orbicella is a genus of stony corals in the merulinidae family .

the orbicella species complex comprises three sister species , namely orbicella faveolata , orbicella annularis and orbicella franksi , all of which are shallow-water , zooxanthellate species and are native to the tropical western atlantic ocean , the caribbean sea and the gulf of mexico .

these corals are ubiquitous in the caribbean .

their similar colony morphologies misled scientists to historically lump them into a single species , montastraea annularis , which included three morphotypes “ bumpy ” , “ columnar ” and “ massive ” .

these growth forms were believed to arise as a response to abiotic factors ( e.g. , depth , light availability ) .

this taxonomic classification was challenged by further ecological , reproductive , genetic , and morphologic evidence , which led to the re-description of three separate species , montastraea faveolata ( massive ) , m. annularis ( columnar ) and m. franksi ( bumpy ) .

a taxonomic revision published in 2012 established that the “ montastraea annularis species complex ” formed a separate clade now in the genus orbicella with three species names ( o. faveolata , o. annularis , o. franksi ) .

o. annularis and o. faveolata are commonly called the boulder star coral and the mountainous star coral , respectively .

orbicella

variety orbicella annularis var . guineensis gravier , 1909 accepted as orbicella annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ( synonym )
long - term changes in symbiodinium communities in orbicella annularis in st . john , us virgin islands
table 1 . sequence overview , statistics , and gene expression in healthy and wpd affected samples of orbicella faveolata .
supplementary data 7 . differentially abundant bacterial gene functions ( fdr < 0 . 1 ) between healthy and diseased orbicella samples .
until recently orbicella was classified as part of the montastrea family . you can still find this coral listed as montastrea faveolata , however , the current description is orbicella . you may still find this coral listed as montastrea especially in older printed coral guides .
there are three species of orbicella . o . faveolata , o . annularis , and o . franksi . don’t worry if you can’t tell the three apart just yet . if this is your first time trying to identify orbicella , instead focus on identifying the polyps and corallites . once you’re a master at spotting orbicella , start trying to notice the difference between the three species .
this orbicella colony lives inside a shallow valley around 42 feet ( 14m ) deep , further down the valley you can find smaller colonies . the
what made you want to look up orbicella ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
orbicella is an important reef - building species . once the coral dies , the skeleton becomes live rock where other species can attach . throughout most of the caribbean , colonies can be a few inches across to several feet wide and high , but here in tela , orbicella colonies have grown to epic proportion .
orbicella faveolata is an important reef - building coral that forms large mountainous colonies . juvenile corals are rather mundane , while adult colonies can grow to an impressive size .
s2 fig . photochemical efficiency , measured as yield ( f v / f m ) of orbicella faveolata fragments infected with black band disease over the 16 day experiment .
supplementary data 2 . orbicella faveolata holobiont polya + transcriptome assembly ( 67 , 593 genes , min : 200 bp , max : 5212 bp , n50 : 656 bp ) .
figure 1 . overview of transcriptional response and affected biological processes in the orbicella faveolata coral holobiont in white plague disease . the number of differentially expressed eukaryotic and differentially abundant bacterial genes are shown for each holobiont compartment .
supplementary data 4 . eukaryotic differentially expressed genes ( fdr < 0 . 1 ) between healthy and diseased orbicella faveolata samples . fungal retroelement - and antioxidant - associated genes in the “other” compartment are indicated in bold .
orbicella grows by encrusting . a new colony can start from a single polyp which grows outward from the base . you can see a slightly lighter color on the growing edge of the colony where new polyps are emerging .
here the orbicella coral has found the ideal habitat . it is protected from storms , and has room to grow slowly without much competition . with each new polyp the colony grows stronger with no signs of slowing down .
at this point , tiny orbicella colonies can be transplanted back to the reef . as they grow their skeletons add a considerable mass to the reef , and over time they can help stabilize loose rocks or decaying reef structure .
supplementary data 9 . dgge - pcr gel image of symbiodinium its2 profiles for healthy ( hh ) and wpd - affected ( dd ) orbicella faveolata coral specimens . diagnostic bands are marked with the symbiodinium clade type and indicate the algal symbionts for these samples .
the common name for this coral is mountainous star coral because of it’s size and that it creates characteristic peaks and ridges like a mountain . polyps are small usually 5mm across . when polyps are retracted orbicella corallites have tiny grooves giving it a star like appearance .
this phenomenon of big old orbicella colonies is not unique to tela as other large colonies of star coral have been document in the caribbean . the difference with this colony is that it’s still intact and has not sustained any visible sign of bleaching or storm damage .
citation : muller em , leporacci nm , macartney kj , shea ag , crane re , hall er , et al . ( 2017 ) low ph reduces the virulence of black band disease on orbicella faveolata . plos one 12 ( 6 ) : e0178869 . urltoken
orbicella faveolata ( mountainous star coral ) is a common coral found in the caribbean . for the most part , colonies are a rather drab brown , green or gray color . you won’t find this coral in any psychedelic colors and it’s easy to overlook this unassuming species .
supplementary data 3 . orbicella faveolata holobiont polya + transcriptome annotation ( 67 , 593 genes ) . blastx matches ( < 1e −5 ) in swissprot ( 14 , 887 ) and trembl ( additional 5751 ) databases annotated 20 , 638 genes ( 30 . 5 % ) .
orbicella grows into thick hardy colonies which make the ideal candidate for fragmentation and coral restoration . small 15 - 20mm fragments can be cut from adult colonies using a diamond band saw . these fragments can be glued onto ceramic frag plugs and grown in saltwater until they double or triple in size .
orbicella is coral which could be overlooked . from a few meters away you might think this coral is just a rock , or simply consider it as part of the reef . divers are often more focused on looking for fish , turtles , rays , and eels than trying to describe coral .
settlement of orbicella faveolata planulae ( mean % settled per chamber ± 1 s . e . ) in cultures deployed at each experimental reef site ( n = 6 , pooled results from two trials ) . letters above bars indicate significant differences ( p < 0 . 01 ) between values based on tukey’s hsd test .
( of orbicella annularis var . guineensis gravier , 1909 ) gravier , c . ( 1909 ) . madréporaires des îles san thomé et du prince ( golfe de guinée ) . annales de l ' institut océanographique de monaco . 1 ( 2 ) , 1 - 28 , pls . 1 - 9 . [ details ]
the giant orbicella coral in tela is over 23 feet ( 7m ) wide and 13 feet ( 4m ) high . the only explanation for this imposing colony is that it has been living here for a very long time . one scientist who visited tela , dr . judith lang , estimated this colony was here before columbus arrived in honduras .
the coral reef in tela honduras is dominated by never ending ridges of thin agaricia coral , and to eke out a living , any competing species have to adopt a strength in numbers approach for survival . a lone colony of orbicella would quickly loose its position on the reef to the relatively quick growing agaricia , so sticking together to form a giant colony is the way to go .
this large coral is located inside a shallow valley between two coral ridges between the mushroom and aldrid dive site . the top of the coral is at 32 feet ( 10m ) and the bottom of the coral around 46 feet ( 14m ) deep . the coral is protected inside this channel and as you swim through the area you can find smaller colonies of orbicella around half the size living in the same valley .
aurantimonas coralicida and thalassomonas loyana were independently confirmed as wpd pathogens in different coral species and geographic locations ( denner et al . , 2003 ; thompson et al . , 2006 ) . however , recent surveys of colonies showing wpd signs failed to identify either bacterial pathogen ( pantos et al . , 2003 ; barash et al . , 2005 ; sunagawa et al . , 2009 ; cárdenas et al . , 2012 ; roder et al . , 2014a ) . roder et al . ( 2014a ) recently described similar bacterial profiles in two coral genera ( porites and pavona ) that exhibited wpd - like signs in thailand . subsequent comparisons to caribbean samples ( orbicella faveolata and orbicella franksi ) suggest a conserved disease microbiome across oceans ( roder et al . , 2014b ) , supporting a view that bacterial community changes are likely a result of opportunistic bacteria induced by environmental stressors that compromise coral immunity ( lesser , 2007 ) . in addition to ongoing studies targeting bacterial community changes during wpd progression ( sunagawa et al . , 2009 ; cárdenas et al . , 2012 ; roder et al . , 2014a , b ) , a recent metagenomic survey of orbicella annularis found distinct viral communities associated with healthy , wpd - affected , and bleached samples ( soffer et al . , 2014 ) . but causation still remains elusive and few studies have addressed coral holobiont response to disease . using a combination of 16s and cdna microarrays , closek et al . ( 2014 ) found an increase in microbial diversity in yellow band disease ( ybd ) - infected colonies and reduced expression of defense - and metabolism - related genes in the coral host orbicella faveolata [ formerly monstastraea faveolata ( budd et al . , 2012 ) ] .
