pupilla muscorum , commonly known as the moss chrysalis snail or widespread column , is a species of minute air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family pupillidae .

pupilla muscorum

barna páll - gergely marked
pupilla muscorum
as trusted on the
pupilla muscorum
page .
subgenus pupilla ( pupilla ) j . fleming , 1828 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828
moss snail ( pupilla muscorum ) . picture : © stefan haller ( urltoken ) .
moss snail ( pupilla muscorum ) . picture : © malcolm storey ( urltoken ) .
subgenus pupilla ( afripupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828
subgenus pupilla ( fragipupilla ) schileyko , 1984 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828
subgenus pupilla ( striopupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 represented as pupilla j . fleming , 1828
» species pupilla ( pupilla ) triplicata ( s . studer , 1820 ) represented as pupilla triplicata ( s . studer , 1820 )
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
sammalkotilo
to
pupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
' the ecological status of pupilla muscorum ( linné ) in holocene overbank alluvium at kingsmead bridge , wiltshire . '
hans - martin braun added the german common name
moospüppchen
to
pupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
anderson , r . , ( 2016 ) . pupilla ( pupilla ) muscorum ( linnaeus 1758 ) . [ in ] molluscireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09 .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
moos - puppenschnecke
to
pupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
pupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia - its known distribution , ecology and conchometrical distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola
pupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia and its distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola based on multidimensional analysis of shell measurements
pupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia and its distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola based on multidimensional analysis of shell measurements | springerlink
pupilla pratensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) in the czech republic and slovakia - its known distribution , ecology and conchometrical distinction from p . muscorum and p . alpicola | masaryk university
( of pupilla ( pupilla ) muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
although it is not clear whether any subspecies of this species are currently recognized , if subspecies do exist within this species , it would possibly be the type ( or nominate ) race , pupilla muscorum muscorum , that occurs in utah . the species , however , could well be considered monotypic .
» species pupilla ( pupilla ) anodon ( deshayes , 1863 ) † accepted as negulopsis anodon ( deshayes , 1863 ) † ( new combination ( cf . ) )
pupa ( pupilla ) j . fleming , 1828 ( considered as a separate genus )
all 20th century authors who have discussed this species in utah have used the currently accepted scientific name pupilla muscorum . chamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) applied to it the common name the two - toothed snail .
von proschwitz , t . , c . schander , u . jueg , and s . thorkildsen . 2009 . morphology , ecology , and dna - barcoding distinguish pupilla pratensis ( clessen , 1871 ) from pupilla muscorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( pulmonata : pupillidae ) . journal of molluscan studies 75 : 315 - 322 .
( of pupilla ( pupilla ) j . fleming , 1828 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
moss snails are ovoviviparous snails - their eggs can hibernate inside the mother ' s body and be laid in spring , when favourable conditions prevail . while the juveniles of pupilla muscorum usually hatch during oviposition ( and then crawl around with the amnion over their shells ) , the embryos of the alpine chrysalis snail ( pupilla alpicola ) need some additional days to develop before hatching .
how to see this species pupilla muscorum has been seen within the last decade only at benderg bay , co . down and portstewart strand , co . londonderry . areas where it was formerly common such as murlough nnr , garron point , bushfoot dunes , curran sands , whitepark bay and magilligan appear abandoned . it should be looked for by sieving sand and moss in fore dunes or around the edges of dune slacks .
( of pupilla ( afripupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
( of pupilla ( fragipupilla ) schileyko , 1984 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
species description the moss chrysalis snail is a small ( 3 - 3 . 5 mm ) , cylindrical shell of 6 - 7 whorls with a blunt , obtuse apex . the shell is brown , slightly glossy and finely striate . the aperture is dextral and has a single white denticle , with the outer lip reinforced internally by a strong white rib or callus . the lip is not reflected . in this it differs from lauria cylindracea which is superficially rather similar . lauria is in general a wall species with a predilection for climbing vertical surfaces , something which it does not share with pupilla . the lip in lauria is reflected outwards and is thickened and whitish and there is a single internal tooth .
( of pupilla ( striopupilla ) pilsbry , 1921 ) pilsbry h . a . ( 1920 - 1921 ) . pupillidae ( vertiginidae , pupillinae ) . manual of conchology , ser . 2 . 26 : 1 - 254 , pls 1 - 24 . [ part 101 : 1 - 64 , pls 1 - 8 , 23 december 1920 ; part 102 : 65 - 128 , pls 9 - 13 , 13 may 1921 ; part 103 , 129 - 192 , pls 14 - 18 , 4 august 1921 ; part 104 : 193 - 254 , i - iv , pls 19 - 24 , 21 december 1921 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 153 , 155 [ details ]
chamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) mentioned :
a form known as xerobia [ sic ] pilsbry , commonly ranked as a subspecies , is reported to be the common form in colorado .
seemingly , chamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) , who noted
[ w ] e failed to take this species [ in utah ]
and clearly had not seen material from this state , were implying that this species , in utah , may be represented by the nominal race xerobia . pilsbry ( 1948 ) , who had earlier named the form xerobia , reversed his earlier opinion , stating that xerobia should
. . . be regarded as an arid station hunger form rather than a true race .
in modern terms , xerobia would be called an ecomorph .
only 5 occurrences have been reported in utah , all of them historical , these being in utah county ( ingersoll 1877 , chamberlin and jones 1929 ) , sevier county ( chamberlin and berry 1930 ) , salt lake county ( woolstenhulme 1942a ) , grand county ( henderson 1936 ) , and san juan county ( henderson 1936 ) .
abundance of this species in utah is not known . chamberlin and jones ( 1929 ) and chamberlin and berry ( 1930 ) , did not provide information regarding specimens . woolstenhulme ( 1942a ) reported a
new record
based on 1 utah specimen but did not indicate whether it was alive when collected or , perhaps , a very old , dead shell .
threats to this species in utah are not known but are thought not to be great . the population trend of this species in utah is unknown .
inventory is needed to determine whether this species , not reported in utah since 1942 ( and even then based on one specimen of unknown condition - - perhaps an old dead shell ) , is extant in the state as well as to determine the extent of its distribution and abundance . it should be sought throughout the wasatch mountains and the central high plateaus and in other mountainous areas of utah .
as with other species in the family pupillidae , this species is minute and living examples are difficult to find ; thus , it is easily missed unless special efforts are made to discover it .
habitat information for this species in utah is lacking . however , two of the reported localities are canyons descending west from the wasatch mountains ( chamberlin and jones 1929 , woolstenhulme 1942a ) and another is a moderately high ( approximately 8 , 000 - 9 , 000 ft elevation ) location in the central high plateaus ( chamberlin and berry 1930 ) . part of the locality data reported by woolstenhulme ( 1942a ) was
stepping stone spring
, which , though this species is terrestrial and would not have been in the spring itself unless it was dead ( drift ) material , suggests a moist , probably riparian site .
text modified from : oliver , george v . and william r . bosworth iii . 1999 . rare , imperiled , and recently extinct or extirpated mollusks of utah [ : ] a literature review . publication number 99 - 29 . utah division of wildlife resources , salt lake city . 230 pp .
linnæus , c . 1758 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata . - pp . [ 1 - 4 ] , 1 - 824 . holmiæ . ( salvius ) .
shell usually light brown , varies from reddish brown to horny grey , weakly striated or almost smooth , 5 - 6 . 5 weakly convex whorls , suture not very deep , aperture usually with with well developed lip , cervical callus strongly developed , like a dam , parietal tooth usually present , palatal tooth sometimes too . differs from p . pratensis with which it lives sympatrically , in its thicker , smaller and more slender shell , lighter and more variable colour and stronger apertural lip . animal small , elliptical , dark with lighter sides and foot , upper tentacles not very long , lower tentacles very short .
on dry meadows , sand dunes , open and sunny habitats . calciphile . in portugal found under stones , dead leaves and in mosses . in britain frequent in sheep - grazed calcareous grasslands . in the alps in up to 2400 m , in bulgaria 1200 m . feeds mainly on dead plant remains on the soil , occasionally also green leaves . ovoviviparous . reproduction in france mainly between july and september , maximum release period in poland is june - august , the species is able to hibernate with eggs ( diameter 1 - 2 mm ) and can release eggs with partly grown embryos ( size 1 mm , 1 . 5 whorls ) in favourable seasons . individuals incubate 1 - 8 ( mostly 3 - 7 ) embryos thoughout the year , activity in poland is from march to october . maturity is probably reached in the second or third season . gravid individuals are not able to copulate , 0 - 20 % of the individuals at a given time are not gravid .
threatened by disturbance due to intensivation of land use of old calcareous grasslands in britain . vulnerable in vorarlberg , lower concern in austria and germany , decreasing ( 4r ) in bavaria .
proschwitz et al . 2009 provided evidence that pupa pratensis was a separate species , which had already been suggested by jueg 1997 . references : moquin - tandon 1853 : 225 , moquin - tandon 1855 : 392 ( life cycle ) , germain 1930 : 423 ( life cycle ) , nobre 1941 : 146 , damjanov & likharev 1975 : 99 , kerney et al . 1983 : 118 , grossu 1987 : 275 , falkner 1990 : 148 , vogt et al . 1994 : 103 , jueg 1997 , turner et al . 1998 : 162 , réal & réal - testud 1988 : 50 ( no record from corse since 1848 ) , kerney 1999 : 103 , pokryzsko 2001 ( life cycle ) , hubenov 2007 , proschwitz et al . 2009 , boschi 2011 : 239 , welter - schultes 2012 : 131 ( range map europe ) .
bennington co . , dorset , vermont . on concrete rubble , culvert in low grassy area between parking lot and vt 30 at quarry pond ( ca . 1 . 4 mi se dorset ) , h . lee ! 10 / 27 / 07 , visual reconnaissance . ( 3 . 0 to 3 . 6 mm . )
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county name all counties alcona alger allegan alpena antrim arenac baraga barry bay benzie berrien branch calhoun cass charlevoix cheboygan chippewa clare clinton crawford delta dickinson eaton emmet genesee gladwin gogebic grand traverse gratiot hillsdale houghton huron ingham ionia iosco iron isabella jackson kalamazoo kalkaska kent keweenaw lake lapeer leelanau lenawee livingston luce mackinac macomb manistee marquette mason mecosta menominee midland missaukee monroe montcalm montmorency muskegon newaygo oakland oceana ogemaw ontonagon osceola oscoda otsego ottawa presque isle roscommon saginaw sanilac schoolcraft shiawassee st . clair st . joseph tuscola van buren washtenaw wayne wexford
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is relatively widespread and there is no threat known to this species . it is therefore considered to be least concern ( lc ) .
is a widespread species that occurs in almost all countries of the european union . its exact distribution is unknown , because parts of the literature records refer to
is in decline in most parts of its irish range . it is now local and rare on northern coasts where it was formerly common . it has almost vanished from the southern part of the central limestone plain probably due to the ' improvement ' of pastures for agriculture ( byrne
it has suffered a 66 % distributional decline in ireland . the coastal populations are becoming increasingly rare and local ( byrne
2009 ) . for the other subpopulations , there is no coherent information available on the population size or trend of this species .
2009 ) . in general it is known from dry meadows and grazed land on calcareous substrata .
2009 ) . elsewhere , there is no conservation action in place for this species .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
provoost , s . ; bonte , d . ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . animated dunes : a view of biodiversity at the flemish coast [ levende duinen : een overzicht van de biodiversiteit aan de vlaamse kust ] . mededelingen van het instituut voor natuurbehoud , 22 . instituut voor natuurbehoud : brussel , belgium . isbn 90 - 403 - 0205 - 7 . 416 , ill . , appendices pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the widespread column is a small land snail with an elongated shell that is 3 . 4 - 4 . 0 mm long and 1 . 5 - 1 . 7 mm wide .
updated 5 / 15 / 2018 . information is summarized from mnfi ' s database of rare species and community occurrences . data may not reflect true distribution since much of the state has not been thoroughly surveyed .
this species inhabits calcareous slopes and wetlands . it is thought to be tolerant of disturbed habitats such as roadsides , culverts , and even quarries . in michigan , it has been documented only from a rocky woodland and roadside cedar swamp .
for each species , lists of natural communities were derived from review of the nearly 6 , 500 element occurrences in the mnfi database , in addition to herbarium label data for some taxa . in most cases , at least one specimen record exists for each listed natural community . for certain taxa , especially poorly collected or extirpated species of prairie and savanna habitats , natural community lists were derived from inferences from collection sites and habitat preferences in immediately adjacent states ( particularly indiana and illinois ) . natural communities are not listed for those species documented only from altered or ruderal habitats in michigan , especially for taxa that occur in a variety of habitats outside of the state .
natural communities are not listed in order of frequency of occurrence , but are rather derived from the full set of natural communities , organized by ecological group . in many cases , the general habitat descriptions should provide greater clarity and direction to the surveyor . in future versions of the rare species explorer , we hope to incorporate natural community fidelity ranks for each taxon .
this species may be more tolerant of disturbance than most rare snails . however , land - use activities that remove forest canopy cover and alter critical habitat requirements such as cool microclimate and moisture availability should be avoided at occupied sites . these include activities such as timber harvesting , residential development , and road building . the species also is sensitive to excessive trampling and orv use .
surveys can be conducted anytime during the growing season , but are most successful in spring and fall following rain showers or when soil is moist , during high relative humidity and cooler temperatures . in addition to visual surveys , surveyors can collect samples of leaf litter , turf , and loose soil , dry in a low - temperature oven , and sift through , looking for shells .
michigan natural features inventory . 2007 . rare species explorer ( web application ) . available online at urltoken [ accessed jul 9 , 2018 ]
nekola , j . c . 1998 . terrestrial gastropd inventory of the niagaran escarpment and keweenaw volcanic belt in michigan ' s upper peninsula . small grants program , 1998 nongame wildlife fund , natural heritage program , michigan dnr , lansing . 133pp .
schilthuizen , m . and h . a . rutjes . 2001 . land snail diversity in a square kilometer of tropical rainforest in sabah , malaysian borneo . journal of molluscan studies 67 : 417 - 423 .
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turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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chrysalis snails have their name from their outward resemblance with a holometabole insect ' s chrysalis . they are usually larger than whorl snails ( vertiginidae ) and have distinct , if short , lower tentacles . chrysalis snails are very widely distributed , they can be found on all continents , except antarctica ; in europe their distribution in the north stretches beyond the arctic circle , in the alps beyond 2000 m msl .
the common name chrysalis snails is used for whorl snails ( vertiginidae ) , as well as lauriidae and pupillidae , all of which share the same superfamily , pupilloidea .
description : the moss snail usually has a light brown shell , whose colour may vary between reddish brown and yellowish horn colour . the shell is slightly striated , but may also almost have a smooth surface . the whorls are slightly rounded at the outside , the suture separating them is not very deep . the aperture lip usually is well developed , and on the back of the apertural whorl the snail has a prominent callus well visible because of its whitish colour . in the shell mouth there usually is a parietal ( upper ) tooth ; there may also be a palatal ( lower ) tooth or lamella , which often melts with the shell wall .
the snail ' s body is small with an elliptic foot , which is dark coloured , becoming lighter coloured at the flanks and the sole . the upper tentacles are not very long , the lower ones are very short .
dimensions : h : 3 - 4 mm ; w : 1 . 65 - 1 . 75 mm ; u : 5 - 6 ½ . ( abbreviations ) .
moss snails live on dry meadows , even on sand hills and in more or less open and sunny places . the snail usually prefers calciferous ground , but is also described as indifferent to the ground limestone content ( e
, p . ( 1956 ) , p . 46 ) . in portugal it can also be found under stones , in the leaf litter and in mosses . in great britain it is also often found on calciferous sheep pastures .
) - moss snails practically are found everywhere in europe . in the alps the altitude limit for
( 1956 ) , see above ) , whereas the alpine chrysalis snail , for example , can be found as high as 2400 m msl .
falkner , m . , von proschwitz , t . & rüetschi , j .
justification : there are uncertainties about the distribution of this species as different taxonomic concepts have been applied for this species . a taxonomic revision of this species is necessary and subsequently the distribution in europe as well as status of the populations needs to be researched . it is listed as data deficient ( dd ) . this species has also been assessed at the regional level : european regional assessment : data deficient ( dd ) eu27 regional assessment : data deficient ( dd ) at the level of the 27 member states of the european union
it is difficult to define the species distribution as different taxonomic concepts have been applied to this species .
there is no information available as the taxonomic concept of this species is under debate .
in switzerland , the species is listed as critically endangered , due to the strong population declines . there is no information available as the taxonomic concept of this species is under debate . a taxonomic revision of this species is necessary and subsequently the distribution in europe as well as status of the populations needs to be researched .
falkner , m . , von proschwitz , t . & rüetschi , j . 2011 .
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data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
beran l . , juřičková l . & horsák m . 2005 . —mollusca ( měkkýši ) , pp . 69–74 . in : farkač j . , král d . & škorpík m . ( eds ) , červený seznam ohrožených druhů české republiky . bezobratlí [ red list of threatened species in the czech republic . invertebrates ] , agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny čr , praha .
brabenec j . 1970 . měkkýši státní přírodní rezervace dubno . ( molluskenfauna des naturschutzgebietes dubno ) . práce stud . přírodověd .
clessin s . 1871 . die mollusken - fauna der umgegend von augsburg . ber . naturhist . ver . augsburg
clessin s . 1887–1890 . die molluskenfauna mitteleuropa’s . ii . theil . diemolluskenfauna österreich - ungarns und der schweiz . bauer & raspe , nürnberg , 858 pp .
ehrendorfer f . & hamann u . 1965 . vorschläge zu einer floristischen kartierung von mitteleuropa . ber . deutsch . bot . gesell .
horsák m . 2003 . how to sample mollusc communities in mires easily . malacol . bohemoslov .
horsák m . 2005 . molluscs , pp . 197–208 . in : poulíčková a . , hájek m . & rybníček k . . ( eds ) , ecology and palaeoecology of spring fens in the western part of the carpathians , palacky university , olomouc .
( linnaeus , 1758 ) im nsg ‘klädener plage’ ( mecklenburg - vorpommern , landkreis parchim ) : ein beitrag zur ökologie , gehäusemorphologie und systematik der art ( gastropoda : stylommatophora : pupillidae ) . malakol . abh .
juřičkovák m . & beran l . 2001 . check - list of the molluscs ( mollusca ) of the czech republic . acta soc . zool . bohem .
juřičková l . , horsák m . , beran l . & dvořák l . 2008 . check - list of the molluscs ( mollusca ) of the czech republic . available from
kerney m . p . , cameron r . a . d . & jungbluth j . h . 1983 . die landschnecken nord - und mitteleuropas . verlag paul parey , hamburg und berlin , 384 pp .
ložek v . 1956 . klíč československých měkkýšů [ the key of czechoslovakian molluscs ] . vydavateľstvo slovenskej akadémie vied , bratislava , 435 pp .
ložek v . 1992 . měkkýši ( mollusca ) , pp . 22–39 . in : škapec l . ( ed . ) , červená kniha ohrožených a vzácných rostlin a živočichů čsfr . 3 . bezobratlí [ red book of threatened and rare plants and animals of czechoslovakia . 3 . invertebrates ] , príroda , bratislava .
rafajová a . 2002 . měkkýší fauna dlouhé meze v chko železné hory [ molluscs of the dlouhá mez in the protected landscape area železné hory mts ( east bohemia , czech republic ) ] . východočes . sb . přírodověd . práce a studie
sádlo j . 2000 . původ travinné vegetace slatin v čechách : sukcese kontra cenogeneze [ the origin of grassland vegetation of fen peats in the czech republic : succession versus coenogenesis ] . preslia
ter braak c . j . f . & šmilauer p . 2002 . canoco reference manual and canodraw for windows user’s guide : software for canonical community ordination ( version 4 . 5 ) . microcomputer power , ithaca , ny , 500 pp .
( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( pulmonata : pupillidae ) . j . mollusc . stud .
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click here to view an interactive map of the northern ireland dataset as currently collated by cedar . the map is generated through the nbn gateway using their interactive mapping tool .
a northern ireland priority species which has been red - listed as endangered ( en ) in ireland ( byrne et al . , 2009 )
life cycle adults are present at all times of year . breeding probably takes place during the spring and summer months
current status much rarer than formerly in n . ireland due to abandonment of dune management and grazing , particularly at murlough nnr , bushfoot dunes , curran sands and much of magilligan .
it is a priority species in northern ireland and listed as endangered ( en ) in the irish red list ( byrne et al . , 2009 )
what you can do this small shell should be looked for in dune areas kept clear of vegetation either by natural sand movement or by grazing . if you encounter something which suggests this species please note the locality from an os map and report the details , with a specimen or specimens to cedar ( record centre manager , cedar , national museums northern ireland , cultra , holywood , co . down , bt18 0eu ; cedar . info @ nmni . com ) .
literature anderson , r . ( 1997 ) . an annotated list of the land and freshwater mollusca of northern ireland . environment and heritage service research & development series .
bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
( of paracoryna flach , 1890 † ) nordsieck , h . ( 2014 ) . annotated check - list of the genera of fossil land snails ( gastropoda : stylommatophora ) of western and central europe ( cretaceous – pliocene ) , with description of new taxa . archiv für molluskenkunde : international journal of malacology . 143 ( 2 ) : 153 - 185 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 158 [ details ]
( of torquatella held , 1838 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .
this species inhabits nearly the entire range of the genus and is known throughout the northern hemisphere in europe , northernmost africa , northern asia , and north america . although pilsbry ( 1948 ) and hubricht ( 1985 ) report this as a native north american species , native populations exist in subalpine forests in the rockies and tundra habitats as far south as churchill , manitoba and the northern shore of the st . lawrence in quebec , and are commonly present as full - glacial fossils ; however , these populations differ in shell features from the disturbance tolerant form common to anthropogenic habitats from the mid - atlantic states to iowa and minnesota ( nekola , 2008 ) . the latter populations likely represent a recently escaped european population .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) this species inhabits nearly the entire range of the genus and is known throughout the northern hemisphere in europe , northernmost africa , northern asia , and north america . although pilsbry ( 1948 ) and hubricht ( 1985 ) report this as a native north american species , native populations exist in subalpine forests in the rockies and tundra habitats as far south as churchill , manitoba and the northern shore of the st . lawrence in quebec , and are commonly present as full - glacial fossils ; however , these populations differ in shell features from the disturbance tolerant form common to anthropogenic habitats from the mid - atlantic states to iowa and minnesota ( nekola , 2008 ) . the latter populations likely represent a recently escaped european population .
east - central north american populations ( maine and tennessee west to eastern iowa ) generally occur in disturbed anthropogenic habitats such as road verges , vacant lots , abandoned quarries , old fields , and concrete culverts ( hubricht , 1985 ) although they may also occasionally inhabit less disturbed carbonate cliff , glade , and grassland sites . to the north ( newfoundland , the north shore of the st . lawrence to northwestern minnesota and the southern shore of hudsons bay ) populations occur on bare soil , under stones , on turf , and in thin leaf litter accumulations on sandy or rocky shorelines and in tundra ( nekola and coles , 2010 ) .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
anderson , t . k . 2005 . land snail diversity in wind cave national park , south dakota . western north american naturalist , 65 ( 2 ) : 186 - 195 .
cheatum , e . p . , and r . w . fullington . 1973 . the aquatic and land mollusca of texas . part ii : the recent and pleistocene members of the pupillidae and urocoptidae ( gastropoda ) in texas . dallas museum of natural history , bulletin 1 . 67 pp .
dourson , d . c . 2015 . land snails of west virginia . goatslug publications , bakersville , north carolina . 412 pp .
harris , s . a . and e . pip . 1973 . molluscs as indicators of late - and post - glacial history in alberta . canadian journal of zoology , 51 : 209 - 215 .
hotopp , k . and t . a . pearce . 2007 . land snails in new york : statewide distribution and talus site faunas . final report for contract # nyher 041129 submitted to new york state biodiversity research institute , new york state museum , albany , new york . 91 pp .
hubricht , l . 1985 . the distribution of the native land mollusks of the eastern united states . fieldiana : zoology , 24 : 1 - 191 .
jass , c . n . , j . i . mead , a . d . morrison , and l . d . agebroad . 2002 . late pleistocene mollusks from the southern black hills , south dakota . western north american naturalist , 62 ( 2 ) : 129 - 140 .
neck , r . w . 1989 . additional terrestrial gastropods of travis county , texas . malacology data net , 2 ( 5 / 6 ) : 135 - 143 .
nekola , j . c . 2008 . land snail ecology and biogeography of eastern maine . final report submitted to : maine department of inland fisheries & wildlife and the aroostook hills and lowlands inventory , january 27 , 2008 . 119 pp .
nekola , j . c . and b . f . coles . 2010 . pupillid land snails of eastern north america . american malacological bulletin 28 : 29 - 57 .
nekola , j . c . , b . f . coles , and u . bergthorsson . 2009 . evolutionary pattern and process within the vertigo gouldii ( mollusca : pulmonata : pupillidae ) group of minute north american land snails . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 53 : 1010 - 1024 .
pilsbry , h . a . 1948 . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . monograph of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 2 ( 2 ) : 521 - 1113 .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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a short cylindrical shell of 6 - 7 whorls with a blunt , obtuse apex . aperture has a single , white , parietal denticle . there is a strong white rib or callus behind the lip which can be seen through the shell from the side . the lip itself is slightly thickened but not reflected . the shell is brown , faintly glossy and finely striate . widespread but declining .
found across europe and siberia to the far east . also in northern north america . distribution type : circumpolar wide - temperate ( 66 ) .
in decline in most parts of its irish range . now local and rare on northern coasts where it was formerly common . it has almost vanished from the southern part of the central limestone plain probably due to the ' improvement ' of pastures for agriculture .
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full reference : c . linnaeus . 1758 . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima 1 : 1 - 824
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bolinus cornutus , or horned murex , is a predatory species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex or rock snails .

this species is common along the west coast of africa , where it prefers moderately shallow waters .

the shell of the snail is distinctively large , spiny , and club-shaped , usually pale brown or tan in colour , with an elongated and straight siphonal canal .

bolinus cornutus

seashell murex bolinus cornutus outstanding ! very spiny ! 127 . 1 mm | ebay
horned murex - haustellum ( bolinus ) cornutus ( linnaeus , c . , 1758 ) [ more of this species ]
hans - martin braun added the german common name
purpurschnecke
to
bolinus cornutus ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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hans - martin braun added the english common name
horned murex
to
bolinus cornutus ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
gehörnte stachelschnecke
to
bolinus cornutus ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
purpurschnecke
to
bolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
brandhorn
to
bolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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hans - martin braun added the german common name
herkuleskeule
to
bolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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hans - martin braun added the dutch common name
brandhorenslak
to
bolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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purple dye murex - haustellum ( bolinus ) brandaris ( linnaeus , c . , 1758 ) [ more of this species ]
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from bolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .
( of murex ( bolinus ) cornutus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]
3008 t bolinus brandaris spiridon brusina ( 11 december 1845 – 21 may 1909 ) was a croatian malacologist . together with oton kučera and gjuro pilar , he founded the croatian society of natural sciences in zagreb in the late 1885 .
( of aranea conspicua perry , 1811 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]
( of murex cornutus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 746 [ details ]
( of murex tumulosus g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]
bolinus brandaris ( originally called murex brandaris by linnaeus ) , and commonly known as the purple dye murex or the spiny dye - murex , is a species of medium - sized predatory sea snail , an edible marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or the rock snails .
richter , a . , amor , m . j . & durfort , m . 2010 . the anatomy and ultrastructure of the gland of leiblein of bolinus brandis and coralliophila meyendorfii , two neogastropod species with different ecology and feeding strategies . poster for soc . for environmental biology , annual meeting , prague 2010 .
the colour purple was a colour and sign of dignity in the roman empire . it could only be worn by the emperor and other high ranked people . the production of the dye was extremely expensive . a gland in the shell bolinus brandaris was used to produce an originally yellow substance , but by oxydation ( cooking it in urine ) it turned purple . this liquid was used to dye fabric . the colour was fixated using alum , a type of salt .
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
gofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brandào , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of murex tumulosus g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
bernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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shell gallery view « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . » conchological megadatabase on mollusks
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
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© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 2 . 532 seconds . )
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
the gastropods ( snails & slugs ) are a group of molluscs that occupy marine , freshwater , and terrestrial environments . most gastropods have a calcareous external shell ( the snails ) . some lack a shell completely , or have reduced internal shells ( the slugs & sea slugs & pteropods ) . most members of the gastropoda are marine . most marine snails are herbivores ( algae grazers ) or predators / carnivores .
the horned murex snail shown above is part of the west african province :
the warms waters of the west african coast of the atlantic possess very unique species , especially in the volute , murex , and margin shell families . the region extends from morocco to angola with habitats varying from muddy sand flats to stretches of black basalt rock . people in this area use mollusks extensively for food .
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caught by fishing boats , 20 ~ 30m deep . a few nicks here and there .
malacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology which deals with the study of the mollusca ( mollusks or molluscs ) , the second - largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods . mollusks include snails and slugs , clams , octopus and squid , and numerous other kinds , many ( but by no means all ) of which have shells .
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beached alive after storm . cervia ( north adriatic ) , italy . 2 / 2008
light mauve - pink shell with slight flattened spiral ribs . sharp uneroded spire retaining smooth apical protoconch and some imbrication on earl whorls . whorls moderately convex with shallow sutures , deeper near apex .
respiratory water drawn in on left side through inhalent siphon by beat of cilia on robust ctenidium in the mantle cavity . siphon and pallial channel allow water to be inhaled away from contamination of food , and , with osphradium at inner end of channel , to test water quality and the scents of prey and mates .
locomotion by ditaxic retrograde waves on centrally divided sole of foot . slow moving shambling gait . sedentary as sessile prey usually abundant and unable to flee . travels about 10cm in a tidal cycle , with days immobile while digests meals . no planktonic stage ; dispersal relies on slow crawling ; consequent low gene exchange contributes to local differences in appearance and behaviour ; chromosome number of races varies .
and less than full - grown perforatus perforatus ( barnacle ) urltoken ( flickr album ) .
adults usually ignore small barnacle species such as chthamalus urltoken & urltoken ( flickr albums ) [ some sources contradict crothers ; cause may be geographical variation in genetics or habit , or frequent misidentification by humans of barnacle spp . - examination of tergoscutal flaps required urltoken flickr album ] .
consumption of n . lapillus by humans discouraged by acrid smell and taste , but several known predators ; list in crothers ( 1985 ) p . 302 . main enemies are carcina maenas and necora puber ( crabs ) and larus spp . ( gulls ) , and it is one of the hosts parasitized in sequence with cerastoderma edule and larus spp . by parorchis acanthus ( trematode worm ) . thick shell can sustain considerable abrasion / erosion , but polydora worms , initially commensal , may eventually cause its decay with multiple borings 1nl urltoken .
variations in shell colour have been attributed to diet ( barnacles : white , mytilus : dark ) , but environmental selection and genetics seem more likely . colour of individual’s new growth can change in response to impact of move from shore to aquarium ; can confuse laboratory colour : diet experiment results . populations with large proportions of coloured and banded shells are most frequent in s . wales and s . w . england , including , but not only , the area where mytilus consumption predominates . in most populations , old specimens are predominately plain whitish or greyish as outer pattern - bearing layer is eroded away 4nl urltoken .
white sea to gibraltar , not baltic ( low salinity ) , absent or scarce in denmark , germany and netherlands ( soft substrate ) . gbif map urltoken . common on hard substrate all around ireland and britain , avoiding low salinity of inner estuaries . apparently absent or scarce in lincolnshire and suffolk ( soft substrate ) ; many records exist around ireland and e . scotland ( mckay & smith , 1979 ) that have not been entered on nbn . u . k . interactive distribution map nbn urltoken
some local gaps difficult to explain ; some perhaps due to imposex near international ports where tributyltin still present .
urltoken ( galicia , n . w . spain . various colours , incl . black )
for help and advice about anatomy i would like to thank dr gregorio bigatti , dr alfredo castro - vazquez , dr sami ibidli , dr ivan nekhaev and dr yu i kantor . many thanks to dr jan light for the loan of specimens , to dominic flint for access to data in his unpublished study and to neil ward for use of his images . special thanks for correspondence and patient help are due to dr alexandra richter . any remaining inaccuracies are attributable to me .
the most used sources for this account were crothers ( 1985 ) and fretter & graham ( 1962 ) . fretter & graham ( 1994 ) contains updated information , but lacks the systematic index of the 1962 edition that enables the finding of n . lapillus details scattered through 800 pages .
andrews , e . b . & thorogood , k . e . 2005 . an ultrastructural study of the gland of leiblein of muricid and nassariid neogastropods in relation to function , with a discussion on its homologies to other caenogastropods . j . mollus . stud . 71 : 269 - 300 . malacological society , london . free pdf at : urltoken
ballantine , w . j . 1961 . a biologically - defined exposure scale for comparative description of rocky shores . field studies 1 ( 3 ) : 1 - 19 . free pdf at : urltoken
[ ballantine , pp . 16 - 18 , recognised that his use of indicator species lists was area specific . see zettler , 2013 for further consideration of this topic . ]
biggam , c . p . 2006 . knowledge of whelk dyes and pigments in anglo - saxon england . anglo - saxon england 35 : 23 - 55 . abstract at : urltoken
caldwell , m . marine pollution and sexual confusion in dog whelks . free pdf of university college of london poster about imposex , but note that illustrations of “dog whelks” ( n . lapillus ) are of buccinum undatum . urltoken
carefoot , t . 2016 ( date viewed by ifs ) a snail ' s odyssey ; learn about whelks and relatives . [ web - page with detailed information on shell boring by nucella ]
crisp , m . , fine structure of some prosobranch osphradia . marine biology 22 : 231 - 242 abstract at urltoken
crothers , j . h . 1985 . dog whelks : an introduction to the biology of nucella lapillus . field studies , 6 , 291 - 360 . free pdf at
flint , d . 2001 . unpublished study of nucella predation on patella spp . in guernsey .
forbes , e . & hanley s . 1849 - 53 . a history of the british mollusca and their shells . vol . 3 ( 1853 ) , van voorst , london . ( as purpura lapillus ; free pdf at urltoken use slide at base of page to select pp . 379 - 387 . )
fretter , v . and graham , a . 1962 . british prosobranch molluscs . ray society , london .
fretter , v . and graham , a . 1994 . british prosobranch molluscs . revised and updated edition . ray society , london .
graham , a . 1988 . prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods . linnean society of london .
hughes , r . n . and dunkin , s . de b . 1984 . behavioural components of prey selection by dogwhelks , nucella lapillus ( l . ) , feeding on mussels , mytilus edulis l . , in the laboratory . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 77 ( 1 - 2 ) : 45 - 68 . abstract at urltoken
jeffreys , j . g . 1862 - 69 . british conchology . vol . 4 ( 1867 ) . van voorst , london . ( as purpura lapillus ; free pdf at urltoken . use slide at base of page to select pp . 275 - 289 . )
mckay , d . w . & smith , s . m . 1979 marine mollusca of east scotland royal scottish museum , edinburgh .
lewis , j . r . 1964 . the ecology of rocky shores . london , hodder & stoughton .
mallon , p . & manga , n . 2007 . the use of imposex in nucella lapillus to assess tributyltin pollution in carlingford lough . j . e . h . r . vol . 6 issue 2
matveeva t . a . 1955 . biology of purpura lapillus ( l . ) on west murman . in : kamshilov m . m . , ed . trudy murmanskoy biologicheskoy stanysii , 2 : 48 - 61 [ in russian ] .
medeiros , r . , serpa l . , brito , c . , de wolf h . , jordaens , k . , winnepenninckx , b . & backeljau t . 1998 . radular myoglobin and protein variation within and among some littorinid species ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . hydrobiologia 378 : 43 - 51 .
santillo , d . , johnston , p . & langston , w . j . 2001 . tributyltin ( tbt ) antifoulants : a tale of ships , snails and imposex . european environment agency , environmental issue report 22 , part 13 .
sarramégna , r . 1965 . poisonous gastropods of the conidae family found in new caledonia . technical paper 144 , s . pacific commission , new caledonia .
european environment agency . several articles on imposex and its effects on various species . urltoken
yonge , c . m . and thompson , t . e . 1976 . living marine molluscs . collins , london .
zettler , m . l . et al . 2013 . on the myths of indicator species : issues and further consideration in the use of static concepts for ecological applications plos one vol 8 , issue 10 [ ref . is not specific to n . lapillus , see note under ballantine , above . ] free pdf at
acinous salivary gland = compound gland of many small rounded sacs that secrete enzymes for external predigestion / liquefaction of prey .
afferent = carrying towards . ( e . g . of vessel carrying blood , see efferent . )
bipectinate = feather - like , with narrow filaments either side of central stalk .
cilia = ( pl . ) vibrating linear extensions of membrane used in feeding or locomotion . ( “cilium” singular ) .
columella = solid or hollow axial “little column” around which gastropod shell spirals ; hidden inside shell , except on final whorl next to lower part of inner lip of aperture where hollow ones may end in an umbilicus or siphonal canal .
columellar = ( adj . ) of or near central axis of spiral gastropod .
columellar muscle = attaches body , including opercular disc , to columella of shell ; contraction of muscle withdraws body within shell , and pulls operculum to seal aperture .
commensal = ( adj . ) obtaining nutrients , shelter , support , or locomotion from a host species , without causing it significant detriment .
conchiolin = horny flexible protein that forms the matrix for the deposition of calcium carbonate to create a mollusc’s shell .
ctenidium = comb - like molluscan gill ; usually an axis with a row of filaments either side .
ditaxic = ( of locomotion waves on foot ) double series of waves , out of phase with each other , one series on each side of central furrow on sole .
direct = ( of locomotion waves on foot ) waves travel from posterior to anterior .
efferent = carrying away from . ( e . g . of vessel carrying blood from ctenidium ) .
height = ( of gastropod shells ) distance from apex of spire to base of aperture .
hypobranchial gland = thickened , sometimes puckered , tissue on roof of mantle cavity of many gastropods . emits mucous to trap particles from
inhalent water before it reaches ctenidium . often other biologically active compounds produced . gland occurs also in some bivalves and cephalopods ( ink sac ) .
mhwn = mean high water neap tide level ( mean level reached by weakest high tides for a few days every fortnight ) .
mhws = mean high water spring tide level ( mean level reached by highest tides for a few days every fortnight ; pelvetia zone on rocky coasts ) .
mlwn = mean low water neap tide level ( mean level reached by weakest low tides for a few days every fortnight . i . e . those that fall the least ) .
mantle = sheet of tissue that secretes the shell and forms a cavity for the gill in most marine molluscs .
mesopodium = middle section of gastropod foot . ( see propodium & metapodium ) .
metapodium = rear section of gastropod foot . ( see mesopodium & propodium ) .
myoglobin – red oxygen - binding protein in muscle tissue ; often in buccal - mass muscles of gastropods . similar to red haemoglobin in vertebrate blood , but green haemocyanin is usual oxygen - carrier in mollusc blood . see urltoken
newton = ( abbreviation n ) force exerted by earth’s gravity on approx . 100g .
operculum = plate of horny conchiolin , rarely calcareous , used to close shell aperture .
osphradium = chemo - receptor organ in molluscs that tests inhalent water flow approaching ctenidium ( gill ) for “smell” of food , prey , predators , mates and / or water quality .
plankton = animals and plants that drift in pelagic zone ( main body of water ) .
propodium = front section of gastropod foot . ( cf . mesopodium & metapodium ) .
prosobranchia = 20th century term for subclass of gastropoda that included most marine snails with ctenidia . now distributed between several subclasses . see note at urltoken
rectal gland = ( a . k . a . anal gland ) function uncertain , perhaps produces substances that supplement the excretory activity of the kidney .
retrograde = ( of locomotion waves on foot ) waves travel from anterior to posterior .
sessile = ( of organism ) fixed in one place , e . g . barnacles .
siphon = extension of mantle to form a channel for inhalent respiratory water current .
siphonal canal = grooved or tubular extension of outer lip of the shell aperture on some snails to support the siphon .
siphonal fasciole = raised rib , ridge or band along abapertural side of siphonal canal , formed by successive edges of canal .
sperm ingesting gland = ( in female nucella lapillus ) group of dark brown blind - ended tubules at posterior of capsule gland where excess sperm unrequired by female are trapped , engulfed by cells and digested .
veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which swims by beating cilia of a velum ( bilobed flap ) .
ebbene sì . sono andata al mare ! ! ! ! anche se ho rimediato una bruciatura ai polpacci ( - . - ) ed il mare era più che agitato . . . ma . . . e ' iniziata l ' estate ! ! ! ( forse ! )
this snail lives in the central and western parts of the mediterranean sea and has been found on isolated coral atoll beaches in the indian ocean and south china sea . it was known since ancient times as a source for purple dye and also as a popular food source under various names , among which sconciglio , from which comes the word scungilli .
the snail is 100 % eco - friendly and hand collected on beaches in the district of megara ( greece ) .
die meeresschnecke wurde 100 % umweltfreundlich per hand an stränden im verwaltungsbezirk megara ( griechenland ) gesammelt .
this photograph and all those within my photostream are protected by copyright . they may not be reproduced , copied , transmitted or manipulated without written permission .
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urltoken
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cfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010