kryptopterus is a genus of catfishes belonging to the family siluridae .

they are found in freshwater throughout southeast asia .

the scientific name comes from ancient greek kryptós ( κρυπτός , " hidden " ) + ptéryx ( πτέρυξ , " fin " ) .

it refers to the reduced or even entirely absent dorsal fin of these catfishes .

these small - to medium-sized catfishes have opaque , transparent or translucent bodies , hence their common name asian glass catfishes .

despite this name , only three described species have clearly transparent bodies : k. minor , k. piperatus and k. vitreolus .

most significant among these is the ghost catfish ( k. vitreolus ) , which is the " glass catfish " most often seen in the aquarium fish trade .

this species was initially confused with the larger glass catfish ( k. bicirrhis ; infrequent in aquarium trade ) and subsequently with k. minor ( essentially absent from aquarium trade ) .

this matter was only fully resolved in 2013 .

kryptopterus

kryptopterus minor is not the glass catfish commonly found in the trade . the species we see in the trade is kryptopterus vitreolus . unless you collected the fish yourself in borneo , you almost certainly have that species .
kryptopterus : from the greek kryptos , meaning hidden and pteryx , meaning fin ; in reference to the reduced or absent dorsal fin of this group of fishes .
kryptopterus : from the greek kryptos , meaning ‘hidden’ , and pterýgio , meaning ‘fin’ , in reference to the reduced or absent dorsal - fin in members of this genus .
kryptopterus species are found only in southeast asia and the genus has been considered polyphyletic since bornbusch ( 1995 ) with some former species already moved to the genera phalacronotus and micronema .
asia : malay peninsula , java , sumatra and borneo . reports of this species from mekong , mae khlong , bang pakong and chao phraya river drainages in mainland southeast asia are misidentifications of kryptopterus geminus .
ng , h . h . , s . wirjoatmodjo and r . k . hadiaty , 2004 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 15 ( 1 ) : 91 - 95 kryptopterus piperatus , a new species of silurid catfish ( teleostei : siluridae ) from northern sumatra .
kryptopterus : from the greek kryptos , meaning hidden and pteryx , meaning fin ; in reference to the reduced or absent dorsal fin of this group of fishes . from the greek cryptos , meaning hidden and pterygion , meaning fin . in reference to the rudimentary dorsal fin .
for years this fish was known in the hobby as kryptopterus bicirrhis , a very similar but larger species , but it has now been correctly identified as k . minor . this is a large genus , and other species , along with species in the similar genera , may be impor
kryptopterus geminus , a new species of silurid catfish is described from the bang pakong , mekong , mae khlong and chao phraya river drainages in mainland southeast asia . kryptopterus geminus , together with k . cryptopterus , can be distinguished from congeners by the dorsal profile lacking a nuchal concavity and short maxillary barbels extending to the base of the pectoral fin . kryptopterus geminus can be further distinguished from k . cryptopterus in having a narrower head ( 9 . 5– 12 . 0 % sl vs . 12 . 2–14 . 2 ) , longer anal fin ( 62 . 2–72 . 7 % sl vs . 57 . 2–62 . 9 ) and snout ( 39 . 5–45 . 3 % hl vs . 35 . 1–39 . 8 ) , and more laterally - placed eyes ( only ventral half , vs . ventral two - thirds , of the orbital margin visible when the head is viewed ventrally ) .
among other kryptopterus spp . only k . minor and k . piperatus also possess a transparent body in life with the remaining species translucent or opaque , and these three are hypothesised to form a sub - clade within the k . bicirrhis species group ( ng & kottelat , 2013 ; see below for definition of this species group ) .
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k . vitreolus is one of three species in the genus to possess a transparent body in life . . .
. . . although it does sometimes appear less so depending on the angle of light .
vitreolus : from the diminutive form of the latin adjective vitreus , meaning ‘of glass’ , in reference to this species’ transparent appearance in life .
known only from a series of coastal river basins of peninsular thailand draining into the gulf of thailand south of the isthmus of kra , plus a handful of rivers draining the cardamom ( khao banthat ) mountains in southeastern thailand .
ng and kottelat ( 2013 ) state that its status in the wild requires investigation since it’s collected intensively for the aquarium trade , has a relatively restricted range and appears never to have been bred on a commercial basis .
displays a preference for slow - moving or standing habitats and has been collected from turbid brownish water as well as acidic blackwater .
best kept in a well - decorated set - up with some surface or floating vegetation since it appears to prefer relatively dim conditions .
the addition of dried leaf litter and / or alder cones would further emphasise the natural feel while the tannins and other chemicals released by these as they decompose are considered beneficial for fishes from blackwater environments .
do not add this fish to a biologically immature aquarium as it can be susceptible to swings in water chemistry .
in the aquarium it will accept dried foods of a suitable size but should also be offered daily meals of small live and frozen fare such as artemia nauplii , moina , grindal worm , etc .
generally peaceful though it may predate on eggs or fry and is somewhat timid so does not compete well with much larger , robust or otherwise boisterous fishes .
small , peaceful species make the best tankmates with examples from thailand including trigonostigma heteromorpha , t . espei , brevibora dorsiocellata , acanthocobitis zonalternans , lepidocephalichthys , acanthopsoides and pangio spp .
many species from other countries are of course also suitable but be sure to research your choices thoroughly prior to purchase .
k . vitreolus is highly gregarious and tends to form quite tight schools meaning a group of 6 or more specimens is the minimum recommended .
this species has been available in the trade for decades during which time it’s been widely misidentified as the congeners k . bicirrhis or , more recently , k . minor .
its identity was not resolved until early 2013 at which point it was described as a new species by ng and kottelat , meaning you will see it under one of these two names in the majority of literature published prior to that date .
unusually , the authors were required to publish a short communication just after the description since the words ‘new species’ did not feature in the first paper meaning that technically the name k . vitreolus remained unavailable as per art . 16 . 1 of the iczn code .
alternative trade names include ‘asian glass catfish’ , ‘ghost catfish’ and ‘phantom catfish’ , while it’s sometimes confused with the ‘african glass catfish’ , parailia pellucida .
k . vitreolus can be told apart from k . minor , k . piperatus and all other k . bicirrhis group members by the following combination of characters : snout length 29–35 % hl ; eye diameter 28–34 % hl ; body depth at anus 16–20 % sl ; depth of caudal peduncle 4–7 % sl ; maxillary barbels extending beyond base of first anal - fin ray ; dorsal profile with pronounced nuchal concavity ; 14–18 rakers on the first gill arch ; 48–55 anal - fin rays .
k . bicirrhis group : k . bicirrhis , k . lais , k . palembangensis , k . macrocephalus , k . minor , k . piperatus , k . vitreolus k . cryptopterus group : k . cryptopterus , k . geminus k . limpok group : k . limpok , k . mononema , k . dissitus , k . baramensis , k . hesperius k . schilbeides group : k . schilbeides , k . paraschilbeides
bombusch ( 1995 ) identified the k . bicirrhis group as a distinct clade although he didn’t propose any synapomorphy to diagnose it .
ng and kottelat ( 2013 ) later noted that members normally have fewer anal - fin rays ( 46–67 vs . 64–85 ) than other congeners and placed k . piperatus and k . vitreolus within the group based on this character .
