peristernia reincarnata is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

peristernia reincarnata

peristernia reincarnata - fasciolariidae - philippines seashell - 30 . 7mm - lot 2 on ebid new zealand | 130092277
peristernia reincarnata is a common species found under rocks mostly on lagoon and pinnacle reefs from about 2 to at least 10m .
vouchers of sequenced specimens of fasciolariidae : peristernia . . . | download scientific diagram
fig . 5 . vouchers of sequenced specimens of fasciolariidae : peristernia nassatula clade . a : peristernia nassatula , mnhn im - 2007 - 32487 , vanuatu ; b : peristernia reincarnata , mnhn im - 2007 - 32482 , vanuatu ; c : peristernia gemmata , mnhn im - 2013 - 42528 , marquesas islands ; d : peristernia marquesana , mnhn im - 2007 - 32486 , vanuatu ; e : peristernia sp . , mnhn im - 2013 - 12522 , papua new guinea ; f : peristernia sp . , mnhn im - 2013 - 10337 , papua new guinea ; g : fusolatirus bruijnii , mnhn im - 2013 - 18013 , papua new guinea ; h : fusolatirus pachyus , mnhn im - 2007 - 35084 , new caledonia .
peristernia reincarnata ( snyder , 2000 ) live taken w / op . , gem ; pale yellow ! ; 30 . 1 mm ; north western - australia , broome ; from local diver ; november 2007 . [ fas050 ]
peristernia reincarnata ( snyder , 2000 ) live taken w / op . , fine + + + / gem ; pale yellow ! ; 29 . 3 mm ; north western - australia , broome ; from local diver ; november 2007 . [ fas051 ]
family : fasciolariidae born : 1981 , kosuge genus and description : peristernia reincarnata , 22 - 24 mm , f + + / f + + + , set of 3 specimens origin : collected by a local fishermen by nets off mactan island , cebu philippines , july 2013 .
family : fasciolariidae born : 1981 , kosuge genus and description : peristernia reincarnata , 24 & 27 mm , f + + / f + + + , set of 2 specimens origin : collected by a local fishermen by nets off mactan island , cebu philippines , july 2013 .
( of peristernia incarnata sensu kiener , 1840 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
snyder m . a . ( 2000 ) . nomenclatural emendations in the family fasciolariidae . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 150 : 173 - 179 [ details ]
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
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philippines . cebu . on intertidal rocks at low tide . ex - coll . d . & m . meyer . march 1994 .
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occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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i sold 4 more of my pin badges tonight , so over 100 sales now . the same newbie who purchase 4 of the 4th february has come back for 4 more . i ' ll have to get busy and list some more soon .
43 created tue 10 jul 2018 05 : 42 : 30 ( nzst ) . copyright © 1999 - 2018 ebid ltd
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additions to the gastropods of the middle miocene ( serravallian ) karaman basin , turkey .
found stuck in the seaweed in a calm shallow bay on the island of milos . must have just washed up the night before bc the animal was still inside the shell
organismo encontrado en el intermareal alto sobre el sustrato duro o rocoso . presenta una forma ovalada , en la zona dorsal posee ocho placas calcáreas unidas . en el área lateral de cada placa se observan lineas intercaladas de color blancas y cafe y la zona central de ella tiene una tonalidad clara a excepción de la 5ta placa que se presenta de color negro . las placas calcáreas están rodeadas por cinturón cubierto de escamas negras de textura porosa
i believe this is a new county record and a fairly large range extension for the species .
these were quite common in litter from steep dry ravines under wooded scrub on a north facing clay - sand slope .
found 16 ashmunella shells , most are mature and aged , in a 15 min search along the comfort spring drainage to the west of ramsey vista campground , huachuca mtns . habitat is grassy and dirt hillside covered with leaf litter . oak woodland plant community .
collected in leaflitter from a pukatea / hinau / rewarewa swamp forest remnant in woodlands retirement village .
note : this image was not taken in one shot . it is a compilation of 54 images with the shells scaled in size in relation to the penny . the identifications of these shells can be found on urltoken .
these were collected from mt eureka on the big river watershed side . one example was collected from nearby in the saxon watershed , by whoever placed it in the cawthron collection . i have lost track of which one but feel they match in every respect . it is likely the slightly lighter shell .
this small charopid species is very tall and tightly coiled and cannot be confused with any other nz landsnail species . snails of this species often found under bark on tree trunks .
