fascioloides magna , also known as giant liver fluke , large american liver fluke or deer fluke , is trematode parasite that occurs in wild and domestic ruminants in north america and europe .

adult flukes occur in the liver of the definitive host and feed on blood .

mature flukes measure 4 to 10 cm in length × 2 to 3.5 cm in width , and have an oval dorso-ventrally flattened body with oral and ventral sucker .

the flukes are reddish-brown in colour and are covered by tegument .

as with other digenean trematodes , the life cycle includes intramolluscan phase in snails .

the parasite is currently distributed in wild ruminants in north america and europe , including austria , canada , czechia , croatia , germany , hungary , italy , poland , serbia , slovakia , and usa .

fascioloides magna

giant liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) , an important liver parasite of ruminants .
foreyt wj , leathers cw . experimental infection of domestic goats with fascioloides magna .
distribution of potential intermediate hosts for fasciola hepatica and fascioloides magna in montana , usa .
susceptibility of bighorn sheep ( ovis canadensis ) to experimentally - induced fascioloides magna infections .
experimental infection of lymnaeid snails in wisconsin with miracidia of fascioloides magna and fasciola hepatica .
efficacy of triclabendazole against natural infections of fascioloides magna in wapiti . - pubmed - ncbi
predilection site of fascioloides magna is the liver , occasionally the lungs and the intestine .
life history and biology of fascioloides magna ( trematoda ) and its native and exotic hosts .
describe the pathophysiology of fascioloides magna ( the large american liver fluke ) infections in cattle .
a natural infection of fascioloides magna in a llama ( lama glama ) . - pubmed - ncbi
fascioloides magna ( bassi , 1875 ) in feral swine from southern texas . - pubmed - ncbi
sequences of primers used to amplify fragments of fascioloides magna mitochondrial genome . ( docx 13 kb )
molecular characterization of fascioloides magna ( trematoda : fasciolidae ) from south - western poland . . .
adult stage of the giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna . the photo was taken by martin kašný .
kennedy mj , acorn rc . moraiko dt . survey of fascioloides magna in farmed wapiti in alberta .
summary of statistical parameters for 11 microsatellite loci of fascioloides magna from europe . ( docx 26 kb )
wherefrom and whereabouts of an alien : the american liver fluke fascioloides magna in austria : an overview .
distribution of potential intermediate hosts for fasciola hepatica and fascioloides magna in montana , usa . - pubmed - ncbi
susceptibility of bighorn sheep ( ovis canadensis ) to experimentally - induced fascioloides magna infections . - pubmed - ncbi
experimental infection of lymnaeid snails in wisconsin with miracidia of fascioloides magna and fasciola hepatica . - pubmed - ncbi
summary of statistical parameters for 11 microsatellite loci of fascioloides magna from north america . ( docx 31 kb )
recovery of fascioloides magna ( digenea ) population in spite of treatment programme ? screening of ga . . .
prevalence of fascioloides magna in galba truncatula in the danube backwater area east of vienna , au . . .
lankester mw . parelaphostrongylus tenuis ( nematoda ) and fascioloides magna ( trematoda ) in moose of southeastern manitoba .
mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) and elk ( cervus elaphus ) as experimental definitive hosts for fascioloides magna .
fascioloides magna ( a , a ) and fasciola hepatica ( b , b ) , adults and eggs .
diagnosis and therapy of liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) infection in fallow deer ( dama dama ) in serbia .
effect of fascioloides magna ( digenea ) on fecundity , shell height , and survival rate of pseudosuccin . . .
the origin of the giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna ( trematoda : fasciolidae ) from croatia determ . . .
impact of the giant liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) on elk and other ungulates in banff and kootney national parks .
fascioloides magna , the giant liver fluke , parasite of cattle , sheep and other livestock . biology , prevention and control
fascioloides magna - the giant liver fluke - parasite of cattle , sheep and other livestock . biology , prevention and control
dutson vj , shaw jn , knapp se . epizootiologic factors of fascioloides magna ( trematoda ) in oregon and southern washington .
wherefrom and whereabouts of an alien : the american liver fluke fascioloides magna in austria : an overview . - pubmed - ncbi
foreyt wj . hunter rl . clinical fascioloides magna infection in sheep in oregon on pasture shared by columbian white - tailed deer .
mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) and elk ( cervus elaphus ) as experimental definitive hosts for fascioloides magna . - pubmed - ncbi
diagnosis and therapy of liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) infection in fallow deer ( dama dama ) in serbia . - pubmed - ncbi
pursglove sr , prestwood ak , ridgeway tr , hayes fa . fascioloides magna infection in white - tailed deer of southeastern united states .
. in : the giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna : past , present and future research . springerbriefs in animal sciences . springer , cham
and figure s2 . models of historical gene flow of fascioloides magna populations tested in migrate and estimates of relative population sizes . ( docx 218 kb )
foreyt wj , todd ac . development of the large american liver fluke , fascioloides magna , in white - tailed deer , cattle , and sheep .
erhardová - kotrlá b : the occurence of fascioloides magna ( bassi , 1875 ) in czechoslovakia . prague : academia ; 1971 : 1 - 124 .
primer pairs and multiplex panels for 11 microsatellite loci applied in fascioloides magna genotyping ( modified according to minárik et al . 2014 ) . ( docx 19 kb )
prevalence of fascioloides magna in red deer in southwestern slovakia in the respective years during the period of 2005–2015 . n – number of examined red deer , np – number of red deer infected with f . magna , % – prevalence of fascioloidosis
to cite this page : nguyen , s . 2011 .
fascioloides magna
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
active ingredients with efficacy against flukes are usually called flukicides or fasciolicides . the following anthelmintics have reported efficacy against fascioloides magna in livestock ( mainly cattle , sheep , goats ) :
comparison of a + t content of mitochondrial genomes of fascioloides magna ( fm ) , fasciola hepatica ( fh ) and fasciola gigantica ( fg ) . ( docx 20 kb )
infection with fascioloides magna ( digenea ) causes serious damage to liver tissue in definitive hosts represented by ruminants , especially cervids . the distribution of f . magna includes the indigenous areas in north america , and the areas to which f . magna was introduced - central europe , southeast europe , and italy . the north american intermediate host of f . magna , the freshwater snail . . . [ show full abstract ]
distribution of intermediate hosts of fascioloides magna based on baker ' s ( 1911 ) division of north american regions embracing natural drainage areas , and after dunkel et al . ( 1996 )
faltýnková a , horáčková e , hirtová l , novobilský a , modrý d . scholz t . is radix peregra a new intermediate host of fascioloides magna ( trematoda ) in europe ?
a young , female llama ( lama glama ) was euthanized following the onset of hindleg paresis and paralysis . live trematodes , identified as fascioloides magna , were identified from the liver of this animal . this represents the first report of f . magna in a llama .
špakulová m , rajský d , vodňanský j , sokol j : giant liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) , an important liver parasite of ruminants . bratislava : parpress ; 2003 : 61 .
population structure and genetic interrelationships of giant liver fluke fascioloides magna from all enzootic north american regions were revealed in close relation with geographical distribution of its obligate definitive cervid hosts for the first time .
comparative analysis among mt genomes of f . magna , fa . hepatica and fa . gigantica
examination of definitive hosts and determination of f . magna / f . hepatica adults / eggs
analyses of population size changes . wilcoxon sign - rank tests for heterozygosity excess in native and introduced areas of fascioloides magna under a two - phase model ( tpm ) and stepwise mutation model ( smm ) from bottleneck and coalescent estimates of theta ( θ ) for source and introduced f . magna populations
in last few years , a great effort has been made to understand genetic interrelationships of european and north american populations of giant liver fluke fascioloides magna ( trematoda , fasciolidae ) . in europe , spatial distribution of this parasite is evidently dynamic and ongoing process since new f . magna populations have constantly been emerging . most recently , occurrence of f . magna in red . . . [ show full abstract ]
for the first time , radix labiata was confirmed as the snail host for f . magna under natural conditions and , together with the finding of f . magna infection in cattle , we can expect further transmission of f . magna from wildlife to livestock in localities shared by these hosts .
for dead - end hosts such as cattle or horses , most infections with fascioloides magna remain without clinical symptoms . the massive cysts in the liver tissue can impair the liver function . and the livers are condemned at slaughter .
the large american liver fluke , fascioloides magna , is an economically relevant parasite of both domestic and wild ungulates . f . magna was repeatedly introduced into europe , for the first time already in the 19th century . in austria , a stable population of f . magna has established in the danube floodplain forests southeast of vienna . the aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity . . . [ show full abstract ]
the complete f . magna mt genome sequence is 14 , 047 bp . the gene content and arrangement of the f . magna mt genome is similar to those of fasciola spp . , except that trn e is located between trn g and the only non - coding region in f . magna mt genome . phylogenetic relationships of f . magna with selected trematodes using bayesian inference ( bi ) was reconstructed based on the concatenated amino acid sequences for 12 protein - coding genes , which confirmed that the genus fascioloides is closely related to the genus fasciola ; the intergeneric differences of amino acid composition between the genera fascioloides and fasciola ranged 17 . 97–18 . 24 % .
organization of the mitochondrial genome of fascioloides magna . the scales are approximate . all genes are transcribed in the clockwise direction , using standard nomenclature . “ncr” refers to the only non - coding region in f . magna data . the a + t content is shown for each gene or region of the mt genome and represented by colour
n a number of f . magna specimens from the respective usa state or canadian ( ca ) province
schematic presentation of the most possible scenarios of migration routes of f . magna on both continents using migrate
marinkovic d . nesic v . 2008 . zlatibor , serbia , and changes on the liver of fallow deer ( dama dama ) caused by american giant liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) infection . the proceedings of savetovanje veterinara srbije , 20 .
the first preventative measure against fascioloides magna is is to keep livestock from sharing pastures with deer . if this is not possible , in endemic regions keeping the pastures dry will reduce the suitable habitats for infected snails , e . g . :
choquette lp , gibson gg , simard b . fascioloides magna ( bassi , 1875 ) ward , 1917 ( trematoda ) in woodland caribou , rangifer tarandus caribou ( gmelin ) , of northeastern quebec , and its distribution in wild ungulates in canada .
fascioloides magna is a flatworm parasite native to north america . its final hosts are deer , moose , and related cervids , but it can infect cattle , sheep , goats , horses , buffaloes , etc . if they share the pastures with wild cervids .
phylogenetic relationships of fascioloides magna and other trematodes . tree inferred from the concatenated amino acid sequence dataset for 12 protein - coding genes from 19 trematodes was performed by bayesian inference ( bi ) . gyrodactylus derjavinoides ( nc _ 010976 ) was chosen as the outgroup
juhásová ľ , bazsalovicsová e , králová - hromadová i , karamon j . a genetic structure of novel population of fascioloides magna from poland , podkarpackie province , indicates an expanding second european natural focus of fascioloidosis . acta parasitol . 2016 ; 61 : 790–5 .
dunkel , a . m . , rognlie , m . c . , johnson , g . r . , & knapp , s . e . ( 1996 ) . distribution of potential intermediate hosts for fasciola hepatica and fascioloides magna in montana , usa .
representatives of the trematode family fasciolidae are responsible for major socio - economic losses worldwide . fascioloides magna is an important pathogenic liver fluke of wild and domestic ungulates . to date , only a limited number of studies concerning the molecular biology of f . magna exist . therefore , the objective of the present study was to determine the complete mitochondrial ( mt ) genome sequence of f . magna , and assess the phylogenetic relationships of this fluke with other trematodes based on the mtdna dataset .
no . if livestock is infected with stomach flukes , they are not contagious for humans , neither through contact , nor after consuming meat , milk or blood of contaminated animals , nor through the feces . the reason is that fascioloides magna is not parasitic for humans .
for aberrant hosts such as sheep and goats , infection with fascioloides magna is mostly fatal , usually about 6 months after infection , often without previous clinical signs . excessive fluke migration leads to strong bleeding and peritonitis , heavy damage to the liver tissue and subsequent fibrosis .
for the natural definitive hosts , i . e . various deer species , infections with fascioloides magna are mostly benign , without clinical symptoms , although the animals may be weakened ( weight loss , lethargy , depression , etc . ) . nevertheless , massive infections can be fatal .
rehbein s , hamel d , reindl h , visser m , pfister k . fascioloides magna and ashworthius sidemi – two new parasites in wild ungulates in germany . in : program & abstracts of european multicolloquium of parasitology xi . cluj - napoca , romania . 2012 . p . 565 .
fascioloides magna is a parasitic flatworm found within the livers of infected deer and other ruminants . adult liver flukes are flat , oval , purple - gray in color , and up to 8 cm ( 3 . 15 in ) long and 3 cm ( 1 . 2 in ) wide .
the high - resolution melting ( hrm ) method , recently optimized as a reliable technique for population study of the european fascioloides magna populations , was applied to determine an origin of f . magna individuals from croatia . the structure and frequency of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( 439 bp ; cox1 ) haplotypes of 200 croatian flukes coming from 19 red deer ( cervus elaphus . . . [ show full abstract ]
fascioloides magna is a pathogenic fluke introduced to europe ca 140 years ago . as it is spreading over the continent , new intermediate and definitive hosts might be involved in transmission of the parasite . in europe , several studies reported potential new intermediate snail hosts ( radix spp . ) for f . magna , and also several cases of fascioloidosis of wild and domestic animals were published . . . . [ show full abstract ]
this means that if a flukicide fails to achieve the expected efficacy , chance is very high that it is not due to resistance but either the product was used incorrectly , or it was unsuited for the control of fascioloides magna . incorrect use is the most frequent cause for failure of antiparasitic drugs .
during the past decade , fascioloides magna , the large american liver fluke , has spread within free - living deer in wetlands of the danube in lower austria . the aim of this study was to determine the current infection rates with f . magna and other digenean parasites in the intermediate host snail galba truncatula from risk areas in lower austria . a total of 3444 g . truncatula were collected and . . . [ show full abstract ]
fascioloides magna is a pathogenic fluke introduced to europe ca 140 years ago . as it is spreading over the continent , new intermediate and definitive hosts might be involved in transmission of the parasite . in europe , several studies reported potential new intermediate snail hosts ( radix spp . ) for f . magna , and also several cases of fascioloidosis of wild and domestic animals were published . however , the data based on molecular and histological analyses confirming these findings remained unreported . this study aims to refer to unique findings of f . magna in european snails and domestic animals ( the first observation in the czech republic in the last 30 years ) and demonstrate the use of molecular techniques in determination of f . magna .
fascioloides magna ( trematoda : fasciolidae ) is an important liver parasite of a wide range of free - living and domestic ruminants ; it represents a remarkable species due to its large spatial distribution , invasive character , and potential to colonize new territories . the present study provides patterns of population genetic structure and admixture in f . magna across all enzootic regions in north america and natural foci in europe , and infers migratory routes of the parasite on both continents .
the giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna , is a possible contributing factor to moose ( alces alces ) declines in north america , but evidence linking f . magna infection directly to moose mortality is scarce . this review identifies knowledge gaps about the transmission and impact of f . magna infection on moose and proposes new directions for research and management of this parasite . we suggest that the importance of intermediate snail hosts has been largely neglected in current management discussions and warrants greater emphasis . the intermediate hosts responsible for f . magna transmission likely vary by region and recent genetic evidence suggests that f . magna was restricted to several isolated refugia during cervid extirpation events in north america . this distributional history represents several coevolutionary and pathological implications for definitive hosts of f . magna . we suggest that f . magna infections are most ecologically significant as they relate to sublethal impacts and multiple parasitic infections . in assessing infection risk on landscapes , most models rely heavily on monitoring white - tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ) , but this approach only measures risk indirectly . the reliability and accuracy of models would probably improve if snail habitat in ephemeral wetlands was included as a predictor variable .
development of the deer liver fluke , fascioloides magna , was studied in seven domestic goats , each experimentally inoculated with 250 metacercariae . six infected goats died between 89 and 195 days ( mean 139 ) after inoculation . infection did not develop in the seventh goat . mortality was the result of unrestricted fluke migration before maturation or encapsulation of the flukes . a total of 144 f magna ( mean intensity of 24 . 0 ) were recovered from inoculated goats , representing 8 . 2 % of the metacercariae administered . growth rate of f magna in goats was similar to that in cattle , white - tailed deer , and sheep .
infection with fascioloides magna ( digenea ) causes serious damage to liver tissue in definitive hosts represented by ruminants , especially cervids . the distribution of f . magna includes the indigenous areas in north america , and the areas to which f . magna was introduced—central europe , southeast europe , and italy . the north american intermediate host of f . magna , the freshwater snail pseudosuccinea columella ( lymnaeidae ) , is an invasive species recorded in south america , the caribbean , africa , australia , and west and southeast europe . in europe , galba truncatula is the snail serving for transmission , but p . columella has potential to become here a new intermediate host of f . magna . little is known about interactions between f . magna and p . columella . in this study , the susceptibility of p . columella ( oregon , usa ) to the infection by a single miracidium of the czech strain of f . magna and the influence of f . magna on snail fecundity , shell height , and survival were evaluated . the data show that the oregon strain of p . columella is a highly suitable host for the czech strain of f . magna , with the infection rate of 74 % . in addition , a negative effect on survival rate of infected snails was recorded only in the late phase of infection . the infection was accompanied by a major reduction in egg mass production and by a decrease in the number of eggs per egg mass . the shell height of infected snails did not significantly differ from that in unexposed controls .
fascioloides magna is up to 100 mm long , 2–4 . 5 mm thick , 11–26 mm wide , and oval ; it is distinguished from fasciola spp by its large size and lack of an anterior projecting cone . it is found in domestic and wild ruminants ; deer are the reservoir host . the life cycle resembles that of fasciola spp .
nucleotide differences were also found in ribosomal rna genes : between f . magna and fa . hepatica ( rrn l , 18 . 3 % ; rrn s , 22 . 2 % ) and between f . magna and fa . gigantica ( rrn l , 16 . 6 % ; rrn s , 21 . 4 % ) as well as in trna genes ( 16 . 3 % between f . magna and fa . hepatica and 16 . 0 % between f . magna and fa . gigantica ) . meaningful sequence comparisons of ncrs in mt genomes of the three fasciolid trematodes is not possible , because there is only one ncr present in f . magna mt genome , while in both fa . hepatica and fa . gigantica there are two ncrs .
this monograph presents complex data on fascioloides magna from all aspects of its research ( general information , distribution , spectrum of hosts ) and summarizes the latest information on molecular structure of informative genes which were recently applied in resolving taxonomy and biogeography of this veterinary important parasite . the giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna , is important liver parasite of free - living and domestic ruminants . due to its biology , distribution , medical impact , and invasive character , this liver fluke attracts attention of wide spectrum of specialists – veterinary doctors , hunters and farmers , as well as scientists . the parasite utilizes wide range of free living and domestic ruminants as definitive hosts , with various pathological impacts ranging from moderate infections towards lethal effects . fascioloides magna is of north american origin where it occurs in five enzootic regions . it was introduced to europe along with its deer hosts in 19th century and it has established three permanent natural foci . the giant liver fluke represents an outstanding model for studying the origin , spatial distribution , migratory routs , and invasion processes of introduced species .
infection with fascioloides magna , the large american liver fluke , was diagnosed in two moose ( alces alces ) and six wapiti ( cervus elaphus ) from central saskatchewan . this is believed to be the first record of the parasite in the province . fecal samples collected from wild wapiti at five sites in the commercial forest zone in saskatchewan contained eggs believed to be those of f . magna . trematode eggs were not found in feces from five captive herds of wapiti in the province , nor in samples from wild wapiti in moose mountain provincial park . operculate eggs were found in feces of wild wapiti from cypress hills , but these were believed to be from trematodes other than f . magna . the distribution and significance of f . magna in canada , based partially on responses to a mail questionnaire , are reviewed .
experimental infections of two different populations of lymnaea fuscus in france and sweden , with a czech isolate of fascioloides magna were carried out to determine if this lymnaeid species enables parasite larval development . species identification of both snail populations was performed using the morphology of the copulatory organ , and also confirmed by sequencing of the internal . . . [ show full abstract ]
the present study determined the complete mt genome sequence of the pathogenic liver fluke f . magna and revealed its close relationship with the species of fasciola . the complete mt genome data of f . magna provides a resource for further investigations of the phylogeny , epidemiology , biology and population genetics of the family fasciolidae and other trematodes .
the infected bulls came from a south bohemian biofarm with restricted therapeutic intervention and ideal natural condition for transmission of f . magna , e . g . , wet pastures , natural streamlet and no effective fences . erhardová - kotrlá [ 1 ] carried out detailed research in the same locality and marked this locality as f . magna free after 6 cattle postmortem examinations and 282 examinations of the red deer faecal samples . therefore , our results indicate that f . magna can spread in the czech republic .
in this paper two unique field findings of f . magna are described : larval stages of f . magna in the intermediate host r . labiata , and adult worms in the “non - specific definitive host” bos primigenius f . taurus ( highland cattle ) ; the latter case is the first report of fascioloidosis in the czech republic in the last 30 years . moreover , we refer to a unique case of co - infection of the same individual definitive host by f . magna and f . hepatica .
however , commercial anthelmintic products may not include label claim against fascioloides magna in some countries . as for other fluke species , migrating immatures are the most harmful ; therefore efficacy against these stages is essential . products without efficacy against immature flukes will not protect livestock from migrating flukes and need to be administered more frequently . triclabendazole is the active ingredient with the highest efficacy against immature stages .
two unique records of snail intermediate hosts ( r . labiata ) and mammalian definitive hosts ( bulls of highland cattle ) naturally infected with f . magna are reported in our study . molecular techniques were used to confirm host / parasite determination ; on this basis the adults of f . magna were discriminated from f . hepatica presented in the same liver . in addition , species identity of the morphologically uniform fasciolid eggs was proved . the prevalence of f . magna in r . labiata was comparable to some findings of f . magna in g . truncatula and , therefore , r . labiata might represent a potential vector of f . magna in localities ecologically unsuitable for g . truncatula ( e . g . localities with acid soils ) . ability of the parasite to be transmitted from wildlife to livestock represents a serious risk , especially for farmers breeding the animals less tolerant to f . magna infection ( e . g . , goats and sheep ) , and those animals whose are for some reason ( e . g . ecological farming ) under restrictions in terms of anthelmintic treatment . therefore , the danger of f . magna transmission should be taken into account in farm management .
the giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna , is a veterinary important liver parasite of free living and domestic ruminants . this originally north american parasite was introduced along with its cervid hosts to europe where it has established three permanent natural foci - in northern italy , central and southern parts of the czech republic and the danube floodplain forests . the first record on . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . it may parasitize various wild and domestic herbivores . in the area of central europe this fluke can be found mainly in cervids - like red deer ( cervus elaphus ) and fallow deer ( dama dama ) ( kasny et al . , 2012 ) . fascioloides magna originated from north america , where it occurs in five major enzootic regions ( pybus , 2001 ) . . . .
. . . as noticed above , goats are aberrant hosts in which f . magna infection is lethal within 6 months , and it is not patent ( foreyt and leathers 1980 ; foreyt and todd 1976 ) . however , few authors rarely observed adult flukes of f . magna , including the presence of the eggs in the feces , in sheep ( foreyt 1990 ; swales 1935 ) . in our study , the appearance of f . magna eggs in the feces of one goat confirmed these former results . . . .
fascioloides magna is a digenean parasite of various wild ruminants . it was originally introduced to europe from north america in the 19th century and first recorded in the wild in austria in 2000 at fischamend , southeast of vienna . later , several cases were detected in the danube backwater region between vienna and bratislava . the lymnaeid snail galba truncatula is known to act as . . . [ show full abstract ]
fascioloides magna parasitizes in a broad spectrum of final hosts , mainly free living and domestic ruminants . final hosts of giant liver fluke are divided into three types ( definitive , dead - end and aberrant ) according to interrelationships between the parasite and the host , the ability of fluke to reach maturity and produce eggs , pathological changes within the host organism , and the potential . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . the giant liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) is a liver parasite which infects a variety of wild and domestic ruminants in north america and europe ( swales , 1935 ; erhardová - kotrlá , 1971 ) . on this last continent , fascioloidosis occurs currently in austria , croatia , the czech republic , hungary , italy , serbia and slovakia ( králováhromadová et al . , 2011 ) . . . .
two snails of r . labiata naturally infected with f . magna were found ; mature cercariae and daughter rediae were observed . maturity of cercariae was checked by histological methods , however , their ability to encyst was not confirmed . co - infection of f . magna and fasciola hepatica in the liver of two highland cattle bulls was proved . adult fasciolid flukes producing eggs were found in the liver pseudocysts ( f . magna ) and the bile ducts ( f . hepatica ) . identification of intermediate hosts , intramolluscan stages , adult flukes and eggs was performed by sequencing the its2 region . connection of f . magna pseudocysts with the gut ( via the bile ducts ) was not confirmed by means of histological and coprological examinations .
fascioloides magna ( bassi , 1875 ) ( fasciolidae ; digenea ; trematoda ) is a large visceral parasite of ruminants originating from north america . due to the international wild animal trade , f . magna was introduced to europe in the later half of the 19 th century , probably with the white - tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ) [ 1 ] and wapiti ( cervus elaphus canadensis ) [ 2 ] ; the parasite adapted to the local hosts ( e . g . red deer , fallow deer ) and started to spread . recent reports from at least six countries in central europe can be found [ 3 - 9 ] .
a diagnosis can be made at necropsy by identifying f . magna within the liver of an infected animal . deer liver fluke infections can also be diagnosed by identifying fluke eggs within the feces .
the present study revealed a complex picture of the population genetic structure and interrelationships of north american and european populations , global distribution and migratory routes of f . magna and an origin of european foci .
section of radix labiata hepatopancreas with fascioloides magna rediae and immature ( a ) , mature ( b ) cercariae . stained with hematoxylin and eosin . hp , hepatopancreas tissue ; c , cercaria ; r , redia ; t , tegument of redia ; a , acetabulum ; os , oral sucker ; tc , tail of cercaria ; cgp , cystogenous gland products . white arrowheads point to cercarialcystogenous glands . black arrowheads point to cercarial cystogenous products released from the glands .
between 1971 and 1975 , fascioloides magna was found in 46 of 67 ( 69 % ) feral swine ( sus scrofa ) in southern texas . flukes were recovered from swine in areas where f . magna commonly has been recovered from white - tailed deer and cattle . one to 12 flukes were recovered from each infected animal . their presence was indicated by black hematin pigment on the liver and various other internal organs . eggs were not detected in the gallbladder or feces of infected animals although mature flukes and eggs were recovered in the livers suggesting that , like cattle , feral swine can be infected but are aberrant hosts for the parasite and do not disseminate eggs .
the determination of f . magna mt genome sequence provides a valuable resource for further investigations of the phylogeny of the family fasciolidae and other trematodes , and represents a useful platform for designing appropriate molecular markers .
