margarinotus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family histeridae .

this genus is mainly characterized by several characters of the male genitalia .

most species may be distinguished by the emarginate outline of the anterior margin of the mesosternum and by the complete inner subhumeral striae on elytra .

margarinotus

description of a new margarinotus species with additional notes about two histerids from nepal ( col . , histeridae )
the nearctic species margarinotus ( ptomister ) immunis ( erichson , 1834 ) discovered in slovakia ( coleoptera : histeridae ) .
the holotype of margarinotus ( paralister ) longus ( bickhardt , 1910 ) is re - described and figured . a key to the species of the subgenus paralister bickhardt , 1917 of the genus margarinotus marseul , 1853 from the balkans is given .
initially looks to be margarinotus . can you post a lateral shot and also a shot of the lateral edge of the pronotum ?
the nearctic species margarinotus ( ptomister ) immunis ( erichson , 1834 ) discovered in slovakia ( coleoptera : histeridae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
a review of california margarinotus marseul ( coleoptera : histeridae : histerinae : histerini ) , with descriptions of two new species caterino m . s . 2010 . the coleopterists bulletin 64 : 1–12 .
subgenera not yet in the guide ( represented in na by a single species each ) are margarinotus s . str . ( m . guttifer ) and stenister ( m . obscurus , adventive from europe )
the species is primarily found on carrion , but also occasionally on decomposing plant matter ( bousquet & lapalante 2006 ) . it is known in gsmnp from only a single record from 1959 at the edge of the park at 370 m elevation .
this widespread and abundant eurasian species has been introduced into eastern n america , where it is known from southern manitoba and tennessee and south carolina . the southwestern border of the range is unclear ( bousquet & lapalante 2006 ) .
development of these pages was supported by grants from discover life in america and the national science foundation ( deb - 0516311 ) .
bousquet , y . and s . laplante . 2006 . coleoptera histeridae . the insects and arachnids of canada . part 24 . nrc research press , ottawa . 485 pp .
kovarik , p . w . and m . s . caterino . 2000 . histeridae . pp . 212 - 227 in : arnett , r . h . and m . c . thomas ( eds . ) american beetles . vol . 1 . crc press , boca raton - london - new york - washington .
kryzhanovskij , o . l . and a . n . reichardt . 1976 . histeroidea . fauna of the ussr . vol . v ( 4 ) . nauka : moscow - leneingrad . 433 pp .
posted 13 august 2007 , a . k . tishechkin , louisiana state arthropod museum .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
american beetles , volume i : archostemata , myxophaga , adephaga , polyphaga : staphyliniformia arnett , r . h . , jr . , and m . c . thomas . ( eds . ) . 2000 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .
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formerly known as paralister carbonarius . approx 6 mm long and 4 mm wide . this beetle has a rounded shape and is uniformly black with well separated lines of studded holes on the elytra . the shortened elytra leave two of the seven tergites exposed . the antennae are angled and clubbed .
various habitats , but can be found in dung , carcases and decomposing fungi .
the larvae and adult forms of histeridae have been known to feed on dung , carrion , decomposing vegetation , other insects , larvae , and pupae .
occasional in leicestershire and rutland . there were a total of 20 vc55 records for this species up to march 2015 .
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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :
this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .
particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as
no probable or definite
) .
in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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tomáš lackner czech university of life sciences , faculty of forestry and wood sciences , department of forest protection and entomology , kamýcká 1176 , cz - 165 21 praha 6 – suchdol , czech republic .
bickhardt , h ( 1910 ) beiträge zur kenntnis der histeriden iv . entomologische blättern , 6 , 177–186 .
kryzhanovskij , o . l . & reichardt , a . n . ( 1976 ) zhuki nadsemeystva histeroidea ( semeystva sphaeritidae , histeridae , synteliidae ) . [ beetles of the superfamily histeroidea ( families sphaeritidae , histeridae , synteliidae ) ] . in : fauna sssr , zhestokrylye , vyp . 4 . nauka , leningrad , pp . 1–434 . [ in russian ]
lackner , t . , mazur , s . & newton , a . ( 2015 ) family histeridae . in : löbl , i . & löbl , d . ( eds . ) , catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera . vol . 2 . hydrophiloidea – staphylinoidea , part 1 . brill publishers , leiden , boston , pp . 76–130 .
mazur , s . ( 1984 ) a world catalogue of histeridae . polskie pismo entomologiczne , 54 ( 3–4 ) , 1–376 .
mazur , s . ( 1997 ) a world catalogue of the histeridae . genus – international journal of the invertebrate taxonomy , supplement , 1–373 .
mazur , s . ( 2011 ) a concise catalogue of the histeridae . warsaw university of life sciences , sggw press , warsaw , 332 pp .
ôhara , m . ( 1994 ) a revision of the superfamily histeroidea of japan ( coleoptera ) . insecta matsumurana , new series , 51 , 1–283 .
yélamos , t . ( 2002 ) coleoptera , histeridae . in : ramos m . a . , tercedor . j . a , bellés - ros x . , gosálbez - noguera , j . , sierra , á . g . , mayol , e . m . , piera , f . m . , marino , j . s . & gonzáles , j . t . ( eds . ) , fauna ibérica . vol . 17 . museo nacional de ciencias naturales , csci , madrid , pp . 1–411 .
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bousquet , y . ( editor ) . 1991 . checklist of beetles of canada and alaska . research branch , agriculutre canada . publication 1861 / e . , ottawa . 430pp . excel version ( includes updates ) . online . available : urltoken
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distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
poole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 1 ( coleoptera , strepsiptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md . available online : urltoken
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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the insects and arachnids of canada . part 24 . coleoptera histeridae bousquet y . , laplante s . 2006 . nrc research press , ottawa . 485 pp .
the beetles of northeastern north america , vol . 1 and 2 . downie , n . m . , and r . h . arnett . 1996 . the sandhill crane press , gainesville , fl .
contributions to the knowledge of atlantic canadian histeridae ( coleoptera ) c . g . majka . 2008 . zookeys 2 : 189 - 202 .
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czech university of life sciences , faculty of forestry and wood sciences , department of forest protection and entomology , kamýcká 1176 , cz - 165 21 praha 6 - suchdol , czech republic . ; email : tomaslackner @ me . com .
warsaw university of life sciences , faculty of forestry , department of forest protection and ecology , nowoursynowska 159 bld . 34 , 02 - 776 warszawa , poland . ; email : slawomir . mazur @ wl . sggw . pl .
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epicephala mirivalvata is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is found in fujian and hainan , china .

the larvae feed on breynia fruticosa and breynia rostrata .

epicephala mirivalvata

statistics of eggs laid by epicephala mirivalvata on breynia female flowers at three locations .
epicephala mirivalvata zhang , hu , wang & li , 2012 , sp . nov . - plazi treatmentbank
annual fruit stage of breynia fruticosa and life history of epicephala lativalvaris and e . mirivalvata in yingge mountain of hainan , china .
annual fruit stage of breynia fruticosa and epicephala rostrata , and life history of e . lativalvaris and e . mirivalvata in tianzhu mountain and wanshi botanical garden of xiamen , china .
statistics of oviposition scars made by epicephala lativalvaris on breynia fruits at five locations .
epicephala moths sucking nectar on female flowers of breynia fruticosa ( a ) and b . rostrata ( b ) .
in hainan , b . fruticosa has six fruit periods per year , lasting from the first period in early january to the sixth period in late november . epicephala lativalvaris and e . mirivalvata have six generations correspondingly , lasting from the first generation in middle january to the sixth generation in late december ( table s1 ) .
a single larva of both e . lativalvaris and e . mirivalvata needs to consume all six seeds within a fruit to develop into maturity . mature larvae ( the last instar ) gnawed a hole in the fruit wall and exited , then produced cocoons and turned into pupae on leaves of hosts or the ambient plants . pupal stage of e . lativalvaris lasted 9–15 days , and pupal stage of e . mirivalvata lasted 9–12 days . adults of both epicephala species could survive 3–5 days by sucking nectar for nutrition ( figure s1 ) .
epicephala lativalvaris collecting pollen grains on male flower of breynia fruticosa ( a ) and actively pollinating for breynia fruticosa ( b ) and b . rostrata ( c ) . e . lativalvaris inserting ovipositor through calyx lobe and ovary to lay eggs on b . fruticosa ( d ) and b . rostrata ( e ) . ( f ) egg of e . lativalvaris . e . mirivalvata laying eggs between ovary and calyx lobe on b . fruticosa ( g ) and b . rostrata ( h ) . ( i ) egg of e . mirivalvata . ( e ) egg .
we analyzed the coi genes of e . lativalvaris and epicephala sp . ex b . fruticosa [ 11 ] , and found that the pairwise distance between them is 0 . moreover , epicephala sp . ex b . fruticosa would leave scars on host flowers after ovipositing , which is similar to e . lativalvaris . based on the above information , we could conclude that the epicephala species pollinating b . fruticosa in kawakita and kato [ 11 ] is e . lativalvaris .
( a ) e . lativalvaris with spine - shaped apex . ( b ) e . mirivalvata with blunt apex . ( o ) ovipositor . ( a ) antrum . ( db ) ductus bursae . ( cb ) corpus bursae .
epicephala lativalvaris li , wang & zhang , 2012 and e . mirivalvata li , wang & zhang , 2012 are two small nocturnal moths that are distinctly different in morphology [ 17 ] . females have a different oviposition mode due to having a differently shaped ovipositor ( figure 5 ) . however , they obligately and jointly pollinated b . fruticosa in hainan and fujian , and pollinated b . rostrata in fujian .
figures 1 – 6 . adults of epicephala spp . 1 , e . lanceolaria sp . nov . , paratype 3 ; 2 , e . lativalvaris sp . nov . , paratype 3 ; 3 , e . mirivalvata sp . nov . , paratype ƥ ; 4 , e . vitisidaea sp . nov . , paratype ƥ ; 5 , e . bipollenella sp . nov . , paratype ƥ ; 6 , e . eriocarpa sp . nov . , paratype ƥ .
zhang , jing , hu , bingbing , wang , shuxia & li , houhun , 2012 , six new species of epicephala meyrick , 1880 ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) associated with phyllanthaceae plants , zootaxa 3275 , pp . 43 - 54 : 48 - 49
figures 7 – 12 . male genitalia of epicephala spp . 7 , e . lanceolaria sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . bhy 08332 ; 8 , e . lativalvaris sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10007 ; 9 , e . mirivalvata sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10080 ; 10 , e . vitisidaea sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10041 ; 11 , e . bipollenella sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10056 ; 12 , e . eriocarpa sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 11038 .
citation : zhang j , wang s , li h , hu b , yang x , wang z ( 2012 ) diffuse coevolution between two epicephala species ( gracillariidae ) and two breynia species ( phyllanthaceae ) . plos one 7 ( 7 ) : e41657 . urltoken
epicephala adults repeatedly rubbed proboscis against stigma to deposit pollen grains on all stigmas ( figure 2 : b , c ) . they would pace back and forth to pollinate all flowers on one branch , and female flowers were pollinated in this way as to pollinate most efficiently .
( a ) the maximum - parsimonious tree of epicephala moths ( length , 486 ; ci = 0 . 519 ; ri = 0 . 518 ) . ( b ) the maximum - likelihood tree of epicephala moths ( - ln likelihood = 1628 . 20777 ; transition / transversion ratio = 2 ; empirical frequencies : a = 0 . 29923 , c = 0 . 16930 , g = 0 . 14101 , t = 0 . 39046 ) . numbers above branches are bootstrap values . red branches refer to the species involved in this study .
we observed epicephala moths during full anthesis and recorded their visiting behavior in detail , with particular attention paid to their nocturnal activities . we recorded the time that the moths spent on pollination , oviposition and pollen collection , and observed how they used their proboscis to collect pollen and pollinate flowers , and where they oviposited . we collected developing and mature fruits and put them in a cylindrical plastic box ( 8 . 5 cm×12 . 0 cm ) to rear epicephala larvae . we then recorded how and when the larvae left fruits to cocoon and emerge .
adult specimens examined in this study were collected from their hosts or reared from fruits in captivity . dissection of female flowers of breynia plants and female genitalia of epicephala moths was conducted under an olympus sz11 stereo - microscope . photographs were taken with a canon g10 digital camera in the field and the illustration of genitalia were prepared with an olympus c–7070 wide zoom digital camera .
we extracted genomic dna of epicephala moths from the fruits we reared , and extracted genomic dna of b . rostrata from silica - gel dried leaves collected in tianzhu mountain , fujian . the method of dna extraction followed the ctab procedure [ 19 ] . we pcr - amplified the coi gene fragments using primers lepf1 and lepr1 [ 20 ] , and pcr - amplified the matk gene fragments using primers 570f and 1710r [ 21 ] .
male flowers of b . fruticosa ( a ) and b . rostrata ( b ) with stamens concealed in calyxe which can be visited by epicephala moths only . female flowers ( c ) and fruit ( d ) of b . fruticosa with excurved stigmas and discal calyx sepals . female flowers ( e ) and fruit ( f ) of b . rostrata with stigmas erect and reflexed calyx sepals . ( cs ) calyx sepals . ( s ) stigma .
the presence of oviposition scars and eggs on fruits was considered to have a one–to–one correspondence [ 11 ] . we randomly examined 23 flowers in hainan ( yingge mountain ) and 179 flowers in fujian ( tianzhu mountain and wanshi botanical garden ) to search for eggs ( table s3 ) ; and randomly examined oviposition scars on 1162 fruits in hainan ( yingge mountain , wuzhi mountain and jianfeng mountain ) and 974 fruits in fujian ( tianzhu mountain and wanshi botanical garden ) to acquire the egg amount of epicephala moths ( table s4 ) .
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not stated ,
two perfect types
, ansp ( busck 1903 : 191 ) ; 2 syntypes ex coll . clemens , ex coll . stainton , bmnh ; 1 syntype ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
clemens , b . 1859 . contribution to american lepidopterology . - no . 2 - proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia [ 1859 ] : 317–328 .
handfield , l . 2002 . additions , corrections et radiations à la liste des lépidoptères du quèbec . - fabreries 27 ( 1 ) : 1–46 .
pohl , g . r . , landry , j . - f . , schmidt , b . c . , lafontaine , j . d . , troubridge , j . t . , macaulay , a . d . , van nieukerken , e . j . , dewaard , j . r . , dombroskie , j . j . , klymko , j . , nazari , v . & stead , k . 2018 . annotated checklist of the moths and butterflies ( lepidoptera ) of canada and alaska . - — : 1–580 .
szabóky , c . 2014 . new data to the microlepidoptera fauna of hungary , part xvi ( lepidoptera : autostichidae , coleophoridae , gelechiidae , gracillariidae , pyralidae , tortricidae ) . - folia entomologica hungarica / rovartani közlemények 75 : 173–182 .
baur , h . 2005 . determination list of entomophagous insects nr . 14 . - iobc / wprs bulletin 28 ( 11 ) : i–vii , 1–71 .
swisslepteam 2010 . die schmetterlinge ( lepidoptera ) der schweiz . eine kommentierte , systematisch - faunistische liste . - — : 1 - 349 .
heppner , j . b . 2013 . florida lepidoptera biodiversity : distributions and phenologies . - lepidoptera novae 6 ( 2–4 ) : 65–128 .
grehan , j . r . , parker , b . l . , nielsen , g . r . , miller , d . h . , hedbor , j . d . , sabourin , m . & griggs , m . s . 1995 . moths and butterflies of vermont ( lepidoptera ) . a faunal checklist . - — : i–xi , 1–95 .
zeller , p . c . 1873 . beiträge zur kenntniss der nordamericanischen nachtfalter , besonders der microlepidopteren . zweite abtheilung . - verhandlungen der kaiserlich - königlichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien 23 : 201–334 , pls . 3–4 .
brower , a . e . 1984 . a list of the lepidoptera of maine , part 2 : the microlepidoptera , section 2 ; cosmopterigidae through hepialidae . - — 114 : i–x , 1–70 .
chambers , v . t . 1878b . art . iv . tineina and their foodplants . - bulletin of the united states geological and geographical survey of the territories 4 ( 1 ) : 107–124 .
needham , j . g . , frost , s . w . & tothill , b . h . 1928 . leaf - mining insects . - — : viii + 351 pp . .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . - memoirs of the american entomological institute 69 : 1–824 .
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
copyright : © zhang et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this research was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( no . 30930014 ) . funder’s website : urltoken . the funder had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
female flowers ( a ) and fruits ( b ) with erect stigmas and flat calyx sepals . female flowers ( c ) and fruits ( d ) with excurved stigmas and reflexed calyx sepals . ( cs ) calyx sepals . ( s ) stigma .
we found some plant individuals are difficult to identify , because they possess double morphological characters of both b . fruticosa and b . rostrata : three individuals ( figure 1 : a , b ) in hainan with erect stigmas ( characteristic of b . rostrata ) and flat calyx sepals ( characteristic of b . fruticosa ) ; nineteen individuals ( figure 1 : c , d ) in fujian with excurved stigmas ( characteristic of b . fruticosa ) and reflexed calyx sepals ( characteristic of b . rostrata ) .
the result of the hand - pollination hybridization experiment showed that there are no reproductive barriers between b . fruticosa and b . rostrata . 90 % b . fruticosa female flowers ( n = 50 ) with pollen grains from b . rostrata developed , so did 94 % b . rostrata female flowers ( n = 50 ) with pollen grains from b . fruticosa ( table s7 ) .
plant species . ( a ) the maximum - parsimonious tree of phyllantheae plants ( length , 179 ; ci = 0 . 933 ; ri = 0 . 985 ) . ( b ) the maximum - likelihood tree of phyllantheae plants ( - ln likelihood = 2922 . 8917 ; transition / transversion ratio = 2 ; empirical frequencies : a = 0 . 30688 , c = 0 . 16491 , g = 0 . 15206 , t = 0 . 37615 ) . numbers above branches are bootstrap values . red branches refer to the species involved in this study .
diffuse coevolution firstly advanced and defined by janzen ( 1980 ) [ 14 ] . he defined coevolution as an evolutionary change in a trait of the individuals in one population in response to a trait of the individuals of a second population , followed by an evolutionary response by the second population to the change in the first . diffuse coevolution occurs when either or both populations in coevolution are represented by an array of populations that generate a selective pressure as a group [ 14 ] .
breynia fruticosa and b . rostrata are sister taxa , which suggests that the pollinators they are sharing might have pollinated their ancestor , and that this pollination system maintained after the speciation of b . fruticosa and b . rostrata .
from november 2009 to september 2011 , we carried out field observations on breynia fruticosa in yingge mountain nature reserves ( alt . 200–755 m , 18°50′–19°12′n , 109°15′–109°50′e ) , wuzhi mountain national nature reserves ( alt . 512–720 m , 18°49′–18°59′n , 109°32′–109°43′e ) and jianfeng mountain national nature reserves ( alt . 807–973 m , 18°23′–18°52′n , 108°44′–109°02′e ) in hainan , china ; and on b . fruticosa and b . rostrata in wanshi botanical garden ( alt . 28–201 m , 117°53′–118°25′e , 24°25′–24°54′n ) and tianzhu mountain national forest park ( alt . 50–200 m , 24°35′–24°39′n , 117°53′–117°57′e ) in fujian , china .
to make sure whether the hybridization could happen between b . fruticosa and b . rostrata , we performed a hand - pollination hybridization experiment in wanshi botanical garden . we respectively selected 50 non - pollinating female flowers of b . fruticosa and b . rostrata . we gathered pollen grains from male flowers of b . fruticosa and hand - pollinated female flowers of b . rostrata , and from male flowers of b . rostrata and hand - pollinated female flowers of b . fruticosa . we bagged these pollinated flowers with fine netting ( 0 . 5 mm mesh ) , and seven days later , we counted and calculated their developmental rate ( figure s2 ) .
maximum - parsimony and maximum - likelihood analyses of coi and matk were performed using paup v . 4 . 0 b10 [ 25 ] . both maximum - parsimony and maximum - likelihood heuristic searches were conducted with equal weight , 1000 and 100 replicates of random addition analyses respectively , and tree bisection - reconnection branch swapping . the robustness of maximum - parsimony and maximum - likelihood trees were assessed by non - parametric bootstrapping with 1000 and 100 replicates respectively .
hand - pollination hybridization experiment of breynia fruticosa and b . rostrata . ( a ) flowers bagged with fine netting . ( b ) hand - pollinated b . rostrata with pollen of b . fruticosa . ( c ) non - pollinated female flower of b . fruticosa . ( d ) developed female flowers of b . fruticosa with pollen of b . rostrata . ( e ) non - pollinated female flower of b . rostrata . ( f ) developed female flowers of b . rostrata with pollen of b . fruticosa .
we appreciate fuchen shi for identifying breynia plants , to yanru yin for her assistance in the field . special thanks are given to members of tianzhu mountain national forest park and yingge mountain nature reserves for their support and kind help in the field . this research was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( no . 30930014 ) .
conceived and designed the experiments : hl sw . performed the experiments : jz bh xy zw . analyzed the data : jz hl . wrote the paper : jz sw hl .
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south africa , transvaal [ limpopo ] , soutpansberg district , louis trichardt , 06 . vi . 1923 , leg . l . vári .
vári , l . 1961 . south african lepidoptera . vol . i . lithocolletidae . - transvaal museum memoir 12 : 238 pp . 112 pls .
* a large , irregular , transparent , whitish blotch - mine on upperside of leaf with greenish - brown discoloration .
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a ) . during pollen collection , female adults intermittently spread proboscis several times to get more pollen grains . they only collected pollen grains in one male flower each time effectively , which could pollinate more than ten female flowers in the same or different plants .
b , c ) . they would pace back and forth to pollinate all flowers on one branch , and female flowers were pollinated in this way as to pollinate most efficiently .
species exhibited similar behavior of pollen collection and pollination , but their oviposition behavior was visibly different .
moths often gave complementary pollination to make sure there are enough pollen grains for female flowers . on rare occasion , they would not lay eggs if disturbed .
are closely related , their hybrid offsprings could survive and possess double characters of both species . this hypothesis is supported by the fact that some plant individuals in tianzhu mountain and wanshi botanical garden have double characters of both
, but we did not find it in this study . we only found three individuals with characters of both
was either very small or has disappeared . the plants with double characters in hainan may imply that
does and plays a secondary role in this mutualism . this is closely associated with female ovipositor structures and oviposition mode .
d–f ) . so the external influence imposed on egg hatching could be greatly reduced , and the newly hatched larvae could instantly feed on seeds to ensure a higher survival rate . on the contrary ,
g–i ) . so both eggs and newly hatched larvae were exposed to the influence of environmental factors . moreover , the newly hatched larvae had to bore into the ovary , which could increase the mortal hazard and eventually decrease the population size . the phylogenetic analysis of
moths ; female flowers bear free calyx and styles , which is likely to be accessed by other flower visitors . the two
this research was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( no . 30930014 ) . funder’s website : urltoken . the funder had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
samuel r , kathriarachchi h , hoffmann p , barfuss mh , wurdack kj , et al . ( 2005 )
kathriarachchi h , samuel r , hoffmann p , mlinarec j , wurdack kj , et al . ( 2006 )
type material . china : hainan province : holotype 3 , yingge mountain nature reserves ( 19 °02ʹn , 109 ° 50 ʹe ) , 4 . ix . 2010 , leg . bingbing hu , genitalia slide no . zj 10062 . paratypes : 3 ƥƥ , 3–4 . ix . 2010 , leg . bingbing hu , 1 ƥ , 5 . vi . 2010 , leg . jing zhang , same locality as holotype ; 1 3 , mt . limu ( 19 ° 10 ʹn , 109 ° 46 ʹe ) , 700 m , 15 . iv . 2008 , leg . binbin hu & haiyan bai ( by light trap ) ; fujian province : 1 3 , mt . tianzhu ( 24 ° 36 ʹn , 117 ° 59 ʹe ) , xiamen , 23 . viii . 2010 , leg . jing zhang .
) . tegumen broad ligulate . costa with basal half narrow and parallel dorsoventrally , distal half broadened gradually to rounded apex ; apex obliquely rounded ; with dense long setae near apical and ventral margins ; transtilla elongate triangular , acute at apex . sacculus shorter than costa , irregularly triangular , about 2 . 5 times as wide as costa at base , gradually narrowing towards acute apex ; dorsal margin conspicuously arched ; ventral margin nearly straight , with a broad rectangular plate along basal 2 / 5 , its outer margin incised ; distal 1 / 3 scattered with teeth , dentate ventrally . vinculum u - shaped , blunt posteriorly ; saccus slender , straight , as long as vinculum , acute at apex . phallus broad and straight , longer than costa ; cornuti consisting of six small spines at distal 1 / 3 , a dorsoapical tooth and a large ventroapical thorn ; in some individuals , phallus with some indistinct teeth and a large ventroapical thorn .
sp . nov . in appearance , but can be separated from the latter by the forewing dorsally with a distinct broad white band , and the sacculus not very broad but quite differently shaped in the male genitalia ; and the ostium bursae anteriorly not bearing a semicircular sac and the longer antrum in the female genitalia .
etymology . the specific name is derived from the latin prefix miri - , meaning bizarre , and the word valvatus , meaning valvular , in reference to the peculiar sacculus .
sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . hbb 10020 ; 14 ,
sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10054 ; 16 ,
sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10068 ; 17 ,
sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 11013 ; 18 ,
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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alcedo is a genus of birds in the kingfisher subfamily alcedininae .

the genus was introduced by carl linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his systema naturae .

the type species is the common kingfisher ( alcedo atthis ispida ) .

alcedo is the latin for " kingfisher " .

the genus contains the following seven species : cerulean kingfisher ( alcedo coerulescens ) blue-banded kingfisher ( alcedo euryzona ) shining-blue kingfisher ( alcedo quadribrachys ) blue-eared kingfisher ( alcedo meninting ) common kingfisher ( alcedo atthis ) half-collared kingfisher ( alcedo semitorquata ) blyth 's kingfisher ( alcedo hercules ) unlike many kingfishers , all members of alcedo are specialist fish-eaters .

they all have some blue feathers on their upper-parts and most species have a black bill .

alcedo

, separate this clade from alcedo ( moyle et al . 2007 ; fjeldså comm )
© 2014 - 2018 alcedo srl cui : ro350278 / reg . com . : j40 / 2896 / 1991
alcedo bistro & bar is a family run business , serving fresh high quality british and european cuisine , with excellence .
unfamiliar with this area of london we booked alcedo based on other reviews for a large group after a local event . we were not disappointed and everyone enjoyed the food , ambience and the hospitality of angel and his staff . if we are back in the . . .
ewald , c . y . , hourihan , j . m . , bland , m . s . , obieglo , c . , katic , i . , moronetti mazzeo , l . e . , alcedo , j . , blackwell , t . k . , and hynes , n . e . ( 2017 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
the coraciiformes ( sensu stricto ) is the sister group to the monophyletic piciformes ( prum et al . 2015 ) .
af : angola , se dr congo and s tanzania to n botswana , zimbabwe , malawi and mozambique .
. fry et al , 1988 ; fry , 2001 , hockey et al . 2005
s himalayas to indochina , the malay pen . , sumatra , java , borneo and the philippines
new guinea , w papuan islands , d ' entrecasteaux arch . and the louisiade arch .
s malay pen . , sumatra , w sumatra islands , riau arch . , bangka and belitung , java and borneo
bohol , cebu , negros , samar , leyte , calicoan , biliran and siquijor is . ( c and ec philippines )
collared kingfisher species complex includes torresian kingfisher , islet kingfisher , pacific kingfisher , mariana kingfisher , melanesian kingfisher ( andersen et al . 2015 , clements 2015 ) . more to come
pacific kingfisher split from collared kingfisher ( andersen et al . 2015 , clements et al . 2015 ) ; additional proposed splits include fiji (
ofu , olosega and tau is . ( manua is . in american samoa )
vanua levu , taveuni , viti levu , koro , ovalau and ngau is . ( fiji )
follows fry et al , 1992 . but see h & m4 for species status
rusty - capped kingfisher is split from guam [ micronesian ] kingfisher ( andersen et al . 2015 , clements et al . 2015 ) . ‘rusty - capped ' kingfisher is the recommended english name , not palau kingfisher ( pratt , comm )
pohnpei kingfisher is split from guam [ micronesian ] kingfisher ( andersen et al . 2015 , clements et al . 2015 )
niau kingfisher is split from mangareva [ tuamoto ] kingfisher ( andersen et al . 2015 , clements et al . 2015 )
nigeria e to w sudan , uganda and kenya , and s to s angola , n namibia and botswana , zimbabwe and south africa .
s malay pen . , borneo , s philippines , sw sulawesi , sula is . , sumatra and java to lombok
sulawesi , moluccas , w papuan islands , new guinea , bismarck arch . and louisiade arch .
monotypic following fry ch , k fry & a harris . 1992 , woodall , 2001 . includes
( king 1997 , rasmussen & anderton 2005 , lim et al . 2010 ) suggest past episodes of secondary contact and introgression . revisit status of
to moluccan dwarf kingfisher with splits of this species complex ( andersen et al . 2013 )
split from moluccan ( variable ) dwarf kingfisher ( andersen et al . 2013 )
au : w papuan islands , new guinea , aru is . and d ' entrecasteaux arch .
au : new hanover , new ireland and lihir is . ( bismarck arch . )
au : buka and bougainville e to choiseul and santa isabel ( w and c solomons is . )
split from moluccan ( variable ) dwarf kingfisher ( andersen et al . 2013 ) .
, now split ( andersen et al . 2013 ) they lack vocal or behavioral differences that would support species status of
au : vellalavella , new georgia and rendova is . ( wc solomons is . )
northern silvery kingfisher split from [ southern ] silvery kingfisher ( collar 2011b , andersen et al . 2013d ) . gender agreement invariable ( h & m 4 : 338 ) .
w papuan islands , w , s and e new guinea , d ' entrecasteaux arch . , and aru is .
w papuan islands , w , s and e new guinea , aru is . , kai is . and d ' entrecasteaux arch .
buka and bougainville east to choiseul , santa isabel and florida is . ( n and nc solomons is . )
ma , sa : nicaragua to n bolivia , se brazil . also w colombia , nw ecuador
hokkaido i . ( n japan ) and s kuril is . ( russia )
caroli linnaei . . . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis .
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for optimal survival , an animal has to process complex environmental information to generate the appropriate physiological responses . however , the mechanisms through which animals process complex information remain unknown . recently , we have identified different neuropeptide signaling pathways that are involved in processing distinct sensory cues to promote different physiological outputs : ( i ) the neuromedin u signaling pathway in mediating the food - type influence on development and lifespan and ( ii ) specific insulin - like peptides in promoting distinct developmental switches under certain environments . in the future , we plan to elucidate how these neuropeptides encode and process environmental information to manage different physiological outputs , e . g . , development versus lifespan .
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