the philippine hawk-eagle or north philippine hawk-eagle ( nisaetus philippensis ) , earlier treated under spizaetus , is a species of bird of prey in the family accipitridae .

many taxonmists consider the pinsker 's hawk-eagle , a former subspecies , raised to full species status .

it is endemic to the philippines .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

philippine hawk - eagle

red data book threatened birds of asia detailed information on status , threats , and conservation measures . vireo philippine hawk - eagle photos .
gamauf a , preleuthner m & w . pinsker ( 1998 ) .
distribution and field identification of philippine birds of prey : 1 . philippine hawk - eagle ( spizaetus philippensis ) and changeable hawk eagle ( spizaetus cirrhatus )
( pdf ) . forktail 14 : 1–11 .
recommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : northern philippine hawk - eagle nisaetus philippensis . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018
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the philippine hawk - eagle inhabits forest , from the lowlands up to montane mossy forest at 1 , 900 meters ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . as well as primary forest it has been recorded in disturbed and selectively logged forest ( 7 ) .
the philippine hawk - eagle inhabits forest , from the lowlands up to montane mossy forest at 1 , 900 meters ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . as well as primary forest it has been recorded in disturbed and selectively logged forest ( 7 ) .
preleuthner , m . and gamauf , a . ( 1998 ) .
a possible new subspecies of the philippine hawk - eagle ( spizaetus philippensis ) and its future prospects .
( pdf ) . j . raptor res . 32 ( 2 ) : 126–135 .
56–69 cm ; female 1168–1280 g ( 2 birds ) ; wingspan 105–125 cm . typical hawk - eagle with long ( 8 cm ) crest , largely dark upperparts , grey - brown tail with . . .
the philippine hawk - eagle is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which means that any international trade in this species should be carefully controlled in order to be compatible with its continued survival ( 3 ) . however , more effective legislation is required to control hunting and trading within the philippines ( 5 ) . in addition , while the philippine hawk - eagle has been recorded from numerous protected areas , the degree of protection these sites actually afford is unclear and there may be further important sites , the protection of which would greatly benefit this magnificent bird of prey ( 5 ) .
the philippine hawk - eagle is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which means that any international trade in this species should be carefully controlled in order to be compatible with its continued survival ( 3 ) . however , more effective legislation is required to control hunting and trading within the philippines ( 5 ) . in addition , while the philippine hawk - eagle has been recorded from numerous protected areas , the degree of protection these sites actually afford is unclear and there may be further important sites , the protection of which would greatly benefit this magnificent bird of prey ( 5 ) .
54–61 cm ; c . 1200 g . typical hawk - eagle with crest of 4–5 black feathers up to 8 cm long . head is brown to dark olive - buff , variably streaked black ; upperparts , . . .
c and s philippine is ( samar , biliran , leyte , negros , siquijor , bohol , mindanao and basilan ) .
fjeldså , j . ( 2018 ) . south philippine hawk - eagle ( nisaetus pinskeri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
clark , w . s . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . north philippine hawk - eagle ( nisaetus philippensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
very little is known about the biology of the philippine hawk - eagle , possibly due to its habit of perching in the canopy , concealed with foliage ( 4 ) . however , it soars frequently , and its presence is often revealed by its distinctive two - note call given in flight or while perched ( 4 ) . whilst its diet has not been recorded , like other birds of prey it is likely to use its powerful , hooked bill and long , sharp talons to kill a variety of forest animals .
very little is known about the biology of the philippine hawk - eagle , possibly due to its habit of perching in the canopy , concealed with foliage ( 4 ) . however , it soars frequently , and its presence is often revealed by its distinctive two - note call given in flight or while perched ( 4 ) . whilst its diet has not been recorded , like other birds of prey it is likely to use its powerful , hooked bill and long , sharp talons to kill a variety of forest animals .
( occurring on the southern philippine islands and only recently recognised ) is very similar , but has ochraceous - tawny throat and breast , and plain brownish belly and underwing coverts .
important references : birdlife international . 2000 . threatened birds of the world . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain , and birdlife international , cambridge , uk . clark , w . s . 1994 . philippine hawk - eagle . p . 204 in del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( eds ) . handbook of birds of the world . vol . 2 . new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . ferguson - lees , j . , and d . a . christie .
dependent on forests in which to forage and breed , the philippine hawk - eagle is likely to be threatened by habitat destruction throughout its predominantly lowland range ( 7 ) . forest cover in the philippines has been drastically reduced ; for example , on mindanao , only 29 percent of the forest cover remains , while on bohol just six percent is still standing ( 8 ) . these remnant forest patches continue to be cleared , with most remaining forests being leased to logging concessions or covered by mining applications , the acceptance of which would give companies the right to clear forests ( 8 ) . the impact of habitat loss is being compounded by significant hunting and trapping pressure ( 7 ) .
dependent on forests in which to forage and breed , the philippine hawk - eagle is likely to be threatened by habitat destruction throughout its predominantly lowland range ( 7 ) . forest cover in the philippines has been drastically reduced ; for example , on mindanao , only 29 percent of the forest cover remains , while on bohol just six percent is still standing ( 8 ) . these remnant forest patches continue to be cleared , with most remaining forests being leased to logging concessions or covered by mining applications , the acceptance of which would give companies the right to clear forests ( 8 ) . the impact of habitat loss is being compounded by significant hunting and trapping pressure ( 7 ) .
this newly - split forest eagle qualifies as endangered because its very small population , of which the majority is in two main subpopulations , is undergoing a continuing and very rapid decline owing to lowland forest loss , exacerbated by hunting and trade .
gamauf a , gjershaug jo , rov n , kvaly k and haring e ( 2005 ) .
species or subspecies ? the dilemma of taxonomic ranking of some south - east asian hawk - eagles ( genus spizaetus )
. bird conservation international 15 : 99–117 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s0959270905000080 .
gamauf , a . , gjershaug , j . o . , rfv , n . , kvalfy , k . and haring , e . ( 2005 ) species or subspecies ? the dilemma of taxonomic ranking of some south - east asian hawk - eagles ( genus spizaetus ) . bird conservation international , 15 : 99 - 117 .
conservation : birdlife international does not accept the separation of southern philippine populations as n . pinskeri , but designates the combined populations as vulnerable . as treated here , the separate species should probably be classified as endangered . both taxa are suffering from continuing habitat loss in many parts of their respective ranges and also from hunting and trapping pressure ( birdlife international 2009 ) .
population estimates : ferguson - lees and christie ( 2001 ) estimated the global population of the n . philippensis , including the populations now assigned to n . pinskeri , as being in the range of 1 , 001 to 10 , 000 individuals . gamauf et al . ( 2005 ) pointed out that splitting the hawk - eagle populations of the philippines into two species would lead to lower estimates of their respective population sizes , which they estimated at 200 - 220 pairs for n . philippensis on luzon and 320 - 340 pairs for n . pinskeri on mindanao ( preleuthner and gamauf 1998 ) . birdlife international ( 2009 ) concluded that this leads to a global population estimate for the combined populations of 1 , 000 to 2 , 500 individuals .
traditionally thought to form a species - group with n . nipalensis , n . bartelsi , n . alboniger ( with n . nanus ) and n . lanceolatus . recent genetic data , however , suggested that present species and n . lanceolatus are closer to n . cirrhatus # r . until recently , n philippine populations considered inseparable from c & s ones , but recently described form pinskeri ( see below ) now recognized as full species . monotypic .
