1901 , can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 15
maculatella ( lucas , 1956 ) ( tachyptilia ) ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 256
gelechia multinotata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 134 ; tl : british guiana , bartica , mallali
gelechia niveopulvella chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 11 ) : 210 ; tl : canada
agriastis nocturna meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 252 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
tachyptilia panormitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 106
agriastis peloptila meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
gelechia pomaceella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 620 ; tl : ega
= ; park , 2001 , insecta koreana . 18 ( 1 ) : ( 87 - 90 )
larva on populus tremula , salix caprea , s . alba , s . spp .
agriastis prasina meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
larva on croton scouleri , exedeconus miersii landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 737
larva on prunus salicina park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121
gelechia subactella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 1026 ; tl : australia ?
larva on salix phylicifolia , s . caprea , s . lapponum , s . repens
gelechia tephriasella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 4 ) : 68 ; tl : kentucky
cathegesis tridentella walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 24 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
tachyptila trifoliella constant , 1890 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1889 : cxxv
gelechia ( teleia ) viretella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 340 , pl . 4 , f . 110
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
expedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths
icones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
die schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae
zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6
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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 10 . 31m ; p . 101 . book review and ordering
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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nebria kratteri kratteri is a subspecies of ground beetle in the nebriinae subfamily that can be found in albania , greece , italy , and republic of macedonia .

nebria kratteri kratteri

nebria ( nebria ) kratteri dejean & boisduval , 1830 = nebria violacea o . g . costa 1839 = nebria pindica jeanne 1974 = nebria valonensis apfelbeck 1904 .
ground beetle nebria kratteri ( carabidae ) | trichas , a . - europeana collections
how can i put and write and define nebria kratteri in a sentence and how is the word nebria kratteri used in a sentence and examples ? 用nebria kratteri造句 , 用nebria kratteri造句 , 用nebria kratteri造句 , nebria kratteri meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
nebria kratteri – carabidae | carabidae : ground beetles . bombadie , ant nest beetles | pinterest | insects , beetles and bug insect
photo of the ground beetle nebria kratteri ( carabidae ) , a south balkan species rather common on the mountains of greece . specimen from pindos mt , greece .
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[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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monocirrhus polyacanthus , also known as the amazon leaffish is a species of fish belonging to the polycentridae family .

it inhabits the often brackish waters , both clear and turbid , of peru , brazil , bolivia , colombia and venezuela in the amazon river basin .

it reaches a maximum length of 8.0 centimetres ( 3.1 in ) .

they are extremely specialized ambush predators that hunt by drifting towards prey animals ( almost invariably another fish ) and quickly swallowing them when they get close enough .

these fish are sometimes kept in aquariums but are notoriously challenging aquarium inhabitants , requiring copious amounts of live fish ( they can eat their body weight in fish daily ) and soft , acidic , very clean water reminiscent of the amazonian habitats they hail from .

monocirrhus polyacanthus

an amazon leaffish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) at steinhart aquarium , california academy of sciences . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )
amazon leaffish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) at the steinhart aquarium , california academy of sciences . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )
another fabulous fish species i got to see up close at the california academy of sciences during my visit last thursday was the amazon leaffish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) .
south american leaf fish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) are unusual looking fish from the family nandidae . members of this family are predatory fish whose main diet consists of other fish .
evolution is a wonderful thing , throwing up a diversity of life that evades even the mind of the most creative sci - fi author . monocirrhus polyacanthus is as alien as anything that might turn up on mars .
barros , b . & h . higuchi . 2007 . notes on morphological characters in early developed amazonian leaffish monocirrhus polyacanthus ( polycentridae , perciformes ) . kempffiana , 3 ( 2 ) : 18 - 22 . [ links ]
catarino , mf , j zuanon . 2010 . feeding ecology of the leaf fish monocirrhus polyacanthus ( perciformes : polycentridae ) in a terra firme stream in the brazilian amazon . neotropical ichthyology 8 ( 1 ) : 183 - 186 . doi : 10 . 1590 / s1679 - 62252010000100022
a species tank is highly preferable although m . polyacanthus can be kept with medium - sized loricariids and armoured catfish without too many problems .
breeding monocirrhus is not suggested for those who want high success rates . as a fish with strict demands , it tends to appeal to a smaller audience and shifting on fry may prove the most difficult aspect of reproduction .
the family polycentridae is known for its remarkable morphological specialization associated to predatory behavior ( liem , 1970 ) . the family is represented by two species in the amazon basin , including the leaf fish monocirrhus polyacanthus heckel , 1840 , which is widely distributed in rivers and lakes of the region ( britz & kullander , 2003 ) , mostly in upland ( henceforth terra firme ) streams .
