virginia valeriae , commonly known as the smooth earth snake , is a species of nonvenomous natricine colubrid snake native to the eastern half of the united states .

virginia valeriae

conservation and management : virginia v . valeriae is not a species of special concern in virginia due to its widespread occurrence .
the western smooth earth snake , virginia valeriae elegans , is the subspecies found in iowa .
ecology of the smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae ) and redbelly snake ( storeria . . . | kufs research
a relatively small snake , adult virginia valeriae measure 17 . 5 - 25 cm ( 7 - 10 in ) .
virginia valeriae is found in portions of northeast texas , oklahoma and kansas east to the atlantic coast from new jersey to florida .
valeriae is to honor miss valeria blaney , the first documented collector of the species .
virginia - virgo ( latin ) meaning virgin . this name might have been coined for the state of virginia ;
the single subspecies of virginia valeriae present in texas , v . v . elegans , is found from the austin and san antonio areas northeastward towards tyler and longview .
noteworthy snake records from false cape state park , city of virginia beach , virginia - gary m . williamson and steven m . roble
virginia valeriae is a live - bearing species . litters of between 5 - 10 snakes , measuring 6 cm ( 2 . 5 in ) , are typically seen in august and september .
subspecies : virginia v . valeriae has 15 dorsal scale rows at midbody and smooth scales ( except above the cloaca ) , and is usually gray . virginia v . pulchra has 17 dorsal scale rows at midbody and weakly keeled scales , and is usually brownish .
1861 - 1862 asst . surgeon , 5th pa cavalry . served in virginia .
a herpetological survey of mole hill in rockingham county , virginia . - matthew neff
a herpetological survey of the quarry gardens at schuyler , virginia . - matthew neff
fluctuations in mating activity of hyla chrysoscelis in southside virginia - richard l . hoffman
some noteworthy lizard observations from virginia and nearby areas - w . h . martin
turtle mortality in powhatan county , virginia - jason d . gibson ( full article )
amphibians and reptiles from candler mountain , campbell county , virginia - paul w . sattler
reproduction in a western smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae elegans ) from western kentucky ; 1991 ; article ; journal ; bulletin of the chicago herpetological society ; morris , m . a . ; walsh . , s . j .
an annotated checklist of reptiles and amphibians from highland county , virginia - david a . young
naomi and darson found a smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae ) . this species does not grow large - 7 to 10 inches . they live in moist environments - under logs boards on the ground , eating soft - bellied insects .
virginia herpetological society survey of back bay nwr and false cape state park - david a . perry
an annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of shenandoah national park virginia - william l . witt
pisani , g . , w . h . busby . 2011 . ecology of the smooth earth snake ( virginia valeriae ) and redbelly snake ( storeria occipitomaculata ) in northeastern kansas . kansas biological survey , lawrence , ks report no . 172 : 37 pp .
smooth earth snake , virginia valeriae , which it shares range and habitat . the keeling on the scales being the only way to distinguish the species . for additional detail , see identification of smooth and keeled scales , university of florida , department of herpetology . more
checklist and keys to the amphibians and reptiles of virginia ' s eastern shore - joseph c . mitchell
the smooth earth snake is currently listed by south carolina and virginia as a species of special concern . more
the new kent county , virginia timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ) locality is invalid . - joseph c . mitchell
a survey of the amphibians and reptiles of old colchester park in fairfax county , virginia - john m . orr
results of the spring 2008 annual vhs survey : colonial national historic park yorktown , virginia - timothy p . christensen
the upland chorus frog ( pseudacris feriarum ) in virginia : a species in decline ? - carol a . pollio
reptile and amphibian survey of selected tracts on the northern neck and middle peninsula of virginia - robert s . greenlee
copperheads on the york - james peninsula , virginia - robert a . s . wright and warren p . gray
the wood turtle ( clemmys insculpta ) in eastern fairfax county , virginia - joseph c . mitchell and john pilcicki
geographic variation : male v . v . pulchra in virginia had a slightly higher average number of ventral scales ( 116 . 0 ± 2 . 2 , 113 - 118 , n = 4 ) and a higher average number of subcaudals ( 41 . 8 ± 2 . 9 , 38 - 45 , n = 4 ) ) than male v . v . valeriae ( ventrals 113 . 8 ± 3 . 2 , 107 - 119 , n = 28 ; subcaudals 34 . 1 ± 2 . 7 , 29 - 40 , n = 28 ) . the total v . v . pulchra sample exhibited a higher average number of ventrals + subcaudals ( 157 . 2 ± 3 . 6 , 154 - 162 , n = 5 ) than the sample of v . v . valeriae ( 146 . 6 ± 4 . 4 , 139 - 156 , n = 66 ) . the largest known female virginia valeriae in virginia ( 320 mm total length ) is a v . v . pulchra ; the largest v . v . valeriae female is 308 mm total length .
a herpetological survey of dixie caverns and explore park in roanoke , virginia , and the wehrle’s salamander . - matthew neff
amphibian and reptile survey of the naval security group activity northwest , city of chesapeake , virginia - michael j . pinder
eastern narrow - mouthed toads ( gastrophryne carolinensis ) in mathews county , virginia - john b . bazuin , jr .
summary of virginia geographic distribution records and natural history notes published in herpetological review from 1991 - 2005 - steven m . roble
amphibians and reptiles of beaver pond habitats in the laurel fork recreation area , highland county , virginia - steven m . roble
valeriae - ( new latin ) in honor of valery blaney ( 1828 - 1900 ) , collector of the type specimen ; elegans - ( latin ) meaning tasteful , choice , fine , select .
turtle diversity of u . s . army installation , fort eustis , virginia - james d . dolan and timothy p . christensen
herpetofaunal biodiversity of the rice center for environmental life sciences , charles city county , virginia - jason d . gibson and paul sattler
summary of virginia sea turtle strandings during 2002 - erin e . seney , katherine l . mansfield , and john a . musick
records of amphibians and reptiles from fort lee , prince george county , virginia - steven m . roble and christopher s . hobson
amphibians and reptiles of sugarland run , fairfax and loudoun counties , virginia : estimated numbers and commercial value - joseph c . mitchell
1712 - 1719 studied flora and fauna of virginia . he was one of the first english naturalists working on southeastern us coastal plain .
confusing species : in virginia , this species may be confused with several other small snakes . virginia striatula has strongly keeled scales and 17 dorsal scale rows ; juveniles have a light collar behind the head . other potentially confusing species are in the h . striatula account .
results of the 2013 herpblitz at dick cross wildlife management area , mecklenburg county virginia - paul w . sattler and jason d . gibson
mark - recapture study of an isolated population of the mediterranean gecko ( h . turcicus ) in bedford co . , virginia - kyle harris
effects of ph and heavy metal concentrations on amphibian breeding and community structure on a reclaimed pyrite mine in northern virginia - carol a . pollio
records of amphibians and reptiles from
the cedars
region of lee county , virginia - steven m . roble and christopher s . hobson
survey of herpetofauna on the campus of hampden - sydney college in prince edward county , virginia - rachel e . goodman and e . davis carter
preliminary estimation of capture rates for red - backed salamanders at the randolph - macon college environmental station , doswell , virginia - j . d . mcghee
scalation of the eastern mudsnake ( farancia abacura abacura ) in virginia - john d . kleopfer , anne b . wright , and holly s . houtz
herpetofauna of logged and unlogged forest stands in south - central virginia : preliminary results - todd s . fredericksen , ken graves and tim pohlad - thomas
paul r . burch ' s herpetological collection at radford college , virginia : a valuable resource lost - richard l . hoffman and joseph c . mitchell
records of amphibians and reptiles from breaks interstate park , dickenson county , virginia - jason d . gibson , paul w . sattler and steven m . roble
impact of prescribed burning on three eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina ) in southwestern virginia . - todd s . fredericksen , gage station and javin metz
timing of juvenile amphibian dispersal from small ponds in southern virginia - todd s . fredericksen , anthony garcia , justin hall , kaitlyn deforest , and adam morehead
opportunistic anuran surveys in southeastern virginia : looking for oak toads , but finding . . . . . . spadefoots ! - paul sattler and jason daniel gibson
an unusual breeding event in an urban park in danville , virginia with specific notes on the eastern spadefoot ( scaphiopus holbrookii ) - jason d . gibson and paul sattler
overwintering behavior of the eastern box turtle ( terrapene carolina carolina ) in the virginia piedmont - david ellington , kelly rae ingram , tiffany walker and todd s . fredericksen
observations on the responce of four eastern box turtles ( terrapene carolina carolina ) to clearcut logging and chipping in southern virginia - todd s . fredericksen and joshua l . bernard
records of amphibians and reptiles from fort pickett , virginia - steven m . roble , anne c . chazal , katharine l . derge , and christopher s . hobson .
netting and mittleman , 1938
to a collector , mr . neil d . richmond , who has done much to increase our knowledge of the herpetofauna of
( west virginia ) .
m . c . swartwout , r . andrews , and d . linzey . 2014 . geographic distribution hemidactylus turcicus from montgomery county , virginia . herpetolocial review 45 ( 1 ) : 92
discovery of a population of scarlet kingsnakes ( lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides ) in the virginia piedmont - steven m . roble , gregory n . woodie and michael d . kinsler ( full article )
salamander diversity and abundance along buck run in the laurel fork area of highland county , virginia - h . steve adams , michael s . hayslett , and chris hobson ( full article )
opportunistic surveys for the oak toad ( bufo quercicus ) in southeastern virginia : on the trail of leslie burger - steven m . roble , christopher s . hobson , and anne c . chazal
a preliminary survey of the amphibians and reptiles of savage neck dunes natural area preserve , northampton county , virginia - steven m . roble , anne c . chazal , and amber k . foster
collins ( 1991 ) suggested that v . v . pulchra should be elevated to full species status , largely because it was allopatric with v . v . valeriae . this suggestion and others have not been verified or accepted by the herpetological community . any taxonomic conclusion about the specific status of pulchra should await a definitive systematic study .
. other names that have been used in the illinois literature include haldea valeriae elegans ( stejneger & barbour , 1939 , a checklist . . . 4th ed . ) ; v . harpeti elegans ( boucourt , 1886 ) and potamophis striatulus ( van cleave , 1928 , illinois state acad . sci . trans . 20 : 133 - 136 ) .
fulton , j . n . , m . couch , and w h . smith . 2014 . new geographic distribution records for herpetofauna in southwestern virginia , usa . herpetological review 45 ( 1 ) : 105 - 106 .
syntopic occurrence of eurycea lucifuga ( cave salamander ) , e . longicauda longicauda ( long - tailed salamander ) , and e . guttolineata ( three - lined salamander ) in the piedmont of virginia - norman reichenbach and liberty university students
remarks : other common names for this snake in virginia are valeria ' s snake ( hay , 1902 ; dunn , 1936 ) ; eastern ground snake ( carroll , 1950 ) ; and brown snake , worm snake , and ground snake ( linzey and clifford , 1981 ) .
an investigation of co - infection by batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus ( fv3 ) in anurans of two natural areas in anne arundel county , maryland and fairfax county , virginia , usa . - lauren d . fuchs , todd a . tupper , christine a . bozarth , david fernandez , and robert aguilar
several steps are recommended for conserving and managing this snake . the full extent of its distribution in virginia needs to be revealed , as does its ecological requirements and life history . we also need to determine the extent of logging threats and where selected populations should be protected . management could include limitations on logging practices , exclusion of some areas from logging , and maintenance of open sunlit areas for gravid females .
description : a small snake reaching a maximum total length of 393 mm ( 15 . 5 inches ) ( conant and collins , 1991 ) . in virginia , maximum known snout - vent length ( svl ) is 276 mm ( 10 . 9 inches ) and maximum total length is 320 mm ( 12 . 6 inches ) . in this study , tail length / total length was 11 . 0 - 21 . 8 % ( ave . = 15 . 8 ± 3 . 0 , n = 72 ) .
range and habitat : this species can be found in scattered locations throughout the eastern and central u . s . and throughout georgia and south carolina . its geographic range includes much of the coastal plain , piedmont , and mountains , from southern virginia to louisiana , but the species is absent from peninsular florida and most of the region of either side of the mississippi river . this species is found in a variety of forested habitats with plenty of ground cover , but is most common in moist deciduous forests and edge habitats .
alexandria city alleghany county amelia county amherst county bedford county botetourt county campbell county caroline county charles city county chesterfield county clarke county cumberland county danville city fairfax city fairfax county falls church city fauquier county fluvanna county franklin county fredericksburg city gloucester county hampton city hanover county henrico county henry county highland county james city county lancaster county lynchburg city mecklenburg county new kent county newport news city northumberland county page county petersburg city pittsylvania county powhatan county prince george county prince william county richmond county rockingham county scott county shenandoah county southampton county spotsylvania county stafford county suffolk city surry county virginia beach city westmoreland county williamsburg city york county verified in 52 counties / cities .
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klauber , 1945 :
named for clinton g . abbott , director of the san diego society of natural history , a friend , editorial guide and a scientific associate for many years .
1881 born in liverpool , england , son of american citizens , april 17th .
member of the american ornithologists union , western society of naturalists and many other professional societies .
] after the celebrated zoologist , whose work on the development , anatomy and classification of american turtles [
contributions to the natural history of the united states
] leaves nothing to be desired in these particulars . we may hope before long to see his descriptions of the genera and species , on which he has been engaged for several years , and which , like the tortoise itself , though slow in coming , will doubtless prove of solid worth and durable quality .
studied at jardin des plantes , paris , france under baron cuvier , the founder of comparative anatomy .
1832 lecturer and curator at the u neuchatel , switzerland . by the time he left switzerland , he had 175 publications including : 20 books with 2000 plates .
1846 awarded funds by king friedrich wilhelm iv of prussia to travel to america and study glaciers . he was appointed to the lowell lectureship at harvard . his popular lectures in us paid neuchatel debts and provided funds for continuing researches .
my intention is not , however , to impart information , but to throw the burden of study on you . if i succeed in teaching you to observe , my aim will be attained .
1848 chair of zoology and geology , lawrence scientific school , harvard , cambridge , ma . henry d . thoreau sent agassiz , turtles , fish and a black snake . the fish was new to science .
1850 wed elizabeth cabot cary , who had to become adjusted to snakes in the closet and worse .
1865 went to brazil with mrs . a . , paid assistants and student volunteers aboard the
. dom pedro ii , emperor of brazil opened the amazon to the expedition for study .
1866 in july , the thayer expedition returned home with more than 80 , 000 specimens .
1871 explored a glacier in the strait of magellan . named it in honor of their steamer , the
1873 john anderson , gave his island of penikese in buzzard ' s bay off new bedford , ma and $ 50k to start a summer school for marine natural history , which became the marine biological laboratory at wood ' s hole , ma . authored
contributions to the natural history of the united states of america ,
1st 2 volumes on turtles .
neill , 1949
in honor of mr . [ e . ross ] allen , for it was his assiduous collecting which focused attention on the form . . .
1911 - 1922 family moved several times : topeka , ks ; mt . vernon , oh ; muncie , in ; akron , oh ; middletown , oh . he studied the natural history of each of those areas .
1929 founder and director of the ross allen reptile institute , silver springs , florida .
1941 - 1945 directed the milking of 73 , 960 poisonous snakes to fill war contracts for antivenin .
biography by hylander , c . j .
adventures with reptiles , the story of ross allen .
julian messner inc . new york , 1957
scion of two historic american families , the allen ' s back to 1640 , and the trumbull ' s to 1639 .
1852 at the age of 14 , made a collection of birds and attempted to draw and color them .
1861 sold his collections to wilbraham academy , springfield , ma , to finance his studies at harvard with louis agassiz .
1865 - 1866 zoological assistant , thayer expedition to brazil , under prof . agassiz .
1867 collecting expedition to western ny , southeastern in , northern il , western ia , southern mi .
1868 - 1869 expedition to east florida , via st . johns river to the head of lake george for mcz .
1868 - 1880 curator of reptiles , birds and mammals , boston society of natural history .
1870 - 1875 asst . ornithology and curator of birds and mammals , museum of comparative zoology ( mcz ) , harvard .
1871 - 1872 fort leavenworth , ks , west to northern ut for mcz .
1873 chief of the party of naturalists of the n . pacific railroad expedition from bismark , nd to the yellowstone and back for the smithsonian .
1876 - 1883 corresponding secretary , nuttall ornithological club and editor of its bulletin .
1883 - 1891 president of the american ornithologist union . editor of
the auk
from 1883 - 1912
1910 + member of the commission on zoological nomenclature of the international congress of zoology .
he received many honorary degrees and continued writing until close to his death . he was impatient of careless work and generalizations based on insufficient data .
pre 1859 collected type in the town of hyatt in anderson county , ks .
1887 - 1933 began collecting for the us department of agriculture and continued the work until his retirement as chief field naturalist of the us biological survey .
1893 wrote
spermophiles of the mississippi valley ,
and many other publications .
1894 - 1895 studied at the columbian u ( now george washington u , washington , dc ) .
fellow of the american association for the advancement of science , american ornithologists union , and the cooper ornithological club .
1846 baird ' s collection added to those of the us exploring expedition ( wilkes expedition ) specimens formed core of natural history specimens at the smithsonian institution .
biographies : ( 1 ) dall ,
spencer fullerton baird ,
lippincott , philadelphia 1915 . and
letters of spencer fullerton baird ;
( 3 ) biographical memoirs of spencer fullerton baird , published in both the auk , vol . 5 , 1888 , # 1 ; and smithsonian report for 1888 , washington , dc , 1890 ; ( 4 ) bibliography : bull . us natl . mus . # 20 .
babcock , 1937
in proposing subspecific distinction for this isolated group , i associate the name of my friend the late mr . outram bangs who first called by attention to this unique new england colony .
attended noble ' s school , boston and the lawrence scientific school , harvard .
1895 traveled to lake edward , quebec and micco , brevard county , fl .
1896 worked at st . mary ' s , ga and made short visits to cumberland island , and localities on the fl side of the st . mary ' s river .
1897 collected at pt . matanzas , carterville , anastasia is . , oak lodge , eau gallie and gainesville , fl .
1899 his collection of mammals , over 10 , 000 skins and skulls and including over 100 type specimens was purchased by subscription and presented to harvard college . appointed asst . in mammalogy .
1906 visited jamaica . collected over 100 birds , but his trip was cut short by dengue fever .
1908 his collection of birds , over 24 , 000 skins was presented to the museum of comparative zoology at harvard . he assumed charge of the arrangement and increase of the bird collection .
kraus and petranka , 1989
. . . the name of dr . thomas barbour , who has contributed extensively to our knowledge of florida reptiles and amphibians .
1903 presented his preserved collection of reptiles and amphibians to the museum of comparative anatomy ( mcz ) at harvard . many specimens came from the ny zoological gardens whose keepers had saved dead animals for him .
1907 - 1908 delegate from harvard to first pan - american scientific congress , santiago , chile .
1911 - 1927 from assoc . curator to curator reptiles and amphibians , mcz , harvard u .
authored
checklist of north american amphibians and reptiles
with stejneger ( 5 editions ) .
1923 - 1945 executive officer in charge of barro colorado island laboratory ( now the canal zone biological area ) , gatun lake , panama .
received honorary degrees ( scd ) from harvard u in 1940 and u of fl in 1944 .
explored e and w indies , india , burma , china japan and s . and central america for mcz .
his popular writings include :
a naturalist in cuba , this vanishing eden ,
and
a naturalist ' s scrapbook
( 1946 ) . he was a huge , sentimental irishman and a fine writer . adjacent to his mcz office was the
eateria ,
to which he invited all to eat and converse . his secretary , helen robinson , prepared all the food for his , literally , thousands of guests .
harper , 1939 [ son of john bartram , ( 1699 - 1777 ) , quaker botanist . ]
1791 published
travels through north and south carolina , georgia , east and west florida .
seminole native americans called him
puc - puggy
which means
flower - hunter .
planted seeds and cuttings of the plants he collected during his travels to the family residence and garden , kingsessing , on the west bank of the schuylkill river , pa .
pre1803 drew a majority of the plates for professor william barton ' s
elements of botany .
, as captain , reached cape of good hope . turned back from australia by hurricanes . continued to india , persian gulf and cape of good hope . shipwrecked .
1795 returned to france leaving his botanical collection from the indies at trinidad . involved with the jardin des plants , museum national d ' histoire naturell , paris .
1797 - 1803 voyaged to australia in command of the geographe and the naturaliste .
taylor , 1895
this species is named for dr . baur , who first noticed the peculiarities of the type , but having only the one specimen considered it an exceptional individual of
porter , 1968
named in honor of george t . baxter who discovered the relict population .
van denburgh , 1905
i take pleasure in naming this island form in honor of mr . r . h . beck who collected the specimens .
1870 born in los gatos , santa clara county , ca , august 26 .
joined the fb webster - harris expedition to the galapagos to collect giant tortoises for lord rothschild .
1905 2nd expedition to the galapagos , collecting birds and tortoises for the ca academy of sciences .
1906 - 1908 collected sea birds off the ca coast near monterey bay and waterfowl in the san joaquin valley near los banos .
1912 rediscovered the hornby petrel on the coast of peru . head of the whitney south sea expedition . spent several years exploring the islands of the south pacific and the interior of new guinea for the american museum of natural history .
1936 published a brief autobiography in rc murphy ' s
oceanic birds of south america .
stejneger , 1894
i take great pleasure in naming this new species after mr . l . belding , whose extensive and excellent herpetological ( contribution ) in lower california as well as in upper california has never been adequately recognized .
1879 authored
a partial list of the birds of central california ,
containing notes on 220 species .
1881 - 1883 trips to the cape region of lower ca . collected new birds and studied avifauna of the region .
1883 elected an active member of the american ornithologists ' union . selected by the committee on bird migration to take charge of the migration work in the pacific district .
schwartz , 1952
. . . of the u of miami , whose aid in securing the original series cannot be minimized .
1958 - 1960 served in u . s . air force in minnesota and montana
1977 - 1981 attended university of california at berkeley . bs in entomology and phd graduate student for three years . published several small papers on acquatic beetles ( dytiscidae and helmidae )
royal college of surgeons , described as a
dental surgeon and naturalist .
( agassiz , 1857 )
collected by the late mr . berlandier , a zealous french naturalist , to whom we are indebted for much of what we know of the natural history of northern mexico .
studied with decandolle , author of
prodomus ,
a world botany book .
1826 left europe for mexico as a collector for decandolle and other genevese botanists .
1827 - 1828 worked for mexican government on their survey of eastern tx . it was a very difficult trip and many specimens were lost and destroyed . his work with the boundary commission was the first extensive collecting in texas . primarily interested in botany , also collected fauna . contracted malaria which made collecting for his patrons impossible . decandolle was not pleased with the condition and quantity of botanical materials . berlandier stayed in mexico , settled in matamoros and married a local woman . engaged in a pharmaceutical business and made frequent botanical exploration in various parts of mexico .
1834 collected in goliad and bexar , tx . lt . couch reported that berlandier was well respected in matamoros and had served as an interpreter to general arista during the mexican war . he was in charge of the hospitals at matamoros during the war . collected the type specimen of
viosca , 1937
named for the pioneer student of louisiana herpetology , the late george e . beyer .
1918 - 1926 la state board of health ( note : viosca also worked there ) .
president of the la naturalists society and a member of the us yellow fever institute and commission to veracruz , mexico . he was a special inspector for the biological survey of the us department of agriculture .
grobman , 1943
it is fitting to associate with this hitherto unrecognized salamander the name of sherman c . bishop , of the university of rochester , who has contributed largely to our understanding of the salamanders of the united states .
1887 born in sloatsburg , ny , november 18 . spent his childhood by erie canal , clyde , ny .
1928 - 1951 asst . professor biology to professor vertebrate zoology , u rochester , ny .
1943 completed
handbook of salamanders ,
the first serious and comprehensive work on north american salamanders since cope ( 1889 ) .
1822 authored
new classification of animals based on external rather than internal organs .
mecham , littlejohn , oldham , brown and brown , 1973
. . . in honor of w . frank blair because of his early suggestion that there were cryptic `
in texas in 1963 ) , and more generally in recognition of his contributions to our knowledge of the systematics and evolutionary biology of anurans .
1922 - 1930 lived in tulsa where his interest in biology was influenced by two teachers .
1935 - 1937 asst . mammal division , u mi . 1938 , phd , u mi .
1941 - 1946 drafted into the army , served in the air force altitude training and survival programs . he taught the use of natural foods and his delight in serving snake , rodent , etc . to high - ranking officers is featured in his recollections .
1972 director of the breckenridge field laboratory , u tx , austin , tx .
authored 129 articles ( 19 more with co - authors ) , 5 books , 8 testimonies before congressional committees , innumerable book reviews and abstracts , and supervised over 100 scientific publications resulting from his student ' s work , without being listed as co - author .
1888 born in stoneham , ma . promoted the careful study of habits and life histories of snakes .
1913 - 1916 taught zoology , ma agricultural college ( ma state college ) , amherst , ma .
1918 - 1919 aide , division of reptiles , us national museum , smithsonian , worked under stejneger .
1927 - 1928 sabbatical in new zealand , australia and tasmania , studied tuatara and urged its conservation .
1935 spent a semester with hk gloyd on a trip through the southwestern and western us . began work on a manual of the snakes of the us which dr . gloyd continued after his death .
( holbrook , 1838 )
this animal was first observed by dr . william blanding , of philadelphia , an accurate naturalist , whose name i have given to the species .
c1830 collected the holotype known as : ansp ( phila , pa ) 26123 , illinois fox river .
1834 he was a
newer member
of the academy of natural sciences ( ansp ) at this time .
collected many reptiles for ansp . and in 1838 holbrook acknowledged dr . blanding
. . . formerly of columbia , south carolina and now residing in philadelphia for several undescribed reptiles from the south and west .
for baird and girard in kent county , on the eastern shore of md .
1856 married august 20 to brig . general washington lafayette elliott ( 1825 - 29 jun 1888 )
1883 wrote
etudes sur les poissons
( studies of fish ) with leon vaillant .
1870 co - authored
etudes sur les reptiles et les batraciens
( studies of reptiles and amphibians ) with auguste dumeril .
dowling and price , 1988
charles m . bogert , emeritus curator of the department of herpetology of the american museum of natural history , in recognition of his many contributions to the systematics of colubrid snakes .
price ( 1990 ) , cat . amer . amphib . rept . 497
1936 - 1940 assistant curator , department of herpetology , american museum of natural history ( amnh ) .
1939 faunal investigations in mexico were initiated with a grant - in - aid from the carnegie corporation . since then collections have been assembled in nearly every state in mexico , except those in the peninsula of yucatan .
1940 - 1941 associate curator , in charge of the department of herpetology , amnh .
1946 initiated explorations in the mexican state of coahuila , with k . p . schmidt of the field museum of natural history .
1946 first president of the herpetologist ' s league , appointed by chapman grant , founder of the herpetologists league .
1946 - 1948 served as secretary to the council of the scientific staff of the amnh .
1948 - 1950 researches in honduras , nicaragua , costa rica and bimini island , bahamas .
1951 - 1953 traveled in the southwest : az , nm , tx and mexico .
1953 initiated investigations of the behavioral significance of anuran vocalizations in chiricahua mountains , in az and in mexico , continued in florida ( archbold biological station ) and in az , mexico , fl , tx , wy , ut , ca , and ceylon ( 1965 ) .
1953 taped recordings of various animals initiated in the chiricahua mountains , az , during this year led to four long - playing discs issued by folk records , including
sounds of the american southwest
in 1954 ,
sounds of north american frogs
in 1958 , as well as two records of folk music recorded in mexico in 1958 and 1960 .
1960 university of colorado , lectures to teachers enrolled in biological sciences curriculum study .
1965 traveled to ceylon . continued faunal , thermal and behavioral investigations in mexico .
1979 + has traveled widely in north , south , and central america , australia and africa . worked on a monograph on the genus salvadora as well as a revision of the 1956 monograph on heloderma until his death at home in santa fe .
1843 - 1846 archaeological pioneer , excavated and identified khorsabad as ninevah , discovered sargon ' s palace . found 7th cent b . c . dictionary for class iii cuneiform script at kuyunjik .
1847 - 1846 wrote
monuments de ninive decoverts et decrits par botta , mesures et dessines par e . flandin .
1821 born in blacklick township , indiana country , pa , december 12th . the family moved to columbus , oh . he was educated in local schools , worked at a printing press and as a public school teacher .
c1840 ' s entered starling medical college ( now included in oh state u college of medicine ) .
1848 - 1849 caught
goldrush fever
and joined the columbus and california industrial association party as its official physician , travelling the oregon trail to ca in summer .
1849 - 1850 prospected briefly along the south fork of the american river , near coloma , el dorado county , ca . apparently spent more time practicing medicine than prospecting . by summer 1850 , he had a practice in placerville , ca . collected reptile and amphibian specimens which were later sent to the smithsonian and examined by baird and girard . collected the syntypes ,
1850 - 1852 moved to san francisco in the fall . built a sailboat with several friends and sailed it around cape horn arriving in norfolk , va in april 1852 .
1860 - 1865 served as a surgeon in the 9th oh regiment . achieved the rank of captain . after the war returned to medical practice in columbus .
dr . boyle was an accomplished linguist ( fluent in 32 languages ) and speaker . although largely self educated , he was much in demand for local meetings and clubs due to his vast knowledge , phenomenal memory , and often accurate predictions of future events . he also gave much of his time and practice to the poor of the city and as a result never amassed much money and died poor himself
on february 16th , 1870 .
stejneger , 1894 ( see h . h . brimley )
having referred to this interesting novelty - which i dedicate to messrs . h . h . and c . s . brimley , from whom the museum has obtained much interesting material . . .
1863 born in great linford , england . attended bedford county school at elstows .
1880 his family migrated to north carolina and settled at raleigh . a book on taxidermy inspired cs and his brother hh to begin collecting , preparing and selling natural history specimens .
1907 authored
artificial key to the species of snakes and lizards which are found in nc .
1919 + division of entomology , state department of agriculture , raleigh , nc , became state museum .
1919 co - authored
birds of north carolina
with hh brimley and t . gilbert pearson .
1938 u of nc awarded him a doctor of laws degree in recognition of his achievements .
1938 wrote
the insects of north carolina < listing more than 10 , 000 species .
member of the american ornithologists union , the wilson club , nc bird club and other professional societies .
stejneger , 1894 ( see c . s . brimley )
having referred to this interesting novelty - which i dedicate to messrs . h . h . and c . s . brimley , from whom the museum has obtained much interesting material . . .
1861 born in willington , bedford , england . attended bedford county school at elstows .
1880 his family migrated to north carolina and settled at raleigh . taught school in a one - room log building on the present meredith college campus ( nc ) . a book on taxidermy inspired hh and his brother cs to begin collecting , preparing and selling natural history specimens .
1884 prepared exhibits for the north carolina board of agriculture and immigration . the work eventually grew into the development of a state museum .
1884 - 1907 mounted specimens for the state centennial exposition ( 1884 ) , the chicago exposition ( 1892 ) , the charleston exposition ( 1901 ) , the saint louis exposition ( 1904 ) , the boston food fair ( 1906 ) and the jamestown exposition ( 1907 ) .
1895 took charge of the nc state museum . accommodated exhibits returning from expositions .
1919 co - authored
the birds of north carolina
with cs brimley and t . gilbert pearson .
1941 nc board of agriculture designated the library as the
brimley library of natural history .
founder and life member of the north carolina academy of science , the raleigh natural history club , the raleigh bird club and the north carolina bird club .
stejneger , 1890
. . . in recognition of his successful researches in that territory ( tucson , az ) . . .
1873 moved to tucson , az . prospected in the desert mountains of az and northern sonora . he had several narrow escapes from apache indians and from death by thirst on the waterless plains of that region .
he was connected with newspapers in tucson as a reporter , editor and owner .
to 1913 president of the audubon society of az and clerk of the superior court of pima county .
1954 - present collected extensively in the southwestern us , northwestern us and the american midwest .
1973 - 2000 environmental specialist in vector control , nm environmental department , working extensively investigating human and animal cases of plague , hantavirus , other vector - borne diseases ; co - author of
a manual for the investigation of plague cases in new mexico
and several papers on plague and hantavirus in nm ; retired december 2000 .
he just recently retired from nm environment dept . in santa fe after about 25 years of service in their vector control program . ted ' s an avid non - professional herpetologist who knows nm intimately and is a walking database of local herp information ( and he ' ll gladly share it with you ) . j . n . stuart
did not publish as much as some of his colleagues ; reportedly encouraging his students ( a who ' s who of natural history for the next 50 years ) to take credit for their discoveries while under his wing . developed the dermestid beetle method of cleaning specimens .
1927 u mi , student of ht gaige , fn blanchard , and ag ruthven .
1932 wrote the amphibian and reptiles section of report on the amnh whitney expedition to the pacific islands . received a grant in aid from the national research council to prepare an illustrated key to the lizards of the us and canada .
1936 published
a key to the lizards of the us and canada .
at kansas state college at quivira , authored more than 80 scientific papers , a fellow of the american association for the advancement of science and the american society of zoologists .
a founder of american anthropology society and american association of mammalogists , in audubon society , and the academy of sciences of in .
haynes and mckown , 1974
we name it in memory of fred r . cagle whose research greatly increased our knowledge of
1938 - 1940 southern il normal u , carbondale , il ( now southern il university ) .
1950 professor of zoology and chairman of the graduate department of zoology , tulane u .
marlow , brode and wake , 1979
the new species is named in honor of the late charles l . camp , herpetologist , paleontologist , and historian , who contributed greatly to our knowledge of the american west . prof . camp discovered the genus
in the new world . . . and very early recognized the diversification within the genus
1918 - 1919 1st lt . american expeditionary forces , served in europe , south africa and china .
member of the california academy of sciences , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , and the california folklore society .
wrote
james clyman : american frontiersman ,
an invaluable source of information on early explorations of the american west .
was secretary of
american ornithologists
as shown by minutes in the auk , vol . 5 , number 2 , pages 220 to 224 .
1731 - 1748 produced the
natural history of carolina , florida and the bahama islands
with 200 color plates , vol . i in 1731 , vol . 2 in 1743 , and the appendix in 1748 . combined illustrations showing birds in natural environments . studied reptiles , etc . on isle of providence . illustrated book on american insects , died in london .
1850 - 1855 zoologist , us / mexican boundary survey , under colonel jd graham .
while surveying , clark and schott made very fine zoological collections . their vertebrates contained possibly 100 new species .
c1852 collected type of rana areolata for baird and girard in calhoun county , tx ; and type of eumeces obsoletus , rio san pedro , tx . worked in md , tx , nm and sonora , mexico .
rossman , 1958
named for roger conant , zoological society of philadelphia in recognition of his contributions to herpetology .
academic course in biology at the u pa terminated by causes stemming from the great depression .
1929 - 1933 curator of reptiles , toledo zoological park , toledo , oh .
1936 - 1969 wrote and presented a 15 minute , weekly , educational , radio program entitled
let ' s visit the zoo
for kyw in philadelphia , pa .
1943 - 1945 served in the volunteer port security force of the us coast guard .
1953 - 1958 secretary of philadelphia conservationists , a group active in preserving wildlife habitats in pa , nj and de .
1957 - 1973 vice - president of the ludwick institute , which provides educational opportunities for children .
1961 - 1973 secretary of philadelphia conservationists , a group active in preserving wildlife habitats in pa , nj and de .
1973 a plaque was dedicated in the reptile house of the philadelphia zoo , designating the natural habitat settings throughout the building as the
roger conant exhibits .
1983 delivered the distinguished herpetologist ' s lecture , herpetologists ' league , u ut , salt lake city , aug . 8th .
national consultant for reptile study , and author of the reptile merit badge pamphlet for the boy scouts of america . past - president of the museum council of philadelphia , an organization of all cultural museums and similar institutions in that metro area . past - president and former secretary of the american association of zoological parks and aquariums ( aazpa ) . editor of the zoo section of
magazine , ( aazpa ) for 20 years . served on the board of directors of the american institute of park executives , formerly affiliated with aazpa . editor of
, the magazine of the philadelphia zoo , during its ten years of publication . editor of
, for 18 years . president of the american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists ( asih ) . secretary and vice president of asih .
until 1956 chairman of committee on standardization of common names for north american amphibians and reptiles ( results published in 1956 ) .
author of 198 primarily herpetological papers , including a monograph on the water snakes of mexico , many popular articles , and three books . contributions have been published in eight countries . wrote literally hundreds of short articles , many of which are not signed by him .
wrote
the field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central north america .
conducted extensive field work on reptiles and amphibians , largely in the us and mexico , but also to a lesser extent in africa and asia . has visited and consulted natural history collections worldwide .
served as a member of the national research council , national academy of sciences , for three years .
member of many scientific and cultural organizations from whom he has received numerous awards and honors .
received three grants from the national science foundation for field research on reptiles and amphibians in mexico .
1989 published
snakes of the agkistrodon complex ,
a monograph begun by dr . conant and the late dr . hk gloyd in the early 1930 ' s .
1863 - 1864 studied in europe , at the british museum and jardin des plantes .
1869 - 1870
systematic arrangement of the extinct batrachia , reptiles and aves of north america .
1870 paleontologist us geological survey , discovered 100 ' s of new species of extinct vertebrates .
biographies : ( 1 ) osborn ,
cope : master naturalist ,
1931 , princeton u press ; copeia , 1932 , # 1 , pp . 39 - 41 ; ( 2 ) copeia , 1940 , # 2 , pp . 60 - 69 ; davis , w . h .
edward drinker cope , herpetologist ,
bull . of the antivenin inst . of america , vol . 5 , no . 3 , pp . 71 - 80 , may 1932 .
baird , 1854 . geiser wrote that the species were named
in honor of its indefatigable discoverer , lt . d . n . couch , who , at his own risk and cost , undertook a journey into northern mexico , when the country was swarming with bands of mauraders , and made large collections in all branches of zoology . . .
1847 fought in the battle of buena vista , promoted to 1st lt . for gallantry .
. purchased berlandier ' s papers , herbarium and zoological and mineral collections from his widow . shipped some to smithsonian and sent part of the plant collection to switzerland . by early 1854 , he had returned to washington , dc .
1861 - 1863 volunteered - colonel 7th ma infantry , appointed brigadier general of volunteers .
offered resignation due to ill health , but was promoted to major general of volunteers .
biography : conant , roger , american museum novitates , # 2350 , 10 - 4 - 1968 .
1804 bought land in ga , his father had a large plantation on san simeon island , ga .
1814 graduated yale . spent time in holland studying water control . one of first us farmers to conduct plantation on basis of scientific research and experimentation .
1838 changed crop from sugar to rice . introduced exotic plants including bermuda grass , now the principle grass in georgia .
1846 presented on fossils at chatahoochie river , ga to boston society of natural history .
c1861 the civil war destroyed his way of life . he opposed secession , but all 5 of his sons enlisted in the confederate army . 2 were killed . couper died broken financially and spiritually . he is buried on san simeon island .
lowe and norris , 1956
named in honor of professor raymond b . cowles of the university of california , los angeles .
( blatchley , 1901 )
two specimens are in the writer ' s collection from sevier county , tn , collected by mr . l . e . daniels to whom i dedicate the species .
1922 - 1934 instructor , school of medicine , u mi and part time asst . professor .
1925 - 1929 chief , obstetrics and gynecology , grace hospital , detroit , mi .
1928 chief , obstetrics and gynecology , women ' s hospital , detroit , mi .
he was a republican , episcopalian and was active in the american boxer club and judged many dog shows throughout the us .
1842 - 1844
zoology of new york ,
volume 3 , reptiles and amphibians .
collected a specimen of storeria dekayi while it was
swimming across a large bay on the northern coast of long island .
scudday , 1973
patronym for dr . james r . dixon who has contributed much to our understanding of the herpetology of the southwest .
1959 - 1961 assoc . professor , veterinary medicine , texas a and m university , where he is affectionately known as
bwana jim .
1965 - 1967 curator of herpetology , life sciences division , los angeles county museum , ca .
1971 + professor , wildlife and fisheries science , texas a and m university u .
1987 published
amphibians and reptiles of texas .
specializes in : zoogeography , systematics and ecology of geckos .


the buff-throated saltator ( saltator maximus ) is a seed-eating bird .

traditionally placed in the cardinal family ( cardinalidae ) , it actually seems to be closer to the tanagers ( thraupidae ) .

it breeds from southeastern mexico to western ecuador and northeastern brazil .

this is the type species of saltator .

consequently , it and its closest allies would retain the genus name when this apparently polyphyletic group is eventually split up .

the buff-throated saltator is on average 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) long and weighs 42 – 52 g ( 1.5 – 1.8 oz ) .

the adult has a slate-grey head with a white supercilium and a greenish crown .

the upperparts are olive green , the underparts are grey becoming buff on the lower belly , and the throat is buff , edged with black .

the thick convex bill and legs are black .

young birds are duller , and have a white-mottled blackish throat and breast , and brown markings on the lower underparts .

the common call is a high seeeer .

males duet melodiously with a warbled cheery cheery answered by cheery to you .

this is a species of dense vegetation .

the buff-throated saltator feeds on fruit ( e.g. of cymbopetalum mayanum ( annonaceae ) , trophis racemosa ( moraceae ) , and gumbo-limbo ( bursera simaruba ) ) , buds , nectar and slow-moving insects .

it forages at low and mid levels , sometimes with mixed species flocks .

the two pale blue eggs per clutch measure some 22 – 32 mm ( 0.87 – 1.26 in ) long by about 16.5 – 21.5 mm ( 0.65 – 0.85 in ) wide and weigh about 4.8 – 6.1 g ( 0.17 – 0.22 oz ) each , which is large among saltator eggs .

they are laid in a bulky cup nest up to 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) high in a tree or bush .

buff - throated saltator

the buff - throated saltator is the english name for the neotropical bird saltator maximus . the buff - throated saltator has a stout , finch - like bill , and traditionally was classified with the cardinals and grosbeaks , cardinalidae . recent research reveals that saltators are embedded within the tanager radiation ( thraupidae ) . saltators are generally arboreal birds with subdued color patterns and coloration , but usually have a bold superciliary . the buff - throated saltator is one of the more widespread members of the genus , and occurs from southern mexico south to northern bolivia and southeastern brazil .
saltator was perched about 3 m above me . recording was normalized to - 3 db .
saltator was foraging about 2 m above me . it sang both its song ( 0 : 00 , 0 : 27 ) and many high
zeeks
( e . g . , 0 : 07 , 0 : 15 ) . recording was normalized to - 3 db .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : saltator maximus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
partners in flight estimate the total population to number 5 , 000 , 000 - 50 , 000 , 000 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 15 . 7 - 17 . 5 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 12 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
grabación hecha en el marco del proyecto
estudio técnico y participativo de la biodiversidad aviar del municipio de ibagué – tolima , como estrategia para la consolidación del ecoturismo de aves , la conservación de sus hábitats y el desarrollo de procesos de educación ambiental
universidad de ibagué - rednatur - colciencias .
two types of song in a continuous recording , all timings oriinal . singing spontaneously at the tip of a myracrodruon urundeuva tree . gallery forest , uberabinha river . home backyard with many fruiting trees . filtered at 400 hz high pass . treated for noise reduction . normalized .
same individual as xc384419 but different song variant . in sparse gallery forest along road foraging with a mixed flock , about 40ft away .
in sparse gallery forest along road foraging with a mixed flock , about 40ft away .
squeaks and songs from a group of saltators foraging several meters above my head . i cut out much background noise from some nearby chickens .
humid forest edge . reference : jn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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a bird descending from a tree to a feeder , and taking a bite of a banana .
josep del hoyo , juan sanabria , greg baker , daniêl jimenez , yoël jimenez , richard garrigues , stefan behrens , robert schaefer , pascal vagner , mkennewell , carlos gussoni , desmond allen , paul molina abril , pieter de groot boersma .
manuel retana , andrew emmerson , martin flack , juan fdo . alvarez castro , lukasz michal pulawski , paul van giersbergen , josep del hoyo , margareta wieser , mauricio rueda , andretti . tche , róger rodríguez , josef widmer , diazlucrecia , luis vargas , orlando jarquín g . , holger teichmann , raymond marsh , jacob . wijpkema , richardgreenhalgh031 , joe prasil , jorge chinchilla , helmut . schumann , david valentin , barb winterfield , marco valentini , guy poisson , billonneau jean claude , antonio silveira , greg griffith , horacio luna , nimali digo and thilanka edirisinghe , jacqueserard , hal and kirsten snyder , miriam bauman , anthony villaume , luis r figueroa , samantha klein , josé frade , marco t . saborio , manakincarmelo , aleix comas , lars petersson , dusan m . brinkhuizen , marinês eiterer , alexander schimmeck , greg baker , thiago t . silva , ron flemal .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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david and his son david are both very friendly hosts and a pleasure to talk with . if you are interested in birds and photography i don ' t think there is a better place in costa rica . their feeders bring in a good variety of interesting and colorful birds and in prime position for shooting their pictures . there is also a trail . . .
thanks so much for taking time to write us this review . we are always excited to hear that our guests enjoyed their time here at the naturepavilion . we look forward to hopefully seeing you back here again some time soon . best , dave and dave


metarctia fusca is a moth of the family arctiidae .

it was described by hampson in 1901 .

it is found in kenya , south sudan and uganda .

metarctia fusca

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[ democratic republic of congo , equateur , mongala district ] , bumba , 23 . x . 1905 , leg . j . waelbroeck .
a junior subjective synonym of balacra elegans aurivillius , 1892 ; synonymized by przybylowicz ( 2009 : 13 ) .
strand e . 1918a . ueber einige lepidopteren der familien lycaenidae , hesperiidae , syntomididae [ sic ] und sphingidae aus belgisch kongo . - internationale entomologische zeitschrift , guben 12 ( 1 ) : 1–9 , ( 10 ) : 102–103 , ( 15 ) : 114–115 .
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