epirrita filigrammaria , the small autumnal moth or small autumnal carpet , is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is found in scotland , northern england , wales and ireland .

epirrita filigrammaria is endemic to the british isles the wingspan is 30 – 38 mm .

the ground colour is greyish brown .

there are a few small dark bands across the forewings ( sometimes obscure ) and a well-defined fringe along the edge of the forewings .

very similar to the autumnal moth .

the moth flies in august & september .

the larvae feed on heather ( calluna vulgaris ) and bilberry ( vaccinium myrtillus ) .

epirrita filigrammaria

small autumnal moth ( epirrita filigrammaria ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
id pointers – an epirrita moth in late august on the upland moors is almost certain to be this species .
id : very similar to the other three epirrita species ; averages smaller but with overlap through most of the size range . usually distinguishable from the other three species by flight season as none of them fly before the end of september . male genitalia : octavals short , widely spaced and inclined medially . valvae with an angular prominence on the ventral border but without a distinct dentate projection ( which is present in e . dilutata and e . christyi ) . dissection group suggests that e . autumnata and e . filigrammaria cannot be separated on male genital features . pierce states that the octavals are smaller with a shallower excavation between them in e . autumnata and that the number of hairs on the christae , ~ 19 in e . autumnata , ~ 7 in e . filigrammaria , provides a clear distinction . female genitalia : there is probably no reliable means of separating female epirrita species , though pierce suggests that the signa of e . autumnata are distinctly smaller than those of the other 3 species .
notes : common on moorland throughout much of scotland , northern england and wales , rare elsewhere ; problems in identifying individuals to specific status mean that all epirrita species are under - recorded . unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight . wingspan 30 - 38 mm . one of four very similar species of epirrita found in the uk , which are generally separable only by dissection of the genitalia . larva feeds on heather , bilberry and sallow , over - wintering as an egg .
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the fore wings are pale yellow inclining to ochreous , and the front edge is more or less tinged with the same colour as that of the oblique stripe from the tips of the wings to the middle of the inner margin . in the type , this stripe is purplish - brown , but in ab . labda , cramer , it is crimson , and in ab . atrifasciaria , stefan , it is blackish . in ab . sanguinaria , esper , the ground colour is pinkish . the hind wings are always white . ( plate 54 , figs . 1 and 2 . )
from 1857 , in which year the first specimen recorded as british was captured in september at plymouth , to 1874 , one or more examples of this interesting migrant seem to have occurred during the autumns of most years , in some part of the british isles , but chiefly in the south of england . the years in which it was apparently unrecorded were 1860 , 1861 , 1870 , 1872 , and 1873 . since 1874 there have been very few records . in 1879 a male specimen was taken at chingford , essex , august 17th , and a female ( ova obtained ) on september 1st ; a specimen occurred at christchurch , hants , october , 1893 ; a male was obtained in the isle of purbeck , dorset , september , 1895 , and one was secured at timoleague , co . cork , in august , 1898 ; one was accounted for at malvern , worcestershire , in august , 1901 ; a female in fine condition was captured , as it flew in the sunshine over a cambridgeshire meadow , in the autumn of 1906 . mr . h . m . edelsten obtained a male specimen in south devon , on september 12 , 1908 . the largest number of specimens appears to have been recorded in 1867 , when nearly thirty were secured , and of these four were taken in may in the isle of wight , where also two females were captured on
august 14th and 16th , and one specimen on september 3rd . six or seven occurred during august in lancashire , and three in perthshire , also in august .
the long caterpillar is variable , but is usually some shade of green above , inclining to whitish beneath , and yellowish between the rings ; the lines along the back are paler green , reddish , and olive green . it feeds on low - growing plants , such as knotgrass and dock , and has been reared from the egg in august and september . if eggs were obtained in may it would be possible to raise two generations of moths , or , perhaps , even three , during the year .
the species is an inhabitant of southern europe and north africa , and its range extends to india , madeira , and the canaries . in central europe , including the british isles , its occurrence is always a more or less casual event .
appears to be valid and is here employed . if it has to give way ,
has long been reported as a british species , but there does not appear to be any very convincing record of its capture in the british isles . it is widely distributed in europe , and generally common . as it is a sun - loving insect , it could hardly escape detection if it occurred in any part of our isles . a note by mr . v . r . perkins , in
for 1861 , p . 7449 , should , however , not be overlooked . this refers to the capture , on june 18th , of two male specimens that were disturbed from broom ,
not far from the city of perth , by mr . d . p . morrison .
two ordinary examples of this species are shown on plate 54 , figs . 4 , 5 . the ground colour is greyish , ranging in one direction to whitish , and in the other to brownish ; on the fore wings there are three cross lines , usually reddish - brown in colour , but sometimes dark brown inclining to blackish ; the first of these lines is always slender and sometimes very indistinct ; the second is often shaded on its outer edge , and the third on its inner edge , with brownish ; occasionally the space between the second and third is more or less dusky , especially on the lower half ; sometimes these two lines approach each other very closely on the inner margin ; the short oblique streak from the tip of the wing to the wavy submarginal line , and also the blackish central dot , are far more distinct in some specimens than in others .
the long stick - like caterpillar is pale ochreous brown , often striped with darker brown or blackish . it feeds on furze ( ulex ) and broom ( cytisus ) , from august to april . the moth is out in may and june , earlier or later according to the season , and is to be found almost everywhere that its food plants flourish .
the fore wings of this species are normally ochreous brown , inclining to reddish , but sometimes the general colour is of a light chocolate tint , and in such specimens the slender white lines edging the dark markings , and the white wavy submarginal line , are more distinct ; the central band - like marking occasionally tapers towards the inner margin . ( plate 54 , figs . 6 , 7 . )
the long caterpillar ( figured from a coloured drawing by mr . a . sich , plate
to yellowish between the rings ; there are indications of darker lines on the middle of the back and along the sides ; the usual dots are whitish and the spiracles black ; in some specimens the central line on the back is pinkish . it hatches from the egg in march or april , and feeds until june on mallow (
the moth appears in september and october , and is sometimes seen in november . it hides under the mallow , and other plants around , and is not much inclined to move during the day , but it becomes active in the evening , and then flies pretty briskly . the occurrence of this species in any locality will , of course , largely depend upon the presence of the food plant , but it seems to be widely distributed throughout the greater part of the british isles . it is , however , most frequent in the southern half of england .
to the earliest british entomologists this species ( plate 54 , figs . 8 and 9 ) was known by the english name given to it by moses harris , which is here revived . haworth ' s popular name for the insect is the
small mallow ,
but this seems less suitable .
the fore wings are usually ochreous brown in colour , with a darker brown band , the inner area of which is often paler . the ground colour , however , varies considerably , in some examples tending to whity brown , and in others to a smoky hue . the whitish hind wings are generally more or less dusky clouded , chiefly from the base of the wing to the dark brown or blackish cross shade ; but sometimes these wings are entirely blackish , with just a trace of a pale cross stripe .
the caterpillar is greyish , with a pinkish tinge and black dots ; there are three lines along the back , the central one slaty blue , and the others ochreous , shaded on each side with pale brown ; a pinkish irregular ridge runs low down along the sides . it feeds on clover , vetch , grass , etc . , from september to june . ( plate 52 , fig . 2 , after hofmann . )
the moth is out in july and august , and is often common in fields and grassy places , generally throughout the greater part of the british isles . in ancient times it was dubbed the
aurelian ' s plague .
the range abroad extends to amurland .
ortholitha moeniata . —except that one specimen was said to have been taken near baron wood , carlisle , some years prior to 1855 ; and another , in 1866 , near york ; there is no evidence that this species is an inhabitant of the british isles .
in this species ( plate 54 , figs . 11 and 12 ) the ground colour of the fore wings is white ( inclining to bluish - white in some specimens ) , more or less stippled and scored with greyish brown ; the cross band is darker grey brown , and there are two black dots placed : - wise ( sometimes united ) in the paler central space of the band . hind wings , smoky grey , with a darker shade across the middle , and a pale one parallel with the outer margin . in some rare instances , the ground colour of the fore wings is entirely white , and the band exceedingly dark ; but specimens with the general colour , slaty - black and the band and basal patch grey , are extremely rare ; barrett mentions one such example , from box hill , surrey , in mr . r . adkin ' s collection .
the caterpillar is whity brown , more or less tinged with pink , dotted with black , and lined with grey along the back , the sides , and the under surface . it feeds , at night , on clover and trefoils , from september to june . ( plate
, fig . 3 , after hofmann . ) the moth is out in july and august , and in suitable localities , such as chalk downs , lime - stone hills , etc . , is generally plentiful
throughout england and south wales . it does not appear to have been noted in ireland , or in scotland , except that it has been recorded from the isle of arran .
