brookesia stumpffi , also known as the plated leaf chameleon ( german : stachelchamäleon ) , is a species of chameleon found in some parts of madagascar .

it can be found in nosy bé , north-west madagascar , nosy komba , and nosy sakatia .

brookesia stumpffi

brookesia stumpffi boettger 1894 brookesia stumpffi — glaw & vences 1994 : 236 brookesia stumpffi — klaver & böhme 1997 brookesia stumpffi — necas 1999 : 268 brookesia stumpffi— pianka & vitt 2003 : 11 brookesia stumpffi — townsend et al . 2009
brookesia stumpffi has been bred for some years , although not in high amounts .
citation : - brookesia stumpffi . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .
schmidt , w . 1986 . brookesia stumpffi boettger , 1894 . sauria 8 ( 2 ) suppl . : 041–042 - get paper here
remark . —this species has been considered before as brookesia sp . “montagne des francais” [ 7 ] and as brookesia sp . nov . [ 37 ] .
schmidt , w . ; henkel , f . w . & böhme , w . 1989 . zur haltung und fortpflanzungsbiologie von brookesia stumpffi boettger 1894 ( sauria : chamaeleonidae ) . salamandra 25 ( 1 ) : 14 - 20 - get paper here
remark . —this species has been considered before as brookesia sp . aff . karchei “ambre” [ 7 ] and as brookesia sp . nov . [ 41 ] .
the aim of my study is to identify morphological and roosting differences in brookesia stumpffi in relation to primary , secondary , and degraded habitats . this can give implications for conservation of chameleons in madagascar and provide more of an idea about dwarf chameleons coping strategies for deforestation . my hypothesis is that brookesia stumpffi have shifted in their morphology due to a change in resources between primary , secondary , and degraded habitats . i am very excited to be conducted this exciting research project over the next six months .
brookesia from madagascar , and the rationale for its listing on cites appendix ii . oryx
the generic name brookesia is in honor of british naturalist joshua brookes . [ 1 ]
( a ) male and ( b ) female of brookesia tristis from montagne des français ; ( c ) male and ( d ) female of brookesia confidens from ankarana ; ( e ) male and ( f ) female of brookesia micra from nosy hara ; ( g ) male and ( h ) female brookesia desperata from forêt d ' ambre .
wgetz ? [ reptilia - species : brookesia * ] [ accessed 10 august 2005 ] .
brookesia are easiest to find at night when they sleep on the leaves of small shrubs .
brygoo , e . r . & c . a . domergue 1971 . notes sur les brookesia ( chaméléonidés ) de madagascar . description d ' une espéce nouvelle , b . antoetrae n . sp . , et des hémipénis de b . stumpffi et b . ebenaui . remarques sur la répartition de b . stumpffi . . bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . paris ( 2 ) 42 ( 5 ) : 830 - 838 . - get paper here
morphometric measurements ( in mm ) of examined type specimens of brookesia tristis and b . confidens .
morphometric measurements ( in mm ) of examined type specimens of brookesia micra and b . desperata .
remark . —this species has been considered before as brookesia sp . “nosy hara” [ 7 ] .
finally got our 2 . 3 group of brookesia so decided to take some video of the unboxing .
all phylogenetic analyses included these outgroup taxa as well as all non - brookesia chamaeleonid taxa from figure 2 .
remark . —this species has been considered before as conspecific with brookesia sp . “montagne des francais” [ 7 ] .
nota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than brookesia .
boettger , o . 1894 . eine neue brookesia ( chamaeleontidae ) aus nossibé . zool . anz . 17 : 182—185 . - get paper here
brookesia tristis sp . n . zoobank lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 56f36d4d - 1f94 - 49c4 - ac30 - 6e894b6aa998
brookesia confidens sp . n . zoobank lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : cb2a9146 - 0161 - 42b7 - a145 - 6ded579f1f21
brookesia micra sp . n . zoobank lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : d1a239d6 - 93e8 - 4c34 - a428 - f79a2c8b6405
brygoo , e . r . 1978 . reptiles sauriens chamaeleonidae . genre brookesia et complément pour le genre chamaeleo . faune de madagascar 47 : 1 - 173 .
yeah , it says the stumpffi like 77 to 82 degrees , but cooler and very humid under the leaves , so . . . i don ' t really see how you would keep that high without an incandescent unless you just had a hot room . but if you have a warm room , you don ' t need an incandescent .
it has been noted that most of the 15 brookesia species in northern madagascar show a remarkable degree of microendemism [ 12 ] . the importance of northern madagascar has also been assessed based on an explicit analysis of species richness of brookesia , which was highest in this part of the island [ 14 ] . considering the novel classification and new species of the b . minima group , this trend is now even more obvious , with 21 species of brookesia being confined to northern madagascar [ 12 ] .
brookesia feed on small insects and reply on their cyptic coloration to evade predators . when disturbed , these chameleons will play dead in an effort to resemble a fallen leaf .
. . . and juveniles being found lower than adults ( see razafimahatratra et al . , 2008 ) . however , even species such as brookesia stumpffi , which has relatively high roosts for a leaf chameleon ( mean height , 0 . 43 m ) , still roost 2 m lower than sympatric furcifer angeli ( carpenter and robson , 2005 ) . in two studies of leaf chameleons , no significant differences between sexes were found for roost height ( randrianantoandro et al . , 2007a ; razafimahatratra et al . , 2008 ) . . . .
combined mitochondrial ( nd1 / nd2 / nd4 ) and nuclear ( rag1 / cmos ) data , 12 - partition relaxed - clock bayesian ( rcb ) cladogram with maximum - likelihood ( ml ) phylogram insert . analyses included all ougroup taxa , although for clarity , most nonchameleon taxa are not shown . major clades are color coded , and major clades of “typical” brookesia are numbered ( see text ) . rcb / unrooted bayesian ( ub ) pp > 95 % are denoted by asterisks ( pp between 90 % and 95 % are shown as actual values ) above branches , and ml bootstrap values > 50 % are shown below branches . black diamond indicates alternate attachment point for brookesia stumpffi clade in the ub and ml analyses . dashed terminal branches mark individuals represented by nd4 data only .
in this study , we use brookesia to test the temporal and spatial predictions of 3 species - level diversification hypotheses for madagascar ( mr , wc , and rb ; vences et al . 2009 ) . the first step in this process is to infer a phylogeny of brookesia to identify statistically supported sister - species pairs using dna sequence data from multiple mitochondrial and nuclear protein - coding genes . next , we use divergence dating to statistically test the temporal prediction of both the mr and the wc hypotheses that recent ( pleistocene or possibly pliocene ) climatic cycles are a major force promoting brookesia species diversification .
. . . most species of brookesia have very small distribution ranges [ 6 ] , [ 12 ] ; indeed , almost 50 % of the species are known from single localities [ 13 ] . within brookesia , both species diversity and levels of endemism are highest in northern madagascar , and are correlated with elevational and environmental heterogeneity in this area [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] . . . .
when disturbed these chameleons will play dead , resembling a fallen leaf . the brookesia species are often called “leaf chameleons” because their small body and morphology resembling a leaf makes them highly cryptic when on the ground .
necas , p . & schmidt , w . 2004 . mysterious mini - dragons : the stump - tailed chameleons brookesia and rhampholeon . reptilia ( gb ) ( 35 ) : 10 - 21 - get paper here
the following pictures show the habitat of brookesia stumpffi at the end of the rainy season . some are even from finding places of this species . generally , this species has no high demands concerninc specialized habitats , it can cope with various environments . in ankify and ambanja , this species occurs in the thick foliage layer of coffee and cocoa plantations . on nosy be , along the coast of ankify and on nosy komba , they rather inhabit rocky environments with dense undergrowth and mossy soil areas . in contrast the habitat in ankarana is entwined undergrwoth with lots of twigs and thin branches , much foliage and small plants . the ground ist diffused with rocks and stones here , too .
the mrca of the b . nasus – b . lolontany clade and all other brookesia appears early in the history of the group ( although monophyly of neither brookesia nor this subclade is significantly supported ; fig . 2 ) . the remainder of the genus is clearly monophyletic and is divided into 2 well - supported clades . one of these clades corresponds to the extremely miniaturized b . minima group . the other major clade , representing the typical brookesia morphotype , consists of a series of 5 maximally supported subclades ( one of which is a single species ) whose interrelationships are strongly supported by the rcb analysis but less so by the ub and ml analyses ( fig . 2 ) .
necas , p . & schmidt , w . 2004 . geheimnisvolle mini - drachen : die erd - und stummelschwanzchamäleons der gattungen brookesia und rhampholeon . reptilia ( münster ) 9 ( 48 ) : 18 - 27 - get paper here
crottini , angelica ; aurélien miralles , frank glaw , d . james harris , alexandra lima & miguel vences 2012 . description of a new pygmy chameleon ( chamaeleonidae : brookesia ) from central madagascar . zootaxa 3490 : 63–74 - get paper here
one clade of malagasy leaf chameleons , the brookesia minima group , is known to contain species that rank among the smallest amniotes in the world . we report on a previously unrecognized radiation of these miniaturized lizards comprising four new species described herein .
carpenter , a . i . and robson , o . 2005 . a review of the endemic chameleon genus brookesia from madagascar , and the rationale for its listing on cites appendix ii . oryx 39 ( 4 ) : 375 - 380 .
brookesia is a smallest reptiles . members of the genus brookesia are largely brown and most are essentially terrestrial . a significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades , and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist . most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access , and due to their small size and secretive nature , they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives .
. . . these lizards , which appear to form the sister taxon of all other chameleons ( rieppel 1987 ; townsend and larson 2002 ) , constitute one of the largest malagasy reptile groups ( raxworthy and nussbaum 1995 ; glaw and vences 2007 ) . most brookesia species have very small ranges ( raxworthy and nussbaum 1995 ; raselimanana and rakotomamalala 2003 ) , with almost half known essentially from single localities ( carpenter and robson 2005 ) . brookesia can be divided into 3 main groups based on morphology . . . .
beolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( genus brookesia , p . 40 ) .
beolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( genus brookesia , p . 40 ) .
most species of brookesia have very small distribution ranges [ raselimanana ap , rakotomalala d ( 2003 ) ] , [ raxworthy cj , nussbaum ra ( 1995 ) ] ; indeed , almost 50 % of the species are known from single localities [ carpenter ai , robson o ( 2005 ) ] . within brookesia , both species diversity and levels of endemism are highest in northern madagascar , and are correlated with elevational and environmental heterogeneity in this area [ townsend tm , vieites dr , glaw f , vences m ( 2009 ) ] .
