the noble snipe ( gallinago nobilis ) is a small stocky wader .

it breeds in the andes of colombia , ecuador , peru and venezuela above or just below the treeline .

it is entirely sedentary .

noble snipe

noble snipe ( gallinago nobilis ) is a species of bird in the scolopacidae family .
a 300 page book that summarises the available literature on the biology and demography of the 3 snipe species ( common snipe , great snipe , and jack snipe ) and the management techniques for their habitats .
fluctuations of common snipe , jack snipe and golden plover in tiree , argyllshire - j . morton boyd
giant snipe can be distinguished from sympatric common and magellan snipe by its huge size and rounded wings . the other large species , andean , fuegian and imperial snipe , are upland species which lack the well - defined upperpart markings and white belly shown by giant snipe . noble snipe is more similar to giant , but obviously smaller - bodied .
unstoppable noble train . creating operations , where first nuke land at 100ms , second nuke at 120ms , third nuke at 140ms , fourth nuke at 160ms , first noble at 200ms , second noble at 220ms , third noble at 240ms and fourth noble at 260ms , is very easy . 20ms timespan can be lowered to 0ms for nukes and nobles , but timespan between last nuke and first noble should be at least 10ms - for safety purposes . take a quick look at my screenshot on the right with accurately executed attacks as planned .
©1997 - 2018 barnes & noble booksellers , inc . 122 fifth avenue , new york , ny 10011
you can with easy send army tasks to backtime other players . i like to snipe every incoming attack - thanks to attacks detection system i know which incoming attacks has a nobleman . players couldn ' t believe their eyes , when i snipe noble attacks between 100ms each .
three different calls . birds not seen but earlier in the afternoon two birds were flushed here , see photo . the birds here are known to be south american snipe but i found only noble . i have still to see convincing evidence that sa snipe has ever occurred here .
same bird ( s ) as xc77712 . birds not seen but earlier in the afternoon two birds were flushed here , see photo . the birds here are known to be south american snipe but i found only noble . i have still to see convincing evidence that sa snipe has ever occurred here .
yea this is what i usually tell people to do until they learn how to snipe properly .
this volume contains 16 papers covering topics such as breeding biology , ecology , behaviour , population dynamics , monitoring and hunting bags . the papers focus on woodcock ( scolopax rusticola ) common snipe ( gallinago gallinago ) , great snipe ( gallinago media ) , jack snipe ( lymnocryptes minimus ) and african snipe ( gallinago nigripennis ) . a general paper describes the conservation status of the world ' s woodcocks and snipes .
yeah well that ' s mostly the best method of killing a good timed - noble train , congratz for posting it mellow .
habitat use and diet of common snipe gallinago gallinago breeding on moorland in northern england : c . . .
this is a bit different than normal noble trains , in normal noble trains you aim to launch as fast as possible , in sniping trains you aim to launch as regularily as possible , this is because by doing so you increase the chances of landing one between clearing and nobles .
the noble snipe is rare is and appears to be local in elfin forest bogs at or near treeline . it ranges at elevations of about 3300 m and is restricted to extreme northern peru only on the north and west side of the marañon river . it also occurs in
. the noble snipe has a patterned head and rest of the upperparts . the back shows conspicuous pale or buff stripes . the neck , breast , and sides are barred with a pale unbarred center of belly . it is secretive in marshy and muddy habitats . it is very similar to the
the giant snipe has a kek - kek call when flushed , and a rasping trisyllabic call is given in its nocturnal display flight .
when i first read this guide i thought of it as new way to overcome very tight noble train . when you got 5second lag between first noble and the last , its easy to snip with one shot but what if your opponents send very tight train ? the only way to do it is mass snipping attempts as explained in the guide .
no plumage differences related to age or sex are known , but in other snipe the sexes are similar and immature birds differ only in showing pale fringes on the wing coverts .
30–33 cm ; 188–197 g . medium - sized , bulky snipe with disproportionately long , two - toned bill ; underwing relatively dark ; wings rather broad and rounded ; tail . . .
in the future , more functions like
detection of village owner change ( village was nobled ) in 30 range from my villages
will be added . in this case you will be able to very fast village re - noble .
the puna snipe is a small snipe of high elevation bogs and stream margins , fairly common in moist areas of puna from 3 , 000 to 4 , 600m . it ranges from northern peru into bolivia and northern chile and argentina . a miniature version of the south american snipe ( and sometimes considered a subspecies thereof ) , the puna snipe has a shorter bill and bright yellow legs . it can be distinguished by an unmarked , white belly , a nearly white underwing , and a thin white trailing edge to the wings . in flight , it displays a web of narrow white markings on the upperside , the result of a white tips on the wing coverts , white edges of the tail , and distinct pale stripes along the mantle . flushes with vertical flight followed by “jumps” .
capsule : moorland breeding birds were associated with marshy grassland , acid flush and unimproved acid grassland , where their diet was dominated by earthworms and tipulid larvae . aims : to quantify breeding snipe densities in upland habitats and to examine diet and the structural characteristics of feeding areas . methods : snipe were surveyed on four areas ( total 44 km 2 ) near otterburn , . . . [ show full abstract ]
van gils , j . , wiersma , p . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . noble snipe ( gallinago nobilis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the great snipe gallinago media is considered to be an endangered species . this paper examines its food and habitat use on a sub - alpine / low - alpine breeding area in central norway . it was estimated that earthworms constitute more than 90 % of great snipe food ( by weight ) . feeding birds selected the low herb willow scrub vegetation community and to a lesser degree eutrophic fen . birds did not . . . [ show full abstract ]
i created noble train example video on youtube . this is the proof of perfectly synchronized 3 nukes and 4 nobles from 4 different villages . first attack land at 91ms and the last one at 130ms . there is this video . you can watch it to see how it is done .
approximately 900 separate vocalisations from 240 species including vocalisations from distinct subspecies . includes : puna , noble , andean , and imperial snipe ; 29 species of hummingbird ; greater scythebill , jocotoco and crescent - faced antpitta ; 6 species of tapaculo , tufted , agile , and black - crested tit - tyrant ; 7 species of chat - tyrant including jelski ' s ; chestnut - crested cotinga . ; giant conebill ; tit - like dacnis ; 5 species of flowerpiercer and mountain - tanager ; masked saltator , 6 species of brush - finch and many others .
this species is rarely seen on the ground , and its habitat , reluctance to flush until almost trodden on , cryptic plumage , and nocturnal feeding mean its habits are almost unknown . its diet apparently includes frogs . the giant snipe is usually seen alone when flushed .
the giant snipe has a stocky body and relatively short legs for a wader . it has broad rounded wings like a woodcock and a very long bill . its upperparts , head and neck are streaked and patterned with black and brown , and chestnut edges to the feathers form distinct lines down its back . the belly is white with brown barring on the flanks . the flight feathers are barred , a feature unique to this snipe . the horn - coloured bill is very long and straight . the legs and feet are greyish - green .
this is the largest snipe at 40–43 . 5 cm in length . g . u . gigantea , as its name suggests , is larger than the nominate subspecies with little overlap in size ; for example , its bill length is usually more than 12 . 0 cm , whereas g . u . undulata is usually less than 11 . 5 cm .
the giant snipe is hunted through most of its range , its large size making it easier to shoot than other snipes . habitat loss is also a threat , at least in part of its range . it is nowhere common , and is local and uncommon in colombia and venezuela , but its nocturnal habits and extremely secretive behaviour might exaggerate its apparent scarcity , and it is currently not thought to be threatened .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . puna snipe ( gallinago andina ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
accepting the requirement for accurate information regarding the status of common and jack snipe populations in great britain , and the problems associated with conventional survey methods for secretive , largely nocturnal or crepuscular , rarely aggregating species with a preference for little observed habitat , this report presents and discusses a range of alternative survey methodologies taken from the literature . survey methods discussed are : simple transects , nets and ringing , nocturnal surveys , calls and playback . each alternative approach is discussed in relation to likely effectiveness and feasibility in relation to : time constraints , habitat characteristics , locating the birds and welfare issues .