the presence of american liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) in croatian wild ruminant species was detected for the first time in january 2000 . at the same time , the problem of adequate parasitological monitoring and treatment appeared in the captive deer population . quarantine and health screening protocols , as well as migration and transportation influence had to be evaluated in red deer husbandry . non - invasive methods were introduced to estimate the prevalence of f . magna in the semi - farm rearing system . coprological analysis has been performed on 264 faecal samples . the most effective antiparasitic treatment was implemented on herd and individual treatment . treatment was extended to the free - ranging population of deer in the same region .
the datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article and its additional files . the complete mt genome sequence of f . magna is deposited in the genbank database under the accession number kr006934 .
fascioloidosis of wild and domestic ruminants is caused by giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna ( trematoda ; fasciolidae ) . in slovakia , the parasite is present in the danube floodplain forests permanent focus for almost 30 years . here we provide data on 11 - year survey of f . magna acquired from 137 red deer ( cervus elaphus ) hunted in the southwestern hunting grounds ( districts komárno and dunajská streda ) . almost 47 % of all examined deer , including males , females and fawns , were infected with f . magna . during the studied period , the prevalence ranged between 33 . 3 % ( 2009 ) and 63 . 6 % ( 2007 ) . prevalence of fascioloidosis varied between sexes and age categories ; while the lowest overall prevalence was detected in females ( 33 . 3 % ) , higher values were documented for red deer males ( 50 . 6 % ) and fawns ( 43 . 3 % ) . a presence of giant liver fluke in studied regions of southwestern slovakia deserves future attention and ongoing monitoring due to a possible threat of f . magna infection of domestic ruminants in overlapping regions .
. . . the giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna ( bassi , 1875 ) , introduced to europe in the 19th century from north america , is an important parasite of wild and domestic ruminants ( swales 1935 , erhardová 1961 , erhardová - kotrlá 1971 ) . red deer ( cervus elaphus ) , fallow deer ( dama dama ) and roe deer ( capreolus capreolus ) are common european definitive hosts of the fluke ( erhardová 1961 , erhardová - kotrlá 1971 ) . . . .
the veterinary important parasite of ruminants , giant liver fluke fascioloides magna ( trematoda : fasciolidae ) , isolated from liver of farmed fallow deer ( dama dama ) from podkarpackie province ( southeastern poland ) was genotypized by mitochon - drial cytochrome c oxidase ( cox1 ) and nicotinamide dehydrogenase ( nad1 ) markers . the data on this newly emerged population were compared with mitochondrial haplotypes of recently detected polish population of f . magna from lower silesian wilderness ( southwestern poland ) and with european populations of the parasite from all three natural foci ; northern italy , czech republic and the danube floodplain forests . the flukes from podkarpackie province were found to be genetically identical with flukes from czech republic and lower silesian wilderness in poland . it is evident that central and southwestern czech republic , recognized as one of the endemic area of f . magna in europe , has been enlarging and parasite has been invading several novel localities in poland .
pathological changes in bovine liver caused by f . magna infection . a , macroscopic photo of dissected liver tissue ; b , microscopic photo – section of lesion with eggs and inflammatory infiltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes , stained with hematoxylin and eosin ; c , microscopic photo – section of fibrotic portobiliar space and adjacent liver parenchyma , stained with green gomori trichrome . p , pseudocyst ; lp , liver parenchyma ; e , egg of f . magna ; ipmn , infiltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes ; isl , inner space of lesion ; mr , migratory route through parenchyma with pigment deposits caused by f . magna juvenile worms ; flt , fibrotic liver tissue .
b metacercariae of f . magna were found on the wall of petri dish after dissection of experimentally infected r . labiata ( pankrác 2013 , unpublished ) , but experimental infection of a definitive host was not performed .
giant liver fluke has established permanent natural foci on two continents . north america represents the original continent of the parasite occurrence , while europe is the continent where f . magna was introduced along with its cervid hosts . in north america , f . magna occurs in five enzootic regions across the united states and southern canada : ( 1 ) the northern pacific coast ; ( 2 ) the rocky . . . [ show full abstract ]
in august 1992 , six mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus hemionus ) fawns and four elk ( cervus elaphus ) calves ( n = 2 ) or yearlings ( n = 2 ) each were inoculated orally with 50 , 250 , or 2 , 000 metacercariae of the liver fluke fascioloides magna to evaluate their potential to serve as definitive hosts . animals were maintained for up to 403 days . three mule deer each inoculated with 50 metacercariae survived the infection and shed eggs in feces ; thus mule deer can function as definitive hosts for f . magna . the other three mule deer inoculated with 50 ( n = 1 ) or 250 ( n = 2 ) metacercariae died from fluke infection on days 91 , 150 , and 162 days postinoculation , respectively , and only immature f . magna were recovered . one elk calf inoculated with 2 , 000 metacercariae died from fluke infection 44 days after inoculation . the remaining three elk , each inoculated with 250 metacercariae , survived infection , and two of the three shed eggs in feces . the third elk contained only one immature f . magna at necropsy . the prepatent period in mule deer and elk was approximately 6 to 7 months .
three captive rocky mountain bighorn sheep ( ovis canadensis canadensis ) , consisting of a female lamb , a yearling ram , and a 2 1 / 2 - yr - old castrated ram were inoculated orally with 50 ( n = 1 ) or 100 ( n = 2 ) metacercariae of fascioloides magna in november 1991 . all three sheep died from fluke infection on post - inoculation days 104 , 140 , and 197 , respectively . numbers of f . magna recovered were 3 ( 3 % ) , 18 ( 36 % ) , and 21 ( 21 % ) . all dukes were immature and were recovered from liver ( n = 36 ) , lungs ( n = 2 ) , or peritoneal spaces ( n = 4 ) . two white - tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ) , each were inoculated orally with 100 metacercariae at the same time as the bighorn sheep . eggs of f . magna were detected in the feces of the deer on postinoculation days 199 and 211 , respectively . both deer remained healthy for the year - long experiment . thus , bighorn sheep are susceptible to infection with f . magna and are likely to die within approximately 6 months of exposure .
discussion : fascioloides magna , the large american liver fluke or deer liver fluke , is a common parasite of elk . the flukes are usually confined to the fibrotic cysts in the liver and , except for causing some liver damage , are of little clinical consequence . in this case , aberrant migration of the immature flukes was observed in the spinal cord and was considered a likely cause of the reported hind limb paralysis prior to death . the emaciation of this animal was considered to be due to marked gastrointestinal parasitism .
. . . several studies on susceptibility of stagnicolid species to f . magna have already been reported . in north america , both s . palustris and s . palustris nuttuliana were shown as suitable intermediate hosts of f . magna ( swales , 1935 ; griffiths , 1962 ) . however , l . palustris has also been synonymised with nearctic stagnicolid species such as hinkleyia ( stagnicola ) elodes ( burch , 1989 ) in the past . . . .
at the nucleotide level , sequence differences in protein - coding genes ranged from 13 . 1 to 24 . 2 % ( between f . magna and fa . hepatica ) and from 12 . 8 to 26 . 2 % ( between f . magna and fa . gigantica ) , with cox 1 , nad 1 , nad 4l and cyt b being the most conserved genes , and nad 6 , nad 5 and nad 2 being the least conserved genes among those three species . at the amino acid level , sequence differences ranged from 9 . 2 to 25 . 4 % between f . magna and fa . hepatica , and from 8 . 4 to 27 . 8 % between f . magna and fa . gigantica : cox 1 , cyt b , nad 4l and nad 1 were the most conserved protein - coding genes , while nad 6 , nad 2 and nad 5 were the least conserved .
