dichomeris explicata is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1929 .

it is found on the bismarck archipelago ( new hanover island ) .

the wingspan is about 17 mm .

the forewings are brownish-ochreous , the costal edge suffused pale ochreous from the base to three-fourths , the extreme base of the costa blackish .

the plical stigma is small and black and the posterior part of the costal and terminal edge are pale ochreous , with a series of small black dots .

the hindwings are dark grey .

dichomeris explicata

vad betyder dichomeris ? här finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av dichomeris själv
dichomeris är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av hübner 1818 . dichomeris ingår i familjen stävmalar .
dichomeris - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
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tomares romanovi , or romanoff 's hairstreak , is a butterfly of the family lycaenidae .

the wingspan is 28 – 30 mm .

the butterfly flies from late april to mid-june depending on latitude and elevation .

the larvae feed on the astragalus species a. scharuhdensis and a. finitimus .

tomares romanovi

tomares romanovi - is a species with . . . - karen aghababyan | facebook
tomares romanovi , or romanoff ' s hairstreak , is a butterfly of the family lycaenidae . it is found in armenia , azerbaijan , georgia , eastern turkey , northern iran , and kopet dagh mountains .
similar species are : provence hairstreak or cardenillo , tomares ballus ( fabricius , 1787 ) it is found in the iberian peninsula , northern africa and along the mediterranean coast of provence , france .
the species is distributed in armenian highland , georgia , kopet - dagh . armenia is inhabited by nominate subspecies .
the species inhabits calcareous grasslands and arid mountain steppes , usually dominated by tragacanth locoweeds . host plant is astragalus finitimus , although for kopet dagh the astragalus schahrudensis is known . the species is specialized to feed on flowers of the host plant , and the female lays down the eggs on the flower buds .
flight period lasts from mid april to mid june , depending on elevation , in single generation .
. in the studied period it shows moderate decline ( p < 0 . 05 ) . the host plant probably suffers from overgrazing in two ways : directly and due to total degradation of habitat and erosion .
it was evaluated for the red book of animals of armenia and was considered as vulnerable . at current some portions of the populations of the species are protected in khosrov forest state reserve , and gnishik community protected area . two populations of the species which have not been covered by arevik national park are included now in
pbas , also the significant portion of its population is included in gnishik pba . in their turn the mentioned pbas are in the process of being included in the network of emerald sites . continuation of the monitoring of the species is a necessary measure to track further dynamics of its populations . further grow of pba network and development of butterfly - watching with strong support of community service is another important conservation tool that can decrease the load on the grassland ecosystems and support in stabilization of population trend .
status . a rare species . according to iucn criteria categorized as vulnerable vu b1ab ( iii ) + b2ab ( iii ) .
brief description . a small–sized butterfly , the length of the forewing is 15 - 19 mm . the fround color of the wings is black with bright red spot on the discal part of forewings and on the anal part of hind wings . the underside of the hind wings is light green with metallic iridescence .
distribution in armenia . central and south armenia . recorded in the kotayk ( garni and geghadir villages , jrvezh settlement , mt . hatis ) , vayots dzor ( artavan village ) , ararat ( urtsalanj village ) , syunik ( surroundings of the shvanidzor village ) provinces and in khosrov forest reserve .
habitats . semi–deserts , dry meadows , steppes , grasslands near the timberline at the altitudes of 1300–2200 m above sea level .
biological traits . flies in a single generation from mid - may to the end of july . pupae winter . the larvae develop in the flower buds of astragalus finitimus ( fabaceae ) .
population size and its trends . abundance is rather great in places without human facilities , depends on the densities of the fodder plant .
suggested conservation measures . incorporation of species habitats to the reserve zone of arevik national park . application of selective effect insecticides in aircraft treatments against leaf - eating forest pests .
( fabricius , 1787 ) it is found in the iberian peninsula , northern africa and along the mediterranean coast of provence , france .
habitat : dry rocky slopes with sparse vegetation , debris , beams , ravines .
behavior : usually sits on the soil or small stones , sometimes feeds on flowers , on favorit in spain are platycapnos spicata . males are territory - assertive , that is , they either fly up and chase anyone who dares to enter the territory , or they fly into the whirling
dance - flight
around each other high into the air in a sort of territory battle . females are less flying around , often seen on the flowers of nectary , or lay eggs on foodplants .
flight season : depending on the height above sea level , the season is from the end of january until early may .
foodplants : caterpillars which feed on hairy canary clover , dorycnium hirsutum and different medicago species .
distribution : iberian peninsula , northern africa and along the mediterranean coast of provence , france .
author & photographer : martin bjerg & arne lykke viborg . editor : lars andersen .
another name : caucasian spring copper . name in name in turkish : kafkasya gelincigi .
behavior : usually sits on the soil or small stones , sometimes feeds on flowers . males are territory - assertive , that is , they either fly up and chase anyone who dares to enter the territory , or they fly into the whirling
dance - flight
around each other high into the air in a sort of territory battle . females are less flying around , often seen on the flowers of nectary , or lay eggs on foodplants .
flight season : depending on the height above sea level , the season is from the end of march until early june . caterpillars which feed on different astragalus species emerge one - two weeks earlier than those which feed on kopeechnik .
foodplants : astragal sverhuvolosisty , astragalus suprapilosus , astragal puzyristy , astragalus utriger , and sweetvetch / kopeechnik vetch , hedysarum candidum .
distribution : recorded in a few localities on coast mountains in south - eastern crimea , ukraine ( karadag nature reserve ) . georgia . grusia . khanlar . azerbaijan . turkey . syria . iraq and iran .
author & photographer : morten s . mølgaard & tom nygaard kristensen . editor : lars andersen .
another name : nogel ' s spring copper . name in turkish : anadolu gelincigi .
behavior : it is not very shy , flying low over the vegetation , sometimes taking off in high flight through the bushes or trees . sits mainly on foodplants and other herbaceous plants . males are territory - assertive , females are less flying around , often seen on the flowers to nectary . normally it does not fly very far away from habitats , but can be seen individually in a distance up to several kilometers away from the locality !
flight season : flight season begins in the second week of may and until mid june .
distribution : dobrogea , romania . recorded in a few localities on coastmountains in south - eastern crimea , ukraine . syria . lebanon . israel . turkey . georgia . armenia . kurdistan . iraq and iran .
author & photographer : tom nygaard kristensen & morten s . mølgaard . editor : lars andersen .
collins butterfly guide : the most complete field guide to the butterflies of britain and europe by tom tolman and richard lewington 2008 .
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armenia , vayots dzor province , areni village , noravank gorge , 24 . v . 2010
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the wingspan is 28–30 mm . the species inhabits calcareous grasslands and arid mountain steppes , usually dominated by tragacanth locoweeds . it occupies elevation range from 1200 to 1600 m above sea level . [ 1 ] the butterfly flies from late april to mid - june depending on latitude and elevation .
the larvae feed on the astragalus species a . scharuhdensis and a . finitimus .
this page was last edited on 21 march 2018 , at 16 : 30 .
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melanocetus eustalus is a deep sea anglerfish in the family melanocetidae , found off the pacific coast of mexico at depths down to about 1,675 m ( 5,500 ft ) .

melanocetus eustalus

melanocetus eustalus is derived in having an extremely large escal bulb , comparable to no other known ceratioid . distribution melanocetus johnsonii and m . more
melanocetus eustalus on fish mapper tsn 690551 ( taxonomic serial number ) retrieved on from the integrated taxonomic information system online database . this is a cached copy . more
black seadevils are small , deep - sea anglerfish of the family melanocetidae , which includes one genus ( melanocetus ) and six species ( melanocetus eustalus , m . johnsonii , m . murrayi , m . niger , m . polyactis and m . rossi ) found worldwide .
free - living male of melanocetus sp , zmuc p92675 . after bertelsen ( 1951 ) . © 1951 , 1983 bertelsen
black seadevil ( probably melanocetus johnsonii ) , about 9 cm long . image credit : © monterey bay aquarium research institute .
“anglerfish , like this melanocetus , are among the most rarely seen of all deep - sea fishes , dr robison said .
the four remaining species are much more closely related to each other than any is to m . murrayi . five characters can be used to distinguish these forms : 1 ) number of lower jaw teeth , 2 ) longest lower jaw tooth , 3 ) illicium length , 4 ) escal bulb width , and 5 ) escal morphology . unfortunately , all but the last of these characters overlap in variation among the remaining forms of the genus , and , furthermore , the relative primitiveness of character states among these features is nearly impossible to determine . melanocetus johnsonii is perhaps derived in having a relatively long illicium , and in having fewer , but longer jaw teeth ( see pietsch 1972b , 1974a ) . melanocetus polyactis and m . niger are similar in having relatively short jaw teeth , a similar escal morphology lacking anterior and posterior crests , and a sympatric geographic distribution that is restricted to the gulf of panama and adjacent eastern tropical pacific . melanocetus eustalus is derived in having an extremely large escal bulb , comparable to no other known ceratioid .
dr bruce robison of the monterey bay aquarium research institute and his colleagues observed a black seadevil ( probably melanocetus johnsonii ) in the waters of the monterey canyon just off monterey bay , california , on november 17 , 2014 .
melanocetus johnsonii and m . murrayi , by far the best known species of the genus , have broad distributions , the former known from all three major oceans of the world , the latter from the atlantic and pacific . melanocetus rossi is represented by a single specimen collected in the ross sea , antarctica ; m . polyactis and m . niger , known from 15 and six specimens , respectively , are both restricted to the eastern tropical pacific ; and m . eustales , is known from a single specimen collected in the eastern pacific off mazatlán , mexico .
balushkin , a . v . , and v . v . fedorov . 1981 . on finding the deepwater anglerfishes ( melanocetus rossi sp . n . and oneirodes notius ) in the ross sea ( antarctica ) . biologiya morya , 2 ( 2 ) : 7982 . [ in russian , with english abstract . ]
color of metamorphosed females dark brown to black over entire surface of head and body ( except for distal portion of escal bulb ) and oral cavity ; all fins white in specimens less than approximately 40 mm ( except for caudal - fin rays of adolescent specimens of melanocetus murrayi ; bertelsen , 1951 : 47 , fig . 16i ) . metamorphosed males with outer pigmentation as for females ( except nasal area unpigmented ) , subdermal pigmentation variable ( bertelsen , 1951 : 42 ; pietsch and van duzer , 1980 : 83 ) .
the family melanocetidae includes globose bathypelagic anglerfishes , easily separated from members of allied families by having a combination of features that includes 12 or more dorsal - fin rays , three to five anal - fin rays , a huge mouth , and numerous long fang - like teeth ( bertelsen , 1951 ; pietsch , 1972a ; pietsch and van duzer , 1980 ) . the only currently recognized genus of the family was established by günther ( 1864 ) with the description of melanocetus johnsonii , based on a single female specimen collected in the atlantic ocean off madeira . since that time , 13 additional species based on females have been described . the family currently includes six recognized species ( pietsch and van duzer , 1980 ; balushkin and fedorov , 1981 )
greek , ' melas ' or ' melanos ' = black + greek , ' ketos ' = any large sea creature , more often referring to a whale ( ref . 86949 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 0 - 1675 m ( ref . 46206 ) . deep - water
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 16 ; anal soft rays : 4 . distinguishing characteristics of metamorphosed female : nearly straight anterior margin of vomer ; least outside width between frontals 18 . 0 % sl ; upper jaw with 91 teeth , lower jaw with 60 teeth ; vomerine teeth 0 - 6 ; length of longest tooth in lower jaw 5 . 9 % sl ; width of pectoral fin lobe 9 . 9 % sl ; width of escal bulb 11 . 3 % sl ; illicium length 30 . 6 % sl ; esca without crest ; relatively thick integument ( ref . 86949 )
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) , 2003 . catalog of fishes . updated database version of march 2003 . catalog databases as made available to fishbase in march 2003 . ( ref . 46206 )
) : 6 . 7 - 11 . 2 , mean 9 . 3 ( based on 9 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5312 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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pietsch & van duzer , 1980 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 272602 on 2018 - 07 - 09
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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metamorphosed males and females of the family melanocetidae are distinguished from those of all other ceratioid families by having a combination of 13 - 16 ( rarely 12 or 17 ) dorsal - fin rays and 4 ( rarely 3 or 5 ) anal - fin rays .
metamorphosed males are further differentiated in having the following combination of character states : eyes directed laterally , elliptical in shape , pupil larger than lens ; olfactory organs large , nostrils lateral , inflated ; nasal area unpigmented ; 12 - 24 olfactory lamellae ; jaw teeth absent ; upper denticular with 2 or 3 semicircular series of strong recurved denticles , fused with a median series of 3 - 9 enlarged dermal spines that articulate with the pterygiophore of the illicium ; lower denticular with 10 - 23 recurved denticles , fused into a median and two lateral groups ; skin spinulose or naked ; fin - ray counts as given for metamorphosed females ; free - living , never parasitic , two known examples of males attached to females in temporary coupling ( pietsch , 2005 ) .
larvae are further differentiated in having the following combination of character states : body short , almost spherical ; skin moderately inflated ; pectoral fins of normal size , not reaching beyond dorsal and anal fins ; pelvic fins absent ; sexual dimorphism evident , females with a small , club - shaped illicial rudiment protruding from head ; fin - ray counts as given for metamorphosed females ; metamorphosis beginning at lengths of 8 - 10 mm sl ( bertelsen , 1951 : 45 , 49 , figs . 16a - g , 17a - f ; 1984 : 326 , 328 , fig . 169c - d ) .
the largest known female is a 135 - mm specimen of m . johnsonii ; the largest known metamorphosed male , also identified as m . johnsoni , measures 28 mm .
the melanocetidae appears to be a relatively primitive ceratioid family ( bertelsen 1951 ; pietsch 1972a , 1976 , 1979 ) . the five species are characterized by a confusing mosaic of primitive and derived character states such that an interpretation of interspecific phylogenetic relationships is difficult . in any case , however , it seems apparent that m . murrayi has split off from the main line of melanocetid evolution and acquired a number of unique features that reflect its most derived position in the genus : 1 ) depressed cranium , 2 ) concave vomer , 3 ) small pectoral fin , 4 ) tiny escal bulb , and 5 ) thin integument . living in considerably deeper strata than its congeners most probably also reflects a derived condition .
bertelsen , e . 1951 . the ceratioid fishes . ontogeny , taxonomy , distribution and biology . dana rept . , 39 , 276 pp .
bertelsen , e . 1980 . notes on linophrynidae v : a revision of the deepsea anglerfishes of the linophryne arborifer - group ( pisces , ceratioidei ) . steenstrupia , 6 ( 6 ) : 2970 .
bertelsen , e . 1982 . notes on linophrynidae viii : a review of the genus linophryne , with new records and descriptions of two new species . steenstrupia , 8 ( 3 ) : 49104 .
bertelsen , e . 1984 . ceratioidei : development and relationships . pp . 325 - 334 , in : moser , h . g . , w . j . richards , d . m . cohen , m . p . fahay , a . w . kendall , jr . , and s . l . richardson ( editors ) , ontogeny and systematics of fishes , spec . publ . no . 1 , amer . soc . ichthy . herpet . , ix + 760 pp .
günther , a . c . l . g . 1864 . on a new genus of pediculate fish from the sea of madeira . proc . zool . soc . london , 1864 ( 6 ) : 301303 .
pietsch , t . w . 1969 . a remarkable new genus and species of deep - sea anglerfish ( family oneirodidae ) from off guadalupe island , mexico . copeia , 1969 ( 2 ) : 365369 .
pietsch , t . w . 1972a . a review of the monotypic deep - sea anglerfish family centrophrynidae : taxonomy , distribution , and osteology . copeia , 1972 ( 1 ) : 1747 .
pietsch , t . w . 1972b . a second specimen of the deep - sea anglerfish , phyllorhinichthys micractis ( family oneirodidae ) , with a histological description of the snout flaps . copeia , 1972 ( 2 ) : 335340 .
pietsch , t . w . 1974a . osteology and relationships of ceratioid anglerfishes of the family oneirodidae , with a review of the genus oneirodes lütken . nat . hist . mus . l . a . co . , sci . bull . , 18 , 113 pp .
pietsch , t . w . 1974b . systematics and distribution of ceratioid anglerfishes of the genus lophodolos ( family oneirodidae ) . breviora , 425 : 119 .
pietsch , t . w . 1979 . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family caulophrynidae with the description of a new genus and species from the banda sea . contrib . sci . , nat . hist . mus . los angeles co . , 310 : 125 .
pietsch , t . w . 2005 . dimorphism , parasitism , and sex revisited : modes of reproduction among deep - sea ceratioid anglerfishes ( teleostei : lophiiformes ) . ichthyol . res . , 52 : 207236 .
pietsch , t . w . , and j . p . van duzer . 1980 . systematics and distribution of ceratioid anglerfishes of the family melanocetidae , with description of a new species from the eastern north pacific ocean . u . s . fish . bull . , 78 ( 1 ) : 5987 .
correspondence regarding this page should be directed to theodore w . pietsch at and christopher p . kenaley at
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) : 6 . 7 - 11 . 2 , mean 9 . 3 ( based on 9 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .
scientists from the monterey bay aquarium research institute using their remotely operated vehicle doc ricketts have filmed a rare and bizarre - looking anglerfish called the black seadevil in its native habitat , at depths of about 580 meters .
“the shining spot at the tip of the ‘fishing pole’ projecting from the fish’s head is a glowing lure . ”
“the anglerfish uses its light to attract prey in its deep , dark habitat . ”
the scientists believe that this is the first video footage ever made of this species alive and at depth .
“this is the first time we have captured this fish on video in its habitat , ” dr robison said .
juvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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it was described by hodges in 1986 .

the wingspan is about 16 mm .

dichomeris gleba

vad betyder dichomeris ? här finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av dichomeris själv
dichomeris är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av hübner 1818 . dichomeris ingår i familjen stävmalar .
dichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 , n . sp . , mona fascicle 7 . 1
dichomeris gleba hodges , r . w . , 1986 | butterflies and moths of north america
the forest had three areas when created : gleba balata with , gleba tufari with and gleba jacaré with .
dichomeris gleba is a moth in the gelechiidae family . it was described by hodges in 1986 . it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , arkansas , missouri , texas , colorado and new mexico .
its boundaries are : north to the cologne gral . diaz , south establishing livestock loma porá , the cologne to the east and west pikyry colonies gleba 2 and gleba 3 .
gleba is the fleshy spore - bearing inner mass of certain fungi such as the puffball or stinkhorn .
the gleba is a solid mass of spores , generated within an enclosed area within the sporocarp . the continuous maturity of the sporogenous cells leave the spores behind as a powdery mass that can be easily blown away . the gleba may be sticky or it may be enclosed in a case ( peridiole ) .
gleba cordata is a species of sea butterfly , a floating and swimming sea snail or sea slug , a pelagic marine gastropod mollusk in the family cymbuliidae .
it is a tissue usually found in an angiocarpous fruit - body , especially gasteromycetes . angiocarpous fruit - bodies usually consist of fruit enclosed within a covering that does not form a part of itself ; such as the filbert covered by its husk , or the acorn seated in its cupule . the presence of gleba can be found in earthballs and puffballs . the gleba consists of mycelium , and basidia and may also contain capillitium threads .
gleba is a village in the administrative district of gmina kadzidło , within ostrołęka county , masovian voivodeship , in east - central poland . it lies approximately south - west of kadzidło , north - west of ostrołęka , and north of warsaw .
gleba found on the fruit body of species in the family phallaceae is typically gelatinous , often fetid - smelling , and deliquescent ( becoming liquid from the absorption of water ) . it is formed on the exterior face of the cap or the upper part of the fruit body . the foul smell helps to attract insects that help disperse the spores . chemicals that contribute to the odor include methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfide .
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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hodges , r . w . , 1986 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 7 . 1 , p . 87 ; pl . 2 . 18 - 20 . order
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the wingspan is about 16 mm . adults have been recorded on wing from june to august and in november .
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the unionidae are a family of freshwater mussels , the largest in the order unionoida , the bivalve mollusks sometimes known as river mussels , or simply as unionids .

the range of distribution for this family is world-wide .

it is at its most diverse in north america , with about 297 recognised taxa , but china and southeast asia also support very diverse faunas .

freshwater mussels occupy a wide range of habitats , but most often occupy lotic waters , i.e. flowing water such as rivers , streams and creeks .

unionidae

water quality guidance for protection of freshwater mussels ( unionidae ) from ammonia exposure .
matteson , m . 1955 . studies on the natural history of the unionidae .
water quality guidance for protection of freshwater mussels ( unionidae ) from ammonia exposure . - pubmed - ncbi
phylogenetic analysis of prisodontopsis tomlin , 1928 and mweruella haas , 1936 ( bivalvia : unionidae ) . . .
early life - history and conservation status of venustaconcha ellipsiformis ( bivalvia , unionidae ) in minnesota
by daniel c . allen
allen , w . 1921 . studies of the biology of freshwater mussels : experimental studies of the food relations of certain unionidae .
what made you want to look up unionidae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
kohl , m . 2000 .
unionidae
( on - line ) . freshwater molluscan shells . accessed august 31 , 2003 at urltoken .
to cite this page : winhold , l . 2004 .
unionidae
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
strayer , d . 1983 . the effects of surface geology and stream size on freshwater mussel ( bivalvia : unionidae ) distribution in southeastern michigan , u . s . a . .
in previous molecular phylogenetic analyses of the freshwater mussel family unionidae ( bivalvia : unionoida ) , the afrotropical genus coelatura had been recovered in various positions , generally indicating a paraphyletic unionidae . however that result was typically poorly supported and in conflict with morphology - based analyses . we set out to test the phylogenetic position of coelatura by . . . [ show full abstract ]
zebra mussel infestation of unionid bivalves ( unionidae ) in north america . dw schlosser , tf nalepa , and gl mackie . amer . zool . , 36 : 300 - 310 ( 1996 )
…and two important families , the unionidae and corbiculidae , are predominantly freshwater with complicated reproductive cycles . there are no terrestrial bivalves , although some high - intertidal and freshwater species can withstand drought conditions .
graf , d . 2002 . molecular phylogenetic analysis of two problematic freshwater mussel genera ( unio and gonoidea ) and a re - evaluation of the classification of nearctic unionidae ( bivalvia : palaeoheterodonta : unionoida ) .
daniel c . allen , bernard e . sietman , daniel e . kelner , mark c . hove , et al . .
early life - history and conservation status of venustaconcha ellipsiformis ( bivalvia , unionidae ) in minnesota
this key covers the 3 subfamilies of unionidae that we have collected in north dakota rivers and streams . this key will aid you by providing simple features you can look for to identify your specimen . after using the key , confirm the identity of you specimen by reading the genera page .
in the freshwater unionidae the released larva , called a glochidium , often has sharp spines projecting inward from each valve . the larva attaches to either the gills or fins of passing fish and becomes a temporary parasite . eventually , it leaves the fish , falls to the lake floor , and metamorphoses…
…of the bivalve mollusk families unionidae and margaritiferidae . of these , 21 have become extinct in the past century , and another 120 species are in danger of extinction . during this same period , engineers have extensively dammed and channeled north america’s rivers . the tennessee river , for example , is dammed along its entire…
the unionidae , of worldwide distribution , are most diverse in eastern and central north america , and secondarily in china and southeast asia . these include north america ' s most abundant , interesting , and economically valuable shells . because of their long association with activities of leisure , livelihood and trade , many have acquired colorful common names .
a refuge for native freshwater mussels ( bivalvia : unionidae ) from impacts of the exotic zebra mussel ( dreissena polymorpha ) in lake st . clair . dt zanatta , gl mackie , jl metcalfe - smith , and da woolnough . j . great lakes res . 28 ( 3 ) : 479 - 489 internat . assoc . great lakes res . , 2002
zhou et al . ( 2007 , acta zoologica sinica , 53 : 1024–1030 ) reported the eastern asian freshwater mussel genus lamproula sensu lato simpson , 1900 ( unionidae ) to be polyphyletic and advocated a revision of the genus - and family - level classifications . however , their taxon sampling and analyses were insufficient to infer accurately the systematic placement of the resultant clades . we . . . [ show full abstract ]
ty - jour ti - life history of the endangered fine rayed pigtoe fusconaia cuneolus ( bivalvia , unionidae ) in the clinch river , virginia t2 - american malacological bulletin . vl - 10 ur - urltoken pb - [ american malacological union ] , cy - [ hattiesburg , miss . ? ] : py - 1993 sp - 83 ep - 91 sn - 0740 - 2783 au - bruenderman , s a au - neves , r j er -
. . . although the statistical biogeographic models assume that the crown group of the family was widely distributed across the east laurasia ( east asia + mediterranean ) , the fossil evidence shows an east asian origin for both the stem and the crown group ( e . g . , chen , 1984 ; jingshan et al . , 1993 ; ma , 1994ma , , 1996jiang et al . , 2005 ; pan and sha , 2009 ; fang et al . , 2009 ; yao et al . , 2011 china ( fang et al . , 2009 ) is here proposed as a fossil member of the crown group of margaritiferidae + unionidae , most likely re - presenting a separate ancestral family ( supplementary tables 3 and 4 ) . this agrees with graf et al . ( 2015 ) and skawina and dzik ( 2011 ) , who suggested that pre - jurassic freshwater bivalves may represent the stem - groups of modern unionoid clades . bolotov et al . ( 2017a ) showed that the unionidae most likely originated in east and southeast asia , which is consistent with the hypothesis of an asian origin for both families . . . .
@ article { bhlpart143222 , title = { life history of the endangered fine rayed pigtoe fusconaia cuneolus ( bivalvia , unionidae ) in the clinch river , virginia } , journal = { american malacological bulletin . } , volume = { 10 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ hattiesburg , miss . ? ] : [ american malacological union ] , 1983 - } , author = { bruenderman , s a and neves , r j } , year = { 1993 } , pages = { 83 - - 91 } , }
the shell morphology and population dynamics of the five british unionidae are compared within a sympatric population . pseudanodonta complanata is distinguished from anodonta anatina and a . cygnea by the hinge length–shell length relationship ; this morphological distinction may serve as a useful tool in the identification of this threatened species . the shell length at a given annulus was remarkably similar for all five species , although the asymptotic length is reached most quickly in p . complanata and unio pictorum . p . complanata is relatively short - lived and attains the lowest maximum length , while a . cygnea lives more than twice as long and attains almost double the length of p . complanata . unio spp . have a short gravid season over the summer , while anodonta spp . have a long gravid period , lasting from autumn through to spring . unlike other members of the anodontinae , p . complanata has a short breeding season , overlapping with that of the unio spp .
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» genus amphinaias crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as cyclonaias pilsbry in ortmann & walker , 1922
» genus amygdalonaias crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as truncilla rafinesque , 1819
» genus amygdalonajas crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as truncilla rafinesque , 1819
» genus cokeria w . b . marshall , 1916 accepted as amblema rafinesque , 1820
» genus corunculina simpson in f . c . baker , 1898 accepted as toxolasma rafinesque , 1831
» genus lapidosus simpson , 1900 accepted as disconaias crosse & p . fischer , 1894
» genus mesonaias crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as cyrtonaias crosse & p . fischer , 1894
» genus anadontoides simpson in f . c . baker , 1898 accepted as anodontoides simpson in f . c . baker , 1898
» genus anodontopsis simpson in f . c . baker , 1898 accepted as anodontoides simpson in f . c . baker , 1898
» genus brachyanodon crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as anodonta lamarck , 1799
» genus flexiplis rafinesque , 1831 accepted as pyganodon crosse & p . fischer , 1894
» genus flexiptis rafinesque , 1831 accepted as pyganodon crosse & p . fischer , 1894
» genus mesanodon crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as anodonta lamarck , 1799
» genus nayadina de gregorio , 1914 accepted as utterbackia f . c . baker , 1927
» genus utterbachia f . c . baker , 1927 accepted as utterbackia f . c . baker , 1927 ( original misspelling )
genus nodularidia cockerell , 1901 accepted as nodularia conrad , 1853 ( unnecessary nom . nov . pro nodularia conrad , 1853 )
bieler r . , carter j . g . & coan e . v . ( 2010 ) . classification of bivalve families . pp . 113 - 133 , in : bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2010 ) , nomenclator of bivalve families . malacologia 52 ( 2 ) : 1 - 184 . [ details ]
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augspurger t 1 , keller ae , black mc , cope wg , dwyer fj .
u . s . fish and wildlife service , p . o . box 33726 , raleigh , north carolina 27636 - 3726 , usa . tom _ augspurger @ urltoken
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graf , d . l . & k . s . cummings . 2013 . the freshwater mussels ( unionoida ) of the world ( and other less consequential bivalves ) , updated 8 august 2013 . mussel project web site , urltoken
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
lampsilis cardium rafinesque , 1820 , in a very shallow creek in southwest missouri . the gray mantle flaps have black and white
eyespots
and undulate back and forth rhythmically . click here for animated sketch .
the anodontinae ( subfamily status for anodontini used by banarescu in his worldwide synthesis ) and the genus anodonta have wide distribution in the northern hemisphere . 11 genera have been listed for east and southeast asia , and two in western asia .
twenty north american genera further grouped into five subtribes by burch . names in parenthesis are older synonyms in common use ;
acuticostinae : east and southeast asia , eight genera . lamellidentina : one genus in india and afghanistan . psilunioninae : one genus in southern europe , northern africa . unioninae s . s . ( not equivalent to the north american unioninae , above ) six genera in europe , east asia and africa , including unio itself .
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…
more than 40 species of freshwater mussels are native to the great lakes . all are filter feeders . most are considered endangered and / or restricted to protected areas . exotic dreissenid mussels are largely to blame - - faster - growing dreissenids settle on the shells of the native species effectively smothering them . adults are male and female , fertilization usually takes place internal to the female with young brooded in the mother ' s gills until they reach a glochidia stage . the juvenile glochidia stages of unionids are usually parasitic on fish - often confined to a single host species .
* * reported locations based on a limited literature search . codes indicate presence reported but absence of a code should not be interpreted as a species absence .
abundance , biomass , and species composition of benthic macroinvertebrate populations in saginaw bay , lake huron , 1987 - 96 . thomas nalepa , david fanslow , margaret lansing , gregory lang , mark ford , gerald gostenik , and david hartson . noaa technical memorandum glerl - 122 .
relationships among zoobenthos , sediments , and organic matter in littoral zones of western lake erie and saginaw bay . 1983 . richard a . cole and diana l . weigmann . jglr 9 ( 4 ) 568 - 581 .
wave - zone macrobenthos of the exposed canadian shores of the st . lawrence great lakes . 1978 . d . r . barton and b . n . hynes . jglr 4 ( 1 ) 27 - 45 .
benthic community structure and composition among rocky habitats in the great lakes and keuka lake , ny . 1987 . michael h . winnell and david j . jude . jglr 13 ( 1 ) 3 - 17 .
changes in the biodiversity of freshwater mussels in the canadian waters of the lower great lakes drainage basin over the past 140 years jl metcalfe - smith , sk staton , gl mackie , and nm lane . j . great lakes res . 24 ( 4 ) : 845 - 858 , 1998 .
changes to the deepwater benthos of eastern lake erie since the invasion of dreissena 1979 - 1993 . 1997 . r dermott and d kerec . cjfas 54 : 922 - 930 .
w ( wave zone = 0 - 2m ) based on : wave - zone macrobenthos of the exposed canadian shores of the st . lawrence great lakes . 1978 . d . r . barton and b . n . hynes . jglr 4 ( 1 ) 27 - 45 .
r ( rocky habitats ) based on : benthic community structure and composition among rocky habitats in the great lakes and keuka lake , ny . 1987 . michael h . winnell and david j . jude . jglr 13 ( 1 ) 3 - 17 .
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fm ( u ) otw ( aolcb ) is the web version of the mussel project database . follow the links to browse the data or use the search fields . either way , you win !
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published 2015 , zoological journal of the linnean society 175 : 307 - 318 . click here for electronic access .
by daniel l . graf , hugh jones , anthony j . geneva , john . m . pfeiffer iii & michael w . klunzinger
published 2015 , molecular phylogenetics & evolution 85 : 1 - 9 . click here for electronic access .
invited presentation at the second international meeting on biology and conservation of freshwater bivalves , 4 - 8 october 2015 , buffalo , ny .
this slide shows the distributions of two species in the magdalena basin , colombia .
presented at the 81st annual meeting of the american malacological society , 28 - 31 august 2015 , university of michigan biological station , pellston , mi .
by kevin s . cummings , jeremy tiemann , daniel l . graf , maria cristina dreher mansur & mark h . sabaj - perez
presented at the 53rd annual meeting of the american fisheries society – illinois chapter , pere marquette state park , 3 - 5 march 2015 . also presented at the 9th biennial freshwater mollusk conservation society symposium , st . charles , missouri , 22 - 26 march 2015 .
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. . . in this classification , hyrioidea ( represented only by hyriidae ) occupy an intermediate position between the two other groups , etherioidea and unionoidea , reflecting the conflicting data from other authors concerning the position of hyriidae ( , hoeh et al . 2001 , graf & cummins 2006 ) . graf et al . ( 2015 ) presented hyriidae as sister to all other freshwater mussel families , in a position quite different from the previously one ( graf & cummings 2006 ) , however similar ( regarding to hyriidae position ) to topology presented by hoeh et al . ( 2009 ) . . . .
. . . there are around 80 species of hyriidae , occurring throughout oceania and south america , with only two or three species west of the andes ( bonetto et al . 1986 ; parada & peredo , 2002 ; graf & cummings , 2007 ; bogan , 2008 ) . hyriidae is monophyletic ( graf et al . 2015 ) and usually divided in two groups ( sub - families ) , the hyriinae , which comprises south american species , except by hyridella swainson , 1840 and some related australian species ; and velesunioninae , that comprises most australian species ( graf & cummings , 2006bieler et al . 2010 ; graf et al . 2015 ) . among hyriidae seven genera are recognized to south america : prisodon schumacher , 1817 ; paxyodon schumacher , 1817 ; callonaia simpson , 1900 ; castalia lamarck , 1819 ; castaliella simpson , 1900 ; diplodon spix in wagner , 1827 and rhipidodonta mörch , 1893 ( simone , 2006 ) ; and , nine genera to australia : hyridella ; cucumerunio iredale , 1934 ; echyridella mcmichael & hiscock , 1958 ; virgus ; velesunio iredale , 1934 ; alathyria iredale , 1934 ; lortilella iredale , 1934 ; microdontia tapparone canefri , 1883 ; westralunio iredale , 1934 ( graf & cummings , 2007 ) . . . .
. . . there are around 80 species of hyriidae , occurring throughout oceania and south america , with only two or three species west of the andes ( bonetto et al . 1986 ; parada & peredo , 2002 ; graf & cummings , 2007 ; bogan , 2008 ) . hyriidae is monophyletic ( graf et al . 2015 ) and usually divided in two groups ( sub - families ) , the hyriinae , which comprises south american species , except by hyridella swainson , 1840 and some related australian species ; and velesunioninae , that comprises most australian species ( graf & cummings , 2006bieler et al . 2010 ; graf et al . 2015 ) . among hyriidae seven genera are recognized to south america : prisodon schumacher , 1817 ; paxyodon schumacher , 1817 ; callonaia simpson , 1900 ; castalia lamarck , 1819 ; castaliella simpson , 1900 ; diplodon spix in wagner , 1827 and rhipidodonta mörch , 1893 ( simone , 2006 ) ; and , nine genera to australia : hyridella ; cucumerunio iredale , 1934 ; echyridella mcmichael & hiscock , 1958 ; virgus ; velesunio iredale , 1934 ; alathyria iredale , 1934 ; lortilella iredale , 1934 ; microdontia tapparone canefri , 1883 ; westralunio iredale , 1934 ( graf & cummings , 2007 ) . . . .
. . . 257 ma in the permian . however , the genesis of extant margaritiferids traces back to ca . 88 ma in the late an early jurassic ( mean age = 194 ma ) origin of the crown - group hyriidae was estimated previously ( graf et al . , 2015 ) , but a relatively younger age is shown in our study ( 178 ma ) . even though fewer hyriidae species were sampled and no calibration point inside this family was used in present study , the major reason contributes to the difference is the incongruence on relationships between hyriidae with the other five families of unionoida . . . .
reclassification of lamprotula rochechouartii as margaritifera rochechouartii comb . nov . ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) revealed by time - calibrated multi - locus phylogenetic analyses and mitochondrial phylogenomics of unionoida
. . . we focus on echyridella menziesii , the most abundant of three freshwater mussel species found in new zealand and a species that is widely distributed in streams , rivers and lakes ( marshall , fenwick , & ritchie , 2014 ) . echyridella menziesii belongs to a family of freshwater mussels ( hyriidae ) only found in the southern hemisphere ( new zealand , australia , new guinea , south america ; graf , jones , geneva , pfeiffeer , & klunzinger , 2015 ) . . . .
. . . bonetto , 1967 ; haas , 1969 ; mansur & valer , 1992 ; pimpão et al . , 2012 ) . genetic studies , based on molecular data have been carried out on freshwater bivalves from australia , north america , europe and africa , mainly to clarify systematic classifications ( graf et al . , 2014 graf et al . , , 2015 santos - neto et al . , 2016 ; lopes - lima et al . , 2017 ) , but also to evaluate their population structure , variability and demography ( hughes et al . , 2004 ; mock et al . , 2010 ; jones et al . , 2015 ; froufe et al . , 2014froufe et al . , , 2016ainoue & berg , 2017 ) . only a few genetic studies ( whelan et al . , 2011 ; graf et al . , 2015 ; santos - neto et al . , 2016 ; combosch et al . 2017 ) have included hyriidae from the amazon region , all of which were used to establish phylogenetic relationships . . . .
. . . genetic studies , based on molecular data have been carried out on freshwater bivalves from australia , north america , europe and africa , mainly to clarify systematic classifications ( graf et al . , 2014graf et al . , , 2015santos - neto et al . , 2016 ; lopes - lima et al . , 2017 ) , but also to evaluate their population structure , variability and demography ( hughes et al . , 2004 ; mock et al . , 2010 ; jones et al . , 2015 ; froufe et al . , 2014froufe et al . , , 2016ainoue & berg , 2017 ) . only a few genetic studies ( whelan et al . , 2011 ; graf et al . , 2015 ; santos - neto et al . , 2016 ; combosch et al . 2017 ) have included hyriidae from the amazon region , all of which were used to establish phylogenetic relationships . . . .
. . . whereas , molecular phylogenetics has dramatically improved our understanding of the higher level classification of the hyriidae ( graf et al . , 2015 ; santos - neto et al . , 2016 ) , our understanding of hyriid diversity at , and below , the species level , remains poor . cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( coi ) sequences have revealed interesting patterns of freshwater bivalve population structure , both within and among distinct basins , raising awareness of the conservation needs of specific populations ( hughes et al . , 2004 ; elderkin et al . , 2007elderkin et al . , , 2008playford & walker 2008 ; mock et al . , 2010 ; froufe et al . , 2014 ) . . . .
. . . as a response , taxonomic and systematic studies of unionids that integrate conchological and anatomical analyses with molecular phylogenies have increased over the last two decades . most studies have dealt with american , european and australasian taxa ( rosenberg et al . 1994rosenberg et al . , 1997 ; graf and ófoighil 2000 ; hoeh et al . 2001 ; graf and cummings 2011 ; graf 2013 ; lopes - lima et al . 2014 ; prié and puillandre 2014 ; graf et al . 2015 ) , whereas asian taxa have largely been neglected . the monographs by haas ( 1969 ) and brandt ( 1974 ) have reported taxonomic surveys of thai species . . . .
. . . tests of phylogenetic hypotheses on the basis of other data sources , such as those derived from molecules and chromosomes , are therefore likely to be informative . however , such approaches have as yet been attempted only on a limited number of taxa and there are still very few studies in asian and african regions ( lopes - lima et al . 2014 ; marshall et al . 2014 ; graf et al . 2015 ) . several sympatric species have been recorded in numerous thai localities ( brandt 1974 ; panha 1990 ) , raising many interesting taxonomic and ecological questions . . . .
. . . taxon 28s coi 16s source locality larval type mytilidae mytilus edulis linnaeus , 1758 * z29550 gu570521 af317054 littlewood ( 1994 ) , lesser et al . ( 2010 ) , direct submission marine veliger veneridae mercenaria mercenaria ( linnaeus , 1758 ) * af131019 dq184836 dq184737 park & ó foighil ( 2000 ) , mikkelsen et al . ( 2006 ) marine veliger trigoniidae neotrigonia margaritacea ( lamarck , 1804 ) * af400695 nmu56850 dq280034 graf ( 2002 ) , hoeh et al . ( 1998 ) , giribet et al . ( 2006 ) marine veliger etheriidae etheria elliptica lamarck , 1807 kp184873 kp184897 kp184847 graf et al . ( 2015 ) zambia lasidium mycetopodidae lamproscapha ensiformis ( spix & wagner , 1827 ) kp795004 kp795021 kp795039 ansp416342 peru lasidium iridinidae chambardia wahlbergi ( krauss , 1848 ) * jn243864 jn243886 kp795040 whelan et al . ( 2011 ) , fmnh 343928 zambia lasidium hyriidae hyridella australis ( lamarck , 1819 ) kp184883 kp184907 kp184859 graf et al . ( 2015 ) . . .
. . . australia s - shaped hooked velesunio ambiguous ( philippi , 1847 ) kp184892 kp184915 kf011257 graf et al . ( 2015 ) , pfeiffer & graf ( 2013 ) australia s - shaped hooked triplodon corrugatus ( lamarck , 1819 ) kp184876 kp184900 kp184852 graf et al . ( 2015 ) peru s - shaped hooked castalia ambigua lamarck , 1819 jn243867 jn243889 kp184848 graf et al . ( 2015 ) . . .
. . . owing to their relatively limited migration and dispersal abilities , their sensitivity to changes in the environment has become evident through heavy declines in recent decades ; freshwater mussels are among the most threatened group of fauna globally ( seddon et al . 2012 ; lopes - lima et al . 2014 ) . australia ' s freshwater mussels belong to six genera , all from the hyriidae , believed to have arisen between the jurassic and cretaceous periods , with westralunio carteri as perhaps the most ancient ( graf et al . 2015 ) and the sole representative of the genus in australia ( mcmichael and hiscock 1958 ) . the taxon was described as a subspecies ( w . . . .
as members of the iucn red list mollusc specialist committee , we aim to work with collaborators to update the conservation status of freshwater mussels across australia .
we wish to determine the origin of helicoidea and sagdoidea within eupulmonata as well as family - level relationship within the superfamilies .
molecular phylogenetic analysis of tropical freshwater mussels ( mollusca : bivalvia : unionoida ) resol . . .
the freshwater mussels prisodontopsis aviculaeformis ( f . r . woodward , 1991 ) and mweruella mweruensis ( e . a . smith , 1908 ) are endemic to lake mweru and confluent rivers in zambia and the democratic republic of congo in southcentral africa . each species has traditionally been regarded as monotypic at the genus - level or above . we assessed the phylogenetic relationships of these two species together . . . [ show full abstract ]
bilaterally asymmetrical glochidia ( i . e . bivalved parasitic larvae bearing a large marginal appendage on a single valve ) have been reported from five asian freshwater mussel genera belonging to two separate subfamilies , the gonideinae ( i . e . pseudodon , solenaia , and physunio ) and rectidentinae ( i . e . contradens and trapezoideus ) . this classification requires that the bilaterally asymmetrical . . . [ show full abstract ]
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is commonly referred to as pearly mussels , naiads , or unionids . although no full accounts for the family
includes around 1 , 000 species worldwide ( bauer 2001a ) . charles torrey simpson described 1 , 172 species in 1900 and 1 , 337 in 1914 . a more recent account by fritz haas ( 1969 ) combined over 4 , 000 names into just 837 recognized species ( graf & cummings 2002 ) .
are acephalic ( no head ) , bivalved mollusks usually with the beak ( the elevated portion of the dorsal margin ) slightly anterior . when present , the pseudocardinal teeth are generally anterior to the beak . the lateral teeth , generally posterior to the beak , are parallel to the hinge line . the species in this family have a foot rather than a byssus , fibrous structures found in other mussel families . along with
does not have true siphons ( true siphons are formed when tissues between the inhalent and exhalent openings are fused and mantle aperatures are elongated ) . unlike the family
has unbranched papillae ( bumps ) . individuals vary in shape , size and coloration . adult individuals can range from 30 to 250 mm .
occur in north america , europe , asia , africa , and the indonesian archipelago ( graf and cummings , 2002 ) and can thrive in tropical to temperate climates . the most diversity is in north america , where there are approximately 286 species ( turgeon et al . , 1998 ) , mainly east of the rocky mountains ( jennings , 2000 ) . the nearly 300 species in north america are grouped into 49 genera , which make up two subfamilies :
is an example of this broad diversity . only two species are found in the interior united states ( mississippi river basin ) , and the majority of the species ( 36 currently recognized ) are found in the rivers of the southeastern atlantic coastal plain ( watters , 2001a ) . historical documentation describes mussels paving the beds of the ohio and wabash rivers ( warren , 2000 ) .
( cummings and mayer , 1992 ; graf and cummings , 2008 ; graf , 2002 ; jennings , 2000 ; turgeon , et al . , 1998 ; warren , 2000 ; watters , 2001a )
unionids are found in various permanent freshwater sources such as lakes , streams , and rivers . the family
is not found in high mountain lakes , probably due to a lack of proper fish hosts for the glochidia or poor nutrient supply ( smith 2001 ) . most species are generally found where there are coarse substrates like sand or gravel ( smith 2001 ) however , the predictive value of substrate has been questioned ( strayer and ralley , 1993 ) . in michigan , different mussel distributions may more strongly tied to surface geology in the streams ( strayer , 1983 ) . constantly shifting substrates or stream basins composed of solid rock have few mussels . rivers tend to have a more abundant food supply and higher dissolved oxygen content than bodies of water with little or no current . large rivers tend to contain a wider diversity of mussel species and larger populations than smaller streams ( cummings & mayer 1992 ) . watters ( 1992 ) found as the area of a drainage basin increases , so does the fish diversity . this relationship is likely due to the increased diversity in habitat for fish . watters ( 1992 ) also found a linear correlation between fish diversity and mussel diversity , likely due to the increase number of host fish species available .
because the shell is primarily composed of calcium carbonate , mussels prefer an aquatic habitat with an alkaline ph , an abundance of calcium , a bound carbon dioxide content of more than 15 mg / l , and a potassium level less than 7 mg / l . some species are able to tolerate an acidic ph for a short time , but eventually the acid will dissolve the shell and alter the internal chemistry of the visceral mass . calcium and carbon dioxide are important for the development of the shell , and potassium appears to be toxic .
unionids are most abundant in depths less than 2 m , but will populate waters as deep as 7 m ( smith 2001 ) . the record depth for a
specimens ranging between 7 and 14 years old and less than 53 mm long were collected from lake michigan ( reigle 1967 ) .
called
valves
( bivalved ) attached at the hinge by an elastic ligament . they have an
( beak ) along the dorsal margin and slightly anterior to the hinge and are bilaterally symmetrical along a plane running between the two valves . individuals do not have true siphons . instead , they have two to three openings in the mantle along the posterior margin that act as the inhalant and exhalant apertures ( smith 2001 ) . these openings are either papillated ( bumpy ) or crenulated ( grooved ) along the external margin . under each mantle is a gill made up of two demibranchs . each demibranch is composed of two
fused at the ventral surface but open at the dorsal surface forming a “w . ” each lamella is lined vertically with compact
, which are closed at the bottom but open into a larger , shared cavity at the top called the suprabranchial chamber . these water tubes are characteristic of
is found on the anterior end of the organism and between the demibranchs in the two valves . the majority of the median visceral mass in the posterior portion of the organism is primarily dorsal and not as confined in the anterior portion ( smith 2001 ) . unionids have a simple sensory system . their
is comprised of three pairs of ganglia : cerebropleural , pedal , and visceral . with one on each side of the esophagus , the cerebropleural ganglia are located on the posterior side of the anterior adductor muscle and are connected by a short commissure . in the foot and fused is the pair of pedal ganglia and anterior to the posterior adductor muscle is the partially fused visceral ganglia . the ganglia are connected by long commissures and each pair is the source of the nerve fibers for the surrounding organs ( smith 2001 ) . near the pedal ganglia is a pair of
, which are ovid or spherical . these statocysts are filled with fluid and lined with sensory cells . they also contain a solid sphere called a statolith ( smith 2001 ) . these mussels generally have closed statocysts and a single statolith ( meglitsch & schram 1991 ) . osphradia are specialized epithelium concentrated in two small regions on the roof of the cloacal chamber ( the posterior end of the suprabranchial chamber in the gills where it is fused ) ( smith 2001 ) . in some species , there is a spot of pigmentation near the inhalant aperture that may be photoactive ( smith 2001 ) .
adult unionids can range anywhere from 30 to 250 mm ( smith 2001 ) in length , and are just as variable in shape and color . among the common shapes are triangular , circular , rhomboidal , quadrate , trapezoidal , and elliptical ( burch 1975 ) . shape is a general description ; it cannot be heavily relied upon in the identification of species because it can vary among individuals of the same species . it is not uncommon to have a more inflated , rounded form of a species found in large rivers , while the larger , more compressed form of the same species is found in smaller streams and lakes where currents are not as strong . many genera in the subfamily
exhibit sexual dimorphism . in these species , the males are usually bluntly pointed or squared along the posterior - ventral margin , while females are broadly truncated . periostracum colors vary from yellow or tan to shades of green to dark brown or black . some have solid rays , broken rays , wavy rays , rays composed of chevrons , or even a combination of rays and spots . external shell sculpturing can also vary from one species to another and can be used to distinguish some taxa . sculptures can be one of several combinations of ridges and bumps called
nodules
or
pustules .
not all mussel species have sculpturing . nearly the entire
subfamily has smooth surfaces with the exception of ridges formed from the concentric growth rings . another exterior sculpturing that is relied upon in identification is beak sculpture . beak sculptures range from numerous fine concentric ridges to a few distinctive bars to double - looped or v - shaped ridges . in some cases , the difference in beak sculpture is the best way to distinguish between two species . other exterior shell characteristics may include a prominent posterior ridge extending from beak to posterior - ventral margin , a unique texture to the periostracum , or a wing - like structure extending from the dorsal margin .
are the parasitic stage of the larvae and are generally dependent on a host to survive . mature glochidia range from 0 . 05 to 0 . 5 mm in diameter . they are bivalves , which vary in shape from triangular , circular , oblong , or ( in
only ) ax head shaped and are typically attached by a single adductor muscle . most glochidia have sensory hairs lining their mantle and a larval thread protruding from the open valves , which may allow them to attach to the host . many species have hook - like structures to allow them to attach to the fins or skin of the fish . those species without hooks usually attach to the gills .
measurements are generally taken of the length , height , and width . the length is the distance from the anterior to the posterior margin . the height is the distance from dorsal to ventral margin , usually at the beak . width is the widest point when the mussel valves are together , which is usually below the beaks . in addition , some identification keys will use the length to height ratio as a way to distinguish some species .
embryonic unionids develop within the marsupia , or specialized portions of the gills , of the female . once fully developed , they are
from the female and must attach to the gills or fins of a fish host within a few days or they will die .
are the only two species capable of direct development without a host ( watters 1994c ) . only one species ,
. many unionids are species - specific , requiring one or a narrow range of species . if attached to the wrong species , the glochidia will die as a result of the fish ' s immune system response ( watters 1998 ) . within a couple of days , the hosts’ dermal tissue will encapsulate each glochidium forming a nodular cyst . while encysted , the glochidia will metamorphose , allowing the organs to develop more like an adult’s organs ( meglitsch & schram 1991 ) . there is a mortality rate of over 99 . 99 % from the time the glochidia are released from the mother to the time in which the metamorphosed juveniles settle in the sediments ( jansen et al 2001 ) .
( jansen , et al . , 2001 ; meglitsch and schram , 1991 ; watters , 1994c ; watters , 1998 )
after an average of 10 - 30 days ( the record is 190 days ) , the metamorphosis will be complete and the glochidia will break from the cysts and drop from the host . the third and final stage of development occurs in the sediments of the stream or lake and may last anywhere from one to eight years before the juvenile is sexually mature . in this juvenile stage , the young mussel will complete its internal development , create the adult shell , and begin to live independently in the stream or lake .
as in most bivalves , the shell is composed of three layers : the periostracum , the prismatic layer , and the nacre . the periostracum is the outermost layer and is composed of an organic material . the prismatic layer is the middle layer and is composed of thin blocks of a prism - like calcium carbonate , which are oriented perpendicular to the mantle and the other two layers . the nacre , or mother of pearl , is the innermost layer , which is composed of thin , alternating , laminae ( flakes or sheets ) of calcium carbonate and an organic material ( smith 2001 ) . the mantle is responsible for generating new shell as the mussel ages . a mantle flap is pressed against the interior of each valve and ends in three folds . the periostracum forms at the outer margin and the prismatic layer forms at the outer border . the nacre forms along the entire surface of the mantle .
form where the muscle attaches to the shell , disrupting the formation of the nacre . instead of the shell forming along the dorsal edge where the hinge is located , an elastic hinge ligament composed of conchiolin ( a protein - rich substance ) forms , binding the two valves together ( meglitsch & schram 1991 ) .
. because new shell is added along the entire edge of the mantle , concentric rings form around the beak . in some species , these rings may be grouped closer together in some areas than others , forming ridges . these ridges indicate the period of diapause during the winter or unfavorable environmental conditions , such as lower water level or lack of food . the period of growth in northern populations is typically from april to september . the growth rate depends mostly on environmental conditions such as water temperature , food supply , and the chemical composition of the water . many mussel species are capable of growing 30 to 80 mm every two growing seasons .
a few species are occasionally or permanently simultaneous hermaphrodites ( bauer 1987 ) , but in most cases , unionid sexes are separate . bauer ( 1987 ) suggested that hermaphroditism occurs when the population density is low or gene flow is limited . in these cases , the female is the only one of the two sexes that can become hermaphroditic . despite the dioecious nature of most mussels , males and females do not make contact with each other . males produce sperm year round and
during the time of year when females ovulate ( matteson 1948 ) . this simultaneous release of gametes may be triggered by a change in the water temperature and the intensity of light in the environment . the male’s sperm leaves the suprabranchial chamber of each demibranch and exits the organism through the exhalant aperture to be carried by the water current to a nearby female . because sperm cannot swim against the current , the receiving female must be downstream ( watters 1994a ) . the sperm enters the female through the inhalant aperture and fertilizes the eggs stored in the water tubes of the demibranch’s lamellae ( smith 2001 ) .
depending on the species , sexual maturity is reached between one and eight years ( smith 2001 ) . gamete production is initiated by a change in the water temperature surrounding the mussel ( watters 1998 ) . annual gametogenesis and gravidity may occur throughout the year or during certain seasons depending on latitude . the more northern populations tend to be gravid for a few months or all winter long and release the glochidia in the spring . there are a few species that release the glochidia in the fall . in many cases , southern populations are not restricted to reproducing during certain seasons . the number of larvae developing in one female at a time may range from several thousand in some of the smaller
genera to possibly over 1 million . the maximum amount of glochidia in one female is unknown , but tankersley and dimock ( 1992 ) recorded nearly 1 million in a
, contains species which have produced more than 3 million per individual ( smith 2001 ) . bradytictic ( long term ) breeders will maintain the glochidia within the marsupia , the specialized portions of the gills , until the following spring or summer before
. tachytictic ( short term ) breeders will release the glochidia in the same year , usually by july or august ( watters 1998 ) . matteson ( 1948 ) was convinced that the membrane surrounding the developing embryos provides all of the necessary nutrients , rather than the female transferring food to the developing young . his conclusion was based on a lack of connective structure from the gills to the young and that the fertilization membrane surrounding each embryo , which prevents the passing of any materials , remains until development is complete .
unionid embryos spend the first stage of development in the marsupial portion of the female unionid ' s gills , where they develop into glochidia , the parasitic stage . once the first stage is complete , usually in the spring , the female will
into the water to begin the second stage as a parasite . because glochidial mortality is high , many unionids have developed specialized methods of attracting fish to the mother before the glochidia are released , increasing the chances the larvae can attach to a host . some of these species extend the glochidia encapsulated in conglutinates ( chamberlain 1934 ) . these conglutinates ( sacs ) are attached to the parent organism and move in the current like worms . this encapsulated appendage acts as a lure to attract the host fish , which then eats the glochidia freeing them from the capsule and allowing them to attach to the gills of the fish . other species use a modified mantle flap to attract the fish . this flap mimics the prey of the potential host fish . the glochidia are sensitive enough to attach themselves to the fish as soon as contact is made .
for small organisms , unionids are long - lived , living an average of 10 or more years ( cummings & mayer 1992 ) . some genera live only 8 to 9 years , while others can live up to 10 to 15 years ( smith 2001 ) . given the proper conditions , many species can live up to 20 or 30 years ( watters 1998 ) . bauer ( 2001b ) suggested life span is dependent upon metabolic rate . mussels with a higher metabolic rate tend to have a shorter life span . those unionids in larger rivers or streams would have a higher metabolic rate due to the abundance of food , and would be expected to have a short life . unionids that thrive further upstream may have a longer lifespan because they would have adapted to a limited food supply by decreasing their metabolic rate . although metabolic rate is a key factor affecting longevity in some species , it is not a universal constant . some species with similar metabolic rates may have very different lifespans .
for the most part , mussels are sedentary , but they are capable of a restricted form of locomotion . they move around by a series of muscular motions of the
located at the anterior end of each individual . the foot is thrust forward first . it then swells and shortens at the same time , causing the body and shell to pull forward slightly . this process is repeated until the mussel has reached its destination . some species have been recorded to move up to several feet within an hour . researchers are still unsure what causes this migration , but they suspect the movement is caused by a drop in water level or some other unfavorable change in the surrounding environment .
unionids are solitary organisms . the only intra - or inter - species interactions occur during reproduction . once they drop from the host , the mussel becomes a solitary individual and live partially buried in the sediments . as juveniles , mussels burrow into the sediments along the bottom of the stream or lake , which protects them from predators . once mature , more of the organism must protrude from the substrate in order for the inhalant and exhalant apertures to bring in and expel water . because more of the shell is visible , they are more susceptible to predation .
during winter months and aestivation periods ( matteson 1955 ; van der schalie 1940 ) , mussels will burrow into the substrate until only the apertures are protruding . they then go into a state of dormancy where the apertures only open on occasion . some genera are able to survive in this dormant state among the dry to moist sediments for months at a time ( smith 2001 ) .


jocara breviornatalis is a species of snout moth in the genus jocara .

it was described by augustus radcliffe grote in 1877 .

it is found in the u.s. states of texas , oklahoma and florida .

jocara breviornatalis

this is the place for breviornatalis definition . you find here breviornatalis meaning , synonyms of breviornatalis and images for breviornatalis copyright 2017 © urltoken
jocara breviornatalis - urdu meaning and translation of jocara breviornatalis , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of jocara breviornatalis and more .
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word breviornatalis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word breviornatalis and , of course , breviornatalis synonyms and on the right images related to the word breviornatalis .
jocara cacalis ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )
jocara is a genus of snout moths . it was described by francis walker in 1863 .
jocara walker , 1863
at markku savela ' s lepidoptera and some other life forms . retrieved may 25 , 2017 .
jocara suiferens dyar , 1913 ; proc . u . s . natn . mus . 45 ( 2006 ) : 649 ; tl : peru , pampaconas river
jocara ( epipaschiinae ) ; hampson , 1896 , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1896 ( 4 ) : 460 ; [ globiz ] ; [ nacl ] , 79
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deuterollyta conspicualis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 359 , ( 12 ) pl . 7 , f . 16 - 17 ; tl : brazil
deuterollyta francesca jones , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1912 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : castro , paraná , brazil
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walker , 1863 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 27 : 1 - 286 ( 1863 ) , 28 : 287 - 562 ( 1863 ) , 29 : 563 - 835 ( 1864 ) , 30 : 837 - 1096 ( 1864 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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archinemapogon yildizae is a moth of the tineidae family .

it was described by koçak in 1981 .

it is found in most of europe , except ireland , the benelux , the iberian peninsula and most of the balkan peninsula .

the habitat consists of birch woodlands .

the wingspan is 14 – 21 mm .

adults are on wing from may to july .

the larvae feed on bracket fungi ( fomes or piptorus species ) growing on betula .

archinemapogon yildizae

a rare species , with a british distribution only in the central scottish highlands , although occurring elsewhere in europe and further east .
the larvae feed on bracket fungus , either fomes or piptorus which grows on birch ( betula ) .
adults , though at large from may to july are generally only encountered as a result of rearing from larvae .
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notes : endangered ( proposed as a future red data book species ) in birch woodland in the scottish highlands . unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight . wingspan 14 - 21 mm . larva feeds on bracket fungi growing on birch .
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