eisenia andrei is a close relative of the ' brandling ' or ' tiger ' worm , eisenia fetida .

like its sibling species , it is epigeic , i.e. it prefers to live in compost or leaf litter rather than mineral soils .

it can be distinguished from e. fetida as it is darker in colour , and the characteristic stripes are less pronounced .

although its status as a separate species was fully confirmed in the mid-1980s by molecular analyses ( based on electrophoresis of protein isoforms ) , e. andrei is still often misidentified and confused with e. fetida .

eisenia andrei

oecd ilibrary | test no . 222 : earthworm reproduction test ( eisenia fetida / eisenia andrei )
histopathological and molecular effects of microplastics in eisenia andrei bouché . - pubmed - ncbi
identification and cloning of an invertebrate - type lysozyme from eisenia andrei . - pubmed - ncbi
this test guideline is designed to be used for assessing the effects of chemicals in soil on the reproductive output ( and other sub - lethal end points ) of the earthworm species eisenia fetida or eisenia andrei .
sensitivity of eisenia andrei ( annelida , oligochaeta ) to a commercial formulation of abamectin in avoidance tests with artificial substrate and natural soil under tropical conditions .
a vermelha - da - califórnia ( eisenia andrei ) é a espécie de minhoca mais adotada em todo o mundo para reciclar resíduos orgânicos . mais informações em urltoken
sensitivity of eisenia andrei ( annelida , oligochaeta ) to a commercial formulation of abamectin in avoidance tests with artificial substrate and nat . . . - pubmed - ncbi
this is interesting reading : eisenias . pdf ( from urltoken ) the difference between eisenia fetida and eisenia andrei . now i ' m wondering if i ' ve got ef , ea , or both ! i ' m * really * going to have to examine them carefully : - )
sri sai farm development services offers healthy adult composting earthworms - eisenia andrei - commonly nown as ' red wrigglers ] - in safe packing for domestic and export markets . the eisenia species of earthworms are the best composting earthworms . these earthworms are now highly regarded - as a rich biological resource with a multitude of uses having commercial and environmental applications . the species eisenia andrei in vermiculture or vermicomposting is more recommended since its growth and reproduction rates are higher - it produces more cocoons than other species , and the number of hatchlings per cocoon is also higher .
here ' s some of the best articles i found based on their titles , along with the urls to find them . i haven ' t had a chance to read any of them yet but i wanted to get the most interesting ones out to you all . jorge domínguez ( 2004 ) state of the art and new perspectives on vermicomposting research . in ca edwards ( ed ) earthworm ecology ( 2nd edition ) . crc press llc . pp 401 - 424 . urltoken jorge domínguez , maria j . briones , salustiano mato ( 1997 ) effect of the diet on growth and reproduction of eisenia andrei ( oligochaeta , lumbricidae ) . pedobiologia 41 , 566 - 576 urltoken jorge domínguez , clive a . edwards ( 1997 ) effects of stocking rate and moisture content on the growth and maturation of eisenia andrei ( oligochaeta ) in pig manure . soil biology and biochemistry 29 , 743 - 746 urltoken
sigh , i have both . in short the eisenia fetida are the striped or banded worms , the tiger worms . eisenia andrei are the solid red worms without stripes . e . andrie are the more productive worms laying more cocoons . the two species are very closely related and can mate but the cocoons from such crosses aren ' t viable . so if you have a mix of worms you get low , slow reproduction rates . sounds right i have always had slow reproduction in my bin . also i have noticed that i get the banded e . fetida worms coming out of the bottom of my flow through when i harvest and i always see the red e . andrei on the top when i feed . when i harvest i always put the worms back into the bin . and after not too long the banded ones are no longer on top . perhaps they like to stay a bit deeper in the bin .
i had always heard that they looked so much alike that it would take lab tests to tell them apart . but this article spells out just how easy it can be . well for wormaholics anyway . i did know i had two different kinds of worms and wondered . well at one point i had euro ' s too but the cold weather power outages took them out . but to be honest i had the species backwards , nice to get it straitened out . i been thinking of building a smaller version of larry d ' s flow through maybe 3 by 5 . now i am wondering how i will get the red e andrei i want without the risk of getting e fetida too .
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the two species are very closely related and can mate but the cocoons from such crosses aren ' t viable .
that ' s the first time i heard that . i also thought they were much more difficult to differentiate , requiring something like protein analysis to tell them apart . oh well , just one more variable . i ' m shooting for as many species as possible in my outdoor bins , so no worries for me .
and i was joking about sortin ' them suckers .
steamy , we all know you never joke around . larry , you know i agree with you about the mixed species bin , but if ef & ea can mate and produce dud cocoons . . . that could really mess up the rates of reproduction . lots of mating and cocoons without many babies is not too good for a worm farmer .
does anyone know how early you can tell ef and ea apart ? i was just about to get just efs out of my mixed bin and start a single species bin . i ' m sure glad i read this first ! ! i can ' t tell my pes from my esenia of either type when they ' re young ( as in before they are sexually mature . ) i guess i ' ll have 1 bin that ' s 3 species and have 2 smaller pure ef and pure ea bins where i ' ve taken only obvious adults out of the mixed bin . this is , of course , just for the fun of it . as with steamyb ,
i really don ' t care who or what ' s in that box o ' rot as long as they
the community
eat that garbage .
also , one of the ways i was distinguishing my efs from the pes was the yellow tail on the efs . i haven ' t looked at my herd yet , but does anyone know if both have the yellowish tails ?
i was looking to see if i could find other interesting articles by the same authors . i loved the title of this one , though it won ' t effect our vermicomposting . velando , a . , eiroa , j . & domínguez j . 2008 . brainless but not clueless : earthworms boost their ejaculates when they detect fecund nonvirgin partners . proceedings of the royal society london b 275 : 1067 - 72
susan , if you look at these photo ' s , even the small ef ' s have yellow tails , while the pe ' s do not .
some of my juvenile e . hortensis look like the
tiger worm
.
peter , thanks for the photos ! very helpful . now the challenge is to tell juvenile efs from eas . i think when i sort ( if i ever get around to it ) , i ' d be safer to sort obvious mature adults and leave everything else in the mixed bin . two mistakes would ruin the effort to get just efs in one bin and just eas in another . i don ' t know if avoiding the decrease in fertility with a mixed ef / ea bin will be worth the effort , but i ' ll have some time in december to give it a try .
adult worms are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test substance either mixed into the soil or applied to the soil surface . the range of test concentrations is selected to encompass those likely to cause both sub - lethal and lethal effects over a period of eight weeks . the limit test corresponds to one dose level of 1000 mg / kg . this study includes the observation of unusual behaviour and morphology , the counting and weighing of the adult worms after the four primary weeks , the number of juveniles hatched at the end of the second 4 - week period . the reproductive output of the worms exposed to the test substance is compared to that of the control ( s ) in order to determine the no observed effect concentration ( noec ) and / or ecx by using a regression model to estimate the concentration that would cause a x % reduction in reproductive output . the test concentrations should bracket the ecx so that the ecx then comes from interpolation rather than extrapolation .
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department of immunology , institute of microbiology , academy of sciences of the czech republic , prague , czech republic .
environ pollut . 2017 jan ; 220 ( pt a ) : 495 - 503 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . envpol . 2016 . 09 . 092 . epub 2016 oct 13 .
rodriguez - seijo a 1 , lourenço j 2 , rocha - santos tap 3 , da costa j 3 , duarte ac 3 , vala h 4 , pereira r 5 .
department of plant biology and soil science , universidade de vigo , as lagoas , marcosende , 36310 vigo , spain .
department of biology & cesam , university of aveiro , 3810 - 193 aveiro , portugal .
department of chemistry & cesam , university of aveiro , 3810 - 193 aveiro , portugal .
agrarian school of viseu , polytechnic institute of viseu . viseu , portugal ; centre for the research and technology of agro - environmental and biological sciences ( citab and centre for studies in education , and health technologies ( ci & dets ) , portugal .
department of biology , faculty of sciences of the university of porto & ciimar - interdisciplinary centre of marine and environmental research & greenup / citab - up , porto , portugal . electronic address : ruth . pereira @ fc . up . pt .
sri sai farm development services was established in the year 2009 to promote promote environmentally sustainable agribusiness and green businesses . our motto is restore soil , protect environment and support the farmer . we manufacture and supply high quality , pure unadulterated vermicompost made purely from cattle manure and agriculture waste . we also supply organic basmati rice organic wheat and pulses . our farm location is close to new delhi . we offer a fair deal , prompt and qualitative services and timely delivery of consignments .
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epiphthora nivea is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by philpott in 1930 .

it is found in new zealand , where it has only been recorded from the waitakere ranges .

the larvae feed on collospermum hastatum .

epiphthora nivea

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lower , o . b . 1901 ,
descriptons of new genera and species of australian lepidoptera
, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 25 , pp . 63 - 98
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the marquesan kingfisher ( todiramphus godeffroyi ) is a species of bird in the family alcedinidae .

