littorinoidea are a superfamily of both sea snails and land snails which have a gill and an operculum , terrestrial and marine gastropod mollusks in the clade littorinimorpha .

the terrestrial family within this group , the pomatiidae , are sometimes called " land winkles " because the group originated in the sea and the closely related family littorinidae are known as " winkles " .

littorinoidea

kento furui added the japanese common name
タマキビ上科
to
littorinoidea
.
no one has contributed data records for littorinoidea yet . learn how to contribute .
review of the hispaniolan parachondria ( chondropomorus ) complex ( gastropoda : littorinoidea : annulariidae ) .
review of the hispaniolan parachondria ( chondropomorus ) complex ( gastropoda : littorinoidea : annulariidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
ty - jour ti - a preliminary review of the annulariidae ( gastropoda : littorinoidea ) of the lesser antilles t2 - the nautilus . vl - 128 is - 3 ur - urltoken pb - american malacologists , inc . , etc . cy - melbourne , fla . , etc . , py - 2014 sp - 65 ep - 90 sn - 0028 - 1344 au - watters , g thomas er -
the littorinoidea are operculate , gilled snails , both marine and terrestrial . there are five extant families , but only one contains terrestrial species , pomatiidae , with two subfamilies , annulariinae and pomatiinae . some authors consider the annulariinae to be a separate family ( annulariidae ) . the genera with terrestrial species are listed below , by family . distributions were taken from compendium of landshells by r . tucker abbott , the discover life web site , and the malacos . chez web site .
@ article { bhlpart220910 , title = { a preliminary review of the annulariidae ( gastropoda : littorinoidea ) of the lesser antilles } , journal = { the nautilus . } , volume = { 128 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { melbourne , fla . , etc . , american malacologists , inc . , etc . } , author = { watters , g thomas } , year = { 2014 } , pages = { 65 - - 90 } , }
< mods xmlns : xlink =
urltoken
version =
3 . 0
xmlns : xsi =
urltoken
xmlns =
urltoken
xsi : schemalocation =
urltoken urltoken
> < titleinfo > < title > a preliminary review of the annulariidae ( gastropoda : littorinoidea ) of the lesser antilles < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > watters , g thomas < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =
marcgt
> < / genre > < note type =
content
> 128 < / note > < relateditem type =
host
> < titleinfo > < title > the nautilus . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =
text
> melbourne , fla . , etc . , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > american malacologists , inc . , etc . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =
volume
> < number > 128 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =
pages
> < start > 65 < / start > < end > 90 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2014 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =
uri
> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =
useandreproduction
> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder < / accesscondition > < / mods >
we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .
oxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide
for full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .
bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
kento furui added the japanese common name
オカタマキビ科
to
pomatiidae newton , 1891
.
maggie whitson set
file : pomatiasidae - pomatias elegans - 001 . jpg
as an exemplar on
pomatias
.
maggie whitson added the english common name
a genus of round mouthed snails
to
pomatias
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
department of evolution , ecology , and organismal biology , the ohio state university , 1315 kinnear road , columbus , ohio 43212 usa . ; email : watters . 1 @ osu . edu .
the parachondria ( chondropomorus ) complex in hispaniola is reviewed . nineteen species are recognized including eight new species : parachondria anatolensis n . sp . , parachondria arcisensis n . sp . , parachondria daedalus n . sp . , parachondria heatheraikenae n . sp . , parachondria isabellinus n . sp . , parachondria muchai n . sp . , parachondria silvaticus n . sp . , and parachondria stigmosus n . sp . distributional and habitat notes are given for additional taxa . chondropoma marinum
weinland
reeve , 1863 , is regarded as a nomen dubium . chondropoma ( chondropomorus ) moroni bartsch , 1946 , is reidentified as crossepoma emilianum ( weinland , 1862 ) . chondropoma simplex pfeiffer , 1852 , regarded by bartsch ( 1946 ) as a chondropomorus , is considered a chondropoma .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
jamaica , martinique is . , guyana , guatemala , trinidad , guadeloupe , antigua , barbuda , jamaica
© 2012 university of illinois board of trustees . all rights reserved . for permissions information , contact the illinois natural history survey .
melbourne , fla . , etc . , american malacologists , inc . , etc .
biodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to… urltoken
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
see also beesley 1998 , bouchet et al . 2005 , harzhauser 2004 , harzhauser 2007 , marquet 1997 , ponder and warén 1988 and todd 2001
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0775c000 - 45dc - 4176 - 9811 - 6af5247bed63
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 35b036f9 - 6c06 - 474a - 8020 - f6621c77d9e1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 282983
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
in continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .
littoraria glabrata ( philippi , 1846 ) : deuss et al . ( 2013 ) [ statut pour mayotte ] deuss , m . , richard , g . & verneau , n . 2013 . mollusques de mayotte . naturalistes de mayotte , mamoudzou . 380 pp .
littorina kraussi rosewater , 1970 : jay et al . ( 2009 ) [ statut pour la réunion ] jay , m . , bidgrain , p . , drivas , j . , hoareau , g . & martin , j . c . 2009 . site internet ' vie océane ' : urltoken version du 23 mars 2009 , téléchargée le 15 novembre 2010 . [ urltoken ]
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
en poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site , vous acceptez l’utilisation de cookies pour vous proposer des contenus et services adaptés et réaliser des statistiques de visites . en savoir plus à propos des cookies .
adamsiella crenulata martinensis coomans , 1967 : coomans ( 1967 ) : 126 . [ description originale ] coomans , h . e . 1967 . the non - marine mollusca of st . martin ( lesser antilles ) . studies on the fauna of caraçao and other caribbean islands , 24 ( 94 ) : 118 - 145 .
coomans ( 1967 ) : fig . 39 - 41 . [ illustration originale ] coomans , h . e . 1967 . the non - marine mollusca of st . martin ( lesser antilles ) . studies on the fauna of caraçao and other caribbean islands , 24 ( 94 ) : 118 - 145 .
coomans ( 1967 ) [ statut pour saint - martin ] coomans , h . e . 1967 . the non - marine mollusca of st . martin ( lesser antilles ) . studies on the fauna of caraçao and other caribbean islands , 24 ( 94 ) : 118 - 145 .
diplopoma crenulatum martinensis ( coomans , 1967 ) : questel ( 2017 ) [ statut pour saint - martin ] questel , k . 2017 . les escargots terrestres de saint - barthélemy . le bulletin de l’agence territoriale de l ' environnement de saint - barthélemy , 1 : 10 - 13 .
questel ( 2017 ) [ statut pour saint - barthélemy ] questel , k . 2017 . les escargots terrestres de saint - barthélemy . le bulletin de l’agence territoriale de l ' environnement de saint - barthélemy , 1 : 10 - 13 .
inventaire national du patrimoine naturel , site web : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
echinolittorina angustior ( mörch , 1876 ) : lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la martinique ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dulçaquicoles des antilles françaises . plb editions . 788 pp .
lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la guadeloupe ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dulçaquicoles des antilles françaises . plb editions . 788 pp .
lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour saint - martin ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dulçaquicoles des antilles françaises . plb editions . 788 pp .
questel & le quellec ( 2012 ) [ statut pour saint - barthélemy ] questel , k . & le quellec , f . 2012 . la faune terrestre et aquatique de saint - barthélemy ( antilles françaises ) . synthèse bibliographique et quelques données inédites . version 1 . 2 . la réserve naturelle de saint - barthélemy , alsophis et université des antilles et de la guyane . 65 pp .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .
» genus cremnobates w . t . blanford , 1863 accepted as cremnoconchus w . t . blanford , 1869 ( invalid : junior homonym of cremnobates swainson , 1855 , and cremnobates gunther , 1861 ; cremnoconchus is a replacement name )
» genus lacunaria dall , 1885 accepted as lacuna w . turton , 1827 ( non conrad , 1866 )
» genus lacunitunica golikov & gulbin , 1978 accepted as lacuna w . turton , 1827
» genus bacalia h . adams & a . adams , 1854 accepted as littorina férussac , 1822
» genus littorina - capsula accepted as peasiella g . nevill , 1885 ( unavailable name : established for the egg capsules of various littorinids )
» genus tectarium p . fischer , 1885 accepted as tectarius valenciennes , 1832 ( unjustified emendation )
genus tamanella [ sic ] accepted as temanella rovereto , 1899 accepted as lacuna w . turton , 1827
( of lacunidae gray , 1857 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
the genus gyraxis in hispaniola is reviewed , currently only known from the area of the bahía de samaná in the dominican republic . it includes three taxa : gyraxis samana ( clench , 1966 ) , g . sericata ( pilsbry , 1903 ) and g . excalibur new species . the radular morphology and isolation from cuban gyraxis suggest they may yet require a new genus
watters also , when dealing with the nomen inquirendum cylindrella gouldiana pfeiffer , 1853 , indicated this taxon has never been figured and that crosse subsequently mentioned the first precise locality for the species ( “région dominicaine : rochers du tablaso , près san cristobal ( a . sallé ) ” ) . watters expressed “it is not clear how he knew this” . this answer is simple : crosse always indicated behind his localities the collector of the material , in this case sallé . the material which crosse saw may either have been returned to sallé or have ended up in the crosse collection . both collections have been dispersed after their owner’s death , and the current depository of the material is unknown .
reference : watters , g . t . , 2018 . the genus gyraxis pilsbry , 1903 ( gastropoda : urocoptidae ) from bahía de samaná area of the dominican republic . – journal of conchology , 43 : 103 - 108 .
salles et al . just published a paper on the tropical helicarionid snail ovachlamys fulgens ( gude , 1900 ) for which they used brazilian material to redescribe the species .
the authors have done a thorough morphological and anatomical study , which will undoubtedly help to identify this species in future .
reference : salles , a . c . a . , oliveira , c . d . c . & absalão , r . s . , 2018 . redescription of the jumping snail ovachlamys fulgens ( gude , 1900 ) ( gastropoda : helicarionoidea : helicarionidae ) : an anatomical and conchological approach . – the nautilus , 132 ( 1 ) : 19 - 29 .
just published : the revised nomenclator and classification of gastropod families ( and above ) by bouchet et al . , 2017 . it is an update of the first version , now more than 10 years ago , plus an addition of monoplacophoran families .
j . morris & lycett , 1851 , under art . 70 . 3 ;
g . o . sars , 1878 , under art . 70 . 3 ;
chevreux , 1906 ( january ) [ amphipoda ] ; yuopisthonematidae nützel , nom . nov . , and
yu , 1974 , non gill , 1862 [ pisces ] . the new family - group name burnupiidae albrecht is established in this work ; and the names scolodontina and orthalicoidei are first used here to denote , respectively , a suborder containing the family scolodontidae , and an infraorder containing the superfamily orthalicoidea
this important work will serve as a guide for the correct classification of higher levels in these groups , and also as a rich source for data . the references contain several collations providing publication dates for different parts of works .
revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . – malacologia , 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 .
incidentally i found on the net a very useful document , explaining the use of biological ( i . e . zoological ) names and also of relevant articles in the iczn code .
even those who are familiar with the code can find bits of information that are enlightening . personally i was happy to see a further explanation of art . 11 . 6 which rules the names published as junior synonym ( p . 68 - 69 ) . as francisco welter - schultes wrote to me , this is especially for malacologists a hot topic and needs further action from the commission . but the 5th edition of the code is only expected in 2020 or later , so in the meantime one has to cope with the situation by trying to keep nomenclature as stabile as possible .
the document can be found at http / / www . gbif . org / orc / ? doc _ id = 2784 or at urltoken
just published : a paper on jousseaume’s tautonyms by leo van gemert and myself .
we present a short biography of félix - pierre jousseaume ( 12 april 1835 - 3 november 1921 ) and an addition to his bibliography . he published in total 138 malacological and 21 non - malacological articles or books . in the appendix additional references are listed in comparison with an earlier published preliminary bibliography . jousseaume received many comments from other malacologists , especially for his tautonyms . critical remarks from weinkauff , tryon , woodward and mellvill , and one comment from jousseaume , are cited .
in total jousseaume published 28 new species - level taxa as primary , absolute taunonyms ( new genus and new species ) and 24 secondary ones ( 22 with a new genus and 2 with a new species name ) . the virtual tautonyms ( with almost identical genus and species names ) are not discussed . however , for four taxa of jousseaume it is unclear if the taxon is a tautonym or a virtual tautonym . in our view the problems were caused by carelessness of jousseaume . these four taxa are discussed extensively and a conclusion is presented on the correct name . the results are shown in the tables with the original name ( invariably the tautonym ) , source of the original name , and the present view on the taxon with the source and ( explanatory ) remarks
reference : gemert , l . j . van & breure , a . s . h . , 2017 . the tautonyms of jousseaume : a taxonomical studt . – folia conchyliologica , 42 : 14 - 23 .
as an advance online publication , recently appeared the paper by sei et al . on the phylogenetic relationships within the sagdoidea .
this is a nice piece of research for which the authors did extensive dna research with 3 loci and divergence time analysis . this resulted in a major taxonomical revision of the group , defining the pleurodontidae and erecting the labyrinthidae and zachrysiidae .
reference : sei , m . , robinson , r . g . , geneva , a . j . & rosenberg , g . , 2017 . doubled helix : sagdoidea is the overlooked sister group of helicoidea ( mollusca : gastropoda : pulmonata ) . – biological journal of the linnean society , xx : 1 - 32 [ advance online publication , hence the correct reference will be different ] .
taxonomy of fossils and recent species sometimes intertwines as demonstrated by a new publication of kadolsky .
reference : kadolsky , d . , 2017 . on the type species of the genus galactochilus sandberger , 1875 , with a review of the identity of helix cornumilitare linnaeus , 1758 and of its misidentifications ( gastropoda : helicoidea ) . – archiv für molluskenkunde , 146 : 97 - 110 .
privacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy


the bonin flying fox , bonin fruit bat ( pteropus pselaphon ) , or in japanese ogasawara giant bat ( オガサワラオオコウモリ ogasawara ōkōmori ) is a species of flying fox in the family pteropodidae .

it is endemic to four islands ( chichijima , hahajima , north iwo jima , and south iwo jima ) in ogasawara islands , japan .

its natural habitat is subtropical forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

bonin flying fox

information on the bonin flying fox is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - bonin flying fox ( pteropus pselaphon )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - bonin flying fox ( pteropus pselaphon )
title =
arkive species - bonin flying fox ( pteropus pselaphon )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
dansk | just dance 2015 m . lassemedhatten | what does the fox say ! - knp 2015
this is the navigation link for moving toward in this page . go to main contents
classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
nature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .
myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
boninsaartenlenkko
to
pteropus pselaphon lay , 1829
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
a curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .
a curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .
projects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .
software for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .
a curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .
the benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .
a high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .
analyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .
a portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .
the whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .
[ 0971 ] jones et al . ( 2003 ) , biological correlates of extinction risk in bats ( pubmed )
comments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en
urltoken
cites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .
there are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :
you have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .
your browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .
your browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .
the date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .
you have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .
this site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .
this site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .
in general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .


the european hare ( lepus europaeus ) , also known as the brown hare , is a species of hare native to europe and parts of asia .

it is among the largest hare species and is adapted to temperate , open country .

hares are herbivorous and feed mainly on grasses and herbs , supplementing these with twigs , buds , bark and field crops , particularly in winter .

their natural predators include large birds of prey , canids and felids .

they rely on high-speed endurance running to escape from their enemies ; having long , powerful limbs and large nostrils .

generally nocturnal and shy in nature , hares change their behaviour in the spring , when they can be seen in broad daylight chasing one another around in fields .

during this spring frenzy , they sometimes strike one another with their paws ( " boxing " ) .

this is usually not competition between males , but a female hitting a male , either to show she is not yet ready to mate or as a test of his determination .

the female nests in a depression on the surface of the ground rather than in a burrow , and the young are active as soon as they are born .

litters may consist of three or four young and a female can bear three litters a year , with hares living for up to twelve years .

the breeding season lasts from january to august .

the european hare is listed as being of least concern by the international union for conservation of nature because it has a wide range and is moderately abundant .

however , populations have been declining in mainland europe since the 1960s , at least partly due to changes in farming practices .

the hare has been hunted across europe for centuries , with more than five million being shot each year ; in britain , it has traditionally been hunted by beagling and hare coursing , but these field sports are now illegal .

the hare has been a traditional symbol of fertility and reproduction in some cultures , and its courtship behaviour in the spring inspired the english idiom mad as a march hare .

european hare

currently , european hares are limited to south - eastern australia ' s temperate climate that replicates the climate of the european hares cool european origins .
schai - braun s , hackländer k . home range use by the european hare (
marboutin e , peroux r . survival pattern of european hare in a decreasing population .
vaughan n , lucas ea , harris s , white pcl . habitat associations of european hare
( 2003 ) : population dynamics in european hare : breeding parameters and sustainable harvest rates .
history of the brown hare ( hare - preservation - trust . co . uk )
hackländer k , arnold w , ruf t . postnatal development and thermoregulation in the precocial european hare (
hansen k ( 1992a ) reproduction in european hare in a danish farmland . acta theriol 37 : 27–40
( 1965 ) : studies on the european hare . ix . helminth fauna in the annual cycle .
of hare found close to farmland and open forests worldwide . the hare is a very adaptable
lindlöf b ( 1978 ) aggressive dominance rank in relation to feeding by european hare . viltrevy 10 : 145–158
lindlöf b ( 1978 ) aggressive dominance rank in relation to feeding by european hare . viltrevy 10 : 146–157
( 2007 ) : actual health state of european brown hare from hunting grounds of south - western slovakia .
bonino , n . , a . montenegro . 1997 . reproduction of the european hare in pantagonia , argentina .
the european hare grows to about 50 – 70 centimetres and has a tail length of 7 – 11 centimetres .
lamarque f , barratt j , moutou f . principle diagnoses for determining causes of mortality in the european hare (
hillgrove , a 1981 , studies of the european brown hare ( lepus capensis l . ) , la trobe university school of agriculture . jurasovic , anton date unknown , hunting european brown hare , viewed 11th november 2009 at url : urltoken
raczynski j . studies on the european hare . v . reproduction . acta theriol . 1964 ; 919 : 305–352 .
edwards pj , fletcher mr , berny p . review of the factors affecting the decline of the european brown hare ,
have even noticed the hare . the hare then hops very quickly , in a similar way to a
hackländer k , tataruch f , ruf t . the effect of dietary fat content on lactation energetics in the european hare (
is a huge pest , with introduction resulting in agricultural disaster ( dragg , 1974 ; bonino and montenegro , 1997 ) . other common names for the european hare : common hare , brown hare ( caillol and meunier , 1989 ; poli
the european hare was introduced to australia in the late 1830s in tasmania , although this initial attempt to establish wild populations failed .
grigera de , rappoport eh ( 1983 ) status and distribution of the european hare in south america . j mamm 64 : 163–166
grigera d , rapoport e ( 1983 ) status and distribution of the european hare in south america . j mamm 64 : 163–166
the european hare or brown hare ( lepus europaeus ) is a species of hare native to northern , central and western europe and western asia . the european hare is a mammal adapted to temperate open country . it is related to the rabbit , which is in the same family but a different genus . the european hare breeds on the ground rather than in a burrow and relies on speed to escape . in comparison to the rabbit , it is larger in size , has longer ears and longer legs .
gavier - widen d . european brown hare syndrome . in : gavier - widen d , duff jp , meredith a , editors .
hamill r . m , doyle d , duke e . j . spatial patterns of genetic diversity across european subspecies of the mountain hare ,
frylestam b ( 1976 ) effect of cattle grazing and harvesting of hay on density and distribution of a european hare population . in : pielowski z , pucek z ( eds ) ecology and management of european hare populations . proceedings of the international symposium , poznan , 1974 , pp 199–203
broekhuizen , s . , f . maaskamp . 1980 . behaviour of does and leverets of the european hare ( lepus europaeus ) whilst nursing .
smith rk , jennings nv , robinson a , harris s . conservation of european hares
ty - book ti - taxonomic status of the european hare in ontario / ur - urltoken pb - royal ontario museum , cy - toronto : py - 1954 n1 - cover title . au - peterson , randolph l . au - royal ontario museum . kw - european hare kw - ontario er -
lepus europaeus ( brown or european hare ) ; two adults , feeding in a field margin . wykeham , north yorkshire , england . may , 2011 .
grigera de , rapoport eh , 1983 . status and distribution of the european hare in south america . journal of mammalogy , 64 : 163 - 166 .
pépin d ( 1986 ) spring density and daytime distribution of the european hare in relation to habitat in an open field agrosystem . z säugetierk 51 : 79–86
reid n , 2011 . european hare ( lepus europaeus ) invasion ecology : implication for the conservation of the endemic irish hare ( lepus timidus hibernicus ) . biological invasions , 13 ( 3 ) : 559 - 569 . urltoken
chroust k . dynamics of coccidial infection in free living and cage - reared european hares .
stories , however , cast the fox as an evil agent of possession . european tricksters include
stott p , 2008 . comparisons of digestive function between the european hare ( lepus europaeus ) and the european rabbit ( oryctolagus cuniculus ) : mastication , gut passage , and digestibility . mammalian biology , 73 ( 4 ) : 276 - 286 pp .
smaller hares native to southern europe previously regarded as european hares have been divided as a separate species in recent years , including the broom hare in northern spain .
from apperances in aesop ' s fables to alice in wonderland , the european hare ' s widespread range has made it into a cultural icon throughout many nations .
schmidt nm , asferg t , forchhammer mc . long - term patterns in european brown hare population dynamics in denmark : effects of agriculture , predation and climate .
european hares are generally shy mammals , however , their behaviour changes in springtime . many are seen in broad daylight chasing one another in meadows . this behaviour appears to be competitions between the male european hares to attain dominance which allows them more access to breeding female european hares .
the european hare is declining in europe due to changes in farming practices . its natural predators include the golden eagle and carnivorous mammals like the red fox and wolf .
valencak t , arnold w , tataruch f , ruf t . high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle phospholipids of a fast runner , the european brown hare (
, with hares being able to move at speeds of around 45mph . the strong hind legs of the hare , combined with the large feet of the hare give the hare the ability to run so quickly . the hare is also able to jump over large distances with great ease .
krupka j , dziedzic r ( 1976 ) determination of digestibility coefficients of feeds ingested by european hares . in : pielowski z , pucek z ( eds ) ecology and management of european hare populations . proceedings of the international symposium , poznan , 1974 , pp 101–103
, are generally smaller than european continental individuals which commonly reach 3 . 8 - 4 kg (
the study was funded by the european commission directorate general for health and consumers and the iarc .
the male european hare is called a ' jack ' while the female is called a ' jill ' . offspring under one year are referred to as ' leverets ' .
lepus europaeus ( brown or european hare ) ; close view of an adult , feeding in a field margin . wykeham , north yorkshire , england . may , 2011 .
pépin d , angibault jm ( 2007 ) selection of resting sites by the european hare as related to habitat characteristics during agricultural changes . eur j wildl res 53 : 183–189
( 1 ) hare dl , toukhsati sr , johansson p , jaarsma t . depression and cardiovascular disease : a clinical review . european heart journal 2013 november 25 . (
syrjälä p , nylund m , heinikainen s , 2005 . european brown hare syndrome in free - living mountain hares ( lepus timidus ) and european brown hares ( lepus europaeus ) in finland 1990–2002 . journal of wildlife diseases , 41 ( 1 ) : 42 - 7 .
try and get a hare that has been hung only but not frozen . although both are delicious the unfrozen hare delivers a better taste and texture .
long - term ultrasonographic evaluation and characterisation of embryonic and foetal development as well as embryonic mortality , experimental investigations of superfoetation , ultrasound - guided biopsy techniques in european brown hare .
anonymous ( 1979 ) convention on the conservation of european wildlife and natural habitats . council of europe , strasbourg
smith rk , harris s , jennings nv . a quantitative analysis of the abundance and demography of european hares
smith rk , jennings nv , harris s . a quantitative analysis of the abundance and demography of european hares
bonino n , cossíos d , menegheti j , 2010 . dispersal of the european hare , lepus europaeus in south america . folia zoologica , 59 ( 1 ) : 9 - 15 .
chiari m , ferrari n , giardiello d , avisani d , zanoni m , alborali g , et al . temporal dynamics of european brown hare syndrome infection in northern italian brown hares (
chiari m , ferrari n , giardiello d , avisani d , zanoni m , alborali gl , et al . temporal dynamics of european brown hare syndrome infection in northern italian brown hares (
hare - bell ,
so called because it grows in thickets haunted by hares ;
hare - parsley
, because it is eaten by hares .
bill oddie tries a bit of hare whispering to get closer to his subject .
according to jewish tradition , the hare is among four mammals deemed not kosher .
cornwall’s white hare warns the fisherfolk of tempests when not haunting a faithless lover .
the european hare ' s , or brown hare’s , fur coat is brown - russet , and its underside is white . it resembles a rabbit , but has a larger body , longer hind legs , and longer , black - tipped ears . its adult length from its head to its rump is between 52 and 59 . 5 centimeters , according to arkive initiative . the european hare’s 8 - to 12 - centimeter tail is black on its upper surface , and white underneath . on average , a mature european hare weighs 3 to 4 kilograms , according to the mammal society ( ms ) . these hares ' irises are golden , and their pupils black .
european hares can cause significant damage when gnawing the bark of young trees and shrubs . european hares also chew off the stems of young trees , damaging or killing the plant . hares can cause severe damage to revegetation sites .
ultrasonographic characterisation of prenatal development in european brown hares ( lepus europaeus pallas , 1778 ) : an evolutionary approach .
poli , a . , m . nigro , d . gallazi , g . sironi , a . lavazza . 1991 . acute hepatosis in the european brown hare ( lepus europaeus ) in italy .
in finland the hare must never be called
bad
during the hunting season .
it appears that the hare was once a common embodiment of the corn - spirit .
and the princess who solves the riddles does so by the help of a hare .
( 1990 ) : some remarks on the prevalence and species composition of hare coccidia .
, as is nanabozho , the hare , who in the southeast is called rabbit .
although european hares are not considered a major pest to agriculture , there have been times in the past where hare density has been high . for example , in the 1930s and 1940s when land in the mallee region of victoria was being cleared for farming , european hare density became very high . this example along with others suggests that hares will look to make use of land recently cleared of tree cover .
page a , kirkpatrick w , massam m , 2008 . european hare ( lepus europaeus ) risk assessment for australia . western australia , australia : department of agriculture and food , 1 - 21 pp .
european hares are prone to several different types of parasites and disease which cause a higher proportion of deaths than predators .
the hare also appears in folk tales . in african folk tales , the hare is a trickster ; some of the stories about the hare were retold among african slaves in america , and are the basis of the brer rabbit stories . many cultures , including the indian and japanese , see a hare in the pattern of dark patches in the moon . one of aesops fables tells the story of ' the tortoise and the hare ' .
hewson r ( 1991 ) mountain hare / irish hare . in : corbet gb , harris s ( eds ) the handbook of british mammals . blackwell , oxford , pp 161–167
fromsejer p ( 1992 ) critical factors in the population dynamics of brown hare . in : polish hunting association ( eds ) zajac hare , international symposium , czempin , pp 139–142
lavazza a , guberti v , ferri m , zanni ml , poglayen g , nardin a et al ( 1997 ) epidemiology of european brown hare syndrome ( ebhs ) in modena province ( north italy ) . in : proceedings of the 4th international congress of the european society for veterinary virology . edinburgh , uk , pp 34–37
dora e . grigera , eduardo h . rapoport ; status and distribution of the european hare in south america , journal of mammalogy , volume 64 , issue 1 , 28 february 1983 , pages 163–166 , urltoken
lepus europaeus the european brown hare share the order lagomorpha with the rabbit , but is physically larger and has black - tipped ears and longer legs . both were introduced from the united kingdom to australia by early settlers for sport and recreational hunting . hares live above ground in ‘forms’ or ‘scrapes’ and in their native habitat in the uk and europe they are at the point of extinction . this is due to european brown hare syndrome virus ( like rabbit calici but hare specific ) and generations of hunting pressure .
since it is a nocturnal animal , the european hare feeds at night . during the day , it spends its time in a small depression it digs in the ground within long grass , and these are referred to as
form
. european hares are also generally solitary , except for when they come together for mating . still , there are certain instances when european hares may band together in clusters when feeding , according to the mammal society . to evade predators like foxes , coyotes , owls , wildcats or hawks , the european hare relies on its sharp senses . if threatened , these animals will usually opt to run away , sometimes achieving speeds of up to 70 kilometers an hour ( 43 miles per hour ) . though the european hare is usually quiet , it occasionally makes low grunts , as well as shrills when caught or injured , according to animal diversity .
kronfeld n , shkolnik a . adaptation to life in the desert in the brown hare (
smiddy p ( 1994 ) hare species in co cork . ir nat j 24 : 417–418
tapper s , yalden d ( 2010 ) the brown hare . the mammal society , southampton
the timing of crops and their growth is critical for farmland wildlife such as the hare .
the rise and fall of the brown hare in wales ( ccw . gov . uk )
goszczynski j , waseilewski m . predation of foxes on a hare population in central poland .
van wieren se , wiersma m , prins hht . climatic factors affecting a brown hare (
david l . hare ( with tiny jaarsma , peter johansson , samia r . toukhsati )
novaro aj , capurro af , travaini a , funes mc , ravinovich je ( 1992 ) pellet - count sampling based on spatial distribution : a case study of european hare in patagonia . ecol aust 2 : 11–18
smith rk , jennings nv , tataruch f , hackländer k , harris s . vegetation quality and habitat selection by european hares
bray y , marboutin e , péroux r , ferron j . reliability of stained placental - scar counts in european hares .
populations of european hares ( lepus europaeus ) have experienced a dramatic decline throughout europe in recent decades . european hares are assumed to prefer weeds over arable crops , and weed abundance was reduced by the intensification of agriculture . therefore , modern agriculture has been blamed as a major factor affecting european hare populations . however , it is questionable whether european hares select weeds at all , as previous studies had major methodological limitations . by comparing availability and use of plants with chesson’s electivity index , we investigated whether the european hare actually feeds selectively on different plants in arable land . food availability and use were dominated by cultivated crops ( e . g . winter wheat , spring barley and sugar beet ) . diet selection analysis revealed that in autumn and winter , european hares predominantly preferred cultivated crops ( winter wheat ) and food items provided by hunters ( tubers of sugar beet and carrot ) . in spring and summer , apart from soy , only weeds ( e . g . clover and corn poppy ) were positively selected , especially after cereal crops were harvested . we suggest that the decline in european hare populations throughout europe was facilitated by the decrease in weed abundance . wildlife - friendly set - asides in arable land have the potential to reconcile the european union’s common agricultural policy with wildlife conservation .
as an herbivore , the european hare grazes on young grass shoots , herbs , and agricultural crops . it also nibbles on the bark of young trees and bushes , according to the wildlife trusts . in the winter period , the european hare feeds on twigs , buds , shrub bark , small trees , and young fruit tree bark , according to animal diversity ( ad ) . since its nocturnal , it primarily feeds at night . during feeding , two to three adults can eat as much vegetation as one sheep . the european hare re - ingests its green , soft fecal pellets , a practice called coprophagia , in efforts to maximize nutrient extraction from their diets .
bern convention ( 1979 ) convention on the conservation of european wildlife and natural habitats . bern convention , council of europe , strasbourg
hare flanking sequence 1 was pcr amplified using platinum pfx ( invitrogen ) according to manufacturer’s instructions and primers forward gt464 5′ - gtgttagagagttagaagcag - 3′ and reverse rel13 5′ - ccccttatatacagtttctagaggc - 3′ . for hare flanking sequence 2 primers were forward gt469 5′ - ggcacttatcacgcagaagtg - 3′ and reverse gt460 5′ - gtttacagcgtctgagggtccc - 3′ . hare pol sequence was amplified using primers rel9 and rel2rev as described above . hare gag sequence was amplified using the primers forward rel1fwd 5′ - tgttagggaaccattcacagagaaagtaattg - 3′ and reverse hare seq + 2045 5′ - ccccctaggtttacctttaaggtagg - 3′ . hare env sequence was amplified using the primers forward rel5fwd 5′ - acctttgaacaaaacaggggagtccaaatagggtagggacaagaaaag - 3′ and reverse rel5rev 5′ - aagcatacaagaaccatacaaaatattgctcc - 3′ . pcr amplifications were repeated on dna extracted from a kidney cell line derived from a european brown hare ( a gift from jean francois vautherot ) .
lincoln , g . 1974 . reproduction and march madness in the brown hare , lepus europaeus .
; and it is customary in many parts of the country
to place a figure of the hare among the easter eggs , when given as a present , either a hare in a basket of eggs , or a small figure of a hare in one of the fancy eggs
.
tapper sc , barnes rfw . influence of farming practice on the ecology of the brown hare (
david l . hare , samia r . toukhsati , peter johansson , tiny jaarsma ; depression and cardiovascular disease : a clinical review , european heart journal , volume 35 , issue 21 , 1 june 2014 , pages 1365–1372 , urltoken
oberle also concludes that the hare which lay the particoloured easter eggs was sacred to the same goddess .
the fact that many plants are named after the hare may also , as oberle thinks , have a mythological significance ; though the origin of such names as
hare - bell
and
hare - parsley
appears sufficiently explained in hone ' s table - book upon other grounds . [ 78 ]
the story of ' jack ' and ‘jill’ : a female brown hare finding a suitable male match .
half human half hare figure sculptures by sophie ryder displayed outside the pump rooms and abbey in bath .
giannoulis t , stamatis c , tsipourlianos a , mamuris z , 2017 . mitogenomic analysis in european brown hare ( lepus europaeus ) proposes genetic and functional differentiation between the distinct lineages . mitochondrial dna part a . 18 : 1 - 8 .
the weight of a full grown adult hare varies between 2 . 5 and 6 . 5 kilograms . because of its longer legs , it can run at speeds of up to 70 kilometres per hour . european hares are herbivores and their diet consists of grasses and herbs during summer months and changes to twigs and bark in the winter . the european hare is known as a pest to orchard farmers as it also feeds upon buds of young orchard trees during the end of winter .
the european hare ( lepus europaeus ) has declined throughout its native range but invaded numerous regions where it has negatively impacted native wildlife . in southern sweden , it replaces the native mountain hare ( l . timidus ) through competition and hybridisation . we investigated temporal change in the invasive range of the european hare in ireland , and compared its habitat use with the endemic irish hare ( l . timidus hibernicus ) . the range of the european hare was three times larger and its core range twice as large in 2012–2013 than in 2005 . its rate of radial range expansion was 0 . 73 km year −1 with its introduction estimated to have occurred ca . 1970 . both species utilised improved and rough grasslands and exhibited markedly similar regression coefficients with almost every land cover variable examined . irish hares were associated with low fibre and high sugar content grass ( good quality grazing ) whilst the invader had a greater tolerance for low quality forage . european hares were associated with habitat patch edge density , suggesting it may be more suited to using hedgerows as diurnal resting sites than the irish hare . consequently , the invader had a wider niche breadth than the native but their niche overlap was virtually complete . given the impact of the european hare on native species elsewhere , and its apparent pre - adaption for improved grasslands interspersed with arable land ( a habitat that covers 70 % of ireland ) , its establishment and range expansion poses a significant threat to the ecological security of the endemic irish hare , particularly given their ecological similarities .
the european hare is native to great britain and central and western europe . it’s also found in parts of the middle east and central asia . within these territories , it inhabits agricultural cropland or grasslands in temperate and open habitats , as well as in pastures bordered by hedgerows and woodlots , according to animal diversity . the international union for conservation of nature ' s ( iucn ' s ) 2008 red list of threatened species classified the european hare as a species of
least concern
among . nonetheless , its population is in decline in certain areas due to poaching , intensification of commercial agriculture within their habitats , diseases such as the european hare syndrome and tularaemia , and changes in cropping regimes which affect their food sources .
four species of nematodes , six species of coccidian , liver flukes and two species of dog tapeworms are all internal parasites that infect european hares in australia . several species of external parasites have also been observed on european hares in australia including the european rabbit flea ( spilopsyllus cuniculi ) the stickfast flea ( echidnophaga myrmecobii ) , the lice ( haemodipsus setoni and haemodipsus lyriocephalus ) , and the mite ( leporacarus gibbus ) .
small group of hares of russian origin reported on islets of oahu but by 1963 this could not be confirmed . probably confusion with european rabbits
pépin d , cargnelutti b ( 1994 ) individual variations of daily activity patterns in radiotracked european hares during winter . acta theriol 39 : 399–409
a marked increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase four days after inoculation in a hare that died ; a more moderate , transient increase in a hare that survived . ( b22 . 30 . w17 )
) . we probed hind3 cut genomic dna from 2 rabbit cell lines ( sirc , erep ) and a european brown hare with radioactively labelled dna derived by pcr from rabbit genomic dna . the southern blot revealed the presence of multiple insertions in the rabbit genome and at least 5 insertions in the hare genome . next , we sought relik orthologues in the
additionally single disease incidents were found during necropsy . these included an approximately walnut - sized abscess in the mammary gland area of one adult female hare , a suppurative bronchitis in a sub - adult male hare , and a moderate pyometra with multiple cysts in an adult female hare . these altered organs were sampled for bacteriology .
roedenbeck ia , voser p . effects of roads on spatial distribution , abundance and mortality of brown hare (
the european hare is an opportunistic feeder and as well as grazing predominately on grasses , it will also consume crops , such as vegetables , lucerne and cereal crops . this can cause significant economic loss to land owners that have european hares on or adjacent to their land . hares can travel significant distances , so the potential for one animal to cause widespread damage to plants is relatively high . european hares can also be a problem in forestry , ornamental or fruit producing plantations as they can gnaw back the bark of young trees and vines .
the brown or european hare ( l . europaeus ) is a highly adaptable medium - sized mammal , commonly 3 . 8 - 4 kg in weight with the exception of some individuals reaching 5 kg , although there is much regional and sexual . . .
popescu f , hackländer k , arnold w , ruf t . effects of season and reproductive state on lipid intake and fatty acid composition of gastrointestinal tract contents in the european hare . j comp physiol b . 2011 ; 181 : 681–689 . pmid : 21328065
severe leucopaenia evident at 24 hours post inoculation in a hare which developed severe disease ; in a hare which survived , a more modest , temporary reduction in leucocyte count was recorded . ( b22 . 30 . w17 )
@ book { bhl111741 , title = { taxonomic status of the european hare in ontario / } , copyright = { not provided . contact contributing library to verify copyright status . } , url = urltoken note = urltoken - - - cover title . } , publisher = { toronto : royal ontario museum , } , author = { peterson , randolph l . and royal ontario museum . } , year = { } , pages = { 20 } , keywords = { european hare | ontario | } , }
hackländer k , zeitlhofer c , ceulemans t , suchentrunk f . continentality affects body condition and size but not yearly reproductive output in female european hares (
in other parts of germany there are traces of a similar tradition . thus , the children in south germany are told that a hare lays the pasche eggs , and a nest is made for the hare to lay them in
freitas , h . 2006 natural hybridization between the iberian hare ( lepus granatensis ) and the brown hare ( l . europaeus ) in northern iberian peninsula . msc thesis , faculdade de ciências do porto , porto , portugal .
, as hares spend most of their time resting and foraging for food . the hare mainly eats plant matter ( grass being one of the favourite foods of the hare ) but hares also eat seeds , vegetables and fruit in
. we have already noticed the very old and close connection between the hare and the moon . a large category of hare - myths have arisen out of the supposed likeness of the spots upon the moon ' s face to the figure of a hare . the story of the hare offering himself as a meal to the hungry buddha , who in return translated him to the moon , is well known , and occurs with many variations in eastern legend .
pikula , j . , beklova , m . , holesovska , z . and treml , f . 2004 . ecology of european brown hare and distribution of natural foci of tularaemia in the czech republic . acta veterinaria brno 73 ( 2 ) : 267 - 273 .
the european hare , lepus europaeus , is a well known sight across the open fields of the uk . with the mating season just beginning and running from january all the way until august we are likely to see this usually shy and nocturnal lagomorph much more frequently .
caravaggi a , leach k , santilli f , rintala j , helle p , tiainen j , bisi f , martinoli a , montgomery wi , reid n , 2017 . niche overlap of mountain hare subspecies and the vulnerability of their ranges to invasion by the european hare ; the ( bad ) luck of the irish , biological invasions , 19 ( 2 ) : 655 - 674 pp
posch r ( 2012 ) use of selective media for direct isolation of francisella tularensis from european brown hares . university of veterinary medicince , vienna ; master thesis
published on behalf of the european society of cardiology . all rights reserved . © the author 2013 . for permissions please email : journals . permissions @ urltoken
suchentrunk f , willing r , hartl gb . on eye lens weights and other age criteria of the brown hare (
pierpaoli m , riga f , trocchi v , randi e . species distinction and evolutionary relationships of the italian hare (
the story of a ' jill ' , a female brown hare , finding her suitable male match ' jack ' .
belovsky ge ( 1984 ) moose and snowshoe hare competition and a mechanistic explanation from foraging theory . oecologia 61 : 150–159
how to allure the hare .
facsimile of a miniature in the manuscript of phoebus ( fifteenth century ) .
suchentrunk f , willing r , hartl gb . on eye lens weights and other age criteria of the brown hare (
cowan dp , 2004 . an overview of the current status and protection of the brown hare ( lepus europaeus ) in the uk ; a report prepared for european wildlife division . london , uk : department for environment , food and rural affairs , 1 - 30 pp . urltoken
eec 43 / 92 ( 1992 ) directive on the conservation of natural habitats of wild fauna and flora . official journal of the european union l 206 , 7
frölich k , wisser j , schmüser h , fehlberg u , neubauer h , grunow r , et al . epizootiologic and ecologic investigations of european brown hares (
‘ coffee drinking and mortality in 10 european countries ’ by gunter , m . j . et al , is published in the journal annals of internal medicine .
like the rabbit , the hare ' s hind limbs are longer than its front limbs . the fur of the european hare has a flecked appearance , made up of tan , black and white hairs , ruddy brown or grey above and white below . this allows the hare to blend in well with dry grass . like rabbits , hares have 28 teeth with the lower tooth rows being closer together than the upper rows . in the upper jaw , the hare has two pairs of continuously growing , enamel covered upper incisors ; the front long pair has a cutting edge , while the peg teeth located behind these do not have a cutting edge . at birth , the hare has three sets of incisors , but the outer pair is lost soon after birth .
levänen r , kunnasranta m , pohjoismäki j , 2015 . abundance and distribution of hare hybrids in finland . in : angerbjörn a , dalén l , elmhagen b , werdelin l ( eds ) proceedings of the 7th european congress of mammalogy . stockholm university , stockholm , 54 pp .
lamarque , f . , barrat , j . and moutou , f . 1996 . principal diagnoses for determining causes of mortality in the european brown hare ( lepus europaeus ) found dead in france between 1986 and 1994 . gibier faune sauvage 13 ( 1 ) : 53 - 72 .
european hares are herbivorous , eating grasses , herbs , and field crops during summer . during winter european hares feed on twigs , buds , shrub bark , small trees , and young fruit tree bark . they also commonly re - ingest their green , soft fecal pellets . this is known as coprophagia . two or three adult
european hares are widespread throughout europe , where they are called common hares . european hares have done well in north america , with population numbers quickly rising to the current density . in ontario population density has been as high as 100 per square mile , and has leveled to about 25 per square mile ( bansfield , 1974 ; dragg , 1974 ) . in recent decades there have been outbreaks of increased mortality due to disease , particularly in europe . this syndrome includes acute hepatosis , enteritis , nephrosis , general jaundice , congestion , and hemorrhage of internal organs , and has been called european brown hare syndrome ( poli
thulin c . g , jaarola m , tegelstrom h . the occurrence of mountain hare mitochondrial dna in wild brown hares .
the role of vuk . s . karadzic in the history of serbian nationalism ( in the context of european linguistics in 1 . 1 / 2 19 . century )
the hare has given rise to local place names , as they can often be repeatedly observed over many years in favored localities . an example in scotland is ' murchland ' , the scots for a hare being
murchen
( warrack 1986 ) .
neumann f , schai - braun s , weber d , amrhein v ( 2011 ) european hares select resting places for providing cover . hystrix it j mamm 22 : 291–299
also appear to have abstained from eating this animal . in india hare ' s meat was specially permitted by the laws of manu
hart s . d , kropp p r , hare r . d . performance of male psychopaths following conditional release from prison .
european hares are usually quiet animals . they make low grunts from time to time and
guttural
calls from the doe ( female ) to her leverets . it has been suggested that european hares grind their teeth as an alarm call . they also emit a shrill call when hurt or caught ( peterson , 1966 ; bansfield , 1974 ) .
citation : schai - braun sc , reichlin ts , ruf t , klansek e , tataruch f , arnold w , et al . ( 2015 ) the european hare ( lepus europaeus ) : a picky herbivore searching for plant parts rich in fat . plos one 10 ( 7 ) : e0134278 . urltoken
in some parts of ayrshire the cutting of the last corn is called ' cutting the hare ' , and in germany the name for the last sheaf is ' the hare ' . in east prussia they say that the hare sits in the last patch of standing corn , and must be chased out by the last reaper .
the reapers hurry with their work , each being anxious not to have to
chase out the hare
; for the man who does so—that is , who cuts the last corn—is much laughed at . at birk , in transylvania , when the reapers come to the last patch , they cry out ,
we have the hare .
at aurich an expression for cutting the last corn is
to cut off the hare ' s tail
.
he is killing the hare ,
is commonly said of the man who cuts the last corn in germany , sweden , holland , france , and italy . in norway , the man who is thus said to
kill the hare
, must give
hare ' s blood
, in the form of brandy , to his fellows to drink . [ 83 ]
3 . the leading motive of both processions is a hare . in the one case , the hare is followed to the mayor ' s house , where a feast is eaten . whether this feast originally comprised hare ' s flesh , i have not been able to ascertain , though , from an entry in the chamberlains ' accounts , it appears that at one easter hunting a great many hares were caught , [ 107 ] and these would presumably be used for the mayor ' s banquet . at hallaton , the hare is carried in procession ( sometimes in the shape of hare - pies , sometimes also mounted on a pole ) from the parson ' s house to a sacred spot on the boundary of the parish , where the feast of hare - pies is eaten .
in holtzmann ' s german mythology she is also referred to as the goddess of dawn . [ 15 ]
the easter hare is unintelligible to me
, he adds ,
but probably the hare was the sacred animal of ostara .
[ 16 ]
the hare’s geographical limits in australia are limited to the south east of the continent and tasmania . individual range is 5 - 50 hectares ( rabbit is 5 hectares ) . the hare is very mobile and will range far to seek out the ‘best’ food sources .
pallas ) in agricultural areas of northern germany . in : hofer h , arnold w ( eds ) the decline in european hares , international symposium , berlin , 18–22 april 2001
1620 , april 2 . thos . fulnety solicits the permission of lord zouch , lord warden of the cinque ports , to kill a hare on good friday , as huntsmen say that those who have not a hare against easter must eat a red herring .
the brown hare is widespread throughout central and western europe , including most of the uk , although it is absent from the northwest and western highlands in scotland , where the species is replaced by the mountain hare ( lepus timidus ) ( 5 ) . it is likely that the romans introduced the brown hare to britain , as there are no records of this species before roman times ( 5 ) .
source / reference article learn how you can use or cite the hare article in your website content , school work and other projects .
broekhuizen s , maaskamp f , 1981 . annual production of young in european hares ( lepus europaeus ) in the netherlands . journal of zoology , 193 : 499 - 516 pp .
alves p . c , melo - ferreira j , branco m , suchentrunk f , ferrand n , harris d . j . evidence for genetic similarity of two allopatric european hares (
add the hare pieces back to the pot and pour in the wine or ale with the juice and peeled rind of half a lemon .
hares hide and can accelerate to high speed when disturbed or threatened . when approached , the hare will remain still in its form until the predator is within 1 - 2 metres . the hare will then break cover and sprint away at high speed . a hare will confuse predators by doubling back on its tracks to leave a disarrayed trail . this will often involve a large leap sideways to break its scent trail .
another example of possible erroneous taxonomic inferences due to phylogenetic assessments based only on mtdna is found in the arctic hare complex . this complex includes
if few town - based people are fortunate enough to see a hare in the wild , there can be no britons unfamiliar with its appearance . today hare mythology has extended and the hare motif is to be found on fabric , wallpaper , cushions , lampshades and ties ; it has been used as a letterhead , a heraldic device and in the design of stock pins , cuff - links , brooches and charms for bracelets .
valencak t , tataruch f , ruf t . peak energy turnover in lactating european hares : the role of fat reserves . j exp biol . 2009 ; 212 : 231–237 . pmid : 19112142
in hare mythology , the hare is a creature with pagan , sacred and mystic associations , by turns benign , cunning , romantic or , most famously , in its march courtship rituals , mad . it is largely silent , preferring to feed at night or , in summer , as the last light fades from the day , a shadowy existence which adds to its mysteriousness in hare mythology . in alison uttley’s little grey rabbit stories the character of hare is superior and strutting , occasionally pernickety , always aloof – a rendering for children of the animal’s natural reserve as well his appropriateness as a denizen of that world of aristocratic entitlement evoked by sackville - west . for example , it is hare who keeps grey rabbit up to scratch in the matter of housekeeping : “where’s the milk , grey rabbit ? ” asked hare . “we can’t drink tea without milk . ”
in western brittany the peasants , not many years ago ,
could hardly endure to hear the hare ' s name
. [ 51 ]
( 2 ) the hare portends a fire . there are reports of this superstition from south northamptonshire [ 60 ] and from ely , [ 61 ] and also from hungary . [ 62 ] in the wheal vor mine the appearance of a hare presages a fatal accident . [ 63 ]
,
will i say as to the commendation of the hare , and of the defence of the hunter ' s toyle , that no one beast , be it never so great , is profitable to so many and so divers uses in physicke as the hare and partes thereof .
and to the instances there collected by mr . black i may add a belief of the ancient romans , that eating hare ' s flesh for
in china , the hare appears , as in kaffirland , as the guardian of the wild beasts , and defends the lamb from the wolf .
gortazar c , millan j , acevedo p , escudero ma , marco j , fernandez luco dde , 2007 . a large - scale survey of brown hare lepus euroapeus and iberian hare l . granatensis populations at the limit of their ranges . wildlife biology , 13 : 244 - 250 .
hughes m , montgomery wi , prodöhl p ( 2006 ) population genetic structure and systematics of the irish hare . environment and heritage service , belfast
european roe deer , european brown hare and guinea pigs are kept and bred in an area of about 4ha . a small number of arctic hare , marmots , sheep , goats and donkeys are kept as well for comparative studies . the frs consists of several semi - natural enclosures of different sizes and cages allowing observation , capture and handling of individuals . furthermore , the frs offers the infrastructure needed for maintenance and modern animal husbandry , i . e . examination and residence rooms . three animal keepers and two animal keeper apprentices are continuously working at the frs . we offer the opportunity for taking a gap year as a volunteer in the environmental sector ( freiwilliges ökologisches jahr ) .
fickel , j . , schmidt , a . , putze , m . , spittler , h . , ludwig , a . , streich , w . j . and pitra , c . 2005 . genetic structure of populations of european brown hare : implications for management . journal of wildlife management 69 ( 2 ) : 760 - 770 .
the brown hare is britain’s fastest land mammal . propelled by those powerful hind legs which define its shape as surely as its long , black - tipped ears , the hare has been known to run at speeds exceeding 40mph . added to its shyness , this astonishing turn of speed accounts for the apparent elusiveness of the hare . sighted only rarely in some areas for much of the year , it retains a mystique long forfeited by rabbits .
european hares have become an important and challenging game animal , especially in north america . the meat is said to be white and delicious ( william and whitaker , 1943 ; bansfield , 1974 ) .
valencak t , ruf t . energy turnover in european hares is centrally limited during early , but not during peak lactation . j comp physiol b . 2009 ; 179 : 933–943 . pmid : 19533150
thanks for taking time to summarise this . i agree that hare taxonomy is a real pigs - ear at the moment , and its often virtually impossible to distinguish the species in the field based on current morphological descriptions . i don’t know much about hares in other areas , but i agree that on the african continent there are probably only three species : l . capensis ( cape hare ) , l . starcki ( starck’s hare ) , and what i call l . victoriae ( scrub hare or african savanna hare ) , which is part of the l . saxatilis complex . the problem is that even the cape and scrub hares can be fiendishly difficult to tell apart – unless you can find a dead one and examine their teeth .
european hares , lepus europaeus , exhibit an interesting reproductive phenomena known as superfetation , whereby a late pregnancy female can mate , ovulate , and be impregnated and thus have two litters of different ages in her uterus at one time ( smith 2004 ) . the european hare also has an elaborate courtship pattern involving large mating groups that aggregate , from which animals pair off , and are faithful and live together for about one month ( smith 2004 ) . there is an extended courtship ritual , followed by brief copulation ( less than ten seconds ) .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - brown hare ( lepus europaeus )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - brown hare ( lepus europaeus )
title =
arkive species - brown hare ( lepus europaeus )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
using game bag records and county mammal reports , past changes in the numbers of hares in britain are described . there appears to have been a widespread decline in hare numbers following the introduction of the ground game act 1880 , with declines occurring even earlier in parts of the west , where hare numbers have shown little signs of recovering thereafter . in central and eastern areas , hare numbers increased at various rates up to the second world war .
place in a plastic bag the flour , powdered ginger , large pinch of salt and hare pieces . twist the top of plastic bag closed with some air trapped inside and shake bag around . oh ! do choose a strong bag or prepare to witness the hare bolt in a puff of white .
the adult hare is a medium sized mammal , about the size of a domestic cat , with considerable plasticity in size and fur coloration . it has distinctive long ears and hind legs and large hind feet which produce a typical hare footprint in snow . brown hares from england , often referred to as
like rabbits , caecotrophy ( the reingestion of faecal material from the caecum ) is a behaviour that is used by european hares in order to gain the maximum amount of nutrients from their food as possible .
european hares are mainly solitary animals except during mating season . they are crepuscular and nocturnal , mostly foraging at night ( between 7 p . m . and 7 a . m . ) . european hares remain active all year round . during the day they crouch in a depression called a ' form ' , partially concealed with their back showing ( bansfield , 1974 ) . european hares posess an excellent sense of sight , smell , and hearing . upon detection of a predator , european hares will run to escape , and can dodge and change direction quickly if needed . they are very fast and have been clocked at up to 35 mph ( about 60 kph ) running in a straight line . they will also dive into streams if needed as they are decent swimmers ( william and whitaker ; bansfield , 1974 ) .
in teutonic myth , the earth and sky goddess holda , leader of the wild hunt , was followed by a procession of hares bearing torches . although she descended into a witch - like figure and boogeyman of children’s tales , she was once revered as a beautiful , powerful goddess in charge of weather phenomena . freyja , the headstrong norse goddess of love , sensuality , and women’s mysteries , was also served by hare attendants . she traveled with a sacred hare and boar in a chariot drawn by cats . kaltes , the shape - shifting moon goddess of western siberia , liked to roam the hills in the form of a hare , and was sometimes pictured in human shape wearing a headdress with hare’s ears . eostre , the goddess of the moon , fertility , and spring in anglo–saxon myth , was often depicted with a hare’s head or ears , and with a white hare standing in attendance . this magical white hare laid brightly colored eggs which were given out to children during spring fertility festivals - - an ancient tradition that survives in the form of the easter bunny today .


it is known from south africa .

the wingspan is about 11 mm .

the forewings are dark bronzy-fuscous with an erect somewhat pointed whitish streak from the dorsum at one-fourth , reaching three-fourths across the wing .

the markings are prismatic violet-blue-metallic , finely black-edged .

there are six slender streaks rising from white dots on the costa , the first at one-third somewhat oblique , reaching half across the wing , the others direct , the second shorter , the third and fourth reaching nearly half across the wing , the last two short .

a rather short erect streak is found from the dorsum beyond the middle , and one from before the tornus reaching half across the wing .

there is a dot in the disc beyond the middle , one towards the termen above the middle , two on lower part of the termen , and one on the termen beneath the apex .

the hindwings are dark grey .

glyphipterix ortholeuca

glyphipterix ortholeuca is a moth in the family glyphipterigidae . it is known from south africa .
glyphipterix is a genus of sedge moths . it was described by hübner in 1825 .
glyphipterix is a genus of sedge moths . it was described by hã¼bner in 1825 . . . .
[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , natal , karkloof , i , leg . a . j . t . janse .
meyrick e . 1921b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 8 ( 2 ) : 49—148 .
vári , l . , kroon , d . m . , & krüger , m . 2002 . classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa . simple solutions , chatswood australia .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken


anatrachyntis vanharteni is a moth in the family cosmopterigidae .

it was described by koster in 2010 .

it is found in the united arab emirates .

anatrachyntis vanharteni

anatrachyntis philocarpa ; sinev , 1998 , ent . obozr . 78 ( 1 ) : ( 138 - 149 )
anatrachyntis incertulella ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1044 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
anatrachyntis ptilodelta ; sinev , 1998 , ent . obozr . 78 ( 1 ) : ( 138 - 149 ) ; [ afromoths ]
anatrachyntis japonica ; [ nhm card ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199
anatrachyntis rileyi ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1044 ; [ me5 ] , 130 , 21 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]
anatrachyntis ( cosmopteriginae ) ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1040 ; [ me5 ] , 129 , 20 ; [ richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]
anatrachyntis badia ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1042 ; [ me5 ] , 130 , 21 ; koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 55 ; [ fe ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
legrand h . 1966 . lépidoptères des îles seychelles et d ' aldabra . - mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle ( a ) 37 ( 1965 ) : 1–210 , pls . 1–16 .
family . it was described by koster in 2010 . it is found in the
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 6 / 2014 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
the source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .
would you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .
it will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .
i use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .
of perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .
this page was last edited on 24 february 2018 , at 04 : 45 .
basis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .
= pyroderces ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 46 ; [ nacl ] , 18 ; [ aucl ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
stagmatophora acris meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 283 ; tl : mahé
florida , louisiana , california , . . . , canary is . , spain , france , great briain , holland . see [ maps ]
sathrobrota badia hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 75 ; tl : south florida
larva on ( seed pods ) cassia occidentalis , ( cones ) pinus hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 47
pyroderces bicincta ghesquière , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 71 ; tl : eala
biorrhizae sinev , 1986 ; trudy vses . ent . obsch . 67 : 67
pyroderces carpophila ghesquière , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 72 ; tl : eala
pyroderces cecidicida ghesquière , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 72 ; tl : likete - sur - lomela
java , . . . , e . africa , somalia , uganda , mozambique , zaire . see [ maps ]
stagmatophora floretella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 144
stagmatophora gerberanella legrand , 1965 ; mém . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 60
pyroderces gymnocentra meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 148 ; tl : eala
stagmatophora hieroglypta meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 282 ; tl : mahé
pyroderces holotherma meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : eala
= ; [ nhm card ] ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1044 ; [ aucl ]
larva on pandanus zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1044
pyroderces megacentra meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 59 ; tl : fiji , dreketi r .
pyroderces orphnographa meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : eala
pyroderces palmicola ghesquière , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 73 ; tl : equateur , flandria
pyroderces philocarpa meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 15 ) : 451 ; tl : mesopotamia , baghdad
pyroderces philogeorga meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 13 - 14 ) : 428
pyroderces ptilodelta meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 570 ; tl : china , shanghai
arkansas - florida , texas , arizona , antilles , . . . , galapagos is . , . . . , uganda , . . . , queensland , canary is . . see [ maps ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; [ nacl ] , # 1512 ; [ aucl ] ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 528 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1044 ; [ me5 ] , 130 , 21 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]
larva on panicum torridum , rochea , samanea saman , sapindus oahuensis zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1047
parasites agathis hawaiicola , apanteles , idechthis , perisierola emigrata , pristomerus hawaiiensis , trathala flavo - orbitalis zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1047
pyroderces risbeci ghesquière , 1940 ; rev . zool . bot . afr . 33 : 277 ; tl : senegal , bambey
pyroderces similis bradley , 1953 ; proc . hawaii . ent . soc . 15 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : fiji , viti levu , lami , suva
sweu , cyprus , morocco , egypt , . . . , malawi , . . . . see [ maps ]
larva on ( cotton bolls , and . . . ) elaeis guineensis , eriodendron anfractuosum [ me5 ] , 132
stagmatophora tentoria meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 283 ; tl : mahé
stagmatophora tripola meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 6 ; tl : pretoria
pyroderces veris ghesquière , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 75 ; tl : eala
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , cosmopterigidae
in gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905
zimmerman , 1978 insects of hawaii . microlepidoptera . ( 1 ) : monotrysia , tineoidea , tortricoidea , gracillarioidea , yponomeutoidea , and alucitoidea , ( 2 ) : gelechioidea ins . hawaii 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 396 , ( 1 ) : 397 - 882 , ( 2 ) : 883 - 1430 , ( 2 ) : 1431 - 1903
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
holotype ♂ , rmnh ; 23 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slide gielis 5810 , 5811 , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide adamski 5669 , rmnh ; paratypes 28♂ , 28♀ , rmnh .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10536♀ , lnk ; paratypes 2♀ , genitalia slides diakonoff 10535♀ , 10537♀ , lnk , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide m . bippus re - 1866♂ ( rmnh . ins910262♂ ) , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide van der wolf 9852 , rmnh ; paratype ♀ , genitalia slide van der wolf 9853 , uaeic .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 6332♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 3♀ , genitalia slide koster 6335♀ , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 7086♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 3♂ , genitalia slide van der wolf 9870♂ , rmnh .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide koster 5970♂ , tlmf ; paratypes 12♂ ; 10♀ , genitalia slides koster 5971 , 5975 , 5976 , rmnh , tlmf , rmca , minga , coll . aarvik , oslo .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 7695♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 4♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides koster 7602♂ , 7654♂ , 7498♂ , 7500♀ , 7977♂ , rmnh , tmsa , zmhb .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 7443♂ , rmca ; paratypes 25♂ , 8♀ , genitalia slides koster 7995♂ , 5731 , 7462 , 7496♀ , 7724 7725♀ , 7701♂ , 7702♂ , 7726♂ , 7727♂ , 7703♂ , 7982♂ , 7987♂ , 7974♂ , rmca , rmnh , bmnh , zmhb , nhmo .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide koster 7457♀ , nhmo ; paratypes 2♀ . rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 7723♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 4♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides koster 7721♂ , 8204♂ , 7490♀ , nhmo , bmnh , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 7486♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 23♂ , 3♀ , genitalia slides koster 8017♂ , 7262♀ , 7263 , 7692♂ , 8022♂ , tmsa , samc , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 6175♂ , leg . rmnh ; paratypes 10♂ , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 4837♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 15♂ , 25♀ , rmnh , zmuc , zin , zfmk .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5706 , rmnh ; paratype♀ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5711 , coll . asselbergs .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 68 ) , rmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 85 ) , rmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 82 ) , rmnh ; paralectotypes 2♀ , rmnh .
holotype ♀ , rmnh , lost ( see munroe et al . 1958 : 69 ) .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 86 ) , rmnh ; paralectotypes 2♂ , rmnh .
lectotype ♀ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 85 ) , rmnh .
syntypes 1♂ , 1♀ , rmnh , not found ( munroe et al . 1958 : 77 ) .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 72 ) , rmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 86 ) , rmnh ; paralectotype 1♀ , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide schouten 101 , rmnh ; paratypes 6♂ , 32♀ , rmnh , bmnh , tmsa , rbins , mhng , mnhn , rmca , lnk , coll . schouten .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide bm 12086 , bmnh ; paratypes 2♂ , 3♀ , genitalia slide schouten 153 , 389–392 , rmnh , mhng , coll . schouten .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bm 17482 , bmnh ; paratypes 12♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides bm 12104 , 17480 , 17481 , 17487 , schouten 449 , bmnh , rmnh , nmk .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 85 ) , rmnh ; paralectotypes 1♂ , 3♀ , rmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 71 ) , rmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 84 ) , rmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 83 ) , rmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 72 ) , rmnh ; 3 paralectotypes ♂ , ♀ , rmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 76 ) , rmnh ; paralectotypes 1♂ , 2♀ , rmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 87 ) , rmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 87 ) , genitalia slide diakonoff 1743♂ , rmnh .
lectotype ♀ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 69 ) , rmnh ; paralectotype 1♀ , rmnh .
lectotype ♀ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 71 ) , rmnh ; paralectotype ♂ , rmnh , lost ( see munroe et al . 1958 : 71 ) .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 82 ) , rmnh ; 4 paralectotypes ♂ , ♀ , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide lvovsky 3652 , rmnh ; paratypes 3♂ , 4♀ , rmnh , zin .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide kaila 4519 , rmnh ; paratype ♀ , genitalia slide kaila 4884 , uaeic .
holotype ♂ , sdei ; 32 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , sdei , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , zmuc ; paratypes 21♂ , 3♀ , zmuc , bmnh , zsm , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , abdomen missing ( see fletcher 1967 : 94 ) , rmnh .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide g 13827♀ , zsm ; paratypes1♂ and 2♀ , genitalia slide g 13828 , zsm , rmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by yuan & robinson ( 1993 : 15 ) , rmnh ; paralectotype 1 ex . ( gender not stated ) , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide lehmann 25 / 012011♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 2♂ , 1♀ , rmnh .
holotpe ♂ , genitalia slide e . van nieukerken 3861♂ , rmnh ; paratype♀ , genitalia slide e . van nieukerken 3940♀ , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , sanc ; allotype ♀ , sanc ; paratypes 51♂ , 4♀ , genitalia slides sanc , tmsa , deus , bmnh , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , tmsa ; paratypes 6♂ , genitalia slide vári 6810♂ , tmsa , bmnh , rmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by bourgogne ( 1964a : 897 ) , rmnh ; paralectotype 1♂ , rmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by bourgogne ( 1959 : 1235 ) , genitalia slide bourgogne 1776♂ , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , mnhn ; paratypes 21♂ , rmnh , nhmw , mnhn , zmhb , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide c . gielis 4461♂ , nhmo ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide c . gielis 5629♀ , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide c . gielis 4473♂ , nhmo ; paratypes 5♀ , genitalia slides c . gielis 5623♀ , 5732♀ , nhmo , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5692♂ , rmnh ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5716♀ , coll . asselbergs .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5663 , rmnh ; paratype 1♀ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5664 , coll . asselbergs .
holotype ♂ , rmnh , lost ( see munroe et al . 1958 : 85 ) .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 73 ) , rmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 85 ) , rmnh ; paralectotypes 3♂ , 1♀ , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5724 , rmnh ; paratypes 5♂ and 6♀ , rmnh , uaeic , coll . asselbergs .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5657 , rmnh ; paratype ♀ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5696 , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5681♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 1♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5700♀ , rmnh , coll . asselbergs .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5652 , rmnh ; paratypes 2♂ and 1♀ , genitalia slide asselbergs 5658 , rmnh , coll . asselbergs .
holotype ♂ , mnhn ; allotype ♀ , mnhn ; paratypes 9♂ , 17♀ , mnhn , bmnh , rmnh , cmp .
holotype ♂ , mnhn ; allotype ♀ , mnhn ; paratypes 19♂ , 3♀ , mnhn , bmnh , rmnh , coll . basquin , darge , turlin .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide koster 6318♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 12♂ , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gaedike 5468♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 17♂ , rmnh , zmuc , zmhb , dei , zsm .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide gaedike 5474 , rmnh ; paratypes 58♂ , rmnh , zmuc , dei , zmhb .
holotype ♂ , rmnh ; paratypes 6♂ , 7♀ , rmnh , coll . bippus .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 4503♂ , nhmw ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 4500♀ , nhmw ; paratypes 4♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides diakonoff 4504 , 4505 , 4506 , 4507 , 4509 , 4543 , nhmw , rmnh , zsm ( see diakonoff 1963a : 476 ) .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 7316♂ , rmnh ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 7317♀ , rmnh ; paratypes 26 ( gender not stated ) , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 2213♂ , mnhn ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 2214♀ , mnhn ; paratypes 4♂ , 2♀ , mnhn , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10315♂ , lnk ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10316♀ , lnk ; paratypes 26♂ , 14♀ , lnk , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10498♂ , lnk ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10507♀ , lnk ; paratypes 1♂ , 2♀ , lnk , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10640♂ , rmnh ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10641♀ , rmnh ; paratypes 14♂ , 6♀ , genitalia slides diakonoff 4584 , 4677 , 10716 , pzdw , rmnh , tmsa .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10475♀ , mnhn ; paratypes 9♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10476♀ , mnhn , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10504♂ , lnk ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10518♀ , lnk ; paratypes 2♂ , 3♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10522♀ , lnk , rmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10509♂ , nhmb ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10510♀ , nhmb ; paratypes 3♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slide diakonoff 10503 , nhmb , lnk , rmnh .