frogfishes are any member of the anglerfish family antennariidae , of the order lophiiformes .

antennariids are known as anglerfishes in australia , where the term " frogfish " refers to members of the unrelated family batrachoididae .

frogfishes are found in almost all tropical and subtropical oceans and seas around the world , the primary exception being the mediterranean sea .

frogfishes are small , short and stocky , and sometimes covered in spinules and other appendages to aid in camouflage .

the camouflage aids in protection from predators and enables them to lure prey .

many species can change colour ; some are covered with other organisms such as algae or hydrozoa .

in keeping with this camouflage , frogfishes typically move slowly , lying in wait for prey , and then striking extremely rapidly , in as little as 6 milliseconds .

few traces of frogfishes remain in the fossil record , though antennarius monodi is known from the miocene of algeria .

frogfish

hairy frogfish , aka striated frogfish , antennarius striatus . these frogfish come in different varieties , often striped or with hairy appendages .
frogfish are preyed upon by other frogfish and moray eels however this is considered an uncommon occurrence . young frogfish may fall victim to opportunistic predators including fishes .
despite their camouflage frogfish are not without predators of their own . lizardfish , scorpionfish and other frogfish are known for eating these critters . while juvenile frogfish are snapped up with ease , once frogfish reach maturity they are generally the hunter , not the hunted .
small frogfish , one to three inches , are great to photograph using a 60mm lens . if you are photographing giant frogfish or frogfish larger than three inches , a non - macro lens is recommended . i use a 9–18mm for giant frogfish and a 14–42mm for larger , adult frogfish of other species that are around four to six inches .
frogfish / anglerfish ( antennariidae ) : characteristics - frogfish terms - esca and illicium - tips for the identification of frogfishes . with illustrations and photos
more amazing photos of several rare histiophryne frogfish species : histiophryne bougainvilli , histiophryne cryptacanthus , histiophryne psychedelica ( psychedelic frogfish ) and an australian histiophryne sp .
juvenile frogfish , a . pictus , in anilao , photo by scott gietler . these tiny frogfish , less than 10mm are great subjects for supermacro underwater photography .
new frogfish - species ? photos of several histiophryne sp . from indonesia and australia
the psychedelic frogfish originates from ambon island in the indonesian archipelago ( 4 ) .
black and orange commerson ' s frogfish on the deep reefs of cocos island .
the warty frogfish or clown frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) could fit in the palm of your hand — and it has its own pair of hands , too .
the frogfish is sometimes seen , opening its mouth and yawning . but only on two occasions i have seen how a frogfish actually eats its prey ( see a video ) . actually everything happened so fast , that all i really saw was the shrimp in front of the frogfish and then the frogfish moved and the next thing i realized the shrimp was gone and the frogfish made swallowing movements . no wonder that the frogfish can eat fishes out of a school without the other fishes noticing !
underwater video footage from national geographic of a number of anglerfish ( frogfish ) species .
frogfish move very slowly but ironically , frogfish have the fastest strike speed of any other animal on earth . they ambulate by gulping water with its massive mouth . then forcing the water through it’s gills the frogfish moves about the reef or bottom . the body move’s very little as the frogfish huffs and puffs its way through the water column .
a view of the illicium and esca of a striated frogfish . photo © anne dupont
photographing a well - camouflaged frogfish can sometimes result in a better photo than an isolated frogfish with no background . frogfish are able to change color , so they are often similar in color and pattern to their surrounding habitat , with some matching it exactly .
incredible footage of frogfish eating . also in slow motion ( lembeh strait , indonesia )
very tiny painted frogfish ( antennarius pictus ) about 4mm . notice the transparent fins !
during the last afternoon dive at dive site tk3 , dive guide abner mangole found a hairy frogfish circling a flounder . five minutes later , the hairy frogfish finished its dinner .
2 ) there are about 46 known species of frogfish worldwide in tropical and temperate seas .
8 ) the psychedelic frogfish has been id’d only around the island of ambon , indonesia .
the frogfish on the following photos all have long lures . click on thumbnail for enlargement .
longlure frogfish , flagpole frogfish , pescador cana larga , pescador cana tenebroso . the common name
longlure
is a direct reference to the elongated illicium which acts as a fishing lure .
frogfish with lure , a . maculatus , waiting for its prey , photo by mike bartick .
3 ) the frogfish is carnivorous and has the fastest - known prey engulfment of any vertebrate .
yawning is another great frogfish behavior to capture . frogfish yawn for three reasons—the first is to realign its jaw . you will see this yawn immediately before a frogfish starts walking or fishing . the second is a yawn that happens after a predation attempt . the frogfish will “cough” while yawning to eject any unwanted items , such as sand , pieces of shells , plant material , etc .
( tasseled frogfish ) eggs , about 13 days after spawning . photo taken by rudie kuiter .
here are some more interesting frogfish facts : 1 . unlike many animals that use camouflage as a defense from predators , frogfish mostly use their abilities to attract prey . 2 . frogfish have a modified dorsal fin that has a retractable lure resembling a shrimp , which is used to attract their prey . if their lure is eaten or damaged it can be regenerated . 3 . frogfish are carnivores . they eat fish , crustaceans and even other frogfish . 4 . a frogfish’s mouth can expand to 12 times its resting size . this allows it to catch all sorts of prey . 5 . because frogfish lack a swim bladder , they use their modified pectoral fins to walk , or even gallop , across the seafloor ( check out this great video of a frogfish in action ) .
the frogfish sometimes also actively stalks prey , i have seen a frogfish ( antennarius striatus ) trying to catch a small flounder by slowly sneaking towards it . it was trying to get the flounder into striking distance . the strike zone is about one frogfish body length . click on thumbnail for enlargement .
fascinating to divers and dreaded by its prey , the frogfish is the ocean’s master of aggressive mimicry .
when frogfish first hatch ( as larvae ) they appear to be fully formed miniatures but they have actually yet to develop their lure – this happens later . here in lembeh we often find juveniles on our black sand dive sites and they range in size from just 5mm to 10mm ! juveniles often display different colorations to mature frogfish – did you know that the “clown” frogfish is actually a juvenile warty frogfish ?
giant frogfish camouflaged in yellow sponge , mabul island , malaysia . perrine doug / perspectives / getty images
frogfish camouflage relies on their lack of movement , which allows algae , coral polyps , and other organisms to grow and live on the their bodies . by moving frogfish , they are no longer camouflaged against their chosen habitats and this can even dislodge some of the organisms that have made a frogfish their home .
warty frogfish ( clown frogfish ) , antennarius maculatus . photos by jeffrey de guzman . juveniles frequently yellow with red - brown saddle and orange borders of rear dorsal and tail fins . often in open sand .
instead of only photographing the frogfish , include the habitat in the photo to illustrate the camouflage and the body pattern . hairy frogfish are known to have body growths that directly mimic their surroundings , such as algae , sea urchins , or sponges , so they make great subjects when highlighting the camouflage capabilities of frogfish .
frogfish are very misunderstood and very little is known about this unique underwater lie - in - wait predator .
frogfish are favorite subjects that are often photographed by underwater photographers . the species is a delight to see in the wild , but it takes a very good observer to pick out a frogfish because of its camouflage .
striated frogfish coloration is quite variable . photos © david snyder ( top ) and elaine blum ( bottom )
painted frogfish ( antennarius pictus ) - surrounded by cardinalfishes . they are not yet close enough to catch them
the easiest way to find a frogfish is to stick to your guide or ask anyone local for a location or directions . frogfish don ' t move around much , so if you can get a depth and specific piece of habitat of a resident frogfish , you should be able to find it if you search slowly .
due to the size range of frogfish—anywhere from just a quarter of an inch to more than 15 inches—your camera setup depends on the frogfish in the area where you are diving , so ask your guide before a dive .
frogfish are found throughout tropical and subtropical waters . most species live in relatively shallow waters although some species are deep dwelling . recreational divers in asia are most likely to spot certain species including giant , clown and painted frogfish .
4 ) unlike the chameleon , the frogfish is unable to change its color quickly , instead taking several weeks .
hairy frogfish lures vary greatly depending on the type of frogfish you’re looking at . the worm - like lure is most common found on the a . striatus . disproportionately oversized , the lure is quite effective in attracting prey .
done with frogfish features ? go back and see the other crossword clues for wall street journal july 8 2017 .
frogfish hunting and catching a fish , the fastest movement of any animal . filmed near the reef dive resorts shipwrecks
these frogfish species have relatively few but large eggs and the hatchlings are also relatively large and well developed . the result of this reproduction mode is , that these species have a narrow geographic distribution compared to other frogfish species .
caught by fishermen in 100 m depth off the coast of africa - an uncommon senegal frogfish ( antennarius senegalensis ) .
in the last 12 months , i’ve encountered what seems to be a new variety of hairy frogfish both in anilao and then later in lembeh , simply named a “short hair .
like other hairy frogfish , this guy has personality .
done with frogfish features ? go back and see the other crossword clues for new york times crossword july 8 2017 .
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the frogfish is a master of camouflage . he practices aggressive mimicry to attack prey and beats world records of rapidity .
in an email with national geographic , author of the book frogfishes around the world ted pietsch noted the frogfish in the video is likely a striated frogfish , which are commonly found throughout indonesia but rarely seen thanks to their exceptional camouflage .
the color of the longlure frogfish is highly variable , ranging from pale yellow to reddish brown . photo © george ryschkewitsch
