the sailfin roughshark ( oxynotus paradoxus ) is a species of dogfish shark in the family oxynotidae , found in the eastern north atlantic from scotland to senegal between latitudes 41 ° n and 11 ° n , at depths of between 265 and 720 m ( 869 and 2,362 ft ) .

its length is up to 1.2 m ( 3.9 ft ) .

its reproduction is ovoviviparous .

o. paradoxus is thought to be a slow-moving predator of small benthic animal .

the sailfin roughsharks is found near the eastern atlantic ocean at those depths .

however , it has been reported to be found on the shores of morocco , recently reported in the mid-atlantic ridge , and in the azores water .

this species is an uncommon bycatch of bottom trawls , though there is insufficient information for the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) to assess its conservation status .

sailfin roughshark

en - sailfin roughshark , fr - humantin , sp - cerdo marino velero .
average size of the sailfin roughshark is 29 . 5 inches . maximum total length recorded was 46 . 4 inches .
posted in creature feature . tags : deep sea , oxynotus paradoxus , sailfin roughshark , shark biologist . leave a comment »
the angular roughshark ( oxynotus centrina ) is a rough shark of the family oxynotidae . [ 1 ]
hurst , richard .
factsheet : angular roughshark .
factsheet : angular roughshark . n . p . , n . d . web . 30 november 2013 . < urltoken > archived december 5 , 2013 , at the wayback machine . .
biologist carl linnaeus described the angular roughshark , o . centrina , in 1758 . this name was later finalized and accepted by the scientific community as the official name for the species in 1976 . [ 2 ]
justification : the sailfin roughshark ( oxynotus paradoxus ) is an uncommon deepwater bottom shark found at depths from 265–720 m . the species reaches a maximum reported size of up to 118 cm total length . moderately abundant in deeper offshore waters off the british isles . the species is probably taken as bycatch of offshore trawling fleets but no information is available on frequency . the species’ known depth range is entirely within the range of deepwater fisheries operating in the northeast atlantic , although the mid - atlantic ridge and southern part of its range probably offer some refuge from fishing pressure . furthermore , it is possible that the sailfin roughshark is continuously distributed along the northeast and eastern central atlantic floor , deeper than presently known . alternatively , separate slope and ridge populations may exist . given the paucity of information available on this species it is assessed as data deficient . research is needed to better define the distribution , population structure and the impact of fisheries on the species .
downward we descend to explore more mysterious creatures in the deep ! the sailfin roughshark ( oxynotus paradoxus ) is another deep water species about which little information has been discovered . what we do know about this deep water shark is based on what scientists have visually observed . their bodies are a triangular shape , short and bluntly snouted with large denticles ( skin teeth ) covering the surface of their skin . the dorsal fins are very noticeable with tall sail - like fins which contains spines . as for the anal fin , well , it doesn’t have one , which is somewhat atypical for a shark . you will find this uncommon species along the atlantic slope from scotland to senegal .
scientific synonyms and common names oxynotus paradoxus frade , 1929 synonyms : oxynotus paradoxus frade , 1929 oxynotus paradoxus frade , 1929 , bull . soc . port . sci . nat . , 10 ( 22 ) : 263 - 267 , fig . 1 - 2 ( off morocco ) . holotype : mb no . t 114 . oxynotus paradoxus : frade , 1932 : pl . xx norman , 1932 : 77 - 79 , fig . 1 , pl . i fraser - brunner , 1935 : 320 tucker & palmer , 1949 : 930 - 931 krefft , 1955 : 158 - 160 , fig . i tortonese , 1956 : 168 bigelow & schroeder , 1957 : 1417 rae & lamont , 1960 : 78 cadenat , 1961 : 232 blacker , 1962 : 264 , 266 rae & pirie , 1967 : 30 ; 1968 : 201 went , 1968 : 36 wheeler , 1969 : 63 - 64 , fig . wheeler & blacker , 1969 : 313 maurin & bonnet , 1970 : 14 - 15 , fig . 9 ledoux , 1970 : 320 - 321 , fig . 3 . centrina paradoxa : cadenat , 1950 : 312 . common names : sailfin roughshark [ en ] humantin [ fr ]
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northeast atlantic : along the atlantic slope from scotland ( including the northern north sea ) , to ireland , southern england , france , spain , portugal , madeira , the canary islands , the azores ( compagno in prep , azevedo , sousa and brum 2003 ) . also recently reported from the mid - atlantic ridge ( hareide and garnes 2001 ) . eastern central atlantic : morocco , mauritania , sahara , senegal , and possibly southwards to the gulf of guinea . not recorded in the mediterranean ( compagno in prep ) . based on the presence of this species in the azores and mid - atlantic ridge , a bathybenthic habitat has been suggested , with spring reproductive migrations to the continental shelf . this represents a significant westward extension of its previously known geographic distribution . it is possible that o . paradoxus is continuously distributed along the north - eastern atlantic floor , deeper than presently known . alternatively , separate slope and ridge populations may exist ( azavedo et al . 2003 ) .
france ; mauritania ; morocco ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) ) ; senegal ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; united kingdom ( great britain ) ; western sahara
moderately abundant off the british isles . catches in the waters of the british isles indicate that o . paradoxus is rare in inshore waters ( three individuals were reported from irish inshore waters by quigley and flannery 1994 ) , but numerous others have been caught in deeper offshore waters ( ni mhurachu and o’connor 1987 , henderson 1996 , quigley and flannery 1996 ) .
an uncommon deepwater bottom shark found on the continental slope at depths from 265–720 m . its maximum size is about 118 cm total length ( tl ) , while size at birth about 25 cm tl . reproduction is ovoviviparous .
this species is an uncommon bycatch of offshore trawling fleets ( compagno 1984 ) . there is a continuing trend for deepwater fisheries in the northeast atlantic , with overall concern for the status of deepwater species . trawl and gillnet fisheries operate throughout the species’ known depth range in areas of the northeast atlantic ( see ices 2006 , 2007 for further information on the fisheries ) , but no information is available on the bycatch of this species . the mid - atlantic ridge and southern part of the species’ range , off the western africa coast , may offer some refuge from fishing pressure , particularly if the species’ is continuously distributed along the northeast and eastern central atlantic floor , deeper than presently known .
no measures are in place . further research is required to determine the true extent of the range of the species . like many poorly known deepwater species , research is also required into life history characteristics .
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greek , oxys = sharp + greek , noton = back ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 265 - 720 m ( ref . 35388 ) . deep - water ; 41°n - 11°n , 13°w - 3°w ( ref . 54694 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 120 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35388 ) ; common length : 85 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . )
found on the continental slope . probably feeds on small bottom invertebrates and fishes . ovoviviparous .
compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 60 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 63 of 100 ) .
diagnosis : small sharks with body triangular in cross - section , very deep and very compressed .
bigelow , h . b . ; schroeder , w . c . 1957 . a study of the sharks of the suborder squaloidea . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . , 117 ( 1 ) : 1 - 150 , fig . 1 - 16 , pl . iiv .
blacker , r . w . 1962 . rare fishes from the atlantic slope fishing grounds . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 13 ) 5 : 261 - 271 , fig . 1 - 2 .
cadenat , j . 1950 . note sur les merlus de la côte occidentale d ' afrique . congr . pêches pêcher . un . franc . d ' outre - mer , inst . col . marseille : 128 - 130 .
cadenat , j . 1961b . notes d ' ichtyologie ouest - africaine . xxxiv . liste complémentaire des espèces de poissons de mer ( provenant des cotes de l ' afrique occidentale ) en collection à la section de biologie marine de l ' i . f . a . n . à gorée . bull . inst . fr . afr . noire , ( a ) 23 ( 1 ) : 231 - 245 .
frade , f . 1929 . une nouvelle espèce ou une aberration individuelle de l ' oxynotus centrina ( l . ) . bull . soc . port . sci . nat . , 10 ( 22 ) : 263 - 267 , fig . 1 - 2 .
fraser - brunner , a . 1935 . new or rare fishes from the irish atlantic slope . proc . r . ir . acad . , 42 ( b - 9 ) : 319 - 326 , fig . 1 - 5 .
krefft , g . 1955 . ichthyologische mitteilungen aus dem institut für seefischerei der bundesforschungsanstalt für fischerei . iv . 6 . weitere bemerkenswerte fische aus den gewässern des island - färöer - rückens . zool . anz . , 154 ( 7 / 8 ) : 157 - 164 , fig . 1 - 2 .
ledoux , j . c . 1970 . les dents des squalidés de la méditerranée occidentale et de l ' atlantique nord - ouest africain . vie milieu , 21 ( 2a ) : 309 - 362 , 21 fig .
maurin , c . ; bonnet , m . 1970 . poissons des côtes nord - ouest africaines ( campagnes de la ' thalassa ' , 1962 et 1968 ) . rev . trav . inst . ( scient . tech . ) pech . marit . , 34 ( 2 ) : 125 - 170 , fig . 1 - 26 .
norman , j . r . 1932 . note on a shark , oxynotus paradoxus frade , new to the british fauna . proc . zool . soc . lond . , ( 5 ) : 77 - 79 , fig . 1 , pl . i .
rae , b . b . ; pirie , s . f . 1968 . scottish records of rare fishes 1967 . annls biol . , copenh . , 24 ( 1967 ) : 201202 .
tortonese , e . 1956b . leptocardia , ciclostomata , selachii . fauna ital . , 2 : 334 p . , 163 fig .
tucker , d . w . ; palmer , c . 1949 . new british records of two rare deep - sea fishes : oxynotus paradoxus frade and aphanopus carbo lowe . nature , lond , 146 ( 4178 ) : 930 - 931 , 1 fig .
went , a . e . j . 1968 . rare fishes taken in irish waters in 1967 . ir . nat . j . , 16 : 35 - 39 .
wheeler , a . 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . macmillan , london , melbourne and toronto : i - xvii + 1 - 163 , 5 + 177 fig . , + 392 fig . ( princ . sp . ) + 92 n . num . fig . , 16 pl . , maps .
wheeler , a . ; blacker , r . w . 1972 . rare and little - known fishes in british seas in 1968 and 1969 . j . fish biol . , 4 : 141 - 170 , 1 fig .
very little has been documented on this particular shark . they have a short , blunt snout , high , sail - like dorsal fins with spines , no anal fin . first dorsal spine inclined backward , high , thick , triangular body with large , rough denticles .
this species has lanceolate upper teeth , and lower bladelike teeth in less than 12 rows .
northeast atlantic : scotland to canaries , azores , senegal , and possibly gulf of guinea . they inhabit continental slope , from depths of 869 . 4 feet to 2 , 362 . 2 feet .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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a female angular rough shark ca . 60 cm of tl , from the sea of marmara . | fishbase link : urltoken learn more about it at urltoken
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dogfish sharks are the second largest of shark orders with 119 species . dogfish come in all shapes , sizes , and colors and they live in almost every ocean habitat and depth . this group of sharks are an exercise in extremes . dogfish are represented by what is thought to be the smallest shark species ( dwarf lantern shark , which only grows to about 6 inches ) and some of the largest ( greenland and sleeper sharks ) .
these sharks can also be found at extreme depths , down to thousands of meters ! some species have nasty - looking spines accessorizing their dorsal fins , while others hardly look like a shark at all with tall sail - like dorsal fins . other species are bioluminescent , with dazzling displays of vivid greenish bands potentially used to attract and confuse prey , or to hide from predators . dogfish sharks are an excellent example of the exciting biodiversity that can be found among sharks !
marine ; most species bottom oriented . widely diversified and wide - ranging , dogfish sharks are in coastal and oceanic waters , from cool temperate to deep tropical waters
diverse as are the species . range from boney fishes , crustacea , to marine mammals
carpet sharks derive their name from both their bottom - dwell [ . . . ]
mackerel sharks include the most famous sharks such as the t [ . . . ]
dogfish sharks are highly diverse with the second largest gr [ . . . ]
bullhead sharks are relatively inelegant for a shark , living [ . . . ]
sawsharks resemble sawfish , with a long , toothy , sword - like [ . . . ]
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: urltoken contains images of sharks , skates , rays , and a few chimaera ' s from around the world . elasmodiver began as a simple web based
to help divers find the best places to encounter the different species of sharks and rays that live in shallow water but it has slowly evolved into a much larger project containing information on all aspects of shark diving and shark photography .
there are now more than 10 , 000 shark pictures and sections on shark evolution , biology , and conservation . there is a large library of reviewed shark books , a constantly updated shark taxonomy page , a monster list of shark links , and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters . elasmodiver is now so difficult to check for updates , that new information and pictures are listed on an elasmodiver updates page that can be accessed here :
the taxonomy of sharks and rays is a subject that remains in hot debate . although the majority of elasmobranch families have been nailed down there will always be individual species that don ' t quite fit the characteristics of their sibling species . consequently species are occasionally reclassified or simply listed as awaiting review . one of the most confusing of families is the potamotrygonidae - the fresh water stingrays of south america . not only do these ray species adopt extremely varied patterns that are sometimes visually indistinguishable from other species , they also produce hybrids in certain parts of their ranges leaving us wondering what exactly a true species is anyway .
among shark taxonomists conservative estimates of the number of known shark species is now approaching 500 . combined with the 700 or more species of rays and skates there are well over a thousand valid species of elasmobranches . in the past many more species were described only to be discounted later as being synonymous with elasmobranches already described from other geographic areas . in recent years this problem has lessened because taxonomic data has become easier to share over the internet . however , taxonomists are as vain as the rest of us and in their efforts to be the first to describe ( and name ) a new species there is often a counterproductive lack of collaboration .
some abyssal species have been described from only one or two specimens captured during deep water trawls . this implies that in all likelihood there are many shark and ray species lurking on the abyssal plain that have not yet been seen or captured . the best example being the relatively recent discovery of the megamouth shark . if this large and slow moving shark could remain hidden until the 1980 ' s , who knows how many other elasmobranches have gone unnoticed .
following is a list ( in need of an update ) of all the described species of elasmobranchs . included at the bottom are the holocephali ( the chimaeras or ghost sharks ) that share many characteristics with modern sharks and rays but are thought to be descended from a different group of cartilaginous fishes that thrived during the late devonian period .
occasionally new species of sharks and rays are described by science . in some cases they have been well known for a while e . g . the western wobbegong but no one has gotten around to describing them . more exciting is when a deep water trawl or a lucky diving expedition uncovers a species that the scientific community was completely unaware of . this page on elasmodiver highlights the discovery of these species . many thanks to helmut nickel who somehow manages to find out whenever a new species is described and diligently informs the rest of the lay community of shark fanatics through shark - l . without his input i wouldn ' t have a clue .
if you have information about a species i have overlooked please email me the information and i will add it to the list .
includes a key to identifying the genus of the dasyatidae ( whiptail stingrays ) .
includes a key to identifying the genus of the potamotrygonidae ( river stingrays ) .
phylum chordata - animals that at some point in their life cycle have the following : pharyngeal slits ( a series of openings connecting the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck . in fish these become gill slits ) , dorsal nerve cord ( a bundle of nerve fibres running down the back , connecting the brain with the organs and extremities , a notochord ( a cartilaginous rod supporting the nerve cord ) , post anal tail ( an extension of the ' back ' past the anal opening ) .
subphylum vertebrata - animals with a vertibral column or backbone and neural crest cells which are released as the nerve cord is forming , these cells move through the body to form major nerves , neural ganglia , and many head and facial features . other features that separate vertebrates from other chordates include : a relatively well - developed brain , paired complex eyes , a muscularized mouth and pharynx , and a well - developed circulatory system with a heart .
class chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes lacking true bone . chondrichthyes can be split into two distinct subclasses elasmobranchii and bradyodonti .
subclass elasmobranchii - sharks , skates and rays ( and some fossil relatives ) . elasmobranchs have an upper jaw that is not fused to the braincase and separate slitted gill openings .
subclass holocephali - includes forms with an upper jaw fused to the braincase and a flap of skin , the operculum , covering the gill slits . the holocephalii includes the chimaeras and ratfishes , which are relatively rare , often deep - water , mollusc - eating forms .
narcine brevilabiata - ( offshore species found on continental tropical waters , known from a depth of 49 m ) .
narcine prodorsalis - ( continental waters both inshore and offshore . known from a depth of 49m ) .
narcine vermiculatus - vermiculate electric ray ( benthic on soft bottoms in protected coastal areas ) .
temera hardwickii - pari karas ( malay / indonesian . found inshore and offshore )
j . p . c . b . da silva & m . r . de carvalho , 2011
tarsistes philippii jordan , 1919 no common name . known from one dried head from chile
rhynchobatus immaculatus peter r . last1 , hsuan - ching ho2 , 3 , * & rou - rong chen3 2013
callorhinchus milii ( elephantfish ) occurs on continental shelves of cool temperate areas of australia and new zealand to depths of at least 200 m . migrates into large estuaries and inshore bays in spring to breed .
chimaera monstrosa ( rabbit fish ) atlantic . upper continental slopes , 40 to 100m .
hydrolagus affinis ( smalleyed rabbitfish , atlantic chimaera ) eastern atlantic , mediterranean . continental slopes to deep - sea plains .
hydrolagus lemures ( blackfin ghostshark ) common and wide - ranging chimaera of the australian outer continental shelf and upper slopes .
hydrolagus mirabilis ( large - eyed rabbitfish ) moderately common on continental slopes . feeds on small fishes and invertebrates . oviparous
harriotta haeckeli ( smallspine spookfish ) north atlantic , taken in 1800 - 2600 m ; specimens collected by russian vessels from submarine seamounts of the indian ocean in 1400 - 1730 m ; off st . helens ( tasmania ) in 1480 - 1700 m .
p . o . box 8719 station central , victoria , bc . , v8w 3s3 , canada
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oxynotus paradoxus frade , 1929 , bull . soc . portugaise sci . nat . , 10 ( 22 ) : 22 , fig . 1 . holotype : in museu bocage , lisbon , apparently lost in a fire that destroyed the museum . type locality : off morocco .
fieldmarks : short , blunt snout , high , sail - like dorsal fins with spines , no anal fin , first dorsal spine inclined backward , high , thick , triangular body with large , rough denticles , lanceolate upper teeth , lower bladelike teeth in less than 12 rows , blackish coloration .
spiracle small and circular . supraorbital ridges not greatly expanded and not forming a knob in front of spiracles . apices of dorsal fins narrowly triangular , posterior margins strongly concave ; first dorsal spine inclined backward . blackish or dark brown , without prominent markings .
an uncommon deepwater bottom shark found on the atlantic continental slope , at depths from 265 to 720 m . moderately abundant off british isles . ovoviviparous .
caught in bottom trawls . used for fishmeal . uncommon as a bycatch of offshore trawling fleets .
fao species catalogue vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . compagno , l . j . v . 1984fao fisheries synopsis . , ( 125 ) vol . 4 , part 1 .
habitat : coral covered and muddy bottoms , deepwater location : southwest pacific , west atlantic , east atlantic , mediterrean , caribbean , and west pacific size : description : their is very little known about roughsharks due to limited studies . they are identified by their triangular fin and large eyes . diet : worms , crustaceans , mollusks , and small fish feeding habits : slow swimmers offspring : 7 - 23 pups per litter lifespan : unknown status : not evaluated threatened by : bycatch
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roughsharks ( oxynotidae ) are a group of small sharks that are mostly bottom - dwellers . they have a stout , laterally - compressed body , no anal fin , and a prominent ridge along the abdomen . their lower teeth point backwards and the upper teeth are larger in the back of the mouth .
kento furui added an unknown common name in an unknown language to
zameus
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kento furui added the japanese common name
ビロウドザメ
to
zameus squamulosus ( günther , 1877 )
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geonetwork opensource allows to easily share geographically referenced thematic information between different organizations . for more information please contact
the raster dataset of soil drainage has a spatial resolution of 5 * 5 arc minutes and is in geographic projection . information with regard to soil drainage was obtained from the
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créée le 28 janvier 1976 , la société française d’ichtyologie s’est développée et internationalisée rapidement . malgré un changement de statut en 1988 , ses objectifs n’ont pas varié depuis 1976 . c’est pour répondre au quatrième point de ses objectifs – assurer la liaison entre ses membres par la diffusion d’une publication spécifique – que la revue cybium fut créée dès 1977 . la sfi a pris aussi l’initiative de publier ou d’aider à publier certains ouvrages qui ont fait l’objet ou non de numéros spéciaux de la revue .
cybium , éditée par la société française d’ichtyologie , publie des articles originaux , des articles de synthèse , des résumés de thèse , des analyses bibliographiques et des informations intéressant les membres de la société ou l’ensemble des ichtyologistes . les sujets traités doivent avoir un rapport direct avec l’ichtyologie générale , fondamentale ou appliquée , qu’il s’agisse de poissons d’eau douce ou de poissons marins , actuels ou fossiles .
the europeen society of marine biotechnology ( esmb ) and the tunisian association of bioressources valorization ( atvab ) will organize the international congress for marine biotechnology on 17th - . . . lire la suite
vous trouverez ci - dessous le le compte rendu des rif18 ainsi que le livre des résumés et quelques photos .
seminiferous tubule number and surface : validation of objective parameters to estimate reproduction activity of male european anchovy ( engraulis encrasicolus , l . )
physiculus sudanensis paulin , 1989 , a junior synonym of p . dalwigki kaup , 1858 ( teleostei , gadiformes , moridae ) , with a redescription of p . dalwigki
g . prestes - carneiro , p . béarez , k . dillenseger , t . yunoki
found on the continental shelf and upper slope to at least 430 m ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on bony fish , also shrimp , mysids and squid ( ref . 5578 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) , with 5 to 7 young in a litter ( ref . 247 ) . probably uses its saw to stun and kill prey ( ref . 5578 ) . sometimes caught by sports anglers ( ref . 5578 ) .
warm - temperate and subtropical continental shelves and upper slopes from the western cape of south africa to southern mozambique and southeastern madagascar . normally absent from the cold - temperate west coast of south africa , north from cape town . depth range 37 m to at least 500 m . bimodal distribution off the southern cape coast of south africa . most records are from between 20 and 21 on the outer continental shelf of the western cape ( cape agulhas and cape infanta , 60 to 160 m , mostly 70 to 140 m ) and between 25 and 27 longitude on continental shelf and upper slope of eastern cape from port elizabeth to port alfred ( 70 to 290 m , mostly 80 to 120 m ) . few intermediate records between these two areas , no records below 300 m on the cape coast . possible pupping grounds in eastern cape ( near algoa bay ) and off kwazulu - natal . off central kwazulu - natal , occurs at 73 to 430 m , mostly below 110 m . has been taken at 360 m off delagoa bay , mozambique and at 425 to 500 m off southeastern madagascar ( compagno in prep . a ) .
western indian ocean : off madagascar and from southern mozambique to cape agulhas , south africa .
found on the continental shelf and upper slope to at least 430 m . feeds on small fish ( including @ champsodon @ ) , crustaceans and squids . adults are partially segregated from young by occuring in greater depths . ovoviviparous , with 5 to 7 young in a litter ( others have 7 to 17 developing eggs ) .
the only shark with a saw - snout and 6 pairs of gill slits ( ref . 5578 ) . pale brown above , white below ( ref . 6587 ) .
offshore benthic and epibenthic species on the warm - temperate and subtropical continental shelves and upper slopes of southern africa and madagascar at 37 m to at least 500 m , with apparent tropical submersion northeastwards along its range and onto the uppermost slopes . bimodal distribution in south african cape waters may be linked to restricted habitat ( possibly related to feeding ) . biology , ecology and behaviour sketchily known . ovoviviparous , with 5 to 7 pups / litter ( but 7 to 17 developing eggs recorded ) . populations partially segregated ; young occur in shallower water than adults off kwazulu - natal , south africa . possible pupping grounds in eastern cape ( near algoa bay ) and off kwazulu - natal . feeds on small fish , crustaceans and squid . predators poorly known but include tiger shark ( compagno in prep . a ) . known life history parameters size at maturity : 110 cm total length ( tl ) ( females ) ; 83 cm tl ( males ) . maximum size : at least 112 cm tl ( males ) and 136 cm tl ( females ) . size at birth : 35 to 37 cm tl . average annual fecundity or litter size : 5 to 7 young per litter in two females ; others with 1 to 17 eggs .
depth range based on 138 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 90 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 42 - 915 temperature range ( °c ) : 8 . 693 - 18 . 507 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 6 . 303 - 21 . 685 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 738 - 35 . 415 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 287 - 4 . 730 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 525 - 1 . 634 silicate ( umol / l ) : 7 . 117 - 24 . 114 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 42 - 915 temperature range ( °c ) : 8 . 693 - 18 . 507 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 6 . 303 - 21 . 685 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 738 - 35 . 415 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 287 - 4 . 730 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 525 - 1 . 634 silicate ( umol / l ) : 7 . 117 - 24 . 114 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
depth : 60 - 430m . from 60 to 430 meters . habitat : demersal . found on the continental shelf and upper slope to at least 430 m . feeds on small fish ( including @ champsodon @ ) , crustaceans and squids . adults are partially segregated from young by occuring in greater depths . ovoviviparous , with 5 to 7 young in a litter ( others have 7 to 17 developing eggs ) . sometimes caught by anglers ( ref . 5578 ) .
demersal ; marine ; depth range 60 - 430 m ( ref . 5578 ) , usually 60 - ? m
feeds on fish , cephalopods , benthic invertebrates and zooplankton ( ref . 5578 ) .
ovoviviparous , with 5 to 7 young in a litter ( others have 7 to 17 developing eggs ) . size at birth about 35 cm . embryos feed solely on yolk ( ref . 50449 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
pliotrema warreni is a southern african endemic with a relatively restricted geographic distribution , depth range of 37 m to at least 500 m , and possibly a discontinuous habitat distribution . likely a relatively unproductive species , with fairly small litters and relatively large size at maturity compared with some other sawsharks . vulnerable to net gear because of its morphology . taken as discarded , unmonitored bycatch in demersal trawlers throughout much of its range . although population and trend data are lacking , levels of bycatch of this species are considered likely to be unsustainable . p . warreni is assessed as near threatened due to concerns regarding its vulnerability to this unmonitored fishing pressure and its restricted distribution .
bycatch of demersal bottom trawlers off south africa and southern mozambique . intensive offshore trawl fisheries occur in its known range , but trends in occurrence of this species as bycatch are unmonitored . it is apparently unutilized and discarded ( compagno in prep . a ) . probably not sufficiently common in bycatch to be worth marketing .
the sixgill sawshark , pliotrema warreni , the only member of the genus pliotrema , is a sawshark of the family pristiophoridae . presence of 6 pairs of gill slits highlights this genus among sharks ; outside hexanchiformes order , pliotrema is the only shark with more than 5 gill slits . unlike other sawsharks , the barbs on this shark ' s rostrum continue onto the sides of the head . its barbels are also closer to its mouth than in other species . at maximum , females can reach over 136 cm long , and males can reach over 112 cm long .
, at depths of between 37 and 500 m . this shark lives in the
zones of the continental shelf . adults are partially segregated from juveniles , as they naturally tend to aggregate at lower depths .
, sixgill sawsharks are able to find their prey and then incapacitate them with their rostrum . their known diet includes small fish , crustaceans , and squids . the only observed predator of the sixgill sawshark is the
, though it is likely other large sharks predate this species . these sharks , like other sawsharks , are
. they are thought to breed annually , giving birth to around five to seven pups per litter . it is possible that they come to inshore pupping grounds to give birth . the pups are around 35 cm at birth , and they later mature at around 83 cm if they are male , and around 110 cm if they are female .
. this is because of their restricted geographical range , small litters , high age of maturity , and extreme vulnerability to bottom trawling fishing . though they are not sought after in any market , they are frequently caught as by - catch and disposed . because of their deep habitat , sixgill sawsharks are not considered a threat to people .
fowler , s . l . 2004 . pliotrema warreni . in : iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 30 december 2013 .
compagno , leonardo , dando , marc and fowler , sarah . sharks of the world . princeton university press . 2005 . pg 131 - 132 .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2006 ) .
pliotrema warreni
in fishbase . may 2006 version .
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max length : 120 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35388 ) ; common length : 85 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . )
marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 265 - 720 m ( ref . 35388 )
deep - water , preferred 18°c ( ref . 107945 ) ; 41°n - 11°n , 13°w - 3°w ( ref . 54694 )
pd 50 = 0 . 5625 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )
low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 )
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how do you become a shark biologist ? first , stay in school ! you would need to study hard and earn a masters or phd . it might seem hard or scary , but it is worth it to be able learn and become an expert in something that interests you . you can do it ! as a shark biologist you will learn all about shark life processes , answering questions about how large they grow , how fast they grow , their mating rituals , the physics of sharks’ movements , behavior , diet , and diseases . there is so much to learn and discover , and if you want to , you can be the discoverer !
as a shark biologist , you generally would focus your studies on one species in great detail , though you may learn lots about other species as well . because sharks in the wild can be hard to observe , it can take many years to collect information and address one question . you may use many different types of technology to help in your exploring endeavors . you would spend time in the field but you would also work in a lab as you experiment and analyze data . then , of course , you would dedicate a good amount of time to reading and studying to further knowledge , helping you on your pathway to understanding .
so if you love the water and you are flexible , hard worker , and outside the box thinker , you might just be a shark biologist in the making . you can practice now by researching your very own question on sharks .
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contrary to popular belief , sharks do occur around the coasts of britain . in fact we have over 40 species ! including some of the fastest , rarest , largest and most highly migratory in the world !
at least 21 species live in british waters all year round . you’re very unlikely to encounter one during a trip to the beach . yet , you may find evidence of smallspotted catsharks or nursehounds . these species reproduce by laying eggs . and you can often find their empty eggcases washed up in the strandline .
help us search the coastline for shark , skate and ray eggcases ! eggcase hunting is great fun for all the family and you’ll be helping shark conservation . ► visit our great eggcase hunt project to find out more .
as well as the 21 resident sharks , there are at least 11 deepwater shark species . including the portuguese dogfish , black dogfish , kitefin shark and gulper shark .
sadly , over 50 % of our british sharks are now under threat . this includes the once common angelshark , which is now rarely encountered . today they ' re listed as critically endangered on the iucn red list . in 2008 , we helped to secure domestic protection for them in uk waters . and now they’re one of the most heavily protected sharks in the northeast atlantic .
in the warmer months you may be lucky enough to spot the world’s second largest fish . the filter - feeding basking shark ! often seen basking in the sun ( thus it ' s name ) and feasting on plankton . basking shark season tends to be may - october . and there are a few hotspots around the british isles where you ' ll most likely spot them . find out more by visiting our basking shark project .
other seasonal visitors include the blue shark and shortfin mako . blue sharks are highly migratory and can travel over 5 , 700 miles ( 9 , 200 km ) in a single trip . the shortfin mako is the fastest shark on record . they can reach speeds of up to 30mph ! enabling them to catch fast - swimming prey such as tuna and swordfish .
some sharks , such as the smooth hammerhead and frilled shark , may occasionally enter our waters .
there ' s much debate about whether white sharks are in british waters . but , as exciting as that would be , it ' s very unlikely . there ' s been no confirmed sightings or strong evidence to suggest they ' re here . yet , british waters do provide good conditions for white sharks , so it ' s not impossible . the closest confirmed report was of a female white shark . captured in 1977 in the northern bay of biscay – 168 miles off land’s end , cornwall . in 2014 , a tagged white shark called lydia was documented as the first of its species to cross the mid - atlantic ridge . although she was still 1 , 000 miles from british shores .
we keep a close eye on such reports . so , if a white shark were to be sighted in uk waters , we’d be the first to know .
shark sightings are all too often sensationalised in the media to generate news . causing unnecessary concern and even fear .
only a few sharks are potentially dangerous to humans . none of these have ever been reported in british waters . there have also been no unprovoked shark bites in british waters since records began in 1847 . with so many shark species under threat we think that seeing a shark in british waters should be a cause for celebration . not alarm .
there are many ways you can help sharks . from getting involved in our projects , becoming a member or adding your voice to one of our campaigns . find out more by visiting our get involved page .
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at birth , they are less than 25 cm ( 9 . 8 in ) and they mature at about 50 cm ( 20 in ) . most records are of individuals less than 1 m ( 3 . 3 ft ) , but they can reach about 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) . their litter size is seven or eight pups off angola to 23 in the mediterranean . they have ridges over their eyes that expand into large , rounded knobs , which are covered with enlarged denticles – these are absent in other species of rough sharks . they possess very large spiracles that are vertically elongated , being almost as high as the length of their eyes . their first dorsal spine is oriented slightly forward . they feed on worms , crustaceans , and mollusks . [ 3 ]
oxynotus centrina has a compressed body , triangular in cross section , with a broad and flattened head . the snout is flat and blunt . just like all of the oxynotus species , they have two relatively large dorsal fins that are sail - like , and no anal fin . their color scheme is grey ogayr grey - brown dorsally with dark blotched on its head and sides . however , one identifying feature is the light horizontal line below the eyes on the cheek . [ 4 ]
since it shares the northeast atlantic with another species of oxynotus , other distinguishing features include the extremely large spiracles , their dorsal fins , and their large dermal denticles above their eyes . like most of the oxynotus species , o . centrina has lanceolate upper teeth and blade - like lower teeth , with 12 rows of teeth on either side . [ 4 ]
oxynotus centrina usually moves by gliding on the bottom of the sea , sometimes hovering over the sandy or muddy surfaces of the seabed . [ 5 ]
they occur in the eastern atlantic from norway to south africa , including the entire mediterranean . they may also occur off mozambique . they prefer coralline algal and muddy bottoms on continental shelves and upper slopes at depths of 50 to 660 m ( 160 to 2 , 170 ft ) , but occur mostly below 100 m ( 330 ft ) . [ 3 ]
male and female angular roughsharks are reported to mature at about 50–70 cm . although , some studies have shown that females mature at a slightly larger size than males . being an ovoviviparous species , o . centrina produces 10 - 12 pups usually between 21 and 24 cm in length . [ 4 ]
some data has been gathered on this species of oxynotus in the period from 1994 to 1999 in the mediterranean . o . centrina was only present in 0 . 6 % of the tows during this period at a depth of 100 to 200 m . regional indexes indicate this species is more common in the western central mediterranean and lower index in the western and eastern mediterranean . however , o . centrina was completely absent from the eastern central mediterranean . [ 2 ]
in 1948 , trawl surveys indicated that o . centrina was once present , but uncommon , in the adriatic . although , the species has been absent in subsequent studies in the adriatic , suggesting a possible extinction of that species in the area . however , recent studies , done by lipej in 2004 , show that some juveniles have been caught in the central adriatic . also , some data collected during the surveys in the balearic sea and the ionian sea found one specimen at 800 m in the western ionian sea , suggesting that the population of o . centrina , in the east - central mediterranean , has an unknown population . [ 2 ]
however , this species was absent in the northeast atlantic in a study of deepwater longline fishing for sharks near the canary islands . this is important because this species was abundant in this region until 1997 . [ 2 ]
oxynotus centrina in a minor bycatch of offshore fisheries such as trawl fleets . although this can have a negative impact on the species , as stated above , the species had been thought extinct in the adriatic , decreased fishing has led to their rediscovery . [ 2 ]
this species , sometimes caught by fishermen in the mediterranean , has little to no commercial value . also , it is thought to bring bad luck to fisherman if caught and kept . although when released , it has never been reported to survive . [ 2 ]
the iucn red list of threatened species has deemed this species of oxynotus as vulnerable due to consistent landings by fisherman and bycatch by deepsea fisheries . [ 2 ]
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2006 ) .
oxynotus centrina
in fishbase . july 2006 version .
oxynotus centrina .
( angular rough shark ) . n . p . , n . d . web . 1 december 2013 . < urltoken > .
compagno , l . , dando , m . and fowler , s . sharks of the world . princeton field guides isbn 0 - 691 - 12072 - 2
angular rough shark ( oxynotus centrina ) .
angular rough shark videos , photos and facts . n . p . , n . d . web . 1 december 2013 . < urltoken > .
this page was last edited on 16 february 2018 , at 15 : 12 .
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that give them a
smooth
appearance . both species are slender - bodied with long heads , two
in honor of henry b . bigelow ( who , along with william c . schroeder and
this species may also be referred to as the smooth lanternshark or the blurred smooth lanternshark .
, the blurred lanternshark has a slender body , large head , and short tail . the snout is wedge - shaped and slightly flattened , tapering to a point . the
are large , with short flaps of skin in front . the eyes are oval in shape with a deep anterior notch in the
than the pelvic fins , and bear a straight , grooved spine in front . the second dorsal fin is half again as tall as the first and bears a longer , curved spine . the pectoral fins are rounded at the tips , with the distance between them and the medium - sized , angular pelvic fins about equal to the distance between the dorsal fins . the
with a well - developed lower lobe and a broad upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip . the small , blocky dermal denticles are densely but irregularly arranged , each with a flat , truncate crown . the coloration is brown or gray above , with a pale spot over the
, and black below extending in faint markings over the sides of the head , under the pectoral fins , over the pelvic fins , and below the caudal peduncle .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 7 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .


it was described by hampson in 1893 .

the wingspan is about 40 mm .

the forewings are dull brown suffused with fuscous and with traces of numerous waved dark lines .

there is a pale speck below the median nervure near the base and an indistinct dark spot on the discocellulars , as well as a pale patch at the apex .

the hindwings are pale fuscous with an indistinct paler band just beyond the middle .

paragnorima fuscescens

this is the place for paragnorima definition . you find here paragnorima meaning , synonyms of paragnorima and images for paragnorima copyright 2017 © urltoken
palimpsestis brunnea leech , 1900 syn . n . of paragnorima fuscescens ( hampson , [ 1893 ] )
haplothyatira unipunctata dubitatrix bryk , 1943 , syn . n . of paragnorima fuscescens ( hampson , [ 1893 ] )
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word paragnorima . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word paragnorima and , of course , paragnorima synonyms and on the right images related to the word paragnorima .
paragnorima fuscescens is a moth in the drepanidae family . it was described by hampson in 1893 . it is found in india , nepal , china ( sichuan , yunnan , tibet ) , vietnam , thailand and burma .
figures 73 – 79 . genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan . 82 – 85 . male ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 77 , 78 , 79 . female , ventral view . 73 . parapsestis naxii sp . n . , holotype ; 74 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , holotype ; 75 . parapsestis tomponis almasderes lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 76 . paragnorima fuscescens hampson , [ 1893 ] ; 77 . gaurena margaritha werny , 1966 ; 78 . macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 79 . isopsestis meyi lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 .
figures 32 – 42 . adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 32 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , holotype , male ; 33 . parapsestis tomponis almasderes lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , male ; 34 . paragnorima fuscescens hampson , [ 1893 ] , male ; 35 . gaurena margaritha werny , 1966 , female ; 36 . macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 ) , female ; 37 . isopsestis meyi lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 38 . psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] ) , female ; 39 . mimopsestis basalis sinensis lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 40 . parapsestis . . .
figures 32 – 42 . adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 32 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , holotype , male ; 33 . parapsestis tomponis almasderes lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , male ; 34 . paragnorima fuscescens hampson , [ 1893 ] , male ; 35 . gaurena margaritha werny , 1966 , female ; 36 . macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 ) , female ; 37 . isopsestis meyi lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 38 . psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] ) , female ; 39 . mimopsestis basalis sinensis lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 40 . parapsestis naxii sp . n . , paratype , female ; 41 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , paratype , female ; 42 . betapsestis brevis ( leech , 1900 ) , female .
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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zhuang , hailing , yago , masaya , owada , mamoru & wang , min , 2017 , taxonomic review of the moth family thyatiridae ( lepidoptera ) from yunnan province , china , zootaxa 4306 ( 4 ) , pp . 451 - 477 : 463
, [ 1893 ] , the fauna of british india , moths 1 : 182 ( tl : naga hills , india , [ bmnh ] ) .
, transactions of the entomological society of london 1900 : 18 ( tl : pu - tsu - fong , china [ bmnh ] ) .
, in oberthür , études de lépidoptérologie comparée 18 ( 2 ) : 115 , pl . 488 , fig . 4010 ( tl : lachin lachoong , sikkim , india [ bmnh ] ) .
, arkiv för zoologi 34a : 13 , pl . 2 , fig . 25 ( tl : kambaiti , burma [ = myanmar ] [ nrs
material examined . 1 male , 27 . vii . 2013 , alt . 2 , 340 m , midu , yunnan , leg . hailing zhuang , slide no . scau - thy048 .
distribution . china ( sichuan , yunnan , tibet ) , india , nepal , myanmar , vietnam , thailand .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
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this dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article zhuang , hailing , yago , masaya , owada , mamoru , wang , min ( 2017 ) : taxonomic review of the moth family thyatiridae ( lepidoptera ) from yunnan province , china . zootaxa 4306 ( 4 ) : 451 - 477 , doi : urltoken
figures 85 – 93 . adults and genitalia of toxoides sichuanensis zhuang , owada & wang , 2014 . 85 , 86 . male , upperside , hubei ; 87 . ditto , hunan ; 88 . female , upperside , yunnan ; 89 , 90 . male genitalia , hubei ; 91 . ditto , hunan ; 92 . female genitalia , hunan ; 93 . ditto , yunnan . 87 , 91 , 92 . after jiang et al . ( 2015 ) .
figures 80 – 84 . female genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan , ventral view . 80 . psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] ) ; 81 . mimopsestis basalis sinensis lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 82 . parapsestis naxii sp . n . , paratype ; 83 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , paratype ; 84 . betapsestis brevis ( leech , 1900 ) .
figures 63 – 72 . male genitalia of thyatiridae ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 63 . psidopala opalescens ( alphéraky , 1897 ) ; 64 . psidopala ornata ( leech , 1900 ) ; 65 . habrosyne dentata werny , 1966 ; 66 . habrosyne intermedia conscripta warren , 1912 ; 67 . habrosyne indica indica moore , 1867 ; 68 . habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ] ; 69 . hiroshia albinigra lászló , ronkay & ronkay , 2001 ; 70 . parapsestis argenteopicta nepalina lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 71 . parapsestis lichenea splendida lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , . . .
figures 53 – 62 . male genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 53 . tethea ( tethea ) punctorenalia ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 54 . tethea ( tethea ) subampliata ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 55 . toxoides sichuanensis zhuang , owada & wang , 2014 ; 56 . euparyphasma albibasis guankaiyuni lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 57 . euparyphasma obscura ( sick , 1941 ) ; 58 . neotogaria hoenei ( sick , 1941 ) ; 59 . horipsestis aenea minor ( sick , 1941 ) ; 60 . horipsestis kisvaczak lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 61 . horipsestis minutus . . .
figures 43 – 52 . male genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 43 . thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966 ; 44 . horithyatira decorata decorata ( moore , 1881 ) ; 45 . gaurena florens walker , 1865 ; 46 . gaurena gemella leech , 1900 ; 47 . gaurena pretiosa werny , 1966 ; 48 . macrothyatira arizana diminuta ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 49 . macrothyatira subaureata ( sick , 1941 ) ; 50 . tethea ( saronaga ) consimilis aurisigna ( bryk , 1943 ) ; 51 . tethea ( tethea ) fusca werny , 1966 ; 52 . tethea ( saronaga ) oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 ) .
figures 15 – 31 . male adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 15 . euparyphasma obscura ( sick , 1941 ) ; 16 . neotogaria hoenei ( sick , 1941 ) ; 17 . horipsestis aenea minor ( sick , 1941 ) ; 18 . horipsestis kisvaczak lászló , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 19 . horipsestis minutus ( forbes , 1936 ) ; 20 . isopsestis poculiformis zhuang , owada & wang , 2015 ; 21 . psidopala opalescens ( alphéraky , 1897 ) ; 22 . psidopala ornata ( leech , 1900 ) ; 23 . habrosyne dentata werny , 1966 ; 24 . habrosyne intermedia conscripta warren , 1912 ; 25 . habrosyne indica indica moore , . . .
figures 1 – 14 . male adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 1 . thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966 ; 2 . horithyatira decorata decorata ( moore , 1881 ) ; 3 . gaurena florens walker , 1865 ; 4 . gaurena gemella leech , 1900 ; 5 . gaurena pretiosa werny , 1966 ; 6 . macrothyatira arizana diminuta ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 7 . macrothyatira subaureata ( sick , 1941 ) ; 8 . tethea ( saronaga ) consimilis aurisigna ( bryk , 1943 ) ; 9 . tethea ( tethea ) fusca werny , 1966 ; 10 . tethea ( saronaga ) oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 11 . tethea ( tethea ) punctorenalia ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; . . .
die zahlreichen expeditionen ungarischer forscherteams , die ende des 20 . jahrhunderts in die himalayaregion zu allen jahreszeiten unternommen wurden brachten aus den bisher kaum erforschten wintermonaten neben noctuidae und geometridae auch eine unerwartete fülle von material der familie thyatiridae . diese familie hat neben noctuidae und geometridae als einzige weitere heterocera - familie einen schwerpunkt des erscheinens zu dieser jahreszeit , wodurch das interesse der noctuidae - spezialisten l . und g . ronkay sowie des geometridae - spezialisten g . m . lászló geweckt wurde , dieses material , das gemäß getroffener vereinbarungen geschlossen ans museum witt gelangte , auch zu bearbeiten . die dort bereits vorhandenen materialeingänge aus angrenzenden regionen zeigten sehr schnell daß eine erschöpfende bearbeitung nur im rahmen einer gesamtrevision der familie mit typenstudium durchgeführt werden konnte , also einem vorhaben das genau den forschungszielen von thomas witt entsprach . nach etwa 10 - jähriger bearbeitungszeit erscheint nun 2007 in der buchreihe esperiana ( band 13 ) diese revision mit dem titel „the thyatiridae of eurasia including the sundaland and new guinea ( lepidoptera ) ” aus der feder des autorenteams gyula m . lászló , gábor ronkay , lászló ronkay und thomas witt . grundlage und dokumentation dieser bearbeitung bildet die sammlung im museum witt , deren bedeutung am besten im vorwort / preface zu dieser revision geschildert wird .
the present work is a result of an almost ten - years long study of the authors having rather different former interest in the lepidopterology . only one of us had previous experience on the taxonomy and systematics of the wide sense „bombycoid” families since the three hungarian authors worked with different geometridae and noctuidae groups . but the „false owlet moths” display a great number of noctuoid features which make this very fascinating lepidopteran family even more interesting for the noctuid workers .
the final impetus was given during the intensive studies of the „winter moth fauna” of the himalayan region : to our great surprise , it was found that the macrolepidoptera fauna of the cold aspects has not been restricted to the „ordinary” noctuidae and geometridae but a diverse thyatiridae assemblage is present in practically all winter aspects . moreover , it is proved that thyatiridae is the only large heterocera group which shares this long and still rather poorly explored period with the noctuidae and geometridae in the wide sense himalayan region . the best marker of the richness of this fauna is the fact that the hnhm budapest has become the second largest european thyatiridae collection in the mirror of the species numbers within six years !
originally we thought to deal with the winter genera and species and the first discoveries were published in separate papers but the need of the full revision of the family became obvious even in the early period of the studies . we had to face unsolved problems not only in the treatment of the highly specialised and partly newly discovered himalayan - sino - pacific groups but even in such well - known , partly european genera like habrosyne and thyatira ( and horithyatira , macrothyatira , gaurena etc . ) . it should be stated that the lack of the proper investigations of an amazingly large portion of the type specimens led to several mistakes in the former and the rather recent monographic works as well .
the elaboration of the monograph was unexpectedly lengthy , mostly due to the detailed examination and documentation of the type material and , the continuous discoveries of new species . a propitious moment in this long process that the technical conditions of the digital photography became increasingly better during this period , therefore the quality of our colour images and microscopic photographs could also be remarkably improved and we are able to provide impressive illustrations about these really beautiful animals . it is our pleasure to present this book to all lepidopterists , hoping that the readers will read and use it with joy and success .
gyula m . lászló , gábor ronkay , lászló ronkay and thomas j . witt
laszlo , gy . m . , g . ronkay , l . ronkay and t . witt
esperiana buchreihe zur entomologie 13 : 1 - 683 , 42 farbtafeln . schwanfeld , 18 . juli 2007 , isbn 3 - 938249 - 06 - 4 .
revised status , stat . rev . , status nova , stat . n . , bona species , bona sp . raised to species
microthyatira werny , 1966 syn . n . of nemacerota hampson , [ 1893 ]
togaria matsumura , 1921 syn . n . of nemacerota hampson , [ 1893 ]
asphalia nigrofascicula graeser , 1888 , syn . n . of neoploca arctipennis ( butler , 1878 )
cymatophora intermedia houlbert , 1921 , syn . n . of tethea or terrosa ( graeser , 1888 )
cymotrix decora gaede , 1930 syn . n . of habrona brunnea bethune - baker , 1908
cymotrix submarginalis gaede , 1930 syn . n . of habrona concinna warren , 1915
gaurena trimacula gaede , 1930 syn . n . of habrona marmorata warren , 1915
horithyatira assamensis werny , 1966 , syn . n . of horithyatira diehli werny , 1966
mimopsestis determinata bryk , 1943 syn . n . of parapsestis pseudomaculata ( houlbert , 1921 )
psidopala ebba bryk , 1943 , syn . n . of psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] )
psidopala pseudoornata werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala ornata ornata ( leech , 1900 )
spilobasis curvata sick , 1941 syn . n . of neotogaria flammifera ( houlbert , 1921 )
togaria suzukiana matsumura , 1921 syn . n . of nemacerota tancrei ( graeser , 1888 )
achlya flavicornis finmarchica schöyen , 1881 syn . n . of achlya flavicornis ( linnaeus , 1758 )
achlya flavicornis meridionalis wolfsberger , 1968 syn . n . of achlya flavicornis ( linnaeus , 1758 )
achlya longipennis inokoi inoue , 1982 syn . n . of achlya tateyamai inoue , 1982
epipsestis perornata sicki yoshimoto , 1988 syn . n of epipsestis nigropunctata nigropunctata ( sick , 1941 )
gaurena albifasciata likiangensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena margaritha werny , 1966
gaurena albifasciata nepalensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena albifasciata gaede , 1930
gaurena argentisparsa eberti werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena argentisparsa hampson , 1896
gaurena aurofasciata bryki werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena aurofasciata hampson , [ 1893 ]
gaurena florens obscura werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florens walker , 1865
gaurena florens oliva werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florens walker , 1865
gaurena florens yuennanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florens walker , 1865
gaurena florescens albomaculata werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florescens walker , 1865
gaurena florescens burmanica werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florescens walker , 1865
gaurena gemella flavescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florescens walker , 1865
habrosyne albipuncta szechwanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne albipuncta angulifera ( gaede , 1930 )
habrosyne argenteipuncta burmanica werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ]
habrosyne argenteipuncta chinensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea violacea ( fixsen , 1887 )
habrosyne argenteipuncta nigricans werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ]
habrosyne argenteipuncta pallescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea violacea ( fixsen , 1887 )
habrosyne argenteipuncta szechwana werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ]
habrosyne aurorina moellendorfi ( fixsen , 1887 ) syn . n . of habrosyne aurorina aurorina ( butler , 1881 )
habrosyne conscripta nepalensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne intermedia conscripta warren , 1912
habrosyne dieckmanni urupina bryk , 1941 syn . n . of habrosyne dieckmanni ( graeser , 1888 )
habrosyne dieckmanni roseola matsumura , 1909 syn . n . of habrosyne dieckmanni ( graeser , 1888 )
habrosyne fraterna chekiangensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )
habrosyne fraterna japonica werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )
habrosyne indica aurata werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )
habrosyne indica flavescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )
habrosyne indica grisea werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )
habrosyne indica malaisei bryk , 1943 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )
habrosyne petrographa ( sic ! ) tapaischana werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne pterographa ( poujade , 1887 )
habrosyne pyritoides ochracea werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne pyritoides derasoides ( butler , 1878 )
macrothyatira fasciata shansiensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 )
palimpsestis duplaris kamschadalis sheljuzhko , 1926 syn . n . of ochropacha duplaris ( linnaeus , 1767 )
palimpsestis fluctosa isshikii matsumura , 1921 , syn . n . of tetheella fluctuosa ( hübner , [ 1803 ] )
psidopala ornata yuennanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala ornata ornata ( leech , 1900 )
psidopala pseudoornata indecorata werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala ornata ornata ( leech , 1900 )
psidopala tenuis falkneri werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala tenuis ( hampson , 1896 )
stenopsestis alternata bryki yoshimoto , 1993 syn . n . of stenopsestis alternata ( moore , 1881 )
tethea akanensis koreibia bryk , 1948 syn . n . of tethea or terrosa ( graeser , 1888 )
tethea albicosta birmanica werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicosta ( moore , 1867 )
tethea albicostata contrastata werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )
tethea albicostata japonibia werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )
tethea albicostata koreonaga bryk , 1948 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )
tethea albicostata montana werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )
tethea ampliata griseofasciata werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ampliata shansiensis werny , 1966
tethea ampliata var . askoldensis ( houlbert , 1921 ) syn . n . of tethea ampliata ampliata ( butler , 1878 )
tethea angustata staudinger , 1885 syn . n . of tethea octogesima octogesima ( butler , 1878 )
tethea consimilis birohoensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis consimilis ( warren , 1912 )
tethea consimilis flavescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis consimilis ( warren , 1912 )
tethea consimilis hoenei werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis consimilis ( warren , 1912 )
tethea consimilis szechwanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis commifera ( warren , 1912 )
tethea oberthueri chekiangensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )
tethea oberthueri fukienensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )
tethea oberthueri monticola bryk , 1943 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )
tethea oberthueri occidentalis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )
tethea octogesima var . caucasica krulikowsky , 1901 , syn . n . of tethea ocularis ocularis ( linnaeus , 1767 )
tethea ocularis caucasica werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis ocularis ( linnaeus , 1767 )
tethea ocularis kosswigi werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis ocularis ( linnaeus , 1767 )
tethea ocularis orientalis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis osthelderi ( bytinski - salz & brandt , 1937 )
tethea ocularis tsinlingensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis amurensis ( warren , 1912 )
tethea or nigrescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea or or ( [ denis & schiffermüller ] , 1775 )
tetheella fluctuosa isshikii ( matsumura , 1921 ) syn . n . of tetheella fluctuosa ( hübner , [ 1803 ] )
thyatira batis japonica werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis batis ( linnaeus , 1758 )
thyatira batis mandschurica werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis batis ( linnaeus , 1758 )
thyatira hedemanni elbursina werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira hedemanni christoph , 1885
thyatira rubrescens assamensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
thyatira rubrescens kwangtungensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
thyatira rubrescens nepalensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
thyatira rubrescens obscura werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
thyatira rubrescens orientalis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
thyatira rubrescens szechwana werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
thyatira rubrescens tienmushana werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
thyatira rubrescens vietnamensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
. this doi represents all versions , and will always resolve to the latest one .


stomphastis conflua is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is known from cyprus , the caucasus , israel , the palestinian territory , saudi arabia , jordan , egypt , zimbabwe , nigeria , sudan , mozambique and south africa .

the larvae feed on ricinus communis .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

the mine consists of an upper-surface , initially gently curving gallery , that widens abruptly into a blotch .

pupation takes place within the mine , in a white , oval cocoon .

generally , there are a number of mines in a single leaf .

stomphastis conflua

2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by prof . jaroslaw buszko
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south africa , natal [ kwazulu - natal ] , camperdown district , drummond .
vári l . 1961 . south african lepidoptera . i . lithocolletidae . - transvaal museum memoir 12 : 1–238 , pls . 1–112 .
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