thiotricha microrrhoda is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1935 .

it is found in taiwan .

the wingspan is about 11 mm .

the forewings are whitish , irregularly sprinkled grey , the costa narrowly clear white from the base to two-thirds , beneath this a grey subcostal streak becoming dark fuscous from one-third to two-thirds , the disc suffused grey between this and the fold .

there is a small dark grey subdorsal mark at one-fifth and a very oblique dark fuscous streak from above the dorsum at two-fifths to the disc at two-thirds , then longitudinal almost to the termen beneath the apical projection , where it receives dark grey very oblique streaks from the costa and dorsum meeting at a point .

there is a dark grey striga from the costa before the apical fi lament along it to the apex and there are some silvery scales on the terminal concavity .

the hindwings are grey .

thiotricha microrrhoda

microrrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586
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thiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196
thiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45
thiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142
thiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns
thiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi
thiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343
thiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos
thiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya
thiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]
thiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft
thiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya
thiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa
thiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft
thiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft
thiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft
thiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft
thiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209
thiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft
thiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204
thiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205
thiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft
thiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand
thiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand
thiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana
thiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching
thiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba
thiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island
thiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills
thiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft
thiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton
thiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya
thiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
thiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
thiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .
thiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab
thiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
thiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
thiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft
thiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft
thiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda
thiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns
thiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
thiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )
thiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
thiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon
thiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )
thiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft
thiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland
thiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon
thiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )
thiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
thiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]
thiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia
thiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
thiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]
thiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales
thiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales
thiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales
thiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales
thiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen
thiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania
thiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
thiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
thiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
thiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
thiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]
thiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
korea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]
chinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10
gelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota
ptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes
polyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107
dissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561
polyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108
gemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63
polyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent
polyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108
polyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78
lindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84
herzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]
ptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina
oleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254
polyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
larva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81
eu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]
syncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586
mystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch
mystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch
polyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68
anacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54
microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
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paracraga amianta is a moth in the dalceridae family .

it was described by dyar in 1909 .

it is found in guyana .

the habitat consists of tropical moist forests .

the length of the forewings is 11.5 mm .

the forewings are light brown , with a yellow costa at the apex and outer margin .

there is a silvery ovate spot surrounded by a thin brown line just above the anal angle .

the hindwings are white with brownish suffusion .

adults have been recorded on wing in february .

paracraga amianta

this is the place for paracraga definition . you find here paracraga meaning , synonyms of paracraga and images for paracraga copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word paracraga . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word paracraga and , of course , paracraga synonyms and on the right images related to the word paracraga .
figures 207 - 210 . male genitalia of paracraga , ventral oblique view of juxta complex and saccus ( a ) , with separate aedoeagus with vesica extended ( b ) ( scale = 0 . 5 mm ) . figure 207 . paracraga innocens , holotype ( usnm 22591 ) . figure 208 . paracraga amianta , holotype ( usnm 22585 ) . figure 209 . paracraga argentea ( usnm 22590 ) . figure 210 . paracraga canalicula , holotype ( usnm 22586 ) , aedoeagus with vesica only partially extended .
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miller , s . e . 1994 . systematics of the neotropical moth family dalceridae ( lepidoptera ) . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology 153 ( 4 ) : 1 - 495 .
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disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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elegia fallax is a moth of the family pyralidae .

it is known from spain , portugal , france , italy , croatia , the czech republic , slovenia , hungary , romania , bulgaria , macedonia and greece .

it has also been recorded from the channel islands in 2005 .

the wingspan is 17 – 19 mm .

the larvae feed on quercus ( oak ) species .

elegia fallax

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notes : very rare immigrant ( less than 10 previous uk records ) from southern and central europe to the channel islands , where first recorded in 2005 . in hampshire recorded for the first time at stubbington on 24 april 2011 , the first record for the british mainland . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan 17 - 19 mm . larva feeds on oak , no evidence of breeding in the uk .
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discovered in the channel islands in 2005 , this species is believed to be a rare migrant .
the individual shown from stubbington , hants . , in april 2011 was the first british mainland record .
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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :
this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .
particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as
no probable or definite
) .
in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .
warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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1 - photos : joindre un ou plusieurs clichés ( vue de dessus , vue de dessous , vue latérale , vue de face et gros plan de la tête ) .
2 - localité : préciser la localité , le département ( voir le pays ) de l’observation .
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bulgaria , hungary , greece , spain , italy , portugal , romania , sicily , slovakia , france , yugoslavia .
bulgaria , hungary , greece ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , macedonia , portugal ( mainland ) , romania , sicily , slovakia , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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miresa habenichti is a moth species in the family of limacodidae found in mozambique .

this species has a wingspan of 34 mm and a body length of 18 mm and was named after its collector mr. habenicht from delagoa bay .

miresa habenichti

jahrg . 7 ( 1913 - 1914 ) - internationale entomologische zeitschrift . - biodiversity heritage library
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wichgraf f . 1913 . eine neue äthiopische limacodidae und anderes . - internationale entomologische zeitschrift , guben 7 ( 2 ) : 9—10 ; ( 3 ) : 13—14 ; ( 4 ) : 21—22 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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dichogama colotha is a moth in the crambidae family .

it is found in costa rica , mexico and the united states , where it has been recorded from texas .

it is also found in puerto rico .

the wingspan is 28 – 36 mm .

the forewings are white , but black from the costa to the outer line .

the hindwings are white , with a dark grey terminal shade .

adults are on wing from june to october .

