the koo-wee-rup swamp was a large freshwater swamp located to the south east of melbourne , victoria .

it was drained an area of west gippsland , with several waterways including cardinia creek and the bunyip river .

the koo-wee-rup swamp originally covered more than 40 000 hectares , of dense swamp paperbark ( melaleuca ericifolia ) , some open grasslands , reed beds ( phragmites australis ) and bullrushes ( typha spp ) .

known as the great swamp it was an impassable barrier for travelers between melbourne and gippsland .

although the fringes of the swamp were settled by the mid-1800s , farming was not possible in much of the land because of frequent flooding and the rapid re-growth of paperbark and other swamp vegetation .

however , in the 1870s , efforts were made by the victorian department of lands to drain the swamp and open up the area for agriculture .

a koo-wee-rup swamp drainage committee was formed by local landowners and in february 1876 excavation of the main channel to take water from cardinia creek was commenced .

this channel was 8 km long and 1.2 m deep , leading into western port at moody 's inlet .

other drains including those for toomuc creek and the bunyip river were also dug .

koo - wee - rup swamp

koo - wee - rup swamp history : a short overview of the drainage of the koo - wee - rup swamp .
a short overview of the drainage of the koo - wee - rup swamp .
get quick answers from koo wee rup swamp lookout tower staff and past visitors .
the koo wee rup swamp lookout tower is located right by the main highway leading towards phillip . . .
koo wee rup observation tower overlooks the wetlands , with views south to westernport bay and . . .
in the 1800 ' s the koo - wee - rup swamp extended over an area of approximately 40 000 hectares . it was covered by dense stands of swamp paperbark (
this blog is about the history of the koo - wee - rup swamp and neighbouring areas , such as pakenham , cranbourne and garfield , and any other historical subjects i feel like writing about . it ' s my own original research and writing and if you live in the area you may have read some of the stories before in the koo - wee - rup swamp historical society newsletter or the koo - wee - rup township newsletter ,
a short overview of the drainage of the koo - wee - ru . . .
koo wee rup observation tower overlooks the wetlands , with views south to westernport bay and french island . the tower is located on the south gippsland highway , just south of koo wee rup if you are driving to phillip island . it is a great place to . . .
goudie , a . g . ( 1942 ) . a survey of the soils and land utilisation in the parishes of koo - wee - rup and koo - wee - rup east . proc . roy . soc . victoria , 54 ( ns ) pt . 1 : 93 - 130 .
numerous small and medium - size towns have been established in the former swamp . the largest town is koo wee rup . smaller places include bayles , catani , cora lynn , dalmore and yannathan .
if a picnic is not on your agenda the town of koo wee rup is only a few minutes away . road signage beside the reserve encourages visitors .
despite the drainage improvements there is occasional flooding . in february 2011 koo wee rup , iona , cora lynn and bayles were evacuated because the lower bunyip river overflowed .
, formed the koo - wee - rup swamp drainage committee . from 1876 this committee employed over 100 men and created drains that would carry the water from the cardinia and toomuc creeks to western port bay at moody’s inlet .
roberts , d . ( 1985 ) . from swampland to farmland - a history of the koo - wee - rup flood protection district . rural water commission of victoria .
you will find the lookout tower off to the left of the south gippsland hwy and adjacent the bunyip river just before you get to koo wee rup travelling from tooradin . the tower overlooks both the swamp land and westernport bay and once you ascend . . .
i am the local history librarian at at public library service in the south - east suburbs of melbourne . i am also the president of the koo - wee - rup swamp historical society , the secretary of the south eastern historical association and the trafalgar truck restorers club .
there was pastoral settlement around the swamp in the late 1840s . a large landowner , william lyall , had holdings at tooradin and at yallock , a slightly elevated area at the east of the swamp . he attempted a private drainage scheme at yallock . in 1875 land was sold in the west of the swamp and the koo - wee - rup swamp drainage committee was formed by local landowners , to drain water from cardinia creek into western port bay . heavy rain in 1891 , coming from the gembrook ranges by the toomuc , bunyip and tarago rivers , inundated the swamp and its reclaimed western sector . successful drainage required a scheme for all of the swamp .
the koo wee rup swamp lookout tower is located right by the main highway leading towards phillip island / wonthaggi / inverloch from melbourne . it basically consists of a fair sized parking area and then some historical information boards and a few other bits ' n ' pieces . the main attraction . . .
the koo wee rup swamp was an area north of western port bay . its western limit was in the vicinity of tooradin and its easterly limit was bunyip and the lang lang river . the gippsland ( oakleigh to bunyip ) railway line marked the northern edge . estimates of its area vary , but it was about 400 sq km .
if you ' re travelling the south gippsland highway , the col utber swamp tower reserve just south of koo wee rup is a great place for a rest or a picnic . this day time rest area has off road parking suitable for caravans and big rigs and is easily spotted by the high wooden lookout tower that dominates the picnic grounds .
today we look at swamps as wetlands , worthy of preservation , but we need to look at the drainage of the swamp in the context of the times . koo - wee - rup was only one of many swamps drained around this time ; others include the carrum swamp and the moe swamp . to the people at the time the drainage works were an example of victorian engineering skills and turned what was perceived as useless land into productive land and removed a barrier to the development of other areas in gippsland .
the land act of 1865 opened up land along the fringes of the swamp for selection . however , farming was not possible due to potential flooding and dense stands of vegetation . by 1870 the lands department decided that the swamp should be drained and opened up for agriculture . further land was sold at auction in 1875 . the largest landholders at the time were scottish and may have believed that the swamp soils were favourable for farming , based on their knowledge of peaty soils in their mother country . landholders formed the koo - wee - rup swamp drainage committee which would be responsible for draining the area .
the following history of the koo - wee - rup region in terms of drainage and agricultural production has been largely summarised from the book ' from swampland to farmland ' by david roberts . it is essential reading for anyone interested in the history of this region .
under this scheme , all workers had to be married , accept a 20 acre block and spend a fortnight working on the drains for wages and a fortnight improving their block and maintaining adjoining drains . the villages were koo - wee - rup , five mile , cora lynn , vervale , iona and yallock .
drainage works on the swamp began in the 1850’s on a small scale and in 1875 , landowners formed the koo - wee - rup swamp drainage committee . this committee employed over 100 men and created drains that would carry the water from the cardinia and toomuc creeks to western port bay . you can still see these drains when you travel on manks road , between lea road and rices road – the five bridges you cross span the cardinia and toomuc creek canals ( plus a few catch drains ) which were dug in the 1870’s .
potato growing has diversified into other vegetables as the fringe of metropolitan melbourne has come closer . by the 1930s koo wee rup and dalmore were major asparagus - growing areas , and by the early 2000s the former swamp produced 95 % of australia’s asparagus . market gardens draw water from the drains and from the ground by bores , but some areas have suffered from excessive take - off , with a consequent risk of mineralisation and salting of the water .
the original drainage works were completed in 1897 but later floods saw more drainage work undertaken , including widening of the main drain and additional side drains . none of these works protected the swamp against the big flood of december 1 , 1934 . the entire swamp was inundated ; water was over six feet deep in the town of koo - wee - rup and over a thousand people were left homeless . another bad flood hit the swamp in april 1935 and yet another one in october 1937 . a royal commission was also established in 1936 and its role was to investigate the operation of the state rivers and water supply commission regarding its administration of flood protection districts , amongst other things . the royal commission report was critical of the srwsc’s operation in the koo - wee - rup flood protection district in a number of areas and it ordered that new plans for drainage improvements be established . the subsequent works saw the creation of the yallock outfall drain and the spillway at cora lynn , the aim of which was to take the pressure off the main drain in flood times and channel the flood waters directly to western port bay .
it was obvious however that major works needed to be undertaken to sucessfully drain the swamp thus the chief engineer of the public works department , william thwaites ( 1853 - 1907 ) , surveyed the swamp in 1887 and his report recommended the construction of the bunyip main drain from where it entered the swamp in the north to western port bay and a number of smaller side drains .
what you will not find at the col utber swamp tower reserve is a swamp . drainage works began in the area as far back as 1856 . the drain carrying water from the cardinia and toomuc creeks to westernport bay was created in 1875 . hundreds of men were employed for further work on drainage and by 1893 the swamp was declared drained and the area suitable for settlement .
we will start this blog off with a brief overview of the drainage works on the swamp . small scale efforts to drain the 96 , 000 acre ( 40 , 000 hectare ) swamp began in the 1850s and in 1875 landowners including duncan macgregor , who owned
the col utber swamp tower reserve is a daylight hour reserve on the south gippsland highway , koo wee rup . it is immediately west of the road bridge across the bunyip river and east of the rossiter road intersection with the highway . entry to the car park is on the west ( melbourne side ) of the lookout tower which is easily spotted from the road . the car park is suitable for caravans and big rigs , there is mobile ' phone coverage , and picnic facilities . there are no public toilets . pets are permitted .
in march 1878 the gippsland railway which ran from melbourne to east gippsland was completed . residents of cranbourne and port albert made demands for a rail service in their districts which would necessitate a railway going through the koo - wee - rup swampland . plans were developed for a great southern railway between dandenong and port albert with profits from the sale of drained land to be used for it ' s construction .
extensive flooding occurred in many areas of victoria in 1934 , and resulted in a flood in the former swamp area which was three and a half times larger than the record flood of 1924 . over one thousand people were made homeless and the koo - wee - rup hotel had almost 2 metres of water in it . a royal commission was established in 1936 and resulted in a drainage improvement scheme being implemented . this scheme involved alterations ( eg . levee construction , sediment removal ) and extensions to main drains . other floods occurred in 1937 .
an information board has useful area maps , and a town map of koo wee rup . the history of the area is documented on one side . wander about and you will find a number of historic information and dedication plaques . a set of wheels from a german dredge , imported in the early 1900 ' s is proudly displayed . the late 1800 ' s release of deer into the area is commemorated . another plaque commemorates the 1991 opening of the south gippsland highway duplication .
in the early 1900 ' s , hills to the north of the swamp area were cleared of trees in order to develop farms and to supply the many saw mills established due to a growing timber demand . increased runoff resulted into the tarago and bunyip catchments . erosion occurred in the steeper sections of the bunyip main drain and sediments were deposited in the lower sections of the drain . in 1911 severe flooding occurred . a drainage improvement plan was proposed by the state rivers and water supply commission to give the area complete protection from a flood this size . the lower koo - wee - rup flood protection district was proclaimed in 1917 and work commenced .
thu 10 oct 1918 - dandenong advertiser and cranbourne , berwick and oakleigh advocate ( vic . : 1914 - 1918 ) page 2 - the great kooweerup swamp drainage muddle
dandenong advertiser and cranbourne , berwick and oakleigh advocate ( vic . : 1914 - 1918 ) , thu 10 oct 1918 , page 2 - the great kooweerup swamp drainage muddle
the soils of the swamp were found to be particularly fertile for crops and dairying . during the early 1890s the victorian public works department’s carlo catani supervised the great southern railway across the swamp from tooradin to loch . village settlements housed construction workers and creameries were opened at iona ( 1897 ) and elsewhere . soldier - settler farms were taken up during the 1920s .
catani implemented the village settlement scheme . under this scheme , all workers had to be married , accept a 20 acre block and spend a fortnight working on the drains for wages and a fortnight improving their block and maintaining adjoining drains . the villages were at koo - wee - rup , five mile , cora lynn , vervale , iona and yallock . many of the settlers were unused to farming and hard physical labour , others were deterred by floods and ironically a drought that caused a bushfire . my great grandfather , james rouse , a widower , arrived on the swamp with his nine year old son joe , in 1903 . james , who had been a market gardener in england , was part of a second wave of settlers who were granted land as they had previous farming experience . by 1904 , over 2 , 000 people including 1 , 400 children lived on the swamp . by the 1920s , the area was producing one quarter of victorian potatoes and was also a major producer of dairy products .
by 1940 the area planted to potatoes had fallen to approximately 570 hectares , due mainly to low prices in the 1930 ' s . smaller areas were planted to maize , onions , carrots , peas and asparagus ( goudie 1942 ) . vegetable demand increased during the second world war and carrots , peas and cabbages were processed in the dalmore area . the koo - wee - rup district became the prime supplier of vegetables and milk to melbourne . only minor flooding occurred after this period as drainage works continued . the whole reclaimed swampland came under the control of one authority ( state rivers and water supply commission ) in 1962 .
it soon became apparent that drainage works needed to be carried out on a large scale if the swamp was to be drained and landowners protected from floods . the chief engineer of the public works department , william thwaites , surveyed the swamp in 1888 and his report recommended the construction of the bunyip main drain from where it entered the swamp in the north to western port bay and a number of smaller side drains as well . a tender was advertised in 1889 . even with strikes , floods and bad weather , by march 1893 the contractors had constructed the 16 miles of the drain from the bay to the south of bunyip and the public works department considered the swamp was now dry enough for settlement . in spite of this , the public works department was unhappy with the rate of progress and took over its completion in 1893 and appointed the engineer , carlo catani to oversee the work .
work commenced on the bunyip main drain in 1889 in order to channel water from the bunyip river as it entered the swamp . this main drain would be fed by smaller drains . by 1892 the main drain had been cut 14 km inland from reeces inlet and at this time some 500 men were working on the project and excavating drains using picks , shovels and wheelbarrows . by 1893 the main drain had met the bunyip drain . these two drains together with four smaller drains formed the foundation of the swamp drainage system . a village settlement was started on the partly reclaimed swamp , whereby settlers were responsible for the maintenance of drains adjoining their blocks . the main drain overflowed in 1893 and much of the land was flooded . in response , the main drain was widened and deepened .
irrigation due to urban expansion in the 1950 ' s and 60 ' s , market gardeners were forced away from the city region . the koo - wee - rup region became an area of market garden expansion and potatoes replaced dairying as the dominant land use . a system of irrigation was developed to provide for this expansion . in the 1950 ' s , permits were issued to allow a number of landholders to pump water directly from the main drain . further permits were granted . the amount of water that could be pumped varied according to the size of the farm . groundwater comes from the western port groundwater basin which is fed by water entering via tertiary period gravels and basalts along the eastern and western margins . also , recharge occurs via quaternary sediments in the north - east ( eg . bunyip and tarago river basins ) .
water becomes stored in a groundwater aquifer underneath the impermeable clay and peat layers . the first bore was sunk in 1922 near cora lyn to tap underground water . other bores were sunk and used for stock and domestic requirements . bore sinking went unchecked in the 50 ' s and 60 ' s and a decline in water levels of up to 15 metres was recorded in 1961 - 62 . during the 1967 - 68 drought the water level in the koo - wee - rup aquifer fell to below pumping levels . the groundwater act was passed in 1969 and control of groundwater extraction was given to the state rivers and water supply commission . parts of the westernport groundwater basin were declared a groundwater conservation area in 1971 . controls were placed on the maximum rate and volume of groundwater that could be extracted . zones were established to manage groundwater use and in some areas no further bores were permitted .
two creameries were established in 1896 and by 1897 drainage works were completed . in 1898 bushfires spread to the swamp area and underlying peat soil caught fire and burnt beneath the surface for months . the results of drainage and several dry years resulted in the soil shrinking and compacting and the level of the land surface fell .
many of the settlers were unused to farming and hard physical labour , others were deterred by floods and ironically a drought that caused a bushfire , however many stayed and communities developed . by 1904 , over 2 , 000 people including 1 , 400 children lived on the swamp . by the 1920s , the area was producing one quarter of victorian potatoes .
a tender was advertised in 1889 . in spite of strikes , floods and bad weather by march , 1893 , the private contractors had constructed the 16 miles of the drain from the bay to the south of bunyip and the public works department considered the swamp was now dry enough for settlement . at one time over 500 men were employed and all the work was done by hand , using axes .
there was a second wave of settlers in the early 1900s where those selected had previous farm experience , such as my great grandfather , james rouse who had been a market gardener in england . james , a widower , arrived in 1903 with his eleven year old son , joe . he had selected 56 acres on murray road at cora lynn and his arrival started the rouse family ' s 110 year connection to the swamp .
in spite of what seemed to be good progress - the public works department had been unhappy with the rate of progress and took over its completion in 1893 and appointed the engineer , carlo catani ( 1852 - 1918 ) . the 1890s was a time of economic depression in australia and various government schemes were implemented to provide employment and to stop the drift of the unemployed to the city . one of these schemes was the village settlement scheme . the aim was for the settlers to find employment outside the city and to boost their income from the sale of produce from their farms . it was in this context that catani implemented the village settlement scheme on the swamp .
a major flood ( double the size of 1911 ) occurred in 1923 , which resulted in significant crop damage . an even larger flood occurred in 1924 that covered the former swampland in water 1 . 5 metres deep . in 1925 a royal commission investigated the entire soldier settlement scheme and assistance was given . drier periods existed after 1924 and the land proved to be very fertile . italian migrants bought many of the properties abandoned after the floods . they practised labour intensive farming methods and district production rose . it was estimated by the department of agriculture that in 1926 the former swamp area produced approximately 25 % of victorian potatoes . however , the great depression in the late 1920s resulted in reduced prices and financial ruin for some farmers . drainage digging was provided by the government as a form of relief work for the unemployed .
in february 1876 works commenced on excavation of a main channel ( 8 km long and 1 . 2 m deep ) which tapped the cardinia creek and channelled water into westernport bay at moody ' s inlet . other smaller drains ( eg . toomuc ) were dug . one of the landholders ( mcgregor ) also built an embankment to hold back water on his property called ' dalmore ' . landholders carried out drainage works with shovels and wheelbarrows . vegetation was knocked down and burnt and the land was ploughed . some farmers flooded each other ' s land with their own drainage works and major floods still occurred ( eg . 1891 ) .
a major flood in 1900 resulted in damage to crops ( eg . potatoes , onions , oats ) and dairy cows drowned . further widening of the main drain took place and more subsidiary drains were dug . a change from block allocation to land selection resulted in farmers from other regions ( eg . ballarat , drouin ) moving in to the area and bringing cropping skills . in the first decade of the 1900 ' s this area became the ' potato capital ' of victoria .
increased demands for vegetables for canning was generated during world war 1 ( 1914 - 1918 ) and vegetable growing was encouraged . labour shortages at this time were offset by the introduction of a steam - driven bucket dredge , which was used on the wider sections of the larger drains ( eg . main , yallock , cardinia ) . it had a capacity of 60 cubic metres per day ( versus 8 . 5 for a ' good man ' ) .
at the end of world war 1 , the government purchased large properties in a number of regions of victoria and divided them into smaller holdings , which were allocated to returned soldiers . within this area some of the larger properties ( such as ' dalmore ' ) were subdivided under this scheme . some minor flooding occurred in 1920 and 1921 . by 1923 almost 6500 hectares of potatoes were planted ( goudie 1942 ) .
a thriving sand industry also developed in the area . sand was excavated from the main drains and transported to melbourne by railway where it was in demand as building material . the rate of erosion upstream decreased ( naturally and as a result of control measures ) and the supply of sand was depleted within a few years .
the tarago reservoir was constructed in 1969 ( to supply water to the mornington peninsula ) which enabled more flood control downstream .
example of subsurface drainage in dalmore clay soil . these drains are generally located just below the peat layer and are partially backfilled with gravel
in recent years the groundwater levels have recovered . this has been largely due to groundwater extraction controls and the construction of dams to store water pumped from drains during periods of high water flow .
annett and imhof ( 1991 ) assessed changes in landuse for the former shire of cranbourne from 1979 to 1989 . these changes were estimated from aerial photo interpretation . urban land use increased by an estimated 2200 hectares and in 1989 covered some 8 % of the study area . much of this urban expansion has occurred around cranbourne , hampton park , langwarrin and carrum downs . associated with this urban increase has been an increase in sand quarrying . the area excavated for sand had increased an estimated 390 hectares ( 83 % ) over the same period . sand mining in the cranbourne region supplies about 15 % of melbourne ' s sand requirements ( cochrane
1991 ) . a large area of quaternary sand deposits are preserved in the cranbourne royal botanic gardens extension .
market gardening on sandy soils had also increased significantly ( approximately 40 % ) over this period . this expansion has occurred primarily as consolidation of existing farms around cranbourne , fiveways and devon meadows . smaller , new operations have developed around pearcedale and langwarrin . the increase in market gardening has no doubt been a result of migration of these activities from other areas closer to melbourne ( eg . dingley , oakleigh ) as a result of urban expansion pressures . continued urban expansion around cranbourne , pearcedale and langwarrin may impact greatly on these operations . in the south - eastern growth corridor it is expected that the metropolitan area will expand to cranbourne in the south . cranbourne is anticipated to house about 80 000 people (
24 / 11 / 90 ) . apart from using land suitable for market gardening ( eg . cranbourne sands ) , urbanisation will invariably result in an increase in land prices in surrounding areas . other problems faced by farmers on the urban fringes include the need for greater security and community concern over some farming practices ( eg . spraying near urban areas ) .
annett , s and imhof , m . p . ( 1991 ) assessing changes in rural land use in gippsland - a case study using geographic information systems ( gis ) . draft report , department of agriculture .
cochrane , g . w . , quick , g . w . and spencer - jones , d . ( eds . ) ( 1991 ) . introducing victorian geology . geological society of australia ( victorian division ) . melbourne .
floods in 1911 and 1934 required the enlargement of drains and construction of additional outfalls . clearing of land at the headwaters has caused increased run - off , and floodwater detritus that banks up where stream velocities falter causes flooding unless removed . improvements and maintenance are therefore continual . moving from west to east there are drains into western port bay at sawtell inlet ( tooradin ) , at 4 km eastwards for the toomuc , cardinia and deep creeks , at 2 km further eastwards for the bunyip and tarago rivers ( the main drain ) , and at the yallock creek .
that ' s james rouse , my great grandfather , above . he was born july 26 , 1862 at stratford on avon in england and died at cora lynn on august 29 , 1939 . he had married annie glover of clydebank ( victoria ) on february 2 , 1892 and they had five children . sadly annie , born july 7 , 1865 died in february 7 , 1899 aged 33 . she was pre - deceased by their two daughters ruth and annie . another daughter emily died in tragic circumstances - she was found drowned in the yarra on august 24 , 1919 aged 25 . lucy ( born september 2 , 1895 ) died october 27 , 1981 . we knew her very well and saw a lot of her . she was living at garfield when she died . finally , my grand father joseph albert rouse was born at clydebank on november 9 , 1892 and died september 3 , 1954 .
we noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :
to me this tower was built so there was a place to sell the best donuts ever . checked out the . . .
to me this tower was built so there was a place to sell the best donuts ever . checked out the tower . . . not bad . wandered over to grab a couple of donuts . . . i had low expectations . . . then my mind was blown , i wanted to go back for more , omg . . .
we came for the views and stayed for the amazing dim sims and jam doughnuts that a sold most days out of a van in car park . the lookout itself is quite plan but a very worthwhile sight . plenty of points of historical interest at . . .
i ' ve passed this lookout so many times before . we decided to pull in and see what it has to offer . beautiful views of the surrounding area , that ' s what . well worth a stop to break up a long drive if you ' re passing by .
note : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .
* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (
tripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .
dandenong advertiser and cranbourne , berwick and oakleigh advocate ( vic . : 1914 - 1918 )
note : only lines in the current paragraph are shown . click on current line of text for options .
paragraph operations are made directly in the full article text panel located to the left . paragraph operations include :
zone operations are made directly in the full article text panel located to the left . zone operations include :
the national library of australia ' s copies direct service lets you purchase higher quality , larger sized photocopies or electronic copies of newspapers pages .
clicking on the order now button below will open the ordering form in a new window which will allow you to enter the details of your request .
to help safeguard the users of this service from spam , we require you to enter the characters you see in the following image .
if you can ' t read the image , click here to listen to the same characters being read .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
gayle is an accountant . shh – don’t tell . she thinks she’s a writer . check out her short stories and nano fiction at
it ' s worth stopping just for the vistas from the tower which provides 360 degree sweeping views of the surrounding area . the waters of westernport bay are visible to the south . a distance and direction marker on the top platform points to over 30 different locations ; san remo 35km south , tooradin 7km west , melbourne 58km north - west , warragul 40km north - east .
the tower is accessed by stairs which curve around supporting poles . it is rather tall but even though heights bother me i felt secure enough to get to the top . the structure is very stable , the stairs and platform are enclosed by high , closely spaced railings and the stairs themselves are wide enough to be comfortable but narrow enough to enable you to hold the railings on both sides .
the car park and reserve are well maintained and the grass looked freshly mowed when i arrived . there is a shelter with a picnic table , and several open air tables . a ring of wooden benches would serve well for group seating . a small bridge crossing a dip in the picnic grounds adds charm to the area . there are ample rubbish bins .
during busy periods , a van selling hot donuts can be found at the reserve and is easily visible from the road . just another reason to take a break .
the reserve is fenced but there is access to a small path at the back which leads through interesting vegetation to the bunyip river . i walked the path but plants are encroaching on either side making it unsuitable for children . walkers would be advised to keep an eye out for snakes in the warmer months . shrubbery with a variety of flowers and reeds along the water are worth a look . birdlife is prevalent in the bushland around the reserve . fairy wrens were about in abundance .
why ? take a break from the drive and soak up some superb views .
what a good place to stop and rest on the way to phillip island .
great article - well written and great photos gayle . there is so much to discover about australia .
we have driven past this so many times and never stopped to look . it ' s so easy to miss things .


chionodes violacea is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found from scandinavia to russia ( siberia , uljanovsk , kamchatka ) and mongolia .

the wingspan is 15 – 17 mm .

adults have been recorded on wing from june to july .

chionodes violacea

gelechia violacea tengström , 1848 ; notis . sällsk . fauna & fl . fenn . förh . 1 : 125 ; tl : gamla karleby ; oulu
chionodes violacea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 25 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; [ fe ]
chionodes borzella bidzilya , 2000 ; beitr . ent . 50 ( 2 ) : 391
chionodes soella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 21
chionodes aprilella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 24
chionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 33
chionodes flavipalpella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333
chionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 34
chionodes caucasiella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333
chionodes frigidella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 50
chionodes frigidella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333
chionodes tantella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 64
chionodes tantella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333
chionodes attonita ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333
chionodes ermolaevi bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 422 ; tl : sakhalin
chionodes grandis clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : silverton , colorado
chionodes tundra bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 421 ; tl : jamalo - nenetskiy ar
chionodes pereyra clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : vero beach , florida
chionodes stefaniae ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 699 ( list )
chionodes salicella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 82 ; tl : skeena crossing , cassiar dist . , british colombia
chionodes acerella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 78 ; tl : izman creek , kamloops distr . , british columbia
chionodes tessa clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 246 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california
chionodes canofusella clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 248 ; tl : encantada , brooks co . , texas
chionodes bicolor clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 250 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california
chionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos , 2012 ; acta zool . cracov . 55 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : chile , region de biobio
chionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 177 ; tl : galapagos , isabela , volcan darwin , 630m
chionodes iridescens clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 244 ; tl : american lake , pierce co . , washington
chionodes pleroma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331
chionodes scotodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331
chionodes whitmanella clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 271 ; tl : pullmann , washington
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 6 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , gelechiinae ( part - chionodes )
the lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 10 . a remarkable new white species of chionodes hübner ( gelechiidae )
chionodes sabinianae powell , 1959 ; ent . news 70 ( 5 ) : 127 ; tl : russelman park , mt diablo , contra costa co . , california
chionodes soella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]
chionodes aprilella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 141 , 31 ; [ fe ]
= chionodes psilopterus ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18
chionodes cusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 75 ; tl : alamosa , colorado
chionodes offectus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 57 ; tl : boulder , colorado
chionodes fimus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 76 ; tl : schrader lake , alaska
chionodes tragicella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]
chionodes luctuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 140 , 31 ; [ fe ]
chionodes molitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 210 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 36 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
chionodes boreas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 43 - 44 ; tl : nordegg , alberta
chionodes holosericella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 143 , 31 ; [ fe ]
chionodes histon hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 61 ; tl : penticon creek , british columbia
chionodes perpetuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 146 , 31 ; [ fe ]
chionodes apolectella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 147 , 31 ; [ fe ]
chionodes hayreddini ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]
chionodes hinnella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]
chionodes bastuliella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]
chionodes nebulosella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 152 , 32 ; [ fe ]
chionodes sagayica ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 63 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333
chionodes nitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 84 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 59 ; tl : berkeley , alameda co , california
chionodes oecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : palm springs , california
chionodes lacticoma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
chionodes icriodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
chionodes litigiosa ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
chionodes pentadora ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
chionodes dryobathra ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 106 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
chionodes argosema ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
chionodes consona ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
chionodes eburata ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
chionodes salva ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
chionodes sepultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 60 ; tl : 6 mi nw newcastle , wyoming
chionodes percultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 58 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; tl : washington mtns , near nogales , arizona
chionodes plutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 91 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 69 ; tl : sanderson , terrell co . , texas
chionodes nepos hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 71 ; tl : indio , riverside co . , california
chionodes thyotes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 96 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : southmost , cameron co . , texas
chionodes soter hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 39 - 41 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
chionodes ceryx hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : n key largo , florida
chionodes rabula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : parker island , highlands co . , florida
chionodes cacula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 61 , 331 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida
chionodes emptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida
chionodes drapeta hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 63 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; tl : key largo , monroe co . , florida
chionodes paean hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 72 ; tl : jacumba , san diego co . , california
chionodes cibus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 98 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas
chionodes occlusus ; [ nacl ] , # 2101 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18
chionodes suasor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 57 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 14 ; tl : huntsville state park , walker co . , texas
chionodes esor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; tl : big pine key , monroe co . , florida
chionodes tarmes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 66 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : t2n r14w s31 , allegan co . , michigan
chionodes macor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 88 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 62 ; tl : saratoga springs , san bernardino co . , california
chionodes irreptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 143 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 53 ; tl : garner state park , uvalde co . , texas
chionodes restio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 148 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 58 - 59 ; tl : sonoma , sonoma co . , california
chionodes ludio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 152 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 64 ; tl : new lisbon , burlington co . , new jersey
chionodes obelus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 186 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : hayfork ranger station , trinity co . , california
chionodes kubai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 188 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 43 ; tl : pne hill , el dorado co . , california
chionodes rectifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 199 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : pensacola , escambia co . , florida
chionodes aleo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 71 ; tl : cedar pass campground , modoc co . , california
chionodes rupex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 74 ; tl : green river lake , wind river range , wyoming
chionodes fictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 58 ; tl : atigun pass & below , brooks range , alaska
chionodes praecia hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : vineyard , utah co . , utah
chionodes pulvis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 69 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : san bruno mtns , san mateo co . , california
chionodes bios hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 191 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi n prescott , yavapai co . , arizona
chionodes tannuolella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 32 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333
chionodes lictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 62 ; tl : mt . shasta city , shasta co . , california
chionodes procus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 70 ; tl : gran quivira national monument , socorro co . , new mexico
chionodes lector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 121 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; tl : woodwardia canyon e , riverside co . , california
chionodes sevir hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 137 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 24 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina
chionodes baro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 144 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 54 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina
chionodes popa hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 167 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : mint canyon , los angeles co . , california
chionodes donatella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16
chionodes petro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : 2 mi ne lakeside , san diego co . , california
chionodes dolo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 198 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : dempster highway , km 155 , 1050m , yukon , canada
chionodes praeco hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 209 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 34 - 35 ; tl : ocqueoc lake , presque isle co . , michigan
chionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 180 ; tl : ecuador , manabi , parque nacional machalilla , los frailes , s 01°29 . 340 ' , w 80°46 . 868 40m
chionodes hapsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 12 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas
chionodes volo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 38 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas
chionodes landryi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 76 ; tl : lost river valley , 10 km s onefour , alberta , cadana
chionodes factor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 60 ; tl : big bear lake , 6800 , san bernardino co . , california
chionodes trico hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 45 - 46 ; tl : hardy work center , lawrence co . , south dakoa
chionodes impes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 227 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 70 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; tl : kamiak butte , washington
chionodes sannio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 70 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington
chionodes stator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 32 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington
chionodes meddix hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 73 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; tl : clear creek camp , se camp verde , yavapai co . , arizona
chionodes pavor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; tl : camp baldy , san bernardino mtns , san bernardino co . , california
chionodes pacator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 53 ; tl : mt lowe , san gabriel mtns , los angeles co . , california
chionodes regens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 61 ; tl : hackberry lake , valenine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska
chionodes morus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 103 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 22 ; tl : ciervo hills , 18 mi sw medota , fresno co . , califoria
chionodes cautor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 142 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 52 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , brewster co . , texas
chionodes mikkolai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 33 ; tl : carmacks , 62°05 ' n , 136°20 ' w , yukon , canada
chionodes franclemonti hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 65 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 2 - 4 ; tl : wrangle brook road , lakehurst , ocean co . , new jersey
chionodes sanator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 60 ; tl : sw res sta , 5400 , chiricahua mts , cochise co . , arizona
chionodes repertor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 65 ; tl : 7 mi e jacob lake , coconino co . , 6800 ' , arizona
chionodes adamas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 150 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 61 - 63 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas
chionodes elainae hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 50 ; tl : onion saddle , 7600 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona
chionodes hospes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 61 - 62 ; tl : 9 mi sw atascadero , san luis obispo co . , california
chionodes sponsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 81 ; tl : sierra diable wildlife management area , 6400 ' , culberson co . , texas
chionodes theurgis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 213 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi sw buean vista , 8700 ' , chaffee co . , colorado
chionodes imber hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 33 - 34 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine nationa wildlife reserve , cherry co . , nebraska
chionodes naevus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 77 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 41 ; tl : cave creek canyon , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona
chionodes davisi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 78 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 42 ; tl : southwest research station , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona
chionodes delitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 58 ; tl : k bar ranch , chisos mtns , 3400 ' , brewster co . , texas
chionodes bardus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 99 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : santa barbara island , channel island national park , santa barbara co . , california
chionodes metoecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 125 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 32 - 34 ; tl : snake creek , 3 mi nw midway , wasatch co . , utah
chionodes optio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 154 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 32 ; tl : mt locke , davis mtns , 6700 ' , jeff davis co . , texas
chionodes agriodes ; [ nacl ] , # 2059 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
chionodes bustosorum metzler , 2016 ; zootaxa 4109 ( 3 ) : 373 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . mon . , 106°1 . 38 ' w ; 32°46 . 60 ' n 4 , 000 '
chionodes powelli hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ; tl : snake lake , 4 mi nw quincy , 4000 ' , plumas co . , california
chionodes abavus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 64 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mts , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona
chionodes obex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 39 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona
chionodes munifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 76 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 40 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona
chionodes sabinianae ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 48 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19
chionodes rector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 56 - 57 ; tl : 5 mi n buena vista , 8200 ' , chaffee co . , colorado
chionodes fremor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona
chionodes lusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 130 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 42 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona
chionodes erro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 134 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 23 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona
chionodes altor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 141 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 30 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona
chionodes pinax hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 149 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 60 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona
chionodes messor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 153 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 65 ; tl : 1 mi ne san marcos pass , 1500 ' , santa barbara co . , california
chionodes magirus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 157 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 34 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona
chionodes gestor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 159 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 74 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona
chionodes bibo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 162 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona
chionodes luror hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 51 ; tl : west fork , 6500 ' , 16 mi sw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona
chionodes gratus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 28 ; tl : big timber canyon , 6500 ' , half moon park , crazy mts . , montana
chionodes senica hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 79 ; tl : hart prairie , 8500 ' , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona
chionodes dator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 80 ; tl : louis lake , 28 mi sw lander , 8600 ' , fremont co . , wyoming
chionodes ustor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 32 ; tl : bridger forest camp , 7500 ' , wind river mtns , sublette co . , wyoming
chionodes rogator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 82 - 83 ; tl : mosca creek , great sand dunes national monument , alamosa co . , colorado
chionodes veles hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 212 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 84 ; tl : castles , 8 mi e buena vista , 8800 ' , chaffee co . , colorado
chionodes gerdius hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 87 ; tl : oso flaco lake , 5 mi s oceano , san luis obispo co . , california
chionodes latro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 68 - 69 ; tl : lake delancy , ocala national forest read 75 , mario co . , florida
chionodes rhombus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 105 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350ä , coconino co . , arizona
chionodes tributor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 48 ; tl : ozena camp , cuyama river , 1 mi e hiway 33 , ventura co . , california
chionodes ensis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : head of ephraim canyon , 10000 - 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah
chionodes nubilella ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 35 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; [ fe ]
chionodes donahueorum hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : mt washington district , 840 ' , los angeles , los angeles co . , california
chionodes parens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 136 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona
chionodes adam hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 140 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona
chionodes nubis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 156 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 67 - 68 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona
chionodes innox hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 158 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 69 - 73 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona
chionodes canofusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2066 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
chionodes psilopterus ; [ nacl ] , # 2111 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18
chionodes metallicus ; [ nacl ] , # 2094 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 59 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17
chionodes canor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 25 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350 ' , coconino co . , arizona
chionodes abitus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 56 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : cold creek , 5 mi s buck creek ranger station , 6300 ' , modoc co . , california
chionodes lactans hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 74 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 36 - 37 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas
chionodes fructuarius ; [ nacl ] , # 2078 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16
chionodes luteogeminatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2091 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17
chionodes helicostictus ; [ nacl ] , # 2083 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 16 - 18 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16
chionodes pallor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 197 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 20 - 21 ; tl : fort valley , 7350 ' , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona
chionodes nigrobarbatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2097 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 223 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 65 - 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17
chionodes praetor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 67 , pl . 4 , f . 90 ; tl : head ephraim canyon , 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah
chionodes permactus ; [ nacl ] , # 2106 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 5 , f . 5 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18
chionodes distinctella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 42 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 148 , 31 ; [ fe ]
chionodes clarkei hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 71 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : steens mt . , fish lake , 7100 , harney co . , oregon
chionodes electella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 52 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]
chionodes fumatella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 59 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 153 , 32 ; [ fe ]
chionodes ignorantella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 65 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 154 , 32 ; [ fe ]
chionodes argentipunctella ; [ nacl ] , # 2061 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
chionodes gilvomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2080 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16
chionodes periculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2105 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18
chionodes xanthophilella ; [ nacl ] , # 2125 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19
chionodes sistrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2116 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 73 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19
chionodes hodgesorum metzler , 2014 ; j . lep . soc . 68 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . monument , edge of dunes habitat , 106°11 . 32 ' w , 32°45 . 72 ' n , 4000 '
chionodes paralogella ; [ nacl ] , # 2103 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18
chionodes salicella ; [ nacl ] , # 2114 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 120 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19
chionodes acerella ; [ nacl ] , # 2057 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 124 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
chionodes terminimaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2117 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 132 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19
chionodes pastor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 155 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 66 , pl . 4 , f . 33 ; tl : great basin exp staion nr ephraim , 8850 ' , sanpete co . , utah
chionodes fondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2076 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 160 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16
chionodes pseudofondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2110 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 161 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18
chionodes mariona ; [ nacl ] , # 2092 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 168 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17
chionodes halycopa ; [ nacl ] , # 2082 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 171 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16
chionodes hibiscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2084 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 190 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16
chionodes aristella ; [ nacl ] , # 2062 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 56 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
chionodes mongolica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ fe ]
chionodes hostis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 122 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : major ' s flat near ephraim canyon , oak / pinyon junipre zone , 7100 ' , sanpete co . , utah
chionodes fuscomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 6 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16
chionodes bicostomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 7 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
chionodes lophosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2089 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 67 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 21 - 23 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17
chionodes nanodella ; [ nacl ] , # 2095 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17
chionodes abella ; [ nacl ] , # 2055 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 43 - 47 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
chionodes kincaidella ; [ nacl ] , # 2086 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 87 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 6 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17
chionodes pinguicula ; [ nacl ] , # 2109 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 67 - 68 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18
chionodes dentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2071 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 74 - 75 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16
chionodes abdominella ; [ nacl ] , # 2054 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 2 - 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
chionodes dammersi ; [ nacl ] , # 2070 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 101 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16
chionodes notandella ; [ nacl ] , # 2098 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 19 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17
chionodes ochreostrigella ; [ nacl ] , # 2102 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 104 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18
chionodes thoraceochrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2119 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 117 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19
chionodes chrysopyla ; [ nacl ] , # 2068 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 119 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
chionodes obscurusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2099 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 123 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 27 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18
chionodes occidentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2100 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 127 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 37 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18
chionodes trichostola ; [ nacl ] , # 2120 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 135 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 47 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19
chionodes acrina ; [ nacl ] , # 2058 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 139 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 25 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
chionodes secutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 146 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 55 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : davis mnts , 5 mi se livermore , 6000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas
chionodes trophella ; [ nacl ] , # 2121 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 147 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 56 - 57 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19
chionodes discoocellella ; [ nacl ] , # 2072 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 170 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16
chionodes ceanothiella ; [ nacl ] , # 2067 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 187 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 41 - 42 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
chionodes aruns hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 18 , pl . 4 , f . 44 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas
chionodes retiniella ; [ nacl ] , # 2112 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 48 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19
chionodes arenella ; [ nacl ] , # 2060 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 52 - 53 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
chionodes figurella ; [ nacl ] , # 2073 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 194 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16
chionodes braunella ; [ nacl ] , # 2065 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 225 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 91 - 93 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
chionodes flavicorporella ; [ nacl ] , # 2074 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 229 , pl . 3 , f . 72 - 73 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16
chionodes sattleri hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 218 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 54 - 56 , pl . 4 , f . 89 ; tl : bog e of big indian lake , halifax watershed , halifax co . , nova scotia
chionodes ( gelechiini ) ; [ me3 ] , 137 , 31 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 704 , 699 ( list ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ; [ fe ]
chionodes johnstoni ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 76 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 81 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 51 - 52 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17
chionodes formosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16
chionodes praeclarella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 200 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 64 - 67 ; [ me3 ] , 144 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18 ; [ fe ]
chionodes mediofuscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2093 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 131 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 43 - 45 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17
chionodes iridescens ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 75 ; [ nacl ] , # 2085 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17
chionodes pereyra ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 109 ; [ nacl ] , # 2104 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 163 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18
chionodes grandis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 64 ; [ nacl ] , # 2081 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 19 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16
chionodes tessa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; [ nacl ] , # 2118 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19
chionodes petalumensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 111 ; [ nacl ] , # 2107 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 164 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 38 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18
chionodes bicolor ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 2063 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
chionodes whitmanella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 147 ; [ nacl ] , # 2124 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 31 , pl . 4 , f . 77 - 78 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19
chionodes viduella ; [ nacl ] , # 2123 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 54 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 215 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 49 ; [ me3 ] , 32 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19 ; [ fe ]
chionodes continuella ; [ nacl ] , # 2069 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 37 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 52 - 53 , pl . 4 , f . 88 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16 ; [ fe ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
a new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .
a new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa ünal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !
a new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog—the famous fictional spider from “harry potter” book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film “harry potter and the chamber of secrets” , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .
mariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel
identification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
website © jim wheeler 2016 - 2018 . nola - x database system © jim wheeler 2018 . - sponsored by urltoken & urltoken
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
= ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 15 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
formosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 , 331
formosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331


characteristics of the genus include massive jaws , blunt builds , and strong canine teeth .

eoconodon 's were about the size of a modern house cat , but were considered giant for mammals at the time .

eoconodon

how can i put and write and define eoconodon in a sentence and how is the word eoconodon used in a sentence and examples ? 用eoconodon造句 , 用eoconodon造句 , 用eoconodon造句 , eoconodon meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
eoconodon is an extinct genus of triisodontid mesonychid that existed during the early paleocene of north america .
eoconodon (
triisodontidae ,
mammalia ) from the early paleocene ( puercan ) of northeastern montana , u . . .
eoconodon ' s were about the size of a modern house cat , but were considered giant for mammals at the time .
eoconodon (
triisodontidae ,
mammalia ) from the early paleocene ( puercan ) of northeastern montana , u . s . a

' eoconodon
' is an extinct genus of triisodontid mesonychid that existed during the early paleocene of north america .
species of the early paleocene ( puercan north american land mammal age ) triisodontid eoconodon were among the first eutherians in the northern western interior to evolve body masses significantly larger than those of the latest cretaceous mammals of the area . description of additional specimens of eoconodon nidhoggi from the tullock formation , northeastern montana , sets the stage for formal . . . [ show full abstract ]
for example , longrich told gizmag that there was a mammal in wyoming called the eoconodon , which was considered giant at the time , being about the size of a cat . but that same species wasn ' t found in nearby montana .
it ' s almost like you ' re looking at separate islands , but there are no physical barriers between these localities ,
he says .
the uppermost hell creek and tullock formations of garfield and mccone counties , northeastern montana , have yielded large samples of earliest paleocene ( puercan north american land mammal ' age ' ) local faunas . these are allocated to either the earliest puercan ( pu1 ) interval zone or an undifferentiated pu2 / pu3 interval zone of middle and / or late puercan age . eoconodon (
triisodontidae
) is . . . [ show full abstract ]
by now , most people are familiar with the theory that an asteroid that smacked into our planet 66 million years ago caused the extinction of the dinosaurs . but it turns out that dinosaurs might not have been the only casualty of that cataclysmic event . new analysis of the fossil record indicates that a full 93 percent of mammals living at the time also went extinct , a number significantly higher than previously thought .
researchers at the milner centre for evolution at the university of bath looked back over mammalian fossil reports and research that had been published for about the last 100 years , specifically focusing on the time frame on both sides of the meteor strike – about 68 million years ago to 65 . 7 million years ago . they also concentrated on mammals in north america .
not only did they find that more mammals went extinct during this time than the roughly 75 percent previously thought , but also that they rebounded extremely quickly , with the number of species doubling those found before the impact in just 300 , 000 years – a relatively short time in evolutionary terms .
because mammals did so well after the extinction , we have tended to assume that it didn ' t hit them as hard ,
says nick longrich from the milner center .
however our analysis shows that the mammals were hit harder than most groups of animals , such as lizards , turtles , crocodilians , but they proved to be far more adaptable in the aftermath .
longrich is the lead author on a paper regarding the find published in the journal of evolutionary biology .
longrich and his team also discovered a high degree of separation in terms of the way species developed geographically .
you might expect to see the same few survivors all across the continent . but that ' s not what we found ,
he says .
after this extinction event , there was an explosion of diversity , and it was driven by having different evolutionary experiments going on simultaneously in different locations . this may have helped drive the recovery . with so many different species evolving in different directions in different parts of the world , evolution was more likely to stumble across new evolutionary paths .
with 100 years of fossil data lying around , it seemed surprising to us that no other researchers had arrived at the same conclusion as longrich and his team before now . so we asked him about that , and it turns out there ' s been a bit of a mammal - dino - asteroid debate raging in academia .
it may just be a matter of perspective ,
he told us .
historically the asteroid impact hypothesis has been really controversial – and the paleontologists working on fossil mammals have been bitter opponents of the asteroid - impact hypothesis . so they ' ve probably tended to overlook evidence that supports it , and haven ' t really been interested in looking at the issue carefully . we don ' t specialize on mammals , so we ' re able to look at the evidence in a different way – and in fact , the fossil mammal data strongly support the asteroid hypothesis ; it ' s some of the best data out there in support of it , in fact .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
full reference : w . d . matthew and w . granger . 1921 . new genera of paleocene mammals . american museum novitates 13 : 1 - 7
see also archibald 1998 , clemens 2011 , clemens and williamson 2005 , matthew and granger 1921 , mckenna and bell 1997 , st . clair et al . 2010 , thewissen et al . 2001 and zhou et al . 1995
for full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .
response to critique by lucas et al . ( 2009 ) of paper by fassett ( 2009 ) documenting paleocene dinosaurs in the san juan basin
purgatorius ( plesiadapiformes , primates ? , mammalia ) , a paleocene immigrant into northeastern montana . . .
the earliest unquestionable records of purgatorius ( plesiadapiformes , primates ? , mammalia ) in northeastern montana and other areas of the western interior of north america are of early paleocene , specifically middle or late puercan ( pu 2–3 interval zones , undifferentiated ) north american land mammal age ( nalma ) . the report of an occurrence of purgatorius in the late cretaceous ( lancian nalma ) . . . [ show full abstract ]
evolution of the mammalian fauna across the cretaceous - tertiary boundary in northeastern montana and . . .
paleontological and geological studies of the hell creek formation and tullock member of the fort union formation in the northern western interior of north america provide a globally unique , detailed record of the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates during the transition from the latest cretaceous into the earliest paleocene . in the area south of the fort peck reservoir , northeastern montana , . . . [ show full abstract ]
early paleocene ( puercan ) peradectid marsupials from northeastern montana , north american western in . . .
analysis of the molar dentitions of early paleocene ( puercan nalma ) peradectid marsupials from the upper part of the hell creek formation and the tullock formation of northeastern montana documents the presence of two species . on the basis of currently published data the genus thylacodon is provisionally regarded as a nomen dubium and these species from montana are designated peradectes cf . p . . . . [ show full abstract ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .
there are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :
you have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .
your browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .
your browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .
the date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .
you have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .
this site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .
this site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .
in general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .