the siamese fireback ( lophura diardi ) also known as diard 's fireback is a fairly large , approximately 80 cm long , pheasant .

the male has a grey plumage with an extensive red facial skin , crimson legs and feet , ornamental black crest feathers , reddish brown iris and long curved blackish tail .

the female is a brown bird with blackish wing and tail feathers .

the siamese fireback is distributed to the lowland and evergreen forests of cambodia , laos , thailand and vietnam in southeast asia .

this species is also designated as the national bird of thailand .

the female usually lays between four and eight rosy eggs .

the scientific name commemorates the french naturalist pierre-médard diard .

siamese fireback

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the siamese fireback is thought to be omnivorous , feeding on an array of fallen fruits and berries , as well as insects , worms and small land - crabs ( 4 ) .
the siamese fireback is currently known to occur in just two protected areas , nam bai cat tien national park in vietnam and xe pian national protected area in laos ( 4 ) .
: fireback hens , despite not being colorful , their unique markings make them more attractive than other pheasant hens . the siamese fireback hen has no crest , her facial wattles are smaller than the male ' s , but just as bright . the head , throat , chin and neck are grayish - brown ; the upper back and upper breast are bright chestnut . the lower back , wings and tail are chestnut , vermiculated with white and black . the bill is dark gray and the legs and feet are red .
: this species was once readily available in america , but has somewhat declined over the last 15 years . they do best in a large planted aviary with lots of shade to simulate the forests for which they naturally inhabit . siamese fireback will require good shelter and heat during the colder months in northern climates . provide the birds with plenty of green food and mealworms .
mcgowan , p . j . k . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . siamese fireback ( lophura diardi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the siamese fireback is threatened by habitat loss and overexploitation for food and sport ( 4 ) . although this pheasant seems to tolerate considerable degradation of its forest habitat , extensive lowland forest destruction within its range is a concern for this lowland specialist ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . numbers have greatly declined during the past half century and its range has contracted , partly due to habitat changes , but probably more markedly due to excessive hunting and snaring ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
a lowland resident of evergreen , semi - evergreen and bamboo forest , second - growth and scrub , often seen near open patches such as roads and tracks through the forest . chiefly found below 500 m above sea level , but occasionally up to 800 m , and perhaps even 1 , 150 m ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the siamese fireback appears to tolerate some degradation of its forest habitat , such as moderate logging and cultivated fields in small clearings ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
the siamese fireback is thought to be omnivorous , feeding on an array of fallen fruits and berries , as well as insects , worms and small land - crabs ( 4 ) . little information is available on the breeding behaviour of this shy bird in the wild , other than that eggs have been collected between mid - april and late june , and that one nest was situated on the ground in a hollow at the base of a tree . clutches seem to contain between four and eight eggs , and are incubated for 24 to 25 days in captivity ( 4 ) . males attain adult plumage in their first year but do not typically breed until their third ( 3 ) . like other
: very beautiful bird that will attain its adult plumage the first year . the crest is long and made up of purple - black feathers . the facial wattles are bright red , the throat , head and face behind the wattles are black . the breast , neck and upper back is gray with very fine vermiculations . the middle of the back is bright yellow ( hence the name
fireback
) , the lower back is metallic blue with chestnut fringes . the tail is long and curved with metallic black , blue and green sheens . the wings are gray with black and white streaks ; the belly and lower areas are black . the bill is yellow , legs and feet red . like other species of
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
60 - 80 cm . male is a slender grey pheasant with an irridescent green ( can appear black ) tail . long red legs and facial skin . prominent coronal tuft . female lacks crest , has a rufous mantle and underparts and banded wings and tail .
this species is listed as least concern as it is more resilient to the threats of habitat alteration and hunting pressure than once thought , thus the rate of population decline is not suspected to be as rapid as was indicated . as habitat loss and hunting are ongoing threats , the population is suspected to be undergoing a slow to moderate decline ; however , this is not thought to approach the threshold for vulnerable . the species is not thought to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under any of the other criteria .
lophura diardi is found in thailand ( uncommon to locally common resident , principally in the north - east and south - east , c . 5 , 000 individuals estimated ) , laos ( widespread and locally abundant , but heavily snared ) , cambodia ( locally common and widespread ) and vietnam ( locally common and widespread in central and southern regions ) . its total population size has not been recently estimated , although the population in cambodia may be conservatively estimated at c . 2 , 000 individuals ( f . goes in litt . 2011 ) . the species is suspected to be undergoing a slow to moderate decline owing to continued habitat loss and hunting pressure .
the total population is suspected to number 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals based on a conservative estimate of c . 2 , 000 individuals in cambodia ( f . goes
2011 ) and an estimate of c . 5 , 000 individuals in thailand .
this species is suspected to be experiencing a slow to moderate population decline owing to continued habitat loss and degradation and on - going hunting pressure .
it occurs in evergreen , semi - evergreen and bamboo forest , secondary growth and scrub , often near roads and tracks through the forest , chiefly in the plains and foothills to 500 m , but occasionally up to 800 m , and perhaps 1 , 150 m . it seems able to tolerate considerable degradation of its forest habitat . the species occurs in small groups which are presumed to be family parties .
the species occurs in a number of protected areas , however they often provide only limited protection against hunting and logging activities ( s . mahood
increase the existing protected area network . support governments in their efforts to control illegal logging in south - east asia . determine the current global population size and trend . support efforts to tackle the issue of hunting inside protected areas .
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little information is available on the breeding behaviour of this shy bird in the wild , other than that eggs have been collected between mid - april and late june , and that one nest was situated on the ground in a hollow at the base of a tree . clutches seem to contain between four and eight eggs , and are incubated for 24 to 25 days in captivity ( 4 ) . males attain adult plumage in their first year but do not typically breed until their third ( 3 ) . like other lophura pheasants , males of this species perform courtship displays in which they whistle and whirr their wings ( 2 ) .
found in southeast asia , from east myanmar , through north , central and east thailand , central and south laos , north and central cambodia to central vietnam ( 4 ) .
classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . & sargatal , j . ( 1994 ) handbook of the birds of the world - new world vultures to guineafowl . vol . 2 . lynx edicions , barcelona .
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omnivore an organism that feeds on both plants and animals . vermiculations wormlike ; often used to describe fine , wavy lines of colour on bird feathers . wattle bare fleshy skin that hangs from the bill , throat or eye of birds .
delacour , j . ( 1951 ) the pheasants of the world . country life ltd . , london .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1994 ) handbook of the birds of the world - new world vultures to guineafowl . vol . 2 . lynx edicions , barcelona .
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has alternatively been placed in genus diardigallus , but recent genetic work found no evidence that lophura as currently constituted is polyphyletic # r . the same work identified five clades within lophura , one of which consists of present species and l . ignita ( with l . rufa ) # r . monotypic .
e myanmar through n , c & se thailand , c & s laos and n & c cambodia to c & s vietnam .
male c . 80 cm ( tail 33–36 cm ) , one bird 1420 g ; female c . 60 cm ( tail 22–26 cm ) , 680–1025 g . male distinctive , with mostly grey upperparts , large wattles . . .
male gives loud whistling call in advertisement and a repeated “pee - yu pee - yu” ; male . . .
a lowland forest resident . in thailand and laos , inhabits primary and secondary evergreen forest , . . .
believed to be omnivorous , feeding on a variety of fallen fruits and berries , and also insects , worms , small land crabs , etc . also claimed . . .
mating system apparently polygamous , with dominant male largely monopolizing proximity , and therefore access to all the females in a group . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . previously considered near threatened . mace lande : vulnerable . based on a recent population estimate for whole of thailand of c . 5000 . . .
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includes , in tetraonini , all taxa that have commonly been separated in families meleagrididae and tetraonidae .
broad molecular study of phasianidae found that lophura forms , together with crossoptilon , one branch of a subclade that also comprises pucrasia , syrmaticus , chrysolophus and phasianus # r .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : lophura diardi . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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pheasants , males of this species perform courtship displays in which they whistle and whirr their wings ( 2 ) .
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
savufasaani
from
lophura diardi ( bonaparte , 1856 )
as trusted .
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: very dense forests , bamboo and evergreen from sea - level to 2 , 000 feet .
, they can grow fairly long spurs that the keeper will need to keep trimmed to prevent injuries to the hen when breeding .
: not much is known of this specie ' s status in the wild , but with rapid deforestation in its native lands , its outlook can not be good .
the species is named for the french naturalist & explorer pierre - medard diard ( 1794 - 1863 ) by ornithologist charles lucien bonaparte who first described the species 1856 .
: third year , but i ' ve heard from those who have had some second year males that were fertile . males will attain adult plumage the first year , but will have smaller tails than mature birds .
( l to r ) : 1 , jan harteman ; 2 , myles lamont ; 3 , mel royal .
. 2nd ed . , world pheasant association and spur publications , hindhead , u . k .
robson , c . 2002 . birds of thailand . princeton university press , princeton , nj .
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haliplus apicalis is a species of water beetle in the genus haliplus .