it is endemic to french polynesia .

it is threatened by habitat loss and predation by introduced species , and is currently classified as critically endangered , with less than 500 individuals left in the wild .

marquesan kingfisher

marquesan kingfisher ( todiramphus godeffroyi ) is a species of bird in the alcedinidae family .
survival , territory resources , and population persistence in the critically endangered tuamotu kingfisher .
adamson , a . m . 1936 . marquesan insects : environment . bernice p . bishop museum bulletin 139 : 1 - 73 .
rolett , b . v . 1993 . marquesan prehistory and the origins of east polynesian culture . jounral de la societe des oceanisttes 96 : 29 - 47 .
the marquesan kingfisher ( todiramphus godeffroyi ) , one of the most endangered kingfishers , faces a different suite of threats . once found on a handful of islands in the marquesas chain , the species is now limited to only one , tahuata . the bird’s decline has been attributed to habitat degradation…
this article is part of project alcedinidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each kingfisher , including made - up species .
this article is part of project halcyoninae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each tree kingfisher , including made - up species .
i did two internships back in french polynesia , with the ornithological society of french polynesia ( sop manu ) . my first three - month internship was working on a conservation project funded by the clp ( conservation leadership program ) . the project’s goal was to update the population number of the endangered species marquesan kingfisher ( only population on tahuata island , marquesas archipelago )
the rufous - collared kingfisher is categorised as near - threatened due to the rapid loss of its rainforest habitat . a number of species are considered threatened by human activities and are in danger of extinction . the majority of these are forest species with limited distribution , particularly insular species . they are threatened by habitat loss caused by forest clearance or degradation and in some cases by introduced species . the marquesan kingfisher of french polynesia is listed as critically endangered due to a combination of habitat loss and degradation caused by introduced cattle , and possibly due to predation by introduced species .
i studied factors influencing territory configuration in the tuamotu kingfisher ( todiramphus gambieri ) . radiotelemetry data were used to define territory boundaries , and i tested for effects on territory size and shape of landscape habitat composition and foraging patch configuration . tuamotu kingfisher territories were larger in areas with reduced densities of coconut plantation foraging . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . future research should analyze habitat preferences of mo ' orean kingfishers in greater detail . closely related kingfisher species have been seen habituating coconut trees in managed and unmanaged coconut farms ( coulombe , kesler & gouni , 2011 ) . studies of the mo ' orean kingfisher should be conducted in coconut farms to support or refute this idea . . . .
wagner , w . l . 1991 . evolution of waif floras : a comparison of the hawaiian and marquesan archipelagos . pages 267 - 284 in e . dudley , editor . the unity of evolutionary biology . the proceedings of the 4th international congress of systematics and evolutionary biology . dioscorides press , portland , oregon .
22 cm . distinctive kingfisher with buff triangle on upper back . totally white crown , forehead , mantle and centre of upper back . blue eye - stripe ending as broken line behind head . white underparts . blue - green lower back , rump , tail and wings .
a wide range of threats affect populations of pacific island birds and conservationists have been challenged to identify factors upon which to focus management . the tuamotu kingfisher ( todiramphus gambieri ) is one of the most endangered vertebrate species in the world , yet little has been published about basic biology or causes of the population decline . we used 4 years of mark - resight and . . . [ show full abstract ]
woodall , p . f . , sharpe , c . j . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . marquesas kingfisher ( todiramphus godeffroyi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018 ) .
. . . there was a notable gap in occupancy in a large agricultural area on the lagoon side of the western - central section of niau ( 16° 08′ 34 . 26″ s , 146° 23′ 28 . 68″ w ) . active and mixed fallow coconut agriculture , wetlands , and feo forests characterized the gap region . agricultural coconut groves are open , and similar to those described previously as suitable habitat for the tuamotu kingfisher ( see coulombe et al . 2011 ) . although it was not clear why the birds did not occur in the release location , disturbances for airport construction is likely cause of extirpation . . . .
. . . point - transect surveys were conducted annually from 2006 through 2009 at stations spaced by approximately 300 m along the island ' s ocean and lagoon coasts . results showed regular kingfisher occurrence around the eastern half of the island , with occasional detections along the western oceanic coast ( coulombe et al . 2011 ) . there was a notable gap in occupancy in a large agricultural area on the lagoon side of the western - central section of niau ( 16° 08′ 34 . 26″ s , 146° 23′ 28 . 68″ w ) . active and mixed fallow coconut agriculture , wetlands , and feo forests characterized the gap region . . . .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
critically endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1
derhé , m . , mahood , s . , o ' brien , a . , shutes , s . , stattersfield , a . , symes , a . , ashpole , j , north , a .
this species is listed as critically endangered as , following its extinction on hiva oa , it is now found on only a single small island on which it is suspected to be declining owing to habitat deterioration and predation .
and was last seen in february 1997 in the atuona valley . searches in 2001 , 2004 and 2006 failed to find the species and it is considered extinct on the island ( j . - c . thibault
ghestemme and timau ( 2014 ) estimated the population to be approximately 350 mature individuals .
2012 ] ) may have contributed to the decline ( gouni and zysman 2007 ) . on tahuata , black rats , polynesian rats
2012 , ghestemme and timau 2014 ) . mynas are currently absent on the island and local inhabitants are aware of the risk of their introduction to tahuata island ( withers
2012 ) , and 2013 - 2014 ( ghestemme and timau 2014 ) investigating the distribution , species ' s behaviour and nesting and territory requirements . public awareness - raising was implemented with positive results , as inhabitants were previously unaware of the species ' s endemic status .
regularly resurvey the species to determine trends . investigate threats , including feral cat impact and species distribution knowledge . work with local stakeholders to protect remaining forest and retain dead trees in plantations , especially in coconut plantations . take all measures possible to ensure that
does not colonise tahutua . exclude livestock from the remaining intact forest . consider the possibility of translocation to a nearby island . produce a species recovery plan and develop captive breeding populations .
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traditionally thought to form a species - group with several other australasian and polynesian species ( see t . sanctus ) . monotypic .
hiva oa and tahuata ( probably extinct in the former ) # r , in marquesas is ; reports from other islands in marquesas ( ua pou , mohotani and fatu hiva ) are apparently erroneous .
21 cm . both sexes white crown , neck and underparts , dark mask through eye continuing as blue - black stripe and as thin band across nape ; upper mantle with characteristic buffy . . .
short , deep , repeated “kiau” , which can accelerate into chatter ; also soft “treeet - tee - tee” .
primary forest , preferring dense humid forest along mountain streams and in remote valleys ; . . .
insects , mainly beetles ( coleoptera ) and large grasshoppers ( orthoptera ) , and small lizards ; possibly some fish . takes prey in the foliage . . .
lays in sept–jan on hiva oa . nest found in hole of old mango tree , another in hollow with 2 entrances dug into decayed screw - pine ( . . .
critically endangered . restricted - range species : present in marquesas islands eba . population in 1970s 300–500 pairs on tahuata and under 50 pairs on hiva oa . on latter . . .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : todiramphus godeffroyi . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
the treeet - tee - tee call described in pratt , et al . listen for it at 30 to 31 sec . sadly , a very rare bird now . confined to tahuata . seen in coconut plantation understory .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
2012 ) . it formerly occurred on hiva oa , where there were fewer than 50 pairs in 1971 and 1973 ; it was exceedingly rare on the island in 1990 ( seitre and seitre 1991 ) and was last seen in february 1997 in the atuona valley . searches in 2001 , 2004 and 2006 failed to find the species and it is considered extinct on the island ( j . - c . thibault
2009 ) . records from fatu hiva , mohotani and ua pou are apparently erroneous ( holyoak and thibault 1984 , thibault 1988 ) .
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
marquesasinkalastaja
from
todiramphus godeffroyi ( finsch , 1877 )
as trusted .
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like the hawaiian islands , the tropical marquesas islands are extremely isolated and all flora and fauna present are the result of long - distance colonization and in situ evolution for thousands to millions of years . forty - two percent of the 320 native vascular plants are endemic . the terrestrial snail community is quite diverse , with at least 78 species represented . ten endemic birds occur here . unfortunately , this biodiversity has been exposed to almost two millennia of human disturbance . several species have gone extinct in known history and much of the flora and fauna is critically endangered .
the protection and management of upper - elevation forests on ua pou , nuku hiva , fatu hika , ua huku , and fatu hiva islands would serve to protect large numbers of endemic plant species and the unique communities they form ( dahl 1980 , montgomery et al . 1980 , thibault 1988 , seitre & seitre 1992 , florence & lorence 1997 ) .
justification of ecoregion delineation this ecoregion consists of the relatively discrete marquesas islands group . allison treats the cooks , societies , tuamotus , and marquesas as a unit herpetologically as they share a similar reptile assemblage . van balgooy ( 1996 ) similarly lumps the cooks , niue , societies , tuamotus , tubaui , and marquesas based on floristic affinities . however , birdlife international ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) separates the marquesas from surrounding island groups due to the presence of 10 endemic bird species , and based on this consideration we have delineated the marquesas as a separate ecoregion .
references adamson , a . m . 1935 . affinities and origins of the fauna of the marquesas islands . phd dissertation university of california , berkeley . 205 pp .
brown , f . b . h . 1931 . flora of southeastern polynesia . i . monocotyledons . bernice p . bishop museum bulletin 84 : 1 - 194 .
brown , f . b . h . 1935 . flora of southeastern polynesia . iii . dicotyledons . bernice p . bishop museum bulletin 130 : 1 - 386 .
dahl , a . l . 1980 . regional ecosystems survey of the south pacific area . south pacific commission , noumea , new caledonia .
dekker , b . g . 1992 . secondary plant cover on upland slopes : marquesas islands , french polynesia . atoll research bulletin 363 : 1 - 36 .
florence , j . and d . h . lorence . 1997 introduction to the flora and vegetation of the marquesas islands . allertonia 7 : 226 - 237 .
kuehler , c . , a . lieberman , a . varney , p . unitt , r . m . sulpice , j . azua , and b . tehevini . 1997 . translocation of ultramarine lories , vini ultramarina , in the marquesas islands : ua huka to fatu hiva . bird conservation international 7 : 69 - 79 .
montgomery , s . l . , w . c . gagne , and b . h . gagne . 1980 . notes on birdlife and nature conservation in the marquesas and society islands . ‘elepaio 40 : 152 - 156 .
mueller - dombois , d . and f . r . fosberg . 1998 . vegetation of the tropical pacific islands . springer press , new york .
seitre , r . and j . seitre . 1992 . causes of land - bird extinctions in french polynesia . oryx 26 : 215 - 222 .
stattersfield , a . j . , m . j . crosby , a . j . long , and d . c . wege . 1998 . endemic bird areas of the world : priorities for biodiversity conservation . birdlife conservation series no . 7 , birdlife international , cambridge , uk . 846 pp .
steadman , d . w . 1995 . prehistoric extinctions of pacific island birds : biodiversity meets zooarchaeology . science 267 : 1123 - 1130 .
steadman , d . w . and b . rolett . 1996 . a chronostratigraphic analysis of landbird extinction on tahuata , marquesas islands . journal of archaeological science 23 : 81 - 94 .
thibualt , j . - c . 1988 . menacés et conservation des oiseaux de polynésie française . pages 87 - 124 in j . - c . thibualt and i . guyot , eds . livre rouge des oiseaux menacés des régions françaises d’outre - mer . conseil internatioal pur la protection des oiseaux ( monograph 5 ) , saint - cloud .
van balgooy , p . h . hovenkamp , and p . c . van welzen . 1996 . phytogeography of the pacific – floristic and historical distribution patterns in plants . pages 191 - 213 in keast , a . and s . e . miller , editors . the origin and evolution of pacific island biotas , new guinea to eastern polynesia : patterns and processes . spb academic publishing , amsterdam .
wwf and iucn . 1995 . centres of plant diversity . a guide and strategy for their conservation . vol . 2 . asia , australasia and the pacific . iucn publication unit , cambridge , uk .
world wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037
locally called
pahi
. this is one of the world ' s rarest kingfishers . currently assessed as critically endangered due to its sole distribution on only one single island and it is already extinct on the other .
although not so extremely rare on its now sole surviving home - tahuata island , it is still not easy to locate them reliably unless an active nest is located . we were lucky to locate a pair and a dependent juvenile at an uninhabited beach .
i later found out that this is a parent perching on its favourite vantage point for catching prey on the ground , which it flew to feed its young nearby .
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les effets de la modification anthropique de l ' habitat sont évidents sur les îles tropicales du pacifique où les forêts ont été extensivement converties en plantations de cocos nucifera . nous avons évalué la sélection des ressources chez todiramphus gambieri gertrudae , une espèce en danger critique d ' extinction limitée à une seule population sur l ' île à basse altitude de niau atoll , en polynésie française . nos analyses indiquent que les ressources associées à la quête de nourriture sont à la base de l ' utilisation de l ' espace et de la sélection de l ' habitat par cette espèce à plusieurs échelles spatiales . à l ' échelle de l ' île , les caractéristiques de l ' habitat associées à des opportunités d ' alimentation , telles que les plantations de cocotiers avec un sous - étage ouvert , des perchoirs de chasse et un sol exposé , sont les facteurs qui permettent le mieux de prédire la présence de l ' espèce . à l ' inverse , la répartition de l ' espèce était négativement associée à une végétation non perturbée , telle que les forêts primaires et les plantations de cocotiers en jachère . à l ' échelle du domaine vital , la répartition des individus munis d ' émetteurs a également indiqué que les oiseaux ont sélectionné les forêts agricoles de cocotiers et ont moins préféré les forêts primaires . les observations ont de plus indiqué que les oiseaux en quête alimentaire ont sélectionné les plantations de cocotiers gérées à l ' aide du brûlage dirigé pour la chasse . t . gambieri gertrudae constitue un exemple rare d ' une espèce tropicale menacée susceptible de bénéficier de la gestion agricole . nos résultats soutiennent les stratégies de conservation basées sur l ' établissement de populations de sauvetage sur d ' autres îles possédant des plantations de cocotiers . nous suggérons que le fait d ' incorporer les forêts agricoles de cocotiers dans la planification de la conservation peut aider à prévenir l ' extinction de plusieurs espèces de martins - pêcheurs qui dépendaient par ie passé des habitats naturels de feuillus qui sont désormais pratiquement absents des îles d ' océanie , dans le pacifique .
l , adapted with permission from butaud ( 2007 ) . locations and results of tu
e ar ea wa s act ively used to pro duce c oconu ts .
is akaike weight ( i . e . , model probability given the set of
25 , 25 , and 75 m ( e . g . , unﬁlled points ) ; ground cover bet
 .   ( m a na g ed c oc o nu t f o re s t ) –  .   ( m ea n
t t o  % in man ag ed c oco nut for es t . p ar am
lo ca tio ns ( fi g .  ) f rom vi sua l o bs er vat io ns (  % ) , tr ia ng ul at ion (  % ;
, e d . ) . pa peet e , fre nch po lyne sia .
ar e ac ute ly s usc ept ibl e to glo ba l ch ang e . b iod ive rsi ty a nd c on ser
rces ( m . l . reaka - kudla , d . e . wi
. . . common myna removal projects may prove to be more effective if conducted in agricultural areas as well as forests , based on our findings that common mynas were less frequently detected in forests . there is very little information about the habitat requirements , calling activity , and natural history of native avifauna in french polynesia ( coulombe , kesler & gouni , 2011 ) . mo ' orean kingfishers were shown in this study to have low call counts , low detection probability , and a negative correlation with non - native calling activity in all of the habitats studied . . . .
. . . not all avian species will decline with human disturbance , and some may even benefit from resource subsidies and increases in open and edge habitats , including those within anthropogenic areas ( werner , hejl & brush , 2007 ; kamp et al . , 2009 ; coulombe , kesler & gouni , 2011 ) . the bahama oriole uses anthropogenic areas during the breeding season , where it selects nest sites in the tallest available palm trees ( price , lee & hayes , 2011 ) . . . .
. . . synanthropic species , which cohabit with humans and benefit from resources and modifications that exist in anthropogenic landscapes , present unique challenges for conservation management . today , at least 14 highly endangered birds are recognized as synanthropic , including the bahama oriole ( coulombe , kesler & gouni , 2011 ; price , lee & hayes , 2011 ; wright , lake & dolman , 2012 ) . the extent to which synanthropy affects gene flow among populations remains unclear , but rapid cultural and evolutionary changes may be associated with landscape modification ( johnston , 2001 ; boardman , 2006 ; jiménez et al . , 2013 ) . . . .
. . . we removed locations with an estimated error ellipse greater than 2 ha in size to reduce the potential effects of inaccurate locations ( e . g . kesler & haig , 2007 ; coulombe , kesler & gouni , 2011 ) . together , excluded bearing groups represented less than 5 % of the total dataset . . . .
. . . the climate was tropical oceanic without pronounced seasons ( mueller - dombois and fosberg 1998 ) . we conducted our research during 2006– 2010 on 2 study areas situated on the east side of the island , 1 on the ocean coast and 1 near the lagoon ( coulombe et al . 2011 ) . coconut plantations on the 2 study areas were managed by farmers using hand tools and prescribed burns to clear understory vegetation . . . .