65 - 70 cm . medium - sized eagle with longish , black crest . rufescent - brown crown and face , with fine dark streaks . dark brown upperparts . brown tail with 4 - 5 darker bars . white throat , bordered by dark malars . black mesial stripe . rufous underparts with black streaking . finely barred black - and - white
trousers
. pale iris . in flight , shows broad , rounded wings and well - barred flight feathers . juvenile has white head and underparts , upperparts fringed paler . acquires adult plumage over four years .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
nisaetus philippensis and n . pinskeri ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as n . philippensis following haring et al . ( 2006 ) , which before then was placed in the genus spizaetus following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
benstead , p . , bird , j . , lowen , j . , taylor , j . , martin , r & symes , a .
1999 ) . it is uncommon in the sierra madre lowlands , very scarce on mindoro , and is very probably already extinct on some smaller islands within its former range . in the late 1990s 200 - 220 pairs were estimated to remain on luzon ( preleuthner and gamauf 1998 ) .
the species stronghold appears to be luzon where 200 - 220 pairs were estimated in the late 1990s ( preleuthner and gamauf 1998 ) . given that rapid declines have presumably continued since then , a preliminary population estimate is of a total of 400 - 600 mature individuals , roughly equating to 600 - 900 individuals . trend justification : deforestation in the philippines is reported to have been very rapid in recent decades , and it is said that the country lost c . 40 % of its forest cover in the 20 years between 1970 and 1990 ( uitamo 1999 ) . data from essc ( environmental science for social change ) suggest that the area of closed - canopy forest in the philippines decreased by c . 44 % between 1987 and 2002 ( walpole 2010 ) . assuming rapid losses of primary forest over the past 56 years , and impacts from hunting and trapping pressure , it is likely that this species has experienced population declines of more than 50 % over the past three generations .
it inhabits primary , selectively logged and disturbed forest , occasionally frequenting open areas , from the lowlands to lower mountain slopes , almost exclusively below 1 , 000 m . it appears not to tolerate much forest degradation . no migration is known , although unconfirmed reports from the migration funnel of dalton pass ( luzon ) hint at intra - island movements .
deforestation for plantation agriculture , livestock and logging throughout its extensive , predominantly lowland range is the chief threat . in 1988 , forest cover was as low as 24 % on luzon , which is likely to be an overestimate , with most lowland forest leased to logging concessions . habitat loss is exacerbated by considerable hunting and trapping pressure .
cites appendix ii . it has been recorded recently from numerous protected areas , including mts isarog and makiling national parks , the northern sierra madre natural park and bataan natural park / subic bay and recently on mount irid - angilo - binuang of the southern sierra madre in luzon ( j . ibanez
. 2007 ) , as well as tadao ilocos norte , mt palay palay and mt banahao ( d . allen
. these sites are legally protected through local government decrees , but the efficacy of this legislation is often unclear and is ineffective at mt malindang and in the southern sierra madre ( d . allen
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endemic to the philippines , whereit has been recorded on at least 12 islands , including luzon , mindoro , mindanao , negros , samar , basilan , bohol and leyte ( 7 ) .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
birdlife international . ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book . birdlife international , cambridge , uk .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . morphological referring to the visible or measurable characteristics of an organism . primary forest forest that has remained undisturbed for a long time and has reached a mature condition . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1994 ) handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 2 : new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona .
kennedy , r . s . , gonzales , p . c . , dickinson , e . c . , miranda jr , h . c . and fisher , t . h . ( 2000 ) a guide to the birds of the philippines . oxford university press , oxford .
birdlife international . ( 2003 ) saving asia ' s threatened birds : a guide for government and civil society . birdlife international , cambridge , uk .
auscape international po box 1024 , bowral nsw 25a76 australia tel : ( + 61 ) 2 4885 2245 fax : ( + 61 ) 2 4885 2715 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
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forest in lowlands and foothills mostly to 1050 m ( on luzon ) , including selectively logged areas , . . .
no information available . presumably similar to other members of genus , taking large birds and some mammals . has predilection for concealed . . .
no information available , although birds with enlarged gonads reported in jan and aerial display ( undescribed ) reported in late mar .
apparently sedentary , although inter - island movements by immatures possible and unconfirmed reports . . .
. population estimated at 400–600 mature individuals . since 1980 , there . . .
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asian genus previously included within spizaetus , but recent studies support its recognition as separate from american taxa # r # r .
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inhabits mature forest in lowlands and low mountains ; to above 1900 m in montane mossy forest .
little information . probably feeds on birds . perches in concealed locations in canopy , but most often seen at forest edges or soaring over . . .
endangered . restricted - range species : present in negros and panay eba , mindanao and the eastern visayas eba , sulu archipelago eba and siquijor secondary area . cites ii . . . .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : nisaetus philippensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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clements , j . f . , t . s . schulenberg , m . j . iliff , d . roberson , t . a . fredericks , b . l . sullivan , and c . l . wood . 2014 . the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world : version 6 . 9 . downloaded from urltoken
endemic to the philippines , whereit has been recorded on at least 12 islands , including luzon , mindoro , mindanao , negros , samar , basilan , bohol and leyte ( 7 ) .
type for spizaetus philippensis catalog number : usnm 578113 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of birds sex / stage : female ; preparation : skin : whole collector ( s ) : d . rabor year collected : 1963 locality : car - can - mad - lan area , surigao del sur , mindanao , philippines , asia elevation ( m ) : 305 to 640
type : preleuthner & gamauf , a . june 1998 . journal of raptor research . 32 ( 2 ) : 126 - 135 .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
the species stronghold appears to be luzon where 200 - 220 pairs were estimated in the late 1990s ( preleuthner and gamauf 1998 ) . given that rapid declines have presumably continued since then , a preliminary population estimate is of a total of 400 - 600 mature individuals , roughly equating to 600 - 900 individuals .
. 2012 ) . these sites are legally protected through local government decrees , but the efficacy of this legislation is often unclear and is ineffective at mt malindang and in the southern sierra madre ( d . allen
its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .
helbig aj , kocum a , seibold i & braun mj ( 2005 ) a multi - gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles ( aves : accipitriformes ) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 35 ( 1 ) : 147 - 164 pdf
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distribution : indomalayan . endemic to luzon island , philippines . more . . . .
movements : non - migratory , but juveniles disperse from breeding areas ( bildstein 2006 ) .
habitat and habits : occurs in forest and advanced second - growth from lowlands to over 1 , 900 m in montane mossy forest ( kennedy et al . 2000 ) . perches in concealed locations in canopy and often soars ( kennedy et al . op cit . ) .
food and feeding behavior : prey not recorded ( kennedy et al . 2000 ) .
breeding : nest and eggs are undescribed ( kennedy et al . ( 2000 ) .
haring , e . , k . kvalýy , j . o . gjershaug , and a . gamauf .
helbig , a . j . , a . kocum , i . seibold , and m . j . braun .


the sangihe shrikethrush or sangihe whistler ( coracornis sanghirensis ) is a species of bird in the family pachycephalidae .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

originally , the sangihe shrikethrush was described in the genus pinarolestes , and has been classified by some authorities as belonging to the genera dendrocincla .

it was re-classified from the genus colluricincla to coracornis in 2013 .

alternate names include the large tyrannine woodcreeper , sahengbalira shrike-thrush and sangir whistler .

sangihe shrikethrush

select an image : 1 . sangihe whistler 2 . sangihe whistler 3 . sangihe whistler 4 . sangihe whistler 5 . sangihe whistler
the sangihe shrikethrush ( colluricincla sanghirensis ) is a species of bird in the pachycephalidae family . it is endemic to sangihe island in indonesia . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . it is threatened by habitat loss . . . .
needless to say , ross , michael kearns and i were coming to sangihe with a few targets in mind , but not really knowing if seeing them was even a possibility or if they were already gone , never to be seen by anyone ever again . we knew a few were still plausible so we were hopeful for those but had pretty much already written off the likes of sangihe whistler ( aka sangihe shrikethrush ) , sangihe golden bulbul and sangihe white - eye .
