stenodus nelma , known alternatively as the nelma , sheefish , inconnu or connie , is a commercial species of freshwater whitefish in the family salmonidae .

it is widespread in the arctic rivers from the kola peninsula ( white sea basin ) eastward across siberia to the anadyr river and also in the north american basins of the yukon river and mackenzie river .

nelma

key words : inconnu , stenodus leucichthys , nelma , stenodus nelma , fish eggs , straminipilous organisms , eutrophication .
shaposhnikova , g . k . 1967 . comparative characteristics of nelma stenodus leucichthys nelma ( pallas ) and belorybitsa stenodus leucichthys leucichthys ( guldenstadt ) .
- spagnolo - salmon blanco . francese - sténode blanc . inglese - connie , conny , sheefish . danimarca - hvidlaks . norvegia - nelma . svezia - siklax , vitlax . finlandia - nelma . polacco - nelma . russo - nel ' ma .
nelma’s expert staff conducts frequent on - site inspections at each mill to ensure consistent quality .
nelma section 17 accompanying stats reveal…what we already knew , but the las persist in denying .
“nelma section 17 accompanying stats reveal…what we already knew , but the las persist in denying . ”
on nelma section 17 accompanying stats reveal…what we already knew , but the las persist in denying .
of course @ commonshomeaffs does not yet literally = nelma but one more push might do it .
stenodus leucichthys nelma illustration of the sister species by n . n . kondrakov . noaa photo library .
nelma is a leading agency in certifying facilities to produce ippc ispm15 compliant wood packaging for use in exports .
nelma – campaigning to defend the rights of all migrants – campaigning to defend the rights of all migrants .
petrova , n . a . 1976 . biology of stenodus leucichthys nelma ( pallas ) from the irtysh basin .
alternatively , the name stenodus leucichtys has been used in a broader sense , referring to a widespread species composed of two subspecies . [ 2 ] in addition to the landlocked subspecies stenodus leucichthys leucichthys , it comprises the nelma , stenodus leucichthys nelma ( pallas , 1773 ) which lives in eurasian and north american rivers of the arctic basin . nelma , also known as the sheefish or inconnu , is currently often considered as a distinct species stenodus nelma . [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
chereshnev , i . a . , a . v . shestakov , r . r . yusupov , y . v . shtundyuk and i . v . slugin 2000 biology of nelma stenodus leucichthys nelma ( coregonidae ) from the anadyr basin ( the northeast of russia ) .
nelma actively funds research vital to the northeastern lumber industry , currently collaborating with the university of maine on producing weevil - resistant eastern white pine .
open the doors to nelma ' s latest visual marketing tool to showcase northeastern softwood interior products… . . the virtual home tour ! now online at urltoken
we’ve been crunching the numbers from the 50 or so destitute migrant families nelma has accompanied to london local authorities since our accompanying scheme began in the spring of 2016 .
a delicately crafted display font with a lot of character , nelma is perfect for setting beautiful type with an impact . this font is distributed as a . eps file .
in 1948 , nelma produced a documentary on the lumber industry . this 25 - minute film shows some of the early processes , markets , and technologies in the lumber industry at that time .
the northeastern lumber manufacturers association ( nelma ) is the rules writing agency for eastern white pine lumber and the grading authority for eastern spruce , balsam fir , spruce - pine - fir ( spfs ) grouping , and other commercially important eastern softwood lumber species . in addition , nelma is a leading agency for export wood packaging certification and the marketing voice for the wood products industry in the northeast .
nelma runs an accompanying scheme for destitute migrant families with no recourse to public funds . nelma volunteers accompany parents who are requesting support from social services due to homelessness and / or destitution . unlawful local authority ‘gatekeeping’ of support for families with no recourse to public funds is systemic . families seeking support often encounter intimidation , aggression , racism , and misinformation . they are regularly told they cannot be helped .
hi ! i am nelma carmelo . a good - looking single mom . i have 4 kids . i ' m willing to have a long - distance relationship . and willing to relocate in other country
since mid - 2016 nelma and others have been trying to hold haringey council to account for the local authority’s systematic poor treatment of destitute migrant families seeking social services support under s17 of the children act 1989 .
the authors investigated the growth of straminipilous organisms on the eggs of inconnu ( stenodus leucichthys ) and nelma ( stenodus nelma ) in water from three different eutrophication levels . thirty ( 30 ) straminipilous species were found growing on the investigated eggs ( of both fish species ) used as baits . the majority of species has been found on the eggs of inconnu ( 20 ) in comparison with those found on the eggs of nelma ( 15 ) . the highest number of infected eggs of both investigated species has been observed also in the water from biała river ( 27 . 3 % of the inconnu and 21 . 6 % of the nelma ; the most eutrophication ) , the smallest in water from supraśl river ( 6 . 3 and 8 . 8 % respectively ; the less eutrophication ) . these differences for both species were statistically significant . amino acid , carbohydrate and urease tests were used .
nelma accompanying is about solidarity , and providing emotional and practical support . local authorities often behave aggressively and disrespectfully towards families in need . often the intent is to wear people down . it can really help to have another person there .
“144 , 000 undocumented children is a problem the government must solve . there is no benefit to society in people being in this position . the government needs to reduce the barriers to them regularising their status . ' ' @ commonshomeaffs basically = nelma
nelma brings together activists from across london to campaign on issues faced by migrants in vulnerable positions in our communities . we challenge injustices towards families with no recourse to public funds ( nrpf ) and we coordinated a campaign against the home office’s former policy of detaining and deporting eea national rough sleepers .
welcome to the nelma grader academy , a comprehensive on - line training resource for individuals that seek to learn more about the intricacies of lumber grading or for those within the lumber industry that want to increase their proficiency level . the academy enlists the following tools to enhance the lumber grading education experience :
construction of dams led to the loss of all spawning grounds for the species ( the volga , ural and terek drainages ) . increasing illegal fishing in the volga and in the caspian sea is now a very critical concern . stenodus nelma was introduced in the northern volga drainage and is now expanding and might threaten surviving populations and cultivated stocks through hybridization .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
skopets , m . ( iucn ssc salmon specialist group ) , & smith , k . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit )
justification : a widespread species , however stocks in european and siberian rivers are declining due to overfishing and pollution , however not at a rate to qualify the species for a threatened or near threatened category .
arctic ocean basin , from ponoi ( kola peninsula , white sea basin ) eastward to anadyr ( siberia ) , yukon ( alaska ) and mackenzie ( canada ) drainages .
there are special fishing regulations in some territories , and in places it is illegal to catch for consumption ( m . skopets , pers . comm . ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
skopets , m . ( iucn ssc salmon specialist group ) , bogutskaya , n . , & smith , k . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit )
caspian sea ( commonly central and southern caspian in summer ) , volga , ural and terek drainages .
native stocks are reportedly extinct and survival depends exclusively on stocking . in the volga all spawning grounds were above volgograd dam . in 1959 only a few spawners remained . up to 33 million ( 1988 ) juveniles were stocked during soviet times . between 1996 - 99 only 600 , 000 juveniles were stocked and the spawning population is in a drastic decline again . in 2004 , only about 100 spawners were caught below volgograd dam . in the 1960s , it was already extremely rare in the ural , where it has not been recorded since .
norway spruce is the first major , new wood species grown in the u . s . to be tested for strength values since the 1920s . approved october 20 , 2016 !
as many as 23 different wood characteristics and machining imperfections determine the grade of an eastern white pine board .
the spfs ( spruce - pine - fir south ) species grouping includes the species of red , white , and black spruce , balsam fir , red pine , and jack pine .
while human graders are still the heart of the industry , many mills rely on scanners , lasers , and optical optimizers to ensure product quality .
new england’s forests continue to provide consumers with the most sustainable building product available .
designing with ewp is character building . a photo reference guide to specific characteristic ranges .
learn about these two species in a side by side comparison . who will be victorious ?
, which exposes the active collaboration of london’s mayor , local councils and homelessness charities delivering street outreach services – st mungo’s , thames reach and change , grow , live ( cgl ) .
homeless people on the streets of london have become prime targets for immigration raids , in which some of the city’s most vulnerable people are detained and deported . several nights a week , immigration patrols are out targeting rough sleepers in london .
whilst arrests are carried out by home office “immigration compliance and enforcement” ( ice ) teams , they rely on joint patrols and other intelligence provided by street outreach services . they may also see their role increase in deciding whether or not it is ‘proportional’ to remove people , effectively giving them the power to decide who is worthy of remaining in the uk and who can be disposed of .
outreach teams from charities st mungo’s , thames reach , and cgl conduct regular joint “visits” with immigration enforcement officers , as often as fortnightly in central boroughs . freedom of information ( foi ) responses show 141 such patrols organised by the gla and 12 london boroughs last year . this figure does not include westminster or the city of london , the biggest concentration of london homelessness , where patrols are likely to be even more frequent .
127 people were deported as a result of a a two - month pilot operation in westminster alone .
charity outreach teams routinely pass on locations of non - uk rough sleepers to ice through the london - wide chain database and through local data co - operation agreements . this intelligence may lead to many more arrests .
as opposed to workplace raids which largely hit south asian migrants , eu and other european economic area ( eea ) nationals are the main targets here , as they made up nearly half of london rough sleepers last year . migrants from romania , poland , and other east european countries are particularly affected .