m . polyacanthus exhibits chromatic ( colour ) changes when required . altering from dark brown through to autumnal yellow , the fish can adapt for whatever conditions are required .
most captivating of all is the camouflage and mimicry of monocirrhus . there are many words to describe aspects of its procryptic behaviour , where it emulates the drifting of a dead leaf , and there’s argument about how such behaviour should be classified .
south american leaf fish belong to the tiny family polycentridae . the genus monocirrhus shares this family with its relative genus polycentrus , typified by the species p . schomburgkii — but this latter fish fails to captivate on the same level , lacking the advanced camouflage of the former .
difficult to maintain in captivity and not a species for the beginner . in addition to being a voracious predator , m . polyacanthus is also a flighty species that is very sensitive to deteriorations in water quality .
both share massive protracted mouths and stalk in similar ways , but m . polyacanthus has the edge over its relative with a faster feeding speed and , with a strike time of only 0 . 2 seconds or less , it’s one of the world’s fastest eaters .
many m . polyacanthus have been caught at one particular region and their gut contents analysed , finding an average of 64 % fish matter and 36 % invertebrate . of the latter much was of insects that weren’t always aquatic based , although many shrimps were also found .
there’s the associated issue of increased pathogen burden at higher ph values and these fish are not equipped to deal with opportunistic bacteria and fungi . statistically it would seem that , after starvation , disease susceptibility is the most common cause of death among captive m . polyacanthus .
rather than just resorting to colours typical of a camouflaged fish , m . polyacanthus goes much further . the fish has come not just to share colour with dead foliage , but to copy its shape , right down to the leaf tip – hence that characteristic ' beard ' .
during a survey of the fish fauna of the amanã sustainable development reserve ( rdsa ) conducted in 2002 and 2003 , 49 specimens of m . polyacanthus were collected with hand nets close to the riparian vegetation , and amidst aquatic macrophytes , and with fine - meshed seine nets in shallow stream margins of baré stream , a terra firme tributary of amanã lake . those specimens gave us the opportunity to study the diet of m . polyacanthus in that area , so aiming to contribute to a better understanding of the feeding habits of this remarkable , leaf - mimicking fish species .
any signs of ill health need to be addressed early and for a fish that’s difficult to see , observation can prove quite time consuming . m . polyacanthus will attain a maximum length of 8cm / 3 . 1” over this time , but will reach its full adult size much sooner .
fishes usually use camouflage to avoid the detection by visually oriented predators , by presenting color patterns that resemble their surroundings ( e . g . sazima et al . , 2006 ) . however , camouflage and mimicry are not employed just as a defensive strategy , but also as an aggressive tactic . the leaf fish monocirrhus polyacanthus typically lives in small terra firme streams , and presents a general body morphology , color pattern , and swimming behavior that remarkably resemble a soaked dead leaf slowly drifting in the water current ( liem , 1970 ; britz & kullander , 2003 ) , which are probably used to facilitate predation . moreover , the highly protrusible mouth of the leaf fish ( which may correspond to 60 % of the head length when fully expanded ; cf . waltzek & wainwright , 2003 ) may allow an efficient strike after slowly approaching the prey .
carnivorous and will only accept live food . when small , they will accept live bloodworm and small earthworms but in the long term require a piscivorous diet . do not keep this species if you are not willing to provide a constant supply of live feeder fish , as m . polyacanthus can consume its own body weight daily . some specimens can be weaned onto live river shrimp but this is the exception rather than the rule .
the size of the collected specimens of m . polyacanthus averaged 67 . 2 ± 15 . 2 mm ( n = 49 ) . it was possible to determine the sex of 22 specimens , of which 10 were males ( 50 . 2 ± 13 . 1 mm sl , ranging 32 . 3 to 73 . 1 mm ) and 12 were females ( 52 . 3 ± 12 . 8 mm sl ; 31 - 82 mm ) . thirty - three preys were found in the 19 stomachs of m . polyacanthus that contained food . fish were the only prey type encountered in the stomach contents of 12 specimens ( 63 . 15 % fo ) , while invertebrates only were present in four other stomachs ( 21 . 05 % fo ) ; both fish and invertebrates were found in the digestory tracts of three specimens ( 15 . 8 % fo ) . only two prey fishes were found in an advanced state of digestion and could not be adequately identified .
