araneus quadratus , the four-spot orb-weaver , is a common orb-weaver spider found in europe and central asia , and as far as the kamchatka peninsula and japan .

females can reach 17 mm in length , especially when gravid , males approximately half that .

they are quite variable in appearance , ranging from brown to bright orange or green , but they always have the characteristic four white spots on the abdomen .

the darker color morphs are easiest to identify , due to the contrast between the white spots and the rest of the body .

the legs are sometimes brightly striped .

the spider lives in gardens , wooded areas , or wherever there is vegetation to string an orb web across .

this species builds its web close to the ground to catch jumping insects such as small grasshoppers .

the female builds the more elaborate web , complete with a funnel-shaped retreat off to the side where she goes during inclement weather .

the web is smaller and closer to the ground than those of other species of orb-weaver .

adult females can actively change their color .

it takes about three days to take on colors that accurately match their resting surface .

araneus quadratus

close - up of a palp from the side of a male araneus quadratus .
female araneus quadratus . the abdomen is full with eggs . notice the different colour to the first photo .
araneus quadratus clerck , 1757 ( = aranea reaumuri ( scopoli ) ) ( also previously known as epeira quadrata . )
turning the tables slightly , bristowe included a . quadratus in his tasting experiment one afternoon when he was staying at flatford mill [ 16 ] . he doesn ' t mention why a . quadratus was chosen for his gastronomic adventure but he does note that , of the spiders tasted that day ,
. . . araneus quadratus , with a slightly nutty flavour , was the best
.
araneus quadratus is a large orb - weaving spider with four distinct spots on its abdomen . among other things you will in this video see it catching a large grasshopper . more info on this spider here : urltoken contact me : urltoken stock footage / video of araneus quadratus here : urltoken music : kevin macleod ( incompetech . com )
kajak , a . 1965 : an analysis of food relations between spiders - araneus cornutus cl . and araneus quadratus cl . - and their prey in meadows . ekol . pol . a13 : 717 - 764 .
the four - spot orb weaver , araneus quadratus , gets its name from the markings on its abdomen . four dark dots surrounded by white . the main colour of the abdomen can be almost any colour .
general : our heaviest spider , a . quadratus is an autumn - maturing orb - web weaver . easily recognized ; indeed it is one of clerck ' s original species .
etymology : araneus - latin for spider ; quadratus - latin for square , referring to the four prominent spots on the abdomen . ( it appears that no - one ' s quite sure what epeira is derived from . )
nyffeler , m . and benz , g . 1978 : die beutespektren der netzspinnen argiope bruennichi ( scop . ) , a . quadratus cl . und agelena labyrinthica ( cl . ) in odlandwiesen bei zürich . revue suisse zool . 85 : 747 - 757 .
araneus albilunatus roewer , 1961b : 51 , f . 13a - d ( d f ) . araneus albilunulatus brignoli , 1983c : 259 .
araneus subumbrosus roewer , 1961b : 53 , f . 14a - b ( d f ) . araneus subombrosus brignoli , 1983c : 260 .
araneus floriatus hogg , 1914a : 57 ( d m f ) . araneus floriatus hogg , 1915a : 446 , f . 25 ( f ) .
araneus basalteus schenkel , 1936b : 99 , f . 35 ( djj ) .
araneus pseudoconicus schenkel , 1936b : 114 , f . 40 ( dj ) .
treating nevus araneus ( broken capillaries ) with electrocautery . for medical education - nsfe .
araneus angulatus personata simon , 1929 : 678 , 756 ( d m f ) . araneus angulatus personatus breitling et al . , 2016b : 69 ( subspecies inquirenda ) .
araneus aralis bakhvalov , 1981a : 137 , f . 1 ( d f ) .
araneus asiaticus bakhvalov , 1983 : 69 , f . 3 ( d f ) .
araneus baicalicus bakhvalov , 1981b : 148 , f . 6 ( d f ) .
araneus bargusinus bakhvalov , 1981b : 147 , f . 5 ( d f ) .
araneus carimagua levi , 1991a : 230 , f . 190 ( d m ) .
araneus cohnae levi , 1991a : 229 , f . 188 ( d m ) .
araneus demoniacus caporiacco , 1939a : 346 , f . 14 ( d m ) .
araneus ferganicus bakhvalov , 1983 : 91 , f . 5 ( d f ) .
araneus jamundi levi , 1991a : 222 , f . 157 ( d m ) .
araneus margaritae caporiacco , 1940c : 826 , f . 31 ( d f ) .
araneus matogrosso levi , 1991a : 230 , f . 189 ( d m ) .
araneus mauensis caporiacco , 1949a : 421 , f . 61 ( d f ) .
araneus nigroquadratus lawrence , 1937 : 233 , f . 10 ( d f ) .
araneus oxygaster caporiacco , 1940c : 823 , f . 29 ( d f ) .
araneus perincertus caporiacco , 1947d : 176 , f . 32 ( d f ) .
araneus phlyctogena simon , 1907d : 297 ( d f , plus two varieties ) .
araneus scutellatus schenkel , 1963 : 153 , f . 90 ( d m ) .
araneus sogdianus charitonov , 1969 : 79 , f . 2 ( d f ) .
araneus titirus simon , 1896e : 68 ( d f ) . araneus titirus levi , 1991a : 245 , f . 267 - 271 ( f , d m ) .
araneus xavantina levi , 1991a : 214 , f . 116 ( d m ) .
araneus tschuiskii bakhvalov , 1974 : 111 , f . 72 - 74 ( d f ) . araneus tschuiskyi bakhvalov , 1983 : 90 , f . 4 ( f ) .
scientific name : araneus quadratus size : females up to 15mm , males up to 8mm distribution : found throughout the uk months seen : june to october habitat : found in tall grass , bushes and hedgerows food : flies and other small insects special features : four spot orb weavers ( araneus quadratus ) are fairly common . they can be found throughout the u . k . in the summer and autumn months . the body colour of is extremely variable . they can be ; yellow green , orange , red or brown . the abdomen has some white patches , but these are only really clear on the brown individuals . usually the four white spots on the abdomen which give this spider its name are visible . four spot orb weavers catch their prey in a web , and the females also build a retreat to the side of the web , made from thick silk .
nomen nudum : araneus quinqueuncatus simon , 1895a : 822 ( f , south america ) .
araneus crispulus tullgren , 1952 : 168 , f . 15a - b ( d f ) . araniella crispulus grasshoff , 1976 : 150 ( t f from araneus , rejected ) .
