athanas is a genus of shrimp of the family alpheidae .

these are small shrimp measuring 2 cm in length .

females have smaller chelae than males .

some species , including athanas djiboutensis , are called " bulldozer shrimps " because of the way that they push sand and small stones about .

athanas

forma athanas nitescens f . rotundicauda czerniavsky , 1884 accepted as athanas nitescens ( leach , 1813 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] )
forma athanas nitescens f . nitescens ( leach , 1814 ) accepted as athanas nitescens ( leach , 1813 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] )
ab mackenzie , jh reed , p athanas , cw bostian , rm buehrer , . . .
k puttegowda , w worek , n pappas , a dandapani , p athanas , . . .
between 1951 and 2003 , athanas life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1951 , and highest in 1987 . the average life expectancy for athanas in 1951 was 50 , and 79 in 2003 .
2014 ) . mr . athanas is also a frequent speaker and writer on restructuring , bankruptcy , and insolvency topics .
joe athanas is office managing partner in the hong kong office of latham & watkins and a member of the finance department .
m wazlowski , l agarwal , t lee , a smith , e lam , p athanas , h silverman , . . .
mr . athanas also has experience representing lenders in secured and unsecured lending transactions . he was chairman of the commercial finance and transactions committee of the chicago bar association between 1999
anker , a . & m . - s . jeng , 2007 . establishment of a new genus for arete borradailei coutière , 1903 and athanas verrucosus banner and banner , 1960 , with redefinitions of arete stimpson , 1860 and athanas leach , 1814 ( crustacea : decapoda : alpheidae ) . — zoological studies 46 : 454 - 472 . [ details ]
census records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your athanas ancestors , such as occupation . occupation can tell you about your ancestor ' s social and economic status .
census records can give you a fascinating window into the day - to - day lives of your athanas ancestors - like hours worked per week , level of education , veteran status , employers , and more .
coutière , h . , 1911b . sur les alpheidæ du genre athanas leach , provenant des collections de s . a . s . le prince de monaco . — bulletin de l’institut océanographique 197 : 1 - 7 . [ details ]
( of athanas dispar coutière , 1897 ) coutière , h . , 1897c . note sur quelques alphéides nouveaux ou peu connus rapportés de djibouti ( afrique orientale ) . — bulletin du muséum d’histoire naturelle 3 : 233 - 236 . [ details ]
( of athanas dimorphus seedang banner & banner , 1966 ) banner , a . h . & d . m . banner , 1966a . the alpheid shrimp of thailand . — the siam society monograph series 3 : 1 - 168 . [ details ]
( of athanas setoensis kubo , 1951 ) kubo , i . , 1951 . some macrurous decapod crustacea found in japanese waters , with descriptions of four new species . — journal of the tokyo university of fisheries 38 : 259 - 289 . [ details ]
( of athanas alpheoides czerniavsky , 1884 ) czerniavsky , v . , 1884 . materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam . fasc ii . crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ] : 1 - 268 , plates 1 - 7 . moscow . [ details ]
( of athanas solenomerus coutière , 1897 ) coutière , h . , 1897b . note sur quelques genres nouveaux ou peu connus d’alphéidés , formant la sousfamille des alphéopsidés . — bulletin du muséum d’histoire naturelle 2 : 380 - 386 [ imprint 1896 ] . [ details ]
( of athanas leptocheles coutière , 1897 ) coutière , h . , 1897b . note sur quelques genres nouveaux ou peu connus d’alphéidés , formant la sousfamille des alphéopsidés . — bulletin du muséum d’histoire naturelle 2 : 380 - 386 [ imprint 1896 ] . [ details ]
( of athanas transitans var . pontica czerniavsky , 1884 ) czerniavsky , v . , 1884 . materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam . fasc ii . crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ] : 1 - 268 , plates 1 - 7 . moscow . [ details ]
( of athanas nitescens f . rotundicauda czerniavsky , 1884 ) czerniavsky , v . , 1884 . materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam . fasc ii . crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ] : 1 - 268 , plates 1 - 7 . moscow . [ details ]
( of athanas transitans var . longispina czerniavsky , 1884 ) czerniavsky , v . , 1884 . materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam . fasc ii . crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ] : 1 - 268 , plates 1 - 7 . moscow . [ details ]
mr . athanas is a member of the state bar of illinois , the district court for the northern district of illinois bar , the district court for the eastern district of wisconsin bar , the district court for the eastern district of michigan bar , and the chicago bar association .
an unusually short lifespan might indicate that your athanas ancestors lived in harsh conditions . a short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family . the ssdi is a searchable database of more than 70 million names . you can find birthdates , death dates , addresses and more .
rowley , s . j . 2008 . athanas nitescens hooded shrimp . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
mr . athanas has more than 27 years of experience representing debtors , secured creditors , and other parties in interest in international restructurings . he has deep expertise in a wide range of distressed situations , including cross - border restructurings , multinational insolvencies and workouts , and strategies for distressed investors to obtain control of troubled companies , as well as chapter 11 proceedings .
( of athanas veloculus spence bate , 1888 ) spence bate , c . ( 1888 ) . report on the crustacea macrura collected by the challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . eport on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . ”challenger” during the years 1873 - 76 . 24 : i - xc , 1 - 942 , plates 1 - 157 . [ details ]
( of athanas alpheoides czerniavsky , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of athanas solenomerus coutière , 1897 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of athanas setoensis kubo , 1951 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of athanas dispar coutière , 1897 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of athanas leptocheles coutière , 1897 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of athanas veloculus spence bate , 1888 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of athanas nitescens f . rotundicauda czerniavsky , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of athanas transitans var . pontica czerniavsky , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of athanas transitans var . longispina czerniavsky , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of athanas dimorphus seedang banner & banner , 1966 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland marine life information network - uk to barcode of life ( 13 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 187 publications ) to dyntaxa to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 5 nucleotides ; 5 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to marine species identification portal to pesi to pesi ( from synonym athanas nitescens f . nitescens ( leach , 1814 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 1 record ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 23 records ) to itis
leach , w . e . ( 1813 , 1814 ) . crustaceology . brewster ' s edinburgh encyclopedia , e . routledge , london . 7 : 383 - 384 ( 1813 ) ; 385 - 437 , pl . 14 ( 1814 ) . [ details ]
leach , 1814 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] . accessed at : urltoken ; = 106979 on 2018 - 07 - 09
türkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
barnard , k . h . ( 1950 ) . descriptive catalogue of south african decapod crustacea ( crabs and shrimps ) . annals of the south african museum . 38 : 1 - 837 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
d ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 1999 ) . inventory and distribution of the decapod crustaceans from the northeastern atlantic , the mediterranean and the adjacent continental waters north of 25°n . collection patrimoines naturels , 40 . muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . paris . isbn 2 - 86515 - 114 - 10 . x , 383 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
widely recorded around the south and west coasts of britain , and the east and west coasts of ireland . recorded once in the north east .
found on the lower shore to depths 60 m , primarily beneath stones where the substratum is gravelly . also found under algae .
this species is often found in groups of adults and juveniles . ovigerous females occur from may through to september .
crothers , j . h . ( ed . ) , 1966 . dale fort marine fauna . london : field studies council .
hayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .
hayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
mba ( marine biological association ) , 1957 . plymouth marine fauna . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom .
smaldon , g . , holthuis , l . b . & fransen , c . h . j . m . , 1993 . coastal shrimps and prawns ( revised edn ) . shrewsbury : field studies council .
stachowitsch , m . , 1992 . the invertebrates : an illustrated glossary . usa : wiley - liss .
thurston , m . w . , 1970 . the marine flora and fauna of the isles of scilly . crustacea , eucarida . journal of natural history , 4 , 239 - 248 .
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken
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greek and albanian : from the greek personal name athanasios ‘immortal’ . st . athanasius ( c . 297–373 ) , bishop of alexandria , was one of the most influential of the fathers of the christian church . he is venerated especially in the eastern church .
( leach , 1813 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] ) . accessed at : urltoken ; = 107486 on 2018 - 07 - 09
( of palaemon nitescens leach , 1813 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] ) leach , w . e . ( 1813 , 1814 ) . crustaceology . brewster ' s edinburgh encyclopedia , e . routledge , london . 7 : 383 - 384 ( 1813 ) ; 385 - 437 , pl . 14 ( 1814 ) . [ details ]
( of palemon laevirhincus risso , 1816 ) risso , a . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des crustacés des environs de nice . librairie grecque - latine - allemande , paris . 175 pp . , 3 plates . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alpheus vittatus nardo , 1847 ) nardo , giovanni domenico . ( 1847 ) . sinonimia moderna delle specie regisrate nell ' opera intitolati : descrizione d ' crostacei , de testacei e de pesci che abitano le lagune e golfo veneto rappres - sentanti in figure , a chiaroscuro ed a colori dall ' abata stefano chiereghini : venezia , ven . clodiense applicata per commissione governativa dal dr . gio . domenico nardo . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of arete diolectiana heller , 1862 ) heller , c . ( 1862 ) . beiträge zur näheren kenntnis der macrouren . sitzungsberichte der mathematischnaturwissenschaftlichen classe der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien . 389 - 426 , plates 1 - 2 . [ details ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
holthuis , l . b . ; fransen , c . h . j . m . ( 1993 ) . coastal shrimps and prawns . coastal shrimps and prawns . 15 . second edition . [ details ]
( of palaemon nitescens leach , 1813 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of alpheus vittatus nardo , 1847 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of arete diolectiana heller , 1862 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of palemon laevirhincus risso , 1816 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of cancer listellus nardo , 1847 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
ortmann , a . , 1894 . zoologische forshungreisen in australien und dem malayischen archipel mit unterstützung des herrn dr . paul von ritter ausgeführt in den jahren 1891 - 1893 . crustaceen . — denkschriften der medizinisch - naturwissenschaftlichen gesellschaft zu jena 8 : 3 - 80 , plates 1 - 3 . [ details ]
( of alpheus monoceros heller , 1862 ) heller , c . , 1862c . beiträge zur crustaceen - fauna des rothen meeres . zweiter theil . — sitzungsberichte der mathematisch - naturwissenschaftlichen classe der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien 44 : 241 - 295 , plates 1 - 3 . [ details ]
vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of alpheus monoceros heller , 1862 ) vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of alpheus monoceros heller , 1862 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
morton b . , dudgeon d . , lee sy . , bacon - shone j . & leung tc . ( 1991 ) . hong kong ' s scleractinian coral - gallery communities . in : morton b , editor . asian marine biology 8 . hong kong university press , hong kong . pp 103 - 115 . [ details ]
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the following articles are merged in scholar . their combined citations are counted only for the first article .
this
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fpgas for custom computing machines , 1993 . proceedings . ieee workshop on , 9 - 16
sign up to receive by the numb3rs , the department of mathematics e - newsletter .
narrow , acutely pointed , 0 . 66 - 0 . 75 x length of
white dorso - median stripe extending the full length of the animal . may also be almost transparent , speckled with red
occasionally in rock - pools . may occur under large stones especially where the substrate is gravelly . often occur in groups of
ranges from s and w norway and w coast of sweden southwards to the cape verde islands and into the mediterranean and black sea .
hamond , r . , 1971 . the leptocostracan , euphausiid , stomatopod , and decapod crustacea of norfolk . transactions of the norfolk and norwich naturalists ' society , 22 ( 2 ) : 90 - 112 .
hayward , p . j . and j . s . ryland , 1990 . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford university press , oxford .
smaldon , g . , 1979 . british coastal shrimps and prawns . keys and notes for the identification of the species . synopses of the british fauna , 15 .
smaldon , g . , 1993 . coastal shrimps and prawns . synopses of the british fauna , 15 . ( second edition revised and enlarged by l . b . holthuis and c . h . j . m . fransen ) .
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stri staff publications [ 3666 ] a collection of scientific publications by stri staff .
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at the very northern point of punta engano , mactan island . in front of coral point condiminium where philippe and guido poppe live today ( 2006 ) .
a small shallow with green algae , sand bottom with coral and rock boulders . the drop - off starts at about 10 m and is vertical .
good for nightdives , not much to see during the day . very spectacular gorgonians and soft corals and sponges with a wide variety in nudibranches , shells and crustacea .
sometimes very violent , because of the extreme point of punta engano where currents are always heavy .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .


aethes argentilimitana , the silver-bordered aethes , is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from ontario , illinois , indiana , kentucky , maine , massachusetts , michigan , minnesota , mississippi , new jersey , ohio , pennsylvania , vermont and wisconsin .

the habitat consists of dry , open areas of meadows and fields .

the length of the forewings is 3.9-5.7 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is white with buff to raw umber markings .

the hindwings are drab .

adults are on wing from april to september , probably in multiple generations per year .

aethes argentilimitana

aethes argentilimitana reference : mpg reference : bugguide . net reference : bold : aab7231 wa 05 / 07 / 2008
aethes argentilimitana ( robinson , 1869 ) was number 3809 in the 1983 hodges checklist and includes as a synonym 3833 ( 1983 list ) aethes labeculana ( robinson , 1869 ) .
home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » tortricid moths ( tortricoidea ) » tortricid moths ( tortricidae ) » tortricinae » cochylini » aethes » aethes argentilimitana - hodges # 3754 . 2 ( aethes argentilimitana )
all galleries > > oklahoma moths > > tortricinae - pre - pyralids ( 3501 - 4702 ) > 3754 . 2 aethes argentilimitana
revised identities and new species of aethes from midwestern north america ( tortricidae ) . michael sabourin , william e . miller , eric h . metzler , james t . vargo . 2002 . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 56 ( 4 ) : 216 - 233 .
sabourin m . , w . e . miller , e . h . metzle , and j . t . vargo . 2002 . revised identities and new species of aethes from midwestern north america ( tortricidae ) . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 56 ( 4 ) : 216 - 233 .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
meaning
silver - bordered ,
for the
basal patch , central fascia , sub - apical costal spot and subterminal band dull golden - yellow margined with lines of shining silvery scales .
robinson described
as
not limited by silvery scales as in the preceding species .
it was later designated by sabourin , miller , metzler & vargo ( 2002 ) as a junior synonym .
heppner ( 2003 ) reported the range to include quebec to florida , manitoba to texas .
peterson field guide to moths of northeastern north america david beadle and seabrooke leckie . 2012 . houghton mifflin .
notes on american tortricidae . coleman t . robinson . 1869 . transactions of the american entomological society 2 : 261 - 288 .
check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .
cochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) of canada razowski , j . 1997 . acta zoologica cracoviensia . 40 ( 1 ) : 107 - 163 .
arthropods of florida and neighboring land areas : lepidoptera of florida j . b . heppner . 2003 . florida department of agriculture 17 ( 1 ) : 1 - 670 .
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
metzler , e . h . and j . w . brown . 2014 . an updated check list of the cochylina ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini ) of north america north of mexico including greenland , with comments on classification and identification . journal of the lepidopterists ? society 68 ( 4 ) : 274 - 282 .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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photographed at wilson tract , norfolk county , ontario on 31 may 2015 . photograph © david beadle .
photographed at rondeau provincial park , kent county , ontario on 13 august 2011 . photograph © david beadle .
marsh fern moth ( fagitana littera ) . photographed at portage lake , parry sound district , ontario on 5 july 2015 . © david beadle .


phidippus clarus is a species of jumping spider ( family salticidae ) found in old fields throughout eastern north america .

it often waits upside down near the top of a plant , which may be useful for detecting prey , and then quickly jumps down before the prey can escape .

the spider is one of 60 species in the genus phidippus , and one of about 5,000 in the salticidae , a family that accounts for about 10 % of all spider species .

p. clarus is a predator , mostly taking insects , other spiders , and other terrestrial arthropods .

like other jumping spiders , it has vision more acute than a cat and ten times more acute than a dragonfly .

the eyes are used to locate prey and rivals , and find and court mates .

all spiders have sensors for smell , taste , touch and vibration protruding through their cuticle ( " skin " ) .

p. clarus , a relatively large salticid , takes prey up to the size of an adult earwig .

in an experiment , p. clarus was offered as many fruit flies as it could eat , and in four-hour sessions individuals took 17 flies on average – while one took 41 .

when p. clarus males compete for females , the winners are those that produce the most vibrations on the surface and those that are largest .

the average clutch is 135 eggs .

unlike most of the genus phidippus , p. clarus females die after one brood has left the nest .

p. clarus is parasitized by the californian wasp aporinellus completus and by mermithid nematodes .

in an experiment in 2006 , p. clarus showed promise for controlling the fourlined plant bug , poecilocapsus lineatus , which severely damages the commercially grown sweet basil .

