the permit , trachinotus falcatus , is a game fish of the western atlantic ocean belonging to the carangidae family .

adults feed on crabs , shrimp , and smaller fish .

two submarines of the united states navy were named uss permit in its honor , in keeping with the " denizens of the deep " theme of submarine names that prevailed before the 1971 naming of uss los angeles .

permit ( fish )

before heading out to fish for permit , always refer to the current florida saltwater fishing regulations .
a happy permit angler ! this fish was released to fight another day . image © sean morey
although abundance estimates for populations in the irl are scarce , the permit is considered a common game fish in florida waters .
whether preferring fly or light - tackle permit fishing . first priority is providing a pleasant , memorable , and successful florida keys permit fishing charter .
permit pose no threat to humans , though ciguatera poisoning may result if eaten .
allow a fish to breathe underwater . these are very delicate structures and should not be touched if the fish is to be released !
provide movement and locomotion . this is the part of the fish that is usually eaten , and composes the fillet of the fish .
the window of opportunity in successfully hooking a permit is small when considering the entire act of permit fishing . there are also many different scenarios when it comes to actually seeing permit in shallow water . all being said , the permit’s dead giveaway is it’s long , black , fork like tail . at times , that tail will pierce the surface of the water ( a tailing permit ) . most of the time , it’s underwater .
i am doing an embroidery of a permit fish for my permit fishing godson and want to know are the scales on the fish very visible . all the pictures i have seen on the internet do not show scales atall clearly i have never seen one jill if anyone could answer my question it would be very helpfull
sportfishers consider the permit an important gamefish , and this fish , in addition to the bonefish and tarpon , supports a large charterboat fishing industry . many anglers regard the permit as one of the most difficult gamefish to catch , and consider a permit caught on fly the highlight of their angling achievements . many fishing guides and anglers highly esteem the permit and release the fish unharmed . most mortality attributed to human activity while sportfishing occurs from injuries incurred when being landed , such as
gut hooking
or sharks that take advantage of the hooked fish . though conscientious anglers attempt to break the line , thereby releasing the permit from restraint when a shark is sighted , sharks occasionally leave the angler with only half a fish .
permit ( trachinotus falcatus ) is a fish with an identity crisis . because it appears strikingly similar to the florida pompano , many anglers mistake it for that more popular , commercially marketed fish . even scientists have gathered little in - depth information on permit . however , among those in the know , the species has carved out a niche as a popular sport fish and prime table fare .
drawing of an adult permit , trachinotus falcatus . illustration by diana rome peebles ©1998 . courtesy of florida fish & wildlife conservation commission , division of marine fisheries .
learn some of the physical characteristics that can help you properly identify permit and florida pompano .
only move ( translocate ) fish as a last resort . you must have a permit from the environment agency to move fish ( not just common sturgeon ) as it risks transferring diseases and invasive non - native species between water bodies .
dentition permit have no teeth other than granular teeth that occur on the tongue , designed for crushing mollusks and crustaceans . the teeth are most conspicuous in younger fish .
using live crabs to catch permit is the easiest method . when using a light - tackle spinning rod , casting a well placed live crab to an unsuspecting permit will ultimately result in a hook - up . the permit is very aggressive when comfortable . once alerted by boat or angler , that’s it , the jig is up , and the permit never gives second chances .
you can use permit me when you are about to say something or to make a suggestion .
the deeply forked tail and elongated anterior dorsal fin provide the more distinct characteristics of the permit . looking like long sickles , these fins impart the fish ' s species name falcatus . however , one can also identify the permit by its highly laterally compressed body , making the fish appear thin and tall . from a lateral perspective , the permit shape looks round in juveniles , but becomes oblong as the fish ages into an adult . in addition to the long anterior dorsal fin , inserted directly above an elongated anterior anal fin , permit also possess 17 - 21 soft dorsal rays , and 16 - 19 soft anal rays .
the full story behind simplot ' s two - headed fish and phosphate mine .
an english couple on holiday went home with one heck of a fish story .
he preferred to focus his stories on the fish , tactics , other anglers .
hughes gm ( 1972 ) morphometrics of fish gills . respir physiol 14 : 1–26
freshwater and migratory fish : surveys and mitigation for development projects - gov . uk
estuarine fish habitats occur where fresh water from rivers and streams mixes with the salty ocean water . this brackish water environment supports a variety of fish habitats , including :
the population size of permit is something of a mystery , as the last stock assessment of the fish was in 1996 . nevertheless , recreational anglers and commercial fishers know where to find them .
the snub - nosed dart , aka tropical permit , aka indian ocean permit trachinotus blochii , was the first of the aussie permit species to be described . way back in 1801 the famous french naturalist bernard lacépède called it “caesiomorus blochii” , but this was done to correct the first scientific mention of this species by swedish naturalist peter forsskål , who incorrectly described it as the atlantic permit ( then known as scomber falcatus ) in 1775 .
on the flats , permit are a more challenging catch than bonefish , tarpon , or any other sport fish that inhabits the area , according to keys fishing guides . the prime season coincides more or less with spawning season , from april to october , but some permit are reeled in year - round . to catch the fish , anglers can keep their artificial lures in the tackle box . permit typically respond to live bait , the top choice being crabs - - which , along with mollusks , make up their regular diet . on rare occasions , a patient and persistent fly fisher may land a permit .
the fact that early naturalists had trouble telling these species apart shows the morphological differences between the australian permit species and the “real” atlantic permit are quite small . the local species has slightly longer anal and dorsal fins with yellow colouration and black edges , a rounder head and shorter mouth , but otherwise appear virtually identical to atlantic permit .
if you ever get the urge to tackle the most stubborn , cantankerous , uncooperative , and just plain aggravating fish in the world , give permit fishing a try . it’s more than worth it .
here we show that the detection of fish edna correlates with fish abundance as determined by a compiled checklist and differs by season consistent with the widespread movement of fish populations into regional inshore waters and estuaries in the spring . to our knowledge , this is the most extensive time series analysis of marine fish edna to date . together with other studies , these results support edna for marine fish assessment and highlight limitations and aspects needing further study .
for a permit in florida , life typically begins in spring or summer , though spawning in the keys may occur year - round . permit are multiple - batch spawners , meaning one fish can produce and shed eggs more than once a season . reproduction typically takes place offshore over reefs 33 to 100 feet deep .
permit primarily forage on flats and intertidal areas , entering shallow water on incoming tides from deeper adjacent channels and basins . they usually travel in schools of about ten , but may school in larger numbers ; larger permit tend to be more solitary , feeding alone or in pairs . permit also congregate around wrecks and other deeper - water structures .