it can be found on british isles and in north-west europe .

haliplus apicalis

haliplus apicalis is a small water beetle confined to vegetated brackish water . it has the most restricted distribution of irish saltmarsh species , possibly because of its particular habitat requirements .
h . apicalis occurs in county down around belfast harbour and strand lough , killough .
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
click here to view an interactive map of the northern ireland dataset as currently collated by cedar . the map is generated through the nbn gateway using their interactive mapping tool .
adult beetles can be found over much of the year , with a strong peak in may and a lesser one in august . the irish records are for these months
its distribution is unusual for a saltmarsh species , being eastern and perhaps confined to saltmarsh associated with extensive coastal inlets not subject to severe atlantic tidal movement .
life cycle eggs are almost certainly laid singly on filamentous algae in may , after which most adults die . the larvae complete their development and pupate in midsummer , producing a new generation of adults in august . these overwinter out of the water , being found in increasingly large numbers from february to may . adults are predators of small animals – rotifers , water fleas and small aquatic worms , but their guts also contain algal material . the larvae probably feed on filamentous algae and stoneworts .
literature butler , p . m . and popham , e . j . ( 1958 ) . the effects of the floods of 1953 on the aquatic insect fauna of spurn ( yorkshire ) . proceedings of the royal entomological society of london a 33 : 149 - 158 .
foster , g . n . ( 2000 ) . chapter 14 . the aquatic coleoptera of british saltmarshes : extremes of generalism and specialism . 223 - 233 in : b . r . sherwood , b . g . gardiner & t . harris ( eds ) british saltmarshes , linnean society of london , forrest text , cardigan .
friday , l . e . ( 1988 ) . a key to the adults of british water beetles . field studies 7 : 1 - 151 . published separately as aidgap book no . 189 , taunton , field studies council .
holmen , m . ( 1987 ) . the aquatic adephaga ( coleoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark i . gyrinidae , haliplidae , hygrobiidae and noteridae . fauna entomologica scandinavica 20 , e . j . brill / scandinavian science press ltd , leiden & copenhagen , 168 pp .
nilsson , a . n . ( ed . ) ( 1996 ) . aquatic insects of north europe . volume 1 : ephemeroptera , plecoptera , heteroptera , megaloptera , neuroptera , coleoptera , trichoptera and lepidoptera . apollo books , stenstrup .
seeger , w . ( 1971 ) . autökologische laboruntersuchungen an halipliden mit zoogeographischen anmerkungen ( haliplidae ; coleoptera ) . archiv für hydrobiologie 68 : 528 - 547 .
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blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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strombus pugilis , common names the fighting conch and the west indian fighting conch , is a species of medium to large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family strombidae , the true conchs .

s. pugilis is closely similar to strombus alatus , the florida fighting conch .

it is unsettled whether they are distinct species or merely subspecies .

