horntail or wood wasp is the common name for any of the 150 non-social species of the family siricidae , of the order hymenoptera , a type of xylophagous sawfly .

this family was formerly believed to be the sole living representative of the superfamily siricoidea , a group well represented in paleogene and mesozoic times , but the family anaxyelidae has been linked to this group .

there are ten living genera placed in the family , and an additional three genera described from fossils .

the last tergite of the abdomen has a strong , projecting spike , thus giving the group its common name ( the ovipositor is typically longer and also projects posteriorly , but it is not the source of the name ) .

a typical adult horntail is brown , blue , or black with yellow parts , and may often reach up to 4 cm ( 1.6 in ) long .

the pigeon horntail ( tremex columba ) can grow up to 5 cm ( 2.0 in ) long ( not counting the ovipositor ) , among the longest of all hymenoptera .

female horntails lay their eggs in trees .

the larvae bore into the wood and live in the tree for up to two years , possibly more .

they typically migrate to just under the bark before pupation .

the spiral groove on the ovipositor is visible on the photograph but not easily to the naked eye .

horntail

horntail also appears in zero ' s early game ( after alpha and beta meet ) but only shows the giant left head . horntail starts crying after being attacked by zero , and freud states that horntail is just a baby .
the pigeon tremex is a type of non - stinging wasp , known as a horntail .
detailing the physical features , habits , territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the horntail wasp .
. if one gives the wizard a sword he will kill the horntail and give the player a key .
time limit shows the total time allowed to fight but you must spawn the full horntail within 15 minutes .
scientists have discovered that , in the case of other species of horntail wasps , fungal associates can attract these parasites . ibalia is attracted to volatile chemicals released by the fungus in its early stages of development ahead of the horntail larva’s feeding tunnel . ichneumon wasps are drawn to fungal chemicals excreted in the horntail grub’s feces .
horntail wasps look like they can deliver a wicked sting , but that stout syringe is actually for laying eggs .
the hungarian horntail was part of the dragon challenge roller coaster in the wizarding world of harry potter along with the chinese fireball .
there is , however , reason to suspect the relationship has a dark side . the fungus may play a role in attracting parasitic wasps that reduce the horntail larvae’s numbers . a larva tunneling inside a tree would seem to be safe from enemies , but there are other wasps that have evolved to seek out horntail grubs . female giant ichneumon wasps in the genus megarhyssa have long , whip - like ovipositors that drill deep to attach an egg to a horntail grub . wasps in the ibaliidae family reach young horntail larvae at a more shallow depth . ichneumon larvae feed externally on nearly mature horntail larvae . ibaliid larvae feed internally initially , externally later .
supposedly the most dangerous of all dragon breeds , the hungarian horntail has black scales and is lizard - like in appearance .
when faced with the agony of trying to ask someone to the yule ball , harry said that he would have preferred facing the horntail again .
what made you want to look up horntail ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
since the beginning , it was intended to bring the horntail to life mostly through computer animation . the task was assigned to industrial light & magic , whose digital effects artists fashioned a horntail model starting from the maquette provided by dudman’s team . the digital model was used for the remainder of the forest sequence , as well as the entire first task scene . a small - scale version of the horntail also appears in the selection scene .
the hungarian horntail appears in the attraction at the wizarding world of harry potter . riders encounter the dragon when harry potter and ronald weasley fly muggles to the quidditch pitch . riders enter a real set of the wooden bridge where they encounter a animatronic hungarian horntail , which breathes false fire at them .
oh , don’t worry about ’em , harry , they’re seriously misunderstood creatures… although , i have to admit that horntail is a right nasty piece of work .
how do they get inside ? horntail females lay eggs in dead , dying , or fallen logs . if a property owner’s home is built using lumber infested with horntail larvae , the adult insects may emerge in homes after completion of their life cycle . adults will chew through plaster or sheet rock walls to get to living spaces .
horntail wasps do not bite or sting . also , they cannot infest lumber after it has been cut so there is no risk of additional generations of horntails in the studs or household furniture . most horntail wasps will emerge within the first year of construction , though a few may linger and emerge as long as 2 or 3 years after construction .
the horntail ' s appearance in the movie is based off of the dragons in the movie ,
reign of fire
( 2002 ) . the appearance of the horntail in movie adaptations is more akin to that of a traditional wyvern ; as it has no forelegs , a true classical dragon having forelegs , hindlegs and wings like described in the books .
horntail is a boss that , much like gollux , consists of multiple body parts that appear in different maps . the party must defeat all of them to win the boss battle .
horntail is an evil power - hungry dragon who rebelled against the nine spirits ' rule and distorted the area with evil in order to kidnap an egg of nine spirit dragon and consolidate its power over minar forest . horntail now holds an ambitious wish of ruling over the entire minar forest . it now waits for powerful maplers to enter the cave of life to challenge it .
posted on 07 / 03 / 2013 , in movie monsters and tagged dragon , harry potter monsters , hungarian horntail , nick dudman , paul catling . bookmark the permalink . 1 comment .
the horntail is featured in the video game version of harry potter and the deathly hallows : part 1 and lives in the dark caves , a wizarding world forestal area with a giant cave .
when the player approaches the cave , he / she sees moira trapped in a cage ; she pleads with the player to slay horntail , giving the pendant to enter the cave and do so .
oh , don ' t worry about ' em , harry , they ' re seriously misunderstood creatures — although , i have to admit that horntail is a right nasty piece of work .
warriner md . 2008 . first record of the asian horntail , eriotremex formosanus ( hymenoptera : siricidae ) , in arkansas , u . s . a . entomological news 119 : 212 - 213 .
designing the hungarian horntail for the film adaptation of goblet of fire proved to be an arduous challenge : given the long tradition of dragon depictions in both films and general media , the creature designers focused on what not to do in order to distinguish the horntail ( as well as the other first task dragons ) from previous dragon designs . the creature effects team set out to portray a spectacular and surprising creature .
the adult female can be seen searching the same areas used by the pigeon tremex , although they tend to be present a bit later in the summer . developing horntail larvae can be detected under the bark by the female and she subsequently drills into the wood to the tunnel of the horntail larva . during egg laying ( oviposition ) the host larva is paralyzed with a sting after which the egg is laid . the parasitic wasp larva feeds on the paralyzed horntail larva , consuming it completely within a couple of weeks . it then pupates and remains dormant under the bark until the following summer , when the adults emerge .
horntails get their name from the projection on the back of their abdomen , which often is confused for a stinger . some people refer to these insects as wood wasps , as horntail larvae bore into wood .
smith dr . 1996 . discovery and spread of the asian horntail , eriotremex formosanus ( matsumura ) ( hymenoptera : siricidae ) , in the united states . journal of entomological science 31 : 116 - 171 .
smith dr . 1975 . eriotremex formosanus ( matsumura ) , an asian horntail in north america ( hymenoptera : siricidae ) . u . s . department of agriculture , cooperative economic insect report 24 : 851 - 854 .
for years , biologists couldn ' t understand how the horntail drill worked . unlike traditional drills , which require additional force ( think of a construction worker bearing down on a jackhammer ) , the horntail can drill from any angle with little effort and little body weight . after years of studying the tiny insects , scientists finally figured out that the two needles inch their way into wood , pushing off and reinforcing each other like a zipper .
the hungarian horntail is a dragon native to hungary and is considered to be one of the most dangerous dragon breeds , if not the most dangerous . [ 1 ] it possesses black scales and is lizard - like in appearance .
this party quest is located in the cave of life in the leafre canyons . it leads up to the fight with one of the most powerful boss monsters in the game , horntail . to enter , one must be in a party of 1 - 6 , and be over the level of 130 . the leader also must have completed the secret medicine of transformation certificate of squad badge quest , which will give the certificate to enter the horntail ' s cave .
horntail wasps emerging into houses through plaster board ( sheetrock ) come from larvae living in the studs behind the plaster board . studs that were cut from infested logs can contain horntail larvae that survived the processing . the larvae survived , in part , because the studs were not kiln dried or were inadequately dried . the adult wasps chewing their way out of infested studs also chew through almost any building material used to cover the wood ( plaster board or paneling ) .
a photograph found in the monster park shows horntail with spiegelmann , suggesting the two are friends , or used to be . ( if it is shown to spieglemann , he ' ll bribe the player into keeping quiet about it . )
colliding into a bridge , the horntail falls into an uncertain fate , whereas its miniature counterpart makes a cameo in harry potter and the half - blood prince — roasting chestnuts on a cart outside weasley wizard wheezes . jim mitchell was satisfied with the final results of the horntail animation and rendering for goblet of fire , saying that “ilm did a great job with the animation and look of the bat - like dragon making it as real as any dragon i’ve seen . ”
a hungarian horntail was to be faced during the first task of the 1994 triwizard tournament , in an effort to retrieve a golden egg . [ 2 ] harry potter had to face it after selecting , at random , a tiny model depicting the horntail from a bag . he summoned his firebolt broomstick to him and used it to manoeuvre around the dragon to retrieve the egg . it is stated that ron weasley ' s brother charlie helped transport the dragon from romania . [ 2 ]
in most cases , it will not be necessary to do anything to control horntails . the adult horntail does not reinfest seasoned wood . it will not lay eggs in wood that is inside the home . damaged wood can often be repaired or replaced .
in the film adaptation of harry potter and the goblet of fire , the horntail broke free of its chain and attacked harry . the two of them fought in an exciting chase that spanned all around the castle grounds , almost causing harry to fall to his death at one point when he was trying to reach his firebolt , but when the chase continued , harry flew through the viaduct , which the horntail crashed into , breaking its wing and causing it to fall into the chasm below , presumably to its death .
based on the approved design , kate hill sculpted two quarter - scale horntail maquettes , which were moulded in fiberglass and painted for reference . a larger scanning model was then devised and supplied to industrial light & magic to create the digital model of the dragon .
the pottermore illustration of the hungarian horntail resembles its description in the novels , having four legs and two wings , with a lizard - like head and being black in colour with bronze spikes and claws . this is markedly different than the depiction of the dragon in the film .
in the film adaptation of harry potter and the half - blood prince , the hungarian horntail model that was given to harry from barty crouch snr is seen in the roast chestnuts sale , located in diagon alley . it is possible that harry gave his dragon to fred and george who put it there .
and there was the horntail , at the other end of the enclosure , crouched low over her clutch of eggs , her wings half - furled , her evil , yellow eyes upon him , a monstrous , scaly , black lizard , thrashing her spiked tail , heaving yard - long gouge marks in the hard ground .
though the horntail ( or wood wasp ) looks like a wasp , it is not a wasp at all . it does not have a stinger , nor does it have venom . the long projection at the rear of its abdomen is an ovipositor ( egg depositor ) . this is only seen in the female . on the top side of the abdomen , at its tip , is a triangular “horn” ( best seen in a side view ) . this is what gives the horntail its name . they are about one inch long with a cylindrical body . they are brown , black or metalic blue in color with yellow or red markings .
don ' t be scared of the two giant , whip - like needles on the end of a horntail wasp . they ' re not stingers ; they ' re drill bits . horntails use these needles ( which can be longer than their entire bodies ! ) to drill into trees , where they deposit their young .
after fighting the preliminary heads , the party will be directed to the map for the real fight . to start the bossfight , destroy the pink crystal on the far right of the map to summon horntail . players must stand clear away from the middle when this happens , otherwise they ' d most likely end up dying .
two large and bizarre looking insects are commonly associated with dying branches and trunks of several commonly grown hardwood trees . one of these is an insect that develops as a borer within the tree—the pigeon tremex horntail ( tremex columba ) . the other is the most common natural enemy of this insect , the giant ichneumon wasp ( megarhyssa macrurus ) .
it has black scales , and is lizard - like in appearance . it also has yellow eyes , with vertical pupils like a cat ' s , bronze horns and similarly coloured spikes that protrude from its long tail which it will gladly deploy in combat . the dragon ' s roar is a yowling , screeching scream , and its flame can reach to about fifty feet . while having a very far reaching flame the horntail ' s breath can reach extremely high temperatures as it made a stone turn red hot in seconds . its eggs are cement - coloured and particularly hard - shelled . the horntail ' s foods of choice include cattle , sheep , goats , and whenever possible , humans .
the maquettes also served as reference for a full - scale horntail animatronic built by nick dudman’s special effects team . the puppet would be used in the early shots that revealed the creature , which show it in a distance . dudman recalled : “the production wanted a lightweight life - size dragon head to run about on set with . once we had that head and eight feet of the neck , we suggested that we could sculpt the rest very quickly , keeping it very basic . we used that for wide shots of the dragon in its cage . ” kate hill led the creation of the full - size sculpture of the horntail — aided by waldo mason , andy hunt and other sculptors .
despite the warning colors , horntail wasps are generally non - aggressive and ( one source says ) harmless . both genders of horntail wasp species have short spines at the tip of their abdomen , but females appear to have two menacing stingers . the thicker , longer one is actually an ovipositor . the ovipositor is a tube used by the female to directly inject eggs into tree trunks and other durable wood where they are less likely to found and eaten by other insects . that sturdy spine aids in splitting the wood before the eggs are laid . larvae hatch inside the wood and tunnel through it , emerging as adults . despite the great efforts to use deep wood to protect the horntail larvae , they are eaten by the larvae of other parasitic wasps that have also hatched in the same tree . those that survive emerge from the tree in adult form . if the tree has been harvested and used for building material before then , it is not unusual to see these adults inside as they come out of wood . adults drink nectar and water .
the wasp and fungus are mutually supportive . the fungus benefits by hitching a ride to new host trees , where it can spread and ultimately produce fruiting bodies - shelf mushrooms known as mossy maze polypore . the wasp depends on the fungus to complete its life cycle . without cerrena unicolor to provide food and soften wood , pigeon horntail larvae do not survive .
an unusual pest problem of large wasps chewing holes through plaster board and emerging within recently constructed homes came to our attention in the summer of 1991 . these 1 and 1 / 4 inch long , black or dark blue wasps have been identified as horntails or horntail wasps . the name comes from the spearlike projection on the tail end of both male and female horntails .
a pigeon horntail that survives the perils of youth eventually becomes a pupa , the “resting stage” in which it transforms into an adult . adult horntails chew their way out of their host trees between june and october in the northeast u . s . males emerge before females , gathering in loose swarms over treetops . females look for these “bachelor” parties and select suitable mates .
the pigeon tremex is a type of non - stinging wasp , known as a horntail ( hymenoptera : siricidae ) . they are large insects , with a tubular shaped body and generally brown color , marked with yellow . females , which are considerably larger than males , have a stout spine projecting from the hind end . this is the ovipositor , used to insert eggs under bark .
no one could fault you for running away , screaming in terror , if you saw a large , flying , cigar - shaped insect armed with a “stinger” bigger than a sewing needle . thankfully , the female pigeon horntail wood wasp is harmless . that spear on its rear isn’t meant to pierce skin . it’s for drilling into wood ; and it lays the foundation – literally – for a remarkable inter - species relationship .
in the film adaptation of harry potter and the goblet of fire , the horntail ' s manner of breathing fire by shooting a pair of chemical liquids that cause a fire blast on contact is possibly based on the same fire - breathing manner used by dragons in the movie reign of fire ( 2002 ) . [ 1 ] this was further followed by other media such as game of thrones series and gods of egypt ( 2016 ) .
adults in the forest , horntails can complete the entire life cycle in a year or two . if the wood has been dried and made into lumber , the horntail life cycle can take as long as five years . when the adult comes out of the cocoon , it chews its way out of the wood . the adult makes a round hole in the surface of the wood . the exit holes are usually about 1 / 4″ in diameter .
vincent described how the parasitoid wasp species megarhyssa macrurus , is able to use her egg laying tube to drill down into tree bark , where she deposits her eggs onto the larvae of the pidgeon tremaz horntail ( how did this come up as a topic ? ! over dessert ? ) . this is possible thanks to a complex structure of three tubes that can bend and flex as the wasp drills , allowing her to position her eggs with pinpoint precision .
the finished animatronic was mounted on a mobile , wheeled unit — which eased transport of the enormous prop . the head could perform a wide range of motion , including an articulated neck and mouth , and movable eyes , eyelids and nostrils . the wings could make limited movements and the body could move from side to side . the puppet was shot inside a hydraulically - operated breakaway cage . in addition , the full - size horntail was also used at the film’s world premiere in london .
the map below showcases ( in red ) the states and territories of north america where the horntail wasp may be found ( but is not limited to ) . this sort of data can be useful in seeing concentrations of a particular species over the continent as well as revealing possible migratory patterns over a species ' given lifespan . some species are naturally confined by environment , weather , mating habits , food resources and the like while others see widespread expansion across most , or all , of north america .
in the novel , the first task ends in the arena ; in the film , however , the sequence was taken into a more action - oriented direction : the horntail breaks from its restraints , chasing harry outside the arena . visual effects supervisor jim mitchell developed the idea . he related : “there never was any of the chase around hogwarts castle , but one day when i was checking out the huge physical model of the castle for some establishing shots , i thought how cool would it be see harry and the dragon flying through its deep ravines , under bridges and past these giant , stoned structures . i imagined the dragon landing on one of the steep towers and roaring like king kong on the empire state building . mike newell and the producers liked the idea and so the sequence grew to include the chase . i think it opened the sequence up and made it more perilous and exciting than it originally was . ” the chase scene offered the opportunity to further showcase horntail animation — swooping like a hawk or crawling like a bat on the hogwarts towers .
rowling’s description in the novel made mention of “clawed front legs , ” a trait that was initially considered , but discarded ; in order to maintain artistic integrity , the filmmakers eventually steered towards a four - limbed configuration of the anatomy , harkening back to norbert from the first film . the key trait of the creature — the ‘horntail’ — was initially envisioned as a scorpion’s stinger , or a tail tip with clusters or rows of spikes . in the end , a large spear - like tail tip covered in smaller spikes was chosen . as the design process progressed , it was decided to make horns the key visual motif of the monster — endowing it with a crown of horns on its head , which continued mane - like down its neck , back and tail , ending in the spiked tip . some of the horns on the creature’s head can also flare out and hinge back to highlight its emotional state . the final design — penned by paul catling — was also strongly influenced by birds of prey : a hawk - like beaked tip of the mouth and a proportionally large chest housing powerful flight muscles completed the imposing look of the hungarian horntail .