the wall street journal crossword can be very challenging . but we are here to help ! today we will help you find the answer to the clue frogfish features . after hunting for any other hints and relevant information in the wall street journal crossword puzzle we ' ve found the answer to the clue frogfish features . the answer to the clue frogfish features is :
a small astriatus lines up on a bobtailed squid . slowly leaning forward , almost motionless , the frogfish launches its attack . the strike speed of frogfish has been recorded at 6 milliseconds , making it one of the fastest striking creatures on earth .
an interesting video of a strange looking deepwater frogfish ( lophiodes fimbriatus ) , found in shallow water in alor , indonesia .
a frogfish has the fastest strike of any marine animal . this is a video of a frogfish as it stalks and catches it ' s prey in the blink of an eye . to see this video in slow motion , click here : urltoken
juvenile frogfish look like smaller versions of their adult forms , but some show special defensive colors ( see baby frogfishes ) .
the longlure frogfish is not considered a good aquarium fish due to the voracity of its appetite . the species is a delight to see in the wild , but it takes a very good observer to pick out a frogfish because of its camouflage .
size , age , and growth the longlure frogfish grows to lengths of about 4 . 5 inches ( 11 cm ) .
frogfish are amongst my favorite critters to look for underwater . they are so well camouflaged and adapted to they’re immediate surroundings , that they are rarely detected . often called grotesque , frogfish were declared “the spawn of satan” by the mayor of bitung , indonesia .
large frogfish and a sponge . i can ' t stop looking at this photo . well , i ' m still not convinced that it is not two frogfish ! photo by andrew taylor in mozambique with an olympus 7070 with a wide - angle lens .
mature frogfishes vary in size according to species and range from just 5cm up to a huge 50cm ( for giant frogfish ) .
hall , d . ( 2008 ) exposed : first reported frogfish sighting in ambon . sport diver magazine , 16 : 16 .
did you find the solution for frogfish features ? check the other remaining questions solutions in wall street crossword july 8 2017 answers .
the frogfish dosen ' t have many predators . in fact it only has one known predator which is the moray eel . yet it is rare to see this animal attacking or eating a frogfish . the reason the frogfish dosen ' t have many predators is probably because of it ' s camouflage . also when it feels threatened it will puff up scaring away it ' s predator .
the eggs of tetrabrachium ocellatum ( four - armed frogfish or humpback anglerfish ) are wrapped around the dorsal fins which are specially hooked . since a lot of fish like to eat eggs , these eggs might enhance considerably the overall luring effect of a frogfish .
the third reason for yawning is actually a stress reaction . a frogfish will yawn at its reflection in the camera lens—challenging the reflection that it can swallow it whole and should leave it alone ! keep in mind when photographing a yawning frogfish that unless it happens before or after a predation event or movement , it is most likely a stress reaction and the frogfish should be left alone for awhile . if you happen to catch a frogfish yawning , try to get a shot from the side or from directly in front .
the gape strike of the frogfish is so effective that it’s nearly impossible to escape the strike zone . dropping and extending its jaw with lightning - quick speed , the frogfish overwhelms and consumes its prey with surprise and force . frogfish actually engage their stomach muscles simultaneously and crush their victims all in one movement . the only teeth they have are positioned backwards to prevent a subject from escaping .
giant frogfish may camouflage themselves in sponges or on the ocean bottom . these fish can change their color , and even texture to help them blend in with their environment . why do they do it ? to fool their prey . a giant frogfish ' s mouth can stretch to 12 times its size , so the frogfish can gobble up its prey in one giant gulp . if its stealth maneuvers fail , the frogfish has a second option — like an anglerfish , it has a modified spine that functions as a fleshy
lure
that attracts prey . as a curious animal , such as a small fish , approaches , the frogfish gulps them down .
many frogfish are so well hidden that only their faces are visible . not to worry , great photos are still possible . this is especially relevant if you find a giant frogfish while using a 60mm or 105mm lens and it won’t fit in the frame . shoot from the side while focusing on the side of the face and , if possible , utilize some negative space behind the frogfish such as a
the juvenile clown frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) and the juvenile giant frogfish ( antennarius commerson ) are said to mimic a distasteful flatworm , complete with undulating dorsal fins to simulate the swimming worm . i think there are also examples of distasteful nudibranchs that look similar . other frogfish species ( antennarius hispidus , antennarius striatus ) are just specially well camouflaged and look like algae covered rocks or like a slug .
there is a group of frogfish species , which have no or a much reduced lure . the newly ( 2008 ) discovered frogfish species histiophryne psychedelica ( ambon frogfish ) seems to block off the entrance to holes or crevices and thus entraps its prey inside ( reference ) . it would be interesting to investigate if other nearly rodless frogfishes like histiophryne bougainvilli or histiophryne cryptacanthus also employ a similar behavior of predation .
the twelve genera of antennaridae ( antennae bearing ) frogfish are found nearly worldwide but tend to be bunched as species in different oceans . this article highlights the frogfish of the info - pacific , found in the genus antennarius . the giant frogfish , antennarius commersoni , has a large range and can be found throughout the tropical pacific , eastern atlantic , eastern pacific , hawaii ( kona ) , indian ocean , japan , red sea , tropical australia , western atlantic , indonesia and asia . frogfish take on many different color forms throughout their lifecycle .
important : based on new findings ( reference ) about dna in frogfishes the nomenclatur for several frogfish species ( all of the former genus antennarius ) was changed and this website corrected accordingly in 2012 . new phylogenetic relationships between frogfish genera and species list of changed species names / pdf
image of juvenile nudiantennarius subteres ( 15mm ) and of a yawning baby hairy frogfish ( a . striatus ) , only about 8mm from maumere
never seen yet - special colouring of a juvenile frogfish ( a . pictus ? ) - image 1 , 2 and details 3 , 4
they ' re lumpy , they don ' t have scales , and they are expert camouflage artists . who are they ? giant frogfish !
hairy frogfish ( antennarius striatus ) has caught a flounder but is unable to swallow the fish because it is too large . after about 45 minutes the frogfish spat the flounder out , it was dead by then . tropical frogfishes have no teeth , so they can ' t tear a fish into smaller pieces . either swallow whole ar not at all . copyright matthew oldfield - more images of this frogfish ( flickr )
occasionally , you will find a frogfish that is just too big or too small for your lens . no problem if you feel like getting creative . if the frogfish is too big , focus on an interesting section of the body pattern and experiment with a little abstract photography .
there are no means to differ the male and female frogfish , for example by coloration or size except by examining the gonads by dissection .
frogfish do not have any lightning responses other than for feeding because they have very little to fear in the way of predation . what eats anglerfish ? other frogfish . the gulper may become the gulped . however considering that they are designed more to catch fish swimming in the water column , this is a rather rare phenomenon . moray eels have also been witnessed eating frogfish , but again , this is an uncommon sight .
like all frogfish , commerson’s is a type of anglerfish ( and in some places it would just be called an anglerfish , not a frogfish ) . anglerfish are bony fish that usually have a growth on their foreheads that is used to lure in prey . frogfish are mostly benthic animals – they tend to sit on a solid surface rather than swim , and they can squat or “walk” using their modified fins as legs .
12 ) different species of the frogfish have different lures ( escae ) , which they wave in front of their mouth to attract prey . some have lures that resemble shrimps , others fishes , worms or tiny squids . recent research has shown the striated frogfish’s lure to be biofluorescent .
commerson’s frogfish , also known as the giant frogfish , ( antennarius commerson ) has a wide range , throughout the tropical pacific and indian oceans and in the red sea . they’re usually found on reefs down to about 30m ( 100ft ) but may sometimes be seen in deeper water .
another alternative is to show the frogfish with its lure out . this is good if you want the frogfish to fill the entire photo while highlighting the fact that it is fishing . if you want to get creative , zoom in a bit and photograph the face and the lure or the lure on its own , especially when dealing with hairy frogfish as they have a huge worm - shaped lure . this option is good if you’re taking a macro or super - macro shot and want the focus to be specifically the behavior and not the frogfish as a whole .
frogfish are masters of disguise . spot one during a dive and you will win the admiration of every diver in your group – especially photographers . frogfish , a type of anglerfish , have a textured exterior that aids in their camouflage . while they do not have scales , their amazing ability to camouflage themselves serves as protection from predators . frogfish vary in color and often have unique spines or bumps that change with their surroundings .
“it was fascinating because we had never seen a frogfish that had changed colour to become white because of a bleaching event , ” grimsditch says .
shallow dive sites with an abundance of algae growth such as estuaries or areas with fluctuating salinity levels seem to be a favorite among hairy frogfish , and are a great place to locate them . but hairy frogfish also live in deeper waters and have been found at depths of 600 feet .
hairy frogfish ( antennarius striatus ) - hiding between sea urchins to catch some cardinalfishes . it probably is imitating the spines of the sea urchin .
the longlure frogfish is found from in the western atlantic ocean from bermuda and the bahamas , south along the coasts of central and south america .
once prey – usually a crustacean or fish – is within range of a frogfish , it stands little chance : a frogfish sucks in its live meals by opening its huge mouth , pulling in prey in mere milliseconds . in fact , the fish has possibly the quickest ambush in the world .
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there are any number of reasons why frogfish , in all their shapes and sizes , fascinate and entertain human visitors to their watery domain . . .
1 ) due to its amazing camouflage and complex luring behaviors , the frogfish is considered one of the most complicated , efficient examples of aggressive mimicry .
we would like to thank you for visiting our website ! please find below all frogfish features crossword clue answers and solutions for wall street journal daily crossword puzzle . since you have landed on our site then most probably you are looking for the solution of frogfish features crossword . look no further because you’ve come to the right place ! our staff has just finished solving all today’s washington post daily crossword and the answer for frogfish features can be found below
both stingfish and frogfish can be found in benthic zones , or the bottom of a body of water , where they lay in wait for prey .
this strange looking fish is a master ant camouflage . within a few weeks it can completely change its color to match its surroundings . the frogfish ' s
each frogfish species moves the rod ( illicium ) with its lure ( esca ) in a special pattern to attract the attention of potential prey . for example the warty frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) moves its lure in wavy lines either above the head or directly in front of the mouth close to the ground , the lure is doing a circle . the giant frogfish ( antennarius commerson ) is moving its lure up and down in jerky movements . a study in luring behavior by s . michael also showed , that a frogfish can vary its angling technique . a coinbearing frogfish ( antennatus nummifer ) he observed used three different luring patterns - lifting the lure and vibrating the esca , holding the lure still in front of the mouth and throwing the angel rapidly back and forward .
antennarius maculatus ( engorged ) is followed by a antennarius pictus frogfish . perhaps it is waiting for the release of the eggs , so it can eat them
although they can be difficult to find , frogfish are some of the best subjects for underwater photographers , especially beginners . they come in all different colors and sizes , and don ' t like to move around that much . sometimes they are so camouflaged or hidden that the resulting photograph is cluttered , boring , or makes it hard to even see where the frogfish is . luckily , there are plenty of techniques when photographing frogfish that allow for great , creative photos .
· patience is important for underwater photography of frogfish - try not to touch , poke or antagonize . they will usually continue their behavior in front of the camera
great photos of the ocellated frogfish fowlerichthys ocellatus ( formerly antennarius ocellatus ) from florida - a rare event since they tend to live beyond recreational scuba depths . video
the family of frogfish ( antennariidae = antenna bearers ) comprise 13 , perhaps 14 genera ( allenichthys , antennarius , antennatus , echinophryne , fowlerichthys , histiophryne , histrio , kuiterichthys , lophiocharon , nudiantennarius , phyllophryne , rhycherus , tathicarpus ) with 49 ( 52 ? ) known species . check out frogfish taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships .
frogfish / anglerfish ( antennariidae ) : feeding behavior of the frogfishes ( antennariidae ) : aggressive mimicry - luring prey - gape and suck . with photos and illustrations
other fishes will perceive the camouflaged frogfish as perfect shelter and approach too close . frogfishes often look like algae covered rocks . in coral reefs there isn ' t really a plentiful supply of algae for herbivore fishes . these fishes will approach a frogfish because they perceive a good feeding ground and are then caught . because no herbivore fishes can eat plants surrounding the frogfish ( they all get caught ) these plants will grow extensively and even more fishes are attracted to the ambush site .
the following habitats are found across the frogfish distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .
a warty frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) housed at the steinhart aquarium , california academy of sciences . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )
while diving off the coast of sulawesi , indonesia , one diver captured video of a frogfish taking a stroll along the ocean floor . in the more than 1 , 000 dives that hobbyist diver atsushi sadaki claims to have been on , he says he ' s seen a few frogfish but never any moving in this way .
9 ) the frogfish swims by jet propulsion . it uses backward - facing , tubelike gill openings that propel it along rather than using a tail like most fishes .
11 ) the frogfish lacks a swim bladder . this structure is found in most swimming fishes ; it maintains their buoyancy in a similar manner to a diver’s bc .
just as fishermen use different baits , different species of frogfish have different lures which imitate different prey from small squids , fish and worms through to crabs and shrimp .
a female and male _ a . striatus _ are paired together to mate . this is the only time that frogfish will come together without striking out . all frogfish are dangerously antisocial and don’t play well with others . the male is the smaller of the two in this image . both become bright orange just prior to spawning .
frogfish usually feed on smaller fish and can sit extremely still , camouflaged and lying in wait for prey to come by . sometimes a frogfisy may wriggle its lure or move its body to resemble whatever it is camouflaged as . when the meal approaches close enough , the frogfish rapidly open its large mouth , creating a vacuum that sucks the prey in . the attack is over in six milliseconds ! frogfish can also expand their mouths and stomachs large enough to swallow prey much bigger than they are .
the illicium ( rod ) and esca ( lure ) of the warty frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )
luckily , frogfish don ' t spook easily , so there is no need for a large distance between you and the fish when photographing it . if focusing on juvenile frogfish , those that are smaller than an inch , a 105mm lens is a great choice , although you can get away with using a 60mm lens with a diopter .
there are many fish in the sea that use camouflage , but the frogfish is a real treat to see . frogfish can be found in tropical and subtropical oceans and seas off the coasts of africa , asia , australia and north america . next time you take a dive in one of these regions take a closer look at the reef .
the frogfish ( or anglerfish , angler , fishing frog ) is one of my favorite fishes so this website is dedicated entirely to this family of fishes ( antennariidae ) .
it’s important to fit in . that seems to be the approach taken by this frogfish , which has turned white to match the bleached coral on which it is living .
a few frogfish species ( mostly living in australia ) show special parental care for their eggs . for example lophiocharon trisignatus or lophiocharon lithinostomus have fewer but larger eggs than other frogfish species . the female attaches a cluster of eggs with a threadlike structure to the surface of his body ( see below ) and carries them around until they hatch .
frogfish , so named due to their squat resemblance to the common amphibians , range in size from around 5cm to the giant frogfish ' s colossal 40cm . they also resemble frogs in that their fins are more like legs , which they use to walk slowly over the sea bed and atop sponges and corals to lie in wait for their prey .
frogfish spend long periods being stationary ( which makes them excellent underwater photography subjects ) but they are a swimming species , most often though they move by jumping and walking along the sea floor . in order to “jump” the frogfish will suck in water through its mouth and then force it out through their gills – this makes them literally jet propelled !
hairy frogfish range in size and most have their hair growth right from the beginning . adapting quickly , they begin hunting as soon as they hatch from their eggs , gulping down anything for protein . using their rod and lure , frogfish like this juvenile a . striatus hunt smaller shrimps and sometimes other newly - hatched siblings from the same brood .
the weird and wonderful psychedelic frogfish ( histiophryne psychedelica ) was first described in 2009 ( 3 ) , following its discovery in indonesia in 2008 ( 1 ) ( 4 ) . with vivid stripes of bluish - green , white and yellowish - orange ( 4 ) , this strange - looking fish is a type of anglerfish ( a species in the order lophiiformes ) . however , unlike most in this order , and indeed its own family of frogfish , the psychedelic frogfish is unusual in not having a lure growing from its forehead ( 5 ) . in other anglerfish , the lure is a fleshy , modified dorsal fin spine that the anglerfish uses as ‘bait’ to attract prey ( 6 ) . the psychedelic frogfish also has forward - facing eyes on its flattened face , a trait not seen before in frogfish , and which is rare among fish in general ( 5 ) .
6 ) during a recent coral - bleaching event in the maldives , where great areas of coral became pure white , a frogfish was found camouflaging itself against these ghostly corals .
a similar species , antennarius hispidus may be distinguished from the striated frogfish by its esca or lure which is a large oval shaped tuft rather than worm - like in appearance .
the frogfish can be found in a number of locations including : africa , asia , australia , north america . find out more about these places and what else lives there .
frogfish aren ' t the only type of fish found
walking .
in june , a diver also swimming off the coast of indonesia filmed a stingfish performing a nimbler
walk
across the ocean floor . unlike frogfish , stingfish have pectoral fins that are separated and more apt at movement . ( read why the video had experts stumped . )
frogfish is an angler fish , which belongs to the family of antennariidae . there are around 44 members in the frogfish family . these species vary at a huge level on the basis of their size . the bandfin frogfish can grow up to a size of only 5 cm , whereas the giant frogfish can grow up to a size of 40 cm . as their size varies , their coloration , markings and body patterns also varies . as far as the shape of the body is considered , it is almost similar . frogfish are the underwater dwellers and very little is known about this species . they have unique characteristics that they can adapt themselves very well in their natural surroundings . their camouflaged behavior makes them very difficult to be detected and so much is not known about them . they vary in coloration and markings in such a way that it is very difficult to identify the species correctly .
especially the larger frogfish species change the way they hunt while growing . young frogfishes hide a lot ( like the smaller frogfish species ) . when they are grown up large frogfishes ( antennarius commerson , antennarius multiocellatus ) stay at the same place for a long time on exposed areas in the coral reef , so you will find them there during several dives .