3 . florida keys , usa : from central florida , to key west , this is undoubtedly the premier destination for any serious permit angler . miles of beautiful beaches , acres of crystal - clear flats , hundreds of guides specializing in permit fishing , and angler - friendly fishing regulations - what more could you ask for ? permit along the florida coast and the keys average over 20 pounds , making this the area with the largest average size for permit .
fish are widely recognizable to anglers , outdoor enthusiasts and everyday citizens . size , body shape , and color distinguish different taxa of fish and help when trying to identify a species .
jeanne moos has a fish story about a shark that got away with an expensive lunch .
crabtree , re , hood , pb & d snodgrass . 2002 . age , growth , and reproduction of permit ( trachinotus falcatus ) in florida waters . fish . bull . 100 : 26 - 34 .
learning to see the permit’s most revealing feature , it’s dark tail and fins against a current - swept shallow flat , takes a bit of concentration from the angler’s behalf . though once seen in good sunlight , the permit can’t be missed . a novice angler can sum it up with a patient , practiced cast once the permit is seen within casting range .
remains the most captivating fish of the flats . those who fish for them seem to never grow tired of it . in fact , those who fish for them sometimes give up all other fishing . nothing else quite lives up to a large permit feeding in shallow water . once witnessed someone may be able to understand . yet , for some reason it’s truly hard finding words capable of describing the act of
this popular sport fish is often confused with a smaller look - alike , the florida pompano .
but we trust they will not try to compete with the local sports in telling fish stories .
hori m . frequency - dependent natural selection in the handedness of scale - eating cichlid fish .
permit fishing on the flats involves sight - fishing . this means you have to see the permit before it notices you – no mean feat in 3 ft . of crystal - clear water . they can often be located when “tailing” , or swimming with their tail or dorsal fins sticking out of the water . schools of permit fan out over the flats , so you will be targeting individual fish most of the time . there are 4 ways to accomplish this :
to distinguish adult permit from pompano , one need only remember the saying
size matters .
permit can grow to more than double the length of pompano and several times the weight . a 15 - to 20 - pound permit is a common sight , and the fish can easily exceed 3 feet in length . at smaller sizes , the distinction between the two species might not be as obvious . however , a good rule of thumb is a simple color check : small permit have orange patches on their chins , fins , or bellies ; pompano have yellow coloring in those areas .
predators the primary predators of permit include most large piscivores , such as sharks and barracuda . bull , lemon , and hammerhead sharks often venture onto the flats to hunt for feeding permit . anglers often report that , while fighting a permit on the line , these shark species will tear their prized - for sportfish in half , leaving the angler with only the head .
mangroves are protected in nsw and a permit of required from nsw dpi to undertake works or activities that may harm them .
seagrasses are protected in nsw and a permit is required from nsw dpi to undertake works or activities that may harm them .
using a fly rod to catch permit is everything but easy . the angler must have a true sense of how permit behave when feeding in shallow water . there’s no way around it , catching permit on fly is the ultimate when talking saltwater fly fishing . experience will get you there , but only when preparation meets opportunity . the rest could fill a well criticized book .
u . s . fish and wildlife service home page | department of the interior | urltoken | about the u . s . fish and wildlife service accessibility | privacy | notices | disclaimer | foia
permit frequent offshore wrecks , oil platforms , and artificial reefs , as well as grass and sand flats , deep channels , and holes inshore . tagging studies are under way to track their movements and migrations in florida waters . researchers hope to learn whether a permit ' s life journey connects these various habitats . if you are interested in volunteering to tag the permit you catch and release , refer to the article
tag a permit for research gains
for information about how to request a tagging kit .
. however , other explanations may be given , for example , that the association of this clade with fish ponds is due to non - random dispersal . specifically , most of the israeli aquaculture system relies on hatching and growth of juvenile fish in a small number of dedicated facilities , with the fish then distributed as fingerlings to fish ponds . this could enable concurrent transfer of the hatcheries microbiota , including
after recent surveys in 2003 , the florida fish and wildlife commission changed the florida size and bag limits for permit , effective january 1 , 2004 . the fwc raised the minimum size limit from 10 inches to 11 inches for all fishermen ( commercial and recreational ) , and decreased the recreational aggregate bag limit of permit and florida pompano from 10 fish to 6 fish per person per day . the upper size limit remains at 20 inches , but with a provision that allows anglers to retain one fish over 20 inches in their daily bag limit . these changes are designed to allow more permit to reach sexual maturity and reduce overall landings . though susceptible to overfishing , the world conservation union ( iucn ) does not currently list the permit as an endangered or vulnerable species . the iucn ( a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership ) assesses the conservation status of species .
u . s . fish and wildlife service home page | department of the interior | urltoken | about the u . s . fish and wildlife service | accessibility | privacy | notices | disclaimer | foia
the river project . fish caught at hudson river park 1988–2015 . available 12 / 1 / 2015 from
the method chosen will be dependent on local conditions . most surveys are carried out by electrofishing unless the water body is wide or very deep in which case nets are likely to be used . you must consult with the environment agency if you’re electrofishing or netting as these methods will require a permit . the movement of fish between waters will also require a permit .
spark another great time of year for permit fishing in the florida keys flats and backcountry . marking the arrival back from their spawning period , june and july are great months to find large hungry permit mixing in areas alongside bonefish . recognized by many as the best
adams , aj , wolfe , rk , kellison , gt & bc victor . 2006 . patterns of juvenile habitat use and seasonality of settlement by permit , trachinotus falcatus . environ . biol . fish . 75 : 209 - 217 .
to be released in september , janet garrity ' s book , goin ' down the river , fish camps of the sea islands , captures in photos and stories the unique essence of the fish camp experience .
fish are animals that are cold - blooded , have fins and a backbone . most fish have scales and breathe with gills . approximately , 22 , 000 species of fish began evolving 480 million years ago . the largemouth bass illustrated above has the typical torpedo - like ( fusiform ) shape associated with many fishes .
permit can live long lives . in a study of specimens from tampa bay and the florida keys , a 3 - foot permit was aged at 23 years . because this species can grow about an additional foot , researchers believe its life span may be even longer .
joseph addison ( 1672 - 1719 ) let us not aggravate our sorrows , / but to the gods permit the event of things .
fwcc . 2010a . florida saltwater fishing regulations . florida fish & wildlife conservation commission . online at urltoken .
fish can detect color . the eyes are rounder in fish than mammals because of the refractive index of water and focus is achieved by moving the lens in and out , not reshaping the lens as in mammals .
) , similar to the result in a previous study on the same fish species ( kusche et al .
standing advice for local planning authorities about impacts of development on freshwater and migratory fish , including common sturgeon .
this information should be used to decide what is needed for surveys and planning mitigation measures for protected fish .
carolus linnaeus originally described the permit in 1758 , classifying it within the jack family carangidae . he initially named it labrus falcatus , but later taxonomists reclassified the permit within the genus trachinotus , grouping it with similar species such as the florida pompano ( trachinotus carolinus ) , the palometa ( trachinotus goodei ) , and the blackblotch pompano ( trachinotus kennedyi ) . though the permit has been confused as all of these fish , trachinotus falcatus serves as the only valid scientific name for the species . falcatus , a latin adjective that translates to
armed with scythes ,
appropriately describes the large sickle - shaped dorsal fin that breaches the surface when permit feed .
parasites permit suffer from many parasites , including the branchial parasite bicotylophora baeri , the intestinal parasite serrasentis socialis , and trematodes from the genus lobatostoma . when cultured together in fish farms , permit may become susceptible to bacteria such as vibrio anguillarum and the dinoflagellate amyloodinium ocellatum . the latter infests the skin and gills of the host , eventually causing death through toxins or by interfering with respiration .
if someone permits something , they allow it to happen . if they permit you to do something , they allow you to do it .
a large , strong fish which at times inhabits depths of water less than they are long . patience , and a respect for the hunt and environment are essential . permit are plentiful in the lower florida keys , getting them to take a hook is the trick . seen as one of the greater challenges in shallow water sight fishing , permit will demand the very best of an angler . when fished for with live bait , we have the upper hand . when fished for on fly , we give the permit an advantage .
the body shapes of fish have developed to take advantage of the habitats where they live and feed . longer , torpedo shaped fish inhabit fast moving water , while deep bodied fish have adapted to thrive in slower moving pools . fins and tail , position of mouth , and barbels ( whiskers on a catfish ) enhance a fish’s ability to swim , feed , and locate food respectively . these and other physical characteristics not only allow a species to take advantage of certain stream habitat unpopulated by other fish but also help the scientist to make a conclusive identification .
good piece , but newspapers should let city - bound , know - nothing editors write headlines for fish stories .
despite recent news stories , this is not a good time to be a fish in the lower elwha river .
