kertomesis anaphracta is a moth in the autostichidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1907 .

it is found in bhutan and india .

the wingspan is 12-13 mm .

the forewings are ochreous-whitish or pale whitish-ochreous , thinly sprinkled with fuscous .

there is a small blackish spot on the base of the costa .

the stigmata are blackish , the plical somewhat beyond the first discal , the second discal connected by a slightly incurved blackish streak with the dorsum before the tornus , followed by an undefined band of darker irroration from three-fourths of the costa to the tornus .

there are undefined spots of blackish irroration around the apex and termen .

the hindwings are grey .

kertomesis anaphracta

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kertomesis gozmány , 1962 ; acta zool . acas . sci . hung . 8 ( 1 - 2 ) : 39 ; ts : paradoris anaphracta meyrick
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paradoris anaphracta meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 3 ) : 740 ; tl : bhotan , 4500ft
paradoris acatharta meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 736 ; tl : india , n . coorg , 3500ft
symmoca amblycryptis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 516 ; tl : kanara , sirsi
paradoris amphicalyx meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 735 ; tl : india , cuddapah , 4000ft
anthracosema ( meyrick , 1933 ) ( symmoca ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 359 ; tl : kashmir
symmoca corymbitis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 292 ; tl : bombay , surat
symmoca dolabrata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 589 ; tl : s . india , nilgiris , 7000ft
symmoca indagata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 155 ; tl : kanara , dharwar
symmoca oxycryptis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 516 ; tl : kanara , bhatkal
paradoris palacta meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 736 ; tl : india , n . coorg
paradoris rhodota meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 735 ; tl : india , cuddapah , 4000ft
paradoris stesichora meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 735 ; tl : india , palni hills ; nilgiris , 3500ft
symmoca thyrota meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 516 ; tl : sudan , wad medani
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
sattler , 1973 a catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae , holcopogonidae , lecithoceridae and symmocidae ( lepidoptera ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 153 - 282
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annex 2 . 4 moths nbyp 2006 sn scientific names family 751 thyatira rubrescens thyatiridae ( = cymatophoridae ) 752 choristoneura quadratica tortricidae 753 clepsis rurinana tortricidae 754 epiblema concava tortricidae 755 eucosma leucotoma tortricidae 756 gibberifera obscura tortricidae 757 isodemis interjecta tortricidae 758 mochopyga humana tortricidae 759 pendimis sp . indet tortricidae 760 plutella maculipenis yponomeutidae 761 plutella xyllostella yponomeutidae 762 agalope hyalina zygaenidae 763 amesia sanguiflua zygaenidae 764 callamesia hormenia zygaenidae 765 callamesia midama midama zygaenidae 766 campylotes histrionicus zygaenidae 767 chalcosia auxo albata zygaenidae 768 chalcosia idaeoides zygaenidae 769 chalcosia thallo zygaenidae 770 chelura bifasciata zygaenidae 771 chelura glacialis zygaenidae 772 cyclosia papilionaris zygaenidae 773 gynautocera papilionaria zygaenidae 774 heterusia edocla zygaenidae 775 heterusia edocla dulcis zygaenidae 776 heterusia edocla edocla zygaenidae 777 heterusia tricolor zygaenidae 778 histia flabellicornis zygaenidae 779 milleria virginalis zygaenidae 780 phauda flammans zygaenidae 781 philopater basimaculata zygaenidae 782 pidorus glaucopsis zygaenidae 783 soritia circinata zygaenidae 784 soritia leptalina zygaenidae 785 zygaena cashmirensis zygaenidae source : thapa v . k . ( 1998 ) 475
page 53 and 54 : annex 2 . 5 fish nbyp 2006 sn order / f
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page 61 and 62 : annex 2 . 5 fish nbyp 2006 sn order / f
page 93 and 94 : annex 2 . 7 birds nbyp 2006 sn order /
page 99 and 100 : annex 2 . 7 birds nbyp 2006 sn order /
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onebala amethystina is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1904 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales and queensland .

the wingspan is 8-10 mm .

the forewings are dark bronzy-fuscous with an oblique white mark from the dorsum at one-third , as well as a violet-silvery-metallic rather irregularly curved line from two-fifths of the costa to beyond the middle of the dorsum , white on the costa .

there is an irregular-oval spot outlined with violet-silvery-metallic in the disc beyond the middle , connected with the costa by a white mark .

a violet-silvery-metallic irregular line from five-sixths of the costa to the tornus .

the terminal area beyond this is more or less suffused with whitish-ochreous , especially towards the tornus , and marked with four dark fuscous dashes .

the hindwings are dark fuscous , darker posteriorly and with a rather broad white fascia beyond the middle , sometimes interrupted , seldom obsolete .

onebala amethystina

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dectobathra amethystina meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 299 [ key ] , 300 ; tl : toowomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales
onebala semiluna janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 393
onebala probolaspis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 508 ; tl : transvaal , slypsteendrift
onebala brunneotincta janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 393 ; tl : s . africa
onebala obsoleta janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 392 ; tl : s . africa
onebala blandiella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 792 ; tl : ceylon
dectobathra choristis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 299 [ key ] , 300 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; bull , new south wales ; albany , west australia
helcystogramma euargyra turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 120
helcystogramma iridosoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 144
helcystogramma zapyrodes turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 119
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae
walsingham , 1881 on the tortricidae , tineidae , and pterophoridae of south africa trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 219 - 288 , pl . 10 - 13
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symmetrischema pallidochrella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by chambers in 1872 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded kentucky , illinois , ohio and oklahoma .

the base of the forewings is pale ochreous , sparsely dusted with fuscous and with a fuscous line across the wing close to the base .

a fuscous streak passes obliquely backwards to the fold at the basal one-fourth , and then the wing is pale ochreous to the apex , rather densely dusted with fuscous and dark ochreous , with the extreme apex fuscous .

the hindwings are pale fuscous .

symmetrischema pallidochrella

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
contributed by maury j . heiman on 24 october , 2012 - 7 : 59pm last updated 23 october , 2013 - 9 : 58pm
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eudonia cleodoralis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by walker in 1859 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales , victoria and tasmania .

adults have been recorded on wing from november to february .

eudonia cleodoralis

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xv . on the classification of the australian pyralidina by e . meyrick , b . a
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the exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .
469x662 ( ~ 93kb ) russia : moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 12 . 07 . 2007 , photo ©
400x640 ( ~ 104kb ) female russia , moscow area , 5 . 7 . 2006 © d . smirnov
scoparia dubitalis var . ivanalis krulikovsky , 1909 ; rev . russ . ent . 9 ( 1 - 2 ) : 113
scoparia pusilla dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 320 ( ? preocc . scoparia pusilla rosenstock , 1885 ) ; tl : cabima
platytes oxycampyla turner , 1937 ; proc . r . soc . qd 48 ( 10 ) : 66 ; tl : queensland
gonodiscus australiensis hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 606 , pl . 49 , f . 1 ; tl : w . australia , sherlock r . ; queensland , coomoo
platytes contempta turner , 1927 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasm . 1926 : 120 ; tl : tasmania
platytes erythroneura turner , 1937 ; proc . r . soc . qd 48 ( 10 ) : 66 ; tl : victoria
tetraprosopus meyrickii butler , 1882 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 97 ; tl : australia
platytes pediopola turner , 1937 ; proc . r . soc . qd 48 ( 10 ) : 66 ; tl : queensland
scoparia antarcticalis staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 106
crambus biradiellus mabille , 1885 ; bull . soc . philom . paris . ( 7 ) 9 : 70
crambus biradiellus ; staudinger , 1899 , naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 107
crambus ignicola staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 108 , f . 9 ; tl : uschuaia
scoparia glauculalis hampson , 1897 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1897 : 233 ; tl : falkland is .
scoparia atropicta hampson , 1897 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1897 : 233 ; tl : u . s . a
scoparia stereostigma dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 369 ; tl : jalapa , mexico
scoparia anadonta dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 369 ; tl : real del monte , hidalgo , mexico
scoparia anagantis dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 370 ; tl : zacualpan , mexico
scoparia cyclophora dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 370 ; tl : zacualpan , mexico
eudorea granitalis moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 235 ; tl : s . e . of chiklik , yarkund
scoparia sachalinensis matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 185 , pl . 11 , f . 25 ♀ ; tl : sakhalin , ( ichinosawa , kiminai , kawakami )
scoparia ichinosawana matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 186 , pl . 11 , f . 9 ♂ ; tl : sakhalin , ichinosawa
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new genera and species of tropical crambinae ( studies on the crambinae , lepidoptera , pyralidae . part 48 )
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
descriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873
turner , 1937 new australian pyraloidea ( lepidoptera ) proc . r . soc . qd 48 ( 10 ) : 61 - 88
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if you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of scopariinae sp . ( large size ) .
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mylothris citrina is a butterfly in the pieridae family .

it is found in uganda , the democratic republic of congo and tanzania .

the habitat consists of forests .

mylothris citrina

mylothris chloris ( fabricius , 1775 ) = papilio chloris fabricius , 1775 = papilio thermopylae cramer , [ 1779 ] = mylothris afraorientalis stoneham , 1937 .
philippines seashell - pectinidae mimachlamys sanguinea citrina 45 . 9mm - f + + # 8185
philippines seashell - pectinidae mimachlamys sanguinea citrina 45 . 4mm - f + + # 8188
amethyst , princess of gemworld # 1 cgc 9 . 6 nm + citrina granch dark opal dc comics
light citrine , citrin , citrina , citrino , 茶晶 , レモン色 , brazil , 630 grams , 1 . 39 lb , a *
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ackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .
larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .
vane - wright , r . i . , liseki , s . d . 2011 . on the status of pseudomylothris neustetter , a supposed endemic butterfly genus from the uluguru mountains of tanzania ( lepidoptera : pieridae ) . journal of research on the lepidoptera 44 , 85 - 93 .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .


it is found in new zealand .

the wingspan is 11 – 12 mm .

the forewings are bright ochreous , spotted with whitish .

the markings are deep reddish ochreous , somewhat mixed with blackish .

the hindwings are dark fuscous .

epichorista zatrophana

epichorista zatrophana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in new zealand .
( harmologa zatrophana , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , 1882 , 46 . )
zatrophana meyrick , 1883 ( harmologa ) , trans . new zealand inst . 15 : 46 . tl : new zealand , christchurch , mid canterbury . holotype : bmnh . male .
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perversa meyrick , 1912 ( epichorista ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 9 . tl : south africa , natal , camperdown . lectotype : bmnh . female .
sicca meyrick , 1912 ( epichorista ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 9 . tl : madagascar , madagascar ( antananarivo ) . holotype : bmnh . male .
carcharodes meyrick , 1914 ( epichorista ) , trans . new zealand inst . 46 : 104 . tl : new zealand . kaeo , northland . holotype : bmnh . male .
lindsayi philpott , 1928 ( epichorista ) , rec . canterbury mus 3 : 181 . tl : new zealand , little river , mid canterbury . holotype : cmnz . male .
abdita philpott , 1924 ( epichorista ) , trans . proc . new zealand inst 55 : 664 . tl : new zealand , mt . arthur . holotype : nzac . male .
phaeocoma meyrick , 1914 ( epichorista ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 195 . tl : malawi , nyasaland [ malawi ] ( mlanje plateau ) . holotype : bmnh . male .
candida clarke , 1926 ( epichorista ) , trans . new zealand inst . 56 : 419 . tl : new zealand . l . manapouri , fiordland . holotype : amnz . female .
samata diakonoff , 1941 ( epichorista ) , treubia 18 : 41 . tl : new guinea , north east new guinea ( huon gulf , simbang ) . holotype : mnhu . female .
theatralis philpott , 1918 ( epichorista ) , trans . proc . new zealand inst 50 : 128 . tl : new zealand . mt . cleugnearn , fiordland . holotype : nzac . female .
tenebrosa philpott , 1917 ( epichorista ) , trans . proc . new zealand inst 49 : 243 . tl : new zealand , ben lomond , otago lakes . holotype : amnz . male .
aethocoma meyrick , 1923 ( epichorista ) , bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . 1923 : 563 . tl : angola , angola ( dongo ) . holotype : mnhn . male .
mimica philpott , 1930 ( epichorista ) , rec . auckland inst . mus . 1 : 5 . tl : new zealand , mt . ida , central otago . holotype : amnz . male .
benevola meyrick , 1920 ( epichorista ) , voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientalei i microlepidoptera : 51 . tl : ? east africa , east africa ( landjoro ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .
armigera diakonoff , 1956 ( epichorista ) , proc . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( c ) 59 : 634 . tl : new guinea , british new guinea ( papua , mount tafa ) . holotype : bmnh . female .
mesosceptra meyrick , 1920 ( epichorista ) , voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientalei i microlepidoptera : 53 . tl : kenya , east africa [ kenya ] ( mt . kenya ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .
passaleuta meyrick , 1920 ( epichorista ) , voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientalei i microlepidoptera : 53 . tl : kenya , east africa [ kenya ] ( mt . kinangop ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .
prodigiosa meyrick , 1920 ( epichorista ) , voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientalei i microlepidoptera : 52 . tl : kenya , east africa [ kenya ] ( mt . kenya ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .
psoropis meyrick , 1920 ( epichorista ) , voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientalei i microlepidoptera : 51 . tl : kenya , east africa [ kenya ] ( mt . kinangop ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .
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[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury , 2 nd october , 1884 . ]
in the transactions for 1882 . it contains nine additional species , of which eight are new , the ninth having been previously known from the hawaiian islands ; and also some corrections of classification .
i propose to recast the definitions of the tortricidæ and grapholithidæ . thus : —
tortricidæ : lower median veins of hindwings almost always without basal pectination ; vein 2 of forewings rising before posterior third of lower margin of cell ; genital uncus of male developed .
grapholithidæ : lower median vein of hindwings pectinated with hairs towards base ; vein 2 of forewings rising before posterior third of lower margin of cell ; genital uncus of male not developed .
i am indebted to professor fernald , well known as a special authority on this group , for the information on which this change is founded . he states that the genital uncus never occurs in the grapholithidæ , and considers that such genera as ctenopseustis , hereafter described , should be therefore referred to the tortricidæ ; which amounts to saying that the possession of the uncus is a more valuable systematic character than the possession of the basal pectination . as professor fernald has devoted much labour to the investigation of material from all parts of the world , there is little doubt that he is correct , and i have adopted his suggestion . i have not yet found leisure to examine the genitalia of all the tortricina of this region , but i have investigated a few species , which appear to confirm his views ; and in the case of the pyralidina i have found the same character valuable for family separation . the genital uncus ( when present ) is a hard cylindrical , more or less downwards - hooked , process from the apex of the abdomen , in the male , and in some groups of lepidoptera assumes complex forms .
