amblycheila is a genus of flightless , nocturnal tiger beetles .

there are seven species distributed across the southwestern united states and mexico .

species include : amblycheila baroni rivers , 1890 – montane giant tiger beetle amblycheila cylindriformis ( say , 1823 ) – great plains giant tiger beetle amblycheila halffteri mateu , 1974 amblycheila hoversoni gage , 1990 – south texas giant tiger beetle amblycheila nyx sumlin , 1991 amblycheila picolominii reiche , 1839 – plateau giant tiger beetle amblycheila schwarzi w. horn , 1903 – mojave giant tiger beetle

amblycheila

…and the distinctly separated hooks on the 5th abdominal segment confirm it is amblycheila .
a review of the north american genus amblycheila ( coleoptera , cicindelidae ) . american museum novitates ; no . 1724
well , any tiger beetle larva snagged from its burrow is a sight to behold – amblycheila just does it the best .
a review of the north american genus amblycheila ( coleoptera , cicindelidae ) . vaurie , p . 1955 . american museum novitates ; no . 1724 .
gage , e . v . 1991 . description of a new species of amblycheila from texas with additional notes . ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) . cicindelidae bulletin of worldwide research 1 ( 1 ) ( l990 ) : 1 - 10 .
the plateau giant tiger beetle , amblycheila picolominii reiche , 1839 , in utah : new state record . . . . . f . t . krell and j . o . brookhart . 2012 . western north american naturalist 72 ( 1 ) , 110–111 .
step 7 . lastly , don’t forget to look at the hump in lateral profile—it is as alien a structure as any in the insect world . in the case of amblycheila larvae , the bed of hairs posterior to the hooks is comprised of much shorter , stouter , and more densely placed hairs than larvae of tetracha .
step 6 . another way to distinguish larvae of the genus amblycheila is by looking at the hooks on the hump of the 5th abdominal segment , best done with a hand lens ( or , even better , with an mp - e65 lens ! ) . all tiger beetle larvae have several pairs of large hooks that the larva uses to brace itself against the wall of its burrow when capturing prey to prevent the struggling prey from pulling the tiger beetle larva out of its burrow . larvae in the genus omus , restricted to the pacific region of north america , have three pairs of hooks ( referred to as the outer , middle , and inner hooks ) , while all other north american tiger beetle genera have two ( having lost the outer pair ) . in amblycheila and tetracha the hooks are simple and thornlike , while larvae of all other north american genera have much longer middle hooks that are curved and sickle - shaped ( e . g . , cylindera celeripes in this post ) . amblycheila larvae can be distinguished from tetracha larvae by the middle and inner hooks on each side being distinctly separated rather than touching at the base ( e . g . , tetracha floridana in this post ) . there is also a cluster of short , stout hairs around the base of each hook in amblycheila that is missing in tetracha ( e . g . , tetracha virginica in this post ) .
amblycheila have been reared in the lab ( a . cylindriformis and a . hoversoni , for example ) ; however , i can’t seem to find any published information with details of the technique . i’m just going by what little information i’ve been able to glean from these sources . contrary to what they have said , a . cylindriformis adults definitely do make burrows and spend much of their time in the burrows .
step 5 . if size alone isn’t enough , you can confirm that the larvae does indeed belong to the genus amblycheila by looking at its eyes—their are two pairs , and the 1st pair ( closest to the mandibles ) are distinctly larger than the 2nd pair . this isn’t clearly visible in the photo above because i doused the larva with water to remove the mud and dirt that encrusted it upon removal from its burrow .
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from ambly - , greek blunt or dull , plus greek cheilos , lip ( internet searches ) .
five species occur north of mexico , with two additional species known from mexico .
1a . larger sized ( 29 - 36 mm ) , occurring east of rockies . . . . 2
1b . smaller ( 20 - 28 mm ) , occurring west of rockies . . . . 3
2a . single row of punctures between two inner elytral carina ; south texas . . . . a . hoversoni
2b . rows of punctures across entire elytra ; great plains from west texas to south dakota , not found in south texas . . . . a . cylindriformis
3a . elytron usually with single carina , surface dull black ; central & southeast arizona . . . . a . baroni
3b . elytron with three carina , surface shiny black ; not in southeast arizona . . . . 4
4a . southwest utah to california , in the intermontane valleys of the rocky mountains . . . . a . schwarzi
these flightless tiger beetles are nocturnal , they spend the daylight hours in self - constructed burrows or rodent burrows .
sumlin , w . d . 1991 . studies on the mexican cicindelidae ii : two new species from coahuila and nuevo leon ( coleoptera ) . cicindelidae bulletin of worldwide research , 1 : 1 - 6 .
a field guide to the tiger beetles of the united states and canada david pearson , c . barry knisley , charles j . kazilek , david l . pearson , barry c . knisley . 2005 . oxford university press .
catalogue of the geadephaga ( coleoptera : trachypachidae , rhysodidae , carabidae including cicindelini ) of america north of mexico y . bousquet and a . larochelle . 1993 . memoirs of the entomological society of canada , 125 : 1 - 397 .
american beetles , volume i : archostemata , myxophaga , adephaga , polyphaga : staphyliniformia arnett , r . h . , jr . , and m . c . thomas . ( eds . ) . 2000 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .
when i pulled the larvae from the site i made sure i gathered enough of the soil they where in for them to burrow . i then set them up in about 1 foot high containers with the soil . they will burrow themselves but it is helpful if you start a small hole for them . then try to keep the conditions of the container as close to the natural conditions as possible , so for this species hot and pretty dry so not too difficult . i would feed them about 2 - 3 small crickets every week and dose them with water about once a month . to get them to pupate can be tricky as it is often environmental ques that cause them to start . i got pretty lucky and just dropped the temp about 10 degrees and then wet the container and it pupated . i am still working on perfecting my methods of rearing but one of the keys is to make sure you gather the soil fomr the larval sites .
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step 1 . go to your favorite grassland habitat in the western half of the great plains anywhere from texas north to south dakota and look for barren soil amongst the vegetation . clay banks near streams or in ravines and even vertical clay bluff faces are also good ( although i have not myself observed the latter ) . “my” spot is in the glass mountains of northwestern oklahoma , where talus slopes in mixed - grass prairie beneath flat - topped mesas and the ravines that cut through them provide just enough slope for this species’ liking .
step 2 . look for large , almost perfectly round burrow entrances that go straight down from the surface . by large , i mean approximately 6–8 mm in diameter—as large a burrow as any tiger beetle in north america will make . many other insects create burrows , but tiger beetle burrows are generally recognizable by their almost perfectly circular shape and clean , beveled edge . look closely , and the burrow will be seen to actually be slightly d - shaped to match the shape of the tiger beetle larva’s head—the large , sickle - shaped , upward - facing jaws resting against the flat part of the d . in the case of this species , they tend to be found in clusters of several burrows in close proximity to each other . the burrow in these photos was found at the upper edge of a drainage ravine on the upper part of the talus slopes ( see diagram in this post ) .
dig around the burrow , carefully excavating along the grass stem , until the larva is reached .
