epermenia meyi is a moth in the epermeniidae family .

it was described by gaedike in 2004 .

it is found in ethiopia , kenya and malawi .

epermenia meyi

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holotype ♂ , type no . 00401729 , genitalia slide gaedike 3339♂ , zmuc ; paratypes 6♂ , 6♀ , zmuc , sdei .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 7004♂ , nmk ; paratypes 2♂ , 5♀ , sdei , rmca , coll . agassiz .
holotype ♂ , rmca ent 000003212 , rmca ; paratypes 18♂ , 12♀ , rmca , sdei .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 4960♂ , zmhb ; paratypes 6♂ , 2♀ , zmhb , sdei .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 4923♂ , mnhn ; paratypes 7♂ , 4♀ , mnhn , sdei .
holotype ♂ , sdei ; 32 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , sdei , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , nmk ; paratypes 1♂ , 2♀ , sdei , nhmo , coll . agassiz .
holotype ♂ , zmhb ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slides gaedike 7528♂ , 7527♀ , zmhb , sdei .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 7047♂ , rmca ent 000003199 , rmca ; paratypes 2♂ , 1♀ , 1 specimen without abdomen , rmca , sdei , nhmo .
holotype ♂ , nmk ; paratypes 6♂ , nmk , sdei , coll . agassiz .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 705♂ , rmca ent 000003247 , rmca ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , 2 specimens without abdomen , rmca , zsm , sdei , coll . agassiz .
holotype ♂ , sdei ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide geometridae 17533♀ , bmnh ; paratype 1♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♀ ( not ♂ as stated in the original description , see bartsch & berg 2012 : 31 ) , sdei .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide petersen 2226♂ , sdei ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 5988♂ , zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 7910♂ , zsm ; paratypes 5♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 5986♂ , zsm , sdei .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 7911♂ , zsm ; praatypes 6♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides gaedike 5991 , 5987 , 5989 , 5990 , zsm , sdei .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 6011♂ , zmuc ; paratypes genitalia slides gaedike 6186♂ , derra 6405♂ , 6406♂ , zmuc , sdei , coll . derra .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 2013♂ , zsm ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 2483♂ , sdei .
holotype ♂ , sdei ; paratypes 6♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides gaedike 7934 , 7959 , 7931 , sdei , coll . stübner .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 8083♂ , zmhb ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 5994♂ , sdei .
holotype ♂ , lnk ; paratypes 7♂ , 1 specimen , lnk , sdei .
holotype ♂ , zmuh ; paratypes 2x11 , genitalia slide gaedike 5978♂ , zmuh , sdei .
holotype ♂ , sdei ; paratypes 11♂ , genitalia slides gaedike 7923♂ , 7953♂ , 7954♂ , sdei , coll . stübner .
holotype ♂ , zmuc ; paratypes 5♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slides gaedike 8085♂ , 7908♀ , 7909♂ , derra 5173♂ [ lost ] , sdei , zmuc , zmuh .
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new or poorly known epermeniidae of the afrotropis ( lepidoptera : epermenioidea ) | förderverein des deutschen entomologischen instituts e . v .
contributions to entomology , volume 63 , issue 1 , p . 149 - 168 ( 2013 )


trimeresurus kanburiensis is a species of pit viper found in only a few areas of thailand .

highly venomous , it is an arboreal but heavily built species with a brown or tawny coloration .

trimeresurus kanburiensis

trimeresurus kanburiensis smith 1943 : 519 trimeresurus kanburiensis — welch 1994 : 115 trimeresurus kanburiensis — cox et al . 1998 : 22 trimeresurus kanburiensis — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 337 trimeresurus kanburiensis — gumprecht et al . 2004 cryptelytrops kanburiensis — malhotra & thorpe 2004 trimeresurus ( trimeresurus ) kanburiensis — david et al . 2011 trimeresurus kanburiensis — wallach et al . 2014 : 742 cryptelytrops kanburiensis — chan - ard et al . 2015 : 286
venomous ! trimeresurus venustus has been considered as a synonym of t . kanburiensis and therefore many literature references to t . kanburiensis are likely to refer in fact to t . venustus . t . kanburiensis also has been confused with t . purpureomaculatus .
the description of the rare thai species trimeresurus kanburiensis smith , 1943 is expanded on the basis of recently collected specimens . we provide a detailed comparison with trimeresurus venustus , a species described from south thailand and regarded by several authors as a synonym of trimeresurus kanburiensis . the existence of 14 characters differentiating the populations referred to trimeresurus kanburiensis from those regarded as trimeresurus venustus definitely supports the validity of this latter species .
trimeresurus venustus vogel 1991 trimeresurus venustus — welch 1994 : 117 trimeresurus venustus — manthey & grossmann 1997 : 411 trimeresurus venustus — gumprecht et al . 2004 trimeresurus venustus — david et al . 2004 cryptelytrops venustus — malhotra & thorpe 2004 trimeresurus ( trimeresurus ) venustus — david et al . 2011 trimeresurus venustus — livigni 2013 : 396 trimeresurus venustus — wallach et al . 2014 : 743 cryptelytrops venustus — chan - ard et al . 2015 : 287
gumprecht , a . 2002 . eine ungewöhnliche zeichnung bei trimeresurus kanburiensis smith 1943 . sauria 24 ( 1 ) : 45 - 46 - get paper here
gumprecht a . ( 2002a ) , «eine ungewöhnlich zeichnung bei trimeresurus kanburiensis smith , 1943» , sauria , 24 ( 1 ) , 45 – 46 .
venomous ! synonymy : regarded as a synonym of trimeresurus kanburiensis smith , 1943 by mcdiarmid et al . ( 1999 ) . older literature references to t . kanburiensis are likely to refer in fact to this taxon . similar species : closely related to c . macrops .
bulian j . ( 2001 ) , «hinweise zur lebensweise und haltung der bambusotter trimeresurus kanburiensis » , reptilia ( münster ) , 31 ( october / november ) , 62 – 66 .
rediscovery and redefinition of malcolm smith’s trimeresurus kanburiensis in thailand , with a report of envenoming . transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene , 86 : 95 - 99 .
gumprecht a . ( 2002b ) , «briefe an die redaktion . nochmal : trimeresurus kanburiensis » , reptilia ( münster ) , 7 ( 5 ) ( no . 37 ) , 4 – 5 .
. it is hence important to note that literature before 1992 may have mentioned c . purpureomaculatus when referring to c . kanburiensis .
david et al . ( 2011 ) considered some of the genera of malhotra & thorpe to be subgenera of the genus trimeresurus , creating new combinations such as
trimeresurus ( parias ) flavomaculatus
,
trimeresurus ( popeia ) popeiorum
,
trimeresurus ( viridovipera ) stejnegeri
, etc . [ 14 ]
trimeresurus ( craspedocephalus ) borneensis – david et al . , 2011 [ 3 ]
gumprecht a . ( 2001 ) , «die bambusottern der gattung trimeresurus lacépède . teil iv : checkliste der trimeresurus - arten thailands» , sauria , 23 ( 2 ) , 25 – 32 .
gumprecht a . ( 1998a ) , «die bambusottern der gattung trimeresurus lacépède . teil ii . die grossaugenbambusotter trimeresurus macrops kramer , 1977» , sauria , 20 ( 3 ) , 25 – 36 .
david , p . , g . vogel , m . sumontha , o . s . g . pauwels & l . chanhome 2004 . expanded description of the poorly known pitviper trimeresurus kanburiensis smith , 1943 , with confirmation of the validity of trimeresurus venustus vogel , 1991 . russ . j . herpetol . 11 ( 2 ) : 81 - 9 - get paper here
whether this species of trimeresurus lays eggs or bears live young is as yet unknown . [ 6 ]
david , p . , g . vogel , m . sumontha , o . s . g . pauwels & l . chanhome ( 2004 ) expanded description of the poorly known pitviper trimeresurus kanburiensis smith , 1943 , with confirmation of the validity of trimeresurus venustus vogel , 1991 ( reptilia : serpentes : crotalidae ) . russian journal of herpetology , 11 ( 2 ) : 81 - 90 .
vogel g 1991 . eine neue trimeresurus - art aus thailand , trimeresurus venustus sp . nov . ( reptilia : serpentes : crotalidae ) . sauria 13 ( 1 ) : 23 - 28 - get paper here
vogel g . ( 1991 ) , «eine neue trimeresurus - art aus thailand , trimeresurus venustus sp . nov . ( reptilia : serpentes : crotalidae ) » , sauria , 13 ( 1 ) , 23 – 28 .
warrell , d . a . , s . looareesuwan , a . f . stimson & r . a . hutton ( 1992 ) rediscovery and redefinition of malcolm smith ' s trimeresurus kanburiensis in thailand , with a report of envenoming . transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene 86 : 95 - 99
gumprecht a . and bulian j . ( 2003 ) , «die bambusottern der gattung trimeresurus lacépède . teil viii : nachträge und anmerkungen zur checkliste der trimeresurus - arten thailands» , sauria , 25 ( 4 ) , 15 – 17 .
trimeresurus venom varies in toxicity between species , but all are primarily hemotoxic and considered to be medically significant to humans .
warrell d . a . , looareesuwan s . , stimson a . f . , and hutton r . a . ( 1992 ) , «rediscovery and redefinition of malcolm smith’s trimeresurus kanburiensis in thailand , with a report of envenoming» , trans . r . soc . trop . med . hyg . , 86 , 95 – 99 .
gumprecht a . ( 2003 ) , «die bambusottern der gattung trimeresurus lacépède . teil vii : anmerkungen zur biologie , haltung und nachzucht von trimeresurus sumatranus ( raffles , 1822 ) » , sauria , 25 ( 1 ) , 37 – 44 .
, but some authors ( e . g . , warrell et al . , 1992 ; mcdiarmid et al . , 1999 ) considered it conspecific with t . kanburiensis , a species described from the kanchanaburi area of western
. the new species resembles trimeresurus kanburiensis and t . venustus ( assigned to cryptelytrops by malhotra & thorpe 2004 - see above ) in pattern , but has a short , spinose hemipenis more reminiscent of species such as t . stejnegeri , assigned to viridovipera by malhotra & thorpe ( 2004 ) . orlov et al . retain the species in the genus trimeresurus due to stated difficulties in assigning the new species to one or other of the genera described or revalidated by malhotra & thorpe ( 2004 ) .
the diet of trimeresurus species includes a variety of animals , including lizards , amphibians , birds , rodents , and other small mammals .
malhotra a , thorpe rs , 2004 . a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) .
most species in the genus trimeresurus are relatively small , primarily arboreal species , with thin bodies and prehensile tails . however , trimeresurus flavoviridis ( the okinawa habu ) can reach a total length ( including tail ) of 242 cm ( 7 ft 9 in ) , and is one of the longest pit vipers in east asia . most trimeresurus species are typically green in color , but some species also have yellow , black , orange , red , or gold markings .
like most viper species , many of the species in the genus trimeresurus are ovoviviparous , bearing live young . however , some species such as t . flavoviridis , t . kaulbacki , and t . macrolepis are oviparous , lay eggs . also , the reproductive biology of some trimeresurus species is as yet unknown .
boulenger ga . 1890 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptilia and batrachia . secretary of state for india in council . ( taylor and francis , printers . ) london . xviii + 541 pp . ( trimeresurus , p . 425 & trimeresurus gramineus , pp . 429 - 430 . )
trimeresurus borneensis is a venomous pit viper species endemic to the island of borneo . [ 1 ] no subspecies are currently recognized . [ 3 ] [ 5 ]
like most viper species , many of the species in the genus trimeresurus are ovoviviparous , bearing live young . however , some species such as t . flavoviridis , t . gramineus , t . kaulbacki , and t . macrolepis are oviparous , lay eggs . also , the reproductive biology of some trimeresurus species is as yet unknown .
malhotra & thorpe ( 2004a ) and david et al . ( 2004 ) analysed the affinities of the pitviper trimeresurus venustus vogel 1991 . the species was described from southern
) a review of morphological variation in trimeresurus popeiorum ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalinae ) , with the description of two new species . zootaxa 727 : 1 - 63 .
stejneger , l . 1927 . the green pit viper , trimeresurus gramineus , in china . proceedings of the united states national museum 72 ( 19 ) : 1 - 10 .
species in the genus trimeresurus are found in southeast asia from india including regions of north chotanagpur ofjharkhand to southern china and japan , and the malay archipelago to timor . [ 1 ]
malhotra and thorpe . 2004b . a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 ( 2004 ) 83–100
c . purpureomaculatus venom was found to be relatively highly lethal compared to other asian pit - vipers in the ( historical ) trimeresurus genus ( tan , armugam & tan , 1989 ) .
malhotra , a . & r . s . thorpe ( 2004a ) reassessment of the validity and diagnosis of the pitviper trimeresurus venustus vogel , 1991 . herpetological journal 14 : 21 - 33 .
malhotra , a . & r . s . thorpe 2004 . reassessment of the validity and diagnosis of the pitviper trimeresurus venustus vogel , 1991 . the herpetological journal 14 ( 1 ) : 21 - 33
gumprecht a . and ryabov s . ( 2002 ) , «die gattung trimeresurus lacépède , 1804 — zum kenntnisstand der forschung» , draco , 12 ( 4 ) ( no . 12 ) , 31 – 44 .
the genus trimeresurus ( sensu lato ) has been the subject of considerable taxonomic work since 2000 , resulting in the recognition of additional genera within this complex . most authors now recognise the genus protobothrops for the species cornutus , flavoviridis , jerdonii , kaulbacki , mucrosquamatus , tokarensis , xiangchengensis , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] since these have been shown not to be closely related to other trimeresurus in recent phylogenetic analyses .
malhotra , a . & r . s . thorpe ( 2004 ) a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 : 83–100
regenass u . and kramer e . ( 1981 ) , «zur systematik der grünen grubenottern der gattung trimeresurus ( serpentes , crotalidae ) » , rev . suisse zool . , 88 ( 1 ) , 163 – 205 .
malhotra a , thorpe rs ( 2004 ) .
a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis )
. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 : 83 - 100 .
pope ch , pope sh . 1933 . a study of the green pit - vipers of southeastern asia and malaysia , commonly identified as trimeresurus gramineus ( shaw ) , with description of a new species from peninsular india .
malhotra , a . & r . s . thorpe ( 2004b ) a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 : 83–100 .
hoge a . r . and de lemos romano s . a . ( 1974 ) , «notes on trimeresurus brongersmai hoge 1969 ( serpentes , viperidae , crotalinae ) » , mem . inst . butantan , 38 , 147 – 158 .
malhotra , a . , thorpe , r . s . , 2004 . a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 , 83 - 100 .
in addition , malhotra and thorpe ( 2004 ) [ 10 ] proposed a radical shake up of the entire genus , splitting trimeresurus into seven genera . their proposed arrangement ( including species described since 2004 ) is shown in the table below :
malhotra a . and thorpe r . s . ( 2000 ) , «a phylogeny of the trimeresurus group of pit vipers : new evidence from a mitochondrial gene tree» , mol . phylogen . evol . , 16 ( 2 ) , 199 – 211 .
das , indraneil . 2002 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of india . ralph curtis books . sanibel island , florida . 144 pp . isbn 0 - 88359 - 056 - 5 . ( trimeresurus gramineus , p . 65 . )
das , indraneil . 2006 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of borneo . ralph curtis books . sanibel island , florida . 144 pp . isbn 0 - 88359 - 061 - 1 . ( trimeresurus borneensis , p . 57 . )
in recent years , research on the genus trimeresurus has revealed a number of instances of paraphyly and cryptic species . as of 2007 , the species included in trimeresurus sensu lato ( brattstrom 1964 ) had been separated into 11 different genera , although fewer genera are now generally recognized as a result of new phylogenetic data ( e . g . , malhotra and thorpe 2004 a , b , 2005 , guo et al . 2007 and references therein ; guo et al . 2009 ; hoser 2012 and references therein ) .
malhotra , a . and r . s . thorpe . 2004a . maximizing information in systematic revisions : a combined molecular and morphological analysis of a cryptic green pitviper complex ( trimeresurus stejnegeri ) . biological journal of the linnean society 82 : 219 - 235 .
malhotra , anita & thorpe , roger s . 2004 . a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 : 83 –100 [ erratum p . 680 ] - get paper here
lacépède , b . g . 1804 . mémoire sur plusieurs animaux de la nouvelle - hollande dont la description n ' a pas encore été publiée . annales du muséum d ' histoire naturelle , paris 4 : 184 - 211 . ( trimeresurus , p . 209 . )
reviews of the following genera or of parts of these genera are currently made : amphiesma , dendrelaphis , tropidolaemus , ahaetulla , lycodon , trimeresurus , pareas , pseudorabdion , xenochrophis and oligodon investigations on the philippines , china , sumatra and india brought interesting new regional results , too .
sumontha m , kunya k , pauwels osg , nitikul a , punnadee s ( 2011 ) .
trimeresurus ( popeia ) phuketensis , a new pitviper ( squamata : viperidae ) from phuket island , southwestern thailand
. russian journal of herpetology 18 ( 3 ) : 11 - 17 .
malhotra , a . and r . s . thorpe . 2005 . erratum to “a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) ” [ mol . phylogenet . evol . 32 ( 2004 ) 83–100 ] . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 34 : 680–681 .