we have collected it in the wellington region from east harbour , belmont - kelson , khandallah park , wainuiomata , trelissick park , wilton , karori , kaitoke , akatarawa , pakuratahi , rimutaka hill .
a small endemic carnivorous rhytidid landsnail . we have collected it from east harbour , wainuiomata , belmont - kelson , pakuratahi , kaitoke , akatarawa , wilton and karori . it ocurs elsewhere in north island but only touches the marlborough sounds . the taxonomy is currently being reviewed and it is likely to be split up into several closely related species . ( photo : d . j . roscoe , doc )
powelliphanta superba - one of my favourite encounters on the heaphy track a couple of weeks ago . this individual was close to the upper size limit for the species , with a shell nearly 90mm across . no macro lens required !
what ' s left of three specimens . the two intact ones exploded on drying out , this one partly damaged by weka survived !
this species has the most amazingly glossy finish . making them rather difficult to photograph . the patchy colours are not true , these are reflections of a shadesail and sky . the profile of the shell suggests a close alliance to the p superba group , but colouration favours the p . lignaria group with which it was originally associated as a subspecies . i have highlighted two extremes of colour range
at this point in this specie ' s range the shells reach the peak of their magnificence in colourful patterns .
it about time some artist captured these as a symbol . the pinnacle of new zealands natural beauty and uniqueness . no matter how many times i revisit , i never go away disappointed in their creator .
sub - sp typified by dark umbilicus which blends into honey with no specific delineation .
top side lighter coloured than s . s . bands tend to be coarser as in sample photographed individually but range shown can be found .
collected at anatori north side , technically these are not within the natural boundaries possible of p gilliesi ssp kahurangica but seem to be the same [ or similar ] so possibly introduced from kahurangi . they are on the same section of coast as p g . brunnea [ between patarau and anatori rivers ] but don ' t resemble this ssp in the slightest . the farmland here creating a huge hiatus in habitat .
this is the form with the honey coloured umbilicus typical of this location . shells with a dark umbilicus exist on the ranges to the south . these snails have adapted to elevation and can get the bends and die if taken to sea - level , so are found in a relatively narrow elevation zone . this means they are often isolated on a single range of mountains . this has produced numerous sub - specific taxa . an interesting thing happens in the marlborough sounds which is a ria coastline and has been gradually sinking for an extremely long time . here the snails have adapted to lower elevations in places .
black and dark brown , no stripes . about 1
across , under a conifer log .
shell only of course . looked like it had been pecked by a weka .


stauroteuthis syrtensis , also known as the glowing sucker octopus , is a species of small pelagic octopus found at great depths in the north atlantic ocean .

it is one of a very small number of octopuses to exhibit bioluminescence .

stauroteuthis syrtensis

jennifer hammock marked
cephalopod video : stauroteuthis syrtensis
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stauroteuthis syrtensis
page .
stauroteuthis syrtensis , also known as the glowing sucker octopod , is a . . .
catherine sutera added text to
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stauroteuthis syrtensis verrill , 1879
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bioluminescence in the deep - sea cirrate octopod stauroteuthis syrtensis verrill ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) .
jennifer hammock selected
food habits
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stauroteuthis syrtensis verrill , 1879
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catherine sutera added the english common name
glowing sucker octopod
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stauroteuthis syrtensis verrill , 1879
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bioluminescence in the deep - sea cirrate octopod stauroteuthis syrtensis verrill ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) . - pubmed - ncbi
chunioteuthis ebersbachii grimpe , 1916 is a junior synonym of stauroteuthis syrtensis ( voss , 1988 ; collins and henriques , 2000 ) .
vertical distribution , behavior , chemical composition and metabolism of stauroteuthis syrtensis ( octopoda - cirrata ) in the northwest atlantic . pdf ( 334 . 0kb )
collins , m . , c . henriques . 2000 . a revision of the family stauroteuthidae ( octopoda : cirrata ) with redescriptions of stauroteuthis syrtensis and s . gilchristi .
johnsen , s . , e . balser , e . fischer , a . widder . 1999 . bioluminescence in the deep - sea cirrate octopod stauroteuthis syrtensis verrill ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) .
to cite this page : woo , h . and m . grieco 2009 .
stauroteuthis syrtensis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
collins , m . , r . young , m . vecchione . 2002 .
