scrobipalpa is a genus of moth in the family gelechiidae .

euscrobipalpa has sometimes been treated as a distinct subgenus , or even as a full genus , but is generally no longer recognised as valid , following ponomarenko & park ( 2007 ) .

scrobipalpa

scrobipalpa instabilella ( m ) , breydon water , norfolk , slide 1313 j clifton .
scrobipalpa suaedella - those with an obvious clear pale ochreous dorsal quarter to the forewing .
scrobipalpa instabilella ( saltern groundling ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
class insecta , order lepidoptera , superfamily gelechioidea , family gelechiidae , subfamily gelechiinae , genus scrobipalpa .
scrobipalpa atriplicella §1 , male , foulness , essex ; 15 / 06 / 2008 ; fw 6 . 2mm © chris lewis
scrobipalpa ocellatella - those with the prominent angled fascia at three quarters on the forewing and dark markings contrasting with the surrounding paler ground colour .
( scrobipalpa nitentella was distinguished from s . obsoletella in britain as recently as 1935 , consequently the true identity of some earlier records is doubtful ) .
scrobipalpa obsoletella - those with the forewing a pale greyish colour lacking any red - brown colouration and appearing paler in the final one - third due to a pale postmedial fascia .
because of the sometimes considerable variation within most saltmarsh inhabiting scrobipalpa species , identification by wing markings alone will not often be possible . caution and care are the watchwords for this group .
( sea plantain ) grow . it comes readily to light . several other scrobipalpa species resemble it , so positive identification depends on examination of genitalia , unless reared from the appropriate foodplants .
goosefoot groundling moth ( scrobipalpa atriplicella ) . this small moth feeds on several foodplants including fat - hen . the one recorded on 16th july 1999 was the first in hertfordshire since 1970 .
fairly well distributed throughout much of england and into southern scotland with odd records from shetland and ireland , this species is very similar in appearance to other scrobipalpa species and dissection is advised for full idenification unless reared .
those more readily identifiable when freshly emerged by the forewing markings are listed below . however all of these also have variation in their wing markings which , when the obvious features are obscured or worn , will then resemble some other scrobipalpa species .
shahira s . m . 2004 . use of the egg parasitoid trichogramma evanescens west . for controlling the rib miner , scrobipalpa ocellatella boyd in sugar beet in egypt ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . egyptian journal of biological pest control 14 : 2 .
this species is usually the palest of the saltmarsh scrobipalpa , being greyer and lacking in any red - brown colouration on the wings . similar species such as s . nitentella and s . atriplicella usually , also , have larger and more distinct blackish spots (
obsoletella
is a reference to the
obsolete
dark spots that are lacking in the basal area of this species ) . however , there is often considerable variation within most saltmarsh inhabiting scrobipalpa so identification from the wing markings alone will often not be possible .
shows quite considerable individual and geographical variation , with specimens of scrobipalpa atriplicella , s . instabilella , s . nitentella and s . stangei all having been found in collections labelled as s . samadensis . dissection is therefore recommended until familiarity is built up with the look of the specimens at particular sites .
hammad , s . m . , youssef , k . e . h . and assem , m . a . h . 1968 . the biology of the sugar - beet mining moth scrobipalpa ocellatella ( boyd ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . bulletin de la société entomologique d’égypte 52 : 49 - 51 .
id : as with other scrobipalpa species , requires genital examination for confident identification male : coremata absent ; posterior margin of uncus truncate or concave ; valvae exceeding uncus female : the only scrobipalpa species with the signum on the left ( both anatomically and in the standard view with ventral surface up and posterior at top ) . the key in mbgbi4 . 2 makes harder work of it and keys it thus : cb clearly defined ; signum in transition zone between db and cb ; cb spherical ; posterior apohphyses at least as long as db ; ventral zone free from honeycomb pattern ; signum on left , concave side mostly smooth .
mahmoudi , j . , askarianzadeh , a . , karimi , j . and abbasipour , h . 2013 . introductiion of two parasitoids of braconid wasps on the sugar beet moth , , scrobipalpa ocellatella boyd . . ( lep . . : gelechidae ) ) from khorasan–e–razavi province , iran . journal of sugar beet 28 : 103 - 106 .
the most widespread of the coastal scrobipalpa species . very local to rare from lincolnshire to sussex becoming local to locally common in most of the remaining coastal areas around the british isles . any large gaps in distribution are more likely to be down to under - recording than the total absence of the moth . recorded once from an upland area in the highlands of scotland .
renou m . , descoins , ch . , lallemand , j . y . priesner , e . , lettere , m . and gallois , m . 1980 . l’acétoxy - 1 dodecène 3e , composant principal de la phéromone sexuelle de la teigne de la betterave : scrobipalpa ocellatella boyd . ( lépidoptère gelechiidae ) . journal of applied entomology 90 : 275 - 289 .
robert , p . ch . 1976 . inhibitory action of chestnut - leaf extracts ( castanea sativa mill . ) on oviposition and oogenesis of the sugar beet moth ( scrobipalpa ocellatella boyd ; lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . in jermy , t . ( ed , ) the host - plant in relation to insect behaviour and reproduction , plenum press , new york and london , pp . 223 - 227 .
scrobipalpa halimifolia bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . and s . griseoflava bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . are described from the eastern crimea ( ukraine ) . both species inhabit halophilic biotopes with halimione verrucifera ( m . b ) aellen ( chenopodiaceae ) , which is a host plant for s . halimifolia bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . the external appearance of the adult and the genitalia of the new species and their habitats are illustrated .
widely distributed across much of the british isles , this species occupies rough and open ground where thistles abound .
the larvae mine the leaves of various thistles ( carduus and cirsium ) , forming a pale , sometimes slightly inflated blotch .
generally there are two generations , with adults on the wing in april to june and again in july to september .
foodplant : june - july and sept . - oct . in irregular brown or whitish leaf mine on cirsium , carduus and , possibly , sonchus asper . intermediate instar length : 8 mm head : shiny brown . posterior strongly edged with pitchy black line , expanding into a black postero - lateral band which extends forward as a grey - black band to include the stemmatal area . frons thinly outlined pitchy brown . prothoracic shield : shiny transparent , tinted light brown . black posterior edge of head clearly visible . divided by thin paler medial line . dorsally darker brown . large pitchy black postero - lateral area . thoracic legs : concolorous coxa with black basal horseshoe collar on inside . femur black . tibia and tarsus greyish brown . body : olive - brown . paler ventrally . grey dorsally when the gut is full . spiracles : small , black peritreme . pinacula : black or dark grey , largest on segment a9 . setae : transparent colourless . anal plate : shiny transparent concolorous , but if frass in a10 , it shows black . faint grey shading on cuticle strongest at posterior . prolegs : base greenish white translucent with grey - black ring . planta transparent whitish . crochets dark grey . final instar length : 10 mm described . head : black . prothoracic shield : pitchy black . divided by thin yellowish white medial line . thoracic legs : concolorous coxa with black basal horseshoe collar on inside . femur black . tibia and tarsus greyish brown . body : each segment has a bright red - pink anterior and yellowish posterior . red - pink is less intense ventrally . spiracles : small , black peritreme . pinacula : black or dark grey , largest on segment a9 . setae : transparent colourless . anal plate : blackish . prolegs : light brown . crochets dark grey .
