gulella streptostelopsis is a species of minute air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .

gulella streptostelopsis was described by adolph cornelis van bruggen in 2007 based on material ( except for one specimen ) obtained for the national museum of natural history in leiden ( nationaal natuurhistorisch museum , formerly rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie ) by ms h.m. meredith ( newquay , u.k. ; formerly malawi ) and her co-workers in the period 1975-1988 .

the minute , almost smooth , shell ( length 2.0-2.4 mm ) resembles that of the genus streptostele , but is characterized by three-fold apertural dentition and just under six whorls .

this taxon may represent a new genus .

gulella streptostelopsis

this is the place for streptostelopsis definition . you find here streptostelopsis meaning , synonyms of streptostelopsis and images for streptostelopsis copyright 2017 © urltoken
streptaxidae from pemba . 57–58 “gulella” ( aenigmigulella ) aenigmatica 59 “gulella” ( aenigmigulella ) aenigmatica , juvenile 60 “gulella” radius 61 “gulella” radius , juvenile 62 gulella gwendolinae ( resembling var . scissidens ) 63 gulella planidens .
studies on the streptaxidae of malaŵi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella .
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studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malaŵi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella [ 1 ]
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word streptostelopsis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word streptostelopsis and , of course , streptostelopsis synonyms and on the right images related to the word streptostelopsis .
ac ( 2007 ) studies on the streptaxidae of malaŵi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella . zoologische mededelingen leiden 81 - bruggen
a . c . van bruggen : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malaŵi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella 1
fig . 6 . map of malaŵi showing the distribution of gulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . for numbers refer to ‘material examined’ . the arrow indicates the type locality .
bruggen a . c . van , 2007 : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malawi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella . 9 pp . zoologische mededelingen leiden 81 : 1 - 9 .
how can i put and write and define gulella unidentata in a sentence and how is the word gulella unidentata used in a sentence and examples ? 用gulella unidentata造句 , 用gulella unidentata造句 , 用gulella unidentata造句 , gulella unidentata meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
keywords : gastropoda ; pulmonata ; streptaxidae ; gulella ; streptostele ; taxonomy ; malawi ; east africa .
two new species of gulella ( mollusca : pulmonata : streptaxidae ) from the taita hills , kenya .
new taxa of gulella l . pfr . and ptychotrema mörch ( mollusca , streptaxidae ) from eastern africa .
gulella is a genus of very small air - breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family streptaxidae .
table 1 . measurements in mm of 38 shells of gulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . from throughout its range . the holotype is no . 36 ; figured paratypes are nos . 23 and 38 . the numbers in the seventh column refer to the localities enumerated under ‘material examined’ .
dr . william adam’s iconography of central and west african gulella species ( gastropoda pulmonata : streptaxidae ) . part 1 : nominal taxa .
land molluscs of zanzibar island ( unguja ) , tanzania with the description of a new species of gulella ( pulmonata : streptaxidae ) .

' gulella systemanaturae
' is a species of minute air - breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .

' gulella unidentata
' is a species of very small air - breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .
this may be an overlooked character as this has not been checked or noticed in other taxa with similar types of shell until the type description of
gulella systemanaturae
.
the next question to be discussed is whether g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . might be classified with one of the known subgenera of gulella sensu lato . these have been discussed in some detail by zilch ( 1960 : 569 - 573 ) . vaught ( 1989 ) and millard ( 1997 ) , simply enumerating generic / subgeneric names , give slightly differing versions , both incorporating sphincterocochlion verdcourt , 1985 . schileyko ( 2000 : 808 - 820 ) treats all subgenera including anatomical data where available . such data will eventually lead to a division of what is now called gulella and it is confidently expected that many subgenera will be elevated to genus rank . a few of the subgenera of gulella are seemingly well defined and these usually encompass only a limited number of species . on the other hand , many of the other subgenera are very broadly characterized and contain large numbers of nominal taxa . it appears that the present new species cannot be classified with any of the extant subgeneric units in gulella so that the matter must be left in abeyance . some alcohol material of the new taxon is available and should be properly evaluated , but this would involve micro - anatomy which is outside the competence of the present author . g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . might well represent an as yet unknown genus in the streptaxidae .
gulella systemanaturae
was described by adolph cornelis van bruggen in 2008 based on collections from 1975 in royal museum for central africa , tervuren , belgium and 1985 collection in nationaal natuurhistorisch museum , leiden .
verdcourt , b . , 1985 . new taxa of gulella l . pfr . and ptychotrema mörch ( mollusca , streptaxidae ) from eastern africa . — j . conch . london 32 : 109 - 121 .
derivatio nominis . — the epithet streptostelopsis ( latinized greek for streptostele - like ) refers to the likeness to shells of the streptaxid genus streptostele . the kindred epithet streptosteloides already exists in the family under discussion . the original combination was opeas streptosteloides von martens , 1897 , but this taxon appears to be a streptaxid , now named streptostele streptosteloides ( von martens , 1897 ) ( vide verdcourt , 2006 ; richardson , 1988 ; kabat & boss , 1997 ) . in view of the similarity of the names and probable causes for confusion in possibly closely allied genera the epithet streptostelopsis is proposed here .
recently verdcourt ( 2004 : 311 - 312 , figs 14 - 17 ) described gulella eoryi from mt . meru in northern tanzania . the shell of this taxon looks somewhat like that of g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . however , the shell of g . eoryi shows more ribbing , a deep umbilicus and “at the back of the aperture a sloping arcuate lamella well away from the peristome corresponds to a deep furrow on the outside of the shell” . this immediately makes the similarity of the two taxa entirely superficial .
gulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . is described from a series of localities of mainly between 1000 and 1500 m a . s . l . in malaŵi south of about 11°s . the minute , almost smooth , shell ( length 2 . 0 - 2 . 4 mm ) resembles that of the genus streptostele ( hence the name ) , but is characterized by three - fold apertural dentition and just under six whorls . this taxon may represent a new genus ; pending studies on the anatomy no new generic name is proposed .
bruggen a . c . van , 2008 : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malawi 10 . description of gulella systemanaturae , a new species from dedza mountain . 6 pp . zoologische mededelingen 82 : 9 - 14 .
diagnosis . — a minute species of gulella s . l . , with more or less tapering , almost smooth , shell about three times as long as wide and with three - fold apertural dentition consisting of single angular , labral and columellar processes .
bruggen a . c . van , 2011 : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malawi 12 . four new species of gulella s . l . 16 pp . ( in english ) . zoologische mededelingen 85 ( 13 ) : 849 - 864 .
a search of the literature for possibly related taxa has so far proved in vain . pilsbry ( 1919 ) , the main text on congo land molluscs , provides no lead . the subgenus silvigulella pilsbry , 1919 , characterized by a clavate shell with the greatest width well below the middle , has a costulate shell . subsequent publications on congo streptaxids ( mainly van bruggen & van goethem , 1997 , 1999 ) are of no assistance either . a scrutiny of verdcourt’s east african gulella key ( 1962 ) and subsequent papers ( covered in his 2006 checklist of east africa , but see next paragraph ) comes no nearer in supplying possible candidates for relationship to or at least similarity with g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . finally , connolly ( 1939 ) , particularly the overview of the southern african species on pp . 19 - 23 , also does not lead anywhere . the same applies to southern african species of gulella described since .
according to chapman & white ( 1970 ) all localities where the
gulella systemanaturae
has been found are above the
brachystegia
woodland belt . gives a good impression of the area , depicting low - canopy montane forest near the summit of dedza mountain ( 2150 m ) . .
