townsend 's vole ( microtus townsendii ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae , the sister species of m. canicaudus .

it is found in temperate grasslands of british columbia in canada and in the states of washington and oregon in the united states .

greek root words for " small ear " are the source for the genus name microtus .

american naturalist and writer john kirk townsend collected the type specimen in 1835 , which accounts for the second part of the name .

townsend ' s vole

townsend ' s vole - julia butler hansen - u . s . fish and wildlife service
no critical habitat rules have been published for the shaw island townsend ' s vole .
( townsend’s vole ) . in : an atlas of mammalian chromosomes . springer , new york , ny
range the townsend’s vole is found in ( but not necessarily limited to ) canada . southeastern british columbia and vancouver island south to northwest california .
reproduction the townsend’s vole has a high reproductive rate . it is capable of breeding at 3 weeks of age , and can produce up to 13 litters of four to eight young a year .
the townsend’s vole is a rodent known to thrive throughout wetlands and grassland meadows . though considered one of the largest vole species around , adults typically weigh between 47 and 82 . 5 grams , and extend to a maximum length of 24 centimeters ( 9 inches ) .
thomas , w . k . , and a . t . beckenbach . 1986 . mitochondrial dna restriction site variation in the townsend ' s vole , microtus townsendii . can . j . zool . 64 : 2750 - 2756 .
a study by drever et al . ( 2010 ) on rodent predation of seabird eggs found that townsend ' s voles feed exclusively on terrestrial plants .
the townsend’s vole has a single pair of incisors in each jaw . these teeth will grow continually throughout its life . it has a high rate of reproduction , and this is one key factor in attributing to the success of this species .
look for evidence of vole pathways along wetland edges and grassy fields throughout the refuge .
townsend’s voles can be found as far north as triangle island ( a small island north of vancouver island ) , east to chilliwack , and south to northern california .
identification & description : the townsend’s vole is from the order rodentia . the largest group of mammals is the rodentia . a rough generalisation is most non - flying mammals are rodents . prairie dogs , beavers , porcupines and many others are classified as rodents .
generations of voles will use the same pathways , sometimes creating 2 inch deep vole trails .
hedgerows , grassland set - asides , and old fields are prime habitats for townsend’s voles and they are up to eight times more abundant in grassland set - asides than in forage fields .
highly significant to a multitude of predators , including herons , owls , and other birds of prey ; and raccoons , skunks , weasels , mink , coyotes , bobcats , and red and gray foxes . snakes , too , feed on these voles . densities as high as 800 voles per hectare have been recorded , and when densities exceed 100 , townsend ' s vole may exclude other small rodents from its range through competition . townsend ' s vole has dark - brownish fur and ears large enough to project above the fur . the ears are small by most standards but large for the
one tell - tale sign that a townsend’s vole is in the area is the presence of tunnels through vegetation along the ground ; these runways are often used throughout many generations of voles and can extend down to five centimeters deep . they spend a great deal of time in their underground burrows where they create an extensive system of traveling , feeding , and nesting corridors overlapping one another .
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the townsend’s vole is one of the largest voles in north america , and it is also very abundant where it occurs . it has dark brownish fur and ears large enough to stick out above its fur . dark brown above , gray below ; feet dusky ; large ears . total length : 15 - 25 cm ; tail : 5 - 8 cm ; mass : 40 - 100 g .
luckily , their presence attracts many local predators which are drawn to the voles’ activity both day and night , including some threatened species such as the short - eared owl and the barn owl . other species for which the townsend’s vole is of significant importance include snowy owls , northern harriers , rough - legged hawks , and many other raptors , as well as great blue herons , american bitterns , and coyotes .
ecology townsend’s vole may be active day or night . their habitat is marshes , wet meadows and riparian woodlands . when numbers are high they may exclude other rodents from its range through competition . their diet includes velvet grass and other grasses , horsetail , alfalfa , clover , rushes , sedges , purple - eyed grass , and buttercups . when green food is still available in winter , the townsend . s vole often stores and eats bulbs at that time . a good swimmer , this vole often constructs the entrances to its burrow system underwater . in summer and winter its nests are constructed of grass . in summer , the nest is placed inside a rounded knoll above water level . in winter , it is placed on dry ground away from water , which might freeze and prevent access . they use runways most of the year except when vegetation in summer is thick enough to completely conceal their bodies and they can move about at will under the cover of the vegetation .
their burrowing habits also assist in increasing soil aeration . despite what many may think , townsend’s voles are impressive swimmers and they will often readily dive into water . in fact , to better escape some predators , they will often make the entrance to their summer burrows underwater .
their capability to reproduce every few weeks between april to october each year , as well as their large litter size of up to nine young per female , make townsend’s voles prime candidates for “pest” status on agricultural land . feeding on the roots of grasses , sedges , and other soft - stemmed plants , as well as fallen seeds and leaves , these voles can chew away quickly at a farmer’s crop .
townsend ' s vole occurs on the pacific coast from northern california to british columbia , but this unusually large subspecies is known only from triangle island ( area 1 . 07 sqare km ) just off the nothern tip of vancouver island . it lives in moist grassy areas , salt and freshwater marshes . the island is protected as an ecological reserve . the introduction of predatory species ( e . g . rats , mink ) are the primary threat . its small population and distribution exacerbate its vulnerability to all threats .
what’s good for columbian white - tailed deer is great for salamanders ! the swampy woodlands , marshes and ponds scattered throughout the refuge are a haven for amphibians .
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douglass , r . j . 1977 . population dynamics , home ranges , and habitat associations of the yellow - cheeked vole , microtus xanthognathus , in the northwest territories . canadian field - naturalist 91 : 237 - 47 .
threatened due to competition with the keen ' s mouse ( peromyscus keeni ) or the potential introduction of a mammalian predator such as mink ( mustela vison ) or rat ( rattus sp ) .
the present access restrictions on the ecological reserve should be maintained . ensure that no rats or predators are introduced to triangle island . the interactions of this vole with its abundant seabird cohabitants would make an interesting and useful study to aid in future management questions .
note : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on
this is not a range map . this species is known to occur somewhere in the shaded regional district ( s ) . the actual range of the species within each regional district may be much smaller .
found mostly in lowlands , sea level to 1000 feet , west of the cascades in salt water and fresh water marshes , wet meadows , and in dense herbaceous and hardwood riparian vegetation . not found in coniferous forest or dry brush . invades clear - cuts and coniferous tree farms ( where it eats seedlings ) when these are near marshes or wet meadows . occasionally found higher in the olympics , occurs in the absence of richardson ' s vole , as high as alpine meadows at 5000 to 6000 feet .
this large , dark brown vole is abundant in moist fields and sedge meadows . its compact body can be as long as 6 inches . it has a short tail , only between 2 and 3 inches in length , compared to its mouse cousins . voles have black protruding eyes , and large , rounded , visible ears .
there are multiple species of voles , also known as field mice , present in the fraser valley . the most common species are microtus townsendii ( townsend’s vole ) and m . longicaudus and m . oregonii . voles are distinctly different from the more familiar house mice . voles have much shorter tails , smaller eyes and ears , and a more rounded snout . voles live in underground nests , but are also active above ground . they generally create runways along the above ground vegetation . voles are active all year round . voles can also be active during both the day and night . there are multiple generations per calendar year with breeding taking place between february and october . due to the relatively large litter size ( 3 - 7 young / litter ) and the short gestation period ( 21 - 23 days ) , voles are very prolific . populations in an area tend to fluctuate in cycles with peak population levels every 2 - 5 years .
bowman , j . c . , m . edwards , l . s . sheppard , and g . j . forbes . 1999 . record distance for a non - homing movement by a deer mouse , peromyscus maniculatus . canadian field - naturalist 113 : 292 - 293 .
castleberry , s . , b . , t . l . king , p . b . wood , and w . m . ford . 2002 . microsatellite dna analysis of population structure in allegheny woodrats ( neotoma magister ) . journal of mammalogy 83 : 1058 - 1070 .
recent research has shown that the number of tunnel exits seen on the soil surface is a poor indicator of the extent of the underground tunnel network . the underground network can be much larger than it appears on the surface . the amount of damage done by voles can vary widely between years . thus it is important to always be on the lookout for recent vole activity ( new tunnels and exits ) , in order to help make management decisions .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
jones , j . k . , jr . , r . s . hoffman , d . w . rice , c . jones , r . j . baker , and m . d . engstrom . 1992a . revised checklist of north american mammals north of mexico , 1991 . occasional papers , the museum , texas tech university , 146 : 1 - 23 .
the key to reducing damage is habitat reduction through vegetation management . voles prefer habitat with good groundcover for their feeding and nest areas . keep the vegetation around the field edges and along the row middles properly managed through regular mowing or chemical means . eliminating these sites helps keep voles out of the field area and reduces their population numbers . this should be the main method employed by the farmer to control vole populations . since vole populations can fluctuate wildly from year to year , sometimes rodenticide use is necessary . placing the rodenticide bait in areas of high activity ( e . g . in field sections with a lot of damage or tunnels ) can significantly increase their effectiveness . remember that any insecticide bait must be placed in a tamper - resistant bait station to avoid accidental exposure to children , pets or other non - target animals . when using rodenticides it is a good idea to rotate the active ingredient ( or chemical class ) every time to reduce any effects of bait shyness .
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nagorsen , d . 1998 . mammals . in b . c . minist . environ . , lands and parks , resour . inventory branch . 1998 . the vertebrates of british columbia : scientific and english names . standards for components of british columbia ' s biodiversity , no . 2 . version . 2 . 0 . resour . inventory comm . victoria , bc . 119pp .
tonwsend’s voles eat tender marsh and grassland vegetation , and in turn are a rich food source for other refuge wildlife , including owls , coyotes , bobcats and weasels . as with most rodents , voles are productive breeders and can have many broods each year . each litter of young is born and raised in a grassy nest found below or above ground . populations periodically grow and crash ; the cause of this trend is unknown .
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microtus townsendii - inset shows foot tubercle pattern click to enlarge this image . ( 94 kb )
bachman , j . , 1839 . description of several new species of american quadrupeds , p . 60 . journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , part 1 , 8 : 57 - 74 .
mammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .
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justification : listed as least concern because it has a very wide range , there are no major threats , it can be very common , and its population is not thought to be in decline .
this species ranges from triangle island , british columbia in canada , south to humbolt bay , california in the united states ; east in british columbia to chilliwack ; in washington to sauk , nisqually flats , and clark county ; in oregon to salem , eugene , and prospect . it occurs from sea level to about 1 , 830 m asl in olympic mountains , to about 915 m asl in cascades , oregon .