. . . recent initiatives such as the push to develop markets for wood fuel ( anonymous , 2007 ) offer the possibility of providing financial incentives to bring woodlands into active management . from the perspective of woodland bird conservation , the recent declines are well documented ( fuller et al . , 2005 ; amar et al . , 2006 ; hewson et al . , 2007 ; hewson and noble , 2009 ) and our knowledge of habitat requirements of woodland birds continues to increase ( fuller , 1995 ; hinsley et al . , 2007 hinsley et al . , , 2009 hoodless and hirons , 2007 ; lewis et al . , 2009 ) . opportunities should now be taken to establish long - term monitoring of habitat structure and biodiversity in broadleaved woodlands where active management is being reinstated . . . .
from the preface :
this little book is not intended as an exhaustive book of instruction either scientific or sporting . it is merely a reprint , with additions , of sundry papers jotted down in the rare idle hours of a busy life . these papers having , i am told , amused many in the pages of ' maga , ' may perhaps amuse more when collected in booklet form . if they should do for the reader the kindness which they performed for the writer - namely , that of bringing a whiff from the snipe - haunted marshes into the stuffy prison of everyday life in parlour and street - scolopax will feel that he has at any rate done some one a good turn , and nobody any harm .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
this species is classified as near threatened as there is evidence that hunting and the loss and degradation of its habitats are likely to be driving an on - going and moderately rapid decline in its population . if evidence were to suggest a more rapid decline in its population , it might be eligible for a higher threat category .
. 1996 ) . localised declines have been noted in recent years , for example at la mica lagoon in ecuador ( cisneros - heredia 2006 ) .
no population estimates of this species are available , but it is described as fairly common .
this species is suspected to be experiencing a moderately rapid population decline owing to the on - going threats of localised over - hunting and habitat conversion and degradation ( ridgely and greenfield 2001 , cisneros - heredia 2006 ) .
. 1996 ) . it is usually found at 2 , 500 - 3 , 900 m , but may range from 2 , 000 to 4 , 000 m . it breeds from march to september , probably laying a clutch of only two eggs ( del hoyo
the species is targeted by both indigenous people and sports - hunters and is threatened by localised over - hunting , as well as the desiccation , transformation and degradation of its habitats ( ridgely and greenfield 2001 , cisneros - heredia 2006 , d . cisneros - heredia
2011 ) . suitable habitat is converted for agriculture and degraded by fires ( cisneros - heredia 2006 , d . cisneros - heredia
carry out surveys in order to estimate the total population size and rate of decline . implement an outreach and education campaign to reduce hunting pressure . increase the area of suitable habitat that receives protection .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
over open pasture near humid forest . reference : lxb 122 - 163 marantz counter ( galnob10 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
call from ground . páramo marsh . reference : ilb 3 - 40 ( galnob8 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
from ground ? páramo marsh . reference : xviia 63 - 64 ( galnob6 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
páramo marsh . reference : xviia 34 - 34 ( galnob5 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
páramo marsh . reference : xvib 412 - 414 , 436 - 451 ( galnob3 - 4 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
collected ( mecn 553 ) . páramo marsh . reference : xia 422 - 423 ( galnob2 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken
rush bed in shallow lake on pumice flat . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken
ref : tape ohm065b 1204 . frightened by my presence . bird in groun along the stream . natural vocalization . 10m to mic .
at least 4 displayed and called between 5 : 35 and 5 : 45 . my mic is very sensitive to wind so most of the display is ruined , also some traffic on the road . the display was nice though .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
n andes from extreme nw venezuela ( s táchira ) through c colombia and ecuador to nw peru ( piura , n cajamarca ) .
display flight by male is given at dawn and dusk , or for most of the night if moonlit , is typically . . .
montane grassy wetlands , swamps and bogs , wet savannas , rushy pasture and reedy marsh adjoining . . .
season mar–sept , probably mainly during wet season , with eggs collected in jul ( venezuela ) and sept ( colombia ) and a pullus also in . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . no population estimates available ; locally fairly common in colombia . very poorly known ; research required . . . .
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sequence of species in this family is based largely on findings of a recent phylogenetic study # r .
formerly referred to as capella , because this name was erroneously thought to pre - date gallinago .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
, but is distinguished by having an unbarred and pale center of belly and by preferring bogs in elfin forests . it is larger than the
schulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .
material published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )
contribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :
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ok im celebrating my return to tribalwars by releasing a secret i promised myself i would never release , sniping has really been left to the last resort way of defending due to its innacuracy , you basically have 1 shot to put defence between nobles , that is till now . . . . .
2 . jot down support times to each village with train incomings from each available defence village from the longest to shortest time . work out a brief plan of order , if you are sniping from a defence village with train incomings make sure it snipes another train before it is hit .
instead of preping a timed launch of support , open opera and prep up a train , if you have a defence village with 10k / 10k in it load 10 tabs and put 1k / 1k in each , aim this support for the village you are sniping the trains from .
factor in lag + 1 second or so to be on the safe side and launch lag + 1 seconds before the support time matches the incoming time on the targetted village .
4 . clear the misses , the other great advantage of this tactic is that you can clear all the support that lands outside the train and then reuse the village to support another village .
i ' ve mentioned this before , although i ' ve only actually used it in one instance ( successfully though ) .
i think i mentioned it in mimelim ' s defense strat guide somewhere , but it could have been somewhere else . there are a lot of similar threads .
actually , not alot of guides i have seen explained it with such simplicity .
it ' s been released . . . a lot of times . . . . besides which anyone who knows about backtiming out to know about this .
i think i heard about this somewhere . i believe there was a guide on the forums of one of the tribes i was on , but this one was much simpler and easier to understand what you were actually trying to say .
i have used this quite a bit , it ' s not so secret .
common but not put explicitly in a guide till now i think . i was actually planning on making a guide of how to do this for my w26 tribe , with more visuals . beat me to it .
> _ > . don ' t bother , there ' s something else you ought to teach them instead of this .
i thought i was really clever when i figured this one out all by myself , then realised that other people had been doing it since before i even started playing tw . . . then i felt stupid : icon _ redface :
nice quide but as everyone has been saying , it ' s a well known idea . i kinda figured it out playing speed since i have never needed it in a slow world due to no attackers having any skill or timing ability .
sw . venezuela ( tachira ) , c . and e . colombia and n . ecuador .
clements , james f . birds of the world : a checklist . vista , ca : ibis publishing company , 2000 .
if there is no family list to the left , you may have arrived at this page from a direct link . please select
mangoverde world bird guide
to view the entire bird site .
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
ylänkökurppa
from
gallinago nobilis p . l . sclater , 1856
as trusted .
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spreads are indicated by surrounding icons representing items on the same ( double page ) spread in a grey box .
the species list above is in systematic order , the taxonomy and nomenclature of which generally follows the wells world birds list on birder ' s diary v3 . 0 ( courtesy of thayer software : urltoken ) , with adaptations by wildsounds . the wells world birds list is based on a classification created by mic wells . please note that the above list may not be in the same order or be a full and accurate representation of the species on the title concerned . we take due care to ensure the accuracy of the list , but should you find any errors , please notify us .
©wildsounds 2009 . no portion of this page ( including sounds , images , style - sheets and code ) may be copied or used without the express permission of wildsounds .
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la florida park is a maze of wetlands just outside bogota near the international airport .
all content and design © 2004 - 2017 by exotic birding , llc . original banner photo © laura l fellows . all rights reserved . no photos , descriptions , or other content may be copied or disseminated on any media without prior written permission . checklists may be copied or printed for personal use only but not for commercial purposes of any kind . website designed and produced by jim wittenberger and laura l fellows . photography by laura l fellows and jim wittenberger .
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isbn - 10 : 0323047211 isbn - 13 : 9780323047210 pub . date : 05 / 22 / 2008 publisher : elsevier health sciences
current price is $ 33 . 25 , original price is $ 36 . 95 . you save 10 % .
reinforce your comprehension of pharmacologic concepts with this hands - on workbook . specially designed to parallel the material in pharmacology for pharmacy technicians , 3 rd edition , this workbook provides in - depth study and review of the terminology , principles , and applications of pharmacology needed for certification and practice as a pharmacy technician . its user - friendly format and engaging learning exercises include vocabulary quizzes , review questions , critical thinking exercises , research activities , and new case applications to help you build a solid foundation for pharmacy practice !
