heppnerographa ecuatorica is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in ecuador .

the wingspan is about 12.5 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is yellowish brown , but paler beyond the end of the median cell near a whitish streak .

the hindwings are brownish cream , but more fuscous outwards .

heppnerographa ecuatorica

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heppnerographa circinnata is a species of moth of the tortricidae family which is endemic to venezuela .
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the species described to this date from venezuela are listed . 34 new species and 9 new genera are described :
razowski & wojtusiak , sp . n . two species are new to venezuela :
se da un listado de las especies descritas de venezuela hasta la fecha . se describen 34 nuevas especies y 9
razowski & wojtusiak , sp . n . dos especies son nuevas para venezuela :
mentioned in the literature ( e . g . , boscán martínez & godoy 1990 ) , there has been no compre -
hensive or even summary treatment of the tortricid fauna of that country . even the most significant con -
tribution to our knowledge of the venezuelan fauna , amsel’s ( 1956 - 1957 ) listed only two tortricids .
the goal of the present paper is to provide the first general overview of the tortricidae of venezuela .
tities or taxonomic status . instead , the primary objective is to present a list of all species described from
work . where relevant , new data on some of the known species also are presented . although preliminary ,
this study represents a critical first step in understanding the tortricid fauna of venezuela .
of the 45 species described from venezuela , two are synonyms . in the descriptive part of this pa -
per we add 34 new species , bringing the total to 79 . in comparison to other south american countries ,
seen through a comparison of taxonomic studies on specific groups of neotropical tortricinae ( e . g . ,
adamski 2003 ; brown , 1999 ; razowski , 1993 , 1994 , 1999 ; razowski & becker , 2000 ) .
thus any comparison among countries or regions is premature at present . however , even with our lim -
ited knowledge it appears that the most diverse tribes in the neotropics ( i . e . , cochylini , euliini ) also are
extremely species - rich in venezuela , but these are the groups that have received the greatest attention .
cordillera de mérida , province mérida , venezuela . two of them , monte zerpa and la culata , are situ -
ated in the central part of the massive called the serranía de la culata . the third , páramo el batallón , is
chama ( 8º 36’ n , 71º 10’ w ) on the southern slopes of the serranía de la culata . the site is at 3025 m
elevation near a trail leading from mérida to páramo de los conejos , in forest - paramo ecotone . the
cloud forest vegetation at the site is relatively undisturbed , largely exhibiting its primary character .
as follows : 2000 m , 14 . 8º c ; 2500 m , 11 . 8º c ; 3000 m , 8 . 7º c . mean precipitation in mérida is 1743
mm at 1600 m and 2025 mm at 2000 m ( veillon , 1989 ) . during the dry season , which extends from
january to the end of march , the slopes of the mountains are free of clouds only early in the morning .
later in the day clouds build up quickly , and the sun usually is completely obscured between 11 . 00 and
páramo zumbador to the south and by páramo la negra to the north . the collection site , quebrada de
cotíes facing southwards toward bailadores , about 300 m below the upper limit of the cloud forest .
zone between the cloud forest and subparamo vegetation . the climate of this part of the mountains is
characterized by high precipitation , low temperatures , strong winds , and limited sunshine .
powered by batteries . collections were made consistently between 19 . 00 and 22 . 30 hrs .
. – collection site in páramo el batallón on the road from bailadores to pregonero .
holotype , male : “venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el rosal , vía san josé de bolí -
var , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1966 , leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 40 .
paratypes : male , venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el rosal , vía san josé de bolí -
var , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1966 , leg . j . wojtusiak ; male : venezuela , páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos ,
2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak .
description : male . wing span 24 mm ( 23 mm in one paratype ) . head cream , labial palpus 1 . 5 ,
dirty white sprinkled with brownish ; thorax brownish . forewing weakly expanding terminally , termen
basally and near dorsum , mixed with rust in posterior half of wing . costa tinged grey basally , costal
and terminal dots blackish . pattern brown in form of two elongate marks extending from median area
of costa connected in median cell by a paler mark ; some brownish dots at mid - termen . cilia cream ; a
few divisions brown . hindwing cream slightly tinged brownish at apex ; cilia pale cream .
holotype male : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte zerpa , 3250 m , 13 - ii - 1996 , leg .
description : male . wing span 21 mm . head grey , labial palpus over 2 , greyish sprinkled with dark
grey ; vertex and thorax brownish . forewing broadest at 2 / 3 where costa bent . ground colour cream
sprinkled dark brown . cilia cream with brown divisions . hindwing cream slightly tinged brownish to -
holotype male : “venezuela , tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el batallón , san josé de bolívar , 4 -
iii - 1996 , 2950 m , leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 80 . allotype , female : venezuela , cordillera de mérida , vuelta
de lola , 23 - ii - 1996 , 1950 m , leg . j . wojtusiak ; gs 79 .
description : male . wing span ca 35 mm . labial palpus 4 , whitish sprinkled with brownish ; vertex
and thorax slightly browner . forewing pale brownish cream , densely sprinkled and suffused with
brownish especially along dorsum ; three brown dots at costa subapically . cilia concolorous with
ground colour . hindwing cream , slightly tinged with brownish apically , with fine brownish strigulation .
distinctly suffused with brown ; brown suffusion on vein cua1 . hindwing slightly darker than in male ,
female genitalia ( fig . 105 ) : papillae anales slender , tapering terminad , well sclerotized ; apophy -
etymology : the species name refers to the asymmetry of the sacculus ; greek : cholo - lame .