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a fairly common species throughout much of britain , this moth emerges late in the season , from september onwards , and spends the winter as an adult .
the larval foodplant is bittersweet ( solanum dulcamara ) , and the species occurs in woodland and damp areas where the foodplant is found .
foodplant : probably more than one generation while leaves on solanum dulcamara . ( mbgbi : may , august , september . pers . obs . : july ) , and overwinters as larva . in irregular mines and lightly spun leaves , and able to move between them at will . early mines pale , later turning brown .
length : 7 mm described . ( 5 mm : similar , but paler and more transparent . ) ( mbgbi : 9 - 10 mm full grown )
head : brown . ( 5mm : pitchy brown ) . ( mbgbi : brown to black ) . posterior edged black . black posterolateral mark extends forwards to meet black stemmatal area . frons outlined dark brown ( 5mm : frons paler , edged black ) . mouthparts dark reddish brown .
prothoracic shield : black , anterior and laterally dark brownish . divided by very thin pale medial line . ( 5 mm : pitchy black . medial line imperceptible ) .
metathorax ( t3 ) : coloured as abdomen . ( mbgbi states
thoracic segments 2 and 3 dull purplish brown
. possibly an error in transferring larval details from meyrick , 1895 , who calls the head
segment 1
and the thorax
segments 2 , 3 and 4
) .
body : integument semitransparent , faintly shaded light grey . gut shows as a reddish brown , pinkish or green dorsal line , depending on contents . faint dorsolateral line of reddish brown pigment , strongest on segments a7 and a8 . ventrally whitish . ( 5mm : paler with fainter dorsolateral line ) .
anal plate : transparent tinted pale yellow . darkened when frass in transit . posterior marked blackish grey .
prolegs : coloured as venter . crochets reddish brown . anal prolegs marked blackish grey laterally .
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• female taken at actinic light on rocky shore , lleyn , caerns . august . gen . det . s . farrell . leg . i . f . smith • ©
larvae are found from april to august , giving rise to adults from june to september . it is uncertain if there is more than one generation , or just a single protracted one .
feeding is in leaf blotches , spun shoots and roots . wilting greyish leaves , or frass in the crown of the plant may indicate a larva in the roots . pupae are found in the plant root from may to august .
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can be confused with other members of this group . care required for identification .
recorded in 9 ( 13 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2017 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
female taken at actinic light on rocky shore , lleyn caerns aug gen . det . s . farrell . leg . i . f . smith
plantago coronopus , ( buck ' s - horn plantain ) , see plant distribution map , plantago maritima ( sea plantain ) and also reported from plantago lanceolata ( ribwort plantain ) .
causes wilting and greying of the leaves with frass in the centre of the plants and occasionally spinning leaves together .
mainly associated with saltmarshes but occasionally on sandhills and vegetated coastal shingle . to date there has been only one confirmed inland records of this species in the british isles ( in highland scotland ) but in europe it is known to occur in dry grassland at levels in excess of 2000m .
larva : being primarily a root feeder , the plant shows signs of wilting and greying leaves , a withered centre to the plant sometimes with gingery frass . also found spinning two leaves together on sea plantain and eating the parenchyma . in europe the initial feeding is reported as a long and narrow mine in the leaf in which it probably hibernates followed by the feeding in the upper rootstock .
adult : can be disturbed from amongst the foodplant during the day in warm conditions and later comes readily to all forms of light .
single or possibly double brooded . the extensive set of records on the scheme database ( 300 ) indicate the moth flies from the end of may through to early september with a fairly steady build up in numbers to a peak in the first half of august . the couple of late september records are , perhaps significantly , from the mild climate of the scilly isles although there are no corresponding late records from the channel islands . larval records received to date all relate to the period mid - march to the end of may suggestive of a single extended brood .
e . r . bankes , in his 1894 paper in the entomologist ' s monthly magazine ( 30 : 82 ) , reported it as double brooded from june to july and again in august to september . the larval feeding periods were given as april to may and july to august , however he also noted he and w . h . b . fletcher had only met with the first brood larvae and that it was solely mr . richardson ' s experience of regular second brood larvae he was quoting .
- adult : 10 to 12 mm wingspan . narrow fore wings , yellowish grey , sprinkled with little rounded dark spots ; light grey fore wings . the wings are bordered by long bristles
- egg : oval , 0 . 5 mm long , white with a pearly sheen .
is greenish white , the dorsal side darker green . at the end of its growth , it measures 10 to 12 mm . the dorsal surface becomes reddish and has 2 to 3 pinkish longitudinal lines
[ r ] b iology - this moth is common on chenopodiaceae and particularly on sea beet ( beta maritima ) , beets and garden beet . it also develops on orach ( atriplex ) and amaranths ( amaranthus ) . - adult : dusk - flying moth . mating and egg laying only occur when the temperature is above 11°c . the lifespan is between 25 to 30 days . average fecundity : 40 to 70 eggs . - eggs : deposited in clusters of 1 to 6 on the leaves . development lasts 7 days at 23°c . - larva : following emergence , it invades the young leaves of the centre of the plant in which it forms irregular galleries . it also penetrates the petiole and the collar in which they form galleries of 1 to 3 cm in depth lined with a silken web ( * )
- the first important moth flights occur at the end of april and during may . development ceases under 10°c and hibernation occurs in the caterpillar or pupal stage in the collar of the host , in the ground or store - pits .