monocirrhus polyacanthus ( polycentridae ) é uma espécie de peixe cuja aparência e hábitos mimetizam uma folha morta à deriva , e que habita igarapés e margens de rios e lagos da bacia amazônica . a despeito de seu reconhecido comportamento predatório e do fato de ser frequentemente explorada no comércio internacional de peixes ornamentais , pouco se conhece sobre sua dieta em condições naturais . nós examinamos 35 exemplares de peixe - folha ( 28 , 5 - 82 , 0 mm cp ) , dos quais 19 continham presas no estômago . trinta e três presas foram encontradas , das quais foi possível estabelecer o comprimento total de 19 delas ( 2 , 0 - 33 , 0 mm ct ) . até cinco presas foram encontradas no estômago de um único exemplar . a dieta dos peixes - folha foi constituída por peixes ( n = 12 ; 63 , 15 % fo ) e invertebrados ( n = 4 ; 21 , 05 % fo ) ; peixes e invertebrados ocorreram juntos em três estômagos examinados ( 15 , 8 % fo ) . das 33 presas encontradas nos estômagos analisados , 21 foram peixes e 12 invertebrados . dentre os peixes consumidos , characiformes e perciformes representaram 76 , 1 % e 14 , 2 % , respectivamente . characidae foi a família de presas mais comum , seguida de lebiasinidae . invertebrados ( presas ) foram representados por camarões ( decapoda ) e insetos ( coleoptera , hymenoptera , ephemeroptera e odonata ) . constatou - se uma relação positiva entre o tamanho do predador e da presa . a combinação da camuflagem corporal do peixe - folha , a baixa atividade dos caracídeos nos horários de crepúsculo e a eficiência do mecanismo de captura de presas por sucção , provavelmente possibilitam a captura de presas ágeis e de hábitos nectônicos . a posição encurvada dos peixes nos estômagos dos exemplares de m . polyacanthus possivelmente facilita a acomodação simultânea de mais de uma presa no estômago , o que deve ser especialmente importante para predadores que consomem presas grandes e apenas ocasionalmente .
the coiled position of the preys encountered in the stomach of m . polyacanthus has already been observed in the stomach of other fish - eating species , such as the catfishes phractocephalus hemioliopterus ( pimelodidae ) and denticetopsis macilenta ( cetopsidae ) ( j . zuanon , pers . obs . ) , in the ogre catfish asterophysus batrachus ( auchenipteridae ; zuanon & sazima , 2005 ) , and the marine sardine chirocentrodon bleekerianus ( pristigasteridae ) ( sazima et al . , 2004 ) . this arrangement of the preys inside the stomach may maximize the use of space in the digestory tract , allowing the allocation of a higher number of preys , which seems to be especially important for predators that consume proportionally large preys that are captured only occasionally .
of the 33 preys found in the stomachs of m . polyacanthus , 21 were fish and 12 were invertebrates . characiformes ( 16 ) and perciformes ( 3 ) represented 76 . 1 % fn and 14 . 2 % fn of the preys respectively . among the characiformes , characidae was the most commonly recorded prey family ( 62 . 5 % fn ; n = 10 ) , followed by lebiasinidae ( 37 . 5 % fn ; n = 6 ) . both families were represented by three species each : hemigrammus analis , h . belottii and hemigrammus sp . ( characidae ) ; and nannostomus eques , n . unifasciatus and n . trifasciatus ( lebiasinidae ) . perciformes were not identified to species level due to the advanced state of digestion of these preys ( table 1 ) .
invertebrates were mostly found in the guts of small specimens of m . polyacanthus ( between 28 . 5 and 54 . 2 mm sl ) , whereas fish constituted the only prey of the larger leaf fish specimens ( fig . 2 ) . of the 33 preys consumed by the leaf fishes , only 19 were found whole and accurately measured . fish and invertebrate preys ranged 11 . 0 - 33 . 0 mm sl and 2 . 0 15 . 0 mm tl respectively . mean prey size corresponded to 34 . 9 % of the predator size ( n = 19 ) . there was a positive relation between the sizes of the leaf fish specimens and the consumed preys ( r 2 = 0 . 44 , f = 13 . 24 , p = 0 . 002 , n = 19 ) ( fig . 3 ) .
greek , monos = one + latin , cirrus = curl ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 8 . tropical ; 22°c - 25°c ( ref . 1672 )
south america : amazon river basin in peru , brazil , bolivia , columbia , and venezuela .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 50082 )
britz , r . and s . o . kullander , 2002 . polycentridae ( leaffishes ) . p . 603 - 604 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 50082 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 1250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 ±0 . 73 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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found in shallow water with little or no flow in areas where fallen leaves collect .
