it lives at depths to 50 m. s. ivanovi grows to a mantle length of 70 mm .

the type specimen was collected near mombasa , kenya ( 04 ° 03 ′ s 40 ° 00 ′ e ) .

it is deposited at the zoological museum in moscow .

sepia ivanovi

what type of species is sepia ivanovi ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the sepia ivanovi species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of sepia ivanovi species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species sepia ivanovi .
how to identify sepia ivanovi marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species sepia ivanovi . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species sepia ivanovi are marked in green .
where is sepia ivanovi found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species sepia ivanovi can be found .
gps coordinates of sepia ivanovi , kenya . latitude : - 4 . 0500 longitude : 40 . 0000
sepia ivanovi is a species of cuttlefish native to the southwestern indian ocean , probably throughout southeast africa , including kenya , mozambique , to the mouth of the zambezi river .
a new species of cuttlefish , sepia vecchioni ( cephalopoda , sepiidae ) from colachal coast , south india .
sepia is a genus of cuttlefish encompassing some of the best known and most common species . the name of the genus is the latinized form of the greek σηπία , sēpía , cuttlefish .
^ whiteaves , j . f . 1897 . on some remains of a sepia - like cuttle - fish from the cretaceous rocks of the south saskatchewan . the canadian record of science 7 : 459–462 .
hewitt , r . ( 1978 ) .
the preservation of the shells of sepia in the middle miocene of malta
. proceedings of the geologists ' association 89 : 227–237 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0016 - 7878 ( 78 ) 80013 - 3 .
this genus is probably the most speciose in the cephalopoda . because of the great variability among species , the genus is best defined by the other two genera ; that is , sepia is the sepiid that doesn ' t have the major characters that define metasepia and sepiella .
yes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .
cephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :
the list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .
introducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !
expedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .
this page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .
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khromov , d . n . , c . c . lu , a . guerra , zh . dong et al . / n . a . voss , m . vecchione et al . , eds .
systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )
sweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .
taxon validity : [ fide khromov et al . ( 1998 ) ] . repository : zmmgu holotype n - 172 [ fide khromov et al . ( 1998 ) ] . type locality : mombasa , zambezi ( south - east africa )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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© richard e . young , katharina m . mangold ( 1922 - 2003 )
beaks : representative descriptions can be found here : lower beak ; upper beak .
funnel component of locking apparatus without pit - like depression at midpoint of groove .
depth range based on 5379 specimens in 84 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2958 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 795 . 5 temperature range ( °c ) : 6 . 055 - 28 . 954 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 054 - 32 . 133 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 112 - 38 . 661 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 1 . 362 - 6 . 244 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 054 - 2 . 285 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 63 . 602 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 795 . 5 temperature range ( °c ) : 6 . 055 - 28 . 954 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 054 - 32 . 133 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 112 - 38 . 661 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 1 . 362 - 6 . 244 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 054 - 2 . 285 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 63 . 602 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
the species listed above with an asterisk ( * ) are questionable and need further study to determine if they are a valid species or a synonym . the question mark ( ? ) indicates questionable placement within the genus .
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the brownstriped grunt ( anisotremus moricandi ) is a species of grunt native to the atlantic waters off brazil , where it can be found at depths of 9 to 12 m ( 30 to 39 ft ) .

it can reach 15.1 cm ( 5.9 in ) in sl .

brownstriped grunt

brownstriped grunt anisotremus moricandi - / animals / aquatic / fish / g / grunt / brownstriped _ grunt _ _ anisotremus _ moricandi . png . html
the brownstriped grunt primarily inhabits rocky reefs in shallow , turbid water ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
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wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article
brownstriped grunt
.
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - brownstriped grunt facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
the primary threat to the brownstriped grunt is habitat degradation , with recreational activities , high sedimentation rates from runoff , and pollution all contributing to a decline in the quality of this species’ reef habitat ( 3 ) . although not of commercial importance ( 2 ) , the brownstriped grunt is taken incidentally in other fisheries and is being increasingly caught for the marine aquarium trade ( 3 ) .
facts summary : the brownstriped grunt ( anisotremus moricandi ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group
fishes
and found in the following area ( s ) : brazil , colombia , panama , venezuela .
there are currently no known conservation measures in place for the brownstriped grunt , but specific recommendations have been made for the protection of its reef habitat , through the designation of marine protected areas , and the regulation of its exploitation . in addition , owing to the paucity of information available on this species , further research into its ecology and population parameters is considered a high priority ( 3 ) .
the brownstriped grunt appears to be a nocturnal species , spending considerable time during the day hidden in reef crevices ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . although it was originally thought to be solitary ( 4 ) , observations have been made of this species in small groups comprising up to 12 individuals ( 3 ) . its diet is poorly known , but analyses of stomach contents indicate an omnivorous diet that includes crabs , gastropods , polychaete worms and algae ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
although the brownstriped grunt was discovered as long ago as 1842 , very little is known about this reef fish , having been misidentified on several occasions prior to its eventual rediscovery in 1982 ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . it is a relatively small species of anisotremus , with a deep , compressed body . the head and body are primarily dark - brown in colour , with six narrow whitish - gold , horizontal stripes , giving the converse impression of six wide brown stripes , hence the common name . the pelvic fins are black , while the other fins are light yellow ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . all species in the family haemulidae are known as grunts because of the noise they make by grinding their well - developed pharyngeal teeth together ( 5 ) .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 2 june 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 2 june 2015 ) .
anderson , w . , claro , r . , cowan , j . , lindeman , k . , padovani - ferreira , b . , rocha , l . a . & sedberry , g .
comeros - raynal , m . , linardich , c . & polidoro , b .
justification : this species was previously assessed as endangered in 1996 under vers 2 . 3 criteria ( 1994 ) , it is now known to be relatively widespread on the atlantic coast of south america and brazil . there is currently little evidence of population declines from fishing . it can be very common in brazil which corresponds to at least 50 % of its range and it is not heavily fished . export prohibition is in place in brazil for the ornamental trade . it is listed as least concern . the species is associated with hardbottom habitats and could incur local impacts in the event of loss of hardbottom or associated coral habitats .
1999 , dias 2007 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) . its depth range is 2 - 12 m .
this species is common in parts of its range . for example , it is very common in northeastern and eastern brazilian coastal reefs ( dias 2007 , chaves et al . 2010 , l . a . rocha pers . comm . 2015 ) and in the espirito santo state . this species has shown significant differences in abundance at two reef sampling locations in brazil ( 5 % frequency / 0 . 6 % abundance ) on a reef visited frequently by recreational boaters and tourists ; ( 18 . 33 % frequency / 1 . 34 % abundance ) in a reef not frequently visited by recreational boaters and tourists ( medeiros et al . 2007 ) . it is rare and appears only in spotty localities where it ranges outside brazil in the southern caribbean ( j . tavera and a . acero pers . comm . 2015 ) .
this species is typically found in association with hardbottom reef habitats . although this species has been thought to avoid blue - water insular conditions , with a preference for turbid waters , recent observations have shown this species to remain in environments that experience seasonal fluctuations in turbidity due to rain ( dias 2007 ) . this species has been observed in tropical coastal rock reef tidepools ( cunha et al . 2008 ) . this species is often solitary and nocturnal , frequenting reef crevices during daylight . however , it also exhibits diurnal and gregarious habits , mixing with other haemulid species or schooling with conspecifics ( nunes and sampaio 2006 ) . gut content analysis from one individual revealed the digested remains of crabs , filamentous algae , gastropod shells and polychaete worms ( acero and garzon 1982 ) .
in some coastal areas of brazil , this species is used as food by small - scale fishers and it is caught by spearfishing , net fishing , and hook and line ( dias 2007 ) . this species does not appear to be a main target , neither for commercial or artisanal fisheries in the states of bahia and paraiba , brazil ( nunes and sampaio 2006 ) . this species is not highly commercially exploited in northeastern brazil ( nunes and sampaio 2006 , dias 2007 ) . the species has been cited as experiencing substantial fishing pressure in the guarapari islands , brazil ( floeter et al . 2006 ) , but there is little empirical evidence of this pressure ( l . rocha pers . comm . 2011 ) . it is a minor component of the aquarium trade ( gasparini et al . 2005 ) .
anisotremus moricandi is of relatively minor commercial importance and is rarely targeted . there are no major threats from fisheries . populations can be impacted by human activities in coastal areas , both on reefs and in tidepool habitats ( dias 2007 ) . unregulated recreational boating and tourist activity on reefs has been shown to negatively affect abundance of this species on reefs ( medeiros et al . 2007 ) . high sedimentation rates coming from land discharges of pollutants that reach coastal reefs may also negatively affect this species ( hodgson 1999 ) . additionally , tidepools may be impacted by development in the coastal zone ( cunha et al . 2008 ) .
it has been suggested that strategies to conserve a . moricandi populations in ne brazil should place strong emphasis on the conservation of their habitats , especially the biogenic coastal reefs ( nunes and sampaio 2006 , dias 2007 ) . in brazil , this species is not included in the list of species that can be exported , protecting this species from ornamental trade exploitation . since the listing , there has been been an increase in the number of brazilian reef fish studies over the past decade , many of which have cited this and other endangered brazilian species as reasons to establish and monitor marine protected areas ( chaves et al . 2010 ) .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
anderson , w . , claro , r . , cowan , j . , lindeman , k . , padovani - ferreira , b . , rocha , l . a . & sedberry , g . 2015 .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t1308a115056181 .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
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greek , anisos = unequal + greek , trema , - atos = hole ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 9 - 12 m ( ref . 40101 ) . tropical ; 10°n - 16°s , 82°w - 34°w
west atlantic : panama , colombia , aruba , orchilla island ( venezuela ) and brazil .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 1 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40101 )
hilton - taylor , c . , 2000 . 2000 iucn red list of threatened species . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . xviii + 61 p . ( with 1 cd - rom ) . ( ref . 36508 )
) : 27 - 28 . 3 , mean 27 . 5 ( based on 106 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01622 ( 0 . 00743 - 0 . 03541 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .
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a seemingly discontinuous distribution in the western atlantic , with records from the coasts of panama , aruba , columbia , orchila island ( venezuela ) , and brazil , from ceará to espirito santo ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
acero , p . a . and garzón , f . j . ( 1982 ) rediscovery of anisotremus moricandi ( perciformes : haemulidae ) , including a redescription of the species and comments on its ecology and distribution . copeia , 1982 ( 3 ) : 613 - 618 .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
gastropods a group of molluscs that have a well - defined head , an unsegmented body and a broad , flat foot . they can possess a single , usually coiled , shell or no shell at all . includes slugs , snails and limpets . nocturnal active at night . omnivorous feeding on both plants and animals . pharyngeal to do with the pharynx or throat . polychaete worms polychaeta means ‘many bristled’ ; this class of worms are segmented and bear many ‘chaetae’ ( bristles ) .
carpenter , k . e . ( 2002 ) the living marine resources of the western central atlantic . volume 3 : bony fishes . part 2 ( opistognathidae to molidae ) , sea turtles and marine mammals . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , rome .
dias , t . l . p . ( 2007 ) what do we know about anisotremus moricandi ( teleostei : haemulidae ) , an endangered reef fish ? . biota neotropica , 7 ( 2 ) : 317 - 319 .
acero , p . a . and garzón , f . j . ( 1982 ) rediscovery of anisotremus moricandi ( perciformes : haemulidae ) , including a redescription of the species and comments on its ecology and distribution . copeia , 1982 ( 3 ) : 613 - 618 .
campbell , a . and dawes , j . ( 2004 ) encyclopedia of underwater life . oxford university press , oxford .
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eosqualiolus is an extinct genus of sharks in the family dalatiidae .