“sangihe is one part of an endemic bird area that includes a number of species / forms of birds that have the unfortunate distinction of being incredibly rare and threatened , with a number critically endangered species on sangihe itself : cerulean paradise flycatcher , sangihe shrikethrush , and sangihe white - eye . the forms of dwarf kingfisher and golden bulbul that occur on sangihe are also most likely at the edge of extinction as well , the former not having been recorded for a number of years , and the latter only rarely recorded . ”
with transfer of morningbird to pachycephala from colluricincla the nominate race of sooty shrikethrush reverts to the senior name tenebrosa ( rothschild , 1911 ) from umbrina ( reichenow , 1915 ) .
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it’s a pretty bleak outlook already but unfortunately this sentiment isn’t exactly accurate as the sangihe white - eye that he mentions as “critically endangered” is already extinct .
sangihe is a small island located north of sulawesi and just south of the philippines . it is among the northernmost islands in indonesia . our ferry from manado to sangihe left port at 7pm and we arrived at our destination at 3 : 30am , a full hour and a half earlier than we expected . i must admit i was somewhat sluggish to want to move at this hour ( especially after some early morning starts the last few days ) and we didn’t officially leave the ship and get on the road until a full 45 minutes later . we found a taxi driver to take us to the town of tomako where we were staying at a homestay known as rainbow losmen , run by the brother of one of the only people on sangihe who is fighting to keep the forest intact . wesley pangimangen is knowledgeable and passionate about the remaining tracts of forest and is one of the only people who knows the trail up the mountain where the birds might still be around . the top of the mountain , where it is most inconvenient to farm , is the only place that forest remains on the island of sangihe .
gareth knass , an english birder who visited the area in 2014 does a great job explaining the situation on sangihe in his recent trip report . because i don’t think i could do a better job of saying it myself , i’ll include an excerpt from that report detailing the sad condition of this particular island’s birdlife .
original forest on sangihe has been almost completely converted to agriculture . the largest habitat tract in which the species has been observed is a mere 225 - 340 ha in size , and is undergoing clearance by shifting cultivators in its lower reaches . in 2009 , it was reported that new government initiatives to plant alien tree species were resulting in the clearance of native forest ( sykes 2009 )
the outlook for endemic wildlife found on the small island of sangihe appears to be quite grim . several species have gone extinct and several others are teetering on the brink of extinction . stop . think about this for a second – there are unique living creatures that currently call our blue planet home that will soon no longer exist . gone . forever . naturally we wanted to see them before they meet this sad , sad fate .
our short trip to sangihe had been extremely successful , but also very sobering . it’s great to see such rare birds , but also depressing to see what little habitat they have left . wesley informed us that the forest that we birded was still privately owned and despite his efforts to convince them otherwise , the people would rather chop it down – it was not protected . unfortunately most of the birds we saw in the past two days won’t be around for much longer .
australasia : south americangihe island . colluricincla sanghirensis is endemic to the island of sangihe , north of sulawesi , indonesia , where it was only known from one historical specimen collected in the late 19th century until its rediscovery in 1995 . it occurs on the mountains gunung sahendaruman and gunung sahengbalira , where the total population is likely to be extremely low ( possibly under 100 birds ) given the tiny area of remaining habitat . in 2009 , reports suggested that numbers of this species were in serious decline owing to forest loss
this species is currently known from only one locality , where habitat is declining in extent and quality such that its tiny population must certainly be dwindling . because of this alarming situation it is classified as critically endangered . original forest on sangihe has been almost completely converted to agriculture . the largest habitat tract in which the species has been observed is a mere 225 - 340 ha in size , and is undergoing clearance by shifting cultivators in its lower reaches . in 2009 , it was reported that new government initiatives to plant alien tree species were resulting in the clearance of native forest . at first , planting was restricted to areas below 500 m ; however , more recent reports indicate that planting is now taking place at higher elevations , in areas at 700 - 900 m . having a montane distribution that is close to the maximum altitude within its range , this species is potentially susceptible to climate change
the hike was technically difficult with having to navigate over mud but it was super straightforward and we gained another 350m in elevation in only about 2 km ! we are often used to climbing in elevation only to go back down and have to climb again , or have to hike a long distance at a gradual climb so the fact that we could get to the crest of the mountain in just 90 minutes was perfect , even if we had to do so via a rather treacherous trail . when we reached 730m in elevation we heard sangihe golden bulbul calling off in the distance . seriously ? just like that ? ross played tape and we had the birds respond by calling again but never had a sighting . this was great news in that one of the birds we thought might be gone was clearly still around ! it also meant that since we now knew the bird was in fact around , we would definitely have to put in a proper amount of effort to see it…
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h & m 4 : 239 . od had two different spellings . h & m 4 action as first reviser . affects species and subspecies .
h & m 4 : 241 . original spelling . affects species and subspecies .
h & m 4 : 167 . unsettled nomenclature . usually attributed to ( vieillot , 1820 ) with spelling caerulescens . predated by ( temminck , 1807 ) with spelling coerulescens but the latter published without a description . in the absence of a consensus , we follow the prevailing usage .
h & m 4 : 56 . restore s . roseogrisea . taxonomic status of s . risoria , referable to domestic barbary dove , relative to wild african collared dove unsettled . ( cf iczn opinion 2215 ) .
h & m 4 : 58 . od spelled with one “i” . emended spelling based on internal information . affects species and subspecies .
h & m 4 : 79 . original spelling . affects species and subspecies .
c . amabilis ( ramsay , ep , 1875 ) has precedence over c . aureicincta ( layard , el , 1875 ) . h & m 4 : 379
new genus name required for gynmoglaux which is a junior synonym of gymnasio which is referable to megascops nudipes . aou 54th supplement 2013 . auk 130 : 563 .
follows correction of original spelling of genus . auk 130 : 566 . aou 54th supplement . 2013 .
revert spelling of ptilogonys to the original spelling ptiliogony s . auk 130 : 566 . aou 54th supplement . 2013 .
change spelling of species name to melanorhamphos in accordance with article 82 . 2 of the code ( scon / iou petition to iczn , case no . 3630 , schodde pers . comm ) .
olsson et al 2013b . transfer to pellorneidae [ change accompanies p . burnesii ( 3 . 4 ) ]
gutturalis ( rüppell , 1835 ) has priority over levalliantoides ( smith , a , 1836 ) when the two are considered conspecific as treated here . h & m 4 .
crested pitohui is related to crested bellbird and rufous - naped warbler . reassign to ornorectes in incertae sedis ; possibly separate to oreoicidae ( jønsson et al 2008 , dumbacher et al 2008 , norman et al 2009 , jønsson et al 2010 , tif )
phylloscopus maforensis ( meyer , ab , 1874 ) has priority over frequently used p . poliocephalus ( salvadori , 1876 ) as the species epithet for island leaf warbler .
change species epithet for cory’s shearwater with split of scopoli’s shearwater ( c . diomedea ) .
payne ms , tebb et al 2008 , rheindt et al ms . ssp aeruginosus reassigned from rusty - breasted cuckoo to moluccan cuckoo . c . aeruginosus salvadori , 1878 has priority over c . heinrichi stresemann , 1931 .
c . dorsti is a junior synonym of c . guinea . dowsett - lemaire , borrow & dowsett 2005
johansson et al 2008a . the basal passeroid branches can not yet be accepted as fully resolved , thus , it is unclear whether promeropidae and arcanatoridae are together or represent two independent basal branches . each of them go further back in time than almost any other extant lineage in the passerida … which would argue for accepting them as two families ( jon fjeldså , july 2012 )
massmann 2012 . sacc # 521 . chlorospingus flavopectus ( lafresnaye , 1840 ) has priority over chlorospingus ophthalmicus ( du bus de gisignies , 1847 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
rozendaal , f . g . ; lambert , f . r . 1999 . the taxomonic and conservation status of pinarolestes sanghirensis oustalet 1881 . forktail 15 : 1 - 13 .