. . . the micro leaf chameleon genus brookesia displays extremes within the realm of microendemism and miniaturization , with 50 % of species in this large genus coming from single type localities and exhibiting patterns of miniaturization in proportion with range ( carpenter and robson 2005 , townsend et al . 2011 ) . as a result , many species of brookesia are listed as threatened or endangered under cites due to small ranges , preference for undisturbed habitat , and extremely specialized niche - filling ( carpenter and robson 2005 , glaw et al . 2012 ) . brookesia miniaturization is a unique trait in madagascar chameleons , mirrored by the dwarf african chameleon genus rhampholeon and rippeleon ( glaw et al . 2012 ) , and most likely developed to fulfill extremely specific niches in small habitat ranges ( gaston 1996 ) . . . .
in my experience ( brevicaudatus ) is better indirect light of other terraium ( present in reptile room ) near pigmy tank . . . the tube on the tank produce noise for the brevicaudatus : it ' s the same for brookesia or they prefer more bright terrarium ?
ted m . townsend , david r . vieites , frank glaw , miguel vences ; testing species - level diversification hypotheses in madagascar : the case of microendemic brookesia leaf chameleons , systematic biology , volume 58 , issue 6 , 1 december 2009 , pages 641–656 , urltoken
b . stumpffi resembles the dead leaves among which they live . the head is flattened and the rear of the casque is adorned with spinose projections . the orbital crests are well developed and their edges are somewhat scalloped . a row of thorn - like projections runs down either side of the dorsum , from a few millimeters behind the casque to the proximal 1 / 4 of the tail . the basic body coloration is typically brown , gray , drab green , or rust but orange specimens are also observed on occasion . indistinct , yellowish spots are also possible . during courtship , males may adopt a mottled ,
lichen - like
appearance but otherwise the the color changing ability , as with most members of the brookesia , is not well developed . males may be distinguished by their more slender body shape and the appearance of a hemipenal bulge .
gray je . 1864 . revision of the genera and species of chamæleonidæ , with the description of some new species . proc . zool . soc . london 1864 : 465 - 477 + plates xxxi & xxxii . ( brookesia , new genus , pp . 476 - 477 ) .
townsend , t . m . ; vieites , d . r . ; glaw , f . & vences , m . 2009 . testing species - level diversification hypotheses in madagascar : the case of microendemic brookesia leaf chameleons . systematic biology 58 ( 6 ) : 641–656 - get paper here
brookesia chameleons are some of the world ' s smallest reptiles—one species reaches a maximum length of just over an inch ( 30 mm ) . also known as stumped - tailed or leaf chameleons , these diminutive creatures are found in the leaf litter of rainforests and dry deciduous forests in much of madagascar .
the wc , rb , and mr hypotheses all make general predictions about relative species abundance at different altitudes . following wollenberg et al . ( 2008 ) , we divided madagascar into a coarser grid with cell sizes of 82 × 63 km = 5166 km 2 and used the arcview extension “endemicity tools” ( provided by n . danho ) to calculate brookesia species richness and corrected weighted endemism ( crisp et al . 2001 ) for each cell . we then tested for nonparametric correlation of these values with altitudinal range , defined as maximum–minimum elevations per grid cell ( excluding grids with no occurrence of any brookesia species ) .
males ( left ) and females ( right ) of four brookesia species described in 2012 , all belonging to the b . minima species group : a - b b . tristis , c - d b . confidens , e - f b . micra , g - h b . desperata [ 2 ]
most brookesia are on cites appendix ii , the only exception being b . perarmata on appendix i ( a species also listed as endangered by iucn ) . consequently , a special permit is required to import any of the below species from their native madagascar , and typically no permit is issued for b . perarmata .
glaw , f . ; köhler , j . r . ; townsend , t . m . ; vences , m . ( 2012 ) . salamin , nicolas , ed .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar
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glaw f , köhler j , townsend tm , vences m . ( 2012 ) .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar
. plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31314 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0031314 .
madagascar ' s brookesia dwarf chameleons are believed to require relatively intact forest for survival . although they have featured in herpetological surveys , taxonomic reviews and trade assessments , very little is known about their microhabitat requirements or ecology . over a 5 night period in a deciduous forest in western madagascar we recorded the night roosting sites for three sympatric . . . [ show full abstract ]
species richness of brookesia was negatively correlated with the minimum altitude ( p < 0 . 05 ) and positively correlated with the maximum altitude ( p < 0 . 001 ) in each grid cell . species richness and corrected weighted endemism of brookesia furthermore showed a significant correlation with altitudinal range per grid cell ( p < 0 . 001 and p < 0 . 05 , respectively ) . these results are not congruent with the rb and wc hypotheses , both of which predict a higher species richness and endemism at lower elevations where rivers are widest and where river basins forming coes have their headwaters . in contrast , the results are consistent with the mr hypothesis , which predicts more species will be restricted to montane regions where there is a higher probability of isolation during dry periods .
divergences amongst species in the b . minima group are known to be uniformly deep ( eocene or early oligocene ) [ 14 ] . although the confidens - tuberculata and tristis - desperata divergences are slightly lower than other sister - taxon divergences within the b . minima group , they are still larger than almost all sister - taxon divergences in other parts of the brookesia tree [ 14 ] .
average uncorrected nd2 sequence divergences amongst all lineages identified by this analysis are quite high . brookesia confidens is 20 % divergent from its sister taxon b . tuberculata , b . tristis is approximately 18 % divergent from b . desperata , and b . micra is about 23 % and 26 % divergent from b . tristis and b . desperata , respectively . the highest uncorrected pairwise divergences reaches 32 . 6 % between b . karchei and b . micra , and the smallest interspecific distance is 18 % between b . desperata and b . tristis . the largest intraspecific distances are within b . exarmata ( 3 % ) , b . tristis ( up to 2 . 6 % ) , and brookesia sp . from betampona ( 2 . 1 % ) ; all other species have maximum divergences among haplotypes ≤1 . 2 % .
maps illustrating ( a ) differential brookesia species diversity ( richness ) across madagascar , quantified as numbers of species present within one - quarter degree square grid cells covering the entire island and ( b ) degree of endemism in different parts of madagascar . endemism is calculated as a measure of range - size rarity , expressed as the percentage aggregated reciprocal range size for all species per one - quarter degree square grid cell .
. . . microendemism on madagascar proper has been theorized to be the result of watershed retreat during the quaternary period ( wilmé et al . 2006 ) , with subsequent effects of low vagility , genetic isolation , low gene flow , and small isolated land area which have been linked with miniaturization ( gaston 1996 ) . the micro leaf chameleon genus brookesia displays extremes within the realm of microendemism and miniaturization , with 50 % of species in this large genus coming from single type localities and exhibiting patterns of miniaturization in proportion with range ( carpenter and robson 2005 , townsend et al . 2011 ) . as a result , many species of brookesia are listed as threatened or endangered under cites due to small ranges , preference for undisturbed habitat , and extremely specialized niche - filling ( carpenter and robson 2005 , glaw et al . 2012 ) . . . .
the reduction of external morphological complexity in these miniaturized representatives of brookesia has led to considerable taxonomic confusion . citing an absence of clear external morphological differentiation , raxworthy and nussbaum [ 12 ] synonymized b . peyrierasi and b . tuberculata with b . minima , and b . ramanantsoai with b . dentata . subsequently , another species of this group was described ( b . exarmata ) [ 20 ] , and it was demonstrated that b . peyrierasi and b . tuberculata are valid species , based on differences in both external and genital morphology [ 5 ] , [ 20 ] . molecular evidence has supported monophyly of the b . minima group , albeit with the inclusion of one slightly larger species , b . karchei [ 14 ] . further , compared to species within other brookesia clades , all described b . minima group species are characterized by unusually high genetic differentiation strongly supporting their specific distinctness .
glaw , f . ; köhler , j . r . ; townsend , t . m . ; vences , m . ( 2012 ) . salamin , nicolas , ed .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar
. plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31314 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0031314 . pmc 3279364 . pmid 22348069 .
within the brookesia minima group , hemipenes have been described for three species ( b . peyrierasi , b . ramanantsoai and b . tuberculata ) [ 5 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 36 ] . we herein provide data on genital morphology for the four newly described species , and for b . minima ( see species accounts below ) . hence , within the group , the genital morphology remains unknown only for b . dentata , b . exarmata and b . karchei .
the newly discovered dwarf chameleon species represent striking cases of miniaturization and microendemism and suggest the possibility of a range size - body size relationship in malagasy reptiles . the newly described brookesia micra reaches a maximum snout - vent length in males of 16 mm , and its total length in both sexes is less than 30 mm , ranking it among the smallest amniote vertebrates in the world . with a distribution limited to a very small islet , this species may represent an extreme case of island dwarfism .
the 26 currently recognized species of brookesia typically dwell and forage on the ground , often within the leaf litter on the floor of rainforest and dry deciduous forest , and climb at night to low perches in the vegetation for sleeping . they are characterized by a typically dull brown or ( rarely ) greenish colour , a short non - prehensile tail that is used as “fifth leg” in walking [ boistel r , herrel a , daghfous g , libourel p - a , boller e , et al . ( 2011 ) ] .
brookesia , calumma , and furcifer constitute the three genera of chameleons occurring on madagascar , an island which harbors almost 80 of the world ' s ca . 185 nominal chameleon species [ 6 ] – [ 8 ] ) . all three genera are endemic to madagascar , with the exception of two furcifer species on the nearby archipelago of the comoros [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] . calumma and furcifer are generally medium - sized to large arboreal chameleons ( ca . 50–295 mm svl and 110–695 mm tl ) , and are often vividly coloured [ 7 ] . on the contrary , the 26 currently recognized species of brookesia typically dwell and forage on the ground , often within the leaf litter on the floor of rainforest and dry deciduous forest , and climb at night to low perches in the vegetation for sleeping . they are characterized by a typically dull brown or ( rarely ) greenish colour , a short non - prehensile tail that is used as “fifth leg” in walking [ 11 ] , and a smaller size of ca . 15–65 mm svl and 25–105 mm tl [ 7 ] .
