this species had long been considered to be a subspecies of the black-necked spitting cobra ( naja nigricollis ) , but morphological and genetic differences have led to its recognition as a separate species .

naja nigricincta

naja nigricincta is in the family elapidae and the genus naja . it has two subspecies , naja nigricincta woodi and naja nigricincta nigricincta . both naja nigricincta nigricincta and naja nigricincta woodi were thought to be subspecies of naja nigricollis . wüster et al . ( 2007 ) revealed that naja nigricollis is polyphyletic , so naja nigricincta was recognized as its own species , with two subspecies . naja nigricincta is most closely related to naja ashei and naja mossambica .
naja nigricollis belongs to the cobra genus naja under the family elapidae . it previously included two subspecies that have been moved to the species naja nigricincta - the zebra spitting cobra ( naja nigricincta nigricincta ) and the black spitting cobra ( naja nigricincta woodi ) .
naja nigricollis nigricincta bogert 1940 naja nigricollis var . fasciata bocage 1895 : 136 ( fide broadley 1974 ) naja nigricollis nigricinctus bogert 1940 naja mossambica nirgicincta — broadley 1968 naja nigricollis nigricincta — welch 1994 : 93 naja nigricollis nigricincta — auerbach 1987 : 199 naja nigricollis nigricincta — bauer et al . 1993 naja nigricincta — cimatti 2007 naja nigricincta — wüster et al . 2007 naja ( afronaja ) nigricincta — wallach et al . 2009 afronaja nigricincta — wallach et al . 2014 : 10 naja nigricincta — schleicher 2015 : 209 naja nigricincta woodi pringle 1955 naja nigra smith 1838 : 92 ( fide branch & bauer 2005 ) naja nigricollis woodi pringle 1955 naja mossambica woodi — broadley 1968 naja nigricollis woodi — broadley 1974 : 158 naja nigricollis woodi — welch 1994 : 93 naja nigricollis woodi — auerbach 1987 : 198 naja woodi — bauer & branch 2003 naja nigricincta woodi — wüster et al . 2007 naja nigricincta woodi — bates et al . 2014 : 405 naja nigricincta woodi — schleicher 2015 : 207
naja nigricincta is a species of spitting cobra in the genus naja belonging to the family elapidae .
the black - necked spitting cobra ' belongs to the cobra genus naja under the family elapidae . it previously included two subspecies that have been moved to the species naja nigricincta - the zebra spitting cobra ( naja nigricincta nigricincta ) and the black spitting cobra ( naja nigricincta woodi ) .
naja nigricollis previously included two subspecies - naja nigricollis nigricincta and naja nigricollis woodi . but genetic studies in 2007 by wolfgang wüster et al . have concluded that these subspecies should be treated under a separate species , naja nigricincta . [ 4 ]
cunningham , p . & van der waal , c . 2010 . naja nigricincta nigricincta ( bogert , 1940 ) diet . african herp news ( 51 ) : 9 - 11
naja nigricollis reinhardt 1843 : 369 naja nigricollis var . crawshayi günther 1893 naja nigricillis var . occidentalis bocage 1895 naja nigricollis — schmidt 1923 : 128 ( fide broadley 1968 ) naja nigricollis atriceps laurent 1955 : 135 naja nigricollis crawshayi — laurent 1956 : 298 naja nigricollis occidentalis — laurent 1973 naja nigricollis nigricollis — broadley & howell 1991 : 24 naja nigricollis nigricollis — welch 1994 : 93 naja crawshayi — broadley & cotterill 2004 naja nigricollis — chirio & ineich 2006 naja crawshayi — branch 2008 naja nigricollis — wallach et al . 2009 afronaja nigricollis — wallach et al . 2014 : 10 afronaja crawshayi — wallach et al . 2014 : 9 naja ( afronaja ) nigricollis — conradie et al . 2016 naja nigricollis — spawls et al . 2018 : 555
barts , mirko . 2014 . naja nigricincta nigricincta bogert , 1940 zebraschlange , namibia speikobra , western barred cobra , zebra cobra . sauria 36 ( 1 ) : 1 - 2 - get paper here
one easy way to distinguish the two species is by their geographic ranges . naja nigricollis has a much larger and slightly more northern range than that of naja nigricincta . naja nigricollis can be found all the way from southern mauritania across to somalia , down to mozambique and across to northern namibia . naja nigricincta is only found in namibia , angola , and south africa .
common names ( subsp . nigricincta ) western barred spitting cobra , zebra spitting cobra
venomous ! boycott & haacke ( 1979 ) noted intergradation between nigricincta and woodi in southern namibia .
naja nigricincta can grow to lengths of up to 1 . 5 meters ( 4 . 9 feet ) . they are short compared to many other species of cobra .
naja nigricollis reinhardt , 1843 at the reptile database . accessed 10 may 2012 .
naja nigricincta is an african species , found in the southwestern tip of the continent . it is known to exist in namibia , south africa , and angola , especially in northern namibia and southwestern angola .
naja nigricincta is a venomous spitting cobra found in southwestern africa . it was originally thought to be a subspecies of naja nigricollis , but recent morphological data has shown that it is a separate species . for this reason , not a lot of information is known that is specific to this particular species .
naja nigricincta will raise the anterior portion of its body and flatten its head and neck to form a hood when threatened . if further provoked it will
spit
or squirt venom into the eyes of its attacker .
naja nigricollis ( tsn 700633 ) at integrated taxonomic information system . accessed 10 may 2012 .
naja nigricincta feeds primarily on rodents . it will defend itself if threatened by spitting venom in its enemy ' s eyes . there are accounts each year of humans being bitten by this snake , but with only about a 5 - 10 % fatality rate .
n . ashei , n . katiensis , n . mossambica , n . nigricincta , n . nigricollis , n . nubiae and n . pallida : spitting cobras , speikobras
abraham , g . 1981 . interessante jugendfärbung bei naja nigricollis . sauria 3 ( 2 ) : 21 - 21 - get paper here
naja nigricincta has an unusual venom compared to other elapids . while it retains the neurotoxic properties found in most elapid venom , it is made up primarily of cytotoxins ( fry et al . 2003 ) . the combination of these toxins can cause massive hemorrhaging , necrosis around the bite wound , and paralysis of the diaphragm in bite victims .
naja nigricincta is a member of the family elapidae . it is a venomous cobra . like other elapids , it injects venom into its prey with short front fangs . it is a spitting cobra , and can spit venom at its enemies . it uses a venom that is primarily cytotoxic , but still retains neurotoxic properties found in most elapid venoms .
naja nigricincta is an oviparous venomous spitting cobra with dark brown to black body and zebra - like vertical whitish or light yellow stripes along the dorsal side . these stripes are generally evenly spaced and can be complete or fragmented . the ventral scales range from white to orange in color . in juvenile snakes the overall coloration is lighter than in the adults ,
kraits cobras sea snakes and relatives : elapidae - black - necked spitting cobra ( naja nigricollis ) : species accounts . retrieved on 10 may 2012 .
abriol , sabrina . spitting cobra ( naja nigricollis ) . herpetology - dr . dever . university of san francisco , california . retrieved on 10 may 2012 .
broadley , d . g . 1958 . the races of naja nigricollis occurring in rhodesia . j . herp . assoc . rhodesia 2 : 5–6 - get paper here
pringle , ja . 1955 . a new species of the spitting cobra naja nigricollis reinhardt from the cape province . ann . natal mus . 13 : 253 - 254 .
solid black , or grey body with black hood and head , in some cases it is outwardly identical to naja nigricollis and can only be distinguished by size and range .
hughes , d . f . , et al . 2017 . geographic distribution : naja nigricollis ( black - necked spitting cobra ) . herpetological review 48 ( 2 ) : 392
pringle , j ( 1955 ) .
a new subspecies of the spitting cobra naja nigricollis from the cape province
13 ( 2 ) . natal museum . pp . 253–254 .
naja nigricincta can also spit or squirt this venom at enemies . it has specialized hollow fangs that allow it to spit its venom perpendicular to the axis of the fang . the snakes are able to determine where the face and eyes of its attacker are , and can hit their targets with surprising accuracy , making it very dangerous . venom in the eyes can cause temporary or permanent blindness . venom on the skin can cause mild to severe irritation .
naja nigricollis - general details , taxonomy and biology , venom , clinical effects , treatment , first aid , antivenoms . wch clinical toxinology resource . university of adelaide . retrieved on 10 may 2012 .
broadley , d . g . 1968 . a review of the african cobras of the genus naja ( serpentes : elapinae ) . arnoldia ( rhodesia ) ( ser . 3 ) 29 : 1 - 14
broadley , d . g . 1974 . a review of the cobras of the naja nigricollis complex in southwestern africa ( serpentes : elapidae ) . cimbebasia ( ser . a ) 2 : 155 - 162 .
hoser , r . 2009 . a reclassification of the true cobras ; species formerly referred to the genera naja , boulengerina and paranaja . australasian j . herpetol . 7 : 1 - 15 - get paper here
haagner , g . v . ; branch , w . r . 1993 . geographical distribution - naja nigricollis woodi . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 42 ) : 43 - 43 - get paper here
wallach , v . ; wüster , w . & broadley , d . g . 2009 . in praise of subgenera : taxonomic status of cobras of the genus naja laurenti ( serpentes : elapidae ) . zootaxa 2236 : 26–36 - get paper here
wüster , w . & broadley , d . g . 2007 . get an eyeful of this : a new species of giant spitting cobra from eastern and north - eastern africa ( squamata : serpentes : elapidae : naja ) . zootaxa 1532 : 51–68 - get paper here
fryklund , linda ; eaker , david ( july 1975 ) .
complete covalent structure of a cardiotoxin from the venom of naja nigricollis ( african black - necked spitting cobra )
. biochemistry 14 ( 13 ) : 2865–2871 . pmid 1148181 . retrieved on 10 may 2012 .
all animals pictured on this page are in our collection , and owned by us . the photos were taken by us , unless otherwise labeled . we are still looking specimens of naja philippinensis , and extra specimens of species we already have . if you have something for sale , please contact us , at the link above .
boycott , r . c . , and w . d . haacke 1979 . note on the type - locality , distribution and juvenile coloration of naja nigricollis woodi ( serpentes : elapidae ) and an account of the colour - pattern variation in intergrade populations . annals of the cape provincial museum ( nat . hist . ) 13 : 31 - 36
wüster , wolfgang ; steven crookes , ivan ineich , youssouph mané , catharine e . pook , jean - francois trape , donald g . broadley 2007 . the phylogeny of cobras inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences : evolution of venom spitting and the phylogeography of the african spitting cobras ( serpentes : elapidae : naja nigricollis complex ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 45 : 437–453 - get paper here
n . ashei , n . nigricollis , n . nigricincta , n . mossambica , n . katiensis , n . nubiae and n . pallida can
spit
venom a distance of over 2 m . through pressure on the venom glands , the venom is ejected through the fangs . unlike the fangs of ordinary cobras , these snakes have fangs in which the venom channel is forward - facing in the final section leading to the orifice through which the venom is released . the ejected venom spreads out as a fine spray , and thus has a fairly good chance of reaching the sensitive eyes of the victim .
wüster , w . , s . crookes , i . ineich , y . mane , c . e . pook , j . - f . trape & d . g . broadley ( 2007 )
the phylogeny of cobras inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences : evolution of venom spitting and the phylogeography of the african spitting cobras ( serpentes : elapidae : naja nigricollis complex )
. molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 45 : 437 - 453 .
unlike other snakes , naja nigricollis can be either nocturnal or diurnal depending on the time of year , geographic location , and average daytime temperature . this adaptability allows the snake to better regulate its body temperature and to gain access to the most abundant food sources of a particular area . it feeds primarily on small rodents , such as small rats and mice , birds , and fishes , but will also eat lizards , eggs , and other snakes . [ 13 ]
the range of naja nigricollis is currently expanding from the southeastern regions of nigeria to the more desert and arid conditions in the central part of the nation . [ 9 ] they also live in coastal scrubs and dry grasslands . like other cobra species , they may find abandoned termite mounds or rodent holes to hide or cool off . however , tree trunks seem to be their favourite hiding places . they are excellent tree climbers , thus can be arboreal at times . because they are so common across africa , they are encountered in villages or small towns where they may come in direct contact with people . [ 9 ]
n namibia , sw angola ; type locality : munhino , s . w . angola .
woodi : republic of south africa , w lesotho , s namibia , s botswana ; type locality : citrusdal , cape province .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
auerbach , r . d . 1987 . the amphibians and reptiles of botswana . mokwepa consultants , botswana , 295 pp .
bates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .
bauer , aaron m . ; branch , william r . & haacke , wulf d . 1993 . the herpetofauna of the kamanjab area and adjacent damaraland , namibia . madoqua ( windhoek ) 18 ( 2 ) : 117 - 145 .
bogert , c . m . 1940 . herpetological results of the vernay angola expedition . i . snakes , including an arrangement of the african colubridae . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 77 : 1 - 107
branch , william r . 1993 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . cape town : struik publishers , 144 s .
branch , william r . & bauer , aaron m . 2005 . the herpetological contributions of sir andrew smith . ssar , 80 pp .
cimatti , e . 2007 . namibia - introduction to a vast territory . reptilia ( gb ) ( 50 ) : 58 - 67 - get paper here
dobiey , m . & vogel , g . 2007 . venomous snakes of africa / giftschlangen afrikas . edition chimaira , terralog 15 , 150 pp . - get paper here
herrmann , h . - w . ; w . r . branch 2013 . fifty years of herpetological research in the namib desert and namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist . journal of arid environments 93 : 94–115 - get paper here
schleicher , alfred 2015 . reptilien namibias . namibia scientific society , 276 pp .
smith , a . 1838 . contributions to the natural history of southern africa . art . viii . mag . nat . hist . , london , 2 ( 14 ) : 92 - 94
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
in juvenile snakes , the overall coloration of the snake is lighter than that of the adult morph . juveniles are predominantly white , gray , or yellow with light gray to black bars . as they age , the darker coloration fills in . the hoods and heads of juveniles are distinctly different from those of adults . the heads and hoods of juveniles are not uniform in color like their adult morphs . juveniles have a patch of very dark coloration on their throats , similar to that of the hoods of adults , but this coloration only exists on the ventral side of the neck and hood . this dark patch is separated from the head by a region of white , yellow , or gray scales . while the heads of juveniles are still darker in coloration compared to the rest of their body , they are still only light brown or gray in color . the head does , however , maintain a distinctly darker color than the rest of the body , aside from the very dark throat patch . as the snakes age , the gray , white or yellow region that separates the throat patch from the head will become darker , and the head and throat patch will become more uniform in color to produce the very dark hoods seen in adults .
continent : africa distribution : n namibia , sw angola ; type locality : munhino , s . w . angola . woodi : republic of south africa , w lesotho , s namibia , s botswana ; type locality : citrusdal , cape province .
) , but morphological and genetic differences have led to its recognition as a separate species .
, is given its name because of the dark crossbars that run the length of the snake ' s body . the subspecies
, is solid black and is found only in the desert areas of southern africa . both subspecies are smaller than
; with average adult lengths of less than 1 . 5 metres ( 4 . 9 ft ) .
these snakes can flatten head and neck into a hood , similarly to many species of cobra . the heads and hoods are uniformly dark brown or black .
can cause massive hemorrhaging , necrosis and paralysis in bite victims . these snakes can also spit its venom , hitting their enemies with great accuracy and causing temporary or permanent blindness .
this species is native to parts of southern africa ( namibia , southern angola and south africa ) .
bogert , cm ( 1940 ) .
herptologie d ' angola et du congo
. lisbon : impromerie nationale .
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the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
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physical characteristics : the black - necked spitting cobra may be solid black or brown , or it may be striped with black and white . it has two sharp , thin fangs that it uses to spray its venom . these snakes can reach a length of 79 inches ( 2 meters ) .
geographic range : this snake lives in western , central , and southern africa .
habitat : the black - necked spitting cobra usually lives in grasslands , but it sometimes enters villages and cities , where it can cause quite an uproar among human residents , who worry about being poisoned with its venom .
although it spends much of its time on the ground , the black - necked spitting cobra can easily climb into bushes and trees . ( illustration by dan erickson . reproduced by permission . )
diet : the black - necked spitting cobra eats almost anything it finds , including frogs and toads , birds and their eggs , and other reptiles .
behavior and reproduction : although it spends much of its time on the ground , this cobra can easily climb into bushes and trees . it is most active at night , but it sometimes moves about during the day . females lay eight to twenty eggs at a time .
black - necked spitting cobras and people : local people fear this snake , which can spray venom almost 10 feet ( 3 meters ) . the snake aims for the eyes , and the venom can be very painful and can even cause blindness if the person is not treated immediately . a bite from the snake can kill a person .
conservation status : the black - necked spitting cobra is not endangered or threatened . ∎
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general shape medium to large , slightly depressed , tapered and moderately slender bodied snake with a medium length tail . body compressed dorsoventrally and sub - cylindrical posteriorly . has long cervical ribs capable of expansion to form a hood when threatened . can grow to a maximum of about 1 . 5 metres . head broad , flattened and slightly distinct from neck . canthus is distinct . snout is rounded . dorsal scales are smooth and strongly oblique . eyes medium in size with round pupils . dorsal scale count often 23 - 21 - 15 .
habits spitting cobra . nocturnal , although juveniles often forage during the day . if confronted , it will raise its forebody , spread its hood and readily spit ( squirts ) venom at the eyes of an intruder or aggressor . seldom bites .
prey feeds on a wide variety of small vertebrates , with lizards and rodents being the most common prey .
general : other these snakes can spit their venom , causing venom spit ophthalmia .
description : first aid for bites by elapid snakes which are likely to cause significant local damage at the bite site as their major clinical effect ( see listing in comments section ) . this includes venom spat into eyes by spitting cobras .
treatment summary potentially severe bites , with both local tissue damage and paralysis . admit all cases . support impaired respiration . good wound care essential . avoid unnecessary surgery . for cases with paralytic features or major local effects , iv antivenom is appropriate .
general approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .
antivenom therapy antivenom is the key treatment for systemic envenoming . multiple doses may be required .
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light or dark brown to black , with vertical white or light yellow bars . the bars have flecks of brown or black and are generally evenly spaced along the length of the snake . the bars can either be straight and complete across the entire dorsal side of the snake , or they can be broken up into fragments , sometimes ending in an upside - down
y
formation . this barred pattern can sometimes carry over to the ventral side of the snake . the ventral scales range from white to orange in color , and are often colored with patches of brown .
juveniles are predominantly white , gray , or yellow with light gray to black bars .
. most easily distinguished by virtue of having lower ventral and sub caudal scale counts , particular when sex is taken into account .
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the bite of most elapids is not painful . you can be bitten and envenomated without noticing it .
? ? ? to ? ? ? meter above sea level ( a . s . l . )
. they are moderately sized snakes that can grow to a length of 1 . 2 to 2 . 2 m ( 3 . 9 to 7 . 2 ft ) in length . their coloration and markings can vary considerably . they prey primarily on small
5–10 % , in endemic regions under 1 % ) . like other spitting cobras , they can eject venom from their fangs when threatened ( one drop over 7 metres ( 23 ft ) and more in perfect accuracy ) . the
venom irritates the skin , causing blisters and inflammation , and can cause permanent blindness if the venom makes contact with the eyes and is not washed off .
. it is absent from the rainforests of the congo basin . it has been recorded from
, niger , nigeria , senegal , sierra leone , gambia , mauritania , sudan , tanzania , somalia , togo , uganda , zambia .
in moist savanna and cleared former forest regions , particularly near rivers and streams .
occurs in southeastern nigeria where their habitat has been transformed from rainforest to man - made farmlands , plantations , suburban areas , and a few fragmented forests . this species of cobra has found advantages in the drastic changes which have taken place in nigeria ' s rainforests . a study by herpetologist luca luiselli suggests this snake now forages in much drier microhabitats .
like other snakes , it may fall prey to raptors , especially different species of snake eagles that migrate to africa when it is winter in the northern hemisphere . the short - toed snake eagle ( circaetus gallicus ) may be a particular threat , as it is almost strictly an ophiophagus raptor . [ 14 ] other snakes also prey on this species . [ 15 ]
at a potential threat . the venom is an irritant to the skin and eyes . if it enters the eyes , symptoms include extreme burning pain , loss of coordination , partial loss of vision , and permanent blindness .
is known for its tendency to liberally spit venom and bite with only the slightest provocation .
this species is sometimes found in captivity , and wild - caught individuals are generally nervous and prone to spitting . captive - bred animals tend to be much more docile and calm when compared to their wild - caught counterparts . [ 7 ]
like other cobra species , this snake is oviparous . [ 16 ] the mating season of this species can vary from the end of winter ( september ) to the beginning of summer ( december ) . usually , the mating season is the same whether in captivity or in the wild . females will commonly lay 10 to 15 eggs but can lay anywhere between eight and 22 eggs at a time . [ 15 ] the gestation period lasts about 90–100 days , but once the eggs are laid , they hatch in 60–70 days , and need to be in a temperature of 28–30 °c ( 82–86 °f ) . at birth , the young are about 20 to 25 centimeters ( 7 . 9 to 9 . 8 in ) in length and are completely independent .
around the bite area and difficulty breathing . although the mortality rate in untreated cases is low ( ~
. the average venom yield per bite of this species is 200 to 350 mg ( dry weight ) according to minton ( 1974 ) .
; andreas johann wagner ; franz hermann troschel ; wilhelm ferdinand erichson ; carl ernst siebold ( 1847 ) .
herpetology
. in george busk , alfred tulk , alexander henry haliday .
luiselli , luca ( 2001 ) .
the ghost of a recent invasion in the reduced feeding rates of spitting cobras during the dry season in a rainforest region of tropical africa
.
. new york , usa : sterling ; illustrated edition . p . 176 .
. leipzig ; english version ny , usa : leipzig publishing ; english version published by exeter books ( 1982 ) . p . 71 .
chaim - matyas , adina ; ovadia , michael ( 20 april 1987 ) .
cytotoxic activity of various snake venoms on melanoma , b16f10 and chondrosarcoma
.
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the species is very common and is widespread throughout sub - saharan africa and is found in western , eastern , central , and southern africa . it can be found all along eastern africa south of the sahara desert in kenya , uganda , tanzania , rwanda , and southern somalia . it is found in nigeria , liberia , senegal , and benin in western africa . it is common in zambia , central african republic , angola , and cameroon in central africa . in southern africa , it is found in the northern parts of zimbabwe , botswana , namibia and mozambique . [ 5 ]
unlike other snakes , the black - necked spitting cobra can be either nocturnal or diurnal depending on the time of year , geographic location , and average daytime temperature . this adaptability allows the snake to better regulate its body temperature and to gain access to the most abundant food sources of a particular area . it feeds primarily on small rodents , such as small rats and mice , but will eat lizards , eggs and other snakes . [ 10 ]
like other snakes , it may fall prey to different birds of prey , especially different species of snake eagles which migrate to africa when it is winter in the northern hemisphere . the short - toed snake eagle ( circaetus gallicus ) may be a particular threat , as it is almost strictly an ophiophagus raptor . [ 11 ] other snakes also prey on this species . [ 12 ]
like other spitting cobras , this species is known for its ability to project venom at a potential threat . the venom is an irritant to the skin and eyes . if it enters the eyes , symptoms include extreme burning pain , loss of coordination , partial loss of vision and permanent blindness . this species is known for its tendency to liberally spit venom with only the slightest provocation . however , this aggressiveness is counterbalanced by it being less prone to bite than other related species . [ 8 ] [ 10 ]
this species is sometimes found in captivity , and wild - caught individuals are generally nervous and prone to spitting . captive - bred animals tend to be much more docile and calm when compared to their wild - caught counterparts . [ 5 ]
like other cobra species , this snake is oviparous . [ 13 ] the mating season of this species can vary from the end of winter ( september ) to the beginning of summer ( december ) . usually , the mating season is the same whether in captivity or in the wild . females will usually lay 10 to 15 eggs , but they can lay anywhere between eight and 22 eggs at a time . [ 12 ] the gestation period lasts about 90–100 days , but once the eggs are laid , they hatch in 60–70 days , and need to be in a temperature of 28 - 30°c ( 82 . 4 - 86°f ) . at birth , the young are about 20 to 25 cm ( 7 . 9 to 9 . 8 in ) in length and are completely independent .
; andreas johann wagner , franz hermann troschel , wilhelm ferdinand erichson , carl ernst siebold ( 1847 ) . “herpetology” ,
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the ghost of a recent invasion in the reduced feeding rates of spitting cobras during the dry season in a rainforest region of tropical africa
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chaim - matyas , adina ; ovadia , michael ( 20 ) .
cytotoxic activity of various snake venoms on melanoma , b16f10 and chondrosarcoma
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warrell , david a . . snake bite . seminar . lancet 2010 ( volume 375 , issue 1 ) . retrieved on 10 may 2012 .
fry , dr . bryan grieg . ld50 for various snakes . australian venom and toxin database . venom doc . retrieved on 10 may 2012 .
cz is free . all written content is available under the creative commons - attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license or any later . written content that originated in part from wikipedia is also available under gnu free documentation license 1 . 2 . dedicated server hosting generously provided by steadfast networks help • financial report • statistics • blog follow citizendium on twitter • facebook • google +
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kaiser , h . ; crother , b . i . ; kelly , c . m . r . ; luiselli , l . ; o’shea , m . ; ota , h . ; passos , p . ; schleip , w . d . & wüster , w . 2013 . best practices : in the 21st century , taxonomic decisions in herpetology are acceptable only when supported by a body of evidence and published via peer - review . herpetological review 44 ( 1 ) : 8 - 23
lanza , b . 1990 . amphibians and reptiles of the somali democratic republic : check list and biogeography . biogeographia , 14 : 407 - 465 [ 1988 ]
lanza , b . 1983 . a list of the somali amphibians and reptiles . monitore zoologico italiano , new ser . , suppl . 18 ( 8 ) : 193 - 247
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reinhardt , j . t . 1843 . beskrivelse af nogle nye slangearter . danske vidensk . selsk . afhandl . 10 : 233 - 279 . - get paper here
rhodin , a . g . j . , h . kaiser , p . p . van dijk , w . wüster , m . o’shea , m . archer , m . auliya , l . boitani , r . bour , v . clausnitzer , t . contreras - macbeath , b . i . crother , j . m . daza , c . a . driscoll , o . flores - villela , j . frazier , u . fritz , a . gardner , c . gascon , 2015 . comment on spracklandus hoser , 2009 ( reptilia , serpentes , elapidae ) : request for confirmation of the availability of the generic name and for the nomenclatural validation of the journal in which it was published ( case 3601 ; see bzn 70 : 234–237 ; 71 : 3 bull . zool . nomenclature 72 ( 1 ) : 65 - 78
robertson , i . a . d . , b . m . chapman and n . f . chapman 1963 . notes on some reptiles collected in the rukwa valley , s . w . tanganyika . ann . mag . nat . hist . ser . 13 , 5 ( 55 ) : 421‑432 - get paper here
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schmidt , k . p . 1923 . contributions to the herpetology of the belgian congo based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition , 1909 - 1915 . part ii . snakes , with field notes by herbert lang and james p . chapin . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 49 ( 1 ) : 1 - 146
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sow , andack saad ; duarte vasconcelos gonçalves , fábio vieira sousa , fernando martínez - freiría , frederico santarém , guillermo velo - antón , hamidou dieng , joão carlos campos , saer khayar diagne , zbyszek boratyński , josé carlos brito 2017 . atlas of the distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the diawling national park , mauritania basic and applied herpetology - get paper here
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sternfeld , r . 1910 . zur schlangenfauna deutsch - südwestafrikas . mehrere fälle von mimikry bei afrikanischen schlangen . mitt . zool . mus . berlin , 5 : 51 - 60 - get paper here
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html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
africa and the arabian peninsula . see link
distribution
at the top of the page for detailed information .
the most distinctive characteristic of the cobras is the flat hood ( fig . 4 . 57 ) that is erected by the extension of ribs in the neck while the snake ' s upper body is raised . this peculiarity is only observed during warning behaviour ; at other times cobras resemble ordinary snakes . several other african elapids also demonstrate this defensive behaviour ( boulengerina sp . , pseudohaje sp . , hemachatus haemachatus ) .
widely distributed , except for sandy desert areas , where they are rarely seen ; also found at altitudes of up to 2 , 500 m above sea level . particularly prevalent in open habitats such as grasslands and scrub , but also found in plantations and forested areas . n . melanoleuca lives in forested areas . n . nigricollis , n . nivea and n . mossambica often seen close to human settlements or on the outskirts of cities , where they sometimes enter houses in search of water or prey .
predominantly nocturnal . very agile snakes that show typical defensive behaviour when threatened ( see above ) , while producing hissing sounds . however , a strike is not always preceded by a threat display ! when cobras bite , they usually do not release immediately , but rather use chewing motions for several seconds to inject the venom .
if venom from spitting cobras enters the eyes , there is a risk of blindness if the eyes are not treated promptly and appropriately ( warrell and oremond 1976 ) . over half of the 40 spitting cobra ( n . nigricollis ) victims cited by pugh et al . ( 1980 ) in the malumfashi area of northern nigeria were injuredt in or near houses . the authors number an incidence of venom ophthalmia of 6 - 8 / 100 , 000 population per year . in their review on ophtalmia caused by spitting cobras and rinkhals ( hemachatus haemachatus ) chu et al . ( 2010 ) give an overview on the epidemiology in africa and asia .
broadley 1983 , broadley and cock 1989 , broadley and wüster 2004 , freyvogel and honegger 1965 , golay 1985 , pitman 1974 , roman 1980 , sweeny 1971 , villiers 1975 , visser and chapman 1978 , o ' shea 2005 , wüster and broadley 2003 and 2007 , wüster et al . 2007 , trape et al . 2009 , wallach et al . 2009


lyclene acutiseriata is a moth of the family erebidae .

it was described by holloway in 2001 .

it is found on borneo .

the habitat consists of lowland forests , but the species has also been recorded from cultivated areas .

the length of the forewings is about 7 mm .

lyclene acutiseriata

lyclene acutiseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 161 , 166 ; tl : brunei , pengkalan batu agr . stn
lyclene cumseriata bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene labyrintha bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene lineidistincta bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene malayproducta bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene pectena bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene pingera bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene fruhstorferi aurivillius , 1894 ; ent . tidskr . 15 : 172 ; tl : java
lyclene undulata bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene valdenigra bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene venustula bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene biseriata ; [ mob7 ] : 344 , pl . 4 , f . 154 , 169
lyclene circumdata ; [ mob7 ] : 347 , pl . 4 , f . 163 , 168
lyclene cuneigera ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 181 , 184
lyclene peloa ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 204 , 207
lyclene xanthopera ; [ mob7 ] : 345 , pl . 4 , f . 156 , 170
lyclene x - linea bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene cuneifera ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 4a , 188 , 209
lyclene
synestramena ; [ mob7 ] : 357 , pl . 4 , f . 192 , 195
lyclene cuneigera walker , 1862 , j . linn . soc . ( zool . ) , 6 : 113 .
lyclene cuneifera walker , 1862 , j . linn . soc . ( zool . ) , 6 : 113 .
lyclene ( nudariina ) ; scott , zaspel , chialvo & weller , 2014 , syst . ent . 39 : 288
lyclene asaphes ; dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 , amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 179 ( note )
lyclene cylletona ; dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 , amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 180 ( note )
lyclene arcuata ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40
lyclene congerens ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40
lyclene conjunctana ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40
lyclene dasara ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene goaensis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene hollowai ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene kishidai ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene lutara ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene metamelas ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene nebulosa ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene nubilalis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene toxodes ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene uncalis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene undulosa ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene atrigutta walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 116 ; tl : sarawak
lyclene classeigera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 183 ; tl : sarawak , kuching , semongok
lyclene cuneifera walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 113 ; tl : borneo , sarawak
lyclene distributa walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 113 ; tl : borneo , sarawak
lyclene distributa ; [ mob18 ] , 45 ( note ) ; [ mob7 ] : 356 , pl . 4 , f . 202 , 215
lyclene angulinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 350 , pl . 4 , f . 206 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene apiseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 344 , pl . 4 , f . 153 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene peloa swinhoe , 1904 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 14 ( 84 ) : 420 ; tl : padang , sumatra
lyclene postseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 158 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene radians moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 30 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : calcutta
lyclene unguifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 353 , pl . 4 , f . 193 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , 5500ft
lyclene obtusilinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 349 , pl . 4 , f . 174 , 179 ; tl : brunei , 1670m , bukit pagon
lyclene puncakica dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 ; amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 180 ; tl : sulawesi selat , puncak , 27km w palopo
lyclene angulifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 353 , pl . 4 , f . 187 , 210 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene excaviseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 345 , pl . 4 , f . 155 , 165 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene fusciramorum holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 194 , 197 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene multiramorum holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 354 , pl . 4 , f . 191 , 196 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene pseudobunda holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 171 , 182 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene areolifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 189 , 211 ; tl : n . borneo , mt . kina balu
lyclene goaensis kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 117 ; tl : india , goa , keri , 90m
lyclene hollowai kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 112 ; tl : india , gurajat , saputara , 970m
lyclene kishidai kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 110 ; tl : india , kerala , chendruni , 70m
lyclene uncalis kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 111 ; tl : india , karnataka , medikeri , 1100m
lyclene obscurilinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 173 , 176 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , mesilau , 1500m
lyclene poring holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 160 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu
lyclene ashleigera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 180 , 185 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu
lyclene diehli dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 ; amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 179 ; tl : nort sumatra , sindar raya , 98°57 ' e , 3°09 ' n
lyclene falciseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 159 , 164 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu
lyclene kepica dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 285 , f . 6 ; tl : cambodia , kep , 10 . 494°n , 104 . 296°e , 51m
lyclene mesilaulinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 349 , pl . 4 , f . 175 , 177 , 270 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , mesilau , 1500m
lyclene quadrata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 347 , pl . 4 , f . 162 , 167 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu
lyclene pudibunda ; [ mob7 ] : 350 , pl . 4 , f . 172 , 186 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene kosterini dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 284 , f . 5 ; tl : cambodia , kampot , boko hill staion , 1030m , 10°37 ' 37
n 104°01 ' 33
e
lyclene kontumica dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 285 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : vietnam , ngoc linh , kon tum prov , 14°45 ' - 15°15 ' n ; 107°21 ' - 108°20 ' e
lyclene semifascia ; moore , 1882 , lepid . ceylon 2 ( 1 ) : 63 , pl . 103 , f . 7 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene zinchenkoi dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 284 , f . 4 ; tl : thailand , phisanulok , 18km n nakhon , tail vil . , 426m , 17°15 , 7 ' n , ; 100°51 , 4 ' e
hampson ( 1900 ) included the more lightly marked l . assamica moore as a synonym , but this needs confirmation . the male genitalia have valves with only the saccular process strong . the aedeagus has an unusual apical comb of spines , but the vesica is typical of lyclene with some scobination and a single , blade - like cornutus at the end of a diverticulum . the female genitalia have a bursa consistent with placement in lyclene but more heavily sclerotised than average , including an appendix - like structure that presumably receives the cornutus .
lyclene weidenhofferi cerný , 2012 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo 32 ( 3 / 4 ) : 121 ; tl : n . thailand , chiang mai , fang , doi ang khang , 1425m , 29°54 ' 10
n , 99°2 ' 28
e
lyclene humilis ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 32 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene linga ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 40 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene radians ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 37 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene spilosomoides ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene strigipennis ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene dharma ; [ mob7 ] : 344 ( note ) ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 34 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene calamaria ; [ mob7 ] : 356 , pl . 4 , f . 203 , 214 ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40
lyclene obsoleta ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 190 , 198 ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 34 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
, possible 7mm . the size is as in biseriata , but the forewing central fascia is present . the valves have bilateral symmetry , the costal process diagnostically straight and acute . the aedeagus vesica has the cornuti well separate , the more basal one set on a diverticulum .
1 ( slide 5210 ) sabah : poring , 1800ft . , e . of mt . kinabalu , 20 - 23 . i . 1976 ( e . w . classey ) ; 2 ( slide 2713 ) sarawak : gunong mulu nat . park , r . g . s . exped . 1977 - 8 ( j . d . holloway et al . ) , site 20 , mar . - april , w . melinau gorge , 150m . 422577 , feg 3 , kerangas ; 1 sarawak as previous but site 23 , 250m . 430558 , feg 4 , limestone forest ; 1 ( slide 5427 ) sarawak as previous but site 11 , camp 1 , mulu , 150m . 385470 , mixed dipt . f . / river .
the species has been taken in a wide range of lowland forest types and in a cultivated area .
asura lutaroides van eecke , 1926 , zool . meded . leiden , 9 : 289 , syn . n .
see under l . pudibunda above for distinction of cuneigera and allies . the holotype male of lutaroides has genitalia that match those of the bornean male ( slide 5329 ) collected by a . r . wallace . the original description refers to a male , but the specimen labelled as the type of cuneigera in bmnh is female ( slide 5318 ) , following hampson ( 1900 ) . the male genitalia have the saccular process with a distinctive ‘ball and spur’ apex , and the aedeagus vesica bears two large cornutus spines . the female has sclerotised disc - like pads on either side of the seventh segment . in balinese specimens the apical part of the male saccular process is more complex , and the female has double pads on each side of the seventh segment ( slides 5351 , 5360 ) .
the only material seen is that originally collected by a . r . wallace in sarawak , probably in the lowlands .
this species is recorded from a range of lowland forest types , including heath forest , and lower montane forest as high as 1000m .
, 8 - 9mm . the facies is as in pudibunda , but the hindwing lacks a medial band . the male genitalia have only three cornuti ( two opposite one ) in the vesica rather than a row of five or more opposite a single one ; the valve lacks a central angle to the sacculus but has a complex round flap in the centre just dorsal to the sacculus . in the female the ductus is longer , with a deep cleft in the ostium .
sarawak : gunong mulu nat . park , r . g . s . exped . 1977 - 8
( slide 4771 ) as holotype but site 16 , march , long pala ( base ) , 70m 324450 , alluv . / secondary for . ; 1
the species is infrequent in lowland forest of various types : hill dipterocarp , heath and alluvial .
the species resembles a lighter yellow , more heavily marked version of peloa , the zig - zag postmedial being particularly intense and extending further basad into the medial zone subdorsally .
the only specimen seen is the male noted by hampson ( 1900 ) from pulo laut , a low - lying island at the south - east of borneo . further confirmation of its occurrence in borneo would be valuable .
asura acteola swinhoe , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 65 ) : 501 ; tl : siam , muok - lek
asura intermedia marumo , 1923 ; j . coll . agric . imp . univ . tokyo , 8 ( 2 ) : 138 , pl . 3 , f . 2
india ( manipur , sikkim , tamil nadu , uttaranchal ) , ceylon , java , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]
asura asaphes hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 451 , pl . 31 , f . 31 ; tl : borneo , sandakan
asura biseriata hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 458 , pl . 31 , f . 27 ; tl : borneo , sandakan
asura strigipennis ; barlow , 1982 , intr . moths of south east asia : 71
miltochrisa tibeta clara daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 312 ; tl : likiang
larva on artocarpus incisa moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 30
india ( sikkim , assam , arunachal pradesh , nagaland ) , bhutan . see [ maps ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 854
asura creatina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 454 ; [ nhm card ]
nw . himalays , sikkim , assam , nilgiris , sumatra , java . see [ maps ]
miltochrista gilva daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 316 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : n . yunnan , li - kiang
india ( punjab , sikkim , nagas , nilgiris , moulmein ) , burma , java . see [ maps ]
miltochrista ila ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 855 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 45
larva on solanum indicum hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 431
nudaria ? marginata walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 274 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore
setina nebulosa moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 35 ; tl : darjiling
miltochrista nubilalis hampson , 1894 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 115 ; tl : ganjam
asura sp . 3 ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : ( part ) 3 , f . 13 , pl . 1 , f . 13
sikkim , assam , arunachal pradesh , himachal pradesh , calcutta . see [ maps ]
ceylon , burma , sikkim , assam , s . india . see [ maps ]
sikkim , assam , china ( chekiang , yunnan ) . see [ maps ]
china ( shanghai , chekiang ) , formosa , sikkim , assam , sumatra ? , java . see [ maps ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 855
asura synestramena hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 429 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; tl : borneo , sandakan
miltochrista tibeta daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 311 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : tibet , batang
asura toxodes hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 233 ; tl : andamans
= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 856
asura sp . 1 ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 3
tricholepis xanthopera hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 233 ; tl : singapore
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
on the lepidopterous fauna of andaman and nicobar group of islands ( india ) . family arctiidae
beiträge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer berücksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . höne aus diesem gebiet . iii . teil : lithosiinae
beiträge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer berücksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . höne aus diesem gebiet . iv . teil : nachträge
new lithosiinae ( lepidoptera , arctiidae : lithosiinae ) species collected by a . schintlmeister in indonesia
studien over indo - australische lepidoptera . iv . bijdrage tot de kennis der heterocera - fauna der ost - indische kolonien
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 8 . the lepidoptera of heterocera of the nilgiri district
illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 9 . the macrolepidoptera heterocera of ceylon
on the lepidoptera of japan and corea , pt ii . heterocera , sect . i
new species of heterocerous lepidoptera of the tribe bombyces , collected by mr . w . b . pryer chiefly in the district of shanghai
descriptions of new genera and species of lepidoptera heterocera collected by rev . j . h . hocking , chiefly in the kangra district , n . w . himalaya
die gross - schmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes . 2 . die palaearktischen spinner & schwärmer
lepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningen en beschrijving der nieuwe soorten
natuurlijke historie . achtse afdeeling . lepidoptera door p . c . t . snellen , met eene inleiding door joh . f . snelleman . midden - sumatra
h . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nacträge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae
catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .


the new guinean long-nosed bandicoots ( genus peroryctes ) are members of the order peramelemorphia .

they are small to medium-sized marsupial omnivores native to new guinea .

fossil members of this genus have been found in australia , including p. tedfordi and an unnamed species .

new guinean long - nosed bandicoot

the new guinean long - nosed bandicoots ( genus peroryctes ) are members of the order peramelemorphia . they are small to medium - sized marsupial omnivores native to new guinea .
the new guinean long - nosed bandicoots ( genus peroryctes ) are members of the order peramelemorphia . they are small to medium - sized marsupial omnivores native to new guinea .
the long - nosed bandicoot ( perameles , or thylacis , nasuta ) , a vaguely ratlike brown animal whose rump may be black - barred , is the common form in eastern australia . the three species of short - nosed bandicoots , isoodon ( incorrectly thylacis ) , are found in new guinea , australia , and tasmania . rabbit - eared bandicoots , or bilbies , are…
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bulletin of the american museum of natural history . / american museum of natural history . ; ; new york [ american museum of natural history ] 1881 -
i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : bulletin of the american museum of natural history . publisher : new york [ american museum of natural history ] 1881 - isbn / issn : 0003 - 0090 oclc : 1287364
kenny j . travouillon ; julien louys ; gilbert j . price ; michael archer ; suzanne j . hand ; jeanette muirhead ( 2017 ) .
a review of the pliocene bandicoots of australia , and descriptions of new genus and species
. journal of vertebrate paleontology . 37 ( 5 ) : e1360894 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2017 . 1360894 .
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bulletin of the american museum of natural history . ( journal , magazine , 1881 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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comprises articles on geology , paleontology , mammalogy , ornithology , entomology and anthropology .
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bulletin of the american museum of natural history anthropological papers of the american museum of natural history .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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carnivorous bilbies . in recent years , however , it has become clear that the situation is more complex . first , the bandicoots of the
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walker ' s mammals of the world , vol . 1 , 5th ed .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
fossil members of this genus have been found in australia , including p . tedfordi and an unnamed species .
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horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
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two fossil taxa from australia , peroryctes tedfordi and then - unnamed silvicultor hamiltonensis , were originally assigned to this genus , [ 2 ] but they were subsequently transferred to the separate genus silvicultor . [ 3 ]
groves , c . p . ( 2005 ) . wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . , eds . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed . ) . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . p . 40 . isbn 0 - 801 - 88221 - 4 . oclc 62265494 .
turnbull , w . d . ; et al . ( 2003 ) .
dasyurids , perameloids , phalangeroids and vomabatoids from the early pliocene hamilton fauna , victoria , australia
. bulletin of the american museum of natural history . 279 : 513–540 . doi : 10 . 1206 / 0003 - 0090 ( 2003 ) 279 < 0513 : c > 2 . 0 . co ; 2 . issn 0003 - 0090 .
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