juracimbrophlebia is an extinct genus of hangingflies that lived during the middle jurassic period about 165 million years ago .

the type species was discovered from daohugou in northeastern china ’s inner mongolia .

the insect was selected by the international institute for species exploration at arizona state university as one of the top 10 new species discovered in 2012 out of more than 140 nominated species .

the uniqueness is its striking resemblance to the fossilised leaves with which it was discovered , indicating one of the earliest instances of biological mimicry .

the selection was announced on 22 may 2013 .

juracimbrophlebia

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a restoration of juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia hiding among jurassic ginkgo leaves . art by wang chen , from wang et al . , 2012 .
juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia image © 2012 ms . chen wang . used with permission of the international institute for species exploration . all rights reserved .
a specimen of juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia — a new genus and species , showing an appearance similar to y . capituliformis . photo by : wang , labandeira , shih and ren
a reconstruction of juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia mimicking the ginkgoites leaves of the contemporaneous yimaia caputiliformis plant , while sharing in a mutual benefit for both hangingfly and a ginkgo plant . artwork by ms . chen wang
a fossil of the jurassic hangingfly juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia ( c ) next to the leaf of the ginkgo yimaia capituliformis ( e ) found in the same deposits . from wang et al . , 2012 .
the systematic paleontology is as follows : insecta linnaeus , 1758 ; mecoptera packard , 1886 ; raptipeda willmann , 1977 ; cimbrophlebiidae willmann , 1977 ; juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia wang , labandeira , shih et ren gen . et sp . nov .
y . j . wang , c . c . labandeira , c . k . shih and d . ren . 2012 . juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia taxonomy , in jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 109 : 20515 - 20516 urltoken
full reference : y . j . wang , c . c . labandeira , c . k . shih and d . ren . 2012 . juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia taxonomy , in jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 109 : 20515 - 20516
the generic name juracimbrophlebia is the combination of jura - and cimbrophlebia ( the type genus of the family cimbrophlebiidae ) , referring to the jurassic age and scorpionfly nature of the species . the specific name ginkgofolia is the combination of latin words ginkgo and - folia , referring to the distinctively ginkgoalean , leaf - like wings .
juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia country : china living species of hangingflies can be found , as the name suggests , hanging beneath foliage where they capture other insects as food . they are a lineage of scorpionflies characterized by their skinny bodies , two pairs of narrow wings , and long threadlike legs . a new fossil species , juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia , has been found along with preserved leaves of a gingko - like tree , yimaia capituliformis , in middle jurassic deposits in the jiulongshan formation in china ' s inner mongolia . the two look so similar that they are easily confused in the field and represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm 165 million years ago , before an explosive radiation of flowering plants .
when the hangingfly ( juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia ) that was fossilized in this find stretched its wings , it would have resembled the five - lobed leaf of an extinct ginkgo - like tree ( yimaia capituliformis ) that once dwelled in the region . the scientists accidentally ran across this mimicry about a year and a half ago , after initially mistaking the insect for a leaf in the lab and the field .
mimicry isn ' t a new development among insects . the evolutionary connection between arthropods and the vegetation they resemble may go back over 300 million years , and , among modern forms , has adapted insects so intricately that they even show markings similar to fungus and lichen common on the plants they are supposed to look like . juracimbrophlebia isn ' t even the first mimic insect to be found in the high - resolution fossil slabs of the jiulongshan formation . nevertheless , this is the first time a hangingfly has been found to mimic a plant .
a new species of hangingfly with wings that perfectly mimic the multi - lobed leaf of an ancient ginkgo - like tree has been discovered in china by scientists from the smithsonian’s national museum of natural history and the university of maryland , as well as the college of life sciences at capital normal university , in beijing . exquisitely preserved in fossil sediments dating from the middle jurassic , the insect , newly named juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia , was discovered in 165 million - year - old deposits , as was the ginko - like tree , yimaia capituliformis , the mimicked plant .
a new species of hangingfly with wings that perfectly mimic the multi - lobed leaf of an ancient ginkgo - like tree has been discovered in china by scientists from the smithsonian’s national museum of natural history and the university of maryland , as well as the college of life sciences at capital normal university , in beijing . exquisitely preserved in fossil sediments dating from the middle jurassic , the insect , newly named juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia , was discovered in 165 million - year - old deposits , as was the ginko - like tree , yimaia capituliformis , the mimicked plant .
in order to blend in on the jurassic ginkgo yimaia capituliformis , tricky juracimbrophlebia had to spread its wings . when held just so , the elongated , veined wings of the insect resembled the multi - lobed shape of the ginkgo leaves . this is assuming that the mimicry hypothesis is correct . the insect and the leaves show a close resemblance , but how can we test this hypothesis 165 million years after these organisms shared the same forest ? the hangingfly does resemble the ginkgo , that much is clear , but how can we tell whether or not the insect ' s anatomy was a form of camouflage or just coincidentally similar ?
“living species of hangingflies can be found , as the name suggests , hanging beneath foliage where they capture other insects as food . they are a lineage of scorpionflies characterized by their skinny bodies , two pairs of narrow wings , and long threadlike legs . a new fossil species , juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia , has been found along with preserved leaves of a gingko - like tree , yimaia capituliformis , in middle jurassic deposits in the jiulongshan formation in china’s inner mongolia . the two look so similar that they are easily confused in the field and represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm 165 million years ago , before an explosive radiation of flowering plants . ”
so , who made the cut ? one of the top ten species includes the lucihormetica luckae , a glow in the dark cockroach originating from ecuador . the scientists have only found one specimen that was collected 70 years ago , suggesting that this species is either extremely rare , or already extinct . other insects that made the list were the semachrysa jade , a butterfly from malayasia and the juracimbrophlebia ginkofolia , a fly from china . the semachrysa jade has a green lacewing with dark markings found at the base of the wings and was first discovered after a photograph of it was published on social media . the fly is known for hanging under foliage in order to catch food .
the inch and a half long fossil specimen was first overlooked , the team says , as those that found it first believed it to be a ( now extinct ) five lobed ginkgo leaf sample embedded within ancient rock . upon closer inspection , the researchers discovered that the specimen was actually that of a fossilized scorpionfly , which is known more commonly as a hangingfly ( juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia ) , because of its tendency to hang from branches waiting for prey to pass by . it was found in the northeastern part of inner mongolia . the scorpionfly gets its name from its oversized male genitalia that resemble a scorpion stinger . to mimic surrounding ginkgo leaves , the insect would latch onto a branch , hang down and spread its wings wide open .
hangingfly fossil : living species of hangingflies can be found , as the name suggests , hanging beneath foliage . that is where they capture other insects as food . they are a lineage of scorpionflies . they are characterized by their skinny bodies , two pairs of narrow wings , and long threadlike legs . this new fossil species , juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia , has been found along with preserved leaves of a gingko - like tree , yimaia capituliformis . the two were found in middle jurassic deposits in the jiulongshan formation in china’s inner mongolia . the two look so similar that they are easily confused in the field . they represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm 165 million years ago . this was before an explosive radiation of flowering plants .
but let ' s run with the mimicry hypothesis . under this scenario , wang and collaborators propose that the hangingfly might have been hiding from the insectivorous mammals , dinosaurs , pterosaurs , lizards , and amphibians that inhabited the same forest . ( the same cast of arthropod - crunchers was recently cast as a threat to the katydid archaboilus musicus , found in the same formation and known from a set of wings researchers recently used to reconstruct the insect ' s song . ) alternatively , juracimbrophlebia might have been a predator itself - the hangingfly could have ambushed the various insects which fed upon prehistoric ginkgo trees . perhaps the mimicry proved advantageous in both respects . the span of time between us the jurassic forest prevents us from knowing - such tantalizing traces of prehistoric interactions only come to life in our imaginations .
a near - perfect mimetic association between a mecopteran insect species and a ginkgoalean plant species from the late middle jurassic of northeastern china recently has been discovered . the association stems from a case of mixed identity between a particular plant and an insect in the laboratory and the field . this confusion is explained as a case of leaf mimesis , wherein the appearance of the multilobed leaf of yimaia capituliformis ( the ginkgoalean model ) was accurately replicated by the wings and abdomen of the cimbrophlebiid juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia ( the hangingfly mimic ) . our results suggest that hangingflies developed leaf mimesis either as an antipredator avoidance device or possibly as a predatory strategy to provide an antiherbivore function for its plant hosts , thus gaining mutual benefit for both the hangingfly and the ginkgo species . this documentation of mimesis is a rare occasion whereby exquisitely preserved , co - occurring fossils occupy a narrow spatiotemporal window that reveal likely reciprocal mechanisms which plants and insects provide mutual defensive support during their preangiospermous evolutionary histories .