strombus pugilis

subspecies strombus pugilis peculiaris m . smith , 1940 accepted as strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758
marlo added a link to
strombus pugilis
on
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758
.
strombus pugilis in reeve , 1851 , strombus , pl . 16 , fig . 39
marlo added a link to
let ' s talk seashells ! - > strombus pugilis vs strombus alatus
on
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758
.
shell length , developmental characteristics and mortality of strombus pugilis larvae reared in laboratory .
colton , 1905 on sexual dimorphism of strombus pugilis alatus , p . 140 :
strombus pugilis peculiaris m . smith , 1940 ( espèce cd _ nom = 575581 )
strombus pugilis var . in kiener , 1843 , pl . ? , fig . 2
strombus pugilis in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 1 , 2
strombus pugilis in duclos , 1844 , pl . 18 , fig . 1 , 2
strombus pugilis var . sloani in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 4
strombus pugilis ( anatomie ) in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 5
strombus pugilis juvenile in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 8 , 9
strombus pugilis nicaraguensis in clench & abbott , 1941 , p . 8 , pl . 6
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0278
strombus pugilis alatus in clench & abbott , 1941 , p . 7 , pl . 5
strombus alatus in reeve , 1851 , strombus , pl . 16 , fig . 40
syn . : strombus pugilis worki petuch , 1993 : 51 - 54 , figs . 1 - 3
strombus pugilis var .
double carène
in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 3
strombus pugilis worki petuch , 1993 ; espirito santo state , brazil ; 78 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke
both strombus alatus and strombus pugilis can exhibit the anomaly that was described as sloani leach , 1814 this name has no validity and is considered a synonym .
both strombus alatus and strombus pugilis can exhibit the anomaly that was described as sloani leach , 1814 . this name has no validity and is considered a synonym .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; santa maria ? , colombia ; 1972 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 1943
[ obtaining of egg masses of the snail , strombus pugilis ( mesogastropoda : strombidae ) under laboratory conditions ] .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 to their own page .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
rote fechterschnecke
to
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758
.
strombus pugilis in the laboratory . manzano , nancy brito . aquaculture v . 167 no1 - 2 ( aug . 1
development , growth and survival of larvae of the fighting conch strombus pugilis l . ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in the laboratory
reproduction , laboratory culture , and growth of strombus gigas , s . costatus and s . pugilis in los roques , venezuela
comment gijs kronenberg :
south of amazone river , this should be s . pugilis worki petuch . is within variability of s . pugilis
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; martinique island , lesser antilles , caribbean sea ; 1989 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6367
colton , h . s . ( 1905 ) . sexual dimorphism in strombus pugilis . nautilus , 3 , 139 - 140 .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; peanut island , palm beach county , florida ; length 82 . 22 mm ; coll . dennis sargent
[ obtaining of egg masses of the snail , strombus pugilis ( mesogastropoda : strombidae ) under laboratory conditions ] . - pubmed - ncbi
7 . give some facts about the life of a strombus pugilis ( fighting conch ) and explain why this shell is so named .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; colon bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; 1971 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5575
colton , h . s . ( 1905 ) . sexual dimorphism in strombus pugilis . nautilus , vol . 18 , 138 - 140 .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; ubatuba , sao paulo state , brazil ; by diver at 5 m ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6463
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; guarapari , espirito santo state , brazil ; in sand at low tide ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6463
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; guarapari , espirito santo state , brazil ; muddy sand ; 74 mm ; 11 / 1992 ; coll . ulrich wieneke
bower , w . j . ( 1945 ) . egg laying process of strombus pugilis alatus gmelin . the nautilus 59 ( 1 ) , 35 .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; playa del carmen , solidaridad municipality , quintana roo state , yucatan peninsula , mexico , caribbean sea ; coll . virgilio liverani
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; puerto rico island , usa , northeastern caribbean sea ; dy diver at 10 m ; 76 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; bonaire island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; 6 / 1971 : coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5577
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; near malmok , aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; beached ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5580
colton , h . s . ( 1905 ) . some notes on living strombus pugilis . the nautilus 19 ( 8 ) : 8588 , pl , 3 .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; juvenile ; malmok , aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; beached ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5580
syn . : strombus pugilis peculiaris m . smith , 1940 : 35 , 36 left column top row specimen on right [ sp . 500 ] [ = sloani form ]
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; tertiary ( miocene ? ) , jamaica , caribbean sea ; coll . bm ( nh ) no . g4046 ; copyright bm ( nh )
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; portobelo bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; dredged at 120 ft . ; 1987 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 1943
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; portobelo bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; dredged at 120 ft . ; 1987 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5579
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; t : 60 mm , b : 82 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; portobelo bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; snorkeling at 2 - 4 m ; 87 mm ; 2002 ; coll . ulrich wieneke
23 . seasonality in reproductive activity and larval abundance of queen conch strombus gigas .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; cabo blanco formation , pleistocene ; amuay bay , paraguana peninsula , falcon state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 22216
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; punta mizuc , cancun , quintana roo , yucatan peninsula , mexico , caribbean sea ; at 15 m on sand ; 83 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; porto belo , santa catarina state , brazil ; at 2 - 4 m on muddy sand ; 3 / 1985 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0728
goodrich , c . ( 1944 ) . variations in strombus pugilis alatus . occasional papers of the museum of zoology , university of michigan , no . 490 , 1 - 10 , fulltext
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; la isabela formation , pleistocene ; la isabela near luperon , puerto plata province , dominican republic , caribbean sea ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 51465
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; cactus bay , malmok , aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; at 6 m ; 1987 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0901
strombus pyrulatus in duclos , 1844 , pl . 19 , fig . 1 , 2
25 . evidence of survival value related to burying behavior in queen conch strombus gigas .
strombus pugilis worki petuch , 1993 ; off vittoria , espirito santo state , brazil ; trawled by shrimp boats from rubble at 20 - 25 m ; 79 mm ; 5 / 2001 ; coll . ulrich wieneke
shell , strombus pugilis poster print by samuel brookes ( 8 x 10 ) shell , strombus pugilis was reproduced on premium heavy stock paper which captures all of the vivid colors and details of the original . the overall paper size is 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches and the image size is 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches . this print is ready for hanging or framing . brand new and rolled and ready for display or framing . print title : shell , strombus pugilis . paper size : 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches . product type : fine art print , artist : samuel brookes .
genetic variation in the queen conch , strombus gigas , across its geographic range . preliminary results
strombus pyrulatus juvenile in duclos , 1844 , pl . 19 , fig . 7 , 8
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5410
strombus cf . pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; pliocene / pleistocene ; boca chica , margarita island ( isla margarita ) , new sparta state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 58335
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; off san pedro town , ambergris caye island , belize , caribbean sea ; at 7 ft . in and on sand ; 8 / 1990 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 3730
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; off los taques , paraguana peninsula , falcon state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; dredged on muddy sand at 12 m ; 9 / 2009 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6378
( of strombus pugilis pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ) liverani v . ( 2014 ) the superfamily stromboidea . addenda and corrigenda . in : g . t . poppe , k . groh & c . renker ( eds ) , a conchological iconography . pp . 1 - 54 , pls 131 - 164 . harxheim : conchbooks . [ details ]
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; off el pico , paraguana peninsula , falcon state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; at 1 - 5 m , in sand and weed ; 1984 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0693
syn . : strombus cornutus g . perry , 1811 : pl . 12 , fig . 4
12 . developmental plasticity in the shell of the queen conch strombus gigas . martn - mora ,
conch , strombus gigas ( mollusca , gastropoda ) , in mexico . garca santaella , eduardo .
strombus pugilis forma nicaraguensis fluck , 1905 ; sandy bay , atlántico sur , nicaragua , caribbean sea ; taken on sand and mud at a depth of 2 - 3 m ; 69 mm ; 5 / 1993 ; coll . ulrich wieneke
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; florida , usa ; 81 , 7 mm ; coll . goran vertriest
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; florida , usa ; 84 , 6 mm ; coll . goran vertriest
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; playa del carmen , solidaridad municipality , quintana roo state , yucatan peninsula , mexico , caribbean sea ; t : 102 mm , b : 93 mm ; at 12 m on sand ; coll . christian börnke
mörch , 1850 - saudi arabia , 43mm - a pale form . [ synonym : strombus gibberulus albus ]
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 : lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la guyane française ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dulçaquicoles des antilles françaises . plb editions . 788 pp .
the ciliary photoreceptor in the teleplanic veliger larvae of smaragdia sp . and strombus sp . ( mollusca , gastropoda )
2007 : apicomplexan parasites in strombus gigas in the guadeloupean archipelago . master thesis at the university of antilles - guyane
? syn . : strombus pyrulatus var . albicans sowerby 1st , 1825 : 68 [ nom . nud . ]
6 . the status of queen conch , strombus gigas , research in the caribbean . stoner , allan w .
volland j - m . , gros o . 2012 . cytochemical investigation of the digestive gland of two strombidae species ( strombus gigas and s . pugilis ) in relation to the nutrition . microscopy research and techniques . in press . doi 10 . 1002 / jemt . 22074
strombus linné , 1758 ; vaught , 1989 : 31 ; le renard , 1996 : 41 , strombella schlüter , 1838 , conomurex fischer p . , 1884 ex bayle ms , strombus ( conomurex ) ; vaught , 1989 : 31 .
linné , 1758 - florida keys , 89mm - typical specimens have longer spines on the spire than does strombus alatus .
shell , strombus pugilis was reproduced on premium heavy stock paper which captures all of the vivid colors and details of the original . the overall paper size is 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches and the image size is 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches . this print is ready for hanging or framing . brand new and rolled and ready for display or framing . print title : shell , strombus pugilis . paper size : 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches . product type : fine art print , artist : samuel brookes .
strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; beach 2 km west of juan griego , margarita island ( isla margarita ) , new sparta state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; beached after storm ; t : 57 mm , b : 72 mm ; 3 / 2008 ; coll . ulrich wieneke
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; centent key , monroe county , florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0342
family : strombidae
. strombus gigas linnaeus , 1758 . fao species identification sheets . rome : fao . 1977 .
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; palm beach area , florida , usa ; shallow water ; 1985 ; coll . koenraad de turck
16 . structure and optics of the eye of the hawk - wing conch , strombus raninus ( l . ) . seyer ,
i found an interesting molluscan phenomenon along the south central coast of jamaica . all of the strombus we found had dwarf adult shells . no typical size specimens were present . the largest strombus pugilis was 55mm ; the smallest 50mm ( lower left ) . the upper left specimen is 52mm , which was an average size . the right specimen is a 64mm strombus costatus . typically specimens are found in sizes 20 to 50mm or more for the costatus and 10 to 25mm larger for the pugilis . i ' m not sure what is causing the dwarfism , but warmer than normal water temps might be the culprit causing the mollusks to mature at an earlier stage of growth and create the mature lip at a smaller size .
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; key largo , monroe county , florida , usa ; 1972 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5413
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; 1970 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5409
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; 1970 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 4000
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; subadult ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 1661
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pliocene ; south bay , palm beach county , florida , usa ; 95 mm ; coll . rupert hochleitner
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; estero island , lee county , florida , usa ; 11 / 1973 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5407
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pinellas county , florida , usa ; t : 80 mm , b : 74 mm ; coll . david carroll
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pinellas county , florida , usa ; t : 85 mm , b : 81 mm ; coll . david carroll
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; length 99 . 31 mm ; coll . dennis sargent
m . r . enriquez - diaz , j . m . volland , j . f . chavez - villegas , d . aldana - aranda , o . gros ; development of the planktotrophic veligers and plantigrades of strombus pugilis ( gastropoda ) , journal of molluscan studies , volume 81 , issue 3 , 1 august 2015 , pages 335–344 , urltoken
strombus alatus , commonly known as the florida fighting conch , contains a small , jagged spire at the top of the shell and about seven whorls .
( linné , 1758 ) - mahe island , seychelles , 57 . 3mm - the nominate form of gibberulus gibberulus [ synonym : strombus gibberulus ] .
2 . settlement and recruitment of queen conch , strombus gigas , in seagrass meadows : associations with habitat and micropredators . stoner , allan w . fishery
the developmental characteristics of strombus pugilis larval organogenesis observed by light microscopy are shown in table 1 . sensory organs ( ocular tentacles ) appeared in early veligers ( 4 d ) . the organs allowing benthic feeding appeared after 29 d of larval development . transformation from pelagic to a primarily benthic behaviour occurred at 25 d and plantigrades were observed at 30 d .
shawl , a . & a . spring . 2003 . culturing the florida fighting conch strombus alatus . tropical fish hobbyist l1 5 : 94 - 97 .
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; fort myers , lee county , florida , usa ; in sandy grass at low tide ; 89 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; keys , monroe county , florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5408 ( t ) , 0325 ( b )
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pleistocene , caloosahatchee river , port la belle , hendry county , florida , usa ; coll . antoine heitz no . 2090 c
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; bermont formation , middle pleistocene ; hendry county , florida , usa ; 1995 ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 24294
ariste - zelise o . , santos j . , enriquez diaz m . , montejo j . , volland j - m . & aldana aranda d . 2010 . habitat impact in the reproductive cycle of strombus pugilis in the campeche bank and analysis of apicomplexa and urospherules - like granules . 63 rd annual conference of the gulf and caribbean fisheries institute . san juan , puerto rico
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; t : 92 mm , b : 95 mm ; coll . christian börnke
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; by scuba at 55 ' deep ; 1988 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5412
the aims of this study were ( 1 ) to describe , using light microscopy and sem , developmental patterns of organogenesis , growth and mortality of s . pugilis larvae ; ( 2 ) to investigate the ultrastructure of shell and soft tissues in order to facilitate the identification of gastropods in the plankton and in the meiobenthos and ( 3 ) to perform larval rearing in support of aquaculture for strombus species .
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; fort worth inlet , palm beach county , florida , usa ; at 10 ' - 20 ' on sand ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5411
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pleistocene , new county pit , west of la belle , hendry county , florida , usa ; coll . antoine heitz loc . no . ha 28135
strombus sloanii . s . anfractu basilari lævis , basi longitudinaliter undulato - sulcato , apice processibus quadratis , compressis , elevatis ; anfractibus superis nodosis , longitudinaliter lineatis , lineis elevatis .
( lightfoot , 1786 ) - somalia , 114 . 5mm - the coloring varies widely ; this specimen has an unusual dark striped pattern on the back . [ synonym : strombus tricornis ]
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; punta rassa , cape coral - fort myers , lee county , florida , usa ; low tide , exposed sand ; 93 mm ; coll . virgilio liverani
i am working with aaron at stri to collect modern , archaeological , and paleontological shell materials from bocas del toro . strombus pugilis is a species of conch that has decreased in body size at maturity over the past ~ 7000 years possibly due to size - selective human subsistence pressures . i’ll export these shell samples , along with some modern tissue samples , back to psu and attempt to extract and sequence both modern and ancient dna from these materials .
as a juvenile , the fighting conch strombus pugilis lives hidden in the muddy sediments of lagoons . it emerges to compete for mates when it reaches sexual maturity , but only after it has thickened up its outer lip as a protection from predators . by observing the size of shells and the thickness of lips in fossil , archeological and modern conchs the researchers found that size at sexual maturity declined during the past 1 , 500 years in concert with human harvesting .
sloane ' s strombus . basal whirl smooth ; base with longitudinal undulating grooves ; apex with elevated , compressed , quadrate processes ; superior volutions knotted , longitudinally lineated , the lines elevated .
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; bermont formation , middle pleistocene ; belle glade ( r441 ) , palm beach county , florida , usa ; 1995 ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 24299
( linné , 1758 ) - cabo rojo , puerto rico . the famed rooster tail conch is found in a variety of colors ; this specimen has shades of pink . [ synonym : strombus gallus ]
merz , r . a . ( 1979 ) . a study of the behavioral and biomechanical defenses of strombus alatus , the florida fighting conch . master ' s thesis . university of florida , gainesville .
syn . : strombus dubius sowerby . tryon , 1885 : 109 [ non solander , 1766 , nec swainson , 1823 , nec sowerby 2nd , 1842 nec kiener , 1843 ] based on misidentification by tryon .
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; double spined form ; collected on exposed sand and grass flats at low tide , riviera beach , peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; july 2003 ; coll . aart dekkers no . str0459
( gmelin , 1791 ) - aguadilla , puerto rico - 77mm . a gerontic specimen with a blackened lip . strombs found along the west coast of puerto rico seem to be prone to this type of discoloration . [ synonym : strombus raninus ]
strombidae , or the conchs are one of the more familiar of the molluscan groups . though many larger molluscan species are commonly referred to as conchs , the strombs or generically , strombus are the true conch shells . the number of species in the family numbers around 60 species , which is small in comparison with other molluscan families . yet the size difference between the largest and smallest strombus species is huge . a few grow to be the largest and heaviest of the marine mollusks such as eustrombus goliath
although strombus alatus is the most common species of strombus in northern areas and its planktonic larvae occur in the neritic waters off north carolina ( thiriot - quievreux 1983 ) , it disappeared from bermuda sometime since the pleistocene , when glaciers forced the gulfstream to the south and into a more east west orientation , bringing it closer to bermuda ( keffer et al . , 1988 ) . bermuda now lies in the central oceanic gyre of the north atlantic , more than 1500 km from the gulf stream .
gillette , p . & a . shawl , 2006 . effects of diet and sex ratio on the reproductive output of the florida fighting conch , strombus alatus . proceedings of the 57 . annual gulf and caribbean fisheries institute : 57 , 947 - 954 .
hargreave , d . ( 1995 ) . an ontogenetic approach to understanding changes in shell morphology over time : the strombus alatus complex in the plio - pleistocene of southern florida . tulane studies in geology and paleontology , 27 ( 1 - 4 ) , 1 - 52 .
the family strombidae has in recent years undergone a major taxonomic revision . numerous neatly organized subgenera for the various species within the genus strombus have been raised to full genera , and new genera have been errected for species that did not clearly fit within the classic arrangement . the most significant taxonomic change within the family strombidae is that the spindly tibia have been reclassified in the family rostellariidae based on anatomy and shell morphology . the conchological community has been slow to adopt this new classification . the various ' strombus ' species are arranged here according to the revised nomenclature .
plantigrades of strombus pugilis . a . light micrograph of plantigrade with eyes ( white arrowheads ) and tentacles . operculum and foot possess several pigmented dots ( arrows ) . b . showing two eyes located at the bases of tentacles . the proboscis ( pr ) is outside shell . c . proboscis ( pr ) and two ocular tentacles ( arrows ) are well developed . shell appears dirty , covered with biofilm . operculum ( star ) is attached to extended foot , with furrow ( black arrow ) in the propodium ( p ) . d . at 35 d shell has 4 . 5 whorls ; on body whorl the spiral sculpture band ( arrows ) is typical of juveniles of the genus strombus . e . shell of plantigrades is characterized by numerous striae that are typical of adult shell . scale bars : a = 100 µm ; b = 70 µm ; c = 100 µm ; d = 125 µm ; e = 40 μm .
strombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; riviera beach , peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; live collected in eel - grass at 1 m ; t : 86 mm , m : 85 mm , b : 84 mm ; 5 / 1985 ; coll . christian börnke
the team suggests that declining yields may not be the only detrimental effects of an evolutionary change to mature at smaller size . the ability to reproduce , the quality of offspring and other vital traits can be damaged by size - selective evolution . further study is required to learn the extent to which the fitness of s . pugilis has decreased because of long - term size - selective evolution .
mitton , j . b . , berg , c . j . , & orr , k . s . ( 1989 ) . population structure , larval dispersal , and gene flow in the queen conch , strombus gigas , of the caribbean . the biological bulletin , 177 ( 3 ) , 356 - 362 .
volland j - m . , aldana aranda d . & gros o . 2008 . detection of apicomplexa like parasites in two species belonging to the family strombidae : strombus gallus , linnaeus , 1758 and s . raninus , gmelin 1791 . 61 st annual conference of the gulf caribbean fisheries institute . pointe à pitre , guadeloupe
late veliger larvae of strombus pugilis . a . light micrograph of 9 d larva . the velum has four lobes and cilia of preoral band are active at periphery ( arrows ) . the digestive tract ( star ) and visceral mass ( vm ) are visible through shell . b . sem view of four - lobed velum of 10 - d larva . long cilia responsible for propelling veliger are located at periphery of velum . c . light micrograph of visceral mass as observed in a living 10 - d veliger through its calcified shell . arrow heads , digestive gland lobes ; dg , digestive gland ; i , intestine ; s , stomach . d–e . sem views of two - whorled shell of 9–10 - d veliger . scale bars = 50 μm .
in the environment around sanibel island , it is both short and long spired , and at every stage between these extremes . sculpture ranges from feebly nodulous to stoutly spinose . color is protean , uncorrelated with any other character so far as could be learned . in short , the striking feature of alatus , in contrast to typical pugilis , is the absence of uniformity . distribution is from north carolilia to the shores of the gulf of mexico in texas .
the combined influence of feeding schedule and photoperiod on fighting conch , strombus pugilis ( linné , 1758 ) larvae growth and survival was studied using two feeding schedules ( 12 h and 24 h with food ) and three photoperiods ( 0 h light , 12 h light and 24 h light ) . this effect of feeding and photoperiods was tested in three months ( may , june and july ) . shell length was measured every two days to establish growth for each treatment . for the three experiments , continuous darkness and feeding were advantageous for larvae growth with the higher growth rate ( 42 μm d − 1 ) while continuous light and feeding had a negative effect on growth ( 29 μm d − 1 ) and survival ( 13 % ) . however the highest survival ( 44 % ) was obtained in 12 h light and 24 h feeding .
röding , 1798 - coral sea , 40 - 46mm - these specimens were taken near east diamond island , way out in the middle of nowhere ! a geographical morph with a dark band below the suture line on the body whorl is more typical at this location ( middle specimen ) , though a wider range of coral sea color forms is illustrated here . [ synonym : strombus gibberulus gibbosus ]
pediveligers of strombus pugilis . a . light micrograph of a young swimming pediveliger showing a velum with six lobes . scale bar : 100 μm . b . sem view of the six - lobed velum from 10 - d larva . the foot is covered by an operculum ( arrow ) . in the centre of the large velum the ocular tentacles ( arrows heads ) are obvious . c . sem detail of one lobe of velum showing numerous long cilia at periphery . small nuclei of non - ciliated cells in central part of velum are visible ( arrows ) . d . sem micrograph of operculum ( o ) attached to foot ( f ) . its wrinkled surface is probably due to its uncalcified state . e . semithin midgut transverse section of 14 d pediveliger . dg , digestive gland ; s , stomach ; v , velum . scale bars : a = 100 µm ; b = 70 μm ; c = 10 μm ; d = 20 μm ; e = 50 μm .
the shell differs from the typical pugilis , especially in its smaller size , varying very little from 55 to 62 mm . the spire is regularly tuberculated , rather high , acute , and sculptured with distinct revolving raised lines ; prominent revolving ridges also mark the entire body - whorl , or in some specimens a large portion of it . the color is uniform dark salmon , except the spire , which tends to whiteness , while the aperture is lighter and brighter than the external parts , and anteriorly has just a suggestion of purple . the epidermis is thin .
kosloski , m . e . ( 2008 , october ) . are museum collections adequate to test the escalation hypothesis ? : a preliminary case study using the plio - pleistocene strombus alatus species complex from florida . in 2008 joint meeting of the geological society of america , soil science society of america , american society of agronomy , crop science society of america , gulf coast association of geological societies with the gulf coast section of sepm .
the number and types of structures that appear in strombid development during the veliger stage , such as the eyespots , the increase of velar lobes ( from 2 to 6 ) , heart and propodium are similar among the genera laevistrombus from the indo - pacific and strombus and lobatus from the atlantic ( d ' asaro , 1965 ; davis , bolton & stoner , 1993 ; brito - manzano et al . , 1999 ; brito - manzano & aldana - aranda , 2004 ; cob et al . , 2009a , b ) .
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
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bouchet p , rocroi j–p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1–397 .
smith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518–528 .
sokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .
r development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :
guo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353–362 .
gage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep–sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273–325 .
( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1–7 .
mcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep–sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181–187 .
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vale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105–108 .
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raia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731–1742 . ( doi :
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distribution : usa : florida : east florida ; colombia : offshore islands ; costa rica , panama , colombia ; abc islands : curacao ; venezuela : gulf of venezuela , carabobo , sucre , islas los roques , isla margarita ; cuba : north havana province , north matanzas , villa clara , santiago de cuba ; jamaica , puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . croix ; martinique , brazil : ceara , rio grande do norte , pernambuco , alagoas , bahia , espirito santo , rio de janeiro , sao paulo , parana , santa catarina
the mollusca of porto rico u . s . fisheries commission bulletin 20 351 - 524 , pls . 53 - 58 .
systema naturae systema naturae , 10th ed . , vol . 1 824 pp . laurentii salvii : holmiae [ stockholm , sweden ] .
conchology iv + 5 pp . , 61 pls . william miller : london .
molluscan discoveries from the tropical western atlantic region . new mollusks from the gulf of mexico , bahamas platform , caribbean basin , and brazil la conchiglia 24 ( 266 ) 51 - 56 . [ stated date : - - mar 1993 . ]
museum boltenianum viii + 199 pp . hamburg . [ stated date : - - sep 1798 . ]
animal - based remedies constitute an integral part of brazilian traditional medicine . due to its long history , zootherapy has in fact become an integral part of folk medicine both in rural and urban areas of the country . in this paper we summarize current knowledge on zootherapeutic practices in northeast of brazil , based on information compiled from ethnobiological scientific literature .
in order to examine the diversity of animals used in traditional medicine in northeast of brazil , all available references or reports of folk remedies based on animals sources were examined . 34 sources were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in assessment of medicinal animal species . scientific names provided in publications were updated .
the review revealed that at least 250 animal species ( 178 vertebrates and 72 invertebrates ) are used for medicinal purposes in northeast of brazil . the inventoried species comprise 10 taxonomic categories and belong to 141 families . the groups with the greatest number of species were fishes ( n = 58 ) , mammals ( n = 47 ) and reptiles ( n = 37 ) . the zootherapeutical products are used for the treatment of different illnesses . the most widely treated condition were asthma , rheumatism and sore throat , conditions , which had a wide variety of animals to treat them with . many animals were used for the treatment of multiple ailments . beyond the use for treating human diseases , zootherapeutical resources are also used in ethnoveterinary medicine
the number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expressive and demonstrate the importance of zootherapy as alternative therapeutic in northeast of brazil . although widely diffused throughout brazil , zootherapeutic practices remain virtually unstudied . there is an urgent need to examine the ecological , cultural , social , and public health implications associated with fauna usage , including a full inventory of the animal species used for medicinal purposes and the socio - cultural context associated with their consumption .
humans depend on biodiversity and the capacity of ecosystems to provide a multitude of goods and services that underpin a healthy human and natural environment . biodiversity is essential for human health , for example , in the provision of the raw materials for medicines . indeed , some 20 , 000 species are used in traditional medicine , which forms the basis of primary health care for about 80 percent of the 3 billion people in developing countries . more than half of the world ' s modern drugs are derived from biological resources , which supports the traditional and modern pharmaceutical sectors [
] . although plants and plant - derived materials make up the majority of ingredients used in most traditional medical systems globally , whole animals , animal parts , and animal - derived products ( e . g . , urine , fat , etc . ) also constitute important elements of the materia medica . indeed , zootherapy , the use of animal products in healing , is an ancient and widespread practice across most cultures [
little attention has been paid to the cultural , medical , economic , or ecological significance of zootherapeutic practices , even though the federal government ' s national policy of pharmaceuticals ( política nacional de medicamentos , portaria no . 3916 / 98 ) specifies that
the support to research aiming to use the therapeutic potential of the national flora and fauna , with emphasis on certification of their medical properties , should be continued and expanded
[
] . nevertheless , since the 1980s various publications have shown the importance of zootherapy for traditional communities from distinct socio - cultural - environmental landscapes in brazil . most of the available information on the subject is concentrated in the northeast of the country [
in addition , the edibility of these medicinal resources must be analyzed because there must be complex interactions between diet and the medicinal use . a number of food animals are also used as remedies [
] . although often regarded as supplementary to local peoples ' diet , wild food and medicine are essential in times of crisis and play an important nutritional role . the neglect of traditional food and medicines may seriously deteriorate the health and well being of traditional peoples [
] . furthermore , nature - based traditional food and medicine are generally viewed as interchangeable , diet being highly regarded as the primary basis for sustaining and / or restoring health and well - being . consequently , foods are considered and often times chosen for their distinctive medicinal or healing values .
] . in that context , the aim of this paper is summarize current knowledge on zootherapeutic practices in of northeast of brazil , based on information compiled from ethnobiological scientific literature , aiming to establish a regional data base . contributions is expected in order to increase our knowledge concerning the faunistic resources used in the traditional medicine in the country , alerting for the need of protecting the biodiversity and the traditional knowledge and still emphasize the importance of a therapeutic modality that although widely disseminated at the country , is getting little attention from the scientific community .
the total area of the brazilian northeast is 1 , 561 , 177 . 8 km
, which extends from 02°54 to 17°21s and from 35° to 46°30w and includes nine states : maranhão , piauí , ceará , rio grande do norte , paraíba , pernambuco , alagoas , sergipe and bahia ( figure .
] . this region is home to around 51 million people , representing 28 . 9 % of the total population of brazil , most of whom live in the urban area . the inhabitants of northeast brazil exhibit a high degree of race mixing . according to the 2006 census of brazilian institute for geography and statistics ( ibge ) , people of multiracial ( european , amerindian and african ) background make up 62 . 5 % of the population , while those of total or predominantly black ancestry account for 7 . 8 % . this region was not heavily affected by the wave of european immigration that took place in southern brazil during the 19th century – the northeast was ( and still is ) the poorest part of brazil , and therefore there was little incentive for new immigrants to stay [
as a result of the huge land mass involved , the diverse physio - geography of the region , as well as the conjunction of two major weather systems , provided by the ne and se trade winds , rainfall patterns in northeast brazil are typically diverse and instable . the precipitation within the region varies from being extremely wet , with an annual rainfall of up to around 2 , 000 mm along the coast , to only 300–500 mm in the semi - arid zone , where the rainfall is usually restricted to a few months during the year . the availability of water determines the type and abundance of vegetation and fauna that exists in the region , as therefore in turn the patterns of human exploitation of natural resources [
the predominant vegetation type in this region is composed of several forms of caatinga biome . the structure of these forests can vary considerably from forests composed of mostly spiny trees , 6 to 10 m tall , often with a ground - layer of small deciduous shrubs and annual herbs , predominantly leguminosae , to deciduous woodlands of lower stature , with a high proportion of shrubs and subshrubs and the presence of many cacti , bromeliads and euphorbiaceae [
] . the northeast region as a whole holds more types of vegetation than any other region in brazil . in addition to the caatinga biome , there are the atlantic rainforests , seasonal forests and inland mountain forests ,
and shore dunes , mangroves , cerrados ( savannah - like vegetation ) and ' campos rupestres ' , all of which exhibit rich animal and plant biodiversity .
] . 34 ethnobiological sources documenting the medicinal use of animals were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in the data base . scientific names were updated in accordance with the integrated taxonomic information system ' s
catalogue of life : 2008 annual checklist
[


cicindela columbica is a species of beetle in the tiger beetle subfamily , cicindelinae , known commonly as the columbia river tiger beetle .

it is endemic to idaho in the united states .

today the beetle is probably restricted to the lower salmon river system in idaho .

its range once extended into oregon and washington , but it has been extirpated from these states by the installation of dams on the columbia river .

this beetle lives on sand bars and river beaches , especially near dunes , hunting and consuming smaller arthropods .

the larvae are also predatory , hiding in sand burrows for prey .

damming of the rivers has affected water levels , inundating their river bank habitat and causing widespread loss of populations .

cicindela columbica

beer , f . m . 1971 . note on cicindela columbica . cincindela 3 ( 2 ) : 32 .
shook , g . 1981 . the status of the columbia river tiger beetles ( cicindela columbica ) in idaho . pan - pacific entomologist 57 : 359 - 363
bartels , p . 1995 . survey for columbia tiger beetle ( cicindela columbica ) columbia river and snake river . washington department of fish and wildlife . 7 pp .
shook , g . 1981 . the status of the columbia river tiger beetles ( cicindela columbica ) in idaho . pan - pacific entomologist 57 : 359 - 363 .
bartels , peggy , 1995 . survey for columbia tiger beetle ( cicindela columbica ) columbia river and snake river . washington department of fish and wildlife . 7 pp + .
shook , g . 1981 . the status of the columbia tiger beetle ( cicindela columbica hatch ) in idaho ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist 57 ( 2 ) : 359 - 363 .
cicindela columbica has no federal status at the present time . the u . s . fish and wildlife service was petitioned by g . shook in 1979 to list this species as endangered or threatened , based on the threat presented by a proposed dam on the lower salmon river . in 1988 , when the usfws wrote its finding , this dam was no longer proposed and the petition was declared to be unwarranted . cicindela columbica is ranked as a type 2 sensitive species by the bureau of land management , which indicates a species that is experiencing significant declines throughout its range with a high likelihood of being listed in the foreseeable future due to their rarity and / or significant endangerment factors .
leffler , s . r . and pearson , d . l . 1976 . tiger beetles of washington . cicindela 8 ( 2 / 3 ) : 21 - 60 .
leffler , s . r . and pearson , d . l . 1976 . tiger beetles of washington . cicindela 8 ( 2 / 3 ) : 21 - 60 .
leffler , s . r . and d . l . pearson . 1976 . tiger beetles of washington . cicindela 8 ( 2 / 3 ) : 21 - 60 .
leffler , sanford r . , 1987 . synonmymic notes on , and additions to ,
note on cicindelid habitats in oregon by maser and beer ( 1984 ) . cicindela 19 ( 1 ) 1 - 12
cicindela columbica is in the family cicindelidae ( tiger beetles ) . adults are 12 - 14 mm ( 0 . 47 - 0 . 55 in . ) long , with an iridescent black body , metallic bronze elytra with pale wavy markings , and long slender antennae and legs . the head is dark with prominent eyes and large sickle shaped mouthparts ; the head and eyes together are wider than the thorax . the legs , thorax and head are pubescent ( hairy ) . tiger beetle larvae live in burrows in the sand . larvae hide at the mouth of the burrow and seize passing prey with large sickle - shaped mandibles .
pearson , d . l . , t . g . barraclough , and a . p . vogler . 1997 . distributional range maps for north american species of tiger beetles ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) . cicindela , 29 ( 3 - 4 ) : 33 - 84 . available online : urltoken
more recent surveys have found c . columbica populations in the lower salmon river canyon , from near slate creek to eagle creek ( ~ 42 km [ 26 mi ] reach ) , but not on the snake river from the mouth of the salmon river on the oregon - idaho border to heller’s bar , washington ( shook 1981 ) . no c . columbica were found on the lower salmon river below eagle creek , or along the idaho - oregon or idaho - washington snake river corridors . the largest populations on the lower salmon were estimated to number from 200 - 400 beetles , but it was noted that accurate population assessments are difficult due to the active and fast - moving nature of these beetles .
a few years ago i made a reduction blockprint of cicindela columbica , the columbia river tiger beetle . these beetles are member of a subfamily of brilliantly colored , sleek , swift and fierce predators , mostly found in sandy habitats . the columbia river tiger beetle has suffered grievously as a result of the epidemic of dam building in the northwest - found now only along a few select drainages in idaho , the sandbars it used to hunt on in oregon drowned by the huge slackwater lakes that stretch for miles behind the dams . i’m a big fan of tiger beetles - their jaws are wicked and their shells glint in the sun . yet another reason to call for the freeing of our rivers !
the lower salmon river , where this species still persists , is a popular destination for recreational users , with extensive boating , rafting , fishing , camping , and hiking activities . excessive foot , livestock , and / or vehicular traffic in the sandy riparian areas inhabited by c . columbica can seriously degrade habitat , destroying larval burrows and potentially killing young larvae . over - collecting has also been suggested as a potential threat to this species ( labonte 1995 ) .
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this riparian species has been extirpated from most of its range due to water level impacts from dams . it is now restricted to one river system at more than 20 scattered patches of sand bars and dune habitat , representing a single location . these patches may represent several metapopulation with a smaller number of subpopulations and may occur as only a single population . it has an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 400 km 2 and an area of occupancy ( aoo ) of 10 km 2 . it is subject to various riparian impacts , which are causing the observed continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality . therefore , it is assessed as endangered .
this species is now believed to be limited to the lower salmon river in idaho , usa . it is possible but doubtful that it occurs in a small section of the lower snake river in idaho , and surveys are needed to confirm this .
a survey along a portion of its range along the lower salmon river of idaho found it at 14 locations separated by approximately one or more river miles . the estimated adult population size at two of the largest sites , each over 400 m long , were greater than 200 and greater than 400 individuals . adults were abundant and gregarious at some of the other sites . the species is also known from five or more additional sites along another section of the salmon river , but this section has not been systematically surveyed . it has not been determined if there has been a recent decline of the species within its range .
this species occurs in patches of sand bars and beaches usually backed by dunes along the lower salmon river . adults are active visual hunting predators searching for small arthropods along the water edge habitats . larvae are sit - and - wait predators found in shallow burrows in the upper beach . development time is two or three years . adults that overwintered are active in april and may with a new adult cohort present in august in september . adults and larvae both overwinter .
the primary known threats throughout its limited range are natural water level changes which can episodically eliminate its sand bar and beach habitats . prolonged inundation of the habitat can result in larval mortality . disturbances from pedestrian and vehicular activity may impact some sites .
this species has been extirpated from a very larger portion of its range , but its current distribution and abundance is not fully known . there is currently no active management or monitoring of this species to determine any changes in its conservation status . it is not currently listed by the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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adults and larvae are voracious predators on other insects . larvae use their jaws to capture prey that wander close to the mouths of their burrows . adults are active , fast - running , strong - flying hunters that forage for prey on sandbars and dunes during the day and burrow into the sand at night .
tiger beetles are popular with collectors due to their bright metallic coloration and striking patterning , and enthusiasts are often eager to obtain a rare specimen for their collections . additional potential threats such as the effects of disease , predation , and loss of open sandy habitat due to encroachment by vegetation , especially invasive species , have not been assessed .
hatch , m . 1938 . the coleoptera of washington : carabidae : cicindelidae . university of washington biology 1 : 225 - 240 .
labonte , j . r . 1995 . possible threatened or endangered terrestrial predaceous coleoptera of the columbia river basin . prepared for the blm / usfs eastside ecosystem management project . corvallis , or . 31 pp . available at urltoken
pearson , d . l . 1988 . biology of tiger beetles . annual review of entomology 33 : 123 - 147 .
stagliano , david , m . , george m . stephens and william r . bosworth . 2007 . aquatic invertebrate species of concern on usfs northern region lands . report to usda forest service , northern region . montana natural heritage program , helena , montana and idaho conservation data center , boise , idaho . 95 pp . plus appendices .
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a field guide to the tiger beetles of the united states and canada david pearson , c . barry knisley , charles j . kazilek , david l . pearson , barry c . knisley . 2005 . oxford university press .
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- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .
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freitag , r . p . 1999 . catalogue of the tiger beetles of canada and the united states . national research council research press , ottawa , canada . 195 pp .
limited remaining range along a single river , with the usual threats for riparian tiger beetles . extirpated from most of recent range .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
formerly known from the columbia , snake , and salmon rivers in id , wa and or . no populations have been found along the columbia since 1971 or along the lower snake since the completion of lower granite dam . it still occurs along the salmon river in id and may be present along the snake river in id .
thirteen locations are known along the salmon river in id , but they may represent one population ( stephens 2002 ) . none of the several historical populations along the columbia in wa and or have been seen since 1976 .
loss of habitat and disturbances vehicles or excessive foot traffic the main threats at undammed sites . dams destroy habitat and fragment that which remains , limiting dispersal and recolonization .
( 250 - 20 , 000 square km ( about 100 - 8000 square miles ) ) formerly known from the columbia , snake , and salmon rivers in id , wa and or . no populations have been found along the columbia since 1971 or along the lower snake since the completion of lower granite dam . it still occurs along the salmon river in id and may be present along the snake river in id .
a medium - sized ( 12 - 13 mm ) brown and white beetle .
sandbars and dunes along banks of the columbia river
( freitag , 1999 ) . however apparently the species no longer occurs there knisley and schultz ( 1997 , p . 70 ) .
this species probably has a three year life cycle and so larvae are always present in their burrows at any season .
an area of sand or other appropriate substrate , for high quality occurrences generally a cluster of several such areas , along a river or stream or occasionally ditch or some sort of embankment where a colony occurs with potential for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a collection or photograph of an adult associated with a habitat patch . single isolated colonies should not be ranked higher than c and high quality occurrences will be clusters of several such colonies along a river or stream .
before trying to map an occurrence for any species consult the habitat comments field and relevant literature such as freitag ( 1999 ) , knisley and schultz ( 1997 ) , larochelle and lariviere , 2001 , and leonard and bell ( 1999 ) and if necessary the original references in them to determine the precise species - specific habitat parameters such as soil type , vegetation cover etc .
possibly dams , rip - raps , groins etc . but for now it is suggested the disturbances they create be treated as unsuitable habitat unless direct observations show them to be barriers . some adults should be able to move over or around them , especially during low water periods when unvegetated areas are exposed .
c . puritana is included with some reservation . these specs should be workable ( but the distances may be somewhat exceeded for practical reasons ) on the connecticut river , but probably not on its other occurrence on chesapeake bay .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
franklin , m . d . h . 2001 . the status of tiger beetles along the hanford reach or the columbia river . m . s . thesis . wa state univ . 75 pp .
hoback , w . wyatt , and john j . riggins . 2001 . tiger beetles of the united states . jamestown , nd : northern prairie wildlife research center online . urltoken ( version 12dec2003 ) accessed 10 dec . 2007 .
knisley , c . b . and t . d . schultz . 1997 . the biology of tiger beetles and a guide to the species of the south atlantic states . virginia museum of natural history special publication number 5 . virginia museum of natural history : martinsville , virginia . 210 pp .
leffler , sanford . 1979 . tiger beetles of the pacific northwest ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) phd dissertation , university of washington .
pearson , d . l . , c . b . knisley and c . j . kazilek . 2006 . a field guide to the tiger beetles of the united states and canada : identification , natural history , and distribution of the cicindelidae . oxford university press , new york , new york . 227 pp .
perkins , p . d . 1983 . north american insect status review . contract 14 - 16 - 0009 - 79 - 052 . final report to office of endangered species , u . s . fish and wildlife service , department of the interior . 354 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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this print is made from films recaptured from that blockprint - printed during the reduction process on tracing paper and then exposed as screens . it’s five colors , two of which are rich golds , and three of which are really intense split - fountain fades . it’s a vivid print , like the beetles themselves - the camera has a hard time capturing it !
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