17 cm . medium - sized , drab , thrush - like passerine . olive - brown above , more chestnut on shoulders and lower back . paler brownish below , more rufous on belly . strong black bill and legs .
is larger , more olive - green above , yellow on throat and belly .
loud drongo - like song of c . 10 second phrases containing much repetition . also soft , lisping
critically endangered b1ab ( ii , iii , v ) + 2ab ( ii , iii , v ) ; c2a ( i , ii ) ver 3 . 1
this species is currently known from only one locality , where habitat is declining in extent and quality such that its tiny population must certainly be dwindling . because of this alarming situation it is classified as critically endangered .
, where it was only known from one historical specimen collected in the late 19th century until its rediscovery in 1995 . it occurs on the mountains gunung sahendaruman and gunung sahengbalira , where the total population is likely to be extremely low ( possibly under 100 birds ) given the tiny area of remaining habitat . a survey in 2004 estimated the population to be between 56 - 205 ( birdlife indonesia 2007 ) and a 2009 survey estimated between 92 - 255 individuals ( burung indonesia 2009 ) . in 2009 , reports suggested that numbers of this species were in serious decline owing to forest loss ( sykes 2009 )
the population size is likely to be extremely low ( possibly fewer than 100 birds ) given the tiny area of remaining habitat . it is estimated to be between 92 - 255 individuals in total and so is placed in the band 50 - 249 mature individuals .
this species is suspected to be declining owing to on - going forest loss within its restricted range . in 2009 , reports suggested that numbers of this species were in serious decline owing to forest clearance ( sykes 2009 ) .
it is resident in lower montane forest between 600 m and 750 m , occurring singly , and perhaps more frequently in small groups , in the middle and upper forest storeys , and also in dense rattan undergrowth . one boulder - strewn slope where birds were observed in 1996 was dominated by huge ginger - like plants ( possibly zingiberaceae ) , and in an area with a high density of large
of
protection forest
on gunung sahengbalira as a wildlife reserve , although this process was due to take 2 - 3 years . the wildlife conservation society has also worked on the island since 2007 trying to promote sympathetic land use and development by villages surrounding gunung sahengbalira ( n . brickle
conduct further surveys for the species in remaining forest patches on the island ( e . g . gunung awu ) . ensure effective protection of habitat on gunung sahendaruman . support proposals for the rapid gazetting of remaining forest on gunung sahengbalira as a strict nature reserve . continue education programmes emphasising the value of forest cover to water retention and the benefits of sound farming practices on already cleared slopes . encourage forestry staff to establish a permanent presence on the island . lobby against government initiatives that encourage the clearance of native forest for plantations of exotic tree species .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22724568a118587064 .
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rarest bird in the world : the cone - billed tanager , the mystery .
atlapetes blancae , 8 years later , still not found . wish or species ?
medium - sized , drab , thrush - like passerine . olive - brown above , more chestnut on shoulders and lower back . paler brownish below , more rufous on belly . strong black bill and legs . similar spp . golden bulbul ixos affinis platenae is larger , more olive - green above , yellow on throat and belly .
it is resident in lower montane forest between 600 m and 750 m , occurring singly , and perhaps more frequently in small groups , in the middle and upper forest storeys , and also in dense rattan undergrowth . one boulder - strewn slope where birds were observed in 1996 was dominated by huge ginger - like plants ( possibly zingiberaceae ) , and in an area with a high density of large pandanus sp . palms .
one bird was seen to pass an insect to another , presumably young bird ( head pattern slightly different from other birds ) , november . no other data .
orthoptera are taken . the stomach of the single specimen collected in 1985 contained small black and dark brown chitinous insect remains . birds were seen feeding among epiphytic fern fronds and other canopy vegetation , but also keeping close to the ground in slowmoving contour - following parties , with birds turning dead leaves amongst the leaf - litter , foraging on bark and vines , and often gleaning from leaves and mosses .
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rozendaal , f . g . & lambert , f . r . ( 1999 ) the taxonomic and conservation status of pinarolestes sanghirensis oustalet 1881 .
moved to coracornis following jønsson , k . a . , r . c . k . bowie , r . g . moyle , l . christidis , j . a . norman , b . w . benz & j . fjeldså ( 2010 ) historical biogeography of an indo‐pacific passerine bird family ( pachycephalidae ) : different colonization patterns in the indonesian and melanesian archipelagos . ‒ journal of biogeography 37 : 245‐257 .


the brook lamprey ( lampetra planeri , also known as the european brook lamprey and the western brook lamprey ) is a small european lamprey species that exclusively inhabits freshwater environments .

the species is related to , but distinct from , the north american western brook lamprey ( lampetra richardsoni ) .

brook lamprey

his lamprey is the most common irish species of lamprey and is also the smallest . adult brook lamprey (
brook lamprey larvae are active filter feeders , feeding on detritus similar to both seam and river lamprey species ; however , the adult brook lamprey does not feed .
unlike its relative , the sea lamprey , the brook lamprey is non - parasitic . the american brook lamprey is also small , only 10 inches long at the most . ( below )
: the american brook lamprey is located in the northeastern quarter of iowa , mostly in small streams .
colouring : the belly of the brook lamprey is a uniform pale colour , while that of the river lamprey is similar but has irregular dark spots .
the brook lamprey lampetra planeri is a non - parasitic freshwater lamprey that undertakes only localised migrations . it is the smallest of the three species occurring in ireland and is normally up to 15 cm long . identification between the ammocoetes of river lamprey and brook lamprey is difficult , except when nearing metamorphosis ; however , the adults can easily be distinguished by size and the absence of developed teeth in brook lamprey .
three other lamprey species are found in the lake champlain basin . two species - the northern brook lamprey and the american brook lamprey - are non - parasitic filter feeders similar in size and habits to sea lamprey ammocoetes . the silver lamprey is parasitic , but does not have the negative impact on the lake champlain fish community that the sea lamprey does , due to its smaller size and fewer numbers .
although morthern brook lamprey often share habitat with mayfly nymphs and small mussels , there is little evidence that there is any competition amongst these species . unlike many lamprey species , this species is non - parasitic . there is currently no research available regarding parasites of northern brook lamprey .
the wye is an extensive river system spanning the border between england and wales and the brook lamprey lampetra planeri population is widely distributed in its catchment . the river provides exceptionally good quality habitat for brook lamprey and supports a healthy population .
additional research needs for the southern brook lamprey include minnesota life history studies , genetic analysis , and identification of habitat guilds .
brook lamprey are likely to be spawning in a wide range of rivers and streams all over the country over the coming weeks . we would love to hear from you if you come across brook lamprey spawning over the next several weeks ; email your sightings to
the brook lamprey is the most abundant and widespread of the lampreys of the british isles , and still present in many areas throughout northern europe where other lamprey species have gone extinct .
it is likely that the brook lamprey has been affected by pollution , river engineering works and changes in land use ( 2 ) .