stauroteuthis syrtensis verrill 1879
( on - line ) . tree of life web project . accessed february 04 , 2009 at urltoken .
figure . geographical distribution of s . syrtensis . chart modified from collins and henriques ( 2000 ) .
collins , m . a . and c . henriques . 2000 . a revision of the family stauroteuthidae ( octopoda : cirrata ) with redescriptions of stauroteuthis syrtensis and s . gilchristi . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . , 80 : 685 - 697 .
this description is taken from collins and henriques ( 2000 ) . more details of the description of s . syrtensis can be found here .
figure . reproductive tracts of s . syrtensis . left - male . right - female . drawings modified from collins and henriques , 2000 .
figure . shell of s . syrtensis . left - side view . right - top view . drawings from collins and henriques , 2000 .
being without adhesive suckers would seem to put you at a major disadvantage if you ' re an octopus , but the deep - sea octopus stauroteuthis syrtensis manages just fine . in the place of the usual suckers are rows of flashing photophores , which the octopus cannily uses to lure its prey to certain death or to startle intruders .
johnson , s . , balser , e . j . , fisher , e . c . and e . a . widder . 1999 . bioluminescence in the deep - sea cirrate octopod stauroteuthis syrtensis verrill ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole , 197 : 113 - 114 .
collins , m . a . ; henriques , c . ( 2000 ) . a revision of the family stauroteuthidae ( octopoda : cirrata ) with redescriptions of stauroteuthis syrtensis and s . gilchristi . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . 80 ( 4 ) : 685 - 697 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
justification : stauroteuthis syrtensis has been assessed as data deficient . little is known about this species , but like many opisthoteuthid species it occurs in waters that are being increasingly targeted by commercial deep - water fisheries . research is urgently required into the effect of fishing activity on population sizes as their longevity and low fecundity make them particularly susceptible to fishing pressure .
figure . side view of the beaks of s . syrtensis , upper jaw ( left ) , lower jaw ( right ) . drawings from collins and henriques , 2000 .
jsl ii dive 1997 . animal swims into the bottom , then spreads its web from : vecchione , m . and r . e young . 1997 . aspects of the functional morphology of cirrate octopods : locomotion and feeding . vie et milieu , 47 : 101 - 110 . online abstract : urltoken to see other cephalopod videos : urltoken [ taxonomy : binomial = stauroteuthis syrtensis ]
jsl i dive 2621 . drifting in a bell - shaped posture from : vecchione , m . and r . e young . 1997 . aspects of the functional morphology of cirrate octopods : locomotion and feeding . vie et milieu , 47 : 101 - 110 . online abstract : urltoken also : urltoken to see other cephalopod videos : urltoken [ taxonomy : binomial = stauroteuthis syrtensis ]
( of chunioteuthis ebersbachii grimpe , 1916 ) collins , m . a . ; henriques , c . ( 2000 ) . a revision of the family stauroteuthidae ( octopoda : cirrata ) with redescriptions of stauroteuthis syrtensis and s . gilchristi . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . 80 ( 4 ) : 685 - 697 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
stauroteuthis feeds on small crustaceans that are attracted to light . once the unsuspecting critter is close , the octopus grabs it and traps it within a mucus web produced by glands on its arms . in the first study ( pdf ) to document stauroteuthis ' bioluminescence , duke university ' s sonke johnsen and colleagues observed that , when disturbed , the octopus splayed out its arms and exposed all its flashing photophores in an attempt to scare off unwanted guests .
stauroteuthis syrtensis appears to be relatively common off the continental slope of the eastern usa although it occurs across the north atlantic . it has been observed off the usa from submersibles ( e . g . , vecchione and young , 1997 , johnsen , et al . , 1999 ) and is regularly caught in bottom trawls at the appropriate depths ( vecchione , pers . obs . ) . a video of this species can be found here .
distribution records for octopods examined by collins and henriques , 2000 indicate that s . syrtensis is widespread in the north atlantic where they are found near bottoms of 500 to 4000 m with maximum abundance between 1500 and 2500 m .
vecchione , m . and r . e . young . 1997 aspects of the functional morphology of cirrate octopods : locomotion and feeding . vie milieu 47 ( 2 ) : 101 - 110 . , collins , m . a . and c . henriques . 2000 . a revision of the family stauroteuthidae ( octopoda : cirrata ) with redescriptions of stauroteuthis syrtensis and s . gilchristi . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . , 80 : 685 - 697 . ( 2 )
figure . lateral view of the digestive tract of s . syrtensis . drawing modified from vecchione and young , 1997 . insert - dorsal view of buccal mass with paired salivary glands . drawing from collins and henriques ( 2000 ) .
