planes minutus is a species of pelagic crab that lives in the north atlantic ocean .

it is typically less than 10 mm ( 0.4 in ) long across the back , and is variable in colouration , to match its background .

it may have been the crab seen by christopher columbus on sargassum weed in the sargasso sea in 1492 .

planes minutus

a cleaning association between the oceanic crab planes minutus and the loggerhead sea turtle caretta caretta .
a small crab , planes minutus ( columbus crab ) , living on an in . . .
observations on the ecology , behaviour , swimming mechanism and energetics of the neustonic crab , planes minutus .
a small crab , planes minutus ( columbus crab ) , living on an individual of caretta caretta ( loggerhead sea turtle ) .
first finding of the pelagic crab planes marinus ( decapoda : grapsidae ) in the southwestern atlantic .
“a small crab , planes minutus ( columbus crab ) , living on an individual of caretta caretta ( loggerhead sea turtle ) . this crab is known to prey upon other sea turtles epibionts . ”
planes is
found in all tropical and temperate seas .
[ chace , 1951 , p . 77 ] .
planes minutus is omnivorous when symbiotic with oceanic - stage loggerhead sea turtles . the diet of p . minutus presented here probably represents a combination of epibionts of host turtles , pelagic and neustonic organisms captured near turtles , and food particles seized by crabs while turtles are feeding . ours is the first in - depth analysis of the diet of p . minutus when symbiotic with c . caretta . studies are needed that quantify prey items of columbus crabs from other animate flotsam ( e . g . , pelagic snails , colonial cnidarians ) . the foraging ecology and other aspects of the life history of p . minutus may well vary with respect to substrate type .
several studies have investigated the association between p . minutus and young loggerhead turtles ( see frick et al . , 2000 ) . however , little is known of the foraging ecology and fecundity of columbus crabs , and there are no studies that quantify the diet and number of eggs of p . minutus . we identify and quantify the food items consumed by 71 p . minutus from loggerhead turtles captured near the azores . we also report dietary data from 14 p . minutus collected from inanimate flotsam near the azores . the size and number of eggs of p . minutus were determined and compared between crabs collected from loggerhead turtles and those collected from flotsam .
citation :
sargassum crabs , planes minutus ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 3 / 21 / 2014 6 : 10 : 45 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
small oceanic crabs lead a cozy life . planes minutus often snuggle into the space between loggerhead turtles ' shells and tails , a spot that ' s just big enough for a mating pair . but if their aquatic apartments were larger , would they broaden their sex lives to include more partners ?
planes minutus arrives here on driftwood and other flotsam from the tropics . the crab does not survive here because of the colder waters around our coast . if found they will happily live indoors at room temperature in a saltwater aquarium , and can be fed on live prey or pieces of white fish or shellfish .
grapsid crabs of the genus planes are colloquially known as columbus crabs , apparently due to the discovery of a crab , likely a planes , from “floating weed” during christopher columbus’ voyage to the new world . like other members of its genus , planes minutus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) is a relatively small pelagic species that is dependent upon flotsam for survival ( chace , 1951 ) , occupying a variety of flotsam types as clinging substratum , including oceanic - stage loggerhead sea turtles , caretta caretta ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , from the eastern north atlantic ( dellinger et al . , 1997 ; frick et al . , 2003 ) .
planes minutus is found in the north atlantic ocean , between the scopes of 11degree n and 32degree n , and furthermore from the west shoreline of africa , the mediterranean and the indian ocean . once in a while the crab has been recorded on the cornish drift , the primary distribute record was at falmouth in 1845 by william pennington cocks . others examples took after , for example , in 1848 ( falmouth ) and 1899 on the manacles . the most recent occurred in 2015 . related species , for example , planes major ( earlier p . cyaneus ) and planes marinus , happen in different parts of the world ' s seas .
diet composition of p . minutus collected from inanimate flotsam ( buoy and wood ) . cirriped material ( * ) was represented solely by lepas sp . cyprids
michael g . frick , kristina l . williams , alan b . bolten , karen a . bjorndal , helen r . martins ; diet and fecundity of columbus crabs , planes minutus , associated with oceanic - stage loggerhead sea turtles , caretta caretta , and inanimate flotsam , journal of crustacean biology , volume 24 , issue 2 , 1 april 2004 , pages 350–355 , urltoken
( of planes testudinum ( roux , 1828 ) ) froglia , carlo ( 2006 ) . decapoda , in : revisione della checklist della fauna marina italiana . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
adult crabs confined to the same turtle fed on similar prey types and quantities of each type ( table 2 ) . there are no studies that investigate the foraging behavior of p . minutus when sharing a substrate with conspecifics . the presence of competitors may alter the observed foraging behavior of p . minutus ( davenport 1992 ) . crabs may lose portions of captured prey in disputes with other crabs sharing the same substrate , which could contribute to the similarity in diets between adult crab pairs . laboratory studies would help to determine the foraging behavior of multiple p . minutus when sharing the same substrate .
agonistic behavior in p . minutus is suggested by the presence of conspecifics within stomach contents . the size of the conspecific fragments encountered suggests that large juvenile crabs , similar in size to those reported from this study , were consumed by p . minutus . conspecifics were only consumed by adult crabs collected from turtles also hosting juvenile specimens . moulted crab exuvia could be a possible source of conspecific fragments .
gastropods ( janthina sp . ) were represented in the diet of p . minutus as minute shell fragments and egg capsules . janthina sp . are pelagic snails that create bubble rafts of air trapped in mucus to remain afloat and on which they lay their eggs . columbus crabs would undoubtedly be capable of capturing janthina and associated eggs while hunting from c . caretta . however , janthina is a reported food item of young loggerheads from the azores ( van nierop and den hartog , 1984 ) , so p . minutus may consume fragments of prey items initially captured and crushed for consumption by host turtles . during the initial stages of food consumption , scraps of food often drift out of and away from the mouth the turtle . planes minutus may retrieve food particles released by their host turtles , possibly accounting for similarities between the diets of columbus crabs and oceanic - stage loggerhead turtles .
diet composition for p . minutus collected from loggerhead turtles . data are number of points totaled for each food type present with percent composition in parentheses . see text for generic or specific designation of selected ( * ) food types
research planes minutus » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
were encountered in december , january february , march and april 2002 and 2003 . as previously mentioned , columbus crabs cling to most anything that floats . physically and physiologically , planes are surface - water specialists and these aspects are likely attributable to the colonization of other grapsid species into supra - littoral habitats and maritime forests ( williams 1984 ) .