herrmann , h . - w . , t . ziegler , a . malhotra , r . s . thorpe & c . l . parkinson ( 2004 ) redescription and systematics of trimeresurus cornutus ( serpentes : viperidae ) based on morphology and molecular data . herpetologica 60 ( 2 ) : 211 - 221
trimeresurus is a genus of venomous pit vipers found in asia from the indian subcontinent throughout southeast asia , china and the pacific islands . currently at least 35 species are recognized . [ 2 ] common names include asian palm pit vipers , [ 3 ] asian lanceheads and asian lance - headed vipers . [ 4 ]
lacépède bg ( 1804 ) .
mémoire sur plusieurs animaux de la nouvelle - hollande dont la description n ' a pas encore été publiée
. annales du muséum d ' histoire naturelle , paris 4 : 184 - 211 . ( trimeresurus , new genus , p . 209 ) . ( in french ) .
david p , vogel g , dubois a , 2011 . on the need to follow rigorously the rules of the code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies ( type species ) for a nominal genus which lacked one : the case of the nominal genus trimeresurus lacépède , 1804 ( reptilia : squamata : viperidae ) .
evolution of south - east asian pitvipers , genus trimeresurus from molecular studies . in : thorpe , r . s . , w€uster , w . , malhotra , a . ( eds . ) , v enomous snakes , ecology , evolution and snakebite . symposium of the zoological society of london , 70 : 115–118 .
pope c . h . and pope s . h . ( 1933 ) , «a study of the green pit - vipers of southeastern asia and malaysia , commonly identified as trimeresurus gramineus ( shaw ) , with description of a new species from peninsular india» , am . mus . novitates , 620 , 1 – 12 .
orlov , n . l . , s . a . ryabov , b . n . thanh & h cuc , t . 2004 . a new species of trimeresurus ( ophidia : viperidae : crotalinae ) from karst region in central vietnam . russ . j . herpetol . 11 ( 2 ) : 139 - 149 - get paper here
david , patrick ; gernot vogel & alain dubois 2011 . on the need to follow rigorously the rules of the code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies ( type species ) for a nominal genus which lacked one : the case of the nominal genus trimeresurus lacépède , 1804 ( reptilia : squamata : viperidae ) . zootaxa 2992 : 1–51 - get paper here
sumontha , m . , kunya , k . , s . g . pauwels , o . , nitikul , a . , and punnadee , s . ( 2011 ) .
trimeresurus ( popeia ) phuketensis , a new pitviper ( squamata : viperidae ) from phuket island , southwestern thailand
. russian journal of herpetology . 18 ; 3 : 11 - 17 .
david , patrick ; vogel , gernot ; dubois , alain . 2011 . on the need to follow rigorously the rules of the code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies ( type species ) for a nominal genus which lacked one : the case of the nominal genus trimeresurus lacépède , 1804 ( reptilia : squamata : viperidae ) . zootaxa 2992 : 1 - 51 .
david , patrick ; vogel , gernot ; dubois , alain ( 2011 ) .
on the need to follow rigorously the rules of the code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies ( type species ) for a nominal genus which lacked one : the case of the nominal genus trimeresurus lacépède , 1804 ( reptilia : squamata : viperidae )
. zootaxa 2992 : 1 - 51 .
malhotra a . and thorpe r . s . ( 1996 ) , «new perspectives on the evolution of south - east asian pit vipers ( genus trimeresurus ) from molecular studies» , in : venomous snakes . ecology , evolution and snakebite , r . s . thorpe , w . wüster , and a . malhotra ( eds . ) , symp . zool . soc . london , 70 [ «1997» ] , 115 – 128 .
the thrombin - like enzyme in the venom was isolated and characterized , and termed purpurase . anti - purpurase raised from the venom was found to cross - react with venoms of other pit - vipers in the former trimeresurus genus ( now seven genera ) , but not with that of other crotalids . hence , this lends support to the notion that the seven genera are more closely related to each other than to other genera of pit - vipers ( tan , 2010 ) .
type locality : limestone hills near kanburi , south - western siam [ = kanchanaburi , thailand ] .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
chan - ard , t . , parr , j . w . k . & nabhitabhata , j . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . oxford university press , ny , 352 pp . [ see book reviews by pauwels & grismer 2015 and hikida 2015 for corrections ] - get paper here
cox , merel j . ; van dijk , peter paul ; jarujin nabhitabhata & thirakhupt , kumthorn 1998 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of peninsular malaysia , singapore and thailand . ralph curtis publishing , 144 pp .
das , i . 2012 . a naturalist ' s guide to the snakes of south - east asia : malaysia , singapore , thailand , myanmar , borneo , sumatra , java and bali . oxford j , ohn beaufoy publishing - get paper here
grismer , l . lee ; tri , ngo van ; grismer , jesse l . 2008 . a new species of insular pitviper of the genus cryptelytrops ( squamata : viperidae ) from southern vietnam . zootaxa 1715 : 57 - 68 - get paper here
gumprecht , a . ; tillack , f . ; orlov , n . l . ; captain , a . & ryabow , s . 2004 . asian pitvipers . geitje books , berlin , 368 pp .
mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .
smith , m . a . 1943 . the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma , including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region . reptilia and amphibia . 3 ( serpentes ) . taylor and francis , london . 583 pp .
taylor , e . h . 1965 . the serpents of thailand and adjacent waters . univ . kansas sci . bull . 45 ( 9 ) : 609 - 1096 - get paper here
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
welch , k . r . g . 1994 . snakes of the world . a checklist . i . venomous snakes . kcm books , somerset , england .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
chan - ard , t . , grismer , l . & stuart , b .
justification : this species is listed as endangered because it has a restricted distribution of little more than 3 , 000 km² , it is present in fewer than five locations , and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to illegal harvest for pet trade . although the species is present in a protected area and is legally protected , better enforcement of the law is needed to avoid or limit population declines .
this species is known with certainty only from kanchanaburi ( = kanburi ) province in western thailand , on the border with myanmar , where it is known only from sai yak and thong pha phum districts ( t . chan - ard pers . comm . september 2011 ) . it also likely occurs in adjacent kayin state , myanmar , but it has not yet been documented there ( leviton
. 2008 ) . it occurs at elevations of up to 600 m . its known extent of occurrence is around 3 , 000 km²
there is no information on its population size . the species is known only from a few specimens ( smith 1943 , taylor 1965 , david
smith ( 1943 ) obtained the holotype in limestone hills ( = limestone karst ) . this species occurs in bamboo forests up to 600 m of elevation .
this species occurs in a protected area . field surveys are needed to determine its natural history and extent of its geographic range ( including its presence in adjacent myanmar ) . the species is legally protected from export from thailand for the pet trade . all international trade is illegal , therefore compliance of the law should be enforced .
chan - ard , t . , grismer , l . & stuart , b . 2012 .
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the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
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general shape small in length , slender , cylindrical bodied snake with a prehensile tail . can grow to a maximum of at least 0 . 69 metres ( few recorded specimens ) . head is large , triangular shaped and distinct from narrow neck . snout is relatively short when compared with other species of this genus . eyes are medium in size with vertically elliptical pupils . dorsal scales are strongly keeled . dorsal scale count 19 - 19 - 15 .
habitat elevations up to about 1000 metres in hilly ( limestone ) terrain in primary forest , particularly in the bamboo vegetation around kanburi , sw thailand .
description : first aid for bites by viperid snakes likely to cause significant local injury at the bite site ( see listing in comments section ) .
treatment summary bites by this species cause moderate , possibly major local & systemic effects , including coagulopathy / bleeding & shock . urgently assess & admit all cases . antivenom therapy is probably the key treatment , especially for coagulopathy .
general approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .
antivenom therapy antivenom is the key treatment for systemic envenoming . multiple doses may be required .
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urltoken
patrick david , gernot vogel , montri sumontha , olivier s . g . pauwels , lawan chanhome
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holotype : zmb 48045 ; paratypes : zmb , bmnh ; zsm 127 / 1990 ( given as zsm 127 . 1990 in the original description ) , male , “thung song , provinz nakhon si thammarat , süd - thailand” , collected by j . krimmer , no date ; zsm 128 / 1990 ( given as zsm 128 . 1990 in the original description ) , adult , same locality , collected by g . vogel , 09 . 1989 .
livigni , f . ( ed . ) 2013 . a life for reptiles and amphibians , volume 1 . chimaira , frankfurt , 495 pp . - get paper here
manthey , u . & grossmann , w . 1997 . amphibien & reptilien südostasiens . natur und tier verlag ( münster ) , 512 pp . - get paper here
rostral scale as deep as broad or broader than deep ; upper head - scales small , smooth , imbricate ; supraocular scale narrow , rarely broken up ; internasals in contact or separated by one or two scales ; 8 to 13 scales on a line between the supraoculars ; usually one or two , rarely three , series of scales between the suboculars and the labials ; 9 to 12 upper labials , second usually forming the anterior border of the loreal pit , third largest ; temporal scales smooth .
dorsal scales more or less distinctly keeled , in 21 ( rarely 19 or 23 ) rows . ventrals 145 - 175 ; anal scale entire ; subcaudals in two rows 53 - 76 .
upper parts usually bright green , rarely yellowish , greyish , or purplish brown , with or without black , brown , or reddish spots ; usually a light , white , yellow , or red streak along the outer row of scales ; end of tail frequently yellow or red ; lower parts green , yellow , or whitish .
the range of this species has been restricted to southern india . it is also rarely seen near harishchandragad and some other mountain ranges of western ghats aka sahyadris in maharashtra .
t . gramineus is ovoviviparous . adult females gives birth to 6 to 11 young ones , which measure up to 4 . 5inches in length .
mcdiarmid rw , campbell ja , touré t . 1999 . snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , volume 1 . herpetologists ' league . 511 pp . isbn 1 - 893777 - 00 - 6 ( series ) . isbn 1 - 893777 - 01 - 4 ( volume ) .
khaire , n . 2006 . a guide to the snakes of maharashtra , goa and karnataka . indian herpetological society . pune , india . ( photographic guide with 61 species . )
the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma , including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region . reptilia and amphibia , vol . iii .
. secretary of state for india . ( taylor & francis , printers ) . london . xii + 583 pp . , 166 figures . (
mehrtens jm . 1987 . living snakes of the world in color . new york : sterling publishers . 480 pp . isbn 0 - 8069 - 6460 - x .
u . s . navy . 1991 . poisonous snakes of the world . us govt . new york : dover publications inc . 203 pp . isbn 0 - 486 - 26629 - x .
parker hw , grandison agc . 1977 . snakes - - a natural history . second edition . british museum ( natural history ) and cornell university press . 108 pp . 16 plates . lcccn 76 - 54625 . isbn 0 - 8014 - 1095 - 9 ( cloth ) , isbn 0 - 8014 - 9164 - 9 ( paper ) .
gumprecht a , tillack f , orlov nl , captain a , ryabov s . 2004 . asian pitvipers . geitjebooks berlin . 1st edition . 368 pp . isbn 3 - 937975 - 00 - 4 .
cantor , t . e . 1839 . spicilegium serpentium indicorum [ parts 1 and 2 ] . proc . zool . soc . london 7 : 31 - 34 , 49 - 55 .
gumprecht , a . ; tillack , f . ; orlov , n . l . ; captain , a . & ryabow , s . 2004 . asian pit vipers . geitje books . berlin . 368 pp .
russell , p . 1796 . an account of indian serpents , collected on the coast of coromandel ; containing descriptions and drawings of each species , together with experiments and remarks on their several poisons . george nicol . london . viii + 91 pp . + plates i . - xlvi .
general zoology , or systematic natural history : vol . iii . , part ii
. g . kearsley . ( thomas davison , printer ) . london . iv + pp .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 29 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
india ( assam ) , nicobar islands , myanmar , thailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , southern china ( fukien , hainan , kwangsi , kwangtung ) , hong kong , west malaysia , indonesia ( sumatra , borneo , sulawesi , java , madoera , lombok , sumbawa , komodo , flores , sumba , roti , timor , kisar , wetar ) .
vietnam : bach ma and tonkin . occurs in rainforests at low elevations . also in central vietnam . [ 5 ]
philippine islands : agutayan , batan , camiguin , catanduanes , dinagat , jolo , leyte , luzon , mindanao , mindoro , negros and polillo .
peninsular thailand , west malaysia , singapore and indonesia ( sumatra and the nearby islands of bangka , simalur , nias , batu and the mentawai islands .
india ( assam ) through northern myanmar to tibet , china ( hupeh , szechwan and yunnan ) and vietnam .
india ( assam ) and bangladesh to myanmar , china ( fukien , kwangshi , kwantung and szechwan ) and taiwan .
sumontha , kunya , s . g . pauwels , nitikul & punnadee , 2011 [ 7 ]
northern india , myanmar , thailand , west malaysia , vietnam and indonesia ( sumatra , the mentawai islands of siberut , sipora and north pagai , and on the island of borneo ) .
southern thailand , west and east malaysia ( sabah and sarawak ) and indonesia ( borneo , sumatra , the mentawai islands of siberut and north pagai , simalur and java .
india ( assam and the andaman islands ) , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , west malaysia , singapore and indonesia ( sumatra ) .
india ( assam ) , and nepal through myanmar and thailand to china ( kwangsi , kwangtung , hainan , fukien , chekiang , yunnan ) and taiwan .
southern thailand , west and east malaysia ( sabah and sarawak on borneo ) and indonesia ( bangka , billiton , borneo , sumatra and the nearby islands of simalur , nias , and possibly the mentawai islands [ sipora ] ) .
t . andersonii theobald , 1868 . commonly called anderson ' s pit viper , found in the andaman islands of india .
t . barati regenass & kramer , 1981 . commonly called barat ' s bamboo viper , found in indonesia .
t . fucatus vogel , david & pauwels , 2004 . commonly called the siamese peninsula pit viper and found in southern thailand , myanmar , malaysia .
t . insularis kramer , 1977 . commonly called the white - lipped island pit viper and found in indonesia .
t . malcolmi loveridge , 1938 . commonly called malcolm ' s pit viper and found on borneo ( indonesia ) .
t . nebularis vogel , david & pauwels , 2004 . commonly called the cameron highlands pit viper and found in west malaysia ( cameron highlands ) .
t . sabahi regenass & kramer , 1981 . commonly called sabah ' s bamboo viper and found on borneo , indonesia .
t . truongsonensis , ryabov , thanh & cuc , 2004 . found in central vietnam .
t . venustus vogel , 1991 . commonly called the beautiful pit viper and found in southern thailand .
. commonly called wirot ' s pit viper and found in thailand and west malaysia .
this new arrangement has been followed by many , [ 11 ] [ 12 ] but not all [ 8 ] [ 13 ] subsequent authors .
mcdiarmid rw , campbell ja , touré t ( 1999 ) . snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , volume 1 . washington , district of columbia : herpetologists ' league . 511 pp . isbn 1 - 893777 - 00 - 6 ( series ) . isbn 1 - 893777 - 01 - 4 ( volume ) .
mehrtens jm ( 1987 ) . living snakes of the world in color . new york : sterling publishers . 480 pp . isbn 0 - 8069 - 6460 - x .
united states navy ( 1991 ) . poisonous snakes of the world . new york : u . s . government / dover publications inc . 203 pp . isbn 0 - 486 - 26629 - x .
gumprecht a , tillack f , orlov nl , captain a , ryabov s ( 2004 ) . asian pitvipers . first edition . berlin : geitjebooks . 368 pp . isbn 3 - 937975 - 00 - 4 .
yang , j . - h . ; orlov , n . i . ; wang , y . - y . ( 2011 ) .
a new species of pitviper of the genus protobothrops from china ( squamata : viperidae ) .
zootaxa 2936 : 59 - 68 .
kraus f , mink dg , brown wm ( 1996 ) .
crotaline intergeneric relationships based on mitochondrial dna sequence data
. copeia 1996 : 763 - 773 .
castoe ta , parkinson cl ( 2006 ) .
bayesian mixed models and the phylogeny of pitvipers ( viperidae : serpentes )
. mol . phylogenet . evol . 39 : 91 - 110 .
grismer ll , grismer jl , mcguire ja ( 2006 ) .
a new species of pitviper of the genus popeia ( squamata : viperidae ) from pulau tioman , pahang , west malaysia
. zootaxa 1305 : 1 - 19 .
vogel g ( 2006 ) . venomous snakes of asia / giftschlangen asiens . frankfurt am main : terralog , edition chimaira .
this page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .
thailand is home to a large variety of vipers . the majority are pit vipers that are easily recognized by the presence of a heat - sensing pit on each cheek . at this point , the siamese russell’s viper , daboia siamensis , is the only viper in thailand that lacks the heat - sensing pits . at the same time it is also arguably the most dangerous of all the vipers . being terrestial , very well camouflaged , equiped with a highly potent , nasty venom , and living mostly in farm lands , it is like a living landmine .
the vipers are one of our favorite groups of snakes . there is just something about their usualy stout bodies , triangular heads and most of all the look in their eyes .
in the coming years the viper species list will likely increase quite a bit . we have seen various vipers that will likely be described as new species in the near future .
cm ) , with a maximum total length of 7 . 9 feet / 242
. it is slenderly built and gracefully proportioned with a large head . the tail , however , is not
the color pattern consists of a light olive of brown ground color , overlaid with elongated dark green or brownish blotches . the blotches have yellow edges , sometimes contain yellow spots , and frequently fuse to produce wavy stripes . the belly is whitish with dark coloring along the edges .
given is
amakarima island ( one of the loo - choo group )
( = keramashima , ryukyu islands ) .
and cultivated fields . found on rock walls and in old tombs and caves .
. bold and irritable , it can strike quickly and has a long reach .
mating takes place in early spring and up to 18 eggs are laid in mid - summer . the hatchlings , which emerge after an incubation period of 5–6 weeks , are 10 inches ( 25
, was introduced in 1910 . although the effects of this introduction have not been studied , in other such cases the negative effects on species of native
is 2 per 1 , 000 people , which is very high . the venom of this species is of high toxicity containing cytotoxin and haemorrhagin components ,
if a bite victim receives medical care promptly , bites are not life - threatening . however , 6 - 8 % do suffer permanent disability .
( ハブ酒 ) . ( sake in japanese can refer to any alcoholic beverage . ) in this case , the sake is a
( 泡盛 ) , alleged to have medicinal properties . the production includes the snakes in the fermentation process and it is sold in bottles that may or may not contain the body of a snake .
gumprecht a , tillack f , orlov nl , captain a , ryabov s . 2004 . asian pitvipers . geitjebooks . berlin . 1st edition . 368 pp . isbn 3 - 937975 - 00 - 4 .
brown jh . 1973 . toxicology and pharmacology of venoms from poisonous snakes . springfield , illinois : charles c . thomas . 184 pp . lcccn 73 - 229 . isbn 0 - 398 - 02808 - 7 .
hays wst , conant s . 2007 . biology and impacts of pacific island invasive species . 1 . a worldwide review of effects of the small indian mongoose , herpestes javanicus ( carnivora : herpestidae ) . pacific science 61 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 .
urltoken 沖縄県における平成23 年の毒蛇咬症 沖縄県衛生環境研究所 . according to this report , 8901 snakebites from this snake are reported during 1964 - 2011 in okinawa prefecture ( amami excluded ) . among those , fatalities are 53 . so , fatality rate is around 0 . 6 % .


sphex pensylvanicus is a species of digger wasp , commonly known as the great black wasp .

it lives across most of north america and grows to a size of 20 – 35 mm ( 0.8 – 1.4 in ) .

the larvae feed on living insects that the females paralyze and carry to the underground nest .

sphex pensylvanicus

and then there is this specimen of the katydid hunter sphex pensylvanicus l . :
sphex ichneumoneus ( linn . ) sphex pensylvanicus linn . isodontia auripes ( fernald ) isodontia mexicana ( saussure ) palmodes dimidiatus ( degeer ) prionyx atratus ( lepeletier )
distribution . —sphex pensylvanicus occurs throughout most of the united states north to the forty - third parallel ( fig . 15 ) .
sphex pensylvanicus linnaeus ( figs . 15 , 85 , 87 ) sphex pensylvanica linnaeus , 1763 , centuria insect rar . , p . 30 . holotype ♀ , pennsylvania ( bmnh ) .
sphex transversus fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 141 . ♂ .
sphex acutus fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 150 . ♂ .
sphex craspedotus fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 96 . ♀ .
sphex peckhami fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 93 . ♂ .
sphex dubius fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 139 . preocc .
appears to be less frequently encountered across its range than sphex ichneumoneus ( based on u . of michigan museum of zoology , division of insects page on s . pensylvanicus with map of michigan records .
sphex pilosiis fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 120 . ♀ , ♂ .
sphex aculeatus fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 145 . ♀ , ♂ .
sphex novitus fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 147 . ♀ , ♂ .
sphex parapolitus fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 51 . ♀ , ♂ .
sphex floridensis fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 126 . ♀ , ♂ .
sphex uniariiis leopardus fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 125 . ♀ , ♂ .
sphex willistoni fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 91 , fig . 37 . ♀ .
sphecid wasp videos - from brown bag productions - dick walton has some video clips of several species of sand wasps , including eremnophila aureonotata and sphex pensylvanicus . excellent video of nesting behavior ! ( 08 / 31 / 2006 )
type - species : sphex cyanea fabricius . desig . by patton , 1880 .
type - species : sphex spirifex linnaeus . desig . by bingham , 1897 .
type - species : sphex spiiifex linnaeus . desig . by latreille , 1810 .
type - species : sphex niveatus dufour . desig . by pate , 1937 .
sphex pensylvanica linnaeus , 1763 . centuria ins . rar . , p . 30 .
sphex thomae fabricius , 1775 . systema ent . , p . 346 . ♂ .
sphex flavipunctata christ , 1791 . naturgesch . class . nomencl . , p . 301 .
type - species : sphex flavipennis fabricius . desig . by internatl . comn . zool .
type - species : sphex occitanica lepeletier and serville , desig . by fernald , 1906 .
type - species : sphex albisectus lepeletier and serville . desig . by kohl , 1885 .
sphex , 167 pp . these are not reliable for identification of many north american species .
sphex caerulea linnaeus , 1763 . centuria ins . rar . , p . 30 . preocc .
sphex chlomrgyrica costa , 1862 . mus . zool . napoli , ann . 1 : 66 .
sphex ( isodontia ) macrocephaius fox , 1890 . ent . news 1 : 137 . ♀ .
sphex cressoni smith , 1908 . nebr . univ . , studies 8 : 329 . ♂ .
sphex arvensis floridensis fernald , 1933 . ent . news 44 : 236 . nom . nud .
sources : benntinen , justin and evan preisser . 2009 . “avian kleptoparasitism of the digger wasp sphex pensylvanicus , ” can . ent . 141 ( 6 ) : 604 - 608 . evans , howard e . 1963 . wasp farm . ithaca , ny : comstock publishing associates ( cornell university press ) . 178 pp .
sphex caementaria drury , 1773 . illus . nat . hist . , v . 2 , index .
sphex affinis fabricius , 1793 . ent . system . , v . 2 , p . 203 .
type - species : sphex sabulosa linnaeus . desig . by intematl . comn . zool . nomencl .
sphex cyanea fabricius , 1775 . systema ent . , no . 5 , p . 346 . preocc .
sphex dubitaia cresson , 1872 . amer . ent . soc , trans . 4 : 213 . ♀ .
sphex lauta cresson , 1872 . amer . ent . soc , trans . 4 : 212 . ♀ .
sphex aurocapillus templeton , 1841 . ent . soc . london , trans . 3 : 51 . a questionable
sphex fuliginosa dahlbom , 1843 . hym . europaea , v . 1 , p . 425 . preocc .
sphex servillei lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . hym . 3 : 336 . ♂ .
sphex helfragei cresson , 1872 . amer . ent . soc , trans . 4 : 212 . ♀ .
sphex rufiventris cresson , 1872 . amer . ent . soc , trans . 4 : 211 . ♀ .
sphex ( priononyx ) femigineus fox , 1892 . ent . news 3 : 170 . ♀ . preocc .
few north american wasps are as conspicuous as the great black wasp , sphex pensylvanicus . this all - black insect with violet reflections on its wings is so large as to sometimes be mistaken for a tarantula hawk wasp . males average 22 millimeters in body length , while females are about 28 millimeters ( up to 35 mm ) and more robust .
sphex flavomaculata degeer , 1773 . mem . hist . ins . , v . 3 , p . 588 .
sphex micans taschenberg , 1869 . ztschr . gesam . naturw . halle 34 : 419 . ♀ . preocc .
sphex jamaica christ , 1791 . naturgesch . class . nomencl . ins . , p . 292 . emend .
sphex mexicana taschenberg , 1869 . ztschr . gesam . naturw . halle 34 : 416 . ♂ . preocc .
sphex texana cresson , 1872 . amer . ent . soc . trans . 4 : 212 . ♀ , ♂ .
sphex abdominalis cresson , 1872 . amer . ent . soc , trans . 4 : 211 . ♂ . preocc .
sphex spiniger kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 428 . ♂ .
sphex princeps kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 398 . ♀ .
sphex chrysophorus kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 300 . ♀ .
sphex lanciger kohl , 1895 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 10 : 55 . ♂ .
sphex auriflua perty , 1834 . delect . anim . articul . brasil . , p . 142 . a questionable synonym .
sphex lanierii guerin , 1844 . iconogr . regne anim . , ins . , v . 3 : 433 . ♂ .
sphex congener kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 418 . ♀ .
sphex violaceipenyiis lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . hym . , v . 3 , p . 349 .
sphex laeviventris cresson , 1865 . ent . soc . phila . , proc . 4 : 463 . ♀ , ♂ .
sphex excisus kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 362 . ♂ .
sphex harti fernald , 1931 . ent . soc . amer . , ann . 24 : 450 . n . name .
sphex kennedyi murray , 1938 . ent . soc . amer . , ann . 31 : 36 . n . name .
sphex suynptuosa costa , 1862 . mus . zool . napoli , ann . 1 : 66 . s . k questionable synonym .
sphex pensylvanicus aka the great black wasp . this black wasp with yellow antennas ( anthers ) is a species of digger wasp . they hunt for insects and pluralize them so that larvae can feed on living insect . the black wasp is approximately 1 to 1 . 4 inch long with slander body . the sting from this wasp is painful but it does not cause swelling . this wasp is also an important pollinator .
sphex singularis smith , 1856 . cat . hym . brit . mus . , v . 4 , p . 261 . ♂ .
sphex flavovestita smith , 1856 . cat . hym . brit . mus . , v . 4 , p . 253 . ♂ .
sphex habena say , 1832 . new sp . n . amer . ins . chiefly of louisiana , p . 14 . ♀ .
sphex croesus lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . hym . , v . 3 , p . 351 . ♀ .
sphex ichneumoneus \ ar . fuiviventris kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 431 .
sphex apicalis smith , 1856 . cat . hym . brit . mus . , v . 4 , p . 262 . ♀ .
sphex elegans smith , 1856 . cat . hym . brit . mus . , v . 4 , p . 262 . ♂ .
sphex morio kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 321 . ♂ . preocc .
sphex doumerci lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . hym . , v . 3 , p . 357 . ♀ .
sphex { priononyx ) laerma cameron , 1897 . ann . and mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 370 .
sphex ( harpactopus ) edwardsi cameron , 1903 . amer . ent . soc , trans . 29 : 230 . ♀ , ♂ .
sphex dorsalis lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . , hym . , v . 3 , p . 347 . ♂ .
sphex aurulenta guerin , 1835 . iconogr . regne anim . , planches anim . invert . , pi . 70 , fig . 2 .
sphex joergenseni brethes , 1913 . buenos aires mus . nac . de hist . nat . , an . 24 : 120 . ♂ .
sphex philadelphica lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . , hym . , v . 3 , p . 340 . ♀ .
sphex apicalis harris , 1835 . in hitchcock , rpt . geol . mineral . bot . zool . mass . , p . 588 .
sphex ( palmodes ) praestans kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 323 . ♀ .
sphex labrosa harris , 1835 . in hitchcock , rpt . geol . mineral . bot . zool . mass . , p . 588 .
sphex atrata lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . , hym . , v . 3 , p . 355 . ♀ .
sphex fervens linnaeus , 1758 . syst . nat . , ed . 10 , p . 569 . 9 . type from west indies or
sphex pilosus nudus murray , 1938 . ent . soc . amer . , ann . 31 : 28 . ♂ , ♀ . preocc .
sphex flavipes smith , 1856 . cat . hym . brit . mus . , v . 4 , p . 263 . ♀ . preocc .
sphex dimidiatus lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . hym . , v . 3 , p . 352 . ♂ . preocc .
sphex chichimecus saussure , 1867 . reise d . novara , zool . , v . 2 , hym . , p . 40 . ♂ .
sphex tepanecus saussure , 1867 . reise d . novara , zool . , v . 2 , hym . , p . 41 . ♂ .
sphex lucae saussure , 1867 . reise d . novara , zool . , v . 2 , hym . , p . 41 . ♀ .
sphex apicalis saussure , 1867 . reise d . novara , zool . , v . 2 , hym . , p . 38 . preocc .
sphex platensis brethes , 1908 . buenos aires mus . nac de hist . nat . , an . 17 : 146 . ♂ , ♀ .
sphex yiigropilosus rohwer , 1912 . u . s . natl . mus . , proc . 41 : 465 . 9 . this is a questionable
pat , this looks to me like sphex pennsylvanica , a hunter of katydids . your description sounds small , though . i have seen plenty of s . pennsylvanica females that greatly exceed the great golden digger wasps ( sphex ichneumoneus ) in size . in flight they look gigantic , of course !
sphex ( chlorion ) nearcticus kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 186 . ♀ , ♂ .
sphex ( chlorion ) occultus kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 187 . ♀ , ♂ .
sphex ornata lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . , hym . , v . 3 , p . 344 . 9 , tj .
sphex tibialis lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . , hym . , v . 3 , p . 339 . ♀ . preocc .
sphex ( palmodes ) daggyi murray , 1951 . u . s . dept . agr . , monog . 2 : 974 . n . name .
sphex dimidiatus degeer , 1773 . mem . pour servir a i ' hist . des ins . 3 : 577 , pi . 30 , fig . 5 . ♂ .
sphex instabilis smith , 1856 . cat . hym . brit . mus . , v . 4 , p . 263 . 9 . n . amer . possibly a senior
my work on tr programs was partially inspired by the “tote units‚” of miller , galanter , and pribram who proposed them as a model of behavior . i was also aware of the work on animal behavior by ethologists , such as nicholas tinbergen and konrad lorenz . could tr programs serve as a model of some aspects of animal behavior ? in my 1998 ai textbook , artificial intelligence : a new synthesis , i repeated ( on p . 82 ) the following description ( from a book by dean wooldridge ) of the behavior of the solitary wasp , sphex pensylvanicus :
insects of cedar creek - - they label as
sphex species
, but mention
s . pennsylvanicus
on the sphecidae family page . phenology lists occurence in july and august .
( special thanks to pat shorter , an undergraduate member of the marek lab , for taking the photo of our infected sphex wasp ! she also took the photos of the cissites auriculata beetle in our previous post . )
sphex pensylvanicus aka the great black wasp insects . it ' s is very angry . this bee sometime nursery bee . this black wasp with yellow antennas ( anthers ) is a species of digger wasp . they hunt for insects and pluralize them so that larvae can feed on living insect . the black wasp is approximately 1 to 1 . 4 inch long with slander body . the sting from this wasp is painful but it does not cause swelling . this wasp is also an important pollinator . our social pages : facebook : urltoken pintertest : https : urltoken instragram : urltoken twitter : urltoken # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # copyright disclaimer : video information source : urltoken music source : urltoken
well , maybe it ' s 25 mm or more . they move so fast , it is rather hard to get a feeling for the size . i ' m sure you are correct . it is about the size of sphex ichneumoneus , a species i do know . patrick coin durham , north carolina
this wasp , in the genus sphex , is a member of the family sphecidae ( sfee - ci - dee ) , the thread - waisted wasps , or digger wasps , which are all solitary . relatives include mud daubers and the very closely related great golden digger wasp ( s . ichneumoneus ) . many famous naturalists have written entertaining , fascinating accounts of this and other digger wasps ; those of howard ensign evans ( “wasp farm” ) and j . henri fabre are highly recommended .
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nearctica lists it as pensylvanica , which is wrong because the gender of the genus is male .
provision nests ( in burrow in soft earth ) with katydids or grasshoppers . ( univ . florida lists : tettigoniidae in genera microcentrum and scudderia . ) usually about three are placed in a nest .
evans , pp . 49 - 51 , 55 - 56 describes life history .
bohart , r . m . and a . s . menke . 1963 . a reclassification of the sphecinae with a revision of the nearctic species of the tribes sce1iphronini and sphecini ( hymenoptera , sphecidae ) . univ . calif . publ . ent . 30 : 91 - 182 .
kaufman field guide to insects of north america eric eaton , kenn kaufman . 2006 . houghton mifflin .
insects of north carolina c . s . brimley . 1938 . north carolina department of agriculture .
american insects : a handbook of the insects of america north of mexico ross h . arnett . 2000 . crc press .
insects in kansas glenn a . salsbury and stephan c . white . 2000 . kansas dept . of agriculture .
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all about insects , spiders , and other arthropods , focusing on north america north of mexico .
this is also a common and widespread species , ranging from southeast canada to northern mexico , and as far west as southern california . it is absent from the pacific northwest , and while i lived in arizona for a decade , i did not encounter this species there , either . it is perhaps most abundant along forest edges in deciduous woodlands , sumac thickets , gardens , and fields with scattered trees .
habitat preference is governed by the need for the adult wasps to find flower nectar to fuel their flight ; and for females to find katydid prey . milkweed ( asclepias spp . ) , thoroughworts ( eupatorium spp . ) , mountain mint ( pycnanthemum spp . ) , buttonbush ( cephalanthus occidentalis ) , camphorweed ( pluchea spp . ) , rattlesnake master ( eryngium yuccifolium ) , white sweet clover ( melilotus alba ) , and goldenrod ( solidago spp . ) are among this wasp’s favorite rest stops . females dig burrows in soft soil , usually in sheltered spots such as the dirt floors of abandoned barns or other outbuildings .
though they are solitary , several females may nest in close proximity to one other . each burrow is an angled tunnel about an inch in diameter and over one foot long . at the end of the burrow is a chamber from which other cells are added over time . the female leaves the nest entrance open while she goes about finding katydids . her prey can be enormous . adult greater angle - wing katydids ( microcentrum rhombifolium ) can be 52 - 63 millimeters long and are quite heavy . the lesser angle - wing katydid ( m . retinerve ) is another prey species , as is scudderia furcata , the fork - tailed bush katydid . an average of three paralyzed katydids goes into each cell in the nest , a single egg being laid on the first of those victims .
the wasp larva that hatches from the egg feeds and grows for about ten days , eventually reaching a length of 30 - 35 millimeters , and a diameter of 7 - 10 millimeters . larval insects are almost always larger than the adult stage because so much energy is spent in the pupal stage . the larva probably passes the winter in a pre - pupal state , pupating the following spring and then emerging in summer .
female great black wasps are incredibly successful at finding katydids . one field researcher , reverend john a . frisch of woodstock college in maryland plugged the nest entrances in one aggregation . the result was 252 katydids piled up in only five days . that worked out to an average of nearly 17 katydids per wasp per day ( evans , 1963 ) . the wasps fly with that heavy load , too .
hauling a large , heavy katydid back to the nest can attract unwanted attention , and one entomologist in rhode island observed house sparrows ( passer domesticus ) and , to a lesser degree , gray catbirds ( dumetella carolinensis ) intercepting female wasps and relieving them of their paralyzed prey . as many as one - third of return trips by all the female wasps observed ended this way : empty - handed ( benntinen & preisser , 2009 ) .
the adult wasps themselves can be parasitized by paraxenos westwoodi , one of the insects called stylopids or “twisted - wing parasites . ” wasps that have deformities of the abdominal segments , often with a bullet - like capsule or two protruding between segments , are victims of stylopids .
an interesting piece of historical trivia is that this species was the first insect subject of a paper by a naturalist native to north america . observations of the great black wasp by john bartram ( philadelphia ) were presented to the royal society ( royal society of london for improving natural knowledge ) by peter collinson in 1749 . the species was not officially described until 1763 by carl linnaeus .
nice post eric ! i ' ve grown fond of these wasps since the summer , when i was finding many of them . they seem to like hanging around japanese knotweed ( fallopia japonica ) flowers as well .
hi , diane ! the females are certainly capable of stinging , but you have to literally molest one to get it feeling threatened enough to deploy its stinger . plus , males ( which are anatomically incapable of stinging ) are far more common at flowers in my experience . females are busy digging nests and hunting katydids .
i had to post a comment because i just discovered these wasps in my garden today ; i ' d never seen them before . i live in the pacific northwest ( medford , or ) - was surprised to read that they are supposed to be absent here . one of these beauties was enormous - about the length of my little finger - and i saw 2 others that were a bit smaller . i had to find out what kind of wasp they are and my search led me here . great informative post ! i am a first year beekeeper and am frequently out observing them , and the bumble bees , in the yard , that ' s how i discovered the great black wasps . how exciting that they are here !
stephanie : you may have a different wasp altogether . i ' d love to see an image of what you are talking about , and learn what kind of prey it is bringing in . i ' m thinking it is a species of palmodes , or even prionyx , rather than the subject of this blog post . i lived in oregon the first 27 years of my life and never saw a great black wasp there , either .
the description fits closely to a smaller black wasp we have here in oregon . grants pass . about 30 mi from medford . same description down to the oil sheen on black wings . just seems smaller . so perhaps a subspecies of some kind ?
hi , jed . i grew up in oregon , and i think you are most likely describing one of the podalonia species of cutworm wasps . i have done a couple of posts here on podalonia . they are very common in the western u . s .
eric i have these wasps under the deck of my front door , they have never bitten anyone and my family has learned to just walk by them or ignore them but when people come to the front door it is pretty scary to be swarmed by these big black wasps . every year we seem to get more and more and they love the minnesota sun in july . any ideas on how to get them to move on or move out ? nancyb
i ' m sorry , nancy , but my business is not to suggest
pest control
for what are essentially harmless insects . unless you physically grab a female wasp , you are not going to get stung . period . the wasps use landmarks to locate their nests , and are circling the guests at your door because they interpret the people as new landmarks ( or the wasps are simply disoriented by the sudden appearance of a person ) .
hello eric , as with nancy i have seen a wasp that looks a lot like this one , as far as if it is or is not i will give you what i can . i may be able to find the body of the wasp . we can ' t take risks , allergies . but i noticed it when it flew into a small hole in the inside of my hose reel for storring the garden hose . it was carrying a long piece of dryed grass . this wasp was much larger than the normal wasps i get . i would guess about 2 / 3ds larger .
fred , what you are describing is a
grass - carrier
wasp , same family as the great black wasp , but different genus and different nesting behavior . here ' s one of my blog posts about them : urltoken
we are trying to identify a huge black flying bug and it looks a lot like the great wasp , and it lives in a crevice in our garage . we noticed one , now it seems we have 3 . it ' s living in a small hole in the corner of the garage where the garage door meets the ground . do you think this is a great wasp or some other type based on what i ' ve noted . i have not seen it bring back food of any type so far .
took me awhile to find your comment since it was in a
reply
to someone else ' s comment . . . . i honestly don ' t know .
huge
is relative , so it could be a blue mud dauber i suppose , or maybe a * male * great black wasp that is simply roosting there . i ' d have to see it myself to be able to say for certain .
if these wasps are not in the pacific northwesr why do you suppose i found one in my garden , in the bamboo with an ant on it ' s stinger ? i live on the pennisula in nw washington state .
hi , debra : i imagine you probably found a different kind of wasp altogether . in my response to stephanie gentry above , i suggested she might have seen a palmodes wasp instead . . . . ants will antagonize wasps that visit aphid colonies they are guarding . the ants will also scavenge dead insects , even very large ones .
hi eric - i live in bellevue ( suburb of omaha , i see you ' re coming to visit the zoo - it is awesome , so enjoy yourself ) , and this afternoon one of these wasps must have gotten trapped in my garage and buzzed in past me into the basement . not knowing if it was going to sting me , i ' ve pretty much left it alone . the lights are out down there now so no idea where it is . i will be using the treadmill down there in the morning ( it is too hot and humid to run outside ) and i ' m wondering if this wasp will be trying to find it ' s way outside . i ' d love to help it , but it ' s a bug . . . . and it could hurt me or the dogs . . . . suggestions that will save us all a little hurt ? : - ) thanks !
hi , kelley ! most insects trapped indoors fly to light , so if you have a window or windows in your basement , it will fly to those . then just put a glass or other transparent container over the insect and slip a card between bug and the window , trapping the insect inside the container . then you can release it outdoors . that said , this species is in no danger of going extinct , so if you must kill it , then don ' t feel * too * guilty .
greetings ! i found one of these lovely , iridescent blue - black babies hanging around on the white goosefoot ( chenopodium album ) outside my back door ( milan , mi ) . it was terrifying my children ( ages 5 and 3 ) so they wouldn ' t use the door . i looked it up and happened upon your page ! thanks for the great information ! we ' re all pleased to learn it won ' t sting us , but big , black flying things are scary nonetheless ! i ' m going to try removing the plant it seems to favor ( there ' s a bunch elsewhere in the yard ) to see if the wasp hangs out around the door less . i ' m sure her nest is somewhere in the crumbling cinderblock wall of our small porch right there , so she probably won ' t go too far , but if we can get in and out of the door without a two - inch wasp in our faces , that ' d be lovely . : )
just discovered these burrowing under my house in upstate south carolina . any reason to be concerned ?
hi , june . no reason for concern . just don ' t disturb them for the week , more or less , that they need to nest . you wouldn ' t likely get stung anyway , but locations suitable for nesting are sometimes hard to come by for solitary wasps and bees .
you do not indicate a geographic location , but i would bet you are describing the blue mud dauber , which sometimes nests in attics and can find its way downstairs from there . please find someone who can vacuum them up , or usher them into containers to be released outdoors . since they are solitary , you won ' t get stung unless you actually grab one ( and it is likely to fly away before you could do that anyway ) . please refrain from chemical sprays in the interest of your own health , and that of your family and pets . i ' d happily help personally were it possible to be all places at once .
thank you for this wonderful description . i just saw one of these huge great black wasps tenderly sipping nectar from butterfly weed ( a type of milkweed ) in my garden . i live in rhode island . we have nesting house sparrows and mockingbirds in the yard . i can ' t wait to see the birds steal a katydid from the wasp , i ' ll be on lookout . i just hope i ' m not too close to become entangled . thanks again . i ' ve never seen one of these wasps before , and now i know all about it .
would you consider it safe to leave them alone if these black hornets have built a nest up inside of the wall / ceiling at the entryway to our back porch ? we can ' t see the nest without taking the ceiling apart . i don ' t want to spray or kill them , but i don ' t want the nest to grow and multiply over the summer and winter until we have a serious problem on our hands .
you are describing some other kind of wasp . the great black wasp is solitary and nests in the ground , not between walls or in attics .
hello eric ! great black wasps were the subject of my august ' nature of merrickville ' column in the local monthly . your blog and scilog were among my sources . i saw my first great blacks in the last week - - near bishop ' s mills ontario and at montebello in western quebec . talk about huge ! ! my article assured folks that they were not aggressive and also described ichneumonidae , as another example of fascinating parasatoid wasps . i was a bug - fearing kid ( and adult ) and terrified of spiders . if anyone had told me that i would grow up to be the bug lady , i ' d have laughed in their faces . but it was the specialization of wasps that got me interested , the truth about when spiders bite that calmed my phobia and the fine teachings of many mentors ( the likes of thee ) , when i began teaching at a nature museum , that propelled me in this direction . my thanks to you and your kin for my new - found love of insects .
wow , i am not sure i ' ve ever been paid a higher compliment . thank you so much !
just found a set of nests right by my backyard gate in nj . there are nearly a dozen holes , but i ' m finding more around the property everyday now that i know what to look for . we realized that they are docile and can walk right over them , but any idea how to encourage future generations to move on ? i don ' t mind their presence , just not directly underfoot which scaressentially the kids and excited the dog .
there is no guarantee they will nest again there next year . did you see them last year ? also , pretty sure soil composition and texture dictates where they can nest . unless you want to replace * that * , not sure you can easily dissuade them from nesting where they will . that said , i empathize with your dilemma .
we didn ' t see them at all last year , though my neighbor just told me that he ' s had them for years in a rocky section of his yard . and while we have a lot of clay in our soil , there ' s no way we ' ll try to replace it . our neighborhood is mostly wooded and
pests
are just part of the fun .
thank you so much for the information . we are from michigan . we have been fascinated by two of these for over a week . we never knew we had this many katydids on our 10 acres ! they keep bringing them back like little troopers . today we noticed that the one entrance ( under a good sized rock ) wasn ' t having the normal activity . we looked in and found a fat toad sitting there ! . would he have eaten the wasp ? thanks again .
i wouldn ' t put it past a toad to eat * any * thing . lol ! that said , the wasp could also have finished her nest and the toad came afterwards . thank you so much for sharing your story ! i live for this kind of feedback , especially from folks who are observant and express their awe as you have here . made my day . : - )
i was stung by one of these last year . about 3 times by the same little wasp , and damn it hurts . was out riding my scooter when i felt like i was shot in the stomach twice . figured i could just ride it off till i got home ( about 1 / 4 mile ) , but after the third sting . . . . . absolutely not . had to pull over and when i lifted my shirt he went flying off . the sting didn ' t swell a whole lot , but hurt a million times more than a paper wasp or a honey bee sting . i have been stung a couple more times sense then ( all while out riding ) . they don ' t seem to be aggressive , but if they get under your shirt while out riding they will sting you and damn it hurts .
i am sorry you had this experience ! the great black wasp is a very large insect , so i wonder if it was not another kind of wasp that got you .
my daughter got stung on 3 days ago by what i believe to be a great black wasp . it was on her school bus and must have attached itself to her bookbag or jacket . when she got home and took off her bookbag and jacket it stung her in the forearm . it was just after she was stung i saw the wasp crawling on the couch behind her . it was over an inch in length and all black . she had very little reaction to the sting . in fact , there was no swelling or redness that evening . however the following day she had redness and swelling in an area the size of a lemon . the second day , the swelling and redness increased from her elbow to wrist . today it is extended to her finger tips and past her elbow . i took her to the doctor and she has serum sickness . i am just wondering if it could be something other than a great black wasp . are there any other insects that look just like a great black wasp ?
oh , dear . well , first , my sincerest wishes for your daughter ' s full and speedy recovery . there are certainly many species of wasps similar to the great black wasp , so without seeing the specimen , or at least an image , i can ' t say one way or the other . you don ' t give a geographic location , either , so for all i know this happened in peru . . . . one thing for sure : reaction to stings often has more to do with a given individual ' s immune system reaction than the venom composition of the insect . i would ask the doctor for advice on first aid for future stings to mitigate potentially dangerous reactions .
sorry i forgot to tell you my location . i live in pennsylvania . i wish i had a picture to show you . i could only describe it as about 1 . 5 inches in length , completely black , and very long legs .
could easily be this wasp . . . . but as i said previously , i can ' t be certain without seeing the specimen .
we live in the middle of a hundred acre farm in nw ohio . that ' s a lot of loose dirt ! on our farm we have a half acre vegetable garden and tons of perennial and annual flowers so i could see where these wasps could really be helpful . but recently we attached an outdoor shower to our home and i ' m not sure if that stirred them up or what because we have about 30 - 40 swarming around our front porch . they may not be the exact same ones because we ' ve seen them going in and out of paper nests under the soffit of our porch and dormers . we have knocked those down . but they seem too small to house so many wasps ! we can ' t really determine where they all are coming from and what to do with them . we have to do something because we have grandchildren that are coming soon and we literally can not use our front porch because there are so many of them swarming around ! my question is , is there an extremely large shiny black wasp that builds paper nests in nw ohio ? it ' s not a mud dobber i ' ve had those before . and how can i move them without killing them ? how can i find their nest ?
debbie , thanks for reaching me through allexperts as well , and for including the images that prove conclusively that what you have are blue mud dauber wasps , chalybion californicum . the males congregate to
sleep
together overnight in some nook or other sheltered spot . male wasps don ' t sting , so no worries .
that sounds more like a grass - carrier wasp ( isodontia sp . ) or a blue mud dauber ( chalybion californicum ) . great black wasp nests in the ground , and would not be crawling under siding even to hunt katydids .
hello eric , i must say i have never been a big bug fan . i ' ve always had an innate fear of all flying bugs , and as i ' ve never been stung , a built in radar for bees and wasps . tonight i met the great black wasp . it landed on my leg . i did my usual hysterical dance , it fell off my leg , and before i knew it i had stepped on it . i had never seen anything so large , so close to me . then i noticed it was carrying a giant katydid which was at least 63 mm . it was all new to me . the only big bug i ' ve seen close up was a giant black grasshopper back home in alabama . here in south bend , indiana , it ' s usually beesness as usual . i then did some research on this glorious wasp . i truly regret that i got in the way of her task of getting that katydid to her nest . thank you for such a wonderful introduction to a wasp i think i can actually bee friends with . regards dee b
dee : thank you so much for sharing your story . i am always delighted to hear this kind of thing . i often think i am making little difference , so thanks for letting me know i have an impact . : - )
they have been terrifying me for almost a week before i stumbled across your blog today . i was pretty sure this was the species but after finding two alive ( sedated ) katydids at the entrance to our barn , my suspicions are confirmed . so happy to know these are a bunch of essentially single moms looking to rear some young in my horse barn , and that they are not aggressive . boy they look intimidating ! ! i have a bunch of holes in the barn floor ( millings ) , a substrate which they obviously find irresistable because my efforts have not been successful to have them vacate the barn completely , but merely to relocate !
christie , thank you so much for sharing your story .
single moms
they truly are ! what a great way to put it . thank you also for your tolerance , and efforts to identify your
guests .
you help restore my faith in humanity . : - )
in chicago , facing lake michigan , and six stories up , we have what look to me like great black wasps . but , rather than katydid , these wasps seem to be harvesting spiders . since we have plenty of spiders , it ' s quite helpful . do you think these are actually great black wasps , or merely close relatives ?
definitely * not * great black wasps if they are going after spiders , and nesting on a building . mud daubers , sceliphron caementarium , chalybion californicum , and trypoxylon politum should all be in your area , so it could be any one of those .
hi eric i do a lot of container gardening every summer so i ' m outside a lot . the past few days i ' ve seen this large flying black creature entering and exiting a half inch crack in my concrete patio . came in this evening and typed in horse fly . that wasn ' t it so i tried big black wasp . bingo ! i planted a lot of different plants to attract pollinators . white clover and milkweed . this wasp also likes the hibiscus - like flowers on okra . i ' m glad to know this wasp is harmless as i have an epi - pen with me every time i go outside . i know enough not to mess with wasps . in fact there are a lot of them in my garden . i ' ve even had them land on me and i freeze and they leave cause i don ' t have any pollen . i ' ll enjoy watching this making it ' s nest . how long do you think it will be around ? i live in se tn . so glad i found your post .
hi , anne ! well , since you have made your property so hospitable to other creatures , i suspect your big black wasp will be around for at least the next few days to finish * this * nest , then maybe start another one elsewhere in your yard . thank you for the kind compliments !
every morning , and throughout the day , i have multiple wasps , that i believe to be great blacks , in my garage . they congregate on the window of an access door , which i open and then ' scoot ' them out . there seems to be a never ending supply as this has been going on for some time . i live in buffalo , mn . any idea why this is . thanks , roy
i think what you have is a harmless , nightly congregation of male blue mud dauber wasps , chalybion californicum . they are known for this behavior . nice of you to escort them out . the female wasps hunt spiders as food for their offspring , but they usually don ' t join the males at night , sleeping by themselves in most cases .