metanastria is a genus of moth in the family lasiocampidae .

the species of the genus are found in europe , japan , china , south africa , throughout india , sri lanka , myanmar , java and borneo .

metanastria

metanastria ; godman & salvin , 1886 , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 200
the original genus of description is given in brackets . lebeda metaspila walker ( megasoma ) lajonquierea deruna moore ( gastropacha ) lajonquierea poeciloptera grunberg ( metanastria ) lajonquierea mediofasciata grunberg ( metanastria ) kunugia xichangensis tsai & lu ( dendrolimus ) kunugia tamsi lajonquiere ( cyclophragma ) kunugia omeiensis tsai & lu ( dendrolimus ) kunugia ampla walker ( odonestis ) kunugia latipennis moore ( lebeda ) kunugia fasciata moore ( lebeda ) kunugia brunnea wileman ( metanastria ) kunugia burmensis gaede ( dendrolimus ) kunugia fulgens moore ( lebeda ) kunugia dora swinhoe ( metanastria ) kunugia sumatrae swinhoe ( metanastria ) kunugia basidiscata holloway ( cyclophragma ) kunugia placida moore ( lebeda ) kunugia lineata moore ( lebeda ) kunugia basimacula walker ( megasoma ) kunugia rectifascia holloway ( metanastria ) kunugia leucopicta tams ( metanastria ) kunugia gynandra swinhoe ( metanastria ) kunugia basinigra roepke ( cyclophragma ) kunugia divaricata moore ( gastropacha ) kunugia magellani lajonquiere ( cyclophragma ) chonopla modulata swinhoe ( kosala ) paradoxopla cardinalis holloway ( pseudophyllodes ) micropacha lidderdalii druce ( odonestis )
hardly a plague - more of a conference of cats , or perhaps a lobby of larvae ! these are lasiocampidae ( lappet moths ) of some description . in hong kong there are two species in the genus metanastria that exhibit this herding instinct , and young instars in paralebeda also are gregarious . i ' d be inclined to think these may also be a species of metanastria , or possibly lebeda . roger .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . metanastria aconyta cramer , 1777 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
pratt , p . d . , makinson , j . , purcell , m . , pogue , m . g . , rayamajhi , m . b . , center , t . d . rhodomyrtus tomentosa ( myrtales : myrtaceae ) : new host records for metanastria gemella ( lepidoptera : lasiocampidae ) and arna bipunctapex ( lepidoptera : lymantriidae ) . florida entomologist . 96 ( 2 ) : 641 - 642 . 2013 .
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
phalaena hyrtaca cramer , [ 1779 ] ; uitl . kapellen 3 ( 17 - 21 ) : 97 , pl . 249 , f . f
biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera
hübner , [ 1820 ] verzeichniss bekannter schmettlinge , 1816 - [ 1826 ] verz . bek . schmett . ( 1 ) : [ 1 - 3 ] , 4 - 16 ( 1816 ) , ( 2 ) : 17 - 32 ( 1819 ) , ( 3 ) : 33 - 48 ( 1819 ) , ( 4 ) : 49 - 64 ( 1819 ) , ( 5 ) : 65 - 80 ( 1819 ) , ( 6 ) : 81 - 96 ( 1819 ) , ( 7 ) : 97 - 112 ( 1819 ) , ( 8 ) : 113 - 128 ( 1819 ) , ( 9 ) : 129 - 144 ( 1819 ) , ( 10 ) : 145 - 160 ( 1819 ) , ( 11 ) : 161 - 176 ( 1819 ) , ( 12 ) : 177 - 192 ( 1820 ) , ( 13 ) : 193 - 208 ( 1820 ) , ( 14 ) : 209 - 224 ( 1821 ) , ( 15 ) : 225 - 240 ( 1821 ) , ( 16 ) : 241 - 256 ( 1821 ) , ( 17 ) : 257 - 272 ( 1823 ) , ( 18 ) : 273 - 288 ( 1823 ) , ( 19 ) : 289 - 304 ( 1823 ) , ( 20 ) : 305 - 320 ( 1825 ) , ( 21 ) : 321 - 336 ( 1825 ) , ( 22 ) : 337 - 352 ( 1825 ) , ( 23 - 27 ) : 353 - 431 ( [ 1825 ] )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
shubhalaxmi , v , r c kendrick , alka vaidya , neelima kalagi , and alaka bhagwat . 2011 . inventory of moth fauna ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) of the northern western ghats , maharashtra , india . journal of the bombay … 108 , no . 3 : 183 - 205 . urltoken
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
a catalogue of the moths of india / compiled by e . c . cotes and c . swinhoe . by cotes , e . c . s . . .
volume : 1 subject : moths - - india ; insects - - india ; sphingidae publisher : london : tayl . . .
inventory of moth fauna ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) of the northern western ghats , maharashtra , india .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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gunda subnotata walker ( bombyx ) antheraea rosieri toxopeus ( loepantheraea ) the use of the generic name ambulyx westwood in the sphingidae for species usually placed in oxyambulyx rothschild & jordan ( e . g . by diehl ( 1980 ) , d ' abrera ( 1986 ) ) follows fletcher & nye ( 1982 ) .
source : james a . duke . 1983 . handbook of energy crops . unpublished .
leaves contain 7080 % eucalyptol ( cineol ) . also includes terpineol , sesquiterpene alcohols , aliphatic aldehydes , isoamyl alcohol , ethanol , and terpenes ( morton , 1981 ) . tannin is not so copious in the leaves as of many other
species . the kino , containing 28 . 7 % kino - tannin and 47 . 9 % catechin contains the very antibiotic citriodorol ( watt and bryer - brandwijk , 1962 ) . verma et al . ( 1978 ) found 20 . 2 %
- pinene , and only 16 . 8 % cineole in the cv ' mysore ' . fresh leaves contain caffeic and gallic acids , dry leaves , ferulic and gentisic ( boukef et al . , 1976 ) , and quercetol , quercitrine , rutin , and a mixture of quercetol hyperoside and glaucoside . n - titriacontan - 16 , 18 - dione was identified as the compound responsible for antioxidant activity in the leaf wax ( osawa and namik , 1981 ) .
in large doses , oil of eucalyptus , like so many essential oils has caused fatalities from intestinal irritation ( morton , 1981 ) . death is reported from ingestion of 424 ml of essential oils , but recoveries are also reported for the same amount . symptoms include gastroenteric burning and irritation , nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , oxygen deficiency , , weakness , dizziness , stupor , difficult respiration , delirium , paralysis , convulsions , and death , usually due to respiratory failure ( duke , 1984b ) . reported to cause contact dermatitis ( brooker et al , 1981 ) . sensitive persons may develop urticaria from handling the foliage and other parts of the plant ( watt and bryer - brandwijk , 1962 ) .
reported from the australian center of diversity , bluegum , or cvs thereof is reported to tolerate narrower extremes of temperature and soil than many of the more tropical species . ( 2
the most extensively planted eucalypt species in the world . . . a total of 800 , 000 ha in dozens of countries . . . about half the world ' s plantation area is in portugal and spain ( little , 1983 ) . also cultivated in california , arizona , and hawaii .
ranging from cool temperate moist to wet through subtropical dry to moist forest life zones , bluegum eucalyptus is reported to tolerate annual precipitation of 8 to 16 dm and annual temperature of ca 16 to 20°c . major successes have been in mild temperate climates and in cool highlands . elsewhere it fails ( nas , 1980a ) .
propagated by seed and basket transplants ca 6 mos old . no seed treatment is required . fresh seeds germinate well but deteriorate rapidly . the tree is readily established , easily reproducing from self - sown seed . in california , seed collections from a single tree exhibit wide variation ( 280 % ) in germinative capacity after a 30 - day germination period ( ag . handbook 450 ) . seedlings like the adults are susceptible to drought , fire , and frost . grasses need to be weeded , as the tree does not compete well with grasses ( nas , 1980a ) . tree grows rapidly and coppices readily ( reaching a meter or more in a few months ) .
usually grown on rotations of 515 years . in india ' s nilgiris , bluegum plantations are worked for fuel purposes on a 15 - year coppice ( c . s . i . r . , 19481976 ) .
has been reported from sites in italy , peru , portugal , and spain ( nas , 1980a ) . verma et al ( 1978 ) estimated essential oil yields between ca 40 and 45 kg / ha from 68 mt green leaves . completely dry leaves contain 1 . 27 % oil in the cv ' mysore ' . the wealth of india suggests 30 mt biomass / ha / yr in the nilgiris ( c . s . i . r . , 19481976 ) .
about 30 mt / ha biomass are reported . verma et al . ( 1978 ) calculated little more than 7 mt leaves per hectare , green , or 68 mt for the cv ' mysore ' , 34 mt dry leaves . in his compilation , cannell ( 1982 ) cites data on trees 9 . 5 years old , spaced at 2 , 196 trees / ha . the stem wood on a dm basis weighed 1958 mt / ha , the stem bark 511 , the branches 2 . 65 . 5 , the foliage 4 . 06 . 7 , for a total standing aerial biomass of 35110 mt / ha . the cai ( current annual increment ) of stem wood was 2 . 97 . 7 m
/ ha / yr , stem bark 0 . 71 . 5 , branches 0 . 50 . 7 , foliage 2 . 6ca 6 for a total aerial cai of 6 . 715 . 6 mt / ha / yr , the low figures representing unfertilized trees , the high reflecting ca 200 kg / ha n and 90 kg / ha p . these data were taken at victoria , australia ( 38°20 ' s , 146°20 ' e , elev . 150 m ) . the wood burns freely , leaving little ash , and carbonizes easily , making good charcoal . with calorific value of 4 , 800 kcal / kg , the heavy wood ( sp . grav . 0 . 81 . 0 ) is widely used for fuelwood and charcoal ( nas , 1980 ) . even the dead leaves and fallen bark are highly flammable . the charcoal is used for producer gas plants ( c . s . i . r . , 19481976 ) . cromer and williams ( austr . j . bot . 30 : 265 . 1982 ) report that it took 9 . 5 years to accumulate 30 mt / ha biomass unfertilized , but only 4 years in heavily fertilized plots .
actinopelte dryina , armillaria mellea , cercospora epicoccoides , c . eucalypti , corticium salmonicolor , cryptosporium eucalypti , cytospora australiae , c . eucalyptina , diaporthe medusaea , didymosphaeria circinnans , diplodia australiae , fomes applanatus , f . scruposus , fusarium oxysporum
aurantiacum , ganoderma lucidum , harknessia uromycoides , hendersonia eucalypticola , laetiporus sulphureus , macrophoma molleriana , macrophomina phaseoli , monochaetia desmazierii , mycosphaerella molleriana , pestalotia truncata , pestalotiopsis funerea , pezizella carneo - rosea , pezizella oenotherae , phellinus gilvus , phyllostica extensa , physalospora latitans , p . rhodina , p . suberumpens , polyporus gilvus , p . hirsutus , p . schweinitzii , p . sulphureus , p . versicolor , poria cocos , p . versipora , sclerotinia fuckeliana , septonema multiplex , septosporium scyphophorum , stereum hirsutum
foliage unpalatable to livestock . the oil rich wood is resistant to termites ( nas , 1980a ) .
agriculture handbook 165 . 1960 . index of plant diseases in the united states . usgpo . washington .
agriculture handbook 450 . 1974 . seeds of woody plants in the united states . forest service , usda . usgpo . washington .
boukef , k . , balansard , g . , lallemand , m . , and brenard , p . 1976 . study of flavonic heterosides and agylcones isolated from leaves of
brooker , s . g . , cambie , r . c . , and cooper , r . c . 1981 . new zealand medicinal plants . heinemann publishers , auckland .
browne , f . g . 1968 . pests and diseases of forest plantations trees . clarendon press , oxford .
c . s . i . r . ( council of scientific and industrial research ) . 19481976 . the wealth of india . 11 vols . new delhi .
cannell , m . g . r . 1982 . world forest biomass and primary production data . academic press , new york .
duke , j . a . and wain , k . k . 1981 . medicinal plants of the world . computer index with more than 85 , 000 entries . 3 vols .
list , p . h . and horhammer , l . 19691979 . hager ' s handbuch der pharmazeutischen praxis . vols 26 . springer - verlag , berlin .
little , e . l . jr . 1983 . common fuelwood crops : a handbook for their identification . mcclain printing co . , parsons , wv .
morton , j . f . 1981 . atlas of medicinal plants of middle america . bahamas to yucatan . c . c . thomas , springfield , il .
n . a . s . 1980a . firewood crops . shrub and tree species for energy production . national academy of sciences , washington , dc .
osawa , t . and namiki , m . 1981 . a novel type of antioxidant isolated from leaf wax of eucalyptus leaves . agr . biol . chem . 45 ( 3 ) : 735739 .
perry , l . m . 1980 . medicinal plants of east and southeast asia . mit press , cambridge .
verma , v . p . s . , shiva , m . p . , subrahmanyam , i . v . , and suri , b . k . 1978 . utilization of eucalyptus hybrid oil from forest plantations . indian forester 104 ( 12 ) : 846850 .
watt , j . m . and breyer - brandwijk , m . g . 1962 . the medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern africa . 2nd ed . e . & s . livingstone , ltd . , edinburgh and london .
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encountered this plague of moth cats on a tree trunk . any idea what the species id is ?
roger c . kendrick ph . d . c & r wildlife , lam tsuen , tai po , n . t . , hong kong s . a . r . hk moths website : urltoken hk moths recording project on i - naturalist : urltoken hk moths flickr site : urltoken
thanks , roger for the information on the possible species id . it was a very interesting sight of so many cats squeezed side by side , as if they were trying to stay warm in this cold weather .
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s . cumini is a fast - growing tropical and sub - tropical tree preferring moist , riverine habitats , that is valued for its fruit , timber and as an ornamental and as such has been widely introduced from its native s . . .
formerly part of the genus , eugenia , s . cumini is now a clearly defined taxa in the genus syzygium . commonly known as jambolan it should not be confused with the rose apple ( syzygium jambos ) .
syzygium is a genus in the myrtaceae that includes a number of popular species cultivated for their colourful , edible fleshy fruit . it is a genus of perhaps 1000 species of trees or shrubs native to the old world tropics . the genus name syzygium is derived via latin from the greek syzygos , meaning yoked together , possibly referring to the paired leaves ( janick and paull , 2008 ) . other common names for s . cumini are black plum , damson plum , duhat plum , jamblang , jambolan plum , jamun , java plum , malabar plum and portuguese plum ( janick and paull , 2008 ) .
the more restricted native distribution as described by morton ( 1987 ) is accepted in this datasheet , who argued that other countries recorded as native , e . g . himalayan asia , south china , south east asian islands , east africa , eastern australia , etc . ( usda - ars , 2008 ) are actually due to introduction in pre - history . s . cumini is thus here accepted as only native to india , sri lanka and myanmar .
the distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .
. as a valuable fruit and forestry tree , it is likely to be further introduced .
s . cumini prefers moist locations and will tolerate waterlogging thus is commonly found on riverbanks , but it can also survive , but less well , on drier sites once established . in its native range it is commonly cultivated and thus found in and around homesteads and agricultural land . in the pacific where it has proved most invasive , it is generally a more lowland species such as in fiji , but may be found up to 700 m hawaii and has naturalised in inland forests in fiji ( pier , 2008 ) . it invades coastal bush and savanna in south africa ( sabonet , 2006 ) .
a jaman’ , with large oblong , dark - purple or bluish fruits , with pink , sweet pulp and small seeds , and ‘kaatha’ , with small acid fruits , and several named cultivars exist , especially in south - east asia .
it propagates easily from fresh seed , and coppices and resprouts readily . s . cumini begins bearing fruit when 8–10 years old . seeds lose their viability quickly after maturation .
seedlings grow slowly the first year , rapidly thereafter , and may exceeding 3 m in height after 2 years , reaching full size in 40 years . flowering occurs february - march in florida , usa , may–august in sri lanka , and july–august in java , indonesia , and the fruit ripens in april in french polynesia , may–june in the philippines , may - july in india and florida , late summer and autumn in hawaii , september - october in java , and november - december in sri lanka ( morton , 1987 ) . dry weather during flowering and fruiting will increase fruit production . fruits need to be harvested by hand as they ripen , requiring several collections over the season , with a crops of 700 fruits possible from a 5 - year - old tree , and the production of a large tree may be overwhelming to the average household .
warm average temp . > 10°c , cold average temp . > 0°c , wet all year
whichmay cause total defoliation . the leafminer , acrocercops phaeospora , can also be a major problem , idiocerus
( often dacus diversus in india ) , diseases recorded as found on s . cumini by inspectors of the florida department of agriculture are : black leaf spot ( asterinella puiggarii ) ; green scurf or algal leaf spot ( cephaleuros virescens ) ; mushroom root rot ( clitocybe tabescens ) ; anthracnose ( colletotrichum gloeosporioides ) ; and leaf spot caused by phyllosticta eugeniae . where invasive in florida , some trees are very susceptible to scale insects .
seeds are the most common means of dissemination , and these are known to be consumed and spread by animals , in hawaii , mynah birds and other frugivorous birds and perhaps occasionally by feral pigs ( sus scrofa ) ( pier , 2008 ) . many other birds and mammals are known to eat the fruit , including jackals and civets , and in australia they are a favourite food of bats ( morton , 1987 ) . being a riverine species , seeds are also likely to be dispersed locally by water . long - distance dispersal has been almost entirely due to intentional introduction as a fruit , timber and ornamental species .
s . cumini has a positive economic impact via the provision of nutritious fruit , timber and as a traded ornamental . no costs for the control of s . cumini are available .
the tree is venerated in south asia by buddhists and hindus . it is considered sacred to the hindu gods krishna and ganesha and is commonly planted near hindu temples ( morton , 1987 ) . where used as a street and ornamental tree , heavy fruiting can lead to masses of fruits littering pavements , roads and gardens , rapidly fermenting producing an unpleasant small and attracting insects , and as such many people want such trees replaced .
this large evergreen tree forms a dense cover and when forming a monoculture it can prevent other species from regenerating and growing , and although it is not an aggressive invader of undisturbed forest like the closely related s . jambos , it is known to prevent the reestablishment of native lowland forest .
it is a multipurpose tree which is highly valued for its medicinal uses , edible fruits , for fodder , for strong heavy timber and good fuelwood . it is mainly found as a home garden fruit tree , although it is also found wild in secondary forests . it is also a host plant of the tasar silkworm , and a good source of nectar for honeybees . it is a sacred tree to hindus and buddhists . seeds used to be traded for medicinal use until the end of the 1700s , when they were widely exported from india to malaysia and polynesia , and from the west indies to europe . the tree is grown as shade for coffee in india , and being wind - resistant is sometimes planted in dense rows as a windbreak , and if topped regularly , such plantings form a dense , massive hedge .
. the honey is of fine quality but ferments in a few months unless treated . the leaves have served as fodder for livestock and as food for tassar silkworms in india , having approximately 9 % crude protein . in zanzibar and pemba , tanzania , people use young shoots for cleaning their teeth . an essential oil distilled from leaves is used to scent soap and is blended with other materials in making inexpensive perfume . bark yields durable brown dyes of various shades depending on the mordant and the strength of the extract , and contains 8–19 % tannin being much used in tanning leather and preserving fishing nets .
syzygium species may appear similar to the untrained eye , and two other species are noted as invasive , s . jambos and s . malaccense , though may be separated by fruit colour ; the fruits of s . cumini being purplish - black when ripe whereas those of s . jambos are creamy yellow , tinged with pink . s . cumini can also be confused with the south african s . guineense ; but is distinguished by its longer leaves ( up to 150 mm ) with many closely spaced lateral veins , abruptly tapering leaf apex , oval to pear - shaped fruits , and much - branched sub - terminal inflorescence , usually arising from old leaf scars .
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a new species of gadirtha walker ( nolidae : collomeninae ) : a proposed biological control agent of chinese tallow ( triadica sebifera ( l . ) small ) ( euphorbiaceae ) in the united states -
pogue , m . g . 2014 . a new species of gadirtha walker ( nolidae : collomeninae ) : a proposed biological control agent of chinese tallow ( triadica sebifera ( l . ) small ) ( euphorbiaceae ) in the united states . zookeys . 382 : 13 - 25 .
sullivan , j . b . , pogue , m . g . 2014 . the prominent moth , disphragis notabilis schaus , in costa rica ( lepidoptera , notodontidae ) . zookeys . 421 : 21 - 38 .
pogue , m . g . 2014 . a review of the copitarsia decolora ( guenée ) species complex with a description of a new species of copitarsia ( hampson ) from chile ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . neotropical entomology . 43 ( 2 ) : 142 - 153 .
pogue , m . g . , ouellette , g . d . , harp , c . e . 2013 . a revision of the schinia volupia ( fitch ) species complex lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zootaxa . 3716 : 157 - 191 .
pogue , m . g . 2013 . revised status of chloridea westwood and [ duncan ] , 1841 for the heliothis virescens species group and the monophyly of schinia hubner [ 1818 ] using total evidence data ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . systematic entomology . 38 ( 3 ) : 523 - 542 .
metzler , e . h . , e . c . knudson , r . w . pool , j . d . lafontaine and m . g . pogue 2013 . a review of the genus ogdoconta butler ( lepidoptera , noctuidae , condicinae , condicini ) from north america north of mexcio with descriptions of three new species . zookeys . 264 : 165 - 191 .
pogue , m . g . 2013 . a review of the paectes arcigera ( guenée ) ( lepidoptera , eutellidae ) species complex . zookeys . 264 : 125 - 163 .
landolt , p . j . , jang , e . b . , carvalho , l . a . , pogue , m . g . 2011 . attraction of pest moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae , crambidae ) to floral lures on the island of hawaii . hawaiian entomological society proceedings . 43 : 49 - 58 .
manrique , v . , diaz , r . , overholt , w . a . , pogue , m . g . , vitorino , m . 2012 . description and biology of paectes longiformis pogue , a new species from brazil ( lepidoptera : euteliidae ) as a potential biological control agent of brazilian peppertree in florida . biocontrol science and technology . 22 : 163 - 185 .
the aventiinae , boletobiinae , eublemminae , pangraptinae , phytometrinae , and scolecocampinae ( lepidoptera : noctuoidea : erebidae ) of great smoky mountains national park , u . s . a . -
pogue , m . g . 2012 . the aventiinae , boletobiinae , eublemminae , pangraptinae , phytometrinae , and scolecocampinae ( lepidoptera : noctuoidea : erebidae ) of great smoky mountains national park , u . s . a . zootaxa . 3153 : 1 - 31 .
pogue , m . g . 2011 . using dna barcoding and genitalia to place “leucochlaena” hipparis ( druce ) in spodoptera guenee ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington . 113 ( 4 ) : 497 - 507 .
pogue , m . g . 2011 . larval description of copitarsia incommoda ( walker ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america . 104 ( 6 ) : 1292 - 1296 .
dewaard , j . r . , mitchell , a . , keena , m . a . , gopurenko , d . , boyken , l . m . , armstrong , k . f . , pogue , m . g . , lima , j . , floyd , r . , hanner , r . , humble , l . m . 2010 . toward a global barcode library for lymantria ( lepidoptera : lymantriinae ) tussock moths of biosecurity concern . plos one . 5 ( 12 ) : 1 - 10 .
pogue , m . g . 2010 . a new species of schinia hübner from the southeastern united states ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zookeys . 52 : 57 - 64 .
pogue , m . g . 2010 . the acontiinae and eublemminae of great smoky mountains national park ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . zootaxa . 2499 : 1 - 20 .
