the patagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) is a small mustelid that is the only member of the genus lyncodon .

its geographic range is the pampas of western argentina and sections of chile .

an early mention of the animal is in the journal of syms covington , who sailed with charles darwin on his epic voyage aboard hms beagle .

patagonian weasel

main characteristics patagonian weasels have a body length between 30 and 35 cms ( 12 - 13 . 75 inches ) , a tail length between 6 and 9 cms ( 2 . 4 - 3 . 5 inches ) and they weigh approximately 225 g ( 7 . 9 oz ) . they are whitish in colour with some brown and black tones mixed in . habitat patagonian weasels can be found in south america . subspecies subspecies of the patagonian weasel include : lyncodon patagonicus patagonicus lyncodon patagonicus thomasi interesting facts little is known about patagonian weasels but it is assumed their habits are similar to those of other species of weasel . similar animals african striped weasel back - striped weasel colombian weasel least weasel japanese weasel long - tailed weasel malayan weasel mountain weasel
patagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) creator : the beeg one uxp : countries of the world . . .
image - patagonian weasel ( the beeg one ) . png | zt2 download library wiki | fandom powered by wikia
the females are called ' bitch , doe or jill ' and males ' buck , dog , hub or jack ' . a patagonian weasel group is called a ' boogle ' .
the patagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) is a larger mustelid of the south american pampas . it is about 30–35 cm ( 12–14 inches ) long , excluding the 6–9 - cm ( 2 . 5–3 . 5 - inch ) tail . that weasel is grayish with dark brown underparts and a white stripe running across the forehead to the sides…
this weasel has reportedly been kept by some ranchers as a working pet to destroy rats ( nowak , 1999 ) .
the patagonian weasel is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
the specific food habits of patagonian weasels are little known , but the fact that this species has reduced molars and well - formed carnassials suggests that it is primarily carnivorous ( ewer , 1973 ) . patagonian weasels have been noted to enter burrows of
patagonian weasel is found in temperate arid and semiarid portions of argentina and southern chile ( prevosti and pardiñas 2001 ) . it is known to occur from salta province south along the western part of the country to santa cruz province , and then into chile along the southern argentine border ( schiaffini
. the little research there is on this species suggests that patagonian weasels are found in pampas habitats that have light - colored substrates excluding deserts ( gittleman , 1996 ) .
the patagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) is a small , rare , and little known carnivore . its distribution , which includes several fossil and historical records , spans western argentina and southern chile . according to recent studies , its populations are declining , affecting its conservation . in this paper we report a new locality of occurrence for the species based on a photographed . . . [ show full abstract ]
the patagonian weasel lyncodon patagonicus is a small mustelid that lives in the southern cone of south america ( argentina and chile ) . the species is known from relatively few direct observations and collected specimens . in this paper we review available data about l . patagonicus to assess its conservation status . information about its natural history is largely anecdotal , and suggests that it . . . [ show full abstract ]
the little research there is on this species suggests that patagonian weasels are found in pampas habitats that have light - colored substrates excluding deserts ( gittleman , 1996 ) . ( full text )
future studies are needed to confirm the presence of the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus as a common feature of l . patagonicus . it is reasonable to think that these muscles , together with the other myological and osteological modifications discussed , could represent an adaptation of the forepaw for fine digital control and for firmly grasping prey . hunting behavior data from future ecological studies of the patagonian weasel are needed to support this inference .
the mating system and behavior of patagonian weasles remains unknown at this time . however , most mustelids associate only briefly during the mating season . males have territories that overlap with those of several females and they monitor their reproductive state through chemical cues .
the mean values of the ratio mciii / phiii ( table 1 ) indicate that l . patagonicus possesses the relative longest proximal phalanx ( i . e . , 1 . 32 ; the lowest value of the ratio ) in comparison with other weasel - like musteloids and the whole sample . the length of the proximal phalanx of digit iii of l . patagonicus is equivalent to the 76 % of the length of the metacarpal iii , a very different condition to the sister taxa , galictis spp . ( ranging 56–63 % ) .
ranges from 300 to 350 mm , with the tail adding an additional 60 to 90 mm ( nowak , 1999 ) . patagonian weasels have a dental formula of 3 / 3 , 1 / 1 , 2 / 2 , 1 / 1 = 28 ( mares , 1989 ) . they have very small ears that are covered by the surrounding fur . generally , the the fur is whitish with some dark brown and black tones intermixed . from the top of the head to along its backside there is a distinguishable broad white or yellowish band of fur .
. . . ( 1 ) san rafael ( roig , 1965 ) , ( 2 ) macachín ( prevosti & pardiñas , 2001 ) , ( 3 ) bonifacio ( pocock , 1926 ) , ( 4 ) rincón grande ( doering , 1881 ) , ( 5 ) carmen de patagones ( doering , 1881 ) , ( 6 ) 9 km se los menucos ( prevosti & pardiñas , 2001 ) , ( 7 ) puesto horno , ea . maquinchao ( teta , prevosti , & trejo , 2008 ) , ( 8 ) puerto madryn ( prevosti et al . , 2009 ) , ( 9 ) puerto pirámide ( prevosti & pardiñas , 2001 ) , ( 10 ) cueva del tigre ( trajano , 1991 ) . terrestial ecoregions are colored as follows ( from north - east to south - west ) : humid pampas , espinal , low monte and patagonian steppe ( olson & dinerstein , 2002 ) . . . .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
your web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .
your list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .
note : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .
the e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .
the e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .
i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
- - publisher ' s website .
please choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .
this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
add tags for
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference
.
you may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
- - publisher ' s website .
worldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more ››
don ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is listed as least concern because there is no reason to believe that it approaches the thresholds for a threatened category or even near threatened . however , there is little available indication , and no hard information on current population status or trend , or on major threats . it is a poorly known species with few specimens deposited in museum collections ( redford and eisenberg 1992 , prevosti and pardiñas 2001 , prevosti et al . 2009 ) . recent investigations have added new localities , and expanded the known range , but further work is needed for a full understanding of range . it is possible that this species might be found to be appropriately listed on a threat category , if the impacts of habitat conversion , retaliatory killing and hunting are found to be much more severe than are presently assumed .