holotype male : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte zerpa , 3070 m , 20 - ii - 1996 , leg .
description : male . wing span 26 mm . head whitish , labial palpus whiter above , tinged pale
ochreous to middle laterally ; thorax white cream , base of tegula tinged brownish . forewing slightly ex -
panding terminally , termen fairly oblique . ground colour white cream , sprinkled and partially suffused
and costal markings pale brownish ; some brown dots along termen . cilia concolorous with ground
etymology : the species name refers to the asymmetry of the sacculus ; latin : claudia - lame .
description : female : wing span ca 26 mm . head and thorax whitish , labial palpus ca 2 . 5 .
brown spot and tornal spot ; broad subterminal brownish grey blotch extending from tornus to costa .
female genitalia ( fig . 106 ) : eighth tergite large , rounded proximally ; apophyses long ; sterigma ex -
posterior part rather small , armed with a pair of wing - shaped lateral plates ; corpus bursae small , spinose .
is much larger . the female genitalia differ from all known species of the tribe .
directed proximally ; vesica with three strong , capitate , spine - like cornuti .
etymology : the genus name is an anagram of the type - species . feminine .
holotype , male : “venezuela , páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos , 2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j .
wojtusiak” ; gs 75 . allotype , female ( gs 74 ) and one paratype , male with same labels .
description : male . wing span ca 17 mm . head pale brownish cream , labial palpus ca 3 , browner
than head ; thorax slightly darker than head , tegula with postbasal brown strip . forewing expanding
posteriorly ; costa weakly convex ; apex fairly long ; termen oblique , sinuate . ground colour pale brown -
with brown proximal edges . cilia concolorous with ground colour . hindwing , browner in apical third .
hindwing cream , tinged yellowish in distal third , with weak strigulation . cilia cream . male paratype
female : as described for male , except darker , with distinct brown median fascia .
male genitalia ( figs 51 , 52 ) : as described for the genus .
sal thorns present on all but median portion ; juxta small ; aedeagus slender , vesica without cornuti .
in the broad uncus , broad gnathos arms , and thorny transtilla . the dorso - basal process of the
powell & brown , 1991 it differs in lack of sclerite of corpus bursae . they also are similar to
m , 4 - iii ; monte zerpa 3070 m , , 20 - ii ; la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii .
description : male . wing span ca 20 mm . head brownish grey , labial palpus ca 3 , brownish lateral -
ly , greyish above ; thorax brownish , scaled with grey . forewing expanding terminally ; costa convex ;
apex rather short ; termen fairly oblique , slightly sinuate . ground colour reddish , densely sprinkled grey ,
strigulated rust - red ; costal half of underside tinged ferruginous . cilia brownish ochreous to mid - termen ,
concolorous with ground colour towards tornus . hindwing creamy white with grey strigulation in apex
area ; cilia whitish . forewing of paratype rubbed , much more grey than in holotype .
female : as described for male , except one paratype browner , with dense darker strigulation .
male genitalia ( fig . 53 ) : uncus broad ; socius slender ; gnathos arms broad , dentate latero - posteri -
female genitalia ( fig . 108 ) : papilla analis broad ; anteostial part of sterigma very large , rather
description : male . wing span 21 mm . head and thorax brownish grey , labial palpus ca 4 , brown -
suffused with purple rust , with darker strigulae and dots . trace of median marking and indistinct sub -
apical spots brown . cilia grey . underside brownish grey , orange rust in costal third . hindwing dirty
etymology : the species name refers to its type locality , mt . zerpa .
holotype female : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtu -
description : female . wing span 26 mm . head dirty cream , vertex slightly darker ; labial palpus ca
6 , browner ; thorax cream , tinged with brownish grey . forewing weakly expanding terminad ; costa con -
vex to before middle ; termen weakly oblique , somewhat sinuate . ground colour cream brown , suffused
with brown , sprinkled and dotted with dark brown . markings pale grey brown , dotted with blackish
terminal fascia parallel to termen , followed by terminal suffusion . underside tinged with brownish fer -
ruginous mainly in apex third and subcostally . hindwing cream ; strigulae and spots greyish ; cilia
female genitalia ( fig . 109 ) : papilla analis large , broadening proximally ; apophyses very slender .
holotype male : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , la culata , 3500 m , 4 - ii - 1996 , leg j . wojtusi -
description : male . wing span 29 mm . head and thorax chestnut brown , labial palpus ca 3 , brown -
er , tinged grey above . forewing slightly expanding terminally ; costa curved outward mostly in distal
third ; apex very short ; termen rather not oblique to 2 / 3 . wing chestnut brown , sprinkled brownish ;
strigulation and veins browner . cilia paler than wing , tinged with pinkish . hindwing cream , slightly
tinged brownish on periphery , with weak strigulation . cilia cream brownish , paler towards anal portion
male genitalia ( figs . 56 , 57 ) : uncus slightly convex postmedially ; socius slender in basal half ; ter -
holotype male : “venezuela , páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos , 2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg j .
description : male . wing span ca 30 mm . head and thorax whitish scaled brownish ; labial palpus
ca 3 , dark brown , whitish dorsally . forewing broad , somewhat expanding terminally ; costa convex ,
mostly at middle ; apex rounded ; termen weakly oblique . ground colour whitish , sprinkled greyish rust
especially in dorsal half of wing , with pinkish grey in terminal third and in part at costa . markings grey
ly . cilia concolorous with ground colour , brownish grey in costal third . hindwing greyish cream ,
whiter towards base , densely strigulated cream grey ; cilia ( worn ) concolorous with wing .