food habits striated frogfish feed on crustaceans and various benthic fishes such as flounders , shrimp gobies and of particular note , the lionfish which is an invasive species with the distribution range of this frogfish . feeding behavior is quite unique in this group of fishes . when the frogfish detects its prey , it follows the movement of the prey item with its eyes . as the prey approaches , the frogfish begins to move its illicium in such a way that the esca mimics the movements of the organism it resembles which in this case is a worm . the frogfish slowly prepares for the surprise attack on the prey by stalking it or just adjusting its mouth in anticipation . the prey is actually caught via the sudden opening of the jaws which increases the mouth size up to 12 times , pulling in the prey along with water in just six milliseconds . this water flows out through the gills while the prey is swallowed and the esophagus is closed with a specially adapted muscle to keep the victim contained . frogfish can also expand their stomachs to swallow animals up to twice their own size !
14 ) juvenile painted frogfish mimic toxic nudibranchs . because of this behavior , they have little to fear from their own predators while being ignored by their prey , allowing easy ambush .
the lembeh frogfish ( listed here for a long time as antennatus sp . ) has been identified as nudiantennarius subteres resulting in a redescription of this species ( pietsch and arnold 2017 )
the eastern frogfish has a large mouth , fleshy lips and a tasseled ' beard ' . the species is endemic to australia , occurring from southern queensland to central new south wales .
frogfish ( common name derived from batrachoidiae or toadfish ) are crafty predators that are well designed for ambushing their prey by using “lying and wait” hunting tactics and employing several strategies to atract heir prey without exerting too much energy . they rarely , if ever , swim while hunting , and assume a more stationary position . frogfish are known for lightning fast strike speeds .
fish , fe . 1987 . kinematics and power output of jet propulsion by the frogfish genus antennarius ( lophiiformes : antennaridae ) . copeia 1987 ( 4 ) : 1046 - 1048 .
food habits this frogfish lies in a sponge and waits for a fish to swim by . it then wiggles the lure around in order to attract the prey . as the frogfish lumbers across the bottom , it moves these spines around in the same way as a snail moves its eye stalks , attracting small fish and crustaceans with its lure . it is capable of swallowing a fish that is larger in size than itself . eating mostly fish , the longlure frogfish has been known to occasionally feed on crabs and mantis shrimps . just like a recreational fisher , the frogfish will move to a different location if no fish are biting , using its stalked pectoral fins and its pelvic fins to slowly
walk
across the bottom .
( 9 ) : schneidewind , f . 2005 . a frogfish ( antennarius sp . ) as a mimic of sea urchins : a new form of mimicry in the family antennariidae .
frogfishes also employ chemical attractants . this is of importance to frogfish that forage at night like the hairy frogfish ( antennarius striatus ) . this frogfish also enlarges his esca by 35 % when actively luring . the hairy frogfish , a juvenile , about 9cm large , on the following 9 photos ( also possible to see as a short video ) was walking about and luring during about 10 minutes , checking out several goby burrows but with no success . during some time it stretched the lure out in front while walking , then again it was moving the lure over its head in complicated patterns . it was interesting to observe the lure , which made wavy movements , then again was rolled up and nearly hidden . click on thumbnail for enlargement .
by following the advice outlined here , even novice underwater photographers will find frogfish to be excellent subjects that can be photographed in a multitude of ways and using a number of different techniques .
the complete length of the lifecycle of an individual is unknown outside of captivity . the size can range anywhere from 1 / 8 inch to 22 inches . as a juvenile the giant frogfish may be white or yellow and saddled with reddish colored patches , often misidentified underwater as a clown frogfish . but as the individual grows towards the sex phase the colors can shift from pink , yellow , black , beige , green and more , often sporting scab like appendages . but all frogfish are speculated to have a chameleon like ability with some even growing hair like appendages .
the frogfish is a master of survival , with all it ' s adaptions . one of the many adaptions it has is it modified dorsal fin with a lure on top . the lure resembles the food of the frogfish ' s prey so they prey will come close the frogfish so it can suck it in . the lure is able to fold back between the fins when not in use , so it won ' t get damaged . another adaption this animal has is it ' s flexible jawbone . this allows it to open up 12 times it original mouth size . this is good for the frogfish because once the lure lures it close to the frogfish it can open up it ' s mouth and suck it in . another adaption it has is it ' s amazing camouflage . it ' s skin will match the surroundings coral colour also it has bumps on it ' s skin which makes it look exactly like the coral around it .
this species is not commercially valuable and is not accidentally captured by fisheries targeting other species . though some individuals are occasionally captured alive for display in public and private aquaria , this uncommon practice is not a threat to scarlet frogfish populations . scientists have not officially assessed the conservation status of the scarlet frogfish , but this naturally rare species is likely a species of least conservation concern .
the most interesting aspect of the frogfish , apart from his prefect camouflage is the way he attracts his prey . other fish lie in wait until the prey swims close to their mouth ( lie - in - wait predation ) , but the frogfish ( or anglerfish ) lures the prey ( fish , crustaceans ) actively to where it can strike . the lure mimics food animals like worms , small shrimps or small fish . the prey approaches to catch the lure and then is engulfed by the waiting frogfish ( see a video ) . this strategy is called aggressive mimicry .
there are many great destinations for diving in the presence of these fascinating creatures . frogfish are common in the dive destinations of indonesia , malaysia and burma , with some of the best being :
· lens choices can range from 105mm to 10 . 5mm , depending on the size of the frogfish . most mid range lenses are perfect , and a compact camera has a very good range
the psychedelic frogfish is the only known fish to ‘hop’ rather than swim , pushing off the sea floor using its leg - like fins and expelling water from its gills to propel itself forwards .
7 ) some deep - sea relatives of the frogfish exhibit sexual parasitism , where tiny parasitic males attach to larger females . males fuse to their partners , receiving nutrients while supplying sperm in return .
below is the solution for frogfish features crossword clue . this clue was last seen on jul 8 2017 in the wall street journal crossword puzzle . while searching our database we found 1 possible solution matching the query “frogfish features” . please check the answer provided below and if its not what you are looking for then head over to the main post and use the search function . you can always go back at
of course not all prey is attracted by the lure . a more passive approach is the excellent camouflage of the frogfishes . many animals just mistake a frogfish for a sponge , come too close and are swallowed . i have actually seen on various occasions , how small gobies flittered over the body of a frogfish sitting in a sponge , without being aware of the danger of getting eaten ( image ) .
frogfishes mainly eat fishes and crustaceans ( shrimps and crabs ) . they can swallow items of prey that are twice as large as them ( see a video ) . luring techniques vary depending on the surrounding the frogfish lives in . a frogfish ( for example antennarius striatus ) living mainly on sand often has a lure that reaches close to the ground , so it can move the lure at the entrances of burrows or entice benthic animals like flounders to come closer . a frogfish living exposed on sponges or corals ( for example antennarius commerson ) will lure more often above its head and might have a longish lure . a frogfish living hidden in crevices ( for example antennatus nummifer ) often is small and has a small lure , more like a white ball and will stretch it in front of its head or just above .
hi graham , i have never seen frogfish spawn at dusk , as many other fish do , but only at night . i noted the times of the last two spawnings that i witnessed on my notes at the top of this page . the first two spawnings , in 2003 and 2005 , occurred at 9 : 08pm and 8 : 45pm , respectively . good luck with your quest to witness frogfish spawning !
the broad face of the psychedelic frogfish has an expanded , fleshy chin and cheeks ( 1 ) ( 7 ) , giving it the appearance of a lion’s mane ( 8 ) . this species also has a large , gaping mouth ( 9 ) . its body has thick skin with many folds ( 5 ) , and its tail is slightly off - centre ( 9 ) . as in other frogfish , the pectoral fins on each side of the psychedelic frogfish’s body have evolved to be more like legs than fins ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the fish also has three spines along its back ( 7 ) .
it is possible that other opportunistic predators would devour anglerfish , particularly when they are still young . indeed in some cultures , man would happily lift some floating sargassum and take the sheltering frogfish home to be eaten .
so - enjoy this website , look at the largest collection of frogfish photos , read about the behavior of this amazing fish and . . . . . get wet ! those critters are waiting for you underwater !
anglerfish generally have the ability to change colour and become camouflaged against their surroundings to stay hidden from prey attracted by their lure . in contrast , the psychedelic frogfish’s lurid colouring does not change , which appears to be reflected in its behaviour as it is a shy and elusive species , hiding itself away . this is presumably due to its inability to become camouflaged in the open . researchers speculate that the psychedelic frogfish’s flamboyant colouring may be a way for the fish to mimic the corals within its habitat ( 5 ) . each individual psychedelic frogfish can be identified by its unique pattern of stripes and concentric rings ( 5 ) ( 7 ) .
“spinules” or small spines are a hair - like structure which give these frogfish their name . the “hair” actually grows right from its soft skin tissue with a variance in density from abundant to hardly any at all .
it inhabits shallow reefs at depths less than 215 feet ( 66 meters ) where it quite easily mimics surrounding sponges . the longlure frogfish is a bottom dweller , occurring in warm shallow waters . the frogfish uses its stalked pectoral fins and its pelvic fins to slowly
walk
across the bottom . frogfishes have been observed inflating themselves by filling their stomachs with air or water . this is a solitary species found in small populations .
warty frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) are sedentary seafloor dwellers that can change colour over just a few weeks to seamlessly blend in with their surroundings . their disguise renders them invisible to unsuspecting prey that they snatch for dinner .