ng , h - h . and m . kottelat , 2013 - zootaxa 3630 : 308 - 316 after eighty years of misidentification , a name for the glass catfish ( teleostei : siluridae ) .
bornbusch , a . h . , 1995 - zoological journal of the linnean society 115 : 1 - 46 phylogenetic relationships within the eurasian catfish family siluridae ( pisces : siluriformes ) , with comments on generic validities and biogeography .
ng , h - h . and m . kottelat , 2013 - zootaxa 3640 ( 2 ) : 299 - 300 a name for the glass catfish ( teleostei : siluridae ) revisited .
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mainstream of sungai pinoh at nanga saian , 45 kilometers south of nangapinoh , borneo , indonesia .
68mm or 2 . 7
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
memoirs of the california academy of sciences no . 14 , pp149 , fig . 115 .
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my cats
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distribution : europe and asia . dorsal fin rays usually less than 7 , when present . no spine before dorsal fin . no adipose fin . pelvic fins small or absent . anal fin base very long with 41 - 110 rays . nasal barbel absent , one or two pairs of barbels on lower jaw , and maxillary barbels usually elongate . maximum length of 5 m reached in silurus glanis , with 330 kg . this european species may enter brackish waters .
latin , silurus = a kind of fish . 1555 ( ref . 45335 ) .
the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .
rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .
but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .
unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .
this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .
in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .
when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .
type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .
type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .
greek , kryptos = hidden + greek , pteron = wing . fin ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 4 ; dh range : 10 - 20 . tropical ; 22°c - 26°c ( ref . 2060 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7050 )
restricted to peat habitats ( ref . 57235 ) . occurs in shady spots in running waters . omnivorous , although larger individuals may prey on smaller fishes ( ref . 6868 ) . uncommon in aquarium trade ( ref . 57235 ) .
kottelat , m . , a . j . whitten , s . n . kartikasari and s . wirjoatmodjo , 1993 . freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi . periplus editions , hong kong . 221 p . ( ref . 7050 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00575 ( 0 . 00278 - 0 . 01190 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 17 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 ±0 . 73 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 20 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
kottelat , m . 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 27 : 1 - 663 .
, particularly in the aquarium literature . there is a possibility that the populations from sundaic southeast asia are not conspecific with those from mainland southeast asia .
justification : this species is recorded from the malay peninsula from southern thailand and southeastern thailand to kalimantan , and southeast thailand to western cambodia . it is heavily utilised in the aquarium trade , although a high proportion of the species in trade come from farmed sources . data are not available on population trends , however the species is assessed as near threatened due to inferred population declines arising from the impact of harvesting for the ornamental fish trade and the loss and degradation of suitable habitat , especially peatland and lowland forest covered streams .
recorded from the malay peninsula from southern thailand and southeastern thailand to kalimantan , and southeast thailand to western cambodia . the species is possibly present in viet nam in the lower dong nai river basin .
it is thought that the population might have suffered some decline from collection for the aquarium trade .
inhabits small streams and swamps , especially peatland and lowland forest covered streams , as well as from larger turbid rivers .
popular in the aquarium trade , traded in very large volumes . most of the individuals in trade are thought to be from farmed sources , with a small percentage from the wild .
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and from malaysia ( peninsula , sabah and sarawak ) , and indonesia ( sumatra and kalimantan ) . although a commercially fished species , it is assessed as least concern at present .
) , thailand and cambodia , and from malaysia ( peninsula , sabah and sarawak ) , and indonesia ( sumatra and kalimantan ) .
inhabits large rivers with turbid waters but reportedly prefers fast flowing water , but also enters flooded fields ( kottelat 1998 ) . a diurnal , active pelagic species .
occurs in commercial and subsistence fisheries . highly commercial . used to make fermented foods or fish sauce . regularly seen in the aquarium trade .
likely to be impacted locally in parts of its range by pollution and overfishing .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 8 - 7 . 8 ; dh range : ? - 18 ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 22°c - 25°c ( ref . 2060 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2091 )
roberts , t . r . , 1989 . the freshwater fishes of western borneo ( kalimantan barat , indonesia ) . mem . calif . acad . sci . 14 : 210 p . ( ref . 2091 )
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .
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200mm or 7 . 9
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
rudimentary dorsal fin ; the maxillary barbels reaching to the base of the pectoral fin ; 64 - 78 anal rays . nearly straight dorsal profile with no nuchal concavity ; pectoral - fin length greater than head length .
males are more slender and have strong serrations on the posterior edge of the pectoral spine ( females lack these serrations ) .
readily feeds on live / frozen foods and other prepared foods such as pellets .
this fish is fairly active and needs open spaces to swim in . provide plenty of vegetation for it to hide in during the day .
a schooling species that should be kept in groups of three or more . a relatively peaceful fish compatible with most other species . ideal tankmates include larger barbs and rasboras , and other mid - sized bottom - dwelling asian catfishes ( e . g . mystus ) .
in the mekong , this species spawns during the early part of the rainy season ( june - july ) . the young move toward the seasonally flooded habitats and are first seen in august . not reported in aquaria .
( 1 ) silentskream , who also notes :
one of many called
glass catfish
but this is one of the less common varieties . we got ours as a donation , and have been very happy with him !
, ( 2 ) miles44 ( k : 2 ) , ( 3 ) straitjacketstar ( k : 2 ) , ( 4 ) in _ the _ seance ( k : 2 ) . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all
my cats
data for this species .
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 19 . tropical ; 24°c - 28°c ( ref . 30491 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7050 )
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .
inhabits lakes and main rivers ( ref . 56749 ) . feeds on small fishes and prawns ( ref . 56749 ) . usually processes as smoked or salted fish ( ref . 56749 ) .
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this species was described from the mekong river in stung treng province , cambodia ( ng 2003 ) . prior to its recognition as a distinct species , it has been misidentified as k . cryptopterus .
justification : even though there is no information regarding the population size and trends for this species , survey data indicates that it is still abundant throughout much of its range . it is therefore assessed as least concern .