abstract a near - perfect mimetic association between a mecopteran insect species and a ginkgoalean plant species from the late middle jurassic of northeastern china recently has been discovered . the association stems from a case of mixed identity between a particular plant and an insect in the laboratory and the field . this confusion is explained as a case of leaf mimesis , wherein the appearance of the multilobed leaf of yimaia capituliformis ( the ginkgoalean model ) was accurately replicated by the wings and abdomen of the cimbrophlebiid juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia ( the hangingfly mimic ) . our results suggest that hangingflies developed leaf mimesis either as an antipredator avoidance device or possibly as a predatory strategy to provide an antiherbivore function for its plant hosts , thus gaining mutual benefit for both the hangingfly and the ginkgo species . this documentation of mimesis is a rare occasion whereby exquisitely preserved , co - occurring fossils occupy a narrow spatiotemporal window that reveal likely reciprocal mechanisms which plants and insects provide mutual defensive support during their preangiospermous evolutionary histories .
camera lucida drawings of j . ginkgofolia gen . et sp . nov . , holotype cnu - mec - nn - 2010–050p . credit : ( c ) 2012 pnas , doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1205517109
( phys . org ) —researchers working in china have discovered an insect that lived 165 million years ago that they believe used its wings to mimic the leaves of an ancient ginkgo tree . the fossil finding , the team writes in their paper published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences , is one of the few that shows that early insects mimicked non - flowering plants millions of years before doing so with angiosperms .
the researchers suggest that the insect likely evolved its mimicry abilities to help it evade predators or to help it hide from prey , as is seen with many modern insects . the first attribute would have been most useful as close inspection of the insect revealed weak wings and legs . they noted also that it was possible that the insect and the ginkgo formed a partnership of sorts with the tree providing shelter and the hangingfly eating other bugs that might seek to feed on the trees ' leaves .
the discovery of the hangingfly fossil adds to the knowledgebase of insects that mimic non - flowering plants . most mimicking insects going back 100 million years tend to mimic angiosperms . the newly discovered hangingfly fossil predates other fossilized mimicking insects by approximately 40 million years .
both the fossilized hangingfly and the ginkgo plant that it mimicked , date back to the heyday of the dinosaurs and thus it ' s quite possible that the plant served as food for them and other large herbivores .
more information : jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china , pnas , published online before print november 26 , 2012 , doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1205517109
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wonder to know this information . . . . tell me more about the dna extraction from the blood . . . . . . ? ?
wonder to know this information . . . . tell me more about the dna extraction from the blood . . . . . . ? ? they found a fossil , not an actual insect . hence there is no blood or dna . their conclusions are based on the shape and size of the insect , particularly its wings and legs .
the researchers suggest that the insect likely evolved its mimicry abilities to help it evade predators or to help it hide from prey ,
or perhaps both .
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reconstruction of j . ginkgofolia mimicking the leaves of y . capituliformis . this relationship was beneficial for both the insect mimic and plant model . ( courtesy chen wang , capital normal university )
“the mimicry is so amazing that some 165 million years later it even fooled me as i was examining fossils from the field and at the lab in china , ” says conrad labandeira , paleobiologist at the national museum of natural history and co - author of a paper on the discovery in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa . hanging down by its long forelegs from the bottom of a leaf petiole , the four long wings and body of j . ginkgofolia would have perfectly mimicked the five hanging lobes of a single ginkgo - like leaf .
hangingflies are a subset of scorpionflies with long legs , narrow wings and a long thin body . ( the body of the type specimen of this insect is 38 . 5 millimeters , or about 1 . 5 inches . ) . j . ginkgofolia , was found in deposits of the jiulongshan formation at daohugou village , in northeastern china’s inner mongolia , and represents a new genus and species .
j . ginkgofolia’s shape and form most likely attracted smaller insects that fed upon the leaves of the ginkgo - like plant , which j . ginkgofolia would catch and eat , labandeira explains . in this way the insect benefited from a reciprocal relationship with the tree , a relationship that the fossils indicate lasted about 1 million years . the ability of these insects to hide in plain - sight upon the leaves of the ginkgo - like tree also helped it avoid predators such as other insects , pterosaurs and small , tree - living dinosaurs and mammals .
“this discovery is important because it is a rare example of insect mimicry modeled on a gymnosperm and not a flowering plant , ” labandeira says . “virtually all of today’s examples of insect mimicry are modeled on flowering plants , the angiosperms . j . ginkgoflora , however , lived about 45 - million years before the appearance of flowering plants , so this discovery gives us better idea of the early relationships between gymnosperms and this hangingfly insect group . ” although the ginkgo - like y . capituliformis occurs in other geologic deposits , the hangingfly has not , labandeira says . “they both probably went extinct at the end of the jurassic . ”
“ jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china , ” ( article link ) by yongjie wang , conrad c . labandeira , chungkun shih , qiaoling ding , chen wang , yunyun zhao , and dong ren , proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa , volume 109 .
edited * by david l . dilcher , indiana university , bloomington , in , and approved october 8 , 2012 ( received for review april 3 , 2012 )
one mid - mesozoic group of sites where fossil conditions are ideal for examining the possible presence of leaf mimesis is daohugou , in northeastern china’s inner mongolia . the encompassing jiulongshan formation is dated as late middle jurassic (
) . here , we propose a likely leaf mimesis that occurred between a very different pair of interactors—a species from the insect order mecoptera ( scorpionflies ) and a species from the diverse seed plant order ginkgoales ( ginkgos ) , representing a linked , finely honed association . both groups were more diverse and had a greater breadth of life habits during the mesozoic than their present diversities would indicate (
extant mecoptera is a nondiverse group in the modern insect fauna , including ∼32 genera in nine families . by contrast , fossil mecopterans are three times more diverse at the genus level , representing 98 genera accommodated in 34 extinct families ( 17 , 18 ) . this pattern suggests that recent mecoptera are relictual , a status also supported by a long and diverse evolutionary history extending to the permian ( 11 ) . mecopterans obtain their scorpionfly namesake from male members of the panorpidae , a mecopteran clade characterized by distinctive , scorpion - like terminalia . extant hangingflies ( bittacidae ) are a subset of scorpionflies that bear long legs and have a habitus paralleling that of crane flies ( diptera ) , exhibiting gross morphological convergence . the extant eomeropidae are considered to possess many plesiomorphic features , and consist of one extant species in the chilean rainforest with a very cockroach - like body ( 18 ) . despite these resemblances to other arthropods , there has been no evidence indicating that any fossil or modern mecopterans inordinately resemble the foliage of co - occurring plants .
( a – c ) camera lucida drawings of j . ginkgofolia gen . et sp . nov . , holotype cnu - mec - nn - 2010–050p . ( a ) habitus of holotype . ( b ) highly enlarged portion of the midleg , showing annulately distributed pubescence . ( c ) portion of hindleg , displaying two spurs at the femur–tibia joint . ( d ) y . capituliformis leaf specimen of ginkgoites ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 396 ) , with rugose surface for comparison . ( e ) a portion of the wing from the paratype of j . ginkgofolia ( cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 012p ) . ( f ) lobe of a ginkgoites leaf from y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 396 ) for comparison . ab , abdomen ; ant , antennae ; e , compound eyes ; fl , foreleg ; hl , hindleg ; ml , midleg ; oce , ocelli ; ros , rostrum ; spu , tibial spurs . ( scale bars : 5 mm , e and f . )
( a – f ) mimesis of ginkgoites leaves from y . capituliformis with the hangingfly j . ginkgofolia , from the middle jurassic jiulongshan formation of northeastern china . ( a ) ginkgoites leaf of y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2009 - 733p ) . ( b ) a ginkgoites leaf of y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 044 ) . ( c ) holotype of j . ginkgofolia ( cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 050p ) , with an appearance similar to y . capituliformis . ( d ) a cimbrophlebiid specimen ( cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 017p ) . ( e ) a ginkgoites leaf of y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 371p ) . ( f ) a ginkgoites leaf of y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 501 ) . ( g ) artist’s reconstruction of j . ginkgofolia mimetic on ginkgoites leaves of y . capituliformis . ( h – k ) comparisons of single j . ginkgofolia wings to single y . capituliformis leaf lobes . ( h ) right forewing of paratype of j . ginkgofolia ( cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 022 ) . ( i ) right forewing of a cimbrophlebiid specimen ( cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 017p ) . ( j ) lobe of a ginkgoites leaf from y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2009 - 733p ) . ( k ) lobe a ginkgoites leaf from y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 371p ) . ( scale bars : 10 mm . )
holotype cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 050p / c ( figs . 1 a – c and 3 c ) had a well - preserved , nearly complete body with most of four wings present , but wing apexes , genital region , and parts of antennae and legs were not preserved . paratypes were as follows : cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 022 ( fig . 3 h ) ; cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 037p / c , single forewing preserved ; cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 023 , overlapped wings , with parts of body and antennae ; and cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 012p / c ( fig . 1 e ) , single forewing missing basal area . specimens are deposited in the key laboratory of insect evolution and environmental changes , capital normal university .
