the common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) , usually known simply as the chaffinch , is a common and widespread small passerine bird in the finch family .

the male is brightly coloured with a blue-grey cap and rust-red underparts .

the female is much duller in colouring but both sexes have two contrasting white wings-bars and white sides to the tail .

the male bird has a strong voice and sings from exposed perches to attract a mate .

the chaffinch breeds in much of europe , across asia to siberia and in northwest africa .

the female builds a nest with a deep cup in the fork of a tree .

the clutch is typically 4 – 5 eggs , which hatch in about 13 days .

the chicks fledge in around 14 days but are fed by both adults for several weeks after leaving the nest .

outside the breeding season chaffinches form flocks in open countryside and forage for seeds on the ground .

during the breeding season they forage on trees for invertebrates , especially caterpillars , and feed these to their young .

the chaffinch is a partial migrant ; birds breeding in warmer regions are sedentary while those breeding in the colder northern areas of its range winter further south .

the eggs and nestlings of the chaffinch are taken by a variety of mammalian and avian predators .

its large numbers and huge range mean that chaffinch is classed as of least concern by the international union for conservation of nature .

common chaffinch

common chaffinch are common at feeders in their normal range , attending for most commonly offered seeds .
description : common and familiar , the common chaffinch lives close to humans in the most part of its range .
common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) is a species of bird in the fringillidae family .
particularly common in wood pigeons ( columba palumbas - common wood - pigeon ) . fractured coracoid and clavicle common . ( v . w26 )
the common chaffinch is a singing bird and thus the “chaffinch lovers” breed them to take part in singing contests . some expressions that refer to its singing abilities like “gay or happy as a chaffinch” are still common nowadays .
the common chaffinch is the most common finch in western europe . it is also called a spink , from its fink or vink sounding call .
seen occasionally in wild common buzzards ( buteo buteo - common buzzard ) . ( v . w26 )
common chaffinch , hout bay , western cape , south africa . [ photo duncan robertson © ]
the song of a common chaffinch is often referred to as chip chip chip chewy chewy chewy .
common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) a female feeding on the ground . | the internet bird collection | hbw alive
remember that
common things occur commonly
; in wildlife casualties trauma ( physical damage ) is a common reason for presentation .
flight : common chaffinch performs undulating flight . it hovers before to alight , displaying the white patches of wings and tail .
svensson 2015 . a new north african subspecies of common chaffinch fringilla coelebs . bull boc 135 ( 1 ) : 6976 .
louse flies ( hippoboscidae family ) are common external parasites in buzzards ( buteo buteo - common buzzard ) . ( v . w26 )
svensson , l . 2015 . a new north african subspecies of common chaffinch fringilla coelebs . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 135 : 69–76 .
this entry was posted in libya , north africa , taxonomy and tagged common chaffinch , endemic species and subspecies , fringilla coelebs . bookmark the permalink .
complete mitochondrial genomes from four subspecies of common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) : new inferences about mitochondrial rate heterogeneity , . . . - pubmed - ncbi
the common chaffinch is a widespread species in europe , and is the most common finch found there . its range extends throughout western asia , northwestern africa , the azores and madeira , and is also found on the canary islands of tenerife and gran canaria . an occasional common chaffinch may be seen in north america , but these may be escaped caged birds . an introduced colony of common chaffinches also still exists in south africa near cape town . this species prefers open woodlands , gardens and farms , and primarily eats seeds while feeding its young a diet of insects . the common chaffinch has a conservation rating of least concern .
protection / threats / status : common chaffinch is very common and widespread in its range . it may be vulnerable to pesticides and herbicides included in the seeds . domestic cats are their main predators . however , populations are not threatened at this moment .
ebcc . 2015 . pan - european common bird monitoring scheme . available at : urltoken .
range : common chaffinch is found throughout europe . it lives from western europe to western asia , middle - east , north africa and the macaronesian islands in atlantic ocean .
diet : common chaffinch feeds mainly on seeds taken on the ground , but it also consumes insects , spiders and earth worms , and some fallen fruits such as apples .
complete mitochondrial genomes from four subspecies of common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) : new inferences about mitochondrial rate heterogeneity , neutral theory , and phylogenetic relationships within the order passeriformes .
like the bullfinch , the chaffinch used to be a common visitor in the winter , but in recent years the numbers have dwindled and now we hardly ever see them .
andrea corso , birding frontiers , 3 jun 2014 : identification of african chaffinch .
rodrigues et al 2014 . genetic diversity and morphological variation of the common chaffinch fringilla coelebs in the azores . j avian biol 45 ( 2 ) : 167–178 . [ pdf ]
habitat : common chaffinch is found in various kinds of woodlands , as deciduous or coniferous . it prefers open woodlands , and it is very common in parks and gardens , cultivated areas , orchards and hedgerows . outside the breeding season , it performs some dispersion and frequents open farmlands .
it is neither the house sparrow nor the common blackbird but the common chaffinch which is our most abundant breeding bird . it occurs almost anywhere where there are several trees , for it is not very choosy . in winter , the chaffinch is a very common visitor to bird tables . here it mostly makes do with gleaning seeds that have fallen to the ground . since the females are a little smaller and therefore not so well adapted to winter conditions , they migrate further to the west and south than males . therefore , in switzerland and especially in northern europe , males predominate in winter . this may be the reason why the common chaffinch was given its scientific name fringilla coelebs , the bachelor finch .
suárez et al 2009 . phylogeography and genetic structure of the canarian common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) inferred with mtdna and microsatellite loci . mol phylogenet evol 53 ( 2 ) : 556–564 . [ pdf ]
rodrigues , lopes , reis , resendes , ramos & tristão da cunha ( in press ) . genetic diversity and morphological variation of the common chaffinch fringilla coelebs in the azores . j avian biol . [ abstract ]
the chaffinch was slow to become established in new zealand , but is now abundant throughout the country .
population differentiation , historical demography and evolutionary relationships among widespread common chaffinch populations ( fringilla coelebs ssp . ) . master of science , university of toronto . full text auteur : samarasin - dissanayake , pasan advisor : baker , allan
in this recent taxonomic paper , lars svensson described a new subspecies of common chaffinch from north cyrenaica , libya : fringilla coelebs harterti subsp . nov . until now , the birds breeding in this region were generally included in fringilla coelebs africana .
insects , caterpillars , seeds and nuts are common foods of the beautiful chaffinch . in the garden , you ' ll find the chaffinch enjoys rummaging around for sunflower hearts and seeds . they are a little shy and don ' t take too well to feeding openly on hanging feeders . therefore , chaffinches can often be found feeding under hedges and bird tables .
birds of spain common chaffinch is one of the 567 treated in lynx ' s field guide birds of spain . recommended by seo / birdlife , it contains updated information on all bird species present in spanish territories . in english . also available in spanish .
chaffinch . adult male singing . anderson park , taradale , napier , november 2011 . image © adam clarke by adam clarke
the chaffinch is one of the most common bird species in the uk and one of the top 10 most reported birds in garden birdwatch gardens . in britain , the highest breeding densities are found in southern , central and eastern england , and on upland edges in northern england and scotland .
with its colourful plumage and distinctive song , the chaffinch is the bird that is most commonly seen and heard in the caledonian forest .
the brambling is similar but has white rump and all - black tail , the chaffinch has white outer tail feathers in both sexes . they often form mixed flocks in the winter ; the brambling ' s white rump and chaffinch ' s white wing bars are diagnostic features .
common chaffinch : eurasian species ; widely scattered as far as north africa , western asia , southern russia , and western siberia . accidental during migration in the maritimes and in massachusetts and maine ; found almost anywhere with scattered shrubs and trees , orchards , farmlands , parks , gardens , and suburbs .
angus , d . j . 2013 . chaffinch . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online .
we present new insights into the genetic diversity and phylogeography of the common chaffinch fringilla coelebs from the azores , based on sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear genes from 44 individuals and an outgroup / comparison of 44 birds from madeira , the canary islands and the continental western palearctic . to understand the level of concordance between the genetic data and morphometric variability we analysed eight morphometric characters from 413 adult living birds from all the azores islands and compared the population genetic distances with quantitative morphometric traits . our results indicate the occurrence of gene flow among the common chaffinch populations in the archipelago revealing the lack of current genetic structure within it and the existence of two co - occurring lineages . results also indicate the existence of morphometric differences among islands that could be due to ecological features instead of island isolation . this study also confirms the genetic distance among the common chaffinch populations within macaronesia and between these archipelagos and the continental western palearctic .
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the chaffinch is well known for its
rain
call which is a repetitive short trill , and a loud
pink pink
call .
chaffinch populations were affected in the 1950s by use of agricultural chemicals and changes in farming practice , but now seems to be doing all right .
despite the attentions of predators and parasites the chaffinch population in the uk is thriving , and it is the second most abundant bird in the country .
common chaffinch usually returns to the same territory every year . male is very aggressive , chasing away intruders or other birds . female arrives in march . mates stay together about six weeks before to breed . the male performs courtship displays but the female may be aggressive towards him . however , they feed together on the ground .
clement , p . 2016 . common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . and de juana , e . ( eds ) , handbook of the birds of the world alive , lynx edicions , barcelona .
behaviour : common chaffinch feeds in large groups in winter , taking seeds in farmlands and gardens . but in breeding season , this bird is strongly territorial . they usually feed on the ground and often mix with other fringillidae and sparrows . it walks on the ground with fast and short steps , hops , and flies from tree to tree .
common findings and reasons for presentation - crow , jay , magpie etc . considerations ( the species - specific sections should be read in association with the general physical / clinical examination section above )
the chaffinch is the most abundant finch in the uk . with its striking pinkish - red breast and cheeks , grey - blue crown and nape and characteristic white wing bars , the chaffinch is arguably our most ' underrated ' bird . watch carefully and you ' ll notice that throughout summer the plumage is brighter than in winter .
common findings and reasons for presentation - garden birds etc . ( small passerines ) considerations ( the species - specific sections should be read in association with the general physical / clinical examination section above )
corso , a . , viganò , m . & starnini , l . 2015 . identification of african chaffinch . dutch birding 37 ( 6 ) : 392 - 402 .
the chaffinch is noted for its characteristic ' rain ' call , with a memorable
chip , chip , chip . chooee , chooee , cheeoo
. listen below .
the chaffinch is a sparrow - sized bird in the finch family fringillidae , in the order passeriformes , which is the taxonomic category that covers perching birds ( more than half of all bird species ) . an adult chaffinch is 14 - 16 cm . in length , with a wingspan of up to 28 cm . , and weighs 20 – 25 gm .
clement , p . ( 2018 ) . common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
chaffinch numbers start to increase in gardens in the winter thanks to the addition of migrants from the continent . in the autumn , however , their use of gardens reflects the size of the seed crop produced by beech trees . in years where there has been a poor crop , chaffinch numbers in gardens are higher because they are taking advantage of the supplementary food provided .
there have been several records of african chaffinch in great britain . these birds looked very similar to african and different from european ( greenish mantle , rosy belly , grey hood ) . however , they had also some diagnostic features not found in african chaffinch ( grey wash on the breast , pale or colourless underparts , orange tone on the belly , reduced pink belly , pink tones on the ear coverts and the malar area , mantle greenish - brown ) . the british committee did not recognize them as true african chaffinch . the may be some aberrant european ones .
predators of the chaffinch include raptors such as the sparrowhawk ( accipiter nisus ) , goshawk ( accipiter gentilis ) , merlin ( falco columbarius ) and tawny owl ( strix aluco ) . chaffinches will engage in mobbing behaviour to discourage predators , for example if they see a tawny owl roosting in a tree during the day . the pine marten ( martes martes ) will take both eggs and chicks if it finds a chaffinch nest . unlike some other similar - sized birds , the chaffinch rarely suffers from brood parasitism by the common cuckoo ( cuculus canorus ) , whereby the cuckoo dupes an unsuspecting host bird into raising a cuckoo chick as though it was its own . this is possibly explained by the fact that chaffinches have been observed making an aggressive response to cuckoos that approach their nesting sites .
the common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) is a widespread passerine species in the west palearctic , and is a common breeder in most of europe , western asia , northern africa , and the macaronesian islands in the atlantic ocean . a total of 19 subspecies are described , whereas five of these are located on the macaronesian islands . three subspecies are found in the canary islands , one in madeira , and one in the azores . each of these three archipelagos has a unique climate and ecology , and together with the different geological age and the variation in distance to land these archipelagos provide us with a good background to study evolutionary changes and speciation .
the chaffinch is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . included in the birds of conservation concern green list ( low conservation concern ) ( 4 ) .
libyan chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs harterti ) : a new subspecies found only in cyrenaica , north - east libya ( photo : encyclopedia of wild birds in libya – موسوعة الطيور البرية في ليبيا ) .
chaffinch nests are cup shaped , built primarily from moss , grass and feathers , and lined with feathers and wool . these nests can often be spotted in forks of branches or buried within shrubs .
the chaffinch is a popular pet bird in many countries . in belgium , the ancient traditional sport of vinkenzetting pits male chaffinches against one another in a contest for the most bird calls in an hour .
libyan chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs harterti ) : a new subspecies found only in cyrenaica , north - east libya . ( photo : encyclopedia of wild birds in libya – موسوعة الطيور البرية في ليبيا )
the chaffinch is resident year - round and breeds in scotland . the uk population has been estimated at about 6 million pairs , and in winter this is boosted by birds , often predominantly females , which migrate southwards from scandinavia . the chaffinch’s specific name ‘coelebs’ means ‘bachelor’ and was given to it based on the observation in sweden that the males stayed there over the winter , while the females moved south .
the natural range of the chaffinch is europe , western and central asia , the middle east and north africa . it also inhabits islands in the north atlantic . it was also successfully introduced to south africa .
careful examination for puncture wounds should be made in all casualties with a history of possible cat attack . in small garden birds ( passerines ) it is particularly common for bite wounds to be located on the bird ' s chest underneath the wings .
the average lifespan of the chaffinch is estimated at 3 years , although individuals have been known to live to a maximum of 12 or even 14 years . the song of the male chaffinch is one of the most distinctive of all bird songs in the uk and consists of a series of sharp , quick notes followed by a flourish at the end . it lasts for up to 5 seconds , and is often repeated constantly for a minute or more . the chaffinch also makes another call , consisting of a repeated trill , and this is known as the ‘rain call’ , as in the past it was thought to foretell rain .
the male chaffinch has a pink breast and cheeks , blue - grey crown and nape , and chestnut brown back . in summer , its bill is grey - blue , turning to pale brown in the winter .
occurs from europe to western asia but was introduced to cape town , south africa in ca . 1898 , where it is locally common from rondebosch to tokai . it almost exclusively occupies plantations , alien woodlands , parks and gardens , rarely moving into mountain fynbos .
the chaffinch is common and widespread throughout scotland , except in the largely treeless areas of some of the remoter islands , such as the outer hebrides and shetland , where it is scarce or absent . it occurs wherever there are bushes , scrub or woodland , and is found in gardens , hedgerows and town parks . it is the commonest bird in the caledonian forest , living in both scots pine - and birch - dominated areas , and has also adapted to live in conifer plantations .
on the head , forehead is blackish . crown , nape and neck sides are grey . cheeks and ear - coverts are pinkish - brown , as underparts . in winter plumage , chaffinch male has same pattern but duller plumage .
gryczynska a , dolnik o , mazgajski td . ( 1999 ) parasites of chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) population . part i . coccidia ( protozoa , apicomplexa ) . wiad parazytol . 45 ( 4 ) : 495 - 500 .
the chaffinch is our commonest finch and has striking double white wing bars . the wing bars are formed by white patches on the wing coverts , and primary and secondary wing feathers . its summer plumage is brighter that its winter plumage .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto common chaffinch’s typical call when perched is a “pink - pink” very sharp . we can also hear a thin “seee” as alarm call . the flight - call is a “yup - yup” . the song is a short and vigorous series of descending notes ending in a “chip - chip - chip - chip - chett - chett - chett - chett - diddip - diddiooo” very variable . the song may be heard from far , and varies according to the region , forming local dialects .
the common chaffinch is a bird of the old world , with a range that covers most of europe , northwest africa , and northwestern parts of asia . a popular bird in great britain , they were also introduced in a number of former british colonies . populations persist in new zealand where they are one of the most numerous songbirds , while small populations persist in south africa . in the western hemisphere , they are rare vagrants , with most birds found near the atlantic coastline of eastern canada and the northeastern united states .
chaffinches occupy a wide range of habitats from sea - level to 1400 m , wherever there are trees or scrub . they inhabit pine and other exotic forests , indigenous forests and sub - alpine scrub , and are common in gardens , parks , orchards and farmland with shelterbelts and hedgerows .
yablonovska - grishchenko , grishchenko & tsvelykh 2014 . geographic variation of song of the crimean chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs solomkoi ) . berkut 23 ( 1 ) : 4055 . [ abstract ] [ with thanks to alain fossé for reporting on avianreferences . ]
the main food of the chaffinch is seeds , although its diet also includes berries and fruits . the chicks are fed insects , especially caterpillars , and in the breeding season the adults also eat insects . in some places , including the visitor car parks in glen affric , chaffinches have become accustomed to being fed breadcrumbs by people , particularly in the spring . in winter , the chaffinch forms large feeding groups , sometimes in mixed flocks with the closely - related brambling ( fringilla montifringilla ) .
a detailed list of the species of the family is displayed to our subscribers , showing the following columns : genus , species , common name , conservation status , figure , and the check mark . above the table , a tiny search engine is displayed to facilitate the filtering of the species .
alarm calls have some acoustic characteristics common to a number of species . some birds tend to have relatively high - pitched , pure tone alarm calls that can make them difficult to locate . among some bird species , such as the reed bunting , blackbird , great titmouse , blue titmouse , and
similar species : males are not readily confused with any other species , but the female can be mistaken for a female house sparrow . however , the female chaffinch is slimmer , lacks dark streaks on the upper surface and has prominent white wing markings .
with its wide geographic range , large population size and stable numbers , the chaffinch is not at risk at all , and in the iucn red list of threatened species it is classified as ‘least concern’ , meaning that it is at the lowest risk of extinction .
fringillidae are known for their seed - eating behavior and cheery songs ; characteristics that facilitated and popularized the domestication of the island canary . finches such as white - winged crossbills are also known for their
irruptive
migrations in search of food sources that can make them locally common one winter and absent the next .
the eggs of the chaffinch are about 20 mm by 15 mm in size , and are smooth , glossy , and light blue with purple - brown blotches . the duties of incubating the eggs are performed by the female . the newly - hatched young are fed by both adults .
corso , a . , viganò , m . & starnini , l . 2015 . identification of african chaffinch . dutch birding 37 ( 6 ) : 392 - 402 . i see that harterti also mentioned . i saw 2 pages on twitter , many photos of birds in hand and drawings .
the male chaffinch is unmistakeably handsome with a blue - grey cap , pink cheeks and breast and a reddish - brown mantle . females and juveniles are much duller , consisting of grey - brown upper - parts and dull greyish - white underparts . all chaffinches , however , have distinct wing bars .
the source of mites was a second year aged female of the common chaffinch , fringilla coelebs , which accidentally died in the mist net during a field study of tick communities of birds in dumbrava ( 46 . 825287 n , 23 . 220062 e ) , romania in march 2011 . careful examination of the specimen revealed the presence of extensive hyperkeratotic lesions on both legs . few crusts were scraped from one of the legs using a sterile scalpel blade , and mites were collected under a dissection microscope . individual mites were preserved in 96 % ethyl alcohol for further molecular analysis . the other leg was preserved in 10 % buffered formalin for subsequent histological investigation .
the male chaffinch establishes a breeding territory in february , usually returning to the same territory each year . the male sings and performs courtship displays to attract a female , and a pair will spend about six weeks together before breeding begins . reproduction takes place in april and may , and the female builds the
this section provides a general indication of the common conditions seen with uk wildlife casualties . it is not an all - encompassing overview of the diseases / conditions recorded in those species . further diagnosis and treatment of disease may require the veterinary clinician to familiarise themselves with the diseases , agents and treatment protocols from external texts and other references , or to take further advice .
as a mainly seed - eating bird the chaffinch has a negative effect on the ability of plants to reproduce , by consuming their seeds , but this rarely makes a significant difference , because of the volume of seed produced by most plants . however , in some cases its feeding behaviour is beneficial , for instance with the berries of the rowan tree ( sorbus aucuparia ) . when the chaffinch eats those , it digests the pulp of the berries , but the seeds pass through its gut unharmed and germinate where they are deposited in its droppings – often underneath where it perches , on the branches of old scots pines ( pinus sylvestris ) .
the colonization history of the macaronesian islands is not well understood , but my data support the hypothesis of marshal and baker ( 1999 ) . they argue for a north african origin of the common chaffinch , and that the radiation followed two main routes : one colonizing the macaronesian islands , while the other spread northwards trough europe . a macaronesian colonization from the mainland , to the azores , trough madeira , and finally to the canary islands seems most likely . further , the homogeneity on all measured traits among the azorean populations is in contrast to the large differences between populations in the canary islands . different levels of gene flow among the azores and the canary islands can be the origin of these findings .
a number of ectoparasites , or external parasites , feed on the chaffinch , including fleas such as the european chicken flea ( ceratophyllus gallinae ) and the moorhen flea ( dasypsyllus gallinulae ) , chewing lice ( menacanthus sp . ) and three species of feather mites ( analges passerinus ) , ( monojoubertia microphylla ) and ( pteronyssoides striatus ) . the larvae of a blood - sucking blowfly ( protocalliphorus sp . ) have been found feeding on chaffinch chicks in the nest . the sheep or deer tick ( ixodes ricinus ) also occurs on the chaffinch , and some birds have been recorded containing the bacterium ( borrelia burgdorferi ) that causes lyme disease , which is transmitted by the tick . several species of intestinal parasites , or coccidia , in the genus isospora and a blood parasite ( haemoproteus sp . ) have been found in chaffinches . a virus known as fringilla papillomavirus causes a wart - like growth on the legs of chaffinches , with the warts sometimes covering a whole leg .
“as with any star athlete , like lance armstrong , what separates a champion bird from a loser is natural talent , ” said filip santens , a leading vinkenier , who prepares his five - time champion chaffinch for matches by pumping heavy - metal guns n’ roses music into his cage and feeding him high - protein birdseed .
the chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) is one of the best - known and most common of all british birds ( 5 ) . both sexes can be easily identified in flight when they reveal double white flashes on the wings and white tail - sides ( 3 ) . in summer the males have colourful plumage , with a rosy - red breast and cheeks and a bluish - grey crown and nape of the neck . these colours fade somewhat in winter . adult females and juveniles have a buff or greyish coloured breast and greyish - green upperparts ( 2 ) . chaffinches produce a variety of calls , including a loud , clear pink call when perched ( 2 ) . the musical rattling song is also loud ( 6 ) .
bto researchers , working alongside others involved in the garden bird health initiative , used garden birdwatch and other data to establish the impact of this disease on greenfinch and chaffinch populations . the results of this work revealed a substantial population decline in those areas where disease incidence was greatest . find out more about this work and read the paper .
a new subspecies of common chaffinch fringilla coelebs in north africa is described . it is restricted to northern cyrenaica in north - east libya . differences from the other north african subspecies , f . c . africana and f . c . spodiogenys , are discussed , the main ones being that males invariably possess a prominent white patch on the central nape , a hint of a white post - ocular supercilium , a more yellowish tinge both above and below , stronger yellow fringes to the tertials and wing - coverts , and a less clean blue - grey head . reasons for not recognising the subspecies f . c . koenigi are reconfirmed . there is some variation in size and in saturation of male plumage within the range of africana , making separation of koenigi untenable .
widespread throughout britain ; the chaffinch is absent only from high ground such as the scottish highlands ( 5 ) . during winter , birds from northern europe migrate to britain . it is typically the females that migrate , and linnaeus named the species coelebs , meaning ‘the bachelor’ because it was the male birds that remained in his native sweden for the winter ( 5 ) .
mouth should be opened and checked for plaques , discoloration or necrotic areas . oral plaques are particularly common in birds of prey , pigeons and doves ( columbidae ) . a number of diseases can cause oral lesions including trichomoniasis (
canker
,
frounce
) , candidiasis ( see : candidiasis in waterfowl ) , avian pox and capillariasis . diagnosis of the condition requires examination of a direct wet smear and stained preparation of the lesion .
during the last few years it has been a female chaffinch that has visited most frequently , though occasionally a male has accompanied her . once in the garden , they seem to become almost panic stricken for no apparent reason and then disperse . this behaviour is in stark contrast to those in other areas , such as snowdonia , where they are somewhat extroverted , and is presumably because they are so few in number in our garden .
the chaffinch is one of the most widespread and abundant bird in britian and ireland . its patterned plumage helps it to blend in when feeding on the ground and it becomes most obvious when it flies , revealing a flash of white on the wings and white outer tail feathers . it does not feed openly on bird feeders - it prefers to hop about under the bird table or under the hedge . you ' ll usually hear chaffinches before you see them , with their loud song and varied calls .
indeed , harterti has not included in the paper with more photos and no illustration by lorenzo , as recently has been impossible to visit lybia : - ( ( ( ( and there are very few photos of alive birds available . so , lorenzo did not wanted to work out on plates without see many photos or the birds in the field , and i did not menaged to find photos of alive birds . further , skins are not so common around . nb : the artworks by lorenzo starnini in our paper have been printed way too dark compared to the original : - ( ( (
the chaffinch occurs throughout all of europe and western asia , including russia , georgia , armenia , azerbaijan , turkey and northern iran . it also occurs in northwest africa , in morocco , algeria and western tunisia , and in the macaronesian islands , where there is an endemic subspecies in each of madeira and the azores , and three subspecies in the canary islands . it has been introduced from britain to new zealand , where it has become well - established , and to south africa , where there is a small population near cape town .
richardson & borden ( 1972 ) suggested that the braconis parasitoid coeloides vancouverensis found the location of its host , the bark beetle dendroctonus pseudotsugata , through the intervening bark by detecting the heat generated by host individuals . their evidence has since been disputed ( mills et al . 1991 ) , and i am not aware of any further instances of host or prey location by local temperature . if this were a common phenomenon , then some crypsis would be achieved by inhabiting already warm microhabitats . for example , a bark beetle might gain protection by being preferentially located to parts of trees which are reliably exposed to the warming effects of direct sunlight .