the species is known from the mekong ( from the mouth upriver to vientiane , lao pdr ) , mae khlong ( the mouth to at least kanchanaburi ) , bang pakong ( from the mouth to at least prachinburi ) and chao phraya ( the mouth upriver to at least ayutthaya ) river drainages in mainland southeast asia ( ng 2003 ) .
there is no information available on the population size and trends for this species , but survey data indicates that it is still abundant throughout much of its range .
dominany presence at khone falls during dry season , exhibits peak in beginning of rainy season . ( baran
this species is utilized as a food fish in artisanal fisheries . it is also sporadically collected and exported as an ornamental fish .
the threats to this species are unknown , since there is no information on the biology of this species and therefore the impact of potential threats ( especially those of an anthropogenic nature ) remains unknown .
there is insufficient information on the distribution , biology and potential threats for this species .
smallest 68mm , largest 350mm , average 181mm , most commonly 80mm . all sl .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
individual collected in the rajang river system , sarawak state , malaysia ( borneo ) .
macrocephalus : from the greek makros , meaning ‘long’ , and kephalos , meaning ‘head’ .
known from southern ( peninsular ) thailand , peninsular malaysia , singapore and the greater sunda islands of sumatra , borneo and java .
type locality is usually given as ‘padang , sumatra’ although habitats in that area are said to be unsuitable for this species and it’s never been recorded there post - description .
this species is a stenotypic inhabitant of peat swamp forests and associated blackwater streams .
many such habitats have suffered large - scale degradation of some kind but in unaltered cases the dense canopy of branches above means very little light penetrates the surface of such environments , and riparian vegetation also tends to grow thickly .
substrates are usually littered with fallen leaves , branches and submerged tree roots though in some places aquatic plants from genera such as cryptocoryne or barcalaya can be found .
the water is typically stained darkly with humic acids and other chemicals released by decaying organic materials , the dissolved mineral content generally negligible and ph as low as 3 . 0 or 4 . 0 .
for example in sarawak state , malaysia ( borneo ) it’s been collected from a blackwater river known as the sungai kepayan which flows through remnant and intact peat swamp forest .
in 1998 ph was measured at 4 . 1 and depth ranged from 20 cm to 2 metres or more .
syntopic fish species included osteochilus spilurus , ‘ puntius ‘ rhomboocellatus , brevibora dorsiocellata , trigonopoma gracile , t . pauciperforatum , sundadanio cf . axelrodi , kottelatlimia pristes , neohomaloptera johorensis , nanobagrus fuscus , ompok weberi , silurichthys phaiosoma , hemirhamphodon phaiosoma , betta edithae , b . midas , nandus nebulosus , belontia hasseltii , luciocephalus pulcher , parosphromenus anjunganensis , p . ornaticauda , and sphaerichthys osphromenoides .
probably a predator feeding on crustaceans , invertebrates and smaller fishes in nature , although there should be no need to use such live foods in captivity .
offer a varied diet comprising sinking dried foods , live and frozen bloodworm , tubifex , etc . , and perhaps the occasional small earthworm .
generally peaceful though it may predate on smaller fishes and is somewhat timid so does not compete well with much larger , robust or otherwise boisterous species .
peaceful , comparably - sized cyprinids , loaches and other catfishes perhaps constitute the best options but be sure to research your choices thoroughly prior to purchase .
k . macrocephalus is gregarious and tends to form schools so ideally four or more specimens should be purchased .
adult males are noticeably slimmer than females and the posterior edge of the pectoral - fin spine is serrated ( vs . smooth in females ) .
this species is also referred to as ‘false glass catfish’ , ‘mottled glass catfish’ or ‘tawny glass catfish’ .
roberts ( 1989 ) discusses the existence of striped and mottled colour forms but investigation is apparently required to establish whether these are conspecific or not .
the congener k . piperatus is very similar but has a colour pattern comprising a pale brown body with scattered dark spots vs . prominent dark brown spots or stripes in k . macrocephalus .
ferraris , c . j . , jr . , 2007 - zootaxa 1418 : 1 - 628 checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types .
parenti , l . r . and k . k . p . lim , 2005 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 13 : 175 - 208 fishes of the rajang basin , sarawak , malaysia .
roberts , t . r . , 1989 - memoirs of the california academy of sciences no . 14 : i - xii + 1 - 210 the freshwater fishes of western borneo ( kalimantan barat , indonesia ) .
tan , h . h . and h . h . ng , 2000 - journal of natural history 34 ( 2 ) : 267 - 303 the catfishes ( teleostei : siluriformes ) of central sumatra .
asia : mekong and chao phraya basins ; malay peninsula , sumatra and borneo .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27732 )
anal soft rays : 55 - 68 . rudimentary dorsal fin ; the maxillary barbels reaching to the anal fin ; 55 - 68 anal rays ( ref . 27732 ) . dorsal profile arched with a nuchal concavity ; pectoral - fin length greater than head length ( ref . 12693 ) .
inhabits large rivers with turbid waters ( ref . 27732 ) . reported to prefer fast flowing water and usually occurs along the shores ( ref . 56749 ) . enters flooded fields ( ref . 12975 ) . found in lowland streams to peat adjacent in large school up to 100 fish ( ref . 57235 ) . diurnal . feeds mostly on pelagic hemipterans and some small fishes ( ref . 12693 ) , also on worms , crustaceans and insects ( ref . 7020 ) . the clearest body of world ' s fish ( ref . 57235 ) . used to make prahoc or fish sauce and regularly seen in the aquarium trade ( ref . 12693 ) . aquarium keeping : at least 10 individuals ; minimum aquarium size 100 cm ( ref . 51539 , 57235 ) .
kottelat , m . , 1998 . fishes of the nam theun and xe bangfai basins , laos , with diagnoses of twenty - two new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae , balitoridae , cobitidae , coiidae and odontobutidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 128 . ( ref . 27732 )
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 63 se ; based on food items .
though not suitable for beginners , this unusual and delicate catfish can be cared for by hobbyists with basic fishkeeping skills . especially important are high water quality and adequate diet . lots of water changes and live or frozen foods will help ensur
a heavily planted tank with peaceful tankmates that are much smaller than the catfish is ideal . glass catfish are unable to deal with aggression , and they cannot compete well for food . small tetras and rasboras are perfect tankmates . the more cover ( plant
frequent feedings of small live invertebrates are the best diet for these fish . they will also take frozen foods and will learn to accept high - quality flakes and tiny pellets . although they have tiny mouths and require food in very small pieces , they are
truly a transparent fish , this animal’s bones and internal organs are all visible—even its beating heart ! when light hits at the right angle , the fish displays an iridescence .
this is a most unusual catfish . it is a diurnal , shy , transparent fish that dwells in midwater and is an obligate schooler . a heavily planted tank with some open space will bring out the best of these animals . they may hide for several days when first introduced , and they are quick to dive into the thickets when disturbed . they can become quite bold , however , at feeding time . it is very common to find the entire school identically aligned , heading into currents , shimmying to stay in place . often purchased as a novelty , this fascinating fish holds your interest with its interesting behaviors .


leptograpsus variegatus , known as the purple rock crab , is a marine large-eyed crab of the family grapsidae , found in southern subtropical indo-pacific oceans .

it grows to around 50 millimetres ( 2.0 in ) shell width .

it is the only species in the genus leptograpsus .

leptograpsus

species leptograpsus ansoni h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius , 1793 )
species leptograpsus gayi h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius , 1793 )
species leptograpsus verreauxi h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius , 1793 )
worms - world register of marine species - leptograpsus h . milne edwards , 1853
spectral sensitivity and retinal pigment movement in the crab leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius ) .
the retina - lamina projection in the crab leptograpsus variegatus . - pubmed - ncbi
species leptograpsus gonagrus h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as pachygrapsus crassipes randall , 1840
the purple shore crab , leptograpsus variegatus | marine life society of south australia inc .
species leptograpsus bertheloti h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as pachygrapsus marmoratus ( fabricius , 1787 )
species leptograpsus rugulosus h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as pachygrapsus transversus ( gibbes , 1850 )
spectral sensitivity and retinal pigment movement in the crab leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius ) . - pubmed - ncbi
patrick leary set
a pinch ? it wasn ' t me !
as an exemplar on
leptograpsus
.
( it is ) “ leptograpsus variegatus and the photo is the yellow variant . common name , would you believe , is purple shore crab ( but the taxonomic species name is perfect ) ! ”
at some stage , i told david , “ leptograpsus variegatus is illustrated on p . 507 of “marine decapod crustacea of southern australia – a guide to identification” by gary cb poore ( but no photo ) .
to antarctic invertebrates to barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 52 publications ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 2 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to mnhn crustaceans type collection ( syntype ( s ) : 2000 - 3519 ) ( from synonym leptograpsus ansoni h . milne edwards , 1853 ) to mnhn crustaceans type collection ( syntype ( s ) : 2000 - 3531 ) ( from synonym leptograpsus gayi h . milne edwards , 1853 ) to mnhn crustaceans type collection ( syntype ( s ) : 2000 - 4024 ) ( from synonym leptograpsus verreauxi h . milne edwards , 1853 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 17 records ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym grapsus planifrons dana , 1851 )
how to cite this page : ' large shore crab , leptograpsus variegatus ' , from an encyclopaedia of new zealand , edited by a . h . mclintock , originally published in 1966 . te ara - the encyclopedia of new zealand url : urltoken ( accessed 10 jul 2018 )
griffin , d . j . g . 1973 ,
a revision of the two southern temperate shore crabs leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius ) and plagusia chabrus ( linnaeus ) ( crustacea , decapoda , grapsidae )
, journal of the royal society of new zealand , vol . 3 , no . 3 , pp . 415 - 440 15 figs
in the crab , leptograpsus variegatus , the projection of retinula cell axons to the lamina was investigated by tracing them through a series of semi - thin sections . forty - four such axons were traced from a single group of ommatidia as far as the distal layers of the lamina . the eight receptor axons of one ommatidium project to a single lamina cartridge . therefore , because the crab has a fused rhabdom , angular information is conserved in vision , and the outside world is projected literally onto the lamina , just as it is in the standard non - dipteran pattern of insects . the belief of previous workers that other decapod eyes show neural superposition was an inference based primarily on the patterns of penetration of the basement membrane by receptor axons , and on degeneration experiments . this evidence is reviewed , shown to be inadequate and discussed in the light of the projection now demonstrated for leptograpsus .
he later posted , “hmm , not as uncommon a thing as i would have friends believe ! correctly spelled as leptograpsus . ( and i have overestimated the size of the ones i photographed northwest of coffin bay five years ago ! but the carapace is quite small compared with the overall width of the body and especially once you factor in the extra ‘meaty solidity’ afforded by the closely grouped legs on each side behind the big bright main nippers ? ”
1 . the retina of leptograpsus contains five types of movable screening pigment . the positions of these were found under various conditions of illumination in the day and at night . 2 . intracellular recordings were made of the spectral responses of retinula cells r1 - 7 under the same conditions , with the eye in situ . 3 . the spectral absorptions of the individual screening pigments were measured by ultramicrospectrophotometry . 4 . calculations based on a simple model of screening pigment action suggest that the observed variation in spectral sensitivity with light and dark adaptaton may be largely explicable in terms of the effects of these screening pigments on a rhodopsin of peak absorbance at 485 nm . 5 . light - adapted angular sensitivities are comparable to those of insects with high acuity apposition eyes .
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the family of grapsid crabs are those that look very much like ' normal ' crabs , usually flat in shape , with long legs radiating outward , moving sideways , and having strong nippers . this family is widely spread all over the world and in new zealand , and contains a high proportion of endemic species ( marked in red ) . this family of crabs is interesting because many of its members can readily be observed in the intertidal .
family grapsidae - ( l : graphium = sharp - pointed pen ; grapa = hook ; sidere = radiate ; grapsidere = radiating pointed legs ) - the ordinary , fast moving crabs .
sally lightfoot crab grapsus grapsus , not found in new zealand but known from south america and the galapagos islands , resembling our purple rock crab in appearance , habitat and behaviour .
plagusia depressa tuberculata , seldom found in new zealand . occurs in the tropics and subtropics .
note ! for best printed results , set your page up with a left margin of 1 . 5cm ( 0 . 6