all specimens were collected from the jiulongshan formation , of late middle jurassic age ( bathonian–callovian boundary interval ) from daohugou village , shantou township , ningcheng county , of inner mongolia autonomous region in china . ar - ar and shrimp u - pb dating results indicate an absolute age of 164–165 ma ( 7 ) .
the previously undescribed genus and species are distinguished from other cimbrophlebiid species by the following wing characters . the 2a vein with six or more pectinate primary branches separates the previously undescribed genus from perfecticimbrophlebia , which has one branch of 2a with a distal bifurcation , and from two species of cimbrophlebia ( cimbrophlebia flabelliformis and cimbrophlebia brooksi ) , of which the 2a has no more than four branches . the 2a , with only primary branches , separates the genus from malmocimbrophlebia , telobittacus , and three other species of cimbrophlebia ( cimbrophlebia leahyi , cimbrophlebia westae , and cimbrophlebia bittaciformis ) , which collectively possess distally bifurcating 2a branches .
body is ∼38 . 5 mm long as preserved . head is compressed dorsally ; antennae are filiform , covered by numerous setae ; compound eyes are conspicuously occupying most of the lateral head exposure ; three ocelli are arranged triangularly ; rostrum is prolonged and gradually narrowed distally ( fig . 1 a ) .
thorax is poorly preserved and slightly deformed , with dimensions of 6 . 8 mm long by 3 . 7 mm wide . prothorax is vaulted anteriorly ; metathorax is well differentiated , with prescutum and scutellum easily discernable . legs are extremely long and gracile , like most hangingflies , and are covered by abundant annulate pubescence ( fig . 1 b ) . foreleg and midlegs are partly preserved and extended anteriad . hindlegs are modified for grasping and become slender , with femora ∼11 . 6 mm long , tibia 16 . 4 mm long , and basitarsi 3 . 9 mm long ( fig . 1 c ) ; tibial spurs are elongate . abdomen is 26 . 5 mm long as preserved , with eight visible segments , but the terminal abdominal segments are not preserved ; sex is unknown .
forewing is slightly broader than hindwing , at 32 . 4 mm long as preserved , with the proximal part minimally 2 . 1 mm wide and the rounded apex maximally 8 . 9 mm wide . forewing exhibits light coloration and a field of transparent spots . membrane is distinctly rugose , and a similar condition is present among co - occurring yimaia leaves ( fig . 1 d – f ) and other cimbrophlebiids ( 20 ) . venation is typically cimbrophlebiid - like : subcosta vein ( sc ) ends at costa vein ( c ) , ∼2 / 3 of wing length ; first branch of radial vein ( r 1 ) branches near pterostigma ; radial sector ( rs ) has five dichotomous branches ; media ( m ) has four branches , fused with cubitus vein ( cu ) toward the base ; the divergence of the anterior branch of cubitus vein ( cu 1 ) and cu 2 is closed to the wing base ; cu 2 bent sharply toward posterior wing margin close to the termination ; the first anal vein ( 1a ) has a single branch , curved and entering the posterior margin ; the second anal vein ( 2a ) has six or more pectinate primary branches , and a short crossvein occurs close to the wing base . hindwing is similar to the forewing in size and venation , at 33 . 8 mm long and 8 . 6 mm wide ( maximum ) .
did mesozoic bittacids sharing a similar morphology with cimbrophlebiids also evolve a mimetic biological association ? we performed a quantitative analysis to evaluate similarity among cimbrephlebiids , bittacids , and ginkgoaleans ( si text , figs . s2 – s5 , and table s3 ) . in the geometric morphometric analysis , cimbrophlebiids show less shape variation compared with ginkgoalean leaves than do bittacids ( fig . s4 a and b and s5 a and b ) . these data provide direct evidence to indicate that cimbrophlebiids possess a more significant morphological foundation for mimicking ginkgoalean leaves than bittacid insects . it also suggests that bittacids overwhelmingly had an open , nonmimetic lifestyle , instead of evolving a specialized dependence on ginkgoaleans , a potential feature accounting for their survival to the present day .
) . possessing unusually long and slender legs , cimbrophlebiids were not built for cursorality , and with weakly constructed wings they were poor fliers as well , as in extant bittacids and craneflies . one avenue for predator avoidance would be use of ginkgoalean foliage as shelter or , perhaps more efficiently , employing leaf mimesis as additional or alternative protection . we identified five species of multilobed , broadleaved ginkgoaleans at daohugou , representing ∼12 . 4 % of the total number of plant specimens documented (
there is another possible explanation for this specialized morphology . as a leaf - mimicking predator ,
) , and providing potential food to a diverse herbivore fauna . it is possible that the association between
association could be applied to other coexisting insect and plant taxa . such reconstructions of organismic behavior and assessments of the functions of structures are accomplished through exploration of ecological and evolutionary puzzles that are informed by unique discoveries (
insect herbivore damage on ginkgoites leaves of y . capituliformis from the middle jurassic jiulongshan formation of northeastern china . insets are enlargements of damaged areas circled from respective leaves and using the damage type ( dt ) system of reference ( 44 ) . ( a ) gall damage ( dt80 ; cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 605p ) . ( b ) piercing - and - sucking damage ( dt48 ; cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 044 ) . ( c ) rows of small circular galls ( dt80 ; cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 548 ) . ( d ) margin feeding ( dt12 ; cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 521 ) . ( scale bars : solid , 10 mm ; dashed , 1 mm in a – c , 2 mm in d . )
we explored other biotas with well - documented cimbrophlebiid and ginkgoalean taxa , selecting those candidates with the most similar combination of insect body and wing shape and size that matched similar co - occurring ginkgoalean leaf forms ( fig . 2 ) . interestingly , the occurrences of cimbrophlebiids were occasionally coincident with multilobed ginkgoalean species . although no convincing matches equivalent to that of j . ginkgofolia and the ginkgoites leaves of y . capituliformis were found , some cimbrophlebiids possessed appearances similar to j . ginkgofolia , perhaps representing a continuation of their interactions with ginkgoaleans . it is possible that various associations between cimbrophlebiids and ginkgoaleans may have lasted > 100 million years , from the middle jurassic to the early eocene .
we thank qiang yang and xiaoguang yang for assistance in locating specimens . this work was supported by the national basic research program of china 973 program grant 2012cb821906 ; national natural science foundation of china grants 31071964 , 31172143 , 31230065 , and 41272006 ; key project of the beijing municipal commission of education grant 201207120 ; china geological survey grant 1212011120116 ; the china postdoctoral science foundation funded project ( grants 20110490449 , 2012t50113 ) , and the beijing postdoctoral research foundation ( grant 2011zz - 36 ) . this is contribution 245 from the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems consortium of the national museum of natural history .
author contributions : y . w . , y . z . , and d . r . designed research ; y . w . , c . c . l . , c . s . , and d . r . performed research ; y . w . , c . c . l . , c . s . , q . d . , c . w . , and d . r . analyzed data ; y . w . , c . w . , and d . r . prepared the life reconstruction art ; and y . w . , c . c . l . , c . s . , and d . r . wrote the paper .
trichomes on the leaves of anomozamites villosus sp . nov . ( bennettitales ) from the daohugou beds ( middle jurassic ) , inner mongolia , china : mechanical defence against herbivorous arthropods
the ginkgo , the most ancient living tree . the resistance of ginkgo biloba l . to pests accounts in part for the longevity of this species
version 3 . 0 . ( smithsonian institution , washington , dc ) . available at urltoken
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the mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena—but this rigor hasn’t always been enough to spur policy changes .
doesn ' t look especially impressive . found in the roughly 165 million year old beds of china ' s jiulongshan formation , and described by paleontologist yongjie wang and colleagues today in
. but when taken in context with the various other organisms found in the same beds , a subtle connection comes into focus . the ancient hangingfly , wang and co - authors propose , was a mimic of jurassic ginkgo trees .
wang , w . , labandeira , c . , shih , c . , ding , q . , wang , c . , zhao , y . , ren , d . 2012 . jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china . pnas urltoken
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living species of hangingflies can be found , as the name suggests , hanging beneath foliage where they capture other insects as food . they are a lineage of scorpionflies charactersized by their skinny bodies , two pairs of narrow wings , and long threadlike legs . a new fossil species ,
, in middle jurassic deposits in the jiulongshan formation in china’s inner mongolia . the two look so similar that they are easily confused in the field and represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm , 165 million ysears ago , before the explosive radiation of flowering plants .
reference : wang , y . , labandeira , c . c . , shih , c . , ding , q . , wang , c . , zhao , y . , and d . ren . 2012 . jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china . pnas 109 , 20515 - 19 .