41 fish species are known to use saltmarsh areas , including yellowfin bream , sand whiting and various mullets . 2
truth is , keys permit fishing is in a class of it’s own because of where it all takes place . some of the keys’ best permit fishing flats are of the most beautiful . the lower florida keys are host to hundreds of these clear - water flats , which are surrounded by thousands of underwater reefs , ship - wrecks , and rock piles ; a truly perfect environment for this fish .
break down ( digest ) food and absorb nutrients . fish such as bass that are piscivorous ( eat other fish ) have fairly short intestines because such food is easy to chemically break down and digest . fish such as tilapia that are herbivorous ( eat plants ) require longer intestines because plant matter is usually tough and fibrous and more difficult to break down into usable components . a great deal about fish feeding habits can be determined by examining stomach contents .
permit that invade the flats and backcountry during this time typically range between 10 and 40 pounds in weight . most permit seen during this time are grouped together in schools . aggressive in nature when found in these pre - spawn schools , a seemingly confident sense of competition takes over their behavior .
offshore fishing for permit requires little in the way of specialty equipment . a suitable boat , good saltwater medium light rod , and a medium spinning or bait fishing reel , with no larger than 12 lbs . test line is all you need . most offshore permit fishing is done with live bait , more specifically , live blue crabs ( known as “permit candy” ) . the best method is to use a depth - finder to locate wrecks and rock - piles in 30 - 60 ft . of water . anywhere that would be a good hangout for crabs is a prime permit spot .
our guards introduced us , and i heard one of them telling a small crowd about the fish and hay stories .
this is natural england’s species standing advice for local planning authorities who need to assess planning applications that affect protected fish .
nsw fisheries ( 1999 ) fish habitat protection plan no 2 : seagrasses , nsw department of primary industries , cronulla .
permit compose an important commercial fishery along with their close relative the florida pompano . the permit commercial fishery yielded 10 . 4 metric tons in 2002 , down from 68 metric tons in 2000 . florida landings comprised 100 percent of the catch in 2002 . in response to possible overfishing , the florida wildlife commission recently raised minimum size limits and decreased bag limits ( see conservation below ) . originally interested in the related florida pompano , fish farmers have only recently begun to experiment with the mariculture of permit , raising them in large near - shore pens for commercial sale .
re - use of this article is permitted in accordance with the creative commons deed , attribution 2 . 5 , which does not permit commercial exploitation .
for many years australian anglers , particularly fly fishers , were teased and tempted by glossy international flyfishing magazines containing stories of challenging encounters with permit . even as recently as 20 years ago , the media spotlight for flats fishers was firmly on the
true
permit trachinotus falcatus of atlantic and caribbean fame .
although permit are found all along the atlantic of the us , as far north as massachusetts , and south to brazil , along the gulf of mexico coastlines and even some of the pacific coast south to mexico , there are some areas that are famous for their permit fisheries . these top destinations include :
and other micro - organisms that will help test these hypotheses . in parallel , isolation and characterization of fish - pond associated strains may help determine whether such strains have growth advantages under conditions commonly found in fish ponds , or whether the changes in
in essence , permit fishing is pretty straight - forward : find the fish , cast to them and hope that they bite . finding the fish within your range is usually not very difficult . permit are a fairly common fish , and can be found cruising the reefs , inlets and passes , sailing in the surf , and along the flats . they can be fished for with live bait , lures , jigs , and fly fishing gear . no special gear is required , other than making sure it’s stout enough to handle a 30 - 40 bruiser with an attitude . medium saltwater spinning , and saltwater fly fishing gear are preferred . if only it were that easy , though .
1930 ,
presbytarians
, time , 19 dec 1930 : last week the decision on two points was conclusive : the presbyterian church in the u . s . a . will not permit ordination of women as ministers , but will permit their election as ruling elders , permission which makes possible a woman as moderator .
the elusive permit has been called ”the grey ghost of the flats” , and has frustrated more anglers than possibly any other fish , anywhere in the world . along with tarpon and bonefish , they comprise “the big three” of flats fishing . permit fishing is the most difficult type of fishing you will ever do . with eyes of a hawk , unbelievable hearing , and a sense of smell that would make a bloodhound cry , permit are definitely one of the most difficult fish to catch , fresh or salt water . to top it off , they get moody , sulky , and will sometimes just flat out refuse to cooperate . still , each year , thousands of anglers flock to this finny and fickle phantom’s locations , to try their luck anyway . why ? because catching a permit of any size bestows lifetime bragging rights upon the lucky angler , in any fishing circle , anywhere in the world .
pursuant to section 120 . 74 , florida statutes , the fish and wildlife conservation commission has published its 2017 agency regulatory plan .
fwcc . 2010b . marine fisheries information system 2009 annual landings summary . florida fish & wildlife conservation commission . online at urltoken .
this peculiar trait of man allows him to relish a good fish story , or the latest news from the sea - serpent .
one of the fish ' s primary sense organs ; detects underwater vibrations and is capable of determining the direction of their source .
takeuchi y , hori m , oda y . lateralized kinematics of predation behavior in a lake tanganyika scale - eating cichlid fish .
but time has moved on and today aussie anglers need not feel deprived of permit action anymore . indeed , we’re the lucky country in that we have not just one , but two species of permit in australian waters which are equally challenging , and at least one of them has a growth potential comparable to their us cousin .
2007 , ian jack , the guardian , 22 sep 07 :
as an instrument of economic policy , incantation does not permit of minor doubts or scruples .
for some , catching a permit on a fly rod represents a lifetime achievement . you can , of course lob a live crab out on a fly line , but there are many fly patterns that attract permit . an 8 - wt rod with a shooting taper fly line is perfect for permit , bonefish , and even small tarpon . you’ll need the shooting taper for some of the long casts you will need to make , so you may want to practice on the ‘double - haul’ cast beforehand .
size and bag limits are currently in place for the florida recreational fishery ( size limit at 22 inches fl , bag limit of one per harvester per day , and a closed season from 1 may through 31 july ) in special permit zones . gear restrictions apply : in state waters : hook and line only ; federal waters : hook and line and spearing . there is also a vessel limit of no more than two per vessel ( florida fish and wildlife conservation commission , accessed 10 august 2012 ) . in january 1996 , the commission implemented a recreational 10 - fish aggregate bag limit for florida pompano , permit ( trachinotus falcatus ) , and african pompano ( alectis ciliaris ) , with the allowance of one fish over 20 inches .
the stream monitoring program uses information obtained during fish sampling to determine the index of biotic integrity ( ibi ) for a local stream . in order to identify the fish specimens and safely release them in the field , the stream monitoring program works closely with a fisheries biologist .
to it , accordingly , a story of union between a man and a fish , a swan or a serpent , involves no difficulty .
lee hj , kusche h , meyer a . foraging behavior in scale - eating cichlid fish : its potential role in shaping morphological asymmetry .
habitat : permit are found in the surf , inlets and passes of both coasts , but are more numerous in the southern half of the state . in warm weather , they roam south atlantic reefs and many gulf wrecks . “classic” permit stalking on the flats is largely confined to dade county and the florida keys , as well as the bahamas and caribbean .
the primary structural framework upon which the fish ' s body is built ; connects to the skull at the front of the fish and to the tail at the rear . the spine is made up of numerous vertebrae , which are hollow and house and protect the delicate spinal cord .
the flats in south florida are famous for permit fishing , though researchers have recorded permit landings throughout the coastal counties , mostly by sport fishers . the recreational fishery accounted for 87 % of the landings of permit statewide in 2008 , or nearly 118 , 000 pounds - - about 100 , 000 pounds more than the commercial fishery . even so , the combined commercial and recreational landings , 135 , 451 pounds , constituted a small fishery relative to its
mistaken twin ,
the pompano , at 932 , 797 pounds that same year .
coloration permit have bright silver sides and bluish - green or brown backs . the belly will sometimes show yellow or an occasional black splotch . the fins appear dark gray or black .
the vent is the external opening to digestive urinary and reproductive tracts . in most fish , it is immediately in front of the anal fin .
bettex - galland m , hughes gm ( 1973 ) contractile filamentous material in the pillar cells of fish gills . j cell sci 13 : 359–370
assess the impacts this development would have on protected fish if no mitigation measures were planned and submit the assessment with your planning or licence application .
permit primarily occupy inshore regions such as flats and sandy beaches , and deeper cuts , channels , and holes adjacent to these areas . the substrate of the flats may vary from sand , mud , marl , or sea grass . permit often swim in water depths less than 2 feet , though due to large body depth , large individuals cannot occupy waters as shallow as other flats species such as bonefish . in deeper waters up to 30 m , permit often congregate around structures such as reefs , jetties , and wrecks where they frequently occur in large schools .
bigelow hb , schroeder wc . fishes of the gulf of maine , first revision . fishery bull fish wildlife service . 1953 ; 53 : 1–577 .
the mermaid of story was a damsel fair to view , until she had risen from the waves so as to show her fish - like ending .
the site of waste elimination from the fish ' s body . it is also the entry to the genital tract where eggs or sperm are released .
through hard work and a sense of exploration by a dedicated band of sport fishers and guides , the “where and when” behind the aussie permit species is being demystified . the good news is the “why” remains unchanged . they remain as challenging as ever and the next person to go home empty handed after flycasting to an acre of schooling aussie permit won’t be the first , or last .
this very tall , flat fish is most distinctive for its elongated dorsal and anal fins , and its deeply forked tail . it also has a series of dorsal rays , which give it its name
rough back
. these schooling fish hunt their prey inshore on sandy sea grass flats , but as they get older , they become more solitary . they are popular with sportsfishers because the fish can grow to 48 inches long and are challenging to catch .
graham , rt & dw castellanos . 2005 . courtship and spawning behaviors of carangid species in belize . fish . bull . 103 : 426 - 432 .
kusche h , lee hj , meyer a . mouth asymmetry in the textbook example of scale - eating cichlid fish is not a discrete dimorphism after all .
takeuchi y , hori m , myint o , kohda m . lateral bias of agonistic responses to mirror images and morphological asymmetry in the siamese fighting fish (
dispersal is with migratory birds , many of which visit multiple fish ponds on their annual return route from africa to europe ( van leeuwen et al . ,
did you know . . . 70 % of coastal fish species in south - eastern australia need to move through estuaries to complete their life cycle . 1
juvenile permit , trachinotus falcatus , in a seagrass bed . note the bright orange coloration of the anal and pelvic fins . photo by l . holly sweat , smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .
4 . kayaks : my favorite . kayaks are the ultimate small watercraft - sleek , fast , and virtually unsinkable . kayaks are as silent as it is possible to get . you can build up speed and then glide up to the permit’s vicinity without a sound . since you sit low in the water , all the fish sees is a somewhat large fish - shape , not necessarily a threat . every permit i have ever caught has been from one of my kayaks . there are even kayaks , such as the hobie models with their patented mirage drive , that operate with pedals . the only drawbacks is that you don’t have a lot of room for much gear ( but you really don’t need much ) , and not much room to keep your fish , should you plan to bring it home , but these drawbacks can be overcome with a little creativity .
the lower hudson river estuary offers edna assessment advantages . first , multiple seining surveys document local fish populations . second , large seasonal changes in fish abundance test edna temporal specificity . third , daily freshwater and saltwater inflows , which might carry edna from non - resident species , challenge geographic localization of edna . contrasting environments within the estuary query edna distribution at a finer scale . finally , most resident fish have mitochondrial sequences in genbank , enabling identification of amplified dna sequences .
on the flats , permit are usually solitary , and extremely wary . any indication that something is up will send the fish scurrying for deeper water just a shade faster than instantly . contrary to popular belief , the reason permit are so skittish on the flats is that it is not in fact their natural habitat . they normally haunt wrecks , rock - piles , grass - beds and such , but the flats offer too good of a crab hunting ground for them to overlook . but they definitely feel exposed , and will bolt at the slightest disturbance .
florida fish and wildlife conservation commission • farris bryant building 620 s . meridian st . • tallahassee , fl 32399 - 1600 • ( 850 ) 488 - 4676
ivanova nv , zemlak ts , hanner rh , hebert pdn . universal primer cocktails for fish dna barcoding . mol ecol notes . 2007 ; 7 : 544–548 .
a 10′ to 12′ long , 10 - 12 lb . test leader is plenty for permit fishing . a line basket will help you control your line during those long retrieves . you’ll want a reel with a good disc drag , and at least 100 yards of backing on your reel . permit can be stubborn at times , and take out a lot of line . good fly patterns for permit include the crazy charlie , gotcha , the bastard crab , legless merkin , avalon fly , belize crab , bonefish critter , mangrove critter , raghead crab , chernobyl crab , ep crab , yucatan special , and more .
1 . belize , central america : located just north and east of guatemala , belize has the lowest population density of any central american country . but what it lacks in population , it makes up for in permit . it is considered ( arguably ) the ‘permit capital of the world’ , and each year , thousands of hopeful anglers arrive on its pristine flats to try their luck . belize has around 250 square miles of fishing area . the permit here average around 15 - 18 pounds , but 40 pound permits are not unheard of , and most people believe there are some 50 + pounders out there somewhere .
by 1909 ogilby had described the oyster cracker dart as trachinotus anak “a large fish destructive to oysters” . more recent scientific work has confirmed t . anak is indeed a separate species , based on skeletal differences . indeed , as noted in previous fish facts , bony lumps on the skeleton ( hyperostosis ) are well described in several species of permit , including t . anak which , like t . falcatus , exhibits bone enlargement only in the ribs , while t . blochii only tends to get bone enlargement in certain cranial bones .
filters liquid waste materials from the blood ; these wastes are then passed out of the body . the kidney is also extremely important in regulating water and salt concentrations within the fish ' s body , allowing certain fish species to exist in freshwater or saltwater , and in some cases ( such as snook or tarpon ) both .
takahara t , minamoto t , yamanaka h , doi h , kawabata z . estimation of fish biomass using environmental dna . plos one 2012 ; 7 : e335868 .
the following illustration of a largemouth bass shows some of the common external features that are used to describe the differences between fish that are explained in more detail below .
the following illustration of a largemouth bass shows some of the common internal features that are used to describe the differences between fish that are explained in more detail below .
2 . yucatan peninsula , mexico : in the heart of the ancient mayan lowlands , the yucatan peninsula is an archeologist dream . it is also a magnet for would - be permit experts ( if there is really such a thing ) , with over 500 miles of coastline , and beautiful crystal - clear flats . permits over 20 pounds are not uncommon . one of the top gulf of mexico destinations for permit fishing .
paired nostrils , or nares , in fish are used to detect odors in water and can be quite sensitive . eels and catfish have particularly well developed senses of smell .
farrell ap , sobin ss , randall dj , crosby s ( 1980 ) intralamellar blood flow pattern in fish gills . am j physiol 239 : r 428 - r 436
, the singing midshipman fish . magn reson imaging . 2006 , 24 : 321 - 331 . 10 . 1016 / j . mri . 2005 . 10 . 036 .
mangrove - lined creeks are important habitats for fish , crabs , birds and other animals . mangrove trees provide large amounts of organic matter , which is eaten by many small aquatic animals . in turn , these animals provide food for larger fish and other animals . mangroves also help maintain water quality by filtering silt from runoff and recycling nutrients .
but that is not the end of the aussie permit story . during the heyday of oyster farming in the late 1800s and early 1900s in queensland , oysterers working in hervey bay noticed their leases being plundered by schools of large fish which “pick up the oysters while standing on their heads , as it were , with the tail near the surface , and are often 6 ft in length” .
the mouth ' s shape is a good clue to what fish eat . the larger it is , the bigger the prey it can consume . fish have a sense of taste and may sample items to taste them before swallowing if they are not obvious prey items . most freshwater fishes in florida are omnivorous ( eating both plant and animal matter ) . some are primarily piscivorous ( eating mostly other fish ) . the imported grass carp is one of the few large fishes that are primarily herbivorous ( eating plants ) . fish may or may not have teeth depending on the species . fish like chain pickerel and gar have obvious canine - shaped teeth . other fish have less obvious teeth , such as the cardiform teeth in catfish which feel like a roughened area at the front of the mouth , or vomerine teeth that are tiny patches of teeth , for example , in the roof of a striped bass ' mouth . grass carp and other minnows have pharyngeal teeth modified from their gill arches for grinding that are located in the throat .
the permit range along the atlantic coast of the us from massachusetts , all the way south to brazil , along the caribbean islands and the gulf of mexico coast . they can grow up to about 4” in length and weigh up to 60 lbs . the world record permit ( 60lb . 8oz . - 27 . 21kg . ) was caught at ilha do mel , paranagua , brazil , on dec 14 , 2002 , by renato fiedler .
a hollow , gas - filled balance organ that allows a fish to conserve energy by maintaining neutral buoyancy ( suspending ) in water . fish caught from very deep water sometimes need to have air released from their swim bladder before they can be released and return to deep water , due to the difference in atmospheric pressure at the water ' s surface . ( most freshwater anglers in florida need not concern themselves with this ! ) species of fish that do not possess a swim bladder sink to the bottom if they stop swimming .
fins are appendages used by the fish to maintain its position , move , steer and stop . they are either single fins along the centerline of the fish , such as the dorsal ( back ) fins , caudal ( tail ) fin and anal fin , or paired fins , which include the pectoral ( chest ) and pelvic ( hip ) fins . fishes such as catfish have another fleshy lobe behind the dorsal fin , called an adipose ( fat ) fin that is not illustrated here . the dorsal and anal fins primarily help fish to not roll over onto their sides . the caudal fin is the main fin for propulsion to move the fish forward . the paired fins assist with steering , stopping and hovering .
2009 , patricia cohen , new york times , 17 jan 09 , p . 1 : he was ultimately cleared , but during that period , mr . ackman said , his lawyers would not permit him to defend himself publicly .
1910 , ‘saki’ ,
reginald in russia
, reginald in russia : ‘you english are always so frivolous , ’ said the princess . ‘in russia we have too many troubles to permit of our being light - hearted . ’
adults frequently in channels or holes , over sandy flats , around reefs , and at times over mud bottoms ; usually solitary or in small schools ; smaller fish tolerate brackish water . spawn offshore ( ref . 26938 ) . during the summer , juveniles are found in large schools especially in the surf zone along sandy beaches . adults feed on mollusks , crabs , shrimps , and small fishes ; juveniles on benthic invertebrates . excellent food fish ( ref . 9626 ) . highly esteemed game fish caught on light tackle ( ref . 26938 ) .
kelly rp , port ja , yamahara km , crowder lb . using environmental dna to census marine fish in a large mesocosm . plos one 2014 ; 9 : e86175 pmid : 24454960
when you look at the historical accounts of t . anak “6 feet long” destroying oyster beds , even taking into account exaggeration by frustrated oyster farmers and loss of most of the benthic oyster beds along our east coast due to sedimentation from coastal development ( thus reducing its food supply ) , it seems t . anak has a larger growth potential than t . blochii , potentially rivalling the size of the atlantic permit such that it also rightly deserves the “aussie permit” tag .
surf smelt ( hypomesus pretiosus ) and pacific sand lance ( ammodytes hexapterus ) are important food for marine mammals , birds , and fishes , including pacific salmon . the washington department of fish and wildlife protects these fish species and their spawning habitat by limiting human activities under the terms of a permit ( called the hydraulic project approval , hpa ) on beaches where spawning has been documented . extensive surveys have sampled many of the beaches in puget sound . however , despite good information on the distribution of spawning beaches our understanding of the ecology and protection needs for these species is very limited . the washington department of fish and wildlife conducts research that will allow us to better ensure adequate protection of pacific sand lance and surf smelt given current and anticipated environmental conditions , without unnecessarily constraining human activity .
u . s . army corps of engineers . new york and new jersey harbor deepening project , appendix e : essential fish habitat assessment . 2004 . available 11 / 20 / 2016 from
if natural england and the environment agency are consulted on the same planning application , natural england will refer to this standing advice and the environment agency will provide advice to protect fish populations .
takahara t , minamoto t , doi h . using environmental dna to estimate the distribution of an invasive fish species in ponds . plos one . 2013 ; 8 : e56584 . pmid : 23437177
the identity of
ţjóđvitnis fiskr
remains to be explained . keeping in mind the allegorical nature of the poem , i will permit myself to approach this question from a new angle . in icelandic ( old and modern ) , the word
sporđr
is a term for the tail of a fish . it is also a term for the head of a bridge ( cp . sigurdrífumál 16 : 6
brúar sporđi
) .
this again is a good time of year to find permit and bonefish together in a shallow depth of water . once the cold water winter temps set - in with december , we typically say goodbye to this species until the following spring season .
we thank jesse ausubel for encouragement and editorial comment , sean brady for advice on experimental design , jeanne garbarino and anna zeidman for laboratory space and assistance , keith dunton for contributing fish specimens and sharing long river survey report , melissa cohen for contributing fish specimens , howard rosenbaum for permission to sample at new york aquarium , and julie nadel , iman nassef , and alden liang for trialing protocols .
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tackle and baits : although offshore permit are large enough to provide sport with light and medium saltwater tackle , the epitome of permit fishing is to stalk them by sight on shallow flats , and cast directly to them . light spinning , baitcasting and fly tackle can be used in the shallows—provided the angler has a good supply of line and a means ( a guide with a push - pole , preferably ) of chasing the fish . best natural bait is any sort of small live crab . dead pieces of crab and lobster also work well . live shrimp are often accept - ed , especially if skittered across the surface , and then allowed to sink . if using small skimmer ( bonefish - style ) jigs , try to get the permit to follow the lure , then stop it dead and let it sink into the grass or mud . best flies are those with weighted or epoxy heads that will sink in the manner of a leadhead jig .


macroscelides is a genus of small shrew-like animals , the round-eared sengis ( also called elephant shrews ) , found in western namibia and in south africa ; they are members of the clade afrotheria .

there are three known species : namib round-eared sengi , macroscelides flavicaudatus etendaka round-eared sengi , macroscelides micus , which is only found in gravel plains in the etendaka formation of north-west namibia karoo round-eared sengi , or short-eared elephant shrew , macroscelides proboscideus

macroscelides

macroscelides typus a . smith , 1829 ( = sorex proboscideus shaw , 1800 ) .
species account of macroscelides proboscideus on the animal diversity web ( the university of michigan museum of zoology ) .
namib round - eared sengi ( macroscelides flavicaudatus ) from wlotzkasbaken , namibia . may 2000 . photo : g . rathbun
unger , r . , h . kratochvil . 1999 . feeding preferences of short - eared elephant shrews ( macroscelides proboscideus , smith 1829 ) .
to cite this page : dohring , a . 2002 .
macroscelides proboscideus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
to cite this page : dr . ted macrini , 2004 ,
macroscelides proboscideus
( on - line ) , digital morphology . accessed july 9 , 2018 at urltoken
macroscelides proboscideus , the short - eared elephant shrew , is one of 15 extant species of the clade macroscelidea . elephant shrews are small mammals ( head and body length : 95 - 315 mm ) characterized by long slender tails ( length : 80 - 265 mm ) , long slender legs , and a long , narrow , semi - flexible snout from which the name derives ( nowak , 1991 ) .
we investigated the state of dental eruption in specimens of macroscelides proboscideus and erinaceus europaeus of known age . when m . proboscideus reaches adult size and sexual maturity , few or none of its replaced permanent cheek teeth have erupted . the approximate sequence of upper tooth eruption is p1 , [ i3 , c , m1 ] , [ i1–2 ] , m2 , p4 , [ p2 , p3 ] . chronologically , e . europaeus erupts its molars and most premolars prior to m . proboscideus ; but its first two upper incisors erupt after those of m . proboscideus , and its canines erupt around the same time . the approximate sequence of upper tooth eruption in e . europaeus is [ m1 , m2 , p2 , i3 ] , c , m3 , p4 , p3 , i2 , i1 . unlike m . proboscideus , e . europaeus does not reach adult size until all permanent teeth except for the anterior incisors have erupted . while not unique among mammals , the attainment of adult body size prior to complete eruption of the permanent cheek teeth is particularly common among macroscelidids and other afrotherians .
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click on images for enlargement . click here to see the gallery of photos for the newly discovered gray faced sengi .
golden - rumped sengi rhynchocyon chrysopygus weight = 550 g . gedi ruins , kenya photo : galen rathbun
black and rufous sengi rhynchocyon petersi minja forest reserve , north pare mountains , tanzania . 28 july 2006 photo : bill stanley
checkered sengi rhynchocyon cirnei ( camera trap image ) burigi game reserve , kagera , tanzania . june 2007 photo : charles foley , tanzania mammal atlas project
checkered sengi rhynchocyon cirnei ( camera trap of likely estrus female followed by male ) burigi game reserve , kagera , tanzania . june 2007 photo : charles foley , tanzania mammal atlas project
checkered sengi rhynchocyon cirnei mareja community reserve , pemba , cabo delgado province , mozambique . 16 june 2011 . photo : galen rathbun
short - snouted sengi elephantulus brachyrhynchus weight : 50 g . mankwe wildlife reserve , northwest province , south africa photo : richard yarnell
short - snouted sengi elephantulus brachyrhynchus weight : 45 g . zambezi province ( caprivi strip ) , namibia photo : galen rathbun
cape rock sengi elephantulus edwardii weight = 50 g . traveller’s rest , clanwilliam , northern cape province , south africa photo : galen rathbun
karoo rock sengi elephantulus pilicaudus weight = 50 g . loxton , northern cape province , south africa photo : galen rathbun
bushveld sengi elephantulus intufi weight = 40g . zwartmodder farm , maltahohe district , namibia photo : jack dumbacher
bushveld sengi elephantulus intufi weight = 40g . windpoort farm , outjo , namibia photo : galen rathbun
eastern rock sengi elephantulus myurus weight = 50 g . matopos national park , zimbabwe , august 1982 photo : tim osborne
eastern rock sengi elephantulus myurus weight = 50 g . weenen game reserve , kwazulu - natal province , south africa photo : david ribble
north african sengi petrosaltator rozeti weight : 50 g midlet , morocco photo : g . rathbun
rufous sengi elephantulus rufescens mother and young resting on trail through leaf litter . kibwezi , kenya photo : galen rathbun
rufous sengi elephantulus rufescens neonate - one day old . photo : gene maliniak , national zoological park
western rock sengi elephantulus rupestris weight = 50 g . rehoboth , namibia photo : galen rathbun
western rock sengi elephantulus rupestris weight = 50 g . namibrand nature reserve , namibia photo : jack dumbacher
western rock sengi elephantulus rupestris weight = 50 g . captive eating a grasshopper . photo : chris and tilde stuart
the short - eared elephant shrew mostly inhabits namibia , southern botswana , and south africa .
the animal only lives in desert and semi - desert areas of the countries in which it is found . it hides in the sparse grass cover or bushes that are a part of these dry areas . they also burrow into the sand .
compared to members of the other elephant shrew genus , the short - eared elephant shrew has shorter and rounder ears and lacks the pale rings around the eyes that are typical of those animals . the tail is hairy , with a visible gland on the underside . on the hind feet , the first digit is small and has a claw . the fur is usually long , soft , and is an orange , brown or grayish color on top and a lighter color on the underside . adults often weigh between 40 - 50 grams with 100 - 110mm long bodies and 97 - 130mm long tails . defining skull features include an enlarged auditory bullae and the appearance of three upper incisors , as well as a short rostrum and crowded teeth . females also have six mammae .
the breeding season is in the warm , wet months of august and september . a female may have many pregnancies during one breeding season . ( shaw , 1934 )
gestation for these animals is typically about 56 days and only two young are born , sometimes one . they are born in a very precocial state ; they can run within a few hours after birth , are large in size , and are born with hair and their eyes open . babies are weaned at 16 - 25 days and reach sexual maturity after about 43 days . ( rathbun & fons )
the female does not make a nest for the young ; however , she will find a sheltered area and give birth to the young in it . the mother does not guard her young and is gone from the litter most of the time , coming back once a day to feed the young . ( smith , 1829 )
in the wild , these animals only live for 1 - 2 years . in captivity they can live as long as 3 - 4 years .
these animals are mostly diurnal except when threatened by predators . they are usually solitary animals in the wild except when they come together to mate . when mating , females fend off other females and males fight off other males .
these elephant shrews take refuge under bush or rocks but also dig burrows or use shelters previously built by other small species , typically rodents . the animals use the burrows like roads to get from place to place . they keep them clean by kicking any debris that clogs their tunnels . they also sand bathe to help keep clean .
short - eared elephant shrews typically eat insects , usually termites and ants , and other small invertebrates . they may also feed on plant parts such as roots , shoots , and berries .
the animal usually jumps from bush to bush during the day or basks in the sun , but if harassed by diurnal predators , such as hawks , it switches its schedule and looks for food at dusk , hiding in bushes during the day . also , by using their forelimbs these animals can dig tunnels very rapidly to quickly escape predators . few predators prey on the young because the young mature and leave the nest shortly after birth .
these elephant shrews help move soil around to create their burrows as well as recycle vacant burrows left from rodent species .
due to destruction of its habitat , this species is labeled “vulnerable” by the iucn .
alyce dohring ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , kate teeter ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
in deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity . vegetation is typically sparse , though spectacular blooms may occur following rain . deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate . in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry . this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants . in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil . salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
lincoln park zoo ,
short - eared elephant shrew
( on - line ) . accessed october 4 , 2001 at urltoken .
regina , u .
short - eared elephant shrew
( on - line ) . accessed october 4 , 2001 at urltoken .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
corbet , g . b . and hanks , j . 1968 . a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae . bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( zoology ) 16 : 1 - 111 .
a widespread species occurring in southern namibia , extreme southwestern botswana , and western south africa , particularly the northern , western , and eastern cape ( rathbun 2009 , dumbacher et al . 2012 ) .
it is believed that over much of its range its numbers are relatively low ( corbet and hanks 1968 , rathbun 2005 , smit et al . 2009 , schubert 2011 , dumbacher et al . 2012 , perrin and rathbun 2013 ) . there are no data on population dynamics of this species , but it is expected that populations will vary greatly in the arid habitats that it occupies , which is possibly correlated to climate regimes and climatic variability , and there are no reasons to believe that these variations , if they indeed occur , are abnormal .
there is no indication that this species has ever been used by people for any purposes . it rarely has been exported to various zoological gardens over the last few decades , where husbandry techniques have been developed , breeding has been achieved , and research results have been published ( olbricht 2009 ) .
there are no known major threats to the species . habitat modification to relatively small areas may occur near rivers and human population centres due to small - holder and industrial agriculture , mineral extraction , and urban development . changes in habitats due to desertification and bush encroachment and proposed wind and solar energy facilities may adversely alter habitats for sengis and displace them from such areas , but at present these changes do not appear widespread or serious , especially since the species is associated with arid habitats to begin with .
because this species is widespread , it is not in conflict with most human activities ; captive husbandry and breeding methods are well - established ; and it likely occurs in many protected areas ( i . e . , goegap nature reserve , gamkaberg nature reserve , skilpad nature reserve , tankwa karoo national park , mokala national park , ricthersveld national park , augrabies falls national park , namagua national park , and karoo national park ) , therefore there are no conservation actions recommended at present or in the foreseeable future . research topics of conservation relevance include determining the impacts of habitat shifts , including livestock grazing , on local populations , determining the proportion of the total distribution range that occurs in protected areas , and continue to accumulate information on occurrence points ( see urltoken ) .
rathbun , g . b . & smit - robinson , h . 2015 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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all elephant shrews are endemic to africa . the short - eared elephant shrew is native to namibia , cape province of south africa , and southern botswana ( corbet and hanks , 1968 ; nowak , 1991 ) . the fossil record of macroscelidea also is restricted to africa and extends back to the eocene , but with only three pre - miocene taxa ( butler , 1995 ) .
recent analyses of molecular data place macroscelidea in the clade afrotheria , which also includes aardvarks , elephants , hyraxes , golden moles , tenrecs , and sirenians ( murphy et al . , 2001 ) . within afrotheria , elephant shrews form a clade with golden moles and tenrecs ( murphy et al . , 2001 ) . morphological data place macroscelidea as the sister taxon to glires ( rabbits + rodents ; novacek , 1992a , b ) .
macrosclides proboscideus inhabits sandy and gravel thornbrush plains and refuges in shallow burrows under bushes ( nowak , 1991 : 183 - 184 ) . the short - eared elephant shrew is mainly diurnal but sometimes crepuscular or nocturnal in activity , and it primarily feeds on insects along with roots , tender shoots , and berries ( nowak , 1991 : 184 ) . this species is mainly solitary in the wild ( nowak , 1991 ) . young are very precocial at birth , being covered with hair and able to move about soon after they are born ( nowak , 1991 ) . four species of elephant shrews are listed as either endangered or vulnerable by iucn , but m . proboscideus is not one of them .
this specimen ( amnh 161535 ) was collected from cape province , south africa by tom larson . it was made available to the university of texas high - resolution x - ray ct facility for scanning by ted macrini of the department of geological sciences , the university of texas at austin . funding for scanning was provided by a national science foundation ( nsf ) dissertation improvement grant to mr . macrini . funding for image processing was provided by a nsf digital libraries initiative grant to dr . timothy rowe of the department of geological sciences , the university of texas at austin .
the specimen was scanned by matthew colbert on 31 october 2003 along the coronal axis for a total of 630 slices , each slice 0 . 055 mm thick with an interslice spacing of 0 . 055 mm .
corbet , g . b . , and j . hanks . 1968 . a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . zoology 16 : 47 - 111 .
murphy , w . j . , e . eizirik , s . j . o’brien , o . madsen , m . scally , c . j . douady , e . teeling , o . a . ryder , m . j . stanhope , w . w . de jong , and m . s . springer . 2001 . resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using bayesian phylogenetics . science 294 : 2348 - 2351 .
novacek , m . j . 1992a . fossils , topologies , missing data , and the higher level phylogeny of eutherian mammals . systematic biology 41 : 58 - 73 .
novacek , m . j . 1992b . mammalian phylogeny : shaking the tree . nature 356 : 121 - 125 .
nowak , r . m . 1991 . walker’s mammals of the world . volume 1 . fifth edition . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore .
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raw data on state of eruption and jaw length . “erupt / 10” indicates the number of completely erupted permanent cheek teeth with interlocking occlusion , taken as a proportion out of ten ( indicating presence of all normally erupted cheek teeth ) . in cases where the dentition was incomplete ( e . g . , dentary lost ) , the proportion was calculated out of the maximum possible number of interlocking permanent cheek teeth for that specimen and species . “symph - cond” indicates the distance in mm from the anterior margin of the mandibular symphysis to the posterior margin of the mandibular condyle ( asher and lehmann
: fig . 1 ) . “prop adult jaw” indicates a given specimen’s symphysis - condyle length divided by the median length obtained for all specimens of that species with the permanent cheek teeth completely erupted ( i . e . , with a “erupt / 10” value of ten ) , as indicated in the column “median jaw” . institutional abbreviations are as follows :
asher rj ( 2005 ) insectivoran grade placental mammals : character evolution and fossil history . in : rose kd , archibald d ( eds ) the rise of placental mammals : origin and relationships of the major clades . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , pp 50–70
asher rj , lehmann t ( 2008 ) dental eruption in afrotherian mammals . bmc biol 6 : 14 doi :
beatty b ( 2008 ) craniodental ontogeny in the desmostylia . j vertebr paleontol 283 : 49a
bronner g ( 1992 ) notes on the early postnatal development of a giant golden mole . koedoe 35 : 57–58
corbet gb , hanks j ( 1968 ) a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae . bull brit mus nat hist zool 16 : 47–111
de magalhaes jp , costa j , toussaint o ( 2005 ) hagr : the human ageing genomic resources . nucleic acids res 33 : d537–d543 doi :
douady cj , catzeflis f , raman j , springer ms , stanhope mj ( 2003 ) the sahara as a vicariant agent , and the role of miocene climatic events , in the diversification of the mammalian order macroscelidea ( elephant shrews ) . proc natl acad sci usa 10014 : 8325 doi :
eisenberg jf , gould e ( 1970 ) the tenrecs : a study in mammalian behavior and evolution . smithson contrib zool 27 : 1–138
evans fg ( 1942 ) the osteology and relationships of the elephant shrews ( macroscelididae ) . bull am mus nat hist 80 : 85–125
holroyd p ( 2008 ) new data on dental eruption patterns in condylarths and afrotheres . j vertebr paleontol 283 : 93a
kellas l ( 1954 ) observations on the reproductive activity , measurement and growth - rate of the dik - dik . proc zool soc lond 124 : 751–784
laws r ( 1968 ) dentition and ageing in the hippopotamus . afr wildl j 6 : 19–52
leche w ( 1907 ) zur entwicklungsgeschichte des zahnsystems der säugetiere , zugleich ein beitrag zur stammengeschichte dieser tiergruppe . zoologica stuttg 49 : 1–157
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turneria bidentata is a species of ant in the genus turneria .

described by forel in 1895 , the species is endemic to australia , mostly found in the north ends of the country .

turneria bidentata

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see turneria bidentata for further details
turneria bidentata occurs in the top end of the northern territory and along the east australian coast from the cape york peninsula to extreme north - eastern new south wales . it is a twig - nesting species that is reasonably common although it is infrequently encountered because of its arboreal nesting habits . it is known to nest in a wide range of tree and shrub species .
shattuck , s . o . 1990 . revision of the dolichoderine ant genus turneria ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . syst . entomol . 15 : 101 - 117 pdf
shattuck , s . o . ( 2011 ) turneria rosschinga sp . n . ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) , a new dolichoderine ant from australia . myrmecological news 15 , 125 - 128 .
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cephalic index ( head length / head width ) < 0 . 88 , relative eye length ( eye length / head width ) > 0 . 40 , frontal lobes without erect hairs , lateral areas of head moderately imbricate and with integument opaque , area between propodeal protuberances concave . in lateral profile , the concave region of the declivitous face of the propodeum is more rounded than in other species .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
lectotype ( designated by shattuck , 1990 ) , worker , mackay , queensland , australia , m . g . turner , musee d ' histoire naturelle genève ; ( lower specimen on pin ) .
paralectotype ( designated by shattuck , 1990 ) , 1 worker , mackay , queensland , australia , m . g . turner , musee d ' histoire naturelle genève .
the clypeus possesses 8 to 14 erect hairs . color varies from uniform dark brown or black to strongly bicolored with the head , alitrunk , legs and petiole yellow and the gaster brown . in lighter colored individuals , the dorsum of the head may be slightly darker than the mesosoma .
worker measurements ( n = 25 ) : ood 0 . 15 - 0 . 21 , el 0 . 24 - 0 . 28 , ocd 0 . 10 - 0 . 13 , cl 0 . 13 - 0 . 19 , hl 0 . 65 - 0 . 75 , les 0 . 03 - 0 . 05 , ew 0 . 11 - 0 . 15 , es 0 . 24 - 0 . 28 , hw 0 . 55 - 0 . 66 , sl 0 . 41 - 0 . 46 , pnl 0 . 30 - 0 . 42 , ml 0 . 27 - 0 . 37 , ppl 0 . 23 - 0 . 30 , pnw 0 . 36 - 0 . 43 , mw 0 . 23 - 0 . 30 , ppw 0 . 25 - 0 . 29 , po - 0 . 01 - 0 . 04 , ffl 0 . 41 - 0 . 53 , ffw 0 . 16 - 0 . 21 , mh 0 . 31 - 0 . 39 , pph 0 . 22 - 0 . 29 , ci 0 . 80 - 0 . 88 , oi 0 . 43 - 0 . 57 , rel 0 . 40 - 0 . 48 , si 0 . 70 - 0 . 79 , fi 0 . 34 - 0 . 48 , pi 0 . 63 - 0 . 71 , ppi 0 . 87 - 1 . 10 , rood 0 . 28 - 0 . 33 , poi - 0 . 04 - 0 . 17 , rpo - 0 . 02 - 0 . 07 , rmw 0 . 42 - 0 . 47 , rles 0 . 05 - 0 . 09 , res 0 . 41 - 0 . 45 , rffl 0 . 66 - 0 . 94 .
body color in this species is highly variable . populations from the vicinity of cairns are uniform dark brown , mackay - area populations are strongly bicolored , while southern collections from burleigh heads are yellowish brown with the gaster slightly darker ; in extreme cases some workers are yellow - brown with a black gaster . none of these populations diverge in any of other morphological traits , although the cairns - vicinity specimens average slightly , but insignificantly , smaller . for most traits all known specimens broadly overlap . the cairns - vicinity populations diverge slightly from the more southern ones in two metric traits , mw and pph , as follows : mw 0 . 23 - 0 . 27 vs . 0 . 25 - 0 . 30 and pph 0 . 22 - 0 . 25 vs . 0 . 23 - 0 . 29 . the broad overlap in the ranges of these characters make them of little value in separating these populations .
forel , a . 1895g . nouvelles fourmis d ' australie , récoltées à the ridge , mackay , queensland , par m . gilbert turner . ann . soc . entomol . belg . 39 : 417 - 428 ( page 419 , worker described )
this page was last modified on 6 july 2018 , at 19 : 14 .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 02aa5edd - fad6 - 4d09 - 8b7e - c2800d7ad60b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0c7269f4 - 32a6 - 41f6 - acef - e1196012a6f4
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0cdbe1fb - 9c3e - 423a - ba46 - ef8b1724b4c3
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3f65c802 - 976d - 48a7 - 9e7d - b969c738e786
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : adb80b81 - 29ed - 45e1 - b5f3 - e6087c6f8d33
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : adbcbc0f - 6923 - 413b - baf8 - 22c0f331d576
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f11267f8 - 8878 - 4548 - b313 - 7e9087b01a4c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f2b5e6b6 - 7d35 - 4845 - 91c0 - 4a359ff5bf11
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 40e82464 - 30c8 - 4921 - 94d9 - 847d0bf98c82
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a tiny orange ant seen running ( light trail ) along the branches of a shrub , in a suburban yard . they were entering and leaving a hole at the end of a branch , so seems to be a tree - nesting ant . i also accidentally photographed a jumping - spider that appears to be mimicking them ( the disguise worked ) .
this sighting hasn ' t been described yet ! be the first to describe this sighting .
: 419 - worker ; type locality : mackay [ 21 / 149 ] , queensland .
forel , a . 1895b . 1895 639 nouvelles fourmis d ' australie , recoltees a the ridge , mackay , queensland par m . gilbert turner . annales de la soci _ t _ entomologique de belgique 39 : 417 - 428 .
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