has been recorded from sea - level up to 2 , 000 m a . s . l . ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) .
this species is suspected to be rare and to occur at low densities across its range ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) . miller et al . ( 1983 ) considered it to be rare in chile , and only two recent records ( both pre - 1966 ) exist for the country ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) . new locality records were reported for northern patagonia , argentina ( teta et al . 2008 ) reaching 53 confirmed recent records ( prevosti et al . 2009 , schiaffini et al . 2013 ) .
lyncodon patagonicus is found in herbaceous and shrub steppes and xerophytic woodlands ( osgood 1943 , prevosti and pardiñas 2001 ) . its habits are little known ; available data indicate that it is nocturnal - crepuscular and that it preys on fossorial rodents and birds ( koslowsky 1904 , cabrera and yepes 1940 , redford and eisenberg 1992 ) . it is perhaps associated with tuc - tuc ctenomys communities ( koslowsky 1904 ) .
there are likely to be few direct threats to this species , although habitat degradation ( through domestic sheep grazing ) and occasional killing by ranchers are local threats ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) . retaliatory killing ( as a predator of small livestock ) and hunting might also be threats , at least locally .
this species is not often seen in the wild or collected . it is possible – even likely – that it occurs in several protected areas in western and southern patagonia in argentina ( nahuel huapi , lanin , lago puelo , los alerces , perito moreno , and los glaciares national parks ) , although most of these comprise mainly forested habitats , rather than the open terrain used by this species . for a clearer understanding of distribution , abundance and natural history , further survey is necessary , using techniques appropriate for the species .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
has a distribution within the neotropical region . its range is from the southern and western parts of argentina into chile ( redford and eisenberg , 1992 ) .
has short legs , a long body , and a short bushy tail ( redford and eisenberg , 1992 ) .
is as unknown as the rest of the species ' reproductive behavior . as in all mammals , the female nurses her young . mustelids in general produce altricial young , which reside in a den or burrow until their eyes are open and they are able to walk . at this time , young weasels typically accompany their mother on foraging trips .
in pursuit of prey . a defensive behavior of this species is that when it is cornered , the neck pelage will be erected . it is reportedly active at dusk and at night .
because the dietary habits of this animal are not known , it is difficult to speculate on the role it plays within its ecosystem . however ,
karen malek ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , chris yahnke ( editor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
mammals of the neotropics - the southern cone volume 2 - chile , argentina , uruguay , paraguay .
to cite this page : malek , k . 2003 .
lyncodon patagonicus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
this page was last edited on 25 may 2017 , at 15 : 39 .
text is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user
we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .
la musculatura intrínseca del autopodio de los mamíferos está compuesta por un número de grupos musculares relativamente estable . en este trabajo nosotros presentamos el primer estudio miológico de lyncodon patagonicus , un mustélido de américa del sur pobremente conocido tanto en aspectos morfológicos como ecológicos . los músculos intrínsecos típicos de la mano de lyncodon son similares a los presentes en el taxón hermano galictis , aunque presenta algunas variaciones , incluyendo la presencia de subdivisiones adicionales y algunas inserciones relativamente más distales . una característica distintiva fue la presencia de una novedosa serie de músculos nunca antes descripta para un mamífero . estos músculos , aquí denominados mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus , están representados por un vientre medial y uno lateral para cada dígito , ubicados inmediatamente distales a los mm . flexores breves profundi . distalmente , estos se ubican a los lados de los tendones de estos últimos , en el aspecto palmar de la serie falangeal , insertándose en los tubérculos flexores de las falanges distales de cada dígito . nosotros proponemos que la incorporación de estos músculos a la musculatura de la mano de lyncodon , sumado a otras características osteo - miológicas , podría implicar una adaptación morfo - funcional distintiva , posibilitando una mayor fuerza de flexión e independencia en los movimientos digitales , posiblemente utilizada por el taxón durante la manipulación de presas durante la caza . esta función debe ser confirmada por futuros estudios ecológicos y comportamentales para esta especie .
the mm . flexores breves profundi are commonly present in mammals , although reduced in number or size in some lineages ( e . g . , macropodids , some rodents , manis , most xenarthrans , and many ungulates— humphry 1869 ; galton 1870 ; young 1880 ; windle and parsons 1899 ; kesner 1986 ; fisher et al . 2007 ; rocha - barbosa et al . 2007 ) . their ancestral arrangement consists of a pair per digit ( lewis 1989 ) , located superficial to the dorsal layer , and with flexor functions . the mm . intermetacarpales may be absent , reduced , or fused with the mm . flexores breves profundi in many mammal lineages ( diogo and abdala 2010 ) , such as carnivorans ( young 1880 ; windle and parsons 1897 ; mcmurrich 1903 ) . there are 4 in the ancestral condition ( lewis 1989 ) , located between adjacent metacarpals , with abductor functions , which are functionally linked with the more palmar abductors and opponens muscles of digits i and v .
in addition to the variant mentioned above , there exist at least 2 particular modifications that affect the general scheme of the mm . interossei . the first occurs when a group of fibers slips off and spans transversally between the insertions of the other mm . interossei deriving in , for example , the “palmaris transversus” of arborimus ( kesner 1986 ) , the “transversus” of manis ( humphry 1869 ) , the “transverse adductor indicis” of dasypus ( windle and parsons 1899 ) , and an innominate muscle in hystrix ( parsons 1894 : 272 ) . a second kind of modification was described by humphry ( 1869 ) in sloths , in which an additional and secondary set of mm . interossei named “phalangeal interossei” originates from the second phalanges and inserts together with the other mm . interossei onto the extensor tubercles .
lyncodon patagonicus , living specimen photographed in chubut , argentina , by darío podestá . note the slender and gracile digits of the forepaw .
in line with prior contributions about the myology of south american mustelids ( ercoli et al . 2013 , 2015 ) , we carried out exhaustive dissections on l . patagonicus , a species for which myological studies are lacking . here , we describe the intrinsic muscles of the forepaw , and identify a strikingly novel series of forepaw muscles , not present in any other carnivoran species and , as far as we know , in any other mammal .