densities as high as 800 per hectare have been recorded , but populations fluctuate widely .
it occupies a variety of habitats , but typically occurs in salt and fresh marshes , moist meadows ( sometimes dry grass ) , wetlands along streams ; alpine and subalpine meadows . constructs extensive underground burrow systems and runways through grass . burrow entrance may be underwater . nests may be on or below soil surface . the length of breeding season depends on stage in multiannual abundance cycle . gestation lasts 21 - 24 days . litter size averages 4 - 7 in different areas . in captivity , young are weaned at 15 - 17 days , first estrus at 35 - 80 days ( cornely and verts 1988 ) . diet includes various kinds of green vegetation ; grasses , sedges , and forbs , mint bulbs .
this species is not of conservation concern and its range includes several protected areas .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t13487a115114983 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
their fur is dark brown in colour and often tipped with black , while their bellies are dull grey , and they have medium sized ears .
breeding breeds from early spring through late summer or early fall ; several litters of 1–9 young each ; gestation 21–24 days .
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wilson , d . e . , and d . m . reeder ( editors ) . 1993 . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . second edition . smithsonian institution press , washington , dc . xviii + 1206 pp . available online at : urltoken
length of breeding season depends on stage in multiannual abundance cycle . gestation lasts 21 - 24 days . litter size averages 4 - 7 in different areas . in captivity , young are weaned at 15 - 17 days , first estrus at 35 - 80 days ( cornely and verts 1988 ) .
salt and fresh marshes , moist meadows ( sometimes dry grass ) , wetlands along streams ; alpine and subalpine meadows . constructs extensive underground burrow systems and runways through grass . burrow entrance may be underwater . nests may be on or below soil surface .
eats various kinds of green vegetation ; grasses , sedges , and forbs , mint ( mentha ) bulbs .
triangle island , british columbia , south to humbolt bay , california ; east in british columbia to chilliwack ; in washington to sauk , nisqually flats , and clark county ; in oregon to salem , eugene , and prospect . sea level to about 1830 m in olympic mountains , to about 915 m in cascades , oregon .
banfield , a . w . f . 1974 . the mammals of canada . university of toronto press , toronto , canada . 438 pp .
conroy , c . j . , and j . a . cook . 2000 . molecular systematics of a holarctic rodent ( microtus : muridae ) . journal of mammalogy 81 : 344 - 359 .
hall , e . r . 1981a . the mammals of north america , second edition . vols . i & ii . john wiley & sons , new york , new york . 1181 pp .
ingles , l . g . 1965 . mammals of the pacific states . stanford university press , stanford , california .
moore , d . w . , and l . l . janecek . 1990 . genic relationships among north american microtus ( mammalia : rodentia ) . ann . carnegie mus . 59 : 249 - 259 .
plante , y . , p . t . boag , and b . n . white . 1989 . macrogeographic variation in mitochondrial dna of meadow voles ( microtus pennsylvanicus ) . can . j . zool . 67 : 158 - 167 .
tamarin , r . h . , editor . 1985 . biology of new world microtus . american soc . mamm . special publication ( 8 ) : 1 - 893 .
b . c . conservation data centre . 1993 . species summary : microtus townsendii . b . c . minist . of environment . available : urltoken ( accessed jul 9 , 2018 ) .
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breeding range map the green area shows the predicted habitats for breeding only . the habitats were identified using 1991 satellite imagery , other datasets and experts throughout the state , as part of the washington gap analysis project .
core zones were the low and mid - elevation forest zones of the west side of the state , where water / wetlands and other moist areas were good habitat . in the olympics , mountain hemlock , sub - alpine fir , and alpine / parkland were also core zones .
pest profile is a recurring feature in this magazine . periodically we pick an agricultural pest to feature and learn more about its biology and control methods .
the damage caused by voles is both direct and indirect . voles will chew directly on the roots and crowns of plants causing direct plant decline . voles are present in many crops , but are particularly damaging in highbush blueberries . indirect damage can be caused by the voles tunneling behaviour . these tunnels often run right through the root zone of the plant . these roots are exposed directly to air , causing them to dry out , or to excessive water , causing the roots to drown . indirect damage is also caused by the open wounds being exposed to disease - causing organisms such as root - rotting fungi .
in my own personal experience , the decline of the plant is usually slow . the root damage done by voles is not easily detected within the first year and is often missed . in that first year after the damage the plants are only slightly stunted ( depending on the severity of the damage ) . it is in the second year that the damage is highly visible on the aboveground plant growth . you will see shorter stems , smaller leaves , and often a slight discolouration of the leaves as the plant struggles to maintain all its normal physiological processes . usually after the third year , the plant is stunted enough for the grower to pull it out and replace it .
greg has an intense interest in biology and agricultural systems . plant and insect dynamics have always been in passionate focus . armed with a bsc degree and years of experience in agricultural research , monitoring , and technical sales , greg brings a wealth of knowledge to our writing team .
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the entire area of all regional districts in which the species occurs somewhere is shaded . the actual species range may be much smaller .
please note that some recommendations or photographs appearing in this section may not apply to this particular species .
please cite these pages as : pearson , mike and healey , m . c . 2012 . species at risk and local government : a primer for bc . stewardship centre of british columbia , courtenay bc .
although its habitat is not threatened , m . t . cowani is restricted to a small , isolated island where unforeseen events such as the introduction of mammalian predators or competitors could cause its extinction .
known only from triangle island , a small island with an area of approximately 1 . 07 km2 found 46km off northern tip of vancouver island ( nagorsen 1990 ) .
m . t . cowani is an endemic species , only occurring on triangle island . there has been no inventory on the species although it is assumed that its area of occupancy encompasses all of triangle island .
triangle island has an area of approximately 1 . 07 km2 . the occurrence separation distance has not been assessed for this species , but given the small area of triangle island , at this time it is believed to be the only occurrence of m . t . cowani .
cowan , i . mct . , and c . j . guiguet . 1965 . the mammals of british columbia . handb . no . 11 , b . c . prov . mus . , victoria . 414pp .
guiget , c . j . 1955 . undescribed mammals ( peremyscus and microtus ) from the islands of british columbia . b . c . prov . mus . rep . b64 - 76 .
maser , c . , b . r . mate , j . f . franklin , and c . t . dyrness . 1981 . natural history of oregon coast mammals . pacific northwest forest and range expt . sta . , usda , forest service , gen tech . rep . pnw - 133 : 1 - 496 .
nagorsen , d . 1990 . the mammals of british columbia : a taxonomic catalogue . mem . no . 4 . royal b . c . mus . , victoria . 140pp .
for information on how the cdc determines conservation status ranks . for global conservation status reports and ranks , please visit the natureserve website
b . c . conservation data centre . 2014 . conservation status report : microtus townsendii cowani . b . c . minist . of environment . available : urltoken ( accessed jul 9 , 2018 ) .
for more information on habitat issues , please contact the wdfw habitat program . habitatprogram @ urltoken phone : 360 - 902 - 2534
state monitor species are not considered species of concern , but are monitored for status and distribution . they are managed by the department , as needed , to prevent them from becoming endangered , threatened , or sensitive .
the wildlife diversity division maintains a state monitor species list that includes animal species for which we monitor status and distribution . little is known about many of these species , but biologists are concerned about their well being .
they were classified as endangered , threatened , or sensitive within the previous five years .
they require habitat that is of limited availability during some portion of their life cycle .
there are unresolved taxonomic questions that may affect their candidacy for listing as endangered , threatened , or sensitive species .
state monitor species will be managed by the department , as needed , to prevent them from becoming endangered , threatened , or sensitive .
species already classified in a category that provides adequate management emphasis , survey work , and data maintenance ( e . g . , game animals , game birds , furbearers , etc . ) will not be designated as state monitor species .
help hints : click the links in the column headers to change ascending / descending order of a column .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
note : range depicted for new world only . the scale of the maps may cause narrow coastal ranges or ranges on small islands not to appear . not all vagrant or small disjunct occurrences are depicted . for migratory birds , some individuals occur outside of the passage migrant range depicted . for information on how to obtain shapefiles of species ranges see our species mapping pages at urltoken
evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding .
separate sites separated by less than 1000 meters should be mapped as separate polygons .
barriers include : wide highways with heavy traffic ( subjective determination ) and highways with continuous solid barriers that prevent rodent passage ; major water bodies , arbitrarily set at those greater than 50 meters across in ice - free areas and those greater than 200 meters wide if frozen regularly .
group contains most members of the family muridae : mice , voles , lemmings , woodrats , etc .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
banks , e . m . , r . j . brooks , and j . schnell . 1975 . a radiotracking study of home range and activity of the brown lemming ( lemmus trimucronatus ) . journal of mammalogy 56 : 888 - 901 .
brooks , r . j . , and e . m . banks . 1971 . radio - tracking study of lemming home range . communications in behavioral biology 6 : 1 - 5 .
garland , t . , jr . and w . g . bradley . 1984 . effects of a highway on mojave desert rodent populations . american midland naturalist 111 : 47 - 56 .
jike , l . , g . o . batzli , l . l . geta . 1988 . home ranges of prairie voles as determined by radiotracking and by powdertracking . journal of mammalogy 69 : 183 - 186 .
krohne , d . t . , and g . a . hoch . 1999 . demography of peromyscus leucopus populations on habitat patches : the role of dispersal . canadian journal of zoology 77 : 1247 - 1253 .
macmillen , r . e . 1964 . population ecology , water relations and social behavior of a southern california semidesert rodent fauna . university of california publications in zoology 71 : 1 - 59 .
maier , t . j . 2002 . long - distance movements by female white - footed mice , peromyscus leucopus , in extensive mixed - wood forest . canadian field - naturalist 116 : 108 - 111 .
oxley , d . j . , m . b . fenton and g . r . carmody . 1974 . the effects of roads on populations of small mammals . journal of applied ecology 11 : 51 - 59 .
parks canada . 2000 . vertebrate species database . ecosystems branch , 25 eddy st . , hull , pq , k1a 0m5 .
rehmeier , r . l . , g . a . kaufman , and d . w . kaufman . 2004 . long - distance movements of the deer mouse in tallgrass prairie . journal of mammalogy 85 : 562 - 568 .
smith , m . h . 1965 . dispersal capacity of the dusky - footed wood rat , neotoma fuscipes . american midland naturalist 74 : 457 - 463 .
storer , t . i . , f . c . evans , and f . g . palmer . 1944 . some rodent populations in the sierra nevada of california . ecological monographs 14 : 166 - 192 .
wilkins , k . t . 1982 . highways as barriers to rodent dispersal . southwestern naturalist 27 : 459 - 460 .
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natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .
bc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .
nagorsen , david w . 2005 . rodents and lagomorphs of british columbia . royal bc museum handbook . royal bc museum , victoria .
recommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .
[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :
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athrips profusa is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found in zimbabwe .

