mitsukurina is a genus of mackerel shark in the family mitsukurinidae .

it contains one extant species , the goblin shark ( m. owstoni ) and more extinct species .

the genus was described by american ichthyologist david starr jordan in 1898 .

mitsukurina

the goblin shark ( mitsukurina owstoni ) is a rare , poorly known species . . .
dana campbell added text to
brief summary
on
mitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898
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goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni , australian museum biology of the goblin shark ( mitsukurina owstoni ) - reefquest centre for shark research ellis , richard the book of sharks . alfred a . knopf , 1996
kento furui added the japanese common name
ミツクリザメ
to
mitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898
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scapanorhynchus mitsukurii white , 1937 : 29 ( error for mitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898 ) . japan .
dana campbell selected
brief summary
to show in overview on
mitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898
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duffy , c . 1997 . futher records of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni ( lamniformes : mitsukurinidae ) , from new zealand .
the goblin shark was first described in 1898 , by jordan , as mitsukurina . this genus has been synonymized with the fossil scapanorhynchus described by woodward , 1889 . the relationship between the two genus has been debated . currently , the mitsukurina family includes mitsukurina owstoni and the fossil species of scapanorhynchus and anomotodon . other synonymous names include odontaspis nautus branganza 1904 , scapanorhynchus jordani hussakof 1909 , and scapanorhynchus dofleini engelhardt 1912 .
dana campbell marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
mitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898
.
purdy , r . ( 2005 ) .
is striatolamia a junior synonym of mitsukurina ?
. journal of vertebrate paleontology 25 ( 3 ) : 102a .
to cite this page : bizer , s . 2004 .
mitsukurina owstoni
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
head of a juvenile goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni , with the jaws protruded showing the long slender teeth . source : dianne j . bray / museum victoria . license : cc by attribution
martin , r . 1999 .
biology of sharks and rays : biology of the goblin shark ( mitsukurina owstoni )
( on - line ) . accessed march 16 , 2003 at urltoken .
duffy , c . 1997 . futher records of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni ( lamniformes : mitsukurinidae ) , from new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology , 24 : 167 - 171 .
bean , b . a . 1905 . notes on an adult goblin shark ( mitsukurina owstoni ) of japan . proc . u . s . natl . mus . 28 ( 1409 ) : 815 - 818 .
duffy , c . a . j . ( 1997 ) . further records of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni ( lamniformes : mitsukurinidae ) , from new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 24 : 167 - 171 .
ugoretz , j . k . and seigel , j . a . 1999 . first eastern pacific record of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni ( lamniformes : mitsukurinidae ) . california fish and game . 85 ( 3 ) : 118–120 .
mitsukurina owstoni jordan 1898 , proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 3 ) 1 ( 6 ) : 200 , pls . 11 - 12 . type locality : misaki , sagami sea , near yokohama , japan , western north pacific .
jordan , david starr . 1898 . description of a species of fish ( mitsukurina owstoni ) from japan , the type of a distinct family of lamnoid sharks . proc . calif . acad . sci . 1 ( 6 ) : 199 - 204 .
duffy , c . a . j . ; ebert , d . a . ; stenberg , c . ( 2004 ) .
mitsukurina owstoni
. iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 . international union for conservation of nature .
caira , j . n . ; runkle , l . s . ( 1993 ) .
2 new tapeworms from the goblin shark mitsukurina owstoni off australia
. systematic parasitology 26 ( 2 ) : 81–90 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00009215 .
mitsukurina is named after keigo mitsukuri , a japanese zoologist who studied at university college london during the 1860 ' s . the species owstoni was named in honour of alan owston ( 1853 - 1915 ) , an english collector , primarily of wildlife in asia .
scientific synonyms and common names mitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898 synonyms : mitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898 mitsukurina owstoni j ordan , 1898 , proc . calif . acad . sci . , ( ser . 3 ) 1 ( 6 ) : 199 - 201 , pl . 11 - 12 ( ' in deep water near yokohama ' ) . holotype : mut . odontaspis nasutus bragança , 1904 : res . invest . sci . amelia : 49 , fig . 1 . mitsukurina owstoni : osorio , 1909 : 40 - 48 , pl . 1 seabra , 1911 : 194 lozano rey , 1928 : 406 - 410 nobre , 1935 : 435 - 438 signeux , 1949 : 633 - 638 ( discussion of relation to fossil forms ) quéro & verron , 1975 : 99 , fig . 1 . gueguen et al . , 1977 : 182 du buit et al . , 1977 : 186 . scapanorhynchus owstoni : garman , 1913 : 28 - 29 ( anatomy , pl . 40 , 51 , 56 ) fowler , 1941 : 123 - 124 quero , 1972 : 168 - 170 , fig . odontaspis nasutus : nobre , 1935 : 432 - 435 , fig . 185 - 187 helling , 1940 : 10 . goncalves , 1941 : 4 quéro , 1970 : 281 gueguen & quéro , 1974 : 182 . mitsukurina nasutus : albuquerque , 1954 - 1956 : 82 - 83 , fig . 47 . mitsukurina , sp . : quéro et al . , 1976 : 180 , fig . 3 . common names : goblin shark [ en ] requin lutin [ fr ] tiburon duende [ es ]
parsons , g . r . , ingram jr . , g . w . and havard , r . 2002 . first record of the goblin shark mitsukurina owstoni , jordan ( family mitsukurinidae ) in the gulf of mexico . southeastern naturalist 1 ( 2 ) : 189–192 .
uyeno , t . , k . nakamura & s . mikami . 1976 . on the body coloration and an abnormal specimen of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni jordan . bull . kanagawa prefect . mus . ( nat . sci . ) 9 : 67 - 70 .
izawa , k . ( 2012 ) .
echthrogaleus mitsukurinae sp . nov . ( copepoda , siphonostomatoida , pandaridae ) infesting the goblin shark mitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898 in japanese waters
. crustaceana 85 ( 1 ) : 81–87 . doi : 10 . 1163 / 156854012x623674 .
duffy , c . a . j . , ebert , d . a . & stenberg , c . 2004 . mitsukurina owstoni . in : iucn 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 08 august 2012 .
stevens , j . d . & j . r . paxton . 1985 . a new record of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni ( family mitsukurinidae ) , from eastern australia . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales 108 ( 1 ) : 37 - 45 .
citation :
goblin sharks , mitsukurina owstoni ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
jordan , d . s . ( 1898 ) .
description of a species of fish ( mitsukurina owstoni ) from japan , the type of a distinct family of lamnoid sharks
. proceedings of the california academy of sciences ( series 3 ) zoology 1 ( 6 ) : 199–204 .
bean , b . a . ( 1905 ) .
notes on an adult goblin shark ( mitsukurina owstoni ) of japan
. proceedings of the united states national museum 28 ( 1409 ) : 815–818 . doi : 10 . 5479 / si . 00963801 . 28 - 1409 . 815 .
duffy , c . a . j . ( 1997 ) .
further records of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni ( lamniformes : mitsukurinidae ) , from new zealand
. new zealand journal of zoology 24 ( 2 ) : 167–171 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 03014223 . 1997 . 9518111 .
yano , k . & miya , m . & aizawa , m . & noichi , t . 2007 . some aspects of the biology of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni , collected from the tokyo submarine canyon and adjacent waters , japan . ichthyological research 54 ( 4 ) : 388 - 398 .
rincon , g . ; vaske , t . ; gadig , o . b . ( 2012 ) .
record of the goblin shark mitsukurina owstoni ( chondrichthyes : lamniformes : mitsukurinidae ) from the south - western atlantic
. marine biodiversity records 5 : e44 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s1755267211000923 .
jordan , d . s . 1898 . description of a species of fish ( mitsukurina owstoni ) from japan , the type of a distinct family of lamnoid sharks . proc . calif . acad . scl , ( 3 ) zool . , 1 ( 6 ) : 199 - 204 , pl . 11 - 12 .
mitsukurina owstoni is almost certainly ovoviviparous , where embryos feed on yolk sacs and other ova ( eggs ) produced by the mother and hatch within her body . as in other lamnoids ; no pregnant specimen has been collected , thus no data is available on gestation period , number of pups , pupping season , or nursery grounds .
yano , k . ; miya , m . ; aizawa , m . ; noichi , t . ( 2007 ) .
some aspects of the biology of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni , collected from the tokyo submarine canyon and adjacent waters , japan
. ichthyological research 54 ( 4 ) : 388–398 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10228 - 007 - 0414 - 2 .
mitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898 , proc . calif . acad . sci . ser . 3 ( zool . ) , 1 : 200 , pls . 11 - 12 . holotype : zoological museum , university of tokyo , 107 cm immature male , near yokohama , japan , in deep water . holotype lost , according to eschmeyer ( 1998 , cat . fish . : cd - rom ) .
nakaya , k . , tomita , t . , suda , k . , sato , k . , ogimoto , k . , chappell , a . , sato , t . , takano , k . m & y . yuki , 2016 . slingshot feeding of the goblin shark mitsukurina owstoni ( pisces : lamniformes : mitsukurinidae ) . scientific reports 6 , article number : 27786 online 212 june 2016 .
parsons , g . r . ; ingram , g . w . ; havard , r . ( 2002 ) .
first record of the goblin shark mitsukurina owstoni , jordan ( family mitsukurinidae ) in the gulf of mexico
. southeastern naturalist 1 ( 2 ) : 189–192 . doi : 10 . 1656 / 1528 - 7092 ( 2002 ) 001 [ 0189 : frotgs ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .
research mitsukurina owstoni » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
v . 1 ( 1897 - 99 ) - proceedings of the california academy of sciences . - biodiversity heritage library
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after keigo mitsukuri ; he worked in zoological names with y . iwasaki , 1896 ; imperial university
marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 30 - 1300 m ( ref . 43278 ) , usually 270 - 960 m ( ref . 43278 ) . deep - water ; 48°n - 55°s , 180°w - 180°e
western atlantic : guyana ( ref . 6871 ) , suriname ( ref . 13608 , 11228 ) and french guiana . eastern atlantic : france ( bay of biscay ) , madeira , portugal , and south africa . western indian ocean : off south africa . western pacific : japan , australia ( south australia , new south wales ) , new zealand ( ref . 26346 ) . eastern pacific : usa ( southern california ) ( ref . 43278 ) .
maturity : l m ? , range 264 - 322 cm max length : 617 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 83323 ) ; common length : 200 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . flat , bladelike , elongated snout , tiny eyes without nictitating eyelids , soft , flabby body , slender , very long cusped teeth in long , protrusible jaws , long caudal fin without a ventral lobe ( ref . 247 ) . pinkish - white with bluish fins , becoming brownish grey after death ( ref . 5578 , 11228 ) .
found on outer continental shelves and upper slopes , but rarely in shallow water close inshore ( ref . 247 , 43278 ) . jaws are highly specialized for rapid projection from the head to snap up small animals ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on jacopever , pelagic octopus and crabs ( ref . 5578 ) . ovoviviparous , embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother ( ref . 50449 ) . probably slow - moving and neutrally buoyant ( ref . 6871 ) . utilized dried salted ( ref . 247 )
exhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding on other ova produced by the mother ( oophagy ) after the yolk sac is absorbed ( ref . 247 , 50449 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )
) : 3 . 8 - 13 . 7 , mean 8 . 3 ( based on 1037 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 ±0 . 62 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 10 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 90 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds . ) . 2018 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 29 march 2018 . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species is assessed as least concern because although apparently rare , it is widespread in the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans and is only infrequently taken in deepwater fisheries . it has a sporadic distribution with most records from the northwest pacific ( japan , taiwan ) on the upper continental slope . may also be mesopelagic . it is likely to be found in more locations than previously known as deepwater surveys are undertaken in other regions or as deepwater fisheries expand globally . taken in deep bottom - set gillnet , bottom longline and trawl fisheries ; rarely surface drift nets . also entangled in deepwater fishing gear . recorded from depths of < 30 m ( occasional ) to > 1 , 000 m with reported landings of adults rare suggesting most of the adult population is unavailable to existing deepwater fisheries .
most goblin shark records come from japan . all japanese records have been made between tosa bay and boso peninsula ( including sagami bay , suruga bay , izu islands ) , despite similar fishing gear being used throughout the japanese archipelago ( yano 2003 ) . in april 2003 an exceptionally large number of goblin sharks ( reportedly 100 to 300 ) were captured off northwest taiwan , an area they had been previously unknown from . the species is likely to occur in more locations than presently known as surveys are undertaken in other regions or as deepwater fisheries expand globally .
reported landings from tokyo canyon show no trend in abundance ( yano 2003 ) .
the goblin shark is a rare bycatch of deepwater fisheries with most captures around japan . in an unusual occurrence , an exceptionally large number ( > 100 ) were reportedly caught off the northwest coast of taiwan over two weeks in april 2003 by a number of fishers . taken in deep bottom - set gillnet , bottom longline and trawl fisheries ; rarely surface drift nets . also entangled in deepwater fishing gear . most reported captures are juveniles suggesting that the bulk of the adult population occurs outside the depth range of , or is otherwise unavailable to most deepwater fisheries . the jaws are sought after by collectors . the jaws of most of those goblin sharks landed in taiwan during april 2003 were reported exported to the usa . prices vary with the size and quality of the jaw , and range from us $ 1 , 500 - $ 4 , 000 .
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the very strange - looking goblin shark has a distinctively shaped snout and an impressive array of long , pointed teeth . the fish , however , is found in deep water and poses no threat to people .
the goblin shark has a shovel - like snout , flabby body , and a tail with a weakly developed lower lobe .
one of the distinctive features of the goblin shark is its protrusible mouth . the mouth can retract to a position under the eye , or extend forward under the snout .
the species was named in honour of alan owston ( 1853 - 1915 ) , an
english collector of asian wildlife , as well as a businessman and yachtsman
( beolens & watkins , 2003 ) .
the goblin shark has been caught in scattered localities through the pacific , atlantic and indian oceans . in australia it is known from off new south wales , tasmania and possibly from off south australia .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .
the species is found near the sea floor in marine waters to depths of about 1200 m .
yano and colleagues examined the stomach contents of 121 goblin sharks from tokyo submarine canyon . prey items included bony fishes , squids and crustaceans .
when feeding , the goblin shark extends its jaws forward faster than any other species of shark . see the scientific report on slingshot feeding by nakaya and colleagues .
the underside of the snout is heavily pored . these pores are the external openings of the ampullae of lorenzini , the electricity detecting organs . the goblin shark most likely hunts its prey by detecting electric fields .
beolens , b . & m . watkins . 2003 . whose bird ? men and women commemorated in the common names of birds . christopher helm . pp . 384 .
last , p . r . & j . d . stevens . 1994 . sharks and rays of australia . csiro . pp . 513 , pl . 1 - 84 .
last , p . r . & j . d . stevens . 2009 . sharks and rays of australia . edition 2 . csiro . pp . 644 , pl . 1 - 91 .
wilga , c . d . 2005 . morphology and evolution of the jaw suspension in lamniform sharks . journal of morphology . 265 : 102–119 . download .
yano , k . , miya , m . , aizawa , m . & t . noichi . 2003 . abstracts . 2003 joint meeting of ichthyologists and herpetologists . american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists . pp . 533 .
hi stranger . apologies for the delay in replying to your question . i was away from the australian museum last week doing fieldwork . the goblin shark definitely grows larger than 3 . 3 m in length . the reason i can say that with confidence is because i measured the fish in the images above . it was 3 . 84 m long . the maximum size of 3 . 9 m is taken from last and stevens ( see references on this page ) . good luck with your project .
hi , i have a school project and i have a question to answer . according to your article the goblin shark ' s maximum size is 3 . 9 metres . . but according to another source its 3 . 3 . . who is correct ? source : urltoken
originally caught in japan , the range is wide , but not evenly distributed . the majority of known specimens come from bays of japan while the rest are mostly found off new zealand , southern africa , and in the eastern atlantic and indian oceans . two specimens have been taken off the mississippi and california coasts of the united states . though this probably encompasses the range of
, sightings are so rare and widespread that the presence of goblin sharks could extend well beyond these areas .
seem to live in the mid and deep - water zones of outer continental shelves and slopes .
is a fearsome looking fish with a large , flattened snout protruding from the top of its head , and has movable jaws than can extend to catch prey . the exact purpose of the flat snout is unknown , but as it is not hard or sharp enough to pin or kill prey , it is probably used to detect the faint electric signals that other fish give off . goblin sharks have rubbery skin , rather than denticles ( the sharp , pointed scales found on most sharks ) . due to the blood vessels that are close to the skin , the shark has a pinkish - grey color in life , though in death it appears quite colorless because of its lack of pigment . teeth are slender and fang - like , similar to those of the
. another feature that separates goblin sharks from most other sharks is the lack of a lower lobe on the tail fin , which is also absent in other benthic sharks . female specimens seem to be slightly larger than the males .
develop directly from birth , and are probably ecologically similiar to free - swimming adults when they emerge from the mother . it is not known at what age they become sexually mature , but are immature to about 2 . 3 m .
there has been no direct study of goblin sharks in the wild , so there is no information on there mating habits .
goblin sharksare rarely seen , and even more rarely studied in detail . essentially all known data on goblin sharks are from accidental catches in trawling nets . thus , since there have been no opportunities to observe goblin sharks in their natural habit ( or even alive for that matter ) , data on reproduction and behavior are very scarce . there is no information on age at sexual maturity for either sex , number of offspring , or gestation period .
are independent as soon as they are born . this is probably not different in the case of the goblin shark .
in particular , sharks in general do not provide any degree of parental investment .
no goblin sharks have been studied in the wild , so not much is known about their ages or lifespans . no individuals have ever been held in captivity .
is rather sluggish and accomplishes most of its hunting by swimming lazily or waiting for vertically migrating animals to come within striking distance . the protruding jaws allow substantial bites , but otherwise ,
is not a fast or active predator . since it seems to feed on migratory fish , it is probably active in the evening and / or morning when the migrations are going on , but there are no direct accounts of feeding times . based on the dentition and stomach contents of this shark , scientists know it is a predator . another theory has goblin sharks actively hunting for benthic prey using electroreceptors on its enlarged snout ( similar to
) and using this snout to dig up any prey it detects underneath the sand .
there are no available data on home range , or territories of goblin sharks .
, goblin sharks probably hunt using their senses of smell , sight , sound and the electrical sensing organs called ampullae of lorenzini . due to the depth at which they live , eyesight is probably less useful than other senses . the snout ( which is abnormally large in
) houses the ampullae of lorenzini which are attuned to catching otherwise undetectable prey in dark waters or on the bottom .
appears to feed mid - water or close to the bottom where it uses a combination of electrical sensors , smell and ( minimal ) eyesight to catch any vertically migrating animals that it comes across . it is also possible that they stay deep and scan the bottom for prey . stomach records are rare , and include parts of
as it is often difficult to deduce ecosystem roles in easily studied environments , it comes as no surprise that nothing is known about goblin sharks ' role in the mid - water or benthic community besides its role as a predator .
(
cites : convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora
, 2004 ;
u . s . esa : natureserve explorer data for listed status in the united states
, ;
2002 iucn red list
, 2002 )
is unknown due to the rarity of sightings and specimens . however , though rarely seen , this shark is thought to be fairly common because of its wide range . nonetheless , because it lives in deep waters , is not a common sight for humans . most of the information is partial , and deduced from the morphology of the shark and from samples of the few existing specimens . other common names include : imp shark , elfin shark , and tenguzame ( japanese ) . differences in extension of jaws in death lead to confusion over how many species of
there actually are . as of now , there is only one recognized species . however , the extant goblin shark is considered to be very closely related to a similar cretaceous shark genus
stephen bizer ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .
the body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .
living in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
body of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .
living in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .
referring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water . also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones . bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans ( below 9000 m ) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone . see also oceanic vent .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
reproduction in which eggs develop within the maternal body without additional nourishment from the parent and hatch within the parent or immediately after laying .
an aquatic biome consisting of the open ocean , far from land , does not include sea bottom ( benthic zone ) .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
international union for conservation of nature and natural resources . 2002 .
2002 iucn red list
( on - line ) . accessed 03 - 23 - 03 at urltoken .
cites . 2004 .
cites : convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora
( on - line ) . accessed march 21 , 2003 at urltoken .
u . s . esa .
u . s . esa : natureserve explorer data for listed status in the united states
( on - line ) . accessed 03 - 21 - 2003 at urltoken .
. rome : united nations development programme , food and agriculture organization of the united states .
rorem , s . 2002 .
sea creatures 101 : shark series : the goblin shark : ugly and rare
( on - line ) . accessed 03 - 16 - 03 at urltoken .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]
compagno , l . j . v . ( 2001 ) . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . volume 2 . bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 1 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . 269p . [ details ]
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of odontaspis nasutus bragança , 1904 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scapanorhynchus dofleini engelhardt , 1912 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scapanorhynchus jordani hussakof , 1909 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scapanorhynchus mitsukurii white , 1937 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scapanorhynchus owstoni ( jordan , 1898 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
habitat apoorly known , bottom - dwelling shark that inhabits the outer continental shelves and upper slopes and is found off seamounts , but rarely occurs at the surface or in shallow water close inshore . most records are on or near the continental slopes between 270 and 960 m deep but down to at least 1 300 m , sometimes in shallower shelf waters at 95 to 137 m . seamount records suggest that the species is oceanic or semioceanic in addition to its known occurrences off continental slopes . [ details ]
classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by dana campbell - see more .
yeah ! i never seen the goblin shark myself though i discoverd . . .
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a taxonomic genus within the family mitsukurinidae – the goblin shark and extinct relatives .
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fao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 1
sharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date , vol . 2 : bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes )
compagno , leonard j . v . / hamlett , william c . , ed .
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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odontaspis nasutus de braganza , 1904 : 49 , 104 , pl . 1 , figs . 1 - 1c . type locality , mare de sezimbra , portugal , 603 m . types unknown according to eschmeyer ( 1998 ) .
scapanorhynchus jordani hussakof , 1909 : 257 , text - figs . , pl . 44 . syntypes ( 2 ) : american museum of natural history , amnh - 00004sw , jaws , model on display from 1 300 mm female ; 1 155 mm female , formerly in the zoological department at columbia university . type locality , japan .
scapanorhynchus dofleini engelhardt , 1912 : 644 . holotype : zoologischen staatssammlung münchen , 2 100 mm female , mayegawa , sagami sea , japan . locality of holotype unknown according to eschmeyer ( 1998 : cd - rom ) .
en - goblin shark , fr - requin lutin , sp - tiburón duende .
fieldmarks : this unmistakable shark has a flat blade - like elongated snout , tiny eyes without nictitating eyelids , soft flabby body , slender very long - cusped teeth in long highly protrusable jaws , two spineless dorsals and an anal fin , and a long caudal fin without a ventral lobe . colour : live and newly - captured individuals are pinkish white , but usually fade to brownish in alcohol .
western atlantic : guiana , surinam , french guyana . eastern atlantic : france ( bay of biscay ) , madeira , portugal , senegal , gulf of guinea , south africa ( western cape ) . western indian ocean : south africa ( eastern cape , kwazulu - natal ) , mozambique ( mozambique seamount range ) . western pacific : japan , australia ( south australia , new south wales ) , new zealand . eastern pacific : usa ( southern california ) .
maximum total length at least 384 cm . size at birth unknown , smallest recorded specimen 107 cm ; mature males 264 , 320 and 384 cm , females reaching 373 cm , one mature at 335 cm . weight 210 kg at 384 cm .
interest to fisheries minimal , taken as untargeted bycatch of deepwater trawl fisheries and occasionally taken with deepwater longline s , deep - set gill nets , and possibly purse seines . utilized dried - salted for human consumption . conservation status : conservation status unknown .
japan : elphin , elfin shark , japanese goblin shark , tenguzame , tengu ( goblin ) shark , mitsukurizame , mitsukuri ' s shark .
threat to humans : harmless to people . a spectacular aquarium exhibit , but seldom kept in captivity ; one lived for a week in an aquarium at tokai university , shimizu , japan .
sharks of the world an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . volume 2 bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes ) . leonard j . v . compagno 2001 . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 1 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . 2001 . p . 269 .
this bottom - dwelling shark is pinkish grey and flabby - looking , with small , rounded fins and a caudal fin ( tail ) with a strong top lobe and no bottom lobe . it is most recognizable for its flat , elongated snout , and its large mouth full of long , narrow teeth . it averages between 10 and 13 feet long , but has been caught at over 18 feet . not a great deal is known about the goblin shark , but it is thought to mostly eat soft prey like shrimp , small fish , octopus , and squid , which it catches by quickly projecting its jaw forward and pulling prey into its mouth .
this shark is known as the goblin shark in the unites states , australia , new zealand , england , and south africa . it also referred too as elfin shark ( english ) , hiisihai ( finnish ) , japanese neushaai ( dutch ) , japanischer nasenhai ( german ) , kabouterhaai ( dutch and afrikaans ) , karsahai ( finnish ) , koboldhaai ( dutch ) , koboldhai ( german ) , lensuháfur ( icelandic ) , mitsukurizame ( japanese ) , naesehaj ( danish ) , nasenhai ( german ) , näshaj ( swedish ) , nesehai ( norwegian ) , neushaai ( dutch ) , requin lutin ( french ) , schoffelneushaai ( dutch ) , squalo folletto ( dutch ) , squalo goblin ( italian ) , teguzame ( japanese ) , teppichhai ( german ) , tiburón duende ( spanish ) , trollhaj ( swedish ) , tubarão - demónio ( portuguese ) , tubarão - gnomo ( portuguese ) , zoozame ( japanese ) , and žralok škriatok ( czech ) .
there is minimal commercial interest for the goblin shark . it is fished only as a bycatch of deepwater trawl , longlines and deep - set gill nets . it has been dried - salted for human consumption . although it is thought to be a great exhibit , it has rarely been kept in captivity . one specimen survived in an aquarium for a week at tokai university , shimizu , japan .
the goblin shark seldom comes in contact with humans ; however , because of its large size it could be potentially dangerous .
the iucn is a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .
the deep - water goblin shark is thought to be widely distributed . specimens have been seen in the atlantic off the coast of guyana , surinam , french guyana , france , madeira , senegal , portugal , gulf of guinea , and south africa . it has also been reported in the western pacific off japan , australia and new zealand . in the indian ocean it is found in south africa and mozambique . it was recently recorded in the united states near san clemente island off the coast of california as well as in the northern gulf of mexico south of pascagoula , mississippi . few specimens have ever been caught making it one of the rarest species of sharks .
the goblin shark is a bottom - dwelling shark that is rarely seen at the surface or in shallow coastal waters . this species is found along the outer continental shelves , upper slopes , and off seamounts . most specimens have been observed near continental slopes between 885 feet ( 270m ) and 3149 feet ( 960m ) deep . it has been found in waters up to 4265 feet ( 1 , 300m ) deep and in waters as shallow as 311 feet ( 95m ) to 449 feet ( 137m ) . records indicate that the goblin could also be an oceanic species .
the goblin shark can be easily identified by its elongated and flattened snout . it has a distinctly long head , tiny eyes and five short gill openings . the mouth is large and parabolic in shape . its body is soft and flabby .
this shark has a long caudal fin without a ventral lobe . the pectoral fins are short and broad and the two dorsal fins are small , rounded and equal in size . the anal fin is rounded and smaller than the dorsal fins , while the pelvic fins are larger than the dorsals . the goblin shark has a long protrusable jaw with long slender teeth . its body characteristics suggest that it is a slow moving shark with a density close to seawater .
living goblin sharks are a pinkish white color with bluish fins . specimens fade and become brownish when preserved in alcohol .
dentition goblin sharks have 26 large , narrow , awl - like teeth on their upper jaw and 24 on their lower jaw . they have three rows of anterior teeth on each side of both jaws . the teeth in the anterior upper jaw are separated from the smaller upper lateral teeth by a gap .
denticles the goblin shark has small and rough dermal denticles . the denticles have crowns with narrow cusps and ridges . the cusps of the lateral denticles occur perpendicular to the skin .