it was described by sylvain adnet in 2006 , and the type species is e. aturensis , which existed during the middle eocene of what is now france .

a new species , e. skrovinai , which existed in what is now slovakia during the miocene period , was described by charlie j. underwood and jan schlogl in 2012 , and named in honour of michal škrovina .

e. skrovinai was described from 14 fossil teeth ; 9 upper and 5 lower , some of which were partial and some were complete .

eosqualiolus

miocene squaliform sharks eosqualiolus and squaliodalatias teeth from . . . | download scientific diagram
fig . 6 . miocene squaliform sharks eosqualiolus and squaliodalatias teeth from cerová section in malé karpaty , slovakia . a–g . eosqualiolus skrovinai sp . nov . a . snm z 27455 , bed 8–9 , lower tooth in labial ( a 1 ) and lingual ( a 2 ) views . b . holotype , snm z 27456 , bed 14 , lower tooth in labial ( b 1 ) and lingual ( b 2 ) views . c . snm z 27457 , bed 8–9 , lower tooth in labial ( c 1 ) and lingual ( c 2 ) views . d . snm z 27458 , bed 14 , lower tooth in labial ( d 1 ) and lingual ( d 2 ) views . e . snm z 27459 , bed 20–21 , upper tooth in labial ( e 1 ) and lingual ( e 2 ) views . f . snm z 27460 , bed 17–18 , upper tooth in labial ( f 1 ) and lingual ( f 2 ) views . g . snm z 27461 , bed 8–9 , upper tooth in labial ( g 1 ) and lingual ( g 2 ) views . h . squaliodalatias sp . , snm z 27462 , bed 8–9 , lower tooth in labial ( h 1 ) and lingual ( h 2 ) views .
teeth assigned to the species eosqualiolus skrovinai from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) lower tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b₁ ) and lingual ( b₂ ) views . ( c ) lower tooth in labial ( c₁ ) and lingual ( c₂ ) views . ( d ) lower tooth in labial ( d₁ ) and lingual ( d₂ ) views . ( e ) upper tooth in labial ( e₁ ) and lingual ( e₂ ) views . ( f ) upper tooth in labial ( f₁ ) and lingual ( f₂ ) views . ( g ) upper tooth in labial ( g₁ ) and lingual ( g₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
sampling of latest burdigalian ( miocene ) silty clays from the malé karpaty mountains in the slovakia revealed a deep−water , low diversity shark fauna . the fauna is dominated by teeth of very small squaliform sharks , including two new species , eosqualiolus skrovinai sp . nov . and paraetmopterus horvathi sp . nov . the generic composition of the squaliform fauna is more similar to that known from the eocene than that of today , suggesting a post–early miocene faunal turnover within this clade , at least locally . nectobenthic , non squaliform sharks are rare , but include the new sawshark species pristiophorus striatus sp . nov . , while minute teeth of an enigmatic taxon described here as nanocetorhinus tuberculatus gen . et sp . nov . probably indicate the presence of a previously unrecorded planktivore . the unusual composition of the fauna , with the complete absence of taxa known to be of medium to large size , suggests an unusual , and probably very stressed , palaeoenvironment .
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key words : squaliformes , dalatidae , etmopteridae , pristiophorus , sharks , miocene , slovakia , paratethys .
charles j . underwood [ c . underwood @ urltoken ] , department of earth and planetary science , birkbeck , malet street , london wc1e 7hx , uk ; jan schlogl [ schlogl @ urltoken ] , department of geology and palaeontology , faculty of natural sciences , comenius university , mlynská dolina g1 , bratislava 842 15 , slovakia .
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† protosqualus sigei ( cappetta , 1977 ) locality : st . dizier / wissant , france cen . : westfalen , germany
† squalus alsaticus ( andreae , 1892 ) oligocen locality : gellik , belg . ; espenhein , germany ; szczein , poland ; france ;
† squalus crenatidens ( arambourg , 1952 ) paleogén locality : khouribga , morocco ; ypr . : stafford county , va
† squalus huntensis ( case & capetta , 1997 ) locality : hunt co . ,
† squalus serriculus ( jordan & hannibal , 1923 ) miocen locality : kern co . , ca ; ishikawa , japan
† centrophoroides latidens ( davis , 1887 ) locality : san . / maast . : europe , sahel alma , lebanon
† centrophoroides worlandensis ( case , 1987 ) locality : worland , washakie co .
† isistius triangulus ( probst , 1879 ) upper miocen locality : venezuela ; plio . : beaufort co .
† squaliolus schaubi ( smith & radcliffe , 1912 ) miocen locality : s . france ; tortona , n . italy ; gumma , japan
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compagno , leonard j . v . / hamlett , william c . , ed . , 1999 : checklist of living elasmobranchs . sharks , skates , and rays : the biology of elasmobranch fishes . 471 - 498 .
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version .
nelson , joseph s . , 1994 : null . fishes of the world , third edition . xvii + 600 .
van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 .
van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 357 - 374
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chimaera ( edaphodon ) bucklandi , edaphodon bucklandii , edaphodon cf . bucklandi , ganodus bucklandi
chimaera ( psittacodon ) sedgwickii , edaphodon cf . sedgwicki , edaphodon sedgwicki , psittacodon sedgwickii
carcharias subulata , carcharias subulatus , cretolamna subulata , lamna subulata , lamna ( odontaspis ) cf . subulata , lamna ( odontaspis ) subulata , odontaspis subulata , scapanorhynchus cf . subulatus , scapanorhynchus subulata , scapanorhynchus ( odontaspis ) subulatus
host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !
sharks appear in the fossil record between 450 and 420 million years ago ( all possible specimens older than 420 million years old are fragmentary and disputed ) , and have been important marine ( and in the carboniferous and permian , freshwater ) predators ever since . they form an important part of the marine fossil record in many areas , and are occasionally used for stratigraphy ( dating rocks ) , though often they are usually only represented by their teeth , which are mineralized and grown and shed throughout their lives , rather than their skeletons , which are comprised entirely of cartilage , and consequently have poor preservational potential .
in a paper published in the journal acta palaeontologica polonica on 12 january 2012 , charles underwood of the department of earth and planetary science at birkbeck college and jan schlogl of the department of geology and paleontology at comenius university describe a collection of deepwater shark ' s teeth from the cerová−lieskové locality in the malé karpaty mountains in slovakia . this is a claypit noted for a broad range of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils from the early miocene of the central paratethys sea . these fossils are thought to be important , as while shark teeth are well represented in the fossil record , deepwater sharks are relatively poorly known .
ten incomplete specimens are referred to the genus galeus ( sawtooth catsharks ) , though not assigned to any species . these are small specimens , the largest being about 0 . 7 mm . the genus galeus first appears in the fossil record in the early miocene of france , and is widespread in the atlantic and pacific today .
teeth assigned to the genus galeus from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) anterolateral tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) anterolateral tooth in labial view . ( c ) posterior tooth in labial view . ( d ) anterior tooth in labial view . ( e ) anterolateral tooth in labial view . ( f ) a nterolateral tooth in labial view . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
a single , 2 . 2 mm , broken tooth is assigned to the genus squatina ( angel sharks ) . modern angel sharks are found globally in tropical and temperate seas ; most species are restricted to shallow waters , though one species , the sand devil ( squatina dumeril ) is known to migrate seasonally into deep water . angle sharks are flattened sharks resembling skates and rays ( to which they are not closely related ) and living on the sea bottom . angel sharks are considered to belong to a separate order ( squaliformes ) which first appears in the fossil record in the late jurassic , with members of the modern genus ( squatina ) known from the middle cretaceous .
partial tooth assigned to the genus squatina from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