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= varied in colour , marked with irregular patches ) the purple rock crab is large , strong , and moves fast . when wedged into a crevice , it is not easily dislodged . handling a ferocious crab like this requires skill , and risks painful nips . the purple rock crab is the largest native shore crab , exceeded in size only by paddle crabs
it is found between high tide and above it , often occupying moist crevices up to two metres above high tide . it can remain out of the water for days , but equally happily can stay submerged . the crab measures up to 5cm across its back , and its long , flat legs fold neatly together as in an oriental fan , giving it a very flat profile .
the purple rock crab is active particularly by night , when it leaves its crevice , scaling the vertical rocks and navigating its way over the rock flats and into the water , in search of flea mussels , which it cracks without effort . at night it has no fear and can be approached and photographed from close up , even in bright lamp light . however , the crabs are inactive during the full moon phase . towards the morning , the crab navigates flawlessly all the way back to its home crevice . yet , by day , this large crab is extremely wary , scuttling away noisily , its legs grating the rocks . when a group of these forays by day , large males can be seen taking guard in a defensive posture , warning the others at the slightest disturbance . to see several of these beautiful purple and white crabs feeding off green seaweeds , is spectacular . this crab is an omnivore , feeding on both animal ( flea mussels , barnacles ) and plant matter ( seaweeds , plankton slime ) .
large crabs migrate all the way down the shore to the sublittoral fringe where food is more abundant . small crabs foray more in restricted areas .
this crab runs fast and when cornered , can be very aggressive with its nippers , which makes it difficult to capture and handle .
the purple rock crab mates in october - november when the female is hard - shelled . before mating , the crabs make leg contact , during which the legs are rapidly vibrated . the male crab may then mount the underside of the female . the female moults before laying her eggs . females with eggs are found from november till january / february ( auckland / wellington ) . the incubation period is about 6 weeks and the crab spawns only once a year . newly laid eggs are about 0 . 36mm in diameter , and develop from a dark brown colour to light brown just before hatching . the female carries 55 , 000 - 144 , 000 eggs ( depending on her size ) , attached to her pleopods under her broad abdomen . this crab can become five years old .
north island , kermadec islands , australia and the islands of the south pacific . this crab is found in southern warm temperate ( subtropical ) indian and pacific oceans from western australia to western south america . in nz from the top of the north island to kaikoura or westport .
this crab can run over the rocks , half by swimming with its flattened long legs . when approached cautiously by divers , it shows no fear .
this crab does not seem to be territorial but may put up a fight when foraging or courting . it is aggressive to other species of crab , but not to crayfish with which it often shares a crevice . studies with tagged crabs suggest that they spend about 50 % of their time foraging , 25 % feeding , 20 % in agonistic ( combative , contestant ) encounters and 5 % in reproductive behaviour .
in australia this crab is favoured by fishermen for use as bait . groupers seem to relish it .
mating between hardshelled crabs lasts about 7 minutes , with the female on top . small females carry eggs from september to february but large females from late october . eggs are about 0 . 4mm in size and change colour from brick red to light green just before hatching . during the release of the hatched larvae , the female assists departure by flexing her body up and down , vibrating her abdomen and pulling the hatching eggs from her pleopods with her nippers . juveniles and small crabs moult throughout the year but but large crabs mainly in winter from may to september , before the breeding season .
the southern indo - pacific from south africa to chile . southern australia , tasmania , south africa , juan fernandez , chile , tonga . in new zealand from parengarenga hr to lyttleton hr .
f003215 : a female red rock crab ( small nippers ) is taking a break , not far from a wharf pile where she hides inside crevices between encrusting organisms . here she is standing tall , not showing any fear for the photographer . interestingly , she has perched herself on top of two cushion stars , one with five legs , which is the norm , the far one with six legs , which is unusual .
= a taxonomist ? ) a common intertidal crab , occurring in a variety of habitat : under boulders , on the rocky reef , on sand and mud flats . they are rarely found outside the intertidal zone . they can reach 4cm across their backs , and their colour is often a reddish purple , mottled with dirty white patches . they are usually found sheltering underneath rocks , extending from the high tide mark down to about mid tide . it is recognisable by the six teeth , from the eyes half way down on its carapace (
= toothed ) . it has a smooth skin . the males have enormous chelae ( nippers ) with great pads of muscle bulging at the angles of the nippers . the two nippers are equal in size and shape .
there are two colour types : light and dark . the lighter crabs have either a grey or cream - coloured background with markings of light or dark chestnut - red . darker crabs are marked with dark purple , sometimes almost purplish black , and their legs are banded . usually the front half of the carapace is more deeply pigmented than the rest . the eyestalks are white , speckled with dark red . basal antenna segments arebanded . antennules are pale green with dark red spots . belly surface is white .
is a very agile , rapidly moving crab , although easy to handle . males have very large nippers and are able to crush oyster borers (
. ) . the crabs emerge from under boulders and crevices to forage for mainly plant food at night . this crab is most active when the tide is in . it lives in the middle region of the intertidal rocky shore .
: this crab is a late winter breeder , with females in berry from march to august . females carry their 26 , 000 eggs ( size 0 . 3mm ) for about 6 weeks , during which time they change colour from light brown to transparent .
: found abundantly throughout the north and south islands , endemic in new zealand . not in chatham islands or southern islands . this crab is more abundant on southern shores than in the north , where its intertidal habitat is taken by the blackfinger crab
= wide ) the hairy - handed crab is often found where the tunnelling mud crab is found , on mud flats and sand flats , but it may also occur under boulders on the rocky shore intertidal . it has a dull colour and slightly hairy legs . its main distinguishing features are the two hairy pads on the inner / under side of its nippers , but a crab needs to be handled in order to be able to view this . these crabs are much less wary than the other mud crabs , often going about their business without taking much notice of observers .
it is thought that the hairy pads on its nippers allow it to wipe the bottom and objects such that food particles such as diatoms are caught in it . with its mouth parts , it can then feed from its hairy hands . these crabs are quite sturdy and in the aquarium they have been seen hunting and eating the smaller mud crabs . they are also very effective scavengers .
males have larger nippers than females , but left and right hand nippers are similar . the colour of its back is greeny - yellow with white patches , covered with tiny dark purple or reddish spots . the upper sides of their forearms ( cheliped carpus and prodopus ) are marked with deep purple - brown . the fingers of their nippers are white with small brown tips . legs are greeny yellow with dark purple spots .
this crab occurs in a wide variety of habitats , under stones , burrowing insand and mud , but always in sheltered places .
: males mature in about 1 year and live for 5 years . females mature earlier and die earlier . large males mate with smaller females . mating takes about 10 minutes . the females come in berry in spring , from october to december . they may spawn more than once each year ( june - february ) . their 8 , 000 - 30 , 000 eggs ( 0 . 27mm ) change colour from brownish - yellow to almost transparent , and hatch after 8 - 12 weeks . when releasing her offspring , the female raises hereself on her legs , opening her tail wide and beating it in rhytmical fashion . the nippers were alternatively dug into the brood to propel the newly hatched larvae in the surrounding water .
this crab is a great survivor , being able to live in brackish water . its main predators are fish like rig , red cod , sea perch and red gurnard . when small , more types of fish eat it .
: a new zealand species , occurring along the coasts of north and south islands and stewart island . it is possible that the chilean species is identical . it is interesting that two so widely separated species , look so much alike , but the chilean species is grey , grey - brown and black .
f026934 : a large hairy - handed crab seen blowing bubbles while posturing on its patch in the sandy eelgrass habitat . its hairy patches on the insides of its nippers are only just visible .
f215306 : hairy - handed crabs do not bother to burrow or run away in case of danger . they seem to be confident that they are inedible to birds and other predators . roaming around over the sand , and following the tide in and out , they move fast to arrive timely on the scene of death of other creatures .
f215302 : shying away from the photographer , this hairy - handed crab starts digging itself in , releasing bubbles of methane gas rising from the putrid sand below . notice that the orange coloured ' hairs ' on its exoskeleton are actually brown algae . the hairy pads after which it is named , lie on the insides of its nippers .
f215328 : two hairy - handed crabs have arrived on the scene of a casualty , but long after whelks beat them to it . with their strong nippers , these crabs are able to tear the flesh apart . the whelks however , can drill through skeletons and reach the smallest corners inside , by means of their flexible trunks ( probosces ) .
= dull ) the tunnelling mud crab is found in large numbers on healthy mud flats , where they burrow . these small crabs , measuring up to 4cm across their backs , are very wary , scuttling and scurrying in hordes at the slightest sign of movement , making the mud flats seem to move for a fraction of a second . they take time to dig elaborate tunnels in the mud , often with more than one entrance . active by day , the tunnelling mud crabs sleep by night , often closing their burrows with a plug of mud .
these mud crabs are actively preyed upon by birds and many other animals . their survival depends on how quickly they can withdraw into their burrows , and how capricious and unpredictable such tunnels are formed . it will occupy its tunnel for a long period of time and will defend it against intruders . competitors are warned off with a typical threatening posture .
the colour of these crabs is tawny brown in juveniles , becoming green to yellow in large adults . small patches of bright orange can be seen in the joints . its antennae are brown , antennules light purple , eyestalks pale green dorsally ( on top ) but white ventrally ( below ) . legs are dark green with pale yellow margins . males grow to 21mm measured over the width of their carapace ( cw ) , and females are slightly smaller . these crabs are larger in the south island .
the tunnelling mudcrab lives in sheltered places where it can burrow in the sand or mud , or well - drained sediment exposed to the air for more than six hours on each tidal cycle ( upper intertidal region ) . in places , up to 500 - 1800 crabs can be counted per square metre !
tunnelling mudcrabs become suddenly active as soon as the tide moves out around them . they start cleaning the area around their burrow , and also themselves . when feeding on mud , the crab walks slowly forward with the nippers held in front , while probing the surface . small pinches of surface sediment ( algae and detritus ) are transferred to the mouth parts . wastes ( sand , silt ) accumulate at the bottom of the mouth frame , and these are wiped off by the nippers . these wastes ( pseudo - faeces ) form small pellets . h . crassa seldom forages more than 200mm from its burrow , often defending its territory against other mudcrabs .
in mangrove swamps , where mangrove trees shade the mud underneath , resulting in lower algal productivity , crabs may climb up the trees to a height of 1m , feeding from the mud on branches and leaves .
their burrows have complicated shapes , often joining up with those of other mud crabs . the end of their burrow slopes down , holding 20 - 50mm of water at low tide . when the tide moves in again , the crabs plug up the entrances to their burrows .
has many enemies , from wading shore birds to fish ( parore , cod , flounder , yellow - eyed mullet ) , including eels .