mature male goblins have been found to be 8 . 66 feet ( 264cm ) , 10 . 49 feet ( 320cm ) and 12 . 6 feet ( 384cm ) in total length . mature females have been measured to be 11 feet ( 335cm ) and 12 . 2 feet ( 372cm ) . size at birth is not known but the smallest specimen found was 3 . 51 feet ( 107cm ) . the maximum reported length of the goblin shark is 12 . 6 feet ( 384cm ) . this specimen weighed 463 pounds ( 210kg ) .
goblin sharks feed on a variety of prey including the blackbelly rosefish ( helicolenus dactylopterus ) and various crabs . photo courtesy noaa
the goblin shark uses a sense system known as ampullae of lorenzini , found in its snout , for electrodetection of prey . the jaws are modified for rapid projection to aid in the capture of prey . the jaw is thrust forward by a double set of ligaments at the mandibular joints . when the jaws are retracted the ligaments are stretched and they become relaxed when the jaw is projected forward . the jaws are usually held tightly while swimming and function like a catapult when the animal wants to feed . its slender narrow teeth suggest it mainly feeds on soft body prey including shrimps , pelagic octopus , fish , and squid . it is also thought to feed on crabs . the posterior teeth are specialized for crushing .
reproduction the goblin shark is thought to be ovoviviparous ; however , a pregnant female has never been captured . records have shown that mature females visit the east coast of honshu during the springtime , which could be related to reproduction patterns .
parasites a 419 pound ( 190kg ) male collected off ulladulla , new south wales , australia was found to have four different species of tapeworms . these internal parasites were recovered from the spiral intestine . these included two new species : litobothrium amsichensis and marsupiobothrium gobelinus .
males to 3 . 2 m , females to 3 . 35 m tl .
on outer continental or insular shelves and slopes , from 100 to 700 m .
* nobre , a . 1935 . fauna marinha de portugal . 1 . vertebrados ( mamiferos , reptis e peixes ) , porto . : ixxxiv + 1 - 21 ( mamiferos ) ; 1 - 5 ( reptis ) ; 1 - 574 ( peixes ) , 77 pl . , 64 phot .
albuquerque , r . m . 1954 - 1956 . peixes de portugal e ilhas adjacentes . chavas para a sua determinação . port . acta biol . , ser . b , 5 : xvi + 1167 p . , 445 fig .
bragança , c . 1904 . ichthyologia ii . esqualos obtidos nas costas de portugal durante as campanhas de 1896 - 1903 . results das investig . sci . feitas a bordo do yacht amélia . lisboa , 107 p . , 2 pl .
du buit , m . h . ; gueguen , j . ; lamolet , j . ; quero , j . c . 1977 . observations sur les poissons rares en 1975 . annls biol . cons . perm . int . explor , mer , 32 , 1975 : 185 - 188 .
fowler , h . w . 1941a . contributions to the biology of the philippine archipelago and adjacent regions . the fishes of the groups elasmobranchii , holocephali , isospondyli and ostariophysi obtained by the united states bureau of fisheries steamer ' albatross ' in 1907 to 1910 , chiefly in the philippine islands and adjacent seas . bull u . s . natn . mus . , 100 ( 13 ) : 1 - 879 , fig . 1 - 30 .
garman , s . 1913 . the plagiostomia ( sharks , skates , and rays ) . mem . mus . comp . zool . harv . , 36 : xiii + 528 p . , 77 pl .
gueguen , j . ; lamolet , j . ; quero , j . c . 1976 . observations sur les poissons rares en 1974 . annls . biol . cons . perm . int . explor . mer . , 31 , 1974 : 181 - 182 .
gueguen , j . ; quero , j . c . 1974 . observations francaises sur les poissons rares en 1972 . annls biol . cons . perm . explor . mer . , 29 , 1972 : 182 - 183 .
helling , h . 1943 . novo catalogo dos peixes de portugal em colecçao no museu de zoologia da universidade de coimbra . mems estud . mus . zool . univ . coimbra ( 1 ) 149 : 110 p .
lozano y rey , l . 1928 . fauna ibérica . pesces ( generalidades , ciclóstomos y elasmobranquios ) . mus . nac . ciencias nat . , madrid , 1 : 1 - 692 , 197 fig . , 20 pl .
osório , b . 1909 . contribuição para o conhecimento da fauna bathypelágica visinha das costas de portugal . mems mus . bocage , 1 : 35 p . , 3 pl .
quéro , j . - c . 1970b . observations françaises sur les poissons rares en 1968 et 1969 . annls biol . cons . perm . int . explor . mer . , 26 , 1969 : 280 - 282 .
quéro , j . - c . 1972 . capture de deux scapanorhynchus owstoni par des chalutiers de la rochelle . ann . soc . sc . nat . charente - maritime , 5 ( 4 ) : 168 - 170 , 1 fig .
quéro , j . - c . ; verron , r . 1975 . sur quelques poissons rares observes au port de la rochelle en 1974 . ann . soc . sci nat . charente - maritime , 6 ( 3 ) : 177 - 190 , 6 fig .
seabra , a . f . de . 1912 . catalogue systématique des vertébrés du portugal . v . poissons . bull . soc . port . sci . nat . , 1911 [ 1912 ] , 5 ( 3 ) : 129 - 224 .
found on outer continental shelves and upper slopes , but rarely in shallow water close inshore ( ref . 247 , 43278 ) . jaws are highly specialized for rapid projection from the head to snap up small animals ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on jacopever , pelagic octopus and crabs ( ref . 5578 ) . ovoviviparous , embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother ( ref . 50449 ) . probably slow - moving and neutrally buoyant ( ref . 6871 ) . utilized dried salted ( ref . 247 )
western atlantic : guyana ( ref . 6871 ) , suriname ( ref . 13608 , 11228 ) and french guiana . eastern atlantic : france ( bay of biscay ) , madeira , portugal , and south africa . western indian ocean : off south africa . western pacific : japan , australia ( south australia , new south wales ) , new zealand ( ref . 26346 ) . eastern pacific : usa ( southern california ) ( ref . 43278 ) .
compagno , l . 1984 . fao species catalogue : vol . 4 sharks of the world . rome : united nations development programme , food and agriculture organization of the united states .
flat , bladelike , elongated snout , tiny eyes without nictitating eyelids , soft , flabby body , slender , very long cusped teeth in long , protrusible jaws , long caudal fin without a ventral lobe ( ref . 247 ) . pinkish - white with bluish fins , becoming brownish grey after death ( ref . 5578 , 11228 ) .
depth range based on 16 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 8 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 95 - 1300 temperature range ( °c ) : 4 . 402 - 7 . 270 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 25 . 373 - 32 . 574 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 483 - 34 . 926 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 893 - 5 . 185 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 586 - 2 . 271 silicate ( umol / l ) : 20 . 418 - 47 . 917 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 95 - 1300 temperature range ( °c ) : 4 . 402 - 7 . 270 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 25 . 373 - 32 . 574 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 483 - 34 . 926 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 893 - 5 . 185 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 586 - 2 . 271 silicate ( umol / l ) : 20 . 418 - 47 . 917 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .


musa is one of two or three genera in the family musaceae ; it includes bananas and plantains .

around 70 species of musa are known , with a broad variety of uses .

though they grow as high as trees , banana and plantain plants are not woody and their apparent " stem " is made up of the bases of the huge leaf stalks .

thus , they are technically gigantic herbs .

musa species are used as food plants by the larvae of some lepidoptera species , including the giant leopard moth and other hypercompe species , including h. albescens ( only recorded on musa ) , h. eridanus , and h. icasia .

musa ( genus )

sister relationship , the latter genus is well supported ( bpp , 0 . 98 ) . the genus
sectional relationships in the genus musa l . inferred from the pcr‐rflp of organelle dna sequences
1 . the nomenclature of the genus musa by david constatine . retrieved 5 july 2017 .
the genus musa is in the family musaceae in the major group angiosperms ( flowering plants ) .
sectional relationships in the genus musa l . inferred from the pcr - rflp of organelle dna sequences
almost all modern edible parthenocarpic bananas come from the two wild species musa acuminata and musa balbisiana . the scientific names of bananas are musa acuminata , musa balbisiana or hybrids musa acuminata × musa balbisiana , depending on their genomic constitution . the old scientific names musa sapientum and musa paradisiaca are no longer used .
musa is the name of the genus to which wild and cultivated bananas belong . in the hierarchy of botanicall classification , a genus comes above species and below family . in the binomial nomenclature system created by carl linneaus , the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus ( e . g . musa acuminata ) .
almost all modern edible parthenocarpic bananas come from the two wild species musa acuminata and musa balbisiana . the scientific names of bananas are musa acuminata , musa balbisiana or hybrids musa acuminata × balbisiana , depending on their genomic constitution . the old scientific names musa sapientum and musa paradisiaca are no longer used .
almost all modern edible parthenocarpic bananas come from the two wild species – musa acuminata and musa balbisiana . the scientific names of bananas are musa acuminata , musa balbisiana or hybrids musa acuminata × balbisiana , depending on their genomic constitution . the old scientific names musa sapientum and musa paradisiaca are no longer used .
almost all modern edible parthenocarpic bananas come from the two wild species – musa acuminata and musa balbisiana . the scientific names of bananas are musa acuminata , musa balbisiana or hybrids musa acuminata × balbisiana , depending on their genomic constitution . the old scientific names musa sapientum and musa paradisiaca are no longer used .