closek , c . j . , sunagawa , s . , desalvo , m . k . , piceno , y . m . , desantis , t . z . , brodie , e . l . , et al . ( 2014 ) . coral transcriptome and bacterial community profiles reveal distinct yellow band disease states in orbicella faveolata . isme j . 8 , 2411–2422 . doi : 10 . 1038 / ismej . 2014 . 85
the large blue rectangles represent the 27 c raceway treatments and the large red rectangles represent the 30c raceway treatments . the small black rectangles represent the 5 gallon glass aquaria that each contain a single colony of orbicella faveolata ( green circles ) infected with black band ( black circles ) . the color within each aquaria represents the different ph treatmtents ; green represents 8 . 1 ph and the peach represents 7 . 7 ph . the distribution of ph treatments were randomly distributed among tanks . each aquaria also contained a heater to maintain temperature within the tank and a powerhead to maintain water flow .
in addition to increasing water temperatures , there is a predicted decrease in oceanic ph under future climate change scenarios [ 20 ] . the impact of decreasing ph on black band disease dynamics is unknown . the objectives of the present study were to i ) quantify the effects of temperature and ph on the virulence of black band disease infecting orbicella faveolata , ii ) determine whether different temperature and ph conditions changed the photochemical efficiency of the coral - host symbiosis , and iii ) characterize the change in bacterial communities within the coral host as well as the black band bacterial consortium under different ph and temperature conditions .
black band is a deadly coral disease found worldwide , which may become more virulent as oceanic conditions continue to change . to determine the effects of climate change and ocean acidification on black band disease virulence , orbicella faveolata corals with black band were exposed to different temperature and ph conditions . results showed a significant decrease in disease progression under low ph ( 7 . 7 ) conditions . low ph also altered the relative abundance of the bacterial community of the black band disease consortium . here , there was a significant decrease in roseofilum , the cyanobacterium that typically dominates the black band mat . these results indicate that as oceanic ph decreases so may the virulence of a worldwide coral disease .
the present investigation expands the bioinformatic resources available for the study of orbicella faveolata and its physiological responses to stress and disease . the reference transcriptome generated here was annotated with gene ontologies , kegg orthologies , and kegg pathways . immune cell development , migration , and intracellular microbial sensing pathways were emphasized to highlight aspects of the coral immune system that remain poorly characterized to date . phylogenetic and domain architecture analyses revealed several new members of the wnt and dicer - like protein families , and pathway analysis revealed significant coverage of gene sets for notch , nod - like receptor , and rig - like receptor pathways . together , the results of this work provide new bioinformatic data for o . faveolata and an in - depth analysis of evolutionarily conserved aspects of the coral innate immune system .
glowing corals : like a forest canopy , the branched corals can scatter and absorb light at multiple levels . in this study , branching corals scattered light over such a large area that the researchers could not measure it with their detector . coral colonies that form flat structures ( not shown ) , such as echinopora lamellosa , also have high scattering . like solar panels , flat structures allow coral to maximize absorption of light coming from above ; they also permit scattering of light among the colony’s polyps . this inter - polyp light sharing also occurs in coral species that form massive colonies , which have moderate scattering . the phaceloid corals have low scattering ; their thick , upright walls prevent them from sharing light among polyps . ( branched coral : pocillopora damicornis ; massive coral : orbicella faveolata ; phaceloid coral : eusmilia fastigiata )
map depicting proportions of symbiodinium b ( blue colours ) , c ( yellow ) and d ( black ) types , and combinations ( stripes ) hosted by orbicella annularis populations at 33 sites ( identified with letters ; see table 1 for site information ) across the caribbean and the bahamas . only dominant types ( or combinations of types ) are represented ; unk = unknown type . pie chart size reflects colony sample size ( minimum 11 , maximum 24 , total n = 632 ) , numbers in parentheses indicate proportion of total colonies that each type was dominant in . more blue ( clade b ) is apparent in the northwest , with more mixed assemblages dominated by clade c ( yellow ) in the southeast . inset : pie chart representing clade types found hosted by o . annularis for the entire wider caribbean area .
2014 levitan , d . r . , w . boudreau , j . jara and n . knowlton . long - term reproductive consequences of bleaching stress on the caribbean corals of the orbicella ( formerly montastraea ) annularis species complex . marine ecology progress series 515 : 1 - 10 [ pdf ] . 2012 fogarty , n . d . , m . lowenberg , m . n . ojima , n . knowlton and d . r . levitan . asymmetric conspecific sperm precedence in relation to spawning times in the montastraea annularis species complex ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . journal of evolutionary biology 25 : 2481 - 2488 [ pdf ] . 2012 fogarty , n . d . ; s . v . vollmer , and d . r . levitan . weak prezygotic isolating mechanisms in threatened caribbean acropora corals . plos one 7 : e30486 [ pdf ] . 2011 levitan , d . r . , n . d . fogarty , j . jara , k . e . lotterhos , and n . knowlton . genetic , spatial , and temporal components of precise spawning synchrony in reef building corals of the montastraea annularis species complex . evolution 65 :
the physiological performance of a reef - building coral is a combined outcome of both the coral host and its algal endosymbionts , symbiodinium . while orbicella annularis —a dominant reef - building coral in the wider caribbean—is known to be a flexible host in terms of the diversity of symbiodinium types it can associate with , it is uncertain how this diversity varies across the caribbean , and whether spatial variability in the symbiont community is related to either o . annularis genotype or environment . here , we target the symbiodinium - its2 gene to characterize and map dominant symbiodinium hosted by o . annularis at an unprecedented spatial scale . we reveal northwest–southeast partitioning across the caribbean , both in terms of the dominant symbiont taxa hosted and in assemblage diversity . multivariate regression analyses incorporating a suite of environmental and genetic factors reveal that observed spatial patterns are predominantly explained by chronic thermal stress ( summer temperatures ) and are unrelated to host genotype . furthermore , we were able to associate the presence of specific symbiodinium types with local environmental drivers ( for example , symbiodinium c7 with areas experiencing cooler summers , b1j with nutrient loading and b17 with turbidity ) , associations that have not previously been described .
coral populations , and the productive reef ecosystems they support , rely on successful recruitment of reef - building species , beginning with settlement of dispersing larvae into habitat favourable to survival . many substrate cues have been identified as contributors to coral larval habitat selection ; however , the potential for ambient acoustic cues to influence coral settlement responses is unknown . using in situ settlement chambers that excluded other habitat cues , larval settlement of a dominant caribbean reef - building coral , orbicella faveolata , was compared in response to three local soundscapes , with differing acoustic and habitat properties . differences between reef sites in the number of larvae settled in chambers isolating acoustic cues corresponded to differences in sound levels and reef characteristics , with sounds at the loudest reef generating significantly higher settlement during trials compared to the quietest site ( a 29 . 5 % increase ) . these results suggest that soundscapes could be an important influence on coral settlement patterns and that acoustic cues associated with reef habitat may be related to larval settlement . this study reports an effect of soundscape variation on larval settlement for a key coral species , and adds to the growing evidence that soundscapes affect marine ecosystems by influencing early life history processes of foundational species .
the present study was conducted in the outdoor wetlab facilities at mote tropical research laboratory ( trl ) in summerland key , florida from july 10 th 2013 to july 26 th 2013 , for a total of 16 days . prior to the onset of the experiment , thirty two fragments of orbicella faveolata , each approximately 10 x 10 cm in size , were collected from the florida keys national marine sanctuary coral rescue nursery ( permit : fknms - 2013 - 095 ) , where corals are held and maintained for scientific purposes . corals were transported to trl immediately after collection , individually placed within five gallon tanks , and allowed to acclimate for three days . to conduct artificial inoculations of black band disease , samples of active black band mats were collected from naturally existing infections on o . faveolata at wonderland reef ( 24 . 54794 n 81 . 45700 w ) using individual sterile plastic blunt - tip 60 ml syringes while on scuba . the black band disease samples were stored in a cooler maintained at ambient seawater temperature and transported back to the laboratory for immediate inoculations . coral fragments were wounded by scraping away tissue from a single polyp of each o . faveolata colony with a sterile razor blade . each coral was infected by placing ~ 0 . 03 grams of the black - band mat directly onto the wound site .
actualmente las tres especies aquí mencionadas montastrea annularis , franski , y faveolata son asignadas comúnmente al género orbicella . las colonias son masivas y grandes , la superficie usualmente sirve de soporte a pequeños montículos y protuberancias . los cálices son pequeños ( alrededor de 5 mm de diámetro ) y están regularmente separados cubriendo toda la superficie de la colonia . normalmente presenta una coloración café pálida , pero puede ser brillante , verde fluorescente sobre café oscuro . las características que distinguen a las 3 especies de montrastraea con pequeños cálices son : m . annularis - colonias densamente agrupadas , con nódulos o columnas separados y superficies lisas e irregulares . normalmente los bordes no presentan crecimiento . m . franksi – la superficie presenta protuberancias dispersas , las cuales consisten de pólipos prominentes e irregulares – el color moteado se asocia a las protuberancias . la forma general es de láminas y montículos abultados e irregulares . los bordes de crecimiento presentan tanto cálices grandes como pequeños . m . faveolata – colonias masivas con proyecciones orientadas hacia el exterior , las cuales normalmente se observan dispuestas en líneas que corren a lo largo de los lados de las colonias pero sin nódulos o columnas separados . la pared de los coralitos es vertical en comparación con la forma de ‘volcán’ de las otras dos especies . los cálices en los bordes de crecimiento se encuentran separados de manera regular .
climate change - driven coral disease outbreaks have led to widespread declines in coral populations . early work on coral genomics established that corals have a complex innate immune system , and whole - transcriptome gene expression studies have revealed mechanisms by which the coral immune system responds to stress and disease . the present investigation expands bioinformatic data available to study coral molecular physiology through the assembly and annotation of a reference transcriptome of the caribbean reef - building coral , orbicella faveolata . samples were collected during a warm water thermal anomaly , coral bleaching event and caribbean yellow band disease outbreak in 2010 in puerto rico . multiplex sequencing of rna on the illumina gaiix platform and de novo transcriptome assembly by trinity produced 70 , 745 , 177 raw short - sequence reads and 32 , 463 o . faveolata transcripts , respectively . the reference transcriptome was annotated with gene ontologies , mapped to kegg pathways , and a predicted proteome of 20 , 488 sequences was generated . protein families and signaling pathways that are essential in the regulation of innate immunity across phyla were investigated in - depth . results were used to develop models of evolutionarily conserved wnt , notch , rig - like receptor , nod - like receptor , and dicer signaling . o . faveolata is a coral species that has been studied widely under climate - driven stress and disease , and the present investigation provides new data on the genes that putatively regulate its immune system .
white plague disease ( wpd ) is implicated in coral reef decline in the caribbean and is characterized by microbial community shifts in coral mucus and tissue . studies thus far have focused on assessing microbial communities or the identification of specific pathogens , yet few have addressed holobiont response across metaorganism compartments in coral disease . here , we report on the first metatranscriptomic assessment of the coral host , algal symbiont , and microbial compartment in order to survey holobiont structure and function in healthy and diseased samples from orbicella faveolata collected at reef sites off puerto rico . our data indicate holobiont - wide as well as compartment - specific responses to wpd . gene expression changes in the diseased coral host involved proteins playing a role in innate immunity , cytoskeletal integrity , cell adhesion , oxidative stress , chemical defense , and retroelements . in contrast , the algal symbiont showed comparatively few expression changes , but of large magnitude , of genes related to stress , photosynthesis , and metal transport . concordant with the coral host response , the bacterial compartment showed increased abundance of heat shock proteins , genes related to oxidative stress , dna repair , and potential retroelement activity . importantly , analysis of the expressed bacterial gene functions establishes the participation of multiple bacterial families in wpd pathogenesis and also suggests a possible involvement of viruses and / or phages in structuring the bacterial assemblage . in this study , we implement an experimental approach to partition the coral holobiont and resolve compartment - and taxa - specific responses in order to understand metaorganism function in coral disease .
there was no significant difference in the bacterial community of the coral tissue / mucus among the different treatments suggesting that the change in black band virulence under low ph conditions cannot be explained by the bacterial community of the host . one particular treatment , the high temperature and control ph treatment , however , did separate out distinctly from the other three treatments within the nmds biplot . an examination of the major bacterial classes show decreased levels of rhodobacters under the high temperature and control ph treatment with a concomitant increase in clostridiales and flavobacteria . rhodobacters have been associated with tissue - loss diseases within corals [ 34 ] . for example , an increase in rhodobacter bacteria was detected within samples of the coral disease white plague on orbicella faveolata , but was also found within healthy corals indicating a potential increase of opportunistic commensals under certain conditions [ 35 ] . high levels of alphaproteobacteria were also detected within two different coral species showing signs of white plague , diploria strigosa and siderastrea siderea , which was primarily the result of increased abundances of rhodobacters [ 36 ] . alternatively , some genera of rhodobacters , such as roseobacter , have been identified as beneficial bacteria , important for the settlement and general health of the coral host [ 37 ] . however , within the present study roseobacter was found in low abundances within the corals sampled regardless of the treatment condition . within the present study , a reduction of rhodobacters only under high temperature and control ph conditions may suggest sensitivity to temperature , which is then mitigated under low ph conditions .
in conjunction with transcriptomic alterations implicated in antiviral defense and phage interaction in wpd , we also observed expression of genes associated with retroelement ( i . e . , retrotransposons and retrons ) activity across multiple compartments . although previously detected in heat stressed corals and healthy / wpd metagenomes ( desalvo et al . , 2008 ; garcia et al . , 2013 ) , we resolved differential expression of genes involved in retroelement regulation to associations with coral , fungal , and bacterial members of the orbicella holobiont . tdrd9 is an atpase / dexh - type helicase involved in germline defense in hydra and higher eukaryotes ( shoji et al . , 2009 ; lim et al . , 2014 ) and its downregulation has been shown to increase line - 1 retrotransposon expression and demethylation , leading to male sterility ( shoji et al . , 2009 ) . our data corroborate these findings , where repression of a tdrd9 homolog in the coral compartment was noted along with meiotic arrest and spermatogenic impairment signatures in response to wpd ( supplementary data 4 ) suggesting deleterious impacts on coral development and reproductive capacity of diseased coral colonies . additionally , increased line - 1 expression induces innate antiviral responses in several human autoimmune diseases ( madigan et al . , 2012 ; volkman and stetson , 2014 ) . given the upregulation of ddx60 in diseased corals , we cannot rule out that wpd may inadvertently promote coral immune detection of these endogenous retroelements . another possibility is that ddx60 is sensing complementary viral dna , which is produced by some rna viruses that harness retrotransposon reverse transcriptase during line - 1 expression in infected human cells ( shimizu et al . , 2014 ) , but further inquiry is necessary to confirm this mechanism in an invertebrate system .