brook lamprey spawn in shallow flowing water during march - may when water temperatures are over 10 - 11°c . typical brook lamprey spawning requirements include water depths of 3 - 30cm and current velocities between 0 . 2m s - 1 and 0 . 3m s - 1 . the spawning nest is constructed on a sand or shallow gravel with average particle size of the substrate used by the brook lamprey less than 0 . 5cm . the nest of the brook lamprey is an oval depressions 20×15 cm in width and 5 - 10 cm deep .
photo : brook lamprey active in an area where some digging of the bed material has commenced . they can be hard to spot !
the recent inception of minnesota’s clean water legacy program will eventually yield benefits to southern brook lamprey habitats through nutrient and sediment load reductions .
to be endangered means to have a creature ' s habitat , or prey taken away , or the invasion of another species that pushes the native one out . one reason why the american brook lamprey is endangered because of the invasive sea lamprey . the sea lamprey is parasitic and feeds on the blood of fish . since it is very invasive , it is sometimes found in the same places as the brook lamprey . the sea lamprey is harmful and a poison called chemical tfm targets its ' young to kill them off . unfortunately , when the brook lamprey is in the same place as the sea lamprey , they get killed off too .
felbaum , m . 2007 .
northern brook lamprey
( on - line pdf ) . accessed april 02 , 2012 at urltoken .
lampetra lamottei , the american brook lamprey , is an inhabitant of streams throughout the great lakes region . i have gathered data on this species with specimens collected in the maple river in northern lower michigan . this paper will focus on the morphology and ecology of the brook lamprey .
the endrick brook lamprey lampetra planeri population is strong and healthy and represents the species in scotland . the site also supports important populations of 1099 river lamprey lampetra fluviatilis , for it is also selected .
video : underwater video of brook lamprey at spawning time in an irish stream . in this clip you can see the lamprey use its sucker mouth to carry a stone back to its redd or nest .
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although ammocoetes are blind , adult northern brook lamprey have small eyes . this species also has a lateral line through which the fish may sense vibrations .
northern brook lamprey only feed as ammocoetes . during this time , they feed mainly on organic detrius , diatoms , desmids , protozoans , algae and pollen .
the minnesota dnr lists northern brook lamprey as a species of special concern . in order to keep game fish populations high and parasitic sea lamprey populations low , a lampricide treatment is put into streams and rivers where many lamprey , including non - parasitic northern brook lamprey , reside . this lampricide , among other poisons and pollutants , is adversely affecting population size . there is not currently a direct management / conservation plan in place for this species .
unlike most species of lamprey , the adults do not migrate to sea nor do they have a parasitic phase . adult brook lamprey do not feed and they spawn close to the soft sediment in which they were previously resident .
kott , e . 1971 . characteristics of pre - spawning american brook lamprey from big creek , ontario . can . field - nat . 85 : 235–240 .
brook lampreys are communal spawners usually nesting in groups of 2 - 10 but occasionally as many as 30 have been recorded using the same nest . brook lampreys are characteristically known to spawn at the lower ends of pools and sometimes favour shaded spawning sites , such as under bridges . the spawning ritual is similar to that of the other two species but due to the smaller size of the brook lamprey , females can be less fecund . spawning activity may last over one week and brook lamprey adults die within one month of spawning .
distribution and habitat : brook lampreys occur in small streams throughout finland with the exception of northernmost lapland .
the freshwater brook lamprey lives in small streams , rivers and lakes ( 6 ) with clean gravel beds to spawn in and silt or sand for the larvae ( 7 ) .
purvis , h . a . 1970 . growth , age at metamorphosis and sex ratio of northern brook lamprey in a tributary of southern lake superior . copeia 1970 : 326–332 .
loan - wilsey , a . 2012 .
iowa fish atlas : northern brook lamprey - ichthyomyzon fossor
( on - line ) . accessed april 02 , 2012 at urltoken .
the eden is an example of a brook lamprey lampetra planeri population associated with an extensive river system on a varied and base - rich geology in northern england . the highly erodible nature of the rock results in extensive areas of gravel and finer silt being deposited throughout the system , providing conditions for spawning and nursery areas . brook lamprey is supported widely within the catchment .
northern brook lamprey are solitary outside of breeding season . this species is also mainly sessile , spending the first 4 - 6 years of its life in a burrow until they complete metamorphosis .
cochran , p . a . 1987 . the southern brook lamprey ( ichthyomyzon gagei ) in the st . croix river drainage of wisconsin and minnesota . copeia 1987 : 443 - 446 .
northern brook lamprey typically live for 5 - 8 years in the wild , dying within a few days of reaching sexual maturity and completing mating . there is no data available regarding captive lifespan .
minnesota department of natural resources . 2012 .
ichthyomyzon fossor : northern brook lamprey
( on - line ) . minnesota department of natural resources . accessed april 02 , 2012 at urltoken .
photo : spawning usually occurs in relatively shallow and slow flowing water in areas of sandy / gravely bed material . here 3 brook lamprey work together to move stones and form a redd or nest
, a new species of lamprey from northern italy . copeia 1955 : 215–223 .
the river teith rises and flows through upland areas before crossing the highland boundary fault , a major geological feature in scotland , at the falls of leny and meandering through the central lowlands to the east coast . the river system supports a strong brook lamprey lampetra planeri population . brook lampreys have been recorded from the headwaters downstream to the lower reaches . the river provides excellent habitat with usually pristine water quality , well - vegetated banks and a substantially unaltered river channel . the river teith supports high densities of brook / river lamprey ammocoetes and also supports a healthy population of sea lamprey .
although the southern brook lamprey population in minnesota is apparently healthy , it is limited in range and highly disjunct from the southern population . this makes it especially vulnerable to impacts such as habitat degradation .
the sea lamprey ( petromyzon marinus ) is one of 31 species of lamprey found throughout the world and one of four lamprey species found in the lake champlain basin . lamprey are eel - shaped fish with a skeleton made of cartilage , not bone . they belong to a relic ( primitive ) group of jawless fishes called agnathans .
ivanova - berg , m . m . 1933 . biology of the river lamprey (
the adult lamprey are preyed upon by walleyes , muskellunge , and small mouth bass .
the usk in south wales supports a healthy population of brook lamprey lampetra planeri and is considered to provide exceptionally good quality habitat likely to ensure the continued survival of the species in this part of the uk .
another possible outcome if the brook lamprey goes extinct , would be an overabundance of its food . since the american brook lamprey often feeds on algae and organic matter that falls into the water , the streams could eventually become clogged with it , causing great harm to all creatures that inhabit the waters . such a change of habitat will lead to a rise of another species , which will adapt and dominate the streams .
the brook lamprey is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . listed on annex iii of the bern convention and annex ii of the ec habitats directive ( 3 ) .
during mating , 3 - 7 northern brook lamprey will build a nest together and spawn in groups of 10 - 30 . once eggs are fertilized and laid they are often covered with the substrate surrounding the nest .
