the kelp gull ( larus dominicanus ) , also known as the dominican gull , is a gull which breeds on coasts and islands through much of the southern hemisphere .

the nominate l. d. dominicanus is the subspecies found around south america , parts of australia ( where it overlaps with the pacific gull ) , and new zealand ( where it is known as the southern black-backed gull or by its māori name karoro ) .

l. d. vetula ( known as the cape gull ) is a subspecies occurring around southern africa .

the specific name comes from the dominican order of friars , who wear black and white habits .

kelp gull

kelp gull : molting juvenile default description kelp gull : molting juvenile kelp gull : winter adult default description kelp gull : winter adult kelp gull : adult default description kelp gull : adult kelp gull : 2nd summer default description kelp gull : 2nd summer related birds lesser black - backed gull great black - backed gull general kelp gull : large and stocky gull with white head , underparts , and tail . more
a kelp gull stands near a newborn seal in namibia ' s dorob national park .
the kelp gull habitually drops molluscs from the air onto rocks to smash them open .
whereas the nominate kelp gull usually has a pale eye . young cape gulls have almost identical plumage to similarly aged kelp gulls . more
the kelp gull is native to south america , australia , parts of africa and the caribbean . the range of this bird species is about 10 million square kilometers . the population of the kelp gull is about 3 . 5 million individual birds . the rating of the kelp gull at this time is least concern . the prior rating for the kelp gull was lower risk , which was downgraded to least concern in 2004 due to the range and population of the kelp gull . there are no known threats facing the range or the population of the kelp gull at this time .
the kelp gull resembles larus pacificus – pacific gull , but the latter has white tail with black subterminal band , and its bill is larger .
aspects of the topic kelp gull are discussed in the following places at britannica . assorted references * description ( in gull ( bird ) ) the kelp gull ( l . dominicanus ) is a very wide - ranging black - backed species of the southern hemisphere , including antarctica . the laughing gull ( l . more
the kelp gull forages on land or in water , rarely in the air . it feeds mainly on fish and crustaceans , but will scavenge when an opportunity arises . like the pacific gull , the kelp gull habitually drops molluscs from midair onto rocks to smash them .
the kelp gull prefers the sheltered parts of coasts such as bays , inlets and estuaries ; also beaches and reefs on off - shore islands . it is likely that the kelp gull is in serious competition with the endemic pacific gull because of their similar habitat , food and habits .
the kelp gull is the second largest gull in the region , being smaller and less bulky than the pacific gull , larus pacificus , and with a less massive bill . its tail is all white , with no black band . immature kelp gulls can also be confused with the vagrant black - tailed gull , larus crassirostris , from japan .
thibaut chansac and stanislas wroza endured a testing day on a paris landfill , eventually clinching an elusive ' black - backed gull ' as france ' s second kelp gull .
kelp gulls occasionally become entangled in fishing lines , are occasionally illegally shot , and have been poisoned . in new zealand , the kelp gull was regularly eated by the maori .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , february 28 2009 , maitencillo , chile . picture : josé canas .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , may 17 2015 , maputo , mozambique . picture : ross hughes .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus veltula ) adult , june 30 2007 , south africa . picture : j . avise .
the latest sighting details and map for kelp gull are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , january 13 2012 , elqui prov . chile . picture : blass bass .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , february 21 2015 , muriwai , new zealand . picture : christina port .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) 2nd cycle , april 26 2015 , maputo , mozambique . picture : gary allport .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , june 2012 , cape town , south africa . picture : chris gibbins .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , july 25 2007 , kommetjie , south africa . picture : graham ekins .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , september 09 2009 , bahia inglesa , chile . picture : jason quinn .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , november 26 2011 , isla magdalena , chile . picture : antonio vaccarini .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , november 08 2006 , karoro , new zealand . picture : brian gratwicke .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus veltula ) adult , january 06 2012 , neko harbour , antarctic peninsula . picture : michael shepard .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , march 16 2014 , petorca prov . , chile . picture : gonzalo vergara .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , september 25 2010 , hout bay , south africa . picture : dick daniels .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , february 24 2015 , walbis bay , namibia . picture : rafael g . sánchez .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , april 18 2008 , la perouse , sidney , australia . picture : mr troy .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , june 02 2009 , la perouse , sidney , australia . picture : mr troy .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , july 17 2012 , cape cross seal reserve , namibia . picture : tom heijnen .
an adult kelp gull or cape gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) found and photographed today , 25 january , at the fish factory of anza near agadir by arie ouwerkerk and jacob jan de vries .
the yelping ' yo - yo - yo - yo ' call of the kelp gull is used in many films with coastal or marine scenes .
the races “ judithae ” and “ melisandae ” were described in 2002 , and evaluated as kelp gull’s subspecies on the basis of morphological characters .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , january 09 2014 , robert island , south shetland islands , antarctica . picture : david cook .
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the kelp gull occurs in coastal bays , beaches , inlets and estuaries and on off - shore islands . they are often seen scavenging at refuse tips
quintana rd , travaini a ( 2000 ) characteristics of nest sites of skuas and kelp gull in the antarctic peninsula . j field ornithol 71 : 236–249
normally , the kelp gull is expected at khniffiss lagoon and along the southern moroccan atlantic coast , but they do occur north of khniffiss as well .
this subspecies differs markedly from other kelp gull subspecies , especially in skull structure ( a notably flatter crown ) , and some texts ( examples will foolow ) treat this form as a distinct species , known as cape gull . however there is no molecular evidence to support this and we follow urban et al . in treating it as a subspecies of kelp gull larus dominicanus .
* the kelp gull is the only gull of the southern ocean . * kelp gulls are aggressive predators taking every opportunity to rob other birds ' nests of both eggs and small chicks . description & characteristics : the kelp or dominican gull lives on the antarctic peninsula and at most sub - antarctic islands , where it is resident year - round , generally in small numbers . they are also broadly distributed throughout southern africa , australasia and south america . more
the kelp gull is a large black - backed gull with a white tail and a large yellow bill with a red spot on the lower tip . it is the second largest gull in australia . the wing has a wide trailing edge and a small white ' window ' in the wingtip . newly - fledged kelp gulls are brown with paler mottling on the hind neck and breast and have a black bill . immature kelp gulls have mottled brown wings and back with a whitish body and an all - yellow bill . the kelp gull is gregarious , and tends to roost , feed and breed in flocks .
the kelp gull is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
kelp gull , larus dominicanus vetula , in flight . kelp gull in flight at houtbay harbor . the nominate race of the kelp gull ( larus dominicanus ) occurs along the coasts of south america , new zealand , australia and many islands in the southern ocean . the subspecies found along the southern african coastline , l . d . vetula , is currently thought to be sufficiently different from the nominate race that it ought to be regarded as a full species . more
in some areas the kelp gull is considered a ‘nuisance’ species , often concentrated close to cities and thought to pose a potential health threat to humans , leading to calls for its populations to be controlled . however , no kelp gull colonies are currently under any kind of management ( 7 ) . it is also thought that increasing kelp gull populations could have a negative effect on other coastal wildlife , for example through increased harassment of other sea birds ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . more