[ r ] d amage - beet seedlings attacked by caterpillars die rapidly . the older plants develop irregulary ; the leaves are distorted and embossed , the veins are eaten , the petiole perforated ; the collar turns to a blackish mass ( * )
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the colouration of this species varies a great deal but there is often a darker ( sometimes triangular ) mark midway along each wing .
occurs in woodland , well wooded and damp areas where the larval foodplant bittersweet is found .
emerges late in the season , from september onwards , and spends the winter as an adult . the adult flies at night and is attracted to light .
a fairly common species throughout much of britain . in the butterfly conservation’s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .
occasional in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = c ( very scarce resident or rare migrant )
host plants : several amaranthaceae , and especally several species of beta ( like b . vulgaris l . ) , atriplex and amaranthus .
morphology : the body of the adult is 5 - 7 mm long , the forewings are narrow , elongated , grey - brown , with several rounded dark spots , the hindwings are light grey and have long posterior fringes . the larva ( caterpillar ) is initially greenish , later becoming red - pink with several red - brown longitudinal lines ; head brown , length 10 - 12 mm .
life history : females lay about 40 - 70 eggs ( up to 200 ) each on the host leaves . the young larvae bore in the leaf mirdrib and the petiole of these leaves , then in the root , wherein they form irregular galleries lined with a silken web . they pupate in any available dry sites , being very sensitive to high relative humidity . the threshold of development is around 10°c , the adults may live for about weeks and the pest raises four annual generations .
economic importance : regarded as a serious pest of sugar beets in syria and in iran , especially when infesting seedlings . their leaves may roll , become distorted and blackish ; weak plants turn yellow and wilt . flower buds may also be damaged . heavily infested sugar beets lose up to 24 % of their sugar content and the plants may further be damaged by invading pathogens . sugar beets and fodder beets suffer more than red garden beets .
monitoring : pheromone traps have been used for monitoring the flight pattern of the pest and for timing of control measures .
horticultural control : high relative humidity , achieved with overhead irrigation , protects sugar beet from the humidity - susceptible pest .
plant tolerance : some egyptian sugarbeet cultivars appear to be relatively tolerant to the pest .
chemical control : an aqueous extract of chestnut ( castanea sativa mill . ) leaves sprayed on sugar beet leaves , repels the pests , inhibits their oogenesis and oviposition . organophosphates applied in iran controlled the pest .
biological control : . caterpillars and pupae are attacked by endoparasitoid braconids , like chelonus sulcatus jurine , which in some years kills 45 - 60 % of the pest population , bracon intercessor nees and microchelonus subcontract abdinbekova . releases of the egg parasitoid trichogramma evanescens westwood ( trichogrammatidae ) in sugar beet plots in egypt reduced pest damage by up to 95 % .
el - dessouki , s . a . , ei - awady , s . m . , el - khawass , k . a . m . h . , mesbah , a . h . and el - dessouki , w . a . a . 2014 . population fluctuation of some insect pests infesting sugar beet and the associated predatory insects at kafr el - sheikh governorate . annals of agricultural science 59 : 119–123 .
el - rawy , a . m . and shalaby , g . a . 2011 . reaction of some sugarbeet varieties to the infestation with some insects and final yield . egyptian journal of agricultural research 89 : 1383 - 1391 .
naeem , a . 1977 . effects of some phosphorous insecticides on sugar beet moth in esfahan area . entomologie et phytopathologie appliquées 45 : 41 - 45 .
• great horwood , bucks ; gen . det . p . hall • © dave wilton
the larval foodplants are orache ( atriplex ) and goosefoot ( chenopodium ) , the larvae feeding in spun leaves or flowers / seeds .
there are two generations , with adults appearing in may and again in july / august .
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wingspan 12 - 14mm . a widespread , but local species ( nationally scarce b ) , predominantly coastal , in eastern and southern england , but also at a few inland sites . it is more scarce in scotland , wales and ireland . it frequents saltmarshes and other coastal sites where the foodplants , orache species ( atriplex spp . ) occur .
there are at least two generations , the adult having been found from may to september . the larva feeds within the stem of the foodplant leaving dry , whitish frass exuding from the hole .
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widely scattered but local , occasionally locally common , in coastal areas of the british isles . apparently absent from the northern and western isles of scotland , most of western ireland and the channel islands . occasionally wanders some distance away from its breeding areas .
chenopodium spp . ( goosefoot ) , see plant distribution map for c . album agg . as a representative of this foodplant , and suaeda maritima ( annual sea - blite ) . also recorded from atriplex littoralis ( grass - leaved orache ) , a . patula ( common orache ) , a . portulacoides ( sea - purslane ) , a . prostrata ( spear - leaved orache ) , beta vulgaris ssp . maritima ( sea beet ) and sarcocornia perrenis ( perrenial glasswort ) .
in europe also on atriplex hortensis ( garden orache ) , atriplex pedunculata ( pedunculate sea - purslane ) , salicornia europaea agg . ( common glasswort ) and suaeda altissima .
a record of the larva on cakile maritima ( sea rocket ) is very unusual and it is considered possible the plant was misidentified .
mines the leaves with the first instar producing a u or horseshoe - shaped mine .
larval : mines the leaves with the first instar producing a u or horseshoe - shaped mine , then mining in an irregular or branched fashion . in the penultimate instar the larva vacates the mine and spins a silken tube amongst the seeds , feeding mainly on the unripe ones .
adult : can be disturbed from amongst the foodplant during the day , flies at night and comes to light often some distance form its nearest foodplant .
can be confused with s . salinella , s . obsoletella , s . instabilella , some forms of s . samadensis and one form of s . suaedella . dissection is often required to confirm the determination .
if a moth has been bred from a known foodplant , and therefore also time of year when the larva feeds and the nature of its feeding methods have been observed , this information , plus a freshly emerged moth , will allow the number of possibilites to be reduced considerably . if the bred or caught moth is a fresh specimen and displays the distinctive markings of some species ( see below ) then an identification without more detailed examination should be possible in many cases .
in cases where there is any doubt , particularly where worn light - trapped specimens are concerned , dissection will be essential to obtain an accurate identification until a good familiarity is built up with the range of species and their markings at a particular site .
even genitalia differences are often small but are constant between the various species . it is advisable to seek confirmation of identifications by genitalia until familiarity is built up with this genus .
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described from the eastern crimea ( ukraine ) . both species inhabit halophilic biotopes with
appearance of the adult and the genitalia of the new species and their habitats are illustrated .
bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ambas especies se localizan en biotopos halofílicos con
n . se representa el aspecto externo del adulto y de la genitalia de las nuevas especies y su hábitat .
is represented by about 40 species , of which 30 are known from the crimea .
