the ash meadows killifish ( empetrichthys merriami ) was first documented by c. h. gilbert in 1893 and historically occupied numerous springs near ash meadows , nye county , nevada , united states .

this species was last seen in 1948 and is believed to have gone extinct in the early 1950s , likely as a result of habitat alteration and competition with and predation by introduced crayfish procambarus clarkii , mosquitofish ( gambusia affinis ) , black mollies ( poecilia sphenops ) , and bullfrogs ( rana catesbeiana ) .

ash meadows killifish

the common name of the genus empetrichthys has since been changed from killifish to poolfish .
springs at ash meadows , nevada , u . s . a . [ extinct ] .
the holotype comes from kings spring , ash meadows , amargosa desert , on the boundary between california and nevada , nye county , nevada , usa .
in 1984 , much too late for empetrichthys merriami , the ash meadows national wildlife refuge was established to protect the endangered plant and animal species of this area . four species of plants and animals are endemic , including the endangered pupfishes cyprinodon diabolis , cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes , cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis and the ash meadows speckled dace , rhinichthys osculus nevadensis .
historically occurred in five springs at ash meadows , nevada ; extinct in late 1940s or early 1950s , apparently as a result of habitat alterations and predation from exotic bullfrogs and crayfish .
reasons : historically occurred in five springs at ash meadows , nevada ; extinct in late 1940s or early 1950s , apparently as a result of habitat alterations and predation from exotic bullfrogs and crayfish .
range included ash meadows , amargosa desert , nye county , nevada , near the nevada / california border . this species was known only from five separated springs ( lee et al . 1980 ) .
its range included ash meadows , amargosa desert , nye county , nevada , near the nevada / california border . this species was known only from five separated springs ( lee et al . 1980 ) .
( zero ( no occurrences believed extant ) ) range included ash meadows , amargosa desert , nye county , nevada , near the nevada / california border . this species was known only from five separated springs ( lee et al . 1980 ) .
this species was endemic to springs in ash meadows , nye county , nevada , usa . at this location , over a length of 12 miles many springs are spread out on the valley ground . empetrichthys merriami cannot be found there anymore and is likely extinct .
global range : ( zero ( no occurrences believed extant ) ) range included ash meadows , amargosa desert , nye county , nevada , near the nevada / california border . this species was known only from five separated springs ( lee et al . 1980 ) .
cotype for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 46102 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : t . palmer year collected : 1891 locality : ash meadows , nevada , nevada , united states , north america
cotype for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 46102 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : t . palmer year collected : 1891 locality : ash meadows , nev . , nevada , united states , north america
c . h . merriam and v . bailey collected this species - at least they thought to have collected only one species - in several specimens in the ash meadows spring and one specimen in the pahrump valley . this one fish from pahrump belonged to another species , the later described empetrichthys latos .
cotype for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 46101 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes preparation : illustration collector ( s ) : a . fisher year collected : 1891 locality : ash meadows , nev . , nevada , united states , north america
the species of crenichthys and empetrichthys were removed from the family cyprinodontidae ( order atheriniformes ) and placed in the family goodeidae ( order cyprinodontiformes ) by parenti ( 1986 ) . crenichthys and empetrichthys were assigned to the family empetrichthyidae by miller and smith ( 1986 ) . the 1991 afs checklist ( robins et al . 1991 ) retained these genera in the cyprinodontidae , pending confirmatory evidence for change based on additional character suites . mtdna data of grant and riddle ( 1995 ) indicate that the phylogenetic affinity of crenichthys and empetrichthys is with the family goodeidae rather than with the representative fundulines , poeciliids , or cyprinodontines . formerly known as the ash meadows killifish .
comments : the species of crenichthys and empetrichthys were removed from the family cyprinodontidae ( order atheriniformes ) and placed in the family goodeidae ( order cyprinodontiformes ) by parenti ( 1986 ) . crenichthys and empetrichthys were assigned to the family empetrichthyidae by miller and smith ( 1986 ) . the 1991 afs checklist ( robins et al . 1991 ) retained these genera in the cyprinodontidae , pending confirmatory evidence for change based on additional character suites . mtdna data of grant and riddle ( 1995 ) indicate that the phylogenetic affinity of crenichthys and empetrichthys is with the family goodeidae rather than with the representative fundulines , poeciliids , or cyprinodontines . formerly known as the ash meadows killifish .
ash meadows encompasses a number of springfed ponds and wetlands at the edge of the mojave desert . the springs ' s temperatures range from 21 to 33°c , though annual fluctuations of temperature are only 2 - 7°c within each spring . the submerge vegetation consists of stoneworts of the genus chara and filamentous algae . most of the pools are lined with emergent cattails ( typha spp . )
type for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 131151 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : t . palmer year collected : 1891 locality : nevada : ( king ' s spring = point of rocks spring . ) ash meadows , nye county , nye county , nevada , united states , north america
type for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 131151 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : t . palmer year collected : 1891 locality : nevada : ( king ' s spr . = point of rocks spr . ) ash meadows , nye co . , nye county , nevada , united states , north america
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justification : this species is listed as extinct because no individuals have been found in more than 50 years , despite intensive surveys .
this species is extinct . formerly it occurred in 5 springs in nevada ( lee et al . 1980 ) .
this species went extinct in the late 1940s or early 1950s as a result of severe habitat alterations , possibly exacerbated by predation from exotic bullfrogs and crayfish ( miller et al . 1989 ) .
this species is extinct , so it does not require additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .
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gilbert , c . h . ( 1893 ) : report on the fishes of the death valley expedition collected in southern california and nevada in 1891 , with descriptions of new species . north american fauna nr . 7 , part ii , washington : pp 229 - 384
this species is named in honour of one of the collectors , c . h . merriam .
collection - number : united states national museum , cat . no . usnm - 131151 .
the holotype is an adult female of 67mm sl . numbers of paratypes are : su 766 ( 2 ) , usnm 46101 - 03 ( 3 , 2 , 1 ) . the types (
several specimens
) have been sampled by c . h . merriam and v . bailey in 05 . 1891 .
empetrichthys latos gilbert , 1893 ( one specimen of the types of merriami referred to e . latos , but has not been recognized by gilbert )
the karyotype describes the number and appearance of chromosomes during the phase of condensation , classified by the position of the centromere ( levan et al . , 1964 ) .
empetrichthys merriami preffered deeper pools ( ~ 2m ) and was rarely seen in shallower areas .
there is no description of the colouration of live animals known . gilbert wrote 1893 :
in spirits the color is dark brown above , sides and below lighter , often irregularly blotched with brown and white . the belly often appears checkered , having centers of scales brown and margins white , or the reverse . fins all dusky , the basal portions of dorsal and caudal with elongated brown spots on the interradial membranes .
regarding the habitat and the feeding habits of related inhabitants of thermal springs , empetrichthys merriami probably had been an opportunistic omnivore , feeding on algae and invertebrates . taking in consideration a relatively short intestine ( about 1 1 / 2 times of tl ) , the biserial conical teeth with the outer series enlarged , this species seems to had been rather carnivorous .
species of the subfamily empetrichthyinae are oviparous fishes . parenti ( 1981 ) proposed this subfamily as sister group to the goodeinae and used the family name goodeidae to encompass the two subfamilies . this narrow relationship has been supported by several studies since the 1980 ' s ( webb , dominguez ) .
5 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 ) )
cotype for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 46103 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : e . nelson year collected : 1891 locality : papump val . , nev . , nevada , united states , north america
comments : this fish inhabited deeper holes in springs ( la rivers 1962 ) .
non - migrant : yes . at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations . juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
comments : apparently omnivorous , based on an examination of a single stomach , the structure of the teeth , and the length of the intestines ( la rivers 1962 ) .
note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .
comments : this species is extinct . formerly it occurred in 5 springs in nevada ( lee et al . 1980 ) .
little information reported ( lee et al . 1980 ) . occurred historically with cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes and rhinichthys osculus nevadensis .
this species is listed as extinct because no individuals have been found in more than 50 years , despite intensive surveys .
comments : this species went extinct in the late 1940s or early 1950s as a result of severe habitat alterations , possibly exacerbated by predation from exotic bullfrogs and crayfish ( miller et al . 1989 ) .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2012 ) .
empetrichthys merriami
in fishbase . august 2012 version .
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research curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
bulletin of the american museum of natural history , vol . 168 , pt . 4
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .
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apparently omnivorous , based on an examination of a single stomach , the structure of the teeth , and the length of the intestines ( la rivers 1962 ) .
occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .
each spring system that is undivided by a barrier constitutes a single distinct occurrence . otherwise , use a separation distance of 10 km for any type of aquatic habitat .
separation distance is arbitrary . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
grant , e . c . , and b . r . riddle . 1995 . are the endangered springfish ( crenichthys hubbs ) and poolfish ( empetrichthys gilbert ) fundulines or goodeids ? : a mitochondrial dna assessment . copeia 1995 : 209 - 212 .
jelks , h . l . , s . j . walsh , n . m . burkhead , s . contreras - balderas , e . díaz - pardo , d . a . hendrickson , j . lyons , n . e . mandrak , f . mccormick , j . s . nelson , s . p . platania , b . a . porter , c . b . renaud , j . jacobo schmitter - soto , e . b . taylor , and m . l . warren , jr . 2008 . conservation status of imperiled north american freshwater and diadromous fishes . fisheries 33 ( 8 ) : 372 - 407 .
la rivers , i . 1962 . fishes and fisheries of nevada . nevada state fish and game commission , carson city , nevada . 782 pp .
lee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .
miller , r . r . , j . d . williams , and j . e . williams . 1989 . extinctions of north american fishes during the past century . fisheries 14 ( 6 ) : 22 - 38 .
miller , r . r . , and m . l . smith . 1986 . origin and geography of fishes on central mexico . pages 487 - 517 in c . h . hocutt and e . o . wiley , editors . the zoogeography of north american freshwater fishes . john wiley and sons , new york , new york . xiii + 866 pp .
minckley , w . l . , g . k . meffe , and d . l . soltz . 1991a . conservation and management of short - lived fishes : the cyprinodontoids . pages 247 - 82 in w . l . minckley and j . e . deacon ( editors ) . battle against extinction : native fish management in the american west . university of arizona press , tucson , arizona .
nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .
page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .
parenti , l . r . 1981 . a phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of cyprinodontiform fishes ( teleostei , atherinomorpha ) . bulletin of the american museum natural history 168 : 335 - 557 .
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causeyella youngsteadtorum , youngsteadt 's cave millipede , is a ghostly white millipede , first collected in 1976 by norman and jean youngsteadt , but not recognized as a new species until 2003 .