during the breeding season , the male chaffinch performs a courtship display , showing off his bright breeding plumage ( 6 ) . the female builds the nest ( 5 ) , typically in the fork of a tree and camouflages it with lichen and moss ( 2 ) . the female incubates the eggs alone ( 6 ) for 11 to 14 days . one brood of around four eggs is produced each year ( 5 ) . the young chaffinches will have fully fledged 13 to 14 days after hatching from the egg , and the maximum known lifespan of this species is 14 years ( 3 ) .
. . . pteronyssoides striatus ( robin , 1877 ) ( pteronyssidae ) , a monoxenous inhabitant of the european f . coelebs [ 25 , 27 ] , presumably is not present on this host in the azores . these three hosts , turdus merula , pyrrhula murina and fringilla coelebs , are the oldest passerine species to have colonized the archipelago , doing so more than 1 million years ago [ 38 , 42 , 51 ] . one possible explanation for the absence of some common feather mites on these passerines in the azores could be the founder effect inherent to the colonization processes of isolated islands , called ' ' missing the boat ' ' by macleod et al . [ 22 ] , in which colonizing hosts may reach the islands carrying only a subset of their respective native feather mites assemblages [ 20 , 32 , 44 ] . . . .
the female lays 3 – 5 eggs , one per day , and they are pale greenish - blue in colour with purple speckled markings . incubation is done by the female alone , and takes 11 – 14 days . after hatching , the chicks are fed in the nest by the female for about 12 – 16 days . once the chicks leave the nest they stay nearby , and the male joins in with feeding them , for another 15 – 20 days , until they are able to feed for themselves . the chaffinch will raise either one or two broods per year . experiments have shown that male chicks need to hear the song of adult males during a critical time period after hatching , in order to become proficient singers themselves when mature .
the right - hand page is part of the ' ordinary of the mass ' , the central canon of the mass which is recited every time the eucharist is celebrated . this section is famous for its realistically depicted english birds , which seem to be singing in celebration alongside the chant . the birds represent a range of species found chiefly in north - east england and were probably copied from an artist ' s sketchbook . the bishops of sherborne appear in a series of miniatures and events in the development of christianity are described in roundels in the lower margins . the left - hand page has an illustration of the feeding of the five thousand , showing the biblical characters in stylised clothes , rather than 15th - century dress . birdsong : the song of the chaffinch , which can be seen in the bottom right - hand corner of page 18 , can be heard here .
like most finches , it features sexual dimorphism , meaning that the male and female have clear physical differences , which in the case of the chaffinch take the form of distinct colour variation between the sexes . the male is more brightly - coloured than the female , with reddish - orange underparts and cheeks , blue - grey on the top of the head and back of the neck , a green rump and double white bars on the wings , which are visible both when it is at rest and in flight . the female is duller overall , with the body being mainly greenish - brown , but the double white wing bars are similar to those on the male . the plumage of the male becomes brighter in spring , for the breeding season , and after moulting in early autumn it is paler throughout the winter until the following spring . both the male and female have a short , thick , conical beak .
a particularly satisfying study is that of the calling by katydid insects that are predated by bats , as reported by belwood & morris ( 1987 ) . in a cross - species comparison , they show that species in a habitat where bat predation was common spent less time producing mate - attraction noises ( termed singing ) than species in a nearby habitat without bats . the one species from the bat - vulnerable habitat that sang for a high proportion of time specialized in singing from a particularly spiny plant that offered excellent protection from bats . in cage experiments , the authors further demonstrated that bats took longer to locate infrequent callers and entirely failed to locate silent insects . although this study demonstrates conclusively that call production is modulated in accordance with control of predation risk , whether it is best described as hiding or ‘crypsis’ , according to my definitions in the introduction , is less clear . i would describe complete cessation of calls as hiding . if bats spend some time attempting to locate an insect ( equivalent to several inter - call intervals ) , then reduction in calling rate might usefully be described as crypsis if the longer inter - call interval disrupts localization . alternatively if bats simply pounce on any insects that reveal their position with a call when the bat happens to be passing close by , then reduction in call frequency might more usefully be described as hiding . in the first case , protection from predation occurs because the prey ' s rate of detection per unit time decreases , but the prey is always at some risk , whereas in the second case , the fraction of time when detection is possible at all is decreased . this discussion illustrated that , just as visual crypsis , evaluation of whether a specific trait is cryptic or not is a function of the ecology of the viewer as well as the focal organism .
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this version of turning the pages does not require the shockwave plug - in . it foregoes the interactive animation that lets you ' virtually ' turn pages and brings you the same high - quality images of our greatest books in standard web pages .
longevity lists were in the 1970s compiled by w . rydzewski and published several times in the journal the ring . these lists were the basis for updated lists published by roland staav in euring newsletters in 1998 and 2001 . the list has successively been updated during recent years , but there are still many recoveries of old birds hidden in the archives of the ringing schemes .
birds ringed as full - grown or adults have been included with a minimum age based on age at ringing ( start of year set to 1st of july ) and in those recoveries are age preceded by a > .
the plan is to include the two oldest individuals of a species in the list and the minimum age for a recovery to be included is five years . recoveries of birds in the list where ring number and details are not included are published in atlases by those schemes .
all schemes are kindly requested to support updates of this list . new longevity records ( either oldest or second oldest ) should be sent to the bird ringing centre at the swedish museum of natural history in stockholm by email .
this longevity list should be cited as : fransson , t . , kolehmainen , t . , kroon , c . , jansson , l . & wenninger , t . ( 2010 ) euring list of longevity records for european birds .
combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : fringilla coelebs . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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following the taxonomy applied to hbw alive , derived from the recently published hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world , this family now contains species that were formerly considered to comprise the family hawaiian honeycreepers ( drepanididae ) . see link for information on this group .
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forms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .
the finches , as presently defined , comprise two distinct subfamilies , fringillinae and carduelinae , sometimes regarded instead as tribes , fringillini and carduelini . nevertheless , the systematics of the “seed - eaters” , small to medium - sized passerines with a relatively stout conical bill and . . .
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fringilline and cardueline finches range in size from 9 cm to 25 cm and in mass from 8 g to 99 g . both subfamilies exhibit slight sexual size dimorphism , females being fractionally smaller than males , and both have fairly long , blunt - pointed wings and scutellate tarsi , booted at the side and . . .
as members of a family that has evolved to exploit a wide variety of seeds within largely temperate regions , finches are most typically birds of habitats which show strong seasonal changes . these habitats produce food in localized flushes , and finches are adapted to move between them , taking . . .
the flight of finches is typically undulating , with periodic brief closure of the wings , at speeds which can appear quite leisurely , although this impression may be deceptive . more heavily built species such as the hawfinch achieve considerable momentum in their flights , but when covering . . .
as finches are for the most part highly sociable species , it is unsurprising that they should have developed considerable vocabularies by which to communicate , their vocal patterns varying with the behavioural ecology of the species . fringilline finches , which hold breeding - and - feeding . . .
finches are specialized to varying degrees as seed - eaters . there is a certain amount of niche separation from emberizid buntings and sparrows , which tend towards grass - seed specialization supplemented by insects . . .
finches are almost entirely socially monogamous , at least during each nesting season , but their breeding strategies divide up largely on phylogenetic lines . fringilline finches are far more strongly territorial , and feed their young on invertebrates , with the result that breeding activity is . . .
migration from the breeding area is a response to reduced food availability . since , in temperate climates , seeds persist in the environment across seasonal boundaries with greater predictability and constancy than invertebrates do , seed - eating species such as finches are far less constrained . . .
typically , seed - eating birds such as finches are rather abundant . many have profited from the global growth in agriculture , which has produced huge areas of cultivated lands and orchards , created long lines of hedgerows and woodland edge , and broadly generated the conditions for the spread of . . .
the great majority of true finches , almost 90 % of the family total , enjoy a secure conservation status at the global level , being placed in the iucn category of least concern . as already noted , this is likely to be attributable , at least in part , to the fact that finches have actually profited . . .
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list of species of the finches ( fringillidae ) family . each species provides information on taxonomy , descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation and bibliography .
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collar , n . , newton , i . & bonan , a . ( 2018 ) . finches ( fringillidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .


the finnieston crane or stobcross crane is a disused giant cantilever crane ( hammerhead crane ) in the centre of glasgow , scotland .

it is no longer in working order , but is retained as a symbol of the city 's engineering heritage .

the crane was used for loading cargo , in particular steam locomotives , onto ships to be exported around the world .

it is one of four such cranes on the river clyde , a fifth one having been demolished in 2007 , and one of only eleven giant cantilever cranes remaining worldwide .

the crane can be seen in the background of news broadcasts from bbc pacific quay .

finnieston crane

finnieston crane is a listed and the north rotunda and custom house are b listed .
finnieston crane glasgow - retained as a symbol of the city ' s engineering heritage .
it is officially known as the stobcross crane ( or , to the navigation trust as clyde navigation trustees crane # 7 ) , but its proximity to finnieston quay , and the fact that it was intended to replace the previous finnieston crane , has led to its being popularly known as the finnieston crane .
deacon blue singer ricky ross photographed in front of the finnieston crane . picture : robert perry
oblique aerial view centred on the bridge with finnieston cantilever crane adjacent , taken from the n .
the finnieston crane is one of glasgow’s most iconic monuments - and one of its most unusual .
the finnieston crane ( also known as the stobcross crane ) is the largest of the cantilever cranes , of which four remain along the river .
there are only 15 surviving cantilever structures like the finnieston crane in britain , seven of which are in scotland .
a bright yellow question mark has been hung from glasgow’s finnieston crane as a tribute to the scottish artist george wyllie .
ambitious plans to house a restaurant at the top of glasgow ' s finnieston crane have taken a huge step forward .
although the finnieston crane was actually part of the stobcross quay and should accurately be referred to as the stobcross crane ; it derives its title from the crane it was built to replace ; the old finnieston crane which stood just at the end of the squinty bridge , the actual locations can be seen in the map above .
the finnieston crane is a crane and landmark in glasgow , scotland . it is now disused but is retained as a symbol of the city ' s engineering heritage .
ranald macinnes , principal inspector with historic scotland , said :
the finnieston crane is a much - loved glasgow landmark .
finnieston in glasgow has been named the hippest place to live in the uk .
[ 1 ] the finnieston crane in 1957 . ( source : ben brooksbank / wikimedia commons ) [ 2 ] the docks in 1950 . ( source : rcahms ) [ 3 ] the “finnieston crane” at stobcross quay , 1955 . ( source : burrell collection photo library , 1955 survey / the glasgow story ) [ 4 ] the finnieston crane holding the straw locomotive by george wyllie , 1987 ( source : wikimedia commons ) [ 5 ] story on a planned restaurant up the finnieston crane . ( source : evening times , 06 / 09 / 06 ) [ 6 ] the 1892 ordnance survey overlaid with the original location of the finnieston crane .
hello gordon , was there ever a titan crane located in the broomielaw just east of finnieston street . this is to settle a discussion .
no future events currently found at finnieston crane in glasgow ( view past events ) . check out the similar venues below or view events in glasgow .
the finnieston crane , floodlit during the glasgow garden festival in 1988 . the crane was situated directly opposite the festival site , which was on the south bank of the river clyde . a straw locomotive by artist george wyllie was hung from the end of the crane .
mr wyllie ' s most memorable pieces of public art included a straw locomotive suspended from the finnieston crane in glasgow and a paper boat launched on the river clyde .
finnieston crane news 8 oct 2015 – we were advised today by e - mail of plans now with glasgow city council , to apparently build a 10 storey hotel complex “with massive interactive billboards on the street and blocking vies of the now iconic buildings at finnieston street . ”
use this fun activity sheet to challenge your class to create their own version of glasgow ' s finnieston crane . this resource is available in standard and super eco colour .
the ‘finnieston crane’ , actually the proper description should be the ‘stobcross crane’ was built in the early 1930s to replace a 130 ton steam crane which was located about 100m upstream of it . it was called the finnieston crane . the reason for removing it was to make way for a high level bridge at the location now occupied by the clyde arc ( squinty bridge ) . ships would have been able to pass under it . however , the great depression in the late 1920s put paid to the idea of building a bridge the until the start of the 21st century . as a result the old finnieston crane remained in use and it’s intended replacement was completed and called the stobcross crane ( or crane no 7 in the clyde navigation trust’s plant inventories ) . there had been an earlier stobcross crane of around 50 ton swl , which was big in its day
i’d like to know why , on both our visits to glasgow , you’ve neglected to take us on an illegal nighttime climb of the finnieston crane . seems an oversight to me 🙂
the finnieston or stobcross giant cantliever crane by cowans sheldon and co . of carlisle and cleveland bridge and engineering co . ( cantilever ) was buit in 1931 ( operating from 1932 ) .
for ( associated and adjacent ) stobcross quay ( ns 5674 6532 ) and finnieston cantilever crane ( ns 57103 65151 ) , see ns56ne 123 . 00 and ns56ne 123 . 01 respectively .
the finnieston crane has loomed over the clyde since 1932 and stands 165ft high , with a 253ft cantilever . when it was commissioned in 1926 , its owners , the clyde navigation trust christened it with the catchy moniker , clyde navigation trustees crane # 7 .
in the years since , the finnieston crane has been the subject of a great deal of speculation . while the crane itself is category a listed , there have been many attempts to ' turn it into something’ but of course , it already is something .
• the titan crane at clydebank - once towering over the john brown shipyard the crane is now a tourist attraction . picture : stephen mansfield
it is a monument to glasgow and a symbol of everything that glasgow has both lost and gained in the 20th century . if the finnieston crane never moves again , it will forever be something .
the new macron - designed ‘built for glasgow’ kit features the warriors’ standard colours of black and light blue , with a design of the famous finnieston crane on light blue panels on the side of the shirt .
the finnieston ( or stobcross ) crane is a perfect example of maritime engineering . it was built for one purpose only - to load glasgow - built railway carriages onto ships to be transported all over the world .
the crane mostly carried steam locomotives which were brought down from the railyards in springburn for export . the crane would wheecht them up and onto the waiting ships .
a spokeswoman for clydeport said :
we have had further meetings with glasgow city council regarding plans to develop the finnieston crane into a restaurant with office buildings looking on to the clyde - and the response has been positive .
it was a 130 ton steam crane built in the 1890s and a sister crane was built in the princes dock in front of govan town hall . a third heavy lift crane , called the clyde villa crane was located on plantation quay at the berth now occupied by the paddle steamer waverley ( the quay was renamed pacific quay in the past few years )
the greenock crane is the one my grandfather climbed back when he worked in the yard .
described as
a buzzing neighbourhood
, finnieston has undergone a host of changes in recent years which helped it beat london ' s bllackhorse road to the top spot .
the cantilever crane was built for the clyde navigation trust by cowans , sheldon & co of carlisle , to replace the trust ' s crane at finnieston . work on the crane , which had a lifting capacity of 175 tons ( 178 tonnes ) , was completed in 1932 . the crane was used to lift boilers and engines into new ships , and to load heavy goods such as locomotives and tanks . the domed roof in the background belongs to the south rotunda on mavisbank quay , which contained the entrances and hoists which gave access to the glasgow harbour tunnel .
the opening of the queen ' s dock and the railway spelt the end of stobcross house and finnieston . cut and built in giffnock stone , the dock transformed the area into a city service centre , legacies of which are still evident . it was filled for the scottish exhibition centre . only the finnieston crane , 1932 , by cowans sheldon , now recalls the mercantile bustle . the crane could load railway engines and tanks on to cargo ships , which is said to be one reason for its survival . otherwise the engineering works have gone .
it is a giant - cantilever crane , measuring 50 . 24metres ( 165 ft ) tall with a 77 metre ( 253 ft ) cantilever jib . it has a lifting capacity of 175 tons . it can be ascended either by a steel staircase or an electric lift . the actual finnieston crane was located a bit further upriver on the site now occupied by the city inn .
the imposing form of the finnieston crane also features in willie rodger’s 100 foot long mural for the exhibition centre rail station painted in 1988 . the kirkintillock - born printmaker works with the economical lines of lino - cut , producing bold imagery that captures the character of the city and its people .
initially called the stobcross crane ( or , to give it its much stiffer formal title , the clyde navigation trustees crane # 7 ) , the structure is a permanent reminder of glasgow’s once - mighty industrial past , but the city’s current inhabitants - especially artists - have made use of the crane’s dominance of the skyline .
a major glasgow hotel has already expressed an interest in developing the crane which is in a prime location .
in 1987 the glasgow sculptor george wylie created a memorable and poignant artwork , the straw locomotive , for the finnieston crane in 1987 . made from straw in the form of a full size locomotive , the sculpture processed slowly through the streets , then dangled from the crane for two weeks , twisting slowly in the wind , before being brought down and set ablaze , as a commemoration of this once vital industry .
there are some absolutely stunning images of the city taken from the crane at night here , by the cycleologist .
having lived directly on the clyde for a few years , i really grew to love this view . it was industrial and dramatic and the showstopper was when the waverley paddlesteammer would sail past my window on it’s way down the clyde” . the clyde has transformed completely over the past few decades and with all the shipyards more or less gone , the finnieston crane and the titan crane stand as monuments to what went before .
plans can be viewed on the council website : 15 / 02220 / dc site formerly known as 200 finnieston street , glasgow . erection of hotel with ancillary facilities , car parking and associated works .
open only seasonally from may to october each year , bungee jumps from the crane’s summit are available on limited dates .
straw locomotive was a 78ft effigy of a steam engine constructed from steel , straw and chicken wire that wyllie suspended from the landmark finnieston crane in may 1987 . it was later taken to springburn engineering works , once the heart of the glasgow locomotive industry , and set ablaze in what the artist described as a viking funeral .
the crane was commissioned in 1926 by the clyde navigation trust , the operators of the port and dock facilities in glasgow .
the opening of the queen¿s dock and the railway spelt the end of stobcross house and finnieston . cut and built in giffnock stone , the dock transformed the area into a city service centre , legacies of which are still evident . it was filled for the scottish exhibition centre ( see below ) . only the finnieston crane , 1932 , by cowans sheldon , now recalls the mercantile bustle . the craine could load railway engines and tanks on to cargo ships , which is said to be one reason for its survival . otherwise the engineering works have gone .
the clydebank crane is the only grade ‘a’ listed structure in clydebank . it is one of five titans designed for the clyde shipyards by william arrol . the crane was one of the key targets for destruction in wwii but managed to survive the blitz .
as scotland’s manufacturing sector declined in subsequent decades , so did the use of the crane . it was last operational in 1988 - the docks that housed the crane were closed much earlier , in 1969 . at the time of its construction , it was the largest hammer - head crane of its type in europe - now , it is one of only 11 cantilever cranes in existence .
a giant straw sculpture in the shape of a locomotive , designed by scottish artist george wyllie , was hung from the crane in 1987 . as a tribute to wyllie , who passed away in 2012 , a question mark was hung from the crane in tribute . lately , the crane has been a temporary pub , a musical instrument , and a vertigo - inducing platform for stunt cycling .
it’s true . you can’t have a party up the top a’ that finnieston cran but you can read this post and learn all about it . if history’s taught us one thing , it’s that learning’s much more fun than parties .
clydebank shipbuilder john brown & co ltd awarded arrol a design and build contract for the crane in december 1905 . they specified an overhead rotating cantilever with a fixed jib . sometimes called a hammerhead crane because of its shape , this type came to be much used in ship construction and for loading extremely heavy items , such as locomotives , into vessels . construction of the clydebank crane began in 1906 .
it is part of a series of events that pay homage to the life of wyllie , who died last may . the artist adopted the question mark as his trademark , reflecting his interest in questioning conventional artforms . one of his most famous artworks was the straw locomotive , a sculpture that was hung from the finnieston crane for several months in 1987 , before being taken down and burned .
commissioned in the first years of the 20th century , the crane was built in the heart of the shipbuilding hub of clydebank and finished in 1907 . a hundred years later , titan crane reopened as one of scotland’s most unique tourist attractions , acting as a lookout point over glasgow .
the titan crane on queens quay at clydebank , west of glasgow , is the oldest giant cantilever crane in the world . fewer than 60 such cranes were built worldwide , the overwhelming majority of them by sir william arrol & co — at may 2011 it was thought that only 11 were extant , four of them along the river clyde . the clydebank crane is no longer operational but has been refurbished and can be visited .
gordon , you mention that a ‘scale model’ was made of the govan titan crane . any idea where this is currently located ? i know that some equipment from the crane ( hoists etc . ) was sent to the scottish maritime museum in irvine . any information would be much appreciated !
two bulging packs of lessons have been created , one for primary and one for secondary children , with innovative ideas for teaching youngsters about the crane in every subject from using the geometry of the crane in maths , to drawing it in art and writing reports on it in english lessons .
i ' m glad they ' ve chosen the guy that runs gamba and papingo . these are very pleasant places to eat and i ' m relieved that they are going for the exclusive end of the market rather than some sort of tgi friday clone . i think , on balance , i ' m pleased at the crane being put to this new use but i hope they take care not to obliterate the crane ' s silhouette by building within the crane ' s tower and i hope that the proposed office block doesn ' t distract from the majestic isolation of the crane .
the crane passed its commissioning tests and was accepted by john browns on 24 april 1907 . despite being a major target during the war , the crane and shipyard survived the devastating clydebank blitz in march 1941 . more information on the clydeside blitz can be found at the blitz on clydeside website .
a century - old crane that has been transformed into a popular tourist attraction , the titan is one of scotland ' s most unusual engineering feats .
though derigged and no longer operational , the crane has been used for several high profile arts projects . one of the most well - known took place in 1987 , when the artist george wyllie used the crane to suspend a straw locomotive for eight weeks , before being ceremoniously burned . in 2013 , artist bill fontana captured the sounds of the crane by attaching microphones to it , turning it into a musical installation in a project commissioned by the glasgow unesco city of music project . the crane features prominently as part of a newly redeveloped riverscape , and forms part of the backdrop to bbc and stv news broadcasts .
key to its success is passing on memories , and former workers at the yard have been recruited to relate their days under the shadow of the titan crane .
“it was me , ma sister and ma da , and we wur huvin’ a party . but somehow we wur huvin’ it up the top a’ that finnieston cran . that’s whut makes me ‘hink it nevur happened ' cuz that canny be done . ” - dee dee , limmy’s show
the titan towers 150 ft over the clyde , and on a clear evening you can see the mighty cantilever crane from miles away , thanks to its nightly illuminations .
originally known as the stobcross crane , it was built for the clyde navigation trust by cowans , sheldon & co of carlisle in 1932 . the cantilever crane stands 195 feet high and has a hammerhead jib of 152 feet . it was used to transfer boilers and engines into new vessels and load heavy machinery such as railway locomotives onto freighters .
today the crane remains as a landmark , a category a listed structure , and one of the most identifiable images of glasgow . during the 1988 glasgow garden festival ( sited on the princes dock on the opposite bank of the river ) a full - size replica locomotive , made from straw by local sculptor george wyllie , was suspended from the crane .
connected to a spur of the stobcross railway , the crane ' s primary purpose was to lift massive boilers and engines onto new ships ; at the time glasgow was one of the leading shipbuilding cities in the world . with the decline of the shipbuilding industry , the crane survived with a secondary use , loading heavy machinery â€“ mainly springburn ' s then renowned locomotives â€“ for export . with the downturn in seafaring trade , use of the crane continued to decline and it fell completely into disuse in the early 1990s .
the crane ' s capacity was 175 tons . it is 175 ft high with a 152 ft jib which could make a full revolution , of 1 , 000 ft at the tip of the jib , in 3½ minutes . it was built by the carlisle firm cowans , sheldon & co . at the time it was the largest hammerhead crane in europe .
just next to a junkyard , and itself next to a listed building of the former diesel works , this crane is visible from the m8 as you approach glasgow from the west .
built in 1926 at the time it was the largest hammer - head crane anywhere in europe ( standing at 59 metres , 195 feet ) and it was always in great demand .
it also has a rather cleverly designed sloping glass wall which allows a full view of the crane from inside – no mean feat when it is almost directly below this 150ft giant .
the steel sculpture , called the big clyde question mark , weighs a ton and was hoisted into place to hang from the crane’s arm , where it will remain until next february .
advertisementnow clydeport is carrying out a feasibility study to ensure the giant cantilever crane could be successfully developed into what would be a unique dining experience with fine views over the river clyde .
the scale model of the crane you are referring to sat in the entrance foyer of sir william arrol & co . ltd where i worked for five years . . from memory it was a model of the crane built in belfast for harland & wolff . just for clarity folks none of these cranes are “titan” cranes , they are giant cantilever cranes . best regards gordon campbell
directions : from the crane continue along the riverside to the rotunda . it ' s now a straight path all the way along to the suspension brideg at the end of the walk .
in the 1980s the crane came to be regarded as a symbol of glasgow ' s industrial past . although seldom used for its original purpose , the crane is still in working order . in the past it has been used to load tanks onto ships , and could do so again , should the need arise . it is sometimes used for fundraising events such as abseiling .
connected to a spur of the stobcross railway , the crane ' s primary purpose was the lifting of heavy machinery – mainly springburn ' s then renowned steam locomotives – onto ships for export . with the decline of locomotive manufacturing and other heavy engineering in the city during the 1960s , use of the crane continued to decline and it fell completely into disuse in the early 1990s .
the fifth crane , at govan , despite also being category a listed , was demolished in 2007 . sadly , the justification was that the yard needed the space to remain economically viable , and the only option was to demolish the crane . despite the fact a scale model of it was made , i still feel its a shame that it couldn’t have been moved or otherwise retained for display elsewhere .
during construction , small sub - assemblies of the cantilever weighing just a few tons were lifted by means of hand - powered cranes and riveted in place after first fixing with temporary bolts and adjusted for alignment etc . for lifting the heavier sections of machinery , a steam powered crane was provided . the crane was initially fitted with two ' hoists ' the main one able to lift very heavy loads of up to 150tons and a 30ton ' auxiliary ' hoist to ensure that the crane remained useful for lifting lighter loads , as the very heavy lifts were comparatively few . this lifting capacity was increased to 200tons in 1938 to assist with the war effort .
the docks having long since been filled in to be replaced with the scottish exhibition and conference centre and the clyde auditorium . the north rotunda ( part of the defunct clyde harbour tunnel ) stands next to the crane .
it is a 174 ft high cantilever crane built in the 1920s , and it began operating in 1932 with the rather unornamental job of lifting railway carriages , engines and other heavy structures onto ships docked on the river clyde .
i reckon its a horrible idea . any insertion of occupiable space into the crane would destroy its integrity as an object . it would end up as quite a disneyesque object that would trivialise the industrial heritage of its origins .
little else remained of the town after the blitz – just eight houses in this town of 47 , 000 souls remained untouched – but the titan crane was undamaged , a symbol of the industry and survival which had created this community .
the steel superstructure was bolted together in sections , adjusted for alignment and then riveted . pieces of the sub - assembly and the machinery were lifted into place either by manually operated derricks or a steam - powered crane , depending upon weight .
orignally part of john brown’s yard in clydebank , this crane now has a lift and staircase erected next to it , allowing the visitor to see the town from a unique angle . the view from the top is stunning , to say the least…
in the third line of photos , you can see renowned scul ? tor george wyllie’s straw locomotive which was suspended from the crane during the 1988 garden festival . the locomotive was brought to the crane down the old route from the railworks in springburn before being taken back up the road where it was burned on the derelict site of the old hyde park works , revealing wyllie’s trademark question mark . if you’re going to plough in with some heavy handed imagery , plough in with some viking heavy handed imagery .
the titan , weighing in at more than 800 tonnes , was erected at the brown’s shipyard , the former site of which is just north of the crane ' s location . its steel frame is 49m high , with cantilever frames 45 . 7m and 27 . 4m long , rotating above a square lattice girder tower some 12m wide . the crane is founded on boulder clay on four concrete piles extending 23m below ground level . the centreline of the tower is just 10 . 7m from the edge of the quay .
the crane is an a - listed building and , while we have been told historic scotland are in principle happy with the concept , we are currently conducting a full feasibility study into the development to ensure any work carried out complies with appropriate regulations .
during 1988 garden festival a huge straw built locomotive was suspended from the crane as a nostalgic reminder . it is one of the emblems of glasgow , partly for its iconic status in the cities industrial past and partly because of the way it still dominates the skyline .
however , today ' s residents will never line the banks of the clyde to watch a ship launch from here again , as all that remains of the famous john brown ' s shipyard is the titan crane which made such giant vessels possible . since a 3m refit of the crane in 2007 , via government - owned regeneration company clydebank re - built , installed a lift , visitors have been able to visit the top in just seconds rather than the 30 minutes it took the original operators to climb the ladders to the top .
imagine the movement in the cantilever as you get out towards the end . rather him than me ! to give you an idea of the movement in the crane check out bill fontana’s silent echoes project which lets you hear every yawning creak of the structure moving in the wind .
mad , but genius mad . if they can put a table on top of battersea power station , this should be a doddle . be good to see the crane brought back to productive use . i presume it will require a lift and fit out similar to the clydebank titan .
the crane was never meant to be an object to be looked at and admired , it was there to be used . it ' s integrity would be ruined by leaving it dormant . any conversion into a useable space would have to be done incredibly sympathetically , and carefully however .
it survived the bombs of the second world war and enabled the construction of some of the world ' s most famous ships . ahead of the opening of an education centre in its honour , our reporter traces the history of clydebank shipbuilding and the structure that made it possible , the titan crane
another consideration was the height to which the crane would have to lift a load in order to clear the structure of the ship , known as the ' lifting range ' , and the distance out from the quay side a load could be taken , known as the ' radial capacity ' .
haha what a good idea . although it could end up ruining the industrial look and historic aspect of the crane in the process . it would have to be done very tastefully , minimalistic almost . . . but i ' d eat there ( if i had the money ) . . .
the crane ' s image is used extensively in the media , including by bbc scotland news programmes and for the quintessentially glaswegian crime drama taggart . it stands as a symbol to the industrial heartland that glasgow and clydeside were in the early to mid - 20th century , and of the downturn of those industries .
peter harford - cross , of the architectural firm , says :
the idea was we would have this big bank of windows looking right up at the crane and in bad weather some of the children could sit here and draw it while others had a lesson in the interactive area . it wasn ' t easy !
perhaps its a political sort of notion but i beleive that there is an integrity to it only as a crane and a certain poignancy to it sitting there disused . the very machinery of the trade that made glasgow what it is sitting there idle speaks more poetically than a base commercial reuse of a structure just because its avaiable .
created by the firm collective architecture , the glass - fronted building contains an open - plan classroom area with benches and a whiteboard area , as well as models of some of the famous vessels built using the crane as well as a display of trinkets , photographs and documents , such as letters sent by passengers from the ships themselves .
in 1988 its future was secured when it was given a - listed status , putting it on a par with edinburgh and stirling castle . that was to be a lonely future , however , as in 1999 the yard and engineering works on the 100 - acre site was sold , closed and eventually demolished . the titan then stood alone in clydebank , a survivor of the industry which had created it . it had built some of the most famous and largest sea - going vessels the world had ever seen : from the world ' s largest ship , the lusitania , to the clyde ' s biggest ship , the queen mary , warships during the second world war with their heavy artillery and the royal yacht britannia . but it wasn ' t a solitary survivor , 11 titans still exist around the world from australia to japan , and three others , including the finnieston crane up - river , still stand on the banks of the clyde .
on 19 november 1968 , above the crowds watching the qe2 launch , 150 feet ( 46 metres ) tall and motionless , stood the blue giant titan crane that had made it possible to build the iconic ship . it had stood in the same spot for decades , rising above the flames and destruction as the town burned during the bombing raids of the second world war .
there is still an arrol titan on the tyne and the one and only titan built by babcock & wilcox of renfrew for j samuel white’s shipyard at cowes on the isle of wight is still standing but not in good nick . there was an arrol designed titan at the royal australian navy base at sydney until earlier this year but it was under a demolition order and may well be gone now . it was built during ww2 to replace an arrol - built titan at the royal navy base at singapore which had been destroyed by british forces just in advance of the japanese invasion to prevent it from falling into enemy hands . another scottish - built titan still stands in the harbour at nagasaki , japan . it was built by motherwell bridge engineering for the mitsu bishi shipyard there . it was to be the marker the us air force would use to drop the atomic bomb in 1945 . however , the weather was very cloudy and they failed to find the crane as a result of which the crane survived but the bomb landed in a more residential area of nagasaki . today the crane is regarded as a sort of memorial to those who died .
however , many lamented the fact there was nothing here but the view and the memories which would soon disappear with time . in a bid to preserve the history for a new generation , an education centre , built at the bottom of the crane , will open next tuesday to ensure the tales of this giant icon of a dying trade that touched the lives of millions will live on .
totally agree , legs - great idea and good choice of folks to run the joint , but i can only hope they don ' t touch the outside of the crane anymore than they have to . . . it would be such a shame to see such beauty wasted just so people can dine about higher up than usual . . . the outside of this tower needs to be left alone !
build your own delightfully detailed 1 : 1200 scale model of glasgow’s iconic ‘finnie monster’ crane in photo - etched brass . the ingeniously intricate design features a rotating jib with a sliding trolley , complete with a hook block , just like the real thing . a great gift for the industrially minded and perfect for posting . this make - your - own kit requires no glue to assemble , just concentration and nimble fingers !
“please can i urge you to join residents and other local groups to submit an objection to the current planning application as it will completely ruin the now globally recognised glasgow skyline ! ! ! if these plans go ahead it will ruin the local , chic ethos of this eclectic up and coming area , should we allow it to become like las vegas ! ! ! ! ! but mainly the beautiful skyline of glasgow will be completely ruined . in recent years glasgow has hosted many globally recognised events and this will help generate tourism to the city as a whole . finnieston has a fantastic feel about it and there is no place for a ten story hotel there , i am sure there would be better suited locations for it . ”
i don ' t think the idea is necessarily bad - lots of industrial structures by the ruhr in germany no longer needed for their orginal purpose have been reused very sucessfully - but i ' d struggle to imagine how you could put a sufficiently large restaurant up there without siginificantly compromising the crane . i think the jules verne restaurant in the eiffel tower is meant to be very good ( food wise ) , though maybe that ' s the exception that proves the rule .
clydebank rebuilt ltd , a local urban regeneration company , acquired 4ha of the site , including the crane , in 2004 . work to restore it began the following year and was completed in july 2007 under engineer arup ' s supervision , at a cost of about £3 . 75m . the task included installing a lift tower and illuminating the structure after dark . it is open to the public between may and september , and can accommodate up to 60 people on the jib . the original operating machinery has been preserved .
far below , thousands of men and women poured out of clydebank ' s factories . foremen at the nearby singer sewing machine factory ordered workers not to leave , but in vain , as the crowds swarmed out of the doors regardless , along streets towards the river to a spot underneath the shipyard ' s giant crane . this was a moment no - one in this town wanted to miss : one still etched on the hearts and memories of those who were there – the launching of the rms queen elizabeth 2 .
for versatility , the crane was equipped with two hoists . the main one was capable of lifting 152 tonnes , and the auxilliary 30 . 5 tonnes . its operating machinery ( except the roller path ) was supplied by stothert & pitt of bath . the original lifting capacity was increased to 203 tonnes in 1938 , when world war ii navy ships , such as the battleship hms duke of york ( keel laid 1937 , launched 1940 ) , were being fitted out . though clydebank suffered in the heavy enemy bombing of march 1941 , the titan was not damaged .
these unforgettable scenes in 1968 had their roots in a decision more than 60 years earlier by shipyard owners and sheffield steelmakers john brown & co , who took the forward - thinking step to order the latest in technology : the world ' s first electrically - driven cantilever crane , from the same firm which made the forth rail bridge and london ' s tower bridge . it could be controlled by one man and lift tremendous weights of up to 150 tonnes , allowing the yard to create the biggest ships in the world , heaving the enormous steam boilers and engines the ocean - going giants needed .
however , he does have one abiding regret – that he left before he had a chance to work on the qe2 .
that was the curse of my life . it went against the grain with me that i never worked on it . a lot of people in clydebank have a love affair with that ship .
at the time of the launch he was working in the singer factory when the managers made an announcement :
they told us , ' nobody is to leave your place to watch . ' but they might as well have been talking to that crane out there . everyone just walked out and they couldn ' t sack everyone .
local author james cowan described a trip up the crane and to the far end of the jib in 1935 : ' a noticeable peculiarity of each lateral movement was that it was not continuous , but took place in gentle jerks of a few inches at a time . the object of this is to prevent the load at the end of the cables acquiring a swinging motion , which would soon render the accurate placing of any load a matter of great difficulty and danger . . . i saw the heavy machinery . . . placed in a few minutes into a space where there was hardly an inch to spare on one side or the other , all the directions during this delicate operation being conveyed to the craneman by signs , and blasts on a whistle . . . '
destroy its integrity as an object ? what the * * * * does that mean ? why not breathe life into the old beast ? let it become a functional object again in a new era . open it up to the public and people from all over the world and of all ages - then when they are there you can educate them and remind them of its great past and glasgow ' s former industrial might . most people at the moment dont bat an eyelid or think theres that big old crane . this is a positive , why just let it sit there as a dead monument to the past ? let it be alive and productive once more . there are thousands of dead cranes , statues and monuments around the world - why not do something different . i cant see this as anything but a positive .
ordnance survey licence number 100057073 . all rights reserved . © copyright and database right 2018 .
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prince ' s dock and queen ' s dock , glasgow . oblique aerial photograph taken facing north - west .
queen ' s dock and prince ' s dock , glasgow . oblique aerial photograph taken facing north - west .
prince ' s and queen ' s docks , glasgow . oblique aerial photograph taken facing north - west . this image has been produced from a print .
one of four surviving on the clyde , the other three being : formerjohn brown shipyard , glasgow ( sir wiliam arrol and co . , 1907 , 150 tons ) ; watt dock greenock , inverclyde ( sir wiliam arrol and co . , 1917 , 150 tons ) and former barclay curle north british diesel engine works , south street , glasgow ( sir william arrol and co . , 1920 , 150 tons ) , it is one of 11 surviving worldwide .
taken from
greater glasgow : an illustrated architectural guide
, by sam small , 2008 . published by the rutland press urltoken
visited by rcahms ( agch ) 13 may 2015 , information from martin conlon 14 december 2015 .
selected writings and things . not all the entries are about old cinemas . honest .
both my grandfathers have links to shipbuilding on the clyde ; my maternal grandfather worked on the qe2 , and many other ships ; his speciality was working on propellar shafts . my paternal grandfather was a clerk in the yard at greenock . both would have been very familiar with the titan cranes that make up such an iconic part of the shipbuilding heritage of the river .
42 were built originally around the world , of which 40 were designed by willaim arrol ltd . 27 of those were in the uk , of which ( in 1988 ) 15 still existed , of which 7 were in scotland .
until quite recently , there were five titan cranes left on the clyde ; there were also two at rosyth on the east coast .
the most famous titan ; this can be seen in the background of most bbc scotland news studio reports .
the rosyth cranes appear to have been demolished around 1990 ; a great photo of one of these cranes can be seen on the rcahms website here .
there’s something about these titan cranes – their elegance as objects designed to do a job , but in the best possible way – that reminds me of the forth bridge ; in some ways , they are all practical , but at the same time , they become beautiful , and well worth fighting to make sure some remain .
old buildings fan , ex - scientist , software dev , old cinemas buff , occasional boffin & cow - wrangler . too many books , too few bookshelves .
i * think * it is part of glasgow museum’s collections now – not sure how you’d go about finding it though . can put you in touch with someone at gm if you’d like ?
old buildings fan , ex - scientist , software dev , old cinemas buff , occasional boffin & cow - wrangler . too many books , too few bookshelves . co - editor of @ scottishcinemas and works at @ archhfund
rt @ mrtimdunn : lots of chat today about # oxfordstreet not being pedestrianised . simple solution ! just follow the 1951 proposal for a bennie… 3 days ago
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> biography of hunter > more modern industrial machinery > show me other items from the 1900s > show me more in west dumbartonshire > all items by sir william arrol & co . ltd > all items by adam hunter > all items by arup
all the remaining titan cranes along the clyde are category a listed structures . two were also constructed by arrol and are each capable of lifting 152 tonnes . they can be found at james watt dock , greenock ( 1917 ) , and scotstoun , glasgow ( 1920 ) . the third was built by cowans sheldon & co ltd at stobcross quay , glasgow ( 1931 ) and has a lifting capacity of 178 tonnes . a fifth was demolished in 2007 .
as shipbuilding , and later oil rig construction , at the site dwindled , the clydebank titan became neglected . it was last used in the mid 1980s , and was designated category a in april 1989 . the shipyard closed on 31st july 2001 and was dismantled in 2002 .
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in 1955 partick camera club set out to create a photographic survey of glasgow . as the project progressed , other camera clubs joined and each was allocated a district of the city to photograph . glasgow museums exhibited the photographs at kelvingrove art gallery and museum and at the people ' s place , and in 1956 the exhibition was shown at the palace of art in bellahouston park . the photographs are now part of glasgow museums ' collections .
the legal part of the listing is the address / name of site only . all other information in the record is not statutory .
listing is the way that a building or structure of special architectural or historic interest is recognised by law through the planning ( listed buildings and conservation areas ) ( scotland ) act 1997 .
we list buildings of special architectural or historic interest using the criteria published in the historic environment scotland policy statement .
the statutory listing address is the legal part of the listing . the information in the listed building record gives an indication of the special architectural or historic interest of the listed building ( s ) . it is not a definitive historical account or a complete description of the building ( s ) . the format of the listed building record has changed over time . earlier records may be brief and some information will not have been recorded .
listing covers both the exterior and the interior . listing can cover structures not mentioned which are part of the curtilage of the building , such as boundary walls , gates , gatepiers , ancillary buildings etc . the planning authority is responsible for advising on what is covered by the listing including the curtilage of a listed building . for information about curtilage see urltoken . since 1 october 2015 we have been able to exclude items from a listing . if part of a building is not listed , it will say that it is excluded in the statutory address and in the statement of special interest in the listed building record . the statement will use the word ' excluding ' and quote the relevant section of the historic environment scotland act 2014 . some earlier listed building records may use the word ' excluding ' , but if the act is not quoted , the record has not been revised to reflect current legislation .
if you want to alter , extend or demolish a listed building you need to contact your planning authority to see if you need listed building consent . the planning authority is the main point of contact for all applications for listed building consent .


gracillaria arsenievi is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is known from the island of hokkaidō in japan and the russian far east .

the wingspan is 10-13.2 mm .

the larvae feed on fraxinus americana , fraxinus chinensis , fraxinus mandshurica , fraxinus pennsylvanica , syringa amurensis , syringa reticulata and syringa vulgaris .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

the mine starts as upper epidermal and tortuous-linear , and later becomes a blister-like blotch .

the leaf roll made by the larva of the late instars is conical or trigonal , always rolled up from the tip of the leaf or leaflet on the lower side .

the cocoon is situated on the edge of a living leaf around the leaf roll .

it is whitish and boat-shaped .

the species probably hibernates in the adult stage .

gracillaria arsenievi

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diakonoff , a . 1955 . microlepidoptera of new guinea . results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part v . - verhandelingen der koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen , afdeling natuurkunde ( 2 ) 50 ( 3 ) : 1–210 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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