diagnosis : this species is easily distinguished by it large size and distinct colouration . it likely is
etymology : the specific epithet refers to large size of the moth ; greek : colossos - gigantic .
gnathos broad , minutely bristled terminally ; terminal plate strong , short . costa of valva distinct ; disc
large lateral sclerites connected by membrane ; juxta simple ; aedeagus slender , bifid .
is distinct in the shapes of the transtilla , uncus , and eighth abdominal segment of the female .
etymology : the genus name is an anagram of the name of type - species .
holotype male : “venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el rosal , vía san josé de bolí -
var , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg j . wojtusiak” ; gs 25 . allotype , female from páramo el rosal , 3000 m , 3 -
description : male . wing span 24 mm ( in paratypes 24 - 26 mm ) . head ochreous cream , labial pal -
pus over 2 . 5 , darker ; thorax rusty ochreous . forewing somewhat expanding posteriorly ; costa gently
convex ; apex short , slightly oblique , weakly sinuate . ground colour yellow , tinged ochreous ; strigula -
tion , dots , and some veins brownish ochreous . markings brownish ochreous with some browner dots
fasciae ; apex tinged rust . cilia darker than ground colour , brown at apex , more ochreous cream at tor -
slender , dorsal arm one thirds as long , twice as broad ; coecum penis slender ; cornuti absent .
female genitalia ( fig . 110 ) : papilla analis rather well sclerotized ; apophyses posteriores long ;
apophyses anteriores very short ; ostium in a collar , open proximally ; antrum sclerite small . otherwise
var , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg j . wojtusiak” ; gs 27 .
paratypes : 4 males : venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el rosal , vía san josé de
description : male . wing span 26 mm . head and thorax creamy brownish ; labial palpus ca 2 ,
slightly browner . forewing broadest at middle ; termen oblique , almost straight . ground colour cream
brownish , sprinkled with brownish . markings brown , consisting of costal remnants of postbasal fascia
and median fascia , subapical suffusion and a curved row of dots representing subterminal fascia . cilia
concolorous with ground colour . hindwing cream , somewhat mixed with brownish on periphery ; cilia
cream . variation . some specimens with brownish ground colour and more complete brown markings .
male genitalia ( figs . 62 , 63 ) : uncus rather short , with strong lateral lobes ; gnathos simple ; valva
minal process ; vesica with a single , long cornutus ; anellus above aedeagus provided with bristles .
female genitalia ( fig . 111 ) : sterigma large , rather weakly sclerotized , with median postostial plate
and postero - lateral spinulate lobes ; antrum short , broad [ corpus bursae damaged ] .
seven specimens collected by j . wojtusiak , of which 4 from cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte
vuelta de lola , 22 - ii ; 1 from cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte zerpa , 3250 m , 13 - ii .
the species was known from a few specimens from different parts of venezuela . the male geni -
description : male . wing span 22 mm . head cream , thorax more yellow , with brown basal spot of
tegula ; labial palpus 1 . 5 , brownish along middle of outer side . forewing slightly expanding terminad ;
apex rather short ; termen somewhat oblique , weakly sinuate . ground colour yellowish cream ; costal
ed with one another by small prominences of subtornal and submedian parts of their edges . cilia con -
colorous with ground colour . hindwing whitish cream , slightly darker at apex , with traces of greyish
pecially in the possession of a strong process of the postbasal part of sacculus .
etymology : the name refers to the presence of a long terminal plate of the gnathos ; ceros - a horn .
description : male . wing span ca 20 mm . head and thorax snow white ; labial palpus ca 2 , tinged
tively straight , weakly oblique . ground colour white , with traces of grey dorsal dots , somewhat darker
darker marks . cilia whitish , browner at apex , with rust divisions medially . hindwing white , tinged
from ecuador , from which it can be distinguished by the broad distal part of the uncus . the colouration
is very distinct : ground colour of the forewing clear white , with the blotches brownish black .
holotype male : “venezuela , páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos , 2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 . leg . j .
description . male . wing span 16 mm . head dirty cream ; labial palpus ca 1 . 5 tinged brown espe -
cially dorso - laterally ; thorax cream tinged with brownish . forewing not expanding posteriorly ; costa
weakly convex ; apex short , rounded ; termen weakly oblique , rather straight . ground colour cream
tinged pale yellowish brown , darker in distal half , strigulated and partly suffused with brownish . mark -
minal fasciae indistinct , greyish brown . cilia concolorous with ground colour . hindwing cream , whiter
at base , more brownish yellow on periphery , with indistinct brownish strigulation . cilia concolorous
broadening terminally ; aedeagus broad to middle , with slender terminal part ; cornutus small .
etymology : the name refers to the type - locality , quebrada de los píos .
basal third ; in hindwing m3 - cua1 very close to one another at median cell .
membrane , each with a large apodeme of muscle ; aedeagus slender ; caulis small ; cornutus a single spine .
eral parts of the sterigma , the presence of distinct apodemes , and a broad aedeagus . in the shapes of un -
description : male . wing span 13 mm . head and thorax brown ; labial palpus ca 2 , creamy , brown
along middle of second joint and terminally . forewing weakly expanding terminally , broadest at 2 / 3 of
costa where distinctly bent . wing brown with indistinct darker transverse lines in posterior half ; cilia
brown . hindwing dirty whitish in basal part , brownish on periphery ; cilia pale brownish .
male genitalia ( figs . 70 , 71 ) : as described for the genus .
description : male . wing span 22 mm . head pale ochreous cream , thorax brownish grey , tegula
edged laterally with cream ; labial palpus 1 . 3 , pale brownish , cream terminally . forewing weakly ex -
panding terminally , termen rather not oblique , tolerably straight . ground colour cream , slightly tinged
ochreous , sprinkled and dotted with brown . markings brown , consisting of remnants of basal blotch ,
median fascia , and subterminal fascia . cilia cream ; divisions brown . hindwing brownish , cilia mostly
var , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 7 .
description : male . wing span 29 mm . head and thorax creamy brownish ; labial palpus ca 1 . 5 ,
straight ; apex triangular followed by distinct concavity of termen . ground colour cream brownish
veins ; distal part of wing more strongly suffused , with small cream spots . costa spotted brown ; sub -
apical blotch divided into three costal and one inner spots ; some brown dots present . median fascia
rudimentary , diffuse , brownish . cilia [ worn ] cream brown with brownish basal line . hindwing cream ,
tinged with brownish in apical third , with weak brownish strigulation . cilia cream , tinged with pale
etymology : the species name is derived from the name of type locality : batallón .
one specimen from venezuela , cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte zerpa , 3070 m , 20 - ii .
similar male genitalia from various countries from mexico to ecuador . an examination of the female
genitalia should resolve the conspecificity of the venezuelan specimens with those from costa rica .
m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak” , gs 35 .
description : male . wing span 20 - 23 . 5 mm , 2 mm in holotype . head pale brownish , thorax darker
brown , labial palpus brown , 1 . 5 . forewing slightly expanding terminally , termen fairly oblique , rela -
brownish scales and browner strigulation . markings chestnut brown , dark brown in costal and median
blotch accompanied by a subtornal spot . cilia ochreous , blackish at apex , greyer at tornus . hindwing
whitish , mixed with pale brownish cream in distal half , with indistinct brownish strigulation . cilia
cream brownish , whitish in anal area . variation . ground colour of forewing more or less dark , in some
female genitalia ( fig . 112 ) : cup - shaped part of sterigma large ; ductus bursae long with rather
fers in the rounded apical part of the uncus , the short cornuti , and the long ductus bursae .
etymology : the specific epithet is based on the spanish name “cordillera” or mountain range .
description : male . wing span 17 mm . head brownish , labial palpus ca 1 . 5 ; thorax brownish ,
weakly oblique , relatively straight . ground colour dirty pink , rather dark , with ill - defined strigulae .
markings dark brown , paler in basal and distal part of wing where tinged yellowish or grey . basal
to costal and subterminal parts ; terminal fascia ill - defined , best developed below apex . cilia pale rust .
tinguished by its much shorter uncus and smaller valva . the ventral aspect of the uncus is similar to
etymology : the name refers to colouration of forewing ; latin : ferrugineus - rusty .
leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 71 . paratype an identically labelled male .
pus ca 1 . 5 ; thorax concolorous with head , scaled with brown . forewing costa convex to middle then
ing mid - costa . ground colour pale brownish cream , sprinkled with brownish , with some brown suffu -
sions and costal dots . markings ill - defined , consisting of brown remnants of basal blotch , median fas -
cia , and subterminal fascia ; spot at apex . cilia brownish cream . hindwing cream , darker on periphery ;
similar externally and in the male genitalia . it is readily distinguished by the large , broad , terminally
description : male . wing span 19 mm . head cream , vertex tinged brownish , labial palpus over 2 ,
browner ; thorax brownish cream with browner suffusions . forewing distinctly expanding terminally , ter -
men oblique weakly concave towards middle . ground colour white cream , somewhat glossy in distal third
of wing ; suffusions pale ochreous . markings ochreous , browner at dorsum in form of transverse fasciae ,
dorsum where ochreous scaled with brownish black . cilia pale cream ; divisions light ochreous . hindwing
whitish cream tinged pale ochreous in distal area , with brownish ochreous strigulation . cilia white cream .
etymology : the name refers to the shape of end of socius ; circinnatus - rounded .
holotype male : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusi -
description : wing span ca 22 mm . head and thorax greenish , labial palpus ca 3 , white dorsally
and terminally , black laterally ; base of tegula black . forewing expanding posteriorly , costa weakly con -
ing mid - costa . ground colour greenish white along distal half of costa , edges of median blotch and sub -
large , black , greyer subcostally , atrophying at costa . cilia greenish white with some black scales at
apex and mid - termen . hindwing white tinged greyish brown in apex area ; cilia white .
etymology : the species epithet refers to colouration of forewing ; latin : chlorizans - verdant .
wing rs - m1 strongly approaching to one another in basal thorn ; m3 - cua1 on a very short stalk .
colliculum membranous ; cingulum weakly sclerotized extending distally ; cornuti two , funnel - shaped .
mini as the shape of cornuti , sterigma and signa show . its supposed autapomorphies are the shape of
3250 m , 20 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak” ; 1 specimen : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , mérida , monte
zerpa , 3270 m , 24 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak ; 1 specimen : “venezuela , cordillera de mérida , la culata ,
description : wing span 19 - 20 mm . head greyish with slight brownish cream admixture ; labial
palpus ca 3 , broad terminally , brownish ; thorax slightly darker than head . forewing slender ; costa gen -
tly gradually convex ; termen somewhat oblique , slightly concaving towards middle . ground colour
of costa ochreous rusty . markings grey sprinkled or spotted with brownish grey ; basal blotch incom -
plete , darkest along middle , protruding as a median rust spot , marked with black at dorsum . median
ish . cilia whitish suffused with greyish , grey at apex and near middle distally . hindwing whitish tinged
male genitalia ( figs 86 , 87 ) : as described with the genus .
