alviniconcha is a genus of deep water sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family provannidae .

these snails are part of the fauna of the hydrothermal vents in the indian and western pacific ocean .

these and another genus and species within the same family ( ifremeria nautilei ) are the only known currently existing animals whose nutrition is derived from an endosymbiotic relationship with proteobacteria : a member of bacteria from class epsilonproteobacteria occurs as an endosymbiont of the gills of alviniconcha hessleri .

alviniconcha

provannidae » alviniconcha hessleri , id : 118698 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
one of them , alviniconcha strummeri , is named after joe strummer , the lead singer of the clash .
the other four new species are alviniconcha kojimai , a . boucheti , a . marisindica and a . adamantis .
the mitochondrial coi gene sequences from the alviniconcha gastropods are available at the ddbj under accession numbers ab235211 to ab235227 .
“the name also recognizes the surface of alviniconcha shells : the spiky periostracum resembles the fashion of punk rock bands . ”
species alviniconcha adamantis s . b . johnson , warén , tunnicliffe , van dover , wheat , schultz & vrijenhoek , 2014
species alviniconcha boucheti s . b . johnson , warén , tunnicliffe , van dover , wheat , schultz & vrijenhoek , 2014
species alviniconcha kojimai s . b . johnson , warén , tunnicliffe , van dover , wheat , schultz & vrijenhoek , 2014
species alviniconcha strummeri s . b . johnson , warén , tunnicliffe , van dover , wheat , schultz & vrijenhoek , 2014
this spiky mollusk is called alviniconcha strummeri , named after joe strummer , the late frontman for the clash . taylor & francis online hide caption
only strummeri have been named after a musician : the other alviniconcha species get their monikers from things like research facilities and gastropod experts . “the name highlights the ‘hardcore’ nature of alviniconcha snails , that inhabit the hottest , most acidic and most sulphidic microhabitats at indo - pacific hydrothermal vents , ” researchers wrote . “the name also recognises the surface of alviniconcha shells : the spiky periostracum resembles the fashion of punk rock bands . ”
coupling of the host and endosymbiont lineages of alviniconcha gastropods showed that , although alviniconcha sp . type 2 is associated with bacterial endosymbionts from two related ε - proteobacterial lineages , each of the other alviniconcha lineages harbors bacterial endosymbionts from one distinct lineage within either the γ - or ε - proteobacteria . these host - symbiont relationships in alviniconcha gastropods could potentially be used to motivate for the recognition each host lineage as a separate species . furthermore , since alviniconcha sp . types 1 and 2 harbor γ - and ε - proteobacterial endosymbionts , respectively , and , given that they appear to exclusively inhabit adjacent hydrothermal vents in the manus and north fiji basins , then the possibility that they occupy separate ecological niches should be explored further .
novel chemoautotrophic endosymbiosis between a member of the epsilonproteobacteria and the hydrothermal - vent gastropod alviniconcha aff . hessleri ( gastropoda : provannidae ) from the indian ocean
alviniconcha kojimai , a . adamantis , a . marisindica and a . boucheti ( clockwise ) . image credit : shannon b . johnson et al .
“the name highlights the ‘hardcore’ nature of alviniconcha snails that inhabit the hottest , most acidic and most sulfidic microhabitats at indo - pacific hydrothermal vents . ”
alviniconcha strummeri is known from hydrothermal vent localities at 1 , 850 m depth in the southern lau basin , especially at the tui malila vent site .
novel chemoautotrophic endosymbiosis between a member of the epsilonproteobacteria and the hydrothermal - vent gastropod alviniconcha aff . hessleri ( gastropoda : provannidae ) from the indian ocean †
alviniconcha strummeri , a new species of deep - sea snail named after joe strummer of the clash . image credit : shannon b . johnson et al .
the principle aim of the present study was to identify and clarify the host - endosymbiont lineages of the alviniconcha gastropods from the southwest pacific ocean . in addition , we attempted to determine the nature of the carbon metabolism and the trophic relationships between alviniconcha and their endosymbionts using bulk and compound - specific carbon isotopic analyses .
worms - world register of marine species - alviniconcha strummeri s . b . johnson , warén , tunnicliffe , van dover , wheat , schultz & vrijenhoek , 2014
the alviniconcha sp . from the lau basin harbors a γ - proteobacterial endosymbiont that is phylogenetically distinct from those found in other alviniconcha lineages ( fig . 2 ) . the γ - proteobacterial endosymbiont is closely related to the endosymbiont of the “scaly - footed” hydrothermal gastropod from the central indian ridge with which it shares a sequence identity of ca . 95 % .
a group of marine biologists headed by dr robert vrijenhoek from the monterey bay aquarium research institute has described five new species of deep water alviniconcha snails from the western pacific and the indian ocean .
wittenberg , j . b . , and j . l . stein . 1995 . hemoglobin in the symbiont - harboring gill of the marine gastropod alviniconcha hessleri . biological bulletin 188 : 5 - 7 .
a snail so hardcore it ' s named after a punk rocker inspired by the snails ' spiky shells and acid - loving nature , researchers named the new species alviniconcha strummeri , after clash frontman joe strummer .
since johnson had such success in calling the spiky , acid - loving mollusks punk - rock snails , she and her colleagues decided to name them alviniconcha strummeri , after the late joe strummer , frontman for the clash .
five new alviniconcha species were collected during several expeditions ( 1993 - 2008 ) to various segments of the north fiji , lau , manus and mariana back - arc basins , the mariana volcanic arc and the central indian ridge .
hairy things aren’t just for ye landlubbers . the deep - sea is home to several hairy critters including the hairy vent snail , alviniconcha . the hairy appearance are actually spines protruding from the periostracum , a thin organic layer that coats the mineralized shell of a snail . alviniconcha ‘s shell is very thin . it is this biologist’s opinion that the spines might help keep off fouling creatures , such as drilling limpets . but no one knows for sure quite yet .
a species of deep sea snail with the bold , spiky aesthetic of early clash fans has been named after joe strummer . alviniconcha strummeri are golf ball - sized invertebrates that live around 2 , 000 metres beneath the surface of the ocean .
shannon b . johnson et al . molecular taxonomy and naming of five cryptic species of alviniconcha snails ( gastropoda : abyssochrysoidea ) from hydrothermal vents . systematics and biodiversity , published online december 3 , 2014 ; doi : 10 . 1080 / 14772000 . 2014 . 970673
