trisopterus esmarkii , the norway pout , is a species of fish in the cod family .

it is found in the barents sea , north sea , baltic sea , off the coasts of norway , iceland , the british isles and elsewhere in the northeast atlantic ocean .

it prefers depths between 100 and 200 m ( 330 – 660 ft ) , but occurs from 50 to 300 m ( 160 – 980 ft ) .

norway pout can reach 35 cm ( 14 in ) , but are more common at around 19 cm ( 7.5 in ) .

it is extensively fished , mostly for conversion into fishmeal , with 877,910 t taken in 1974 , and only 39,223 t taken in 2008 .

trisopterus esmarkii

jennifer hammock chose to hide data on
trisopterus esmarkii ( nilsson , 1855 )
.
raitt , d . f . s . 1968a . synopsis of biological data on the norway pout trisopterus esmarkii ( nilsson , 1855 ) . f . a . o . fish . biol . synopses , ( 33 ) 1968 : 32 p . , 7 fig .
trisopterus esmarkii is the direct target of small - mesh fisheries for fish meal and fish oil ( ices 2007 ) . this species population is also impacted by other commercial species , as it is an important prey species of other commercially important fishes , such as cod , saithe , haddock , mackerel and whiting .
trisopterus esmarkii is restricted to the northeastern atlantic ocean , where it is distributed from svalbard and the southwest barents sea , south to the english channel , including bear island , around iceland and at the faroe islands ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . it is found at depths ranging from 50 to 300 metres .
scientific synonyms and common names trisopterus esmarki ( nilsson , 1855 ) synonyms : gadus esmarkii nilsson , 1855 , scand . fauna , 4 : 565 ( after esmark , 1844 ; christianiafjord ) . gadus esmarkii : smitt , 1893 , 1 : 508 , fig . 122 , pl . xxviiia ( col . fig . i ) sund , in andersson et al . , 1942 , 1 : 184 , pl . 52 ( col . ) . trisopterus esmarkii : svetovidov , 1948 : 143 , fig . 22 , pl . vll ( fig . 2 ) , pl . xlv , pl . lxx ( fig . 3 ) raitt , 1968a ( 33 ) : 1 , fig . 1 - 2 wheeler , 1969 : 270 , fig . trisopterus esmarki : andriashev , 1954 : 156 , fig . 77 . common names : norway pout [ en ] ögerpål [ no ] spaerling [ da ] stintdorsch [ de ] tacaud norvégien [ fr ] kever [ ne ]
justification : trisopterus esmarkii , the norway pout , is distributed from the southwest barents sea , sometimes at bear island , south to the english channel , around iceland and at the faeroe islands . it is caught in the industrial fishery and estimates of ssb from the only available stock assessment in the north sea fluctuates over the past 30 years due to variable recruitment and short - life span caused by high natural mortality , with no observable trend . within the last 10 years ( three generation lengths ) there is also no observable trend . fishing mortality has been reduced due to implementation of bi - annual recommendations for total allowable catch . trisopterus esmarkii is therefore listed as least concern .
sweet , n . a . 2008 . trisopterus esmarkii norway pout . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
( of gadus esmarkii nilsson , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of trisopterus esmarki ( nilsson , 1855 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the norway pout is dark greeny brown dorsally , with distinct silver sides and a small but conspicuous dark spot above the base of the pectoral fin . the maximum recorded size for this species is 35 cm . trisopterus esmarkii has an elongate body whose depth is less than the head is long . the snout is pointed with a prominent lower jaw and large mouth extending to the level of the middle of the pupil . its eyes are large , greater than the snout length . it has a conspicuous moderately long , thin chin barbel . there are 3 dorsal and 2 anal fins , with the origin of the anal fin positioned below or slightly behind the first dorsal interspace .
trisopterus esmarkii is a relatively abundant gadoid in the north sea and barents sea . a stock assessment in the north sea ( including skagerrak and kattegat ) shows ssb for this species in the north sea as widely fluctuated over the past 30 years ( 1983–2014 ) with an apparent increase in biomass from the mid - 2000s to 2013 . this is a short - lived species . the abundance of this species is closely linked to recruitment , which has varied considerably over the last decade ( ices 2014 ) . due to the relatively short lifespan of this species , stock dynamics are highly variable . this species is also fished in the industrial fishery ( e . g . harvested for fishmeal and oil ) throughout the region , but no other stock assessments are available .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
en - norway pout , fr - tacaud norvégien , sp - faneca noruega .
lower jaw slightly longer than upper . greatest body depth less than head length . colour : grey - brown dorsally , sides silvery belly white ; a dark blotch at upper edge of pectoral base .
southwest barents sea , sometimes at bear island , south to the english channel , around iceland , and at the faeroe islands .
benthopelagic to pelagic over muddy bottomsat depths of 50 - 300 m , but mostly found between 100 and 200 m . first maturity is reached at 2 years ( l4 to 15 cm ) and sex ratio of adults in the north sea is 93 males : 57 females . a 15 to 19 cm fish lays 27 000 to 51 200 eggs ; the spawning period extends from january to july ( mostly from march to may ) . migrates for spawning between the shetland islands and norway and out of the skagerrak , the mayor spawning grounds being located between nw scotland , norway , faeroe islands and iceland . growth is rapid : at 1 year , 13 cm ; 2 years , 19 cm ; 3 years , 21 cm ; maximun age is 4 to 5 years . it is a pelagic feeder , mostly on planktonic crustaceans ( copepods , euphausids , shrimps , amphipods ) but also on small fish and various eggs and larvae .
an exceptional specimen reached 35 cm ; however , less than 20 cm is the more ordinary size .
the catch reported for 1987 in the fao yearbook of fishery statistics was 208 864 t , down from 428 374 t in 1979 . major exploiting countries are denmark ( ca . 119 000 t ) , norway ( ca . 81 000 t ) and the faeroe islands ( ca . 10 000 t ) , using bottom trawls and danish seines . the major fishing grounds are the northern north sea and skagerrak and to a lesser extent , the norwegian more coast , between 100 and 250 m depth . the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 112 556 t . the countries with the largest catches were denmark ( 57 441 t ) and norway ( 51 067 t ) . used mainly for fish meal and oil .
fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . daniel m . cohen tadashi inada tomio iwamoto nadia scialabba 1990 . fao fisheries synopsis . no . 125 , vol . 10 . rome , fao . 1990 . 442p .
greek , tris = thrice + greek , pteron = wing , fin ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; benthopelagic ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 50 - 300 m ( ref . 54932 ) , usually 100 - 200 m ( ref . 54932 ) . temperate ; 79°n - 48°n , 27°w - 30°e ( ref . 54932 )
northeast atlantic : southwest barents sea , sometimes at bear island , south to the english channel , - and the bay of biscaye ( ref . 90172 ) - , around iceland and faeroe islands .
maturity : l m ? , range 11 - 15 cm max length : 35 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1371 ) ; common length : 19 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4645 ) ; max . reported age : 5 years ( ref . 273 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 . gray - brown dorsally , silvery on sides , white on belly . a dark blotch is at the upper edge of the pectoral - fin base .
benthopelagic to pelagic over muddy bottoms . mostly found between 100 and 200 m . feeds mostly on planktonic crustaceans ( copepods , euphausiids , shrimps , amphipods ) but also on small fish and various eggs and larvae ( ref . 1371 ) . caught mainly for reduction to fishmeal ( ref . 3383 ) , trout pellets , fodder ( ref . 35388 ) .
oviparous , sexes are separate ( ref . 205 ) . migrates for spawning between the shetland islands and norway and out of the skagerrak . major spawning grounds are northwestern scotland , norway , faeroe islands and iceland .
cohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba , 1990 . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 10 ) . rome : fao . 442 p . ( ref . 1371 )
) : 5 . 9 - 10 . 1 , mean 7 . 8 ( based on 185 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00535 - 0 . 00710 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 3 . 02 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 36 ; tm = 2 . 3 ; tmax = 5 ; fec = 27 , 000 ) .
prior r = 0 . 88 , 2 sd range = 0 . 48 - 1 . 60 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 13 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 3 , based on : 2 m , 6 k , 7 tgen , 1 tmax , 3 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .
: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
gulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 . [ details ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
nilsson , s . ( 1855 ) . skandinavisk fauna . fjerde delen : fiskarna . första häftet . lund . i - xxxiv + 1 - 768 . page ( s ) : 565 [ details ]
wheeler , a . ( 1992 ) . a list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the british isles . j . fish biol . 41 ( suppl . a ) : 1 - 37 ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 565 [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of boreogadus esmarki ( nilsson , 1855 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
habitat benthopelagic to pelagic over muddy bottoms . mostly found between 100 and 200 m . [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
norway pout is a benthopelagic to pelagic species which is typically found over muddy bottoms at depths of 50 to 300 meters , but more commonly between 100 and 200 meters . it feeds primarily on copepods ( bromley et al . 1997 ) , but also consumes decapod larvae , mysids and euphasiids ( gordon 1977 ) . norway pout is an important prey species in the north sea ecosystem ( ices 2011 ) . this species spawns in the north sea at depths of > 100 m , with a peak in spawning occurring between march and april , with more northern populations ( off the coast of norway ) spawning in late march and continuing through to june . the principal spawning area of norway pout in the north sea is in the northwestern region ( nash et al . 2012 ) . this species most likely spawns only once , and natural mortality is significantly correlated with sexual maturity , sex , growth and intra - specific stock density , indicating that this species may die as a direct or indirect result of spawning ( nielsen et al . 2012 ) . females are generally more abundant than males , with female dominance increasing by age ( albert 1994 ) . males mature younger than females ( age at 50 % maturity : males = 1 . 2 years , females = 1 . 5 years ) ( lambert et al . 2009 ) and longevity is four to five years . generation length is therefore estimated to be about two to three years .
this species is a direct target of small - mesh fisheries for fish meal and fish oil ( ices 2007 ) . it is primarily caught using bottom trawls and danish seines ( cohen et al . 1990 ) .
harvest control rules based on total allowable catches are in place for norway pout and are frequently re - evaluated due to this species ' short lifespan ( ices 2014 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
norway pout belongs to the cod family and lives in schools . it is commonly found in the northern north sea . it is rare to find it along the dutch coast . this species likes to swim close to the bottom . other fish species such as mackerel , coal fish , whiting , haddock and cod love to eat norway pout . all together , these species consume an estimated 1 . 3 million tons of norway pout in the north sea per year . the norwegian and danish industrial fleet used to fish norway pout on a large scale , however interest in this fish species decreased in the mid 1980s . norway pout is still used as food for fish farms and cattle .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
finrays 23 - 29 ; first anal finrays 26 - 31 , second anal finrays 25 - 31 .
grey - brown on back , dull silvery on sides , belly more pale .
andersson , k . a . , ed . 1942 . fiskar och fiske i norden . 1 , fiskar och fiske i havet . stockholm , xvi + 540 pp . , 83 col . pl . , 230 fig . 2 , fiskar och fiske i sjör och floder : pp . xvii - xxiv + 541 - 1016 , fig . 231 - 426 , col . pl . 84 - 128 . ( new edition in 1954 , 2 : pp . 425 - 769 , 190 fig . , 42 col . pl . )
andriashev , a . p . 1954 . ryby severnykh morei sssr . izv . akad . nauk sssr . moskwa - leningrad . ( english trans . 1964 , jerusalem , ipst , 617 pp . , 300 fig . )
ehrenbaum , e . 1905 - 1909 . eier und larven von fischen der nordischen planktons , teil i , 1905 , 4 : iv + i 1 - i 216 + iii , fig . 1 - 82 ; teil ii , 1909 , 10 : i 217 - i 413 , fig . 83 - 147 .
fries , b . f . ; ekström , c . u . ; sundevall , c . j . 1893 - 1895 . a history of scandinavian fishes , rev . and compl . by f . a . smitt , stockholm & paris , i , 1893 : pp . 1 - 566 + viii , fig . 1 - 134 ; ii , 1895 : pp . 567 - 1240 , fig . 135 - 380 ; atlas , pt . i , 1893 , pl . i - xxvii ; pt . ii , 1895 , pl . xxvii a - liii .
nilsson , s . 1855 . skandinavisk fauna . fjerde delen : fiskarna , lund : xxxiv + 768 p .
schmidt , e . j . 1905 - 1906 . the pelagic post - larval stages of the atlantic species of gadus , part i . meddr . kommn havunders . , ser . : fisk . , 1905 , 1 ( 4 ) : 77 pp . , 16 fig . , 3 pl . ; part ii , ibid . , 1906 , 2 ( 2 ) : 20 pp . , pl . i .
schmidt , w . 1968 . vergleichend morphologische studie über die otolithen mariner knochenfische . arch . fischwiss . , 19 ( 1 ) : pp . 1 - 96 , 184 fig . , 25 pl .
scott , t . 1906 . observations on the otoliths of some teleostean fishes . 24 . rep . fishery bd scotl . , 1905 [ 1906 ] , 3 : 48 - 82 , 5 pl .
smitt , f . a . 1893 - 1895 . ( ed . ) a history of scandinavian fishes , stockholm and paris , atlas , i , 1893 , pl . i - xxvii .
smitt , f . a . ed . , 1893 - 1895 . see fries , b . f . ; ekström , c . u . ; sundevall , c . j . , 1893 - 1895 .
svetovidov , a . n . 1948 . [ gadiformes . fauna u . s . s . r . , fishes ] , 9 ( 2 ) : 222 pp . , 39 fig . , pl . i - lxxii ( in russian , transl . jerusalem , 1962 , 232 pp . ) .
wheeler , a . 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . macmillan , london , melbourne and toronto : pp . i - xvii + 1 - 163 , 5 + 177 fig . , 392 fig . ( princ . sp . ) , 92 n . num . fig . , 16 pl . , maps .
the norway pout fishery is relatively small and confined principally to norway and denmark . the by - products are probably blended into other fishery by - products and not available as a separate product . blue whiting is a large fishery primarily confined to the eu and northern european countries with a smaller catch controlled by 25 other countries .
reports the landings and potential yield of fish oil from these fisheries . blue whiting fish oil is a potential source of omega - 3 fatty acids and
presents some fatty acid profile data on blue whiting , southern blue whiting and norway pout .
) , which can dive into the krill sl at depth during daytime or when it is closer to the surface during its upward dvm during night - time or in response to some physical forcing under certain circumstances .
among these predators , baleen whales are unique , since they do not feed on individuals but on bulk amounts of krill , targeting aggregations that they engulf in mouthfuls . the whales take advantage of krill swarming behaviour which is otherwise a beneficial anti - predation strategy (
) . nevertheless , aggregation may not be completely ineffective against whale predation , since it at least minimises the spatial extent of the krill distribution and makes it harder for roaming predators to detect them . however , once a predator has detected the edge of an aggregation , the probability of it being of considerable biomass is high , since aggregations often extend over kilometre scales (
how do changes in the ocean environment affect the productivity of marine fish ? apart from the obvious effects of temperature on metabolic rates , it is most likely that changes in the ocean environment manifest themselves through the food web . according to the hypothesis of bottom - up control , productivity at higher trophic levels is limited by primary production . just as a rising tide floats all boats , one would expect an increase in primary production to benefit all the species that rely on this production . we might expect to find the best evidence for bottom - up control in ecosystems with seasonal production and relatively simple food chains , such as boreal and upwelling ecosystems . in the north sea there have been parallel changes in abundance of phytoplankton , zooplankton , herring , and seabirds , which can be interpreted as bottom - up control of the pelagic food chain . during the gadoid outburst in the north sea , recruitment of five demersal species – cod , haddock , whiting , saithe , and norway pout – increased by a factor of 4 or 5 between the early and late 1960s . the gadoid outburst has been interpreted as bottom - up control of recruitment by zooplankton abundance and availability . though the gadoid outburst ended in the 1980s , debate continues on the cause of this phenomenon .
given that primary production limits production at higher trophic levels , species replacements may be caused by competition for limiting resources . according to accepted ecological methods , for species to compete , they must use the same resource , which must be in limiting supply . removal of one species should result in increased use of the resource by the other species . because of the difficulty of manipulating marine fish populations it has been very difficult to demonstrate competition , except for some sedentary species such as reef fishes . for many fish species that are mobile and differ in their feeding preferences , opportunities for interference competition are few . however , the species may still compete if one species eats food that the other species would have eaten . the limited energy in a food web may be channeled to one species or another , and this partitioning process can be considered exploitative competition .
for example , sardines and anchovies have a broad diet overlap and may potentially compete . the japanese sardine fluctuations (
) have been explained with a cyclic advantage hypothesis . a mathematical model of this hypothesis , which incorporates competition between the sardines and the other species groups , is able to reproduce the sequential replacement of the species groups . the replacement of the gadoids on georges bank by elasmobranches can also be interpreted as competition between the species groups . the abundance of the two species groups is inversely related in phase space (
) , and reciprocal negative interaction terms were estimated between these groups in a multispecies model . as there is little predation between the gadoids and elasmobranches , the negative interaction terms support the competition hypothesis . an alternative hypothesis is that the different species groups simply respond differently to varying oceanographic conditions . however , this simplistic explanation begs the question of what changes in the environment caused the dramatic fluctuations and whether these changes occurred in the food web .
the bottom - up hypothesis implies that prey density limits the feeding rate , growth and production of predators . the best evidence of this limitation is shifts in the mean size at age of predator species in response to changing prey abundance . for example , the growth rate of icelandic cod was significantly related to the biomass of capelin , one of its primary prey species (
) . faster - growing cod mature at a younger age and larger females produce more eggs ; hence faster growth rates should translate to higher per capita fecundity . however , care must be taken when interpreting size - at - age data because growth rates are influenced by factors in addition to food availability , such as temperature .
one of the most widely expressed concerns about the intensive and selective fishing activities of humans is that they will lead to imbalances in ecosystem function which have ramifications for non - target species . thus fishers who capture small “forage fishes” such as sardines or pilchards
( nilsson ) will compete with other predators in the marine ecosystem . industrial fisheries in the north sea , for example , accounted for over half the total catch by the late 1980s (
) . there is increasing pressure to manage marine ecosystems with a view to ensuring the well - being of birds and marine mammals rather than maximizing fish production for humans . moreover , some fishery biologists have also expressed concern about the
intensive fishing of forage fishes since these may provide food for more valuable fished species .
) , but these reductions may lead to responses in non - target species through changes in competitive interactions and predator–prey relationships . the indirect effects of fishing on trophic interactions in marine ecosystems have become a major concern of the conservation movement (
) and a good scientific basis for management decisions is essential . in addition , it is in this field that improved links between fish population biology and ecology would have particular benefits . the current debates amongst fisheries ecologists invoke comparison with debates about the relative roles of “top down” ( predator ) or “bottom up” ( environmental and prey ) control in ecosystems and the relative significance of “donor controlled” dynamics ( in which victim populations influence enemy dynamics but enemies have no significant effect on victim populations ) in food webs .
) but empirical evidence suggests it is wrong to assume that most predator–prey relationships are tightly coupled and that the removal or proliferation of one species which eats another will result in detectable changes in ecological processes . in particular , simplistic models of predator–prey interactions often take no account of prey switching , ontogenetic shifts in diet , cannibalism or the diversity of species in marine ecosystems and thus they often fail to provide valid predictions of changes in abundance . in
we review the empirical evidence for and against the proliferation of prey species following the removal of their predators . this is of particular significance because it has been suggested that the deliberate removal of predatory fishes ( or other top predators ) may allow fishers to harvest more of their prey (
jones , 1982 ; grigg et al . , 1984 ; munro and williams , 1985
birds and mammals may prey on marine fishes and humans compete with them as top predators . in
we consider whether the removal or proliferation of prey has significant impacts on predator populations , discussing the relative roles of fisheries and environmental change in determining the availability of prey and how these processes affect the abundance and life histories of predators .
) and yet there have been marked changes in the species that dominate the biomass and yield from many of the most productive marine fisheries . there has been much debate as to whether these changes are natural fluctuations in marine
we consider the significance of species replacements and whether these have been stimulated by fisheries which remove biomass and therefore reduce interactions between species which formerly competed with , or ate , one - another . in
compositional analyses have been used both for characterisation and for authentication purposes . the lipid content and to a greater extent the fatty acid composition of tissue lipids of animals are closely related to diet , making these suitable markers for identifying wild or cultured production methods . chromatographic techniques are the methods of choice for the analysis of fatty acid mixtures , the old bligh and dyer method (
) being the most frequently used to isolate and purify lipids from biological materials . it is based on a liquid - liquid extraction , a mild treatment so as to minimise oxidative decomposition of fish lipids due to their highly unsaturated structure .
most of the gc techniques developed to study fish lipids require a derivatisation step prior to analysis . transesterification with methanol is the most commonly used ; the fatty acids are then studied as fatty acid methyl esters or fames . most studies have focused on the liver oil or the fish flesh ; however ,
other parts of the fish have also been investigated . for example , for atlantic salmon , total lipid content and composition have been characterised for different anatomical fractions : skin , red and white muscle , belly flap , dorsal fat depot , backbone , head , visceral tissue , liver (
the long chain n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( pufa ) are the most characteristic components of fish lipids , the main polyenoic acids being eicosapentaenoic acid ( epa or 20 : 5n - 3 ) and docosahexenoic acid ( dha or 22 : 6n - 3 ) . levels of linoleic ( 18 : 2n - 6 ) and linolenic ( 18 : 3n - 3 ) acids , more commonly found in vegetable oils , are generally low in marine lipids . feed formulations used in aquaculture are made up of fishmeal and fish oil , often derived from species such as capelin , menhaden ( brevoortia spp . ) , sand eel , sprat , norway pout , blue whiting , horse mackerel , atlantic herring ( clupea spp . ) , anchovy ( engraulis spp . ) , and pilchard . since fatty acid profiles can vary from species to species , these differences can be found in the farmed fish fed on specific fishmeal . with declining fish stocks and the corresponding growth in the use of fishmeal and fish oil for aquaculture , there is a move towards incorporating plant - derived products such as soybean meal or vegetable oils in the fish feed . the variations in fatty acid profiles due to these changes also offer a useful means of differentiating between wild and farmed fish .
various studies have confirmed these differences in fatty acid composition in wild and cultured fish .
reported dissimilarities in fatty acid profiles of the flesh lipids of cultured and wild sea bass , with oleic acid ( 18 : 1n - 9 ) and linoleic acid ( 18 : 2n - 6 ) being significantly higher in the farmed fish . both these fatty acids can be linked to the use of plant - derived oils in the feed . on the other hand , cultured sea bass contained lower amounts of epa and dha , with a higher ratio of n - 3 to n - 6 in the wild fish .
on the characterisation of the fatty acid compositions of cultured and wild sturgeon , it was found that wild sturgeon have lower levels of dha or epa . the higher amounts of long chain n - 3 fatty acids in the cultured fish were attributed to the use of herring or menhaden in the fishmeal .
potential fraudulent practices do not always entail substituting cheaper farmed fish for its more valuable wild counterpart . in areas where fishing rights are restricted , to protect certain fish populations for instance , there is the potential for endemic fish species to be illegally sold as cultured fish .
used fatty acid composition and chemometric data treatment to discriminate between wild and farmed largemouth bass , black and white crappies , all freshwater fish that are popular with anglers . this study focused on four main fatty acids : linoleic ( 18 : 2n - 6 ) , linolenic ( 18 : 3n - 3 ) , arachidonic ( 20 : 4n - 6 ) and docosahexaenoic ( 22 : 6n - 3 ) . the statistical models built up using different data treatments all gave good classification rates were obtained for the wild and cultured species . this work was unusual in that it examined juvenile , age - 0 , rather than adult fish .
although it has been clearly demonstrated that fatty acid composition is closely linked to the fish feed , there are other factors that may affect the overall profile , such as age , fatty acid metabolism and so on . add to this the possible changes in the feed composition to farmed fish to reflect available supplies , and the fact that the diet of wild fish can vary with season , migration patterns and other external factors , it is clear that most discriminant models based on fatty acid profiles may be subject to a number of uncontrolled variables . to provide a more robust solution it is probably best to envisage other complementary methods .
m in length landed 248 , 036 tonnes of seafood worth £159 . 1 million in 2010 (
) . bottom trawlers , however , dominate the uk fleet in terms of vessel numbers and days spent at sea , and the target roundfish and flatfish species are caught as part of a mixed fishery . the food web of the north sea is complex , and there is a trade - off in the yields of different species . for example , low fishing mortality on cod is predicted to lead to an increase in its spawning stock biomass ( ssb ) but a decrease in the ssb and yield for whiting and haddock through their increased direct predation by cod . effects may cascade , with the potential to also increase the ssb and yield for herring , sandeel , norway pout and sprat due to their reduced predation by whiting and haddock (
present the ices data for the top 25 finfish species caught in the north sea and the top 19 recorded invertebrate species . the data are a fascinating window on the social , ecological and economic history of the north sea . some major trends evident , such as the disappearance of herring and the gadoid outburst are examples of nature determining landings (
) . others , such as the catches of blue whiting , mackerel and wolf fish show how technological advance or culinary fashions can encourage fishers to target new species . latterly declines in landings of some species are clearly , at least in part , a result of over - exploitation ( e . g . cod and whiting ) . other declines may be the result of climate change , managing down exploitation or mis - management (
) . decreases in landings of bivalves such as mussels and oysters reflect a shift from fisheries to mariculture for these species ( david jarrad , shellfish association of great britain , pers . com . ) .
jennings and lee , 2012 ; jennings et al . , 1999 ; rijnsdorp et al . , 1998 ; stefc , 2012
) . these fishing footprints are also affected by the local seabed substrate type . mixed sediments are the predominant bottom type in the north sea . coarser sands are dominant in the shallower more tidally active south . mud is generally more prevalent in the deeper northern parts , with substantial areas of exposed bedrock found mainly around the coasts of scotland and norway .
at the finer scale , there remain significant gaps in our empirical understanding about both the spatial and temporal effects of fishing gear–habitat interactions . this uncertainty is manifest when attempts are made to value the economic benefits and costs of restricting fishing over large spatial scales (
) , with assumptions made on the impact of different fishing gears reflecting pre - conceived biases . indeed , this knowledge deficit has become increasingly relevant to the debates over management measures for mpas , particularly the ongoing revision of fishing activities to be restricted in european marine sites ( emss ) ,
and current debates on the management restrictions to be placed in mczs . importantly , regional scale modelling exercises reveal that there are trade - offs in designing mpa networks to achieve different sets of conservation objectives (
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
cohen , daniel m . , tadashi inada , tomio iwamoto , and nadia scialabba
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
a benthopelagic to pelagic species found over muddy bottoms , at depths between 100 to 200 m .
norway pout is an important food item in the diet of several prime species including hake , cod , whiting and pollack . this is a highly commercial species caught mainly for fishmeal .
spawns from january to july off of north and north west scotland , faroes , iceland and norweigan coast .
fishbase , 2000 . fishbase . a global information system on fishes . [ on - line ] http : / / www . fishbase . org , 2001 - 05 - 03
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
national biodiversity network ( nbn ) atlas website . available from : http : / / www . nbnatlas . org . accessed 01 april 2017
obis , 2018 . global map of species distribution using gridded data . available from : ocean biogeographic information system . www . iobis . org . accessed : 2018 - 07 - 09
wheeler , a . , 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . london : macmillan .
worms 2007 . the world register of marine species ( worms ) . http : / / www . marinespecies . org , 2008 - 10 - 31
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken


ethmia pseudozygospila is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it is found in china and taiwan .

the wingspan is 14 – 16 mm .

the forewings are overlaid with black markings on a whitish grey background .

the hindwings are whitish grey .

the larvae feed on ehretia dicksoni .

they skeletonise the leaves of their host plant .

ethmia pseudozygospila

this is the place for pseudozygospila definition . you find here pseudozygospila meaning , synonyms of pseudozygospila and images for pseudozygospila copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word pseudozygospila . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word pseudozygospila and , of course , pseudozygospila synonyms and on the right images related to the word pseudozygospila .
ethmia pseudozygospila kun & szabóky , 2000 ; acta zool acad . sci . hung . 46 ( 1 ) : ( 53 - 78 )
zeller ' s ethmia moth ( ethmia zelleriella ) is a moth in the ethmiidae family .
the ladder - backed ethmia moth ( ethmia delliella ) is a moth in the ethmiidae family .
ethmia tyranthes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 459
ethmia clytodoxa turner , 1917 ; proc . r . soc . qd 29 : 89
ethmia falkovitshi ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 127
ethmia vidua flavilaterella ; shovkoon , 2010 , nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 140
ethmia atriflorella viette , 1958 ; bull . soc . zool . fr . 83 : 57
ethmia oberthurella viette , 1958 ; bull . soc . zool . fr . 83 : 58
ethmia saalmullerella viette , 1958 ; bull . soc . zool . fr . 83 : 54
ethmia shensicola amsel , 1969 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 28 : 75
ethmia palawana schultze , 1925 ; philippine j . sci . 28 : 574 ; tl : palawan
ethmia befasiella viette , 1958 ; rev . franc . ent . 25 ( 2 ) : 122
ethmia decui capuse , 1981 ; res . exp . biosp . cubano roum cuba 3 : 132
ethmia melanocrates meyrick , 1923 ; bull . mus . hist . nat . paris 29 : 565
ethmia paneliusella viette , 1958 ; commentat . biol . 17 : 5 ; tl : cap verde islands
ethmia lecmima sattler , 1967 ; [ mp2 ] , 60 ; tl : e . afghanistan , sarobi
i have just assumed that the ethmia funerella funerella in [ mp2 ] is simply replaced by ethmia quadrillella quadrillella , and that all other ssp ' s are not affectedother than by name . - - msa
ethmia candidella delicatella de lattin , 1963 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 22 : 53
ethmia pagiopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 6 ) : 189 ; tl : kashmir
ethmia octanoma meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 55 ; tl : formosa , kosempo
ethmia clarissa busck , 1914 ; insec . ins . menstr . 2 : 56 ; tl : cuba
ethmia submissa busck , 1914 ; insec . ins . menstr . 2 : 57 ; tl : cuba
ethmia sporadica turner , 1942 ; proc . r . soc . qd 53 ( 4 ) : 94
ethmia pseustis turner , 1942 ; proc . r . soc . qd 53 ( 4 ) : 94
ethmia austronamibiensis mey , 2011 ; esperiana mem . 6 : 190 , pl . 31 , f . 2
ethmia bradleyi viette , 1952 ; mém . inst . sci . madag . ( e ) 1 : 162
ethmia iphicrates meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 15 ) : 473 ; tl : kenia colony
ethmia kabulica amsel , 1969 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 28 ( 2 ) : 119
ethmia namella mey , 2011 ; esperiana mem . 6 : 189 , pl . 31 , f . 1
ethmia vulcanica kun , 2004 ; esperiana mem . 1 : 104 , pl . 7 , f . 8
new moths of the genus ethmia hb . ( lepidoptera , ethmiidae ) from the ussr [ in russian ]
ethmia zygospila meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 459 ; tl : formosa , alikang
ethmia mansita busck , 1914 ; insec . ins . menstr . 2 : 55 ; tl : tehuacan , mexico
ethmia sibirica zagulajev , 1975 ; nasekomye mongol . 3 : 347 ; tl : buryatiya , tunkinskie belki , 2000m
= ethmia abraxasella abraxasella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 217 ( list )
ethmia hiramella busck , 1914 ; insec . ins . menstr . 2 : 56 ; tl : santiago , cuba
ethmia gigantea busck , 1914 ; insec . ins . menstr . 2 : 54 ; tl : zacualpan , mexico
ethmia similatella busck , 1920 ; insec . inscit . mentr . 8 : 84 ; tl : cayuga , guatemala
ethmia linda busck , 1914 ; insec . ins . menstr . 2 : 55 ; tl : caracas , venezuela
ethmia andranella viette , 1976 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 45 ( 7 ) : 244
ethmia baronella viette , 1976 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 45 ( 7 ) : 240
ethmia elimatella ; [ nhm card ] ; shovkoon , 2010 , nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 144
ethmia linosella viette , 1976 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 45 ( 7 ) : 239
ethmia novoryella viette , 1976 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 45 ( 7 ) : 242
ethmia soljanikovi danilevski & zagulajev , 1975 ; nasekomye mongol . 3 : 343 ; tl : mongolia , dzabhansky aimak
ethmia sotsaella viette , 1976 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 45 ( 7 ) : 243
ethmia thoraea meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 461 ; tl : queensland
ethmia crocosoma meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 173 ; tl : sikkim , darjeeling
ethmia phoenicura meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 11 ) : 346 ; tl : mexico , lower california
ethmia longimaculella longimaculella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 177 , 218 ( list )
ethmia elimatella danilevski , 1975 ; ent . obozr . 54 ( 3 ) : 615 ; tl : azerbaijan , ordubad
ethmia epiloxa meyrick , 1915 ; bull . mus . hist . nat . paris 20 : 121 ; tl : simba
ethmia oculimarginata diakonoff , 1948 ; mém . ins . sci . madagascar ( a ) 1 ( 1 ) : 30
ethmia penyagolosella domingo & baixeras , 2003 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 24 ( 4 ) : 184
ethmia pylonotella viette , 1956 ; bull . soc . zool . fr . 81 ( 2 - 3 ) : 98
ethmia pylorella viette , 1956 ; bull . soc . zool . fr . 81 ( 2 - 3 ) : 96
ethmia semitenebrella dyar , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 204 ; tl : arizona
ethmia subsidiaris meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 90 ; tl : china , nanking
ethmia afghana sattler , 1967 ; [ mp2 ] , 104 ; tl : afghanistan , 10km nw v . kabul , 1900m
ethmia galactarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2004 , acta zool . hung . 50 ( 4 ) : 347
ethmia cellicoma meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : paraguay , chaco
ethmia transversella busck , 1914 ; insec . ins . menstr . 2 : 53 ; tl : juan vinas , costa rica
ethmia argomicta meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 90
ethmia cirrhosoma meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 88
ethmia glabra meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 89
ethmia hemicosma meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 89
ethmia spyrathodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 552 ; tl : spanish guinea , san thome
ethmia taxiacta meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 90
ethmia bipunctella iranella zerny , 1940 ; zs . wiener entver . 25 ( schluß ) : 43 ; tl : iran , elburs
ethmia wursteri amsel , 1956 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 15 : 61 ; tl : jordan valley , zerqa
ethmia dehiscens meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 4 ) : 120 ; tl :
kwanshien , china
ethmia dentata diakonoff & sattler , 1966 ; ent . ber . , amst . 26 : 189 ; tl : formosa , takow
ethmia subsimilis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 89 ; tl : west indies , jamaica
ethmia mnesicosma meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 4 ) : 119 ; tl : costa rica , san josé
ethmia striatella busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 11 ) : 141 ; tl : tehuacan , mexico
ethmia subnigritaenia powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 173 , 217 ( list ) ; tl : mexico
ethmia catapeltica meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 4 ) : 119 ; tl : costa rica , san josé
ethmia glandifera meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 37 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
ethmia judicialis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 119 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma
ethmia candidella farinatella de lattin , 1963 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 22 : 54 ; tl : turkestan , usgent
ethmia autoschista meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 11 ) : 347 ; tl : china , szechwan , mt . omei
ethmia octanoma ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2002 , ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 176
ethmia stojanovitsi kun , 2002 ; ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 170 ; tl : indonesia , seram
ethmia reposita ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2002 , ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 177
ethmia nobilis ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2002 , ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 178
ethmia argopa meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 461 ; tl : malay states , padang rengas
ethmia dactylia meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : roiiplaat , pretoria district
ethmia leucocirrha meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 339 ; tl : sw . africa , otjituo
ethmia mariannae karsholt & kun , 2003 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 4 ) : 208 ; tl : rhodos , kolombia , 40m
ethmia pullata meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 461 ; tl : guadalcanar , solomon is .
die afghanischen ethmia - arten ( lepidoptera : ethmiidae ) ergebnisse der 1 . und 2 . deutschen afghanistan expeditions der landessammlungen für naturkunde karlsruhe
ethmia angarensis caradja , 1939 ; dt . ent . z . iris 53 : 13 ; tl : china , shanis , mien - shan
ethmia candidella ; [ nhm card ] ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 127 ; [ fe ]
ethmia monachella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 12 ( 1 ) : 53 ; tl : boulder , colorado
ethmia albitogata walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 199 ; tl : california
ethmia aurifluella ; [ nhm card ] ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 127 ; [ fe ]
ethmia discrepitella ; [ nhm card ] ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 128 ; [ fe ]
ethmia asbolarcha meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 18 ; tl : china , n . yunnan , likiang
ethmia lineatonotella ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2004 , acta zool . hung . 50 ( 4 ) : 339 ( note )
ethmia mulleri busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 212 ; tl : tehuacan , mexico
ethmia flavicaudata ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 179 , 218 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ]
ethmia coscineutis meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : waterberg ; durban , natal
ethmia penesella kun & szabóky , 2000 ; acta zool acad . sci . hung . 46 ( 1 ) : ( 53 - 78 )
ethmia susa kun & szabóky , 2000 ; acta zool acad . sci . hung . 46 ( 1 ) : ( 53 - 78 )
ethmia candidella wiltshirei de lattin , 1963 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 22 : 53 ; tl : iran , fars , shiraz
ethmia brevistriga clarke , 1950 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 40 ( 5 ) : 163 ; tl : bodega bay , california
ethmia dentata ; diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 256 ; [ nhm card ]
ethmia reposita diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 257 ; tl : mindanao , zamboanga
ethmia chalcodora meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 718 ; tl : argentina , la plata
ethmia acontias meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 2 ) : 409 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon
ethmia hamaxastra meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 563 ; tl : portuguese e . africa , shilouvane
ethmia pullata ; diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 255 ; [ nhm card ]
ethmia albistrigella albistrigella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 82 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 6c - d
ethmia albolinella shovkoon , 2010 ; nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 146 ; tl : bana - dzhun , kam , valley of goluboy river
ethmia galactarcha meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 418 ; tl : java , tjibodas , mt . gede
ethmia proximella busck , 1912 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 14 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : tehuacan , puebla , mexico
ethmia pericentrota meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 339 ; tl : sw . africa , ongka , mafa ovamboland
ethmia phricotypa bradley , 1965 ; br . mus . ruwensori exp . 1952 2 ( 12 ) : 108 ; tl : uganda , bugoyc , 4500ft
ethmia coquillettella busck , 1907 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 94 ; tl : los angeles , california
ethmia nykta shovkoon , 2010 ; nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 140 ; tl : bana - dzhun , kam , valley of goluboy r .
ethmia ubsensis zagulajev , 1975 ; nasekomye mongol . 3 : 347 ; tl : mongolia , ubsu - nurskii aimak , 30km ne barun - turuna , peski
ethmia anatiformis kun , 2001 ; ann . hist . nat . mus . nat . hung . 93 : 208 ; tl : nepal , 1750 - 1950m
ethmia trifida kun , 2004 ; acta zool . hung . 50 ( 4 ) : 340 ; tl : malaysia , pahang , cameron highlands , tanah rata
ethmia nigroapicella ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 925 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ afromoths ]
ethmia lapidella ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2002 , ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 173 ; [ afromoths ]
ethmia heptasema ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; kun , 2002 , ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 176
ethmia ditreta meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 88 ; tl : tanganyika , taveta
ethmia elutella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 35 ; tl : porto bello , panama
ethmia zebrata powell , 1959 ; wasmann j . biol . 17 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : mexico , 34 mi s of atlixco , puebla
ethmia conglobata meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 717 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft
ethmia joviella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 90 ; tl : west indies , grenada ( mount gay estate )
ethmia hammella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 12 ( 1 ) : 53 ; tl : tuis , costa rica , 2400ft
ethmia ballistis meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 732 ; tl : german east africa , dar - es - salaam
interesting records of ethmiinae from the former ussr , with description of ethmia ustyurtensis nupponen , sp . n . from kazakhstan ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea , elachistidae )
ethmia nadia clarke , 1950 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 40 ( 5 ) : 161 ; tl : mccloud , siskiyou co . , california
ethmia umbrimarginella busck , 1907 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 94 ; tl : las cruces , new mexico
ethmia monticola monticola ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 104 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 1f , 8i - j
ethmia caliginosella busck , 1904 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 12 ( 1 ) : 44 ; tl : silverton , colorado , 12000ft
ethmia macelhosiella busck , 1907 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 93 ; tl : st . louis , missouri
ethmia josephinella dyar , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 205 ; tl : dripping spring , organ mts , new mexico
ethmia ungulatella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 34 ; tl : cambima ; alhajuela , panama
ethmia cypraspis ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 140 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12h ; [ nhm card ]
ethmia chalcogramma powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 142 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12j ; tl : bolivia , boyuibe
ethmia coranella dyar , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 207 ; tl : kerrville , ; shovel mt . , texas
ethmia semiombra dyar , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 206 ; tl : san diego , texas ; brownsville , texas
ethmia sattleri kun , 2007 ; ann . hist . mus . nat . hung 99 : 106 ; tl : 100m , westl . shiraz , s . iran
ethmia submersa diakonoff , 1966 ; tijds . ent . 109 ( 3 ) : 80 ; tl : w . celebes , paloe , mt . tompoe , 2700ft
ethmia pusiella deletella de lattin , 1963 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 22 : 50 ; tl : asia centr . , ili - gebiet , djarkent
ethmia crocosoma resignata diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 256 ; tl : oriental negros , dumaguete , 390m
ethmia yeni kun , 2001 ; ann . hist . nat . mus . nat . hung . 93 : 215 ; tl : china , hainan , wuchistan , 230m
ethmia didyma kun , 2002 ; ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 171 ; tl : nepal , 150 - 300m , terai , chitwan
ethmia nobilis diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 258 ; tl : luzon , benguet , klondyke , 800ft
ethmia piperella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 102 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 7i ; tl : jamaica , runaway bay
ethmia chemsaki powell , 1959 ; wasmann j . biol . 17 ( 1 ) : 148 , f . 4 ; tl : 34 mi s of atlixco , puebla
ethmia confusellastra powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 167 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 14h ; tl : mexico , chichen itza
ethmia hieroglyphica powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 175 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 16h ; tl : bolivia , incachaca cochabamba
ethmia prattiella busck , 1915 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 17 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : texas , zavalla co . , nueces river
ethmia zaguljaevi kostjuk , 1980 ; ent . obozr . 59 ( 4 ) : 858 ; tl : altai , kuraisky hr . u . rund . aktash , 2600m
ethmia praeclara ; diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 254 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
ethmia falkovitshi shovkoon , 2010 ; nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : kazakhstan , mangistau , n 43°44 ' 04
e 53°37 ' 17
ethmia lassenella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 92 ; tl : redington , pima co . , arizona
ethmia umbricostella caradja , 1927 ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . ( 3 ) 4 ( 8 ) : 421 ; tl :
szetschwan tatsienlu
ethmia bisignata kun , 2002 ; ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 171 ; tl : sw . celebes , pangean , near maros , 2000ft
ethmia iridella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 131 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 11i ; tl : mexico , puebla , tehuacan
ethmia janzeni powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 134 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12b ; tl : mexico , temescal , oaxaca
ethmia cypraspis meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 263 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
ethmia cubensis busck , 1934 ; 164 , pl . 23 , f . 2 , pl . 26 , f . 3 ; tl : cuba , sierra maestra , comaquey
ethmia duckworthi powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 165 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 14g ; tl : panama , barro colorado island
ethmia julia powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 168 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 15b ; tl : puerto rico , isabela substation
ethmia calumniella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 182 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 16d ; tl : brazil , santarem , para
ethmia clava powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 205 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 18j ; tl : mexico , cordoba , veracruz
ethmia cassiopeia meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 362 ; tl : belgian congo , nw . kivu , upper oso r . , 4000ft
ethmia turkmeniella dubatolov & ustjuzhanin , 1998 ; nota lepid . 21 ( 2 ) : 101 ; tl : sw turkmenistan , sw . kopet - dag mts , kara - kala
ethmia papiella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 95 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 7j ; tl : mexico , los mochis , sinaloa
ethmia notomurinella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 138 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12f ; tl : argentina , rio seco , cordoba
ethmia phylacops powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 143 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 13a ; tl : mexico , chichen itza , yucatan
ethmia wellingi powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 158 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 14c ; tl : mexico , chichen itza , yucatan
ethmia nigritaenia powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 172 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 15f ; tl : mexico , chichen itza , yucatan
ethmia semiombra nebulombra powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 190 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 17d ; tl : mexico , merida , yucatan
ethmia penthica walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 146 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : mexico , oaxaca
ethmia cordia powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 202 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 18d ; tl : mexico , chichen itza , yucatan
ethmia discostrigella discostrigella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 92 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 7f ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia volcanella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 97 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 8a - b ; tl : mexico , tehuantepec , oaxaca
ethmia hagenella hagenella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 109 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 9f ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia abraxasella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 125 , 217 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia abraxasella abraxasella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 125 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 11d ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia cupreonivella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 137 , 217 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia cellicoma ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 142 , 217 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia phylacis phylacis ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 146 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 13c ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia farrella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 170 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 15a ; tl : jamaica , nr farmouth , trelawny parish
ethmia antennipilosa wang & li , 2004 ; ent . news 115 ( 3 ) : 135 ; tl : china , hengxian ( 22 . 6°n , 109 . 2° ) , guangxi
ethmia cribravia wang & li , 2004 ; ent . news 115 ( 3 ) : 136 ; tl : china , lijiang ( 26 . 8°n , 100 . 2°e ) , yunnan
ethmia duplicata meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 130 ; tl : patipola ( 6200ft ) , maskeliya , puttalam , ceylon
ethmia ustyurtensis nupponen , 2015 ; shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 126 ; tl : sw - kazakhstan , 43°24 ' 27
n 54°33 ' 34
e , 80m
ethmia albistrigella icariella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 83 , 216 ( list ) ; tl : california , inyo co . , near mono pass , 12500ft
ethmia thomaswitti kun , 2004 ; acta zool . hung . 50 ( 4 ) : 343 ; tl : s . sulawesi , puncak palopo ( 2 . 55°s , 120 . 05°e )
ethmia clarkei powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 117 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 10d ; tl : mexico , quintana roo , isla de mujeres
ethmia scythropa walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 148 , pl . 5 , f . 13 ; tl : costa rica , banana river
ethmia phylacis walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 147 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , durango , presidio
ethmia phylacis ornata ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 147 , 217 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia baliostola walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 144 , pl . 5 , f . 5 ; tl : costa rica , banana river
ethmia omega powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 182 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 16e ; tl : brazil , pelotas , rio grande do sul
ethmia heptasticta walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 146 , pl . 5 , f . 8 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , tonalapa
ethmia ubsensis ; [ nhm card ] ; shovkoon , 2010 , nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 148 ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 129
ethmia charybdis ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 972 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia hagenella ; [ nacl ] , # 989 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 109 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia perpulchra walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 146 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , orizaba
ethmia ornata busck , [ 1934 ] ; ent . am . ( n . s . ) 13 ( 4 ) : 168 , pl . 35 , f . 2 ; tl : cuba
ethmia cyanea walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 144 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
ethmia scutula powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 203 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 18g ; tl : mexico , 6 mi s of culiacan , sinaloa
ethmia powelli heppner , 1988 ; j . lep . soc . 42 ( 4 ) : 281 , f . 1 - 4 ; tl : 1mi sw islamorada , upper matecumbe key , florida
ethmia ( ethmiinae ) ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 925 ; [ nacl ] , 12 ; [ richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]
ethmia orestella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 84 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 6h ; tl : colorado , hall valley , 11500ft , park co .
ethmia plagiobothrae powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 77 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 5j , 22c ; tl : california , cool , el dorado co .
ethmia vietmiella kun , 2001 ; ann . hist . nat . mus . nat . hung . 93 : 213 ; tl : vietnam , vinh phu , tam dao , 55km nnw hanoi , 800m
ethmia linsdalei powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 116 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 10c ; tl : mexico , 20 mi e of el camaron , oaxaca
ethmia sandra powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 166 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 3d , 14i ; tl : el salvador , 13km n of san salvador
ethmia howdeni powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 176 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 15h ; tl : mexico , 21 mi e of villa union , sinaloa
ethmia lichyi powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 180 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 2e , 4b , 16c ; tl : venezuela , cuenca del rio borborata
ethmia hodgesella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 196 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 17i ; tl : arizona , madera canyon , 4880ft , santa rita mtns
ethmia oterosella busck , [ 1934 ] ; ent . am . ( n . s . ) 13 ( 4 ) : 165 ; tl : estacion experimental agronomica , santiago de las vegas , cuba
ethmia epileuca powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 86 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 6j ; tl : california , surprise canyon , panamint mtns , inyo co .
ethmia tricula powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 79 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 6a ; tl : california , 3 mi ne of moreno , riverside co .
ethmia timberlakei powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 100 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 8g ; tl : california , citrus experiment station , riversite , riversite co .
ethmia mimihagenella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 111 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 9h ; tl : new mexico , gran quivira national monument , socorro co .
ethmia burnsella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 111 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 9j ; tl : texas , palo duro canyon , 2800ft , randall co .
ethmia cypraeella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 124 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 11c ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia chalcodora ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 141 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12i ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia gelidella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 149 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 13e ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia zebrata ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 151 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 13g ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia humilis powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 169 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 15c - d ; tl : jamaica , constant spring , st . andrew parish
ethmia coronata ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 171 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 15e ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia conglobata ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 185 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 16i ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia cyanea ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 186 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 16j ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia baja powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 198 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 18b ; tl : mexico , 26 mi w of la paz , baja california
ethmia pala powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 204 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 18h - i ; tl : mexico , 6 mi s of culiacan , sinaloa
ethmia heptasticta ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 207 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 19b ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia joviella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 211 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 19f ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia comitella ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2002 , insecta koreana 19 ( 2 ) : ( 131 - 136 ) ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 129
ethmia sibirica ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 164 ; shovkoon , 2010 , nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 147
ethmia davisella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 115 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 10b ; tl : mexico , 6 mi s of ciudad victoria , tamaulipas , 1050ft
ethmia abraxasella clarissa ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 127 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 11e ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia flavicaudata walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 145 , pl . 5 , f . 7 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , san juan , 600ft
ethmia sphenisca powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 205 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 19a ; tl : mexico , 10 mi w of el salto , durango , 9000ft
ethmia angustalatella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 214 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 19j ; tl : mexico , 3 mi e of galeana , nueva leon , 5000ft
ethmia brevistriga aridicola powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 76 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 5h ; tl : california , 2 mi ne of lakeside , san diego co .
ethmia ultima ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 169 ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 129
ethmia geranella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 242 , pl . 27 , 34 ; tl : la puerta valley , california
ethmia subsimilis ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 117 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 10e - f ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia kirbyi ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 118 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 10g - h ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia nivosella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 129 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 2b , 11g ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia phoenicura ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 150 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 3b , 13f ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia paucella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 156 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 2c , 14b ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia semiombra semiombra ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 189 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 17b - c , 20g - h ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia punctessa powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 213 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 19h - i ; tl : mexico 3 mi e of galeana , nueva leon , 5000ft
ethmia discostrigella subcaerulea ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 93 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 7g ; [ nacl ] , # 980a ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia scylla ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 966 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia brevistriga brevistriga ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 17 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 75 , 216 ( list )
ethmia minuta ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 970 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia monticola ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 104 , 217 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 987 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia monticola emmeli powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 106 , pl . 9a ; tl : arizona , fort valley , 7350ft , 7 . 5 mi nw of flagstaf , coconin co .
ethmia timberlakei ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 53 ; [ nacl ] , # 984 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia longimaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 999 ; [ nhm card ] ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 177 , 218 ( list ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia plaumanni powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 183 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 16f ; tl : brazil , nova teutonia , santa catarina ( 27°11 ' , 52°23 ' )
ethmia albicostella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 190 , 218 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 1001 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia playa powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 197 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 18a ; tl : mexico , rio del fuertte , 13 mi n of los mochis , sinaloa
ethmia scylla powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 74 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 1d , 5f , 21a - d ; tl : california , russelmann park , contra costa co .
ethmia szabokyi kun , 2001 ; ann . hist . nat . mus . nat . hung . 93 : 212 ; tl : nepal , annapurna h , 1km n of syange , 1200m 84°25 ' e , 28°24 ' n
ethmia charybdis powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 80 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 1e , 6b ; tl : california , big panoche creek , at san benito - fresno county line
ethmia rhomboidella walsingham , 1897 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1897 ( 1 ) : 45 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : natal , malvern ; french congo , kangwé , ogowé river
ethmia palawana ; diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 253 ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2004 , acta zool . hung . 50 ( 4 ) : 347
ethmia epilygella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 137 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12e ; tl : brazil , nova teutonia , santa cathrarina ( 27°11 ' s , 52°23 ' w )
ethmia pyrausta ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 165 ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 128 ; [ fe ]
ethmia nigripedella ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 166 ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 128 ; [ fe ]
ethmia nigrimaculata ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 167 ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 128 ; [ fe ]
ethmia macneilli powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 101 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 8d ; tl : california , rock cree , 1 mi w of tom ' s place , mono co .
ethmia persica kun , 2007 ; ann . hist . mus . nat . hung 99 : 102 ; tl : iran , büyer ahmad , 3km n of sisaht , 2700m , 51°23 ' 21
e , 31°09 ' 22
n
ethmia apicipunctella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 88 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 7a ; [ nacl ] , # 978 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia euphoria kun , 2007 ; ann . hist . mus . nat . hung 99 : 104 ; tl : turkey , agri , karasu - aras mts . 5 km se of sarican , 2000m , 39°47 ' n , 42°28 ' e
ethmia zelleriella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 112 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 9e ; [ nacl ] , # 992 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia mirusella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 192 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 17f ; [ nacl ] , # 1002 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia trifurcella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 193 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 17g ; [ nacl ] , # 1003 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia minuta powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 78 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 3e , 5k - l , 21e - f ; tl : california , 3 mi ne of moreno , riverside co .
ethmia hagenella josephinella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 110 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 9g ; [ nacl ] , # 989a ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia fritillella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 136 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12d ; tl : brazil , nova teutonia , santa catharina , 300 - 500m ( 27°11 ' s , 52°23 ' w )
ethmia notatella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 154 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 4e , 13i ; [ nacl ] , # 995 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia marmorea ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 194 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 4a , 17h ; [ nacl ] , # 1004 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia monticola fuscipedella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 107 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 9b - c ; [ nacl ] , # 987b ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia terpnota walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 147 , pl . 5 , f . 11 ; tl : costa rica , volcan de irazu , 6000 - 7000ft ; san josé , 4000ft ; tuis , 2400ft
ethmia confusella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 162 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 2d , 14d - e ; [ nacl ] , # 996 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia gigantea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 63 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 187 , 218 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia semiombra ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 127 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 188 , 218 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 1000 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia mansita ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 87 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 90 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 7e ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia proximella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 117 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 122 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 11a ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia submissa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 133 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 135 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12c ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia mnesicosma ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 148 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 13d ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 24 , 10 ( list )
ethmia cubensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 41 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 161 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 16b ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia striatella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 133 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 164 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 14f ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia penthica ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 108 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 200 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 18c ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia oterosella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 104 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 208 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 19c ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia phylacis ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 146 , 217 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 23 , 10 ( list )
ethmia soljanikovi ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 164 ; shovkoon , 2010 , nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 149 ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 127
ethmia zaguljaevi ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 164 ; shovkoon , 2010 , nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 142 ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 128
ethmia umbrimarginella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 142 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 70 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 5a ; [ nacl ] , # 962 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia brevistriga ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 27 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 75 , 216 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 967 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia macelhosiella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 99 , 216 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 982 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia hiramella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 69 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 155 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 3a , 13j , 14a ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia terpnota ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 130 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 11h ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 16 , 9 ( list )
ethmia ungulatella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 139 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12g ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 19 , 9 ( list )
ethmia exornata ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 144 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 13b ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 20 , 10 ( list )
ethmia chemsaki ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 154 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 13h ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 25 , 10 ( list )
ethmia catapeltica ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 174 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 15g ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 39 , 10 ( list )
ethmia bittenella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 217 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 994 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 12 , 9 ( list )
ethmia albistrigella ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 35 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 81 , 216 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 973 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia discostrigella ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 46 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 92 , 216 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 980 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia lassenella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 79 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 71 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 5b ; [ nacl ] , # 963 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia monachella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 94 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 73 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 5e ; [ nacl ] , # 965 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia caliginosella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 28 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 108 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 9d ; [ nacl ] , # 988 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia prattiella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 116 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 209 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 19d ; [ nacl ] , # 1007 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia cirrhocnemia ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 166 ; kun , 2002 , insecta koreana 19 ( 2 ) : ( 131 - 136 ) ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 128 ; [ fe ]
ethmia geranella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 62 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 99 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 8e - f ; [ nacl ] , # 983 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia bipunctella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 103 , 216 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 986 ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 165 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]
ethmia semilugens ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 40 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 85 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 6i ; [ nacl ] , # 976 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia delliella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 114 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 10a ; [ nacl ] , # 993 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 11 , 9 ( list )
ethmia festiva ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 56 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 123 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 11b ; [ nhm card ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 12 , 9 ( list )
ethmia albitogata ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 22 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 76 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 1c , 5i ; [ nacl ] , # 968 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia duckworthi ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 49 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 217 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 31 , 10 ( list )
ethmia scythropa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 126 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 127 , 217 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 14 , 9 ( list )