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the hangingfly j . ginkgofolia ( right ) , which mimics the appearance of a leaf from the ginkgo - like tree y . capituliformis ( left ) . scale bars : 10 mm .
a fossilized scorpionfly that apparently mimicked the leaves of an ancient ginkgo - like tree has just been unearthed , researchers say .
the finding adds to evidence that this form of camouflage is very ancient , the scientists added .
more than 100 years ago , scientists began noticing extraordinary resemblances between insects and plants in the fossil record , such as those between certain roaches and the leaflets of particular seed ferns . such mimicry , also seen in living animals , likely helps protect creatures from predators , or might help them sneak up on prey .
now paleoentomologist dong ren at capital normal university in beijing and his colleagues have discovered another such plant mimic in northeastern china ' s inner mongolia region .
the 165 - million - year - old insect in question is a species of scorpionfly , a group that gets its name from the insects ' enlarged male genitals that resemble scorpion stingers . specifically , the fossil , which was about 1 . 5 inches ( 38 . 5 millimeters ) long , is a type of scorpionfly known as a hangingfly , which often hangs from surfaces waiting to snag prey .
can you find the hangingfly ? here , an artist ' s reconstruction of the hangingfly j . ginkgofolia on the leaves of the ginkgo - like tree y . capituliformis , which it mimicked some 165 million years ago .
the region back then was a large , relatively shallow lake basin containing both lakeside forest and shrubland , much of which was adapted to a seasonal and somewhat arid climate . the dominant plants were now - extinct relatives of familiar conifers , ginkgos , ferns and horsetails .
the researchers suggest the hangingfly may have evolved this mimicry to hide from predators , since its relatively large body and weak legs and wings would have made it easy prey . the insect also may have used mimicry to help ambush prey . this was a potentially mutually beneficial relationship with its host , with the tree providing shelter , while the insect devoured creatures that might otherwise munch on the plant . [ dazzling photos of dew - covered insects ]
nearly all of the insect mimicry documented today and for the past 100 million years involves the flowering plants , known as angiosperms . this newfound mimic , however , involves ginkgo - like lineages , which are not flowering plants ,
and presages some types of mimicry that occurred tens of millions of years later with angiosperms and more modern insect lineages ,
researcher conrad labandeira , a paleoecologist and curator of fossil arthropods at the smithsonian institution ' s national museum of natural history , told livescience .
as such , the findings revealed this form of plant mimicry evolved long before the flowering plants arrived .
the mere occurrence of this type of mimicry approximately 40 million years before the appearance of flowering plants is the most important implication
of our finding , labandeira said .
this ginkgo - like plant likely went extinct during the heyday of the dinosaurs , and this form of mimicry apparently died along with it .
ren , labandeira and their colleague yongjie wang detailed their findings online nov . 26 in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences .
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charles q . choi is a contributing writer for live science and space . com . he covers all things human origins and astronomy as well as physics , animals and general science topics . charles has a master of arts degree from the university of missouri - columbia , school of journalism and a bachelor of arts degree from the university of south florida . charles has visited every continent on earth , drinking rancid yak butter tea in lhasa , snorkeling with sea lions in the galapagos and even climbing an iceberg in antarctica .
elon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .
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type specimen : cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 050 , an exoskeleton . its type locality is daohugou ( cnu 2010 collection ) , which is in a callovian / oxfordian lacustrine - large shale in the daohugou formation of china .
average measurements ( in mm ) : body 38 . 5 x 3 . 7 , forewing 32 . 4 x 8 . 9 , hindwing 33 . 8 x 8 . 6
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using the cover not only to evade predators , but also to lay in wait for their own prey . if they ' re right , it makes this specimen one of the earliest examples of mimicry known to researchers .
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new & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region
wuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .
[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand
begonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .
chamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .
great - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .
endocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .
aristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .
bagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .
the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .
nipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 ニッポノサウルス | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .
begonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .
[ entomology • 2013 ] a new genus and species of fai . . .
[ botany • 2004 ] allium nathaliae • a new species f . . .
[ botany • 2013 ] allium formosum • a new onion spe . . .
on this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
anomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .
the benefits and costs of academic travel . or
there and back again ; again and again
canon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4
plants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .
i ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .
necps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden
this is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .
his wings mimed the leaves of gingko to camouflage , it is one of the oldest examples of biomimicry . so much so that the first fossils of this animal were attributed to gingko leaves , before being properly described in 2012 . this insect measures 8 cm of wingspan and feeds on other insects .
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figure 2 . photographs of niumbaha superba live and as a freshly prepared specimen . top photos show profile and anterior view , with ventral and dorsal images below .
a new genus is proposed for the strikingly patterned african vespertilionid “ glauconycteris ” superba hayman , 1939 on the basis of cranial and external morphological comparisons . a review of the attributes of a newly collected specimen from south sudan ( a new country record ) and other museum specimens of “ g . ” superba suggests that “ g . ” superba is markedly distinct ecomorphologically from other species classified in glauconycteris and is likely the sister taxon to glauconycteris sensu stricto . the recent capture of this rarely collected but widespread bat highlights the need for continued research in tropical sub - saharan africa and in particular , for more work in western south sudan , which has received very little scientific attention . new country records for g . cf . poensis ( south sudan ) and g . curryae ( gabon ) are also reported .
keywords : glauconycteris superba , glauconycteris poensis , glauconycteris curryae , niumbaha gen . nov . , badger bat , south sudan , description
etymology : the name is the zande word for ‘rare / unusual’ . this name was chosen because of the rarity of capture for this genus , despite its wide distribution throughout west and central africa , and for the unusual and striking appearance of this bat . zande is the language of the azande people , who are the primary ethnic group in western equatoria state in south sudan ( where our recent specimen was collected ) . the homeland of the azande extends westwards into democratic republic of the congo , where superba has also been collected ( the holotype and another recent capture ) , and into southeastern central african republic . gender : feminine .
reeder dm , helgen km , vodzak me , lunde dp , ejotre i . 2013 . a new genus for a rare african vespertilionid bat : insights from south sudan . zookeys . 285 : 89–115 . doi : urltoken
partial solar elipse to be visible from parts of australia , new zealand and antarctica on firday 13 july 2018 .
his wings mimed the leaves of gingko to camouflage , it is one of the oldest examples of . . .
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a glow - in - the - dark cockroach , a harp - shaped carnivorous sponge and the smallest vertebrate on earth are among the top 10 newly discovered species selected by the international institute for species exploration at arizona state university . a global committee of taxonomists – scientists responsible for species exploration and classification – announced its list to coincide with the anniversary of the birth of carolus linnaeus , the 18th - century swedish botanist responsible for the modern system of scientific names and classifications
discovered in the lomami basin of the democratic republic of the congo , the lesula is an old world monkey well known to locals but newly known to science . this is only the second species of monkey discovered in africa in the past 28 years . scientists first saw the monkey as a captive juvenile in 2007 . researchers describe the shy lesula as having human - like eyes . more easily heard than seen , the monkeys perform a booming dawn chorus . adult males have a large , bare patch of skin on the buttocks , testicles and perineum that is colored a brilliant blue . although the forests where the monkeys live are remote , the species is hunted for bush meat and its status is vulnerable
a spectacular , large , harp - or lyre - shaped carnivorous sponge discovered in deep water ( averaging 3 , 399 meters ) from the north - east pacific ocean off the coast of california . the harp - shaped structures or vanes number from two to six and each has more than 20 parallel vertical branches , often capped by an expanded , balloon - like , terminal ball . this unusual form maximises the surface area of the sponge for contact and capture of planktonic prey
eugenia is a large , worldwide genus of woody evergreen trees and shrubs of the myrtle family that is particularly diverse in south america , new caledonia and madagascar . the new species
is a shrub growing to two meters with emerald green , slightly glossy foliage and beautiful , dense clusters of small magenta flowers . it is one of seven new species described from the littoral forest of eastern madagascar and is considered to be an endangered species . it is the latest evidence of the unique and numerous species found in this specialized , humid forest that grows on sandy substrate within kilometres of the shoreline . once forming a continuous band 1 , 600km long , the littoral forest has been reduced to isolated , vestigial fragments under pressure from human populations
living species of hangingflies can be found , as the name suggests , hanging beneath foliage where they capture other insects as food . they are a lineage of scorpionflies characterised by their skinny bodies , two pairs of narrow wings , and long threadlike legs . a new fossil species ,
, in middle jurassic deposits in the jiulongshan formation in china ' s inner mongolia . the two look so similar that they are easily confused in the field and represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm 165 million years ago , before an explosive radiation of flowering plants
luminescence among terrestrial animals is rather rare and best known among several groups of beetles — fireflies and certain click beetles in particular — as well as cave - inhabiting fungus gnats . since the first discovery of a luminescent cockroach in 1999 , more than a dozen species have ' come to light ' . all are rare , and interestingly , so far found only in remote areas far from light pollution . the latest addition to this growing list is


flockton grey was the british racehorse at the centre of one of the largest betting scandals to hit british horseracing .