denis , f . , d . jollivet , and d . moraga . 1993 . genetic separation of two allopatric populations of hydrothermal snails alviniconcha spp . ( gastropoda ) from two south western pacific back - arc basins . biochemical systematics and ecology 21 : 431 - 440 .
to better understand the phylogenetic relationships among host lineages , the upstream region of the coi gene was amplified by pcr using primers lco1490 and hco2198 ( 5 ) for each of the five host lineages : a . hessleri ( smr - 93 - 10 in reference 12 ) , alviniconcha sp . type 1 ( mb - 96 - 16 in reference 14 ) , alviniconcha sp . type 2 ( fb - 90 - 7 in reference 12 ) , alviniconcha aff . hessleri ( the first specimen in reference 11 ) , and alviniconcha sp . from the lau basin ( fig . 1 ) . the primers coi - 7 ( 20 ) and coi - d ( 16 ) were used to amplify the coi fragment of ifremeria nautilei , a member of the provannidae from the north fiji ( haplotype f4 in reference 13 ) and the manus basins ( haplotype m1 in reference 13 ) . ifremeria was used as the outgroup for phylogenetic analysis . the conditions for pcr were 94°c for 60 s , followed by 30 to 40 cycles of 92°c for 40 s , 50°c for 60 s , and 72°c for 90 s .
kojima , s . , r . segawa , y . fijiwara , k . fujikura , s . ohta , and j . hashimoto . 2001 . phylogeny of hydrothermal - vent - endemic gastropods alviniconcha spp . from the western pacific revealed by mitochondrial dna sequences . biological bulletin 200 : 298 - 304 .
phylogenetic analysis also revealed that the sequence identities between the host lineage from the lau basin specimen and the four other host lineages ranged from 88 . 3 to 91 . 6 % , which is markedly lower than the identities among these lineages themselves , which ranged from 98 . 8 to 100 % . it is therefore proposed that the gastropod from the lau basin represent a new distinct lineage in the genus alviniconcha . the finding of marked genetic differentiation in the lau basin specimen is consistent with a previous study in which 20 enzymatic systems in alviniconcha gastropods from the lau and north fiji basins were analyzed ( 1 ) .
specimens of alviniconcha sp . type 1 from the pacmanus field d in the manus basin and the white lady site in the north fiji basin were found to harbor closely related γ - proteobacterial endosymbionts ( fig . 2 ) . similarly , the sequence identities among γ - proteobacterial endosymbionts within the manus and north fiji basins were greater than 99 . 3 and 97 . 8 % , respectively . sequence identities between specimens from the two basins were greater than 97 . 7 % . the endosymbionts of alviniconcha sp . type 1 were related to free - living thiomicrospira spp . with sequence identities of less than 90 % .
kojima , s . , k . fujikura , t . okutani , and j . hashimoto . 2003 . phylogenetic relationship of alviniconcha gastropods from the indian ocean to those from the pacific ocean ( mollusca : provannidae ) revealed by nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial dna . venus ( japan journal of malacology ) 63 : 65 - 68 .
in the present study , the symbiotic relationship in alviniconcha gastropods from the southwest pacific was defined more clearly by using molecular phylogenetic analyses and carbon isotopic characterizations . further ecological and anatomical studies of these uniquely evolved gastropod assemblages might increase our understanding of the gastropod - proteobacterial endosymbioses that have been discovered in hydrothermal vent ecosystems around the globe .
phylogenetic relationships among the five alviniconcha lineages known to date . the tree was constructed by using the mp method with two lineages of ifremeria nautilei used as outgroup taxa . numbers at the branch nodes represent bootstrap values ( 1 , 000 replicates ) obtained from the mp , nj , and the ml methods ; only values greater than 50 % are indicated .
distance tree of the members of the γ - and ε - proteobacteria , as well as the alviniconcha endosymbionts based on near - complete 16s rrna gene sequences ( 1 , 160 nucleotides ) . bootstrap values ( in percent values ) are based on 1 , 000 replicates ( nj and mp ) and are shown for branches with more than 50 % bootstrap support .
alviniconcha also has blue blood due the respiratory pigment hemocyanin and carries very enlarged gills . my measurements indicate that the dry weight of the gills can get up to 21 % of the total dry mass ( excluding shell ) . for comparison , the average intertidal intertidal snail has 4 - 7 % of its total body weight devoted to the gills . this makes sense since alviniconcha has a very reduced stomach and digestive tract . it gets most , if not all , of it’s nutrition from chemoautotrophic bacteria housed in its gills .
chemoautotrophic
means that the bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide as an energy source , normally a toxic chemical to most animal life . but these extreme snails can bring in the goods for their bacterial helpers and thrive en masse .
alviniconcha strummeri will now vie with amaurotoma zappa , named for frank , in the collections of malacologist music fans . those who are not simply interested in snails may also pursue exemplars of the isopod cirolana mercuryi , named from freddie , jaggermeryx naida , an extinct “long - legged pig” named after mick , and myrmekiaphila neilyoungi , a spider who is apparently looking for a heart of gold .
suzuki , y . , t . sasaki , m . suzuki , y . nogi , t . miwa , k . takai , k . h . nealson , and k . horikoshi . 2005 . novel chemoautotrophic endosymbiosis between a member of the epsilonproteobacteria and the hydrothermal - vent gastropod alviniconcha aff . hessleri ( gastropoda : provannidae ) from the indian ocean . applied and environmental microbiology 71 : 5440 - 5450 .
the alviniconcha gastropods that harbor γ - proteobacterial endosymbionts have biomass δ 13 c values ranging from −30 . 0 to −30 . 7 with fatty acids depleted of 13 c relative to the biomass by 5 . 3 to 7 . 7 ( table 2 ) ; these findings are consistent with the chemoautotrophy of the calvin - benson cycle and the subsequent synthesis of fatty acids from 13 c - depleted acetyl - coa ( 21 ) . as with alvinoconcha aff . hessleri , the biomass δ 13 c value of other alviniconcha gastropods that harbor ε - proteobacterial endosymbionts have values ranging from −10 . 3 to −13 . 4 with fatty acids enriched in 13 c relative to the biomass by 2 . 9 to 7 . 3 ( table 2 ) . since the 13 c enrichment of fatty acids relative to biomass is a characteristic of fatty acid synthesis from 13 c - enriched acetyl - coa produced through the rtca cycle , the observed isotope fractionation patterns are most likely to reflect the chemoautotrophy typical of the rtca cycle . although the carbon isotopic composition of hydrothermal co 2 from the sites and enzymatic activity of key enzymes involved in the two chemoautotrophic cycles were not examined in the present study , it seems likely that the γ - and ε - proteobacterial alviniconcha endosymbionts assayed in the present study are chemoautotrophs that convert co 2 into organic matter via the calvin - benson and rtca cycles , respectively .