the sexes of this species are shown on plate 54 , figs . 3 ♂ , 10 ♀ . the fore wings are greyish , inclining to whitish or to brownish , with two white - edged oblique bands , which in the lighter coloured specimens are broad and show up conspicuously , but in the darker are narrower and much less distinct .
the caterpillar is brownish , but varies in tint , in some cases inclining to pink ; there are three lines along the back , the central one dark green or brown , and the others more or less yellowish ; a blackish or dark grey line low down along the sides . it feeds on yellow bedstraw ( galium verum ) , and may be reared on other kinds of galium . there are two broods , one in may and june , and the other in august and september .
the moth , which frequents sand - hills and shelving banks by the seaside , is found resting upon its food plant or other vegetation around , in may and june , and again in july and august .
the species has a wide distribution , and occurs in suitable localities around the coasts of england ( except the north - east ) , and on the west coast of wales . it also inhabits the breck sand district of norfolk and suffolk , and has been found on chalk downs and hills in the south of england , and in cambridgeshire and berkshire . in ireland , it has been recorded from the counties of down and kerry .
texture . after it has flown for a time , the wings become paler , and lose most of their sheen .
the species has been recorded from pembrokeshire , glamorganshire , and monmouth , in south wales ; and it appears to be found in most of the counties of england southwards from worcester , hereford , gloucester , oxford , and bucks . except that it has been doubtfully recorded from stowmarket , suffolk , it does not seem to be found in the eastern counties ; and i cannot find that it has been noted from devon or cornwall .
, figs . 4 ♂ , 5 ♀ ) is very constant , and except that specimens after having been on the wing for a day or two become sooty brown , there is nothing much to note . it is the fringe at the tip of the
fore wings rather than the tip itself that is white , and this sometimes extends for a short distance along the fringe of the outer margin . haworth ' s english name for this insect ( his
) was
the looping chimney sweeper
in reference to its caterpillar , and to distinguish it from his
chimney sweeper ,
chimney sweeper ' s boy ,
and other oddities in the vernacular among the psychids .
the caterpillar , which feeds in the spring on flowers of the earth - nut ( conopodium denudatum , or bunium flexuosum ) , is green , and paler on the sides than on the back ; there are three darker green lines along the back , the central one merging into reddish on the last ring , and the others narrowly edged on each side with white ; a whitish stripe runs below the red spiracles .
the moth is a sun lover , and flits about flowers growing among or near its food plant , in june and july .
the species is widely distributed over england , wales , ireland , and scotland , but it does not appear to have been noted north of moray in the last - named country . it is always very local , frequents moist fields , borders of woods , and even waysides .
the more or less greyish moth , shown on plate 55 , fig . 3 , varies in tint , some specimens being decidedly more grey than others . at the apex of the fore wings is a short blackish dash , and from this a curved dusky line may be traced to the inner margin . the female has the wings rather shorter than those of the male .
) , in july and august . when reared in captivity it will thrive on other kinds of cruciferæ .
the moth is out in june , sometimes late may ; it is exceedingly local in britain , and only occurs in the breck district , where it was first met with about fifty years ago . tuddenham , in suffolk , is a noted locality , as also is thetford , in norfolk .
this is a greyish white species , of which specimens of both generations are shown on plate 55 , figs . 6 ♂ , 7 ♀ ( 1st generation ) , fig . 8 ♂ ( 2nd generation ) . the chief variation is in the cross central bars of the fore wings , which are sometimes much widened , and occasionally joined from the middle to the inner margin ; or the space between these two bars is more or less filled up with dark grey . on the other hand , the bars are sometimes very faint , but such aberrations are perhaps most frequent in the second generation , which consists of smaller specimens .
the long caterpillar is brown , inclining to reddish or to greenish , with several darker and paler lines on the back and a yellowish line low down along the sides . it feeds on st . john ' s wort ( hypericum ) in june and july ; the caterpillars , hatching in the autumn , are not mature until the following april .
usually there are two generations of the moth , the first appearing in may and june , and the second in august and september . the species is pretty generally distributed over the british isles , extending to the hebrides and the orkneys ; and will probably be found in all localities where its food plant occurs freely . it affects cliffs and sandhills by the sea , rough places on chalk slopes , and sometimes the moths fly up in numbers as we walk over the herbage in such spots .
in general character this species somewhat resembles that last considered . it is , however , much smaller , and there are reddish clouds on the outer marginal area .
this reddish shading is more or less absent in the type , which is otherwise less variegated than var . imbutata , the form to which our british specimens are almost entirely referable . ( plate 55 , figs . 9 and 10 . )
the caterpillar is of somewhat stoutish build , and reddish brown in colour ; three darker lines along the back , and yellow stripe low down along the sides , the latter edged above with black on the front three rings , and blotched with pinkish on the middle rings ; the head is rather paler than the body , and the dots on the latter are yellow . it feeds on cowberry ( vaccinium vitis - idæa ) and cranberry ( v . oxycoccos ) , and seems to have a preference for the flowers of these plants : april to june .
the moth is out in july and august among the vaccinium in its swampy haunts on the heaths and moors of the north of england , and scotland , even to the shetlands . mcarthur took a specimen in the isle of lewis in 1901 . it also occurs in ireland . in england it does not seem to have been noted south of staffordshire .
the most striking features of this shining brownish coloured species are the oval - shaped marks on the disk of the fore wings , and the long whitish streak running to the tips of the wings . ( plate 57 , figs . 3 ♂ , 4 ♀ . )
the long caterpillar ( plate 56 , fig . 2 ) is deep green , with a darker line along the middle of the back , and whitish lines along the sides and the under surface ; the spiracles are reddish , encircled with black , and the head is flecked with brown . it feeds in the spring on broom ( cytisus scoparius ) .
the moth is out in september and october , and secretes itself during the day , but may be found at night flying about the broom bushes for a short time , and later on it sits upon the twigs . it occurs in almost every part of the british isles where the food plant of the caterpillar is well established .
a noticeable character in this glossy , greyish moth ( plate 57 , figs . 1 ♂ , 2 ♀ ) is the black mark on the upper part of the second cross line of the fore wings ( which probably suggested the english name
chevron
given to the species by donovan ) ; following the mark is a reddish or ochreous flush , extending to the tips of the wings .
the long , green caterpillar inclines to bluish above , and to paler green beneath ; a darker line along the middle of the back , then a slender whitish line edged with darker green , and between this and the white spiracular line there is another slender whitish line . it feeds , in august and september , on broom ; when full grown it enters the earth , and there turns to a reddish brown chrysalis , the wing cases of which are greenish . i am indebted to mr . a . j . scollick for the caterpillar and chrysalis figured on plate 56 , figs . 1 , 1 a .
the moth emerges the following year , from may to july , but its time of appearance is uncertain , and it may come up in early spring or not until early autumn . sometimes it will remain in the chrysalis for two winters .
norfolk , suffolk ; also glamorgan , and other parts of south wales . in scotland it is found in the south , but is more frequent from perthshire to moray . probably occurs in other british localities where there is plenty of broom .
the general colour of the species represented on plate 57 , figs . 5 ♂ , 6 ♀ , is greyish , inclining to ochreous or to whitish ; but occasionally it is clouded with dark greyish on the basal area , and there is a broad band of the same colour on the outer marginal area ; in such specimens the central band becomes less conspicuous .
the caterpillar ( plate 59 , fig . 2 ) feeds in may and june , on privet , at first on the leaf buds , and afterwards on the expanded leaves . it will also eat ash and honeysuckle . in colour it is rather deep green , with three fine lines along the back , the central one darker than the ground colour , and the others whitish and irregular ; a whitish stripe low down along the sides ; two points on the last ring of the body . the chrysalis ( plate 59 , fig . 2 a ) , which is enclosed in an oval earthen cocoon , is dark yellowish brown , inclining to blackish on the wing cases .
the moth may be found at night , in march and april , sitting on the privet hedge , and may then be easily boxed , as it seems very disinclined to fly at that time , but earlier in the evening it flits along the hedgerows , and is equally easy to net . when resting , however , one is able to select just the finest specimens .
north lancashire , cumberland , northampton , berks , essex , and kent . in scotland it has been reported from clydesdale and arran , but has not been noted from ireland .
the whitish fore wings of this species are tinged with grey or greenish grey , the cross lines and bands vary in intensity , and , as a rule , are more distinct and complete in the female than in the male . a form of not infrequent occurrence in scotland ( ab . fasciata , prout ) has blackish bands , which show up in strong contrast with the general whitish colour of the wings . the ordinary form is represented on plate 57 , fig . 7 ♂ , and fig . 8 on the same plate shows the named variety referred to .
the caterpillar is green , with rather darker lines along the back , and a yellow stripe low down along the sides ; the two points on the last ring are also yellow . it feeds , in june and july , on honeysuckle , sallow , birch , and alder . the moth is out in april and may , and seems to be more or less common in woodlands throughout the greater part of the british isles . in scotland it appears to be most plentiful from perthshire northwards to sutherlandshire , but it has not been reported from the orkneys , shetlands , or hebrides . ( early stages are shown on plate 59 , figs . 3 - 3 b . )
the boles of trees are favourite resting places , and upon them , and also upon gate - posts , etc . , the moth is often met with in the daytime .
with black , and sometimes there are whitish lines between them ; those on the central area are often united by a blackish cloud , and so form a band , and not infrequently the basal area is also blackish marked . ( plate
, figs . 3 and 4 . ) the ground colour is very apt to fade if the insect is exposed to moisture of any kind , as , for instance , when pinned in a damp collecting box , but i have one bred specimen of a reddish ochreous colour , and i am assured that it was of this tint when it emerged from the chrysalis . an old english name was
the brindle - barred yellow .
the thick - set caterpillar is green , more or less tinged with pinkish ; three interrupted pink lines on the back , the central one sometimes inclining to purple , and broken up into spots ; the head is brown , sometimes marked with purplish , and there are two tiny points on the last ring of the body . it varies in the green tint and also in marking . it feeds on flowers and leaves of holly , ivy , dogwood , privet , etc . , in june and july , and in some sheltered southern localities again in september and october .
the moth is out in may and early june , and where a second generation is developed , in august and early september . it sits in the daytime on tree - trunks , but more especially those with smooth bark ; the stems of holly are a favourite resting place , but at box hill i have occasionally seen a specimen on the trunk of a beech tree . barrett states that it also rests on the trunks of fir trees , and that it is then very easily seen . night is its time of activity , and it is then attracted by light .
the species seems to be widely distributed , but locally and not generally common , throughout england , wales , and ireland ; it has only been recorded from rosemount , ayr , and one or two other localities in the south of scotland .
fore wings whitish , with two greyish bands on the basal area ; first and second lines greyish , variable in width , and sometimes only represented by marks on the front or inner margins ; there is a black central dot , and the outer area beyond the submarginal line is clouded with dark grey , especially on the upper half . sometimes the wings are so thickly stippled with the darker colour that they appear to be greyish , with interrupted and indistinct whitish cross lines . a rather frequent form has the fore wings tinged with ochreous , and of this tint is ab . zonata , thnbg . , which has the basal bands and outer marginal border blackish , the central area being without cross lines . ( plate 57 , figs . 9 ♂ and 10 ♀ . )
the caterpillar is green , darker below and between the rings ; the most distinct markings are two yellow lines along the back ; head , notched ; body wrinkled , and with two points on the last ring . it feeds on aspen , and other kinds of poplar , in june and july .
the moth appears in may , and continues out well into june , especially in its northern localities . it rests on the trunks of poplar trees , or on the stems of bushes around , and is sometimes easily alarmed , and flies off on the collector ' s approach , whilst at other times it sits quietly , and may be easily boxed . at dusk it may be seen flying around the poplars .
widely distributed in the southern half of england , and only found where poplars , chiefly aspens , are well established . from worcester its range extends northwards to staffordshire , leicestershire , derbyshire , and cheshire ; and it has been recorded from yorkshire and cumberland ; also from glamorganshire , south wales . in scotland it seems not to have been noted in the south , but is found more or less frequently from perthshire to sutherlandshire . rare in ireland .
this is a much smaller species than the last . the fore wings are whitish , with brownish - grey , or blackish - grey , cross lines and bands ; the central most distinct towards the front margin , where it encloses a black dot ; hind wings greyish , with black central dot . ( plate 58 , figs . 1 and 2 . )
the green , much wrinkled caterpillar has three whitish lines or stripes along the back , and in some examples there is a white line low down along the sides ; the head , which inclines to yellowish , is notched , and there are two pinkish points on the last ring of the body . it feeds on sallow in august and september .
the moth is to be found in may and june , and , in some years , again in july and august . it inhabits woods and hedgerows where sallow is plentiful , but , perhaps , is obtained more freely in fens . occasionally it may be beaten from the hedges , but it is active on the wing just before the close of day , and then disports itself over and about the sallow bushes . it occurs in suitable localities in most of the eastern and southern counties of england , and has been reported from some of the northern ones , and from glamorganshire , in south wales . kane states that it has been found in the north , south , east , and west of ireland , but is always local and scarce .
in orchards and gardens wherein are fruit trees one may have noticed that the trunks of the trees have broad bands around them . if these bands are examined , they will be seen
to be covered with a sticky compound , which has been put there for the purpose of trapping the almost wingless females of the winter moth , as they crawl up the tree after emergence from the chrysalis . in spite of such devices , and other precautionary measures taken to safeguard the trees from attack , the foliage of apple , pear , etc . , will not be quite free from the caterpillars of this species in their season .
the male has greyish brown fore wings , which are crossed by rather darker lines , and a dark , more or less distinct , central band ( ab . hyemata , huene ) . the ground colour is very much darker in some specimens than in others , and examples of a sooty brown colour are not infrequent ; barrett mentions an almost buff - coloured specimen . in the female , the tiny affairs representing wings are brownish , with indications of a darker band towards the outer margin of the front pair .
a small , purplish brown form , reared in january , 1882 , from caterpillars found in cumberland , feeding on sweet gale ( myrica gale ) , was described as a new species under the name myricaria , cooke ( entom . , xv . 57 ) . this has been referred by staudinger to c . boreata , as a form of that species , but it is probably an aberration of c . brumata .
the caterpillar is green , with a stripe of darker green along the back ; on each side of this are two white lines , and along the black spiracles is a pale yellowish line ; head , green , sometimes marked with blackish . it feeds on the foliage of trees and bushes , and sometimes abounds in april and may .
the moth appears during the winter months , and has been noted as early as october and as late as february . ( plate 58 , figs . 8 - 10 . )
this species is generally larger than the last - mentioned . the fore wings are marked somewhat as in that species ,
but they are paler in colour and more glossy ; hind wings whitish and glossy . in the female , the wings are useless for flying , but still they are larger than those of
the caterpillar is greenish , with a greyish stripe along the back , another edged above with yellow along the black spiracles , and a greyish line between the stripes ; the head is black . it feeds , in may and june , on birch , and the moth does not appear until october or november .
at one time considered to be a purely northern species : the earliest known british specimens , four in number , having been captured at petty pool , delamere , cheshire , on october 31 , 1848 . it is now known , however , to have a wide distribution in the south of england . northwards , its range extends throughout england and scotland up to moray . it is found in south wales ; also in galway , monaghan , and connemara , in ireland .
the fore wings of this glossy species ( plate 60 , figs . 1 , 2 ) are pale brown , tinged more or less strongly with rosy or purplish ; there are numerous darker and paler cross lines , the most distinct and constant being the blackish basal , and the two forming the edges of the central band ; the latter are marked with black ; the submarginal line is whitish , wavy , and sometimes broken up into dots . the species varies considerably in tint , some specimens inclining to pale greyish brown , others to smoky brown . hind wings , whitish grey , with several darker grey cross lines ; in dark specimens these wings are smoky grey . ab . cinereata , stephens , is a small pale greyish form , almost without rosy tinge and with fewer cross lines .
darker green stripes and lines . in another form there are four pale yellowish lines along the back and a yellow stripe low down along the sides . it feeds on buckthorn (
) , the leaves of which it fastens together with silk , and so forms a retreat . it will also eat sloe and bird - cherry (
the moth is out in august and through the autumn , when it sometimes visits the flowers of ivy , ragwort , etc . ; after hibernation it is again seen , perhaps even more frequently , in april and may , and is then occasionally found at sallow catkins . the species seems to have been noted from nearly all the english counties , but becomes rare from yorkshire northwards . in wales , and in ireland , it is apparently widely distributed , but in scotland it seems confined to southern localities , and is only rarely met with .
this species is very similar to the last , but the wings are not glossy , only reddish on the outer margin , and the black marked lines edging the central band of the fore wings are less irregular , the inner ones usually being much straighter . on the under side of the hind wings of the male is a fold enclosing hairs ; this is on the inner margin , just above the anal angle . ( plate 60 , fig . 3 ♀ . )
, fig . 3 , after hofmann ) is greyish inclining to greenish ; four white lines along the back , the central pair enclosing a dark line , the others are bordered below with dark greyish ; the black spiracles are set in yellowish blotches , and the plates on first and last rings are brown ; head , reddish - brown , glossy ( adapted from fenn ) . it feeds on the barberry (
is out in may and june , but in favourable seasons has appeared in late april . when on the wing at night it is freely attracted by light , but otherwise not often noticed . the species has occurred in many of the english counties from devon to durham , but it seems to be only common in the eastern counties , and most frequent perhaps in suffolk . it has been recorded from south wales , but is seemingly absent from ireland .
wings pale greyish , sometimes ochreous tinted , and crossed by numerous dark - grey wavy lines inclining to blackish on the front margin of the fore wings ; the waves of the central pair of lines on the fore wings often meet and so form a series of rings ; sometimes the space between the eighth and twelfth lines is of a dusky hue , and occasionally it is distinctly darker and band - like ; the outer margin of all the wings is brownish and traversed by a wavy white line . the male has tufts of blackish hair in a fold on the inner margin of the hind wing , this is noticeable on the upper side , but is best seen from the under side . ( plate 60 , figs . 4 ♂ , 5 ♀ . )
the somewhat dumpy caterpillar is reddish - brown with four yellowish lines along the back ; a greyish stripe along the sides , and a creamy stripe along the black spiracles ; head , pale brown and glossy . it feeds on sallow , aspen , and bilberry , and may be found from august throughout the autumn in spun - together leaves at the tips of the shoots . ( plate 62 , fig . 2 . )
the moth is out in june and july , and occurs in woods where there is a good growth of bilberry , or in marshy spots where sallow bushes abound .
in england the species is widely distributed over the southern and eastern counties ; its range extends through the midlands to cheshire , lancs . , and westmorland , rarely in lincoln and yorks . , and once recorded in durham ; it occurs in wales and in scotland , but only in the more southern part of each country . it is not plentiful in ireland , but widely distributed . the range abroad includes amurland .
the male is always smaller than the female , and is noticeable for its long body with tuft of hairs at the extremity . the wings in both sexes are dingy brown , or greyish brown , and the usual lines on fore wings are blackish , the space between first and second often dusky . ( plate 60 , fig . 6 . )
the caterpillar is short and stout , and in form very like that of the winter moth ; the back and a central dorsal stripe are black , the latter bordered with white , the sides are yellow ; the spiracular line is black , broken , and unconnected ; the spiracles are black ; the head is black , and the edge of the first ring of the body is yellow . ( crewe . ) it feeds , in may and june , on purging buckthorn ( rhamnus catharticus ) , and is to be found between two or more leaves , which it spins together as a hiding place .
in june and july the moth may sometimes be obtained by beating bushes of buckthorn , or the herbage below and around ; this plan works best when operated just before dusk . as a british insect it is only found in england , and is most frequent in the southern and eastern counties , but widely distributed in the west to worcester , and has been found in lancashire , westmorland , and yorks . in the last - named county , caterpillars were obtained freely at askham bogs in 1900 .
when stephens wrote of this insect in 1831 he noted its occurrence
in a lane near fulham .
even so recently as 1906 i obtained specimens on the putney side of wimbledon common .
the blackish oblique band on the fore wings of this ochreous brown species ( plate 60 , fig . 7 ♂ , 8 ♀ ) is sometimes indicated only by the blackish lines , the space between them being hardly darker than the general colour . sometimes all the wings are suffused with blackish brown , and in such specimens the only distinct marking is the whitish submarginal line .
the caterpillar is green , with three lines along the back , the central one dark green , and the others yellow ; the hind wings are marked with purple , and a stripe of the same colour runs along under the spiracles . in another form the general colour is greyish with a reddish - brown stripe along the back , and series of spots of the same colour along the sides . it may be found in may and june , concealed between leaves that it has fastened together to form a retreat .
the moth flies in late june and in july , and may be disturbed in the daytime from buckthorn bushes . it is widely distributed , and often common in the south of england , but is rare in the north ; and has also been recorded from south wales .
, hufnagel , and as this is an earlier name it may have to be adopted . according to prout , both this and the preceding species should be placed in the genus
in its typical form ( plate 63 , fig . 3 ) the blackish band of the fore wings is entire , but in ab . insulata , haworth ( fig . 4 ) , this band is interrupted by two whitish lines along the median veins , and so divided into three or four portions , the smaller section placed between the lines ; occasionally , the dividing lines assume stripe - like proportions , and the main portions are consequently smaller in size and further from each other , but one
island
still remains . in another form , the lower outer corner is distinctly separate from the costal portion ; thus the band is broken into four parts .
the long caterpillar is green , with a reddish - brown stripe along the back ; this is broken up into spots , except on the first three rings ; there are some reddish - brown spots on the sides . it feeds on various kinds of willow herb (
the moth should be looked for in beech and other woods amongst the food plants , from which , and the surrounding herbage , it is readily evicted . it flies at twilight , and later on , when it has been known to visit the sugar patch ; it is also attracted by light . it is out in may and june , and specimens of a second generation sometimes occur in the south . the species occurs locally throughout england , probably wales , and in scotland up to ross . in ireland , it is widely distributed and locally common in the north , but apparently not noted in the south .
the white veins and white lines passing through the blackish blotches at the base and on the front margin of the fore wings , give these wings a curious netted appearance ; the hind wings are smoky grey , with two white lines which appear to be continuations of the white second line and sub - marginal of the fore wings . ( plate 61 , fig . 1 . )
the caterpillar is green , inclining to yellowish , and more or less tinged with pinkish , especially on the sides ; three lines on the back , the central one reddish , the others whitish ; a central line along the pinkish spiracles . it feeds at night on yellow balsam (
seeds , and young foliage , and rests by day on the undersides of the leaves : september and october . ( plate
the moth is out in july and august , and , of course , will only be found in localities where the balsam flourishes ; these are very limited , and in britain are confined to westmorland and the northern border of lancashire , and north wales . the species was first introduced as british in 1861 , when the late henry doubleday recorded the capture of three specimens in august , 1856 , on the border of one of the lakes in westmorland , by his friend the late thomas h . allis . it seems that other specimens had been taken at the same time , but these passed into collections as the
second brood of silacearia .
the caterpillar is said to have been found in north wales , but has been more frequently obtained in the english lake district .
the range abroad extends to eastern siberia , amurland , corea , and japan ; but in the three last - named countries it is chiefly represented by var . ærosa , butt . , a large form .
the english name here retained was given to this species ( plate 63 , figs . 1 ♂ , 2 ♀ ) by harris , in 1775 , but in 1782 he changed it to
clouded carpet .
in ground colour the fore wings are pale brown , more or less clouded with darker brown , or with reddish - brown ; the basal patch , central band , and blotch on outer margin below the tip of the wing , are all chocolate brown clouded with blackish and edged with white . hind wings , whitish , suffused with smoky grey , except on front area ; three dusky whitish - edged wavy lines , inclining to blackish on the inner margin . the egg ( plate 67 , fig . 3 ) is yellowish when laid , and then changes to purplish with a whitish bloom .
middle of the back is a series of purplish - edged , brown - centred , whitish , triangular markings ; the third ring is swollen , and has a black collar . it feeds at night on the foliage of red and black currant , also on gooseberry , and may be found in april and may , earlier or later according to season , sitting by day upon the bushes .
the moth flies in july and august , and occurs in gardens , but is said to be partial to sloe bushes and hedges . it is always more or less local , although it is distributed over the greater part of the british isles .
the fore wings of this rather variable species ( plate 63 , figs . 5 - 7 ) are yellowish or reddish grey , with a darker basal patch and central band ; a reddish blotch below the tip of the wing is edged with white , and the central band is also outwardly edged with white . hind wings , whitish , with two lines , and dusky hind marginal border , the latter sometimes inclining to reddish . occasionally , the fore wings are entirely pale ochreous , and the basal patch and the central band only very slightly darker , but the limiting lines are reddish , and the patch under the tip of the wing is bright orange red . var . insulicola , staud . , from the isles of scotland , has the fore wings rather narrower , and suffused with purplish brown or deep violet grey ; the hind wings are smoky grey . the female is usually smaller than the male , and often more yellow in colour .
eggs , whitish brown , mottled with darker . the early stages are shown on plate 67 , figs . 2 - 2 b .
with reddish ; another white line along the region of the spiracles . it feeds , in may or june ( earlier or later in some seasons ) , on sallow and birch . the moth is out in july and august , and frequents heaths and bogs more especially , but is also found in or around woods , and i have captured male specimens as they flew along hedgerows bordering fields , at dusk , in middlesex . the female is rarely seen on the wing .
the species , which ranges through central and northern europe to the ural and altai , is generally distributed throughout the british isles ; it is found also in the atlantic states of america .
the fore wings are yellow , with a reddish or purplish - brown basal patch , central band , and small patch on outer margin below tip of the wing , the central band more or less clouded or mottled with yellow . hind wings , whitish , tinged with yellow . the female is usually smaller , the colour generally paler , and the markings frequently only represented by cross lines . specimens from the isle of arran have the ground colour of fore wings more or less dappled with brown of the same tint as that of the central band and other markings ; the hind wings are tinged with a smoky hue . in other parts of scotland the brown colour becomes more and more general , until the fore wings are uniformly brown , and the hind wings dusky . on the mountains in the north nearly black specimens occur , and these seem to be referable to ab . musauaria , freyer . ( plate 63 , figs . 8 - 10 . )


halichondria bowerbanki is a species of sponge that lives on rocky surfaces in the shallow subtidal , with occasional intertidal specimens under overhanging rocks .

the physical appearance and structure of the species is variable and it has tassel-like irregular branches .

colonies can be up to 25 centimeters high with branches reaching 12 centimeters high .

the color of the species is beige to brown in the summer , and light grey/yellow in the winter .

halichondria bowerbanki

variety halichondria bowerbanki var . stellifera breton , girard & lagardère , 1995 accepted as halichondria ( halichondria ) bowerbanki burton , 1930 ( junior synonym )
easily confused with halichondria panicea , but halichondria bowerbanki is distinguished by the absence of the chimney - like oscules that occur in halichondria panicea .
the green filamentous algae microspora ficulinae lives in association with the tissues of halichondria bowerbanki .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
klumpenschwamm
to
halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930
.
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 to their own page .
biotic ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) marine life information network - uk to barcode of life ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 22 publications ) ( from synonym halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 59 publications ) ( from synonym spongia coalita sensu lamarck , 1814 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 15 nucleotides ; 9 proteins ) ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) to pesi ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) to pesi ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki var . stellifera breton , girard & lagardère , 1995 ) to pesi to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 30 records ) ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 )
in the united kingdom , halichondria bowerbanki ( studied as halichondria coalita ) was recorded up to depths of 90 m ( bowerbank , 1874 , cited in vethaak et al . , 1982 ) .
similar species : the variable nature of halichondria bowerbanki can make it very difficult to identify positively . the most likely confusion is with halichondria panicea . the growth of tassels in h . bowerbanki seems to be a good character , but these are not present all year round . h . bowerbanki lacks the green colour that is present in h . panicea in well lit conditions and also the characteristic smell .
habitat : on rock or other animals , even ascidian tests . it reaches its maximal development in harbours and estuaries , being very tolerant of muddy and brackish conditions where it tends to replace halichondria panicea . ( but there are reports of both halichondria species occurring together in silty conditions , e . g . from sussex . ) halichondria bowerbanki can be partly embedded in mud . halichondria bowerbanki occurs typically from the upper infralittoral downwards , and is never ( ? ) found on the shore . halichondria panicea occurs from the shore to the lower infralittoral , rarely deeper .
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) gosner , k . l . ( 1978 ) . a field guide to the atlantic seashore . boston : houghton mifflin . 329p . [ details ]
occurs in muddy environments where the similar sponge halichondria panicea cannot survive . reaches its best development in harbours . in the oosterschelde , halichondria bowerbanki was found growing on tunicates ( especially styela clava ) , molluscs and , in a brackish lagoon , on small reefs of electra crustulenta ( vethaak et al . , 1982 ) .
identity : the variable nature of halichondria bowerbanki can make it very difficult to identify positively . the most likely confusion is with halichondria panicea . the table with halichondria panicea will help to separate the two species . some growth forms are peculiar to one or other of the species and these are indicated . the growth of tassels in halichondria bowerbanki seems to be a good character , but these are not present all year round . frequently however , it is impossible to be certain to which of the two species a specimen belongs . however larval differences prove that two species are involved here . the cushion forms , with modest oscular chimneys , can be mistaken for myxilla incrustans ( q . v . ) . the confusion arises when a specimen of halichondria bowerbanki has an ' open ' sub - surface appearance , which is reminiscent of the labyrinthine channels of m . incrustans .
picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) vethaak , a . d . ; cronie , r . j . a . ; van soest , r . w . m . 1982 . ecology and distribution of two sympatric , closely related spongespecies , halichondria panicea ( pallas , 1766 ) and h . bowerbanki burton , 1930 ( porifera , demospongiae ) , with remarks on their speciation . bijdragen tot de dierkunde 52 ( 2 ) : 82 - 102 . page ( s ) : 86 [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) linkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]
halichondria bowerbanki survives over the winter months as a dormant form with no growth and a disintegration of tissue . in the oosterschelde , this species experienced a drastic reduction in biomass during the severe winter of 1978 / 9 , especially in the intertidal ( vethaak et al . , 1982 ) .
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) burton , m . ( 1930 ) . additions to the sponge fauna at plymouth . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 16 ( 2 ) : 489 - 507 . page ( s ) : 489 - 491 [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 1993 ) . affinities of the marine demospongiae fauna of the cape verde islands and tropical west africa . courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg . 159 : 205 - 219 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
consistency : soft and moderately elastic . branches do not break even if bent through 180 deg . ( cf . halichondria panicea ) .
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) solórzano , m . r . ( 1990 ) . poríferos del litoral gallego : estudio faunístico , distribución e inventario . phd thesis unversidad de santiago de compostela . 1036 pp . page ( s ) : 960 - 963 ; lám . 124 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) burton , m . ( 1954 ) . sponges . pp . 215 - 239 , pl . 9 . in : the ' rosaura ' expedition . part 5 . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology . 2 ( 6 ) . page ( s ) : 233 [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) labate , m . ; arena , p . ( 1964 ) . la fauna dei poriferi nei laghi di ganzirri e faro ( messina ) . archivo zoologico italiano . 49 : 249 - 280 . page ( s ) : 265 - 267 ; fig 5 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) ackers , r . g . ; moss , d . ; picton , b . e . ( 1992 ) . sponges of the british isles ( ‘sponges v’ ) . a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society . 1 - 175 . page ( s ) : 127 - 129 [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) alander , h . ( 1942 ) . sponges from the swedish west - coast and adjacent waters . ph . d . thesis . ( university of lund , h . struves : gøteborg ) . pp . 1 - 95 , 15 pls . page ( s ) : 28 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) castric - fey , a . ( 1996 ) . richesse et biodiversité en mer mégatidale : communautés sublittorales rocheuses de la région de trébeurden - ploumanac ' h ( nord bretagne france ) . cahiers de biologie marine . 37 , 7 - 31 . page ( s ) : 22 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) borojevic , r . ; cabioch , l . ; lévi , c . ( 1968 ) . inventaire de la faune marine de roscoff . spongiaires . cahiers de biologie marine . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 44 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 15 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
bowerbank ' s halichondria is easy to confuse with the breadcrumb sponge . older specimen have long thin , stringy branches which emerge from a thin crust . young specimen lack these stringy branches . since the delta works were built , bowerbank ' s halichondria is found more often than the breadcrumb sponge . it used to be the other way around . but this sponge is more resistant to mud . bowerbank ' s halichondria is also known as crumb - of - bread sponge or the common sponge .
vethaak , a . d . , r . j . a . cronie and r . w . m . van soest , 1982 . ecology and distribution of two sympatric , closely related sponge species , halichondria panicea ( pallas , 1766 ) and h . bowerbanki burton , 1930 ( porifera , demospongiae ) , with remarks on their speciation . bijdragen tot de dierkunde , 52 ( 2 ) : 82 - 102 .
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
burton , m . , 1947a . the identity of halichondria albescens johnston and hymeniacidon albescens bowerbank . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 11 ) 14 : 252 - 256 .
vethaak , a . d . ; cronie , r . j . a . ; van soest , r . w . m . 1982 . ecology and distribution of two sympatric , closely related spongespecies , halichondria panicea ( pallas , 1766 ) and h . bowerbanki burton , 1930 ( porifera , demospongiae ) , with remarks on their speciation . bijdragen tot de dierkunde 52 ( 2 ) : 82 - 102 . page ( s ) : 86 [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
graat - kleeton , g . , 1965 . les halichondria de roscoff . proc . kon . ned . acad . wetensch . , ( c ) 68 ( 3 ) : 166 - 174 .
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) ereskovsky , a . ; kovtun , o . a . ; pronin , k . k . ; apostolov , a . ; erpenbeck , d . ; ivanenko , v . ( 2018 ) . sponge community of the western black sea shallow water caves : diversity and spatial distribution . peerj . 6 : e4596 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 9 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) carballo , j . l . ; garcia - gómez , j . c . ( 1994 ) . esponjas del estrecho de gibraltar y áreas próximas , con nuevas aportaciones para la fauna iberica [ porifera from the straits of gibraltar and nearby areas , new species of the iberian fauna ] . cahiers de biologie marine . 35 ( 2 ) : 193 - 211 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 197 [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki var . stellifera breton , girard & lagardère , 1995 ) breton , g . ; girard , a . ; lagardère , j . - p . ( 1995 ) . espèces animales benthiques des bassins du port du havre ( normandie , france ) rares , peu connues ou nouvelles pour la région . bull . trim . soc . géol . normandie et amis mus . havr , 82 ( 3 ) : 7 - 29 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) rützler , k . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; piantoni , c . ( 2009 ) . sponges ( porifera ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas . 285–313 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki var . stellifera breton , girard & lagardère , 1995 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) cardone , f . ; corriero , g . ; fianchini , a . ; gravina , m . f . ; nonnis marzano , c . ( 2014 ) . biodiversity of transitional waters : species composition and comparative analysis of hard bottom communities from the south - eastern italian coast . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 94 ( 01 ) : 25 - 34 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 4 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) girard - descatoire , a . ; castric - fey , a . ; l ' hardy - halos , m . t . ( 1995 ) . inventaire de la faune et de la flore sur les fonds rocheux autour de l ' île d ' ouessant . rapport adms , direction régionale de l ' environnement bretagne , conseil régional de bretagne , conseil général du finistère , fonds européens , rennes . , 148pp . convention znieff 94 . page ( s ) : annexe 1 , 8 [ details ]
topsent , e . , 1911 . sur les affinités des halichondria et la classification des halichondrines d ' après leurs formes larvaires . arch . zool . expér . gén . , ( 5 ) 7 ( notes et revue ) : i - xv .
( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) wapstra , m . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 1987 ) . sexual reproduction , larval morphology and behaviour in demosponges from the southwest of the netherlands . in : vacelet j . , boury - esnault n . ( eds ) taxonomy of porifera from the n . e . atlantic and the mediterranean sea . nato advanced science institutes series g , ecological sciences , springer , heidelberg . 13 : 281 - 307 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 285 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) grant , r . e . 1826c . observations on the structure and functions of thesponge . edinburgh new philosophical journal 2 : 121 - 141 , pl . ii . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
habitat : on rock or other animals , even ascidian tests . it reaches its maximal development in harbours and estuaries , being very tolerant of muddy and brackish conditions where it tends to replace halichondria panicea ( but there are reports of both species occuring together in silty conditions ) .
h . bowerbanki may be confused with another common species , h . panicea . it does not have the same distinct smell and is not easily broken into pieces . it is also more polymorph , taking a variety of forms from smooth cushions to very branched , bush - like shapes . the color is usually light brown or yellow , sometimes with shades of green .
( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) topsent , e . ( 1934 ) . eponges observées dans les parages de monaco . ( première partie ) . bulletin de l’institut océanographique , monaco . 650 : 1 - 42 . page ( s ) : 22 - 23 [ details ]
( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) topsent , e . ( 1925 ) . éponges de l ' étang de thau . bulletin de l ' institut océanographique de monaco . 452 , 1 - 42 . page ( s ) : 11 - 12 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1866 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 238 - 240 [ details ]
spicules : simple . megascleres are slightly curved slender oxea only : 400 - ( 500 ) - 600 x 12ám , and 200 - ( 253 ) - 320 x 2 . 5ám . the spicules are rather more slender and show a wider size range than in haliclona spp . , with which certain forms of halichondria may be confused . no microscleres .
( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1874 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 3 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xvii , 1 - 367 , pls i - xcii . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 102 , pl . xli 18 - 20 [ details ]
apertures : oscules are
usually small
, ( but see photo 59 ) and either at the tops of chimneys , whose shape is uneven , or along the sides of branches . larger oscular chimneys ( up to 1 cm tall ) tend to have an ill defined translucent band running up one side . the apical termination of this band ( canal ? ) contributes to the unevenness of the oscular rims ( cf . halichondria panicea ) .
form : polymorphic , varying from a cushion to almost a branching - repent form . a cushion can give rise to oscular chimneys with oscules at the top or , more typically , to a profusion of simple , solid , tassel - like branches with the oscules mainly along their length ( cf . halichondria panicea ) . in some sheltered localities the branches grow over other organisms and loop like bramble stolons , attaching to any suitable object they encounter .
( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) harms , j . ( 1993 ) . check list of species ( algae , invertebrates and vertebrates ) found in the vicinity of the island of helgoland ( north sea , german bight ) : a review of recent records . helgoländer meeresunters . 47 : 1 - 34 . [ p . 25 , tab . 3 : gastrosaccus spinifer , mysis relicta , praunus inermis , schistomysis kervillei , schistomysis spiritus . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
description : this sponge can be very polymorphic , varying from a cushion to almost a branching - repent form . a cushion can give rise to oscular chimneys with oscules at the top or , more typically , to a profusion of simple , solid , tassel - like branches with the oscules mainly along their length ( cf . halichondria panicea ) . in some sheltered localities the branches grow over other organisms and loop like bramble stolons , attaching to any suitable object they encounter . the colour is usually buff or cream , never green .
skeleton : halichondroid . the main skeleton is a confused reticulation of oxea of variable size with a slight tendency to form fibres 4 - 10 spicules thick . the ectosomal skeleton is typically a regular reticulation of similar spicules arranged tangentially , these either lying singly and parallel to one another , or formed into fibres : this regular arrangement can become confused and lost . the surface spicules help to reinforce a well - defined ectosomal membrane . sub - surface spaces are not as well developed as in halichondria panicea . very small quantities of spongin are present .
is a shallow subtidal , occasionally intertidal yellowish beige sponge with characteristically stringy appearance . long , string - like projections issue from a thinly encrusting base . no apparent oscules . texture like crumb - of - bread , soft . confused
suffice to tell them apart . less common , but largely overlapping in ecological and geographical range .
beige or dull brownish grey in summer , light grey yellow or whitish in winter . specimens about to spawn their larvae are often characteristically yellow - orange due to colour of larvae . greenish shades are rarely encountered .
) . size up to 25 cm across and branches may reach12 cm . surface smooth or uneven , often with a translucence . parchment - like skin . consistency soft , compressible . texture crumb - of - bread like . oscules inconspicuous , at the base of branches , opening irregular , mostly small ( 1 - 2 mm ) , but occasionally larger ( up to 5 mm ) , then with irregular rim (
) oxeas , relatively long and thin , tapering very gradually towards the apices : 133 - 570 by 2 - 16 µm . average sizes are 375 by 6 or 385 by 11 µm . no statistically significant difference between ectosomal and choanosomal oxeas has been found .
) , with paucispicular bundles intercrossing , and lying at some distance from each other , giving a more open reticulated aspect .
: confused , with ill - defined paucispicular dendritic bundles ending at the surface at various angles . no visible spongin .
this is a viviparous species . the parenchymella larvae are yellow - ochre coloured , darker than those of
sheltered environments , under overhanging rocks in sediment rich environments . although it overlaps broadly with
cannot survive . it is less resistant towards desiccation and thus is found only in the lowest part of the intertidal . it grows often intertwined with hydroids and algae .
, on both sides of the atlantic , penetrating far to the south along the coasts of the eastern united states , e . g . it is reported from north carolina . on the european coasts it is reliably reported southwards until bretagne . morphologically similar specimens are found along the west coast of africa and in the mediterranean , but need revision . records from other oceans are likewise unreliable .
named after james scott bowerbank ( 1797 - 1877 ) , pioneering author of the w european sponges .
the type is in the natural history museum , london : bmnh 1938 . 6 . 30 . 32a ? ( bowerbank ' s specimen of
can make it very difficult to identify individual specimens . typical growth forms , however , are easy to recognize :
is compact with clearly recognizable regular oscular chimneys . below a table of differences between the two species is given . other species in the area with long and thin oxeas , which may be occasionally confused with the present species are
ackers , r . g . , d . moss , b . e . picton and s . m . k . stone , 1985 . sponges of the british isles (
sponge iv
) . ii . marine conservation soc . , ross on wye , u . k . : 108 - 197 .
ackers , r . g . a . , d . moss and b . e . picton , 1992 . sponges of the british isles (
sponge v
) , a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society , 175 pp .
ackers , r . g . , 1983 . some local and national distributions of sponges . porcupine newsletter , 2 ( 7 ) : 162 - 165 .
alander , h . , 1942 . sponges from the swedish west - coast and adjacent waters . thesis lund univ . , 95 pp . , 16 pls .
arndt , w . , 1935 . porifera . tierwelt nord . - ostsee , iiia : 1 - 140 , figs . 1 - 239 .
beauchamp , p . de , 1914 . les grèves de roscoff . lechevalier , paris .
bellamy , j . c . , 1839 . the natural history of south devon . plymouth , 80 pp .
benito , j . , 1976 . aportación al conocimiento de la fauna bentónica de la ría de vigo ( nw de españa ) . ii . esponjas . inv . pseq . , 40 ( 2 ) : 491 - 503 .
borojevic , r . , l . cabioch and c . lévi , 1968 . spongiaires . inventaire faune marine de roscoff . 44 pp .
bowerbank , j . s . , 1866 . a monograph of the british spongiadae , ii . ray society , london : i - xx , 1 - 388 .
bowerbank , j . s . , 1874 . a monograph of the british spongiadae , iii . ray society , london : i - xvii , 1 - 367 , pls . i - xcii .
bowerbank , j . s . , 1882 . a monograph of the british spongiadae , iv . ray society , london . xvii , 250 pp . , 17 pls .
breton , g . , a . girard and j . p . lagardère , 1996 . espèces animales benthiques des bassins du port du havre ( normandie , france ) rares , peu connues ou nouvelles pour la région . bull . trim . soc . géol . normandie et amis muséum du havre , 82 ( 3 ) : 7 - 28
bruce , j . r . , j . s . colman and n . s . jones , 1963 . marine fauna of the isle of man and its surrounding seas . l . m . b . c . memoirs , 36 . 307 pp . ( sponges : 42 - 47 ) .
burton , m . , 1930a . norwegian sponges from the norman collection . proc . zool . soc . london , 2 : 487 - 546 .
burton , m . , 1930b . additions to the sponge fauna at plymouth . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . plymouth , 16 : 489 - 507 .
burton , m . , 1957 . plymouth marine fauna . 3rd ed . porifera . mar . biol . ass . u . k . : 26 - 36 .
descatoire , a . , 1969a . peuplements sessiles de l ' archipel de glénan . i . inventaire : spongiaires . vie milieu , ( b ) 20 ( 1 , b ) : 177 - 210 .
díaz , m . c . , s . a . pomponi and r . w . m . van soest , 1993 . a systematic revision of the central west atlantic halichondrida ( demospongiae , porifera ) . part iii : description of valid species . in : m . j . uriz and k . rützler ( eds ) , recent advances in ecology and systematics of sponges . sci . mar . 57 ( 4 ) : 283 - 306 .
fleming , j . , 1828 . a history of british animals . edinburgh , london , 565 pp .
grant , r . e . , 1825 . observations on the structure and functions of the sponge . edinborough new philosphical journal , 1825 : xiii .
grant , r . e . , 1826a . notice of two new species of british sponges . edinburgh new philos . j . , 2 : 203 - 204 .
hartman , w . d . , 1958a . natural history of the marine sponges of southern new england . bull . peabody mus . nat . hist . , 12 : 1 - 155 .
johnston , g . , 1842 . a history of british sponges and lithophytes . lizars , edinburgh : 1 - 264 , 25 pls .
könnecker , g . , 1973 . littoral and benthic investigations on the west coast of ireland - i . ( section a : faunistic and ecological studies ) . the sponge fauna of kilkieran bay and adjacent waters . proc . roy . irish acad . , 73 ( b ) : 451 - 472 .
lamarck , j . b . p . a . de monet , 1813 - 15 . sur les polypiers empâtés . ann . mus . hist . nat . paris , 20 : 294 - 312 ( published 1813 ) , 370 - 386 , 432 - 458 ( published 1814 ) .
lamouroux , j . v . f . , 1816 . histoire des polypiers coralligènes flexibles . poisson , caen .
lévi , c . , 1950b . inventaire de la faune de roscoff . spongiaires . trav . stat . biol . roscoff , n . s . 1 ( suppl . 2 ) : 1 - 28 .
lilly , s . j . , f . sloane , r . basindale , f . j . ebling and j . a . kitching , 1953 . the ecology of the lough ine rapids with special reference to water currents . iv . the sedentary fauna of sublittoral boulders . j . anim . ecol . , 22 : 87 - 122 .
lombas , i . , 1982 . distribución de esponjas esciafilas en la zona intermareal de aramar ( luanco , asturias ) . bol . cienc . nat . i . d . e . a . , 29 : 37 - 50 .
maitland , r . t . 1897 . prodrome de la fauna des pays bas et de la belgique flamande . brill , leiden . 62 pp .
