haimbachia placidellus , the peppered haimbachia moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by haimbach in 1907 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from new york and massachusetts to south carolina , west to tennessee .

the wingspan is about 17-18 mm .

the forewings are pale tan to whitish with dark speckling .

the hindwings are pale yellowish with a darker terminal line .

adults are on wing from may to july .

the larvae probably feed on grasses .

haimbachia placidellus

haimbachia dyar , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 1 ) : 28 ; ts : crambus placidellus haimbach
crambus placidellus haimbach , 1907 ; ent . news 18 ( 2 ) : 44 ; tl : wenonah , new jersey
haimbachia prestonella ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 634
haimbachia quiriguella ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 636
haimbachia maroniella ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 640
haimbachia quiriguella schaus , 1922 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 24 ( 6 ) : 137 ; tl : quirigua , guatemala
haimbachia dumptalis schaus , 1922 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 24 ( 6 ) : 137 ; tl : cayuga , guatemala
haimbachia prestonella schaus , 1922 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 24 ( 6 ) : 138 ; tl : venadio , sinaloa , mexico
haimbachia pallescens capps , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 637 ; tl : redington , arizona
haimbachia indistinctalis capps , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 638 ; tl : kerrville , texas
haimbachia floridalis capps , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 641 ; tl : everglades , florida
haimbachia gloriella schaus , 1922 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 24 ( 6 ) : 137 ; tl : venadio , sinoloa , mexico
haimbachia cochisensis capps , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 645 ; tl : douglas , arizona
haimbachia diminutalis capps , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 646 ; tl : brownswille , texas
i know these aren ' t the best pictures , but i didn ' t know if this was a specimen i hadn ' t seen so i didn ' t take as many pictures . the lighting was also very in and out . i think this may be peppered haimbachia ( haimbachia placidella ) .
haimbachia maroniella dyar & heinrich , 1927 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 71 ( 2691 ) : 36 ; tl : french guiana
haimbachia albescens capps , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 642 ; tl : sioux city , iowa
haimbachia discalis dyar & heinrich , 1927 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 71 ( 2691 ) : 37 ; tl : jalapa , mexico
haimbachia discalis ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 640 ; [ nacl ] , # 5486
haimbachia arizonensis capps , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 635 ; tl : baboquivari mtns , pima co . , arizona
haimbachia dumptalis ; dyar & heinrich , 1927 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 71 ( 2691 ) : 36 ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 638
haimbachia gloriella ; dyar & heinrich , 1927 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 71 ( 2691 ) : 34 ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 643
haimbachia squamulella ; dyar & heinrich , 1927 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 71 ( 2691 ) : 35 ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 634 ; [ nacl ] , # 5482
haimbachia placidella ; dyar & heinrich , 1927 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 71 ( 2691 ) : 35 ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 644 ; [ nacl ] , # 5489
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generic epithet in honor of frank haimbach . he also had gypsonoma haimbachiana ( kearfott , 1907 ) and zelleria haimbachi busck , 1915 named for him and described several species himself , including pyrausta plagalis haimbach , 1908 , heliades huachucalis ( haimbach , 1915 ) , platynota wenzelana ( haimbach , 1915 ) .
new species of american lepidoptera . harrison . g . dyar . 1909 . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 11 ( 1 ) : 19 - 29 .
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sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , errichtet von jacob hübner in augsburg ( 1793–1841 ) : updated plates legend .
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florida , texas , north carolina , new jersey , tennessee , na . georgia , district of columbia , . . . . see [ maps ]
chilo squamulella zeller , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 : 158 ; tl : bosque co . , texas
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zeller , 1881 columbische , chiloniden , crambiden und phycitideen horae soc . ent . ross . 16 : 154 - 256
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otiorhynchus sulcatus , commonly known as the black vine weevil or simply vine weevil , is native to europe , but common in north america as well .

it is a pest of many garden plants .

otiorhynchus sulcatus

field attraction of the vine weevil otiorhynchus sulcatus to kairomones . - pubmed - ncbi
black vine weeveil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) - © can stock photo inc . / zollster
hans - martin braun added the german common name
breitmaulrüssler
to
otiorhynchus sulcatus germar
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
gefurchter lappenrüssler
to
otiorhynchus sulcatus germar
.
hans - martin braun added the english common name
vine weevil
to
otiorhynchus sulcatus germar
.
andersen mn , 1991 . greenhouse weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) . gartneryrket , 81 ( 5 ) : 12 - 13
anon . , 1980 . black vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) - kansas - a new state record . cooperative plant pest report , 5 : 35 .
kacic s , vitanovic e , zanic k , katalinic m , 2009 . control of the ( otiorhynchus sulcatus f . ) weevil in protected cultivation . ( suzbijanje pipe ( otiorhynchus sulcatus f . ) u za ? ticenom prostoru . ) glasilo biljne za ? tite , 9 ( 3 ) : 153 - 157 . urltoken
backhaus gf , 1994 . biological control of otiorhynchus sulcatus f . by use of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus heterorhabditis . acta horticulturae , no . 364 : 131 - 142
fregonese a , zandigiacomo p , 1992 . otiorhynchus sulcatus ( fabr . ) , a curculionid beetle damaging ornamental plants in nurseries . informatore agrario , 48 ( 35 ) : 73 - 77
b . bassiana was isolated from the adults of o . sulcatus in japan (
kovacevic z , 1971 . otiorhynchus species in yugoslavia and their geographic distribution . zast . bilja . , 1 - 103 .
westerman pr , zeeland mg van , 1989 . comparison of heterorhabditis isolates for control of otiorhynchus sulcatus at low temperatures . mededelingen van de faculteit landbouwwetenschappen , rijksuniversiteit gent , 54 ( 3b ) : 1115 - 1123
steiner wa , 1996 . melanization of steinernema feltiae filipjev and s . kraussei steiner in larvae of otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) . fundamental and applied nematology , 19 ( 1 ) : 67 - 70 ; 11 ref .
baird cr , dorschner kw , nyberg cj , 1992 . biology of the black vine weevil otiorhynchus sulcatus on hop in idaho ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . journal of the entomological society of british columbia , 89 : 31 - 37
cross jv , burgess cm , 1997 . localised insecticide treatment for the control of vine weevil larvae ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) on field - grown strawberry . crop protection , 16 ( 6 ) : 565 - 574 ; 17 ref .
lone rs la , clarke rg , 1981 . larval development of otiorhynchus sulcatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) and effects of larval density on larval mortality and injury to rhododendron . environmental entomology , 10 ( 2 ) : 190 - 191
maier ct , 1981 . reproductive success of the black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) , fed different foliar diets and evaluation of techniques for predicting fecundity . environmental entomology , 10 ( 6 ) : 928 - 932
masaki m , ohmura k , ichinohe f , 1984 . host range studies of the black vine weevil otiorhynchus sulcatus ( fabricius ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . applied entomology and zoology , 19 ( 1 ) : 95 - 106
penman dr , scott rr , 1976 . impact of black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) , on blackcurrants and strawberries in canterbury . new zealand journal of experimental agriculture , 4 ( 4 ) : 381 - 384
moorhouse er , charnley ak , gillespie at , 1992 . a review of the biology and control of the vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . annals of applied biology , 121 ( 2 ) : 431 - 454
moorhouse er , gillespie at , charnley ak , 1993 . selection of virulent and persistent metarhizium anisopliae isolates to control black vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) larvae on glasshouse begonia . journal of invertebrate pathology , 62 ( 1 ) : 47
westerman pr , zeeland mg van , 1994 . infectivity and pathogenicity of the insect parasitic nematodes heterorhabditis spp . and steinernema spp . for otiorhynchus sulcatus at different temperatures . bulletin oilb / srop , 17 ( 3 ) : 65 - 69
masaki m , ohto k , 1995 . effects of temperature on development of the black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . research bulletin of the plant protection service , 31 : 37 - 45 .
reibnitz c von , backhaus gf , 1992 . analysis of the incidence and control of otiorhynchus sulcatus in tree nurseries . results from a survey in lower saxony and schleswig - holstein . gesunde pflanzen , 45 ( 2 ) : 54 - 60
there are some weevles which cause damage in the horticulture and the amenities . an important pest species in the ornamentals is the vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus , while the rose beetle , phylloperta horticola , causes a lot of damage in the grassland .
shanks ch jr , chase dl , chamberlain jd , 1984 . resistance of clones of wild strawberry , fragaria chiloensis , to adult otiorhynchus sulcatus and o . ovatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . environmental entomology , 13 ( 4 ) : 1042 - 1045
gembauffe n , coremans - pelseneer j , tillemans f , hemptinne jl , 1990 . otiorhynchus sulcatus f . ( coleoptera , curculionidae ) alimentary choices . first results . mededelingen van de faculteit landbouwwetenschappen , rijksuniversiteit gent , 55 ( 2b ) : 541 - 544
schirocki a , hague ngm , 1994 . the effect of temperature on the susceptibility of the black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus to different isolates of steinernema and heterorhabditis . bulletin oilb / srop , 17 ( 3 ) : 61 - 64 ; 6 ref .
saito t , ikeda f , 1983 . beauveria bassiana ( bals . ) vuill . isolated from the black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus fabr . ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . japanese journal of applied entomology and zoology , 27 ( 4 ) : 307 - 308
tol rwhm van , 1993 . control of the black vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) with different isolates of heterorhabditis sp . and metarhizium anisopliae in nursery stock . proceedings of the section experimental and applied entomology of the netherlands entomological society , 4 : 181 - 186
colour illustration of leaf damage caused by adult o . sulcatus next to crescent - shaped larva and adult .
moorhouse er , fenlon js , gillespie at , charnley ak , 1992 . observations on the development , oviposition and fecundity of vine weevil adults , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( fabricius ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . entomologist ' s gazette , 43 ( 3 ) : 207 - 218
common name vine weevil scientific name otiorhynchus sulcatus plants affected ornamental plants and fruits , especially those grown in containers main symptoms adult weevils notch leaf margins ; grubs eat roots , causing plant death . most active adult weevils : spring to late summer ; grubs : summer to spring
kakouli t , schirocki a , hague ngm , 1994 . factors affecting the control of otiorhynchus sulcatus with entomopathogenic nematodes , in strawberries grown on raised beds . proceedings - brighton crop protection conference , pests and diseases , 1994 , vol . 2 . , 945 - 946 ; 3 ref .
casteels h , clercq rde , miduturi js , 1995 . phenological observations on the black vine weevil otiorhynchus sulcatus f . in belgium during the decade 1985 - 1994 . mededelingen - faculteit landbouwkundige en toegepaste biologische wetenschappen , universiteit gent , 60 ( 3a ) : 657 - 661 ; 12 ref .
mracek z , jiskra k , kahounova l , 1993 . efficiency of steinernematid nematodes ( nematoda : steinernematidae ) in controlling larvae of the black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) in laboratory and field experiments . european journal of entomology , 90 ( 1 ) : 71 - 76
moorhouse er , gillespie at , charnley ak , 1994 . the influence of temperatures on the susceptibility of vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( fabricius ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) , larvae to metarhizium anisopliae ( deuteromycotina : hyphomycetes ) . annals of applied biology , 124 ( 2 ) : 185 - 193
doss rp , shanks ch jr , 1988 . the influence of leaf pubescence on the resistance of selected clones of beach strawberry ( fragaria chiloensis ( l . ) duchesne ) to adult black vine weevils ( otiorhynchus sulcatus f . ) . scientia horticulturae , 34 ( 1 - 2 ) : 47 - 54
, o . sulcatus is mainly ground - living , though it is occasionally found on herbaceous vegetation , less frequently on trees .
in south - central washington , usa , adults of o . sulcatus fed on the berry pedicels and cluster stems of concord grapes (
esbjerg p , 1977 . ear weevils ( otiorrhynchus sulcatus fabr . ) . manedsoversigt over plantesygdomme , 500 ( june 1977 ) : 56
clark ke , hartley se , brennan rm , jennings sn , mcmenemy ls , mcnicol jw , mitchell c , johnson sn , 2012 . effects of cultivar and egg density on a colonizing vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) population and its impacts on red raspberry growth and yield . crop protection , 32 : 76 - 82 . urltoken
h . bacteriophora has an active foraging strategy and occurs deep in the soil profile . it was effective against larvae of o . sulcatus , which occurs near roots . soil temperature influenced the results . at 22°c , the nematode killed o . sulcatus within 1 week . at 16°c , h . bacteriophora was not effective against larvae of o . sulcatus 2 weeks after treatment ( kaya et al . , 1993 ) .
listed fragaria vesca , saxifraga sp . , taxus baccata , rudbeckia laciniata , cyclamen persicum and vitis vinifera as food plants of o . sulcatus .
of eight varieties of raspberry assessed for five characters , glen clova was the most resistant to o . sulcatus ( anon . , 1975 ) .
tusnadi ck , merkl l , 1985 . recent damage by otiorrhynchus sulcatus f . in hungary . novenyvedelem , 21 ( 8 ) : 369 - 370
reibnitz c von , backhaus gf , 1994 . investigations on demand for biological control of otiorhynchus spp . and cost structure of production methods for entomopathogenic nematodes ( heterorhabditis ) . gartenbauwissenschaft , 59 ( 5 ) : 199 - 206
o . sulcatus was first detected in hawaii , usa , at kokee state park on the island of kauai , in march and april 1976 ( anon . , 1976 ) . o . sulcatus was first found in japan in 1981 in sunto gun , shizuoka prefecture ( masaki et al . , 1984 ) .
evenhuis hh , 1978 . bionomics and control of the black vine weevil otiorrhynchus sulcatus . mededelingen van de faculteit landbouwwetenschappen rijksuniversiteit gent , 43 : 607 - 611
lozzia gc , 1983 . otiorrhynchus sulcatus in cultivated flowers of the lake maggiore region . informatore fitopatologico , 33 ( 7 / 8 ) : 15 - 19
all otiorhynchus sulcatus adults are female and each can lay several hundred eggs during spring and summer . the eggs are brown and less than 1mm ( about 1 / 16in ) in diameter , making them very difficult to see in soil . larger yellowish - brown spherical objects seen in potting composts are likely to be controlled - release fertiliser pellets added by the nursery that raised the plants .
barratt bip , lauren dr , snelling cm , ferguson cm , 1989 . carbaryl for control of black vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) ) on rhododendrons . proceedings of the forty second new zealand weed and pest control conference , taranki country lodge , new plymouth , 8 - 10 august , 1989 . palmerston north , new zealand : new zealand weed and pest control society inc . , 262 - 265
in hungary , the adults of o . sulcatus attacked the flowers of rhododendron simsii and gerbera sp . leaving spots of excreta on them , but the leaves remained intact (
barratt bip , ferguson cm , jackson ta , harvey ic , 1989 . control of black vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) ) larvae with parasitic nematodes and fungal pathogens . proceedings of the forty second new zealand weed and pest control conference , taranki country lodge , new plymouth , 8 - 10 august , 1989 . palmerston north , new zealand : new zealand weed and pest control society inc . , 259 - 261
in the dordogne , france , suggestions for prevention of o . sulcatus attacks include the use of healthy plants , careful soil preparation and crop rotation ( felici , 1981 ) .
evenhuis hh , 1982 . control of the black vine weevil otiorrhynchus sulcatus ( coleoptera , curculionidae ) . mededelingen van de faculteit landbouwwetenschappen , rijksuniversiteit gent , 47 ( 2 ) : 675 - 678
stenseth c , vik j , 1979 . the effect of black polythene mulch on the development of otiorrhynchus sulcatus on strawberry plants . gartneryrket , 69 ( 912 / 914 ) : 7 pp .
nielsen dg , 1989 . minimizing otiorhynchus root weevil impact in conifer nurseries . insects affecting reforestation : biology and damage [ edited by alfaro , r . i . ; glover , s . g . ] victoria , canada ; forestry canada , pacific and yukon region , 71 - 79
three species of nematodes were tested in the field and greenhouse as potential biological control agents against o . sulcatus in british columbia , canada . heterorhabditis heliothidis at doses of from 5000 to 20000 infective stages per 50 ml water reduced the numbers of o . sulcatus on potted strawberry plants in the greenhouse by 83 - 97 % . an outdoor application of h . heliothidis at 500 and 5000 nematodes / litre of soil gave significantly better control of larvae of o . sulcatus on potted lodgepole pine trees ( pinus contorta ) than did a diazinon drench ( rutherford et al . , 1987 ) .
cone ww , 1963 . the black vine weevil , brachyrhinus sulcatus , as a pest of grapes in south central washington . journal of economic entomology , 56 ( 5 ) : 677 - 680 .
root weevils can be recognized by their short snouts , stout swollen bodies ( otiorhynchus looks almost ' inflated ' ) , elongate elbowed antennae and enlarged femur on all legs . all are parthenogenic . 8 - 11 mm in length . adults can live for three or more years and lay eggs each spring .
in berlin , germany , o . sulcatus larval damage to the roots of sansevieria trifasciata did not at first result in the visible withering of the leaves noticed on less sturdy plants , but it was severe (
skadow k , karl e , 1967 . injurious occurrence of o . sulcatus on sansevieria . nachrichtenblatt des deutschen pflanzenschutzdienstes , berlin , ( n . f . ) 21 ( 11 ) : 213 - 214 .
marchal m , 1977 . fungi imperfecti isolated from a natural population of otiorrhynchus sulcatus fabr . ( col . curculionidae ) . revue de zoologie agricole et de pathologie vegetale , 76 ( 4 ) : 101 - 108
bogatko w , labanowski g , 1993 . chemical control of the black vine weevil ( otiorrhynchus sulcatus f . ) on ornamental crops . journal of fruit and ornamental plant research , 1 ( 3 ) : 93 - 101
on strawberries in massachusetts , usa , the nematodes steinernema carpocapsae , s . glaseri and heterorhabditis bacteriophora caused 82 - 91 % mortality , when tested for control of o . sulcatus ( driesche and hauschild , 1987 ) .