, same data , but 15 / 18 - vi - 2006 , ex l .
, crimea , okr . nanikovo , barakol’ lake , solonchak , 10 - vii - 2010 , leg . y
data , but 13 - viii - 2006 ( gen . prep . 217 / 08 ) ; 3
, same data , but 12 - viii - 2006 ( gen . prep . 82 / 10
light grey medial and apical rings ; proboscis light grey . scapus brown , other antennal segments brown with
narrow grey rings at base . forewing covered mainly with light grey , brown - tipped scales , costal margin , apex
and termen darker , nearly blackish , veins and area along dorsum distinctly mottled with orange - brown . brown
subcostal spot at 1 / 4 and three dark spots in cell well developed . fringe grey , brown - tipped . hindwing and its
subapical streak and dark spots in cell ( fig . 3 ) ; in other cases , orange - brown pattern nearly reduced , but dark
spots in cell surrounded by orange and additional two - three black points well expressed in basal 1 / 4 ( figs . 4 - 5 ) .
rounded , nearly exceeds the top of uncus . sacculus about 1 / 4 length of valva , weakly curved inwards , outer
of sacculus , separated by deep and broad medial incision . tegumen moderately broad . saccus gradually
female genitalia ( figs . 17 - 18 ) : papilla analis suboval , sparsely covered with short setae . apophyses
small foamy sclerotized patterns at anterior - medial corner . subostial lobes broad , rounded apically
incision . ductus bursae moderately broad , colliculum narrow , ring - shaped . corpus bursae rounded , signum
ariation : the teeth at the base of signum vary in length ; signum from weakly curved to nearly straight .
broad medial emargination on the posterior margin of vinculum . it differs from both species in curved inwards
from mongolia , but can be recognized by longer valvae and narrower uncus . the female genitalia of new
observed annually from the second decade of may to the first decade of june . the larvae live in large spot - like
mines on the leaves of host plant . usually the larvae change several mines during their life . pupation takes place
outside of the larval habitation ( in plant litter or in the upper layer of ground ) in a light whitish cocoon . the
probably in 2 - 3 generations . all specimens were collected in the evening before sunset .
, crimea , 3 km e ordzhonikidze , dvujakornaja dolina , solonchak , 19 - vi - 2004 , leg . y
narrow , acute , light brown with white medial and apical rings . proboscis white . scapus white mottled with dark ,
other antennal segments brown with broad white rings . thorax and tegulae orange - yellow . forewing covered
brown tipped . hindwing white , fringe yellowish - white , brown - tipped .
male genitalia ( fig . 16 ) : tegumen moderately broad , gradually narrowed towards uncus . uncus as long as
broad , posterior margin with distinct medial depression . gnathos short , narrow , weakly curved . v
apical 1 / 4 broadly rounded , does not exceed top of uncus . sacculus about 1 / 4 length of valva , parallel - sided ,
slightly shorter than length of sacculus , medial incision lyre - shaped . saccus narrow , apex pointed . aedeagus
female genitalia ( figs . 19 - 21 ) : papilla analis suboval , sparsely covered with short setae . apophyses
anteriores longer than segment viii , straight , four times shorter , than apophyses posteriores . segment viii about
as long as broad , subgenital plates relatively broad , broadly separated , inner area distinctly foamy sculptured .
with microtrichia . ductus bursae moderately broad , colliculum narrow , ring - shaped . corpus bursae rounded ,
signum weakly curved , horn - shaped , placed at the left side of the entrance of bursae copulatrix .
ariation : the subgenital lobes vary in width , in one case ( fig . 21 , gen . prep . 83 / 07 ) subgenital lobes are
as by the absence of a grey spot in the middle of wing . the male genitalia of
bionomy : the adult flies from the third decade of may to the third decade of june . the host plant
. , 2009 . – on the distribution of gelechiid moths ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) in siberia . contribution
( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) living on plants of the family chenopodiaceae , with description of new species . –
, o . , 2010 . – gelechiidae ii ( gelechiinae : gnorimoschemini ) .
, d . , 1977 . – notes on gnorimoschemini of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . –
bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . , ht ( gen . prep .
bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ( gen . prep . 219 / 08 ) .
bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ( gen . prep . 217 / 08 ) .
bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ( gen . prep . 210 / 08 ) .
bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ( gen . prep . 83 / 07 ) .
– on the distribution of gelechiid moths ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) in siberia . contribution 3
bidzilya , o . v . , 2009 . – on the distribution of gelechiid moths ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) in siberia . contribution 3 . – proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . , 5 : 3 - 13 .
falkovitsh , m . i . & bidzilya , o . v . , 2003 . – gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) reared from the larvae collected in kyzylkum desert , with description of new species . – proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ , 1 ( 1 ) : 113 - 142 . [ in russian ] .
falkovitsh , m . i . & bidzilya , o . v . , 2006 . – the turanian gelechiid - moths of the tribe gnorimoschemini ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) living on plants of the family chenopodiaceae , with description of new species . – proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ , 4 : 62 - 104 . [ in russian ] .
falkovitsh , m . i . & bidzilya , o . v . , 2009 . – a list of gelechiid moths ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) of southern kyzylkum . – proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ , 5 : 65 - 98 . [ in russian ] .
huemer , p . & karsholt , o . , 2010 . – gelechiidae ii ( gelechiinae : gnorimoschemini ) . in p . huemer , o . karsholt & m . nuss . – microlepidoptera of europe , 6 : 586 pp . apollo books , stenstrup .
– notes on gnorimoschemini of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . – acta ent
povolny´ , povolny´povolny´ , d . , 1977 . – notes on gnorimoschemini of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . – acta ent . mus . natn . pragae , 39 : 403 - 443 .
the holarctic genus agonochaetia is reviewed and a new species is described from québec , canada . in addition , a new related genus and species is described from the canary islands . comparative diagn…
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chrysoesthia halimionella , sp . n . , megacraspedus uzunsyrtus , sp . n . , aristotelia confusella , sp . n . , and dirhinosia interposita , sp . n . , are described from ukraine . adults and genitalia of the new species are illustrated and compared with related species .
new species and new records of gelechiid - moths from northern siberia and far east of russia ( lepidop . . .