figs 1 - 5 . s . e . m . photographs of two paratypes ( nos . 23 and 38 of table 1 , both loc . no . 6 ; rmnh ) of gulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . 1 , shell , length 2 . 37 mm ( no . 38 ) ; 2 , aperture of do . ; 3 , apex of do . ; 4 , shell , length 2 . 21 mm ( no . 23 ) ; 5 , side view of aperture of do . scale bars 1 mm for figs 1 and 4 , 100 μm for figs 2 , 3 and 5 . s . e . m . photographs by j . goud ( rmnh ) .
verdcourt , b . , 1962 . preliminary keys for the identification of the genus gulella pfr . occurring in east africa excluding the sections primigulella pilsbry and plicigulella pilsbry . — ann . mus . roy . afr . centr . ( 8° ) sci . zool . 106 : 1 - 39 .
living animals of selected species from pemba ( not to scale ) . 2 “assiminea” aurifera 3 tropidophora zanguebarica 4 subulona ordinaria 5 gonaxis denticulatus 6 gulella planidens 7 tayloria shimbiensis 8 edentulina obesa 9 trochonanina mozambicensis 10 pembatoxon insulare 11 “dendrolimax” vangoethemi ( paratype 2 ) 12 dendrolimax vangoethemi ( paratype 1 ) .
bruggen , a . c . van & j . l . van goethem , 1997 . dr william adam’s iconography of central and west african gulella species ( gastropoda pulmonata : streptaxidae . ) . part 1 : nominal taxa . — bull . inst . roy sci . nat . belg . biol . 67 : 5 - 30 .
bruggen a . c . van , 2006 : gulella johannae spec . nov . ( gastropoda , pulmonata , streptaxidae ) , a new land snail from the drakensberg range in limpopo province , south africa , with notes on g . johannesburgensis ( m . & p . ) . 10 pp . zoologische mededelingen leiden 80 ( 1 ) : 63 - 72 .
six of the seven adults from misali island have an additional palatal tooth , recalling var . scissidens connolly , 1922 , described from dar - es - salaam . the additional tooth is not present on either of the two adults from ras kiuyu . this is a very widespread species and several such forms have been named . neubert ( 1998 ) points out a discrepancy between paladilhe’s ( 1872 ) description and figure of ennea isseli paladilhe , 1872 from yemen , and figures an additional specimen which strongly resembles gulella gwendolinae . this raises the possibility that ennea isseli is a senior synonym of gulella gwendolinae and , if so , also the question of whether it is truly native to arabia . a direct comparison of types is advised .
bruggen , a . c . van & j . l . van goethem , 1999 . dr william adam’s iconography of central and west african gulella species ( gastropoda pulmonata : streptaxidae . ) . part 3 : nine new species from the d . r . congo . — bull . inst . roy sci . nat . belg . biol . 69 : 31 - 45 .
finally attention should be drawn to the distribution of g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . it is so far only known from malaŵi , scattered throughout the country south of 11ºs between 800 and 1600 m , but mainly between 1000 and 1300 m a . s . l . first of all , this almost certainly is not a malaŵi endemic . as shown on the map ( fig . 6 ) many localities are sufficiently close to the borders of at least zambia and mozambique to predict occurrence in those countries , particularly as suitable habitat is available there .
the new species is generally easily recognized because of its small size and streptostele - like shell . zilch ( 1960 : 567 - 568 ) has summarized the knowledge of streptostele on the generic / subgeneric level ; in 1959 venmans had added the subgenus textostele , which is not covered in zilch’s overview . schileyko ( 2000 : 802 - 807 ) has included anatomical data where available . it is difficult to find characters to reliably separate streptostele and gulella . repeatedly attention has been drawn to the poor delimitation of the genera in the streptaxidae ( e . g . , van bruggen & van goethem , 1997 : 6 - 7 , for gulella ) ; regrettably anatomical data are still very scarce and do not materially assist here . generally streptostele species appear to have costulate shells with no , or very poorly developed , apertural dentition . also , the number of whorls at times may be quite high ( i . e . , 7 - 10 ) , although a few nominal species may have numbers of whorls as low as in the above - described new species ( e . g . , streptostele jaeckeli venmans , 1959 ) . for the time being the new taxon has been classified with gulella , which genus in itself may be a polyphyletic unit .
. . . forest reserves apart from a juvenile at msitu mkuu fr ( table 2 ) . on pemba , juvenile shells have complex dentition at a variety of stages . the living animal is creamcoloured . recent systematic work ( = - = rowson , 2010 - = - ) indicates “g . ” aenigmatica does not belong in the genus gulella l . pfeiffer and a genus - level revision is in progress . 28 b . rowson et al . / zookeys 70 : 1–39 ( 2010 ) figures 57–63 . streptaxidae from . . .
the following three species ( 6 % of the total of 49 ) are known only from pemba and we consider them endemic : cyathopoma pembense , dendrolimax vangoethemi , and elisolimax roebucki . there are no endemic genera or subgenera and all three endemics have close relatives both on the mainland and elsewhere in the western indian ocean . dendrolimax vangoethemi probably occurs in the usambaras ( see below ) while elisolimax roebucki has had doubts raised over its species status ( see rowson 2007 p . 447 ) . the populations of “gulella” radius on pemba may be considered a separate species ( see notes , 28 ) . thus the rate of species endemism could be as low as 2 % ( considering only cyathopoma pembense endemic ) or as high as 8 % if ( considering cyathopoma pembense , both slugs , and the pemba “gulella” radius to be endemic ) . accepting a 6 % rate , a total of 36 ( 73 % ) of pemba’s species are also found on unguja . of these , 33 also occur on the mainland , sometimes in small areas . the remaining two species ( 4 % of pemba’s total ) are known only from pemba and unguja : pembatoxon insulare and gittenedouardia conulina . there are doubts about the species status of the latter ( see notes , 7 ) .
all frs and habitat types contained at least one species not recorded elsewhere on pemba . importantly for conservation , 21 species ( approximately 45 % of the 47 species found ) were found only in frs , including the 10 rarest species ( those represented by the fewest individuals ) and all the slugs found . for example , curvella disparilis and thapsia curvatula were found only at ngezi fr ( sand / soil ) ; microcystina minima was found only at ras kiuyu fr ; and nesopupa minutalis was found only at msitu mkuu fr . another 21 species ( 45 % ) were found in both frs and non - forest habitat types , including the 10 most abundant species . these include several taxa treated by verdcourt ( 2000 ) as forest specialists ( tayloria shimbiensis , opeas delicatum , subulona ordinaria ) and at least one previously unrecorded from forest habitats ( assiminea aurifera ) . both the pemba - endemic cyathopoma pembense and the eastern arc species “gulella” aenigmatica occurred only in msitu mkuu fr and in non - forest sites . the remaining five species ( approximately 10 % ) were found only in non - forest habitats . these include the only certainly introduced species ( striosubulina striatella ) as well as two further taxa treated by verdcourt ( 2000 ) as forest specialists ( thapsia insulsa and gulella sexdentata ) .