) . in belgium , the time of appearance of o . sulcatus varied from year to year and was largely dependent on weather conditions ( temperature ) and type of culture ( open field , container culture or greenhouse ) (
bluel s , kaserer h , 1989 . investigations on the control of otiorrhynchus sulcatus f . on vines and ornamental plants . mitteilungen klosterneuburg , rebe und wein , obstbau und fruchteverwertung , 39 ( 3 ) : 124 - 129
a study in switzerland , showed that late instar ( l 4 - 6 ) o . sulcatus can encapsulate and melanize invasive juveniles ( ij ' s ) of steinernema feltiae and s . kraussei that enter their digestive tracts . dissection of o . sulcatus larvae , exposed at 9°c to nematode isolates found in the swiss alps , revealed up to nine melanized ij ' s in the mid - gut region . encapsulation of ij ' s occurred exclusively in insect larvae so that they died from the nematode treatment . the observed immune response in o . sulcatus larvae is therefore unimportant for the infectivity of s . kraussei and s . feltiae at 9°c ( steiner , 1996a ) .
thumb | fraßbild thumb | unterseite des adulten käfers der gefurchte dickmaulrüssler ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) , auch breitmaulrüssler genannt , ist ein käfer aus der familie der rüsselkäfer ( curculionidae ) . die erwachsenen tiere ( imagines ) ernähren sich polyphag , hauptsächlich von blättern , knospen oder jungen pflanzentrieben von landwirtschaftlichen kulturen und zierpflanzen , während die larven an wurzeln fressen . bevorzugte pflanzengattungen und - arten sind beispielsweise erdbeeren , rhododendren , kirschlorbeer , pfaffenhütchen und eiben r . van tol , 2002 : fatal attraction . novel strategies for vine weevil control . academisch proefschrift . isbn 90 76894 21 3…
in central washington , usa , the larvae of o . sulcatus fed on the roots of concord grapes , first on the phloem tissue , girdling the roots , but the xylem was left intact , except in cases of severe injury (
in greenhouse trials there was 70 - 95 and 35 - 50 % control of o . sulcatus with 1000 infective juveniles / 250 ml pot of heterorhabditis sp . ( hf85 ) and s . carpocapsae ( s25 ) , respectively , in 10 - 20 days . the doses of s . carpocapsae had a significant effect , whereas contact days were significant for hf85 , a cold active strain , gave 99 % control of o . sulcatus while s . carpocapsae gave only 56 % control . in field experiments , 10 , 000 infective juveniles / plant of s . carpocapsae and heterorhabditis sp . gave 10 - 20 and 10 - 40 % control of o . sulcatus , respectively ( miduturi et al . , 1994 ) .
miduturi js , clercq r de , casteels h , grisse ade , 1994 . effect of temperature on the infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes against black vine weevil ( otiorrhynchus sulcatus f . ) . parasitica , 50 ( 3 / 4 ) : 103 - 108
in laboratory studies , the effect of a range of temperatures ( 5 - 30°c ) on the infectivity of heterorhabditis sp . and steinernema carpocapsae against o . sulcatus was tested . an increase in temperature resulted in an increase in infectivity of both nematodes . a 100 % mortality of o . sulcatus was obtained when heterorhabditis sp . was kept at 20°c for 12 days . a maximum mortality of 65 % was obtained with s . carpocapsae at 20 and 25°c ( miduturi et al . , 1994 ) .
when o . sulcatus adults were fed on eight strawberry genotypes , the lowest number of fertile eggs were produced after feeding on totem . among eight red raspberry cultivars , the longest preoviposition periods were after feeding on leo and glen prosen . loganberry and the rubus idaeus ss . strigosus selection kilburne gave similar preoviposition periods to these cultivars . since both leo and glen prosen are r . occidentalis derivatives , it is suggested that this species might be of value in breeding for resistance to o . sulcatus ( cram and daubeny , 1982 ) .
the efficacy of two isolates of s . carpocapsae ( all biosys 25 and uk biosys 252 ) and two isolates of heterorhabditis ( uk isolate nemasys h and uk isolate fightagrub ) was investigated against o . sulcatus at a range of temperatures , on a temperature gradient plate . the temperature profiles for both steinernema isolates were similar ( 15 - 32°c ) , but the heterorhabditis isolates were dissimilar : nemasys h was more effective at 13 - 28°c , while fightagrub infected o . sulcatus larvae up to 35°c ( schirocki and hague , 1994b ) .
the influence of leaf pubescence on the resistance of 25 clones of beach strawberry to o . sulcatus was investigated in no - choice tests under greenhouse conditions . adults of the weevil fed significantly more on some clones than on others . fecundity was correlated with feeding . the density of simple hairs on the abaxial leaf surface varied significantly between clones , and hair density was negatively correlated with feeding by the beetle . the results suggest that leaf pubescence plays a role in the resistance of certain beach strawberry clones to feeding by o . sulcatus adults ( doss and shanks , 1988 ) .
in the netherlands , comparative studies of o . sulcatus and its predators in abandoned strawberry fields and in fields treated with insecticides indicated that carabid adults and larvae ( notably those of bembidion ustulatum which fed on eggs ) were active predators , but were unable to exert effective control in treated fields (
gordon sc , woodford jat , grassi a , zini m , tuovinen t , lindqvist i , mcnicol jw , 2003 . monitoring and importance of wingless weevils ( otiorhynchus spp . ) in european red raspberry production . bulletin oilb / srop [ proceedings of the iobc / wprs working group ' integrated plant protection in orchards ' subgroup ' soft fruits ' , dundee , scotland , 18 - 21 september , 2001 . ] , 26 ( 2 ) : 55 - 60 .
in washington , usa , it was thought that mowing off strawberry fields after harvest would reduce populations of o . sulcatus . in 1975 and 1976 , about 60 % of adults died after the foliage was mowed off and removed ; there was 0 - 12 % mortality in unmowed plots ( garth and shanks , 1978 ) .
