cephalotes rohweri is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head , and the ability to " parachute " by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .

giving their name also as gliding ants .

cephalotes rohweri

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see cephalotes rohweri for further details
de andrade , m . l . ; baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttg . beitr . naturk . ser . b ( geol . paläontol . ) 271 : 1 - 889 ( page 568 , combination in cephalotes )
creighton , w . s . ; nutting , w . l . 1965 . the habits and distribution of cryptocerus rohweri wheeler ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . psyche ( camb . ) 72 : 59 - 64 pdf ( page 59 , see also )
combination in cryptocerus ( cryptocerus ) : smith , 1947a pdf : 34 ; in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) : smith , 1951c pdf : 825 ; in zacryptocerus : smith , 1979 : 1403 ; in cephalotes : de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 568 .
combination in cryptocerus ( cryptocerus ) : smith , 1947a pdf : 34 ; in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) : smith , 1951c : 825 ; in zacryptocerus : smith , 1979 : 1403 ; in cephalotes : de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 pdf : 568 .
turtle / shield ants of genus cephalotes are canopy forest ants , which are nesting in tree branches and wood . in their mother countries , - brazil and guyana , in south america , they love suny habits between the field and the forest . they are polymorph , minors on the video are about 4 . 4mm , majors are between 5 . 4 - 6 . 9mm and there are also media casts , forms before major and minor workers . . . . queen is black , about 10 / 11mm , very beautiful with long gaster , but quite shy and cryptic . i feed them by honeywatter for ants but also by special nectar for bumble beeses and wasps . they also like eating insects . . . they are licking their food very quickly and they aren´t eating so much food , they don´t spend many time with eating . . . .
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these ants nest in branches and limbs of oaks ( quercus spp . ) . food consists of honeydew and small arthropods .
a member of the wheeleri clade differing from all the other species of the clade in the worker by the head and mesosoma irregularly foveolate - rugulose and by the infuscate frontal carinae , in the soldier and in the gyne by the dense foveae on the head and by the presence of hairs around the disc . ( de andrade and baroni urbani 1999 )
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
: de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 568 . see also : kempf , 1958a : 129 ; creighton & nutting , 1965 : 59 .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
kempf ( 1958 ) - total length ( only one specimen measured ) 5 . 2 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 28 mm ; maximum length of thorax 1 . 43 mm . black ; the following ferruginous : mandibles , part of frontal carinae , apex of femora and tibiae , tarsites ii - v .
head opaque , trapezoidal . occipital corners not lobate , nor obliquely truncate , forming merely an obtuse angle . occipital border straight and transverse . dorsal face , excepting the rather flat , posteriorly very thick and scarcely translucid frontal carinae , and the declivous clearly limited clypeus , convex , finely and sharply punctate , coarsely foveolate , the pits wanting on the frontal carinae and on the clypeus . lower face coarsely reticulate - rugose and foveolate .
thorax opaque . anterior border convex in the middle , slightly concave toward the sides . scapular angle incorporated in the lateral pronotal crest , the latter tridentate , the anterior two teeth close together , triangular , the third tooth , forming the posterior corner of the crest , subrectangular . promesonotal suture absent . sides of mesonotum unarmed , immarginate . mesoepinotal suture absent . each side of epinotum with a slender spine , pointing laterad and slightly upward and caudad . in profile the dorsum of the thorax noticeably sloping behind pronotum , the latter convex and ascending . the entire thorax sharply punctate . dorsum reticulate - rugose , the meshes elongate on mesonotum . declivous face with longitudinal striae . laterotergite of pronotum reticulate - rugose and foveolate . pleura longitudinally rugose .
peduncular segments opaque , their dorsal face mostly longitudinally rugose . body of petiole subglobose , its anterior face vertically truncate ; from each side of the petiole at some distance from the anterior border , arises a slender , log , slightly curved and pointed spine , pointing obliquely caudad and upward . postpetiole with anteriorly broad , posteriorly more constricted body . a slender , longer , more recurved and pointed spine arising from each side , next to the anterior border . dorsum of postpetiole , as seen in profile , nearly flat .
gaster oval , opaque , finely and sharply punctured throughout . postpetiole insertion not emarginate , anterolateral borders immarginate . first tergite finely and densely longitudinally rugose on the sides .
standing hairs pointed , short , sparingly scattered over dorsum of head , thorax , peduncle and gaster , also on sternites , more oblique , but not decumbent , on legs . silvery scalelike hair minute on posterior portions of head disc , larger and more conspicuous on cheeks , dorsum of thorax , laterotergite of pronotum , dorsum of peduncular segments , lacking on gaster , but present on apical half of extensor face of femora . all foveolae on dorsum of head bear a small decumbent hair , visible only under high magnification .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 4 . 04 - 5 . 54 ; hl 0 . 96 - 1 . 28 ; hw 1 . 04 - 1 . 36 ; el 0 . 26 - 0 . 35 ; pw 0 . 92 - 1 . 22 ; pew 0 . 46 - 0 . 60 ; ppw 0 . 55 - 0 . 65 ; hbal 0 . 44 - 0 . 56 ; hbaw 0 . 09 - 0 . 12 ; ci 106 . 2 - 111 . 6 ; pi 111 . 5 - 115 . 5 ; ppei 192 . 8 - 214 . 0 ; pppi 167 . 3 - 192 . 8 ; hbai 19 . 2 - 21 . 4 .
kempf ( 1958 ) - total length ( one specimen only measured ) 6 . 9 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 85 mm ; maximum length of thorax 1 . 82 mm . black ; the following fuscous - ferruginous : anterolateral portions of head ( variable in extent , always much infuscated ) , extreme tip of last funicular segment , knees and tarsites ii - v
head supopaque , surmounted by a slightly elongate disc ( 52 : 47 ) , the borders of which are evenly rounded anteriorly , except for the supramandibular excision , subparallel and rather straight on the sides , then abruptly , yet not forming a sharp angle , curved mesad , to join the scarcely convex , subtruncate occipital border . floor of disc moderately excavated anteriorly , shallowly excavated laterally , scarcely behind , having in the center a little prominent convexity . occipital lobes subrectangular . clypeal sutures obsolete . lateral border of lower face of head not distinctly marginate . integument of head finely reticulate - punctate , more superficially and densely on dorsum , more coarsely on lower face . likewise densely covered with large , rounded foveolae , the intervals between the foveolae not as broad as the diameter of the pits .
thorax opaque . anterior border convex in the middle , slightly concave toward the sides . anterior corner sharply dentate , the lateral border of the pronotum subparallel and crenulate in front of the carina , converging , rather straight behind the carina , not forming a prominent corner when joining the mesonotum . transverse carina sharply marginate and somewhat crenulate , broadly yet shallowly excised in the middle . promesonotal suture vestigial . lateral lobes of mesonotum scarcely projecting , broad , rounded , immarginate . mesoepinotal suture distinct . anterior and posterior corner of basal face of epinotum rounded , not angulate . on each side , somewhat in front of the posterior corner , a strong , prominent spine , pointing mainly laterad . sculpture of thorax as that of head , the foveolae sparser , except on basal face of epinotum . bottom of foveolae rather shiny . foveolae very sparse and irregularly dispersed on sides of the thorax , which also present reticulate rugosities . declivous face without macrosculpture .
peduncular segments opaque , dorsally reticulate - rugose and foveolate , their shape and lateral processes as in worker , but their bodies are more transverse , broader , and the spines are shorter . postpetiole much broader than petiole .
gaster dorsally opaque , ventrally more shining . postpetiolar insertion very little emarginate . anterolateral borders of gaster immarginate , never crested . first tergite heavily and densely punctate , with fine , longitudinal , dense rugosities , fading out caudad , before reaching the half . sculpture of sternite identical but more superficial .
standing hairs long and pointed at tip around the rim of cephalic disc anterolaterally , shorter and sparingly on dorsum of thorax , peduncle , and gaster , and on the sternites . oblique on legs . decumbent hair in foveolae of head and thorax usually very fine and scarcely visible , scalelike , silvery and glittering only on posterior border of basal face of epinotum , on peduncular segments , none on legs and gaster .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 6 . 82 - 7 . 44 ; hl 1 . 60 - 1 . 72 ; hw 1 . 72 - 1 . 84 ; el 0 . 36 ; pw 1 . 68 - 1 . 88 ; pew 0 . 62 - 0 . 72 ; ppw 0 . 76 - 0 . 88 ; hbal 0 . 48 - 0 . 57 ; hbaw 0 . 12 - 0 . 16 ; ci 106 . 9 - 109 . 5 ; pi 97 . 8 - 102 . 4 ; ppei 255 . 5 - 272 . 5 ; pppi 209 . 1 - 223 . 8 ; hbai 24 . 5 - 28 . 6 .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - head disc present . posterior two thirds of the head dorsum almost flat , with a broad , little protruding central tumulus . anterior third of the head moderately concave . frontal carinae broadly expanded anteriorly , converging posteriorly and connected by a convex carina on the vertex . vertexal angles round and crenulate . eyes convex and not hidden by the disc in dorsal view . anterior clypeal border concave . mandibles with a lateral carina and partially hidden by the frontal carinae .