it has been found in seven caves in boone and searcy counties in arkansas .

causeyella youngsteadtorum

figures 27–29 . sems of causeyella youngsteadtorum . 27 , gonopods , ventral view . 28 , gonopod fimbriate branch . 29 , gonopod tips , oblique lateral view . scale lines as labelled .
the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . shear , w . a . 2003 . zootaxa .
figures 27–29 in the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea )
figures 27–29 in the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea ) | zenodo
arkansas is home to nineteen species of endemic millipedes ; however , some of these species need to be re - described and may contain synonyms ( same species with multiple scientific names ) . they include abacion wilhelminae ( shelley , mcallister , and hollis ) , boraria profuga ( causey ) , causeyella causeyae ( shear ) , causeyella youngsteadtorum ( shear ) , cleidogona arkansana ( causey ) , eurymerodesmus compressus ( causey ) , eurymerodesmus newtonius ( chamberlain ) , eurymerodesmus polkensis ( causey ) , eurymerodesmus pulaski ( causey ) , nannaria davidcauseyi ( causey ) , nannaria depalmai ( causey ) , okliulus beveli ( causey ) , petaserpes bikermani ( causey ) , tiganogona glebosa ( causey ) , tiganogona ladymani ( causey ) , tiganogona moesta ( causey ) , tiganogona steuartae ( causey ) , and trigenotyla parca ( causey ) .
abacion wilhelminae is endemic to rich mountain in polk county . boraria profuga is found within the ouachita mountains uplift and is probably endemic to that physiographic region . causeyella causeyae is a cave - dwelling millipede that is eyeless and unpigmented ; it occurs within the ozark mountains of arkansas . causeyella youngsteadtorum is also endemic to the ozarks of arkansas , occurring in newton , boone , and searcy counties . cleidogona arkansana is known only from the type locality in dallas county . eurymerodesmus compressus is known from union county . eurymerodesmus newtonius occurs in benton , newton , and washington counties . eurymerodesmus polkensis occurs in montgomery , polk , and scott counties . eurymerodesmus pulaski is known from saline and pulaski counties . nannaria davidcauseyi is known from newton county , and nannaria depalmai is known from carroll county . okliulus beveli is known only from union county . petaserpes bikermani ( causey ) produces a defensive secretion that smells like camphor . tiganogona glebosa occurs in washington county , tiganogona ladymani occurs in clay county , tiganogona moesta occurs in carroll and washington counties , and tiganogona steuartae occurs only in sebastian county . trigenotyla parca occurs primarily in caves and is known from carroll county .
due to their affinity for dark , moist habitats , millipedes are often found within cave systems or mines . these can include rare species that are found only within caves ( troglobites ) and more common surface species . some rare millipedes found in caves include the genus causeyella , which is found only within cave systems in the ozarks , and tingupa pallida , known from caves in randolph and sharp counties . another common cave millipede is cambala minor , which is not a true troglobite but does have a lightly colored body and is eyeless .
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urltoken
there have been around 7 , 000 species of millipedes ( sometimes spelled millipeds ) described scientifically , with a projected estimate of possibly 80 , 000 total species occurring around the globe . around 900 species have been described from the united states and canada . however , the family parajulidae , the largest group from north america , has not been studied thoroughly , suggesting that numerous more species exist in north america . arkansas has a diverse array of millipede species . some of them are fairly common , while others are rare .
millipedes—their name meaning “thousand feet”—make up a group of invertebrates ( lacking a backbone ) in the phylum arthropoda . within the arthropoda phylum , millipedes belong in the subphylum myriapoda , which includes four classes : chilopoda ( centipedes ) , diplopoda ( millipedes ) , paurapoda ( paurapods ) , and sumphyla ( symphylans ) . of the four classes , most people are familiar with the centipedes and the millipedes .
the class diplopoda has three unique characteristics : aflagellate spermatozoa , the presence of four or more apical sensory cones on each antenna , and the diplosegment condition . millipedes can be found as they move slowly through dark , moist habits , such as under logs , beneath stones , and within leaf litter . when disturbed , they commonly roll up into a ball to protect their legs and head from predators . they are herbivores , mainly eating dead plant material .
millipedes have two main body types : a primarily cylindrical body form , such as in the family parajulidae , or the dorsoventrally flattened body types , such as in the family eurymerodesmidae . a millipede’s head consists of a clump of simple eyes on each side and a pair of antennae , mandibles , and maxillae . a millipede’s body has between twenty - five and 100 segments with either a single or double row of feet on each segment , giving the illusion of a thousand feet ( although millipedes only have up to 750 legs ) . the seventh segment appendages are often specialized into copulatory organs called gonopods . many species of millipedes can be identified only by using morphological characteristics when viewing the male copulatory structures . millipedes breathe through structures called spiracles . each abdominal segment contains two spiracles , which open into air chambers connected to tracheal tubes . after millipedes mate , females lay eggs and guard them . hatchlings hatch from eggs and have only a few pairs of legs . each time they molt ( shed their exoskeleton ) , they gain more segments and legs .
a very common species of millipede in arkansas is pseudopolydesmus pinetorum ( bollman ) . this species has a flattened body and is a brownish color . other common millipedes include the families parajulidae and eurymerodesmidae . a few genera of millipedes within arkansas are rather colorful , with yellow and orange markings on the body segments , such as in apheloria , auturus , and eurymerodesmus . one species occurring within arkansas , narceus americanus , is a very large millipede with a brownish body with orange and green markings along the periphery of the segments . brachycebe lecontei is a millipede that has a pink body .
published collections of millipedes date back to the late 1800s . in 1888 , charles h . bollman published the “preliminary checklist of the myriapoda of arkansas , with descriptions of new species” in entomologica americana . dr . nell bevel causey , who held a faculty position at the university of arkansas ( ua ) in fayetteville ( washington county ) , authored numerous species and genera , many of which are endemic to arkansas . much of the knowledge of millipede species occurring in arkansas can be contributed to this early work . other diplopodologists who have contributed to the knowledge of millipedes are william a . shear and richard l . hoffman . as recent research conducted in arkansas by rowland m . shelley and chris t . mcallister has increased the known species and distributional limits within the state , there is not a current comprehensive species list for arkansas .
some millipede species in arkansas , such as euryurus leachii ( koch ) , are typically more commonly found on the eastern side of the mississippi river but do occur within the state . yet , others , such as abacion texense ( loomis ) , are more commonly found in the central portion of the united states but do occur east of the mississippi river .
of potential concern to cave ecosystems is the exotic and invasive greenhouse millipede oxidus gricilus , which can be quite common in some cave systems . this species , however , is not limited to cave environments , and the potential harm this exotic millipede might bring to native fauna is not known at this time . native environments , especially cave systems , can be very fragile and susceptible to threats from exotic species of wildlife .
millipedes , especially arkansas’s species , are essentially harmless to humans , as they lack structures to bite , pinch , or sting . however , when handled , millipedes often emit defensive secretions . these secretions are generally harmless , but some people can develop skin and eye problems after contact . millipedes that emit defensive secretions often exhibit aposematic coloration ( colors warning about defensive secretions ) .
in general , millipedes can be found wherever the habitat is moist . they play an integral ecological role , as they are important in nutrient recycling of plant material . they fragment this plant material ( detritus ) , increasing microbial breakdown and soil nutrient cycling . they are more commonly seen in the spring and fall months of the year when the temperatures are not too hot or too cold and there is ample moisture in the ground . during certain times of the year ( such as in the fall months when temperatures and moisture levels align ) , large numbers of millipedes can be seen moving about . although arkansas is home to some rare and even endemic millipedes , many species are easily encountered just by flipping logs , rocks , or other debris .
for additional information : hopkin , s . p . , and h . j . read . the biology of millipedes . oxford , uk : oxford university press , 1992 .
mcallister , c . t . , c . s . harris , r . m . shelley , and j . t . mcallister iii . “millipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . i . new distributional and state records for seven counties of the west gulf coastal plain of arkansas . ” journal of the arkansas academy of science 56 ( 2002 ) : 91–94 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .
mcallister , c . t . , and h . w . robison . “millipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . v . new distribution records for select taxa in arkansas , oklahoma , and texas . ” southwestern naturalist 56 , no . 3 ( 2011 ) : 422–426 .
mcallister , c . t . , h . w . robison , m . b . connior , and l . c . thompson . “millipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . vi . new geographic distributional records from select counties of arkansas . ” journal of the arkansas academy of science 67 ( 2013 ) : 87–93 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .
mcallister , c . t . , r . m . shelley , and j . t . mcallister iii . “millipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . ii . distributional records for some species of western and central arkansas and eastern and southeastern oklahoma . ” journal of the arkansas academy of science 56 ( 2002 ) : 95–98 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .
——— . “millipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . iii . additional records from arkansas . ” journal of the arkansas academy of science 57 ( 2003 ) : 115–121 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .
robison , h . , c . mcallister , c . carlton , and g . tucker . “the arkansas endemic biota : an update with additions and deletions . ” journal of the arkansas academy of science 62 ( 2008 ) : 84–96 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .
©2018 the central arkansas library system - all rights reserved - web services by aristotle web design .


assert ( 17 april 1979 – 1995 ) was an irish thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

as a two-year-old he was beaten by golden fleece on his debut but went on to win the beresford stakes .

in the following year he was again beaten by golden fleece in a trial race but went on to win four group one races : the prix du jockey club , irish derby , benson & hedges gold cup and joe mcgrath memorial stakes .

he was rated the best middle-distance horse in europe in 1982 by timeform .

he was retired to stud at the end of his three-year-old season and became a successful sire of winners .

assert ( horse )

virtually all newer modems allowing the behavior of the dcd signal to be configured . typical options available include
always assert dcd
,
assert dcd only when connected
, and
always assert dcd except immediately after sensing a disconnect
.
his horse is too clever for his own good . love seeing horses assert their intelligence in the faces of those who think horses are not…
2nd dam : sommes sound by assert . winner at 3 . dam of 9 winners :
cats are always on their high horse . get it ? cats ? high horse ? only this horse is lying down , but i guess
cats are always on…
nearco was inbred 4 × 4 to assert , meaning that this stallion appears twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree .
horse are blessings beyond counting every day , not just on thanksgiving . when i count my blessings , i count my horse twice .
the american paint horse is a color breed unlike the pinto which it resembles . the primary difference between the paint and the pinto is the stipulation that to be registered as a paint , the horse must be either a quarter horse or thoroughbred . the paint horse is generally found with a stock horse build , although some are used for racing .
tom fool - - born in 1949 , purchased by mrs . harry payne whitney , greentree stable . trained by john m . gaver , second horse in history to win the handicap triple crown . horse of the year and handicap horse of 1953 .
c : hoppel ' s horse & cattle co . b : george strawbridge jr .
assert began his three - year - old season in the nijinsky stakes over ten furlongs in may in which he again finished second to golden fleece . two weeks later , assert was moved up in distance for the gallinule stakes over one and a half miles at the curragh and recorded a wide - margin victory over rivellino .
assert began his three - year - old season in the nijinsky stakes over ten furlongs in may in which he again finished second to golden fleece . two weeks later , assert was moved up in distance for the gallinule stakes over one and a half miles at the curragh and recorded a wide - margin victory over rivellino . [ 4 ]
because of this , in many instances it is not possible to determine whether a horse is gaited when it is standing still . movement is necessary to tell if a horse is gaited .
golden fleece was sangster ' s representative in the epsom derby and so assert was sent to contest the french equivalent , the prix du jockey club over 2400m at chantilly racecourse four days later . starting the 2 . 2 / 1 favourite he took the lead from real shadai in the straight and pulled clear to win by three lengths . he was the first foreign trained - horse to win the race since its inception in 1836 . three weeks later , assert started 4 / 7 favourite for the irish derby at the curragh , with the american - bred , british - trained silver hawk appearing to provide his only serious opposition . assert took the lead and quickly went clear of the field to win very easily from silver hawk by a margin officially recorded as eight lengths ( timeform made it ten lengths ) . assert became the first horse to win both the prix du jockey club and irish derby .
welcome to horseracing . com . au , australia ' s premier site for horse racing news .
the concept of leadership as advocated in many training manuals proves to be unreliable in the horse .
golden fleece was sangster ' s representative in the epsom derby and so assert was sent to contest the french equivalent , the prix du jockey club over 2400m at chantilly racecourse four days later . starting the 2 . 2 / 1 favourite he took the lead from real shadai in the straight and pulled clear to win by three lengths . he was the first foreign trained - horse to win the race since its inception in 1836 . [ 5 ] three weeks later , assert started 4 / 7 favourite for the irish derby at the curragh , with the american - bred , british - trained silver hawk appearing to provide his only serious opposition . assert took the lead and quickly went clear of the field to win very easily from silver hawk by a margin officially recorded as eight lengths ( timeform made it ten lengths ) . [ 4 ] assert became the first horse to win both the prix du jockey club and irish derby . [ 6 ]
the quarter horse is truly an american breed of horse . it was created to compete in quarter racing , one of the earliest forms of horse racing in america . the founding stallion was a thoroughbred named janus , imported to america in 1756 . he was a famous sire of great racers in colonial america . the quarter horse proved capable of many tasks besides racing . when the pioneers moved westward , the quarter horse found a new role on the cattle range where its explosive speed and intelligence proved ideal for herding cattle . the quarter horse became a choice mount for rodeo riders . today the breed is also used for show jumping and combined training . the quarter horse is one of the most versatile horses .
the standardbred horse is considered to be the fastest harness horse in the world . harness racing has been a passion in the united states since the early 1800s . then , the morgan horse reigned as the supreme harness horse . but an event occurring in 1849 ended the morgan dynasty . this event was the foaling of a horse named hambletonianís 10 , the foundation sire of the standardbred horse . the breed gains its name from the fact that a horse must meet a certain
standard
of either timed speed at the mile or breeding in order to be properly registered . the increased brilliance of the standardbred breed itself has reduced times for the mile by a minute - down 30 percent from the original record .
coolmore manager christy grassick said :
we all feel privileged to have been involved with such a special horse .
for more details on the entire 12 - horse field , see the free arkansas derby pps courtesy of brisnet .
from the time of julius caesar ' s occupation of what is now belgium , the belgian horse has enjoyed a great reputation as a powerful and versatile horse . the belgian draft horse is called the brabant horse in europe , and in america it is called the belgian . the belgian is the descendant of the type of horse used by knights as war horses . richard the lionhearted imported many belgians to england . when the mounted knight became obsolete , the belgian ' s strength was utilized in agriculture . the belgian has been exported throughout the world to improve local stock . it has greatly influenced the shire , clydesdale , and suffolk punch of britain , and the rheinesh horse of germany .
general george washington ( riding white horse ) and his staff welcoming a provision train of supplies for the continental army .
assert was a bay horse with a white blaze and three socks bred in ireland by the moyglare stud . he was from the first crop of foals sired by be my guest , an american - bred stallion who won the waterford crystal mile when trained in ireland by vincent o ' brien . be my guest ' s other offspring included on the house , pentire go and go and luth enchantee . assert ' s dam irish bird , was a half - sister of irish ball , a colt who finished third in the epsom derby before winning the irish derby in 1971 . a year before foaling assert , irish bird had produced bikala , who won the prix du jockey - club 1981 . another of her foals was eurobird , a filly who won the irish st leger .
assert was a bay horse with a white blaze and three socks bred in ireland by the moyglare stud . he was from the first crop of foals sired by be my guest , an american - bred stallion who won the waterford crystal mile when trained in ireland by vincent o ' brien . be my guest ' s other offspring included on the house , pentire go and go and luth enchantee . assert ' s dam irish bird , was a half - sister of irish ball , a colt who finished third in the epsom derby before winning the irish derby in 1971 . a year before foaling assert , irish bird had produced bikala , who won the prix du jockey - club 1981 . another of her foals was eurobird , a filly who won the irish st leger . [ 2 ]
. street cry , though , proved much his best sire - son , to the extent that one can confidently assert that he proved himself a significantly better sire than his father had been . and that is very high praise indeed .
lonhro has been able to assert his dominance in an era increasingly bereft , with the exception perhaps of defier , of genuine wfa competition , which is also a reflection of how well hawkes has placed the five - year - old .
ou know you are a horse lover when you see a golf course and think about how it would make a great pasture .
as a yearling assert was sent to the ales in france and was bought for 160 , 000 francs ( approximately £16 , 000 ) and entered the ownership of robert sangster . he was trained throughout his racing career by david o ' brien .
be my guest , also a member of the 1974 foal crop was purchased privately and he won the desmond stakes and the waterford crystal mile in 1977 . he went on to sire belmont stakes winner go and go and irish derby winner assert .
the creation of the american paint horse association was due in part to the fact that horses of paint coloring were discriminated against by other associations . for instance , the american quarter horse association will not register a spotted horse regardless of its breeding , however excellent or pure . many owners of spotted horses feel their horses receive poor marks from show judges due to color . in fact , in some shows judges have been known to refuse the entries of spotted horses . therefore , there are now a considerable number of shows restricted to spotted horses . ironically , in the old west , cowhands would pay considerably more for a spotted horse than a horse of conventional coloring .
what an amazing , amazing horse . sad to learn . god speed . . . . . . . . . . . .
a fabulous horse , who enjoyed a very long and productive life . the world was blessed to have witnessed such an incredible animal .
the minstrel was named horse of the year in both ireland and england . he went on to sire breeders’ cup mile winner opening verse , but his greatest claim to fame in the breeding shed is through his grandson , american horse of the year cigar by palace music .
the ancestor of the hanoverian horse was the german
war horse
of the middle ages . with the passing of the armored knight , the hanoverian was bred with spanish and oriental horses to change its conformation for use as a cavalry horse . this new hanoverian horse was capable of working under saddle , in harness on the farm or drawing carriages . in 1735 , king george ii of england ( a german ) founded the famous landgestiit celle which is to this day the official stud and training facility with over 200 stallions . today the hanoverian has been crossed with more thoroughbred blood , as well as , trakehner . it proves a superlative hunter , dressage and show jumping horse .
it is the most phenomenal record for any horse to be champion sire 14 times - a record that is likely to remain unequalled .
kingston town , like lonhro a handsome , near - black individual , was the first australian horse to win more than $ 1 million .
as a yearling assert was sent to the ales in france and was bought for 160 , 000 francs ( approximately £16 , 000 ) and entered the ownership of robert sangster . he was trained throughout his racing career by david o ' brien . [ 3 ]
in 1981 , assert was given a rating of 113 by the independent timeform organisation , nineteen pounds below their top - rated two - year - old colt wind and wuthering . in the official international classification he was rated thirteen pounds behind the top - rated green forest . in the following season he was rated the second - best three - year - old in europe ( and the joint - second - best horse of any age ) behind golden fleece . timeform rated him on 134 , a pound ahead of golden fleece and level with ardross and green forest as the best horse of the year . he was also named the year ' s best middle - distance horse by timeform .
a 1937 exhibition of appaloosas in art and an article on the breed in the western horseman magazine created a new interest in the indian ' s spotted horse . the result was the incorporation of the appaloosa horse club in 1938 . it barely stayed alive through world war ii , but new research on the spotted horse in the old world interested more people in the breed . the first all - appaloosa show was held at lewiston , idaho , in 1948 . in 1950 , the appaloosa horse club was recognized by the national association of stallion registration boards . canada and england also formed appaloosa horse clubs and many regional clubs were formed within the u . s . the modern appaloosa is a fast - growing and popular breed .
the morgan breed was founded by a horse foaled in 1789 in west springfield , massachusetts . as a young horse , he was called figure . according to the new england custom at the time , he was named after his owner , justin morgan . when morgan died , the horse was sold . justin morgan proved to be a proponent sire that produced a breed which could haul logs one day and win an important race the next .
in 1981 , assert was given a rating of 113 by the independent timeform organisation , nineteen pounds below their top - rated two - year - old colt wind and wuthering . in the official international classification he was rated thirteen pounds behind the top - rated green forest . [ 3 ] in the following season he was rated the second - best three - year - old in europe ( and the joint - second - best horse of any age ) behind golden fleece . timeform rated him on 134 , a pound ahead of golden fleece and level with ardross and green forest as the best horse of the year . he was also named the year ' s best middle - distance horse by timeform . [ 4 ]
veuvelicious ( 11f , medicean , assert ) . 2 wins at 2 , a $ 174 , 100 , atc fernhill h . , l , mrc sensational springvale 2yo p . , 3d atc schweppervescence h . , gr . 3 , mrc say it with flowers 2yo h .
the pinto horse is a color breed in contrast to most other breeds which are defined by their genetic ancestry . in america , the pinto is regarded as a proper breed . pintos have a dark background coloring and upon this color random patches of white . the pinto coloration may occur in any breed or specific conformation . however , the pinto horse association of america does not accept horses with appaloosa , draft , or mule breeding or characteristics . in the american west , the pinto has traditionally been regarded as a horse the american indian favored as a war horse since its coloring provided a natural camouflage .
in 1982 dr o’brien’s son maintained the family stranglehold on the joe mcgrath memorial as his outstanding 3 year old colt assert – a dual derby winner and most recently the winner of the benson and hedges gold cup , routed his rivals , with kind of hush best of the rest .
obviously , the most outstanding feature of the miniature is its size . it stands up to 34 inches . other than height , standards require the horse to be of good conformation , looking much like a horse of larger proportions . it is known for its intelligence and alertness . it appears in any color .
since 1942 , hundreds of thousands of horses have already suffered and died to support the premarin drug industry .
what no horse said ever . someday i…
the precise origins of the quarter horse have been argued incessantly and vigorously , almost from its very beginning . we know with certainty that the most important influence on the quarter horse came from the thoroughbred horse , janus , imported as a ten - year - old to america in 1756 . janus stood at stud for 24 years , but the origin of the mares he was bred with is the subject of dispute . historians variously maintain that the ancestors were spanish horses , chickasaws , galloway ís , hobbies and so on . the characteristics of the quarter horse , then , are due to a host of influences from different breeds .
myth # 2 : gaited horses require special tack tradition is important in all breeds , but in particular the ones from south and central america . while traditional saddles and tack are used on some horse in the show ring , these horses may be ridden in any saddle or bridle that you or i may choose for a “regular” horse . the main thing to keep in mind is that many gaited horses have long sloping shoulders and shorter backs ( but this is true of many breeds ) . the key with gaited horses , as with all other breeds , is to ensure that the saddle allows the shoulder to move forward freely and that the saddle does not interfere with the hip . . myth # 3 : gaited horse require special shoeing once again a gaited horse is a horse first . some gaited horse breeders expand the mystique that special farriers and special shoes and angles are necessary “to get the gait” or “to hit a lick . ” such statements disregard the fact that every horse is an individual and should be trimmed and shod in accordance with their conformation . many gaited horses are even shown barefoot .
the pinto does not have consistent conformation since it is bred for color . when the darker color is black , the horse is often described as piebald . when the darker color is anything but black , the horse is described as skewbald . pintos may be from a variety of breeds , ranging from thoroughbred to miniatures .
after many years of careless breeding and little attention , the paso fino found favor in puerto rico as a unique breed . in 1943 , the federacion del deporte de caballos de silla de puerto rico was formed in an effort to improve the horse . the improvements manifested quickly , making an elegant and calm - natured horse .
assert ( ire ) b . h , 1979 { 8 - c } dp = 10 - 2 - 10 - 8 - 0 ( 30 ) di = 1 . 31 cd = 0 . 47 - 11 starts , 6 wins , 3 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 612 , 317
this horse is found in any solid color with white markings permissible on the legs and face . the head is large and refined , with intelligent eyes . the long neck is heavy but not overly so . the morab is a muscular horse with long sloping shoulders and a deep chest . the back is relatively short and strong .
soft - gaited horses exist because they can transport people in comfort . as long as there has been recorded history of horses , there have been records of gaited horses . in fact , historically , the term “saddle horse” referred to a gaited horse . after all , if the horse was the only mode of transportation , does it not make sense to have one that was as comfortable as possible ? today , people still appreciate the soft gaits of these horses . what makes gaited horses unique ?
the most important thing to remember is that gaiting requires participation of the horse’s whole body . the combination of conformation , brain , nervous system and muscles impacts movement .
arabians are found in a wide variety of uses , including hunting , jumping , endurance , dressage , trail riding and work on ranches . the first horse show devoted exclusively to the arabian was held in california in 1945 . by 1949 , the a . h . s . a . had established a separate arabian division . arabian horse races were first held at laurel , maryland in 1959 . at the other extreme of competition , the arabian international cutting horse jubilee began at filter , idaho in 1970 .
the belgian draft horse is descended from the war horse of the middle ages . its location of origin is brabant , in what is now belgium . belgians , as the breed is known in america , differ slightly from its european ancestor the brabant . american dealers imported mostly sorrel stock , and these colors were passed on through subsequent generations .
the first belgian was imported to america by dr . a . g . van hoorebeck of illinois in 1866 . the belgian is the most popular work horse in america .
voice 1 : bob brown has thrown down the gauntlet to the greens nsw . he obviously wants to force through changes to turn the greens into an electoral machine . i think he overestimates his cache among greens nsw members . more than ever we need to assert our right to run this organisation as we see fit .
in addition to its elegant conformation , the american saddle horse is an outstanding performer . there are three types of saddle horse : the harness type , and the three and five - gaited types . the harness type is shown in light harness put to a light , four - wheeled vehicle . it performs the walk and the park trot . the three - gaited saddle horse works at the walk , trot and canter . the five - gaited saddle horse works at the latter gaits as well as the slow - gait and the rack . the slow - gait is a four - beat gait with remarkable action . the rack resembles the slow - gait although it is done at a much higher speed .
the acknowledged foundation sire of the tennessee walking horse is allan f - 1 ( also called black allan ) who was foaled in kentucky in 1886 . his sire was a standardbred ( allendorf ) and his dam a morgan ( maggie marshall ) . the breed became officially registered in 1935 with the founding of the tennessee walking horse breeders ' and exhibitors ' association . the breed was originally a type of horse used by farmers and plantation owners for use as a mount in the field where its gait and endurance were highly valued .
my own horse , charlie , definitely brings out the best in me . he is sweet , loving , forgiving , curious , and always greets me enthusiastically . i think that…
although they perform the “gaits” naturally , it must be recognized that the horse’s balance is affected when carrying the weight of the rider . many gaited horses are “wired” to perform many gaits and when the balance of the load is changed , the horse changes the gait . while it is wonderful to praise the athleticism of the gaited horse , changing gaits with every shift in the riders balance is not necessarily fun , but it is challenging and intriguing . it is up to the rider to determine which gait he or she wants and to work with the horse to achieve that gait . the gait is inherited , but degree of training affects the natural or inherited ability . this fact is true of all horses .
assert was then matched against older horses for the first time in britain ' s most prestigious weight - for - age race , the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes over one and a half miles at ascot racecourse on 24 july . he started the 10 / 11 favourite ahead of his half - brother bikala who had beaten a strong field in the prix ganay on his previous start . the other main contenders were kalaglow , height of fashion and glint of gold . assert went past bikala on the turn into the straight and held off a strong challenge from glint of gold , but was caught inside the final furlong and beaten a neck by kalaglow . on 17 august assert was ridden by pat eddery in the eleventh running of the benson and hedges gold cup over ten and a half furlongs at york racecourse . starting the 4 / 5 favourite against six british - trained opponents , he took the lead from the start and pulled clear in the straight vo win easily by six lengths from norwick . a month later , assert started the 1 / 4 favourite for the joe mcgrath memorial stakes over ten furlongs . with roche back in the saddle , he went eight lengths clear in the straight before being eased down to win by three lengths from kind of hush . timeform described the race as being
little more than an exercise gallop
for the winner . on 3 october , assert started 5 / 2 favourite for the prix de l ' arc de triomphe on very soft ground at longchamp racecourse . he was well - positioned turning into the straight but dropped away in the closing stage and finished eleventh of the seventeen runners behind akiyda .
assert was then matched against older horses for the first time in britain ' s most prestigious weight - for - age race , the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes over one and a half miles at ascot racecourse on 24 july . he started the 10 / 11 favourite ahead of his half - brother bikala who had beaten a strong field in the prix ganay on his previous start . the other main contenders were kalaglow , height of fashion and glint of gold . assert went past bikala on the turn into the straight and held off a strong challenge from glint of gold , but was caught inside the final furlong and beaten a neck by kalaglow . on 17 august assert was ridden by pat eddery in the eleventh running of the benson and hedges gold cup over ten and a half furlongs at york racecourse . starting the 4 / 5 favourite against six british - trained opponents , he took the lead from the start and pulled clear in the straight vo win easily by six lengths from norwick . a month later , assert started the 1 / 4 favourite for the joe mcgrath memorial stakes over ten furlongs . with roche back in the saddle , he went eight lengths clear in the straight before being eased down to win by three lengths from kind of hush . timeform described the race as being
little more than an exercise gallop
for the winner . [ 4 ] on 3 october , assert started 5 / 2 favourite for the prix de l ' arc de triomphe on very soft ground at longchamp racecourse . he was well - positioned turning into the straight but dropped away in the closing stage and finished eleventh of the seventeen runners behind akiyda .
there are few breeds which can match the gracefulness of the american saddle horse in the show ring . however , this breed has a rich history far removed from the show world . the breed was originally known as the kentucky saddle horse . it was created to serve the needs of farmers and planters who often have to remain in the saddle from dawn until dusk supervising work in the fields . the horse bred for this role needed an even gait which would provide a smooth ride , and the stamina to work long hours . sometimes the horse would also have to work in harness . in addition to the breed ' s celebrated role as a showman , it is also successful in trail riding , show jumping and dressage .
myth # 7 : gaited horse are only for the elderly or for inexperienced riders it is a compliment that gaited horses work for people who are elderly , handicapped or inexperienced riders . however , you need not be frail or incompetent to be attracted to gaited horses . there is nothing wrong with liking a smooth comfortable ride on a sensible and good tempered horse .
assert made his racecourse debut in a maiden race over one mile at leopardstown racecourse in september . he showed his inexperience ( ran
very green
) but finished second behind the impressive winner golden fleece . three weeks later he was ( theoretically at least ) moved up in class for the group three beresford stakes over a mile at the curragh . ridden by christy roche , he took the lead early in the straight and won easily by four lengths from the odds - on favourite longleat . on his final appearance of the year , assert was sent to england for the group one william hill futurity at doncaster racecourse . he started third favourite but finished eighth of the thirteen runners behind count pahlen .
the paso fino is said to be a direct ancestor of the imported spanish horses of the 16th century with the only variations being those that helped suit the horse to the new climate . the horse is known primarily for its unique step for which it is named . in addition to the paso fino , the horse also exhibits two other natural four - beat gaits : the paso corto and the paso largo . the paso fino is a slow and collected gait , the paso corto covers long distances at a steady gait , and the paso largo is a faster four beat .
respected turf historian bill whittaker considers lonhro to be the best wfa horse since kingston town who , between 1979 and 1982 , won 30 of his 41 starts and was only four times unplaced .
assert made his racecourse debut in a maiden race over one mile at leopardstown racecourse in september . he showed his inexperience ( ran
very green
) but finished second behind the impressive winner golden fleece . three weeks later he was ( theoretically at least ) moved up in class for the group three beresford stakes over a mile at the curragh . ridden by christy roche , he took the lead early in the straight and won easily by four lengths from the odds - on favourite longleat . on his final appearance of the year , assert was sent to england for the group one william hill futurity at doncaster racecourse . he started third favourite but finished eighth of the thirteen runners behind count pahlen . [ 3 ]
in response to this abuse , friends of sound horse was formed in 1997 . fosh is a national leader in the promotion of natural , sound gaited horses and in the fight against the abuse and soring of tennessee walking horses . fosh has three main areas of focus : • teaching sound training principals for gaited horses , • sanctioning sound gaited horse shows and events • working to end soring .
dominance hierarchies in horses primarily influence priority access to limited resources of any kind , resulting in predictable contest outcomes that potentially minimize aggressive encounters and associated risk of injury . levels of aggression in group - kept horses under domestic conditions have been reported to be higher than in their feral counterparts but can often be attributed to suboptimal management . horse owners often express concerns about the risk of injuries occurring in group - kept horses , but these concerns have not been substantiated by empirical investigations . what has not yet been sufficiently addressed are human safety aspects related to approaching and handling group - kept horses . given horse ' s natural tendency to synchronize activity to promote group cohesion , questions remain about how group dynamics influence human–horse interactions . group dynamics influence a variety of management scenarios , ranging from taking a horse out of its social group to the prospect of humans mimicking the horse ' s social system by taking a putative leadership role and seeking after an alpha position in the dominance hierarchy to achieve compliance . yet , there is considerable debate about whether the roles horses attain in their social group are of any relevance in their reactions to humans . this article reviews the empirical data on social dynamics in horses , focusing on dominance and leadership theories and the merits of incorporating those concepts into the human–horse context . this will provide a constructive framework for informed debate and valuable guidance for owners managing group - kept horses and for optimizing human–horse interactions .
the arabian is one of the most popular breeds of horse in america . the arabian horse registry of america , inc . ( which was originally called the arabian horse club of america ) was founded in 1908 . the following year , the first stud book was published and listed 71 purebred arabs in american held by 11 owners . by 1978 , a total of 167 , 501 arabians had been registered and the number of registered owners was 53 , 872 , including canada and mexico . the highest ( non - syndicated ) price paid for an arabian as of this writing was $ 350 , 000 paid for a stallion , cometego , in 1977 .
classic empire has a newfound zest for the job , however , after moving to the bucolic environs of winding oaks farm near ocala . if his four works there are any indication , the pioneerof the nile colt may be ready to re - assert himself as the leader of his generation . and he’s fired fresh in the past , although arguing a potentially swift pace from post 2 leaves him no margin for error .
. h . lawrence’s “the horse dealer’s daughter” is about a woman , mabel pervin , who suffers with depression after the death of her father . with her mother dying when she was fourteen , her siblings and her father with his business as a horse dealer were all she knew . when her father passes away , all she is left with is her father’s debt and her three brothers who treat her with little respect , if any at all . a series of events leads her to a revelation of herself that revitalizes her being , allowing her to love and be loved . “the horse dealer’s daughter” demonstrates a woman’s movement from feeling insignificant and unappreciated to empowered and cared for .
a few years back . i ' ve come across these story - based debunking attempts many times . these types strenuously assert to maintain in the public mind that human cf creation is still a strong possibility where in reality it is not unless the design is small and simple . i for one will investigate any such story and relate my findings to readers on this site , elsewhere and in the field . please take cf
it’s a long way from tipperary to the tracks that host classics and their biggest fear was that the horse would not be able to fly and complete in races in england and france or worse yet injure himself or his handlers severely .
include betty 12 , f ( eltish , assert ) : $ 752 , 280 , 5 wins , mother goose [ g1 ] , fantasy s . [ g3 ] , remington park oaks [ l ] , suncoast s [ l ] , 2nd black - eyed susan [ g2 ] , pin oak valley view s . [ l ] , 3rd coaching club american oaks [ g1 ] , heavenly prize invitational s . [ l ] .
the tennessee walking horse ' s most distinguishing characteristic is its gait , the
running walk .
this gait was not developed merely for show purposes , but was created to carry the rider in a smooth , comfortable fashion . the running walk allows the rider to retain a secure seat involving little exertion or movement . as a result of careful selective breeding of the tennessee walker , the running walk is now inherited . this breed also has an even temperament with an excellent disposition . the tennessee walking horse was first bred by farm owners as a strong , comfortable mount on which they could supervise the work in the fields . now the breed is a distinguished horse more often found in the show ring .
dianne little is a native calgarian who was introduced to gaited horses in 1981 . she has been a director for the alberta walking horse assoc and the canadian registry of the tennessee walking horse , and is vice - president of friends of sound horses , a leader in the promotion of natural , sound , gaited horses . dianne is also director of judges for the independent judges association , a training and licensing body for sound , natural and ethical judging of all gaited breeds .
the pony of the americas breed was founded in 1954 in iowa . the foundation sire was black hand # 1 . among the breeds influencing the poa are the arab , thoroughbred , quarter horse , appaloosa , welsh pony and shetland pony .
exterminator - - born in 1915 , purchased in 1918 as a work horse for sun beau , the derby favorite . when sun beau broke down before the race , exterminator , raced at thirty to one odds , was the surprise winner .
despite the number of gaited breeds and their growing popularity , there is no doubt that gaited horses and gaited horse owners are a minority in the horse industry in alberta , and throughout much of north america . we “gaited horse people” are sometimes seen as not being part of the horse world . that is not true - we are just different . in order to be part of the majority i would have to move to such places as tennessee , kentucky , peru , columbia , or puerto rico . i have no desire to do that , so i will remain part of the minority , celebrate the uniqueness of gaited horses and show you why a journey with gaited horses may be in your future . what is a gaited horse ? this is a challenging question to answer . the webster dictionary defines gait as “any of the various foot movements of a horse , as a walk , single - foot , rack , amble , trot , pace , canter or gallop” and as “a style of foot movement said of horses . ” in everyday speech , however , i think we all know that the term “gaited horses” is not used to describe all horses . the more common definition ( and the one i will use ) is that gaited horses are a subset of horses of various breeds where the intermediate gait is a gait without suspension – the intermediate gait is not the trot . gaited horses are frequently referred to as “soft - gaited” .
- 2016 - 0104 - ea , page 35 , line 132 and 133 , stated the wild horse population on the range was less than in holding ( 47 , 403 in holding ) , according to blm officials in january of 2016 .
the precise origins of the welsh cob are unknown . it can be said , however , that much of the cob ' s character comes from the welsh mountain pony . during the 11th and 12th centuries the pony was crossed with spanish horses to create a larger horse , the powys cob and the welsh cart horse . with the mix of the norfolk roadsters and yorkshire coach horse , including a touch of arabian in the 18th and 19th centuries , the modern welsh cob was produced . there are four stallions in particular that have influenced the welsh cob : trotting comet , foaled in 1836 , cymro llwyd , a dun foaled in 1850 , alonzo the brave , foaled in 1866 , and true briton , foaled in 1830 .
justin morgan ' s most important sons - those which carried on the best morgan qualities - were sherman , woodbury , bulrush , and revenge . perhaps the most famous morgan in harness racing was the great ethan allen . in 1867 at the age of 18 , he won a match race with hambletonian ' s famous son dexter , the supreme trotter of that time . the morgan became a popular mount in the american west after the civil war . it remained the favored horse for carriage work until the automobile superseded horse - drawn vehicles . besides justin morgan , one of the most famous morgan horses was black hawk . he was sired by sherman morgan and out of an unknown mare . it is said she was a from canadian breed stock . black hawk was foaled in new hampshire in 1833 . he was not an attractive horse and was high - strung in his youth . his owner nearly had him gelded . he became a pre - eminent sire and his get were at one time considered a separate breed of horse :
black hawks ,
not morganís . he was the first stallion in american to receive a stud fee of $ 100 , a considerable sum for the 1800 ' s . among his many offspring was the famous trotter ethan allen . although black hawk died in 1856 , he was still considered the second greatest morgan sire in 1900 . the standardbred owes its greatest characteristic - namely speed - to hambletonianís , who proved to be history ' s greatest progenitor of both gait and speed . but the morgan greatly influenced the standardbred ' s stamina and conformation . some 90 percent of modern american saddlehorses such as wing commander and rex peavine trace to peavine , a great - grandson of black hawk . allen f - 1 , the founding sire of the tennessee walking horse was a descendent of black hawk on his dam ' s side . some authorities assert that steel dust , foaled about 1845 and one of the greatest sired in the history of the quarter horse , was a morgan .
the morgan horse is a native american breed with an outstanding reputation for its elegance and versatility . while many breeds have found greatness due to their brilliance at a certain task , the morgan ' s greatness is based on its versatility . it is used in carriage harness , under saddle , in the show ring , sport events , and in many general purpose activities and tasks . the foundation sire , justin morgan , was foaled in massachusetts in 1789 . he was a proponent sire and an extraordinary worker for his size . for many years , the morgan horse was the fastest horse for harness racing . it also earned a great reputation as a cavalry mount in the civil war . the morgan is the only breed accepted as the basis for the cavalry remount service .
whittaker went a step further with his assessment and said lonhro had the best finishing sprint at distances from 1400 to 2000 metres of any horse he had seen in the past 60 years , including bernborough , shannon , tulloch , kingston town and super impose .
horsemen the world over hold strong views on how best to breed a decent horse , and while the traditional need for a good individual will rank high on the list , the one indispensable ingredient at the top of most people ' s lists , is pedigree .
in the official international classification for 1981 , wind and wuthering was rated the second best two - year - old in europe , three pounds behind the french - trained colt green forest . the independent timeform organisation , however , named wind and wuthering their best two - year - old with a rating of 132 , two pounds ahead of green forest . timeform argued that although green forest had won more major races , the form of wind and wuthering ' s dewhurst win was clearly superior to anything achieved by the french colt . in 1982 , wind and wuthering was rated 127 by timeform , seven pounds behind the top - rated three - year - olds assert and green forest . in the international classification he was rated twelve pounds below the top - rated horse golden fleece .
bret hanover - - foaled in 1962 , the
big bum
as he is known , won 62 of 68 career races , and was voted horse of the year for three consecutive years , 1964 - 1966 . he now stands at stud at castleton farm in kentucky .
movement several different styles of movement are associated with gaited horses , but they all yield an efficient and comfortable to ride gait . all styles can be summarized as : • the convex or dorsal flex is roundly collected - the neck is arched , the body is rounded and the head is carried in a vertical position . found most often in the missouri fox trotter , mountain horse or paso fino • the concave or ventral flex is strung out – travels with a hollow back and a neck that is not overly flexed the hind end on this animal tends to be behind the horse . to facilitate the pace and the stepping pace . • the combination of the convex and concave allows the horse to travel with characteristics of both types . • a level back – middle or square gaits as the paso llano and the running walk .
there wasn’t a horse that they wanted they could not or would not buy . at least for now . that would become increasingly more difficult in years to follow when other players entered the market on the same premise , but not yet , the bloodstock world was their oyster .
some trainers have said the one - to two - mile gallops often given to modern - day horses are just as important as breezes or timed workouts used to be . i don ' t know if they ' re right or wrong . you ' d have to ask the horse .
main sunday ( 10f , qui danzig , sovereign dancer ) . 4 wins from 1450m to 2400m , r276 , 200 , turffontein picnic sites at the emerald cup h . , 2d turffontein betting world international h . , 3d turffontein owa ceiling system p . , world horse welfare h .
it is said that the paso fino descends directly from horses brought to the caribbean islands in the early 1500s . the islands ' hilly and rocky terrain negated the use of fast horses . over time this spanish stock , mainly jennet , was selected for a slow , steady , collected gait . existing in such isolated environments some inbreeding took place and the horses declined in size and naturally passed on the unique gaits required to traverse the island terrain . after time , mainly to increase size , these horses were crossed by breeders with arabian , american saddle horse , tennessee walking horse and morgan . only the morgan seemed to improve the breed without nullifying the gaits of the native horses . the horse is now becoming popular in the u . s . ; strains that were developed separately in puerto rico , peru , and colombia are now being merged into a single strain .
unfortunately , money , power and ego are precursors to abuse , and one unfortunate by product of the gaited horse industry is the abuse to which some breeds are subjected . the most blatant abuse is suffered by the tennessee walking horse , my breed of choice . the horse protection act ( hpa ) was passed to stop the abuse of all horses in the show ring , but the only horses named specifically in the act are tennessee walking horses , spotted saddle horses and racking horses . these were and continue to be the worst - abused animals . the abuse to which they are exposed spans the gamut from chemical soring to pressure shoeing and everything in between . under the hpa , the legs of horses from these breeds must not have evidence of any foreign substances on them , they must not have scars on their pasterns , and they must not be sore . they must be examined for soundness prior to showing . examination of these horses now includes the same sniffers that are used for national security . this tests for any chemicals used on the legs . starting this year , thermography will be used to detect inflammation from pressure shoeing . this sounds very scientific and positive , but there are never enough funds to enforce the rules at every show . although it is a federal offense to contravene the horse protection act , few charges are laid . while the abuse of the twh is the most evident , all breeds of horse are subjected to abuse .


janua is a genus of polychaetes , containing the following subgenera and species : dexiospira caullery & mesnil , 1897 janua ainu uchida , 1971 janua bushi ( rioja , 1942 ) janua ceylonica ( pillai , 1960 ) janua corrugata ( montagu , 1803 ) janua glossoeides harris , 1968 janua karaitivensis ( pillai , 1960 ) janua marioni ( caullery & mesnil , 1897 ) janua nipponicus ( okuda , 1934 ) janua oshoroensis uchida , 1971 janua pagenstecheri ( de quatrefages , 1865 ) janua preacuta vine , 1972 janua pusilloides ( bush , 1905 ) janua quasiacuta lommerzheim , 1981 † janua semidentata ( bush , 1905 ) janua spirillum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) janua tricornigerus ( rioja , 1942 ) janua turrita vine , 1972 fauveldora knight-jones , 1972 janua anticorrugata vine , 1972 janua kayi knight-jones , 1972 pillaiospira janua natalensis knight-jones & knight-jones , 1974 janua trifuscata knight-jones , 1973 incertae sedis janua echinata ( wesenberg-lund , 1953 ) janua formosa ( bush , 1904 ) janua pseudocorrugata ( bush , 1904 ) janua steueri ( sterzinger , 1909 )

janua

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( of spirorbis ( janua ) ) fauchald , k . ( 2007 ) . world register of polychaeta . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
taxonomy saint - joseph ( 1894 : 260 ) has a brief comment in a key establishing janua , and in a footnote states established for . . .
» species janua ( pillaiospira ) natalensis knight - jones & knight - jones , 1974 accepted as pillaiospira natalensis knight jones p . & knight - jones e . w . , 1974 ( superseded original combination )
saint - joseph , arthur d’anthoine de . ( 1894 ) . les annélides polychètes des côtes de dinard . troisième partie . annales des sciences naturelles , paris , série 7 . 17 : 1 - 395 , plates i - xiii . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 260 ; note : brief comment in a key establishing janua for spirorbis pagenstecheri [ details ]
( of mera saint - joseph , 1894 ) fauchald , k . ( 1977 ) . the polychaete worms , definitions and keys to the orders , families and genera . natural history museum of los angeles county : los angeles , ca ( usa ) , science series . 28 : 1 - 188 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 151 ; note : listed as referred to janua [ details ]
read , g . ; fauchald , k . ( ed . ) ( 2018 ) . world polychaeta database .
( of mera saint - joseph , 1894 ) saint - joseph , arthur d’anthoine de . ( 1894 ) . les annélides polychètes des côtes de dinard . troisième partie . annales des sciences naturelles , paris , série 7 . 17 : 1 - 395 , plates i - xiii . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
bellan , gerard . ( 2001 ) . polychaeta , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : pp . 214 - 231 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
fauchald , k . ( 1977 ) . the polychaete worms , definitions and keys to the orders , families and genera . natural history museum of los angeles county : los angeles , ca ( usa ) , science series . 28 : 1 - 188 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of mera saint - joseph , 1894 ) rzhavsky , alexander v . ; kupriyanova , elena k . ; sikorski , andrei v . ; dahle , salve . ( 2014 ) . calcareous tubeworms ( polychaeta , serpulidae ) of the arctic ocean . kmk scientific press , moscow . 191 p . [ isbn 978 - 5 - 87317 - 988 - 6 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 92 ; note : complexities of taxonomic history examined [ details ]
( of mera saint - joseph , 1894 ) hartman , olga . ( 1959 ) . catalogue of the polychaetous annelids of the world . parts 1 and 2 . allan hancock foundation occasional paper . 23 : 1 - 628 . page ( s ) : 580 ; note : listed as referred to spirorbis [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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