three new species of gelechiidae are described from russia : teleiopsis tchukotka bidzilya , sp . n . ( tchukotskiy ar ) , chionodes ermolaevi bidzilya , sp . n . ( sakhalin island ) , chionodes arctica bidzilya , sp . n . ( jamalo - nenetskiy ar , jakutia , vrangel island ) . five species are recorded for the first time from the sakhalin island , three species - from the kurily islands , two species - from jakutia , one . . . [ show full abstract ]
aethes shakibai huemer & wieser , 2004 a new species of leafroller for the european fauna , with descr . . .
aethes shakibai sivashella budashkin & bidzilya , ssp . n . , is described based on 30 males and 3 females from the eastern crimea and the coast of the sea of azov ( ukraine ) . the external appearance of the adult , genitalia of the new subspecies and its habitat are illustrated . type material of the new subspecies is deposited in the collection of karadagh nature reserve and the collection of the . . . [ show full abstract ]
checklist of scythridid moths ( lepidoptera , scythrididae ) of ukraine with description of two new spe . . .
an annotated list of 46 species of scythrididae from ukraine is given . two species are described as new : scythris zhakovi bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ( crimea , kherson region ) and scythris psammitis bidzilya & budashkin sp . n . ( kherson region ) . 13 species are recorded from ukraine for the first time : scythris bifissella ( hofmann , 1889 ) ; scythris perlucidella nupponen & nupponen , 2000 ; scythris . . . [ show full abstract ]
summary of recorded quantities of adult moths of this species by week and year .
ok , so it ' s not quite as extreme as the one a couple of weeks ago , but i ' m glad i ' ve more or less caught up on my records from that one for the garden in wolvercote , oxfordshire , as i suspect tonight and the next couple will provide a fair amount of work . although numbers haven ' t been as impressive as some people ' s the total of 287 individuals and 82 species , of which 19 were nfy , was pretty good on 19th june . species which seem to be doing well include v - pug , common footman ( and to some extent , buff footman ) and coronet ; and my overall impression , even before the previous heatwave , has been that this year has been measurably more productive than last .
i ' ve had a few tricky specimens from recent days and would be grateful for confirmation or help : i suspect the first of these two is just an unusually - marked single - dotted wave , but i wondered about a mullein wave ; and from an earlier post here , i wonder whether the rather washed - out individual below it , with its raised abdomen , is a brown scallop .
i ' d go along with single - dotted wave and brown scallop , steve . zeiraphera isertana is correct and i think you are safe with acleris kochiella too . the aethes would appear to be rubigana if this site is to be believed : urltoken yes to crambus perlella , the gelechiid needs a clearer image and the last one appears to me to be phycita roborella .
very many thanks , dave : some good news there , with the zeiraphera and acleris kochiella both being new to my garden ( and life ) list , and the former the first species on the list beginning with ' z ' . . . the degree of detail on that website has left my head spinning !
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middle and south europe , northern africa , middle east , iran . in the former ussr , the species is distributed in the central chernozem region ( sparsely ) , in the south of the european part of russia to the caucasus , in ukraine , moldova , transcaucasia ( georgia ) , central asia ( turkmenistan ) .
l . vovskii a . l . & piskunov v . i . 1999 . fam . gelechiidae - wing - emarginated moths . in : kuznetsov v . i . , ed . insects and mites . pests of agricultural crops . lepidoptera . st . petersburg : nauka . v . 3 , part 2 , p . 46 - 93 ( in russian ) .
minoranskii v . a . 1963 . beet mining moth . zashchita rastenii ot vreditelei i boleznei 3 : 30 - 31 ( in russian ) .
minoranskii v . a . 1987 . formation of noxious entomofauna on beet plantations . zashchita rastenii 11 : 32 - 34 ( in russian ) .
petrukha o . i . , pozhar z . a . , shevchenko v . n . , bichuk yu . p . , pshenichuk r . f . , tishchenko e . i . , tribel . s . a . , broyakovskaya o . n . & kornienko a . s . 1982 . sugar - beet protection . zashchita rastenii 6 : 23 - 26 ( in russian ) .
shmeleva v . a . 1954 . beet mining moth and its control . kiev : an ukr . ssr , 38 p . ( in russian ) .
slavgorodskaya - kurpieva l . e . , slavgorodskii v . e . & popov v . g . 2001 . protection of agricultural crops against pests and diseases . ( the handbook for farmers , gardeners , truck farmers ) . simferopol . : biznes - inform , 344 p . ( in russian ) .
tribel . s . a . & deryugin e . a . 1993 . biocenotic mechanisms of control of harmfulness . sakharnaya svekla 3 : 19 - 20 ( in russian ) .
vasil . ev v . p . 1974 . family gelechiidae . in : vasil . ev v . p . , ed . pests of agricultural crops and forest plantations . v . 2 . arthropods . kiev : urozhai , p . 257 - 261 ( in russian ) .
zhitkevich e . n . 1963 . beet mining moth . zashchita rastenii ot vreditelei i boleznei 3 : 29 - 30 ( in russian ) .
© 2003 - 2009 project «interactive agricultural ecological atlas of russia and neighboring countries . economic plants and their diseases , pests and weeds»
willow ermine moth ( yponomeuta rorella ) . so called because of its beautiful greyish - silvery wings with black spots , this small moth was found at marshalls heath on 1st august 1995 . it is the rarest species on the reserve , declining nationally and liable to be in danger of extinction in britain if the causes of its decline continue to operate . the larva feeds on white willow , or occasionally grey willow .
balsam carpet moth ( xanthorhož biriviata ) . this and the following species are only known from less than 30 decads ( 10km squares ) in the united kingdom . it is a very local moth , being confined mainly to water meadows bordering waterways around london , and was recorded at marshalls heath on 19th july 1995 . the larva feeds on orange balsam or small balsam .
great brocade moth ( eurois occulta ) . a fairly large , fat - bodied noctuid moth that is resident in scotland and is an occasional migrant elsewhere . it was attracted to light on 7th august 1995 , at a time when several unusual insects from continental europe turned up in southeast england .
white - letter hairstreak butterfly ( satyrium w - album ) . thirty specimens have been seen in ten different years , most recently in july 2001 , suggesting that there is a small but persistent breeding colony here . the caterpillar feeds on elm , and the species was drastically reduced following the attack of dutch elm disease in the 1970s and early 1980s , and is presently continuing to decline , causing concern nationally .
barred white moth ( nemapogon clematella ) . this tiny species breeds at marshalls heath , where it was identified in may 1997 by mark sterling from the characteristic mine that its caterpillar makes in the fungus diatrype disciformis , found growing on a dead hazel branch . this demonstrates the importance of leaving a good supply of dead and rotting wood on the ground as part of good woodland management .