soft acidic water is essential . the aquarium should be dimly - lit , with floating plants in order to diffuse the light further . heavy planting with large - leaved varieties such as echinodorus species is also recommended to make this fish feel secure , as they can be very nervous . other hiding places in the form of driftwood should also be provided . any water movement should be kept to a minimum .
can be achieved in captivity . the breeding tank should be thickly planted with broad - leaved plants with soft , acidic water ( ph 6 . 0 - 6 . 5 , 1 - 5 dh ) . it should be warm ( above 77°f ) and dimly - lit . a single pair should be used and conditioned with lots of live food .
during spawning the male will intensify in colour and the female will display an ovipositor . the pair drift past each other at the water surface and may continue to do this for up to an hour before the male retreats to allow the female to deposit her eggs , which she sometimes does whilst upside down . he then returns to fertilise them . the female should be removed after spawning , as the male may turn on her .
up to 300 eggs may be laid on the underside of a large leaf or overhanging rock . the male tends to these , using his fins to fan them . the eggs hatch in 3 - 4 days and the male can also be removed at this point . the fry will start taking brine shrimp nauplii as soon as their yolk sacs are absorbed . any food must be of the swimming variety as the young will not feed from the tank bottom . they should then be fed the fry of other fish as they grow . they can eat incredible amounts for their size and must be separated as soon as differing growth rates become apparent , or they will predate upon their siblings . the maintenance of high water quality is essential or there will be many losses .
an incredibly - adapted species , this fish is camouflaged to mimic a dead leaf , both in body shape and pattern . it can change colour to match its surroundings and has a projection from its bottom lip that resembles a leaf stalk . when hunting , it stalks its prey in a head - down stance , appearing to drift towards it like a dead leaf drifting in a current . in reality , the fish is propelled by tiny movements of its transparent fins . when it strikes at an item of prey the entire mouth protrudes outwards , forming a large tube into which the prey is sucked , usually head first . this happens so quickly it is often difficult to see . it can swallow prey almost as big as itself in this way .
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unnatural situation
kevin macleod ( incompetech . com )
nathan hill identifies a masquerading predator that really is like no other hunter . meet the master of camouflage .
for fans of predatory fish , these south american leaf mimics pose a not inconsiderable challenge . they are tricky to feed , demand impeccable water and spend much time invisible among foliage . however , seeing them behaving naturally in an aquarium is a reward justifying all your work . what’s more , they sport brilliant goatee beards !
this theme has been adopted by other south americans – notably farlowella , the twig catfish – but the leaf fish never gives the game away by resorting to the fishy movements of many other mimics .
leaf fish evolution has even taken into account the most common failing of predators – the obvious shape of the eye . in this case its profile has been blurred with shaded lines running straight through . this is a focused predator .
many myths surround this fish , especially where feeding is concerned . opinions range over optimal conditions and some assumptions have lasted too long without question .
the leaf fish is often referred to as an obligate piscivore , feeding exclusively on fish , but this is an erroneous assumption . studies on wild - caught specimens revealed a range of foods in the gut and even though fish feature highly by no means do they form the only diet .
these findings suggest they will happily take bugs dropping in the water — and suggest feeding alternatives for captive fish . of the fish consumed , 75 % of identifiable content were either tetra of the hemigrammus genus or nannostomus pencilfishes .
in these wild fish , average prey size was up to 35 % of the hosts’ length , which is considerably less than of - touted folklore that these will readily eat fish more than half their own size .
even feeding behaviour has evolved fascinating features . as well as its high - speed strike and associated oral structure , the fish have a remarkable way of ‘layering’ prey fish inside , curling their meal so that both head and tail are pointing back towards the mouth . this allows multiple fishes to be ‘stacked’ in order , allowing the leaf fish to stockpile prey should meals become scarce .
the mouth is cavernous but thin , extending out in front and comprising almost 60 % of the length of the head .
it’s common to find leaf fish among the leaves they have copied , although they seem almost indifferent to the model they have evolved to replicate . they tend to drift in solitary fashion , enjoying the concealment and prey advantages offered by dwelling among shoreside vegetation – often grasses and reeds .
swimming and stalking technique is spectacular . although equipped with fins as any other fish , those used in locomotion are hyaline — lacking pigmentation . the two pectoral fins are difficult to see and both the tips of the anal and dorsal fins are equally transparent , and it is through the high - speed flitting of these fins that the fish maintains rigid posture while moving and closing in for the kill .