conversely , 92–98 % of pemba’s land - snail species occur elsewhere . to date about 8 of these ( 16 % ) are known only from small areas of adjacent tanzania or kenya ( cyathopoma azaniense , “gulella” aenigmatica , tayloria shimbiensis etc . ) and could comprise a vicariant fauna whose ranges were split only by the pemba channel graben . alternatively , these and the remainder that occur more widely ( gulella planidens , streptostele acicula , etc . ) could have arrived by post - isolation dispersal , with species occurring nearby most likely to arrive soonest . successful dispersal to pemba argues against an especially strong isolation , since gene exchange with the mainland would remain possible . this contrasts with pemba’s volant species for which winds are thought to have strongly limited westward passage from the mainland ( moreau and pakenham 1940 ; baker and baker 2002 ) . although accidental introduction by man has played a largely unknown but probably greater part in the land - snail fauna , subfossils on aldabra ( e . g . gerlach and griffiths 2002 ) indicate natural , overseas dispersal by land - snails in the region . rivers outflowing eastwards from the mainland ( e . g . the pangani , wami and ruvu ) could aid the dispersal of rafting taxa such as land - snails to the islands , even against seasonally prevailing currents . this could explain the discrepancy with the endemism in volant taxa .
the shell of g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . is subject to some variation in dimensions as shown by table 1 . the abundant material allowed for a check on clinal variation . however , it appears that there is no discernible geographical pattern in the measurements of the shell of the new species . both small and large shells derive from southern populations and to a slightly lesser degree this also applies to northern populations . as regards size it is not always easy to decide what shells are really adult , vide loc . 5 in table 1 ( shells nos . 20 and 25 ) . this sample consists of three shells , ( a ) a juvenile , 2 . 0 mm long and with 5 ¼ whorls , but with developed apertural teeth and reflected labrum ; ( b ) a subadult , 2 . 21 mm long and with < 5¾ whorls ( no . 20 in table 1 ) with poorly developed dentition and labrum ; ( c ) an adult , 2 . 25 mm long and with 5¾ whorls ( no . 25 in table 1 ) with properly developed dentition and labrum .
is there a pattern to be discerned in the distribution of the species under discussion ? there is an indication for this because so far g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . was not found in the mt . mulanje complex in the south of malaŵi , and also not on the nyika plateau and in the misuku hills in the north , all areas well searched for micro - molluscs . ms h . m . meredith and her co - workers throughout the years 1975 - 1988 have extensively worked these areas by sampling the leaf litter of many forests in and around mt . mulanje , the nyika national park ( including the chowo forest just over the border with zambia ) , and the misuku hills . dr r . jocqué ( mrac ) has also worked on leaf litter on the nyika plateau and the present author and his wife have done the same on the nyika plateau and in the misuku hills in 1990 . all this leads to the albeit preliminary conclusion that absence here might reflect a genuine distribution pattern . such a conclusion would generate two questions . would the new species reach its northern limits here , and , if so , what does delimit its distribution ?
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national museum of natural history , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands
the following abbreviations have been used : alc . for material in alcohol ; l / d for the ratio length / major diameter of shells ( this ratio is calculated from micrometer readings and may therefore differ from that calculated when these measurements are first converted into mm ) ; lw for length of last whorl in front view ; leg . m for leg . ms h . m . meredith ; bmnh for the natural history museum , london [ british museum ( natural history ) ] ; irsnb for institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , brussels ; mrac for musée royal de l’afrique centrale , tervuren , belgium ; rmnh for national museum of natural history , leiden ( nationaal natuurhistorisch museum ; formerly rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie ) .
material examined . all material has been derived from leaf litter samples ; damaged , subadult and juvenile shells have been expressly excluded from the type material . localities have been enumerated from south to north (
) . — malaŵi : ( 1 ) thyolo dist . , thyolo , mwalantungi estate , litter streamhead forest , c . 1100 m , 31 . viii . 1982 , leg . j . chapman ( rmnh 92683 , 2 paratypes ) ; ( 2 ) thyolo , namingombo river , riverine forest litter , c . 1200 m , 8 . vi . 1980 , leg . m ( rmnh 92684 , 2 paratypes , 2 juv . ) ; ( 3 ) thyolo mountain forest on satemwa tea estates , submontane forest remnant , leaf litter , 1300 m , 17 . i . 2002 , leg . k . - d . b . dijkstra ( rmnh 92685 , 1 paratype ) ; ( 4 ) blantyre dist . , blantyre , soche mt . , submontane litter ne . side , 1400 m , 27 . viii . 1982 , leg . j . chapman ( rmnh 92686 , 1 paratype ) ; ( 5 ) blantyre , soche mt . , leaf litter sites nos . 3 - 5 , 1300 - 1450 m , 12 . iii . 1983 , leg . m ( rmnh 92687 , 2 paratypes , 1 juv . ) ; ( 6 ) chiradzulu dist . , lisau evergreen forest litter , c . 1300 m , ii . 1981 , leg . j . chapman [ rmnh 92688 , 9 paratypes ( among which shells shown in figs 1 - 5 ; 2 paratypes deposited in irsnb ) , 1 subad . , 1 juv . ; also alc . ] ; ( 7 ) chiradzulu dist . , lisau evergreen forest litter , c . 1300 m , 3 . i . 1982 , leg . h . patel ( rmnh 92689 , 2 paratypes , 1 damaged shell , 1 subad . ) ; ( 8 ) mulanje dist . , chigwankhalu hill , near malaŵi - mozambique border just s . of lake chilwa ,
litter , 800 - 900 m , early may 1983 , leg . h . patel ( rmnh , 1 juv . ) ; ( 9 ) zomba dist . , mpita forest near thondwe , leaf litter , c . 1100 m , 10 . ii . 1982 , leg . m ( rmnh , 1 damaged adult ) ; ( 10 ) zomba dist . , zomba , mulunguzi bridge ,
riverine forest litter , c . 1000 m , 22 . iii . 1986 , leg . m ( rmnh 92690 , 2 paratypes , 3 subad . , 1 damaged subad . ) ; ( 11 ) zomba , mulunguzi bridge , riverine forest litter , c . 1000 m , 15 . xi . 1986 - 25 . iii . 1987 , leg . p . kamkodo ( rmnh 92691 , 5 paratypes , of which 1 deposited in mrac ) ; ( 12 ) zomba - namitembo road , namitembo river riverine forest litter , c . 1000 m , 24 . iv . 1984 , leg . m ( rmnh 92692 , 4 paratypes , 1 juv . ) ; ( 13 ) zomba , forest road ,
description . — shell ( figs 1 - 5 ) small to minute , clavate , more or less tapering , greatest width well below the middle , always more than two - and - a - half times as long as wide , transparent when fresh to whitish when worn . umbilicus completely closed . spire produced , slightly tapering or sides at most subparallel , not convex , apex flattened , obtusely conical to mamillate . whorls five - and - a - half to just under six , hardly convex , superficially smooth but under high magnification with faint spiral sculpture and growth lines , growth lines turning to weak costulation behind the labrum ( fig . 5 ) . sutures somewhat impressed , fairly shallow , simple and filiform . aperture ( fig . 2 ) subovate , sometimes distinctly squarish at base , peristome slightly incrassate and reflected , aperture not or hardly obstructed by three - fold dentition : a small angular process ( usually a mere swelling ) , somewhat distant from and therefore not connected with apex of labrum so that there is no sinus ; opposite the angular denticle there is an upper labral process in the form of a thickening of the labrum , which process does not correspond to a depression behind the labrum ; finally , a very faint thickening of the lower columella may be interpreted as a columellar process .
measurements of shell : 2 . 00 - 2 . 37 × 0 . 75 - 0 . 81 mm , l / d 2 . 62 - 3 . 17 , lw 0 . 87 - 1 . 00 mm , aperture height × major diameter 0 . 56 - 0 . 62 × 0 . 44 - 0 . 50 mm , 5½ - > 5¾ whorls . holotype shell 2 . 31 × 0 . 78 mm , l / d 2 . 96 , lw 1 . 00 mm , aperture 0 . 69 × 0 . 44 mm , > 5¾ whorls . mean values 2 . 18 × 0 . 78 mm , l / d 2 . 89 , lw 0 . 93 , aperture 0 . 59 × 0 . 47 mm , average values 2 . 19 × 0 . 75 mm , l / d 2 . 92 , lw 0 . 94 , aperture 0 . 59 × 0 . 44 mm ( n = 38 ) .
distribution ( fig . 6 ) . — so far only known from malaŵi , scattered throughout the country south of 11ºs and mainly between 1000 and 1500 m a . s . l .
correspondence with ms meredith on this subject leads to an interesting observation . she writes : “what does stand out , though , is that it is a species of riverine / lowland forest / submontane forest distribution . it is interesting to see chapman’s ( i . e . chapman & white , 1970 ) descriptions on pages 141 , 153 and 161 / 2 . this does not , however , explain why we have not found it on some of the lower slopes of mulanje , or the misukus . the submontane forests on the nyika are on the slopes that haven’t been properly studied – we have all looked in the more easily accessible montane forests of the plateau . ” ( meredith , in litt . , 28 october 2001 ) .
acknowledgements are due in first instance to ms h . m . meredith for supplying the material , contributing data on the localities , and carefully criticizing the manuscript . mr j . goud of the mollusca section ( rmnh ) deserves credit for the s . e . m . illustrations ( figs 1 - 5 ) , expertly enhanced by p . a . van mulken ( biology section , leiden university ) . numerous visits to the mollusc departments of the natural history museum ( london ) , the institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique ( brussels ) , and the musée royal de l’afrique centrale ( tervuren , belgium ) have always been of great value – the cooperation of our colleagues drs p . b . mordan ( bmnh ) , j . l . van goethem ( irsnb ) and f . puylaert & r . jocqué ( both mrac ) has been invaluable . dr c . o . dudley ( university of malaŵi , zomba ) is acknowledged for assistance with geographical problems .
field work in malaŵi of the present author ( 1988 , 1990 , 1993 ) has been mainly financed by leiden university , the koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen ( royal netherlands academy of arts and sciences , amsterdam ) , wotro / nwo ( wetenschappelijk onderzoek in de tropen , the hague ) , and the stichting tot internationale natuurbescherming ( foundation for international conservation , van tienhoven stichting , amsterdam ) .
1 . for no . 8 in this series vide bruggen , a . c . van & a . j . de winter , 2003 . studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malaŵi 8 . a revision of ‘marconia’ hamiltoni ( smith ) , the largest local streptaxid , with the description of a new genus . — zool . verh . leiden 345 : 59 - 78 , figs . 1 - 21 .
bruggen , a . c . van & h . m . meredith , 1984 . a preliminary analysis of the land molluscs of malaŵi . in : a . solem & a . c . van bruggen , eds . , world - wide snails . biogeographical studies on non - marine mollusca : 156 - 171 . — e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden .
bruggen , a . c . van & a . j . de winter , 2003 . studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malaŵi 8 . a revision of ‘marconia’ hamilton i ( smith ) , the largest local streptaxid , with the description of a new genus . — zool . verh . leiden 345 : 59 - 78 .
chapman , j . d . & f . white , 1970 . the evergreen forests of malawi : 1 - 190 . commonwealth forestry institute , university of oxford , oxford .
connolly , m . , 1939 . a monographic survey of south african non - marine mollusca . — ann . s . afr . mus . 33 : i - iii , 1 - 660 .
kabat , a . r . & k . j . boss , 1997 . karl eduard von martens ( 1831 - 1904 ) : his life and works : 1 - 417 . department of mollusks , museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge mass .
millard , v . , 1997 . classification of mollusca . a classification of world wide mollusca : 1 - 544 . rhine road , south africa .
pilsbry , h . a . , 1919 . a review of the land mollusks of the belgian congo chiefly based on the collections of the american museum congo expedition , 1909 - 1915 . — bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 40 : i - x , 1 - 370 .
richardson , c . l . , 1988 . streptaxacea : catalog of species . part 1 streptaxidae . — tryonia 16 : i , 1 - 326 .
schileyko , a . a . , 2000 . treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs . part 6 . rhytididae , chlamydephoridae , systrophiidae , haplotrematidae , streptaxidae , spiraxidae , oleacinidae , testacellidae . — ruthenica suppl . 2 : 731 - 880 ( streptaxidae pp . 771 - 835 ) .
vaught , k . c . [ eds r . t . abbott & k . j . boss ] , 1989 . a classification of the living mollusca : i - xii , 1 - 195 . melbourne , fla . , u . s . a .
venmans , l . a . w . c . , 1959 . notes on molluscs from the belgian congo 1 . genus streptostele h . dohrn , 1866 . — rev . zool . bot . afr . 60 : 31 - 48 .
verdcourt , b . , 2004 . new and little known species of terrestrial mollusca from east africa and congo ( kinshasa ) . — ann . hist . - nat . mus . natn . hung . 96 : 299 - 315 .
verdcourt , b . , 2006 . a revised list of the non - marine mollusca of east africa ( kenya , uganda and tanzania , excluding lake malawi ) : 1 - 75 . published by the author , maidenhead .
zilch , a . , 1959 - 1960 . gastropoda euthyneura . — handb . paläozool . ( 6 ) 2 : i - xii , 1 - 834 . berlin - nikolassee ( streptaxidae pp . 555 - 578 , 1960 ) .
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until recently , species which are now in the genus costigulella were included here .
adolph cornelis ' dolf ' van bruggen ( 9 july 1929 – 3 june 2016 ) was a dutch malacologist , entomologist and botanist . his works were about the tropics and tropical africa . his career lasted over 50 years . he was an expert especially in the land snail families streptaxidae , achatinidae and maizaniidae . as of 2008 , he had written some 655 scientific publications .
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. . . y colour forms . voeltzkow’s ( 1923 ) record of “rachis brauensis mart . ” ( sic ) probably refers to r . braunsi from fundu i . ( haas , 1929 ) . the genus is here given as rhachistia rather than rhachidina ( see = - = solem 1959 - = - , mordan 1992 , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . there is a hypothesis that bulimus histrio l . pfeiffer , 1854 , described from the new hebrides , is a synonym of r . braunsi . solem ( 1964 ) cited verdcourt ( 1961 ) . . .
important bird areas in tanzania : a first inventory . wildlife conservation society of tanzania , dar es - baker , baker - 2002
annoted checklist of the terrestrial and freshwater molluscs of the arabian peninsula with description of new species . fauna of arabia
. . . as ( 1929 ) gives the record from chake chake . fischer - piette and vukadinovic ( 1974 ) consider bulimus johanninus morelet , 1877 , described from the comoros , a synonym of a . gracile . recent authors ( e . g . = - = neubert 1998 - = - , gerlach 2006b , griffiths and florens 2006 ) rather than verdcourt ( 2006 ) and rowson ( 2007 ) are followed here in treating this species in allopeas as distinct from lamellaxis . 1 8 . curvella subviresc . . .
. . . s familiar with a . clavulinum in botanic gardens in the uk , which in turn have been said to come from east africa ( kerney and cameron 1979 ) yet never included a . clavulinum in his east african lists ( = - = verdcourt 1983 - = - , 2000 , 2006 ) . this should be further investigated . 20 . opeas lamoense melvill & ponsonby , 1892 buliminus lamoense melvill and ponsonby 1892 : 90 ; pl . v , fig . 12 notes . pemba specimens reach 11 . 0 × 4 . 0 . . .
prys - jones r . p . , thébaud c . 2003 . molecular phylogeography reveals island colonization history and diversification of western indian ocean sunbirds ( nectarinia - warren , bermingham , et al .
coastal forests of eastern africa : status , endemism patterns and their potential causes - nd , gp , et al . - 1998
. . . arion ) . the monophyly of these major groups is questionable while the systematics of tropi - 16 b . rowson et al . / zookeys 70 : 1–39 ( 2010 ) cal limacoidea is still far from resolved ( e . g . tillier 1979 , = - = hausdorf 1998 - = - , schileyko 2002 ) , but it remains possible that this species is related to one of them rather than other dendrolimax . distribution : pemba island ; probably also east usambara mts . etymology : vangoethem . . .
the geology and geophysics of coastal tanzania - pe , ja , et al . - 1971
ergebnisse der osterreichischen neu kaledonien - expedition 1965 , terrestrische gastropoda i ( exkl . veronicellidae und athoracophoridae
. . . that histrio was an early anthropogenic introduction from east africa . though not quite correct ( the name braunsi did not appear in solem 1959 ) this was followed by other workers in the region ( e . g . = - = starmühlner 1970 - = - ) and there is now a consensus that the australasian populations originated in east africa ( e . g . stanisic 1998 , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . however , verdcourt ( 1961 , 1983 , 2006 ) remained ambiguous abou . . .
. . . dispersal to islands ( e . g . gittenberger 2007 ) . in east africa , the lowland land - snail fauna is poorlyknown but now documented in a few coastal forest fragments in which endemism to fragments is high ( = - = tattersfield 1998 - = - , lange and mwinzi 2003 , rowson 2007 ) . these coastal forests form a region of endemism scattered through the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) and support the majority of the region . . .
prys - jones rp , thebaud c ( 2006 ) immigration , species radiation and extinction in a highly diverse songbird lineage : white - eyes on indian ocean islands . molecular ecology 15 - bh , bermingham
tropical african platycnemis damselflies ( odonata : platycnemididae ) and the biogeographical significance of a new species from pemba island - dijkstra , clausnitzer , et al . - 2007
geology of east africa . beiträge zur regionalen geologie der erde - schlüter - 1997
descriptions of new species of shells collected by geoffrey nevill esq . , at - adams
habitat selection by terrestrial birds on pemba island ( tanzania ) , with particular reference to six endemic taxa . biological conservation 95
. . . ation and moist climate might permit locally - adapted species to persist in a broader range of habitats than their mainland counterparts . a similar observation has been made for pemba’s endemic birds ( = - = catry et al . 2000 - = - ) . b ) imbalance across land - snail families , species were recorded in the same rank order and approximately the same proportions as on unguja ( rowson 2007 ) and the coastal region as a whole ( verdcourt . . .
notes on african non - marine mollusca , with descriptions of many new species . annals and magazine of natural history series 9
. . . latus pro tem . rather than the more restricted g . gibbonsi taylor , 1877 . a revision of the east african taxa attributed to “gonaxis” is currently under way ( rowson in prep . ) . 26 . tayloria shimbiensis = - = connolly , 1922 - = - figs 7 , 33–35 tayloria shimbiensis connolly 1922 : 487 notes . this species has not previously been recorded beyond the type locality ( shimba hills ) ( verdcourt 2006 ) . according to verdcourt ( 1958 ) , its . . .
. . . vaginulus alte férussac 1821–1822 : 14 notes . voeltzkow ( 1923 , p . 179 ) recorded this species from pemba as “vaginula brevis” v . brevis fischer , 1872 is considered a synonym of the widespread l . alte ( = - = forcart 1953 - = - , verdcourt 2006 ) . we tentatively refer two small juveniles from ngezi fr to this species . 7 . gittenedouardia conulina ( von martens , 1869 ) fig . 29 buliminus ( pachnodus ) von martens 1869 : 153 notes . t . . .
. . . less than 200m ; pemba effectively lies off the continental shelf ( fig . 1a ) . while the presence of a terrestrial fauna in pemban rocks supports the presence of land since at least the middle miocene ( = - = pickford 2008 - = - ) , this land is believed to have been part of the mainland until the formation of the pemba channel by a graben fault approximately 6 ma ( early pliocene ; kent et al . 1971 , clarke and burgess 2000 ) . ot . . .
1831 description des coquilles terrestres recueilles pendant un voyage à côte occidentale d’afrique , et au brésil . annales des sciences naturelles 24 - rang
. . . 07 ) . in east africa , the lowland land - snail fauna is poorlyknown but now documented in a few coastal forest fragments in which endemism to fragments is high ( tattersfield 1998 , lange and mwinzi 2003 , = - = rowson 2007 - = - ) . these coastal forests form a region of endemism scattered through the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) and support the majority of the region’s narrowrange endemics ( burgess et . . .
notes on east african land and freshwater snails 11 . miscellaneous records from kenya and tanzania including the description of two new species . — basteria 42
. . . rag ) ras kiuyu fr msitu mkuu fr non - fr sites 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 assimineidae “assiminea” aurifera preston , 1912 3 2 429 / 18 + + + + + + + + + + 10 cyclophoridae cyathopoma azaniense = - = verdcourt , 1978 - = - 4 13–15 + 1 cyathopoma pembense sp . n . 1 16–27 + + + + 4 pomatiidae tropidophora zanguebarica ( petit , 1850 ) 5 3 432 / 3 + + + + + + + + + + + 11 veronicellidae laevicaulis alte ( férussac , 1821 ) 6 432 . . .
. . . nguja ( lange and mwinzi 2003 , verdcourt 2006 , rowson 2007 ) . however , maizania is absent from the pliocene - pleistocene central highlands of kenya , a montane forest area of apparently suitable habitat ( = - = verdcourt 1984 - = - ) . its absence from pemba could suggest pemba , unlike unguja , was isolated before maizania could reach it . alternatively , maizania may have reached unguja only after it became an island , in which case . . .
a preliminary note on the african element among the streptaxids ( mollusca ) of the western indian ocean islands . in : van zinderen bakker snr em , coetzee ja ( eds ) paleoecology of africa and the surrounding islands . vol . 10–11 . balkema - ac - 1978
ac ( 2008 ) new studies on the land molluscs of malawi , a second interim progress report . prolegomena for a new checklist - bruggen
madagascan georissa , cyclotus , omphalotropis and so - called chondrocyclus . archiv für molluskenkunde 133 - kc - 2004
. . . nt consideration since slugs may change in appearance as they grow . however , neither verdcourt and polhill , van goethem with his experience of growth series of many taxa , nor other slug workers ( e . g . = - = forcart 1967 - = - ) could attribute these forms to any known species or genus . verdcourt and polhill ( 1961 ) noted that there was no absolute criterion , e . g . concerning the size of the albumen gland , for recognising adu . . .
2006b ) terrestrial and freshwater mollusca of the seychelles islands . backhuys , leiden , the netherlands , 141 pp . b . rowson et al - gerlach
description of pembatoxon insulare gen . n . , sp . n - jl - 1975
révision systématique des urocyclinae ( mollusca , pulmonata , urocyclidae ) . annales musée royal de l’afrique centrale tervuren , sciences zoologiques 218 : 1–355 - jl - 1977
die binnenmollusken der voeltzkow’schen reisen in ostafrika und den ostafrikanischen inseln . zoologische jahrbücher 57 : 387–430 , pls
. . . the pemba material is here referred to braunsi , whose varieties we consider only colour forms . voeltzkow’s ( 1923 ) record of “rachis brauensis mart . ” ( sic ) probably refers to r . braunsi from fundu i . ( = - = haas , 1929 - = - ) . the genus is here given as rhachistia rather than rhachidina ( see solem 1959 , mordan 1992 , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . there is a hypothesis that bulimus histrio l . pfeiffer , 1854 , described from th . . .
ke ( 1869 ) conchylien aus zanzibar zwischen sesamsaamen . nachrichtsblatt der deutschen malakozoologischen gesellschaft 1 - martens
1892 ) ueber die von dr . stuhlmann in nordost - afrika gesammelten landund süsswasser - mollusken . sitzungs - berichte der gesellschaft naturforschender freunde zu - ke - 1892
révision des urocyclidae ( mollusca , gastropoda , pulmonata ) . anatomiesystématique - zoogeographie . annales musée royal de l’afrique centrale tervuren , sciences zoologiques 180 - jj - 1970
otopoma gray 1850 - a few words to add to a 150 years old debate . archiv für molluskenkunde 132
. . . er recent decades . note : verdcourt treats all east african tropidophora in subgenus otopoma gray , 1850 , but the asian type species of this belongs in cyclophoridae not pomatiidae ( = pomatiasidae ) ( see = - = neubert 2003 - = - ) . 6 . laevicaulis alte ( férussac , 1821 ) vaginulus alte férussac 1821–1822 : 14 notes . voeltzkow ( 1923 , p . 179 ) recorded this species from pemba as “vaginula brevis” v . brevis fischer , 1872 is consider . . .
de la saussaye m ( 1859 ) description d’une espèce nouvelle . journal de conchyliologie 7 : 384–385 , pl - petit
containing the monographs of the genera bulimus , achatina , dolium , b . rowson et al - volume
harzhauser m , berning b , kroh a ( 2010 ) sedimentary evolution of a late pleistocene wetland indicating extreme coastal uplift in southern tanzania . quaternary research 73 : 136–142 - reuter , we
ea ( 1890 ) list of land - and freshwater - shells collected by dr . emin pasha in central africa , with descriptions of new species - smith
. . . i did not appear in solem 1959 ) this was followed by other workers in the region ( e . g . starmühlner 1970 ) and there is now a consensus that the australasian populations originated in east africa ( e . g . = - = stanisic 1998 - = - , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . however , verdcourt ( 1961 , 1983 , 2006 ) remained ambiguous about placing the two in synonymy and objected that the colour pattern in solem’s ( 1959 ) black and white picture o . . .
descriptions of two new taxa of tayloria bgt . together with a synopsis of the genus . revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines 58 : 3–4 - verdcourt - 1958
east african slugs of the family urocyclidae , iii & iv . the genus trichotoxon - verdcourt , rm - 1961
. . . through the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) and support the majority of the region’s narrowrange endemics ( burgess et al . 1998 , burgess and clarke 2000 ) which include landsnails ( = - = verdcourt 2000 - = - , rowson 2007 ) . emberton et al . ( 1997 ) found that within tanzania , both diversity and endemism peaked in the northern coastal forests , those nearest pemba . the forest on pemba is greatly depleted outs . . .
. . . differ from the few other east african cyclophoridae in being larger and more depressed than c . azaniense verdcourt , 1978 ( figs 13–15 ) , an undescribed azaniense - like species from the east usambaras ( = - = verdcourt 2006 - = - ; nmw material examined ) , and the malawian c . tres van bruggen , 2008 ( van bruggen 2008 ) . they are also larger than the central african c . papillaris ( von martens , 1892 ) and have fewer spiral keels ( se . . .
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b rowson , 1 b . h . warren , 2 and c . f . ngereza 3
umr c53 pvbmt , université de la réunion - cirad , 7 chemin de l’irat , ligne paradis , 97410 st . pierre , réunion , france
national museums of tanzania , shabaan robert street , po box . 511 , dar es salaam , tanzania
corresponding author : xue - xin chen ( nc . ude . ujz @ nehcxx ) .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
pemba is thought to have had a longer and / or stronger history of isolation than its better - known counterpart , unguja . the extent to which the biota support this hypothesis of greater oceanicity have been debated . here , pemba’s terrestrial mollusc ( “land - snail” ) fauna is surveyed and reviewed for the first time . we find at best equivocal evidence for the following hallmarks of greater oceanicity : impoverishment , imbalance , and a high rate of endemism . at least 49 species are present , families are represented in typical proportions , and there are only between two and four island - endemic species - i . e . a 4 % to 8 % rate of endemism . for land - snails , isolation thus seems to have been short ( pleistocene ) or , if longer , weak . nevertheless , pemba does host endemic and globally rare species . forty - five percent of the species found , including most of these , is restricted to forest reserves , with ngezi forest reserve particularly rich . a further 45 % are able to tolerate the island’s woody cultivated habitats . one new snail species ( cyclophoridae : cyathopoma ) and one new slug species ( urocyclidae : dendrolimax pro tem . ) are described . new data and illustrations are provided for other taxa .
pemba is one of the two main indian ocean islands of zanzibar , tanzania , the other being unguja ( itself commonly referred to as “zanzibar” ) . it has long been recognised that although the two are of comparable size , topography , distance from the mainland , as well as climate and climatic history ( e . g .
) , they differ in their geological and biotic history . geologically , both islands consist of miocene rocks of continental origin fringed by uplifted pleistocene coral rag limestone platforms (
) . sea level lowstands of up to 145m below present since pemba’s separation , while critical for the evolution of other western indian ocean island faunas ( e . g .
) , would therefore not have sufficed to reconnect pemba to the mainland or unguja . unguja , in contrast , was most recently isolated from the mainland in the pleistocene (
) probably as little as 10–18 thousand years ago . thus even if pemba’s isolation was as recent as the latest pliocene ( 1 ma ) , it would have remained an island for up to 100 times longer than unguja .
a pemba and the surrounding area . contours : 200m and 1000m ( above sea level ) ; 200m ( below sea level ) . the land below 400m , including the islands , roughly corresponds to the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) in which coastal forest fragments are scattered . b sites surveyed on pemba in 2009 , numbered as in table 1 , with forest reserves ( shaded areas ) and large towns marked .
to examine how the land - snail fauna reflects the strength and duration of pemba’s isolation we sought evidence of a ) impoverishment ; b ) imbalance in composition ; and c ) increased endemism , each relative to unguja and to mainland coastal forests . this required that as many species as possible were documented . we also aimed to clarify patterns of species presence or absence between habitat types and between frs , data on which are currently absent for most pemban taxa and limited for other tanzanian coastal taxa .
survey work was carried out in february 2009 . survey sites were selected in each fr and in additional sites covering most of the island ( plus misali i . , a small island nature reserve to the west ;
; collecting effort was quantified although it varied across sites . while no survey can guarantee to find all species , these are two of the most important considerations in surveys of this type (
) . land - snails were identified with reference to collections and the literature and are deposited at the national museum of wales , uk ( nmw ) and national museums of tanzania ( nmt ) . as in
, informal morphospecies names ( “sp . a” etc . ) are avoided , one advantage being more accurate comparison with other studies .
) and grouped into habitat types . ngezi fr sites are grouped into two habitat types according to underlying geology . “person - hours” is the total time spent on direct search and “litter” is the approximate volume of litter sieved ( litres ) . codes in square brackets are original site names and dates of collection .
high moist forest on sandy alluvial soil within reserve less than 1km from entrance [ n1 , 7 . 2 . 09 ]
high moist forest on sandy alluvial soil in centre of reserve [ n3 , 8 . 2 . 09 ]
high forest and swamp forest on dark alluvial soil in north of reserve [ n6 , 11 . 2 . 09 ]


tetramorium simillimum , is a species of ant in the subfamily myrmicinae .

it is a small pale colored widespread species that can be found in almost all the continents .

tetramorium simillimum

senior synonym of tetramorium pygmaeum : forel , 1916 pdf : 421 ; of tetramorium auropunctata brevispinosa : borgmeier , 1937b pdf : 241 ; of tetramorium simillimum insulare : yarrow , 1967 pdf : 28 ; of tetramorium simillimum denticulatum , tetramorium simillimum opacior , tetramorium parallela : bolton , 1977 pdf : 131 ; of tetramorium pusillum bantouana , tetramorium pusillum exoleta and material of the unavailable name tetramorium breve referred here : bolton , 1980 pdf : 320 .
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see tetramorium simillimum for further details
no one has contributed data records for tetramorium simillimum yet . learn how to contribute .
denticulatum . tetramorium simillimum r . denticulatum forel , 1902c : 235 ( w . ) india . junior synonym of simillimum : bolton , 1977 : 131 .
opacior . tetramorium simillimum var . opacior forel , 1913k : 81 ( w . ) sri lanka . junior synonym of simillimum : bolton , 1977 : 131 .
senior synonym of tetramorium pygmaeum : forel , 1916 pdf : 421 ; of tetramorium brevispinosa : borgmeier , 1937b pdf : 241 ; of tetramorium insulare : yarrow , 1967 pdf : 28 ; of tetramorium denticulatum , tetramorium opacior , tetramorium parallela : bolton , 1977 pdf : 131 ; of tetramorium bantouana , tetramorium exoleta and material of the unavailable name tetramorium breve referred here : bolton , 1980 : 320 .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by plazi from tetramorium simillimum ( smith , 1851 ) to their own page .
exoleta . tetramorium pusillum var . exoleta santschi , 1914d : 366 ( w . ) nigeria . junior synonym of simillimum : bolton , 1980 : 320 .
the small species is t . simillimum , and the larger species is t . bicarinatum .
insulare . tetramorium simillimum var . insulare santschi , 1928c : 69 ( w . ) fiji is . [ unresolved junior secondary homonym of insularis menozzi , above . ] junior synonym of simillimum : yarrow , 1967 : 28 ; bolton , 1977 : 131 .
bantouana . tetramorium pusillum var . bantouana santschi , 1910c : 382 , fig . 10 ( w . q . m . ) congo . junior synonym of simillimum : bolton , 1980 : 320 .
the range for tetramorium simillimum given by brown and taylor ( 1985 ) is probably understated . unlike some other exotic myrmicines in australia , this species does not seem to adversely affect the native ant fauna .
very similar to tetramorium caldarium , as detailed in the identification section of this other species .
tetramorium simillimum is a small reddish species that sometimes has a darker brown to black gaster . it is slow moving , but can recruit strongly and defend food resources . in the field it is impossible to distinguish from tetramorium caldarium . the species tends to nest and forage on the ground in disturbed areas .
parallela . myrmica parallela smith , f . 1859a : 147 ( w . ) indonesia ( aru i . ) . combination in tetramorium : donisthorpe , 1932c : 455 . junior synonym of simillimum : bolton , 1977 : 131 .
pygmaeum . tetramorium pygmaeum emery , 1877b : 371 ( q . ) ethiopia . emery , 1901e : 62 ( m . ) ; emery , 1915g : 17 ( w . ) . junior synonym of simillimum : forel , 1916 : 421 .
weakly sculptured , pale red much smaller than tetramorium guineense . length : 1 . 6 - 2 mm ( collingwood 1979 ) .
mayr , g . 1861 . die europäischen formiciden . nach der analytischen methode bearbeitet . wien : c . gerolds sohn , 80 pp . ( page 61 , combination in tetramorium )
brevispinosa . wasmannia auropunctata subsp . brevispinosa borgmeier , 1928a : 36 , figs . 4 , 5 ( w . ) brazil . [ unresolved junior secondary homonym of brevispinosus stitz , above . ] junior synonym of simillimum : borgmeier , 1937b : 241 .
bolton , b . 1979 . the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus tetramorium mayr in the malagasy region and in the new world . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) entomol . 38 : 129 - 181 ( see also )
bolton , b . 1977 ,
the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus tetramorium mayr in the oriental and indo - australian regions , and in australia
, bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) entomology , vol . 36 , pp . 67 - 151
bolton , b . , 1979 , the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus tetramorium mayr in the malagasy region and in the new world . , bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) entomology 38 , pp . 129 - 181 : 170 - 171 , ( download )
bharti , h . & kumar , r . 2012 . taxonomic studies on genus tetramorium mayr ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) with report of two new species and three new records including a tramp species from india with a revised key . zookeys . 207 : 11 - 35 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 207 . 3040
bolton , b . 1977 . the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus tetramorium mayr in the oriental and indo - australian regions , and in australia . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . entomology . 36 : 67 - 151 . pdf ( page 131 , senior synonym of denticulatum , opacior and parallela )
agavekar , g . , hita garcia , f . , economo , e . p . 2017 . taxonomic overview of the hyperdiverse ant genus tetramorium mayr ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) in india with descriptions and x - ray microtomography of two new species from the andaman islands . peerj 5 : e3800 ( doi 10 . 7717 / peerj . 3800 ) .
bolton , b . 1980 . the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus tetramorium mayr in the ethiopian zoogeographical region . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) entomol . 40 : 193 - 384 ( page 320 , senior synonym of bantouana and exoleta , and material of the unavailable name breve referred here . )
a tramp species that has developed a pantropical distribution and is even found in temperature areas , albeit in protected areas such as heated greenhouses .
collingwood ( 1979 ) - this cosmopolitan species occasionally occurs in heated glasshouses in europe and has been recorded from denmark and also on several occasions in england .
wheeler ( 1908 ) - in culebra a few colonies were found nesting under stones and logs on the beach , in coamo springs several colonies were seen under stones in the creek bottom near the baths .
a common species found as far north as st . johns county , florida . nests are usually in soil in open areas , often around buildings or parking lots . pest status : none . first published florida record : wheeler 1932 . ( deyrup , davis & cover , 2000 . )
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
smith , f . 1851 : 118 ( w . ) great britain . meinert , 1861 : 331 ( gynandromorph ) ; andré , 1883a : 289 ( q . m . ) ; imai , baroni urbani ,
referred here : bolton , 1980 : 320 . see also : emery , 1909d : 696 .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
( length3 / 4 - 1 line ) . head and thorax pale ferruginous , the legs and antennae more pallid , the coxae a little coloured , the eyes black ; the abdomen is rufo - fuscous , pale towards the apex ; the head is evenly longitudinally striate ; the thorax above is without the usual transverse suture , but is a little compressed at the sides about the middle , and gradually slightly narrowed from the prothorax towards the nodes of the peduncle ; the metathorax is truncate at the apex , and the spines are short , broad , and acute ; the abdomen is furnished with a few scattered erect hairs .
myrmica simillima : syntype , worker ( s ) ( apparently lost ) , dorset , england , united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland .
the following notes on f . smith type specimens have been provided by barry bolton ( details ) :
holotype worker in oxford university museum of natural history . specimen without locality label , but with a label “ simillima ” in smith’s writing . type - locality “aru” according to original description .