• new ! case scenarios and questions promote real - world application of text content . • improved ! new and revised review questions offer a mix of recall , comprehension , and application for progressive learning • new ! coverage of advancements in the areas of vaccines , hiv / aids , cancer , and diabetes provide students with the latest information for these chronic conditions . • new ! additional artwork supports foundational and body - system pharmacology content .
unit i : introduction to pharmacology 1 . fundamentals of pharmacology 2 . principles of pharmacology 3 . pharmacodynamics 4 . drug interactions and medication errors
unit ii : drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system and central nervous system 5 . treatment of anxiety 6 . treatment of depression 7 . treatment of schizophrenia and psychoses 8 . treatment of alzheimer’s , huntington’s and parkinson’s disease 9 . treatment of seizure disorders 10 . treatment of pain and migraine headache 11 . treatment of sleep disorders and attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder
unit iii : drugs affecting the musculoskeletal system 12 . neuromuscular blockade and muscle spasms 13 . treatment of gout , osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis 14 . treatment of osteoporosis and paget’s disease of the bone
unit iv : drugs affecting the ophthalmic and otic systems 15 . treatment of diseases of the eye 16 . treatment of disorders of the ear
unit v : drugs affecting the cardiovascular system 17 . treatment of angina 18 . treatment of hypertension 19 . treatment of heart disease and stroke 20 . treatment of arrhythmia
unit vi : drugs affecting the gastrointestinal system 21 . treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease , laryngopharyngeal reflux , and peptic ulcer disease 22 . treatment of irritable bowel syndrome , ulcerative colitis , and crohn’s disease
unit vii : drugs affecting the respiratory system 23 . treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 24 . treatment of allergies
unit viii : drugs affecting the endocrine system 25 . treatment of thyroid disorders 26 . treatment of diabetes mellitus
unit ix : drugs affecting the reproductive system 27 . drugs that affect the reproductive system 28 . treatment of prostate disease and erectile dysfunction
unit x : drugs affecting the immune system 29 . treatment of bacterial infections 30 . treatment of viral infections 31 . treatment of cancers 32 . vaccines and immunomodulators
unit xi : drugs affecting the integumentary system 33 . treatment of fungal infections 34 . treatment of pressure injuries and burns 35 . treatment of acne 36 . treatment of eczema and psoriasis 37 . treatment of lice & scabies
brecknock birds sightings are now available via a rss feed . the link is : urltoken
below are all sightings recorded on this website . the newest sighting is displayed first , there are ten sightings per page . we would love to hear your bird sightings - whether common or more unusual - click here to add a sighting . you can also search all sightings - click here .
please neter the os grid referance . whilst this is optional , it allows for the sighting to be accurately mapped . please use discretion if the sighting is of a sensitive nature .
sighting location : craig y cilau nnr . sighting date : 22 / 03 / 08
sighting location : talybont reservoir . sighting date : 21 . 3 . 08 - 12 . 45
6 goldeneye , 1 tufted , 8 mallard , 2 gc grebe , 1 l grebe , 5 coot and 2 mute swan .
sighting location : roman road and usk reservoir area . sighting date : 21st march 2008
12 lapwing and a single curlew at the roman road . a pair of shellduck ( still present at 12 : 40 , record shots available to be uploaded ) , drake goldeneye , 5 cormorant at the usk reservoir ( willow tit calling near water tower on carms bank ) . little grebe on graiggoch pool near r usk .
sighting location : cantref reservoir . sighting date : thursday 20 / 03 / 08
late news from thursday , osprey at cantref reservoir most of morning , observed by 2 anglers flyfishing . bird seen taking a fish , eating and resting before flying north at approximately 12 : 00 . ( i arrived at 12 : 30 )
sighting location : sn8941 and sn911441 . sighting date : 19 . 3 . 08
male wheatear sighted near ' g ' range , and c . 1000 starlings ground feeding nr . penlanwen . 25 siskin and 2 redpoll on birdfeeders on tuesday .
sighting location : mynydd aberyscir . sighting date : 18 / 3 / 08 - 8 . 45
sighting location : pontfaen , brecon . sighting date : 16 / 13 / 08
not a sighting by me but by a workmate that lives near pontfaen . he observed an adult hobby from his conservatory perched in a large pine not 30 metres away . it flew off when he got up to get his camera ( typical ! ) .
song from ground comprises a fast - paced but mellow - sounding “tip - tip - tip - tip . . . ” , “cut - cut - cut - cut . . .
inhabits boggy rivers high in puna zone of andes , between 3000 m and 4600 m in peru , at 2000–5000 m . . .
very poorly known ; season mainly oct–dec in c peru , sept in n chile . downy young similar to that of
nominate race at least locally moves to lower altitudes during austral winter , e . g . reaching . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . no population estimates available . range large and relatively little impacted by human activities over much of it . nominate race . . .
ultimate tribal wars bot can work all the time - 24 / 7 thanks to captcha recognition system . bot has also features like farming villages , construct buildings , recruit army , minting a gold coins , balancing resources between villages , detection of incoming attacks , interactive map and much more . utwb is still under development and will do whatever you want it to do - make an proposal and see it done . features are being added all the time so you can check home page for the latest release informations .
building system enables you to set static and dynamic queue . once you set building target level , let ' s say - wall 20 level , and this building will be destroyed by incoming attacks , it will be immediately queued to build . the same apply for rally point and other buildings .
there are also options like
if storage is full , build storage first
,
construct building requirements first
,
build farm if free space is lower than 5 - 30 %
.
you can set number of maximum queued building positions in headquarters . if you have premium account it will be helpful , because premium account allows you to queue more building positions in headquarters at once .
interactive map helps you to control farmed villages , creating attacks or selecting all villages of player / s . management of tribes relations is also available . village menu under right mouse click behaves the same like menu on the normal tribal wars map .
you can look into village details by double click on village . village details includes history of village points , history of owner ( player ) and your notes . if you have something important you can make a memo for each village , which help you in the future during your conquers .
time synchronization with high precision ( + / - 10ms ) . check image proof on the right and test this capabilities by yourself . before you start you need to properly configure time synchronization settings - tutorial .
synchronization of multiple attacks is very powerful . you can synchronize many attacks from many of your villages to other village or villages . basically you can synchronize and send : one to one ( 1 : 1 ) , one to many ( 1 : * ) , many to one ( * : 1 ) and many to many ( * : * ) attacks .
just imagine 6 full trains ( 4 nobleman attacks for each ) with 20 full nukes and subsequent 20 supports . all are synchronized to land between 100ms and 300ms . all hit many oponent villages and are sent from many of your villages . that kind of waves are beautiful .
recruit army system will save you a lot of time . you don ' t need to worry that barracks or stable are on idle . once you set target count of specified unit , bot will recruit until that amount is reached .
this feature is very helpful when you send troops as support and some of them die . in this case utwb immediately start troops recruitment in villages where it is needed . you can configure ratio for specified units in order to create optimal recruitment troops package . along with ratio , you should also remember about maximal queue time , which is configurable too .
you can also recruit noblemen . i didn ' t forget about gold coins minting and resources storing . for that you should only specify amount of resources above which gold coins will be minted or resources will be stored .
sending army is practically essence of ultimate tribal wars bot . on this registry you can create and manage previously created send army tasks .
there is a lot of informations at a glance . you see if options like
send accurately in time
,
troops must be at home between specified time
are enabled . you know if send army task has specified random interval or contains one or more target villages .
attack or support , troops count , description , send time , land time , return time , travel time , target village name , target village owner name and much more informations are available to you .
in short cut , it would be enough . there is a lot more functions , which you would want to use - all are listed below on the right . notice that you can use utwb for free ! read this tutorial to see how it is possible with referential system .
update to version 2 . 021 . added 35 days of service to all ultimate tribal wars bot accounts .
update to version 2 . 016 . added 4 days of service to all ultimate tribal wars bot accounts .
update to version 2 . 015 . added 2 days of service to all ultimate tribal wars bot accounts .
fixed issues related to sending army , ifarmer and time sync because of the game update .
update to version 2 . 013 . bot cost 1£ more because of captcha solving .
update to version 2 . 012 . captcha solving works again . added 11 days to all bot accounts .
added in sendingarmy view , on right click menu - > set the same - > target village - works only for tasks with one target village .
added to time synchronization - > minimal sync unit count . on some world it ' s impossible to send 1 unit in attack , so you can configure it now .
added to map - > select village by radius from ( open / exclusive ) - to ( close / inclusive ) .
changed option
barb to player
to
ownership change
. so each time village will change player ownership it will be disabled and bot message will be generated .
fixed disabling village in ifarmer for all cities on red or red - blue report .
changed in map - > right click - > remove from all attacks . by default all attacks for selected villages will be removed . when holding ctrl key , only attacks for village under mouse pointer will be removed .
fixed on map when mouse over village , village info control was in wrong place , now it works properly .
update to version 2 . 008 . bot is now fully functional , all functions work fine .
cefcache with cookies is stored in bot directory . cookies file is a sqllite db file so you can read it using any sqllite engine or sqlitebrowser .
update to version 2 . 007 . 30 days has been added to each bot account .
when google captcha appears , bot send email according to your settings - > mailing configuration , bot play captcha _ sound . wav ( you can replace it with your own . wav sound file ) and bot stops .
update to version 2 . 002 . added 7 days of service to each bot account .
bot is safe to use again . to all accounts 45days service have been added .
update to version 1 . 094 . please use this version because previous versions have a major bug .
update to version 1 . 091 . sorry for delays - busy life . main problem with starting bot is fixed . 3 days has been added to each bot account .
map missing scenery bug fix ( to reload scenery you need close bot , remove map . bin and run bot again ) .
added time synchronization on / off toggle . in some worlds , like w115 on
there is new tw feature - to each attack , 1 second is randomly added or substracted to landing time - hence time sync in this situation is pointless .
added max ongoing attacks for rams and cats ( building destruction logic ) . max ongoing attacks are splitted to two separated registers . first one is farming and ram attacks . second one is cats attacks .
farmed village history is wiped - villageid is not reliable ( it is changing for the same xy of the village ) , it has been changed to xyid . if you want to have village history again , please remove gamereports . bin file and allow bot to read reports again .
changes to reports reading . old reports will not have info about village , new reports works properly . if you want bot to read reports again please remove gamereports . bin file ( it will take few moments to read all reports ) .
added to ifarmer option to set custom interval for farmed village - two places , per city and per farmed village .
added to ifarmer option to set limit of max total ongoing attacks from all cities to one farmed village .
farmed village will be disabled also on red - blue report , previously was disabled only on red report .
fixed reading population issue caused by tribal wars update 8 . 33 . 2 . resources balancer , recruit army and all building features works properly now .
bot is now build for anycpu - so one . exe serves x86 and x64 machines .
time sync precision changed from 0 . 1 seconds to 0 . 001 - please check if time sync is working properly for you .
changed villages selection radius in map , was square ( taxicab geometry ) - now is circle radius .
update to version 1 . 082 . ifarmer is about to come . . . - i ' m working on it . please remember to do backup of
userdata
folder !
added
select village
option in map view - > mouse right menu .
changed behaviour of selected village dropdown in map view . on my village change map is not centered . to center map new button has been added .
update to version 1 . 081 . if you want to see intelligent farming draft , please visit
update to version 1 . 078 . please use
automatically set units speed
function in settings to correct units speed . time synchronization should works good now .
group selection - in sending army tasks view - works good now . only attacks from selected group will be listed .
added mint coins / store resources if
any / all
are over
n
, in recruit army ( beside recruit nobleman ) .
added possibility to assign many groups for city . ( please watch tutorial above )
when you run utwb first time , you will have to choose main page again , but only first time .
added sorting , on column header click for task targets in send army task form .
lowered minimal time span between attacks from 5 to 1 . was 1 - 5 , now it is 1 - 2 . it gives you possibility to send ~ 3600 farm attacks / h ( excluding
send accurately in time
sait attacks )
you can add cities in other overviews for premium account . combined , production , troops , buildings , technology , groups view - all are working fine now .
added option to disable logs ( settings - > general ) . it will improve performance for users with many villages .
the species has been found in tall vegetation in swamps and flooded grasslands , and occasionally in dry savannas ( hayman et al . 1986 ) , from the tropical zone locally up to 2 , 200 m ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) . it apparently also occurs in degraded habitat following forest clearance ( j . mazar barnett verbally 1998 ) . its diet apparently includes frogs and it may feed only at night ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) . in brazil , nests have been found in september and from november to early january ; nests are generally placed on a small hillock between swamps , and 2 - 4 eggs are laid ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) . the movements of this species are very poorly understood , and it appears to arrive seasonally at some sites , apparently after rain ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 3 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is regarded as local and uncommon in colombia , and is nowhere common , but its nocturnal habits and extremely secretive behaviour might exaggerate the impression of its scarcity ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) .
it occurs in tall vegetation in swamps and flooded grasslands , and occasionally in dry savannah . it ranges from the lowlands up to 2 , 200 m altitude .
it seems to arrive in some areas after rain , but its seasonal movements are very poorly understood .
nests of the southern race have been found in brazil in september and from november to early january . they are placed on a hillock between swamps , and 2–4 eggs are laid . no nests of the nominate subspecies have been found .
other gallinago snipes have an aerial display , which involves flying high in circles , followed by a powerful stoop during which the bird makes a drumming sound , caused by vibrations of modified outer tail feathers . this species displays at night , but it is not known whether it drums .
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. . . this study confirms that woodcock wintering in britain are frequently parasitized by cestodes , and suggests that the intensity of parasitization may be determined by the body condition of the host , as those birds with higher fresh weight and pectoral mass showed higher cestode burdens . given the fact that earthworms are intermediate hosts for several cestode species found in woodcock ( bondarenko & kontrimavichus , 2006 ) , and that earthworms are one of the woodcock ' s main prey items ( granval , 1987 ; hoodless & hirons , 2007 ) , the high prevalence found in all regions was not surprising . our results agree with an earlier suggestion of high prevalence levels ( shorten , 1974 ) and the prevalence in our sample was similar to that found by reguera et al . ( 1991 ) for woodcock harvested in spain ( 89 % ) , and to that found by paoletti et al . ( 2016 ) in italy ( 93 . 2 % ) . . . .
. . . the intensity of cestodiasis in woodcock may be affected by differences in feeding patterns and earthworm availability in each region . earthworm availability and subsequent woodcock diet composition vary among different regions , as demonstrated by hoodless & hirons ( 2007 ) in spring , and by granval ( 1987 ) in autumn and winter . it may be , then , that those birds feeding more efficiently in each region were more prone to cestodiasis . . . .
. . . moreover , unlike many woodland specialists , woodcock do not rely on mature forest and appear to require areas with at least some young growth or clearings . perhaps habitat complementarity is a more important consideration ( dunning et al . 1992 ) as radio - tracking studies suggest that habitats associated with nesting and chick - rearing differ ( hirons 1988 , hoodless & hirons 2007 . it may be that larger woods usually offer a greater diversity of stand type and ages as well as a more diverse range of micro - climates , ensuring the availability of wet feeding areas throughout the summer . . . .
. . . the great disadvantage would be that these activities might require far more effort with less chance of success . the technique which is suitable for conditions in spring or in autumn might not be efficient in summer , when woodcocks may spend less time in open fields at night ( hoodless & hirons 2007 ) . the recovery rate – which is linked mainly to hunting – can be considered high . . . .
. . . diet ) , as well as a number of bird species including thrushes ( gruar et al . 2003 ) and some predatory birds ( hounsome et al . 2004 ; schipper et al . 2012 ) are only facultative earthworm predators , consuming earthworms only at certain times , such as when they are present on the soil surface ( e . g . , during wet periods ) . other species , such as the european mole ( talpa europaea ) and birds like the american woodcock ( the eco‐ssl receptor ) feed predominantly on earthworms , with earthworms constituting greater than 75 % of the diet ( hoodless and hirons 2007 ) . prey selection can also represent an important exposure estimation variable for carnivores . . . .
. . . the same phenomenon seems to occur at larger spatial scales both in britain ( hoodles et al . 2009 ) and in france ( ferrand et al . 2008 ) , where breeding woodcock are particularly scarce in the locations where they tend to be most abundant in winter . the seasonal change in altitudinal distribution is coupled with a seasonal change in activity patterns : in summer , woodcocks are almost continuously active over a 24 hour period but are more active during the day and in the forest ( hoodless & hirons 2007 , this study ) whereas during the winter their activity and feeding take place mainly at night and in the fields ( duriez et al . 2005a , b , braña et al . 2010 ) . change in earthworm availability could be the key factor in explaining this seasonal shift in habitat use and time schedule , as summer soil dryness prevents woodcock probing for food . . . .


alasea is a genus of moths in the choreutidae family , containing only one species , alasea corniculata , which is known from costa rica .

the length of the forewings is 4.5 – 5.2 mm for males and 5.2 – 5.7 mm for females .

alasea

alasea is an professional mermaid , model , actress , artist , vocalist and cosplayer .
alasea is located in seattle , washington . this organization primarily operates in the museums and art galleries business / industry within the museums , art galleries and botanical and zoological gardens sector . this organization has been operating for approximately 4 years . alasea is estimated to generate $ 47 , 581 in annual revenues , and employs approximately 1 people at this single location .
hi ! i am alasea , i am a professional mermaid with blue mermaid designs . i also do arts & crafts , singing , modeling , acting , and voice over work .
alasea corniculata was described by rota in 2008 ( see reference to original description below ) from specimens collected in costa rica . the holotype is held by inbio . this is a small moth with forewing length of about 5 mm . it has dark forewings with iridescent specks of scales and a yellow - orange hindwing .
the kingdom of vetulia quickly emerged from the 7th century b . c . as the undisputed military power in a ' vassortivēa . eventually growing immensely wealthy from sea and overland trade with the hevlātian tribes beyond the kutzgrōd mountains , the vetulians began to set their sights on securing control of their borderlands . targeting what would become the modern province of varia and the italorian peninsula , in 574 b . c . a succession of expansionist vetulian kings made use of military alliances with the hevlātian tribes to crush a series of barbarian confederations occupying the eastern lowlands along the kutzgrōd . with the fall of the last bel ' akian confederation stronghold , alasea , in 536 b . c . , vetulian expansion began to secure the benefit of agricultural independence to the growing empire ( immeasurably furthered by the 510 b . c . conquest of the fertile western plains of modern athenia ) .
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i somehow ended up with a copy of an ebook and can ' t find my original book ( i ' m almost 80 % sure it ' s still in storage with a few hundred other books ) , so i ' m rereading the series . i have no map though . no problem right ? i ' ll just go to the author ' s site and find the map there . urltoken the map is so degraded it ' s pretty much unreadable . does anyone know of another copy of the map so i don ' t have to brave my storage unit to try and find the books ? thanks !
hi lori . i found my copy of wit ' ch star if you add me to you permissions list for private message , i ' ll shoot you a scan of the map .
you sir , are a truly good person . thank you so much for this !
let me just see if i can dig up my paperback . i ' ve no idea where they get up and walk off to my books !
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11 , 877 white 3 , 792 hispanic 4 , 800 black 4 , 036 asian 659 native american 1 , 007 hawaiian 2 , 326 other 51 . 4 % white 16 . 4 % hispanic 20 . 8 % black 17 . 5 % asian 2 . 9 % native american 4 . 4 % hawaiian 10 . 1 % other
this location is in king county and the seattle - tacoma - bellevue , wa metropolitan area .
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the holy pontifical union of astavia ( latin : sancta pontificia ūnio astaviae - astavian high latin : svēti papinsko sávek astáviz ) ( commonly reffered to as astavia , the pontifical union , astavian union , and the h . p . u . ) is a unitary theocratic republic comprised of its main territorial holdings on the efian continent , in addition to various overseas possessions . primarily situated on efia proper , the pontifical union also wields administrative control of the papal states of akkasti and livonia in southern ardas and northern euraso respectively , as well as a military outpost administered by a papal prelaturate on the st . arak islands . bordered to the north by the arctic ocean , and in the east and west by the sassani and halcyon oceans respectively , astavia shares only two land borders with the mid - efian states of auraliae and petruvia . comprised of a land area of 9 , 257 , 161 km2 ( 3 , 574 , 209 sq mi ) , astavia is the largest nation on the efian continent , and in undria by landmass . with 112 . 3 million inhabitants , astavia is also undria’s most populous nation , and is the only country that shares a geographic border with both the arctic and sassani oceans .
astavia is home to one of the world’s oldest civilizations . first settled by nomadic tribes 9 , 000 years before the founding of the ancient city of vetulia , the plains of northern efia eventually became home to numerous diverse polities by the end of the 9th century bc . with the settled population primarily centralized in the lowlands , various powerful kingdoms emerged in the 7th and 8th centuries bc - particularly the kingdom of vetulia , which dominated overland trade routes throughout varangia , as well as river trade along the vestria river . eventually conquering most of the southern polities and securing a political union with the powerful tribal kingdom of hevlatia in 428 bc , the varāngik dominion soon extended its control over the northern mountains through a series of military campaigns , forming one of the largest ancient empires in undria ' s history .
long considered a nation of great geostrategic importance because of its domination over the mineral rich mountain ranges of northern efia , as well as its prominent position on veltari strait and the bay of tytherion , astavia ranks as one of the largest regional trading powers on efia , and has consistently been a leading economic force in undria since industrializing in the 19th century . the country boasts significant reserves of both rare earth minerals and natural gas , as well as a burgeoning industrialized sector focused intensely on arms manufacturing and research . it is also a major diplomatic player , wielding considerable influence over international security issues and energy policy in undria . vaticaina , the country’s capital and 4th largest city , is a leading center of economic and cultural exchange in undria . the seat of the holy see , as well as astavia’s primary governing institutions , vaticania also boasts one of the lowest overall urban crime rates in the world , despite dealing with a rising population living beneath the national poverty line .
the country is a founding member of the undrian regional council , formed in 1943 following the conclusion of the krumaarian succession crisis , and is a leading signatory of the avignon mutual assistance pact . astavia’s longstanding cultural legacy has been further reinforced by the designation of twelve global heritage sites by the urc within its borders . its unique political system , based on the 1884 constitution that introduced significant administrative restructurings of the previous papal state , blends elements of a parliamentary republic with a church - centered theocracy dominated by the country ' s clergy , wherein the supreme pontiff , the head of the ancient catholic church , wields ultimate influence over government activity . varāngiks , the ethnic descendents of the ancient varāngik dominion , constitute a vast majority of the nation’s ethnic makeup , although a small multitude of ethnic and linguistic groups also exist . most astavians identify themselves as practicing catholics in communion with the national church , and high latin ( a northern - efian based blending of varāngik latin and hevlatian ) is the official national language .
( reffering to the fertile plains north of the vassar river in modern aegia ) . the vassaskri were one of several migrant tribes who traveled beyond the vassar and settled along the vestria river . the term ' s association with the region of vassaskri settlement eventually gained it the alternative meaning of
( hence it ' s feminine form ) . the vassaskri were one of several tribes that eventually coalesced into the vetulian kingdom over the 7th century bc , and their development of a written language helped form the basis of a common tongue used by the vetulian royal court . by the 5th century bc , the earliest form of vassaskri - based proto - latin language was widely present in the expanding kingdom , and had become adopted as the chief administrative language for state recordkeeping . the term
gaston d ' ildaro ' s 15th century painting of the assandrian prince , paranus superbus ( center ) , presiding over a rik ' kai council following the collapse of the duonomi bloodline .
in 624 b . c . , the last vassaskrian king , galerion possoli died - leaving behind no direct heir to assume the throne . possoli ' s 12 year old nephew , klio seemed the next reasonable successor , but was quickly challenged by his older sister , alemia . married to the assandrian royal heir , julianos superbus , alemia ' s claim was strengthened not only by the loyalty of her father ' s troops , but also the threat of an assandrian intervention . seizing power in a relatively bloodless palace coup , alemia ascended to the vassaskrian throne the same year - swiftly conducting an alteration of the kingdom ' s laws on primogeniture succession to exclude consideration of gender . by the beginning of the 6th century b . c . , both the vassaskri and assandri lived under the rule of a unified royal dynasty , based in the old assandrian capital of vetulia .
the duonomi , charged originally with protecting the frontier along the vassar river , encountered disaster in 614 b . c . when the steppe army of ok ' loka the cruel smashed their defenses at solsid . crossing the river , ok ' loka ' s army rapidly advanced to the duonomi capital of foggia , laying waste to the countryside and routing local militias organized to halt their advance . eventually capturing foggia following a short siege , ok ' loka ' s army subjected the city to a horrific sacking and brutally massacred most of the duonomi royal family . an assandrian army under the command of crown prince paranus superbus gathered strength and moved south to prevent the loss of any more duonomi lands to the steppe invasion - soundly defeating ok ' loka ' s main force at the battle of zaria in 612 b . c . the assandrians quickly crushed the rapidly dissipating steppe raiders , and regained control of the vassar river plains . exploiting the substantially weakened position of the duonomi family , the assandrians assumed military control of the region - subjecting the duonomi to the status of a protectorate state .
in 428 b . c . the vetulian king , dominian akrasti , married helena superba , daughter of hevlātian king othorogorus . with othorogorus’ death in 406 b . c . , dominian ascended to the hevlātian throne . the unification of the hevlātian and vetulian kingdoms under the control of dominion in 406 b . c . is considered the end of the monarchal period , and the beginning of the varāngik dominion by most modern historians ( although the degree of cultural assimilation between the two kingdoms leaves some room for debate as to the exact year both states considered themselves one and the same empire ) .
over the next century , the sons of primarch dominian carried on their father’s wars of imperial expansion . in addition to presiding over transkyrior khūzian for 10 years before ascending to the primarch ' s throne , general tarquinias akrasti issued numerous reforms for the dominion’s army . standing armies of professional soldiers were established , military standards for training and equipment were made universal , lines of communication improved , the chain of command was streamlined , and strict codes of conduct were introduced . professional troops quickly became the backbone of the dominion’s military power on the continent . during primarch tarquinias’ rule , the dominion expanded across the sūtgorod mountains towards the northern coastline of the continent . the primarch ' s brother antonais colonized the island of edia in 389 b . c . , and antonias ' son justinarius consolidated the dominion’s control over the far western provinces by pacifying the native dulcedi and botissi tribes . by 320 b . c . most of the northern half of the efian continent had been brought under the control of the dominion .
in 317 b . c . however , king acenatrix of the gutulian confederation ( at the time , a powerful tribal alliance based in what is modern - day etruscia province ) rallied his people to arms after proconsul julius maxentius ( who had been who had been appointed governor or hevlātia ) ordered the destruction of the gutullian border city , averni , in response to repeated gutullian raids on dominion trading caravans .
the gutulian onslaught into dominion territory was unexpected , successfully beating back the inexperienced garrison forces occupying the border cities of northern hevlātia . in 316 b . c . general rutullius maximus was given command of four
( armies ) and traveled north to deal with the barbarian threat . when the dominion reinforcements arrived , the gutullian forces soon found they could not defeat organized armies in open combat - experiencing a decisive defeat at the battle of nos essa . for the next 6 years , the gutullian confederation bled rutullius’ stratiae in small skirmishes in the freezing highlands of the continant’s northern coast . in 309 b . c . , rutullius’ prized , yet severely weakened iii stratia was crushed by a massed gutullian attack at the battle of gliara pass . general rutullius , struck down by an arrow himself during the battle , was relieved of his command .
general tiberius romulus akrasti , the grandson of primarch justinarius akrasti , was then given command of the disheartened dominion force . bolstering the other three stratiae with the survivors of the iii stratia , tiberius set out to starve the gutullians into submission . the arid highlands that the gutullians called home had little land suitable for farming . while the dominion’s navy ( which held uncontested control of the seas ) denied oversea trade to the gutullians , tiberius’ stratiae laid waste to every farm and city they came upon . within two years , tiberius’ armies had pushed the gutullians back to their capital brundisium . starved of food , suffering from disease , and broken in spirit , the people of the city rebelled against king acenatrix , and surrendered the city to the dominion . with the fall of brundisium and the capture of the gutullian leadership , the confederation quickly collapsed . over the next three and a half centuries the emperors of the varāngik dominion held unconditional control over the northern half of the efian continent .
the year 0 a . d . marks the moment the first catholic missionaries set foot on the dominion’s soil . sent by the ailing church in other countries , the missionaries spread far and wide throughout the dominion . the appeal of universal salvation that the missionaries preached took hold over the dominion’s masses ( most of whom had little in the way of “paradise” awaiting them in the next life under the teachings of the polytheistic state religion ) . priests in the cities of the dominion were elevated to bishops , and gained public favor in numerous provinces . as the christian population grew , a church hierarchy began to develop within the dominion . in 12 a . d . , pope gregory i , recognizing the potential for the creation of a christian empire , moved his papal court to the dominion city of avignon .
with the permission of the dominion ' s government , pope gregory began preaching in avignon , and from there coordinated the larger missionary effort . for the most part , the state religion of the dominion had been a polytheistic blend of local religious beliefs and the old vetulian gods - reflecting the empire ' s tendency to incorporate various faiths into the rational of the state religion rather than force conversion . thus the dominion government ' s initial attitudes towards the growing christian population were , more often than not , benevolent .
the city of virakia ' s statue of primarch severus is a popular pilgrimage site and national monument .
primarch austark ii , hoping to cull the growing power of the church and return the dominion to its adherence to the pagan vetulian pantheon , began a persecution of the christians and other religious groups in 60 a . d . - claiming they had tried to set fire to parts of the capital vetulia to destabilize the dominion’s government in the aftermath of the temurid crisis . outrage ensued throughout much of the newly christianized portions of the empire . chaos reigned in several provinces as provincial governors either chose to send troops to put down rebellions staged by their countrymen , or keep their severely depleted forces in the safety of their barracks .
severus ' bond with liara however would be tragically severed through a series of events that eventually culminated in the severan rebellion . in what they had hoped would be a move to protect their family , severus and liara ' s eldest daughter amyra was wed to the primarch ' s nephew , tyrannius austark - at the time , a senator and former military tribune residing in vetulia . as civil strife began to mount in resistance to austark ' s religious pogroms , the primarch began to use close family members of provincial governors trapped in the capital as leverage to ensure their loyalty . when severus ' wife liara and her entourage were refused free movement out of the city after visiting her daughter in the spring of 63 a . d . , severus unsuccessfully pleaded with the primarch to let her return to athenia .
depicts severus ( shown left in gold ) decimating the pagan forces of primarch austark ii .
an 11th century depiction of the
donation of severus ,
which adorns the walls of the sinistrian chapel within the apostolic palace .
upon his deathbed in 76 a . d . , primarch severus , ordered in a letter bearing the seal of the imperial household that custodianship for the dominion be turned over to the church - angering the remnants of the imperial nobility , and signaling the end of the dominion ' s line of primarchs from the aristocratic class . following the deaths of his wife and daughter in the severan rebellion , a grieving severus vowed never to marry again , and committed himself to faithful chastity in memory and honor of the woman he loved totally . much to the distaste of the imperial nobility , not only did severus fail to produce offspring to succeed him , he also openly abandoned his faith in the imperial pantheon - receiving the sacrament of baptism into the church in a ceremony conducted by pope gregory ii in 74 a . d .
long before his death , severus ' imperial administration came to rely heavily on educated clerics , produced by an ever expanding system of church schools - progressively forcing the empire ' s secular nobility to the margins of power . laws were passed elevating catholicism to the imperial faith , though severus himself never outlawed the ancient pagan pantheon . by the year of severus ' death , historians estimate roughly seven out of ten offices in the dominion ' s civil administration were held by ordained members of the catholic clergy , while 8 stratiae out of a standing force of 13 were led by specially appointed cardinal - tribunes .
declining immigration rates prompted the government to enact several reforms in 2008 to simplify access to astavian citizenship . following the 2008
immigration reform act ,
catholics abroad seeking to obtain astavian citizenship may claim a temporary citizenship status , and upon completion of a three year period of law - abiding residence , can be granted full citizenship . an amendment to the act , attached by the astavunitis wing in the npc , stipulated however that this offer of full citizenship was contingent on whether the immigrant renounces allegiance to all other foreign powers , and forfeits all other citizenships .
the astavian government , formed by 1884 constitution , is officially a unitary theocratic republic - composed of an intricate collection of governing bodies , divided conventionally into institutions that exercise executive , legislative , and judicial powers . separated into civilian and ecclesiastically - administered sectors , ultimate
custodianship
of the nation rests in the person of the supreme pontiff , who is empowered to oversee the country ' s national interests , while the day - to - day management of the country ' s legislative work and civil administration are entrusted to an elected legislature and various civilian institutions . though governing power has historically been highly centralized in some form of national government for much of astavia ' s history , since 1940 various powers have been granted gradually to provincial councils to govern on local matters , while county and municipal councils have been extensively involved in local governance and the maintenance of public order since the early 1880s .
under the charter promulgated during the 1884 great constitutional reform , the pope is the pontifical union ' s ex officio head of state and commander - in - chief of the armed forces . in addition to his primary role as bishop of the diocese of vaticaina , the supreme pontiff serves as the primate of varangia ( an honorary title reserved for the pope ) , and the head of the holy see ( and thus , the astavian catholic church ) . as a general term , the holy see represents not only the temporal power of the pope , but also his spiritual and pastoral authority over ecclesiastical and civil matters . the supreme pontiff serves a life term following his election by the college of cardinals during conclave , and may not be removed from office after his ascension to the papacy ( though voluntary resignation is legally permitted ) . the pontiff wields broad administrative powers , including the right to issue papal bulls that carry the full force and effect of national law ( when so stipulated ) , and the power to declare war and offer peace . despite this official concentration of authority , astavian pontiffs have largely delegated most powers to legislative procedure and civilian oversight . pope
, born gregory o ' hare , was elected on the 19th of may , 2014 . prior to his election , cardinal o ' hare served as the
, and has since become a polarizing figure in undria . pope julius ' vigorous focus on serving the poor and marginalized portions of astavian society was seen as the primary initial focal point of his pontificate until international events largely overshadowed most of his domestic work . the
kicked up an international firestorm in mid 2014 , which saw a major falling out between the pontifical union and its southern neighbor , the federal republic of auraliae . among more positive circles , pope julius is regarded as a champion of christian self - determination and a protector of catholic communities around the region . less enamored observers have frequently characterized his military exploits in belmia as that of a
hapless warmonger ,
driven by a misguided
crusading mentality , and a dangerous sense of
catholic supremacism
.
consisting of 12 cardinals is charged with the review of all legislative proposals passed by the npc . the esc may only veto legislation by unanimous agreement , though it is empowered to attach
mandatory amendments
to proposed legislation . such amendments , carrying the support of two thirds of the cardinals on the committee , function as editorial prerequisites for a bill ' s enactment . the amended bill , if not challenged by the national people ' s congress over a period of ten days , becomes law . if the npc challenges the amended bill , it may move to the floor for debate again , followed by a
nullification
vote . a four - fifths vote may override an esc amended bill , rendering it
( a dead law ) . at any time , the npc and esc may appeal to the supreme pontiff to strike down or approve the law . the esc is also responsible for vetting and approving candidates for political office appointments , and national elections . citizens wishing to run as a candidate for one of the nationally recognized parties must be reviewed by the committee , and successfully petition the support of three cardinals ( and not opposed by more than four ) . committee members ( who serve septennial terms ) are exclusively appointed by the church , with six directly appointed by the supreme pontiff , and six elected from within the college of cardinals .
within the church itself , a vast bureaucracy works in coordination with civilian government branches to facilitate effective governance . the curia of vaticaina is comprised of ten congregations , thirteen councils , four secretariats , three tribunals , and one prefecture . among the most active of the major curial institutions are the congregation for the evangelization of the peoples , which oversees the catholic church ' s various missionary activities across undria ( and within the astavian nation itself ) , and the congregation of divine mercy , which functions as the nation ' s primary social aid provider . most astavian social welfare , job training , food stamp , and public assistance programs fall under the administration of the congregation of divine mercy ( typically working with funds provided by the apostolic camera ) , although standards of national healthcare fall under the jurisdiction of the national health council .
rests with the supreme pontiff , who selects a candidate from a list of four . two names are submitted by the chairman of the esc , and two more by the consul ( both the chairman and consul may concur on candidates , and stipulate such in the submitted list ) . in turn , the excelsus advocatus directly appoints the 7 justices of the supreme judicial council and the chief public prosecutor . courts in astavia are largely divided along secular and religious lines . for the most part , the secular courts of the nation bear the brunt of the civil cases and criminal prosecutions that make their way through astavia ' s judicial system on a yearly basis . at the local level , 112
administer justice for both criminal and civil cases . decisions made at the district level may be appealed to one of 17
, which have appellate jurisdiction over specific regions across the country . at the highest civil level , the 7 - judge panel of the
, exercises total authority to reconcile discrepancies ( constitutional or otherwise ) between decisions made by circuit courts .
three established tribunals exercise various forms of judicial power within astavia ' s catholic church . normal judicial appeals on sacramental matters ( such as marriage annulment ) , may work their way up through local church courts to the vetulian rota . some civil cases , if agreed upon by both parties , may also be taken to the vetulian rota provided both parties are practicing catholics in good standing with the church . the high signatura is the supreme appellate and administrative court of the astavian see , wielding jurisdiction over decisions made by the vetulian rota , as well as the administrative decisions of church prelates . additionally , it oversees and regulates the legal framework that innervates the curia ' s administration . the apostolic suprema council ( colloquially referred to as the cloistered council ) deals primarily with matters of conscience and morality . officially , the suprema is the judicial wing of the office of the holy inquisition , which generally falls under the broad categorization of a curial institution , though its administration and operation is largely kept separate from the curia itself .
astavian catholics may also elect ( so long as both the plaintiff and defendant assent ) to have civil cases brought before an ecclesiastical court , officially convened by a bishop , but typically administered by a designated local prelate . decisions by ecclesiastical courts may be appealed to one of 13 canon courts ( one for each province , and one for overseas territories ) , which are each overseen by three appointed canon judges . these courts fall under the supreme jurisdiction of the high signatura , the decisions of which ( since they are carried out on direct papal approval ) , cannot be appealed . while ecclesiastical courts are not empowered to hear criminal cases under normal circumstances , the apostolic suprema council of the ohi wields loose powers to conduct trials and carry out sentencing for certain categories of offenses , including crimes endangering national security , treason , and heresy . like the high signature , the suprema ' s decisions are final and cannot be appealed - rendering it ultimately answerable only to the supreme pontiff . the curate ' s court of review , a sub - court of the ohi , handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics and citizens closely associated with the church . the ohi ' s jurisdictional claim to legitimately investigate , detain , prosecute , and punish clerics and other church officials has been the subject of considerable criticism between catholic nations in undria , particularly in cases where the alleged offending party has been a foreign national who sought refuge in his or her home country .
paf su - 27s flying a patrol run near the astavian - auralian border during the belmian independence crisis .
. in a 2009 administrative audit , the military reported 377 , 000 personnel on active duty , as well as roughly 267 , 000 trained reservists in the home guard . the
, a separate regime security force answering directly to the pope , is estimated to number around 187 , 000 troops , divided amongst 13 infantry divisions , 3 armored divisions , various independent / specialized brigades , and several classified special operations units . the pontifical union also possesses a paramilitary volunteer militia , operating under the direction of the
, of whose 4 . 7 million civilian members , 158 , 000 are uniformed active duty personnel dispersed throughout the country . in wartime however , papal decree may place the order under the overall command of the apostolic guard .
the pontifical union also boasts a vast and fully indigenous arms industry , producing most of its own military equipment , and exporting considerable amounts of hardware to regional allies and organizations . the international arms overwatch committee of the undrian regional council estimated that small arms produced by the pontifical union accounted for at least 31 . 7 % of all traded firearms in 2013 . the same 2013 report concluded that other astavian military hardware accounted for roughly 29 . 2 % of the undrian arms economy .
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. . . we tested the best partition model based on protocols intro - duced by rota & wahlberg ( 2012 ) , using bayes factor ( kass & raftery , 1995 ; fan et al . , 2011 ; xie et al . , 2011 ) , partitioning the data first by gene ( the traditional approach , summing up to nine partitions ) and then using tiger ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) . for this , we used tiger v 1 . 02 ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) to calculate the relative rates of evolution of each site in the combined dataset . . . .
. . . lanfear et al . , 2012 ) which has been shown to improve various aspects of phylogenetic inference ( e . g . see poux et al . , 2008 ; rota & wahlberg , 2012 ; leavitt et al . , 2013 ) . partitioned analyses were carried out using partitionfinder 2 . 0 . 0 ( pf ; lanfear et al . , 2012 ) with the raxml option to determine optimal partitioning schemes and best - fit models of substitution for both aa and nt data . . . .
. . . for ml analyses , we used the gtr model of substitution with gamma model of rate heterogeneity ( gtr + g ) and different partition schemes , either gene - based or based on rates of evolution calculated by the program tree independent generation of evolutionary rates ( tiger ) ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) . in gene - based partitions each gene was considered as a separate partition , while in tiger - based partitions , the characters were binned together based on their rate of evolution regardless of gene origin ( used as a partitioning strategy in rota & wahlberg , 2012 ) . tiger partitions for the dataset were derived from the program tiger v1 . 02 that calculates relative rates of evolution of each site in an alignment ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) . . . .