the wingspan is about 13 mm .

the forewings are pale ochreous and a rather thick grey streak along the costa throughout , narrowed towards the base and with a whitish-grey irregular streak within the cell from the base , branching around the margin , with inter-neural branches towards the costa .

there is a whitish streak partially irrorated with grey beneath the fold from the base to the plical stigma .

there is some irregular light grey suffusion along the dorsum from one-third to near the tornus and there is a streak of grey suffusion parallel to the termen from the costa near the apex to the dorsum before tornus .

there is also a black dot beneath the costal streak at one-third , as well as a black linear dot on the lower edge of the intracellular streak towards the base , and one on the upper edge of the subdorsal streak beyond this .

the stigmata are black , the plical rather obliquely before the first discal , the second discal below the middle .

three or four black scales are found near the costa at five-sixths and some scattered grey and black scales along the dorsum .

the hindwings are grey .

athrips profusa

athrips mouffetella ( linnaeus , 1758 ) = athrips mouffetellus = epithectis pedisequella hübner , 1796 .
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athrips - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
athrips - species dictionary - southern africa - observations - page 1 : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
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[ mozambique ] , p . [ ortuguese ] e . [ ast ] a . [ frica ] , belavista , xi , leg . c . j . swierstra .
janse a . j . t . 1950 . the moths of south africa . v . gelechiadae . - — 5 ( 2 ) : 61–172 , pls . 33–88 .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
, 2010 : the gelechiid fauna of the southern ural mountains , part i : descriptions of seventeen new species ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) .
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regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , the european north - west , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , the kaliningrad , nizhne - amur , of baikal , seaside , mid - volzhsky , middle urals , south ural .
austria , belarus , belgium , the british isles , france , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , liechtenstein , lithuania , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , poland , romania , russia , slovakia , slovenia ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
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goniobranchus collingwoodi , common name collingwood 's chromodoris , is a species of very colourful sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family chromodorididae .