andré , e . 1883a . les fourmis . [ part ] . pp . 281 - 344 in : andré , edm . 1881 - 1886 . species des hyménoptères d ' europe et d ' algérie . tome deuxième . beaune : edmond andré , 919 + 48 pp . ( page 289 , queen , male described )
borgmeier , t . 1937b . formigas novas ou pouco conhecidas da américa do sul e central , principalmente do brasil ( hym . formicidae ) . arch . inst . biol . veg . ( rio j . ) 3 : 217 - 255 ( page 241 , senior synonym of brevispinosa )
collingwood , c . a . 1979 . the formicidae ( hymenoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . fauna entomol . scand . 8 : 1 - 174 .
collingwood , c . a . , pohl , h . , guesten , r . , wranik , w . and van harten a . 2004 . the ants ( insecta : hymenoptera : formicidae ) of the socotra archipelago . fauna of arabia 20 : 473 - 495 pdf
deyrup , m . , davis , l . & cover , s . 2000 . exotic ants in florida . transactions of the american entomological society 126 , 293 - 325 .
emery , c . 1909f . beiträge zur monographie der formiciden des paläarktischen faunengebietes . ( hym . ) teil ix . dtsch . entomol . z . 1909 : 695 - 712 ( page 696 , see also )
forel , a . 1916 . fourmis du congo et d ' autres provenances récoltées par mm . hermann kohl , luja , mayné , etc . rev . suisse zool . 24 : 397 - 460 ( page 421 , senior synonym of pygmaeum )
heterick , b . e . 2009 . a guide to the ants of south - western australia . records of the western australian museum , supplement 76 : 1 - 206 . pdf
imai , h . t . ; baroni urbani , c . ; kubota , m . ; sharma , g . p . ; narasimhanna , m . h . ; das , b . c . ; 1984 . karyological survey of indian ants . jpn . j . genet . 59 : 1 - 32 ( page 8 , karyotype described )
meinert , f . 1861 . bidrag til de danske myrers naturhistorie . k . dan . vidensk . selsk . skr . ( 5 ) 5 : 273 - 340 ( page 331 , gynandromorph )
sharaf , m . r . , fisher , b . l . , collingwood , c . a . , aldawood , a . s . 2017 . ant fauna ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) of the socotra archipelago ( yemen ) : zoogeography , distribution and description of a new species . journal of natural history 51 , 317–378 ( doi 10 . 1080 / 00222933 . 2016 . 1271157 ) .
smith , f . 1851 . list of the specimens of british animals in the collection of the british museum . part vi . hymenoptera , aculeata . london : british museum , 134 pp . ( page 118 , worker described )
wheeler , w . m . 1905c . the ants of the bahamas , with a list of the known west indian species . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 21 : 79 - 135
wheeler , w . m . 1908a . the ants of porto rico and the virgin islands . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 24 : 117 - 158 .
yarrow , i . h . h . 1967 . on the formicidae of the azores . bol . mus . munic . funchal 21 : 24 - 32 ( page 28 , senior synonym of insulare )
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meinert , 1861 : 331 ( gynandromorph ) ; andré , 1883a : 289 ( q . m . ) ; imai , baroni urbani , et al . 1984 : 8 ( k . ) .
is an uncommon tramp species in costa rica . i have only collected it once in costa rica , on a picnic table at the headquarters of santa rosa national park .
wild , a . l . , 2007 , a catalogue of the ants of paraguay ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 1622 , pp . 1 - 55 : 38 , ( download )
collingwood , c . a . , 1979 , the formicidae ( hymenoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . , fauna entomologica scandinavica 8 , pp . 1 - 174 : 85 , ( download )
wheeler , w . m . , 1922 , the ants collected by the american museum congo expedition . , bulletin of the american museum of natural history 45 , pp . 39 - 269 : 193 , ( download )
forel , a . , 1893 , formicides de l ' antille st . vincent . récoltées par mons . h . h . smith . , transactions of the entomological society of london 1893 , pp . 333 - 418 : 382 - 383 , ( download )
ward , p . s . , 2005 , a synoptic review of the ants of california ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 936 , pp . 1 - 68 : - 1 , ( download )
forel , a . , 1907 , the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905 , under the leadership of mr . j . stanley gardiner . no . vi . - fourmis des seychelles , amirantes , farquhar et chagos . , transactions of the linnean society of london 12 , pp . 91 - 94 : - 1 , ( download )
santschi , f . , 1914 , formicidae . , voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1912 ) . résultats scientifiques . hyménoptères 2 , pp . 41 - 148 : 106 , ( download )
47 times found in tropical dry forest , 37 times found in urban / garden , 23 times found in coastal scrub , 16 times found in rainforest , 6 times found in port of entry / city , 23 times found in forest , 18 times found in mixed forest , 15 times found in urban garden , 7 times found in tropical dry forest on tsingy , 10 times found in spiny forest / thicket , . . .
57 times sifted litter ( leaf mold , rotten wood ) , 52 times ground forager ( s ) , 44 times ex rotten log , 23 times under stone , 16 times on low vegetation , 13 times under rootmat , litter on rock , 11 times ex soil , 9 times sifted litter , 11 times under tree bark , live tree , 2 times foraging on ground , 6 times ex rotten stick on ground , . . .
30 times mw 50 sample transect , 5m , 9 times h , 15 times aspirating ; pb bait , 10 times mw 25 sample transect , 5m , 7 times 9 maxiwinks , mixed samples , 11 times winkler , 14 times hand collected , 11 times pitfall trap , 2 times 2 maxi winks , 7 times l , 2 times aspirating , . . .
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, and accurate separation of these two species may require a taxonomic specialist or a side by side comparison with previously determined specimens . the characters presented in the comparison chart are often difficult to observe . if the user cannot confidently differentiate between the two species , it is recommended to determine the specimen as
near
for an example of how similar they can appear in the field . although a careful examination under the microscope is required ,
is believed to be native to africa and is now widely distributed across the pacific and other tropical regions . the species can achieve dense populations in disturbed habitats and is likely to adversely affect native biodiversity .
at peanut butter bait ( suva , fiji ) . notice the small size , pale color , slow movement and relatively short appendages .
smith , f . 1851 : 118 ( w . ) great britain . meinert , 1861 : 331 ( gynandromorph ) ; andré , 1883a : 289 ( q . m . ) ; imai , baroni urbani , et al . 1984 : 8 ( k . ) . combination in
bolton , b . ( 1977 ) the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus
mayr in the oreintal and indo - australian regions , and in australia . bulletin of the british museum ( natatural history ) entomology , 36 , 67 - 151 .
bolton , b . ( 1995 ) a new general catalogue of the ants of the world . harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts , 504 pp .
wilson , e . o . & taylor , r . w . ( 1967 ) the ants of polynesia ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . pacific insects monograph , 14 , 1 - 109 .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 15d9df12 - ffda - 428c - ba5e - db207d7c1e3d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 22cbe5ea - d288 - 4e8e - bd3b - e186c9c78d35
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 89880298 - f187 - 45e2 - 8f8c - b5cce70f1ffb
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8ab8c059 - f8d6 - 4182 - a98a - ad135b6db76f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 927ea19d - 9400 - 482f - 819c - f3da38bead78
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 94051ae3 - a683 - 4c2d - ab97 - 5cf8630e2311
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9ae70d65 - aa67 - 42f7 - 87d8 - 1600c16990c2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cb62d7bc - bf70 - 44af - b018 - ae36bf130cb1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 14f114c9 - 502e - 4dbe - bf5b - a8fcccfa39f4
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 418998
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meinert , 1861 : 331 ( gynandromorph ) ; andré , 1883a : 289 ( q . m . ) ; imai , baroni urbani , et al . 1984 : 8 ( k . ) .
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