dichogama colotha

dichogama amabilis möschler , 1891 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 16 : 296
dichogama colotha is a species of moth found in costa rica , mexico , puerto rico , and southern texas . a description of this little known species was first published in the proceedings of the united states national museum in 1912 . d . colotha is a relatively small moth with white , almost iridescent wings that span 28 - 36mm , and tends to fly from june to october ( dyar 1912 ) .
dichogama redtenbacheri lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 11 ) : 396 , ( 12 ) pl . 10 , f . 11
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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moths ( order : lepidoptera , alongside butterflies ) are an incredibly diverse group of insects that are largely nocturnal . in north america alone there are over 12 , 000 species , though many moth species around the world are seldom seen due to their nocturnal habits . moths can be incredibly important pollinators ( depending on the plant ) and are therefore worthy of just as much study and protection as butterflies and bees . i have taken a particular liking to moths and hold surveys at local nature centers to help them catalog species , so expect more information on moths in the future !
dyar , hg . 1912 . descriptions of new species and genera of lepidoptera , chiefly from mexico . proceedings of the united states national museum 42 : 103 .
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< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
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< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
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> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
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> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =
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< p > this subsection of the < a href =
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> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =
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> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : ‘name’ , ‘synonyms’ , ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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> more . . . < / a > < / p >
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< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
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< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =
publication
> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =
urltoken
> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
jq548843 genomic dna translation : aez95059 . 1 jq548846 genomic dna translation : aez95062 . 1 jq548850 genomic dna translation : aez95066 . 1
< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =
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> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1
walker , [ 1866 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .


the indochinese spitting cobra ( naja siamensis ) also called the thai spitting cobra , siamese spitting cobra or black-and-white spitting cobra , is a species of spitting cobra found in southeast asia .

indochinese spitting cobra

also known as : black spitting cobra , malayan spitting cobra , golden spitting cobra , sumatran spitting cobra ; naja ( naja ) sputatrix ( malaysia ) , naja naja miolepis ( borneo ) .
the indochinese spitting cobra is a species of spitting cobra snakes belonging to southeastern asia . with a decline in population , this snake has been grouped under ‘vulnerable’ species .
ashe’s spitting cobra is closely related to the mozambique spitting cobra in terms of certain morphological and behavioral characteristics .
indochinese spitting cobra — the indochinese spitting cobra has white spots or stripes . it is nocturnal and aggressive at night , but during the day , it is timid and quickly runs away . talk about a snake with dual personality !
seven species of african spitting cobras exist today . they are ashe’s spitting cobra ( n . ashei ) , the mali cobra ( n . katiensis ) , mozambique spitting cobra ( n . mossambica ) , zebra spitting cobra ( n . nigricincta ) , black - necked spitting cobra ( n . nigricollis ) , nubian spitting cobra ( n . nubiae ) , and the red spitting cobra ( n . pallida ) .
the smallest species of spitting cobras is the mozambique while the largest being the ashe’s spitting cobra .
the indochinese spitting cobra ( naja siamensis ) eat mouse ( feeding ) in feeding terarium . this empty terarium is great for feeding : )
also known as : black and white spitting cobra , isan spitting cobra ; naja ( naja ) isanensis , naja ( naja ) sputatrix .
whenever a indochinese spitting cobra gets the chance , it will try to flee and spare its venom . the ‘hood’ is only visible in defensive posture .
indochinese rat snakes are silver , black , grey , brown , or orange in color .
equatorial spitting cobra ( naja sumatrana ) with spread hood . by angusticeps cc4 . 0
javan spitting cobra ( naja sputatrix ) . by department of sustainability & environment cc2 . 0
ashe’s spitting cobra — this is the largest spitting cobra , normally growing about 6 . 5 feet ( 2 meters ) long , and so it is also known as the giant spitting cobra . the largest specimen to date was almost 9 feet ( 2 . 7 meters ) long !
zebra spitting cobra — once thought to be a subspecies of the black - necked spitting cobra but now considered a species of its own , the zebra spitting cobra is light brown , pink or yellow , with ( of course ) black stripes . that’s how it got its name .
captive care and reproduction of the red spitting cobra
, erik attmarson , reptilia 33 .
indonesian spitting cobra — also known as the javan spitting cobra , this snake is nocturnal and spends most of its time on the ground . it is a common prey for the komodo dragon , the largest monitor lizard .
snake getting a quick snack – think this is a mozambique spitting cobra . by i love trees cc2 . 0
the head can be elliptical or depressed like in the case of the equatorial and the mandalay spitting cobra . while few show distinct hood marks like the javan spitting cobra there are others that don’t show any mark like the equatorial spitting cobra . however , many african spitting cobras portray dark cross bands located around the neck like the nubian spitting cobra . they do possess an inflatable neck hood which is the flap of the skin located behind the head of the cobra . when spitting cobras feel threatened they can expand their movable ribs by drawing in air from its lungs , a defense mechanism often used to frighten or warn predators .
also known as : black pakistan cobra , sri lankan cobra ; naja naja karachiensis , naja naja polyocellata .
now , you might wonder , how does spitting protect the cobra ? sure , it’s disgusting . but is it dangerous ?
mozambique spitting cobra ( naja mossambica ) dysmorodrepanis 01 : 09 , 29 may 2008 ( utc ) . by chris eason cc2 . 0
indochinese spitting cobra ( naja siamensis ) spits at the camera , covering it with venom . note : spitting cobras don ' t actually ' spit ' their venom . they use muscles to squeeze their venom glands , squirting the venom from the hole in the fang . the hole isn ' t at the very tip of the fang , it ' s faces forward slightly . the hissing noise they make plays no part in ' spitting ' .
equatorial spitting cobra — the equatorial spitting cobra comes in two colors , black ( in singapore , malaysia , indonesia and the philippines ) and yellow ( in thailand ) . it is particularly common in singapore , where it often wanders near humans — not good news for those living there .
the red spitting cobra is a medium - sized cobra that may reach a length of up to 4 feet . originally , it was thought to be a subspecies of the mozambique spitting cobra , but is now considered its own species . it is favored by venomous snake keepers due to its coloration , which is typically a salmon to red color with black banding .
spitting cobras do have teeth so , yes , they can bite . besides , they still need to eat , and spitting isn’t a very good hunting technique .
of the elapidae family that also showcase the same spitting behavior . however , the
spitting cobras showcase defense mechanisms like their upright postures followed by a threatening hood .
red spitting cobra ( naja pallida ) from africa . original uploader was pogrebnoj - alexandroff at ru . wikipedia cc - by - 2 . 5 .
the most potent venom is that of the philippine spitting cobra , one of the world’s most dangerous true cobras whose venom is completely composed of neurotoxins .
is classified under a different genus hemachatus and due to the major differences between genus hemachatus and naja , we will only focus on the 14 naja spitting cobra species in this article . spitting cobras are dominant in the naja genus , further characterized by two distinct types according to their location – the asian and african spitting cobras .
other than the monocled cobra morphs , the indochinese spitting cobras are probably the most commonly kept and bred cobras in the usa . we purchased the cb ' 99 female , now deceased , from a friend on 10 / 26 / 02 . we bred the cb ' 99 female to a cb ' 02 male in 2006 and 2007 .
spitting cobras are capable of spraying venom consecutively 40 times in a very short time span .
what makes spitting cobra venom so scary ? well , it often contains a combination of neurotoxins and cytotoxins — substances that can damage nerve tissue and shut down individual cells . on human skin , spitting cobra venom isn’t harmful , but if it gets in the eyes , inside the nostrils or into a cut in the skin , it can cause serious damage .
a 28 - year - old thai male who was clearing debris at a construction site when he encountered a spitting cobra . the reptile spat venom into his right eye before trying to escape . a colleague who was also at the site managed to kill the cobra [
lethal injection : thailand . king cobra grabbed , hugged and kissed goodbye in the wild
red spitting cobra — the red spitting cobra starts out as salmon red or reddish - orange , with a black or dark blue band around its throat , making it an attractive snake . as it grows , however , it becomes a darker shade of red and the throat band disappears . young red spitting cobras are diurnal , meaning they are active during the day , while adults are nocturnal , or active at night . this prevents the adults from eating the young ones .