. . . we estimated both apparent survival ð ^ fþ and the probability of resight ð ^ pþ to account for individuals that might have been present on study areas but were missed when resighting color bands ( lebreton et al . 1992 , anders and marshall 2005 ) . we incorporated island and territory resource metrics into the analysis of adult survival ( f ahy ) using previously published results of resource use , wherein we defined home range area ( ha ) by the 95 % isopleth constructed with a kernel density analysis of radio - marked individuals ( coulombe et al . 2011 ) . we intersected home range polygons with vegetation cover maps for niau ( butaud 2007 ) to identify the area of each habitat within home ranges , including atoll forest , mixed coconut and atoll forest , agricultural coconut plantation , littoral zone , urbanized , and wetland . . . .
. . . we used a mean of 0 . 95 ( sd 0 . 02 ) for f , a mean of 1 . 7 ( sd 0 . 15 ) for n , and a mean of 0 . 534 ( sd 0 . 105 ) for f nestling . we selected simulation input values for effects of territory size on adult female survival from a normally distributed set of values centered on the mean home range size of birds used in our survival analysis ( 4 . 2 ha , sd 0 . 1 ; coulombe et al . 2011 ) . we simulated 1 , 000 value combinations for matrix variables and derived l i for each . . . .
. . . the climate was tropical oceanic without pronounced seasons ( mueller - dombois and fosberg 1998 ) . we conducted our research during 20062010 on 2 study areas situated on the east side of the island , 1 on the ocean coast and 1 near the lagoon ( coulombe et al . 2011 ) . coconut plantations on the 2 study areas were managed by farmers using hand tools and prescribed burns to clear understory vegetation . . . .
. . . we estimated both apparent survival ð ^ fþ and the probability of resight ð ^ pþ to account for individuals that might have been present on study areas but were missed when resighting color bands ( lebreton et al . 1992 , anders andmarshall 2005 ) . we incorporated island and territory resource metrics into the analysis of adult survival ( f ahy ) using previously published results of resource use , wherein we defined home range area ( ha ) by the 95 % isopleth constructed with a kernel density analysis of radio - marked individuals ( coulombe et al . 2011 ) . we intersected home range polygons with vegetation cover maps for niau ( butaud 2007 ) to identify the area of each habitat within home ranges , including atoll forest , mixed coconut and atoll forest , agricultural coconut plantation , littoral zone , urbanized , and wetland . . . .
. . . we used a mean of 0 . 95 ( sd 0 . 02 ) for f , a mean of 1 . 7 ( sd 0 . 15 ) for n , and a mean of 0 . 534 ( sd 0 . 105 ) for f nestling . we selected simulation input values for effects of territory size on adult female survival from a normally distributed set of values centered on the mean home range size of birds used in our survival analysis ( 4 . 2 ha , sd 0 . 1 ; coulombe et al . 2011 ) . . . .
. . . the climate is tropical oceanic without pronounced seasons ( mueller - dombois and fosberg 1998 ) . from 2006 to 2010 donor population research ( coulombe 2010 , coulombe et al . 2011 ) was conducted primarily on two study areas situated on the east side of the island : one on the ocean coast and one near the lagoon . coconut forests on the two study areas are managed by the farmers using hand tools and prescribed burns to clear understory vegetation . . . .
survival , territory resources , and population persistence in the critically endangered tuamotu kingf . . .
translocation of tuamotu kingfishers , postrelease exploratory behavior , and harvest effects on the d . . .
conservationists previously described the need for research into using translocation to rescue threatened populations . we conducted an experimental translocation of tuamotu kingfishers ( todiramphus gambieri gertrudae ) to pro - vide foundational information about movement ecology and inform conserva - tion planning for the critically endangered bird . we captured and radio - marked mated pairs of . . . [ show full abstract ]
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as her career takes flight , master of science graduate tehani withers still remains grounded . currently employed as a project manager for sop manu / birdlife international , she tells us about her deep connection to waikato university and the benefits of studying her bsc tech degree in nz , a home away from home .
what made you decide waikato ? mainly because of the bsc tech degree , which had a specialisation in restoration ecology and an internship component . at that time , the upf ( université de polynésie francaise ) did not have many options in biology studies . another motivator was that my parents attended waikato previously , along with other family members and friends , so i was not completely alone when i moved to nz .
tell us about growing up i grew up in tahiti ( french polynesia ) . my parents moved there after working a couple of years in singapore , where i was born , to be closer to my father’s family . they actually met at waikato university where they completed their masters’ degrees . they found jobs pretty quickly back in singapore , my mother as a biology teacher and my father as a french teacher in the alliance française . we then moved to tahiti where my little sister was born . she got leukaemia when she was around 5 years old and as there were no hospitals to treat cancer in tahiti , we had to live part - time in auckland at the ronald mcdonald house . when she got better , we moved back to tahiti and after completing high school in tahiti , i decided to move to nz to complete my tertiary studies ; at the same university as my parents .
the sop manu took me back for another internship , to work on the tahiti fly - catcher ( critically endangered bird species : 50 individuals ) . i monitored nests and population , and i worked on monitoring the number of invasive introduced birds and conducted a survey on a little fire ant colony next to the tahiti fly - catcher habitat .
finally , for the department of conservation ( on motutapu island , hauraki gulf ) and the meit ( maungatautari ecological island trust ) , i conducted a research on another nz endangered species , the takahe . my thesis title : foraging behaviours of translocated takahē ( porphyrio hochstetteri ) at two contrasting sites , new zealand .
were you involved in any extra - curricular activities / clubs etc ? i lived in college hall during my 3 year bsc tech degree and i used to participate in all pacific cultural nights by performing tahitian dance shows . i tried to start a club to teach students tahitian dance , but became too busy during my third year . i was also a student ambassador during 2014 , which was quite a nice casual job to do while in university .
did you have any outstanding mentors / lecturers during your time here ? any particular papers / courses you enjoyed ? the college hall staff were the best support i could have while i was studying . it was very hard to be away from my family and tahiti at first , and they really helped me get used to nz cultural differences . teachers were mostly understanding of my problems with writing in english , since french was my first language .
during my masters , i was lucky to be supervised by dr . chrissen gemmill , mr . john innes ( landcare research ) and dr . steven miller ( statistics department ) . many other waikato staff in the research department really guided me too and really inspired me to work in ecology : dr bruce clarkson , dr daniel laughlin , dr mike clearwater , kiri cutting , rebecca bylsma , catherine kirby , toni cornes , etc . they are the best at what they do and the most enthusiastic people i have met .
finishing my 6 yearlong studies ! while i was searching for a job , i was also very happy to work on different projects ( with doc , bream head trust , project tongariro trust , etc . ) . i was very lucky to meet new people & travel across nz while participating in different conservation projects . i felt that completing a few weeks at a time of volunteer work was very meaningful ( and also helped my professional career ) .
my biggest achievement right now is to have been recruited as a project manager for sop manu / birdlife international . although i am qualified , this job required many years of experience , and i was very lucky to have been chosen .
outside of your career , what do you enjoy doing ? since i came back to tahiti , i’ve gone back to tahitian dance , and managed to participate in two dance shows , which was great . i also enjoy running when i can , and hiking .
what do you see yourself doing over the next five years ? life is full of endless possibilities . the conservation projects that i am working now will take at least 5 years to be completed . for now , this job is being funded for 2 years . if they are funded again i might renew my contract and i could then continue as a manager for a different conservation project , or find a steadier job in a private or government firm . i might also try to become a private consultant for different conservation projects across the pacific . i may eventually come back to nz , as there is not much future in conservation here in french polynesia ( ideology of conservation / preserving the environment is still a work in progress ) . i might try to get back into research and obtain a doctorate degree .
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evaluates the conservation status of plant and animal species . the list is based on scientific assessment of an organism ' s status by experts .
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smith 's bush squirrel , the yellow-footed squirrel , or the tree squirrel in south africa , paraxerus cepapi , is an african bush squirrel found in angola , botswana , the democratic republic of the congo , malawi , mozambique , namibia , south africa , tanzania , zambia , and zimbabwe .

it is a common rodent which is diurnal by nature .

smith ' s bush squirrel

smith ' s bush squirrels will store their food at the bases of trees .
viljoen , s . 1977 . behaviour of the bush squirrel , paraxerus cepapi cepapi ( a . smith , 1836 ) .
smith ' s bush squirrel ( paraxerus cepapi ) , warming - up in the morning sun , south africa , krueger np , aug 04 .
the smith ' s bush squirrel ( paraxerus cepapi ) is the 159th species in my mammals of the world series . all media is educational fair use .
viljoen , s . 1977 . factors affecting breeding synchronization in an african bush squirrel ( paraxerus cepapi cepapi ) .
smith ' s bush squirrels mark areas . 3 to 1 . 26 ha in size by mouth wiping , urinating , and anal dragging .
there have been squirrels on the african continent for around 20 million years . the african bush squirrel is a genus of squirrels that consist of 11 species of which the smith’s bush squirrel is one . smith’s bush squirrel ( paraxerus cepapi ) , otherwise known as the yellow - footed squirrel or in south africa simply as the tree squirrel is found in central africa , eastern africa and the northern regions of southern africa . this species lives in savannah woodland areas , favouring trees with suitable nesting holes . tree squirrels are often seen in the protected bushveld areas of sabi sabi and the surrounding reserves .
smith ' s bush squirrel is mostly arboreal , and diurnal , or active primarily during the daytime . the diet is mostly made up of seeds , but it sometimes will eat insects as well .
there is very little information on the reproduction and mating systems in striped bush squirrels . however , in a related species , smith ' s bush squirrels ( paraxerus cepapi ) , there is more information .
. his quarterbacks have been matt cassel and alex smith . he ' s lucky if a healthy
adult , adult on tree feeding , africa , animal , animals , color image , color images , colour image , colour images , full - grown , high size , in the open , kruger n . p . , kruger national park , kruger nationalpark , kruger np , mammal , mammals , mature , national park , one animal , outdoor shot , outdoors , paraxerus cepapi , republic of south africa , rm , rodents , single animal , sits , sitting , smith ' s bush squirrel , smith ' s bush squirrel , smith ' s bush squirrels , south africa , tree squirrel , upright format , vertical , vertical format , yellow - footed squirrel
john koprowski handles a smith’s bush squirrel ( paraxerus cepapi ) in africa . koprowski and collaborators hope to learn how squirrels influence regeneration of forests where elephants have caused damage in africa . image credit : mike stokes
adult , adult on tree feeding , africa , animal , animals , climbing , climbs , color image , color images , colour image , colour images , full - grown , headfirst , high size , in the open , kruger n . p . , kruger national park , kruger nationalpark , kruger np , mammal , mammals , mature , national park , one animal , outdoor shot , outdoors , paraxerus cepapi , republic of south africa , rm , rodents , single animal , smith ' s bush squirrel , smith ' s bush squirrel , smith ' s bush squirrels , south africa , tree squirrel , upright format , upside down , vertical , vertical format , yellow - footed squirrel
will narrow its eyes at a submissive squirrel . in which case , the submissive squirrel will run away .
the smith ' s bush squirrel is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
smith’s bush squirrel may well be the most common mammal in the okavango . this small rodent is territorial and prefers mature mopane and other broad - leafed woodlands . preyed upon mostly by raptors , mambas and small python .
the indian giant squirrel , also called the malabar giant squirrel , has its name for a very good reason : this is the largest tree squirrel sp . . .
the tiny little tree squirrel is a common inhabitant of south africa ' s kruger national park .
welcome to the 24 th edition of shakati’s bush facts . in this edition we will be focusing on the greater kudu . these are the majestic warriors of the bush , and have the ability to melt away into the bush .
, the striped bush squirrel , is found throughout southern kenya , the united republic of tanzania , malawi , and northern mozambique .
( smith ' s bush squirrel ) is found in eastern , central , and southern africa including southern angola , northern namibia , southeastern democratic republic of the congo , western tanzania , malawi , botswana , zimbabwe , mozambique , and northern south africa .
a juvenile abert’s squirrel ( sciurus aberti ) climbs on a tree branch in arizona . image credit : jonathan derbridge
author : bernard dupont license : attribution - sharealike 2 . 0 generic ( cc by - sa 2 . 0 ) urltoken description : male smith ' s bush squirrel or tree squirrel ( paraxerus cepapi ) filmed on 110 road north of berg - en - dal , kruger national park , south africa link : urltoken title : smith ' s bush squirrel ( paraxerus cepapi ) . webm details of the licenses can be found on this channel ' s
about
page . in this video , no changes or modifications have been made to the original material . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
striped bush squirrels eat seeds , fruits , roots , leaves , and buds .
is a social squirrel . they live in groups of one or two adults and many juveniles . family groups consist of 2 to 12 . these groups nest together in trees , ground holes , house roofs , and in - between rocks . smith ' s bush squirrels are diurnal and arboreal . although
african bush squirrels are the largest , most diverse and adaptable of all african squirrels .
spring is almost here , and soon our squirrel friends will be hearing the pitter - patter of tiny squirrel paws . mating season for eastern gray . . .
smith ' s bush squirrels are found in areas that provide appropriate nesting holes . these are commonly savanna , mopane and acacia woodlands . although these squirrels mostly live in trees , they will also nest in holes on the ground , between rocks , and in house roofs .
smith ' s bush squirrels are medium - sized african bush squirrels . the coat is yellow to brown in color but can vary by region . in general , the dorsal coat is a brownish yellow or gray color , while the ventral coat is a white or gray color with a buff coloration on the chest . the face has white stripes both above and below the eyes and cheeks that are a subtle brownish yellow color . smith ' s bush squirrels have long , bushy tails with a black and yellow to brown coloration . adults have an average body length measuring 238 . 5 mm and an average body mass of 222 . 85 g .
unlike north american tree squirrels , the smith ' s bush squirrels live in territorial family groups , with both adult males and females defending territory and nesting together along with their juvenile offspring . the nests are made in holes in trees . group solidarity is reinforced through mutual grooming .
a young / baby of a smith is called a ' pup , kit or kitten ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a smith group is called a ' dray or scurry ' .
safaris are all about the big game . but even though elephants , leopards and rhinos ( oh my ! ) fill your lens and retinas on a daily basis , it’s still just as wonderful to watch a squirrel scamper through a tree . this species is known in south africa simply as a tree squirrel , or smith’s bush squirrel more broadly . its golden coat with tinges of rust and green make it a far more handsome creature than the common grey squirrels that run through london’s parks . it lacks none of their characteristic agility either , as the video below will demonstrate . i spent a good half - hour watching this individual scurry about the tree that stood right next to the lodge .
in the wild ; however , in captivity , one squirrel lived for 9 . 6 years .
a mt . graham red squirrel . this species of squirrels is the most endangered in america .
reggie bush nearly made this list . let ' s say he ranked 27th . bush may have been overpriced and overhyped in his heyday , but he was a heck of a receiver and return man early in his career who developed into a capable running back as he matured .
, yields clues about the communication of striped bush squirrels . tail flicking and ear wagging have been recorded in
smith was such a mismatch headache for opponents that the cardinals dusted off the
tight end around
play for him . smith rushed 38 times for 327 yards and three touchdowns in his career . he was also the cardinals ' regular punter for three seasons . and if that isn ' t enough versatility for you , smith also sings a fine national anthem .
my pet squirrel , sandy . snuggling , biting , playing , licking , yawning , and being generally cute .
smith ' s bush squirrels are mostly vegetarian , consuming many plants , seeds , berries , flowers , and some arthropods . although opportunistic , they prefer seeds and gums of acacia , and seeds and flowers of aloes . they will also consume termites . in east africa , the squirrels will also eat insects , bird eggs , and euphorbia leaves .
african bush squirrels are usually seen in pairs but live amongst six or more other squirrels in a small area of the forest .
the sub - species of tree squirrel found in the kruger national park , known as smith’s bush squirrel , is covered by shades of grey fur , with yellow parts covering its lower - back region , hind legs and its bushy , long tails . there are added white parts of fur on their chest and belly - regions , although the shade of these colors differs from one are to another . the average weight of such a squirrel is a meager 200g , and their length average is 35cm of which nearly half of that spans the length of their well - known furry tail . their ears are small and round , and they have long fingered paws similar to primates at the ends of their front legs .
very young striped bush squirrels have been collected in the months of march and april . in june , some half - grown young were collected . it has been suggested that the birthing season may occur around these months , and possibly a second one in september . a striped bush squirrel nest was recorded as being made from grass and coconut fibers and was located in a hollow tree .
zimbabwe ' s top destinations range from victoria falls to mana pools national park .
is a larger squirrel that has gray shoulders with tan gray sides , gray markings on the belly , and gray white feet .
anded mongoose , bat eared fox , blesbok , blue wildebeest , squirrel , impala , giraffe , kudu , njala , warthog .
suddenly , the mother noticed koprowski with her baby on his head and bolted toward him , ready to attack . koprowski , startled , began running from the protective mother squirrel . “like any good mother , she wouldn’t give up , ” he said . after a few seconds of running around with a squirrel on his head while onlookers stood staring at the fiasco , koprowski shook the baby squirrel off of his head onto a nearby tree . it was hard to tell who was more relieved — koprowski or the mother squirrel .
smith ran track and played tailback at northwestern louisiana before switching to flanker , where he played well enough to get drafted in the 10th round by the cardinals in 1963 . cardinals ends coach fran polsfoot saw the 210 - pound smith ' s potential as a tight end and moved him there to cover for some injuries . smith bulked up a bit and was soon putting up mammoth numbers for the era , including a 56 - catch , 1 , 205 - yard , 21 . 5 - yard - per - catch and nine - touchdown receiving line in 1967 .