the northern flicker ( colaptes auratus ) is a medium-sized bird of the woodpecker family .

it is native to most of north america , parts of central america , cuba , and the cayman islands , and is one of the few woodpecker species that migrate .

over 100 common names for the northern flicker are known , including yellowhammer ( not to be confused with the eurasian yellowhammer ) , clape , gaffer woodpecker , harry-wicket , heigh-ho , wake-up , walk-up , wick-up , yarrup , and gawker bird .

many of these names derive from attempts to imitate some of its calls .

northern flicker

boreal flicker , common flicker , cuban flicker , gilded flicker , gilded woodpecker , golden - winged woodpecker , guadalupe flicker , malherbe’s flicker , mearns’ flicker , northwestern flicker , red - shafted flicker , red - shafted woodpecker , san fernando flicker , san pedro flicker , southern flicker , yellowhammer , yellow - shafted flicker .
there are five subspecies of northern flicker : the yellow - shafted flicker , the red - shafted flicker , the gilded flicker , the guatemalan flicker , and the cuban flicker and throat color , head color and the presence of a red marking on the neck can vary depending on the subspecies .
the northern flicker is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
gilded flicker the gilded flicker of the desert southwest is very similar , but slightly smaller and has an all brown crown .
the northern flicker can be found in open forests , woodlots and groves . it is common in parks and gardens .
the longest lifespan recorded is 9 years and 2 months for a yellow - shafted form of the northern flicker and 6 years and 8 months for a red - shafted form of the northern flicker . most northern flickers probably live much less than this , maybe surviving only a few years .
northern flicker male rolling rattle call ( territorial ) : wik - wik wik . seen on telephone pole outside house . not modified .
the oldest known yellow - shafted form of the northern flicker was a male and was at least 9 years , 2 months old when he was found in florida . the oldest red - shafted form of northern flicker lived to be at least 8 years , 9 months old .
early research on the northern flicker focused on phenotypic variation and dynamics of the hybrid zone . the detailed and descriptive work of lester short (
detection of 1 northern flicker by detailed ecological unit in yukon - charley rivers national preserve , alaska , avian inventory , june 1999 and 2000 .
the northern flicker is one of the few north american woodpeckers that is strongly migratory . flickers in the northern parts of their range move south for the winter , although a few individuals often stay rather far north .
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a loud , repeated flicker or wicka - wicka - wicka ; also a loud kleeer .
to make it a female yellow - shafted flicker , add a red crescent on the back of the head . then add a black malar mark to turn it into a male yellow - shated flicker .
the red - shafted and yellow - shafted forms of the northern flicker formerly were considered different species . the two forms hybridize extensively in a wide zone from alaska to the panhandle of texas . a hybrid often has some traits from each of the two forms and some traits that are intermediate between them . the red - shafted flicker also hybridizes with the gilded flicker , but less frequently .
the northern flicker , which is a woodpecker , pecks on the sides of trees for food , but it mainly searches leaf litter and dead bark looking for its favorite prey — ants .
the northern flicker breeds throughout most of the u . s . , as well as large parts of canada and small parts of northern mexico . other subspecies occur in cuba , and in southern mexico south to central america . its population has been declining in recent years .
click the range map to learn more about the distribution of northern flickers in washington .
range : northern flicker ranges from alaska to quebec , and south throughout the entire united states . it winters in the southern part of its range , and in northern mexico . we can find it on grand cayman , cuba and as far south as the highlands of nicaragua .
gila woodpecker the gila woodpecker looks much like a flicker without the crescent black markings on the upper chest .
this is a hybrid flicker ( luteus x cafer ) . here is a photo of the bird : urltoken
although it can climb up the trunks of trees and hammer on wood like other woodpeckers , the northern flicker prefers to find food on the ground . ants are its main food , and the flicker digs in the dirt to find them . it uses its long barbed tongue to lap up the ants .
conserving the northern flicker is of critical importance if biodiversity in north american forests is to be preserved as it acts as a keystone species by excavating a large proportion of the nest cavities used by many other cavity - nesting bird species . despite this , there have been few conservation actions targeting the northern flicker , and conducting further studies into determining the main cause of the species’ decline is of paramount importance . it is also recommended that snags should be left in managed forests to prevent the loss of nesting habitat ( 4 ) . the northern flicker is also protected by the migratory bird treaty act , which has been ratified by the governments of mexico , canada and the united states and prohibits the killing or harming of the northern flicker , including its nests and eggs ( 6 ) .
• the northern flicker is one of the few north american woodpeckers that is strongly migratory . flickers in the northern parts of their range move south for the winter , although a few individuals often remain far to the north . they are permanent residents across much of the u . s .
northern flickers are migratory , moving between summer and winter ranges during the spring and fall .
adult male northern wheatear in breeding plumage , alaska . photo by mark peck via birdshare .
the northern flicker is a common , primarily ground - foraging woodpecker that occurs in most wooded regions of north america . its taxonomic status has been debated because of hybridization among subspecies groups , each readily distinguished by plumage coloration . two subspecies , the yellow - shafted flicker ( colaptes auratus auratus ) of eastern north america and the red - shafted flicker ( c . a . cafer ) of western north america , form a long , narrow hybrid zone in the great plains that parallels the rain shadow of the rocky mountains and crosses the canadian rockies extending to southern alaska . this hybrid zone has been of great interest to ornithologists and evolutionary biologists for more than a century . hybridization occurs on a more limited basis between the
red - shafted
flicker and the gilded flicker ( c . chrysoides ) , a separate species associated with the sonoran desert . two other subspecies groups of the northern flicker are allopatric ; the cuban flicker ( chrysocaulosus group ) occurs on cuba and grand cayman island , and the guatemalan flicker ( mexicanoides group ) occurs in the highlands of southern mexico south to northwestern nicaragua .
• the family picidae has over 200 species and is found almost everywhere , with about 20 species breeding in north america . the northern flicker , colaptes auratus , has many subspecies . the male yellow - shafted flicker ( c . a . luteus ) has the typical black mustache . the male red - shafted flicker ( c . a . cafer ) has a red i’ mustache . interbreeding can produce offspring with either black or red mustaches .
flicker would suggest poor smoothing capacitors . . . and they ' re likely to be the first things to go .
moore , w . s . 1987b . random mating in the northern flicker hybrid zone : implications for the evolution of bright and contrasting plumage patterns in birds . evolution no . 41 : 539 - 546 . close
habitat : northern flicker lives in wooded areas , with stand of dead trees . it likes also open areas , forest edges , clearings , burnt areas , agricultural lands and residential areas , parks and large gardens .
in general , populations of the northern flicker across north america are stable . however , habitat loss is a main cause of any decrease in woodpecker numbers . the european starling is the flicker’s worst enemy in colorado , competing for food and nest holes . since woodpeckers damage trees and utility poles with their drilling , humans often target the birds .
the gilded flicker closely resembles the northern flicker and combines some features of the yellow - shafted ( yellow wings and tail base ) and the red - shafted ( head pattern ) . the gilded flicker is smaller and shows black on the distal half of the undertail ; northern flicker undertails are black on about the distal third ( note that all flicker tails look mostly black from above ) . the crown of the gilded is more extensively brown than in the red - shafted northern , and the back is paler , more gray - brown , with narrower and more widely spaced black bars ( but note that interior western red - shafted are paler backed than northwestern birds ) . the black crescent on the chest of the golden is thicker and more truncated on the sides . the spotting on the underparts is broadened into short bars or crescents on the flanks of the gilded ; northerns have round spots throughout the underparts .
the image below is a female red - shafted flicker . add a red malar strip and it would be a male .
unlike most woodpeckers , the flicker eats large numbers of ants , along with other insects as well as fruits and berries .
i supplied a link to an industry led magazine which details what causes led flicker , which is what this thread is about .
brigham , r . m . , m . j . sarell , and c . g . harris . 1990 . “roosting of northern flicker ( colaptes auratus ) under a concrete bridge . ” northwestern naturalist 71 : 52 - 53 .
like most woodpeckers , northern flickers drum on objects as a form of communication and territory defense . in such cases , the object is to make as loud a noise as possible , and that’s why woodpeckers sometimes drum on metal objects . one northern flicker in wyoming could be heard drumming on an abandoned tractor from a half - mile away .
northern flickers feed principally on ants but also take other insects and some fruit , seeds , and berries .
dobkin , d . s . 1992 . neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains . usda forest service , northern region . publication no . r1 - 93 - 34 . missoula , mt .
breeding interval northern flickers breed each year , they may have one or two clutches within the nesting season .
the northern flicker is a large bird measuring between 10 - 14 inches long . the back and wings are brown / tan and black - barred with a whitish or buffy breast with black spots and a wide black band across the breast .
when the northern flicker migrates to its breeding ground , the area resonates with sound . the flicker’s characteristic call , wick , wick , wick , sounds like “wake - up , wake - up , wake - up . ” the call announces the flicker’s arrival , and the male and female mate . the male flicker frequently drums , especially on metal , a noise that can be annoying to many humans . but overall , the bird does not tap as much as other woodpeckers do for communication . instead a loud klee - yer call is used for long - distance beckoning , especially by highly vocal fledglings . in short flight , the flicker rapidly beats its wings to rise , then slows to dip about every 3′ , stalling motionlessly for a brief moment before continuing the pattern . when flickers that live in the northern regions migrate , they follow fixed courses , traveling in large flocks . since the flicker is such an indeterminate egg - layer , humans have removed eggs to see just how many a female flicker will lay . the record is 71 eggs in 73 days . scientists have seen a male flicker treat his female partner as a rival when a fake black mustache was fastened on her face . as soon as it was removed , he accepted her back at the nest .
northern flickers range from alaska eastward to quebec , then south throughout the entire united states . northern flickers are migratory . they winter in the southern part of the united states and in northern mexico . in addition , these woodpeckers are found on grand cayman , cuba , and range as far south as the highlands of nicaragua .
the flicker is named for its flight pattern : it “flicks” up and down , revealing brilliant yellow underwings that glitter in the sunlight .
nowster wrote : flicker would suggest poor smoothing capacitors . . . and they ' re likely to be the first things to go .
measuring almost 20″ in length , the great slaty woodpecker ( mulleripicus pulverulentus ) is 40 % longer than the northern flicker ; and at 19 oz . weighs three times as much . it is the largest old world woodpecker : the great slaty is slate - gray ( hence its name ) and has a long neck and tail , perfect for long days spent hammering and drilling on the sides of trees in southeast asia . this sharply contrasts with the varied colors of the flicker’s plumage and its shorter neck , adapted for life spent mainly on the ground in north america foraging for ants and other insects . northern flicker great slaty woodpecker
chances are , if you have northern flickers ; a suet feeder will bring them in for a close look .
the yellow - shafted flicker has a red patch on its neck and yellow feathers on the inside of its wings . the male has a black mustache . yellow - shafted flickers can be found in the east and the north . the red - shafted flicker has pinkish feathers on the inside of its wings and the male has a red mustache . the red - shafted flicker is common in the west . the gilded flicker can be found in the deserts of southeastern california and southern arizona . it has yellow wing linings and the males have a red mustache .
the northern flicker has a large range , estimated globally at 15 , 000 , 000 square kilometers . native to north and central america and nearby island nations , this bird prefers forest ecosystems , though it can live on arable or pasture land or in urban areas . the global population of this bird is estimated at 16 , 000 , 000 individuals and does not show signs of significant decline that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list . for this reason , the current evaluation status of the northern flicker is least concern .
• the red - shafted and yellow - shafted forms of the northern flicker formerly were considered different species . the two forms hybridize extensively in a wide zone from alaska to the panhandle of texas . a hybrid often has some traits from each of the two forms .
behaviour : northern flicker male recognizes female by sight . pairs often mate for life , and typically return to the same area for nesting . it can have aggressive displays to protect its mate or territory . it may point the bill at a rival , with the head tilted forward , or pecks at an opponent . for a more aggressive display , a northern flicker may use side to side head and body movements against an opponent . a “head - bobbing” display may be used too . sometimes , these displays are accompanied by tail spreading .
wiebe , k . l . and moore , w . s . ( 2008 ) northern flicker ( colaptes auratus ) . in : poole , a . ( ed . ) the birds of north america online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken
diet : northern flicker main food is ants . but they consume others insects , including grasshoppers , crickets , termites , wasps , aphids , beetles and their larvae , caterpillars and spiders . they consume also cherries and berries , and weed seeds , acorns and other nut kernels .