mesosoma flat in side view . humeral angles with an obtuse tooth anteriorly , straight posteriorly . pronotal carina marked and superficially interrupted in the middle . promesonotal suture impressed . propodeum differentiated in basal and declivous face ; basal face weakly convex dorsally , with convex sides ; declivous face little concave on the middle .
petiole distinctly differentiated in anterior and posterior faces ; anterior face vertical , posterior face slightly convex and with unarmed sides . postpetiole broadly convex , with a small lateral denticle on one side only of the sole available specimen .
legs . fore coxae with anterior tumulus . mid and hind femora without angle or denticles . mid and hind basitarsi without broad base and not compressed laterally .
sculpture . head , mesosoma and pedicel deeply punctate and covered by deep foveae broader than their interspaces , suboval and denser on the pedicel . frontal carinae punctate and with foveae sparser , smaller and shallower than in the other parts of the head . sides of the fore femora , ventral part of the mesopleurae and dorsal part of the metapleurae punctate , with superficial and sparse foveae . posterior half of the declivous face of the propodeum , legs and gaster reticulate - punctate , the same structure is present but very superficial on the ventral part of the first gastral sternite which is shining . outer face of the tibiae with oval and superficial foveae . anterior fourth of the first gastral tergite and sides of the anterior half of the first gastral sternite with anastomosing rugosities and rare foveae . few irregular rugosities on the meso - and metapleurae .
measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 7 . 92 - 8 . 24 ; hl 1 . 60 - 1 . 64 ; hw 1 . 64 - 1 . 72 ; el 0 . 36 ; pw 1 . 60 - 1 . 68 ; pew 0 . 55 - 0 . 56 ; ppw 0 . 66 - 0 . 78 ; hbal 0 . 64 ; hbaw 0 . 14 ; ci 102 . 5 - 104 . 9 ; pi 102 . 4 - 102 . 5 ; ppei 285 . 7 - 305 . 4 ; pppi 205 . 1 - 254 . 5 ; hbai 21 . 9 .
worker , soldier . type locality : buehman canyon , santa catalina mountains ( arizona ) . type material : lectotype soldier in the u . s . national museum , washington , d . c . , syntypes workers and soldiers in the u . s . national museum , washington , d . c . , museum of comparative zoology , museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo ( kempf , 1958 a : 129 ) , examined in part .
kempf , w . w . 1958a . new studies of the ant tribe cephalotini ( hym . formicidae ) . stud . entomol . ( n . s . ) 1 : 1 - 168 ( page 129 , see also )
mackay , w . p . and e . mackay . 2002 . the ants of new mexico ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . edwin mellen press , lewiston , ny .
smith , d . r . 1979 . superfamily formicoidea . pp . 1323 - 1467 in : krombein , k . v . , hurd , p . d . , smith , d . r . , burks , b . d . ( eds . ) catalog of hymenoptera in america north of mexico . volume 2 . apocrita ( aculeata ) . washington , d . c . : smithsonian institution pr ( page 1403 , combination in zacryptocerus )
smith , m . r . 1947a . ants of the genus cryptocerus f . , in the united states . proc . entomol . soc . wash . 49 : 29 - 40 ( page 35 , queen described )
smith , m . r . 1951c . family formicidae . pp . 778 - 875 in : muesebeck , c . f . , krombein , k . v . , townes , h . k . ( eds . ) hymenoptera of america north of mexico . synoptic catalogue . u . s . dep . agric . agric . monogr . 2 : 1 - 1420 . ( page 825 , combination in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) )
wheeler , w . m . 1916i . two new ants from texas and arizona . proc . n . engl . zool . club 6 : 29 - 35 ( page 32 , fig . 2 soldier , worker described )
this page was last modified on 24 march 2015 , at 06 : 33 .
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wheeler , 1916i pdf : 32 , fig . 2 ( s . w . )
see also : kempf , 1958a : 129 ; creighton & nutting , 1965 pdf : 59 .
1 times found in sonoran desert , 1 times found in burrow of aemaeodera .
1 times byrant lot 25 , 0 times desert hackberry , 1 times direct collection , 1 times general collecting , 0 times in cercidium microphyllum .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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research in our lab focuses on three main areas , all using social insects as model systems . first , the emergence of complexity and increased efficiency through collective behavior ; second , effects of scaling in complex systems ; and third , the role of learning and individual variability for collective success . we use a combination of empirical lab studies and theoretical approaches , such as individual - based simulations , as well as fieldwork . our main model systems are the bumble bee
evolution of collective behavior why division of labor in groups ? what is the adaptive benefit of worker polymorphism in bumble bees ? optimal allocation of defense specialists task allocation mechanisms and collective performance mechanisms of collective behavior polydomy in ants and coordination between nests spatial order in bumble bee nests learning and task performance scaling in insect colonies colony size , density , and energy use other topics individual vs . social optimal search patterns
even within the same colony , bumble bees produce workers of strongly varying sizes concurrently ( couvillon et al . 2010 ) . what is the adaptive function of this size variation ? we are testing the hypotheses that ( 1 ) different - sized workers are adaptive as specialists for different tasks ( perhaps not , in prep , even though body size is clearly predictive of what tasks workers perform : jandt et al . 2009 , jandt & dornhaus 2009 ) ; ( 2 ) that they are the result of a trade - off between cheap , low - quality and expensive , high - quality workers ( perhaps , in prep ) ; that ( 3 ) small workers have other benefits besides being cheaper to produce , even if they do not perform any task well ( they may live longer under conditions of dearth , couvillon & dornhaus 2010 ) ; or ( 4 ) that they are the non - adaptive result of a biased larval care system . we have also found that small workers do not seem to be adapted to flying at hotter temperatures ( couvillon et al . 2010 ) . there is however some evidence that colonies which do have workers of varying body size perform better at some tasks ( in prep ) .
we are studying the interactions and the exchange of workers , brood , and food between the nests of polydomous colonies .
we show that in colonies of bumble bees , bombus impatiens ( 1 ) workers tend to remain at a specific distance from the colony center independent of their age , and thus the spatial pattern of workers on the nest is not random ; ( 2 ) smaller individuals maintain smaller spatial zones and tend to be closer to the center ; and ( 3 ) individuals who are more likely to perform brood care tend to remain in the center of the nest , whereas foragers are more often found on the periphery of the nest when not foraging ( jandt & dornhaus 2009 ) . as brood is present in all areas of the nest , this leads to larvae in the center of the nest being fed more frequently than those in the periphery . as a consequence of this , ( 4 ) larvae in the periphery of the nest remain smaller and form smaller workers . this is a mechanism creating worker polymorphism ( couvillon & dornhaus 2009 ) . what is the mechanism creating spatial preferences in workers ? ongoing studies will address this .
the problem of how to compromise between speed and accuracy in decision - making faces organisms at many levels of biological complexity . striking parallels are evident between decision making in primate brains an collective decision - making in social insect colonies : in both systems separate populations accumulate evidence for alternative choices , when one population reaches a threshold a decision is made , and this threshold may be varied to compromise between the speed and accuracy of decision - making . we analyze the properties of both of these systems , and show in which ways the ant collective decision making system may be statistically optimal ( marshall et al . 2009 ) .
we used data from published literature to characterize commonalities and differences in host choice between the four major types of ant social parasitism : xenobiosis , temporary parasitism , dulosis , and inquilinism . our analysis shows that xenobiotic parasites tend to have single or multiple host species that are very distantly related and have medium to large host colonies . temporary parasites tend to have multiple host species that are very closely related and have medium host colonies . dulotic parasites tend to have multiple host species that are slightly less related and have host colonies of any size . lastly , inquiline parasites tend to have single host species that are very closely related and have medium host colonies . in addition , a parasite tends to be very closely related to its host when the parasite has a single host species or large host colony sizes ( huang & dornhaus 2008 ) .
click on the following parts to open different image pages from this road trip . from any image page , click the red home tab to get back to this home page
seinet plants of the superstitions by k . c . rice wayne ' s word trivia note about the turtle ant
a lthough i did not find the turtle ant on this road trip , i did make another interesting ant discovery in the superstitions . i found a minute army ant of the genus neivamyrmex under a rock . based on its minute size and several other distinguishing characteristics , i think it may be the seldom observed species n . nyensis . according to neivamyrmex authority gordon snelling ( personal communication , 26 jan . 2017 ) , it is n . leonardi ! a nearby rock had an equally small species of forelius , but army ants are easy to distinguish because they do not have eyes . since they are blind , they must trail closely behind each other , like following the car in front of you in dense fresno ground fog .
army ant worker ( neivamyrmex ) from under a rock on superstition mountain . based on the description and key to neivamyrmex in urltoken ( and small size ) , it appears to be n . nyensis , a seldom observed species . according to neivamyrmex authority gordon snelling ( personal communication , 26 jan . 2017 ) , it is n . leonardi !


macrovipera schweizeri is a venomous viper species found in greece on the islands of the cyclades archipelago in the aegean sea .

no subspecies are currently recognized .

macrovipera schweizeri

macrovipera deserti was previously considered a subspecies of vipera mauritanica , macrovipera schweizeri as a subspecies of vipera lebetina .
rare cb milos viper ( macrovipera schweizeri 0 . 1 ) fast strike on rat video
rare cb milos viper ( macrovipera schweizeri 0 . 1 ) fast strike on rat video - youtube
2 ) identifying threats to macrovipera l . lebetina on cyprus and comparing them with the threats to the endangered macrovipera schweizeri on the island of milos , and to other large vipers of semi - arid area ,
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the cyclades viper ( macrovipera swiss ) , also known as milosotter , is an aegean viper from the kind of large - scale vipers ( macrovipera ) .
the cyclades viper was first in 1935 by the austrian herpetologists franz werner as a subspecies of the levant viper ( macrovipera lebetina ) described and long recognized as such . the classification of macrovipera swiss in the subspecies macrovipera swiss swiss and swiss macrovipera siphnensis is up for discussion , but is currently still questionable as far genetic studies are lacking .
macrovipera schweizeri , commonly named milos viper or cyclades blunt - nosed viper , is a venomous snake . it can be found only on four greece islands : milos , kimolos , polinos and siphnos .
mertens , r . 1955 . der typus von vipera lebetina schweizeri . senckenbergiana biologica 36 : 297 - 299 .
( 2000 ) suggest assigning the species vipera ( = macrovipera ) mauritanica , vipera ( = macrovipera ) deserti and vipera palaestinae to the genus daboia , together with russell ' s viper .
map 50 macrovipera spp . , as well as asian and north african species of the genus vipera sp .
coluber lebetinus linnaeus 1758 : 218 vipera lebetina — wall 1908 : 804 vipera lebetina — smith 1943 : 486 vipera xanthina ( gray 1849 ) fide khalikov ( pers . comm . ) vipera mauritanica ( gray 1849 ) fide khalikov ( pers . comm . ) vipera euphratica — boettger 1880 : 167 vipera euphratica — boulenger 1887 : 345 daboia lebetina — engelmann et al 1993 macrovipera lebetina — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 383 vipera lebetina — sharma 2004 macrovipera lebetina — kwet & trapp 2015 macrovipera lebetina — wallach et al . 2014 : 421 macrovipera lebetina cernovi ( chikin & szczerbak 1992 ) macrovipera lebetina cernovi — davletbakov et al . 2016 macrovipera lebetina lebetina ( linnaeus 1758 ) coluber lebetinus linnaeus 1758 macrovipera lebetina cypriensis reuss 1933 vipera lebetina euphratica — schmidt 1939 vipera lebetina lebetina — harding & welch 1980 vipera lebetina lebetina — welch 1994 : 73 daboia lebetina lebetina — obst 1983 : 232 macrovipera lebetina lebetina — golay et al . 1993 macrovipera lebetina obtusa ( dwigubsky 1832 ) vipera obtusa dwigubsky 1832 : 30 vipera euphratica martin 1838 vipera peilei murray 1892 vipera lebetina boulenger 1920 vipera lebetina peilei — schwarz 1936 : 244 vipera lebetina euphratica schmidt 1939 vipera lebetina obtusa — mertens & wermuth 1960 vipera lebetina euphratica — haas & werner 1969 vipera lebetina obtusa — harding & welch 1980 daboia lebetina obtusa — herrman , joger & nilson 1989 daboia lebetina obtusa — engelmann et al 1993 macrovipera lebetina obtusa — golay et al . 1993 vipera lebetina obtusa — welch 1994 : 121 vipera lebetina obtusa — frynta et al . 1997 macrovipera lebetina obtusa — schweiger 2009 macrovipera lebetina obtusa — iskenderov 2013 macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea ( nilson & andrén 1988 ) vipera lebetina transmediterranea nilson & andrén 1988 macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea — golay et al . 1993 vipera lebetina transmediterranea — welch 1994 : 121 daboia lebetina transmediterranea macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea — kucharzewski 2011 macrovipera lebetina turanica ( chernov 1940 ) vipera lebetina turanica chernov 1940 vipera lebetina turanica — harding & welch 1980 daboia lebetina turanica — obst 1983 : 232 macrovipera lebetina turanica — golay et al . 1993 macrovipera lebetina turanica — laita 2013 macrovipera lebetina turanica — davletbakov et al . 2016
4 ) providing and discussing recommendations for the conservation of cypriot populations of macrovipera l . lebetina and its habitats .
photo of a milos viper , macrovipera schweizeri , which is a highly venomous viper endemic to the milos island group . its closest relatives are found in north africa and the eastern mediterranean . it is highly prized by reptile collectors , especially in its red form .
my first ever video of my snakes . this is my female milos viper ( macrovipera schweizeri ) striking on a rat . . . sorry for any mistakes , resolution etc ( see video description for more ) . hope you enjoy the video , thanks for watching !
my first ever video of my snakes . this is my female milos viper ( macrovipera schweizeri ) striking on a rat . . . sorry for any mistakes , resolution etc ( see video description for more ) . hope you enjoy the video , thanks for watching ! urltoken
nilson , g . , andren , c . , ioannidis , y . & dimaki , m . ( 1999 ) ecology and conservation of the milos viper , macrovipera schweizeri ( werner , 1935 ) . amphibia - reptilia , 20 ( 4 ) : 355 – 375 . available at : urltoken
nilson , g . , andren , c . , ioannidis , y . and dimaki , m . ( 1999 ) ecology and conservation of the milos viper , macrovipera schweizeri ( werner , 1935 ) . amphibia - reptilia , 20 ( 4 ) : 355 - 375 . available at : urltoken
the blunt - nosed viper ( macrovipera lebetina ) is composed of seven subspecies which inhabit semi - arid environments in north africa and in the near and middle east ( irano - turanian region ) . the nominate subspecies macrovipera lebetina lebetina is restricted to cyprus ( and possibly some localities in southeastern turkey ) . cyprus is home to 11 snake species , of which macrovipera lebetina is the only venomous one .
the species vipera lebetina and vipera mauritanica and their subspecies , formerly assigned to the genus vipera , are now included in the genus macrovipera .
hellebuyck , tom 2016 . picture : milos viper ( macrovipera lebetina ) . litteratura serpentium 36 ( 3 ) : 110 - get paper here
zwinenberg , a . j . 1979 . biologie en status van de levantijnse adden van de cycladen , vipera lebetina schweizeri . lacerta 9 : 138 - 146 . - get paper here
gál , j . , tóth , t . , molnár , v . , marosán , m . and sós , e . ( 2005 ) mass incidence of gout in a breeding colony of milos vipers ( macrovipera schweizeri ) . magyar allatorvosok lapja ( hungarian veterinary journal ) , 2005 : 551 - 556 . available at : urltoken
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ aspidelaps l . lubricus 1 . 1 , agkistrodon b . bilineatus 0 . 1 , macrovipera schweizeri 0 . 1 , morelia spilota variegata 0 . 1 , pantherophis guttatus 1 . 0 check out my youtube channel and watch my snake videos - - - > urltoken
jestrzemski , daniel 2015 . feldstudie zur zypriotischen levanteotter ( macrovipera lebetina lebetina ) . terraria - elaphe 2015 ( 1 ) : 54 - 57 [ 2014 ] - get paper here
gumprecht , a . & u . lauten 1997 . zur fortpflanzung und haltung der levante - otter macrovipera lebetina lebetina . sauria 19 ( 1 ) : 39 - 43 - get paper here
m . lebetina and m . schweizeri in shades of grey or brown , with rectangles or a rectangular zig - zag pattern along the body ; sometimes the markings are barely visible . m . mauritanica in shades of brown with a zig - zag or wavy band .
kamelin , eugeny r . , yuri a . lukin , and konstantin d . milto 1997 . hybridization of vipera schweizeri ( werner , 1935 ) and vipera lebetina obtusa , dvigubsky 1832 . russ . j . herpetol . 4 ( 1 ) : 75 - 78 - get paper here
kabisch , k . & wiedl , h . j . 2009 . zur levanteotter , macrovipera lebetina lebetina ( linnaeus , 1758 ) auf zypern . sauria 30 ( 4 ) : 29 - 36 [ 2008 ] - get paper here
sanz , l . ; ayvazyan , n . ; calvete , j . j . 2008 . snake venomics of the armenian mountain vipers macrovipera lebetina obtusa and vipera raddei . journal of proteomics 71 ( 2 ) : 198 - 209 .
tok , c . v . , d . cihan & d . ayaz 2002 . a new record of macrovipera lebetina obtusa ( viperidae ) from south - eastern anatolia . zoology in the middle east 25 : 23 - get paper here
data about microvipera schweizeri viper occurence is based on the information from wikipedia page [ 1 ] . the data are divided into two indicators : [ 1 ] - risk region [ 0 ] - secure region . the data was created based on the maps and descriptions from the corresponding wikipedia‚äôs websites . ( see data access and policies ) .
moradi , naeim ; nasrullah rastegar - pouyani , eskandar rastegar - pouyani 2014 . geographic variation in the morphology of macrovipera lebetina ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( ophidia : viperidae ) in iran . acta herpetologica 9 ( 2 ) : 187 - 202 - get paper here
al oran , r . m . , rostum , s . , joger , u . & z . amr . 1998 . first record of the levantine viper , macrovipera lebetina , from jordan . zoology in the middle east 16 : 65 - 70 - get paper here
coşkun , yüksel ; mahmut coşkun , mario schweiger 2011 . new locality records of blunt - nosed viper , macrovipera lebetina obtusa in central anatolia , turkey ( serpentes : viperidae ) . fen bilimleri dergisi , cilt 32 ( 2 ) : 22 - 28 - get paper here
the genus macrovipera contains large snakes that are responsible for a number of bites in western asia and north africa each year ( mallow and nilson 2003 ) . the members of this genus can be ill - tempered and dangerous . bites are painful and a great deal of venom can be injected .
herrmann , h . w . ; joger , u . & nilson , g . 1992 . phylogeny and systematics of viperine snakes . iii . : resurrection of the genus macrovipera ( reuss , 1927 ) as suggested by biochemical evidence . amphibia - reptilia 13 : 375 - 392 - get paper here
mermer , ahmet ; bayram göçmen and kerim çi̇çek 2012 . extreme cases of colour pattern and size in levantine viper , macrovipera lebetina ( l . , 1758 ) from the west of euphrates basin ( southern anatolia , turkey ) . biharean biologist 6 ( 1 ) : 70 - 71 - get paper here
gocmen , bayram ; arikan , huseyin ; mermer , ahmet ; langerwerf , bert ; hahar , hasan 2006 . morphological , hemipenial and venom electrophoresis comparisons of the levantine viper , macrovipera lebetina ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , from cyprus and southern anatolia . turkish journal of zoology 30 : 225 - 234 - get paper here
göçmen , b . ; arikan , h . ; cicek , k . & yildiz , z . 2007 . a serological comparison of the populations of the levantine viper , macrovipera lebetina ( linnaeus , 1758 ) in cyprus and southern turkey . north - western journal of zoology 3 ( 2 ) : 75 - 80 - get paper here
mebert , konrad ; bayram göçmen , naşi̇t i̇ğci̇ , mehmet anil oğuz , mert kariş & sylvain ursenbacher 2015 . new records and search for contact zones among parapatric vipers in the genus vipera ( barani , kaznakovi , darevskii , eriwanensis ) , montivipera ( wagneri , raddei ) , and macrovipera ( lebetina ) in northeastern anatolia herpetological bulletin ( 133 ) - get paper here
garrigues , thomas ; catherine dauga ; elisabeth ferquel ; valérie choumet and anna - bella failloux 2005 . molecular phylogeny of vipera laurenti , 1768 and the related genera macrovipera ( reuss , 1927 ) and daboia ( gray , 1842 ) , with comments about neurotoxic vipera aspis aspis populations . molecular phylogenetics and evolution < br / > volume 35 ( 1 ) : 35 - 47 - get paper here
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home » resources » categories and criteria » 2001 iucn red list categories and criteria version 3 . 1
see below for the rules and requirements outlined in the iucn red list categories and criteria . version 3 . 1 ( second edition ) . for translations of this document into other languages , click here .
the iucn red list categories and criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction . the general aim of the system is to provide an explicit , objective framework for the classification of the broadest range of species according to their extinction risk . however , while the red list may focus attention on those taxa at the highest risk , it is not the sole means of setting priorities for conservation measures for their protection .
extensive consultation and testing in the development of the system strongly suggest that it is robust across most organisms . however , it should be noted that although the system places species into the threatened categories with a high degree of consistency , the criteria do not take into account the life histories of every species . hence , in certain individual cases , the risk of extinction may be under - or over - estimated .
before 1994 the more subjective threatened species categories used in iucn red data books and red lists had been in place , with some modification , for almost 30 years . although the need to revise the categories had long been recognized ( fitter and fitter 1987 ) , the current phase of development only began in 1989 following a request from the iucn species survival commission ( ssc ) steering committee to develop a more objective approach . the iucn council adopted the new red list system in 1994 .
to give people using threatened species lists a better understanding of how individual species were classified .
since their adoption by iucn council in 1994 , the iucn red list categories have become widely recognized internationally , and they are now used in a range of publications and listings produced by iucn , as well as by numerous governmental and non - governmental organizations . such broad and extensive use revealed the need for a number of improvements , and ssc was mandated by the 1996 world conservation congress ( wcc res . 1 . 4 ) to conduct a review of the system ( iucn 1996 ) . this document presents the revisions accepted by the iucn council .
the proposals presented in this document result from a continuing process of drafting , consultation and validation . the production of a large number of draft proposals has led to some confusion , especially as each draft has been used for classifying some set of species for conservation purposes . to clarify matters , and to open the way for modifications as and when they become necessary , a system for version numbering has been adopted as follows :
version 1 . 0 : mace and lande ( 1991 ) the first paper discussing a new basis for the categories , and presenting numerical criteria especially relevant for large vertebrates .
version 2 . 0 : mace et al . ( 1992 ) a major revision of version 1 . 0 , including numerical criteria appropriate to all organisms and introducing the non - threatened categories .
version 2 . 1 : iucn ( 1993 ) following an extensive consultation process within ssc , a number of changes were made to the details of the criteria , and fuller explanation of basic principles was included . a more explicit structure clarified the significance of the non - threatened categories .
version 2 . 2 : mace and stuart ( 1994 ) following further comments received and additional validation exercises , some minor changes to the criteria were made . in addition , the susceptible category present in versions 2 . 0 and 2 . 1 was subsumed into the vulnerable category . a precautionary application of the system was emphasised .
version 2 . 3 : iucn ( 1994 ) iucn council adopted this version , which incorporated changes as a result of comments from iucn members , in december 1994 . the initial version of this document was published without the necessary bibliographic details , such as date of publication and isbn number , but these were included in the subsequent reprints in 1998 and 1999 . this version was used for the 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals ( baillie and groombridge 1996 ) , the world list of threatened trees ( oldfield et al 1998 ) and the 2000 iucn red list of threatened species ( hilton - taylor 2000 ) .
version 3 . 0 : iucn / ssc criteria review working group ( 1999 ) following comments received , a series of workshops were convened to look at the iucn red list criteria following which , changes were proposed affecting the criteria , the definitions of some key terms and the handling of uncertainty .
version 3 . 1 : iucn ( 2001 ) the iucn council adopted this latest version , which incorporated changes as a result of comments from the iucn and ssc memberships and from a final meeting of the criteria review working group , in february 2000 .
all new assessments from january 2001 should use the latest adopted version and cite the year of publication and version number .
in the rest of this document , the proposed system is outlined in several sections . section ii , the preamble , presents basic information about the context and structure of the system , and the procedures that are to be followed in applying the criteria to species . section iii provides definitions of key terms used . section iv presents the categories , while section v details the quantitative criteria used for classification within the threatened categories . annex i provides guidance on how to deal with uncertainty when applying the criteria ; annex ii suggests a standard format for citing the red list categories and criteria ; and annex iii outlines the documentation requirements for taxa to be included on iucn ' s global red lists . it is important for the effective functioning of the system that all sections are read and understood to ensure that the definitions and rules are followed .
the information in this section is intended to direct and facilitate the use and interpretation of the categories ( critically endangered , endangered , etc . ) , criteria ( a to e ) , and subcriteria ( 1 , 2 , etc . ; a , b , etc . ; i , ii , etc . ) .
extinction is a chance process . thus , a listing in a higher extinction risk category implies a higher expectation of extinction , and over the time - frames specified more taxa listed in a higher category are expected to go extinct than those in a lower one ( without effective conservation action ) . however , the persistence of some taxa in high - risk categories does not necessarily mean their initial assessment was inaccurate .
all taxa listed as critically endangered qualify for vulnerable and endangered , and all listed as endangered qualify for vulnerable . together these categories are described as ' threatened ' . the threatened categories form a part of the overall scheme . it will be possible to place all taxa into one of the categories ( see figure 1 ) .
for listing as critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable there is a range of quantitative criteria ; meeting any one of these criteria qualifies a taxon for listing at that level of threat . each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria . even though some criteria will be inappropriate for certain taxa ( some taxa will never qualify under these however close to extinction they come ) , there should be criteria appropriate for assessing threat levels for any taxon . the relevant factor is whether any one criterion is met , not whether all are appropriate or all are met . because it will never be clear in advance which criteria are appropriate for a particular taxon , each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria , and all criteria met at the highest threat category must be listed .
the different criteria ( a - e ) are derived from a wide review aimed at detecting risk factors across the broad range of organisms and the diverse life histories they exhibit . the quantitative values presented in the various criteria associated with threatened categories were developed through wide consultation , and they are set at what are generally judged to be appropriate levels , even if no formal justification for these values exists . the levels for different criteria within categories were set independently but against a common standard . broad consistency between them was sought .
the criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it . it is important to emphasise here that a taxon may require conservation action even if it is not listed as threatened . conservation actions which may benefit the taxon are included as part of the documentation requirements ( see annex 3 ) .
the criteria are clearly quantitative in nature . however , the absence of high - quality data should not deter attempts at applying the criteria , as methods involving estimation , inference and projection are emphasised as being acceptable throughout . inference and projection may be based on extrapolation of current or potential threats into the future ( including their rate of change ) , or of factors related to population abundance or distribution ( including dependence on other taxa ) , so long as these can reasonably be supported . suspected or inferred patterns in the recent past , present or near future can be based on any of a series of related factors , and these factors should be specified as part of the documentation .
taxa at risk from threats posed by future events of low probability but with severe consequences ( catastrophes ) should be identified by the criteria ( e . g . small distributions , few locations ) . some threats need to be identified particularly early , and appropriate actions taken , because their effects are irreversible or nearly so ( e . g . , pathogens , invasive organisms , hybridization ) .
the data used to evaluate taxa against the criteria are often estimated with considerable uncertainty . such uncertainty can arise from any one or all of the following three factors : natural variation , vagueness in the terms and definitions used , and measurement error . the way in which this uncertainty is handled can have a strong influence on the results of an evaluation . details of methods recommended for handling uncertainty are included in annex 1 , and assessors are encouraged to read and follow these principles .
in general , when uncertainty leads to wide variation in the results of assessments , the range of possible outcomes should be specified . a single category must be chosen and the basis for the decision should be documented ; it should be both precautionary and credible .
when data are very uncertain , the category of ' data deficient ' may be assigned . however , in this case the assessor must provide documentation showing that this category has been assigned because data are inadequate to determine a threat category . it is important to recognize that taxa that are poorly known can often be assigned a threat category on the basis of background information concerning the deterioration of their habitat and / or other causal factors ; therefore the liberal use of ' data deficient ' is discouraged .
listing in the categories of not evaluated and data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made , though for different reasons . until such time as an assessment is made , taxa listed in these categories should not be treated as if they were non - threatened . it may be appropriate ( especially for data deficient forms ) to give them the same degree of attention as threatened taxa , at least until their status can be assessed .
all assessments should be documented . threatened classifications should state the criteria and subcriteria that were met . no assessment can be accepted for the iucn red list as valid unless at least one criterion is given . if more than one criterion or subcriterion is met , then each should be listed . if a re - evaluation indicates that the documented criterion is no longer met , this should not result in automatic reassignment to a lower category of threat ( downlisting ) . instead , the taxon should be re - evaluated against all the criteria to clarify its status . the factors responsible for qualifying the taxon against the criteria , especially where inference and projection are used , should be documented ( see annexes 2 and 3 ) . the documentation requirements for other categories are also specified in annex 3 .
the category of threat is not necessarily sufficient to determine priorities for conservation action . the category of threat simply provides an assessment of the extinction risk under current circumstances , whereas a system for assessing priorities for action will include numerous other factors concerning conservation action such as costs , logistics , chances of success , and other biological characteristics of the subject .
re - evaluation of taxa against the criteria should be carried out at appropriate intervals . this is especially important for taxa listed under near threatened , data deficient and for threatened taxa whose status is known or suspected to be deteriorating .
a taxon may be moved from a category of higher threat to a category of lower threat if none of the criteria of the higher category has been met for five years or more .
if the original classification is found to have been erroneous , the taxon may be transferred to the appropriate category or removed from the threatened categories altogether , without delay ( but see point 10 above ) .
the term ' population ' is used in a specific sense in the red list criteria that is different to its common biological usage . population is here defined as the total number of individuals of the taxon . for functional reasons , primarily owing to differences between life forms , population size is measured as numbers of mature individuals only . in the case of taxa obligately dependent on other taxa for all or part of their life cycles , biologically appropriate values for the host taxon should be used .
subpopulations are defined as geographically or otherwise distinct groups in the population between which there is little demographic or genetic exchange ( typically one successful migrant individual or gamete per year or less ) .
the number of mature individuals is the number of individuals known , estimated or inferred to be capable of reproduction . when estimating this quantity , the following points should be borne in mind :
mature individuals that will never produce new recruits should not be counted ( e . g . densities are too low for fertilization ) .
in the case of populations with biased adult or breeding sex ratios , it is appropriate to use lower estimates for the number of mature individuals , which take this into account .
where the population size fluctuates , use a lower estimate . in most cases this will be much less than the mean .
reproducing units within a clone should be counted as individuals , except where such units are unable to survive alone ( e . g . corals ) .
in the case of taxa that naturally lose all or a subset of mature individuals at some point in their life cycle , the estimate should be made at the appropriate time , when mature individuals are available for breeding .
re - introduced individuals must have produced viable offspring before they are counted as mature individuals .
generation length is the average age of parents of the current cohort ( i . e . newborn individuals in the population ) . generation length therefore reflects the turnover rate of breeding individuals in a population . generation length is greater than the age at first breeding and less than the age of the oldest breeding individual , except in taxa that breed only once . where generation length varies under threat , the more natural , i . e . pre - disturbance , generation length should be used .
a reduction is a decline in the number of mature individuals of at least the amount ( % ) stated under the criterion over the time period ( years ) specified , although the decline need not be continuing . a reduction should not be interpreted as part of a fluctuation unless there is good evidence for this . the downward phase of a fluctuation will not normally count as a reduction .
a continuing decline is a recent , current or projected future decline ( which may be smooth , irregular or sporadic ) which is liable to continue unless remedial measures are taken . fluctuations will not normally count as continuing declines , but an observed decline should not be considered as a fluctuation unless there is evidence for this .
extreme fluctuations can be said to occur in a number of taxa when population size or distribution area varies widely , rapidly and frequently , typically with a variation greater than one order of magnitude ( i . e . a tenfold increase or decrease ) .
the phrase ' severely fragmented ' refers to the situation in which increased extinction risk to the taxon results from the fact that most of its individuals are found in small and relatively isolated subpopulations ( in certain circumstances this may be inferred from habitat information ) . these small subpopulations may go extinct , with a reduced probability of recolonization .
extent of occurrence is defined as the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all the known , inferred or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon , excluding cases of vagrancy ( see figure 2 ) . this measure may exclude discontinuities or disjunctions within the overall distributions of taxa ( e . g . large areas of obviously unsuitable habitat ) ( but see ' area of occupancy ' , point 10 below ) . extent of occurrence can often be measured by a minimum convex polygon ( the smallest polygon in which no internal angle exceeds 180 degrees and which contains all the sites of occurrence ) .
figure 2 . two examples of the distinction between extent of occurrence and area of occupancy . ( a ) is the spatial distribution of known , inferred or projected sites of present occurrence . ( b ) shows one possible boundary to the extent of occurrence , which is the measured area within this boundary . ( c ) shows one measure of area of occupancy which can be achieved by the sum of the occupied grid squares .
the term ' location ' defines a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single threatening event can rapidly affect all individuals of the taxon present . the size of the location depends on the area covered by the threatening event and may include part of one or many subpopulations . where a taxon is affected by more than one threatening event , location should be defined by considering the most serious plausible threat .
a quantitative analysis is defined here as any form of analysis which estimates the extinction probability of a taxon based on known life history , habitat requirements , threats and any specified management options . population viability analysis ( pva ) is one such technique . quantitative analyses should make full use of all relevant available data . in a situation in which there is limited information , such data as are available can be used to provide an estimate of extinction risk ( for instance , estimating the impact of stochastic events on habitat ) . in presenting the results of quantitative analyses , the assumptions ( which must be appropriate and defensible ) , the data used and the uncertainty in the data or quantitative model must be documented .
extinct ( ex ) a taxon is extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died . a taxon is presumed extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and / or expected habitat , at appropriate times ( diurnal , seasonal , annual ) , throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual . surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon ' s life cycle and life form .
extinct in the wild ( ew ) a taxon is extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation , in captivity or as a naturalized population ( or populations ) well outside the past range . a taxon is presumed extinct in the wild when exhaustive surveys in known and / or expected habitat , at appropriate times ( diurnal , seasonal , annual ) , throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual . surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon ' s life cycle and life form .
critically endangered ( cr ) a taxon is critically endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for critically endangered ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild .
endangered ( en ) a taxon is endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for endangered ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild .
vulnerable ( vu ) a taxon is vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for vulnerable ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .
near threatened ( nt ) a taxon is near threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable now , but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .
least concern ( lc ) a taxon is least concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for critically endangered , endangered , vulnerable or near threatened . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
data deficient ( dd ) a taxon is data deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct , or indirect , assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and / or population status . a taxon in this category may be well studied , and its biology well known , but appropriate data on abundance and / or distribution are lacking . data deficient is therefore not a category of threat . listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate . it is important to make positive use of whatever data are available . in many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between dd and a threatened status . if the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed , and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon , threatened status may well be justified .
not evaluated ( ne ) a taxon is not evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated against the criteria .
note : as in previous iucn categories , the abbreviation of each category ( in parenthesis ) follows the english denominations when translated into other languages ( see annex 2 ) .
( e ) the effects of introduced taxa , hybridization , pathogens , pollutants , competitors or parasites .
e . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50 % within 10 years or three generations , whichever is the longer ( up to a maximum of 100 years ) .
a . severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations .
e . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20 % within 20 years or five generations , whichever is the longer ( up to a maximum of 100 years ) .
a . severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations .
1 . population size estimated to number fewer than 1 , 000 mature individuals .
2 . population with a very restricted area of occupancy ( typically less than 20 km 2 ) or number of locations ( typically five or fewer ) such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or stochastic events within a very short time period in an uncertain future , and is thus capable of becoming critically endangered or even extinct in a very short time period .
e . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10 % within 100 years .
the red list criteria should be applied to a taxon based on the available evidence concerning its numbers , trend and distribution . in cases where there are evident threats to a taxon through , for example , deterioration of its only known habitat , a threatened listing may be justified , even though there may be little direct information on the biological status of the taxon itself . in all these instances there are uncertainties associated with the available information and how it was obtained . these uncertainties may be categorized as natural variability , semantic uncertainty and measurement error ( akçakaya et al . 2000 ) . this section provides guidance on how to recognize and deal with these uncertainties when using the criteria . more information is available in the guidelines for using the iucn red list criteria .
natural variability results from the fact that species ' life histories and the environments in which they live change over time and space . the effect of this variation on the criteria is limited , because each parameter refers to a specific time or spatial scale . semantic uncertainty arises from vagueness in the definition of terms or lack of consistency in different assessors ' usage of them . despite attempts to make the definitions of the terms used in the criteria exact , in some cases this is not possible without the loss of generality . measurement error is often the largest source of uncertainty ; it arises from the lack of precise information about the parameters used in the criteria . this may be due to inaccuracies in estimating the values or a lack of knowledge . measurement error may be reduced or eliminated by acquiring additional data . for further details , see akçakaya et al . ( 2000 ) and burgman et al . ( 1999 ) .
one of the simplest ways to represent uncertainty is to specify a best estimate and a range of plausible values . the best estimate itself might be a range , but in any case the best estimate should always be included in the range of plausible values . when data are very uncertain , the range for the best estimate might be the range of plausible values . there are various methods that can be used to establish the plausible range . it may be based on confidence intervals , the opinion of a single expert , or the consensus opinion of a group of experts . whichever method is used should be stated and justified in the documentation .
