the southern black rhinoceros or cape rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis bicornis ) is an extinct subspecies of the black rhinoceros that was once abundant in south africa from the cape province to transvaal , southern namibia , and possibly also lesotho and southern botswana .

it was brought to extinction by excessive hunting and habitat destruction around 1850 .

southern black rhinoceros

home » diceros bicornis ssp . minor ( south - central black rhinoceros , southern - central black rhino )
the black rhinoceros is one of two species of rhinoceros native to africa , and the southern black rhinoceros is one of four subspecies of black rhino . during the last century , the black rhino has suffered the most drastic decline of all rhino species .
greater one - horned rhinos : rhinoceros sondaicus ( also called indian rhino ) . subspecies : rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus , rhinoceros sondaicus inermis , rhinoceros sondaicus sondaicus
white rhinos : ceratotherium simum ( southern white rhinoceros ) , ceratotherium cottoni ( northern white rhinoceros ) . iucn lists these as subspecies of ceratotherium simum .
the feeding ecology of eastern black rhinoceroses ( diceros bicornis michaeli ) in southern serengeti national park , tanzania .
diceros bicornis bicornis , western south africa , southern namibia . extinct since about 1800 .
dna diversity analysis of similar region of mtdna of the kenyan and southern african rhinoceros showed that the two populations are distinct with only one shared mutation and nine fixed differences . the southern africa rhinoceros population had lower haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity relative to the kenyan population ( table 2 ) .
the other three more numerous subspecies are found in the eastern and southern african countries . today putative
black rhinoceros : the term black was probably chosen to distinguish it from the white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) , although both species are not distinguishable by colour .
the black rhinoceros is listed as ‘critically endangered’ by the iucn 3 . 1 .
the black rhinoceros or hook - lipped rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) is a species of rhinoceros , native to eastern and central africa including kenya , tanzania , cameroon , south africa , namibia , zimbabwe , and angola . although the rhinoceros is referred to as black , its colors vary from brown to gray .
other than the above , there are three other subspecies that have been driven to extinction . the southern black rhinoceros ( d b bicornis † ) , which used to be the largest of the subspecies , used to be found in abundance from the cape of good hope to the southern parts of namibia . the other two are the north - eastern black rhino ( d b brucii † ) and the western black or west african black rhinoceros ( d . b . longipes † ) .
subspecies : southwestern black rhinoceros ( d . b . bicornis ) classified as vulnerable ( vu ) ; eastern black rhinoceros ( d . b . michaeli ) and south - central black rhinoceros ( d . b . minor ) are both classified as critically endangered ( cr ) ; western black rhinoceros ( d . b . longipes ) classified as extinct ( ex ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
when population is at equilibrium neutrality the nucleotide diversity ( ) and the number of nucleotide segregating sites ( ) are indistinguishable and this is seen in both southern africa ( d . b . minor ) and kenyan ( d . b . michaeli ) rhinoceros . tajima - d analysis of southern africa rhinoceros dataset showed a positive value while kenyan group subset had a weak negative value ( table 1 ) .
the population of the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) fell to about 2 , 400 individuals in 1995 , down from a likely number of several hundred thousand at the start of the 20th century , when it ranged over most of southern africa . the white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) historically had a smaller geographic…
white rhinos and black rhinos live in the grasslands and floodplains of eastern and southern africa . greater one - horned rhinos can be found in the swamps and rain forests of northern india and southern nepal . sumatran and javan rhinos are found only in small areas of malaysian and indonesian swamps and rain forests .
diceros bicornis minor , northern namibia , eastern south africa , botswana , zimbabwe , mozambique , zambia , malawi , southern uganda , tanzania .
there are now three remaining recognized ecotypes / subspecies of black rhinoceros occupying different areas of africa . a fourth recognised subspecies
fossil rim participates in the international rhino foundation’s southern black rhino sustainability program , which is a coordinated international effort to establish and maintain a viable population in captivity to save the species .
the black rhinoceros has brachydont and lophodont teeth , with a thin layer of cement . the white rhinoceros is more specialized , for the cheek teeth are hypselodont and have a thick cement layer . …
white rhinos are
near threatened ,
which means they may be considered threatened by extinction in the near future . southern white rhinos have an increasing population ; there are 20 , 405 southern white rhinos . however , the northern white rhino is considered
extinct
in the wild .
prehensile - lipped rhinoceros : refers to the same characteristic hooked - upper lip .
the other african rhinoceros is the white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) . the word
white
in the name
white rhinoceros
is a misinterpretation of the afrikaans word wyd , itself derived from the dutch word wijd for wide , referring to its square upper lip , as opposed to the pointed or hooked lip of the black rhinoceros . these species are now sometimes referred to as the square - lipped ( for white ) or hook - lipped ( for black ) rhinoceros .
for the same sample size the eastern african d . b . michaeli had higher genetic diversity ( haplotypes = 10 ) compared to the southern africa d . b . minor ( haplotypes = 6 ) with seven fixed differences and only one shared mutation ( table 2 ) . the apparent low diversity in the southern africa black rhinoceros infer a population bottleneck [ 27 , 29 ] . for the mtdna region analyzed , the fixed nucleotide polymorphic site differences between the two populations were seven with only one shared polymorphic site indicating that gene flow between the eastern and southern african and rhinoceros populations is restricted . since mtdna is maternally inherited , this may imply that the female rhinoceros founding population has behavioral restricted movements within an ecological range .
the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) is the most well known of the five living rhinoceros species , with its aggressive reputation and highly publicised international conservation drive . black rhinoceros are in fact grey in colour and are distinguished from the other african species ( which is also grey ) the white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) , by its pointed , prehensile upper lip ; white rhinoceros have square lips ( 2 ) . both african rhinoceros species possess two horns , made from clumped fibres rather than bone , and the taller front horn may be 60 centimetres or longer ( 4 ) .
s . m . brown and b . a . houlden , “conservation genetics of the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) , ”
genus , found in the eastern and southern countries of africa , including south africa , kenya , zimbabwe , mozambique , namibia , tanzania , and zambia .
peter dollinger & silvia geser .
black rhinoceros
. world association of zoos and aquariums . retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 .
the species overall is classified as critically endangered , and one subspecies , the western black rhinoceros , was declared extinct by the iucn in 2011 .
wwf factsheet ; black rhinoceros diceros bicornis
( pdf ) . world wildlife fund . october 2004 . retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 .
being browsers instead of grazers , the upper lip of the black rhinoceros is pointed down to facilitate the stripping off the leafy contents of branches .
…species of rhinoceroses are the black or prehensile - lipped rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) and the white or square - lipped rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) . the terms black and white are misleading , since both species are grayish to brownish , but the names are well established in common usage .
of rhinoceros . the black rhinoceros typically weighs between 700 and 1 , 300 kg ( 1 , 500 and 2 , 900 pounds ) ; males are the same size as females . it stands 1 . 5 metres ( 5 feet ) high at the shoulder and is 3 . 5 metres ( 11 . 5 feet ) long . the black rhinoceros occupies a variety of habitats , including open
…species of rhinoceroses are the black or prehensile - lipped rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) and the white or square - lipped rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) . the terms black and white are misleading , since both species are grayish to brownish , but the names are well established in common usage . …
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the longest known black rhinoceros horn measured nearly 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) in length . [ 18 ] sometimes , a third , smaller horn may develop . these horns are used for defense , intimidation , and digging up roots and breaking branches during feeding . the black rhino is smaller than the white rhino and has a pointed and prehensile upper lip , which it uses to grasp leaves and twigs when feeding . [ 18 ] the white rhinoceros has square lips used for eating grass . the black rhinoceros can also be distinguished from the white rhinoceros by its size , smaller skull , and ears ; and by the position of the head , which is held higher than the white rhinoceros , since the black rhinoceros is a browser and not a grazer . this key differentiation is further illustrated by the shape of the two species mouths ( lips ) : the
square
lip of the white rhinoceros is an adaptation for grazing , and the
hooked
lip of the black rhinoceros is an adaptation to help browsing .
the black rhinoceros inhabits a variety of habitats , ranging from the deserts of namibia through wooded grasslands to broadleaved woodlands and acacia savannahs ( 4 ) .
j . n . garnier , m . w . bruford , and b . goossens , “mating system and reproductive skew in the black rhinoceros , ”
hook - lipped rhinoceros : the narrow upper lip of the black rhino is adapted to feeding from trees and bushes and is perfect for ripping of leaves .
the south - western rhino ( diceros bicornis bicornis ) which is better adapted to the arid and semi - arid savannas of namibia , southern angola , western botswana and western south africa .
y . moodley , i . m . russo , d . l . dalton et al . , “extinctions , genetic erosion and conservation options for the black rhinoceros
the black rhinoceros is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .
w . l . linklater , k . adcock , p . du preez et al . , “guidelines for large herbivore translocation simplified : black rhinoceros case study , ”
the south - central black rhino ( diceros bicornis minor ) is the most numerous of all black rhino subspecies .
there are five extant subspecies with the chobe black rhinoceros ( d . b . chobiensis ) , found in chobe valley of angola , namibia and botswana , the uganda black rhino ( d . b . ladoensis ) , found in south sudan through uganda into western kenya and ethiopia , the eastern black rhino ( d . b . michaeli ) , endemic to tanzania . the south central ( d . b . minor ) and south western ( d . b . occidentalis ) subspecies are found in countries across southern africa .
the black rhinoceros is a herbivore that eats leafy plants , branches , shoots , thorny wood bushes and fruit . the black rhinos diet helps to reduce the amount of woody plants which results in more grasses growing for the benefit of other animals .
the white and the black ( diceros bicornis ) rhinoceros live in africa , while the indian , the javan ( r . sondaicus ) , and the sumatran ( dicerorhinus sumatrensis ) rhinoceros live in asia . the precarious state of the surviving species ( all but one are endangered ) is in direct contrast to the…
groves , c . p . ( 1967 ) .
geographic variation in the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis linnaeus , 1758 )
. zeitschrift für säugetierkunde ( 32 ) : 267–276 .
the west african rhino ( diceros bicornis longipes ) , the world conservation union ( iucn ) announced on 7 july 2006 that the west african black rhinoceros has been tentatively declared as extinct .
uganda black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ladoensis ) – former distribution from south sudan , across uganda into western kenya and southwesternmost ethiopia . black rhinos are considered extinct across most of this area and its conservational status is unclear . probably surviving in kenyan reserves .
eastern black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis michaeli ) – had a historical distribution from south sudan , ethiopia , down through kenya into north - central tanzania . today , its range is limited primarily to tanzania .
rookmaaker , l . c . ( 2004 ) .
historical distribution of the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) in west africa
( pdf ) . african zoology 39 ( 1 ) : 63–70 .
black rhinoceros have been poached to the brink of extinction due to the demand for their horn , both for use in chinese traditional medicine and for traditional dagger handles in yemen , the demand for which exploded in the 1970s due to the increased income of oil - rich gulf states ( 7 ) . it is estimated that between 1970 and 1992 , around 96 percent of the black rhinoceros population was lost ( 8 ) .
e . h . harley , i . baumgarten , j . cunningham , and c . o ' ryan , “genetic variation and population structure in remnant populations of black rhinoceros , diceros bicornis , in africa , ”
chobe black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis chobiensis ) – a local subspecies restricted to the chobe valley in southeastern angola , namibia ( caprivi strip ) and northern botswana . nearly extinct , possibly only one surviving specimen in botswana .
the word “rhinoceros” is derived from the greek rhino ( nose ) and ceros ( horn ) . like the white rhino , the black rhino is actually gray and has two horns . however , the black rhino has a pointed , prehensile upper lip , which distinguishes it from the white rhino .
skin : the black rhino , as indeed does all other rhinoceros species , boasts a gray - colored and thick layered skin . this kind of armor - like skin helps to protect its wearer from sharp grasses and thorns .
s . m . muya , m . w . bruford , a . w . - t . muigai et al . , “substantial molecular variation and low genetic structure in kenya ' s black rhinoceros : implications for conservation , ”
the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) , is sometimes called the ‘hooked - lip rhino’ . the rhinoceros is a mammal in the order perissodactyla and is native to the eastern and central areas of africa including kenya , tanzania , cameroon , south africa , namibia and zimbabwe . although the rhino is referred to as black , it is actually more of a grey - white colour in appearance . it will sometimes take on the colour of the soil that it lives around .
with only 5 , 000 black rhino left in the wild to . . .
the black rhinos habitats are mostly bushy plains , rugged hills and scrub lands .
the intraspecific variation in the black rhinoceros was discussed by various authors and is not finally settled . the most accepted scheme considers seven or eight subspecies , of which three became extinct in historical times and one is on the very brink of extinction :
poaching remains the greatest threat to the white rhinoceros . its horn is used in asia for traditional medicines and , more recently , as a status symbol . . .
both species have similar gray coloration as the word ‘white’ has actually been misinterpreted from ‘wide’ . so , the two are often hard to distinguish . the primary difference is that the black rhinoceros has pointier lips while the white rhino has wider lips to aid it in grazing . additionally , the black rhino also has relatively smaller skull .
rookmaaker , l . c . ( 2005 ) .
review of the european perception of the african rhinoceros
( pdf ) . journal of zoology 265 : 365–376 .
shoulder height : black rhinos stand at approximately 1 . 6 metres tall at the shoulder
female black rhinos tend to sleep less than the males by almost half the time .
female black rhinos will use their horns to protect their young from predators such as lions and hyenas . although they are fierce , black rhinos do have a softer side .
range includes namibia , southern angola , western botswana , and south - western and south - eastern south africa ( up to the kei river ) , although today they occur only in namibia ( the stronghold ) and south africa with a sighting of one animal in angola and unconfirmed reports of possibly another three animals .
there is need to readjust current conservation management paradigms for the black rhinoceros where precaution strategies in the translocation of endangered species bring only small , incremental improvements [ 27 , 28 , 34 ] . rhinoceros are herbivores without substantial predators and are resilient to ecological challenges [ 35 ] ; therefore their translocation for restocking to improve genetic diversity is feasible . since there is no reproductive barrier in african black rhinoceroses , the genetic diversity improvement will involve pilot outbreeding programs among the fragmented populations across the ecological range [ 5 , 27 , 29 ] .
the black rhino is smaller than the white rhino and is more agile in movement . black rhinos can still show considerable bouts of aggression , even though they are mainly shy and solitary animals . black rhinos tend to live alone , except when breeding and raising offspring .
there were barely more than 5 , 000 black rhinos in africa as of 2015 . the black rhinos at fossil rim can be viewed on the behind - the - scenes tour .
black rhinoceros follow the same trails that elephants use to get from foraging areas to water holes . they also use smaller trails when they are browsing . they are very fast and can get up to speeds of 56 kilometres per hour ( 35 mph ) running on their toes .
kenya wildlife service ( kws ) records show that these impacts reflected on kenyan black rhinoceros numbers where catastrophic decline was from an estimated 20 , 000 individuals in 1970 to 398 in 1991 and then this slightly rebounded to about 631 in 2014 [ 7 , 8 ] . this was through conservation strategy developed to intensively manage the remaining rhinos within small rhino sanctuaries where kws periodical translocated the surviving rhinoceros into the high security sanctuaries to limit poaching and enhance breeding [ 9 , 10 ] .
wwf : black rhino info ( hits : 2170 ) extensive information by the world wildlife fund on the black rhino . covers physiology , threats , habitat and much more . [ w ] urltoken
because of its build and armor - like skin , rarely do natural predators like lions and crocodiles prey on the black rhinoceros . on occasions , a crocodile may drag one into the water to kill it , or a pride of lions may join forces to bring down a sub - adult .
sociability : black rhinos can be either solitary and territorial , or semi - social and less aggressively - territorial , depending on the habitat . incredible footage from the recent bbc africa series recorded a group of black rhinos congregating socially at a waterhole , thus disproving myths that black rhinos are strictly solitary
white rhino ( ceratotherium simum ) : 17 , 500 individuals , living in africa , in long and short - grass savannahs . black rhino ( diceros bicornis ) : 4 , 240 individuals , living in africa , primarily in grasslands , savannahs and tropical bush lands . greater one - horned rhino ( rhinoceros unicornis ) : 2 , 800 - 2 , 850 individuals , living in northern india and southern nepal , mainly on flood plains , grasslands and occasionally in woodland . sumatran rhino ( dicerorhinus sumatrensis ) : 200 individuals , living in dense tropical forest , mainly on the indonesian island of sumatra and on borneo . javan rhino ( rhinoceros sondaicus ) : 40 - 50 individuals , living in indonesia ( approximately 35 - 50 ) and in vietnam ( fewer than five ) . in indonesia , javan rhinos live only in java’s ujung kulon national park .
the name ‘white rhinoceros’ is taken from the afrikaans word describing its mouth : “weit” , meaning
wide
. early english settlers in south africa misinterpreted the
weit
for
white
.
was distributed from southern sudan , ethiopia , and somalia , through kenya into northern - central tanzania and rwanda . its current stronghold is kenya . smaller but growing numbers occur in northern tanzania . the single animal that survived in rwanda has died . one important free - ranging population occurs outside its range in a private game reserve in south africa . contractually , these
d . n . thuo , j . o . junga , j . m . kamau , j . o . amimo , f . m . kibegwa , and k . e . githui , “population viability analysis of black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis michaeli ) in lake nakuru national park , kenya , ”
black rhinos are not actually black , according to the international rhino foundation . they probably got that name from the dark , muddy soil they like to wallow in or to distinguish them from white rhinos .
the greatest threat to black rhinos is poaching to satisfy demand for traditional chinese medicine in east asia .
black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) has suffered dramatic decline of all mammals in the recent history and the species is currently categorized as critically endangered in the international union of conservation for the nature red list ( iucn ) [ 1 , 2 ] . between 1960s and 1980s wanton illegal poaching and loss of habitat due to increased human developments in areas that were formerly wilderness resulted in approximately 96 % decline ( 65 , 000 to 3 , 800 individuals ) in population black rhinoceros across their range in africa [ 3 , 4 ] . in recent years , conservation measures have resulted in increase of in situ black rhino numbers from of 2475 individuals in 1993 to approximately 4880 in 2010 [ 2 , 5 , 6 ] .
berger , joel ; cunningham , carol ( 1998 ) .
natural variation in horn size and social dominance and their importance to the conservation of black rhinoceros
. conservation biology 12 ( 3 ) : 708–711 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1523 - 1739 . 1998 . 97207 . x .
. once lived in south sudan , northern central african republic , southern chad , northern cameroon , northeastern nigeria and south - eastern niger . the range possibly streched west to the niger river in western niger , though this is unconfirmed . a far greater former range in west africa as proposed earlier [ 13 ] is doubted by a 2004 study . [ 4 ] the last known wild specimens lived in northern cameroon . in 2006 an intensive survey across its putative range in cameroon failed to locate any , leading to fears that it was extinct in the wild . [ 6 ] [ 14 ] on november 10 , 2011 the iucn declared the western black rhinoceros extinct . [ 6 ]
black rhinos have a ‘prehensile’ lip – ‘prehensile’ meaning – adapted for grasping and holding . the black rhinos prehensile lip is used much like a finger to select and pick the twigs and leaves that they prefer .
for more information about aza safe and its commitment to black rhino conservation , please contact safeblackrhino @ urltoken .
black rhinoceros are mainly solitary creatures , occupying overlapping home ranges ( 5 ) . in this long - lived species females reach sexual maturity at around five to seven years old and give birth to a single calf every two to four years ( 6 ) . births can occur throughout the year and each calf tends to remain with its mother until the birth of her next offspring . rhinoceros have poor eyesight but a keen sense of smell and hearing ( 5 ) . they are inquisitive and often aggressive towards humans and other animals ( 4 ) .
limited hunting of specific individual surplus black rhino males to further demographic and genetic metapopulation goals only recently sanctioned by cites . black rhinos however are currently only openly sold in south africa and in all other range states black rhino on communal or private land are managed on a custodianship basis for the state . black rhinos are primarily threatened by illegal killing for horn . live specimens for translocation invariably taken from natural habitat with the occasional zoo animal being reintroduced .
the scientific name for the black rhino is diceros bicornis . diceros being from the greek di for “two” and ceros meaning “horn” . bicornis is from the latin bi for “two” and cornis meaning “horn” . throughout history the black rhino has been referred to using quite a lot of different scientific names . view a list of black rhino scientific names .
white rhinos are also sometimes called ' the square - lipped rhinoceros ' . their upper lip lacks the prehensile ‘hook’ of some of the other rhino species . the white rhino is the largest species of land mammal after the elephant .
black rhinos : diceros bicornis ( black rhino ) . subspecies : diceros bicornis bicornis , diceros bicornis brucii , diceros bicornis chobiensis , diceros bicornis ladoensis , diceros bicornis longipes , diceros bicornis michaeli , diceros bicornis minor , diceros bicornis occidentalis
black rhinos browse for food in the morning and evening and sleep or wallow during the hottest part of the day .
to protect black rhinos from poaching and habitat loss , wwf is taking action in three african rhino range countries : namibia , kenya , and south africa . together , these nations hold about 87 % of the total black rhino population .
in the wild , under natural conditions , the black rhino can survive up to anywhere between 35 to 50 years .
the black rhinoceros lives in habitats consisting of thick shrubbery and bush - land , with some woodlands about . they are not territorial in nature and often their home ranges change seasonally , depending on the availability of watering holes and food . the ranges of female rhinos are generally wider than that of their male counterparts , more commonly when they are accompanied by their young . black rhinos of both sexes tend to have an area at higher grounds where they come often to rest .
timothy w . oloo , robert brett & truman p . young ( 1994 ) .
seasonal variation in the feeding ecology of black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis l . ) in laikipia , kenya
. african journal of ecology 32 ( 2 ) : 142–157 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 2028 . 1994 . tb00565 . x .
the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) , once the most numerous rhino species at an estimated 850 , 000 individuals , declined to less than 100 , 000 animals by 1960 as a result of hunting and habitat loss . from that point , a poaching - driven decline reduced populations by approximately 98 % to 2 , 400 animals by the mid - 1990s .
rookmaaker , l . c . and groves , c . p . ( 1978 ) .
the extinct cape rhinoceros , diceros bicornis bicornis ( linnaeus , 1758 )
( pdf ) . säugetierkundliche mitteilungen 26 ( 2 ) : 117–126 .
the black rhinoceros is a herbivorous browser that eats leafy plants , branches , shoots , thorny wood bushes , and fruit . [ 33 ] their diet can reduce the amount of woody plants , which may benefit grazers ( who eat grass ) , but not competing browsers . it has been known to eat up to 220 species of plants . it can live up to 5 days without water during drought . black rhinos live in primarily grasslands , savannas , and tropical bushland habitats .
r . h . emslie , r . amin , and r . kock , “guidelines for the in situ re - introduction and translocation of african and asian rhinoceros , ” 2009 , occasional paper of the iucn species survival commission no . 39 .
as of 2010 , around 96 % of the total black rhino population was in four countries : south africa ( 39 % of total ) , namibia ( 36 % ) , kenya ( 12 % ) , and zimbabwe ( 9 % ) . of the three extant subspecies of black rhino , populations of the south - western ( d . b . bicornis ) and southern - central ( d . b . minor ) are more robust at approximately 1 , 900 and 2 , 200 animals , respectively , compared to 7 - 800 animals of the eastern subspecies ( d . b . michaeli ) . the west african subspecies ( d . b . longipes ) was declared extinct in 2011 .
arkive - black rhino ( hits : 1101 ) the black rhino on arkive , a unique collection of thousands of videos , images and fact - files illustrating the world ' s species to save their digital footprint for future generations . [ w ] urltoken
the taxonomy of the subspecies of the black rhino remains unresolved and needs further study . there are two parallel views at present .
black rhinos have a prehensile lip that is used much like a finger to select and pick the leaves and twigs they prefer .
estes , richard d . the safari companion . post mills , vermont : chelsea green publishing co . , 1993 . martin , esmond and chryssee bradley . run rhino run . london : chatto and windus , 1982 . schenkel r . and l . schenkel - halliger . mammalia depicta : ecology and behavior of the black rhinoceros . berlin : verlag , paul , and parey , 1969 .
the black rhino wallows itself in mud during the hottest parts of the day to keep itself cool and as a protection against termites .
…white rhinoceroses , as well as black rhinoceroses , assorted species of antelope , wildebeests , zebras , giraffes , and numerous birds . …
no , black rhinos are not black at all . the species probably derives its name as a distinction from the white rhino ( which is not white at all either ) or from the dark - colored local soil that often covers its skin after wallowing in mud .
wwf launched an international effort to save wildlife in 1961 , rescuing black rhinos—among many other species—from the brink of extinction . thanks to persistent conservation efforts across africa , the total number of black rhinos grew from 2 , 410 in 1995 to more than 5 , 000 today .
in the 2015 edition of the occasion , ‘save the rhino’ organization clarified that only 5055 black rhinoceros are left in the world . this number used to be close to 500 , 000 at the start of the 20 th century , and if the current down - trend is not addressed in earnest , the iucn will have to declare the creature to be officially ‘extinct’ in the not - so - distant future .
using their prehensile lip , black rhinoceros feed on the leaves and twigs of a variety of woody plants and herbs ( 4 ) . foraging often occurs in the cool of dawn and dusk ; they spend much of the rest of the day resting in the shade or wallowing in shallow water holes , coating their skin in mud to protect it from the harsh sun and to deter biting flies ( 2 ) .
black rhinos are the smaller of the two african rhino species . the most notable difference between white and black rhinos are their hooked upper lip . this distinguishes them from the white rhino , which has a square lip . black rhinos are browsers rather than grazers , and their pointed lip helps them feed on leaves from bushes and trees . they have two horns , and occasionally a third , small posterior horn .
daniel boettcher ( november 9 , 2011 ) .
western black rhino declared extinct
. bbc . retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 .
south - western black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis occidentalis ) – a small subspecies , adapted to survival in desertic and semi - desertic conditions . originally distributed in north - western namibia and southwestern angola , today restricted to wildlife reserves in namibia with sporadic sightings in angola . these populations are often erroneously referred to d . b . bicornis or d . b . minor but represent a subspecies to their own . [ 11 ]
black rhino mothers are very affectionate towards their young and will look after them for years , protecting them and teaching them how to survive independently . unlike a white rhino calf , a black rhino calf will run behind its mother . young black rhinos will live with their mother until another sibling is born , they are about 2 years old when this happens and are almost adult size and ready to go off and live independently .
current threat : poachers remain the biggest threat to the black rhino . however , with strict protection and effective biological management , black rhino numbers are slowly recovering and currently , there are approximately between 5 , 040 and 5 , 458 animals ( according to figures published by iucn in 2016 )
the black rhinos skin harbours many external parasites , which are eaten by birds such as the ox peckers and egrets that live with the rhino .
black rhinos , sumatran rhinos and javan rhinos are
critically endangered ,
which is the list ' s highest risk category . there are 5 , 055 black rhinos , fewer than 100 sumatran rhinos and only 35 to 44 javan rhinos . [ related : javan rhino officially extinct in vietnam ]
rhinoceroses are large , herbivorous mammals identified by their characteristic horned snouts . the word
rhinoceros
comes from the greek
rhino
( nose ) and
ceros
( horn ) . there are five species and 11 subspecies of rhino ; some have two horns , while others have one .
black rhino information
. international rhino foundation . archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 10 . retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 .
black rhinos travel alone except while breeding or raising offspring . juveniles remain with the mother until they are completely weaned just before a new baby is born .
black rhinos have a tendency to attack just about anything , this is because of their poor eyesight . black rhinos have been known to attack trees and rocks by mistake . they rely heavily on their strong sense of smell and well developed hearing . if it catches a smell of an unfamiliar presence , then it will instinctively charge mistaking it as a threat . most of their ‘charges’ are bluffs but because they act in this way , they have been given a bad reputation as being aggressive and dangerous . black rhinos do however , live in harmony with other animals generally . black rhinos will attack other animals though if their territory is threatened , they also fight amongst themselves . black rhinos will fight each other over territory and females – even courting males and females sometimes fight one another . black rhinos use the larger of their two horns as a weapon when fighting . sometimes it can break off , however , this regenerates and grows back eventually .
sean markey ( july 12 , 2006 ) .
west african black rhino extinct , group says
. national geographic . retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 .
populations of black rhino declined dramatically in the 20 th century at the hands of european hunters and settlers . between 1960 and 1995 , black rhino numbers dropped by a sobering 98 % , to less than 2 , 500 . since then , the species has made a tremendous comeback from the brink of extinction . thanks to persistent conservation efforts across africa , black rhino numbers have doubled from their historic low 20 years ago to between 5 , 042 and 5 , 455 today . however , the black rhino is still considered critically endangered , and a lot of work remains to bring the numbers up to even a fraction of what it once was—and to ensure that it stays there . wildlife crime—in this case , poaching and black - market trafficking of rhino horn—continues to plague the species and threaten its recovery .
majority of the extant black rhinoceros belong to subspecies diceros bicornis minor and diceros bicornis michaeli . other subspecies include diceros bicornis longipes and diceros bicornis bicornis . the d . b . michaeli ( eastern black rhino ) is found in kenya and tanzania while d . b . minor is found in tanzania to south africa [ 3 , 11 ] . although there are apparently no marked geographic or reproductive barriers between the subspecies , they occupy different ecological zones . there have not been any rigorous studies on migration and reproductive gene flow between the subspecies although some authors suggest that each subspecies may have distinct genetic or behavioral adaptations to their local environments [ 3 , 12 ] .
the sable antelope gets its name from the russian word for “black . ” its coat is short and glossy for females and young sable . their coloration . . .
andrew meldrum ( july 12 , 2006 ) .
west african black rhino feared extinct
. the guardian ( london ) . retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 .
du toit , r . ( 1987 ) .
the existing basis for subspecies classification of black and white rhino
( pdf ) . pachyderm 9 : 3–5 .
re - establishment of black rhino in zambia
( pdf ) . zambia wildlife authority / frankfurt zoological society . 2008 . retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 .
the gestation period of a female black rhino is 16 months . she will give birth to one single calf . the calf will weigh about 100 pounds at birth .
the black rhino once roamed most of sub - saharan africa , but today is on the verge of extinction due to poaching fueled by commercial demand for its horn .
community engagement will also play a role in south africa , where we are looking to conserve black rhino through community governance , training , and identification of alternative livelihood opportunities .
r . m . anderson - lederer , w . l . linklater , and p . a . ritchie , “limited mitochondrial dna variation within south africa ' s black rhino
distinctive characteristics : black rhinos are smaller than white rhinos , and have less of a pronounced hump on the back of their necks . they also have a smaller head , as unlike the white rhino , they are browsers , so eat from higher bushes or trees , requiring less muscle strength around their necks than white rhinos . the most distinguishable characteristic between a black and a white rhino is that black rhinos have a hooked lip , as opposed to a flat - based lip , which is related to their eating habits
both black and white rhinoceroses are actually gray . they are different not in color but in lip shape . the black rhino has a pointed upper lip , while its white relative has a squared lip . the difference in lip shape is related to the animals ' diets . black rhinos are browsers that get most of their sustenance from eating trees and bushes . they use their lips to pluck leaves and fruit from the branches . white rhinos graze on grasses , walking with their enormous heads and squared lips lowered to the ground .
one of the largest land animals , black rhinos are extremely agile for their size and can reach speeds of 30 mph when charging . although they have poor eyesight , their hearing is acute . black rhinos have long , tube - shaped ears that act as funnels for sound . they can swivel their ears in all directions , picking up noises from great distances .
patton , f . ( 2011 ) .
black rhino spearheads malawi wildlife makeover
( pdf ) . swara ( east african wildlife society ) 2011 ( 1 ) : 48–53 .
between 2010 - 2014 alone , 78 aza - accredited zoos and aquariums reported investing over $ 4 . 2 million towards rhinoceros conservation - with more than $ 1 . 5 million directly benefiting black rhinos . the aza community supported organizations such as the international rhino foundation , a charity dedicated to the global conservation of rhinos through allocation of funds towards projects and species in need . in addition , for over two decades , aza - accredited institutions have provided financial support to the lewa wildlife conservancy in kenya , through the american association of zoo keepers bowling for rhinos program . lewa is home to 12 % of kenya ' s black rhino population , making it an integral partner to aza - accredited zoos and aquariums that are dedicated to rhino conservation .
the east african black rhino ( diceros bicornis michaeli ) prefers highland forest and savanna habitat . it also has a longer , leaner , and curved horn and it’s skin is more grooved .
running speed : black rhino can move extremely fast and have been recorded at highs of 55 km / h . they can change direction surprisingly quickly and can run right through scrub and bushes
poaching history : during the 19th century , as european influence over land use and trade strengthened , the black rhino , which was the most numerous rhino species with several hundred thousand animals , was hunted relentlessly across most of africa . by 1970 there were an estimated 65 , 000 animals left . today , the black rhino remains a rare sight due to an increase in poaching
the overall life span of the black rhino is between 25 – 40 years , in captivity they live a little longer because they are more protected – usually to about 45 years old .
black rhinoceros became critically endangered species in the 1970s mainly due to poaching and historical game hunting during colonial era and also due to expansion of agricultural land in africa [ 25 – 27 ] , prompting implementation of remedial conservation strategies to intensively manage the remaining population within high security sanctuaries [ 5 , 9 ] . these management fragments started with low numbers of founding population with periodical translocation between the sanctuaries managed in coordination with local government wild life services [ 7 , 28 ] . the low numbers of founding population have implications in genetic variability and resilience of the subspecies .
senses : like white rhinos , black rhinos have poor eyesight , and cannot easily detect an observer standing more than 30 metres away . they do however have an excellent sense of smell and hearing
michael milstein ( june 26 , 2007 ) .
shop owner pleads guilty to selling black rhino horn
. u . s . fish & wildlife service . retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 .
the south - western black rhino ( diceros bicornis bicornis ) is better adapted to dry climates and occurs in the arid savannas . the main difference with the others subspecies is the large and straight horn .
black rhinos are heavy browsers that restrict woody plants from over - growing in their habitat . this is important because it allows grasses to grow which provides food for many other animals on the grassy plains .
the west african black rhino ( diceros bicornis longipes ) is the rarest and most endangered subspecies , with only 10 surviving in 2003 . but on july 8 , 2006 the subspecies was declared to be extinct .
the black - footed cat , or small - spotted cat , is one of the smallest cat species in the world . weighing in at 2 - 5 pounds and measuring 14 - 20 inches . . .
true to their feeding habits , the chewing mechanism of the black rhino is two - phased , with a cutting ectoloph , or a ridge on their upper molar tooth and a grinding loph near the tongue .
the black rhino has the highest rate of mortal combats for any mammal ; 50 % fights between males and 30 % fights between females end with one or both combatants dying because of combat - related injuries .
the black rhino has a wide vocal range and can possibly communicate the same way as an elephant can by frequencies well below the range of human hearing . breathing is also an important part of rhino communication .
adult black rhinoceroses are solitary in nature , coming together only for mating . mating does not have a seasonal pattern , however , births tend to be towards the end of the rainy season in drier environments .
figure 1 : evolutionary relationship among global rhinoceros inferred using the nj method . the percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test ( 1000 replicates ) is shown next to the branches . the tree is drawn to scale , with branch lengths inferring evolutionary distances . the analysis involved 50 nucleotide sequences and there were a total of 254 positions in the final dataset . analyses were conducted in mega6 .
except for females and their offspring , black rhinos are solitary . females reproduce only every two and a half to five years . their single calf does not live on its own until it is about three years old .
the results of the assessments of all species of scombrids ( tunas , bonitos , mackerels and spanish mackerels ) and billfishes ( swordfish and marlins ) were published recently in the magazine science . the detailed results now on the iucn red list show that the situation is particularly serious for tunas . five of the eight species of tuna are in the threatened or near threatened categories . these include : southern bluefin ( thunnus maccoyii ) , critically endangered ; atlantic bluefin ( t . thynnus ) , endangered ; bigeye ( t . obesus ) , vulnerable ; yellowfin ( t . albacares ) , near threatened ; and albacore ( t . alalunga ) , near threatened . this information will be invaluable in helping governments make decisions which will safeguard the future of these species , many of which are of extremely high economic value .
the department of biodiversity & conservation biology ( hits : 1231 ) black rhino information by the department of biodiversity & conservation biology . a resource from the the university of the western cape , south africa . [ w ] urltoken
the black rhino is not as solitary as it is often thought to be . males may tolerate other males , as long as they remain submissive , and females sometimes allow an unrelated juvenile to accompany her and a calf .
) to wetter forested areas . the highest densities of rhinos are found in savannas on nutrient - rich soils and in succulent valley bushveld areas . black rhino are browsers and favour small acacia ' s and other palatable woody species (
between 1970 and 1992 , the population of this species decreased by 96 % . in 1970 , it was estimated that there were approximately 65 , 000 black rhinos in africa – but , by 1993 , there were only 2 , 300 surviving in the wild . intensive anti - poaching efforts have had encouraging results since 1996 . numbers have been recovering and still are increasing very slowly . there are currently approximately 5 , 000 black rhinos surviving . with the growing purchasing power of many asian countries , and the existence of organized gangs of poachers who sell rhino horn to black market syndicates in some range countries , the poaching threat remains great and anti - poaching efforts must be continued and accelerated .
in namibia , wwf is leading a consortium of national ngos to help implement the country’s ambitious law enforcement strategy to combat wildlife trafficking . wwf also supports the namibian government in its effort to update its plan to grow black rhino populations , in part by moving rhinos from parks with significant populations to others that historically held rhinos but currently do not—a process known as translocation . we’re also taking other security measures to protect both black and white rhinos , such as dna sampling .
there are 3 subspecies of black rhino , the south - central rhino ( diceros bicornis minor ) , which is the most numerous and once ranged from central tanzania south through zambia , zimbabwe and mozambique to northern and eastern south africa .
over time , habitat loss has led to isolated , high - density rhino populations . these populations have slow growth rates , which can cause numbers to stagnate and eventually decline . they also raise the risk of disease transmission . to ensure a healthy and growing black rhino population , rhinos from high - density areas must be moved to low density areas with suitable habitat . wwf is supporting these efforts and partnering with government agencies and other ngos to establish new black rhino populations .
current numbers in captivity : at the end of 2004 , there were 277 black rhinos in captivity . through the past 200 years ( until 1998 ) , there have been 775 animals recorded in zoos , of which 292 were born in captivity
an adult black rhinoceros stands 140 – 170 centimetres ( 57 . 9 – 63 inches ) high at the shoulder and is 3 . 3 – 3 . 6 metres ( 10 . 8 – 11 . 8 feet ) in length . an adult weighs from 800 to 1400 kilograms ( 1 , 760 to 3 , 080 pounds ) , some may weigh 1820 kilograms ( 4 , 000 pounds ) , with the females being smaller than the males . the rhinos two horns on their skull are made of keratin with the larger front horn typically 50 centimetres long , some can measure up to 140 centimetres . sometimes , a third smaller horn may develop . these horns are used for defence , intimidation and digging up roots and breaking branches during feeding .


chromodoris magnifica is a sea slug , a species of nudibranch , a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family chromodorididae .

it is the type species of the genus chromodoris .

chromodoris magnifica

michael wunderli marked
sea slug chromodoris magnifica
as trusted on the
chromodoris magnifica
page .
michael wunderli marked
red sea nudibranch - chromodoris magnifica
as trusted on the
chromodoris magnifica
page .
what type of species is chromodoris magnifica ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the chromodoris magnifica species belongs to .
7 . the magnificent chromodoris ( chromodoris magnifica ) grows to at least 6cm in length .
which photographers have photos of chromodoris magnifica species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species chromodoris magnifica .
chromodoris magnifica or c . annae from : franca wermuth , august 16 , 2007
chromodoris magnifica vs c . magnifa from : erwin kodiat , december 6 , 2005
1 . the magnificent chromodoris ( chromodoris magnifica ) is a tropical opisthobranch species that belongs to the nudibranch family chromodorididae .
how to identify chromodoris magnifica marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species chromodoris magnifica . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species chromodoris magnifica are marked in green .
nick hope added the english common name
magnificent chromodoris
to
chromodoris magnifica ( quoy & gaimard 1832 )
.
colour form of chromodoris magnifica from : asther m . lau , september 12 , 2003
chromodoris magnifica from w . australia from : clay bryce . , april 26 , 1999
also known as nudibranchs , chromodoris magnifa , magnifa sea slug , magnificent chromodoris .
re : chromodoris magnifica or c . annae from : nerida wilson , august 20 , 2007
where is chromodoris magnifica found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species chromodoris magnifica can be found .
chromodoris quadricolor or c . magnifica ( 2 ) from : marina poddubetskaia , march 10 , 2003
michael wunderli marked
slug on mushroom algae
as trusted on the
chromodoris magnifica
page .
it ' s strange , but chromodoris magnifica ( red band , back and white body ) is still alive through all this .
follow - up : the orange one is chromodoris quadricolor ( blue instead of white under actinics ) . food for nudibranches in compiled here . food habits of nudibranchs for chromodoris quadricolor it is sponge latrunculia magnifica .
chromodoris africana eliot , 1904 ( additional source ) chromodoris albolineata bergh , 1879 accepted as chromodoris lineolata ( van hasselt , 1824 ) ( basis of record ) chromodoris annae bergh , 1877 ( basis of record ) chromodoris boucheti rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris burni rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris clavata risbec , 1928 accepted as chromodoris striatella bergh , 1877 ( source of synonymy ) chromodoris colemani rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris elisabethina bergh , 1877 ( basis of record ) chromodoris elisabethina var . africana eliot , 1904 accepted as chromodoris africana eliot , 1904 ( basis of record ) chromodoris funerea collingwood , 1881 accepted as chromodoris lineolata ( van hasselt , 1824 ) ( basis of record ) chromodoris hamiltoni rudman , 1977 ( additional source ) chromodoris kuiteri rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris lineolata bergh , 1874 accepted as chromodoris striatella bergh , 1877 ( source of synonymy ) chromodoris lineolata ( van hasselt , 1824 ) ( basis of record ) chromodoris lochi rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris magnifica ( quoy & gaimard , 1832 ) ( basis of record ) chromodoris maritima ( baba , 1949 ) accepted as hypselodoris maritima ( baba , 1949 ) ( basis of record ) chromodoris striatella bergh , 1877 ( basis of record ) chromodoris strigata rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris westraliensis ( o ' donoghue , 1924 ) ( additional source ) chromodoris willani rudman , 1982 ( original description ) doris lineolata van hasselt , 1824 accepted as chromodoris lineolata ( van hasselt , 1824 ) ( basis of record ) glossodoris maritima baba , 1949 accepted as hypselodoris maritima ( baba , 1949 ) ( basis of record ) glossodoris westraliensis o ' donoghue , 1924 accepted as chromodoris westraliensis ( o ' donoghue , 1924 ) ( basis of record ) hypselodoris maritima ( baba , 1949 ) ( basis of record ) hypselodoris nigrolineata ( eliot , 1904 ) ( additional source ) hypselodoris regina ev . marcus & er . marcus , 1970 ( additional source )
dear bill , here is a chromodoris magnifica feeding on red sponge . found at the very edge of the reef facing the flat sandy bottom in lankayan island .
chromodoris africana or c . quadricolor from : umut tural , february 10 , 2006
anybody - looking for in - depth info ( good articles , personal experiences at forums ) on keeping sea slug chromodoris magnifica . best i could find is sea slug forum .
citation :
magnificent chromodoris nudibranchs , chromodoris magnifica ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
3 . it is closely related to two other species with similar colour patterns : chromodoris kuiteri , from the north east coast of australia and chromodoris africana , from the western indian ocean .
described as chromodoris ? lineata var . nigrolineata eliot , 1904 sensu rudman ( 1982 ) [ details ]
in my specimens the orange band can be said submarginal and they seem to fit a little the description of chromodoris magnifica . so , the confusion persists . so , i’d like to have your opinion on these new photos . thank you in advance .
rudman 1998 - 2010 . chromodoris kuiteri , factsheet & related messages , sea slug forum , australian museum , sydney .
the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris quadricolor , c . lineolata and hypselodoris nigrolineata colour groups
6 . similar to other members of the chromodoris genus this species is known to feed on sponges . in the philippines it has been observed feeding on an orange sponge .
distinguishing characteristics none of the species of chromodoris of the mediterranean sea has a pattern of black and whitish - blue band , with orange rhinophores , gills and mantle edge .
rudman , w . b . ( 1982 ) . the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris quadricolor , c . lineolata and hypselodoris nigrolineata colour groups .
dear marina , i hope as more photos are added that we can alleviate any confusion . in c . magnifica there is a distinct white outer band on the mantle while in c . quadricolor there can be a thin whitish edge to the mantle . usually its translucent or uncoloured and i think the way it appears in photos is dependent on the way it is lit when photographed . in general terms the mantle in c . quadricolor is more elongate , with a relatively narrow mantle skirt while in c . magnifica the mantle is more ovate with a relatively wide mantle skirt .
rudman , w . b . ( 1982 ) . the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris quadricolor , c . lineolata and hypselodoris nigrolineata colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society . 76 : 183 - 241 . page ( s ) : 216 [ details ]
also , being very close relatives , they had different reactions on touch the porites ( christmas tree rock ) : the now dead one cruised over it without any problems ( very light touch , when going over dusters , they didn ' t closed ) , and the c . magnifica sharply moved back twice , as after touching very hot water , then didn ' t repeated the try .
dear bill , i’m just back from southern red sea diving cruise , near brothers islands . i saw there many more sharks than nudibranchs , but somehow i found some species . i would like to reopen the discussion about the specimens of chromodoris quadricolor i found a year ago in the northern red sea . i think , the specimens i found in the south are the same and they seem to be quite common also . but now , my photos are better .
rudman , w . b . ( 1984 ) . the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : a review of the genera . zoological journal of the linnean society . 81 ( 2 ) : 115 - 273 . page ( s ) : 131 [ details ]
gosliner , t . m . ; behrens , d . w . ; valdés , á . ( 2008 ) . indo - pacific nudibranchs and seaslugs . a field guide to the world ' s most diverse fauna . sea challengers natural history books , washington . 426 , pp . page ( s ) : 204 [ details ]
debelius , h . & kuiter , r . h . ( 2007 ) nudibranchs of the world . conchbooks , frankfurt , 360 pp . isbn : 978 - 3 - 939767 - 06 - 0 page ( s ) : 166 [ details ]
johnson r . f . ( 2011 ) breaking family ties : taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . zoologica scripta 40 ( 2 ) : 137 - 157 . page ( s ) : 137 [ details ]
johnson r . f . & gosliner t . m . ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
to barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 9 nucleotides ; 15 proteins ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection
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known only from indonesia , papua new guinea and eastern australia . also the philippines ( in messages below ) .
heron island , great barrier reef , queensland , september 1983 . photo : bill rudman .
locality : lankayan island , north east off the coast of sabah , malaysia , sulu sea . depth : 23 - 25 meters . length : 3 - 5 cm . april 2003 . edge of the reef close to flat sandy bottom . photographer : sergey parinov
thanks very much for this . it is another record of the many striped form of this species and is only the second record we have of this species feeding [ see #
. in you upper photo the buccal bulb can be clearly seen everted onto the sponge .
i will need to check the identification but we seem to be building up evidence for some of these black - lined species feeding on red poecilosclerid sponges .
like snails and other sea slugs , the magnificent sea slug is a gastropod . most gastropods have a hard shell outside ( not the magnificent sea slug , though ) and a muscular foot that they use to move around .
though it can’t see , it has two tentacles on its head called rhinophores and two near its mouth called oral tentacles , which allow it to smell , taste , and feel its way around the reef . the feathery parts on the back of its body are gills that it uses to breathe in water .
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2 . it can be found occurring throughout the indo - western pacific region and has been found in the warm tropical waters of indonesia , malayasia , philippines , papua new guinea and queensland in australia .
4 . this species can be recognised by the orange mantle edge which has a thin white stripe at the edge , the pale blue colouration in the middle of the mantle and the dark blue / black stripes . the gills and rhinophores are both coloured orange .
5 . this species can be found living on coral reefs from depths of 5 metres to at least 30 metres .
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is one of several , very similarly striped chromodorids bearing black , white and orange , or blue , black , white and orange longitudinal bands . this bright coloration is thought to be aposomatic , or warning coloration . these species are warning wanton predators that they maintain a highly effective chemical defense system . these chemical metabolites and the role of aposomatism as both an offensive and defensive strategy have recently been meticulously reviewed by
as one might expect , others species of reef invertebrates have , over millions of years , been selected for survival by mimicking animals with such a warning / defense system . looking very similar to a toxic model gains you protection from predators that have all ready made the mistake of tasting the nasty one , and learned to avoid it . notably , there are three species of polyclad flatworm , one shown above with its
model , that are believed to use their mimic coloration for defense . photographs of both are also found on page 157 of
although it has not been determined if these three flatworms might also defend themselves chemically , like other flatworms that have been studied , we know from cimino & ghiselin that chromodorids in this color group contain chemical metabolites called rearranged spongiane diterpenoids , which are produced by bacterial symbionts in the sponges they feed on . if you would like more detailed information about the specific metabolites and the sponges they come from , i refer you to the monograph cited above
presently again live in their native country , the netherlands . they started diving during the 14 years that they lived in china and korea . marcel has bsac instructor diving level . diving took them pretty much all over asia and many other places . nudibranchs became their main interest after several trips to the philippines and indonesia . marion is “spotter” for the nudibranchs and marcel is taking the pictures .
is retired from us airways after 27 years as a pilot . . . , flying captain on an airbus 330 internationally .
diving since 1970 . . . with over 5200 dives logged . shoots nikon d - 300 in subal housing with ikelite strobes . macro mate on 105mm for supermacro
jim ' s photography has been featured in a number of books and publications including helmut debelius ' nudibranchs and sea snails of gosliner , behrens and williams coral reef animals of the indo - pacific . a photo of jim petting a shark in
sleeping shark caves
off isla mujeres island , mexico , taken by amy foster his significant other , recently appeared in dave behrens ' diving guide to cozumel , cancun & the riviera maja .
jim has been a solid supporter of the slug site since day one . his countless contributions put him near the top of the list of photographers who have greatly expanded our knowledge of sea slugs . there are a lot of kids in the formative stage of their education who are getting their first introduction to our sea slug friends via the great photographs jim and other contributors have made to the site . my hat is off to jim for making this presentation possible !
© the slug site , michael d . miller 2010 . all rights reserved .
i ' ll continue web search , but - just in case if somebody already have this knowledge - post it , please .
hmm i ' ve heard as long as you are feeding them nudi ' s are quite easy to keep . cover the intakes and you should be allright . make sure to keep aggressive fish away from it . if it dies it probably releases some toxin .
if you are thinking of keeping one i say go for it if you can provide it the right types of sponges . looks like a beautiful critter .
a little more details , please - what are right types of sponges ? i had seen photos of it on the red sponges , but all i could see in lfs are only orange ones , tree and ball .
i don ' t really know a lot about them really . i ' ve seen red ball sponges which i hear they eat but haven ' t seen it first hand so i can ' t really tell you . sometimes it ' s not only 1 species of sponge it will eat , it is many types . i think the purple ones eat a bunch of sponges . not sure about these ones . ask the lfs to feed it or something ? lol .
i don ' t think it will eat corals . probably a sponge only feeder . these guys are from japan ( and other parts of asia ) i think so maybe take a look at what sponges are available from that area ?
i had bought all the sponges available locally in trade - they are not interested at all . browsing lr and a glass for now .
yesterday was alive , couldn ' t see it earlier because they browsed inside the lr caves . have to watch the other one more frequently .
- all sponges i could find in lfs were bought for their potential feeding nov 17 . blue one was with a white necrotic patch .
- blue sponge continued to die , removed from the tank nov22 , partial water changes and big bag of new carbon . no visible changes in the overall tank health .
- nov 24 - tank looks bad , first reacted lps and serpent stars , lps closed and expelled a lot of mucus , stars are looking for escape , cucumbers closed , water started look slightly cloudy . then was found the dead sea slug . did water change 30 % , more new carbon and dosed prime . water continue to become more cloudy , condition of the tank habitants worsened , fish is affected too ( looks like they have allergies ) . one more 30 % water change in the evening ( aged water from the bigger tanks with healthy habitants ) .
- nov25 - very bad , water is slightly cloudy , everything is closed tightly , mucus everywhere , mandarin is blind ( white irises ) , bit no signs of acute suffering , chromises have reddened eyes and nasal cavities , all breathing hard . while preparing emergency new water , sand - siffting sea cucumber ( silver - gray ) expelled it ' s viscera . noticed and removed pretty fast . then - the end of the world . chromises ' eyes reddened even more , bulged as in the
total recall
, really scary .
tank was disassembled , everything was washed in the new water before being put in the temporary tanks with the aged water from the big tank . aragonite and water were disposed . macroalgae is still alive , but died in the pico with the blue sponge frags .
evening - 2 cucumbers that left have severe skin lesions , but nobody else eviscerated . golden sand sifting cucumber was put asleep . pink is pretty bad but holds onto the life . sps are bleached , suspected to be dead . condylatris anemone still alive through all of this and two sucking into the power filter grid half of year before .
if i still had my conditioning
no suffering
as the primary and not relaxed to the
keeping alive at all costs ( including suffering )
, i should put to sleep all fish except scooter blenny , who is pale , but relatively active and even eating . now is too late , to catch them have to disassemble the new tank . just hoped somehow that being in the good water will reverse bulging or the white eyes .
what provoked what - hard to say , but result was as of a potent military chemical weapon . never again .
that sounds like total chaos . sorry to hear of the melt down . i find it insane that they only eat that one sponge . i was under the guidance that they would eat more than just the one .
is that the sponge they eat ? i ' ve seen something very much like it before . if i ever stumble across it again i ' ll let ya know . at least you aren ' t the only one who learns from this lesson 0 _ o .
most likely , the last one will be finished during this week - looks not good and expels chemical , that cause stars and cukes die , and corals to close pretty fast . placed it alone in cycled 2 . 5g tank .
this list is an attempt to compile all of the published food data for nudibranchs . more than 4 , 600 nudibranch papers were perused in an effort to find as much of the published food data as possible .
seaslugforum lists id species with links to the discussions with the people who tried to keep them , pity that no follow - ups how it ended .
what i tried : orange ball sponge ( cinachyra sp . ) , orange tree sponge ( ptilocaulis sp . ) , spiny orange sponge ( acanthella acuta ) , blue sponge ( haliclona sp . ) and htchhikers sponges . no interest at all .
- sps ( birdsnest , elkhorn stylophora , 2 christmas tree rock porites ) - are dead , smelly , continue removing deal tissue and daily water changes . worms are alive , but lost featheriness ( main branches were not lost ) , general look of the wet hen .
- large lps ( flat tank ) : open brains / donuts - all alive , works in trachyphillia .
- main , now 10g tank , all is in good shape - with lr , 2 babies tridacna ( amasingly ok ) , condylatris anemone , lobos , candycanes , yellow polyps , white xenia and white lemnalia , hitchhiker sea squrts and sponges . scooter blenny and 1 chromis of 3 are alive and relatively well , no visible damage .
- sea slug removed in separate quarters , reacts badly on a small temperature drop during rearranging tanks .
- sps corals set separately for die - off ( as lr curing ) , nothing more in this tank - high ammonia and nitrites . sponges went there too ( out of hardware ) .
- will be dead in hours - cucumbers and all serpent stars . mostly breathing apparatus and skin lesions . golden spiky sand - sifting cucumber and pink - green filter feeder pentacta anceps will nor expell guts , silver - grey sand - sifting one - will .
- most sensitive and indicative is cynarina lacrimalis ( translucent brain ) , when the 2nd good - looking sea slug was temporarily places in their tank - closed in minutes .
- not affected at all ( visibly ) - crustaceans : mintrax crabs , sexy shrimps , mysiids , gammarus - like pods .
water changes , adding bacteria for cycling , fresh carbon daily , purigen , daily filter floss changes . testing for ammonia and nitrites .
this is so sad , but it was such a good read ! like reading a straight - up horror novel . the zombie genre has nothing on this thread !
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diversity and distribution of subtidal benthic molluscs from the dampier archipelago , western australia ; results of the 1999 dredge survey ( da2 / 99 ) john d . taylor and emily a . glover
a survey of the benthic molluscs of the dampier archipelago , western australia shirley m . slack - smith and clay w . bryce
sea slugs , also called nudibranchs or butterflies of the ocean , ingest toxic chemicals from the sponges they eat and store away the single most noxious compound to use against their predators later on . by preventing certain cellular processes , latrunculin a is highly toxic to fish , fungus , and even some cancer cell lines . the findings are published in plos one this week .
a team led by karen cheney from the university of queensland studied five closely - related nudibranch molluscs ( pictured below ) collected by scuba divers in the great barrier reef and from south east queensland in australia . the team dissected each nudibranch into two or three parts : internal organs , the mantle ( the back surface ) , and in some cases , the mantle rim , where the defensive mantle dermal formations are located . ( the mantle rim is that yellow , orange , or pink border . )
only latrunculin a was present in the storage reservoirs of the mantle rim ; a variety of other compounds were found in the internal organs . that means the sea slugs selected just one toxic chemical weapon to sequester and accumulate in a part of their mantle that’s the most exposed to would - be predators .
many products used to make drugs are molecules that plants and animals use to protect themselves . studying marine molluscs has already led to the discovery of many biologically potent chemicals with analgesic , anti - inflammatory , antiviral , and anticancer activity .
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orange band around the mantle is some distance from the edge , black longitudinal lines and translucent red rhinophores and gills .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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is a large species and one of a group of similarly coloured and patterned nudibranchs .
the primary mantle colour is black . there are four white or very pale blue longitudinal lines . these are narrow and most usually form an inner and outer loop . the innermost loop passes from forward of and between the rhinophores posteriorly to encircle the gills and then continues as a single line . the outer loop runs sub - marginally around the whole mantle . both loops are contained entirely within the basal black colour . these lines are usually continuous but may be broken or even overlapping . the mantle margin carries a wide orange band and the border between black and orange is not distinct but is instead rather diffuse . the colours and pattern upon the foot are much similar .
the lamellate rhinophores and large gills are also orange but can sometimes be of a darker ( richer ) shade compared to the mantle margin .
the spawn is pale orange and is laid as a flat spiral . there is no extra - capsular yoke .
we normally sight this species in the 50 to 70 mm range but we have recorded one large specimen at 120 mm in length . it is common at certain sites in our survey area .
( no black diffusing into the orange , a very thin white marginal band and the black appears to be arranged into three broad bands ) . these last two species have an east african , red sea and western indian ocean distribution . the first impression received on sighting
is that of a predominately black species and that , combined with the diffusion of the black into the orange margin usually helps to settle any confusion .
distribution is limited to the coastal waters and offshore reefs of queensland and new south wales , eastern australia and also lord howe island . we are not entirely convinced that a few reports from western australia represent this species .
marshall & willan 1999 . nudibranchs of heron island , great barrier reef , backhuys publishers .
wilson n . 2002 . egg masses of chromodorid nudibranchs , malacologia , 2002 , 44 ( 2 ) : 289 - 305 .
yonow n . 2008 . sea slugs of the red sea , pensoft publishers , bulgaria .
and seen and embraced a host of changes and developments in diving and underwater photographic equipment and practices since then . he dived the great barrier reef , australia for many many years however for the past ten years he has focused his efforts almost entirely upon the
documenting the sea slugs of the region . to adequately survey the area he operates both a 5 metre rib on the sunshine coast and a 10 metre powercat out of scarborough on moreton bay . together with
he has retired from his engineering business and recently taken on the critter id column in sportdiving magazine ( formerly by the late & great neville coleman ) with the assistance of several world - renowned experts . visit his website : urltoken and use the critter id portal there to have your critters identified or confirmed and published in the magazine .
© the slug site , michael d . miller 2013 . all rights reserved .
created to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .
date : february 08 , 2003 location : safaga , egypt , red sea site : tobia iv depth : 11m . size : about 55mm photos : marina poddubetskaia - nembro website
the photos in your second message are also c . quadricolor . best wishes , bill rudman
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for all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .
- rachel carson
short description body smooth and dorso - ventrally flattened , brightly colored . mantle ovate with a broad overhang of the edge , and the posterior end of the foot extending beyond the mantle when the animal is crawling . rhinophores lamellated and the branchial plume located mid - dorsally in the posterior part of the notum .
color : notum with two whitish - blue bands and three wider black ones . all around there is a white band , followed by another wider of orange color , and a white edge . rhinophores and gills darker orange than the band in the mantle edge .
common size : usually 40 - 50 mm ; the mediterranean specimen measured 20 mm .
biology / ecology this species , like other species of the family chromodorididae , feeds on sponges .
habitat : the single specimen recorded in the mediterranean was found at 30 m in depth , in a place close to several submarine springs ( cattaneo vietti , 1986 ) . in the red sea c . quadricolor can be found on coral reefs a few meters deep .
distribution worldwide : restricted to the red sea and the eastern african coast . mediterranean : only known from one specimen collected in 1982 in capo martola , imperia , ligurian sea , italy ( cattaneo vietti , 1986 ) .
barash a . and zenziper z . , 1994 . notes on opisthobranchia from the red sea . part iii .
cattaneo vietti r . , chemello r . and giannuzzi - savelli r . , 1990 . atlas of mediterranean nudibranchs . la conchiglia , roma , 264 p .
rudman w . b . , 1977 . chromodorid opisthobranch mollusca from the indo - west pacific . zoological journal of the linnean society , 52 ( 3 ) : 175 - 199 .
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did ask shop what they ate and she said he was an alage eater . . . . . . . . . .
posts : 4 , 269 likes received : 0 location : rhondda valley south wales .
sorry for the bad news but they won ' t eat algae of any description . they feed on certain types of small encrusting sponges that as far as i know can ' t be kept successfully in aquariums .
as they are slowly starving to death anyway i ' d be inclined to remove them . if they die in your tank they ' ll take everything with them as they release toxins . also don ' t touch one with bare hands as a guy in a local lfs became very ill after removing a live one from a tank and poking it out of a net with his finger . the toxin they release can be directly absorbed through the skin .
take it back to the shop for a refund , they shouldn ' t be selling such things to anyone regardless of experience .
also you shouldn ' t buy things without knowing what they are / how to care for them first . if you see something you want , ask the store to hold it while you go home and research .
take it back to the shop for a refund , they shouldn ' t be selling such things to anyone regardless of experience . also you shouldn ' t buy things without knowing what they are / how to care for them first . if you see something you want , ask the store to hold it while you go home and research .
in all fairness he did ask at the shop didnt he ! ! ! if we cant take advice from our lfs the so called experts who can we . im sure weve all gone into a lfs seen something asked there advice and took them to there word
razer , i think foo was just pointing out that it ' s better to do your own research than taking advice from someone who has a financial gain from the answer . i like many others have fallen foul of the advice from the
so called experts
and now don ' t buy on impulse but have a good read up or google beforehand .
one thing i would just like to add is that the lfs that i now use have books on marine fish , corals and inverts all ready to you to look through and read up on any livestock within the shop befor you buy them .
inpulse buying is a nightmare to which i have fallen victim many times . da you should take the nudibranch back to the shop and ask for a refund and hopefully they should take it back . let us know how you get on dude
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nacaduba cyanea , the tailed green-banded line-blue , is a species of butterfly in the family lycaenidae , and formerly considered a member of the genus danis .

it is found in the indonesia ( irian jaya , maluku ) , papua new guinea , the solomon islands and australia ( queensland ) .

the wingspan is about 30 mm .

adult males are blue with a dark brown wing margin .

there is a pale blue to white patch on the hindwing .

females are white with a broad black border and a row of blue edged black spots .

the larvae feed on entada phaseoloides and entada scandens .

they are bright green with pale brown head .

the larvae are attended by ants of the anonychomyrma genus .

pupation takes place in a brown pupa with dark markings

nacaduba cyanea

tennent wj ( 2015 ) a new subspecies of nacaduba cyanea cramer , 1775 , from woodlark island , milne bay province , papua new guinea ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . . nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo n . f . , 36 ( 4 ) : 219 - 220 .
“ across the world , natural - history collections hold thousands of species awaiting identification . in fact , researchers today find many more novel animals and plants by sifting through decades - old specimens than they do by surveying tropical forests and remote landscapes . an estimated three - quarters of newly named mammal species are already part of a natural - history collection at the time they are identified . they sometimes sit unrecognised for a century or longer , hidden in drawers , half - forgotten in jars , misidentified , unlabelled . ” museums : the endangered dead ( c . kemp , nature 518 ( 7539 ) : 292–294 , london , 19 th february 2015 ) a new subspecies of nacaduba cyanea ( cramer , 1775 ) , n . c . sanane ssp . n . , from the indonesian island of buru is described and illustrated . it is compared with nominotypical cyanea ( tl : “west - indiën” [ = west indies ] ; recte : “oost - indiën” [ = east indies ] ) and n . c . obiana ( fruhstorfer , 1915 ) ( tl : obi ) . all eight currently recognised moluccan subspecies of n . cyanea , including n . c . sanane ssp . n . , are illustrated and a map depicting their distribution in the moluccas is presented .
the male adults are blue with a dark brown edge around each wing . the hindwings have a pale blue or even white patch across them , and each hindwing has a tail near the
underneath , both sexes are similar , with white forewings having a wide dark brown edge . the wings underneath are white with wide black
of each hindwing , each spot surrounded by an iridescent green ring . the butterflies have a wing span of about 3 cms .
the eggs are white , round , and flattened , with a finely pitted surface . they are laid singly on tendrils and young growth of a foodplant .
, csiro publishing , melbourne 2000 , vol . 2 , pp . 786 - 787 .
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cramer , p . [ & stoll , c . ] , 1775–1790 . de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia , africa en america , 1 ( 1–7 ) : xxx , 16 , 1–132 , pl . 1–84 ( 1775 ) , 1 ( 8 ) : 133–156 , pl . 85–96 ( 1776 ) , 2 ( 9–16 ) : 157–208 , pl . 97–192 ( 1777 ) , 3 ( 17–21 ) : 1–104 , pl . 193–252 ( 1779 ) , 3 ( 22–24 ) : 105–176 , pl . 253–288 ( 1780 ) [ by cramer ; published by stoll after cramer’s death ] , 4 ( 25–26a ) : 1–28 , pl . 289–304 ( 1780 ) [ by cramer ; published by stoll after cramer’s death ] , 4 ( 26b–28 ) : 29–90 , pl . 305–336 ( 1780 ) [ this and subsequent parts by stoll ] , 4 ( 29–31 ) : 91–164 , pl . 337–372 ( 1781 ) , 4 ( 32–34 ) : 165–252 , pl . 373–400 ( 1782 ) , suppl . ( 1 ) : 1–42 , pl . i–viii ( 1787 ) , ( 2 ) : 43–162 , pl . ix–xxvi ( 1790 ) , ( 3 ) : 163–184 , pl . xxxvii–xlii ( 1790 ) , s . j . baalde , amsterdam , netherlands .
. a generic classification of the tribe polyommatini of the oriental and australian regions ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae , polyommatinae ) . – bulletin of the university of osaka prefecture ( b ) 44 ( supplement ) : 1–102 .
] ) , buru , bali , and misol . – novitates zoologicae 22 : 105–144 , 209–227 .
g . vierbergen ; h . kucharczyk and w . d . j . kirk
k . - g . heller ; k . m . orci ; g . grein and s . ingrisch
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grose - smith , h . & kirby , w . f . 1896 , vol . 2 , pp . 259 pp . , gurney & jackson , london
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( 2015 ) the poetry bug . an anthology of writing by poets , entomologists , intellectuals , musicians and more . . . . . . . tennent wj ( eds ) . parthian books : cardigan . 405 .
naba names committee ( 2015 ) interim report of the naba names committee [ 1 ] ( with contributions from braby , m . , edwards , a . , epstein , m . , glassberg , j . , hall , p . w . , heath , f . , hsu , y - f . , larsen , t . , lohman , d . , pierce , n . , scoble , m . , springer , j . , tennent , j . , vane - wright , [ r . i . ] , viloria , a . , west , j . & yen , s . h ) . . american butterflies , 24 ( 4 ) : 20 - 33 .
tennent wj ( 2015 ) african queens and their kin . a darwinian odyssey , by david a . s . smith . entomologist’s gazette , 66 ( 4 ) : 276 - 278 .
tennent wj ( 2015 ) survival stories : storm tossed , in : facing fear ( pioneer edition ) , wedner d ( eds ) . national geographic explorer collection , cengage learning : washington d . c . . 17 .
tennent wj ( 2015 ) a review of cethosia cydippe linnaeus , 1767 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) from the eastern parts of its range ( milne bay province , papua new guinea ) . . butterflies , 68 : 8 - 20 .
tennent wj ( 2015 ) a new subspecies of cupha prosope fabricius , 1775 ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) from the trobriands island of kitava , milne bay province , papua new guinea . . butterflies , 68 : 4 - 7 .
tennent wj , clapp g , clapp e ( 2015 ) a checklist of the hawkmoths of woodlark island , papua new guinea ( lepidoptera , sphingidae ) . . nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo ( n . f . ) , 36 ( 1 ) : 55 - 61 .
tennent wj , russell pjc ( 2015 ) notes on some hawkmoths ( lepidoptera : sphingidae ) from the cape verde islands . . zoologica caboverdiana , 5 ( 2 ) : 105 - 110 .
tennent wj , russell pjc ( 2015 ) butterflies of the cape verde islands ( insecta , lepidoptera ) . . zoologica caboverdiana , 5 ( 2 ) : 64 - 104 .
tennent wj ( 2015 ) book review : a naturalist’s guide to the butterflies of peninsular malaysia , singapore and thailand , by laurence kirton . entomologist’s gazette , 66 ( 1 ) : 78 - 79 .
tennent wj ( 2015 ) book review : guide to the butterflies of the palearctic region . pieridae part ii , subfamily coliadinae , tribe coliadini , by josef grieshuber ( edited by g . c . bozano ) . entomologist’s gazette , 66 ( 1 ) : 79 - 80 .
tennent wj ( 2014 ) euploea eurianassa hewitson , 1858 , in milne bay province , papua new guinea with description of a new subspecies from the remote island of nasikwabu ( lepidoptera : danainae ) . butterflies ( teinopalpus ) , 66 : 46 - 49 .
tennent wj ( 2014 ) first record of the invasive lycaenid species chilades pandava ( horsfield , 1829 ) , from papua new guinea ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . nachrichten entomologischen vereins apollo n . f . , 35 ( 1 / 2 ) : 43 - 46 .
tennent wj ( 2014 ) entomologische notiz . correction to : “the butterflies described by bernard d’abrera in three editions of ‘butterflies of the australian region ( 1971 , 1977 , 1990 ) ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) ’ . nachrichten entomologischen vereins apollo n . f , 35 ( 3 ) :
tennent wj ( 2014 ) book review : guide to the butterflies of the palaearctic region . nymphalidae part vi , subfamily limenitidinae , by e . gallo & c . della bruna ( edited by g . c . bozano ) . entomologist’s gazette , 65 ( 3 ) :
tennent wj ( 2014 ) book review : lepidoptera , papilionoidea , by enrique garcia - barros , miguel munguira , constantiní stefanescu & antonio vives moreno . fauna iberica 37 . entomologist’s gazette , 65 ( 4 ) : 255 - 256 .
tennent wj ( 2014 ) two new subspecies of mycalesis terminus ( fabricius , 1775 ) , from the islands of milne bay province , papua new guinea ( lepidoptera , satyrinae ) . tropical lepidoptera research , 24 ( 2 ) : 62 - 66 .
monastyrskii al , tennent wj , o’dell j ( 2014 ) further evidence of disjunctions in ranges of east asian satyrines butterflies : a new subspecies of rhaphicera dumicola ( oberthür , 1876 ) from northern vietnam ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae : satyrinae ) . atalanta , würzburg , 45 ( 1 - 4 ) : 163 - 165 .
müller cj , tennent wj ( 2014 ) a new species of hypochrysops felder & felder , 1860 , from waigeo island , indonesia ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . suara serangga papua , , 8 ( 4 ) : 109 - 115 .
rawlins a , schröder s , cassidy ac , müller cj , tennent wj ( 2014 ) an illustrated and annotated checklist of jamides hübner , 1819 , taxa occurring in the indonesian provinces of north maluku and maluku ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . nachrichten entomologischen vereins apollo n . f . , 35 ( 1 / 2 ) : 5 - 39 .
tennent wj , müller cj , peggie d ( 2014 ) two new butterflies ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) from the collections of the museum zoologi bogor , indonesia . tropical lepidoptera research , 24 ( 1 ) : 10 - 14 .
tennent wj , treadaway cg ( 2014 ) a new subspecies of mycalesis aramis hewitson , 1866 , from the island of mindoro , philippines ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , satyrinae ) . nachrichten entomologischen vereins apollo n . f . , 35 ( 3 ) : 139 - 140 .
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