step 3 . try this first—chew the end of a long , narrow grass stem ( frayed and sticky will be easier for the larva to grab hold of ) and stick it down the burrow until it hits bottom , tap lightly a few times to entice a bite , then yank ( and i mean yank ! ) the stem out . with luck , the larva will come flying out of the burrow and land somewhere on the ground in front of you . ( by the way , if you have never done this , you are missing one of the greatest treats that insect collecting has to offer . if you have done it , you owe it to yourself to show this to somebody else who has not ever seen it—their shocked reaction at the sight of the flying larva is beyond priceless ! ) larvae are not always in the mood to bite , however , so if the so - called “fishing” technique does not work then you will have to dig . stick the grass stem back down the burrow and begin excavating around the burrow , carefully prying away the soil adjacent to the burrow to prevent it from falling into and obscuring the burrow . keep excavating as you follow the grass stem down until , at least , you reach the larva . in the photo above you can see in the lower right - center area the burrow with the grass stem protruding from it and the larva placed on a clump of soil in front of the shovel ( for sense of scale ) . it seems i had an easy time of it with this larva , as literature sources report larval burrows extending down to depths of a meter or more .
step 4 . behold the beast ! there is nothing more that can be said—these larvae are ginormous ! this particular larva measured a full 62 mm from the tips of its mandibles to the tip of its abdomen—that’s 2½ inches ! no other tiger beetle larva in north america reaches this size , except perhaps the related a . hoversoni ( south texas giant tiger beetle ) .
ted c . macrae is a research entomologist by vocation and beetle taxonomist by avocation . areas of expertise in the latter include worldwide jewel beetles ( buprestidae ) and north american longhorned beetles ( cerambycidae ) . more recent work has focused on north american tiger beetles ( cicindelidae ) and their distribution , ecology , and conservation .
this entry was posted in cicindelidae , coleoptera and tagged beetles , entomology , immatures , insects , nature , oklahoma , techniques , tiger beetles . bookmark the permalink .
ted , this was a great post . i’m a tiger beetle nut too and even reared a few when i was younger . but i’d love to see them snagged out of the burrow , as you described . that sounds too fun and hopefully , sometime i’ll get to a habitat where this species occurs and have the opp to try and fish for them… thanks for sharing .
fishing for larvae ? it sounds like the pilot episode for a new television series .
great post . i enjoyed your level of detail and accompanying photos . i feel compelled to go scout some omus and do some grass fishing .
yes , hemolymph . i knicked it while digging – wasn’t sure if i’d find another one so took the photos before pickling it . fortunately i was able to dig up another one w / o injury and am trying to rear it to adulthood .
just a large “critter carrier” filled with native soil to a depth of ~ 8 inches . i don’t know if it will work or not – i’ve already got another larva collected as a 2nd instar in 2009 that has made it to 3rd instar but spends months at a time with the burrow plugged . when it does open the burrow it is ravenous !
they sure look like they would be ! i wonder how long the species spends as a larva ? at that size , i would guess at least 4 years , maybe more . it would be cool if the 2009 one would emerge as an adult one of these days .
what a great idea for a post ! i’d love to do one in any way related to a . schwarzi once i stumble upon the first habitat . at the bean museum in utah , i recall seeing many specimens… i’m regreting not writing down their localites as it is one of the more uncommon species .
what an interesting blog ! tiger beetle larvae are truly bizarre . i saw them in costa rica ( monteverde reserve ) in an almost vertical sandy slope along a dirt road . their heads were in the holes , which lacked the beveled edges of this one . the heads were flat against the surface and almost invisible with the flatness of the heads and the dirt on them . it was night . we dug one out to see the whole larva and the hump and hooks . they are so vicious . i wonder what they can catch to eat on a vertical area . did your larvae ever pupate ? what does it look like ? did the adults emerge and how long did it take ? i was interested in the comments above that a tiger beetle larva might take 2 or more years to mature and that they plug their holes for long periods , even months . i was also interested in what you said about amblychelia cylindriformis adults making burrows . i had never heard before that adult tiger beetles make burrows . what do adult burrows look like ? i wish we had tried the bite - grab - yank technique on the ones in costa rica !
hi lauren . i ended up pickling the 2012 larvae , but the 2009 larva ended up pupating last year—unbeknownst to me , as the burrow stayed plugged all summer long . i figured it had died and set the container aside , but this spring a beautiful , fully - formed adult emerged—nearly four years after i collected it as a 2nd - instar larva !
lots of adult tiger beetles make burrows , especially those that live in sandy habitats ( see my post on cicindela arenicola for an example ) . this is the first “clay” species that i’ve seen doing it , and because of their large size the burrows are also quite large , with ragged openings that look nothing like the perfectly - shaped larval burrows .
i feel like an old war - horse at the sound of a trumpet when i read about the capture of rare beetles . - - charles darwin
the creator , if he exists , must have an inordinate fondness for beetles . - - j . b . s . haldane buy bitb apparel and gifts at cafepress .
ted c . macrae is an agricultural research entomologist with
an inordinate fondness for beetles .
primary expertise includes taxonomy and host associations of wood - boring beetles , with more recent interest also in tiger beetle survey and conservation . i am currently serving as managing editor of the the pan - pacific entomologist , layout editor for the journal cicindela and newsletter editor for the webster groves nature study society . read my interview at nature blog network , and visit me at these other sites :
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american museum novitates novitates ( latin for
new acquaintances
) , published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921 , are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology , paleontology , and geology . new numbers are published at irregular intervals .
department of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 © american museum of natural history , 2011
macrohabitat : midlands to uplands , 900 - 2134 meters altitude , in open pinyon pine - oak - juniper areas usually associated with huge granite boulder fields . microhabitat : adults are ground - dwelling on sandy to gravelly substrate . dispersal abilities : brachypterous , hence flightless thus vagility limited to walking or running ; slow runners . seasonal occurrence : adult peak activity limited to the warm , wet monsoon season from june - september . two specimens in nmnh were collected in february , 1972 ; on the north slope of ramsey canyon , az . behavior : adults are nocturnal , taking cover in the day ( rarely ) under stones , or in shallow self - constructed burrows , and particularly in rodent burrows . adults are predaceous on large ground insects . they are gregarious . larvae are very large and construct burrows in soft substrate under flat stones and at the bases of large stones and boulders . ( vaurie , 1955 ; knisley & pearson , 1984 ; sumlin , 1991 ; freitag , 1999 ; larochelle & lariviere , 2001 ; pearson & vogler , 2001 ; pearson et al . , 2006 ; data from nmnh collection )
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macrohabitat : lowlands , 30 - 300 meters altitude , in open thorn - tree areas among low , rolling hills . microhabitat : adults are ground - dwelling on well - drained caliche substrates , and in animal burrows . dispersal abilities : brachypterous , hence flightless thus vagility limited to walking or running ; swift runners . seasonal occurrence : adults are active in april - may , and july - november . behavior : adults are nocturnal , taking cover during the day in mammal burrows , or under stones . adults are predaceous on large insects and other terrestrial arthropods . larvae are very large and form burrows in soft substrate on eroded hillsides , and near burrows of ground living mammals , such as badgers and armadillos . ( sumlin , 1991 ; freitag , 1999 ; larochelle & lariviere , 2001 ; pearson & vogler , 2001 ; pearson et al . , 2006 )


the brown songlark ( megalurus cruralis ) , also australian songlark , is a small passerine bird found throughout much of australia .

a member of the family locustellidae , this species is notable for sexual size dimorphism , among the most pronounced in any bird .

it is a moderate-sized bird of nondescript plumage ; the female brownish above and paler below , the larger male a darker brown .

brown songlark

like the rufous songlark , the brown songlark includes farm paddocks in its territory . birds are occasionally killed by vehicles on roads .
no specific conservation measures are currently known to be in place for the brown songlark .
the female brown songlark could be mistaken for the rufous songlark , female white - winged triller , skylark , or richard ' s pipit . brown songlarks are much larger than the rufous songlark and lack the rufous rump .
the female brown songlark could be mistaken for the rufous songlark , female white - winged triller , skylark , or richard ' s pipit . brown songlarks are much larger than the rufous songlark and lack the rufous rump .
the brown songlark is found in open country , including pastures , short crops , and grassy scrub .
the brown songlark is very nomadic , moving from drought - affected areas to areas of recent rainfall .
the ranges are shown for brown songlark ( cincloramphus cruralis ) and . . . | download scientific diagram
the brown songlark is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the brown songlark is remarkable for the male being much larger ( 23 - 25 cm ) than the female ( 18 - 19 cm ) . in breeding plumage the male is dark cinnamon - brown with black bill and black eyes . otherwise the male and female both have a dusky brown back , pale brownish - white underparts , with the centre of the belly dark brown . the brown songlark is also known as the australian songlark .
the difference in size between the male and female brown songlark initially led scientists to believe they were different species .
the song of the male brown songlark has been likened to the squeaking of a wheel in a rusty axle .
the brown songlark is notable for the huge size difference between the sexes , with males being significantly larger than females .
egg size and laying order in relation to offspring sex in the extreme sexually size dimorphic brown songlark , cinclorhamphus cruralis .
the breeding male brown songlark is largely a rich dark brown , with a slightly paler brown crown , a black beak , dark brown to black eyes ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) and brownish legs ( 2 ) . in contrast , the female brown songlark is sandy brown above with dark streaks on the crown and a pale line above the eye . the female’s throat is whitish and the underparts are pale grey to brownish , with dark streaks on the breast and flanks , and dark spots on the lower abdomen ( 2 ) . the female brown songlark also has a paler grey - brown beak than the male , as well as paler brown legs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
j . greaves reports spotting a female brown songlark 50 km north of leinster , northern goldfields , wa , in december 2014 .
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outside of the breeding season , the male brown songlark resembles the female , but may have dark blotches on the face and breast and is also easily distinguished by its larger size . juvenile brown songlarks resemble the adult female ( 2 ) . the brown songlark has a long tail ( 2 ) ( 6 ) and a relatively small , fine beak ( 2 ) .
. . . brorn songlark nest is cup - shaped and built into the ground .
the brown songlark is found all over mainland australia except for parts of the far north . it is more abundant in the south , but numbers fluctuate locally depending on rainfall .
the nest of the brown songlark is in a small depression in the ground , often in a clump of grass or other cover . the female incubates the eggs and rears the young .
brown songlark - video footage captured by our team of bird watchers at www . ej - birdwatching . com . learn from the pro ' s and start ticking off that list of lifers .
an inhabitant of open country , the brown songlark is typically found in open grassy plains , pastures and grassland with shrubs and a few scattered trees ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
description : male pale eyebrow ; black bill . streaked brown upperparts ; brownish - black underparts . longish , pointed tail , often raised when perched female / juv . much smaller ; paler . pinkish - brown bill . pale throat . breast light buff , faintly streaked . black - brown belly .
< p > the nest of the brown songlark is in a small depression in the ground , often in a clump of grass or other cover . the female incubates the eggs and rears the young . < / p >
the brown songlark forages on the ground , walking , running and hopping as it searches for food ( 2 ) . its diet includes a range of small invertebrates and their larvae , and this species also eats small seeds ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . if disturbed , the brown songlark typically flies low before diving into cover with its tail raised , and it usually roosts on the ground under cover ( 2 ) .
male brown songlarks engage in ' song flights ' ; singing continuously as they fly up above their territories .
brown honeyeater ( lichmera ( lichmera ) indistincta ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .
( slightly unsharp ) lateral view of a moulting female brown songlark on a sealed road - this behaviour is more often observed in australasian pipits ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ near goondiwindi , qld , march 2018 ]
this female brown songlark was found with its foot stuck in sticky bitumen and had to be rescued by the photographer ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ 50 km n of leinster , northern goldfields , wa , december 2014 ]
all year round both male and female brown songlarks retain a dark - brown central patch on their belly , which distinguishes them from rufous songlarks , even in non - breeding plumage . apart from that they are also larger .
the male brown songlark is the singer . the continuous song is musical and metallic , produced from perches and when rising steeply above breeding territory , then fluttering in slow downward display flights between trees , ending with a whip - crack sound .
the brown songlark is a common and widespread species , and is not currently considered to be at risk of extinction ( 7 ) . this species is not known to be facing any major threats at present ( 7 ) , and it has adapted well to the clearance of woodlands for extensive crop farming in southern australia ( 2 ) . however , the brown songlark’s nesting success may potentially be reduced in some areas by predation by the red fox ( vulpes vulpes ) , an introduced species ( 3 ) .
if the nest is predated , for example by a fox or snake , the female brown songlark can lay a replacement clutch of eggs . some females also go on to lay a second clutch after successfully raising an earlier brood of chicks ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
plain - brown woodcreeper dendrocincla fuliginosa is split into two species , each with two subspecies groups . plain - winged woodcreeper is endemic to brazil , orthern argentina , and paraguay , while plain - brown woodcreeper occupies most of the rest of the range north to mexico .
magrath , m . j . l . , brouwer , l . & komdeur , j . ( 2003 ) egg size and laying order in relation to offspring sex in the extreme sexually size dimorphic brown songlark , cinclorhamphus cruralis . behavioral ecology and sociobiology , 54 , 240 - 248 .
a long - legged australian warbler ( 2 ) , the brown songlark ( cincloramphus cruralis ) is notable for the large difference in size between the male and female ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . this species shows the greatest sexual size difference of any passerine , with the male being nearly twice the length and two to three times the weight of the female ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the difference is so great that when early specimens of the brown songlark arrived in europe , the two sexes were thought to belong to separate species ( 6 ) .
the brown songlark is endemic to australia , where it occurs over most of the continent except for parts of the far north ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) . a nomadic species , it tends to move around in response to rainfall ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
a medium - sized , day - flying moth ( about 30mm wingspread ) . sooty brown wings have silvery circles . hind wings of the male are a coppery brown while the female¬ís are metallic gold . antennae are clubbed like a butterfly¬ís rather than feathery or whip - like as in other moths .
magrath , m . j . l . , brouwer , l . , van petersen , a . , berg , m . l . and komdeur , j . ( 2003 ) breeding behaviour and ecology of the sexually size - dimorphic brown songlark , cinclorhamphus cruralis . australian journal of zoology , 52 : 429 - 441 .
magrath , m . j . l . , brouwer , l . , van petersen , a . , berg , m . l . & komdeur , j . ( 2003 ) breeding behaviour and ecology of the sexually size - dimorphic brown songlark , cinclorhamphus cruralis . australian journal of zoology , 51 , 429 - 441 .
we first spotted a pair of brown songlarks on a fenceline in march 2008 , on a trip through outback western nsw , 50 km west of burren juction , nsw .