when interpreting and using uncertain data , attitudes toward risk and uncertainty may play an important role . attitudes have two components . first , assessors need to consider whether they will include the full range of plausible values in assessments , or whether they will exclude extreme values from consideration ( known as dispute tolerance ) . an assessor with a low dispute tolerance would include all values , thereby increasing the uncertainty , whereas an assessor with a high dispute tolerance would exclude extremes , reducing the uncertainty . second , assessors need to consider whether they have a precautionary or evidentiary attitude to risk ( known as risk tolerance ) . a precautionary attitude will classify a taxon as threatened unless it is certain that it is not threatened , whereas an evidentiary attitude will classify a taxon as threatened only when there is strong evidence to support a threatened classification . assessors should resist an evidentiary attitude and adopt a precautionary but realistic attitude to uncertainty when applying the criteria , for example , by using plausible lower bounds , rather than best estimates , in determining population size , especially if it is fluctuating . all attitudes should be explicitly documented .
an assessment using a point estimate ( i . e . single numerical value ) will lead to a single red list category . however , when a plausible range for each parameter is used to evaluate the criteria , a range of categories may be obtained , reflecting the uncertainties in the data . a single category , based on a specific attitude to uncertainty , should always be listed along with the criteria met , while the range of plausible categories should be indicated in the documentation ( see annex 3 ) .
where data are so uncertain that any category is plausible , the category of ' data deficient ' should be assigned . however , it is important to recognize that this category indicates that the data are inadequate to determine the degree of threat faced by a taxon , not necessarily that the taxon is poorly known or indeed not threatened . although data deficient is not a threatened category , it indicates a need to obtain more information on a taxon to determine the appropriate listing ; moreover , it requires documentation with whatever available information there is .
under section v ( the criteria for critically endangered , endangered and vulnerable ) there is a hierarchical alphanumeric numbering system of criteria and subcriteria . these criteria and subcriteria ( all three levels ) form an integral part of the red list assessment and all those that result in the assignment of a threatened category must be specified after the category . under the criteria a to c and d under vulnerable , the first level of the hierarchy is indicated by the use of numbers ( 1 - 4 ) and if more than one is met , they are separated by means of the ' + ' symbol . the second level is indicated by the use of the lower - case alphabet characters ( a - e ) . these are listed without any punctuation . a third level of the hierarchy under criteria b and c involves the use of lower case roman numerals ( i - v ) . these are placed in parentheses ( with no space between the preceding alphabet character and start of the parenthesis ) and separated by the use of commas if more than one is listed . where more than one criterion is met , they should be separated by semicolons . the following are examples of such usage :
all assessments published on the iucn red list are freely available for public use . to ensure assessments are fully justified and to allow red list assessment data to be analysed , thus making the iucn red list a powerful tool for conservation and policy decisions , a set of supporting information is required to accompany every assessment submitted for publication on the iucn red list of threatened species ™ :
required supporting information under specific conditions ( e . g . taxa assessed under specific red list categories or criteria , plant assessments , reassessed taxa , etc . ) .
tools available for preparing and submitting assessments for the iucn red list , including the iucn species information service ( sis ) and ramas® red list ( akçakaya and ferson 2001 ) .
note that the documentation standards and consistency checks for iucn red list assessments and species accounts will be updated on a regular basis .
click here for a summary of the five criteria ( a - e ) used to evaluate if a taxon belongs in an iucn red list threatened category ( critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable ) .
akçakaya , h . r . and ferson , s . 2001 . ramas ® red list : threatened species classifications under uncertainty . version 2 . 0 . applied biomathematics , new york .
akçakaya , h . r . , ferson , s . , burgman , m . a . , keith , d . a . , mace , g . m . and todd , c . a . 2000 . making consistent iucn classifications under uncertainty . conservation biology 14 : 1001 - 1013 .
baillie , j . and groombridge , b . ( eds ) . 1996 . 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . iucn , gland , switzerland .
burgman , m . a . , keith , d . a . and walshe , t . v . 1999 . uncertainty in comparative risk analysis of threatened australian plant species . risk analysis 19 : 585 - 598 .
fitter , r . and fitter , m . ( eds ) . 1987 . the road to extinction . iucn , gland , switzerland .
gärdenfors , u . , hilton - taylor , c . , mace , g . , and rodríguez , j . p . , 2001 . the application of iucn red list criteria at regional levels . conservation biology 15 : 1206 - 1212 .
hilton - taylor , c . ( compiler ) . 2000 . 2000 iucn red list of threatened species . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
iucn . 1993 . draft iucn red list categories . iucn , gland , switzerland .
iucn . 1994 . iucn red list categories . prepared by the iucn species survival commission . iucn , gland , switzerland .
iucn . 1996 . resolution 1 . 4 . species survival commission . resolutions and recommendations , pp . 7 - 8 . world conservation congress , 13 - 23 october 1996 , montreal , canada . iucn , gland , switzerland .
iucn . 1998 . guidelines for re - introductions . prepared by the iucn / ssc re - introduction specialist group . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
iucn . 2001 . iucn red list categories and criteria : version 3 . 1 . iucn species survival commission . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
iucn . 2003 . guidelines for application of iucn red list criteria at regional levels : version 3 . 0 . iucn species survival commission . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
iucn . 2012 . guidelines for application of iucn red list criteria at regional and national levels : version 4 . 0 . gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk : iucn .
iucn / ssc criteria review working group . 1999 . iucn red list criteria review provisional report : draft of the proposed changes and recommendations . species 31 - 32 : 43 - 57 .
mace , g . m . , collar , n . , cooke , j . , gaston , k . j . , ginsberg , j . r . , leader - williams , n . , maunder , m . and milner - gulland , e . j . 1992 . the development of new criteria for listing species on the iucn red list . species 19 : 16 ? 22 .
mace , g . m . and lande , r . 1991 . assessing extinction threats : toward a re - evaluation of iucn threatened species categories . conservation biology 5 : 148 ? 157 .
mace , g . m . and stuart , s . n . 1994 . draft iucn red list categories , version 2 . 2 . species 21 - 22 : 13 - 24 .
oldfield , s . , lusty , c . and mackinven , a . 1998 . the world list of threatened trees . world conservation press , cambridge .
the convention aims to ensure conservation of wild flora and fauna species and their habitats . special attention is given to endangered and vulnerable species , including endangered and vulnerable migratory species specified in appendices .
the parties undertake to take all appropriate measures to ensure the conservation of the habitats of the wild flora and fauna species . such measures should be included in the parties planning and development policies and pollution control , with particular attention to the conservation of wild flora and fauna . the parties undertake to promote education and disseminate general information concerning the need to conserve species of wild flora and fauna and their habitats .
the convention establishes a standing committee on which the parties are represented by their delegates . the committee ' s principal task is to monitor the provisions of this convention in the light of development of the wild flora and the assessment of its needs . for this purpose , the standing committee is especially competent to make recommendations to the parties and amendments to the appendices where these protected species are specified .
appendix iv - prohibited means and methods of killing , capture and other forms of exploitation .
cox , n . and temple , h . j . ( global reptile assessment )
justification : listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is not much greater than 100km2 , it is known from only four small islands , there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat . the population trend may now have more or less stabilized , but this is a recent change and could easily be reversed .
this species is endemic to the western cyclade islands ( milos , syphnos , kimolos and polyaigos ) of greece . it is found from sea level up to 400m asl ( the highest point on the islands ) .
the population probably totals around 3 , 000 individuals , with about 2 , 500 of these on western milos . subspecies syphnoensis ( from island of syphnos ) is very rare , with only occasional specimens recorded . the population is now more or less stable , but over the last 30 - 40 years there have been significant declines as a result of collecting and road kills .
it can be found throughout the islands on dry , sunny hillsides and in traditionally cultivated land , in densely vegetated areas close to water with rocky outcrops , and also in pools of water . its most important habitat is small creeks . the female lays a clutch of between four and 11 eggs .


faristenia geminisignella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it is found in the russian far east , korea and japan ( honshu ) .

the larvae feed on acer mono .

faristenia geminisignella

faristenia geminisignella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 614 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai
faristenia geminisignella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ( note )
faristenia ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 601 ; ts : faristenia omelkoi ponomarenko
faristenia furtumella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44
faristenia jumbongae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44
faristenia maritimella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44
faristenia omelkoi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44
faristenia praemaculata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45
faristenia quercivora ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45
faristenia ussuriella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45
faristenia angustivalvata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia circulicaudata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia cornutivalvaris li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia impenicilla li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia kangxianensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia medimaculata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia pallida li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia triangula li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia wuyiensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )
faristenia furtumella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 603 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai
faristenia maritimella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 613 ; tl : andreevka , primorskii krai
faristenia ussuriella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 615 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai
faristenia acerella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 606 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai
faristenia cornutivalvaris ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ( note )
faristenia medimaculata ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 125 ( note )
faristenia omelkoi ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 603 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai
faristenia quercivora ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 615 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai
faristenia triangula ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ( note )
faristenia mukurossivora ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 122 ; tl : honshu , nara
faristenia polemica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 336
faristenia nemoriella ponomarenko , 1998 ; far east . ent . 67 : 14 ; tl : russia , primorskii krai , khasanskii distr . , 14km sw slavyanka , ryazanovka
faristenia hirowatarii ueda , 2012 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 63 ( 2 ) : 65 ; tl : [ honshu ] , mt . wasamata , nara pref .
faristenia kanazawai ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ; tl : daisenji , mt daisen , tottori pref , japan
faristenia acerella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
faristenia atrimaculata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
faristenia nakatanii ueda , 2012 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 63 ( 2 ) : 68 ; tl : japan , ryukyus , okinawa pref . , kunigami vill . , yona
ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 two new species of the genus faristenia ponomarenko , 1991 ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) from japan trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 119 - 126
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larva on acer ginnala ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44
larva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44
larva on acer mono ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44
larva on sapindus mukurossi ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 125
chelaria polemica meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 589 ; tl : kalimpong , bengal
larva on michelia campaca ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45
chelaria praemaculata meyrick , 1931 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 67 ; tl : kwanhsien , china
larva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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apoctena persecta is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in new zealand , where it is found only on the south island .

the wingspan is about 18 – 19 mm for both males and females .

the forewings are ochreous whitish , sprinkled with light brownish .

in males the forewings are posteriorly tinged with light brownish between the veins .

the hindwings are whitish .

there is a distinct variety , named semicocta , which has whitish-ochreous forewings , on the costal half suffused with brownish ochreous .

the hindwings of this variety are also whitish .

the larvae feed on coprosma species .

apoctena persecta

apoctena taipana is a species of moth of the family tortricidae , endemic to new zealand .
the following form i had at first regarded as a new species , but now consider it probably only a variety of persecta , though so different in appearance as to deserve a varietal name ; the structure appears identical .
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♂ . 17 mm . head pale grey . palpi 2 , fulvous - ochreous , towards apex grey . antennal ciliations 1 . thorax grey , a small spot on shoulders and posterior crest fulvous - orange . abdomen light grey . forewings elongate , posteriorly dilated , costa gently arched , with moderate fold from base to ⅖ , apex obtuse - pointed , termen slightly sinuate , rather oblique ; deep fulvous - orange :
cilia concolorous , tips grey - whitish . hindwings grey ; cilia pale grey .
kaeo ( near whangaroa ) , in january ( hudson ) ; one specimen . singularly distinct .
mr . philpott has sent me connecting varietal forms of this extraordinarily variable species , which have convinced me that tornota meyr . cannot be maintained as specifically distinct from it .
♀ . 19 mm . forewings whitish - ochreous , on costal half suffused with brownish - ochreous ; outer edge of basal patch acutely angulated above middle , angle marked with blackish , with black dots above , before , and below it ; central fascia oblique , blackish and rather narrow on upper half , on lower half broader , brownish - ochreous , with several undefined black dots on its edges ; costal patch elongate , narrow , ochreous - brown mixed with dark grey ; a transverse mark of reddish - ochreous suffusion before termen towards middle , marked in middle with a small black spot , and above and beneath this with two or three minute black dots : cilia ochreous . hind - wings and cilia whitish .
near before termen : cilia dark purple - leaden , on termen mixed with brownish - ochreous and towards tips ochreous - whitish . hindwings dark fuscous , becoming blackish posteriorly ; cilia dark purplish - grey with blackish subbasal line , towards tips whitish on upper part of termen , and on a patch above apex .
kaeo , in january ( hudson ) ; one specimen . an obscure species , probably allied to zatrophana .
wellington , in november ( hudson ) ; one specimen . intermediate between amplexana and scoliastis .
♂ . 14–15 mm . , ♀ 16–17 mm . head and thorax dark purple - fuscous . palpi in ♂ under 2 , dark fuscous ; in ♀ 2 , whitish mixed with fuscous . antennal ciliations in ♂ 1½ . abdomen dark fuscous . forewings in ♂ elongate , rather dilated posteriorly , costa gently arched , with moderate fold from base to ⅔ , apex obtuse , termen somewhat sinuate , little oblique , in ♀ more oblong , costa anteriorly moderately arched , then nearly straight ; dark fuscous , more or less wholly suffused with deep purple ; a patch of ochreous - whitish irroration extending along dorsum from ¼ to ¾ , upper edge indented in middle ; in ♂ a patch of deep - ferruginous suffusion sprinkled with yellowish on costa towards apex ; in ♀ a semioval yellowwhitish blotch extending along costa from ⅖ to near apex ; termen slenderly suffused with deep ferruginous : cilia dark purplish - leaden , with blackish subbasal line , in ♀ slightly mixed with whitish beneath apex . hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia in ♂ grey with black subbasal line , in ♀ lighter grey , tinged with whitish beneath apex , with dark - fuscous subbasal line becoming deep ferruginous round apex .
karori , in garden , in december ( hudson ) ; four specimens ( 2 ♂ 2 ♀ ) . nearest achrosta ; the difference in the sexes is very remarkable .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
asthenoptycha is a little - studied genus of moths belonging to the large family tortricidae .
epitymbia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
meritastis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
mimeoclysia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
capnoptycha is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
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alticus sertatus is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the western central pacific ocean around the nations of fiji and tonga .

alticus sertatus

which taxonomic groups does the genus alticus belong to and what are the different alticus species ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the genus alticus belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different species .
alticus saliens ( j . r . forster , 1788 ) ( leaping blenny )
alticus simplicirrus smith - vaniz & v . g . springer , 1971 ( marquesan rockstripper )
alticus sertatus ( garman , 1903 ) : fricke et al . ( 2011 ) [ statut pour la nouvelle - calédonie ] fricke , r . , kulbicki , m . & wantiez , l . 2011 . checklist of the fishes of new caledonia , and their distribution in the southwest pacific ocean ( pisces ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde a , neue serie , 4 : 341 - 463 .
which are the most common photographed alticus species ? below , you will find the list of species commonly photographed by underwater photographers .
alticus is a genus of combtooth blennies found in the pacific and indian oceans . it is one of 57 genera in the family blenniidae .
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national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
marine species occasionally found in the mouths of rivers . the actual occurrence of this euryhaline species in freshwater is uncertain ( ref . 4342 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) , and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous , adhesive pad or pedestal ( ref . 94114 ) . larvae are planktonic , often found in shallow , coastal waters ( ref . 94114 ) .
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