footstepsinthesand ( foaled 15 february 2002 ) is a retired , undefeated thoroughbred racehorse and active sire who was bred in the united kingdom but trained during his racing career in ireland .

he won both his races as a two-year-old in 2004 and won the 2000 guineas stakes at newmarket on his three-year-old debut in 2005 .

footstepsinthesand sustained an injury during the race and never ran again , retiring to stud undefeated after a career of only three races .

footstepsinthesand

son but others such as footstepsinthesand and first samurai have also had their share of success .
footstepsinthesand is standing at $ 33 , 000 at coolmore , while shamardal ' s price at darley is $ 55 , 000 .
o’brien decided not to give footstepsinthesand a preparatory race for the 2 , 000 guineas , in which the colt clashed with another unbeaten colt , dubawi .
in winning the gr . 1 2 , 000 guineas , footstepsinthesand went one better than his sire , who suffered one of his few defeats in the newmarket classic .
footstepsinthesand : shamardal and footstepsinthesand helped establish giant’s causeway’s talent as a sire , and now they are both contributing to his growing success as a sire of sires . whereas shamardal costs €50 , 000 , footstepsinthesand is standing his third consecutive season at €10 , 000 . the 2005 2 , 000 guineas winner has a fine record with danehill mares , notably siring the tough chachamaidee , and his pedigree becomes more impressive every year . his half - brother pedro the great won the group 1 phoenix stakes in 2012 , a few months after power – a colt out of a half - sister to footstepsinthesand – had won the irish 2 , 000 guineas . his 2013 two - year - olds should be well worth keeping an eye on .
his victory in the race also vindicated the jockey ' s judgment - fallon selected footstepsinthesand ahead of oratorio , the better of the pair at two , who finished fourth in the guineas .
footstepsinthesand is substituting for giant ' s causeway , who is to be rested following unprecedented demand for his services in kentucky this year , at a fee of us $ 200 , 000 .
giant’s causeway and footstepsinthesand were both unbeaten at two and so were footstepsinthesand’s first two dams , glatisant and the high - class dancing rocks . glatisant won the gr . 3 prestige stakes over 1 , 400 metres at goodwood , where dancing rocks triumphed in the gr . 2 nassau stakes over 2 , 000 metres . glatisant is also the grandam of this year¹s gr . 2 ribblesdale stakes winner thakafaat
while footstepsinthesand and oratortio have gone to join the enviable stallion roster at coolmore , there ' s plenty of juvenile talent waiting in the wings to bolster the classic challenge from the renowned tipperary stable next term .
a niggling problem with the foot he bruised on the very fast ground at newmarket has forced footstepsinthesand’s premature retirement . although nothing major , the injury requires rest , which would rule him out of the summer¹s major mile events .
the o ' brien - fallon team got off to a flier with a rare newmarket guineas double and , although the unbeaten footstepsinthesand had to be retired after his 2 , 000 guineas romp , this alliance unearthed other stars .
footstepsinthesand , who was produced from the rainbow quest mare glatisant , won all three of his starts , including the urltoken two thousand guineas ( eng - i ) . he began his stallion career this year in coolmore australia .
after finishing a respectable fifth in the queen anne stakes at royal ascot on his penultimate outing , the jane chapple - hyam - trained son of footstepsinthesand found only mutakayyef too strong in the summer mile back at the berkshire track last saturday .
the arrival of the unbeaten footstepsinthesand , just a few months after his victory in the gr . 1 2 , 000 guineas , will be all the more welcome because he is a son of giant’s causeway , the so - called ‘iron horse’ who has made such a sensational start as a stallion . in addition to footstepsinthesand , giant’s causeway has also enjoyed group 1 success with shamardal and maids causeway , who recently completed the very difficult st james’s palace - coronation stakes double at the royal ascot meeting .
footstepsinthesand will begin his northern hemisphere stallion career at coolmore stud in ireland at a fee of 25 , 000 euros rather than for $ 30 , 000 at the farm ' s north american satellite , ashford stud near versailles , ky . , as originally planned .
footstepsinthesand , winner of the 2 , 000 guineas , has been retired because of injury . the giant ' s causeway colt is the second british classic winner to be retired this week and follows last year ' s derby winner , north light , off to stud .
father ' s sons : four weeks ago breeders received the shock news that emerging stallion giant ' s causeway would miss the 2005 australian breeding season . but now two of his sensational three - year - old sons , footstepsinthesand and shamardal , are heading to coolmore and darley studs .
this year ' s 2 , 000 guineas was not a vintage one but footstepsinthesand will be remembered as the first leg of an historic 1 , 000 / 2 , 000 guineas double for kieren fallon and aidan o ' brien and the brilliant start it gave the new trainer - jockey combination .
footstepsinthesand will be retired to coolmore along with antonius pius . a smart but somewhat quirky three - year - old last year , antonius pius threw away the french 2 , 000 guineas by swerving violently in sight of the winning post . he finished last in last week ' s golden jubilee stakes .
coolmore australia have announced two newcomers to its stallion roster for the forthcoming season . one , footstepsinthesand , is a winner of this year¹s english 2 , 000 guineas in england , while the other , antonius pius , is a classic winner in all but name as he was a very unlucky loser of the 2004 equivalent in france .
pure champion is by the northern dancer line stallion footstepsinthesand , who won the english 2000 guineas , from a danehill mare . reflecting his own international career , close relations include hong kong horse of the year indigenous , champion english female miler nannina , star japanese galloper fenomeno , leading european stayer and successful new zealand stallion sea anchor and sydney cup winner
churchill gave o ' brien his eighth success in the race , all with horses carrying the coolmore silks . the winning sequence began in 1998 with king of kings and followed on with rock of gibraltar ( 2002 ) , footstepsinthesand ( 2005 ) , george washington ( 2006 ) , henrythenavigator ( 2008 ) , camelot ( 2012 ) and gleneagles ( 2015 ) .
in the meantime , third dimension enjoyed a group 1 win in india when her grand - daughter maisha ( footstepsinthesand - my pension ) won the bangalore fillies championship stakes , gr . 1 . in great style . she is now india ' s leading 3yo filly having been first or second in all of her six starts to date ( www . indiaracing . com ) .
she seems to be cut from a different cloth and whilst most fillies shrivel up in the winter volunteer point refuses to comply with that assessment . last night at wolverhampton , the daughter of footstepsinthesand romped home in the seven furlong fast - track qualifier under graham gibbons to set her on what we all hope will be another tilt at the fillies & mares race on the all weather champions day in the spring .
footstepsinthesand was never seriously challenged in his three appearances . after leading throughout for a highly impressive 4 1 / 2 length debut victory in a 20 - runner maiden race over 1 , 200 metres last october , the blue - blooded colt immediately stepped up to group company . tackling the gr . 3 killavullan stakes over an extra 200 metres eight days later , he landed the odds by two lengths , with the rest well beaten off .
at least as surprising as o ' brien ' s runners left in were those omitted . footstepsinthesand , whom we were belatedly told had suffered a stone bruise in the course of his 2 , 000 guineas victory , is out , as is albert hall , who was second to motivator in the racing post trophy at doncaster last season and ran in york ' s dante stakes this , both appointments suggesting epsom was a natural stopping - off point .
the offspring resultant from redoute ' s choice ' s first european season ( at haras de bonneval in 2013 ) will be making their debuts in the coming months . redoute ' s choice ' s first northern crop represent intriguing prospects , asimplied by the fact that his only representative in this weekend ' s arqana breeze - up sale at deauville fetched $ 775 , 000 , the daughter of sunday nectar ( ire ) ( footstepsinthesand { gb } ) being bought by stephen hillen bloodstock to join the english stable of kevin ryan .
like showcasing and hugely promising south african sire , querari , former irish 2000 guineas winner , power , is a son of champion sprinter and world class sire , oasis dream . also victorious in the gr1 national stakes at two , the blue blooded sire ( he is a half brother to gr1 ep taylor stakes winner , curvy ( galileo ) while his dam is a half sister to unbeaten 2000 guineas winner , footstepsinthesand ) has made a smart start with his first 2yos this year . power is currently the fourth leading first crop sire ( by prize money ) in the uk , with his first 11 winners numbering gr3 anglesey stakes winner , peace envoy , among them .
after a short but fantastic trip to india the foals that had been overdue finally came very close together . this is great as they make perfectly aged - matched pals . ezalli had a strong iffraaj colt and first time foaling pasalsa produced a bay filly by cape cross on st patrick ' s night . she can only be called patricia ! although it has remained quite cold recently both visiting mares kahara and path wind have been covered by sea the stars and bluebell visited newcomer australia at coolmore . also covered this week was nisriyna ( holy roman emperor ) while brushing had a positive heartbeat scan to footstepsinthesand . she will return home to dullingham park stud next week . also pregnant is khatela , she is in foal to born to sea .
flat racing these days abounds with arabic names such as mutakayyef , bahaarah and elhaame , which don’t mean much to the rest of us . but that is fair enough : most of them have arab owners who are crucial to the continuance of our sport . what irritates me is the modern fashion for compound names . you could excuse welliesinthewater , who was after all sired by footstepsinthesand . and i guess enough of us remember the exchanges between the voice of boxing harry carpenter and heavyweight frank bruno for unowhat - imeanharry to strike a chord . perhaps it solved a dispute when bryan smart’s winning sprinter was called nameitwhatyoulike . imagine , though , being a racecourse commentator and having to cope at speed with a group including canicallyouback , formidableopponent , howyadoingnotsobad , douneedahand and alwaystheoptimist . a recent salisbury race was contested by , among others , whatdoiwantthatfor and thatsallimsaying . even less appropriate for me are the current names niqnaqaqpaadiwaaq , tukitinyasok , wernotfamusanymore and eeueteotl . they may have seemed like a good idea over a drink or two , but i could not look a horse in the face and land it with a moniker like those , or even the punctuated the geegeez geegee .