male and female brown songlarks are very different from one another . the plumage of the male is rich chocolate brown , and during breeding season he performs spectacular song - flights , taking off from a prominent feature , such as a stump , overhead wires or a fence post , fluttering high above the grasslands with his legs dangling below , and singing a discordant , metallic tune , before dropping into the grass . they like to be noticed . this contrasts with female brown songlarks , which are drabber , and spend much time hiding in the grass .
the breeding season of the brown songlark runs from around august or september to february ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . outside of the breeding season this species is either solitary or occurs in scattered flocks ( 2 ) , but when breeding the males become highly territorial , performing conspicuous song - flights or singing from a prominent perch with the tail held high and the wings drooping ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the female brown songlarks nest within the males’ territories ( 3 ) , and each male may mate with several females ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
madge , s . ( 2018 ) . brown songlark ( cincloramphus cruralis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the male birds are about the size of the introduced blackbird and during the breeding period have sooty brown upperparts and blackish underparts . in spring the male performs bold flights into the air , making a loud metallic song and dangling its legs below . females are almost half the size of the males and are streaked and marked similar to other grassland birds such as the australian pipit or european songlark .
brown songlarks can be found in open grassland ( also crops ) . the males will use fenceposts or bushes as demarcations of their territories , while the females nest somewhere in the open grassland .
brown songlarks can regularly be found in open farm country in the narrabri area . for example , they are always found on a broadacre farm 5 km south - east of bellata , nsw .
the ranges are shown for brown songlark ( cincloramphus cruralis ) and the red - chested button - quail ( turnix pyrrhothorax ) . for illustration purposes , the weather model was projected onto 3 consecutive months to illustrate the changes in the distribution of suitable area depending on the weather conditions for a particular month . the probability distribution is shown for each particular month , with grey unsuitable , and increasing suitability shown from yellow to orange ( most suitable ) .
all the pipit and songlark images were taken from the car window very hurriedly before the birds few away . in the air , with a distinctive style of hawking and calling loudly with an even more distinctive call , the songlark is easy to identify . on a fence post in the midday sun as the car is rolling it is a little difficult to tell whether you are photographing pipits or or songlarks . songlarks being another first has something to do with this too of course .
brown - throated treecreeper certhia discolor is split into two species , each of which assumes a new name ; hume’s treecreeper is a bird of the himalayas while sikkim treecreeper occurs from ne india through much of southeast asia .
the male brown songlark performs conspicuous song - flights all day long during the breeding season , taking off from a perch and fluttering into the air while singing a rather metallic tune , before dropping back down to the ground ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the song consists of a short , repeated phrase ( 3 ) and has been likened to the squeaking of a wheel in a rusty axle ( 2 ) . outside of the breeding season the male becomes silent and unobtrusive ( 2 ) .
the female brown songlark constructs the nest , which is built in a small depression in the ground and consists of fine dry grasses . the nest is usually well hidden at the base of a grass tussock or small shrub , and is lined with fine grass or hair . two to five eggs are laid , and are incubated by the female alone . the eggs hatch after 11 to 13 days and the chicks leave the nest at 10 to 14 days old . the female is mainly responsible for feeding the chicks , but the male may occasionally assist ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
vanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . brown honeyeater ( lichmera ( lichmera ) indistincta ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken honeyeater ( lichmera ( lichmera ) indistincta ) / occurrences
this dataset includes observations of brown honeyeater ( lichmera ( lichmera ) indistincta ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :
a small , sparrow - sized button quail ( 11 - 15cm ) with a buff coloured breast and streaked upperparts . this species is superficially similar to plains wanderer , ¬ëtrue¬í quails and to other button quail species . most views of button quail and ¬ëtrue¬í quails ( brown and stubble ) are of birds flying away . brown and stubble quail are considerably larger than this species and fly with a loud , vigorous whirring of wings . in contrast red - chested button quail , along with the very similar little buttonquail flutter low over the grasses before dropping to the ground ( they are sometimes called ¬ëbutterfly quail¬í ) . the back of the red - chested buttonquail is yellowish - grey in contrast to the distinctly reddish little buttonquail . in the buttonquails the female is larger and more brightly coloured than the male .
brown songlarks are endemic to australia . they breed in the south - western corner and the south - east of the continent and disperse northwards in winter . their breeding range in the south - west encompasses a roughly semi - circular area around kalgoorlie , wa , with perth on its north - western fringe . in the south - east the breeding range extends from about the south - eastern half of sa through vic and nsw into southern qld , up to about the geographic latitude of the sa / nt border . they are rarely found in the southern alps south of canberra , act , and along the south - eastern tip of the nsw / vic coast between sydney , nsw , and lakes entrance , vic . they also rarely venture onto the coastal fringe of southern qld and central qld . outside the breeding season their range encompasses the entire australian continent , except the far north ( kimberley beyond eighty mile beach , top end of the nt and cape york peninsula ) .
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september to february in the south ; at any time after good rain in the north and centre .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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male on a fence calling a couple of times . others can be heard in the background .
nick talbot , josep del hoyo , keith and lynn youngs , pieter de groot boersma , stephen wallace , aviceda .
nick talbot , les george , michael retter , jennifer spry , marco valentini , frédéric pelsy , paul van giersbergen , josep del hoyo , lindsay hansch , bleedingheart .
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mathews , g . m . 1912 ,
a reference - list to the birds of australia
, novitates zoologicae , vol . 18 , pp . 171 - 455
gould , j . 1843 ,
in proceedings of meeting of zoological society of london , oct . 11 , 1842
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1842 , no . 10 , pp . 131 - 140
vigors , n . a . & horsfield , t . 1827 ,
a description of the australian birds in the collection of the linnean society ; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities
, transactions of the linnean society of london , vol . 15 , pp . 170 - 331
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 311fc722 - c55b - 42aa - 9be0 - 5ac0a90d8f47
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cf8a988b - e007 - 4ec4 - aa85 - 1b1a55df7489
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ed500163 - ac59 - 491e - b738 - 3aafdbcb7031
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 468600
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natural vocalization ; songs from a bird perched on a low bush at the edge of a flat , desolate plain .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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the overall distribution of this species can be assessed based on sighting reports submitted by birdwatchers to urltoken .
in december 2008 a male bird was seen 20 km south - west of narrabri , first calling from a spot in the tall grass of a paddock , later also in its characteristic display flight .
seen at goran lake , an ephemeral lake about 30 km south of gunnedah , nsw , in october 2011 and again in october 2013 .
for this species we have recorded the following call ( s ) / song . the interpretation of their meaning is our own ; comments and suggestions for improvement are welcome .
these pages are largely based on our own observations and those of our contributors . the structure of these bird pages is explained here . for more salient facts on any bird species please refer to a field guide .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
christidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be generally quite common ( morcombe 2000 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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australia , breeding almost entirely s of tropic of capricorn ; non - breeding across much of interior .