spitting cobra fang anatomy is different compared to other cobra species , as they possess a more forward and circular opening to their fangs compared to other cobras . this specialized structure allows the venom stream expelled by spitting cobras to travel forward , rather than downward . amazingly , when spraying , spitting cobras are able to match venom distribution to the size of the target , regardless of distance . these snakes are very unlikely to bite as a defensive behavior ; however , envenomations from bites have been reported .
the king cobra is not considered to be a true cobra species , such as the other cobras in the naja genus ; instead , it belongs to its own genus , ophiophagus .
philippine cobra — the philippine cobra is considered one of the world’s deadliest snakes . why ? because its venom is purely neurotoxic and the second - most toxic among all cobra venom . one bite can kill within 30 minutes , without the victim even displaying any symptoms at all !
black - necked spitting cobra — the black - necked spitting cobra doesn’t always have a black neck . sometimes it can be pure copper or olive brown , and sometimes it can have black and white stripes . it is a very adaptable snake that can thrive in different environments . also , it can be nocturnal or diurnal , depending on the time of year , whichever is more favorable for the snake .
spitting cobras are any species of venomous snakes that can project venom from their fangs , hence the name ‘spitting cobras’ . this unique ability to project venom with a precise aim is a defensive mechanism found in most cobra species , specifically of the genus naja and few others . such species of cobras that are recognized for possessing a set of spitting fangs use specialized muscles that contract the venom gland forcing the venom out through the fangs .
a killed juvenile javan spitting cobra , naja sputatrix ( tl ca 50 cm ) ; head close up , note the fang position . from banyumas , central java , indonesia . by wibowo djatmiko cc3 . 0
once the venom of a spitting cobra gets in your eyes , you will feel pain and be forced to retreat . if left untreated , victims can even go blind . that’s how potent the venom of a spitting cobra is . in this case , an antivenom won’t work . the best thing to do is quickly wash the venom out of your eyes , and then get to a doctor for antibiotic eye drops .
philippine cobra . by mario lutz [ cc by - sa 3 . 0 urltoken via wikimedia commons
king cobra skull showing large teeth and thick , rather short fangs for injecting venom during envenomation .
the fangs of the mozambique are modified with channel openings at the tip and directed forward at right angles for spitting venom .
despite preferring open grasslands , thick woodlands and agricultural fields , spitting cobras are often encountered near human settlements in southeast asia .
the holes present within the fangs of spitting cobras are tear dropped shaped to ensure spraying of a narrow stream of venom .
a 23 - year - old chinese male who was gathering fallen tree branches when he uncovered a spitting cobra under the branches that spat into his left eye . the snake , which managed to escape , fitted the description of the
cham g , pan jc , lim f , earnest a , gopala krishna kone p . effects of topical heparin , anti - venom , tetracycline and dexamethasone treatment in corneal injury resulting from the venom of the black spitting cobra (
king cobra eating a red - tailed racer ( oxycephalum gonyosoma ) snake – thailand . copyright 2009 vern lovic .
the diet of a spitting cobra doesn’t differ much from the diet of other snakes . frogs and toads are on the menu , as well as lizards , birds , bird eggs , chickens , rats , mice , other snakes and even insects .
first , don’t forget that their spit is actually venom . second , spitting cobras aim for the eyes , an extremely vulnerable part of the body . third , studies show that spitting cobras hit their target at least eight out of ten times — that’s deadly accuracy !
just as rattlesnakes only rattle when they sense danger , spitting cobras only spit in order to defend themselves — this self - defense mechanism is a deep - rooted instinct . spitting cobras are able to spit immediately after hatching , and some say they can even do it after they’re dead !
ptyas korros can be silver , grey , or brown – orange looking in color . scales on the posterior part of the body and on the tail often yellow and edged with black . underbelly is light yellow . juvenile indochinese rat snakes have a transverse series of round whitish spots or narrow yellow transverse bars .
morphologically , the king cobra has a larger head and more narrow hood compared to other cobra species . a key to identifying them is the presence of a pair of large scales , known as occipitals , located at the back of the top of the head . these are behind the usual “nine - plate” arrangement typical of colubrids and elapids , and are unique to the king cobra .
another interesting bit of information is that the king cobra is said to be able to see as far as 100 meters during daylight .
twelve cobra species live in asia . in contrast to african cobras , who exhibit great adaptive diversity , most asian cobra species are similar in behavior , lifestyle and habitat preference . the prevalence of cobras in asia is reflected by their frequent appearance in the region ' s religions and mythology .
naja siamensis possesses a deadly venom . in addition , the spitting of venomous can lead to damage to the corneas . strong venomous , deadly , corrosive for the eyes !
wuster , w . ; warrell , d . a . ; jintakune , p . 1997 . redescription of naja siamensis ( serpentes : elapidae ) , a widely overlooked spitting cobra from s . e . asia : geographic variation , medical importance and designation of a neotype . journal of zoology 243 ( 4 ) : 771 -
in thai language , it sounds like ngoo how chang ( literally “snake cobra elephant” , or ngoo chong ahng . there are many names for this snake .
recently tom charlton and i found a 3 - meter king cobra in krabi and got some great shots and video of it . facebook photo of it here .
wolfgang wuster ' s asiatic cobra systematics page is extremely detailed and helpful , covering not only species descriptions but also some of the problems in identifying asian naja species .
to describe three presentations of spitting cobra venom induced ophthalmia in urban singapore . case notes and photographs of three patients with venom ophthalmia who presented to our clinic between 2007 and 2012 were reviewed . two patients encountered the spitting cobra while working at a job site while the third patient had caught the snake and caged it . the venom entered the eyes in all 3 cases . immediate irrigation with tap water was carried out before presenting to the accident and emergency department . all patients were treated medically with topical antibiotic prophylaxis and copious lubricants . the use of anti - venom was not required in any case . all eyes recovered with no long - term sequelae . if irrigation is initiated early , eyes can recover with no significant complications or sequelae .
may be quite common in places . all are oviparous . diet is other vertebrates , with regards to which the african species at least are overall fairly catholic . some species have the ability to spit venom , a fact worth remembering as the venom can cause pain and blindness . o ' shea notes that often a spitting and non - spitting species may occur in the same location in africa and continental se asia .
chu er , weinstein sa , white j , warrell da . venom ophthalmia caused by venoms of spitting elapid and other snakes : report of ten cases with review of epidemiology , clinical features , pathophysiology and management .
the king cobra ( ophiophagus hannah ) is the longest venomous snake species , with adults ranging from about 8 to 18 feet in length . they may live up to 25 years .
the egyptian cobra gained notoriety in the u . s . in 2011 , when mia , a resident of the bronx zoo , escaped . she was eventually discovered in the reptile house .
these are the true cobras , and the most widespread of cobra genera , covering all of africa , arabia , the indian subcontinent and se asia including china , the philippines and indonesia .
despite rapid urbanization , spitting cobra venom ophthalmia - a condition which is more commonly encountered in the wild and rural environment - can be seen in urbanized areas . as far as possible , these snakes should not be handled , caught or held captive as presented in our last case . captive snakes can be aggressive and still cause spitting injuries . we strongly discouraged captivity of these and a public education campaign or warning should be issued . ophthalmologists such are cognizant of such occurrences . regardless of the venom or toxin that the eye is exposed to , it is well - documented that prompt and copious irrigation is the key to preventing any chronic visual morbidity .
the forest cobra ( n . melanoleuca ) is considered the largest true cobra species , and specimens have been documented at up to 10 feet in length . it occurs mainly in western and central africa , where it can be found from senegal in the west to angola , western kenya , uganda and rwanda in the east . it can also be found in some parts of south africa .
description : first aid for bites by elapid snakes which are likely to cause significant local damage at the bite site as their major clinical effect ( see listing in comments section ) . this includes venom spat into eyes by spitting cobras .
spitting cobras are predominantly found in southern africa and southeast asia . in southern africa , they are found in dry savanna and semidesert areas . in southeast asia , they are found in forests , fields , grasslands and even near human settlements .
the mangshan pit viper , from china , is also known to spit venom , though not as far as spitting cobras can . this snake mostly uses its white - tipped tail to lure prey close , and then delivers a deadly bite .
slowinski , j . b . & w . wüster ( 2000 ) a new cobra ( elapidae : naja ) from myanmar ( burma ) . herpetologica , 56 ( 2 ) : 257 - 270 . pdf
deraniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1939 ) a new colour variety of cobra from ceylon & south india . ceylon journal of science ( b ) , 21 ( 3 ) : 233 - 235 .
deraniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1945 ) some new races of the python , chrysopelea , binocellate cobra and tith - polonga inhabiting ceylon and india . spolia zeylanica , 24 : 103 - 113 .
venom extraction from indo - chinese spitting cobras , naja siamensis . we use the term ' malayan ' spitters in the video - that ' s what these snakes have been called for a long time in the animal trade , and old habits die hard !
the monocled cobra is found relatively frequently throughout thailand . naja kauthia , which is also found in india , nepal , south china and indochina , is called „keautiah” in calcutta . this led to the name „kauthia “ .
as its common name indicates , the forest cobra lives primarily in forest or woodlands , and it is the only cobra species found in such areas in africa . due to its ecological niche , humans do not often encounter forest cobras , and the species is one of the least frequent causes of snakebites in africa ( it possesses a primarily neurotoxic venom ) . it is primarily a diurnal species , and it exhibits some arboreal tendencies due to its natural habitat .
does not quickly run out of venom , can spit surprisingly often . and as noted in the introduction , they do not first have to get in a good pose before spitting . they can spit instantly as it turns its head towards you when you grab the tail . beware .
thais are a bit crazy about cobras – it is the most easily recognized snake , and though i have met few people that can identify other snakes , most know what a cobra looks like . there are even amulet necklaces of cobras !
this cobra is primarily found in east africa , including somalia , southern egypt , ethopia , tanzania , kenya and sudan . there is much variation to the coloration throughout its range , and animals from kenya and northern tanzania exhibit an orange to red coloration with a very broad black throat band . when interacting with any spitting species of cobras , it is , naturally , imperative to wear protective eye gear , or even an entire face shield , to prevent any venom from entering your eyes if the animal decides to spit venom .
wüster , w . & r . s . thorpe ( 1989 ) population affinities of the asiatic cobra ( naja naja ) species complex in south - east asia : reliability and random resampling . biological journal of the linnean society , 36 : 391 - 409 . pdf
nearly everyone , whether or not they are knowledgeable about reptiles , recognizes a cobra . this is due primarily to the fact that cobras display one of the most—if not the most—iconic snake poses : the rearing , hooded display . for proof of this , look no further than ancient egypt . in ancient egyptian culture , the uraeus was a hooded cobra symbol used to represent sovereignty , royalty , deity , or divine authority . cobras belong to the family elapidae , the members of which are characterized by proteroglyph dentition , meaning they have two short , fixed fangs in the front of the mouth , which channel venom into their prey like hypodermic needles .
taxonomic comment . the
suphan cobra
(
n . k . suphanensis
) is a colour variety of n . kaouthia known from central thailand . all intermediates between
typical
suphan cobras and
typical
n . kaouthia are known , and a molecular genetic study showed no differences bewteen these colour forms .
reproduction cobra breeding season is between the months of april and july . females can lay 12 to 30 eggs in an underground nest which hatch 50 to 70 days later . newly hatched cobras measure between 20 to 30 cm ( 8 12 inches ) and already have fully functional venom glands . however , they cannot control how much venom they release when they are still young .
very toxic , but monocled cobras ( naja kaouthia ) and kraits ( genus bungarus ) are more potent on the ld50 scale . the power of the king is in the volume of venom it can inject in one bite – maximum around 7ml ! kings can ( and have ) killed elephants with a good bite . more information on venom constituents and treatment for king cobra snakebite here .