small clover case - bearer moth ( coleophora frischella ) . one of the large family of moths whose larvae make characteristic tubes or cases to pass the winter in , this tiny moth is beautifully coloured , with bronzy green wings reflecting flashes of shimmering purple in places . it probably breeds on the heath , where its numbers have been increasing in recent years , 59 being seen in 2002 . its larvae feed on white clover , and possibly thistles and knapweed too .
black stigma case - bearer moth ( coleophora hemerobiella ) . feeding on hawthorn , apple or wild cherry , this species may also be breeding on the reserve , having been seen in three separate years , most recently in august 2002 when three were found .
pale lettuce bell moth ( eucosma conterminana ) . a small , well - camouflaged moth that has repeatedly turned up at marshalls heath over the years , the last in august 2000 . it feeds on great lettuce or prickly lettuce , but is a scarce , local moth , restricted to southeast england .
grass - veneer moth ( pediasia contaminella ) . feeding on sheep ' s fescue , a grass that flourishes on the anthills , it is possible that this species breeds here in small numbers . three have been seen in three different years , most recently on 8th august 2002 .
sulphur pearl moth ( sitochroa palealis ) . this elegant , sulphur - yellow moth was discovered here on 10th august 1997 . its foodplant , wild carrot , is widespread on the anthills and acid grassland , so the hopes are that it breeds here .
long - legged tabby moth ( synaphe punctalis ) . recorded only once , on 8th august 1997 , this scarce moth is normally found in coastal areas . it may possibly breed here , as it feeds on damp mosses .
false cacao moth ( ephestia parasitella ) . recorded twice , in 1998 and 2002 july 17th , the life history of this scarce moth is poorly known . it probably feeds on dried plant material , dead berries and dried stems of ivy , so may be breeding on the reserve .
yarrow pug moth ( eupithecia millefoliata ) . discovered on 22nd august 2000 , the abundance of its foodplant , yarrow , may mean that it is breeding here , though elsewhere it has mainly been found on the coast or around the thames estuary .
pale shining brown moth ( polia bombycina ) . formerly well - represented in the south of england , there have been very few records of this moth since 1980 . it is normally found in areas of chalky soil , but its foodplant and life - history are unknown , though it will accept dandelion , knotgrass , dock and sow - thistle in captivity , all of which are found here . it was seen at marshalls heath on 28th june 1996 , the only recent hertfordshire record .
angle - striped sallow moth ( enargia paleacea ) . extremely rare , this beautiful orange - yellow moth feeds on silver birch , so might possibly be breeding here , though the specimen seen on 31st july 1995 could have been an immigrant . there are very few hertfordshire records for this moth .
waved black moth ( parascotia fuliginaria ) . the caterpillar of this scarce moth feeds on fungi growing on tree stumps or fallen or felled tree - trunks , and is yet another illustration of the importance of rotting wood to many forms of wildlife . it has been seen twice , on 24th july 1995 and 21st july 1997 , and hopefully survives in small numbers .
leaf beetle ( chrysolina oricalcia ) . this smallish shiny beetle has been found twice , on 19th april and 18th september 1993 . it has no specific english name , but is one of the leaf beetles noted for their shiny , sometimes metallic bright colouring .
monks wood beetle ( hallomenus binotatus ) . occuring in the fungi on old trees , this rare reddish - yellow beetle was recorded on 26th may 1995 , the first and only time it has been recorded in hertfordshire .
net - winged beetle ( platycis minuta ) . this scarce species also occurs in old wood , emphasising how important it is to leave fallen trees as part of good woodland management . it is usually encountered in ancient woodland , and may have survived here in hedgerows where it was recently discovered on 23rd august 2002 .
false darking beetle ( prionychus ater ) . yet another species of old timber , this is a nocturnal beetle found under the bark of deciduous trees . it was recorded here on 13th july 1999 .
spider beetle ( ptinus sexpunctatus ) . one of the spider beetles , so - called because of their long legs and roundish bodies , this tiny beetle has the distinction of having been discovered in the nests of bees . it feeds on decaying insects , one of the thousands of useful
tidying up
creatures without which our world would be overrun with refuse . it was seen on the heath on 10th may 1993 , 10th april 1999 and 6th may 2000 .
hoverfly ( volucella inanis ) . one of 276 species of british hoverfly , this species has a bright yellow body with thin black bands . it has no english name . the resemblance to a wasp is purely superficial - it is not related to wasps and has no sting . the similarity is a useful defence from birds and anything else that might attack it , but as far as man is concerned , thousands of these innocent creatures are mistaken for wasps or hornets and killed . it was recorded on the heath by mark sterling on 20th august 1995 .
least carpet moth ( idaea vulpinaria ) . this species is seen here in most years , 15 times altogether and most recently on 11th august 2002 . its foodplant is ivy and there is probably a breeding colony on the heath .
scarce tissue moth ( rheumaptera cervinalis ) . the scarcity of this moth is perhaps mainly due to the fact that its caterpillar feeds only on barberry and other berberis species , plants that used to be ruthlessly exterminated by farmers , as they harbour wheat rust . the presence of the plant round the edges of the heath , and the development of resistant strains of wheat , may help its survival here . it has been recorded five times , most recently on 13th may 1997 .
brown scallop moth ( philereme vetulata ) . this very local moth was found here on 4th july 1995 . its caterpillars feed exclusively on buckthorn .
maple pug moth ( eupithecia inturbata ) . a small but persistent colony of this moth seems to be present on the heath , where its food , the flower of the field maple , is relatively common . it has been seen in 8 out of the last 10 years , most recently on 7th august 2002 .
netted pug moth ( eupithecia venosata ) . normally a species of chalk or limestone districts , the netted pug is becoming much scarcer and is now a cause for concern , and there are very few recent hertfordshire records . it breeds on bladder campion , which is found in small numbers on the road verges of the heath , and along some of the field edges . it was discovered here on 24th may 1999 .
lead - coloured drab moth ( orthosia populeti ) . with such an unflattering english name , this species hasn ' t much going for it . it flies early in the year , march and april , and visits sallow blossom . the caterpillar breeds on aspen . it has been recorded only once , on 17th march 2000 .
lesser - spotted pinion moth ( cosmia affinis ) . once reasonably common , this distinguished - looking moth declined dramatically following the outbreak of dutch elm disease . its caterpillar feeds on english elm , but seems to have survived by using wych elm as well . perhaps , like the white - letter hairstreak butterfly , it is making use of the elm suckers and shrubs that continue to persist in large numbers at marshalls heath . it has been seen every year except 2002 , 54 times in all , and most recently on 12th august 2001 .
grey partridge ( perdix perdix ) . a nesting grey partridge was a local attraction on the heath in 1979 , but this species has since suffered a worrying decline . ground nesting birds are particularly vulnerable here as the heath is common land and a favourite place for dog walkers .
lesser spotted woodpecker ( dendrocopus minor ) . this delightfully attractive little bird has been regularly nesting on the heath and in adjacent gardens , but the loss of our resident bird enthusiast has meant that its present status is unclear . it was last recorded on 19th december 1998 .
skylark ( alauda arvensis ) . universally loved as one of the signs of spring , the lark ascending to sing its exuberant chattering notes high above fields and meadows is giving way to silence as this bird disappears from more and more districts . it is still a regular sight at marshalls heath however , and was most recently noted on 17th april 2001 .
song thrush ( turdus philomelos ) . the confident , melodious and beautifully inventive musical call of the song thrush is still heard on the reserve from the tops of tall trees on calm , warm evenings at twilight in summer , most recently on 9th june 1999 , but numbers of this popular bird are declining to a worrying extent .
willow tit ( parus montanus ) . this woodland bird is in serious trouble , perhaps partly because of its need to excavate a nest hole in a rotten tree or stump , yet another reason for leaving dead timber where it is . last seen here on 12th may 1995 , the national decline of this bird has been greater than for any other in britain , 54 % since 1994 . the decline in hertfordshire has been far more serious , from being present in about half the tetrads recorded in 1986 down to only four birds seen in 2000 in the entire county .
house sparrow ( passer domesticus ) . there was widespread disbelief and amazement when this once universally familiar bird was added to the rspb red list , but having halved its numbers in recent years it has disappeared from many sites . there is little information on its present status at marshalls heath , the most recent record being 1996 april 14th .
tree sparrow ( passer montanus ) . the catastrophic decline of this species in the 1990s is difficult to explain , and it has not been definitely recorded at marshalls heath since 1989 .


the tarry hogfish , bodianus bilunulatus , is a species of wrasse native to the indian ocean from the african coast to the western pacific ocean to japan , new caledonia , and the philippines .

this species occurs on reef slopes at depths of from 3 to 160 m ( 9.8 to 524.9 ft ) with the adults being found in deeper waters than the juveniles .

this species can reach 55 cm ( 22 in ) in total length with a maximum recorded weight of 1.8 kg ( 4.0 lb ) .

it is of minor importance to local commercial fisheries and is also popular as a game fish .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

other common names include : blackspot wrasse , crescent-banded hogfish , hawaiian hogfish , saddle-back hogfish , table boss , and tuxedo hogfish .

bodianus bilunulatus

( of bodianus bilunulatus bilunulatus ( lacepède , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
a saddleback pigfish , bodianus bilunulatus , in the murion islands , western australia , april 2009 . source : eschlogl / inaturalist . org . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
bodianus after bodiano or pudiano , from the portuguese pudor , meaning modesty ( jordan & evermann , 1896 ) .
for taxonomic treatment see gomon ( 2006 ) . bodianus bilunulatus has long been confused with three other closely related species with which it is broadly sympatric : b . loxozonus , b . macrourus and b . perditio ( gomon 2006 ) .
gomon , m . f . 2006 . a revision of the labrid fish genus bodianus with descriptions of eight new species . records of the australian museum , supplement 30 : 1 - 133
labrus bilunulatus lacépède , 1801 , histoire naturelle des poissons : 454 , 526 , pl . 31 ( 2 ) . type locality : indo - pacific ( as great equatorial ocean ) .
( of labrus bilunulatus lacepède , 1801 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lepidaplois bilunulatus ( lacepède , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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justification : little is known about population and life history characteristics . it is very widespread throughout the indo - west pacific and is fairly common in deeper areas . this species is moderately small and sought by aquarium fish collectors , but there is no catch data . it is probably occasionally caught by hook and line and spear fishing . this species is listed as least concern .
this species is found in the indo - pacific from somalia to durban , south africa to the abrolhos islands , western australia . in the western pacific , it is found from wakayama , japan to bali , indonesia and new caledonia . it is evidently absent from the red sea , northwestern indian ocean and the east coast of australia . the relatively poor representation of this species in collections , especially from indonesia and southeast asia , may be due to its occurrence on deep offshore reefs . this habitat is poorly collected at many localities ( b . russell pers . comm . 2008 ) .
there is no population information available for this species . this is fairly common in some areas and in deeper waters .
this is a large species , to about 310 mm sl . it occurs on deep reef slopes rich with invertebrates such as sponges and seawhips , but young adults are occasionally seen much shallower . specimens have been taken at depths of 8 - 160 m . it is usually solitary in coral and rocky reefs . it feeds mainly on benthic , hard - shelled , invertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans . it is protogynous ( demartini et al . 2005 ) . size at sex change : 38 . 6 - 40 . 5 cm l .
this species is collected for the aquarium trade . it is probably occasionally caught by hook and line or speared , and eaten .
there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
name formed from the latin adverb bis , for twice and latin diminutive noun lunula ( luna + ulus ) for ' somewhat like the moon ' ; apparently referring to the lunate caudal fin ( double emarginate with filamentous lobes ) of the type specimen ( ref . 75973 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 3 - 160 m ( ref . 9823 ) . tropical ; 30°n - 30°s
indo - west pacific : east coast of africa to japan , the philippines and new caledonia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 55 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4392 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 8 kg ( ref . 4887 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 12 . young easily identified by the unusual coloration . adults normally have an oval shaped black saddle near the tail , but it may become indistinct in large males ( ref . 48636 ) .
adults occur on deep reef slopes rich with invertebrates such as sponges and seawhips , but young adults are occasionally seen much shallower ( ref . 48636 ) . usually solitary in coral and rocky reefs . feed mainly on benthic , hard - shelled , invertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans . protogynous ( ref . 55080 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .
oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . size at sex change : 38 . 6 - 40 . 5 cm l ( ref . 55080 ) .
westneat , m . w . , 2001 . labridae . wrasses , hogfishes , razorfishes , corises , tuskfishes . p . 3381 - 3467 . in k . e . carpenter and v . niem ( eds . ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . vol . 6 . bony fishes part 4 ( labridae to latimeriidae ) , estuarine crocodiles . fao , rome . ( ref . 9823 )
) : 23 . 6 - 28 . 8 , mean 27 . 4 ( based on 932 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 49 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 53 of 100 ) .
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saddleback hogfish , medium : over 1 . 5 - 3 . 5
, hawaii
saddleback hogfish , large : over 3 . 5 - 5 . 5
, hawaii
due to availability and individuality of each species , colors and sizes may vary .
saddleback hogfish - juv , small : over . 75 - 1
, hawaii
a large species with fine reddish stripes along the upper head and back , sides with reddish scale margins , a large black saddle the rear of the dorsal fin ( indistinct in large males ) , and a yellow tail . juveniles are bright yellow above , with fine red stripes along the sides , and a broad black bar on the rear of the body .
recorded in australia from the houtman abrolhos , wa ( 28°31 ' s ) to the cobourg peninsula , nt ( 132°e ) , including offshore wa reefs , and ene of cape moreton , qld ( 26°58 ' s ) . found elsewhere in the tropical indo - west - central pacific . inhabits corals and rocky reefs , often on deep outer reef slopes rich with corals , sponges and seawhips .
allen , g . r . 1985 . fishes of western australia . book 9 . 2207 - 2534 526 pls in burgess , w . e . & axelrod , h . r . ( eds ) . pacific marine fishes . neptune , new jersey : t . f . h . publications .
allen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . perth : western australian museum 292 pp . 106 pls .
allen , g . r . & erdmann , m . v . 2012 . reef fishes of the east indies . perth : tropical reef research 3 vols , 1260 pp .
allen , g . r . & swainston , r . 1988 . the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers . perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .
gloerfelt - tarp , t . & kailola , p . j . 1984 . trawled fishes of southern indonesia and northwest australia . jakarta : dir . gen . fish . ( indonesia ) , german tech . coop . , aust . dev . ass . bur . 406 pp .
grant , e . m . 1991 . fishes of australia . brisbane : em grant pty ltd 480 pp .
hobbs , j . - p . a . , ayling , a . m . , choat , j . h . , gilligan , j . j . , mcdonald , c . a . , neilson , j . & newman , s . j . 2010 . new records of marine fishes illustrate the biogeographic importance of christmas island , indian ocean . zootaxa 2422 : 63–68
kuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . a comprehensive reference for divers and fishermen . sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp .
lacépède , b . g . 1801 . histoire naturelle des poissons . paris : chez plassan vol . 3 558 pp . 34 pls .
randall , j . e . 1986 . family no . 220 : labridae . pp . 683 - 706 in smith , m . m . & heemstra , p . c . ( eds ) . smith ' s sea fishes . johannesburg : macmillan south africa xx + 1047 pp . 144 pls .
westneat , m . w . 2001 . labridae . pp . 3381 - 3467 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , t . h . ( eds ) . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes . rome : fao vol . 6 pp . 3381 - 4218 .
adults occur on deep reef slopes rich with invertebrates such as sponges and seawhips , but young adults are occasionally seen much shallower ( ref . 48636 ) . usually solitary in coral and rocky reefs . feed mainly on benthic , hard - shelled , invertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans . protogynous ( ref . 55080 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .
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description usually solitary in coral and rocky reefs . feeds mainly on benthic , hard - shelled , invertebrates such as molluscs and . . .
description usually solitary in coral and rocky reefs . feeds mainly on benthic , hard - shelled , invertebrates such as molluscs and crustaceans . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
a saddleback pigfish at a depth of 15 m , ' nix lumps ' , ningaloo reef , western australia , 27 april 2009 .
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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
ichthyological bulletin of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , no . 68
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .


the dusky-chested flycatcher ( myiozetetes luteiventris ) is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae .

it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , peru , suriname , and venezuela .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps .

dusky - chested flycatcher

mobley , j . ( 2018 ) . dusky - chested flycatcher ( myiozetetes luteiventris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 9 . 7 - 10 . 8 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 11 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
see m . granadensis . in past , has been transferred back and forth between current genus and tyrannopsis , largely because of its smaller size and peculiar coloration compared with present congeners . validity of race septentrionalis uncertain . two subspecies recognized .
blake , 1961 – guyana , suriname , french guiana and adjacent ne brazil ( amapá ) .
( p . l . sclater , 1858 ) – e ecuador and se colombia ( s from putumayo and vaupés ) e to se venezuela ( s bolívar ) , s to amazonian brazil ( e to e pará and w maranhão , s to rondônia and n mato grosso ) , e peru ( loreto and madre de dios , probably also elsewhere ) and extreme nw bolivia ( pando , n la paz ) .
14–15 cm ; 16·5 g . plumage is dark olive - brown above , head slightly more greyish - brown and with some faint greyish streaking at side , semi - concealed yellow - orange . . .
most frequent call a nasal , cat - like “meeow” or softer “neea” ; when excited , fast nasal “nyeeuw - . . .
shrubby forest borders , clearings with scattered bushes or trees , openings within forest created by . . .
insects and fruits . usually in pairs or small groups , sometimes singly ; mostly independent of mixed - species flocks . perches on exposed . . .
poorly known . male in breeding condition in may in colombia ( vaupés ) . one nest described : large , bulky , domed structure of grasses , some . . .
not globally threatened . rare to locally uncommon , but perhaps often overlooked ; possibly more widespread and more numerous than previously realized . not well known . occurs . . .
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highly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1–4 separate families .
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myiozetetes luteiventris luteiventris : se colombia to se venezuela , n bolivia and w amaz . brazil
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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clearing in humid forest . reference : b : 281 - 291 ( myigrax1 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
tall , humid primary hill forest admixed with smaller patches of
várzea
in valleys . reference : lxxxvb 432 - 444 ( myigra4 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 20 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 19 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 57 side a track 22 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 354 side a track 12 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 58 side a track 23 seq . a )
two birds calling at dusk . sennheiser me66 + k6 + fel 3 . 5 mx + sony pcm - m10 ; low - cut filter ( 1000hz , 6 db ) and fade in / out with audacity
two birds calling at dusk . sennheiser me66 + k6 + fel 3 . 5 mx + sony pcm - m10 ; fade in / out with audacity
edge of small clearing in humid forest . reference : b : 184 - 191 ( myilutx3 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
edge of treefall in humid forest . reference : b : 1 - 7 ( myilutx2 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 18 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 57 side a track 22 seq . b )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 357 side a track 30 seq . b )
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : myiozetetes luteiventris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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