male 24–26 cm , 70–84 g ; female 18–20 cm , 25–30 g . a relatively long - legged terrestrial warbler exhibiting strong sexual dimorphism in both size and . . .
song , delivered in flight or from a perch , all day long in breeding season , an almost metallic . . .
bulk of diet small invertebrates , notably small grasshoppers ( orthoptera ) and beetles ( coleoptera ) and their larvae ; variety of small seeds . . .
season sept–feb ; sometimes two broods . male mates with several females . in song flight , male rises into sky with tremulous wingbeats . . .
strongly migratory and nomadic ; after breeding , disperses n and follows a nomadic existence , moving . . .
not globally threatened . locally quite common , but more abundant in some years than in others owing to somewhat nomadic existence . presence in many areas depends on local . . .
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recently erected family # r # r ; constituents previously placed in a broad family sylviidae , typically in subfamilies megalurinae and acrocephalinae , as well as a few species previously listed in a broad version of timaliidae . internal structure , including addition and removal of various taxa , has steadily been clarified in recent years by series of genetic studies # r # r # r # r ; several elements yet to be tested genetically , so some further changes expected . previously listed as megaluridae , but ( as currently constituted ) name locustellidae has priority # r .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
the full taxonomy can be downloaded . also , we have a version of the full taxonomy with changes in common name , scientific name , and new additions highlighted ; download that here . for those proficient with spreadsheets , this may be the easiest way to review the changes .
a full summary of the taxonomic changes is below . since this is a long article , here is a short index :
when the taxonomy is updated in ebird , many of the changes are fairly simple to implement . when a common name changes , a scientific name changes , or when the taxonomic sequence is revised , those changes roll through and start appearing in ebird output fairly quickly . keeping track of name changes is a challenge , and avibase is one of the best ways to do so . just type any bird name in avibase and avibase will show you what the history of that name is , and–if it differs from ebird–it will show what the ebird equivalent is for that name . try it for louisiana heron , for example .
when species are lumped , ebird usually retains the former species as an identifiable group . in these cases , your records may shift to the lumped form and your totals may ( or may not ) drop by one . the actual entity that you observed and reported has not changed in any way other than being “demoted” from species to subspecies .
when splits occur , however , the process is more complicated . in many cases , we have had subspecies options available for reporting in anticipation of the split . all these records update automatically to the new species . but when a bird is reported at the species level , and then that species is split , we update the records in ebird to one of the “child” species whenever possible . we try to be very conservative with this . when two species do not overlap in range ( i . e . , they are allopatric ) we go ahead and make the change . when the species do overlap ( i . e . , are sympatric ) , and do not have clear seasonal or habitat differences , we usually do not make the change . this results in your records being left as the more conservative “slash” option .
as an example , this year sage sparrow ( artimisiospiza belli ) was split into sagebrush sparrow ( artimisiospiza nevadensis ) and bell’s sparrow ( artimisiospiza belli ) . the two species are largely allopatric and most great basin and northwestern states ( and all provinces ) that had sage sparrows have only recorded sagebrush sparrow . bell’s sparrow is largely restricted to coastal california , with one desert population breeding into western nevada and wintering south to arizona and southeastern california . in this area , they overlap in winter with sagebrush sparrow . so for ebird we changed all the records from the areas of no overlap , but records from winter from areas of known overlap remain as the slash option “bell’s / sagebrush sparrow ( sage sparrow ) ” . if you know which one you saw , we encourage you to update your records . if you are not sure ( and this is one of the toughest identification issues in north america , so don’t feel bad ! ) , then your data is best listed as the slash option .
one issue with ebird is that reviewing your records of “bell’s / sagebrush sparrow ( sage sparrow ) ” or of “short - billed / long - billed dowitcher” is not currently easy using the my ebird tools . if you know the checklist it is on , you can find the list in “manage my observations” and edit it as needed . if you can find your checklist on the range map of “bell’s / sagebrush sparrow ( sage sparrow ) ” here then you can just click on the stickpin for your list and open it from there . but the best option to review your records is to go to my ebird and then click “download my data” from the right side . this downloads your entire ebird database as a csv file that can be opened in excel or a similar spreadsheet program . from there , you should easily be able to sort by name or search for “bell’s / sagebrush sparrow ( sage sparrow ) ” to find your records . then you can scroll to the correct date or just replace the submission id in the url for a checklist view . not the easiest way to review your old sage sparrow records , but it does work !
the below species were all split in ebird . to see a map of the new species , click “map” . to see you personal lists in my ebird , just make sure you are logged in and click “my records” . if you have seen the species but don’t have any records shown , then please enter your sightings ! below are the splits for this update :
changeable hawk - eagle nisaetus limnaeetus is split into two species ; crested hawk - eagle occurs in peninsular india and sri lanka , while changeable occurs throughout the rest of the range including much of southeast asia .
mountain hawk - eagle nisaetus nipalensis is split into two species ; legge’s hawk - eagle occurs in peninsular india and sri lanka , while mountain hawk - eagle occurs throughout the rest of the range .
the ninox boobooks of the philippines are substantially revised , with several splits and newly described species . the former philippine hawk - owl ninox philippensis is split into five species . note hat cebu boobook ninox rumseyi and camiguin boobook ninox leventisi are also newly described ( see new species ) below :
barred owlet - nightjar aegotheles bennettii is split into two species , with both occurring on the island of new guinea . vogelkop owlet - nightjar occurs in the west of the island ( country of indonesia ) and barred owlet - nightjar in the east ( country of papua new guinea ) :
blue - headed bee - eater merops muelleri is split into two species , with blue - headed occupying the eastern part of the species’ range and blue - moustached in the west . the two species almost come into contact in cameroon , so please do check your records carefully if you have observed either species there :
immaculate antbird myrmeciza immaculata is split into two species , with zeledon’s occurring in central america and western colombia and blue - lored occurring east of the andes . each species has two identifiable subspecies groups as well :
azure - winged magpie cyanopica cyanus is split into two species , with highly disjunct ranges : iberian magpie is restricted to spain and portugal while azure - winged magpie occurs in east asia . azure - winged magpie has two distinct subspecies groups as well , which are new options with this update :
silver - throated tit aegithalos glaucogularis , endemic to northeastern china , is split from the widespread species long - tailed tit . if you had reported long - tailed tit in china please double - check your records in ebird . the two species apparently overlap slightly in winter , so those records should be checked extra carefully :
hodgson’s treecreeper certhia hodgsoni is split from the widespread eurasian treecreeper certhia familiaris ; hodgson’s treecreeper occurs in the himalayas and adjacent foothills .
cobb’s wren troglodytes cobbi is split from the widespread house wren . cobb’s wren is endemic to the falkland islands :
yellowish - bellied bush - warbler horornis acanthizoides is split into two species ; hume’s bush - warbler occurs in the himalayas while yellowish - bellied occurs in two disjunct areas of china as wel las the island of taiwan .
there were a number of revisions to nightingale - warblers from the south pacific , all discussed in full on the clements updates and corrections . these included recognition of sapian reed - warbler , mangarava reed - warbler , pagan reed - warbler , and aguiguan reed - warbler as distinct from nightingale reed - warbler ( the latter three are all extinct ) , split of marquesan reed - warbler into northern marquesan reed - warbler and southern marquesan reed - warbler .
rufous - rumped grassbird graminicola bengalensis is split into two species , with indian grassbird occurring from india to n myanmar and chinese grassbird occurring in china and southeast asia ; several populations of chinese grassbird are near extinction .