the occurrence of the hawaiian chiloides straminea is interesting , and may be compared with the presence of the genus heterocrossa in both regions . probably they extend over the intervening space , but i have not at present any evidence of this . the other additional species are all of genera already recorded from new zealand , and mostly interesting as representatives of the old indigenous fauna . it seems probable that proselena , harmologa , and heterocrossa will be found to be richer in species than i had previously anticipated . i think that cacæcia alopecana is also peculiarly
interesting in another way , from its bearing on general theories of development , since it is my opinion that although now justifiably to be regarded as a species , it has reached this stage only within extremely recent times ; i think it would be interesting to experiment on the larvæ of this species with different food - plants , and conversely to try the effect of feeding c . excessana on phyllocladus .
thorax smooth . antennæ in male serrate , with whorls of moderate cilia . palpi long , straight , porrected , triangularly scaled . forewings with costa in male simple . hindwings broader than forewings . forewings with 12 veins , 7 and 8 separate , 7 to hindmargin , secondary cell well - defined . hindwings with 8 veins , 3 and 4 remote at base , 4 and 5 almost from a point , 6 and 7 approximated towards base .
allied to bactra , stph . ( aphelia , stph . ) , but differing in the separation of veins 3 and 4 of the hindwings , and the longer palpi ; only the species here given is known .
( chiloides straminea , butl . , ann . mag . nat . hist . , 1881 , 393 . )
media , alis ant . ochreis , venis omnibus lineisque inter venas punctatis , puncto etiam disci postico nigrescentibus ; post . griseis .
male , female . —17–24 mm . head , palpi , antennæ , and thorax pale ochreous . abdomen whitish . legs pale ochreous , posterior pair ochreous - whitish . forewings elongate , oblong , costa moderately arched , apex round - pointed , hindmargin slightly sinuate , rather strongly oblique ; light ochreous ; all veins marked with fine fuscous or blackish lines ; intervenal spaces also marked each with a fine incomplete , often interrupted or dotted , fuscous or blackish line ; a larger dark fuscous dot in disc beyond middle ; inner margin dotted with black : cilia pale ochreous . hindwings grey , towards base lighter ; cilia white , with a grey line .
recalls some forms of bactra lanceolana , hb . , from which it is easiest separated by the structural characters .
hamilton , taranaki , wanganui , and otaki ; common amongst rushes ( juncus ) in swampy ground , from january to march . also occurs in the hawaiian islands , from which it was originally described ; i have seen butler ' s type , and there is no doubt whatever of its identity ; probably therefore it will be found to range through all the pacific islands .
this generic name should be substituted for aphelia , stph . , of which lanceolana , hb . , is the representative in new zealand . i make this change on the authority of professor fernald , who has specially investigated the point , and is doubtless correct .
media , alis ant . ochreo - rufis , area basali externe non angulata , fascia media perobliqua latiore recta , strigulaque subapicali saturatioribus , ciliis purpureo - fuscis ; post . flavido - albis , apice flavidiore .
female . —20 mm . head , palpi , and thorax purplish - ochreous . antennæ ochreous - whitish . abdomen and legs yellow - whitish , anterior and middle pair suffused with reddish - fuscous . forewings broad , oblong , costa anteriorly very strongly arched , apex round - pointed , produced , hindmargin strongly sinuate , hardly oblique ; purplish - ochreous , obscurely strigulated with greyish - purple ; a slightly darker purplish basal patch , its outer edge extending from ⅕ of costa to ⅖ of inner margin , not angulated ; central fascia straight , broad throughout , greyish purple , suffused with bright reddish - ochreous on upper half posteriorly , running from middle of costa to anal angle ; a more distinct strigula from ¾ of costa to hindmargin below middle : cilia rather dark fuscous purplish . hindwings yellow - whitish , towards apex more yellowish , somewhat spotted with pale grey towards inner margin ; cilia yellow - whitish .
a handsome species , readily known by the different form of wing , straight outline of basal patch , and broad central fascia ; the costa is very much more strongly arched anteriorly than in any other species . although the male is not known to me , i have no doubt of the generic position .
magna , alis ant . albido - ochreis , linea disci breviore obscura , punctisque plerisque posticis sparsis nigris ; post . albidis .
male . —27 mm . head , palpi , and antennæ whitish - ochreous , palpi externally fuscous - tinged . thorax pale yellowish - ochreous . abdomen and legs whitish - ochreous , anterior and middle pair infuscated . forewings elongate - triangular , costa slightly arched , apex round - pointed , hindmargin hardly perceptibly sinuate , oblique ; whitish - ochreous ; a cloudy central streak from base to beyond middle more yellowish - ochreous , containing several small dots of black scales , and an ill - defined longitudinal blackish line in disc , extending from ⅓ ⅔ ; some fine scattered black dots towards hindmargin : cilia pale whitish - ochreous . hindwings and cilia whitish .
singularly distinct by its comparatively gigantic size , pale colouring , and blackish discal line .
arthur ' s pass , in january ; one specimen on the grassy mountain - side at 4 , 700 feet .
parva , alis ant . fusco - ochreis , innotatis ; post . saturate griseis .
male . —12–14 mm . head , palpi , and thorax brownish - ochreous . antennæ dark fuscous . abdomen dark grey . legs whitish - ochreous . forewings elongate - oblong , costa moderately arched , apex round - pointed , hindmargin straight , oblique ; uniform brownish - ochreous : cilia light brownish - ochreous . hindwings dark grey , posteriorly still darker ; cilia pale grey or whitish , with a grey line .
closely allied to p . siriana , meyr . , but lighter , more ochreous , and recognizable by the absence of any discal dot in the forewings , and the paler cilia of the hindwings .
castle hill ( 2 , 500 feet ) , and invercargill , frequenting swampy ground ; taken commonly in december and january .
having obtained what i believe to be undoubtedly the male of this species , i find that there is no costal fold , and the species is therefore referable to proselena . as the male is distinctly marked , and these markings were lost in the dark suffusion of the female , i give a diagnosis and description of the former .
parva , alis ant . læte ochreis , albido - maculosis , fascia antica angusta obliqua , altera media latiore perobliqua cum tertia postica erecta sub medio confluentibus , hac lineas duas plumbeas metallicas includente , rufo - ochreis , nigro - mixtis ; post . saturate fuscis .
common in arthur ' s pass from 2 , 600 to 3 , 000 feet , flying freely over thick herbage in january .
larva 16 - legged , rather stout , cylindrical , somewhat tapering at both ends ; dull grey ; dorsal slender , dark grey ; subdorsal indistinctly darker than ground - colour ; spots small , pale , dark - centred ; head and second segment dark fuscous . feeds on discaria toumatou , forming a shelter of
very dense web , and loose silken galleries , along the branches , i found these larvæ at the beginning of february , near castle hill ; from their habit i was led to expect one of the pyralidina . they are doubtless not confined to this food - plant .
media , alis ant . albis , area basali bis secta externe perobliqua , fascia media cum macula costæ postica tripunctata per dentem fere connexa , altera etiam e margine postico in angulum analem percurrente flavido - fuscis , nigro - mixtis ; post , albis , apice griseo - suffuso .
a very distinct species , but evidently allied to h . ænea and h . siræa .
arthur ' s pass , at 4 , 700 feet , in january ; one specimen .
media , alis ant . ♂ ochreis , costa late ochreo - rufa , ♀ dilute stramineis ; post . ♂ griseis , apicem versus saturatioribus , ♀ albis .
male . —21 mm . head , palpi , and thorax brownish - ochreous mixed with grey ; thorax hairy beneath . antennæ stout , dark fuscous . abdomen grey - whitish . legs whitish - ochreous . forewings moderate , oblong , costal fold very short , costa moderately arched towards base , thence straight , apex obtusely rounded , hindmargin rounded , not oblique ; yellow - ochreous , becoming deeper towards inner margin ; a broad reddish - ochreous - brown streak along costa from base to apex , becoming deep ashy - grey towards costa ,
pointed at apex ; extreme costal edge whitish : cilia pale grey , tips whitish . hindwings grey , becoming dark grey posteriorly , costa suffusedly yellow - whitish ; cilia yellow - whitish , with an indistinct greyish line .
female . —22–23 mm . head , palpi , and thorax yellowish - white . antennæ whitish . abdomen and legs white , anterior and middle pair light ochreous . forewings as in male , but hindmargin straighter ; whitish - yellowish , interspersed with pale - greyish ; costa suffusedly white : cilia white , base whitish - yellowish . hindwings white , towards inner margin faintly suffused with very pale greyish ; cilia white .
allied to h . ænea , but smaller , and distinguished in both sexes by the absence of yellow in the hindwings ; in the male also by the conspicuous dark costal stripe ; in the female by the pale yellowish forewings .
arthur ' s pass ; four specimens ( 1 male , 3 females ) taken in a grassy place at about 4 , 500 feet , in january .
thorax smooth . antennæ in male shortly ciliated . palpi moderate , porrected , second joint roughly scaled . forewings in male with strong costal fold . hindwings broader than forewings , lower median vein with strong basal pecten . forewings with 12 veins , 7 and 8 separate , 7 to hindmargin . hindwings with 8 veins , 3 and 4 from a point , 5 approximated to 4 at base , 6 and 7 from a point . abdomen in male with genital uncus well developed .
professor fernald assures me that the genital uncus of the male ( the value of which as a divisional character he has been the first to discover in this group ) is never developed in the grapholithidæ , and that this species ( of which i sent him specimens ) should therefore be included in the tortricidæ , notwithstanding the pectination of the lower median vein , this latter structure being indeed also found in œnectra , which is certainly referable to the tortricidæ . in this view i quite concur , and therefore place the species here , which involves the formation of a new genus for its reception as above , since it differs from œnectra by the costal fold and separations of veins 7 and 8 of the forewings , and from the rest of the family by the basal pecten of the hindwings .
found to be very variable . moreover the development of the genital uncus proves that the genus must be transferred with the preceding to the tortricidæ ; it differs from œnectra by the costal fold , from ctenopseustis by the stalking of veins 7 and 8 of the forewings , from both by the triple thoracic crest . the combination of characters in this genus is very interesting .
thorax with a large erect crest on each side of back , and a small double crest behind . antennæ in male shortly ciliated . palpi moderate , straight , porrected , second joint with appressed scales . forewings in male with strong costal fold . hindwings broader than forewings , lower median vein with strong basal pecten . forewings with 12 veins , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to near below apex . hindwings with 8 veins , 3 and 4 separate , 3 , 4 , and 5 more or less closely approximated at base , 6 and 7 stalked . abdomen in male with genital uncus well developed .
male , female . —19–26 mm . forewings in male with apex less produced , hindmargin more perpendicular ; very variable ; markings always of same form but differing much in intensity , sometimes mixed with ochreous - greenish , or partially blackish ; in both males the markings are suffused with blackish towards costa ; in one female the whole dorsal half of wing beneath a straight line from middle of base to apex suffused with blackish , costal half unusually light . hindwings in male pale grey ; in female often more or less ochreous posteriorly .
seven specimens ( 2 males , 5 females ) , taken at palmerston and taranaki , amongst forest ; in march .
minor , alis ant . ochreo - rufis , area basali , fascia media obliqua inferius dilatata , maculaque costæ postica interdum saturatioribus , sæpius obsoletis ; post . albidis , griseo - maculosis , apice rufescente ; antennarum ciliis longis .
cilia reddish - ochreous - brown , becoming whitish - ochreous at tips , on anal angle dark grey . hindwings whitish , spotted with grey except posteriorly , apex reddish ; cilia whitish , with an obscure grey basal line .
i am compelled to separate this species from c . excessana on account of the structural difference in the antennæ of the male ; otherwise i should certainly have regarded it as a mere variety . it is constantly much smaller than the average of that species , but c . excessana is occasionally quite as small ; it is also much redder , and the hindwings are more clearly whitish , but these points are quite indefinable , and would not be sufficient for demarcation ; moreover i conceive that the diminished size and the reddish colouring of both larva and imago are the direct effect of the peculiar foodplant . but the antennæ of the male are in c . excessana tolerably filiform , the joints hardly dilated , the ciliations not longer than the width of the joints ; whilst in c . alopecana they are conspicuously serrate , the joints almost triangular , and the ciliations much longer , fully twice the greatest width of the joints . these differences are quite constant , and must be regarded as sufficient .
larva 16 - legged , moderate , cylindrical , somewhat - tapering at both ends ; variable , yellowish to ochreous - fuscous ; segmental incisions and sometimes sides ochreous - carmine ; spots large , pale , in some lights whitish ; head and second segment ochreous - fuscous . feeds in spun shoots and between joined leaves of phyllocladus alpinus ( coniferæ ) , in january . pupa in the same position .
i took two specimens in the forests on the bealey river ( 2 , 100 feet ) in january , and at the same time found larvæ feeding , from which i bred three more specimens in february .
this form of the name , which is orthographically the more correct , should be substituted for conchylidæ .
the pectination of the lower median vein of the hindwings in this genus is , so far as i can ascertain , confined to the female ; the male does not possess any trace of it . i had originally supposed that this was due to denudation in the case of the two or three male specimens which i possessed , but having since acquired more material , i find it to be the normal structure . i think however that the point is not less valuable for generic separation ; in the female of paramorpha , which is the nearest allied genus , this well - developed pecten does not exist .
minor , alis ant . albis , griseo - irroratis , strigula e basi sub costa breviore , squamis paucis sparsis , interdum etiam striga disci media nigris ; post . griseo - albidis .
characterized by the short black subcostal streak . the arrangement of the surface tufts of scales appears to be the same in all the species .
minor , alis ant . dilutissime griseis , partim albo - conspersis , macula costæ basali nigra , maculis costæ sex parvis , aliisque disci plerisque obscuris fuscis ; post . griseo - albidis .
otira river ; one specimen amongst forest at 1 , 600 feet , in january .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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allogama meyrick , 1914 ( harmologa ) , trans . new zealand inst . 46 : 105 . tl : new zealand , wellington . lectotype : bmnh . male .
crypsidora meyrick , 1909 ( dipterina ) , trans . new zealand inst . 41 : 11 . tl : new zealand , invercargill , southland . holotype : bmnh . male .
elephantina meyrick , 1885 ( proselena ) , trans . new zealand inst . 17 : 143 . tl : new zealand , arthur ' s pass , north canterbury . holotype : bmnh . male .
emphanes meyrick , 1902 ( proselena ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1901 : 571 . tl : new zealand , mt . peel , nelson . holotype : bmnh . female .
achrosta meyrick , 1902 ( harmologa ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1901 : 572 . tl : new zealand . mt . arthur , nelson . holotype : bmnh . male .
epicura meyrick , 1911 ( harmologa ) , trans . new zealand inst . 43 : 86 . tl : new zealand . castle hill , mid canterbury . holotype : bmnh . male .
eribola meyrick , 1889 ( proselena ) , trans . new zealand inst . 21 : 156 . tl : new zealand , otira r . , westland . lectotype : bmnh . male .
fraudulenta philpott , 1928 ( eurythecta ) , trans . proc . new zealand inst 58 : 363 . tl : new zealand , mt . arthur , nelson . holotype : nzac . male .
hemionana meyrick , 1883 ( proselena ) , trans . new zealand inst . 15 : 43 . tl : new zealand , l . guyon , marlborough buller . lectotype : bmnh . male .
siriana meyrick , 1881 ( tortrix ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 6 : 521 . tl : new zealand , hamilton , waikata . lectotype : bmnh . male .
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melampus coffea , commonly known as the coffee bean snail , is a species of small air-breathing salt marsh snail , a pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family ellobiidae .

melampus coffea

snails ! melampus coffea - the coffee bean melampus . ep . 7 - youtube
belongs to melampus according to a . j . w . hendy et al . 2008
spotted mangrove crab ( goniopsis cruentata ) , the mangrove land crab ( ucides cordatus ) , the coffee bean snail ( melampus coffea ) and the ladder horn snail ( cerithidea scalariformis ) .
melampus coffea ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la guyane française ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dulçaquicoles des antilles françaises . plb editions . 788 pp .
quick video i recorded of some melampus in the everglades , july 2015 . no time for proper camera work here , the mosquitoes were eating me alive .
( of bulla coffea linnaeus , 1758 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of voluta coffea ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of melampus microspira pilsbry , 1891 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
bulla coffea linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 729 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmiæ . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]
( of melampus coffeus [ sic ] ) turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 133 [ details ]
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
averaging across species has untested statistical properties [ 30 ] , but it does have the advantage of reducing noise and the influence of anomalous data . for example , figure 1b plots results for balanced samples with “deep - sea” defined as > 400m . these data are clearly noisy , and the slope is strongly influenced by a single outlier ( the largest value on both axes ) . this point represents the genus fasciolaria , which contains just a single deep - sea species , the recently discovered fasciolaria tephrina [ 32 ] . to restrict the influence of such isolated observations , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] excluded from their analyses all genera with fewer than two shallow and two deep species . despite reducing sample size by ∼2 / 3 , this procedure strengthens the observed effect , with a highly significant departure from the null now apparent at the shallowest cutoff depth ( table 1 part b ; figure 2 ) .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
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rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bulimus coniformis bruguière , 1789 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of auricula coniformis ( bruguière , 1789 ) ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ellobium barbadense röding , 1798 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of auricula biplicata deshayes , 1830 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of auricula olivula küster , 1844 ) rosenberg , g . ( 2009 ) . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 . a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , kasthala , g . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . & collins , a .
has been assessed as least concern as it is widely distributed throughout central and south america . although there are several threats potentially impacting upon this species in parts of its range , it is unlikely that it is being threatened on a global scale .
this species has a wide distribution loosely covering the area of 32 . 3°n to 35°s and 93 . 1°w to 34 . 9°w . this range encompasses florida in the usa , mexico , belize , guatemala , colombia , nicaragua , costa rica , panama , the caribbean islands , venezuela , bolivia , guyana , french guiana , suriname , brazil and uruguay ( pilsbry 1891 , pilsbry and brown 1914 , van regteren altena 1969 , swennen et al . 1982 , de frias martins 1995 , borrero 2007 , rosenberg 2009 ) .
anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bolivia , plurinational states of ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ( saba , sint eustatius ) ; brazil ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; curaçao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; french guiana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guyana ; haiti ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; suriname ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ( florida ) ; uruguay ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .
this brackish species occurs in mangrove swamps , in rivers and estuaries , and can also be found on the roots of plants in lagoons and ditches just behind the shoreline ( van regteren altena 1969 ) . this species forages for mangrove leaf litter at low tide and climbs tree trunks to avoid salt - water inundation during high tide ( proffitt and devlin 2005 ) .
on a local scale , this species is likely to be affected by threats to mangrove ecosystems such as habitat degradation , conversion to aquaculture , agriculture and salt pans , urban development , construction of harbours and channels , mining , liquid waste disposal , solid waste and garbage disposal ( aksornkoae 1995 ) . it is likely that some or all of these threats are impacting upon this species in various parts of its distribution , although due to its wide distribution it is unlikely that these are causing significant declines on a global scale .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species , however , in places its distribution coincides with protected areas .
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massemin et al . ( 2009 ) [ statut pour la guyane française ] massemin , d . , lamy , d . , pointier , j . p . & gargominy , o . 2009 . coquillages et escargots de guyane . biotope , collection parthénope , mèze . 456 pp .
lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la martinique ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dulçaquicoles des antilles françaises . plb editions . 788 pp .
lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la guadeloupe ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dulçaquicoles des antilles françaises . plb editions . 788 pp .
lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour saint - martin ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dulçaquicoles des antilles françaises . plb editions . 788 pp .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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an educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .
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the 14 . 3mm long specimen above was collected by steve rosenthal , among mangroves on mud , at honeymoon island state park , dunedin , florida , usa . 18 . 01 . 2008 .
aphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .
the conchological society of great britain and ireland helping to understand , identify , record , and conserve molluscs .
the marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the worldâ€™s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .
the cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .
the cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .
the national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .
why do recorders need open source ?
. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .
the taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .
over 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .
the main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help
people find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .
distribution : usa : florida : east florida , west florida , florida keys ; mexico : veracruz , tabasco , campeche state , cayo arcas , campeche , yucatan state , quintana roo ; belize , guatemala ; colombia : old providence island ; nicaragua , costa rica , panama , colombia ; abc islands : curacao ; venezuela : miranda , sucre , islas los roques , isla margarita ; bermuda , bahamas : grand bahama island , abaco ( great or little ) , bimini , andros , new providence , eleuthera ; cuba : north havana province , north matanzas , holguin ; cayman islands : grand cayman island ; jamaica , haiti , dominican republic , puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . thomas , st . john , st . croix , anegada , tortola ; st . martin / st . maarten , guadeloupe , martinique ; st . vincent & the grenadines : grenada ; barbados ; trinidad & tobago : trinidad , tobago ; guyana , french guiana , surinam , brazil : para , ceara , fernando de noronha , rio grande do norte , pernambuco , sao paulo ; uruguay
references : maury ( 1922 ) n ; marcus & marcus ( 1965a ) dl ; sykes & hall ( 1970 ) dl ; garcía - cubas ( 1982 ) { w } ; cosel ( 1986 ) s ; mello & perrier ( 1986 ) e ; garcía - cubas et al . ( 1990 ) w ; martins ( 1996 ) m ; fernández milera ( 1998 ) ; macsotay & campos ( 2001 )
encyclopédie méthodique . histoire naturelle des vers encyclopédie méthodique . histoire naturelle des vers 1 1 - 344 . panckoucke : paris .
systema naturae systema naturae , 10th ed . , vol . 1 824 pp . laurentii salvii : holmiae [ stockholm , sweden ] .
land and fresh - water mollusks collected in yucatan and mexico proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 43 310 - 334 , pls . 14 - 15 .
museum boltenianum viii + 199 pp . hamburg . [ stated date : - - sep 1798 . ]
say , 1822 , which was named as a variety ( iczn article 57 . 7 ) . pollock ( 1998 ) misclassified
( deshayes , 1830 ) in its stead . as deshayes ' name is not in use ,
can be maintained ( iczn article 59 . 3 ) . a record from tortola in usnm needs confirmation ( martins 1996 ) .
references : stimpson ( 1851c ) ; kurtz ( 1860 ) sw ; s . smith ( 1860 ) ne ; maury ( 1922 ) s ; martins ( 1996 ) s
notes on the mollusca of the bermuda islands nautilus 17 125 - 130 , pl . 4 . [ stated date : - - mar 1904 . ]
neue auriculaceen malakozoologische blätter 1 111 - 112 . [ stated date : - - jun 1854 . ]
an account of some of the marine shells of the united states journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 2 221 - 248 , 257 - 276 , 302 - 325 . [ stated date : - - jun 1822 ; true date : - - jul 1822 . ]
description of univalve terrestrial and fluviatile shells of the united states journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 2 370 - 381 . [ stated date : 25 dec 1822 . ]
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primarily in south america , central america , caribbean islands , west africa , united states of america and areas of australia where it was introduced .
used for making boats and creating charcoal . a resin can be extracted and used in treating stomach ulcers .
fairly tall but contorted with many adventitious prop roots shooting out the base with a highly elevated canopy .
grows well in humidity , partial to full sun in sandy / silt loam .
small and inconspicuous . develops compound inflorescence , the flowers arise from the axil .
tube - like fruits of 3 - 5 cm in size , where a propagule will vertically grow out and fall .
bright green canopy , tree and trunk vary slightly between a tanish - beige to dark brown . its flowers are white with yellow petals . the fruit is brown and as it ripens turns green in colour with a brown tip .
smooth but as it ages becomes more rigid as the bark starts to thicken and strengthen .
küster , h . c . 1844 . die ohrschnecken ( auriculacea ) . in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . - systematisches conchylien - cabinet von martini und chemnitz 1 ( 16 ( 1 ) ) : 1 - 24 , 23 [ a ] , 24 [ a ] , 25 - 76 , v - vi , taf . a , taf . 1 - 9 . nürnberg .
you will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .
the basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .
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