the complexity of the life cycle of fascioloides magna and its ability to invade new region is ensured by the presence of suitable intermediate hosts , in particular aquatic pulmonate mollusks , in which larval development of the parasite takes place . this chapter summarizes intermediate snail hosts of giant liver fluke specific in north america and europe . in north america , six species of the family lymnaeidae were found to be naturally infected with f . magna ( lymnaea caperata , lymnaea modicella , stagnicola palustris nuttalliana , pseudosuccinea columella , galba bulimoides techella and fossaria parva ) . in europe , galba ( syn . lymnaea ) truncatula , radix labiata and radix peregra were found to be naturally infected . besides natural infections , number of snail species were experimentally infected with f . magna in order to determine their potential to serve as the intermediate hosts of giant liver fluke . the mature cercariae able to develop into infective metacercariae stages , were detected in snails of the genera lymnaea and pseudosuccinea ( family lymnaeidae ) in north america and in lymnaeid genera galba , lymnaea , omphiscola , pseudosuccinea and stagnicola in europe . it is evident , that broader spectrum of aquatic mollusks is susceptible to f . magna infection and may serve as its potential intermediate hosts .
. . . later , kašný et al . ( 2012 ) provided an extensive monitoring of fascioloidosis in the czech republic , which showed a regular occurrence of the parasite in the south - western part of the country . besides , f . magna was detected also close to the german and polish border in the western and northern part of the czech republic that more strongly supported the assumption of a high risk of spread of f . magna to the neighbouring european countries ( kašný et al . 2012 ) . the presented result on close genetic interrelationships between f . magna from poland and the czech republic indicate that the czech focus of fascioloidosis has probably been much larger that previously expected . . . .
while the eggs of f magna resemble those of fasciola hepatica , this is of limited use ; eggs usually are not passed by cattle and sheep and probably not by alpacas and llamas . recovery of the parasites at necropsy as well as differentiation of f hepatica is necessary for definitive diagnosis . when domestic ruminants and deer share the same grazing , the presence of disease due to f magna should be kept in mind . mixed infections with f hepatica are seen in cattle .
the prevalence of f . magna - infected r . labiata in sedliště was 0 . 18 % ( similarly low prevalence from the same locality has been reported by faltýnková et al . [ 16 ] ) , and the prevalence of infected g . truncatula snails was 64 % ( 100 % in 2011 ) ; such prevalence rate is quite unusual ( e . g . [ 14 ] ) and it indicates a high contamination of the locality by f . magna eggs .
. . . fascioloides magna , known as the large american liver fluke , giant liver fluke or deer fluke , is an important digenetic trematode of the family fasciolidae [ 3 , 4 ] . this species , which is of north america origin [ 5 , 6 ] and invasive in european countries [ 7 ] , has high potential to colonize new geographic territories ( a variety of wild and domestic ungulates [ 3 , [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] ) , and can establish expanding populations from a natural epidemic focus through translocated hosts [ 5 , 6 , 11 ] . migration of f . magna immature flukes within the host body often leads to profound damage to the liver and other organ tissues [ 8 , 12 ] , causing economic losses worldwide [ 13 ] . . . .
. . . a wide spectrum of mammals can be infected with f . magna ; these animals can generally be divided into three groups with respect to compatibility of the host and the parasite , and pathological impact of the fluke [ 11 , 23 , 24 ] . successful completion of the f . magna life cycle with eggs released via bile ducts to the host intestine is enabled in
specific definitive hosts
such as red deer ( cervus elaphus ) , fallow deer ( dama dama ) and roe deer ( capreolus capreolus ) [ 1 , 11 ] . infection with f . magna is tolerated by red deer and fallow deer which can survive , usually with hardly distinguishable symptoms , severe infection by hundreds of flukes . . . .
( bassi , 1875 ) , the large liver fluke of ruminants in canada with observations on the bionomics of the larval stages and the intermediate hosts , pathology of fascioloidiasis magna , and control measures . can j res 1935 , 12 , 177–215 .
. . . since p . columella is a common snail in european greenhouses adapting to the central european climatic conditions [ 22 ] , potential risk of f . magna transmission via this snail can not be excluded [ 20 ] . a wide spectrum of mammals can be infected with f . magna ; these animals can generally be divided into three groups with respect to compatibility of the host and the parasite , and pathological impact of the fluke [ 11 , 23 , 24 ] . successful completion of the f . magna life cycle with eggs released via bile ducts to the host intestine is enabled in
specific definitive hosts
such as red deer ( cervus elaphus ) , fallow deer ( dama dama ) and roe deer ( capreolus capreolus ) [ 1 , 11 ] . . . .
liver flukes are parasites . parasites are organisms that live on or in another organism for survival purposes and contribute nothing or harm the organisms they parasitize . effective control of any parasite requires some knowledge about them , including what they are , where they come from and how they live . the fluke we are concerned about on canadian elk farms is the giant liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) . it is a very large parasitic flat worm which lives as an adult in a thick - walled cyst within the liver of elk and deer . the adult liver fluke averages about 2 inches long and 1 inch wide .
fourteen free - ranging adult wapiti ( cervus elaphus nelsoni ) were captured in banff national park , alberta ( canada ) and held in captivity near edmonton . a 24 % suspension of triclabendazole at doses of 30 to 100 mg / kg body weight was drenched into the rumen of eight females and four males . two male wapiti were used as untreated controls . animals were killed and examined at 4 ( n = 3 ) , 6 ( n = 4 ) , or 8 ( n = 4 ) wk after treatment . efficacy was 90 % against immature fascioloides magna collected 4 wk after treatment and 98 % against adult flukes collected 4 , 6 or 8 wk after treatment . all 32 flukes recovered from control wapiti were active and apparently healthy . treatment at 50 to 60 mg / kg is recommended against f . magna in wapiti . a protocol for treating infected wapiti is outlined .
. . . the czech focus of fascioloidosis was restricted to the above mentioned regions of the country until the finding of novobilský et al . ( 2007 ) who reported the presence of f . magna in the south - western border of the czech republic indicating a threat of its possible spread into germany . later , kašný et al . ( 2012 ) provided an extensive monitoring of fascioloidosis in the czech republic , which showed a regular occurrence of the parasite in the south - western part of the country . besides , f . magna was detected also close to the german and polish border in the western and northern part of the czech republic that more strongly supported the assumption of a high risk of spread of f . magna to the neighbouring european countries ( kašný et al . 2012 ) . . . .
geographic origin of fascioloides magna from southwestern slovakia analyzed in current study . 1 – vojka nad dunajom , 2 – bodíky , 3 – číčov , 4 – trávnik , 5 – klížská nemá , 6 – holiare , 7 – tôň , 8 – zemianska olča , 9 – vel’ké kosihy , 10 – okolicná na ostrove , 11 – zlatná na ostrove , 12 – calovec , 13 – chotín , 14 – svätý peter , 15 – modrany , 16 – bátorové kosihy , 17 – búč , 18 – kravany nad dunajom , 19 – svätý juraj , pereš . the respective localities were visualized using the diva - gis available from urltoken


epipristis oxyodonta is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is found in australia ( western australia , the northern territory and queensland ) .

adults are pale grey with a scalloped dark submarginal line on each wing .

the underside of the wings is pale grey with a broad dark band along the margin , and a central dark spot .

epipristis oxyodonta

epipristis nelearia ( guenée , 1857 ) = hypochroma nelearia guenée , 1857 = epipristis nelearia accessa prout , 1937 .
epipristis truncataria ; [ mob9 ] : 205 , f . 124 - 125 , pl . 5
epipristis nelearia ; [ mob9 ] : 205 , f . 122 , 126 , pl . 5
the adult moths of this species are pale grey with a scalloped dark submarginal line on each wing . underneath , each wing is pale grey with a broad dark band along the margin , and a dark spot in the middle .
stuttgart : alfred kernen verlag , part 12 ( 1934 ) , p . 138 .
acidalia truncataria walker , 1861 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 23 : 774
pingarmia transiens sterneck , 1927 ; dt . ent . z . iris 41 : 148
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . volume 9 . uranides et phalénites
( uranides & phalenides ) : pl . 1 - 10 , ( uranides ) pl . 1 ( 1858 ) ,
( uranides , phalenides , siculides ) : pl . 12 - 22 , ( 1858 ) pl .
walker , 1861 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 20 : 1 - 276 ( 1860 ) , 21 : 277 - 498 ( 1860 ) , 22 : 499 - 755 ( 1861 ) , 23 : 757 - 1020 ( 1861 ) , 24 : 1021 - 1280 ( 1862 ) , 25 : 1281 - 1477 ( 1862 ) , 26 : 1479 - 1796 ( [ 1863 ] )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .


bettonolithus is a genus of trilobites of the order asaphida .

it is in the family trinucleidae .

fossil specimens have been found in the lower ordovician rocks of gilwern hill in powys , wales .

anatomical evidence suggests this trilobite sifted organic matter on the seabed .

bettonolithus

bettonolithus chamberlaini - british ordovician trilobi . . . bettonolithus chamberlaini - british ordovician trilobi . . .
a relatively common species at gilwern , the trinucleid bettonolithus chamberlaini . pete lawrance collection .
family : trilobite species : bettonolithus chamberlaini geological age : lower ordovician , llanvirnian stage , approx 480 to 470 million years ago . location : gilwern hill , powys , wales , uk .
ogyginus corndensis with bettonolithus chamberlaini lower ordovician , llanvirn series upper gilwern hill , builth wells , powys , wales this is a very strange find , the trinuclid must have washed within the shell of the ogyginus during deposition and no sediment or matrix was between the two shells . when i split the matrix the bettonolithus split around from the axis of the ogyginus . a very interesting specimen . the matrix measures 6 . 0cm x 5 . 7cm ' s .
this is a . 32
long example of the welsh trilobite bettonolithus chamberlaini . it ' s lower ordovician in age or approximately 480 million years old . it ' s missing it ' s tail but otherwise has very nice preservation for the location .
this is a fantastic trinucleid trilobite . it is a bettonolithus chamberlaini from the ordovician of wales . this wonderfully articulated specimen is quite 3 - dimensional and exhibits great detail . the large , inflated glabella is easily seen and the pitted cephalic rim is beautifully preserved . the individual thoracic segments are clearly defined and the broad , triangular pygidium is intact . the trilobite has great color and contrast and is almost perfectly centered on the plate of shale . this is a top - quality specimen of bettonolithus that will never have to be upgraded .
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description : well - preserved example of a trinucleid trilobite known as bettonolthus . the trilobite presumably hovered at the seafloor , using its legs to kick up particulates which then passed through the cephalic ring . overall , a fine example of the taxon .
where to find fossils and what to find . uk fossils features hundreds of fossil collecting locations in the uk , with geological guides , and advice .
on the edge of the brecon beacons , upper gilwern hill is a site long known for its well - preserved and complete trilobites . the hill is made up of rocks from the lower and middle ordovician , and the privately owned quarry is accessible to parties staying at the onsite shepherd’s hut self catering accommodation . the trilobite fossils here are plentiful and the chances of ﬁnding a good number is very high .
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trilobite taken in optimal conservation of ± 1cms , unretouched ; complete with their mark .
fossils ( from classical latin fossilis , literally
obtained by di . . .
amphibians , the familiar frogs , toads , and salamanders have been p . . .
crustaceans ( crustacea ) form a very large group of arthropods , us . . .
dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade dinosauria . . . .
the first fishes appeared in the cambrian . these were also the fi . . .
en un mineral es un sólido inorgánico natural que posee una est . . .
minerales de españa ; fluoritas de berbes , calcitas de asturias , c . . .
tektites ( from greek tektos , molten ) are natural glass objects , a . . .
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squalius is a genus of fish in the family cyprinidae found in europe and asia .

hybridization is not rare in the cyprinidae , including this genus .

s. alburnoides is known to be of ancient hybrid origin , with the paternal lineage deriving from a prehistoric species related to anaecypris ; the latter mated with ancestral s. pyrenaicus .

present-day s. alburnoides mates with sympatric congeners of other species .