under new home office rules introduced in may 2016 , european rough sleepers can be arrested for deportation on their first night sleeping rough , as this is considered a “misuse” of their european “treaty rights” . outreach workers may be called on to guide immigration officers in deciding whether detention is “proportional” .
tough policy on migrant rough sleepers was “intensely lobbied” for by westminster council , and actively pushed by the gla and other members of the “mayor’s rough sleeping group” , including senior managers from st mungo’s , thames reach and other charities .
the rough sleeper deportation system is at the cutting edge of theresa may’s “hostile environment” approach rolling out across schools , hospitals , housing , and other areas of everyday life . this approach relies on turning teachers , doctors and nurses , charity workers , and other citizens into home office informers .
the “hostile environment” is based on collaboration . it can be broken by solidarity and resistance . examples of refusal by some homelessness workers and campaigners may start to show the way .
if you are a homelessness worker , rough sleeper , or have any information that you’d like to share with corporate watch , email us at contact [ at ] urltoken or call 020 7426 0005 . we will respect your confidentiality .
if you have any immediate information about ice raids , we suggest you contact anti raids network : urltoken email : antiraids @ urltoken twitter : @ antiraids .
privacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy
we maintain a pool of trained volunteer accompaniers . we send call - outs to when we receive requests to accompany a family . we normally ask volunteers to be prepared to accompany at least once a month on a weekday during working hours .
please complete this form if you’d like to get involved in our accompanying scheme .
at the moment we accept accompanying referrals from project 17 , hackney migrant centre , haringey migrant support centre , greenwich migrant hub , coram children’s legal centre , matthew gold & co . , afril , migrant family action and the british red cross . if you’d like to start referring to us , please get in touch .
lewisham a ‘borough of sanctuary’ ? rofl , say destitute migrant families and our volunteer accompaniers .
“lewisham a ‘borough of sanctuary’ ? rofl , say destitute migrant families and our volunteer accompaniers . ”
two years of skimped - on promises , but some light as well . let’s keep up the pressure for change over haringey’s treatment of destitute migrant families !
“two years of skimped - on promises , but some light as well . let’s keep up the pressure for change over haringey’s treatment of destitute migrant families ! ”
on december 14th 2017 the high court ruled the home office’s policy of detaining and removing eea rough sleepers unlawful .
on 21st - 23rd november , a judicial review is taking place against a home office policy detaining and deporting hundreds of european rough sleepers , simply for being homeless . this policy is sinister , feeding into the government’s ‘hostile environment’ agenda .
“two new short films highlight the cruelty and violence of the hostile environment . ”
. ( we haven’t joined the labour party . we were invited to give the perspective of grassroots migrants’ rights activists . )
we ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?
north east london migrant action campaigning to defend the rights of all migrants . get involved : nelondonmigrantaction @ urltoken
there is an emergency protest today outside the home office in london , at 5 : 30pm , demanding justice for the young sudanese man who died being chased by immigration enforcement in wales . organised by
ews / sudan - man - died - immigration - raid - home - office - wales - newport - a8433636 . html
south east sisters ad hacks protesting the state using limited funds to put immigration officers into local services . this leaves survivors with insecure immigration status forced to make the choice between abuse in the home , or abuse from the home office . # supportednotdeported urltoken
@ nelmacampaigns redbridge have just refused emergency support to a woman with a 2yr & 4yr old . she ' ll be homeless tonight . threat to take kids into care .
it doesn’t matter what you’ve done , or whether you’re an illegal immigrant or not . he was just going to work , and didn’t deserve to die . no one deserves that . it’s just needless , the car wash wasn’t even closed down . ”
we are looking for an albanian speaker to help with follow up on an immigration raid . please get in touch if you can help
for the first time in a decade , the number of people sleeping rough on london’s streets has fallen . any progress is good , but even one person sleeping rough is one too many . that’s why i’ve got a plan for what needs to be done .
this is why it ' s so important to focus on the uk ' s own racist border regime , and not just the us or hungary etc . this is preventable . literally the only thing allowing this is that there aren ' t physically enough of us currently to stop it .
major raid with multiple van loads of police and immigration enforcement currently near turnpike lane ( falkland rd / green lanes corner ) .
we provide long - term support and solidarity on housing and poverty problems for each other . to do this , we need long - term sustainable funding ! if you can , please consider setting up a standing order to support us ! this is the best way to help us fund our activities .
every sunday , around 40 migrant children & young people come to akwaaba to have fun . we’re looking for more volunteers to help us look after them . check out
we ' ve had to provide a lot of emergency accommodation lately as local authorities continue to fail destitute migrants , and our funds are running low . does anyone want to put on a party for us ?
twitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .
you can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more
here ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .
by embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .
not on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .
this timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .
hover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .
when you see a tweet you love , tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .
the fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .
add your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you’re passionate about , and jump right in .
missy is a designer based out of minneapolis . she graduated in december 2010 and currently works at zeus jones . she appreciates simplicity as long as it ' s compelling and values attention to detail as highly as she does efficiency .
you can pay - what - you - want for a personal use license .
a 1 - 5 user commercial license is available for $ 30 . 00 usd . additional licensing for up to 100 users is also available .
- we believe in a world without borders . - we stand in solidarity with all migrants regardless of status . - we believe everybody who is here has the right to be here , work here and be decently housed . - we believe that immigration detention is unjustifiable in principle and unworkable in practice . - we believe all children deserve the same opportunities—regardless of where they or their parents were born . - we reject the distinctions drawn by politicians and the mainstream media between ‘deserving’ and ‘undeserving’ migrants . - we reject the racist immigration controls that are creeping into almost every area of life in the uk . - we believe that nrpf—no recourse to public funds—is state violence because it implies that some people are more worthy of help , support and the right to a decent life than others . - being unable to get support from the state leaves people destitute . - it is a root cause of exploitation . - it makes it harder for women to flee domestic violence .
- we support migrants with no recourse to public funds to stand up for their rights . - we do this through activism , advocacy , solidarity and mutual support . - we accompany destitute migrant families approaching social services for support under section 17 of the children act 1989 . - we resist unfair policies and practices , including local authority gatekeeping of section 17 support . - we hold local authorities to account for bullying and intimidating destitute migrant families who turn to them for support .
- an end to local authority gatekeeping of support for destitute migrant - the home office to be kept out of local authority children’s services - all migrants to have access to secure housing , adequate financial support and free school meals .
damien egan , the new mayor of lewisham council , calls lewisham a ' sanctuary borough ' . but when destitute migrant families go to social services for support that they are entitled to they report experiences like this :
i’m telling you , i was scared . that time that woman almost killed me . i wouldn’t have gone back on my own . when i got home , all my body was shaking and i fell down the stairs . she said if she had her way she would call immigration to take me to my country immedi
when budget cuts come at the cost of leaving children unfed or unhoused , local authorities need to be pushing back against the dismal logics of austerity . we call on mayor egan , vicky foxcroft mp and whoever succeeds heidi alexander mp to start an urgent independent review of the policies and practices of lewisham’s no recourse to public funds team and an end to the violence being perpetrated against destitute migrant families in the borough ! please share widely .
an interactive game that simulates real - time lumber grading at a mill setting and includes variable lug speeds from beginner level to more advanced settings . your profile will track your high scores and achievement levels earned after multiple game plays . a fun way to apply your knowledge !
to gain full access to the grader training and above board , please register via the login tab to set up your username and password or login if you already have an account .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
add a photo to your profile and get access to all full sized photos .
i want to have a single partner for a lifetime loving , caring and honest person .
cupid media , the cupid media logo and urltoken are registered trademarks of ecom holdings pty ltd and used with permission by cupid media pty ltd .
im a single mom with 1 kid . . im a simple woman . . .
cupid media , the cupid media logo and urltoken are registered trademarks of ecom holdings pty ltd and used with permission by cupid media pty ltd .
cupid media , the cupid media logo and urltoken are registered trademarks of ecom holdings pty ltd and used with permission by cupid media pty ltd .
sou uma mulher d harmonia e paz . . mae d 2 filhos ; sou licenciada em gestao ambiental e trabalho como tecnica dr higiene , saude , seguranca e meio ambiente numa empresa mineira localizada na provincia d tete
i am a woman d harmony and peace . . mae d 2 sons ; i am licensed in environmental management and work as a technician dr hygiene , health , safety and environment in a mining company located in the provincia d tete
im looking a man who is honest responsible and caring . . . 50 to 80 years old
cupid media , the cupid media logo and urltoken are registered trademarks of ecom holdings pty ltd and used with permission by cupid media pty ltd .
busco um homem sincero , inteligente e que saiba o que quer na vida .
i ' m a sincere man , intelligent and who knows what he wants in life .
stenodus leucichthys is a species of freshwater whitefish in the family salmonidae . in the strict sense its natural distribution is restricted to the caspian sea basin , and it is known as beloribitsa . [ 1 ] the beloribitsa is now considered extinct in the wild , but survives in cultured stocks . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
at a higher level , the genus stenodus is not phylogenetically distinct from the broader lake whitefish genus coregonus , although it is phenotypically characterized by a specialized predator morphology . [ 7 ]
. it is generally silver in color with a green , blue or brown back . the meat is white , flaky and somewhat oily . an adult fish weighs from 14 to 25 kilograms ( 31 to 55 lb ) . the fish eat
beloribitsa used to inhabit particularly the volga , ural and terek rivers , and migrate up to 3 , 000 kilometres ( 1 , 900 mi ) upstream from the caspian to their spawning grounds in the spring . following the construction of dams and hydropower reservoirs , the migration and natural reproduction has been impeded , and the taxon is now considered as extinct in the wild by the iucn . [ 1 ] [ 8 ] the stock however survives in hatcheries and some populations are maintained by stocking . [ 3 ]
froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2013 ) . species of stenodus in fishbase . february 2013 version .
eschmeyer f . catalog of fishes ( search : stenodus ( species ) ) california academy of scieces . ( 15 march 2012 version )
bernatchez l , colombani f , dodson jj ( 1991 ) phylogenetic relationships among the subfamily coregoninae as revealed by mitochondrial dna restriction analysis journal of fish biology 39 ( suppl a ) : 283 - 290 .
poursaeid , f . & falahatkar , b . ( 2012 ) threatened fishes of the world : stenodus leucichthys leucichthys güldenstädt , 1772 ( salmonidae ) . aqua 18 : 31 - 34 .
this page was last modified on 24 february 2014 , at 14 : 05 .
this article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .
( pallas , 1776 ) . reise durch verschiedene provinzen des russischen reiches . st . petersburg . 3 vol . sinonimo senior , nuova combinazione , nomenclatura iczn non ancora convalidata .
pallas , 1773 . reise durch verschiedene provinzen des russischen reiches . st . petersburg . 3 vol . [ vol . 1 , 1771 : 12 non numerato . index , + pls . a - z , aa - nn ] . sinonimo senior , combinazione originale , nomenclatura iczn non valida . opinioni - sinonimo di
2001 : 69 , bogutskaya & naseka 2004 : 145 , scharpf 2006 : 34 . nomenclatura valida come
( pallas 1773 ) , vedere kottelat & freyhof 2007 : 394 . località tipo - grandi fiumi della siberia , russia . tipo - nessun esemplare noto .
( pallas , 1776 ) . reise durch verschiedene provinzen des russischen reiches . st . petersburg . 3 vol . sinonimo senior , nuova combinazione , nomenclatura iczn non valida .
nilsson , 1855 . skandinavisk fauna . fjerde delen : fiskarna . första häftet . lund . skandinavisk fauna . : i - xxxiv + 1 - 768 . sinonimo junior , combinazione originale , nomenclatura iczn non valida . opinioni - sinonimo di
( güldenstädt 1772 ) , vedere berg 1948 : 303 , svetovidov 1973 : 151 , reshetnikov 1998 : 47 . sinonimo di
( pallas 1773 ) , in base alla località tipo e se la specie sarà riconosciuta ufficialmente , vedere porcellotti 2010 ( presente lavoro ) . località tipo - arkhangelsk , russia . tipo - nessun esemplare noto .
richardson , 1823 . notice of the fishes . no . 6 , in john franklin . narrative of a journey to the shores of the polar sea in 1819 - 22 . . . with an appendix on various subjects relating to science and natural history . london . narrative of a journey to the shores of the polar sea in 1819 - 22 . . . : 705 - 728 , pls . 25 - 26 . a p . 3 dell ' inserto . il nome specifico è scritto
( pallas 1773 ) , in base alla località tipo e se la specie sarà riconosciuta ufficialmente , vedere porcellotti 2010 ( presente lavoro ) . località tipo - bacino del fiume mackenzie , incluso il salt river , canada . tipo - nessun esemplare noto .
- kottelat m . and j . freyhof 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . kottelat , cornol , switzerland and freyof , berlin , germany . pagina 394 .
bacini afferenti all ' oceano artico , dal fiume ponoi ( penisola di kola , bacino del mar bianco ) ad est fino ai bacini dei fiumi anadyr ( siberia ) , yukon ( alasca ) e mackenzie ( canada ) . specie introdotta in vari bacini della federazione russa ed in lettonia ( senza acclimatazione ) .
andriyashev , a . p . and n . v . chernova 1995 . annotated list of fishlike vertebrates and fish of the arctic seas and adjacent waters .
anonymous 1996 . fish collection database of the university of british columbia fish museum .
anonymous 1999 . fish collection database of the natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) .
anonymous 2001 . fish collection database of the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) .
bailey , r . m . , j . e . fitch , e . s . herald , e . a . lachner , c . c . lindsey , c . r . robins and w . b . scott 1970 . a list of common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . third edition
baillie , j . and b . groombridge ( eds . ) 1996 . 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals .
berg , l . s . 1962 . freshwater fishes of the u . s . s . r . and adjacent countries . volume 1 , 4th edition .
bogutskaya , n . g . 2005 . compilation of 70 ecoregion in russia with about 700 species .
bogutskaya , n . g . and a . m . naseka 2002 . an overview of nonindigenous fishes in inland waters of russia .
bogutskaya , n . g . 2002 . common names of russian freshwater fishes .
booke , h . e . 1975 . cytotaxonomy of the salmonid fish stenodon leucichthys .
carl , g . c . and w . a . clemens 1948 . the fresh - water fishes of british columbia .
carl , g . c . , w . a . clemens and c . c . lindsey 1959 . the freshwater fishes of british columbia ( 3rd revision ) .
coad , b . w . and j . d . reist 2004 . annotated list of the arctic marine fishes of canada .
coker , g . a . , c . b . portt and c . k . minns 2001 . morphological and ecological characteristics of canadian freshwater fishes .
craig , p . c . 1984 . fish use of coastal waters of the alaskan beaufort sea : a review .
2001 . red data book of russian federation animals . ast - astrel , moskva .
dymond , j . r . 1943 . the coregonine fishes of northwestern canada .
evermann , b . w . and e . l . goldsborough 1907 . the fishes of alaska .
fao - fies 2008 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list .
frolov , s . v . 1992 . some aspects of karyotype evolution in the coregoninae .
gold , j . r . , w . j . karel and m . r . strand 1980 . chromosome formulae of north american fishes .
grabda , e . and t . heese 1991 . polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby . cyclostomata et pisces .
hilton - taylor , c . 2000 . 2000 iucn red list of threatened species .
holcík , j . 1991 . fish introductions in europe with particular reference to its central and eastern part .
hugg , d . o . 1996 . mapfish georeferenced mapping database . freshwater and estuarine fishes of north america .
international union for conservation of nature and natural resources ( iucn ) 1990 . 1990 iucn red list of threatened animals .
international union for conservation of nature and natural resources ( iucn ) 1994 . 1994 iucn red list of threatened animals .
iucn . 2008 . 2008 iucn red list of threatened species . available at : urltoken
jordan , d . s . and b . w . evermann 1896 . the fishes of north and middle america : a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish - like vertebrates found in the waters of north america , north of the isthmus of panama . part i .
kirillov , f . n . 1972 . ryby yakutii ( fishes of yakutia ) .
klinkhardt , m , m . tesche and h . greven 1995 . database of fish chromosomes .
kottelat , m . and freyhof , j . 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol , switzerland .
machacek , h . ( ed . ) 2006 . world records freshwater fishing .
makoedov , a . n . 1992 relationships of coregonid fishes : karyological aspect .
mcallister , d . e . , v . legendre and j . g . hunter 1987 . liste de noms inuktitut ( esquimaux ) , français , anglais et scientifiques des poissons marins du canada arctique .
mcdowall , r . m . 1988 . diadromy in fishes : migrations between freshwater and marine environments .
mcphail , j . d . and c . c . lindsey 1970 . freshwater fishes of northwestern canada and alaska .
mcphail , j . d . and r . carveth 1993 . field key to the freshwater fishes of british columbia .
nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea and j . d . williams 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico .
nikol ' skii , g . v . 1954 . special ichthyology . ( rev . 1961 ) .
organisation for economic co - operation and development 1990 . multilingual dictionary of fish and fish products .
page , l . m . and b . m . burr 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico .
pallas , p . s . 1776 . reise durch verschiedene provinzen des russischen reichs ( 1768 - 74 ) .
podlesnyi , a . v . 1958 . fishes of enisey , their environments and use .
quast , j . c . and e . l . hall 1972 . list of fishes of alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature .
rab , p . and m . jankun 1992 . chromosome studies of coregonine fishes : a review .
reshetnikov , y . s . , n . g . bogutskaya , e . d . vasil ' eva , e . a . dorofeeva , a . m . naseka , o . a . popova , k . a . savvaitova , v . g . sideleva and l . i . sokolov 1997 . an annotated check - list of the freshwater fishes of russia .
reshetnikov , y . s . 1980 . ecology and systematics of the coregonid fishes . nauka , moskva .
riede , k . 2004 . global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales .
robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott 1980 . a list of common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada .
robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada .
scott , w . b . and e . j . crossman 1973 . freshwater fishes of canada .
underwood , t . j . 2000 . abundance , length composition and migration of spawning inconnu in the selawik river , alaska .
vasil ' ev , v . p . 1980 . chromosome numbers in fish - like vertebrates and fish .
walker , k . f . and h . z . yang 1999 . fish and fisheries in western china .
wang , s . ( ed . ) 1998 . china red data book of endangered animals . pisces .
welcomme , r . l . 1988 . international introductions of inland aquatic species .
wigutoff , n . b . and c . j . carlson 1950 a survey of the commercial fishing possibilites of seward peninsula area , kotzebue sound , and certain inland rivers and lakes in alaska .
wynne - edwards , v . c . 1952 fishes of the arctic and subarctic .
departament of general biology , medical university , mickiewicza 2c , 15 - 222 białystok , poland .
copyright © 2018 author ( s ) retain the copyright of this article . this article is published under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 4 . 0 .
this article is published under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 4 . 0
search their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .
copyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved .


fundulus zebrinus is a species of fish in the fundulidae known by the common name plains killifish .

it is native to north america , where it is distributed throughout the mississippi river , colorado river , and rio grande drainages , and other river systems ; many of its occurrences represent introduced populations .

this fish grows up to about 6.9 centimeters long , with a maximum length of 8 to 10 centimeters .

its lifespan is up to 3 years , but most fish do not exceed two .

it has a flat head with a protruding jaw that allows it to feed at the water 's surface .

it is variable in color , being brown , black , greenish , or straw-colored , with paler yellowish or silvery coloration on the belly .

the fish is striped with the 12 to 28 dark vertical bars that give the species its scientific name , meaning " like a zebra " .

the males have wider , darker bars than the females .

the breeding male develops bright orange coloration on most of his fins .

this species feeds on chironomid larvae , copepods , nematodes , and other small animals .

it is also herbivorous .

it may feed by scooping up and swallowing mouthfuls of riverbed substrate to obtain buried food objects .

the fish often spits out most of the sand and undigestible material , but the digestive tract usually contains an amount of sand .

the fish eats mosquito larvae when available , and studies suggest it might be useful in mosquito abatement efforts .

the fish lives in a number of shallow river and stream habitat types .

it may occur in lower , moderate and swift , turbid water flows .

it may be found in lakes .

it is tolerant of brackish , alkaline , and salty water , more so than most other local fish species .

it may bury itself in the substrate with only its eyes and mouth showing .

the fish might perform this behavior as a stress response , and it might serve to protect it from sunlight and heat , predators , or low water levels , or to help rid itself of parasites .

the killifish may face predation by other fish , notably the green sunfish ( lepomis cyanellus ) ; where this predator occurs , killifish populations drop .

spawning is associated with water temperature , usually occurring when the temperature exceeds 26 °c .

spawning season has been noted to start in april and continue through august .

a number of parasites have been observed on this species , including myxosoma funduli , a myxozoan , a species of trichodina , a protozoan , urocleidus fundulus , a fluke , and gyrodactylus bulbacanthus , a monogenean , all of which infest the gills .

also , the parasite gyrodactylus stableri infests the fins and organisms of neascus , a genus of flukes , infest the eye and internal tissues of the fish .

the monogenean gill parasite salsuginus thalkeni was first described from the fish .

for a long time , fish of the closely related species fundulus kansae were considered to be members of f. zebrinus , the names synonyms .

f. kansae was sometimes considered a subspecies of f. zebrinus .

molecular and genetic studies supported the separation of the species .

f. zebrinus is slightly larger than f. kansae , with larger scales and larger eyes .

the fins of the breeding male become more red in color , whereas the male f. kansae develops a more yellow-orange fin color .

this species has a wide range , mostly in the central united states .

its native range is mostly within the great plains .

it includes much of the mississippi river drainage , parts of the colorado and brazos rivers , and some areas in the rio grande region , especially the pecos river .

its distribution was influenced by pleistocene changes in the geography of the local river systems , such as glaciation .

many occurrences of the fish represent introductions , such as populations at lake powell in arizona and utah , the fort peck reservoir in montana , and several tributaries of the colorado river in colorado , utah , and nevada .

some occurrences may or may not be native .

fish introductions began in earnest around the 1930s .

most introductions occurred when plains killifish were used as bait by anglers and escaped into the wild to establish new populations .

fundulus zebrinus

diversity of the parasite assemblage of fundulus zebrinus in the platte river of nebraska .
fundulus zebrinus jordan and gilbert 1883 : 891 ; poss and miller ( 1983 ) .
diversity of the parasite assemblage of fundulus zebrinus in the platte river of nebraska . - pubmed - ncbi
kreiser et al . ( 2001 ) and kreiser ( 2001 ) presented data supporting the recognition of two species of plains killifish : fundulus kansae ( northern plains killifish ) and fundulus zebrinus .
kreiser , b . r . 2001 . mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences support recognition of two cryptic species of plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus and fundulus kansae . american midland naturalist 146 : 199 - 209 .
poss , s . g . , and r . r . miller . 1983 . taxonomic status of the plains killifish fundulus zebrinus . copeia 1983 ( 1 ) : 55 - 67 .
poss , s . g . , and r . r . miller . 1983 . taxonomic status of the plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus . copeia 1983 ( 1 ) : 55 - 67 .
near kearney , nebraska , i found a group of plains killifish ( fundulus zebrinus ) migrating from one pool to another in the backwaters of the platte river . see the full story here : urltoken
hughes , r . m . 1981 . the plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus ( cyprinodontidae ) , in the colorado river basin of western north america . southwestern naturalist 26 ( 3 ) : 321 - 324 .
poss , s . g . and r . r . miller , 1983 . taxonomic status of the plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus . copeia 1983 ( 1 ) : 55 - 67 . ( ref . 35647 )
kreiser , b . r . , j . b . mitton , and j . d . woodling . 2001 . phylogeography of the plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus . evolution 55 ( 2 ) : 339 - 350 .
fundulus zebrinus occurs sympatrically with the red river pupfish ( cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis ) in the red and brazos rivers and is closely associated , ecologically and phylogenetically , with the species ( echelle 1970 ; echelle et al . 1972 ) .
spawning location : in mirror lake and lake francis , ( pecos river ) new mexico , fundulus zebrinus spawned on substrates such as gypsum boulders , bare sediment and vegetation - covered sediment ( kodric - brown and mazzolini 1992 ) .
kodric - brown , a . , and mazzolini p . 1992 . the breeding system of pupfish , cyprinodon pecosensis : effects of density and interspecific interactions with the killifish , fundulus zebrinus . environmental biology of fishes 35 : 169 - 176 .
a genetic survey revealed that introduced fundulus kansae populations from the san juan river drainage ( site : cross creek canyon , san juan co . , utah ) grouped with populations of f . zebrinus from the brazos , red and pecos rivers ( kreiser et al . 2000 ) .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of fundulus zebrinus are found here .
griffith , r . w . 1974 . environment and salinity tolerance in the genus fundulus . copeia 1974 ( 2 ) : 319 - 331 .
fuller , p . , 2018 , fundulus zebrinus jordan and gilbert , 1883 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 4 / 13 / 2006 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
fundulus zebrinus differs from f . kansae ( northern plains killifish ) in having larger scales , larger eyes and a more robust body ; f . zebrinus has 47 ( 42 - 50 ) scale rows in lateral series , the large male of the species having bright red fins ; f . kansae has 53 ( 47 - 60 ) scale rows in lateral series , the large male of the species having yellow - orange fins ( hubbs 1926 ; page and burr 1991 ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) . fundulus kansae is not found in the pecos , red , and brazos rivers ( kreiser 2001 ; kreiser et al . 2001 ) . f . zebrinus has 12 or more vertical dark bands marking the sides ; these bars distinguishing the species from live - bearers of similar shape ( koster 1957 ) .
from the latin word fundus = bottom , the habitat ; zebrinus = like a zebra ( in reference to the vertical bars or stripes ) ( ref . 79012 )
shute , j . r . , and a . w . allen . 1980 . fundulus zebrinus ( jordan and gilbert ) , plains killifish . pp . 531 in d . s . lee et al . , atlas of north american freshwater fishes . n . c . state mus . nat . hist . , raleigh , i - r + 854 pp .
salsuginus thalkeni n . sp . ( monogenea : ancyrocephalidae ) is described from the gills of the plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus , in the south platte river of nebraska . salsuginus thalkeni is distinguished from previously described species by measurements of sclerotized parts and by proportions ( measurement ratios ) , differences between dorsal and ventral hamuli , and angles between deep and superficial hamulus roots .
latin , fundus = bottom ; a peculiar name for a topminnow , coined for a bottom species of atlantic coast being
the abode of the fundulus mudfish
( ref . 45335 )
sigler and sigler ( 1987 ) ; hubbs et al . ( 1991 ) ; page and burr ( 1991 ) ; pflieger ( 1997 ) . fundulus kansae is considered a junior synonym ( poss and miller 1983 ) .
texas distribution : species ranges from the red river to the pecos river ( hubbs et al . 2008 ) . kreiser ( 2001 ) and kreiser et al . ( 2001 ) reported collection of this species from the pecos , brazos and red rivers ( the colorado river was not sampled in the study ) . warren et al . ( 2000 ) listed the following drainage units for distribution of fundulus zebrinus in the state : galveston bay ( including minor coastal drainages west to mouth of brazos river ) , brazos river , colorado river . species found in independence creek ( largest tributary of lower pecos river ; bonner et al . 2005 ) ; pedernales river ( tributary of the colorado river ; birnbaum 2005 ) ; lower rio grande ( minckley et al . 1991 ) . shute and allen ( 1980 ) listed distribution of f . zebrinus ( = fundulus z . zebrinus ) in the trinity , brazos , colorado , and rio grande / pecos drainages of texas . collected from the big bend region at garden springs ( mouth of tornillo creek and mouth of terlingua creek ) ; most likely introduced by bait bucket release ( hubbs 1957 ) .
populations in the southern united states are currently stable ( warren et al . 2000 ) . widespread and locally common ( minckley et al . 1991 ) . ostrand and wilde ( 2004 ) reported that fundulus zebrinus was a dominant species in pools sampled in the upper brazos river drainage , composing 7 . 1 % of the fish collected . in austin , texas , naturally occurring population in waller creek ( colorado river ) on the university of texas campus was eliminated by chemical pollution around 1946 ( edwards 1976 ; poss and miller 1983 ) .
this species ' range includes the red river , brazos river , colorado river , galveston bay , and pecos river drainages in texas and new mexico ( kreiser et al . 2001 ) . populations of the fundulus zebrinus - kansae group in southern montana , southwestern south dakota , northern and central wyoming , western colorado , eastern and southern utah , northwestern new mexico , northern arizona , and big bend region of texas are introduced ( poss and miller 1983 ) . introduced populations also occur in nevada ( glen clemmer pers . comm . 1998 ) .
reproductive strategy : gravid females were pursued by either single males , pairs of males or by groups of several males ; a spawning pair settled to the substrate where the female deposited eggs ; spawning pair either traveled to another site or the pair parted ( kodric - brown and mazzolini 1992 ) ; species observed to be interspecifically territorial in association with the pecos pupfish ( cyprinodon pecosensis ) . echelle ( 1970 ) observed fundulus zebrinus ( red river drainage , oklahoma ) noting that it is a bottom spawner ; males were observed attempting to defend breeding territories against red river pupfish ( cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis ) males .
north america : mississippi river and gulf slope basins in the usa from northern central montana to central wyoming and south to colorado river , brazos river , galveston bay and rio grande drainages in texas ( ref . 5723 ) . distinct from fundulus kansae which is found in the drainages north of the red river ( ref . 55961 ) .
drainage systems of the great plains and western gulf slope underwent substantial changes through diversions and stream captures during the pleistocene , either as the result of the glacial advances or through independent geologic processes . the distributions of a variety of fishes that range across west - central north america , such as the plains killifish ( fundulus zebrinus ) , are thought to be the product of this pleistocene influence . we examined the geographic pattern of genetic variation in f . zebrinus using three allozyme loci ( n = 793 ) , mitochondrial dna restriction fragment length polymorphisms ( rflps , n = 352 ) , and sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i ( coi , n = 23 ) in an attempt to understand the roles of dispersal and vicariance . the phylogeographic patterns were concordant between the allozyme and mitochondrial data with the exception of the population in the north canadian river . the populations fell into three geographic assemblages , which we designated as northern , central , and southern . a large phylogenetic break ( average roger ' s d = 0 . 702 ; average sequence divergence in rflps = 4 . 6 % ; average sequence divergence in coi = 5 . 5 % ) separated the northern / central and southern assemblages . the northern region was likely colonized sometime during the mid - pleistocene . fish in the brazos and pecos rivers probably reached these drainages through stream captures of the red river . the large phylogenetic break between the northern / central and southern clades supports previous attempts to recognize two species of plains killifish : f . zebrinus and f . kansae .
changes in the values of the shannon h ' diversity index as determined for individual hosts ( infraassemblage diversity ) , host samples ( sample assemblage diversity ) , and for species density are reported for an assemblage of 7 parasites in fundulus zebrinus in the platte river in nebraska for a 5 - yr period . the parasites were : myxosoma funduli ( gill ) , trichodina sp . ( gill ) , gyrodactylus bulbacanthus ( gill ) , salsuginus sp . ( gill ) , gyrodactylus stableri ( body surface ) , and neascus sp . ( = posthodiplostomum ; eyes and body cavity ) . in addition , relative abundance and equitability are given for each of the study years . mean infraassemblage diversity , sample assemblage diversity , species density , and equitability were all significantly negatively correlated with river streamflow ( measured in cubic feet per second ) of the year prior to the sample , but were independent of the concurrent year ' s streamflow . over the long term , m . funduli and trichodina sp . were the most , and g . bulbacanthus was the least , abundant . species pair prevalence and relative density correlations showed few long - term patterns of co - occurrence or microallopatry . the strongest association was between m . funduli and the neascus sp . and was attributed to similarities in ecological requirements of intermediate hosts .
mesohabitat : shallow , sandy , river edges , channels , and backwaters ( minckley et al . 1991 ) . according to ostrand and wilde ( 2001 ) , this species has high thermal , low dissolved oxygen , and high salinity tolerances : mean critical thermal maxima = 42 . 0 ± 0 . 2°c ; salinity tolerance = 43 ± 0 . 05‰ ; mean minimum dissolved oxygen tolerance = 1 . 25 ± 0 . 09 mg / l . a laboratory study suggested a relatively narrow optimal oxygen concentration for f . zebrinus ; species apparently possesses great capacity to sense and respond to oxygen conditions , which is adaptive toward life in western streams ( hill et al . 1978 ) . griffith ( 1974 ) reported tolerance of salinities as high as 89‰ . ostrand and wilde ( 2004 ) collected species from isolated pools in the upper brazos river drainage , texas ; found in pools with salinities as high as 110‰ . species occurs abundantly in the saline waters of the pecos river , texas ( hubbs 1957 ; rhodes and hubbs 1992 ) . f . zebrinus was one of seven species ( all tolerant of a wide range of salinities ) in communities that dominated areas of high conductivity , in the pecos river drainage , texas ( linam and kleinsasser 1996 ) . collected from the colorado river , texas , from sandy bottomed draws that periodically go dry ; water was highly saline to the taste , and salt encrustaceans were present on dry areas of the bed ( echelle et al . 1977 ) .
n . sp . ( monogenea : ancyrocephalidae ) from <
by john j . janovy jr . , tim r . ruhnke et al .
john j . janovy jr . , university of nebraska - lincoln follow tim r . ruhnke , west virginia state university follow terry a . wheeler , mcgill university follow
published in the journal of parasitology ( june 1989 ) 75 ( 3 ) : 344 - 347 . copyright 1989 , the american society of parasitologists . used by permission .
,
like a zebra ,
a reference to the vertical bars or stripes ( pflieger 1997 ) .
100 mm tl ( shute and allen 1980 ; page and burr 1991 ) .
coloration : dark olive back , fading to yellowish on sides and to silvery white on the belly ; 12 or more dark bands ( fewer and wider on male ) mark the sides . bright red fins on large male ( koster 1957 ; page and burr 1991 ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) .
: 47 ( 42 - 50 ) scale rows in lateral series ( texas populations ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) .
poss and miller ( 1983 ) reported that lateral scale row count varied from 38 - 58 [ based on specimens from the rio grande ( 39 - 53 ) ; pecos river ( 38 - 53 ) ; colorado river , texas ( 42 - 53 ) ; brazos river ( 41 - 50 ) ; red river and washita river ( 39 - 58 ) populations ] ; dorsal fin ray count varied from 11 - 17 [ pecos river 14 ( 11 - 16 ) ; colorado river , texas 14 ( 11 - 15 ) ; brazos river 14 ( 11 - 16 ) ; red river and washita river 15 ( 11 - 17 ) populations ] ; anal fin ray count varied from 9 - 14 [ pecos river 13 ( 11 - 14 ) ; colorado river , texas 13 ( 11 - 14 ) ; brazos river 12 ( 9 - 14 ) ; red river and washita river 13 ( 12 - 14 ) populations ] .
hubbs ( 1926 ) and koster ( 1957 ) listed count of 41 - 49 lateral scale rows for this species .
body shape : compressed , moderately elongated body with large head , wide mouth , and projecting lower jaw ( koster 1957 ) .
mouth position : terminal ; lower lip large and fleshy ( sublette et al . 1990 ) .
: lateral scales large ; gill slit not extending dorsal to uppermost pectoral fin ray ; distance from origin of dorsal fin to end of hypural plate less than distance from origin of dorsal fin to preopercle or occasionally about equal to that distance ( hubbs et al . 1991 ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) .
the least width of the preorbital ( flat bone between the eye and mouth ) is only one - half to two - thirds as great as diameter of the eye ( koster 1957 ) .
( northern plains killifish ) : dorsal fin long and rounded ; pectoral and pelvic fins ovate , pectorals much larger than pelvics ; anal fin elongate , sharply angulate ; caudal fin truncate ( sublette et al . 1990 ) . male has slight depression in the region of the urogenital papilla ; female has an oviducal sheath surrounding the urogenital region and the anterior edge of the anal fin ( bonham 1962 ) . males possess small slender contact organs , hooked forward , on the anal fin and adjacent portion of the body ( hubbs 1926 ) .
: reported from near the mouth of the black river , new mexico , where it was apparently maintained by immigration from resident populations in the adjacent pecos river ( cowley and sublette 1987 ; sublette et al . 1990 ) . species found in the rio grande / pecos drainage of new mexico ( shute and allen 1980 ; hubbs and echelle 1972 ) . pecos river , new mexico ( minckley et al . 1991 ) .
macrohabitat : found in shallows of ponds and streams at lower elevations in the pecos valley ( koster 1957 ) .
spawning season : in southwestern oklahoma ( red river drainage ) , echelle ( 1970 ) observed species spawning as early as march 28 and as late as october 27 .
food habits : echelle ( 1970 ) observed individuals ( red river drainage , oklahoma ) feeding at the surface as well as the bottom ; bottom feeding behavior involved “digging” and “nipping” . rabe et al . ( 1973 ) identified 12 algal genera from the foreguts and / or hindguts of specimens from oscar creek , oklahoma , and 28 algal genera were cultured from coffeepot creek , oklahoma specimens .
birnbaum , j . s . 2005 . associations of watershed and instream environmental factors with aquatic macrofauna in tributaries of the pedernales river , texas . m . s . thesis , texas a & m university , college station . 112 pp .
bonham , l . e . 1962 . ecology of a saline spring , boone ' s lick . m . a . thesis , univ . mo . , columbia . 89 pp .
bonner , t . h . , c . thomas , c . s . williams , and j . p . karges . 2005 . temporal assessment of a west texas stream fish assemblage . the southwestern naturalist 50 ( 1 ) : 74 - 106 .
cowley , d . e . , and j . e . sublette . 1987 . distribution of fishes in the black river drainage , eddy county , new mexico . southwestern naturalist 32 ( 2 ) : 213 - 221 .
echelle , a . a . 1970 . behavior and ecology of the red river pupfish , cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis . ph . d . dissertation , university of oklahoma , norman . 125 pp .
echelle , a . a . , a . f . echelle , and f . b . cross . 1977 . first records of cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis ( cyprinodontidae ) from the colorado and arkansas river systems , texas . the southwestern naturalist 22 ( 1 ) : 142 - 143 .
echelle , a . a . , a . f . echelle , and l . g . hill . 1972 . interspecific interactions and limiting factors of abundance and distribution in the red river pupfish , cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis . american midland naturalist 88 ( 1 ) : 109 - 130 .
edwards , r . j . 1976 . relative and seasonal abundance of fish fauna in an urban creek ecosystem . unpublished ma thesis , university of texas , austin .
hill , l . g . , w . j . matthews , and g . d . schnell . 1978 . locomotor reactions to two cyprinodontid fishes to differences in dissolved oxygen concentrations . the southwestern naturalist 23 ( 3 ) : 397 - 400 .
hubbs , c . 1957 . distributional patterns of texas fresh - water fishes . the southwestern naturalist 2 ( 2 / 3 ) : 89 - 104 .
hubbs , c . , and a . a . echelle . 1972 . endangered and non - game fishes of the upper rio grande basin . pp . 147 - 167 in : symposium on rare and endangered wildlife of the southwestern united states . new mexico dept . game and fish , santa fe .
hubbs , c . , r . j . edwards , and g . p . garrett . 1991 . an annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of texas , with keys to identification of species . texas journal of science , supplement 43 ( 4 ) : 1 - 56 .