wiebe , karen l . and william s . moore . 2017 . northern flicker ( colaptes auratus ) , version 2 . 1 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto northern flicker sings while is flying . its song is a loud “wick - wick - wick - wick - wick” . individual notes sound like a loud ‘klee - yer” and a squeaky “flick - a , flick - a , flick - a” .
the northern flicker is also unusual for being one of few north american woodpeckers that exhibits strong migratory behaviour ( 3 ) . those populations in the southern and central parts of the species’ range may remain in the same location all year round , but those at more northerly locations tend to travel southwards before the onset of winter ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . typically , they leave the northern breeding grounds from the end of august to late october or november , with most birds departing in september . whilst migrating , the northern flicker flies low over the ground , often in large flocks , and does not return to the breeding grounds until early march to may the following year ( 2 ) .
how often does reproduction occur ? northern flickers breed each year , they may have one or two clutches within the nesting season .
the flicker can be found in much of north america from the tree line in canada and alaska south to nicaragua . flickers in alaska and canada are migratory .
) . the largest study dedicated to understanding the reproductive ecology , life history , and population ecology of the northern flicker is a long - term study by k . l . wiebe at riske creek , central british columbia , where 100–150 color - banded nesting pairs have been monitored annually since 1997 .
this is a yellow - shafted flicker eating suet . if you would like to attract these birds to your backyard just click the link below for some great ideas .
northern flickers use a drumming technique to attract a mate . unfortunately for many people , they often practice on the metal flues of fireplaces .
range / habitat : northern flickers can be found throughout most wooded regions of north america . prefers forest edges and open woodlands approaching savannas .
moore , w . s . 1995 . northern flicker ( colaptes auratus ) . species account number 166 . the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca , ny : cornell laboratory of ornithology ; retrieved 3 / 25 / 2008 from the birds of north america online database
reproduction : breeding season occurs from february to july . northern flicker’s nest is excavated in dead tree trunks , or in a dead part of live trees , or telephone poles . it may be found in unlined tree cavities , or in earthen banks of termite’s nests . the nest is usually built below 3 meters .
as a broadly distributed species , the northern flicker occupies a diversity of habitats . it may be found in almost any habitat with trees and access to open ground , preferring open woodlands , savannas and forest edges , although it tends to avoid the densest forests ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) .
as its broad geographic distribution suggests , the northern flicker is a generalist in many respects , but in others it is a specialist . it is clearly a species of open woodlands , savannas , farmland with tree rows , and forest edges . it eats mostly ants but also beetle larvae and—during late autumn , winter , and early spring—a variety of berries . the northern flicker is well adapted to habitats altered by humans , commonly breeding in urban as well as suburban and rural environments , and visiting backyard bird feeders . nevertheless , data from the north american breeding bird survey indicate significant declines in abundance . reasons for these declines are unclear , but likely explanations are habitat loss and competition with the european starling ( sturnus vulgaris ) for nest cavities . although the northern flicker remains abundant , this declining trend should be viewed with concern because the species plays a central role in the ecology of woodland communities where it excavates many of the cavities later used by other hole - nesting species .
northern flicker : this species breeds from alaska east through manitoba to newfoundland and south throughout the u . s . and into mexico and cuba . it is a resident from approximately the u . s . - canada border southward , as the northernmost birds are migratory . preferred habitats include forest edges and open woodlands approaching savannas .
the flicker ' s diet is mostly insects , including ants . they also eat termites , beetles , caterpillars , fruits , and berries . they will sometimes eat seeds and nuts .
. once they reach adulthood , northern flickers are preyed upon by several birds of prey that specialize on hunting birds . in eastern north america this includes
distribution : northern flickers winter within north america throughout most of the contiguous united states . in summer , they range throughout most of alaska and canada . within yukon - charley rivers national preserve , these birds were detected only rarely during the yukon - charley rivers national preserve bird inventory , june 1999 and 2000 . one northern flicker was detected in the boreal forests of the ogilvie foothills ( of ) ecological unit during the survey . woodpecker species were not well inventoried using our sampling technique .
if you want to attract a flicker to your backyard keep a fresh birdbath , don ' t kill your ants in your backyard and lay out apples , peanut butter , or raisins .
northern wheatears breed all the way across northern eurasia and reach north america in both the west ( alaska and the yukon ) and the east ( the canadian arctic ) . so why don’t we get to see them in the winter , the way we get to see snow buntings , american tree sparrows , and snowy owls ? because all of the world’s northern wheatears , save a few vagrants , spend the winter in the same region : sub - saharan africa .
woodpeckers of the family picidae ( meaning
smeared with pitch
) are highly arboreal birds with chisel - like bills , strong claws , short legs and stiff tail - feathers . they usually occur singly in wooded areas , using their sharp claws to easily climb trees . most species
drum
or tap - out their songs on resonant trunks or branches . by using their stiff tail - feathers as props , they are able to anchor on tree trunks and drum signals or excavate cavities with their strong , sharp bills . five species of woodpeckers occur in yukon - charley rivers national preserve : the northern flicker and the three - toed , black - backed , downy and hairy woodpeckers . the northern flicker is so named for its distinctive
flicker
- sounding call note . in reference to their tree - boring habits and colaptes auratus aptly means
golden chisel !
moore , w . s . and j . t . price . 1993 .
the nature of selection in the northern flicker hybrid zone and its implications for speciation theory .
in hybrid zones and the evolutionary process . , edited by r . g . harrison , 196 - 225 . oxford , uk : oxford univ . press . close
the northern flicker ranges from the tree line in canada and alaska , south and eastwards across the north american continent , generally east of the rocky mountains , to the gulf of mexico , central america and the northern antilles ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . the red - shafted form is largely restricted to the western half of the united states , while the yellow - shafted form is found in the eastern half , with a broad zone in the centre of the country where the two forms interbreed ( 4 ) .
despite being adept at climbing up the trunks of trees and hammering at wood to extract embedded insects , unlike other woodpeckers the northern flicker prefers to forage for food on the ground , hopping or running short distances between prey ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . ants may comprise as much as 75 percent of its diet ( 2 ) , which it captures by hammering and digging at the soil , before darting out its long , barbed tongue at the end of the bill to snare its prey ( 3 ) . the northern flicker also eats beetles , flies , butterflies , moths and snails , and often forages amongst other birds including sparrows and blackbirds , either alone , in pairs , in family groups , or in flocks of up to 15 birds ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . when startled , unlike most other woodpeckers which quickly clamber up a nearby tree trunk , the northern flicker alights upon a thin horizontal branch and sits in a characteristic erect posture . it flies in a smooth rising and falling motion as it alternates periods of flapping with gliding ( 3 ) .
the northern flicker is a large brown woodpecker . it has a white tail with black bars and a black tip , a light brown to off - white breast with black to brown spots . it has a black
bib
on its upper chest . males have a black or red
mustache
that runs from its bill down to its cheek .
drumming ( 8 drums ) from two red - shafted flicker males in close proximity to each other in cottonwoods along the cache la poudre river . recording unmodified except for removal of 90 seconds of silence .
northern flickers generally nest in holes in trees like other woodpeckers . occasionally , they’ve been found nesting in old , earthen burrows vacated by belted kingfishers or bank swallows .
year - round area includes both resident and wintering populations . the northern limit of year - round range is variable . see figure 2 for breeding distribution of subspecies .
at the species level , northern flickers are partial migrants , because some individuals in the south are non - migratory , but northern populations would be considered short - distance migrants as all individuals leave the breeding area . the location of wintering areas on the continent suggests the main attribute of suitable habitat is snow - free ground favourable for foraging (
this bird will use a properly constructed bird house for nesting . as a cavity nester the flicker will excavate a nest in a tree , post , or catus anywhere from 8 - 100 feet above the ground .
the flicker is the only woodpecker in north american that commonly finds food on the ground . it often forages for ants and beetle larvae on the ground . it will sometimes perch on tree limbs to eat berries .
northern flickers usually excavate nest holes in dead or diseased tree trunks or large branches . in northern north america look for nests in trembling aspens , which are susceptible to a heartrot that makes for easy excavation . unlike many woodpeckers , flickers often reuse cavities that they or another species excavated in a previous year . nests are generally placed 6 - 15 feet off the ground , but on rare occasions can be over 100 feet high . northern flickers have been known to nest in old burrows of belted kingfishers or bank swallows .
although still widespread and relatively common , northern flicker populations have been in decline for several decades , estimated at around two percent per year . the principle cause of this decline is unclear , but it may be due to competition for nest cavities with other birds , reduced availability of nest sites , or the application of pesticides ( 4 ) . competition with introduced european starlings ( sturnus vulgaris ) is often evoked as an explanation for dwindling numbers of the northern flicker , but while some studies have found evidence to support this notion , others have not ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . similarly , the policy of removing snags , dead limbs and diseased trees from urban areas and managed forests may be limiting the availability of nesting cavities , but it is still unclear how significant a factor this is . there is also some limited evidence to suggest that the northern flicker is susceptible to ingesting pesticides used on golf courses , agricultural fields and suburban fields ( 4 ) . in cuba , deforestation is the greatest threat to the species , while it is now thought to be extinct in guadeloupe as a result of habitat destruction by feral goats and predation by cats ( 2 ) .
the distribution of distances travelled between breeding and wintering sites of individual northern flickers ( n = 199 ) . data are based on continent - wide banding recoveries and geolocator data .
the northern flicker is one of the largest and most beautiful woodpeckers in north america . we receive numerous calls each year along with customers stopping by wild bird habitat asking about this bird that they occasionally see in their yards . it does not frequent feeders and bird baths as often as other woodpeckers , but when it appears the shear size of this bird makes it very noticeable and a joy to see .
with ants as an important food source , the flicker often forages on the ground , but will also climb tree trunks and limbs like other woodpeckers . when eating fruits , it may forage out at the tips of branches .
to find northern flickers , try walking through open woods or forest edges , but scan the ground . you may flush a flicker from a feeding spot up into a nearby tree . look for the obvious white rump patch in flight . also , be sure to listen for their loud , ringing call and their piercing yelp . in late summer , listen for the incessant yammering of hungry nestlings to find a nest .
protection / threat / status : young in the nest are vulnerable to predators such as racoons , squirrels and snakes . later , they are preyed upon by birds of prey ( cooper ’s hawk , and sharp - shinned hawks in north america ) . populations are not seriously endangered by human activities , but they loose their habitat . northern flicker helps to control the populations of their preys , especially ant’s populations , and aphids .
northern flickers help to control the populations of their invertebrate prey , especially ant populations . they also create nests that are later used by other cavity - nesting species of birds and by squirrels .
at the start of the breeding season , the birds perform courtship displays including drumming , bowing and chasing in order to attract a mate . a flicker usually remains paired for life , but renews its bond each year through these rituals . after selecting a site , both birds excavate a hole that takes up to three weeks to construct . the number of eggs a flicker will lay is dependent on how many she observes in her initial clutch . if a predator robs an egg or two during egg laying , the flicker will lay replacements . the male and female share incubation duties , and an average of 5 - 7 chicks hatch after about 12 days . both sexes feed the chicks until they fledge about one month later .
q . can you tell a migrant just by its size or color ? a . although different populations of robins are slightly different sizes and the color intensity of the plumage varies somewhat geographically , robins don ' t really show the cut - and - dried plumage variations that populations and subspecies of others birds do . on average , robins are smallest in the warm , humid southeastern us , and smaller than average along the humid coast of northern california and the pacific northwest . robins are largest in the high , dry rocky mountains , northern great plains , and northern deserts of the west .
male and female northern flickers make a loud , evenly spaced , rapid drumming sound by hammering against trees or metal objects . you can often see a drumming bird pause , move its head just an inch or so away , and then begin drumming again with a very different quality of sound . flicker drumming lasts about a second , during which the bird strikes the tree around 25 times . drumming in woodpeckers takes the place of singing in songbirds .