suzuki , y . , s . kojima , t . sasaki , m . suzuki , t . utsumi , h . watanabe , h . urakawa , s . tsuchida , t . nunoura , h . hirayama , k . takai , k . h . nealson , and k . horikoshi . 2006 . host - symbiont relationships in hydrothermal vent gastropods of the genus alviniconcha from the southwest pacific . appl . environ . microbiol . 72 : 1388 - 1393 .
johnson , s . b . ; warén , a . ; tunnicliffe , v . ; dover , c . v . ; wheat , c . g . ; schultz , t . f . ; vrijenhoek , r . c . ( 2014 ) . molecular taxonomy and naming of five cryptic species of alviniconcha snails ( gastropoda : abyssochrysoidea ) from hydrothermal vents . systematics and biodiversity . 1 - 18 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
johnson , s . b . ; warén , a . ; tunnicliffe , v . ; dover , c . v . ; wheat , c . g . ; schultz , t . f . ; vrijenhoek , r . c . ( 2014 ) . molecular taxonomy and naming of five cryptic species of alviniconcha snails ( gastropoda : abyssochrysoidea ) from hydrothermal vents . systematics and biodiversity . 1 - 18 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 13 , fig . 2 . 4 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
johnson , s . b . ; warén , a . ; tunnicliffe , v . ; dover , c . v . ; wheat , c . g . ; schultz , t . f . ; vrijenhoek , r . c . ( 2014 ) . molecular taxonomy and naming of five cryptic species of alviniconcha snails ( gastropoda : abyssochrysoidea ) from hydrothermal vents . systematics and biodiversity . 1 - 18 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 13 , fig . 2 . 5 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
description alviniconcha hessleri was discovered and described almost 20 years ago ( 7 ) and is a mesogastropod in the family provannidae ( 14 ) . it is named both after the submersible alvin ( “alvin’s shell” ) and the preeminent deep - sea biologist , robert r . hessler . the snail is roughly spherical in shape and has a thin carbonate shell ( if allowed to air - dry , it will fall to pieces within weeks ! ) the protoconch is almost never visible and juvenile shells show considerable variation in sculpture ( 3 , 14 ) . the spiny appearance of this snail is part of the periostracum and can erode away in larger specimens . speaking of size , we have seen specimens up to 88mm in length , larger than a softball !
biogeography originally described from the mariana trough west of the philippines , these snails populate many of the back - arc basins in the western pacific , including the manus , north fiji , and lau back - arc basins . additionally , a . hessleri is reported from the central indian ridge . genetic data suggest there is 2 genetically distinct populations living hundreds of meters apart in the north fiji basin , the dominant genotype being most similar to populations from the manus basin ( 5 ) . populations from the lau basin are also genetically separated from those from the north fiji basin ( 1 ) . furthermore , populations from southwest pacific back - arc basins are distinct from those from the mariana trough are distinct from all of the western pacific back - arc basins ( 6 ) . the central indian ridge populations of alviniconcha are distinct from all other populations ( 4 , 13 ) , though most closely related to populations from the mariana trough ( 4 ) .
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urltoken
corresponding author . mailing address : frontier research system for extremophiles , japan agency for marine - earth science and technology , 2 - 15 natsushima - cho , yokosuka 237 - 0061 , japan . phone : 81 - 468 - 67 - 9710 . fax : 81 - 468 - 67 - 9715 . e - mail :
shannon johnson , a researcher at the monterey bay aquarium research institute , found that when she talked to youngsters about sea snails , she communicated a little more effectively if she skipped the technical description and called them
punk - rock snails .
their entire shells are covered in spikes ,
johnson explains .
and then the spikes are actually all covered in fuzzy white bacteria .
these punk rock snails live thousands of feet underwater , crowded around the mouths of chimneys of hydrothermal vents — the kind of place that might survive the apocalyptic
nuclear error
in the clash album london calling .
they live in hot , acidic poison , basically , so they ' re pretty hardcore ,
she says .
not only was a he a punk - rock icon — he ' s kind of one of the originators of the punk movement — but he also was kind of an environmentalist ,
she says .
he started a foundation that was planting trees all over the world . he ' s a neat guy .
strummer is not the only big name with his own namesake animal . a wooly lemur from madagascar is named after john cleese — the avahi cleesei . a frog in the amazon that makes a shrill , bat - like call is named after ozzy osbourne .
the ramones each have their own trilobite , and there ' s a parasitic wasp named after shakira . the scientists who discovered the wasp say it causes the caterpillar it inhabits to wriggle and writhe , which reminds them of shakira ' s energetic dancing .
warén a . & bouchet p . ( 1993 ) new records , species , genera , and a new family of gastropods from hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps . zoologica scripta 22 : 1 - 90 . [ details ]
desbruyères , d . , m . segonzac & m . bright ( eds . ) . ( 2006 ) . handbook of deep - sea hydrothermal vent fauna . second edition denisia 18 : 1 - 544 . ( copepods 316 - 355 ) ( polychaeta 183 - 296 ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
photo on left courtesy of c . fisher / ridge2000 . photo on the right from linda zelnio .
want to know more about this hairy little friend ? i wrote a detailed article on this snail for deep sea news over a year ago . - kaz
@ doppleganger : don’t forget to send it to carl zimmer for his science tattoo gallery too .
these deep - sea animals live in the hottest and most acidic waters near hydrothermal vents .
because these snails live in these extreme conditions , they have severely degraded shells ( size varies between 2 . 5 - 10 cm ) covered in spikes or have no shells at all .
“collections were conducted with the remotely operated vehicles ( rov ) jason ii and ropos , with the st212 trenching rov , and with the human - occupied vehicle shinkai 6500 , ” dr vrijenhoek and his colleagues wrote in a paper in the journal systematics and biodiversity .
“named in honor of joe strummer , the lead vocalist and guitarist from the clash , a british punk band , ” the scientists wrote .
a . kojimai is known from hydrothermal vent localities at 1 , 480 to 2 , 700 m depths in the manus , fiji and lau basins , in the western pacific . a . boucheti lives near hydrothermal vents at 1 , 300 to 2 , 700 m depths in the manus , fiji and lau basins , in the western pacific .
a . marisindica occurs at hydrothermal vents at 2 , 400 to 3 , 300 m depths on central indian ridge , in the indian ocean : kairei and edmunds vent fields . and a . adamantis lives near hydrothermal vents at 350 m depth on east diamante seamount .
juvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows
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when you think of hydrothermal vents , what comes to mind first ? is it the gushing black smoke out of a chimney ? perhaps you envision the enormous tubeworms with their red velvety plumes sticking out of their white tubes . some may even be familiar with the dense swarms of blind shrimp . what may not come to mind are big hairy snails !
physiology a . hessleri has blue blood due to hemocyanin , but also contains hemoglobin in concentrations similar to chemoautotrophic bivalves from other hydrothermal vents ( 15 ) . the gill of this beast is enlarged and can get up to 21 % of the total soft - body mass ( dry weight , unpublished data ) . a normal snail’s gills from the intertidal may weigh around 4 - 7 % of the total soft - body weight .
desbruyères , d . , a . - m . alayse - danet , s . ohta , and scientific parties of biolau and starmer cruises . 1994 . deep - sea hydrothermal communities in southwestern pacific back - arc basins ( the north fiji and lau basins ) : composition , microdistribution and food web . marine geology 116 : 227 - 242 .
hasegawa , k . , k . fujikura , and t . okutani . 1997 . gastropod fauna associated with hydrothermal vents in the mariana back - arc basin : summary of the results of 1996 “shinkai 6500” dives . jamstec journal of deep sea research 13 : 69 - 83 .
kojima , s . , s . ohta , t . miura , y . fujiwara , and j . hashimoto . 2000 . molecular phylogeny study of chemosynthetic - based communities in the manus basin . jamstec journal of deep sea research 16 : 7 - 13 .
okutani , t . , and s . ohta . 1988 . a new gastropod mollusk associated with hydrothermal vents in the mariana back - arc basin , western pacific . venus ( japan journal of malacology ) 47 : 1 - 9 .
pranal , v . , a . fiala - medioni , and j . guezennec . 1997 . fatty acid characteristics in two symbiont - bearing mussels from deep - sea hydrothermal vents of the south - western pacific . journal of the marine biological association of the uk 77 : 473 - 492 .
stein , j . l . , s . c . cary , r . r . hessler , s . ohta , r . d . vetter , j . j . childress , and h . felbeck . 1988 . chemoautotrophic symbiosis in a hydrothermal vent gastropod . biological bulletin 174 : 373 - 378 .
urakawa , h . , n . dubilier , y . fujiwara , d . e . cunningham , s . kojima , and d . a . stahl . 2005 . hydrothermal vent gastropods from the same family ( provannidae ) harbour e - and g - proteobacterial endosymbionts . environmental microbiology 7 : 750 - 754 .
van dover , c . l . , s . e . humphris , d . fornari , c . m . cavanaugh , r . collier , s . k . goffredi , j . hashimoto , m . d . lilley , a . l . reysenbach , t . m . shank , k . l . von damm , a . banta , r . m . gallant , d . götz , d . green , j . hall , t . l . harmer , l . a . hurtado , p . johnson , z . p . mckiness , c . meredith , e . olson , i . l . pan , m . turnipseed , y . won , c . r . young iii , and r . c . vrijenhoek . 2001 . biogeography and ecological setting of indian ocean hydrothermal vents . science 294 : 818 - 823 .
warén , a . , and p . bouchet . 1993 . new records , species , genera , and a new family of gastropods from hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps . zoologica scripta 22 : 1 - 90 .
hairy crabs , hairy snails , … what’s next ? nice article , kevin . thanks ! i hope you do more .
yep , they have a thin operculum . i’m not sure how they keep from being predated , but a few observations from the field : 1 ) many of these snails are covered in white bacteria 2 ) when i crushed some snails incidentally , the crabs came pouring out of the woodwork toward the crushed snails .
so , it is unclear what the palatability of the snails are but it seems they were probably being eaten by the crabs . now , the reason why this certain crab may be highly associated with the snail in the first place is because it might be grazing the the bacteria off the snails shell . crabs are very opportunistic and if they sense an easy snack they might go for an injured snail . we don’t have much evidence to back up the claim , but just one of several things to consider .
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joe strummer doing his best snail impression . photograph : george rose / getty images
the strummer - indebted snails are one of five new species identified in a paper that was published in the journal systematics and biodiversity . “because they look like punk rockers in the 70s and 80s and have purple blood and live in such an extreme environment , we decided to name one new species after a punk rock icon , ” shannon johnson , a researcher at california’s monterey bay aquarium research institute , told the santa cruz sentinel ( via exclaim ) .
© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .
total dna was extracted from the head - food region of the specimens from the three back - arc basins by grinding , digestion with sodium dodecyl sulfate , and extraction with phenol and chloroform . the downstream region of the coi mitochondrial gene ( approximately 690 bp ) was amplified by the pcr using primers coi - b (
) . the pcr conditions were as follows : 94°c for 60 s followed by 30 to 40 cycles at 92°c for 40 s , 50°c for 60 s , and 72°c for 90 s . the nucleotide sequence of the amplified fragment was determined by using an abi3100 sequencer and a prism big dye terminator sequencing kit ( applied biosystems , inc . , foster city , ca ) with primers coi - b , tw - 2 (
phylogenetic relationships were estimated by the maximum - parsimony ( mp ) method using a multiple , equally parsimonious , heuristic search with tree bisection - reconnection and 1 , 000 random addition sequence replicates , the maximum - likelihood ( ml ) method of the paup * package ( version 4 . 0b10 ) ( 23 ) , and the neighbor - joining ( nj ) method ( 19 ) of the mega package ( version 2 . 19 [ 16 ] ) .
) , except that the endosymbiont dna was extracted from the dissected gill tissue by using a dneasy kit ( qiagen , valencia , ca ) in accordance with the manufacturer ' s instructions . endosymbiont 16s rrna gene sequences were amplified by pcr using la
) . the pcr conditions were 96°c for 120 s , followed by 27 to 30 cycles of 96°c for 20 s , 53°c for 45 s , and 72°c for 120 s . the amplified 16s rrna gene sequence products were cloned by using an original ta cloning kit ( invitrogen , carlsbad , ca ) before being sequenced with an abi 3100 sequencer and drhodamine sequencing kit according to the manufacturer ' s recommendations ( perkin - elmer / applied biosystems ) .
a single phylogenetic clone type ( phylotype ) was obtained from the clone type analysis . the partial sequence was extended and manually aligned by using the secondary structures with arb ( 18 ) . evolutionary analysis was performed by the nj and mp methods using paup ( 23 ) based on 1 , 160 nucleotide positions ( 64 to 1417 [ escherichia coli numbering ] ) , which have more than 50 % identity across the sequences analyzed .
the bacterial 16s rrna gene sequences from the gill endosymbionts are available at the ddbj under the accession numbers ab235228 to ab235239 .
) . the gastropod specimens were dissected into gill and mantle tissues , which were then lyophilized . the carbon isotopic compositions of the cultures and the acid - fumed gastropod tissues were analyzed by using a thermo electron delta
advantage mass spectrometer connected to an elemental analyzer ( ea1112 ) through a conflo iii interface . the measured isotopic composition was expressed as δ
c abundance ratio for the pee dee belemnite carbonate standard . the values of δ
) . briefly , approximately 20 mg of the gastropod tissue was incubated in 1 ml of anhydrous methanolic hydrochloric acid at 100°c for 3 h . the fatty acid methyl esters ( fames ) were then extracted with
- hexane . the identities of the fames were subsequently determined by comparison of their retention times and spectra to those of known fame standards by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry ( gcq ; shimadzu , tokyo , japan ) . the oven temperature was set to 140°c for 3 min before being increased to 250°c at a rate of 4°c / min with he at a constant flow of 1 . 1 ml / min through a db - 5ms column ( 30 m by 0 . 25 μm by 0 . 25 mm ; j & w scientific , folsom , ca ) . standard nomenclature was used for fatty acids , which were designated in an
the δ 13 c values of the fames were determined using the gc - carbon - isotope ratio ms using a thermo electron delta plus advantage mass spectrometer connected to a gas chromatograph ( agilent 6890 ; agilent , mountain view , ca ) through a gc / c / c / iii interface as described previously ( 22 ) . the oven temperature was set to 120°c for 3 min before being increased to 300°c at a rate of 4°c / min with he at a constant flow of 1 . 1 ml / min through an hp - 5 column ( 30 m by 0 . 25 μm by 0 . 25 mm ; agilent ) . the isotopic compositions of the fames were measured with an internal isotopic standard ( 19 : 0 , δ 13 c = −29 . 80 ) with a correction made for the additional carbon atom from the methanol - derivatizing reagent ( δ 13 c = −39 . 04 ) . the internal isotopic standard reduced measurement errors to within 1 for all isotopic analyses .
gastropods and their distribution in the south west pacific basins , a nucleotide sequence for the downstream region of the coi mitochondrial gene ( 696 bp ) was determined for a single specimen from the vai lili site in the lau basin , as well as several sites in the manus and north fiji basins . as summarized in table
sp . type 2 occurred in pacmanus field e and at the vienna woods site in the manus basin and in the starmer ii site in the north fiji basin . consequently , it appears that the distribution of
spp . types 1 and 2 within the fields and sites examined in the present study does not overlap . instead , despite the relatively close geographic proximity of
to determine the phylogenetic affiliations of gill endosymbionts , the host lineages of which were identified above , were analyzed based on their 16s rrna gene sequences . the examination of at least eight clones generated from a 16s rrna gene - sequence library from the gill filaments of each gastropod showed only one 16s rrna gene sequence . as shown in fig .
in this and previous studies , the phylogenetic relationships of host gastropods and their bacterial endosymbionts were conducted in conjunction with bulk and compound - specific carbon isotopic analyses at a global scale across five tectonic settings . analysis of fatty acid profiles of gastropod tissues revealed that the symbiont - free mantle tissue contained substantially more monosaturated c
) . this finding suggests that endosymbiont cells are consumed by , and incorporated into , the host gastropods .
we thank the captains and crews of the r / v yokosuka and natsushima and the shinkai 2000 and 6500 for their technical expertise . we also thank toshiyuki yamaguchi and yasunori kano for helpful discussions .
corresponding author . mailing address : extremobiosphere research center , japan agency for marine - earth science & technology , 2 - 15 natsushima - cho , yokosuka , kanagawa 237 - 0061 , japan . phone : 81 - 46 - 867 - 9710 . fax : 81 - 46 - 867 - 9715 . e - mail :
spp . ( gastropoda ) from two south western pacific back - arc basins .
desbruyeres , d . , a . - m . alayse , s . ohta , et al .
. deep - sea hydrothermal communities in southwestern pacific back - arc basins ( the north fiji and lau basins ) : composition , microdistribution , and food web .
folmer , o . , m . black , w . hoeh , r . a . lutz , and r . c . vrijenhoek .
. wide variation of chemical characteristics of submarine hydrothermal fluids due to due to secondary modification processes after high temperature water - rock interaction : a review , p .
hasegawa , t . , t . yamaguchi , s . kojima , and s . ohta .
hashimoto , j . , s . ohta , a . fialamedioni , j . - m . auzende , s . kojima , m . segonzac , y . fujiwara , j . c . hunt , k . gena , t . miura , t . kikuchi , t . yamaguchi , t . toda , h . chiba , s . tsuchida , j . ishibashi , k . henry , m . zbinden , a . pruski , a . inoue , h . kobayashi , j . - l . birrien , j . naka , t . yamanaka , c . laporte , k . nishimura , c . yeats , s . malagun , p . kia , m . oyaizu , and t . katayama .
. hydrothermal vent communities in the manus basin , papua new guinea : results of the bioaccess cruises ' 96 and ' 98 .
. fractionation of the isotopes of carbon and hydrogen in biosynthetic processes , p .
kojima , s . , k . fujikura , t . okutani , and j . hashimoto .
gastropods from the indian ocean to those from the pacific ocean ( provannidae : mollusca ) revealed by nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial dna .
kojima , s . , r . segawa , y . fujiwara , k . fujikura , s . ohta , and j . hashimoto .
kojima , s . , r . segawa , y . fujiwara , j . hashimoto , and s . ohta .
, between the north fiji basin and the manus basin revealed by nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial dna .
kojima , s . , r . segawa , j . hashimoto , and s . ohta .
. molecular phylogeny of vestimentiferans collected around japan revealed by the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial dna .
kumar , s . , k . tamura , i . b . jacobsen , and m . nei .
. mega2 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software . arizona state university , tempe .
. john wiley & sons , inc . , new york , n . y .
ludwig , w . , o . strunk , r . westram , l . richter , h . meier , yadhukumar , a . buchner , t . lai , s . steppi , g . jobb , w . forster , i . brettske , s . gerber , a . w . ginhart , o . gross , s . grumann , s . hermann , r . jost , a . konig , t . liss , r . lussmann , m . may , b . nonhoff , b . reichel , r . strehlow , a . stamatakis , n . stuckmann , a . vilbig , m . lenke , t . ludwig , a . bode , and k . h . schleifer .
. the neighbor - joining method : a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees .
shimayama , t . , h . himeno , j . sasuga , s . yokobori , t . ueda , and k . watanabe .
suzuki , y . , t . sasaki , m . suzuki , k . h . nealson , and k . horikoshi .
suzuki , y . , t . sasaki , m . suzuki , y . nogi , t . miwa , k . takai , k . h . nealson , and k . horikoshi .
. paup * : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 . 0b10 . sinauer associates , sunderland , mass .
urakawa , h . , n . dubilier , y . fujiwara , d . e . cunningham , s . kojima , and d . a . stahl .
. hydrothermal vent gastropods from the same family ( provannidae ) harbour ε - and γ - proteobacterial endosymbionts .
. gastropoda and monoplacophora from hydrothermal vents and seeps ; new taxa and records .
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fiji . lau bassin . valufa ridge . site vailili . 23°13 ' s . 176°38 ' w . biolau expedition , taken by submarine , 1750 m . july 1989
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has blue blood due to hemocyanin , but also contains hemoglobin in concentrations similar to chemoautotrophic bivalves from other hydrothermal vents ( 15 ) . the gill of this beast is enlarged and can get up to 21 % of the total soft - body mass ( dry weight , unpublished data ) . a normal snail’s gills from the intertidal may weigh around 4 - 7 % of the total soft - body weight .
the digestive system is very reduced for the size of this snail . for instance , warén & bouchet ( 14 ) state , “the stomach is small , about 10mm3 in a specimen 45mm high and a shell volume of about 60 , 000 mm3 . a specimen of
living in the same environment , grazing the surface , has a stomach of 1 . 5mm3 at a shell of 75mm3 . this means that
has a stomach which is 100 times large in relation to the body volume . ” ( pg . 63 )
has separate sexes . they lay down flat , semi - transparent egg capsules on the rock which contains about 20 - 25 embryos ( 14 ) . larvae of
at north fiji and lau basins ( ( 2 ) , unpublished data ) . several copepods of the genus
commonly forms the center of a “bull’s eye” pattern we observe at the lau basin ( documented by warén & bouchet ( 14 ) for the north fiji basin ) , where is occupied the hottest part of the hydrothermal field with the highest concentrations of sulfide ( unpublished data ) . crabs of the genus
. my “pet hypothesis” is that the spines of the snail keep off fouling critters , perhaps those that might drill through its thin and fragile shell . still needs to be tested though…
originally described from the mariana trough west of the philippines , these snails populate many of the back - arc basins in the western pacific , including the manus , north fiji , and lau back - arc basins . additionally ,
is reported from the central indian ridge . genetic data suggest there is 2 genetically distinct populations living hundreds of meters apart in the north fiji basin , the dominant genotype being most similar to populations from the manus basin ( 5 ) . populations from the lau basin are also genetically separated from those from the north fiji basin ( 1 ) . furthermore , populations from southwest pacific back - arc basins are distinct from those from the mariana trough are distinct from all of the western pacific back - arc basins ( 6 ) . the central indian ridge populations of
are distinct from all other populations ( 4 , 13 ) , though most closely related to populations from the mariana trough ( 4 ) .
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“descriptions cannot be made full enough and accurate enough to satisfy later workers . each generation of taxonomists must see the actual specimens used by earlier generations , and i think the tendency now is , or should be , to make descriptions short , but of course explicit and carefully calculated , and to make specimens widely available . ”
the naming of organisms following standardized conventions is the basis for linking new information to existing knowledge . it is also the basis for biological classification , effective communication , and extrapolation of findings about organisms . the mere accession numbers of dna sequences ( or other strings of numbers lacking an agreed system of the numbers’ innate significance ) do not permit extrapolation of information about morphological traits , biogeographic ranges , or sharing of published knowledge across disciplines , all of which is possible with a widely used naming convention . most researchers are using the conventions of the linnaean system , with the fixed starting points being linnaeus’s treatments of plants and animals ( 1753 , 1758 ; persoon and fries for certain fungi and the names of lichens ) .
“the combined nucleotide sequences of the holotype strain . . . . the complete list of diagnostic d1 - d2 lsu , its ( iternal transcribed spacer ) / 5 . 8s and ssu gen - bank sequences which can be used as a genetic type for this species are reported in supplementary material . ” similarly for the other species
unspecified substitutions in nuclear its “ rhizoplaca polymorpha consists of specimens recovered within ‘clade ivc’ in leavitt et al . ( 2011a ) , which is supported as a lineage distinct from all other populations according to coalescent - based genetic analysis of multiple genetic loci . ”
“the least inclusive clade containing organisms with nuclear rrna its sequences with genbank accessions gq850318 , gq850355 gq850368 . . . ”
“with an its sequence ( genbank jq693160 ) that is distinct from other members of the gamsii / elongata clade , deviating in the its1 region from other species in the clade ; with a 94–97 % similarity . with a sister group relationship to a possibly polyphyletic clade containing mortierella sclerotiella ( basal ; genbank hq63031 , ex type ) , m . cogitans ( genbank hq630281 , ex type ) , and m . acrotona ( genbank hq630328 , ex type ) . ”
685 snails collected from 327 hosts , incl . type material , deposited in various collections
this species differs by ssu , lsu and its2 dna sequences ( jn636069 ) from all other species , listed in tables 1 and 2 . “note that these ribosomal dna sequences may vary within the species”
to date , two papers have discussed dna - based formal diagnoses ( cook et al . 2010 ; tripp and lendemer 2014 ) . both overlooked that the practice began 15 years ago ( westheide and hass - cordes 2001 ) , and they either focused on a hypothetical example ( ( cook et al . 2010 ) or examples from 2012 and 2013 ( tripp and lendemer 2014 ) . tripp and lendemer ( 2012 ) also raised a potential problem with one type of dna diagnosis , namely genetic distances , which i take up in the “discussion” section . no previous paper has surveyed the conceptual and factual history of dna - based formal naming , and the absence of a review of how taxonomists have incorsporated molecular characters into protologs has led to uncertainty and reinventing of the wheel ( cook et al . 2010 ; jörger and schrödl 2013 ) .