this article will provide a brief introduction to several cobra species , including some that are commonly available in the reptile trade ( at least where venomous reptiles can be kept legally ) , as well as some discussion on some of the defining characteristics of cobras . naturally , only extremely experienced keepers who have training with elapids , including cobras , should even think about maintaining these amazing snakes in captivity .
so this page will be a collection of all the best information i can source about my favorite species of snake , king cobra – ophiophagus hannah . if you have some article , book , documentary , photo , video , or other bit of information you’d like to see listed here , just write via the contact form at this link . it is found under the home menu at the top of all pages .
i’ve seen a few king cobras ( hamadryad ) in the wild . one i saw in a park in krabi – just the tail as it crossed the road behind me . i’m guessing it was an eight meter long snake . i know it is probably impossible , but i’m not joking . the tail was absolutely massive , longer and thicker by nearly double that of other 5 - meter kings i’ve seen many of . this was quite possibly the biggest king cobra in the world .
in thailand i’ve watched just one snake show take over fifty king cobras each year out of the wild . they ‘rescue’ them from homes , yards , businesses , gardens , and farms . the kings spend a couple weeks or months rubbing their faces raw and bleeding against the fence trying desperately to escape . some of them are put in the king cobra show – where they are teased mercilessly three to ten times each day for tourists that are interested in seeing snakes , but don’t really understand the state of the kings that are held there .
i mentioned earlier having seen many dozens of king cobras run through the snake show here in our local area . that is just one king cobra show out of perhaps a dozen in the country . if every show caught and disposed of 50 king cobras annually , that’s 600 adult king cobras yearly that are being depleted from the forests just here in thailand . kings mate once per year and their eggs are highly vulnerable to predators like monitors , other snakes , rats , and weather phenomena like high humidity and monsoon rains . kings lay eggs just before the rains start .
ophiophagus hannah is the only snake known in the world that creates a nest ( usually of bamboo and other leaves ) . this snake lays eggs which they stay with in the nest until ready to hatch . when the eggs begin hatching , the female king leaves because it eats other snakes primarily – and would likely eat the young . the young are fast , and deadly from the time they hatch . juvenile king cobras from thailand have yellow bands across their black bodies and heads . they look radically different from adult king cobra snakes . there is a danger of mistaking them for mangrove cat snakes ( boiga dendrophila ) .
update 7 / 20 / 2016 – i’ve seen a number of king cobras in the wild now over the years . four of them have been hundreds of meters high on mountains . many snake enthusiasts want to come to thailand to see king cobras , and i have to tell them… the chance of seeing one is slight . i’ve lived in thailand for ten years and i’ve seen only a handful , and i’m in the rainforest often . your best bet is to come to the country and stay for a couple of months . stay at urltoken in a bungalow , and hike during the days around there . that’s my best advice . your chance at seeing a king cobra is not high – you would probably need weeks of walking around during the day to see one . it’s all luck !
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stuart , b . , thy , n . , chan - ard , t . , nguyen , t . q . & bain , r .
de silva , r . , milligan , ht , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .
justification : this species is listed as vulnerable on the basis that this species has experienced high rates of decline throughout its range , estimated at over 50 % in parts of its range and likely to be between 30 - 50 % globally over the past 15 - 18 years , which equals three generations assuming a generation length of 5 - 6 years , and the cause of decline ( overharvesting ) has not ceased .
this species has a very wide distribution throughout mainland southeast asia , with an extent of occurrence of over 800 , 000 km 2 that encompasses cambodia , southern laos , central and all of southern vietnam , northern thailand and eastern myanmar .
this species inhabits lowland and upland forest and cultivated areas , including rice paddies . it is found in deciduous , disturbed and open forest , and is absent from closed - canopy evergreen forest ( b . stuart and q . t . nguyen pers . comm . 2011 ) . generation length in this species is uncertain , but captive specimens have been reported to exhibit generation lengths of 4 - 5 years . generation length in the wild is probably longer , and is here estimated at 5 - 6 years .
like other cobras , this species is heavily harvested in vietnam , cambodia , and lao pdr where it is used for traditional chinese medicine ( b . stuart pers . comm . 2011 ) . this is the primary cause of observed population declines in this species , which is highly tolerant of habitat modification . this species is sometimes harvested for the skin trade , but this is only a minor threat as the skin quality is not high .
this species is listed on appendix ii of cites . in places the distribution of this species coincides with protected areas , probably providing small safeguards from high levels of harvesting . further research into the harvest levels of this species is needed , as is population monitoring . it is a protected species in vietnam , where it is listed as endangered in the national red data book ( dang
stuart , b . , thy , n . , chan - ard , t . , nguyen , t . q . & bain , r . 2012 .
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distribution . india ( except assam ) , pakistan ( except most of baluchistan ) , sri lanka , bangladesh , nepal .
identification . pattern : dorsal colour brown , grey or black ; often light , chevron - shaped bands across dorsum , which are frequently split into double or quadruple bands ; hood mark shape variable : spectacle , mask , horseshoe or o - shape , often linked to light throat area on at least one side ; clearly defined light throat area , usually a pair of clearly defined lateral spots . scalation : 23 - 29 scale rows around hood ( usually 25 - 27 ) , 19 - 21 just ahead of mid - body ; 161 - 180 ventrals , 37 - 51 subcaudals ; often only two posterior temporals .
distribution . northern laos , northern vietnam , china ( north - east to the mouth of the yangtze river ) , taiwan , hainan . .
taxonomic comment . easily confused with naja kaouthia . most easily distinguished by virtue of having lower ventral and subcaudal scale counts , particular when sex is taken into account .