the former species gray - breasted laughingthrush garrulax jerdoni the subspecies garrulax jerdoni jerdoni is transferred to garrulax cachinnans ( formerly rufous - breasted laughingthrush , now black - chinned laughingthrush ) . the two remaining subspecies of gray - breasted laughingthrush , fairbank i and meridionalis , are split as a separate species kerala laughingthrush and thus gray - breasted laughingthrush is no longer available as a species :
metallic - winged sunbird aethopyga pulcherrima is split into three monotypic species : metallic - winged sunbird , mountain sunbird , and bohol sunbird .
sage sparrow artemisiospiza belli is split into two species . although the ranges do not overlap in the breeding season they do come into contact near mono lake , california . in migration and winter they do overlap extensively . the result was that we were unable to convert records to one or the other species if reported from southeastern california , southern nevada , or southwestern arizona between 1 april and 15 september . we strongly recommend downloading your records ( go to my ebird > download my data ) and reviewing your records of bell’s sparrow , sagebrush sparrow and bell’s / sagebrush sparrow . please do edit your checklists if you know which species you observed .
and a slash option is also retained , so that birds not identified to species can be reported . we encourage conservative reporting , especially in winter from areas of known overlap ( e . g . , southeastern california and southwestern arizona ) .
sagebrush sparrow ( artemesiospiza nevadensis ) at southeast farallon island , ca , where it is a vagrant . the streaked back , washed out colors , and narrow malar stripe eliminate the closely related bell’s sparrow . photo by tony leukering .
black - crested tit periparus melanolophus is lumped with coal tit periparus ater [ map ] [ my records ] ; see also the new coal subspecies groups under additions below . coal tit ( black - crested ) periparus ater melanolophus [ map ] is retained as a group .
turkestan tit parus bokharensis is lumped with great tit par us major [ map ] [ my records ] . see also the three - way split of great tit in splits above . great tit ( turkestan ) parus major [ bokharensis group ] [ map ] is retained as a subspecies group .
yellow - breasted tit c yanistes cyanus [ flavipectus group ] is lumped with azure tit cya nistes cyanus [ flavipectus group ] . the two former species are retained as subspecies groups
these subspecies groups are all new options in the ebird taxonomy . the ranges of all of these are available from the clements taxonomy , which also lists the subspecies that comprise each group . many represent potential future splits ; we encourage reporting of any of these if you are confident that you understand this subspecies option and how to identify it . several species with have specific notes to minimize confusion .
house wren ( dominica ) troglodytes aedon rufescens note : house wren ( caribbean ) is deleted and replaced with the below island - specific options . note that several are extinct .
the below all refer to newly available spuhs ( e . g . , scoter sp . ) and slash ( e . g . , short - billed / long - billed dowitcher ) options . please use these options whenever you see a bird but are uncertain of its specific identity . spuhs and slashes are unique to the ebird taxonomy ; they are not found in the clements checklist .
haemorhous sp . haemorhous sp . note : carpodacus sp . should not be used in north america
ebird has a long list of field identifiable hybrids . these are always listed in taxonomic order ( the species that comes first sequentially is listed first ) and are always followed by “hybrid” . if you identified a hybrid , especially any of the below , please do report it to ebird ( hopefully with photos ) ! the below list has one new intergrade ( a hybrid between subspecies groups ) under dark - eyed junco . hybrids and intergrades are unique to the ebird taxonomy ; they are not found in the clements checklist .
within ebird , we also have forms for taxa that field identifiable and worth tracking , but are not formally described . these include undescribed species ( noted with “undescribed form” ) , undescribed subspecies groups , and miscellaneous other options .
ebird has certain domesticated species that are regularly seen in a feral or wild state .
dove sp . — > pigeon / dove sp . note : usage should apply to both doves and pigeons
myiopagis sp . — > elaenia sp . ( genus myiopagis ) note : please review your elainia sp . records to make sure they apply to the correct genus .
elaenia sp . — > elaenia sp . ( genus elaenia ) note : please review your elainia sp . records to make sure they apply to the correct genus .
western yellow wagtail ( green - headed ) — > eastern yellow wagtail ( green - headed ) note : this subspecies was previously assigned to the wrong species .
western yellow wagtail ( manchurian ) — > eastern yellow wagtail ( manchurian ) note : this subspecies was previously assigned to the wrong species .
common bush - tanager — > common chlorospingus note : all bush - tanagers in the genus chlorispingus now use the common name chlorospingus .
black - and - white shearwater sp . : puffinus sp . — > puffinus sp . ( black - and - white shearwater sp . )
glossy / white - faced ibis : plegadis sp . — > plegadis falcinellus / chihi
warbling - antbird sp . : hypocnemis sp . — > hypocnemis sp . ( warbling - antbird sp . )
download full 2013 taxonomy ( version 1 . 54 ) with changes from 2012 annotated – click here
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cheke & hume 2008 , bli . conspecific with the extinct reunion form whose scientific name has priority .
manchurian bush warbler is restricted to borealis ; ssp canturians is treated here as a subspecies of h . diphone . an alternative treatment would be to lump borealis with diphone until relationships of the members of this complex are sorted out genetically ( alström et al . 2011b ) . see rasmussen & anderton 2005 , bli re original split of cettia canturians , including borealis from c . diphone .
iczn opinion 2215 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 65 : 327 - 328 , 2008 .
correct gender agreement ; original specific epithet albicapillus is invariable . ( n david , h & m corrigenda 2 . 1 )
genetically embedded in monticola ; move before m . rupestris ( zuccon & ericson 2010a )
frith and frith 1998 , christidis and boles 2008 , slikas unpub . , t . pratt comm .
frith and frith 1998 , christidis and boles 2008 , slikas unpub . , t . pratt comm .
restore inland plover to peltohyas ; relative of wrybill and red - kneed dotterel ; resequence following lapwings , their sister group ( baker et al . 2007 ; fjeldsa comm )
fuchs et al 2008 ; correct error in v2 . 5 ; correct gender agreement
correct gender agreement ; “we are speaking here of hydrornis blyth 1843 in jasb 12 ( 2 ) : 960 , indeed masculine . in turdus guajanus by statius müller , guajanus is adjectival ( much [ too ] long to explain ) ; thus hydrornis guayanus is ok . ” ( n . david 7 / 9 / 2010 )
chlorophoneus viridis , c . dohertyi , c . quadricolor form a separate clade with telophorus , rhodophoneus , all merged into telophorus ( fuchs et al 2004 , fjeldsa comm )
malcorus belongs with hypergerus and eminia in cisticolidae ( johansson et al . 2008 , tif , fjeldsa comm )
“ lopesi ” is an unjustified emmendation . fide alan peterson , peter ryan ( hbw 11 )
pnoepyga wren - babblers are not babblers and elevated to their own family ( gelang et al . 2009 )
correct spreadsheet re 2 . 0 change of genus ( p . kovalik 7 / 2010 )
new family includes melocichla , sphenoeacus , achaetops , macrosphenus , sylvietta , cryptillas , and possibly graueria and hemitesia ( johansson et al . 2007 , 2008 , tif ) . move up in sequence as old branch of sylvioid passerines .
move dohm’s thrush - babbler to sylviidae as sister to pseudoalcippe [ abyssinica ] ( voelker et al . 2009 )
bush blackcap is a member of the sylviidae closer to pseudoalcippe than to sylvia ( johansson et al . 2008 , tif )
separate fulvetta species from alcippe fulvettas and move to sylviidae ( pasquet et al . 2006 , collar & robson 2007 , gelang et al . 2009 )
move yuhina species to zosteropidae from timaliidae ( cibois et al 2003 , moyle et al 2009 ) ; recognition of subclades under review .
richmond ( 1917 ) , fide alan peterson . ichthyophaga is an unjustified emendation of original spelling .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and christie , d . ( 2006 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 11 : old world flycatchers to old world warblers . lynx edicions , barcelona .
birdlife international ( 2011 ) the illustrated encyclopedia of birds . dorling kindersley limited , london .
auscape international po box 1024 , bowral nsw 25a76 australia tel : ( + 61 ) 2 4885 2245 fax : ( + 61 ) 2 4885 2715 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
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team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
this species is found in barrow island . visit our barrow island topic page to find out more .
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discover the natural environment of the kooyoora and loddon regions of central victoria as recorded by robert scholes and friends .
habitat : grasslands , crops – across the whole of the australian mainland except the very far north and tas .