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these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
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vaughan , v . w . : the geological significance of the growth rate of the floridian and bahamian shoal - water corals . j . nat . acad . sci .
: treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part f , the coelenterata , pp 328–444 . ed . by r . c . moore . lawrence : geological society of america & university of kansas 1956
wood - jones , f . : on the growth forms and supposed species in corals . proc . zool . soc . lond . 1–518 ( 1907 )
yonge , c . m . : the biologoy of reef - building corals . scient . rep . gt . barrier reef exped .
— : the nature of reef - building ( hermatypic ) corals . bull . mar . sci .
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zoological journal of the linnean society / linnean society of london . ; london [ etc . ] : academic press , 1969 -
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guide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts ( journal , magazine , 1992 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of montastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of heliastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of madrepora annularis ellis & solander , 1786 ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of astrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
verrill , a . e . ( 1864 ) . list of the polyps and corals sent by the museum of comparative zoology to other institutions in exchange , with annotations . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology . 1 : 29 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) cairns , s . d . , jaap , w . c . , and j . c . lang . 2009 . scleractinia ( cnidaria ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 333–347 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) weil e , knowlton n ( 1994 ) a multi character analysis of the caribbean coral montastraea annularis ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and its two sibling species , m . faveolata ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and m . franski ( gregory , 1895 ) . bulletin of marine science 55 : 151–175 . [ details ]
( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) humann p , deloach n ( 2002 ) reef coral identification florida caribbean bahamas . new world publications , jacksonville , florida , pp . 1 - 287 . [ details ]
( of heliastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) verrill , a . e . ( 1864 ) . list of the polyps and corals sent by the museum of comparative zoology to other institutions in exchange , with annotations . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology . 1 : 29 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of astrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) verrill , a . e . ( 1864 ) . list of the polyps and corals sent by the museum of comparative zoology to other institutions in exchange , with annotations . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology . 1 : 29 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of montastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1–3 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]
a multi - character analysis of the caribbean coral montastraea ann . . . : ingenta connect
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even divemasters and instructors will tend to know the perfect hideouts where to spot these critters , while not being able to name a handful of coral species . i myself was guilty of this which is what inspired me to write about coral identification .
the coral diaries series is a list of corals we have seen while diving around the world . we’ve created this series so that you can learn more about corals , and how to identify them on the reef . we encourage you to send us your coral pictures and leave a comment in the section below to learn more about the interesting species you’ve found while diving .
nicole ( nikki ) helgason is a padi dive instructor with ten years of professional dive experience . nicole has taught scuba diving and managed dive centers around the world . nicole has a bachelors degree in coastal geography from the university of victoria and is passionate about coral reefs .
it’s hard to imagine just how big this colony is without seeing it for yourself and colonies like that can help shine a spotlight on these important reef building corals .
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prior to 1994 , the wide variability exhibited in the appearance of montastraea annularis was attributed to the different environmental conditions in which it occurs ( 3 ) . however , scientists have since discovered that it actually comprises a species complex that can be divided into three distinct species : the type specimen , m . annularis , together with two newly described species , m . faveolata and m . franksi ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
like other colony - forming corals , colonies of m . annularis are composed of numerous small polyps , which are soft - bodied animals , related to anemones . each polyp bears numerous tentacles that direct food into a central mouth , where it is digested in a sac - like body cavity . one of the most remarkable and ecologically important features of corals is that the polyps secrete a hard skeleton , called a ‘corallite’ , which over successive generations contributes to the formation of a coral reef . the coral skeleton forms the bulk of the colony , with the living polyp tissue comprising only a thin veneer ( 4 ) . in m . annularis , the colonies are formed by long , thick columns , with only the top parts supporting living tissue . the colour of the living colonies is usually golden brown to tan , but sometimes appears grey or green ( 3 ) .
like many coral species , m . annularis is zooxanthellate , which means that its tissues contain large numbers of single - celled algae called zooxanthellae . the coral and the algae have a symbiotic relationship , in which the algae gain a stable environment within the coral ' s tissues , while the coral receives nutrients produced by the algae through photosynthesis . by harnessing the sun ' s energy in this way , corals are able to grow rapidly and form vast reef structures , but are constrained to live near the water surface ( 4 ) . while , on average , zooxanthellate coral can obtain around 70 percent of its nutrient requirements from zooxanthellae photosynthesis , the coral may also feed on zooplankton ( 5 ) .
this common species occurs in the caribbean , the gulf of mexico , florida , the bahamas , and bermuda ( 1 ) .
montastraea annularis is found at shallow and intermediate depths , from 1 to 20 metres ( 3 ) .
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
around one third of the world’s reef - building corals are threatened with extinction ( 6 ) . the principal threat to corals is the rise in sea temperature associated with global climate change . this leads to coral bleaching , where the symbiotic algae are expelled , leaving the corals weak and vulnerable to an increasing variety of harmful diseases . climate change is also expected to increase ocean acidification and result in a greater frequency of extreme weather events such as destructive storms . this is not to mention the localised threats to coral reefs from pollution , destructive fishing practices , invasive species , human development , and other activities ( 1 ) ( 6 ) .
in addition to being listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which makes it an offence to trade m . annularis without a permit ( 2 ) , this coral falls within several marine protected areas across its range . to specifically conserve m . annularis , recommendations have been made for a raft of studies into various aspects of its taxonomy , biology and ecology , including an assessment of threats and potential recovery techniques ( 1 ) .
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weil , e . and knowlton , n . ( 1994 ) a multi - character analysis of the caribbean coral montastraea annularis ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and its two sibling species , m . faveolata ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and m . franksi ( gregory , 1895 ) . bulletin of marine science , 55 : 151 - 175 .
veron , j . e . n . ( 2000 ) corals of the world . australian institute of marine science , townsville , australia .
barnes , r . s . k . , calow , p . , olive , p . j . w . , golding , d . w . and spicer , j . i . ( 2001 ) the invertebrates : a synthesis , 3rd edition . blackwell science , oxford .
carpenter , ke et al . ( 2008 ) one - third of reef - building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts . science , 321 : 560 - 563 .
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gracianella is a genus of fossil brachiopods .

it was described by johnson and coucot in 1967 , and existed from the silurian to the devonian of australia , austria , canada , china , the czech republic , italy , tajikistan , and the united states .

a new species , g. paulula , was described by andrzej baliński in 2012 , from the early devonian of ukraine .

gracianella

belongs to gracianella according to j . jin and b . d . e . chatterton 1997
in the classic section across the silurian–devonian boundary at dnistrove ( podolia , ukraine ) the brachiopod fauna has never been studied in detail . this paper presents results of research on brachiopods from this important locality and time interval . bed−by−bed collecting has enabled the detailed distribution of brachiopod taxa through the boundary beds to be revealed . generally , the reference section at dnistrove yields rather scarce but often well preserved brachiopods . dayia bohemica and dnestrina gutta can be regarded as characteristic species for the uppermost silurian . a relatively high−diversity but low−abundance brachiopod fauna occurs in the lowest 1 . 8 m of the earliest devonian . only three forms have been found to cross the silurian–devonian boundary : the strophomenide plectodonta ( plectodonta ) mariae pantherae subsp . nov . , the atrypide gracianella ( sublepida ) paulula sp . nov . , and the spiriferide howellella ( howellella ) latisinuata . arelatively narrow brachiopod−rich interval at 5 . 5 m above the silurian–devonian boundary yields 16 brachiopod species which probably indicate a setting near the lower limit of the photic zone equivalent to the benthic assemblage 3–4 boundary . two new species and one new subspecies are described : skenidioides tatyanae , plectodonta ( plectodonta ) mariae pantherae , and gracianella ( sublepida ) paulula .
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andrzej baliński [ balinski @ urltoken ] , instytut paleobiologii pan , ul . twarda 51 / 55 , pl - 00 - 818 warszawa , poland .
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full reference : j . jin and b . d . e . chatterton . 1997 . latest ordovician - silurian articulate brachiopods and biostratigraphy of the avalanche lake area , southwestern district of mackenzie , canada . palaeontographica canadiana 13 : 1 - 62
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auratonota flora is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in ecuador ( tungurahua province and sucumbíos province ) .

the wingspan is about 19 mm .

there are orange-brown markings on the forewings , with the distal half finely edged with black .

the costal strigulae and ground colour are reduced to white or silvery dots .

the hindwings are dark dull brown .

auratonota flora

1 . 8 flora 2 . a - rosa flora 3 . a . grandiflora 4 . a grandiflora 5 . a rosa flora 6 . abelia grandiflora 7 . abelia triflora 8 . abelia x grandiflora 9 . abundiflora 10 . acacia biflora 11 . acalora 12 . acanthastrea rotundoflora 13 . accalora 14 . aceriflora 15 . achillea laxiflora 16 . achimenes grandiflora 17 . achimenes longiflora 18 . achimenes tubiflora 19 . achlora 20 . actinella grandiflora 21 . aculeatiflora 22 . acutiflora 23 . addolora 24 . ae . paviflora 25 . ae paviflora
flora razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1164 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , ro verde . holotype : vbc . male .
51 . aloe viridiflora 52 . alora 53 . alpine flora 54 . alsobia dianthiflora 55 . altered schaedler flora 56 . alterniflora 57 . amazona xantholora 58 . ambrosia confertiflora 59 . amelanchier grandiflora 60 . amflora 61 . ammannia multiflora 62 . ampelocissus ascendiflora 63 . amphichlora 64 . ampliflora 65 . amsinckia grandiflora 66 . amylora 67 . anacamptis laxiflora 68 . anacolosa densiflora 69 . anaptilora 70 . anchusiflora 71 . andalora 72 . anemone narcissiflora 73 . anemone parviflora 74 . anemoniflora 75 . angelonia grandiflora
76 . anguloa uniflora 77 . angustiflora 78 . annona crassiflora 79 . annona trunciflora 80 . antarctic flora 81 . anthocleista grandiflora 82 . antipodochlora 83 . antirrhiniflora 84 . apamea lignicolora 85 . aplochlora 86 . arcto - tertiary geoflora 87 . arcto tertiary geoflora 88 . argemone albiflora 89 . argemone grandiflora 90 . aristolochia grandiflora 91 . artemisia grandiflora 92 . artemisia lactiflora 93 . arĝentkolora 94 . asclepias viridiflora 95 . asimina parviflora 96 . aspidistra grandiflora 97 . asura unicolora 98 . atalaya multiflora 99 . atropa pallidiflora 100 . auratonota flora
autantica razowski , 1987 ( auratonota ) , bull . acad . pol . sci . ser . sci . biol . 35 : 62 . no type
urantica razowski , 1987 ( auratonota ) , bull . acad . pol . acad . sci . ser . sci . biol 35 : 63 . no type
dispersa brown , 1990 ( auratonota ) , fla . ent . 73 : 154 . tl : panama , cocle province , valle . holotype : usnm . male .
croceana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , napo , 10 km se cosanga . holotype : smfl . female .
siskae razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 55 . tl : ecuador , napo , 12 km sse cosanga . holotype : smfl . male .
ovulus razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 23 . tl : ecuador , province loja , saraguro . holotype : mzuj . male .
rubromixta razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 22 . tl : ecuador , province loja , saraguro . holotype : mzuj . male .
bacata razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 54 . tl : ecuador , napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo . holotype : smfl . male .
caeruleata razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo . holotype : smfl . male .
pichincha razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , pichincha , 7 km nw mindo , sachatamia . holotype : smfl . male .
storthynx razowski & wojtusiak , 2013 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 56 : 25 . tl : peru , dept . huatusco , carpish . holotype : mzuj . male .
auriferana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 55 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua , 17 km e banos , rio verde . holotype : smfl . female .
cataponera razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1168 . tl : ecuador , loja province . holotype : vbc . male .
paramaldonada razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , genus 19 : 537 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
polymaculata razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , genus 19 : 538 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
meion razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 111 . tl : colombia , western cordillera , tambito forest res . . holotype : mzuj . male .
mimstigmosa razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 111 . tl : colombia , western cordillera , tambito forest res . . holotype : mzuj . male .
omorpha razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1174 . tl : costa rica , braulio carrillo . holotype : vbc . female .
oxytenia razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1162 . tl : mexico , chiapas , teopisca . holotype : vbc . male .
effera razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1161 . tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomez farias . holotype : vbc . male .
exoptata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1165 . tl : brazil , minas gerais , caraa . holotype : vbc . male .
magnifica razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1174 . tl : venezuela , aragua , rancho grande . holotype : usnm . male .
monochroma razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1162 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
nugax razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1168 . tl : ecuador , pastaza province , mera . holotype : vbc . male .
serotina razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1157 . tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomez farias . holotype : vbc . male .
splendida razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1167 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , patate . holotype : vbc . male .
stigmosa razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1160 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
tessellata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1164 . tl : brazil , so paulo , jacupiranga . holotype : vbc . male .
virgata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1163 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
yukipana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 56 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago , macas , san vicente , rio yukipa . holotype : smfl . male .
caliginosa razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , santiago , macas , proano > alshi , 5 mi s alshi . holotype : smfl . male .
clasmata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1166 . tl : brazil , minas gerais , nova lima . holotype : vbc . male .
foederata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1169 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , ro verde . holotype : vbc . male .
spinivalva razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1155 . tl : mexico , chiapas , villa las rosas . holotype : vbc . male .
sucumbiosa razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 158 . tl : ecuador , prov . sucumbios , la bonita , east cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
auriginea razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1171 . tl : brazil , paran , quatro barras , banhado . holotype : vbc . male .
badiaurea razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1170 . tl : brazil , paran , quatro barras , banhado . holotype : vbc . female .
moronana razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1162 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , indanza . holotype : vbc . male .
rutra razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 57 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago , macas , proano > inapula , crea - domono . holotype : smfl . male .
chlamydophora razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 35 tl : ecuador , prov . morona - santiago , gualaceo - limon road , east . holotype : mzuj . male .
maldonada razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota petalocrossa ssp . ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1153 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
pharata brown , 2006 ( auratonota ) , j . lepid . soc . 60 : 143 . tl : costa rica , heredia , estacion biologica la selva , puerto viejo de sarapiqui . holotype : inbio . male .
aurochra razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 35 . tl : ecuador , prov . morona - santiago , gualaceo - limon road , east . holotype : mzuj . male .
dominica brown , 1993 ( auratonota ) , pan - pacif . ent . 69 : 314 . tl : dominica , west indies ( dominica , 1 . 7 mi e point casse ) . holotype : usnm . male .
argentana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 52 . tl : ecuador , loja , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .
brachuncus razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 56 . tl : ecuador , loja , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .
angustovalva razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 52 . tl : ecuador , chinchipe , 22 km e loja , p . n . podocarpus , san francisco ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .
paidosocia razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1157 . tl : cuba , cuba ( santiago , sierra maestra , pico cuba ) . holotype : vbc . male .
chemillena razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 120 . tl : peru , dept . pasco , oxapampa , el cedro , yanachaga - chemillen n . p . . holotype : mzuj . male .
cubana razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota spinivalva ssp . ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1155 . tl : cuba , cuba santiago , sierra maestra , pico cuba ) . holotype : vbc . male .
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birds found exclusively on dominica include the national bird , the imperial amazon ( arkive ) , and the red - necked amazon ( neotropical birds ) .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more
aenigmatica meyrick , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 : 682 . tl : colombia , san antonio . holotype : bmnh . male .
aporema dognin , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , htrocres nouveaux de l ' amrique du sud 6 ( 6 ) : 49 . tl : colombia , san jose , ro dagua . holotype : usnm . male .
aurantica busck , 1920 ( epogoge ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 8 : 8 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , juan vias . holotype : usnm . female .
hyacinthina meyrick , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 : 682 . tl : colombia , san antonio . holotype : bmnh . male .
hydrogramma meyrick , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 : 683 . tl : surinam , paramaribo . holotype : bmnh . male .
multifurcata meyrick , 1932 ( eulia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 260 . tl : costa rica , pos . holotype : nhmv . male .
multistrigata razowski , 1964 ( eulia ) , ann . zool . 22 : 461 . no type
petalocrossa meyrick , 1926 ( eulia ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 250 . tl : colombia , el tigre , ro tamaua , choco . lectotype : bmnh . male .
unless noted , all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .


the wingspan is 7-10.8 mm .

the larvae feed on castanopsis cuspidata , castanopsis fissa , castanopsis hystrix and castanopsis tribuloides .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

acrocercops melanoplecta

ngu ? n : wikipedia . c c trang : 49 . ch ng : acrocercops transecta , acrocercops panacivermiforma , acrocercops chionosema , acrocercops calicella , acrocercops laciniella , acrocercops brongniardella , acrocercops panacitorsens , acrocercops unistriata , acrocercops mantica , acrocercops aellomacha , acrocercops pnosmodiella , acrocercops bifasciata , acrocercops melanoplecta , acrocercops euthycolona , acrocercops astericola , acrocercops macaria , acrocercops zorionella , acrocercops panacifinens , acrocercops albinatella , acrocercops albidorsella , acrocercops apicella , acrocercops insulariella , acrocercops plebeia , acrocercops panacivagans , acrocercops phaeospora , acrocercops hoplocala , acrocercops apicepunctella , acrocercops coffeifoliella , acrocercops diffluella , acrocercops panacicorticis , acrocercops inconspicua , acrocercops vallata , acrocercops didymella , acrocercops malvacea , acrocercops heptadrachma , acrocercops distylii , acrocercops argentigera , acrocercops albofasciella , acrocercops praeclusa , acrocercops diatonica , acrocercops tristaniae , acrocercops macroclina , acrocercops paliacma , acrocercops eugeniella , acrocercops querci , acrocercops cylicota , acrocercops marmaritis , acrocercops gemmans , acrocercops hormista , acrocercops demotes , acrocercops combreticola , acrocercops ochnifolii , acrocercops quinquistrigella , acrocercops isodelta , acrocercops insulella , acrocercops phaeomorpha , acrocercops leucophaea , acrocercops ustulatella , acrocercops cocciferellum , acrocercops telestis , acrocercops arbutella , acrocercops eurhythmopa , acrocercops pentalocha , acrocercops glutella , acrocercops nolckeniella , acrocercops hexaclosta , acrocercops autadelpha , acrocercops chionoplecta , acrocercops crystallopa , acrocercops albomaculella , acrocercops loxias , acrocercops caenotheta , acrocercops eupetala , acrocercops alysidota , acrocercops hyphantica , acrocercops ornata , acrocercops convoluta , acrocercops homalacta , acrocercops irradians , acrocercops angelica , acrocercops chrysophila , acroce . . .
acrocercops melanoplecta is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from hong kong , india ( meghalaya ) , japan ( honshū , tusima and the ryukyu islands ) , nepal and taiwan .
acrocercops distylii is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( honshū , kyūshū , shikoku , tusima and the ryukyu islands ) .
acrocercops transecta is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( hokkaidō , honshū , kyūshū , shikoku , tusima ) , korea , the russian far east and taiwan .
acrocercops unistriata is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from china ( guangdong , zhejiang ) , hong kong , japan ( tusima , honshū , the ryukyu islands , shikoku ) , nepal and taiwan .
acrocercops - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
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except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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borboryctis euryae is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( honshū , kyūshū , shikoku and tusima ) .
phyllonorycter bifurcata is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from the islands of kyūshū , shikoku and tusima in japan .
gibbovalva urbana is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from china ( guangdong , hainan and fujian ) , india ( meghalaya ) and japan ( the ryukyu islands , honshū and tusima ) .
elachista kurokoi is a moth in the elachistidae family . it was described by parenti in 1983 . it is found in japan ( honsyû , sikoku , kyûsyû , tusima , ryûkyû ) .
cryptolectica ensiformis is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from china ( hainan ) , india , indonesia ( sulawesi ) , japan ( tusima , the ryukyu islands , honshū , kyūshū , shikoku ) and thailand .
deoptilia heptadeta is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( the ryukyu islands , kyūshū , shikoku , honshū , tusima , the amami islands ) and taiwan .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


gymnogyps amplus is an extinct species of large new world vultures in the family cathartidae .

the species was first described by l. h. miller in 1911 from a broken tarsometatarsus .

the species is the only condor species found in the la brea tar pits ' pit 10 , which fossils date to " a holocene radiocarbon age of 9,000 years . "

the smaller , modern california condor may have evolved from g. amplus .

gymnogyps amplus

gymnogyps amplus is an extinct species of large new world vultures in the cathartidae family . the species was first described by l . h . miller in 1911 from a broken tarsometatarsus .
the ancient birds at first seemed to match a species first described in 1911 , gymnogyps amplus , but the bone that identified that species was much larger than either the modern condors ( gymnogyps californianus ) or the pleistocene birds , suggesting that there could have , at one time , been three different condor species .
fig . 1 . gymnogyps californianus . photograph by noel synder , courtesy of the us fish & wildlife service .
the species is the only condor species found in the la brea tar pits ' pit 10 , which fossils date to
a holocene radiocarbon age of 9 , 000 years .
the smaller , modern california condor may have evolved from gymnogyps amplus .
recommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : california condor gymnogyps californianus . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018
subspecies : monotypic , although late pleistocene populations are regarded as a
temporal subspecies ,
g . californianus amplus , a form slightly larger in size than the present birds .
syverson hopes to use radiocarbon dating to determine the age of the oregon specimen . she ' d also like to apply the technique to date the g . amplus type specimen , to see if its age does indeed distinguish a third condor species .
when syverson plotted her measurements of modern and pleistocene condor bones , she found there was a definite size distinction between the two .
the ancients are decidedly bigger ,
she says , and the difference is especially notable in the femur , or thigh bone . these birds were heavier , with a longer , narrower skull and beak than the modern california condor . at first blush , they seem to belong to the species gymnogyps amplus , first described in 1911 based on a broken tarsometatarsus , a bone found in the lower leg of birds .
syverson began her study by examining bones from condor skeletons housed at the los angeles museum of natural history , the museum of vertebrate zoology at uc berkeley , and the santa barbara museum of natural history . one interesting finding was that among these modern birds , gymnogyps californianus , there was no distinction in bone size between males and females .
in the original account here , g . amplus was considered a synonym of g . californianus , though it was noted that in a 2007 presentation , syverson and prothero presented results of an extensive comparison of the rancho la brea and modern condor specimens and concluded that they represent separate species . they since ( 2010 ) have published their evidence . their conclusion is accepted here , but the specific status of most specimens in the interior of north america is now unclear . part of the problem is that syverson and prothero ( 2010 ) give only means and variances and for only a few elements ( skull , humerus , and femur ) ; equally important , most published records for the southwest do not include measurements . with largely fragmentary material , few elements available from the new mexico / trans - pecos region provide measurements comparable to those of syverson and prothero . the few available ( dark canyon cave ) are generally relatively large , suggesting that g . amplus is the species represented in that cave .
the living california condor and the pleistocene condors , especially the condor represented in the rancho la brea deposits , have either been considered as separate species ( g . californianus and g . amplus ) or the pleistocene form has been considered a temporal subspecies of g . californianus . the primary difference used to separate the two taxa was size , the pleistocene form being larger . howard ( 1962 : 241 ) did note
the presence of a pair of markedly swelled ridges , one on either side and extending along the median line of the ventral surface of the nasal process of the premaxilla
in one specimen from howell ' s ridge cave and the probable occurrence on a second specimen . this was in contrast to specimens from rancho la brea and rocky arroyo cave ( = burnet cave ) .
pasadena , calif . - - at the end of the pleistocene epoch some 10 , 000 years ago , two species of condors in california competed for resources amidst the retreating ice of earth ' s last major glacial age . the modern california condor triumphed , while its kin expired .
in the past century , paleontologists have been unsure whether the modern california condor is different enough from a larger , extinct condor that lived during pleistocene time to classify the two as distinct species . now , after the most extensive study of condor fossils and skeletal remains to date , caltech senior undergraduate valerie syverson has documented evidence that confirms the two are different enough for the distinction .
her findings will be presented on october 28 at the annual meeting of the geological society of america in denver .
to solve the puzzle , syverson teamed up with donald prothero , a paleontologist at occidental college and a guest lecturer in geobiology at caltech . they studied bones from recently dead condors and compared them with those found in the extensive bone pile of los angeles ' s pleistocene - aged la brea tar pits . what they found , syverson says , is that
there ' s definitely one species distinction , and possibly two .
after looking at modern condors , syverson turned to la brea . she examined pleistocene specimens from various tar pits , the oldest 35 , 000 and the youngest 9 , 000 years old . the record thus provides a glimpse into a long time variation within a species restricted to one location . over the entire 26 , 000 - year record , syverson found no change in condor morphology . although this had been previously discovered in a similar study of golden eagles from la brea , syverson says it ' s remarkable to see that the drastic climate change accompanying the end of the last ice age had no impact on the size of the species that lived through it .
in fact , that type specimen suggests that the pleistocene condors at la brea may be a third distinct condor species . the broken tarsometatarsus - - housed in the berkeley collection - - is larger than any other condor bone syverson studied .
it would ' ve been an outlier from either species ,
she says .
based on the fact that the type specimen is outside the range for both of the groups , i wonder if we need to define a third species for the extinct la brea condor .
this study also documents evidence that ancient and modern condors coexisted for some time , and that the pleistocene species may have lived at the same time as humans in western north america . several tarsometatarsi of the older , bigger species were found in the youngest pit at la brea . this pit also contains the remains of the la brea woman , the only prehistoric human discovered in the tar pits . another piece of evidence pointing to the same conclusion comes from the berkeley museum collection . it is a bone from a native american midden - - a garbage heap - - in oregon , and it falls into the size range of the ancient group . although its age is unknown , it must have lived at the same time as the people who disposed of it .
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distribution : nearctic . historically ( 1800 ) , from canada ( extreme southwestern british columbia ) south in the united states along the pacific coast west of the sierra nevada to mexico ( sierra san pedro martir , baja california norte ) ; historical reports for localities east of the sierra nevada ( idaho , nevada , utah , arizona ) are equivocal , and most or all are doubtful . the last free - flying bird was taken into captivity in april 1987 . reintroduced populations are now in central coastal california ( big sur ) , san benito county , california ( pinnacles ) , southern central california ( santa barbara county , ventura county ) , southern utah / northern arizona , and northern baja california , mexico ( sierra san pedro martir ) . the subpopulations in california intermix to some extent , and the birds in baja california norte will probably soon move regularly into southern california ( san diego county ) . new releases are planned for a site in san luis obispo county , california . more . . . .
taxonomy : amadon ( 1977 ) suggested merging this genus with vultur , but later abandoned this position ( amadon and bull 1988 ) . based on nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene , wink ( 1995 ) found that the california condor may be more closely related to the black vulture ( coragyps atratus
movements : irruptive or local migrant ( bildstein 2006 ) . somewhat nomadic within an enormous home range .
habitat and habits : occurs primarily in foothills and mountains at low and medium elevations , particularly in areas with canyons and other rocky areas with suitable cliffs for nesting and roosting . forages mostly in grasslands , oak savannas , and other open areas , occasionally in chaparral clearings (
potreros
) . it formerly foraged in the littoral zone of the pacific coast , and some of the released individuals are now reoccupying this habitat along the central coast of california .
food and feeding behavior : feeds strictly carrion , ranging in size from ground squirrels to large ungulates , primarily deer , elk , pronghorn antelopes , and beached marine mammals before the advent of european man , and mostly cattle and sheep after the establishment of large rances in its range . condors tend to feed mostly on muscle and viscera at larger carcasses .
breeding : nests in natural caves and other openings in cliffs , under large rocks , and occasionally in cavities in redwood trees ( burnett et al 2013 ) . egg laying in the wild occurs as early as late january and replacement eggs are laid until late april , with most eggs laid in february - march . clutch size consists of a single unmarked pale greenish - white egg , and a replacement clutch is laid if the first egg is lost . more . . . .