( of cancer minutus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of planes clypeatus bowdich , 1825 ) adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
laboratory studies by davenport ( 1992 ) represent the only information on prey capture and food handling in adult p . minutus . the crabs observed by davenport ( 1992 ) obtained some food items via grazing flotsam that was placed into tanks , but crabs would also lunge or swim into the water column to obtain prey items ( salps , postlarval flying fish , juvenile puffer fish , pilot fish , euphausids , isopods , or small squid ) . some crabs would carry surplus prey using the dactyl spines of the walking legs for up to 24 hours before the item was consumed .
biostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .
we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .
( mf , kw ) caretta research project , p . o . box 9841 , savannah , georgia 31412 , u . s . a .
( ab , kb ) archie carr center for sea turtle research , department of zoology , university of florida , p . o . box 118525 , gainesville , florida 32611 , u . s . a .
, and inanimate flotsam near the azores . the numbers of eggs carried by ovigerous crabs
are also presented . numbers of eggs between turtle crabs and flotsam crabs were similar . dietary analysis yielded 11 food types from
. crabs from turtles contained a higher diversity of food items than crabs from inanimate flotsam . the diet of
was composed primarily of neustonic invertebrates and algae—similar to prey items found from oceanic - stage loggerhead turtles in past studies . the types of food consumed by
suggest that crabs may obtain food by consuming other epibionts , by hunting neuston from their substrate , or by capturing food particles expelled by host turtles .
turtles were captured using dipnets near the azores from 1986 through 1994 during the months march–november . curved carapace length
of each turtle was measured from the anterior point at midline ( nuchal scute ) to the posterior notch at midline between the supracaudals with a flexible fiberglass tape measure . turtles were released soon after capture .
were also removed from inanimate flotsam during the same period . crabs were assigned to gender and maturity following
. maximum carapace length and width were recorded from crabs in millimeters ( mm ) using vernier calipers . species determination was made by comparing the combined lengths of the three distal segments of the second walking leg with the carapace length ( see
) . stomach contents and digesta strings were then identified to the lowest taxon possible . the composition of the diet for each crab was recorded using a points system developed by
in which 20 points are assigned to a full stomach , 10 to a half full stomach , etc . these points are then allocated among the diet items in the digestive tract according to their volume . the points allocated to each type of food are summed for all crabs and expressed as a percentage of the total number of points , giving the composition of the diet as percent of volume .
and counted to determine fecundity . pleopods bearing eggs were cut from the female’s abdomen with a scalpel , placed in a sodium solution and shaken until the eggs separated from the pleopods . egg counts were made under light microscopy ( magnification up to
square was counted and multiplied by the number of squares containing eggs . the diameters of 10 randomly chosen eggs per ovigerous crab were recorded in microns using a computer interfaced digital stereomicroscope / micrometer .
was collected from oceanic - stage loggerhead turtles near the azores , usually in the space above the tail and beneath the carapace ( upper shell ) of the host turtle . however , two
sp . ) on the host’s carapace . fifty - six crabs were collected from 38 individual turtles . these turtles hosted crabs as singletons (
) . in addition , 15 crabs were collected from an unknown number of turtles with no supporting host data . of the crabs collected , 65 were adults ( 35 females and 30 males ) and 6 were juveniles ( 4 males and 2 females ) . juvenile crabs always occurred in association with adult crabs ; no turtle hosted only juvenile crabs .
$ $ ( 10 - 19 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; { \ rm { mean } } = 15 . 03 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; n = 30 ) $ $
$ $ 9 . 25 - 13 . 5 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } \ ; ( { \ rm { mean } } = 11 . 34 ) $ $
$ $ 6 - 8 . 5 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } \ ; ( { \ rm { mean } } = 6 . 63 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ) $ $
$ $ ( 11 - 22 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; { \ rm { mean } } = 17 . 32 ) $ $
$ $ ( 13 . 5 - 18 . 5 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; { \ rm { mean } } = 15 . 35 ; n = 15 ) $ $
clutches ) of the eggs measured from crabs taken from turtles . stage 2 eggs , eggs containing a clear area devoid of yolk , and stage 3 eggs , eggs containing pigmented eyespots , represented
clutches ) of the eggs measured from crabs taken from turtles , respectively . stage 4 eggs ( hatching ) and stage 5 eggs ( hatched or empty eggs ) were not observed from this group of crabs . the diameters of the
piece of wood ) . of these crabs , 4 were adult males and 10 were adult females . a single heterosexual pair was collected from wood flotsam , and the remainder of the sample of crabs from flotsam was taken from the buoy . the mean carapace widths of adult male and female
eight female crabs from flotsam were ovigerous . the mean carapace width of ovigerous crabs from flotsam was greater
$ $ ( 16 . 7 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; { \ rm { range } } = 15 . 75 - 17 . 75 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ) $ $
$ $ ( 13 . 9 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ; { \ rm { range } } = 13 . 75 - 14 \ ; { \ rm { mm } } ) $ $
and between ovigerous and nonovigerous crabs from inanimate flotsam . ovigerous females collected from flotsam carried an average of 8907 eggs ( range :
clutches ) of the eggs measured from crabs taken from the buoy , respectively . stage 4 and 5 eggs were also absent from ovigerous females inhabiting flotsam . stage 1 eggs from crabs taken from flotsam were smaller in diameter (
) of food regardless of sex , reproductive condition ( ovigerous or nonovigerous ) , or mean carapace width ( which varied significantly between some crab groups ) . of the material that could be identified , diatoms composed the highest percentage
, which was consistent across the three groups of adults . juvenile crab diets were composed of more algae than those of adult crabs , and juvenile male crabs consumed more animal material than did juvenile females . the cirriped material from juvenile male crabs was represented solely by
the diets of crabs that occurred on the same host turtles as heterosexual pairs are compared in table 2 . overall , there appears to be no marked gender - based resource partitioning occurring between adults that , theoretically , have access to the same food resources on a shared host .