there is little doubt that the most beautiful and instantly recognizable physical characteristic of the squirrel is its tail . tree squirrels . . .
smith ' s bush squirrels are able to communicate using clicking and rattling vocalizations . if disturbed , they will grunt and growl . their low intensity alarm call consists of three “chir” or “click” sounds . this is used as a warning or territorial defense . they also have a high intensity alarm call composed of six or seven high pitched notes ; this is similar to a bird call or whistle . when threatened ,
sometime vegetarian . bird and squirrel watcher . husband and father . unapologetic red state liberal . texas tech red raider football and basketball fan .
murmurs , which is thought to be a form of communication used to contact another squirrel and can be aggressive or friendly . male and female
john koprowski stood in an urban park in kansas with binoculars pressed to his eyes . he was conducting a study as part of his phd thesis research and was intently observing a female eastern fox squirrel ( sciurus niger ) carry each of her seven babies from one nest in a tree to the base of a nearby tree . each baby squirrel wrapped its feet around its mother’s head , with its own head tucked under her chin . “the mother squirrel kind of looked like it had a giant head , ” koprowski recalled .
there is not much information on communication in striped bush squirrels except that young will emit a piercing squeak when threatened or fearful , to which the mother will respond .
striped bush squirrels are diurnal mammals . not much is known about their social system , but females and males associate with their young . there are no recordings of large associations of
just give me 18 inches of daylight . that ' s all i need .
— gale sayers
when most americans think of squirrels , we think of the eastern gray , the familiar bushy - tailed tree squirrel of parks and suburban yards . b . . .
first , happy squirrel appreciation day ! i wasn ' t sure how to commemorate this special day . here are some ideas of things to appreciate a . . .
mary’s old , mysterious letter . photo by sam kurth ( cc by 2 . 0 ) click for source .
gifford was , in fact , a popular golden boy . he was also one of history ' s great playmakers
since the last couple of posts on this blog have been kind of grim , i thought a bit of squirrel cuteness overload would be appropriate . so i . . .
if a dominant p . cepapi narrows its eyes at a submissive p . cepapi , the submissive squirrel will run away and is then often chased by the dominant one .
tree squirrels have often been referred to as ( smith ' s ) bush squirrels , yellow - footed squirrels or mopane squirrels . these associations relate to its bushveld habitat , foot colouring and frequent mopane tree visitations . they spend much of the day searching for food in a very small area , with the males performing sentry duty , alarm soundings and anal and urination scent - marking rituals . they will be close to trees though with suitable nesting holes , of mostly savannah woodland areas that include a wide variety of tree types
the garden route region is located between the western cape ' s mossel bay and storms river in the eastern cape .
the kruger national park is south africa ' s top safari destination , offering every accommodation option from camping to exclusive lodges .
for diptera , it’s a no - brainer . students should read wiegmann et al . ’s ( 2011 ) episodic radiations in the fly tree of life . sure it’s technical in its methods , but it also tells an interesting story about how diptera have been so successful , describes natural history trends we see across the phylogeny , and discusses how robust the current classification is .
it is thought that color changes in the fur might be connected with age . color changes do not seem to be merely seasonal , but may depend on the physiological condition of the squirrel .
striped bush squirrels are small to medium sized squirrels . head and body length measurement averages 175 mm and tail length also averages 175 mm . they can weight from 120 g to 200 g . striped bush squirrels undergo periodic color changes . the back can be dark grey or olive - brown , which can be replaced by brightly ochraceous tipped hairs . the dorsal surface can also take on a fulvous or bright gold hue .
while koprowski hasn’t had such a riveting encounter with a squirrel since he was a phd student , his excitement about the small , bushy tailed species hasn’t faltered over the years as he’s traveled all over the world to teach children about squirrels , including the panda breeding center in china where he taught students about the importance of biodiversity , and to remote areas to study them . along with three other authors , he also published the book squirrels of the world in 2012 , which is a comprehensive examination of all squirrel species globally .
when you are extremely lucky you may see the bat eared foxes on shakati . i spotted these curious and teddy bear like creatures very early on a game drive . just shows you how the bush may always surprise you .
thank you for this information . the sound the squirrel makes in my back garden in selebi - phikwe is rather like a bird alarm call . when i first heard it i kept looking for a bird !
available information on the ecosystem roles of striped bush squirrels is lacking . it seems likely , however , that they disperse seeds of the tree species they feed on and affect the abundance of the specific plants on which they feed .
striped bush squirrels are terrestrial and live in a variety of habitats , from moist savannahs to forests . they can be found on cultivated lands , preferring sugar plum tree groves . populations are most numerous in old - growth hardwood forests .
sproles also had an excellent early career for the chargers , complementing ladainian tomlinson as a third - down back and return man . add it all up , and sproles is now eighth on the all - time list with 19 , 011 all - purpose yards . that ' s almost as many as westbrook ( 11 , 259 ) and bush ( 10 , 001 ) combined .
keep in mind that barry sanders and emmitt smith were both in the nfl for most of thomas ' tenure as the scrimmage - yardage king . smith was the best pure rusher of the bunch , and he was helped by the best offensive line . ( spoiler alert : sanders is coming soon on this countdown . ) while sanders was a better pure playmaker than thomas , he lacked his former oklahoma state teammate ' s consistency and versatility in the passing game . in his prime , thomas combined the best elements of a shake - ' n ' - bake third - down back and a no - nonsense workhorse , the perfect combination for creating mismatches on the fly .
[ 0455 ] virginia hayssen et al . ( 1993 ) , asdell ' s patterns of mammalian reproduction : a compendium of species - specific data
koprowski is currently conducting a long - term project over 25 years on america’s most endangered squirrel , the mt . graham red squirrel ( tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis ) . he is studying factors such as fire and insect damage in high elevation coniferous forests that influence the status of the squirrel population which includes only about 250 individuals . he also has extended his work to south africa in collaboration with mike stokes at western kentucky university to observe the role of squirrels and other rodents in regenerating forests in areas where elephants are causing damage . in china , he is using a diverse array of squirrels and other seed - eating rodents as an indicator of climate change in high elevations where giant pandas live . “overall , we are interested in using squirrels as indicators of forest change and climate change over time , ” he said .
this countdown was not really designed for tight ends . but it is designed for mold - breakers . smith didn ' t just break the mold for tight ends . he completely reshaped it , and successors from winslow to gronk have been adding to the design ever since .
. striped bush squirrels nest in hardwood tree hollows and can be seen basking near their nest holes in the early morning . if they realize they have attracted attention , they will flee . it has been suggested that females are more wary than males .
2007 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service : working together
( on - line ) . accessed march 16 , 2007 at urltoken .
specimens from 1935 mexico , found in the same box as mary’s letter . photo by sam kurth ( cc by 2 . 0 ) click for source .
unfortunately , an internet search for smith usually brings up dozens of reference to his dropped pass in the end zone in super bowl xiii , after the 38 - year - old was lured out of retirement by the injury - ravaged cowboys . the greatest tight end of his era waited 16 years to reach the hall of fame because voters of the past were obsessed with
signature moments
instead of a player ' s body of work .
squirrels in the southern hemisphere are seasonal breeders . mating takes place in august and after an 8 week gestation period , 1 - 3 blind , naked , toothless young are born . the baby squirrels are weaned at 6 weeks and become sexually mature shortly thereafter . a squirrel’s life expectancy is 2 - 3 years in the wild , with squirrels in captivity living for as long as 9 years .
welcome to the fifteenth edition of shakati bush facts . in this edition we will be sharing with you a special find which we have made on the shakati private game reserve , namely the ground pangolin ! we are quite excited to share this find with you !
as cold weather sets in and we complain about the freezing temperatures during our morning drive to work , it ' s easy to forget that wild . . .
more dangerous as a running back ( 5 . 7 yards per carry with the saints ) , more versatile as a receiver ( 16 touchdowns in three seasons ; bush scored 12 receiving touchdowns in five saints seasons ) and more reliable as an all - purpose return man .
all of those all - time great tight ends certainly left their stamp on the position . but jackie smith is the guy who literally turned the tight end from a blocker who lined up next to the right tackle and caught a few underneath passes to a chess piece who can line up anywhere and do practically anything .
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
viljoen , s . 1983 . communicatory behaviour of southern african tree squirrels , paraxerus palliatus ornatus , p . p . tongensis , p . c . cepapi and funisciurus congicus .
to the uneducated mind , it just looks like another latin name . this species of wasp is known for the larvae’s manipulation of its host insect , pushing the discoverers to name it
when i was a kid in london on the ’50’s things were a little different . yes , today you will see the “common grey squirrels that run through london’s parks” , but back then they were a recent invading species ( from america ) taking over from the red squirrels we all loved . i guess the grey squirrels were successful : even the memory of the little red guys is gone now , in london . they are still around in the forests , but even there their existence is precarious . see the forestry service’s report ( urltoken ) .
imagine a player with the kick - return skills of david meggett , the quick feet of barry sanders and the sure hands of michael irvin ,
