the spiny butterfly ray or giant butterfly ray ( gymnura altavela ) is a species of butterfly ray , family gymnuridae , native to the shallow coastal waters of the atlantic ocean .

a large ray that can measure over 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) across , it may be distinguished from the sympatric smooth butterfly ray ( g. micrura ) by the spine at the base of its tail and by a small tentacular structure on the margin of each spiracle .

slow-reproducing and valued for its meat , in recent decades its population has experienced a decline of over 30 % , and it has become critically endangered in certain parts of its range .

spiny butterfly ray

rays of paradise : ecology and distribution of spiny butterfly ray in gran canaria , canary island .
the juvenile spiny butterfly ray has paler skin , which darkens to brown as it matures ( 4 ) .
the spiny butterfly ray may be infected by parasites , most notably by the tapeworm anthobothrium altavelae ( 7 ) .
the spiny butterfly ray reproduces annually . this species is ovoviviparous , and the gestation period lasts between four and nine months . the litter size of the spiny butterfly ray is between two and eight , depending on location ( 1 ) .
the spiny butterfly ray is less threatened in us waters , where fishing levels are are lower . however , in the mediterranean sea , there is much higher demand for the spiny butterfly ray’s meat . it is now so rare in the mediterranean , the spiny butterfly ray has been absent from the mediterranean international trawl survey ( medits ) records since they began in 1994 ( 1 ) .
despite the rapidly declining numbers of the spiny butterfly ray , there are currently no specific conservation management programmes in place , and intensive trawling continues throughout this species’ range . however , the spiny butterfly ray is fully protected in the banc d ' arguin national park in mauritania . monitoring of spiny butterfly ray populations and protection in areas where it is heavily fished are needed ( 1 ) .
the spiny butterfly ray is patchily distributed across continental shelf waters of the mediterranean sea ( mceachran and fechhelm 1998 , serena 2005 ) .
the spiny butterfly ray can be found over sandy and muddy sea floors in shallow coastal waters , normally around depths of 50 to 55 metres . its patchy distribution means that the spiny butterfly ray is abundant in some areas , and scarcely found in others ( 1 ) .
suresh tv , raffi sm . pectoral fin anomalies in the long - tailed butterfly ray ,
expand the existing knowledge of the spiny butterfly rain the canary islands , focusing on the island of gran canaria .
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along the coast of west africa , large mesh bottom gillnets are used to target the spiny butterfly ray in huge numbers . even in protected marine areas , the average size of caught spiny butterfly rays has reduced as larger adults from the population are removed ( 1 ) .
little is known about the biology of the spiny butterfly ray . however , it is known that this species’ sharp pectoral fins are used to stun prey such as crustaceans , molluscs , plankton and small fishes . the spiny butterfly ray also may predate small sharks and squids , and may in turn be preyed upon by larger sharks ( 7 ) .
henningsen , a . ( 1998 ) captive husbandry and bioenergetics of the spiny butterfly ray , gymnura altavela ( linnaeus ) . zoo biology , 15 ( 2 ) : 135 - 142 .
the complete report is available at biomed central vía doi 10 . 1186 / s41200 - 016 - 0085 - 7 “ morphological and functional abnormality in the spiny butterfly ray gymnura altavela ” .
the upperparts of the spiny butterfly ray are usually brown to grey , sometimes with reddish - brown shading at the margins of the ‘wings’ . small dark or light spots and blotches may produce a marbling effect across the back . the colouration of the spiny butterfly ray , along with its wide , flat , disc - shaped body enable it to effectively camouflage itself in sand beds ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the underside is generally white , brown or rosy - coloured . the spiny butterfly ray has a blunt snout , and the jaws contain many rows of teeth ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
the spiny butterfly ray is under great pressure from fishing in the canary islands , a paradise in the atlantic ocean . david will work with citizen scientists to expand our knowledge about the lives of these vulnerable rays .
a female spiny butterfly ray g . altavela with an unfused anterior part of the right pectoral fin to the neurocranium was observed in the port of sardina del norte ( gran canaria island ) during a visual scuba diving census .
intense fishing in the southwest atlantic , particularly around the coast of brazil has led to declines in spiny butterfly ray populations . in 23 years , the percentage of trawl catches has reduced by an estimated 99 percent ( 1 ) .
the spiny butterfly ray gymnura altavela is one of 10 species of butterfly rays known worldwide ( 1 ) . this species has a broad distribution range and is present along the eastern and western coast of the atlantic ocean , including the mediterranean sea , the black sea and the madeira and canary islands ( 2 ) .
the spiny butterfly ray ( gymnura altavela ) gets its name from its wide , characteristically wing - like pectoral fins , and its short , sharp tail , which has serrated spines on both sides , used to stun prey ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
the first case of a morphologic abnormality in the spiny butterfly ray is reported for an individual in the canary islands . this is also the first time that an anomaly is reported for an elasmobranch species in its natural environment and for this class of fishes in the canary islands .
the exact causes for the anomaly are unknown to us , but they might have a genetic origin or due to an obstruction during the embryonic development . however , there is insufficient knowledge about the early development processes of butterfly rays and the factors that can affect it . no matter how , the reported case is remarkable for its striking similarity with the one from a butterfly ray species from india ; the long - tailed butterfly ray g . poecilura .
this ray can be distinguished from the spiny butterfly ray ( g . altavela ) by the absence of both a tentacle like structure protruding from the inner posterior margin of the spiracle and a caudal fin spine . the absence of a tail spine and the presence of a keel on the upper surface of the tail separates g . micrura from g . hirundo .
the smooth butterfly ray prefers neritic waters of the continental shelf and is usually found on soft bottoms . this species is known to enter brackish estuaries or hyper - saline lagoons .
spotted eagle ray
flying
through open waters . image courtesy national park service
common english names for this species include : lesser butterfly ray , diamond skate , butterfly ray , short - tailed lesser butterfly ray , and skeete . other names include arraia ( portuguese ) , gladde vlinderrog ( dutch ) , korthalet sommerfuglerokke ( danish ) , krídloun hladký ( czech ) , motýlovec hladkýpari ( czech ) , gampret ( malay ) , perhosrausku ( finnish ) , raie - papillon glabre ( french ) , raya guayanesa ( spanish ) , raya mariposa menor ( spanish ) , togenashi - tsubakuro - ei ( japanese ) , and uge - borboleta ( portuguese ) .
similar species sharing distribution ranges with the spotted eagle ray include the southern eagle ray ( myliobatis goodei ) and the bullnose ray ( m . freminvillii ) . the southern eagle ray has a dorsal fin originating well behind the level of the rear edges of the pelvic fins while this fin originates just behind the pelvic fin insertion point in the spotted eagle ray . in contrast , the bullnose ray has a dorsal fin origin close to the level of the rear margins of the pelvic fins . also the bullnose ray is absent from the gulf of mexico and the majority of the caribbean sea . the coloration of both of the southern eagle ray and the bullnose ray ranges from a uniform gray to reddish - brown with diffuse white spots on the dorsal surface . another species that closely resembles the spotted eagle ray is the longheaded eagle ray ( aetobatus flagellum ) . however the uniform coloration of the dorsal side of the longheaded eagle easily distinguishes it from spotted eagle ray which has a spot pattern on the topside of its body .
an adult female spiny butterfly ray with an incomplete developed rostrum was observed in the port of sardina ( gáldar , gran canaria ) during 2 consecutive years . this anomaly was caused by the by the lack of fusion of its right pectoral fin to the cranium , leaving an opening in the anterior part of the disc which is normally closed .
occasionally spiny butterfly rays attend the organized ray feeds at los gigantes on tenerife ( where the featured specimen was seen ) . los gigantes diving offers freestyle feeds once or twice per week . the divemaster takes a huge barrel of fish scraps to 60ft and offers them to the eagerly gathering ray species . after a while the human participants usually help themselves to some fish and wander off to interact with the rays on their own . the feed can be rather chaotic but the ray action is almost guaranteed . attending species include common eagle rays , common stingrays , roughtail rays , round stingrays and occasionally angel sharks , butterfly rays , and marbled torpedo rays .
the spiny butterfly ray has a very patchy distribution in the coastal tropical and temperate waters of the atlantic ocean , the mediterranean and the black sea . this species can be found in areas on both sides of the atlantic , in the western coastal waters of north and south america , and in eastern coastal waters from portugal to angola ( 1 ) .
a variety of abnormalities have been described for sharks , rays and skates across different ecoregions . morphological and functional anomalies in these species , however , were not yet documented in distributions from the canary islands , the spiny butterfly ray gymnura altavela ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and from in situ observations . the aim of the present study is to fill these knowledge gaps .
reports of cases with disorders in elasmobranch species from the canary islands , the spiny butterfly ray gymnura altavela ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and from in situ observations were not collected so far . in this sense , the present communication is a novel report of an abnormality in an elasmobranch species in this region based on data from g . altavela during a visual scuba diving census .
bloch and schneider first described the smooth butterfly ray in 1801 . the genus gymnura of the currently accepted scientific name is derived from the greek word gymnos meaning naked . synonyms for gymnura micrura include pteroplatea micrura , raja micrura and gymnura micura .
the spotted eagle ray is a popular display aquarium specimen and is often seen in public aquaria facilities .
this is a small ray that does not possess a spine . therefore it represents little danger to humans .
lays motionless for much of the time under a thin covering of sand . butterfly ray footprints or beds ( indentations left in the sand ) can often be seen days after the animal has moved on . feeds on fishes , crustaceans , mollusks and plankton .
spotted eagle ray subrostral lobe and spiracles ( left ) and pelvic fins and tail base . image © george burgess
spotted eagle ray : notice the ringed color pattern across the dorsal surface . image courtesy florida keys national marine sanctuary
spotted eagle ray dentition : open mouth showing tooth bands and floor and roof of mouth . image © cathleen bester
bennet sp . on an abnormal ray from vizhinjam . j mar biol assoc india . 1964 ; 6 : 316–7 .
the spiny butterfly ray was listed in appendix ii of the barcelona convention . parties to the barcelona convention agreed in 2012 that all elasmobranch species listed in annex ii of the protocol concerning specially protected areas and biological diversity in the mediterranean sea ( which includes recommendation gfcm / 36 / 2012 / 1 ) cannot be retained on board , transshipped , landed , transferred , stored , sold or displayed or offered for sale , and must be released unharmed and alive , to the extent possible .
the dorsal surface of this ray varies greatly in color , either gray , brown , or light green . photo © christina conrath
ovoviviparous . 4 - 7 embryos . gestation lasts for about 6 months . once the unborn spiny butterfly rays have completely used up the reserves in the yolk sac , the mother secretes uterine milk . long villi ( filaments ) grow from the uterus walls into the embryo ' s spiracles . milk can then be directed more efficiently into the embryo ' s mouth and throat .
guida l , walker ti , reina rd . first record of a bicephalic chondrichthyan found in australian waters ; the southern fiddler ray ,
easwaran cr . on an abnormal ray from the gulf of kutch . j mar biol assoc india . 1967 ; 9 ( 1 ) : 198–200 .
denticles the smooth skin surface of the spotted eagle ray lacks denticles and thorns . the tail spines are not smooth , but instead have lateral teeth and a barbed tip .
the smooth butterfly ray is found in the western and eastern atlantic ocean and in the gulf of mexico . in the western atlantic it occurs from maryland to brazil . it occurs in the gulf of mexico and northern south america to brazil . it also occurs in the eastern atlantic off the coasts of senegal , gambia , sierra leone , cameroon and democratic republic of the congo ( to the mouth of congo river ) .
metin g , i̇lkyaz at , kinacigil ht . morphologic deformation in a ray : a case report . turk j vet anim sci . 2009 ; 33 ( 3 ) : 261–3 .
little is known of the spiny butterfly ray ' s biology . maximum size may reach 400 cm dw , but usually up to 200 cm dw ( stehmann 1981 ) . size at maturity is reported as 155 cm dw in males and 102 cm dw in females ( daiber and booth 1960 ) . reproduction is aplacental yolk - sac viviparous , with one to three pups per litter in the mediterranean sea ( tortonese 1956 ) . it reproduces annually and reported gestation time is four to nine months ( capapé et al . 1992 ) . size at birth ranges from 38–44 cm dw ( bigelow and schroeder 1953 , mceachran and carvalho 2002 ) . generation length is inferred from similar species as approximately six to seven years .
gallagher mj , nolan cp , jeal f ( 2004 ) age , growth and maturity of the commercial ray species from the irish sea . j northwest atl fish sci 35 : 47–66 .
food habits clams , oysters , shrimp , octopus , squid and sea urchins as well as bony fishes provide prey for the spotted eagle ray . this ray is well adapted with its shovel - shaped snout and duck - like bill for searching in the mud for benthic invertebrates . when a prey item is found , the ray crushes it with its plate - like teeth and uses the papillae located in the mouth to separate the shells from the flesh . upon scientific observation , the stomach contents of spotted eagle rays contained intact prey items lacking any remnants of shells .
, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of south africa ( rajiformes : torpedinoidei : narkidae ) , with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy . smithiana bull 7 : 15–19 .
the spotted eagle ray is commonly observed in bays and over coral reefs as well as the occasional foray into estuarine habitats . although it occurs in inshore waters to depths of approximately 200 feet ( 60 m ) , the spotted eagle ray spends most of its time swimming in schools in open water . in open waters , spotted eagle rays often form large schools and swim close to the surface . it is known to swim long distances across open waters as evidenced by its presence in bermuda . this species is capable of leaping completely out of the water when pursued . it swims by
flying
gracefully through the water via the undulation of the pectoral fins . when this ray is caught and taken out of the water , it produces loud sounds . although much research is still needed on the life history of the spotted eagle ray , it is known that this species shows high site fidelity ( individuals often stay in or return to the same location ) . this ray also interacts socially with other individuals within its own species .
the spotted eagle ray is considered of minor commercial fisheries importance . presently , fishing grounds are primarily found within inshore surface waters throughout this species range . methods of capture include trawls , trammelnets , and longlines . it is also fished as a gamefish and provides a good fight when captured on a line . this ray is rarely eaten due to the poor quality of the flesh . instead , it is used for fishmeal and oil .
the spotted eagle ray is distributed worldwide in tropical and warm temperate waters . in the western atlantic ocean , it is found in waters off north carolina and florida ( u . s . ) , gulf of mexico , caribbean and bermuda south to brazil . this ray can be found from mauritania to angola in the eastern atlantic ocean . in the indo - west pacific , it occurs in the red sea and from south africa to hawaii , including north to japan and south to australia . the spotted eagle ray also resides in the waters of the eastern pacific ocean from the gulf of california south to puerto pizarro , peru , including the galapagos islands ( ecuador ) .
capapé c , ali m , saad a , reynaud c . tail abnormalities in thornback ray raja clavata ( chondrichthyes : rajidae ) from the coast of syria ( eastern mediterranean ) . cah biol mar . 2015b ; 56 ( 2 ) : 155–61 .
this is a broad , diamond - shaped ray with a very short tail lacking a dorsal spine and a protruding snout . the front edges of the disk are concave . the tail has low dorsal and ventral finfolds and three to four dark crossbars .
predators sharks , including the silvertip shark ( carcharhinus albimarginatus ) and great hammerhead ( sphyrna mokarran ) , are predators of the spotted eagle ray . sharks have also been reported to follow spotted eagle rays during the birthing season , feeding on newborn pups .
parasites trematodes , including thaumatocotyle pseudodasybatis , commonly infect the skin of the spotted eagle ray . clemacotyle australis was reported in the branchial cavity of an individual caught in australian waters and decacotyle octona n . comb was found on the gills on another individual .
this diamond - shaped ray is much wider than it is long , usually 3 to 4 feet wide , and its short tail lacks the ray ' s usual spine . it can vary from light brown to gray to greenish , with lighter or darker spots , and can manipulate its shading to blend better into its background . it is tolerant of a variety of salt content , from brackish river mouths to highly saline lagoons , as long as there is a muddy or sandy bottom to hunt small fish and invertebrates .
acanthobothrium monski n . sp . and a . nicoyaense n . sp . , both tapeworms , also parasitize the spotted eagle ray . in addition , a marine leech , branchellion torpedinis , has been recorded on the pelvic fins of a specimen from venezuelan waters .
historically , the spiny butterfly ray was not uncommon in the catch of demersal trawl and set net fisheries throughout the mediterranean sea , the southern part in particular . it is still regularly present in some parts of the southern and eastern mediterranean sea ( bariche 2012 ) . there have been no records of the species from the medits surveys since 1994 ( baino et al . 2001 ) , indicating that it is perhaps absent from most of the northern mediterranean sea . the cod - end mesh size of the medits gear of 20 mm is sufficient to catch this species , and the surveys occur throughout its depth range and habitat - type , ruling out the possibility that it may not be susceptible to this survey equipment . occasional specimens turn up in the catch of demersal fisheries ; for example , one adult male was captured recently near anzio , italy ( psomadakis et al . 2005 ) and another specimen in the southern adriatic sea in 2000 ( dulcic et al . 2003 ) , confirming that it is not yet locally extinct in the central mediterranean sea .
, bishop ray , bonnet skate , duckbill ray , eagle ray , lady ray , leopard ray , mottled eagle ray , skate , spotted bonnetray , spotted duckbill ray , spotted stingray , spotted eagleray , spotted whipray , sunfish , whip , whip ray , and white - spotted eagle ray . other common names include aigle de mer ( french ) , arendskoprog ( dutch ) , arraia - morcego ( portuguese ) , arraia - pintada ( portuguese ) , bagtau ( bikol ) , banagun ( bikol ) , banagon ( bikol ) , bolad ( marathi ) , bulik ( cebuano ) , chili ( oriya ) , chucho ( spanish ) , chucho pintado ( spanish ) , chuchu agila ( papiamento ) , curooway - tiriki ( tamil ) , dalimanok ( tagalog ) , eel - tenkee ( telugu ) , faaiy ( carolinian ) , fai manu ( tahitian ) , fai sikota ( tongan ) , fai - manu ( samoan ) , gavilan pintado ( spanish ) , gefleckter adlerrochen ( german ) , gevlekte adelaarsrog ( dutch ) , gharabi ( arabic ) , imil ( marshallese ) , jimojo ( marshallese ) , kakkathirandi ( malayam ) , kipungu ( swahili ) , kurivi thirukai ( tamil ) , lamburu jangang ( makassarese ) , leik - kyauh - sun ( burmese ) , leopardrocka ( swedish ) , madara - tobi - ei ( japanese ) , madi ( mahl ) , maylan ( somali ) , narinari ( portuguese ) , nek yorany ( kumak ) , obispo ( spanish ) , orlen centkowany ( polish ) , pagi ( tagalog ) , paging paul ( tagalog ) , papagaio ( portuguese ) , pari burung ( malay ) , pari lang ( malay ) , pe manuk ( ( javanese ) , pintada ( portuguese ) , pungo piju ( ( swahili ) , raia - chita ( portuguese ) , raia - leopardo ( portuguese ) , raie chauve - souris ( french ) , raie noire ( french ) , ramak - e - khaldar ( farsi ) , ratau ponteado ( portuguese ) , raya ( spanish ) , raya aguila ( spanish ) , rayo pico de pato ( spanish ) , spikkel - arendrog ( afrikaans ) , taachui ( swahili ) , tagabobon ( banton ) , taligmanok ( bikol ) , tiss ( arabic ) , tubaq ( arabic ) , vai tonotono ( fijian ) , vali lovo ( gela ) , vaval ( malayalam ) , wakawa ( spanish ) , and walbuulbul ( spanish ) .
the spotted eagle ray has a very angular disc and a long , broad snout with a v - shaped internasal flap . the ventrally located mouth is well - adapted for feeding on benthic prey . the flattened body disc is broad and short , measuring about twice as wide as long .
coloration the dorsal surface of this ray is gray , brown or light green , dotted and vermiculated with paler and darker spots . the tail has three to four dark crossbars . the ventral surface is white . this species has some ability to adapt it ' s shade to that of the bottom .
it might be expected that the feeding strategies and diets of species within the torpedinoidei would be similar . these differences with respect to the type of prey targeted presumably relates to whether a ray species relies on its electric organs to subdue potential prey , or can forage effectively without recourse to producing electrical discharges .
the spotted eagle ray was originally described in 1790 as raja narinari ( euphrasen 1790 ) . the name was changed to stoasodon narinari and later to the currently valid name aetobatus narinari ( euphrasen , 1790 ) . the genus name aetobatus is derived from the greek aetos meaning
eagle
and batis meaning
ray
. synonyms referring to this species in past scientific literature include raia quinqueaculeata quoy and gaimard 1824 , myliobatis eeltenkee rüppell , 1837 , myliobatis macroptera mcclelland 1841 , and aetobatis latirostris duméril , 1861 . a . narinari , sometimes considered a species complex rather than a single species , is currently under review .
size , age , and growth the spotted eagle ray reaches a maximum length of 8 . 2 feet ( 2 . 5 m ) not including the tail , with the total length including an unbroken tail reaching close to 16 . 4 feet ( 5 m ) . the maximum disc width is 9 . 8 feet ( 3 m ) and maximum published weight is 507 pounds ( 230 kg ) .
at 3 . 90 ( ±0 . 12 ) the mean t l for the torpedinoidei was slightly higher than that of the myliobatoidei ( table 3 ) . at the family level the torpedinidae ( t l = 4 . 24 ) and hypnidae ( t l = 4 . 21 ) had the highest t l values of this study ; the subfamily mobulinae had the lowest average t l value at 3 . 25 ( table 3 ) . the majority of species in the myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei ( 84 % , 63 spp . ) were identified as secondary consumers with a t l of < 4 . 0 ; the majority of which had a t l value of between 3 . 50 and 3 . 99 ( table s1 ) . the remaining 12 species ( 16 % ) were identified as tertiary consumers ( t l values ≥4 . 0 ) and included species from the families gymnuridae ( n = 4 ) , torpedinidae ( n = 3 ) , dasyatidae ( n = 2 ) , potamotrygonidae ( n = 2 ) , and hypnidae ( n = 1 ) . the longheaded eagle ray aetobatus flagellum ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) and the largespot river stingray potamotrygon falkneri castex & maciel , 1963 had the lowest individual trophic level value of the study at t l = 3 . 10 . the australian butterfly ray g . australis and two species of torpedo had the highest individual t l value of 4 . 24 ( table s1 ) .
dietary studies involving the myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei are often restricted to individual species with interspecific comparisons focusing principally on results obtained from shared analytical techniques i . e . comparisons of index of relative importance ( i ri ) values . as a consequence , there is limited understanding of how the diets of ray species relate to each other and to the diets of other marine predators . the following study provides standardised dietary compositions and t l estimates for a wide range of species from the suborders myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei . designed to augment previous studies [ 1 ] – [ 3 ] , the results obtained provide a significant contribution to the overall understanding of what trophic levels elasmobranchs occupy and how these relate to other marine predators . the study also provides a comprehensive overview of the available dietary data for each of the suborders and represents the first detailed t l analysis involving multiple electric ray species .