brookesia distributions span the island , although they are absent from many large areas in the central highlands and the south . three main centers of diversity ( fig . 3a ) are found in the northeast , north , and northwest , respectively . these areas are also coes , with the highest percent values of range - size rarity ( fig . 3b ) . however , there are several areas , mainly in the west and northwest regions of the island , with a high degree of endemism corresponding to several species only known from single locality records .
chronogram from the 12 - partition ( nd1 / nd2 , nd4 , cmos , and rag1 , each partitioned by codon position ) rcb phylogenetic analysis . time units on scale bar in millions of years ago . see supplementary materials for exact divergence time means and 95 % cis for all nodes . maps above chronogram illustrate patterns of species richness ( quantified as numbers of species present within one - quarter degree square grid cells ) for the 3 main clades ( 1 = brookesianasus group , 2 = brookesiaminima group , and 3 = “typical” brookesia group ) .
natural history . — most individuals were found roosting at night on thin branches about 5–20 cm above the leaf litter in deciduous dry forest close to a small forest trail within a small area , surrounded by tsingy outcrops . at this locality , the species was relatively abundant , whereas it was not found at similar localities nearby , suggesting a patchy distribution and a preference for certain microhabitats . this hypothesis is also supported by the fact that earlier herpetological surveys in ankarana [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] , did not record any species of the brookesia minima group .
phylograms ( 50 % majority rule consensus trees ) from bayesian inference analyses of dna sequence alignments of ( a ) the nuclear genes cmos ( 846 bp ) and ( b ) rag1 ( 1522 bp ) . ( c ) phylogram from bi analysis of concatenated dna sequences of the nuclear genes cmos ( 846 bp ) and rag1 ( 1522 bp ) , and the mitochondrial genes nd2 ( 568 bp ) and 16s ( 580 bp ) . ( d ) brookesia portion of the bayesian chronogram derived from the beast analyses of all four concatenated genes ( see supporting information s1 for full chronogram with all outgroups ) . posterior probabilities are indicated above branches , and bars represent 95 % hpds for mean date estimates . units on scale are millions of years . species of the northern clade ( b . tuberculata plus the four new species described herein ) are marked in colour . the trees were rooted with brookesia nasus , and including b . brygooi and b . superciliaris as hierarchical outgroups ( not shown ) . a , b and c refer to major clades as discussed in the text . asterisks denote posterior probabilities of 1 . 0 .
additional analyses using alternative calibration distributions and data sets had little effect on divergence time estimates . analyses performed with normally distributed calibrations ( with standard deviations arbitrarily set at 10 % of the mean ) gave average intrachameleon divergences about 10 % more recent than those using lognormally distributed calibrations . likewise , analyses that excluded mtdna third codon positions and all mtdna data gave respective divergence estimates on average about 15 % and 18 % more recent than the full - data analysis . in all these analyses , brookesia sister - taxon divergences remained solidly miocene in age , and thus , our above conclusions are unaffected .
in their study of biogeographic patterns in the leaf chameleons ( genus brookesia ) of northern madagascar , raxworthy and nussbaum ( 1995 ) recognized 5 rainforest regions delimited largely by altitudinal differences and intervening dry forests and characterized by a high degree of endemism in these lizards . raxworthy and nussbaum ( 1995 ) hypothesized that pleistocene climatic fluctuations had caused fragmentation of the rainforest , resulting in multiple allopatrically distributed sister - taxon pairs ( hereafter referred to as the mountain refuge [ mr ] hypothesis ) . these conclusions were not based on explicit phylogenetic hypotheses ; sister - taxon pairs were assumed based on general morphological similarities .
the wilmé et al . ( 2006 ) wc model predicts that sister species should generally occupy adjacent coes or possibly a coe and an adjacent rdw . to test the fit of our brookesia data to the spatial aspect of this model , we first plotted the distributions of all brookesia sister - species pairs identified in our phylogenetic analyses onto the wilmé et al . ( 2006 ) watershed map ( fig . 1 ) and counted the number of pairs matching the model ' s predictions . next , we randomly assigned each species from all sister - species pairs to one of the watersheds collectively occupied by them and counted the number of pairs fitting the model ' s predictions . we repeated this 10 , 000 times to generate a null distribution of expected number of fits to the model if sister species are actually distributed randomly with respect to relative watershed positions . if less than 5 % of the simulation rounds resulted in a number of matches equal to or greater than the number of matches from the real data , we rejected the null in favor of the wilmé et al . ( 2006 ) wc hypothesis . we repeated this analysis under the interpretation that allopatric sister species occupying the same watershed also fit the model .
locality data for all brookesia species of madagascar were gathered from museum data , our own global positioning system readings , and pertinent literature . single - species maps that almost fully agree with the data used herein are reproduced in glaw and vences ( 2007 ) . small sample sizes of locality records are not appropriate to obtain reliable estimates of potential distribution by modeling . for 9 species , more than 6 ( range 7–39 ) locality records were available . for these species , we defined distributions by potential distribution models ( pruned for overprediction ) , and for the rest of the species , we used point locality data .
all specimens were sequenced for 2 nuclear ( rag1 , ∼1500 bp and cmos , ∼800 bp ) and 3 mitochondrial ( nd1 , ∼ 70 bp ; nd2 , ∼ 1035 bp ; and nd4 , ∼ 700 bp ) protein - coding genes ; we included several nd4 sequences from raxworthy et al . ( 2002 ) that expanded our taxonomic ( 3 species ) or geographic ( 6 species ) coverage . our final brookesia sampling covered approximately 28 species , including all but 2 of the named species . museum / collection and genbank numbers of specimens can be found in the online supplementary material ( available from urltoken ) .
the wealth of new material and the obvious morphological distinctness of some of the new specimens ( especially the nosy hara population ) prompted us to study their genetic differentiation , external morphology and genital morphology in more detail . our integrative data clearly and concordantly indicate that populations d - g listed above represent new , undescribed species , and anticipating their formal description below , we will in the following sections use the new species names erected herein : brookesia tristis ( specimens from montagne des français ) , b . confidens ( ankarana ) , b . micra ( nosy hara ) , and b . desperata ( forêt d ' ambre ) .
this ecomorphological disparity among chameleons is also found in mainland africa , leading to use of the general terms “tree chameleons” and “ground chameleons [ 10 ] . ” african ground chameleons comprise the genera rhampholeon and rieppeleon , and are superficially quite similar to the malagasy brookesia ( which are often further distinguished from other ground chameleons by the name “leaf chameleons” ) . interestingly , neither ground chameleons as a whole , nor the african species , form monophyletic groups . in fact , rieppeleon forms the sister taxon of a tree chameleon genus ( archaius ) endemic to the seychelles islands [ 10 ] , indicating a history of multiple independent evolutionary shifts between arboreal and terrestrial chameleon ecomorphs .
rivers appear to have played a substantial role in the diversification of several lemur groups ( pastorini et al . 2003 ; goodman and ganzhorn 2004 ; louis et al . 2005 ) , some frogs ( vieites et al . 2006 ) , and possibly even some chameleons of the genus furcifer ( raselimanana and rakotomamalala 2003 ) . however , this does not seem to be true for leaf chameleons , at least at the species level and above . it seems unlikely that individual brookesia disperse over large distances , and they certainly cannot swim across rivers . however , given their small size and leaf litter microhabitat , they could quite plausibly float across rivers on debris washed away during heavy rains .
phylogram ( 50 % majority rule consensus tree ) from a bayesian inference analysis of the 568 bp dna sequence alignment of the mitochondrial nd2 gene showing deep divergences among and low differences within species of the b . minima group . species of the northern clade ( b . tuberculata plus the four new species described herein ) are marked in colour . the tree was rooted with brookesia nasus , and including b . brygooi and b . superciliaris as hierarchical outgroups ( not shown ) . a , b and c refer to major clades as discussed in the text . inset maps show known distribution ranges ( typically single localities ) of all species . asterisks denote posterior probabilities of 1 . 0 .
among amniotes , the smallest species are lizards , but they are consistently larger than amphibians , suggesting that different constraints are acting on this group . the maximum recorded svl of sphaerodactylus ariasae ( 18 mm ) is below the maximum value in brookesia micra ( 19 . 9 mm ) . however if using tl as yardstick , the record of the smallest squamate and amniote in fact applies to b . micra with a maximum tl of 29 mm , given that s . ariasae has a tl well above 30 mm [ 1 ] due to its relatively longer tail . the ‘award’ for the lower size record in amniotes , as in amphibians , therefore depends on the type of measurement used for ranking .
. . . results obtained from this project suggest that b . micra has a wider range and habitat tolerance than previously believed , indicating that b . micra could be present elsewhere on the island as well as elsewhere in the archipelago or the mainland . in addition , many behavioral aspects common to thejenkins et al . 2003 ) . carpenter and robson ( 2005 ) believe this to be because of census difficulties and overall low density of the brookesia genus . this study , however , shows that b . micra can be found in incredibly high densities . most likely , this is due to presence of good habitat all along the transect line , particularly in areas of high b . micra abundance . b . micra appears to bene . . .
microendemism is widespread in malagasy animals , but there are few examples in which it is as extreme as in the miniaturized species of the brookesia minima group and in frogs of the genus stumpffia [ 49 ] . this indicates a possible body size effect on the degree of microendemism , which is consistent with the body - range size relationship previously demonstrated in the malagasy mantellid frog radiation [ 58 ] . in general , a correlated decrease in species ' ranges with decreasing body size is a recognized pattern in animals [ 59 ] . a closer analysis of this pattern in madagascar ' s biota may yield new insights and provide at least a partial explanation for the prevalence of microendemic patterns in some groups of animals and the absence of such patterns in others .
on the contrary , in several other species and species complexes of brookesia more convoluted taxonomic situations are found . the widespread eastern b . superciliaris shows strong mitochondrial divergences among populations ; however , this structuring is not mirrored by divergences in one nuclear gene studied nor in morphology , suggesting these populations are conspecific [ 42 ] . the equally widespread b . thieli as well contains several deep genealogical lineages which however do not form a monophyletic group , with the morphologically divergent b . lineata and b . vadoni clustering within the b . thieli clade [ 14 ] . finally , the two morphologically distinct species b . ambreensis and b . antakarana , both microendemic in montagne d ' ambre , do not show any consistent mitochondrial or nuclear dna differentiation [ 14 ] .
we were concerned about the effects that substitutional saturation at deeper levels might have on divergence time estimates , especially with regard to mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) data ( hugall et al . 2007 ) . however , the mtdna data were needed to confidently resolve more recent branching points ( see below ) , suggesting also that branch lengths within brookesia would be better estimated by including mtdna data . we therefore conducted analyses using 1 ) all data , 2 ) nuclear data plus first and second positions from the mtdna data , and 3 ) nuclear data alone to test the robustness of our divergence time estimates . we also tested our fossil calibrations using the cross - validation method of near et al . ( 2005 ) , which identifies potentially problematic fossils that cause incongruent age estimates of other dated nodes in the tree .
voucher specimens were euthanized using approved methods ( anaesthesia with ketamine , followed by ketamine overdosis ) that do not require approval by an ethics committee . all specimens were fixed in 90 % ethanol . muscle tissue samples for molecular analysis were taken from all specimens and preserved in pure ethanol . definition of measurements and the description scheme of the holotypes follows previous brookesia descriptions [ 12 ] . several additional characters were also scored , and their definition follows a previous morphological revision of the b . minima group [ 5 ] . morphometric measurements were taken by mv with a digital caliper to the nearest 0 . 1 mm , following a previously published measuring scheme [ 5 ] . measurements taken include : tl ; svl ; ( these two were previously defined ) tal , tail length ; hw , maximum head width ; hh , maximum head height ; ed , eye diameter ; forl , forelimb length .
the 3 main clades recovered in our phylogenetic analyses ( figs . 2 and 4 ) show distinct biogeographic patterns . the basally diverging b . nasus clade contains 2 species , b . nasus in the southeast and b . lolontany in the north , suggesting an old north - south connection . the b . minima clade shows the highest degree of endemism ; most of the 11 species are restricted to very small areas in the north and north - central regions . the third and largest clade ( typical brookesia ) spans most of the island , although centers of both diversity and endemism in this clade are in the north . within this clade , b . brygooi , b . bonsi , b . decaryi , and b . perarmata ( all western species ; clade 1 , fig . 2 ) form the sister taxon of the remaining species , none of which are restricted to the western forests .
within each of the ml , ub , and rcb analysis sets , phylogenetic results were broadly congruent across the different genomes and genes , with topological conflicts involving only poorly supported nodes ( i . e . , ml bootstraps < 70 % , bayesian posterior probabilities [ pps ] < 95 % ) . one exception to this pattern involves strongly conflicting nuclear and mitochondrial results for the placement of 1 specimen of brookesia brygooi . this discrepancy is probably due to ancient mtdna introgression , and the nuclear topology almost certainly reflects the true organismal history ( see online supplementary material ) . mitochondrial data for this specimen were therefore excluded in all further phylogenetic analyses . in general , the mtdna data alone gave strong support for relationships within more terminal clades , but poor support for basal nodes , and the nuclear data showed the opposite pattern . all results presented here are from analyses of the combined data set ( fig . 2 ) . this data set and trees from this study can be found at urltoken under accession number sn4455 .
the newly discovered species appear to be restricted to single , mostly karstic , localities in extreme northern madagascar : brookesia confidens sp . n . from ankarana , b . desperata sp . n . from forêt d ' ambre , b . micra sp . n . from the islet nosy hara , and b . tristis sp . n . from montagne des français . molecular phylogenetic analyses based on one mitochondrial and two nuclear genes of all nominal species in the b . minima group congruently support that the four new species , together with b . tuberculata from montagne d ' ambre in northern madagascar , form a strongly supported clade . this suggests that these species have diversified in geographical proximity in this small area . all species of the b . minima group , including the four newly described ones , are characterized by very deep genetic divergences of 18–32 % in the nd2 gene and > 6 % in the 16s rrna gene . despite superficial similarities among all species of this group , their status as separate evolutionary lineages is also supported by moderate to strong differences in external morphology , and by clear differences in hemipenis structure .
nossi be = nosy bé , nw madagascar , nosy komba , nosy sakatia .
type locality : restricted to insel nossibé ( = nosy bé ) , off n . w madagascar
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
andreone f . , f . glaw , r . a . nussbaum , c . j . raxworthy , m . vences , and < br / > j . e . randrianirina 2003 . the amphibians and reptiles of nosy be ( nw madagascar ) and nearby islands : a case study of diversity and conservation of an insular fauna . journal of natural history 37 ( 17 ) : 2119–2149
beolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here
d ' cruze , neil ; jeremy sabel , katie green , jeffrey dawson , carlie gardner , janine robinson , georgina starkie , miguel vences , and frank glaw . 2007 . the first comprehensive survey of amphibians and reptiles at montagne des francais , madagascar . herp . cons . biol . 2 ( 2 ) : 87 - 99 - get paper here
durkin , louise ; mark d . steer , and elise m . s . belle 2011 . herpetological surveys of forest fragments between montagne d ' ambre national park and ankarana special reserve , northern madagascar . herp . cons . biol . 6 ( 1 ) : 114 - 126 - get paper here
d’cruze , n . ; köhler , j . ; franzen , m & glaw , f . 2008 . a conservation assessment of the amphibians and reptiles of the forêt d’ambre special reserve , north madagascar . madagascar conservation & development 3 ( 1 ) : 44 - 54
glaw , f . 2015 . taxonomic checklist of chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . vertebrate zoology 65 ( 2 ) : 167–246 - get paper here
hyde roberts , s . & c . daly 2014 . a rapid herpetofaunal assessment of nosy komba island , northwestern madagascar , with new locality records for seventeen species . salamandra 50 ( 1 ) : 18 - 26 - get paper here
müller , r . & hildenhagen , t . 2009 . untersuchungen zu subdigital - und subcaudalstrukturen bei chamäleons ( sauria : chamaeleonidae ) . sauria 31 ( 3 ) : 41 - 54 - get paper here
müller , rolf & thomas hildenhagen 2009 . zeigt her eure füßchen - bemerkungen zu sohlen - und schwanzstrukturen bei chamäleons . chamaeleo 19 ( 1 ) : 13 - 24 - get paper here
necas , p . 1995 . chamäleons - bunte juwelen der natur . edition chimaira bei bücher - kreth ( frankfurt / m . , germany )
necas , p . & schmidt , w . 2004 . stump - tailed chameleons . miniature dragons of the rainforest . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 256 pp . [ review in elaphe 14 ( 1 ) : 24 ]
necas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )
rakotoarison , andolalao ; jesse erens , fanomezana m . ratsoavina , miguel vences 2015 . amphibian and reptile records from around the betsiboka delta area in north - western madagascar herpetology notes 8 : 535 - 543 - get paper here
raxworthy , c . j . ; enrique martinez - meyer ; ned horning ; ronald a . nussbaum ; gregory e . schneider ; miguel a . ortega - huerta & a . townsend peterson 2003 . predicting distributions of known and unknown reptile species in madagascar . nature 426 : 837 - 841
rovatsos , michail ; marie altmanová , martina johnson pokorná , petr velenský , antonio sánchez baca orcid and lukáš kratochvíl 2017 . evolution of karyotypes in chameleons genes 8 ( 12 ) : 382 ; doi : 10 . 3390 / genes8120382 - get paper here
schmidt , w . ; tamm , k . & wallikewitz , e . 2010 . chamäleons - drachen unserer zeit . natur und tier verlag , 328 pp . [ review in reptilia 101 : 64 , 2013 ] - get paper here
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
this species occurs in northwestern madagascar and offshore islands including nosy be , nosy komba and nosy sakatia ( andreone et al . 2003 , glaw and vences 2007 ) . this species has an elevation limit of 150 m above sea level . the lizard ' s extent of occurrence is estimated to be 61 , 884 km .
continent : indian - ocean distribution : nossi be = nosy bé , nw madagascar , nosy komba , nosy sakatia . type locality : restricted to insel nossibé ( = nosy bé ) , off n . w madagascar
this chameleon has been recorded from primary rainforest habitat , dry forests and disturbed forest areas ( glaw and vences 2007 , carpenter and robson 2005 ; durkin et al . 2011 ) . this species is terrestrial during the day , where it inhabits leaf litter , and at night it is found perched on branches approximately 30 - 80 cm above the ground ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
listed as least concern as it has an extent of occurrence of 61 , 884 km , appears somewhat adaptable to disturbed habitats , and there are no major threats resulting in a significant decline at present . however , as this species is used in the pet trade , and habitat loss and degradation is occurring , monitoring of harvest levels and population trends is needed .
this species is reported to be common in primary rainforest , dry forests and secondary vegetation ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .
forests in this region are being lost as a result of land clearance and the effects of widespread slash - and - burn farming . however , due to this species ' relatively large distribution and broad range of known habitat types , these should not be considered major threats at this time . small numbers of this species are exported for the pet trade , though this is unlikely to be a major threat .
there are several protected areas within this lizard ' s range . international trade of thespecies in this genus is managed under cites appendix ii . similarly , under ec regulation no . 709 / 2010 , an amendment to ec regulation 338 / 37 ( european union wildlife trade regulation ) , species of the genus are listed in annex b . the harvest levels and population trends of this species need to be monitored .
six times , initially by boettger in 1894 . it was later described by glaw and vences in 1994 : 236 , klaver and böhme in 1997 , necas in 1999 : 268 , pianka and vit in 2003 : 11 , and most recently by townsend
glaw and veneces found the species on small islands of madagascar away from the main land mass of the country in 2007 .
can be found up to a height of 150 metres ( 490 feet ) above sea level , and can be found over an area of 61 , 884 kilometres ( 38 , 453 miles ) .
can grow up to 9 cm ( 3 . 5 in ) , and has a life expectancy of at least three years . during reproduction , this species of
lays between three and five eggs , which hatch between 60 and 70 days later , provided they are at a temperature of 23 °c ( 73 °f ) .
( waxworms ) , and grasshoppers . during the day , the body temperature of
is between 22 and 25 °c ( 72 and 77 °f ) , and is 20 °c ( 68 °f ) during the night .
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rasbora is a genus of fish in the family cyprinidae .

they are native to freshwater habitats in south and southeast asia , as well as southeast china .

a single species , r. gerlachi , is only known from an old specimen that reputedly originated from africa ( cameroon ) , but this locality is considered doubtful .

they are small , up to 17 cm ( 6.7 in ) long , although most species do not surpass 10 cm ( 4 in ) and many have a dark vertical stripe .

several species are regularly kept in aquariums .

as a common english name , " rasbora " is used for many species in the genus rasbora , as well as several species in genera brevibora , boraras , megarasbora , metzia , microdevario , microrasbora , rasboroides , rasbosoma , sawbwa , trigonopoma and trigonostigma .

some of these related genera were included in the genus rasbora in the past .

in a 2007 analysis , rasbora was found to not be a monophyletic assemblage .

however boraras and trigonostigma were determined to be monophyletic .

rasbora

if you are looking to introduce some rasbora into your aquarium fish tank , we have a collection of stunning rasbora fish available online .
justification : rasbora rasbora is a widely distributed fish which breeds easily . there are no major threats to this species and so assessed as least concern .
type species : phycocharax rasbora , new species , by monotypy and original description .
there’s a reason many rasbora and related families are so small — and it’s evolutionary .
s1 table . characters states of all characidae species analyzed herein plus phycocharax rasbora , new genus .
much of the confusion abounds simply because the name rasbora is an eastern indian word that describes a fish .
etymology : from the bengali word “rasbora” , the common name of the fish rasbora rasbora ( hamilton ) . rasbora is a generic name encompassed a great radiation of small cyprinids from southeastern asia , including the species currently allocated in the genus trigonostigma [ 21 ] , which possess a dark triangular blotch on body sides very reminiscent in shape and position similarly as found in the new species . gender masculine . a noun in apposition .
rasbora kalochroma is a big boy and needs a larger home . at 10cm / 4” in total length and , with a habit of displaying between males , this rasbora does much better in a tank of at least 120cm / 4’ in length .
map of tapajós and xingu rivers and adjoining areas , indicating distribution and type - locality ( square ) of phycocharax rasbora .
it also means that there are many fish trading as rasbora that do not make the grade , even though common names suggest otherwise . examples of ' fraudboras ' include the asian rummynose ( sawbwa resplendens ) , the galaxy rasbora ( danio margaritatus ) as well as microrasbora species .
what is the true rasbora ? just as in the film epic many will make a claim and create even more confusion . nathan hill investigates .
phycocharax rasbora , holotype , mzusp 119843 , 29 . 1 mm sl , male ; mzusp 115341 , 25 . 3 mm sl , paratype , female .
crucially with clown rasbora , the tank needs to be covered as they are prone to launching themselves at first fright . surface cover and floating plants will often help .
the beauty of the clown rasbora biotope is that you can have so many more fish in their tank and they are naturally found with a wealth of other species .
so after much wonderful feedback i will only be getting some rasbora ( mosquito ) in my soon to be purchased 10 gallon fish tank . but i was wanting to know if i could get maybe 6mosquito and 6 emerald eye ( or 8 of both but space may be too small ) or just keep to 10 - 12 mosquito rasbora
although some of them are more slow stream dwellers , the biotope habitat of a peaty swamp is acceptable to the mosquito rasbora and makes for an interesting and unusual project .
if the scientific name boraras urophthalmoides sounds like an anagram of rasbora , it’s because it is . boraras represent truly tiny members of the rasbora grouping and are among some of the most shy . however , given their fiercely bright coloration , they have a large fan base . i’d guess that they are one of the uk’s most popular biotope fish .
newer fishkeepers tend to be greeted by names that conflict from store to store . older fishkeepers will fondly recall species that used to be rasbora now belonging under some other heading .
igarapé do arnaldo , a tributary of rio braço norte , near braço norte hydroelectric dam , guarantã do norte , mato grosso , brazil , type - locality of phycocharax rasbora .
phycocharax rasbora , mzusp 119843 , paratype , 29 . 1 male ( a ) and mzusp 115313 , paratype , 26 . 4 mm sl , female ( b ) , immediately after collection .
mosquito rasbora work best as a species - only shoal , due to their timid nature and small size . it’s quite easy for them to end up in the belly of a normally peaceful tank mate .
rasbora , at least those species commonly called rasboras , seem victims of a taxonomic gold rush , where researchers rush east , jam flags into species old and new , then ruminate over their exact biological origins .
along with other rasbora species , they will also happily co - exist with the icy - eyed brevibora dorsiocellata , some puntius species , chocolate gourami , and even some betta , such as b . pugnax .
rasbora daniconius occurs in the mekong , chao phraya and salween basins , the northern malay peninsula , and westwards to the indus and sri lanka . in indonesia , this species is known from borneo and sumatra .
the harlequin ( trigonostigma heteromorpha ) has been a long - standing favourite in the trade and the rasbora most fishkeepers are likely to keep . they tolerate a wide range of water conditions , are attractive and active .
they struggle to get past 15mm / 0 . 7” in length , which is why mosquito rasbora are appearing in so many nanos , although if kept in too small a set - up you can expect rivalry between males .
of the more than five dozen species of rasbora , the harlequin is arguably the most popular of them all . often referred to as a red rasbora , the body is a reddish copper color which is accented by a striking black wedge covering the rear half of the body , like a characteristic black
pork chop
shaped patch . the distinguishing triangular patch begins near the dorsal fin and comes to a point near the base of the caudal fin .
the harlequin rasbora is a shoaling fish , it should be kept in schools of 8 to 10 individuals . since the fish is rather peaceful , it makes a good community fish . schools of larger numbers make for a beautiful display .
males are more slender than females and exhibit a rounded extension at the bottom edge of the distinctive black wedge covering the posterior of the fish . the black wedge on females is perfectly straight . the female harlequin rasbora is also larger than the male .
citation : ohara wm , mirande jm , de lima fct ( 2017 ) phycocharax rasbora , a new genus and species of brazilian tetra ( characiformes : characidae ) from serra do cachimbo , rio tapajós basin . plos one 12 ( 2 ) : e0170648 . urltoken
super tiny , extremely vibrant , and outgoing , the chili rasbora is an ideal inhabitant for a nano tank . they are one of my absolute favorites and a must have for any nano enthusiast . boraras brigittae - chili rasbora ph : 4 - 7 temperature - 68 - 82 hardness : 2 - 10 dkh adult size : . 7″ maximum behavior : shoaling , keep in groups larger than 6 diet : micropredator , takes prepared foods well compatability : small and timid , does best with other small peaceful fish or invertebrates urltoken urltoken
it’s not uncommon to see shoals of harlequin rasbora ( trigonostigma heteromorpha ) used to devastating effect among thick beds of dense green foliage in the aquarium . aside the often gin - clear tint of aquascape water , such tanks aren’t far off being ideal for these fish .
ecological notes : phycocharax rasbora was collected primarily in dammed portions of the rio braço norte . contrasting from other tributaries of the rio tapajós basin , which are primarily clearwaters rivers , the rio braço norte is a blackwater tributary of the rio teles pires . in the site of occurrence of p . rasbora was build a small hydroelectric dam ( pch braço norte iv ) , and apparently the reservoir condition promoted the proliferation of algae . as consequence of the damming , the species thrived and can be considered as highly abundant at the dammed portion of the rio braço norte . in addition , p . rasbora seems to be uncommon in the lotic stretch of rio braço norte downstream of the dam , where only three specimens were collected . the type locality of the p . rasbora , the igarapé do arnaldo , is a small tributary which was flooded during the damming of river , presenting muddy substrate with a great amount of decomposed organic matter with undergrowth marginal vegetation formed by grasses ( fig 4 ) . in this area , phycocharax rasbora was the most abundant species with 77 % of all specimens collected . the section of the rio braço norte downstream the dam present sandy bottom with pebbles and rocks . phycocharax rasbora occurs syntopically at braço norte reservoir with other characiformes species , such as cyphocharax cf . spilurus ( curimatidae ) , leporinus friderici ( anostomidae ) , serrapinus aff . micropterus , astyanax aff . bimaculatus ( characidae ) , hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus ( erythrinidae ) , gymnotiformes , as gymnotus diamantinensis ( gymnotidae ) , and cichliformes , i . e . , aequidens sp . and apistogramma sp . ( cichlidae ) . although little abundant downstream the dam , p . rasbora was found co - occurring with the following characiformes : leporinus desmotes ( anostomidae ) , hemiodus quadrimaculatus ( hemiodontidae ) , astyanax aff . bimaculatus , bryconops sp . , jupiaba polylepis , jupiaba paranatinga , moenkhausia hasemani , serrapinnus aff . micropterus ( characidae ) , and with a single species of siluriformes , hypostomus sp . ( loricariidae ) .
distribution : phycocharax rasbora is so far known only from its type locality at upper rio braço norte , a right - bank tributary of the rio peixoto de azevedo , part of rio teles pires drainage , rio tapajós basin ( fig 5 ) . the rio braço norte drains the serra do cachimbo at northern mato grosso state , brazilian amazon .
phylogenetic analysis : the analysis gave relatively divergent hypotheses , especially by instabilities of some taxa whose relationships are not in the scope of this paper . however , in a broad range of values of k between 5 . 9 and 23 . 5 , most parsimonious trees ranging from 2750 to 2869 steps ( ci = 0 . 138–0 . 144 , ri = 0 . 652–0 . 669 ) , results are stable concerning the new taxon . in that range of parameters , phycocharax rasbora is recovered as the sister species of [ paracheirodon axelrodi ( schultz ) + hyphessobrycon elachys weitzman ] ( fig 6 ) . although far from conclusive , the clade recovered by p . rasbora disclosed positive gc value , suggesting a well - supported relationship . in most analysis the clade composed of phycocharax rasbora , paracheirodon axelrodi and hyphessobrycon elachys is sister group of clade formed by hyphessobrycon loweae + h . vanzolinii . it is worth noting that this latter clade is relatively little supported compared with its sister clade ( i . e . p . rasbora , p . axelrodi and h . elachys ) . the single synapomorphy found for the phycocharax clade is the abrupt expansion of the maxilla ventrally to the maxillary teeth ( character 107 , state 1 ) . the section of the phylogenetic tree where phycocharax is included , with clade supports and obtained synapomorphies provided ( fig 6 ) . the complete phylogenetic hypothesis including clade supports is available in s1 fig .
justification : rasbora daniconius is assessed as least concern due to its wide distribution , ability to occupy a variety of habitats and the lack of any known major widespread threats . it is only fished locally and thus harvesting does not appear to be a threat to the species over its entire range , and it is a common species in at least one area of its range .
the anal - fin dimorphism observed in phycocharax rasbora , with males possessing a straight distal margin or almost so , is similar to the found in some species of hyphessobrycon durbin , primarily h . bifasciatus ellis , h . heliacus moreira , landim & costa , h . igneus miquelarena , menni , lópez & casciotta , h . kayabi teixeira , lima & zuanon , h . loweae costa & géry , h . peugeoti ingenito , lima & buckup , and h . procyon pastana & ohara [ 27 , 28 ] . between the two hyphessobrycon species examined herein , h . bifasciatus and h . loweae , just this latter was herein recovered as close related to phycocharax rasbora . however , the referred clade includes both species that exhibit sexual dimorphism as those that not .
harlequins are among the more difficult species to breed , however , spawning may be achieved if you provide the proper conditions . select young specimens and condition them with live foods such as daphnia and mosquito larvae prior to the spawning attempt . harlequin rasbora differ from other popular rasboras in the aquarium when it comes to breeding . while other rasboras are egg - scattering spawners , harlequin rasboras are egg layers .
technically , one could quibble that only those fish within the rasbora genus could be classed as such . however , some of us prefer a broader definition that sees numerous genera all carrying the title , so i’ll take the stance of many keepers in classing fish from several genera under the honorary title including , but by no means limited to , fish such as trigonostigma , boraras , and rasboroides all considered to be rasborin fish .
the black triangular blotch on posterior flank portion of the phycocharax is unique among the characids , but a similar - shaped blotch is present in hemigrammus pulcher . in contrast , h . pulcher is easily distinguished from phycocharax rasbora by having , as well as the remaining hemigrammus species , two rows of premaxillary teeth ( vs . single row ) . in addition , the premaxillary teeth of the new taxon are relatively compressed and distally expanded , while those of h . pulcher are relatively cylindrical with parallel lateral margins . furthermore , h . pulcher was obtained by phylogenetic analysis in a clade along with h . haraldi géry and h . aguaruna lima , correa & ota ( fig 6 ) , corroborating the hypothesis that h . pulcher belongs to the hemigrammus ocellifer ( steindachner ) species group [ 29 , 30 ] and , therefore , different from p . rasbora .
fish hobbyists love the harlequin rasbora—it has a beautiful metallic color and it is easy to care for . a large school makes an aquarium vivid and vibrant with movement . this is a great fish for a smaller - sized community tank , and its at peace with most . it is a smaller fish , so keep it with like - sized fish . larger fish might be attracted by its shimmer and make a meal out of it .
phycocharax rasbora was collected during the rainy seasons ( april 2012 ; february 2014 ) and a dry season ( august 2015 ) . males and females presented gonads well developed in both seasons . oocytes with different sizes are present in the gonads , suggesting that females present multiple spawning , as well as several other small characids ( e . g . [ 19 , 20 ] ) . stomach contents of ten examined specimens contained mainly algae and vegetal matter .
the harlequin rasbora is a native of malaysia , singapore , sumatra , and southern thailand . it inhabits streams and waters that are characterized principally by low mineral content , high concentrations of dissolved humic acids , which is typical of water found flowing through peat swamp forests . the waterlogged soils of these forests inhibit the complete decay of leaf litter and result in the formation of peat , which leaches humic acids . these conditions resemble those found on in the blackwater habitats of south america .
water temperature is not critical , however , the ideal range is 74 to 78 f ( 23 to 26 c ) . the ph of the water should be slightly acidic , in the range of 6 . 0 to 6 . 5 . an aquarium intended to house harlequin rasboras should be planted with live plants , with some open areas for swimming provided between stands of plants such as cryptocoryne species , these being among the plants that inhabit the harlequin rasbora ' s native waters .
phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon were supported only by a few characters in many analysis performed here . in most analysis , phycocharax rasbora was recovered as the sister group of paracheirodon axelrodi plus hyphessobrycon elachys , in a clade that also includes hyphessobrycon loweae and hyphessobrycon vanzolinii . the uncertainty about the phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon , in addition to its unique combination of characters , lead us to erect a new monotypic genus in the characidae . the erection of a new generic name when there is a stable and well - supported sister - group relationship with some available genera is undesirable in most cases , mainly when the candidates are morphologically similar . however , in this particular case , neither the phylogenetic relationships are stable or even well supported , nor the candidate genera are similar enough to include this new taxon under a common diagnosis .
numbers above branches denote gc values ; negative values are not shown . synapomorphies . a : 243 ( 0 ) ; b : 68 ( 1 ) , 180 ( 1 ) , 253 ( 0 ) , 307 ( 0 ) ; c : 285 ( 0 ) ; d : 158 ( 1 ) , 224 ( 0 ) , 246 ( 0 ) ; e : 29 ( 1 ) , 65 ( 0 ) , 138 ( 1 ) ; f : 107 ( 1 ) ; g : 294 ( 0 ) , 365 ( 1 ) ; h : 331 ( 1 ) ; i : 141 ( 0 ) , 163 ( 1 ) ; j : 246 ( 0 ) , 325 ( 0 ) ; k : 93 ( 1 ) , 347 ( 1 ) ; l : 20 ( 1 ) , 29 ( 1 ) , 45 ( 0 ) ; m : 91 ( 0 ) , 235 ( 1 ) ; n : 293 ( 0 ) , 314 ( 1 ) ; o : 333 ( 1 ) ; p : 180 ( 1 ) ; q : 126 ( 1 ) , 182 ( 0 ) ; r : 164 ( 1 ) ; s : 29 ( 1 ) , 148 ( 0 ) , 307 ( 0 ) , 347 ( 0 ) ; t : 247 ( 0 ) , 370 ( 2 ) ; u : 96 ( 1 ) , 141 ( 1 ) , 163 ( 0 ) . autapomorphy of p . rasbora : 350 ( 1 ) .
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you can keep it with any fish as long it’s not large and a predator .
it will not nip at or quarrel with any other species . some potentially good tankmates may include cardinal tetras , neon tetras , dwarf gouramis , bettas , small barbs , danios , other small rasboras , and cory catfish .
rasboras are a true freshwater fish and are never seen in brackish waters . they prefer the lowland waters of southeastern asia , where the water is soft and acidic . harlequins prefer an environment with areas of dense vegetation , an open area for swimming , a dark substrate , and subdued lighting .
harlequins make excellent community fish and will not nip at or quarrel with any other species .
rasboras are undemanding when it comes to diet ; they will readily accept flake , dried , frozen and live foods . a varied diet will ensure that digestive problems or susceptibility to disease do not occur .
when spawned in groups , keep two males for every female . hobbyists intent upon simulating natural conditions as closely as possible may choose to filter the aquarium water over peat , thus replicating the humic acid concentrations found in the fish ' s native waters , though this is not absolutely necessary if the basic water chemistry parameters ( no higher than 4 dh hardness , ph around 6 . 4 ) are correctly maintained . optimum water temperatures are between 76 and 80 degrees f . you will need cryptocorynes or similar broad - leafed plants in the breeding tank .
once you prepare the breeding tank , introduce the breeding stock late in the day . spawning will usually being in the morning and is initiated by the male dancing and trembling before the female . this spawning behavior is intended to direct the female beneath a suitable plant for depositing the eggs . you may see the male nudging the sides of the female and rubbing his belly against her back in an effort to move her to the spawning location .
when ready to spawn , the female will turn upside down and rub her belly against the underside of a leaf , signaling the male to join her . the male will approach her while continuing to tremble , then wrap himself around her body and fertilize the eggs as they are released . six to 12 eggs are laid at a time . the fertilized eggs rise and adhere to the underside of the leaves . over the course of one to two hours , as many as 300 eggs may be laid . although , 80 to 100 is more typical .
when spawning is complete , remove the breeding stock from the aquarium , as they will consume the fry once they hatch . in water temperatures of about 80 degrees f , the eggs will hatch in approximately 24 hours . the fry is translucent , remain attached to the leaf upon which the eggs were laid for another 12 to 24 hours , during which time the yolk sac is absorbed . once this process is completed , the fishes become free - swimming , and at this stage , require very finely sized food such as live infusoria for a period of seven to 14 days , after which the fry are able to feed upon newly hatched brine shrimp .
if infusoria are unavailable , commercially prepared foods for an egglayer fry may also be used . young harlequin rasboras reach sexual maturity in approximately six to nine months .
say hello to one of those complicated groups of fish where historically there seem to be more arguments over names than there are actual species .
rasboras are cyprinids , that huge group carrying everything from huge koi carp to dinky paedocypris , and much in between . characteristically , rasboras are noted for not having any of the distinctive barbels associated with cyprinid fishes .
rasboras , true or otherwise , are superb aquarium inhabitants and lend themselves to some stunning biotope set - ups .
their typically small size , combined with only limited shyness and shoaling behaviour , makes them stunning additions to many communities , although their water chemistry requirements sometimes prevent them being kept this way .
the tiny boraras species , as well as bearing spectacular colours , require only small systems in which to thrive and are dominating nano tanks and micro - biotopes these days , despite the occasional high price for such a small fish . but when you see one of these close up you’ll be hooked — and you’ll soon be dusting off that old 45 x 25 x 25cm / 18 x 10 x 10” tank .
different species frequent different tank levels , many capitalising on the mid - water layer .
all are easy to feed , with every species adapting to flake foods and life in captivity superbly . they retain their ravenous instincts , despite aquarium life , and dashes of live food always create frenzied activity in the tank at mealtimes .
anything goes , but daphnia , small bloodworms , glassworms , wingless fruit flies , and even insects such as garden ants will never be refused by these fish .
it’s thought there are two species of this fish , depending on the presence of an orange spot on the anal fin , but whichever harlequin you pick up will be rewarding .
wild harlequins are a scarce find nowadays , and the vigilant or purist might want to avoid colourful morphs , such as the blacks and blues you can see around . good harlequins are available in the shops but , like so many mass - farmed fish , there can be runts .
these fish go well in a community , but to see them at their best , try to create a biotope , or perhaps a species - only tank .
found across indonesia , sumatra and thailand , they usually live in acidic but not deeply blackened streams , and sometimes peaty swamps . those streams tend to have a yellowed tinge , and this is something the home aquarist would want to replicate if possible .
decoration is easy and ideally there should be plenty of it . ample pieces of bogwood should litter a sandy base , and that sand should be fine and dark , such as aquarium - grade silica .
leaf litter can be added and will help to release tannins into the water . alder cones may also be used , but be sparing as they can be quite powerful in releasing acid .
these fish prefer softer , acidic waters and although they can cope in a neutral or slightly alkaline community tank , it’s worth remembering that some pathogens fare better in alkaline waters . aim for a ph of between 5 . 0 and 7 . 0 , with a hardness of below 12°dh .
set the temperature somewhere between 22 - 25°c / 72 - 77°f to recreate wild conditions and keep water flow light . harlequins do not thrive in high , rushing water flows and may actively avoid areas in the tank where they get buffeted .
planting works well with harlequins , especially thick beds of cryptocoryne and java fern . don’t be shy about going bonkers with numbers of plants and the harlequins will love you !
to really promote their confidence , add floating plants to the tank . even a handful of duckweed will encourage them to be more brazen .
they only grow to 5cm / 2” as adults but do enjoy being in shoals , so it’s worth thinking of a tank no less than 60cm / 2’ long , with at least 12 harlequins .
these fish are peaceful with everything , but to keep things region authentic , opt for tank mates like acanthopthalmus loaches , puntius species like p . pentazona , or maybe even chocolate gouramis .
clowns prefer more flow , although the water should still be stained with tannins . to this effect , it’s worth considering adding alder cones to a external canister filter , or some peat supplementation if these aren’t available . tannins will help to bring out the red colours of the fish , which can be a washed - out orangey - yellow when kept in water that’s too clear .
unlike with harlequins , planting should be confined to the backs and sides of the tank and ample swimming space should be left in the middle where males will show off to each other . cryptocoryne is a good choice , but dense , bushy plants , like thick mats of java moss , are appreciated . the fish will often be seen ‘rubbing’ themselves in it .
acclimatisation is essential and they are easily shocked as a result of changes in water quality . as imports go , they are riskily high on mortality , which is why they are not as commonly seen as other species .
when adding them to your tank , try to match water parameters to the transport water , but don’t be too surprised if they pale , pant , and rest on the tank base on arrival .
there’s confusion about numbers to keep . some maintain that due to their pugnacious attitude towards each other , low numbers are best . however , it’s generally accepted that these are shoalers and should be kept in groups of 12 or more .
in the wild , these fish get everywhere . from streams and rivers , through pools and lakes , and into rice paddies and even ditches on the side of the road , these are a surprisingly versatile fish that should be given the chance to shine .
aim for a lowish ph between 6 . 0 and 6 . 5 . a hardness level somewhere about 6°dh seems to suit . given a temperature of about 25 - 28°c / 77 - 82°f and access to plenty of live foods and carotenoid rich dry foods , these are fish you’ll quickly come to adore .
b . urophthalmoides inhabit truly acidic waters . in fact , they’re the archetypal swamp dweller , relishing blackened water , low light levels and relentless acid .
acidity and blackness should be high . keepers like to use heavy leaf litter , especially oak and beech leaves , combined with spindly pieces of bogwood , such as the sumatran driftwood from unipac , and low lighting levels .
some keepers don’t even opt for an aquarium light , instead using a small low wattage table lamp . although some plants like java fern might tolerate this , it could be wiser to go for a coating of floating plants instead . these fish are from regions of overhanging foliage and natural light is quite alien .
water chemistry should be completely soft and acidic . a ph value as low as 4 . 0 will be shrugged off , along with hardness levels of zero to 10°dh . aim for a ph of between 5 . 5 and 6 . 5 .
they don’t do well in nitrogenous wastes , so ensure that any tank is established prior to adding the fish .
water flow should be negligible and a tank of b . urophthalmoides is the perfect excuse to dig out that old biofoam 45 air - driven filter , and an air pump .
however , if wanting to keep them with another species , consider the equally timid parosphromenus varieties of tiny liquorice gourami . although you’ll not see too much of either species , you’ll be ecstatic when they do make an appearance through that deep red water .
the fish have gradually become smaller , it is suspected , through environmental pressures .
all miniaturised fish inhabit slow moving or static bodies of water , often devoid of sources of nutrition , such as the conditions you might find in a boggy , peaty swamp .
this evolutionary niche loses its advantage anywhere that water flow is strong and nutrition widely available .
usually , a miniaturised fish will be stunted and small , but perfectly formed .
however some fish , like paedocypris — the world’s smallest — stops short of forming fully adult organs . instead it retains a simplified , or truncated body in which even the skeleton isn’t fully developed .
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asia : mekong , chao phraya and meklong basins ; also from northern malay peninsula .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 30857 )
has 1 / 2 4 scale rows between the dorsal - fin origin and the lateral line ; a conspicuous , narrow , black longitudinal stripe along the sides , widening into a diamond - shaped blotch on the caudal peduncle ( ref . 27732 ) . scale margins outlined by reticulated dark pattern ; black tips on caudal lobes present or absent ; lateral line complete ( ref . 12693 ) .
associated with clear , usually shallow and moderately flowing streams ( ref . 27732 ) . occur near the surface in small to medium - sized streams in upland areas . individuals from high - gradient upland streams have a much darker stripe and often black tips on the caudal fin lobes . feed probably on exogenous insects ( ref . 12693 ) . spawning sites are found in rivers and ponds ( ref . 33813 ) . mature adults probably breed during the rainy season . not seen in the markets , but occasionally imported in the aquarium trade ( ref . 12693 ) .
rainboth , w . j . , 1996 . fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fao , rome , 265 p . ( ref . 12693 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00537 ( 0 . 00245 - 0 . 01178 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 40 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
barbhuiya , a . h . , juffe bignoli , d . , rema devi , k . r . , dahanukar , n . & chaudhry , s .
is known from the gangetic provinces and assam in india ; also present in bangladesh , myanmar , pakistan and thailand .
there is no information on the population and its trends for this species . more research is needed to investigate the population structure and trends .
the species is found in swamps and marshy areas . an attractive little purple - and - orange creature , it spawns readily but , if left to its own devices , will cannabilise its eggs .
this species attains a length of 13 cm . because of its beauty and hardiness , it has proved popular in small aquarium . it is also used for human consumption at a local level .
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mukerji , 1935 was first described from darna river in upper godavari river basin , deolali , nasik district , maharashtra state , india ( hora and mukerji 1935 ) . the species is valid as
rema devi , k . r . , gopalakrishnan , a . , arunachalam , m . , shrikant , j . , johnson , j . a . , rahul , k . & molur , s .
is distributed in maharashtra , karnataka and gujrat with localized threats to some populations . however , the species is assessed as least concern .
. 2004 ) . it is currently known only from darna river in upper godavari river basin , deolali , nasik district , maharashtra state , india ( hora and mukerji 1935 , hora and misra 1937 , jayaram 1999 , menon 1999 ) . extensive surveys in the other tributaries of upper godavari river have not reveled this species indicating that the species is restricted to darna river ( s . jadhav pers . comm . ) . the species is also recorded from baroda ( now vadodara ) in gujarat ( ranade 1953 ) and mula - mutha river of krishna river system ( kharat
, however , the population seems to be declining and it is rarely found in its type locality ( s . jadhav pers . comm . ) .
is recorded from rivers and hill streams and it has a maximum length of 8 . 5 cm total length ( menon 1999 ) . the habitat of this fish , in its type locality , is threatened by organic pollution , agricultural pollution and introduced fishes ( n . dahanukar pers . obs . ) .
but it is caught by local fishermen and sold in the local market . it is also suggested as a good aquarium fish ( talwar and jhingran 1991 , mercy
is recorded is threatened by organic pollution , agricultural pollution , introduced fishes and heavy harvesting ( n . dahanukar pers . obs . ) .
, however , site protection is suggested for conservation of this threatened species . research is needed to understand population trends , life history , ecology and threats to this species .
r . daniconius is reported to be common in the muthurajawela wetland sanctuary , sri lanka , but likely to have a variable abundance over its range .
r . daniconius is a benthopelagic and potamodromous species . it occurs in a variety of habitats : ditches , ponds , canals , streams , rivers and inundated fields , but is primarily found in sandy streams and rivers . it is also found in brackish waters . it sometimes forms large schools .
this fish is often harvested with other smaller fish as food , locally , and for use in poultry feed . when they are small they can make attractive aquarium fish , and thus are captured for the aquarium trade .
threats to this species and its habitat are unknown at present , although it is collected for the aquarium trade and for poultry food but the scale does not appear to be causing a decline in the population .
there are no conservation measures currently known to be in action at habitat or species level .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 0 ; dh range : ? - 10 . tropical ; 20°c - 26°c ( ref . 2060 )
asia : mekong , chao phraya and mae khlong basins , malay peninsula to borneo , java and sumatra in indonesia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6398 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . preserved color yellowish brown with silvery sheen , darker dorsally ; scales margined by brown lines or dots . 12 - 13 scales between nape and dorsal . lateral line complete reaching caudal ; 9 ( rarely 8 ) scale rows between lateral lines over middle of caudal peduncle . origin of dorsal between tip of snout and caudal ; least depth of caudal peduncle 1 . 9 - 2 in its length . maxillary not reaching eye . thin lips , upper moderately protractile ; lower sometimes with external projecting knob at symphysis , fitting the notch on upper one .
occurs mainly in rivers and enters flooded fields ( ref . 12975 ) . feeds on algae ( ref . 12975 ) .
doi , a . , 1997 . a review of taxonomic studies of cypriniform fishes in southeast asia . jap . j . ichthyol . 44 ( 1 ) : 1 - 33 . ( ref . 26580 )
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 ±0 . 00 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .
just get one type . they won ' t school together and this tank isn ' t big enough for 2 good sized schools .
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
a new genus and species of characid fish is described from rio braço norte , a tributary of rio teles pires , tapajós basin , mato groso , brazil . the new taxa can be diagnosed from the remaining characids by a unique combination of characters that includes the presence of a single row of relatively compressed premaxillary teeth , large teeth with four to nine cusps on premaxillary and dentary , absence of pseudotympanum , incomplete lateral line with 7–13 pored scales , sexually - dimorphic males with distal margin of anal fin approximately straight , and presence of a nearly triangular and horizontally elongated blotch from the posterior half of the body to caudal peduncle . the most parsimonious phylogenetic hypothesis , using morphological data , recovered the new genus and species in a clade including paracheirodon axelrodi and hyphessobrycon elachys .
copyright : © 2017 ohara et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
data availability : all relevant data are within othe paper and its supporting information files .
funding : part of the type series was collected during an expedition funded by the south american characiformes inventory ( fapesp 2011 / 502827 , urltoken ) . the authors are supported by fapesp ( wmo : grant # 2013 / 22473‒8 ; fctl : grants # 2011 / 51532‒7 and 2013 / 20936‒0 ) , conicet ( jmm : pip‒0301 ) , and foncyt ( jmm : pict 2011‒0992 ) . a travel by the second author to zuec was funded by fapesp [ grant # 2011 / 51532‒7 ,
systematics of tetras ( genera hemigrammus , hyphessobrycon , thayeria , parapristella and bryconella ) , with emphasis on the species from northern cis - andean south america
] . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
the characidae is one of the richest families among bony fishes , and depending of the alternative proposals followed [ 1 , 2 ] , the family comprise between 1 , 100 to over than 1 , 200 species [ 3 ] . although much advance to understand the relationships within characidae family has been accomplished , it still constitutes in an unsettled issue . a stable classification of the characidae is still far to be established , given the great diversity and complexity of the family and the lack of comprehensive analysis combining morphological and molecular data [ 4 ] . many members of the characidae have low variation either in molecular data [ 2 ] as in morphological [ 5 , 6 ] , and most deep relationships within the family are incongruent between different analysis or have low support .
during recent ichthyological field surveys in the northern of the brazilian state mato grosso , was discovered from the rio braço norte , a tributary of the rio teles pires ( serra do cachimbo , rio tapajós basin ) , an attractively - colored characid tetra that proved to be not assignable to any previously known genus . the new taxon is described herein due to its unusual combination of single row of compressed premaxillary teeth , pseudotympanum absent , and sexual dimorphism with males exhibiting a straight distal margin of the anal fin , while females present the more generalized condition among characids ( i . e . , an anal fin with a distinct anterior lobe ) . in addition , the new taxon shows a remarkable color pattern with a large and elongated triangular blotch extending along middle flanks from vertical through the base terminus of dorsal fin to the caudal peduncle end . such blotch is similar in shape and position to the one present in the neotropical characid hemigrammus pulcher ladiges and the asian cyprinids of the genus trigonostigma kottelat & witte . the aim of the present study is to describe this new taxon , assigned herein to a new genus , due to both phylogenetic position and unique combination of characters .
phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon among characids were assessed by parsimony using tnt software [ 11 ] following the characters of mirande [ 1 , 10 ] and mirande et al . [ 12 , 13 ] . thirty - five additional species were included to the dataset to evaluate possible close relatives to the new taxon or to check its possible inclusion in some genus already known , as well as to have a most comprehensive framework within the characidae phylogeny . the coding of the new taxon plus 212 species analyzed herein are included in s1 table and the dataset is available online at morphobank [ 14 , 15 ] . the complete list of 387 characters analyzed herein , with comments on those added ( two new ) or modified ( 15 ) from mirande et al . [ 12 ] , is provided as s2 appendix .
as in the mentioned papers ( i . e . [ 1 , 10 , 12 , 13 ] ) , analysis were performed under extended implied weighting [ 16 , 17 ] in a broad range of values of k ( concavity constant ) . differing from previous contributions , the phylogenetic analysis in a broad range of values of k was herein performed only to evaluate the possible relationships and generic assignments of the new taxon , rather than to reach to some general phylogenetic hypothesis for the family . support was calculated with symmetric resampling and results are expressed as gc values according to goloboff et al . [ 18 ] .
the electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix “ urltoken ” . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : d0fd20e4 - d2eb - 4e52 - 9094 - ddfe45ee0be0 . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central , lockss .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 27e0cd39 - ad63 - 4d08 - be0f - 60670b17406f
, holotype , mzusp 119843 , 29 . 1 mm sl , male ; mzusp 115341 , 25 . 3 mm sl , paratype , female .
, medial view of left side ; premaxilla , 29 . 8 mm sl ; dentary and maxilla , 29 . 1 mm sl , paratypes , both mzusp 115341 .
, mzusp 119843 , paratype , 29 . 1 male ( a ) and mzusp 115313 , paratype , 26 . 4 mm sl , female ( b ) , immediately after collection .


euliphyra hewitsoni , the western moth butterfly , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in senegal , guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , southern nigeria and cameroon .

the habitat consists of forests .

adults have a moth-like flight .

the larvae live in the nests of ants of the oecophylla genus and feed on ant regurgitations and/or ant brood .

the name honours william chapman hewitson .

euliphyra hewitsoni

euliphyra hewitsoni voucher mcz : sc - 99 - t536 glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogen . . .
euliphyra hewitsoni voucher mcz : sc - 99 - t536 elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene . . .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
opens the highlight feature bar and highlights feature annotations from the features table of the record . the highlight feature bar can be used to navigate to and highlight other features and provides links to display the highlighted region separately . links in the features table will also highlight the corresponding region of the sequence . more . . .
finds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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