. . . these markers have repeatedly been proven useful in resolving evolutionary relationships of different families of lepidoptera ( e . g . sihvonen et al . 2011 , rota & wahlberg 2012 , rönkä et al . 2016 , õunap et al . 2016 , zenker et al . 2016 ) . pcr was performed in a total volume of 20 μl , with the reaction mixture containing 1x bd advantage 2 pcr buffer , 1u bd advantage 2 polymerase mix ( bd biosciences , san jose , usa ) , 0 . 2 mm dntp ( thermo scientific , pittsburgh , usa ) , 5 pmol of primers and 20 - 80 ng of purified genomic dna . . . .
. . . these markers have repeatedly been used in reconstructing phylogenies of different families of lepidoptera ( e . g . wahlberg & wheat , 2008 ; rota & wahlberg , 2012 ) , including geometridae ( e . g . yamamoto & sota , 2007 ; wahlberg et al . , 2010 ; sihvonen et al . , 2011 ) . . . .
. . . second , dividing nucleotide data into partitions according to their actual rate of evolution instead of some predefined criteria ( e . g . genes or codon positions ) has been shown to improve the results of phylogenetic analysis ( rota & wahlberg , 2012 ) . third , sampling taxa at least pairwise for evolutionarily distant lineages ( tribes in the current case ) helps to reduce the negative effects of ' long - branch attraction ' and thereby improve the result of the phylogenetic analysis ( swofford et al . , 1996 ; bergsten , 2005 ; hedtke et al . , 2006 ) . . . .
. . . in contrast , datasets on the order of tens of genes have been highly useful for resolving relationships at the intrafamilial level , as has been repeatedly shown for e . g . lepidopteran families ( wahlberg et al . 2009wahlberg et al . , 2014 kaila et al . 2011 ; kawahara et al . 2011 ; sihvonen et al . 2011 ; zahiri et al . 2011 zahiri et al . , 2012 zwick et al . 2011 ; regier et al . 2012a regier et al . , 2012b rota and wahlberg 2012 ; sohn et al . 2013 ) . thus , datasets generated with pcr - based methods have been and continue to be very insightful . . . .
. . . like ov , tiger has been applied to selectively delete putatively fast evolving characters from genomic datasets ( e . g . , morgan et al . , 2014 ; xi et al . , 2014 ; katz and grant , 2015 ) . but unlike ov , tiger has also been used to partition characters into rate categories for parametric analyses ( e . g . , rota and wahlberg , 2012 ; heikkilä et al . , 2014 ; nakov et al . , 2014 ) . typically character removal is performed by excluding one or more of the ten rate categories that tiger delimited , with different numbers of characters assigned to each category ( e . g . , greene et al . , 2014 ; morgan et al . , 2014 ) . . . .
. . . this group is an excellent study system for investigating this phenomenon because they have wingspans of about 10–15 mm and they are globally distributed ( table 1 ) . moreover , a robust eight - locus phylogeny of metalmark moths has already been published ( rota & wahlberg , 2012 ) . we significantly improved the existing data set that included 38 species from 13 genera representing mainly the neotropical , nearctic , oriental and palaearctic regions by adding another genus and over 60 species , many of which are from africa and australasia . . . .
. . . we have undersampled brenthia from the oriental region and possibly from the aftrotropics , and if the unsampled species from one or both of these regions form a sister group to the remaining brenthia in the phylogeny , a different area of origin and ranges for some of the other nodes would be estimated as the most likely ( sampling details in appendix s1 ) . sequences partly came from published studies ( rota , 2011 ; rota & wahlberg , 2012 ; rota & miller , 2013 ) and from the barcode of life data systems ( bold ) for the dna - barcode fragment , but were largely obtained de novo for this study . genbank accession numbers and sequence length for each fragment / species can be found in appendix s2 . . . .
. . . the phylogenetic hypothesis for the family is robust and is essentially the same as in rota ( 2011 ) , rota & wahlberg ( 2012 ) , and rota & miller ( 2013 ) ( see appendix s2 ) . out of the 103 nodes in the tree , 68 were strongly supported by both mrbayes and raxml analyses ; another nine nodes received moderate to strong support in both analyses ; 14 nodes had weak , moderate or strong support by at least one of the methods ; and only 12 nodes had no support in either of the analyses . . . .
. . . brandley et al . ( 2005 ) investigated the effect of nine alternative ad hoc partitioning strategies on model fit , topology and node support in bayesian framework and found variation in inferred tree topologies at weakly supported nodes . other studies have noted that partitioning scheme choice affects node support ( ward et al . 2010 ; rota and wahlberg 2012 ; powell et al . 2013 ) , tree topology ( strugnell et al . 2005 ; leavitt et al . 2013 ; tao et al . 2013 ) , and branch - lengths ( poux et al . 2008 ; ho and lanfear 2010 ) . occasionally the choice of partitioning scheme has little or no effect on tree characteristics at all ( cameron et al . 2012 ) . . . .
. . . although these studies demonstrate that partitioning can have important effects on phylogenetic inference , it is difficult to draw any general conclusions from them . the partitioning schemes compared within each study were selected on an ad hoc basis with very different approaches ; some studies compared a small set of very similar partitioning schemes ( e . g . , cameron et al . 2012 ) , and others compared extensive sets of very different partitioning schemes ( e . g . , rota and wahlberg 2012 ; leavitt et al . 2013 ) . furthermore , previous studies used a variety of different phylogenetic methods , software implementations , and tree inference methods . . . .
. . . using the program tiger ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) , all of the sites in the alignment were sorted into 80 bins based on their relative evolutionary rate , with invariable sites being sorted into bin 1 , and the fastest - evolving sites into bin 80 . the bins were then combined into partitions as described by rota & wahlberg ( 2012 ) , resulting in eight partitions ( partition 1 contained the slowest - evolving sites and partition 8 the fastest - evolving sites ) . in some of the analyses , as described later , the fastest partitions were excluded . . . .
. . . the tree shown infig . 5 is the result of the analysis of the dataset ( full _ ex78 ) from which the fastest - evolving sites were excluded using the program tiger ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) , partitioned using a previously described procedure ( rota & wahlberg , 2012 ) , and analyzed with mrbayes v . 3 . 2 ( ronquist et al . , 2012 ) . the topology is identical to that recently presented in regier et al . ( 2013 ) , except that in the latter , the eriocraniidae appear as sister group to all other glossata . . . .
. . . but the influence of increasing the number of partitions on phylogeny was minimal , since most relationships found with nine and 22 partitions were the same , except for the resolution within vespa ( figs . 4c and 5 ) . similar issues with convergence and mixing related to a priori partitioning were reported by rota and wahlberg ( 2012 ) in their phylogenetic study of metalmark moths . . . .
we aim to understand better the phylogenetic relationships of the geometridae in the neotropical region . we already have sequenced ca . 150 genera but we still seek certain taxa for our work . i work…
[ more ]
molecular phylogeny , systematics and the evolution of caterpillar - ant interactions in metalmark butterflies .
the parasitoid wasp family ichneumonidae has been considered as an exception to the latitudinal diversity gradient . however , based on long - term and large - scale primary data , we have shown that the …
[ more ]
note on taxonomic history , thoraco - abdominal articulation , and current placement of millieriidae ( in . . .
immature stages of metalmark moths from the genus brenthia clemens ( choreutidae ) : morphology and lif . . .
in this paper the immature stages of brenthia monolychna meyrick ( choreutidae : brenthiinae ) , as well as their ultrastructure , are described and figured . this is the first description of a new world brenthiine , in addition , notes on life history for four new world species of brenthia clemens are provided , including mention of their host plants and parasitoids . host plant utilization of the . . . [ show full abstract ]
data partitioning in bayesian analysis : molecular phylogenetics of metalmark moths ( lepidoptera : cho . . .
in this study a multilocus phylogenetic analysis of metalmark moths ( lepidoptera : choreutidae ) focused on resolving the higher - level phylogeny of this group is presented . through the analysis of this dataset , i explore different data - partitioning strategies in bayesian phylogenetic inference , and find that a partitioning strategy can have a large influence on the results of phylogenetic . . . [ show full abstract ]
phylogeny of the dagger moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : acronictinae : acronicta ) and the evolution of . . .
highly variable larvae in the genus acronicta prompted a . r . grote to proclaim
there would seem to be no genus which offers a more interesting field to the biologist for exploration
( grote , 1895 ) . along with related genera in the subfamily acronictinae , acronicta underwent a whirlwind of taxonomic revision in its infancy , rife with synonyms and rivalries between lepidopterists . controversies . . . [ show full abstract ]
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