the affair remains the best-known case of a corrupt trainer and owner using a ringer to race in place of another horse .

because of the use of the ringer , flockton grey did not actually run in the race for which he became most famous .

flockton grey

flockton grey and good hand - the police kept flockton grey and good hand in custody until 1986 , when flockton grey was sent to the wetherby sales , and bought by trainer robin bastiman for 680gns . flockton grey never raced and , in 1989 , was sold to sharon dick , who worked at bastiman ' s yard . now 21 , flockton grey is still in dick ' s care . good hand was claimed by richardson and subsequently stabled at the aike grange stud , jill banks ' s establishment a few miles from jubilee farm .
flockton grey ' s passport described a horse with a conspicuous scar on its off - fore leg . the grey in wiles ' s yard had no such scar .
the story of the flockton grey case appeared in the racing post in two parts in january 2002 . . .
great racing scams : case closed , but ringer ' s trainer still a mystery : flockton grey , part 2 .
flockton grey - two - year - old flockton grey provided trainer stephen wiles with his first flat winner when recording a 20 - length win under kevin darley at leicester in 1982 . flockton grey had been backed to win by an estimated £200 , 000 and investigators concluded that darley ' s mount was in fact a three - year - old called good hand .
good hand ' s physical characteristics , including the distinctive leg scar , had been recorded on the passport of the two - year - old flockton grey . but the real flockton grey had been the unscarred horse investigators saw at wiles ' s yard .
flockton grey : two - year - old racehorse flockton grey had a 20 - length win at leicester in 1982 . horse was backed to win by # 200 , 000 . but investigators discovered horse was seasoned three - year - old called good hand .
for the past 20 years , flockton grey had been looked after by mary dick and her daughter sharon at their stables near worksop .
wiles said that a horse did arrive back at his yard the following day , but that this horse was not the ' flockton grey ' he himself had stood with in the winner ' s enclosure at leicester . it was a two - year - old ' unnamed ' grey , who he later showed to investigators : the real flockton grey .
the trainer looked at flockton grey ' s passport and was reminded of the scar on its off - fore leg . the horse he had been sent did not have a scar . when wiles phoned mathison , he was told that flockton grey would be with them in time for it to race… flockton grey never arrived . mathison nevertheless told wiles to declare the horse for the leicester race and to book kevin darley .
flockton grey , the horse at the centre of one of the greatest racing scandals and mysteries of the 20th century , has died aged 29 .
ridden by kevin darley , the debutant ' flockton grey ' provided trainer stephen wiles with his first winner on the flat after two years with a licence .
secretariat’s 1973 belmont stakes win by 31 lengths was incredible , sure . but have you heard the one about flockton grey ? a british racehorse , grey , lapped the field , winning by a ludicrous 20 lengths at a 1982 race in leicester .
death of flockton grey , the 20 - length maiden winner who never was ; horse at centre of one of racing ' s greatest scandals dies at age of 29 .
mary dick said yesterday :
flockton grey died of a heart attack on saturday . he was a gem , my favourite horse , and people often asked about him .
another tidbit : flockton grey ( an unwitting accomplice in the scheme ) was “in custody” for four years . profoundly unjust . also : how does one keep a horse in custody ?
death of flockton grey , the 20 - length maiden winner who never was ; horse at centre of one of racing ' s greatest scandals dies at age of 29 . - free online library
flockton grey ' s celebrity , or notoriety , stemmed from ' his ' unlikely 20 - length victory in a race for two - year - olds at leicester on march 29 , 1982 .
browne ' s punishment is the longest period of exclusion since the owner ken richardson was warned off for 25 years in 1984 for his part in the infamous flockton grey
ringer
affair .
in 1984 , richardson , boddy and colin mathison , a close associate , appeared at york crown court charged with having conspired to substitute good hand for flockton grey with the intention of defrauding bookmakers .
at the end of january 1982 , weatherbys issued a passport for flockton grey , bearing the markings of good hand but with a date of birth indicating that the horse was a two - year - old . according to wiles , mathison subsequently told him to make entries for flockton grey . he said that the
little grey
would be sent to wiles and , a few weeks before the leicester race , a little grey did arrive at his yard . wiles testified :
i did believe it was the horse which i had seen for an hour in the january . i thought it was the horse then named flockton grey , and then we started to canter it and found it was absolutely useless , green , nowhere near ready to race , didn ' t know how to gallop straight , nowhere near fit for entering into a race .
for those of a certain age , events will have revived memories of a famous gamble which took place at leicester in 1982 when flockton grey supposedly made his debut in a race for two - year - olds .
the most infamous race in modern annals was surely in march 1982 when flockton grey won a race at leicester by 20 lengths , . this huge margin of victory provoked suspicion of fraud and there was an investigation .
further investigation , including analysis of the photographs of the leicester winner taken at the racecourse , led to the conclusion that this ' flockton grey ' was , in fact , a three - year - old called good hand .
of course , richardson and trainer stephen wiles both put 20 , 000 pounds on the faux flockton grey : further cause for suspicion ( their “winning” bets were never paid out , and each was fined 20 , 000 pounds ) .
the diverse list includes the arrest and background of yorkshire ripper peter sutcliffe , the flockton grey “ringer” racehorse scandal , tracking down shamed coronation street star peter adamson in bali and going on the road with young us dance sensation fame .
the flockton grey scandal is the biggest british race horse scandal in history . that ' s really saying something when you consider just how easy it is to rig a race ( and how often it has happened , too ) .
when george edmondson , an investigating officer , arrived at wiles ' s yard at flockton , between wakefield and huddersfield , he was shown a grey two - year - old , but wiles did not pretend it was the winning horse .
wiles told edmondson that he thought the leicester winner was at a farm owned by ken richardson , a wealthy businessman and gambler , who had bought flockton grey as a yearling . the winner was not at the farm . he had vanished .
flockton grey was a 10 - 1 chance for a race restricted to two - year - olds over the minimum flat racing distance of five furlongs at leicester in march 1982 , but he won by the extraordinary distance of 20 lengths . the margin did not seem quite so surprising , though , when it emerged that flockton grey was in fact good hand - who was a three - year - old , and thus enjoyed an enormous advantage against his juniors . several convictions for conspiracy to defraud duly followed .
mla style :
death of flockton grey , the 20 - length maiden winner who never was ; horse at centre of one of racing ' s greatest scandals dies at age of 29 . .
the free library . 2008 mgn ltd 09 jul . 2018 urltoken
chicago style : the free library . s . v . death of flockton grey , the 20 - length maiden winner who never was ; horse at centre of one of racing ' s greatest scandals dies at age of 29 . .
retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken
the previous year , good hand had been claimed out of a selling race at ripon , on richardson ' s behalf . richardson claimed that he had sold flockton grey to wiles and also arranged for wiles to take good hand away , with a view to selling him .
flockton grey was an unremarkable two - year old horse from a relatively unsuccessful yard . when it was entered into its debut race ( a race strictly for horses its age ) the owner ken richardson and trainer stephen wiles decided to say “screw it” and break the law .
the flockton wattle is known or predicted to occur in the following sub - regions of the sydney basin interim biogeographic regionalisation of australia .
he is the first trainer to receive such a sanction while holding a licence since harry bell , warned off for welfare offences in 1985 , and the first to be banned for corrupt practice since stephen wiles , who was involved in the notorious flockton grey
ringer
scandal in 1982 .
instead , a three - year - old horse , good hand , deliberately ran in place of flockton grey . heavily backed , he won by 20 lengths and landed perpetrators of the scam a fortune , although their deceit was later rumbled and they were punished heavily inside and outside the law courts .
apa style : death of flockton grey , the 20 - length maiden winner who never was ; horse at centre of one of racing ' s greatest scandals dies at age of 29 . . ( n . d . ) > the free library . ( 2014 ) . retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken
ken richardson , flockton grey’s owner , had swapped out the two - year - old gelding for a veteran three - year - old horse prior to the race . of course , nobody knew that definitively in the immediate aftermath , but the bookies were suspicious to halt payouts on the 10 - 1 winner .