when drifting it characteristically swims side on . the fish bends and sways but rarely moves upright , just as a floating leaf would not . having mastered this form of swimming , the leaf illusion is complete .
literature notes one of these fishes’ earliest collections , from 1920 , when the task involved simply poisoning an entire stream and seeing what bobbed up . it was only by chance that the gasping behaviour of the leaf fish separated it from other leaf shapes drifting down the now dying waterway .
leaf fish are demanding , not least over the issue of feeding . these are incredibly hard to wean from live foods and only recommended to the most dedicated aquarists experienced in shifting live feeders to dead foods .
dead feeding is not unknown and some keepers report leaf fish even accepting dead fare from hand . an ample supply of river shrimp should be considered in the early stages , along with insects and even earthworms . it would be wise to gut load invertebrate foods first , feeding something nutritious that will transfer to the leaf fish .
water parameters should be kept as close as feasible to wild conditions . water temperature varies in the wild , but will be acceptable between 22 - 25°c / 72 - 77°f and ph needs to be low , optimally between 5 . 0 and 6 . 0 , if these fish are to be at their best .
hardness would benefit from being equally low , with gh values of 5 - 8° dh frequently suggested .
as this fish only inhabits slow moving or static water , aquarium flow should be similarly mild . i always favour external canisters and with ample flow restriction and diffusion over a wide area — say a spray bar — an optimal flow can be achieved . my preference for an external rests in part on the maintenance issue . leaf fish are nervous and prone to acute stress , so as little hands - on interaction inside the tank as possible is wise .
in contradiction to slow flow , excellent water conditions are vital . ammonia , nitrite and nitrate are not tolerated and water changes must be performed at the first instance .
similarly , the fish appears to react badly to medications and these should probably be considered only as a last resort .
lighting levels are best broken up with ample floating plants , but this is not a nocturnal fish and will be out and about in your tank during daylight . dark substrates are wise but not essential , but leaf litter bases seem to be accepted most readily . planting is a must and any type , be it broad - leafed , bushy or grassy , will be much appreciated .
kept correctly , you can expect a good 8 - 9 years from a leaf fish , but be vigilant during that time .
sexing leaf fish is usually possible when the fish engage in spawning , but can be awkward beforehand . the fish are sexable and sexually mature at just 4cm / 1 . 6” long and when an ovipositor can be viewed in active females . it can be hard to ascertain just which is a pair from a collection .
spawning can be induced with either a rise in temperature , increase in acidity , or both . successful nurturing of water conditions will see the fish take turns to clean a surface – most commonly a leaf – before breeding starts .
anywhere up to 300 eggs will be laid in one sitting and the male tends to care , although not without harassment from the female , and it would be prudent to remove her at this stage . at intervals from 60 hours on the fry will start to free swim and the male will pay little or no attention to them at this stage , his parental attention waning .
the fry are ravenous and cannibalistic , consuming tiny organisms and each other with equal aplomb . a good supply of all things small and wriggling should be provided at this stage , although some hobbyists report success feeding their juveniles with powdered and dried foods .
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like other members of its family , the south american leaf fish is predatory , despite its relatively small size . it reaches an adult length of only a little of over 3 inches ( 7 - 8 cm ) in length .
this fish has a laterally compressed body and coloration resembling a leaf , hence the name
leaf fish .
they also have a small protrusion extending from their bottom lip .
like most south american fish , leaf fish do best with soft , slightly acidic water , and a water temperature between 74 - 80 °f ( 23 - 27°c ) .
leaf fish spend a good portion of their time oriented with their head facing toward the bottom of the tank , as shown in the photo on this page .
their tank should be heavily planted , with dim lighting , and lots of hiding places .
not only do these fish resemble a leaf in color and body shape , but even their movements resemble a leaf floating through the water . to see how this fish moves through the water watch the you tube video below to see a south american leaf fish in its natural habitat .
leaf fish are carnivorous fish and their diet consists of mainly small live fish . keep this in mind when choosing their tank mates . they may also take live worms and brine shrimp , especially when young .
males and females look similar to one another , although you may be able to see an ovipositor on the female when she is in breeding condition . breeding sometimes occurs in the aquarium , especially in soft , acidic water . filtering the water through peat and providing lots of hiding places will encourage them to breed .
during spawning , the pair will clean off a rock , leaf , or some other flat surface . after spawning takes place the male guards the eggs . remove the female at this point .
after the eggs hatch in a few days and the fry are free swimming , feed them newly hatched brine shrimp .