habitat , biology , and fisheries : butterfly rays are cosmopolitan in tropical and warm - temperate waters , usually inhabiting sandy and muddy bottoms in shallow coastal waters , including estuaries and river mouths . benthic in shallow water to 55 m . because they have very short tails compared to whiptailed stingrays ( dasyatidae ) , they pose little threat to people ( some species even lack a caudal serrated spine ) . they are viviparous without placenta and feed primarily on crustaceans and clams . species are often caught in bottom gill nets . large specimens are marketed fresh and salted . dorsal surface dark brown to lighter brown , with small darker or lighter spots and blotches scattered on disc ; ventrally creamy white .
reproduction mating behavior often includes the pursuit of a female by one or more males . these males grab her dorsum with their upper tooth plate . one male then grasps the edge of the female ' s pectoral fin and rolls to her ventral side . the male then inserts a clasper into the female ray . the actual mating lasts 30 - 90 seconds while the pair are positioned venter - to - venter . females have been observed to mate in this manner with up to four males over a short time period .
in comparison to the previous studies of shark and skate diets [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , rays of the myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei averaged 1 . 69±0 . 12 dietary studies per species compared to 2 . 98±0 . 24 for sharks [ 1 ] and 2 . 07±0 . 23 for skates [ 2 ] . the difference in study effort is also markedly different , with the majority of ray species’ diets characterised through a single study and a maximum of five dietary studies for a single species ( d . pastinaca ) . this is in contrast to nine studies for both the thornback skate raja clavata linnaeus , 1758 and thorny skate amblyraja radiata ( donovan , 1808 ) and 17 for the spiny dogfish squalus acanthias linnaeus , 1758 [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] . similarly , the maximum number of stomachs sampled for a single species was 1 , 265 for d . pastinaca ( current study ) ; compared with 19 , 259 for s . acanthias [ 1 ] and 19 , 738 for the little skate leucoraja erincea ( mitchill , 1825 ) [ 2 ] . it is noted though that all three studies contained a relatively high proportion of species with samples of fewer than 100 stomachs ; 42 . 7 % , present study ; 51 . 0 % sharks [ 1 ] ; 38 . 3 % , skates [ 2 ] .
the pelvic fins are narrowly rounded and the dorsal fin is small with its origin just posterior to the pelvic fin insertion point . there is no caudal fin on the spotted eagle ray . the tail is very long and whip - like , reaching lengths of 2 . 5 - 3x the width of the disc when undamaged . the stinging spines , originating just behind the dorsal fin , are short and number from 2 - 6 . they have a barbed tip and recurved lateral teeth along with a forked root . these venomous spines can deliver a nasty sting when used in defense against potential threats .
this ray is a bycatch of coastal demersal fisheries but not targeted . towards the end of the 20 th century , benthic trawl effort in the mediterranean sea increased both numerically and technologically . for example , the gulf of lions area was initially exploited by small - scale benthic trawl fisheries comprising 27 small low - powered boats ( total nominal horse power of 2 , 700 hp ) , but effort increased seven - fold to a total of 19 , 940 hp between 1974 and 1987 . following this , half of the benthic trawl fishing effort was displaced to target small pelagic fishes ( aldebert 1997 ) . the adriatic sea is subject to trawling mainly by italian , croatian , slovenian , and albanian fleets but landings data are not available ( jukic - peladic et al . 2001 ) . coastal development , pollution , and anthropogenic disturbance through tourism activities are also a threat to the shallow coastal habitat of this species .
the standardised diets of most species ( 56 . 0 % ) were characterised by use of a single dietary data set , with a further 26 . 7 % based on two data sets ( table 2 ) . the standardised diet of the common stingray dasyatis pastinaca ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was based on the highest number of dietary studies ( n = 5 ) and the largest stomach sample size ( n = 1265 , table s1 ) . the common eagle ray myliobatis aquila ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was the only other species whose standardised diet was based on analysis of over 1000 stomachs . six species ( 8 . 0 % ) had 500–1000 stomach samples ; 35 species ( 46 . 7 % ) between 100 and 500 stomachs , 32 species ( 42 . 7 % ) had fewer than 100 stomachs and the standardised diet of nine species were based on less than 20 stomachs . a full species list including standardised prey contributions and individual t l estimates is provided in table s1 .
as one of the most beautiful rays , the spotted eagle ray has a dramatic spotted pattern across the dorsal side of the body . the small white , bluish - white , greenish , pearly , or yellow spots are distinct against the black , dark gray , or brown body color . a variation on this pattern includes larger white rings each with a black center , and these rings sometimes join to form lines and circles . the ventral surface is white in color , making it easy to see them underwater as they flap their pectoral fins during swimming . the disc and fin outer margins as well as the tail are darkly shaded or black . the tail has a white base and in freshly caught specimens , there may be crossbars on the tail . the upper sides of the pelvic fins are a similar color to the background color of the body along with dark posterior edges and 6 - 10 spots . the dorsal fin is either uniformly dark or has a blotch on the front edge .
when compared , no significant relationship was observed between t l estimates and the dominate descriptors of body size . a weak , negative correlation was detected between t l and maximum disc width for the myliobatoidei species ( spearman rank correlation coefficient , r s = −0 . 1167 , p > 0 . 05 , n = 64 ) . similarly a weak but positive correlation was detected between t l and torpedinoidei total length ( spearman rank correlation coefficient , r s = 0 . 1071 , p > 0 . 05 , n = 8 ) . removal of filter - feeding species from the myliobatoidei sample resulted in a marginal increase in the spearman rank correlation coefficient ( r s = 0 . 1509 , p > 0 . 05 , n = 61 ) . the thorny round stingray urotrygon chilensis ( günther , 1872 ) , dwarf round stingray u . nana miyake & mceachran , 1998 and munda round ray u . munda gill , 1863 were not included in the myliobatoidei analysis due to the unavailability of an accurate measurement of maximum disc width .
continuous feeding , as defined above , is the strategy most frequently employed by stingrays and skates [ 3 ] , [ 35 ] . these species typically ingest prey living on the surface of the substrate or utilise inertial suction to target prey buried in the immediate subsurface layer [ 33 ] , [ 36 ] , with larger species able to ingest larger , more mobile prey [ 37 ] . it is interesting that the diet of species within the narcinidae and narkidae appears to be more consistent with continuous feeding species , whereas species within the torpedinidae and hypnidae have a prey contribution profile consistent with that of the ambush predators ( table 2 , fig . 1 ) . as all of these species possess two well - developed electrical organs [ 12 ] , [ 38 ] it might be expected that the feeding strategies and diets of species within the torpedinoidei would be similar . these differences with respect to the type of prey targeted presumably relates to whether a ray species relies on its electric organs to subdue potential prey , or can forage effectively without recourse to producing electrical discharges .
in contrast , the principal commercial markets for stingray species in the indo - pacific region tend to be artisinal fisheries [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] . the most notable of these occur in the indonesian archipelago which is home to the largest chondrichthyan fishery in the world [ 31 ] . dietary studies in these areas are often impeded by sampling costs , an inability to obtain fresh samples or an inability to adequately process samples e . g . freeze specimens for subsequent analysis . furthermore , the indonesian archipelago has significant problems with respect to illegal , unreported and unregulated shark and ray fishing activity [ 29 ] . as a consequence , dietary studies have a low priority when compared to the quantification of catch rates , determination of population trends [ 29 ] , [ 31 ] and enhancement of baseline biological information , such as growth rates and reproductive parameters [ 32 ] . while stingrays and electric rays are caught in commercial fisheries in australia , their retention is often limited by legislation or low market demand [ 12 ] , and thus this also affects the availability of specimens . further , the collection of specimens for species that do not form part of a commercial catch is generally time consuming and costly .
figure 3 . histological sections of the vesicles of savi on the ventral surface of the lesser electric ray , narcine brasiliensis . a – vesicles of savi are located in sub - epidermal pouches ( p ) below epidermal ( e ) , stratum spongiosum ( ss ) , stratum compactum ( sc ) and loose connective tissue ( ct ) skin layers . scale bar = 200 μ m . b – each vesicle of savi consists of a large central neuromast ( cn ) and two smaller peripheral neuromasts ( pn ) , all innervated by nerve fibers ( ne ) . the cupula ( cu ) of the central neuromast is dense with a striated appearance , while the cupula ( arrowhead ) of the smaller peripheral neuromasts is gelatinous and similar in structure to canal neuromast cupulae . scale bar = 200 μ m . c – vesicles of savi are closely associated with cartilaginous skeletal elements ( cse ) at their base . scale bar = 200 μ m . d – vesicles of savi are located in distinct rows along the ventral rostrum . lumina of adjacent vesicles ( arrows ) do not appear connected but lie approximately 100 μ m apart below loose connective tissue ( ct ) . scale bar = 200 μ m . ventral side is up .
frequency of prey occurrence ( i . e . presence / absence ) , standardised diets and individual t l estimates were calculated for all 75 stingray and electric ray species . an average t l and standardised diet was also calculated for each of the respective families and suborders . calculation of a precision estimate to determine sample size sufficiency for the inclusion of a species in family and suborder level calculations was generally compromised by insufficient information in the source literature [ 2 ] , [ 21 ] . further , restricting the scope of the analyses to studies where sample size had been demonstrated to be sufficient through precision estimates ( i . e . through cumulative prey curves ) [ 21 ] would have resulted in a significant amount of data being omitted from the analysis . given this , the approach taken by cortés [ 1 ] and ebert & bizzarro [ 2 ] was adopted with a minimum sample limit of 20 stomachs set for the inclusion of a species in family and order level calculations . the 20 stomach limit has been used successfully in previous elasmobranch trophic level analyses [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] and is designed to enhance the robustness of conclusions drawn and minimise the influence of species with smaller sample sizes [ 1 ] . of the 75 species , 66 had 20 or more stomachs sampled and were subsequently included in the family and suborder average diet and trophic level calculations .
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vooren , c . m . , piercy , a . n . , snelson jr . , f . f . , grubbs , r . d . , notarbartolo di sciara , g . & serena , s .
patchily distributed in tropical and warm temperate continental shelf waters on the eastern ( portugal to ambriz , angola ) and western ( from massachusetts state , usa ( 42°n ) to buenos aires province , argentina ( ~ 38°s ) ) sides of the atlantic ocean , including the mediterranean sea , the black sea and the madeira and canary islands ( mceachran and fechhelm 1998 ) . rarely reported from the gulf of mexico ( mceachran and carvalho 2002 ) . it has a very patchy distribution in the northwest and western atlantic , where it can be locally abundant and appears to be habitat dependent . adults are common in the mouths of tidal creeks along the virginia coast , usa ( musick et al . unpublished data ) . in the 1980s gymnura altavela was common and abundant throughout the year on the continental shelf of southern brazil at depths of 10 to 150 m , being classified as a breeding resident species ( vooren 1997 ) .
albania ; algeria ; angola ; argentina ; belize ; benin ; bosnia and herzegovina ; brazil ; cameroon ; colombia ; costa rica ; côte d ' ivoire ; croatia ; cyprus ; egypt ; equatorial guinea ; france ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; greece ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; honduras ; israel ; italy ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; malta ; mauritania ; mexico ; monaco ; morocco ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; portugal ; senegal ; sierra leone ; slovenia ; spain ( canary is . ) ; suriname ; syrian arab republic ; togo ; tunisia ; turkey ; united states ; uruguay ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; western sahara
a large , locally abundant , but overall unabundant , inshore batoid with a patchy and discontinuous distribution , found in shallow coastal waters over sand and mud generally to depths of 50 to 55 m ( bini 1967 , mceachran and felchman 1998 ) , although it has been recorded from depths of 10 to 150 m off southern brazil ( vooren 1997 ) . little is known of its biology . maximum size is reported as 220 cm disc width ( musick et al . unpub . data ) in the northwest atlantic ; sizes exceeding 400 cm dw reported off the coast of west africa ( bini 1967 ) may be erroneous . size at maturity is reported as 155 cm dw in males and 102 cm dw in females ( daiber and booth 1960 ) . aplacental yolksac viviparous reproduction with litter size varying from 2 to 8 depending on geographic location ( four pups / litter reported by bigelow and schroeder ( 1953 ) and bini ( 1967 ) ; 2 - 6 by capapé et al . ( 1992 ) and 1 - 3 by tortonese ( 1956 ) for the mediterranean ; up to five per litter in southern brazil ( vooren unpub . data ) ; and , up to eight by musick et . al . ( unpub . data ) for the northwest atlantic ) . reproduces annually and gestation time is reported as 4 to 9 months ( capapé et al . 1992 ) . size at birth is reported as 38 to 44 cm dw ( bigelow and schroeder 1953 , mceachran and carvalho 2002 ) . age at maturity , longevity , average reproductive age , annual rate of population increase and natural mortality are all unknown .
no species specific management or protection is currently in place for this species , except for in the banc d ' arguin national park , mauritania where it is protected .
vooren , c . m . , piercy , a . n . , snelson jr . , f . f . , grubbs , r . d . , notarbartolo di sciara , g . & serena , s . 2007 .