müller , o . f . , 1776 . zoologiae danicae prodromus . havniae , 40 pp .
parfitt , e . , 1868 . on the marine and freshwater sponges of devonshire . trans . devonshire ass . advancement sci . lit . art , 1868 : 9 - 12 ( 452 - 454 ) .
parfitt , e . , 1869 . on the marine and freshwater sponges of devonshire . trans . devonshire assoc . , 1869 .
prenant , m . , 1927 . notes éthologiques sur la faune marine sessile des environs de roscoff . ii . spongiaires , tuniciers , anthozoaires . associations de la faune fixée . trav . stat . biol . roscoff , 6 : 1 - 58 .
rodriguez babio , c . and l . gondar , 1978 . fauna marina de galicia . ii . contribución al conocimiento de poríferos del litoral gallego . monogr . univ . santiago compostela : 1 - 68 .
schmidt , o . , 1870 . grundzüge einer spongien - fauna des atlantischen gebietes . engelmann , leipzig : iv + 88 pp . , vi pls .
soest , r . w . m . van , and s . weinberg , 1980 . a note on the sponges and octocorals from sherkin island and lough ine , co . cork . irish nat . j . , 20 : 1 - 15 .
soest , r . w . m . van , j . d . guiterman and m . sayer , 1981 . sponges from roaringwater bay and lough ine . j . sherkin isl . , 1 ( 2 ) : 35 - 49 .
soest , r . w . m . van , 1977 . marine and freshwater sponges ( porifera ) of the netherlands . zool . meded . leiden , 50 ( 16 ) : 261 - 273 .
soest , r . w . m . van , 1983 . sponzenonderzoek in nederland . het zeepaard , 43 ( 2 ) : 28 - 33 .
solórzano , m . r . , 1991 . inventario dos poríferos do litoral galego . cadernos de area de ciencias biolóxicas . inventarios , 7 : 1 - 53 .
topsent , e . , 1888a . contribution à l ' étude des clionides . arch . zool . expér . gén . , ( 2 ) 5 : 1 - 166 , pls . i - vii .
topsent , e . , 1891a . essai sur la faune de spongiaires de roscoff . arch . zool . expér . gén . , ( 2 ) 9 : 523 - 554 .
topsent , e . , 1913 . spongiaires provenant des campagnes scientifiques de la
princesse alice
dans les mers du nord . rés . camp . sci . prince albert monaco , 45 : 1 - 67 .
vethaak , a . d . , 1983 . het oecologische onderzoek van broodsponzen . het zeepaard , 43 ( 2 ) : 62 - 70 .
wapstra , m . and r . w . m . van soest , 1987 . sexual reproduction , larval morphology and behaviour in demosponges from the southwest of the netherlands : 281 - 307 . in : j . vacelet and n . boury - esnault , eds . taxonomy of porifera . springer verlag , berlin , heidelberg . nato - asi series , g13 : 1 - 332 .
burton , m . ( 1930 ) . additions to the sponge fauna at plymouth . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 16 ( 2 ) : 489 - 507 . page ( s ) : 489 - 491 [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; rützler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; schönberg , c . ; klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; díaz , m . - c . ; cárdenas , p . ; carballo , j . l . ; ríos , p . ; downey , r . ( 2018 ) . world porifera database .
van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
ackers , r . g . ; moss , d . ; picton , b . e . ( 1992 ) . sponges of the british isles ( ‘sponges v’ ) . a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society . 1 - 175 . page ( s ) : 127 - 129 [ details ]
alander , h . ( 1942 ) . sponges from the swedish west - coast and adjacent waters . ph . d . thesis . ( university of lund , h . struves : gøteborg ) . pp . 1 - 95 , 15 pls . page ( s ) : 28 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
borojevic , r . ; cabioch , l . ; lévi , c . ( 1968 ) . inventaire de la faune marine de roscoff . spongiaires . cahiers de biologie marine . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 44 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 15 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
linkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
burton , m . ( 1954 ) . sponges . pp . 215 - 239 , pl . 9 . in : the ' rosaura ' expedition . part 5 . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology . 2 ( 6 ) . page ( s ) : 233 [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 1993 ) . affinities of the marine demospongiae fauna of the cape verde islands and tropical west africa . courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg . 159 : 205 - 219 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
wapstra , m . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 1987 ) . sexual reproduction , larval morphology and behaviour in demosponges from the southwest of the netherlands . in : vacelet j . , boury - esnault n . ( eds ) taxonomy of porifera from the n . e . atlantic and the mediterranean sea . nato advanced science institutes series g , ecological sciences , springer , heidelberg . 13 : 281 - 307 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 285 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
carballo , j . l . ; garcia - gómez , j . c . ( 1994 ) . esponjas del estrecho de gibraltar y áreas próximas , con nuevas aportaciones para la fauna iberica [ porifera from the straits of gibraltar and nearby areas , new species of the iberian fauna ] . cahiers de biologie marine . 35 ( 2 ) : 193 - 211 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 197 [ details ]
labate , m . ; arena , p . ( 1964 ) . la fauna dei poriferi nei laghi di ganzirri e faro ( messina ) . archivo zoologico italiano . 49 : 249 - 280 . page ( s ) : 265 - 267 ; fig 5 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
rützler , k . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; piantoni , c . ( 2009 ) . sponges ( porifera ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas . 285–313 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
gosner , k . l . ( 1978 ) . a field guide to the atlantic seashore . boston : houghton mifflin . 329p . [ details ]
cardone , f . ; corriero , g . ; fianchini , a . ; gravina , m . f . ; nonnis marzano , c . ( 2014 ) . biodiversity of transitional waters : species composition and comparative analysis of hard bottom communities from the south - eastern italian coast . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 94 ( 01 ) : 25 - 34 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 4 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
solórzano , m . r . ( 1990 ) . poríferos del litoral gallego : estudio faunístico , distribución e inventario . phd thesis unversidad de santiago de compostela . 1036 pp . page ( s ) : 960 - 963 ; lám . 124 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
girard - descatoire , a . ; castric - fey , a . ; l ' hardy - halos , m . t . ( 1995 ) . inventaire de la faune et de la flore sur les fonds rocheux autour de l ' île d ' ouessant . rapport adms , direction régionale de l ' environnement bretagne , conseil régional de bretagne , conseil général du finistère , fonds européens , rennes . , 148pp . convention znieff 94 . page ( s ) : annexe 1 , 8 [ details ]
castric - fey , a . ( 1996 ) . richesse et biodiversité en mer mégatidale : communautés sublittorales rocheuses de la région de trébeurden - ploumanac ' h ( nord bretagne france ) . cahiers de biologie marine . 37 , 7 - 31 . page ( s ) : 22 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
ereskovsky , a . ; kovtun , o . a . ; pronin , k . k . ; apostolov , a . ; erpenbeck , d . ; ivanenko , v . ( 2018 ) . sponge community of the western black sea shallow water caves : diversity and spatial distribution . peerj . 6 : e4596 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 9 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia coalita sensu lamarck , 1814 ) lamarck , j . b . p . de monet , comte de . ( 1814 [ 1813 ] ) . sur les polypiers empâtés . annales du museum national d ' histoire naturelle . 294 - 312 ; 370 - 386 ; 432 - 458 . page ( s ) : 457 [ details ]
marra , m . v . ; bertolino , m . ; pansini , m . ; giacobbe , s . ; manconi , r . ; pronzato , r . ( 2016 ) . long - term turnover of the sponge fauna in faro lake ( north - east sicily , mediterranean sea ) . italian journal of zoology . 1 - 10 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 4 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia coalita sensu lamarck , 1814 ) montagu , g . ( 1814 ) . an essay on sponges , with descriptions of all the species that have been discovered on the coast of great britain . memoirs of the wernerian natural history society . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 - 122 , pls iii - xvi . page ( s ) : 80 [ details ]
( of amorphina coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) schmidt , o . ( 1870 ) . grundzüge einer spongien - fauna des atlantischen gebietes . ( wilhelm engelmann : leipzig ) : iii - iv , 1 - 88 , pls i - vi . [ details ]
( of amorphina coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) topsent , e . ( 1887 [ 1888 ] ) . contribution à l’étude des clionides . archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale . 2 ( 5 bis ) : 1 - 165 , pls i - vii . [ details ]
surface : smooth or uneven , often with a translucence which enables the outline of some deeper structures to be seen . in a collected specimen the translucence and consistency are reminiscent of parchment . surface spicules are sometimes more or less parallel and united into widely spaced fibres , or the spicules are arranged in no obvious order .
distribution :
arctic ; norway ; belgium ; british isles ; france ; mediterranean .
a common species in the british isles .
distribution map from nbn : grid map ( fast ) : interactive map ( slower , requires login to view records ) : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
picton , b . e . , morrow , c . c . & van soest , r . w . b . , 2011 . [ in ] sponges of britain and ireland urltoken
distribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
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it seems to thrive on current - and wave - exposed location in relatively shallow waters ( less than 100 meters ) .
this sponge is common in the north - east atlantic and can be found as far north as troms , norway .
microscopic examination of the spicules reveals that they are relatively long and thin , and taper to the apices .
named after james s . bowerbank ( 1797 - 1877 ) , a pioneering authority on sponges .
howson & picton , 1997 , soest van et al . , 2000 , moss & ackers , 1982 ,
under optimal conditions ( and with a low sample number ) , vethaak et al . ( 1982 ) recorded a mean length increase of 1 . 1 mm / day in summer and no growth in winter .
vethaak et al . ( 1982 ) identified five distinct growth forms ( plus intermediate forms ) including incrusting , bushlike and massive forms . they reported a maximum colony size of 25 cm width to 12 cm high although most colonies are rarely this big .
in some sheltered locations the branches grow over other species and loop like bramble stolons attaching to any suitable object they encounter .
found to house a large community of associated amphipod species which show seasonal variation ( biernbaum , 1981 ) .
soest van et al . , 2000 , moss & ackers , 1982 , farnham et al . , 1985 , biernbaum , 1981 , barthel & wolfrath , 1989 , barthel , 1988 ,
commonly found in southern england , pembrokeshire and north west wales , also frequently found in western scotland . isolated records from the north sea .
present on both sides of the north atlantic . in europe it has been reported south to brittany , and is found in the south west netherlands and in harbours of the wadden sea . it is a non - native species in north america .
soest van et al . , 2000 , hayward et al . , 1996 , moss & ackers , 1982 , biernbaum , 1981 , soest van , 1977 , jncc , 1999 , nbn , 2002 , vethaak et al . , 1982 , bowerbank , 1874 ,
from the same area contained oocytes from april through to november although embryos were only observed from june to november . newly settled colonies were seen within just over a year , i . e . the following september and october ( vethaak
could be protandrous or protogynous hermaphrodites . no information was found concerning the life span of
soest van et al . , 2000 , wapstra & van soest , 1987 ,
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schwetzochromis neodon is a species of rheophilic cichlid endemic to the democratic republic of the congo where it is only known from the fwa river in the congo basin .