pogue , m . g . , honey , m . , zilli , a . 2010 . new synonymy in a north american species of pyrrhia hübner , [ 1821 ] ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington . 112 ( 2 ) : 274 - 280 .
the hadeninae ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) of great smoky mountains national park , u . s . a . -
pogue , m . g . 2010 . the hadeninae ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) of great smoky mountains national park , u . s . a . . zootaxa . 2380 : 1 - 75 .
sanders , n . j . , pogue , m . g . , dunn , r . r . 2010 . noctuid moth diversity along a temperate elevational gradient : testing the role of environmental factors , mde , and rapoport ' s rule . ecography . p . 75 - 87 .
pogue , m . g . 2009 . three new cryptic species within the dargida procinctus ( grote ) complex ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : hadeninae ) from the neotropics . proceedings of the entomological society of washington . 111 : 686 - 697 .
pogue , m . g . , simmons , r . 2008 . a new pest species of copitarsia hampson from the neotropical region feeding on asparagus and cut flowers ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america . 101 : 743 - 762 .
pogue , m . g . 2008 . rhodoecia hampson 1908 a new synonym of pyrrhia hubner [ 1821 ] 1816 ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington . 110 : 810 .
pogue , m . g . 2009 . a review of the tripudia quadrifera ( zeller ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) species complex . proceedings of the entomological society of washington . 111 : 68 - 97 .
lavigne , r . j . , pogue , m . g . 2009 . ethology of omniablautus nigronotum ( wilcox ) ( diptera : asilidae ) in wyoming . proceedings of the entomological society of washington . 111 : 1 - 6 .
pogue , m . g . 2007 . revision of the genus psectrotarsia dognin 1907 ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zootaxa . 1637 : 1 - 19 .
pogue , m . g . 2009 . lepidoptera biodiversity . in : foottit , r . , adler , p . , editors . insect biodiversity : science and society . 1st edition . blackwell science publishing . oxford , england . p . 263 - 293 .
pogue , m . g . , schaefer , p . w . 2007 . a review of potentially invasive species of lymantria hüebner [ 1819 ] ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : lymantriinae ) from subtropical and temperate regions of asia including the descriptions of three new species . forest health technology enterprise team . fhte : 1 - 223 .
pogue , m . g . 2006 . nomenclatural validation of four north american species of heliothinae ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . zootaxa . 1283 : 25 - 36 .
pogue , m . g . 2008 . inventory of the nolidae , erebidae , and noctuidae ( lepidoptera ) of plummers island , maryland . bulletin of the biological society of washington . ( 15 ) 107 - 120 .
pogue , m . g . 2006 . the noctuinae ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) of great smoky mountains national park . zootaxa . 1215 : 1 - 95 .
pogue , m . g . 2005 . the plusiinae of great smoky mountains national park ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . zootaxa . 1032 : 1 - 28 .
book review : butterflies of oklahoma , kansas , and north texas , by john m . dole , walter b . gerard , and john m . nelson -
pogue , m . g . 2005 . book review : butterflies of oklahoma , kansas , and north texas , by john m . dole , walter b . gerard , and john m . nelson . american entomologist . 51 : 117 .
pogue , m . g . 2004 . a new species of schinia hubner from riparian habitats along the colorado river in the grand canyon ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zootaxa . 788 : 1 - 4
pogue , m . g . , harp , c . e . 2004 . systematics of schinia chrysellus ( grote ) complex : revised status of schinia alencis ( harvey ) with a description of two new species ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zootaxa . 898 : 1 - 35
pogue , m . g . 2004 . characters to differentiate adult males of the corn earworm , helicoverpa zea ( boddie ) and the old world bollworm , helicoverpa armigera ( hübner ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . journal of economic entomology . 97 : 1222 - 1226
redescription of two , often - confused noctuid pests copitarsia decolora ( guenee ) and c . incommoda ( walker ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) -
simmons , r . b . , pogue , m . g . 2009 . redescription of two , often - confused noctuid pests copitarsia decolora ( guenee ) and c . incommoda ( walker ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america . 97 : 1159 - 1164 .
simmons , r . b . , scheffer , s . j . , pogue , m . g . 2004 . systematics of the copitarsia incommoda ( walker ) pest complex ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america . 97 ( 4 ) : 675 - 680 .
pogue , m . g . , harp , c . e . 2004 . a review of the schinia regia ( strecker ) species complex with a description of a new species ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zootaxa . 473 : 1 - 32
pogue , m . g . , harp , c . e . 2004 . a review of the schinia tertia ( grote ) species complex ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zootaxa . 473 : 1 - 32 .
a new species of schinia huebner ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) from texas , oklahoma , and louisiana . -
knudson , e . , bordelon , c . , pogue , m . g . 2003 . a new species of schinia huebner ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) from texas , oklahoma , and louisiana . . zootaxa . 382 : 1 - 7
systematics of schinia cupes ( grote ) complex : revised status of schinia crotchii ( hy . edwards ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) -
pogue , m . g . , harp , c . e . 2003 . systematics of schinia cupes ( grote ) complex : revised status of schinia crotchii ( hy . edwards ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . zootaxa . 294 : 1 - 16 .
pogue , m . g . , harp , c . e . 2003 . revised status of schinia unimacula smith including morphological comaprisons with schinia obliqua smith ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : heliothinae ) . journal of lepidopterists society . 226 : 1 - 8 .
lalanne - cassou , b . , pogue , m . g . 2003 . deux nouveaux paratrachea des antilles ( lepidoptera , noctuidae , noctuinae ) . revue francaise d ' entomologie . 25 ( 4 ) : 157 - 164 .
identity of a sugar cane pest , scolecocampa mochisa ( schaus ) , in mexico , and a new generic synonym . -
revised status of the genus rolandylis gibeaux with descriptions of two new species of north american cochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : tortricinae ) . -
a world revision of the genus spodoptera guenee ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . -
spodoptera ochreum ( hampton ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) : diagnosis , description of the female genitalia , and a new host record ( asparagus ) fromperu . -
resolution of the elaphria festivoides ( guenee ) species complex ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . -
misplaced catocala ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) holotypes from the e . a . browercollection . -


the sunburst butterflyfish , chaetodon kleinii , is also known as the black-lipped butterflyfish ( or " blacklip butterflyfish " ) or klein 's butterflyfish .

it is a native of the indo-pacific region , from the red sea and east africa to the hawaiian islands and samoa , north to southern japan , south to australia and new caledonia .

it is also found in galapagos islands in the eastern pacific .

under its junior synonym c. corallicola was placed in the monotypic subgenus tifia , but this can not be separated from the earlier-described lepidochaetodon ( sometimes considered a separate genus ) .

it appears to be closer to the tahiti butterflyfish ( c. trichrous ) than to the teardrop butterflyfish ( c. unimaculatus ) .

sunburst butterflyfish

, commonly called klein’s butterflyfish but also known by a variety of other epithets , such as the sunburst butterflyfish , orange butterflyfish , brown butterflyfish , blacklip butterflyfish , corallicola butterflyfish , and probably a few others i’m not aware of .
this species is on the iucn red list as least concern ( lc ) . they have a wide distribution and a large population with no major threats identified . other common names they are known by include sunburst butterflyfish , blacklip butterflyfish , orange butterflyfish , bluehead butterflyfish , brown butterflyfish , klein ' s coralfish , kleini butterflyfish , black - lipped butterflyfish , white - spotted butterflyfish , whitespotted butterflyfish , and yellowspot butterflyfish .
this fish has an oval , disc - like shape with a pretty yellowish brown color . there are one or two broad white bands running vertically down the body and many spotted horizontal stripes on the sides . the body is contrasted with a strong black vertical stripe running across the face that has an almost metallic blue hue just above the eye in the adults . there are many descriptive common names it is known by including sunburst butterflyfish , blacklip butterflyfish , orange butterflyfish , bluehead butterflyfish , whitespotted butterflyfish , yellowspot butterflyfish , and brown butterflyfish .
the sunburst butterflyfish , found in the tropical indo - pacific from the red sea to hawaii , is also called the black - lipped butterflyfish and klein’s butterflyfish . this fish is yellowish brown with 1 - 2 broad lighter vertical bars . it has a black bar across the eyes . it is an easy fish to keep and suitable for beginners .
the sunburst butterflyfish is a species of fish that lives in the tropical waters or the indo - pacific basin . it evolves in shallow waters , and crowds coral massives . it prefers areas sheltered from the current , such as the sandy bottoms near mauritius , maldives and even the red . . .
nice underwater video showing a large group of klein ' s butterflyfish enjoying what ' s left of a sea urchin , likely initially killed by triggerfish . butterflyfish aren ' t above scavenging food and sea urchins are normally protected by their long spines , so a full triggerfish provides the best opportunity for the butterflyfish to dig in !
this is my favorite butterflyfish . even though i am an expert marine aquarist , i still like to keep them .
therefore it is important to choose the correct species in relation to the corals wanted , if one desires to keep butterflyfish in a coral - aquarium . bristleworms , tubeworms and other small invertebrates are also a part of the diet for many butterflyfish .
marine butterflyfish have not reportedly been spawned successfully in captivity . there are however , reports of some success in rearing wild collected larvae of some of the corallivorous butterflyfish . it is hoped these captive reared fish will be adapted to accept aquarium foods , and thus broaden the species selections that can be sustained in captivity . for more information see , marine fish breeding : butterflyfish .
this species is a member of a group of butterflyfishes that tentatively belong to the subgenus lepidochaetodon , which may become a distinct genus . this is a small group that consists of 8 species . also under a junior synonym is the coral butterflyfish or corallicola butterflyfish
i have bought one klein butterflyfish from the local marine fish shop , and i have to say that i have fallen in love with this fish .
butterflyfish mostly range from 12 to 22 cm ( 4 . 7 to 8 . 7 in ) in length . the largest species , the lined butterflyfish and the saddle butterflyfish , c . ephippium , grow to 30 cm ( 12 in ) . the common name references the brightly coloured and strikingly patterned bodies of many species , bearing shades of black , white , blue , red , orange , and yellow . other species are dull in colour . many have eyespots on their flanks and dark bands across their eyes , not unlike the patterns seen on butterfly wings . [ 2 ] their deep , laterally narrow bodies are easily noticed through the profusion of reef life . the conspicuous coloration of butterflyfish may be intended for interspecies communication . butterflyfish have uninterrupted dorsal fins with tail fins that may be rounded or truncated , but are never forked .
butterflyfish look like smaller versions of angelfish ( pomacanthidae ) , but unlike these , lack preopercle spines at the gill covers . some members of the genus heniochus resemble the moorish idol ( zanclus cornutus ) of the monotypic zanclidae . among the paraphyletic perciformes , the former are probably not too distantly related to butterflyfish , whereas the zanclidae seem far less close .
they ignore most other fish and are generally peaceful , therefore multiple butterflyfish will have no problem living together . one should however be cautious about keeping similar species together unless they are a couple .
generally diurnal and frequenting waters less than 18 m ( 59 ft ) deep ( though some species descend to 180 m ( 590 ft ) ) , butterflyfish stick to particular home ranges . these corallivores are especially territorial , forming pairs and staking claim to a specific coral head . contrastingly , the zooplankton feeders form large conspecific groups . by night , butterflyfish hide in reef crevices and exhibit markedly different coloration .
adults are most often seen in pairs , but are also found alone or in loose groups of up to about 30 individuals . sometimes groups will invade the nests of damselfish to eat the eggs . adults will also join groups of zooplankton feeding fish that contain some varieties of anthias , damselfish , wrasses , triggerfish , and other butterflyfish . juveniles will often associate with small surgeonfish ( tangs ) and other juvenile butterflyfish .
the butterflyfish are known for their attractive patterns and colours . they are closely related to angelfishs , but can always be distinguished , as they lack the spines on each side of the head of the angelfish .
the klein ' s butterflyfish is best kept in a large fish only live rock ( folr ) community tank . like many butterflyfish it can be a coral eater and so is not recommended for a reef tank . success may be achieved if it is well fed and has carefully selected corals . but it does eat most soft corals as well as sessile invertebrates , and may very well begin to nip on hard coral polyps
no sexual difference is noted for this species . butterflyfish species studied up to this time indicate that these fish are gonochoristic , meaning that each fish is either a male or a female and they do not change sex .
i have bought one klein butterflyfish from the local marine fish shop , and i have to say that i have fallen in love with this fish . it is not only hardy , but also . . . ( more ) sanchez
a smaller group of these fish will seek out primairily soft corals , like zoanthus . a larger part of the species will target different types of lps corals . butterflyfish are also known to seek out anemones , tubeworms and bristleworms .
this is one of the few butterflyfish that can be recommended to beginners . it is one of the most durable butterflyfish , but the key to successfully keeping it is getting a strong , healthy specimen . the biggest challenge with these fish seems to be in transportation . so to get the best specimen , make sure sure it has acclimated and is eating before you purchase . once this fish is acclimated it will take a variety of foods and no special care is needed to maintain it .
the word “beginner” and “butterflyfish” aren’t often paired together , as so many of the butterflyfishes seem to present some manner of husbandry challenge , often related to diet . still , certain butterflies have a well - deserved reputation for hardiness and general ease of care . among them is
the klein ' s butterflyfish has the typical butterflyfish shape . it has a laterally compressed disc - shaped body with a protruding snout tipped with a small mouth . the dorsal fin is continuous and it has a rounded tail fin . this species can reach a length of about 6 inches ( 15 cm ) in the wild , but most specimens in the aquarium reach about 5 inches ( 12 . 5 cm ) . the lifespan for most of the chaetodon species is between 5 - 7 years , but these fish can live longer with proper care .
the klein ' s butterflyfish are generally hardy and problems with disease are reduced in a well maintained aquarium . any additions to a tank can introduce disease , so it ' s advisable to properly clean or quarantine anything that you want add to an established tank prior to introduction .
this butterflyfish is a stony coral eater and it can also be sensitive to some drugs . be sure to observe this fish closely when medicating it , so you can remove it if it shows signs of stress . for information about saltwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .
it is not only hardy , but also clever and cute . i used to put the live athemias in the strainer and feed my fishes with holding athemias in the strainer , and suddenly a klein butterflyfish got into the strainer to eat athemia , so i could feel his movement , i could really play with him . i recommend beginners to buy this fish . in my opinion , it is fairly pretty . his colour would change to be a bit dull at night time . now i also have other species of butterflyfish , angelfish , clownfish , wrasses , tangs , cardinal , dottyback as his tankmates , and they can cope well .
this species has not been cultivated in captivity . in the wild butterflyfish are pelagic spawners that release many tiny eggs into the planktonic water column where they float with the currents until they hatch . once hatched the fry are in a post - larval where their body , extending from the head , is covered with large bony plates .
the klein ' s butterflyfish are omnivores , in the wild they feed on algae , macroalgae , a broad range of coral species , and other cnidarians as well as tiny benthic crustaceans and zooplankton . no special food is needed in the aquarium , they will readily accept a wide variety of foods . offer meaty foods , dried flakes , shrimps , and tablets and frozen foods of all kinds including formula i , formula ii , angel formula and spirulina . several sponge based frozen foods are now available and can also be fed to butterflyfish . japanese nori will also be favored . feed it at least twice a day , and if it is a tiny juvenile feed it three to four times everyday .
it will work well with a variety of tank mates including moderately aggressive fish . it can also be housed with other butterflyfish , even its own kind , as long as they are all introduced simultaneously . the only caveat here is that two males will fight , and so will have to be separated if that occurs . many reef - keepers hope to keep it in a mini reef , but like many butterflyfish it can be a coral eater and so is not recommended for a reef tank . success may be achieved if it is well fed and has carefully selected corals . but it does eat most soft corals as well as sessile invertebrates , and may very well begin to nip on hard coral polyps
this is a peaceful fish that can be housed with a variety of tank mates , including moderately aggressive fish . it can also be housed with other butterflyfish , even its own kind , as long as they are all introduced simultaneously . the only caveat here is that two males will fight , and so will have to be separated if that occurs .