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classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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filiz , h and blige , g . ( 2004 ) length - weight relationships of 24 fish species from the north aegean sea , turkey . journal of applied ichthyology , 20 ( 5 ) : 431 - 432 .
campbell , a . and dawes , j . ( 2004 ) encyclopedia of underwater life . oxford university press , oxford .
mceachran , j . d . and fechhelm , j . d . ( 1998 ) fishes of the gulf of mexico : myxiniformes to gasterosteiformes . university of texas press , austin , usa .
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greek , gymnos = naked + greek , oura = tail ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; brackish ; demersal ; depth range 5 - 100 m ( ref . 6808 ) . subtropical ; 47°n - 39°s , 98°w - 42°e
western atlantic : southern new england , usa , brazil ( ref . 7251 ) to argentina ( ref . 58839 ) . eastern atlantic : portugal to ambriz , angola ( including the mediterranean , black sea , and the madeira and canary islands ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 400 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3709 ) ; common length : 200 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3709 ) ; max . published weight : 60 . 0 kg ( ref . 4699 )
tail short armed with spine . disk very broad . very low dorsal and ventral finfolds on tail ( ref . 7251 ) . disk dark brown to grayish , lower surface of disc and of pelvic fins white , brownish , rosy or rusty cast . tail white or rosy white below ( ref . 6902 ) .
maximum length measured is 140 cm ( ref . 5377 ) . occurs over sand and mud . feeds on fishes , crustaceans , mollusks and plankton . ovoviviparous , gestation lasting about 6 months with 4 to 7 embryos produced per female ( ref . 6676 ) .
exhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding initially on yolk , then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus , fat or protein through specialised structures ( ref . 50449 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
bauchot , m . - l . , 1987 . raies et autres batoides . p . 845 - 886 . in w . fischer , m . l . bauchot and m . schneider ( eds . ) fiches fao d ' identificationpour les besoins de la pêche . ( rev . 1 ) . mèditerranée et mer noire . zone de pêche 37 . vol . ii . commission des communautés européennes and fao , rome . ( ref . 3261 )
) : 14 . 9 - 27 . 8 , mean 23 . 6 ( based on 860 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01445 ( 0 . 00696 - 0 . 03003 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 ±0 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( fec 4 - 7 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 51 of 100 ) .
the size and the observation of the activities swimming , burying and preying confirmed the adaption of the specimen for the anomaly and underdeveloped electrosensory system in its survival . the limited knowledge of teratogens and their triggering factors , and the striking similarity with an anomaly reported for g . poecilura ( shaw , 1804 ) from south india , suggest genetic expression aberrations or mechanical obstructions during gestation as origin for the disorder .
occurrences of abnormalities have been widely reported for various elasmobranch species in different ecoregions . records for skates and rays include bicephalism in the magdalena transition ( castro aguirre and torres villegas
) , aberrant appendages in the patagonian shelf ( deli - antoni et al .
) , lack of gill - slit and underweight in brackish waters from the tunisian plateau ( el kamel et al .
) , incomplete rostrum in the southwestern caribbean ( ramírez - hernandez et al .
) and have been reported in , e . g the adriatic sea ( valle
is distributed from tropical to warm temperate continental shelf waters on both sides of the atlantic ocean , including the mediterranean sea , the black sea and the madeira and canary islands . maximum size is assumed to be 200 cm disc width . its limiting life history , patchy and discontinuous distribution , and habitat dependent characteristics make it intrinsically vulnerable to population depletion . this species was classified as ‘vulnerable’ on the basis of a suspected continuing decline of at least 30 % ( vooren et al .
on 22 and 28 july 2007 , and 6 july 2008 , during underwater visual census in the port of sardina del norte ( 28°09′ n and 15°41′ o ) , gran canaria island , an unusual female individual g . altavela with 137 cm disc width was observed . size , activity , depth , water temperature and behaviour were recorded .
the interior margin of the specimens’ right pectoral fin was detached from the braincase and the rostral ridge . it appeared as a free lobe slightly projecting forward from the disc plane , with the lateral margin pointed towards the exterior margin of the disc . the anterior margin of the disc was incomplete from the rostral ridge up to the lateral extreme of the spiracle . at the proximal end , the disc was absent up to the neurocranium , extending from the rostral ridge to behind the posterior margin of the spiracle . epidermis pigmentation was absent at the proximal part of the lobe with a similar appearance , in colour and texture , of the white epidermis from the ventral side ( fig .


nassarius echinatus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks .

nassarius echinatus

nassarius echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life
explore what eol knows about nassarius echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) .
worms - world register of marine species - nassarius echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassariidae » nassarius echinatus , id : 305042 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
worms - world register of marine species - nassarius ( niotha ) echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 )
nassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril , 1805
nassarius quadrasi alba ( var . ) hidalgo , j . g . , 1904
( of nassarius ( niotha ) echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassarius ( niotha ) echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) ) tsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp . [ details ]
nassarius - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
description up to 3 cm , similar to n . albescens gemmuliferus , but with more widely spaced , spiny nodules arranged in spiral rows . . . .
description up to 3 cm , similar to n . albescens gemmuliferus , but with more widely spaced , spiny nodules arranged in spiral rows . colour variable , white or cream often with orange - brown spots . habitat : rocky or sandy eulittoral and deeper . distribution : indo - pacific . ( richmond , 1997 ) . [ details ]
richmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa echinata a . adams , 1852 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa ( hebra ) echinata a . adams , 1852 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
( of nassa quadrasi var . alba hidalgo , 1904 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]
tsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp . [ details ]
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tan siong kiat and henrietta p . m . woo , 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ) , raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore .
tan , k . s . & l . m . chou , 2000 . a guide to the common seashells of singapore . singapore science centre . 160 pp .
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . < i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i > 14 : 1 - 356 .
cernohorsky , w . o . ( 1984 ) systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i . 14 : 1 - 356
richmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp .
tsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , < i > marine mollusks in japan < / i > , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp .
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myrmarachne formicaria is a species of jumping spider ( family salticidae ) .

it mimics an ant .

it is one of the few species in the genus myrmarachne that is found outside the tropics .

myrmarachne formicaria

no one has contributed data records for myrmarachne formicaria yet . learn how to contribute .
the ant - jumper , myrmarachne formicaria . the spider is camouflaged as an ant . it moves like an ant and holds up its front legs so it look like antennas of an ant .
bradley , r . a . , cutler , b . and hodge , m . 2006 . the first records of myrmarachne formicaria ( araneae , salticidae ) in the americas . journal of arachnology 34 : 483–484 .
gall , w . k . & edwards , g . b . ( 2016 ) . first records for the jumping spiders heliophanus kochii in the americas and myrmarachne formicaria in new york state ( araneae : salticidae ) . peckhamia 140 . 1 : 1 - 7 . - - show included taxa
myrmarachne confusus wanless , 1978a : 46 , f . 23a - h ( d m ) . myrmarachne confusa brignoli , 1983c : 645 .
nomina nuda : myrmarachne kuroiwana kishida - - yaginuma , in brignoli , 1983c : 644 . myrmarachne matsumurana kishida - - yaginuma , in brignoli , 1983c : 644 . myrmarachne sakisimana kishida - - yaginuma , in brignoli , 1983c : 644 .
high - speed video results are based on 27 recordings of m . formicaria ( three females and two males ) , 15 recordings of ants ( four formica sp . workers ) and 23 recordings of non - mimetic salticids ( salticus scenicus two females ; sitticus sp . one female ; phidippus audax two females ) .
myrmarachne decorata reimoser , 1927b : 3 , f . 3 ( d f ) .
myrmarachne roeweri reimoser , 1934b : 500 , f . 22 ( d m ) .
myrmarachne natalica lessert , 1925b : 344 , f . 11 ( d f ) . myrmarachne natalica wanless , 1978a : 39 , f . 18a - e ( f ) .
myrmarachne lulengensis roewer , 1965 : 49 , f . 39 ( d m ) . myrmarachne caheni roewer , 1965 : 61 , f . 67 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lulengensis wanless , 1978a : 55 , f . 29a - i ( m , s ) .
myrmarachne bamakoi berland & millot , 1941 : 404 , f . 94 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bamakoi wanless , 1978a : 73 , f . 43a - g ( m ) .
myrmarachne biseratensis badcock , 1918 : 312 , f . 10 ( d m ) . myrmarachne biseratensis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 512 , f . 8a - g , 9a - f ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne biseratensis prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 46l ( f ) . myrmarachne biseratensis prószyński , 2018b : 161 , f . 19l ( f ) .
myrmarachne brevis xiao , 2002 : 477 , f . 1 - 6 ( d m ) .
myrmarachne calcuttaensis biswas , 1984a : 126 , f . 17 - 19 ( d f ) .
myrmarachne consobrina denis , 1955b : 116 , f . 14 - 17 ( d m ) .
myrmarachne dirangicus bastawade , 2002 : 278 , f . 20 - 28 ( d f ) .
myrmarachne galianae cutler , 1981c : 52 , f . 1 - 7 ( d m ) .
myrmarachne ransoni wanless , 1978a : 124 , f . 83a - e ( d f ) .
myrmarachne richardsi wanless , 1978a : 61 , f . 35a - h ( d m ) .
myrmarachne russellsmithi wanless , 1978a : 92 , f . 58a - h ( d m ) .
myrmarachne thaii zabka , 1985 : 418 , f . 359 - 363 ( d m ) .
myrmarachne vehemens fox , 1937d : 16 , f . 6 , 10 ( d m ) .
synemosyna clavigera thorell , 1877b : 548 ( d m ) . myrmarachne clavigera simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne clavigera yamasaki , 2012 : 161 , f . 20 - 27 ( m ) . myrmarachne clavigera yamasaki , 2015 : 55 , f . 21 - 22 ( m f ) .
myrmarachne bakeri banks , 1930a : 216 , pl . 11 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bakeri edwards , 2015 : 79 , f . 39k - l ( m ) .
myrmarachne balinese prószyński & deeleman - reinhold , 2010 : 176 , f . 123 - 124 ( d f ) . myrmarachne balinese prószyński , 2018b : 165 , f . 22b ( f ) .