conservation : the california condor has been one of the most highly endangered bird species in the world throughout its modern history . as the result of an aggressive management program , including capture of the last six individuals remaining in the wild in 1986 - 87 , captive breeding , and reintroduction of captive progeny , the total population continues to increase from the low point in 1982 - 82 , when only 21 - 22 individuals were thought to survive , to 336 individuals by the end of june 2008 . the california condor is still classified globally as critically endangered by birdlife international ( 2007 ) , because the free - flying population in the wild does not yet contain more than 50 actively breeding individuals and is not yet self - sustainable . an unacceptably high number of birds are still being lost to poisoning from lead ingested from carcasses , and this factor may preclude rapid recovery of the species in some areas . more . . . .
population estimates : the 30 september 2012 california condor status report by the u . s . fish and wildlife service showed a total population of 410 individuals , including 180 in captivity and 230 in the wild . the captive birds are at the los angeles zoo ( 21 ) , san diego zoo safari park ( 28 ) , san diego zoo ( 3 ) , world center for birds of prey ( 59 ) , oregon zoo ( 41 ) , santa barbara zoo ( 3 ) , chapultepec zoo ( mexico city ) ( 2 ) , and in holding pens in the field or temporarily in captivity ( 22 ) . the wild birds are in central and southern california ( 125 ) , baja california ( 28 ) , and arizona ( 77 ) . forty - seven eggs were laid in captive breeding facilities in 2012 , and 20 eggs were laid in wild nests in california ( 14 ) , baja california ( 2 ) , and arizona ( 4 ) . including the 2012 breeding season , there have been 127 nesting attempts in the wild since 2001 , and there are presently 29 wild - fledged birds in california , 2 in baja california , and 14 in arizona .
california condor recovery plan the most recent revision of the recovery plan . ventana wilderness society maintains two release sites for condors in central california . the peregrine fund maintains a condor breeding program at the world center for birds of prey , boise , idaho , and administers the condor reintroduction program in northern arizona ( see
notes from the field
oregon zoo captive breeding progam . san diego wild animal park one of the most important captive breeding programs . conservation and research for endangered species california condor reintroduction project in northern baja california conducted by cres ( san diego zoo ) in cooperation with mexican partners . u . s . fish and wildlife service information on the federal condor recovery program . pinnacles national monument details on the condor release program at pinnacles national monument , california . hopper mountain national wildlife refuge primary responsibility for restoring the california condor in its former range . hi mountain lookout a condor observation point located in the santa lucia mountains , san luis obispo county , california . los angeles zoo houses one of largest captive breeding flocks of condors . project gutpile a site promoting the use of non - lead ammunition with notes on condors . instituto nacional de ecología details on the condor recovery project in baja california , mexico . arizona game and fish department condor management in arizona , including an innovative lead bullet replacement program . baja california condor reintroduction project details of the san diego zoo ' s reintroduction project in the sierra san pedro martir . vireo california condor photos . california lead ban details on recent lead legislation in california , posted by the california department of fish and game california condor conservation a new site sponsored by the san diego zoo and other condor cooperators .
researchers : bloom , peter cade , tom j . collins , paul fry , michael grantham , jesse hamber , janet heinrich , william r . linthicum , janet parish , chris n . risebrough , robert w . sandfort , cal schmitt , n . john wallace , michael p . wiley , james
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at the end of the pleistocene epoch about 10 , 000 years ago , when earth was thawing out from the ice age , two types of condors competed over resources in what is now california . the california condor seen in the skies today ultimately triumphed , although the birds are endangered .
new comparisons of modern california condor bones to those found in los angeles’ la brea tar pits show that two distinct species of these large vultures roamed the skies before the end of the last ice age , providing a compelling answer to a long - standing question .
at the end of the pleistocene epoch about 10 , 000 years ago , when earth was thawing out from the ice age , two types of condors competed over resources in what is now california , but it has been unclear if they were distinct species . the california condor seen in the skies today ultimately triumphed ( though it is currently listed as critically endangered ) , while the others perished .
paleontologists from caltech studied the bones of deceased modern condors and the fossils of early condors preserved in the pleistocene - era la brea tar pits in los angeles , and found a definite size difference between the modern and pleistocene bones .
the ancients are decidedly bigger ,
said study leader valerie syverson , an undergraduate student at caltech , noting particular differences in the femur , or thigh , bones .
the pleistocene birds were heavier , with a longer , narrower skull and beak than the modern birds .
based on the fact that the type specimen is outside the range for both of the groups , i wonder if we need to define a third species for the extinct la brea condor ,
syverson said .
the results of the study , presented oct . 28 at the annual meeting of the geological society of america , also show that the ancient and modern condor species co - existed for some time and that the pleistocene species may have lived at the same time as humans , because of the la brea woman , the only prehistoric human found in the pits .
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although the distribution of modern condors is limited to california and introductions into arizona and nevada , past distribution of condors apparently was far greater , with the birds withstanding pleistocene climatic conditions as far east and north as the state of new york ( steadman and miller 1987 ) .
fig . 2 . left to right : left coracoid , proximal left tarsometatarsus , distal right ulna of condors from howell ' s ridge cave . utep specimens . scale in mm .
emslie ( 1987 ) recorded dates for a number of fossil condors from caves in arizona , new mexico , and texas . dates ranged from 22 , 180 ± 400 to 9580 ± 160 bp . mead et al . ( 2003 ) indicated that condors inhabited the grand canyon from at least 42 ka ( apparently based on dating of a condor feather from site cc : 5 : 2 ) to about 10 ka . material from the new mexico / texas region included dates from howell ' s ridge cave ( 13 , 460 ± 220 ) , u - bar cave ( 13 , 030 ± 180 ) , dark canyon cave ( 9585 ± 310 ) , rocky arroyo cave ( 12 , 180 ± 130 ) , mules ear peak cave ( 12 , 580 ± 135 ) , and maravillas canyon ( 10 , 215 ± 320 ) . thus , as emslie hypothesized , inland populations apparently were gone by around 10 , 000 radiocarbon years bp .
howard and miller ( 1933 ) recorded california condor from shelter cave . however , howard ( 1971 ) later compared the elements with those of breagyps clarki and assigned the shelter cave material to that species .
late rancholabrean : luka cave ( desaussure 1956 ) ; tooth cave ( desaussure 1956 ) .
mid wisconsin . cc : 5 : 2 ( mead et al . 2003 ) .
mid / late wisconsin : dark canyon cave ( howard 1971 ) ; rampart cave ( wilson 1942 ) ; rancho la brea ( stock and harris 1992 ) ; sandblast cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; san miguel island ( guthrie 1998 ) .
mid / late wisconsin / holocene : jimenez cave ( messing 1986 ) ; sierra diablo cave ( utep ) .
late wisconsin : antelope cave ( reynolds , reynolds , bell , and pitzer 1991 : cf . ) ; bridge cave ( emslie 1987 ) ; ceremonial cave ( cosgrove 1947 ) ; gypsum cave ( jefferson et al . 2015 ) ; howell ' s ridge cave ( howard 1962 ) ; maravillas canyon ( emslie 1987 ) ; maricopa ( jefferson 1991a ) ; marmot cave ( brasso and emslie 2006 ) ; midden cave ( mead et al . 2005 ) ; mule ears peak ( wetmore 1933 ) ; sandia cave ( brasso and emslie 2006 ) ; skull cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; skylight cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; stanton ' s cave ( rea and hargrave ( 1984 ) ; stevens cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; u - bar cave 13 - 14 ka ; vulture cave ( mead and phillips 1981 ) .
late wisconsin / holocene : burnet cave ( wetmore 1931 ; emslie 1987 ) ; conkling cavern ( howard and miller 1933 ) ; kokoweef cave ( reynolds , reynolds , et al . 1991 ) ; newberry cave ( jefferson 1991a ) ; schuiling cave ( jefferson 1991a ) .
literature . brasso and emslie 2006 ; cosgrove 1947 ; croxen et al . 2007 ; desaussure 1956 ; emslie 1987 , 1988 ; guthrie 1998 , 2009 ; howard 1962 , 1971 ; howard and miller 1933 ; jefferson 1991a ; jefferson et al . 2015 ; mead and phillips 1981 ; mead et al . 2003 ; mead et al . 2005 ; messing 1986 ; rea and hargrave 1984 ; reynolds , reynolds , et al . 1991 ; reynolds , reynolds , bell , and pitzer 1991 ; steadman and miller 1987 ; stock and harris 1992 ; syverson and prothero 2010 ; wetmore 1931 , 1933 ; wilson 1942 .
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