snail is a common name loosely applied to shelled gastropods .

the name is most often applied to land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs .

however , the common name snail is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class gastropoda that have a coiled shell that is large enough for the animal to retract completely into .

when the word " snail " is used in this most general sense , it includes not just land snails but also numerous species of sea snails and freshwater snails .

gastropods that naturally lack a shell , or have only an internal shell , are mostly called slugs , and land snails that have only a very small shell ( that they can not retract into ) are often called semi-slugs .

snails have considerable human relevance , including as food items , as pests , as vectors of disease , and their shells are used as decorative objects and are incorporated into jewelry .

the snail has also had some cultural significance , and has even been used as a metaphor .

snail

scientists sucked a memory out of a snail and stuck it in another snail .
achatina fulica ( the east african land snail ) – known commonly as the giant african snail or giant african land snail .
the snail ' s eyes are below where an actual snail ' s eyes are .
sew the snail stalks to the snail body . sew the eyes to the stalks .
achatina achatina ( giant ghana snail or tiger land snail ) – common name the giant ghana snail , also known as the giant tiger land snail , is a specie of very large , air - breathing land snail .
snail facts and information . habitat , feeding , anatomy , reproduction , lifecycle , predators . facts about african giant snail , garden snail , roman snail or escargot . get started ›
take action if you find a snail that is much larger than the common garden snail .
seoul ceuticals korean skin care snail repair cream moisturizer - 97 . 5 % snail mucin . . .
myth and legend offer lots of cool tidbits about the snail and symbolic snail meaning . below are a few tidbits about the snail’s mythological importance around the world . .
snail shell is made of calcium carbonate and keeps growing as long as the snail grows . they keep adding more calcium carbonate to the edge until the snail reaches adult size .
) . further , silencing snail resulted in restored expression of cryptic . 4 μg snail shrna reduced the snail expression by 70 % ±10 % and enhanced cryptic expression by 59 % ± 12 % , validating that snail negatively regulates cryptic - expression ( fig .
snail repair cream for face , luckyfine anti aging , anti wrinkle , day cream & night cream , for moisturizer dry skin repair fine lines snail face cream with snail extract 1 . 76 oz
firstly , we will begin with the symbolism that surrounds the snail’s mythology and cultural importance . the shape the the snail and the curvature of the snail’s shell is the basis for most of its cultural background and importance . the spiral shape of the snail’s shell is a result of how the shell grows on the snail .
in fact , the snail was an old witch who had disguised herself as a snail . the witch was outraged . the witch cursed dewi limaran . the witch changed dewi limaran into a golden snail . then the witch the snail into the river . the stream carried dewi limaran cursed into snail far away from the palace .
maggie whitson marked
file : snail on snail . jpg
as trusted on the
helix pomatia linnaeus , 1758
page .
an euhadra quaesita snail , which , like other snail species , uses a
love dart
to stab its partner while mating .
to construct snail short hairpin rna ( shrna - snail ) , sense and antisense dna oligonucleotides were designed form double - stranded rna with a loop structure : snail shrna sense ( 5′ - ggatcccgcgagctgcaggactctaagaagcttgttagagtcctgcagctcgctttttt - 3′ ) and snail shrna antisense ( 5′ - ctagaaaaaagcgagctgcaggactctaacaagcttcttagagtcctgcagctcgcgg - 3′ ) .
human snail was cloned by pcr amplification from image clone no . 4537122 by using the following primers : snail sense ( 5′ - atgccgcgctctttcctcgtc - 3′ ) and snail antisense ( 5′ - agcgtaatcggggacatcgtaggggtagcggggacatcctgagcagccgga - 3′ ) .
we conclude from the western blotting and qpcr assays that the abundance of snail causes attenuation of cryptic expression that can recovered by depleting snail .
no ' that means the snail is dead . it probably died from drowning . next time put the snail in a dry tank with a little bit of water and rocks for the snail to climb on .
snail meaning offers us a world of symbolism and insight . here are just a few key attributes that are exclusively symbolic to the snail .
maggie whitson marked
file : snail on snail . jpg
as hidden on the
cepaea hortensis ( muller , 1774 )
page .
maggie whitson marked
file : snail on snail . jpg
as trusted on the
cepaea nemoralis ( linnaeus , 1758 )
page .
) . we observed that overexpression of snail led to a decreased mrna of cryptic whereas knocking down snail led to increased cryptic mrna ( fig .
archachatina marginata ( giant west african snail ) – the giant west african snail , is a specie of air - breathing tropical land snail . they can grow up to 20cm long , and live up to 10 years .
also , in
finn the human ,
the snail is shown as a regular snail ( without eyes , a mouth , and arms ) .
the snail is a steady symbol in nature . this can be a prime point in snail tattoo ideas , especially if you want to convey steady progress on your life - path . click here for symbolic snail tattoo ideas .
in issue 520 in mad magazine , the snail can be seen on the cover , waving . although , the snail is waving angrily at the reader .
) , was unaffected by snail expression in the absence of drug . however , after adr treatment , snail - expressing cells exhibited a statistically significant increase in
, are unresponsive , and the binding of snail or slug is not detected by chip . thus , snail and slug can bind to the promoters of the
the snail’s shell is basically its only form of protection . it’s weak , squishy and slimy body would be defenseless without the snail’s hard shell . because of this simple , but highly important feature , the snail symbol can represent protection and defense . another thing about the snail’s shell is that it doubles as the snail’s home . because the snail makes its own shell , it carries it with it as long as it lives . this means that the snail is like a living mobile home . no matter where the snail goes , it is always at home . this can symbolize travel , safety , and self - reliance .
we then used qpcr analyses using over - expression and shrna mediated knockdown of snail and tested its effect on cryptic mrna expression . we verified that the snail over - expression and knockdown indeed led to change in snail transcripts ( fig .
the largest land snail recorded was 12 inches long and weighed near 2 pounds .
in
the jiggler ,
the snail seems to have a different appearance .
depends upon the species ; common snail moves at about 1 millimeter per second .
you can use any one of those options as a snail and slug barrier .
) . as expected , the endogenous snail transcript declined . statistically significant upregulation of
cell death specification gene ces - 1 encodes a snail family zinc finger protein .
if you use imported fertiliser , check your plants for signs of snail activity .
5 ) michaels , f . 2001 . organic slug and snail control . urltoken
please , sir . i want to venture into the business if snail farm . i needest species of snail . i am from the eastern part of nigeria .
get advice about your snail’s diet from a clerk , expert , or vet .
another very cool aspect of snail meaning is found in its shell . do you have a little free - roaming gypsy in you ? the snail is a great
moon snail : as its name implies , the shell resembles a small moon .
the only significant morphological difference between the slug and the snail is the snail’s conspicuous shell . this shell is large enough for the snail to completely retract into for defense . some snails are also able to close off their shell once fully retracted .
7 . diy snail spas or snail slime products are not encouraged . remember , snails used at a responsible spa center or in beauty products are professionally grown and the snail slime is professionally purified , while those in your backyard garden are not .
in season three , the snail is still possessed by the lich in every cameo .
maggie whitson marked
file : snail on snail . jpg
as untrusted on the
cepaea hortensis ( muller , 1774 )
page . reasons to untrust : misidentified
a strong shell reduction has also happened during the evolution of different predatory snail groups .
) . immunoblot analysis of two well - characterized transcriptional targets of snail ( fig .
) , declined significantly in response to expression of snail or of slug ( fig .
genes , the transcripts of which are all repressed after overexpression of snail or slug .
a & b ) confirming that snail indeed binds to the cryptic promoter in vivo .
slugs are the homeless version of the snail , and as such hold much symbolism .
the physical features of the snail animal spirit may be able to provide the most valuable meaning to someone who is trying to get the most out of the snail’s symbolism .
common hair snail ( trochulus hispidus ) . picture : michal maňas ( source ) .
2 . snail slime contains 91 - 98 % water . the slime is filtered multiple times to increase its concentration and ensure its purity . some snail slime products claim to contain as much as 97 % snail secretion filtrate . however , the consistency and quality of the snail mucus should also be taken into account when looking for a good product .
snails in garlic butter , marinated snail liver , snail fillets and snail caviar are the products pokorney is producing , and he will be demonstrating how to use them at the bite artisan food festival in the rds , dublin 4 , on november 18th - 20th .
it will be easier for your snail to eat hard vegetables if you boil them beforehand . just make sure they ' re not hot when you give them to your snail .
you can also help your snail to stay hydrated by misting them with water . fill a spray bottle with spring or filtered water , and mist your snail and their habitat .
hmm . . . this is pretty cool . have you tried garlic mash ? snails hate it so it ' s good for barriers and if a snail eats it anyway the snail gets sick and dies ! oh , and that decollate snail cartoon ' s funny !
are the only characters who have noticed or interacted with the snail in the tv series .
in the game righteous quest 2 , the snail appears a few times in the game .
the snail appears in finn ' s backpack on the adventure time thanksgiving day parade balloon .
2001 . the mouse snail gene encodes a key regulator of the epithelial - mesenchymal transition .
i have a snail and needed to know how to take care of it .
popular snail cosmetic products of good quality and at affordable prices you can buy on aliexpress .
) , in other terrestrial snail groups there are love darts made from chitin or cartilage .
on the stump that finn and jake trip over . potentially the third time the snail has influenced the plot , as it is somewhat implied the lich - possessed snail caused them to trip
before we go into the snail food , you need to understand step by step how to start and manage your snail farm . as a result of increased awareness on the profitability of snail farming , many entrepreneurs are beginning to delve into the business of snail rearing , processing and export . this business also has its pros and cons like other businesses . understanding this will be a good thing . this care guide will attempt to shed light on snail breeding – snail rearing , feeding , including other things that may be of importance to someone interested in breeding snails .
tecciztecatl is an aztec moon god ( mexico ) . he was depicted snuggled up in a snail’s shell in ancient relics and aztec art . in this culture , the snail is symbolic of the moon , and its phases . the spiral of the snail’s shell is also symbolic of the
the snail was not featured in this episode due to it being made by a guest animator .
multiple times in the third season , the snail appears normal and not possessed by the lich .
the snail can be seen on the blue team ' s side in adventure time battle party .
another damaging snail is the white garden snail , theba pisana . it is currently an established pest only in san diego county but has been found in los angeles and orange counties as well .
mrna levels were unaffected by adr treatment or by expression of either snail or slug ( fig .
2000 . the transcription factor snail controls epithelial - mesenchymal transitions by repressing e - cadherin expression .
some snail species may need additional food sources , such as fish food or bottom feeder tablets .
and now has better understanding of feeding and what can hurt the snail . thank you .
its really helpful . i get updates on the info concerning developments in snail farming .
one of the most powerful physical parts of the snail in reality and in symbolism is the snail’s shell . we’ve already talked about how the spiral can influence the symbolism of the shell , and how the snail grows its own shell , but there is more to it than just that .
1986 ) , so during the first matings of a snail , no love dart is applied .
he may also be the first god to wear a shell suit , as a snail shell seems to be his principle abode . we know snail shells are also capable of containing much holiness .
is snaky , in others she is known as snail woman with woman’s torso and head . and why not ? our own holy snail™ remains inscrutable on the subject and refuses to leave his shell .
at last , she pulled up the net to go home . suddenly the widow saw something shining at the bottom of it . it was only a snail . she picked the snail and took it back . its shell shone like gold . the old woman had never seen such a snail before .
interaction of snail and cryptic promoter was also assayed in vivo using chromatin immunoprecipitation ( chip ) . briefly , cross - linking of total - protein and dna was performed using formaldehyde in panc1 cells that express snail endogenously . the dna obtained in the chromatin immunoprecipitate using snail specific or control ( igg ) antibody was assayed utilizing respective primer sets for the two binding sites of snail on the cryptic promoter by both semi - quantitative pcr and qpcr . pcr analyses of these products revealed an amplification of the samples corresponding to the snail specific antibody for both the snail binding sites along the cryptic promoter ( fig .
that rarity made it particularly surprising to find two potential suitors for jeremy after the scientists launched the international search . first , a snail enthusiast near ipswich , u . k . came forward with her pet snail lefty . then , a snail farmer and restaurateur in majorca , spain , found another left - coiling snail that had been on its way to becoming a meal . it was later named tomeu .
in finn ' s premonition dream , the snail reads the enchiridion and subsequently appears to kill billy .
yan wong changed the thumbnail image of
file : 01a - garden - snail . jpg
.
) . similar results were obtained after expression of slug or coexpression of snail and slug ( fig .
, right panel ) . rt - pcr was performed for selected transcripts after snail depletion ( fig .
the snail ' s shell is a beautiful representation of the life , death , and rebirth cycle .
each jaguar is holding a trumpet made of a snail ' s shell on this ancient mesoamerican wall .
easton , matthew george .
entry for snail
.
easton ' s bible dictionary
.
yay – go snail and thanks to the animal kingdom for keeping us grounded . a great story !
locus , by using adenovirus - based short hairpin rna interference ( shrna ) . infection with the shrna - snail adenovirus resulted in depletion of endogenous snail mrna with no apparent effect on slug mrna ( fig .
snail and slug localization at responsive genes . chip analyses of mcf7 cells infected with snail , slug , or mock adenovirus were performed . p1 to p9 indicate pcr primer sets that amplify genomic dna from the indicated loci . primer sets p2 , p4 , p6 , p7 , p8 , and p9 amplify fragments containing snail or slug binding sites , whereas primer sets p1 , p3 , and p5 amplify nearby regions lacking snail or slug sites . dna coprecipitating with snail and control antibodies was amplified by using the indicated primer pairs .
using promoter - analyses tools , we found strong evidence that the developmentally essential transcription factor snail binds to the human cryptic - promoter . we cloned the promoter - region of human cryptic in a reporter gene and observed decreased cryptic - promoter activation upon increasing snail expression . further , the expression of cryptic is down - regulated upon exogenous snail expression , validating the reporter assays and the previously identified role of snail as a transcriptional repressor . finally , we demonstrate using gel - shift assay that snail in nuclear extract of panc1 cells interacts with the promoter - construct bearing putative snail binding sites and confirm this finding using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay .
rare snail jeremy with the offspring of its two former suitors . angus davison , university of nottingham hide caption
snail or slug regulation of epithelial - to - mesenchymal transitions . the model depicts various aspects of epithelial to mesenchymal transition regulated by snail and / or slug . details of the model are discussed in the text .
2000 . the transcription factor snail is a repressor of e - cadherin gene expression in epithelial tumour cells .
2000 . snail / slug family of repressors : slowly going into the fast lane of development and cancer .
snail transcription is dependent on erk pathway activity . cell lines were incubated with pd98059 ( pd ) ( 50
this web article looks at methods of lessening snail and slug damage using cultural , chemical and biological controls .
the giant african snail threatens our plants , our homes and our health . report giant african snails immediately .
hi , thanks very much for d information on snail farming . i reside in nigeria and have started d farming already but need some clarification on d white type of snail , are they also ok for farming ?
if you live in a very dry climate , try misting your snail 1 - 2 times per day .
snail facials are actually not popular or common in korea , but there are places in asia ( japan and thailand ) and even in the uk that offer snail facials . most of these treatments consist of allowing snails to crawl around your face , which leaves a trail of the snail mucin wherever they go .
collagen elastin & baba de caracol cream 4 oz . snail gel . helps renew skin cells face and neck
at closer look and thought , we realize that the snail carries his defense mechanism on his back . . . his home , if you will . the snail ' s spiral shell acts as a mobile home to the ever - moving snail . it also acts as a protector in times of danger . the snail knows how to employ his own body ' s resources in order to defend himself against predators and dangerous species .
what a wonderful story ! seems like the snail may have some cancerian / lunar qualities as well . .
i smiled .
i ' ll be quiet as a buttered snail sneaking through a frenchman’s kitchen . ”
lake baikal impresses him as home to some 100 species of snail and at least 260 shrimp - like animals .
that ' s where we left the tale of jeremy , the rare left - coiling snail , last november .
this episode originally had no snail appearing in it . however , the snail has been added in the swamp of embarrassment at the base of the tree next to the woman and her baby showering who calls finn a pervert .
the snail was the only main character that didn ' t wear a sweater in holly jolly secrets part ii .
mrna levels were not altered either by snail expression , by slug expression , or by adr treatment ( fig .
giant african snails cannot be brought into australia by travellers as pets or by purchasing online giant african snail kits .
hi , i am from nigeria i need a whatsapp forum to join to have more knowledge about snail farming .
this version of how to feed a snail was reviewed by pippa elliott , mrcvs on february 9 , 2018 .
and its cycles . to the aztecs , the snail is symbolic of time , transition , and even fertility .
endogenous cryptic levels are attenuated by snail expression and are restored upon snail depletion in panc1 cells . a cryptic and snail levels are measured by western blotting after transfecting different amounts of snail / control / shrna plasmids ( 2 / 4 / 6 μg of snail plasmid and 4 μg of shrna plasmid and total amount of plasmid made up to 8 μg with pcdna3 empty vector ) . equal loading is confirmed by beta - actin . the blot is representative of 3 experiments ( n = 3 ) . qpcr is performed on reverse transcribed samples to estimate the mrna levels of ( b ) snail and ( c ) cryptic and is normalized to beta - actin expression ( n = 4 )
snails are slimy little creatures that don’t seem to do all that much . however , that doesn’t mean that the snail isn’t full of animal symbolism . there is more than meets the eye when it comes to the snail . this slow moving animal has symbolism that comes from the way it moves , some mythology from cultures from around the world . but most of the snail’s symbolism comes from its physiological make - up : what it looks like . this article will discuss all of these traits of the snail and explain how these traits add to the snail’s symbolic meanings .
) . here we demonstrate that snail expression suppresses the cryptic gene when they are co - transfected into hek - 293 cells in a dose dependent manner . this also correlates with decreased cryptic expression upon exogenous snail expression ( fig .
what makes some snail species particularly interesting to chase is their use of
love darts
during copulation . about one third of snail species manufacture hard , sharp darts which they
fire
at the objects of their affections .
if you are unsure how to feed your snail , give it a wide range of fruits , vegetables , and seeds , such as apples , tomatoes , and mushrooms . before you feed your snail , chop the food into small pieces . aim to feed your snail 1 / 4 cup of food per day , and be sure to remove any uneaten food within 24 hours . in addition to food , provide your snail with a shallow dish of water to bathe in and pieces of cuttlebone to keep its calcium levels high , which helps the snail keep its shell healthy .