it can reach a length of 10.7 centimetres ( 4.2 in ) sl .

it is currently the only known member of its genus , but several others that formerly were included have been moved to orthochromis .

schwetzochromis neodon

a male of schwetzochromis neodon in the aquarium of anton lamboj [ austria ] . photo by anton lamboj . ( 12 - jan - 2010 ) . determiner anton lamboj
conservation : schwetzochromis neodon is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as ( lc ) least concern ( 2010 ) .
schwetzochromis neodon is only known from the fwa river , tributary to the lubu river , tributary to the sankuru river , in the south east congo river drainage , kasai oriental province , democratic republic of the congo .
schwetzochromis neodon is a benthopelagic species . it appears to be strictly herbivorous and seems to feed on filamentous algae , diatoms and a great variety of small pieces of higher and lower plants ( roberts and kullander 1994 ) .
does anyone have any schwetzochromis neodon or know where i could get any ? has anyone ever kept them before ? there isn ' t much info out there about them , just some great pictures . i gotta have em , and i think i speak for gas as well . thanks !
the lake is not a true lake but a widening of the river . the area is not easily accessible . water plants in the biotope included potamogeton , nympheas , nuphar , othelia , giant vallisneria . sympatric sp . aphyosemion cognatum ( ? ) , thoracochromis brauschi ( which fed on the vallisneria ) , cyclopharynx fwae , c schwetzi , schwetzochromis neodon , thoracochromis callichromus , hemichromis sp .
kullander , s . o . and t . r . roberts , 1991 . schwetzochromis . p . 439 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5691 )
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
brummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .
justification : the species is widespread or without major threats throughout the central africa assessment region and is assessed as least concern .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
africa : endemic to the fwa river ( lubu river tributary , sankuru drainage , middle congo river basin ) in democratic republic of the congo ( ref . 13455 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5691 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .
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pam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !
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poll , max . 1948 .
descriptions de cichlidae nouveaux recueillis par le dr . j . schwetz dans la rivière fwa ( congo belge )
. revue de zoologie et botanique africaines . v . 41 ; n . 1 ; pp . 91 - 104 ( crc01066 )
haplochromis rheophilus , with type locality at fwa river , zaire [ democratic republic of congo ] . determiner : roberts et al . , 1994
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quoting from lamboj ' s book . . . - endemic to lakw fwa in the drc - max length 14 cm - herbivorous - highly aggressive on each other - big tanks for dominant males - ovophilic , agamous , mateernal mouth brooder - small clutches . . about 30 sounds a lot like a rift lake cichlid . . . there was no information about water chemistry .
it ' s very hard to find ! i ' ve got some many years ago , unfortunatly 7 femalles and 1 male , as i gave 4 to a friend of mine . . . . he got the male and lost it ! there is a group in a public aquarium in st malo ( france ) . unfortunatly it seems very difficult to get yougs or fry ! they never answer to the mail i send . i don ' t think that the species has been exported for about 15 years . the pics are here : urltoken . . . eodon . html
the 4 photos below are distributed as e . sp . lake fwa . some authors consider them to be e . chevalieri nigricans while others consider them to represent an un - named sp . lake fwa are considered to be more slender than nigricans . i have put the photos in this page until i get more information .
photographs of male & female can be found on page 56 of the aqualog by dr . lothar seegers .
collected by heiko bleher in 1988 . wild fish presented a problem to maintain & wischmann put them into black water from old peat tanks which probably measured at least ph 5 . wischmann gave fish to seegers to photograph who put these photos in the aqualog . current generations do not require this old peaty water . maintained in germany from at least 1986 .
breeding notes seem to suggest they don ' t like mops but prefer java moss to lay there eggs in . eggs will water incubate in water of ph 7 , dh 10 . it seemed important not to add a fungal inhibitor . water incubation takes 14 days . fry will take newly hatched brine shrimp as a first food .