2 . cheesman , e . e . 1947 . classification of the bananas . i . the genus ensete horan and the genus musa l . kew bulletin ( 2 ) : 97 - 117 .
3 . cheesman , e . e . 1947 . classification of the bananas . i . the genus ensete horan and the genus musa l . kew bulletin ( 2 ) : 97 - 117 .
4 . cheesman , e . e . 1947 . classification of the bananas . i . the genus ensete horan and the genus musa l . . kew bulletin ( 2 ) : 97 - 117 .
the plant list includes 203 scientific plant names of species rank for the genus musa . of these 66 are accepted species names .
shepherd k . cytogenetics of the genus musa ( international network for the improvement of banana and plantain , montpellier ) . 1999 .
banana is also used to describe enset and fe ' i bananas , neither of which belong to the musa genus . enset bananas belong to the genus ensete while the taxonomy of fe ' i - type cultivars is uncertain .
banana is also used to describe enset and fe ' i bananas , neither of which belong to the musa genus . enset bananas belong to the genus ensete while the taxonomy of fe ' i - type cultivars is uncertain .
nwakanma dc , pillay m , okoli be , tenkouano a . sectional relationships in the genus
the genus musa is divided into two sections : musa and callimusa [ 1 ] . a section is a taxonomic rank below the genus , and subgenus if present , and above the species . it is also above the series , but in the case of bananas the term series has been used interchangeably with section . in 2013 , the number of sections in the genus musa was reduced from 5 to 2 [ 1 ] .
musapedia pages that mention cheesman : musa sections , nomenclature of cultivated bananas , calcutta 4 , musa itinerans .
a taxonomic genus within the family musaceae – large tropical herbs , commonly known as banana plants .
chessman also developed a coherent classification system for the musa genus , which he divided into four sections : australimusa , callimusa , eumusa and rhodochlamys [ 2 ] .
musa chunii häkkinen , a new species ( musaceae ) from yunnan , china and taxonomic identity of musa rub . . .
enter family names in full and use the wildcard character ( * ) for partial matches on genus and species .
1 . according to article 21 . 3 , the epithet in the name of a subdivision of a genus is not to be formed from the name of the genus to which it belongs by adding the prefix eu - . moreover , the name of any subdivision of a genus that includes the type of the adopted , legitimate name of the genus to which it is assigned is to repeat that generic name unaltered , according to article 22 . 1 .
there are 7 species in the genus ensete , all from tropical africa and asia . they were formerly placed in the banana genus , musa . in ethiopia , in addition to being an important food crop , it is also used in traditional medicine , and the leaves are used for thatching .
dill ( anethum graveolens ) is a short - lived perennial herb . it is the sole species of the genus anethum , though classified by some botanists in a related genus as peucedanum graveolens ( l . ) c . b . clarke .
the problems highlighted reveal the shortcomings of the current state of musa classification . hence , this study employs aflps in a phenetic examination of the relationships among sections musa , rhodochlamys , callimusa and australimusa of genus musa , and evaluates whether genetic differences among the sections are sufficiently significant or distinct to justify maintaining the four sections as separate groups .
shepherd k . 1990 . observations on musa taxonomy . in : jarret rl , ed . identification of genetic diversity in the genus musa : proceedings of an international workshop held at los banos , philippines , 5–10 september 1988 . france : inibap , montferrier‐sur‐lez , 158–165 .
tezenas du montcel h ( 1988 ) musa acuminata subspecies banksii : status and diversity . in : identification of genetic diversity in the genus musa . proc int workshop , los banos , philippines 5 - 10 september 1988 . inibap , montpellier , france , pp : 211–218 .
, a single colonization event from northern indo‐burma gave rise to the african species of the genus . at the time of divergence of
( a ) musa yunnanensis ( itc . 1573 ) ; ( b ) musa mannii ( itc . 1574 ) ; ( c ) musa rosea x siamensis ( itc . 1592 ) ; ( d ) musa campestris var . sarawakensis ( itc . 1517 ) ; ( e ) musa monticola ( itc . 1528 ) ; ( f ) musa lutea ( itc . 1515 ) . chromosomes were counterstained with dapi . bar = 5 μm .
a section is a taxonomic rank below the genus and above the species . it’s typically used to highlight relationships within a genus . for bananas , the first attempt to tidy up the musa genus dates back to 1887 , when the french botanist paul sagot recognized three groups : edible bananas , ornamental bananas with upright inflorescences and brightly coloured bracts , and giant enset species , which have since been given their own genus . sagot did not give names to his sections , but a few years later the british botanist john g . baker classified them as subgenera and respectively named them eumusa , rhodochlamys and physocaulis .
banana is the common name for herbaceous plants of the genus musa and for the fruit they produce . bananas come in a variety of sizes and colors when ripe , including yellow , purple , and red .
taxonomy , it is challenging to infer the exact number of species within the genus . based on the study of häkkinen & väre (
typification and check‐list of musa l . species names ( musaceae ) with nomenclatural notes
over the years several authors based the taxonomy of bananas on musa paradisiaca and musa sapientum . sometimes musa sapientum was treated as a subspecies of musa paradisiaca , but at other times botanical priority was ignored and musa paradisiaca was treated as a subspecies of musa sapientum . moreover , since musa paradisiaca is seedless , the subspecies seminifera was created in order to accommodate the wild seeded forms . giving a seed - bearing wild species the status of subspecies to a seedless cultivar is a good example of the stultifying effect formal nomenclature has had on the crop ' s taxonomy .
agrobacterium - mediated transformation of musa acuminata cv . ‘grand nain’ scalps by vacuum infiltration
figure 3 . the erect bunch of musa maclayi a wild australimusa banana species .
researchers norman simmonds and ken shepherd proposed the genome - based nomenclature system in 1955 . this system eliminated almost all the difficulties and inconsistencies of the nomenclature system of bananas based on musa sapientum and musa paradisiaca . despite this , musa paradisiaca is still recognized by some authorities today , leading to confusion . generally , modern classifications of banana cultivars follow simmonds’ and shepherd’s system . the accepted names for bananas are musa acuminata , musa balbisiana or musa acuminata × balbisiana , depending on their genetic ancestry
molecular analysis and genomic organization of major dna satellites in banana ( musa spp . )
factors influencing seed set in triploid musa spp . l . and production of euploid hybrids
figures 7 and 8 . the wild giant banana of montane forests , musa ingens .
relationship between nuclear 2c dna content and 2n chromosome number in representatives of the genus musa studied in the present work ( empty circles ) and by bartoš et al . [ 9 ] ( full circles ) , r = - 0 . 85 .
shepherd k ( 1988 ) observation on mus a taxonomy . in : identification of genetic diversity in the genus musa . proc int workshop held at los banos , philippines 5 - 10 september 1988 . inibap : montpellier , france , pp 158–165 .
daniells , j . , jenny , d . , karamura , d . and tomekpe , k . ( 2001 ) musalogue : a catalogue of musa germplasm . diversity in the genus musa . ( e . arnaud and s . sharrock , compil . ) . international network for the improvement of banana and plantain , montpellier , france .
in 1887 , the french botanist paul sagot published an article in which he subdivided the genus into three unnamed sections : i ) the edible bananas , ii ) the ornemental bananas with upright inflorescences and brightly coloured bracts , and iii ) the giant enset species , which were later given their own genus [ 2 ] .
isolation , characterization and chromosome localization of repetitive dna sequences in bananas ( musa spp . )
isolation , characterization and chromosome localization of repetitive dna sequences in banana ( musa spp . )
in view of the importance of chromosome numbers in grouping species within the genus musa , it will be of great interest to carry out a molecular study on the sole member of sect . ingentimusa that has a chromosome number of n = x = 14 .
started during the late eocene ( mean age estimate , 37 . 9 ma ; 50 . 5–24 . 5 ma 95 % hpd ) . clade i in the genus
the majority of dessert bananas eaten today derive from musa acuminata and are mainly eaten raw . plantains which are more starchy and less sweet are a hybrid between musa acuminata and musa balbisiana are usually cooked and eaten as a vegetable . morphologically wild banana is very different to its cultivar .
the species that currently make up each section are listed in the musapedia page on musa sections .
musa x fennicae ( m . siamensis ( male ) x m . rosea ( female ) )
musa x fennicae ( m . siamensis ( male ) x m . rosea ( female ) )
flow cytometric estimation of nuclear dna amount in diploid bananas ( musa acuminata and m . balbisiana )
comparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic diversity among plantain landraces ( musa spp . , aab group )
flow cytometric estimation of nuclear dna amount in diploid bananas ( musa acuminata and m . balbisiana )
before simmonds and shepherd ' s system , cultivated bananas were classified using the binomial nomenclature system developed by carl linneaus that is used to this day to name species . in fact linneaus is the one who gave the name musa paradisiaca to the banana . being the first linnean name given to a banana , musa paradisiaca is technically the
type species
for the genus musa . except that musa paradisiaca , and musa sapientum which linnaeus later added to the genus , had been modeled after a plantain and a silk cultivar , respectively , and as such did not represent species in any reasonable sense of the word . nevertheless , these names , and others that were proposed in their wake , continue to be used to designate cultivars despite the existence of the nomenclature system developed by simmonds and shepherd ( see previous section ) .
the plant list includes a further 181 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the genus musa . we do not intend the plant list to be complete for names of infraspecific rank . these are primarily included because names of species rank are synonyms of accepted infraspecific names .
visit my website at urltoken - bananas are produced by several kinds of large flowering plants in the genus musa . the banana plant itself is considered to be the largest herbaceous flowering plant . because the plants are tall and fairly sturdy , they are often mistaken for trees .