northern flickers do not act like typical woodpeckers . they mainly forage on the ground often seen among sparrows and blackbirds . when you see a flicker in a tree they will be perched in an upright stance on thin horizontal branches . other woodpeckers cling to branches or tree trucks using their tail for leverage . neither do they fly in rapid undulating patterns as other woodpeckers . they will rise and drop smoothly as they alternate flapping their wings then gliding .
northern flickers do not respond strongly to predators . they may make tentative flights around the predator or make bill - poking movements towards the predator . young in the nest are vulnerable to nest predators such as
johnsgard , p . a . 1992 . birds of the rocky mountains with particular reference to national parks in the northern rocky mountain region . lincoln : university of nebraska press . xi + 504 pp .
kerpez , t . a . and n . s . smith . 1990 . nest - site selection and nest - cavity characteristics of gila woodpeckers and northern flickers . condor 92 : 193 - 198 .
] suggests that at least 69 species of birds show similar latitude - based migration tendencies with northern populations tending to be more migratory and southern ones sedentary ( e . g . red - tailed hawks (
northern flickers don’t habitually visit bird feeders , but you can find them in backyards and at bird baths . if your backyard has a mixture of trees and open ground , or if it’s near woods , you may find northern flickers simply by walking around the wooded edges . find out more about what this bird likes to eat and what feeder is best by using the project feederwatch common feeder birds bird list .
aggressive displays such as
bill directing
or
bill poking
are used by flickers . that is , a flicker may point his bill at a rival with his head tilted forward , or actually peck at an opponent . a more aggressive display is
head swinging ,
whereby a flicker will use side - to - side movements of his head and body against an opponent . there is also a
head bobbing
display that may be used . sometimes tail spreading accompanies head swinging or bobbing displays .
northern flickers are found in wooded areas that have stands of dead trees . they are also found in open areas , forest edges , clear - cut areas , burnt areas , agricultural lands , and residential areas .
diet : northern flickers feed primarily on insects and dine on ants more than any other north american bird ! they also occasionally will consume seeds , acorns , nuts and grains . young birds are fed regurgitated food .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
the northern flicker is a large , mostly brownish woodpecker with extensive gray on the head and neck , a black bib , and large , round , black spots on the breast and flanks . its upperparts have black barring , and in flight it shows a white rump and colorful patches in the primaries , which may be red in western birds , or yellow in eastern birds . these patches are visible from above , but are much more extensive on the undersides of the wings .
northern flickers are large , brown woodpeckers with attractive black - scalloped plumage and black bars on the wings . they have a noticeable black patch on the upper breast below the throat resembling a bib while the lower breast and belly are beige with black spots . male flickers have marking on each side of the face referred to as a mustache . females lack these marks . if the markings are black it is a yellow - shafted flicker more common in the eastern united states . if they are red it is a red - shafted flicker a western bird . these colors may also be noticeable as a flash of yellow or red in the wings when they fly . both have a white rump under a brown tail that is very conspicuous in flight .
a few woodpeckers seasonally leave the northern high elevations of their nesting range while others are
irruptive
species , like some hawks and owls , which will move hundreds or thousands of miles based on their food supply .
hutto , r . l . and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service , rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32 . 72 p .
this brown woodpecker flashes bright colors under the wings and tail when it flies . its ringing calls and short bursts of drumming can be heard in spring almost throughout north america . two very different - looking forms - - yellow - shafted flicker in the east and north , and red - shafted flicker in the west - - were once considered separate species . they interbreed wherever their ranges come in contact . on the western great plains , there is a broad zone where all the flickers are intergrades between red - shafted and yellow - shafted .
this woodpecker ranges from alaska eastward to quebec , then south throughout the entire united states . northern flickers are migratory and winter in the southern part of this range and in northern mexico ( palmer and fowler 1975 , farrand , jr . 1988 , winkler et al . 1995 ) . in addition , these woodpeckers are found on grand cayman , cuba , and range as far south as the highlands of nicaragua ( winkler et al . 1995 ) .
northern flickers are active during the day . they protect territories that may include small family groups . male flickers recognize females by sight . to protect their mates or territories , birds of the same sex become aggressive towards each other .
male northern flickers of the western form have a red malar stripe extending downward and rearward from the base of the bill . males of the eastern form have a black malar stripe and a red patch on the rear of the crown .
• like most woodpeckers , northern flickers drum on objects as a form of communication and territory defense . in such cases , the object is to make as loud a noise as possible , and that’s why woodpeckers sometimes drum on metal objects .
northern flickers are partially migratory . red - shafted flickers tend to over - winter on their breeding grounds or migrate shorter distances than yellow - shafted flickers , but both tend to withdraw from higher elevations and winter in the western washington lowlands . yellow - shafted flickers , which are strongly migratory , become more common in washington , especially along the outer coast , in winter . this increase is probably due largely to yellow - shafted flickers that have migrated to washington from alaska and the northern rocky mountains .
the breeding season occurs from february to july . the nest is made in dead tree trunks , dead parts of live trees , or telephone poles . northern flickers will also build nests in nestboxes . nests are usually built below 3 meters above the ground .
northern flickers play an important role in forested ecosystems by excavating nesting and roosting holes that are subsequently used by other birds , animals , and reptiles that cannot make their own . they are abundant and widespread throughout their range and are the most common woodpecker in washington . the spread of residential development , roads , and the increasing fragmentation of the forest have increased the amount of habitat for northern flickers . however slight declines have been observed recently , which may be due to competition with european starlings for nest holes .
hutto , r . l . , and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service . u . s . forest service general technical report rmrs - gtr - 32 , ogden , utah .
open water during these winter months seems to attract them almost more than the backyard bird feeders do . most reports we receive are flickers visiting a bird bath . i have a 16 foot shallow stream between two small reservoirs in my backyard running over two waterfalls , even at thirty below windshield temperatures . you can just about count on multiple daily visits by a flicker , and each time it is just as exciting as the last . at a recent bird feeding workshop we conducted in columbus for the central community college extended learning services , several attendees asked about witnessing these large birds at their bird baths . it was the flicker .
open forests , woodlots , groves , towns , semi - open country . with its wide range , from alaska to nicaragua , the flicker can be found in almost any habitat with trees . tends to avoid dense unbroken forest , requiring some open ground for foraging . may be in very open country with few trees .
mcclelland , b . r . 1977 . relationships between hole - nesting birds , forest snags and decay in western larch - douglas fir forests of the northern rocky mountains . ph . d . thesis . , univ . of montana , missoula . 483 pp .
northern flickers can be found throughout north america in parks , suburbs , farmlands , woodlands , and deserts . their appearance differs depending on where they live . in the east the bird is know as the yellow - shafted since it has yellow under its wings .
vocalizations : the low - pitched song of the northern flicker is long and strong series of
kwikwikwikwik
notes . on the breeding grounds , their call notes are loud and repeated ,
flick
or
flicker .
they also give a shrill , descending
kee - oo
or
klee - yer
call year - round . while their drumming is moderate to fast in speed , the pattern is variable . nests : northern flickers nest within a variety of deep cavities that are used perennially . cavities such as bank swallow burrows , kingfisher holes or nest boxes may be used , though holes chiseled into trunks or large branches of trees and snags are preferred . while males tend to select the site , cavities are excavated by both sexes in about 12 days . occasionally , squirrels , starlings , screech owls or kestrels take over these excavations , displacing the poor flickers ! a clutch consists of 3 - 12 , 28mm , white eggs that are unmarked . although both parents incubate the clutch for 11 - 14 days , the female does most of the sitting and brooding . offspring fledge in 25 - 28 days post - hatching and are reared by both parents .
populations are not seriously endangered by human activity , although human activity sometimes destroys their habitat . few conservation measures are being taken because northern flickers are not recognized as endangered . as a migratory north american bird they are protected by the u . s . migratory bird act .
] . other climatic variables , such as rain , and cold temperatures are less likely than snow cover to restrict access to ground - dwelling arthropods . our data show that migration in flickers is not leapfrog or chain migration and indicate that more northern populations must travel longer distances to reach locations that remain snow - free during winter creating an overlap in the wintering sites of both southern - and northern - breeding individuals . among species with a large geographical breeding range , it is common for migration propensity to vary with latitude as we found in flickers [
description : northern flicker has a grey - brown barred back , and white rump . male has a tan head , grey crown , red nape , black moustache and a black crescent on the breast . the underparts are light tan with dense black spotting ( lower breast , flanks and belly ) . the tail is black - tipped . undertail coverts and wing lining are yellow . in flight , we can see its white rump patch and its largely yellow underwing . the bill is strong , straight and chisel - shaped . the greenish - grey legs are short , and the feet are zygodactylous . claws are long .
it prefers to feed on the ground , where it hops awkwardly . to feed , it uses its long barbed tongue to lap up the ants . we can find it on dead trees where it moves as tits . it feeds mainly on ants and larvae , but also other insects , spiders , molluscs and some crustaceans . in winter , it consumes fruits , berries , seeds and acorns . usually seen alone , in pairs or in family groups , it may feed in small flocks during the migrations . the northern flicker is one of the few north american woodpeckers that are strongly migratory , mainly the northernmost populations .
male flickers recognize females by sight . to protect his mate or territory , birds of the same sex become aggressive toward each other ( palmer and fowler 1975 ) . aggressive displays such as
bill directing
or
bill poking
are used by flickers . that is , a flicker may point his bill at a rival with his head inclined forward , or actually peck at an opponent . a more aggressive display is
head swinging ,
whereby a flicker will use side - to - side movements of his head and body against an opponent . there is also a
head bobbing
display that may be used . sometimes tail spreading accompanies head swinging or bobbing displays ( short 1982 , bent 1992 ) .
northern flickers mainly consume insects and invertebrates , such as grasshoppers , crickets , ants , termites , wasps , aphids , beetles and their larvae , caterpillars , and spiders . they also consume fruits in the fall and winter , as well as weed seeds , acorns , and other types of nuts .
northern yellow - shafted flickers from alaska and canada strongly migratory , most traveling east and then south . big flights move down atlantic coast in fall , migrating by day . red - shafted flickers often migrate shorter distances , moving southward and from mountains into lowlands ; some spread eastward on great plains in winter .
) . many researchers have reported on aspects of behavior and nest use by northern flickers as part of general studies of cavity - nesting birds . recently , such interest has intensified as flickers have been recognized as
keystone
excavators that may influence the abundance of secondary cavity - nestering species in forest systems (
northern flickers make a loud , rolling rattle with a piercing tone that rises and falls in volume several times . the song lasts 7 or 8 seconds and is quite similar to the call of the pileated woodpecker . you’ll hear it in the spring and early summer , while pairs are forming and birds are establishing their territories .
spring is on its way when the loud joyful call of the flicker :
wicker , wicker , wicker
, echoes through the woodlands . males are known for drumming in long continuous rolls made by rapid blows with his bill . male flickers will often return to their favorite drumming spot where most likely it is the loudest and noisiest spot . flickers are found in southern states and east of the rocky mountains .
flight : the flight of a flicker is preformed in a straighter manner than that of any other woodpecker . their migrations are performed at night , even during the coldest winters . when passing from one tree to another on wing , they also fly in a straight line , until right before they land , they then suddenly raise themselves a few feet and fasten themselves to the bark of the trunk by their claws and tail .
birds exhibit diverse strategies for migrating between their breeding and wintering sites , such as variation in routes , timing and distances travelled . patterns of migration can be described at different taxonomic and spatial scales and vary between species , between populations and also within populations [ 1 ] . many individuals in the northern hemisphere show roughly north–south parallel movements meaning that western - breeding populations winter farther west than eastern - breeding populations , on a continental scale [ 2 – 5 ] . however , cases where eastern and western populations cross - over during migration are also known [ 6 ] . populations may also differ in their propensity to migrate based on latitude . for example , northern populations of european robins ( erithacus rubecula ) are migratory , whereas southern populations are resident [ 7 ] . in other cases ‘leapfrog’ migrations may occur where northern - breeding populations winter at more southerly latitudes than do the southern - breeding populations [ 8 ] . chain migration , in contrast to ‘leapfrog’ migration , occurs when winter populations occur in the same north–south sequence as breeding populations [ 1 ] .


gnathifera acacivorella is a moth in the epermeniidae family .

it was described by gaedike in 1968 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from tasmania .

larvae have been reported feeding in galls on acacia species .

gnathifera acacivorella

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gnathifera punctata gaedike , 2013 ; beitr . entomol . 63 ( 1 ) : 158
gnathifera gaedike , 1978 ; beitr . entomol . 28 ( 1 ) : 208 ; ts : epermenia opsias meyrick
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epermenia aphronesa meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 431 ; tl : tasmania
ochromolopis bidentella gaedike , 1981 ; reichenbachia 19 ( 35 ) : 211 ( repl . _ ochromolopis bidentata gaedike , 1968 )
queensland , new south wales , south australia , tasmania . see [ maps ]
epermenia eurybias meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 429 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; glen innes and sydney ; gisborne and healesville , victoria ; hobart , tasmania
epermenia opsias meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 430 ; tl : bathurst , blackheath , and mt kosciusco , new south wales ; deloraine , tasmania
ochromolopis paropsias gaedike , 1972 ; beitr . entomol . 22 ( 3 - 6 ) : 145
epermenia proserga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 318 ; tl : barberton
ochromolopis pseudaphronesa gaedike , 1972 ; beitr . entomol . 22 ( 3 - 6 ) : 144
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
meyrick , 1913 descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 267 - 336
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