description : in male costal fold slender reaching mid - costa . venation : in forewing remnant of
costa ; termen oblique , distinctly concave at middle . ground colour creamy in basal half and in specu -
of wing black . cilia blackish grey . hindwing whitish tinged pale brownish creamy in distal third ; cilia
wojtusiak” ; gs 74 . paratypes : 1 male from stan tachira , p . n . batallón , páramo el rosal , vía san josé de
bolívar , 2900 m , 4 - iii and 1 male : venezuela , páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos , 2950 m , 4 - iii .
description : wing span 17 mm . head , thorax and end of labial ( 1 . 5 ) palpus white the latter with
two black fasciae , head tinged sea - green . forewing slender , expanding terminad with costa hardly con -
vex ; termen oblique to beyond middle , then convex ; costal fold to beyond middle . ground colour white
sea - green , whitish along costa and inside speculum . costal and median areas black to termen beneath
colorous dots ; basal area strigulated with whitish . cilia black - grey with whitish interruptions near mid -
etymology : the species name refers to the geographic name quebrada de los píos .
iii ; 1 specimen in cordillera de mérida , la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii .
this species was described and known to date only from colombia . the description of genitalia
female genitalia ( fig . 114 ) : ovipositor long ; cup - shaped part of sterigma long probably fusing
description : wing span ca 20 mm . head whitish , labial palpus over 2 concolorous dorsally ,
brownish laterally with two brown strips ; thorax creamy , base of tegula brown . forewing somewhat ex -
at middle ; costal fold slender reaching to beyond third of costa . ground colour whitish slightly sprin -
kled and strigulated with brown ; costal strigulae blackish , dorsal dots minute . markings brownish
accompanied by much lighter subdorsal part and terminal fascia . cilia whitish strongly mixed with
blackish , white at tornus . hindwing whitish tinged with grey in terminal third , with darker strigulation ;
termen more oblique , indistinctly concave . ground colour tinged pale ochreous especially toward apex ,
dotted brown - black throughout . markings brown - black , distinct ; median fascia beneath median cell
grey and pale ochreous ; terminal fascia rust ochreous brown edged between apex and mid - termen .
ly ; arms of henion slender , long ; aedeagus proportionally small , slender .
female genitalia ( fig . 115 ) : cup - shaped part of sterigma short , postostial part broad , straight ter -
minally ; cingulum sclerite long ; signa two , one smaller than the other .
disc bristled and hairy ; anellus forming a broad sclerite around aedeagus ; this last slender , simple .
is distinct by large dentate socii , the long , rod like uncus and the well sclerotized anellus .
etymology : the genus name is referable to the locality name , la culata in the cordillera de mérida .
description : wing span 18 mm . head pale ochreous creamy , thorax slightly darker ; labial palpus
ca 2 , creamy brown with two brown transverse fasciae . forewing slightly expanding terminad , costa
ta and obliquely from there to before tornus ; paler green suffusion in middle subterminally . strigulation
lines . dorsum brownish black to middle and towards tornus , paler from mid - costa to apex . cilia grey -
male genitalia ( figs 96 , 97 ) : uncus very long , slender , pointed ; socius very broad , dentate . other -
etymology : the species name refers to the shape of socii ; latin : asymmetricus - asymmetric .
description : wing span 20 mm . head and thorax greenish white ; labial palpus broad , greenish
above , black in ventro - lateral part . forewing slender , expanding terminally ; costal fold to middle ; apex
short , rounded ; termen oblique , concave just beneath middle . ground colour greenish , with white spots
before and beneath apex . markings and spots along costa and dorsum black ; median fascia tinged pale
by means of pale ochreous and greyish suffusions . cilia greenish , black at apex . hindwing whitish
description : wing span 16 mm . head whitish , brownish laterally , labial palpus ca 2 , analogically
coloured with whitish terminal joint ; thorax whitish , tegula brown . forewing slightly expanding termi -
middle of costa , brownish grey . ground colour whitish sprinkled and dotted with brownish ; costal
lum ; the latter without inner spots or refractive markings ; terminal area greyish brown , apex darker .
cilia whitish densely scaled with brown , brownish terminally . hindwing whitish tinged pale brownish
description : wing span ca 21 mm . head creamy brown , head paler , labial palpus ca 3 , rather con -
colorous , paler basally . forewing not expanding terminally , apex rounded , termen oblique , concave be -
neath middle . ground colour creamy brownish sprinkled with brown ; a few brown dots along dorsum .
cilia brownish grey , whitish at tornus . hindwing slender , creamy , tinged with brownish distally ; cilia
incision ; cucullus rather small , ovate , without pollex ; aedeagus slender , fairly long .
zeller , 1877 from colombia . it differs from it in much shorter uncus and more elongate extending ven -
description : labial palpus long , costal fold of forewing absent or rudimentary . venation : in forewing
site base of chorda ; in hindwing rs - m1 closely approaching basally , m3 - cua1 stalked to middle .
slender , ventral incision short ; cucullus slender , long ; aedeagus short ; henion short .
in olethreutini but the female genitalia are of the eucosmine type . two species included .