flockton grey landed a massive gamble when winning by 20 lengths at first time of asking at leicester racecourse on 29th march 1982 . as a debutant from an extremely low profile yard he was priced up at 10 / 1 and his owners placed a huge bet on him that would return & pound200 ; , 000 .
the investigators soon found that good hand had a scar on his foreleg ( unlike flockton grey ) and the racecourse vet also noted that the winner had teeth too developed for a two - year - old . both men were caught and charged with conspiracy to defraud . richardson was warned off by the jockey club for 25 years .
the plot thickened with the revelation that jo n jack , an ex - irish chesnut gelding , was bred by one of the three men involved in the notorious flockton grey ' ringer ' scandal a decade ago . but the jockey club established conclusively this week that last week ' s lingfield winner was in fact jo n jack and not a more talented substitute .
in this region the flockton wattle - sydney basin is known to be associated with the following vegetation formations and classes . click on a name to get background information about it .
flockton gray was ridden that afternoon by north yorkshire jockey kevin darley , who was completely unaware that there was anything untoward and was not involved in any way in the fraud .
wiles was to state that the horse he knew as flockton grey ( good hand ) , was not in his yard , but he had been instructed to declare it for the leicester race , and to meet the horsebox at the course . peter boddy , the horsebox driver , who worked for richardson , claimed that he subsequently dropped off the leicester winner at wiles ' s yard .
i have already indicated that even after a through search no plans of old workings in the flockton thin seam in the vicinity of south 9b district were found before or after the inrush .
if the wileses were responsible for obtaining a fraudulent passport , bearing good hand ' s markings , why did they employ a different horse as the ringer ? even if their horsebox had broken down , would they have arranged for boddy to collect the ringer the day before the race , and take it to leicester via newmarket , requiring the horse to stand in the horsebox for 22 hours ? there was no evidence to link the wileses to a single bet on flockton grey . richardson testified that he had never known stephen wiles to have more than £5 on a horse but claimed that wiles had asked him to put £100 on flockton grey for him . why did stephen and fred wiles drive 70 miles to confront richardson and mathison , demanding to know where the winner was , if they already knew ?
stephen and elaine wiles - in 1986 , stephen wiles was banned from holding a trainer ' s licence for five years for having entered and run flockton grey , knowing that the horse had not been in his care for the 14 days preceding the race . stephen later trained point - to - pointers while elaine worked for trainer steve norton and , after his retirement , held a number of jobs within the racing industry .
ringer this means racing a horse that looks similar to another , but is in fact much better . when flockton grey was backed to win £200 , 000 at leicester in 1982 , the horse that actually won the race was in fact called good hand . trainer john bowles was banned for 20 years for a similar scam in 1978 when a horse with little form called in the money won five races . the beast that actually did the running was cobbler ' s march .
7 ringer this means racing a horse that looks similar to another , but is in fact much better . when flockton grey was backed to win £200 , 000 at leicester in 1982 , the horse that actually won the race was in fact called good hand . trainer john bowles was banned for 20 years for a similar scam in 1978 when a horse with little form called in the money won five races . the beast that actually did the running was cobbler ' s march .
at the subsequent trial , geoffrey rivlin qc , for the prosecution , accused boddy of
lying through his teeth
. his evidence was
quite ridiculous and untrue
. richardson was also at the moat house hotel that evening . he had dinner with allan smith , who trained for him in belgium , and made a number of phone calls , including to darley . richardson advised flockton grey ' s rider that the best piece of ground at leicester was next to the inside rail .
however , they had no intention of actually running the real flockton grey in the contest and instead ran a far more physically developed three year old in his place called good hand . unfortunately for ken richardson and stephen wiles , the two behind the scam , the ' ringer ' was simply too good and won by a record winning margin . it was the size of the winning margin that caused a huge amount of suspicion and the police were soon involved as bookmakers refused to pay out .
early on the morning of sunday , march 28 , the day before the race , boddy arrived and told wiles he had come for the grey . later that morning , a horsebox arrived at geoff toft ' s yard at malton . according to toft , richardson had asked him to gallop a two - year - old for him . he had been told that it was a grey . andrew harrison , who rode the horse , confirmed toft ' s verdict that it was weak and backward and nowhere near ready for racing . the horse stayed at toft ' s until the day after the race - tuesday , march 30 - when the same driver arrived to take it away . the same day , the grey who had been taken from wiles on sunday was returned by boddy .
however , mills said at the inquiry that had he been aware of all the information he would have been very hesitant about working coal in the low laithes area and that a considerable amount of doubt has been sown in his mind as to the flockton thin seam as a whole .
ken richardson - banned from racing , richardson turned to football , buying control of bridlington town and then doncaster rovers . colin mathison and peter boddy were ultimately installed as the sole directors of bridlington , while ken haran , richardson ' s friend who denied in court backing flockton grey for richardson , was made chairman at doncaster . in 1995 , the main stand at doncaster was burnt down . in 1999 , sheffield crown court heard that richardson had offered an ex - sas man £10 , 000 to set fire to it . . . richardson , 61 , was given a four - year jail sentence .
“bye pit believed sunk to haigh moor seam at 141 yards deep and bored to silkstoone seam at 302 yards dep . flockton thin seam at 219 yards deep . ” it was in this form he signed the layout plan on august 4th 1971 and initiated its progress through the chain of planning responsibilities .
at no time during the inquiry was any documentary information produced to show that workings existed in the flockton thin seam in the vicinity of south 9b face . the only plans of the area which were available were old estate plans , not certified and likely to be incomplete and unreliable . the information available , the efforts made by surveyors to find out all that they could about workings adjacent to south 9b district and the decisions which they reached are described in the following paragraphs .
on 8th october 1970 , in the course of his investigation to ensure that there was no danger from old workings , wood the colliery surveyor , made a visit to the mining records office at rawmarsh , near rotherham , to inspect abandonment plans . he inspected all available abandonment plans relative to the are of coal proposed to be worked by south 9b face and found no evidence of any workings in the flockton thin seam or of old shafts sunk below the haigh moor seam .
many old shafts have been completely filled with debris but are only filled above wooden platforms sited at a short distance below the surface . variations in the level of water table caused by the weather can have a considerable effect on the fill material , and in time , wooden platforms rot away . this could explain the subsidence at the bull pit in september 1972 . the flockton thin seam workings were 350 yards away at this time and would not affect the shaft or its filling .
in reply to later questions he agreed that there were inconsistencies in the colouring of various boring and sinking sections and that he could not say with certainty where the sinking sections and the bore hole started . i find it significant however , that his impression on seeing the journal for the first time - this is , when he entered the witness box - was that the shaft was sunk to where the coloured detailed section commenced at the flockton thin seam at a horizontal depth of 218 yards .
i find that seven men lost their lives as a result of the inrush of water at the face of south 9b district in the flockton thin seam . the conditions in the district following the incident were such that only one body could be recovered . access to the face was not possible but i am satisfied that the evidence given at the inquiry was sufficiently comprehensive to enable me to determine the causes and circumstances of the inrush . the names of the men who lost their lives in the accident are given later in this report .
in young horses , teeth provide a remarkably accurate guide to a horse ' s age . john hickman , a veterinary surgeon , and douglas witherington , the jockey club ' s chief veterinary officer , examined blown - up photographs . they were agreed that , in racing terms , the winner was undoubtedly a three - year - old . thousands of naming forms and certificates were examined , in a search for a three - year - old grey with a scar on its off - fore leg . there were only three candidates . dick ` e ' bear and wednesday morning were quickly eliminated… that left good hand .
on the day of the race , monday , march 29 , 1982 , boddy drove a horse to leicester racecourse in richardson ' s horsebox . according to boddy , he had picked the horse up from wiles ' s yard the previous day as a favour , their horsebox having broken down . that sunday , he drove the horse to newmarket , along with another two - year - old grey from jubilee farm , which he had to deliver to pat haslam ' s yard . boddy arrived at haslam ' s pegasus stables between 6 . 30pm and 7 . 30pm . john hammond , now a leading trainer in france but then haslam ' s assistant , was there when the horsebox was opened .
coal was won from longwall advancing mechanised faces and the seams worked given in descending order were ; flockton thin – three working faces , eleven yards – one working face , beeston – two working faces . development was taking place in the blocking bed seam which lies between the eleven yards and beeston seams . very little water is pumped from the mine . the main make at lofthouse a and b ) shafts is from the old haigh moor workings and is between 160 and 230 gallons per minute dependent on the season . at wrenthorpe shafts there is a well shaft 63 ft deep , from which 33 to 55 gallons per minute are pumped dependent on seasonal variation . the make of water from the main shafts at wrenthorpe is only 15 gallons per minute pumped from the silkstone pit bottom .