squalius

evolutionary and biogeographical patterns within iberian populations of the genus squalius inferred from molecular data .
the group is thought to have arisen from hybridisation between females of one species , squalius pyrenaicus , and males of another species , now extinct , that belonged to a group of fish called anaecypris . to sustain its population , squalius alburnoides mates with several other closely related species belonging to the squalius lineage .
evolutionary and biogeographical patterns within iberian populations of the genus squalius inferred from molecular data . - pubmed - ncbi
recent change of genus from leuciscus to squalius ( zardoya and doadrio 1999 , sanjur et al . 2003 ) .
squalius alburnoides males circumvent this problem by producing sperm cells that do not divide and therefore contain more than one chromosome set . this is important because most animals , squalius alburnoides included , need at least two chromosome sets to survive .
mr . morgado - santos’ group found this instance of androgenesis by accident , while studying the mating patterns of squalius alburnoides . the researchers put male and female squalius alburnoides with males and females of another squalius species in an artificial pond , let the fish reproduce and then genetically analysed 100 randomly selected offspring . one of these offspring had only paternal chromosomes .
multi - locus species tree of the chub genus squalius ( leuciscinae : cyprinidae ) from western iberia : new insights into its evolutionary history .
multi - locus species tree of the chub genus squalius ( leuciscinae : cyprinidae ) from western iberia : new insights into its evolutionary history . - pubmed - ncbi
the possibility of androgenesis is just one of many mysteries about squalius alburnoides . it’s not a species in the usual sense but rather something called a hybrid complex , a group of organisms with multiple parental combinations that can mate with one another .
europe : ebro to port bou drainages in spain ; tech and agly drainages in france ( ref . 75108 ) , possibly also aude ( languedoc - roussillon ) ; possible introgression with squalius cephalus in southern garonne tributaries and adour drainage ( ref . 59043 ) .
mostly , animals have sex cells containing only one chromosome set , which means the egg and sperm are both required for reproduction . but in squalius alburnoides , sperm with multiple chromosome sets can provide all the nuclear genetic material needed for a viable offspring — paving the way for androgenesis .
although he acknowledges 1 in 100 fish is a rare occurrence , mr . morgado - santos thinks this instance of androgenesis could represent a “snapshot” of a population moving toward becoming its own species . put another way , androgenesis may help this fish become independent from the other squalius species it relies on to reproduce .
doadrio , i . , m . kottelat and a . de sostoa , 2007 . squalius laietanus , a new species of cyprinid fish from north - eastern spain and southern france ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 18 ( 3 ) : 247 - 256 . ( ref . 75108 )
the details in squalius alburnoides are still unknown but in general androgenesis is thought to occur in a couple of ways , said miguel morgado - santos , a graduate student at the university of lisbon and an author of the study : sperm could fertilize an egg that contains no chromosomes , or it could destroy the genetic content from the nucleus of the egg after fertilisation .
scientists have discovered a fish carrying genes only from its father in the nucleus of its cells . found in a type of fish called squalius alburnoides , which normally inhabits rivers in portugal or spain , this is the first documented instance in vertebrates of a father producing a near clone of itself through sexual reproduction — a rare phenomenon called androgenesis , the researchers reported in the journal royal society open science .
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north , baltic , northern black , white , barents and caspian sea basins , atlantic basin southward to adour drainage ( france ) , great britain north to 56°n , scandinavia : southern finland , sweden north to about stockholm . mediterranean basin from var to hérault ( possibly aude ) ( france ) drainages . introduced elsewhere . naturally absent from italy and adriatic basin .
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justification : only known from the maritza drainage ( extent of occurrence estimated at around 53 , 000 km² ) where the population is reasonably safe as there is a number of populations , however some of these are threatened by water abstraction in dry season .
habitat : streams to rivers , stretches with moderate current . biology : omnivorous ; feeds mainly on insects and aquatic invertebrates . spawns in april - june in shallow areas with gravel bottom .
that it can reproduce at all is unusual enough . most hybrids , like mules , are sterile because the chromosomes from their parents of different species have trouble combining , swapping dna and dividing — steps required for egg or sperm production .
“we weren’t expecting to find that , ” mr . morgado - santos said , adding that at first he and his collaborators thought they had made a mistake .
if androgenesis turns out to be a regular feature in this population , mr . morgado - santos’ group might be catching the “very early stages” of a new reproductive mode for the fish , which would be exciting , said tanja schwander , a professor of ecology and evolution at the university of lausanne in switzerland who did not participate in this research .
but for now , she added , the researchers cannot rule out the possibility that this one instance is a random exception ( perhaps the fish’s mother accidentally produced an egg that contained no chromosomes , for instance ) .
accident or not , it happened and shows that reproduction can vary in all sorts of “weird and wonderful” ways across the natural world , said benjamin oldroyd , a professor of genetics at the university of sydney who was not involved in this study .
“it may not add up to a hill of beans other than realising that the world is much more complicated than we assume , ” he said . “but it’s part of what life is , as a curious human , to understand these things . ”
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named after the laietani , a bronze - age tribe inhabiting an area partly corresponding to present catalonia , and later lalatania , a roman province .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 75108 ) ; 20 . 1 cm sl ( female )
occurs in streams with clear water , gravel bottom and prefers moderate flowing stretches ( ref . 75108 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00851 ( 0 . 00415 - 0 . 01744 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 96 - 3 . 28 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .
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mrakovcic , m . & freyhof , j . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )
justification : l . microlepis is restricted to three locations in the neretva river basin . one small population is in a karstic stream in livanjsko polje and the main population is in two lakes , buska and mandecko lakes near livno . the area of occupancy ( aoo ) is estimated to be around 10 km² , and there is continuing decline in aoo and quality of habitat due to habitat destruction , pollution and water extraction .
it is restricted to the neretva river basin in croatia and bosnia - hercegovina . karstic streams in livanjsko polje , buska and mandecko lakes near livno . introduced ( possibly ) to the blidinje lake more than 100 years ago , and prolosko & ricice lakes near imotski , matica drainage near vrgorac ( croatia ) , tihaljina and possibly trebizat ( a neretva tributary ) drainages ( bosnia - hertzagovina ) .
declining . the subpopulation in the small stream is very restricted ; the main population is in three lakes ( two native and one introduced ) ( mrakovcic , m . and freyhof , j . pers . comm ) .
formerly known as leuciscus prepensis , it is also considered by some authors as a subspecies leuciscus cepahlus prespensis fowler , 1977 .
barbieri , r . , kottelat , m . & bianco , g . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )
justification : although the range of this species is relatively restricted , it is abundant , and the population is thought to have increased over the past ten years . the prespa lakes are not treated as a single location in this case as there is no major threats thought likely to impact on the entire population . this species is not thought to be at significant risk from the introduction of invasive species .
restricted to the prespa lakes in northern greece , albania and the former yugoslav republic of macedonia ( fyrom ) .
it is a large lacustrine species that completes its full life cycle within the lakes .
overfishing , water extraction and pollution . water levels are vulnerable to decline due to the karstic nature of these lakes .
justification : l . svallize is only found at one location in the neretva and trebisnjica drainage . the main threats of introduced species and water pollution can impact across its whole range .
it is found in the neretva and trebisnjica drainage in bosnia herzegovina and croatia ( mrakovcic , m . pers comm ) .
centro de biologia ambiental , faculdade de ciências , universidade de lisboa , campo grande , 1749 - 016 lisbon , portugal . silkewaap @ urltoken
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]