synemosyna moesta thorell , 1877b : 541 ( d f ) . myrmarachne moesta roewer , 1955c : 947 . myrmarachne moesta yamasaki , 2012 : 165 , f . 32 - 35 ( f ) .
synemosyna nigra thorell , 1877b : 544 ( d f ) . myrmarachne nigra simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne nigra yamasaki , 2012 : 167 , f . 36 - 41 ( f ) .
synemosyna nitidissima thorell , 1877b : 546 ( d m ) . myrmarachne nitidissima roewer , 1955c : 948 . myrmarachne nitidissima yamasaki , 2012 : 169 , f . 42 - 48 ( m ) . myrmarachne nitidissima yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 544 , f . 35a - g ( m ) .
myrmarachne cornuta badcock , 1918 : 291 , f . 5 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta edmunds & prószyński , 2003 : 304 , f . 30 - 39 ( m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 16 , f . 7 ( m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 518 , f . 13a - g , 14a - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 45c12 , 46m ( f ) . myrmarachne cornuta prószyński , 2018b : 161 , f . 19m , 22a ( f ) .
myrmarachne aurea ceccarelli , 2010 : 248 , f . 10 - 18 ( d m f ) .
myrmarachne edwardsi berry , beatty & prószyński , 1996 : 241 , f . 97 - 102 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne edwardsi prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b7 ( m ) .
myrmarachne foreli lessert , 1925b : 342 , f . 9 - 10 ( d m ) . myrmarachne foreli wanless , 1978a : 85 , f . 53a - l ( m , d f ) .
myrmarachne gurgulla ceccarelli , 2010 : 250 , f . 19 - 27 ( d m f ) .
synemosyna lugens thorell , 1881 : 406 ( dj ) . myrmarachne lugens roewer , 1955c : 946 .
salticus macrognathus thorell , 1894a : 58 ( d m ) . myrmarachne macrognatha roewer , 1955c : 947 . myrmarachne macrognatha yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 11 , f . 33 - 45 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne macrognatha prószyński , 2018b : 161 , f . 19n ( f ) .
myrmarachne palladia denis , 1958b : 105 , f . 34 ( d f ) . myrmarachne palladia logunov & zamanpoore , 2005 : 223 , f . 15 - 17 ( f , d m ) .
myrmarachne platypalpus bradoo , 1980 : 387 , f . 1 - 8 ( d m f ) .
myrmarachne poonaensis tikader , 1973b : 62 , f . 7 - 11 ( d m f ) .
myrmarachne tamsuiensis yamasaki , 2013 : 29 , f . 1 - 12 ( d m f ) .
myrmarachne assimilis banks , 1930a : 210 , pl . 11 , f . 7 , 13 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne assimilis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 510 , f . 6a - h , 7a - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne assimilis yamasaki , 2015 : 55 , f . 8 , 19 - 20 ( m f ) . myrmarachne assimilis prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 46k ( f ) . myrmarachne assimilis prószyński , 2018b : 161 , f . 19k ( f ) .
myrmarachne inermichelis bösenberg & strand , 1906 : 329 , pl . 9 , f . 128 , pl . 14 , f . 382 ( d m ) . myrmarachne inermichelis strand , 1918 : 100 ( d f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis saito , 1933b : 39 , pl . 3 , f . 7a - b . myrmarachne innermichelis uyemura , 1952 : 5 , f . 3 , b ( m ) . myrmarachne inermichelis oliger , 1984 : 126 , f . 3 ( m ) . myrmarachne inermichelis yaginuma , 1986a : 242 , f . 134 . 2 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis bohdanowicz & prószyński , 1987 : 96 , f . 160 - 166 ( m f ) . myrmarachne innermichelis chikuni , 1989b : 160 , f . 64 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis seo , 2001a : 38 , f . 5 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis namkung , 2002 : 607 , f . 43 . 51a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne innermichelis cho & kim , 2002 : 110 , f . 40 , 141 - 142 , 249 - 250 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis namkung , 2003 : 611 , f . 43 . 51a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis ono , ikeda & kono , 2009 : 564 , f . 25 - 30 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis kim & lee , 2014 : 95 , f . 67a - e ( m f ) .
myrmarachne bidentata banks , 1930a : 209 , pl . 11 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bidentata barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 50 , f . 19a - f ( m ) .
myrmarachne collarti roewer , 1965 : 54 , f . 55 ( d m ) . myrmarachne collarti wanless , 1978a : 49 , f . 24a - h , pl . 1e - f ( m ) .
myrmarachne rufisquei berland & millot , 1941 : 411 , f . 100 , 101a - b ( d m ) . myrmarachne rufisquei wanless , 1978a : 55 , f . 30a - c ( m ) .
salticus lugubris kulczyński , 1895d : 46 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 5 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne grahami fox , 1937d : 12 , f . 1 - 2 ( d f ) . myrmarachne lugubris prószyński , 1979 : 313 , f . 222 - 223 ( f ) . myrmarachne lugubris wesolowska , 1981a : 81 , f . 112 ( f ) . myrmarachne lugubris dunin , 1984b : 136 , f . 47 - 49 ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris zabka , 1985 : 248 , f . 349 - 358 ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris prószyński , 1987 : 26 , 157 ( f , s ) . myrmarachne lugubris logunov & wesolowska , 1992 : 133 , f . 21b - d , 22a - c , 23a - c ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 536 , f . 305e , q ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris cho & kim , 2002 : 112 , f . 252 - 253 ( f ) . myrmarachne lugubris ikeda , 2010 : 29 , unnumbered f . ( f ) .
myrmarachne eidmanni roewer , 1942b : 252 , pl . 19 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne punctata wanless & clark , 1975 : 290 , f . 29 - 35 ( d m ) . myrmarachne eidmanni wanless , 1978a : 39 , f . 17a - h ( m , s ) .
myrmarachne elongata szombathy , 1915a : 475 , f . 6 ( d m ) . myrmarachne coppeti berland & millot , 1941 : 405 , f . 95 , 101c ( d m ) . myrmarachne faradjensis roewer , 1965 : 48 , f . 36 ( d m ) . myrmarachne atra roewer , 1965 : 50 , f . 40 ( d m ) . myrmarachne abimvai roewer , 1965 : 58 , f . 61 , 61a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne dartevellei roewer , 1965 : 58 , f . 62 ( d m ) . myrmarachne kasaia roewer , 1965 : 60 , f . 64 ( d m ) . myrmarachne moto roewer , 1965 : 60 , f . 65 , 65a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne elongata wanless , 1978a : 50 , f . 25a - f , 26a - h , 27a - i , 28a - i ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne elongata zabka , 1985 : 244 , f . 314 - 317 ( f ) . myrmarachne elongata zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 3 , f . 4 . 1 - 3 ( f ) . myrmarachne elongata song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 304i - j , 327l ( f ) . myrmarachne elongata ono , ikeda & kono , 2009 : 564 , f . 40 - 43 ( m f ) . myrmarachne elongata wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 582 , f . 99 - 102 ( m f ) .
myrmarachne kiboschensis lessert , 1925a : 441 , f . 18 - 22 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne diversicoxis caporiacco , 1947d : 227 , pl . 2 , f . 62 ( d f ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis wanless , 1978a : 78 , f . 47a - g , 48a - k ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis zabka , 1985 : 247 , f . 337 - 341 ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis prószyński , 1992b : 187 , f . 93 - 98 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis peng et al . , 1993 : 137 , f . 469 - 473 ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 304s ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 28 , f . 107 - 111 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 583 , f . 111 - 113 ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis kananbala et al . , 2011 : 4 , f . 1a - f ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis yin et al . , 2012 : 1412 , f . 767a - e ( m ) .
myrmarachne marshallii peckham & peckham , 1903 : 249 , pl . 29 , f . 6 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne riveti berland & millot , 1941 : 410 , f . 99 ( d m ) . myrmarachne akermani lawrence , 1942 : 181 , f . 28 - 29 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne burgeoni roewer , 1965 : 54 , f . 56 , 56a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne bredoi roewer , 1965 : 55 , f . 57 ( d m ) . myrmarachne benoiti roewer , 1965 : 57 , f . 60 ( d m ) . myrmarachne mulungu roewer , 1965 : 59 , f . 63 ( d m ) . myrmarachne marshalli wanless , 1978a : 67 , f . 38a - h , 39a - g , 40a - k , pl . 1a - d , 4a , c , e ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne marshalli wanless , 1978e : 277 , pl . 2d . myrmarachne marshalli wesolowska & cumming , 2008 : 199 , f . 98 - 106 ( m f ) . myrmarachne marshalli wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 63 , f . 121 - 123 ( f ) .
myrmarachne foenisex simon , 1910c : 415 ( d m ) . myrmarachne foenisex giltay , 1929 : 25 , f . 3 - 4 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne foenisex berland & millot , 1941 : 406 , f . 96 ( m f ) . myrmarachne foenisex lessert , 1942 : 10 , f . 5 ( f ) . myrmarachne foenisex wanless , 1978a : 60 , f . 33a - g , 34a - e , pl . 1h , 2a , 3e - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne foenisex wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 583 , f . 103 - 110 ( m f ) .
salticus alticeps thorell , 1890c : 157 ( d m ) . myrmarachne alticeps roewer , 1955c : 944 .
synemosyna capito thorell , 1890c : 155 ( d f ) . myrmarachne capito roewer , 1955c : 945 .
myrmarachne crassembolus yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 520 , f . 15a - g ( d m ) .
myrmarachne cyrtodens yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 521 , f . 16a - g ( d m ) .
synemosyna debilis thorell , 1890c : 155 ( d f ) . myrmarachne debilis roewer , 1955c : 945 .
myrmarachne endoi yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 523 , f . 17a - g ( d m ) .
myrmarachne hidaspis caporiacco , 1935b : 196 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ( d f ) .
myrmarachne himalayensis narayan , 1915 : 399 , pl . 32 , f . 5 ( d m ) .
myrmarachne incertus narayan , 1915 : 396 , pl . 32 , f . 2 ( d f ) .
myrmarachne kuwagata yaginuma , 1967b : 100 , f . 3l - p ( d m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata yaginuma , 1986a : 243 , f . 134 . 3 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata bohdanowicz & prószyński , 1987 : 98 , f . 167 - 171 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata chikuni , 1989b : 160 , f . 62 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 3 , f . 5 . 1 - 4 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata seo , 1992b : 181 , f . 3 - 6 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata peng et al . , 1993 : 138 , f . 474 - 478 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 305k - m , 327m ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata namkung , 2002 : 605 , f . 43 . 49a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata cho & kim , 2002 : 111 , f . 42 , 144 - 145 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata namkung , 2003 : 609 , f . 43 . 49a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata ono , ikeda & kono , 2009 : 564 , f . 37 - 39 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata yin et al . , 2012 : 1413 , f . 768a - e ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata kim & lee , 2014 : 97 , f . 69a - e , pl . 19 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata caleb , 2016c : 405 , f . 1 - 19 ( m f ) .
salticus leptognathus thorell , 1890c : 158 ( d m ) . myrmarachne leptognatha roewer , 1955c : 946 .
myrmarachne megachelae ganesh kumar & mohanasundaram , 1998 : 27 , 5 unnumbered f . ( d m ) .
myrmarachne onceana barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 58 , f . 25a - j ( d m ) .
salticus paviei simon , 1886a : 137 ( d m ) . myrmarachne paviei simon , 1904b : 290 .
salticus pectorosus thorell , 1890c : 157 ( d m ) . myrmarachne pectorosa roewer , 1955c : 948 .
myrmarachne pinakapalea barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 54 , f . 22a - g ( d m ) .
myrmarachne pinoysorum barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 61 , f . 26a - h ( d m ) .
synemosyna prognatha thorell , 1887 : 343 ( d m ) . myrmarachne prognatha roewer , 1955c : 948 .
synemosyna rufescens thorell , 1877b : 552 ( d f , not m ) . myrmarachne rufescens roewer , 1955c : 949 . myrmarachne rufescens yamasaki , 2012 : 171 , f . 49 - 54 ( f ) .
myrmarachne satarensis narayan , 1915 : 404 , pl . 32 , f . 9 ( d m ) .
myrmarachne seriatis banks , 1930a : 215 , pl . 11 , f . 5 ( d m ) .
myrmarachne solitaria peckham & peckham , 1903 : 250 , pl . 29 , f . 5 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne solitaria wanless , 1978a : 75 , f . 46a - l ( m f ) . myrmarachne solitaria wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 65 , f . 124 - 126 ( f ) . myrmarachne solitaria wesolowska & haddad , 2014 : 253 , f . 82 - 86 ( m f ) .
myrmarachne vanessae wanless , 1978a : 91 , f . 57a - l ( d m f ) . myrmarachne vanessae wesolowska & russell - smith , 2000 : 73 , f . 196 - 199 ( m ) .
myrmarachne vulgarisa barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 53 , f . 23a - h ( d f ) .
myrmarachne gisti fox , 1937d : 13 , f . 4 , 9 , 12 , 14 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne gisti yin & wang , 1979 : 36 , f . 19a - d ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti hu , 1984 : 379 , f . 395 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhu & shi , 1985 : 207 , f . 189a - c ( f ) . myrmarachne legon zabka , 1985 : 247 , f . 342 - 348 ( m f , misidentified ) . myrmarachne gisti song , 1987 : 298 , f . 254 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhang , 1987 : 244 , f . 216 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti feng , 1990 : 211 , f . 186 . 1 - 7 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti chen & gao , 1990 : 187 , f . 238a - d ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti chen & zhang , 1991 : 311 , f . 330 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti peng et al . , 1993 : 132 , f . 440 - 449 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhao , 1993 : 411 , f . 211a - c ( f ) . myrmarachne gisti logunov , 1993a : 51 , f . 1a - c ( m ) . myrmarachne gisti song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 304n - p , 305a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 440 , f . 292a - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhu & zhang , 2011 : 490 , f . 355a - d ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti yin et al . , 2012 : 1408 , f . 765a - j ( m f ) .
myrmarachne uvira wanless , 1978a : 86 , f . 54a - m ( d m f ) . myrmarachne uvira wesolowska & russell - smith , 2000 : 73 , f . 192 - 195 ( f ) . myrmarachne uvira wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 32 , f . 125 - 129 ( m f ) . myrmarachne uvira wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 585 , f . 121 - 123 ( m ) .
myrmarachne lulengana roewer , 1965 : 50 , f . 42 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lulengana wanless , 1978a : 33 , f . 12g , j - l , 13a - h ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne lulengana wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 30 , f . 115 - 119 ( m f ) . myrmarachne lulengana wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 61 , f . 115 - 120 ( m f ) .
myrmarachne militaris szombathy , 1913 : 33 , 56 , f . 9 ( d m ) . myrmarachne maerens lessert , 1925a : 445 , f . 23 - 25 ( d m ) . myrmarachne maerens caporiacco , 1940c : 855 ( d f ) . myrmarachne paucidentata berland & millot , 1941 : 408 , f . 98 ( d m ) . myrmarachne maerens roewer , 1965 : 41 , f . 51 , 51a ( f ) . myrmarachne schoutedeni roewer , 1965 : 51 , f . 44 ( d m ) . myrmarachne militaris wanless , 1978a : 30 , f . 10a , e - f , h - i , 11a - c , e - f , h - i , 12a - b , e , h ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne militaris wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 32 , f . 120 - 124 ( m f ) .
myrmarachne acromegalis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 505 , f . 2a - f , 3a - f , 41c - f ( d m f ) . myrmarachne acromegalis prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b4 , 46j ( m f ) . myrmarachne acromegalis prószyński , 2018b : 161 , f . 19j ( f ) .
salticus manducator westwood , 1841 : 1 , pl . 1 ( d f ) . salticus luridus simon , 1885e : 453 ( d m ) . ascalus manducator thorell , 1895 : 323 ( d m ) . myrmarachne manducator simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne lurida simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne manducator simon , 1904b : 290 , pl . 16 , f . 8 ( m ) . myrmarachne manducator reimoser , 1925 : 90 .
myrmarachne acutidens yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 3 , f . 2 - 19 ( d m f ) .
myrmarachne circulus xiao & wang , 2004 : 263 , f . 1 - 10 ( d m f ) .
myrmarachne iridescens banks , 1930a : 216 , pl . 11 , f . 3 ( d m f ) .
synemosyna praelonga thorell , 1890b : 64 ( d m ) . myrmarachne laeta praelonga strand , 1909f : 103 .
myrmarachne ludhianaensis sadana & gupta , 1998 : 469 , f . 1 - 9 ( d m f ) .
myrmarachne melanotarsa wesolowska & salm , 2002 : 410 , f . 1 - 16 ( d m f ) .
myrmarachne piercei banks , 1930a : 214 , pl . 11 , f . 2 ( d m f ) .
synemosyna opaca karsch , 1880c : 395 ( d m ) . myrmarachne opaca banks , 1930a : 211 , pl . 7 , f . 12 . myrmarachne opaca yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 546 , f . 36a - g ( m ) . myrmarachne opaca benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 39c - f ( m ) .
myrmarachne ramosa badcock , 1918 : 303 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne albicrurata badcock , 1918 : 306 , f . 9a ( d f ) . myrmarachne lateralis badcock , 1918 : 310 , f . 9b ( d f ) . myrmarachne ramosa edmunds & prószyński , 2003 : 301 , f . 8 - 29 ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne ramosa prószyński , 2016 : 6 , f . 2b - c , 3b , 4b ( m f ) . myrmarachne ramosa prószyński , 2017b : 101 , f . ( f , removed from s of m . melanocephala , contra edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 , s of m . albicrurata and m . laterali s confirmed ) . myrmarachne ramosa prószyński , 2018b : 165 , f . 22e ( f ) .
myrmarachne ramunni narayan , 1915 : 400 , pl . 32 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne ramunni dyal , 1935 : 221 ( d f ; n . b . : may be misidentified , per benjamin , 2015b : 2651 ) . myrmarachne ramunni benjamin , 2015b : 2651 , f . 2e - f , 3e - f ( m ) . myrmarachne ramunni caleb , 2016c : 417 , f . 66 - 75 ( m ) .
myrmarachne chapmani banks , 1930a : 214 , pl . 11 , f . 6 , 11 ( d m ) .
myrmarachne concava zhu et al . , 2005 : 536 , f . 10a - f ( d m f ) .
myrmarachne dundoensis wanless , 1978a : 82 , f . 51a - i , 52a - e , pl . 5a - b ( d m f ) . myrmarachne dundoensis edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 16 , f . 7 ( m ) . myrmarachne dundoensis wesolowska & wiśniewski , 2015 : 555 , f . 31 - 33 ( m f ) .
myrmarachne glavisi prószyński & deeleman - reinhold , 2010 : 176 , f . 117 , 119 - 120 , 125 - 126 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne glavisi prószyński , 2018b : 165 , f . 22c ( f ) .
myrmarachne mcgregori banks , 1930a : 213 , pl . 11 , f . 9 , 14 ( d m ) .
myrmarachne mussungue wanless , 1978a : 42 , f . 19d - e , g - j ( d f ) .
salticus pectorosus sternodes thorell , 1890c : 157 ( d f ) . myrmarachne pectorosa sternodes roewer , 1955c : 948 .
myrmarachne tagalica banks , 1930a : 212 , pl . 11 , f , 1 , 10 ( d m ) .
salticus tristis simon , 1882b : 212 ( d f ) . salticus tristis simon , 1890a : 115 ( d m ) . salticus tristis peckham & peckham , 1892 : 22 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis simon , 1901a : 501 . myrmarachne tristis narayan , 1915 : 397 , pl . 32 , f . 3 ( f ) . myrmarachne tristis roewer , 1965 : 42 , f . 35 , 35a ( f ) . myrmarachne tristis diversipes denis , 1966e : 113 , f . 13 ( d m ) . myrmarachne tristis wanless , 1978a : 63 , f . 36a - h , 37a - e ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne tristis prószyński , 1989 : 44 , f . 37 - 43 ( m ) . myrmarachne tristis wesolowska & van harten , 1994 : 63 , f . 128 - 132 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis prószyński , 2003 : 108 , f . 446 - 452 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis prószyński , 2016 : 6 , f . 2a , 3a , 4a ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 45a6 , 45b6 , 45c11 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis prószyński , 2018b : 165 , f . 22d ( f ) .
salticus constrictus blackwall , 1877 : 5 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ( dj ) . myrmarachne constricta simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne constrictus saaristo , 1978 : 111 , f . 100 - 102 ( d m ) . myrmarachne constricta wanless , 1984c : 24 , f . 7a - g , 8a - c ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne constricta saaristo , 2010 : 194 , f . 27 . 101 - 104 ( m f ) .
myrmarachne evidens roewer , 1965 : 53 , f . 52 ( d m ) . myrmarachne evidens wanless , 1978a : 42 , f . 20a , h - i , 21d , f , i , 22a , d ( m ) .
myrmarachne lesserti lawrence , 1938a : 521 , f . 39 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lesserti wanless , 1978a : 106 , f . 68a , c - d , f , 69a - b , e - g ( m ) .
myrmarachne nigeriensis wanless , 1978a : 88 , f . 55a - j , 56a - m ( d m f ) . myrmarachne nigeriensis wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 583 , f . 114 - 120 ( m f ) .
myrmarachne caliraya barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 56 , f . 24a - i ( d m ) . myrmarachne caliraya sen et al . , 2015 : 40 , f . 136 - 141 , pl . 14 ( m ) . myrmarachne caliraya dhali , saha & raychaudhuri , 2017 : 38 , f . 96 - 99 , pl . 17 ( m ) .
myrmarachne edentata berry , beatty & prószyński , 1996 : 238 , f . 84 - 90 ( d m f ) .
myrmarachne pisarskii berry , beatty & prószyński , 1996 : 240 , f . 91 - 96 ( d m f ) .
myrmarachne lesserti schenkel , 1963 : 391 , f . 226a - b ( d m ; n . b . : preoccupied by lawrence , 1938 ) . myrmarachne lesserti song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 305d , n ( m , f may be mislabeled ) . myrmarachne schenkeli peng & li , 2002g : 26 ( replacement name ) .
salticus bicurvatus o . pickard - cambridge , 1869c : 67 , pl . 6 , f . 57 - 60 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bicrivata sherriffs , 1931 : 539 ( lapsus ) . myrmarachne bicurvata roewer , 1955c : 944 . myrmarachne bicurvata benjamin , 2015b : 2613 , f . 2a - d , 3a - d , 4a - f ( m ) .