members of the jury , i am sure that you must have found in this case , as i have , that it is both curious and fascinating and you may have thought more than once , ` well , this would make a very good book , a very good detective story ' .
judge harry bennett qc , york crown court , may 30 , 1984 .
in 1979 , colin tinkler jnr had bought good hand as a foal for 600gns . a few months after arriving at tinkler ' s stable , good hand injured his leg on a gate . the injury left a prominent scar on the front of his off - fore leg below the knee . tinkler sold good hand to his brother nigel and , on july 22 , 1981 , the two - year - old made his debut in a selling race over five furlongs at catterick . backed from 5 - 1 to 2 - 1 favourite , good hand did well to finish third after missing the break . he was third again at thirsk later that month , and fourth at ripon in august .
acting on ken richardson ' s behalf , his right - hand man colin mathison subsequently claimed good hand for £3 , 100 , and sent him to jubilee farm . richardson was a yorkshireman with a self - made fortune founded on sacks and paper . his interest in horseracing was a gambling interest , and a highly successful one . richardson claimed that , during the late 1970s and early 1980s , he was winning between £70 , 000 and £90 , 000 a year .
richardson made it clear that the purpose of racing horses was to land gambles . in 1973 , lunness had a two - year - old filly called jubilee girl . he told richardson that jubilee girl might be good enough to win the brocklesby stakes at doncaster , the most valuable early - season two - year - old race . richardson preferred to run her in the seller . he had £10 , 000 on jubilee girl , causing her price to tumble from 4 - 1 to 13 - 8 . she won by seven lengths , and later beat alexben , the winner of the brocklesby .
at the beginning of december 1981 , the two - year - old good hand and the unnamed yearling by dragonara palace out of misippus , both greys , were at jubilee farm . according to richardson , he arranged for stephen wiles to take good hand away with a view to selling him . a busy man , richardson did not subsequently enquire about the horse and heard no more of good hand until after the leicester race . in the same month , again according to richardson , wiles bought the dragonara palace - misippus yearling . peter boddy , who often drove richardson ' s horsebox , delivered the yearling to wiles early in january 1982 .
richardson claimed to know nothing of the horse ' s subsequent movements . when he had asked boddy where he had taken the horse , boddy had replied that he had left it at wiles ' s yard , but both stephen and elaine wiles , and stephen pleasant , a stable lad , testified that no horse by the name of good hand , or like him , ever appeared at the stable after january 5 .
boddy maintained that there were two horses in the box , one intended for haslam , the other for leicester , but hammond testified that there was only one , which he led out himself .
i don ' t think i am wrong about this ,
he said .
my clear recollection is there was only one horse in this box when it arrived and that horse was delivered to us and then the box went away .
boddy claimed that he had then driven to the nearby moat house hotel and parked the horsebox there overnight . if boddy was telling the truth , the winner of the leicester race spent about 22 hours standing in the horsebox .
the field was leased by sylvia jones , whose son , greg , worked for stan mellor . her husband , peter , occasionally rode in point - to - points . mrs jones stated that on march 25 , the thursday before the race , she had gone to the sales at malton , where she told several people that she was looking for a horse as a companion for a foal . subsequently , she was away from home for a few days and , when she returned , on the evening of wednesday , march 31 , her daughter romney told her that a man had phoned that afternoon and a horse had then arrived . jones assumed that someone had heard she was looking for a horse and had responded to her appeal . she did not think it strange that she had not heard from the horse ' s owner since .
jones subsequently contacted derek gardiner , the huntsman who looked after the hounds for the goathland hunt . she offered him £200 to shoot a horse . the offer made gardiner suspicious , and he told jones that he had run out of ammunition . jones denied having contacted gardiner , but when both gave evidence during an appeal hearing in 1986 , lord justice lane made it clear that he believed gardiner but not jones , whose evidence the judge described as
incredible and untrue
. the police found jones an unhelpful witness and , when richardson ' s trial approached , in 1984 , she disappeared .
the jury disagreed . by a 10 - 2 majority , they found all three defendants guilty . richardson was given a nine - month suspended and fined £20 , 000 , with costs estimated at £25 , 000 . mathison was fined £3 , 000 while boddy escaped with a conditional discharge . richardson protested his innocence . in 1986 the court of appeal rejected his appeal and later that year the jockey club warned him off for 25 years , but he did not give up . in 1991 , richardson submitted a petition to the home secretary , kenneth baker , claiming that he was
now in a position to prove that the winning horse could not have been good hand
.
in 1995 , richardson obtained permission to apply for a judicial review of the home secretary ' s continued refusal to refer the case back to the court of appeal . finally , the home secretary , michael howard relented . in june 1995 he agreed to return the case to the court of appeal . the appeal was heard in december 1996 , when the crucial evidence was presented by dennis bellamy , and dr alfred linney , head of the medical graphics division at university college , london .
the passport generated by the naming exercise carried out on january 5 , 1982 showed a two - year - old gelding bearing the markings of the three - year - old good hand . it would have been bizarre for the conspirators to have presented this passport to racecourse officials , yet run a different three - year - old . two days after the race , good hand was delivered to a field leased by sylvia jones . less than eight months earlier , good hand was considered to have been worth £3 , 100 . if the gelding was not the ringer , why would someone make an anonymous gift of him to a woman no - one acknowledged knowing ?
would make a great drama film . plot a bit complex for me though .
hi felix , i always think that these ringer stories would make for a very good film . . . the only one i can think of that has been done was the gay future affair , my favourite i think would have to be the francasal one at bath races . just been reading about the
king of the ringers
, a guy named peter christian barrie aka paddy barrie . . . he was an excellent painter of horses , not so much in the style of sir alfred munnings but more a case of he painted the actual horse itself with henna dyes i . e . turning a chestnut into a bay etc ! best wishes burnsy
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urltoken
2 . 1 the tables below specify the scale of weight for age for flat races for any horse which is bred in the northern hemisphere . 2 . 2 attention is drawn to the provisions of rule 29 . 2 .
153 , entries , declarations and other race administration to be made through the racing calendar office .
the winner , returned at an sp of 10 - 1 , had been heavily backed , and the jockey club launched an investigation .
in december 1982 , a reporter for the daily star received an anonymous telephone call , saying that the leicester winner was in a field near glaisdale , on the north yorkshire moors . the horse was identified as good hand .
the field was leased by sylvia jones , who claimed that a man had delivered the horse on march 31 . her explanation was that someone must have heard that she was looking for a horse as a companion for a foal . no - one had contacted her since . jones had offered derek gardiner , a local huntsman , pounds 200 to shoot the horse but gardiner refused .
although the police failed to establish a link between jones and richardson , a link did exist through a friend of jones who had trained for richardson .
richardson received a ninemonth suspended sentence and a fine of pounds 20 , 000 , plus costs estimated at pounds 25 , 000 . two years later , he lost his appeal and the jockey club warned him off for 25 years .
in 1991 , richardson submitted a petition calling for the case to be referred back to the court of appeal , on the ground that richardson could now prove that the winning horse was not good hand .
eventually , in 1995 , the home secretary agreed to another hearing , which took place in 1996 . after hearing conflicting expert evidence on the winner ' s identity , the appeal court judges dismissed the appeal .
lord justice rose noted :
there was a very strong case indeed . . . not only that they had participated in a conspiracy to defraud , but also that the winner was good hand .
richardson was ordered to pay pounds 50 , 000 costs .
a tantalising question remains . who trained the ' ringer ' ? it wasn ' t wiles .
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you probably never heard of the unreal performance , because , well , it wasn’t real . instead of inspiring admiration , the winning margin awoke suspicion .
the police were involved immediately , and the official investigation showed the winning horse’s teeth were far too developed to belong to a two - year old . further evidence was collected , and ken richardson was charged with conspiracy to defraud .
richardson was convicted in june of 1984 . in addition to the fine above , he was ordered to pay £25 , 000 in costs and was hit with a ( suspended ) nine - month prison sentence . he was banned from the sport for 25 years .
interestingly , the jockey , kevin darley , remained above the fray . why ? well , because if he was in on the scam , he was a moron . had he known what was going on and that he was racing a superior / illegal horse , he’d have pulled back on the reins and not allowed the horse to win by such a ludicrous margin .
and if this absurd story wasn’t already uncanny enough , consider richardson later became the chairman of bridlington town football club and conspired to burn down club facilities to reap an insurance windfall . he spent four years in jail .
boredom spieth is not an alias . boredom spieth is a proud stetson - wearing texan , as you can see in his photo .
