scratch , also known as scratch ii ( foaled 1947 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the prix du jockey club and the classic st leger stakes in 1950 .

scratch won the solario stakes in england as a two-year-old and emerged as one of the best of a very strong generation of french-trained colts in the following year .

he won the prix de guiche and prix greffulhe in the early part of the year and then defeated the year 's outstanding three-year-old colt tantieme in the prix du jockey club .

in the autumn of 1950 he won the st leger by defeating vieux manoir , who had beaten him in the grand prix de paris .

he won the prix jean prat as a four-year-old before being retired to stud where he had an unremarkable record as a sire of winners in europe and south america .

scratch ( horse )

i give credit to whoever made the outline of this horse and of course scratch .
a scratch in horse racing simply means that a horse that was entered to run in a race will not be running in that race .
some people near red lodge thought a horse was in distress and stuck on a pipe . turns out the horse just wanted to scratch her belly .
coloured the horse in according to what my dream horse would look like . the background i drew from scratch and was inspired by halloween costume which was a cobweb dress .
declared - in u . s . , a horse withdrawn from a stake in advance of scratch time . in europe , a horse confirmed to start in a race .
grandsire - grandfather of a horse , sire of the horse ' s dam .
“riders and handlers should be encouraged to scratch rather than pat their horses as a reward . ”
learning how to properly scratch your horse is one of the best training tools you can have . a horse is a body oriented animal , so speaking to it through body language is the best way to communicate .
i think i would have a revolt on my hands if i didn ' t give my horses a good scratch every day .
del mar stewards said on thursday that the scratch of smogcutter would be referred to the racing board’s investigators for a possible complaint .
quarter horse - breed of horse especially fast for a quarter of a mile , from which its name is derived .
break ( a horse ) - to accustom a young horse to racing equipment and methods , and to carry a rider .
british researchers presented findings at the recent international equitation science conference in denmark that a scratch on the wither was more effective as a reward than a pat .
sometimes a scratch isn’t the decision of the connections of a horse . before each race a horse is inspected - typically by a race official called a steward and a veterinarian . if there is any reason that they believe that the horse will not be able to run his best , that he will potentially create a dangerous situation in a race , or that he is not likely to fairly represent the bettors who back him then they have the ability to scratch any horse . they can do so any time from the day before a race to minutes before the race starts .
there are all sorts of reasons that a horse can be scratched from a race . first off is because of a decision by an owner or a trainer . sometimes a trainer will enter a horse in two or more different races at the same time , and then wait until closer to the day of the race to decide which one sets up better for the horse . other times , a trainer will scratch a horse if the conditions of the racing surface aren’t going to be ideal - like if rain has made a turf course too soft for a horse to run his best , for example . a trainer could also scratch a horse if they aren’t happy how the horse has trained leading up to the race , or if they have concerns about his health and readiness .
rewarding a horse by giving him a good scratch is the best training tool you can use . scratching is how horses communicate happiness and contentment in the wild , and by using this natural body language , you will communicate directly with your horse in a better way than voice or training equipment alone .
i am also a firm believer in scratching . my horses love it and it is great for bonding . my horse will stop eating to get a neck scratch . he absolutely loves it when i dig my nails in along his crest .
eased - chart caller ' s assessment of a horse that is being deliberately slowed by the jockey to prevent injury or harm to the horse .
muzzle - nose and lips of a horse . also a guard placed over a horse ' s mouth to prevent him from biting or eating .
it’s rare to find an acreage property of this size so close to everything and it’s a fantastic opportunity to develop a truly unique retirement village from scratch , ” mr bentley said .
lead pony - horse or pony who heads parade of field from paddock to starting gate . also a horse or pony who accompanies a starter to post .
leg up - to help a jockey mount his horse . also a jockey having a mount . also to strengthen a horse ' s legs through exercise .
schooling - accustoming a horse to starting from the gate and to teach him racing practices . in steeplechasing , more particularly to teach a horse to jump .
this studio is dedicated to creating and sharing fun , horse - themed games .
all win / place / show bets involving a scratched horse will be refunded .
breeze - working a horse at a moderate speed ; less effort than handily .
hand ride - urging a horse with the hands and not using the whip .
post position - position of stall in starting gate from which a horse starts .
silks - jacket and cap worn by riders which designate owner of the horse .
spit box - receptacle for urine and blood taken from a horse for testing .
stall walker - horse that moves about his stall and frets rather than rests .
the best place to scratch your horse is where the withers meet the neck . naturally , this is an area a horse cannot reach itself , so it is an area that is like the middle of the human back . anything that can access it and give it a good scratching is welcome and will be sought after . so using this area as a training tool by giving the horse a reward scratching is just good sense .
no websites or painting apps or whatever aloud it has to be all done on scratch . ( sorry but it just isn ' t fair to those who can ' t do it . )
scratch ( fr ) ch . h , 1947 { 14 - f } dp = 20 - 8 - 8 - 14 - 2 ( 52 ) di = 1 . 60 cd = 0 . 58
the trio concluded : “we found that patting was less effective than wither scratching , with the latter resulting in responses similar to those found in positive horse - horse interaction .
bit - bar in horse ' s mouth by which he is guided and controlled .
bottom - stamina in a horse . also , sub - surface of racing strip .
exercise rider - male or female rider who is aboard a horse in the mornings .
near side - left side of a horse , side on which he is mounted .
short - a horse in need of more work or racing to reach winning form .
timber topper - jumper or steeplechase horse . more properly horses jumping over timber fences .
graduate - winning first time , horse or rider . also , graduate of the claiming ranks - a horse , that has moved up to allowance , stakes or handicap racing .
each portion of an exacta / trifecta / superfecta involving a scratched horse will be refunded .
black type - designation for a stakes winner or stakes - placed horse in sales catalogues .
cuppy ( track ) - a surface which breaks away under a horse ' s hoof .
dropdown - a horse meeting a lower class of rival than he had been running against .
equipment - whip , blinkers , etc . gear carried by a horse in a race .
nose - smallest advantage a horse can win by . in england called a short head .
overweight - surplus weight carried by a horse when the rider cannot make the required weight .
show bet - wager on a horse to finish in the money ; third or better .
strip - markings of a horse . white hairs running part - way down the face .
he was the last horse to be named a champion at 2 , 3 and 4 .
it took me about 3 years to learn to canter my horse correctly ! just because someone owns a horse , it doesn ' t mean that they are a perfect rider . don ' t make the assumption that all horse owners are fantastic riders , they really are not .
bleeder - horse who bleeds during or after a workout or race due to ruptured blood vessel .
calk - projection bottom of shoe to give horse greater traction , especially on a wet track .
head - a margin between horses . one horse leading another by the length of his head .
lug ( in or out ) - action of a tiring horse , bearing in or out .
shank - rope or strap attached to a halter or bridle by which a horse is led .
star - small patch of white hair on a horse ' s forehead . also a credit a horse receives from being forced out of an overcrowded race , giving him priority in future races .
stickers - calks on shoes which give a horse better traction in mud or on soft tracks .
taken up - a horse pulled up sharply by his rider because of being in close quarters .
spectacular bid was the last horse to be named a champion at 2 , 3 and 4 .
frank zanzuccki , executive director of the new jersey racing commission , advised the meadowlands via email that the “commission does not have the legal authority to scratch a horse ( s ) already entered based on conditions imposed solely on one trainer by a racetrack operator . therefore , your request to have these horses scratched must be denied . ”
update : according to a report at urltoken , the new jersey racing commission notified the meadowlands late tuesday afternoon that the track “does not have the legal authority” to scratch the two horses trained by chris oakes from the breeders ' crown .
hey everyone ! i was bored , so i decided to try doing a galloping horse run cycle .
brace ( or bracer ) - rubdown liniment used on a horse after a race or a workout .
center of distribution - the balance point of speed and stamina influences in a horse ' s pedigree .
conformation - a horse ' s build and general physical structure ; the way he is put together .
maiden - a horse who has not won a race . also applied to non - winning rider .
morning glory - horse who performs well in morning workouts but fails to reproduce that form in races .
pinhooker ; pinhook - to buy a horse at auction fo r the purpose of reselling him later .
stripe - a white marking running down a horse ' s face to bridge of nose or below .
he was ranked 10th in a blood - horse poll of the top horses of the 20th century .
another spot is along the backbone , but be cautious . the backbone can be sensitive , so scratch more gently and watch your horses reaction . if he stretches out and wiggles his upper lip , he is enjoying it and you should continue .
all art by me ! ( except for the running horse in the background from google images which i edited ) i credit urltoken for the horse neigh ( when about to run ) , and the user
audio productions
on youtube for the horse gallop sound effect . all other sound effects by me .
in order to be able to post messages on the the horse forum forums , you must first register .
bred - a horse is bred at the place of his birth . also , the mating of horses .
false favorite - horse who is bet down to favoritism when others would appear to outclass him on form .
flatten out - when a horse drops his head almost on straight line with body . may indicate exhaustion .
ridden out - refers to a horse that wins under a vigorous hand ride but is not being whipped .
steadied - a horse being taken in hand by his rider , usually because of being in close quarters .
of course , the connections of uncle mo dismiss any claims the horse doesn ' t have the distance .
im pretty sure that any horse owner who happily offers you the chance to ride really isnt going to be judgemental about your confidence at canter . . heck it takes years as a part time rider to get the hang of it and even then you can be back to scratch with a change of horse . as long as you are safe on board , not aggressive or hard on the mouth , i would think most owners are happy to see someone having the pleasure of a ride .
please choose a username you will be satisfied with using for the duration of your membership at the horse forum .
“anecdotal evidence and opinion suggest that patting is meaningless or even aversive to the horse , ” they told delegates .
“wither scratching could potentially increase horse / human bonding and act as a more effective reward , ” they said .
the horse , colors background etc . are all by me . so if you use anything please credit me !
closer - a horse who runs best in the latter part of the race , coming from off the pace .
gallop - a type of gait , a fast canter . also , to ride a horse at that gait .
icing - standing a horse in a bucket of ice or applying ice packs to the legs to encourage circulation .
mare - female horse 5 years old or older . also , female of any age who has been bred .
overlay - a horse going off at a higher price than he appears to warrant based on his past performances .
prep ( or prep race ) - a workout or a race to prepare a horse for a future engagement .
refuse - when a horse will not break from the gate . in jumping races , balking at the jump .
i haven ' t found a place yet that both horses don ' t like to be scratched . t ' s eyes close and walka moves towards me if i stop as if to say
hey don ' t stop
. i think scratching and rubbing are ways to help build a relationship with a horse and show affection . wish someone would scratch and rub me ! ! ! !
bald ( or bald face ) - white face of horse , including eyes , nostrils or part of the latter .
checked - a horse pulled up by his jockey for an instant because he is cut off or in tight quarters .
colors - racing silks - jacket and cap - worn by riders to denote the owner ( s ) of horse .
fees - amount paid to rider or the cost of nominating , entering or starting a horse in a stakes race .
horse - broadly , in any thoroughbred regardless of sex . specifically , an entire male 5 years old or older .
neck - unit of measurement , about the length of a horse ' s neck ; a quarter of a length .
run - out bit - a special type of bit to prevent a horse from bearing out ( or in ) .
subscription - fee paid by owner to nominate horse for a stakes race or to maintain eligibility for a stakes race .
avila said masochistic was plagued by knee and tibia injuries as a young horse , which postponed the start of his career . thursday , avila said that masochistic was given the sedative because the horse has a tendency to try to bite stable staff .
after all , you don ' t have to canter your friend ' s horse if you don ' t want to .
bandage - strips of cloth wound around the lower part of a horse ' s legs for support or protection against injury .
cooling out - restoring a horse , usually by walking , to normal temperature after becoming overheated in a race or workout .
cribber ( a wind sucker ) - a horse who clings to objects with his teeth and sucks air into his stomach .
dosage diagram - a diagram showing the number and placement of chefs - de - race in a horse ' s pedigree .
dosage index - mathematical reduction of the dosage diagram to a number reflecting a horse ' s potential for speed or stamina .
gait - the ways in which a horse can move - walk , trot , canter , gallop , run , etc .
length - length of a horse from nose to tail , about 8 feet . also distance between horses in a race .
if you have multiple selections in your pick 3 or pick 4 , each combination will be scored according to the ' top pick scratch rules ' . the host track / authority governs the settlement rules for scratched horses in pick wagers , operating in accordance with one of two different settlement rules :
3 . if the host track doesn’t offer a consolation payout , you will be refunded if a horse is scratched in one leg of your ticket , or if the first leg of your ticket wins and a horse is scratched in the second leg .
across the board - a bet on a horse to win , place and show . if the horse wins , the player collects three ways ; if second , two ways ; and if third , one way , losing the win and place bets .
a duck , a goose , a goat , and a horse all entered the barn at different times one day last week .
climbing - a fault in a horse ' s stride in which , instead of reaching out , his action is abnormally high .
front - runner - a horse who usually leads ( or tries to lead ) the field for as far as he can .
saddle cloth - cloth under the saddle on which number ( and sometimes horse ' s name ) denoting post position is displayed .
whip - instrument , usually of leather , with which rider strikes horse to increase his speed . also called bat and gad .
nz connemara soc . nz farriers assn . aust / nz friesian soc . nz hanoverian soc . irish draught horse soc . advertising options
reference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]
state - bred - a horse bred in a particular state and thus eligible to compete in special races restricted to state - breds .
oh no ! we ' re having trouble displaying this scratch project . if you are on a mobile phone or tablet , try visiting this project on a computer . if you ' re on a computer , your flash player might be disabled , missing , or out of date . visit this page to update flash .
scratching down on the chest , between the front legs , is another great spot . again , be cautious , as in the wild , a horse will nip at another horse in the chest when he wants to play , so make sure your horse knows you are going to touch him there for scratching purposes . watch his reaction and make sure you are ready to move if he nips at you .
i don ' t
smack
, but i do pet , kinda like petting a dog . more of a pat , with me saying
thank you
. when my kids get off the horses , they go to the head , fuss them & say
thank you
. i try to scratch at the withers , but my mustang usually backs away . if i get him along the mane behind the ear , he ' s like putty in my hands . if i actually scratch in the ear . . . . . that ' s all she wrote ! he ' d stand there for hours if i had the strength ! lol
when riding , you can use the arrow keys to move the horse around . ( i drew all the sprites and background myself ) tell me if there are any glitches and if i should add anything new ! ( i havent finished the costumes for the riding horse yet )
also - eligible - a horse officially entered , but not permitted to start unless the field is reduced by scratches below a specified number .
blinkers - device to limit a horse ' s vision to prevent him from swerving from objects or other horses on either side of him .
blowout - a short , final workout , usually a day or two before a race , designed to sharpen a horse ' s speed .
breather - restraining or easing off on a horse for a short distance in a race to permit him to conserve or renew his strength .
it was really exciting to see him ,
baffert said .
he ' s still the sweet , kind horse he is .
three riders interacted with their horses during the test and 15 patted their horse on test completion , with 12 continuing patting for over a minute .
what happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows
past performances - a compilation in daily racing form of a horse ' s record , including all pertinent data , as a basis for handicapping .
rundown - of a horse , to suffer abrasions on the heels as a result of contact with the dirt and sand of the track surface .
shadow roll - usually a lamb ' s wool roll half way up the horse ' s face to keep him from seeing his own shadow .
tongue strap - strap or tape bandage used to tie down a horse ' s tongue to prevent it from choking in a race or workout .
you can remix if you want , pls just say who originally made it and get rid of the logo ( horse gif at the start ) .
if you have bet on a horse that has been scratched then , in most cases , your ticket will be void and your money will be returned . there is an exception , though . in multi - race bets - like a pick four or pick six , for example - they will not cancel your entire ticket because one horse is scratched . instead , they will turn your bet on the scratched horse into a bet on the favorite .
the horse ' s mental maturity . they ' re all different . again , if breaking means riding to you then add in physical maturity too .
try to enjoy riding your friend ' s horse , you can just take it easy and have a plod around . i don ' t know if it ' s an option to have lessons on this horse if you get on ? either way i hope it goes well for you , keep us posted !
lead ( or lead pad ) - weights carried to make up the difference when a rider weighs less than the poundage a horse is assigned to carry .
on the very face of it , the introduction of a synoptic end - point - assessment may look like a retrograde step , a shift away from the idea that modular assessment , particularly via coursework , offers a fairer evaluation of performance over time . however , it takes only a light scratch of the surface to reveal that the situation is far less reactionary than it appears .
1 . if the first leg of your ticket loses , the entire ticket is considered a loss , even if a horse is scratched in the second leg .
not having a perfect canter wouldn ' t prevent me from letting you ride my horse . i own him and i don ' t have a perfect canter .
1 . if one of the coupled horses gets scratched and the rest of the entry runs , your wager will have action on the running horse ( s ) .
members are allowed only one account per person at the horse forum , so if you ' ve made an account here in the past you ' ll need to continue using that account . please do not create a new account or you may lose access to the horse forum . if you need help recovering your existing account , please
daniel deusser and cornet d’amour . a pat may not be all it’s cracked up to be in the eyes of a horse . © paul harding / lewis harding photography
riders patted more on the right side of the horse ( 59 percent ) than the left ( 22 percent ) , or both sides simultaneously ( 19 percent ) .
faltered - used for a horse that was in contention early and drops back in the late stages . it is more drastic than weakened but less drastic than stopped .
an iconic central coast horse stud farm is set to become a beachside green haven for retirees after fetching a regional record - making sale price of $ 12 million .
when a horse is scratched , it means that it has been taken out of the race before the start of the race . a horse may be scratched in the days leading up to a race or the day of , right up until post time . our system marks scratches in the race pane so that you can ' t wager on them . however , if you wager on a horse prior to it being scratched from the race , we follow the official payout results posted by the host track .
give the horse food and water by feeding ( apple ) and watering ( puddle ) him . try to keep his ' thirst ' and ' hunger ' meter at 0 ( if your horse ' s thirst or hunger meter says - 1 , he ' s eaten more then he needs ! ) ! thirst goes up faster then hunger .
spit the bit - when a horse quits running against the bit , usually because of fatigue ; often said disdainfully :
luck lady really spit out the bit
.
just be careful , about ur health . to clarify , your horse will die , if you don ' t feed it heaps and heaps and heaps . ( just saying )
2 . you will receive a consolation payout , provided the host track offers one , if a horse is scratched in one leg of your ticket and the other leg wins .
field horse ( or mutuel field ) - two or more starters running as a single betting unit , when there are more entrants than positions on the totalisator board can accommodate .
prop - refusing to break with field from gate . standing flat - footed . also , when a horse suddenly stops running a full speed by extending his forefeet as
brakes .
rundown bandages ( or wraps ) - bandages on the hind legs , usually with a pad inside , to keep a horse from
burning
or scraping his heels when he races .
allowances - weight permitted to be reduced because of the conditions of the race or because an apprentice is on a horse . also , a weight females are entitled to when racing against males .
bar shoe - a horse shoe with a rear bar to protect an injured foot ; bar shoes may be worn with aluminum pads to protect a bruised frog , or my be worn alone .
twitch - a device usually consisting of a stick with a loop of rope at one end , which is placed around a horse ' s nose and upper lip and twisted to curb fractiousness .
he was losing weight and had little appetite , bad signs for a horse .
when you talk about surviving versus racing , i was worried about surviving ,
repole said last week .
hello fellow turtles , humans , and horses ! i re - did ominouscat ' s horse animation and added color and a background to it ! i might have overdone the clouds tho . . .
before i bought my own horse i shared various horses for about 10 years . the most successful shares were the ones where i go on well with the owner and communicated well with them . if you are honest and straightforward , you will hopefully find a successful share pretty easily . but also be warned that some horsey people are pretty nutty and not everyone will be 100 % honest . always see the owner ride the horse before you do , and trust your gut instinct . if you don ' t feel comfortable riding the horse then there is no shame in getting off and walking away . privately owned horses vary hugely in their training and experience , and for a rider wanting to gain confidence and experience you need to ensure the horse you share is well trained and well mannered .
uncle mo , with jockey john r . velazquez , captures the kelso horse race at belmont park in new york on oct . 1 , 2011 . ( new york racing association / associated press )
that would be spectacular bid ' s last defeat , as he won the 1979 meadowlands cup and then all nine of his starts at four . the end came on sept . 20 , 1980 , in the woodward , when the scratch of marlboro cup winner winter ' s tale prompted the connections of temperence hill and dr . patches to also pull out of the race , giving spectacular bid a walkover in the final race of a career that was quite fittingly , spectacular .
the horse with a misspelled name finally did what racing fans were waiting 37 years for , won the triple crown . now american pharoah can settle down to a life of leisure on the kentucky bluegrass .
reference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]
bobble - a bad step away from the starting gate , usually caused by the track breaking away from under a horse ' s hoof and causing him to duck his head or nearly go to his knees .
odds - on - odds of less than even money . in england it is simply called
on ,
thus a horse
5 - 4 on
is actually at odds of 4 - 5 .
what age is the horse when you start the breaking in process ? summer of 3rd year - what informs your decision to start the breaking process ? she was strong enough to take a saddle - how long would you normally expect it to take roughly ? - from the very beginning to being ridden out alone . very difficult here , my girl was a homebred so had 3 years of correct handling / prep so putting on saddle and backing took 3 days unknown horse you have to play it as you go along - what is the first step you take ? my homebred could already lunge / long line . so introduce saddle on lunge , then hop on - what are the stages of breaking a horse in you would usually use ? teach the horse respect and able to move the horse around and control - have you experienced any behavioural problems when breaking in ? if so what and why do you think they happened ? yes , but these were
failed
attempts so where more of a re - backing or attempt 2 , 3 , 4 . . . . . . . incorrect prep and not ensuring the horse had accepted the stages as you go . - would you ever start the process , turn the horse away and start again at a later date for any reason ? if so what reason ? yes i back in the summer prior to starting ridden work - gives them time to grow and mature further , before coming in at 4 ready to start work
go for it & be yourself . watch how the owner handles & rides the horse , that should give you a fair idea of what to do , and don ' t be afraid to ask the owner how her & her horse prefer things done - the majority of owners like their horses how they are & don ' t want someone trying to change things . relax & enjoy , what have you got to lose ?
repole isn ' t shy about which uncle mo horse he will be cheering for on saturday — the one he owns . outwork is out of a mare , nonna mia , that repole named after his grandmother .
hancock and her colleagues , as part of their study , also looked at the use of patting in a ridden situation , assessed footage of 16 horse - rider pairs at the 2012 london olympics games competing in dressage .
condition race - an event with conditions limiting it to a certain class of horse . such as : fillies , 3 - year - olds , non - winners of two races other than maiden or claiming , etc .
we do not change members ' usernames upon request because that would make it difficult for everyone to keep track of who is who on the forum . for that reason , please do not incorporate your horse ' s name into your username so that you are not stuck with a username related to a horse you may no longer have some day , or use any other username you may no longer identify with or care for in the future .
so , i just kinda need some confirmation . i know how to look after a horse - grooming etc , as well as mucking out if need be , and the owner agreed to teach me how to tack up and check if i got it right if i needed . would you let me look after / ride your horse ? i really want to know what to expect as a response , since i hate going into things blind .
- what age is the horse when you start the breaking in process ? end of 3yo year or beginning of 4yo - what informs your decision to start the breaking process ? generally when i buy them i don ' t have my own land and can ' t afford to keep anything younger - how long would you normally expect it to take roughly ? - from the very beginning to being ridden out alone . depends on the horse , but i tend to hack them alone from the start . so 3 - 5 weeks depending on horse - what is the first step you take ? once they are happy being handled then saddle cloth and then roller , firstly in the stable then walking - what are the stages of breaking a horse in you would usually use ? really simplified otherwise would be really long saddle cloth , roller then bit led in above and short lunge in trot swap roller for saddle and repeat , then add dangling stirrups and repeat long rein including out and about all through the above jump about and bang / jiggle the saddle on occasion and stand on something high next to them lay over and lead in walk swing leg over and get on lead in walk lunge in trot off lunge make sure i can turn / stop then hack for at least a month - have you experienced any behavioural problems when breaking in ? if so what and why do you think they happened ? only when i have had horses others have tried to break first , never if i have done from scratch - would you ever start the process , turn the horse away and start again at a later date for any reason ? if so what reason ? not a fan of turning away myself , but they don ' t work that hard . 3 - 4 days a week of gentle hacking . obviously it depends on the horse , but this is the basic plan i use . how long each stage takes will depend on the horse though . don ' t like schooling breakers so do tend to hack earlier than some . i am lucky we have good , safe hacking and so many horses about drivers tend to be pretty good .
it matters a lot
if outwork wins , repole said .
i ' ve got to root for my own horse . losing to a son of uncle mo is not going to make me feel any better .
what age is the horse when you start the breaking in process ? three or four . - what informs your decision to start the breaking process ? how well grown is the horse , mentally and physically , and what plans do i have for it going forward . - how long would you normally expect it to take roughly ? - from the very beginning to being ridden out alone . as long as it takes - but normally 6 - 8 weeks . - what is the first step you take ? teach the horse to lunge . - what are the stages of breaking a horse in you would usually use ? lunge , saddle , rider . bit / bridle normally much later , if at all . - have you experienced any behavioural problems when breaking in ? if so what and why do you think they happened ? no , but then i have only done 9 or 10 . - would you ever start the process , turn the horse away and start again at a later date for any reason ? if so what reason ? i have done with endurance horses - start as a four year old , then turn out for say 3 months and then start legging up for their first season at five . however the three year old that has just been started is not an endurance horse , so she will just keep pottering along three or four days a week . read more at urltoken
i have been riding professionally at the highest levels for 43 years and i would be one of the 15 riders patting . the rider that was stroking probably did not finish well and was telling their horse “i love you anyway ! ”
rabbit - a horse that is considered to have little chance of winning a race but is entered purely to ensure a fat pace and tire out the other front - runners , softening up the competition for the benefit of an entrymate .
funny , many of the places she said to scratch , a mare would be upset if you scratched them there . i notice she says
he
so maybe its a gelding / stallion itchy spots article . my mare hates getting scratched at the wither / neck area . she also hates the chest area being scratched . every mare i own wants to have their butts scratched . its so embarrassing to be out with them in the pasture . every one of them will walk up and after the initial greeting , turn their butts to me for a good scratching .
the horse the connections of smogcutter scratched to avoid running against , masochistic , won thursday ' s first race by 2 1 / 2 lengths over passing game , with minimal urging from jockey victor espinoza . he paid $ 2 . 80 .
the colt had won his first four races , before a disappointing third in the wood memorial . something was going on with the horse but no one quite knew what . still , he was installed as the favorite for the kentucky derby .
, one of the classic horse races . the race was established by colonel barry saint leger in 1776 and was named for him in 1778 . an event for three - year - old colts and fillies , it is run annually in september at
cast - a horse is a cast when he lies down in the stall in such a way that he is too close to the wall , and there is a danger that he may not be able to get up by himself without injury .
grab a quarter - to strike the side of a front foot with a hind foot . this is racetrack jargon that would be expressed more clearly by saying that the horse overstepped or overreached and cut himself ; reserve grabbed a quarater for direct quotes .
owners david frankham and brian carmody withdrew smogcutter from thursday’s first race at del mar to protest the presence of a rival horse that tested positive for a sedative in march , but whose trainer , a . c . avila , has yet to be sanctioned .
bay - color of horse varying from yellowish tan ( light bay ) to brown or dark , rich shade of mahogany ( sometimes listed as dark bay or brown ) with black points - black mane , tail and shadings of black low on the legs .
the decision to scratch and retire i’ll have another with swelling in his left front leg on the day before the belmont stakes cost him a shot to become the 12th triple crown winner , but owner j . paul reddam still stands to make millions in stud fees . while the three - year - old colt would likely have commanded an even greater fee had he raced and won saturday , most bloodstock agents and other experts expect him to garner $ 5 million to $ 10 million as a sire . here’s a look at the post - belmont careers – both on and off the track – of the 11 triple crown winners .
minus pool - a mutuel pool caused when one horse is so heavily played that , after deductions of state tax and commission , there is not enough money left to pay the legally prescribed minimum on each winning bet . the racing association usually makes up the difference .
super red , as fans knew him , ran his final race at the canadian championship in toronto in october 1973 . he went to stud under the terms of a then - record $ 6 . 08 million syndication deal , which helped pay off the estate taxes of his owner’s father . ( syndication deals spread the inherent gamble associated with high - stakes breeding across multiple buyers , who purchase shares in the horse . each share grants the owner the right to breed a mare of his or her choosing with the syndicated horse once a year for as long as the horse lives . ) secretariat retired as the sixth - leading money winner of all - time , but had mixed success as a stallion . he was put down on oct . 5 , 1989 , after suffering from laminitis , an incurable hoof condition .
a horse can be scratched leading up to the race if there is an accident of some sort . horses can be scratched because they flip when they are getting saddled , because they throw their rider on the way to the gate , or they are unruly in the gate .
in a phone interview on wednesday evening , frankham said that he and carmody were protesting a lack of action beyond the redistribution of the purse by the california horse racing board regarding masochistic’s positive for the tranquilizer acepromazine , found in a post - race test conducted on march 15 .
the following tracks apply to the ' substitute favorite scratch rules ' : arlington park , australia a , australia b , australia c , australia d , balmoral park , belterra park , beulah park , calder race course , canterbury park , delta downs , dubai meydan , emerald downs , fairmount park , fort erie , gulfstream park , hastings park , hoosier park , indiana downs , laurel park , lone star park , maywood park , meadows , northfield park , oaklawn park , parx racing , penn national , pimlico , plainridge , portland meadows , prairie meadows , remington park , retama park , ruidoso downs , sam houston race park , suffolk downs , sunland park , thistledown , and woodbine .
the star of uncle mo ' s first crop is nyquist , the undefeated 3 - year - old and presumptive favorite for saturday ' s race , followed by outwork , who won the wood memorial at aqueduct . the third horse is mo tom , who has won three of seven races .
mike watchmaker , national handicapper for the daily racing form , has nyquist ranked first but has continually mentioned the horse ' s distance capability . his comment in the latest derbywatch was :
imposing record , has now won at 9 furlongs , if not quickly . ten furlongs remains the question .
in her study , hancock and her fellow researchers observed 16 horse / rider combinations in the grand prix special dressage test of the 2012 olympic games in london . overall , pats dominated any other type of non - aid contact : riders issued 350 pats throughout the grand prix competition and only three strokes .
triple crown , in british horse racing , championship attributed to a colt or filly that in a single season wins the races known as the two thousand guineas , the derby , and the saint leger . in britain the term triple crown is also applied—though far less commonly—to a filly that in a single season…
gainsborough , ( foaled 1915 ) , english racehorse ( thoroughbred ) who won the british triple crown , consisting of the two thousand guineas at newmarket , the derby at epsom downs , and the saint leger at doncaster in 1918 . the horse later became a stud of worldwide importance , being the sire of the…
the following tracks apply to the ' void scratch rules ' : albuquerque , aqueduct racetrack , arapahoe park , belmont park , california expo , charles town , churchill downs , del mar , delaware park , dover downs , ellis park , evangeline downs , evangeline quarter , fair grounds , finger lakes , fonner park , freehold raceway , golden gate fields , harrington raceway , hawthorne , hazel park , keenland , kentucky downs , los alamitos , louisiana downs , meadowlands , monmouth , monticello raceway , mountaineer park , northville , pleasenton , pocono downs , presque isle downs , red mile , santa anita park , santa rosa , saratoga , solano , tampa bay downs , turf paradise , turfway park , yavapai downs , yonkers , and zia park .
lunging , first in a rope halter , then free lunge . they need to walk , trot , canter on command and be paying attention to me throughout . ground driving with and with out saddle , over poles and bending . then we work under saddle in the arena for a couple months until i ' m sure they will listen to aids and give to pressure . again , depends on the horse . also , i typically had only two days a week to work with them . if you can work them more often , and if they ' re ready maybe it ' s weeks rather than months . but i base it on the horse .
i am currently studying for my degree in equitation science and need to do some research for an assignment on a chosen area of interest . i want to find out people ' s different approaches and experiences when dealing with youngsters ? i would be very grateful for some feedback on these questions below . thank you very much for your time . - what age is the horse when you start the breaking in process ? - what informs your decision to start the breaking process ? - how long would you normally expect it to take roughly ? - from the very beginning to being ridden out alone . - what is the first step you take ? - what are the stages of breaking a horse in you would usually use ? - have you experienced any behavioural problems when breaking in ? if so what and why do you think they happened ? - would you ever start the process , turn the horse away and start again at a later date for any reason ? if so what reason ?


acanthinucella spirata is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails .

acanthinucella spirata

so it appears that in this ecosystem at least , the pieces are not interchangeable . the players in an ecosystem have a shared history . spot - bellied rock crabs , acanthinucella whelks , and olympia oysters have had a long time to work things out . the crabs have evolved an effective predatory strategy ; the whelks have evolved a well - founded fear of crabs .
to the native whelk acanthinucella , a crab is a crab . they avoid the exotic green crab as they do the native rock crab . when the green crabs are in the oyster beds , the whelks opt to feed on barnacles instead . but the oyster drills had evolved in a habitat free of competently predatory crabs . they were , as the researchers put it , naïve ; they had no idea how to react to a crab .
( of purpura spirata blainville , 1832 ) blainville h . m . d . de . ( 1832 ) . disposition méthodique des espèces récentes et fossiles des genres pourpre , ricinule , licorne et concholepas de m . de lamarck , et description des espèces nouvelles ou peu connues , faisant partie de la collection du muséum d ' histoire naturelle de paris . nouvelles annales du muséum d ' histoire naturelle . 1 : 189 - 263 , pls 9 - 12 . page ( s ) : 252 , pl . 12 fig . 8 [ details ]
( of acanthina spirata ( blainville , 1832 ) ) turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 90 [ details ]
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microbes represent the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on this planet . they are also known to impact everything from organismal physiologies and metabolism to the functioning of ecological systems and biogeochemical processes . yet we still know very little about the microbial communities associated with marine invertebrate species . we have recently initiated a research project that will quantify ( i ) how the microbiomes of marine mollusks vary across large spatial and environmental gradients ( ii ) how such patterns have evolved and ( iii ) how they are affected by anthropogenic impacts such as coastal eutrophication and climate change .
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purpura lapilloides aurantia dall , w . h . , 1908 : s california , usa
turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 90 [ details ]
jessie kai : acidic mucus… do native c . gracilis crabs care ? trait - mediated interaction between a native crab and an introduced sea slug
jennifer panlilio : size - based predation of cancer spp . on the invasive european green crab , c . maenas
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no . 0453251 . any opinions , findings , and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .
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crabs , whelks , and oysters : life in tomales bay’s food chain . category : columns from the berkeley daily planet
we’re surrounded by non - native plants and animals , most of which would qualify as what biologists and resource managers call invasive exotics . the thistles in your garden , the possum in your garage , the house sparrows nesting under your eaves , the argentine ants in your kitchen , the blue gum eucalyptus up the hill—all are invasives . san francisco bay has been called the world’s most invaded estuary , the adopted home of aquatic creatures native to the east coast , europe , asia , and elsewhere . many have displaced native species that filled a similar ecological niche .
you might wonder what difference that process makes in terms of overall ecosystem function . are exotic and native species interchangeable parts in the great machine ? what happens when one kind of ant or clam or shrub replaces another ?
it has become pretty clear that such substitutions can have far - reaching consequences . exotic species can change what ecologists call the trophic flow—the way nutrients travel from primary producer to secondary consumer to predator to scavenger - within natural systems . they can increase the frequency and intensity of wildfires . they can affect human health and livelihood .
some references call it the angular unicorn snail or spotted thorn drupe . the whelk in turn was preyed on by the spot - bellied rock crab ( cancer antennarius ) , which peels open the shells of its victims .
kimbro and his co - authors posit that the crabs are indirect benefactors of the oysters . on one hand , a large enough crab population will keep the whelks in check and reduce predation pressure on the tasty bivalves . on the other , the whelks have evolved anti - crab defensive behavior , namely avoiding areas - including oyster beds—where the rock crabs are likely to be .
enter the invasives . years ago , when the native oyster population had been depleted , growers introduced eastern oysters to supplement them . with the eastern oysters came another predatory whelk , the oyster drill ( urosalpinx cinerea ) . the founding oyster drills at tomales bay originated in long island sound . the european green crab ( carcinus maenas ) arrived in san francisco bay in 1989 and spread north to tomales . both the drill and the green crab can tolerate fresher water than their native counterparts and are more common in the inner portion of the bay , near creek outflows .
that would make the drills easy pickings for the rock crabs . but the green crabs were another story . they’re more generalist feeders , augmenting their mollusk diet with seaworms and algae . instead of peeling off the shells of their prey , they use their claws to crush them . this works for juvenile whelks of both species , but not for adults . once a whelk grows large enough , green crabs are no longer a threat .
the naïve oyster drills , then , are not deterred from preying on oysters by crab avoidance . the rock crabs could potentially control them , but where the green crabs have replaced the native rock crabs , the top - down pressure is off and the oysters bear the brunt . the effect of removing a top tidal - zone predator in tomales bay is similar to what happens on land when , say , coyotes are killed off and foxes , freed from their own predator , wipe out ground - nesting birds .
switch whelks and the oyster beds are no longer a no - go zone . switch crabs and you get a top predator that’s incapable of controlling the lesser predator ; to paraphrase marx , the big bully is no longer picking on the little bully . ( groucho in night at the opera , that is . ) either of those changes is bad news for the oysters , and for anyone who’s trying to raise them .
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andrew v . suarez , neil d . tsutsui ; the value of museum collections for research and society , bioscience , volume 54 , issue 1 , 1 january 2004 , pages 66–74 , urltoken ; 2
the strongest link between museum collections and national security is probably in the realm of public health and safety . collections are often used to track the history of infectious diseases and identify their sources or reservoirs . the most obvious examples are collections of known viruses and bacteria that are stored for comparison with emerging infections . for example , researchers from the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) compared isolates from the 2001 anthrax attack in the united states with stored specimens collected from the 1960s and 1970s to differentiate and identify the strain used ( hoffmaster et al . 2002 ) .
the enormity of the 1918 influenza outbreak is difficult to comprehend by today ' s standards : 20 million to 40 million people were killed worldwide , including 675 , 000 people in the united states ( crosby 1989 ) . at its peak , people were dying at a rate of more than 10 , 000 per week in some american cities ( crosby 1989 ) . how can we protect ourselves from such devastating pandemics in the future ? one of the most important steps is to identify the origin and causes of previous pandemics .
in 1993 , a mysterious pulmonary syndrome appeared in the southwestern united states , killing 70 percent of afflicted individuals . the causative agent was quickly identified as a hantavirus , but its origin remained less certain . although the virus had been found in deer mice in the southwest before the human outbreak , little was known about its abundance in natural populations or the causes for its sudden jump into human populations ( yates et al . 2002 ) . some citizens expressed concern that the new human infections might be linked to military weapons testing at nearby fort wingate ( horgan 1993 ) .
the financial impact of agricultural pests is enormous : in the united states , arthropod crop pests cost growers over $ 14 billion per year , and arthropod pests of lawns , gardens , and golf courses add another $ 1 . 5 billion to this figure ( pimentel et al . 2000 ) . deliberate introductions of highly damaging species could lead to a frightening jump in agricultural damage , agricultural costs , and lost revenue . these potential costs , coupled with the vulnerability of agricultural resources , have led to a recent appreciation of the threat posed by agricultural bioterrorism ( gewin 2003 , nrc 2003 ) .
natural history collections have long been indispensable resources for studies of earth ' s biodiversity , and the need to maintain them has recently taken on greater urgency ( davis 1996 , ponder et al . 2001 ) . museums offer a unique perspective , providing data over a vast time span ranging from millions of years ago ( paleontological collections ) to the present . three broad areas of study related to species decline and the loss of biodiversity have become crisis disciplines and depend heavily on the baseline information that museum collections offer : species ' response to habitat loss and fragmentation , biological invasions , and the consequences of global climate change .
there is widespread agreement that global climate change threatens the survival of ecological communities and individual species , including humans ( hughes 2000 , ipcc 2001 , mccarty 2001 , walther et al . 2002 ) . by examining museum specimens , researchers have documented the effects of climate change on a variety of organisms and furnished a glimpse of future impacts . the contributions of these studies fall primarily into two categories : ones that document changes in the distribution of species through time ( including their extinction ) and ones that document changes in the biology of particular species in response to climate changes .
museum collections have also shown that the effects of global warming have altered the biology of some species . for example , dunn and winkler ( 1999 ) examined 3450 nest records of tree swallows ( tachycineta bicolor ) in north america ( from a survey of over 21 , 000 nest record cards in museums , universities , and ornithological societies ) and found that the egg - laying date advanced by about 9 days between 1959 and 1991 , most likely as a result of higher air temperatures during the spring breeding season .
the use of museum collections is so widespread , and the scope of research they benefit is so varied , that it would be impossible to review even a small fraction of individual cases . only by considering the frequency with which museums are used can their vast contributions to the biological sciences be properly appreciated ( tables 1 , 2 ) .
scientists often travel to museums to use their collections , and museums loan many specimens to interested researchers ( table 1 ) . for example , in 2002 , the entomology department of the smithsonian institution ' s national museum of natural history hosted 266 visitors , for a total of 3663 visitor days ( scott miller , smithsonian institution , washington , dc , personal communication , 10 february 2003 ) . between 1976 and 1986 , the smithsonian ' s entomological collection loaned , on average , over 100 , 000 specimens each year ( miller 1991 ) . the california academy of sciences ' entomological collection currently has about 750 , 000 specimens on loan to over 40 countries ( norman penny , california academy of sciences , san francisco , personal communication , 4 april 2003 ) .
the knowledge disseminated by the curators of these museums is immense and often stems from the reference collections themselves . for example , one curator ( philip s . ward ) from one museum ( bohart museum , university of california–davis ) studying one family of insects ( formicidae—ants ) typically identifies 3000 to 4000 specimens each year for other institutions ( philip s . ward , university of california–davis , personal communication , 9 january 2003 ) . when extrapolated across curators of all museums in the united states , how many hundreds of thousands of such identifications are made each year ?
museums save time and money . first , as centralized storehouses of reference material , museums act as “biological libraries”—sites of accumulated knowledge and resources that eliminate the need for costly , time - consuming ( and sometimes dangerous ) fieldwork . given the costs of traveling to remote locales to collect specimens , it is easy to believe that museum collections save the scientific community many millions of dollars , a savings that is passed on to citizens whose tax dollars often support scientific research .
second , as with literary libraries , museums eliminate the wastefulness of duplication and redundancy . just as a library liberates borrowers from the expense of purchasing every book they wish to read , museums free researchers from the time and expense of curating all the specimens necessary for a functional reference collection . although a fiscal analysis of the savings achieved by the nation ' s biological collections is not available , a comparison with other collections provides an insightful approximation . the us library of congress , which curates a large collection of reading material , saves the nation ' s libraries $ 268 million a year by cataloging more than 250 , 000 books and serials annually and supplying the bibliographic record ( librarian of congress 2000 ) .
how can the survival of these assets and the untapped knowledge they contain be guaranteed ? first , these collections must be well curated and maintained , which will require a commitment to support and train taxonomists and to maintain modern facilities . second , the benefit of these collections to society must be maximized by stepping up the rate at which this information is entered in databases and made accessible .
we would like to thank colin favret , dina fonseca , richard grosberg , penny gullan , scott miller , craig moritz , norman penny , george roderick , ted schultz , david wake , phil ward , and two anonymous reviewers for support and insightful discussion . we would also like to thank chip clark for providing the wonderful images that accompany this article . financial support was provided by the university of california–davis , center for population biology ( n . d . t . ) , and the miller institute for basic research in science ( a . v . s . ) .
table 1 . examples of some of the largest entomological collections in the united states , including approximate collection size ( number of processed specimens ) and a yearly estimate of loaned material .
table 2 . the number of articles from some leading journals that relied on museums for support and data .
ornithologist roxie laybourne amid the bird collection at the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . photograph : chip clark .
egg collections such as these from the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) have provided insight into the effects of toxin accumulation in the environment ( ratcliffe 1967 , hickey and anderson 1968 ) . photograph : chip clark .
museum collections of small mammals have been used to identify reservoirs of hantavirus ( yates et al . 2002 ) , reconstruct community structure in relation to habitat modification ( pergams and nyberg 2001 ) , and even build a predictive framework for crop pests ( sanchez - cordero and martinez - meyer 2000 ) . photograph : chip clark .
a section of the fish collection at the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . stored specimens such as these have allowed scientists to reconstruct the history of contaminants ( such as mercury ) in our food supply ( e . g . , barber et al . 1972 , miller et al . 1972 ) . photograph : chip clark .
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the greenthroat darter ( etheostoma lepidum ) is found in found in colorado , guadalupe and nueces river drainages in texas ; and in pecos river system in new mexico .

it inhabits gravel and rubble riffles , with a preference for spring-fed and vegetated riffles of headwaters , creeks , and small rivers .

greenthroat darter

hubbs , c . , and k . strawn . 1957 . the effects of light and temperature on the fecundity of the greenthroat darter , etheostoma lepidum . ecology 38 : 596 - 602 .
hubbs , c . , a . e . peden , and m . m . stevenson . 1969 . the developmental rate of the greenthroat darter , etheostoma lepidum . amer . midl . nat . 81 : 182 - 188 .
hubbs , c . 1985 . darter reproductive seasons . copeia 1985 ( 1 ) : 56 - 68 .
in new mexico , davenport and archdeacon ( 2008 ) summarized recent survey results . this species was collected annually from bitter creek between 1995–1998 but has not been collected from bitter creek / lost river since 1999 . it was collected from the west side spring ditch in the majority of years sampled , including 2007 . sampling at cottonwood creek in 2002 and 2003 found no greenthroat darters ( the channel was filled with vegetation and tumbleweeds ) ; further sampling is needed to determine the current status of the greenthroat darter in this location . no greenthroat darters were collected from the rio penasco in 2007 , but researchers could not access previously sampled sites on private property .
platania , s . p . 1980 . etheostoma lepidum ( baird and girard ) , greenthroat darter . pp . 661 in d . s . lee et al . , atlas of north american freshwater fishes . n . c . state mus . nat . hist . , raleigh , i - r + 854 pp .
( pflieger 1997 ) ; lepidum : denotes pretty . this darter is a colorful addition to the local fauna ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) .
total adult population size is unknown . this darter is common on the edwards plateau in texas , uncommon in new mexico ( page and burr 2011 ) .
in new mexico , many spring fed tributaries of the pecos river have decreased or ceased to flow since increase in appropriation from the artesian and shallow aquifers ; loss of these habitats led to restriction of greenthroat darters to the few remaining springs with flow ( davenport and archdeacon 2008 ) .
hubbs , c . , m . m . stevenson , and a . e . peden . 1968 . fecundity and egg size in two central texas darter populations . southwestern naturalist 13 : 301 - 323 .
. 1990 ) . this darter is most common in riffle areas with rocky , plant - covered surfaces . eggs are laid on vegetation or on any solid substrate including the undersides of rocks ( page 1983 , sublette
paine , m . d . 1984 . ecological and evolutionary consequences of early ontogenies of darter ( etheostomatini ) . pp . 21 - 30 . in : lindquist , d . g . , and l . m . page ( eds . ) , environmental biology of darters . dr w junk publishers , the hague .
it is easily confused with the orangethroat darter ( etheostoma spectabile ) , which has a less developed banding on the caudal peduncle ; also , the lateral line is almost complete in e . lepidum ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) . female hybrids of e . lepidum x e . spectabile are fertile ; males are sterile ( hubbs 1958 ) . most closely related to allopatric rio grande darter ( e . grahami ) of lower pecos river and closely adjacent area ( platania 1980 ) ; e . grahami is deeper bodied ; has many small red ( on male ) or black ( on female ) spots on side of body , red edge on 1 st dorsal fin ( page and burr 1991 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as near threatened because although the extent of occurrence is fairly large and the species is represented by a relatively large number of subpopulations and locations , the area of occupancy may be less than 2 , 000 sq km and habitat quantity and quality are subject to ongoing slow declines . population size is unknown but apparently not particularly small .
extent of occurrence exceeds 20 , 000 square kilometres and may be roughly 40 , 000 square kilometres .
this species is represented by a moderate number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) , most of which are in texas . texas natural history collections ( 1997 ) mapped 22 collection sites in texas and 8 sites in new mexico .
trend over the past three generations is uncertain but probably slowly declining . regionally , this species faces no immediate danger of extinction ; it persists in much of the historical range in texas and new mexico ; distribution has become somewhat restricted due to habitat alteration ; status of some populations is precarious ( see new mexico department of game and fish 1996 ) . in new mexico , several populations were extirpated in historical times , and others may have been reduced in distribution or abundance ( see new mexico department of game and fish 1996 ) . in new mexico , davenport and archdeacon ( 2008 ) found this species at all previously sampled sites except bitter creek on the bitter lake national wildlife refuge . warren
the primary threat is habitat alteration through groundwater mining , flow diversion , excessive sedimentation , modification of stream morphology , and pollution from industrial , agricultural , and domestic sources ( see new mexico department of game and fish 1996 ) .
) into the riparian area of bitter creek likely caused the disappearance of this species from bitter creek on the bitter lake national wildlife refuge in new mexico ( davenport and archdeacon 2008 ) .
this species would benefit from habitat restoration , improved habitat protection and management , species management , and better information on distribution , abundance , population trend , and threats .
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- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .
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rio leona at uvalde , uvalde co . , texas ( baird and girard 1853 ) .
: color of species is geographically variable ( hubbs 1976 ) . throat blue or green in males ( lost in preservation ) . 10 to 12 body bars . no black spot on upper margin of pectoral fins , no pale longitudinal streak along lateral line , and no large black rectangular blotches present on sides ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) .
dorsum is olive ; belly of male is orange , female yellow to white . 8 - 13 dark green - brown vertical bars along the side ; bars encircle the body posteriorly , anteriorly extending ventrally only onto upper part of the belly . interspaces between bars yellow and speckled with orange . breast and branchiostegal membranes of male are green , those of female white . 3 vertically aligned spots at base of the caudal fin . prominent black pre - and suborbital bars ; postorbital bar reduced to a spot . in the male 1
dorsal fin has a blue - green margin , clear submarginal band , broad red - orange band , and in some areas of the species’ range a basal blue - green band . the 2
dorsal and caudal fins have many red - brown spots arranged in concentric bands . pelvic and anal fins mostly blue - green , often have orange or red - orange medially . fins of the female mostly spotted with brown . pelvic fins of both sexes clear . in breeding male , colors of fins are accentuated , breast and branchiostegal membranes bright blue - green , and bright orange blotches contrast with the dark green bars on the side of the body ( page 1983 ) .
2 anal fin spines ( hubbs et al 1991 ) . page ( 1983 ) lists the following counts for this species : 43 - 67 ( 48 - 55 ) lateral scales , 19 - 42 pored ; scales above lateral line 5 - 7 ( 6 ) ; scales below lateral line 7 - 10 ; transverse scales 12 - 19 ; scales around caudal peduncle 19 - 25 ; dorsal spines 7 - 12 ( 9 - 10 ) ; dorsal rays 8 - 14 ( 10 - 12 ) ; pectoral rays 9 - 14 ( 11 - 12 ) ; anal rays 4 - 9 ( 6 - 8 ) .
body cross section oval ; body depth contained in standard length less than five times ; head profile rounded , profile in front of eye less than 45 degrees ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) .
rather small and slender , having a small conical head ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) . body deepest under middle of 1
preopercle smooth or weakly serrate ; upper jaw not extending as far as to below middle of eye ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) .
u . s . distribution : a disjunct series of populations inhabits tributaries of the pecos river in new mexico ( platania 1980 ; hubbs et al . 1991 )
texas distribution : inhabits edwards plateau streams , especially spring - influenced headwaters in the colorado river southward to the nueces river basin ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) . warren et al . ( 2000 ) list the following drainage units for distribution of etheostoma lepidum in the state : colorado river , san antonio bay ( including minor coastal drainages west of mouth of colorado river to mouth of nueces river ) , nueces river .
populations in southern drainages are currently stable ( warren et al 2000 ) . common in texas ( page 1983 ) .
: scarce or absent from very eurythermal locations ( hubbs 1985 ) . occurs in a variety of non - turbid stream habitats with substrates from bedrock to silt covered ( platania 1980 ) . a typical riffle species occurring over gravel and rubble , especially when aquatic vegetation is present . it also lives in spring areas , sometimes in cool vegetated pools ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) . largest populations occur in vegetated rocky riffles ( strawn 1955 ; hubbs et al . 1953 ;
hubbs and strawn 1957 ; hubbs and echelle 1972 ) . species benthic after hatching ( hubbs and strawn 1957 ; paine 1984 ) .
spawning season : october or november through may , with populations in stenothermal environments having a longer spawning season than those in more eurythermal environments ( hubbs and strawn 1957 ; hubbs 1985 ) . in the colorado river , texas , spawning occurs november – may ( hubbs 1961a ) ; in the south concho river , texas , spawning occurs october – may ( hubbs et al . 1968 ) . hubbs ( 1985 ) reported marked drop in reproductive activity when water temperature was raised from 20 to 23 degrees c .
spawning habitat : eggs laid on vegetation ( strawn 1956 ) , or on the underside of rocks ( hubbs and strawn 1957 ) .
hubbs and echelle ( 1972 ) reported water supply and habitat problems leading to decline in distribution . species in no immediate danger of extirpation ; however , some populations are in a precarious position ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) .
[ additional literature noting collection of this species from texas locations includes , but is not limited to the following : hubbs ( 1957 ) ; hubbs and hettler ( 1958 ) ; hubbs ( 1960 ) ; hubbs and martin ( 1965 ) ; hubbs 1967 ) . ]
baird , s . f . and c . girard . 1853 . descriptions of new species of fishes collected by mr . john h . clark , on the u . s . and mexican boundary survey , under lt . col . jas . d . graham . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 6 ( 7 ) : 387 - 390 .
evermann , b . w . , and w . c . kendall . 1894 . the fishes of texas and the rio grande basin , considered chiefly with reference to their geographic distribution . bull . u . s . fish comm . 57 - 126 .
hubbs , c . 1957 . distributional patterns of texas fresh - water fishes . the southwestern naturalist 2 ( 2 / 3 ) : 89 - 104 .
hubbs , c . 1958 . fertility of fı hybrids between the percid fishes , etheostoma spectabile and e . lepidum . copeia 1958 : 57 - 59 .
hubbs , c . 1960 . duration of sperm function in the percid fishes etheostoma lepidum and e . spectabile , associated with sympatry of the parental populations . copeia 1960 ( 1 ) : 1 - 8 .
hubbs , c . 1961a . developmental temperature tolerance of four etheostomatine fishes occurring in texas . copeia 1961 : 195 - 198 .
hubbs , c . 1961b . differences in the incubation period of two populations of etheostoma lepidum . copeia 1961 : 198 - 200 .
hubbs , c . 1967 . geographic variations in survival of hybrids between etheostomatine fishes . bulletin of the texas memorial museum 13 : 1 - 72 .
hubbs , c . 1976 . a checklist of texas freshwater fishes . rev . ed . tech . ser . tex . parks wildl . dep . 11 . 12 pp .
hubbs , c . , and a . a . echelle . 1972 . endangered non - game fishes of the upper rio grande basin pp . 147 - 167 . in : rare and endangered wildlife of southwestern unites states . new mexico game and fish dept . , santa fe .
hubbs , c . , and p . s . martin . 1965 . effects of darkness on egg deposition by etheostoma lepidum females . the southwestern naturalist 10 ( 4 ) : 302 - 306 .
hubbs , c . , and w . f . hettler . 1958 . flutuations of some central texas fish populations . the southwestern naturalist 3 ( 1 / 4 ) : 13 - 16 .
hubbs , c . , r j . edwards , and g . p . garrett . 1991 . an annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of texas , with keys to identification of species . texas journal of science , supplement 43 ( 4 ) : 1 - 56 .
hubbs , c . , r . a . kuehne , and j . c . ball . 1953 . the fishes of the upper guadalupe river . texas journal of science 5 ( 2 ) : 216 - 244 .
kuehne , r . a . , and r . w . barbour . 1983 . the american darters . the university press of kentucky . lexington . 177 pp .
page , l . m . 1983 . handbook of darters . t . f . h . publications , inc . , ltd . , neptune city , nj . 271 pp .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america , north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .
pflieger , w . l . 1997 . the fishes of missouri . missouri department of conservation , jefferson city . 372 pp .
strawn , k . 1955 . a method of breeding and raising three texas darters . part i . aquarium journal 26 : 408 - 412 .
strawn , k . 1956 . a method of breeding and raising three texas darters . part ii . aquarium journal 27 ( 1 ) : 11 - 32 .
warren , m . l . , jr . , b . m . burr , s . j . walsh , h . l . bart , jr . , r . c . cashner , d . a . etnier , b . j . freeman , b . r . kuhajda , r . l . mayden , h . w . robison , s . t . ross , and w . c . starnes . 2000 . diversity , distribution , and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern united states . fisheries 25 ( 10 ) : 7 - 29 .
adults occur in gravel and rubble riffles , especially spring - fed and vegetated riffles , of headwaters , creeks and small rivers ( ref . 5723 ) . eggs are found attached to the substrate unguarded ( ref . 7043 ) .
north america : found in colorado , guadalupe and nueces river drainages in texas , usa ; and in pecos river system in new mexico , usa .
6 . 6 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) )
lectotype for boleosoma lepida catalog number : usnm 744 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : j . clark locality : rio leona at uvalde , a tributary of rio nueces , texas . , uvalde county , texas , united states , north america
non - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
comments : eats small crustaceans , aquatic insects , alagae on solid substates in riffles , and aquatic vegetation ( sublette et al . 1990 ) .
note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .
comments : this species is represented by a moderate number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) , most of which are in texas . texas natural history collections ( 1997 ) mapped 22 collection sites in texas and 8 sites in new mexico .
spawns late october or november through may ( hubbs 1985 ) . eggs laid in several groups and usually are fertilized by largest male present . eggs hatch in 4 - 5 days at 28 c , about 40 days at 9 c ( page 1983 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 8 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
reasons : occurs in tributaries of colorado , guadalupe , and nueces rivers of edwards plateau , texas , and pecos river system in southeastern new mexico ; common in texas , uncommon in new mexico ; distribution has become somewhat restricted due to habitat alteration through groundwater mining , flow diversion , excessive sedimentation , modification of stream morphology , and pollution from industrial , agricultural , and domestic sources .
comments : boloeosoma phlox cope , formerly assigned to this species , is a junior synonym of e . spectabile ( page 1983 ) . apparently has hybridized with percina caprodes in texas ; hybridization probably related to abnormally high turbidity ( hubbs et al . 1988 ) .
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