2010 .
the northern brook lamprey ( great lakes - upper st . lawrence ) …a species at risk
( on - line ) . fisheries and oceans canada . accessed april 02 , 2012 at urltoken .
the sea lamprey was first noted in lake champlain in 1929 by j . r . greeley , who reported that sea lamprey were found in moderate numbers at that time . it is not clear if , or for how long , sea lamprey had existed in lake champlain prior to this time . taking into account that salmon and trout were sought by both the native people and settlers as a source of food , and later for commercial purposes , coupled with the obvious signs of lamprey parasitism - wounds , scars and attached lamprey - the lack of mention of lamprey in the oral and written history is consistent with the position that sea lamprey may be a non - native invasive species .
environment agency . ( 1998 ) species awareness leaflet number 5 . lamprey . environment agency , bristol .
southern brook lamprey and chestnut lamprey have been observed spawning together in the same nests in the st . croix river system ( namekagon and yellow rivers , wi ) , and samples from the adults and eggs were preserved for genetic analysis ; however , there has been no funding available to run the analyses ( j . lyons , personal communication ) .
the habitat of northern brook lamprey varies throughout the life cycle . adults are generally found in areas of rapidly flowing water above a very coarse bed , spawning and then laying eggs in crevices beneath rocks and boulders . ammocoetes ( larvae ) are generally found in the the calmer waters of brook , stream and river side channels where there is fine sediment or organic debris in which to burrow .
region 5 fisheries p . o . box 296 1115 state route 86 ray brook , ny 12977 518 - 897 - 1333 send us an email
commitee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) . assesment and update status report on the northern brook lamprey ichthyomyzon fossor . canada : her majesty the queen in right of canada . 2007 . accessed april 24 , 2012 at urltoken .
another reason why the american brook lamprey is endangered is because of the loss of its habitat caused by none other than humans . although it is not only the loss of its habitat , but also changes , like changes of water depth or sedimentation .
brook lamprey spawn during april and may in streams and rivers all over ireland . the adult brook lamprey is relatively small , up to 15 cm in length . they are eel - shaped fish with a sucker - like mouth instead of jaws . they spawn in gravel areas , loosening stones and excavating shallow nests or redds . they can use their sucker mouth to lift and move stones and pebbles . they can also attach on to larger stones , leaving the tail free to swish about and loosen material and brush away sand .
northern brook lamprey spawn in the spring at approximately 6 years of age , just after reaching sexual maturity . females lay thousands of eggs , possibly due to high mortality rates during the early stages of the species ' life cycle . eggs hatch 2 - 4 weeks after fertilization .
during periods when sea lamprey are abundant in lake champlain , anglers often catch salmon and trout with wounds or lamprey attached . frequently these fish have multiple wounds , multiple scars and / or multiple lamprey attached to them . these high wounding rates indicate that sea lamprey are having a significant impact on the lake trout and salmon populations . angler catches of lake trout and salmon in lake champlain were found to be just a fraction of catches in similar lakes , despite intensive stocking efforts by fishery agencies . sea lamprey were preventing the restoration of these native fish species to lake champlain .
igoe , f . , quigley d . t . g . , marnell , f . , meskell , e . , o’connor w . and byrne , c . ( 2004 ) the sea lamprey petromyzon marinus ( l . ) , river lamprey lampetra fluviatilis ( l . ) and brook lamprey lampetra planeri ( bloch ) in ireland : general biology , ecology , distribution and status with recommendations for conservation . biology and environment : proceedings of the royal irish academy . 104b ( 3 ) : 43 - 56 .
a number of areas have been proposed as candidate special areas of conservation ( sacs ) for the brook lamprey . the areas chosen support healthy populations and reflect the geographical range of the brook lamprey in the uk as well as the range of habitat features required by the species ( 7 ) . although this should help to improve the conservation status of this primitive fish in the uk , it has been noted that further measures will be required to maintain the species ( 7 ) . draft action plans have been produced for the three lamprey species found in the uk in order to guide their conservation ( 2 ) . the life in uk rivers project is helping to conserve this species .
regardless of whether the sea lamprey is native or not , due to the severity of the impacts that sea lamprey currently have on the lake champlain fishery and ecosystem , and the social and economic impacts on the people who live in the lake champlain basin , sea lamprey populations must be controlled to balance the lake´s ecosystem and restore its world class fishery .
background : the brook lamprey ( lampetra planeri ) is the smallest of the three lampreys native to ireland , the adults generally ranging in size from 10 to 15 cm . it is the only one of the three species which is non - parasitic and spends all its life in freshwater . it is clearly distinguished from the sea - and the river lamprey , in the adult form , by its small size .
three recent genetic studies provided evidence to support the position that sea lamprey may be native to lake champlain and existed in the lake for around 10 , 000 years . if true , the lamprey may be having a detrimental impact on salmon and lake trout because the original lake champlain strains of these fish that may have evolved with the sea lamprey disappeared in the late 1800s .
. information that would help us most would include name of river or stream , location ( as much detail as you can ) , number of redds seen at the site and number of brook lamprey seen in the redd . if you can record the water temperature it would be very valuable additional information .
the derwent represents brook lamprey lampetra planeri in a high - quality , oligotrophic river in northern england . good populations of the species are known to occur , and this river has features that provide the necessary conditions for both spawning and nursery areas – extensive gravel shoals , good water quality and areas of marginal silt .
in typical brook lamprey streams the water over the spawning area is moderately swift ( 0 . 3 - 0 . 5m / sec ) , bed material is gravel and sand and water depth to the base of the nest rarely exceeds 40cm , although in large rivers it is possible that the species spawns in deeper water . lamprey adults generally keep away from bright light but this behaviour changes completely during spawning , when they are active in full daylight .
should the brook lamprey go extinct , it may affect mostly its predators . either its ' predators will die off , or more likely they will have to feed on other things like smaller fish . if the predators feed on smaller fish , then the bigger fish that originally ate those small fish will go extinct also .
is a primitive , jawless fish resembling an eel , and is the smallest of the lampreys found in the uk . it is a non - migratory freshwater species , occurring in streams and occasionally in lakes in north - west europe . like other lamprey species , the brook lamprey requires clean gravel beds for spawning and soft marginal silt or sand for the ammocoete larvae . it spawns mostly in parts of the river where the current is not too strong .
the brook lamprey has declined in some areas of the uk but is relatively widespread and common in parts of england . in scotland it is generally absent north of the great glen ( 7 ) . in europe it extends from sweden to france ( 6 ) , and has declined in parts of this range ( 7 ) .
sea lamprey also feed on other fish species , including lake whitefish , walleye , northern pike , burbot , and lake sturgeon . the lake sturgeon is listed as a threatened species in new york and an endangered species in vermont and it is likely that sea lamprey are affecting their survival . most sea lamprey hosts are native fish species that have been part of the lake champlain basin ecosystem for thousands of years
the teifi is a predominantly mesotrophic river in west wales supporting a large population of brook lamprey lampetra planeri . a mixture of habitat and substrate types provides the combination of spawning gravels adjacent to silt beds that are favoured by this and other lamprey species . a large number of tributaries have been included in the sac ; these are thought to be important for lampreys in the teifi because the main channel is prone to severe floods that may result in washout of smaller ammocoetes .
northern brook lamprey are found in many areas of the midwestern and northeastern united states , including the mississippi river drainage in wisconsin , northeastern illinois , and northern indiana , and in parts of canada . they are also found in a lake erie tributary in new york and certain tributaries of the st . lawrence river in quebec , canada .
juvenile parasitic sea lamprey are 6 to 24 inches in length with smooth , scaleless skin that is mottled grey / blue to black , darker on top and fading to a lighter colored belly . adult sea lamprey , preparing to spawn , are 14 to 24 inches in length and exhibit mottled dark brown / black pigmentation . sea lamprey have two separated fins on their back ( dorsal fins ) and suction disk mouth filled with small sharp , rasping teeth and a file - like tongue . the sea lamprey is a jawless parasite that feeds on the body fluids of fish .
more information about the southern brook lamprey ' s distribution , population size , genetics , and habitat requirements in minnesota are necessary to better conserve this species . lyons et al . ( 1997 ) found the species to be much more widespread in wisconsin than just the st . croix drainage , and this may be the case in minnesota as well .
redds are identified by a small , cleared area along a gravel channel – often little more than a few centimetres wide and long . there may be brook lamprey inside the redd digging it out or actively spawning . numbers inside a redd can vary from one to many . ifi staff on teh boyne found eight adults actively spawning in the r . moynalty . the recent warm weather seems to have got the brook lamprey spawning earlier this year ! on march 31st , 2011 , ifi staff recorded redd digging and spawning in westmeath ( a tributary of l . owel ) , in meath ( r . moynalty ) , in kilkenny ( r . nore at insitioge ) and in limerick ( r . maigue at adare ) .
the lamprey prefers cool streams that are not too big . small or medium size is best and they are often found in streams that are spring fed . the bottom is commonly gravel or sand and they share a habitat with many other fish . like other creatures , the lamprey prefer clean streams .
the avon is a high - quality river that represents the southern part of the range of brook lamprey lampetra planeri . a healthy , stable population occurs in the main river and in a number of tributaries . the main river , and in particular its tributaries , provides clean beds of gravel for spawning and extensive areas of fine silt for juveniles to burrow into .
youson , j . h . 1980 . morphology and physiology of lamprey metamorphosis . can . j . fish . aquat . sci . 37 : 1687–1710 .
reproduction : larvae of the brook lamprey spend the first 4–6 years of their life buried in the mud of the stream , filtering out nutrients from the water . they then metamorphose directly into sexually mature adults , at which point they cease feeding . the adults remain in the stream of their birth , where they spawn on sand or gravel the following spring and after spawning die .
prior to egg release the female attaches herself to a stone . the male then uses his oral disc to fasten himself to the female , usually to one side of her head and twisting his body round hers . at this moment the female starts to vibrate rapidly and eggs and milt are extruded in a backward stream . the vibration whirls up sand and the eggs , fertilised externally , become embedded in the downstream end of the nest . brook lampreys often spawn in large groups of 10 to 30 in a nest . the female brook lamprey may carry 900 – 1500 eggs . the adults die shortly after spawning .
habitat degradation , water pollution , and dams on almost every tributary in the basin during the last two centuries may have kept lamprey numbers low . recent improvements in habitat and water quality , along with the annual stocking of their preferred hosts , may be providing lamprey with a new opportunity to prosper . if native to lake champlain , sea lamprey either remained in the lake as a remnant population after the retreat of the
champlain sea
or migrated into the lake via the richelieu river .
in the spring , sexually mature adult sea lamprey migrate up tributaries to spawn . they locate spawning streams by following pheromones ( naturally produced chemical attractants ) released by ammocoetes living in those waters . a pair of male and female sea lamprey build a nest , called a redd , in a gravel stream bottom in section of flowing water . the female lays tens of thousands of eggs and the male fertilizes them , then having completed this act the sea lamprey die . the eggs lie in the small spaces between the gravel , and are provided oxygen by the flowing water . weeks later the eggs hatch and the complex life cycle of the sea lamprey begins again .
the national parks and wildlife service has published a series of studies ( irish wildlife manuals series ) on lamprey within individual irish catchments , including maps of distribution and photographs . these can be accessed through the npws website at urltoken under publications . issues relevant to lamprey include nos 5 , 14 , 15 , 21 , 22 and 26 .
sometime in mid to late summer of their third or fourth year the ammocoetes undergo a dramatic change in both form and function . they develop eyes and a suction disk mouth , and become a smaller version of the adult sea lamprey . also during this stage their kidneys change to allow them to live in saltwater . once the ammocoetes´ change is complete , the newly transformed sea lamprey , known as a transformer , leaves its burrow and moves downstream towards lake champlain . the sea lamprey is then ready to begin the next stage in its life as a parasite of fish . the juvenile sea lamprey move into deeper water and begin to seek host fish on which to feed .
the holes along the side of the lamprey ' s head are several gill openings . a single nostril lies in the center of the head as you can see below .
) measure from 10 - 15cm and spawn in gravels during the springtime . they have a wide distribution in ireland . although they are found in small streams , as their name suggests , they are also found in larger rivers . brook lamprey ammocoetes ( larvae ) live in soft sandy / mud for a number of years before maturing . these young lampreys are blind and are filter feeders , eating detritus and other organic matter .
moore , j . w . & j . m . mallatt . 1980 . feeding of larval lamprey . can . j . fish . aquat . sci . 37 : 1658–1664 .
o ' boyle , r . n . & f . w . h . beamish . 1977 . growth and intermediary metabolism of larval and metamorphosing stages of the landlocked sea lamprey ,
studies on the great lakes show a 40 to 60 percent mortality rate for fish attacked by sea lamprey . other studies have found that a single sea lamprey can kill 40 or more pounds of fish during its life . even when fish survive the attacks , the fish populations will decline as the fish expend more energy on healing than on producing eggs and mating .
the juvenile sea lamprey uses its suction disk mouth which is filled with small sharp , rasping teeth and a file - like tongue to attach to fish , puncture the skin , and drain the fish ' s body fluids . an anticoagulant in their saliva ensures that the blood of the host fish does not clot while the sea lamprey feed . often the host fish die from loss of blood , or infections resulting from stress . fish that survive sea lamprey attacks will have decreased reproduction . sea lamprey in lake champlain prefer landlocked atlantic salmon ( salmon ) , lake trout and other trout species , due to their small scales and thin skin . the same native fish species prized by anglers , and that are such an important part of the natural ecosystem of the lake .
spawning and adult brook lamprey : water temperature is the decisive factor in determining the onset of spawning . in british rivers , the spawning season for l . planeri generally extends from march to april and begins when water temperatures reach 10 - 11oc . observations in ireland have recorded spawning in the mid april – mid may period . however , recent warm weather in march 2011 led to spawning being observed at sites in limerick , kilkenny , meath and westmeath on 31st march .
wigley , r . l . 1959 . life history of the sea lamprey of cayuga lake , new york . u . s . fish . wildl . serv . fish . bull . 59 : 559–617 .
the blind worm - like larval lamprey , known as ammocoetes [ am - mah - seats ] , can grow up to 5 inches long . they hatch from eggs in gravel nests in tributaries and drift downstream with the current . when they locate suitable habitat - usually silt / sand stream bottoms and banks in slower moving stretches of water - they burrow in and take up residence , filter - feeding on algae , detritus and microscopic organisms and materials . in the lake champlain basin this stage of the sea lamprey ' s life cycle usually lasts 3 to 4 years ; in other waters lamprey spend up to 10 years in their larval form .
sea lamprey , like many salmon , are
diadromous
. they spend the early stages of their life in streams and rivers . the middle stage of their life is spent in the saltwater of the ocean or in a large freshwater lake . then they return as breeding adults to spawn in the freshwater streams and rivers , and die shortly after spawning . sea lamprey in lake champlain take about six years to complete this life cycle .
lyons , j . , p . a . cochran , and m . e . sneen . 1997 . taxonomic status and distribution of the lamprey ichthyomyzon cf . gagei . american midland naturalist 138 : 69 - 76 .
northern brook lamprey have two developmental stages : ammocoete ( larval ) and adult . larvae hatch approximately 2 weeks after egg fertilization and drift downstream before burrowing into the substrate . once settled in burrows , larvae feed on suspended algae , bacteria and other detrius for 5 - 6 years until they metamorphose into non - feeding juveniles , typically in the fall . the transformation process lasts for 2 - 3 months . juveniles spend 4 - 6 months drifting until spring , when spawning occurs and they become sexually mature adults . adults die shortly after spawning .
lamprey hold on to the bottom , suckered on with the use of their mouth . they feed on bacteria , algae and other types of detritus from the water and the mud . they are present in the swansea canal in quite high numbers and occasionally appear elsewhere .
if sea lamprey are invasive , they are thought to have entered lake champlain during the 1800s from the hudson river estuary through the hudson / champlain canal or possibly from the st . lawrence river through the richelieu river - both the hudson and the st . lawrence rivers empty into the atlantic ocean .