phidippus clarus

katja schulz selected
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phidippus clarus keyserling , 1884 [ 1885 ]
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the potential of a jumping spider , phidippus clarus , as a biocontrol agent .
maggie whitson changed the thumbnail image of
jumping spider ( phidippus clarus )
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jumping spider ( phidippus clarus ) pouncing on a hoverfly ( digitally enhanced ) . north america .
the potential of a jumping spider , phidippus clarus , as a biocontrol agent . - pubmed - ncbi
maggie whitson marked
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katja schulz marked
phidippus clarus , u , face redo , pg county _ 2013 - 07 - 30 - 16 . 53 . 20 zs pmax
as hidden on the
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jumping spider - phidippus clarus live adult jumping spiders photographed at northern illinois . family salticidae - jumping spiders spider index | spider main | orb web | cobweb
immatures of other phidippus species could be mistaken for a female of this species , or the male might be mistaken for the female of phidippus johnsoni .
oscillogram of a male phidippus clarus ( a ) courtship vibration and ( b ) aggressive courtship vibration signal . male courtship vibrations are relatively longer in duration compared with male aggressive courtship vibrations .
for instance , in the jumping spider phidippus clarus , which the researchers examined in a separate study , the adult ' s digestive system is in the spider ' s cephalothorax—its head and body cavity .
mating strategy of phidippus johnsoni ( araneae : salticidae ) . 1 . pursuit time and presistence
kasumovic , m , 2010 , ' vibratory communication in the jumping spider phidippus clarus : substrate - borne courtship signals are important for male mating success ' , ethology , vol . 116 , pp . 990 - 998
kasumovic , m , 2010 , ' vibratory communication in the jumping spider phidippus clarus : polyandry , male courtship signals , and mating success . ' , behavioral ecology , vol . 21 , pp . 1308 - 1314
p . clarus is parasitized by the californian wasp aporinellus completus and by mermithid nematodes . in an experiment in 2006 , p . clarus showed promise for controlling the fourlined plant bug , poecilocapsus lineatus , which severely damages the commercially - grown sweet basil .
i had almost forgotten that i had taken video of this handsome little male phidippus clarus . note the beautiful metallic scales between the red regions of the abdomen . for more spider photography and videos , head on over to urltoken
the behavioral ecology of jumping spiders ( phidippus sp . ) : laboratory
by chad d hoefler
snetsinger r . 1955 . observations on two species of phidippus . entomological news 66 : 9 - 15 .
the mating strategy of phidippus johnsoni ( araneae : salticidae ) . 2 . sperm competition and the function of copulation
edwards , g . b . 1981 . sound production by courting males of phidippus mystaceus ( araneae : salticidae ) . psyche 88 ( 3 - 4 ) : 199 - 214 ( male and female phidippus mystaceus , anterior views )
males have red lateral stripes on abdomen and white stripes on the dorsal portion of the palp ( femur , patella , tibia ) . female not vividly colored as in other phidippus species and might be confused with immatures of several phidippus .
the behavioral ecology of jumping spiders ( phidippus sp . ) : laboratory and field studies of mating behavior and space use
i finally found a phidippus clarus jumping spider . there are several color and pattern variations of this species , i was so glad to find out that we have the red and orange variations around the area i live . i hope to find a male in the near future .
common name : regal jumping spider scientific name : phidippus regius c . l . koch ( arachnida : araneae : salticidae )
edwards , g . b . and d . e . hill . 1978 . representatives of the north american salticid fauna . peckhamia 1 ( 5 ) : 110 - 117 ( female agassa cyanea , female ballus n . sp . , male corythalia canosa , male eris flava , female euophrys diminuta , male evarcha falcata , male habrocestum bufoides , male habrocestum pulex , male and female hentzia grenada , male hentzia mitrata , male lyssomanes viridis , male maevia michelsoni , female and black form male maevia inclemens , male and female marpissa bina , male marpissa pikei , male marpissa lineata , male metacyrba floridana , female metaphidippus castaneus , male and female metaphidippus galathea , male neon nellii , male neonella vinnula , female peckhamia americana , male and female habronattus georgiensis , male and female habronattus brunneus , male and female habronattus calcaratus , male and female habronattus carolinensis , male pellenes wrighti , female phidippus apacheanus , female phidippus cardinalis , male and female phidippus clarus , female phidippus otiosus , male and female phidippus pulcherrimus , female phidippus purpuratus , male phidippus putnami , female phidippus richmani , female phidippus regius , female salticus scenicus , male sarinda hentzi , female sassacus papenhoei , male sitticus cursor , female synemosyna petrunkevitchi , male and female thiodina sylvana , male tutelina n . sp . , female tutelina similis , male and female zygoballus rufipes )
adults exhibit sexual dimorphism . immatures have different coloration from adults , and may look very similar to immatures of other phidippus species .
this video shows a large jumping spider , an adult female phidippus clarus , as it feeds upon an araneid or orb - weaving spider , acasesia hamata . a . hamata normally rests on top of rolled leaves on herbaceous plants during the day , where it is vunerable to attack by these large jumping spiders ( salticidae ) .
senthurran sivalinghem , michael m . kasumovic , andrew c . mason , maydianne c . b . andrade , damian o . elias ; vibratory communication in the jumping spider phidippus clarus : polyandry , male courtship signals , and mating success , behavioral ecology , volume 21 , issue 6 , 1 november 2010 , pages 1308–1314 , urltoken
anonymous . 1981 . currents , science 81 , 2 ( 1 ) : 7 ( male phidippus mystaceus , rare morph , anterior view ) .
jackson rr . 1977 . courtship versatility in the jumping spider phidippus johnsoni ( araneae : salticidae ) . animal behavior 25 : 953 - 957 .
nice sharp images . be mindful of your white balance though . looks like you were using a tungsten light source , which most cameras have difficulty handling automatically , so you might try to setting the white balance manually before shooting . i can probably fix this series if you like . this is a phidippus clarus . appears to be an immature male .
edwards , g . b . 1981 . the regal jumping spider , phidippus regius ( araneae : salticidae ) . florida dept . agric . cons . serv . , div . plant ind . , entomol . circ . 223 : 1 - 3 ( male and 2 female phidippus regius , dorsal views )
beal , k . g . 1986 . backyard predators - jumping spiders . timeline , ohio hist . soc . 3 ( 3 ) : 42 - 47 ( photo credits of female phiale guttata , male and female phidippus audax , male phidippus pulcherrimus , female salticus scenicus , and female tutelina similis ) .
edwards , g . b . 1978 . two new southern phidippus ( araneae : salticidae ) . florida entomol . 61 ( 2 ) : 77 - 82 .
edwards , g . b . 1994 . neotype designations for the type species of phidippus ( araneae : salticidae ) . insecta mundi 8 : 143 - 144 .
figure 1 . adult male regal jumping spider , phidippus regius c . l . koch . photograph by g . b . edwards , division of plant industry .
revision of the jumping spiders of the genus phidippus ( araneae : salticidae ) . occ . pap . of the florida state coll . of arth . 11 : 156
roach , s . h . 1988 . reproductive periods of phidippus species ( araneae , salticidae ) in south carolina . j . arachnol . 16 : 95 - 101 .
when p . clarus males compete for females , the winners are those that produce the most vibrations on the surface and those that are largest . contests between females involve less displaying , and physical fights between females are more likely to end in injury or death . the most successful males choose the largest females , as these produce the most eggs and most quickly . if a female that has mated already then finds a larger male , she will often mate again with the larger male . the average clutch is 135 eggs . unlike most of the genus phidippus , p . clarus females die after one brood has left the nest .
jumping spiders can leap up to 50 times their own length by powerfully extending the third or fourth pairs of legs , with the longer forelimbs extended to grasp the prey . p . clarus , a relatively large salticid , takes prey up to the size of an adult earwig . in an experiment , p . clarus was offered as many fruit flies as it could eat , and in four - hour sessions individuals took 17 flies on average – while one took 41 .
edwards gb . 1975 . biological studies on the jumping spider , phidippus regius c . l . koch . m . s . thesis , university of florida . 64 p .
revision of the jumping spiders of the genus phidippus ( araneae : salticidae ) g . b . edwards , ph . d . 2003 . florida department of agriculture and consumer services .
carico , j . e . , editor . 1991 . journal of arachnology , volume 19 ( 3 numbers ) , ( cover photograph , female phidippus mystaceus , anterior view ) .
edwards , g . b . 1981 . sound production by courting males of phidippus mystaceus ( araneae : salticidae ) . psyche 88 ( 3 - 4 ) : 199 - 214 .
figure 2 . adult female , gray form , regal jumping spider , phidippus regius c . l . koch . photograph by g . b . edwards , division of plant industry .
figure 3 . adult female , orange form , regal jumping spider , phidippus regius c . l . koch . photograph by g . b . edwards , division of plant industry .
in this study , we examine courtship signaling of the jumping spider , phidippus clarus , and our primary goal was to test the hypothesis that vibratory courtship signals carry information about male size and that females choose males based on properties of vibratory courtship behavior . phidippus clarus are found throughout eastern north america ( edwards 2004 ; hoefler 2007 ; elias et al . 2008 ) where males and females build and live in silken nests ( hibernacula ) in rolled up leaves ( hoefler and jakob 2006 ; hoefler 2007 ; hoefler 2008 ) . phidippus clarus have a temporally restricted breeding season , mating in early to mid - july , and laying eggs in mid - to late august ( hoefler 2007 ; elias et al . 2008 ) . during the early part of the breeding season , adult males wander in search of hibernacula - dwelling immature females . males cohabit with these females , defending them against intruding males , and then attempt to mate with the females after they mature ( hoefler 2007 ; elias et al . 2008 ; kasumovic et al . 2009 ) . in the latter part of the season , when most females have mated at least once , males wander and may encounter further mating opportunities outside of hibernacula . like other jumping spiders , p . clarus produce substrate - borne vibrations ( gwynne and dadour 1985 ; maddison and stratton 1988a , 1988b ; elias et al . 2003 , 2008 ; elias , hebets , and hoy 2006 ; elias , hebets , hoy , maddison , et al . 2006 ) , many of which are produced along with visual signals ( multimodal signaling ) .
figure 4 . saw palmetto , a typical substrate for the regal jumping spider , phidippus regius c . l . koch . photograph by g . b . edwards , division of plant industry .
edwards gb . 1980 . taxonomy , ethology , and ecology of phidippus ( araneae : salticidae ) in eastern north america . ph . d . dissertation , university of florida . 354 p .
the behavioral research presented here revolves around jumping spiders ( araneae : salticidae ) belonging to the genus phidippus . i studied the foraging behavior of p . audax . my findings suggest that foraging p . audax do not use chemical cues left by prey , while the wolf spider pardosa milvina in the same experimental setup does respond to chemical cues . i studied movement patterns and the use of navigational beacons in the jumping spider p . clarus . i measured the degree of nest site fidelity with individually marked spiders and a grid of artificial nest tubes . i tested whether females used beacons to find their nests . i demonstrated that p . clarus are likely to need navigational skills , and are able to use beacons as a method of navigation . i examined the use of p . clarus as a biocontrol agent , and my results suggest that jumping spider predation is effective at reducing pest numbers and has a positive effect on plant performance . lastly , i explored the role of male mate choice and size - assortative mating in p . clarus . i discovered that males and females pair assortatively for size , and adult males exhibit preferences for large females , which mature before smaller females . female size is strongly correlated with the number of spiderlings that emerge . ^
edwards , g . b . 2004 . revision of the jumping spiders of the genus phidippus ( araneae : salticidae ) . occasional papers florida st . coll . arthropods 11 : 1 - 156 .
male jumping spiders ( phidippus clarus ) size one another up before engaging in a fight—whether the aggression is based on rights to mating or territory—and in many cases , the pre - fight displays are sufficient to deter physical contact . the males do not nest but instead wander between female nests looking for opportunities to mate . the females , on the other hand , are not nomads—they build nests from silk and leaves in which they wait while they draw closer to sexual maturity .
wright , s . 7 august 1990 . arachnophilia . san jose mercury news , science & medicine section , pg . 1 ( photo credit of female phidippus otiosus feeding on a cabbage looper larva ) .
edwards , g . b . 1990 . anecdotal field notes of florida phidippus ( araneae : salticidae ) , with notes on territoriality in p . regius . peckhamia 2 ( 6 ) : 96 - 100 .
edwards , g . b ( 2004 ) .
revision of the jumping spiders of the genus phidippus ( araneae : salticidae )
. occasional papers of the florida state collection of arthropods 11 : vii , 1–156 .
hoefler , chad d ,
the behavioral ecology of jumping spiders ( phidippus sp . ) : laboratory and field studies of mating behavior and space use
( 2005 ) . doctoral dissertations available from proquest . aai3193909 . urltoken
cokendolpher , j . c . and g . b . edwards . 1992 . four florida widows . florida wildlife 46 ( 6 ) : 9 - 12 ( photo of female phidippus audax with orange spots , dorsal view ) .
edwards , g . b . 2001 . revision of the jumping spiders of the genus phidippus ( araneae : salticidae ) . occ . pap . florida st . coll . arthr . 11 , 152 pp . ( submitted ) .
phidippus regius is one of the few spiders that can be sexed in the early instars . juvenile females of more southern populations attain a scale cover as early as the 3rd instar ; males are stark black and white throughout their life cycle .
edwards , g . b . ( 2004 ) . revision of the jumping spiders of the genus phidippus ( araneae : salticidae ) . occasional papers of the florida state collection of arthropods 11 : 1 - 156 . - - show included taxa
spiders , particularly assemblages of species , have been shown to be effective in reducing pest insects and crop damage in field crops and orchards . we investigated the potential for a single jumping spider species to reduce pests in a greenhouse setting . we placed three treatments in large enclosures : 1 ) control treatment of only sweet basil , ocimum basilicum l . ; 2 ) sweet basil and a phytophagous pest , fourlined plant bug , poecilocapsus lineatus ( f . ) ( heteroptera : miridae ) ; and 3 ) sweet basil , fourlined plant bug , and jumping spider phidippus clarus ( keyserling 1884 ) . after 1 wk , jumping spiders reduced the number of plant bugs . plants exposed to plant bugs alone were significantly shorter than either control plants or plants exposed to plant bugs and spiders . chlorophyll concentration did not significantly differ across treatments . we discuss the feasibility of using p . clarus and similar salticids in biocontrol .
peckham , g . w . & peckham , e . g . ( 1901a ) . spiders of the phidippus group of the family attidae . transactions of the wisconsin academy of sciences , arts and letters 13 : 282 - 358 . - - show included taxa
edwards , g . b . 1981 . the regal jumping spider , phidippus regius ( araneae : salticidae ) . florida dept . agric . cons . serv . , div . plant ind . , entomol . circ . 223 : 1 - 3 , 4 f .
edwards , g . b . and r . r . jackson . 1993 . use of prey - specific predatory behaviour by north american jumping spiders ( araneae , salticidae ) of the genus phidippus . j . zool . ( lond . ) 229 : 709 - 716 .
edwards , g . b . and r . r . jackson . 1994 . the role of experience in the development of predatory behavior in phidippus regius , a jumping spider ( araneae : salticidae ) from florida . new zealand j . zool . 21 : 269 - 277 .
a secondary goal of our study is to examine polyandry in p . clarus as it is currently unknown whether females remate during the late stages of the breeding season . it has been suggested that multiple mating in p . clarus is unlikely ( hoefler 2007 ) due to the brief mating season and possible first male sperm precedence predicted by the morphology of the sperm storage organs ( eberhard et al . 1993 ; hoefler 2007 ) and the fact that males of a congener leave sperm plugs in females ( jackson 1980 ) . first male sperm precedence is also consistent with the intense contests that occur between males over access to virgin females ( hoefler 2007 ; elias et al . 2008 ; kasumovic et al . 2009 ) . however , at the end of the breeding season , wandering males may encounter mated females , and because sperm precedence is rarely absolute ( elgar 1998 ; simmons and siva - jothy 1998 ; eberhard 2004 ) , males may increase their fitness through additional copulations if females will accept them . thus , our second goal is to examine whether p . clarus females remate and whether this is mediated by vibratory signals .
edwards , g . b . 1979 . rebuttal of objections to designation of attus audax hentz , 1845 , as type species of phidippus koch , 1846 ( aranea ) . z . n . ( s . ) 1904 . bull . zool . nomencl . 36 ( 1 ) : 4 - 5 .
we examined the importance of male courtship and female mating status in mating success in the jumping spider p . clarus . we demonstrate that mating success in p . clarus ( both virgin and mated females ) is dependent on high courtship vibration rates and that vibration rate is correlated with male size . thus , both virgin and mated females may be indirectly assessing male size through courtship vibration rates . size is likely an important predictor of fitness in this species as larger heavier males are more successful in male–male competitive contexts ( hoefler 2007 ; elias et al . 2008 ; kasumovic et al . 2009 ) . we also show that female p . clarus mate multiply throughout the breeding season . remating occurred , but with longer latencies , as courtship duration almost doubled in cases where females mated a second time , suggesting that mated females were not as willing to mate as virgin females , which may be an indication of mated females becoming “choosier . ” although several studies demonstrate that substrate - borne vibrations are necessary for successful copulation in spiders ( scheffer et al . 1996 ; parri et al . 1997 ; hebets and uetz 1999 ; parri et al . 2002 ; elias et al . 2005 ; elias , hebets , and hoy 2006 ; hebets 2008 ; uetz et al . 2009 ) , this is one of only a few that shows that information about male phenotype is encoded by the vibratory signals and that variation in signal rate is linked to mating success ( shamble et al . 2009 ; rundus et al . 2010 ) .
this video contains six different sequences of predation upon spiders and flies by an adult female phidippus princeps from greenville county , south carolina , usa . these spiders are common inhabitants of old fields near forest margins , and move between nest sites on herbaceous plants and sites on nearby trees . they feed on a wide variety of spider and insect prey , including conspecifics , at all phases of their life cycle .
except for two pantropical species ( edwards 1979 ) , the jumping spider most frequently encountered in florida is phidippus regius c . l . koch . this species is aptly named in terms of its size , as it is the largest jumping spider in eastern north america . the species is found in the southeastern u . s . , the greater antilles , and the bahamas , but is most common in peninsular florida .
phidippus regius individuals are known to feed on a wide variety of other arthropods . smaller immatures feed heavily on diptera , while older juveniles and adults feed on large orthoptera and hemiptera , and larval and adult lepidoptera ( edwards 1980 ) . a male of p . regius was collected while feeding on an adult of diaprepes abbreviatus ( linnaeus ) , a pest of citrus and sugarcane ( d . gowan , collector ) .
phidippus regius is found in most field and open woodland habitats , but not within mature hardwood forest . smaller immatures usually are found in the herbaceous zone , but subadults and particularly adults favor palms and palmettoes in semiarid habitats . where palms are absent , shrubs and trees are inhabited by the older stages . adults seem to prefer substrates with relatively monoplanar surfaces and are frequently found on walls of buildings ( edwards 1980 ) .
the mating system of p . clarus is highly complex and provides an opportunity to study the importance of signals during different phases of the mating period . elias et al . ( 2010 ) have suggested that in p . clarus , there is a shift in the mating system from “male–male competition” and “male mate choice” to “female mate choice” due to changes in the sex ratio throughout the breeding season . during the early part of the mating season , when the sex ratio is male biased , male mating success is determined by male–male competition , where larger and heavier males that signaled more were more likely to win contests and mate with larger , early maturing , and highly fecund females ( elias et al . 2008 ; hoefler 2008 ; kasumovic et al . 2009 ) . during mid - season , when the sex ratio becomes even or female biased , male mating success is determined by female choice , where males that have higher signaling rates ( indicating male phenotypic quality ) successfully copulate with both virgin and mated females ( shown in this study ) . furthermore , changes in female mating status is correlated with those in female threshold ( indicated by increased latency to copulate ) , and we suggest that males might be responding to this behavioral shift by changing their signaling behavior as male courtship signaling rates and aggressive courtship vibration proportions varied between virgin and mated females ( shown here ) . in addition , elias et al . ( 2010 ) have demonstrated that male p . clarus prevented from producing substrate vibrations can also achieve matings and suggest the importance of visual signals during courtship . the importance of vibratory signals has only recently been appreciated ( virant - doberlet and cokl 2004 ; cocroft and rodriguez 2005 ; hill 2008 ) , and the ubiquity of vibratory communication makes it essential to understand the form , function , and processing of vibratory information .
as with all jumping spiders , p . regius uses its excellent vision to locate prey and potential mates . prey is caught by jumping on it , hence the common name of the family . males court females with a species - specific dance in which the leg fringes are displayed ( edwards 1975 ) . the chelicerae are also believed to be of use in recognition between the sexes , as no other jumping spiders within the geographic range of the genus phidippus have iridescent chelicerae .
our results that a significant proportion of p . clarus females ( 53 % ) will mate multiply are surprising as it was previously thought that the mating system was primarily driven by male–male competition and that males only gained fitness through guarding females ( hoefler 2007 , but see jackson 1981 ) . studies have shown that despite the high cost of polyandry ( pomiankowski 1987 ) , females of many species engage in multiple mating ( arnqvist and nilsson 2000 ; jennions and petrie 2000 ) . in mating systems like in p . clarus where the female can only assess mates sequentially , females can increase the genetic quality of their offspring by remating if a subsequent male proves to be superior to her first ( the “trade - up hypothesis” ; halliday 1983 ; gabor and halliday 1997 ; pitcher et al . 2003 ) . the trade - up hypothesis suggests that virgin females should be relatively indiscriminant in order to ensure fertilization , but once sperm is obtained and stored , they can choose to mate with higher quality males ( halliday 1983 ; jennions and petrie 2000 ; pitcher et al . 2003 ) . for example , in guppies , poecilia reticulate , pitcher et al . ( 2003 ) showed that mated females were more responsive to second males with greater ornamentation than the first male and that these males were more likely to sire a greater proportion of offspring . multiple mating can also ensure that her eggs are fertilized by high - quality sperm through postcopulation sperm competition .
although jumping spiders do not make webs to capture prey , they do use silk . hunting spiders trail a dragline behind them to break their fall in case they miss a jump . silken nests , ellipsoid structures with an opening at each end , are used for resting at night , molting , and egg - laying . juveniles may make their nests in the tops of herbs or in rolled leaves , while subadults and adults frequently make their nests along the inner mid - veins of palm fronds . adult males often cohabit with subadult and occasionally adult females in order to mate . a cohabiting male will mate with a subadult female soon after she matures . jackson ( 1977 ) showed that males of p . johnsoni ( peckham & peckham ) were able to employ a tactile type of courtship to females inside nests , which was much different than the visually - oriented courtship males employed for females outside nests . a similar tactile courtship has been noted for p . regius , p . cardinalis ( hentz ) , and p . whitmani peckham & peckham ( edwards 1980 ) . other species of phidippus , including p . audax ( hentz ) , p . clarus keyserling ( snetsinger 1955 ) , and p . otiosus ( hentz ) ( hill 1978 ) are known to cohabit .
previous research has suggested that most of a male’s reproductive effort in p . clarus focuses on guarding subadult females early in the breeding season ( hoefler 2007 ; elias et al . 2008 ; hoefler 2008 ; kasumovic et al . 2009 ) . here , we demonstrate that males also invest resources in courting females found outside of this context ( jackson 1978 , 1980 ) . males readily court both virgin and mated females , and although successful males that courted virgin females had higher courtship vibration rates , males courting mated females persisted for relatively long periods and often included aggressive - like vibratory signals . despite the high costs associated with courtship vibrations , males may gain benefits from high courtship vibration rates when courting virgin females due to possible first - male sperm precedence given that females mate multiply ( shown in this study ) .
like many other spider species ( gaskett 2007 ) , male p . clarus can distinguish between virgin and mated females ( hoefler 2007 ) , and given that females are more discerning after mating , it is not surprising that males courting mated females became more aggressive toward mated than virgin females during courtship . aggressive courtship vibrations might function to suppress female aggression and indicate vigor . alternatively , these signals might also be used to ward off potential eavesdropping competitors ( morris et al . 2007 ) . a shift of male signaling effort to aggressive courtship vibrations with mated females could also account for the lower courtship vibration rates than those of males successfully courting virgin females . however , the function of male aggressive courtship vibrations remains unknown , and further studies looking at changes in male courtship behavior when courting virgin versus mated females are needed .
the jumping spider phidippus clarus uses signals that combine visual and substrate - borne vibrations , which predict the outcome of male–male competition and are important to copulation success . we investigated the function of males’ substrate - borne vibrations by examining phenotypic correlates of vibratory signal traits and assessing whether these affect female mating and remating decisions . virgin females were first paired with males , and females that copulated in first trials were then paired with a second male to determine whether females remate . we measured vibratory signals produced by males during these interactions to determine 1 ) correlations between substrate - borne signal traits and male phenotypes , 2 ) whether properties of substrate - borne signals predicted mating success in first and second copulations , and 3 ) whether females of different mating status have different acceptance thresholds for male characters . courtship vibration rate was positively correlated with male leg size , and signaling rate significantly predicted mating success in all copulations . some females were polyandrous ; however , copulation with mated females occurred after longer courtship durations , and courtship duration was positively correlated with male size , demonstrating that mated females are less receptive to mates and suggesting that females may be trading up in subsequent matings . our study shows that males invest significant effort in courtship and that sexual selection via female choice may play a nontrivial role in the mating system . these results are the first to show that honest information about male size is encoded by substrate vibrations , and these signals are important for male mating success in both virgin and mated females .
jumping spiders can be recognized easily by their eye arrangement . the eyes are arranged in three rows : the 1st row contains four eyes , the two large median eyes and two smaller lateral eyes ; the 2nd row contains two tiny eyes ; and the 3rd row contains two small eyes . the species of phidippus can be recognized because they are the largest , hairiest salticids in the region , and their iridescent chelicerae just below the front eyes are very conspicuous . two close relatives of p . regius , p . audax ( hentz ) and p . otiosus ( hentz ) , occur throughout most of the range of p . regius and are similar in appearance . the three species can be separated by the following key :
adult male and penultimate instar female p . clarus were collected from the koffler scientific reserve at jokers hill , king city , ontario , canada , during mid - june to mid - july 2008 . all spiders were housed individually in cages and were kept in visual isolation . all spiders were kept on a 12 : 12 h light : dark cycle and fed small crickets ( acheta domesticus ) and / or several flies ( drosophila hydeii ) twice a week . all individuals were weighed and photographed at the end of trials . photographs were taken using a nikon digital camera ( dxm1200 ) attached to a dissecting microscope ( zeiss stemi 2000 - c ) and captured using nikon act - i ( v2 . 63 ) software . we measured male and female cephalothorax width and male femur , tibia–patella , and tarsus length ( averaged between the 2 front legs ) . all measurements were taken using image tool ( image tool for windows , v3 . 0 , university of texas health science center in san antonio ) .
phidippus regius is a common spider in peninsular florida . the first impression made upon the casual observer is of a moderately large , black , hairy spider ; to the uninformed , this impression leads naturally to the conviction that the spider is a black widow . the black widow , however , is a globose , shiny black spider with long , spindly legs that is not noticeably hairy at all . jumping spiders are harmless , beneficial creatures . the larger species , such as p . regius , are capable of delivering a painful bite , but will do so only if held tightly . the bite itself causes a sharp stinging sensation which subsides in a few minutes and requires no treatment . these spiders are easily tamed and can be induced to jump back and forth from hand to hand .
in p . clarus , virgin females might be less discriminating because of the brief mating season ( hoefler 2007 ; elias et al . 2008 ; kasumovic et al . 2009 ) and the highly female - biased sex ratio ( hoefler 2007 ; hoefler 2008 ) because being too choosy might entail the risk of failure to reproduce . once a female has obtained her first mate and has secured sperm , however , the disadvantages of discriminatory behavior may be lost , and mated females are expected to be more reluctant to mate . our study shows that mated females had a longer latency to copulate than virgins , which indicates a reluctance to remate . longer latency to copulation may also indicate increased choosiness . this shift in behavior suggests that mated females require subsequent males to meet a higher courtship threshold to successfully copulate . furthermore , mating success in mated trials was also correlated with female weight , suggesting that larger females were more likely to remate . larger females were shown to be more fecund ( hoefler 2008 ) , and it is possible that larger females possess more eggs and need to remate to ensure that all their eggs are fertilized .
our data suggest that males convey honest information about size to females through vibration rates . signal honesty is typically maintained through costs of signal production , with higher quality males able to maintain higher signaling levels ( andersson 1994 ; kotiaho et al . 1996 ; kotiaho 2000 ; but see kotiaho 2001 ) . furthermore , ryan ( 1988 ) suggested that a preference for a higher calling rate can be interpreted as a preference for higher energetic output . as a result , females that prefer high courtship vibration rates may be assessing the energetic output of the male and indirectly assessing male qualities , such as size , weight , and / or energetic reserves ( vigor ) ( see byers et al . 2010 ) . preference for higher courtship vibration rate has also been shown in wolf spiders . for example , in schizocosa ocreata , females prefer males with higher courtship signaling rates and longer durations ( delaney et al . 2007 ; gibson and uetz 2008 ) . in p . clarus , males producing courtship vibrations are at more risk of predation and have reduced longevity ( hoefler 2008 ) , further indicating the costs of vibratory signals in this system . although honest signaling of male quality has been shown in a wolf spider ( kotiaho et al . 1998 ) and the importance of vibrations has been demonstrated in some jumping spider species ( jackson 1977 ; elias et al . 2005 , 2008 ) , this is the first study to show that vibratory signals carry information about male phenotypic quality in jumping spiders .
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journal of economic entomology . ( journal , magazine , 1908 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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journal of economic entomology . / entomological society of america . ; american association of economic entomologists . ; ; [ lanham , md . , etc . ] entomological society of america
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body lengths when mature : male : 3 . 2 to 10 . 1 mm , female : 4 . 2 to 14 . 2 mm
number of eggs per sac : 83 . 3 ( range = 7 to 207 )
throughout the united states , it is found mostly in old fields at the top of vegetation , where it lays its eggs in the canopy .
revision of the attidae of north america . trans . wisconsin acad . sci . arts . lett . , madison , wisconsin 16 : 355 - 646
the salticidae ( jumping spiders ) of michigan . pap . michigan acad . sci . , arts and letters 29 ( 1943 ) : 139 - 222
the spider fauna of the upper cayuga lake basin . proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 1892 11 - 81
descriptions and figures of the araneides of the united states . j . nat . hist . , boston 5 : 352 - 370
on the spiders collected in florida by dr einer lönnberg 1892 - 93 . bih . svenska vet . - akad . handl . 27 ( 4 , 1 ) : 1 - 29
on tullgren´s florida spiders . florida entomol . 33 ( 2 ) : 71 - 83
new england spiders of the family attidae . trans . connect . acad . arts sci . , connecticut 8 : 220 - 252
descriptions of new or little known spiders of the family attidae from various parts of the united states of north america . , connecticut 1 - 35
of inseminating a female : they use their palpi , the little ' feelers ' beside the face . in the females , these palpi are simple and leg - like . but adult males have the palpi swollen and more complex .
he spins a small web and deposits a drop of sperm on it from the underside of his abdomen . he then places the tip of the palp into the sperm , and draws the sperm through the palp ' s opening into the sperm duct of the palp , where it is stored . the male then goes out in search of females . if he finds one , he performs a courtship dance . if she accepts him , he places his palp against an opening on the underside of her abdomen ( her epigynum ) . he locks it in place by putting a thumb - like projection into a groove in the back of her epigynum . the palpus then expands and injects the sperm into the female .
, among the highest acuity in invertebrates . the eight eyes are grouped four on the face ( the two big anterior median eyes in the middle , and two smaller anterior lateral eyes to the side ) , and four on top of the carapace . the two large , forward - facing eyes ( ame ) are tubular behind the lens , with a well - developed musculature , unique to salticids , that supports and moves the retina - the opposite arrangement of our own eyes . [ 1 ]
spider musculature is also different from ours : in the spider , muscles operate from the inside to move external skeletal elements ; our own skeletal muscles surround the elements they operate . but even these glaring differences are nothing compared to the jumping spider ' s brain and digestive system - their esophagus passes right through the brain , and one branch of the gut ( analogous to our intestines ) actually overlies the eyes and brain ! [ 1 ]
jumping spider vision , david edwin hill , via creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported
wondering how to get that bug identified ? please see the kind folks at urltoken . ( north america ) north american insects & spiders is dedicated to macro photography of live , wild organisms in situ .
class arachnida / order araneae : spiders are the largest group of arachnids . they are easily recognized by their eight legs , and there are few creatures great or small that elicit such irrational fear in mankind . the vast majority of spiders are completely harmless and offer beneficial services , chief of which is keeping the burgeoning insect population in check . spider index | spider main | funnel web
a quick review of the venus v - dx 60mm f / 2 . 8 2 : 1 ultra - macro lens
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world spider catalog , version 11 . 0 , website ( version 11 . 0 )
platnick , norman i . 2011 . the world spider catalog , v . 11 . 0 . american museum of natural history . database built by robert j . raven from the files underlying the website at urltoken doi : 10 . 5531 / db . iz . 0001
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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graduate program in organismic and evolutionary biology , department of plant , soil , and insect sciences , division of entomology , university of massachusetts , amherst 01003 , usa .
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .
historically , jumping spiders have been classified in a linnaean hierarchical structure on the basis of morphological characters . in the early 1900s , eugène simon adopted this methodology using cheliceral dentition and body shape ; subsequently in the 1970s , prószyński’s applied genitalic characteristics to a linnaean structure . while simon’s schema was hampered by the fact that many groups of unrelated jumping spiders have similar body shapes , convergent evolution has limited prószyński’s approach as different species may also have similar genitalic characters .
by the turn of the century , molecular phylogenetics was being applied to salticid classification . molecular analysis is used to test various kinship hypotheses ; the resulting data suggest / confirm groups that best fit the assumptions of cladistics . * this methodology in combination with descriptive and interpretive taxonomy , as well as accessible and comprehensive online libraries and catalogs , has resulted in the most recent advances in salticid classification . it is worth repeating that this new schema is a synthesis based on field records , traditional laboratory taxonomy , and molecular analysis . as maddison makes clear , “the groups discovered by molecular data have coherence in general body form , in genitalia , and in geographical distribution . ”
maddison’s 2015 publication draws on these efforts to construct the outlines , if not all the details , of a ground breaking structure for a phylogenetic classification of salticids . with a focus on groupings above genera , his classification defines salticid subfamilies , tribes , and subtribes within larger clades .
* briefly , cladistics uses shared derived characteristics ( synapomorphies ) to define a clade = an ancestor and all its descendants . thus , a classification system employing cladistic analysis tells us something about the evolutionary history of the organisms involved .
. . . it was long said that the orb - weaving spiders , with their intricate and orderly webs , had evolved from spiders with cobweb - like webs . the cladistic analysis of these spiders showed that , in fact , orb - weaving was the primitive state , and that cobweb - weaving had evolved from spiders with more orderly webs . urltoken
another example of the fruits of this methodology add insights into the worldwide distribution of jumping spiders . biogeographers have long noted that closely related species are generally found in discrete areas - e . g . each continental land mass has a characteristic jumping spider fauna . salticid clades defined by molecular analysis reflect this same general pattern of distribution . * * this , in turn , supports the hypothesis that salticid evolution and radiation occurred after the breakup of pangaea . see hill and edwards , 2013 for interesting details of the origins and distribution of north american jumping spiders .
* * exceptions to the rule do occur and lead to additional hypotheses regarding distribution ( e . g . habronattus spiders are part of an old world group ) .
maddison , wayne . 2015 . a phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders ( araneae : salticidae ) . journal of arachnology 43 : 231 - 292 .
hill , david e . and g . b . edwards . 2013 . origins of the north american jumping spiders ( araneae : salticidae ) . peckhamia 107 . 1 : 1 - 67
anterior median eyes ( the pair of eyes in the center front ) are comparatively very large and give these spiders excellent color vision and high degree of resolution . the shape of the retinae appears to give the spider telephoto vision
spiders of north america : an identification manual d . ubick , p . paquin , p . e . cushing and v . roth ( eds ) . 2005 . american arachnological society .
florida ' s fabulous spiders sam marshall , g . b . edwards . 2002 . world publications .
jumping spiders of canada buddle c . m . , shorthouse d . p . 2000 . newsletter of the biological survey of canada ( terrestrial arthropods ) 19 : 16 - 18 .
contributed by troy bartlett on 16 february , 2004 - 1 : 20pm additional contributions by cotinis , hannah nendick - mason , john and jane balaban , lynette elliott , dr . salticid , jeff hollenbeck , cheins , dick walton , ben coulter , kaldari , johnmaxwell22 , kschnei , v belov , mhedin last updated 3 july , 2018 - 8 : 22pm


carpilius corallinus or batwing coral crab is a species of crab .

the batwing coral crab is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the western atlantic ocean from the coast of florida until brazil including the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea .

it is the largest crab of this geographic area , and is edible .

carpilius corallinus

carpilius corallinus ( j . f . w . herbst , 1783 ) – batwing coral crab , queen crab
m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda
one of the most beautiful crabs in the area . the carapace is smooth and heavy , with no teeth , except for a blunt one at the lower right - and left hand corner . the ground color is pale to brick red with scarlet spots and meandering lines of small white or yellow spots .
size : the largest crab in the caribbean , the carapace can be up to 15 cm in width .
colin , p . i . , 1978 . caribbean reef invertebrates and plants . t . f . h . publications , inc . ltd .
humann , p . , 1992 . reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .
voss , g . l . , 1976 . seashore life of florida and the carribbean . banyan books , inc . miami , florida .
felder , d . l . , álvarez . f . , goy , j . w . & lemaitre , r . ( 2009 ) . decapoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , with comments on the amphionidacea , . felder , d . l . , and camp , d . k . ( eds ) , gulf of mexico - origins , waters , and biota . vol . 1 . biodiversity . pp . 1019–1104 ( texas a & m ; university press : college station , texas ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
williams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
also known as the red coral crab , coral crab or queen crab . they inhabit shallow reefs and hide in recesses during the day . i was fortunate enough to see these two specimens during the day . both were at a depth of about 6 feet . they generally only come out at night to forage for food . they are a true crab and belong to the mud crab family . these both had carapaces of about four inches .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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