crabs from flotsam consumed fewer types of food than crabs from turtles ( table 3 ) . unidentified algae represented the bulk of the diets observed from those crabs . male crabs from flotsam contained only algae . conspecifics and cirriped material were only found in female crabs . the cirriped material from female crabs from flotsam was represented solely by lepas sp . cyprids .
although few juvenile crabs were available for stomach contents analysis , it is apparent that algae are important in the diet of immature crabs . the presence of animal material in the diets of juvenile male crabs
could be an artifact of sample size . the lower diversity of prey items consumed by juvenile
compared with adults may be real or an artifact of the small sample size . perhaps juvenile
lack the ability to capture motile or floating prey , or adults may steal high quality prey captured by juveniles . additional studies on the diets of juvenile
are needed to evaluate differences in diet selection between juvenile males and females and between juveniles and adults .
the mean adult sizes of crabs from turtles and crabs from flotsam were not significantly different , and ovigerous crabs from flotsam carried similar amounts and sizes of eggs . therefore , type of substrate does not appear to be related to egg production . however , columbus crabs may benefit by association with loggerhead turtles because agonistic interactions with other
seem to be more uncommon on turtles than on inanimate flotsam . conspecifics were more common in the diets of crabs on flotsam than in crabs on turtles ,
reported that agonistic interactions were more common in crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam than those found on turtles . increased agonistic interactions between
would decrease survival probabilities and reproductive output as energy is diverted from reproduction to repair injuries . larger sample sizes of crabs from a variety of substrate types are necessary for evaluation of effects of substrate on the demography of columbus crabs .
this project would not have been possible without the support of our colleagues at the department of oceanography and fisheries , university of the azores . for assistance in turtle capture and crab collection , we thank j . and g . franck ( shanghai ) , j . gordon ( song of the whale ) , international fund for animal welfare , l . steiner , s . viallelle , b . herbert , and w . thompson .
this work was funded by the marine entanglement research program of the u . s . national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) to kab and abb . all necessary permits were obtained . all animal care was in full compliance with the university of florida institutional animal care and use committee . the padi foundation provided funds for the microscopy equipment used in this study . mgf thanks arnold ross , scripps institution of oceanography , for his guidance and comments .
the templeton crocker expedition , iii : brachygnathous crabs from the gulf of california and the west coast of lower california .
comparisons of social structure of columbus crabs living on loggerhead sea turtles and inanimate flotsam .
additional evidence supporting a cleaning association between epibiotic crabs and sea turtles : how will the harvest of sargassum seaweed impact this relationship ? .
the food of the freshwater sticklebacks ( gasterosteus aculeatus and pygosteus pungitius ) with a review of methods used in the study of the food of fishes .
a study on the gut contents of five juvenile loggerhead turtles , caretta caretta ( linnaeus ) ( reptilia , cheloniidae ) , from the south - eastern part of the north atlantic ocean , with emphasis on coelenterate identification .
oxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide
for full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .
linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
description restricted to the atlantic ocean ( chace , 1951 ; crosnier , 1965 ; holthuis , 1977 ) < 153 > . according to bouvier 1915 < 204 > travels over all oceans . . .
description restricted to the atlantic ocean ( chace , 1951 ; crosnier , 1965 ; holthuis , 1977 ) < 153 > . according to bouvier 1915 < 204 > travels over all oceans attached to floating debris . [ details ]
distribution associated with floating ' gulf weed ' ( sargassum spp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from . . .
distribution associated with floating ' gulf weed ' ( sargassum spp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from the channel coasts to portugal and mediterranean . native in sargasso sea , florida straits . [ details ]
türkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
pohle , g . w . ( 1990 ) . a guide to decapod crustacea from the canadian atlantic : anomura and brachyura . canadian technical report of fisheries and aquatic science . 1771 . 29 p . [ details ]
vannini , m . ( 1976 ) . researches on the coast of somalia . the shore and the dune of sar uanle . 10 . sandy beach decapods . monitore zoologico italiano ns supplemento viii 10 : 255 - 286 [ details ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of cancer pusillus fabricius , 1775 ) adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
javascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .
a collection of crabs from bermuda rarely seen in the uk have washed up on the shores of the south west .
they live on floating objects and have been carried by atlantic currents and storms , experts said .
the marine conservation society ( mcs ) said the first uk sighting of the crabs was reported in 2007 and it could be happening more due to changing weather patterns .
richard harrington , from the society , said :
columbus crabs live amongst goose barnacles so they live on floating material in the ocean . they wash up , particularly on westerly coasts , very occasionally . they ' re quite unusual .
measure around four centimetres and have quite large claws which they use to hold on to floating objects .
also known as the gulfweed crab , it gets its common name from the belief it was identified by christopher columbus on his first voyage to the new world .
usually spend their lives drifting on weed , driftwood , buoys or even attached to turtles in the open ocean .
mr harrington said marine life including crabs , mauve stingers and by - the - wind - sailors had been carried over
for a number of years
on currents that come from the caribbean and america , but it appears the number of sightings is increasing .
he said :
weather patterns certainly come into it . we are seeing quite a lot of westerly and south - westerly storms and gales along with the currents that drift over the atlantic towards us .
steve trewhella , who has been beachcombing in cornwall for 30 years , said he believed it was also down to an
astonishing amount of debris and litter going into the sea , creating artificial habitats for these species to come over .
mr harrington said there is no evidence of that but it was a
plausible theory
and more research was needed .
theresa may moves to shore up her position after a day of high profile resignations over her brexit strategy .
( linnaeus , 1758 ) description : carapace dorsally convex ; frontal region broad , margin sometimes faintly bibbed , orbits wide , eyes conspicuous ; outer epibranchial , meso - and metabranchial regions with faint , obliquely placed carinae . antero - lateral margins of carapace sometimes with a faint notch . chelipeds equal in size , distal inner margins of merus serrate ; merus of third to fifth pereiopods broad , lower margins of propodus and of dactylus of second to fifth with spines . size : carapace length up to 10 ( 17 . 5 ) mm . habitat : depth range ; reported as pelagic and inhabiting sargassum weed , also on bottoms of ships and among lepas on floating timber . breeding march - october , occasionally other months . distribution :
moyse , j . , & g . smaldon , 1990 . crustacea iii : malacostraca eucarida . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe ( eds . hayward and ryland , 1990 ) . clarendon press , oxford .
sorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
an educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .
scroll down and rollover titles to change screen image or click on title to view image .
specimens above were found on a fishing buoy that was washed - up from the americas at marazion , cornwall . 26 . 12 . 15 .
specimen found amongst stalked barnacles , lepas anatifera , on a commercial fishing float , washed - up at perranporth , cornwall . 25 . 11 . 15 .
specimen found amongst stalked barnacles , lepas anatifera , on a commercial fishing float , washed - up at praa sands , , cornwall . 02 . 12 . 15 .
aphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .
the marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the worldâ€™s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .
the cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .
the cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .
the national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .
why do recorders need open source ?
. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .
the taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .
over 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .
the main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help
people find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .
taken at male on a floating cuttle - bone .
( borradaile , 1903 )
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
spp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from the channel coasts to portugal and mediterranean . native in sargasso sea , florida straits .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
proceedings of the biological society of washington , vol . 116 , no . 1
williams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
associated with floating ' gulf weed ' ( sargassum spp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from the channel coasts to portugal and mediterranean . native in sargasso sea , florida straits .
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp .
restricted to the atlantic ocean ( chace , 1951 ; crosnier , 1965 ; holthuis , 1977 ) < 153 > . according to bouvier 1915 < 204 > travels over all oceans attached to floating debris .
vannini , m . ( 1976 ) . researches on the coast of somalia . the shore and the dune of sar uanle . 10 . sandy beach decapods . monitore zoologico italiano ns supplemento viii 10 : 255 - 286
this home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .
start or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !
help us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .
with your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .
deep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm
~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( ° > © 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < °° > - <
for all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .
- rachel carson
this site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .
there are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :
you have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .
your browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .
your browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .
the date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .
you have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .
this site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .
this site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .
in general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c4c75 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c4d67 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 324badbf - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 324bb28c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3681f81f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
ng p . k . l . & davie p . ( 2018 ) . worms brachyura : world list of marine brachyura ( version 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 04d605c1 - 6387 - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .
it needs to confirm the presence of this species in the black sea . presumably it penetrates to
this water area from time to time . it is not possible to find the species in museum black sea’s
czerniavsky from odessa , black sea : “mus . zool . univ . odess . ( prof . marcusen ) . ”
prevalence of flotsam or of floating or swimming organisms to which the crabs may cling .
north atlantic than in any other part of the world . records of their occurrence in other areas
america , florida to bahamas ; west indies . ” [ abele & kim , 1986 , p . 63 ] .
size of carapace . up to 19 mm ( length ) . [ chace , 1951 , p . 68 ] .
a columbus crab , living on a loggerhead sea turtle . room for two ?
researchers joseph pfaller at the university of florida and michael gil at the university of california sought the answer in their study published in biology letters . they found that as long as a dwelling - - whether it was a turtle shell or a piece of flotsam - - was small enough to be manageably defended by two crabs , they kept it monogamous . but once the spaces got larger , the pair recruited new crabs to mate with and to help hold down the fort .
a crab might not have much choice on dwelling - size , as turtles and floating debris are typically spread out - - and these crabs aren ' t good at swimming to the next available home . the polyamory arises from a need to make the most of what they have at the moment : a crab pleasure palace , or a little love bungalow .
many products featured on this site were editorially chosen . popular science may receive financial compensation for products purchased through this site .
copyright © 2018 popular science . a bonnier corporation company . all rights reserved . reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en
caretta research project , p . o . box 9841 , savannah , georgia , usa . ( e - mail :
from oceanic - stage loggerheads from uruguay . the remaining recognized species of columbus crab ,
and neritic - stage ( subadult and adult ) sea turtles . that is , such observations simply report the occurrence of
as an epibiont with no supporting biological or ecological information regarding the observed relationship . here , we report the occurrence of
as an epibiont of large , immature and adult loggerhead turtles from st . lucie county , florida , usa . we also report behavioral , ecological and physical data from
from this population of turtles can be used to elucidate some aspects of the behavior of loggerheads from florida during the winter and early spring .
collections for this study began in march of 2002 and ended in april 2003 . loggerheads that hosted
were encountered from march - april 2002 , and from december 2002  april 2003 , after turtles were incidentally entrained into intake canals at the st . lucie nuclear power plant ( slnpp ) . the slnpp is located on hutchinson island in st . lucie county , florida and draws cooling water from the atlantic ocean through three large diameter pipes ( 3 . 9 - 4 . 9 m ) . cooling water then flows into a 1500 m long intake canal . the structures housing the intake pipes are 365 m offshore in approximately 7 m of water . the pipe openings are vertically oriented and are situated 3 m above the ocean floor . a large velocity cap sits approximately 2 m above each pipe opening and extends more than 3 m beyond the pipe diameter . turtles encountering these structures are often transported into the intake canal where they are captured with tangle nets , dipnets and by scuba divers . morphometric data are collected from each turtle , tags are applied to both front flippers and turtles are returned to the ocean approximately 750 m north of the canal .
from march 2002 through april 2003 594 loggerheads were captured at the slnpp . of these turtles , 22 individual loggerheads ( mean straight carapace length ( scl ) = 74 . 6 ± 3 . 4sd cm , range = 65  105 . 6 cm ) hosted 28 crabs ( 3 . 7 % occurrence of
is likely much higher ; as crabs can be dislodged or flee host turtles during entrainment and hand - capture .
of the crabs collected , all were adults ( 15 males , 13 females ) . six turtles hosted heterosexual crab pairs ( 27 . 3 % ) and 16 turtles hosted crabs as singletons ( 72 . 7 % ) . only one female crab was not ovigerous . ovigerous crabs carried eggs pertaining to stages 1 ( 50 % ) , 2 ( 16 . 7 % ) and 3 ( 33 . 3 % ) as defined by hartnoll ( 1963 ) where stage 1 eggs are eggs of uniform color and even yolk distribution , stage 2 eggs are eggs containing a clear area devoid of yolk and stage 3 eggs are eggs containing pigmented eyespots . stage 4 eggs ( hatching ) and stage 5 eggs ( hatched or empty eggs ) were not observed from this group of crabs .
male crabs and female crabs were similar in size . the average straight carapace widths ( scw ) of males and females , including range , were 11 . 9 mm ( 9 . 1  16 . 5 mm ) and 12 . 9 mm ( 9 . 8  18 . 9 mm ) , respectively . a single non - ovigerous crab , included within the above average for females , was 18 . 9 mm scw .
previous agonistic interactions were apparent in 7 specimens ( 3 males , 4 females ; 25 % of the crabs encountered ) . injuries resulting from these interactions included missing chelipeds and walking legs ; however , none of these injuries were severe as all crabs had developed leg buds and no crab was missing more than a single appendage . four injured crabs occurred as singletons upon their respective host turtle and three injured crabs were from heterosexual pairings . no heterosexual pair contained more than one injured crab .
a few points concerning aspects of the natural history of both host loggerheads and columbus crabs can be gleaned from our data . the morphometric data we present for ovigerous
contain some of the smallest specimens reported for females with eggs . data from other studies presenting similar information suggest that crabs approximately 11 mm scw and smaller are juveniles and most often found as
associates ( see chace 1951 ) . these crabs then emigrate to flotsam and turtles at the onset of sexual maturity . although sexually immature
are capable of attaining sexual maturity as small as 9 . 1 mm scw . moreover , it is possible that juvenile crabs collected from flotsam and turtles in other studies represent sub - adult specimens undergoing the initial stages of sexual maturity .
. ( 2004 ) for crabs from loggerhead turtles . the same studies also found that
from turtles suffered markedly fewer instances of missing appendages when compared to collections obtained from inanimate flotsam and jetsam . additionally , the large proportion of ovigerous crabs from our collection coincides with data from dellinger
. ( 1997 ) , one from turtles and the other from inanimate flotsam , demonstrate that female crabs from turtles were brooding eggs more often ( 71 % ) than female crabs from inanimate flotsam ( 21 % ) . dellinger
. ( 1997 ) suggest that , given their reported data , turtles appear to offer a substantially better platform for egg brooding and , likely , production than inanimate flotsam . these authors speculate that the higher instances of egg - brooding observed in
from turtles could be attributed to the fact that turtle crabs are likely exposed to better food or a larger variety of food items than those clinging to inanimate flotsam .
. ( 2004 ) determined that turtle crabs do feed upon a larger variety of food items than crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam . however , the same study found that crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam contained similar amounts of food , albeit a lower diversity of prey types , as crabs from loggerhead turtles . moreover , crabs from inanimate flotsam produced similar sizes and numbers of eggs as those from turtles . yet , frick
. ( 1997 ) . therefore , the former study could not offer any supporting evidence that a higher proportion of turtle crabs were brooding eggs when compared to crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam . instead , a higher proportion of ovigerous crabs and , consequently , an increased chance of encountering ovigerous crabs from turtles than from inanimate flotsam suggest that multiple annual broods produced by crabs from turtles might be occurring with greater frequency than from crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam . because agonistic interactions between crabs on turtles are proportionately lower than agonistic interactions between crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam ( dellinger
. 2004 ) , crabs from inanimate flotsam would likely experience decreased survival probabilities and reproductive output as energy is diverted from reproduction to repair injuries .
from neritic - stage loggerhead turtles suggests that these turtles were exhibiting a great deal of surface - oriented or pelagic behavior prior to their entrainment at the slnpp ; particularly during the winter and early spring . loggerhead turtles are captured at the slnpp year - round and turtles that hosted
although loggerhead turtles inhabiting the western north atlantic , particularly the southeastern us , are most often referred to as largely benthic - associated animals , dietary studies reveal that some prey items consumed by neritic - stage loggerheads are actually largely pelagic species ( i . e . aurelia aurita and physalia physalis ; bjorndal 1997 ; frick
)  a turtle species that is well - documented to spend a great deal of time in the pelagic environment ( bolten 2003 ) . such observations might indicate why the turtles encountered during the present study hosted a pelagic species such as
. 2000 ) might explain why large adult - sized turtles ( > 80 cm scl for atlantic u . s .
; dodd 1988 ) sampled during this study ( n = 5 ; 22 . 7 % ) hosted
during their first decade of life loggerheads are highly pelagic , particularly within oceanic habitats ( water masses away from the continental shelf ≥ 200 m deep ; hedgpeth 1957 ; bolten 2003 ) . such behavior decreases in frequency as turtles migrate from their nursery habitats to the neritic habitats that will support them for the remainder of their life ( musick & limpus 1997 ) . however , it appears from data collected during epibiont and dietary studies that , while benthic habitats are heavily utilized by neritic stage loggerheads , the pelagic environment still represents an important habitat for loggerheads as they mature , even into adulthood ( frick
we thank the padi foundation for providing the microscopy equipment used in this study and the florida power and light company for continuing to support sea turtle research at the st . lucie power plant . we also thank m . godfrey , l . campbell and two anonymous reviewers for comments that greatly improved the manuscript .


it was described by philpott in 1917 .

it is found in new zealand .

the wingspan is 20 – 21 mm for males and females .

the forewings are ferruginous , but brighter along the costa .

there is an irregular transverse outwardly-oblique white discal dot at the middle and a dark , obscurely indicated second line .

the hindwings are yellow with the discal dot and terminal band fuscous .

udea adversa

udea adversa is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by philpott in 1917 . it is found in new zealand . [ 1 ]
have a fact about udea cyanalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for udea cyanalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
udea is a genus of moths of the family crambidae . they are mostly native to eurasia and the new world . there are over 200 species . about 41 are native to hawaii .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
[ read before the otago institute , 5th september , 1916 , received by editors , 30th december , 1916 , issued separately , 16th july , 1917 . ]
♂ . 33–34 mm . head and thorax dark grey . palpi grey , stout , and rather short . antennae in ♂ moderately serrate , fasciculate - ciliated to apex . abdomen pale fuscous - grey . forewings rather short , costa almost straight , apex rounded , termen evenly rounded , oblique ; grey , rather bluish - tinted ; an irregular double interrupted black line at ⅓ ; orbicular moderate , rounded , open above and beneath , ringed with ochreous - white margined with black ; claviform irregularly rounded , touching first line , black ; reniform broad , ringed with ochreous - white , black - margined ; an obscure dentate median dark line passing between orbicular and reniform ; second line indicated by a chain of black lunules ; subterminal line parallel to termen , ochreous - white , anteriorly black - margined , serrate ; a series of black dots on termen : cilia fuscous with paler basal line . hindwings dark shining fuscous ; a black line round termen : cilia pale fuscous with a darker median line .
nearest to a . moderata ( walk . ) , but the stigmata , especially the prominent reniform , are quite different .
taken at waiouru in march by mr . h . w . simmonds . i am indebted to dr . j . a . thomson , of the dominion museum , for the opportunity of describing this form , two good examples having been forwarded by him for that purpose . type ( ♂ ) in coll . dominion museum .
♂ . 34 mm . head , palpi , and thorax grey slightly tinged with brown ; terminal joint of palpi rather elongate . antennae in ♂ very shortly ciliated . abdomen ochreous - brown . forewings , costa almost straight , apex rectangularly rounded , termen bowed , slightly oblique ; olive - grey ; veins marked with white interrupted by black dots ; lines almost obsolete , faintly indicated by white scales ; orbicular well defined , ovate , filled with white , finely margined with black ; reniform rather narrow , bluntly projecting at lower anterior corner , white - ringed , finely margined with black ; termen serrately margined with white : cilia brown . hindwings fuscous - grey - brown : cilia grey with darker median line .
the form of the stigmata differentiates this species from its allies . it has a peculiarly neat and smooth appearance .
titahi bay ( wellington ) , december . the type ( coll . m . o . pascoe ) is the only example at present known .
♂ . 17–20 mm . head , palpi , thorax , and abdomen dark reddish - brown sprinkled sparsely with grey and black . antennae black , annulated with
whitish , in ♂ ciliate - fasciculate , ciliations 4 . forewings triangular , costa slightly sinuate , apex obtuse , termen angulated at middle , subsinuate beneath ; dark dull - reddish - brown ; numerous obscure bluish - green and black transverse lines ; upper half or second line frequently more prominently greenish and followed by a rather broad reddish band , a thin waved bluish - green subterminal line usually present : cilia fuscous - grey , suffusedly barred and mixed with darker . hindwings in ♂ slightly but broadly projecting on middle of termen ; dark greyish - fuscous ; veins dotted with whitish scales , dorsal fasciae hardly indicated : cilia as in forewings .
near c . rivalis philp . , but much darker in appearance , the details of wing - shape also show considerable differences .
mount cleughearn , hunter mountains , in january . the male was found commonly in a restricted spot at about 3 , 250 ft . no females were obtained .
♂♀ . 22–25 mm . head , palpi , thorax , and abdomen grey sprinkled with black . palpi in ♀ 3½ , in ♂ slightly less . antennae in ♂ evenly ciliated , ¾ . forewings rather narrow , costa hardly arched , termen bowed , strongly oblique ; fuscous - grey , irrorated with black , sometimes with faint pink suffusion ; numerous waved white lines , more prominent on apical half of wing ; margin of the slightly darker basal portion of wing sharply and triangularly indented opposite discal spot ; a black line along termen : cilia whitish - grey with fuscous median line . hindwings , termen unevenly rounded , in ♂ deeply sinuate above middle ; greyish - white with numerous incomplete waved bluish lines : cilia grey , obscurely barred with fuscous .
nearest to c . sphragitis ( meyr . ) , but showing no greenish coloration .
queenstown and ben lomond discovered by mr . m . o . pascoe , who secured several examples of each sex in november and december . types : ♂ in coll . m . o . pascoe , ♀ in coll . a . philpott .
♂ . 30 mm . head , palpi , and antennae purplish - grey . thorax fuscous - brown mixed with grey . abdomen fuscous - grey with some reddish scales laterally . forewings moderate , triangular , costa moderately arched , apex subacute , termen sinuate , oblique ; whitish - grey with faint purplish tinge ; markings dark purplish - fuscous , basal line thick , evenly curved , projecting angularly at middle ; anterior margin of median band inwardly oblique beneath costa at ⅓ , thence broadly excurved to dorsum at ¼ ; posterior margin from ⅔ costa to ¾ dorsum , with strong broad apically - indented projection at middle ; traces of a thin waved white subterminal line ; an oblique suffused purplish - fuscous fascia from apex : cilia grey , obscurely barred with fuscous , tips whitish . hindwings elongate , termen angularly projecting at middle , purplish - grey ; basal half darker , being marked off by a median fascia parallel to termen : cilia as in forewings . undersides . forewings ochreous - reddish with the upper markings faintly reproduced , hindwings ochreous - reddish , terminal half suffused with whitish .
nearest to h . triphragma ( meyr . ) , from which it differs chiefly in the shape of the posterior margin of the median band .
discovered by mr . j . h . lewis at broken river , canterbury . seven or eight examples were taken , but i have not been able to ascertain the dates of capture .
in form of wing and markings this species approaches x . cedrinodes meyr . from the greenish forms of the genus it is at once distinguished by its much larger size .
mount cleughearn , hunter mountains , at about 3 , 250 ft . common in january at flowers of dracophyllum longifolium . the female appears to be rare ; out of nineteen specimens taken only one belonged to that sex .
♂♀ . 34 mm . head , thorax , and abdomen whitish - ochreous finely sprinkled with fuscous . antennae in ♂ , with rather short pectinations . forewings triangular , costa strongly arched , sinuate at middle , apex moderately sharp , termen subsinuate , oblique ; ochreous - grey - whitish ; termen broadly margined with greyish - fuscous ; costal edge very narrowly fuscous ; a thin curved brown line near base ; first line ( anterior edge of median band ) irregularly subdentate , curved , brown , from ⅓ costa to ⅓ dorsum ; second line ( posterior edge of median band ) irregular , slight triple projection at middle , excurved beneath , from ⅔ costa to ¾ dorsum , brown ; an obscure waved pale subterminal line : cilia greyish - ochreous . hindwings ochreous - grey - whitish ; a median fascia and a broad terminal band greyish - fuscous : cilia greyish - ochreous .
one of each sex taken at clarence river and coverham ( marlborough ) in february and march by dr . j . a . thomson and mr . h . hamilton . types ( ♂ and ♀ ) in coll . dominion museum .
♂ . 35–38 mm . head , palpi , and thorax ochreous - brown . antennae , stalk whitish , annulated with black , pectinations 2 mm . abdomen black , densely strewn with yellowish - white scales , anal tuft ochreous . forewings moderate , costa hardly arched , almost straight , termen bowed , oblique ; light ochreous - brown , often densely strewn with white scales ; markings white ; first line bent outwardly beneath costa , thence inwardly oblique to dorsum , posteriorly dark - margined , often obsolete on upper portion ; a suffused median shade sometimes present ; second line broad , inwardly
oblique , twice sinuate , anteriorly dark - margined ; a thin dark line parallel to second line , sometimes obsolete ; subterminal broad , waved , parallel to termen : cilia yellowish - white , barred with fuscous , and with a fuscous basal line . hindwings rather narrow ; brownish - fuscous , densely sprinkled with grey - whitish on basal ⅔ ; two parallel curved white fasciae beyond middle , second sometimes obsolete . cilia as in forewings . undersides ochreous - brown ; second and subterminal lines of forewings and post - median lines of hindwings usually indicated ; a dark discal spot on both wings .
♀ . 16 mm . semiapterous . forewings oblong , apex subacute , termen hardly rounded , oblique . hindwings oblong , slightly narrower than forewings , termen and dorsum slightly concave . legs and antennae normally developed . palpi small and not densely haired . legs fuscous , tarsal joints annulated with white . the rest of the insect is white minutely speckled with dark fuscous , and with a slight ochreous tint on head and anterior portion of thorax .
in this species the antennal pectinations reach their highest development , and it is significant that this is comcident with the semiapterous condition of the female . it is probable that n villosa is an offshoot from n . orphnaea ( meyr . ) , that species being attached to rocky and shingly ground , while the former has become adapted to areas covered with more ample vegetation .
common from december to february in well - grassed situations at from 3 , 000 ft . to 4 , 000 ft . the male was first met with on the hump ( waiau ) in 1910 , and was subsequently found on the hunter mountains . the female was not discovered till december , 1915 , when three specimens were taken by mr . c . c . fenwick on the hump . so far , the two localities mentioned are the only ones in which the species has been observed , but in all probability it also occurs on the intervening princess range .
♂♀ . 24–26 mm . head , palpi , and thorax dark ochreous - brown , in ♀ lighter . abdomen ochreous - grey - brown . forewings elongate , costa slightly arched at base , thence almost straight , apex rectangular , termen bowed , not oblique ; brownish - ochreous , finely sprinkled with black and , in ♀ , with grey ; a rather broad central ochreous - white streak from base to ⅖ , margined with blackish beneath and round apex , a suffused and interrupted whitish transverse fascia at ⅔ , second line prominent , white , shortly oblique towards termen , thence straight to before tornus , margined anteriorly with a series of black dashes : cilia fuscous - grey , tips and a series of obscure basal dots white . hindwings fuscous - grey , in ♀ slightly ochreous - tinged : cilia grey - whitish with a fuscous median line .
not far removed from o machaeristis meyr . , but differing in the presence of the well - defined second line , the basal streak is also much shorter .
discovered by mr . m . o . pascoe on cecil peak , wakatipu , at an altitude of about 6 , 000 ft . the examples ( two of each sex ) were secured early in january and on the 25th february . types in coll . m . o . pascoe .
♂ . 29–32 mm . head and palpi ochreous - brown . thorax brown with broad suffused ochreous - whitish central stripe . abdomen greyish - ochreous . forewings moderate , somewhat oblong , costa rather strongly and evenly
arched , apex subacute , termen subsinuate , oblique ; greyish - ochreous - brown ; a narrow whitish - ochreous stripe beneath costa from base to apex ; extreme costal edge brown , dilated on apical half ; a rather broad straight white central stripe , narrowly margined above and beneath with brown ; an obscure whitish - ochreous streak along dorsum : cilia grey - whitish , darker round tornus . hindwings dark brownish - fuscous : cilia whitish - ochreous with fuscous basal line .
nearest to c . oppositus philp . , but the forewings are not dilated posteriorly and there are several minor distinctions in the character of the pale stripes .
longwood range . five males amongst rough herbage on the open tops at about 2 , 700 ft . in december .
♂ . 20 mm . head and thorax ochreous - brown . palpi elongate , whitish beneath . antennae in ♂ moderately bipectinate ; brown . abdomen greyish - ochreous . forewings elongate - triangular , costa gently arched , apex obtuse , termen almost straight , slightly oblique ; pale ochreous - brown , darker basally ; first line whitish , slightly sinuate and inwardly oblique , broadly margined posteriorly with blackish - brown ; reniform 8 - shaped , upper half filled with blackish - brown , lower half brown - ringed , pale ; some dark suffusion beneath costa between first and second lines ; second line thin , indistinct , pale , clearly margined anteriorly with blackish - brown , broadly indented below costa and irregularly dentate on lower half : cilia ochreous with interrupted blackish - brown basal line . hindwings and cilia ochreous - grey ; lunule and subterminal line fuscous .
extremely similar to s . acompa meyr . , but somewhat broader - winged . the antennal structure of the male at once distinguishes it .
mount cleughearn , hunter mountains , in an open spot in the forest at about 2 , 750 ft . three specimens in december and january .
distinguished from m . notata ( butl . ) , its nearest ally , by the outwardly - oblique discal spot of forewings .
discovered by mr . g . w . howes at queenstown in the last week of february , 1912 . mr . c . e . clarke has since secured the species in the same locality about the middle of february .
♂ 25–28 mm . ; ♀ 22 mm . head and palpi ochreous - grey mixed with brown , palpi 3 . antennal ciliations of ♂ 1½ . thorax purplish - brown sprinkled with brown . abdomen ochreous - grey . forewings elongate - triangular in ♂ , suboblong in ♀ , costa almost straight , without fold , apex
obtuse , termen subsinuate , hardly oblique ; dull grey - brown with purplish gloss and numerous obscure strigulations of reddish or fuscous ; margin of basal patch usually indicated by a more pronounced irregular strigula ; median fascia from ⅓ costa , irregular , outwardly oblique , inner margin only marked : cilia grey mixed with brown . hindwings fuscous - grey , obscurely mottled with darker cilia grey with darker basal line .
in point of size comparable only with e elephantina ( meyr . ) , but that species appears to be widely dissimilar in colour and markings . in some specimens of e . tenebrosa the markings are almost entirely obsolete .
ben lomond , in february . discovered by mr . c . e . clarke , who has kindly placed at my service for description a series of six males and one female . types ( ♂ and ♀ ) in coll c . e . clarke .
♂ . 14 mm . head , palpi , and thorax white . antennae whitish , darker towards apex . abdomen fuscous - grey . forewings narrow , slightly dilated basally ; leaden - fuscous , beneath fold shining white ; median portion of fold margined with black , an obscure ochreous subcostal stripe from ¼ to ¾ ; some ochreous scales round tornus : cilia fuscous . hindwings and cilia fuscous .
an obscure form , nearest s . caminora meyr . , but the head in that species is yellowish .
rare . a single specimen taken at invercargill in november , 1906 . mr . c . e . clarke has recently secured a second example at broad bay , dunedin , also in november . this latter specimen , being in excellent condition , has been made the type .
♂ . 11 mm . head dark shining brown , with prismatic reflections palpi loosely scaled , fuscous - brown , mixed with shining grey - whitish internally except at apex . antennae dark fuscous . thorax dark brass - coloured . abdomen dark fuscous , anal tuft grey . forewings lanceolate ; shining brass - coloured , a snow - white stripe on costa from before middle to apex , attenuated anteriorly : cilia white on costa , grey on termen . hindwings and cilia fuscous - grey .
nearest g . cionophora ( meyr . ) in wing - shape ; in ground - colour resembling g . codonias meyr . and g . transversella walk . , but somewhat paler than either of these species .
the hump ( waiau ) , and mount burns , hunter mountains . from december to february at elevations of from 3 , 000 ft . to 3 , 500 ft .
♂ . 15 mm . head white , sprinkled with fuscous . antennae white , basal joints greenish . palpi whitish , second joint outwardly brownish - fuscous except at apex , terminal joint outwardly narrowly brownish - fuscous at base and apex . thorax greyish - green , with a pair of black posterior median dots . abdomen grey - whitish . legs , anterior pair fuscous annulated with whitish , posterior pair grey , tarsi annulated with fuscous .
forewings , costa subsinuate , apex broadly rounded , termen oblique beneath , dorsal half irregularly suffused with pink ; costal half irrorated with fuscous and black ; a rather prominent black dot on costa at ½ and a number of blackish strigulae on apical third ; a distinct black discal dot ; cilia brownish - pink ; a broad black bar on tornus preceded by a narrow fuscous bar and followed by two small black patches . hindwings elongate - ovate , with a ridge of long hairs on basal portion of vein 1 c directed towards lower median ; shining greyish - white : cilia white , round apex brownish - pink ; an obscure dark basal line .
near o . prasinodes meyr . , but that species is not described as having any pink suffusion in forewings , and there are other differences .
rowallan ( waiau ) , in coastal forest . a single specimen taken by mr . c . c . fenwick in december . type in coll . c . c . fenwick .
♂ . 15 mm . head fuscous , the loose hair - scales tipped with greyish . palpi comparatively elongate , second joint rough beneath , terminal joint rather pointed ; fuscous tipped with greyish . antennal . ciliations ½ . thorax and abdomen purplish - fuscous . forewings , costa subsinuate , apex round - pointed , termen bowed , oblique ; dull purplish - fuscous ; markings creamy white ; a large triangular patch on dorsum reaching from ¼ to ½ , its apex about middle of disc ; an obscure dot on costa above this , sometimes obsolete , an inwardly - oblique short fascia on costa beyond middle ; a similar but smaller one before apex and an outwardly - oblique one between these two ; a small triangular patch before tornus ; three or four minute dots in apical half of wing : cilia purplish - fuscous with a white bar beneath apex and at tornus , and a broad white patch at middle . hindwings and cilia light fuscous .
the hump , at about 3 , 000 ft . i have met with it rarely in december and february ; mr . c . c . fenwick has also a specimen taken in december at the same locality .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?
this article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .
crowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .
by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .
copyright © world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
walker , f . 1863 ,
crambites & tortricites
, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 27 , pp . 1 - 286
meyrick , e . 1888 ,
on the pyralidina of the hawaiian islands
, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1888 , pp . 209 - 246
meyrick , e . 1884 ,
on the classification of australian pyralidina
, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1884 , pp . 277 - 350
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0000eb92 - 046e - 4663 - b9f3 - 6cd1e0f9918a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 03cd495f - 98c6 - 46c6 - 8bd8 - b267f39a495c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 286414b8 - e384 - 439a - a70c - d76ce4414540
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b9ad7a5b - 4135 - 4926 - a84e - 498d3bad5fc1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 53e76ed9 - dab5 - 43eb - b70e - 05c5e4e96eb4
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 242500
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
copyright © 2014 - 2017 babylon software ltd . all rights reserved to babylon translation software
sign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .
have a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .
simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .