the yellow-bellied bulbul ( alophoixus phaeocephalus ) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family , pycnonotidae .

it is found on the malay peninsula , sumatra and borneo .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

yellow - bellied bulbul

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yellow - bellied bulbul ( alophoixus phaeocephalus ) is a species of bird in the pycnonotidae family .
other synonyms german : schwefelbülbül english : yellow - bellied bulbul , yellow - bellied bulbul ( nominate ) spanish : bulbul barbudo de cabeza gris french : bulbul à calotte grise , bulbul à calotte grise ( nominal ) , bulbul à calotte grise ( nominale ) , bulbul à calotte grise ( race nominale ) italian : bulbul barbuto testagrigia latin : alophoixus phaeocephalus phaeocephalus , criniger phaeocephalus phaeocephalus , ixos ( trichixos , less . ) phaeocephalus
streak - eared bulbul pycnonotus blanfordi is split into two monotypic species , ayeyarwady bulbul pycnonotus blanfordi , and streak - eared bulbul pycnonotus conradi ( garg et al . 2016 ) . note that the english name “streak - eared bulbul” now is applied to a different scientific name ( conradi , not blanfordi ) .
olive bulbul contains three subspecies : viridescens , and two subspecies that previously were classified under gray - eyed bulbul ( iole propinqua ) , lekhakuni and cinnamomeoventris .
from
black - crested bulbul
to
black - capped bulbul , with split of multiple species . ( rasmussen & anderton 2005 , fishpool & tobias 2005 )
the prigogine ' s greenbul has olive - green upperparts ; yellow throat ; gray lores .
tuesday , 19th april 2011 , congkak recreation forest , selangor another bird that i was waiting for , now months passed , is this yellow - bellied bulbul . got the bird alright . a few position too - but , the bird just refused to show to me the belly ! what can i do ?
olive bulbul iole virescens is split into two species , following manawatthana et al . ( 2017 ) : a monotypic cachar bulbul iole cacharensis ; and olive bulbul iole viridescens . revise the range of cachar bulbul from “northeastern india ( assam ) ; population in eastern bangladesh possibly also this subspecies ( or is nominate virescens ? ) ” to “northeastern india ( assam ) and eastern bangladesh” .
the mauritius bulbul has mainly gray plumage ; black crown , eye - line ; orange bill ; pink legs .
fishpool , l . & tobias , j . ( 2018 ) . yellow - bellied bulbul ( alophoixus phaeocephalus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
criniger is a genus of songbirds in the bulbul family , pycnonotidae . the species of criniger are found in western and central africa .
the rare blue - wattled bulbul may be a hybrid ( williams 2002 ) , but more evidence needed ( dickinson and dekker 2002 ) .
the little greenbul has mainly green upperparts with brown wings , upper - tail ; pale grayish - green underparts ; brown bill ; light yellow - brown feet .
the red - billed bristlebill has brown - olive upperparts ; rufous tail ; yellow underparts ; grayish - blue orbital skin . male has red eyes ; female brown eyes .
20–20·5 cm ; 23–40 g . large , brightly coloured , relatively retiring bulbul , eyes contrasting sharply with pale face , elongated chin and throat often puffed . . .
a deeper forest bulbul , often alone ; here seen feeding and singing . the subspecies a . p . diardi has a clear / noticeable yellow tip to the tail . although described as having no crest , davison ( 1999 ) describes is as “absence of a crest is diagnostic” , this is not that precise . they have the ability to raise crest feathers , and often do so . - amar
pieplow , n . d . , and c . d . francis . 2011 . song differences among subspecies of yellow - eyed juncos ( junco phaeonotus ) . wilson journal of ornithology 123 : 464 - 471 .
this bulbul is found in broad - leaved forests , cultivation and gardens mainly in hilly areas , but himalayan populations are known to sometimes descend into the adjoining plains in winter . the western ghats birds may make movements related to rain .
milá , b . , p . aleixandre , s . alvarez - nordström , and j . mccormack . 2016 . more than meets the eye : lineage diversity and evolutionary history of dark - eyed and yellow - eyed juncos . pages 179 - 198 in e . d . ketterson and j . w . atwell ( editors ) , snowbird . university of chicago press , chicago .
in accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , yellow - breasted chat ( icteria virens ) is removed from parulidae ( new world warblers ) and is placed in a new monotypic family , icteriidae ( yellow - breasted chat ) , following barker et al . ( 2013 , 2015 ) . aos - nacc also revised the linear sequence of families in the nine - primaried oscines ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , but we defer completely following the new sequence until our next release ( august 2018 ) . in the interim , position icteriidae to follow emberizidae ( old world buntings ) , calyptophilidae ( chat - tanagers ) , phaenicophilidae ( hispaniolan tanagers ) , nesospingidae ( puerto rican tanager ) , spindalidae ( spindalises ) , zeledoniidae ( wrenthrush ) , and teretistridae ( cuban warblers ) .
the taxonomy is complex with this and several other currently recognized species earlier treated as subspecies of hypsipetes madagascariensis . within asia , h . ganeesa has often been listed as a subspecies of h . leucocephalus , but is increasingly treated as a separate species restricted to the western ghats ( south of somewhere near bombay ) and sri lanka , the square - tailed black bulbul . the subspecies from sri lanka humii is then placed under this species .
in accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , the monotypic group yellow - eyed junco ( baird’s ) junco phaeonotus bairdi is elevated to species rank as baird’s junco junco bairdi . this split is based on “morphology ( miller 1941 ) , vocalizations ( howell and webb 1995 , pieplow and francis 2011 ) , and genetics ( mccormack et al . 2012 , friis et al . 2016 , milá et al . 2016 ) ” ( chesser et al . 2017 ) .
the black bulbul is 24–25 cm in length , with a long tail . the body plumage ranges from slate grey to shimmering black , depending on the race . the beak , legs , and feet are all red and the head has a black fluffy crest . sexes are similar in plumage , but young birds lack the crest , have whitish underparts with a grey breast band , and have a brown tint to the upperparts . they have a black streak behind the eye and on the ear coverts .
in accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , the genus mitrospingus is removed from thraupidae ( tanagers and allies ) and is placed in a new family , mitrospingidae ( mitrospingid tanagers ) , following barker et al . ( 2013 , 2015 ) . aos - nacc also revised the linear sequence of families in the nine - primaried oscines ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , but we defer completely following the new sequence until our next release ( august 2018 ) . in the interim , position icteriidae to follow emberizidae ( old world buntings ) , calyptophilidae ( chat - tanagers ) , phaenicophilidae ( hispaniolan tanagers ) , nesospingidae ( puerto rican tanager ) , spindalidae ( spindalises ) , zeledoniidae ( wrenthrush ) , teretistridae ( cuban warblers ) , and icteriidae ( yellow - breasted chat ) .