3070 m , 20 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 15 .
description : wing span 21 mm in holotype , 20 mm in female paratype . head and thorax creamy
sparcely scaled with brownish grey ; labial palpus 3 , white with brownish marks . forewing weakly ex -
minal markings indistinct ; speculum with a few brown dots . cilia ( worn ) , whitish . cilia creamy ,
female genitalia ( fig . 116 ) : sclerite of cingulum weak ; signa equal in size .
leg . j . wojtusiak” ; gs 117 . allotype an identically labelled female , gs 118 .
description : wing span 26 mm in holotype , 23 mm in paratype . forewing broad , costa convex ,
apex very short , rounded ; termen weakly oblique , somewhat concave beneath apex . ground colour
with similar suffusions between veins of posterior fourth of wing . costal strigulae blackish brown , con -
dots ; other markings ill - defined . cilia creamy with blackish median line and a few dividings . hindwing
female genitalia ( fig . 117 ) : cup - shaped part of sterigma fairly broad with rather differentiated
proximal portion ; sclerite of cingulum fairly well developed ; one signum large , one minute .
etymology : the species name refers to the number of species included in the genus .
one specimen from páramo el batallón , quebrada de los píos , 2950 m , 4 - iii .
the authors express special thanks to dr . john w . brown , washington , usa , who not only dis -
cussed some important systematic questions but also edited the text of this paper . we also thank dr .
joaquin baixeras , valencia , spain and mr . kevin r . tuck , london , england , for comparing specimens
with their material in their care and providing taxonomic suggestions . we also thank mr . artur czekaj
for digital arrangement of plates , dr . jolanta górska - andrzejak for preparation of the genitalia and mr .
for digital arrangement of the plates . we want to express our special thanks to dr .
tomasz pyrcz for his help and assistance in the field work . the field works were supported by the grant
ds - zoological museum of jagiellonian university , 1996 . we want also thank dr . angel l . viloria and
mr . jesús camacho , caracas , venezuela , for their assistance in the field , and mr . magaly quiroz , cara -
brown , j . w . , 1999 . – a new euliine genus from costa rica and venezuela ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . –
: 138 - 152 . checklist , part 2 , hyblaeoidea - pyraloidea - tortricoidea .
razowski , j . & becker , v . o . , 2000 . – a review of the new world chlidanotini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . –
razowski & wojtusiak , sp . n . , paratype ( gs 5 ) ;
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bullockus pseudovarai is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

bullockus pseudovarai

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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : bullockus pseudovarai w . g . lyons & snyder , 2008 - id : 1972655769
belongs to bullockus according to w . g . lyons and m . a . snyder 2008
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
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full reference : w . g . lyons and m . a . snyder . 2008 . new genera and species of peristerniinae ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) from the caribbean region , with comments on the fasciolariid fauna of bermuda . the veliger 50 ( 3 ) : 225 - 240
average measurements ( in mm ) : shell 82 . 3 x 27 . 7
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new genera and species of peristerniinae ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) from the caribbean region , with comments on the fasciolariid fauna of bermuda veliger 50 225 - 240 .
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the taiwanese gray shrew ( crocidura tanakae ) is a species of mammal in the family soricidae .

previously believed to be endemic to taiwan , it is now also known to occur in vietnam .

taiwanese gray shrew

crocidura grandis miller , 1911 – greater mindanao shrew , mount malindang shrew , mt . malindang shrew
crocidura religiosa ( i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1827 ) – egyptian pygmy shrew
crocidura viaria ( i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1834 ) – savanna path shrew
crocidura flavescens ( i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1827 ) – greater red musk shrew
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bones and genes : resolution problems in three vietnamese species of crocidura ( mammalia , soricomorpha , soricidae ) and the description of an additio . . . - pubmed - ncbi
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
bones and genes : resolution problems in three vietnamese species of crocidura ( mammalia , soricomorpha , soricidae ) and the description of an additional new species .
pmid : 23840165 pmcid : pmc3701231 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 313 . 4823
geographical distribution of sampling localities in vietnam : 1 lao cai province , ngai tio 2 lao cai province , sa pa district 3 lao cai province , van ban district 4 lao cai province , thai nien 5 lao cai province , pa kha 6 ha giang province , mt . tay con linh ii 7 tuyen quang province 8 vinh phu province , tam dao 9 hai phong province , cat ba island 10 ha tinh province , huong son district 11 quang binh province , phong nha - ke bang national park 12 quang tri province , huong hoa nature reserve 13 quang nam – da nang provinces , ba na nature reserve 14 kon tum province , ngoc linh mt . 15 kon tum province , dak to 16 lam dong province , da lat 17 lam dong province , bi doup - nui ba nature reserve 18 khanh hoa province , hon ba mt .
comparison of crania of crocidura wuchihensis ( amnh 274153 ) , crocidura sapaensis ( zin 96433 ) and crocidura indochinensis ( zin 97668 ) . top row from left to right : dorsal views of the skulls of crocidura wuchihensis , crocidura sapaensis and crocidura indochinensis , ventral views of the skulls in the same order . lower row : left lateral view of skulls and mandibles from left to right of crocidura wuchihensis , crocidura sapaensis and crocidura indochinensis .
occlusal ( left ) and lingual ( right ) views of right lower third molar to show differences in development of the talonid . upper row left crocidura wuchihensis amnh 274168 ; upper row right crocidura sapaensis zin 96439 ; lower row crocidura indochinensis zin 97671 . scale equals 1 mm .
bivariate plot to show differences in skull size and relative tail length . horizontal axis : condyloincisive length ; vertical axis : ratio of tail length to condyloincisive length .
comparison of crania of crocidura tanakae ( zin 91190 ) and crocidura attenuata ( amnh 274152 ) . top row from left to right : dorsal views of the skulls of crocidura tanakae and crocidura attenuata , ventral views of the skulls in the same order . lower row : left lateral view of skulls and mandibles from left to right of crocidura tanakae and crocidura attenuata .
above : occlusal view of left upper premolar of crocidura tanakae ( zin 91205 ) left and crocidura attenuata ( amnh 274232 ) right . below : palatal sutures of the same specimens in the same order . scales equal 1 mm .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its fairly wide distribution in south china and indochina , presumed large population , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
it occupies grassland , secondary forest , bamboo thickets and pastures ( smith and xie 2008 ) .
there are no known conservation measures in place for this species . in china , it has been regionally red listed , as c . attenuata , as least concern ( wang and xie 2004 ) . this species is found in many protected areas in vietnam including tam dao national park , phong nha - ke bang national park , bi doup - nui ba national park , ba vi national park , huong hoa nature reserve , and bu gia map nature reserve ( a . v . abramov pers . comm . ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
this species is endemic to taiwan , province of china ( smith and xie 2008 ) . it occupies elevations from sea level up to 2 , 200 m asl ( smith and xie 2008 ) .
katja schulz merged another page with < i > crocidura tanakae < / i > kuroda , 1938 .
katja schulz moved the classifications by ncbi taxonomy from < i > crocidura tanakae < / i > kuroda , 1938 to crocidura .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
comments : eurasian species revised by jenkins ( 1976 ) , indomalayan and philippine species by heaney and ruedi ( 1994 ) and ruedi ( 1995 ) , chinese species by jiang and hoffmann ( 2001 ) . phenetic and phylogenetic relationships of african and palearctic species studied by butler et al . ( 1989 ) , maddalena ( 1990 ) and mclellan ( 1994 ) , and of asian and indomalayan species by heaney and ruedi ( 1994 ) , ruedi ( 1996 ) , and ruedi et al . ( 1998 ) . karyotypes of se asian species described by ruedi and vogel ( 1995 ) , those of . . .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
© 2002–2012 mdi biological laboratory . all rights reserved . © 2012–2018 mdi biological laboratory & nc state university . all rights reserved . data updated june 26 , 2018 revision 15488


physalaemus moreirae is a species of frog in the family leptodactylidae .

it is endemic to the serra do mar in the são paulo state , brazil .

physalaemus moreirae

the tadpole of physalaemus moreirae ( anura : leiuperidae ) doi : 10 . 1655 / herpetologica - d - 11 - 00004 . 1
caramaschi , u . and caramaschi , e . p . 1991 . reassessment of the type - locality and synonymy of physalaemus moreirae ( miranda - ribeiro , 1937 ) ( anura : leptodactylidae ) . journal of herpetology : 107 - 108 .
provete , d . b . , garey , m . v . , dias , n . y . n . & rossa - feres , d . c . ( 2011 ) the tadpole of physalaemus moreirae ( anura : leiuperidae ) . herpetologica , 67 , 258–270 . urltoken
redescription of physalaemus barrioi ( anura : leiuperidae ) doi : 10 . 1643 / ch - 10 - 142
project 725 : provete , d . b . , m . v . garey , n . y . n . dias , and d . de c . rossa - feres . 2011 . the tadpole of physalaemus moreirae ( anura : leiuperidae ) . herpetologica . 67 ( 3 ) : 258 - 270 .
the genus physalaemus fitzinger , 1826 currently comprises 47 described species distributed from central america ( guianas ) to uruguay ( frost 2016 ) . the genus has been recently organized in two main clades based on molecular data , physalaemus signifer clade and physalaemus cuvieri clade ( lourenço et al . 2015 ) . the p . signifer clade , with 15 species , is composed by the p . deimaticus and p . signifier groups , plus p . nattereri ( steindachner , 1863 ) and p . maculiventris ( lutz , 1925 ) ( nascimento et al . 2005 ; lourenço et al . 2015 ) .
pombal , j . p . & madureira , c . a . ( 1997 ) a new species of physalaemus ( anura , leptodactylidae ) from the atlantic rain forest of northeastern brazil . alytes , 15 , 105–112 .
cardoso , a . j . & haddad , c . f . b . ( 1985 ) nova espécie de physalaemus do grupo signiferus ( amphibia , anura , leptodactylidae ) . revista brasileira de biologia , 45 , 33–37 .
silvano , d . , garcia , p . c . a . & kwet , a . ( 2004 ) physalaemus nanus . the iucn red list of threatened species 2004 . available from : urltoken ( acessed 13 january 2017 )
haddad , c . f . b . & pombal , j . p . ( 1998 ) redescription of physalaemus spiniger ( anura : leptodactylidae ) and description of two new reproductive modes . journal of herpetology , 32 , 557–565 . urltoken
haddad , c . f . b . & sazima , i . ( 2004 ) a new species of physalaemus ( amphibia ; leptodactylidae ) from the atlantic forest in southeastern brazil . zootaxa , 479 ( 1 ) , 1–12 . urltoken
peres , j . & simon , j . e . ( 2012 ) physalaemus maximus feio , pombal jr . and caramaschi , 1999 ( anura : leiuperidae ) : distribution extension and advertisement call . check list , 8 , 507–509 . urltoken
heyer , w . r . & wolf , a . j . ( 1989 ) physalaemus crombiei ( amphibia : leptodactylidae ) , a new frog species from espírito santo , brazil with comments on the p . signifer group . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 102 , 500–506 .
weber , l . n . & carvalho - e - silva , s . p . ( 2001 ) descrição da larva de physalaemus signifer ( giradr , 1853 ) ( amphibia , anura , leptodactylidae ) e informações sobre a reprodução e a distribuição geográfica . boletim do museu nacional , 462 , 1–6 .
pimenta , b . v . , cruz , c . a . g . & silvano , d . l . ( 2005 ) a new species of the genus physalaemus fitzinger , 1826 ( anura , leptodactylidae ) from the atlantic rain forest of southern bahia , brazil . amphibia - reptilia , 26 , 201–210 . urltoken
it lives in primary forests in leaf - litter or on stones near water . it is often associated with small temporary pools ( even boot prints ) on the forest floor . unlike most other species of physalaemus , it breeds in temporary streams , where the eggs are deposited in foam nests in wide pools in the streams .
lourenço , l . b . , targueta , c . p . , baldo , d . , nascimento , j . , garcia , p . c . , andrade , g . v . , haddad , c . f . b . & recco - pimentel , s . m . ( 2015 ) phylogeny of frogs from the genus physalaemus ( anura , leptodactylidae ) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 92 , 204–216 . urltoken
@ article { bhlpart46601 , title = { new species of frogs from boracéia , são paulo , brazil } , journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington . } , volume = { 98 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , biological society of washington } , author = { heyer , w ronald } , year = { 1985 } , pages = { 657 - - 671 } , }
ty - jour ti - new species of frogs from boracéia , são paulo , brazil t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington . vl - 98 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington , py - 1985 sp - 657 ep - 671 sn - 0006 - 324x au - heyer , w ronald er -
is a small frog ( svl 25 - 7 mm in males , 24 . 8 - 28 . 2 mm in females ) that belongs to the
the tadpole was described in detail by provete et al . ( 2011 , including internal oral features and chondrocranial morphology . the body is ovoid in dorsal view and depressed in lateral view . snout rounded . the dorsal fin originates on the body , and is slightly higher than the ventral fin , with maximum height at the middle third . oral disc antero - ventral , laterally emarginated , with a single row of marginal papillae , alternated ventrally . submarginal papillae are present ventrally and are usually taller than marginal papillae . the ltrf is 2 ( 2 ) / 3 ( 1 ) .
lives in swamps with flowing water inside primary and secondary forests along a narrow extent of the serra do mar range in the state of são paulo , southeastern brazil , up to 1 , 200 m asl .
can be found calling at night during the rainy season , between august and march ( provete et al . 2011 ) in swamps or small rivulets inside primary and secondary forests ( heyer et al . 1990 ) , where it builds a foam nest . tadpoles are benthic and are found in temporary swamps with muddy bottoms ( provete et al . 2011 ) , between october and december . males apparently occur in low frequency and usually call hidden below dead leaves on the forest floor . more information is needed about the natural history of this species and its habitat requirements .
the range of this species is within protected areas , such as estação biológica de boracéia , parque natural municipal nascentes de paranapiacaba , and parque das neblinas . main threats to
by caramaschi and caramaschi ( 1991 ) , who also clarified the type - locality of the species to be sororocaba , santos , brazil .
( miranda - ribeiro , 1937 ) ( anura : leptodactylidae ) . ' '
giarretta , a . a . , martins , l . b . and santos , m . p . d . ( 2009 ) . ' ' further notes on the taxonomy of four species of
( anura , leiuperidae ) from the atlantic forest of southeastern brazil . ' '
heyer , w . r . ( 1985 ) . ' ' new species of frogs from boracéia , são paulo , brazil . ' '
heyer , w . r . , rand , a . s . , cruz , c . a . g . , peixoto , o . l . , and nelson , c . e . ( 1990 ) . ' ' frogs of boracéia . ' '
miranda - ribeiro , a . de ( 1937 ) . ' ' alguns batrachios novos das colleçcões do museo nacional . ' '
nascimento , l . b . , caramaschi , u . , and cruz , c . a . g . ( 2005 ) . ' ' taxonomic review of the species groups of the genus
provete , d . b . , garey , m . v . , dias , n . y . n . and rossa - feres , d . c . ( 2011 ) . ' ' the tadpole of
diogo borges provete ( dbprovete at gmail . com ) , departent of ecology , universidade federal de goiás
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .
this species is known only from the serra do mar , in the state of são paulo in south - eastern brazil , up to 1 , 200m asl . its distribution is likely to be at least a little wider than is currently known .
there is very little recent information , there have been few recent attempts to study or locate it , and there are no recent records .
there is no direct information on threats to this species , though it is likely to be impacted by clear - cutting , human settlement and tourism . the lack of records in recent years is reminiscent of the decline of other high - altitude , stream - breeding frogs in the wet tropics , and chytridiomycosis cannot be ruled out .
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altig , r . & mcdiarmid , r . w . ( 1999 ) body plan : development and morphology . in : mcdiarmid , r . w . & altig , r . ( eds . ) , tadpoles : the biology of anuran larvae . the university of chicago press , chicago , illinois , pp . 24–51 .
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two major clades were recognized : the p . signifer clade and the p . cuvieri clade .
highly divergent lineages point to the need for a taxonomic revision of p . cuvieri .
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1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable 1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 2 . wetlands ( inland ) - seasonal / intermittent / irregular rivers / streams / creeks suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 8 . wetlands ( inland ) - seasonal / intermittent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable
1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 1 . site / area protection 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 3 . habitat & natural process restoration
1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas
1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 3 . tourism & recreation areas
5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 3 . logging & wood harvesting - > 5 . 3 . 5 . motivation unknown / unrecorded
8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 1 . invasive non - native / alien species / diseases - > 8 . 1 . 2 . named species
1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats 1 . research - > 1 . 6 . actions 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends
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