( above ) the lamprey has a long slender body and is often confused with an eel . ( below ) it has no true teeth or jaw . it is blind up until it becomes an adult . also unlike eels , they have cartilage instead of bones , and skin instead of scales .
during spawning , these lampreys coil together in groups of 3 to 7 individuals before going into the nest . once in the nest a male attaches to , but does not wrap around , a female ( as in some other lamprey species ) to complete egg fertilization . adults then leave the nest and die soon thereafter .
the cleddau rivers are a predominantly lowland catchment in the pembrokeshire peninsula . the substrates consist mainly of sand , gravel and well - aerated silt , providing an excellent mosaic of lamprey spawning and nursery habitat . this is reflected in electrofishing surveys carried out by the environment agency , which indicate the presence of ammocoetes throughout the catchment .
during the late 1800s and early 1900s numerous attempts were made to restock trout and salmon , but all failed . in the late 1950s and 1960s new york state began experimental stockings of lake trout and salmon with some limited success . it became clear that one of the factors limiting the success of stocking was parasitism by sea lamprey .
the american brook lamprey adult does not feed . only the offspring burrow into soft silt and filter feed on protozoans , algae , pollen , desmids , diatoms , and small plant and animal life . they live as offspring for about 4 - 7 years before becoming an adult . spawning season is from april to may . the males arrive at the spawning ground before the females in order to make a nest . the males make a nest similar looking to how a hen ' s nest would look . it is saucer shaped and formed by the male moving pebbles in the stream bed with his mouth . the females come and attach themselves to a rock at a nest with their mouth and lay eggs as the males feritilize them . depending on the size of the female , 1 , 000 - 5 , 000 eggs are produced . the adults die shortly after spawning .
sea lamprey are an ancient fish , with a complex life cycle and mouth parts that are well adapted for their parasitic life . the elimination of this species from lake champlain is neither desired nor possible . however , their population must be reduced to lessen their negative impacts on the lake champlain fishery to an acceptable level , to balance the lake champlain basin ecosystem and its world class fishery .
kelly , f . l . and king , j . j . ( 2001 ) a review of the ecology and distribution of three lamprey species , lampetra fluviatilis ( l . ) , lampetra planeri ( bloch ) and petromyzon marinus ( l . ) : a context for conservation and biodiversity considerations in ireland . biology and environment : proc . r . ir . acad . 101b , 165 - 185 .
spawning migration : the migration of non - parasitic lamprey to upstream spawning grounds takes place over short distances . in l . planeri , movement appears to begin in spring only a short time before the onset of spawning and the distances travelled are often less than 1km although this varies with the character of the stream and its gradient . in a swedish study on l . planeri , the critical temperature for onset of migration was 7 . 5c and migration was essentially nocturnal , although daytime migration was also observed late in the season .
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latin , petra = stone + greek , myzo = to suckle + greek , odous , odontos = teeth ( ref . 45335 ) .
the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .
rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .
but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .
unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .
this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .
in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .
when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .
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the adults spawn in may and june , and the eggs are deposited into depressions in the riverbed . as in river lampreys , a number of males mate with one female ( 5 ) . the larvae ( known as ammocoetes ) live for three to seven years in the sand or mud , and filter organic matter from the water for nourishment ( 5 ) . as they mature they develop eyes and the sucker - like mouth , and as sexual maturity is approached they stop feeding entirely . a few weeks after spawning the adults die ( 5 ) . unlike river and sea lampreys this species does not migrate out to sea , but spends the whole life - cycle in fresh water ( it is not anadromous ) ( 4 ) .
you can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .
there may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .
anadromous in fish : those species that spend most of their lives at sea but migrate to fresh water to spawn . larvae stage in an animal ' s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . spawning the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water .
davies , c . , shelley , j . , harding , p . , mclean , i . , gardiner , r . and peirson , g . ( 2004 ) freshwater fishes in britain – the species and their distribution . harley books , colchester .
cihar , j . ( 1991 ) a field guide in colour to freshwater fish . aventium publishing , prague .
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still rare in some areas , but populations have markedly recovered following earlier pollution problems in central europe .
great britain north to scottish highlands , rivers draining to north sea north to scotland and about stavanger ( norway ) , baltic sea basin , atlantic as far south as adour drainage ( france , spain ) and an isolated population in tagus ( portugal ) , mediterranean basin in france and western italy ( south to about tevere drainage ) . locally in ireland , upper volga , upper danube and some of their tributaries , and pescara drainage on adriatic coast of italy .
when the 2010 assessment of this species was published in 2011 , a 2013 citation reference was accidentally attached to the account and hence the previous version of the assessment showed it as being published in 2013 when it should have been 2011 . the error is corrected here and is therefore given a 2016 citation date ; the 2011 reference that should have been used in the citation is under the references .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2011 : e . t11213a97806694 .
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listed on annex iii of the bern convention and annex ii of the ec habitats directive ( 3 ) .
appearance : lampreys lack gill covers and paired fins and instead of a jawed mouth , have a sucker disc with two tooth plates with a few blunt teeth .
they are eel like in shape , being long and cylindrical with a rear dorsal fin near to the tail and seven breathing holes on each side of the body . they are dark brown or dark grey in the body , have a white belly and bright yellow eyes .
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greek , letheia = apathetic + greek , enteron = intestine ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 6 . 8 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 18 . temperate ; 5°c - 20°c ( ref . 12468 ) ; 51°n - 35°n
north america : canada and usa : lake superior basin , michigan ; lake michigan basin , michigan ( carp lake , betsie , pine , and pentwater rivers ) and indiana ; lake huron basin , michigan ; lake erie basin , ontario and michigan ; lake ontario basin , ontario and new york ; mississippi river basin , minnesota , missouri , pennsylvania , kentucky , tennessee , and alabama ; st . lawrence river basin , québec and new york ; atlantic slope basins , new hampshire , massachusetts , connecticut , new york , new jersey , pennsylvania , delaware , maryland , and virginia ( ref . 89241 ) . two subspecies lethenteron appendix appendix and i > l . appendix wilderi
maturity : l m 15 . 0 range ? - ? cm max length : 35 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 86798 ) ; common length : 15 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 5 years ( ref . 12193 )
semelparous ( ref . 1998 ) . the female attaches with her oral disc to a rock at the upstream end of the nest . the male attaches to the back of her head using his oral disc and wraps his tail around her trunk region in such a way as to have each others urogenital papilla in close proximity and through muscular contraction of his body assists in the extrusion of the eggs . they vibrate vigorously for a few seconds . this results in the release of their gametes and disturbance of the substrate , which partially buries the fertilized eggs ( ref . 89241 ) .
page , l . m . and b . m . burr , 2011 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . boston : houghton mifflin harcourt , 663p . ( ref . 86798 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00120 ( 0 . 00052 - 0 . 00277 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tmax = 6 ; tm = 5 ; fec = 2 , 883 ) .
prior r = 0 . 36 , 2 sd range = 0 . 16 - 0 . 84 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 02 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 42 , based on : 1 k , 1 tgen , 1 tmax , 1 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 57 of 100 ) .
spawning is initiated when water temperatures are between 13 and 20 . 5°c . males begin nest building by moving stones and gravel to create a small dip in the substrate within shallow , pool - riffle , high - gradient stretches of streams .
there is no parental investment by adults of this species as they die soon after egg fertilization .
this species is prey for many larger fish throughout its life . while eggs and ammocoetes are particularly vulnerable , adults may be consumed as well . known predators include rainbow trout , rock bass and brown trout .
bronte karvel - fuller ( author ) , minnesota state university , mankato , robert sorensen ( editor ) , minnesota state university , mankato .