harpa major , common name large harp , or major harp , is a species of large predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusks in the family harpidae , the harp snails and their allies .

harpa major

harpa davidis major ( var . ) röding , p . f . , 1798
( of harpa major major röding , 1798 ) cossignani t . ( 2013 ) nuova harpa dalle isole marchesi . malacologia mostra mondiale 81 : 4 . [ november 2013 ] [ details ]
harpa major - 108mm , f + + + , vietnam . big beauty . $ 12 sold
harpidae » harpa major philippines , id : 693196 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
harpa harpa - 48mm , f + + + , philippines . beautiful color and pattern . $ 12
harpa harpa - 71 . 6mm , f + + + , philippines . unusual double joined ribs . $ 35
harpa major ( dwarf form ) - 50mm , gem , north queensland , rare , dredged 15 mts . beautiful little shell with unusual coloring from an isolated location . $ 85 sold
( of harpa kawamurai habe , 1970 ) frydman f . ( 2000 ) harpa kawamurai and harpa kajiyamai : a critical re - evaluation ( gastropoda : harpidae ) . vita marina 47 ( 3 ) : 73 - 79 . [ details ]
harpa ventricosa† lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1801
harpa articularis - 88mm , gem , philippines . dark color form . $ 9
harpa kajiyamai - 46mm , f + + + , philippines . uncommon . $ 35
harpa kawamurai - 50mm , f + + ( minor faults only ) , china . $ 8
harpa cabriti - 67 . 5mm , gem - , madagascar . nice dark specimen . $ 35
family : harpidae born : 1798 , roding genus and description : harpa major , 64 . 5 mm , f + + + / gem ,
superb pattern & color origin : collected by local fishermen by nets off olango island , cebu philippines , august 2012 .
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- e . g . , use harpa instead of harpa shell . * * * google harpidae on the internet
( of harpa ventricosa lamarck , 1801 ) rehder h . a . ( 1992 ) . harpa cabriti fischer , 1860 , a replacement name for harpa ventricosa lamarck , 1816 ( gastropoda : harpidae ) . the nautilus . 106 ( 3 ) : 123 - 124 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( röding , 1798 ) - hawaii , 74mm - an exceptional shell . though most trap - collected hawaiian h . major are crabbed , this specimen is seemingly in live taken condition .
harpa röding , 1798 ; thiele , 1931 : 343 ( as harpa ( rumph . ) walch , 1771 ) [ harpidae ] ; keen , 1971 : 620 ( as harpa röding , 1798 ) [ harpidae ] ; vaught , 1989 : 52 ( as harpa röding , 1798 ) [ harpinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 166 ( as harpa pallas , 1774 ) [ harpidae ] ; cithara klein in jousseaume , 1881 ; harpalis link , 1806 ; harparia rafinesque , 1815 ; lyra griffith & pidgeon , 1934 ; subgenus : eocithara fischer , 1883 ; eocithara fischer , 1883 ; harpa ( eocithara ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 166 [ harpidae ] .
harpa articularis - 68mm , f + + + , new south wales . hard to obtain from this location now . $ 6
( röding , 1798 ) - coral sea , 36mm - an unusual dwarf , white form of harpa cf . major . the shells were found in 40 to 50 feet of water on white sand in the lagoon of east diamond island . shells courtesy of b . raines . there are similar specimens in the australian museum ( pers . com . - k . hutsell ) .
cossignani t . ( 2013 ) nuova harpa dalle isole marchesi . malacologia mostra mondiale 81 : 4 . [ november 2013 ] [ details ]
harpa kawamurai - 55mm , gem - , china . the chinese species is smaller and is more delicate with a lighter shell . $ 15
( linn & , 1758 ) - philippines , 50mm - the type species of the genus harpa . found from the south pacific through east africa , but most commonly found in the philippines and indonesia . see
uncommon in silty sand at scuba depths in hawaii but common in shallow water elsewhere . emerges at night to feed upon shrimp . attains 5 inches . hawaii and the indo - pacific . harpa conoidalis is a synonym .
( of harpa kawamurai habe , 1970 ) dance , s . p . & g . t . poppe , 1999 family harpidae . in : a conchological iconography ( conchbooks , ed . ) , 69 p . [ details ]
( of harpa kawamurai habe , 1970 ) habe t . & kosuge s . ( 1970 ) shells of the western pacific in color . vol . 2 , the tropical pacific . osaka : hoikusha . 233 pp . , 66 pls . [ details ]
( of harpa conoidalis lamarck , 1822 ) walls , j . g . ( 1980 ) . conchs , tibias and harps . a survey of the molluscan families strombidae and harpidae . t . f . h . publications ltd , hong kong . [ details ]
swainson , 1822 - ecuador , 84mm - trawled by fishing boat . this is the only species of harpa found in the panamaic province . this is the southern - most range for the species , which is found as far north as the gulf of california .
( of harpa conoidalis lamarck , 1822 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of harpa ligata menke , 1828 ) menke , k . t . ( 1828 ) . synopsis methodica molluscorum generum omnium et specierum earum , quae in museo menkeano adservantur ; cum synonymia critica et novarum specierum diagnosibus . menke , pyrmont . xii + 91 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 35 [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
walls , j . g . ( 1980 ) . conchs , tibias and harps . a survey of the molluscan families strombidae and harpidae . t . f . h . publications ltd , hong kong . [ details ]
orr j . ( 1985 ) . hong kong seashells . the urban council , hong kong [ details ]
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( 1973 ) . rehder presented 11 species of living harps . there have been many new taxa proposed since 1973 . all but one are now generally accepted as forms of one or the other of the 11 species addressed by rehder . only
rehder , 1993 is mostly accepted as a valid addition to his 1973 list . whether or not all 11 of the taxa addressed by rehder ( plus
) are truly separate species or if the many localized forms given species / subspecies names actually represent separate species will have to await a comprehensive dna analysis .
( two or one blotch ) to be able to accept his argument . i would also note that the characters described for
( “body whorl … more broadly ovate and rounded , ” “ribs tend to be narrower and more distant” ) . my own opinion is that
species addressed by rehder and the
accepted
species addressed 31 and 42 years later .
. indo - pacific mollusca , volume 3 , no . 16 . delaware museum of natural history .
are quite variable within populations and across geographic range . so variable that they occur readily across taxa , especially those that share common geographic distributions and influences , and most often cannot be relied upon to distinguish between species when confronted with a particular specimen . in my presentations i have limited the features discussed to those that should be relied upon to distinguish among taxa . i have presented the protoconchs for all , but did not find this feature to be helpful ( too variable , too often missing or incomplete , and too similar ) in distinguishing among taxa , except in a few cases (
) . i did not find color to be helpful for taxa that are otherwise close and from the same locales . i did not find reliance on “blotching” to be more than partially helpful without linkage to other confirming features . i have addressed the distribution of parietal glazing and found it to be quite helpful and distinctive for many taxa ( especially when linked to other features ) , but not decidedly so for the most problematic taxa (
) . i do not present a general description of each taxa , which is available many places elsewhere ( see rehder 1973 ) . rather , for some i present some background information and then start my descriptions with the parietal glazing and follow with those features that i found can best be used to distinguish among taxa .
the following table presents the features i found best allow identifying and distinguishing the 12 taxa . the green cells describe key features that should be identified first ( and in some taxa , alone or linked to other “greens , ” are sufficient to identify a taxon ) . the pink cells describe features very helpful in narrowing the possibilities for otherwise similar taxa . the yellow cells describe features that i found very consistently separate taxa within the geographic range of
. i apologize for the tiny text in the table , but i wanted to get it all on one page .
, and from a dozen to several dozen for the others , limited examination of shells displayed at shell shows by exhibitors and dealers , some images from the web ( usually too poor to be helpful ) , and images in literature ( also usually also too poor to be helpful ) . obviously , my sample is limited in terms of actual material for close examination , and my conclusions should be tempered accordingly . i would be happy to hear from those with specimens in any of these taxa that question or confirm my observations (
) . however , i would also hope that you can provide good quality photos or would be willing to loan the specimens for a photo session . i will continue to add to these presentations with comments or more photos / material contributed by other fans of
. three terms ( subsutural plateau , shoulder and t ) should be understood . normally , “shoulder” refers to the area from the suture to an inflection point ( a pronounced downward angle ) or , when absent , the periphery . all
, the shoulder would normally be the area from suture to the inflection point ( where spines are located ) . i have defined the area from the suture to the inflection point as the subsutural plateau . and , when i refer to the shoulder , i am referring narrowly to the spiral line representing the inflection where the subsutural plateau turns downward ( and is where the rib spines normally occur ) . i have observed that all mature
has three . as a matter of shorthand i may use t1 , t2 , t3 or t4 to refer to the teleoconch whorls . so ,
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one of my favourite families . only a small but very beautiful family of approx . 25 species ( harps ) and 24 ( morum ) . the shell sculpture is amazing and the harp color patterns are intricate and visually stunning . their habitat ranges from intertidal to rare deep water species from southern australia and queensland .
austroharpa loisae - 28 . 3mm , gem , western australia . $ 850 sold
austroharpa exquisita - 22 . 4mm , gem - , southern queensland . rare deep water species . $ 350 sold
austroharpa exquisita - 22 . 4mm , gem - , southern queensland . $ 350 sold
austroharpa exquisita - 22 . 4mm , gem - , southern queensland . $ 350 sold
austroharpa exquisita - 19 . 6mm , f + + + , southern queensland . $ 250 sold
austroharpa exquisita - 19 . 9mm , f + + + , southern queensland . $ 350 sold
morum teramachii - 51mm , f + + + , philippines . $ 40 sold
morum cancellatum - 41mm , f + + + , china . $ 20 sold
morum mathewsi - 28mm , f + + ( minor faults ) , brazil . $ 60
morum watanabei - 29mm , gem , philippines . beaut little specimens . $ 20
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the shells of this family have a polished highly patterned appearance . all have strong axial ribs . a flaring lip on the final whorl dominates the flattened spire . the family has less than a dozen species .
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by w . k . emerson , spec . publ . , s . aust . dept . mines and energy , 5 : 51 - 56 , 1985 ( isbn 0 7243 7411 6 ) , both obscure , but must - have papers for morum specialists .