myrmarachne melanocephala macleay , 1839 : 11 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmecia melanocephala walckenaer , 1841 : 462 ( d f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala galiano , 1969b : 146 ( type locality is
bengal ,
not cuba ) . myrmarachne orientales tikader , 1973b : 60 , f . 3 - 6 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034866 ] . myrmarachne orientales tikader & biswas , 1981 : 105 , f . 193 - 194 ( f ) . myrmarachne orientalis brignoli , 1983c : 644 ( lapsus ) . myrmarachne orientales mushtaq et al . , 1995 : 91 , f . 1a - f ( m ) . myrmarachne melanocephala edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 , f . 1a - h , 2a - d , 3a - d , 4a - e , 5a - d ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 15 , f . 46 - 58 ( m f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 541 , f . 32a - g , 33a - h , 34a - c ( m f ) . myrmarachne orientales sen et al . , 2015 : 42 , f . 152 - 156 , pl . 14 ( f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala benjamin , 2015b : 2625 , f . 17a - d , 18a - d , 19a - d ( m , s ) . myrmarachne melanocephala roy , saha & raychaudhuri , 2016 : 24 , f . 20a - f , 25i , 27r ( f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala caleb , 2016c : 410 , f . 20 - 30 ( m f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala dhali , saha & raychaudhuri , 2017 : 39 , f . 105 - 109 , pl . 17 ( f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b1 , 45c9 , 46b ( m f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala prószyński , 2018b : 165 , f . 19b , 22e1 ( f ) .
salticus nemorensis peckham & peckham , 1892 : 28 , pl . 2 , f . 3 ( d m ) . myrmarachne nemorensis roewer , 1955c : 947 . myrmarachne nemorensis benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 39a - b ( m ) .
myrmarachne giltayi roewer , 1965 : 52 , f . 45 ( d m ) . myrmarachne giltayi wanless , 1978a : 36 , f . 14a - b , f , h , 15a , f - g , 16d - f , h ( m ) . myrmarachne giltayi wesolowska & wiśniewski , 2015 : 556 , f . 34 - 38 ( d f , m ) .
salticus angusta thorell , 1877b : 553 ( d m ) . myrmarachne angusta simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne annamita zabka , 1985 : 243 , f . 306 - 313 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034729 ] . myrmarachne annamita zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 2 , f . 3 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne annamita peng et al . , 1993 : 130 , f . 430 - 439 ( m f ) . myrmarachne annamita song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 303o - p , 304g - h , 327k ( m f ) . myrmarachne annamita yin et al . , 2012 : 1405 , f . 763a - j ( m f ) . myrmarachne angusta yamasaki , 2012 : 155 , f . 2 - 12 ( m , s f ) .
salticus hesperius simon , 1887a : 261 ( d m ) . myrmarachne hesperia simon , 1901a : 498 . myrmarachne hesperia berland & millot , 1941 : 407 , f . 97 ( m ) . myrmarachne insulana roewer , 1942b : 254 , pl . 19 , f . 10 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034805 ] . myrmarachne chelata wanless & clark , 1975 : 294 , f . 36 - 43 ( d m ) . myrmarachne hesperia wanless , 1978a : 46 , f . 20d - e , g , j , 21a , c , h , k , 22c , f ( m , s ) . myrmarachne insulana wanless , 1978a : 40 , f . 19a - c , f ( f ) . myrmarachne hesperia wesolowska & edwards , 2012 : 753 , f . 70 - 76 ( m , s f ) .
myrmarachne laurentina bacelar , 1953 : 8 , f . 4 - 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne laurentina wanless , 1978a : 99 , f . 63a - b , e , g , i , 64b - c , 65a - c , g - h ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne laurentina wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 61 , f . 111 - 114 ( m ) .
myrmarachne
laurentina prószyński , 2018b : 171 , f . 21s - v ( m f ) .
myrmarachne lawrencei roewer , 1965 : 56 , f . 59 , 59a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne lawrencei wanless , 1978a : 32 , f . 10b - d , g , j , 11d , g , j - k , 12c - d , f , i ( m f ) . myrmarachne lawrencei wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 28 , f . 112 - 114 ( m ) . myrmarachne lawrencei wesolowska & wiśniewski , 2015 : 558 , f . 39 - 43 ( m f ) .
myrmarachne milledgei pekár , in pekár et al . , 2017 : 662 , f . 11a - j ( d m ) .
myrmarachne sabahna yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 547 , f . 37a - g , 38a - f ( m f ) .
myrmarachne smaragdina ceccarelli , 2010 : 250 , f . 28 - 36 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne smaragdina pekár et al . , 2017 : 554 , f . 2k - l , 12a - g , s1q - r ( m f ) .
the first specimen records of m . formicaria from north america have all been from ohio , usa : from warren , trumble county on 16 august 2001 ; the j . h . barrow field station , portage county on 15 september 2002 ; and at a residence near peninsula , summit county . additional individuals have been observed by the third author in and around the j . h . barrow field station and the peninsula residence during the summers of 2003 and 2004 . ( bradley et al . 2006 )
myrmarachne isolata clark & benoit , 1977 : 89 , f . 35a - d , 36a - b ( d m f ) .
myrmarachne lambirensis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 529 , f . 22a - g , 23a - f ( d m f ) .
synemosyna lupata l . koch , 1879a : 1052 , pl . 93 , f . 1 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lupata rainbow , 1911 : 283 . myrmarachne lupata pekár et al . , 2017 : 657 , f . 8a - f ( m ) .
myrmarachne markaha barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 51 , f . 20a - h , 21a - h ( d m ) . myrmarachne markaha yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 536 , f . 28a - g , 29a - f ( m , d f ) .
salticus robustus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 27 , pl . 2 , f . 2 ( d m ) . myrmarachne robusta roewer , 1955c : 949 . myrmarachne maratha tikader , 1973b : 65 , f . 12 - 15 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034844 ] . myrmarachne maratha tikader & biswas , 1981 : 105 , f . 195 - 197 ( m f ) . myrmarachne maratha sen et al . , 2015 : 42 , f . 142 - 146 , pl . 14 ( f ) . myrmarachne robusta benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 41a - b ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne robusta dhali , saha & raychaudhuri , 2017 : 38 , f . 100 - 104 , pl . 17 ( f ) .
myrmarachne uniseriata narayan , 1915 : 402 , pl . 32 , f . 6 ( d m ) . myrmarachne aurantiaca benjamin , 2015b : 2613 , f . 1a - d ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 048048 ] . myrmarachne uniseriata caleb & benjamin , 2017 : 294 , f . 1 - 6 ( m , s of m . aurantiaca ) .
salticus augustus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ( d m ) . myrmarachne angustiformis simon , 1901a : 503 ( unnecessary replacement name ) . myrmarachne augusta wanless , 1978a : 109 , f . 70a - h ( m ) .
myrmarachne epigealis yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 7 , f . 20 - 32 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne epigealis prószyński , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b3 ( m f ) . toxeus epigealis prószyński , 2018b : 161 , f . 19g ( f ) .
myrmarachne jacksoni prószyński & deeleman - reinhold , 2010 : 178 , f . 115 - 116 , 121 - 122 ( d m ) .
myrmarachne linguiensis zhang & song , in zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 3 , f . 6 . 1 - 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne linguiensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 536 , f . 305o - p , 327n ( m ) .
myrmarachne morningside benjamin , 2015b : 2628 , f . 20a - d , 21a - d , 22a - d ( d m ) .
salticus albocinctus c . l . koch , 1846 : 36 , f . 1105 ( d m ) . salticus ephippiatus emerton , 1891 : 249 , pl . 21 , f . 4 ( f , misidentified ) . myrmarachne albocincta simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne albocincta emerton , 1909 : 233 . myrmarachne albocincta peckham & peckham , 1909 : 371 , pl . 50 , f . 2 ( m f ) .
leptorchestes striatipes l . koch , 1879a : 1059 , pl . 93 , f . 4 ( d f ) . myrmarachne striatipes simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne striatipes pekár et al . , 2017 : 665 , f . 13a - k , s1j ( d m , f ) .
salticus macleayanus bradley , 1876b : 220 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ( d m ) . myrmarachne jugularis simon , 1901a : 499 , f . 593 ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034811 ] . myrmarachne macleayana rainbow , 1911 : 283 . myrmarachne jugularis zabka , 1991c : 42 ( type locality specified as australian ) . myrmarachne macleayana pekár et al . , 2017 : 660 , f . 2i - j , 3e , 10a - m , s1m - p ( m , d f , s of m . jugularis ) .
myrmarachne albosetosa wanless , 1978a : 108 , f . 68b , e , g , 69c - d , h - j ( d m ) .
myrmarachne corpuzrarosae barrion , in barrion & litsinger , 1981a : 144 , f . 2a - j , 3a - g ( d m f ) .
salticus eumenes simon , 1900b : 405 ( d m ) . myrmarachne eumenes simon , 1901a : 499 , f . 587 - 589 ( m ) . myrmarachne eumenes wanless , 1978a : 114 , f . 73a - k , 74a - e , pl . 2b ( m , d f ) .
salticus ichneumon simon , 1886g : 387 ( d m ) . salticus ichneumon peckham & peckham , 1892 : 17 , pl . 1 , f . 7 ( m ) . myrmarachne ichneumon simon , 1901a : 499 . salticus ichneumon peckham & peckham , 1903 : 250 ( d f ) . myrmarachne ichneumon roewer , 1965 : 47 , f . 38 , 38a ( f ) . myrmarachne ichneumon wanless , 1978a : 56 , f . 31a - g , 32a - i ( m f ) . myrmarachne ichneumon wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 58 , f . 105 - 110 ( m f ) .
myrmarachne kilifi wanless , 1978a : 102 , f . 63c - d , f , h , j - k , 64a , d , 65d - f , i - j , pl . 3c - d ( d m f ) . myrmarachne kilifi wesolowska & russell - smith , 2000 : 72 , f . 188 - 191 ( m ) .
myrmarachne
kilifi prószyński , 2018b : 171 , f . 21w - z ( m f ) .
synemosyna pumilio karsch , 1880c : 395 ( d m ) . myrmarachne hanoii zabka , 1985 : 246 , f . 332 - 336 ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034795 ] . myrmarachne topali zabka , 1985 : 419 , f . 364 - 367 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034911 ] . myrmarachne hanoii xiao & wang , 2007 : 1004 , f . 1 - 8 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne hanoii yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 526 , f . 20a - g , 21a - d , 41a ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne pumilio benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 40a - e ( removed m from nomen dubium contra roewer , 1955c : 166 , t from synemosyna , s f ) . myrmarachne hanoi prószyński , 2018b : 161 , f . 19o ( f ) .
myrmarachne macaulayi pekár , in pekár et al . , 2017 : 658 , f . 9a - j , s1k - l ( d m f ) .
salticus myrmicaeformis lucas , 1871 : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ( d m ) . salticus desertus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 21 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ( d m ) . myrmarachne myrmicaeformis simon , 1901a : 501 . myrmarachne myrmicaeformis reimoser , 1919 : 97 .
salticus providens peckham & peckham , 1892 : 34 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne providens simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne providens prószyński , 2017b : 101 ( removed from s of m . melanocephala contra edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 ; species inquirenda ) .
salticus bicolor l . koch , 1879a : 1055 , pl . 93 , f . 2 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bicolor rainbow , 1911 : 282 . myrmarachne spp . davies & zabka , 1989 : 203 , f . 10 ( m only ) . myrmarachne rubra ceccarelli , 2010 : 246 , f . 1 - 9 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 043414 ] . myrmarachne bicolor pekár et al . , 2017 : 645 , f . 1a - f , 2a - b , 3a , s1a - b ( m , d f , s of m . rubra ) .
salticus dubius peckham & peckham , 1892 : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne dubius banks , 1930a : 208 .
myrmarachne inflatipalpis wanless , 1978a : 95 , f . 59a , c , f - g , 60a , c , e - g ( d m ) .
myrmarachne jianfenglin barrion , barrion - dupo & heong , in barrion et al . , 2013 : 23 , f . 25a - e ( d f ) .