araneus horizonte levi , 1991a : 211 , f . 99 - 104 ( d f ) . araneus horizonte braul , bertoncello & lise , 2000 : 124 ( d m ) .
araneus ventricosus kishuensis uyemura , 1961 : 93 , f . 23 ( d f ) .
araneus boreus uyemura & yaginuma , 1972 : 10 , f . 1 - 7 ( d m f ) . araneus boreus yaginuma , 1986a : 100 , f . 53 . 6 ( m f ) . araneus boreus chikuni , 1989b : 66 , f . 15 ( f ) . araneus boreus tanikawa , 2007c : 83 , f . 240 , 681 ( f ) . araneus boreus tanikawa , 2009 : 455 , f . 257 ( f ) .
araneus bilunifer pocock , 1900a : 227 , f . 74 ( d f ) . araneus bilunifer patel , 1975b : 162 , f . 3a - c ( f ) . araneus bilunifer tikader & bal , 1981 : 43 , f . 91 - 94 ( f ) . araneus bilunifer tikader , 1982a : 221 , f . 428 - 431 ( f ) .
araneus granti hogg , 1914a : 57 ( d f ) . araneus granti hogg , 1915a : 448 , f . 26 ( f ) . araneus granti chrysanthus , 1960 : 36 , f . 32 - 33 , 49 , 60 , 72 ( f , d m ) .
nyffeler and benz ( 1978 [ 9 ] ) , found that bees were a major component ( by mass ) of the diet of a . quadratus . however , this may have been more to do with prey availability , as , in a later study ( 1989 [ 10 ] ) diptera , homoptera and aphids were the major prey . this agrees with the earlier work of kajak . she showed that , at her study sites , diptera made up a greater proportion of the diet . in fact the number of bees caught in nyffeler and benz ' s 1978 study were low but their large size contributed disproportionately to biomass caught . nevertheless , their results confirm that a . quadratus can cope with such powerful and potentially dangerous prey .
araneus acolla levi , 1991a : 219 , f . 138 - 141 ( d f ) .
araneus adiantiformis caporiacco , 1941b : 83 , f . 29a - d ( d m ) .
araneus ana levi , 1991a : 268 , f . 389 - 391 ( d f ) .
araneus anjonensis schenkel , 1963 : 171 , f . 99a - b ( d f ) .
araneus aubertarum berland , 1938 : 174 , f . 131 - 132 ( d f ) .
araneus bastarensis gajbe , 2005a : 55 , f . 4 - 7 ( d f ) .
araneus baul levi , 1991a : 288 , f . 503 - 506 ( d f ) .
araneus caballo levi , 1991a : 273 , f . 418 - 421 ( d f ) .
araneus calusa levi , 1973 : 512 , f . 152 - 157 ( d f ) . araneus calusa levi , 1981b : 255 , f . 5 - 7 ( d m ) .
araneus canacus berland , 1931b : 669 , f . 8 - 11 ( d f ) .
araneus canalae berland , 1924a : 222 , f . 126 - 127 ( d f ) .
araneus carroll levi , 1973 : 516 , f . 215 - 220 ( d f ) .
araneus castilho levi , 1991a : 196 , f . 15 - 16 ( d m ) .
araneus chiapas levi , 1991a : 262 , f . 351 - 352 ( d m ) .
araneus chingaza levi , 1991a : 258 , f . 330 - 334 ( d f ) .
araneus cuiaba levi , 1991a : 248 , f . 276 - 278 ( d f ) .
araneus ealensis giltay , 1935a : 1 , f . 1 - 2 ( d f ) .
araneus exsertus rainbow , 1904a : 102 , f . 26 - 27 ( d f ) .
araneus finneganae berland , 1938 : 176 , f . 137 - 140 ( d f ) .
araneus frio levi , 1991a : 276 , f . 429 - 430 ( d m ) .
araneus gerais levi , 1991a : 231 , f . 191 - 192 ( d m ) .
araneus guatemus levi , 1991a : 232 , f . 211 - 214 ( d f ) .
araneus huixtla levi , 1991a : 286 , f . 497 - 498 ( d m ) .
araneus jalisco levi , 1991a : 269 , f . 392 - 394 ( d m ) .
araneus kerr levi , 1981b : 254 , f . 1 - 4 ( d f ) .
araneus kirgisikus bakhvalov , 1974 : 111 , f . 71 , 75 ( d f ) .
araneus lanio levi , 1991a : 268 , f . 381 - 384 ( d f ) .
araneus lenkoi levi , 1991a : 258 , f . 326 - 329 ( d f ) .
araneus lintatus levi , 1991a : 262 , f . 347 - 350 ( d f ) .
araneus masculus caporiacco , 1941b : 85 , f . 30a - b ( d m ) .
araneus miami levi , 1973 : 512 , f . 172 - 176 ( d f ) .
araneus monica levi , 1973 : 504 , f . 110 - 121 ( d f ) .
araneus moretonae levi , 1991a : 219 , f . 142 - 145 ( d f ) .
araneus musawas levi , 1991a : 274 , f . 427 - 428 ( d m ) .
araneus nacional levi , 1991a : 284 , f . 474 - 476 ( d f ) .
araneus notandus rainbow , 1912a : 196 , f . 7 - 9 ( d f ) .
araneus nuboso levi , 1991a : 276 , f . 431 - 432 ( d m ) .
araneus orgaos levi , 1991a : 211 , f . 92 - 94 ( d f ) .
araneus paitaensis schenkel , 1953b : 37 , f . 18a - e ( d m ) .
araneus poltyoides chrysanthus , 1971 : 29 , f . 52 - 58 ( d f ) .
araneus prunus levi , 1973 : 536 , f . 375 - 379 ( d f ) .
araneus quirapan levi , 1991a : 284 , f . 470 - 473 ( d f ) .
araneus repetecus bakhvalov , 1978 : 790 , f . 5 - 7 ( d f ) .
araneus royi roewer , 1961b : 53 , f . 15a - d ( d f ) .
araneus salto levi , 1991a : 282 , f . 462 - 465 ( d f ) .
araneus schneblei levi , 1991a : 211 , f . 95 - 98 ( d f ) .
araneus sernai levi , 1991a : 214 , f . 109 - 112 ( d f ) .
araneus sicki levi , 1991a : 250 , f . 286 - 289 ( d f ) .
araneus tambopata levi , 1991a : 222 , f . 153 - 156 ( d f ) .
araneus tatianae lessert , 1938 : 449 , f . 35 - 37 ( d f ) .
araneus tepic levi , 1991a : 272 , f . 410 - 413 ( d f ) .
araneus toruaigiri bakhvalov , 1970 : 51 , f . 1 ( d f ) . araneus toruaigiri bakhvalov , 1974 : 109 , f . 44 - 48 ( f , d m ) .
araneus uruapan levi , 1991a : 276 , f . 433 - 434 ( d m ) .
araneus villa levi , 1991a : 249 , f . 279 - 281 ( d f ) .
araneus viperifer schenkel , 1963 : 165 , f . 96a - b ( d f ) . araneus viperifer ohno & yaginuma , 1967 : 37 , f . 4 . 1 - 4 ( m f ) . araneus viperifer nishikawa , 1969 : 58 , f . 2 ( m f ) . araneus viperifer yaginuma , 1971 : 129 , f . 106 . 2 - 5 ( m f ) . araneus viperifer suganami , 1971 : 24 , f . 5 - 6 ( f ) . araneus viperifer shinkai , 1977 : 375 , f . 18 ( f ) . araneus viperifer shinkai , 1978 : 91 , f . 27 - 30 ( m f ) . araneus viperifer chikuni , 1989b : 68 , f . 19 ( m f ) . araneus viperifer yin et al . , 1997d : 152 , f . 68a - b ( f ) . araneus viperifer song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 242 , f . 141h , 149l ( f ) . araneus viperifer tanikawa , 2001b : 66 , f . 79 ( f ) .
araneus yatei berland , 1924a : 222 , f . 128 - 130 ( d f ) .
araneus zapallar levi , 1991a : 242 , f . 254 - 257 ( d f ) .
araneus zygielloides schenkel , 1963 : 169 , f . 98a - d ( d f ) .
epeira pinguis karsch , 1879g : 68 ( d f ) . aranea pinguis bösenberg & strand , 1906 : 226 , pl . 11 , f . 210 ( f ) . araneus pinguis yaginuma , 1957a : 55 , f . 17 ( f ) . araneus pinguis yaginuma , 1969b : 19 , f . 1b - 8b ( m f ) . araneus pinguis song , yu & shang , 1981 : 83 , f . 3 - 4 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis hu , 1984 : 95 , f . 91 . 1 - 2 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis yaginuma , 1986a : 95 , f . 50 . 2 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis song , 1987 : 165 , f . 126 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis yoshikura , 1987 : 298 , f . 37 . 6a ( m ) . araneus pinguis zhang , 1987 : 70 , f . 53 . 1 - 2 ( m f ) . araneus quadratus zhang , 1987 : 74 , f . 58 . 1 - 2 ( f , misidentified ) . araneus pinguis chikuni , 1989b : 64 , f . 5 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis yin et al . , 1997d : 181 , f . 97a - e ( m f ) . araneus pinguis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 139u - v , 144e - f ( m f ) . araneus pinguis namkung , 2002 : 245 , f . 19 . 7a - b ( m f ) . araneus pinguis kim & kim , 2002 : 183 , f . 10 , 82 - 83 , 170 - 171 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis namkung , 2003 : 247 , f . 19 . 7a - b ( m f ) . araneus pinguis marusik & crawford , 2006 : 173 , f . 1 - 3 , 7 - 9 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis tanikawa , 2007c : 82 , f . 236 - 237 , 675 - 678 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis tanikawa , 2009 : 454 , f . 249 - 252 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis kim & lee , 2012b : 27 , f . 15a - b ( f ) .
given its size and the fact that the spider reaches maturity in one season , a . quadratus must have a healthy appetite . perhaps because of this , but more probably because its relatively common , a . quadratus has been used in several feeding experiments on spiders . anna kajak ( 1965 [ 7 ] ) studied the spider , together with several other species , over a period of years . in a paper comparing
consumption
rates in various species , she concluded that a . quadratus does indeed show a high rate of feeding and growth , with one of the highest rates of increase per unit of body mass , with the larger individuals putting on up to 10mg ( dry weight ) per day . not only that , but perversely , its apparent burst of weight gain occurred in september when insect numbers were in decline . kajak gave an expression relating mass of prey consumed to the spider ' s body weight . taking a slight liberty with the equation one can produce a growth plot for the spider ( see figure ) . this assumes an initial weight of 0 . 1mg ( for a ~ 1mm diameter egg , a reasonable egg size ! ( livecchi , le berre and ramousse ( 1977 [ 8 ] ) ) and makes various other approximations , such as 1mg of dry weight of prey being converted to 1mg fresh weight of spider . the resulting plot shows that it is quite reasonable for a well - fed a . quadratus to attain a mass of 2 . 5gm in a single season .
neosconella parva bryant , 1945a : 381 , f . 19 , 24 ( d f , preoccupied in araneus by karsch , 1878 ) . araneus bryantae brignoli , 1983c : 262 ( replacement name ) . araneus bryantae levi , 1991a : 262 , f . 353 - 356 ( f ) .
araneus anantnagensis tikader & bal , 1981 : 46 , f . 99 - 102 ( d f ) . araneus anantnagensis tikader , 1982a : 25 , f . 436 - 439 ( f ) .
araneus panchganiensis tikader & bal , 1981 : 48 , f . 103 - 106 ( d f ) . araneus pachganiensis tikader , 1982a : 227 , f . 440 - 443 ( f ) .
in synonymy : amamrotypus archer , 1951 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( levi , 1973 : 478 ) aranea linnaeus , 1758 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( clerckian names validated by iczn direction 104 ; see also iczn opinion 2224 ) atea c . l . koch , 1837 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( levi , 1991a : 171 ) cambridgepeira archer , 1951 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( levi , 1973 : 478 ) cathaistela archer , 1958 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( yaginuma , 1959c : 28 ) conaranea archer , 1951 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( levi , 1973 : 478 ) conepeira archer , 1951 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( levi , 1973 : 478 ) neosconella f . o . pickard - cambridge , 1903 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( levi , 1973 : 478 )
araneus viridisoma gravely , 1921a : 415 , f . 3c ( d m f ) . araneus viridisomus caleb & mathai , 2014c : 3 , f . 1 - 9 ( f ) . araneus viridisomus patil & uniyal , 2016 : 172 , f . 1 - 11 ( m f ) .
araneus ishisawai kishida , 1928b : 474 , f . 41 ( d f ) . araneus ishisawai yaginuma , 1957a : 55 , f . 18 ( f ) . catheistela ishisawai yaginuma & archer , 1959 : 36 ( t f from araneus ) . araneus ishisawai namkung , paik & yoon , 1972 : 93 , f . 8 ( f ) . araneus ishisawai chikuni , 1989b : 63 , f . 4 ( f , d m ) . araneus seensis oliger , 1991 : 141 , f . 1 - 8 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 015189 ] . araneus ishisawai namkung , 2002 : 243 , f . 19 . 5a - b ( m f ) . araneus ishisawai namkung , 2003 : 245 , f . 19 . 5a - b ( m f ) . araneus ishisawai tanikawa , 2007c : 83 , f . 241 - 243 , 682 - 685 ( m f ) . araneus ishisawai tanikawa , 2009 : 455 , f . 258 - 261 ( m f ) . araneus ishisawai marusik , 2009f : 97 ( s ) . araneus ishisawai kim & lee , 2012b : 21 , f . 9a - c ( m f ) . araneus ishisawai baba & tanikawa , 2015 : 42 , 4 f . ( m f ) .
araneus abeicus levi , 1991a : 255 , f . 316 - 320 ( d m f ) .
araneus illaudatus levi , 1971a : 176 , f . 233 - 237 ( f , misidentified ) . araneus abigeatus levi , 1975c : 269 , f . 5 - 11 ( d m f ) .
araneus alhue levi , 1991a : 244 , f . 262 - 266 ( d m f ) .
araneus apache levi , 1975c : 270 , f . 12 - 20 ( d m f ) .
araneus axacus levi , 1991a : 277 , f . 440 - 444 ( d m f ) .
araneus bimini levi , 1991a : 264 , f . 372 - 375 ( d m f ) .
araneus blumenau levi , 1991a : 200 , f . 42 - 48 ( d m f ) .
araneus boneti levi , 1991a : 268 , f . 385 - 388 ( d m f ) .
araneus carchi levi , 1991a : 215 , f . 122 - 127 ( d m f ) .
araneus colima levi , 1991a : 266 , f . 376 - 380 ( d m f ) .
araneus concepcion levi , 1991a : 241 , f . 250 - 253 ( d m f ) .
araneus cristobal levi , 1991a : 277 , f . 435 - 439 ( d m f ) .
araneus desierto levi , 1991a : 280 , f . 453 - 456 ( d m f ) .
araneus dreisbachi levi , 1991a : 280 , f . 449 - 452 ( d m f ) .
araneus fronki levi , 1991a : 228 , f . 179 - 183 ( d m f ) .
araneus galero levi , 1991a : 234 , f . 223 - 227 ( d m f ) .
araneus ginninderranus dondale , 1966 : 1169 , f . 3a - c ( d m f ) .
araneus huahun levi , 1991a : 244 , f . 258 - 261 ( d m f ) .
araneus iguacu levi , 1991a : 256 , f . 321 - 325 ( d m f ) .
araneus koepckeorum levi , 1991a : 224 , f . 168 - 173 ( d m f ) .
araneus leones levi , 1991a : 281 , f . 457 - 461 ( d m f ) .
aranea lithyphantiformis kishida , 1910 : 7 ( d ) . araneus lithyphantiformis brignoli , 1983c : 257 .
araneus mazamitla levi , 1991a : 270 , f . 400 - 403 ( d m f ) .
araneus mendoza levi , 1991a : 284 , f . 477 - 481 ( d m f ) .
araneus ocaxa levi , 1991a : 288 , f . 499 - 502 ( d m f ) .
araneus penai levi , 1991a : 216 , f . 128 - 132 ( d m f ) .
araneus pico levi , 1991a : 215 , f . 117 - 121 ( d m f ) .
araneus popaco levi , 1991a : 282 , f . 466 - 469 ( d m f ) .
araneus pseudoventricosus schenkel , 1963 : 150 , f . 88a - c ( d m ) . araneus pseudoventricosus yin et al . , 1997d : 190 , f . 107a - c ( m ) . araneus pseudoventricosus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 144i ( m ) .
araneus puebla levi , 1991a : 285 , f . 482 - 486 ( d m f ) .
araneus rotundicornis yaginuma , 1972a : 55 , f . 9 - 16 ( d m f ) . araneus rotundicornis yaginuma , 1986a : 97 , f . 51 . 2 ( m f ) . araneus rotundicornis chikuni , 1989b : 64 , f . 7 ( m f ) . araneus rotundicornis tanikawa , 2007c : 77 , f . 214 - 216 , 639 - 640 ( m f ) . araneus rotundicornis tanikawa , 2009 : 450 , f . 216 - 217 ( m f ) . araneus rotundicornis lee , lee & kim , 2012 : 211 , f . 1 - 6 ( f ) . araneus rotundicornis kim & lee , 2012b : 28 , f . 16a - b ( f ) .
araneus selva levi , 1991a : 259 , f . 335 - 338 ( d m f ) .
araneus svanetiensis mcheidze , 1997 : 270 , f . 601 - 604 ( d m f ) .
araneus talasi bakhvalov , 1970 : 51 , f . 2 ( d f ) . araneus talassi bakhvalov , 1974 : 109 , f . 43 , 49 - 52 ( f , d m ) .
araneus talca levi , 1991a : 240 , f . 245 - 249 ( d m f ) .
araneus tellezi levi , 1991a : 291 , f . 515 - 519 ( d m f ) .
araneus tenancingo levi , 1991a : 290 , f . 511 - 514 ( d m f ) .
araneus tijuca levi , 1991a : 250 , f . 290 - 294 ( d m f ) .
araneus transversus rainbow , 1912a : 197 , f . 10 - 14 ( d m f ) . araneus transversus davies & gallon , 1986 : 233 ( rainbow ' s f = gea theridioides ) .
araneus ubicki levi , 1991a : 274 , f . 422 - 426 ( d m f ) .
araneus urubamba levi , 1991a : 218 , f . 133 - 137 ( d m f ) .
araneus cochise levi , 1973 : 497 , f . 55 - 59 ( d f ) . araneus cochise dean , agnew & breene , 1989 : 126 , f . 1 - 2 ( d m ) . araneus cochise levi , 1991a : 278 , f . 445 - 448 ( m f ) .
araneus roseomaculatus ono , 1992b : 122 , f . 1 - 4 ( d f ) . araneus roseomaculatus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 241 , f . 140d - e ( f ) .
araneus licenti schenkel , 1953b : 42 , f . 20a - c ( d f ) . araneus licenti yin et al . , 1997d : 172 , f . 89a - c ( f ) . araneus licenti song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 239 , f . 138j - l ( f ) .
araneus pichoni schenkel , 1963 : 157 , f . 93a - b ( d f ) . araneus pichoni yin et al . , 1997d : 205 , f . 124a - b ( f ) . araneus pichoni song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 139q , 148q ( f ) .
epeira stella karsch , 1879g : 69 ( dj ) . araneus tsuno yaginuma , 1972a : 53 , f . 1 - 8 ( d m f ) . araneus tsuno shinkai , 1977 : 327 , f . 21 ( m ) . araneus tsuno zhou , wang & zhu , 1983 : 154 , f . 2a - d ( f ) . araneus maculifrons oliger , 1983a : 303 , f . 4 - 8 ( d m f ) . araneus tsuno yaginuma , 1986a : 97 , f . 51 . 1 ( m f ) . araneus tsuno marusik , 1989b : 42 ( s ) . araneus tsuno chikuni , 1989b : 64 , f . 6 ( m f ) . araneus tsuno yin et al . , 1997d : 183 , f . 100a - d ( f ) . araneus tsuno song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 241 , f . 140t - u , x , 149h ( f ) . araneus tsuno namkung , 2002 : 250 , f . 19 . 12a - b ( m f ) . araneus tsuno kim & kim , 2002 : 185 , f . 13 , 87 - 88 , 176 - 178 ( m f ) . araneus stella ono , 2002a : 59 , f . 23 ( s m f ) . araneus stella namkung , 2003 : 252 , f . 19 . 12a - b ( m f ) . araneus stella tanikawa , 2007c : 78 , f . 217 , 641 - 642 ( m f ) . araneus stella tanikawa , 2009 : 450 , f . 218 - 219 ( m f ) . araneus stella kim & lee , 2012b : 30 , f . 18a - c ( m f ) .
epeira acropyga thorell , 1877b : 398 ( d f ) . araneus acropyga simon , 1899a : 91 .
aranea albiaculeis strand , 1906b : 621 ( d f ) . araneus albiaculeis caporiacco , 1940c : 822 .
araneus altitudinum caporiacco , 1934a : 153 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ( d f ) .
araneus badongensis song & zhu , 1992c : 168 , f . 2a - b ( d m ) . araneus badongensis song & li , 1997 : 412 , f . 14a - b ( m ) . araneus badongensis yin et al . , 1997d : 200 , f . 117a - c ( m ) . araneus badongensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 237 , f . 142k - l ( m ) .
epeira camilla simon , 1889i : 338 ( d f ) . araneus camilla dyal , 1935 : 179 .
araneus circellus song & zhu , 1992c : 168 , f . 3a - b ( d f ) . araneus circellus song & li , 1997 : 412 , f . 15a - b ( f ) . araneus circellus yin et al . , 1997d : 145 , f . 60a - c ( f ) . araneus circellus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 237 , f . 136n - o ( f ) .
araneus coccinella pocock , 1898c : 211 , pl . 8 , f . 6 ( d f ) .
araneus colubrinus song & zhu , 1992c : 169 , f . 4a - b ( d f ) . araneus colubrinus song & li , 1997 : 413 , f . 16a - b ( f ) . araneus colubrinus yin et al . , 1997d : 146 , f . 61a - c ( f ) . araneus colubrinus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 238 , f . 136s - t ( f ) .
araneus dospinolongus barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 635 , f . 403a - f ( d m ) .
araneus emmae simon , 1900a : 482 , pl . 16 , f . 6 ( d f ) .
epeira flavisternis thorell , 1878b : 61 ( d f ) . araneus flavisternis simon , 1899a : 90 .
araneus hui hu , 2001 : 442 , f . 286 . 1 - 3 ( d f ) .
araneus kapiolaniae simon , 1900a : 483 , pl . 16 , f . 7 ( d f ) .
araneus liberalis rainbow , 1902c : 486 , pl . 18 , f . 2 ( d f ) .
araneus linzhiensis hu , 2001 : 443 , f . 287 . 1 - 3 ( d f ) .
araneus octodentalis song & zhu , 1992c : 169 , f . 5a - b ( d m ) . araneus octodentalis song & li , 1997 : 414 , f . 17a - b ( m ) . araneus octodentalis yin et al . , 1997d : 149 , f . 64a - c ( m ) . araneus octodentalis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 144a - b ( m ) .
araneus ogatai tanikawa , 2001b : 76 , f . 43 - 44 , 52 - 53 ( d f ) . araneus ogatai tanikawa , 2004a : 57 , f . 1 - 2 ( d m ) . araneus ogatai tanikawa , 2007c : 89 , f . 272 - 273 , 735 - 737 ( m f ) . araneus ogatai tanikawa , 2009 : 459 , f . 311 - 312 ( m f ) .
araneus pavlovi schenkel , 1953b : 39 , f . 19a - d ( d m ) . araneus pavlovi yin et al . , 1997d : 205 , f . 123a - d ( m ) . araneus pavlovi song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 144c - d ( m ) . araneus pavlovi song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 192 , f . 114a - c ( m ) .
araneus providens kulczyński , 1911c : 484 , pl . 20 , f . 55 ( d m ) .
araneus rumiae biswas & raychaudhuri , 2013a : 158 , f . 8 - 12 ( d f ) .
araneus santacruziensis barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 640 , f . 407a - e ( d f ) .
araneus suavis rainbow , 1899b : 308 , pl . 24 , f . 2 ( d f ) .
araneus tatsulokeus barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 636 , f . 404a - f ( d f ) .
araneus tinikdikitus barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 635 , f . 402a - g ( d m ) .
araneus ventricosus ishinodai uyemura , 1961 : 95 , f . 24a - b ( d m f ) .
araneus woodfordi pocock , 1898b : 463 , pl . 19 , f . 3 ( d f ) .
araneus wulongensis song & zhu , 1992c : 170 , f . 6a - b ( d f ) . araneus wulongensis song & li , 1997 : 415 , f . 18a - b ( f ) . araneus wulongensis yin et al . , 1997d : 153 , f . 69a - c ( f ) . araneus wulongensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 242 , f . 141o - p ( f ) .
araneus xianfengensis song & zhu , 1992c : 171 , f . 7a - b ( d f ) . araneus xianfengensis song & li , 1997 : 415 , f . 19a - b ( f ) . araneus xianfengensis yin et al . , 1997d : 185 , f . 102a - c ( f ) . araneus xianfengensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 242 , f . 141l - m ( f ) .
araneus xizangensis hu , 2001 : 449 , f . 293 . 1 - 5 ( d m ) .
araneus yadongensis hu , 2001 : 450 , f . 294 . 1 - 6 ( d m ) .
araneus yoshitomii yoshida , 2014 : 37 , f . 1 - 6 ( d m j ) . araneus yoshitomii baba , osawa & murakami , 2015 : 17 , f . 2 - 4 ( m ) .
araneus yukon levi , 1971a : 166 , f . 167 - 173 ( d m f ) . araneus yukon dondale et al . , 2003 : 235 , f . 510 - 516 ( m f ) .
araneus washingtoni levi , 1971a : 160 , f . 106 , 123 - 130 ( d m f ) . araneus washingtoni dondale et al . , 2003 : 228 , f . 489 - 495 ( m f ) . araneus washingtoni paquin & dupérré , 2006 : 6 , f . 5 - 8 ( m f ) . araneus washingtoni marusik & kovblyuk , 2011 : 113 , f . 7 . 5 ( m ) .
araneus badiofoliatus schenkel , 1963 : 155 , f . 92a - c ( d f ) . araneus badiofoliatus yin et al . , 1997d : 199 , f . 116a - c ( f ) . araneus badiofoliatus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 237 , f . 135o - p , 147c ( f ) .
araneus borealis tanikawa , 2001b : 69 , f . 22 - 23 , 28 - 31 ( d m f ) . araneus borealis tanikawa , 2007c : 87 , f . 264 , 717 - 720 ( m f ) . araneus borealis tanikawa , 2009 : 457 , f . 293 - 296 ( m f ) .
araneus komi tanikawa , 2001b : 75 , f . 41 - 42 , 49 - 51 ( d m f ) . araneus komi tanikawa , 2007c : 89 , f . 271 , 732 - 734 ( m f ) . araneus komi tanikawa , 2009 : 459 , f . 308 - 310 ( m f ) .
araneus nigromaculatus schenkel , 1963 : 154 , f . 91a - c ( d f ) . araneus nigromaculatus yin et al . , 1997d : 204 , f . 122a - c ( f ) . araneus nigromaculatus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 139e - f , 148l ( f ) .
araneus nojimai tanikawa , 2001b : 63 , f . 1 - 2 , 9 - 13 ( d m f ) . araneus nojimai tanikawa , 2007c : 85 , f . 259 , 704 - 708 ( m f ) . araneus nojimai tanikawa , 2009 : 457 , f . 280 - 284 ( m f ) .
epeira tartarica kroneberg , 1875 : 2 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ( d f ) . araneus mongolicus simon , 1895c : 335 ( d m f ) . araneus tartaricus schenkel , 1936b : 269 , f . 89 ( m ) . araneus tartaricus spassky & shnitnikov , 1937 : 276 , f . 3 ( m ) . araneus mongolicus ermolajev , 1937b : 603 , f . 3 ( m f ) . araneus tartaricus bakhvalov , 1974 : 111 , f . 87 , 89 - 90 , 96 ( m f ) . araneus tartaricus feng , 1990 : 60 , f . 35 . 1 - 5 ( f ) . araneus tartaricus yin et al . , 1997d : 191 , f . 108a - c ( f ) . araneus tartaricus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 241 , f . 140k - l ( f ) . araneus tartaricus kim & kim , 2002 : 184 , f . 11 , 84 , 172 - 173 ( m f ) . araneus tartaricus yoo & kim , 2002a : 28 , f . 48 ( m ) . araneus tartaricus yin et al . , 2012 : 618 , f . 300a - c ( f ) .
araneus pahalgaonensis tikader & bal , 1981 : 44 , f . 95 - 98 ( d f ) . araneus pahalgaonensis tikader , 1982a : 223 , f . 432 - 435 ( f ) . araneus pahalgaonensis yin et al . , 1990 : 38 , f . 91 - 93 ( f ) . araneus pahalgaonensis yin et al . , 1997d : 179 , f . 95a - d ( f ) . araneus pahalgaonensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 139i , m - n , 148o ( f ) .
epeira bandelieri simon , 1891c : 10 , pl . 1 ( d f ) . araneus bandelieri petrunkevitch , 1911 : 281 . araneus bandelieri levi , 1991a : 214 , f . 113 - 115 ( f ) .
aranea hispaniola bryant , 1945a : 366 , f . 2 ( d f ) . araneus hispaniola brignoli , 1983c : 262 . araneus hispaniola levi , 1991a : 263 , f . 365 - 368 ( f ) .
araneus pseudosturmii yin et al . , 1990 : 25 , f . 62 - 63 ( d f ) . araneus pseudosturmii yin et al . , 1997d : 150 , f . 65a - b ( f ) . araneus pseudosturmii song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 140a , 148f ( f ) . araneus pseudosturmii yin et al . , 2012 : 615 , f . 298a - b ( f ) .
araneus viridiventris yaginuma , in ohno & yaginuma , 1969 : 21 , f . 3a - f ( d m f ) . araneus viridiventris yaginuma , 1986a : 101 , f . 54 . 1 ( m f ) . araneus viridiventris chikuni , 1989b : 69 , f . 24 ( m f ) . araneus viridiventris yin et al . , 1990 : 22 , f . 51 - 57 ( m f ) . araneus viridiventris kim et al . , 1995 : 88 , f . 1 - 2 ( f ) . araneus viridiventris yin et al . , 1997d : 142 , f . 57a - h ( m f ) . araneus viridiventris song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 242 , f . 141j - k , n , 145d , 149m ( m f ) . araneus viridiventris chang & tso , 2004 : 27 , f . 1 - 4 ( m f ) . araneus viridiventris tanikawa , 2007c : 83 , f . 245 , 689 - 691 ( m f ) . araneus viridiventris tanikawa , 2009 : 455 , f . 265 - 267 ( m f ) .
as with other members of the genus , a . quadratus macerates its prey , rather than merely injecting digestive juices , sucking out the resulting
soup
and leaving an empty husk . the cheliceral teeth sported by the araneids must help in this process ( conversely , those groups which leave an empty husk after consuming their prey often have relatively small cheliceral teeth ( e . g , theridiidae and thomisidae ) [ 15 ] .
araneus motuoensis yin et al . , 1990 : 36 , f . 87 - 90 ( d f ) . araneus motuoensis yin et al . , 1997d : 176 , f . 93a - d ( f ) . araneus motuoensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 239 , f . 139c - d , 148k ( f ) . araneus motuoensis hu , 2001 : 445 , f . 288 . 1 - 2 ( f ) .
araneus aethiopissa simon , 1907d : 291 ( d f ) . larinia badiana roewer , 1961b : 49 , f . 12a - e ( d m f ) . araneus aethiopissa grasshoff , 1970b : 218 ( s ) .
araneus amabilis tanikawa , 2001b : 82 , f . 69 - 72 , 75 - 76 ( d m f ) . araneus amabilis tanikawa , 2007c : 84 , f . 251 - 255 , 697 - 698 ( m f ) . araneus amabilis tanikawa , 2009 : 457 , f . 273 - 274 ( m f ) .
araneus celebensis merian , 1911 : 219 , pl . 9 , f . 6 ( d m f ) .
araneus comptus fuscocapitatus rainbow , 1916a : 109 , pl . 22 , f . 29 ( d f ) .
araneus dayongensis yin et al . , 1990 : 22 , f . 58 - 61 ( d f ) . araneus dayongensis yin et al . , 1997d : 147 , f . 62a - d ( f ) . araneus dayongensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 238 , f . 137a - b , 147k ( f ) . araneus daoyongensis yin et al . , 2012 : 601 , f . 289a - d ( f ) .
araneus dianiphus xanthostichus rainbow , 1916a : 107 , pl . 22 , f . 26 ( d f ) .
araneus iriomotensis tanikawa , 2001b : 71 , f . 24 - 25 , 32 - 35 ( d m f ) . araneus iriomotensis tanikawa , 2007c : 87 , f . 265 - 266 , 721 - 724 ( m f ) . araneus iriomotensis tanikawa , 2009 : 459 , f . 297 - 300 ( m f ) .
araneus legonensis grasshoff & edmunds , 1979 : 303 , f . 1 - 11 ( d m f ) .
araneus mariposa levi , 1973 : 502 , f . 107 , 122 - 137 ( d m f ) .
araneus mayumiae tanikawa , 2001b : 81 , f . 56 - 57 , 62 - 66 ( d m f ) . araneus mayumiae tanikawa , 2007c : 81 , f . 233 - 234 , 668 - 671 ( m f ) . araneus mayumiae tanikawa , 2009 : 452 , f . 242 - 245 ( m f ) .
araneus menglunensis yin et al . , 1990 : 41 , f . 94 - 99 ( d m ) . araneus menglunensis yin et al . , 1997d : 187 , f . 104a - h ( m ) . araneus menglunensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 239 , f . 143k - l , 148i ( m ) . araneus menglunensis yin et al . , 2012 : 607 , f . 293a - f ( m ) .
araneus obscurissimus caporiacco , 1934a : 156 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ( d m f ) .
araneus octumaculalus han & zhu , 2010a : 58 , f . 1 - 6 ( d m f ) .
araneus parvulus rainbow , 1900a : 489 , pl . 24 , f . 3 ( d m f ) .
araneus pontii caporiacco , 1934a : 154 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ( d m f ) .
epeira prospiciens thorell , 1890a : 138 ( d m f ) . araneus prospiciens simon , 1899a : 92 .
araneus ryukyuanus tanikawa , 2001b : 67 , f . 5 - 8 , 19 - 21 ( d m f ) . araneus ryukyuanus tanikawa , 2007c : 87 , f . 262 - 263 , 714 - 716 ( m f ) . araneus ryukyuanus tanikawa , 2009 : 457 , f . 290 - 292 ( m f ) .
araneus scutigerens hogg , 1900 : 100 , pl . 15 , f . 2 ( d m f ) .
araneus tuscarora levi , 1973 : 514 , f . 204 - 214 , 444 ( d m f ) .
araneus ventricosus hakonensis uyemura , 1961 : 106 , f . 9 , pl . 7 ( d f ) .
araneus yasudai tanikawa , 2001b : 72 , f . 26 - 27 , 36 - 38 ( d m f ) . araneus yasudai tanikawa , 2007c : 88 , f . 267 - 268 , 725 - 727 ( m f ) . araneus yasudai tanikawa , 2009 : 459 , f . 301 - 303 ( m f ) .
araneus zhaoi zhang & zhang , 2002 : 22 , f . 1a - e ( d m f ) .
araneus circumbasilaris yin et al . , 1990 : 29 , f . 69 - 73 ( d f ) . araneus circumbasilaris yin et al . , 1997d : 165 , f . 81a - e ( f ) . araneus circumbasilaris song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 238 , f . 136p - r , 147j ( f ) . araneus circumbasilaris song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 187 , f . 109a - d ( f ) .
araneus yuanminensis yin et al . , 1990 : 26 , f . 64 - 68 ( d f ) . araneus yuanminensis yin et al . , 1997d : 154 , f . 70a - e ( f ) . araneus yuanminensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 242 , f . 141r - t , 149n ( f ) . araneus yuanminensis song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 196 , f . 117a - e ( f ) .
bristowe ( 1958 [ 4 ] ) noted that it was
. . . certainly our heaviest as well as one of our most handsome spiders
. indeed parker reported the find of an impressive a . quadratus which weighed in at 2 . 25 grams , on a field week at juniper hall in 1979 ( jones , 1980 [ 5 ] ) . elsewhere its size is also remarked upon , as is its egg - laying capabilities . bristowe claimed a
record in child birth
for quadratus , having noted that a
. . . large specimen will lay more than 900 eggs which weigh twice as much as she does after the operation is completed
. this is confirmed by wunderlich ( sauer and wunderlich , 1985 [ 6 ] ) , who reports a gravid female , initially weighing 1 . 1 grams , reducing to just 0 . 3 grams after laying !
araneus auriculatus song & zhu , 1992c : 167 , f . 1a - d ( d m f ) . araneus auriculatus song & li , 1997 : 411 , f . 13a - d ( m f ) . araneus auriculatus yin et al . , 1997d : 144 , f . 59a - e ( m f ) . araneus auriculatus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 237 , f . 135m - n , 142i - j ( m f ) . araneus auriculatus zhu & zhang , 2011 : 198 , f . 138a - d ( m f ) . araneus auriculatus yin et al . , 2012 : 598 , f . 287a - c ( f ) .
araneus gratiolus yin et al . , 1990 : 32 , f . 78 - 80 ( d f ) . araneus gratiolus yin et al . , 1997d : 170 , f . 86a - c ( f ) . araneus gratiolus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 238 , f . 138a - b , 148b ( f ) .
araneus triguttatus saito , 1934b : 326 , pl . 13 , f . 23 , pl . 15 , f . 66 ( f , misidentified ) . araneus triguttatus saito , 1959 : 90 , f . 106a - d ( f , misidentified ) . araneus triguttatus yaginuma , 1960 : 55 , f . 51 ( f , misidentified ) . araneus hoshi tanikawa , 2001b : 73 , f . 39 - 40 , 45 - 48 ( d m f ) . araneus hoshi tanikawa , 2007c : 88 , f . 269 - 270 , 728 - 731 ( m f ) . araneus hoshi tanikawa , 2009 : 459 , f . 304 - 307 ( m f ) .
araneus linshuensis yin et al . , 1990 : 35 , f . 84 - 86 ( d f ) . araneus linshuensis yin et al . , 1997d : 173 , f . 90a - c ( f ) . araneus linshuensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 239 , f . 138m - n , 148g ( f ) .
araneus tenerius yin et al . , 1990 : 45 , f . 111 - 116 ( d f ) . araneus tenerius yin et al . , 1997d : 192 , f . 109a - f ( f ) . araneus tenerius song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 241 , f . 140m - o , 149d ( f ) .
araneus shunhuangensis yin et al . , 1990 : 18 , f . 43 - 46 ( d f ) . araneus shunhuangensis yin et al . , 1997d : 134 , f . 49a - d ( f ) . araneus shunhuangensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 241 , f . 140f - h , 149a ( f ) . araneus shunhuangensis yin , griswold & xu , 2007 : 3 , f . 2a - f ( d m ) . araneus shunhuangensis yin et al . , 2012 : 616 , f . 299a - j ( m f ) .
araneus diadematoides zhu , tu & hu , 1988 : 55 , f . 17 - 19 ( d f ) . araneus diadematoides yin et al . , 1997d : 166 , f . 82a - c ( f ) . araneus diadematoides song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 238 , f . 137c - d , 147l ( f ) . araneus diadematoides song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 188 , f . 110a - c ( f ) .
araneus diffinis zhu , tu & hu , 1988 : 56 , f . 20 - 22 ( d f ) . araneus diffinis yin et al . , 1997d : 202 , f . 119a - c ( f ) . araneus diffinis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 238 , f . 137h - i , 147n ( f ) . araneus diffinis song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 190 , f . 112a - c ( f ) .
aranea faxoni bryant , 1940 : 334 , f . 102 - 103 ( d f ) . araneus faxoni brignoli , 1983c : 262 . araneus faxoni levi , 1991a : 264 , f . 369 - 371 ( f ) .
araneus qianshan zhu , zhang & gao , 1998 : 30 , f . 1 - 4 ( d f ) . araneus qianshan song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 140b - c ( f ) .
araneus affinis zhu , tu & hu , 1988 : 53 , f . 4 - 6 ( d m ) . araneus affinis yin et al . , 1997d : 155 , f . 71a - c ( m ) . araneus affinis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 236 , f . 134m , 135a , 146l ( m ) .
araneus aksuensis yin , xie & bao , 1996 : 1 , f . 1 - 5 ( d f ) . araneus aksuensis yin et al . , 1997d : 155 , f . 72a - e ( f ) . araneus aksuensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 237 , f . 135b - d , 146m ( f ) .
araneus elongatus yin , wang & xie , 1989 : 331 , f . 5 - 9 ( d f ) . araneus elongatus yin et al . , 1997d : 137 , f . 52a - e ( f ) . araneus elongatus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 238 , f . 137l - n , 147o ( f ) .
araneus guandishanensis zhu , tu & hu , 1988 : 57 , f . 23 - 24 ( d m ) . araneus guandishanensis yin et al . , 1997d : 171 , f . 87a - c ( m ) . araneus guandishanensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 239 , f . 143e - f , 148c ( m ) .
araneus taigunensis zhu , tu & hu , 1988 : 58 , f . 36 - 38 ( d m ) . araneus taigunensis yin et al . , 1997d : 182 , f . 98a - c ( m ) . araneus taiguensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 241 , f . 140j - k , 149c ( m ) .
epeira semi - nigra l . koch , 1878c : 737 ( dj ) . aranea semi - nigra bösenberg & strand , 1906 : 235 . araneus mongolicus saito , 1959 : 87 , f . 95a - e ( f , misidentified ) . araneus mongolicus yaginuma , 1961a : 82 , f . f ( m , misidentified ) . araneus seminiger namkung , 1964 : 37 , f . 25 ( d f ) . araneus tartaricus yaginuma , 1986a : 94 , f . 49 . 4 ( m f , misidentified ) . araneus miyashitai tanikawa , 2001b : 77 , f . 54 - 55 , 58 - 61 ( d m f ) . araneus tartaricus namkung , 2002 : 249 , f . 19 . 11a - c ( f , misidentified ) . araneus seminiger ono , 2002a : 58 , f . 21 - 22 ( s m ) . araneus seminiger namkung , 2003 : 251 , f . 19 . 11a - c ( f ) . araneus seminiger tanikawa , 2007c : 78 , f . 218 - 220 , 643 - 644 ( m f ) . araneus seminiger tanikawa , 2009 : 450 , f . 220 - 221 ( m f ) . araneus seminiger kim & lee , 2012b : 29 , f . 17a - b ( f ) .
araneus marmoroides schenkel , 1953b : 35 , f . 17a - e ( d m ) . araneus marmoroides zhu , tu & hu , 1988 : 58 , f . 31 - 35 ( m , d f ) . araneus marmoroides chen & gao , 1990 : 46 , f . 50a - b ( m f ) . araneus marmoroides yin et al . , 1997d : 175 , f . 92a - e ( m f ) . araneus marmoroides song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 239 , f . 138q - r , 143i - j ( m f ) . araneus marmoroides song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 191 , f . 113a - e ( m f ) .
araneus acachmenus rainbow , 1916a : 98 , pl . 21 , f . 14 - 15 ( d f ) .
araneus acusisetus zhu & song , in zhu et al . , 1994 : 27 , f . 2a - c ( d m ) . araneus acusisetus yin et al . , 1997d : 143 , f . 58a - c ( m ) . araneus acusisetus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 236 , f . 134k - l , 146k ( m ) . araneus acusisetus tanikawa , 2001b : 83 , f . 73 - 74 , 77 - 78 ( m , d f ) . araneus fuscocoloratoides namkung , 2002 : 254 , 620 , f . 19 . 16a - b ( d m f ) . araneus acusisetus namkung , 2003 : 255 , f . 19 . 15a - b ( m f , s ) . araneus acusisetus tanikawa , 2007c : 82 , f . 238 - 239 , 679 - 680 ( m f ) . araneus acusisetus tanikawa , 2009 : 455 , f . 255 - 256 ( m f ) . araneus acusisetus kim & lee , 2012b : 17 , f . 6a - c ( m f ) .
araneus agastus rainbow , 1916a : 104 , pl . 22 , f . 20 - 21 ( d f ) .
araneus albabdominalis zhu et al . , 2005 : 508 , f . 3a - e ( d m f ) .


it is found on crete .

the length of the forewings is 2.8 – 3.8 mm .

the forewing costa is narrowly dark grey basally , the ground colour consisting of ochreous , slightly darker tipped scales .

there are shorter grey fringe scales distally , forming an indistinct fringe line .

the hindwings are pale grey .

elachista antonia

elachista antonia is a moth of the elachistidae family . it is found on crete .
antonia
, a love interest of james t . kirk in star trek 7 ' generations '
figures 7–12 . external appearance of elachista species . fig . 7 and 8 : e . titanella kaila & jalava , ♂ paratypes ( russia : c . caucasus ) ; fig . 9 : e . antonia sp . n . , ♂ holotype ; fig . 10 : e . antonia sp . n . , ♂ paratype ( greece , crete ) ; fig . 11 : e . slivenica sp . n . , ♂ holotype ; fig . 12 : e . slivenica sp . n . , ψ paratype ( bulgaria , sliven ) .
figures 38–41 . male genitalia of elachista antonia sp . n . figs . 38 , 39 : general view , 40 , 41 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 38 , 40 : holotype , l . kaila prep . 3258 ; figs . 39 , 41 : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4388 .
figures 7 – 12 . external appearance of elachista species . fig . 7 and 8 : e . titanella kaila & jalava , ♂ paratypes ( russia : c . caucasus ) ; fig . 9 : e . antonia sp . n . , ♂ holotype ; fig . 10 : e . antonia sp . n . , ♂ paratype ( greece , crete ) ; fig . 11 : e . slivenica sp . n . , ♂ holotype ; fig . 12 : e . slivenica sp . n . , ψ paratype ( bulgaria , sliven ) .
figures 38 – 41 . male genitalia of elachista antonia sp . n . figs . 38 , 39 : general view , 40 , 41 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 38 , 40 : holotype , l . kaila prep . 3258 ; figs . 39 , 41 : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4388 .
frey , h . ( 1859 ) das tineen - genus elachista . ein versuch . linnea entomologica , 13 , 172–314 .
kaila , lauri , 2007 , a taxonomic revision of the elachista bedellella ( sircom ) complex ( lepidoptera : elachistidae : elachistinae ) , zootaxa 1629 , pp . 1 - 25 : 7 - 9
kaila , l . ( 1997 ) a revision of the nearctic species of elachista s . l . ii . the argentella group ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) . acta zoologica fennica , 206 , 1–93 .
traugott - olsen , e . ( 1985 ) three new elachista - species & supplement to the description of the five n . sp from sierra nevada . shilap revista de lepidopterologica , 13 , 169–174 .
figure 58 . male genitalia of elachista species ( phallus in lateral view ) . a : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , l . kaila prep . 3414 ; b : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , l . kaila prep . 3340 ; c : e . lugdunensis frey , lectotype , bm 19385 ; d : e . lugdunensis frey ( paratype of e . coeneni traugott - olsen ) , l . kaila prep . 4106 ; e : e . titanella kaila & jalava , paratype , l . kaila prep . 3416 ; f : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4111 ; g : e . antonia sp . n . , holotype , l . kaila prep . 3258 ; h : . . .
figure 58 . male genitalia of elachista species ( phallus in lateral view ) . a : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , l . kaila prep . 3414 ; b : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , l . kaila prep . 3340 ; c : e . lugdunensis frey , lectotype , bm 19385 ; d : e . lugdunensis frey ( paratype of e . coeneni traugott - olsen ) , l . kaila prep . 4106 ; e : e . titanella kaila & jalava , paratype , l . kaila prep . 3416 ; f : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4111 ; g : e . antonia sp . n . , holotype , l . kaila prep . 3258 ; h : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4388 .
kaila , lauri ( 2007 ) : a taxonomic revision of the elachista bedellella ( sircom ) complex ( lepidoptera : elachistidae : elachistinae ) . zootaxa 1629 : 1 - 25 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 179345
kaila , l . & jalava , j . ( 1994 ) elachista adelpha sp . n . , e . coeneni titanella ssp . n . , and other elachistidae ( lepidoptera ) from north caucasus . entomologica fennica , 5 , 97–102 .
figures 60–61 . female genitalia of elachista species . fig . 60 : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , italy , l . kaila prep . 4346 ; fig . 61 : e . lugdunensis frey , spain , l . kaila prep . 4390 .
kaila , l . & junnilainen , j . , ( 2002 ) taxonomy and identification of elachista cingillella ( h . - s . ) and its close relatives ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . entomologica fennica , 13 , 167–188 .
figures 62–63 . female genitalia of elachista species . fig . 62 : e . slivenica sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4721 ; fig . 63 : e . camilla sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4392 .
figures 54–57 . male genitalia of elachista camilla sp . n . figs . 54 , 55 : general view , 56 , 57 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 54 , 56 : holotype , l . kaila prep . 3341 ; figs . 55 , 57 : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4114 .
figures 50–53 . male genitalia of elachista versicolora sp . n . figs . 50 , 51 : general view , 52 , 53 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 50 , 52 : holotype , l . kaila prep . 4108 ; figs . 51 , 53 : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4372 .
figures 46–49 . male genitalia of elachista dorinda sp . n . figs . 46 , 47 : general view , 48 , 49 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 46 , 48 : holotype , l . kaila prep . 4870 ; figs . 47 , 49 : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4872 .
figures 34–37 . male genitalia of elachista titanella kaila & jalava . figs . 34 , 35 : general view , 36 , 37 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 34 , 36 : paratype , l . kaila prep . 3416 ; figs . 35 , 37 : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4111 .
figures 26–29 . male genitalia of elachista bedellella ( sircom ) . figs . 26 , 27 : general view , 28 , 29 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 26 , 28 : denmark , l . kaila prep . 3414 ; figs . 27 , 29 : sweden , l . kaila prep . 3340 .
figures 42–45 . male genitalia of elachista slivenica sp . n . figs . 42 , 43 : general view , 44 , 45 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 42 , 44 : holotype , l . kaila prep . 4268 ; figs . 43 , 45 : paratype , l . kaila prep . n . 4101 .
figures 30–33 . male genitalia of elachista lugdunensis frey . figs . 30 , 31 : general view , 32 , 33 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 30 , 32 : lectotype , bm 19385 ; figs . 31 , 33 : paratype of e . coeneni traugott - olsen , france , l . kaila prep . 4106 .
figures 1–6 . external appearance of elachista species . fig . 1 : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , ♂ ( italy ) ; fig . 2 : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , ψ ( italy ) ; fig . 3 : e . lugdunensis frey , ♂ lectotype ( germany ) ; fig . 4 : e . lugdunensis frey , ψ ( spain ) ; fig . 5 : e . lugdunensis frey , ♂ ( france ) ; fig . 6 : e . lugdunensis frey , ψ ( france ) .
figures 13–18 . external appearance of elachista species . fig . 13 : e . dorinda sp . n . , ♂ holotype ; fig . 14 : e . dorinda sp . n . , ♂ paratype ( turkey , konya ) ; fig . 15 : e . versicolora sp . n . , ♂ holotype ; fig . 16 . e . versicolora sp . n . , ♂ paratype ( russia , buryatia ) ; fig . 17 : e . camilla sp . n . , ♂ holotype ; fig . 18 : e . camilla sp . n . , ψ paratype .
figures 19–25 . male genitalia of elachista species ( juxta in lateral aspect ) . fig . 19 : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , l . kaila prep . 4113 ; fig . 20 : e . lugdunensis ( frey ) , l . kaila prep . 4393 ; fig . 21 : e . titanella kaila & jalava , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4112 ; fig . 22 : e . slivenica sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4386 ; fig . 23 : e . dorinda sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4871 ; e . versicolora sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4109 ; e . camilla sp . . . .
figure 59 . male genitalia of elachista species ( phallus in lateral view ) . a : e . slivenica sp . n . , holotype , l . kaila prep . 4268 ; b : e . slivenica sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . n . 4101 ; c : e . dorinda sp . n . , holotype , l . kaila prep . 4870 ; d : e . dorinda sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4872 ; e : e . versicolora sp . n . , holotype , l . kaila prep . 4108 ; f : e . versicolora sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4372 ; g : e . camilla . . .
holotype , ď : greece : w . crete , omalos , 1200 m , 25 . – 30 . v . 2000 m . fibiger , p . svendsen , d . nilsson & a . madsen leg . , l . kaila prep . 3258 ( zmuc
) . paratypes ( 2 ď ) : greece : w . crete , omalos , 1100–1200 m , 28 . vii . – 2 . viii . 2001 1 ď d . nilsson , a . madsen , m . fibiger & g . jeppesen leg . ( l . kaila prep . 4282 , zmuc
) ; w . crete , kallergi mts . , 1450–1550 m , 28 . – 30 . vii . 2001 1 ď d . nilsson , a . madsen , m . fibiger & g . jeppesen leg . ( l . kaila prep . 4388 , mzh
) . it is distinguished from the other species by the short juxta lobes ( figs . 40 , 41
) and by the lack of cornutus in the male genitalia ( figs . 58
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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lauri kaila finnish museum of natural history , zoological museum , p . o . box 17 , fi - 00014 university of helsinki , finland
albrecht , a . & kaila , l . ( 1997 ) variation of wing venation in elachistidae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) : methodology and implications to systematics . systematic entomology , 22 , 185–198 .
herrich - schäffer , g . a . w . ( 1847–1855 ) systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa . 399 pp . , 124 pls . , vol . 5 , regensburg .
kaila , l . ( 1999 ) phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s . s . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) . systematic entomology , 24 , 139–169 .
kaila , l . ( 2004 ) fauna europaea : elachistidae . fauna europaea : lepidoptera , moths . fauna europaea version 1 . 1 , http : / / www . faunaeur . org .
kristensen , n . p . ( 2003 ) skeleton and muscles : adults . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) , lepidoptera , moths and butterflies vol . 2 : morphology , physiology , and development . handbuch der zoologie / handbook of zoology iv : arthropoda : insecta , teilband / part 36 . walter de gruyter gmbh . & co . berlin & new york , pp . 39–131 .
parenti , u . ( 1977 ) revisione degli elachistidi ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) paleartici . iv . le species di elachistidi descritte da h . frey e p . c . zeller . bollettino del museo di zoologia dell’università di torino , 3 , 19–50 .
parenti , u . & dominguez , m . ( 1995 ) su alcuni elachistidi della penisola iberica . ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) . bollettino della societa entomologica italiana , 127 , 147–152 .
sircom , j . ( 1848 ) description of lophoptilus staintoni and microsetia bedellella , two new british moths of the family tineidae . zoologist , 6 , 2037 .
svensson , i . ( 1974 ) catalogus insectorum sueciae . vi . microlepidoptera ( 1946 ) . additamenta ii . entomologisk tidskrift , 95 , 151–171 .
traugott - olsen , e . & schmidt nielsen , e . ( 1977 ) the elachistidae ( lepidoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . fauna entomologica scandinavica , vol . 6 , 299 pp .
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2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr . lauri kaila
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