this species is most easily separated from s . gilchristi by the larger sucker size in the latter ( s . gilchristi females up to 5 mm in maximum sucker diameter and males up to 9 mm in maximum sucker diameter compared to 2 . 2 mm in females and 6 mm in males of s . syrtensis ) , and the more distal position of the largest suckers in the latter females ( suckers 1 - 3 in s . syrtensis vs 9 - 14 in s . gilchristi . the latter feature suggests the that s . gilchristi lacks sexual dimorphism in sucker size .
figure . oral view of arms and side view of suckers of s . syrtensis . top - male arm , r . v . discovery sta . 52104 , with proximal , mid - arm and distal sucker enlarged . bottom - female arm , same octopod as in title drawing ( r . v . discovery sta . 51014 ) , with proximal , mid - arm and distal sucker enlarged . drawing from collins and henriques ( 2000 ) .
esophagus slightly expanded but not a distinct crop . buccal mass with a single large posterior salivary gland on surface ( see aldred et al . , 1983 ) according to vecchione and young , 1997 , but two pairs of small salivary glands according to collins and henriques , 2000 . ( insert in drawing to right shows a dorsal view of the buccal mass of s . syrtensis with two pairs of salivary glands , from collins and henriques , 2000 . compare this with the single pair shown on the overall lateral view of the digestive tract , from vecchione and young , 1997 ) . anal flaps , ink sac , radula absent . posterior region of lips near beaks and more distal region within lips with large masses of secretory glands .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this species is widespread in the north atlantic at depths of 500 to 4 , 000 m with peak abundances occurring between 1 , 500 and 2 , 500 m ( collins and henriques 2000 ) . on georges bank , individuals have been observed at depths 600 m and typically within 100 m of the bottom in three ~ 900 m deep canyons indenting the southern edge of georges bank ( jacoby et al . 2009 ) .
( 2001 ) estimated 8 - 9 individuals per square kilometre in the north east atlantic at depths between 1 , 000 and 2 , 000 m .
collins and villanueva ( 2006 ) suggest that all members of the cirroteuthidae are benthopelagic . although most specimens have been collected from bottom trawls which are biased towards soft sediments , deep - sea photographic surveys and observations from submersibles have shown cirroteuthids associated with both soft and rocky bottoms ( collins and villanueva 2006 ) . the bathymetric distribution of this species varies geographically , occurring in shallower waters around greenland ( collins 2002 ) than in the british isles ( collins
2001 ) . collins and villanueva ( 2006 ) suggest this distribution is likely influenced by factors such as temperature , food availability and dissolved oxygen concentration . jacoby
collins and villanueva ( 2006 ) highlight the extension of commercial fishing into deeper waters . this has yielded many cirrate octopod specimens for research but the consequences of fishing mortality remains unclear . these cephalopods are potentially long lived and slow to reach maturity and collins and villanueva ( 2006 ) suggest that fishing may already have significantly reduced population sizes in certain areas . however , this has not been quantified for this species .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place . research is required to investigate whether commercial deep - sea fishing is significantly reducing population sizes .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
verrill a . e . ( 1879 ) . notice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the east coast of north america . american journal of science and arts ( 3 ) 17 : 309 - 315 [ aprile ] ; ( 3 ) 18 [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hochberg f . g . , norman m . d . & finn j . k . ( 2014 ) . family stauroteuthidae . pp . 266 - 267 , in p . jereb , c . f . e . roper , m . d . norman & j . k . finn eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . volume 3 . octopods and vampire squids . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome , fao ] . 4 ( 3 ) : 353 pp . 11 pls . page ( s ) : 266 [ details ]
( of chunioteuthis ebersbachii grimpe , 1916 ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of chunioteuthis ebersbachii grimpe , 1916 ) abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
medin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
this species has been frequently observed in waters off the continental shelf of eastern north america , but has also been found in locations in the northeastern atlantic .
is described as
benthopelagic
- - being found in open water , but near the bottom . and can be found in depths of the ocean ranging from 500 - 4000m . this large range seems to relate to water temperature .