a fertile female pigeon horntail seeks a tree that is dead , dying , or weakened . maple and beech are preferred hosts , but elm , apple , poplar , oaks , and other hardwoods are also targets . once she selects a tree , she begins drilling in the manner described above . foresters call the wasps “stump stabbers” in reference to this behavior . she lays two to seven eggs at a time at a depth of about three - fourths of an inch . she then extracts her ovipositor and repeats the process , elsewhere on the same tree , and / or in other trees .
the eggs of the raspberry horntail , a wood wasp , are pearly white and oblong , with a curved point at one end . mature larvae are white and cylindrical , with dark heads and a short spine on the tail end . they have three pairs of legs , no prolegs , and attain a length of up to 1 inch ( 2 . 5 cm ) . the adult wasps , which are seldom seen , vary from 0 . 5 to 0 . 75 inch ( 12–18 mm ) in length . the females are marked with bright yellow and black ; the males are mostly black .
horntails are attracted to dying , burned or recently cut wood . the female deposits her eggs into the wood of host trees , most commonly silver maple , ash , cottonwood , and elm . along with the eggs , she deposits a fungus that will continue to degrade the already compromised wood . the eggs hatch in 3 - 4 weeks and the larvae begin consuming the fungus along with the wood . this may last anywhere from one to five years depending on the climate . the adult horntail chews through the last bit of wood and emerges , leaving a round exit hole 1 / 4″ to 1 / 2″ in diameter .
at the same time she lays her eggs , she deposits the spores of a wood - rotting fungus , cerrena unicolor . these spores are stored in two mucus - filled pouches near the base of her ovipositor . as the fungus grows in the tree , it secretes enzymes that break down cellulose . this partly digested wood is consumed by the horntail larvae ; female larvae store the fungal strands in pockets that will become the mucus pouches in the adult wasps . as the larvae grow , they bore tunnels through sapwood and heartwood , fifteen centimeters to two meters or more in length , curving towards the exterior surface of the tree .
the giant ichneumon wasp is a parasitic wasp ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) specific to the pigeon tremex . it also is generally brown in color with yellow and orange markings . it has a very elongated body form and most notably long ‘tails’ that may extend a couple of inches . these ‘tails’ also are the ovipositor and supporting structures , used to insert eggs into wood onto developing pigeon tremex horntail laravae . altogether the body and ovipositor of this insect may extend more than 5 inches . ( males are smaller , lack the ovipositor , and have a blunt tip of the abdomen . ) despite its rather fearsome appearance , the giant ichneumon wasp is harmless to humans and can not sting .
horntails are also known for being one of the most vicious and aggressive breeds of dragon and that is saying something since all dragons are known to be ferocious ; even rubeus hagrid commented on their ferocity saying that the horntail was a ' right nasty piece of work ' . [ 3 ] this breed is especially aggressive when protecting their young . along with their viciousness , tail spikes and fiery breath , horntails are shown being extremely fast in flight while able to keep up with a firebolt broomstick , a broom capable of going from 0 to 150 miles per hour in 10 seconds . horntails are also seen able to keep up with harry potter ' s flying skills ; a very impressive feat considering harry ' s talent as a seeker . [ 2 ]
animatronic systems supervisor matt denton mounted the creature’s head to a computer - controlled performance system that was devised cannibalizing parts of aragog and the basilisk built for the second film , in order to save both time and budget . the skull of the dragon was fabricated in fireproof fiberlass with a steel beak , epoxy teeth and silicone skin . for a dragon that could actually breathe fire , the mouth interior was lined with flame retardant nomex . the entire head was coated inside and out with flamebar , a flexible fire - resistant elastomeric silicone sealant . john richardson and his mechanical effects team fitted the mouth with twin flame jets using a benturi system that blasted liquid propane over a pilot flame . the horntail animatronic could shoot a 36 - foot stream of dragonfire at the camera .
development of the horntail’s body language was assigned to animation director steve rollins , who collaborated with visual effects supervisor jim mitchell . much like the design itself , the animation mainly referenced birds of prey — such as eagles and owls . “when you see the movie , look for the head twitching , head cocked , and quick twitchy movements ; these were all from the bird references , ” said visual effects supervisor tim alexander . other minor references included reptiles and bats . different iterations of the animation sequences were attempted before a final version was selected by the director . “where the dragon crawls across the rocks , we’d do one version with it using its hind legs , another where it’s crouched down , using the batlike hands on its wings to crawl , ” alexander explained .
horntail as a whole consists of his three heads , two arms , wings , legs , and tail . in the main fight , his left head and right head retain some of the abilities from the preliminary battled , while the middle head uses fire - based attacks and skills , as well as summon wyverns . the left and right heads have 100 , 000 , 000 hp in easy mode , 330 , 000 , 000 hp each on normal mode and 3 , 300 , 000 , 000 hp in chaos mode . the middle head has 235 , 200 , 000 hp in easy mode , 490 , 000 , 000 hp in normal mode and 3 , 900 , 000 , 000 hp in chaos mode . all three heads can cast weapon cancel and magic cancel . in chaos mode , the left head can cast physical reflect , and the right head can cast magical reflect .
adults of the pigeon tremex are active from june through early october . females may be seen crawling over the bark and occasionally may insert their ovipositor into the trunk . ( dead females are sometimes seen stuck on the trunk with their ovipositor embedded in the tree . ) if the conditions under the bark are suitable , notably a sufficiently low moisture content , a few eggs ( 2 to 7 ) will be laid into the wood . along with the eggs , the white rot fungus daedalea unicolor is also introduced . this fungus grows within the wood ahead of the horntail larvae and is required for their successful development . infection of trees with white rot fungus accelerates decay and further weakens the structure of affected trees . larvae typically take nearly a year to become full - grown and then pupate just under the bark . the adult emerges in about a month after pupation and cuts a circular exit hole from which it leaves the tree .
crafting the dragonfire was another challenge . “fire is a natural occurrence , everyone knows what it looks like . they know if it looks fake , ” alexander said . “we needed fire to be directable , and that took a long time . ” many of the dragonfire shots were a combination of the digital horntail and practical fire elements provided by john richardson’s team — who built a handheld flamethrower device that blasted flames across rocks in the first task arena set . for the chase scene , the fire was portrayed with composited practical flame elements shot by physical effects supervisor geoff heron , as well as digital fire simulations created in ilm’s zeno pipeline . said system made use of stanford university’s ‘physbam’ physics simulations . “stanford’s smoke simulations created roiling and spinning particles , ” said alexander . “it was similar to the live - action pyro elements , so we used that as the basis for our cg fire . smoke tends to move slower than fire , so we did a lot of work with speed and scale — too fast , and it spurted everywhere ; too slow , and it didn’t create the roiling effect . we then developed a shader look with very sharp detail broken up at the ridges . ”
wasps may be the bane of many a summer picnic but they are now the inspiration behind a new type of flexible medical probe . the biomimetic instrument is being developed by a team at the department of mechanical engineering , imperial college london , uk . its design is based on the ovipositor ( egg - laying tube ) of a female wood wasp .
the wood wasp’s ovipositor looks like two hollow needles , one inside the other , each of which is lined with backward - facing teeth to give purchase as the wasp ‘drills’ progressively into the bark of a tree . this takes surprisingly little force , making it attractive for carrying out minimally invasive procedures such as brain biopsies without having to exploit a natural orifice .
unlike the wood wasp’s ovipositor , however , the probe ‘displaces’ the tissue rather than removing it . the current prototype consists of four interlocking probe segments lined with 50μ teeth and propelled by small motors and actuators . the ultimate aim is to be able to steer the probe in three dimensions through soft tissue and monitor its progress .
dr ferdinando rodriguez , at imperial , explains that existing percutaneous instruments can be divided into two main groups – thick and non - flexible probes ( bioposy probe and laparoscopes ) and thin and flexible needles ( such as a brachytherapy needle ) .
he says , ‘thick and non - flexible probes can be pointed to the target with the aid of a visualisation system and will not deform under load , but their manipulation causes significant pressure on the tissue , limiting the surgeon’s degrees of freedom .
‘conversely , thin and flexible probes tend to be less damaging to the surrounding tissue , but deflect and buckle against tissue resistance , resulting in placement accuracy which is inversely proportional to the depth of the target’ .
furthermore , the ‘underlying technological and functional limitation’ of both devices is that they cannot be guided along curvilinear trajectories . this ‘limits their application to surgical procedures where a straight - line approach is viable’ .
a ‘scaled up’ prototype of the team’s flexible probe , measuring 12mm - wide and about 30cm long , has been demonstrated but a final prototype will be no more than a few millimetres in diameter .
‘developing a multi - part probe of a few millimetres outer diameter will mean identifying materials , manufacturing methods and surface treatments that will work at this scale , ’ remarks rodriguez . ‘particularly challenging will be [ ensuring ] that the probe can sustain the loading conditions incurred during actuation , while being sufficiently flexible not to damage surrounding tissue during insertion . ’
the team is exploring medical - grade silicon , latex rubber and possibly even polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) from which to manufacture their device .
professor tony anson , of uk biomedical materials research company diameter ltd , says , ‘there’s a significant global market for such a device , as there are many patients with problematic physiology who would benefit here . ’
he agrees , though , that finding a suitable material will be challenging . he says , ‘i would discount latex , as there have been too many problems with latex gloves . medical - grade silicon could work but it has a possible demerit because of its high surface friction , and ptfe is a good biomaterial , although in some cases it lacks the right mechanical properties – both have potential .
‘i notice that polyurethane ( pu ) isn’t mentioned . i think pu shows promise , but then so could some combination of materials , coatings or polymer composites , ’ he says . anson suggests that the manufacturing technology may ultimately influence the choice of material .
the prototype of a few millimetres should be available before the end of 2015 for clinical trials to take place . rodriguez says , ‘the feasibility study focused on probe design , actuation and control . it also laid the foundation for an “intelligent probe , ” where the insertion process is guided interactively by pre - operative image data , allowing deep lesions of the brain and other regions of the human body to be accessed with greater accuracy and repeatability’ .
the institute is a body incorporated by royal charter , registered charity no 269275 . patron : hm the queen . the institute of materials , minerals and mining , 297 euston road , london nw1 3ad , uk tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7451 7300
before the main battle , the party must fight the right head and left head in two preliminary battles . both have 100 , 000 , 000 hp in easy mode , 330 , 000 , 000 hp each on normal mode and 3 , 300 , 000 , 000 hp in chaos mode . the left head has ice - based attacks , can summon red wyverns , blue wyverns ( not in easy mode ) , and dark wyvern ( 2 at a time ) , can create spiked tombstones on the floor ( below the platform ) and cast weapon cancel and magic cancel . the right head is similar , but uses electric attacks .
his right arm and left arm can dispel and seduce and drain mp . both have 90 , 800 , 000 hp in easy mode , 230 , 000 , 000 hp in normal mode and 2 , 300 , 000 , 000 hp in chaos mode .
his wings can heal both the hp and mp of the rest of the body and can summon green cornians and dark cornians . they have 100 , 000 , 000 hp in easy mode , 270 , 000 , 000 hp in normal and 2 , 700 , 000 , 000 hp in chaos .
his legs have an earthquake stomp attack with a powerful knockback that can also stun . it has 67 , 200 , 000 hp in easy mode , 130 , 000 , 000 hp in normal and 1 , 300 , 000 , 000 hp in chaos .
his tail also has an earthquake attack and can summon a poison mist cloud . it has 33 , 600 , 000 hp in easy mode , 80 , 000 , 000 hp in normal and 900 , 000 , 000 hp in chaos . ( it is recommended that players destroy this part first ; aside from the poison its touch attack can do upwards of 27 , 000 points of damage , or 33 , 000 when buffed . )
his body is not dangerous unless physically touched , but only when all parts are reduced to zero hp is he finally defeated .
in chaos mode , the background turns from being a cave to a stormy , dark background . this is also seen in the battle against chaos pink bean and pre - revamped chaos zakum . this is probably because the black mage corrupted them , making them stronger and more menacing .
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in lego harry potter : years 1 - 4 , hermione falls into the arena with harry and they both have to battle it . it not only breaks free like in the movie , but it also chases them into the castle .
antennae : ants and bees both have a pair of antennae on the head that senses their surroundings .
head : the head contains the insect ' s compound eyes , antennae , and mandibles .
abdomen : contains various organs including the heart , gut , venom glands , and anus .
legs : ants and bees have three pairs of legs attached to the thorax ( center - body section ) .
note : ants , bees and wasps are part of the hymenoptera order because they share many similarities .
an insect ' s reach is not limited by lines drawn on a map and therefore species may appear in areas , regions and / or states beyond those listed below as they are driven by environmental factors ( such as climate change ) , available food supplies and mating patterns . grayed - out selections below indicate that the subject in question has not been reported in that particular territory . u . s . states and canadian provinces / territories are clickable to their respective bug listings .
site disclaimer | privacy policy | cookies | site map urltoken • content ©2005 - urltoken • all rights reserved • site contact email : insectidentification at gmail . com . the urltoken logo is unique to this website and protected by all applicable domestic and international intellectual property laws . written content , illustrations and photography is unique to this website ( unless where indicated ) and not for reuse in any form . material presented throughout this website is for entertainment value and should not to be construed as usable for scientific research or medical advice ( regarding bites , etc . . . ) . please consult licensed , degreed professionals for such information . by submitting images to us ( urltoken ) you acknowledge that you have read and understood our site disclaimer as it pertains to
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. when emailing please include your location and the general estimated size of the specimen in question if possible .
size : depending on the species , adult sizes range between 12 to 40 mm .
color : they are dark colored , usually brown or black . some species have pale markings .
improperly dried lumber from infested logs is most at risk for problems with these pests . firewood stored inside can also contain horntails .
exit holes in tree trunks – adult horntails that emerge in the living space of a home can cause a disturbance . the exit holes can be unsightly , especially in wood that has been painted or stained .
structural damage concerns horntails are actually wasps , but these insects do not bite or sting . they rarely cause structural damage since they do not lay their eggs in construction wood after it is cut and dry . but , if infested wood was used in a home without proper drying and aging , adults might show up as they emerge from the infested wood .
horntails will not infest furniture or re - infest wood inside a home . still , they are a nuisance to people and may cause alarm to homeowners who think their house is being destroyed by a wood damaging insect .
prevention nevertheless , homeowners can help prevent infestation by storing firewood outside the home . firewood should only be brought in when it will be used .
if infestation is suspected , homeowners are encouraged to request an inspection by an orkin specialist to ensure any evidence of wood damage is not from authentic wood damaging insects able to cause structural problems .
eggs female horntails deposit their eggs into the trunks of trees . most species choose coniferous , softwood trees , but a few species choose broadleaf , hardwood trees . chosen trees are usually in decline from disease or attack from other insects .
larvae when the eggs hatch , the larvae burrow into the wood . they pack tunnels with droppings and wood shavings as they burrow . when the larvae are mature , they burrow close to the surface of the wood and make a silken cocoon inside the tunnel , where they then change into adults .
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maplestory | table of contents | walkthrough | availability | jobs | locations | monsters | quests | faq | glossary | npcs | quests : maple island | edelstein | victoria island | el nath mts . & aqua road | ludus lake | mu lung garden | nihal desert | minar forest | temple of time | gate to the future | theme dungeons | silent crusade | world tour | malaysia and singapore | masteria | tynerum | commerci job - specific quests : dual blade | cygnus knights | aran | evan | mercedes | phantom | luminous | resistance | demon | xenon | kaiser | angelic buster medals | jump quests | exchange quest | gm events | mini - games | special events party quests : cooking with tangyoon | romeo and juliet | nett ' s pyramid | xerxes in chryse | dimensional crack | lord pirate | escape | dimension invasion | dragon rider | kenta in danger | resurrection of the hoblin king - cross world party quests : moon bunny ' s rice cake | first time together | forest of poison haze | remnant of the goddess | ariant coliseum - constant level party quests : sharenian guild quest | amorian challenge | fight for aswan | crimsonwood keep | alien visitor | hungry muto - solo only : monster park | mu lung dojo | commerci trade voyages
however , once you completed the quest , you can simply enter the cave directly since the gatekeeper has fled , so you do not have to do the transformation quest anymore . this quest is repeatable unlimited times and only appears if you lost the certificate of the squad badge .
there are 2 parts to the fight : preliminary fight and the actual fight .
before the real fight , there are 2 prelimary heads to kill . their stats as follows :
it is recommended that all party members must be 160 + to withstand the horntails damage .
this bossfight in a way is similar to zakum except you ' ll be fighting 3 heads and its bodyparts . each of the parts have their own unique abilities .
physical reflect for around 5 , 000 ~ 7 , 000 damage ( chaos mode only ) .
magic reflect for around 5 , 000 ~ 7 , 000 damage ( chaos mode only ) .
this page was last edited on 30 november 2017 , at 04 : 48 .
the story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .
take this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .
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the giant ichneumon wasp is the most common natural enemy of the pigeon tremex .
pigeon tremex are not considered serious pests since attacks are limited to trees and limbs that are in serious decline or very recently dead .
the pigeon tremex develops as a wood borer and the larvae are cylindrical - bodied , cream colored grubs that live within the wood . however , they are not considered serious pests since attacks are limited to trees or individual limbs that are in serious decline or very recently dead .
only certain hardwood trees are attacked by pigeon tremex , notably silver maple , ash , cottonwood , and elm . ( several other species of horntails also occur in the state but these are limited to conifers , usually those growing in forested areas . ) however , the insect may become locally abundant as these host trees become increasingly susceptible due to old age or disease . because pigeon tremex is not considered to be a primary pest , controls have not been developed , although it likely can be temporarily managed by use of insecticides in a manner similar to that of other wood borers . ( see colorado state university extension fact sheet 5 . 530 , shade tree borers . )
( the ovipositor of the female consists of three filaments . the central part is the actual ovipositor , capable of drilling through wood . although appearing as a single filament , it is actually made of two parts , that interlock , slide against each other , and are tipped with the cutting edge . although very thin , it is a tube and the egg moves down the minute channel in its center during egg laying . the ovipositor is normally sheathed within two other thin filament structures that are protective in function , do not assist with drilling and bow out prominently around the insect during egg laying . )


luteostriata abundans is a species of brazilian land planarian in the subfamily geoplaninae .

it is a common species in human-disturbed areas in brazil ’s southernmost state , rio grande do sul .

luteostriata abundans

' luteostriata abundans
' is a species of brazilian land planarian in the subfamily geoplaninae .
luteostriata abundans
is a small to medium - sized land planarian with an elongate body and parallel margins .
luteostriata ceciliae ( e . m . froehlich and leal - zanchet , 2003 )
luteostriata ernesti ( leal - zanchet and e . m . froehlich , 2006 )
luteostriata graffi ( leal - zanchet and e . m . froehlich , 2006 )
the neotropical land planarian obama anthropophila is a predator of luteostriata abundans , another neotropical land planarian . in this video , we can see an idividual of o . anthropophila trying to capture an individual of l . abundans , which manages to escape .
how can i put and write and define abundans in a sentence and how is the word abundans used in a sentence and examples ? 用abundans造句 , 用abundans造句 , 用abundans造句 , abundans meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
prasniski met , leal - zanchet am ( 2009 ) predatory behavior of the land flatworm notogynaphallia abundans ( platyhelminthes : tricladida ) . zoologia 26 : 606–612 . doi :
specimens with seven stripes instead of only five were considered a variety of
geoplana marginata
and named
geoplana marginata
var .
abundans
because of the
abundant
number of stripes .
the present work was undertaken with the following objectives in view : ( 1 ) to determine prey preference and predation frequency of notogynaphallia abundans ( graff , 1899 ) based on laboratory experiments , and ( 2 ) to analyze species predation behavior .
( of geoplana abundans ( graff , 1899 ) ) graff , l . von . ( 1899 ) . monographie der turbellarien . ii . tricladida terricola vol 1 : xii + 574 pp . engelmann , leipzig , 574 pp page ( s ) : 306 [ details ]
twenty specimens of n . abundans , between 20 and 40 mm long when extended , were collected from under fallen logs , leaves and bricks , in leaf litter or under other material on the ground , within fragments of native forest , and in gardens , in são leopoldo , brazil .
( of notogynaphallia abundans ( graff , 1899 ) ) carbayo , f . ( 2010 ) . a new genus for seven brazilian land planarian species , split off from notogynaphallia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) . belgian journal of zoology , 140 : 91 - 101 ( supplement ) page ( s ) : 96 [ details ]
notogynaphallia abundans presented diverse strategies for capturing and immobilizing prey . a similar plasticity in predatory behavior , thereby enabling predator adaptation to various prey - responses , has also been demonstrated in polyclads and rhabdocoels by koopowitz et al . ( 1976 ) and wrona & koopowitz ( 1998 ) . here we demonstrated plasticity in an additional group of flatworms , suggesting such plasticity may be wide - spread .
the predatory behavior of n . abundans includes the encounter , capture and immobilization of prey , bringing the prey to the level of the pharynx , and feeding . the trials conducted to examine this behavior showed a mean time span between capture and end of feeding of ca . 28 min 45 s ± 15 min 47 s ( mean ± s . d . , n = 5 ) .
there are several other cup fungi with hairy exteriors that may be confused with
h . hemisphaerica
.
jafnea semitotsa
is larger ( 2 & ndash ; 5 cm diameter ) with a brown interior and a short stipe .
trichophaea boudieri
and
trichophaea bullata
are smaller ( 1 & ndash ; 6 mm diameter ) .
trichophaea abundans
is another small species that prefers to grow in burned areas .
the first experiment showed that n . abundans ubiquitously accepted all five species of land isopods as prey , and did not accept any other additional item offered . the second experiment showed that the mean weekly consumption of all flatworms was 3 . 4 isopods with a maximum of eight isopods consumed per week and of 25 isopods consumed in five weeks . after five weeks , seven flatworms , which eat an average of 4 . 1 isopods per week , presented an average increase of 21 . 3 mg in body mass , which corresponds to 34 . 2 % of the average body mass of those specimens . five flatworms , which consumed an average of 3 . 0 isopods per week , showed an average decrease of 42 . 0 mg in body mass , corresponding to - 43 . 3 % of their average body mass . there was a positive relationship ( r 2 = 0 . 52 , f = 10 . 816 , d . f . = 1 , 10 , p = 0 . 008 ) between the number of preyed isopods and the increase / decrease in body mass ( fig . 1 ) .
html public
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urltoken
zoologia ( curitiba , impr . ) vol . 26 no . 4 curitiba dec . 2009 epub dec 04 , 2009
programa de pós - graduação em biologia , universidade do vale do rio dos sinos . avenida unisinos 950 , 93022 - 000 são leopoldo , rio grande do sul , brasil
key words : diet ; isopods ; planarians ; prey preference ; weekly consumption .
land flatworms are carnivorous , preying upon slugs , snails , earthworms , nemerteans , land isopods , insect larvae , termites , springtails , mites and other arthropods , besides other land planarians ( ( du bois - reymond marcus 1951 , froehlich 1955 , dindal 1970 , ogren 1995 , jones & cumming 1998 , winsor et al . 1998 , ohbayashi et al . 2005 ) . some species may feed on velvet worms , large insects and harvestmen ( graff 1899 , froehlich 1955 , carbayo & leal - zanchet 2003 ) .
once in the laboratory , the flatworms were kept individually in terraria ( 13 . 0 x 6 . 6 x 3 . 5 cm or 9 . 0 x 5 . 5 x 2 . 6 cm , depending on the size of each specimen ) . each terrarium contained moist soil and leaves and was sheltered from direct sun - light .
to examine the predatory behavior , in order to describe mainly the phases from capture to feeding , three specimens of flatworms were used and five trials were conducted . for each trial , a flatworm and 2 to 5 isopods were placed together in a petri dish with a slightly moistened bottom . the predatory events were recorded on video and subsequently described after computer analysis of the video records . isopod exoskeletons were examined under the stereomicroscope .
the flatworm crept with the anterior extremity raised and waving slightly from side to side showing sensory behavior . in some observations on the process , the isopod , when exploring the environment , collided with the anterior or median regions of the body of the flatworm ( figs 2 , 6 - 7 and 10 ) , and was then very quickly captured ( see below ) . in other observations , the isopod moved close to the anterior extremity or the median region of the body of the flatworm , touching it softly ( figs 14 - 16 ) , then being quickly captured . in another observation , the isopod moved to the side of the planarian , apparently touching it slightly ( figs 21 and 22 ) . muscular wave - movements were observed on the margin of planarian body , and when the isopod was at the level of the posterior third of the planarian body , it was captured .
prey capture was achieved by quickly moving the anterior or posterior region onto the prey , immediately enveloping it ( figs 3 and 23 ) . during entrapment the ventral surface of the flatworm made initial contact with the dorsum or side of the prey , pressing it against the substratum or against the median region of the planarian body ( figs 8 and 17 ) . in order to hold the prey against its body , the flatworm bent the anterior or the posterior third of the body laterally , so that the ventral surface was perpendicular to the ground . another type of capture was performed with the anterior region ( ca . 1 / 5 of the body length ) rapidly encircling the prey , so that it was lifted from the ground ( fig . 11 ) .
when capture was achieved using the anterior portion of the body , after immobilizing the prey , the flatworm turned the ventral surface to the ground and glided over the prey ( fig . 19 ) , until the prey was at the level of the mouth , which is located on ventral surface approximately at the end of the median third of the body . when capture occurred with the posterior extremity , after immobilizing the prey , the flatworm , bending the body posteriorly , gradually moved the anterior extremity towards the prey , freeing the posterior end to regain contact with the ground ( figs 26 - 28 ) . afterwards , the flatworm crept over the prey ( fig . 29 ) to bring it into contact with its mouth . the time for bringing the prey to the mouth ranged from 10 s to 2 min 42 s ( 1 min 31 s ± 1 min 6 s , mean ± s . d . , n = 5 ) , with median of 2min3s .
for external digestion and subsequent ingestion of prey tissues , the flatworm kept the body in a hairpin or s - shaped bend , with the median third of the body flattened ( figs 20 and 30 ) . it stayed motionless while it sucked the prey , although the anterior end sometimes made slow side - to - side movements . during this process , the flatworm was observed to change position probably in order to have access to other parts of the prey ' s body . the time for external digestion and ingestion ranged from 12 min 50 s to 51 min 20 s ( 27 min ± 14 min 50 s , mean ± s . d . , n = 5 ) , with median of 25 min 7 s . examination of the isopod exoskeleton after being sucked showed that the ventral surface of the isopod body is ruptured , and that the soft tissues had been consumed with the exception of the intestine , which remained with the exoskeleton .
land flatworms seem to manifest oriented - search behavior to locate prey , as was demonstrated by fiore et al . ( 2004 ) for bipalium adventitium , which detects and follows chemical trails from earthworms . in the present work , we did not investigate the behavior for locating prey . the ability to search for and track prey and the role of chemo - receptors in the process of prey location remain open topics for most land flatworm species .
alford , d . v . ; b . boag ; p . m . johns & g . w . yeates . 1998 . report on the oecd workshop on terrestrial flatworms . pedobiologia 42 : 385 - 388 . [ links ]
araujo , p . b . 1999 . subordem oniscidea ( isópodos terrestres ,
tatuzinhos
) , p . 237 - 256 . in : l . buckup & g . bond - buckup ( eds ) . os crustáceos do rio grande do sul . porto alegre , ufrgs , 503p . [ links ]
ball , i . r . & t . b . reynoldson . 1981 . british planarians . cambridge , cambridge university press , 125p . [ links ]
barker , g . m . 1989 . flatworm predation of terrestrial molluscs in new zealand and a brief review of previous records . new zealand entomologist 12 : 75 - 79 . [ links ]
blackshaw , r . p . 1990 . studies on artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) ( tricladida : terricola ) , a predator of earthworms . annals of applied biology 116 : 169 - 176 . [ links ]
blackshaw , r . p . 1991 . mortality of the earthworm eisenia fetida ( savigny ) presented to the terrestrial planarian artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) ( tricladida : terricola ) . annals of applied biology 118 : 689 - 694 . [ links ]
blackshaw , r . p . 1997 . the planarian artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) feeding on earthworms in soil columns . soil biology and biochemistry 29 : 299 - 302 . [ links ]
blackshaw , r . p . & v . i . stewart . 1992 . artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) ( tricladida : terricola ) , a predatory terrestrial planarian and its potential impact on lumbricid earthworms . agricultural zoology review 5 : 201 - 219 . [ links ]
carbayo , f . & a . m . leal - zanchet . 2003 . two new genera of geoplanid land planarians ( platyhelminthes : tricladida : terricola ) of brazil in the light of cephalic specialisations . invertebrate systematics 17 : 449 - 468 . [ links ]
carbayo , f . ; j pedroni & e . m . froehlich . 2007 . colonization and extinction of land planarians ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) in a brazilian atlantic forest regrowth remnant . biolological invasions 10 : 1131 - 1134 . [ links ]
christensen , o . m . & j . g . mather . 2001 . long - term study of growth in the new zealand flatworm arthurdendyus triangulatus under laboratory conditions . pedobiologia 45 : 535 - 549 . [ links ]
dindal , d . l . 1970 . feeding behavior of a terrestrial turbellarian bipalium adventitium . american midland naturalist 83 : 635 - 637 . [ links ]
du bois - reymond marcus , e . 1951 . on south american geoplanids . boletim da faculdade de filosofia , ciências e letras da universidade de são paulo , série zoologia , 16 : 217 - 255 . [ links ]
ducey , p . k . & s . noce . 1998 . succesful invasion of new york state by the terrestrial flatworm , bipalium adventitium . northeastern naturalist 5 ( 3 ) : 199 - 206 . [ links ]
ducey , p . k . ; m . messere ; k . lapoint & s . noce . 1999 . lumbricid prey and potential hepetofaunal predators of the invading terrestrial flatworm bipalium adventitium ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) . american midland naturalist 141 : 305 - 314 . [ links ]
ducey , p . k . ; l - j . west ; g . shaw & j . delisle . 2005 . reproductive ecology and evolution in the invasive terrestrial planarian bipalium adventitium across north america . pedobiologia 49 : 367 - 377 . [ links ]
ducey , p . k . ; m . mccormick & e . davidson . 2007 . natural history observations on bipalium cf . vagum jones and sterrer ( platyhelminthes : tricladida ) , a terrestrial broadhead planarian new to north america . southeastern naturalist 6 ( 3 ) : 449 - 460 . [ links ]
fiore , c . ; j . l . tull ; s . zehner & p . k . ducey . 2004 . tracking and predation on earthworms by the invasive terrestrial planarian bipalium adventitium ( tricladida , platyhelminthes ) . behavioural processes 67 : 327 - 334 . [ links ]
froehlich , c . g . 1955 . on the biology of land planarians . boletim da faculdade de filosofia , ciências e letras da universidade de são paulo , série zoologia , 20 : 263 - 271 . [ links ]
graff , l . von . 1899 . monographie der turbellarien . ii . tricladida terricola . leipzig , engelmann . 574p . [ links ]
jennings , j . b . 1959 . observations on the nutrition of the land planarian orthodemus terrestris ( o . f . müller ) . biological bulletin 117 : 119 - 124 . [ links ]
jones , h . d . & m . s . cumming . 1998 . feeding behaviour of the termite - eating planarian microplana termitophaga ( platyhelminthes : turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) in zimbabwe . journal of zoology 245 : 53 - 64 . [ links ]
koopowitz , h . ; d . silver & g . rose . 1976 . primitive nervous systems . control and recovery of feeding behavior in the plolyclad flatworm , notoplana acticola . biological bulletin 150 : 411 - 425 . [ links ]
leal - zanchet , a . m . & e . m . froehlich . 2006 . a species complex in the genus notogynaphallia ogren and kawakatsu ( platyhelminthes : tricladida : terricola ) with a taxonomic revision of homonyms of geoplana marginata schultze & müller and a reinterpretation of notogynaphallia caissara ( froehlich ) anatomy . belgian journal of zoology 136 : 81 - 100 . [ links ]
macarthur , r . h . & e . r . pianka . 1966 . on optimal use of a patchy environment . american naturalist 100 : 603 - 609 . [ links ]
ogren , r . e . 1955 . ecological observations on the occurrence of rhynchodemus , a terrestrial turbellarian . transactions of the american microscopical society 74 : 54 - 60 . [ links ]
ogren , r . e . 1995 . predation behaviour of land planarians . hydrobiologia 305 : 105 - 111 . [ links ]
ohbayashi , t . ; i . okoshi ; h . sato & t . ono . 2005 . food habit of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1962 ( tricladida : terricola : rhynchodemidae ) , known as predatory flatworm of land snails in the ogasawara ( bonin ) islands , japan . applied entomology and zoology 40 : 609 - 614 . [ links ]
olewine , d . a . 1972 . further observations in georgia on the land planarians , bipalium kewense and geoplana vaga ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) . association of southeastern biologists bulletin 19 : 88 . [ links ]
winsor , l . 1983 . a revision of the cosmopolitan land planarian bipalium kewense moseley , 1878 ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 79 : 61 - 100 . [ links ]
winsor , l . ; p . m . johns & g . w . yeates . 1998 . introduction , and ecological and systematic background , to the terricola ( tricladida ) . pedobiologia 42 : 389 - 404 . [ links ]
wrona , f . j . & h koopowitz . 1998 . behavior of the rhabdocoel flatworm mesostoma ehrenbergii in prey capture and feeding . hydrobiologia 383 : 35 - 40 . [ links ]
yeates , g . w . ; b . boag & p . m . johns . 1998 . field and laboratory observations on terrestrial planarians from modified habitats in new zealand . pedobiologia 42 : 554 - 562 . [ links ]
zaborski , e . r . 2002 . observations on feeding behavior by the terrestrial flatworm bipalium adventitium ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , terricola ) from illinois . american midland naturalist 148 : 401 - 408 . [ links ]
editorial responsability : pedro gnaspini netto 1 corresponding author . e - mail : zanchet @ urltoken
caixa postal 19020 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : ( 55 41 ) 3266 - 6823 sbz @ urltoken
graff , l . von . ( 1899 ) . monographie der turbellarien . ii . tricladida terricola vol 1 : xii + 574 pp . engelmann , leipzig , 574 pp [ details ]
tyler , s . , artois , t . ; schilling , s . ; hooge , m . ; bush , l . f . ( eds ) ( 2006 - 2018 ) . world list of turbellarian worms : acoelomorpha , catenulida , rhabditophora .
( of geoplana ( geoplana ) marginata schultze & müller , 1857 ) schultze , max ; müller , f . ( 1857 ) . beiträge zur kenntniss der landplanarien nach mittheilungen des dr . fritz müller in brasilien und nach eigenen untersuchungen von dr . max schultze . abhandl . d . naturforschenden gesellschaft in halle . , 4 ( 1 ) : 19 - 38 , 61 - 74 [ 1856 ] page ( s ) : 24 [ details ]
tyler , s . ; schilling , s . ; hooge , m . ; bush , l . f . ( comp . ) . ( 2006 - 2016 ) . turbellarian taxonomic database . version 1 . 7 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
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> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =
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> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >
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turbellarian taxonomic database , 1 . 7 , database ( version 1 . 7 )
tyler s , schilling s , hooge m , and bush lf ( comp . ) ( 2006 - 2016 ) turbellarian taxonomic database . version 1 . 7 urltoken ( data licensed under creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 2 . 0 ; material adapted : formatted and edited )
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carbayo , f . ( 2010 ) . a new genus for seven brazilian land planarian species , split off from notogynaphallia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) . belgian journal of zoology , 140 : 91 - 101 ( supplement ) [ details ]
carbayo , fernando , marta alvarez - presas , cláudia t . olivares , fernando p . l . marques , et al .
a woodlouse ( plural woodlice ) is an isopod crustacean with a rigid , segmented , long exoskeleton and fourteen jointed limbs . mostly they feed on dead plant material , and they are usually active at night . woodlice form the suborder oniscidea within the order isopoda , with over 5 , 000 known species .
common names for woodlice vary throughout the english - speaking world . a number of common names make reference to the fact that some species of woodlice can roll up into a ball . other names compare the woodlouse to a pig .
the woodlouse has a shell - like exoskeleton , which it must progressively shed as it grows . the moult takes place in two stages ; the back half is lost first , followed two or three days later by the front . this method of moulting is different from that of most arthropods , which shed their cuticle in a single process .
on the underside of her body until they hatch into offspring that look like small white woodlice curled up in balls . the mother then appears to
give birth
to her offspring . females are also capable of reproducing
, woodlice are said to have an unpleasant taste similar to
strong urine
.
both of these groups of terrestrial segmented arthropods are about the same size . they live in very similar habitats , and they can both roll up into a ball . pill millipedes and pillbugs appear superficially similar to the naked eye . this is an example of
pill millipedes can be distinguished from woodlice on the basis of having two pairs of legs per body segment instead of one pair like all isopods . pill millipedes have twelve to thirteen body segments , with a large shield - like posterior segment , whereas woodlice have eleven , and small posterior segments . in addition , pill millipedes are smoother , and resemble normal millipedes in overall colouring and the shape of the segments .
hemilepistus reaumuri lives in
the driest habitat conquered by any species of crustacean
.
- like lungs in their paddle - shaped hind legs ( pleopods ) , called pleopodal lungs . woodlice need moisture because they rapidly lose water by
a few woodlice have returned to water . evolutionary ancient species are amphibious , such as the marine - intertidal sea slater ( ligia oceanica ) , which belongs to family ligiidae .
producing compost and overturning the soil , they have also been known to feed on cultivated plants , such as ripening strawberries and tender seedlings .
woodlice can also invade homes en masse in search of moisture and their presence can indicate dampness problems .
they are not generally regarded as a serious household pest as they do not spread disease and do not damage sound wood or structures .
where the people are : language and community in the poetry of w . s . graham
how now , sow bug ? ,
discover , august 1999 , 68 . available from : urltoken
rod preston - mafham & ken preston - mafham ( 1993 ) .
crustacea . woodlice , crabs
.
prasniski , m . e . t . ; leal - zanchet , a . m . ( 2009 ) .
predatory behavior of the land flatworm
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 30 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
compendium of all the terrestrial and freshwater flatworms ( tricladida ) . last indexed october 17 , 2015
weissius capaciductus . zma v . pl . 3059 . 1 . dorsal view of whole . . .
the subfamily geoplaninae ( geoplanidae ) includes land planarian species of the neotropical region . in argentina , the knowledge about land planarian diversity is still incipient , although this has recently increased mainly in the atlantic forest ecosystem . however , other regions like chacoan forests remain virtually unexplored .
this is the first report of the genus notogynaphallia in argentina ( chacoan subregion , neotropical region ) which increases its geographic distribution in south america . also , as a consequence of features observed in species of the genus , we propose an emendation of the generic diagnosis .
land planarians are free - living flatworms that live in humid environments . they cannot endure desiccation since they have not developed mechanisms for water conservation ( kawaguti
) . therefore , they hide from the sunlight ( under fallen logs and leaf litter ) and exhibit greater activity at night , predating on soil invertebrates such as earthworms , snails , slugs , insects and arachnids ( negrete et al .
so far have been described for brazil ( over 70 % of the species ) and also for colombia , panama , paraguay and peru ( tyler et al .
) . this genus groups geoplaninae species of small and medium - sized body ( 16–70 mm in length ) , with a reproductive system that includes a dilated intrabulbar prostatic vesicle opening broadly into a richly folded male atrium , in which folds form an eversible penis . also , the distal ascending portions of the ovovitelline ducts are arranged laterally to the posterior portion of the female atrium , joining each other behind it . additionally , the female genital canal is dorso - anteriorly flexed , arising from the posterior region of the female atrium ( ogren and kawakatsu
in argentina , where the land planarian diversity is still incipiently known , there are no records of this genus . recently , the research about land flatworms has increased , mainly in the atlantic forest ecosystem ( negrete and brusa
) . however , other regions , such as the chacoan forests , remain virtually unexplored . there are few old records of land planarians in the chacoan province ( neotropical region ) in asunción , paraguay ( graff
) . unfortunately , the original landscape has suffered changes since then , mainly by deforestation and population growth , and there are no recent records of land planarians in this region .
in this paper , we describe a new species of land planarian , which represents the first land planarian species from this ecosystem in argentina and the first record of notogynaphallia in this country . also , as a result of new features observed in species of the genus , we propose an emendation of its diagnosis .
land planarians were collected between 2007 and 2012 in native forests within la marcela farm ( 26°17′35″s , 59°06′67″w ) in formosa province , north - eastern argentina . the ecosystem belongs to the chacoan province , chacoan subregion ( neotropical region ) , which extends through southern bolivia , western paraguay , a small portion of southern brazil and north central and eastern argentina ( morrone
) . however , in this region , the native forests are highly fragmented and reduced to small patches due to farming . the specimens were manually collected during the day beneath fallen logs in these forest fragments . some animals were directly fixed in 10 % formaldehyde , and others were killed in boiling water and then fixed in 10 % formaldehyde and conserved in 70 % ethanol . land planarians were sectioned in fragments , dehydrated in an ascending series of ethanol and embedded in paraplast® . sagittal and transverse serial sections ( 6–8 μm thick ) of the anterior region , transverse sections of the pre - pharyngeal region ( 6–8 μm thick ) and sagittal serial sections of the pharynx and copulatory apparatus ( 6–8 μm thick ) were performed with a microtome and stained with masson’s trichrome and haematoxylin–eosin methods ( bancroft and gamble
the type specimens were deposited in the invertebrate collection at museo de la plata ( mlp ) , argentina .
notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : b36a4c5f - d452 - 4502 - 8af5 - 774460dcf61a
holotype : mlp - he 6807 . formosa , argentina , 17 september 2012 ; anterior region 1 : transverse sections on 14 slides ( 6–8 μm thick ) ; anterior region 2 : sagittal sections on 32 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 6 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 47 slides ( 7 μm thick ) .
paratype 1 : mlp - he 6808 . formosa , argentina , 17 september 2012 ; anterior region 1 : transverse sections on 12 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; anterior region 2 : sagittal sections on 42 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 6 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 56 slides ( 7 μm thick ) .
paratype 2 : mlp - he 6808 . formosa , argentina , 17 september 2012 ; anterior region : sagittal sections on 29 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 7 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 25 slides ( 6 μm thick ) .
paratype 3 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 3 october 2007 ; anterior region : sagittal sections on 18 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 8 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 24 slides ( 8 μm thick ) .
paratype 4 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 3 october 2007 ; anterior region : sagittal sections on 18 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 8 slides ( 8 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 42 slides ( 8 μm thick ) .
paratype 5 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 3 october 2007 ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 23 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 68 slides ( 6 μm thick ) .
paratype 6 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 3 october 2007 ; anterior region 1 : transverse sections on 22 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; anterior region 2 : sagittal sections on 16 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 21 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 26 slides ( 6 μm thick ) .
paratype 7 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 5 october 2007 ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 6 slides ( 7 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 23 slides ( 7 μm thick ) .
paratype 8 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 5 october 2007 ; anterior region 1 : transverse sections on 16 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; anterior region 2 : sagittal sections on 18 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 5 slides ( 6 μm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 18 slides ( 6 μm thick ) .
species of notogynaphallia with dorsal surface black and ventral surface dark grey with a thin longitudinal whitish line along the body ; eyes dorsal , with clear halos ; glandular margin absent ; prostatic vesicle intrabulbar , with two regions : a tubular proximal portion and a globose distal portion with narrow lumen ; common glandular ovovitelline duct and female genital canal constituting a “c” ; female atrium tubular proximally and wide distally .
type locality . la marcela farm , pirané department , formosa province , argentina .
habitat . the flatworms were found on the ground under fallen logs and palm leaves in environments with native vegetation .
etymology . the specific name derives from the language of toba indigenous people that inhabit the chacoan region ; naweĩ means black , which refers to the colour of the dorsal surface of this species .
the body is elongated with parallel margins . in live specimens , the anterior end is pointed , becoming rounded after fixation . the posterior end narrows abruptly , ending sharp - edged . the colour pattern of the dorsal surface of live specimens is black ( fig .
) . the ventral surface is dark grey with a whitish and thin median longitudinal line along the body ( fig .
) , which becomes weaker behind the gonopore . the eyes , with small clear halos , surround the anterior tip uniserially in an irregular row , and they extend toward both body margins for 2–5 mm in two and three longitudinal rows . further back , they spread to both sides of the dorsal surface , forming various rows ( 15–20 ) at the end of the first third of body . at the level of the pharynx , the eyes are still dorsal ( 6–8 rows of eyes ) . they become less numerous in the copulatory apparatus region , and a few reach the posterior end ( fig .
photograph of a live specimen of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . ( holotype ) . dorsal view
schematic drawing of the external appearance of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . a ventral view of the first 4 mm of the body ( paratype 6 ) . b distribution pattern of eyes along the body , in dorsal view ( paratype 3 )
after fixation , body length of the specimens ranged between 19 and 42 mm . the maximum width was 2 . 4–8 . 3 mm and maximum height 1 . 2–2 . 4 mm . the mouth was located at a distance of 54–62 % from the anterior tip and the gonopore at 69–79 % ( table
measurements of external characters of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . all the measurements ( mm ) were obtained from fixed specimens
there are no musculo - glandular specializations . the dorsal epidermis is ciliated from the anterior tip until 1 . 9–2 . 5 mm ( fig .
) . the creeping sole on the ventral epidermis is narrow ( 30–40 % of body width ) and progressively widens ( fig .
) . the epidermis receives abundant secretions from xanthophil glands of two types ( amorphous and fine granular secretions ) and erythrophil and cyanophil glands with granular secretions . also , rhabditogen secretions are abundant both in dorsal ( rhammites ) and ventral ( small rhabdites ) epidermis ( fig .
) . sensory pits , as simple invaginations ( 25–40 μm deep ) , surround the anterior tip ( fig .
) . they spread along the ventral body margins in a single row forming the sensory border until ~ 6 mm from the anterior tip ( fig .
transverse sections of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . a detail of the cephalic region ( paratype 6 ) . b , c anterior tip ( paratype 1 ) . d , e pre - pharyngeal region , in dorsal ( d ) and ventral ( e ) view ( paratype 4 ) . the arrow indicates the dorsal ciliated epidermis and the head arrows indicate rhabditogen secretions
the cutaneous musculature , consisting of the three typical layers of geoplaninae ( see below ) , exhibits the same arrangement at the pre - pharyngeal region , and its thickness relative to the body height ( varying between 5 and 7 % ) is similar to that of the pre - pharyngeal region . the parenchymatic musculature is ill - defined , being composed by intermingled fibres in the surrounding parenchyma .
the dorsal epidermis is 20–40 μm high , and ventrally , it is 25–40 μm high . the ventral epidermis is ciliated on the creeping sole , which is approximately 90–95 % of the body width ( fig .
) . rhabditogen cell bodies are located in the parenchyma , below the cutaneous musculature ( fig .
) . their glandular secretions are abundant in the dorsal epidermis and the body margins ( rhammites ) and in the ventral epidermis partially occupy its height ( small rhabdites ) ( figs .
) . numerous glands with fine and coarse granular erythrophil secretion and glands with fine granular and amorphous cyanophil secretion , whose cell bodies are located into the parenchyma , open through the entire epidermis . the creeping sole receives openings of abundant cells with erythrophil coarse granular secretion and cyanophil amorphous secretion and less numerous cells with erythrophil fine granular secretion and erythrophil amorphous secretion . there is no glandular margin .
schematic drawing of a transversal section of the pre - pharyngeal region of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . ( holotype ) . for simplicity , only the cutaneous longitudinal muscle layer was drawn
the cutaneous musculature is composed of a subepithelial circular layer followed by a diagonal layer with decussate fibres and a longitudinal layer arranged in bundles . cutaneous muscular index ( cmi ) varies between 3 and 7 % ( table
) . the parenchymatic musculature is composed by ill - defined supra - intestinal and subintestinal transverse layers and dorso - ventral fibres located between the intestinal branches ( fig .
) . the thickness of the parenchymatic musculature ( pmi ) represents 1 . 5–2 % of the body height ( table
the pharynx ( 1 . 5–5 . 1 mm in length ) is cylindrical , with the dorsal insertion posteriorly displaced ( 0 . 5–1 . 1 mm ) ( fig .
) . the mouth is located in the middle of the pharyngeal pouch ( 2 . 1–5 . 7 mm in length ) . the epithelial lining of the outer surface of the pharynx is cuboidal and ciliated . the outer pharyngeal musculature is arranged in a thin longitudinal subepithelial layer ( 2 . 5–5 μm thick ) followed by a thicker circular layer ( 7 . 5–20 μm thick ) . the pharyngeal lumen is lined with a columnar and ciliated epithelium . the inner pharyngeal musculature consists of a thick layer of circular fibres ( 85–200 μm thick ) and a subjacent longitudinal thin layer ( 5–10 μm thick ) . the pharynx receives secretion from abundant glands , the cell bodies of which are located both laterally and anteriorly to the pharynx , and their cell necks extend to the pharyngeal epithelium . four types of pharyngeal glands occur : abundant glands with ( 1 ) erythrophil , fine granules and ( 2 ) xanthophil amorphous secretion , as well as less numerous glands with ( 3 ) erythrophil and ( 4 ) cyanophil amorphous secretion . the oesophagus ( 150–350 μm in length ) is lined with a columnar and ciliated epithelium . its subjacent musculature ( 40–125 μm thick ) is continuous with the internal pharyngeal musculature , but it is thinner than the latter . the oesophagus : pharynx ratio varies from 5 to 10 % .
sagittal sections of the pharynx of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . a holotype . b paratype 2 . c paratype 3 . d paratype 5 . the head arrow indicates the outer pharyngeal musculature and the arrow indicates the inner pharyngeal musculature
the testes are arranged in two or three irregular rows on each side of the body , situated dorsal to the intestinal branches and just below the supra - intestinal transverse parenchymatic layer ( figs .
) . they begin before the ovaries and extend to the pre - pharyngeal region , slightly before the pharyngeal root . they are located at a distance between 10–17 % and 47–54 % of the body length from the anterior end ( table
) . sperm ducts run among the fibres of subintestinal parenchymatic muscle layer , located slightly dorsal , medially displaced , to ovovitelline ducts ( fig .
) . their distal portions are expanded with their lumen full of spermatozoa . they bend slightly toward the dorsum and the sagittal plane , going through the common muscle coat , and open , close to each other , into the proximal portion of the prostatic vesicle ( fig .
) . the intrabulbar prostatic vesicle is composed by a tubular and sinuous proximal portion ( ~ 1 mm in length on average ) followed by a globose part with narrow lumen ( figs .
) . the prostatic vesicle broadly communicates with the male atrium . the ejaculatory duct is absent . the male atrium possesses richly folded walls , and thus , the communication with the female atrium occurs through a narrow lumen ( figs .
) . the male atrium is longer than the female atrium ( 1 . 8 times on average ) .
sagittal schematic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . ( holotype )
sagittal sections of the reproductive system of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . a copulatory apparatus ( holotype ) . b proximal portion of the prostatic vesicle ( paratype 5 ) . c distal portion of the prostatic vesicle ( paratype 4 ) . d male atrium ( holotype ) . e ovary ( paratype 3 ) . f detail of the female reproductive system ( holotype ) . ( * ) spermatozoa
sperm ducts are lined with a ciliated squamous epithelium , and they are enveloped by a thin circular muscle layer ( 2 . 5 μm thick ) . the prostatic vesicle , both the sinuous portion as the globose one , is lined with a ciliated columnar epithelium traversed by erythrophil fine and coarse granular secretion and scarce erythrophil amorphous secretion arising from cell bodies located in the vicinity of the prostatic vesicle and in the surrounding parenchyma . these glandular secretions are more abundant and strongly stained in the globose portion ( fig .
) . a thin muscular layer composed by interwoven circular , longitudinal and oblique fibres ( 5–15 μm thick ) surround the prostatic vesicle . the male atrium is lined with a columnar epithelium , taller in the distal portion of the male atrium than in its proximal portion . the epithelium of the male atrium is only ciliated in its proximal portion , in the transition with the prostatic vesicle ( fig .
) . its muscularis is composed by a thin subepithelial circular layer ( 5–20 μm thick ) followed by a thicker longitudinal subjacent layer ( 15–40 μm thick ) ( fig .
) ; it is thicker distally than proximally . the proximal part of the male atrium receives granular secretion from abundant cyanophil glands and less abundant erythrophil glands . the distal part receives openings from erythrophil glands with granular secretion and less abundant cyanophil glands with amorphous and coarse granular secretions . the cell bodies of these glands are located internally to the common muscle coat . the lumen of prostatic vesicle and male atrium of some specimens present spermatozoa . around the male organs , the common muscular coat is mainly composed by longitudinal fibres , with some circular and oblique fibres , thicker dorsally ( 30–40 μm thick ) than ventrally ( 20 μm thick ) .
) . they are ventral , situated just below the intestine , and ovoid in shape ( fig .
) . the ovovitelline ducts emerge dorsally from the middle of the ovaries and pass along their dorsal side . the proximal portions of the ovovitelline ducts are full of spermatozoa ( fig .
) . the ovovitelline ducts run backward , and at the level of the proximal portion of the female atrium , they ascend almost vertically , bending a short track toward the sagittal plane to join above the female genital canal and form the common glandular ovovitelline duct ( fig .
) . the common glandular ovovitelline duct is short ( 100–200 μm in length ) which , together with the female genital canal ( 100–300 μm in length ) , constitutes a “c” ( fig .
) . the proximal portion of the female atrium is tubular , and its lumen progressively widens to form a cavity with scarcely folded walls ( figs .
the ovovitelline ducts are lined with a ciliated cuboidal epithelium , and they are enveloped by a circular muscle layer ( 2 . 5–5 μm thick ) . the distal ascending portions of the ovovitelline ducts receive scarce secretion of the shell glands . the lining epithelium of the common glandular ovovitelline duct is ciliated and columnar , receiving abundant secretion of the shell glands ( figs .
) . the musculature of the common glandular ovovitelline duct is formed by intermingled circular and longitudinal fibres ( 5–15 μm thick ) . the female genital canal is lined with a ciliated columnar epithelium followed by a subjacent musculature composed by intermingled circular and longitudinal fibres ( 10–30 μm thick ) . the epithelium of the female genital canal receives erythrophil granular secretion and cyanophil amorphous secretion from glands located below the musculature . the female atrium is lined with a columnar epithelium , and the subjacent muscularis is composed by two layers , a circular subepithelial ( 10–25 μm thick ) and a longitudinal subjacent ( 15–40 μm thick ) . abundant erythrophil granular secretion and scarce cyanophil amorphous secretion , from glands situated outward of its muscularis , open into the female atrium . spermatozoa were observed in the lumen of the female genital canal and female atrium of the holotype ( fig .