the butterflyfish are a group of conspicuous tropical marine fish of the family chaetodontidae ; the bannerfish and coralfish are also included in this group . the approximately 129 species in 12 genera [ 1 ] are found mostly on the reefs of the atlantic , indian , and pacific oceans . a number of species pairs occur in the indian and pacific oceans , members of the huge genus chaetodon .
males and females are both 6 in . as newcomers , they can be bullied by tangs , surgeons or other butterflyfish , but usually endure with no damage . when keeping them in groups , it is best to introduce them to the aquarium simultaneously . the minimum tank size is 53 gal . they should be fed meaty foods three times a day . they should also be fed algae - based foods .
is not the flashiest or most beautiful butterflyfish , but it is very hardy and inexpensive . it is one of the smaller members of the chaetodontidae family . it could reach close to 6 inches ( 15 cm ) , but will rarely grow over 5 inches ( 12 . 5 cm ) in the aquarium . this fish exhibits all the grace and beauty of its relatives and has the same characteristic elegant form .
these butterflyfish are associated with rocky reefs and coral rich areas . they occur in protected lagoons and channels , back reef areas , reef faces and reef slopes . they seem to prefer reefs that have a sandy coral bottom and not much surge . they are found at depths from 13 - 400 feet ( 4 - 122 m ) , but are most abundant at depths of less than 33 feet ( 10 m ) .
butterflyfish are pelagic spawners ; that is , they release many buoyant eggs into the water , which become part of the plankton , floating with the currents until hatching . the fry go through a tholichthys stage , wherein the body of the post larval fish is covered in large , bony plates extending from the head . they lose their bony plates as they mature . [ 2 ] only one other family of fish , the scats ( scatophagidae ) express such an armored stage .
this is a durable butterflyfish that can be suggested for a beginning aquarist . the key to successfully keeping this fish is to get the best possible specimen . to get a strong healthy specimen make sure it has acclimated and is eating before you purchase . this fish will become a hardy pet once it is acclimated and no special care is needed to maintain it . it is not recommended for reef aquariums as it is a coral eater . it will most likely snack on the polyps of stony corals as well as pick at sessile invertebrates .
the chaetodontidae can be , but are not usually , divided into two lineages that arguably are subfamilies . the subfamily name chaetodontinae is a little - used leftover from the period when the pomacanthidae and chaetodontidae were united under the latter name as a single family . hence , chaetodontinae is today considered a junior synonym of chaetodontidae . in any case , one lineage of chaetodontidae ( in the modern sense ) contains the
typical
butterflyfish around chaetodon , while the other unites the bannerfish and coralfish genera . as the perciformes are highly paraphyletic , the precise relationships of the chaetodontidae as a whole are badly resolved . [ 3 ]
greek , chaite = hair + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 4 - 61 m ( ref . 9710 ) , usually 10 - ? m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 30°n - 32°s , 29°e - 130°w
indo - pacific : red sea and east africa ( south to coffee bay , south africa , ref . 5372 ) to the hawaiian islands and samoa , north to southern japan , south to new south wales , australia and new caledonia . eastern pacific : galapagos islands ( ref . 5227 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5372 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 13 - 14 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 20 - 23 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 17 - 20 ; vertebrae : 24 . body is yellowish brown with two broad white vertical bars running across the body one from near the origin of the dorsal spine and the other from the middle of the back . a black bar runs vertically across the eye . there are numerous dotted horizontal stripes on the sides . the margin of caudal fin is transparent ( ref . 4855 ) . snout length 2 . 5 - 3 . 2 in hl . body depth 1 . 5 - 1 . 8 in sl ( ref . 90102 ) .
occur in deeper lagoons and channels , and seaward reefs ( ref . 1602 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . depth 2 - 61 m , usually below 10 m ( ref . 90102 ) . occur singly or in pairs ( ref . 37816 ) . common , omnivorous individuals that feed mainly on soft coral polyps ( mainly on sarcophyton tracheliophorum and litophyton viridis ) , algae and zooplankton . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .
distinct pairing ( ref . 205 ) . monogamous mating is observed as both obligate and social ( ref . 52884 ) .
myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )
) : 24 . 7 - 29 , mean 27 . 8 ( based on 832 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 03090 ( 0 . 01890 - 0 . 05054 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 ±0 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .
indo - pacific : red sea and east africa ( south to coffee bay , south africa ) to the hawaiian islands and samoa , north to southern japan , south to new south wales , australia and new caledonia . eastern pacific : galapagos island .
this butterfly can be kept with other butterflies , including those of it ' s own species , as long as they are introduced to the tank at the same time . new additions to a tank with an established fish may be bullied . is otherwise generally peaceful towards other fish , but may nip at soft corals and small invertebrates .
will graze on algae , and will also eat small invertebrates and polyps . must be supplemented with frozen , live and veges if these aren ' t available .
requires a long tank of at least 208 litres ( 55 us g . ) , established with live rock for grazing . some open swimming space is appreciated combined with hiding places .
high sided slender oval fish . the body is primarily yellow in colour , there is half a white band in the centre from the dorsal fading mid - way down the body . the head is bolder white with a dark band running vertically from the beginning of the dorsal down through the eye and down to the anal fin . this darker band varies in colour from blue to brown . the lips of the fish are black in colour . the dorsal , caudal and anal fin are edged with blue iridescence .
this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 19 .
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we would like to import some live zebra shark . contact me please . best regard , liu wei chung . email : s89186 @ urltoken
i have a green moray eel that is just too big now , does anyone have a huge tank . . . . 400 + gallons ?
it does need a good sized aquarium that is well established . a 55 gallon tank is the minimum size for a single fish , and a much bigger tank will be needed if you want to keep more than one . decorate the tank with rocks and / or corals with many hiding places along with plenty of swimming space . it swims freely and usually spends a good deal of its time in the open water , traveling along the substrate when looking for items to graze on .
was described by bloch in 1790 . they have a very wide distribution . they are found in the red sea , in the indo - pacific from eastern coast of africa and eastward to hawaii and samoa , north to southern japan and south to new south wales , australia and new caledonia as well as in the eastern pacific from the galapagos islands of ecuador .
although they are known to feed primarily on algae and macroalgae they are also known to be facultative corallivores , meaning they will eat a broad range of coral species . they will feed on of soft coral polyps , hard coral polyps , anemones , sponges , and hydroids . they also feed on tiny benthic crustaceans and zooplankton containing copepods , mysid shrimp , crustacean larvae , fish eggs and salps , as well as the tentacles of polychaete worms ( tubeworms , spaghetti worms ) .
pairs - adults are usually seen in pairs , though sometimes seen singly or in small groups .
has a yellowish brown color and there are one or two broad white bands running vertically down the body and many spotted horizontal stripes on the sides . there is a strong black vertical stripe running across the face , through the eye , that has an almost metallic blue hue just above the eye and the snout is black . juveniles are very similar but without the blue coloring to the eyebar .
there are some color variation depending upon where they are from . those from the western range will usually have a single broad vertical bar that is more beige than white , while the eastern specimen have two white bars . the eastern specimens may also have a darker band between the two lighter bands .
5 . 9 inches ( 15 . 01 cm ) - they are usually smaller in the aquarium at about 5
( 12 . 5 cm ) .