this study improves significantly the knowledge about the nuclear genome of wild musa species . we provide novel data on nuclear genome size and genomic distribution of ribosomal genes in 21 wild musa accessions . we revealed high variability in both characters , especially in the section callimusa . our results indicate that species of the musa genus evolved from a common ancestor by chromosome fission , which was accompanied by dna loss . cladogram based on the ssr markers together with the previously studied wild diploids showed clear clustering and significantly increased the knowledge on genetic diversity within musa genus . ssr genotyping platform enabled us to identify groups of the most related species and sub - species . apart from phylogenetic analysis , characterization of its sequences indicated that more than a half of the new itc accessions representing wild musa accessions originated from hybridization between different genotypes within a species or between putative subspecies .
all three musaceae genera – ensete , musa and musella – originated in northern indo‐burma during the early eocene . musa species dispersed from ‘northwest to southeast’ into southeast asia with only few back‐dispersals towards northern indo‐burma .
at the time of the revision , the musa section included 33 species and the callimusa one 37 .
musa genotyping centre was established at the institute of experimental botany in olomouc , czech republic . available :
] in accordance to their expected classification based on plant morphology . newly introduced accessions belonging to the musa section were grouped within the cluster a comprising other species from section musa . the two accessions described as
musa × paradisiaca l . subsp . sapientum ( l . ) c . e . o . kuntze
li , l . - f . et al . 2010 . molecular phylogeny and systematics of the banana family ( musaceae ) inferred from multiple nuclear and chloroplast dna fragments , with a special reference to the genus musa . molec . phylogenet . evol . 57 : 1 - 10 .
about 40 species of evergreen perennials make up this genus from india , bangladesh , asia , and australia . they are grown for their very large leaves , their colorful flowers , and their edible fruits ( including bananas and plantains ) . use musa as specimens or in a greenhouse .
structures of waxy and adh 1 genes in musa and the positions of each primer used in this study .
identification of the genomic constitution of musa l . lines ( bananas , plantains and hybrids ) using molecular cytogenetics
de langhe , e . et al . 2005 . integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy in musa : the african plantains ( musa spp . aab group ) . pl . syst . evol . 255 : 225 - 236 .
12 . musa sections revisited published 28 august 2013 in under the peel , the blog of the promusa community .
musa genotyping centre was established at the institute of experimental botany in olomouc , czech republic . available : urltoken .
banana is also used to describe enset and fe’i bananas , neither of which belong to the aforementioned species . enset bananas belong to the genus ensete while the taxonomy of fe’i - type cultivars is uncertain .
phylogeny of banana streak virus reveals recent and repetitive endogenization in the genome of its banana host ( musa sp . )
the system is based on 15 characters that were chosen because they are different in musa acuminata and musa balbisiana [ 1 ] . each character is scored on a scale from one ( typical musa acuminata ) to five ( typical musa balbisiana ) . the possible total scores range from a minimum of 15 to a maximum of 75 . the expected scores are 15 for aa and aaa , 35 for aab , 45 for ab , 55 for abb and 75 for bb .
aflp has provided important information regarding the genetic relationships among taxa of sections of musa . in addition , it has generated unique molecular markers for the identification of musa species . the level of polymorphism in musa and the number of loci generated per primer pair using aflp compare favourably with other techniques . a study employing issrs in musa ( godwin et al . , 1997 ) generated 940 bands from ten primer pairs , but only 13·1 % were polymorphic , while rflp analysis of musa ( gawel et al . , 1992 ) using 66 primers generated only 96 alleles , an average of two alleles per probe .
comparative analysis of argonaute gene sequences in bananas ( musa sp . ) shows conserved species - specific ago - 7 piwi domains
as ernest cheesman noted in 1948 ,
some botanists have regarded the seedless forms as ranking with the fertile species and have bestowed latin binomials upon them . others have preferred to regard them as varieties of one mythical “ species” ( usually called musa sapientum ) which is supposed to exist somewhere in the wild and fertile condition … such mistakes . . . are not peculiar to the genus musa , but they are unusually conspicuous in this group
[ 3 ] .
species in one of the two distinct tropical southeast asian subregions ( northern indo‐burma vs malesia ) is correlated with changes in extinction and speciation rate within that genus . of the eight models tested , the bisse‐bma analysis in b
results of aflp analysis showed that the 11‐chromosome and 10‐chromosome grouping are robust and justified and that the separation of musa species into different groups based on their chromosome numbers provides a reliable means for classifying musa species into sections . in contrast , the separations of sect . rhodochlamys from sect . musa , and sect . australimusa from sect . callimusa were not supported by the aflp analysis . indeed , there is more genetic variation within the two groupings , sect . musa – rhodochlamys and callimusa – australimusa , than there is between sect . musa and sect . rhodochlamys and between sect . callimusa and sect . australimusa , drawing attention to the fact that striking differences in morphological characters in musa species are not always indicative of the same degree of genetic difference .
most of the knowledge on nuclear genome size and genomic distribution of rdna loci in banana comes from the analysis of triploid cultivars and their wild ancestors [ 14 – 16 , 17 , 18 , 46 ] . only the study of bartoš et al . [ 9 ] included a wider range of musa species and provided the first complex picture of the whole genus . our study significantly expands the number of wild musa species where these key characteristics of nuclear genome are described .
ball t , vrydaghs l , van den hauwe i , manwaring j , and de langhe e . 2006 . differentiating banana phytoliths : wild and edible musa acuminata and musa balbisiana . journal of archaeological science 33 ( 9 ) : 1228 - 1236 .
fig . 2 . dendrogram showing genetic similarities between species of musa and ensete using upgma cluster analysis . scale bar depicts gdes .
phylogeny of banana streak virus reveals recent and repetitive endogenization in the genome of its banana host ( musa sp . ) | springerlink
secondary polyploids , heterosis , and evolutionary crop breeding for further improvement of the plantain and banana ( musa spp . l ) genome
analysis of expressed sequence tags from musa acuminata ssp . burmannicoides , var . calcutta 4 ( aa ) leaves submitted to temperature stresses
musa × paradisiaca var . dacca ( p . f . horaninow ) j . g . baker ex k . m . schumann
for the banana cultivar previously referred to as musa sapientum , see latundan banana . [ 19 ] for bananas and plantains previously referred to as musa paradisiaca , see plantain . for a list of the cultivars classified under the new system see banana cultivar groups .
figures 12 and 13 . wild australimusa banana species , musa maclayi growing in sheltered gully and bunches showing differences in bract retention .
overview : there is a huge amount of morphological variability in the cultivated banana . musa spp . which include banana and plantain , are not trees but giant herbs with a pseudostem ( formed from the bases of leaves rolled tightly around each other ) . members of this genus can grow up to 15 m tall making them the largest perennial herb in the world .
based on phenetic analyses , no clear distinction was apparent between species of sect . rhodochlamys and those of sect . musa . m . velutina ( sect . rhodochlamys ) was embedded within species of sect . musa , and m . laterita ( sect . rhodochlamys ) nestled within subspecies of m . acuminata . musa ornata ( sect . rhodochlamys ) also fell within the generally larger cluster of sect . musa . these results suggested that sect . rhodochlamys and sect . musa are not sufficiently distinct genetically to warrant separation into two sections . this is in agreement with the conclusions of simmonds ( 1962 ) , shepherd ( 1990 ) and jarret and gawel ( 1995 ) .
häkkinen , m . 2013 . reappraisal of sectional taxonomy in musa ( musaceae ) . ( taxon ) 62 : 809 - 813 .
musa flowers are individually not conspicuous , but the large main bracts are quite conspicuous ; the bracts curl back in turn to expose the flowers they have protected while in bud . musa species ( including cultivated bananas ) with pendulous inflorescences and dull purplish bracts have flowers with…
the species in the old eumusa section were described by cheesman as being more than 3 meters high , having pendent or semi - pendent inflorescences , many flowers to a bract and dull - coloured bracts . the section includes musa acuminata and musa balbisiana ( photo ) .
pcr - rflp of the ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacers ( its ) provides markers for the a and b genomes in musa l .
bananas are basically giant herbs , rather than trees , and there are approximately 50 species in the musa genus , which includes the edible forms of bananas and plantains . the genus is split into four or five sections , based on the number of chromosomes in the plant , and the region where they are found . furthermore , over a thousand different types of cultivars of bananas and plantains are recognized today . the different varieties are characterized by wide differences in peel color and thickness , flavor , fruit size , and resistance to disease . the bright yellow one found most frequently in western markets is called the cavendish .
the first subgeneric classification of musa s . l . began with three subgenera physocaulis , eumusa and rhodochlamys ( sagot , 1887 ; baker , 1893 ) . later , cheesman ( 1947 ) laid the foundation for the grouping of banana species into four sections . he recognized subgenus physocaulis as a distinct genus , ensete with a chromosome number n = x = 9 . within musa s . s . , he redefined subgenera eumusa ( now sect . musa ) and rhodochlamys as two separate sections , and described an additional two sections , australimusa and callimusa . cheesman ( 1947 ) also redistributed the species among the four sections to produce more homogenous groups .
in addition to m . acuminata and m . balbisiana , the genus musa contains about 70 species . based on morphology [ 5 ] and chromosome number , the genus was divided into sections eumusa ( x = 11 ) , rhodochlamys ( x = 11 ) , australimusa ( x = 10 ) and callimusa ( x = 9 , 10 ) [ 6 ] . more recently , argent [ 7 ] created a separate section ingentimusa , which contains only a single species m . ingens ( x = 7 ) . this classification has been questioned recently , and various regroupings were suggested [ 8 ] . genotyping with several types of dna markers confirmed the need for revision of the musa sections [ 9 – 12 ] . based on these results , häkkinen [ 13 ] combined the australimusa , ingentimusa and callimusa sections into section callimusa , and sections eumusa and rhodochlamys into a newly created section musa .
the taxonomy of the approximately 50 species within the genus musa remains poorly resolved , not least because of the widespread vegetative reproduction and natural occurrence of many hybrids . most frequently , the genus is divided into four ( sometimes five ) sections , eumusa and rhodochlamys with a basic chromosome number of x = 11 , australimusa ( x = 10 ) , and callimusa ( x = 10 or x = 9 ) ( after cheesman , 1947 ; simmonds and weatherup , 1990 ; dolezel and bartos , 2005 ) . various minor and major regroupings have been suggested ( wong et al . , 2002 ) . at the species level , the number of species and the status of subspecies has been debated ( taxonomic advisory group for musa , 2007 ) . however , from the point of view of the taxa related to crops , the morphological features are well defined ( musa germplasm information system , mgis ; ipgri–inibap / cirad , 1996 ) . in the last decade , in conjunction with molecular studies of musa accessions at the dna level ( see bartos et al . , 2005 ) , aspects of the taxonomy have been clarified but a careful treatment of the complementary and contrasting data , along with judicious filling of gaps in the data , is required to resolve the relationships and phylogeny in the genus .
cheesman ( 1947 ) noted that sect . musa and sect . rhodochlamys , although regarded as a close assemblage , were initially separated for convenience , sect . musa including the edible bananas with dull bracts while sect . rhodochlamys included the ornamental bananas with brightly coloured bracts . this view is no longer tenable in the face of genetic evidence and these two sections should be merged into a single section , sect . musa .
13 . lamare , a . , otaghvari , a . m . and rao , s . r . 2016 . phylogenetic implications of the internal transcribed spacers of nrdna and chloroplast dna fragments of musa in deciphering the ambiguities related to the sectional classification of the genus . genetic resources and crop evolution , 11 pages . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10722 - 016 - 0433 - 9 .
genome groups are further divided into subgroups usually defined as a set of cultivars derived from each other through somatic mutations . on the basis of this system , cultivar names are put between inverted commas and preceded by the name of the genus and when known , the name of the group and subgroup . for example : musa ( aaa group cavendish subgroup ) ' robusta ' [ 2 ] .
in 1976 , george argent added the section , ingentimusa for the lone species musa ingens , which has 7 pairs of chromosomes [ 5 ] .
molecular cytogenetics of musa species , cultivars and hybrids : location of 18s - 5 . 8s - 25s and 5s rdna and telomere - like sequences
centrifugation assisted agrobacterium tumefaciens - mediated transformation ( caat ) of embryogenic cell suspensions of banana ( musa spp . cavendish aaa and lady finger aab )
construction and characterization of a plant transformation - competent bibac library of the black sigatoka - resistant banana musa acuminata cv . tuu gia ( aa )
figure 14 . articulated phytoliths from seed of musa acuminata ssp . banksii qh067962 showing distinct dorsal ridging of eumusa seed phytoliths . b : articulated phytoliths from seed of musa peekelii lh82751 with distinctive tabular dorsal surfaces found in australimusa seed phytoliths . these were not found in the kuk assemblages . c : seed phytolith from seed of musa ingens . d : dorsal and lateral views of ensete glaucum seed phytoliths qh356652 . e : fossil eumusa seed phytolith with distinct dorsal ridging found in the phytolith assemblage from kuk . f : facetted phytolith seed morphotype of musa ingens found in the phytolith assemblage from kuk . lateral view of ensete seed morphotype found sediment from kuk . h : articulated chain of musa leaf phytoliths found in sediment from kuk .
8 . li , l - f . , häkkinen , m . , yuan , y - m . , hao , g . and ge , x . j . 2010 . molecular phylogeny and systematics of the banana family ( musaceae ) inferred from multiple nuclear and chloroplast dna fragments , with a special reference to the genus musa . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 57 ( 1 ) : 1 - 10 .
1 . häkkinen , m . 2013 . reappraisal of sectional taxonomy in musa ( musaceae ) . taxon 62 ( 4 ) : 809 - 813 .
musa puspanjaliae r . gogoi & häkkinen , a new species of musa sect . musa , is described and illustrated from west kameng , arunachal pradesh , india based on morphological characteristics observed in the field . the new species is common in sessa , zero point to ramda on sepa road of west kameng and hazi basti , ziro of lower subansiri district in arunachal pradesh . a key to m . puspanjaliae and . . . [ show full abstract ]
genetic stability of three economically important micropropagated banana ( musa spp . ) cultivars of lower indo - gangetic plains , as assessed by rapd and issr markers
the apple is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree , species malus domestica in the rose family ( rosaceae ) . it is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits , and the most widely known of the many members of genus malus that are used by humans .
the present work is part of a continuing study to revise the old names in musa and aims to clarify the taxonomy in the sections rhodoclamys and callimusa . lectotypes are designated here for musa sect . callimusa and m . sect . rhodochlamys . these sections were first erected without the indication of a type species .
in a broader phylogenetic view based on groupings that can be regarded as strictly monophyletic , angiosperm phylogeny group ( 2003 ) puts musa within the zingiberales , one of four sister orders in the monophyletic grouping commelinids , along with the poales ( grasses ) , commelinales and aracales . this puts musa in an important taxonomic position from the point of view of comparative genetics , since it is a sister group to the well - studied grasses . apart from the cereals , bananas are the major crop species within the commelinids . the musaceae family includes a second genus , ensete , with the ethiopian banana , used occasionally as a food in east africa . ginger , where the root is eaten , is the other significant crop in the zingiberales . there are a number of horticultural species in the genus musa , and strelitzia reginae ( bird - of - paradise ) lies in the sister familiy strelitziacea . the leaves of musa are used for their fibre content : when fresh as plates for eating or wrapping food parcels for steaming , or when dry as strips for weaving into various articles and for roofing shelters . specific names such as m . ornata and m . textilis reflect these uses .
the center of diversity of the genus musa ( musaceae ) is in southeast asia , a region not studied in detail and where new species and varieties continue to be reported . a new wild banana species , m . chunii häkki - nen from yunnan , china is described and illustrated based on observed morphological characteristics in the field . this extremely rare new species was only found in tongbiguan nature . . . [ show full abstract ]
the plant is also called head cabbage or heading cabbage , and in scotland a bowkail , from its rounded shape . the scots call its stalk a castock , and the british occasionally call its head a loaf . it is in the same genus as the turnip – brassica rapa .
this article examines the origin and evolution of the musaceae family with special emphasis on the tempo and timing of diversification of the genus musa in relation to its distribution range throughout tropical southeast asia . evolutionary relationships and age estimates within major musaceae clades are inferred to gain more insight into the complex processes of speciation and extinction that shaped the current banana biodiversity in tropical southeast asia . in addition , we discuss to what extent past climatic and geological events , such as the continuous sea level fluctuations during the pleistocene and the collision of the sunda and sahul shelf , influenced the radiation of musa in tropical southeast asia .
) . in a majority of accessions from the musa section , 5s rdna sites were localized on two or three chromosome pairs . three signals were observed on chromosomes of
bananas and plantains belong to the genus musa . it was linnaeus that first gave the scientific name musa sapientum for all sweet bananas , and the scientific name musa paradisiaca for plantains . however , linnaeus did not know that the two species he had described were in fact hybrids and not two distinct species . therefore , those two names could not be relevant in modern taxonomy . genetic studies have then demonstrated that all edible bananas and plantains come from a common ancestor , musa acuminata . plantains also carry genes from another ancestor , musa balbisiana . the genome of each ancestor could be represented respectively by the letter a and b . then , further studies showed that edible bananas are mostly triploids and their genome would be described as aaa . this means that they carry three sets of chromosomes derived from m . acuminata . different hybrid combinations have been observed , such as aab , bbb , and tetraploid groups ( aaaa ) were also described . therefore , an accurate classification for bananas seems to be a great challenge . however , one thing sure in that banana taxonomists seem to agree that there is no single scientific name that can be attributed to all edible bananas . therefore , a new type of classification was proposed by simmonds and that would abandon the latin name to use instead a group indication like this : genus ( musa ) + genome group ( e . g . aaa ) + subgroup name ( e . g . cavendish subgroup “grand nain” ) . in panama , the sweet bananas come mostly from the cavendish subgroup . the plantain subgroup is also triploid but has the genome group aab .
musa itinerans , known also as yunnan banana , is a close relative to both banana progenitors with wide distribution across subtropical china . it is native to south - east asia and can be found in moist ravines to mountainous areas . in china , it is usually found in secondary tropical rainforests . it grows fast and can produce long rhizome with sucker emerging more than 2 meters from the mother plant , explaining its name origin . interestingly , it was shown as one of the most foc - tr4 resistant and cold tolerant species in the musa genus , providing valuable resource for the disease resistance and hardiness improvement in banan . . . [ more ]
between 1925 and 1937 , cheesman worked as professor of botany at the imperial college of tropical agriculture in trinidad . after his return to england , he worked on the taxonomy of musaceae at the royal botanic gardens , in kew . as a result of his studies he revived the genus ensete [ 2 ] , first published in 1862 by paul fedorowitsch horaninow , but then not accepted . cheesman made it clear that there are no wild musa native to africa , only ensete .
by then , it was known that the vast majority of edible bananas were derived from either musa acuminata alone or hybridized with musa balbisiana . however , their origin proved to be more complicated than mere hybridisation . whereas some cultivars were , like their wild ancestors , diploid , most edible bananas were found to be triploid , that is they had three sets of chromosomes instead of two . in some cultivars all three sets seemed to come from musa acuminata , whereas in others , sometimes one set seemed to come from musa balbisiana , sometimes two sets . this complexity made it difficult to devise a concise nomenclature system based on latin names that could cope with all possible permutations [ 4 ] .
cultivated bananas are large , vegetatively - propagated members of the genus musa . more than 1 , 000 cultivars are grown worldwide and they are major economic and food resources in numerous developing countries . it has been suggested that cultivated bananas originated from the islands of southeast asia ( isea ) and have been developed through complex geodomestication pathways . however , the maternal and parental donors of most cultivars are unknown , and the pattern of nucleotide diversity in domesticated banana has not been fully resolved .
the taxon sampling represents five ensete species ( six accessions ) , 38 musa species ( 63 accessions ) and one species ( one accession ) of musella ( supporting information table s1 ) . in order to correctly estimate node ages for ensete , musa and musella , we extended the musaceae dataset with 156 zingiberales species and two outgroup taxa ( methods s1 ) .
hybridization is known to be common between species from sect . musa and sect . rhodochlamys , producing relatively vigorous offspring . according to simmonds ( 1962 ) , m . acuminata ( sect . musa ) crosses effectively with m . laterita , m . ornata and m . velutina ( all from sect . rhodochlamys ) , while m . balbisiana ( sect . musa ) hybridizes successfully with almost all species , including m . laterita and m . velutina . the weak reproductive barrier between the two sections supports the notion that they are not distinct .
an interesting outcome of this study is the observation of a negative correlation between the basic chromosome number ( x ) and nuclear genome size ( 1c ) , which became evident in this study after a wider range of musa species was analyzed . this trend could be explained by the evolution from a common ancestor by chromosome fission accompanied by dna loss . this hypothesis is in line with simmonds [ 49 ] , who speculated that the lower chromosome number of m . beccarii and the genus ensete reflects their ancient origin . similarly , bekele and shigeta [ 50 ] suggested that ensete glaucum and m . beccarii are ancestral forms of ensete and musa with a common ancestor that is yet to be established and the ancestral chromosomal number of both genera is x = 9 . on the other hand , if this hypothesis was true , representatives of the genera ensete and musella would be expected to have a genome size comparable to that of and other callimusa species . a more extensive study of the karyotype evolution in the family musaceae will be necessary to explain this
the less chromosomes , the larger genome
trend emerging in the genus musa , but not observed in other genera of the family .
( itc . 1531 ) ) . four groups comprised different representatives of the section musa ( former sections eumusa and rhodochlamys ) and two groups included different species belonging to section callimusa .
comparison of dna marker and pedigree - based methods of genetic analysis of plantain and banana ( musa spp . ) clones . i . estimation of genetic relationships , theoretical and applied genetics
. . . edible seedless bananas mostly grown in the backyards or home gardens whereas wild seeded bananas commonly found in the wild [ 4 ] . the genus musa are generally grouped into four sections : australimusa ( n = 10 ) , callimusa ( n = 10 ) , rhodochlamys ( n = 11 ) and eumusa ( n = 11 ) [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ] . most members of callimusa and rhodoclamys are ornamentals in nature ; they originated on the asian continent . . . .
compared to other species discussed in this volume , banana has an unusual triploid genetic background with parthenocarpy , and the process of domestication has been largely through collection of individual varieties from spontaneous mutations in the wild . hence conventional genetics and plant breeding are relatively poorly developed . however , genomic approaches are now rapidly advancing in musa : the global musa genomics consortium was established in 2001 to assure the sustainability of banana as a staple food crop by developing an integrated genetic and genomic understanding , allowing targeted breeding , transformation and more efficient use of musa biodiversity .
previous studies in the fields of archaeology , genetics and linguistics have shed light upon the major stages in the domestication process of cultivated bananas [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 70 ] . in this study , we have not only confirmed the multiple intra - and inter - specific hybridization origins of cultivated banana , but also revealed that both diploid and triploid cultivars harbor high levels of nucleotide diversity . however , only a small number of musa accessions were investigated in this study , and it may therefore be insufficiently representative of the genus . it will be necessary to employ tens of nuclear genes and hundreds of musa accessions in future studies to further elucidate the domestication process undergone by cultivated banana .
carreel f . etude de la diversité génétique des bananiers ( genre musa ) à l ' aide des margueurs rflp , phd thesis , institut national agronomique , paris - grignon ; 1994 .
perrier , x . et al . 2011 . multidisciplinary perspectives on banana ( musa spp . ) domestication . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the usa 108 ( 28 ) .
the nomenclature system used to classify banana cultivars was developed by norman simmonds and kenneth shepherd in 1955 [ 1 ] . it classifies cultivated bananas into genome groups , according to the relative contribution of their ancestral wild species , and into subgroups , sets of closely related cultivars . this system eliminates almost all the difficulties and inconsistencies of a taxonomy based on musa paradisiaca and musa sapientum .
in 1947 , ernest cheesman divided the genus into four sections based on chromosome numbers and morphological characteristics [ 4 ] . he wrote that he deliberately called the groups sections rather than subgenera
in an attempt to avoid the implication that they are of equal rank
. his grouping of species proved to be useful and was widely accepted .
cultivated bananas and plantains are giant herbaceous plants within the genus musa . they are both sterile and parthenocarpic so the fruit develops without seed . the cultivated hybrids and species are mostly triploid ( 2 n = 3 x = 33 ; a few are diploid or tetraploid ) , and most have been propagated from mutants found in the wild . with a production of 100 million tons annually , banana is a staple food across the asian , african and american tropics , with the 15 % that is exported being important to many economies .
then came ernest e . cheesman , the prescient british botanist who realized that the classification of banana cultivars needed a system different from the latin binomials used for wild species . in 1947 , he divided the genus musa into four sections based on the chromosome numbers and morphological characteristics of the species : those that have 11 pairs of chromosomes ( eumusa and rhodochlamys ) and those that have 10 pairs ( australimusa and callimusa ) . he said that he deliberately used the term section , rather than subgenus , to avoid the implication that the groups are of equal rank . in 1976 , another british botanist , george argent , added the section ingentimusa to accommodate a lone species , musa ingens , which has 7 pairs of chromosomes .
the distinct separation of the clusters comprising species with chromosome numbers n = x = 11 in sect . musa and rhodochlamys , and species with chromosome numbers n = x = 10 in sect . callimusa and australimusa , is in agreement with previous taxonomic alignment based on morphological data . cheesman ( 1947 ) noted that chromosomal differences between taxa of sect . callimusa – australimusa and sect . musa – rhodochlamys were correlated with many small differences in their habits and physiology , and regarded chromosome number as the best and safest criterion of relationships within musa . this study is in agreement with cheesman’s data and also the cytogenetic evidence of simmonds ( 1962 ) and shepherd ( 1990 ) and the more recent study on species in sections musa and rhodochlamys using rflp by jarret and gawel ( 1995 ) .
musa balbisiana was shown to be most distant in the present analysis . it is generally considered a distinct species ( cheesman , 1948 ; simmonds , 1962 ) and other molecular studies have demonstrated its position as a species isolated within sect . musa ( simmonds and weatherup , 1990 ; gawel and jarret , 1991 ; gawel et al . , 1992 ; jarret et al . , 1992 ) .
wong , c . et al . 2002 . assessment of the validity of the sections in musa ( musaceae ) using aflp . ann . bot . ( oxford ) 90 : 231 - 238 .
the musa orthologs of the waxy and adh 1 genes were identified by performing a blast homology search [ 26 ] against the musa est database at ncbi using the oryza sativa coding sequences as queries ( genbank accession numbers : waxy : nm _ 001065985 , adh 1 : ef122490 ) . the parameters for blastn ( urltoken ) were set as follows : database was expressed sequence tags ( est ) and organism name was musa . sequences that were retrieved in this way were used to design primers with the software primer premier 5 . 0 ( premier biosoft international , palo alto , ca ) . the positions of exons were determined by reference to the annotated o . sativa sequences . the homologs of matk and trnl - f in musa accessions were amplified using published universal primer sequences [ 27 ] , [ 28 ] .
häkkinen , m . & väre , h . ( 2008 ) . typification and check - list of musa l . names ( musaceae ) with nomenclatural notes adansonia , iii , 30 : 63 - 112 .
the species in the old rhodochlamys section were described by cheesman as being less than 3 meters high , having upright inflorescences , few flowers to a bract and brightly coloured bracts . ( photo : musa velutina )
donohue m , and denham t . 2009 . banana ( musa spp . ) domestication in the asia - pacific region : linguistic and archaeobotanical perspectives . ethnobotany research & applications 7 : 293 - 332 . open access
within the rhodochlamys and musa clusters , m . balbisiana colla formed a distinct branch , while the remaining species in the cluster were separated into two groups . the first cluster included m . ornata roxb . , the four subspecies of m . acuminata colla , m . laterita cheesman , m . velutina h . wendl & drude and m . sikkimensis , while the second cluster included m . itinerans and m . nagensium prain . species from sect . rhodochlamys , m . ornata , m . laterita and m . velutina were embedded within sect . musa , suggesting that the separation of sect . rhodochlamys from sect . musa was not clear‐cut .