ctenocerine wasps have evidently evolved from a common ancestor with the pepsinae , but are specialized for preying upon trap-door spiders ( ctenizidae ) .

the genera in the ctenocerinae include : abernessia arlé , 1947 apoclavelia evans , 1972 apteropompilus brauns , 1899 apteropompiloides brauns , 1899 arnoldatus pate , 1946 ateloclavelia arnold , 1932 austroclavelia evans , 1972 clavelia lucas , 1851 claveliella arnold , 1939 cteniziphontes evans , 1972 ctenocerus dahlbom , 1845 epipompilus kohl , ( 1884 ) hadropompilus arnold , 1934 hypoferreola ashmead , 1902 lepidocnemis haupt , 1930 marimba pate , 1946 masisia arnold , 1934 maurillus smith , 1855 micragenia arnold , 1934 paraclavelia haupt , 1930 parapompilus smith , 1855 parapsilotelus arnold , 1960 pezopompilus arnold , 1946 protoclavelia arnold , 1932 pseudopedinaspis brauns , 1906 psilotelus arnold , 1932 spathomelus wahis , 2013 stenoclavelia arnold , 1935 teinotrachelus arnold , 1935

ctenocerinae

no one has contributed data records for ctenocerinae yet . learn how to contribute .
the ctenocerinae are a subfamily of spider wasps , pompilidae , which contains a small number of genera , two in the neotropics , four in australia and the remainder in africa . ctenocerine wasps have evidently evolved from a common ancestor with the pepsinae , but are specialized for preying upon trap - door spiders ( ctenizidae ) . the genera in the ctenoc . . .
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móczar , l . 1987 . revision of the maculata and albicincta groups of the genus ceropales latreille ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta zoologica hungarica 33 : 121 - 156 .
móczar , l . 1988 . revision on the subgenus priesnerius móczar ( hymenoptera , ceropalidae ) . linzer biol . beitr . 20 : 119 - 160 .
móczar , l . 1989 . revision of the helvetica group of the genus ceropales . beitr . ent . 39 : 9 - 61 .
móczar , l . 1990 . revision of the subgenus bifidoceropales priesner of the genus ceropales latreille ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta zoologica hungarica 36 : 59 - 85 .
pate , v . s . l . 1946 . the generic names of the spider wasps ( psammocharidae olim pompilidae ) and their type species ( hymenoptera , aculeata ) . transactions of the american entomological society , 72 : 65 - 137 .
picker , m . , griffiths , c & weaving , a . 2002 . field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town .
pitts , j . p . , wasbauer , m . s . and von dohlen , c . d . ( 2006 ) . preliminary morphological analysis of relationships between the spider wasp subfamilies ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) : revisiting an old problem . zoologica scripta 35 : 1–22 .
radoszkowskij , o . 1881 . hyménoptères d’angola . jornal de sciencias mathematicas , physicas e naturae , ser . 1 , 8 , xxxi : 197 - 221 , lisboa ; pompilidae : 211 - 214 .
radoszkowskij , o . 1888 1889 . revision des armatures copulatrices des mâles de la famille pompilidae . bulletin de la société impériale des naturalistes de moscou , n . s . , 2 : 462 - 493 , 3 pl .
schulthess , a . von 1914 . hymenopteren aus kamerun gesammelt von hern van ropthkirch oberlieutenant der schuztruppe . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift : 283 - 297 , berlin ; pompilidae : 286 - 287 .
schulz , w . a . 1911 . zweihundert alte hymenopteren . zoologische annalen , iv : 1 - 220 , wurzburg . :
smith , f . 1855 . catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the british museuim . part iii . mutillidae and pompilidae . london : 1 - 206 , 6 pls .
taschenberg , e . 1869 . die pompiliden des museums der universität zu halle . zeitschrift für die gesammten naturwissenschaften halla , 34 : 25 - 75 ; halle .
tommasoini , s . & marini , m . 1984 . catalogo del tipi de museo zoologico dell’ universita di bologna .
tullgren , a . 1904 . on some hymenoptera aculeata from the cameroons . arkiv för zoologi , 1 : 425 - 463 , 4 pls , stockholm .
on new species of fossorial hymenoptera from africa , mostly elidinae . transactions of the entomological society of london , part iv : 720 - 754 ; pompilidae : 744 .
1915 . notes and synonymy of the hymenoptera in the collection of the british museum . ii . family psammocharidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , ser . 8 , 16 : 332 - 335 .
turner , r . e . 1918 . notes on fossorial hymenoptera . xxxiii . on new ethiopian species of psammocharidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , ser . 9 , vol . 1 : 284 - 294 . ser . 9 , vol . 1 : 284 - 294 .
saussure h . de 1892 . in grandidier . histoire physique , politique et naturelle de madagascar . vol . xx , 1ère
wahis , r . 1984 . contribution à la connaissance des ceropales de l’afrique tropicale . ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , ceropalinae ) description d’une espèce nouvelle du zaïre . revue de zoologie africaine , 98 , 3 : 560 - 562 .
wahis , r . 1988 . hyménoptères pompilides de madagascar . . genres ceropales latreille et irenangelus schulz . hymenoptera : pompilidae ) . . revue de zoologie africaine , : 102 : 213 - 221 .
. contribution à la connaissance des hyménoptères pompilides de la turquie ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) .
wahis , r . 1999 . révision des espèces afrotropicales et orientale du genre pygmachus haupt 1930 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pompilinae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n° 37 : 81 - 94 .
wahis , r . 2000 . révision des espèces afrotropicales , indo - orientales et australiennes du genre java pate 1946 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pepsinae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n° 38 : 43 - 76 . .
wahis , r . 2000 . hyménoptères pompilides de madagascar . 2 . genres aporinellus banks , ferreola lepeletier et homonotus dahlbom ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n° 39 : 45 - 77 .
wahis , r . 2000 . sur quelques pompilides afrotropicaux . décrits par g . gribodo en 1894 . notes fauniques de gembloux , n° 40 : 77 - 81 .
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. mise à jour du catalogue systématique des hyménoptères pompilides de la région ouesteuropéenne . additions et corrections .
et australiennes du genre java pate 1946 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pepsinae ) .
waichert , c . , von dohlen , c . d . & pitts , j . p . 2014
waichert , c . , rodriguez , j . , wasbauer , m . s . , von dohlen , c . d . and pitts , j . p . 2015
wasbauer , m . s . 1995 . pompilidae . in : p . e . hanson & i . d . gauld ( eds ) the hymenoptera of costa rica ( pp . 522–539 ) . oxford : oxford university press .
citation : van noort , s . 2018 . waspweb : hymenoptera of the afrotropical region . url : urltoken ( accessed on < day / month / year > ) .
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the house finch ( haemorhous mexicanus ) is a bird in the finch family fringillidae .

it is native to western north america , and has been introduced to the eastern half of the continent and hawaii .

this species and the other " american rosefinches " are placed in the genus haemorhous .

house finch

house finch | life histories of north american birds | a . c . bent
house _ finch _ male _ 1 _ 12 - 09 - 12 . jpg
house _ finch _ male _ badeye _ 12 - 09 - 12 . jpg
baby birds - house finch - mom and dad feeding four babies in the nest .
the oldest known house finch lived up to 11 years and 7 months in the wild . most house finches probably live much shorter lives .
purple finch purple finch females have a distinct white eyeline , while males have more extensive red on the breast and flanks .
birds , familiar : house finch , life histories of north american birds , a . c . bent
diet : house finch feeds primarily on grains and seeds , buds and fruits . it may also eat some flowers parts and insects such as beetles larvae and plant lice . house finch is mainly vegetarian .
power dm , human g ( 1976 ) a local occurrence of avian pox in the house finch .
can someone describe the general look of the finch house from to kill a mockingbird using direct . . .
a house finch nest . wikimedia commons photo - see more pictures of nests , eggs , young and adults .
elliott jj , arbib rs ( 1953 ) origin and status of the house finch in the eastern united states .
some ornithologists feel the house finch has vastly curtailed the numbers of house sparrows in new england . we have had several people tell us that when large numbers of house finch are present at the feeding stations , house sparrows seem to leave or at least their numbers become less . in fact the house finches are one of the few birds that are aggressive enough to keep house sparrows out of a birdhouse or evict them . the problem with attracting house finch to a bird house is the opening required is two inches in diameter , so they easily succumb to the larger european starling .
the total house finch population across north america is staggering . scientists estimate between 267 million and 1 . 4 billion individuals .
the coloring of the male house finch can range from deep red to golden yellow , depending on available diet during molting .
speaking of parasites , let’s talk about the complex relationship between house finch feather colour and parasite infection . several studies , including
four years ago i summarized a study on house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) adaptability led by alexander badyaev , an evolutionary ecologist , at auburn university in alabama - see - sciencewatch - house finch adaptability : mother knows best ! ( september 2002 ) .
throughout their range , many house finch populations migrate , either short distances latitudinally or altitudinally . before 1945 , populations of house finches in the okanogan valley migrated south , but since 1945 , house finches in this area have been resident .
zahn sn , rothstein si ( 1999 ) recent increase in male house finch plumage variation and its possible relationship to avian pox disease .
the diet of the house finch consists primarily of plant food , although they will eat a few insects and feed them to their young in spring . the house finch ' s natural diet is weed seeds and occasionally fruit . they will regularly extract seed from winter berries .
the house finch currently has a rating of least concern . this is a downgraded rating from a 2000 rating of lower risk . at this time there are no immediate concerns or threats regarding this bird species due to the fact that both the population and the range of this bird are large enough for there to be no concerns regarding decline . the house finch has a range of nearly 8 million square kilometers . the population of the house finch is estimated to be around 21 million individuals . the house finch is native to the united states , mexico and canada .
hill , g . 1993 . house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) . pp . 1 - 24 in a poole , f gill , eds .
badyaev av , hill ge ( 2000 ) the evolution of sexual dimorphism in the house finch . i . population divergence in morphological covariance structure .
mycoplasma gallisepticum is an emergent pathogen of wild passerine birds , primarily the american house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) in which m . more . . .
initially the house finch was a bird of the west , but because of its rosy breast and very melodic song , people wanted to own one .
this is a baby house finch . i ' m feeding him baby birdie formula . house finches are one of the few birds that will eat themselves to death so we are careful how much we feed them .
the house finch is slightly larger than goldfinches and is streaked with brown on the back and flanks . its short , heavy bill has a curved culmen .
it is highly unlikely . although the disease occurs throughout the range of the eastern house finch , reports of sick birds indicate that only a small percentage of the flock shows signs of infection . even though mg may become established in wild finch populations , the excellent adaptability of the house finch that established it as an eastern breeding bird probably will ensure its continued presence at our feeders and in our towns .
no . house finch eye disease has been present since the early 1990s and biologists think it has reached somewhat of an equilibrium in the eastern house finch population ; only 5 - 10 % of individuals are thought to be infected , and house finch populations seem to be doing well overall . so , you don’t have to stop feeding birds , but there are some precautions you can take if you are concerned about the disease at your feeders ( read on ! ) .
purple finch has bill more pointed , tail shorter and notched . male purple finch darker red , with red on nape , back and flanks . undertail coverts unstreaked . female purple finch with obvious white eyestripe and malar stripe , broader streaks on white breast and flanks , and unstreaked undertail coverts .
house finch nestlings often create a
poop wreath
of fecal sacs around the edge of the nest , as they positon their butts to defecate there after feeding .
if not fed on dandelion seeds , the nestlings are given such food as the old ones usually consume but the writer has never detected any animal food in the crops or stomachs of house finch nestlings . this finch has never been seen feeding from the horse manure of the streets .
the human modification of natural habitats , particularly the increase of seed feeders throughout the east , greatly benefits the house finch populations . only natural island populations appear to be threatened .
in the west , the house finch ranges from southern canada to southern mexico , east to nebraska . it was introduced to the east in the 1940 ' s by cage - bird dealers who sold them as
hollywood finches
and now is widespread throughout the eastern u . s . the house finch is a social bird and can usually be found in small flocks .
at western feeding stations just about any feeder and type of food attracts the house finch including suet , all types of birdseed , most fruits , bakery crumbs and nectar at hummingbird feeders .
hawley dm , hanley d , dhondt aa , lovette ij ( 2006 ) molecular evidence for a founder effect in invasive house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) populations experiencing an emergent disease epidemic .
distinguishing the two species is not difficult to the trained eye , but may be confusing to the beginning bird - watcher . the male purple finch is robust , and appears to have an overall raspberry stain , whereas the male house finch is more slender , with its red breast clearly set off from its streaked underparts . the male house finch has faint white wing bars and a conspicuously streaked belly and flank , while the male purple finch has pinkish wing bars and an unstreaked belly and flanks . female house finches have an overall dusky appearance , with the breast streaking blending into a dark background . female purple finches have prominent dark streaking on a whitish belly and a white line above each eye . both male and female purple finches have conspicuous brown patches behind their eyes , while house finches lack this distinctive feature . even though these two birds are closely related , the conjunctivitis - like mycoplasma infection seems to affect mainly the house finch .
the house finch exhibits , in common with many other birds , a fondness for maple sap , sipping it as it oozes from the cut branches of a spring pruned tree . the only objection my friends hereabout have against the house finch is that it eats in the spring , leaf and blossom buds from bushes and trees - - for example , lilac bushes and apple trees .
almost 100 % of the house finches’ diet is plant matter much of which consists of seeds , plant buds , fruits and berries . at backyard bird feeders they feed on black oil sunflower seed , safflower seed including nutra - saff safflower seed , and nyjer thistle seed . although some people feel that the house finch discourages the goldfinch at thistle feeders , we seem to have both feeding together although the house finch is the more dominant of the two species . if you encounter a problem with high numbers of house finch at a feeder there are several things you can try . the house finch seems to be very fond of safflower seed as well as sunflower seed . so it may help to keep your nyjer thistle feeders in a different location than the other feeders . this can create a loose separation between the house finch and goldfinch . you can also shorten the perches on the nyjer feeders to about ½” making it difficult for the larger house finch to hang on . if it is the house sparrow that is dominating your thistle feeder you can shorten the perches to 5 / 8” inch and problem solved . there are also several different “up - side down” nyjer thistle feeders . these were developed to feed strictly goldfinches as the other birds find it difficult to feed in such a manner .
the red , swollen , crusty eyes in this house finch are the result of a highly - contagious infection caused by the bacterium mycoplasma gallisepticum . credit : photo by geoffrey e . hill .
in some parts of california poisoning campaigns have been carried on by orchardists , but the effects , if any , have been local . bergtold ( 1913 ) expressed the fear that the house finch would ultimately be supplanted by the house sparrow in the cities , because of the latter ' s aggressive disposition , superior strength , and longer breeding period . however , the waning of the house sparrow ' s ascendancy in more recent years would seem to lessen that danger , and there is no need to fear for the future of the house finch .
the house finches are an entertaining bird species to have in ones backyard . the male house finch has a lovely , joyful song which everyone enjoys . it can be rapid with a cheery warble or a variety of chirps as though carrying on a conversation with his comrades .
male and female house finch calls are a sharp cheep made often , including while perched and during flight . you may hear a sharper version of this call as the birds flush from the ground .
house finches are important seed predators and dispersers . also , house finches provide a source of food for birds of prey , snakes , and other predators .
5 1 / 2
. sparrow - sized finch with long , only slightly notched tail . bill short , rounded .
cassin’s finch cassin’s finches have paler bellies and streaking that is more crisp and distinct , as well as a straighter culmen .
conducted before and after the epidemic found that red males survived better than yellow males , which drove the eastern house finch populations to become more homogenously red than populations in the rest of the country . in
blood parasites of house finches ( carpodacus mexicanus ) from georgia and new york .
as its name implies , this new condition is limited mostly to house finches .
o’connor tp ( 1996 ) geographic variation in metabolic seasonal acclimatization in house finches .
the adult male cassin ' s has a rose - red or
old rose
colored head . the bright red is restricted to the crown , with a wash , rather than dense color , on the face and breast . in the house finch this bright red includes most of the head and breast . cassin ' s has an unmarked belly , whereas the house finch has brown streakings on the belly and breast .
when brown - headed cowbirds stealthily lay their eggs in house finch nests , their strategy for having other species rear their young fails to work , since house finches are one of the few birds that feed their young almost entirely with seeds , which don’t offer enough protein for the cowbird young .
data on the occurrence and spread of house finch conjunctivitis were provided by the cornell laboratory of ornithology and the pennsylvania game commission . partial funding for this fact sheet was provided by pennsylvania ' s wild resource conservation fund .
a group of house finches are collectively known as a
development
of finches .
, house finches do forage on the ground . when feeding in open areas , house finches prefer to have high perches nearby and / or to feed in large flocks .
mcclure he ( 1989 ) epizootic lesions of house finches in ventura county , california .
the finch family lives on the main residential street in maycomb , next to mrs . rachel haverford ' s home and across the street from miss maudie ' s house . there is a wire fence separating the finch yard from the haverford ' s property , and jem and scout have a treehouse located in their backyard . the finch home sits above ground and has two porches , which are located towards the front and back of the home . throughout the novel , atticus and . . .
the house finch is a common visitor to most backyard feeding stations . their bright red chests and sociable behavior make them a feeder favorite ! they gather together at most feeding stations enjoying your food and each others ' company .
female house sparrow has a streaked back , a bold eyestripe , and an unstreaked breast .
researchers still don ' t know which genetic changes enabled the pathogen to reach epidemic proportions in house finches . but if the house finch strains have lost the genetic machinery that protected them in poultry , then reintroducing the parasites to the bacteriophages of their former hosts could be one way to control the disease , the scientists say .
the oldest known house finch was a female , and at least 11 years , 7 months old when she was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in new york in 1985 , the same state where she had been banded in 1973 .
a bright red and brown - striped bird of the cities and suburbs , the house finch comes readily to feeders . it also breeds in close association with people , and often chooses a hanging plant in which to put its nest .
the pertinacity with which the house finch clings to a chosen nook about a house when their nests are destroyed is amazing , and is equalled only by the english sparrow . i have known five nests with their contents to be destroyed one after another , and each time the same pair set to work with apparent unconcern to build anew .
what do you use to disinfect your feeders ? i have seen a few infected house finches .
habitat : house finch lives in semi - arid lowlands and slopes up to 6000 feet . it is adapted to urban environment . we can also find it in desert grasslands , savannahs and open coniferous forests , but it requires a source of water .
blood parasites of house finches ( carpodacus mexicanus ) from georgia and new york . - pubmed - ncbi
house finches forage on the ground or in weed patches , in flocks except during the breeding season .
unlike most songbirds which feed their young an insect diet , house finches feed their young regurgitated seeds .
house finches have been known to raise more than two broods in a season but the average two .
rudolph donath of the communicable disease center , department of health , education , and welfare , atlanta , ga . , writes on oct . 17 , 1958 , that the house finch has been found to carry antibodies of western equine and st . louis encephalitis .
any of the conditions listed probably indicates house finch conjunctivitis . although many different bacteria , fungi , viruses , and parasites can cause eye inflammation and disease , lab tests have confirmed that this conjunctivitis outbreak is caused by mycoplasma gallisepticum , a well - known bacterium .
if you see a sick finch , disinfect your feeders . if you wish , you may remove feeders for a few days to encourage sick birds to disperse .
male house finches sing a long , jumbled warbling composed of short notes . the song often ends with an upward or downward slur , and lasts about 3 seconds . males may sing throughout the year . females sometimes give a shorter , simpler version of the song . compared with cassin’s and purple finches , house finch songs sound slower , rougher , and somewhat less fluid . the final slurred note is more often heard in house finches than in the other two species .
the male house finch has a length of about 5 1 / 2 inches , with red on the head , upper breast and flanks . in some regions the color red may be replaced with yellow or orange . this is due to the differences in regional diets .
unlike other finches of the genus carpodacus , house finches do forage on the ground . when feeding in open areas , house finches prefer to have high perches nearby and / or to feed in large flocks .
the native range of house finches lies west of the great plains , which , with its treeless expanses , historically kept house finches from moving eastward . but people caused them to leap - frog the barrier in 1940 , when house finches were sold as cage birds in new york and some were allowed to escape .
house finches are known to be foragers . that is , they will scour their surroundings – on the ground – for suitable food for both the parents and the baby house finches . more than the ground , though , house finches will also hop from tree to tree , bush to bush , to find food .
the finch house is a place scout describes in a peaceful tone , except perhaps when she describes the conflicts between her and calpurnia . the finch home on the main street of maycomb is an extension of their neighborhood , and scout describes it as a
tired old town .
though the finch house does not feel particularly tired or old , there is a sense of sadness and quiet inside the home . scout does not remember her mother , but jem does ; he seems to feel her absence acutely at times . atticus is a loving father , but he is reserved at times and keen to read and sit quietly when he is not working ; he too feels the absence of his wife . though scout does not describe the impact of her mother ' s absence in explicit detail , the subtext of this fact is significant to the feelings and emotions that characterize the finch household .
. - - in relation to the house finch , food is a most important , not to say controversial subject , and it is by all means unwise to arrive at any generalized conclusion . each locality or each set of circumstances should be considered on its merits . bergtold ( 1913 ) sums up as follows his observations on the food of house finches in denver and its environs :
behaviour : house finch forages in groups , often in trees , but also on the ground . red colour of plumage depends of food , derived from carotenoid pigments during moulting period . females prefer red males , because it would be able to find enough food to feed nestlings .
tulman er et al . ,
extensive variation in surface lipoprotein gene content and genomic changes associated with virulence during evolution of a novel north american house finch epizootic strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum .
, microbiology , 2012 may 24 ; 158 ( pt 8 ) : 2073 - 88
range : house finch is resident from southern canada , southward to northern florida and southern mexico . in the east , it lives in urban and suburban areas with buildings and small conifers . in west , we find it in desert , savannahs , riparian areas and open coniferous forests .
several distinctive populations exist within the native range of the house finch , but the evolutionary relationships among these groups needs further study . many populations are poorly described and plasticity in plumage coloration , a character often used to diagnose subspecies , has further muddled the taxonomic status of many populations .
lived up to 11 years and 7 months in the wild . most house finches probably live much shorter lives .
house finches can cause damage to orchards , including crops of peaches , apricots , plums , cherries and nectarines .
male house finches vary in their colouration from red to yellow . ( image : diane pierce , national geographic )
the house finch was originally a bird of the southwestern united states and mexico . in 1940 a small number of finches were turned loose on long island , new york , and they quickly started breeding . they spread across the entire eastern united states and southern canada within the next 50 years .
hill , geoffrey e . 1993 . house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) , the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online : urltoken doi : 10 . 2173 / bna . 46
the house finch is closely related to the cassin ' s finch and the purple finch , and in fact , there are places in washington where all three species can be found . all three species are streaked , and the males of all three have red plumage . the house finch , the most common and widespread of the three , typically has a red head , breast , and rump , but does not have red coloring on its brown back or wings . this helps to differentiate it from the other two . female house finches have blurrier streaks and grayer undersides than the other two species . the breast streaks do not converge in a central spot as on many sparrows . they lack clear white stripes on their heads . house finches have longer tails and appear more slender overall , and also have slightly curved bills , in contrast to the straight bills found in the other two species . like most finches , they have notched tails . there is considerable color variation among males , from pale yellow , to orange with bright red , this being the most common . many but not all males reach mature plumage in their first year . the variation in color is related to diet .
badyaev , alexander v . , virginia belloni and geoffrey e . hill . 2012 . house finch ( haemorhous mexicanus ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
cassin ' s finch has more pointed bill , and tail is shorter and slightly notched . male ' s flanks are reddish and lack brown streaking . female cassin ' s finch with more pronounced facial pattern , distinct blackish streaks on chest and back , and streaked undertail coverts . for more discussion on distinguishing these three species , developed by project feederwatch , go here .
hill , g . 1990 . female house finches prefer colourful males : sexual selection for a condition - dependent trait .
dhondt aa , tessaglia dl , slothower rl ( 1998 ) epidemic mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches from eastern north america .
when nestling house finches defecate , the feces are contained in a membranous sac , as in most birds . the parents eat the fecal sacs of the nestlings for about the first five days . in most songbird species , when the parents stop eating the sacs , they carry the sacs away and dispose of them . but house finch parents do not remove them , and the sacs accumulate around the rim of the nest .
1 . there is a seasonal variation in the weight of the house finch ; the minimum average for adults occurs during november , and is about 93 . 7 % of the maximum , which occurs in february , while there is a tendency for a low average weight all along from may to november .
the vast majority of the house finch ' s diet is vegetable matter - - seeds , buds , berries , and nectar . they feed their young regurgitated seeds . they eat a few small insects , especially aphids , but are primarily seed - and fruit - eaters at all times of the year .
reproduction : house finch nests in bushes , thickets , natural cavities or on buildings . nest is a well - made open cup , made of grass , leaves , rootlets , fine twigs , string , wool and feathers , and lined with the same materials but finer . nest is built by female .
you can find house finches by looking around settled habitats , such as city parks , urban centers , residential backyards , farms , and forest edges . gregarious and social , house finches are found in noisy groups that are hard to miss if present . look for house finches feeding on the ground or at bird feeders , or perching high in nearby trees .
house finch : resident from southeastern canada to mexico . introduced to eastern north america , where it is now widespread in cities and residential areas . in the west , preferred habitats include chaparral , deserts , orchards , and suburban areas . now widely distributed throughout much of the u . s . and mexico .
hill , g . 1993 . house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) . pp . 1 - 24 in a poole , f gill , eds . the birds of north america , no . 46 . philadelphia : the academy of natural sciences , washington , d . c . : the american ornithologists ' union .
house finches have had population fluctuations as a result of conjunctivitis and pox infections rather than predation . a finch that has this disease can be recognized by its swollen , runny , or crusty eyes . mycoplasmal conjunctivitis often results in death . this disease can be reduced by making sure to keep bird feeders clean .
house finches consume mostly vegetable matter , such as seeds and berries . they will also come to bird feeders for seeds .
the best way to attract house finches to your backyard is to offer black oil sunflower seed and a source of water .
belthoff jr , gauthreaux sa ( 1991 ) partial migration and differential winter distribution of house finches in the eastern united states .
wootton jt ( 1986 ) clutch - size differences in western and introduced eastern populations of house finches : patterns and hypotheses .
3 . there is a daily variation in the weight of the house finch , with a decidedly uniform increase for adult birds during the morning , breaking away from a smooth curve in the afternoon , but reaching a maximum during the latter period . the average daily fluctuation for the adults amounts to about 3 . 5 % .
the red of a male house finch comes from pigments contained in its food during molt ( birds can’t make bright red or yellow colors directly ) . so the more pigment in the food , the redder the male . this is why people sometimes see orange or yellowish male house finches . females prefer to mate with the reddest male they can find , perhaps raising the chances they get a capable mate who can do his part in feeding the nestlings .
new research about feeder birds and house finch eye disease ( mycoplasmal conjunctivitis ) reveals an interesting link between behavior and disease transmission . previous evidence suggested that the bacterium was spread by birds that had the most social connections . a research team from virginia tech outfitted wild flocks of house finches with transmitter chips that recorded their feeder behavior and discovered that the birds that visited feeders with the greatest frequency were the most likely to contract and spread the eye disease .
after they become independent , young house finches form large flocks . these young finches will be able to breed the next spring .
dhondt aa et al . ( 2005 ) dynamics of a novel pathogen in an avian host : mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches .
if you notice house finches at your bird feeder with crusty , watery , or infected - looking eyes , you are not alone . a new condition called house finch conjunctivitis , first discovered during the winter of 1993 - 94 , is spreading through the eastern united states . symptoms of the disease , which mainly affects house finches , include scabby , swollen , runny , cloudy - looking , or glassy eyes , mucous oozing from the nostrils , and an upper respiratory infection . some sick birds recover , whereas others become blind and die of starvation or fall prey to cats and hawks .
hill , g . e . 1993 . house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) . in the birds of north america , no . 46 ( a . poole , and f . gill , eds . ) . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa , and the american ornithologists ' union , washington , d . c .
a house finch’s nest is a cup made of fine stems , leaves , rootlets , thin twigs , string , wool , and feathers , with similar , but finer materials for the lining . overall width of the nest is 3 - 7 inches , with the inside cup 1 - 3 inches across and up to 2 inches deep .
identifying the male and female house from other carpodacus finches requires care . the male house differs from the male purple finch not only by having a smaller , more curved bill , but also by lacking a distinct eyebrow , having a brown cap and auricular patch , and being heavily streaked on belly . told from male cassin’s finch by brown cap and eyebrow and curved bill . other tell - tale differences between the species include the cassin’s pink cheek and pinkish tone on its back , and on female and immature cassin’s , the much finer and crisp streaks on its belly . the male common rosefinch is more rose - pink overall and lacks distinct streaking on its belly . the female finches are more problematic . the female house has a very plain face , unlike the purple and cassin’s , which both show distinct eyebrows . the female house tends to have browner underparts than the 2 as well , with blurry streaks below . also note the house’s smaller , more curved bill . the female common rosefinch looks similar , but she is drabber , with less distinct streaking below .
the red or yellow color of a male house finch comes from pigments that it gets in its food during molt . the more pigment in the food , the redder the male . females prefer to mate with the reddest male they can find , perhaps assuring that they get a capable male who can find enough food to feed the nestlings .
house finches will nest in manmade nest boxes . visit our nest box dimensions chart to find out the correct dimensions for this bird .
the foregoing statements apply to both sexes and all ages . female or young house finches have brown streakings on a buff background on the breast , cassin ' s has darker brown streaking , or elongated dots , on a white background , and thus appears to be the more distinctly streaked bird . the house finch shows a uniform tone over the whole head ; the cassin ' s shows distinct areas of light and dark . ear , or cheek patches , and malar stripes are darker .
house finches have benefited greatly from human development . although fairly common throughout the west including oregon when pioneers arrived , they did not move into the willamette valley until the 1940s . house finches introduced to new york city in the 1940s have now spread throughout eastern north america .
house finches are found in open desert , desert grassland , chaparral , oak savannah , riparian areas , and open coniferous forests in the western united states . in their new range in the eastern united states , house finches are rarely found far from urban and suburban areas .
house finches are familiar birds of human - created habitats including buildings , lawns , small conifers , and urban centers . in rural areas , you can also find house finches around barns and stables . in their native range in the west , house finches live in natural habitats including dry desert , desert grassland , chaparral , oak savannah , streamsides , and open coniferous forests at elevations below 6 , 000 feet .
house finches use vocalizations and body signals to communicate . house finch calls are made up of
kweat
or
weet
sounds , and are used often as a way to remain in contact with a mate . the song of house finches is described as an ecstatic warble , but is not as rich as the song of purple finches . most singing by males occurs during the first few hours after sunrise and the last few hours before sunset . males sing to guard the female as she builds the nest . they also sing during courtship feeding and while the eggs are being incubated and the young are in the nest . females sing during courtship feeding or mating . house finches also communicate using visual cues , such as plumage coloration and stance of the body .
house finches were introduced to oahu from san francisco sometime before 1870 . they had become abundant on all the major hawaiian islands by 1901 .
house finches drink by scooping water into their bill and tilting their head back . finches typically need to drink at least once per day .
by choosing redheads over blonds , female house finches are selecting mates that can better resist and respond to a parasite infection and making sure that those beneficial disease - fighting traits are passed on to her offspring . whoever said redheads are unlucky clearly didn’t know about male house finches !
the house finch was originally a bird of the western united states and mexico . in 1940 a small number of finches were turned loose on long island , new york , after failed attempts to sell them as cage birds ( “hollywood finches” ) . they quickly started breeding and spread across almost all of the eastern united states and southern canada within the next 50 years .
are important seed predators and dispersers . also , house finches provide a source of food for birds of prey , snakes , and other predators .
house finches are common throughout their range . there are about 21 , 000 , 000 house finches in the world . finches and many other species of birds are protected by the united states migratory bird treaty act . this means that they may not be captured or kept without a permit .
house finch’s calls include whistled “wheat” or a “weet” sound , used to contact between mates . song consists chiefly of varied three - note phrases and includes strident notes . song usually ends with a nasal “wheer” . it is a high pitched song . male sings during courtship display , at nest , during incubation and nestling period . female sings during courtship , feeding and mating .
house finches nest in a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees as well as on cactus and rock ledges . they also nest in or on buildings , using sites like vents , ledges , street lamps , ivy , and hanging planters . occasionally house finches use the abandoned nests of other birds .
house finches may be confused with purple finches . purple finches have a more reddish color on their upper parts and are not streaked on their abdomens .
i have seen no house finches at all in 2017 , when normally my feeder is full of them . this is in fairfax county , va .
house finches often are confused with purple finches , although the birds ' habitat requirements are different . house finches live in a variety of habitats , especially in urban areas , and nest in both evergreens and manufactured structures . purple finches are found in coniferous or mixed woodlands , parks , and orchards .
hawley dm , sydenstricker kv , kollias gv , dhondt aa ( 2005 ) genetic diversity predicts pathogen resistance and cell - mediated immunocompetence in house finches .
spears l , cavitt jf ( 2003 ) the prevalence and effect of avian pox on body condition and plumage coloration in northern populations of house finches .
the aptly named crossbills have curious curved bills with crossed tips . although it looks more like a bill deformity than a useful tool , this specialized bill shape is perfect for extracting seeds from pine cones . males of the house , cassin ' s , and purple finch species can sometimes develop yellow or orange rather than red plumage depending upon the amount of carotenoids present in their food sources .
clement , p . ( 2018 ) . house finch ( haemorhous mexicanus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
after they become independent , juvenile house finches form large flocks that congregate at food sources . these young finches will be able to breed the next spring .
the most thorough study of the house finch ' s diet was made by f . e . l . beal ( 1907 ) , who examined the contents of 1206 stomachs and found them to consist in the aggregate of weed seed 86 . 2 percent , fruit 10 . 5 percent , animal matter 2 . 4 percent , miscellaneous 0 . 9 percent . excerpts from beal ' s report follow :
house finch is active during the day . it is a gregarious bird , living in loose flocks , not territorial during breeding season , but in winter , groups may number up to 100 individuals . they roost close to each other . during the courtship display , male sings , following the female with fluttering wings . male ascends to 20 to 30 metres , and then , it glides to a perch singing a loud song . this display is named “butterfly flight” . it also engages courtship feeding , and it guards its mate . in groups , house finches establish hierarchies , and females are typically dominant over males . when house finches are feeding in flocks , many individuals watch for predators , while the others feed .
reports of house finch conjunctivitis symptoms among other common feeder birds such as chickadees , titmice , and sparrows have surfaced , but these cases are rare and have not been tested in the laboratory . studies at the cornell laboratory of ornithology concluded that other songbirds are rarely affected by this new strain of mg . humans and other mammals will not catch conjunctivitis from contact with sick birds because mg is an exclusively avian disease .
a highly social bird , the house finch is rarely seen alone outside of the breeding season , and may form flocks as large as several hundred birds . house finches feed mainly on the ground or at feeders or fruiting trees . at rest , they commonly perch on the highest point available in a tree , and flocks often perch on power lines . during courtship , males sometimes feed females in a display that begins with the female gently pecking at his bill and fluttering her wings . the male simulates regurgitating food to the female several times before actually feeding her . back to top
two instances of western robins and house finches using the same nests have come to our attention during the past three years . in may , 1934 , we were informed that house finches were feeding young robins in a nest on a front porch in east denver , colorado . on investigation we found four half - grown robins , two newly hatched finches and four finch eggs . there were two female finches apparently with the same mate , and the three finches and the two adult robins fed the young regularly . unfortunately , however , the large robins smothered their small nest mates . we did not determine whether the four remaining eggs hatched . all three adult house finches fed the young robins in the nest , and after the young had left the nest .
hill , g . 1990 . female house finches prefer colourful males : sexual selection for a condition - dependent trait . animal behaviour , 40 : 563 - 572 .
in most areas , house finches stay in the same area year - round . however , some populations in the eastern united states migrate to warmer areas in winter .
i live in northern california , and have noticed two house finches with closed crusty eyes . i found this sight / blog and i will start cleaning my feeders !
when thousands of wild house finches started dropping dead from a mysterious eye infection in the washington , dc , area in the winter of 1994 , scientists were puzzled .
mycoplasma gallisepticum is an emergent pathogen of wild passerine birds , primarily the american house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) in which m . gallisepticum was first described in 1994 and has subsequently spread in an epizootic across the us . this project was aimed at characterizing hfmg genomic changes , those occurring as hfmg evolves across the epizootic and in response to new environmental and host pressures , and those associated with evolving phenotypes . less . . .
house finches in california , hawaii , and eastern north america have been reasonably well studied , but little is known about the endemic mexican and island populations . this is an abundant bird ; estimates suggest between 267 , 720 , 000 and 1 , 440 , 720 , 000 individual house finches for the continental u . s . and canada .
house finches are a welcome visitor to backyard bird feeders . they provide much pleasure to those who welcome their song and presence as an announcement of the arrival of spring .
house finch male has bright red head , forehead , eyebrow , throat , chest and rump . this colour can vary to orange or occasionally yellow . crown , rear head and back are brown streaked with darker brown . it has brown wings and square tail . belly and undertail coverts are white , streaked with broad brown stripes . eyes are black . the horn - coloured bill is short and conical . legs and feet are dark brown .
the finches live in the town of maycomb on the main street in town . the house has a comfortable porch with chairs and a rocker . there is shrubbery at the edge of the porch . wisteria vines crawl along side the porch . the house has a front and a backyard . there is also a porch swing . off to the side of the house is a wood pile that the children play in sometimes . jem , scout , and atticus each have their own room and there is a guest room for aunt alexandra . there is a dining room , a parlor , and a kitchen . the house is probably not very feminine since atticus has lived there for many years without female companionship .
researchers do not know how house finch conjunctivitis is spread from one individual to another , which makes it difficult to provide specific recommendations for reducing the risk of disease . in poultry , the infection can be spread through the air . if this also is true for finches , little can be done to reduce disease transmission except to avoid practices such as bird feeding that bring together large numbers of finches in a small area . if infected house finches are frequenting your feeder , you could stop feeding . this actually could increase the occurrence of mg , however , because sick finches will travel to other areas , taking the disease with them .
house finches are particularly susceptible to a bacterial eye disease that can cause blindness , something they can catch at busy bird feeders that aren’t kept clean and occasionally sterilized with bleach solution .
unlike most seed eating birds that feed their nestlings insects , house finches only feed their young vegetable matter . as a result , a cowbird nestling parasitizing a hofi nest usually dies .
although well - meaning individuals might want to take in and try to cure diseased finches , this practice is not recommended . it is illegal to possess wild birds without proper pennsylvania game commission permits , and wildlife rehabilitators have had only limited success in treating house finch conjunctivitis . studies have shown that some birds can recover on their own , so it is better to leave sick finches alone and focus instead on preventing further spread of the disease through the previously mentioned practices .
took some pics at my feeder yesterday and noticed one finch with what appeared to be only one eye . not sure if it is pox or conjunctivitis . found this article yesterday also and i will start a sanitation program for my feeders . location : western puget sound , washington state .
. - - the abundance of the house finch is evidence that it has no enemies serious enough to hold it in check where food , water , and shelter are available . its habit of nesting around buildings protects it from many wild predators , though domestic cats take their toll of any nestlings that leave the nest before they are in full command of their wings . for some unexplained reason there are very few records of parasitism by cowbirds , despite the fact that the nests are not very well concealed .
so tame and confiding have these pretty finches become that i am persuaded that the larger proportion of their nests are built not in trees and bushes as formerly , but in all sorts of odd nooks and crannies about the house and barn ; and even when they are compelled by the lack of facilities to resort to bushes and shrubbery , they choose those as close to the house as possible .
the house finch , more familiarly known as the linnet , is a species whose repute varies according to the interests and point of view of those who regard it . to the average city dweller , its domestic tastes , cheerful song , amiable manner , and the bright coloring of the male make it a pleasing adjunct to the dooryard or window sill ; but a grower of the softer varieties of fruit who watches flocks of these birds descend like locusts upon his ripening crop finds difficulty in appreciating their esthetic values . * * *
similar species : the purple finch is a winter resident , so in missouri you will probably not see it from may through september . male purple finches are usually more purplish , and both sexes have a light eyebrow line and a noticeably notched tail . the call is a dry , one - syllable “tick” or “pick . ”
house finches feed their nestlings exclusively plant foods , a fairly rare occurrence in the bird world . many birds that are vegetarians as adults still find animal foods to keep their fast - growing young supplied with protein .