loci could result from either direct effects or indirect effects of snail and slug . chip assays were performed to determine whether aberrantly expressed snail and slug bound to these loci . e - cadherin and occludin served as positive controls . after snail or slug expression , chip was performed , and coprecipitated dna was analyzed by pcr . at all responsive loci , e - box sequences ( snail or slug binding sites ) were precipitated , whereas control sequences were not ( fig .
in
simon & marcy ,
he appears during a flashback from 996 years ago , proving that he has has a lifespan much larger than that of a normal snail . however , this could possibly just be another snail entirely .
the game legends of ooo uses snails as hints . also , a slimy snail is used to free slime princess .
corry’s slug & snail killer is the perfect solution to protect plants from slug & snail damage . after feeding , slugs and snails crawl to secluded places to die . people and pets can enter the area immediately after product is applied .
koehler c , barclay w . 1983 . snail barriers . california agriculture 37 ( 9 - 10 ) : 15 .
( the most common species used to prepare escargot ) are raised on snail farms or collected wild . several species of
) . these data suggest that snail represses proapoptotic genes in the dna damage response pathway , providing a prosurvival function .
) . these results establish that snail , as a transcription factor , negatively regulates cryptic gene by direct transcriptional repression .
de craene b , van roy f , berx g . unraveling signalling cascades for the snail family of transcription factors .
for three experimental populations ( r10 , r30 , and gua ) , snail susceptibility phenotypes were measured over five generations .
snail mucin ' s ingredients are known to be anti - aging by stimulating the formation of collagen and elastin , repair damaged skin , and restore hydration , which has made snail mucin skin care products very popular in korea and now in the u . s . our snail product is a top seller and often sells out on soko glam .
before christianity used the snail as a symbol of the deadly sin of sloth , other ancient cultures saw the snail as sacred . to the ancient greeks , the snails keyed them in as to when the crops were ready to harvest . they represented fertility and fruition of hard work . the snail was also a symbol used frequently in ancient mesoamerican cultures .
the snail animal totem has come a long way in this world by simply moving along slowly . this can show us that we don’t need to rush around to be safe . we need to work with what we have , just like the snail works with its shell . we can play to our own strengths just like the snail does every day .
smith , william , dr .
entry for ' snail '
.
smith ' s bible dictionary
.
let them be as a snail which melteth and passeth away .
mandelkern gives limax ,
slug .
s . ( 2006 ) . the way of the samurai snail . american naturalist 168 : 553 - 555 . (
snail watercolor and digital image . hand drawn media artwork for textiles , fabrics , souvenirs , packaging and greeting cards .
proposed mechanism of snail mediated l - r axis specification through cryptic repression . ( up , left ) low endogenous expression of snail on the left side of the developing embryo permits cryptic - mediated nodal signalling , causing left - side specification . ( up , right ) relatively higher levels of snail on the right side suppress cryptic - mediated nodal signalling resulting right - side specification . ( bottom ) a snail mutant background is reported to aberrantly activate nodal signalling . the de - repression of cryptic in a mutant snail background may cause bi - laterally symmetrical activation of nodal signalling and thereby random organ positioning
made up of a succession of patches of colour : they curl round like the shell of a snail . the spiral form of a snail ' s shell echoes the direction of universal movement . the composition so named is therefore not at all
, lane 5 , 6 ) , suggesting that a factor from the npe interacts with the cryptic promoter at the snail binding site . we therefore conclude that snail specifically interacts with the cryptic promoter even when the interaction is reconstituted in vitro .
1 . snail slime ( or its cosmetic name , snail filtrate ) is packed with nutrients such as hyaluronic acid , glycoprotein , proteoglycans , and antimicrobial and copper peptides , all of which are commonly used in beauty products and proven to be beneficial for the skin . these elements help to protect the snail’s skin from damage , infection , dryness and uv rays .
people also got itchy rashes thanks to parasites called avian schistosomes , which usually infect birds and a specific species of snail .
payments for premiums still cannot be processed online - people have to snail - mail checks to a cgi processor in nebraska .
next to slime princess when she says ,
yay !
this is the first close - up of the snail .
a spirit version of the snail appears in one of marceline ' s father ' s soul sacks near lumpy space princess .
the snail appears in the episode title card and in the final scene of the episode , still possessed by the lich .
the snail is near the top right corner of the screen when the guards are discussing about the
new painting .
in adventure time with fionna and cake issue 1 , the snail can be seen in the cover of the comic waving .
to confirm that the binding factor in the npe is indeed snail , the specificity of interaction was ascertained by incubating npe and oligonucleotide complex with snail antibody ( ~ 3 μg ) or with igg control antibody ( ~ 3 μg ) ( fig .
snail population : a field study using random - amplified polymorphic dna markers . j parasitol 85 : 436–441 . pmid : 10386434
yes , it did , thank you so much for your help ! my snail is growing big and faster .
helix aspersa muller glycoconjugates may sound like something mary poppins would say , but the real definition is simple : snail slime . more specifically , this is the snail slime that is the main ingredient in the natural cosmetic aptly named “snail cream . ” now , slime probably is the last thing you’d want to put on your skin , but snail cream is actually used as a beauty aid and is thought to reduce inflammation and redness , stimulate skin regeneration , and lock moisture into the skin .
this is mainly gel with aloe and other stuff , with tiny bit of snail extract . chemical preservatives included as well .
the ancient aztecs of mesoamerica saw the snail as a sacred being in that its shell represented the cycle of life . this belief is supported by artwork , paintings , drawings , and carvings in ancient places that include the spiral shell of the snail . the snail ' s shell can also be seen carried on the god tecciztecatl ' s back . tecciztecatl was a lunar deity ( a god of the moon ) , and he carried a shell on his back because the aztecs associated the snail with the moon . just as the snail retreats into its shell , the moon retreats into the depths of the ocean .
in the picture below , you can see the panthers are holding the spiral snail shell and using it as a horn .
another signaling pathway that has been related to snail expression is that requiring pi3k activation . our results do not suggest a major involvement of this pathway in the activation of snail transcription in most of the tumor cell lines , but we cannot discard that it might contribute to snail expression in some cell lines , since in some cell lines ( iec - ilk , scc15 - akt ) additional sequences other that those present in the minimal promoter seem to be necessary for the full stimulation of snail promoter .
interaction of snail with the cryptic - promoter in - vivo . chromatin immunoprecipitation ( chip ) was performed in panc1 cells for the two putative snail binding sites using a ) semi - quantitative or b ) qpcr . the cells expressing endogenous snail were cross linked using formaldehyde followed by shearing and immunoprecipitation using a snail specific or igg control antibody . the resulting chromatin was reverse cross linked and amplified using the primers flanking the two putative snail binding sites . equal loading was confirmed by the amplification of input chromatin . the resulting blot ( 4a ) and the quantification ( 4b ) is representative of 3 experiments ( n = 3 )
each snail contains both female and male reproductive organs . after a single mating , each snail can produce 100 to 500 eggs . these snails can reproduce several more times without mating again . they can generate clutches of eggs every 2 to 3 months .
the nots seminar panel of speakers also includes panagiota vlachou , who has 12 snail farms in greece , germany and cyprus , and irish snail farmers stephan de wit of marphan escargot in co wexford and catherine and richard cocollos of celtic escargot in kinvara .
not all land snails are edible . in france , the roman snail ( helix pomatia ) , the garden snail ( helix aspersa ) and , to a lesser extent , the european snail ( helix lucorum ) are the only species eaten . helix aspersa is called “ le petit gris ” in france and escargot is also an aperitif served in many restaurants in france and spain .
snail extract , formally referred to as snail mucin , is packed with nutrients such as hyaluronic acid , glycoprotein enzymes , proteoglycans and antimicrobial and copper peptides , all of which are commonly used in beauty products and proven to be beneficial for the skin . it has even been registered and recognized as an official cosmetic ingredient under the name , ' snail secretion filtrate . '
snail is a family business that specializes in motorhome rental enabling people to travel around iceland in a simple and budget friendly way .
our adult tritons have finished laying eggs now and theyre starving . one snail is eating one to two starfish a day .
similar recurring , hidden characters show up in other media , an example of which is the snail in blue ' s clues .
in the adventure time encyclopædia , marceline states that the snail , along with many other characters , lives in the grass lands .
in issue 3 of the adventure time comic , the snail makes two cameos on top of a snow finn ' s head .
the snail appears at random points in finn and jake ' s epic quest and is sometimes the objective of a certain quest .
several types of snail and slug bait products ( molluscicides ) are available . snail and slug baits can be effective when used properly and in conjunction with a cultural program that incorporates the other methods discussed above . baits alone will not effectively control snails or slugs in the long term . baits are also toxic to all snails and slugs , including the predatory decollate snail and native species .
after annealing , the fragment was subcloned in to pge - 1 vector ( stratagene ) . shrna - snail adenovirus was constructed by excising the shrna - snail fragment , along with the u6 promoter from shrna - snail / pge - 1 , and ligating the fragment into padtrack , from which the cytomegalovirus promoter used for protein expression had been deleted . adenoviruses were purified by cscl banding .
) . this reduction in luciferase activity demonstrates that snail represses the promoter activity ( correlated to gene - expression ) of the cryptic gene . further , successive deletions of the two putative snail binding sites i . e . , sbei and sbeii ( fig .