image of south american leaf fish from wikimedia commons and published under the gnu free documentation license 1 . 2 .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
measuring only around 3 inches ( 8 cm ) , this small freshwater fish is a native of the amazon river basin in south america .
it is called the “leaffish” because of its ability to imitate a dead leaf drifting in the water . from its coloration down to its curious habit of floating sideways — using its camouflage and its thin , flat body to sneak up on unsuspecting prey , usually a small fish or shrimp ( catarino and zuanon 2010 ) .
once its little transparent pectoral fins maneuver the leaffish into position , its highly extendable , quick - draw jaws do the rest .
the leaffish is a staple of nature documentaries when they have to do a “weird and strange fish” list episode . so let’s jump to the videos !
and look — a video from the california academy of sciences on leaffish ! here , the steinhart aquarium staff are feeding their leaffish collection with what appears to be about a bajillion little brine shrimp .
fish are amazing and underrated creatures . join me as i geek out and explore the amazing diversity of fish species on our planet . read more about our journey or look up our index of species featured so far .
ben young landis is a science writer and consultant by day , amateur cook by night , and fish geek 24 / 7 . drop a line at @ younglandis or via email .
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neotrop . ichthyol . vol . 8 no . 1 porto alegre jan . / mar . 2010
i universidade federal do amazonas , laboratório de ecologia pesqueira , mini campus , setor sul , bloco z , manaus , am , brazil . michelcatarino @ urltoken ii instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazônia , coordenação de pesquisas em biologia aquática , cp 478 , 69011 - 970 manaus , am , brazil . zuanon @ urltoken
the leaf fish is a small - sized species that reaches up to 80 mm in standard length ( sl ) , and presents distinct morphological characteristics , such as the absence of a lateral line , a large and protractile mouth , a petiole - like filament in the lower jaw , and a laterally compressed body , strongly resembling a dead leaf in format and color pattern ( nelson , 1994 ) ( fig . 1 ) .
although present throughout the amazon basin and frequently exploited by the ornamental fish trade , the leaf fish is apparently not as locally abundant as several other species commonly encountered in the same habitat ( gutiérrez , 2003 ) . such low abundance results in its rarity in fish collections and may explain the scarcity of information about its natural history and diet . most of the available information on its feeding behavior refers to captive specimens maintained under aquarium conditions ( liem , 1970 ; barros & higuchi , 2007 ) .
the amanã reserve is a 2 , 35 million ha conservation unit located between the basins of the black water negro river and the white water japurá and solimões rivers ( 1º30 ' - 3º05 ' s 62º50 ' - 65º00 ' w ) , in the amazonas state , brazil .
all collected leaf fish specimens were immediately preserved in 10 % formalin , later transferred to 70 % ethanol , and measured ( sl , mm ) . the abdominal cavities of 35 specimens were opened to determine the sex , and the presence of food in the stomach . the stomachs were then dissected and examined under a stereoscopic microscope . the position of the preys in the stomachs was verified and registered . prey items were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible , quantified ( n ) , and measured ( fish : sl , mm ; invertebrates : total length , tl , mm ) whenever possible . the importance of each prey taxon was calculated based on its frequency of occurrence ( fo % ) in relation to the number of stomachs with food ( hyslop , 1980 ) . the relative contribution of fish preys were also expressed as frequency by numbers ( fn % ) , calculated as the number of preys in each category ( taxonomical order and family ) in relation to the total number of fishes found in the stomachs . a linear regression was employed to investigate the relation between the paired size of the leaf fish specimens and its preys . unfortunately , the dissected specimens were discarded after analyzed , but the accurate collecting locality of the studied sample warrants the possibility of further taxonomic confirmation of the species identity if needed .
invertebrates were represented by 12 specimens of crustaceans ( decapoda and conchostraca ) and insect remains ( coleoptera , hymenoptera and larvae of ephemeroptera and odonata , table 1 ) .
most preys found in the stomachs of leaf fish specimens were swallowed whole , despite their proportionally large dimensions when compared to the predator ' s size . large sized prey fish were occasionally found occupying the whole space from the lower portion of the esophagus to the end of stomach , especially when the gut was filled with more than one prey . in these cases the large prey fishes were found in a coiled ( ' ' u ' ' shaped ) position with head and tail directed to the head of the predator .
we thank to instituto de desenvolvimento sustentável mamirauá ( fepim ) for the financial and logistic support , to jonas alves de oliveira for the help during field work , and to fernando p . mendonça for allowing the use of the leaf fish photo . this is contribution # 20 of projeto igarapés . j . zuanon receives a productivity grant from cnpq ( process # 311023 / 2006 - 1 ) .
britz , r . & s . o . kullander . 2003 . family polycentridae . pp . 603 - 604 . in : reis , r . , s . o . kullander & c . j . ferraris jr . ( eds . ) . check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre , edipucrs , 729p . [ links ]
gutiérrez , a . l . 2003 . análisis de algunos aspectos tróficos y reproductivos de la comunidad de peces de um cano de águas negras amazónicas en cercanías de leticia ( amazonas , colombia ) . unpublished monograph , universidad nacional de colombia , bogotá , 132p . [ links ]
heckel , j . 1840 . johann natterer ' s neue flussfische brasilien ' s nach den beobachtungen und mittheilungen des entdeckers beschrieben ( erste abtheilung , die labroiden . ) . annalen des wiener museums der naturgeschichte , 2 : 327 - 470 . [ links ]
hyslop , e . j . 1980 . stomach content analysis : a review of methods and their applications . journal of fish biology , 17 : 411 - 429 . [ links ]
liem , k . f . 1970 . comparative functional anatomy of the nandidae ( pisces : teleostei ) . fieldiana , zoology , 56 : 1 - 166 . [ links ]
nelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world . new york , john wiley and sons , 600p . [ links ]
sazima , c . , r . l . moura & i . sazima . 2004 . chirocentrodon bleekerianus ( teleostei : clupeiformes : pristigasteridae ) , a small predaceous herring with folded and distinctively oriented prey in stomach . brazilian journal of biology , 1 : 165 - 168 . [ links ]
sazima , i . 2002 . juvenile snooks ( centropomidae ) as mimics of mojarras ( gerreidae ) , with a review of aggressive mimicry in fishes . environmental biology of fishes , 65 : 37 - 45 . [ links ]
sazima , i . , l . n . carvalho , f . p . mendonça & j . zuanon . 2006 . fallen leaves on the water - bed : diurnal camouflage of three night active fish species in an amazonian streamlet . neotropical ichthyology , 4 ( 1 ) : 119 - 122 . [ links ]
waltzek , t . b . & c . wainwright . 2003 . functional morphology of extreme jaw protrusion in neotropical cichlids . journal of morphology , 257 : 96 - 106 . [ links ]
weitzmann , s . 1978 . three new species of fishes of the genus nannostomus from the brazilian states of pará and amazonas ( teleostei : lebiasinidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 263 : 1 - 14 . [ links ]
weitzmann , s . & j . s . cobb . 1975 . a revision of the south american fishes of the genus nannostomus günther ( family lebiasinidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 186 : 1 - 36 . [ links ]
zuanon , j . a . s . & ferreira , e . g . 2008 . feeding ecology of fishes in the brazilian amazon - a naturalistic approach . pp . 1 - 34 . in : cyrino , j . e . p . , d . p . bureau & b . g . kapoor ( eds . ) . feeding and digestive functions in fishes . ensfield , science publishers , 575p . [ links ]
zuanon , j . & i . sazima . 2005 . the ogre catfish : prey scooping by the auchenipterid asterophysus batrachus . aqua journal of ichthyology and aquatic biology , 1 : 15 - 22 . [ links ]
universidade estadual de maringá núcleo de pesquisas em limnologia , ictiologia e aquicultura / coleção ictiologia av . colombo , 5790 87020 - 900 maringá , pr , brasil tel . : ( 55 44 ) 3011 4632 neoichth @ urltoken


mucronalia is a genus of very small parasitic sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family eulimidae .

this genus was first described in 1860 by arthur adams in his paper , " on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan " .

these sea snails are thought to be parasitic on ophiuroids ( brittle stars ) .