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there ' s a big world out there without racing ,
dermot browne said as he left the jockey club ' s headquarters yesterday , and now he has another 20 years to explore it .
the former jockey and trainer was
warned off
until 2022 by the club ' s disciplinary committee after he admitted doping 23 horses in 1990 . but since browne , dubbed the
needle man
, also claims to have passed information to the club naming several individuals who are still involved in the sport , it may be that racing has still not heard the last of him .
browne has been accused of many things over the years , but a shortage of charm has never been one of them . as he spoke after yesterday ' s hearing , there were plenty of smiles mixed in with the expressions of regret . he could not have been further removed from the stereotype of a horse - doper , the grubby , shifty man with a woodbine and a syringe .
but that will be of little comfort to anyone who was , in effect , robbed by browne ' s actions during a seven - week doping spree in august and september 1990 .
when they backed horses like bravefoot , last of five at 11 - 8 in the champagne stakes at doncaster , or hateel , third of four when 11 - 8 favourite for a race at glorious goodwood , browne and his syringe full of fast - acting sedative had already ensured that they could not win .
his other victims included argentum , in the group one nunthorpe stakes , the prolific and popular timeless times in a listed event at ripon , and three horses in one day at yarmouth .
browne , who is 41 , was warned off for 10 years for a number of breaches of jockey club rules in october 1992 . yesterday ' s hearing , however , was the first time that he had been formally found guilty of doping offences , and beforehand there was a feeling that he was likely to be warned off for life .
the fact that his penalty was
only
20 years may reflect his apparent willingness to assist the authorities with any further inquiries .
it ' s more or less what i expected ,
browne said .
i came down here today to put an end to something that ' s been going on for some time .
there are a lot of things going on in racing , but there are a lot of very hardworking genuine people in racing as well . i got involved with some of the wrong ones . there ' s still some of them out there , they ' re still there racing now , and they ' re the ones i ' d like to see out of it as well . why don ' t they come out and admit what they ' ve done ? i ' ve left information here and i ' m sure they ' re going to take it on .
browne has named the man who persuaded him to carry out the dopings as brian wright , a suspected drug - smuggler who is currently a fugitive from justice . other members of his gang are currently serving prison sentences .
i cannot comment on specific situations referred to by dermot ,
john maxse , the jockey club ' s pr director , said ,
but we are grateful for information which would assist in investigations of breaches of the rules .
browne clearly believes that more action is needed .
if i didn ' t care about racing i wouldn ' t have come down here ,
he said .
people have said a lot of things about me , but the truth is out there and it ' s probably going to come and bite them soon .
· be employed in any racing stable . deal in any capacity with a racehorse , for example by selling or placing shares in a horse .
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a group of punters behind a gambling coup on a 33 - 1 winner were last night facing the prospect of either talking to detectives from their local cid - or not being paid out .
the punters became a target for suspicion soon after jo n jack romped home at lingfield nine days ago leaving a number of bookmakers , particularly in the bradford area , decidedly less affluent . estimates of the winnings range from pounds 75 , 000 to double that .
minutes after the 2 . 30 race , the betting office licencees ' association ( bola ) advised its members to withhold payment on all winning bets because of ' unusual betting patterns ' , centred on west yorkshire . bola allegations were then sent to the jockey club who , although finding that no rules of racing had been broken , passed certain information on to the police .
west yorkshire police have asked local radio stations and newspapers to inform the public of two bradford cid telephone numbers that jo n jack backers should ring . the punters are not exactly in hiding , but late yesterday afternoon , detective chief inspector raymond falconer of bradford cid told the independent : ' we haven ' t had a call , not one . '
both bola and the jockey club refused yesterday to divulge the nature of the information that has led to the police inquiry . however , it is understood that part of the basis for bola ' s concern is that most of the bets involved in the coup were ' on the nose ' , and not each - way as may have been expected for such an outsider .
again , most of the individual bets were for relatively small amounts , pounds 100 a time , up to a maximum of pounds 250 , with various bookies . they were placed only moments before the ' off ' , giving no time for bookmakers to use their common practice of laying off money at the course in order to shrink the odds .
there is , of course , nothing illegal in any of this and it appears punters were merely exploiting the system in a legitimate way . indeed , there has been no suggestion from bola that those who backed losers in the lingfield 2 . 30 should have their money returned .
there is concern in racing generally , including among the major bookmakers , that the issue has grown out of proportion and that bola ' s hard line , followed by police involvement , is bringing damaging publicity to the betting industry .
the club have also exonerated roger ingram , who trains the four - year - old at epsom , from any rule - breaking . ingram has consistently expressed astonishment at the controversy and insists he had only pounds 20 on his charge , the same bet he has on all his runners .
dci falconer said yesterday : ' i would like the punters involved to contact us . we have an obligation to investigate a complaint and our intention is to find out if a crime has been committed . if some people have received a tip for a horse and made maximum use of the information and organised a betting coup , then that is not a criminal offence and the people involved would then be advised to contact their individual bookmakers .
' but if it is established that this was a criminal enterprise then the matter will be vigorously pursued , ' falconer added . he declined to discuss what kind of criminal offence could be involved .
tom kelly , director - general of bola , refused to divulge what information it has supplied . david pipe , spokesman for the jockey club , also refused to provide any details and said : ' we passed on to the police some of the information given to us by bola . it was information not directly connected with the race . it is bola ' s information , not ours . '
followers of form may want to know that jo n jack comes under orders again today , in the 4 . 00 at beverley . but he is unlikely to start at 33 - 1 .
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never known that happen ( by accident ) before . was uncle ken involved again ? ?
no masses o money made , the issue here was that the favourite came in second . the bookies have honoured the bets and made out 50k .
the bookies would rather a 50 / 1 chance win than a 4 / 6 . fair play to them for paying out on the favourite .
betting scams have almost as long a history as competitions they ' re attached to . here are the ten most notorious . . .
betting scams have almost as long a history as competitions they ' re attached to . here are the ten most notorious :
hansie cronje : south african cronje , 32 , was banned for life for match fixing in 2000 . he bartered with a bemused nasser hussain to make a game of the rain - ruined centurion park test . his gesture to forfeit an innings was hailed as a pr masterstoke . but he was motivated by a backhander of # 5 , 000 and a leather jacket from a bookie . he died in 2002 in a plane crash .
fixers : three malaysians fronted a far east illegal gambling syndicate . they targeted premiership football for a multi - million pound betting scam and were jailed for 12 years in 1999 . they were caught about to tamper with flood lights at charlton athletic .
angel jacobs : in 1998 amateur jockey angel jacobs was unmasked as an ex - professional . got 10 - year world - wide ban for 21 rides he took .
gay future : cartmel on august bank holiday monday 1974 . permit trainer anthony collins declared gay future to run in a novice hurdle . on the morning of the race , he was backed in doubles and trebles . but the other two horses were declared non - runners - in fact they had not even left for the courses . gay future won by 15 lengths at 10 - 1 .
in the money : this horse won hatherleigh selling handicap hurdle at newton abbot in 1978 , by 20 lengths at a well - backed 8 - 1 . horse was cobbler ' s march , a five - time winner .
francasal : horse ' s 10 - 1 win in the spa selling stakes at bath july 1953 was set up as a scam to make five men # 1million in bets . the conspirators replaced the moderate french horse francasal with a better horse called santa amaro . .
football : in 1965 ex - england footballers tony kay and peter swan and their sheffield wednesday team - mate david layne were given life bans , jailed for four months and fined # 150 for match fixing . .
running rein : lord george bentinck exposed that a four - year - old horse won the 1844 derby , a race for three - year - olds . the case was a landmark in the fight against corruption .
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one of the most famous horse racing betting scams of all involved trainer anthony collins and a horse named gay future . basically , collins plotted up a gamble on his charge for a race at cartmel on bank holiday monday . according to the form book , all of gay future ' s previous form had been moderate to say the least . however , it later transpired that collins had not run gay future in these races and had instead run a far worse horse in his place .
on the day of the cartmel race , with a string of apparently ordinary form figures by his name , gay future was sent off at 10 / 1 . collins and his syndicate protected the price of the horse by backing it in doubles and trebles with two other stablemates who were later withdrawn . in fact , they never even left the stable . all this meant that all the doubles and trebles turned into one big single bet on one of the day ' s easiest winners . gay future bolted up by 15 lengths and was returned at 10 / 1 . bookmakers became suspicious and the syndicate was later convicted of fraud and fined .
in the money recorded an easy 20 length success in a weak selling race having been backed off the boards at big prices into 8 / 1 . it later turned out that in the money was actually a far better horse called cobbler ' s march who had already won five races before . trainer john bowles paid the price though as he was banned for 20 years .