myrmarachne leleupi wanless , 1978a : 80 , f . 49a - b , e , 50b , d - e , g , i ( d m ) .
myrmarachne uelensis wanless , 1978a : 82 , f . 49c - d , f - g , 50a , c , f , h ( d m ) .
myrmarachne legon wanless , 1978a : 69 , f . 41a - c , 42a - k , pl . 4b , d , f ( d m f ) .
salticus simonis herman , 1879 : 295 , 383 , pl . 8 , f . 185 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne simonis reimoser , 1919 : 97 .
myrmarachne zabkai pekár , in pekár et al . , 2017 : 666 , f . 2m - n , 14a - j , s1s ( d m f ) .
leptorchestes erythrocephalus l . koch , 1879a : 1057 , pl . 93 , f . 3 ( d f ) . myrmarachne erythrocephala simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne erythrocephala pekár et al . , 2017 : 649 , f . 2c - d , 3b , 5a - m , s1c - e ( d m , f ) .
anon . 2010 ,
myrmarachne macleay , 1839 ( araneae : salticidae ) : generic name conserved
, bulletin of zoological nomenclature , vol . 67 , p . 336
salticus edentulus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 5 ( d f ) . myrmarachne edentata roewer , 1955c : 945 ( lapsus ) .
myrmarachne kitale wanless , 1978a : 94 , f . 59b , d - e , h - i , 60b , d , h - m ( d m f ) .
synemosyna laeta thorell , 1887 : 339 ( d f ) . ascalus laeta thorell , 1895 : 321 ( d m ) . myrmarachne laeta gravely , 1922 : 1049 , pl . 4 , f . 12 ( m f ) . myrmarachne laeta dyal , 1935 : 220 , pl . 17 , f . 160 - 164 ( m f ) .
myrmarachne luachimo wanless , 1978a : 37 , f . 14c - e , g , 15b - e , h , 16a - c , g ( d m f ) .
salticus pravus karsch , 1880c : 395 ( d m ) . myrmarachne paivae narayan , 1915 : 403 , pl . 32 , f . 8 ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034867 ] . myrmarachne bengalensis tikader , 1973b : 65 , f . 16 - 18 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034737 ] . myrmarachne bengalensis tikader & biswas , 1981 : 106 , f . 198 - 200 ( f ) . myrmarachne prava benjamin , 2015b : 2634 , f . 23a - e , 24a - d , 25a - d , 26a - d , 27a - c , 28a - e ( removed m from nomen dubium contra roewer , 1955c : 1649 , t from salticus , s f ) . myrmarachne prava caleb , 2016c : 414 , f . 55 - 65 ( f ) .
iola cowanii peckham & peckham , 1892 : 75 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ( d f ) . myrmarachne cowani simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne cowanii wanless , 1978a : 73 , f . 44a - e , 45a - g ( f , m was considered as variety of m . augusta by peckham & peckham , 1892 ) .
nomina dubia : myrmarachne cuprea ( hogg , 1896 : 352 , pl . 24 , f . 16 - 17 , f , central australia , originally leptorchestes cupreus ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034760 ] - - pekár et al . , 2017 : 648 . myrmarachne exultans caporiacco , 1949a : 462 , f . 83 ( f , kenya ) - - wanless , 1978a : 126 . myrmarachne obscura ( taczanowski , 1872 : 124 , french guiana , originally in janus ) - - roewer , 1955c : 1535 , galiano , 1969b : 144 . myrmarachne sansibarica strand , 1910 : 13 ( m , zanzibar ) - - wanless , 1978a : 126 , ( but see caporiacco , 1949a : 461 ) .
salticus attenuatus karsch , 1880c : 396 ( d f ; n . b . : omitted by roewer ) . myrmarachne attenuata bonnet , 1957 : 2999 ( t f from salticus ) .
myrmarachne helensmithae pekár , in pekár et al . , 2017 : 652 , f . 2e - f , 3c , 6a - j , s1f - g ( d m f ) .
salticus spissus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne spissa simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne spissa benjamin , 2015b : 2652 , f . 32a - j , 33a - d , 34a - d , 35a - f , 36a - c , 37a - f ( m , d f ) .
leptorchestes cognata l . koch , 1879a : 1063 , pl . 93 , f . 6 ( dj ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034751 ] . leptorchestes luctuosus l . koch , 1879a : 1065 , pl . 93 , f . 7 ( d m ) . leptorchestes simoni l . koch , 1879a : 1061 , pl . 93 , f . 5 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034901 ] . myrmarachne cognata simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne luctuosa simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne simoni simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne spp . davies & zabka , 1989 : 203 , f . 10 ( f only ) . myrmarachne luctuosa pekár et al . , 2017 : 654 , f . 2g - h , 3d , 7a - j , s1h - i ( m , d f , s of m . cognata and m . simoni ) .
myrmarachne naro wanless , 1978a : 43 , f . 20b - c , f , k , 21b , e , g , j , 22b , e , g ( d m ) .
salticus niger peckham & peckham , 1892 : 30 , pl . 2 , f . 7 ( d m , preoccupied ) . myrmarachne nigella simon , 1901a : 503 ( replacement name ) .
synemosyna transversa mukerjee , 1930 : 200 , f . 1 - 2 ( d f ; n . b . : omitted by roewer ) . myrmarachne transversa galiano , 1966a : 377 ( t f from synemosyna ) .
salticus contractus karsch , 1880c : 396 ( d m ; n . b . : nomen dubium per roewer , 1955c : 1646 ) . myrmarachne contracta edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 ( t from salticus , s of m . melanocephala , rejected by prószyński , 2017b : 100 ) . myrmarachne contracta prószyński , 2017b : 100 ( removed from s of m . melanocephala contra edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 ; species inquirenda ) .
salticus dilatatus karsch , 1880c : 396 ( d m ) . myrmarachne dilatata próchniewicz , 1989 : 217 , f . 23 - 27 ( t m from salticus , where
nicht zu deuten !
per roewer ) .
seo , b . k . ( 2001a ) . spiders of the genus myrmarachne ( araneae , salticidae ) from korea . journal of the institute of natural sciences , keimyung university 20 ( 2 ) : 37 - 41 . - - show included taxa
salticus attenuatus o . pickard - cambridge , 1901b : 15 , pl . 5 , f . 6 ( d f ; n . b . : preoccupied by karsch , 1880 , will need replacement name if identifiable ) . myrmarachne attenuata roewer , 1955c : 944 .
simonella formosana saito , 1933b : 40 , pl . 3 , f . 5a - e ( d m ) . myrmarachne formosana galiano , 1966a : 378 ( t m from simonella = synemosyna ; n . b . : preoccupied by matsumura , 1911 if congeneric ) .
edwards , g . b . & benjamin , s . p . ( 2009 ) . a first look at the phylogeny of the myrmarachninae , with rediscovery and redescription of the type species of myrmarachne ( araneae : salticidae ) . zootaxa 2309 : 1 - 29 . - - show included taxa
bizone longiventris simon , 1903a : 1051 ( d f ) . bizonella longiventris strand , 1929 : 15 ( generic replacement name ) . bizonella longiventris roewer , 1965 : 80 , f . 71a - d ( f ) . myrmarachne longiventris wanless , 1978a : 105 , f . 66a , f , i , 67b - c ( f ) .
janus melanocephalus c . l . koch , 1846 : 22 , f . 1092 ( d m , preoccupied ) . janigena melanocephala karsch , 1880c : 394 . synemosyna melanocephala van hasselt , 1882 : 47 . salticus melanocephalus simon , 1885a : 30 . synemosyna melanocephala thorell , 1892c : 224 ( d f ) . myrmarachne kochi reimoser , 1925 : 90 ( replacement name ) .
lsid : [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034782 ]
distribution : macaronesia , europe , turkey , caucasus , russia , china , korea , japan . introduced to usa
almquist , s . ( 2006 ) . swedish araneae , part 2 - - families dictynidae to salticidae . insect systematics & evolution , supplement 63 : 285 - 601 . - - show included taxa
becker , l . ( 1882b ) . les arachnides de belgique . i . annales du musée royal d ' histoire naturelle de belgique 10 : 1 - 246 . - - show included taxa
blackwall , j . ( 1861a ) . a history of the spiders of great britain and ireland . london 1 , 1 - 174 . - - show included taxa
bösenberg , w . ( 1903 ) . die spinnen deutschlands . v , vi . zoologica ( stuttgart ) 14 ( 5 - 6 ) : 385 - 465 , pl . 37 - 43 . doi : 10 . 5962 / bhl . title . 6508 - - show included taxa
breitling , r . , bauer , t . , schäfer , m . , morano , e . , barrientos , j . a . & blick , t . ( 2016b ) . phantom spiders 2 : more notes on dubious spider species from europe . arachnologische mitteilungen 52 : 50 - 77 . doi : 10 . 5431 / aramit5209 - - show included taxa
canestrini , g . ( 1868 ) . nuove aracnidi italiani . annuario della società dei naturalisti in modena 3 : 190 - 206 . - - show included taxa
canestrini , g . & pavesi , p . ( 1868 ) . araneidi italiani . atti della società italiana di scienze naturali 11 : 738 - 872 . - - show included taxa
canestrini , g . & pavesi , p . ( 1870 ) . catalogo sistematico degli araneidi italiano . archivi per la zoologia anatomia e fisiologia bologna 2 : 60 - 64 ( separate , pp . 1 - 44 ) . - - show included taxa
chen , x . e . & gao , j . c . ( 1990 ) . the sichuan farmland spiders in china . sichuan science and technology publishing house , chengdu , 226 pp . - - show included taxa
chen , z . f . & zhang , z . h . ( 1991 ) . fauna of zhejiang : araneida . zhejiang science and technology publishing house , 356 pp . - - show included taxa
chikuni , y . ( 1989b ) . pictorial encyclopedia of spiders in japan . kaisei - sha publishing co . , tokyo , 310 pp . - - show included taxa
cho , j . h . & kim , j . p . ( 2002 ) . a revisional study of family salticidae blackwall , 1841 ( arachnida , araneae ) from korea . korean arachnology 18 : 85 - 169 . - - show included taxa
dahl , m . ( 1926 ) . spinnentiere oder arachnoidea . springspinnen ( salticidae ) . in : . jena 3 , 1 - 55 . - - show included taxa
de geer , c . ( 1778 ) . des araignées . in : mémoires pour servir à l ' histoire des insectes . tome septième . pierre hesselberg , stockholm , 176 - 324 , pl . 11 - 19 , 38 - 39 . - - show included taxa
doleschall , l . ( 1852 ) . systematisches verzeichniss der im kaiserthum österreich vorkommenden spinnen . sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse , wien 9 : 622 - 651 . [ sub ' doleschal ' ] - - show included taxa
dunin , p . m . ( 1984b ) . [ material on the spider fauna from the far east ( arachnida , aranei ) . 1 . family salticidae ] . in : lehr , p . a . ( ed . ) fauna and ecology of insects in the south of the far east . dalnevostochnyi nauchnyi tsentr akademii nauk sssr , vladivostok , pp . 128 - 140 . - - show included taxa
feng , z . q . ( 1990 ) . spiders of china in colour . hunan science and technology publishing house , 256 pp . - - show included taxa
flanczewska , e . ( 1981 ) . remarks on salticidae ( aranei ) of bulgaria . annales zoologici , warszawa 36 : 187 - 228 . - - show included taxa
fuhn , i . e . & gherasim , v . f . ( 1995 ) . familia salticidae . fauna romaniei , arachnida 5 ( 5 ) , 1 - 301 . ( bucuresti , ed . acad . roman . ) - - show included taxa