exotic wingless weevils being found in several parts of the uk ( barclay mvl , the coleopterist 12 ( 2 ) : 41 - 56 , 2003 ) . otiorhynchus armadillo and o . salicicola are two european wingless weevils that have become established in britain . one species , o . armadillo , is a known pest of raspberry in northern italy and is a cause for concern . fortunately , as yet , there are no reports of this weevil in commercial raspberry plantations in the uk .
food preferences of o . sulcatus adults were studied in the laboratory at ld 16 : 8 with corresponding temperatures of 23 and 17°c and 80 % rh , using five plant species ( fragaria grandiflora , chenopodium album , senecio vulgaris , rhododendron ponticum and fuchsia spp . ) . r . ponticum was the least preferred plant , while strawberry was the most preferred (
in western france , three species of the nematode order rhabditida , one species of bacterium ( bacillus cereus ) and five species of deuteromycete ( metarhizium flavoviride , m . anisopliae , paecilomyces fumosoroseus , beauveria bassiana and b . brongniartii ) were isolated from o . sulcatus . m . anisopliae caused the highest rate of mortality ( 28 % ) by natural infection (
steinernema carpocapsae was applied to beds of euonymus fortunei in an urban park in philadelphia , usa to evaluate its potential for controlling o . sulcatus . although no significant difference was attributed to nematode treatments , weevil damage in non - irrigated beds was lower than in irrigated beds . irrigation management may be helpful for controlling this pest ( owen et al . , 1991 ) .
the biology of o . sulcatus in a commercial vineyard in coastal california , usa , was studied in 1984 - 86 . adult emergence began in the first week of april and continued until early july , with peaks in mid - to late may , but the pattern differed from year to year . oviposition began in mid - may and continued for 6 - 8 weeks (
the reproductive success of o . sulcatus fed different foliar diets was compared to evaluate the suitability of known and potential hosts for adults . foliar diets , arranged in order of decreasing fecundity , were taxus cuspidata , t . canadensis , kalmia latifolia and cornus florida . fecundity and length of preoviposition period were negatively correlated , indicating that the latter could be used to forecast potential fecundity (
in a study of weevil diversity and abundance during 3 consecutive years of sampling ( 1997 - 1999 ) in two vineyards in southern quebec , o . sulcatus was thought to represent the greatest potential threat based on adult abundance at one of the sites and the negative impact of this species in other wine - making regions in north america ( bouchard et al . , 2005 ) .
temperature profiles were obtained for two isolates of s . carpocapsae ( all and uk ) and two isolates of heterorhabditis ( nemasys - h and fightagrub ) against late - instar larvae of o . sulcatus . efficacy was clearly delineated for each isolate as : s . carpocapsae 14 - 33°c ; nemasys - h 14 - 28°c ; and fightagrub 14 - 33°c ( schirocki and hague , 1994a ) .
die gattung otiorhynchus stammt aus europa . der gefurchte dickmaulrüssler ist in regionen mit gemäßigtem klima endemisch . via import von pflanzenmaterial wurde er in verschiedene andere weltregionen verschleppt und breitete sich auf verschiedene pflanzenarten aus . in den usa , kanada , japan , neuseeland , südost - australien und tasmanien ist er heute ein bedeutender schädling . die erwachsenen tiere sind dämmerungs - oder nachtaktiv und leben an krautigen pflanzen oder kleineren gehölzen . dort treten sie von april bis oktober in erscheinung . die einschleppung des schädlings erfolgt oft mit dem substrat oder über getopfte pflanzen , von denen sie sich dann auf die verschiedenen pflanzenarten ausbreiten .
a commercial formulation of the entomophilic nematode h . bacteriophora was tested for the control of o . sulcatus in nursery cyclamen stock in new zealand during 1990 . more than 1400 plants were treated with 80 nematodes / cm² using syringes . the number of infested pots was reduced from 27 to 3 . 8 % following treatment and the number of weevils was reduced by 73 % ( garnham and mcnab , 1990 ) .
three of five isolates of heterorhabditis sp . and m . anisopliae controlled larvae of o . sulcatus on thuja occidentalis in containers in the field in the netherlands during september - october 1991 . in open ground , two of three isolates of heterorhabditis sp . tested were effective as was m . anisopliae . the efficacy of heterorhabditis sp . was determined by soil temperature and antagonism in soil ( van tol , 1993 ) .
in a 4 - year ( 2007 - 2010 ) field study that simulated colonization by o . sulcatus in rubus idaeus plantation comprising two cultivars ( glen ample and glen rosa ) , o . sulcatus abundance on raspberry plants was found to be negatively related to plant height . heavily infested plants had lower shoot and root biomass in cultivars glen ample ( 62 % and 60 % , respectively ) and glen rosa ( 50 % and 12 % , respectively ) , significantly smaller berries ( 5 . 1 g and 2 . 8 g , respectively , in glen ample and 3 . 3 g and 2 . 7 g , respectively , in glen rosa ) and smaller yields ( 2 . 93 kg and 0 . 99 kg in glen ample and 2 . 80 kg - 1 . 71 kg in glen rosa , respectively ) ( clark et al . , 2012 ) .
the cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene from cowpea ( vigna unguiculata ) , which confers resistance to insect pests , has been inserted into strawberry cultivars by agrobacterium - mediated gene transfer . greenhouse trials in which transformants were challenged by larvae of o . sulcatus established that this heterologous gene may have value in the soft fruit industry and it is envisaged that plants containing this gene will be resistant to chewing insects ( graham et al . , 1996 ) .
the six larval instars of o . sulcatus completed development from eggs inoculated onto container - grown rhododendrons in 84 days when grown indoors at 18 - 22°c or 211 days outdoors in oregon , usa . larval mortality was greatest during instars i - iii . during instars iv - vi , mortality increased with increasing insect density . underground stem tissue was fed on exclusively by instars iv - vi , and the amount of tissue removed increased with larval density ( la
mortality of o . sulcatus larvae at 10 , 15 , 20 and 25°c following treatment with 100 million conidia / ml suspensions of six m . anisopliae isolates was temperature - dependent . in all cases , the lt50s ( time taken to kill 50 % of the test population ) were inversely related to temperature , but the nature of this response varied between isolates . strain 101 - 82 was the most virulent isolate at 25°c , with an lt50 of 3 . 7 days , but it was the least virulent isolate at 15°c and it failed to kill any o . sulcatus larvae at 10°c . in contrast , strain 159 - 83 had the lowest virulence at both 20 and 25°c , whereas it was the most virulent isolate at 10°c with an lt50 of 20 days . the mortality rates followed a similar pattern and were positively related to temperature in all cases with the exception of strain 159 - 83 at 25°c ( moorhouse et al . , 1994 ) .
the parasitic nematode heterorhabditis bacteriophora and the fungal pathogens metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana were used in a trial for the control of larvae of o . sulcatus in nursery rhododendron stock in new zealand in 1988 . larvae of the pest were added to planter bags containing rhododendron plants and the control organisms were added 2 weeks later . after 5 weeks , h . bacteriophora , m . anisopliae and b . bassiana had achieved 93 , 32 and 39 % control , respectively ( barratt et al . , 1989a ) .
a large number of isolates of entomophilic nematodes were evaluated for their efficacy against o . sulcatus in strawberries at 9 , 12 and 20°c . no marked differences were found between heterorhabditis spp . and steinernema spp . at 20°c , but the isolates responded differently to low temperatures . three isolates ( hfsel , huk 211 and s . kraussei mr ) gave almost 50 % control at 9°c and , in addition to k122 and hb1 ' 87 , these isolates also performed well at 12°c ( westerman and zeeland , 1994 ) .
the temperature profile relating to the efficacy of the uk isolate of s . carpocapsae against o . sulcatus on strawberry was clearly delineated between 15 and 33°c . the nematode can be delivered through a drip irrigation system without loss of viability , and the distribution of the nematodes through two t - tapes along and across the raised beds was very satisfactory . nematodes can be applied either during the late summer or early autumn or in the late spring when temperatures are high enough to give satisfactory control ( kakouli et al . , 1994 ) .
in the lago maggiore district of italy , o . sulcatus has one generation a year , but development times varied greatly with temperature and were different in field and greenhouse crops . in the field , eggs were present from mid - april to early june , larvae from late may to early october , pupae from late september to the end of november , and adults ( which overwintered ) from the beginning of november to mid - april . the main larval damage occurred in the summer in the field , and in the winter in the greenhouse (
several clones of the wild beach strawberry ( fragaria chiloensis ) were compared with clones of commercial strawberries ( f . x ananassa ) ( both species are octoploid ) , for resistance to feeding by adults of o . sulcatus . weevils fed less and had lower fecundity on f . chiloensis leaves than on f . x ananassa leaves . the f . chiloensis clones cl - 5 and gcl - 8 also increased the preoviposition period of newly emerged adults . egg production correlated closely with the amount of feeding on a clone ( shanks et al . , 1984 ) .
in japan , of 108 candidate plant species in 49 families , the adults of o . sulcatus fed on the leaves of 101 species , in 46 families . in tests with 68 candidate species in 29 families , the larvae fed on the roots of 55 species in 24 families . of these , 90 species in 45 families are new food - plant records for the adults and 46 species in 21 families are new food - plant records for the larvae . the results indicated that the preferred food - plants of both adults and larvae are in the family rosaceae (
in idaho , usa , although some adults survived winter conditions , o . sulcatus overwintered primarily as developing larvae associated with hop root systems 5 - 50 cm deep in the soil . pupation began in mid - april with soil temperatures of 15 - 17°c and concluded in mid - to late april . adult emergence began in early may and was complete by late may to early june in 1986 - 88 . the preoviposition period averaged 26 days in the field . the mean number of eggs laid per adult female was 290 ( with a range of 22 - 1230 ) . eggs hatched in 12 - 22 days at 21°c (
larvae of o . sulcatus were reared at three densities ( 0 , 2 or 8 ) on plants of taraxacum officinale with and without infection by the mycorrhizal fungus , glomus mosseae . on plants without the fungus , 84 % of larvae developed to the last instar , however , only 43 % reached the last instar on infected plants . the differential survival of larvae was evident in their effects on plant biomass . significant interactions were found between larval density and infection , indicating that the mycorrhizal presence mitigated the effects of herbivory at low densities of larvae . infection by g . mosseae thus conferred some degree of resistance in roots to this insect ( gange et al . , 1994 ) .
isolates was temperature - dependent . in all cases , the lt50s ( time taken to kill 50 % of the test population ) were inversely related to temperature , but the nature of this response varied between isolates . strain 101 - 82 was the most virulent isolate at 25°c , with an lt50 of 3 . 7 days , but it was the least virulent isolate at 15°c and it failed to kill any o . sulcatus larvae at 10°c . in contrast , strain 159 - 83 had the lowest virulence at both 20 and 25°c , whereas it was the most virulent isolate at 10°c with an lt50 of 20 days . the mortality rates followed a similar pattern and were positively related to temperature in all cases with the exception of strain 159 - 83 at 25°c (
the ability of steinernema feltiae , s . rara and steinernema sp . strain tlein , steinernema sp . strain pac and steinernema sp . strain cuban to control larvae of o . sulcatus was studied in the laboratory and in the field in the czech republic . of the five strains tested in the laboratory , s . feltiae strain hyl gave the best results , providing 100 % elimination of larvae on azaleas [ rhododendron sp . ] . three releases of this nematode ( 300 , 000 infectives / plant ) were performed in three beds of rhododendron during 1989 - 90 , resulting in 72 - 88 % protection of plants in beds and 52 - 77 % protection in adjacent plots . only 30 % of plants survived in untreated plots ( mracek et al . , 1993 ) .
the biology of o . sulcatus was studied in the laboratory at 20 - 22°c and ld 16 : 8 on strawberry leaves . eggs were transferred to impatiens plants at 20°c and ld 14 : 10 . the time from pupation to adult emergence was 14 . 10 days at 20°c and newly emerged adults remained in the pupal cells for 2 - 5 days following emergence . the pre - oviposition period lasted 5 - 23 weeks , with the majority ( 94 % ) of adults beginning oviposition 5 - 8 weeks after emergence . the 32 adults which survived the first weeks after emergence had a mean longevity of 46 . 5 weeks . mean fecundity was 830 eggs / adult , with a viability of 80 . 8 % . two distinct egg - laying cycles were observed : the first extended from late spring to october and the second from late november until the following summer . a third cycle extending into the spring of the final year was also indicated (
in japan , the development of o . sulcatus was investigated at constant temperatures of 12 , 15 , 18 , 21 and 26°c . the development threshold temperatures for eggs , larvae plus prepupae , pupae , and the preoviposition period were 6 . 32 , 2 . 45 , 6 . 09 and 8 . 44°c , respectively . the thermal constants for eggs , larvae plus prepupae , pupae and the preoviposition period were 186 . 43 , 2061 . 93 , 182 . 85 and 571 . 10 day - degrees c , respectively . the rate of development from the first to the fifth larval instar was greater at higher temperatures , but development of the sixth and seventh instars was slower at higher temperatures . the developmental zero of the first to fifth instars was - 0 . 66 , - 0 . 40 , 1 . 66 , 2 . 83 and 2 . 40°c , respectively . almost all larvae pupated at temperatures between 12 and 21°c , but at 24 and 26°c , only one larva pupated . larvae moulted 4 - 5 times at 15°c , 5 - 6 times at 18 and 21°c , 6 - 8 times at 24°c , and 6 - 9 times at 26°c (
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legless , curved larvae are white to pinkish in colour , and have brown heads . the mandibles are short . the body segments appear somewhat wrinkled and hairy . half - grown larvae overwinter in the soil .
both the adult and larval stages are damaging to seedlings . the adult weevils live above ground feeding on cotyledons and on the bark of seedlings at night . root weevil larvae are subterranean , feeding on the roots of many kinds of plants including conifer seedlings in nursery beds .
generally this insect attacks various broad - leaved plants such as berries and rhododendrons . however , coniferous seedlings can also be utilized as hosts .
this insect can cause very significant damage in a forest nursery situation . rhododendrons are a favourite food of these weevils . rhododendrons around a nursery can give valuable indication of damage levels by these insects .
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urltoken
. within this genus at least three are important pests of soft fruit in the uk . they are the vine weevil (
) . the first two weevils are particularly important in northern britain . there have been recent reports of
the image above shows adult vine weevil ( left ) and clay - coloured weevil ( right ) . ( click on image to enlarge )
adult vine weevils have been reported to feed on more than 100 different plant species . the insects feed on leaves in a characteristic notching pattern . larvae of the vine weevil attack plant root , which decreases plant development and production . many plant species die when attacked by vine weevil larvae . in soft fruit , raspberry plants can tolerate moderate infestation whilst low numbers of larvae can kill young strawberry and blackcurrant plants . in raspberry , adult weevils shelter in the foliage during the day and can be dislodged during harvest resulting in contaminated crops .
vine weevils are parthenogenetic ( only females , reproduction without males ) and only reproduce once a year . many adult weevils emerge in late spring and early summer , when a feeding frenzy commences before of egg - laying . some adults emerging later in the year can survive overwinter given favourable conditions . eggs laid on the plant or soil surface hatch after several days and the larvae burrow into the soil where they can feed on plant roots . after several developmental moults , the majority of weevils overwinter as larvae before pupating at the start of spring .
control of these insects has become more difficult with the withdrawal of many of the persistent organochlorine - based insecticides . current insecticidal control in soft fruit is by application of sprays or drenches of a small number of products ( consult your fruit advisor for up - to - date recommendations ) . nematodes as a biocontrol method have been investigated , although they have been found to be ineffective in cooler climates . a suitable control method for vine weevils is currently being sought .
) is locally important pests in raspberry plantations in east and central scotland . unlike the vine weevil , most damage to raspberry is caused by feeding of adult weevils in the spring . these weevils have a much narrower host range than vine weevil . they feed on hardy ornamental shrubs , most notably , rhododendrons and raspberry . these weevils have a similar geographic range to vine weevil and have recently been found feeding on raspberry in north - west usa . also , like vine weevil , all the adults appear to be parthenogenic females .
raspberry : the most noticeable damage to raspberry is adult feeding to the buds and expanding fruiting laterals in the spring , and to newly planted canes . these animals feed after dark and have been observed on the cane when the air temperature was 4ºc . most severe damage occurs when weevils emerge early in the season and feed on the expanding buds . if the secondary buds are also chewed , then yields can be severely affected . later emergence results in a different form of damage . adult weevils frequently chew the petioles of the expanding flower laterals . these subsequently break either in strong winds or by the increasing weight of the developing flowers and fruit . there is no evidence to show that larval feeding to the roots causes any noticeable loss of yield .
image of adult clay - coloured weevil feeding on raspberry fruiting lateral at night . note damage to leaflets and to main lateral .
severe damage to young fruiting laterals ( right ) caused by early attack by clay - coloured weevil in the spring . cane on left not attacked .
hardy ornamental nursery plants : adult feeding damage to perennial plants , such as rhododendron , is very similar to that caused by vine weevil and consequently much of the damage may be wrongly attributed . the most common symptom is notching on leaves , particularly those closer to the ground . there appears to be no significant damage caused by larval feeding .
laboratory studies at scri have shown that the adults have the potential to live for one or two years . given an adequate food supply adult have several periods of egg laying in any one year . they have also the potential to lay in excess of 100 eggs per annum .
clay - coloured weevil adults emerge in early spring . they climb up the plant after dark and feed on developing buds and flower shoots . they shelter in the soil and debris at the base of the plant . eggs are laid in the soil and soon hatch . the larvae feed on the roots , often at the depth of about 50 cm . when fully mature , they pupate in earthen cells and emerge as adults .
the level of reported damage caused by clay - coloured weevil to raspberry started to increase about 10 years after the withdrawal of ddt in the 1970s . since then several products have been used to manage adult numbers on the canes early in the spring ( consult your fruit advisor for current recommendations ) . although some have been successful at reducing the damage , the insect still remains a problem . the relative lack of success of insecticidal control has resulted in a reappraisal of this pest and new work to understand its behaviour has begun .
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insects and arachnids of canada series , part 25 . coleoptera , curculionidae , entiminae . donald e . bright , patrice bouchard . 2008 . 2008 . nrc research press , ottawa , ontario , canada .
immigrant phytophagous insects on woody plants in the united states and canada : an annotated list mattson w . j . , niemela p . , millers i . , inguanzo y . 1994 . general technical report nc - 169 . st . paul , mn : usda forest service , north central forest experiment station .
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. it is subspherical , ca 1 mm in diameter , at first pearly - white , gradually becoming brown and finally black .
body white , crescent - shaped , widest near thorax , tapered posteriorly ; skin asperities semi - globular with only a more or less short , spinous point or spicule , especially on dorsal folds ; with some prominent setae on each segment ; body length 9 . 0 - 10 . 5 mm . head free , subdepressed , emarginate posteriorly , widest behind middle ; testaceous to pale ferruginous , a longitudinal strip over seta des 1 paler , anterior margin of head narrowly chestnut - brown , tentorial rib brown , mandibles bidentate apically , mandibular scrobe broadly and suffusedly paler ; endocarina absent ; pigmented ocellar spots small , but rather distinct ; labium with premental sclerite with proximal margin ' y ' - shaped ; head width 1 . 52 - 1 . 82 mm . pronotum transverse with smooth rectangular plate . abdominal segments each with 3 dorsal folds ; spiracles on abdominal segments 1 - 8 , lateral , bicameral . anus terminal with 4 lobes .
. it is yellowish - white , with a maximum length of 10 mm and width at the pronotum of 2 . 6 mm . the urogomphi are relatively short and curved mesad .
) published in previous versions of the compendium are based on an interception record which is considered invalid .
or the museum of entomology , university of valle , colombia , and has not been reported in colombia by the institute of natural sciences , national university of colombia .
the distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .
o ' brien and wibmer , 1982 ; rutherford et al . , 1987 ; li et al . , 1995 ; eppo , 2014
o ' brien and wibmer , 1982 ; zervos et al . , 1994 ; eppo , 2014
o ' brien and wibmer , 1982 ; baird et al . , 1992 ; eppo , 2014
la and lone clarke , 1981 ; o ' brien and wibmer , 1982 ; berry et al . , 1997 ; eppo , 2014
o ' brien and wibmer , 1982 ; owen et al . , 1991 ; eppo , 2014
instituto colombiano agropecuario , 2013 , personal communication ; seymour et al . , 1985 ; eppo , 2014
coremans - pelseneer and tillemans , 1991 ; casteels et al . , 1995 ; eppo , 2014
schirocki and hague , 1994b ; lola - luz et al . , 2003 ; eppo , 2014
del and bene parrini , 1986 ; abbazzi et al . , 1995 ; baraldi and baraldi , 1996 ; eppo , 2014
cross et al . , 1995 ; crook , 1996 ; graham et al . , 1996 ; cross and burgess , 1997 ; eppo , 2014
occurred in a horticultural nursery in berlin , germany , in 1967 . larval damage to the roots did not at first result in the visible withering of the leaves noted on less sturdy plants , but it was severe . the adults caused serious damage to the leaves , especially of the rosette - forming variety , causing heavy losses (
caused injury to concord grapes in south - central washington , usa , by feeding on the berry pedicels and cluster stems . injury resulted in reduced berry weight and loss of berries or portions of the cluster . weekly counts on 20 tagged clusters provided estimates of loss ( in tons / acre ) for grapes grown in different cover - crop conditions ; they were 3 . 36 for no cover crop , 3 . 45 for oats and vetch , 2 . 42 for lucerne , 3 . 08 for creeping red fescue (
, a pest of concord grapes in central washington , usa , were placed in screened cages containing single concord vines . it was found that 11 adults per cage resulted in complete defoliation and nearly complete fruit loss in the first season . the threshold of economic loss was 1 - 3 adults per plant per season . an index was developed for estimating root injury caused by larval feeding . the larvae fed first on the phloem tissue , girdling the roots , but the xylem was left intact , except in cases of severe injury . vigour and fruit yield over a 3 - year period were not significantly affected by root injury (
) were found in only 3 fields , but notched leaves characteristic of their feeding were found in 40 fields , indicating a greater prevalence than perceived by growers . damage to the leaves of strawberry plants was positively correlated with the number of years in production , suggesting that it takes some time for the flightless weevils to migrate into and to increase to damaging numbers in fields (
is one of the most ubiquitous and damaging species in the genus . larvae of these flightless , parthenogenetic species destroy roots ; adults may cause unacceptable defoliation during 4 weeks of maturation feeding and a 3 - month oviposition period .
, such as the use of polythene mulches , has increased its pest status . infestations are most common in europe ( where it originated ) and the usa . nearly 150 plant species have been identified as potential hosts of
. the root - feeding larval stage is the most damaging . severe damage by the leaf - feeding adults is less common (
is still an important pest infesting many ornamental plants in tree nurseries . year - round infestation was reported in greenhouse cultures by 10 farmers ( von
is an important pest of hops in idaho , usa . primary damage occurred as nearly mature larvae girdled small roots and rhizomes during feeding in the spring (
three virus diseases are causing increasing damage to grapevines in europe and elsewhere , referred to as mottling , yellow mosaic and fan leaf disease . in experiments , the first virus was transmitted from diseased to healthy plants by adults and larvae of
look at the foliage of plants for signs of adult damage . the adults eat irregularly - shaped notches from the leaf margin . feeding takes place at night , but the small black weevils may be seen during the daytime in the leaf litter or some other dark place . dig up wilting plants or tip plants out of pots , to find small , creamy - white , curved , legless larvae with pale - brown heads , feeding at the roots , or burrowing into the corm if this is present .
. although no significant difference was attributed to nematode treatments , weevil damage in non - irrigated beds was lower than in irrigated beds . irrigation management may be helpful for controlling this pest (