mucronalia

eulima ( mucronalia ) a . adams , 1860 accepted as mucronalia a . adams , 1860
worms - world register of marine species - mucronalia bicincta a . adams , 1860
species mucronalia gigas kuroda & habe , 1950 accepted as melanella teinostoma ( a . adams , 1854 )
worms - world register of marine species - eulima ( mucronalia ) bulbula r . murdoch & suter , 1906
species mucronalia lactea a . adams , 1864 accepted as hypermastus lacteus ( a . adams , 1864 ) ( original combination )
species mucronalia subula a . adams , 1864 accepted as hypermastus subula ( a . adams , 1864 ) ( original combination )
species mucronalia xanthias r . b . watson , 1886 accepted as pelycidion xanthias ( r . b . watson , 1888 ) ( original combination )
species mucronalia cylindrica g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 accepted as hypermastus cylindricus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 ) ( original combination )
species mucronalia philippinarum g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 accepted as echineulima philippinarum ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 ) ( original combination )
warén a . ( 1980 ) . revision of the genera thyca , stilifer , scalenostoma , mucronalia and echineulima ( mollusca , prosobranchia , eulimidae ) . zoologica scripta 9 : 187 - 210 [ details ]
( of mucronalia suava dall , 1927 ) bouchet , p . & warén , a . ( 1986 ) . revision of the northeast atlantic bathyal and abyssal aclididae eulimidae , epitonidae ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . bollettino malacologico . suppl . 2 : 297 - 576 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of mucronalia suava dall , 1927 ) dall w . h . ( 1927 ) . small shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer
albatross
, in 1885 and 1886 . proceedings of the united states national museum , 70 ( 18 ) : 1 - 134 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 72 [ details ]
warén a . ( 1980 ) . revision of the genera < i > thyca < / i > , < i > stilifer < / i > , < i > scalenostoma < / i > , < i > mucronalia < / i > and < i > echineulima < / i > ( mollusca , prosobranchia , eulimidae ) . < i > zoologica scripta 9 < / i > : 187 - 210
adams , a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 [ april 1860 ] ; 405 - 413 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 301 [ details ]
distribution species parasitic on holothuria scabra ( macnae & kalk ; , 1958 ) .
distribution species parasitic on holothuria scabra ( macnae & kalk ; , 1958 ) . [ details ]
warén , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 58 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
xiv . —note in answer to mr . clark ' s remarks on lepton sulcatulum
on the origin of species by means of natural selection ; or , the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . —by charles darwin , m . a . , f . r . s . , f . g . s . , & c . london , 1859
a guide to the quadrupeds and reptiles of europe ; with descriptions of all the species : compiled from the latest writers . by lord clermont . london : john van voorst , 1859 . post 8vo
handbook of the british flora . by g . bentham , f . l . s . london : lovell reeve . 1858
on the hooks on the front edge of the hinder wings of certain hymenoptera . communicated by dr . j . e . gray , f . r . s . & c
abstract of a lecture by prof . t . h . huxley , f . r . s . , on species and races , and their origin , delivered before the members of the royal institution , on the evening of friday , february 10 , 1860
the monstrous begonia frigida at kew , in relation to mr . darwin ' s theory of natural selection
xli . —characters of new cingalese land - shells collected by f . layard , esq . , ceylon civil service
the ibis , a magazine of general ornithology . edited by philip lutley sclater , m . a . vol . i . trübner and co . , 1859
xlvi . —on cyclostigma , a new genus of fossil plants from the old red sandstone of kiltorcan , co . kilkenny ; and on the general law of phyllotaxis in the natural orders lycopodiaceæ , equisetaceæ , filices , & c
on the origin of species by means of natural selection ; or , the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . —by charles darwin , m . a . , f . r . s . , f . g . s . , & c . ; london , 1859
on the hooks on the front edge of the hinder wings of certain hymenoptera . communicated by dr . j . e . gray , f . r . s . & c ;
xlvi . —on cyclostigma , a new genus of fossil plants from the old red sandstone of kiltorcan , co . kilkenny ; and on the general law of phyllotaxis in the natural orders lycopodiaceæ , equisetaceæ , filices , & c ;
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dall w . h . ( 1927 ) . small shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer
albatross
, in 1885 and 1886 . proceedings of the united states national museum , 70 ( 18 ) : 1 - 134 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 72 [ details ]
taxonomy does not fit any described aulimid genus ( warén 1980 : 203 ) .
taxonomy does not fit any described aulimid genus ( warén 1980 : 203 ) . [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
warén , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 71 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
carpenter , p . p . ( 1865f ) diagnoses of new species and a new genus of mollusks , from the reigen mazatlan collection ; with an account of additional specimens presented to the british museum . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1865 , 268–273 . [ details ]
hypermastus bulbula ( r . murdoch & suter , 1906 ) accepted as hypermastus bulbulus ( murdoch & suter , 1906 )
to museum of new zealand te papa ( m . 001774 ; eulima bulbula murdoch & suter , 1906 ; holotype )
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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adams , arthur . 1860 . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , being a continuation of the ' magazine of botany and zoology ' , and of louden and charlesworth ' s ' magazine of natural history ' , series 3 5 : 299 - 303 , 405−413 .
adams , a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . < em > annals and magazine of natural history . < / em > ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 [ april 1860 ] ; 405 - 413 .
nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
warén , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . < em > journal of molluscan studies . < / em > suppl 13 : 1 - 96 .
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