timothy w . smith wrote of metcalf in the new york times in 1995 . nowadays , imagine a durable percy harvin , a more explosive julian edelman or a tyreek hill without the baggage . that ' s who metcalf was . he finished his career with 12 return touchdowns , 12 rushing touchdowns , 31 receiving touchdowns and 17 , 230 all - purpose yards , 15th on the all - time list .
this is a small species of squirrel . adults are only about 14 inches long , about half of which is the tail , and weigh about seven ounces . it is a light rusty brown or , in some regions , more gray in color , with a buff or sometimes white chest and belly .
certain species of squirrels such as eastern gray squirrels ( sciurus carolinensis ) are also very common , making them a convenient species to study . there are 285 squirrel species in the world , koprowski said , and the fact that most are active during the day also makes them conspicuous and easy to find .
working as a member of the frost’s research and curatorial team has been such a rewarding experience thus far , and i am excited to be a part of all we have in store for the upcoming year .
this week’s mystery lice come from mossman , north queensland , australia . they were collected in 1962 on uromys caudimaculatus ( krefft 1867 ) ( rodentia : muridae ) , commonly known as a giant white - tailed rat .
chip kelly ' s no - huddle experiment . shady led the nfl in rushing and scrimmage yards in 2013 before the rest of the league figured out kelly was running the same handful of plays over and over again .
dunn was the primary offensive weapon for tony dungy ' s buccaneers in the late 1990s . paired with bruiser mike alstott in the backfield , he was both the big - play threat of the running game and the team ' s most reliable receiver . dunn missed his chance to win a super bowl when jon gruden arrived in tampa bay , however , as he had signed on to become part of a radically different system in atlanta .
andy reid ' s west coast offense , which at the time was pass - oriented with a rudimentary rushing attack . mccoy had two 1 , 000 - yard rushing seasons and a 20 - touchdown campaign in this scheme .
little was short for a running back in that bruising era . he was also bowlegged . but the legs he sometimes described as
parentheses
brought several unexpected advantages . little ' s center of gravity was low , his balance was exceptional and his ankles were permanently braced to make a cut on a defender . he quickly became one of the most dangerous rusher - receiver - returner combinations in the afl . saban ' s broncos , meanwhile , slowly climbed to respectability .
the trees squirrel has hind legs which are longer than the front , with toes equipped with claws for climbing trees . there is soft padding on the underside of their feet . they have a tooth structure which is typical of a rodent ; large chisel - like top and bottom incisors that continue growing for their entire lives and flattish grinding molars for crushing food .
some were officially third - down running backs , some slot receivers . all of them were incredibly versatile . brown and edelman played defense at times . welker was the emergency kicker . patten ' s versatility in one 2001 game against the colts
mitchell would do everything else , both for washington and the eagles . he ' s the nfl ' s all - time leader in career punt and kick return yardage ( 19 , 013 ) . his 13 return touchdowns rank fifth on the all - time list of non - offensive touchdowns . mitchell was also one of the most dangerous and reliable third - down backs of his era , averaging 5 . 1 career yards per rush and never missing a game in 14 seasons .
the modern broncos have a well - earned reputation as one of the best - run sports franchises in america . it all started when a bowlegged spark plug of a runner finally gave the fans of football ' s ugliest franchise something worth watching .
sanders was history ' s most elusive running back , making him an ideal fit for the run ' n ' shoot ' s barely controlled chaos . nickel and dime defenders of the day were no match for sanders ' ankle - twisting cutbacks . linebackers didn ' t stand a chance of even keeping up with him . lions quarterbacks were generally average - to - terrible , but sanders kept the team and the hinky system in the playoff picture with his ability to consistently rack up big plays .
jones , k . , j . bielby , m . cardillo , s . fritz , j . o ' dell . 2009 . pantheria : a species - level database of life history , ecology , and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals .
the topic of the plenary is one that koprowski sees evidence of every day as a squirrel researcher . aside from the element of human interest that surrounds squirrels , they are also good indicators of changes in the environment , according to koprowski . as forests become fragmented and disrupt their habitat , squirrels still can be easily found , telling us a lot about climate change and other changes caused by humans .
greg roman / anthony lynn ' s cro - magnon power - running jamboree . mccoy averaged 5 . 4 yards per carry , caught 50 passes and scored 14 touchdowns for a power - and - options offense that had zero receiving threats for much of last season .
barber left a complicated legacy in the locker room and off the field . he was as quick to criticize teammates and coaches as he was to fake out a linebacker , and the giants ' becoming a tightly knit super bowl team as soon as he retired was not lost on anyone . but this isn ' t a countdown of the nfl ' s most lovable teammates . barber made himself the nfl ' s most dangerous playmaker in the mid - 2000s , proving there is much more to the job than being quick and having good hands .
mitchell ' s pure speed allowed him to both burn cornerbacks deep and beat defenders to the edge on sweeps . he was also nifty in the open field with a devastating mix of dart - like quickness and vision . his career marks the changing of eras , not just from segregation ' s last holdouts to more enlightened times , but the opening up of offenses near the dawn of the super bowl . mitchell was too good of a playmaker to be a
left halfback .
football was changing , because men like mitchell were changing it .
while the mother probably intended for all of her young to wait patiently while she carried each one up to their new nest , the baby squirrels scurried off in different directions . one squirrel ran straight toward what it thought was another tree — one with binoculars and arms and legs — 6 - foot - 2 - inch koprowski . “the youngster went up my face and on top of my head , ” koprowski said .
“squirrels help us study how ecosystems are changing , and the recovery from these changes is critical , ” he said . “the challenges involve humans as well as natural systems . we can help effect change with management elements . it’s an exciting time to be a wildlife biologist . ”
brian westbrook nearly made this list . let ' s say he ranked 26th . westbrook is revered in philadelphia . he carried the andy reid / donovan mcnabb eagles at times as an all - purpose weapon , and he was a respected figure in the locker room as well .
gifford moved to the broadcast booth upon retirement and spent decades as one of the smoothest announcers in the business . he moved from color commentary to play - by - play , and later generations forgot he was ever even a player . gifford ' s all - purpose stats in the old encyclopedias looked nothing like jim brown ' s perennial dominance . gifford reached the hall of fame in 1977 , but younger fans perusing the encyclopedias may think his enshrinement was some sort of lifetime achievement award for a golden boy who popularized the game for new yorkers or something .
squirrels are rodents belonging to the family sciuridae which also includes chipmunks , marmots and prairie dogs . the name squirrel is derived from skiouros , an ancient greek word meaning shadow - tailed . there are over 270 types of squirrels , with various indigenous species found on every continent except antarctica and australia , ( although squirrels have been introduced into australia . ) squirrels are divided into 3 groupings , tree , ground or flying squirrels .
mitchell led a late touchdown drive , completing three passes for 40 yards . keep in mind , this was against buddy ryan ' s defense in an era before any team had a wildcat or read - option package for a player like mitchell to fall back upon . ( the eagles were in prevent mode , but buddy ' s prevent mode wasn ' t like normal prevent mode . ) it was a gutsy , dignity - saving performance , but mitchell would never play quarterback again , though he threw a few more career passes on trick plays and fake punts .
tarkenton was an undersized mid - round quarterback with amazing scrambling ability and tremendous touch on his deep passes . he joined the expansion minnesota vikings in 1961 and immediately butted heads with their coach , the notoriously irascible norm van brocklin . the dutchman didn ' t like tarkenton ' s scrambling
the browns lined mitchell up in the same backfield as jim brown in the 1950s and early 1960s . serving as a motion man and brown ' s
mr . outside ,
mitchell averaged 5 . 4 yards per rush for four seasons and returned three punts and three kickoffs for touchdowns .
while most people haven’t had this kind of close encounter with a squirrel , many have equally memorable stories about the thriving species that are a familiar backyard sight . people care about their welfare , which in turn helps with conservation of squirrels and related species . according to koprowski , this aspect of squirrels makes them an important and useful species for wildlife conservation in general . his early experience with them led to a lifetime of interest in the species .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
sometimes , the fireplug - shaped all - purpose guy is just an all - purpose guy . in sproles ' case , he ' s an easy - to - overlook all - time great , hiding in plain sight and outperforming better - paid , better - regarded players at their own games .
i’ve been working on my course ( ent 432 ) syllabus for what seems like forever , though it’s only been eight years . in the latest iteration i’ve tried to incorporate required reading from the primary literature—mostly empirical studies , rather than reviews—for each lecture . this exercise was mush more difficult than i anticipated !
history ' s best playmakers often start their careers as ordinary all - purpose backs . they return kicks , catch some third - down screen passes , produce a few highlights and then appear poised to give way to someone younger , faster and cheaper as soon as they lose a fraction of a step .
whether he ' s cutting back for positive yardage on a sweep that the entire defense sniffed out , exploding through a tiny crease in the line for a big gain or turning a screen pass into a touchdown , shady has multiple ways of turning nothing into something or a little something into a whole lot .
judged as
playmakers ,
there ' s no contest between cunningham , steve young and michael vick . young was a brilliant soloist and conductor for a world - class orchestra . vick played in offenses that complemented his rushing ability , and his 2000s passing totals don ' t come close to cunningham ' s 1980s totals . when it came to contortionist tactics to avoid sacks , windmill leaps at the end of scrambles and making up new moves just to survive , cunningham was in a class by himself . he often looked like he was on the field by himself . and win or lose , he always put on a show .