hubbs , c . , r . j . edwards , and g . p . garrett . 2008 . an annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of texas , with keys to identification of species . texas journal of science , supplement , 2 nd edition 43 ( 4 ) : 1 - 87 .
hubbs , c . l . 1926 . studies of the fishes of the order cyprinodontes . vi . material for a revision of the american genera and species . misc . publ . mus . zool . univ . mich . 16 : 1 - 86 .
jordan , d . s . , and c . h . gilbert . 1883 . synopsis of the fishes of north america . u . s . nat . mus . bull . 16 : 1 - 1018 .
koster , w . j . 1957 . guide to the fishes of new mexico . university of new mexico press , albuquerque . 116 pp .
kreiser , b . r . , j . b . mitton , and j . d . woodling . 2000 . single versus multiple sources of introduced populations identified with molecular markers : a case study of a freshwater fish . biological invasions 2 : 295 - 304 .
linam , g . w . , and l . j . kleinsasser . 1996 . relationship between fishes and water quality in the pecos river , texas . texas parks and wildlife department , river studies report no . 9 , austin .
minckley , w . l . , g . k . meffe , and d . l . soltz . 1991 . conservation and management of short - lived fishes : the cyprinodontoids . pp . 247 - 282 in : minckley , w . l . , and j . e . deacon ( eds . ) . battle against extinction : native fish management in the american west . the university of arizona press , tucson , arizona . 517 pp .
ostrand , k . g . , and g . r . wilde . 2001 . temperature , dissolved oxygen , and salinity tolerances of five prairie stream fishes and their role in explaining fish assemblage patterns . trans . amer . fish . soc . 130 : 742 - 749 .
ostrand , k . g . , and g . r . wilde . 2004 . changes in prairie stream fish assemblages restricted to isolated streambed pools . trans . amer . fish . soc . 133 : 1329 - 1338 .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america , north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , 432 pp .
pflieger , w . l . 1997 . the fishes of missouri . missouri department of conservation , jefferson city , 372 pp .
rabe , j . r . , a . a . echelle , and h . e . schlicht . 1973 . viability of algae in digestive tracts of 2 cyprinodontids . progressive fish - culturist 35 ( 3 ) : 147 - 149 .
rhodes , k . , and c . hubbs . 1992 . recovery of pecos river fishes from a red tide fish kill . the southwestern naturalist 37 ( 2 ) : 178 - 187 .
sublette , j . e . , m . d . hatch , and m . sublette . 1990 . the fishes of new mexico . university of new mexico press , albuquerque . 393 pp .
warren , m . l . , jr . , b . m . burr , s . j . walsh , h . l . bart , jr . , r . c . cashner , d . a . etnier , b . j . freeman , b . r . kuhajda , r . l . mayden , h . w . robison , s . t . ross , and w . c . starnes . 2000 . diversity , distribution , and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern united states . fisheries , conservation 25 ( 10 ) : 7 - 29 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
mississippi river and gulf slope basins from north central missouri to central wyoming , and south to colorado river , brazos river , galveston bay , and rio grande ( primarily pecos river ) drainages , texas . mostly on great plains ( page and burr 1991 ) .
most introductions apparently originated from bait bucket releases . in western colorado , the species may have been introduced by bait bucket transfers or accidentally stocked as a contaminant with other species , although upstream expansion from utah cannot be ruled out ( woodling 1985 ) . it possibly spread downstream into the big horn river of montana from wyoming ( brown 1971 ) . the species has been introduced widely since about the 1930s ( poss and miller 1983 ) .
established in many areas of the colorado river above and below glen canyon dam ( poss and miller 1983 ) . presumably established in other localities mentioned .
poss and miller ( 1983 ) discussed the introduction history of this species and provided a dot distribution map distinguishing native and introduced records . according to lee et al . ( 1980 et seq . ) , many records represent natural occurrences ( e . g . , the yellowstone river drainage records in montana and wyoming , the cheyenne river records in wyoming and south dakota , the non - pecos records in the rio grande basin in texas ) ; however , poss and miller ( 1983 ) concluded these populations were introduced . holton ( 1990 ) found the species to be more widespread in montana than previously thought , inhabiting the little missouri and yellowstone drainages and the fort peck reservoir area ; thus , he suggested that the species may be native to the state . tyus et al . ( 1982 ) gave a map showing its distribution in the upper colorado basin . the plains killifish has never been collected in north dakota ( steinwand , personal communication ) even though it has been collected in the yellowstone river in montana near the montana / north dakota state line ( elser et al . 1980 ) . that area of western north dakota has been intensively surveyed ( steinwand , personal communication ) , so it is not likely that the species was overlooked .
bailey , r . m . and m . o . allum . 1962 . fishes of south dakota . miscellaneous publications of the museum of zoology , university of michigan , ann arbor , mi 119 : 1 - 131 .
brown , c . j . d . 1971 . fishes of montana . montana state university , bozeman , mt .
deacon , j . e . , and j . e . williams . 1984 . annotated list of the fishes of nevada . proceedings of the biological society of washington 97 ( 1 ) : 103 - 118 .
holden , p . b . , and c . b . stalnaker . 1975 . distribution and abundance of mainstream fishes of the middle and upper colorado river basins , 1967 - 1973 . transactions of the american fisheries society 104 ( 2 ) : 217 - 231 .
holton , g . d . 1990 . a field guide to montana fishes . montana department of fish , wildlife and parks , helena , mt . 104 pp .
hubbs , c . , r . j . edwards , and g . p . garrett . 1991 . an annotated checklist of freshwater fishes of texas , with key to identification of species . texas journal of science , supplement 43 ( 4 ) : 1 - 56 .
lee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 et seq . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , nc .
miller , r . r . , and c . h . lowe . 1967 . fishes of arizona . pages 133 - 151 in c . h . lowe , editor . the vertebrates of arizona , part 2 . university of arizona press , tucson , az .
minckley , w . l . 1973 . fishes of arizona . arizona fish and game department . sims printing company , inc . , phoenix , az .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . the peterson field guide series , volume 42 . houghton mifflin company , boston , ma .
schmidt , b . - chief fisheries mangement , division of wildlife resources , salt lake city , ut . response to nbs - g non - indigenous questionaire . 1992 .
sigler , f . f . , and r . r . miller . 1963 . fishes of utah . utah department of fish and game , salt lake city , ut . 203 pp .
sublette , j . e . , m . d . hatch , and m . sublette . 1990 . the fishes of new mexico . new mexico department of game and fish , university of new mexico press , albuquerque , nm . 393 pp .
tilmant , j . t . 1999 . management of nonindigenous aquatic fish in the u . s . national park system . national park service . 50 pp .
woodling , j . 1985 . colorado ' s little fish : a guide to the minnows and other lesser known fishes in the state of colorado . colorado division of wildlife , denver , co . 77 pp .
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? ; non - migratory . tropical ; 20°c - 25°c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 46°n - 29°n
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 ) ; common length : 6 . 9 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 3 years ( ref . 12193 )
inhabits shallow sandy runs , pools , and backwaters of headwaters , creeks and small to medium rivers . tolerates extremely alkaline and saline streams , and often found where few other fishes can survive . buries headfirst in sand and orients itself with only mouth and eyes are visible . this habit may protect the fish from intense sunlight or may help avoid predators , detect potential prey , or stream desiccation . 10 cm max tl ( ref . 5723 ) . not a seasonal killifish . is easy to maintain in the aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00603 ( 0 . 00250 - 0 . 01453 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tmax = 3 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of the fairly large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , apparently large population size , stable or slowly declining trend , and lack of major threats .
this species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . total population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 . this species is common throughout most of the native range in west and north texas ( mark gallyoun and gary garrett pers . comm . 1998 ) . trend over the past three generations is uncertain but probably relatively stable or slowly declining .
habitat includes runs , pools , backwaters , or edges of shallow ( rarely deeper than 15 cm ) , sandy - bottomed , turbid headwaters , creeks , and small to medium rivers with slow to moderate current ; many localities are highly alkaline or saline ( lee et al . 1980 , page and burr 2011 ) . this species commonly occurs in swift shallow water in southwestern kansas . spawning occurs in small shallow pools over sand or gravel / rubble bottoms .
currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
research curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
department of environmental , population and organismic biology , university of colorado , boulder 80309 , usa . brian . kreiser @ urltoken
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .


eupithecia correana is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in the regions of o'higgins ( colchagua province ) , maule ( curico province ) and araucania ( malleco province ) in chile .

the habitat consists of the northern valdivian forest biotic province .

the length of the forewings is about 7.5 mm for males and 7-7.5 mm for females .

the median area of the forewings is white or pale greyish white , contrasting with the dark brown basal area and faintly reddish brown distal area .

the hindwings are greyish white , with dark brown scales basally and pale greyish brown scales distally .

adults have been recorded on wing in january and february .

eupithecia correana

eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
the eupithecia ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) of chile . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 186 , article 3
eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
javascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .
full - text is provided in portable document format ( pdf ) . to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader . click here to download the latest version . the . epub version displays best on an ipad , but may work on other devices that accept . epub format . download directly to your device’s book reader ( e . g . , ibooks ) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .
bulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin , published continuously since 1881 , consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology , paleontology , and geology . current numbers are published at irregular intervals . the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers , while longer works appeared in the memoirs . however , in the 1920s , the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers . a new series , the novitates , published short papers describing new forms .
department of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 © american museum of natural history , 2011
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
if you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .
please consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?
chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
this article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .
crowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .
by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .
. ” on his return to spain he found his old regiment about to march fo . . . . . . t imitate that life of mine when i in lonely sadness on the great rock
there to pine ; thou , . . . . . . what thou dost ; touch it not unless thou wouldst lay down thy life as the
of thy rashness . ” the car - rier gave no heed to these words ( and he . . . . . . be with you , and keep in mind what you have promised and sworn under those
that have been already declared to you . ” so saying , he gave rocin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the
of fire . “no , ” said the niece , “there is no reason for showing merc . . . . . . ou , master nicholas , i say let this and ‘amadis of gaul’ be remit - ted the
of fire , and as for all the rest , let them perish with - out further . . . . . . never slept a day under a roof , went to their graves as much maids as the
that bore them . i say , then , that in these and other respects our g . . . . . . ar , hatred nor love , should make them swerve from the path of truth , whose
is history , rival of time , storehouse of deeds , witness for the past . . . . . . ked plough had not dared to rend and pierce the tender bowels of our first
, belonging to a genus that feeds on feathers ; a beetle ( quedius ) and * . . . . . . brating so rapidly as to be scarcely visible , i was reminded of the sphinx
: their movements and habits are indeed in many respects very similar . . . . . . . than any other race of animals . i allude only to the butterflies ; for the
, contrary to what might have been ex - pected from the rankness of the . . . . . . ads . nothing could be more interest - ing than some of the family groups . a
with one or two daughters would often come to our rancho , mounted on . . . . . . manner in which his laws were enforced . one of these was , that no man , on
of being put into the stocks , should carry his knife on a sunday : t . . . . . . ate individual , but likewise used them , as old spain had done before for a
settlement . en - gland claimed her right an seized them . the english - . . . . . . yages of the adventure and beagle , is in lat . 46 degs . 50 ' , in the gulf of
. it is 15 miles long , and in one part 7 broad and descends to the sea . . . . . . an rafael . the posi - tion of the glaciers at this place and in the gulf of
may be put even in a more striking point of view , for they descend to . . . . . . in charge of this same fortress . after we left south america , he paid the
in the usual manner , by being con - quered , taken prisoner , and shot . . .
that 60 don quixote have been already declared to you . ” so sayin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the
copyright © world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .
organic farming - externalities - biodiversity . . . nearly all non - crop , naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance and diversity . . . an average of 30 % more species inhabit organic farms . . . many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests . . .
nemertea . . . all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts ( turns inside - out ) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal ' s prey with venom . . . a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends , with which they attach to a host . . . chemoreceptors , and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli , which can detect light but not form an image . . .
orthoptera - life cycle . . . orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis . . . of sound is generally crucial in courtship , and most species have distinct songs . . . the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions . . .
nemertea - taxonomy . . . comprises 100 marine species . . . comprises about 400 species . . . includes seven species , of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail . . .
nemertea - description - nervous system and senses . . . most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords , many species have additional paired cords , and some species also have a dorsal cord . . . in some species the cords lie within the skin , but in most they are deeper , inside the muscle layers . . . some species have paired cerebral organs , sacs whose only openings are to the outside . . .
nature seemed to have adorned herself for our departure with a profusion of fringes and curls , mingled with the bright tints of flowers , reflected in the water . but we missed the white water - lily , which is the queen of river flowers , its reign being over for this season . . . . many of this
a man can go from being a lover to being a stranger in three moves flat . . . but a woman under the guise of friendship will engage in acts of duplicity which come to light very much later . there are different
to survive in a world full of stimuli ; but it prevents the survival of the aristocracy .