milnesium berladnicorum is a species of eutardigrade in the family milnesiidae , native to bârlad , romania .

brownish in color , the species grows to a length of 400 micrometers .

m. berladnicorum was named after the berladnici , a tribe from medieval moldova .

milnesium berladnicorum

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milnesium berladnicorum ciobanu , zawierucha , moglan , & kaczmarek , 2014
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measurements and pt values of selected morphological structures of fifteen females from the type population of milnesium berladnicorum sp . n .
milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania .
article : milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania
6 . milnesium lagniappe meyer , hinton and dupré , 2013 : by the presence of six peribuccal lamellae ( four in milnesium lagniappe ) , a different cuticular sculpture ( sparse pseudopores on the cuticle which do not form a true reticulum in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs nine dorsal and lateral sculptured bands bearing a reticulated pattern of polygons in milnesium lagniappe ) , a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs . [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 2 ] in milnesium lagniappe ) , a smaller anterior width of buccal tube ( 8 . 9–17 . 8 µm in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 20 . 7–25 . 1 µm in milnesium lagniappe ) , a smaller standard width of the buccal tube ( 7 . 8–14 . 7 μm in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs . 19 . 4–23 . 6 μm in milnesium lagniappe ) , a smaller posterior width of the buccal tube ( 7 . 2–13 . 6 µm in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 18 . 9–23 . 2 µm in milnesium lagniappe ) , a smaller posterior / anterior width ratio ( 69 % –79 % in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 86 % –99 % in milnesium lagniappe ) and a smaller standard width / length ratio ( 31 % –39 % in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 63 % –78 % in milnesium lagniappe ) .
3 . milnesium granulatum ( ramazzotti , 1962 ) : by having a different cuticular sculpture ( sparse pseudopores on the cuticle which do not form a true reticulum in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs a reticular sculpture in milnesium granulatum ) and different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] in milnesium granulatum ) .
4 . milnesium katarzynae kaczmarek , michalczyk and beasley , 2004 : by having a different cuticular sculpture ( sparse pseudopores on the cuticle which do not form a true reticulum in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs a reticular sculpture in milnesium katarzynae ) , a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs [ 2 - 2 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium katarzynae ) , larger body size ( 400–734 µm in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 285 . 0–294 . 5 µm in milnesium katarzynae ) , stylet supports inserted in a more anterior position ( pt = 66 . 6 – 71 . 2 in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs pt = 73 . 3 – 78 . 3 in milnesium katarzynae ) and by the presence of eyes .
7 . milnesium reticulatum pilato , binda and lisi , 2002 : by the lack of dorsal gibbosities , the presence of six peribuccal lamellae ( four in milnesium reticulatum ) , a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 2 ] in milnesium reticulatum ) and slightly larger body length ( 400–734 μm in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs . 270–405 μm in milnesium reticulatum ) .
2 . milnesium beasleyi kaczmarek , jakubowska and michalczyk , 2012 : by having a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs . [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 2 ] in milnesium beasleyi ) , a different posterior / anterior width ratio ( 69 % –79 % in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 90 % –96 % in milnesium beasleyi ) and stylet supports inserted in a more posterior position ( pt = 66 . 6 – 71 . 2 in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs pt = 61 . 6 – 65 . 6 in milnesium beasleyi ) .
details - milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania - biodiversity heritage library
5 . milnesium krzysztofi kaczmarek and michalczyk , 2007 : by having a different cuticular sculpture ( sparse pseudopores on the cuticle which do not form a true reticulum in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs dorsal cuticle with pseudopores arranged in a fine reticular design in milnesium krzysztofi ) , a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 2 ] in milnesium krzysztofi ) and by presence of eyes .
milnesium argentinum sp . nov . and milnesium beatae sp . nov . milnesium argentinum sp . nov . : ( a ) habitus ( ventral view ) and milnesium beatae sp . nov . : ( b ) habitus ( ventral view ) ( both pcm ) .
1 . milnesium alabamae wallendorf and miller , 2009 : by having a different cuticular sculpture ( sparse pseudopores on the cuticle which do not form a true reticulum in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs a finely punctuated ( probably pseudopores ) cuticle arranged in bands on caudal segments in milnesium alabamae ) , a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] in milnesium alabamae ) , the presence of accessory points on primary branches and by presence of eyes .
milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania . : ciobanu , daniel adrian : free download , borrow , and streaming : internet archive
because of the claw configuration [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] , milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . is similar to milnesium almatyense tumanov , 2006 ( michalczyk et al . 2012a , 2012b ) but differs by having a sculptured dorsal cuticle and by presence of eyes .
five new species of the genus milnesium ( tardigrada , eutardigrada , milnesiidae ) .
milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . : 2 claws iii 3 claws iv 4 sculpture on dorsal cuticle above ii–iii pair of legs 5 sculpture on dorsal cuticle above iv pair of legs 6 buccal apparatus ( ventral view ) .
milnesium argentinum sp . nov . and milnesium beatae sp . nov . milnesium argentinum sp . nov . : ( a ) buccal tube ( ventral view ) ; ( b ) dorsal cuticle with pseudopores and milnesium beatae sp . nov . : ( c ) buccal tube ( ventral view ) ; ( d ) dorsal cuticle with pseudopores ( all pcm ) .
the administrative map of romania with 13 highlighted counties in which species of the genus milnesium were reported : milnesium tardigradum sensu lato ( according with rudescu 1964 ; see discussion ) : 1 argeş 2 bistriţa - năsăud 3 caraş - severin 4 cluj 5 dâmboviţa 6 harghita 7 ilfov county and bucharest city 8 maramureş 9 mehedinţi 11 suceava 12 tulcea . milnesium granulatum and milnesium asiaticum ( according to ciobanu et al . 2014 ) : 10 neamţ ( in green ) . milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( present study ) : 13 vaslui ( in blue ) . map outline according to wikipedia : urltoken
tardigradi di terra del fuoco e magallanes . milnesium brachyungue , nuova specie di tardigrado milnesidae .
eggs : oval , smooth and deposited in exuvium as in all other known milnesium species .
eggs : oval , smooth and deposited in exuvium as in all other known milnesium species .
the genus milnesium ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) in the great smoky mountains national park ( north carolina and tennessee , usa ) , with the description of milnesium bohleberi sp . n .
milnesium katarzynae sp . n . , a new species of eutardigrade ( milnesiidae ) from china .
morphometric data were handled using the ' ' apochela ' ' ver . 1 . 1 template available from the tardigrada register ( michalczyk and kaczmarek 2013 ) . raw data underlying the description of milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . are deposited in the tardigrada register under urltoken
ciobanu da , zawierucha k , moglan i , kaczmarek ł ( 2014 ) milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania . zookeys 429 : 1–11 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 429 . 7755
ciobanu , d . a . , zawierucha , k . , moglan , i . & kaczmarek , ł . ( 2014c ) milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania . zookeys , 429 , 1–11 . urltoken
a new species of tardigrada ( eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) : milnesium krzysztofi from costa rica ( central america ) .
measurements and pt values of selected morphological structures of milnesium argentinum sp . nov . mounted in hoyer ' s medium
milnesium argentinum sp . nov . and milnesium beatae sp . nov . milnesium argentinum sp . nov . : ( a ) claws ii ; ( b ) claws iv ; ( c ) rotifer mastaxes in the gut ( black arrowhead ) and milnesium beatae sp . nov . : ( d ) claws i ; ( e ) claws iv ; ( f ) tardigrade buccal apparatuses and claws in the gut ( black arrowheads ) ( all pcm ) .
measurements and pt values of selected morphological structures of milnesium beatae sp . nov . mounted in hoyer ' s medium
including the new species described here , the total number of valid tardigrade taxa recorded in romania is 128 , with three valid milnesium species ( not including milnesium tardigradum tardigradum sensu stricto , which requires confirmation of presence in romania ) .
milnesium lagniappe , a new species of water bear ( tardigrada , eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) from the southern united states .
redescriptions of three milnesium doyère , 1840 taxa ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) , including the nominal species for the genus .
tardigrades of north america : milnesium alabamae nov . sp . ( eutardigrada : apochela : milnesiidae ) a new species from alabama .
experimental taxonomy exposes ontogenetic variability and elucidates the taxonomic value of claw configuration in milnesium doyère , 1840 ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : apochela ) .
meyer , h . a . & hinton , j . g . ( 2010 ) milnesium zsalakoae and milnesium jacobi , two new species of tardigrada ( eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) from the southwestern usa . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 123 ( 2 ) , 113–120 . urltoken
current knowledge on turkish tardigrades with a description of milnesium beasleyi sp . n . ( eutardigrada : apochela : milnesiidae , the granulatum group ) .
two new tardigrade species from romania ( eutardigrada : milnesiidae , macrobiotidae ) , with some remarks on secondary sex characters in milnesium dornensis sp . nov .
tumanov , d . v . ( 2006 ) five new species of the genus milnesium ( tardigrada , eutardigrada , milnesiidae ) . zootaxa , 1122 , 1–23 .
due to the sculptured cuticle , milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . belongs to the granulatum group ( michalczyk et al . 2012a , 2012b ) . the new species differs from all other species in the granulatum group by the presence of a unique claw configuration [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] that is not present in any other species in this group . besides the claw configuration , the new species differs from :
corrigenda of zootaxa , 3154 : 1–20 “redescriptions of three milnesium doyère , 1840 taxa ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) , including the nominal species for the genus” .
two new tardigrade species from romania ( eutardigrada : milnesiidae , macrobiotidae ) , with some remarks on secondary sex characters in milnesium dornensis sp . nov . | ciobanu | zootaxa
pilato , g . & binda , m . g . ( 1991 ) milnesium tetralamellatum new species of milnesiidae from africa ( eutardigrada ) . tropical zoology , 4 , 103–106 .
suzuki , a . c . ( 2008 ) appearance of males in a thelytokous strain of milnesium cf . tardigradum ( tardigrada ) . zoological science , 25 , 849–853 . urltoken
suzuki , a . c . ( 2003 ) life history of milnesium tardigradum doyère ( tardigrada ) under the rearing environment . zoological science , 20 ( 1 ) , 49 – 57 .
bartels , p . j . , nelson , d . r . , kaczmarek , ł . & michalczyk , ł . ( 2014 ) the genus milnesium ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) in the great smoky mountains national park ( north carolina and tennessee , usa ) , with the description of milnesium bohleberi sp . nov . zootaxa , 3826 ( 2 ) , 356–368 . urltoken
wiederhöft , h . & greven , h . ( 1999 ) notes on head sensory organs of milnesium tardigradum doyère , 1840 ( apochela , eutardigrada ) . zoologisher anzeiger , 238 , 338–346 .
binda , m . g . & pilato , g . ( 1990 ) tardigradi di terra del fuoco e magallanes . milnesium brachyungue , nuova specie di tardigrado milnesidae . animalia , 17 , 105–110 .
ty - jour ti - milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania t2 - zookeys vl - 429 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2014 sp - 1 ep - 11 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 429 . 7755 au - ciobanu , daniel au - zawierucha , krzysztof au - moglan , ioan au - kaczmarek , łukasz kw - europe kw - new species kw - palearctic kw - tardigrada kw - taxonomy er -
@ article { bhlpart139345 , title = { milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania } , journal = { zookeys } , volume = { 429 } , url = urltoken publisher = { pensoft publishers 2014 } , author = { ciobanu , daniel and zawierucha , krzysztof and moglan , ioan and kaczmarek , łukasz } , year = { 2014 } , pages = { 1 - 11 } , keywords = { europe | new species | palearctic | tardigrada | taxonomy | } , }
the study discusses distribution and taxonomic problems of the milnesium species known from south america . as of now , nine milnesium taxa are known from this region ( including two new species reported in this paper ) . additionally , the study broadens our knowledge of tardigrades ' feeding behaviour , provides some details about their diet and suggests that the type of prey chosen by some species belonging to the family milnesiidae may be associated with the width of their buccal tube .
kaczmarek , ł . , michalczyk , ł . & beasley , c . w . ( 2004 ) milnesium katarzynae sp . nov . , a new species of eutardigrade ( milnesiidae ) from china . zootaxa , 743 , 1–5 .
dewel , r . a . & clark , w . h . jr . ( 1973 ) studies on the tardigrades , i . fine structure of the anterior foregut of milnesium tardigradum doyère . tissue and cell , 5 , 133–146 .
kaczmarek , ł . & michalczyk , ł . ( 2007 ) a new species of tardigrada ( eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) : milnesium krzysztofi from costa rica ( central america ) . new zealand journal of zoology , 34 , 297–302 . urltoken
kaczmarek , ł . , jakubowska , n . & michalczyk , ł . ( 2012a ) current knowledge on turkish tardigrades with a description of milnesium beasleyi sp . nov . ( eutardigrada : apochela : milnesiidae , the granulatum group ) . zootaxa , 3589 , 49–64 .
michalczyk , ł . , wełnicz , w . , frohme , m . & kaczmarek , ł . ( 2012a ) redescriptions of three milnesium doyère , 1840 taxa ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) , including the nominal species for the genus . zootaxa , 3154 , 1–20 .
wallendorf , m . & miller , w . r . ( 2009 ) tardigrades of north america : milnesium alabamae nov . sp . ( eutardigrada : apochela : milnesiidae ) a new species from alabama . transactions of the kansas academy of science , 112 ( 3–4 ) , 181–186 . urltoken
milnesium argentinum and m . beatae are new taxa for science . as of now , nine milnesium taxa are known from south america ( including the two new species and two newly recorded taxa for argentina , reported in this paper ) . the presence of m . tardigradum s . s . in south america needs confirmation and for now it should be considered as dubious . it is probable that width of buccal tube may limit a prey size and play an important role in the feeding behaviour in the family milnesiidae . studies on the feeding behaviour in tardigrades are in initial phase and definitive conclusions are not possible at this moment .
meyer , h . a . , hinton , j . c . & dupré , m . c . ( 2013 ) milnesium lagniappe , a new species of water bear ( tardigrada , eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) from the southern united states . western north american naturalist , 73 ( 3 ) , 295–301 .
michalczyk , ł . , wełnicz , w . , frohme , m . & kaczmarek , ł . ( 2012b ) corrigenda of zootaxa , 3154 , 1–20 “redescriptions of three milnesium doyère , 1840 taxa ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) , including the nominal species for the genus” . zootaxa , 3393 , 66–68 .
roszkowska , m . , ostrowska , m . & kaczmarek , ł . ( 2015 ) the genus milnesium doyère , 1840 ( tardigrada ) in south america with descriptions of two new species from argentina and discussion of the feeding behaviour in the family milnesiidae . zoological studies , 54 , 12 . urltoken / 10 . 1186 / s40555 - 014 - 0082 - 7
claws of the milnesium type , slender . primary branches on all legs with small accessory points on the top of the branch . secondary claws of all legs with rounded basal thickenings ( lunules ) ( sometimes barely visible ) . claw configuration : [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] . single , long transverse , cuticular bars under claws i–iii present .
the diversity and distribution of the tardigrades in south america are rather poor and selective , as is information about their feeding behaviour and diet . to date , only ca . 210 tardigrade taxa have been reported from the region of south america . in the present paper , we provide an update of the distribution of the genus milnesium in south america and discuss some aspects of the feeding behaviour in the family milnesiidae .
besides the abovementioned the most similar species , m . beatae sp . nov . is similar to other species of the genus milnesium with the claw configuration [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] ( m . alabamae , m . antarcticum , m . asiaticum , m . barbadosense , m . eurystomum , m . granulatum , m . longiungue and m . zsalakoae ) or with a sculptured cuticle ( m . beasleyi , m . katarzynae , m . krzysztofi and m . reticulatum ) .
characteristics and measurements of the species used in the differential diagnosis are given according to the original descriptions ( ramazzotti 1962 ; pilato et al . 2002 ; kaczmarek et al . 2004 ; tumanov 2006 ; kaczmarek and michalczyk 2007 ; wallendorf and miller 2009 ; kaczmarek et al . 2012a ; meyer et al . 2013 ) or are based on direct examination of type material ( holotype and paratypes of milnesium beasleyi kaczmarek et al . 2012a ) . ramazzottius specimens were verified and identified using the key to the world tardigrada ( ramazzotti and maucci 1983 ) , a more modern key to the genus ramazzottius ( biserov 1998 ) , and remarks discussed by pilato et al . ( 2013 ) .
cuticle cuticle covered with numerous tiny , shallow and rounded depressions ( pseudopores ) . under pcm pseudopores are visible as light spots with blurry edges . two cephalic papillae positioned laterally .
six peribuccal papillae ( ventral papilla smallest ) and six peribuccal lamellae ( of equal size ) around the mouth opening . buccal tube funnel - shaped , wider anteriorly ( on average the posterior diameter is 73 % of the anterior diameter ) . pharyngeal bulb elongated , pear - shaped and without placoids or septulum .
sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania .
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1 faculty of biology , alexandru ioan cuza university of iași , b - dul carol i , no . 20a , 700505 iași , romania
2 department of animal taxonomy and ecology , faculty of biology , a . mickiewicz university in poznań , umultowska 89 , 61 - 614 poznań , poland
corresponding author : daniel adrian ciobanu ( moc . liamg @ unaboic . nairdaleinad )
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
in a lichen sample collected by the first author in bârlad town in july , 2013 , 53 individuals and two exuvia ( with 16 eggs ) of the new species were found . additionally , 55 specimens of ramazzottius oberhaeuseri ( doyère , 1840 ) were found in the same sample , including 9 specimens in simplex stage and 9 eggs .
all specimens were extracted according to dastych ( 1980 , 1985 ) and mounted on microscope slides in hoyer’s medium . observations , measurements and photomicrographs were taken using phase contrast microscopy ( pcm ) ( olympus bx41 with digital camera artcam - 300mi ) . all measurements ( determined with quickphoto camera 2 . 3 ) are given in micrometers [ μm ] .
body length was measured from the mouth to the end of the body excluding the hind legs . the buccal tube and claws characteristics were measured according to tumanov ( 2006 ) and michalczyk et al . ( 2012a ) . subsequently , claw configuration is described according to michalczyk et al . ( 2012a , 2012b ) . other morphometric data were calculated using the pt ratio : the ratio of the length of a given structure to the length of the buccal tube , expressed as a percentage ( pilato 1981 ) . the pt values are always provided in italics in order to differentiate them from length values .
holotype ( female ) , 52 paratypes and 2 exuvia with 7 and 9 smooth eggs .
body brownish ( in live specimens ) or transparent ( in fixed specimens ) with eyes ( visible before and after mounting in hoyer’s medium - 90 % of fixed specimens had eyes ) . six peribuccal papillae ( ventral papilla smallest ) and six peribuccal lamellae ( of equal size ) around the mouth opening present . two cephalic papillae positioned laterally . the cuticle is covered with numerous tiny , shallow and rounded depressions ( pseudopores ) (
) . buccal tube funnel - shaped , wider anteriorly ( on average the posterior diameter is 73 % of the anterior diameter ) . pharyngeal bulb elongated , pear - shaped and without placoids or septulum . claws of the
) . primary branches on all legs with small accessory points on the top of the branch . secondary claws of all legs with rounded basal thickenings ( lunules ) ( sometimes barely visible ) (
) . secondary branches of external claws i–iii and posterior and anterior claws iv with two points . secondary branches of internal claws i–iii with three points ( i . e . claw configuration : [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] ) (
46°14 . 74167n , 27°40 . 27333e ; 99 m asl : romania , vaslui county , bârlad town , coppice , lichens ( xanthoria parietina ( l . ) th . fr . ( 1860 ) ) from tree .
this new species is named after the berladnici , an ancient population with a controversial origin ( most probably slavs ) who previously lived in the area of the present bârlad town .
holotype ( female ; slide : p8 - 8 ) and 29 paratypes ( females ) and 1 exuvium with eggs ( slides : p8 - 4 , p8 - 5 , p8 - 6 , p8 - 9 , p8 - 13 , p8 - 14 , p8 - 15 , p8 - 17 , p8 - 19 ) are preserved at the department of animal taxonomy and ecology , a . mickiewicz university in poznań , umultowska 89 , 61–614 poznań , poland . additionally , 14 paratypes ( females ) and 1 exuvium with eggs ( slides : p8 - 1 , p8 - 3 , p8 - 16 , p8 - 18 ) are deposited at natural history museum of “alexandru ioan cuza” university from iași ( bd . independentei no . 16 , 700101 ) , 4 paratypes ( females ; slides : p8 - 7 , p8 - 12 ) are deposited at collection of binda and pilato ( museum of the department of animal biology “marcello la greca” , university of catania , italy ) and 5 paratypes ( females ; slides : p8 - 2 , p8 - 10 , p8 - 11 ) are deposited at the natural history museum , university of copenhagen universitetsparken 15 , dk - 2100 copenhagen , denmark .
the authors want to thank prof . diane nelson of east tennessee state university for help in improving of the english in the manuscript . we are also grateful to anonymous
reviewers for valuable remarks . this work was partially funded by the prometeo project of the secretariat for higher education , science , technology and innovation of the republic of ecuador . studies have been partially conducted in the framework of activities of barg ( biodiversity and astrobiology research group ) at the adam mickiewicz university in poznań , poland .
bartels pj , nelson dr , kaczmarek ł , michalczyk ł . ( 2014 )
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, is located mostly in the southern hemisphere , with a relatively small portion ( ca . 10 % ) in the northern hemisphere . it includes 12 sovereign countries . geographically , the western part of south america is dominated by the andes while the eastern part contains both highland regions and large river basins such as the amazon , paraná and orinoco . most of the continent lies in the tropics and the entire south american territory belongs to neotropical ecozone ( peel et al .
argentina , located in southern part of the continent , shares land borders with chile across the andes to the west , bolivia and paraguay to the north , brazil to the northeast , uruguay and the south atlantic ocean to the east and the drake passage to the south . argentina is the eighth largest country in the world and the second largest in latin america . it is subdivided into 23 provinces and one autonomous city - buenos aires . the exceptionally diverse climate depends on the geographic regional division and ranges from tropical in the north to subpolar in the far continental south ( edwards
río negro , one of the 23 provinces of argentina , is located at the northern edge of patagonia . the central region of the province is dominated by a series of plateaus and isolated hills with altitude ranging from 600 to 1 , 000 m asl . towards the west , the foothills of the andes are dominated by a series of low valleys . the climate of the province is temperate at low elevations and very harsh in the highest andean peaks ( edwards
the phylum tardigrada consists currently of ca . 1 , 200 species ( guidetti and bertolani
) . our knowledge of the diversity and distribution of south american water bears is poor and selective . to date , ca . 210 taxa ( including seven
) is known from many localities , from the antarctic through tropical and temperate to arctic regions ( michalczyk et al .
) , many new records and species have been reported from various localities throughout the world ( e . g . kaczmarek et al .
’ section ) . in this paper , two new species of this genus are described and illustrated . additionally , two new records of
species , with their wide and relatively short buccal tube connected with a large pharynx without placoids , are considered carnivorous , but details of their diet are still very poorly known . they can feed on rotiferas , nematodes , other tardigrades or even on amoebas ( e . g . kinchin
species ( and more general the entire family milnesiidae ) in connection with the different constructions of the buccal tube .
) . after extraction , all specimens , exuviae and eggs were fixed and mounted on microscope slides in hoyer ' s medium . observations , measurements and photomicrographs were taken using phase contrast microscopy ( pcm ) ( olympus bx41 with digital camera artcam - 300mi , olympus corporation , shinjuku - ku , japan ) . all measurements ( determined with quickphoto camera 2 . 3 ) are given in micrometres [ μm ] .
morphometric data were handled using the ‘apochela’ ver . 1 . 1 template available from the tardigrada register ( michalczyk and kaczmarek
) . structures were measured only if their orientations were suitable . body length was measured from the anterior to the posterior end of the body , excluding the hind legs . all measurements followed protocols in tumanov (
) . buccal tube width was measured at three points as suggested by michalczyk et al . (
] . configuration of the number of claw points on the secondary branches ( ‘claw configuration’ ) is given according to michalczyk et al . (
41°20′s , 71°30′w , ca . 850 m asl : río negro , nahuel huapi national park , bariloche , mirador lago mascardi , moss from rock , coll . dawid diduszko , 22 february 2012 .
41°12′s , 71°50′w , ca . 1 , 000 m asl : río negro , nahuel huapi national park , ventisquero negro , car parking near small bar , nothofagus forest , moss from rocks , coll . łukasz kaczmarek , 27 january 2006 .
41°12′s , 71°50′w , ca . 1 , 000 m asl : río negro , nahuel huapi national park , ventisquero negro , car parking near small bar , nothofagus forest , moss from tree , coll . łukasz kaczmarek , 27 january 2006 .
41°12′s , 71°28′w , ca . 1 , 400 m asl : río negro , nahuel huapi national park , bariloche , 1 . 5 km from refugio frey , nothofagus forest , moss from stone , coll . marta prange , 26 january 2006 .
41°13′s , 71°27′w , ca . 1 , 200 m asl : río negro , nahuel huapi national park , on the trail to refugio frey , near to van titter stream , nothofagus forest , moss from stone , coll . marta prange , 26 january 2006 .
material examined : eighteen females , all from nahuel huapi national park , río negro , argentina , mosses samples from rocks and stones , coll . dawid diduszko , łukasz kaczmarek and marta prange .
additional material : two specimens in sample i , ten specimens in sample iii and two specimens in sample iv .
) : the body rose before fixation and transparent afterwards , eyes present . cuticle sculptured with pseudopores ( 0 . 4 to 0 . 7 ) not arranged in bands , sparsely distributed and not forming reticular design ( figure
b ) . six peribuccal papillae and six peribuccal lamellae around the mouth opening present . two cephalic papillae positioned laterally . peribuccal and cephalic papillae similar in length .
n , number of specimens / structures measured ; sd , standard deviation ; ? , no data .
a ) . buccal tube rather narrow and long ( standard width on average 27 % of its length ) and funnel - shaped , wider anteriorly ( posterior diameter on average 80 % of the anterior diameter ) . pharyngeal bulb elongated , pear - shaped and without placoids or septulum .
b ) . all secondary branches on all legs with three points ( claw configuration : [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] ) . single , long transverse , cuticular bars under claws i to iii present ( figure
tardigrade buccal apparatuses and claws in the gut ( black arrowheads ) ( all pcm ) .
locus typicus : argentina , 41°13′s , 71°27′w , ca . 1 , 200 m asl . , río negro province , nahuel huapi national park .
etymology : the new species is named after the country of argentina , where the species was collected .
type depositories : the holotype and 14 paratypes are deposited in the department of animal taxonomy and ecology , adam mickiewicz university in poznań , umultowska 89 , poznań , poland ; two paratypes are deposited at the natural history museum , university of copenhagen universitetsparken 15 , dk - 2100 copenhagen , denmark and one paratype is deposited at collection of binda and pilato , museum of the department of animal biology ‘marcello la greca’ , university of catania , italy .
, known from china , colombia , costa rica and taiwan ( kaczmarek et al .
, known only from arizona and new mexico , u . s . a . ( meyer and hinton
material examined : seven females , all from nahuel huapi national park , río negro , argentina , moss sample from rocks , coll . łukasz kaczmarek .
) : the body rose before fixation and transparent afterwards , eyes present . cuticle sculptured with pseudopores ( 0 . 3 to 0 . 6 ) not arranged in bands , sparsely distributed and not forming reticular design ( figure
d ) . six peribuccal papillae and six peribuccal lamellae around the mouth opening present . two cephalic papillae positioned laterally . peribuccal and cephalic papillae similar in length .
c ) . buccal tube wide and short ( standard width on average 62 % of its length ) and funnel - shaped , wider anteriorly ( posterior diameter on average 72 % of the anterior diameter ) . pharyngeal bulb elongated , pear - shaped and without placoids or septulum .
d , e ) . all secondary branches on all legs with three points ( claw configuration : [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] ) . single , long transverse , cuticular bars under claws i - iii present ( figure
locus typicus : argentina , 41°12′s , 71°50′w , ca . 1 , 000 m asl . , río negro , nahuel huapi national park .
etymology : this species is named after first author ' s secondary school biology teacher - mrs . beata ostasiewicz .
type depositories : the holotype and all paratypes are deposited in the department of animal taxonomy and ecology , adam mickiewicz university in poznań , umultowska 89 , poznań , poland .
m . bohleberi by having sculptured dorsal cuticle and lower pt of peribuccal papillae length ( [ 18 . 0 - 23 . 6 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 27 . 2 - 32 . 3 ] in m . bohleberi ) .
m . alabamae by different dorsal sculpture ( pseudopores not arranged in bands , sparsely distributed and not forming a reticular design in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . pseudopores arranged in bands ( especially in caudal region ) , densely distributed and forming a reticular design in m . alabamae ) , presence of accessory points on main branches of claws , presence of eyes and lower pt of standard width of buccal tube ( [ 58 . 1 - 65 . 6 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 29 . 5 - 44 . 0 ] in m . alabamae ) .
m . antarcticum by having sculptured dorsal cuticle , higher pt of standard width of buccal tube ( [ 58 . 1 - 65 . 6 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 35 . 4 - 43 . 9 ] in m . antarcticum ) and stylet supports inserted in more cephalic position ( [ 63 . 8 - 66 . 7 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 70 . 0 - 73 . 7 ] in m . antarcticum ) .
m . barbadosense by having sculptured dorsal cuticle , presence of eyes and lower pt of standard width of buccal tube ( [ 58 . 1 - 65 . 6 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 27 . 2 - 49 . 7 ] in m . barbadosense ) .
m . katarzynae by a different claw configuration ( [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 2 - 2 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in m . katarzynae ) , different dorsal sculpture ( pseudopores not arranged in bands , sparsely distributed and not forming a reticular design in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . pseudopores densely distributed and forming a reticular design in m . katarzynae ) , presence of eyes , higher pt of standard width of buccal tube ( [ 58 . 1 - 65 . 6 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 21 . 7 - 26 . 6 ] in m . katarzynae and stylet supports inserted in more cephalic position ( [ 63 . 8 - 66 . 7 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 73 . 3 - 78 . 3 ] in m . katarzynae ) .
localities and number of specimens in present studies : five females in sample vi .
) . this is a second report of the species and a new record for argentina .
, but this hypothesis needs to be confirmed . we strongly suggest that all specimens reported as
s . s . from this region should be re - examined and determined based on the modern taxonomic characters ( see also michalczyk et al .
) . this species is characterized by a very wide and relatively short buccal tube , claw configuration [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] and smooth cuticle . recently , a similar species ( with a short and wide buccal tube ) ,
, was described from north america ( usa , north carolina and tennessee ) ( bartels et al .
) . in this situation , we suggest that the examples , especially from south and north america , should be re - examined ( see also michalczyk et al .
localities and number of specimens in present studies : two females in sample ii .
) , such wide and discontinuous geographic distribution can suggest a complex of cryptic species , but testing this hypothesis requires molecular data which are not yet available . we suggest that at least the examples from europe should be carefully re - examined ( see also michalczyk et al .
was considered to be a monotypic , highly cosmopolitan genus . however , currently there are more than 20 species within the genus and it is very likely that the zoogeographic range of
) . this unique subspecies is characterized by the presence of short spines on dorsal cuticle . it should be probably promoted to the species level , but the re - description based on type material ( or based on specimens collected in the type locality ) is necessary ( michalczyk et al .
species have been recorded from many localities throughout the world ( michalczyk et al .
was the only recognised species in the genus and it has been considered as an extremely cosmopolitan taxon ( e . g . ramazzotti and maucci
) and finally excluded from the list of tardigrade taxa at all . it was not until 1990 that binda and pilato described a new
, from tierra del fuego . later , new species were described only occasionally mainly due to the lack of a clear diagnosis of the nominal species
and described five new species . since this time , many new species have been described and now 25 taxa ( including the two new species described in this paper ) are known in the genus ( degma et al .
) . the majority of the newly described species are known only from their type localities and michalczyk et al . (
have truly restricted geographic ranges , as was also shown in other tardigrade genera ( e . g . pilato and binda
s . l . has a wide distribution in south america , however the presence of this species in this region is doubtful and needs confirmation . the present study seems to confirm this hypothesis , because although four
have rather a narrower geographic range ( restricted to holarctic or palearctic ) , although more extensive studies ( molecular ) are necessary in other regions of south america .
) , which can suggest the presence of cryptic species complexes or a specific distribution of some of the taxa ( e . g . pantropical for
) . in this situation , only detailed morphological and molecular studies could shed light on this issue .
very little is known about food preferences in tardigrades , although , many different types of food sources have been reported , i . e . plant cell fluids , algae , bacteria , protozoa and small invertebrates like nematodes , rotifers and other tardigrades ( for the review , see schill et al .
) . previous studies have focused on the following : a ) the rate of consumption , e . g . in the carnivorous
, e ) life histories of some species and f ) different aspects of tardigrade histology ( e . g . suzuki
are relatively large ( occasionally more than 2 mm but most often between 0 . 5 to 1 . 0 mm ) and inhabit mainly limno - terrestrial habitats ( guil
) . their buccal tube is wide , relatively short , connected with a large pharynx without placoids and associated with large buccal lamellae on a wide mouth ring , which is in agreement with the definition of the ‘carnivore type’ of buccal apparatus proposed by guidetti et al . (
species are considered carnivorous and feed on other small invertebrates like rotifers , nematodes , tardigrades and sometimes also on amoebas ( e . g . kinchin
species suck the entire prey into the gut rather than only single cells or body fluids ( mcinnes et al .
has the ability to properly orient their prey , so that the amoeba can be extracted by the sucking action and later the empty shell can be expelled . however , specific differences in the feeding behaviour in connection with the structure of buccal apparatus in different
( 7 specimens ) were studied . both species were found in the same region of nahuel huapi national park ( río negro province , argentina ) in a few moss samples . five specimens ( two specimens of
sp . nov . ) were found with the remnants of food ( rotifer mastaxes and tardigrade buccal apparatuses and claws ) in their guts . both species were found in the moss samples ( sometimes also together in the same piece of moss ) that also contained rotifers , nematodes and other tardigrades (
species were able to choose from the same type of prey , because the prey were similar in every sample .
are larger ( 360 to 650 μm ) and more bulky ( a wider buccal tube is probably necessary to swallow them ) than typical rotifers which are shorter ( 100 to 500 μm ) and more slender ( a narrower buccal tube is sufficient to swallow them ) . although the numbers are small , these data suggest that the buccal tube width may affect the type of prey consumed . however , it should be also noted that mcinnes et al . (
thulin 1928 ) , which is in agreement with the observations made in the present research .
) observations nor the present research provided a definitive answer whether the buccal tube width has a crucial role in the choice of different types of prey , these studies are the basis for further , more comprehensive studies .
) . however , we know almost nothing about feeding behaviour and prey choice of the members of these monophyletic genera . only claxton (
that had remnants of rotifers in their guts . this is a very interesting observation , because this species has a very long and narrow buccal tube , similarly to the ‘rotifer - feeding’
based on the available data , it can be initially hypothesised that the species from the family milnesiidae with long and narrow buccal tubes ( e . g .
) in contrast to the species with relatively short and wide buccal tubes ( e . g .
or testate amoebae ) . certainly , such conclusions based only on the ‘post - mortem’ studied specimens give us only very limited knowledge on the food that had been eaten just before death ( preservation ) of the animal . such information needs confirmation in further , more detailed experimental studies with molecular methods ( e . g . schill et al .
) or based directly on the observations in cultured animals ( e . g . suzuki
the authors want to thank prof . diane nelson of east tennessee state university for very valuable comments to the manuscript and help in improving of the english . this work was partially supported by the polish ministry of science and higher education via the ‘iuventus plus’ programme ( grant : ip2010 015570 , invertebrate biodiversity in temporary ponds of costa rica - verification of the ‘great american biotic interchange’ hypothesis ) and by the prometeo project of the secretariat for higher education , science , technology and innovation of the republic of ecuador . studies have been conducted in the framework of activities of barg ( biodiversity and astrobiology research group ) .
mr examined and analysed the material , identified and described the species , made the measurements , figures and tables and drafted the manuscript . mo made the measurements and tables . łk collected part of the material , invented the research conception , analysed the examined material , identified and described the species , corrected tables and drafted the manuscript . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .
bertolani r , grimaldi d ( 2000 ) a new eutardigrade ( tardigrada : milnesiidae ) in amber from the upper cretaceous ( turonian ) of new jersey . in : grimaldi d ( ed ) studies on fossils in amber , with particular reference to the cretaceous of new jersey . backhuys publishers , leiden the netherlands , pp 103–110
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littorina scutulata is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family littorinidae , the winkles or periwinkles .

this species lives lower on rocks than does l. planaxis , and migrates up and down rocks with the tide .

it crawls out of tidepools at night .

often , it hides at low tide in cracks or barnacle shells .

the waves on both sides of the foot are out of phase with one another ( ditaxic ) .

it feeds mainly on diatom films , microscopic algae , lichens , etc. , and will also feed on pelvetia , ulva , and other larger algae .

l. scutulata breeds in all seasons except summer .

eggs are laid underwater , individually packaged in flattened capsules within a sausage-shaped gelatinous mass coiled in a spiral and holding over 2000 eggs .

its eye anatomy is similar to that of the land snail helix aspera .

in oregon , over 10 % of individuals harbor parasitic flukes.leptasterias hexactis feeds on this snail .

it is distributed from kodiak island , alaska , to bahia de tortuga , baja california .

littorina scutulata

dana campbell marked
file : littorina scutulata 2881 . jpg
as trusted on the
littorina scutulata gould , 1849
page .
dana campbell set
file : littorina scutulata 2881 cropped . jpg
as an exemplar on
littorina scutulata gould , 1849
.
dana campbell marked
file : littorina scutulata 2881 cropped . jpg
as trusted on the
littorina scutulata gould , 1849
page .
littorina _ scutulata _ 2881 . jpg : walter siegmund . derivative work : wsiegmund
field observations on the feeding habits of littorina scutulata gould and l . sitkana philippi ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) of southern vancouver island ( british columbia , canada )
field observations on the feeding habits of littorina scutulata gould and l . sitkana philippi ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) of southern vancouver island ( british columbia , canada ) | springerlink
( of littorina lepida gould , 1849 ) reid , d . g . ( 1996 ) . systematics and evolution of littorina . the ray society . 463p . [ details ]
the microdistribution of littorina scutulata and l . sitkana on the rocky shores of vancouver island can be related to their feeding characteristics . their gut contents , studied with light and fluorescence microscopy , showed that both species are opportunistic herbivores . however , l . scutulata can feed on the sparse epi - and endolithic microflora of the supralittoral zone , while l . sitkana is confined to special microenvironments , with abundant epilithic growth .
ty - jour ti - the role of behavior in determining the intertidal zonation of littorina planaxis philippi , 1847 , and littorina scutulata gould , 1849 t2 - the veliger . vl - 10 ur - urltoken pb - california malacozoological society . cy - berkeley , ca : py - 1967 sp - 42 ep - 54 sn - 0042 - 3211 au - bock , carl e au - johnson , richard e er -
reid , d . g . ( 1996 ) . systematics and evolution of littorina . the ray society . 463p . [ details ]
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references carefoot , t . littorina plena ( gould , 1849 ) in klinkenberg , brian . ( ed . ) e - fauna bc : electronic atlas of the fauna of british columbia . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . accessed 2015 - 10 - 30 . harbo , r . m . ( 1997 ) shells & shellfish of the pacific northwest . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . p . 200 . lamb , a . , and hanby , b . ( 2005 ) . marine life of the pacific northwest [ electronic version ] . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . authors and editors of page beatrice proudfoot and kelly fretwell ( 2015 )
reid , d . g . ( 1989 ) . the comparative morphology , phylogeny and evolution of the gastropod family littorinidae . philosophical transactions of the royalsociety of london , series b . 324 : 1 - 110 . [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en
periwinkle with height decidedly greater than the diameter , spire usually has 4 whorls , aperture is purplish inside but has no white band inside the aperture . shell has no umbilicus , columella is narrow . shell height to 1 . 5 cm , shell is dark brown , purple , or black , often with lighter bands or a checkerboard pattern of whitish areas .
how to distinguish from similar species : l . sitkana has a diameter almost equal to the height , has spiral ridges .
often aggregate in the very high intertidal , inside tidepools or on the bare rock . photo by dave cowles at little corona del mar , ca march 2005
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, has been introduced within the past few years likely via imports for the shellfish trade . except for this one , which is large in size and easy to distinguish , the other 4 indigenous species are difficult to separate out . however , if you are keen to learn the different species you can check out
in a snail ' s odyssey website . all indigenous species are relatively small in size , live in the high reaches of the intertidal zone , and feed on various seaweeds , including diatoms .
winkle - picking
connoisseurs from the atlantic coast of north america or europe and disappointed at the small sizes of our local species may be gratified to learn that their big , tasty favourites have been located on several vancouver beaches . thus far these introductions are restricted in numbers but , judging from the success of
in colonizing most of the east coast and lately the west coast ( from california north to washington , and now present in b . c . ) , chances are they are here to stay . the 5 species differ in their reproductive modes , with
producing several small eggs in capsules that are spawned into the ocean . the eggs hatch into swimming larvae that feed for several weeks on phytoplankton and then settle out onto rocky shorelines . the other species
also encapsulate their eggs , but do so singly and deposit them directly onto the substratum . the embryos of these 2 species feed on yolk and emerge from their capsules as crawl - away juveniles . you can learn more about life cycles and reproductive behaviour at
in the odyssey website . for protection from predatory birds , fishes , and crabs , these small snails mostly have only their shells to rely on . however , for protection from drying they have an unusual strategy . if you look carefully on pilings around the shore on a dry day you may see
attached on its shell edge by a blob of mucous glue . the operculum is similarly glued shut , and the animal can survive like this for many days until once again wetted by spring tides or waves . within a few moments of wetting , the snail pops out and crawls off to find food .
bc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .
recommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .
[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :
disclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .
castenholz , r . w . , 1961 . the effect of grazing on littoral diatom populations . ecology 42 : 783–794 .
( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) as they relate to resource partitioning . veliger 23 : 333–338 .
( gray ) sur la gréve de roscoff . cah . biol . mar . 18 : 499–505 .
sacchi , c . f . , a . occhipinti ambrogi & d . voltolina , 1981 . recherches sur le spectre trophique comparé de
( gray ) ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) sur la gréve de roscoff . cas de populations vivant au milieu d ' algues macroscopiques . cah . biol . mar . 22 : 83–88 .
sacchi , c . f . & d . voltolina , 1987 . recherches sur l ' ecologie comparée des littorines ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) dans l ' ile de vancouver . atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 128 : 209–234 .
steneck , r . s . & l . watling , 1982 . feeding capabilities and limitations of herbivorous molluscs : a functional group approach . mar . biol . 68 : 299–319 .
identification this species is distinguished by a checkered white pattern on a dark brown to black - purple shell . in some individuals , however , this pattern is absent . the height of the shell ( up to 15 mm ) is greater than the diameter , giving the shell a more slender appearance . the interior of the shell is somewhat purple , and some individuals have orange bands with white markings on the exterior of the shell . similar species the checkered periwinkle is similar to the sitka periwinkle ( l . sitkana ) – another common intertidal grazer . however , sitka periwinkles have a squatter shell shape , lack the white checkered pattern , and often have pronounced spiral ridges on the exterior of the shell .
checkered periwinkles . note the obvious white markings on the exterior of the shell . photo by jenn burt .
habitat and range this species inhabits rocky shorelines in sheltered waters from northern alaska to southern oregon . its range also includes japan and siberia . it migrates within the intertidal zone as the tide fluctuates , often aggregating in moist , shady bedrock crevices during low tide . this species is also known to occupy tidepools during the day . intriguing information this species feeds primarily on diatoms , microalgae , some species of macroalgae , and lichens using its rasping radula . the checkered periwinkle is able to survive long periods without moisture by attaching itself to the substrate using a glue - like mucus . this essentially seals the operculum shut to preserve moisture until the next high tide or wave re - moistens the substrate . this species reproduces throughout the whole year except summer . eggs are deposited underwater in unique egg capsules that are enveloped in a coiled , sausage - like gelatinous mass . larvae of this species are pelagic , and feed on phytoplankton for several weeks before settling .
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turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the race rocks taxonomy is a collaborative venture originally started with the biology and environmental systems students of lester pearson college uwc . it now also has contributions added by faculty , staff , volunteers and observers on the remote control webcams .
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