mate in hard - shell condition . mating occurs august to may , with peak periods in october and may . copulation occurs on the surface of the ground , or still partly covered by water , with the male flat on his back and the female uppermost . males usually mate with smaller females . the female carries her eggs in early spring and summer ( august to march ) . females mature at cw of 10mm . a 16mm female will carry about 16 , 000 eggs of 0 . 3mm , which change colour from brownish - yellow to transparent green during 42 days of incubation . females may reproduce more than once per season , and do not require to mate for this .
appear to reach maturity after 1 year , and they can live a 5 - 6 year life .
: this is a new zealand species , widely distributed over the north and south islands and stewart island .
f992724 : above , a tunnelling mud crab in its burrow . this is a large and old one , beautifully coloured .
f992725 : on left the burrows of a community of old and large mud crabs , who survived to an old age , perhaps because the sand here is consolidated and hardened by iron leachates .
f215226 : a tunnelling mudcrab postures near its burrow . notice its wide but flat nippers , which are eminently suitable for moving soil , like a spade . this is a large specimen , perhaps over ten years old .
f215237 : as this mudcrab is cautiously leaving its burrow , it affords us a view of its back , characterised by its square shape and three spines along the edge .
f215229 : a mudcrab is disappearing sideways into the mud . this is how it starts a new tunnel .
f215227 : frontal view of a large specimen of helice crassa . when mudcrabs grow old , their skins also become more colourful .
f215227 : closeup of helice ' s face . its mouth parts are shaped for sieving mud and sand .
, which has a wider range in new zealand , but similar habitat and eating habits . in first instance , this crab is distinguished by its smoothly graded colour from brown / purple in front , to paler brown towards the back , whereas
( cw 22mm versus 28mm ) . its legs are not pointed and sharp but end in a kind of nipple . its nippers are smooth , and so are their cutting edges . the righthand claw shows a distinctive gape between fingers .
when the two are found together . it can be found in densities of over 30 / m2 . for further specifics , see those of the smooth shore crab .
: this crab breeds in winter from june to august , in a very short season of 9 weeks . they produce only one brood . eggs are relatively large , measuring 0 . 45mm across and they are dark purple . they hatch after 7 weeks .
: lord howe island , norfolk island , kermadec islands and in new zealand from north cape to east cape .
= name of an explorer ) the smooth shore crab is a new zealand species , common on rocky shores all around new zealand . it is also found in estuaries and mud flats . usually hiding at high intertidal levels , under boulders , it looks at first sight like a young ( 15mm ) common rock crab , but its carapace is smoother ( missing the six teeth ) and elegantly curved . the eye orbits ( sockets ) are curved . a rare species exists ,
, which looks the same , but does not have the carved eye sockets .
the colour of the smooth shore crab is distinctly speckled in dark reddish - brown on a background varying through slate blue , bluish grey , fawn to yellowish brown . its underside is pale . its nippers are white . this is a small crab , measuring only 28mm cw in adult males .
this crab is claimed the most terrestrial of the common crabs , living in the upper intertidal area around the high tide level . it spends a great deal of time out of the water . it usually outnumbers the hairy handed crab
which lives lower down the shore . it normally rests under stones , becoming active only once daily during the night high tide .
the smooth shore crab is usually found under stones , and may be heard making clicking sounds . it has the curious habit of grasping stones with its rear legs , presumably to stabilise itself in the presence of wave action . when prodded , this crab takes a defensive posture , which is often explained as aggressive .
this crab normally dines on tough seaweeds , but it will also scavenge and predate on worms .
: females start breeding at around 11mm cw . their egg - carying period runs from september to january . their eggs are 0 . 32mm across , coloured dark purple , becoming paler as development proceeds . incubation time is about 8 weeks . some females can produce two clutches of eggs in a season . most crabs die after 2 - 3 years but some may live up to 5 years .
: this crab is found mainly in two places , very far apart : new zealand and juan fernandez in chile . it may well be that the one in juan fernandez is a different species , not capable of interbreeding with its nz relative . for this reason we consider c lavauxi an endemic species ( found in nz only ) .
= blue ; blue wandering crab ) the pacific weed crab is a small crab ( 12mm across its back , 25mm length ) , living in the open ocean , often clinging to seaweed and flotsam . in this way it is a frequent visitor to new zealand waters , where it may get beached with its raft of flotsam , debris , fishing float , pumice , dead shell or rams horn shell . it is sometimes seen attached to sea turtles .
this crab has a variable and protective colouration ranging from blue , bluish brown to yellowish , clouded with brown . it is likely that this crab is able to change its colours when moulting , in a similar manner as its relative
. with its chromatophores , this crab can respond to white , black , blue , yellow and green backgrounds .
: not much is known about this crab . females start to breed at about 8mm cl , and like
, may breed all year round . crabs in berry have not been recorded from nz .
= of the sea ; sea wanderer ) the brown pacific weed crab is an oceanic species , found attached to seaweed and flotsam , often between goose barnacles . it is a small crab ( 20mm cw ) with a squarish back and dark reddish - brown colour . very little is known about it . ovigerous ( in berry ) females have been found in nz .
distribution : indo - pacific , japan , west coast of n america , australia , kermadec islands , in new zealand from the bay of plenty to chatham islands .
the sally lightfoot crab is found in south america and features on many shore photographs of the galapagos islands . it is not found in new zealand . it resembles the purple rock crab in behaviour , feeding and habitat preference .
the depressed red rock crab is similar to the red rock crab plagusia chabris and occupies a similar niche in the tropics . it is sometimes encountered in new zealand , clinging to floating objects like driftwood . this crab is recognisable by its flat shape and slightly hollow ( convex ) back , which is covered with flattened tubercles . its colour is reddish with darker blood - red spots and speckles .
webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
milne edwards , h . 1853 ,
mémoires sur la famille des ocypodiens , suite
, annales des sciences naturelles , paris , ser . zoology 3 , vol . 20 , pp . 163 - 228 pls 6 - 11
hutton , f . 1875 ,
descriptions of two new species of crustaceans from new zealand : sesarma pentagona and palinurus edwardsii
, transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , vol . 7 , pp . 279 - 280
white , a . 1842 ,
description of an orthopterous insect and two new species of crustacea , from new zealand
, ed . gray , j . e . ( ed . ) , the collections of the british museum , pp . 78 - 79 , the zoological miscellany , london
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0a9ce6b8 - 663a - 4679 - ac6d - c66352ebcd50
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 295990a7 - 4ee7 - 44b4 - 8b19 - 17985ae2da55
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : adb1c40f - 3970 - 4ed3 - a263 - 0e3f5c807d45
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3d3aebe8 - c88e - 4d8e - 8d4e - 6ecd0c324616
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 425250
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nudus . frons fere horizontalis , sat latus . margo carapaces lateralis bene arcuatus , antero - lateralis bi - emarginatus . epistoma brevissimum . articulus maxillipedis externi 3tius vix longior quam latus . pedes antici sat crassi , manu supra pustulatâ , extus infraque lævi ; brachio apicem anticum 5 - 6 denticulato . pedes 8 postici valde compressi , articulo 3tio pedis postici ad apicem inferiorem integro , articulo penultimo supra scabro .
naked . front nearly horizontal , rather broad ; lateral margin of carapax arcuate , antero - lateral bi - emarginate . epistome very short . third joint of outer maxillipeds as long as broad . anterior feet rather stout ; hand above small postulate , externally and below smooth ; arm with five or six teeth at anterior apex . eight posterior feet much compressed , third joint of posterior pair entire at inferior apex ; penult joint scabrous above .
plate 21 , fig . 3 a , animal , natural size ; b , abdomen and sternum of male ; c , outer maxillipeds , natural size ; d , hand , natural size ; e , spine of tarsus .
length of carapax , seventeen and one - third lines ; breadth , nineteen lines ; length of front , six and three - fourths lines ; breadth of front to front of præmedial areolets ( which but slightly project ) , two and one - fourth lines . colour , finely lined and spotted irregularly with brown - ish black or black , with intervening spaces a little yellowish .
sides of carapax much arcuate . the species is near g . variegates ; but according to edwards’s description of that species , and the figure in guerin’s “iconographie . ” it has the third joint of the outer maxillipeds much oblong , while in this species , the joint is not longer than broad .
the figure in the voy . de l’uranie , under freycinet , pl . 76 , f . 2 , may be this species . ” ( dana , 1852 )
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he wrote , “these large and gaudy crabs are favourites of mine . they only inhabit the intertidal zone ( mainly northwest of about coffin bay in sa ) and are beautiful to behold as they watch inquisitively from the safety of large jagged granite boulders and crevices with their carapace washed over by the gentle wind ripples and slight swells that manage to ruffle the otherwise mirror smooth surface of the crystal clear rock pools found along many parts of this remote coastline . ”
he went on to say , “this crab is approximately the same size and weight as a blue swimmer crab ! ( i’m guessing about the weight comparison but i am certain about the size ! so much so , i am a bit perplexed as to why nobody has chosen them as a regional tourism promotional icon ! honestly they are spectacular crabs and easily seen in delightful rock pools and tide pools of that western section of coast . ”
he then added , “but i am rather surprised to see the stated maximum carapace width of this very widely distributed subtropical shore crab is 80mm . i will have to go back to point dutton and refresh my memory with regard to the size of the crabs there because i have already claimed that they are as big as , or nearly as big as , the ( roughly equally widespread through subtropical oceans ) blue swimmer crab , portunus pelagicus and i will be embarrassed to be proven wrong . ”
david later told me , “the crab also features on pages 214 - 5 in the revised edition of “australian marine life – the plants and animals of temperate waters” by graham j edgar ( and it is heavily harvested in nsw for fishing bait ! ) . ”
ns wherever they meet ( mainly rocky ) coastline . how about the common name purple shore crab ? ! no wonder i took ages to get an accurate provisional id for the yellow form which , as far as i’m aware , is the only colour variant of the species i’ve seen here in south australia . surely i must have seen the purplish or other coloured crabs of the same species ( ? ? species complex ? ? ) in my travels to other subtropical regions . but i would not have known their identity nor taken photos of them , so any body’s guess ! ”
steve reynolds is the current president of mlssa and is a long - standing member of the society . steve is a keen diver , underwater explorer , photographer and is chief author of the society ' s extensive back catalogue of newsletters and journals .
perhaps “passionfruit shore crab” would be a more useful common name ? fyi , i’ve seen and photographed these at various locations on kangaroo island , including : hanson bay , harvey’s return , antechamber bay and vivonne bay . i made several sighting reports ( and submitted photos ) to the atlas of living australia in recent years .
student : $ 20 . 00 aud - yearly individual : $ 25 . 00 aud - yearly family / business / corporate : $ 30 . 00 aud - yearly
this information was published in 1966 in an encyclopaedia of new zealand , edited by a . h . mclintock . it has not been corrected and will not be updated .
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prorasea gracealis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by munroe in 1974 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california .

prorasea gracealis

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[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico
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