coleophora haloxyli is a moth of the coleophoridae family .

it is found in turkestan and uzbekistan .

the larvae feed on haloxylon persicum .

they create a leafy case , consisting of six sections of branches which gradually enlarge toward the anterior end .

there is a small tube at the caudal end of the case through which frass is ejected .

the length of the case is 8 – 9 mm and it is chocolate-brown to yellow in color .

larvae can be found from september to october .

coleophora haloxyli

coleophora succursella herrich - schäffer , 1855 = casignetella succursella ( herrich - schaffer , 1855 ) = coleophora artemisiae herrich - schäffer 1855 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
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wir glauben , dass dieser antrag que entweder von einer unwillkommenen suchmaschine gekommen ist , ab dem zeitpunkt grabber , oder que versuch wird gemacht , die website zu hacken . als ergebnis hat ihre anfrage abgelehnt . bitte mailen sie uns , wenn sie que unsere entscheidung glauben , ist falsch .
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nous croyons que cette demande a soit provenir d ' un moteur de recherche importune , de la date grabber , ou que une tentative est fait pour pirater le site . en conséquence votre demande a été refusée . s ' il vous plaît nous contacter si vous croyez que notre décision est incorrecte .
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haloxylon persicum , the white saxaul , is a small tree belonging to the family amaranthaceae .
al - qassim region ( منطقة القصيم , local najdi arabic pronunciation ) , also spelled qassim , al - qaseem , al - qasim , or gassim internationally , is one of the thirteen administrative regions of saudi arabia .
arabic literature ( الأدب العربي / ala - lc : al - adab al - ‘arabī ) is the writing , both prose and poetry , produced by writers in the arabic language .
arabic poetry ( arabic : الشِعْر العَرَبي / ala - lc : ash - shi‘ru al - ‘arabīyu ) is the earliest form of arabic literature .
biodiversity in israel , the west bank , and the gaza strip is about the fauna and flora in the geographical region of israel , the west bank , and gaza strip .
cistanche deserticola is a holoparasitic member of the orobanchaceae family of plants , commonly known as desert - broomrape .
francis bin fathallah bin nasrallah marrash ( arabic : فرنسيس بن فتح الله بن نصرالله مرّاش / ala - lc : fransīs bin fatḥ allāh bin naṣrallāh marrāsh ; june 1836 & ndash ; 1873 ) , also known as francis al - marrash or francis marrash al - halabi , was a syrian writer and poet of the nahda movement—the arabic renaissance—and a physician .
haloxylon is a genus of shrubs or small trees , belonging to the plant family amaranthaceae .
the saxaul , black saxaul , sometimes sacsaoul or saksaul ( saksaul , which is from seksevil , scientific name haloxylon ammodendron ) , is a plant belonging to the amaranthaceae .
the sands of samar , also called the samar sands or samar sand dunes , are an expanse of sand dunes in the arava region of southern israel .
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the dotted tanager ( tangara varia ) is a species of bird in the family thraupidae .

it is found in brazil , french guiana , suriname , and venezuela .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest .

dotted tanager

the dotted tanager is uncommon in a very restricted range in san martin and the cordillera azul at elevations ranging between 500 - 1100 m . it also occurs
. the dotted tanager has green head and underparts . the breast and shows faint specks . the upper mantle , wings , and tail are opalescent blue . it generally forages in stunted forest and scrub - like vegetation in pairs and in the company on mixed species flocks . it is similar to the
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon and patchily distributed ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 10 . 1 - 11 . 6 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 15 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tangara varia . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
an adult male bring some fruits ( ? ) to chiks in the nest . in the canopy at 35 m high .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
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but is distinguished by being a mostly green without large dusky specks . there is no known overlap with the also similar
: tupí name , tangara = dancer , one who turns and skips , originally used for the manakins , but subsequently ( marcgrave 1648 ) transferred to other bright finch - like birds .
schulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .
material published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )
contribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :
corbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .


aristotelia monilella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by barnes and busck in 1920 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , kentucky , north carolina and florida .

the wingspan is 12-13 mm .

the forewings are light golden brown , at the basal fourth with an outwardly oblique white transverse streak , attenuated towards the dorsum and not quite reaching the dorsal edge .

there is an equilateral triangular white spot on the middle of the costa and at apical fourth an inwardly directed triangular white spot .

all of these white spots are marginal and continued across the wing by black and metallic blue scales and terminate on the dorsal edge in small white spots .

the apical and terminal edges are broadly velvety black with conspicuous tufts of metallic blue scales around the margin .

aristotelia monilella

the pink - washed aristotelia , clover aristotelia moth or garden webworm ( aristotelia roseosuffusella ) is a moth in the gelechiidae family .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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retusa obtusa , common name the " arctic barrel-bubble " , is a species of very small head-shield sea snail or bubble shell , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family retusidae .

this species occurs widely in the northern parts of the atlantic ocean , occurring in both the eastern atlantic and western atlantic .

it has also been reported from north carolina , and from alaska in the pacific ocean .

the shell reaches a maximum size of 3 mm .

retusa obtusa

variety retusa obtusa var . turrita ( møller , 1842 ) accepted as retusa obtusa ( montagu , 1803 )
variety retusa obtusa var . lajonkaireana ( basterot , 1825 ) , sensu jeffreys , 1867 accepted as retusa obtusa ( montagu , 1803 ) ( misidentification )
retusa obtusata [ sic ] ( misspelling of obtusa ( montagu . 1803 ) )
( of retusa obtusa var . turrita ( møller , 1842 ) ) bodc . ( 2009 ) . species list from the british oceanographic data centre . [ details ]
( of retusa obtusa var . lajonkaireana ( basterot , 1825 ) , sensu jeffreys , 1867 ) bodc . ( 2009 ) . species list from the british oceanographic data centre . [ details ]
berry a . j . ( 1994 ) . foraminiferan prey in the annual life cycle of the predatory opisthobranch gastropod retusa obtusa ( montagu ) . estuarine coastal and shelf science 38 ( 6 ) : 603 - 612 [ details ]
( of bulla obtusa montagu , 1803 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
to barcode of life ( 4 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym retusa turrita møller , 1842 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 28 publications ) ( from synonym retusa pertenuis ( mighels , 1843 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 43 publications ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym bulla pertenuis mighels , 1843 ) to clemam ( from synonym bulla obtusa montagu , 1803 ) to clemam ( from synonym bulla turrita møller , 1842 ) to clemam ( from synonym utriculus obtusus ( montagu , 1803 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym utriculus obtusus var . semistriata jeffreys , 1869 ) to encyclopedia of life to global biotic interactions ( globi ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to pesi ( from synonym bulla obtusa montagu , 1803 ) to pesi ( from synonym bulla pertenuis mighels , 1843 ) to pesi ( from synonym retusa pertenuis ( mighels , 1843 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym retusa obtusa var . lajonkaireana ( basterot , 1825 ) , sensu jeffreys , 1867 ) to pesi ( from synonym retusa obtusa var . turrita ( møller , 1842 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym utriculus obtusus var . semistriata jeffreys , 1869 ) to pesi ( from synonym utriculus obtusus ( montagu , 1803 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym bulla turrita møller , 1842 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to itis
( of retusa pertenuis ( mighels , 1843 ) ) kantor , y . i . & sysoev , a . v . ( eds ) , 2005 . catalogue of molluscs of russia and adjacent countries . moscow [ details ]
( of retusa obtusa var . lajonkaireana ( basterot , 1825 ) , sensu jeffreys , 1867 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1862 - 1869 ) . british conchology . vol . 1 : pp . cxiv + 341 [ 1862 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 479 [ 1864 ] il frontrespizio reca la data 1863 ma in effetti pubblicato nel 1864 . vol . 3 : pp . 394 [ 1865 ] . vol . 4 : pp . 487 [ 1867 ] . vol . 5 : pp . 259 [ 1869 ] . london , van voorst . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 4 p . 424 [ details ]
( of bulla obtusa montagu , 1803 ) montagu , george . ( 1803 ) . testacea britannica or natural history of british shells , marine , land , and fresh - water , including the most minute : systematically arranged and embellished with figures . j . white , london , vol . 1 , xxxvii + 291 pp . and vol . 2 , 293–606 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 223 [ details ]
montagu , george . ( 1803 ) . testacea britannica or natural history of british shells , marine , land , and fresh - water , including the most minute : systematically arranged and embellished with figures . j . white , london , vol . 1 , xxxvii + 291 pp . and vol . 2 , 293–606 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bulla turrita møller , 1842 ) möller h . p . c . ( 1842 ) . index molluscorum groenlandiae . naturhistorisk tidsskrift [ copenhagen ] 4 : 76 - 97 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of utriculus obtusus var . semistriata jeffreys , 1869 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1862 - 1869 ) . british conchology . vol . 1 : pp . cxiv + 341 [ 1862 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 479 [ 1864 ] il frontrespizio reca la data 1863 ma in effetti pubblicato nel 1864 . vol . 3 : pp . 394 [ 1865 ] . vol . 4 : pp . 487 [ 1867 ] . vol . 5 : pp . 259 [ 1869 ] . london , van voorst . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 223 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of utriculus obtusus ( montagu , 1803 ) ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of utriculus obtusus var . semistriata jeffreys , 1869 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bulla turrita møller , 1842 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bulla plicata brown , 1827 ) backeljau , t . ( 1986 ) . lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgië [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ] . koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen : brussels , belgium . 106 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of bulla pertenuis mighels , 1843 ) backeljau , t . ( 1986 ) . lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgië [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ] . koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen : brussels , belgium . 106 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of bulla pertenuis mighels , 1843 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
maris , t . ; beauchard , o . ; van damme , s . ; van den bergh , e . ; wijnhoven , s . ; meire , p . ( 2013 ) . referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar “ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index” . monitor taskforce publication series , 2013 - 01 . nioz : yerseke . 35 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
m . j . de kluijver , s . s . ingalsuo & r . h . de bruyne
up to 10 mm . total length ( including animal ) up to 15 mm .
hayward , p . j . , wigham , g . d . & n . yonow , 1990 . mollusca i : polyplacophora , scaphopoda , and gastropoda . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe . ( ed . p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ) . clarendon press , oxford : 628 - 730 .
poppe , g . t . & y . goto , 1991 . european seashells . vol . i . 352 pp . wiesbaden / verlag christa hemmen .
seaward , d . r . , 1990 . distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe . nature conservancy council .
thompson , t . e . , 1988 . molluscs : benthic opisthobranchs ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . synopses of the british fauna ( ns ) , 8 : 1 - 356 .
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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file : illustrated index of british shells plate 20 . jpg
as trusted on the
spirula spirula ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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size shell up to 10 mm . color translucent white . habitat on mud or muddy sand , living below the surface in the first few centimeters . depth occurs from lower shore to 300 m . feeding carnivore . distribution arctic .
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rectiostoma thiobasis is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by w. donald duckworth in 1971 .

it is found in brazil .

the wingspan is about 13 mm .

the forewings are yellow suffused with pale green basally , concolorous , and continuous with the thorax and tegulae .

there are a few brown scales in the anal area and the distal margin of the yellow area is bordered by a dark brown line immediately paralleled by a broad , transverse band of iridescent blue violet .

the apical portion of the forewing is dark brown , irregularly patterned with iridescent blue violet .

the hindwings are dark brown with a white patch on the anterior margin .

rectiostoma thiobasis

this is the place for thiobasis definition . you find here thiobasis meaning , synonyms of thiobasis and images for thiobasis copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word thiobasis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word thiobasis and , of course , thiobasis synonyms and on the right images related to the word thiobasis .
rectiostoma becker in heppner , [ 1982 ]
at markku savela ' s lepidoptera and some other life forms .
setiostoma thiobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 20 ; tl : santa catharina , brazil
setiostoma argyrobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 25 ; tl : rancho grande , araua , venezuela
setiostoma callidora meyrick , 1909 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1909 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : bolivia , songo
setiostoma chrysabasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 20 ; tl : nova teutonia , santa catherina , brazil , 500m
setiostoma cirrhobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 24 ; tl : 13 km n of san salvador , el salvador
setiostoma cnecobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 17 ; tl : bolivia
setiostoma earobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 18 ; tl : yungas de la paz , bolivia
setiostoma eusema walsingham , 1914 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 303 , pl . 9 , f . 12 ; tl : guatemala , sacatepequez , capetillo
setiostoma fernaldella riley , 1889 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 1 ( 3 ) : 155 ; tl : los angeles co . , california
larva on quercus agrifolia , quercus wislizenii , q . dumosa , q . dumosax engelmanni , q . lobata , q . suber , w . chrysolepis , q . dunii , lithocarpus densiflorus , chrysolepis chrysophylla , c . semipervirens duckworth , 1971 , smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 14
setiostoma flaviceps felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 138 , f . 1 ; tl : amazonas
setiostoma flinti duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 23 ; tl : 4 mi s of tamazunchale , san luis potosi , mexico
colombia , w . venezuela , costa rica , brazil ( amazonas ) . see [ maps ]
setiostoma leuconympha meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 15 ) : 477 ; tl : brazil , teffé
setiostoma ochrobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 17 ; tl : bolivia
setiostoma silvibasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 19 ; tl : ranch grande , aragua , venezuela , 1100m
s . massachusetss , new jersey , maryland , north carolina , na . georgia , illinois , missouri , arkansas , texas . see [ maps ]
setiostoma xanthobasis zeller , 1875 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 325 , pl . 9 , f . 42 ; tl : texas
larva on quercus nigra , q . stellata duckworth , 1971 , smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 13
setiostoma xuthobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 21 ; tl : colombia
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
zeller , 1875 beiträge zur kenntniss der nordamericanischen nachtfalter , besonders der microlepidopteren ( 3 ) verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 207 - 360 , pl . 8 - 10
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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the coast horned lizard ( phrynosoma coronatum ) is a species of phrynosomatid lizard which can be found in baja california sur .

the old classification included all three current species p. blainvillii , p. cerroense , and p. coronatum as a single species ( p. coronatum ) ranging from baja california north to california 's sacramento valley .

it was previously considered to be a widely divergent species with over 6 subspecies in their relatively small range but is now classified as three distinct species .

as a defense the lizard can shoot high pressure streams of blood out of its eyes if threatened .

coast horned lizard

montanucci presented evidence in 2004 that the group of horned lizards formerly known as phrynosoma coronatum ( coast horned lizard ) comprised four separate species . this evidence was accepted by the ssar names book that i follow on this site .
caitanya tells us about a horned lizard she found then lets it go . © robert de vico
the horned lizard eats arthropods , including ants , beetles , and spiders . ants seem to be their favorites . they usually are observed in close proximity to ant hills . many non native ant species have moved into their habitats displacing or eradicating the native ant species that the coast horned lizard feeds on .
there is , however , some conjecture about the taxonomy of the baja horned lizards starting with the ones found directly south of the san diego subspecies , and they may actually be one or more different species / subspecies related to the coast horned lizard .
i returned a week later with my horned - lizard - loving friends jackson and fred , and their horned - lizard - admiring wives mela and angie , to see if we could repeat my luck . a horned lizard bonanza ensued . note that ol ' curly horn from the previous week put in another appearance .
we saw another horned lizard a little while later , which had one of its head horns curled back .
habitat , riverside county . the bare spot in the foreground is the entrance to a nest of harvester ants , a primary food source for coast horned lizards .
the coast horned lizard ( phrynosoma coronatum ) , which is found in coastal and cismontane california , crosses to the east side of the baja peninsula , actually making contact with the desert horned lizard in the vicinity of bahía de los angeles . the two live sympatrically for a distance along the east coast . as the coastal form has taken over the balance of the peninsula , it could also be considered a desert form since it does live in the deserts of baja right down to cabo san lucas .
the most common horned lizard in the western deserts is aptly named the desert horned lizard ( phrynosoma platyrhinos ) consisting of two subspecies : the northern ( p . p . platyrhinos ) which inhabits the great basin desert , and the southern ( p . p . calidiarum ) which inhabits the sonoran and mojave deserts including a finger of the east coast of northern baja california .
some do diverge from the ant diet at certain times of the year such as the regal horned lizard , which gorges itself on tiny beetles and eschews ants altogether when the beetles are abundant . also , the coast horned lizard can survive on inverts other than ants . but the flattail and shorthorned , as well as the desert horned lizards , are closely tied to ants and will die if those are not supplied in quantity .
the coast horned lizard is presently listed as a federal special concern species ( fsc ) and a california special concern species ( dfg - csc ) . so don ' t collect them ! they are much happier outside than in a terrarium in your living room .
the short - horned lizard is a one - reptile wrecking crew with a bizarre self - defense strategy . when defending its own life , this lizard squirts blood from the thin blood vessels around its eyes that rupture under pressure .
harvester ants are a primary source of food for blainville ' s horned lizards and other species of horned lizards .
the horned lizard is an odd looking lizard . its body is covered in horny scales the longest being around its head . it is often called a horned toad because of its squat toad like appearance . of coarse , these guys can tolerate much hotter and drier environments than any bufo boreas .
at pinnacles national monument , i finally found success in a rocky riverbed . the first horned lizard of the day was mildly agitated by our insistent photography and jumped up onto a rock in a feeble , horned - lizard - style attempt to get away . the rock was previously occupied by a
the short - horned lizard is often referred to as a “horned toad” or “horny toad” because its squat , flattened shape and short , blunt snout give it a toad - ish look . there are over a dozen recognized horned - lizard species found in the deserts and semi - arid environments of north and central america , from southern canada to guatemala .
comments : in california , this species formerly was known as the coast horned lizard , phrynosoma coronatum . populations south of northern baja california are now recognized as one or two distinct species , whereas the northern segment of the former p . coronatum is now p . blainvillii ( see leaché et al . 2009 ) .
, who seemed to take some offense at this incursion and , rather than giving ground immediately , initiated a head - bobbing display . the horned lizard responded with head - bobbing of its own . this is the first time i ' ve seen such obvious inter - species communication in lizards . after a brief but no doubt tense standoff , the horned lizard moved forward a little and the side - blotched lizard raced off .
coast horned lizard traditional bath goats feast in puerto de la cruz cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . sculpture of deer on the riverside volga
the coast horned lizard is now absent from much of its former southern californian range due to urbanization , agricultural development , and over - collecting ( jennings 1987 , 1988 ) . in some areas , the non - native argentine ant is displacing native ant species upon which this lizard feeds ( stebbins 2003 ) . in baja california , the expansion of intensive agriculture is also a threat , in particular in the vizcaíno desert , the magdalena plain , and the isthmus of la paz .
two different blainville ' s horned lizards are shown running quickly for a short distance then stopping to hide by blending in with the background , typical behavior for this type of lizard .
horned lizards are found only in the western portions of the united states and mexico . there are 14 recognized species . they range from arkansas to the pacific coast , and from british columbia south to guatemala . these lizards are creatures of hot , dry , sandy environments .
range and habitat : texas horned lizards occur naturally range from louisiana to arizona , but were once commonly sold as pets and have been introduced in several locations in the southeast . most established populations in south carolina and georgia are near the coast where sand dunes mimic their natural desert habitat .
prey : horned lizards prey almost exclusively on ants but may eat other small insects .
i had searched for phrynosoma blainvillii at pinnacles national monument , in the ventana wilderness , and at fort ord public lands at least 10 times in the past two years with nary a horned lizard sighting to show for it . finally , after a friendly bureau of land management ranger told me where he had seen them , i came across these two youngsters on a sandy trail . there ' s nothing cuter than a pouty little horned lizard , i say .
blainville ' s horned lizards are covered with small granular scales interspersed with larger pointed scales .
desert horned lizards have only 1 row of slightly enlarged scales on each side of the throat .
comments : this lizard is now absent from much of its former southern california range due to urbanization , agricultural development , and over - collecting ( jennings 1987 , 1988 ) . in some areas , the non - native argentine ant is displacing native ant species upon which this lizard feeds ( stebbins 2003 ) .
eric pianka and wendy hodge ' s excellent article on horned lizards , from the university of texas .
according to dumas ( 1964 ) the lower limit of p . douglassi is set in part by predation by the leopard lizard and the whiptail . wherever these potential predators of p . douglassi are found , the short - horned lizard itself is scarce or , more often , absent . p . platyrhinos is apparently to much for the leopard lizard or the whiptail because of its larger spines and overall larger size . in field and laboratory experiments by dumas ( 1964 ) , adult p . douglassi were quickly eaten by leopard lizards and whiptails in areas where leopard lizards , whiptails , and desert horned lizards were abundant . both leopard lizards and whiptails released p . platyrhinos individuals without permanent injury .
at long last an adult blainville ' s horned lizard put in an appearance for me , along the same trail where i had seen youngsters several times . the top photo here is in fact another youngster , but that second one is a full - grown adult .
adult , santa cruz mountains © jackson shedd this lizard squirted blood from its eyes just before the photographs were made , which explains the reddish coloring on its head .
i arrived at about 9 am to discover that this was to be a blisteringly hot day ; it was already at least 90 degrees . i searched carefully for horned lizards for an hour or so with no luck . i didn ' t even see any ( very recognizable ) horned lizard poops , which was making me worry that this population had died out . but my worries were dispelled when this half - sized lizard dashed across the trail in front of me . did i say
dashed
? i meant
waddled determinedly
.
more very young horned lizards awaited me on a return trip to the same site more than four months later . i was surprised to still discover no adults , but this time i saw five youngsters . the second one pictured above is the smallest horned lizard i ' ve ever seen , no more than an inch long from its pouty little snout to the tip of its tail .
blainsville ' s horned lizards have 2 or 3 rows of enlarged pointed scales on each side of the throat .
sherbrooke , wade c . horned lizards , unique reptiles of western north america . southwest parks and monuments association , 1981 . sherbrooke , wade c . introduction to horned lizards of north america . university of california press , 2003 .
to the uninitiated , their dragon - like appearance is quite formidable . the squat form and head armor has given rise to the name
horny toad ,
horned toad
and
horned lizards .
however , since there is a true toad with horns , it is best that we speak of this genus as the
horned lizards .
habitat destruction and ant destruction have placed several species of horned lizards in danger . after all , the first thing people do when they move into the desert is kill the pesky ants , thereby depriving horned lizards of their only dependable diet .
the horned lizard needs bare soil ; they cannot tolerate weeds at all ( yellow star thistle , bromus and other nasties ) . it is very hard for them to move around in this stuff , probably because of their width , and they need clean loose soil to lay their eggs and to hide in .
blainville ' s horned lizards have 2 rows of pointed fringe scales on the lower part of each side of the body .
over recent decades short - horn lizard populations have been in decline throughout their range . destruction of their native habitat , efforts to eradicate ants—their staple food—and the pet trade have all contributed to this .
like all lizards , phrynosoma are able to lose their tails . as mentioned earlier , they have few land predators and because of this it is rare to find a horned lizard with a broken tail . in studies done by pianka and parker ( 1975 ) only about 5 % of phrynosoma had tails which had been broken .
horned lizards are the most fearsome - looking and distinctive by virtue of the pointed , protruding
horns
above their eyes .
to ensure that i wouldn ' t wait four years between visits to pinnacles , i headed back three weeks later , this time with my friend andrew . andrew hadn ' t seen a horned lizard in thirteen or fourteen years , and so was rightfully delighted when he flushed this well - camouflaged fellow out of its plain - sight hiding place .
my periodic phrynosoma pilgrimage to pinnacles was particularly successful . i found four of these little beauties in an hour or so . note that the last picture shows some dried blood below the eye . this lizard must have recently tried to scare off a predator by squirting blood from its eye , as several species of horned lizards are wont to do .
the day was considerably less hot than july 3 had been , and we found three horned lizard poops fairly quickly before finding this guy . so now i ' m thinking that the local population is probably just fine , thankyouverymuch , and my difficulty in finding any sign of phrynosoma on july 3 had been primarily due to that day ' s blistering heat .
description : 2 . 5 - 4 in ( 6 . 5 - 10 cm ) . horned lizards or
horny toads
are small lizards with bodies so flattened that they are almost circular in shape . true to their name , horned lizards also have a row of enlarged scales around their head that resemble horns . generally brownish or sandy in coloration , horned lizards often have darker spots or mottling that helps them to blend into their environment .
habits : horned lizards are always found on the ground are fond of hot , sandy habitats . they often sit close to anthills and pick off each ant as it walks by . horned lizards are masters of camouflage , generally relying on their coloration for protection and sometimes even partially burying themselves in sand . if their camouflage fails , horned lizards have a final defense ; they can squirt droplets of blood from their eyes , potentially confusing a predator and allowing them to escape .
sherbrooke , w . c . , 1995 . collecting and feeding harvester ants to captive horned lizards . herpetelogical review 26 ( 1 ) : 25 - 26 .
the horned lizard escapes predation by staying still and blending into their back ground . they look just like decomposed granite ! when a predator is too close they will run very fast and then abruptly stop and stand still . when they are threatened , they are able to squirt blood from their eyes ( at most only a few feet , usually not even that ) . this has a tendency to distract predators especially squeamish humans .
threatened and eliminated from many areas due to habitat destruction from human development and agriculture , and the spread of nonnative ants , such as argentine ants ( ridomyrmex humilis ) which displace the native ant food source . before commercial collecting was banned in 1981 , this lizard was extensively exploited by the pet trade and the curio trade . ( at the turn of the century , horned lizards were coated with varnish and sold to tourists . )
califa and caitanya de vico ( aka gypsettwins ) show off some of the horned lizards they saw on a fun spring hike in the los angeles county hills . © robert de vico
taken from their native surroundings and offered an improper diet and an inadequate place to live , horned lizards soon die . consequently , the department of fish and game has been given the authority to limit the take and possession of horned lizards . it is best to simply examine one carefully , then release it where found , for that is where it rightfully belongs .
pianka e . r . and w . s . parker , 1975 . ecology of horned lizards : a review with special reference to phrynosoma platyrhinos . copeia 1975 ( 1 ) : 141 - 162 .
heath , j . e . , 1965 . temperature regulation and diurnal activity in horned lizards . university of california publications in zoology . university of california press 64 ( 3 ) : 97 - 136 .
powell , g . l . and a . p . russell , 1991 . partuition and clutch characteristics of short - horned lizards from alberta . canadian journal of zoology 69 ( 11 ) : 2759 - 2764 .
montanucci , r . r . , 1987 . a phylogenetic study of the horned lizards , genus phrynosoma , based on skeletal and external morphology . contributions in science : natural history museum of los angeles county 18 dec . ( 390 ) .
this is a pair of mating blainville ' s horned lizards in los angeles county . it ' s interesting that they are belly to belly . with all those horns and spines , it ' s probably safer that way . © huck triggs
historically found in california along the pacific coast from the baja california border west of the deserts and the sierra nevada , north to the bay area , and inland as far north as shasta reservoir , and south into baja california . ranges up onto the kern plateau east of the crest of the sierra nevada . the range has now been severely fragmented due to land alteration . some sources still mention the range extending to grasshopper flats in siskiyou county , but this was listed as dubious in rober stebbins ' 1985 field guide , and dropped from his 2003 field guide . the record farthest north at kennett is from a location that was flooded with the construction of shasta dam and shasta reservoir .
this injured adult from a backyard in san luis obispo county shows blood above one eye . when threatened , horned lizards will often spurt blood from a pore near the eyelid to deter the attacker , in this case , a dog . © martha lindl
we chose to visit , and then hike at , la purisima mission state historic park due to its dog - friendly nature . the scrubby chaparral reminded monica of fort ord , and she speculated that perhaps there would be horned lizards . a few minutes later this charming fellow waddled across the trail in front of me , as if on cue . it ' s missing the tip of its tail . unlike many types of lizards , horned lizards don ' t regenerate their tails , so this guy will be stubby - tailed for the rest of its days .
despite their spiky features , short - horned lizards are preyed upon by a number of creatures , including hawks , roadrunners , snakes , lizards , dogs , wolves , and coyotes . consequently , beyond their natural camouflage , they have adapted a pair of remarkable talents . in order to ward off hungry predators , short - horned lizards are capable of inflating their bodies up to twice their size , resembling a spiny balloon . and if this proves insufficient , some species employ one of the animal kingdom’s most bizarre defensive mechanisms : they shoot blood from their eyes .
i hadn ' t spent much time herping locally this year , and so was really looking forward to spending a day at pinnacles . i chose to start in the same area where i had seen a number of horned lizards four years earlier ( four years ! i haven ' t been to pinnacles in
because they are so fearsome in appearance , yet quite harmless , desert visitors tend to collect them to show the folks back home . horned lizards are neat creatures but hard to keep because most of them are obligate ant eaters and , at that , eat a very limited number of species of ants .
in early april of 2007 , becky trask sent me these pictures of breeding adult horned lizards found at 5 , 200 ft . in los angeles county . in mid april of 2008 she discovered a juvenile at the same location ( shown below ) which could be the result of the previous year ' s breeding . © becky trask
a flat - bodied lizard with a wide oval - shaped body , scattered enlarged pointed scales on the upper body and tail , and a large crown of horns or spines on the head . the two center horns are the longest . males have enlarged postanal scales and a swollen tail base during the breeding season . each side of the body has two rows of pointed fringe scales . ( stebbins , 2003 ) each side of the throat has two or three rows of enlarged pointed scales . ( stebbins , 2003 )
i spotted my first , second , and third mexican horned lizards as lorrie smith , matt cage , and i drove up the dirt road leading to the mellifluously - named parque nacional constitución de 1857 . the second one evaded us , but the first one ( large adult ) and second one ( youngster ) were reasonably willing to pose .
the upper limit ( both elevation and latitude ) to both species of phrynosoma is temperature . the body temperature at which normal activity takes place is the same for both lizards , however p . platyrhinos takes twice as long to
warm - up
because of its much larger body size ( dumas , 1964 ) . in order for any lizard to feed normally it must reach an optimal body temperature for a certain amount of time . in mountainous regions p . douglassi is able to do this while p . platyrhinos cannot . more detailed coverage on this topic in included under thermoregulation .
this lizard ranges throughout most of west - central and southwestern california ( united states ) as well as most of baja california ( mexico ) ( except the northeastern portion ) . in california , it ranges north to shasta county , though a disjunct population occurs farther north at grasshopper flat , siskiyou county , california ( jennings 1988 , grismer 2002 , stebbins 2003 ) . the elevational range extends from near sea level to around 2 , 438 m ( 8 , 000 feet ) ( stebbins 2003 ) . attempted introductions at yosemite valley and san clemente island ( california ) , and in hawaii , colombia , and guatemala have failed ( jennings 1988 ) .
comments : this lizard occurs in a variety of habitats , including scrubland , grassland , coniferous woods , and broadleaf woodlands ; typically it is found in areas with sandy soil , scattered shrubs , and ant colonies , such as along the edges of arroyo bottoms or dirt roads ( grismer 2002 , stebbins 2003 ) . in southern california , it was most common in areas with native ants and few or no argentine ants , in areas with native chaparral vegetation , and in sites with porous soils relatively free of organic debris ( fisher et al . 2002 ) . individuals bury themselves in loose soil . eggs are laid in a nest dug in the soil or in a burrow .
global range : this lizard ranges throughout most of west - central and southwestern california ( west of the cascade - sierra nevada highlands and southeastern desert ) as well as northwestern baja california ( leache et al . 2009 ) ; in california , it ranges north to shasta county , though a disjunct population occurs farther north at grasshopper flat , siskiyou county , california ( jennings 1988 , grismer 2002 , stebbins 2003 ) . the elevational range extends from near sea level to around 2 , 438 meters ( 8 , 000 feet ) ( stebbins 2003 ) . attempted introductions at yosemite valley and san clemente island ( california ) , and in hawaii , colombia , and guatemala have failed ( jennings 1988 ) .
reproductive tactics of horned lizards are , like many of their characteristics , somewhat unusual among lizards . they have a very high reproductive potential , expending large amounts of matter and energy on their clutch or litter ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . phrynosoma produce large numbers of eggs or offspring in order to compensate for a relatively high mortality of the young ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . as adults however , survivorship is very high ( powell and russell , 1991 ) .
the numerous species of horned lizards , all members of the genus phrynosoma , have very wide , flattened , toad - like bodies . the tail is short but broad at the base . in most species , the back of the head and temples are crowned with a prominent row of sharp , pointed horns . the tail and sides are fringed with sharp spines . on some species the sides are adorned with a double fringe of spines . on the back , there are rows of short conical spines .
although many of the defenses to predation have been touched on previously , there are some that have not been discussed or not been discussed with any detail . it has been noted that the main defense against predation for phrynosoma is it ' s near perfect camouflage and subsequent reluctance to move ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . if spotted by a possible land predator , such as another lizard or a snake , the horns of phrynosoma often prove to be too much , except of course in the case of p . douglassi which has much smaller horns but very few land predators ( dumas , 1964 ) . the only predators phrynosoma really need to be wary of are birds ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . sometimes the camouflage isn ' t enough , and since phrynosoma are reluctant to move and often out in the open they are an easy target from the air when spotted .
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breeding characteristics also allow for p . douglassi to live at higher elevations . p . douglassi is ovoviviparous which is characteristic of reptiles living in cold or wet conditions . p . platyrhinos is oviparous and because of this would not be a very successful breeder in the harsher conditions in the range of p . douglassi . more detailed coverage of breeding of the two lizards can be found further , under reproduction .
cooling in these two species also takes place at a different rate . p . douglassi cools much more slowly than p . platyrhinos , again , because of the smaller body size of p . douglassi ( dumas , 1964 ) . a more compact body reduces surface area for radiation of heat ( dumas , 1964 ) . the ability of p . douglassi to warm up more quickly and cool down more slowly could be a limiting factor to its distribution in the hotter regions inhabited by p . platyrhinos . the opposite pattern of temperature regulation and related distribution seems to be true for p . platyrhinos .
dumas , p . c . , 1964 . species - pair allopatry in the genera rana and phrynosoma . ecology 45 ( 1 ) : 178 - 181 .
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adult male , 3 , 000 ft . , san gabriel mountains , los angeles county
adult male , from coastal dunes , san luis obispo county , partially buried in loose sand on the right . ( the two slo dunes lizards shown here both have nice bright white side fringe and markings on the back . )
adult with a patternless pale ground color that matches the sand on the beach where it was found in san diego county . © john andermann
newly - hatched juvenile next to u . s . quarter to show how small it is , contra costa county . © jerry l . boyer
this san diego county juvenile shows how easily it can blend into the background to avoid detection . © tim valentine
this riverside county adult is covered with blood after using its blood - squirting defense behavior . © curtis croulet
a pair of mating adults , los angeles county © huck triggs ( a short video of them . )
adults are 2 . 5 - 4 . 5 inches long from snout to vent ( 6 . 3 - 11 . 4 cm )
color is reddish , brown , yellow , or gray , with dark blotches on the back and large dark spots on the sides of the neck . the belly is cream , beige , or yellow , usually with dark spots , and the belly scales are smooth .
diurnal . active during periods of warm weather , retreating underground and becoming inactive during extended periods of low temperatures or extreme heat .
known to live up to 10 years in captivity , but captive animals normally do not live very long at all due to the difficulties of feeding them a proper diet .
eats mainly ants , especially harvester ants , but also consumes other small invertebrates such as spiders , beetles , termites , flies , honeybees , moth larvae , and grasshoppers .
lays 6 - 21 eggs ( averaging around 12 ) from may to june . eggs hatch from august to september . some females may lay two clutches of eggs in a year .
inhabits open areas of sandy soil and low vegetation in valleys , foothills and semiarid mountains . found in grasslands , coniferous forests , woodlands , and chaparral , with open areas and patches of loose soil . often found in lowlands along sandy washes with scattered shrubs and along dirt roads , and frequently found near ant hills .
found at elevations from sea level to 8 , 000 ft . ( 2 , 438 m ) .
phrynosoma coronatum - ( blainville , 1835 ) - nouv . ann . mus . hist . nat . paris , vol . 4 , p . 284 , pl . 25 , fig . 1 from original description citations for the reptiles and amphibians of north america © ellin beltz
phrynosoma - greek - phrynos - toad and soma - body - refers to the squat , toad - like appearance coronatum - latin - crowned - ref . joining of two large occipital plates from scientific and common names of the reptiles and amphibians of north america - explained © ellin beltz
powell , robert . , joseph t . collins , and errol d . hooper jr .
the following status listings are copied from the april 2018 special animals list and the 2017 endangered and threatened animals list , both of which are published by the california department of fish and wildlife . if no status is listed here , the animal is not included on either cdfw list . this most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal . to find out more about an animal ' s status , you can go to the natureserve and iucn websites to check their rankings . check here to see the most current complete lists .
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they are very hard to see as they blend into the soil so well . they are able to change color to match the surrounding environment ( cryptic coloration ) . they usually are only visible when they move ( when you almost step on them ) .
when temperatures get too hot ( the middle of the day ) they will burrow into loose soil or sand to escape the heat . in the winter they will hibernate under rocks or logs or in someone else ' s abandoned hole .
they like clean chaparral ( uninfected with european weeds ) with loose areas of soil . they also burrow in loose soil .
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justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
this species is known from hundreds of collection sites in california and well over 100 in baja california ( jennings 1988 ) , but many of these sites no longer support substantial populations . the total adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 10 , 000 and may exceed 100 , 000 . the species is common in parts of baja california ( grismer 2002 ) . the area of occupancy and population size appear to have declined significantly in california but much less so in baja california . its area of occupancy and population size are probably still declining , but the rate of decline is unknown ( probably it is substantially less than 30 % over the past three generations ) .
it is presumably present in a number of protected areas . it is listed on cites appendix ii . further research employing genetic methods is needed to determine the taxonomic status of the named subspecies . then further consideration should be given to the conservation status of the identified valid taxa . the impact of collecting for the pet trade needs to be assessed .
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i still haven ' t seen an adult , but i found four more of the cute little tykes on the first hot day of spring . the one in front was a feisty little critter . it puffed up with air and kept its back held toward me to look as big as possible ( which isn ' t very big when your total length is a maybe two and a half inches ) .
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their colors are pleasing . the back and head are soft desert gray . the markings are in pastel shades of tan , brown , red or yellow . the underparts are pale , yellowish gray . the overall colors are generally close to the predominant color of the soil . color changes from light to dark ( or reverse ) can occur within a few minutes .
some of the species inhabit the deserts proper where the sun , beating on the arid landscape , produces ground heat that is almost unbearable to humans . others enter mountainous areas and are found as high as 10 , 000 feet .
regardless of where they occur , there is a similarity in their habits . in the fall , they hibernate by burying themselves in the sand . they emerge in the spring when the sun ' s rays have reached a certain temperature . the first few hours of the day are spent basking , usually flattened against a rock or on slanting soil , so their back is exposed to the sun . at times , while warming up , they may flatten and tilt their bodies toward the sun to obtain maximum radiation .
as soon as their body temperature rises to a specific degree , they begin foraging for food . as the heat of the day increases , they become more active . they feed on slow - moving , ground - dwelling insects , spiders , sow bugs , an occasional tick and even items as large as the butterfly and sphynx moth larvae .
ants seem to be their major food source . they do not pursue their victim hastily , like some lizards , but poise over it and methodically take it , in toad - like fashion , with a flick of their long , sticky tongue . the toad - like action ceases if disturbed , for they will flee as rapidly as a startled mouse .
after feeding , when ground temperature becomes too hot , they seek the shade of a shrub , partially concealing themselves . there they spend the remainder of the day . in the evening , while it is still warm , they
dig in
for the night .
this is a curious process . they stick their nose in the sand like the blade of a plow and wriggle forward to create a short furrow . after flattening the body , they use the spiny border of the sides in a shovel - like fashion to scoop and dig their way into the sand . sometimes they bury themselves 3 or 4 inches deep , and other times they just leave the top of the head and eyes exposed .
their coloration is such that they blend readily into their surroundings , making them difficult to find . however , when found partially covered with sand , they are rather easily captured . their defense mechanisms are quite limited . when caught by hand , they may distend their bodies by filling their lungs with air and twist their head in a futile attempt to scratch you with their horns . on occasion they spurt blood from the corners of their eyes , which is startling , to say the least .
mating occurs in late april , peaks in june and stops abruptly in july . egg laying starts a few weeks later , usually in late july and early august . the farther north , the later the eggs are laid . in some species the eggs are retained , and the young are hatched just before , during or shortly after laying . other species bury their eggs in the sand where they require several weeks for further development before the eggs hatch . the egg shells are white and flexible and average about one - half inch in diameter . the number of eggs varies with the species . some have from 10 to 30 eggs , with an average of about 15 .
t he young are called hatchlings . they are about 7 / 8 to 1 - 1 / 8 inches long , snout to vent . the young have been observed to bury themselves in the sand immediately upon hatching . the babies receive no parental care , so when they emerge , they start to hunt for food . the young are cute , the horns on their head are apparent , although the rest of their skin , while well marked , is relatively smooth .
they grow most rapidly in late summer and early spring when there is an abundance of food . there is no evidence that they reproduce the first year , but they are classed as young adults by the end of the second summer and probably reach full growth in three years . some species reach a snout - to - vent length of 6 inches . most species are less than 5 inches in length . they have a life expectancy of from 5 to 8 years in the deserts of north america .
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continent : middle - america north - america distribution : usa ( california ) , mexico ( baja california ) type locality : “california” . restricted to cape san lucas , baja california by smith & taylor 1950 .
differs from p . platyrhinos in having a more pointed snout , longer head spines and body spines , more than 1 row of well - developed fringe scales on each side of the body , and more than one row of enlarged scales on each side of the throat ( stebbins 1985 ) .
non - migrant : yes . at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations . juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
comments : ants comprise a large portion of its diet ; also eats other insect prey ( e . g . , wasps , beetles , grasshoppers , flies , caterpillars ) .
note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .
comments : this species is known from hundreds of collection sites in california and additional sites in baja california ( jennings 1988 ) , but many of these sites no longer support substantial populations .
comments : total adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 10 , 000 and may exceed 100 , 000 .
rangewide , eggs are laid late april - june . clutch size 6 - 21 ( average about 11 - 13 . some females possibly may produce 2 clutches per year . earliest hatchlings appear in early august ( goldberg 1983 ) . the wide latitudinal range of this species suggests that there is more variation than indicated by the foregoing information .
comments : area of occupancy and population size likely are still declining , but the rate of decline is unknown ( probably it is substantially less than 30 % over the past three generations ) .
comments : area of occupancy and population size appear to have declined significantly in california .
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species are distinguishable by the formidable crown of horns adorning their head and the numerous spines across their back . their coloring can be yellowish , gray , or reddish - brown depending on the environment they inhabit , and , combined with their shape , affords them considerable camouflage on the surface . they feed primarily on ants , waiting for one to unsuspectingly crawl by before snapping it in and swallowing it whole . they are also known to eat grasshoppers , beetles , and spiders .
the ominous squirting blood emanates from ducts in the corners of their eyes and can travel a distance of up to three feet . it’s meant to confuse would - be predators , but also contains a chemical that is noxious to dogs , wolves , and coyotes .
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reproduction : although the reproduction of this species in our area is unknown , females in western populations generally lay 14 - 37 eggs in the spring .
abundance : only a few established populations of this species are known in the southeast . these populations are small and very isolated .
notes : although several breeding populations of this species are known , they do not seem to be spreading and it seems unlikely that this species will become invasive .
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