the detailed muscular anatomy of the forepaw of lyncodon is similar in many aspects to that described for galictis cuja ( ercoli et al . 2015 ; fig . 2 ) , which is expected because galictis and lyncodon are sister genera ( sato et al . 2012 ) . as in g . cuja , lyncodon possesses the same set of intrinsic musculature of the manus ( i . e . , m . palmaris brevis , 4mm . lumbricales , m . abductor digiti v , m . opponens digiti v , m . abductor et opponens digiti i , 3mm . adductores digitorum , 10mm . flexores breves profundi , m . abductor digiti ii , and m . abductor digiti iv , while the m . flexor digitorum brevis manus is absent ) . next , we describe these muscles , highlighting the distinctive features of l . patagonicus , while the features not detailed here should be considered as identical to those described for g . cuja ( ercoli et al . 2015 ) .
drawing showing the muscles of the manus , before a ) and after removal b ) the m . flexor digitorum superficialis , m . flexor digitorum profundus , m . abductor et opponens digiti i , m . abductor digiti v , m . opponens digiti v , and the mm . lumbricales .
the m . palmaris brevis presents a different configuration compared to galictis . as usual , it originates from the fascia that covers the carpus at the level of the accessory carpal bone , but this muscle inserts at the level of the metacarpal i , via 2 tendons , onto an additional belly of the m . palmaris longus that corresponds to digit i .
the 4mm . lumbricales ( fig . 2a ) are represented by independent bellies that originate from the tendons of the m . flexor digitorum profundus at the level of the carpus instead of the metacarpals , as was described for galictis . they insert via thin tendons onto the medial surface of the base of the proximal phalanges or the middle one ( for the case of digit iii ) .
the m . opponens digiti v ( fig . 2a ) originates from the ligament distal to the accessory carpal bone , the medial surface of the accessory itself , and from metacarpal v and its proximal sesamoid , as was described for most of the cases of galictis , but these origins were purely aponeurotic ( versus mixed fibers ) . the insertion occurs on the lateral side of digit v , but its exact location could not be described due to some damage in the autopodium .
the m . abductor digiti v ( fig . 2a ) originates from the accessory carpal bone and inserts onto the lateral sesamoid of digit v and the lateral aspect of metacarpal v , as was described in galictis , but the differentiation in 2 bellies ( denoted for galictis ) could not be checked in lyncodon due to damage .
the m . abductor et opponens digiti i ( fig . 2a ) , as in galictis , extends from the radial sesamoid to the proximal phalanx of digit i . in lyncodon , the presence of an extra insertion onto the ventromedial aspect of metacarpal i ( observed in some specimens of galictis ) was confirmed .
the mm . adductores digitorum ( fig . 2b ) extends from the transverse carpal ligament to the proximal end of the proximal phalanx of digits i , ii , and v , similar to that described for galictis . however , in lyncodon , the 3 muscles are independent from each other at their origins , the muscle for digit i is the smaller ( versus ii ) , and the insertion on digits i and ii are tendinous ( instead of fleshy , as occurs in digit v , and all cases for galictis ) .
the 10mm . flexores breves profundi ( fig . 2b ) originate from the proximal area of the corresponding metacarpal of each digit , the plantar process of carpal bone iii , and the distal ligament of the accessory carpal bone , as in galictis . they insert via fleshy fibers onto the corresponding metacarpal sesamoids , as usual , but there is an additional insertion onto the base of the middle phalanx of digit iii .
the m . abductor digiti ii , differing with respect to galictis , is composed of 2 bellies instead of only 1 ; one originates exclusively from the proximal sector of the lateral margin of metacarpal i ( not reaching the middle of this bone , as in galictis ) , and the other originates from carpal ii ( not observed in galictis ) . on the other hand , the insertion of both bellies occurs on the medial area of the proximal phalanx of digit ii instead of the medial sesamoid of metacarpal ii .
the m . abductor digiti iv extends from the base of metacarpal v to the lateral aspect of the lateral sesamoid of metacarpal iv and metacarpal iv itself ( as in galictis ) , but the fibers of origin are mixed ( medially tendinous and laterally fleshy ) instead of only fleshy .
in addition to the usual set of muscles and the variants recorded for l . patagonicus , a novel and intriguing series of 10 bellies , arranged as a pair per digit lying over the palmar aspect of the forepaw , was detected and is described here ( figs . 2b and 3 ) . the muscular nature of the fibers that compose these bellies was confirmed by histological analysis ( fig . 4 ) . this series of muscles , henceforth named mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus , is represented by a medial and lateral belly for each digit . they present a similar arrangement to that of the mm . flexores breves profundi and are located immediately distal to them . the bellies of this series run along the sides of the tendons of the mm . flexor digitorum profundus and the mm . flexor digitorum superficialis , on the palmar aspect of the phalangeal series . for each digit , the lateral and medial bellies originate via fleshy fibers from the distal end of the corresponding metacarpal sesamoid , and some tendinous fibers take origin from the distal end of the corresponding belly of the mm . flexores breves profundi , to which they are loosely attached . all of the bellies become tendinous at the level of the distal end of the proximal phalanx and insert onto the flexor tubercle of the distal phalanx , immediately lateral and medial to the insertion tendons of the m . flexor digitorum profundus ( figs . 2 and 3 ) .
morphology of the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus of lyncodon patagonicus . a ) arrangement and location of the bellies ( arrows ) in palmar view of the left forepaw . the lateral belly for digit v was already removed and the arrow indicates the origin area of this belly . see fig . 2b for a diagram indicating each muscle observed in the picture . b ) scheme of a single belly of the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus ( fdpm ) , and its topographic relationships with the tendons of the mm . flexores digitorum superficialis ( fds ) , the mm . flexores digitorum profundus ( fdp ) , and osteological elements of a digit ( mc = metacarpus ; phi = first phalanx ; phii = second phalanx ; phiii = third phalanx ; s = metacarpal sesamoid ) .
appearance of the some loose bellies of the mm . flexor digitorum proprii manus in an ethanol 70° solution a ) , histological slides of muscle tissues at 400× b ) and 1 , 000× c ) in the highlighted frame ; note muscular fibers cut near to transverse and longitudinal planes , showing the expected red staining , striations , and general structure for muscular fibers .