, distinguished by fins used for swimming , an internal shell ( to which the fins attach ) and cirri , paired filaments or papillae , on each sucker . like other species in the
has a u - shaped internal shell , and secondary webbing that connects the arms to the primary web . this allows the arms to move inwards towards the mouth without collapsing the large bell - shaped web of skin that forms around arms . the web covers nearly two thirds of their total length ending at sucker 25 , with each arm bearing between 55 to 65 suckers . the average arm length is about 70 - 85 % of its total length with total lengths ranging from 280 - 500mm .
the body of these animals is soft and gelatinous , and is often heavily damaged in trawls and collections . it is often found hanging in the water with its webbed arms forming a bell shape . there are large glands near the mouth that may produce mucous to trap small prey animals .
males have sexually dimorphic suckers . the first 8 suckers are barrel shaped , suckers 9 to 22 - 25 are enlarged and pointed . suckers 9 to 12 are very closely packed and suckers 13 to 18 are the largest with a diameter of about 6 . 5 mm . females have smaller suckers with suckers 1 to 3 as the largest with a diameter of 2 . 2 mm . suckers 1 to 4 are very tightly packed , but suckers 5 to 24 are well separated . in both sexes , the suckers diameter decreases dramatically after sucker 25 nearing where the web ends . both male and females have three kinds of suckers , proximal , mid arm , and distal . this sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the suckers is unique to the species , and is probably related to sperm transfer or other reproductive activity .
has been has been determined by examining preserved specimens . the male genital system consists of testis , vas deferens , needhams sac , accessory gland , and terminal organ . the seminal vesicle is packed with about 100 spermatophores each with a length of 1 - 2mm .
the female genitalia are unpaired and consist of a single oviduct ( with both proximal and distal portions ) and an oviducal gland . the majority of the eggs were less than 1mm , but the largest found were in upwards of 11mm . this larger egg size suggests a more developed maturation stage . the ovary contained about 900 eggs . eggs were also found in the proximal oviduct maybe ready for fertilization .
( collins and henriques , 2000 ; collins , 2002 ; collins , et al . , 2008 )
because no juvenile specimens have been found , little is known about the parental care of these species .
have mostly been found in a bell posture with their arms extending and their web spread . in the bell posture , they use their fins to swim . they can also move by expanding their web and then contracting it to expel water and propel them through the ocean . live animals in the wild have only been found alone , not in groups .
has not been observed . the species has large eyes , and is likely sensitive to chemicals and touch .
in that they have modified suckers that are capable of producing blue - green bioluminescence with a maximum wavelength of 470nm . these modified suckers are unlike other suckers because they are not able to attach . their use is not well understood , but it is suggested that they may be used to attract prey or be used to attract a mate .
( collins , et al . , 2008 ; johnsen , et al . , 1999 )
. the bell shape of the web , along with mucus produced by glands around the mouth , maybe be used to capture zooplankton . the bioluminescence of the suckers is also thought to be used to attract prey , but this has not yet been confirmed .
( collins and henriques , 2000 ; johnsen , et al . , 1999 ; collins and henriques , 2000 ; collins , et al . , 2008 ; johnsen , et al . , 1999 )
because little has been witnessed in the wild about this species , its predators have not been observed . when observed ,
is normally in a bell posture . when disturbed though , the animal goes into a balloon posture with the arms closed at the tips . in the balloon posture , the fins remain motionless .
has also been seen in a pumpkin posture when threatened which is like the balloon posture , but smaller . when trying to escape , the
the population size of this species is unknown . it has not been evaluated by the iucn , and is not listed in cites or under the u . s . endangered species act .
hye woo ( author ) , rutgers university , michael grieco ( author ) , rutgers university , david howe ( editor , instructor ) , rutgers university .
the body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .
referring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water . also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones . bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans ( below 9000 m ) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone . see also oceanic vent .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
an aquatic biome consisting of the open ocean , far from land , does not include sea bottom ( benthic zone ) .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
animal constituent of plankton ; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae . ( compare to phytoplankton . )
collins , m . , r . young , m . vecchione . 2008 .
stauroteuthidae grimpe 1916
( on - line ) . tree of life web project . accessed february 04 , 2009 at urltoken .
vecchione , m . , r . young . 1997 . aspects of the functional morphology of cirrate octopods : locomotion and feeding .
vecchione , m . 2000 .
cephalopods in action - - vecchione and young , 1997
( on - line video ) . cephalopods at the national museum of natural history . accessed october 10 , 2007 at urltoken .
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males with sexually dimorphic suckers : suckers 1 - 8 small , barrel shaped ; suckers 9 to 22 - 25 enlarged , conical ( see drawings on upper right ) ; suckers 9 - 12 closely packed ; suckers 13 - 18 largest ; maximum sucker diameter 6 . 5 mm .
females with arm suckers uniformly small : maximum diameter found on suckers 1 - 3 , largest sucker diameter 2 . 2 mm ; suckers 1 - 4 tightly packed , barrel shaped ; suckers 5 to about 24 small and well spaced , separated by up to 15 mm ( see drawings on lower right ) . horizontal scale bars 100 mm , vertical scale bars 2 mm .
both sexes : suckers distally from number 19 - 24 , become smaller , closely packed and more cyclindrical ; suckers minute at arm tips .
figure . the graph relates the maximum sucker diameter to the size of the octopod . head width is used as the size standard since mantle length is highly variable due to fixation and preservation . sexual dimorphism in sucker size between males and females is clearly demonstrated by the chart . chart modified from collins and henriques ( 2000 ) .
maximum length of eggs found in the oviducts were 11 mm and the largest ovarian eggs were 9 . 5 mm . the ovary has about 900 oocytes of which 22 were more than 8 mm long . most oocytes were less than 1 mm in length . about 40 sheaths , presumably from eggs that had been released , were found in the ovary .
vecchione , m . and r . e . young . 1997 aspects of the functional morphology of cirrate octopods : locomotion and feeding . vie milieu 47 ( 2 ) : 101 - 110 .
cape hatteras , u . s . a , sw u . k . ( 2 )
collins , martin , richard e . young , and michael vecchione . 2002 .
each tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
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a catalog of the type - specimens of recent cephalopoda in the national museum of natural history . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 278
sweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .
systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )
notice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the eastern coast of north america , no . 7
taxon validity : [ fide nesis ( 1987a : 282 ) ] . repository : nmnh holotype 382471 [ fide roper and sweeney ( 1978 ) ] . type locality : 43 54 ' n , 58 44 ' w ( atlantic ocean )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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cirri long , up to 50 mm ; first rudimentary cirri present before sucker 3 or 4 ; cirri end at web margin at sucker 19 - 24 .
the upper beak ( drawing on the near right ) has a gently curving rostral edge . the lower beak ( drawing on the far right ) has an elongate rostrum and a hood that is nearly flat in profile along the crest . bar is 10 mm .
male reproductive ( illustration on near right ) and female reproductive tract ( illustrated on far right ) .
the shell us u - shaped with large wings flattened dorsolaterally where fins attach . bar is 20 mm .
all table measurements are in mm . ios - institute of oceanographic sciences ( now the southampton oceanography centre ) . nmsz - national museum of scotland . zub - university of bergen , museum of zoology . diam . - diameter ; l - length ; lam - lamella ; max . - maximum ; mw - mantle width ; tl - total length ; wt . - weight . the table , slightly modified in form , is from : collins and henriques ( 2000 ) .
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to truly appreciate the wondrous beauty of life in the ocean , you have to see it at night . when the sun sets , it comes to life in a dazzling display of colors and lights that rivals the best fireworks shows .
an astonishing variety of species use bioluminescence ( the natural production of visible light through a chemical reaction ) to catch food , hook up with mates , or scare off intruders . in this gallery , we ' ll look at some of the wildest , and most clever , uses of light at sea .
some species know how to make a quiet exit . but the deep - sea shrimp retreats in a blaze of bioluminescent glory . when confronted by a predator , the bright red critter spews a glowing blue ooze from the base of its antennae into the water .
the light temporarily stuns the offender , giving the shrimp precious time to back - flip its way to safety . it ' s similar to the time - tested strategy used by squids and octopuses , which squirt clouds of ink into the faces of their enemies .
the glass squid is a master of luminous disguise . unlike the many species that use bioluminescence as an attention - grabbing beacon , this animal uses light as a cloak to evade prying eyes .
aside from its opaque eyes and the polka dot - like chromatophores ( pigmented cells that aid in camouflage ) that cover its body , the glass squid is completely transparent . the chromatophores are not an issue , but the opaque color of its eyes can be a dead giveaway . many species hunt for prey by scanning the water column above them , looking for any telltale silhouettes that might signal the presence of their next meal .
to confound its potential predators , the glass squid makes use of two u - shaped light - emitting photophores located at the base of its eyes : the lights cancel out the shadows cast by the opaque eyes . the effect of this strategy , called counterillumination , is to break up the squid ' s silhouette by mimicking the intensity and color of downwelling light from the surface .
to survive in the dark recesses of the ocean , it helps to have a sharp pair of eyes . and preferably eyes that can see through others ' visual deceits . on both counts , the short nose green - eye fish swims above the fray .
like many deep - sea predators , its eyes are turned upward to scan for prey blocking the light that comes from above . but where another fish might have been fooled by a prey using counterillumination , the short - nose green - eye fish uses its sophisticated peepers ( pdf ) to break up any bioluminescent shams .
the green fluorescent pigment in the lenses of its eyes acts like a filter , absorbing the sea ' s ambient deep blue light . researchers believe this property allows the short - nose green - eye fish to distinguish between the lighter shade of blue given off by bioluminescent creatures and the richer blue of the ocean .
the tropical mantis shrimp is known for one thing above all else : its amazing eyes . unlike our own primitive eyes , which detect three primary colors , the mantis shrimp ' s can see 12 . they can also perceive different forms of polarized light - - light waves oscillating in a single direction . this ability is primarily thought to help the shrimp nab the transparent animals that it feasts on .
on the dimly lit seafloor , where the shrimp dig their burrows , their complex eyes have another crucial function : interspecies communication . pigments in the shrimp ' s appendages absorb the ocean ' s ambient blue light and emit it in a yellow - green color , resulting in the characteristic spotty markings . the light ' s wavelength is so specific that only other members of the species can trace it , which allows the mantis shrimp both to flaunt its goods to prospective mates and to threaten encroachers .
at first blush , the hawaiian bobtail squid looks like just another bioluminescent cephalopod . like many of its relatives , the bobtail squid makes deft use of its light - emitting photophores to hunt , communicate with its peers , and hide from predators lurking below . but it ' s a fraud .
instead of producing the light itself , the squid relies on a bioluminescent bacterium that dwells within its photophores . in exchange for shelter and a stable source of nutrients , the bacteria provide the squid with the ability to make light .
the relationship begins immediately at birth . after emerging from its egg , the juvenile bobtail squid acquires the bacteria from the environment , and they start the process of colonizing its developing light organs .
studies have shown that the squid can even control the intensity of the luminescence produced by the bacteria in order to match that of the downwelling light in the water column .
when something looks too good to be true , it usually is . take the case of the deep - sea siphonophore , which makes red light to trap its prey . a close relative of the jellyfish , it was recently discovered by a team of monterey bay aquarium research institute ( mbari ) researchers .
like all siphonophores , this unnamed species is what scientists call a
superorganism
: an animal that grows by budding off highly specialized structures , known as zooids . each zooids performs a specific function , such as feeding or reproduction .
this creature ' s feeding zooids employ unique red
lures
at the tips of some tentacles to catch unwitting passers - by . to the fish that fall for the alluring bait , the red fluorescent tip looks just like a fat , juicy crustacean . the dangling blobs themselves are harmless , but nearby tentacles are equipped with a battery of potent stinging cells , that make quick work of the small fish .
photophores contained within the tips are responsible for producing the red light . mbari scientist steven haddock believes the lures are an adaptation for living at depth , where food is scarce and fish are even scarcer .
some bioluminescent species get really cranky when you disturb them . tomopteris , a tiny marine worm , erupts into a shower of angry sparks and unloads its eggs into the water before rapidly undulating away . what is unusual about this worm is that the sparks it shoots from its paddle - shaped swimming legs are golden yellow in color and not blue , like practically every other bioluminescent organism .
other marine worms are thought to release glowing blue particles into the water to make themselves look less tasty to hungry predators . few deep - living species have the ability to detect yellow light , which , because it has a higher wavelength , gets absorbed in the shallow surface waters , so it is unclear why tomopteris uses it . for the moment , researchers are still trying to suss out the chemistry of the yellow luminescence , which may yield some clues about its unique function .
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herring , p . j . in the mollusca vol . ii ( ed . wilbur , k . m . ) 449 - 489 ( academic , new york , 1988 ) .
chun , c . report on the scientific results of the “michael sars” north atlantic deep - sea expedition 1910 ( 1913 ) .
budelmann , b . u . et al . in microscopic anatomy of invertebrates ( eds harrison , f . w . & kohn , a . j . ) 119 - 414 ( wiley - liss , new york , 1997 ) .
buck , j . in bioluminescence in action ( ed . herring , p . j . ) 419 - 456 ( academic , new york , 1978 ) .
hanlon , r . t . & messenger , j . b . cephalopod behaviour ( cambridge univ . press , 1996 ) .
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microgadus proximus , also commonly known as pacific tomcod , is a type of cod fish found in north american coastal waters from the southeastern bering sea to central california .

this species can reach a length of 30.5 cm ( 12.0 in ) .

their diet of the pacific tomcod includes anchovies , shrimp , worms , and other small marine invertebrates .

pacific tomcod are occasionally taken by recreational anglers .

this is usually incidental to fishing for other species of fish as they are relatively small in size .

microgadus proximus

( of gadus proximus girard , 1854 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
greek , mikros = samll + latin , gadus = a fish , cod ? ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; brackish ; demersal ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 275 m ( ref . 1371 ) , usually 25 - 120 m ( ref . 1371 ) . temperate ; 62°n - 36°n , 170°w - 121°w ( ref . 1371 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27436 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 46 - 54 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 38 - 46 . body olive green dorsally , pale ventrally ; fins dusky marginally .
generally found over sand ( ref . 1371 ) . may enter brackish water ( ref . 1371 ) . young move into shallow waters in summer and fall , whereas adults usually stay in deeper waters ( ref . 28499 ) . feeds on shrimps , amphipods , isopods , gastropods , mussels and fishes ( ref . 1371 ) . an important prey species ( ref . 2850 ) .
cohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba , 1990 . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 10 ) . rome : fao . 442 p . ( ref . 1371 )
) : 3 . 4 - 9 . 5 , mean 5 . 8 ( based on 253 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00436 - 0 . 01515 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 59 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of gadus californicus ( ayres , 1854 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of morrhua californica ayres , 1854 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of morrhua proxima ( girard , 1854 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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for more information on fishing , please contact the wdfw fish program . 360 - 902 - 2700 fish program district biologists
caught incidentally in the commercial fishery off the washington coast with otter - trawls . rarely caught by recreational harvesters in puget sound .
description : the body of the pacific tomcod is elongated and slender and covered with small , thin scales . it ranges in color from olive green to brownish above , and creamy white below . the fins have dusky tips . this species has a small barbel on the chin . characteristic of the cod family , the pacific tomcod has three dorsal fins , two anal fins , a large head , and a large mouth with fine teeth . the first anal fin begins below the rear of the first dorsal fin . the pacific tomcod is distinguished from other similar–appearing fish by its three spineless dorsal fins and the small chin barbell , but is easily confused with a pacific cod . the pacific cod has a barbel as long as the diameter of the eye , whereas the pacific tomcod has a barbel less than one half the diameter of the eye , and the anus below the first dorsal fin .
range / habitat : pacific tomcod can be found from the bering sea to pt . sal , california . they are a schooling fish that live on or near soft bottoms of mud , silt or find sand . as adults pacific tomcod are found at water depths of 27 to 219 m ( 90 - 720 ft ) .
eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 336 p .
love , m . 1996 . probably more than you want to know about the fishes of the pacific coast . really big press , santa barbara , california , 381 pp .
cohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba , 1990 . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 10 ) . rome : fao . 442 p .
generally found over sand ( ref . 1371 ) . may enter brackish water ( ref . 1371 ) . young move into shallow waters in summer and fall , whereas adults usually stay in deeper waters ( ref . 28499 ) . feeds on shrimps , amphipods , isopods , gastropods , mussels and fishes ( ref . 1371 ) . an important prey species ( ref . 2850 ) .
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cohen , daniel m . , tadashi inada , tomio iwamoto , and nadia scialabba
mecklenburg , catherine w . , t . anthony mecklenburg , and lyman k . thorsteinson
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
eastern pacific ocean from the bering sea to central california ( eschmeyer and herald 1983 ) .
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
adults occur on or near the bottom at about 25 - 220 m ; young in shallower waters , often near surface ( eschmeyer and herald 1983 ) .
not abundant enough or large enough to be a commercial species ( eschmeyer and herald 1983 ) .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
eschmeyer , w . n . , and e . s . herald . 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america from the gulf of alaska to baja california . houghton mifflin co . , boston , massachusetts . 336 pp .
nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .
page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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