identification . pattern : variable ; hood mark o - or mask - shaped , may be faint , but absent only in few populations ; dorsal colour yellow , brown , grey or blackish ; plain or with ragged or clearly - defined cross - bands ; throat pattern usually clear ; one pair of lateral throat spots , encroach only on lowest dorsal scale row . ventral colour usually similar to dorsal colour , may be light . underside of tail light , subcaudals usually dark - edged . scalation : 27 - 33 scale rows around hood , 21 just ahead of mid - body ; 170 - 197 ventrals , 46 - 61 subcaudals , normally all divided ; often more than one cuneate on each side ; frontal scale short , often almost square .
distribution . northern india ( east of delhi ) , assam , nepal , bangladesh , burma , thailand , northern malaya , cambodia , southern half of vietnam , probably southern laos , china ( yunnan , sichuan ) .
identification . pattern : medium to dark brown , with lighter interstitial skin , sometimes with more or less obvious lighter cross bands , mostly on interstitial skin ; a spectacle - shaped hood mark may be present , especially in some juveniles ; ventral side creamish , with two or three dark brown cross bands ; throat heavily mottled with dark brown pigment in adults . scalation : 27 - 31 scale rows around hood , 19 - 21 at midbody , usually 21 just ahead of midbody ; 173 - 185 ventrals , 50 - 58 paired subcaudals .
distribution . myanmar ( burma ) - confined to the dry zone surrounding the city of mandalay .
distribution . turkmenistan , uzbekistan , tadzhikistan , ne iran , northern and eastern afghanistan , northern half of pakistan , kashmir , e to himachal pradesh ( india ) .
taxonomic comment . naja naja specimens without a hood mark are often confused with n . oxiana , especially in pakistan and northern india . naja oxiana is never fully black , although some specimens may be quite dark . also , n . oxiana normally has several dark bands under the throat , whereas in black n . naja from pakistan , almost the entire throat is black .
identification . fairly stockily built . pattern : adults uniformly light or medium brown , occasionally some lighter variegations ; juveniles dark brown , with lighter variegations , sometimes a dark band behind the throat . scalation : 23 - 27 ( usually 25 ) scale rows around neck , 21 ( rarely 23 ) just ahead of mid - body ; 182 - 193 ventrals , 36 - 49 subcaudals , basal pairs sometimes undivided .
distribution . philippine islands : known with certainty from luzon , mindoro , catanduanes and masbate , likely to occur on other neighbouring islands . records from the calamianes group and palawan require confirmation .
identification . pattern : dorsal ground colour dark ; juveniles have a series of light lines ascending along the side , giving a series of a - shaped marks when seen from the side ; monocle hood mark present ; adults tend to be uniform . scalation : 175 - 183 ventrals , 60 - 64 divided subcaudals , 27 - 29 dorsal scale rows around hood , 21 - 23 scale rows at midbody .
distribution . philippine islands : recorded from mindanao , samar , leyte , bohol and camiguin . likely to occur on other nearby islands .
distribution . thailand ( except on malayan peninsula ) , western laos , cambodia , southern vietnam .
taxonomic comment . often mislabelled as naja sputatrix . the latter is never black and white , and normally lacks any clearly defined pattern .
identification . pattern : javan adults usually uniform yellowish , brown or blackish ; juveniles often have throat band and lateral throat spots , sometimes a hood mark , which is most often chevron - shaped , rarely mask - , spectacle - , horseshoe - or o - shaped ; specimens from the lesser sunda islands usually medium or light brown , with lighter scale bases ; throat band and heart - shaped hood mark persist into adulthood . scalation : 19 - 28 scale rows around hood , 18 - 21 just ahead of midbody ; javan specimens have more scale rows than lesser sunda specimens ; 162 - 183 ventrals , 42 - 54 subcaudals , normally all divided .
distribution . southern indonesia : java , bali , lombok , sumbawa , komodo , flores , lomblen , alor , possibly other islands in the group . the occurrence of this species on timor and sulawesi requires confirmation .
distribution . equatorial south - east asia : malaysia , extreme southern thailand , indonesia ( sumatra , borneo , bangka , belitung , the riau archipelago ) and the philippines ( palawan , culion ) ; may occur on other islands in the region ; possible remnant population in western java .
taxonomic comment . populations from the malayan peninsula were long mislabelled as naja ( naja ) sputatrix . populations from borneo were formerly known as naja naja miolepis . the systematics of this species need further analysis . naja sputatrix lacks any clearly defined pattern on the throat , and usually has fewer ventral scales .
matters are further complicated by the fact that the old subspecies of naja naja , as previously recognized , did not always correspond to the species currently believed to exist . in other words , some of the old subspecies were either trivial local variants , and their names are no longer used , or they were found to be heterogeneous , and encompass populations of several currently recognized species . relating the older nomenclature to that currently used is therefore not straightforward .
the appended table provides a kind of
taxonomic conversion table
for the older and newer literature . note that if the locality of origin of a snake is unknown , it may not be possible to determine which currently recognized species an animal mentioned in the literature belongs to .
n . n . atra ( common ) , n . sputatrix atra ( china , northern vietnam - lingenhöle and trutnau , 1989 )
n . n . kaouthia ( common ) , n . n . siamensis ( common in the toxinological literature ) , n . n . sputatrix ( vietnam , rare ) , n . n . leucodira ( reid , 1964 ) , n . kaouthia suphanensis ( yellow form from central thailand , rare )
n . n . naja ( common ) , n . n . oxiana ( patternless specimens from northern india ) , n . n . indusi ( nw india , northern pakistan , rare ) , n . n . karachiensis ( black form from southern pakistan ) , n . n . polyocellata ( sri lanka , rare ) , n . n . caeca ( patternless specimens from northern india - rare )
n . n . kaouthia ( thailand , cambodia , vietnam , through confusion ) , n . n . sputatrix ( thailand ) , n . n . isanensis , n . n . atra ( thailand ) , n . atra ( thailand ) , n . sputatrix atra ( rare , thailand ) , n . sputatrix isanensis , n . isanensis .
n . n . sumatrana ( sumatra ) , n . n . sputatrix ( common , malayan peninsula , bangka , belitung ) , n . n . miolepis ( borneo ) , n . n . leucodira ( malayan peninsula , sumatra ) , n . n . kaouthia ( yellow form from northern malaysia - reid , 1964 ; tweedie , 1954 ) , n . sputatrix sputatrix ( malayan peninsula , java - lingenhöle and trutnau , 1989 )
deraniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1960 ) the taxonomy of the cobras of south - eastern asia . spolia zeylanica , 29 : 41 - 63 .
deraniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1961 ) the taxonomy of the cobras of south - eastern asia , part 2 . spolia zeylanica , 29 : 205 - 232 .
lingenhöle , s . and trutnau , l . ( 1989 ) über die kobras der gattung naja laurenti , 1758 in thailand . herpetofauna 11 : 6 - 13 .
wüster , w . ( 1992 ) a century of confusion : asiatic cobras revisited . the vivarium , 4 : 14 - 18 . pdf
wüster , w . ( 1996 ) taxonomic changes and toxinology : systematic revisions of the asiatic cobras ( naja naja species complex ) . toxicon , 34 ( 4 ) : 399 - 406 . pdf
wüster , w . ( 1998 ) the cobras of the genus naja in india . hamadryad , 23 ( 1 ) : 15 - 32 . pdf
wüster , w . & r . s . thorpe ( 1991 ) asiatic cobras : systematics and snakebite . experientia , 47 : 205 - 209 . pdf
wüster , w . & r . s . thorpe ( 1992 ) asiatic cobras : population systematics of the naja naja species complex ( serpentes : elapidae ) in india and central asia . herpetologica , 48 ( 1 ) : 69 - 85 . pdf
wüster , w . & r . s . thorpe ( 1994 ) naja siamensis , a cryptic species of venomous snake revealed by mtdna sequencing . experientia , 50 : 75 - 79 . pdf
wüster , w . , r . s . thorpe , m . j . cox , p . jintakune & j . nabhitabhata ( 1995 ) population systematics of the snake genus naja ( reptilia : serpentes : elapidae ) in indochina : multivariate morphometrics and comparative mitochondrial dna sequencing ( cytochrome oxidase i ) . journal of evolutionary biology , 8 : 493 - 510 . pdf
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general shape medium in length , heavy bodied snake with long cervical ribs capable of expansion to form a hood when threatened . body is compressed dorsoventrally and sub - cylindrical posteriorly . can grow to a maximum of about 1 . 60 metres . head is elliptical , depressed and slightly distinct from neck with a short , rounded snout and large nostrils . eyes are medium in size with round pupils . dorsal scales are smooth and strongly oblique .
general : other these snakes can spit their venom , causing venom spit ophthalmia .
treatment summary bites can cause both local tissue injury and systemic effects , principally flaccid paralysis . treatment is therefore twofold ; good wound care and control of secondary infection , plus watch for flaccid paralysis . if severe paralysis present , with respiratory failure , requires intubation & ventilation . specific antivenoms available , which should be given at first sign of developing paralysis .
general approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .
antivenom therapy antivenom is the key treatment for systemic envenoming . multiple doses may be required .
( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike
( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike
( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .
copyright 2001 - 2018 toxinology , wch . all rights reserved . best viewed in 800x600 resolution or higher .
naja siamensis laurenti 1768 : 91 naja naja kaouthia smith 1943 naja naja kaouthia , variety c taylor 1965 naja tripudians — nootpand 1971 naja oxiana — nootpand 1971 naja naja isanensis nutaphand 1982 naja naja sputatrix — nutaphand 1982 naja naja atra — nutaphand 1982 naja isanensis — nutaphand 1986 naja sputatrix atra — lingenhole & trutnau 1989 naja sputatrix isanensis — lingenhole & trutnau 1989 naja atra — wüster & thorpe 1991 naja cf . atra — wüster & thorpe 1992 naja siamensis — wüster & thorpe 1994 naja siamensis — cox et al . 1998 : 28 naja ( naja ) siamensis — wallach et al . 2009 naja siamensis — wallach et al . 2014 : 462
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
venomous ! in the toxinological literature , the name
naja naja siamensis
is more likely to refer to naja kaouthia than to this species . not listed by golay 1985 .
chan - ard , t . , parr , j . w . k . & nabhitabhata , j . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . oxford university press , ny , 352 pp . [ see book reviews by pauwels & grismer 2015 and hikida 2015 for corrections ] - get paper here
chan - ard , t . ; grossmann , w . ; gumprecht , a . & schulz , k . d . 1999 . amphibians and reptiles of peninsular malaysia and thailand - an illustrated checklist [ bilingual english and german ] . bushmaster publications , würselen , gemany , 240 pp . [ book review in russ . j herp . 7 : 87 ] - get paper here
cox , merel j . ; van dijk , peter paul ; jarujin nabhitabhata & thirakhupt , kumthorn 1998 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of peninsular malaysia , singapore and thailand . ralph curtis publishing , 144 pp .
das , i . 2012 . a naturalist ' s guide to the snakes of south - east asia : malaysia , singapore , thailand , myanmar , borneo , sumatra , java and bali . oxford j , ohn beaufoy publishing - get paper here
geissler , peter , truong quang nguyen , nikolay a . poyarkov & wolfgang böhme 2011 . new records of snakes from cat tien national park , dong nai and lam dong provinces , southern vietnam . bonn zoological bulletin 60 ( 1 ) : 9 - 16 - get paper here
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this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
very dangerous , bites potentially fatal , and able to spit venom possibly causing blindness ; fixed front - fanged , potent venom , and a fast agile snake .
we have encountered this species in different seasons , both in the winter and in the wet season .
our personal experience with this species has been primarily during the day , mostly in the mornings . many books however state they are nocturnal . this could perhaps vary per season / or even habitat .
image credit : urltoken staff . “blausen gallery 2014” . wikiversity journal of medicine . doi : 10 . 15347 / wjm / 2014 . 010 . issn 20018762
protobothrops mangshanensis , also known as mangshan pitviper at the los angeles zoo . image credit : junkyardsparkle cc0
according to urltoken they live up to about 20 years . http : / / urltoken / cobras - all - you - need - to - know /
habitat elevations up to about 1500 metres in mainly tropical primary and secondary forest ( including dense jungle terrain ) but has been found in gardens and parks in urban areas .
prey feeds mainly on rodents and amphibians but will also eat snakes , lizards and small mammals .
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please do not steal my photos for the purpose of advertising your own animals .
all animals pictured on this page are in our collection , and owned by us . the photos were taken by us , unless otherwise labeled . we are still looking specimens of naja philippinensis , and extra specimens of species we already have . if you have something for sale , please contact us , at the link above .
the 7 photos below were taken by me , unless otherwise labeled , of some animals that used to be in our collection . the animals pictured below those 7 , are in our collection now .
the female at left died on 01 / 04 / 13 . she was a great girl and when bred to high - white males , produced some very nice offspring , including sia - 003 - 07 - f above .
they are easy to keep and work with , and most don ' t spit very often at all .
our male id # sia - 019 - 06 - m , below , was produced by us from a clutch of 11 . 6 hatchlings back in 2006 from completely black parents . we got him back in may 2013 . he is almost completely black having only a few white dots in the center of some of his ventral scales . he is also very big at 68
/ 172 . 7 cm long . maximum length is considered to be about 160 cm . his mother and father are shown below . .