branchiopoda is a class of crustaceans .

it comprises fairy shrimp , clam shrimp , cladocera , notostraca and the devonian lepidocaris .

they are mostly small , freshwater animals that feed on plankton and detritus .

branchiopoda

fauna ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) reveals hidden diversity and phylogeographic structure .
on eocyzicus sp . ( conchostraca : branchiopoda ) at panchgani , w . india
and the phylogeny of branchiopoda and crustacea . fossils strata 32 : 202 pp .
molecular characterization of visual pigments in branchiopoda and the evolution of opsins in arthropoda .
anostracans ( branchiopoda ) of botswana : morphology , distribution , diversity , and endemicity .
distribution , diversity and conservation of anostraca ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) in southern africa .
pesta , 1936 ( branchiopoda , anostraca ) in italy . crustaceana 77 : 1007–1012 .
( dexter , 1956 ) ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) . hydrobiologia 486 : 57–61 .
( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) from the nearctic . zootaxa 1126 : 35–51 .
branchiopoda ( anostraca , notostraca , laevicaudata , spinicaudata , cyclestherida ) - bugguide . net
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golbal diversity of large branchiopods ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) in freshwater
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the large branchiopoda ( crustacea ) from temporary habitats of the drakensberg region , south africa .
four new streptocephalus ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anostraca ) species from south - east africa .
, a new species ( anostraca , branchiopoda ) from turkey . crustaceana 79 : 89–98 .
( branchiopoda : notostraca ) from ephemeral waters of the northern chihuahuan desert of north america .
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limnadiid clam shrimp distribution in australia ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata )
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tree of life web project . 2002 . branchiopoda . version 01 january 2002 ( temporary ) .
distribution and assemblages of large branchiopods ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of northern western ghats , india .
a checklist of branchiopoda ( anostraca and cladocera ) of chilean continental waters . - pubmed - ncbi
( milne - edwards 1840 ) ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . aquat sci 70 : 65–76 .
( rüppel , 1837 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) . hydrobiologia 586 : 249–260 .
( crustacea : branchiopoda ) : a group of morphologically cryptic species with origins in the cretaceous .
anostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) zoogeography ii . relating distribution to geochemical substrate properties in the usa
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the clam shrimp eocyzicusin australia ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata : cyzicidae )
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anostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) biogeography ii . relating distribution to geochemical substrate properties in the usa
monophyly and phylogeny of branchiopoda , with focus on morphology and homologies of branchiopod phyl . . .
anostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) zoogeography ii . relating distribution to geochemical substrate properties in the usa .
lilljeborg 1887 ( branchiopoda , chydoridae ) in scotland . freshwater forum 1 ( 3 ) : 184–194 .
( milne - edwards , 1840 ) ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . aquat sci 70 : 65–76 .
( branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) from north africa and adjacent regions , with two new species from mauritania .
a study of the larval stages of branchinella biswasi k . k . tiwari ( crustacea : branchiopoda )
molecular characterization of visual pigments in branchiopoda and the evolution of opsins in arthropoda . - pubmed - ncbi
larval development of lynceus brachyurus ( crustacea , branchiopoda , laevicaudata ) : redescription of u . . .
( branchiopoda , anostraca ) in the united states and méxico . southwest . nat . 9 : 68–77 .
contributions to the crustacean fauna of south africa : a revision of the south african branchiopoda ( phyllopoda ) .
molecular characterization of ribosomal intergenic spacer in the tadpole shrimp triops cancriformis ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) .
parartemiopsis longicornis ( smirnov ) , senior synonym of p . mongolica rogers ( crustacea : branchiopoda . . .
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the large branchiopods ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of gnammas ( rock holes ) in australia
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on the occurrence of eocyzicus plumosus n . sp . ( branchiopoda , conchostraca ) in tuticorin , south india
( baird , 1859 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) , with a comparison of male claspers among the conchostraca and cladocera and its bearing on phylogeny of the ‘bivalved’ branchiopoda . zoologica scripta , 25 : 291–316 .
review of the eulimnadia ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata : limnadiidae ) from argentina with the description of a new species .
mura g ( 2001 ) updating anostraca ( crustacea branchiopoda ) distribution in italy . j limnol 60 : 45–49 .
self - fertilization and the role of males in populations of tadpole shrimp ( branchiopoda : notostraca : . . .
a new genus and species of chirocephalid fairy shrimp ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) from mong . . .
spinicaudata ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) in australia’s arid zone : unparalleled diversity at regional scales and within water bodies .
evolutionary systematics of the australian cyzicidae ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) with the description of a new genus .
on the larval development of eubranchipus grubii ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anostraca ) , with notes on . . .
life - history traits of streptocephalus purcelli sars , 1898 ( branchiopoda , anostraca ) from temporary waters with different phenology .
baird , 1843 ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anomopoda ) . phd dissertation , ghent university , belgium : 506 pp .
( branchiopoda , anostraca ) in the united states and méxico . s . west . nat . 9 : 68–77 .
dumont hj , negrea sv ( 2002 ) introduction to the class branchiopoda . leiden : backhuys publishers . 388 p .
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a new genus and species of branchiopodid fairy shrimp ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) from australia
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, c . k . g . - 1965 - three new species of conchostraca ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) from rajasthan .
a review of the african streptocephalidae ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) part 1 : south of zambezi and kunene rivers .
a review of the african streptocephalidae ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) part 2 : north of zambezi and kunene rivers .
review of the eulimnadia ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) from north africa and adjacent regions , with two new species from mauritania .
( crustacea , branchiopoda ) from different geographical origin . mediterranean populations . j plankton res 14 ( 7 ) : 949–959 .
hudec , i . , 1998 . anomopoda ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) from some venezuelan tepuis . hydrobiologia 377 : 205–211 .
early signs of lethal effects in daphnia magna ( branchiopoda , cladocera ) exposed to the insecticide cypermethrin and the fungicide azoxystrobin .
( baird , 1859 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) , with a comparison of male claspers among the conchostraca and cladocera and its bearing on phylogeny of the ' bivalved ' branchiopoda . zool . scr . 25 : 291 - 316 .
, its larval development , morphology and significance for the phylogeny of branchiopoda and crustacea . hydrobiologia 298 : 1 - 13 .
there also are various taxonomic schemes for subdividing branchiopoda . the following is the classification of myers et al . ( 2008a ) :
the afromontane cladocera ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of the rwenzori ( uganda–d . r . congo ) : taxonomy , ecology and biogeography
baird , 1843 ( branchiopoda : cladocera : anomopoda ) : morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines . zootaxa 2875 : 1–64 .
( branchiopoda : notostraca ) from the baja california peninsula , méxico : new insights on species diversity and phylogeny of the genus .
molecular characterization of ribosomal intergenic spacer in the tadpole shrimp triops cancriformis ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) . - pubmed - ncbi
the nauplius eye complex in ' conchostracans ' ( crustacea , branchiopoda : laevicaudata , spinicaudata , cyclestherida ) and its phylogenetic implications .
male claspers in clam shrimps ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) in the light of evolution : a case study on homology versus analogy .
review of the eulimnadia ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata : limnadiidae ) from argentina with the description of a new species . - pubmed - ncbi
review of the eulimnadia ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata : limnadiidae ) from argentina with the description of a new species . | borea research unit
hatching response to temperature along a latitudinal gradient by the fairy shrimp branchinecta lindahli ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) in culture conditions .
mackin ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) in baja california sur ; first record from mexico . biol . jb . dodonaea 60 : 138–143 .
r2 dynamics in triops cancriformis ( bosc , 1801 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) : turnover rate and 28s concerted evolution .
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an integrative approach to species delineation incorporating different species concepts : a case study of limnadopsis ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata )
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a revision of the australian endemic clam shrimp limnadopsisspencer & hall ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata : limnadiidae )
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flössner , d . , 1972 . kiemen - und blattfüsser . branchiopoda , fischläuse , branchiura . tierwelt deutschlands 60 : 501 pp .
follo , j . , and d . fautin . 2001 . branchiopoda animal diversity web ( online ) . retrieved may 26 , 2008 .
the class branchiopoda is divided into 10 orders , two of which are extinct and known only through the fossil record . branchiopods show a great
within the branchiopoda , and the use of the groups sarsostraca and calmanostraca , the latter including all the orders except the anostraca and lipostraca .
the afromontane cladocera ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of the rwenzori ( uganda–d . r . congo ) : taxonomy , ecology and biogeography | springerlink
smirnov , n . n . , 2008 . checklist of the south african cladocera ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) . zootaxa 1788 : 47–56 .
, new species ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) , a fairy shrimp from central mexico . j . crust . biol . 13 : 585–593 .
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caenestheriella mariaen . sp . ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata : cyzicidae ) : a new clam shrimp from western australia
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what made you want to look up branchiopoda ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
the genus branchipodopsis ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anostraca ) in southern africa . morphology , distribution , relationships and the description of five new species .
crustacean assemblage and environmental characteristics of a man - made solar salt work in southern france , with emphasis on anostracan ( branchiopoda ) population dynamics .
günther , 1890 ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) in europe : an integrated and interdisciplinary approach . internat rev hydrobiol 94 ( 5 ) : 560–579 .
mura g ( 1986 ) sem morphological survey on the egg shell in the italian anostracans ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) . hydrobiologia 134 : 273–286 .
early signs of lethal effects in daphnia magna ( branchiopoda , cladocera ) exposed to the insecticide cypermethrin and the fungicide azoxystrobin . - pubmed - ncbi
alonso , m . , 1996 . crustacea branchiopoda . fauna iberica 7 : museo nacional de ciencias naturales , csic , madrid : 486 pp .
olesen , j . 2000 . an updated phylogeny of the conchostraca - cladocera clade ( branchiopoda , diplostraca ) . crustaceana 73 : 869 - 886 .
exploring links between geology , hydroperiod , and diversity and distribution patterns of anostracans and notostracans ( branchiopoda ) in a tropical savannah habitat in se zimbabwe .
the nauplius eye complex in ' conchostracans ' ( crustacea , branchiopoda : laevicaudata , spinicaudata , cyclestherida ) and its phylogenetic implications . - pubmed - ncbi
linder , f . , 1941 . contributions to the morphology and the taxonomy of the branchiopoda anostraca . zool . bidr . upps . 20 : 101–302 .
rabet , n . ( 2010 ) revision of the egg morphology of eulimnadia ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) . zoosystema , 32 , 373–391 . urltoken
r2 dynamics in triops cancriformis ( bosc , 1801 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) : turnover rate and 28s concerted evolution . - pubmed - ncbi
linder , f . , 1945 . affinities within the branchiopoda , with notes on some dubious fossils . ark . zool . 37a : 1 - 28 .
flössner , d . , 1972 . krebstiere , crustacea . kiemen - und blattfüsser , branchiopoda . fischlaüse , branchiura . die tierwelt deutschlands 60 : 501 pp .
rogers , d . c . , & timms , b . v . ( 2014 ) . anostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) zoogeography iii . australian bioregions .
brtek j ( 1995 ) some notes on the taxonomy of the family chirocephalidae ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anostraca ) . zbor slov nár múz prír vedy 41 : 3–15 .
eder , e . & w . hödl , 2003 . catalogus novus faunae austriae , no . 1 . die groß - branchiopoden österreichs , crustacea : branchiopoda excl . cladocera . ( the large branchiopods of austria , crustacea : branchiopoda excl . cladocera ) . biosystematics and ecology series no . 20 , austrian academy of sciences press , 56 pp
alonso , m . 1996 . crustacea branchiopoda . fauna iberica , 7 . madrid , museo nacional de ciencias naturales , consejo superior de investigaciones cientificas , 486p . [ links ]
( crustacea : branchiopoda ) , in need of a taxonomic revision ; evidence from penile morphology . zool . j . linn . soc . , zool . 119 : 447–455 .
the branchiopoda originated in pre - devonian times , for in the devonian period a distinct order and suborder are evident : the lipostraca and the spinicaudata , respectively . the lipostraca contains only
olesen , j . 1998 . a phylogenetic analysis of the conchostraca and cladocera ( crustacea , branchiopoda , diplostraca ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 122 : 491 - 536 .
hudec , i . , 2010 . fauna slovenska iii . anomopoda , ctenopoda , haplopoda , onychopoda ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) , veda . vydavatel stvo slovenskej adadémie vied , bratislava .
rogers dc ( 2002 ) female - biased characters for anostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) identification : a key for species of california and oregon , usa . hydrobiologia 486 : 125–132 .
brendonck l . ( 1996 ) . diapause , quiescence , hatching requirements : what we can learn from large freshwater branchiopods ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca , notostraca , conchostraca ) .
( bosc ) ( branchiopoda ; notostraca ; apodidae ) a new record from poonch valley ( j & k state ) india . proceedings of the indian science congress 67 : 164 .
walcott , c . d . , 1912 . middle cambrian branchiopoda , malacostraca , trilobita and merostomata . cambrian geology and paleontology ii . smithsonian miscellaneous collections 57 : 145 - 228 .
to cite this page : follo , j . and d . fautin 2001 .
branchiopoda
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
negrea , s . , n . botnariuc , and h . j . dumont . 1999 . phylogeny , evolution and classification of the branchiopoda ( crustacea ) . hydrobiologia 412 : 191–212 .
kotov , a . a . and štifter , p . 2006 . cladocera : family ilyocryptidae ( branchiopoda : cladocera : anomopoda ) . leiden , backhuys publisher , 172p . [ links ]
timms , b . ( 2016 ) a partial revision of the australian eulimnadia packard , 1874 ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata : limnadiidae ) . zootaxa , 4066 ( 4 ) , 351–389 . urltoken
olesen , j . , martin , j . w . & roessler , e . w . ( 1996 ) external morphology of the male of cyclestheria hislopi ( baird , 1859 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) , with a comparison of male claspers among the conchostraca and cladocera and its bearing on phylogeny of the “bivalved” branchiopoda . zoologica scripta , 25 , 291–316 . urltoken
scanabissi , f . & tommasini , s . ( 1994 ) functional morphology and ultrastructure of male reproductive system in the leptestheriidae ( branchiopoda , conchostraca ) . crustaceana , 67 , 362–370 . urltoken
flössner , d . , 1972 . krebstiere . crustacea . kiemen - und blattfusser . branchiopoda . fishlause . brachiura . die tierwelt deutchland . 60 : 1–501 . gustav fisher verlag , jena .
timms , b . v . ( 2012 ) . an appraisal of the diversity and distribution of large branchiopods ( branchiopoda : anostraca , laevicaudata , spinicaudata , cyclestherida , notostraca ) in australia .
aspects of the evolution of the branchiopod crustaceans are reviewed and discussed . despite views to the contrary presented in recent textbooks , the monophyly of branchiopoda is defended based on morphological characters . the crown group branchiopoda is supported / diagnosed by a set of synapomorphies relating to limb morphology of both larvae and adults , including , among others , a similar . . . [ show full abstract ]
, a new genus of thamnocephalidae ( branchiopoda , anostraca ) , with some notes on the taxonomy of the family . zbor . slov . nár . múz , prír . vedy xlii : 3–8 .
sars , g . o . , 1865 . norges ferskvandskrebsdyr . f ' rste afsnit branchiopoda . i cladocera ctenopoda ( fam . sididae and holopedidae ) . br ' gger & christie , christiania .
kotov , a . a . 1997 . structure of thoracic limbs in bosminopsis deitersi richard , 1895 ( anomopoda , branchiopoda ) . hydrobiologia , 360 ( 1 ) : 25 - 32 . [ links ]
scanabissi , f . & mondini , c . ( 2000 ) sperm transfer and occurrence of spermatophore in the conchostraca leptestheriidae ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) . invertebrate reproduction and development , 38 , 99–106 . urltoken
duigan , c . a . , 1992 . the ecology and distribution of the littoral freshwater chydoridae ( branchiopoda , anomopoda ) of ireland , with taxonomic comments on some species . hydrobiologia 241 : 1–70 .
richter , s . , olesen , j . , & wheeler , w . ( 2007 ) . phylogeny of branchiopoda ( crustacea ) based on a combined analysis of morphological data and six molecular loci .
rogers dc , schwentner m , olesen j , richter s . evolution , classification , and global diversity of large branchiopoda . journal of crustacean biology . 2015 ; 35 ( 3 ) : 297 - 300 .
erratum : patricio de los rios escalante & alexey a . kotov ( 2015 ) a checklist of branchiopoda ( anostraca and cladocera ) of chilean continental waters . zootaxa , 4027 ( 3 ) : 366 - 388 .
philippi t . , simovich m . a . , bauder e . t . and moorad j . a . ( 2001 ) . habitat ephemerality and hatching fractions of a diapausing anostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) .
schwentner , m . , just , f . , & richter , s . ( 2015a ) . evolutionary systematics of the australian cyzicidae ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) with the description of a new genus .
fryer g . , 1988 . studies on the functional morphology and biology of the notostraca ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) . phil . trans . r . soc . , lond . b 321 : 27 - 124 .
kotov , a . a . 2009 . a revision of leydigia kurz , 1875 ( anomopoda , cladocera , branchiopoda ) , and subgeneric differentiation within the genus . zootaxa , 2082 : 1 - 68 . [ links ]
harp ; g . l . , g . leeds & h . w . robison , 1997 . first report on the fairy shrimps ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) of arkansas . southwest . nat . 42 : 259–264 .
de los ríos escalante , p . & kotov , a . a . ( 2015 ) a checklist of branchiopoda ( anostraca and cladocera ) of chilean continental waters . zootaxa , 4027 ( 3 ) , 366–388 . urltoken
duigan , c . a . , 1990 . a historical review of research on irish chydoridae ( branchiopoda , anomopoda ) with a checklist of taxa recorded in ireland . ir . nat . j . 23 : 239–246 .
linder , f . , 1952 . contributions to the morphology and taxonomy of the branchiopoda notostraca , with special reference to the north american species . proc . u . s . nat . mus . 102 : 1–69 .
braband , a . , richter , s . , hiesel , r . , & scholtz , g . ( 2002 ) . phylogenetic relationships within the phyllopoda ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers .
sinev , a . y . 2004 . redescription of two species of the genus leydigiopsis sars , 1901 ( branchiopoda , anomopoda , chydoridae ) . invertebrate zoology , 1 ( 1 ) : 75 - 92 . [ links ]
rogers , d . c . , weeks s . & hoeh , r . ( 2010 ) a new species of eulimnadia ( crustacea ; branchiopoda ; diplostraca ; spinicaudata ) from north america . zootaxa , 2413 , 61–68 .
brendonck l . , centeno d . m . and persoone g . ( 1993 ) . fecundity and resting egg characteristics of some subtropical fairy shrimp and clam shrimp species ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) , reared under laboratory conditions .
schwentner , m . , timms , b . v . , & richter , s . ( 2015b ) . spinicaudata ( branchiopoda : diplostraca ) in australia’s arid zone : unparalleled diversity at regional scales and within water bodies .
geddes , m . c . , 1983 . biogeography and ecology of australian anostraca ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) . papers from the conference on the biology and evolution of crustacea . aust . mus . mem . 18 : 155–163 .
alonso , m . , 1996 . crustacea , branchiopoda . in ramos , m . a . ( ed . ) , fauna ibérica , vol . 7 . museo nacional de ciencias naturales , csic , madrid : 486 pp .
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co - occurrence of two tadpole shrimp , triopscf . australiensis ( branchiopoda : notostraca ) , lineages in middle paroo , north - western new south wales , with the first record of triopshermaphrodites for the australian continent
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sars , g . o . , 1890 . oversigt af norges crustaceer med forelobige bernaerkninger over de nye eller mindre bekjendte arter . ii . branchiopoda - ostracoda - cirripedia . forhandl . vidensk . kristiania 1 : 1 - 80 .
tasch , p . , 1969 . branchiopoda . in moore , r . c . & c . teichert ( eds ) , treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r , arthropoda 4 , vol . 1 : 129 - 191 .
rabet , n . , montero , d . & lacau , s . ( 2014 ) the effects of pool sediments on the egg morphology of neotropical eulimnadia ( branchiopoda : limnadiidae ) . journal of limnology , 73 , 1–10 . urltoken
rogers , d . c . , dadseepai , p . & sanoamuang , l . ( 2016 ) the spinicaudatan clam shrimps ( branchiopoda : diplostraca ) of thailand . journal of crustacean biology , 36 ( 4 ) , 567–575 . urltoken
rogers , d . c . , rabet , n . & weeks , s . c . ( 2012 ) revision of the extant genera of limnadiidae ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) . journal of crustacean biology , 32 , 827–842 . urltoken
munoz j , gómez a , green aj , figuerola j , amat f , et al . ( 2010 ) evolutionary origin and phylogeography of the diploid obligate parthenogen artemia parthenogenetica ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . plos one 5 : e11932 .
. fauna and distribution of fairy shrimps ( branchiopoda : anostraca ; notostraca ) in water bodies of northern siberia and far east [ russian sfsr , ussr ] . izvestiya sibirskogo otdeleniya akademii nauk ssr seriya biologischeskiky nauk : 106 - 110 .
weekers , p . h . h . , g . murugan , j . r . vanfleteren & h . j . dumont . phylogenetic analysis of anostracans ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) inferred from ssu rdna sequences ( in press ) .
braband , a . , s . richter , r . hiesel , and g . scholtz . 2002 . phylogenetic relationships within the phyllopoda ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 25 : 229–244 .
olesen , j . , 1996 . external morphology and phylogenetic signi - ficance of the dorsal / neck organ in the conchostraca and the head pores of the cladoceran family chydoridae ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) . hydrobiologia 330 : 213 - 226 .
kotov , a . a . & p . štifter , 2006 . family ilyocryptidae ( branchiopoda : cladocera : anomopoda ) . guide to the identification of the macroinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world . blackhuys publishers , leiden : 172 pp .
maeda - martínez , a . m . , d . belk , h . obregón - barboza & h . j . dumont , 1995a . diagnosis and phylogeny of the new world streptocephalidae ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . hydrobiologia 298 : 15–44 .
maeda - martínez , a . m . , d . belk , h . obregón - barboza & h . j . dumont , 1995b . a contribution to the systematics of the streptocephalidae ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . hydrobiologia 298 : 203–232 .
tasch , p . 1969 . branchiopoda . in : treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r . arthropoda 4 . r . c . moore ed . geological society of america , inc . and univ . of kansas . 1 : 128 - 191 .
huang , w . - p . & chou , l . - s . ( 2015 ) temperature effect on development and reproduction of the androdioecious clam shrimp , eulimnadia braueriana ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) . journal of crustacean biology , 35 , 330–338 . urltoken
pereira , g . & garcía , j . v . ( 2001 ) a review of the clam shrimp family limnadiidae ( branchiopoda , conchostraca ) from venezuela , with the description of a new species . journal of crustacean biology , 21 , 640–652 . urltoken
weeks , s . c . , sanderson , t . f . , zofkova , m . & knott , b . ( 2008 ) breeding systems in the clam shrimp family limnadiidae ( branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) . invertebrate biology , 127 , 336–349 . urltoken
dumont , h . j . & m . silva - briano , 1998 . a reclassification of the anomopod families macrothricidae and chydoridae , with the creation of a new suborder , the radopoda ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) . hydrobiologia 384 : 1 - 31 .
kazuyuki kashiyama , takaharu seki , hideharu numata , shin g . goto ; molecular characterization of visual pigments in branchiopoda and the evolution of opsins in arthropoda , molecular biology and evolution , volume 26 , issue 4 , 1 april 2009 , pages 951 , urltoken
brendonck , l . , rogers , d . c . , olesen , j . , weeks , s . & hoeh , r . ( 2008 ) global diversity of large branchiopods ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) in freshwaters . hydrobiologia , 595 , 167–176 . urltoken
martin , j . w . & belk , d . ( 1989 ) eulimnadia ovilunata and e . ovisimilis , new species of clam shrimps ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) from south america . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 102 , 894–900 .
šrámek - hušsek , r . , 1962 . 4 . rád cladocera — perloocky . in r . šrámek - hušek , m . straškraba & j . brtek , lupenonozci — branchiopoda . fauna čssr , česk . akad . ved , praha 16 : 1–470 .
citation : muñoz j , gómez a , green aj , figuerola j , amat f , rico c ( 2010 ) evolutionary origin and phylogeography of the diploid obligate parthenogen artemia parthenogenetica ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . plos one 5 ( 8 ) : e11932 . urltoken
schwentner , m . , timms , b . v . & richter , s . ( 2015 ) spinicaudata ( branchiopoda : diplostraca ) in australia’s arid zone : unparalleled diversity at regional scales and within water bodies . journal of crustacean biology , 35 , 366–378 . urltoken
stenderup , j . t . , j . olesen , and h . glenner . 2006 . molecular phylogeny of the branchiopoda ( crustacea ) multiple approaches suggest a ' diplostracan ' ancestry of the notostraca . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 41 ( 1 ) : 182 - 194 .
kotov , a . a . , a . y . sinev & v . l . berrios , 2010 . the cladocera ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of six high altitude water bodies in the north chilean andes , with discussion of andean endemism . zootaxa 2430 : 1–66 .
myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2008a . class branchiopoda ( branchiopods ) the animal diversity web ( online ) . retrieved may 26 , 2008 .
sinev , a . y . 2015 . revision of the puchella - group of alona s . lato leads to its translocation to ovalona van damme et dumont , 2008 ( branchiopoda : anomopoda : chydoridae ) . zootaxa , 4044 ( 4 ) : 451 - 492 . [ links ]
olesen , j . , s . richter , and g . scholtz . 2001 . the evolutionary transformation of phyllopodous to stenopodous limbs in the branchiopoda ( crustacea ) - is there a common mechanism for early limb development in arthropods ? international journal of developmental biology 45 : 869 - 876 .
we introduce this branchiopoda special issue of the journal of crustacean biology , providing a brief outline of the 13 research papers presented at the 8 th international crustacean congress in frankfurt , germany , august 2014 . we also discuss the current status and direction of research on the large branchiopod crustaceans .
chiambeng , g . y . & h . j . dumont , 2005 . the branchiopoda ( crustacea : anomopoda , ctenopoda & cyclestheridae ) of the rain forests of cameroon , west africa : low abundance , few endemics and a boreal - tropical disjunction . journal of biogeography 32 : 1611–1620 .
citation : ketmaier v , marrone f , alfonso g , paulus k , wiemann a , tiedemann r , et al . ( 2012 ) mitochondrial dna regionalism and historical demography in the extant populations of chirocephalus kerkyrensis ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e30082 . urltoken
brtek , j . , 1997 . checklist of the valid and invalid names of the ' large branchiopods ' ( anostraca , notostraca , spinicaudata and laevicaudata ) with a survey of the taxonomy of all branchiopoda . zb . slov . nar . muze prir . vedy 43 : 3 - 35 .
scanabissi , f . , cesari , m . , reed , s . k . & weeks , s . c . ( 2006 ) ultrastructure of the male gonad and male gametogenesis in the clam shrimp eulimnadia texana ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) . invertebrate biology , 125 , 117–124 . urltoken
tremel , b . , s . e . frey , n . d . yan , k . m . somers & t . w . pawson , 2000 . habitat specificity of littoral chydoridae ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anomopoda ) in plastic lake , ontario , canada . hydrobiologia 432 : 195–205 .
mabidi a , bird ms , perissinotto r , rogers dc ( 2016 ) ecology and distribution of large branchiopods ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anostraca , notostraca , laevicaudata , spinicaudata ) of the eastern cape karoo , south africa . zookeys 618 : 15–38 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 618 . 9212
we are especially grateful to prof . michael turkay for hosting the 8 th international crustacean congress . we want to thank frederick schram for working with us on the development of this branchiopoda special issue of the journal of crustacean biology , and we want to thank all of the contributors whose research fills these pages .
van damme , k . ; sinev , a . y . and dumont , h . j . 2011 . separation of anthalona gen . n . from alona baird , 1843 ( branchiopoda : cladocera : anomopoda ) : morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonine . zootaxa , 2875 : 1 - 64 . [ links ]
. biogeography and ecology of australian anostraca ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) , pp . 155 - 163 . in , j . k . lowry ( ed . ) , papers from the conference on the biology and evolution of crustacea . held at the australian museum sydney 1980 , australian museum memoir 18 , sydney , australia .
rabet , n . , godinho , l . b . , montero , d . & lacau , s . ( 2012 ) exploration of the egg shell structure of three neotropical eulimnadia species : a new insight into genus taxonomy ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) . studies on neotropical fauna and environment , 47 , 221–226 . urltoken
it is our hope that this work will inspire students of branchiopoda to rigorously examine and test the validity of the various taxa described from this region , to properly describe and diagnose them according to modern standards , to do so in the larger systematic framework of the global fauna , and to generate useful dichotomous keys for their identification .
hoeh , w . r . , smallwood , n . d . , senyo , d . m . , chapman , e . g . & weeks , s . c . ( 2006 ) evaluating the monophyly of eulimnadia and the limnadiinae ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) using dna sequences . journal of crustacean biology , 26 , 182–192 . urltoken
kaji , t . , fritsch , m . , schwentner , m . , olesen , j . & richter , s . ( 2014 ) male claspers in clam shrimps ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) in the light of evolution : a case study on homology . journal of experimental zoology ( molecular development & evolution ) , 322b , 269–280 . urltoken
sinev , a . y . ; van damme , k . and kotov , a . a . 2005 . redescription of tropical - temperate cladocerans alona diaphana king , 1853 and alona davidi richard , 1895 and their translocation to leberis smirnov , 1989 ( branchiopoda : anomopoda ; chydoridae ) . arthropoda selecta , 14 ( 3 ) : 183 - 205 . [ links ]
self - fertilization has both negative and positive fitness effects on species evolution . selfing can increase inbreeding depression , thereby decreasing genetic diversity . in contrast , self - fertilization can preserve beneficial gene combinations and facilitate colonization success . within the class of crustaceans branchiopoda , selfing is a primary reproductive mode . some species of triops , in . . . [ show full abstract ]
sousa , f . d . r . ; elmoor - loureiro , l . m . a . and santos , s . 2015 . redescription of coronatella poppei ( richard , 1897 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , chydoridae ) and a revision of the genus in brazil , with descriptions of new taxa . zootaxa , 3955 ( 2 ) : 211 - 244 . [ links ]
this paper is the first comprehensive review of the littoral freshwater chydoridae ( branchiopoda , anomopoda ) of ireland . it reports on a countrywide survey , during which a total of 316 samples was taken at 287 sampling sites between march , 1984 and june , 1986 . together with all previous records , the survey results provide baseline data on the ecology and distribution of this important animal group .
. . . several characters uniquely shared by lepidocaris and anostraca support a position of the devonian taxon in the anostracan stem - group [ 46 ] , although an alternative placement in the stem - group of branchiopoda has also been suggested [ 47 ] . the resemblance of the rhynie chert spiny structures to anostracan cysts provides a circumstantial argument for an anostracan identity for lepidocaris . . . .
however , carcinologists have long debated the taxonomic status of crustaceans , sometimes assigning the group to one of the phylum , subphylum , and superclass level , with five , six , or even ten classes recognized ( hobbs 2003 ) . many also list the crustacea as a class . in taxonomic schemes that consider the crustacea to be a class , branchiopoda generally is considered to be a order .
as part of a larger project examining and comparing the ontogeny of all major taxa of the branchiopoda in a phylogenetic context , the larval development of caenestheriella gifuensis ( ishikawa , 1895 ) , a japanese spinicaudatan ' conchostracan ' , is described by scanning electron microscopy . seven different larval stages are recognised , in most cases based on significant morphological differences . . . . [ show full abstract ]
ty - jour ti - contributions to the morphology and taxonomy of the branchiopoda notostraca , with special reference to the north american species t2 - proceedings of the united states national museum . vl - 102 ur - urltoken pb - smithsonian institution press , [ etc . ] cy - washington : py - 1956 sp - 1 ep - 69 sn - 0096 - 3801 au - linder , folke er -
obregón - barboza , h . , maeda - martínez , a . m . , murugan , g . , timms , b . v . , grygier , m . j . , rogers , d . c . , rodríguez - almaraz , g . , & dumont , h . j . ( 2007 ) . morphology and systematic significance of the mystax , a hitherto undescribed structure of males in certain notostraca ( branchiopoda ) .
brantner , j . s . , ott , d . w . , duff , r . j . , sanoamuang , l . - o . , simhachalam , g . p . , babu , k . k . s . & weeks , s . c . ( 2013 ) androdioecy and hermaphroditism in five species of clam shrimps ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) from india and thailand . invertebrate biology , 132 , 27–37 . urltoken
a . m . maeda - martínez , h . obregón - barboza , h . garcía - velazco , branchiopoda : cyclestherida , laevicaudata and spinicaudata in jorge llorente bousquets , juan j morrone ( eds . ) , biodiversidad , taxonomía y biogeografía de artrópodos de méxico : hacia una síntesis de su conocimiento , vol . iii , d . f . univ . nacional autónoma de méxico , méxico , pp . 323 - 332 , 2002 . in spanish hardcopy in libraries
. . . the laevicaudata , or
smooth clam shrimp
, is a taxon of bivalved branchiopod crustaceans with a peculiar adult appearance ( e . g . , an enormous head ) and bizarre flattened larvae ( martin 1992 ; olesen & martin 2014 ) . the laevicaudata are branchiopods , but their precise phylogenetic position within the branchiopoda has been under some debate ( richter et al . 2007 ; olesen 2009 ; pessacq et al . 2011 ; olesen . . .
branchiopoda is a diverse group of primitive , aquatic , primarily freshwater crustaceans , mostly resembling shrimp . this taxon is generally placed as a class of the arthropod subphylum ( or superclass ) crustacea , but some taxonomic schemes recognize it as an order , with crustacea listed as a class . branchiopods should not be confused with the almost identically spelled brachiopods ( without the n ) , which comprise an unrelated phylum ( brachiopoda ) of sessile , two - shelled , marine animals ( lamp shells ) .
we present a cladistic analysis of all branchiopod groups , using a total of 42 morphological characters . the class branchiopoda is composed of five superorders and 11 orders ( nine recent , two fossil ) . the orders ctenopoda , anomopoda and onychopoda form a monophyletic group , combined in the superorder cladocera . the order haplopoda , the fourth so - called cladoceran order ( s . lat . ) , belongs to a new monotypic superorder , the leptodorida . the circumtropical cyclesteria hislopi is the sole representative of a new conchostracan order , the cyclestherida .
. . . however , unique fig . 13 . general phylogeny of branchiopoda ( richter et al . , 2007 ; olesen , 2009 ) illustrating evolution of clasper
gripping area
( opposing
movable finger
on outside of carapace ) in the three major clam shrimp taxa laevicaudata , spinicaudata , and cyclestherida . modifications to get a better grip around the female carapace margin has occurred independently as : 1 ) an apical club ( spinicaudata ) , 2 ) diverse setation ( laevicaudata ) , or 3 ) molariform setae ( cyclestherida ) . . . .
branchiopods are characterized by paired compound eyes and a single simple eye , as well as leaflike or phyllopodous appendages ( follo and fautin 2001 ) . the number of thoracic segments of branchiopoda varies from species to species . the structure of the reproductive , nervous , and circulatory systems is primitive compared to other crustaceans . branchiopods in general are equipped with a ventral food groove , useful for suspension and filter feeding . the water current in the ventral food groove , used for breathing and feeding in most species , is produced by a battery of unspecialized legs . this is thought to resemble a very original way of living among the crustaceans .
. . . we have readdressed clasper evolution in the light of functionality based on the homologies suggested by kaji et al . ( 2014 ) . we explored a likely evolutionary scenario for clam shrimp claspers based on a combination of clasper homologies , functionality , and branchiopoda phylogeny as available in several papers ( e . g . , richter et al . , 2007 ; olesen , 2009 ; olesen and richter , 2013 ; kaji et al . , 2014 ; sigvardt and olesen , 2014 ; fig . 13 ) . our general conclusion is that all similar ( but not necessarily homologous ) clasper parts ( movable finger , palps , and palm ) have the same general function in laevicaudata and spinicaudata ( fig . 11 ; cyclestherida amplexus not studied ) . . . .
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developmental genetics and arthropod evolution : part 1 , on legs . - pubmed - ncbi
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
institute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics , university of amsterdam , netherland . schram @ urltoken
left : a mirrored right lateral view of daphnia magna , courtesy of urltoken right : a right lateral view of a fairy shrimp , courtesy of u . s . fish and wildlife service
with almost 800 described species , it is difficult to generalize about the branchipods . most live in fresh or brackish ( slightly salty ) water and a few are found in marine habitats . many are found exclusively in temporary ponds , where their eggs survive long periods of drought . you often find packages of dried eggs for sale in pet and toy stores . when the eggs are placed in water with an airstone , they hatch in just a couple days and you can watch them grow and swim . they are often used as food for aquarium animals .
it is even more difficult to generalize about the body form of branchiopods . the thorax and abdomen are fused or indistinguishable in most but the anostraca . their appendages are generally phyllopodus ( leaf - like ) , although some groups have more appendages than others . they have a combination of paired compound and / or a single simple median eyes . many are capable of parthenogenesis ( growing from unfertilized eggs ) but several use other reproductive strategies , ranging from releasing eggs when the adult molts to encapsulating the eggs in a modified molt .
branchiopods feed in many ways . some suspension feed and either remove organic particles from the water as they swim or stir up sediments to suspend organic particles that have settled and then remove them from the water . others scrape organic matter from sand grains and rock . still others actively prey on other small animals .
scourfield , d . j . 1926 . on a new type of crustacean from the old red sandstone - lepidocaris rhyniensis . phil . trans . roy . soc . lond . ( b ) 214 : 153 - 187 .
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. rostrum absent ; eyes sessile ; compound , visual elements present ; ocular scale absent ; naupliar eyes present . antennules ( antenna 1 ) uniramous ; peduncle and flagellum indistinguishable ; exopod well developed , whip - like . antennae ( antenna 2 ) reduced , vestigial or absent . mandible uniramous ; palp absent . maxillipeds , absent .
; phyllopodous ( broad or narrow ) ; differentiated ( some prehensile ) . abdomen with more than 12 somites . epimera absent . pleopods absent . uropods well developed , 1 pair , positioned ventrolaterally ; rami absent ; whip - like .
. freshwater , brackish or saline temporary ponds , shallow lakes , peat bogs and moors .
cite this publication as : lowry , j . k . ( 1999 onwards ) . ' crustacea , the higher taxa : description , identification , and information retrieval . ' version : 2 october 1999 . urltoken .
v . on a new type of crustacean from the old red sandstone ( rhymie chert bed , aberdeenshire ) — lepidocaris rhyniensis , gen . et sp . nov | philosophical transactions of the royal society b : biological sciences
v . on a new type of crustacean from the old red sandstone ( rhymie chert bed , aberdeenshire ) — lepidocaris rhyniensis , gen . et sp . nov
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although a few species of water fleas have adapted to a life in the sea , branchiopods belong primarily in fresh water . all branchiopods are free - living—there are no parasitic or sessile species . they generally are not adapted to life in subterranean waters or the deep sea , although water fleas ( order cladocera ) of the subclass diplostraca has hypogean representatives ( inhabiting subterranean habitats ) , with less than 100 of the 450 recognized species of cladocera occupying subterranean waters ( hobbs 2003 ) .
branchiopods range greatly in size , from 0 . 2 millimeters ( . 007 inches ) in length to 100 millimeters ( 3 . 9 inches ) in length . water fleas living in subterranean waters are very small , from 0 . 2 to two millimeters ( . 07 inches ) and are laterally compressed ( hobbs 2003 ) .
leptodora , a relatively large branchiopod , relies on its very transparent body for camouflage . it is so transparent that its shadow is said to be more visible than its body .
clam shrimp live up to their name as they are often seen burrowed in the mud like mussels at the bottom of temporary ponds . they are so well adapted to this extreme way of life that they are able to reach adulthood within a few days after inundation under optimal conditions . they can reproduce sexually , hermaphroditically , or parthenogenetically ( zenkevich 1968 ) .
while the superorder diplostraca is recognized in older classifications , and included the orders of conchostraca and cladocera , there is data that suggests these orders may be artificial ( at least in their present state ) as some of their members seem to have a paraphyletic origin within the diplostraca . for this reason , the order conchostraca is no longer used by some authorities . another taxonomic scheme recognizes the following :
the oldest known species of branchiopod is a 500 million year old fossil fairy shrimp called rehbachiella kinnekullensis . fairy shrimps also are seen as the most original and primitive members of the class .
the order lipostraca is represented only by fossils . the genus lipidocaris includes specimens that have been well - preserved from the devonian age rhynie chert in scotland ( russell - hunter 1969 ) . these lacked a carapace ( as with the anostraca ) and had a pair of very large second antennae that probably were used for swimming as in the modern cladocera ( russell - hunter 1969 ) .
branchiopods probably originated in marine environments , but only those who migrated to fresh water survived . the fact that they are especially adapted to temporary pools and waters that are too extreme for other animals to live in ( like salt lakes ) indicates that they could have sought refuge in these places because they were unable to compete with or evade the more advanced groups of animals evolving in their original habitats . this resulted in a short generation cycle and small body size .
the large branchiopods anostraca , notostraca , and conchostraca ( even if it the last one seems to be a partially artificial order ) are considered to be the most primitive , and most of them are still unable to live in waters where there are fish and other advanced predators , since they are too slow and vulnerable to survive them . a few of them , however , have adaptations allowing them to cope with this problem well enough to survive , even with predators around them .
the small branchiopods , mostly represented by water fleas , have succeeded in becoming zooplankton in such a degree that waters filled with fish and other threats are no longer a problem . their main adaptation for survival is their high number thanks to their small size , ability to produce many offspring , and short life cycle .
hobbs , h . h . 2003 . crustacea in encyclopedia of caves and karst science . routledge . retrieved december 5 , 2006 .
myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2008b . phylum brachiopoda the animal diversity web ( online ) . retrieved may 26 , 2008 .
russell - hunter , w . d . a biology of higher invertebrates . london : macmillan company , 1969 .
zenkevich , l . a . 1968 . zhiznʹ zhivotnykh ( the animal life ) , volume 2 , chapter 7 ( phylum arthropoda ) . moskva :
prosveshchenie .
oclc 13589037 .
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brine shrimp , of the order anostraca , are most noted for their desiccation - resistant eggs that will hatch in salt water . most species of branchiopods are gonochoric and some are parthenogenetic . those species that have indirect development produce nauplius larvae .
brusca , r . c . and g . j . brusca . 1990 . chapter 18 : phylum arthropoda : the crustaceans . invertebrates . sinauer associates , inc . sunderland , massachusetts .
kozloff , e . n . 1990 . chapter 17 : subphylum crustacea . invertebrates . saunders college publishing . philadelphia and other cities .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
latreille , p . a . ( 1817 ) . les crustacés , les arachnides , et les insectes . in : g . l . c . f . d . cuvier le regne animal , distribue d ' apres son organisation , pour servrir de base a l ' histoire naturelle des animaux et d ' introduction a l ' anatomie comparee . volume 3 paris . [ details ]
martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
brusca , r . c . ; brusca , g . j . ( 1990 ) . invertebrates . sinauer associates : sunderland , ma ( usa ) . isbn 0 - 87893 - 098 - 1 . 922 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
, phylum arthropoda ) . they are aquatic animals that include brine shrimp , fairy shrimp , tadpole shrimp , water fleas , and other small , chiefly freshwater forms .
dates back to the devonian period ( 416 million to 359 . 2 million years ago ) . although certain members of the group , such as fairy shrimp in the infraorder anostraca , are mainly confined to temporary pools , the water flea , order
, is so successful that there are few fresh waters in the world without one or more species of anomopod .
the smallest branchiopods are found among the anomopods , where some species are only 0 . 25 millimetre ( 0 . 01 inch ) long . the largest living branchiopod is
, a fairy shrimp that reaches a length of 10 centimetres ( 3 . 9 inches ) . some members of the fossil order kazacharthra also grew to a length of 10 centimetres .
of form . in the laevicaudata , for example , the number of trunk segments remains constant ; there are 12 pairs of trunk limbs in the female and 10 pairs in the male . in the
the two fossil groups as well differ markedly from each other . the order lipostraca lacked a carapace and had 13 pairs of trunk limbs and a pair of large antennae , which appear to have been used in swimming . the order kazacharthra had a well - developed carapace and six pairs of large thoracic limbs . the main structural feature linking these diverse forms , both living and fossil , is the flattened , or paddlelike , trunk limb , which often but not always is used in filter feeding . in the infraorders onychopoda and haplopoda even this feature is modified , and the trunk limbs have become specialized for grasping prey .
, and the suborders laevicaudata and spinicaudata are particularly characteristic of temporary waters , where they survive dry periods as resting eggs . the anostracan
are regularly found in small pools of the arctic tundra regions . these pools are temporary in the sense that they freeze solid in winter . a few species in these groups are found in permanent lakes .


euhadra murayamai is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family bradybaenidae .

this species is endemic to japan .

in this species , the gastropod shell is sinistral .

euhadra murayamai

notes on the genitalia and ecology of euhadra murayamai habe , 1976 ( bradybaenidae ) .
notes on the genitalia and ecology of euhadra murayamai habe , 1976 ( bradybaenidae ) .
notes on the genitalia and ecology of euhadra murayamai habe , 1976 ( bradybaenidae ) . [ 1978 ]
the paper examines snails of the genus euhadra in japan . they are quite lovely little animals .
distributions of four euhadra species on the main japanese island of honshu . e . senck . aomoriensis specimens that were used for dna analysis were collected from tamayama , tsugaru , and iide - san . e . murayamai is confined to a single mountain ( myojo - san ) . sinistral species are shown in red and dextral species in blue .
( a ) e . quaesita from sendai and ( b ) e . murayamai from myojo - san ( in cave ) ; dextral ( c ) e . senck . senckenbergiana from imajyo , ( d ) e . senck . amoriensis from tamayama , ( e ) e . senck . amoriensis from iide - san , and ( f ) e . senck . ibukicola from mt . fujiwara .
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since coturnix turned me on to this paper on snail chirality in plos ( pdf ) , i had to sit down and learn something new this afternoon .
chirality is a fascinating aspect of bilaterian morphology . we have characteristic asymmetries—differences between the left and right sides of our bodies—that are prescribed by genetic factors . snails are particularly interesting examples because snail shells have an obvious handedness , with either a left - ( sinistral ) or right - handed ( dextral ) twist , and that handedness derives from the arrangement of cell divisions very early in development .
the direction of rotation in snails is determined rather simply , by single mutations . as an additional twist , though , inheritance is by maternal effect . that is , the genes in question have to be expressed in the mother , but the phenotype appears in her progeny . one way to think of it is that the result of a maternal effect mutation is delayed one generation—the snail that has a mutation to cause a dextral twist will have a sinistral shell , but all of her children will be dextral .
snail chirality is one of those things there are a great many papers in developmental biology about , and that’s the direction from which i’ve always approached it —as an illuminating molecular and cellular process , part of the complex story of how genes are translated into form . the cool thing about this new paper by davison et al . is that i had to stretch my brain a little bit and think about it from a population ecology perspective , too .
there i was , thinking once the evo - devo revolution came , we could just line up all the pop gen people against the wall and be done with them . but noooo…they’re going to be useful after all .
there are 22 species in the group , and 5 of them are sinistral , with the rest dextral . the question is whether speciation events can reasonably be traced back to changes in a single gene , whether this diverse assemblage can be explained by occasional mutations in chirality that split off new reproductively isolated groups .
to make a long and somewhat mathematical story short , the answer is no . there have to be other isolating mechanisms present to help out .
one observation is that if you are a newborn dextral snail in a population of sinistrals , you’re going to have a much harder time finding a mate than your sinistral cousins . the more common your morphology , the more likely you are to find a compatible mate . this competitive advantage for the most common form will typically drive the population towards a single chirality .
there are , however , conditions under which it is good to be a weirdo . when two species of the same chirality overlap , it will be common for individuals of those two species to mate—which may be fun , but it’s fruitless . if one species has a subpopulation with a different chirality , though , they may have an advantage . while they are only able to mate with conspecifics of the same handedness , they won’t be wasting time and gametes on members of the other species . this is a phenomenon called character displacement , and could be an additional force for speciation .
in the simpler case where a single population has two chiral variants , though , chirality is insufficient in itself to isolate the two forms . with mathematical modeling , the authors showed that the separation will be incomplete because of gene flow , so the two types will reach an equilibrium , but outside of chance variations , one will not replace the other . the catch is the way maternal effects are delayed in the expression of their phenotype by a generation . that means that a sinistral snail can mate with a sinistral snail , and their progeny may be dextral , and able to breed with the dextral population . similarly , some of those dextral snails will mate with other dextral snails , and produce progeny which are sinistral . gene flow is slowed between the two subgroups , but it would require other phenomena , such as geographic separation , to complete the process .
davison a , chiba s , barton nh , clarke b ( 2005 ) speciation and gene flow between snails of opposite chirality . plos biol 3 ( 9 ) : e282 .
so let me get this straight , a professional biologist has to actually stop and put some thought into grasping the implications of chirality on poulation ecology . in other words , an individual with a reasonable grasp of mathematics , basic physics , biochemistry , genetics , and a good dose of critical thinking skills admits he had to stretch a bit . no wonder the fundies are desperate to teach the controversy they just don’t have what it takes to grasp any of this . maybe their mind set is like a form of chirality that will eventually isolate them into smaller and smaller interbreeding poulations and eventually cause them to go extinct . yeah , i know that’s wishful thinking !
thanks from a writer of science fiction — this article gave me a glimmering for an alien species . the passing back and forth of genes in alternating generations is very cool .
although if they ever trapped themselves into a population decline i think they would use guns and military might to maintain their grip on power .
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the provocative calpe , ( oraesia provocans ) , is a species of moth of the family erebidae .

it is found throughout continental africa , india , and sri lanka .

oraesia provocans

oraesia provocans walker , [ 1858 ] = oraesia cuprea saalmüller , 1891 = oraesia hartmanni möschler , 1883 .
fruit - piercing moth ( oraesia cf . emarginata , calpinae , erebidae ) by itchydogimages
this rather strange looking erebid moth ( erebidae , calpinae , oraesia sp . ) was 2 cm / 0 . 8 inches long .
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2014 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of botswana : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : oraesia provocans . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 4 february 2018 10 : 26pm terms of use
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : oraesia provocans . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
wingspan about 48mm . antennae of male minutely ciliated . fore wings with angled outer margin . male has dark palpi . fore wings with a silver streak on vein 2 before the oblique line . a silver streak found at apex and line on outer margin below apex . female is much darker .
perennial climber or liane with stems woody near the base . leaves suborbicular or broadly ovate , up to 12 cm long , 3 - 7 - veined from the attachment of the petiole , densely hairy beneath ; lamina peltate with petiole 1 - 4 mm from the base and up to 7 cm long , hairy . flowers greenish , unisexual arranged in bracteate false racemes up to 10 cm long . fruit a drupe 4 - 6 mm wide , hairy , bright red when ripe .
the peltate leaves are similar to stephania abyssinica but the that species does not have bracteate inflorescences or hairy red fruit .
in forest , deciduous woodland , coastal scrub , secondary vegetation , on rocky outcrops and often persisting on cleared ground and in plantations .
ethiopia , kenya , uganda , tanzania , zanzibar , mozambique , zimbabwe and throughout tropical asia .
southern african botanical diversity network report no . 33 sabonet , pretoria and harare page 62 .
mémoires in - 8° nouvelle série xiii - 2 académie royale des sciences d ' outre - mer pages 274 - 279 .
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave 2007 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of mozambique : species information : cissampelos pareira var . hirsuta . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 3 april 2018 9 : 58pm terms of use
slender climber with a woody rootstock . leaves kidney - shaped , 3 - 5 - veined from the base , glabrescent ; petiole inserted at or very near the base of the leaf lamina . flowers unisexual in axillary cymes . male flowers with 4 petals and sepals ; female flowers often only 2 . fruit an ovate - compressed drupe , yellow .
malawi , mozambique , zambia , zimbabwe , swaziland and mpumalanga , kwazulu - natal , eastern cape , south africa .
southern african botanical diversity network report no . 31 sabonet , pretoria page 210 .
da silva , m . c . , izidine , s . & amude , a . b . ( 2004 )
southern african botanical diversity network report no . 30 sabonet , pretoria page 87 .
a field guide to the wild flowers of kwazulu - natal and the eastern region .
mémoires in - 8° nouvelle série xiii - 2 académie royale des sciences d ' outre - mer pages 270 - 273 .
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave 2007 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of mozambique : species information : cissampelos torulosa . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 3 april 2018 9 : 58pm terms of use
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all . . .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more
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these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
adler ph ( 1982 ) soil - and puddle - visiting habits of moths . j . lepid soc 36 / 3 : 161–173
walker ( lepidoptera : arctiidae ) . zool anz 216 / 3 , 4 : 129–150
) ( hmps ) ( lep , noctuidae ) in malaya . bull entomol res 58 : 159–163
bänziger h ( 1973 ) biologie der lacriphagen lepidopteren in thailand and malaya . rev suisse zool 79 : 1381–1469
sp . n . —the most frequently observed lachryphagous moth of man ( lepidoptera , pyralidae : pyraustinae ) . rev suiss zool 102 / 2 : 265–276
bänziger h , büttiker w ( 1969 ) records of eye - frequenting lepidoptera from man . j med entomol 6 : 53–58
blaney wm , simmonds sj ( 1988 ) food selection in adults and larvae of three species of lepidoptera : a behavioural and electrophysiological study . entomol exp appl 49 : 111–121
börner c ( 1939 ) die grundlagen meines lepidopterensystems . verh 7 . int kongr entomologie 2 : 1374–1424
büttiker w ( 1959 ) observation of feeding habits of adult westermanniinae ( lepid , noctuidae ) in cambodia . acta trop 16 : 356–361
büttiker w ( 1962 ) biological and morphological notes on the fruit - piercing and eye - frequenting moths . 11 . int kongr entomologie wien ( 1960 ) 2 : 10–17
büttiker w ( 1967 ) biological notes on eye - frequenting moths from n thailand . mitt schweiz entomol ges 39 / 3 , 4 : 151–179
büttiker w ( 1970 ) strange parasites of the eye . ciba symposium 17 : 22–29
büttiker w ( 1973 ) vorläufige beobachtungen an augenbesuchenden schmetterlingen in der elfenbeinküste . rev suisse zool 80 : 1–43
büttiker w ( 1993 ) domestic and wild mammalian hosts of ophthalmotropic lepidoptera in africa . entomologist extraordinary . s afr inst med res , johannesburg , pp 5–9
büttiker w ( 1996 ) midgut structure and contents in some higher moths , especially in eye - frequenting taxa . entomol basiliensia ( in press )
downes ja ( 1973 ) lepidoptera feeding at puddle - margins , dung , and carrion . j lepid soc 27 / 2 : 89–99
frings h , frings m ( 1956 ) the loci of contact chemoreceptors involved in feeding reactions in certain lepidoptera . biol bull 110 : 291–299
gouws jj , coetzer jaw , howell pg ( 1995 ) a comparative microbiological study of clinically healthy eyes and those affected by ophthalmia in cattle and the association of noctuid eye - frequenting moths . tydskr s afr vet assoc 66 / 3 : 160–169
krenn hw ( 1990 ) functional morphology and movements of the proboscis of lepidoptera ( insecta ) . zoomorphology 110 : 105–114
nicolet j , büttiker w ( 1975a ) observations sur la kérato - conjonctivite infectieuse du bovin en côte d ' ivoire 1 . aspects microbiologiques . rev elev med vet pays trop 28 / 2 : 115–124
nicolet j , büttiker w ( 1975b ) observations sur la kératoconjonctivite infectieuse du bovin en côte d ' ivoire 2 . étude sur le rôle vecteur des lépidoptères ophthalmotropes . rev elev med vet pays trop 28 / 2 : 125–132
norris mj ( 1936 ) the feeding - habits of the adult lepidoptera heteroneura . trans r entomol soc london 85 : 61–90
sellier r ( 1975 ) étude ultrastructurale en microscopie électronique par balayage des organes sensoriels de la trompe des lépidoptères rhopalocères . alexanor 9 : 9–15
i use a 125w mercury vapour lamp for attracting night - flying insects . i used to set this up on my apartment rooftop or balcony with a white sheet and the surrounding tiled or painted walls as a base .
i found this fairly limiting due to often small numbers of attendees and usually the same species . so now i have invested in a gasoline generator and take my gear into the bush strapped to the back of my trusty electric bike .
( nb . i use the light only for photographing night - flying insects . i do not trap or collect specimens . )
the hard decision is usually deciding when to pack up and go home , just in case that “amazing one” arrives… . .
you can see all of my images captured at the night light in my flickr album , night light .
( click the corresponding links below to see the full size images in my photostream . image numbering starts top left , then from left to right , top to bottom . )
illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . .


baeolophus is a genus of birds in the family paridae .

its members are commonly known as titmice .

all the species are native to north america .

in the past , most authorities retained baeolophus as a subgenus within the genus parus , but treatment as a distinct genus , initiated by the american ornithologists union , is now widely accepted .

baeolophus

robert costello added text to
baeolophus bicolor
on
baeolophus bicolor ( linnaeus , 1766 )
.
robert costello marked
baeolophus bicolor
as hidden on the
baeolophus bicolor
page . reasons to hide : duplicate
gosler , a . & clement , p . ( 2018 ) . tufted titmouse ( baeolophus bicolor ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
gosler , a . & clement , p . ( 2018 ) . oak titmouse ( baeolophus inornatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
are related to waxwings ( bombycillidae ) , not to honeyeaters ( meliphagidae ) ( fleischer et al . 2008 )
yellow - flanked whistler ( hylocitrea ) is related to the waxwings , not whistlers ( spellman et al . 2008 )
from muscicapidae ( barker et al . 2002 , 2004 ; beresford et al . 2005 ; fuchs et al . 2006 )
resequenced : yellow - bellied fantail is a close relative of the fairy flycatcher ( stenostiridae ) ( nyari et al . 2009 , fuchs et al . 2009 )
( dickinson 2003 , sinclair & ryan 2003 , coates et al . 2006 )
revised classification follows johansson et al . 2013 ; see also tietze & borthakur 2012
c and s thailand , malay pen . , sumatra and hainan i . ( off se china )
( eck & martens 2006 , martens et al . 2006 , collar 2007 )
continental europe and asia minor through siberia to kamchatka , sakhalin is . , korea , ne china and ne mongolia
se azerbaijan , n iran , sw turkmenistan . ? winter visitor to sw iran
( salzburger et al . 2002 , eck & martens 2006 , collar 2007 )
( salzburger et al . 2002 ) . subspecies sequence follows stervander et al , 2015 . 5 - 7 of the current subspecies may deserve full species status . retain
as a single polytypic species pending further comprehensive analyses of all populations ( sangster 2006 , stervander et al . 2015 , illera et al . 2016 ) .
e siberia , s sakhalin i . ec and ne china , korea and japan
( päckert et al . 2005 , eck & martens 2006 , collar 2007 ) .
( madge 2008 ) , but see barani - beiranvand et al . ( 2017 ) , who propose to lump .
sw kazakhstan , uzbekistan , n and se turkmenistan , tajikistan , and ne afghanistan .
myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22711989a118836349 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
atypical vocalization ,
towhee - like
to me . heard on multiple occasions at this location but i finally saw the bird this time . habitat is open water with marsh and scrub - shrub , with some red maple swamp , bordering upland forest and suburban residential area . while the bird had been heard in the marsh before , this time it was at about eye level on a pine branch in a backyard . the identity of the bird had been a mystery for some time . i have not heard this particular vocalization at any other location , nor do any existing titmouse recordings here match it precisely , so i hope this can help document it and help anyone else who may have heard something similar !
equipment : olympus ws - 822 digital recorder with audio - technica atr 6550 shotgun .
bird calling to be hand feed . at 0 : 13 perched on the microphone .
natural , repetitious song from close bird in grove of trees along parkway trail .
need id with 2 - note slur at 0 , ~ 3 and ~ 6 sec . this was at a wooded parking lot near city center . it ' s probably something common , but nothing is coming to mind . thanks .
recorded using nokia lumia 635 with audio recorder hifi app ; edited with audacity : volume amplification , high - pass filter , and noise reduction .
singing from a long leaf pine about 20 feet up and 20 feet away . second bird about 60 feet away .
natural sound . several individuals singing , with focal bird singing from a cedar tree approximately 10m away .
29 - acre estate centrally located in oxford , ms consisting of antebellum home surrounded by lawns and adjacent forest . privet hedges and small thickets divide the grounds into distinct lawn units . bordered on all sides by mature oak - hickory forest . forest edge consists of oak spp , hickory spp , red cedar , mulberry , with understory along the edge dominated by privet ( ligustrum sp . ) . grounds around the house include isolated trees and manicured hedges . a path from the end of the parking area leads northward ~ 1 km through the forest to the northern edge of the property abutting the university of mississippi campus
edited in adobe audition . butterworth high - pass filter , order 3 , cutoff frequency 800 hz
fostex fr - 2 digital recorder with sennheiser microphone and telinga pro 22
parabolic reflector .
two birds in recording ; one flies away at beginning of recording ( four high - frequency call notes ) . the bird was singing next to a pond and field near wood edge and suburban areas . edited on ravenlite 1 . 0 software
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
formerly treated as conspecific with b . atricristatus ; the two hybridize in a narrow zone over c texas and generally differ in ecology . monotypic .
extreme se canada ( s ontario ) and e usa ( se minnesota e to s maine , s to c & e texas and s florida ) .
11·5–14 cm ; 17·5–26·1 g . large , short - crested and fairly long - tailed grey tit . has forehead to upper lores black , occasionally tinged rust - . . .
fairly noisy ; calls include loud , whistled “see - toit” and “seeja - wer” or . . .
diet chiefly small invertebrates and larvae , principally weevils and other beetles ( coleoptera ) , bugs ( hemiptera ) , ants , bees , wasps and . . .
season late mar to mid - jun ; occasionally two broods . monogamous , pairs for life ; single helpers noted as assisting with feeding of young at . . .
resident ; some short - distance movements . evidence from ringing shows that very few move more than . . .
not globally threatened . generally common to locally common or locally scarce ; rare to scarce in small canadian part of range ( s ontario ) . range expanded slowly n in 20th . . .
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previously part of a much broader genus parus ( which see , below ) .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
until recently treated as conspecific with b . ridgwayi ( see above ) . nominate race and affabilis intergrade in sw california ( usa ) . race mohavensis sometimes merged with latter . other proposed races include sequestratus ( sw oregon and nw california ) and kernensis ( drainage of kern r and adjacent e slopes of sierra nevada , in california ) , both synonymized with nominate , and transpositus ( sw california w of the deserts ) , merged with affabilis . four subspecies recognized .
( gambel , 1845 ) – sw usa ( sw oregon s to sw & sc california ) .
grinnell & swarth , 1926 – sw california and extreme nw mexico ( n baja california ) .
( a . h . miller , 1946 ) – se california ( little san bernardino mts ) .
15–16 cm ; 12·6–19·2 g . large , grey tit with short crest . nominate race has crown , crest and upperparts , including upperwing - coverts , grey - brown , . . .
calls include soft “sip” or “sisip” , “sit - sit” or “si - si - . . .
food includes small invertebrates and larvae ; also acorns , leaf buds , catkins , and some fruit , principally berries . usually solitary , in . . .
season late mar to mid - jul ; one brood . pair - bond maintained for life . territory defended throughout year , particularly in spring and also . . .
mainly resident ; some , possibly juveniles , make short - distance movements to lower levels at . . .
: thanks for spotting this problem . downvotes should help sink it . not sure how onezoom chooses its examples .
this is a terrible picture to use as an example of a tufted ti . . .
a familiar songbird at bird feeders across the eastern u . s . , the . . .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
the most strikingly marked of the american titmice and chickadees , the bridled titmouse has a black bib and a white - and - black patterned face . primarily a mexican species , its range reaches the united states only in the mountains of arizona ( north to flagstaff ) and new mexico .
consider putting up a nest box to attract a breeding pair . make sure you put it up well before breeding season . attach a guard to keep predators from raiding eggs and young . find out more about nest boxes on our attract birds pages . you ' ll find plans for building a nest box of the appropriate size on our all about birdhouses site .
unlike many members of its family , the bridled titmouse appears not to hide food for later use . the region of the brain related to memory of spatial location , the hippocampus , is small in this species compared with other species that frequently hide food .
the bridled titmouse is the only north american member of its family that appears to have helpers at the nest regularly . the identity and sex of the extra birds attending nests is not yet known .
the bridled titmouse closely resembles the crested tit of eurasia . genetic studies show , however , that it is closely related to the other north american titmice .
the oldest recorded bridled titmouse was at least 6 years , 7 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in arizona .
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chief , bird section , u . s . g . s . - b . r . d . - p . w . r . c .
american ornithologists ' union ' s
list of the 2 , 037 bird species ( with scientific and english names ) known from the a . o . u . check - list area
( aou check - list , 7th edition , updated with supplements 42 - 46 ) , maintained at urltoken
zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2007 . 03 . 27 , website ( version 26 / 03 / 2007 )
zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 12 . 31 , website ( version 31 - dec - 11 )
zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource
maintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22729143a118836703 .
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