species are always delimited against already known species ( linnaeus 1753 , 1758 ; mayr 1992 ; naciri and linder 2015 ) . this holds true regardless of whether they are conceived as created ( linnaeus 1753 , 1758 ) or as the result of evolution ( mayr 1992 ) . huge numbers of “cryptic” species—a term only meaningful relative to the particular technology used for studying organisms—can be distinguished with genomic data , and taxonomists are facing the challenge of naming at least some of this organismal diversity as it may be relevant for their research interests . it is useful then to consider how earlier taxonomists facing large numbers of new species mastered the task .
the combination of the type method ( i . e . , name - bearing specimens deposited in one or more collections ) and the discrete nature of nucleotide characters ( substitutions or insertions / deletions of codons ) begs reconsideration of linnaeus’s focus of diagnosing species by features that distinguish them from their known closest relatives , instead of describing mixed sets of traits that vary at different hierarchical levels . here , i consider the ways in which taxonomists have incorporated dna characters directly into the publication of new species names , and i also review the history of dna - based formal naming . i conclude with recommendations about best practice dna - based diagnosis .
i compiled published molecular diagnoses through internet searches , surveying relevant journals and corresponding with colleagues . a molecular diagnosis involves the formal naming of a taxon by listing the dna or protein characters in which it differs from its closest relative ( s ) in the protolog , thus associating it with a binomial latinized name and the type material with its place of deposition . i checked that the molecular data indicated in the diagnosis were accessible in the cited database , usually the national center for biotechnology information ( ncbi : http : / / www . ncbi . nlm . urltoken , accessed 28 april 2016 ) .
my survey focused on species names . an example of a molecular diagnosis of a higher taxon is that of the family ambuchananiaceae seppelt & h . a . crum ex a . j . shaw , “fam . nov . plantae heterogeneae in morphologia , synapomorphis molecularibus in dna nuclei mitochondri et plasti unitae . type :
, p . 1523 ) . of course , this was before botanists abolished the latin requirement on 1 january 2012 . the baselines for bacterial names are
dna - based formal diagnoses of new species of eukaryotes ( mainly fungi , animals , and plants ) since 2000 ( based on data in table 1 ) . i am aware of only one molecular diagnosis published in 2015 ( irimia and gottschling 2016 ) .
the first to discuss how dna characters might be used in species diagnosis were don reynolds and john taylor ( 1991 ) who clarified that the exsisting rules of the international code of botanical nomenclature ( as it was then still called ) allowed dna - based species naming and that dna itself could serve as the type element . they provide two hypothetical examples of new fungal species names , one with a mix of dna and morphological type materials and the other with dna type material only , and call on herbaria to prepare for storing dna material as types . almost a quarter of a century has passed since this prescient article , but taxonomists are still feeling the need to defend the use of dna characters in protologs ( cook et al . 2010 ; jörger and schrödl 2013 ; tripp and lendemer 2014 ) , and the approach is only slowly becoming more common ( fig . 1 ) .
by november 2015 , 98 molecular diagnoses of species of acoelomorpha , alveolata , angiospermae , annelida , arachnida , arthropoda , ascomycota , chordata ( reptilia and pisces ) , fungi , lepidoptera , mollusca , and nematoda have been published ( table 1 ) . relatively few protologs refrain from also providing a morphological description ( brower 2010 ; molina et al . 2011 ; leavitt et al . 2013 ) .
this form of clade - based diagnosis ( “the least inclusive clade containing…” ) has been challenged by tripp and lendemer ( 2012 ) , who have requested the committee on the application of the code of nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants to decide on the validity of this form , which in their view goes against the requirement in article 32 . 2 ( d ) that a diagnosis cannot describe properties such as purely aesthetic features , economic , medicinal or culinary usage , cultural significance , cultivation techniques , geographical origin , or geological age . this matter is currently unsolved , and i have not found examples from outside fungi and lichens of this form of diagnosis ( table 1 ) .
) . in most studies , dna diagnostic features serve to corroborate morphological differences . for example , diagnostic coi substitutions that agree with shell characters clearly diagnose species of parasitic snails , but “impoverished anatomical details [ alone ] do not allow identification” (
) , but fernández - triana and colleagues decided not to use dna barcoding traits as species diagnoses , instead using the form “sequences in bold : 2 , barcode compliant sequences : 2 . ”
between january 1935 and 2012 , botanists ( and mycologists ) had to write any diagnosis in latin ( table lists three such molecular diagnoses ) . since 2012 , however , a few plant species have been diagnosed with nucleotide substitutions described in english ( table 1 ) , and one study even provides both molecular and morphological diagnoses and molecular and morphological descriptions ( gonzález et al . 2013 ) .
a key advantage of molecular diagnoses is their utility for more precisely characterizing type material than is possible with morphological traits . the better a type collection ( including syntypes and paratypes ) is characterized , the more reliable the identification of future specimens . this does not mean that unidentified specimens in the future will need to be sequenced for identification . instead , identification may continue to rely on morphological matching of preserved specimens or , increasingly , of images using machine learning . having stringent diagnoses that specify dna differences among closely related species ( or subspecific taxa ) can facilitate identification in those cases where the correct identification of a specimen is crucial , for example , for parasites of crops or of animals , especially us , but also for specimens that are incomplete , poorly preserved , or immature , so that diagnostic features are missing . also , as pointed out by cook et al . ( 2010 ) , it is often quicker and cheaper to use diagnostic dna features than to rely on the traditional expert - centered paradigm of identification .


keiferia inconspicuella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by murtfeldt in 1883 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from the south-eastern and mid-western united states , north to new jersey and iowa and west to nebraska and texas .

the length of the forewings is 5-5.5 mm .

the forewings are grey mottled with dark grey and yellowish orange .

the hindwings are light to medium grey .

the larvae feed on solanum carolinense and solanum melongena .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

full-grown larvae are green and reach a length of 7 – 8 mm .

keiferia inconspicuella

keiferia brunnea povolný , 1973 ; acta univ . agric . 21 ( 3 ) : 610
keiferia educata povolný , 2004 ; acta univ . agric . brno 52 : ( 15 - 22 )
keiferia powelli povolný , 2004 ; acta univ . agric . brno 52 : ( 15 - 22 )
larvae on s . carolinense in parts of texas can be either k . glochinella or k . inconspicuella . these will have to be reared to the adult stage until the larva of k . glochinella is described with certainty .
keiferia rusposoria povolný , 1970 ; j . lep . soc . 24 : 6 ; tl : west indies , grenada , balthazar
keiferia inconspicuella can be separated from other species in our study by the lack of a dark band on the posterior margin of the prothoracic shield , the trisetose l group on a9 , the rounded head , pale thoracic legs , the eastern united states distribution and the host being either solanum melongena or s . carolinense but not solanum xanti . they tend to mine the edge of the leaves unlike p . operculella that occupies the central portions of the leaf .
keiferia dalibori king & montesinos , 2012 ; acta zool . cracov . 55 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : hualpen , 12m , chile
keiferia altisolani ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28
keiferia elmorei ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
keiferia ( gnorimoschemini ) ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1724 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28 ; [ me6 ] , 206 , 31 ; [ fe ]
this species is allied to keiferia altisolani in wing size and color , but it differs in that the male valva is elongate with a triangular apex , and the vinculum processes are vestigial and hump - like , whereas the valva is bifurcate in k . altisolani .
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adults are about 5 . 0 - 5 . 5 mm in forewing length . they are gray mottled with dark gray and yellowish orange . the labial palpus is upturned . the hindwing is light to medium gray and trapezoidal with a long fringe of hairs . the male genitalia have a sickle - shaped uncus with strongly curved base , elongate valva with triangular apex , and posterior margin of the vinculum shallowly excavated medially with paired vestigial hump - like processes . females have a funnel - shaped antrum and a large sickle - shaped signum .
larvae when fully grown are about 7 - 8 mm long , cylindrical , slightly flattened in form , and green colored . the head and t1 shield are light brown without a posterior band . the fifth tooth of the mandible , being small and pointed , is easily worn smooth and missed .
larvae burrow within the leaf along the edge of the leaf blade . they make a blotch - shaped mine and deposit feces and silk within the mine , causing leaves to turn brown .
native to north america . usa ( southeastern and midwestern united states north to about new jersey and iowa and west to nebraska and texas ) .
this species was described with the larva observed to cause the leaves of the host plants to turn brown .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
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= ; [ sangmi lee ] ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28
gnorimoschema altisolani kieffer , 1937 ; bull . dep . agric . calif . 26 : 179
aristotelia chloroneura meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 6 ; tl : brazil , obidos , santarem
colombiana povolný , 1975 ; acta univ . brno 23 ( 1 ) : 109
larva on solanum powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 14
tildenia georgei hodges , 1985 ; j . lep . soc . 39 ( 3 ) : 151 ; tl : illinois , mason co . , sand ridge state forest
gelechia gudmannella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 77 ; tl : west indies , san domingo , puerto plata
larva on solanum carolinense murtfeldt , 1881 , can . ent . 13 ( 12 ) : 244
california , cuba , mexico , hawaii , . . . , introduced ( italy ) . see [ maps ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 216 ; [ nacl ] , # 2047 ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ me6 ] , 207
larva on lycopersicon esculentum , solanum melongena var ' esculentum ' , s . tuberosum , s . carolinense , s . xanthii , s . bahamese , s . umbelliferum [ me6 ] , 208
parasites apanteles dignus , horogenes blackburni , panhormius pallidipes zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1728
vorax ( meyrick , 1939 ) ( phthorimaea ) ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 53
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
n . sp . , ( family gelechiidae ) a leaf feeder on tomato ( lep . )
zimmerman , 1978 insects of hawaii . microlepidoptera . ( 1 ) : monotrysia , tineoidea , tortricoidea , gracillarioidea , yponomeutoidea , and alucitoidea , ( 2 ) : gelechioidea ins . hawaii 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 396 , ( 1 ) : 397 - 882 , ( 2 ) : 883 - 1430 , ( 2 ) : 1431 - 1903
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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cerithiopsis fayalensis is a species of sea snail , a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae , which is known from the southwestern coast of apulia , italy .

it was described by watson in 1880 .

cerithiopsis fayalensis

worms - world register of marine species - cerithiopsis fayalensis r . b . watson , 1880
figure 5 : the new recorded species of the family cerithiopsidae : a . cerithiopsis diadema , b and c . cerithiopsis fayalensis , d and e . cerithiopsis micalii .
species cerithiopsis pulchella jeffreys , 1858 accepted as cerithiopsis jeffreysi r . b . watson , 1885 ( non c . b . adams , 1850 )
the new recorded species of the family cerithiopsidae : a . cerithiopsis . . . | download scientific diagram
species cerithiopsis valeriae giusti fr . , 1987 accepted as onchodia valeriae ( giusti fr . , 1987 ) ( original combination )
species cerithiopsis amblytera ( r . b . watson , 1880 ) accepted as cerithiella amblytera ( r . b . watson , 1880 )
species cerithiopsis turbonilloides dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 accepted as ektonos turbonilloides ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 ) ( original combination )
watson , r . b . ( 1878 - 1883 ) . mollusca of h . m . s . ' challenger ' expedition . journal of the linnean society ( london ) . 14 : 506 - 529 , 586 - 605 , 692 - 716 [ 1878 - 1879 ] ; 15 : 87 - 126 , 217 - 230 , 245 - 274 , 388 - 412 , 413 - 455 , 457 - 475 [ 1880 - 1881 ] ; 16 : 247 - 254 , 324 - 343 , 358 - 372 , 373 - 392 , 494 - 611 [ 1882 - 1883 ] ; 17 : 26 - 40 , 112 - 130 , 284 - 293 , 319 - 340 , 341 - 346 [ 1883 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 125 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
medin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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redescription of retilaskeya horrida ( di monterosato , 1874 ) comb . nov . and a re - evaluation of the taxonomic affinity of the genus retilaskeya ( caenogastropoda : triphoroidea )
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this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license
pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
eumetulinae clathropsis clathropsis impedita laseron 1956 , ( 4 ) queensland , laskeya laskeya bia bartsch , ( 10 ) afrique s . , laskeya geniculose hedley 1911 , ( 10 ) australie , retilaskeya retilaskeya bicolor ( adams c . b . 1845 ) , ( 18 ) floride , socienna socienna apicicostata ( may 1919 ) , ( 4 ) australie , specula specula mammilla ( may 1919 ) , ( 4 ) australie , specula regina cotton 1951 , ( 3 ) australie , zaclys zaclys styliferus cotton 1951 , ( 7 ) australie ,
natural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken
an open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group .
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( of nanopsis cecalupo & robba , 2010 ) cecalupo a . & robba e . ( 2010 ) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu , 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae ( gastropoda : triphoroidea ) . bollettino malacologico 46 : 45 - 64 . page ( s ) : 53 [ details ] available for editors
marshall b . ( 1978 ) . cerithiopsidae of new zealand , and a provisional classification of the family . new zealand journal of zoology 5 ( 1 ) : 47 - 120 . , available online at urltoken ; = pa47 [ details ]
cecalupo a . & robba e . ( 2010 ) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu , 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae ( gastropoda : triphoroidea ) . bollettino malacologico 46 : 45 - 64 . [ details ] available for editors