three oral and one incomplete rostral teeth ( rostral teeth are projections on the side of the snout of a sawshark or sawfish ) are referred to the genus pristiophorus ( five - gilled sawsharks ) , and assigned to a new species , pristiophorus striatus . sawsharks resemble sawfish ( which are also sharks ) , but are found in deepwater , while the sawfish are shallow - water dwellers . the two groups are not closely related , sawfish being related to skates and rays ( batoidea ) . the oldest sawsharks appear in the lart cretaceous of the lebanon , about 85 million years ago , modern sawsharks are found in the indian and pacific oceans as well as the caribbean , though their fossil record suggests they were more widely distributed for much of the tertiary .
teeth assigned to the species pristiophorus striatus from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( h ) l ateral tooth in labial ( h₁ ) , occlusal ( h₂ ) , and basal ( h₃ ) views . ( i ) partial rostral tooth in lateral view . ( j ) a nterior tooth in labial ( j₁ ) , occlusal ( j₂ ) , and basal ( j₃ ) views . ( k ) lateral tooth in labial ( k₁ ) and basal ( k₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
a large number ( 236 ) of teeth are assigned to the genus squaliolus ( pygmy sharks or deep - sea dogfish ) , and tentatively to the species squaliolus schaubi , a species previously described from the miocene of france . modern pygmy sharks are small deepwater species with specialized organs that house bioluminescent bacteria . they are a form of kitefin shark ( dalatiidae ) , a group that first appear in the fossil record in the early cretaceous of germany .
teeth tentatively assigned to the species squaliolus schaubi from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) l ower tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b₁ ) and lingual ( b₂ ) views . ( c ) l ower posterior tooth in labial ( c₁ ) and lingual ( c₂ ) views . ( d ) male lower tooth in labial view . ( e ) lower symphyseal tooth in labial ( e₁ ) and lingual ( e₂ ) views . ( f ) lower tooth in labial ( f₁ ) and lingual ( f₂ ) views . u pper tooth in labial ( g₁ ) and lingual ( g₂ ) views . ( h ) upper tooth in labial ( h₁ ) and lingual ( h₂ ) views . ( i ) u pper tooth in labial ( i₁ ) and lingual ( i₂ ) views . ( j ) upper tooth in labial view . ( k ) upper tooth in la bial ( k₁ ) and lingual ( k₂ ) views . ( l ) upper posterior tooth in labial ( l₁ ) and lingual ( l₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
, which is named after michal škrovina , described as the first person to encourage jan schlogl in to pursue an interest in palaeontology .
, though not assigned to a species due to its poor condition . fossils assigned to this genus have previously been found from the late cretaceous of lithuania and the eocene of france .
tooth assigned to the genus squaliodalatias from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . in labial ( h₁ ) and lingual ( h₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
( lantern sharks in the family etmopteridae ) , small , deepwater sharks with light producing organs , found more - or - less globally today . the earliest known lantern sharks are from the eocene of france .
teeth assigned to the genus etmopterus from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) l ower tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b₁ ) and lingual ( b₂ ) views . ( c ) l ower posterior tooth in labial ( c₁ ) and lingual ( c₂ ) views . ( d ) lower tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( e ) lower tooth in labial ( e₁ ) and lingual ( e₂ ) views . ( f ) lower tooth in labial view . ( g ) u pper tooth in labial ( g₁ ) and lingual ( g₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
( rasptooth dogfish ) , a second type of lantern shark . the genus is previously known from a single modern species from the pacific and some teeth from the eocene of france .
teeth tentatively assigned to the genus miroscyllium from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( h ) lower symphyseal tooth in la bial ( h₁ ) and lingual ( h₂ ) views . ( i ) lower tooth in labial ( i₁ ) and lingual ( i₂ ) views . ( j ) lower lateral tooth in labial ( j₁ ) and lingual ( j₂ ) views . ( k ) lower tooth in labial ( k₁ ) and lingual ( k₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
teeth assigned to the species paraetmopterus horvathi from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) lower tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b₁ )
and lingual ( b₂ ) views . ( c ) lower tooth in labial ( c₁ ) and lingual ( c₂ ) views . ( d ) lower tooth in labial ( d₁ ) and lingual ( d₂ ) views . ( e ) lower tooth in labial ( e₁ ) and lingual ( e₂ ) views . ( f ) lower tooth in labial ( f₁ ) and lingual ( f₂ ) views . ( g ) upper anterior tooth in labial ( g₁ ) and lingual ( g₂ ) views . ( h ) upper tooth in la bial ( h₁ ) and lingual ( h₂ ) views . ( i ) upper tooth in labial ( i₁ ) and lingual ( i₂ ) views . ( j ) upper tooth in la bial ( j₁ ) and lingual ( j₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
a single tooth is assigned to the family somniosidae ( sleeper sharks ) , a widespread group of sharks that first appear in the fossil record in the late cretaceous of germany .
tooth assigned to the family somniosidae from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . in labial ( k₁ ) and lingual ( k₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
( butterfly rays ) . modern butterfly rays are typically shallow water species , often found in brackish estuarine waters . the genus has a sparse fossil record , but is known from the palaeocene of india , spreading around europe , the middle east and africa in the eocene and reaching the americas in the oligocene .
tooth assigned to the genus gymnura from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . in occlusal ( i₁ ) and basal ( i₂ ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
, of uncertain affinities , but considered to probably be a neoselachian ( the group that includes all extant sharks , skates and rays ) . the genus name
teeth assigned to the species nanocetorhinus tuberculatus from the early miocene cerová−lieskové locality . ( a ) tooth in labial ( a₁ ) and lingual ( a₂ ) views . ( b ) tooth in labial ( b₁ ) and lingual ( b₂ ) views . ( c ) tooth in labial ( c₁ ) and lingual ( c₂ ) views . ( d ) tooth in labial ( d₁ ) and lingual ( d₂ ) views . ( e ) tooth in labial ( e₁ ) and lingual ( e₂ ) views . ( f ) tooth in labial ( f₁ ) and lateral ( f₂ ) views . ( g ) tooth in labial ( g₁ ) and lingual ( g₂ ) views . ( h ) tooth in labial ( h₁ ) and lingual ( h₂ ) views , detail ( h₃ ) . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .
while the majority of these sharks belong either to extant genera or extant families , the assemblage is on the whole closer to the deepwater sharks of the eocene than to modern shark assemblages , suggesting that there has been more turnover in deepwater shark populations since the miocene than between the eocene and the miocene . one remarkable feature of this assemblage is the small size of all the sharks present ; based upon the available material underwood & shlogl estimate that none of the sharks were more than 40 cm in length , though they do not offer any hypothesis as to why this was the case .
see also a new species of eagle ray from the northwest pacific , a hybodont shark from the middle permian of northern arizona , fossil tapeworm eggs from the permian , satellite tracking manta rays off the coast of mexico and new species of catshark from the galapaagos .
studied palaeobiology & evolution at the university of portsmouth , geosciences via the open university & ecology and conservation at christchurch university , canterbury . have worked in wildlife based tourism , mineral exploration , development , conservation , education & environmental chemistry . occasionally write articles for papers and magazines .
dolichothele mottai & dolichothele camargorum : two new species of tarantula from brazil and bolivia .
magnitude 7 . 1 earthquake in puebla state , mexico , kills at least 225 people .
selenium , arsenic and molybdenum in the bowland shale and related deposits in england , wales and ireland .
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the pygmy seahorses comprise several species of tiny seahorse in the syngnathid family or syngnathidae ( seahorses and pipefish ) .

family syngnathidae is part of order syngnathiformes , which contains fishes with fused jaws that suck food into tubular mouths .

they are found in southeast asia in the coral triangle area .

they are some of the smallest seahorse species in the world , typically measuring less than 2 centimetres ( 0.79 in ) in height .

the first pygmy seahorse known to science was hippocampus bargibanti .

at least six more species were named after 2000 .

the first species discovered lives exclusively on fan corals and matches their colour and appearance .

so effective is pygmy seahorse camouflage that it was discovered only when a host gorgonian was being examined in a laboratory .

in 1969 a new caledonian scientist , georges bargibant , was collecting specimens of muricella spp gorgonians for the nouméa museum and whilst one of these was on his dissection table he happened to notice a pair of tiny seahorses .

the next year they were officially named by whitley as bargibant 's pygmy seahorse .

other species live on soft corals or are free-ranging among seagrasses and algae .

pygmy seahorse

not many creatures can match the pygmy seahorse for being so simultaneously enigmatic and simply gorgeous . the cryptic pygmy seahorse
this pygmy seahorse is one of 9 known species of pygmy seahorse . due to their amazing camouflage ability and tiny size , many pygmy seahorse species have only been discovered over the past 10 years , and more may be discovered . in addition , many species have different color morphs , making identification even more difficult .
the dwarf seahorse ( hippocampus zosterae ) is a small seahorse found in the western atlantic ocean . they are also known as little seahorses or pygmy seahorses .
the common pygmy seahorse or bargibant ' s seahorse is one of the tiniest known vertebrates . this seahorse was named after the scuba diver who discovered the species in 1969 while collecting specimens for the noumea aquarium in new caledonia .
mcgrouther , m . pygmy seahorse , hippocampus bargibanti whitley , 1970 . australian museum . accessed january 30 , 2016 .
the kenyan pygmy chameleon isn ' t the only adorably tiny pygmy species . there are also marshall ' s pygmy chameleon and spectral pygmy chameleon . below is the brookesia minima , or commonly called the madagascan dwarf chameleon , the minute leaf chameleon , the pygmy leaf chameleon , the nosy be pygmy leaf chameleon , and the tiny ground chameleon . in other words , chameleons can blend in not only with their colors but also with their names !
as its name implies , the pygmy seahorse is a tiny fish . it lives on gorgonians ( sea fans ) of the genus muricella .
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only known to occur on gorgonian corals of the genus muricella , the pygmy seahorse is typically found between 16 and 40 metres depth ( 2 ) .
the pygmy seahorse is classified as data deficient ( dd ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
the pygmy seahorse has a short snout , rounded knob - like coronet and irregular bulbous tubercles on the body . it has a rounded spine above each eye and on each cheek .
why are they only being discovered now ? since no one knew they existed , they were not being looked for . because of their astonishing camouflage , they were easily overlooked until 1969 in new indonesia when h . bargibanti was discovered . it was found on accident when a biologist was observing muricella sp . gorgonians which were retrieved by divers . the biologist found the tiny seahorse was using the gorgonian as its host . this species was so well hidden that they were not even noticed until the coral was examined in a lab ! many species of pygmy seahorses were discovered just recently , including hippocampus debelius , or the soft - coral seahorse , which was revealed in 1993 by an underwater photographer . severn’s pygmy seahorse , pontoh’s pygmy seahorse , and satomi’s pygmy seahorse were just named at the end of 2008 ! the majority of pygmy seahorses have been found by divers instead of scientists . scientists then later verified the divers findings .
under the care of experienced researchers at national aquaria , all pygmy seahorses and their gorgonians have died .
noaa fisheries . dwarf seahorse ( hippocampus zosterae ) . accessed september 30 , 2014 .
. other distinctive pygmy seahorse characteristics include a fleshy head and body , a very short snout , and a long , prehensile tail . this is also one of the smallest seahorse species in the world , typically measuring less than 2 centimetres ( 0 . 79 in ) in height .
vincent , a . 1995 . a role for daily greetings in maintaining seahorse pair bonds .
hello , my names angela . where can i buy a seahorse in ma or nh ?
there are a number of enrichments available to improve brine shrimp . you can even make your own . probably the most popular among seahorse keepers is dan’s feed , available through seahorse source .
pygmy seahorses have such a weird but elegant look to them , their bright colors are so attractive as well .
the pygmy seahorse is known from coral reefs in the tropical western pacific around australia ( queensland ) , indonesia , japan , new caledonia , papua new guinea and the philippines ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .
before getting into dwarf seahorse care , it’s important to understand a little bit about their biology .
what is a pygmy seahorse ? pygmy seahorses are part of the genus hippocampus which all seahorses belong . they are minute seahorse species found through the world , most less than one inch in size . while they have been known about to science since the discovery of h . bargibanti in 1969 , most species have been discovered within the past 10 years . since then , they have become one of the most popular creatures for recreational divers to seek out .
stockton , n . 2014 . baby pygmy seahorses are even cuter than you think . wired . accessed january 30 , 2016 .
the first time i saw pygmy seahorse in bali . i didn’t know what my guide show me , and he bring me more close with the gorgonian and finally i saw very2 small things moving . i am very happy diving in bali 😀
masonjones , h . , s . lewis . 1996 . courtship behavior in the dwarf seahorse , hippocampus zosterae .
lourie , s . a . and randall , j . e . ( 2003 ) a new pygmy seahorse , hippocampus denise ( teleostei : syngnathidae ) from the indo - pacific . zoological studies , 42 ( 2 ) : 284 - 291 .
authenticated ( 19 / 12 / 2006 ) by sara lourie , project seahorse / redpath museum , mcgill university . urltoken
the walea seahorse is named after an island in central sulawesi , indonesia—the only place it has so far been found .
gomon , m . f . 1997 . a remarkable new pygmy seahorse ( syngnathidae : hippocampus ) from south - eastern australia , with a description of h . bargibanti whitley from new caledonia . memoirs of the museum of victoria 56 ( 1 ) : 245–253 .
pygmy seahorses are unique from other seahorse species in that they are much smaller , less than an inch tall . in fact , they are the smallest seahorses in the world , and the record holder h . satomiae is only 13mm tall when fully grown . that’s just barely over a half an inch ! they are also closely associated with their host as they possess the amazing ability to mimic it which protects them from predators . because of this , new species of pygmy seahorses are still being discovered ! unlike many other seahorses , the pygmy seahorse does not have recognizable body rings . other things that make them different from other species of seahorse not having a fully formed pouch and some types having a single gill slit such as h . colemani , h . pontohi , and h . severnsi .
pygmy seahorses are listed as data deficient on the iucn red list due to lack of published data on population sizes or trends for the species .
like other seahorses , it’s the male pygmy that becomes pregnant . he gives birth to around a dozen young after a gestation of 10 - 14 days
due to the very small size of the pygmy seahorse they can’t eat anything large at all . they tend to consume very small particles of food from their environment . mainly this is in the form of the young brine shrimp but they do consume some other types of crustaceans .
2003 .
biology of seahorses
( on - line ) . project seahorse . accessed october 13 , 2004 at urltoken .
the pygmy seahorse is one of the newest that have been identified . since they are so tiny and they blend so well with the surroundings . they weren’t even known to exist until they were accidentally placed in captivity on some coral reef and then they were detected and closely examined .
reijnen , b . t . , et al . 2011 . fish , fans and hydroids : host species of pygmy seahorses . zookeys 103 : 1–26 .
all but one of the seven species so far identified is found in southeast asia . coleman’s pygmy is confirmed only from lord howe island off australia’s east coast
epoch times staff . ( 8 / 11 / 2011 . )
science in pictures : pygmy seahorses .
the epoch times , northern california edition .