the giant african snail , which reproduces very rapidly , is also capable of devouring the produce on a farm in one night .
there is this wise saying : “if you are not idle , you are succeeding a little” . so , start climbing the success stairs by starting up a small snail farm beside your apartment . to begin , you need to know what snails feed on and the list of snail food . snail breeding is one of the numerous businesses that you can start with a very little capital , easy to manage and consume lesser amount of energy and time , you have the rest of your time for other things . snail breeding is a lucrative business that generates profitable income if properly managed . click here to buy best ebook on snail farming in nigeria
i have 2 snails , one is very happy in its habitat and one stays under a rock . is that snail sick ?
amazing ! i used to feed my pet snail with water from the tap . thanks so much for your help .
kate - yes , the snail can be a very unique means of bringing someone a message from spirit . i love snails !
“james gave the huffle of a snail in danger . and nobody heard him at all . ” ― a . a . milne
snail superfamily members function as transcriptional repressors ( 16 , 29 ) . transcriptional repression function is associated with various conserved protein domains . in vertebrates , the snag domain is essential to transcriptional repression function of snail family members . drosophila snail lacks the snag domain , yet it still functions as a transcriptional repressor , through interaction with a well - characterized corepressor , ctbp ( 16 , 29 ) . consensus sequences for interaction with ctbp are found in some , but not all , members of the snail superfamily ( 29 ) .
additionally , nodal expression in chick embryos is not affected by high levels of snail anti - sense oligonucleotides [ 8 ] . our finding that cryptic , a co - receptor for nodal signals , is repressed by snail now provides a plausible mechanism behind this observation . in the absence of snail , freely transcribed cryptic causes propagation of nodal signals by acting as its co - receptor . with this mechanism in action , addition of high levels of snail anti - sense oligonucleotides will have no effect on nodal ( as shown in this report ) because cryptic repression is already withdrawn . on the contrary , it is likely that high expression of snail suppresses nodal signalling .
let ' s learn a little about the humble snail and it ' s history as we look through the ages passed . while the snail might be considered a nuisance in modern times to those who don ' t pay attention , there are those of us who are ready to learn of the snail ' s deep spiritual symbolism and beginnings and how these can be applied to our lives today .
giant african snail eggs next to a coin that is similar size to our 10 cent coin for comparison .  source : steve greaves
the giant african snail feeds on more than 500 types of plants , including : peanuts , beans , peas , cucumbers and melons .
roman snails and a garden banded snail in a terrarium . dan - delion was not the snails ' favourite food . [ rn ]
please sir , i want to start the farm . how can i get the snail from you and get more directions from you .
please , sir . i want to venture into the business if snail farm . i needest species of snail . i am from the eastern part of nigeria . can i get the best species from you , i will like to by about 4 - 5 hundreds piece
the shell of my land snail is turning white . what is the cause for the change in color and what should i do ?
i learned a lot from wikihow , most especially feeding and sources of calcium . i am into snail farming . thanks .
i wanted to take care of a land snail and i kept it alive for a few months after following these tips .
there are thought to be up to 30 small snail farms in development in ireland at the moment , with about six operating commercially .
so other than the symbolic observations already made , how did the snail earn all these great features ? - mostly from cultural observations .
it’s a little guy , about an inch long , with muddy markings and a spiral shell . is this the mighty threat that’s causing all the commotion ? actually , no . the well - meaning citizen has found a rosy wolf snail , similar in appearance but without the devastating appetites of an african land snail . this spring , a rosy wolf snail was misidentified in houston , rippling panic throughout texas .
it had been a timeless love story . a garden snail with a rare genetic condition can ' t mate with normal snails ; scientists launch an international search for a mate ; the snail becomes a media sensation ; and miraculously not one but two possible mates are found .
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we loved watching the world championship snail race . we learned that snails have shells and slugs do not . we also learned that slugs can go into places that snails can not . we wondered where the snail ' s eyes are located ? we will be on spring break next week and are wondering how many friends from our class will stop by and leave some comments . have a snail - rific friday !
at the end of
in your footsteps ,
the snail speaks for the first time and gains the enchiridion . the snail still continues to appear in each episode , and ( when examined closely ) appears to still have green eyes and an evil expression on its face .
the snail makes a prominent appearance emerging from finn ' s backpack , becoming possessed by the lich and freeing him from his amber prison .
on the side of the jake vs . me - mow dvd box containing finn ' s hat , the possessed snail can be seen .
i learnd about the cool things snails and slugs do and the races they were very cool . the snails have shells and slugs don ' t . i want a snail . i once found a snail on my porch and i put it in the water and it drowned .
snails and slugs are among the most destructive pests found in gardens and landscapes . the brown garden snail , cornu aspersum ( formerly helix aspersa ) , is the most common snail causing problems in california gardens . it was introduced from france during the 1850s for use as food .
the up side to snail venom : scientists are now researching the use of cone snail poisons in treatment of neurological diseases such as epilepsy . although most toxins used in drugs are extracted from dead snails , some researchers have begun to farm and “milk” the live snails for venom .
) . expression of snail also resulted in a modest decline in the steady - state level of p53 at the protein level ( fig .
2003 . the transcription factor slug represses e - cadherin expression and induces epithelial to mesenchymal transitions : a comparison with snail and e47 repressors .
2003 . regulation of tight junctions during the epithelium - mesenchyme transition : direct repression of the gene expression of claudins / occludin by snail .
) . we also demonstrate in vitro ( through emsa experiments ) interaction of snail with promoter region of the human cryptic gene ( fig .
answer : thank you for your question on snail and slug management . this letter provides information about control options for both snails and slugs .
mcleod , edwin j . no date . snail and slug biology and management : a review . organic agriculture research institute . 6 p .
articles are all pretty helpful . i have a 2 . 5 gallon tank with one common pond snail who hitched a ride home from
i ' m with a bunch of treatment kids , and they are really inspired by snails . they are intrigued with snail habits ,
it might not be to everyone’s taste , but snail meat , containing protein , iron and omega - 3 , is considered a healthy food – as long as you don’t drown it in garlic butter . milka also points to the potential for production of high value snail caviar .
snails represent great patience in life and those that have the totem animal as the snail are creatures of habit that can be frail emotionally .
the golden snail is known as keong mas in bahasa indonesia . these indonesia folktales told about the princess dewi limaran had cursed into the snail . his husband raden putra was sad because he lost his lovely wife . this folktale for storytelling comes from east java of java island .
given the function of snail and of slug as transcriptional repressors , their ability to interfere with the apoptotic program is predicted to result from alterations in gene expression . since the tumor suppressor p53 plays an integral role in cellular responses to dna damage , the role of snail and slug in p53 regulation was investigated . expression of either snail or slug resulted in modest downregulation of steady - state levels of p53 mrna ( fig .
snail mucin is found in products such as moisturizers , serums and spot treatments . in some cases , brands use snail secretion filtrate in their products , but don ' t advertise it openly because of the ' ick ' factor . now that so many people in the west are opening up to the thought of snail mucin in their beauty products however , brands are highlighting it as an integral part of their formula .
snails need a lot of calcium in order to keep their shells healthy . a great option is a cuttlebone because you can simply break off pieces and place them in the tank for your snail to nibble on . other calcium sources should be crushed and added to your snail’s food .
i always say big meanings come in little packages . the depth of symbolic snail meaning is surprising and revealing . these little creatures represent things like : sensitivity , self - reliance , healing , patience and more ! read this article for awesome lessons the snail offers us every day .
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snail and cryptic are essential for left right asymmetry in mammals . in present study we demonstrated that over expression of snail suppresses cryptic expression in transdifferentiated panc1 cells . through promoter binding studies and luciferase assays we confirmed that snail directly binds to cryptic gene promoter and regulates its expression . our study has implications in the establishment of the left - right axis asymmetry where the gene - regulatory mechanism described in this report may be utilized .
cryptic promoter activity in cells over expressing snail . plasmid construct expressing snail was transfected in increasing concentrations ( as indicated ) in hek 293 cells along with reporter constructs for cryptic promoter activity by cloning the cryptic promoter region upstream of the firefly luciferase gene . ( a ) the full length cryptic promoter , ( b ) promoter region containing a single snail binding element ( sbe1 ) , and ( c ) deleted snail binding elements are co - expressed with increasing concentrations of the vector expressing snail . ( d ) luciferase acivity is also measured for the cryptic promoter construct either containing sbei or sbeii mutant or full - length and for the vector alone . empty reporter vector is used as vector control , pcdna3 is used as control for snail transfection and beta - galactosidase construct is utilized to ensure equal transfection . the relative luciferase activity is plotted as a function of increasing snail expression . experiments are carried out in triplicates and repeated at least 3 times . data with p < 0 . 05 is considered significant
what made you want to look up snail ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .


the ground colour of the wings is pale grey-brown with fine grey-brown fasciation and black discal spots .

parasthena

this is the place for parasthena definition . you find here parasthena meaning , synonyms of parasthena and images for parasthena copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word parasthena . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word parasthena and , of course , parasthena synonyms and on the right images related to the word parasthena .
parsons et al . ( 1999 ) included only 1 species in the genus parasthena .
genus : parasthena warren , 1902 . novit . zool . 9 : 361 . [ bhl ]
parasthena is a genus of moth in the family geometridae . it consists of only one species , parasthena flexilinea , which is found on sulawesi , the philippines and borneo and possibly on seram and papua new guinea .
parasthena is a genus of moth in the family geometridae . it consists of only one species , parasthena flexilinea , which is found on sulawesi , the philippines and borneo and possibly on seram and papua new guinea .
type - species : parasthena flexilinea warren , 1902 . novit . zool . 9 : 362 . [ bhl ]
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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type specimens : type ( s ) sulawesi ( celebes ) : bonthain , ( ? depository ) . .
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a related , somewhat more strongly marked , undescribed species occurs in seram and new guinea .
most records are from g . kinabalu : 450m at poring hot springs to 1930m on the main ascent . one specimen was taken in a cocoa plantation at tuaran in 1997 .
schmidt , olga , 2015 , list of primary types of the larentiine moth species ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) described from indonesia - a starting point for biodiversity assessment of the subfamily in the region , biodiversity data journal 3 , pp . 5447 - 5447 : 5447
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 5f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , bonthain , 3000 - 7000 ft .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
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the ground colour of the wings is pale grey - brown with fine grey - brown fasciation and black discal spots .


the basa fish ( pangasius bocourti ) is a species of catfish in the family pangasiidae .

basa are native to the mekong and chao phraya basins in indochina .

these fish are important food fish with an international market .

they are often labeled in north america and australia as " basa fish " , " swai " , or " bocourti " .

in the uk all species of pangasius may legally be described as " river cobbler " , " cobbler " , " basa " , " pangasius " , " panga " , or any of these with the addition of " catfish " .

in the rest of europe , these fish are commonly marketed as " pangasius " or " panga " .

other related shark catfish may occasionally be incorrectly labeled as basa fish , including p. hypophthalmus ( iridescent shark ) and p. pangasius ( yellowtail catfish ) .