5 years - the average lifespan chaetodon species is between 5 - 7 years , and possibly longer with proper care .
several feedings per day - offer various foods quite frequently at first . once acclimated adults need at least 2 feedings a day and juveniles need 3 to 4 .
no special care or technique is needed to maintain this fish in the aquarium . frequent water changes are not necessary , rather normal water changes at 10 % biweekly or 20 % monthly are fine . sudden massive water changes can cause trouble .
bi - weekly - change 10 % biweekly or 20 % monthly and avoid sudden massive water changes .
these fish need a lot of space to accommodate their size and to swim , they can reach about 5 inches in length . a 55 gallon tank is the minimum size for a single fish , and a bigger tank will be needed if you want to keep more than one . the tank should be well decorated with rocks and / or corals with many hiding places , along with open areas fro swimming . this fish is a coral eater , nipping the polyps of hard stony coral species . consequently it is not recommended for coral - rich reefs
moderate - normal lighting - it can also be kept under very bright light as long as some dark areas are provided .
weak - water movement is not a significant factor . it can tolerate a rather strong flow but slow - moving water is recommended .
smaller non - aggressive fishes like cardinalfish , gobies , tilefish , fairy basslets , fairy and flasher wrasses are good candidates as tank mates . larger and rather territorial angelfish like
also can be good tank mates . small but very territorial fishes like dottybacks should be avoided . such fish as basses or scorpionfish , even if they are small enough , should also be avoided .
yes - sometimes two males will fight , and then have to be separated .
. some can be treated successfully with medical care or copper drugs , but some species hate sudden changes of water including ph , temperature , or any drug treatment . in the wild a cleaner wrasse (
) will help them by taking parasites from their bodies , however these wrasses are extremely difficult to sustain in captivity . alternative fish such as neon gobies (
this fish is generally readily available in pet stores and online , and is fairly inexpensive .
helmut debelius , rudie h . kuiter , world atlas of marine fishes , hollywood import & export . inc . , 2006
mark allen , roger steene and gerald r . allen , a guide to angelfishes and butterflyfishes , odyssey publishing , 1998
dr . warren e . burgess , dr . herbert r . axelrod , raymond e . hunziker iii , dr . burgess ' s atlas of marine aquarium fishes , t . f . h publications inc . , 1990
roger steene , gerald r . allen , hans a . baensch , butterfly and angelfishes of the world , volume 1 , john wiley & sons , 1980
copyright © [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .
these fish normally eat for the most part , coral polyps , therefore problems can arise in captivity when trying to give it an alternative food .
it is therefore essential to be well prepared before acquiring them and have several suitable food types ready to present them with . however well prepared , there will be a large percentage , that will die after a short time in captivity .
it may mean having to keep living corals , mussels and zooplankton as food , in order to keep these fish alive whilst they are getting accustomed to alternative types of food .
when the fish can find its natural food in the aquarium it requires less frequent feeding .
these fish should be kept in a well run aquarium where they can
graze
algae from rocks and stones .
if there are insufficient algae on the rocks , it is important to feed more frequently and supplement with algae rich food e . g . spirulina .
several specimen of this species can coexist in the same aquarium , provided they are introduced simultaneously .
some species of the chaetodon genus are grouped together in what is known as a
complex
, since they are so very similar .
regardless of resemblance , it is important to be able to distinguish them , as in some cases they vary greatly in their needs . sometimes there are just small differences in colour or pattern , but in other instances it is vital to know where the fish originally come from .
it can be problematic , with many of these species , to get them eating in the beginning , but many of the species cannot resist live zooplankton or live mussels with crushed shells . another option is to mimic their natural behaviour by stuffing their food into coral skeletons or stones .
as these fish can be difficult to acclimatize and get feeding , it is important to buy healthy fish , to avoid having to deal with more problems . make sure to check that they do not have parasites or any visible infections .
there are some species that should not be kept in an a aquarium , as they are food specialists and will almost always refuse to eat replacement foods . it can be possible to breed some species , which will eat frozen foods . otherwise the only way to keep food specialists is by feeding them their natural diet , which consists of live sps or lps corals for example .
indo - pacific : red sea and east africa ( south to coffee bay , south africa , ref . 5372 ) to the hawaiian islands and samoa , north to southern japan , south to new south wales , australia and new caledonia . eastern pacific : galapagos islands ( ref . 5227 ) .
scott w . michael . 2004 . angelfishes and butterflyfishes ( reef fishes series book 3 ) tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) bob fenner . butterflyfishes ; separating the good ones and those you don ' t want - wet web media - ( english ) collection of links to additional information - wet web media - ( english ) tea yi kai . 2014 . reef nuggets 2 : aquatic lepidopterans for your reef ( revised edition ) - reef builders - ( english )
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2014 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken , version ( 08 / 2014 ) .
minimum volume
indicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .
this is based on a medium size animal , which you want to keep for several years . it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank . a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .
hardiness
indicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general . some species doesn ' t handle transportation very well , but that doesn ' t mean that the species isn ' t hardy under the right conditions .
in this case , a
normal
aquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1 . 026 ( sg ) and a temperature close to 26°c . species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .
special aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity , sub - tropical temperature , deep sand bed , sea grass etc .
always reef safe : no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .
often reef safe : only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .
reef safe with caution : this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .
reef safe with luck : most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates , but you might be lucky .
not reef safe : this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .
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listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , large population and no apparent major threats .
this species is widely distributed throughout most of the indo - pacific region , from coastal east africa to central and western pacific , including the hawaiian islands and rapa iti to the east , extending northwards to southern japan and south to lord howe island ( australia ) . vagrants are occasionally seen in the eastern pacific and at the galapagos islands ( ecuador ) ( g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . occurs at depths from 2 - 61 m but usually below 10 m .
american samoa ; australia ; china ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; comoros ; fiji ; french polynesia ; guam ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; japan ; kenya ; kiribati ; korea , republic of ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; mauritius ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; myanmar ; nauru ; new caledonia ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; réunion ; samoa ; seychelles ; singapore ; solomon islands ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; tokelau ; tonga ; tuvalu ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; vanuatu ; viet nam ; wallis and futuna
it is generally common with stable populations ( g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . it is common in new guinea and queensland ( australia ) ( steene 1978 ) . this species was not observed during a recent survey conducted at the galapagos archipelago ( edgar
common species : mean of 0 . 87 individuals per 200 m 2 in northern great barrier reef ( pratchett and berumen 2008 ) .
this species is associated with rocky reefs and coral - rich areas ( sometimes interspersed with sandy bottoms ) of lagoons , channels and outer reef slopes . occurs singly , in pairs , or occasionally in larger aggregations of up to about 30 individuals ( myers 1991 ) , sometimes high in the water column . it is a facultative corallivore , feeding on hard and soft corals , as well as algae , hydroids and zooplankton .
this species is frequently exported through the aquarium trade ( pyle 2001 ) . this species is important to subsistence fisheries ( mangi and roberts 2006 ) . approximately 7 , 000 individuals traded between 1988 - 2002 ( global marine aquarium database 2009 ) .
there appear to be no species - specific conservation measures in place . this species is present within a number of marine protected areas .
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the bandit angelfish is a rare and distinctive fish , found in the hawaiian and johnston islands . one of the smallest of this species , they grow to 7 in . wrasses , some surgeons and tangs may show aggression while other species are usually peaceful . the minimum size tank is 90 gals . this fish is shy and requires [ … ]
the semicircle angelfish is also known as the blue angelfish and koran angelfish . it is found in the red sea , east africa and the tropical indo - pacific . adults and juveniles have very different appearances . angelfish in general are not very hardy , but this fish is one of the hardiest of this fish family . males are 15 . 7 [ … ]
the bluestreak cleaner wrasse is found in the red sea , indian ocean and western tropical pacific . it eats parasites and dead tissue off larger fishes’ skin . this fish is very difficult to keep in captivity and only expert aquarists should attempt it . usually it will only survive a few weeks to a month before dying [ … ]
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reaching between 5 and 6 inches in total length , c . kleinii exhibits the laterally compressed body typical of butterflies and is mostly golden - yellow on the posterior half of the body . from about mid - body forward , the base coloration becomes more creamy white , with a vertical dusky - brown band occurring just behind the operculum ( gill cover ) , a vertical black band passing through the eye , and black lips .
according to fishbase , in nature , this indo - pacific butterfly feeds “mainly on soft coral polyps ( mainly on sarcophyton tracheliophorum and litophyton viridis ) , algae , and zooplankton . ” specimens kept in aquariums should be offered , and will typically accept , a variety of readily available foods , such as frozen mysids , chopped fresh seafoods , and commercial formulations that satisfy their omnivorous palate . also , be sure to provide multiple smaller feedings per day rather than one or two larger meals .
though just a medium - sized fish , c . kleinii benefits from a good combination of open swimming space and rockwork for concealment . so , a good - sized tank is recommended . i wouldn’t go any smaller than 75 - gallons for this fish , and a larger tank would be even better .
c . kleinii is a generally peaceful species that will coexist nicely with most other peaceful to moderately assertive species . it can also be kept in conspecific ( same - species ) groups provided all of the specimens are introduced to the tank at the same time . keep in mind , however , that larger housing will be necessary if you plan to keep a group of these butterflies .
considering its natural tendency to feed on certain coral polyps , c . kleinii cannot be considered reliably reef safe , so a fish - only or fowlr ( fish only with live rock ) system is preferable .
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jeff kurtz is the co - founder / editor of saltwater smarts , former senior consulting editor for tropical fish hobbyist magazine , and the aquarist formerly known as “the salt creep . ” he has been an aquarium hobbyist for over 30 years and is an avid scuba diver .
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their coloration also makes them popular aquarium fish . however , most species feed on coral polyps and sea anemones . balancing the relative populations of prey and predator is complex , leading hobby aquarists to focus on the few generalists and specialist zooplankton feeders .
the family name derives from the ancient greek words , chaite (
hair
) and ? , odontos (
tooth
) . this is an allusion to the rows of brush - like teeth found in their small , protrusible mouths .
before dna sequencing , the taxonomy was confused about whether to treat these as species or subspecies . also , numerous subgenera have been proposed for splitting out of chaetodon , and it is becoming clear how to subdivide the genus if that is desired . [ 4 ]
the fossil record of this group is marginal . their restriction to coral reefs means their carcasses are liable to be dispersed by scavengers , overgrown by corals , and any that do fossilize will not long survive erosion . however , pygaeus , a very basal fossil from the mid - to late eocene of europe , dates from around the bartonian 40 - 37 million years ago ( mya ) . thus , the chaetodontidae emerged probably in the early to mid - eocene . a crude molecular clock in combination with the evidence given by pygaeus allows placement of the initial split between the two main lineages to the middle to late eocene , and together with the few other fossils , it allows the deduction that most living genera were probably distinct by the end of the paleogene 23 mya . [ 5 ]
the bannerfish - coralfish lineage can be further divided in two groups ; these might be considered tribes , but have not been formally named . genera are listed in order of the presumed phylogeny , from the most ancient to the youngest : [ 3 ] froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2013 ) .
chaetodontidae
in fishbase . february 2013 version .
pratchett , morgan s . & berumen , michael l . & kapoor , b . g . [ editors ] : biology of butterflyfishes . crc press , 2014 . isbn 978 - 1 - 4665 - 8290 - 3
( 2007 ) : molecular phylogenetics of the butterflyfishes ( chaetodontidae ) : taxonomy and biogeography of a global coral reef fish family .
( teleostei : chaetodontidae ) in the indo - west pacific : evolution in geminate species pairs and species groups .
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body a strongly compressed oval disc ; snout short , ~ eye diameter ; mouth small , at end pointed snout ; teeth long and slender ; lateral line ends under dorsal fin ; dorsal xiii - xiv , 22 - 23 ; a iii , 21 - 22 ; pectoral 13 - 15 ; scales rough , covering head body and dorsal and anal fins ; 33 - 41 lateral line scales .
front half white , back half of body and fins yellow - tan ; a dark bar from forehead through eye to chest , blue above eye , black below ; a broad tan bar behind pectoral .
attributes abundance : common . cites : not listed . climate zone : equatorial ( costa rica to ecuador + galapagos , clipperton , cocos , malpelo ) . depth range max : 60 m . depth range min : 3 m . diet : zooplankton ; benthic microalgae ; soft corals / hydroids ; pelagic fish larvae ; pelagic fish eggs . eastern pacific range : northern limit = 2 ; southern limit = - 2 ; western limit = - 93 ; eastern limit = - 90 ; latitudinal range = 4 ; longitudinal range = 3 . egg type : pelagic ; pelagic larva . feeding group : omnivore . fishbase habitat : reef associated . global endemism : all pacific ( west + central + east ) ; indo - pacific only ( indian + pacific oceans ) ; tep non - endemic ;
transpacific
( east + central & / or west pacific ) ; all species . habitat : corals ; reef associated ( reef + edges - water column & soft bottom ) ; rocks ; reef ( rock & / or coral ) ; reef only . inshore offshore : inshore ; inshore only . iucn red list : not evaluated / listed . length max : 15 cm . regional endemism : island ( s ) only ; island ( s ) ; tropical eastern pacific ( tep ) non - endemic ; eastern pacific non - endemic ; all species . residency : vagrant . salinity : marine ; marine only . water column position : bottom ; near bottom ; bottom + water column ;
bloch , m . e . , 1790 . , naturgeschichte der ausländischen fische . berlin . , naturg . ausl . fische , 4 : 1 - 128 .
humann , p . , 1993 . , reef fish identification : galapagos . , new world publishing : 192pp .
mccosker , j . e . , 1987 . , the fishes of the galapagos islands . , oceanus , 30 : 28 - 32 .
smith , m . m . and heemstra , p . , 1986 . , smith ' s sea fishes . johannesburg : macmillan south africa . 1047 pp . , macmillan south africa : 1047pp .
i thank ashley macdonald and john pickering , university of georgia , for technical support in building this page .
taxon concept chaetodon _ kleinii last modified 2013 - 10 - 23 15 : 43 : 16 . 028
syntype ( s ) zmb 1229 ( listed as holotype by eschmeyer 1998 ) , east indies ; zmb 1231 , east indies .
ningaloo reef ( 22â°00 ' s ) , rowley shoals ( 17â°20 ' s ) , and scott reef ( 14â°03 ' s ) , wa , ashmore reef , timor sea ( 12â°15 ' s ) and northern great barrier reef , qld ( 12â°00 ' s ) and holmes reef and osprey reef , coral sea to montague island , nsw ( 36â°15 ' s ) , lord howe island and middleton and elizabeth reefs ; tropical , indo - west - central pacific .
. christmas island : christmas island natural history association 2 edn , 284 pp .
allen , g . r . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 1994 . fishes of cocos ( keeling ) islands .
the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers
. perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .
. new jersey : t . f . h . publications inc . 832 pp . figs .
francis , m . p . & randall , j . e . 1993 . further additions to the fish faunas of lord howe and norfolk islands , southwest pacific ocean .
hutchins , j . b . 2001 . biodiversity of shallow reef fish assemblages in western australia using a rapid censusing technique .
johnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353
davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .
. sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp .
mcculloch , a . r . 1929 . a check - list of the fishes recorded from australia . part ii .
paepke , h . - j . 1999 . bloch ' s fish collection in the museum fã¼r naturkunde der humboldt universitã¤t zu berlin : an illustrated catalog and historical account .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes
body oval , deep , strongly compressed . head length about equal to head height ; preopercle smooth , without prominent spines . snout short . small protractile mouth with brush - like teeth in the jaws . dorsal fin with xiii or xiv spines , no notch between spinous and soft dorsal fin ; and 20 to 23 soft rays ; anal fin with iii spines and 17 to 20 soft rays ; pectoral fins transparent with 13 to 15 soft rays ; pelvic fins with i stout spine and 5 branched rays ; caudal fin rounded . body is yellowish brown with two broad white vertical bars running across the body , one from near the origin of the dorsal spine and the other from the middle of the back . a black bar runs vertically across the eye . there are numerous dotted horizontal stripes on the sides . the margin of caudal fin is transparent .
occur in deeper lagoons and channels , and seaward reefs . occur singly or in pairs . common , omnivorous individuals that feed mainly on soft coral polyps , algae and zooplankton . oviparous .
widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters of indo - pacific from red sea and east africa to the hawaiian islands and samoa , north to southern japan , south to new south wales , australia and new caledonia . throughout micronesia ; also reported from