pygmy seahorses can be found coastal areas ranging from southern japan and indonesia to northern australia and new caledonia . they normally reside in depths of 10 - 40m on reefs . these distinctive pygmy seahorse species have attracted the attention of divers worldwide , making it extremely valuable to the diving industry . in sabah , a colony of pygmy seahorses is visited by about 100 divers per day . unfortunately , these visits can be dangerous to the seahorses . with photographers constantly taking pictures , the flashes from cameras could possibly influence them in negative ways . at this time , there are no policies to protect them from harm .
masonjones hd and sm lewis . 1996 . courtship behavior in the dwarf seahorse , hippocampus zosterae . copeia 1996 : 634 - 640 .
there are three species of pygmy shrew in the world , the american pygmy shrew ( pictured above ) , eurasian pygmy shrew , and the etruscan pygmy shrew . of the three , the etruscan pygmy shrew , pictured below , is the smallest and it is also considered the smallest mammal in the world by mass ( the kitti ' s hog - nosed bat is the smallest by skull size ) . the tiny creature grows to only about 1 . 4 inches in body length , but despite that size , it will eat 1 . 5 to 2 times its own body weight in food a day , scarfing down everything from small vertebrates and invertebrates , to prey as large as itself ! if you think that ' s amazing , the 2 - inch long american pygmy shrew eats three times its body weight a day , requiring it to capture and eat a meal every 15 - 30 minutes just to stay alive . small body , but enormous appetite !
if you happen to come across a pygmy seahorse , please remember to follow these tips . you may look at them but always be careful around pygmy seahorses . do not touch or attempt to move them . obviously , do not try to collect them for pet - owning or trade purposes . keep flashlights and flash photography away from them . avoid touching or destroying the seafan and take note of the coral around you . they are sensitive to stress and dislike flashes and harassment from divers . pygmy seahorses are safe as long as they are not disturbed in any way . we want these beautiful and colorful creatures to stay .
much has changed regarding our understanding of seahorse care , and many other species are now commonly available . yet the dwarf seahorse remains an ever popular , easy to care for aquarium pet . the basics of keeping them are quite simple as long as you follow a few guidelines .
adults are usually found in pairs or clusters of pairs , with up to 28 pygmy seahorses recorded on a single gorgonian , and may be monogamous . as with other
very little is known about the total number of pygmy seahorses , population trends , distribution , or major threats . it has therefore been classified as data deficient on the
@ paul no they are two different species . they are very similar , but they are not the same animal . pygmy seahorses are slightly smaller than dwarf seahorses .
if one wants to keep a miniature species of seahorse in an aquarium , consider looking into the hippocampus zosterae , also known as the dwarf seahorse , instead . dwarf seahorses are much less sensitive to captive conditions and are easier to take care of . pygmy seahorses are often confused with dwarf seahorses in literature . although both are similarly tiny , they are not the same . dwarf seahorses do have the similar appeal of being tiny but make better pets .
project seahorse . 2003 . hippocampus bargibanti . the iucn red list of threatened species 2003 : e . t10060a3158205 . accessed january 30 , 2016 .
pygmy seahorses live on gorgonian corals off australia , new caledonia , indonesia , japan , papua new guinea , and the philippines , in water depths of about 52 - 131 feet .
project seahorse ( 2003 ) . hippocampus bargibanti . 2006 . iucn red list of threatened species . iucn 2006 . urltoken . retrieved on 12 may 2006 .
project seahorse 2003 . hippocampus zosterae . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 2 . < urltoken > . accessed september 30 , 2014 .
vincent , a . 1997 .
nova - kingdom of the seahorse
( on - line ) . pbs . accessed october 13 , 2004 at urltoken .
strawn k . 1958 . life history of the pigmy seahorse , hippocampus zosterae jordan and gilbert , at cedar key , florida . copeia 1958 : 16 - 22 .
jordan , , gilbert . 1882 .
hippocamous zosterae ( dwarf seahorse )
( on - line ) . fishbase . accessed october 13 , 2004 at urltoken .
found in the swamps and forests of west africa , the pygmy hippo is one of the only two species of hippo on earth , and it is endangered . the elusive and nocturnal pygmy hippo is vulnerable not only to the loss of habitat to agriculture , but also to hunting and poaching . experts estimate there are fewer than 3 , 000 of these unique little guys left in the wild .
pygmy seahorses are only found living in coral reefs , sea grass beds , and algae , which makes them vulnerable to habitat destruction of that species of coral is destroyed . most of the host corals have been found to be nearly impossible to maintain in captivity . because these corals can only thrive in the wild , it is possible that divers may disrupt the environment of the pygmy seahorses . gorgonian corals are susceptible to destruction by divers and that is not good for the pygmy seahorses , since their survival largely depends on the corals . it is important that divers follow recommended guidelines to viewing these animals .
though small in size , these animals are not small on personality nor good looks ! check out these fascinating and , let ' s admit it , simply adorable pygmy species from all over the globe .
the small size of the pygmy seahorse makes it very hard for them to be able to live along . they attach to a host – gorgonian corals – in order to survive . the coloring of them will blend with them . this is how they are able to survive since they can’t swim well and they are too small to handle the water currents without an anchor .
very little is known about the total number of pygmy seahorses , population trends , distribution , or major threats . it has therefore been classified as data deficient on the iucn red list 2006 . because of the unusual and attractive colouration of this small seahorse it is possible that it could be being collected for the aquaria trade , although no international trade in the species has been recorded .
it ' s amazing how many pygmy bird species exist , including this pygmy cormorant . a seabird of southeastern europe and southwestern asia , they live among reedbeds and near open waters , and are often found in rice fields and other flooded crop areas . because they require wetlands to survive , their populations have been dramatically affected over recent decades as wetlands have been drained for agricultural purposes and other changes to their watery habitats .
they are easily identified by their small size , as well as by amount of body rings ( 9 or 10 ) and dorsal fin rays ( 12 ) . this seahorse ' s common name could be used for other small species of seahorse , but this species is on of the smallest at around 2 . 5cm ( 1
) total length in adult males .
this gremlin - looking critter made headlines when it was
rediscovered
in 2000 after one was accidentally killed in a trap set for rats . the species hadn ' t been spotted since the 1920s and was thought to be extinct , but finally in 2008 researchers from texas a & m university spotted the first living pygmy tarsiers in decades . the 4 - inch long pygmy tarsiers weigh only about 2 ounces , and prey entirely on insects .
very little is known about the total number of pygmy seahorses , population trends , distribution , or major threats . it has therefore been classified as data deficient on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . because of the unusual and attractive colouration of this small seahorse it is possible that it could be being collected for the aquaria trade ( 1 ) , although no international trade in the species has been recorded ( 2 ) .
there are five species of pygmy possum , four endemic to australia and one found in papua new guinea and indonesia . the eastern pygmy possum , pictured above and below , is one of the australian species . it is only about 2 . 8 - 3 . 5 inches long , and a 3 - 4 . 3 inch long tail . meanwhile , the tasmanian pygmy possum , pictured perched on the rocks in the image below , is the world ' s smallest possum , weighing in at only about . 25 oz and growing to only about 2 . 5 - 3 inches in body length . these teensy possums need to keep a sharp eye out for owls , which readily prey on them .
the color and shape of this seahorse nearly perfectly matches the corals on which it lives . check out a video of these tiny seahorses to experience their incredible ability to blend in with their surroundings .
the small size and specific body ring and dorsal ray counts should be sufficient to allow the dwarf seahorse to be distinguished from the larger congener hippocampus erectus , with which it may co - occur .
very little is known about the total number of pygmy seahorses , population trends , distribution , or major threats . it has therefore been classified as data deficient on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) . because of the unusual and attractive colouration of this small seahorse it is possible that it could be being collected for the aquaria trade ( 1 ) , although no international trade in the species has been recorded ( 2 ) .