don ' t look up grange ' s nfl stats seeking enlightenment ; what little is there is almost incomprehensible to modern eyes anyway . just know that he was a ruthian figure who achieved lebron james - like fame the moment such fame became possible in american society , and his exploits introduced the fledgling nfl to future fanatics all across the country .
at just under a million ) and the “discoverer” of a new one earns the right to name the species , oftentimes causing the name to have an interesting and unique etymology . now i know what you’re thinking . isn’t it confusing using the words entomology and etymology back and forth in rapid succession ? well of course , but that’s where the fun lies !
along came head coach lou saban , who formerly coached the bills to a pair of afl championships . then the nfl - afl common draft arrived , giving the broncos a puncher ' s chance of acquiring real talent . with their first pick of the new era , the broncos selected little , a 5 ' 10
all - purpose back from syracuse .
the species today is named for its “ability to hunt down obscure prey” ( jozwiak , rewicz , pabis 2015 ) . if that doesn’t scream google then you should probably get in touch with the modern world because it’s pretty great . in madagascar where the ant was discovered in 2005 , entomologist brian l . fisher named the species proceratium google ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) .
mcelhenny , by contrast , was all jukes , weaves and squirrel - on - the - freeway chaos .
the king
averaged 7 . 0 yards per carry on 98 carries as a rookie in 1952 and 8 . 0 yards per carry on 64 carries when the million dollar backfield officially came together in 1954 . while perry took tittle handoffs and sprinted off left end behind johnson , mcelhenny took handoffs and pitches and did . . . whatever he felt like doing . both perry and mcelhenny were also effective receivers , and both took turns returning kicks and punts .
these tree squirrel species arrange themselves into family groups who usually share a shelter from the heat of the day and the shadows or those within them during the starry african nights . all members of such a family group share the same scent , making life much easier for them when it comes to setting boundaries for other families and their members . all the young are raised together by all their respective mothers together , a very communal and social relationship building exercise . furthermore males may show territorial behavior by protecting their homes , although the same behavior has been seen from females and adolescent young .
the bills may field something close to a typical nfl offense this year , with multiple wide receivers and everything . for the first time in four years , mccoy won ' t face stacked fronts of defenders who know what ' s coming . it could be too little , too late for a back who has already had an excellent career . but it could also result in a season for the ages .
when a quarterback as incandescently talented as young leaves college , teams do crazy things to acquire him . the usfl ' s los angeles express offered him $ 40 million they didn ' t really have so he could single - handedly fill the coliseum for them . young ended up taking snaps at running back and paying team bus drivers out of his own pocket just to get the express to games on time .
in cunningham ' s
ultimate weapon
days with the eagles , like his 30 - passing - touchdown , 942 - rushing - yard effort in 1990 , his running backs were 1970s - style plodders anthony toney and keith byars . his receivers were pretty good , but the eagles offensive lines of the era were built out of steroid violators , converted defensive linemen and other assorted castoffs and buddy ryan experiments .
the letter was undated , but found among specimens dated from 1928 , addressed to “george and alice . ” the wounds from the great war were starting to heal after a decade of peace and rebuilding , the great depression was not even a shadow of a thought , fitzgerald’s famous book had exploded in popularity ; the jazz age was truly in full swing . somewhere out there was mary , trading through fields collecting dragonflies .
faulk gained over 1 , 000 rushing and receiving yards in 1999 . he led the league in touchdowns in 2000 and 2001 . he averaged no less than 5 . 3 yards per rush for three consecutive years , leading the league each year and supplementing the rushing production with over 80 receptions per season . faulk wasn ' t just the nfl ' s best playmaker from 1999 through 2001 . he was the best player , period .
we will start discussing and examining lepidoptera in late november . scales are certainly a contributing factor to lepidoptera’s diversity , and their patterns are important for determining species . is their a great read about lep scales ? or should we focus our discussion on host plat relationships , chemical defense , moth avoidance , proboscis morphology … ? photo by johan j . ingles - le nobel ( cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0 ) . click for original .
dunn ' s falcons , like his buccaneers , were too flawed to reach the super bowl . both teams needed dunn to be an offensive focal point and a locker room leader , not just mr . shake ' n ' bake in the open field . dunn responded by becoming one of the most respected players in the nfl , not just one of the most exciting . that one - two punch is what earned him a spot on this countdown .
the various woody areas of the kruger national park offer many suitable shelters and habitats , from mopane forests near mopani rest camp to tree - rich woodland areas found in scattered areas throughout the park . trees with natural holes in them are preferred by most squirrel species , because of its use as a shelter and place in which to raise young . the more trees in a woodland area the better for these animals , whether it be acacia thorn trees or larger trees . their main food source is also found within trees ; seeds . they also spread seeds around large trees to facilitate regrowth , thereby giving back what they take and keeping up their end of the symbiotic relationship they share with trees .
hester holds the nfl record with 20 non - offensive touchdowns . that ' s an astounding number for a modern player , particularly one who played on offense ( defenders can mix in some pick - sixes with their kick and punt returns ) . hester was also a capable screens - and - bombs receiver stuck in largely bad offenses for much of his career . but he was at his best when he could specialize in the dying art of fielding kicks and punts .
in modern football , trippi would be a cross between christian mccaffrey , terrelle pryor and jabrill peppers , with a dash of marquette king sprinkled in . great prospects like these still leave college for an nfl befuddled about how best to make use of their gifts . for trippi , the chicago cardinals tried a little of everything , and it worked . today ' s nfl teams can still learn something from their post - wwii forebears . give great playmakers the ball . worry about the labels later .
given 18 inches of daylight , gale sayers performed feats that are still dazzling over half a century later . he jump - cut , head - faked , hurdled and juked early ' 60s defenders who had never seen the likes of the kansas comet before . it might be cheating to point to a highlight reel and say
watch this ,
but here ' s a highlight reel , complete with quotes from george halas and others ( plus some ac / dc music ) . words don ' t really do sayers justice .
tarkenton led the vikings to three super bowls in the 1970s . his supporting cast was excellent : the purple people eaters on defense , the aforementioned line , ahmad rashad , john gilliam and chuck foreman among his weapons . but tarkenton ' s timing was poor . the nfl was dominated by the steelers , raiders , cowboys and vikings through most of the mid - to - late ' 70s . with tarkenton and many of the vikings stars already well past their prime when everything came together , they had a habit of finishing one or two games shy of a championship .
yet in the mid - 2000s , it was still possible for a return man to be a great team ' s most valuable offensive player , as hester proved for the bears . his six return touchdowns in the 2006 regular season and playoffs helped a team with a blundering offense come within a rainy day run - in with peyton manning of winning a super bowl . when he wasn ' t taking a kickoff to the house , he was forcing opponents to squib kick to avoid him , giving the bears offense the field position it desperately needed to muster a few points .
on this list of all - time playmakers , it must be noted that vick spent what should have been his prime either in jail or rebuilding the nfl ' s trust on the eagles bench . he robbed himself of those great years , and it cost him a chance to be the best playmaker ever . he doesn ' t even rank first among our quarterbacks . but vick is in a category all his own , as both an athlete and cultural figure . few inspire more complex emotions . the off - field ugliness was undeniable . but so was the on - field beauty .
they are most active , out and about during the daytime , making them diurnal creatures , but spend most of their time in trees , on branches and between leaves where the sun’s grasp on them is not that strong . they mostly forage for food during this time , but keep a careful lookout for any predator that might come walking or flying by , because squirrels overall , especially juvenile squirrels , are very vulnerable and are almost last on the food chain . they also groom and socialize vocally with one another during the day , checking for parasites and keeping up their appearance and hygiene .
call these players products of brady and the patriots system if you like . but several of these players ( like welker ) have had success elsewhere , and the system itself points the way to the future . the patriots used to be alone in plucking guys like welker off other rosters or drafting and grooming edelman types for slot receiver roles . copycats are catching on , and players like christian mccaffrey can now enter the draft marketing themselves as patriots - style weapons , even as television analysts shrug their shoulders and ask
what position does he play ?
like it ' s still 1977 .
speaking of ryan experiments : buddy held the very concept of coordinating a modern offense in near contempt . cunningham ' s job was to drop back and make stuff happen , whether it was a bomb to fred barnett or calvin williams , a pirouetting ballet recital of a scramble or some combination of both . sometimes , the results were highlights that will be remembered forever , like the 95 - yard touchdown to barnett or the apparent carl banks sack that cunningham turned into a touchdown pass to jimmie giles . sometimes , cunningham spent whole afternoons running for his life on 3rd - and - 25 .
when grange joined the nfl in 1925 , it changed perceptions about professional football . his presence at a bears road game could put a struggling host team in the black for the season . fans came to see the most dynamic , elusive all - purpose weapon of that primitive era . grange ran , passed and returned punts in an era when punt returns were much more integral to the game than they are now . football before grange was college lads clobbering each other in the mud . grange introduced quickness and grace to the sport . he was , quite literally , the nfl ' s first playmaker .