goniobranchus collingwoodi

chromodoris collingwoodi from sydney from : a . lumnitzer & d . piotrowska , may 22 , 2000
to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 4 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) ( from synonym chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 )
forster , l . c . ; whinters , a . e . ; cheney , k . l . ; dewapriya , p . ; quezada , m . ; capon , r . j . ; garson , m . j . , spongian - 16 - one diterpenes and their anatomical distribution in the australian nudibranch goniobranchus collingwoodi .
forster , l . c . ; pierens , g . k . ; white , a . ; cheney , k . l . ; dewapriya , p . ; capon , r . j . ; garson , m . j . , a cytotoxic spiroepoxide lactone and its putative biosynthetic precursor from goniobranchus splendidus .
( of chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) debelius , h . & kuiter , r . h . ( 2007 ) nudibranchs of the world . conchbooks , frankfurt , 360 pp . isbn : 978 - 3 - 939767 - 06 - 0 page ( s ) : 150 [ details ]
( of chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) rudman , w . b . ; darvell , b . w . ( 1990 ) . opisthobranch molluscs of hong kong : part 1 . goniodorididae , onchidorididae , triophidae , gymnodorididae , chromodorididae ( nudibranchia ) . asian marine biology . 7 : 31 - 79 . page ( s ) : 58 [ details ]
( of chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) gosliner , t . m . ; behrens , d . w . ; valdés , á . ( 2008 ) . indo - pacific nudibranchs and seaslugs . a field guide to the world ' s most diverse fauna . sea challengers natural history books , washington . 426 , pp . page ( s ) : 217 [ details ]
( of chromodoris collingwoodi rudman , 1987 ) rudman , w . b . ( 1987 ) . the chromodorididae ( ophistobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris epicura , c . aureopurpurea , c . annulata , c . coi and risbecia tryoni colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society . 90 ( 3 ) : 305 - 407 . page ( s ) : 358 [ details ]
this species has been confused with c . aureopurpurea collingwood . in fact it differs markedly in colour from c . aureopurpurea , in which the mantle is white with yellow spots , except at the edge , where there is a submarginal row of dark purple spots and a diffuse purple band right at the edge . in c . collingwoodi there is an irregular purple border and then a broad region in which there are small yellow and larger purple spots . the central part of the mantle is usually a translucent red - brown with brownish spots and fine white specks . another species with a similar colour pattern is c . tennentana . in that species the border is bluish purple and the white region inside it has yellow spots . it has a large orange - brown central patch as in c . collingwoodi but differs in having large purple spots each surrounded by a white ring and these are restricted to the central part of the mantle with an orange - brown background colour .
below is a list of publications that have been published as a result of this grant . we antipicitate that we have at least another 8 publications that will be submitted from this project ( as per july 2017 ) : winters , a . e . , green , n . f . , wilson , n . g . , how , m . j . , garson , m . j . , n . justin marshall , n . j . , & cheney , k . l . relaxed selection on individual pattern elements may allow phenotypic divergence of aposematic signals ( accepted , proceedings of the royal society , lond b ) forster , l . c . , pierens , g . k . , white , a . m . , cheney , k . l . , dewapriya , p . , capon , r . j . , and garson , m . j . ( 2017 ) , cytotoxic spiroepoxide lactone and its putative biosynthetic precursor from goniobranchus splendidus acs omega 2 (
johnson r . f . & gosliner t . m . ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
jensen kr . ( 1998 ) . zoogeographic affinities of hong kong opisthobranchia ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the third international conference on the marine biology of the south china sea , the marine biology of the south china sea . hong kong university press , hong kong . pp 43 - 55 . [ details ]
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upper right : split solitary is . , 15m , off coffs harbour , nsw , australia , march 1988 , on food sponge . 17mm long alive . lower : a , récif de l ' infernet , in lagoon , off koumac , new caledonia , 20°35 . 8 ' s , 164°12 . 7 ' e , 9 m , inner side of reef , 15 october 1993 , 38mm long alive . b , c . récif de l ' infernet , in lagoon , off koumac , new caledonia , 20°37 . 1 ' s , 164°14 . 7 ' e , 1 m , diverse substrate , 22 october 1993 , 2 specimens ( 23 & 44mm long alive ) . photos : bill rudman .
the mantle has a purple border of irregular width . inside this is a broad white region surrounding a large central translucent reddish or orange - brown patch extending from in front of the rhinophores to just behind the gills . there are many bright yellow spots scattered over the outer half of the white region . also in the white region are dark purple spots , usually larger than the yellow ones but not always , and they are more numerous on the inner half . the dark spots are found not only in the white region but also in the central region where they are obscured by the orange - brown pigmentation and appear as shadowy brown regions . one characteristic feature of the central brown region is the scattering of fine white specks all over . in some specimens in which parts of the red - brown region are very pale , the white specks are concentrated over the shadowy brown spots . there is considerable variation in the intensity of the reddish brown central patch as can be seen in the photos on this page .
the rhinophore stalk is translucent and the club is a dark reddish brown with white specks along the edge of the lamellae and a white tip . the gills are sub - quadrangular in section . they are translucent with a dark brown , almost black , line down the two edges of each of the outer and inner sides , the pigmentation extending a little out on to both sides of the gill lamellae .
the underside of the mantle is white with a purple edge , as dorsally , and there is a purple spot on each oral tentacle . the foot is white with a row of bright yellow spots all around the edge . posteriorly there are some purple patches and sometimes more widespread yellow spots .
reference : •rudman , w . b . ( 1987 ) the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris epicuria , c . aureopurpurea , c . annulata , c . coi and risbecia tryoni colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society , 90 : 305 - 407 .
photos : lower : a , récif de l ' infernet , in lagoon , off koumac , new caledonia , 20°35 . 8 ' s , 164°12 . 7 ' e , 9 m , inner side of reef , 15 october 1993 , 38mm long alive . b , c . récif de l ' infernet , in lagoon , off koumac , new caledonia , 20°37 . 1 ' s , 164°14 . 7 ' e , 1 m , diverse substrate , 22 october 1993 , 2 specimens ( 23 & 44mm long alive ) . photos : bill rudman .
the material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .
uncommon in the solitary islands marine park . found throughout the south pacific . in australia recorded from darwin in the northern territory , coffs harbour and port stephens in nsw .
found in rock pools and down to 25m on rocky reef . feeds on sponges .
many colour variations exist . one of the larger chromodorids , it lays its eggs on the food source . grows to 80mm .
all information was correct at the time of publication and is subject to change without notice . copyright 2014 , solitary islands underwater research group inc . ( abn : 38 104 639 980 ) - all rights reserved .
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location : nelson bay , port stephens . east coast nsw , australia . pacific ocean
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occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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fédération française d ' études et de sports sous - marins . données d ' observations pour la reconnaissance et l ' identification de la faune et la flore subaquatiques doris : 2034
chromodoris coi ( risbec , 1956 ) : héros et al . ( 2007 ) [ statut pour la nouvelle - calédonie ] héros , v . , lozouet , p . , maestrati , p . , von cosel , r . , brabant , d . , bouchet , p . 2007 . mollusca of new caledonia . in : payri , c . & richer de forges , b . [ eds ] . compendium of marine species of new caledonia . doc . sci . tech . ird , nouméa . ii7 ( 2 ) : 199 - 254 . [ urltoken ]
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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less than a year after a life - threatening accident , steve plain began his journey to climb the world’s seven summits .
this month we celebrate an event 50 years ago in western new south wales that changed the course of australian history : the discovery of mungo woman .
photographer james dorey offers advice on capturing the perfect shot of our native bees .
with a hefty body , a massive wingspan , and a loud , low - pitched buzz , the tropical carpenter bee can be a pretty intimidating sight .
co - founder of the sea slug census program , stephen smith , a professor from southern cross university’s national marine science centre , says there’s more to the event than just a chance for divers to photograph these colourful , charismatic molluscs . instead , these creatures are proving to be reliable indicators of global climate change .
after months of competing to find as many species of nudibranch as possible , in 2013 stephen smith and tom davis decided to take a seemingly casual pastime to a whole new level , launching the nelson bay sea slug census : a 24 - hour competition where particpants capture the kaleidoscopic colours of various different nudibranch species .
but after running for several years now the competition has become much more than a chance to capture these colourfully - armoured slugs . stephen told australian geographic that after consolidating a comprehensive record of different species of nudibranchs in port stephens , these slugs , which have a maximum lifespan of just one year , are sensitive indicators of climate change .
“one of the important things about nudibranchs is that they’ve got a very rapid turnover , which means they respond very quickly to changes in the quality of the environment including pollution and loss of habitat , ” stephen said .
“nudibranchs have specific eating habits , and so they are sensitive to any disruption to their food source . this means we have a fantastic group of organisms , which are likely to respond very quickly to environmental change . and we have all these wonderful divers who want to look for them and photograph them . when you combine this there’s huge potential to monitor the human impacts on marine environments . ”
the bright patterns of the nudibranch also play an important role for indicating these changes to scientists . “the good thing about nudibranchs is that they’re so visible . one of the problems when you’re looking for indicators of climate change is that , if you haven’t got much information about a species distribution in the first place , how do you know you’ve found something that’s never been seen at that location before ? with the conspicuous nudibranchs , they’re not hidden . if they’re around we would have seen them and would have documented them , ” stephen explained .
earlier this year the group of nudibranch fanatics identified 12 species that had extended their range to port stephens from tropical waters . “we’re starting to get a feel for what is a natural seasonal variation… and we’re looking for signals of change , ” stephen explained .
in 2015 , the nudibranch census was brought to sydney by popular demand and it’ll be back in 2017 . the gold coast has been quick to follow . “the gold coast is one of our biggest events because there’s a passionate group of organisers there that have found sponsorship from a range of local businesses . but we’ve also got expressions of interest from melbourne , south australia and western australia .
having just returned from three and a half week trip to indonesia , stephen is also eyeing the prospect of the sea slug census going global .
we ' re anticipating a sea slug census in indonesia next year . we ' re getting interest from all over the place . . . it ' s been an organic process . we haven ' t pushed it but people have been asking to get involved .
animals frequently use dazzling colour patterns to find food , attract mates and avoid predation . aposematic signals are used to warn predators that a species contains chemical or other defense mechanisms . nudibranchs ( marine shell - less molluscs ) store secondary metabolites from dietary sources for their own chemical defenses , and also exhibit a variety of colour patterns , ranging from those that are highly camouflaged against their background to those that display highly conspicuous colour patterns . using a multidisciplinary approach , we investigated the evolution of visual signals in this intriguing model system by evaluating the conspicuousness of colour patterns . we also identified and determined the relative strength of chemical compounds used to deter predators in a range of nudibranch species .
theoretical and experimental models predict that warning signals in animals evolve from defended inconspicuous ( cryptic ) species that mutate to produce conspicuous morphs ( leimar et al . , 1986 ) . secondary defenses deter predators during an attack , and once a predator has associated bright coloration with unprofitability of prey , they avoid similarly - coloured prey in future encounters . however , in evolutionary terms , it is unclear whether visual signals in aposematic species are ‘quantitatively honest’ , in the sense that conspicuousness correlates positively with levels of toxicity and thus conveys reliable information . or whether signals reach a threshold over which predators avoid all signals , irrespective of how conspicuous a signal is ( speed et al . , 2010 ) .
one intriguing , understudied model system to study how aposematic signals have evolved are nudibranchs , which appear strikingly exposed to predation , yet they are avoided by most predators . the majority of nudibranchs have evolved to sequester secondary metabolites from dietary sources , or produce chemicals de novo , which they then use as chemical deterrents . many nudibranchs also use cryptic color patterns or camouflage to blend into their surroundings , opting to avoid detection altogether rather than promote predator recognition ( marin et al . , 1997 ; cheney et al . , 2014 ) . this variation in predator avoidance strategies makes nudibranchs an ideal model system to test theories about the evolution of visual signaling and chemical defenses .
using our combined expertise in marine and visual ecology ( karen cheney ) , natural product chemistry ( prof . mary garson ) , and animal vision and signaling ( prof . justin marshall ) . over the course of this grant , we have :
collected over 80 species of nudibranch , and have identified the chemistry in approximately 50 species . we have conducted experimental assays on fish and shrimp to examine the strength of these chemical defenses for over 35 nudibranch species ;
tested key evolutionary hypotheses on the relationship between the conspicuousness of visual signals and the strength of their chemical defenses . we found that those which have the strongest visual signal are generally the most toxic and camouflaged nudibranchs have little chemical defense ;
highlighted the significance of this intriguing , emerging model system to the fields of evolution , ecology and sensory neurobiology .
appeared on tv shows scope ( channel 10 ) and totally wild ( channel 11 ) to explain our work on nudibranchs .
giordano , g . , carbone , m . , ciavatta , m . l . , silvano , e . , gavagnin , m . , garson , m . j . , cheney , k . l . , mudianta , i . w . , giovanni fulvio russo 2 , guido villani , g . , zidorn , c . , cutignano , a . , fontana , a . , ghiselin , m . t . , mollo , e . ( 2017 ) volatile secondary metabolites as aposematic olfactory signals and defensive weapons in aquatic environment
figure 2 . secondary metabolites from nudibranchs that provide chemical defense from predators ( mary garson , unpublished data ) .
tan , l . ; cho , k . - j . ; neupane , p . ; capon , r . j . ; hancock , j . f . , an oxanthroquinone derivative inhibits rasd plasma membrane localisation and function .
mcalpine , j . b . ; chen , s . - n . ; kutateladze , a . ; macmillan , j . ; appendino , g . ; barison , a . ; beniddir , m . ; weber biavatti , m . ; bluml , s . ; boufridi , a . ; butler , m . s . ; capon , r . j . ; choi , y . h . ; crews , p . ; crimmins , m . ; csete , m . ; garson , m . j . ; gerwick , w . ; gross , h . ; hook , j . ; kingston , d . ; koshino , h . ; linington , r . ; mcphail , k . ; molinski , t . ; moore , b . ; nam , j . - w . ; niemitz , m . ; nuzillard , j . - m . ; oberlies , n . ; quinn , r . ; renault , j . - h . ; robien , w . ; schmidt , t . ; seger , c . ; shen , b . ; steinbeck , c . ; stuppner , h . ; taglialatela - scafati , o . ; tantillo , d . ; wang , b . - g . ; williams , c . ; williams , p . ; wist , j . ; ye , y . ; simmler , c . ; bisson , j . ; pauli , g . ; dewapriya , p . , the value universally available raw nmr data for transparency , reproducibility , and integrity in natural product research .
wei - hua , j . ; salim , a . a . ; dewapriya , p . ; khalil , z . g . ; lin , h . - w . ; capon , r . j . , trichodermides a - e : acyclic nonapeptides from the australian termite nest - derived fungus trichoderma virens cmb - tn16 .
mohamed , o . g . ; khalil , z . g . ; capon , r . j . , prolinimines : n - amino - l - pro - methyl ester ( hydrazine ) schiff bases from a fish gastrointestinal tract - derived fungus , trichoderma sp . cmb - f563 .
prasad , p . ; zhang , a . ; salim , a . a . ; capon , r . j . , pursuing sesterterpene lactams in australian irciniidae sponges .
xu , x . ; yang , h . ; khalil , z . g . ; yin , l . ; xiao , x . ; neupane , p . ; bernhardt , p . ; salim , a . a . ; song , f . ; capon , r . j . , chemical diversity from a chinese marine red alga , symphyocladia latiuscula .
quezada , m . ; licona - cassani , c . ; cruz - morales , p . ; salim , a . a . ; marcellin , e . ; capon , r . j . ; barona - gomez , f . , diverse cone - snail species harbor closely related streptomyces species with conserved chemical and genetic profiles , including polycyclic tetramic acid macrolactams .
khalil , z . g . ; salim , a . a . ; vuong , d . ; crombie , a . ; lacey , e . ; blumenthal , a . ; capon , r . j . , amycolatopsins a - c : new anti - mycobacterial glycosylated polyketide macrorolides from the australian soil amycolatopsis sp . mst - 108494 .
shang , z . ; raju , r . ; salim , a . a . ; khalil , z . g . ; capon , r . j . , cytochalasins from an australian marine sediment - derived phomopsis sp . ( cmb - m0042f ) : acid - mediated intra - molecular cycloadditions enhance chemical diversity .
overy , d . p . ; correa , h . ; grote , m . ; prigoda - lee , n . ; roullier , c . ; chi , w . - c . ; pang , k . - l . ; rateb , m . e . ; ebel , r . ; shang , z . ; capon , r . j . ; bills , g . f . ; kerr , r . g . , does osmatic stress affect natural product expression in fungi ?
acs omega 2017 , 2 ( 6 ) : p . 2672 - 2677 . ( open access )
prasad , p . ; dewapriya , p . ; damodar , r . ; salim , a . a . ; capon , r . j . , talarolide a , a cyclic heptapeptide hydroxamate from an australian marine tunicate - associated fungus , talaromyces sp . ( cmb - tu011 ) .
shang , z . ; salim , a . a . ; capon , r . j . , chaunopyran a : co - cultivation of marine mollusk - derived fungi activates a rare class of 2 - alkenyl - tetrahydropyran .
tingley , r . ; ward - fear , g . ; greenlees , m . j . ; schwarzkopf , l . ; phillips , b . l . ; brown , g . ; clulow , s . ; webb , j . ; capon , r . j . ; sheppard , a . ; strive , t . ; tizard , m . ; shine , r . , new weapons in the toad toolikit : a review of methods to control and mitigate the biodiversity impacts of invasive cane toads ( rhinella marina ) .
the quarterly review of biology , 2017 , 92 ( 2 ) : p . 123 - 149 .
quezada , m . ; shang , z . ; kalansuriya , p . ; salim , a . a . ; lacey , e . ; capon , r . j . , waspergillamide a , a nitro depsi - tetrapeptide diketopiperazine from an australian mud dauber wasp - associated aspergillus sp . ( cmb - w031 ) .
fontaine , f . ; overman , j . ; moustaqil , m . ; mamidyala , s . ; salim , a . a . ; narasimhan , k . ; prokoph , n . ; robertson , a . a . b . ; lua , l . l . ; alexandrov , k . ; koopman , p . ; capon , r . j . ; sierecki , e . ; gambin , y . ; jauch , r . ; cooper , m . a . ; zuegg , j . ; francois , m . , small molecule inhibitors of the sox18 transcription factor .
kalansuriya , p . ; quezada , m . ; esposito , b . p . ; capon , r . j . , talarazines a - e : non - cytotoxic fe ( iii ) chelators from an australia mud dauber wasp - associated fungus , talaromyces sp . ( cmb - w045 ) .
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khalil , z . ; huang , x . - c . ; ritesh , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; capon , r . j . , shornephine a : structure , chemical stability and biological activity of a diketomorpholine from an australian marine - derived aspergillus sp .
huang , x . - c . ; xiao , x . ; zhang , y . ; talele , t . t . ; salim , a . ; chen , z . - s . ; capon , r . j . , lamellarin o , a pyrrole alkaloid from an australian marine sponge , ianthella sp . , reverses bcrp mediated drug resistance in cancer cells .
farrugia , m . ; trotter , n . ; vijayasarathy , s . ; salim , a . a . ; khalil , z . ; lacey , e . ; capon , r . j . , isolation and synthesis of n - acyl adenine and adenosine alkaloids from a southern australian marine sponge , phoriospongia sp .
ding , x . - b . ; furket , d . p . ; capon , r . j . ; brimble , m . a . , total synthesis of heronapyrrole c .
wang , q . ; song , f . ; xiao , x . ; huang , p . ; li , l . ; monte , a . ; abdel - mageed , w . m . ; wang , j . ; guo , h . ; he , w . ; xie , f . ; dai , h . ; liu , m . ; chen , c . ; xu , h . ; liu , m . ; piggott , a . m . ; liu , x . ; capon , r . j . ; zhang , l . , abyssomicins from a south china sea deep - sea sediment verrucosispora sp . : natural thioether michael addition adducts as antitubercular prodrugs .
standish , a . j . ; salim , a . ; capon , r . j . ; morona , r . , dual inhibition of dna polymerase polc and protein tyrosine phosphatase cpsb uncovers a novel antibiotic target .
ritesh , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; quezada , m . ; capon , r . j . , nocardiopsins c and d and nocardiopyrone a : new polyketides from an australian marine - derived nocardiopsis sp .
liu , x . ; song , f . ; ma , l . ; chen , c . ; xiao , x . ; ren , b . ; liu , x . ; dai , h . ; piggott , a . m . ; av - gay , y . ; zhang , l . ; capon , r . j . , sydowiols a - c : mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors from an east china sea marine - derived fungus , aspergillus sydowii .
huang , x . - c . ; sun , y . - l . ; salim , a . ; chen , z . - s . ; capon , r . j . , parguerenes : marine red alga bromoditerpenes as inhibitors of p - glycoprotein ( abcb1 ) in multidrug resistant human cancer cells .
balansa , w . ; islam , r . ; gilbert , d . f . ; fontaine , f . ; xiao , x . ; zhang , h . ; piggott , a . m . ; lynch , j . w . ; capon , r . j . , australian marine sponge alkaloids as a new class of glycine - gated chloride channel receptor modulator .
balansa , w . ; islam , r . ; fontaine , f . ; piggott , a . m . ; zhang , h . ; xiao , x . ; webb , t . i . ; gilbert , d . f . ; lynch , j . w . ; capon , r . j . , sesterterpene glycinyl - lactams : a new class of glycine receptor modulator from australian marine sponges of the genus psammocinia .
zhang , h . ; xiao , x . ; conte , m . m . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , spiralisones a–d : acylphloroglucinol hemiketals from an australian marine brown alga , zonaria spiralis .
zhang , h . ; khalil , z . ; conte , m . m . ; plisson , f . ; capon , r . j . , a search for kinase inhibitors and antibacterial agents : bromopyrrolo - 2 - aminoimidazoles from a deep - water great australian bight sponge , axinella sp .
zhang , h . ; conte , m . m . ; khalil , z . ; huang , x . - c . ; capon , r . j . , new dictyodendrins as bace inhibitors from a southern australian marine sponge , ianthella sp .
zhang , h . ; conte , m . m . ; huang , x . - c . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , a search for bace inhibitors reveals new biosynthetically related pyrrolidones , furanones and pyrroles from a southern australian marine sponge , ianthella sp .
xu , x . ; piggott , a . m . ; yin , l . ; capon , r . j . ; song , f . , symphyocladins a - g : bromophenol adducts from a chinese marine red alga , symphyocladia latiuscula .
standish , a . j . ; salim , a . ; zhang , h . ; whitfield , c . ; capon , r . j . ; morona , r . , chemical inhibition of bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatase suppresses capsule production .
song , f . ; liu , x . ; guo , h . ; ren , b . ; chen , c . ; piggott , a . m . ; yu , k . ; gao , h . ; wang , q . ; liu , m . ; liu , x . ; dai , h . ; zhang , l . ; capon , r . j . , brevianamides with antitubercular potential from a marine - derived isolate of aspergillus versicolor .
salim , a . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , structural and stereochemical investigation into bromotyrosine - derived metabolites from southern australian marine sponges , pseudoceratina spp .
ritesh , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; khalil , z . ; bernhardt , p . ; capon , r . j . , heronamycin a : a new benzothiazine ansamycin from an australian marine - derived streptomyces sp .
plisson , f . ; huang , x . - c . ; zhang , h . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , lamellarins as inhibitors of p - glycoprotein - mediated multidrug resistance in a human colon cancer cell line .
plisson , f . ; conte , m . m . ; khalil , z . ; huang , x . - c . ; piggott , a . m . ; capon , r . j . , kinase inhibitors scaffolds against neurodegenerative diseases from a southern australian ascidean , didemnum sp .
heinrich , n . ; banwell , m . g . ; willis , a . c . ; cade , i . a . ; capon , r . j . ; huang , x . - c . , probing for the pharmacophore of the cytotoxic neoclerodane salvileucalin b .
crossland , m . r . ; haramura , t . ; salim , a . ; capon , r . j . ; shine , r . , exploiting intraspecific competitive mechanisms to control invasive cane toads ( rhinella marina ) .
cho , k . - j . ; park , j . - h . ; piggott , a . m . ; salim , a . ; gorfe , a . ; parton , r . j . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; hancock , j . f . , staurosporines disrupt phosphatidylserine traficking and mislocalize ras proteins .
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. alexandrov , k . ; köhnke , m . ; schmitt , s . ; ariotti , n . ; piggott , a . m . ; parton , r . g . ; lacey , e . ; capon , r . j . ; abankwa , d . , design and application of in vivo fret biosensors to identify protein prenylation and nanoclustering inhibitors .
zhang , h . ; khalil , z . g . ; capon , r . j . , fascioquinols a - f : bioactive meroterpenes from a deep - water southern australian marine sponge , fasciospongia sp .
raju , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; huang , x . - c . ; capon , r . j . , nocardioazines : a novel bridged diketopiperazine scaffold from a marine - derived bacterium inhibits p - glycoprotein .
rae , j . ; fontaine , f . ; salim , a . a . ; lo , h . p . ; capon , r . j . ; parton , r . g . ; martin , s . , high - throughput screening of australian marine organism extracts of bioactive molecules affecting the cellular storage of neutral lipids .
fremlin , l . ; farrugia , m . ; piggott , a . m . ; khalil , z . ; lacey , e . ; capon , r . j . , reveromycins revealed : new polyketide spiroketals from australian marine - derived and terrestrial streptomyces spp . a case of natural products vs artefacts .
ajala , o . s . ; piggott , a . m . ; plisson , f . ; khalil , z . ; huang , x . - c . ; adesegun , s . a . ; coker , h . a . b . ; capon , r . j . , ikirydinium a : a new indole alkaloid from the seeds of hunteria umbellata ( k . schum ) .
zhang , h . ; conte , m . m . ; capon , r . j . , franklinolides a - c from an australian marine sponge complex : phosphodiesters dramatically enhance polyketide cytotoxicity .
wang , s . - c . m . ; myers , s . ; dooms , c . ; capon , r . j . ; muscat , g . e . o . , an errβ / γ agonist modulates grα expression and glucocorticoid responsive gene expression in skeletal muscle cells .
salim , a . a . ; rae , j . ; fontaine , f . ; conte , m . m . ; khalil , z . ; martin , s . ; parton , r . g . ; capon , r . j . , heterofibrins : inhibitors of lipid droplet formation from a deep - water southern australian marine sponge , spongia ( heterofibria ) sp .
. raju , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; conte , m . m . ; capon , r . j . , heronamides a - c , new polyketide macrolactams from an australian marine - derived streptomyces sp . a biosynthetic case for synchronized tandem electrocyclization .
raju , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; conte , m . ; tnimov , z . ; alexandrov , k . ; capon , r . j . , nocardiopsins : new fkbp12 binding macrolide polyketides from an australian marine - derived actinomycetes , nocardiopsis sp .
raju , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; barrientos diaz , l . x . ; khalil , z . ; capon , r . j . , heronapyrroles a - c : farnesylated 2 - nitropyrroles from an australian marine - derived streptomyces sp .
peng , c . ; gunaherath , g . m . k . b . ; piggott , a . m . ; khalil , z . ; conte , m . ; capon , r . j . , 9 - ( 5 ' - deoxy - 5 ' - thio - β - d - xylofuranosyl ) adenine disulfide from the southern australian marine sponge trachycladus lasvispirulifer : the first natural occurrence of a nucleoside disulfide .
capon , r . j . ; el - naggar , m . ; conte , m . , mirabilins revisited : polyketide alkaloids from southern australian marine sponge , clathria sp .
capon , r . j . , australian microbial biodiscovery : from bugs to drugs .
capon , r . j . , marine natural products chemistry : past , present , and future .
balansa , w . ; islam , r . ; fontaine , f . ; piggott , a . m . ; zhang , h . ; webb , t . i . ; gilbert , d . f . ; lynch , j . w . ; capon , r . j . , ircinialactams : subunit - selective glycine receptor modulators from australian sponges of the family irciniidae .
raju , r . ; piggott , a . m . ; conte , m . ; aalbersberg , w . g . l . ; feussner , k . ; capon , r . j . , naseseazines a and b : a new dimeric diketopiperazine framework from a marine - derived actinomycete , streptomyces sp .
hayes , r . a . ; piggott , a . m . ; dalle , k . ; capon , r . j . , microbial biotransformation as a source of chemical diversity in cane toad steroid toxins .
hayes , r . a . ; crossland , m . r . ; hagman , m . ; capon , r . j . ; shine , r . , ontogenetic variation in the chemical defences of cane toads ( bufo marinus ) : toxin profiles and effects on predators .
hagman , m . ; hayes , r . a . ; capon , r . j . ; shine , r . , alarm cues experienced by cane toad tadpoles affect post - metamorphic morphology and chemical defences .
fremlin , l . j . ; piggott , a . m . ; lacey , e . ; capon , r . j . , cottoquinazoline a and cotteslosins a and b , metabolites from an australian marine - derived strain of aspergillus versicolor .
el - naggar , m . ; capon , r . j . , discorhabdins revisited : cytotoxic alkaloids from southern australian marine sponges of the genera higginsia and spongosorites .
zhang , h . ; major , j . m . ; lewis , r . j . ; capon , r . j . , phorbasins g - k : new cytotoxic diterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , phorbas sp .
zhang , h . ; capon , r . j . , phorbasins d - f : diterpenyl - taurines from a southern australian marine sponge , phorbas sp .
ratnayake , r . ; fremlin , l . j . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; capon , r . j . , acremolides a - d , lipodepsipeptides from an australian marine - derived fungus , acremonium sp .
el - naggar , m . ; piggott , a . m . ; capon , r . j . , bistellettazines a - c and bistellettazole a : new terpenyl - pyrrolizidine and terpenyl - imidazole alkaloids from a southern australian marine sponge , stelletta sp .
capon , r . j . ; peng , c . ; dooms , c . , trachycladindoles a - g : cytotoxic heterocycles from an australian marine sponge , trachycladus laevispirulifer .
ratnayake , r . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . ; capon , r . j . , kibdelones : novel anticancer polyketides from a rare australian actinomycete .
clark , b . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; capon , r . j . , the effect of halide salts on the production of gymnoascus reessii polyenylpyrroles .
capon , r . j . ; stewart , m . ; ratnayake , r . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . , citromycetins and bilains a - c : new aromatic polyketides and diketopiperazines from australian marine - derived and terrestrial penicillium spp .
ratnayake , r . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . ; capon , r . j . , isokibdelones : novel heterocyclic polyketides from a kibdelosporangium sp .
miller , r . e . ; stewart , m . ; woodrow , i . e . ; capon , r . j . , a galloylated cyanogenic glycoside from the australian endemic rainforest tree elaecarpus sericopetalus ( elaeocarpaceae ) .
clark , b . r . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , citrinin revisited : from monomers to dimers and beyond .
clark , b . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , quinolactacins revisited : from lactams to imide and beyond .
clark , b . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , polyenylpyrroles and polyenylfurans from an australian isolate of the soil ascomycete gymnoascus reessii .
stewart , m . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , calbistrin e and two other new metabolites from an australian isolate of penicillium striatisporum .
clark , b . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . ; bulheller , b . ; bringmann , g . , gymnoascolides a - c : aromatic butenolides from an australian isolate of the soil ascomycete gymnoascus reessii .
clark , b . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , roquefortine e , a diketopiperazine from an australian isolate of gymnoascus reesii .
capon , r . j . ; vuong , d . ; mcnally , m . ; peterle , t . ; trotter , n . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . , ( + ) - echinobetaine b : isolation , structure elucidation , synthesis and preliminary sar studies on a new nematocidal betaine from a southern australian marine sponge , echinodictyum sp .
capon , r . j . ; vuong , d . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . , ( - ) - echinobetaine a : isolation , structure elucidation , synthesis and sar studies on a new nematocide from a southern australian marine sponge , echinodictyum sp .
capon , r . j . ; trotter , n . , n3 , 5 ' - cycloxanthosine , the first natural occurrence of a cyclonucleoside .
capon , r . j . ; singh , s . ; sadaquat , a . ; sotheeswaran , s . , spongosoritin a : a new polyketide from a fijian marine sponge , spongosorites sp .
capon , r . j . ; ratnayake , r . ; stewart , m . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , aspergillazines a - e : novel heterocyclic dipeptides from an australian strain of aspergillus unilateralis .
stewart , m . ; capon , r . j . ; white , j . m . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . ; shaddock , m . p . , rugulotrosins a and b : two new antibacterial metabolites from an australian isolate of penicillium sp .
clark , b . ; capon , r . j . ; stewart , m . ; lacey , e . ; tennant , s . ; gill , j . h . , blanchaquinone : a new anthraquinone from an australian streptomyces sp .
capon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; liu , e . h . - t . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , nematocidal thiocyanatins from a southern australian marine sponge , oceanapia sp .
capon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; liu , e . h . - t . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , esmodil : an acetylcholine mimic resurfaces in a southern australian marine sponge raspalia ( raspailia ) sp .
capon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; stewart , m . ; ford , j . ; o ' hair , r . a . j . ; williams , l . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , aspergillicins a - e : five novel depsipeptides from the marine - derived fungus aspergillus carneus .
mazzaouri , s . a . ; burrow , m . f . ; tyas , m . j . ; rooney , f . r . ; capon , r . j . , long - term quantification of the release of monomers from dental resin composites and a resin - modified glass ionomer cement .
goodger , j . q . d . ; capon , r . j . ; woodrow , i . e . , cyanogenic polymorphism in eucalyptus polyanthemos schauer subsp . vestita l . johnson and k . hill ( myrtaceae ) .
capon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; vuong , d . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , equilibrating isomers : bromoindoles and a seco - xanthine encountered during a study of nematocides from the southern australian marine sponge hymeniacidon sp .
capon , r . j . ; ford , j . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , phoriospongin a and b : two new nematocidal depsipeptides from the australian marine sponges phoriospongia sp . and callyspongia bilamellata .
allan , a . r . ; capon , r . j . ; brown , w . v . ; elgar , m . a . , mimicry of host cuticular hydrocarbons by the salticid spider cosmophasis bitaeniata that preys on the larvae of tree ants oecophylla smaragdina .
vuong , d . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , onnamide f : a new nematocide from a southern australian marine sponge , trachycladus laevispirulifer .
mcnally , m . ; capon , r . j . , phorbasins b and c : novel diterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , phorbas species .
capon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; liu , e . h . - t . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , the isolation and synthesis of novel nematocidal dithiocyanates from an australian marine sponge , oceanapia sp .
. capon , r . j . ; miller , m . ; rooney , f . , mirabilin g : a new alkaloid from a southern australian marine sponge , clathria species .
capon , r . j . ; jenkins , a . ; rooney , f . ; ghisalberti , e . l . , structure revision and assignment of absolute stereochemistry of a marine c21 bisfuranoterpene .
capon , r . j . , marine bioprospecting : trawling for treasure and pleasure .
vuong , d . ; capon , r . j . , phorbasin a : a novel diterpene from a southern australian marine sponge , phorbas species .
ford , j . ; capon , r . j . , discorhabdin r : a new antibacterial pyrroloiminoquinone from two latrunculiid marine sponges , latrunculia sp . and negombata sp .
capon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; wicker , j . ; heiland , k . ; friedel , t . , lorneamides a and b : two new aromatic amides from a southern australian marine actinomycete .
capon , r . j . ; rooney , f . ; murray , l . m . , 1 , 9 - dimethylhypoxanthine from a southern australian marine sponge , spongosorites species .
capon , r . j . ; miller , m . ; rooney , f . , clathrins a - c : metabolites from a southern australian marine sponge , clathria species .
ovenden , s . p . b . ; capon , r . j . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; friedel , t . ; wadsworth , d . , amphilactams a – d : novel nematocides from southern australian marine sponges of the genus amphimedon .
ovenden , s . p . b . ; capon , r . j . , nuapapuin a and sigmosceptrellins d & e : new norterpene cyclic peroxides from a southern australian marine sponge , sigmosceptrella sp .
ovenden , s . p . b . ; capon , r . j . , echinosulphonic acids a - c and echinosulphone a : novel bromoindole sulphonic acids and a sulphone from a southern australian marine sponge , echinodictyum .
capon , r . j . ; skene , c . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; wadsworth , d . ; friedel , t . , geodin a magnesium salt : a novel nematocide from a southern australian marine sponge , geodia .
ovenden , s . p . b . ; capon , r . j . , trunculins g - i : new norsesterterpene cyclic peroxides from a southern australian marine sponge , latrunculia sp .
mckee , t . c . ; galinis , d . l . ; pannell , l . k . ; cardellina ii , j . h . ; laakso , j . ; ireland , c . m . ; murray , l . ; capon , r . j . ; boyd , m . r . , the lobatamides , novel cytotoxic macrolides from southwestern pacific tunicates .
capon , r . j . ; rooney , f . ; murray , l . m . ; collins , e . ; sim , a . t . r . ; rostas , j . a . p . ; butler , m . s . ; carroll , a . r . , dragmacidins : new protein phosphatase inhibitors from a southern australian deep - water marine sponge , spongosorites sp .
capon , r . j . ; rooney , f . , callyspongynes a and b : new polyacetylenic lipids from a southern australian marine sponge , callyspongia sp .
capon , r . j . ; rochfort , s . j . ; ovenden , s . p . b . ; metzger , r . p . , mycaperoxides f and g and a related norterpene ketone from southern australian marine sponges , mycale species .
capon , r . j . ; ovenden , s . p . b . ; dargaville , t . , cis - 3 - hydroxy - n - methyl - l - proline : a new amino acid from a southern australian marine sponge , dendrilla sp .
capon , r . j . ; barrow , r . a . ; rochfort , s . ; jobling , m . ; skene , c . ; lacey , e . ; gill , j . h . ; friedel , t . ; wadsworth , d . , marine nematocides : tetrahydrofurans from a southern australian brown alga , notheia anomala .
capon , r . j . ; barrow , a . b . , acid - mediated conversion of methylene - interrupted bisepoxides to tetrahydrofurans : a biomimetic transformation .
urban , s . ; capon , r . j . , a new lipid from an australian marine sponge , callyspongia sp .
rochfort , s . j . ; capon , r . j . , cyclic peroxides and related norterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , mycale sp .
capon , r . j . ; barrow , r . a . ; skene , c . ; rochfort , s . , the biomimetic synthesis of marine epoxylipids : bisepoxides to tetrahydrofurans .
bassett , s . ; ovenden , s . p . b . ; gable , r . w . ; capon , r . j . , sigmosceptrins a - c : new norterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , sigmosceptrella sp .
urban , s . ; hobbs , l . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; capon , r . j . , deoxyspongiaquinones : new sesquiterpene / quinones and hydroquinones from a southern australian marine sponge , eurospongia sp .
urban , s . ; capon , r . j . , absolute stereochemistry of puupehenone and related metabolites .
urban , s . ; capon , r . j . , lamellarin - s : a new aromatic metabolite from an australian tunicate , didemnum sp .
rochfort , s . j . ; watson , r . ; capon , r . j . , dictyosphaerin : a novel bicyclic lipid from a southern australian marine green alga , dictyosphaeria sericea .
rochfort , s . j . ; metzger , r . ; hobbs , l . ; capon , r . j . , new chromenols from a southern australian tunicate , aplidium solidum .
rochfort , s . j . ; capon , r . j . , parguerenes revisited : new brominated diterpenes from the southern australian marine red alga , laurencia filiformis .
rochfort , s . j . ; atkin , d . ; capon , r . j . ; hobbs , l . , hippospongins a - f : new furanoterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , hippospongia sp .
rochfort , s . ; gable , r . ; capon , r . j . , mycalone : a new steroidal lactone from a southern australian marine sponge , mycale sp .
barrow , r . a . ; murray , l . ; lim , t . k . ; capon , r . j . , mirabilins ( a - f ) : new alkaloids from a southern australian marine sponge , arenochalina mirabilis .
allan , r . a . ; elgar , m . a . ; capon , r . j . , exploitation of an ant chemical alarm signal by zodariid spider habronestes bradleyi walckenaer .
proc . r . soc . b , 1996 . 263 ( 1366 ) ( series b ) : p . 69 - 73 .
urban , s . ; wilton , h . ; lu , c . c . ; capon , r . j . , a new sesquiterpene alcohol from an antarctic sponge .
urban , s . ; hobbs , l . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; capon , r . j . , lamellarins q and r : new aromatic metabolites from an australian marine sponge , dendrilla cactos .
urban , s . ; capon , r . j . , a new furanoditerpene from a southern australian marine sponge , thorectandra choanoides .
tran , n . h . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; capon , r . j . , new oxygenated sesquiterpenes from a southern australian marine sponge , dictyodendrilla sp .
murray , l . m . ; lim , t . k . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; capon , r . j . , isobromotopsentin : a new bis ( indole ) alkaloid from the deep water marine sponge spongosorites sp .
murray , l . ; lim , t . k . ; currie , g . ; capon , r . j . , aplidites ( a to g ) : macrocyclic orthonitrites from an australian tunicate , aplidium sp .
murray , l . ; hamit , h . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; hobbs , l . ; capon , r . j . , a new sesterterpene tetronic acid from an australian marine sponge , psammocinia sp .
murray , l . ; currie , g . ; capon , r . j . , a new macrocyclic γ - pyrone from a southern australian marine red alga .
beveridge , a . a . ; hill , m . ; anderson , a . p . ; capon , r . j . , the effect of the marine natural product variabilin on contractile activity of the guinea - pig ileum .
urban , s . ; capon , r . j . ; hooper , j . n . a . , a new alkaloid from an australian marine sponge , spongosorites sp .
urban , s . ; capon , r . j . , marine sesquiterpene quinones and hydroquinones : acid - catalysed rearrangements and stereochemical investigations .
urban , s . ; butler , m . s . ; capon , r . j . , lamellarins o and p : new aromatic metabolites from the australian marine sponge , dendrilla cactos .
rochfort , s . j . ; capon , r . j . , a new sesquiterpene / phenol from the australian marine brown alga perithalia caudata .
davis , r . ; capon , r . j . , two for one : structure revision of the marine sesterterpene tetronic acid strobilinin to ( 8z , 13e , 20z ) - strobilinin and ( 8e , 13e , 20z ) - strobilinin .
cardamone , m . ; puri , n . k . ; sawyer , w . h . ; capon , r . j . ; brandon , m . r . , a spectroscopic and equilibrium binding analysis of cationic detergent - protein interactions using soluble and insoluble recombinant porcine growth hormone .
capon , r . j . ; dargaville , t . r . ; davis , r . , the absolute stereochemistry of variabilin and related sesterterpene tetronic acids .
bonny , m . l . ; capon , r . j . , a sesquiterpene quinone and hydroquinone from the southern australian marine sponge , thorecta choanoides .
barrow , r . a . ; capon , r . j . , carduusynes ( a - e ) : acetylenic acids from the great australian bight marine sponge phakellia carduus .
anderson , a . p . ; beveridge , a . a . ; capon , r . j . , pharmacological properties of the natural marine product furospongin - 1 .