basa fish

our range of products include fish basa fillet , frozen basa fillets and vietnam frozen basa fillet .
sweet & sour breaded basa fish . - picture of thai orchid , salisbury - tripadvisor
while advances in basa farming are underway , ongoing concerns around the environmental cost of basa production results in a red rating for basa overall . while amcs maintains concerns around all basa production , the major retailers in australia have committed to sourcing all of their basa product from certified sources , which is a step in the right direction .
i know people that have reactions to ling and basa . i feed it to my fish only .
basa fish…let say fish only . . its nutritional value and health impact depends on the environment in which it is reared…being fed and transported… .
and if the claims about basa are true ? then okay . but atleast they are being sold as basa , and not as beef .
the body of a basa fish is stout and heavy . the rounded head is broader than it is long , the blunt snout having a white band on its muzzle . basa fish can be found in large rivers , in rapids and in deep , slower reaches . basa fish feed on plants . these fish spawn at the onset of the rainy season .
dear eric : just recently i ate a white fish called basa . it was very delicious and no bones .
a popular frozen fish product imported from vietnam called basa fish just made the “do not consume” list . basa fish ( known in the uk as vietnamese river cobbler ) is a type of catfish that is farmed in pens along the mekong river . basa fish is known for its mild taste and flaky white meat and is becoming the preferred type of fish among consumers because of its “cleaner” and almost bland taste compared to other types of farm - raised fish .
the basa fish – pangasius hypopthalmus , is a type of catfish in the family pangasiidae . basa are native to the mekong river delta in vietnam and chao phraya basin . basa is now farmed in large quantities . it is the most popular fish in vietnam and consumed in increasing quantities around the world .
basa is an omnivorous species of fish that requires some fish protein in its diet . some farms use wild caught fish processed into fish - feed pellets and others use a combination of home - made feed made from , for example , rice bran and ground up small fish caught in the mekong river . as there are numerous small , medium and large - scale basa operators , it is not possible to assess the dependence of the basa - farming producers on wild caught fish resources individually . however , available research indicates basa farming remains dependent on highly unsustainable wild caught fisheries , with a greater volume of fish removed from the ocean than is produced through basa farming .
the basa grows three times faster than the tilapia , which , in essence , means more weight for the farmers and more fish for the consumers . the basa is very economical and very viable fish ,
ricardo reynolds added .
the basa fish available in india is typically frozen and exported , because , basa is a fish available in vietnam . while i do have faith in frozen goods , most fish while being exported are treated to make sure they last for a certain amount of time . so while basa as a fish is good for you , i would suggest if you have an option to eating a fresher fish than basa , then , you’s better have that . if not basa will do you no harm , but it is not as good as the surmai , rawas , prawns or mackarel available freshly in india .
it is white , pinkish and is available year round . basa is a tender , mild and fine - flaked fish .
many lies getting spread around about this fish , mainly starting from european fish farmers .
that low price plus the taste and versatility have made basa a popular fish in australia and europe as well as north america .
your article regarding the “basa” was very enlightening . thank you for this information . i will never eat fish again without asking .
i spoke with him about the basa . he said that generally , if the fish are healthy then they are safe to eat . he said that he has had basa for meals and that they are delicious fish . he has no problem with eating them .
farmed basa fish are not fed their natural foods . they are fed the bones and remnants of dead fish usually after a period of time after the fishes’ deaths—giving time for bacteria to grow and infect the “basa fish food . ” these farmed fish are also often injected with dehydrated urine of pregnant women forcing female basa fish to grow and produce eggs quicker and the injection of hormones , imported from a pharmaceutical company in china , increases the speed of the growth and production processes of the fish . farmers of these fish are only concerned with the progression rates and the income these fish bring in with no concern for the consumers .
hopefully from now on , you will be aware of the potential risks basa fish poses to your health . it’s easy enough when you’re shopping for fresh fish , but be especially aware when buying packaged seafood like imitation crab , fish sticks , fish terrines , and even pet food . simply flip the package to the back and check the list of ingredients to make sure that basa fish isn’t an ingredient .
basa fillet , with onions , peppers , basil , pineapple in a sweet chilli sauce .
vietnam is proud of its basa , though , and vietnamese fish farmers are fighting back . the wwf fears that current basa farming practices are environmentally unfriendly , a charge that vietnam has not yet been able to answer effectively . on the safety of basa , though , your platter should be relatively risk - free ; it still remains among the healthier fish you can eat .
phan has switched from basa to domestic catfish at his restaurant because he couldn ' t get whole basa at an affordable price and wants to use fish with bones that won ' t fall apart in clay pot cooking , he said .
basa fish is a type of catfish native to vietnam and thailand and sometimes referred to as the river cobbler , swai , pangasius or bocourti . as with other types of catfish , basa are rich in protein but not as lean as tilapia and some other low - fat fish . basa can still be a healthy addition to your diet , but you should note that different methods of cooking will alter the nutritional characteristics . when choosing imported basa , the monterey bay aquarium seafood watch advises looking for fillets from farmed fish . farmed imported basa is low in contaminants like mercury and raised in an environmentally friendly manner .
the seafood importers association of australasia , which represents companies importing fish and shellfish into australia , is a strong advocate for vietnamese basa , encouraging increased consumption of and public confidence in these fish .
“what about fish sticks and fast food sandwiches ? ” fish sticks and “fast - food” sandwiches are commonly made from fish that are low in mercury .
urltoken / life / ask - eric - is - it - safe - to - eat - imported - basa - fish - 1 . 87907
consumers in the united states were introduced to basa fish in 1994 after the trade embargo with vietnam was finally lifted . it was not a popular choice at first , but now it is a great competition for domestic catfish farmers . this is because basa fish is cheaper than catfish , has similar taste , and the quality of it is not any less . the quick rise in the basa fish’s popularity created the “catfish war” in the united states .
the mekong delta is known to be dangerously polluted . fish farms are created with waters from the delta . this fish is now banned in three states ; louisiana , mississippi and alabama . the vancouver aquarian ocean wise program , via their web site , recommends that people avoid the basa fish as it is associated with disease outbreaks and infection of wild basa populations .
a few years after the spike in popularity of basa fish , scientists discovered the danger of its consumption . basa fish are farmed along the mekong river—one of the most polluted rivers in the world . large manufacturers planted along this river frequently dump extremely toxic and dangerous chemicals and industrial waste directly into it . in june of 2001 , the us food and drug administration imposed increased and more thorough testing on southeast asian farm - raised seafood including the basa fish after repeatedly discovering fish contaminated with heavy metals and banned antibiotics .
here’s one american that shot a video in viet nam at one of their basa fish farms . it’s a bit long , but you’ll get the idea .
as to the pangasius or basa fish , one sexually mature female weighing three kilogrammes ( approximately 6 . 6 lbs ) can produce 150 , 000 eggs per kilogramme — that is 450 , 000 eggs from a three - kilogramme fish . so a 10 - kilogramme basa produces well over a million eggs .
the real issue for indian consumers is the issue that crops up with many varieties of farmed fish — depending on where your restaurant is sourcing from , the taste of basa can vary from complex ( if the fish comes from the certified farms approved by the vietnam fisheries council ) or bland and boring ( if the fish comes from farms that practice overfishing or use too many chemicals in the fish feed ) . bland basa is instantly recognisable — it combines a cottony texture with a watery feel , and sourcing inferior basa is the kind of culinary misdemeanour that puts consumers off fish in general . ask your restaurant where they get their basa from , and if the answer is reassuring , go ahead and tuck into your basa yellow kari . if not , order the lamb .
while the production of basa is new to jamaica , the importation is not , as at least two of the country’s major importers of fish stock carry basa , especially the boneless , skinless fillets , or portions in different sizes and shapes cut from fillets .
basa ' s sharp rise in popularity alarmed members of the catfish farmers of america , who estimated last year that basa has taken 12 percent of the united states ' $ 590 million market for catfish .
pangasius bocourti – commonly known as basa – has lean and bright white flesh and offers a delicate texture and mild flavour . basa flesh is considered superior in quality to its close cousin – pangasius hypophthalmus .
the fish and wildife branch of new brunswick ' s department of natural resources and energy published provincial fish advisories in the manual fish 2010 . mercury contamination of freshwater fish is located under for further information on page 43 .
another strong attribute of basa is that it doesn’t smell , which puts it in a sweet spot . indian sea fish such as mackerel or king fish are less bony than fresh water varieties , but are smellier . fresh water fish such as carps smell less than sea fish but have many bones . visually too , basa scores . the premium grade of basa imported into india , is unblemished white . “people like to see white meat when they cut into it . whiteness is always associated with good quality , ” says reddy .
additionally , fass said , price rises for importers , wholesalers and distributors could cut into demand for basa , eventually disrupting supplies of the succulent , bewhiskered fish .
however , there are some caveats . questions about the health of mekong river and the practices used to farm basa will affect your decision to buy the fish .
good fish guide the latest advice , top tips and recipes for buying and cooking fish that is sustainably sourced .
i found some cheap fish called
basa fillet – fishermans choice
. the brand is kinda low quality anyway but there is a lot of warning on the internet about eating this type of imported fish from vietnam .
it is disgusting , don ' t touch it . and i refuse to go to any fish and chip shop that serves basa as their standard grilled fish and chips and charge any more than $ 5 for it .
u . s . catfish producers characterize vietnamese basa as an unclean bottom - feeder bred in polluted water .
adding to basa’s appeal is that it is a low - fat source of protein and is also very budget - friendly . at one supermarket , i saw frozen basa fillets for just 88 cents per 100 grams .
it took me a good two hours of internet research to figure this all out ) , particularly as basa is used internationally for both pangasius bocourti and pangasius hypophthalmus , and the same is true for panga in europe . however , since 2010 vietnam has instituted legislation to label all basa and tra for export consistently as basa .
basa fillets are relatively low in sodium , with 50 mg per fillet . the daily recommended intake of sodium is 2 , 300 mg , so a 100 - gram basa fillet contains just 2 percent of this amount .
basa is growing in popularity in many bay area restaurants , but some chefs are not sold on the fish . robert lam , the vietnam - born chef at butterfly in san francisco , said he doesn ' t cook with basa because fish farming is not closely regulated in vietnam for environmental quality . he also prefers seasonal , local ingredients .
in the united states , basa from vietnam has been banned in louisiana , mississippi and alabama after it was claimed that illegal antibiotics turned up in samples of the fish .
but basa ' s supporters - - among them fass , who said he has inspected vietnamese fish farms - - say basa are raised in fast - flowing waters in cages at the surface of the mekong river and not at the murky bottom , like pond - raised american catfish .
the first commercial crop of basa is expected to be reaped in september of this year , and the expectation of aqua - culturalist and managing director of algix , maurice reynolds , is that basa is going to replace the tilapia as the fish of choice for freshwater cultivators and consumers .
filleted basa was retailing for $ 8 . 99 a pound earlier this week at the whole foods market in san ramon , where anthony colombini laid out fleshy , slightly pink strips of basa on a bed of crushed ice .
basa is a river catfish and one of 28 species in the pangasiidae family . in comparison to its cousin – pangasius hypophthalmus - basa are more difficult to farm , more costly to raise and slower to grow . consequently - basa commands a higher price . both basa and swai are scale - less fish and have stout and heavy bodies . they have round , broad heads with blunt snouts that have a white band on the muzzle . both species are usually harvested when they are about 2 to 3 pounds .
the experts are purporting that the female basa has the ability to produce much more eggs than any other fish ever farmed commercially in jamaica . another claim is that at full maturity the basa weighs an average of 88 - 90 lbs , making it much easier for the cutting of fillets .
the basa is a special fish . it is a native of southeast asia , particularly vietnam , cambodia and neighbouring nations ,
reynolds told the jamaica observer last thursday .
there’s a reason chefs like basa . it lacks the boniness of hilsa , the fishiness of pabda and other strong - flavoured fish , and it is far less bland than sole or even bhekti . sole and bhekti , to my mind , are the chicken of fish dishes — intrinsically uninteresting , but great vehicles for subtle sauces . basa has a subtle flavour all its own , interesting texture — catfish can flex its muscles , though purists sometimes complain that it’s too thin - flavoured and watery . but by and large , basa is cheap , good fish — a classic “recession” fish for chefs .
ish , t . & doctor , k . 2005 . tra and basa : tra ( pangasius hypophthalmus ) and basa ( pangasius bocourti ) . seafood watch , seafood report , monterey bay aquarium , california , usa . 29 pp .
select fish lower on the food chain—anchovies , mackerel and sardines , for example . as larger predatory fish eat smaller fish , contaminants are concentrated and accumulated . another benefit is that these smaller fish tend to have higher levels of omega - 3 fats .
next time you’re at a seafood restaurant where you are tempted to order a fish sandwich , or fish and chips ( usually fried ) ask the server what kind of fish that is . if they say cod , mahi or pollock , enjoy your meal . if they say basa , take a pass . basa has become a popular white fish which restaurants substitute as cheaper meat than free - caught ocean fishes . what the restaurant doesn’t tell you is that basa is a bottom - dwelling catfish variety farmed in the mekong delta regions of viet nam , frozen and shipped at low prices to the u . s .
basa fish fillets are low in calories , as a 100 - gram fillet contains 90 calories . this amount comprises just 4 . 5 percent of the daily suggested calorie intake of 2 , 000 . if you ' re dieting , basa fillets can be a good choice , as it would take less than 10 minutes of jogging or less than 11 minutes of swimming to burn the calories in a 100 - gram basa fillet .
however , the seafood watch folk do rate basa as a “good alternative” with some caveats . they say commercial farming of basa , which they call river catfish , in southeast asia has increased rapidly in recent years . they say basa has a strong potential to be a sustainable aquaculture species , but there are conservation concerns with the current practice of open cage aquaculture combined with little or no management of these fish farming operations in asia .
yes , tassal . too much fish poo in the bay . is a a bay , so the ocean is unable to flush out the fish poo under the fish farms . and they have way too many fish net pods . wish they lose their asc .
but basa isn’t without controversies . nothing that successful ever is . in 2002 , the us department of commerce upheld the appeal of american catfish farmers and slapped a dumping duty on the fish . later , the us food and drug administration ( fda ) launched an investigation into the farming practices of basa . vietnamese fish farmers were accused of using unhealthy antibiotics to increase its yield .
the owner of a leicestershire fish and chip shop has admitted selling imported freshwater fish as cod after random dna tests by trading standards .
chef caroline rye , the urban fishwife , tells us her experiences using mcs’ good fish guide to make informed choices when buying fish .
i recently did a natural bodybuilding competition in australia . for 11 weeks prior i ate 5x 200g cooked basa fillet meals per day . that’s 1kg basa every day for 11 weeks . that’s 77kg basa that i personally ate over 11 weeks . i loved it . i still eat it now . it tastes great with pepper & chilli on the bbq . i didn’t get sick at all . if anyone should have gotten sick from eating basa , surely the guy who ate 80kg in 3 months would have , wouldn’t he ?
however , the price of basa in markets and restaurants is sure to jump if the preliminary duties are made permanent , said matt fass , vice president of marine products international , a virginia fish importer .
for better performance . it is well - known in the markets as basa fish or dory in fillet products ( imitating marine dory zeus spp . ) . fry for aquaculture is taken from the wild .
the pangasius species of freshwater fish , known locally as basa , is now being produced in jamaica and is being trumpeted as the natural successor to the tried and tested tilapia on the plates of jamaicans .
what is the secret of such high yield of basa ? “there is no other fish that can be as easily de - scaled and de - boned , ” says p . b . reddy , director , castlerock fisheries . basa has just one , long , central bone and once that is taken out , making the fillet is easy .
another fish from mekon delta is the swai fish…comes from the same waters and is also a catfish ! sells for very cheap at wal mart .
i am from pakistan have been eating this fish once almost every month . this fish is used by many restaurants here to make different fish recipes including fish burgers , cutlets and fish n chips . we love it due to it being easy to eat and tastefully delicious . no one in my family ever had any problem after consuming this fish . i would recommend it to anyone for its taste , convinience , price and safety .
what about the taste of this fish ? basa adapts very well to indian and other asian cuisines such as chinese and thai . chefs concur that it can easily be tava - cooked or masala - grilled . “it gels well with the kind of palate indians have . it is softer [ than other indian fish ] , ” says chef anirudhoya roy of taj land’s end , who pioneered the use of this fish in indian hotels . today , roy uses 600 kgs of basa a month .
the ngos began importing small quantities of basa and a related fish called tra . they sold the fish to distributors and wholesalers and a handful of restaurants and markets , such as the seafood center on san francisco ' s clement street , which is run by members of the ngos ' extended family . since then , basa
has really taken off , now many other importers handle it too ,
christine ngo said .
is frozen mekong catfish from vietnam . if is not frozen , it has been freshly ' thawed for your convenience ' . food is food ; but looking at my sustainable fish wall chart in my office right now , it says we should ' eat less ' basa fish species . my hotel chefs will never purchase this fish to serve in our restaurants .
. . . i have a friend that has been eating about 4 killos of basa every week for the last year . . . .
i love basa fish and eat it every week . it is cheap , it has a very bland taste and smell ( that ' s a good thing for me ) and it is extremely easy to cook .
several environmental organizations concerned with marine ecosystems have raised concerns about basa . oceanwise , an environmental organization associated has flagged farmed basa for its potential pollution of ecosystems and interference with wild species . it writes , “open cage farming in southeast asia is associated with disease transfer to wild basa . there are also concerns about feed quality , farm operating standards and the biological impact of using wild stock for culturing . ” it as also commonly heard that these fish are being fed human excretory products in poor countries .
basa is described as having large , white fillets with no bones , and flesh that is moist with a light , firm texture and a mild fish flavour . this makes basa , which is often sold frozen or thawed from frozen , a versatile species that can be used in a multitude of recipes and cooking styles , whether in a home or restaurant kitchen .
all of these fish are produced by aquaculture . wild harvest is possible but very limited , and the wild fish are subject to considerable variation in quality .
basa fillets contain no carbohydrates , so you can eat this fish on a low - carbohydrate diet . while low - carbohydrate diets can help you lose weight , you don ' t need to restrict carbohydrates to diet successfully .
i prefer to eat locally caught fish . if i were going to purchase basa , i would do a thorough check of the importing company and garner as much information as i could about how the fish they are selling are farmed . if they are proud of their product , they will supply details .
however , their joy didn’t last long because the vietnamese retaliated by rebranding their catfish as basa . “basa” is simply the vietnamese word for the fish in question . first they didn’t have a coherent strategy and so other names also proliferated , including tra , bocourti , panga and swai . panga , which is mostly used in europe , derives from the latin family name pangasiidae . basa and tra are different subfamilies – basa is technically known as pangasius bocourti ( hence the trade name bocourti ) and tra is technically known as pangasius hypophthalmus . the vietnamese word for pangasius hypophthalmus is tra and the thai word for it is swai ( hence the trade names tra and swai ) .
it ' s a little more delicate than domestic catfish ,
said charles phan , the vietnam - born chef at the slanted door , who described basa as a mild , white - fleshed fish with a pleasant flavor .
to him , the issue is simple . vietnam should stop labeling imported basa fish as catfish and thereby end what he calls its unfair piggybacking on an industry built from scratch by farmers here and in alabama , louisiana and mississippi .
the farming of basa has started in eastern india’s fresh waters as well . the region produced 30 , 000 tonnes of the fish in 2010 and it is being served all over the north ( including delhi ) and the east .
dear al : with the name basa , one might think it’s related to bass , a fish canadians cast for in local rivers and lakes . like bass , it is a freshwater fish , but it’s not related to that species . it is a type of catfish and its latin name is pangasius bocourti .
( also called , pangasius , vietnamese river cobbler , basa fish and white catfish , tra , gray sole ) . it was a reminder to tell you about the dangers of this strange but increasingly popular fish . i learned about them and how they’re raised a while ago on an informative documentary online here :
so we have more eggs from the female brood stock than any other fish ever farmed in jamaica . this is the main reason why the basa industry is nearly a us $ 2 - billion industry in asia . the best a female tilapia can produce is 500 eggs at any one time . right now , the basa is the sixth most eaten fish in the world and the 10th in the united states , according to independent publications ,
he explained .
i love this fish and believe that there is a “fish war” which has led to the media trying to blacklist it . it is in competition with other farm fished products in the usa and other countries and perhaps this is the origin of these scare tactics . if we put any food products under the microscope it might put most of us off…growth hormones , chemicals etc etc the australian board on fish importing has all good things to say about basa fish and i believe it :
first time there and we ordered the fish and chips and calamari and chips - the calamari was very well done in my opinion , chips were ok . . . . . but the fish was dreadful . to be fair , the waitress did ask if we were ok with basa fish since it wasn ' t for everyone ( we had never had it ) which we agreed to . . .
for example , on canadian importer bay point trading’s website , baypointtrading . ca , you’ll find many pages of information about the vietnamese basa the company sells .
why is basa pouring into the indian market ? because of the after - effects of the catfish war . spurred by reports that vietnamese catfish were being overfarmed — a very real danger — the world wildlife fund for nature recently advised consumers not to buy basa . the wwf’s red list is influential , especially in europe , and could hurt exports of basa or panga — and us catfish farmers are still waging war against vietnamese “cobbler” , as it’s widely known in the states .
“is there methylmercury in all fish and shellfish ? ” nearly all fish and shellfish contain traces of methylmercury . however , larger fish that have lived longer have the highest levels of methylmercury because they’ve had more time to accumulate it . these large fish ( swordfish , shark , king mackerel and tilefish ) pose the greatest risk . other types of fish and shellfish may be eaten in the amounts recommended by fda and epa .
wife cooks basa in batter and serves it up with a few slices of fried potato and a bit of green veg . just had some tonight – yum !
indian accent serves it , blue ginger in bangalore features it among its signature dishes , and every upscale thai or vietnamese restaurant seems to have basa on the menu , replacing sole , bhekti and singara fillets . but the story behind basa , perhaps 2010’s fish of the year , is a long and complex one . there aren’t too many catfish that can claim responsibility for a second us - vietnam conflict .
not usually a good sign . fresh fish does not have an extreme fishy smell .
please read this link to studies made on these fish . it is quite surprising !
it is your call but i don ' t see why people hate it so much . if you are looking for a
better
fish with omega 3 and such , there are better choices like salom and codfish , but if you just want to a quick fix of fish that is super easy to make get the basa .
basa is said to be inexpensive because it grows fast , it’s easily harvested and it’s processed in factories near the farm . being able to get the fish to market without the expense of maintaining a fleet of fishing boats helps keep the price low .
indian fishery experts think that in a few years aquaculture within the country will start delivering quality basa . and they would not be the only ones . apparently , the chinese have taken a shine to this fish and have started ramping up its production .
however , nearly all fish contain traces of mercury . for most people , the risk from mercury by eating fish is not a health concern . yet , some fish contain higher levels of mercury that may harm an unborn baby or young child’s developing nervous system .
basa fillets are rich in protein , as a 100 - gram fillet contains 14 grams . this amount is more than twice the protein in an egg , but a basa fillet contains 50 fewer calories than two eggs would provide . your body needs protein to maintain the integrity of your existing cells and tissues and build new tissues .
while i ' m aware of basa hazards in the past , i ' m inclined to trust coles standards for healthy sanitary food , although like much of their fruit , basa hasn ' t much taste . but after egging , breadcrumbing and pan frying it ' s a nice dish we eat regularly and at an excellent price .
usually i don ' t mind and just eat it anyway , but for some reason these fillets have no fishy smell . i ' ve had many types of fish and often opening the bag i ' m met with a extreme fishy smell . these basa fish however don ' t have that at all . more like a chemical smell .
there’s nothing wrong with the fish . i’m also a fish and fish processing expert . these fish are fed with commercial pelletized feeds similar to what they feed salmon , tilapia etc . the “urine” thing must be hcg ( human chorionic gonadotriopin ) hormones used to induce spawning . people use hcg in a weight loss program these days…google it and find out .
correction : january 21 , 2002 , monday a chart on wednesday with a front - page article about a dispute over the designation of basa fish from vietnam as catfish mislabeled figures comparing domestic catfish production with imports . the figures denoted pounds , not tons .
to understand how economical the process is , compare the rates that indian hotels have to pay for a kilogramme of fish of different varieties , along with the yield of meat they get from each . there is hardly a contest because basa wins hands down .
answer : “the farmed fish is cross - eyed from staring up at the outhouse . ”
we don’t fish for it in canada . basa , also called swai and a few other names , is native to southeast asia . it is farmed in large numbers in pens around the mekong river system of vietnam , as well as in china and cambodia .
algix jamaica , a company with investors from the united states and jamaica , is now breeding , stocking and producing basa on its farm at barton isle in st elizabeth .
the u . s . catfish industry initially pressed congress to prohibit labeling “basa” as catfish . the first antidumping duties against “certain frozen fish fillets from vietnam” went into effect in 2003 . they have not been lifted . more recently , vietnam has been angered by an attempt to reclassify “basa” as catfish , which could lead to stricter united states department of agriculture inspection standards . where are joseph heller and “catch - 22” when you need them ?
i have a friend that has been eating about 4 killos of basa every week for the last year . he is a bodybuilder so he eats about 1 kg of fish , chicken or other proteins every day . he is healthy and not having absolutely any issues .
major retailers in australia and internationally tend to require sustainability certification of farms that produce basa , and only sell product from these sources . this market initiative has driven significant improvements in basa production , such as managing the waste produced in fish farming . vietnam has also introduced a standard to which all farms must operate in order to export product ; however , the standard is not considered high enough to allow access to the us and eu markets .
americans say it comes from the polluted mekong river , while the australians say that the fish comes from fish farms near the mekong river and is highly recommended . we need your advice .
the weight just kills it ,
phan said of the costs to fly fresh basa - - heads , tails , bones and all - - by air from vietnam .
but , where look and taste is concerned , indian basa is yet to make the cut . its colour is dimmer and the bloodstreams running across the flesh are visible . for these reasons the price of indian basa is lower , at rs . 170 to rs . 210 a kg , while the vietnamese variety sells for rs . 240 to rs . 270 a kg . “between september and november 2010 , there was so much basa produced locally , that the price fell to rs . 35 per kg , ” says reddy .
i doubt my wife would ' ve wanted basa in the house forty years ago , when we had anklebiters running rampant . nowadays , though , she ' s more relaxed .
these guidelines are developed based on data from fish that have been tested for chemical contamination and are found to be safe to eat . like fish consumption advisories safe eating guidelines are issued for specific fish species from specific water bodies or types of water bodies by state and local agencies .
perhaps the biggest virtue that the vietnamese bring with this fish is the promise of reliable supplies . in india , sea fish is seasonally available between september and may . for instance , mumbaiites love bombay duck , but it is available from february to may and the indian mackerel is available from september to november . “the price of fish such as king fish [ surmai ] and the others are quite high due to their seasonality and only a small section of the population can eat it regularly , ” says reddy . with basa , all this is overcome .
the risks from mercury in fish depends on the amount eaten and the levels of mercury in the fish . therefore , the food and drug administration ( fda ) and the environmental protection agency ( epa ) advise women who may become pregnant , pregnant women , nursing mothers , and young children to avoid some types of fish and eat fish and shellfish that are lower in mercury .
the vietnamese strategy of market differentiation worked . in the past decade , basa has come to be seen as an imported premium product and has been doing well in a range of export markets , including the usa . consequently , us catfish lobbyists changed their strategy : they went to lobby for basa to be treated as a “like product” – i . e . completely reversing their earlier strategy which had been to argue that vietnamese catfish was different from american catfish . they were successful again and vietnamese basa has been subjected to heavy import tariffs .
7 . the companies who sells the fish doesn’t make me sick . your baseless accusations do .
on its website , oceanwise . ca , the vancouver aquarium’s ocean wise program does not recommend consumers buy basa . aquarium experts say open - cage farming in southeast asia is associated with disease outbreaks and infection of wild basa populations . they also note there are also concerns about feed quality , farm operating standards and the biological impact of using wild stock for culturing .
managed correctly and sustainably , fish farming has the potential to increase fisheries productivity and provide food for hungry people . if fishers collect too many baby fish , wild populations decline . but , if fishers harvest sustainably , then the young fish can be raised to provide extra food . and , in fact , since aquaculture for this species is dependent on healthy fish populations and a healthy river ecosystem , the economic benefit gained from wild fish harvests provides an indirect incentive to protect the environment .
basa , which are farmed in the waters of the mekong river delta , were virtually unknown in the united states before the late 1990s , when h & n food international of san francisco began importing and wholesaling the fish , said the company ' s vice president , christine ngo .
why would you need to look them up when there have been so many documentaries on their production . even rick stein has covered their production in pens beneath homes on the mekong river . basa or vietnamese catfish , is not a fish that you would
choose
to eat .
our oceans have become so depleted of wild fish stocks , and so polluted with industrial contaminants , that trying to figure out the fish that are both safe and sustainable can make your head spin .
good fish
lists can change year after year , because stocks rebound or get depleted every few years , but there are some fish that , no matter what , you can always decline .
if you are familiar with fish , i’ve been fishing since 5 years old . old pier # 5 , now a shopping mall : the holy grail was to not buy a fish that did not had the head still attached . if you know your fish that’s one thing , but even with that you learn to tell how fresh the fish is by the clarity and texture on the eye .
the bangla adage mache bhate bengali – ‘fish and rice make a bengali’ – sums up the importance of fish in the diet of bangladeshis . but with capture fisheries in decline , bangladesh is increasingly lo…
various provincial fish consumption advisories have been issued for water bodies in newfoundland and labrador . at the following locations it is recommended that the designated fish species be consumed no more than once per week :
anyways , back on topic – i personally wouldn ' t choose to eat basa voluntarily . not that impressed with how or where it ' s farmed to be comfortable with eating it .
we strongly believe that with the expertise we have been able to acquire , the basa will become the dominant force in freshwater cultivation in jamaica ,
the algix managing director said .
basa , a type of catfish , can be cooked in myriad ways , such as pan - frying . experts at the vancouver aquarium ' s ocean wise program and the monterey bay aquarium seafood watch in the u . s . stress that while some farmed basa from vietnam or cambodia is excellent , some is of poor quality and it behooves consumers to ask questions before buying .
approximately 2 . 6 to 6 . 7 percent of the fat content of a serving of basa consists of omega - 3 fatty acids . a high intake of these fatty acids - - particularly dha , or docosahexaenoic acid , and epa , or eicosapentaenoic acid - - are linked to a decreased risk of heart disease . to get enough , the american heart association recommends that you should have at least two 3 . 5 - oz . servings of fish like basa each week .
if the river cobbler had been described as fish , there would have been no problem .
eat this instead : pacific halibut seems to be doing well , but the group also recommends replacing these fish with other mild - flavored white - fleshed fish , such as domestically farmed catfish or tilapia .
follow these same recommendations when feeding fish and shellfish to your young child , but serve smaller portions .
for additional inquiries , contact the fish and wildlife general information line at 506 - 453 - 2440 .
an advisory about fish from a specific waterbody or type of waterbody may address more than one affected fish species or chemical contaminant . advisories can be issued by federal , state , local or tribal agencies .
we are restoring the world’s wild fish populations to serve as a sustainable source of protein for people .
not terribly impressed . . have eaten basa and it’s cousin swai for years and enjoyed it . i travel a good deal and can’t honestly say that farming conditions for salmon , talapia and other fish in the us are any worse than they are for basa or swai in the mekong delta . i think we as us residents are a bit ethnocentric . . but hey… i get my medical care out of the us as well . we are a self - important group i fear .
basa being a low fat source of protein is good for health . having said that , the farming method and water ( pollution ) they were caught from need to be taken into account .
“country of origin labeling” ( cool ) regulations , which went into effect in 2005 , can help you identify the source of seafood . they require supermarkets—but not restaurants , processed fish products , or , oddly enough , fish markets—to indicate where their fish come from and whether they were farmed or wild - caught .
a better question would be whether basa is the best fish choice to eat . there ' s nothing wrong with it safety wise , but it ' s not the tastiest , best quality or healthiest fish to eat . it ' s cheap for a reason . it ' s sort of like domino ' s pizza . not the best or highest quality pizza around , but for the cheap price it is it will do . also , have you ever had frozen marinara mix ? if yes , then you ' ve eaten basa and survived , so it ' s good . don ' t overdo it though , if you want quality fish buy the local more expensive versions which are far better .
by translating the name of its ' ' tra ' ' fish as ' ' catfish ' ' rather than ' ' basa , ' ' the common english name of that species , the vietnamese have captured 20 percent of the american catfish market . tra looks like catfish ; tra tastes like catfish .
ontario ' s ministry of the environment published provincial fish consumption advisories in the 2009 - 2010 guide to eating ontario sport fish . notices for mercury and other contaminants are located on page 16 of the guide .
seriously , we ' re well aware of the negatives about basa . it ' s a matter of two 70 + folks weighing up the risks and deciding it ' s not worth worrying about .
coles is where we get our frozen basa , at $ 7 kg . . . and impressed with the separate four pack two fillet wrapping , though we don ' t eat that . . .
basa is imported from south - east asia , where it is predominantly farmed along vietnam ' s mekong river in ponds , tanks and cages close to or in the mekong . farms discharge wastewater to the river , which likely cause localised pollution . however , the effect of basa aquaculture on waterways is minor when compared with the degradation of the mekong river by runoff from agriculture and other human activities .
supermarkets are making it easier for consumers to choose fish by providing more detailed information on their labels about where and how fish have been caught . make sure you look out for the
blue tick
logo from the marine stewardship council which certifies that the fish has come from a sustainable and well - managed fishery .
manitoba conservation has a website about mercury in fish , where you will find a pamphlet on
mercury in fish and guidelines for the consumption of recreationally angled fish in manitoba
. for further information on recommended consumption rates , contact a manitoba water stewardship office or phone the resource information service at 204 - 945 - 6784 .
so , women and young children in particular should include fish in their diets due to the many nutritional benefits .
by following these three recommendations for selecting and eating fish or shellfish , women and young children will receive the benefits of eating fish and shellfish and be confident that they have reduced their exposure to the harmful effects of mercury .
( 3 ) check local advisories about the safety of fish caught by family and friends in your local lakes , rivers , and coastal areas . if no advice is available , eat up to 6 ounces ( one average meal ) per week of fish you catch from local waters , but don’t consume any other fish during that week .
however , some fish and shellfish may contain chemicals that could pose health risks . when contaminant levels are unsafe , consumption advisories may recommend that people limit or avoid eating certain species of fish and shellfish caught in certain places .