last but certainly not least , not even by pygmy standards , is the pygmy three - toed sloth . this is one of the world ' s most endangered species with only about 100 left in the wild on isla escudo de veraguas , panama . after a controversial issue of dallas aquarium attempting to import eight of these sloths , supposedly for a captive breeding program in texas , the captured sloths were released . the above video is one of them being returned to its home .
wilson mj , and acj vincent . 1998 . preliminary success in closing the life cycle of exploited seahorse species , hippocampus spp . , in captivity . aquarium sciences and conservation 2 : 179 - 196 .
yes , even the largest animal alive on earth today , the blue whale , has a pygmy relative . this subspecies is found in the indian and pacific oceans , and grows to 79 feet ( which apparently is puny in the world of blue whales ) . they ' re described as
tadpole
shaped compared to their larger cousin , with a shorter tail and proportionately larger head . it ' s estimated that there are around 10 , 000 pygmy blue whales traveling the oceans .
i am looking to buy two small seahorse’ to keep as pets and i wld like to know where t obuy them at email me back at beall . jasmine @ urltoken they are really kool creatures ilove them
they carry about 10 - 20 eggs per breeding . the eggs are fertilized and incubated until hatching time . offspring are born live about two weeks later and are then independent from parents . fry , or baby seahorses , usually cling to coral reefs and feed immediately after birth . they look just like miniature versions of the parents . little is known about the pygmy seahorse’s life cycle , although other small seahorses species are known to live for around a year .
pygmy seahorses are found in the costal regions of the indo - pacific ocean , including indonesia , new guinea , great barrier reef , new caledonia , japan , and the philippines . they range from 3 °n – 23 °s and do not migrate .
reijnen , b . t . , van der meij , s . e . t . , van ofwegen , l . p . ( 2011 )
fish , fans and hydroids : host species of pygmy seahorses .
zookeys 103 : 1 - 26 .
though they may be tiny , these itty bitty raptors are fierce , and there are a bunch of them ! roughly 25 - 35 species of pygmy owl , or owlet , can be found all over the world , but they ' re mainly found in western north america and central america . the northern pygmy owl , pictured below , ranges all the way from canada to honduras . with a wingspan of only 30 - 40 centimeters , the raptor usually goes after insects or smaller prey like lizards , rodents and small birds .
pygmy seahorses are not suitable for home aquariums because their survival likely depends on host corals . waikiki aquarium has attempted to keep the host gorgonian for h . bargibanti , and was unable to keep it alive more than a few months . these species of seahorses have very small mouths , making them difficult to feed in a closed system . not only is the environment for pygmy seahorses hard to maintain , it is probably impossible to obtain the seahorses themselves anyway since they are so rare . they are extremely delicate and are better off living in the wild .
lourie , s . a . , vincent , c . j . & h . j . hall . 1999 . seahorses . an identification guide to the world ' s species and their conservation . project seahorse . pp . 214 .
dwarf seahorses are also collected in florida for the marine ornamental aquarium industry . annual seahorse landings vary widely , but adams et al . ( 2001 ) indicates more than 80 , 000 h . zosterae were collected in florida in 1992 .
, commonly known as the dwarf seahorse , inhabits coastal waters of the western atlantic ocean , including the caribbean sea , the gulf of mexico , and the continental shelf of the southeastern united states ( jordan and gilbert , 1882 ) .
and other seahorse species produce a rapid clicking sound as a form of communication . these clicking sounds have been observed during courtship and copulation , inter - male competition , feeding , and stress produced , for example , by moving a seahorse from one tank into another . dwarf seahorses produce these clicking sounds by stridulation , which is the production of sound through the grinding together of hard , usually bony structures . in this case the skull grinds against the vertebrae . more specifically ,
the ( appropriately named ) pygmy mouse lemur is a tiny primate only about 4 . 7–5 . 1 inches long , including the tail ! found only in a localized area of kirindy forest in western madagascar , the species is threatened by poachers who capture them for the pet trade .
lives well camouflaged amongst the branches of the gorgonian coral . it is a tiny timid creature with a maximum length of less than an inch , however watch out if you are a little shrimp , this cute seahorse has a sharp eye and a big appetite . this is a very popular seahorse amongst underwater enthusiasts which is why roger and catherine have released it as a limited edition print on archival paper which is signed by the artist . ( print run limited to rogers lifetime )
range from 5 to 20 milliseconds in length and are between 2 . 65 and 3 . 43 khz . also , as size of the seahorse increases the peak frequencies of the clicking sounds decrease ( colson et al . , 1998 ) .
that’s a tough call . the tankmates article says that they are a one – good with everything but might not be safe with seahorse fry . dwarfs are a bit of an anomaly , being so small , but they’re larger than fry .
is one of the smallest of the many different seahorse species , ranging in size between 2 to 2 . 5 cm . the maximum reported size was a male of 5 . 0 cm ( jordan and gilbert , 1882 ) . this species of seahorse can be distinguished from other western atlantic seahorse species by the presence of 10 to 13 dorsal and pectoral fin rays ( daswon and vari , 1982 ) . also , dwarf seahorses possess 9 to 10 trunk rings , a high knob - like coronet that lacks spines or projections , knob - like spines on the body , a short snout that is one - third the length of the head , and skin covered in tiny warts ( lourie et al . , 2004 ) .
the western pacific is where you will find this species of seahorse living . from southern japan to northern australia you will find them . they are found in caledonia . the shallow areas that are also very warm are where they will be living .
lourie , s . , s . foster , e . cooper , a . vincent . 2004 .
a guide to the identification of seahorses
( on - line pdf ) . project seahorse . accessed october 14 , 2004 at urltoken .
the seahorses refered to in the above article are dwarf seahorses not pygmy seahorses . the main article refers to this confusion . so long as you can supply daily live food ( enriched brine shrimp ) then dwarfs will readily breed , mine had 10 babies within 1 month of arrival into the aquarium 🙂
the maximum length of a dwarf seahorse is just under 2 inches . like many other seahorse species , it has a variety of color forms , which range from tan to green to almost black . their skin may be mottled , have dark spots , and covered in tiny warts . these seahorses have a short snout , and a coronet on top of their head that is very high and column - like or knob - like in shape . they may also have filaments extending from their head and body .
the first known pygmy seahorse species was hippocampus bargibanti , which was actually discovered on a gorgonian coral that was being examined in a laboratory . and no wonder ; the species is only about 2 centimeters in length and is exceptional at blending with its host coral . even so , scientists have managed to discover six more species since 2000 . very little is known about these species , and they do not survive in aquariums even under the most expert of care , which is why it is good they are listed under cites and the australian wildlife protection act .
all seahorses are carnivores . pygmy seahorses feed on zooplankton , primarily copepods . h . bargibanti has been observed eating zooplankton captured in the polyps of its host coral . they do not have tongues or teeth . prey is sucked into the seahorse’s mouth once it is within range . they have very small mouths so they require areas that flourish with its natural food . this species also does not have a stomach for digestion , making their digestive systems inefficient . therefore , food must constantly be ingested to survive since they do not have a place to store its food .
if you thought bunny rabbits couldn ' t get any cuter , meet the columbia basin pygmy rabbit . this species - - the smallest rabbit in north america - - is found only in one area of washington state , the ( you guessed it ) columbia basin . because of the specific location , the species is subject to threat by habitat loss and wildfires . the pygmy rabbit was listed under the endangered species act in 2003 and a recovery plan , including captive breeding program and collaborative recovery effort with oregon zoo , washington state university , northwest trek wildlife park , usfws and other state wildlife agencies , is in place .
justification : hippocampus bargibanti is a coral reef - inhabiting pygmy seahorse that inhabits the indo - west pacific from southern sumatra to new caledonia and from tokyo , japan , to the southern edge of australia ' s great barrier reef . the species is only found on muricella corals . they may be threatened by habitat loss due to coastal development , polllution , destructive fishing practices , and the effects of climate change . further research is needed to determine population size , trends in abundance , and how these threats are affecting the species . therefore h . bargibanti is listed as data deficient .
of its host species of gorgonian coral , while its body matches the gorgonian stem . it is not known whether individuals can change colour if they change hosts , although the ability to change colour according to their surroundings does exist in some other seahorse species , such as
lourie , s . a . , a . c . j . vincent and h . j . hall , 1999 . seahorses : an identification guide to the world ' s species and their conservation . project seahorse , london . 214 p . ( ref . 30915 )
lourie , s . a . , foster , s . j . , cooper , e . w . t . and a . c . j . vincent . 2004 . a guide to the identification of seahorses . project seahorse and traffic north america . 114 pp .
the ability of seahorses to change color in many social situations is most likely a form of communication about the state or mood of the seahorse to its mate or other members of its species ( indiviglio , 2002 ) . mates also communicate with nose pointing and body vibrations .
dwarf seahorses look similar to other common seahorse species . they have cirri , for camouflage , but these usually disappear when kept in the aquarium . their colouration varies from beige to yellow to green to black to mottled , and they are capable of colour change like a chameleon .
all pygmy seahorses are distinguished as having a plump head and body , a short truncated snout , and a long tail capable of clinging to coral . species can be differentiated by colors , size , and other characteristic appearances . h . severnsi , for example , lacks tubercles on its head . all seahorses swim upright with their head up and tail down , and are propelled forward with their dorsal fin . these seahorses normally stay still and will let go of its host to relocate a few centimeters at a time when disturbed . they can swim for about a minute and can also float . different species of pygmy seahorses vary in color and distinctness of tubercles .
since pygmy seahorses are camouflaged so well , specific information of the population trends , distribution , and amount of pygmy seahorses is unknown . because little is known , they are classified as “data deficient . ” it is probable that they will be collected for trade for their remarkable beauty . research must be administered to this species in order to find out its status so that policies can be implemented to keep them safe and protected . however , this will prove to be challenging because of its ability to hide so well . it is important that they are secure from exploitation of their stunning appearance . there are already projects and teams committed to conserving seahorses and their habitats .
the pygmy seahorse is undoubtedly one of the most well camouflaged species in the oceans , being extremely difficult to spot amongst the gorgonian coral it inhabits . so effective is this camouflage that the species wasn ' t actually discovered until its host gorgonian was being examined in a lab . large , bulbous tubercles cover this species ' body and match the colour and shape of the polyps of its host species of gorgonian coral , while its body matches the gorgonian stem . two colour morphs exist – pale grey or purple individuals scattered with pink or red tubercles are found on the similarly coloured gorgonian coral muricella plectana , and yellow individuals with orange tubercles are found on gorgonian coral muricella paraplectana . it is not known whether individuals can change colour if they change hosts , although the ability to change colour according to their surroundings does exist in some other seahorse species , such as h . whitei . other distinctive characteristics include a fleshy head and body , a very short snout , and a long , prehensile tail . this is also one of the smallest seahorse species in the world , typically measuring less than 2 cm in height . the male carries eggs and young concealed within the trunk region .
lourie , s . a . , a . c . j . vincent and h . j . hall , 1999 . seahorses : an identification guide to the world ' s species and their conservation . project seahorse , london . 214 p . via fishbase , september 30 , 2014 .
pygmy seahorses are marine fish and live in coastal reefs on gorgonians . different species live on different kinds of gorgonian corals ranging from anella to muricella . h . colemani is found among zostera and halophila plants . the coral provides a safe hiding place for them . they blend in perfectly with their colors matching that of the coral as well as similar texture , since they have tubercles that go with the polyps of coral . h . waleananus are often found on soft corals and have exceptionally long tails . up to 28 pairs of adult pygmy seahorses can be found on a single gorgonian , as adults are usually paired together and are often monogamous . they are mostly found in tropical waters .
lourie , s . a . , foster , s . j . , cooper , e . w . t . and vincent , a . c . j . ( 2004 ) a guide to the identification of seahorses . project seahorse and traffic north america , washington d . c . .
lourie , s . a . , foster , s . j . , cooper , e . w . t . and vincent , a . c . j . ( 2004 ) a guide to the identification of seahorses . project seahorse and traffic north america , washington d . c . .
the dwarf seahorse , hippocampus zosterae , is a small seahorse common to florida seagrass flats . it is variable in color , often tan and unpatterned , but individuals can also range in color from green to nearly black . the snout is long relative to body size and the coronet ( head projection ) is high and knob - like . the dorsal fin has 11 - 13 fin rays and a dark submarginal stripe that may aid in identification . body ring counts reveal 10 - 14 trunk rings and 31 - 33 tail rings ( hoese and moore 1977 , robins et al . 1986 ) .
i think i ay still stick with dwarf as i dont have the room for a full sized seahorse , but i may keep them in a breeding net so they breed and then i will have more in the tank , and i have found instant brineshrimp that has been used on dwarves before .
maintenance is extremely important in dwarf seahorse aquariums . it is probably one of the trickiest aspects of keeping them . because the amount of food that goes into the aquarium , their water is fouled easily . 25 % water changes every other week are a bare minimum , and a weekly schedule is ideal .
the pygmy seahorse is undoubtedly one of the most well camouflaged species in the oceans , being extremely difficult to spot amongst the gorgonian coral it inhabits . so effective is this camouflage that the species wasn ' t actually discovered until its host gorgonian was being examined in a lab . large , bulbous tubercles cover this species ' body and match the colour and shape of the polyps of its host species of gorgonian coral , while its body matches the gorgonian stem . two colour morphs exist – pale grey or purple individuals scattered with pink or red tubercles are found on the similarly coloured gorgonian coral muricella plectana , and yellow individuals with orange tubercles are found on gorgonian coral muricella paraplectana ( 4 ) . it is not known whether individuals can change colour if they change hosts , although the ability to change colour according to their surroundings does exist in some other seahorse species , such as h . whitei ( 5 ) . other distinctive characteristics include a fleshy head and body , a very short snout , and a long , prehensile tail ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . this is also one of the smallest seahorse species in the world , typically measuring less than 2 cm in height ( 1 ) . the male carries eggs and young concealed within the trunk region ( 5 ) .
this poses a problem for dwarf seahorses for two reasons . in such large numbers , they can quickly consume all the food in the aquarium . however , a much bigger threat comes from stinging cells . their sting isn’t particularly potent to most animals , but for the tiny dwarf seahorse , the sting can be deadly .
as for filtration type , it varies quite a bit . people are moving away from sponge filters , but using the integrated filters can be difficult ; either the flow ends up too high , or their isn’t a good way to protect the intake . there is a lot of experiments going on by dwarf seahorse keepers on the best way to handle dwarf seahorse filtration . putting sponges and hose over the intakes has mixed results too . they frequently get clogged to quickly . and you have to be careful with filters removing food . that’s one advantage of sponge filters ; they don’t remove food from the water column . however they can get clogged too .
the pygmy raccoon , or cozumel raccoon , is a critically endangered species found only on cozumel island off the yucatan peninsula . these tiny versions of their much larger and more populous cousins are on the verge of extinction , with only around 500 left . recently conservation photographer kevin schafer spent time photographing these adorable critters in an effort to help bring awareness to them and promote conservation of the species .
oh yeah ! , that something else i wanted to ask . what would be the best kind of filter to use ? my bf asked our local fish shop and one of the guys who had just set up a seahorse tank said a gravel filter , but i’ve read these arent good to use in with the dwarves ? ? ?
pygmy seahorses are ovoviviparous , but unlike most animals , the male carries the eggs , which are contained in an on his underside . when mating occurs , the female transfers her eggs into the male ' s pouch , where he fertilizes the eggs . about 10 - 20 eggs are carried at one time . the gestation period is about 2 weeks . the young hatch looking like even tinier , mini seahorses .
australian populations of pygmy seahorses are listed under the australian wildlife protection act , so that export permits are now required , although they are only granted for approved management plans or captive - bred animals . with such limited data available , there is an urgent need for further research to be conducted on its biology , ecology , habitat , abundance and distribution , before its status can be properly assessed and conservation measures implemented accordingly .
we ' re used to seeing the enormous size of african and indian elephants , but the borneo pygmy elephant is no less special despite its smaller size . according to dna analysis , it is thought that this species was isolated about 300 , 000 years ago from their mainland cousins , making them a subspecies of asian elephant . found in tropical rainforest habitats in north borneo , it is estimated there are fewer than 2 , 000 left .
dwarves , just like large seahorses , need places to hitch . many keepers opt for artificial decorations because of the risk of hydroids ( see below . ) most basic aquarium plants work well . macro algae can be used but must be treated for hydroids . live rock should be used with caution , as many pest can hitch hike in and harm the diminutive seahorse .
with a head about the size of a human thumb , the pygmy marmoset is the smallest monkey in the world and among all primates , only the mouse lemur ( listed below ) is smaller . it is found in the rainforests of the amazon basin , where it uses its sharp nails to cling to the branches of trees and its specialized teeth to feed on tree gum . it also makes a snack of insects , fruit and nectar .
. frankly , thank goodness for multiple species because we can ' t get enough of the cuteness ! the pygmy jeroba is considered the world ' s smallest rodent and , as andrew sullivan put it , has
a rabbit ' s face on tweety - pie ' s body
. though tiny , its long legs allow it to hop as far as nine feet in a single bound . here is some of that famous cuteness in action :
lourie , s . a . , a . c . j . vincent and h . j . hall , 1999 . seahorses : an identification guide to the world ' s species and their conservation . project seahorse , london . 214 p . in froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2015 . fishbase ( 10 / 2015 ) . accessed january 30 , 2016 .
thank you so much for you hard work and research . i had seahorse’s many years ago back in the days when you use to ordered them from the backs of comic books i was about 12 . i loved having them but back then information was limited . there was no internet and the information on then was very limited from pet shop owners if accurate . i had them and made every mistake on the book . i had them in large tank with other mates , feeding regiment was off , enrichment wasn’t even heard off no one really new about and i could go on and on but ill leave out the details even though i always had marine tanks i just gave up on seahorse keeping all together because it was not fair for the horses cruel and expensive . i went trough dwarf , large seahorse’s you name it . i was always intrigued by them and love them . i would make frequent trips to the mystic and boston aquarium whenever i get and urge to see them , and they were subjects of my artwork . recently i have taken up the hobby but not before reading and re reading and researching before i even set the tank up . i must say after countless of articles yours is the easiest to understand and the most detailed by far . here i am at 53 years old enjoying once again on of my childhood dreams a successful seahorse aquarium . i have purchase tank raised dwarfs and the are doing great and i have pair that mated and already have raise young that only home has been my tank . thank you so much for your webpage is valuable information .
hi brenda ! that’s a fairly complex question and a lot of it will be based on what you want to accomplish . i suggest signing up at our forums so we can get more details about what you’re looking for , and what your experience level is . it sounds like you’re looking for larger seahorse to keep , not dwarves due to the tank size you have . you’ll want to make sure you get captive bred seahorses .
dwarf seahorse are subtropical , but can handle a wide range of temperatures as long as the change isn’t too quick . you can expect to successfully keep them between the temperatures of 65 and 80 degrees , with 68 - 74 being optimal . this means they don’t need a heater if kept in a normally heated house . a thermometer is a must though , to monitor for large temperature swings and the temperature going outside of the safe zone .
very little is known about the ecology of this species . it is one of the smallest seahorse species , measuring less than 2 cm in height ( lourie et al . 1999 ) . it has a specific habitat , being found only on gorgonian corals muricella plectana ( gomon 1997 , tackett and tackett 1997 , whitley 1970 ) at depths ranging from 16–40 m ( tackett and tackett 1997 ) . hippocampus bargibanti appears to form pairs and may be monogamous .
these are among the smallest of all living things in the water when they are born . they do have a higher rate of survival than most species of seahorses though . this is due to the fact that they are among the best at hiding in their natural setting . their color allows them to blend easier than any other type of seahorse in the world . they have to care for themselves immediately after birth as there is no parental care at all .
very little is known about the ecology of this species . it is one of the smallest seahorse species , measuring less than 2 cm in height ( lourie et al . 1999 ) . it has a specific habitat , being found only on gorgonian corals muricella plectana ( gomon 1997 , tackett and tackett 1997 , whitley 1970 ) at depths ranging from 1640 m ( tackett and tackett 1997 ) . hippocampus bargibanti appears to form pairs and may be monogamous ( tackett and tackett 1997 ) .
seahorse populations are declining mainly due to large quantities collected and sold for the aquarium trade and for traditional chinese medicine . chinese medicine alone is the largest consumer of seahorses , with an estimate of 20 million seahorses used per year for this economic market . evidence from the year 2000 showed that more than 50 tons of dried seahorses were collected for the trade in asia alone . research has estimated that populations are declining at rates of anywhere between 15 to 50 % over 5 year periods , depending on the species .
it’s recently come to my attention that very young seahorses of larger species are being sold as dwarf seahorses . these seahorses have much different requirements , and will quickly outgrow the small aquarium hippocampus zosterae require . if you found this article after purchasing a “dwarf seahorse” , please take a look at our article on the species mix up to ensure what you got was actually what you were told it was . if you’re unsure , please take a moment and post a picture to our forums . added 8 / 8 / 2015
there are many features that mark the development of young seahorses within the brood pouch . for example , dorsal fin rays develop first , followed by anal fins . both of these structures form before the complete growth of the mouth apparatus . during the larval stage of seahorse development external feeding is not necessary because the brood pouch provides larvae with nutrients . also , the yolk sack , which provides the young with nutrients , is preserved throughout the postembryonic period and disappears only moments before birth . therefore , the mouth apparatus does not become functional until young are released from the brood pouch ( kornienko , 2001 ) . compared to an adult seahorse , offspring within the brood pouch have a rounded tail instead of tetrahedral tail , a wider and shorter snout , a dorsal fin that is closer to the tail , and pectoral fins that are closer to the back of the head ( kornienko , 2001 ) . in addition , the season and the environment , such as water temperature , disproportionately influences the sex ratio of developing seahorses ( dawson and vari , 1982 ) .
omg they are soooooo beautifull . i would love to see these guys introbuced into the aquariums . but if they cant survive then id love to make sure their habbitat isnt disrupted . i read on a website that someone had actually had these guys in a aquarium and had breed them but i cant rember were i seen it if i come across it again ill post it . there my favorit seahorse . i also read that up to 100 + of these guys can live on 1 host plant . it was on a youtude video .