blackish upperparts and thick bill in kelp gull give it a great black - backed gull impression . kelp gull is quick in attaining a dark saddle , where great black - backed gull keep anchor - patterned scapulars for a prolonged period . also , kelp gull remain to show very limited white in the primaries ( either the tips and the mirror , see picture below ) , while great black - backed gull quickly develop a mirror on p10 ( in 2nd gen p10 ) and normally develop large white tips , even obvious on outermost primaries in many immature birds . a very small mirror on p10 and absence of a p9 mirror in adult kelp gull give it a completely different , dark , wingtip impression when compared to adult great black - backed ( which has a merged mirror and white tip on p10 and always a very large mirror on p9 as well in adult plumage ) .
kelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , november 07 2012 , kenton - on - sea , eastern cape , south africa . picture : wikipedia - snowmanradio .
crawford rjm , cooper j , shelton pa ( 1982 ) distribution , population size , breeding and conservation of the kelp gull in southern africa . ostrich 53 : 164–177
the african subspecies l . d . vetula is sometimes split as the cape gull , l . vetula . it has a more angular head and a smaller shorter bill . the adult has a dark eye , whereas the nominate kelp gull usually has a pale eye . young cape gulls have almost identical plumage to similarly aged kelp gulls .
subspecies and range : the kelp gull can be considered a monotypic species , awaiting more information about the subspecies . however , the 5 currently recognized races can be mentioned .
good t ( 2002 ) breeding success in the western gull × glaucous - winged gull complex : the influence of habitat and nest - site characteristics . condor 104 : 353–365
kelp gull dominicanus 2nd cycle , december 10 2012 , australia ( mick ) . upperparts tone equals great black - backed gull , but this taxon has much more black in the wingtip ( marinus in this plumage would show large mirrors already ) . note yellowish legs .
the kelp gull occurs on coasts and islands through much of the southern hemisphere from new zealand and most sub - antarctic islands , the antarctic peninsula , south america , and africa .
kelp gull dominicanus 2nd cycle , september 24 2011 , lima , peru ( john turner ) . upperparts tone equals great black - backed gull , but this taxon has much more black in the tail , plain brown coverts , bright yellow on bill and lacking pale primary tips .
introduction : the kelp gull is present through much of the southern hemisphere . according to the authors , 4 or 5 subspecies are recognized , but kelp gull’s taxonomy is still in a state of uncertainty . as this species has extremely wide range , more subspecies might be added in the future . however , you will find on this page numerous pictures from several locations in the southern hemisphere .
in many cases , once a gull pecks out the eyeballs , other kelp gulls join in and begin to eat the seal’s exposed areas , such as its underbelly and genitals , the scientists observed .
the kelp gull breeds on islands , both oceanic and offshore , on headlands , cliffs above the sea , beaches , pastures and lava fields according to the range , and even in urban areas .
kelp gull dominicanus adult , june 30 2007 , south africa . picture : j . avise . upperparts tone equals great black - backed gull , but this taxon has much more black in the wingtip , with just a tiny mirror on the outer primary . often yellowish legs and dark iris .
kelp gull in flight , andean mountains above ushuaia in the background , larus dominicanus , beagle channel purchase a print of this imagehow to request , purchase or license this imageadd to light table sea birds ( likely western and / or heermanns gulls ) on drift kelp , open ocean , larus occidentalis , larus heermanni , san diego , california purchase a print of this imagehow to request , purchase or license this imageadd to light table kelp gull in flight , andean mountains above ushuaia in the background . more
a bird calling while standing on a beach . an immature pacific gull can also be heard .
the kelp gull is resident in many parts of australia , in others it is dispersive although this varies from colony to colony . in some colonies , parts of the population are apparantly resident or sedentary .
the kelp gull first become established in australia in the 1940s . their numbers increased rapidly and they are now found in many parts of the south - east and south - west coasts of mainland australia .
in the study , kelp gulls were successful in plucking out eyeballs in roughly 50 percent of observed attacks .
kelp gull is the dominant large gull species of south america . it is common throughout the southern part of the continent and extending north along the coasts to ecuador in the west and brazil in the east , though it is also known as a vagrant and occasional breeder north to the united states as well . large , with very dark black upperparts and pale yellow - green legs , this gull is easily distinguished from other gulls in its range . kelp gulls feed on a variety of land and marine animals and also attend refuse dumps .
researchers speculate that the kelp gull population increased decades ago with the development of fish processing in the area . waste from processing plants may have attracted gulls into the area , which then learned to get more food from whales .
burger j , gochfeld m ( 1981 ) nest site selection by kelp gulls in southern africa . condor 83 : 243–251
management and research actions suggested to address these problems include monitoring of kelp gull colonies , particularly close to urban areas , as well as an evaluation of the effects of the gulls on other coastal species , and more careful treatment and disposal of refuse , sewage and fish offal , to discourage scavenging and to help control gull numbers ( 7 ) . given the kelp gull’s abundance and large range , and its presence in many protected coastal areas , the threats to the species are not thought likely to pose any conservation problems in the near future ( 7 ) .
kelp gull prey on and scavenge molluscs , fish , crustaceans , other seabirds , and even their own chicks and eggs . they are opportunistic , and their diet varies with season and among localities depending on the availability of food .
physical description & related species : kelp gull have a white head , neck , underbody , rump and tail . the saddle and upperwing is slate - black with a white leading edge . the wingspan is 106 - 142 cm . the yellow bill has a rounded red subterminal spot at the gonys . distribution & abundance - distribution : kelp gull are broadly distributed in the subantarctic to subtropical regions , where sea surface temperatures range from 0° to 23° c . more
54–65 cm ; 810–1335 g ; wingspan 128–142 cm . four - year gull . intermediate in size and build between
kelp gulls are eating the eyeballs from newborn cape fur seals—a behavior never before seen in nature , a new study says .
in some areas the kelp gull is considered a ‘nuisance’ species , often concentrated close to cities and thought to pose a potential health threat to humans , leading to calls for its populations to be controlled . however , no kelp gull colonies are currently under any kind of management ( 7 ) . it is also thought that increasing kelp gull populations could have a negative effect on other coastal wildlife , for example through increased harassment of other sea birds ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . in particular , this gull has recently developed the habit of gouging skin and blubber from the backs of southern right whales , opening up lesions and causing the whales to take evasive action ( 2 ) ( 8 ) . it is feared that increasing harassment may compromise calf development and even cause the whales to leave the affected areas ( 8 ) .
the latest sighting details and map for cape gull are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .
cape gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) , anza , morocco , 25 january 2016 . ( jacob jan de vries )
known widely as ‘kelp gull’ in other countries , the same species is also common in similar latitudes around the southern hemisphere , including southern australia , south america , southern africa , and most subantarctic and peri - antarctic islands , and the antarctic peninsula .
the kelp gull breeds in colonies , occasionally as isolated pairs . they are monogamous , but the pair - bonds last about one year , from one season to the next breeding period . they usually strengthen the bond by courtship feeding during the winter . the colonies are noisy . alarm calls are given as soon as predators are approaching . the gulls may perform communal mobbing and attack in active defence . the kelp gull is territorial and defends an area around the nest , because cannibalism occurs towards the chicks of the neighbour nests .
the kelp gull is a large bird with slate - black wings , a white head and body , and an all - white tail . the underwing is white , tipped black , and the dark upperwing bears a white bar , with white markings on the wing tips . the beak is yellow , with a conspicuous red spot on the lower mandible , and the yellow eye is surrounded by an orange - red ring ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the pale eyes , together with greenish - yellow rather than yellow legs , and a larger , more robust body , help distinguish the kelp gull from the similar - looking lesser black - backed gull ( larus fuscus ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . the male and female kelp gull are similar in appearance ( 3 ) , while non - breeding adults have brown mottling on the head and neck ( 2 ) . juveniles are dark brown and mottled , with a blackish tail , dark beak , brownish legs and brown eyes ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . adult plumage is usually attained by the fourth year ( 2 ) . the kelp gull’s call is a loud ki - ok , and the alarm call is a short , repeated pok ( 5 ) .
the kelp gull nests in loose colonies or scattered single pairs on off - shore islands where breeding birds maintain large territories against other gulls . the nests of kelp gulls can be a well - made bowl of plants stems , grasses and seaweeds or a loose pile of material on the ground , near rocks or in a tussock . both the adults build the nest , incubate the eggs , brood and feed the young .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the kelp gull utters strident “kee - och” , and we can also hear melancholy “yo - yo - yo - yo - yo” and repeated “kwee - ah , kwee - ah , kwee - ah” . it is noisy during the breeding season and while feeding , but also during aggressive interactions . calls and songs are fairly similar to those of other gull species .
a new study suggests that increased attacks by kelp gulls on southern right whale calves could be contributing to an observed increase in mortality among the latter .
“it’s a cruel way to go , ” says gallagher . but from the gull’s point of view , it’s a “beautifully strategic attack . ”
southern black - backed gull . adult . boulder bank , nelson , january 2008 . image © rebecca bowater fpsnz by rebecca bowater fpsnz urltoken
garcía borboroglu p , yorio p ( 2004a ) habitat requirements and selection by kelp - gulls in central and northern patagonia , argentina . auk 121 : 243–252
protection / threats / status : the kelp gull has large range and it is common and conspicuous in most part of its distribution . the overall population is increasing with agriculture and fishery expansion . it is often considered a pest in urban areas , and might have negative effect on the coastal wildlife , through harassment and predation towards other bird species and small animals . the falkland’s population is about 30 , 000 breeding pairs . the global population is estimated to number 3 , 300 , 000 / 4 , 300 , 000 individuals . the kelp gull is not currently threatened , and evaluated as least concern .
the kelp gull is the second largest of australia ' s gulls ( 550 - 580 mm ) . adults have a white head , neck , underbody , rump and tail . the upperparts and wing are black with a white leading edge . the yellow bill has a red spot on the lower tip .
kelp gulls are opportunistic omnivores and will scavenge as well as prey on molluscs , fish , crustaceans , other seabirds , and even their own chicks and eggs .
fordham ra ( 1964 ) breeding biology of the southern black - backed gull . i . pre - egg and egg stage . notornis 11 : 3–34
jehl jr jr , mahoney sa ( 1987 ) the roles of thermal environments and predation in habitat choice in the california gull . condor 89 : 850–862
recent populations of kelp gulls have increased in some locations perhaps due to human subsidies : trawler fish discards , scraps from fish processing plants , and coastal rubbish piles .
though , so perhaps it’s wisest to stick with kelp gull for the time being… according to urltoken “kelp gulls breed in namibia and south africa ; there are large colonies between cape cross and the islands in algoa bay , with occasional nests recorded as far north as cape fria and as far east as the great fish river . along the west coast , nonbreeding birds occur north to luanda , angola , and along the east coast as far as the limpopo river mouth in mozambique . more
while many larid species have benefited from the presence of people , two tern and one gull species have become endangered . least and roseate terns are threatened by destruction and disturbance of their nest sites on sand bars and beaches while the sharp decline of the ivory gull could be related to pollution and global warming .
bird was a kelp gull , knowing well the possibility of a hybrid such as
chandaleur
gulls . below is my own description of this bird ( written at 7 pm , 8 nov 2008 ) , independent of any discussions with ron after the initial sighting and independent of examining any reference books / sources . overall impression : this was a large , dark - backed gull in adult plumage . it was significantly larger than the laughing and franklin ' s gulls in the area . more
the vetula subspecies of kelp gull breed on 81 known localities on the coast of southern africa from ilha dos tigres in southern angola , along the namibian and atlantic coasts of south africa , round the cape as far east as the riet river , near port alfred on the indian ocean coast in the eastern cape province of south africa ( ref : roberts birds of southern africa ) . this gull is also colonising inland locations up to 10km from the coast on the skeleton coast in namibia .
miskelly , c . m . 2013 . southern black - backed gull . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
native to coastlines of the southern hemisphere , this big gull was a shock to birders when it began showing up in north america in the late 1980s . from 1989 into the 1990s , several adults were present on the chandeleur islands , in the gulf of mexico off the coast of louisiana . a few pairs even nested there , and other kelp gulls interbred with herring gulls on the islands , producing hybrids . during the 1990s , a few kelp gulls wandered elsewhere in north america , including texas , maryland , and indiana , and there have been scattered records since then . “pure” kelp gulls may not occur on the chandeleur islands any more , but some apparent hybrids are still wandering in the gulf of mexico .
the kelp gull breeds on coasts and islands through much of the southern hemisphere . it is found on a number of subantarctic islands , on the antarctic peninsula , on the southern coast of australia and all of new zealand , on the southern cost of africa and madagascar , and on the coast of south america as far north as ecuador and southern brazil 1 .
habitat : the kelp gull usually occurs along the coasts , especially in south africa . but throughout the range , it also frequents large inland lakes in the andes of argentina . it also feeds and roosts around lakes , including smaller mountain lakes in new zealand . it also frequents reservoirs , estuaries and rivers . it can be seen in farmland and lawns too .
kelp gull : widespread along coasts and on islands throughout the southern hemisphere , occurring in southern africa , madagascar , australia , new zealand , south america and the falkland islands , as well as on antarctica and many sub - antarctic islands . found in a variety of habitats including harbors , bays , inlets , estuaries , beaches and rocky shores . accidental in maryland .
the yelping ' yo - yo - yo - yo ' call of the kelp gull is used in many films with coastal or marine scenes . facts and figures research species : no minimum size : 49 cm maximum size : 62 cm average size : 57 cm average weight : 940 g breeding season : september to december . clutch size : two to three . more
ty - jour ti - taxonomy of the kelp gull larus dominicanus lichtenstein inferred from biometrics and wing plumage pattern , including two previously undescribed subspecies t2 - bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club . vl - 122 ur - urltoken pb - british ornithologists ' club , cy - london : py - 2002 sp - 50 ep - 71 sn - 0007 - 1595 er -
kelp gull dominicanus adult , january 06 2012 , antarctic peninsula ( michael shepard ) . birds on the southern hemisphere are in complete moult in our winter months . here moult in inner primaries p1 new , p2 groiwng , p5 - p10 old . dark as marinus , but much more black in wingtip with just a small mirror on p10 and full broad band on p5 .
fordham , r . a . 1968 . dispersion and dispersal of the dominican gull in wellington , new zealand . proceedings of the new zealand ecological society 15 : 40 - 50 .
in the subantarctic , kelp gulls lay three eggs in november to december . incubation and fledging periods are 23–30 days and 45–61 days , respectively . parents sometimes continue to feed their chicks after fledging .
l . d . vetula is found on the coasts of south africa and namibia . this race has greyer legs and feet , and dark brown eyes . it is known as cape gull .
the kelp gull is widespread along coasts and on islands throughout the southern hemisphere , occurring in southern africa , madagascar , australia , new zealand , south america and the falkland islands , as well as on antarctica and many subantarctic islands ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . although largely sedentary , some southern populations migrate north outside of the breeding season ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
rowntree , v . j . ( 1998 ) increased harassment of right whales ( eubalaena australis ) by kelp gulls ( larus dominicanus ) at península valdés , argentina . marine mammals science , 14 : 99 - 115 .
the kelp gull breeds between september and january , in colonies numbering from one to several hundred pairs ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . the species is monogamous , with pair bonds usually maintained from one breeding season to the next , and strengthened by courtship feeding during winter months . both adults help to incubate the eggs and raise the chicks ( 4 ) . the nest , built on bare rock , sand or mud , often in a well - vegetated site , is a large and bulky structure , constructed from dried vegetation or seaweed ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . around 3 eggs are laid ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , which hatch after 24 to 30 days , the young kelp gulls fledging approximately 7 weeks later ( 2 ) . kelp gulls begin to breed from around three to four years old , and may live for 20 years ( 4 ) .
there is one common issue in peninsular valdes that i feel is important to highlight . in puerto madryn there was a fish processing factory that for many years had uncovered waste sites and this led to a massive boom in the kelp gull population . the numbers got that big that eventually more and more birds started to copy an originally small number of kelp gulls who fed on the whales by landing on a whale as it was at the surface and pecking through the skin and into the blubber . after this behaviour was first noticed there were campaigns for the fish factory to dispose of the waste more responsibly and now they move it a few kilometres further inland .
a melancholy
yo - yo - yo - yo - yo
which is unlike the call of any other tasmanian gull and will sound familiar as part of the soundscape of films and movies set on coastlines .
a common , widespread species with a large global population , the kelp gull is not currently considered globally threatened ( 2 ) ( 6 ) , and may even have increased with the expansion of agriculture and fisheries ( 2 ) . potential threats to the species include oil spills , diseases such as avian cholera and avian botulism , mortality from interactions with trawler warp cables , persecution by humans , and disturbance at breeding sites ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .
behaviour in the wild : the kelp gull is an opportunistic feeder like numerous laridae . it feeds on a variety of aquatic preys such as fish , molluscs , worms , echinoderms , arthropods , but also reptiles , amphibians , birds , small mammals and occasionally berries . it is also a scavenger and can be seen at rubbish and sewage , and carrion and fish offal . but this gull may sometimes take sickly lamb and young poultry . it is able to attack and kill adult birds as large as geese . it often follows the fishing boats and forages around the slaughterhouses and seafood factories . it is known for stealing food from other seabirds , laridae and also spheniscidae .
larids are found near fresh and salt water throughout north america but are most common near large bodies of water . even marsh nesters such as the franklin ' s gull and black tern spend the winter in coastal areas .
during the past 15 years , scientists have logged around 500 instances of kelp gulls ( larus dominicanus ) attacking and attempting to eat the eyeballs of newborn cape fur seals ( arctocephalus pusillus pusillus ) in namibia ’s coastal dorob national park ( map ) .
kelp gulls are broadly distributed in the subantarctic to subtropical regions , where sea surface temperatures range from 0° to 23° c . they can mostly be seen off the new zealand coasts and islands , and along the south and south - east australian coasts .
great black - backed gull ( marinus ) 2nd cycle , february 02 2012 , ijmuiden , the netherlands ( mars muusse ) . no blackish saddle . 2nd gen primaries with rounded pale tips . limited black in tail . chequered coverts .
kelp gulls have a white head , neck , underbody , rump and tail . the saddle and upperwing is slate - black with a white leading edge . the wingspan is 106–142 cm . the yellow bill has a rounded red subterminal spot at the gonys .
the displays are accompanied by calls . the most frequent is the “long - call” , often given from the ground or sometimes while flying . the gull raises the head and gradually lowers it while uttering a series of long notes . this display is usually followed by “head - tosses” during which the gull throws the head up over its back while giving a plaintive note . once the pair is formed , both mates call and display every day , and courtship feeding is frequently observed .
burger , j . , gochfeld , m . , garcia , e . f . j . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . kelp gull ( larus dominicanus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
gulls , terns , and the black skimmer are all migratory with the larger gulls migrating short distances to open water and the sabine ' s gull , terns , and black skimmer undertaking incredible journeys to the seas and rivers of the southern hemisphere .
yorio , p . , bertellotti , m . , gandini , p . and frere , e . ( 1998 ) kelp gulls larus dominicanus breeding on the argentine coast : population status and relationship with coastal management and conservation . marine ornithology , 26 : 11 - 18 .
the kelp gull has become established in australia since the 1940s , with the first breeding recorded on moon island near lake macquarie in new south wales in 1958 . their numbers have increased rapidly since the 1960s and they are now common in many parts of the south - east and south - west coasts , and especially in tasmania . it is widespread in new zealand , and is found on most sub - antarctic islands , as well as on islands south of the antarctic convergence and the antarctic peninsula , south america , and africa .
the southern black - backed gull ( or ‘black - back’ ) is one of the most abundant and familiar large birds in new zealand , although many people do not realise that the mottled brown juveniles ( mistakenly called “mollyhawks” ) are the same species as the immaculate adults . found on or over all non - forested habitats from coastal waters to high - country farms , this is the only large gull found in new zealand . they are particularly abundant at landfills , around ports and at fish - processing plants .
kelp gulls nest on beaches , among rocks , grassy headlands , ledges , glacial moraines and offshore islets . the shapes and materials of the nests vary due to location . they construct bowls or conical mounds or shallow scrapes in sand with grass , seaweed , sticks , shells and debris .
mainly inhabiting coastal regions , the kelp gull can be found in a variety of habitats including harbours , bays , inlets , estuaries , beaches and rocky shores , and usually forages within about ten kilometres of the shore ( 6 ) . it may also venture inland , visiting lakes , lagoons , rivers , streams and reservoirs , as well as pastures , cultivated land , grassland and scrubland . breeding usually takes place on headlands , sea cliffs , beaches , offshore islands , pastures , or even on roofs in urban areas ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .
@ article { bhlpart81344 , title = { taxonomy of the kelp gull larus dominicanus lichtenstein inferred from biometrics and wing plumage pattern , including two previously undescribed subspecies } , journal = { bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club . } , volume = { 122 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { london : british ornithologists ' club , 1893 - } , author = { } , year = { 2002 } , pages = { 50 - - 71 } , }
“once one gull figures out a fast food meal like cape fur seal eyeballs , other gulls observe and quickly learn the new feeding behavior , ” jewell says . ( also see
cute killers ? gray seals maul , suffocate seals and porpoises , studies say .
)
l . d . dominicus ( here described ) is found on the coasts of s south america and islands such as the falklands and south georgia . but it is also present in new zealand and australia . it is known as southern black - backed gull in new zealand .
kelp gulls are predominantly white birds with a brownish / black wing slate , bright yellow beak with a red spot near the tip and their eyes are dark brown with an orange eye ring . they can grow to 65cm in height , 1kg in weight and have a wing span of 128 - 142cm .
reproduction of this species : the breeding season varies , depending on the range , but usually occurs between september and january . they breed in december in the falklands and at any time on offshore islands . the kelp gull breeds in colonies , from dozens ( at range’s edges ) to several hundreds of pairs . the nest is built on rocks or sand , in well vegetated areas . it is often placed under the protection of rock , bush or tree , or any vertical structure . this is a bulky nest made with dried plants and seaweeds . it is lined with softer vegetation .
similar species : adults unmistakeable apart from possible vagrant pacific gull from australia ( which has a more massive bill , and a black subterminal tip to tail ) . juveniles may be confused with the more robust brown skua , which has broader wings with a pale flash at the base of the primaries .
the diet of the kelp gull ( larus dominicanus ) , its foraging behaviour and the consumption rates on the antarctic limpet ( nacella concinna ) were studied during austral spring and summer 1992 / 1993 and 1993 / 1994 at potter peninsula , king george island , antarctica . prey information was obtained by collecting 237 pellets , foraging behaviour was observed by focal and instantaneous scan samplings , and consumption rate was estimated by means of weekly sampling of limpets found in 5 nests and their respective middens . limpets were the most important prey followed by scavenged prey ( penguin and seal carcasses ) , amphipods , snails , fish and euphausiids . foraging gulls spent 51 % of the time searching for limpets , 10 % moving between foraging areas , 9 % in catching effort and 15 % handling prey . the number of gulls observed searching for limpets was inversely correlated with the tidal height . in the diet limpets provide 102 . 3 , 159 . 4 and 188 . 1 kj gull −1 day −1 during incubation , hatching and brooding respectively ; these values range between 15 and 27 % , with a maximum of 40 % , of the basic daily energy requirements of kelp gulls . total consumption rate estimations for the whole population of gulls at potter peninsula reached between 3400 and 4800 limpets day −1 , which represents approximately 10–14 % of the total annual limpet mortality .
the familiar large gull throughout new zealand . adults have white head and underparts with black back , yellow bill with red spot near tip of lower mandible , and pale green legs . juveniles are dark mottled brown with black bill and legs ; their plumage lightens with age until they moult into adult plumage at 3 years old .
a large black - and - white gull with a white head and underparts , black back , yellow bill with a red spot near the tip , and pale green legs . juveniles are dark mottled brown with black bill and legs ; their plumage lightens with age until they moult into adult plumage at 3 - years - old .
great black - backed gull ( marinus ) adult , 2009 - 2011 , acer port , israel . ( amir ben dov ) . note very large white tips on p10 ( no sub - terminal black ) and on p9 ( black band broken ) and no black on p5 . very powerful , huge massive bill and beady eye .
the kelp gull is resident in the falklands , with some dispersion around the islands . the birds of antarctica ( race “austrinus” ) remain in their range all year round . they can be seen in open water away from the pack ice . in australia , the non - breeding birds disperse to queensland , and along the s coast . the new zealand birds remain in their breeding areas and perform only some n movements . in africa ( race “vetula” ) , the non - breeding gulls move as far as mozambique on e coast , and mauritania and s morocco on w coats . although being largely sedentary , some of the southern populations migrate n outside the breeding season . the flight is powerful , fast and agile , with slow , steady wingbeats .
kelp gulls nest on beaches , among rocks , grassy headlands , ledges and offshore islands . the nest is a bowl of grasses and plants stems or a shallow scrape in sand lined with seaweed , shells and debris . the female usually lays 2 or 3 eggs . both parents feed the young birds . chicks peck at red spot on the parent ' s beak to stimulate the regurgitation reflex .
the adult is a typical gull with black upperparts and white tail . on the black upperwing , the trailing edge is white and the wing tip shows white patches . head , neck , nape , tail and underparts are white . the bill is yellow with red gonydal angle . the eyes are yellow , surrounded by red or orange eyering . legs and webbed feet are greenish - yellow ( mostly greyer in africa ) .
adult gulls and terns are for the most part pale - colored birds plumaged in gray , white , and black with dark plumages predominating in the black tern and noddy species . other colors are limited to orange and yellow ( in the bills and feet ) and pink hues in the plumage of the ross ' s gull and roseate tern . immature gulls of most species cycle through years of a seemingly bewildering number of gray , brown , and black streaked plumages .
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however the problem hasn’t gone away and is specific to the area . it is especially bad because the seagulls target the calves more as they have to spend more time at the surface , so it was quite common to see calves with a lot of scarring along their backs . this leaves the animals prone to infection which can cause death , but it also disturbs the animals when they are taking milk which can mean they don’t get enough and don’t grow as big before it is time to set off to the feeding grounds in antarctica before the summer arrives . scientists have been studying this behaviour for a few years now and it is a complex problem that is not simple to solve and unfortunately man made . not all of the kelp gulls display this behaviour , i witnessed many gulls fly close to whales and simply fly off , but i also witnessed gulls that would arrive to attack the whale , quite often after a while had given up its location by breaching or tail slapping .
seagulls have developed a hunting strategy never before seen in the animal world—eating the eyeballs of live seal pups , a new study says .
since blinded seals can ' t find help from other seals and easily succumb to more attacks , the birds have discovered removing eyeballs is an especially efficient way to get a meal .
the behavior seems to be entirely new to science—if a little tough to stomach , says study lead author austin gallagher , a postdoctoral researcher at carleton university in ottawa , canada . ( also see
gulls be gone : 10 ways to get rid of pesky birds .
)
“it is not a pleasant behavior to observe , as the seals completely freak out and make a lot of noise , ” says gallagher , whose study was published august 14 in the african journal of marine science .
for one , the babies can’t swim and have to rely on their mother’s milk , says michelle jewell , a behavioral ecologist at the royal netherlands institute for sea research who wasn ' t involved in the new research .
to supply that milk , the mother seals must occasionally go hunt fish , leaving the pups alone at the colony for several days . the unprotected pups might then fall prey to land predators such as lions and hyenas—and now , seagulls .
“a blind seal cannot forage , cannot find mom , and will get attacked by other gulls , ” says gallagher . ( also see
baby harp seals being drowned , crushed amid melting ice .
)
a snail will make a nice snack for a seagull , if it can figure out how to crack the shell open .
gallagher believes it ' s likely a result of an increase in cape fur seal populations—essentially , the birds are taking advantage of a newly abundant food source .
in the winter months , between 20 , 000 and 80 , 000 of the pinnipeds flock to namibia’s coasts to mate and raise young . this dramatic population increase from just around a hundred seals in 1998 is due to the species ' natural boom - and - bust cycles , the study says .
not to mention
the eyes are soft targets , and a good source of both fluid and protein , ” adds craig harms , a veterinary medicine expert at north carolina state university who wasn ' t involved in the new research .
as a responder for the u . s . marine mammal health and stranding response program , harms has seen firsthand the damage gulls can do .
“gulls particularly like to peck at and eat the jaw fats of beached harbor porpoises , dead or alive , ” says harms .
and while the seal eye - gobbling behavior is new , harms points to other research that shows seagulls peck at southern right whale calves ' back blubber when they surface to breathe .
“it ' s not surprising ,
he says ,
that they would find a similar source of fresh food that is not good at defending itself .
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turbott , e . g . 1990 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .


the sweetlip emperor ( lethrinus miniatus ) , also referred to as the sweetlip swoose , is a fish of the lethrinidae family .

it can be found on coral reefs and moderately warm waters in the western pacific ocean , although its primary habitat is the great barrier reef .

it can also be found in the coastal regions in the centre of western australia .

growing up to 90 centimetres ( 35 in ) in length , its light grey colour has small black scale centres dotted around its body .

its first dorsal ( on the back or top of the fish ) fin is red , before changing towards the tail to a darker colour .

the area around the base of its pectoral fins ( on the chest behind the head ) is red or orange .

the area around its eyes , the corner of its mouth and on parts of the fins on the bottom can also be red or orange .

sweetlip emperors are carnivorous predators in the reef ; however , their main prey are small crustaceans such as crabs , as well as sand dollars and small fish .

they also eat most other organisms that live near the bottom of the reef .

even though sweetlip emperors live at the bottom of the reef , they are found only on the continental shelf where the bottom is sandy and light .

they also choose a home near a reef for protection from other predators .

today , species of emperor in the reef ( including the sweetlip emperor ) are threatened because they are desired by both commercial fishing operations and pleasure fishers , due to their lovely colour and nice taste .

sweetlip emperors have a strange breeding and development pattern .

off the coast of cairns , they spawn almost all the time .

off the coast of townsville , they mate in june and august , and off the coast in october and november in more southern waters .

these different breeding times are due to different water temperatures .

sweetlip emperors can spawn ( like eggs that hatch eventually ) only in warmer water .

the young live near the shore in seagrass beds and mangrove swamps , where the water is shallow .

as they grow older , they begin to move out towards the ocean like the adults .

as they grow and get older , their sex changes from female to male .

sweetlip emperor

also known as trumpet emperor , red - throat emperor , red - lip emperor , redspot emperor , longnose emperor , long - nosed emperor .
also known as trumpet emperor , red - throat emperor , red - lip emperor , redspot emperor , longnose emperor , long - nosed emperor . found singly or in groups on sand and rubble areas of reefs . they feed on invertebrates and worms . length - 90cm depth - 5 - 35m widespread southwest pacific most members of lethrinidae are able to rapidly switch on and off dark mottled patterns , spots and bars to deter predators .
the grass emperor or grass sweetlip lethrinus laticaudis is not considered a coral reef fish under the fishery plan . the grass emperor is , however , a regulated tidal species under the fisheries regulation 1995 . please check current rules and regulations for specific size and in - possession limits
sweetlip range from southern queensland right around to mid western australia . very commonly targeted and caught in central and southern barrier reef sections .
dana bahar al arab fisheries llc oman - fishermen , producers , processors , exporters and wholesalers of fresh and frozen red sea bream , red grouper , greasy grouper amberjack , emperor fillets and tuna loins , sweetlip , croakers , small sharks , catfish , trevally , barracuda , parrot fish , job fish , cuttlefish . . .
emperor fishes and large - eye breams of the world ( family lethrinidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date
pt . arta mina tama indonesia - we are seafood manufacture in jakarta - indonesia , have 20 boats . product : tuna , loligo squid , round scad bait , oilfish , mahi mahi , swordfish , marlin , albacore , spanish mackerel , wahoo , skipjack , snapper , grouper , barramundi , gold band snapper , emperor , sweetlip , sea bream , cobia , barracuda , pompano , trevally
aqua trade international india - seafood export trading company . we can also offer you the full range of fresh and frozen seafood products include king fish , ribbonfish , emperor fish , reefcod / grouper , mahi mahi , marlin , sail fish , sword fish , sea bream , red snapper , white / grey snapper , sweetlip , spinefoot , unicorn leather jacket etc etc subject to the availabilities .
a redthroat emperor , lethrinus miniatus , in a depth of 22 metres at north solitary island , new south wales . source : ian v . shaw / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution
sweetlip will take most bottom bouncing baits , however fresh fish flesh baits are the most successful . they respond very well to burley and if a school responds to a burley trail they can be brazen in their feeding and easy to catch . will readily take a lure such as soft plastic when fished around shallow coral bommies .
walker , m . h . 1975 . aspects of the biology of emperor fishes , family lethrinidae , in north queensland barrier reef waters . ph . d . thesis , james cook university , townsville , australia . 241 p .
sweetlips are a typical emperor shape . colour wise they can vary but are often olive green on top and a olive brown body with dark brown spots . sweetlips are easily identifiable by the beautiful bright red dorsal ( and other fins , but particularly the dorsal ) and the bright red colour inside its large mouth ( hence the reference to red throat emperor ) . usually caught under the 2 kg mark however have been known to grow to about 9 kgs on the barrier reef .
centra fish indonesia - suppliers and processors of various reef fish fillet products , such as red snapper , gold band snapper , emperor , sweet lips , parrot fish , job fish , shark , marlin , oilfish , mahi , fish for bait , sardines for canning , octopus , cuttlefish , squid .
carpenter , k . e . and g . r . allen , 1989 . fao species catalogue . vol . 9 . emperor fishes and large - eye breams of the world ( family lethrinidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 9 ) : 118 p . rome : fao . ( ref . 2295 )
identifying features : body silver to pale greyish - brown , with a reddish head and sometimes with 8 - 9 darker bars ; pectoral - fin base bright red ; fins pale to reddish , spinous dorsal - and anal - fin membranes often bright red ; red streak often present from snout to upper gill cover ; lips often reddish ; centre of each scale usually dark . video of redthroat emperor
mk fisheries ( pvt ) ltd sri lanka - suppliers of live , fresh chilled & frozen seafood . live mud crab , oysters , clams , eels , prawns , king fish , yellow fin tuna , skip jack tuna , bullet tuna , bonito , grouper , snappers , emperor , rabbit fish , sweet lips , parrot fish , ribbon fish , mackerels , sole , leather jackets , squids , cuttlefish , blue swimming crab , red crab and sri lankan fresh water fish , scampi prawns , shrimp , slipper lobster , crab .
davies , c . r . , williams , a . j . , mapstone , b . d . , benzie , j . , van herwerden , l . , choat , j . h . , adams , s . , murchie , c . d . , bean , k . , carlos , g . , tobin a . , ackerman , j . 2005 . stock structure and regional variation in population dynamics of the red throat emperor and other target species of the queensland tropical reef line fishery . crc reef research centre technical report . crc reef research centre , townsville , australia . 181 pp .
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marine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 5 - 30 m ( ref . 2295 ) . tropical ; 27°n - 34°s , 113°e - 168°e
western pacific : the ryukyu islands , eastern philippines , northern australia , and new caledonia ( ref . 114226 ) . occurrence records outside distributional range probably refer to lethrinus olivaceus ( ref . 2295 ) .
maturity : l m 36 . 1 range ? - 42 . 2 cm max length : 90 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2295 ) ; common length : 40 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9987 ) ; max . published weight : 9 . 6 kg ( ref . 9987 ) ; max . reported age : 22 years ( ref . 2290 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 10 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 . snout moderately long . cheek without scales . body silvery , tan or yellowish in color , often with a series of 8 or 9 dark bars . vertical bars may be absent in some individuals . base of pectoral fin red . occasionally a red streak is present , originating on the upper operculum , passing beneath the eye and on to the snout . reddish lips . fins pale or reddish , sometimes brilliant red on membranes near base of pelvic fin and between spinous rays of dorsal and anal fin . the base of scales often black .
adults inhabit coral reefs during daytime where they feed occasionally in sand and rubble areas between coral heads . at night , they move out over the sandy sea floor and forage actively . usually occur in small schools . juveniles live in shallow , inshore waters such as seagrass and mangrove areas , moving into deeper water as they age ( ref . 27260 , 28202 ) . feed mainly on crustaceans , echinoderms , mollusks and fish , with crabs and sea urchins predominating . much of the information reported for this species was based on misidentifications and referred to l . olivaceous ( see ref . 2295 ) . marketed fresh or frozen ( ref . 9987 ) .
l . miniatus are serial hermaphrodites with a protogynous strategy ( i . e , female first , male second ) . sexual bimodality was present in both age and length frequency distributions ( brown et al 1994 ) . juveniles live in shallow , inshore waters such as seagrass and mangrove areas , moving into deeper water as they age ( ref . 27260 , 28202 ) . also ref . 103751 .
) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 4 ( based on 1510 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01778 ( 0 . 01097 - 0 . 02882 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 17 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 ±0 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 1 - 0 . 4 ; tm = 2 - 3 ; tmax = 22 ) .
prior r = 0 . 62 , 2 sd range = 0 . 36 - 1 . 09 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 48 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 28 , based on : 2 m , 6 k , 2 tgen , 1 tmax , records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 44 of 100 ) .
our site is currently being updated and pages are changing regularly . we thank you for your patience during this transition and hope that you find our new site easy to use .
& copy ; the state of queensland ( department of agriculture and fisheries ) 2010–2018 . queensland government
created to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .
recorded from cape freycinet , southern western australia , to sydney , new south wales , and lord howe and norfolk islands , in the tasman sea . found elsewhere in the tropical western pacific . inhabits coral reefs , usually feeding in small schools over sandy and rubble areas between bommies and along reef edges during the day . at night , they move out onto open sandy areas to forage .
carnivore - feeds on crustaceans , echinoderms , molluscs and fishes - preferring crabs and sea urchins .
sparus miniatus forster , 1801 , systema ichthyologiae : 281 . type locality : new caledonia .
afma 2010 . norfolk island inshore fishery data summary 2006 - 2009 . australian fisheries management authority , canberra . 20 pp .
allen , g . r . , hoese , d . f . , paxton , j . r . , randall , j . e . , russell , b . c . , starck , w . a . , talbot , f . h . & whitley , g . p . 1976 . annotated checklist of the fishes of lord howe island .
the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers
. perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .
carpenter , k . e . 2001 . sparidae , lethrinidae . pp . 2990 - 3050 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes
carpenter , k . e . & allen , g . r . 1989 . fao species catalogue .
. fao fisheries synopsis . no . 125 , vol . 9 . rome : fao 118 pp .
currey , l . m . , heupel , m . r . , simpfendorfer , c . a . & williams , a . j . 2014 . sedentary or mobile ? variability in space and depth use of an exploited coral reef fish .
currey , l . m . , heupel , m . r . , simpfendorfer , c . a . & williams , a . j . 2014 . inferring movement patterns of a coral reef fish using oxygen and carbon isotopes in otolith carbonate .
forster , j . r . in bloch , m . e . & schneider , j . g . 1801 .
francis , m . 1993 . checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe , norfolk , and kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean .
gloerfelt - tarp , t . & kailola , p . j . 1984 .
. jakarta : dir . gen . fish . ( indonesia ) , german tech . coop . , aust . dev . ass . bur . 406 pp .
grant , c . , 1981 . high catch rates in norfolk island dropline fishery .
hutchins , j . b . 1994 . a survey of the nearshore reef fish fauna of western australia ' s west and south coasts — the leeuwin province .
hutchins , j . b . 2001 . biodiversity of shallow reef fish assemblages in western australia using a rapid censusing technique .
johnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .
. canberra : bureau of resource sciences and the fisheries research and development corporation 422 pp .
kulbicki , m . , y . - m . bozec , p . labrosse , y . letourneur , g . mou - tham & l . wantiez . 2005 . diet composition of carnivorous fishes from coral reef lagoons of new caledonia .
russell , b . c . 1983 . annotated checklist of the coral reef fishes in the capricorn - bunker group , great barrier reef , australia . great barrier reef marine park authority . special publication series 1 : 1 - 184 figs 1 - 2
sainsbury , k . j . , 1987 . assessment and management of the demersal fishery on the continental shelf of northwestern australia . p . 465 - 503 . in j . j . polovina & s . ralston ( eds )
speare , p . , cappo , m . , rees , m . , brownlie , j . & oxley , w . 2004 . deep water fish and benthic surveys in the lord howe island marine park ( commonwealth waters ) : february 2004 . townsville : australian institute of marine sciences 30 pp .
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eschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 29 september 2016 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 29 september 2016 ) .
is known from widely - scattered localities primarily in the west pacific ocean , though it has also been recorded from the west coast of australia . it is a protogynous hermaphrodite . this species has undergone localized population declines in parts of its range due to overexploitation ( japan ) . however , it is managed in australia and global - level population declines are not suspected at this time . therefore , this species is listed as least concern .
lethrinus miniatus is found in the ryukyu islands , the eastern philippines , northern australia and new caledonia ( carpenter 2001 ) . there is also an unverified record from west timor ( b . russell pers . comm . 2016 ) . it is found to depths of 5 to 30 m ( carpenter 2001 ) .
lethrinus miniatus has a discontinuous distribution in australia . the degree of genetic subdivision between east and west coast population suggests that they should be managed as discrete stocks . genetic diversity of l . miniatus was relatively high on the great barrier reef compared with western australia , indicating that west coast populations may be more susceptible to environmental and anthropogenic perturbations ( van herwerden et al . 2009 ) . lethrinus miniatus is a key resource in the coral reef fin fish fishery , great barrier reef , australia . in 2011 / 2012 the resource was considered to be not fully utilized , with only 35 % of the quota ( 955 , 604 kg ) used . around 725 t were landed in the commercial fishery , 53 t in the charter fishery , and 200 t in the recreational fishery ( department of fisheries 2013 ) . density within closed areas of the great barrier reef were higher than that in fished areas ( aims unpublished data ) . rates of stock decline have been very large in the waters off okinawa island ( ebisawa and ozawa 2009 ) .
lethrinus miniatus feeds in sand around coral reefs in daytime . at nighttime , this species feeds mostly over the sandy sea floor near reefs at depths between 5 and 30 m . it is usually found in small schools . it feeds mostly on crustaceans , echinoderms , molluscs , and fishes with crabs and sea urchins predominating . it reaches a maximum size of 90 cm tl ( carpenter 2001 ) . the length range of 350 female l . miniatus obtained off the coast of japan was 22 . 5 to 54 . 0 cm fl , with a mode at 34 cm fl ( ebisawa 2006 ) . lethrinus miniatus spawning has been recorded from july to october in australia ( tobin et al . 2013 ) . lethrinus miniatus is considered a protogynous hermaphrodite ( ebisawa 2006 ) . in the waters off okinawa island the age at which the sex ratio decreased to 50 % due to sexual transition from female in this protogynous hermaphrodite species was 7 - 8 years old ( ebisawa and ozawa 2009 ) . ovaries were immature in size classes smaller than 30 cm fl , and were fully mature in classes larger than 44 cm ( ebisawa 2006 ) . if spawning aggregations of l . miniatus occur they may form on deep reef edge sites which are too deep to be targeted by fishers in australia ( tobin et al . 2013 ) .
this species is caught primarily by handline . it is one of the favourite food and sport fishes around the great barrier reef , although it is considered to be understudied ( mclean et al . 2010 ) . it is a major food fish in new caledonia ( carpenter 2001 ) . lethrinids are dominant features of fish landings in many parts of the pacific . in oceania , lethrinids are components of reef and lagoon and deep - slope species stocks , and are sometimes taken with small pelagics . lethrinids are the main targeted reef fish species in fiji . commercial hand - line fishing primarily targets lethrinids in guam in waters less than 150 m . lethrinids are landed using hand - lines , spears , surrounding nets , and drive - in nets , and occasionally using spears and beach seines ( dalzell et al . 1996 ) .
fisheries management agencies in queensland and western australia have implemented harvest and conservation strategies ( newman et al . 2008 , van herwerden et al . 2009 ) ,
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companies by fish | seafood species - companies listed by the fish or seafood product that they deal in . fish & seafood products listed by common name .
seafood producers - seafood & fish producers , companies that produce and manufacture seafood products , fishing boat & fleet owners .
bait suppliers - companies who supply fishing bait products to commercial fishermen and wholesale suppliers of bait product to tackle stores .
wholesale seafood - wholesale fish suppliers and seafood distributors , local suppliers or in country suppliers .
retail seafood suppliers - companies who supply fish and seafood products to retail seafood outlets .
seafood restaurants - companies who specialise in supplying seafood and fish products to restaurants , hotels and catering establishments .
companies who provide services to commercial fishing and seafood industries directory : aquaculture , business , training , marketing consultants , fish processing services , biosecurity , environment , marine engineers & repairs , customs services , legal , finance , crewing agencies , insurance , testing services , ship provisioning , news & publications . . .
suppliers of other products to the commercial fishing & seafood industry : ice machines , refrigeration , fish & seafood processing equipment , packaging supplies , cleaning , fish feed , fishing tackle , marine engines parts & spares , repairs , fuel , other food products . . .
, swordfish , threadfin bream , tongue sole , skipjack tuna . freshwater fish : rohu , tilapia , mrigal , ayer , boal , catla , puti , koi , climbing perch , pangasius basa , live & frozen king crab , snow crab , mud crab , loligo squid , japanese flying squid todarodes pacificus , cuttlefish , giant octopus , baby octopus .
- komira group aim at being an integrated fishery supplier , delivering value and quality products to meet the fishery market demand in indonesia and overseas . komira group also working with groups fishermen in areas there are about 400 - 500 fisherman who regularly work in production chain connections , continuously acquire raw material supply of fish . our products of frozen fish such as muroaji , tuna loin , spanish mackerel , baby tuna , flying fish roe , skipjack , milkfish , ribbon fish , squid , cuttlefish , octopus , black pomfret , red snapper , red goat fish , threadfin bream , conger eel , big eye snapper ,
komira group indonesia - komira group aim at being an integrated fishery supplier , delivering value and quality products to meet the fishery market demand in indonesia and overseas . komira group also working with groups fishermen in areas there are about 400 - 500 fisherman who regularly work in production chain connections , continuously acquire raw material supply of fish . our products of frozen fish such as muroaji , tuna loin , spanish mackerel , baby tuna , flying fish roe , skipjack , milkfish , ribbon fish , squid , cuttlefish , octopus , black pomfret , red snapper , red goat fish , threadfin bream , conger eel , big eye snapper , sweetlips , robinson , parrot fish , etc .
ndt company limited vietnam - seafood exporter in vietnam , especially , barramundi products , reef fishes , octopus , cuttlefish , squid to the countries such as australia , new zealand , usa , eu and in asia .
bowpan pty ltd australia - importers and exporters of shrimp : freshwater , black tiger , vannamei , pink and white shrimps . these are processed as raw peeled deveined tail - on / tail - off , peeled undeveined ( pud ) , hoso raw or cooked both in iqf , block frozen & semi - iqf form , crimson snapper , red snapper , grouper , white & cream basa , barramundi , spanish mackeral , king snapper , sweetlips , mahi mahi , tilapia , rohu .
jd ' s seafood export contractors pty ltd australia - export approved fish processing establishment , supplying all fin fish as whole , g & g and filleted , crustaceans , molluscs , live lobsters , crabs , yabbies , marron approved for export to the eu & russia . fresh product flown in daily from all over australia .
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urltoken
james jean ’s illustrations for the shape of water novel by guillermo del toro and daniel kraus .
“amy poehler was new to snl and we were all crowded into the seventeenth - floor writers’ room , waiting for the wednesday night read - through to start . [ … ] amy was in the middle of some such nonsense with seth meyers across the table , and she did something vulgar as a joke . i can’t remember what it was exactly , except it was dirty and oud and “unladylike” , jimmy fallon [ … ] turned to her and in a faux - squeamish voice said , “stop that ! it’s not cute ! i don’t like it . ” amy dropped what she was doing , went black in the eyes for a second , and wheeled around on him . “i don’t fucking care if you like it . ” jimmy was visibly startled . amy went right back to enjoying her ridiculous bit . with that exchange , a cosmic shift took place . amy made it clear that she wasn’t there to be cute . she wasn’t there to play wives and girlfriends in the boys’ scenes . she was there to do what she wanted to do and she did not fucking care if you like it . ”
this sounds like a lot , but it’s true . an estimated 100 , 000 , 000 sharks per year are killed , threatening many species with endangerment or extinction .
scary predators are important to the ecosystem , too . conservation’s not just about the panda bears .
in 1994 when green day first became famous , they invited pansy division , an openly gay punk band , to open for them for the entire dookie tour knowing full well the responses would be mixed . in 2016 / 2017 , on their revolution radio tour , green day chose only female led punk bands to open for them to help create recognition for these artists in a male dominated scene . this band has always been using their voices for the right reasons and i love them so much for that .
if i’m not mistaken , there was a prom somewhere that was cancelled one time because a lesbian couple wanted to go , so green day rented a venue and had a prom for them . not sure about accuracy , my mom told me about that
yes this is true as well ! ! green day helped to fund and organize this second prom when the first one was cancelled . the second prom was actually open not only to the students of the school , but also to any other lgbtq + students as well as supporters in the state of mississippi who wanted to attend as well ! !
billy joe armstrong once literally leapt into the crowd at green day show and drop - kicked a guy who wouldn’t leave a girl alone .
brown or sand coloured body with red tint . red dorsal and anal fins with spines on the first half . sloped head with large eyes and red markings .
a fast strike followed by a series quick runs for shelter around submerged obstacles .