bulbuls are short - necked and slender . the tails are long and the wings short and rounded . in almost all species the bill is slightly elongated and slightly hooked at the end . they vary in length from 13 cm to 29 cm . overall the sexes are alike , although the females tend to be slightly smaller . the soft plumage of some species is colourful with yellow , red or orange vents , cheeks , throat or supercilia , but most are drab , with uniform olive brown to black plumage . species with dull coloured eyes often sport contrasting eyerings . some have very distinct crests . bulbuls are highly vocal , with the calls of most species being described as nasal or gravelly . bulbuls eat a wide range of different foods , ranging from fruit to seeds , nectar , small insects and other arthropods and even small vertebrates . the bulbuls are generally monogamous .
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urltoken
ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
is a recently described species ( woxvold et al . 2009 ) . it is sister to
is in prevailing usage . based on
turdoïde de gourdin
of homblon & jacquinot , 1844 referenced in gray , 1847 . see mayr & greenway , 1960 ( peters checklist , ix )
nigeria to s sudan , w kenya . s drcongo , nw zambia and n angola
now considered to be a plumage variant of icterine greenbul ( collinson et al . 2017 )
rwenzori mts , itombwe and mt . kabobo ( e drcongo ) , w uganda , w rwanda and n burundi
montane tiny greenbul is split from { lowland ] tiny greenbul [ fuchs et al . 2011a ]
based on genetic studies . but genetic divergence may support species status . manawatthana et al . 2017
as a junior synonym . fishpool & tobias , 2005 . the population from sabah is vocally and genetically distinct and likely represents an unnamed taxon . the subspecies epithet
( type speciemen from e kalimantan ) has been erroneously applied to this population . eaton et al 2016 , rheindt in . litt . ( see manawatthana et al . 2017 ) .
kuroda , 1922 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .
dalupiri , calayan and fuga is . ( n of luzon in n philippines )
is a member of the afrotropical clade of bulbuls ( pycnonotidae ( johansson et al . 2008 , zuccon & ericson 2010 )
cheke & hume 2008 , bli . conspecific with the extinct reunion form whose scientific name has priority .
manchurian bush warbler is restricted to borealis ; ssp canturians is treated here as a subspecies of h . diphone . an alternative treatment would be to lump borealis with diphone until relationships of the members of this complex are sorted out genetically ( alström et al . 2011b ) . see rasmussen & anderton 2005 , bli re original split of cettia canturians , including borealis from c . diphone .
iczn opinion 2215 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 65 : 327 - 328 , 2008 .
correct gender agreement ; original specific epithet albicapillus is invariable . ( n david , h & m corrigenda 2 . 1 )
genetically embedded in monticola ; move before m . rupestris ( zuccon & ericson 2010a )
frith and frith 1998 , christidis and boles 2008 , slikas unpub . , t . pratt comm .
frith and frith 1998 , christidis and boles 2008 , slikas unpub . , t . pratt comm .
restore inland plover to peltohyas ; relative of wrybill and red - kneed dotterel ; resequence following lapwings , their sister group ( baker et al . 2007 ; fjeldsa comm )
fuchs et al 2008 ; correct error in v2 . 5 ; correct gender agreement
correct gender agreement ; “we are speaking here of hydrornis blyth 1843 in jasb 12 ( 2 ) : 960 , indeed masculine . in turdus guajanus by statius müller , guajanus is adjectival ( much [ too ] long to explain ) ; thus hydrornis guayanus is ok . ” ( n . david 7 / 9 / 2010 )
chlorophoneus viridis , c . dohertyi , c . quadricolor form a separate clade with telophorus , rhodophoneus , all merged into telophorus ( fuchs et al 2004 , fjeldsa comm )
malcorus belongs with hypergerus and eminia in cisticolidae ( johansson et al . 2008 , tif , fjeldsa comm )
“ lopesi ” is an unjustified emmendation . fide alan peterson , peter ryan ( hbw 11 )
pnoepyga wren - babblers are not babblers and elevated to their own family ( gelang et al . 2009 )
correct spreadsheet re 2 . 0 change of genus ( p . kovalik 7 / 2010 )
new family includes melocichla , sphenoeacus , achaetops , macrosphenus , sylvietta , cryptillas , and possibly graueria and hemitesia ( johansson et al . 2007 , 2008 , tif ) . move up in sequence as old branch of sylvioid passerines .
move dohm’s thrush - babbler to sylviidae as sister to pseudoalcippe [ abyssinica ] ( voelker et al . 2009 )
bush blackcap is a member of the sylviidae closer to pseudoalcippe than to sylvia ( johansson et al . 2008 , tif )
separate fulvetta species from alcippe fulvettas and move to sylviidae ( pasquet et al . 2006 , collar & robson 2007 , gelang et al . 2009 )
move yuhina species to zosteropidae from timaliidae ( cibois et al 2003 , moyle et al 2009 ) ; recognition of subclades under review .
richmond ( 1917 ) , fide alan peterson . ichthyophaga is an unjustified emendation of original spelling .
recording modified with audacity 2 . 2 . 0 : - normalized ( - 0 . 50 db ) - high pass filter ( 2000 hz / rolloff 48 db ) - low pass filter ( 5500 hz / rolloff 48 db ) - fade in / fade out
[ id . ? does not match other recordings : nk ] ref . : borneo2 : 0 : 35 - 1 : 08
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
according to some recent authors # r , deep mtdna divergences and clear plumage differences suggest that nominate race and connectens may represent two separate species , with sulphuratus and diardi together constituting a third species ; delimitation of races in borneo is complex , variation appearing clinal , and perhaps only extremes merit recognition ; further study required , including investigation of vocal differences and identification of exact areas of overlap of taxa in borneo ( where species probably present throughout ) . three putative races ( caniceps , rufocaudatus , cantori ) merged with nominate ; medius ( long petah , in e borneo ) indistinguishable from sulphuratus . four subspecies recognized .
( hartlaub , 1844 ) – extreme s myanmar ( extreme s tenasserim ) , s thailand , peninsular malaysia , sumatra ( including bintang , lingga , bangka , belitung , siberut and sipura ) and n natuna is .
( bonaparte , 1850 ) – c borneo ( e sarawak and w sabah s to se kalimantan ) .
( finsch , 1867 ) – w borneo ( s from r baram ) .
calls with subdued harsh , slightly buzzy “whi’ee whi’ee whi’ee” , or ( . . .
broadleaf evergreen forest , well - developed secondary growth ( having relatively closed canopy , and . . .
a generalist , eating both fruit and insects . at kerau , in peninsular malaysia , parties visiting fig (
breeds apr–aug . rate of retrapping in lowland forest in peninsular malaysia suggests that pair probably territorial . clutch 2 eggs . . . .
not globally threatened . generally fairly common to common throughout much of range . extinct in singapore for at least five decades , following deforestation . in mature . . .
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often merged into african criniger , but molecular study # r indicates that african and asian members of this family are only distantly related . phylogeographical study # r reveals apparent presence of a ring species complex in indomalayan region , and this is supported by analytical study # r .
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an adult singing / calling while perched on a tree ( approx . 3 - 4m in height ) .
david cooper , jmittermeier , holger teichmann , marco valentini , ken havard , manakincarmelo , chairunas adha putra , paul van giersbergen , markus lilje , pedroyayadrums .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as generally fairly common to common throughout its range ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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alophoixus phaeocephalus phaeocephalus : malay pen . , sumatra , bangka , belitung and north natuna is .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : alophoixus phaeocephalus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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established by coenraad jacob temminck in 1820 , the name criniger is latin for
long - haired
( from crinis , meaning
hair
and gerere , meaning
to carry
) . [ 1 ]
catalogue of the birds in the british museum : passeriformes , or perching birds . cichlomorphœ : pt . iii - iv , containing the . . . family timeliidœ ( babbling - thrushes ) by r . b . sharpe
huntley , jerry w . ; harvey , johanna a . ; pavia , marco ; boano , giovanni ; voelker , gary ( 2017 ) .
the systematics and biogeography of the bearded greenbuls ( aves :
) reveals the impact of plio - pleistocene forest fragmentation on afro - tropical avian diversity
.
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black bulbuls feed mainly on seeds and insects , and they are often seen in small groups , either roosting or flying about in search of food . they are particularly fond of berries . they are known to feed on a wide range of berries including celtis , rosa , melia and ehretia in the himalayas . the feed on the nectar of salmalia , erythrina , rhododendron and other species . they make aerial sallies for insects . they can be quite noisy , making various loud cheeping , mewing and grating calls . the himalayan form has been reported to make a call resembling a goat kid , throwing back its neck when calling .
it builds its nest in a tree or bush ; the nest is a cup placed in a fork and made from grasses , dry leaves , mosses , lichens and cobwebs . the lining is made up of ferns , rootlets and other soft material . both sexes participate in nest construction . two or three eggs form the usual clutch . in southern india , nesting activity begins from february and rises to a peak in may . the eggs hatch after an incubation period of 12 to 13 days and the chicks fledge after about 11 or 12 days . nest predators include birds of prey ( black - winged kite ) , snakes ( ptyas mucosus ) . adults of h . ganeesa have been known to be preyed on by the crested goshawk .
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the updates and corrections are grouped into four sections . within each section , items are listed in the order in which they are encountered in the ebird / clements checklistv2017 spreadsheet , although we also continue to reference by page number the relevant entry in the last published edition of the clements checklist ( 6th , 2007 ) .
gray - breasted partrige arborophila orientalis is split into four monotypic species , following mees ( 1996 ) : malaysian partridge arborophila campbelli ; roll’s partridge arborophila rolli ; sumatran partridge arborophila sumatrana ; and gray - breasted partridge arborophila orientalis .
mees , g . f . 1996 . geographical variation in birds of java . publications of the nuttall ornithological club number 26 . cambridge , massachusetts .
in accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , northern harrier circus cyaneus is split into two monotypic species : hen harrier circus cyaneus , of the old world , and northern harrier circus hudsonius , of north america . this split is based on “differences in morphology , plumage , and breeding habitat ( grant 1983 , thorpe 1988 , dobson and clarke 2011 , etherington and mobley 2016 ) commensurate with differences between other recognized species of circus ” ( chesser et al . 2017 ) .
chesser , r . t . , k . j . burns , c . cicero , j . l . dunn , a . w . kratter , i . j . lovette , p . c . rasmussen , j . v . remsen , jr . , j . d . rising , d . f . stotz , and k . winker . 2017 . fifty - eighth supplement to the american ornithological society’s check - list of north american birds . auk 134 : 751 - 773 .
dobson , a . d . m . , and m . l . clarke . 2011 . inconsistency in the taxonomy of hen and northern harriers : causes and consequences . british birds 104 : 192–201 .
etherington , g . j . , and j . a . mobley . 2016 . molecular phylogeny , morphology and life - history comparisons within circus cyaneus reveal the presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages . avian research 7 : 17 .
thorpe , j . p . 1988 . juvenile hen harriers showing ‘marsh hawk” characters . british birds 81 : 377–382 .
the validity of tanna ground - dove alopecoenas ferrugineus formerly was questioned ( peters 1937 ) , but this species now is widely accepted ( stresemann 1950 , greenway 1958 , dutson 2011 ) . insert this species , with range “formerly tanna island ( vanuatu ) . extinct ; not reported since 1774” , immediately following thick - billed ground - dove alopecoenas salamonis .
dutson , g . 2011 . birds of melanesia . the bismarcks , solomons , vanuatu and new caledonia . christopher helm , london .
greenway , j . c . , jr . 1958 . extinct and vanishing birds of the world . special publication number 13 . american committee for international wild life protection , new york , new york .
peters , j . l . 1937 . check - list of birds of the world . volume iii . harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts .
stresemann , e . 1950 . birds collected during capt . james cook’s last expedition ( 1776 - 1780 ) . auk 67 : 66 - 88 .
the status of norfolk ground - dove alopecoenas norfolkensis formerly was confused ( peters 1937 ) , but this species now is widely accepted as valid ( goodwin 1970 , gill et al . 2010 , forshaw 2015 ) . insert this species , with range “formerly norfolk island ( australia ) . extinct since ca 1800” , immediately following white - throated ground - dove alopecoenas xanthonurus .
forshaw , j . m . 2015 . pigeons and doves in australia . csiro publishing , clayton south , victoria , australia .
gill , b . j . , b . d . bell , c . k . chambers , d . g . medway , r . l . palma , r . p . scofield , a . j . d . tennyson , and t . h . worthy ( checklist committee , ornithological society of new zealand ) . 2010 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . te papa press and the ornithological society of new zealand , wellington , new zealand .
goodwin , d . 1970 . pigeons and doves of the world . second edition . british museum ( natural history ) , london and cornell university press , ithaca , new york .
glossy swiftlet collocalia esculenta is split into multiple species , and the sequence of species of collocalia swiftlets is revised . following rheindt et al . ( 2017 ) :
subspecies collocalia esculenta natalis is elevated to species rank as a monotypic christmas island swiftlet collocalia natalis .
subspecies affinis , elachyptera , cyanoptila , vanderbilti , and oberholseri are removed from glossy swiftlet and are recognized as plume - toed swiftlet collocalia affinis .
subspecies marginata and septentrionalis are removed from glossy swiftlet and are recognized as gray - rumped swiftlet collocalia marginata .
subspecies isonota and bagobo are removed from glossy swiftlet , and are recognized as ridgetop swiftlet collocalia isonota .
we recognize tenggara swiftlet collocalia sumbawae , which includes subspecies sumbawae and a newly described subspecies , sumbae . revise the range description of nominate sumbawae from “w lesser sundas ( sumbawa , sumba , flores and besar ) ” to “western lesser sundas ( sumbawa ; population on flores and besar possibly also this subspecies ) ” . following sumbawae , insert newly described sumbae schodde , rheindt , and christidis 2017 , with range “western lesser sundas ( sumba ) ” .
subspecies neglecta and perneglecta are removed from glossy swiftlet , and are recognized as drab swiftlet collocalia neglecta . revise the range description of nominate neglecta from “e lesser sundas ( roti , dao , semau , timor and jaco ) ” to “lesser sundas ( sawu , roti , semau , and timor ) ” . revise the range description of subspecies perneglecta from “alor , sawu , wetar , kisar , romang , damar and tanimbar is . ” to “lesser sundas ( alor , wetar , and kisar ) ; populations on romang , damar and tanimbar possibly introgressant with glossy swiftlet” .
subspecies uropygialis and albidior are removed from glossy swiftlet , and are recognized as satin swiftlet collocalia uropygialis .
beehler , b . m . , and t . k . pratt . 2016 . birds of new guinea : distribution , taxonomy , and systematics . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
dickinson , e . c . , and j . v . remsen , jr . ( editors ) . 2013 . the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . fourth edition . volume 1 . aves press , eastbourne , united kingdom .
peters , j . l . 1940 . check - list of birds of the world . volume iv . harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts .
rheindt , f . e . , l . christidis , j . a . norman , j . a . eaton , k . r . sadanandan , and r . schodde . 2017 . speciation in indo - pacific swiftlets ( aves : apodidae ) : integrating molecular and phenotypic data for a new provisional taxonomy of the collocalia esculenta complex . zootaxa 4250 : 401 - 433 .
in accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , magnificent hummingbird eugenes fulgens is split into two species : rivoli’s hummingbird eugenes fulgens , and talamanca hummingbird eugenes spectabilis . this action is based on an assessment of the degree of plumage differences between them . a phylogenetic survey by zamudio - beltrán and hernández - baños ( 2015 ) also revealed a genetic divergence between rivoli’s and talamanca hummingbirds .
zamudio - beltrán , l . e . , and b . e . hernández - baños . 2015 . a multilocus analysis provides evidence for more than one species within eugenes fulgens ( aves : trochilidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 90 : 80 - 84 .
in accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , emerald toucanet aulacorhynchus prasinus is split into two species : northern emerald - toucanet aulacorhynchus prasinus , which includes subspecies wagleri , prasinus , warneri , virescens , volcanius , maxillaris , caeruleogularis , and cognatus ; and southern emerald - toucanet aulacorhynchus albivitta , which includes subspecies lautus , griseigularis , albivitta , phaeolaemus , dimidiatus , and cyanolaemus . this split is based on “differences in phenotype and genetic results consistent with those differences ( puebla - olivares et al . 2008 , bonaccorso et al . 2011 , winker 2016 ) ” ( chesser et al . 2017 ) .
within northern emerald - toucanet , change the english name of the monotypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus wagleri from emerald toucanet ( wagler’s ) to northern emerald - toucanet ( wagler’s ) . change the english name of the polytypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus [ prasinus group ] from emerald toucanet ( emerald ) to northern emerald - toucanet ( emerald ) . subspecies stenorhabdus , with range “subtropical s mexico to w guatemala and n el salvador” , and subspecies chiapensis , with range “mts . of extreme s mexico ( mt . ovando , chiapas ) ” , both are considered to be junior synonyms of virescens ( peters 1948 , monroe 1968 ) , and are deleted . revise the range description of virescens from “se mexico ( chiapas ) to honduras and nicaragua” to “southeastern mexico , guatemala , belize , western el salvador , honduras , and northern nicaragua” . change the english name of the polytypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus caeruleogularis / maxillaris from emerald toucanet ( blue - throated ) to northern emerald - toucanet ( blue - throated ) . change the english name of the monotypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus cognatus from emerald toucanet ( violet - throated ) to northern emerald - toucanet ( violet - throated ) .
within southern emerald - toucanet , change the names of the monotypic group emerald toucanet ( santa marta ) aulacorhynchus prasinus lautus to southern emerald - toucanet ( santa marta ) aulacorhynchus albivitta lautus . change the names of the monotypic group emerald toucanet ( gray - throated ) aulacorhynchus prasinus griseigularis to southern emerald - toucanet ( gray - throated ) aulacorhynchus albivitta griseigularis . change the names of the polytypic group emerald toucanet ( andean ) aulacorhynchus prasinus albivitta / phaeolaemus to southern emerald - toucanet ( andean ) aulacorhynchus albivitta albivitta / phaeolaemus . change the names of the polytypic group emerald toucanet ( black - throated ) aulacorhynchus prasinus [ atrogularis group ] to southern emerald - toucanet ( black - throated ) aulacorhynchus albivitta [ atrogularis group ] .
bonaccorso , e . , j . m . guayasamin , a . t . peterson , and a . g . navarro - sigüenza . 2011 . molecular phylogeny and systematics of neotropical toucanets in the genus aulacorhynchus ( aves , ramphastidae ) . zoologica scripta 40 : 336 - 349 .
monroe , b . l . , jr . 1968 . a distributional survey of the birds of honduras . ornithological monographs number 7 . american ornithologists’ union .
peters , j . l . 1948 . check - list of birds of the world . volume vi . harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts .
puebla - olivares , f . , e . bonaccorso , a . espinosa de los monteros , k . e . omland , j . e . llorente - bousquets , a . t . peterson , and a . g . navarro - sigüenza . 2008 . speciation in the emerald toucanet ( aulacorhynchus prasinus ) complex . auk 125 : 39 - 50 .
winker , k . 2016 . an examination of species limits in the aulacorhynchus “ prasinus ” toucanet complex ( aves : ramphastidae ) . peerj 4 : e2381 .
each of the two monotypic groups of horned parakeet is recognized as a separate species , following juniper and parr ( 1998 ) and boon et al . ( 2014 ) : horned parakeet ( horned ) eunymphicus cornutus cornutus becomes horned parakeet eunymphicus cornutus , and horned parakeet ( ouvea ) eunymphicus cornutus uvaeensis becomes ouvea parakeet eunymphicus uvaeensis .
boon , w . - m . , o . robinet , n . rawlence , v . bretagnolle , j . a . norman , l . christidis , and g . k . chambers . 2008 . morphological , behavioural , and genetic differentiation within the horned parakeet ( eunymphicus cornutus ) and its affinities to cyanoramphus and prosopeia . emu 108 : 251 - 260 .
juniper , t . , and m . parr . 1998 . parrots : a guide to parrots of the world . yale university press , new haven , connecticut .
we add a new species , the recently described tatama tapaculo scytalopus alvarezlopezi ( stiles et al . 2017 ) , with range “pacific slope of colombian andes ( western antioquia south to southwestern valle del cauca ) ” . position tatama tapaculo to immediately follow ecuadorian tapaculo scytalopus robbinsi . tatama tapaculo is the species that long has been known to birders as “alto pisones tapaculo” ; alto de pisones is a site at the edge of tamatá national park . please note that the validity of this new species has not yet been reviewed by aos - sacc .
stiles , f . g . , o . laverde - r . , and c . d . cadena . 2017 . a new species of tapaculo ( rhinocryptidae : scytalopus ) from the western andes of colombia . auk 134 : 377 - 392 .
the monotypic group cardinal myzomela ( samoan ) myzomela cardinalis nigriventris is elevated to species rank as samoan myzomela myzomela nigriventris , following pratt and mittermeier ( 2016 ) .
pratt , h . d . , and j . c . mittermeier . 2016 . notes on the natural history , taxonomy , and conservation of the endemic avifaua of the samoan archipelago . wilson journal of ornithology 128 : 217 - 241 .
in accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , northern shrike lanius excubitor is split into two species : great gray shrike lanius excubitor , with subspecies excubitor , homeyeri , and leucopterus ; and northern shrike lanius borealis , with subspecies sibiricus , bianchii , mollis , funereus , and borealis . this split is based on “differences in plumage and mtdna ( johnsen et al . 2010 , olsson et al . 2010 , peer et al . 2011 ) ” ( chesser et al . 2017 ) ; in particular , northern shrike is more closely related to other species than it is to great gray shrike ( olsson et al . 2010 ) .
johnsen , a . , e . rindal , p . g . p . ericson , d . zuccon , k . c . r . kerr , m . y . stoeckle , and j . t . lifjeld . 2010 . dna barcoding of scandinavian birds reveals divergent lineages in trans - atlantic species . journal of ornithology 151 : 565–578 .
olsson , u . , p . alström , l . svensson , m . aliabadian , and p . sundberg . 2010 . the lanius excubitor ( aves , passeriformes ) conundrum—taxonomic dilemma when molecular and non - molecular data tell different stories . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55 : 347–357 .
peer , b . d . , c . e . mcintosh , m . j . kuehn , s . i . rothstein , and r . c . fleischer . 2011 . complex biogeographic history of lanius shrikes and its implications for the evolution of defenses against avian brood parasitism . condor 113 : 385–394 .
the extinct genus turnagra , which we previously treated as a single , monotypic species , piopio turnagra capensis , is split into two species , following oliver ( 1955 ) , holdaway et al . ( 2001 ) , and gill et al . ( 2010 ) : a monotypic north island piopio turnagra tanagra , with range “formerly new zealand ( north island ) . extinct ; last confirmed report in 1902” ; and a polytypic south island piopio turnagra capensis , with subspecies minor and capensis .
add a previously overlooked subspecies , turnagra capensis minor , with range “formerly new zealand ( stephens island ) . extinct ; last reported 1897” ( gill et al . 2010 ) .
with the split of turnagra into two species , and the addition of subspecies minor , revise the range description of nominate capensis from “formerly new zealand . extinct ; last reported 1963” to “formerly new zealand ( south island ) . extinct ; last confirmed report in 1905” .
holdaway , r . n . , t . h . worthy , and a . j . d . tennyson . 2001 . a working list of breeding bird species of the new zealand region at first human contact . new zealand journal of zoology 28 :
oliver , w . r . b . 1955 . new zealand birds . a . h . & a . w . reed , wellington , new zealand .
silktail lamprolia victoriae is split into monotypic species , following andersen et al . ( 2015b , 2017 ) : taveuni silktail lamprolia victoriae , and natewa silktail lamprolia klinesmithi .
andersen , m . j . , p . a . hosner , c . e filardi , and r . g . moyle . 2015b . phylogeny of the monarch flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly and novel relationships within a major australo - pacific radiation . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 67 : 336–347 .
andersen , m . j . , j . d . manthey , a . naikatini , and r . g . moyle . 2017 . conservation genomics of the silktail ( aves : lamprolia victoriae ) suggests the need for increased protection of native forest on the natewa peninsula , fiji . conservation genetics in press : doi : 10 . 1007 / s10592 - 017 - 0979 - x .
superb bird - of - paradise is split into three species , following irestedt et al . ( 2017 ) . confusingly , the name superba also is transferred from one population to another ( irestedt et al . 2017 ) . the resulting species are vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise lophorina niedda , with subspecies niedda and the newly described subspecies inopinata ; greater superb bird - of - paradise lophorina superba , with subspecies superba , addenda , and latipennis ; and a monotypic lesser superb bird - of - paradise lophorina minor .
under vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise ( lophorina niedda ) , add a newly described subspecies , lophorina niedda inopinata irestedt et al . 2017 , with range “mountains of the bird’s head peninsula , west papua , new guinea” . insert this subspecies immediately following the entry for the species vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise lophorina niedda . note that the range attributed to this subspecies corresponds to the range formerly attributed to subspecies superba , a name that now is applied to a population in the western highlands of new guinea , and which represents a different species , greater superb bird - of - paradise .
revise the range description of subspecies niedda from “w new guinea ( mt . wondiwoi in wandammen peninsula ) ” to “mountains of the wandammen peninsula , bird’s neck , west papua , new guinea” .
regarding greater superb bird - of - paradise ( lophorina superba ) , irestedt et al . ( 2017 ) conclude that the name superba , previously applied to the population in the mountains of the bird’s head peninsula , instead should refer to the population of the central highlands of new guinea . also , subspecies feminina , with range “w new guinea ( weyland mts . to hindenberg mts . ) ” , is considered to be a junior synonym of superba ( irestedt et al . 2017 ) . revise the range description of superba from “w new guinea ( arfak and tamrau mountains ) ” to “montane western new guinea , from the kobowre mountains ( west papua , indonesia ) to the sepik - strickland river divide ( western papua new guinea ) ” .
following irestedt et al . ( 2017 ) , resurrect subspecies addenda iredale 1948 , previously considered to be a synomym of feminina ( mayr 1962 ) , with range “eastern ranges of new guinea , from the yuat - strickland river divide and the base of the southeastern peninsula , papua new guinea” . insert subspecies addenda immediately following subspecies superba .
revise the range description of subspecies latipennis from “e new guinea ( central and e highlands to mts . of huon pen . ) ” to “eastern new guinea ( mountains of the huon peninsula , and presumably also the herzog and adelbert ranges ) ” .
lesser superb bird - of - paradise ( lophorina minor ) is monotypic . subspecies sphinx , known from a single specimen , with range “mountains of extreme se new guinea” , is considered to be a junior synonym of minor ( irestedt et al . 2017 ) , and is deleted . revise the range description of minor from “mountains of se papua new guinea” to “southeastern papua new guinea ( mountains of the papuan peninsula , west at least to the wharton range ) ” .
irestedt , m . , h . batalha - filho , c . s . roselaar , p . g . p . ericson , l . christidis , and r . schodde . 2017 . phylogeny , biogeography and taxonomic consequences in a bird - of - paradise species complex , lophorina - ptiloris ( aves : paradisaeidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society in press .
mayr , e . 1962 . family paradisaeidae , birds of paradise . pages 181 - 204 in e . mayr and j . c . greenway , jr . ( editors ) , check - list of the birds of the world . volume xv . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .
each of the two groups in magnifcent riflebird is recognized as a separate species , following beehler and swaby ( 1991 ) , beehler and pratt ( 2016 ) , and irestedt et al . ( 2017 ) : a polytypic magnificent riflebird ptiloris magnificus , including subspecies magnificus and alberti ; and a monotypic growling riflebird ptiloris intercedens .
beehler , b . m . , and r . j . swaby . 1991 . phylogeny and biogeography of the ptiloris riflebirds ( aves : paradisaeidae ) . condor 93 : 738 - 745 .
garg , k . m . , r . tizard , n . s . r . ng , e . cros , a . dejtaradol , b . chattopadhyay , n . pwint , m . päckert , and f . e . rheindt . 2016 . genome - wide data help identify an avian species - level lineage that is morphologically and vocally cryptic . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 102 : 97 - 103 .
dickinson , e . c . , and l . christidis . 2014 . the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . fourth edition . volume 2 . aves press , eastbourne , united kingdom .
manawatthana , s . , p . laosinchai , n . onparn , w . y . brockleman , and p . d . round . 2017 . phylogeography of bulbuls in the genus iole ( aves : pycnonotidae ) . biological journal of the linnean society 120 : 931 - 944 .
rand , a . l . , and h . g . deignan . 1960 . family pycnonotidae . pages 221 - 300 in e . mayr and j . c . greenway , jr . ( editors ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume ix . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .
gray - brown white - eye zosterops cinereus is split into two species , following hayes et al . ( 2016 ) : pohnpei white - eye zosterops ponapensis , and kosrae white - eye zosterops cinereus .
hayes , f . e . , h . d . pratt , and c . j . cianchini . 2016 . the avifauna of kosrae , micronesia : history , status , and taxonomy . pacific science 70 : 91–127 .
black - chinned laughingthrush trochalopteron cachinnans does not belong in the genus trochalopteron , but instead is placed in the newly described genus montecincla ( robin et al . 2017 ) . position montecincla immediately following red - tailed laughingthrush trochalopteron milnei . each of the two monotypic groups of black - chinned laughingthrush is elevated to species rank ( praveen and nameer 2012 , robin et al . 2017 ) : black - chinned laughingthrush ( banasura ) trochalopteron cachinnans jerdoni becomes banasura laughingthrush montecincla jerdoni ; and black - chinned laughingthrush ( nilgiri ) trochalopteron cachinnans cachinnans
praveen , j . , and p . o . nameer . 2012 . strophocincla laughingthrushes of south india : a case for allopatric speciation and impact on their conservation . journal of the bombay natural history society 109 : 46 - 52 .
robin , v . v . , c . k . vishnudas , p . gupta , f . e . rheindt , d . h . hooper , u . ramakrishnan , and s . reddy . 2017 . two new genera of songbirds represent endemic radiations from the shola sky islands of the western ghats , india . bmc evolutionary biology 17 : 31 .
kerala laughingthrush trochalopteron fairbanki does not belong in the genus trochalopteron , but instead is placed in the newly described genus montecincla ( robin et al . 2017 ) . position montecincla immediately following red - tailed laughingthrush trochalopteron milnei . each of the two monotypic groups of kerala laughingthrush is elevated to species rank ( praveen and nameer 2012 , robin et al . 2017 ) : kerala laughingthrush ( palani ) trochalopteron fairbanki fairbanki becomes palani laughingthrush montecincla fairbanki ; and kerala laughingthrush ( travancore ) trochalopteron fairbanki meridionale becomes ashambu laughingthrush montecincla meridionale .
the monotypic group blue - throated flycatcher ( chinese ) cyornis rubeculoides glaucicomans is elevated to species rank as chinese blue flycatcher cyornis glaucicomans ( zhang et al . 2015 ) . revise the range description from “s china ( sichuan , guizhou , w hubei and shaanxi ) ” to “breeds southern china ( southern shaanxi and western hubei to sichuan and guizhou ) ; winters southwestern thailand and the thai - malay peninsula” .
zhang , z . , x . wang , y . huang , u . olsson , j . martinez , p . alström , and f . lei . 2015 . unexpected divergence and lack of divergence revealed in continental asian cyornis flycatchers ( aves : muscicapidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 94 : 232 - 241 .
white - tailed rubythroat calliope pectoralis is split into two species , based on liu et al . ( 2016 ) : a polytypic himalayan rubythroat calliope pectoralis , including subspecies pectoralis , confusa , and ballioni ; and a monotypic chinese rubythroat calliope tschebaiewi .
liu , y . , g . chen , q . huang , c . jia , g . carey , p . leader , y . li , f . zou , x . yang , u . olsson , and p . alström . 2016 . species delimitation of the white - tailed rubythroat calliope pectoralis complex ( aves , muscicapidae ) using an integrative taxonomic approach . journal of avian biology 47 : 899 - 910 .
in accord with aos - sacc ( proposal 676 ) , sharp - beaked ground - finch geospiza difficilis is split into three monotypic species , based on lamicchaney et al . ( 2015 ) . aos - sacc has not yet determined english names for these species ; provisionally we use the following nomenclature : vampire ground - finch geospiza septentrionalis ; genovesa ground - finch geospiza acutirostris ; and sharp - beaked ground - finch geospiza difficilis .
lamichhaney , s . , j . berglund , m . sällman almén , k . maqbool , m . grabherr , a . martinez - barrio , m . promerová , c . - j . rubin , c . wang , c . , n . zamani , b . r . grant , p . r . , grant , m . t . webster , and l . andersson . 2015 . evolution of darwin’s finches and their beaks revealed by genome sequencing . nature 518 : 371–375 .
in accord with aos - sacc ( proposal 676 ) , large cactus - finch geospiza conirostris is split into two species , based on lamicchaney et al . ( 2015 ) . aos - sacc has not yet determined english names for these species ; provisionally we use the following nomenclature : española cactus - finch geospiza conirostris , which is monotypic ; and genovesa cactus - finch geospiza propinqua , which includes subspecies propinqua and darwini .
friis , g . , p . aleixandre , r . rodriguez - estrella , a . g . navarro - sigüenza , and b . milá . 2016 . rapid postglacial diversification and long - term stasis within the songbird genus junco : phylogeographic and phylogenomic evidence . molecular ecology 25 : 6175–6195 .


hilarographa gunongana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in sarawak .

the wingspan is about 8.5 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is pale , dirty orange in the form of three lines .

the hindwings are brownish .

hilarographa gunongana

this is the place for gunongana definition . you find here gunongana meaning , synonyms of gunongana and images for gunongana copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word gunongana . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word gunongana and , of course , gunongana synonyms and on the right images related to the word gunongana .
gunongana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 274 . tl : sarawak , gunong mulu national park , r . g . s . expedition base camp . holotype : bmnh . male .
101 . gogana 102 . gorgana 103 . government of telangana 104 . governor of telangana 105 . grapholita tristrigana 106 . guillermo blest gana 107 . hagana 108 . haifa zangana 109 . harungana 110 . hentaigana 111 . hilarographa gunongana 112 . hilarographa marangana 113 . hilarographa pahangana 114 . hilarographa quinquestrigana 115 . hiragana 116 . hirigana 117 . history of telangana 118 . house in fata morgana 119 . hurigana 120 . igana 121 . jai bolo telangana 122 . jaya jaya he telangana 123 . jean - louis magana 124 . jean louis magana 125 . jean tigana
hilarographa jonesi , the psychedelic jones moth , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .
dulciana meyrick , in wagner , 1913 ( hilarographa ) , lepid . cat . ( 13 ) : 24 . no type
bryonota meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 479 . tl : peru , jurimaguas . holotype : bmnh . male .
buruana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 270 . tl : buru , holotype : bmnh . male .
eriglypta meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 478 . tl : peru , jurimaguas . holotype : bmnh . male .
methystis meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 479 . tl : peru , jurimaguas . lectotype : bmnh . male .
thaliarcha meyrick , 1920 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 328 . tl : brazil , par . lectotype : bmnh . male .
euphronica meyrick , 1920 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 328 . tl : brazil , r trombetas . lectotype : bmnh . male .
iquitosana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 213 . tl : peru , iquitos . holotype : bmnh . male .
parambae razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 215 . tl : ecuador , paramba . holotype : bmnh . male .
plectanodes meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 480 . tl : peru , ro napo . lectotype : bmnh . male .
baliana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 265 . tl : malaysia , bali . holotype : bmnh . male .
charagnotorna razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 210 . tl : bolivia , cuatro ojos . holotype : bmnh . male .
perakana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 265 . tl : malaysia , perak . holotype : bmnh . female .
xanthotoxa meyrick , 1920 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 329 . tl : brazil , amazonas , teffe . holotype : bmnh . male .
belizeae razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 215 . tl : belize , upper raspacula valley . holotype : bmnh . male .
mariannae razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 212 . tl : brazil , parana , castro . holotype : bmnh . male .
temburonga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 272 . tl : brunei , ulu temburong . holotype : bmnh . male .
uluana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 275 . tl : brunei , ulu temburong . holotype : bmnh . male .
bellica meyrick , 1912 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 37 . tl : suriname , dutch guiana ( paramaribo ) . holotype : bmnh . male .
hainanica razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 269 . tl : china , hainan , porten . holotype : bmnh . male .
johnibradleyi razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 267 . tl : thailand , doi suthep pui . holotype : bmnh . male .
marangana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 269 . tl : sw . sumatra , marang . holotype : bmnh . male .
rampayoha razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 271 . tl : brunei , rampayoh r . . holotype : bmnh . male .
robinsoni razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 276 . tl : brunei , rampayoh r . . holotype : bmnh . female .
sipiroca razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 271 . tl : sumatra , utara , sipirok . holotype : bmnh . female .
ancilla razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 266 . tl : india , bombay , castle rock . holotype : bmnh . female .
calyx razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 276 . tl : formosa [ taiwan ] , kanshirei . holotype : bmnh . female .
obinana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 275 . tl : moluccas islands , obi major island . holotype : bmnh . female .
orthochrysa meyrick , 1932 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 274 . tl : brazil , santa catarina , neu - bremen . holotype : nhmv . female .
soleana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 267 . tl : indonesia , seram , operation releigh . holotype : bmnh . male .
auroscripta razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 269 . tl : amboyna [ indonesia , maluku islands ] , holotype : bmnh . female .
khaoyai razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 275 . tl : thailand , khao yai nat . park . holotype : bmnh . male .
renonga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 274 . tl : siam , renong , low country forest . holotype : bmnh . male .
bosavina razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 270 . tl : papua new guinea , southern highlands , bosavi . holotype : bmnh . female .
celebesiana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 264 . tl : s . celebes ,
low country
. holotype : bmnh . male .
hexapeda meyrick , 1913 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 99 . tl : guyana , british guiana [ guyana ] ( bartica ) . lectotype : bmnh . female .
muluana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 273 . tl : sarawak , guanong , mulu nat . park . holotype : bmnh . male .
pahangana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 264 . tl : malaysia , west pahang , genting tea estate . holotype : bmnh . male .
gentinga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 267 . tl : malaysia , w . pahang , genting tea estate . holotype : bmnh . male .
tasekia razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 272 . tl : malaysia , perak , tasek , temenggor , sungei halong . holotype : bmnh . male .
fergussonana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 268 . tl : papua new guinea , d ' entrecasteaux islands , fergusson island . holotype : bmnh . male .
odontia razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( hilarographa ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 113 . tl : colombia , western cordillera , tambito forest res . . holotype : mzuj . male .
meekana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 266 . tl : papua new guinea , d ' entrecasteaux is . , fergusson island . holotype : bmnh . female .
castanea razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 157 . tl : ecuador , prov . pichincha , pacto , r ? o mashpi . holotype : mzuj . male .
uthaithani razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 272 . tl : w . thailand , uthai thani , huai kha khaeng , khao nang ram . holotype : bmnh . male .
shehkonga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 273 . tl : hong kong , kadoorie agric . research centre , shek kong n . t . . holotype : bmnh . male .
pyranthis meyrick , 1907 ( hilarographa ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 32 : 91 . tl : new guinea . new guinea ( st . aignan island ) . holotype : unknown . unknown .
sepidmarginata razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( hilarographa ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 112 . tl : colombia , cauca department , western cordillera , pasto - tumaco rd . , cerro cuesbi forest res . , nambi . holotype : mzuj . female .
html public
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bathychtra razowski & pelz , 2005 ( heppnerographa ) , entomol . zeit . 115 : 170 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , 20 km e baos , san francisco . holotype : smfl . male .
cladara diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 33 . tl : indonesia , east borneo , balikpapan , mentavir river . holotype : ncb . female .
crocochorista diakonoff , 1983 ( thaumatographa ) , proc . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( c ) 86 ( 4 ) : 479 . tl : indonesia , east java , tengger range , nongkodjadjar , mt . toenggangan . holotype : ncb . male .
cymatodes diakonoff , 1983 ( thaumatographa ) , proc . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( c ) 86 ( 4 ) : 482 . tl : indonesia , lesser sunda islands ( sumba island , mao marroe ) . holotype : ncb . female .
dolichosticha diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 32 . tl : indonesia , east java , tengger range , nongkodjadjar . holotype : ncb . female .
dulcisana walker , 1863 ( gauris ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 415 . tl : brazil , amazonas , ega . holotype : bmnh . male .
excellens pagenstecher , 1900 ( thaumatographa ) , zoologica 29 : 230 tl : papua new guinea , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
grapholithana razowski & pelz , 2005 ( heppnerographa ) , entomol . zeit . 115 : 170 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , macas , proano - inapula , crea - domono . holotype : smfl . male .
macaria diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 46 . tl : indonesia , west java , gede - panggrango mountains , tjibodas . holotype : ncb . female .
mesostigmatis diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 42 . tl : taiwan , rantasian . holotype : usnm . male .
oenobapta diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 28 . tl : indonesia , west java , buitenzorg . holotype : ncb . male .
phlox diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 40 . tl : indonesia , southeast java , mt . smeroe , ranoe daroengan . holotype : ncb . female .
plurimana walker , 1863 ( gauris ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 416 . tl : brazil , amazonas , ega . holotype : bmnh . female .
quinquestrigana walker , 1866 ( carpocapsa ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 35 : 1796 . tl : brazil , so paulo . holotype : bmnh . male .
firmana felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ( carpocapsa ) , reise st . fregatte novara ( zool . ) ( 2 ) 5 : pl . 138 , fig . 10 . tl : brazil . amazonas . holotype : bmnh . female .
refluxana walker , 1863 ( gauris ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 416 . tl : brazil , rio de janeiro . holotype : bmnh . female .
ribbei zeller , 1877 ( setiostoma ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 189 . tl : panama , chiriqui . holotype : bmnh . female .
swederiana stoll , in cramer , 1791 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , papillons exotiques s ( suppl . ) : 75 . tl : surinam , holotype : unknown . unknown .
trabaena felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ( grapholitha ) , reise st . fregatte novara ( zool . ) ( 2 ) 5 : pl . 138 , fig . 9 . tl : brazil . amazonas . holotype : bmnh . unknown . [ lost ]
tornoxena diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 50 . tl : indonesia , west java , mt . ged panggrango , tjibodas . holotype : ncb . male .
undosa diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 45 . tl : new guinea , northwest new guinea ( sorong ) . holotype : ncb . female .
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aplysina archeri ( also known as stove-pipe sponge because of its shape ) is a species of tube sponge that has long tube-like structures of cylindrical shape .

although they can grow in a single tube , they often grow in large groups of up to 22 tubes .

a single tube can grow up to 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) high and 3 inches ( 7.6 cm ) thick .

these sponges mostly live in the western atlantic ocean : the caribbean , the bahamas , florida , and bonaire .

like most sponges , they are filter feeders ; they eat food such as plankton or suspended detritus as it passes them .

very little is known about their behavioral patterns except for their feeding ecology and reproductive biology .

tubes occur in varying colors including lavender , gray , and brown .

they reproduce both by asexual and sexual reproduction .

these sponges take hundreds of years to grow and never stop growing until they die .

snails are among their natural predators .

the population density of these sponges is going down because of oil spills and other pollution .

aplysina archeri

yan wong changed the thumbnail image of
file : aplysina archeri ( stove - pipe sponge - pink variation ) . jpg
.
the stovepipe sponge ( aplysina archeri ) is a species of tube sponge found mainly in the atlantic ocean , including the waters around the caribbean , bahamas , florida , and bonaire .
( of verongia archeri ( higgin , 1875 ) ) alcolado , p . m . 1980 . esponjas de cuba . nuevos registros . poeyana 197 : 1 - 10 . page ( s ) : 2 [ details ]
( of luffaria archeri higgin , 1875 ) higgin , t . ( 1875 ) . on a new sponge of the genus luffaria , from yucatan , in the liverpool free museum . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 4 ) 16 : 223 - 227 . page ( s ) : 224 - 227 ; pl vi [ details ]
aplysina archeri ( higgin , 1875 ) : pérez et al . ( 2017 ) : 9 . [ statut pour la martinique ] pérez , t . , diaz , m - c . , ruiz , c . , condor - lujan , b . , klautau , m . , hajdu , e . , lobo - hadju , g . , zea , s . , pomponi , s . a . , thacker , r . w . , carteron , s . , tollu , g . , pouget - cuvelier , a . , thélamon , p . , marechal , j . - p . , thomas , o . p . , ereskovsky , a . v . , vacelet , j . & boury - esnault , n . 2017 . how acollaborative integrated taxonomic effort has trained new spongiologists and improved knowledge of martinique island ( french antilles , eastern caribbean sea ) marine biodiversity . plos one 12 ( 3 ) : e0173859
aplysina archeri this is a type of sea sponge usually called stove pipe sponge . it can get to 5 feet tall and 3 inches thick . - this sponge mates like many other sponge species . - it can either be sexual or asexual . - it asexual , the sponge forms little pods called gammeles that are located on the external part of the sponge . currents in the water detach them and carry these pods to wherever . - where they land , is where they will hatch and start a new sponge . - sexual reproduction between two stove pipe sponges is random . - they are all the same gender , hermaphrodites , and do not have sexual organs . - to sexually reproduce , this sponge sprays sperms out all around it , into the water . - the sperm is carried by the current and if it hits another stove - pipe sponge , it becomes pregnant . - pregnant sponges keep the eggs in them until they are mature , then they let them out and they create new sponges .
( of verongia archeri ( higgin , 1875 ) ) laubenfels , m . w . de . ( 1936 ) . a discussion of the sponge fauna of the dry tortugas in particular and the west indies in general , with material for a revision of the families and orders of the porifera . carnegie institute of washington publication . 467 ( tortugas laboratory paper 30 ) 1 - 225 , pls 1 - 22 . page ( s ) : 24 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of luffaria archeri higgin , 1875 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 1978 ) . marine sponges from curaçao and other caribbean localities . part i . keratosa . in : hummelinck , p . w . & van der steen , l . j . ( eds ) , uitgaven van de natuurwetenschappelijke studiekring voor suriname en de nederlandse antillen . no . 94 . studies on the fauna of curaçao and other caribbean islands . 56 ( 179 ) : 1–94 . [ details ]
m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda
) . sometimes they grow single , but more often in large groups of up to 22 tubes , which normally are in contact with each other only at their base . the surface is though and shows much relief (
) and sometimes an obscured pattern of rounded disc - shaped elevations of 3 - 9 mm . the shallow depressions between the elevations contain rows of pores . the surface is generally finely conulose and does not show the deep and meandering grooves of
conspicuous pink or purplish gray . the tubes ' interiors often cream colored , but always lighter than the exterior color .
humann , p . , 1992 . reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .
soest , r . w . m . van , 1978 . marine sponges from curaçao and other caribbean islands . part i . keratosa . studies on the fauna of curaçao and other caribbean islands , 179 .
van soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; rützler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; schönberg , c . ; klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; díaz , m . - c . ; cárdenas , p . ; carballo , j . l . ; ríos , p . ; downey , r . ( 2018 ) . world porifera database .
van soest , r . w . m . ( 1978 ) . marine sponges from curaçao and other caribbean localities . part i . keratosa . in : hummelinck , p . w . & van der steen , l . j . ( eds ) , uitgaven van de natuurwetenschappelijke studiekring voor suriname en de nederlandse antillen . no . 94 . studies on the fauna of curaçao and other caribbean islands . 56 ( 179 ) : 1–94 . page ( s ) : 58 - 59 ; fig 19 , pl xi 3 - 4 [ details ]
zea , s . ( 1987 ) . esponjas del caribe colombiano . ( catálogo cientifico : bogotá , colombia ) : 1 - 286 . page ( s ) : 55 - 57 [ details ]
rützler , k . ; díaz , m . c . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; zea , s . ; smith , k . p . ; alvarez , b . ; wulff , j . ( 2000 ) . diversity of sponge fauna in mangrove ponds , pelican cays , belize . atoll research bulletin . 476 : 230 - 248 . page ( s ) : 239 [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 1981 ) . a checklist of the curaçao sponges ( porifera demospongiae ) including a pictorial key to the more common reef - forms . verslagen en technische gegevens instituut voor taxonomische zoölogie ( zoölogisch museum ) universiteit van amsterdam . 31 : 1 - 39 . page ( s ) : 25 [ details ]
rützler , k . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; piantoni , c . ( 2009 ) . sponges ( porifera ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas . 285–313 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
alcolado , p . m . ; busutil , l . ( 2012 ) . inventaire des spongiaires néritiques du parc national de la guadeloupe ( inventario de las esponjas neríticas del parque nacional de guadalupe ) . serie oceanológica . 10 , 62 - 76 . page ( s ) : 71 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
vacelet , j . ( 1990 ) . les spongiaires . in le monde marin . ( ed . claude bouchon ) pp 16 - 33 . la grande encyclopédie de la caraïbe . editions caraïbes , pointe à pitre . page ( s ) : 31 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
pérez , t . ; díaz , m . c . ; ruiz , c . ; cóndor - luján , b . ; klautau , m . ; hajdu , e . ; lôbo - hajdu , g . ; zea , s . ; pomponi , s . a . ; thacker , r . w . ; carteron , s . ; tollu , g . ; pouget - cuvelier , a . ; thélamon , p . ; marechal , j . - p . ; thomas , o . p . ; ereskovsky , a . e . ; vacelet , j . ; boury - esnault , n . ( 2017 ) . how a collaborative integrated taxonomic effort has trained new spongiologists and improved knowledge of martinique island ( french antilles , eastern caribbean sea ) marine biodiversity . plos one . 12 ( 3 ) : e0173859 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 9 [ details ]
lehnert , h . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 1998 ) . shallow water sponges of jamaica . beaufortia . 48 ( 5 ) : 71 - 103 . page ( s ) : 98 [ details ]
lendenfeld , r . von . ( 1889 ) . a monograph of the horny sponges . ( trübner and co . : london ) : iii - iv , 1 - 936 , pls 1 - 50 . , available online at urltoken ; view = 1up ; seq = 1 page ( s ) : 413 - 415 [ details ]
pulitzer - finali , g . ( 1986 ) . a collection of west indian demospongiae ( porifera ) . in appendix , a list of the demospongiae hitherto recorded from the west indies . annali del museo civico di storia naturale giacomo doria . 86 : 65 - 216 . page ( s ) : 183 - 184 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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notes : long tubes , single or in groups , usually having an iridiscent lavender color , but co - occurring specimens may be brownish or greenish tan .
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tricart & foubert ( 2000 ) [ statut pour la martinique ] tricart , s . & foubert , a . 2000 . base de référence de l ' inventaire znieff - mer : validation des données sur les espèces marines des caraïbes ( guadeloupe , martinique et guyane ) . in : guillaume , m . ( coord . ) 2000 . l ' inventaire znieff - mer dans les dom : bilan méthodologique et mise en place . patrimoines naturels , 42 : 105 - 128 .
alcolado & busutil ( 2012 ) [ statut pour la guadeloupe ] alcolado , p . m . & busutil , l . 2012 . inventaire des spongiaires néritiques du parc national de la guadeloupe . serie oceanológica , 10 : 62 - 76 .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
this species has long tube - like structures cylindrical in nature and many tubes are attached to one particular part of the organism . the tubes occur in varying colors including lavender , gray and brown .
the stovepipe sponge is a filter feeder and eats food such as plankton or suspended detritus as it passes by them . very little is known about its behavioral patterns except for its feeding ecology and reproductive biology .
it reproduces both asexually and sexually . sperm is released into the water column where it floats and then settle down on substrate and begins to reproduce cells and grow . it takes hundreds of years for a single sponge to mature and it actually never stops growing until it dies .
image caption : stove - pipe sponge - pink variation . credit : nick hobgood / wikipedia ( cc by - sa 3 . 0 )
the tropical marine communities are considered among the most diverse on earth . the variety of colors , shapes , and sizes shown by the fauna of these communities are immense . the coral and sponge communities are among the most conspicuous . in spite of this , little is known about the ecology of marine sponges , as research has been hindered by taxonomic problems and difficulties that arise in their quantitative evaluation .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
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