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the colt , trained by aidan o ' brien , had a short but unbeaten racing career . he ran twice as a juvenile and only the once at three , in the newmarket classic . there , he quickened well to lead as they hit the rising ground and kept on to repel the runner - up rebel rebel by a length and a quarter .
though he is a classic winner , it will be argued that , in only one outing at three , his full potential on a racecourse was never realised . in the process of winning at newmarket , he bruised a foot , and the injury has caused his premature retirement .
the derby used to be such a simple race , with just one of the myriad questions that attached themselves to lesser races . all a punter had to do in the old days was consider a single issue : what is lester going to ride ?
these are more complex times , but the strategy does carry a modern application : what is kieren going to ride ? kieren fallon has won the last two derbys , on north light and kris kin , and whatever colt he decides to partner on 4 june will get a bashing in the bookmakers ' lists . whatever , though , is a rather grand question itself at the moment .
we can determine that fallon will ride an animal for his new employers at ballydoyle , but that was a flimsy tool of deduction yesterday when aidan o ' brien nominated seven contenders among the 27 horses left in the blue riband .
a last - minute search is now being conducted to find the magnificent one among the ballydoyle seven . the markets tell us that gypsy king , whom insiders at the ballydoyle yard tell us has always been o ' brien ' s idea of his derby horse , is the one . but then there is also grand central , who ran in the derrinstown stud derby trial , the modern pointer to blue riband success . grand central has been beaten twice this season yet still the money comes for him . he must be some sort of gallops horse .
also in the ballydoyle herd are falstaff , the early favourite to be the derby pacemaker , the apparently exposed indigo cat and almighty , as well as the more interesting scorpion and oratorio . the former is unbeaten , albeit after a single maiden race , and more will be known after he tackles another derby consideration in john oxx ' s ehsan in the gallinule stakes at the curragh on sunday . oratorio , the 2 , 000 guineas fourth , runs in the irish equivalent on the same card in another ballydoyle block booking .
o ' brien saddles almost half the field in his domestic colts ' classic , with albert hall being found a place there , in addition to the less vaunted showdance and hills of aran . also on a retrieval mission is godolphin ' s dubawi , a supposed wonder horse before the 2 , 000 guineas but just another disappointment afterwards as he trotted home in fifth place .
team dubai appear to have a weak challenge for the blue riband itself as dubawi is entered with another flop , the predominate stakes third , belenus , as well as shamardal , who is much more likely to go for the french version , the prix du jockey club .
the owner with the mostest is michael tabor , who has four declarations in his own name and one with sue magnier , sir michael stoute ' s chester maiden winner , mountain high .
the partnership is also represented by mona lisa in the oaks , for which 16 fillies were declared yesterday , though they also have the option of supplementing sunday ' s irish 1 , 000 guineas favourite , virginia waters , for £20 , 000 at the five - day stage ( the derby supplementary fee is a more meaty £75 , 000 ) .
also in the oaks mix are the trial winners eswarah , the ante - post favourite , cassydora and something exciting , the last - named having scooped the lupe stakes at goodwood on wednesday .
something exciting is in good form and has come out of the race well ,
david elsworth , her trainer , reported yesterday .
she ' s been led out for a pick of grass and has a great big smile on her face .
* yesterday ' s meeting at goodwood had to be abandoned after a thick sea fret descended on the track just before the first race . officials at the sussex venue tried in vain to save the card by delaying the opening race but were forced to abandon at 2 . 45pm , 35 minutes after the race had been due off .
bath : 6 . 20 mister right 6 . 50 mujood 7 . 20 von wessex 7 . 50 wingspeed 8 . 20 cape st vincent 8 . 50 music teacher
stratford : 6 . 10 party games 6 . 40 viscount bankes 7 . 10 natal 7 . 40 jack of spades 8 . 10 lord beau 8 . 40 sungates
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winx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .
t . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .
standing at : la mission - san andrés de giles , ba . , gb
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the a - z ( australia - zoffany ) of coolmore’s 2016 stud fees . .
this is the time of year in which studs announce their 2016 fees . in the coming weeks , i will consider the prices announced by the major operators and whether they match my idea of value . in the words of warren buffett “price is what you pay . value is what you get” . i will begin with europe’s dominant player , coolmore .
stallion 2016 fee ( 2015 fee ) australia €50 , 000 ( €50 , 000 ) - ( 2011 by galileo ex ouija board by cape cross ) verdict : i thought that there might have been a slight reduction in his second year but obviously they are confident demand will remain strong . australia has everything you would want in a prospective stallion being a superior derby winner out of an outstanding oaks winner so difficult to really quibble with his fee .
verdict : his reputation when he went to stud was a long way removed from what it was for most of his racing career . he was narrowly denied the honour of being the first triple crown winner since nijinsky by encke a horse who was subsequently caught up in the mahmood al zarooni steroid scandal . on that basis you could argue that he represents good value , however to date montjeu’s sons are more miss than hit , and he seems fully priced .
verdict : a good season with his first two years olds has seen him deliver plenty of winners ( 30 to date ) and a good sprinkling of quality as well with two group winners in painted cliffs and most beautiful and a listed winner in aktoria . his sales results were unexceptional to date and i’m not sure his runners have done enough on the track to justify the increase .
verdict : . a superb miler who was unfortunate to live in the era of frankel . excelebration’s fee has dropped slightly each year and his sales medians are unremarkable . will have his first runners in 2016 so using him involves a punt on their likely performance .
verdict : had a good season with three group 1 winners in qualify , fascinating rock and diamondsandrubies and a promising two year old in turret rocks . to me his overall european record is still modest given the quality of mares he covered in his first few seasons his last reported european fee was €30000 in 2011 and despite his recovery this season i wouldn’t pay more than half that for him and i doubt very much coolmore would trade at anything like that price .
verdict : has stood at this level for a number of years . commercially is facing a decline in popularity as new kids arrive on the block . a reasonable stallion but wouldn’t be high on a wish list of stallions at that price .
verdict : for much of the season it seemed he was going to be usurped by dubawi in the race for the title of european champion sire . however in the end it proved another remarkable year for galileo who sired an incredible 10 group or grade 1 winners . his fee is rumoured to be around the 300k mark and although you could never say that such a fee represents a bargain it can certainly be justified .
gleneagles €60 , 000 new ( 2012 galileo ex you’resothrilling by storm cat ) .
verdict : a dual guineas winner , first past the post in 5 group 1’s and out of a full sister to giant’s causeway - what is there not to like ? well firstly his career ended in two underwhelming performances in the qe2 at ascot and in an overly optimistic attempt at the breeders cup classic . in addition the failure to run him from june to october using the ground as an excuse gave rise to a suspicion that he wasn’t quite the superstar his connections had described him as being . to me his fee is too rich and i would have expected at most a 45k fee . given the choice of unproven stallion sons of galileo , i’d opt for australia over gleneagles at their respective prices .
verdict : a better horse than gleneagles but his fee has come down from an initial $ 65000 ( when he stood at ashford ) to next year’s €7 , 500 . the reason for the decline is simply the lack of sufficient quality offspring ( c . 1 % stakes winners ! ) . his two year olds of 2016 will have been conceived from a 30k covering fee so he might show a small rebound but all aspects of his career to date show him to be a poor stallion that you could not recommend .
verdict : had a very quiet year on the track in europe and is proving to be an inconsistent sire . his fee deserved a bigger reduction than the one he received . his yearling averages held up well in 2015 but the market may not be so forgiving if 2016 does not prove more rewarding on the track .
verdict : really ! zebedee has had his fee reduced to €8000 and although this guy was classic placed and was the most expensive zebedee yearling , his overall record shows that he never won after july of his two year old days and was beaten in his final 7 runs . his fellow coolmore stallions should be insulted by his presence on the roster 🙂
verdict : unfortunate in that injury kept him off the track in 2015 . winner of the racingpost trophy at two , runner up to australia in the derby , winner of the st leger and a close up fourth to treve in the arc . ironically if he hadn’t won the st leger his fee would probably be higher . his overall pedigree is unexceptional but given his quality as a racehorse i wouldn’t quibble with his fee . mastercraftsman €35 , 000 ( €40 , 000 ) ( 2006 danehill dancer ex starlight dreams by black tie affair )
verdict : a stellar first crop saw him provide two classic winners in 2015 in kingston hill and the grey gatsby . amazing maria become the third group 1 winner to emerge from that crop when she notched a group 1 double in 2016 . nothing comparable emerged from his subsequent crops to reach the track which explains the reduction in fee . still has a few crops conceived at much lower fees to work their way through the system so might be quiet for a period , before his better bred crops emerge .
verdict : although he won a st james palace stakes this guy must be a hard sell even for the coolmore marketing team . a modest fee for a modest performer .
verdict : a big powerful precocious two year old who dominated his contemporaries in the norfolk stakes and the prix morny . to be fair he also showed useful form at three including when runner up in a breeders cup sprint turf . his sire scat daddy had a very good year in 2015 and his fee has been hiked from $ 35000 to $ 100000 . regardless its a no nay never from me at the quoted fee . pour moi €10 , 000 ( €12 , 500 ) ( 2008 montjeu ex gwynn by darshaan )
verdict : interesting at the price but still not quite cheap enough to represent value . the expectation was that he was not going to sire two year olds so it was a bonus that he sired a nice listed winner in only mine , however it is a decision for the brave to invest for next year .
verdict : attractively priced for a group 1 winning two year old who went on to win an irish 2000 guineas and comes from a strong family . i’d certainly use him over ivawood .
verdict : was an unusual dansili in being so speedy and precocious ( just like his dam ) . i have a prejudice against atypical sons of stallions so that puts me off him and i’m not sure what he did to justify an increase in fee for his fourth season
verdict : interestingly he remains the second highest rated son of galileo after frankel . had a group 1 winner in his first crop with dick whittington but had a very quiet year in 2015 . seems destined for export unless things change quickly in 2016 . rock of gibraltar €10 , 000 ( €12 , 500 ) ( 1999 danehill ex offshore boom by be my guest )
verdict : overall record is modest given the opportunities he received . has had his moments as a sire but not enough to still warrant a 10k fee .
verdict : a beautifully bred derby winner who finished close up in a champion stakes . being a half brother to the now south african based duke of marmalade is also starting to look like a positive after duke of marmalade had a good season in europe . obviously his merit is still unknown but he is competitively priced given his pedigree and performance .
verdict : a big beast of a horse but hard to argue with 10 group 1’s between europe and australia . i didn’t think much of high chaparral as a sire and the australian side of his pedigree will be unfamiliar to many here but did enough as a racehorse to justify his fee at least until his runners hit the track .
verdict : a quality sprinter on two continents and a very good first crop of two year olds . didn’t have a similar impact with his current two year olds and some of the initial fanfare has faded . also suffers from fertility issues so that will dissuade some mare owners but his fee probably reflects the additional risks .
verdict : an impressive coventry winner and subsequent dewhurst winner but one who disappointed at three . the war front bandwagon rolls on , so commercially you can see how he would appeal . zoffany €45 , 000 ( €12 , 500 ) ( 2008 dansili ex tyranny by machiavellian )
verdict : probably surprised even his biggest supporters at coolmore when he landed a royal ascot treble with waterloo bridge , washington dc and illuminate . champion first season sire and plenty of runners who look like they will train on including royal lodge winner foundation . its a huge fee increase but you can’t say he didn’t deserve it .
beauty is in the eye of the beholder and defining value is a very subjective measure . looking at the published fees for 2013 there were a few fees that took my eye as representing particularly poor value . i wouldn’t have time to list all the overpriced first season sires , so i’m restricting myself to those sires with runners……
i could just cut and paste my comments from last year regarding high chaparral - yes he was a great racehorse , yes he has done very well in australia / new zealand but there is no way his european results merit a €25000 fee . it is extraordinary to think that he has yet to sire a european group 1 winner from his huge number of european conceived progeny . his sales returns have been good for the past two years but sooner rather than later european breeders will wake up to the fact that he is only managing 3 % stakes winners and is due a significant cut in fee . by way of comparison for the same fee you could access dalakhani who has 5 % stakes winners and has sired 5 individual european group 1 winners .
not as egregiously bad value as his stud mate but nonetheless i think footsteps has been a disappointment and is now overpriced . he has managed only 2 % stakes winners and if you take into account that his stud fee was over 20k for his first three years at stud , his record is not going to improve in the coming years . his median for the past two years has hovered around his stud fee so the commercial market is hardly in love with him . interestingly he is the last and only storm cat line horse now in coolmore ireland but i’m sure if a suitable offer came from overseas , coolmore would be happy to offload him and that particular experiment would come to an end without too many tears being shed by ireland’s breeders . by way of comparison you could use azamour for the same fee and he has 4 % stakes winners .
i wrote about elusive city last year when he was france’s most expensive stallion at €15000 . he no longer holds this particular title but he still remains a sire who manages only 2 % stakes winners and he remains considerably overpriced . you could pick 20 stallions who represent better value but two similarly priced mr prospector line stallions that are far better sires ( albeit standing in the uk ) are medicean and zamindar .
i might be eating my words on this one , given that he produced three very nice two year old colts last year in loch garman , havana gold and trading leather . however i’m not arguing that teofilo isn’t capable of producing high class horses but to me he didn’t do enough last year to justify a hike from €25000 to €35000 . this is particularly the case when i felt that his three year olds were somewhat disappointing although admittedly the absence of his first crop star parish hall had a big impact on this . his stud fee owes a lot to the growing belief in galileo as a sire of sires and the fact that he shares the galileo / danehill cross with frankel probably helps along with some strong autumn sales results . people are taking a punt of fashion and on potential and although he is an interesting sire his fee should have stayed at its 2012 level until he truly delivered on that potential . by way of comparison at the exact same fee , his stud mate cape cross has demonstrated his ability to produce the goods and i would rather the proven over the possible any day .
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the new zealand thoroughbred industry is one of the most successful in the world . in 2010 - 11 , the industry produced over 4000 foals and exported 1600 horses at an estimated value of $ 150 million . so , what is the secret of new zealand ' s remarkable success as a thoroughbred breeding nation ? learn more ›
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fertility rate : this is worked out as the total number of foals ( live , dead or slipped ) as a percentage of total mares covered less exported , not returned , dead or indeterminate results .
indeterminate result : this exists where a mare is covered by more than one stallion and the result of these services is unable to be accurately credited to either of the respective stallions .
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established as a source of g1 juveniles and classic excellence . sire of 11 % stakes winner to runners . his 19 g1 winners are headed by lope de vega and mukhadram .
1st dam : helsinki by machiavellian . winner ( 10f ) at 3 , 3rd prix melisande . sister to street cry . dam of 12 foals , 9 to race , 7 winners :
geoffrey chaucer ( c montjeu ) 2 wins ( 8f ) at 2 , beresford s ( g2 ) , 3rd derrinstown stud derby trial s ( g3 ) .
diamond necklace ( f unbridled’s song ) 3rd victor mccalmont memorial s . dam of :
yorgunnabelucky ( c giant’s causeway ) 5 wins ( 10f - 14f ) at 3 and 4 .
helsinka ( f pennekamp ) 2 wins ( 10½f - 11f ) at 4 .
velikiy zevs ( c giant’s causeway ) 2 wins ( 6f - 7f ) at 2 and 4 .
2nd dam : helen street by troy . 3 wins ( 6f - 12f ) at 2 and 3 , irish oaks ( g1 ) , prix du calvados ( g3 ) , 3rd yorkshire oaks ( g1 ) . dam of 10 winners :
street cry ( c machiavellian ) 5 wins , 2 to 4 , dubai world cup ( g1 ) , stephen foster h ( g1 ) , 2nd whitney h ( g1 ) , 3rd breeders’ cup juvenile ( g1 ) . champion sire .
historian ( f pennekamp ) 5 wins at 2 and 3 , prix rose de mai . dam of :
antiquities ( f kaldounevees ) 2nd prix cleopatre ( g3 ) . dam of : mary tudor ( f dawn approach ) salsabil s , 2nd ebf naas oaks trial , 3rd debutante s ( g2 ) .
sovetsky ( g soviet star ) winner at 3 to 4 , 2nd prix du lion d’angers .
grecian slipper ( f sadler’s wells ) 3 wins at 3 . dam of :
magna graecia ( f warning ) prix de barbeville ( g3 ) . dam of : taranto ( f machiavellian ) 2nd river eden fillies’ s . grandam of : territories ( c invincible spirit ) prix jean prat ( g1 ) , prix de fontainebleau ( g3 ) , 2nd 2 , 000 guineas ( g1 ) , prix jacques le marois ( g1 ) , prix jean - luc lagardere ( g1 ) , 3rd prix la rochette ( g3 ) , prix du palais ( g3 ) . sire .
latona ( f fantastic light ) winner at 3 . dam of : paximadia ( c commands ) sandown guineas ( g2 ) , carbine club s ( g3 ) , 3rd t j smith s ( g1 ) .
anna dana ( f chester house ) 2nd valdale s , cincinnati trophy s .
helena ' s secret ( f five star day ) winner at 2 . dam of : thronum ( c snitzel ) stanley wootton s ( g2 ) , 2nd william reid s ( g1 ) .
ilia ( f shadeed ) unraced . grandam of : dovil boy ( c clodovil ) 2nd prix du guiche ( g3 ) ; le roi mage ( g city on a hill ) 2nd prix altipan , prix lyphard ; street force ( f blue air force ) 2nd criterium femminile .
, 7f , newmarket , by 2½l , beating oratorio , montgomery ' s arch , iceman , librettist , perfectperformance , etlaala .
, 8f , york , by 3l , beating ad valorem , oratorio , rocamadour , kandidate , indesatchel .
, 10½f , chantilly , beating hurricane run , rocamadour , gharir , ruwi , laverock , gold sound , vatori , scorpion .
, 8f , longchamp , beating indesatchel , gharir , early march , helios quercus , laverock , tony james , montgomery ' s arch .
pakistan star recorded his second g1 victory with an impressive one - and - three - quarters length victory in the standard charter champions & chater cup at sha tin .
kaspersky will tackle a new trip on his final start in britain next month in the betfred hungerford stakes at newbury .
plans are in place to drop the six - year - old back to seven furlongs for the first time in his career in the group two on august 19 before he is shipped out to australia to resume his racing career .
chapple - hyam said :
that was a good effort in the summer mile and he will probably be geared up for the hungerford at newbury before packing his bags and heading to australia .
martin ( harley ) said he probably ran better on saturday than he did at royal ascot . he is a trier and gives it a go . the handicapper must have thought he has done okay as he has put him up to 113 from 111 .
it will be the newbury route rather than york for the strensall stakes as my own gut feeling is that i would rather come back than go up in trip , where he might just fade in the last furlong .
you have got to have a strong finisher to get the seven furlongs down the straight at newbury . i probably should be looking at a group three but i don ' t want to go up another furlong and i don ' t want to travel too far before australia , so the hungerford is the only real option .
chapple - hyam ' s bullington bandit could drop back down to six furlongs on his next start , with the qatar richmond stakes earmarked as a potential target .
after springing an 80 / 1 shock on his debut , the son of canford cliffs finished down the field in last weekend ' s superlative stakes at newmarket .
chapple - hyam added :
the draw in gate two had me on the wrong side of the track . coming into the dip i thought ' here we go ' and then he floundered in the dip .
he showed good speed to get into the race early on , so we might go for the richmond and come back to six .
i might be out my depth at goodwood but i am never afraid of giving it a go . i believe in the horse so we might stick our neck out and have a go .
keith hamer previews the evening cards at windsor , ripon and roscommon and has a tip for every race .
the six - day entries are in for the darley july cup , john smith ' s cup and bet365 bunbury cup and aidan o ' brien has left ten in the former .
david ord makes a rebecca bastiman - trained sprinter his best bet at pontefract on tuesday after he caught the eye last time .
david ord has a horse - by - horse guide to saturday ' s darley july cup and he ' s siding with a potential improver to shake - up the established sprinting stars .
ashley iveson fancies shenanigans to land the feature race at pontefract - and he has a tip for every race in the uk and ireland .
the early results of this term ' s bunch of european first - season sires are providing the usual interest . several young sires have already made smart starts , while the most celebrated of the freshmen , frankel ( gb ) ( galileo { ire } ) , currently has statistics of one winner from one runner , courtesy of the victory at newbury which ensured that cunco ( ire ) has the distinction of being frankel ' s first foal , frankel ' s first runner and frankel ' s first winner .
another extremely distinguished horse among europe ' s current freshmen is a stallion who is a proven sire and first - season sire simultaneously : redoute ' s choice ( aus ) ( danehill ) has been champion sire of australia three times and notched his 30th group 1 winner on saturday , but he is a new - comer as far as european breeding is concerned .
redoute ' s choice has found the perfect way of keeping his name in lights as we await the debuts of his first french - conceived youngsters . many stallions find their rates of success slowing down as their third decade looms . not so with redoute ' s choice , who will turn 20 on aug 1 and whose stock are currently doing him proud . at the start of march , his lifetime tally of individual group 1 winners stood at 27 . now it stands at 30 , courtesy of the successes of the ill - fated peeping ( aus ) in the coolmore classic at rosehill , abbey marie ( aus ) in the australasian oaks at morphettville and , most recently , howard be thy name ( aus ) in the south australian derby at the same venue on saturday .
for redoute ' s choice , a stint at stud in the northern hemisphere seems only natural . while he has been the pre - eminent australian - bred stallion of the current century , his background is one which is as synonymous with newmarket and belmont as it is with randwick and flemington . his family has only been in australia for two generations , the importation of his u . s . - bred granddam dancing show ( nijinsky ) to the antipodes in 1988 ranking in retrospect as one of most notable arrivals in australasian bloodstock history . thanks to dancing show , this family has become a notable part of the bloodstock scene down under , just as it already was on both sides of the atlantic , her granddam best in show ( traffic judge ) having been voted kentucky broodmare of the year in 1982 .
by the late ' 80s , best in show was already ancestress of the likes of el gran senor ( northern dancer ) , try my best ( northern dancer ) and malinowski ( sir ivor ) . her subsequent descendants to have achieved celebrity status in the northern hemisphere include rags to riches ( a . p . indy ) , spinning world ( nureyev ) , xaar ( gb ) ( zafonic ) , peeping fawn ( danehill ) and jazil ( seeking the gold ) . furthermore , the hong kong champion designs on rome ( ire ) ( holy roman emperor { ire } ) descends from best in show ' s half - sister stolen date ( sadair ) . dancing show was imported into australia via new zealand .
she had been covered to southern hemisphere time in 1987 by miswaki at walmac international farm in kentucky , and the resultant colt was born in new zealand in 1988 . she subsequently moved on to australia , imported by norman carlyon of muranna stud in victoria . at what turned out to be the twilight of the era of the dominance of star kingdom ( ire ) ( stardust { gb } ) - - ie . just before danehill began to have runners - -
carlyon sent her to a couple of very good stallions from the star kingdom line . in 1990 she visited the 1988 g1 golden slipper winner star watch ( aus ) ( bletchingly { aus } ) , and in 1991 she visited the 1990 golden slipper winner canny lad ( aus ) ( bletchingly { aus } ) . dancing show ' s miswaki colt turned out to be umatilla ( nz ) , who won at group 1 level as a 2 - year - old in the 1990 / ' 91 season , taking the karrakata plate in perth at a time when it still was a race of national significance , worthy of group 1 status .
her star watch colt became her second group 1 - winning juvenile : named hurricane sky ( aus ) , he landed the blue diamond s . in 1994 . her canny lad filly shantha ' s choice ( aus ) , a three - parts sister to hurricane sky , was less successful , winning one minor race over 1200 metres , but she now stands as a very high - achiever . by the time shantha ' s choice had retired to stud , the era of danehill had begun . shantha ' s choice duly did what many well - credentialed star kingdom - line mares did during the ' 90s and the early years of this century : she visited danehill , the consequence of which was that redoute ' s choice was born in 1996 . he went on to be a top - class racehorse , winning the blue diamond at two and the caulfield guineas at three .
even greater achievements followed once he had retired to arrowfield , and dancing show ' s legend continued to grow with shantha ' s choice ' s subsequent children including platinum scissors ( aus ) ( danehill ) and manhattan rain ( aus ) ( encosta de lago { aus } ) .
dancing show ' s next daughter after shantha ' s choice , show dancing ( nz ) ( don ' t say halo ) , also went on to be a top broodmare , most notably producing g1 australian guineas winner al maher ( aus ) ( danehill ) . redoute ' s choice has been australia ' s champion sire three times , and hasfinished in the top five on the general sires table in 10 of the past 11 years . he needs no introduction down under , and such is the freedom of information in the internet era , he needs no introduction anywhere else , either . he is adept at siring both high - class juveniles and classic horses , while eight of his aus - bred sons have sired at least one group 1 winner .
that number seems sure to rise , and one of the young sires who could swell that tally is elzaam ( aus ) , who was conceived at arrowfield to northern hemisphere time in february 2007 and who raced with distinction in england , landing the carnarvon s . at newbury in 2011 by six lengths after failing by only a nose in the previous year ' s g2 coventry s . at royal ascot . elzaam retired to ballyhane stud in ireland in 2013 . his first juveniles currently include three winners , headed by king electric ( ire ) , who scored at the curragh two weeks ago .
in the two years in which he stood as a reverse - shuttler at haras de bonneville , redoute ' s choice was easily the most expensive stallion in france . he thus received some very good mares , and consequently it looks certain that some very good racehorses will eventuate . over and above the aforementioned filly out of sunday nectar , those for whom particularly high expectations might be held include two who sold very well as yearlings in 2015 : a half - sister to last year ' s g1 1000 guineas heroine legatissimo ( ire ) ( danehill dancer { ire } ) and a half - brother to g2 prix du conseil de paris winner vadamar ( dalakhani { ire } ) .
the former was bought by mv magnier in tattersalls book 1 for 725 , 000gns and is now named smoulder ( gb ) ; while the latter fetched i950 , 000 at arqana in august to the bid of john ferguson and is now named valcartier ( ire ) . redoute ' s choice ' s other european 2 - year - olds include the aga khan ' s homebred zarmitan ( fr ) , a son of the brilliant zarkava ( ire ) ( zamindar ) , who has joined alain de royer - dupre ' s stable and who holds an entry for next year ' s derby . redoute ' s choice ' s current total of 30 individual group 1 winners is remarkably good , but what is even better is that it is almost certain to continue to rise for years to come , courtesy of good horses in both hemispheres .
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the manipur bush rat ( hadromys humei ) also known as hume 's rat or hume 's hadromys , is a species of rodent in the family muridae .

it is found in northeastern india , and is listed as endangered .

manipur bush rat

text : wikipedia articles on “ allan octavian hume ” and “ manipur bush rat “ .
the manipur bush rat was just one of 258 new species of animals and birds described from specimens of his collection .
48 . all of these animals are named after a . o . hume• hume’s warbler• the manipur bush rat ( hadromys humei ) • hume’s argali
india 2006 birds - manipur bush - quail , u / m ms ( 4 x 4stamps ) 5 r . major varieties
the manipur bush rat ( hadromys humei ) painted by john gerrard keulemans ( 1842–1912 ) in the proceedings of the zoological society of london 1886 . ( public domain image )
the gestation period of the bush rat varies between 22 and 24 days . the
nursery
of the bush rat is its burrow . the nursing period lasts for about the first 20–25 days of life .
) and in addition , the bush rat ' s foot pads are a pink colour , whereas the swamp rat ' s foot pads are dark brown .
the bush rat is found primarily in the coastal regions of southwestern australia . while it is mainly found in the lowlands , the bush rat can also be found in parts of the australian alps and on some offshore islands .
… that the manipur bush rat ( pictured ) was described from the collection of a . o . hume which he donated after his life’s work of ornithological notes were sold by a servant as waste paper ?
with the predation pressure posed by the rat . this rat also may have played a role in the complete
the bush rat is primarily a burrower , the burrow leads down into the nest chamber and is lined with grass and other vegetation .
bush rats first arrived in australia in the second wave of rodent migration , around two million years ago .
hainan white - bellied rat , niviventer lotipes ( formerly in n . tenaster )
the bush rat is prey to some local predators , including ; dingoes ( canis familiaris ) and foxes ( vulpes vulpes ) , and non - mammalian predators such as ; avian raptors and reptiles .
, mauitaha and araara , have now been set aside as sanctuaries for the polynesian rat .
the sunburned rat or rattus adustus is a species of rat from enggano island in indonesia . it is only known from the holotype and has not been recorded since its description in 1940 .
undertakes programs to eliminate the polynesian rat on most offshore islands in its jurisdiction , and other conservation groups have adopted similar programs in other reserves seeking to be predator - and rat - free .
the polynesian rat is similar in appearance to other rats , such as the black rat and the brown rat . it has large , round ears , a pointed snout , black / brown hair with a lighter belly , and comparatively small feet . it has a thin , long body , reaching up to
the new britain water rat ( hydromys neobrittanicus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .
the bush rat is strictly nocturnal and is active year - round . adults seem to be nomadic , but will rarely leave the forest floor . the bush rat was once considered to be solely a herbivore but recently it has been discovered that it is an omnivore . it is considered to be a pest species because it can destroy cane fields . it is also the host to more parasites than any other australian rodent . they exhibit stereotypically normal behavior when approaching an intruder ; boxing , threat - posture , clash , approach .
two prominent murine human commensals have become vital laboratory animals . the brown rat and house mouse are both used as medical subjects .
the pagai spiny rat ( maxomys pagensis ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found only in indonesia .
bartels ' s spiny rat ( maxomys bartelsii ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found only in indonesia .
the palawan spiny rat ( maxomys panglima ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found only in the philippines .
the northern water rat ( paraleptomys rufilatus ) is an endangered species of rodent in the family muridae found in the highlands of new guinea .
murinae ( rat ) preys on : coconut based on studies in : polynesia ( reef ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
the red spiny rat ( maxomys surifer ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found in cambodia , indonesia , laos , malaysia , myanmar , thailand , singapore and vietnam .
which was much earlier than the accepted dates for polynesian migrations to new zealand , this finding has been challenged by later research showing the rat was introduced to both of the country ' s main islands around 1280 ad .
this species is endemic to northeastern india recorded only from the three locations of angarakhata in kamrup district , assam ( agrawal 2000 ) , and bishnupur and senapati in manipur ( agrawal 2000 ) at elevations ranging between 900 and 1 , 300 m asl ( molur et al . 2005 ) . it is a relictual species which ranged much more widely in the pleistocene ( musser and carleton 2005 ) .
the ivory coast rat ( dephomys eburneae ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found in ivory coast , possibly ghana , and liberia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps .
in new zealand and its offshore islands , many bird species evolved in the absence of terrestrial mammalian predators , so developed no behavioral defenses to rats . the introduction by the maori of the polynesian rat into new zealand resulted in the eradication of several species of terrestrial and small seabirds .
janet m . wilmshurst , atholl j . anderson , thomas f . g . higham , and trevor h . worthy ( 2008 ) . dating the late prehistoric dispersal of polynesians to new zealand using the commensal pacific rat , proceedings of the national academy of sciences , 105 , 7676–7680 .
the defua rat ( dephomys defua ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found in ivory coast , ghana , guinea , liberia , and sierra leone . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical swamps , and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .
17 . 6 in 2010 this comic journalist visited india to doa long form feature on rural poverty . thecommunity he chose to study was themusahars , the traditional rat catchers of northindia . he went to a historical town in up to dothe research and named the resulting work afterit . name the comic and also explain the town’shistorical relevance . pic
there is an incredibly diverse range of body types in this subfamily . murines can be shrew - like , gerbil - like , vole - like , gopher - like , squirrel - like , mouse - like , and rat - like , with many variations on each body plan . some are small and gracile , like tiny african pygmy mice (
polynesian rats are nocturnal like most rodents , and are adept climbers , often nesting in trees . in winter , when food is scarce , they commonly strip bark for consumption and satisfy themselves with plant stems . they have common rat characteristics regarding reproduction : polyestrous , with gestations of 21–24 days , litter size affected by food and other resources ( 6–11 pups ) , weaning takes around another month at 28 days . they diverge only in that they do not breed year round , instead being restricted to spring and summer .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as endangered , in view of its extent of occurrence of less than 5 , 000 km² and area of occupancy of less than 500 km² , with all individuals in fewer than five locations , and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .
it is a nocturnal and fossorial species occurring in in tropical evergreen , moist deciduous forests . also found in secondary forests ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
the major threats to the species are habitat loss and fragmentation from general encroachment on its habitat , hunting and fire ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
it is listed in the schedule v ( considered as vermin ) of the indian wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 . it is not known from any protected area . survey , monitoring and life history studies are recommended for this species ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
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2005 ) . it is a relictual species which ranged much more widely in the pleistocene ( musser and carleton 2005 ) .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
manipurinpensasrotta
to
hadromys humei ( thomas , 1886 )
.
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allan octavian hume allan octavian hume cb ( 6 june 1829 – 31 july 1912 ) was a civil servant , political reformer and amateur ornithologist and horticulturalist in british india . known to most of us as one of the founders of the indian national congress , a political party that was later to lead the indian independence movement , few know that he was an extremely notable ornithologist who has been called “the father of indian ornithology” and , by those who found him dogmatic as “the pope of indian ornithology . ”
allan octavian hume ( image : frontispiece of “the nests and eggs of indian birds ( vol ii ) . public domain )
hume had a vast network of correspondents all over india who sent him many skins and much information . read about his network here on shyamal ‘s blog :
“ . . of eight great rooms , six of them full , from floor to ceiling , of cases of birds , while at the back of the house two large verandahs were piled high with cases full of large birds , such as pelicans , cranes , vultures , & c . an inspection of a great cabinet containing a further series of about 5000 eggs completed our survey . “
hume’s interest in life science was lost in 1885 when all his manuscripts were sold by an unscrupulous servant as waste paper and after a landslip caused by heavy rains in simla damaged his personal museum and specimens .
ashwin baindur blogs here about nature , wildlife , travel , science , postage stamps and his own articles but wishes there was much , much more about butterflies . . . . .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
this species is endemic to australia , where it is widely distributed mainly along the forested and coastal heath of the southern and eastern portions of the country . it is also present on a number of offshore islands ( including kangaroo island ) ( lunney 2008 ) .
recorded from subalpine woodland , coastal scrub , coastal heath , eucalypt forest , and tropical moist forest . it is a largely terrestrial and ground - dwelling species that occurs in areas with a dense undergrowth of shrubs and ferns ( lunney 2008 ) . females give birth to about five young and several litters may be produced in a good season ( lunney 2008 ) .
maximum longevity : 5 . 3 years ( captivity ) observations : weaned animals live about one year , but there is a field record of 3 . 8 years and a laboratory record of 5 . 3 years ( taylor and calaby 1988 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 7 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
lamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) & amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority )
listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , lack of major threats , and because it is unlikely to be declining .
it is generally common in most parts of its range , and locally abundant . it is very common , for instance , in coastal heaths ( a . burbidge pers . comm . ) .
this species is very sensitive to habitat disturbance and land clearing , and may be threatened in parts of its range by inappropriate fire regimes and bushfire , as well as logging activities .
the bushrat doesn ' t show much overlap in diet with other local rodent species . in the summer it consumes primarily fruit , arthropods , and seeds , but in the winter its main source of food is from a particular cyperaceous species . when found in the forest it consumes primarily fungi and various fibrous plant material .
) begins breeding around november and has litter sizes ranging usually between 4 - 5 . the majority of individuals do not live to a second breeding cyle due to their short life span .
cheal , dc ( 1987 ) . the diets and dietary preferences of rattus - fuscipes and rattus - lutreolus at walkerville in victoria . australian wildlife research 14 , 35–44 .
wood , dh ( 1971 ) . the ecology of rattus fuscipes and melomys cervinipes ( rodentia : muridaae ) in a south - east queensland rain forest . australian journal of zoology 19 , 371–392 .
baillie ( 1996 ) . rattus fuscipes . 2006 . iucn red list of threatened species . iucn 2006 . urltoken . retrieved on 12 may 2006 .
this species is endemic to montane forests on volcanoes of west and central java . the type locality is at 1 , 830 m ( musser and carleton 2005 ) . it is possible that the species could be found on adjacent peaks after appropriate surveys , however , its presence here needs to be confirmed .
it has been recorded from tropical montane forest . it is relatively disturbance - tolerant and can be found at the forest edge .
amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )
this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
it it present in gunung gede pangrango national park and may be present in other protected areas . further studies are needed into the distribution of this species .
baillie , j . 1996 . maxomys bartelsii . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 19 july 2007 .
musser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .
superfamily muroidea
. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 894–1531 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .
this species is endemic to the palawan faunal region , philippines ( balabac , palawan , busuanga , calauit , and culion islands ) , from sea level to 1 , 550 m ( esslestyn et al . 2004 ; heaney et al . 1998 ; p . widmann pers . comm . ; j . c . gonzalez pers . comm . ) .
it occurs in forested lowland and lower montane habitats , including primary , secondary , agricultural areas , and also tree plantations ( esselstyn et al . 2004 ; barbehenn et al . 1972 / 1973 ; hoogstraal 1951 ; musser et al . 1979 ; sanborn 1952 ) .
heaney , l . , balete , d . , rosell - ambal , g . , tabaranza , b . , ong , p . , ruedas , l . , widmann , p . & gonzalez , j . c .
this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
baillie , j . 1996 . maxomys panglima . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 19 july 2007 .
in length from the nose to the base of the tail , making it slightly smaller than other human - associated rats . where it exists on smaller islands , it tends to be smaller still [ e . g .
] . it is commonly distinguished by a dark upper edge of the hind foot near the ankle . the rest of its foot is pale .
accidentally or deliberately introduced it to the islands they settled . the species has been implicated in many of the
r . exulans is an omnivorous species , eating seeds , fruit , leaves , bark , insects , earthworms , spiders , lizards , and avian eggs and hatchlings . polynesian rats have been observed to often take pieces of food back to a safe place to properly shell a seed or otherwise prepare certain foods . this not only protects them from predators , but also from rain and other rats . these
husking stations
are often found among trees , near the roots , in fissures of the trunk , and even in the top branches . in new zealand , for instance , such stations are found under rock piles and fronds shed by nikau palms .
subsequent elimination of rats from islands has resulted in substantial increases in populations of certain seabirds and endemic terrestrial birds . as part of its program to restore these populations , such as the endangered
holdaway , r . n . ( 1996 ) . arrival of rats in new zealand , nature , 384 , 225–226 .
. vol . 29 no 4 , december 1999 , pp . 265–290 . archived from
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3 . 1 in february 2012 , it was reported that unitedstates marine corps scout snipers had been usingthis device to symbolize their function since at leastthe 1980s . it was adopted from the indigenousgermanic character which originally symbolized thesun . this simple but striking device consisted oftwo letters side by side like lightning bolts . thisdevice became so popular in nazi germany thattypewriters had an extra key so that one can printthis character with one key stroke instead of two . what ?
5 . 2one of the major changes in the indian armypost independence was the dropping of a termwhich is derived from a persian word meaningarmy for a persian word meaning young . thefirst term is preferred by the british historians todenote an event in indian history while indiahistorians generally dont use it . what was thechange ?
8 . 3 * his father umar sheikh mirza died in a freakaccident . an avid pigeon flyer , he lost his lifewhen his dovecot built on the edge of a ravinein the corner of the castle tumbled down intothe depths below in a landslide carrying himalong with it .
umar sheikh mirza , flew with hispigeons and their house and became a falcon
wrote his son in his memoir , considered the firstof it’s kind in the islamic world . who ?
14 . 5this ancient sumerian city is now within anamerican air base in iraq . in 1999 , saddamhussein denied pope john paul ii access to thesite , which is supposedly the birthplace ofabraham . which city also famous for thismassive structure ?
20 . 7 it was this tamizh scholar who collected andpublished tamizh sangam era classics . thusstarting with jeevaka chintamani in 1887 , heprinted and published manimekalai ( 1888 ) , silappathikaram ( 1889 ) , paththupaattu ( 1889 ) and purananooru ( 1894 ) , all appendedwith scholarly commentaries . who ? whatnickname did he get because of these efforts ? < pic >
23 . 8 excerpt from a 1924 article titled
shall we allcommit suicide ?
:
… . . could not explosiveseven of the existing type be guided automaticallyin flying machines by wireless or otherrays , without a human pilot , in ceaselessprocession over a hostile city , arsenal , camp ordockyard ?
words of someone who claimedthat he could pass an examination on h . g . wellss works . who and what present daymenace did he imagine at that time ?
26 . 9in ussr the term
vrag naroda
was used to atvarious times applied , in particular , to tsarnicholas ii and the imperialfamily , aristocrats , thebourgeoisie , clerics , businessmen , anarchists , kulaks , monarchists , mensheviks , bundists , trotskyists , bukharinists etc . what similar term was invogue in the states during 1930s ?
29 . 10it was described as ,
the pearl in the necklaceof the forts of hind
. this place is also famousfor the last stand of rani lakshmibhai . thediscovery of a tablet recording the establishmentof a small 9th century hindu temple in the fortgenerated a lot of interest as it was the oldestrecorded evidence of something . id the fortand also what did they find here ?
32 . 11 the central institute of psychiatry in ranchi isprobably the oldest lunatic asylum in asia . twoinmates of this hospital were released as agoodwill gesture in 2003 . this was right afterwhen pm atal behari vajpayee visited aneighboring country . they have been inmates ofthis institution under special status for 42 years . one of these inmates suffered briefly fromschizophrenia but otherwise both of them werehealthy . who are these people ?
34 . the inmates were yang chen and shihliang , two prc soldiers who were held aspows in india . vajpayee had gone to china andhad met wen jiabao .
35 . 12it states that if equilateral triangles areconstructed on the sides of any triangle , eitherall outward , or all inward , the centres of thoseequilateral triangles themselves form anequilateral triangle . what theorem ? < pic >
37 . • napoleon bonaparte was a amateur mathematician and this sort of a geometric construction is called a napoleon triangle and the statement is called napoleon’s theorem .
38 . 13 during the world war two , it is believed thatthere was an informal agreement between thegermans and the allies that the allies won’tbomb the german towns of göttingen andheidelberg in return for sparing two englishtowns . one strong evidence pointing in thisdirection is the unearthing of some germanplans to make one of these cities the capital ofoccupied england . name hitler’s englishcapital .
41 . 14 the library of the archeological department ofthe delhi is named after the man whocommissioned it . it was his persian translationof upanishads that attracted sir williamjones , the father of indology , to upanishads . his life has inspired many works of fiction oneof the most popular is shown below . manyhistorians consider his failure as a great “ifmoment” in india’s history . who ? < pic >
43 . dara shikoh . the heir apparent to shahjahan , itwas by defeating him that aurangazeb ascendedthe throne of delhi .
49 . 17the painting depicts the quaestor of sicilydiscovering a famous tomb . the quaestor ( sortof a roman consul ) , had heard the locals speakof this tomb , but none of them knew the exactlocation . name both the quaestor ( a famousman in his own right ) and the man who’s tombwas discovered . < pic >
51 . • cicero discovering archemedes’ grave . • the tomb has the famous sphere inscribed within a cylinder .
52 . 18 * located in modern day poland , the malbrokcastle ( or marienburg castle ) is a unescoworld heritage site . it is said to be the largestcastle in the world by surface area . it was builtby a particular group after their conquest of oldprussia in the 13th century . name the specificgroup that built it .
54 . • the teutonic knights ( the order of brothers of the german house of saint mary in jerusalem ) .
55 . 19 * this jesuit priest was the confessor of louis xiv . in 1804 , the city of paris bought a plot of land where he had once lived . the plot was converted into something that bears his name . today it is the largest of its kind within the city and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors . what ?
57 . • the confessor was pere francois de la chaise . • the pere lachaise cemetery in paris is named after him .
58 . 20“my client is not in a hurry” – famous response by a man when asked about the duration of his celebrated project . he had worked on it from 1883 to 1926 and left it unfinished at his death . what was he talking about ?
61 . 21he had attended the aicc meeting in 1928 . thirtyyears later , he visited india again . he describes ameeting thus : “dark , cold eyes looked at mewithout feeling . thirty years before , he and hisfather had been introduced to me at a huge rally forindependence . i mentioned this to him , but itproduced no change in his face . he replied inmonosyllables to everything i said , scrutinizing mewith his steady , cold eyes . ” who about whom ?
66 . • “night of the long knives” ( hitler’s purge of the sa / “roehm putsch” ) .
69 . • casey jones , a railroad engineer , who was the only casualty of the “cannonball express” collision .
70 . 24 * when the athenians were voting on whom to ostracize , to sendinto exile for ten years , by writing names on potsherds , anilliterate farmer who did not know _ _ _ asked him to write aname down for him on his piece of pottery . _ _ _ _ _ asked himwhat name to write , and the farmer replied “ _ _ _ _ _
. hedutifully wrote his own name , and then asked the farmer whatharm _ _ _ _ _ had ever done him .
none at all ,
came thereply ,
but im sick and tired of hearing him being called thejust all the time . name this “strategos” of athens , who wasrecalled from his exile later and played a key role in the defeat ofthe persian invasion .
73 . 25 . an artist’s re - creation of a famous structure in its ancient glory . identify the structure .
76 . 26 . in august 1943 , an 18 year old soldier named charlesherman kuhl got diagnosed with a case ofpsychoneurosis . he had repeatedly returned from thebattle front with similar issues and was admitted to the15th infantry hospital . although his soldierly career wassomewhat unspectacular , he became famous during hisillness . in fact , he may well have influenced one of thecrucial decisions of the war . explain .
78 . • charles herman kuhl was the victim of the infamous “patton slap” . • during a visit to the hospital , general patton was enraged when he found kuhl , who had no apparent wounds , sitting in the hospital . he accused him of cowardice and slapped him . there was public pressure on eisenhower to take action . it may have been one of the contributing factors for patton not receiving a command during the first phase of normandy landings .
79 . 27 the cartoon mocks a 1901 ideology , that was added on as a corollary to the monroe doctrine . what diplomacy ?
81 . • big stick diplomacy , as proposed by theodore roosevelt . • “speak softly and carry a big stick ; you will go far . ”
82 . 28 . • according to the popular story , the idea was born when the congress leader kamaraj was at a train intersection near the town of cheranmahadevi in tirunelveli district of tamil nadu . as he was waiting for a train to pass , he noticed young boys tending to their goats and cattle . he asked one small boy , “what are you doing with the cows ? why didn’t you go to school ? ” . the boy’s response made kamaraj think , and he went back and started a new program to attract kids like him to school . what did kamaraj do ?
85 . 29 . • during his tenure at the government mint in calcutta , he reformed weights and measures , introduced a uniform coinage and devised a balance so delicate as to indicate the three - thousandth part of a grain . a gifted architect , he rebuilt the minaret of aurangzeb in benares and improved the drainage system of calcutta by building a tunnel between the hooghly river and the sunderbans mangrove forest . the ghat shown below was erected in his honor by the citizens of calcutta . who ?
87 . • james prinsep , more famous for deciphering the brahmi script and the rock edicts of ashoka . • the prinsep ghat in kolkatta was built in his honour .
88 . 30 * this castle in rotherham , yorkshire , was built in the1770s . the earl who built it named it after a place toshow his support to the activists who were protestingagainst the english . so strong was his opposition to thegovernment position that he resigned his commission . quite cheekily , he also banned a particular beveragefrom parties held at the castle . name the castle . < pic >
90 . 31• the society of american travel writers conducts the annual lowell thomas travel journalism competition for outstanding print , online and multimedia works and for travel photography . the awards are named after lowell thomas , an american writer and broadcaster who had a distinguished career at cbs and nbc radio networks . thomas traveled all over the world and made interesting broadcasts . but he shot into the limelight through exhibitions of dramatic video footage that he shot over a short period of time in 1917 . the subject of his films received world wide fame due to his exhibitions . who / what are we talking about ?
92 . • lawrence of arabia . • lowell thomas was the man who made lawrence of arabia famous . he made several recordings of lawrence attired in his arab dress and engaged in his desert war .
93 . 32• from the 17th century into the 19th century , the area was known to the british as the
pirate coast
, as raiders based there harassed the shipping industry despite navies patrolling the area . the british often led campaigns against the pirate bases along the coast . raids continued intermittently until 1835 , when the rulers agreed not to engage in hostilities at sea . in 1853 , they signed a treaty with the united kingdom . the independent territories which signed the agreement were called
_ _ _
, after this treaty . they were declared as british protectorates . in 1971 , britain ended this agreement and the territories joined together to form a single nation . by what name were these protectorates known till 1971 ?
95 . • the sheikdoms were called “the trucial states” after an agreement under which they agreed to a
perpetual maritime truce“ . in 1971 , they became a confederation known as the uae .
96 . 33 * • identify the person , portrayed on the cover of this book .
98 . • roger casement , the irish revolutionary who was also a campaigner for human rights in congo and peru . the cover is from the mario vargas llosa work “the dream of the celt”
99 . 34• x = hebrew word for german . • y = hebrew word for spanish . • x and y together form the two main subcultures of a particular group . what words ?
101 . • x = ashkenazi• y = sephardi . • these are the two main subcultures of judaism .
102 . 35 * • this building in tangier , morocco is the first property acquired abroad by its owners . it is also the only _ _ _ _ _ _ on foreign soil . name the building or fill in the blanks .
104 . • the american legation in tangier is the first property acquired by the united states government outside the country . • it is also the only national historic landmark on foreign soil .
clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later . now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips .
sri lanka 1977 ( error ) 75c girl guides anniversary . 75c girl guides anniversary single with yellow missing resulting in a magenta - coloured sun . extraordinary , previously unrecorded error . superb unmounted mint .
india 1974 ( error ) r1 veena . spectacular and scarce . superb unmounted mint . sg723a ; sc624var ; ind1446a .
singapore 1966 sg71 1 cent , unmounted mint block x 4 , r1 / 1 / showing variety of nick in the fin . good clean condition
1979 , int . stamp exhibition india ' 80 de havilland 30 ( p ) superb u / m block of four , major errors / varieties : background in the colour lilac instead of blue - with another block of four for comparison , rare misprint .
india 1991 gandhi 1 r . u / m marginal block of 6 , major varieties : color smearing
india / gandhi / major errors & varieties . m / m mounted mint with original gum . unused without gum . world errors / varieties abarten . otherwise for both sides arise avoidable overhead and unnecessary costs .
pakistan 1979 2 r definitive s . g . 477aw u / m imperforated with inverted watermark
otherwise for both sides arise avoidable overhead and unnecessary costs . m / m mounted mint with original gum . offene kommunikation . der angegebene preis ist ein endpreis zzgl . leichte beschädigungen , bedingt durch die beförderung ( z . b . kleine einrisse , kleine eckbüge ) sind bei gebrauchten ganzsachen als normal anzusehen und also vollwertig .
kleinbogen ( 4 x 4 stück ) 5 r . , abarten : bei den unteren zwei reihen wurde die rote farbe nicht richtig bedruckt dadurch vier marken mit den farben rot und gelb statt orange und vier marken mit leichte spuren davon im oberen bereich , unikat , selt .
vietnam - issues of the vietcong ( 2072 ) . vietcong 10 ( 2 ) . 1965 , vietcong - ausgabe 1 . kab . - stück , abart : fehlende farbe grau , mit vergleichsstück , extrem selten , rr ! otherwise for both sides arise avoidable overhead and unnecessary costs .
2072 vietnam 1957 world trade union congress vfu bl . of 4 major variety / error
( vietnam / errors & varieties ( 2072 ) . 1957 , 4th . - exclusive fees ) and one vfu block ( realized price not known ) were sold both in usa , october 2011 ) , this is the only known used block of four with the variety / error - stamp in the lower right corner of the block of four , unique , exhibition - item , rrr !
cambodia 1984 olympic winter games sarajevo - figure skating , 6 r . 2 vfu variety
vfu very fine used . kab . - blöcke , abart : beine braun statt rotbraun und block um 9 mm breiter als das vergleichsexemplar – hier fehlendes rot / pink , extrem selten , rr ! schwerpunktmäßig finden sie hier briefmarken , briefe und ganzsachen sowie ansichtskarten aus aller welt , aber auch münzen , historische wertpapiere usw .
indonesia 1981 president suharto 300 ( r . ) unused on piece , error / variety : look
1981 , president suharto 300 ( r . ) unused on piece , error / variety : look at the jacket , exhibition - item , r ! auctiva ' s free counter . unused without gum . otherwise for both sides arise avoidable overhead and unnecessary costs .
m / m mounted mint with original gum . unused without gum . leichte beschädigungen , bedingt durch die beförderung ( z . b . kleine einrisse , kleine eckbüge ) sind bei gebrauchten ganzsachen als normal anzusehen und also vollwertig .
1981 , 80 p . kab . - r - gu mit zusatzfrankatur n . england , abarten : 20 p . oliv dahlien ungezähntes statt gezähntes randpaar , ( s . g . 26 flowers vfu imperforated marginal pair , variety / error not known by sg / pierron ) rr !
( 2x4 ) ; a = perf . k 13 1 / 4 : 12 3 / 4 ; b = imperforated . 45 j . diplomatische beziehungen mit china - geschnittener kb ( i ) error e ( ii ) - ( ) . 1998b kb ( i ) e ( ii ) . kb ( i ) , date of issue : 7 . 7 . 2006 . quantity kb ( i ) : 2 , 500 pieces .
internationales jahr der berge - error / lao prd - ( ) . nach entdeckung des fehlers wurden die marken zurückgezogen und durch minr . 1813ii - 1814ii ersetzt . here as a
mint never hinged ( mnh )
set . all other pictures are only for your information of other available versions for this issue !
997 - 1009 ( souvenir sheet 10 ) oz . all other pictures are only for your information of other available versions for this issue ! here as a
mint never hinged ( mnh )
souvenir sheet with missing digit number top right .
rotes kreuz 1975 - error / fehlender eindruck - ( ) minr . 739 - 740 4er e ( i ) . odr ; . wmk 4 ; perf . k 13 1 / 2 ; with bdr . all other pictures are only for your information of other available versions for this issue !
internationales jahr der berge - error / lao prd fdc ( i ) - i - . nach entdeckung des fehlers wurden die marken zurückgezogen und durch minr . 1813ii - 1814ii ersetzt . fdc ( i ) , date of issue : 30 . 3 . 2002 . 1813i - 1814i fdc ( i ) - i - .
a sign refers to a particular group of stars , ther being a total of twelve zodiac signs . images of different types of animals are used to represent particular signs for each of the years . das wort
songkran
leitet sich von sanskrit ab , was den eintritt der sonne in das sternbild widder , das erste zeichen des tierkreises , bedeutet .
1148 - 1151 ( souvenir sheet 16 ) oz . all other pictures are only for your information of other available versions for this issue ! here as a
mint never hinged ( mnh )
souvenir sheet without counting number top right !
bangkok 1983 ( iii ) ( 13b ) - error / imperforated without number - ( mnh ) mino . 1048b - 1051b ( souvenir sheet 13b ) oz . minr . 1048b - 1051b ( block 13b ) oz . here as a
mint never hinged ( mnh )
imperforated souvenir sheet without !
definitive : king bhumibol 10th s . 50b csp 1 . p - sheet ( i ) error / without number - ( mnh
( freimarke : könig bhumibol 10 . dof ) king bhumibol aduljadeh , rama ix . ( 1927 ) ; in marshal - uniform of he royal thai air force . dof ) könig bhumibol aduljadeh , rama ix . ( 1927 ) ; in uniform . specialists distinguish three versions of the 3 baht issue that can be recognized by the different sheet sequence number .
( 115 jahre staatsbesuch könig chulalongkorn in österreich ( 297 ) - error - ( ) minr . 3265 - 3266 ( block 297 ) e ( i ) . ech ) king chulalongkorn , rama v ( 1853 - 1910 ) . ech ) könig chulalongkorn , rama v . ( 1853 - 1910 ) .
here as a fdc ( version i ) with missing ! the dragon used to be the symbol of the chinese emperor . fdc ( i ) , date of issue : 13 . 4 . 2000 . 2013a fdc ( i ) e ( i ) . quality fdc ( i ) : 20 , 000 pieces . fdc ( i ) , ausgabedatum : 13 . 4 . 2000 .
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this west african species is patchily distributed from sierra leone , through liberia , guinea and cte d ' ivoire to ghana .
type for dephomys defua catalog number : usnm 83837 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of mammals sex / stage : male ; adult preparation : skin ; skull collector ( s ) : r . currie year collected : 1897 locality : mount coffee , montserrado , liberia , africa elevation ( m ) : 122 to 152
type : miller , g . s . 1900 dec 28 . proceedings of the washington academy of sciences . 2 : 635 .
this species has been reported from lowland and montane rain forest , and also in secondary forest associated with swampy soils .
amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )
listed as least concern because , although it is seldom recorded , it has a relatively wide distribution , is tolerant of some habitat degradation , has a presumed overall large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
the threats to this species are not well known , but its association with forest habitats suggest that it may be threatened by deforestation .
it is not known if the species is present in any protected areas . additional studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , general ecology and threats to this little - known species .
taylor , p . 2004 . dephomys eburnea . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 9 july 2007 .
taylor , p . 2004 . dephomys defua . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 19 july 2007 .
murinae , the old world rats and mice , is the largest subfamily of muroid rodents . there are an astonishingly diverse 561 species in this subfamily , which are divided among 126 genera in 29 divisions .
musser , g . , m . carleton . 2005 . superfamily muroidea . d wilson , d reeder , eds . mammal species of the world . baltimore and london : the johns hopkins university press .
rats and mice are native to the ethiopian , palearctic , and oriental regions , including africa , the arabian peninsula , europe , the middle east , india , china , taiwan , korea , japan , the indo - malayan region , the philippines , new guinea , australia , and tasmania . in addition , murines have been introduced around the world by humans , and now have a virtually cosmopolitan distribution .
carleton , m . , g . musser . 1984 . muroid rodents . pp . 289 - 379 in s anderson , j jones jr . , eds . orders and families of recent mammals of the world . new york : john wiley and sons .
the dental formula is 1 / 1 , 0 / 0 , 0 / 0 , 3 / 3 = 16 in most murine genera . the incisors can be opisthodont , orthodont , or proodont . most have ungrooved incisors . the molars are rooted and are not evergrowing . the molars range from brachydont to hypsodont , and the third molars are always smaller than the first and second molars . most murines have three lingual cusps on the upper molars , giving a triserial cusp arrangement ; there is always at least an anterolingual cusp on the second upper molars . in addition , the lower molars usually have labial cusplets . murines vary widely in skull characteristics , and the diversity is so great that no synapomorphies of the skull can be identified , except of the lack of a sphenofrontal foramen or squamosoalisphenoid groove . a skeletal characteristic that all murine genera share is the presence of a prominent neural spine on the second thoracic vertebra . diploid chromosome numbers for murines range from 25 to 68 .
hubbard , c . 1972 . observations on the life histories and behavior of some small rodents from tanzania . zoologica africana , 7 ( 2 ) : 419 - 449 .
murines occupy a wide variety of boreal , temperate , subtropical , and tropical habitats , including : coniferous and deciduous forests , subtropical broadleaf forests , tropical rainforests , monsoon forests , savannahs , steppes , grasslands , scrub forests , alpine meadows , deserts , rocky outcrops , river valleys , marshes , swamps , lakes , rivers , streams , agricultural fields , cities , and towns . murines span a greater elevational range than any other muroid subfamily ; they have been found in high mountains at more than 4 , 000 meters , and in mine shafts more than 500 meters below the earth ' s surface .
nowak , r . 1999 . walker ' s mammals of the world , vol . 2 . baltimore and london : the johns hopkins university press .
, carrion , and even household items such as glue , paste , and soap . individual murine species range from dietary generalists that will eat just about anything to specialist herbivores and specialist carnivores . many murine species cache their food in burrows or crevices for later use .
murines are essential components of many ecosystems . they have roles as seed dispersers , pollinators ( johnson et al . 2001 ) , predators , and / or prey . not all ecosystem roles are positive , however . some murine species have been introduced to areas where they were previously absent , and they have devastated ecosystems by outcompeting or feeding on native wildlife . a few murine species have developed a commensal relationship with humans , and , especially in urban areas , rely on human - produced waste to survive . in turn , various parasites use murines as hosts , including
johnson , s . , a . pauw , j . midgely . 2001 . rodent pollination in the african lily massonia depressa ( hyacinthaceae ) . american journal of botany , 88 ( 10 ) : 1768 - 1773 .
roberts , l . , j . janovy jr . . 2000 . foundations of parasitology . new york : mcgraw - hill .
cochran , p . , j . cochran . 1999 . predation on a meadow jumping mouse , zapus hudsonius , and a house mouse , mus musculus , by brown trout , salmo trutta . canadian field - naturalist , 113 ( 4 ) : 684 - 684 .
w . a . niering , terrestrial ecology of kapingamarangi atoll , caroline islands , ecol . monogr . 33 ( 2 ) : 131 - 160 , from p . 157 ( 1963 ) .
ehret , g . 2005 . infant rodent ultrasounds - a gate to the understanding of sound communication . behavior genetics , 35 ( 1 ) : 19 - 29 .
thompson , r . , b . robertson , a . napier , k . wekesa . 2004 . sex - specific responses to urinary chemicals by the mouse vomeronasal organ . chemical senses , 29 ( 9 ) : 749 - 754 .
murines usually do not live more than a few months in the wild , and those that do rarely live to be three years old . in captivity , however , some murines may live nearly a decade .
most murines have a polygynandrous mating system , with each male and female only associating for the brief time required for copulation and each individual having multiple mates . a few species are monogamous , at least within one breeding season , and males stay with their mates and help to raise their young .
female murines , like all mammals , provide their young with milk before the young are able to eat solid food . many murines build nests - - the size , shape and location of which varies among species - - in which they raise their young . yet females of other species simply allow their babies to clamp on to their teats and then carry their young around with them . the time to weaning is relatively short , as young murines grow and develop quickly . both altricial and precocial murine species are known . male parental care is rare , but not unheard of , in this group . for example , male four - striped grass mice (