and finally , most shell books of general or regional scope include harpidae and offer supplemental help in identifying the region - specific harpidae species .
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austroharpa finlay , 1931 ( fossil ) ; subgenus : palamharpa iredale , 1931 ( recent ) .
( iredale , 1931 ) - queensland , australia , 19 . 5mm - a small , distinct species with cancellate sculpture . specimens are also found with a purple - colored spire .
hart & limpus , 1998 - south australia , 22 . 1mm - one of the truly rare austroharpa species , in the collection of travis payne . described in la conchiglia 30 ( 289 ) : 53 - 55 .
verco , 1896 - south western australia , 30mm - a western form typically found in south australia .
krauss , 1848 ] - madagascar , 60mm - a stocky , strongly shouldered , and heavily ribbed form . it is most commonly found in the western indian ocean , though specimens of this form have surfaced in micronesia and melanesia . this specimen is from tulear .
lamarck , 1822 - philippines , 82 . 6mm - indo - pacific distribution . one of the most common of the harp species .
fischer , 1860 - madagascar , 96mm - this specimen exhibits an unusual thickening of the ribs towards the outer portion of the body whorl .
fischer , 1860 - madagascar , 90 - 95mm - this image illustrates two extremes of this variable species , found with a seemingly infinite combination of rib , shape and coloration combinations .
fischer , 1860 - madagascar , 90 - 96mm - two extremes of the same - - light and dark ; thick and thin rib structure . the species exhibits a tremendous amount of variation .
( linné , 1758 ) - mauritius , 59mm - a classic rarity , endemic to mauritius .
( linné , 1758 ) - mauritius , 85mm - a superior specimen , perfect in every way .
( linné , 1758 ) - mauritius , 109 . 7mm ! - the famed world record size ( largest known , or recorded ) specimen of this legendary species , which has passed through the collections of e . malone , d . dan , and now resides in the collection of travis payne .
swainson , 1822 - ecuador , 83mm - a gerontic specimen with a thick , heavy columellar calus , and a coalescing and thickening of the ribs along the last portion of the body whorl .
rehder , 1993 - hawaii , 66mm - a crabbed , but close - to - live specimen taken off haleiwa , northwest oahu in a deep water lobster trap set in 350 feet of water . original description in
rehder , 1993 - hawaii - a fabulous specimen , of unspecified size , in the collection of travis payne .
broderip & sowerby , 1829 - marquesas islands , 21 . 7mm - a fabulous live collected specimen , taken scuba diving at nuku hiva island in 35 feet of water . one of the great rarities of this genus .
( linn & , 1758 ) - philippines , 40 . 8mm - a dwarf red form from palawan province . the characteristic clusters of three to four fine black lines that cross the ribs is quite evident in this specimen .
( linn & , 1758 ) - philippines , 78 . 1mm - from samar island , collected by a local diver in about 18 feet of water . this is an enormous specimen in the collection of travis payne .
rehder , 1973 - philippines , 43mm - has a thin , light - weight shell . very close and considered to be subspecific with
rehder , 1973 - philippines , 63 . 5mm - a large , dark specimen collected in zamboanga , southern mindanao island , now in the collection of travis payne .
rehder , 1973 - philippines , 61 . 8mm - color and shading of h . kajiyamai can vary somewhat . this unusual and beautiful specimen from balut island has orange coloration .
( röding , 1798 ) - hawaii , 66mm - a synonym is h . conoidalis lamarck , 1843 . specimen taken in trap set in 350 feet of water off oahu .
( röding , 1798 ) - midway island , 110 . 7mm - a rather large specimen for hawaiian waters . the largest recorded specimen is from mauritius and is 129 . 5mm ( re :
( röding , 1798 ) - philippines , 67 - 68mm - an unusual color form being collected from siasi island in the sulu sea .
morum röding , 1798 . type species : morum oniscus ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ; lambidium link , 1807 ; oniscia sowerby , 1824 ; theliostoma sowerby , 1824 ( nom . nud . ) ; oniscidia swainson , 1840 ( err . ) ; ersina
1840
gray , 1847 ( unavail . ) ; plesioniscia fischer , 1884 . subgenus : oniscidia mörch , 1852 ; oniscidia mörch , 1852 ; emerson , 1995 : 95 ( apex 10 ( 2 - 3 ) ) ; onischidea olsson , 1931 ( err . ) ; onimusira kuroda , 1955 ( nom . nud . ) ; pulchroniscia garrard , 1961 ; cancellomorum emerson & old , 1963 ; onimusiro kira in kuroda , habe & oyama , 1971 .
shikama , 1973 - philippines , 37mm - this moderately rare species is also found in the south china sea .
shikama , 1973 - philippines , 37mm - a balut island specimen trapped in tangle nets set by fishermen in 60 - 80 fathoms of water . the species exhibits very little variation .
( sowerby , 1824 ) - taiwan , 47 . 7mm - trawled in 60 fathoms of water in northeast taiwan straits . somewhat similar to both
( sowerby , 1824 ) - japan , 39mm - compare with the specimen from taiwan . this specimen has a more scabrous sculpture . trawled in 60 - 100 meters of water .
( reeve , 1842 ) - colombia , 40 - 45mm - the pustulation and color development on the shield varies considerably .
specimens . the body whorl sculpture is rather different from typically smaller specimens , lacking the rows of short , prominent spines below the shoulder spines .
( a . adams , 1855 ) - australia , 66mm - trawled in 75 fathoms of water at north reef , off gladstone . grows to be the largest species of morum ; the largest recorded up to 2001 is 86 . 8mm in length . in the
( a . adams , 1855 ) - philippines , 59mm - philippine specimens of this species have elicited much discussion as to its true identity . it has been illustrated as
from that species ( see below ) , and is also considered to be a true form of m . grande
. there is considerable difference in the shell shape , and formation of the shoulder spines . this might represent a regional form of m . grande , or be a totally different species .
kosuge , 1981 is a junior subjective synonym . dr . kosuge ' s description was publish just a few months after dr . emerson ' s . there is no doubt that the two taxa are conspecific . this species is frequently taken in tangle nets of philippine fishermen .
petuch , 1979 - philippines , 23mm - one of the smallest species of the genus . it is mostly known from moderately deep water habitats in the central philippines . the pinkish - orange shield with white pustules is characteristic of the species .
petuch , 1979 - philippines , 23 . 5 & 27 . 5 mm - a pair in the collection of travis payne , which illustrate the variable color of the apertural shield . both represent exceptional specimens .
petuch , 1987 - colombia , 45mm - an interesting specimen with an unusual orange shield . the species has only been collected from the north coast of south america between colombia and venezuela . the
petuch , 1987 - colombia , 39mm - an exceptionally dark colored specimen . m . lindae is one of three known extant species of cancellomorum from the western atlantic .
petuch , 1987 - colombia , 41 . 8mm - a white shield , as this specimen exhibits , is quite unusual for this species , but it would be a misnomer to refer to it as an albino shell .
emerson , 1981 - marshall islands , 19 . 2mm - endemic to the kwajalein atoll . this is an enormous specimen for the species in the collection of franck frydman . it is 2 . 1mm larger than the 2001 listed size record .
emerson , 1967 - brazil , 28 . 4 mm - from rio do fogo , rio grande do norte , brazil . a superb specimen in the collection of travis payne .
( linné , 1767 ) - florida keys , 23 . 5mm - type species of the genus .
reeve , l . a . , 1842 - brazil , 23 - 24mm - southern - most range of the species .
melvill , 1919 - south africa , 31 . 4mm - this rather rare species was trawled off durban , natal province , in about 175 fathoms of water .
kuroda & habe , in habe , 1961 - philippines , 59mm - the species is also found in japan .
( reeve , 1842 ) - panama , 32 - 35mm - an intertidal species ranging from the outer baja south to peru . this image illustrates to exteme forms of the species .
kuroda & habe , in habe , 1961 - philippines , 61 . 3mm - a specimen from balut island , taken from 80 fathoms of water . the species is most closely related to morum grande .
dance & emerson , 1967 is considered a synonym ( pers . com . h . g . lee ) . a member of the
complex . this dead - collected , but representative specimen is from the collection of travis payne .
emerson , 1968 - galapagos islands , 29 . 9 mm - one of the great rarities of the genus . this is an exceptional specimen in the collection of travis payne .
kosuge , 1981 - philippines , 42mm - taken in a tangle net set in 20 - 40 fathoms of water in leyte gulf , samar island . this species has been long identified as
, but differs from that species by the more developed cancellate sculpture and other features . it is , though , a member of the m . cancellatum complex , which also includes m . grande . some specimens from japan identified as m . cancellatum may , in fact , be m . watanabei .
harpidae on this page click name to view image - click » to view caption below .
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cook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = ‘ātiu , mk = ma‘uke , mt = miti‘āro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = takūtea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say
el
but write
r
) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands māori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai‘i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand māori
mccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .
copyright © 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy
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harfovka is a regular oval shell without significant spikes or studs . the only interesting feature on the surface is ribbed mussels , which make up about 12 wide or narrow ribs . the ribs are striking striped spots that are more noticeable than small strips on the rest of the surface . harfovka a small spiral snail , which results in a wide oval opening . because of the weak structure shows through color and the inner body .
the peculiarity of shungite is not only the unclear origin of its formation ; it is rather a mystery , but the composition as well .


eteobalea isabellella is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family .

it is found in spain , france , italy , corsica , the balkan peninsula , turkey and north africa .

the wingspan is about 14 mm .

adults are on wing from may to early october in two generations per year .

eteobalea isabellella

eteobalea isabellella | 05 / 09 / 14 - croatia . | ben sale | flickr
eteobalea is a genus of moth in the family cosmopterigidae . it is treated as a synonym of stagmatophora by some authors .
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country : europe wingspan : 13 . 0 ( mm ) photo by : paul jenkins
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& koster , j . c . ( sjaak ) sinev , sergej yu .
2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by & koster , j . c . ( sjaak ) sinev , sergej yu
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