values of the ratio between the length of the metacarpal iii and the length of the proximal phalanx of the third digit ( mciii / phiii ) for musteloid species . see appendix i for measured specimens in this study .
a data from bibliography ( van valkenburgh 1987 ; iwaniuk et al . 1999 ; ercoli 2015 ) .
the only other intrinsic phalangeal series of muscles of a mammal was described in sloths by humphry ( 1869 ) under the name of “phalangeal interossei , ” but these muscles differ in origins , insertions , and functions compared to the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus of l . patagonicus . humphry’s description indicates that those muscles originate from the apposed sides of the middle phalanges and insert together with the other mm . interossei into the apposed sides of the extensor tendons , near the extensor expansions ( humphry 1869 : 49 ) . due to the common insertion , humphry considered them as a secondary set of the mm . interossei ( sensu lato ) and assigned them a lateral stabilization function , in relation to the autopodial specialization of sloths to suspensory postures .
ontogenesis of the skeleton and intrinsic muscles of the human hand and foot . advances in anatomy , embryology and cell biology
enumeración sistemática de las especies observadas durante la expedición . vertebrados . informe oficial de la comisión científica agregada a la expedición al río negro de 1879 . entrega i , zoología
traité de zoologie . anatomie , systématique , biologie . tome xvi ( fascicule iii ) : mammifères . musculature des members , musculature peaucière , musculature des monotrèmes . arthrologie
anatomy of raccoon ( procyon lotor ) and coati ( nasua narica and n . nasua ) forearm and leg muscles : relations between fiber length , moment - arm length , and joint - angle excursion
( e . j . sargis and m . dagosto , eds . ) .
descriptive and functional myology of the neck and forelimb of the striped hyena ( hyaena hyaena , l . 1758 )
on the myology of the terrestrial carnivora . part i : muscles of the head , neck , and fore - limb
on the myology of the edentata . part i . muscles of the head , neck and fore limb
musteloid specimens measured for the calculation of the ratio between the length of the metacarpal iii and the length of the proximal phalanx of the third digit ( mciii / phiii ) .
lyncodon patagonicus : macnma 21982 , mlp 6 . iii . 36 . 32 . mustela erminea : fmnh 122025 , 122630 . mustela frenata : fmnh 25626 , 25625 , 49372 . mustela nigripes : fmnh 25621 , 25622 . mustela nivalis : fmnh 129331 . mustela vison : fmnh 135301 , 122031 . poecilogale albinucha : fmnh 36045 , 149354 . ictonyx striatus : fmnh 177232 , 177231 . martes americana : fmnh 72956 , 151035 . martes pennanti : fmnh 165360 , 153812 . galictis vittata : fmnh 127293 , 123657 . mellivora capensis : fmnh 43298 .
oxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide
for full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .
for full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .
. . . a pesar de tan amplia dis - tribución , la mayor cantidad de información proviene de hallazgos fósiles , colecciones de museos y unas pocas observaciones directas realizadas durante los siglos xix y xx . los datos actuales sobre su presencia , alcanzan tan solo 28 registros realizados desde 1950 , de los cuales 12 corresponden a los últimos 15 años ( prevosti & pardiñas 2001 , teta et al . 2008 , prevosti et al . 2009 , díaz isenrath et al . 2012 , formoso et al . 2016 , schiaffini 2017 . . . .
. . . small mammals are the main prey of several raptors and some large raptors prey upon medium - sized mammals ( fergusonlees & christie 2001 , könig & weick 2008 ) . despite of that , there are not many examples of raptors preying upon carnivores ( jaksic & marti 1984 , teta et al . 2008 ) . here we report the consumption of molina ' s hog - nosed skunk ( conepatus chinga : carnivora ) by a great horned owl ( bubo virginianus : strigiformes ) . . . .
. . . a complete picture of l . patagonicus habits requires direct ecological studies ; the same is true regarding its potential trophic overlap with the more widespread , larger , and aggressive sympatric lesser grison galictis cuja . it is eaten by the black - chested buzzard eagle geranoaetus melanoleucus , at least in patagonia ( teta et al . 2008 ) . ecological interactions with other small mustelids , such as g . cuja and the introduced invasive neovison vison , merit further study . . . .
the main goal of the project is to study the role of different biological ( e . g . , competition ; prey availability ) , geological ( e . g . , andean orogeny ) and climatic events ( e . g . , global temperature dim…
[ more ]
research on the estimation of body mass in extinct vertebrates and on the effect of size on the natural history of organisms .
a new distributional record for lyncodon patagonicus ( carnivora : mustelidae ) , one of the smallest an . . .
click on a date / time to view the file as it appeared at that time .
this file contains additional information , probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it . if the file has been modified from its original state , some details may not fully reflect the modified file .
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
sorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .


mystus is a genus of fish in the family bagridae native to asia .

phylogenetic relationships within this genus are poorly understood , though it has been suggested that there are two major lineages .

mystus

mystus cineraceus , m . gulio , m . falcarius , m . leucophasis , m . pulcher
systematic studies conducted on mystus species of northern kerala are very rare . it is due the taxonomic ambiguity which had existed in many species of this genus ? to solve this dilemma , during this study , all mystus species were collected from their type localities and taxonomically analysed . examination of meristic , metric and major morphometric characters helped to prove the identity of all mystus species of these regions .
citation : plamoottil m ( 2017 ) taxonomic notes on mystus species of northern kerala . j aquac res development 8 : 495 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2155 - 9546 . 1000495
mystus bleekeri was described from the ganges river drainage and myanmar ( day 1877 ) , but the lectotype designation of sharma and dutt ( 1983 ) restricts the type locality to the ganges river drainage .
( of mystus mukherjii ganguly & datta , 1975 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of mystus cavassius ( hamilton , 1822 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
asia : lowland rivers in most major basins of the indian subcontinent ( pakistan , nepal , india , sri lanka and myanmar ) , including but not limited to the indus , brahmaputra - ganges , krishna , cauvery , irrawaddy , salween and tenasserim . reports of this species from the chao phraya and mekong basins , malaysia , and indonesia are based on misidentifications of mystus albolineatus or mystus singaringan . occurs in thailand , but only in the salween basin .
justification : since mystus tengara identity is now confirmed ( darshan et al . 2010 ) , it is known to have a fairly wide distribution in the ganges and brahmaputra river basins in northern and northeastern india . the species does not face any major threats and is therefore assessed as least concern .
justification : although there is no information on the population and its trends for this species , current evidence indicates that it is still relatively widespread and abundant . despite being targeted in fisheries in some regions of its distribution , the level of exploitation is not deemed high enough to be a threat to long - term survival of this species . mystus bleekeri is therefore assessed as least concern .
mystus cavasius was described from the atrai river ( hamilton 1822 ) . this species was previously thought to occur throughout the indian subcontinent and myanmar , but chakrabarty and ng ( 2005 ) showed that the name should be restricted to the populations from northern part of the subcontinent , those from the southern part are referable to m . seengtee and those from myanmar are referable to m . falcarius .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .
, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .
cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
by jerdon ( 1849 ) from manantoddy ( mananthavady ) in wynaad , kerala , india . day ( 1877 ) changed the generic status of the fish to
madhusoodana kurup , b . , basheer , v . s . , arunachalam , m . & molur , s .
is assessed as least concern because it is widely distributed in the peninsular india and it is also common in several areas . it is cultivated commercially in tamil nadu . furthermore , there are no specific threats identified for this species .
is definitely found in kerala and tamil nadu . in kerala it is known from manantoday in wynaad ( jerdon 1849 ) , ponmni estuary ( bijukumar and sushama 2000 ) and in chalakkudy river , muvattupuzha river and periyar river ( beevi and ramachandran 2009 ) . in tamil nadu it is known from thiroomurthi dam , parambikulam , kallapuram and amaravathi ( devi
2005 ) but exact point localities are missing . this species is also recorded from the kancheepuram and kanyakumari districts in tamil nadu but the exact locations are missing ( rajagopal and davidar 2008 ) . it is reported from the nilgiris bisophere , travancroe , achankovil , periyar and kabani rivers ( kurup
2007 ) and bhima river ( suter 1944 ) in maharashtra . yadav ( 2003 ) has suggested that the species is found in krishna river system and cauvery river system , however , exact localities are missing . it is also reported from madhya pradesh ( sarkar and lakra 2007 ) . all these records need validation .
is unknown . however , it is very common in chalakkudy river , muvattupuzha river and periyar river ( beevi and ramachandran 2009 ) . the species may be common in other parts of its distribution range .
. 2005 , 2007 ) . it is also found in estuaries ( bijukumar and sushama 2000 ) . it attains a total length of 15 cm ( menon 1999 ) . it is found in deep pools in higher altitudes with sandy or muddy substrate ( kurup
2004 ) . no information is available about habitat changes and its effects on this species .
is of minor interest to fisheries ( talwar and jhingran 1991 ) . it is cultured in trichy in tamil nadu ( haniffa 2009 , m . arunachalam pers . comm . 2010
. research is essential on taxonomic ambiguity , population status , distribution , life history , ecology , harvest trends and threats to the species . some population of the species is likely to be protected in the indira gandhi wildlife sanctuary ( devi
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
this species is known from the brahmaputra - ganges system , as well as the indus and mahanadi river drainages ( roberts 1994 ) .
there is no information on the population size or trends for this species , although this is a fairly common species in the ganges - brahmaputra system .
this species inhabits a large variety of freshwater bodies , primarily rivers and lakes .
this species is targeted as a food fish in west bengal , assam and tripura in india and in bangladesh ( w . vishwanath , s . c . dey pers . comm . ) . in other parts of its range , no major fishery exists for this catfish ; but is obtained in the fishing operations along with other fishes . it is also sporadically caught and exported as an ornamental fish ( h . h . ng pers . comm . ) .
the current rate of fishing for this species is not a threat in eastern and northeastern india . in other regions , the threats to this species are unknown , since there is no information on the biology of this species and therefore the impact of potential threats ( especially those of an anthropogenic nature ) remains unknown . despite the paucity of knowledge regarding potential threats , this species is still relatively abundant and widespread . this may be an indication that there are no major widespread threats to this species at the moment .
there is insufficient information on the distribution , biology and potential threats for this species . catch data for this species is also needed .
this species is known from the ganges and brahmaputra river drainages in india . it is thought to be widely distributed in the northern and northeastern parts of the indian subcontinent ( ferraris 2007 ) .
although the current population and its trends are unknown for this species , current indications from field surveys are that this species is still relatively widespread and abundant .
this species is caught as a food fish and is regularly caught and exported as an ornamental fish .
more research about the population size and trends , distribution and the biology of this species is needed , as there is insufficient information available . potential threats to this species also need to be identified .
known from the ganges , brahmaputra , mahanadi , subarnarekhar and godavari river drainages in northern india , nepal and bangladesh . the conspecificity of material identified as this species from the indus river drainage awaits further verification ( chakrabarty and ng 2005 ) .
although mishra et al . ( 2009 ) reported a mean decline of 29 . 9 % in catch for this species in southwestern bengal ( lower ganges - brahmaputra system and subarnarekha river ) for the period 1960 - 2000 , and an average decline of 57 % each decade from 1980 - 2000 ; there is insufficient data from other areas where this species is naturally distributed . data from throughout the ganges - brahmaputra system suggests that this species is still relatively common .
this species inhabits a wide variety of freshwater habitats , although it is chiefly found in larger rivers , primarily with a sandy or muddy substrate ( h . h . ng and w . vishwanath pers . comm . ) .
this species is heavily utilized as a food fish in some parts of its range , and is occasionally caught and exported as an ornamental fish .
although there is a marked decline in the population in southern west bengal due to overfishing , the threats to this species in other areas of its distribution are unknown . since there is no information on the biology of this species , the impact of potential threats ( especially those of an anthropogenic nature ) remains unknown . the current threats to aquatic biodiversity in all of its known distribution have also not been adequately identified . although iucn bangladesh ( 2000 ) identify habitat loss as a major threat to this species , this has not been verified by an empirical evidence .
there is insufficient information on the distribution , biology and potential threats for this species . catch data for this species is also needed from areas other than southern west bengal .
greek , mystax = whiskered , used by belon in 1553 to describe all fishes with whiskers ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 5°n - 38°s
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4833 ) ; max . published weight : 10 . 0 kg ( ref . 4833 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 10 - 11 . body elongate and compressed ; head conical ; occipital process narrow . maxillary barbels , in adults , extend posteriorly beyond the caudal fin base , but in young specimen , do not extend beyond the anal fin . dorsal spine weak , often feebly serrated . color is grayish with a more or less well - defined midlateral longitudinal stripe . a dark spot emphasized by a white or pale area along its ventral margin is just anterior to the first dorsal spine . dorsal , adipose and caudal fins shaded with melanophores .
found in tidal rivers and lakes ; also beels , canals , ditches , ponds , and inundated fields . its pectoral spine can cause painful wounds ( ref . 4833 ) . found in the basin - wide tributary of the lower mekong ( ref . 36667 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing possibly like other members of the same family ( ref . 205 ) .
talwar , p . k . and a . g . jhingran , 1991 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . volume 2 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam . ( ref . 4833 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00603 - 0 . 01443 ) , b = 2 . 98 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( fec = 3 , 314 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 54 of 100 ) .
the generic name is probably derived from the latin mystax , meaning moustache , in reference to the long barbels . it was first used by scopoli in 1777 making it a very old genus that has included many catfishes from throughout the world at one time or another .
easily adapts to a wide variety of frozen and prepared food in the aquarium . may eat very small fish .
smallest 48mm , largest 400mm , average 172mm , most commonly 120mm . all sl .
has this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .
© 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
omics international organises 3000 + global conferenceseries events every year across usa , europe & asia with support from 1000 more scientific societies and publishes 700 + open access journals which contains over 50000 eminent personalities , reputed scientists as editorial board members .
copyright : © 2017 plamoottil m . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
© 2008 - 2018 omics international - open access publisher . best viewed in mozilla firefox | google chrome | above ie 7 . 0 version
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bagrus cavasius ( hamilton , 1822 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pimelodus cavasius hamilton , 1822 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pimelodus seengtee sykes , 1839 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aoria cavasius ( hamilton , 1822 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hypselobagrus nigriceps ( peters , 1868 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of macrones cavasius ( hamilton , 1822 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of macrones nigriceps peters , 1868 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
we have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation . we have not put up a paywall to readers , and we do not charge for publishing . but running a monthly journal costs a lot . while we do have some partners , we still require support to keep the journal alive . if our readers help fund it , our future will be more secure .
jott allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non - profit purposes , reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication .
. he is working on the phylogeny of catfishes based on classical and molecular techniques .
is a professor in the department of life sciences , manipur university . his field of specialization is fish and fisheries . he is presently engaged in taxonomy and systematics of freshwater fishes of northeastern india .
is the director of directorate of coldwater fisheries research ( dcfr ) , bhimtal , uttarakhand ( under icar ) . he is presently engaged in various aspects of coldwater fishery including exploration and documentation of coldwater fishes of india . he is also supervising the
is a principal scientist in dcfr , bhimtal . his field of specialization is cytogenetics and fish molecular biology . he is presently engaged in the molecular characterization and phylogeny of coldwater fishes of india . he also supervises doctoral and post doctoral research in fish and fisheries .
ad survey , collection , morphometric and anatomic study and phylogeny of catfishes of northeast india ; wv supervision of taxonomy and phylogeny of freshwater fishes of northeastern india ; pcm inventory and cataloguing of coldwater fishes of india ; ab supervise phylogenetic study of coldwater fishes .
ab differential diagnosis , interpretation of the results , comparison with available literature and discuss taxonomic status .
we are thankful to heok hee ng for providing us valuable literature required for this study . the first author is grateful to department of biotechnology , government of india for awarding fellowship under dbt - postdoctoral program in biotechnology and life sciences .
, a new species of bagrid catfish from the headwaters of chindwin drainage in manipur , india , is described here .
it is distinguished from its congeners in having a unique combination of the following characters : a colour pattern of the body consisting of a distinct dark tympanic spot and three brown stripes separated by pale narrow longitudinal lines , cranial fontanel reaching the base of the occipital process , a long - based adipose fin contacting the base of the last dorsal - fin ray anteriorly , 16 - 19 gill rakers on the first branchial arch , a slender cleithral process , pectoral spine with 9 - 11 serrations on the posterior edge , eye with a diameter of 16 . 5–19 . 8 % hl and prepectoral length 22 . 2–26 . 0 % sl .
the new species has been compared with its congeners from myanmar and also from northeastern india .
to have an elongate cranial fontanel reaching up to the base of the occipital process , long maxillary barbel , very long adipose fin , 11–30 gill rakers on the first gill arch and 37–46 total vertebrae , about equally divided between abdominal and caudal regions . he included only eight species under the genus .
mo ( 1991 ) characterized the genus to have a thin needle - like first infraorbital , twisted and thickened metapterygoid loosely attached to the quadrate by means of ligament or a small extent of cartilage .
manipur state in the northeastern corner of india has two headwaters : that of the brahmaputra basin in the west and of the chindwin in the east .
from the lakes and streams of manipur valley , including the loktak lake ( all headwaters of the chindwin river drainage ) .
hora ( 1936 ) also collected the species from the brahmaputra basin in nagaland and menon ( 1954 ) from manipur .
the species was also reported from the chindwin basin of manipur by menon ( 1953 , 1954 ) , singh & singh ( 1985 ) , vishwanath et al . ( 1998 ) , arunkumar & singh ( 1997 ) and vishwanath
dorsal fin height was measured from the base of the spinelet to the highest point of the dorsal fin .
methods for counting gill rakers and vertebrae follow roberts ( 1992 ) and roberts ( 1994 ) , respectively .
hora , 1921 : 165–214 ( brief description of specimens from manipur valley , chindwin basin ) .
singh & singh , 1985 : 87 ( reported from sekmai & chakpi rivers , manipur ) ; vishwanath et al . 1998 : 323 ( reported from chatrikong river , manipur ) ;
arunkumar & singh , 1997 : 131 ( reported from yu - river in manipur ) ; jayaram & sanyal , 2003 : 42 ( in part , synonymy and description ) .
12 . viii . 2000 , 7ex . , 87 . 0–71 . 6 mm sl , wangoi - ngarian lake , ( chindwin drainage ) , a . drashan ( mumf 9502 / 1 - 9502 / 7 ) ; 08 . ix . 2000 , 4 ex . , 79 . 9–108 . 7 mm sl , khuga river ( chindwin drainage ) , churanchanpur district , k . santa devi ( mumf 9503 / 1 - 9503 / 4 ) ; 02 . xi . 2006 , 14 ex . , 60 . 5–86 . 3 mm sl , nambul river at naoremthong , imphal - west district , h . joyshree devi , ( mumf 9504 / 1 - 9504 / 14 ) .
70 . 2–96 . 2 mm sl , iril river at keibi ( chindwin river drainage ) , i . linthoingambi , ( mumf 9505 / 1 - 9505 / 22 ) ; 06 . vi . 1996 , 4 ex . , 83 . 1–104 . 7 mm sl , chatrickong river at sanalok ( chindwin river drainage ) , ukhrul district , k . selim ( mumf 1096–1099 ) .
morphometric data are shown in table 1 . dorsal profile rising evenly ( at an angle of 20–25
to the horizontal ) from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin then goes almost horizontal to anterior third of adipose fin , then sloping gradually ventrally from there to end of caudal peduncle .
ventral profile roughly straight to end of anal - fin base , then sloping gently dorsally to the end of caudal peduncle .
anterior cranial fontanel extending from level of posterior nasal opening to posterior orbital margins , separated from posterior fontanel by epiphyseal bar .
supraoccipital process long , reaching basal bone of dorsal fin , its base narrow with about one - fifth of its length , distally tapered .
eye ovoid , horizontal axis longest , located entirely in the dorsal half of the head .
tooth band on vomer continuous across midline and crescentic , slightly broader than premaxillary in middle , tapering posterolaterally , extending to level of lateral end of premaxillary tooth band .
dentary tooth band separated in the middle by thick skin , tapering laterally on each side , broader than premaxillary and vomerine tooth band at symphysis , length of one side equals lateral span of vomerine tooth band . gill openings wide , free from isthmus . first branchial arch has 16–19 gill rakers .
barbels in four pairs , maxillary barbel not reaching anal - fin origin , nasal reaching posterior rim of eye , outer mandibular barbel reaching base of pectoral fin and inner mandibular barbel slightly shorter .
dorsal - fin origin slightly anterior to the middle of the body , with spinelet , spine , and seven branched rays .
dorsal spine three - fifths to three - fourths of dorsal - fin height , smooth on both edges .
adipose fin long , spanning most of postdorsal distance , its origin in contact with base of last dorsal - fin ray and deeply incised posterior portion .
pectoral spine backwardly curved with 9–11 large posterior serrations and anteriorly rough . pelvic fin short with i
anal - fin origin inserted at vertical through middle of adipose - fin base , with iii - v , 8–9 rays , anterior two simple rays minute , visible in alizarin stained specimens . caudal fin deeply forked with i
ribs : commonly 12 , rarely 11 ; vertebra with 40–41 ( 21 + 19 = 40 or 22 + 18 = 40 or 23 + 18 = 41 ) .
caudal skeleton composed of five hypural plates ( two on lower and three on upper lobe ) .
dorsal and ventral lobes of caudal fin with 10 and 11 procurrent rays , respectively .
males with long genital papilla reaching to the base of the second branched anal - fin ray .
in life or freshly dead : dorsal portion of the head and body brownish - grey with greenish reflection ; tympanic spot without distinct margin , with greenish reflection that is more pronounced in the middle ; lateral surface of body silvery with brownish - golden reflection without prominent stripes , ventrally dull white .
in 10 % formalin : dorsal portion of the head and body brownish - gray , tympanic spot with distinct margin , three brown lateral stripes on body separated by pale longitudinal lines , lower pale longitudinal line about twice as wide as the upper .
the specific epithet is derived from the manipuri local name of the fish : ‘ngasep’ .
are very similar to the new species in having a long - based adipose fin that contacts the base of the last dorsal - fin ray anteriorly and cranial fontanel reaching to the base of the occipital process .
from the chindwin - irrawaddy and ganga - brahmaputra river drainages is given in table 2 .
in having three brown stripes on the body separated by pale narrow longitudinal lines above and below the lateral line ( vs . a brownish body with a midlateral stripe lacking the pale longitudinal lines ) .
in having more gill rakers on the first branchial arch ( 16–19 vs . 13–15 ; table 3 ) , more pectoral - fin rays ( 9–10 vs . 7–8 ) , more anal - fin rays ( 8–9 vs . 6–7 ) and a shorter maxillary barbel ( 200 . 0–235 . 0 % hl vs . 247 . 4–345 . 0 ) .
collected from the chindwin basin in the indo - burma border in manipur were examined and found to have a long - based adipose fin contacting the base of the last dorsal - fin ray anteriorly , a cranial fontanel reaching the base of the occipital process and a black spot at the base of the caudal fin .
vinciguerra’s ( 1890 ) description of the species clearly states the presence of a black spot at the base of the caudal fin .
labelled as zsi 781 , collected from prome ( = pyay ) , myanmar . the zsi specimen has all the diagnostic characters of
and also bears a noticeably darker region at the base of the caudal fin .
by the absence of a black or dark brown spot at the base of the caudal fin ( vs . spot present ; image 2 ) , shorter maxillary barbel ( 200 . 0–235 . 0 % hl vs . 255 . 3–290 . 2 ) and smaller eye ( eye diameter : 16 . 2–19 . 8 % hl vs . 20 . 8–23 . 5 ) .
in having ( vs . lacking ) brown lateral stripes on the body , a shorter maxillary barbel ( 200 . 0–235 . 0 % hl vs . 355 . 8–538 . 0 ) , a lower dorsal fin ( dorsal - fin height : 20 . 8–21 . 8 % sl vs . 25 . 7–33 . 6 ) and lacking the black spot in front of dorsal spine ( vs . spot present ) .
in having a longer cranial fontanel reaching the base of the occipital process ( vs . not reaching , but extending up to half the length of supraoccipital bone ) ; adipose - fin base in contact ( vs . not in contact ) with the base of the last dorsal - fin ray anteriorly , and a smooth ( vs . serrated ) dorsal spine .
further differs from the new species in having ( vs . lacking ) a filamentous extension of the upper principle - ray of the caudal fin .
in having a wider vomerine tooth - band ( as wide as the premaxillary tooth - band vs . about one - third of the premaxillary tooth - band ) , fewer vertebrae ( 41–42 vs . 35 ) and lacking ( vs . having ) a black spot at the base of the caudal fin .
from manipur based on five specimens ( 92 . 2–125 . 6 mm sl ) , but they did not provide the exact collection site of the specimens .
with a black spot at the base of the caudal fin from our extensive surveys of the brahmaputra river drainage in manipur .
however , we were unable to verify the identity of jayaram & sanyal’s ( 2003 ) material , as we were unable to locate this material for study in the collections of the zoological survey of india in kolkata .
in having a slender ( vs . broad ) cleithral process , smaller eye ( diameter 16 . 2–19 . 8 % hl vs . 20 . 2–25 . 9 ) , shorter maxillary barbel ( 200 . 0–235 . 0 % hl vs . 241 . 3–330 . 0 ) , more gill rakers on the first branchial arch ( 16–19 vs . 11–15 ) , fewer pectoral spine serrations on the posterior edge ( 9–11 vs . 11–16 ) and longer prepectoral length ( 22 . 2–26 . 0 % sl vs . 19 . 5–21 . 8 ) and dorsal spine that extends to about three - fifths to three - quarters ( vs . nearly half ) of the fin height .
in having a narrower base of the supraoccipital process , its width at the base being about one - fifth of its length ( vs . two - fifths to half of its length ) ; more vertebrae ( 40–41 vs . 37–40 ) , with the closure of the haemal arches appearing from the 12 th –14 th ( vs . commonly 11 th or rarely 12 th ) vertebra onwards .
in having fewer gill rakers ( 16–19 vs . 28 ) on the first arch , more vertebrae ( 40–41 vs . 36 )
thin black mid - lateral line connecting the tympanic spot and the black spot at the base of the caudal fin .
in having a smooth ( vs . with 8–9 serrations posteriorly ) dorsal spine , longer adipose - fin base ( 37 . 1–44 . 5 % sl vs . 24 . 0–31 . 7 ) ,
fewer gill rakers on the first arch ( 16–19 vs . 31–42 ) , 11–12 ( vs . 8–9 ) ribs and 40–41 ( vs . 34–37 ) vertebrae
in having more vertebrae ( 40–41 vs . 32 ) , a longer adipose - fin base ( 37 . 1–44 . 5 % sl vs . 8 . 5–11 . 9 ) , vomerine tooth - band continuous ( vs . interrupted in the middle ) , fewer gill rakers on the first arch ( 16–19 vs . 23–24 ) and lacking ( vs . having ) the coracoid shield below the pectoral fin .
in having a longer occipital process ( reaching to the basal bone of dorsal fin vs . not reaching ) , origin of adipose - fin base in contact ( vs . not in contact ) with the base of the last dorsal - fin ray , and a smooth ( vs . posteriorly serrated ) dorsal spine .
: zsi kolkata 1076 ( lectotype ) , 101 . 5mm sl ; india : yamuna river .
mumf 9521 ( 10 ) , 85 . 6–108 . 3 mm sl ; india : ganga river at patna . mumf 9522 ( 10 ) , 74 . 2–98 . 8 mm sl ; india : guwahati : brahmaputra river .
] , 95mm sl ; burma : prome . mumf 9530 ( 5 ) , 84 . 5–101 . 1 mm sl ; india : manipur : chandel district , moreh market .
: mumf 9513 ( 10 ) , 74 . 8–109 . 7 mm sl ; india : guwahati : brahmaputra river .
: mumf 9514 and 9517 ( 9 ) , 96 . 5–206 mm sl ; india : manipur : lokchao river .
zsi kolkata f 4716 - 19 / 1 ( 4 syntypes ) , 51 . 7–55 . 5 mm sl ; burma : bhamo . mumf 1100–1105 ( 6 ) , 55 . 8–69 . 9 mm sl ; india : manipur : ukhrul district : chatrikong river ( headwater of chindwin river drainage ) .
: mumf 9520 / 1 - 9520 / 20 ( 20 ) , 67 . 9–75 . 7 mm sl ; india : west bengal : kolkata .
mumf 9523 ( 15 ) , 52 . 1–77 . 5 mm sl ; india : brahmaputra river at guwahati .
: zsi ff4081 ( 1 ) , 47 . 9mm sl ; india : assam : brahmaputra river at guwahati .
zsi ff4080 ( 1 ) , 42 . 9mm sl ; same data as above .
mumf 9518 / 1 ( 1 ) , 39 . 0mm sl ; india : assam : brahmaputra river at guwahati .
mumf 9518 / 3 - 9518 / 10 ( 8 ) , 30 . 2–47 . 9 mm sl ; same data as above .
mumf 9519 / 1 - 9519 / 17 ( 17 ) , 39 . 0–47 . 0 mm sl ; same data as above .
mumf 9531 ( 1 ) , 36 mm sl ; india : assam : ujan bazar , guwahati .
( hamilton , 1822 ) ( teleostei : bagridae ) , with a description of a new species from myanmar .
checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) and catalogue of siluriform primary types .
fish and fisheries of manipur with some observations on those of the naga hills .
anatomy , relationships and systematics of the bagridae ( teleostei : siluroidei ) with a hypothesis of siluroid phylogeny .
on the collection of fishes from tengnoupal district of manipur with some new records .
national bureau of fish genetic resources , lucknow , up , india , 264pp .
copyright ( c ) 2011 a . darshan , w . vishwanath , p . c . mahanta , a . barat
the journal of threatened taxa is an open access and print , peer - reviewed , monthly , international journal on conservation and taxonomy . the aim of the journal is to promote wildlife research and conservation action worldwide at no cost to authors , no subscription or membership cost , and no hidden cost , on a regular basis without compromising on ethics , standards and pre - requisites of scientific publications .
this site is run on the open journal system ( ojs ) . this work is licensed under creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .