the marsh skimmer , also known as tricolored marsh hawk , and slender blue skimmer , ( orthetrum luzonicum ) is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae .

it is widespread in many asian countries .

it breeds in marshes , boggy areas and wet abandoned rice fields .

orthetrum luzonicum

dragonflies & damselflies of thailand : 50 . orthetrum luzonicum ( brauer , 1868 )
orthetrum luzonicum are a vivid blue / green colour and o . glaucum ' s eyes are dull in comparison .
citation : dow , r . 2010 . orthetrum luzonicum . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 21 december 2011 .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . orthetrum luzonicum ( brauer , 1868 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
range description : orthetrum luzonicum is a widespread species , known from afghanistan and india to japan and southwards to java . countries : native : afghanistan bangladesh bhutan china hong kong india indonesia ( jawa , sumatera ) japan malaysia ( peninsular malaysia ) myanmar nepal philippines singapore sri lanka taiwan , province of china thailand viet nam
red list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 assessor / s : dow , r . a . reviewer / s : clausnitzer , v . & allen , d . justification : orthetrum luzonicum is a widespread , common species that breeds in open and disturbed habitats , and is assessed as least concern . conservation actions : no conservation measures are needed for this species .
this species is smaller and slimmer than orthetrum glaucum . in males , the hindwing is 30 to 32 mm in length and the total body length ranges from 40 to 42 mm . the abdomen is blue with the last two segments dark . the hindwing base is only lightly and narrowly tinted with yellow . the eyes are light blue . pruinescence develops with age and eventually the whole body becomes powdery blue . young males have a dark thorax with yellow bands on the dorsum . immature males are light brown in colour , resembling the female .
author contributed taxonomy hierarchy [ admin , k . a . subramanian , panchapakesan jeganathan , panchapakesan jeganathan , panchapakesan jeganathan ]
< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >
subramanian . k . a . ( 2009 ) . dragonflies of india - a field guide . vigyan prasar ,
describes biorhythms - those states or conditions characterised by regular repetition in time , whether on the scale of seconds , hours , days , or seasons . it could also cover phenomena such as
plant flowering
or
chewing rates
. life cycles are treated in the field for life cycle . seasonal migration and reproduction are usually treated separately .
describes reproductive physiology and behavior , including mating and life history variables . includes cues , strategies , restraints , rates .
male : abdomen : 28 - 30mm , hind wing : 30 - 32mm . female : abdomen : 28 - 32mm , hind wing : 30 - 32mm .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
male : face : pale bluish or greenish yellow . eyes : bluish green with violet or brownish spots . thorax : pale olivaceous green with brown lateral stripes . dorsal side has a distinct yellow “y” shaped mark . in older individuals , brown and yellow markings may be totally replaced by pale blue pruinescence . legs : bluish black . wings : transparent . wing spot : yellowish . abdomen : is pruinosed pale azure blue in colour and dorsoventrally dilated at base . female : markings similar to sub adult males but less brightly coloured .
describes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .
male : wing spot : yellowish eye : bluish green with brownish spots medium sized dragonfly with olivaceous thorax marked with brown and yellow and slender blue abdomen . aged males develop pale blue pruinesence , appearing blue throughout . female : wing spot : similar to male eye : brownish very different ; brownish green with yellowish marks on thorax and black lateral lines on thin yellowish abdomen .
describes behaviour and behaviour patterns of an organism , including actions and reactions of organism in relation to its biotic and abiotic environment . includes communication , perception , modes and mechanisms of locomotion , as well as long term strategies ( except mating and reproductive strategies , covered under reproduction ) .
commonly found perched around marshes , ponds , paddy fields , and stagnant part of rivers and streams . like green marsh hawk ( o . sabina ) this species also frequently perches on ground .
marshes , swamps and edges of wetlands in wellwooded areas , particularly in mid - elevations .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
habitat and ecology : this species breeds in habitats such as marshes , boggy areas and wet abandoned rice fields . systems : terrestrial ; freshwater list of habitats : 5 , 5 . 3 , 5 . 4 , 5 . 7 , 15 , 15 . 7
widely distributed from india , sri lanka to java and sumatra in the east .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
bolangir , kotgarh , mayurbhanj . throughout wetter parts of india . parts of se asia . easy to spot at : jamuna meadow , str .
is a widespread species , known from afghanistan and india to japan and southwards to java . countries : native : afghanistan bangladesh bhutan china hong kong india indonesia ( jawa , sumatera ) japan malaysia ( peninsular malaysia ) myanmar nepal philippines singapore sri lanka taiwan , province of china thailand viet nam
population : this is a common species across much of its range . population trend : unknown
red list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 assessor / s : dow , r . a . reviewer / s : clausnitzer , v . & allen , d . justification :
is a widespread , common species that breeds in open and disturbed habitats , and is assessed as least concern . conservation actions : no conservation measures are needed for this species .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
iucn . 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2010 . 4 ) . available at : http : / / www . iucnredlist . org . ( accessed : 27 october 2010 ) .
jeganathan , p & bhanumathi ( 2016 ) . thattangal , usithattangal : arimuga kaiyedu . ( a field guide on dragonflies & damselflies in tamil ) . cre - a . chennai . pp1 - 224 urltoken
dragonflies and damselflies of university of north bengal campus , west bengal , india with new distribu . . .
a study was made to determine the present status of the diversity of the dragonflies and damselflie . . .
odonates were surveyed in coimbatore district from september 2012 to january 2016 . the survey sites . . .
an observation on the odonata fauna of the asansol - durgapur industrial area , burdwan , west bengal , in . . .
the present investigation was undertaken as a pilot study to examine the diversity , occurrence a . . .
the diversity of the odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ) was studied in seven districts of southe . . .
a study was conducted at chinnar wildlife sanctuary , idukki district , kerala , the southern western . . .
an inventory of odonata was carried out in six districts of central gujarat from 2012 to 2014 . a t . . .
new records of dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) from the western ghats of maharashtra , i . . .
odonates were surveyed across 10 localities from western ghats of maharashtra state , india during 2 . . .
odonata ( insecta ) diversity of salim ali bird sanctuary and its adjacent areas in thattekkad , kerala , . . .
odonata diversity of salim ali bird sanctuary and its adjacent areas in thattekkad , kerala , india w . . .
a preliminary checklist of odonates in kerala agricultural university ( kau ) campus , thrissur district , . . .
a study was conducted to document the species diversity of odonata ( insecta ) of the kerala agricult . . .
dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of nagaland , with an addition to the indian odonate fau . . .
we surveyed odonates in the districts of kohima , peren and wokha in the state of nagaland , northeas . . .
dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of tripura , northeastern india with a pictorial catalog . . .
a survey of odonata was conducted in four reserve forests , three wildlife sanctuaries and three unc . . .
habitat and seasonal distribution of odonata ( insecta ) of mula and mutha river basins , maharashtra , in . . .
catchment landscape degradation and habitat modifications of freshwater ecosystems are a primary ca . . .
erratum : habitat and seasonal distribution of odonata ( insecta ) of mula and mutha river basins , mahara . . .
cepf western ghats special series first record of < i > poltys columnaris < / i > thorell , 1890 ( araneae : ara . . .
dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata : insecta ) of tropical forest research institute , jabalpur , madhya . . .
dragonfly and damselfly ( odonata ) species diversity and status were studied in the urltoken campus . . .
the study reports the results from surveys for odonates in the state of goa over 19 months during 2 . . .
odonata are freshwater insects spread world - wide . tropical areas are high odonata diversity area . . .
a list of odonates from sahyadri tiger reserve and amboli with discussion on habitat requirement . . .
picked up this report / project on damselfies from the internet authored by the indian academy o . . .
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joshi , s . , p . koparde , p . dawn , p . roy , and k . kunte ( eds . ) .
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is a widespread , common species that breeds in open and disturbed habitats , and is assessed as least concern .
is a widespread species , known from afghanistan and india to japan and southwards to java .
this species breeds in habitats such as marshes , boggy areas and wet abandoned rice fields .
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tang , h . b . , l . k . wang & m . hämäläinen , 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore , singapore . 222 pp .
raffles museum of biodiversity research rmbr has its origins in the raffles museum which was founded in 1849 . established on…
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nam nao np / environs ( petchabun ) ; doi inthanon ( chiang mai ) ; khao krating np ( chantaburi ) .
( see entry ) . however , it is quite easy to spot the difference . simply look at the eyes . the eyes of
the male ' s thorax and abdomen are bright powdery blue and s9 - 10 can be black , though i have seen specimens where this turns blue too . the males also have slight yellow / black markings on the abdomen , which seem slightly variable depending on age .
this one i captured with my little net . they also seem slightly smaller than most other species in the genus , though this could just be my imagination . still , a beautiful little thing . when i released him , he flew straight towards another male and began fighting .
this young male , has a pruinosed abdomen , but only half of its thorax has changed .
a poor photo ( everything was set up for close macro work ) and one shot and it was gone . . . anyway , it ' s still good enough for id purposes . even here you can see its bright blue eyes . . . something i missed ! special thanks to dr . matti for the id . this was seen at nam nao helicopter pad lake .
like the male , the female becomes pruinosed . this one i saw a good distance from the water ' s edge . the female also has a slimmer abdomen to its counterparts ( from what i can make out anyway ) .
you can see that the female ' s eyes are similar to those of the male .
at last i spotted the female . it ' s actually similar to the young male . the thoracic markings are different and the eyes are similar in colour to that of the male , making it easily identifiable . also , unlike other females in the genus , when you movc near them , they only seem to fly to another leaf or twig . whereas , other females fly away , never to be seen again .
i am too lazy to write about my past , but i now love photographing dragonflies , manchester city football club , fishing and , of course , my girlfriend .
98 . ischnura sp . ( rufostigma selys , 1876 - group ) . . .
number : 186 family : libellulidae genus : nannophya species : nannophya pygmaea common name ( s ) : the scarlet dwarf . . .
number : 182 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion malaisei common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
location : phu kao - phu phan kham national park , khon kaen date : saturday 28th may , 2016 habitat : lowland , shallow lake on the edg . . .
number : 176 family : lestidae genus : platylestes species : platylestes platystylus common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a . . .
location : phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , chaiyaphum date : saturday , 12th november , 2016 habitat : mid - to upland forested ponds . . .
number : 175 family : libellulidae genus : lyriothemis species : lyriothemis sp . common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a ha . . .
location 1 : tat fa and pha ing waterfalls , tat ton national park , chaiyaphum date : saturday 26th march , 2016 habitat : lowlands ( a . s . l . . . .
number : 189 family : libellulidae genus : amphithemis species : amphithemis curvistyla common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
number : 185 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion pallidum common name ( s ) : n / a syn . . .
number : 57 family : libellulidae genus : trithemis species : trithemis aurora common name ( s ) : crimson marsh glider , crimson dropwing , . . .
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mature male is entirely light blue in colour . it has a long slender abdomen . hindwing base is only lightly and narrowly tinted with yellow . eyes are light blue .
this dragonfly can be found in marshes and open ponds . it has a preference for flowing streams . it can be found at bukit batok nature park .
tang , h . b . , wang , l . k . & hämäläinen , m . 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . singapore : raffles museum of biodiversity research . 222pp .
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widely distributed dragonfly throughout asian countries including sri lanka . breeds in marshy habitats . it is a least - concerned spices in red data list and no threats have been identified .
eggs english : trinket snake binomial name : coelognathus helena sinhala : කටකලුවා / හබරලියා [ katakaluwa / habaraliya ] c . hel . . .
scales are identical in size and keeled . english : sri lanka wolf snake binomial : lycodon carinatus sinhala : දාර රදනකයා [ dara ra . . .
english : sri lankan pipe snake binomial : cylindrophis maculatus sinhala : දෙපත් නයා / වටඋල්ලා [ depath naya / wata ulla ] an endemic spe . . .
english : dwarf bamboo binomial name : arundinaria densifolia a . densifolia is an species of dwarf bamboo that grows in swampy a . . .
p . penicillatus in 5000 rupee note of sri lanka engish : yellow eared bulbul scientific : pycnonotus penicillatus sinhal . . .
english : sri lankan krait sinhala : මුදු කරවලා [ mudu karawala ] binomial : bungarus ceylonicus bungarus ceylonicus ( sri lankan k . . .
engish : daffodil orchid scientific : ipsea speciosa sinhala : නගා මැරූ අල [ naga maru ala ] i . speciosa is a rare and ende . . .
e . sordida in 50 rupee note english : sri lanka dull - blue flycatcher / dusky - blue flycatcher scientific : eumyias sordida . . .
binomial name : zeuxine regia sinhala : ඉරු රාජ [ iru raja ] an endemic and endangered ground orchid that grows in lowland wet zone an . . .
engish : sundew scientific : drosera burmannii sinhala : කඳුලැස්ස [ kandulessa ] drosera burmannii is a type of sundew whic . . .


the scarlet-banded barbet ( capito wallacei ) is a species of bird in the capitonidae family .

discovered in 1996 and formally described in 2000 , the scarlet-banded barbet is endemic to humid highland forest growing on a ridgetop known as peak 1538 in the remote cordillera azul national park in south-western loreto , peru ( mistakenly listed as being in ucayali , peru , in its formal description ) .

while it remains fairly common , its range is tiny and the total population has been estimated at less than 1000 individuals .

consequently , it is rated as vulnerable by birdlife international and iucn .

a strikingly coloured species , it measures 19 cm ( 7.5 in ) long .

most of the upperparts are black , except for the yellow back and large white rump patch .

below , the throat and upper breast are white , bordered below by a broad scarlet band , while the rest of the underparts are yellow .

scarlet - banded barbet

nobody uploaded sound recordings for scarlet - banded barbet ( capito wallacei ) yet .
so what ' s so special about this bird then ? the scarlet - banded barbet was only discovered in 1996 ( and described in 2000 ) by dan lane and dr . john o ' neill on a
while scarlet - banded barbet and cordillera azul antbird are our main target many other birds which have been recorded will also be searched for as well . these include chestnut - tipped toucanet , scaled , fiery - throated and scarlet - breasted fruiteaters , the foothill form of long - tailed woodcreeper which is soon to be described as a new species .
scarlet - banded barbet was discovered in 1995 on an isolated peak in the cordillera azul , the head waters of rio cushabatay and was formally described to science in 2000 . for many years the only way to see it was doing a 10 day expedition with a 2 - 3 grueling hike to reach the peak .
also known as the scarlet - belted barbet , this stunningly beautiful bird constitutes one of the most dramatic ornithological discoveries of recent years . to date it is known solely from an isolated plateau covered in cloud forest between the rivers huallaga and ucayali , in north - central peru , where the population is estimated to number fewer than 1000 individuals . in consequence , birdlife international treats the scarlet - banded barbet as vulnerable to extinction . fortunately , the barbet’s montane home is remote , which should help serve to protect it . the cap and nape are scarlet , while a broad white supercilium separates the crown from the black ear coverts . most of the upperparts are black , relieved by the yellow back and large white rump patch . below , the throat and upper breast are white , bordered below by a broad scarlet band , while the rest of the underparts are yellow , becoming paler distally .
19 cm . very striking , recently discovered barbet . cap and nape scarlet . broad white supercilium starting from just in front of eye . black lores , area below eye and ear - coverts . scapulars mostly black ( yellow
v
in female ) . back yellow , large white rump and black tail . throat and upper breast white , bordered below by a broad scarlet band . lower breast and belly bright yellow , fading to yellowish - white in undertail coverts .
short , l . l . , horne , j . f . m . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . scarlet - banded barbet ( capito wallacei ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
c . 19·5 cm ; 65–78 g . distinctive black , white , yellow and red barbet . male has red cap , with red extending to middle of back , white and yellow mid - back to . . .
the morning of the 15th dawned and my luck did not appear to be in as i missed a green jay near the tents . after an early breakfast it was back on the trail , stopping only to fill all the water bottles from the stream , located in a steep gully about 30 minutes from camp . with the park guards re - cutting the trail through the steep and dense rainforest it appeared that it had been a long time since anyone had walked this way . when it became apparent that we were ascending a ridge to the peak , the habitat dramatically changed to epiphyte - laden cloud forest with trees of reduced stature . trailing behind the main group , i realised that if any barbets were flushed by them , then my chances of connecting with the barbet were reduced . i was the only birder in the group although most of the others were keen to see what all the fuss was about . with a one - track mind i struggled on to get to the front , stopping only to note some blue - winged mountain - tanagers and slate - throated redstarts . it was here that i heard soft
brrrr
calls from two birds i was unable to locate . catching up with my colleagues i found them talking excitedly - two of them had observed a scarlet - banded barbet . taking the lead from this point and with my senses in a heightened state of alert , i searched along the trail for my very own barbet . suddenly i was surprised to find the habitat opening out , scrub taking over from tree cover , and the open sky . we had reached the top !
expedition to a remote corner of rainforest in peru in a range of hills known as the cerro cinco puntas . this finding was remarkable in many respects . while it resembles other barbets , its plumage is unique - boldly patterned with conspicuous red , yellow , black and white . the bird was found on an unnamed peak in an area which had never been surveyed or explored before due its remoteness . the cloud forest habitat favoured by the barbet is fairly small and restricted to a small altitudinal zone near the top of a mountain which has come to be known as barbet peak or peak 1538 .
1 . o ' neill , john p . daniel f . lane , andrew w . kratter , angelo p . capparella & cecilia fox . 2000 . a striking new species of barbet ( capitonidae : capito ) from the eastern andes of peru . the auk 117 ( 3 ) : 569 - 577 .
it was remarkable how small the cloud forest habitat was - probably only a couple of hundred metres in elevation around the peak looked suitable , and we had passed up through it so quickly . taking a few photographs and then ignoring a canopy flock coming through , i headed back down to where today ' s barbet had been sighted . after an hour i was beginning to panic and some of the party were beginning to head back down . i tried to locate more of the soft
brrr
calls which i had heard earlier . they appeared to be uttered by some hidden birds which were also making tapping sounds on the branches . suddenly agustine came racing up the trail to tell me had seen five barbets ! i was down at the spot in no time and very soon . . . there they were . a splendid pair of scarlet - banded barbets . observing them call i realised i had been hearing them all along . then , another pair . yes , they are striking birds but so are many of the common birds in south america . what made these moments particularly special was the knowledge that very few people had shared the same experience of the species . and then a slightly uncomforting thought . the habitat here seems so small , perhaps even fragile , on the ridge of this peak - what is its future in the face of climate change ? this year was one of the driest periods in recent times in the amazon and we have all seen the reports in the news . i feel extremely fortunate to have seen the barbet and its magical habitat and thank everyone involved in this expedition .
inlcudes hotel ( but not dinner ) in tarapoto on the night prior to day 1 , guiding , camping equipment including sheets , blankets and pillows , tranport and all the food until lunch on day 4 . note that there will be a $ 500 per group for hiring the 4 wd needed to get to the barbet site . this means one person pays the full $ 500 , and a group of two pays $ 250 per person etc .
i was lucky enough to be working for several weeks in the parque nacional cordillera azul - peru ' s newest national park - and even luckier to be on barbet peak after many days travel and field work from contamana on the rio ucayali and rio cushabatay . so , i ' ll pick up the story on 13 august 2005 when , after several days in a peque - peque , my colleagues ( prof . james mallet , dr . kanchon dasmahapatra & laura roberts ) and i finally left the boat behind to begin our trek to towards the peak . we camped that night on the bank of the rio cushabatay at boca de chambira and set off early next morning with two inrena guardaparques ( agustine and raul from puesto de control 106 and 16 respectively ) and three bearers ( milton and his two brothers ) to help us re - cut the trail and carry food and equipment . by lunchtime we reached quebrada paco after several hours of continuous walking . although this stretch of the trek is fairly flat , the combined heat , humidity and a large rucksack made for less than a pleasant experience . however , this was nothing compared with next two days of continuous uphill struggling .
there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
neotropical birds is an authoritative , online resource for life histories of neotropical birds . these accounts are intended primarily for ornithologists , especially those based in the neotropics , but will also prove useful to wildlife biologists , conservationists , amateur ornithologists with strong interests in avian natural history , and biology teachers and students .
help build the world ' s best resource for neotropical birds . contribute text , photos , audio , video , maps , translations , and sightings .
we want any information , photos , audio , video , or map data you have about a species . full articles are great , smaller sections are just as valuable . both receive full publication credit and peer recognition .
a brief review of some of the important species - level changes that are incorporated in the 2014 revisions to the ebird / clements checklist .
february 14 - 17 ( friday to monday ) is the 17th annual great backyard bird count ( gbbc ) . to participate , just go birding during this timeframe and make sure to enter your checklists in ebird .
authority : o ' neill , lane , kratter , capparella et al . , 2000
this recently described species is only known from one small mountain top where its population must be very small , and it is therefore listed as vulnerable . however , further investigation through the 50 - km long mountain ridge may reveal the species to be less at risk .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : capito wallacei . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
sister - species of c . fitzpatricki ( which see ) ; perhaps also close to c . hypoleucus , c . quinticolor or c . niger . monotypic .
nc peru e of andes : known only from isolated low plateau nw of contamana , between r huallaga and r ucayali .
song a fast , low - pitched trill of c . 2 seconds , “tdddddd - ” , resembles distant . . .
montane and submontane forest , wet and moss - festooned , some of it stunted , at 1350–1500 m . . . .
fruits and their seeds ; most likely insects , as well . occurs in mixed - species foraging flocks , at up to 10 m in trees .
moult and gonadal condition of jul specimens indicate season probably mar–may . nest and eggs undescribed , and no other information .
vulnerable . discovered only in jul 1996 , and currently known only from two very small and isolated areas in nc peru ; has not been located in other areas of peru , and is . . .
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traditionally , all barbets were lumped into a single family under this name . in recent decades , increasing weight of evidence # r # r # r # r indicates : separate families should be recognized for species from america ( capitonidae ) , asia ( megalaimidae ) and africa ( lybiidae ) ; american barbets further divisible by recognition of aberrant family semnornithidae ; and american barbets are closer to toucans than to old world barbets .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
. 2000 ) . the ridge is on the east bank of the upper río cushabatay , 77 km west - north - west of contamana in loreto . the ridge is long ( > 50 km ) and narrow ( o ' neill
. 2000 ) and , in spite of searches at suitable elevations in the adjacent cordillera azul , this species remains known only from peak 1538 ( d . lane and t . s . schulenberg
the population is estimated to number 250 - 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 375 - 1 , 499 individuals in total , rounded here to 350 - 1 , 500 individuals . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 12 . 8 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 26 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
. 2007 ) . epiphytes , especially bryopytes , bromeliads and orchids , cover most of the trunks and large branches of the short trees ( 10 - 20 m ) . the predominant trees near the summit are melastomes and clusias . the forest floor has a deep ( up to 1 m ) spongy cover of mosses intermixed with leaf litter and soil . the wet , epiphyte - covered montane forest changes abruptly to taller and drier subtropical forest below 1 , 250 m .
there is little human habitation in the watershed , and none above 300 m . only a small amount of hunting is conducted by infrequent visitors . however , deforestation is extensive on the west slope of the adjacent cordillera azul , especially in the drainage of the río biabo .
search for the species on the western slope and in the northern cerros del sira . assess the size of its population . gather more information on its ecology and life history . seek protected status for the isolated ridge .
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barbets ( capitonidae ) are small , brightly coloured birds with proportionally large heads , prominent bills and characteristic bristles around the beak area . closely related to toucans , there are 83 known species distributed across the tropics of africa , asia and central & south america . the neotropics host 15 species , seven which occur in peru in two genera
on the 14th we began the climb to the 1086 metre camp . after five hours of determined trekking , the occasional impressive vista and stop to gulp down some water , we reached pucacurillo . the camp here showed signs from the few previous expeditions here . feeling the effects of dehydration and the disheartening news that the nearest water was another 30 minutes walk away we resorted to acquiring some liquid from a nearby trickle / stagnant - looking pool . in what may have been a bit of overkill , the resulting water was filtered , boiled and treated with iodine . that night i slept like a log , troubled only by that feeling that any twitcher ( not that i belong to that tribe of birders ) knows - how bad would i feel , after having the extreme fortune to be here , to leave without laying eyes on the capito ? tomorrow was the final ascent to the peak where this very special bird had hidden from the ornithological world for so long .
2 . clements , james f & noam shany . 2001 . a field guide to the birds of peru . ca : ibis publishing company . lynx edicions .
south america | north america | asia | c . america & caribbean | europa | africa | australia and oceania
recently a new site has been discovered very near an extremely rough but nonetheless a road allowing much easier access . this is still a rough trip with camping and extremely bumpy 4wd ride to get to the base , but the rewards are high with a number of other seldom seen birds in the same area . in 2017 , a new species of antbird was described from this same area - cordillera azul antbird . read more about it on urltoken .
if the departure dates don ' t fit you , please suggest another date .
we shall travel to bellavista after with stop at the dry scrub of quebrada upaquihua to check for birds as huallaga slaty antshrike , ashy - headed greenlet , planalto hermit , rufous casiornis , mishana tyrannulet , comb duck , stripe - chested antwren and others . night in bellavista hotel monteverde .
it takes about four hours by 4wd to get to the village which will serve as our base camp . on the way we shall look for napo sabrewing which has been seen along the road .
grey - tailed piha , rose - fronted parakeet , foothill and slaty antwren , rufous - breasted antthrush . scaled antpitta , foothill schiffornis , short - tailed antthrush , ash - browed and chestnut - throated spinetails , yellow - throated spadebill , yellow - cheeked becard , andean lanisoma , roraiman flycatcher and jet , yungas and blue - rumped manakin .
grey - mantled wren , and many tanagers such as blue - browed , golden - eared and straw - backed tanagers . the local form of white - crowned tapaculo also needs some attention as this complex surely includes more than one species based on the difference in the songs . at night we can search for vermiculated screech - owl and band - bellied owl .
additional birding in the morning , until early afternoon if necessary . on the way down we’ll make stops to look for birds we may have missed . we drive to tarapoto , where we may take a late evening flight back to lima or stay overnight to continue to explore more of northern peru .
telephone : + 51 - 1 - 652 76 89 . from the us : 011 - 51 - 1 - 652 76 89 . cell : 988 555 938 ( gunnar ) or 999 007 886 ( elia gallo ) - email : kolibriexp @ urltoken


brookesia lambertoni , commonly known as the fito leaf chameleon , is a species of chameleon endemic to fito in eastern madagascar .

it was first described in 1970 by édouard-raoul brygoo and charles antoine domergue .

it is rated as data deficient ( dd ) by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) , as not enough data on the species have been collected to judge its conservation status .

brookesia lambertoni

- - p . , 1968 brookesia thieli brygoo er , domergue ch . a . , 1969 brookesia lambertoni
- there are 37 species of chameleon that have been assessed as endangered ( en ) . species assessed as en are considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild . the chameleon species assessed as en are : archaius tigris , bradypodion caffer , bradypodion taeniabronchum , brookesia bekolosy , brookesia decaryi , brookesia dentata , brookesia exarmata , brookesia karchei , brookesia lineata , brookesia minima , brookesia perarmata , brookesia peyrierasi , brookesia ramanantsoai , brookesia tristis , brookesia valerieae , calumma andringitraense , calumma furcifer , calumma gallus , calumma glawi , calumma globifer , calumma hilleniusi , calumma vencesi , calumma vohibola , furcifer balteatus , furcifer minor , furcifer nicosiai , kinyongia magomberae , kinyongia matschiei , kinyongia multituberculata , kinyongia tenuis , kinyongia vosseleri , nadzikambia mlanjensis , rhampholeon platyceps , rhampholeon spinosus , rhampholeon temporalis , rhampholeon viridis and trioceros laterispinis .
- there are 37 species of chameleon that have been assessed as endangered ( en ) . species assessed as en are considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild . the chameleon species assessed as en are : archaius tigris , bradypodion caffer , bradypodion taeniabronchum , brookesia bekolosy , brookesia decaryi , brookesia dentata , brookesia exarmata , brookesia karchei , brookesia lineata , brookesia minima , brookesia perarmata , brookesia peyrierasi , brookesia ramanantsoai , brookesia tristis , brookesia valerieae , calumma andringitraense , calumma furcifer , calumma gallus , calumma glawi , calumma globifer , calumma hilleniusi , calumma vencesi , calumma vohibola , furcifer balteatus , furcifer minor , furcifer nicosiai , kinyongia magomberae , kinyongia matschiei , kinyongia multituberculata , kinyongia tenuis , kinyongia vosseleri , nadzikambia mlanjensis , rhampholeon platyceps , rhampholeon spinosus , rhampholeon temporalis , rhampholeon viridis and trioceros laterispinis .
the generic name brookesia is in honor of british naturalist joshua brookes . [ 1 ]
the generic name brookesia is in honor of british naturalist joshua brookes . [ 1 ]
brygoo , e . r . & c . a . domergue 1970 . notes sur les brookesia de madagascar . v . description de deux espéces nouvelles : b . lambertoni n . sp . et b . therezieni n . sp . ( chamaeleonidae ) . bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . , paris 41 ( 5 ) : 1091 - 1096 .
the mount d ' ambre leaf chameleon ( brookesia tuberculata ) is a diminutive chameleon from far northern madagascar .
nota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than brookesia .
chameleon ( brookesia ) in the ' réserve spéciale d ' analamazotra ' , madagascar . either b . ramanantsoai or b . thieli
brookesia peyrierasi is a diminutive chameleon from north - eastern madagascar . it is known commonly as peyrieras ' pygmy chameleon , named after the herpetologist andré peyriéras . [ 2 ]
the brown leaf chameleon ( brookesia superciliaris ) is a small chameleon found on a small island off the eastern coast of madagascar . its appearance mimics that of a dead leaf .
brookesia is a smallest reptiles . members of the genus brookesia are largely brown and most are essentially terrestrial . a significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades , and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist . most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access , and due to their small size and secretive nature , they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives .
beolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( genus brookesia , p . 40 ) .
beolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( genus brookesia , p . 40 ) .
most species of brookesia have very small distribution ranges [ raselimanana ap , rakotomalala d ( 2003 ) ] , [ raxworthy cj , nussbaum ra ( 1995 ) ] ; indeed , almost 50 % of the species are known from single localities [ carpenter ai , robson o ( 2005 ) ] . within brookesia , both species diversity and levels of endemism are highest in northern madagascar , and are correlated with elevational and environmental heterogeneity in this area [ townsend tm , vieites dr , glaw f , vences m ( 2009 ) ] .
brookesia is a genus of chameleons endemic to madagascar , that range from small to very small in size , and are known collectively as leaf chameleons ( though this name also commonly is used for species in the genera rieppeleon and rhampholeon ) . brookesia includes species considered to be the world ' s smallest chameleons which are also among the smallest reptiles . members of the genus brookesia are largely brown and most are essentially terrestrial . a significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades , and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist . most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access , and due to their small size and secretive nature , they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives .
gray je . 1864 . revision of the genera and species of chamæleonidæ , with the description of some new species . proc . zool . soc . london 1864 : 465 - 477 + plates xxxi & xxxii . ( brookesia , new genus , pp . 476 - 477 ) .
males ( left ) and females ( right ) of four brookesia species described in 2012 , all belonging to the b . minima species group : a - b b . tristis , c - d b . confidens , e - f b . micra , g - h b . desperata [ 2 ]
most brookesia are on cites appendix ii , the only exception being b . perarmata on appendix i ( a species also listed as endangered by iucn ) . consequently , a special permit is required to import any of the below species from their native madagascar , and typically no permit is issued for b . perarmata .
most brookesia are on cites appendix ii , the only exception being b . perarmata on appendix i ( a species also listed as endangered by iucn ) . consequently , a special permit is required to import any of the below species from their native madagascar , and typically no permit is issued for b . perarmata .
glaw , f . ; köhler , j . r . ; townsend , t . m . ; vences , m . ( 2012 ) . salamin , nicolas , ed .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar
.
glaw f , köhler j , townsend tm , vences m . ( 2012 ) .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar
. plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31314 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0031314 .
brookesia is a genus of chameleons endemic to madagascar , that range from small to very small in size , and are known collectively asleaf chameleons ( though this name also commonly is used for species in the genera rieppeleon and rhampholeon ) . brookesia includes species considered to be the world ' s smallest chameleons which are also among the smallest reptiles . members of the genus brookesiaare largely brown and most are essentially terrestrial . a significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades , and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist . most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access , and due to their small size and secretive nature , they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives .
like other brookesia chameleons , the brown leaf chameleon is threatened primarily by habitat destruction , [ 2 ] which is the result of agricultural expansion , timber extraction , and small - scale mining . [ 8 ] harvesting for the international pet trade does occur , but is unlikely to be threatening its survival . [ 9 ] since 2005 , export quotas have been set at 200 individuals per year . [ 10 ]
chameleon ( brookesia ) in the ' réserve spéciale d ' analamazotra ' , madagascar . either b . ramanantsoai or b . thieli family & scientific name : chameleonidae ; brookesia superciliaris and b . perarmata identifying features : small chameleons with barely prehensile tails . they have scaly spines and spiny rosettes on the sides and back and spinous lateral crests and fringed occipital lobes . brown leaf chameleons are found foraging among dead leaves on the forest floor during the day . they have independently moving , protruding eyes and a long sticky tong that they catch prey with . they use their remarkable camouflage when threatened and will stay still for a long period . they also freeze and roll over , folding its legs underneath the belly and lay on its side , mimicking a dead leaf on the forest floor . alternatively , the brown leaf chameleon may also thrust its spines to ward off predators .
glaw , f . ; köhler , j . r . ; townsend , t . m . ; vences , m . ( 2012 ) . salamin , nicolas , ed .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar
. plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31314 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0031314 . pmc 3279364 . pmid 22348069 .
the 26 currently recognized species of brookesia typically dwell and forage on the ground , often within the leaf litter on the floor of rainforest and dry deciduous forest , and climb at night to low perches in the vegetation for sleeping . they are characterized by a typically dull brown or ( rarely ) greenish colour , a short non - prehensile tail that is used as “fifth leg” in walking [ boistel r , herrel a , daghfous g , libourel p - a , boller e , et al . ( 2011 ) ] .
in some areas malagasy fear chameleons . they are also the subject of some well - known local proverbs including “manaova toy ny dian - tana jerena ny aloha , todihina ny afara , ” which translates to
like the chameleon , one eye on the future , one eye on the past
;
ratsy karaha kandrondro ,
meaning
ugly as a chameleon
;
mahatsidia vokon ' anjava kely izy fa mafoaka ,
a warning to walk carefully so as not to step on a brookesia , which would bring great misfortune .
the brown leaf chameleon occurs in eastern madagascar ( including the island of nosy boraha ) , [ 2 ] from sea level up to altitudes of over 1 , 250 metres ( 4 , 100 ft ) . [ 3 ] the floor of evergreen primary forest is the preferred habitat of the brown leaf chameleon , but it may also be found in secondary forest and adjacent overgrown plantations . [ 4 ] it seems to prefer closed - canopy forest , and climbs higher in the forest ( up to 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) ) , more often than other species of brookesia . [ 1 ]
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justification : listed as data deficient as the species is known only from two specimens collected nearly a century ago from an imprecise locality . there is no current information on its population status . there are threats operating within the area in which it occurs , and so with further information on the range of the species it will require immediate reassessment .
this chameleon is poorly known . it has been recorded from
fito
in the east ; it is , however , unclear whether this name refers to the town , a forest , or the administrative area ( r . jenkins pers . comm . june 2011 ) and recent surveys in this general area have not found the species ( rabibisoa
. 2005 ) . no estimate of the extent of occurrence is possible , as only two individuals have ever been found and , without knowledge of the precise collecting locality , the extent of suitable habitat cannot be established .
this species is known only from two specimens that were collected prior to 1921 ( brygoo 1978 ) .
the area in which this species has been recorded was moist lowland forest . forest still exists in this region , however , without knowledge of the precise locality the extent of this habitat is unclear .
threats operating in the area include slash and burn agriculture and logging for building materials .
the only site from which this species has been recorded is now included within a conservation area , the zahamena - ankeniheny corridor . efforts are needed to relocate this species , and to identify the limits of its distribution , its ecological requirements and its exposure to threatening processes .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
abundance : only known from its original description ( meiri et al . 2017 ) .
glaw , f . & vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . vences & glaw verlag , köln ( isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 )
glaw , f . 2015 . taxonomic checklist of chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . vertebrate zoology 65 ( 2 ) : 167–246 - get paper here
meiri , shai ; aaron m . bauer , allen allison , fernando castro - herrera , laurent chirio , guarino colli , indraneil das , tiffany m . doan , frank glaw , lee l . grismer , marinus hoogmoed , fred kraus , matthew lebreton , danny meirte , zoltán t . nagy , cristiano d 2017 . extinct , obscure or imaginary : the lizard species with the smallest ranges . diversity and distributions - get paper here
necas , p . & schmidt , w . 2004 . stump - tailed chameleons . miniature dragons of the rainforest . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 256 pp . [ review in elaphe 14 ( 1 ) : 24 ]
necas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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uetz , p . & jirí hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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how do chameleons change colors ? chameleons have two layers of specialized cells that lie just beneath the lizard ' s transparent outer skin . wikipedia explains the structure as follows :
the cells in the upper layer , which are called chromatophores , contain yellow and red pigments . below these chromatophores is a another cell layer . cells of this layer are called guanophores and they contain the colorless crystalline substance guanin . these guanophores reflect among others the blue part of incident light . if the upper layer of chromatophores is yellow , the reflected light becomes green ( blue plus yellow ) . a layer of dark melanin containing melanophores is situated even deeper under these blue and white light - reflecting guanophores . these melanophores influence the lightness of the reflected light . all these different pigment cells can relocate their pigments , thereby influencing the color of light which is reflected .
madagascar is home to about half the world ' s 150 or so species of chameleons , including both subfamilies , typical chameleons ( chamaeleoninae ) and dwarf chameleons ( brookesiinae ) .
) . contrary to popular belief , a chameleon typically does not change colors to match its surroundings . instead , color is usually used to convey emotions , defend territories , and communicate with mates .
other easily noted characteristics of chameleons include bulging eyes that move independently of one another , feet fixed in a grasping position , and the existence of horns or crests on the heads of many species . additionally , arboreal species have prehensile tails used for grasping objects when climbing and moving . finally , some species have long extensile tongues for catching insects or small vertebrates at a distance sometimes greater than the length of the chameleon .
chameleons are diurnal , solitary , and often aggressive towards members of their own species ( marked by rapid color change and aggressive posturing ) . they are opportunistic hunters that wait for prey to pass within range of their long tongues . chameleons have a bizarre way of moving in which they slowly rock back and forth between each step taken , often in time with the movement of nearby leaves being blown by the wind . most chameleons lay eggs .
the name
chameleon
is derived from the greek words chamai ( on the ground , on the earth ) and leon ( lion ) so their name means
earth lion .
this portable guide offers a full survey of all madagascar ' s mammals , both endemic and introduced , including many newly identified species . with vivid color photographs , line illustrations , and maps , mammals of madagascar : a complete guide
home | photos index | search | about | contact unless otherwise noted , all content and images are the property of rhett butler , content copyright 2004 - 2012 . all rights reserved .
males ( left ) and females ( right ) of four brookesiaspecies described in 2012 , all belonging to the b . minima species group : a - b b . tristis , c - d b . confidens , e - f b . micra , g - h b . desperata [ 2 ]
the brown leaf chameleon is distinguished by its elongated , high , laterally squashed body that resembles a rolled - up , dead leaf . the size and appearance of this chameleon varies considerably over its vast range , and it may be any shade of brown , beige , grey , olive , green , or dark red , but usually display colours and patterns that mimic a dead leaf . despite its tiny size , the brown leaf chameleon has an imposing appearance due to two pronounced horns that protrude from the head above each eye and four spiny scales that jut from the throat . [ 1 ]
the brown leaf chameleon spends its days foraging among dead leaves on the forest floor , [ 1 ] searching for prey with its independently moving , protruding eyes and catching insects with its long , sticky tongue . [ 5 ] if threatened , the lizard ' s first reaction is to stay still and rely on its remarkable camouflage , but it may also exhibit other defence behaviours . this includes the ' freeze - and - roll ' technique , in which the chameleon folds its legs underneath its belly , rolls over to one side and remains very still , mimicking a dead leaf on the forest floor . [ 6 ] alternatively , the brown leaf chameleon may also thrust its spines to ward off predators . [ 7 ]
brown leaf chameleons have an interesting courtship ritual in which a male approaches a female with pronounced nodding and rocking movements . an unreceptive female repels a male by reacting with jerky movements , while a receptive female walks with the male . after some time walking together , and before dusk , the male mounts the female and is carried on her back until the pair copulates in the late evening or at night . this species is known to store sperm . [ 1 ] between 30 and 45 days after copulation , the female lays two to five eggs , which she hides under dead leaves , moss , and pieces of bark on the forest floor . sometimes , a true nest is excavated and the clutch is laid on to the ground . the eggs hatch after 59 to 70 days ; the brown leaf chameleon reaching sexual maturity within one year . [ 1 ]
the brown leaf chameleon is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , meaning that trade in this species should be carefully controlled to be compatible with their survival . [ 11 ] it is also known to occur in a number of protected areas , including befotaka - midongy national park , [ 12 ] mantadia national park , [ 4 ] analamazoatra special reserve , [ 4 ] and kalambatitra special reserve . [ 13 ] although illegal harvesting and other activities that degrade the forest habitat may lessen any benefits this bestows , this species is more tolerant of forest disturbance than other leaf chameleons .
one - eighth inch grown crickets , tiny mealworms , nymphal grasshoppers , newly hatched silkworms and ants are accepted . dust insects with vitamin d3 - calcium powder twice weekly for baby chameleons and ovulating females , once weekly otherwise . potential problems : very little is yet known about the chameleons in this genus . providing food an water requirements are met , they seem hardy .
references : bartlett , r . d . , and patricia bartlett . the new chameleon handbook . hauppage , ny : barron ' s education series . the new chameleon handbook .
a 1999 paper in the journal of zoology disputed a 1995 paper which considered this species and b . peyrierasi to be the same species asb . minima . the later paper discussed the same details as the first – subtle morphological differences in the hemipenises of the respective species and determined they were not conspecific . they also found differences in the arrangement of head crests and in minute spines above the eyes . [ 2 ]
a 1999 paper in the journal of zoology disputed a 1995 paper which considered this species and b . tuberculata to be the same species asb . minima . the later paper discussed the same details as the first – subtle morphological differences in the hemipenises of the respective species and determined they were not conspecific . they also found differences in the arrangement of head crests and in minute spines above the eyes . [ 3 ]
is the international standard for assessing the extent to which species are facing extinction . these assessments provide a cornerstone for conservation action and are invaluable summaries of our knowledge on the status and biology of different species , with the potential to reveal trends that indicate whether conservation efforts are effective or not .
an analysis published last year revealed that nearly one in five reptile species ( 19 % ) are threatened with extinction , with an additional 7 % being estimated as near threatened ( böhme et al . , 2013 , biological conservation 157 , 372 - 385 ) . at that time , just over half of all chameleon species had been assessed by the iucn red list , but these assessments suggested that in contrast to this global trend of all reptiles , the majority of chameleon species ( 63 % ) were threatened or near threatened ( i . e . , critically endangered , endangered , vulnerable , or near threatened ) , indicating that chameleons may be under a disproportionately large level of threat .
pledged to undertake the assessment of more than 60 additional species , primarily from east africa ( the largest major gap in finished assessments ) in order to help understand the conservation status of not only the remaining species , but the family as a whole . with the help of the chameleon community , and in no small part to the members of chameleon forums (
website . these assessments , however , have revealed a number of troubling trends regarding the conservation status of chameleons . among these :
. there is also quite a bit of information on the distribution and conservation status of each species in their respective assessments . i definitely encourage people to look over them and educate themselves about the conservation status of these animals !
obviously these assessments show that there is a lot of work that needs to be done to conserve chameleons in the wild . the csg will be announcing its first efforts to address specific conservation needs illuminated by these assessments later today . i will be sure to post a thread on this and how everyone can help make it happen as soon as the effort goes live .
i see a lot of effort and work has been done to get this data , but i have a question .
thanks for posting this . i see a lot of effort and work has been done to get this data , but i have a question . on the government levels , and i mean east africa and madagascar , what action is actually taken to preserve and protect these red list species ?
it really varies on the country and species in question . in many areas , it comes down to protection of habitat that these species occur in . in other areas , the species can be protected at various levels .
as promised , the first efforts to address specific conservation needs illuminated by these assessments by the iucn chameleon specialist group ( csg ) have been announced . please visit this thread for more information and to help :
these two were surprises to me to be on this list as endangered species . kinyongia matschiei coming from the east usambara has always been documented as a rare species from people in the hobby . however their availability recently in the states ( wild caught and captive bred ) plus being protected by a couple preserves the amani and nile nature reserves made this assessment a somewhat surprise not an impossibility .
kinyongia multituberculata however with a much larger range and being documented in primary and secondary habitat is a huge surprise .
adapts to anthropogenic habitats . relatively common in disturbed , non - forest habitats . shrubs and trees by roadsides . posted by janstipala over 1 year ago 18494 - thumb
i agree with jan stipala , k . multituberculata are very common in shrubs and trees along roadways . they can also occasionally be found in tea plantations ( which for some reason are less intensively farmed in the west usambaras than in the east usambaras : in the west there is often space between each tea plant with grass and weeds growing , while in the east the tea plants are tightly packed together ) and invasive eucalyptus trees . in 3 evenings of recreational surveys in mazumbai forest , i did not see any k . multituberculata in the forest interior , but dozens along road and forest edges . posted by filups about 1 year ago 19432 - thumb
i ' ve only spent a short time in the west usambara ' s ( 2 or 3 nights ) but there were lots in the forests , and they werent that hard to observed . my impression is tha they are more common in the forest than in the transformed landscape . so i would agree they can utlise the forest edges , but given my own observations , plus talking to others who ' ve spend a significant amout of time there , the forest is the primary habitat .
the people i have talked too that have seem kinyongia multituberculata in there native habitat stated that kingongia multituberculata are the fucifer pardalis of tanzania west usambara mountains along with the observation quotes / reports from inaturalist . they have got high fecundity and can thrive in primary ( furcifer pardalis does not even thrive in primary dense forest that well they live in forest edge habitat ) and secondary habitats . plus that the species is the most imported out of all the species that were once grouped together as the species called kinyongia fischeri . that pick for me as an endangered species is a huge surprise . i have looked for the justification for kingonig matschiei and kingongia multituberculata and only found the justification posted for kinyongia matschiei . what is going on with the justification for kinyongia multituberculata being listed as an endangered species ? they even live in eucalyptus trees ?
if you pull up any iucn red list assessment , the second section of the assessment is the
assessment information
section . the first subsection of this section is
red list category & criteria
, which outlines the specific criteria by which the species was assigned to a given category level . the last subsection of this same section is
justification
which is a section of text explaining those criteria specific to the species in question .
. this means that the species was assessed as endangered under criteria b1ab ( iii ) and b2ab ( iii ) . if you click the
ver . 3 . 1
, it takes you to the explanation of the criteria for assessing a species to these categories . for being assessed as endangered , the specified categories for
a . severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations .
( i ) extent of occurrence ( ii ) area of occupancy ( iii ) area , extent and / or quality of habitat ( iv ) number of locations or subpopulations ( v ) number of mature individuals .
( i ) extent of occurrence ( ii ) area of occupancy ( iii ) number of locations or subpopulations ( iv ) number of mature individuals .
, an iucn red list category of endangered was assigned because the species has an extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km2 and an area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2 , with estimates indicating its distribution is severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations , and with estimates indicating continuing decline , observed , inferred or projected , in the area , extent and / or quality of habitat . the
justification
subsection of
this species is listed as endangered applying criteria b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) because it occurs as a severely fragmented population restricted to highly fragmented forest patches and their immediate surroundings , a habitat that is undergoing a continuing decline in both extent and quality due to the impacts of timber removal , resource utilization , and encroachment and transformation for agriculture . this species is also one of the most heavily exported from east africa for the pet trade . it is not clear whether current levels of export are sustainable , and research is needed to determine whether offtake is contributing to suspected population declines . although it is observed in transformed landscapes , these observations are close to forested areas and on vegetation that is thick and structurally complex , and it will not tolerance heavy disturbance .
there are a number of other more specific explanations on the range , population , habitat , trade and use , major threats and conservation recommendations in the full assessment for the species .
this species is listed as endangered on the basis that it has an extent of occurrence of only 800 km2 , and an area of occupancy less than 300 km2 . it occurs as a severely fragmented population , and the forest fragments where it occurs are experiencing continuing declines in their extent and quality as a result of agricultural encroachment and resource extraction .
hope that helps clarify how these two species ended up being classified as endangered . happy to help try to clarify any specifics though .
hope that helps clarify how these two species ended up being classified as endangered . happy to help try to clarify any specifics though . chris
the link to the iucn red list page for kinyongia multituberculata was mostly all i was looking for . for the last couple days i could raise the iucn red list page for kinyongia matschiei and not kinyongia multituberculata which is strange .
i understand assessing how big a population is by determining how much optimum habitat there is and approximating / determining how many chameleons there are in optimum habitat by using transect studies for unit areas . however from my readings it is a surprise that kinyongia multituberculata does not live in secondary habitat more as reported in my previous posts and other readings i have done .
when i search for the kinyongia multituberculata iucn red list page it is not showing on my search engine . thanks for the link .
the iucn posted a press release today about some of the findings of the latest iucn red list update . included is comment on
the iucn posted a press release today about some of the findings of the latest iucn red list update . included is comment on kinyongia matschiei : urltoken chris
now endangered , no big surprise there . even if they issue a zero quota , any bets on how many come in to the usa next year ?
kinyongia matschiei now endangered , no big surprise there . even if they issue a zero quota , any bets on how many come in to the usa next year ?
we ' ll see what happens . tanzania is in the middle of the review of significant trade for
, and the mislabeling of these species has been highlighted . it will be interesting to see what happens as a result .
we ' ll see what happens . tanzania is in the middle of the review of significant trade for k . fischeri , and the mislabeling of these species has been highlighted . it will be interesting to see what happens as a result . chris
might be beneficial to the whole complex . if i were in a country that didn ' t have resources to id each species exported within the fischeri complex , i would recommend that they all be red listed ( en ) in order to protect the one or two that were actually endangered . especially as k . multi is the fischeri species most commonly exported .
i ' m wondering if the new red list ( en ) classification of kinyongia multituberculata might be beneficial to the whole complex . if i were in a country that didn ' t have resources to id each species exported within the fischeri complex , i would recommend that they all be red listed ( en ) in order to protect the one or two that were actually endangered . especially as k . multi is the fischeri species most commonly exported . shotgun approach . just thinking out loud here . . . . .
they wouldn ' t be able to adjust the iucn red list category for this reason ( there are strict criteria for each category and species assessment ) , but cites quota levels could potentially be adjusted for different species to account for difficulty in differentiating species . the differentiation of these species was one of the things the tanzanian management authority was told to address as a result of the cites review of significant trade , and i provided them with feedback on how to do so , so we ' ll see what happens .
here is another news article , this time focusing on r . chapmanorum specifically :
) . at the time 184 of the 200 ( 92 % ) recognized chameleon species had been assessed . i wanted to post an update to let everyone know that 193 ( 95 . 5 % ) of the 202 recognized chameleon species have now had their assessments completed by the
and their assessments have been published in the latest updated to the iucn red list .
calumma linotum , chamaeleo anchietae , kinyongia mulyai , rhampholeon hattinghi , trioceros oweni , t . perreti , t . pfefferi , t . quadricornis ,
thanks for posting this chris . sad to see so many on the lists .
- almost 2 / 3 ( 63 % ) of rhampholeon spp . are threatened , but the genus is not cites listed ! some of these threatened rhampholeon spp . , however , are currently being harvested heavily for the pet trade . i definitely encourage people to look over them and educate themselves about the conservation status of these animals !
this is one way we can make a difference . do not feed the need !
chris , do you think this is caused from lack of habitat or from exporting ? probably both but it ' s very sad either way .
this is a situation that is not just seen from chameleon conservation however populations can be harmed from loss of habitat and and in certain situations exporting . if you want a good example there is the scarlet macaw ' s of mexico . the populations there were over collected and habitat was lost to the that the populations had to be reintroduced to restore these macaws to a large part of their range . the worst is where you have both over collecting and habitat loss . if you have an endangered or critically endangered species that lives in an exceedingly small fragmented habitat then you add collecting for the hobby you put that species in eminent danger of extinction . that is with or without the intervention of people . meaning habitat has to be conserved for these species to live and people cannot over collect these species that have a precarious existance as is if you want them to live on to future decades and centuries .
i guess collection for conservation would be necessary to an extent , but collection for the pet trade is generally done for profit and can be devastating .
to parts of mexico . i actually got the opportunity with my family to visit one of these large forest fragments / reintroduction sites for scarlet macaws a couple years ago . i have got picture .
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glaw f , köhler j , townsend tm , vences m . ( 2012 ) .
rivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons (
cites : appendices i , ii and iii . accessed 23 - 01 - 2009 .
glaw , f . , & vences , m . ( 2007 ) . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar , 3d edition . cologne , germany : vences & glaw verlag . 496 pp . isbn 978 - 3 - 929449 - 03 - 7 .
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the annals and magazine of natural history ; zoology , botany , and geology : volume 3rd ser . volume 15 ( 1865 )
. . . mbique ; ensirostris melleri to eastern africa ; c . auratus to arabia ; c . granulosus ,
superciliaris , and c . senegalensis tow . africa ; c . i . . . . . . and chin rounded , not dentated . b . nose simple ; orbit angularly produced infront . 8 .
. c . nose and orbit ivith cylindrical horns , covered w . . . . . . ve ( at page 346 ) as c . monachus . b . nose simple ; orbit angularly produced infront . 8 .
. nose of both sexes simple . the eyebrows produced abo . . . . . . ith an arched series , of subulate erect scales . tail short , compressed at the base . 1 .
superciliaris . b . m . chamceleo superciliaris , kuhl . c . . . .
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gobio hettitorum or the taurus gudgeon ( also cited as dere kayasi ) is a species of gudgeon , a small freshwater fish in the cyprinidae family .

it is found only in a single stream in turkey .

it is listed on the iucn red list of threatened species and is threatened by habitat loss but not by pollution .

gobio hettitorum

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 10 march 2014 . available at : http : / / urltoken .
critically endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) ver 3 . 1
the species is known from gökdere stream ( 15 km in length ) and ereğli marshes ( 6 , 787 km² ) in south - eastern lake tuz basin in central anatolia , turkey .
extirpated from ereğli marshes due to the desiccation of the area ( in the mid 1990s ) ; the area was only 10 % of its original size in 2011 . the species is expected to be declining in gökdere due to ongoing threats .
ereğli marshes dried out in the mid 1990s and the area was only 10 % of its original size in 2011 . water is abstracted in large quantities in the area and in gökdere stream there are several small dams which restrict the flow of the stream . furthermore , climate change has lead to a reduction in rainfall in the area and contributed to increasingly severe droughts .
no conservation actions are known to be in place . the stream catchment is in an urgent need of a freshwater biodiversity - based conservation strategy .
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maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 3 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 93777 )
a short - lived species which occurs in water bodies on low - lying plains , with little current ( ref . 26100 ) .
crivelli , a . j . , 1996 . the freshwater fish endemic to the mediterranean region . an action plan for their conservation . tour du valat publication , 171 p . ( ref . 26100 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00320 - 0 . 01186 ) , b = 3 . 21 ( 3 . 05 - 3 . 37 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


takagi went on to say about the tropical east asian parlatoriini that , the current classification of their genera may be largely tentative because the adult females are simple-featured and much modified owing to the pupillarial mode of life , and also because the second instar nymphs are generally similar among parlatoriines , whether the adult females are pupillarial or not .

andersen found that separating out pupillarial forms into a separate subtribe , gymnaspidina , was counterproductive , as being non-dispositive .

molecular analysis has shown that the parlatoriini as traditionally constituted is highly non-monophyletic and that the genera , and occasionally species , are interdigitated with the aspidiotini .

parlatoriini

parlatoriini is a tribe of armored scale insects . takagi ( 2002 ) indicated that the parlatoriini appear to be phylogenetically related to the smilacicola and the odonaspidini .
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on trephognathus : a new genus of african baridinae ( col . curc . )
evaluasi produktivitas kutu lak , laccifer lacca kerr . ( hemiptera : kerridae ) pada tiga jenis tanaman . . .
lopholeucaspis balachowsky 1953g : 875 . type species : leucaspis japonica cockerell by original designation . accepted valid name
systematics : lopholeucaspis is presumably an asiatic derivative of leucaspis ( takagi , 1960 ) . lopholeucaspis differs from leucaspis in the adult female possessing a continuous row of duct tubercles from the abdomen forward to thorax , and in lacking the group of duct tubercles lateral to the anterior spiracles ( williams & watson , 1988 ) .
balach1953g : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 843 , 875 - 877
parlagena mckenzie 1945 : 81 - 82 . type species : parlagena inops mckenzie by monotypy and original designation . ( = parlagena buxi , takahashi ) accepted valid name
general remarks : detailed descriptions by mckenzie ( 1945 ) and balachowsky ( 1953g ) .
systematics : parlagena can be differentiated from parlatoria principally by the reduced pygidial plates , position of dorsal macroduct between median lobes and the absence of perivulvar pores ( mckenzie , 1945 ) .
structure : diaspididae with body typically oval . with short
two - barred
macroducts , those situated along pygidial margins each with the orifices surrounded by a conspicuous sclerotized ring , each duct with the axis of its orifices almost parallel to pygidial margin , microducts on pygidium dorsum apparently not arranged in well - defined rows , the single median macroduct removed from the bases of the median lobes about the length of the lobes ( mckenzie , 1945 ) .
balach1953g : description , host , illustration , taxonomy , pp . 773 , 833 - 834
parlatoreopsis lindinger 1912b : 191 . type species : chionaspis longispina newstead by monotypy . accepted valid name
anatolaspis bodenheimer 1949 : 39 . type species : anatolaspis abidini bodenheimer by monotypy and original designation . ( = parlatoreopsis longispinus , newstead ) junior synonym ( balach1953g : 827 ) notes : although bodenheimer ( 1949 ) lists anatolaspis as being described in 1941 , we have been unable to find any evidence of the genus having been mentioned in that year . in agreement with morrison & morrison ( 1966 ) , 1949 is accepted as the date of description .
general remarks : detailed descriptions by ferris ( 1942 ) and balachowsky ( 1953g ) .
systematics : parlatoreopsis is related to parlatoria , but the separation of the two is simple enough as far as the species occurring in north america , all of which are introduced , are concerned , and the genus is quite valid . however , the group of species centering about parlatoria is extensively developed in the australian and oriental regions and not until this entire group has been carefully reviewed can any statement be made as to the actual limits of the genera ( ferris , 1942 ) .
structure : adult female only slightly longer than broad , derm membranous except for the short and rather acute pygidium . median pygidial lobes well developed , set close together but with no basal zygosis and with a small dorsal pore but with no gland spine between them . second lobes small , but strongly sclerotized , not bilobed . 3rd and 4th lobes lacking or the 3rd represented at times by a very minute point . gland spines few and small , all simple , confined to the pygidial margin . dorsal macroducts of the pygidium relatively few or almost lacking except for the marginal series and not arranged in definite rows ; those of the marginal series each with the orifice surrounded by a sclerotized rim . lateral margins of the prepygidial segments with small macroducts and in part with a few small gland tubercles . perivulvar pores present in 4 or 5 small groups . scale of female flat , thin , pale gray , roughly circular , with the exuviae subcentral ( ferris , 1942 ) .
balach1953g : description , distribution , illustration , taxonomy , pp . 773 , 827 - 829
bodenh1949 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 28 , 29 , 39 , 44
bodenh1953 : description , distribution , illustration , taxonomy , pp . 9 - 11 , 44 - 45
borchs1950b : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 163 , 172 - 174
ferris1942 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . siv - 404 , siv - 446 : 43
mckenz1945 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 48 , 51 , 52 , 83 , 87
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( hemiptera : diaspididae ) and their primary endosymbionts from the phylum bacteroidetes matthew e . gruwell ¤ , geovrey e . morse 1 , benjamin b . normark department of plant , …