rinconsaurus is a genus of dinosaur from the late cretaceous .

it was a titanosaurid sauropod which lived in what is now argentina .

the type species , rinconsaurus caudamirus , was described by calvo and riga in 2003 , and is based on three partial skeletons .

rinconsaurus

skeletal reconstruction showing known parts of rinconsaurus caudamirus . from calvo & gonzalez riga , 2003 .
without the ability to grind food ,
rinconsaurus
, like other sauropods , would have stripped foliage .
sin la capacidad de moler el alimento ,
rinconsaurus
, como otros saurópodos , habría pelado el follaje .
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rinconsaurus was a relatively small titanosaur that lived in south america during the late cretaceous period .  not too much is known about rinconsaurus other than it appears to have had a more gracile ( lightweight ) build than some titanosaurs .  teeth associated with the type specimen are also termed chisel - like which means that rinconsaurus probably snipped off fronds of vegetation rather than stripping it between peg - like teeth like some sauropods .  rinconsaurus is thought to be closely related to aeolosaurus which has sometimes seen it described as a member of the aeolosaurini . another titanosaur from the same formation as rinconsaurus is antarctosaurus .
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rinconsaurus
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rinconsaurus is a dinosaur from the late cretaceous period . it was a titanosaurian sauropod which lived in what is now argentina . unlike its relatives brachiosaurus and diplodocus rinconsaurus was very slender . it was a herbivorous animal that fed on plants like cycads and fern . its egg , possibly the rinch egg is featured in dino run
text - fig . 2 . skeletal reconstruction of rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . , showing preserved bones ( estimated total length : 11 m ) .
revista geológica de chile - rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . , a new titanosaurid ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of patagonia , argentina
text - fig . 1 . map of neuquén basin ( patagonia , argentina ) showing the locality where the holotype of rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . sp . nov . was found .
like all sauropods , rinconsaurus was a large long - necked quadrupedal animal , with a long , whip - like tail and four pillar - like legs . although fossil discoveries are incomplete , and no complete necks or heads have been found , fully grown rinconsaurus are estimated to have been 11 meters ( 36 ft ) long and approximately 2 . 5 meters ( 8 ft ) high at the shoulder . though only a portion of one skull has been recovered , rinconsaurus may have had a long , narrow skull , based on fossil evidence of the skulls of related titanosaurs .
rodrigo m . santucci y antonio c . de arruda - campos ( 2011 ) en su análisis cladístico encontró que
aeolosaurus
,
gondwanatitan
,
maxakalisaurus
,
panamericansaurus
y
rinconsaurus
son aeolosáuridos .
rodrigo m . santucci and antonio c . de arruda - campos ( 2011 ) in their cladistic analysis found
aeolosaurus
,
gondwanatitan
,
maxakalisaurus
,
panamericansaurus
and
rinconsaurus
to be aeolosaurids .
rinconsaurus information tells us about its characteristics , diet , habitat etc . rinconsaurus diet tells us whether it is carnivorous , herbivorous or omnivorous . herbivores feed on plants and grass , whereas the carnivores feed on other animals or even other dinosaurs . omnivores eat both animal and plants . depending on its diet , we can say that it is herbivore . the meaning of the name will also tell you something about that dinosaur . the correct pronunciation of it is rin - con - sore - us .
text - fig . 4 . cladogram determined by cladistic analysis ( 68 steps ; ci 0 . 79 ; ri 0 . 78 ) showing the phylogenetic relationships of rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . synapomorphies supporting each node are listed and discussed in the text .
j . o . calvo and b . j . gonzález riga . 2003 . rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . , a new titanosaurid ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of patagonia , argentina . revista geológica de chile 30 ( 2 ) : 333 - 353 .
full reference : j . o . calvo and b . j . gonzález riga . 2003 . rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . , a new titanosaurid ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of patagonia , argentina . revista geológica de chile 30 ( 2 ) : 333 - 353
los titanosaurios fueron un linaje diverso de dinosaurios herbívoros que incluye desde las especies más pequeñas , como rinconsaurus o saltasaurus de alrededor de 6 toneladas ( el equivalente aproximado en tamaño a un elefante adulto ) , hasta las más grandes conocidas , tales como argentinosaurus o puertasaurus , especies de más de 60 toneladas .
text - fig . 3 . rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . a , right ischium in lateral view , mrs - pv 101 . b , left ilium in lateral view , mrs - pv 96 , c , right femur in posterior view , mrs - pv 49 . scale bars equal 10 cm .
further reading - rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . , a new titanosaurid ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of patagonia , argentina . - revista geológica de chile 30 ( 2 ) : 333 - 353 . - j . o . calvo & b . j . gonzález riga - 2003 .
rinconsaurus belongs to the family of titanosaurid sauropod that has been found existed in the turonian to coniacian age of late cretaceous period . the fossil remains of this species was first recovered in argentina , neuquén province - neuquén formation . this herbivore species comes under the classification of chordata , reptilia , dinosauria , saurischia , sauropodomorpha , sauropoda , titanosauria .
' aeolosaurus rionegrinus belongs to aeolosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' alamosaurus sanjuanensis belongs to alamosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' andesaurus delgadoi belongs to andesaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' antarctosaurus brasiliensis is a nomen dubium ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' baurutitan britoi belongs to baurutitan ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' baurutitan belongs to titanosauridae ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' epachthosaurus sciuttoi belongs to epachthosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' gondwanatitan faustoi belongs to gondwanatitan ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' laplatasaurus araukanicus is recombined as titanosaurus araukanicus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' lirainosaurus astibiae belongs to lirainosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' mendozasaurus neguyelap belongs to mendozasaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii belongs to opisthocoelicaudia ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' pellegrinisaurus powelli belongs to pellegrinisaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' rinconsaurus caudamirus belongs to rinconsaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' saltasaurus loricatus belongs to saltasaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' titanosaurus australis is recombined as neuquensaurus australis ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' titanosaurus colberti is recombined as isisaurus colberti ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005
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urltoken
revista geológica de chile , vol . 30 , no . 2 , p . 333 - 353 , 4 figs . , 3 plates , 1 appendix , 2 tables , december 2003 .
laboratorio de paleovertebrados , ianigla - cricyt , centro regional de investigaciones científicas y tecnológicas , avda . r . leal s / n , parque gral . san martín ( 5500 ) , mendoza , argentina ( bgonriga @ urltoken ) .
has preserved short articulated posterior caudal series with amphicoelous , opisthocoelous and biconvex centra . this unusual morphology represents the first such occurrence in sauropod dinosaurs . from the systematic point of view , this discovery is important because titanosauridae were traditionally defined , among other characters , by strongly developed procoelia in their caudal vertebrae .
key words : dinosauria , sauropoda , titanosauridae , late cretaceous , neuquén , argentina .
gen . et sp . nov . , un nuevo titanosáurido ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) del cretácico tardío de patagonia , argentina .
gen et sp . nov . ( dinosauria , saurpoda ) es un nuevo y esbelto titanosauridae proveniente de la formación río neuquén , cretácico superior de rincón de los sauces , provincia de neuquén , patagonia , argentina . sus restos están integrados por 13 vértebras caudales articuladas y materiales craneales , cervicales , dorsales y apendiculares desarticulados , que pertenecen a tres individuos , dos adultos y un juvenil . este nuevo taxón se caracteriza por la siguiente asociación de autapomorfías : ( 1 ) vértebras dorsales medioanteriores con espinas neurales inclinadas posteriormente más de 60 grados con respecto a la vertical , ( 2 ) vértebras caudales medias con procesos óseos que sostienen las carillas articulares de las poszigapófisis y ( 3 ) vértebras caudales procélicas con intercalaciones de series con centros anficélicos y bioconvexos , o con centros anficélicos , opistocélicos y biconvexos . un análisis filogenético cladista permite incluir a
presenta dos cortas secuencias caudales posteriores articuladas con centros anficélicos , opistocélicos y biconvexos . esta inusual morfología se registra por primera vez en dinosaurios saurópodos . es importante desde el punto de vista sistemático , ya que titanosauridae ha sido tradicionalmente definido , entre otros caracteres , por la presencia de fuerte procelia en sus vértebras caudales .
palabras claves : dinosauria , sauropoda , titanosauridae , cretácico tardío , neuquén , argentina .
) . in south america the record of titanosauridae is particularly abundant . they are known since the xix century (
) . during the late cretaceous , titanosaurids were important primary consumers in the ecosystems of patagonia , as the ornithischians were in the north america . this difference has been explained by the gradual isolation of south america during most of the late cretaceous (
in the last five years , extraordinary titanosaurid fossils were found in the region of rincón de los sauces , northern neuquén province . some of these discoveries include articulated specimens (
) . the excavations of these discoveries were coordinated by investigators of the national university of comahue and they have been partially supported by the local town hall .
) . they were extracted by the paleontologist j . calvo and his team of the paleontology museum of the national university of comahue . fossil remains are housed at the laboratory of rincón de los sauces museum under the abbreviation mrs - pv .
( pl . 1 , a - h ; pl . 2 , a - c ; pl . 3 , a - b ; text -
( latin ) , astonishing , amazing , in reference to the unusual morphology of posterior caudal vertebrae ; freely ' the dinosaur from rincón with amazing tail ' .
mrs - pv 26 , 13 articulated anterior - middle and middle - posterior caudal vertebrae and two ilia .
the following bones associated with the holotype are included : teeth ( mrs - pv 117 , 263 ) , prefrontal ( mrs - pv 102 ) , angular and surangular ( mrs - pv 112 ) , cervical vertebrae ( mrs - pv 2 , 3 , 8 , 4 and 21 ) , dorsal vertebrae ( mrs - pv 5 , 6 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 18 and 19 ) , anterior caudal vertebrae ( mrs - pv 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 and 27 ) , middle caudal vertebrae ( mrs - pv 27 , 28 and 31 ) , posterior caudal vertebrae ( mrs - pv 29 , 30 , 32 - 40 ) , haemal arches ( mrs - pv 20 , 42 , 93 ; 99 , 109 , 113 ) , scapula and coracoid ( mrs - pv 43 ) , sternal plates ( mrs - pv 46 , 103 , 104 ) , humerus ( mrs - pv 47 ) , metacarpals ( mrs - pv 98 ) , ischia ( mrs - pv 94 , 101 ) , ilia ( mrs - pv 96 ) , pubes ( mrs - pv 97 , 100 ) , femora ( mrs - pv 49 , 92 ) and metatarsal ( mrs - pv 111 ) .
correspond to three individuals , two adults and one juvenile . all fossil remains ( dorsal vertebrae , articulated caudal vertebrae and appendicular bones of different sizes ) were found associated , exhibit similar morphologies and constitute a monospecific assemblage . the best preserved bones , the articulated caudal series mrs - pv 26 , were associated ' in life position ' with two ilia . moreover , associated with them , several articulated dorsal vertebrae ( mrs - pv 05 ) were preserved that probably correspond to the same specimen , as well as several limb bones . in the same fossil assemblage were found several articulated vertebrae and limb bones that correspond to other two specimens . duplicate bones represented by caudal vertebrae , ilia , sternal plates , ischium and femur exhibit the same morphological characters . these paleontological evidences confirm the presence of a monospecific assemblage . for this reason , all bones recovered were included in the same type series ( holotype and paratypes ) such as the
) . a cranial fragment , one mandible and teeth have been recovered . the right prefrontal ( mrs - pv 102 ) is small and anteroposteriorly elongated . its posterior end is transversally wide and it is arched posteroventrally . the anterior end is acute in its exposed portion . the articular surface for the nasal is extensive . its posterior border is concave and of triangular shape . the lateral border of the prefrontal contributes to the skull roof and the posterodorsal border of the orbit . its rugose surface contains small grooves .
) . the surangular is a delicate and elongated bone lamina . posteriorly , the ventral border is slightly convex in lateral view and it becomes concave anteriorly . in medial view , the angular forms a weakly concave surface .
) . one of them ( mrs - pv 117 ) has a suboval section , and has two crests that allow us to differentiate slightly convex lingual and more convex labial surfaces . its apex is incomplete . the other tooth ( mrs - pv 263 ) , more complete and bowed lingually , presents the same features as the anterior one but in more marked form . the worn surface is parallel to the tooth axis . it is remarkable with respect to the development of sharp crests forming the anterior and posterior borders . in general , titanosaurid teeth are pencil - chisel like (
) with a sharp worn surface placed almost parallel to the tooth axis . some have oval section with rounded borders depending the position in the jaws . the suboval teeth with labial and lingual faces well differentiated by crests present in
) is an unusual character for derived titanosaurids . however , a similar morphology , with some differences in the cross - sectional shape , is also present in the basal titanosaurid
) . two anterior cervical vertebrae were recovered ( mrs - pv 08 , 21 ) . they possess relatively short , opisthocoelous centra , wider than high . in their lateral side is a deep , acute depression that defines the pleurocoels . the parapophyses are located at the base of the centra . laterally , the centroprezygapophyseal and centrodiapophyseal laminae are inclined strongly forward . this inclination differs considerably from that of the saltasaurinae (
) , but it is very similar to the inclination observed in the titanosauridae indet . ' series b ' from brazil (
posteriorly , the opisthocoelous centra increase in length . this character is observed in the middle cervical vertebra mrs - pv 02 and in the posterior cervical vertebrae mrs - pv 03 and mrs - pv 04 , the last one not complete (
. the ventral face is wide and smoothly concave anteroposteriorly . in the lateral face of the centum there is a long anteroposterior depression with small pleurocoels . this depression is divided by a posteroventrally directed lamina . the parapophyses are laminar and subtriangular . they are located in the anterior half of the vertebral body and extend lateromedially . in anterior view , the spinodiapophyseal and spinoprezygapophyseal laminae reach each other at the level of the postzygapophysis , defining a subtriangular depression . the diapophysis is located on the anterior half of the body , at the level of the prezygapophysis . it is reinforced by the anterior and posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae , the prezygadiapophyseal lamina and the postzygadiapophyseal lamina . in this way , these laminae form four deep depressions around the diapophysis . the prezygapophyses are relatively long , extending beyond the anterior end of the vertebral body ; the postzygapophyses do not extend beyond the center . the opposite is observed in
) . the articular surfaces of the prezygapophyses are elongated anteroposteriorly and inclined toward the medial plane . the prezygapophyses are reinforced by two centroprezygapophyseal laminae that in anterior view define a deep depression . the neural spine is low and distally expanded .
) . the authors have collected three articulated anteromedial dorsal neural arches ( mrs - pv 05 ) . the neural arches are wider than long and have suffered dorsoventral compression . the prezygapophyseal facets are reduced and have an oval outline . the centroprezygapophyseal lamina is absent . in contrast ,
) . in the most anterior dorsal , an accessory centrodiapophyseal lamina extends parallel to the centrodiapophyseal lamina . at this level , the anterior and posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae are not forked as they occur in the middle - posterior dorsal arches ( mrs - pv 06 ) . the prezygadiapophyseal lamina presents a straight border in dorsal view . the almost horizontal postygadiapophyseal lamina has a concave border in dorsal view .
the neural spine is reduced and transversely expanded distally . it is reinforced ventrally by a spinopostzygapophyseal lamina . the neural spines is strongly inclined posteriorly . in spite of that , in most of titanosaurs an inclination of the neural spine in anterior dorsal vertebrae is present (
the prespinal lamina extends to the base of the neural arch . the accessory spinodiapophyseal laminae are not present . in contrast , these laminae are present in
the authors have also recovered an isolated middle - posterior dorsal neural arch ( mrs - pv 06 ) . in lateral view , there is a bifurcation of the centrodiapophyseal lamina . the neural spine is reinforced by a prespinal and postspinal laminae . in dorsal view , the spinodiapophyseal and spinoprezygapophyseal laminae form a wide and deep cavity .
) . in their lateral faces , they have well developed , eye - shaped pleurocoels . the pleuro coels are elongated and deep , and they occupy 60 percent of the centrum length . the hyposphene - hypantrum articulation is absent . in only few posterior dorsal vertebrae the neural arch is partially preserved . the neural arch has a wide lateral base , which occupies more than 60 percent of the centrum . the transverse process is relatively thin . the diapophyses are directed laterally and upward . they are reinforced ventrally by centrodiapophyseal , postygadiapophyseal and paradiapophyseal laminae , and are supported dorsally by the spinodiapophyseal lamina . the distal end of the diapophysis present a horizontal and plane surface , similar to that in
) . the parapophyses are not well preserved but they are reinforced ventrally by robust anterior and slender posterior centroparapophyseal laminae . the last one unites to the inferior portion of the centrodiapophyseal lamina , similar to that of
. the articular surface of the postzygapophysis prolongs as the postzygadiapophyseal laminae . the postzygapophyses are well separated . the neural spine is undivided . it is composed by the spinodiapophyseal , spinopostzygapophyseal , prespinal and postspinal laminae ; all unite in the transversal broadening of the distal end . the prespinal lamina is well developed , extending to the base of the neural spine . besides the described materials we have collected 6 dorsal centra , some with incomplete neural arches ( mrs - pv 9 , 11 , 13 , 16 , 19 ) .
two fused centra have been preserved ( mrs - pv 41 ) without any diagnostic character .
. the authors have collected several caudal vertebrae ; some are isolated , but others are articulated . below , the authors describe their shape and morphology in different parts of the tail . all the caudals collected belong to two individuals of
. the first part of the tail is represented by two poorly preserved centra and neural arches . the ? first caudal ( mrs - pv 22 ) has thin , laminar and laterally directed transverse processes . at the base of the postzygapophyses , the transverse processes possess two foramina . the second caudal ( mrs - pv 23 ) is strongly procoelous and has smaller lateral expansion than the first one . in lateral view , the centrum presents a depression with the shape of a pleurocoel .
the series of anterior caudals is not complete . three articulated series have been collected . mrs - pv 23 is represented by five vertebrae , mrs - pv 24 by six vertebrae and mrs - pv 25 by three vertebrae . the holotype (
) includes an articulated series of caudals ( mrs - pv 26 ) represented by four anterior caudals , eight middle caudals and five posterior ones .
) . the holotype ( mrs - pv 26 ) preserves eight middle caudal vertebrae and five posterior ones . there is also an articulate series of three middle caudals ( mrs - pv 27 ) , two incomplete disarticulated middle caudals ( mrs - pv 28 ) and an isolated one ( mrs - pv 31 ) .
middle caudals are similar to the anterior caudals except for the neural spine , that is directed posteriorly , and for the absence of transverse processes . middle caudal centra are strongly procoelous , as high as wide . the lateral faces are flat , slightly concave anteroposteriorly . the ventral face of the centra is narrow and flat , with a strong compression in its middle part . the prezygapophyses are directed horizontally or slightly upward . both prezygapophyses fuse proximally , developing a small platform .
the articular faces of the postzygapophyses are inclined lateroventrally . they are placed at the level of the posterior border of the centra . as in anterior caudals , the articular faces of the postzygapophyses are separated from the neural spine by a bony process which can be seen clearly in dorsal view (
) . the postzygapophyses and the prezygapophyses are well separated from the axial plane due to the development of the postzygapophyseal processes .
) . there is an articulated section of five posterior vertebrae that are part of the holotype ( mrs - pv 26 ) . there are also two series of three articulated caudals each one ( mrs - pv 29 , 30 ) and several isolated posterior caudals ( mrs - pv 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ) . all these posterior caudals are similar to the middle caudals in having the typical procoelous centrum . the bony process of the postzygapophysis is not present .
in contrast to the caudals described above , the authors have recovered two articulated series with an unusual centrum . one of the series ( mrs - pv 29 ) is composed of a procoelous vertebra , an amphicoelous vertebra and a biconvex vertebra (
a ) . the centrum , dorsoventrally compressed , is wider than high . the lateral faces are convex laterodorsally . the ventral border is slightly convex . the posterior border of the neural arch is placed in the posterior half of the centrum . the postzygapophyses are placed at the level of the posterior border of the centra . the distal ends of the neural spine reach the posterior border of the centra . the anterior border of the neural spine is at a lower level than the posterior one . the processes for the chevrons are not present . the prezygapophyses fuse in their proximal end , developing a small platform as in anterior and middle caudal vertebrae . measurements of the caudal mrs - pv 29 / 2 : length , width and height of the centrum : 104 , 82 and 38 mm , respectively .
) . they present characteristics similar to the anterior series , although their neural spines are more reduced due to their more posterior position in the sequence .
) . this unusual morphology can be interpreted as an autapomorphy of this new taxon . as indicated
, the finding of non - procoelous isolated caudal vertebrae in the late cretaceous must be interpreted carefully because they can belong to a titanosaurid .
measurements of the caudal mrs - pv 30 / 1 : length , width and height of the centrum : 114 , 57 and 33 mm , respectively .
. there are several haemal arches ; some are deformed and others are incomplete ( mrs - pv 20 , 42 , 93 ; 99 , 109 , 113 ) . in general , they are relatively long and thin , open proximally , and lack strong articular faces .
. the authors have collected a complete right scapula ( mrs - pv 43 ) . it is a relatively long and laminar bone with its external face convex . the scapular blade is thin and slender . the contact between the scapular blade and the proximal end is narrow and there is a crest that separates both of them . the ventral border is straight up to its union with the proximal end , forming an angle of approximately 140 degrees . the supraglenoid process is prominent . the supracoracoid depression is wide because the diagonal acromion coincides with the border of the acromial process . the proximal end of the scapula contacts the coracoid . the distal end , although incomplete , has a convex border . the coracoid has a square shape . its posteromedial border forms a 90 degree angle with the anteromedial border of the scapula . the coracoid foramen , in the external face , is surrounded by a depression directed toward the anteromedial border . measurements : length : 820 mm ; proximal width : 440 mm ; distal width : 215 mm ; minimum width of the blade : 130 mm .
) . three sternal plates have been preserved ( mrs - pv 46 , 103 and 104 ) . the right sternal plate mrs - pv 46 is relatively complete . it is laminar and it has a semilunar shape . the concave external border is very thin , while the internal one is convex . measurements : length : 560 mm ; width : 260 mm . the other sternal plates are not well preserved .
) . the incomplete left humerus is relatively slender ( mrs - pv 47 ) . its anterior face presents a prominent deltopectoral crest anteriorly projected . in its distal end , the radial condyle is well developed . measurements : estimated length : 790 mm ; preserved length : 740 mm ; proximal width : 260 mm ; distal width : 210 mm ; perimeter and diameter of the diaphysis : 300 and 120 mm , respectively .
. the authors have recovered five isolated metacarpals with their ends eroded . their lengths range between 260 and 240 mm .
mrs - pv 98 / 5 ) exhibits a robust proximal end of subtriangular shape . one of its lateral sides is slightly rounded . its distal end is relatively reduced and it has been crushed .
( mrs - pv 98 / 4 ) presents a subtriangular shape at the distal end . both extremities are well developed .
( mrs - pv 98 / 1 ) presents an incomplete proximal end of subtriangular shape . it is characterized by slender shape . the diaphysis has two flat faces , with the sharp angle directed toward the posterior side .
( mrs - pv 98 / 2 ) exhibits a very robust distal end of subtriangular shape . the proximal end is incomplete .
( mrs - pv 98 / 3 ) , strongly crushed , is characterized by having the distal end more developed than the proximal one .
) . the authors have recovered four incomplete ilia corresponding to two individuals . one pair ( mrs - pv 26 ) is associated with a series of caudal vertebrae . the other pair is incomplete ( mrs - pv 96 ) .
specimen mrs - pv 96 possesses a left ilium that preserves the acetabulum and great part of the preacetabular lamina . this lamina is wide , and it is directed upward and outward . the incomplete right ilium also preserves the acetabulum , and the lower part of the preacetabular and postacetabular laminae .
specimen mrs - pv 26 possesses a right ilium that preserves the preacetabular lamina , most of the postacetabular one , and also the complete acetabula and their peduncles . the preacetabular lamina exhibits a straight ventral border and a curved anterodorsal border . the left ilium lacks part of the iliac lamina , but it is complete in the lower part of the postacetabular and preacetabular laminae , the acetabulum and their peduncles . the length of the left ischium is 480 mm and the diameter of the acetabulum is 110 mm . the postacetabular lamina presents a rounded posterior border . the pubic peduncle is wide transversally .
) . the authors have collected three pubes . one specimen has both pubes preserved ( mrs - pv 97 ) , and the other specimen has just the right pubis ( mrs - pv 100 ) .
the right pubis of mrs - pv 97 is a relatively thin and laminar bone . the oval pubic foramen is closed . the pubic blade is wide and flattened , with its thick lateral border concave . the medial border is thin , and not well preserved . the distal end becomes wider anteroposteriorly . the acetabulum is reduced . measurements : length : 770 mm ; pubic foramen : 70 x 35 mm ; distal with : 255 mm .
the incomplete pubis mrs - pv 100 lacks its distal end , part of the proximal one in the area of the pubic foramen and part of the pubic lamina ; it corresponds to a smaller specimen than the one describe above .
) . two ischia have been collected ( mrs - pv 94 and 101 ) corresponding to two individuals . specimen mrs - pv 101 is an almost complete right ischium of small size . it lacks only a small central portion of the contact region with the pubis . this contact occupies 50 percent of the total length of the ischium . the acetabulum is complete and the thin iliac pedicel is well developed ; it is as large as that of
) . the distal lamina of the ischium is relatively wide with regard to the width of the ischiac articulation . measurements : length : 360 mm , width 130 mm .
specimen mrs - pv 94 , from larger animal , is not well preserved .
) . two femora have been collected ; the right one is complete and the left one is incomplete ( mrs - pv 49 and 92 ) . the most complete is relatively slender . the anteroposterior diameter of the traverse section at the level of the diaphysis is shorter than the posteromedial one . the fourth trochanter is well developed and it is 490 mm below the femoral head . the femoral head is placed at a right angle with respect to the axis . on the lateral margin , the lateral bulge is present as in
) . measurements : length : 990 mm ; greatest diameter and perimeter of the diaphysis : 140 and 340 mm , respectively .
. just one metatarsal has been recovered . it is probably metatarsal iii ? ( mrs - pv 111 ) . it is relatively slender and twisted . the proximal end , more developed than the distal one , has a subtriangular shape . the distal end presents a convex articular surface . measurements : length : 160 mm ; diameter of the diaphysis : 30 mm .
most of sauropod titanosaurs are represented by incomplete and fragmentary skeletal elements . in this context , the discovery of
gen . et sp . nov . , integrated by cranial , vertebral and appedicular remains , is relevant from a systematic viewpoint .
, in cladistic analyses already proposed by other authors . the authors have improved characters proposed by
, and have added new characters according to the evidence presented by this new taxon . this paper does not comprise a phylogenetic reevaluation of the titanosauridae family , because more taxa and characters should be included . the phylogenetic relationships of
gen . et sp . nov . ( this paper ) formed the ingroup .
) with a length of 68 steps and high consistency and retention indices ( c . i . = 0 . 79 ; r . i . = 0 . 78 ) . the multi - state characters were considered unordered .
, it presents differences due to the inclusion of new taxa and characters . they allow the authors to improve the knowledge of the relationships among
and titanosauria and all of its descendants ' . the clade is supported by nine synapomorphies defined by delayed optimization : teeth with sharply inclined wear facets ( 2 . 1 ) , single ( non - bifurcated ) neural spine in cervical vertebrae ( 6 . 1 ) , elongate cervical centra ( 7 . 1 ) , single ( non - bifurcated ) neural spine in anterior dorsal vertebrae ( 10 . 1 ) , prespinal lamina present in the distal end of neural spines in dorsal vertebrae ( 12 . 1 ) , neural arches placed anteriorly in middle and posterior caudal centra ( 26 . 1 ) , pubic peduncle of the ilium perpendicular to the sacral axis ( 40 . 1 ) , preacetabular lobe of ilium expanded and dorsally directed ( 41 . 1 ) and lateral bulge of femur below the greater trochanter ( 46 . 1 ) .
) . in the authors ' analysis it is united by five unambiguous synapomorphies : centroparapophyseal lamina in posterior dorsal vertebrae ( 13 . 1 ) , slightly forked centrodiapophyseal laminae in posterior dorsal vertebrae ( 14 . 1 ) , acuminate ( eye shaped ) pleurocoels in dorsal vertebrae ( 16 . 1 ) , bone internal structure of somphospondylous - camellate type ( 18 . 1 ) , and pubis longer than ischium ( 39 . 1 ) .
saltasaurinae and all of its descendants . in this analysis , it is supported by five synapomorphies defined by delayed optimization : presence of pencil - chisel like teeth ( 1 . 2 ) , absence of cervical pleurocoels divided by septa ( 5 . 1 ) , absence of hyposphene - hypantrum articulation in posterior dorsal vertebrae ( 15 . 1 ) , anterior caudal centra strongly procoelous with prominent posterior condyles ( 24 . 2 ) , and semilunar sternal plates ( 34 . 1 ) .
) have ambiguous distributions in the authors ' analysis and might be excluded from the diagnosis of this clade . they are : middle and posterior caudal centra strongly procoelous with prominent condyles ( 25 . 1 ) , absent in
, and six sacral vertebrae ( 19 . 1 ) , which is unknown in most of the analyzed taxa .
) , show that the caudal procoelia was not a permanent and uniform character . in these sauropods , the mid and posterior section of the tail exhibit complex morphological variation that must be analyzed carefully . for example ,
shows a typical strongly procoelous caudal sequence discontinued by amphicoelous , opisthocoelous , and biconvex centra . on the other hand , a new titanosaurid from mendoza province has slightly procoelous middle caudal centra with reduced posterior condyles , associated with typical strongly procoelous anterior caudal vertebrae (
from the lower cretaceous of africa . it has strongly procoelous anterior caudal centra apparently associated with gently amphicoelous or platycoelous middle and posterior caudals (
. it is united by three unambiguous characters : presence of prespinal lamina in posterior dorsal vertebrae up to the base of the neural spine ( 12 . 2 ) , middle caudal centra strongly procoelous with prominent condyles ( 25 . 1 ) , and slender and well - developed iliac pedicel of ischium ( 43 . 1 ) . the first two characters were cited by
. the third is proposed in this paper . this character has allowed recognition of morphological variation in the ischium of titanosauridae .
it is supported by two unambiguous characters : humerus with slightly curved proximal border ( 33 . 1 ) and coracoid of quadrangular shape ( 36 . 1 ) .
it is supported by three characters defined by delayed optimization : teeth with cylindrical cross - section ( 3 . 1 ) , reduced neural spines on posterior dorsal vertebrae ( 17 . 1 ) , and absence of phalangeal articular facets on the metacarpals ( 38 . 1 ) . node 7 includes node 11 (
. it is supported by three characters defined by delayed optimization : posteriorly inclined neural spines ( 20 to 50 degree from vertical ) on anterior and middle dorsal vertebrae ( 11 . 1 ) , 35 or fewer caudal vertebrae ( 21 . 1 ) , and metacarpal i longer than metacarpal iv ( 37 . 1 ) .
+ saltasaurinae . this clade is supported by three unambiguous characters : the presence of depressed middle and posterior caudal centra ( 23 . 1 ) , prominent lateral crest in the base of the neural arch in middle caudals ( 27 . 1 ) and wide and well developed iliac pedicel of ischium ( 43 . 2 ) .
) . it is diagnosed by two unambiguous synapomorphies : depressed anterior caudal centra ( 22 . 1 ) and the posterior orientation of the anterodorsal border of the neural spine in middle caudals ( 28 . 1 ) .
) . it is supported by one character : the presence of relatively long prezygapophyses ( 29 . 1 ) . this character is not exclusive of these taxa , since it is also present in
shows that the caudal morphology of titanosaurs is a complex subject to analyze . the inclusion of
among titanosauridae is well recorded according to the morphological evidence . however , unique among sauropods ,
has procoelous posterior caudal centra with intercalation of a series of amphicoelous - biconvex or amphicoelous - opisthocoelous - biconvex centra . this unusual morphology is important because titanosauridae were usually defined , among other characters , by having procoelous caudal vertebrae .
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tooth in transverse section ( c ) and lateral view ( d ) , mrs - pv 117 .
anteromedial dorsal neural arch in lateral ( g ) and anterior ( h ) views , mrs - pv 05 / 3 .
references : dp ; diapophysis , ne : neural spine , poz : postzygapophysis . scale bar equals 1 cm in figure d and 5 cm in the other figures .
articulated series of anterior - middle caudal vertebrae in lateral view , mrs - pv 26 .
articulated series of middle caudal vertebrae in lateral view , mrs - pv 27 .
references : cc : caudal centrum , ne : neural spine , poz : postzygapohysis , pozp : process of the postzygapophysis . scale bars equal 5 cm .
articulated posterior caudal vertebrae with procoelous , amphicoelous and biconvex centra , mrs - pv 29 .
articulated posterior caudal vertebrae with opisthocoelous , biconvex and procoelous centra , mrs - pv 30 .
left pubis in dorsal view , mrs - pv 97 . scale bars equal 5 cm .
) the distribution of 46 characters corresponding to 12 taxa of sauropods is shown . in this work , characters 32 and 43 are proposed , and characters 1 , 7 , 11 , 18 , 24 , 25 and 44 are redefined . the other characters have been proposed by the authors indicated on the list . the data matrix was analyzed with the computer programs paup ( swofford , 1989 ) and nona ( goloboff , 1993 ) . the application of heuristic method produced one most parsimonious tree with a length of 68 steps , c . i . = 0 . 79 and r . i . = 0 . 78 . the multi - state characters were considered unordered .
7 . middle cervical centra , anteroposterior length / height of the posterior face : between 2 . 5 - 3 ( 0 ) ; more than 3 ( 1 ) ; less than 2 . 5 ( modified from
32 . humerus , breadth of proximal end : less than 50 percent of total length ( 0 ) ; more than 50 percent of total length ( 1 ) .
43 . iliac pedicel of ischium : short and poor developed ( 0 ) ; slender and well developed ( 1 ) ; wide and well developed ( 2 ) .
45 . humerus / femoral ratio of 0 , 90 or more : absent ( 0 ) ; present ( 1 ) . (
46 . lateral bulge of femur below the greater trochanter : absent ( 0 ) ; present ( 1 ) ( mcintosh , 1990 ; salgado , 1993 ; calvo and salgado , 1995 ; salgado et al . , 1997a ; wilson and sereno , 1998 ) .
2 departments of palaeobotany and palaeozoology , swedish museum of natural history , se - 104 05 stockholm , sweden .
3 centre of advanced study in geology , panjab university , chandigarh - 160014 , india .
science 18 nov 2005 : vol . 310 , issue 5751 , pp . 1177 - 1180 doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1118806
departments of palaeobotany and palaeozoology , swedish museum of natural history , se - 104 05 stockholm , sweden .
centre of advanced study in geology , panjab university , chandigarh - 160014 , india .
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silica particles from grass in fossil dung from cretaceous sauropods suggest that grasses evolved earlier than had been thought , providing food for dinosaurs and early mammals .
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is derived from
rincón de los sauces
( the area where its fossils were discovered ) and the greek
sauros
( lizard ) . the
, is derived from the latin
cauda
( tail ) and
mirus
( amazing , wonderful , marvellous ) , in reference to the unusual shape of its tail vertebrae .
( mrs - pv 26 ) is a series of 13 tail vertebrae and two ilia ( hip bones ) .
• jorge o . calvo and b . j . g . riga ( 2003 )
gen . et sp nov . , a new titanosaurid ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of patagonia , argentina
revista geológica de chile , vol . 30 , no . 2 , p . 333 - 353 .
• vandana prasad , caroline a . e . strömberg , habib alimohammadian and ashok sahni ( 2005 )
science 18 nov 2005 : vol . 310 , issue 5751 , pp . 1177 - 1180 .
• casal , g . ; martínez , r . d . ; luna , m . ; sciutto , j . c ; and lamanna , m . c . ( 2007 )
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see also calvo and gonzález riga 2003 , calvo et al . 2007 , calvo and porfiri 2010 , campos et al . 2005 , casal et al . 2007 , filippi and garrido 2008 , franco - rosas et al . 2004 , gonzález riga et al . 2009 , kellner et al . 2005 , kellner et al . 2006 , lopes and buchmann 2008 , mannion and otero 2012 , salgado and carvalho 2008 and santucci and bertini 2006
type specimen : mrs - pv 26 . its type locality is cañadón río seco , which is in a santonian fluvial - lacustrine sandstone in the bajo de la carpa formation of argentina .
average measurements ( in mm ) : femur length 900 . 0 , femur diameter 140 . 0 , femur circumference 340 . 0 , humerus length 790 . 0 , humerus diameter 120 . 0 , humerus circumference 300 . 0 , scapula 820 . 0 x 130 . 0
estimated body mass : 3 . 59 tons based on femur circumference , femur length , and humerus circumference
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in reference to rincón de los sauces ( neuquén province , argentina ) where the dinosaur was found ; saurus ( greek ) , lizard .