the unicorn crestfish or unicornfish ( eumecichthys fiski ) is a very rare , little-known species of crestfish in the family lophotidae , and the only member of its genus .

it likely has a worldwide distribution , having been first discovered offshore of kalk bay , south africa , and subsequently reported from the sea of japan , southwest florida , clarion island off mexico , hawaii , and india .

a report from the bering sea may have been in error .

it is found in the bathypelagic zone , at a depth of around 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) .

this fish has ribbon-like body measuring up to 150 cm ( 59 in ) in length .

its common name comes from a horn-like supraoccipital process projecting forward of its eyes .

the upper jaw is protrusible , and the jaws contain small conical teeth .

the dorsal fin runs along the entire length of the body and contains 310-392 soft rays ; the first three to five dorsal rays at the tip of the projecting ridge are elongated into a pennant .

the pectoral fins contain 13-15 rays ; the pelvic fins are absent .

the anal fin contains five to 9 rays and in adults is split lengthwise to form two rows of nubbins .

the caudal fin contains 12-13 rays , with the bottommost ray enlarged and bony .

the coloration is silvery with 24-60 dark subvertical bands .

the dorsal and caudal fins are crimson .

eumenichthys is one of three lampriform genera known to possess ink tubes , allowing them to expel a black fluid from their cloacae as a defense against predators .

the ink tube is derived from a primitive gut and runs above and parallel to the intestine .

a known predator of the unicorn crestfish is the longnose lancetfish , ( alepisaurus ferox ) ; a lancetfish 73 cm ( 29 in ) long has been found that had swallowed a unicorn crestfish 55 cm ( 22 in ) long .

unicorn crestfish

the unicorn crestfish ( eumecichthys fiski ) is the only species in the . . .
a fossil unicorn crestfish ( teleostei , lampridiformes , lophotidae ) from the eocene of iran .
# fishaday †babelichthys olneyi unicorn crestfish from iran , named for the babelfish . ht @ gombessagirl urltoken
a fossil unicorn crestfish ( teleostei , lampridiformes , lophotidae ) from the eocene of iran . - pubmed - ncbi
rt @ hannahoish : # fishaday †babelichthys olneyi unicorn crestfish from iran , named for the babelfish . ht @ gombessagirl urltoken
head of a unicorn crestfish , eumecichthys fiski . source : eric woroch , us nmfs - piro observer program / wikimedia commons . license : public domain
a rare deepsea oarfish relative with an extremely long silvery ribbon - like body , a horn - like process extending froward on the head , bright red fins , and 24 - 60 darker vertical bands along the sides . as a defence against predators , the unicorn crestfish can expel black fluid from around the anus .
the unicorn crestfish ( eumecichthys fiski ) is the only species in the genus eumecichthys , which is one of just two genera in the oceanic family lophotidae ( the crestfishes ) . this species is rare and known only from the deep sea ( possibly around 1000 m ) , but is apparently widely distributed from south africa to india , japan , hawaii , and mexico . the head and body are silvery with 24 to 60 dark vertical bands and the fins are red . the highly elongated body may reach 130 cm or more ( body depth is around 1 / 25th of length ) . the first three or four dorsal rays are produced into a long , narrow pennant that extends far forward of the mouth . the dorsal fin includes 310 to 393 rays , the anal fin 5 to 9 rays , the pectoral fin 13 to 15 rays , and the caudal fin ( tail ) 12 to 13 rays . ( robins and ray 1986 ; heemstra 2003 ; froese and pauly 2011 ) the common name , unicorn crestfish , comes from the distinctive projecting supraoccipital , a bone on the dorsal ( upper ) side of the skull . a unique feature shared by members of the lophotidae ( lophotes and eumecichthys ) is the presence of an ink tube ( or ink sac ) . the ink tube allows its bearer to expel black fluid from the cloaca as a defense against predators ( robins and ray 1986 ; honma , ushiki , and takeda , 1998 ) .
lophotidae , or crestfishes , is a family of rare deep - sea teleosts characterised by an enlarged horn - like crest on the forehead . they are poorly represented in the fossil record , by only three described taxa . one specimen attributed to lophotidae has been described from the pelagic fauna of the middle - late eocene zagros basin , iran . originally considered as a specimen of the fossil lophotid † protolophotus , it is proposed hereby as a new genus and species † babelichthys olneyi , gen . et sp . nov . , differs from the other fossil lophotids by its relatively long and strongly projecting crest , suggesting a close relationship with the modern unicorn crestfish , eumecichthys . this new taxon increases the diversity of the deep - sea teleost fauna to which it belongs , improving our understanding of the taxonomic composition of the early cenozoic mesopelagic ecosystems .
in the present paper , † babelichthys olneyi , a new genus and species of lophotidae from the eocene of iran is described . few fossil representatives of taeniosomi , an elusive group of deep - sea teleosts , are known and only one of them has been previously described in detail ( bannikov , 1999 ) . † babelichthys is potentially the only currently known fossil close relative of the unicorn crestfish eumecichthys . this discovery is also significant because it expands the diversity of the middle - late eocene ilam fauna . modern lophotids are found in mesopelagic environments ( olney , 2002 ) , so the presence of at least two representatives of the family in the fauna that is mostly composed by relatives of modern deep - sea teleosts ( arambourg , 1967 ; afsari et al . , 2014 ; přikryl , brzobohatý & gregorová , 2016 ) reinforces its potential as a valuable glimpse of the otherwise poorly known early cenozoic deep - water ecosystems .
the distinction between an almost horizontal “crest” projecting anteriorly and a more vertical and relatively shorter “crest” distinguishes † babelichthys from † protolophotus ( see above , taxonomic justification ) , but also from the extant lophotus and the other known lophotid fossil taxa ( table 1 ) . conversely , in the eumecichthys specimen that is examined , the crest is strongly projected anteriorly ( angle of 72 . 4° ) and relatively very long ( table 1 ) . another element is the apparent absence of vomerine fang - like teeth in † babelichthys ( it is however possible that they were present , but not preserved in the fossil ) , like in eumecichthys , while they are present in lophotus ( olney , johnson & baldwin , 1993 ) . since only one specimen is available , it is impossible to perform a thorough comparison of head morphologies at various growth stages and between individuals . nevertheless , it seems on the basis of preserved elements that head morphology in † babelichthys is closer to the one observed in eumecichthys than in lophotus , corroborating the proposition of oelschläger ( 1979 ) that it represents a potential fossil sister group to eumecichthys . it would then be the first known fossil unicorn crestfish . nevertheless , † babelichthys also differs from eumecichthys : its crest is less strongly projecting and relatively shorter ( table 1 ) . moreover , no other lophotid , fossil or extant , has such an extreme enlargement and expansion of the dorsal - fin pterygiophores , the second one in particular .
lampridiforms are strange spiny - rayed teleosts , found in mesopelagic environments in every ocean of the world ( olney , johnson & baldwin , 1993 ; olney , 2002 ) . their most famous representatives are the endothermic opah ( lampris guttatus ) and the gigantic , serpentine oarfish ( regalecus glesne ) , the longest known teleost . along with these iconic taxa , lampridiforms include equally weird ribbon - like and elongate animals , characterized by a silver - coloured skin and long , bright red fins : the taeniosomes . the 15–18 extant species of the clade taeniosomi include oarfishes ( regalecidae ) , ribbonfishes ( trachipteridae ) , the tapertail ( radiicephalidae ) and lophotidae , the crestfishes ( regan , 1907 ; walters & fitch , 1960 ; olney , 1984 ; roberts , 2012 ) . lophotids are characterized by unique anatomical structures , such as an ink gland ( walters & fitch , 1960 ; honma , ushiki & takeda , 1999 ) not found anywhere else in teleosts ( except in the closely related radiicephalids ; harrisson & palmer , 1968 ) . the most conspicuous osteological feature of lophotids is a well - developed horn - like crest , formed by an anteriorly projecting expansion of the frontal and supraoccipital bones of the cranium ( oelschläger , 1979 ; oelschläger , 1983 ; olney , johnson & baldwin , 1993 ) . this crest is closely associated with the anterior pterygiophores supporting the dorsal fin , and as a result , the dorsal fin expands over , and sometimes anterior to the cranium . lophotids are represented in modern fauna by one to three lophotus species and by the unicorn crestfish , eumecichthys fiski ( walters & fitch , 1960 ; craig , hastings & pondella , 2004 ) . their fossil record consists in at least three monotypic genera ( bannikov , 1999 ; carnevale , 2004 ) . the present article is a revision of an anatomically distinctive fossil specimen attributed to lophotidae . arambourg ( 1943 ) and arambourg ( 1967 ) first described the specimen from a rich late eocene fauna located near ilam , zagros basin , iran . the ilam fauna comprises numerous representatives of teleost taxa such as beryciformes , gadiformes , ophidiiformes and stomiiformes , typical of the modern deep - sea pelagic environments ( arambourg , 1967 ; afsari et al . , 2014 ; přikryl , brzobohatý & gregorová , 2016 ) .
probably worldwide . western atlantic : southeastern florida in usa . southeast atlantic : false bay , south africa ( ref . 4165 ) . northwest pacific : japan ( ref . 559 ) . eastern central pacific : hawaii and mexico ( ref . 4165 ) . indian ocean : india ( ref . 4165 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 150 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7251 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 5 - 9 . head and body silvery in color with 24 - 60 dark sub vertical bands ; dorsal and caudal fins crimson in color ( ref . 4165 ) . dorsal fin with 310 - 392 soft rays .
a rare ( ref . 4165 ) , mesopelagic species found at 1 , 000 m depth ( ref . 5213 ) .
heemstra , p . c . , 1986 . lophotidae . p . 402 - 403 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths ' sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin . ( ref . 4165 )
) : 7 . 7 - 15 . 1 , mean 10 . 6 ( based on 338 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00115 ( 0 . 00043 - 0 . 00306 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 ±0 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 80 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is likely distributed worldwide to depths of 1 , 000 m . there are no known species - specific threats and there are no known species - specific conservation measures . this species is assessed as least concern .
this species is likely distributed worldwide . in the western atlantic it is known from southeastern florida in usa . it has also been described from southern and central brazil . in the southeastern atlantic this species is known from false bay , south africa ( heemstra 1986 ) and from the gulf of guinea . in the northwest pacific this species is known from japan ( masuda et al . 1984 ) . in the eastern central pacific , this species is known from hawaii and mexico ( heemstra 1986 ) . in the indian ocean , it is known from india ( heemstra 1986 ) . it is found to depths of 1 , 000 m .
angola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; bahamas ; barbados ; bermuda ; brazil ; british indian ocean territory ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; comoros ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; dominica ; dominican republic ; equatorial guinea ; france ( clipperton i . ) ; french guiana ; french southern territories ; gabon ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guyana ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; japan ; kenya ; kiribati ( kiribati line is . , phoenix is . ) ; madagascar ; maldives ; martinique ; mauritius ; mayotte ; mexico ; mozambique ; myanmar ; namibia ; nigeria ; oman ; pakistan ; philippines ; russian federation ( central asian russia , kuril is . ) ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint martin ( french part ) ; sao tomé and principe ; seychelles ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; suriname ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , johnston i . ) ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; yemen
there is little species - specific population information available for e . fiski . it is represented by six lots in museum collections ( fishnet2 database searched june 2014 ) .
this is a rare mesopelagic species which is found to depths of 1 , 000 m ( fischer et al . 1990 ) .
there is no species - specific use and trade information available for this species .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for e . fiski . it is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range .
fischer , w . , sousa , i . , silva , c . , de freitas , a . , poutiers , j . m . , schneider , w . , borges , t . c . , feral , j . p . and massinga , a . 1990 . fichas fao de identificaçao de espécies para actividades de pesca . guia de campo das espécies comerciais marinhas e de águas salobras de moçambique . publicaçao preparada em collaboraçao com o instituto de investigaçao pesquiera de moçambique , com financiamento do projecto pnud / fao moz / 86 / 030 e de norad . food and agricultural organization of the united nations ( fao ) , rome , italy .
heemstra , p . c . 1986 . trachichthyidae . in : m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds ) , smith’s sea fishes , pp . 410 - 413 . springer - verlag , berlin , germany .
iucn . 2015 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2015 - 4 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 19 november 2015 ) .
masuda , h . , amaoka , k . , araga , c . , uyeno , t . and yoshino , t . 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . tokai university press , tokyo , japan .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
in australia , the only known specimen was washed ashore at cheynes beach , albany , in 1989 . elsewhere the species is very rare , but thought to occur worldwide in depths of around 1000 m .
lophotes fiski günther 1890 , proc . zool . soc . london 1890 ( 2 ) : 244 , pls 19 - 20 . type locality : cape of good hope , kalk bay , south africa .
bray , d . j . 2008 . family lophotidae . pp . 298 in gomon , m . f . , bray , d . j . & kuiter , r . h . ( eds )
. the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t190107a60791470 . urltoken downloaded on 06 may 2017 .
olney , j . e . 1999 . families veliferidae , lamprididae , stylephoridae , lophotidae , radiicephalidae , trachipteridae , regalecidae . pp . 1966 - 1975 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds )
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes
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the taxonomic status of the lophotid specimen studied here is currently unclear ( walters , 1957 ; oelschläger , 1979 ; bannikov , 1999 ) , and it lacks a proper anatomical description . given the rarity of fossil material attributed to taeniosome lampridiforms , a detailed description and revised taxonomy of this material is needed in order to improve our understanding of the morphological evolution and fossil record of this peculiar group .
the material described herein , mnhn . f . eip11 ( figs . 1 and 2 ) , was discovered during excavations near ilam ( zagros basin , western iran ) by camille arambourg in 1938–1939 . the specimen was chosen to be the paratype of † lophotes elami ( arambourg , 1943 ) , along with the holotype mnhn . f . eip10 ( fig . 3 ) . on the basis of osteological differences from extant lophotids , such as the well - ossified pelvic girdle in a ventral position observed in the holotype of † lophotes elami , walters ( 1957 ) assigned it to a distinct new genus † protolophotus ( fig . 3 ) . oelschläger ( 1979 ) later proposed that mnhn . f . eip11 differs sufficiently from mnhn . f . eip10 to be classified in a different genus . he related the specimen to the extant eumecichthys and gave it the name †‘ protomecichthys ’ . however , the genus †‘ protomecichthys ’ lacks both a designated type species and a formal description . thus , it fails to meet the requirements of article 13 . 3 of the international code of zoological nomenclature ( international commission on zoological nomenclature , 1999 ) and should be considered a nomen nudum ( bannikov , 1999 ) .
( a ) mnhn . f . eip11d . ( b ) counterpart mnhn . f . eip11g . scale bars = 20 mm .
photograph ( detail of the head ) and interpretative drawing . legend : achy , anterior ceratohyal ; bra , branchiostegal ; bsp , basisphenoid ; den , dentary ; dfr , dorsal - fin ray ; dhhy , dorsal hypohyal ; dpt , dorsal - fin pterygiophore ; enpt , endopterygoid ; fr , frontal ; hyo , hyomandibula ; iop , interopercle ; lac , lachrymal ; let , lateral ethmoid ; mpt , metapterygoid ; mx , maxilla ; osp , orbitosphenoid ; pal , palatine ; pchy , posterior ceratohyal ; pmx , premaxilla ; pop , preopercle ; psp , parasphenoid ; qu , quadrate ; soc , supraoccipital ; soc - sp , spine of the supraoccipital ; spl , splint of the first dorsal - fin ray ; vhhy , ventral hypohyal ; vo , vomer . scale bar = 10 mm .
† eolophotes lenis , pin 1413 / 86 ; eumecichthys fiski , usnm 164170 ( radiographs ) ; lophotus lacepede , nhmuk 1863 . 8 . 27 . 1 ( radiographs ) ; † oligolophotes fragosus , pin 3363 / 121 ; † protolophotus elami , mnhn . f . eip10 .
the electronic version of this article in portable document format ( pdf ) will represent a published work according to the international commission on zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that code from the electronic edition alone . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix urltoken . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : b677ba4f - ccf4 - 4678 - a8a8 - 502f059704d2 . the online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories : peerj , pubmed central and clockss .
the specimen was examined with a stereomicroscope equipped with a camera lucida drawing arm . the interpretative drawing was produced with adobe illustrator cs6 from the camera lucida drawings and from photographs . measurements were taken with a compass or with the software imagej 1 . 5 from radiographs ; angles were also measured with imagej . the method for estimating the degree of projection of the crest is modified from craig , hastings & pondella ( 2004 ) : it is based on the angle between the straight line from the tip of the crest to the proximal end of its anterior margin ( instead of the tip of the upper jaw , due to varying jaw positions in fossils ) and the vertical line drawn perpendicular to the main axis of the parasphenoid ( instead of the vertebral column , not preserved in mnhn . f . eip11 ) . the relative length of the crest is the ratio between the crest length ( distance between the tip of the crest and the proximal end of its anterior margin ) and the head length without the crest ( from the anterior margin of the ethmoid region to the posterior margin of the neurocranium ) . all extinct taxa are indicated with a dagger ( † ) .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 86986e5e - 5fff - 465d - a987 - e475fbf02966
etymology . hellenization of the name of the “babel fish” , the teleost - like , ear - dwelling , polyglot extra - terrestrial species from douglas adams’ 1979 book the hitchhiker’s guide to the galaxy , in reference to the very peculiar , almost alien - like , appearance of the genus .
diagnosis . a lophotid differing from † eolophotes , lophotus , † oligolophotes and † protolophotus by the relatively longer , strongly projecting crest ; and from eumecichthys by the relatively shorter , deeper and less strongly projecting crest , with strongly expanded anterior dorsal - fin pterygiophores .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : d2540d1f - f169 - 40de - b910 - 7302810615e7
1943 † lophotes elami arambourg , p . 287 , pl . x , fig . 1
holotype . mnhn . f . eip11d / g , almost complete articulated cranium and anterior portion of the dorsal fin , in part and counterpart ( figs . 1 and 2 ) . this is the only specimen known for the genus and species .
etymology . species named in honour of the late john e . olney , in recognition of his work on the anatomy and ontogeny of lampridiformes .
type locality and horizon . near ilam , zagros basin , western iran . this teleost fauna , part of the pabdeh formation , was erroneously aged cretaceous by priem ( 1908 ) , and rupelian ( oligocene ) by arambourg ( 1943 ) and arambourg ( 1967 ) . it is more accurately middle to late eocene in age ( afsari et al . , 2014 ; and references therein ) .
mnhn . f . eip11 consists only of the head of the animal , along with the associated anterior portion of the dorsal fin . the specimen is mostly articulated , except for the left ventral portion of the hyoid arch that is upturned and preserved ventral to the rest of the cranium . the limits of most bones are poorly preserved , probably due to their low degree of mineralization in life as is the case in modern taeniosome lampridiforms .
total head length : 104 mm ; head length ( without the crest ) : 44 mm ; crest length ( anterior margin ) : 51 . 5 mm ; head depth : 25 . 5 mm ; orbit diameter : 23 mm .
the neurocranium of mnhn . f . eip11 is highly modified . the frontal develops a dorsal lamina that projects anterior to the jaws . throughout approximately its anterior half , it is in contact with an enlarged laminar process of the supraoccipital , delimited dorsally by a strong supraoccipital spine . together , they form a conspicuous “crest” , long and strongly projecting anteriorly ( at an angle of 64 . 5° ) . alone , the crest contributes to 58 % of total head length .
the frontal makes up approximately 60 % of the anterior margin of the crest . both the frontal and the supraoccipital show radial ornamentation on the crest ; it radiates from the posterior end of the frontal and the distal tip of the supraoccipital . the supraoccipital spine borders the dorsal margin of the bone , and narrows towards the tip .
the ethmoid region is poorly preserved , with an probable enlarged lateral ethmoid that hides the mesethmoid . an enlarged lachrymal is nested in the antero - ventral corner of the orbit ; it is parallel to the parasphenoid ventrally , and curves dorsally along the posterior edge of the lateral ethmoid . the orbitosphenoid runs along the dorsal margin of the orbit and has a conspicuous process pointing ventrally . the posterior wall of the orbit is delimited ventrally by a robust and straight basisphenoid . otherwise , the sphenoid , otic and occipital regions are too poorly preserved to distinguish the individual bones . the parasphenoid is robust and slightly curves dorsally at its anterior end . the junction between the parasphenoid and the vomer is not discernable . there is no evidence of vomerine teeth .
the premaxilla is relatively small , with a well - developed ascending process , and a barely visible alveolar process . the maxilla bears a conspicuous and pointed process at its antero - dorsal end . the posterior end is expanded dorsoventrally , forming a rounded lamina . neither the premaxilla nor the maxilla bear visible teeth . there is no evidence of a supramaxilla . the anterior margin of the dentary , slightly concave and bearing no visible teeth , forms a strong angle with the ventral margin . the posterior margin of the dentary forms an interosseous space with the anguloarticular , which is mostly hidden by overlaying bones .
only the proximal , single - headed articulation of the hyomandibula is clearly visible ; the distal end of the bone seems to be preserved in close association with the metapterygoid . the latter is roughly triangular and is one of the best preserved bones of the suspensorium . the symplectic is rod - like , narrows slightly anteriorly and inserts in a notch on the postero - ventral margin of the quadrate . the triangular quadrate bears an antero - ventral condyle that articulates with the anguloarticular . the anterior portion of the suspensorium is poorly preserved , and it is difficult to outline the limits of the endopterygoid , ectopterygoid and palatine bones . the dorsal and posterior portions of the endopterygoid are preserved , suggesting that the bone forms two laminae , the dorsal one along the parasphenoid , and the ventral one contacting both the quadrate and the metapterygoid .
both the left and right ventral hyoid arches are visible . one is preserved in life position : its posterior end overlaps the operculum , but its dorsal margin is hidden by the lower jaw , suggesting it corresponds to the right ventral hyoid arch . the left one is displaced and upturned , and lies ventral to its counterpart . the posterior ceratohyal is triangular and articulates with the anterior ceratohyal with an interdigitated suture . the anterior ceratohyal shows a strong ventral concavity at midlength ; its dorsal margin is much less concave . the anterior end of the anterior ceratohyal forms a rounded condyle , over which the curved ventral hypohyal articulates . the dorsal hypohyal lies dorsally over the anterior ceratohyal . there are six branchiostegals : the anterior two are shorter and articulate with the anterior ceratohyal at the level of its ventral concavity ; the four others articulate more posteriorly ( due to the faint distinction between both ceratohyals , it is difficult to determine on which one they articulate ) ; they are very long ( the posteriormost being the longest ) and curved posteriorly over the ventral margin of the interopercle . the branchiostegals of the left hyoid arch are disarticulated .
the preopercle is wide and angled at mid - length . the interopercle is an elongate bone rounded at its extremity that forms the ventral margin of the opercular series . it has a smooth ventral margin , closely associated with the posterior branchiostegals . the potential presence of parts of the opercle , in contact with the preopercle , is unclear .
the dorsal fin is only partially preserved , with only the most anterior pterygiophores and dorsal - fin rays visible . its most striking feature is the extremely elongated and enlarged first dorsal - fin ray , which is 10 times as wide as the more posterior fin rays ( at their base and greatest width ) . it does not bifurcate distally , lacks any visible segmentation , and a groove runs throughout its length . a rounded splint protrudes at its anterior base ; it is unclear whether it constitutes a separate dorsal - fin element or not . fifteen other dorsal - fin rays are preserved posteriorly . their distal end is missing in most cases , but they all seem to be of a similar length , except for the second and third dorsal - fin rays that are noticeably longer . they do not bifurcate distally , and no segmentation is clearly visible .
ten dorsal - fin pterygiophores are unambiguously preserved . they are strongly inclined anteriorly , which causes the dorsal fin to originate at the tip of the crest , and to run along the entire head of the animal . the first two dorsal - fin pterygiophores are greatly enlarged and in close contact with the crest . both also show a conspicuous flange at their posterior margin . the first pterygiophore is narrow posteriorly , where it does not contact the supraoccipital , and widens in its distal end . the second one is much wider and slightly narrows at its distal extremity . it is in close contact with the first pterygiophore throughout its entire length . the third and fourth preserved pterygiophores are in close contact with the second one throughout almost all of their lengths . the more posterior pterygiophores have a mostly straight shaft that curves slightly at its distal extremity . the most posterior ones are less inclined than the anterior ones . the proximal ends of all preserved pterygiophores converge at the same point : the base of the crest—thus they insert anterior to the ( not preserved ) first neural spine . the elongated and enlarged first dorsal - fin ray inserts on the first pterygiophore . it is unclear if the rays two to eight insert on pterygiophores that are mostly hidden or not preserved , or in supernumerary association with the enlarged second pterygiophore . the rays 9–16 each insert serially on a corresponding pterygiophore .
oelschläger ( 1979 ) proposed that mnhn . f . eip11 is different enough anatomically from the other lophotids , fossil and extant , to justify its attribution to a new genus . indeed , it differs from the holotype of † protolophotus , found in the same geological levels , by the relative development of the crest . in mnhn . f . eip11 , the crest is projecting anteriorly with an angle of 64 . 5° , and the ratio between the lengths of the crest’s anterior margin and of the head without the crest is of 1 . 17 to 1 . in the holotype of † protolophotus , mnhn . f . eip10 ( fig . 3 ) , the anterior margin of the crest is almost vertical ( degree of projection : 20° ) , and it is relatively shorter ( margin of the crest / head length without the crest : 0 . 67 / 1 ) . mnhn . f . eip11 also shows a much stronger first dorsal - fin ray , and its two anterior dorsal - fin pterygiophores are much more developed . body size is known to affect relative crest size and degree of projection in extant lophotus ( craig , hastings & pondella , 2004 ) , which could be misleading when trying to differentiate taxa based on crest morphology . however , this bias can probably be ruled out in the case of mnhn . f . eip11 and mnhn . f . eip10 : both individuals have similar head lengths without the crest ( 42 and 44 mm , respectively ) , suggesting that they are at a similar growth stage . it then seems that classifying mnhn . f . eip11in a different genus and species , † babelichthys olneyi , is justified from a morphological point of view .
the monophyly of lampridiformes ( excluding stylephorus , sensu nelson , grande & wilson , 2016 ) is well - supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses ( wiley , johnson & dimmick , 1998 ; miya et al . , 2007 ; betancur et al . , 2013 ; near et al . , 2013 ) and by numerous morphological features ( olney , johnson & baldwin , 1993 ; davesne et al . , 2014 ; davesne et al . , 2016 ; delbarre , davesne & friedman , 2016 ) . several of these character states are unambiguously found in † babelichthys : the premaxilla and dentary are toothless , the frontal and the supraoccipital are both involved in a sagittal crest , the anterior ceratohyal forms a condyle that articulates with the ventral hypohyal , and the first dorsal - fin pterygiophore inserts anterior to the neural spine of the first abdominal vertebra .
the phylogenetic studies that explore lampridiform intrarelationships with a sufficient sampling all recover a monophyletic taeniosomi ( wiley , johnson & dimmick , 1998 ; grande , borden & smith , 2013 ; martin , 2015 ) . the taeniosome character states found in † babelichthys include the absence of supraneurals , and anterior dorsal - fin pterygiophores that are enlarged and inclined over the neurocranium ( olney , johnson & baldwin , 1993 ) . † babelichthys then clearly shows a character state combination that confirms its identification as a taeniosome lampridiform .
olney , johnson & baldwin ( 1993 ) proposed that the enlarged supraoccipital process , projecting anteriorly over the frontals ( forming the “crest” as described herein ) and supporting the first dorsal - fin pterygiophore , is a synapomorphy of lophotidae . since it is not found elsewhere in lampridiforms , this character confirms the attribution of † babelichthys to lophotidae . it has to be noted that in the yet unpublished phylogenetic analysis of martin ( 2015 ) , the monophyly of lophotidae is ambiguous , with one parsimonious tree finding lophotus more closely related to the other taeniosomes than to eumecichthys , while in the other both genera are sister groups . given this ambiguity , lophotidae is considered monophyletic in this discussion .
angle ( ° ) between the straight line from the tip of the crest to the proximal end of its anterior margin and the line drawn perpendicular to the main axis of the parasphenoid .
distance ( mm ) between the tip of the crest to the proximal end of its anterior margin .
distance ( mm ) between the anterior margin of the ethmoid and the posterior margin of the neurocranium .
taeniosome lampridiforms are known by several fossil representatives . the oldest unquestionable occurrences are all attributed to lophotidae : the diminutive † eolophotes lenis ( fig . 4a ) , from the lutetian ( eocene ) of georgia ( daniltshenko , 1962 ; daniltshenko , 1980 ) and † protolophotus elami ( fig . 3 ) , found in the same middle - late eocene formation as † babelichthys ( see above ) . an additional , younger fossil lophotid is † oligolophotes fragosus ( fig . 4b ) from the early oligocene pshekha formation of adygea , northern caucasus , russia ( bannikov , 1999 ) . the taeniosome fossil record also includes the trachipterid † trachipterus mauritanicus from the messinian ( late miocene ) of algeria ( carnevale , 2004 ) , and a fragmentary possible oarfish ( regalecus ) from the pliocene of italy ( bronzi , 2001 ; roberts , 2012 ) . there is no known fossil radiicephalid . finally , the small and distinctive † bajaichthys elegans , from the ypresian ( early eocene ) of bolca , italy , has been classified as a taeniosome or close relative due to its mobile jaws , elongate body and reduced caudal fin ( sorbini & bottura , 1988 ; bannikov , 2014 ) . however , it can be confidently classified in zeiformes , a separate teleost clade ( davesne , carnevale & friedman , 2017 ) . in total , five entirely fossil taeniosome species are currently known ( four lophotidae , one trachipteridae ) , a diversity expanded by the present description of † babelichthys .
( a ) † eolophotes lenis , holotype pin 1413 / 86 ; scale bar = 5 mm . ( b ) † oligolophotes fragosus , holotype pin 3363 / 121 ; scale bars = 10 mm .
national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington d . c . , united states
the author thanks gaël clément ( mnhn ) for allowing access to the specimen of study , alexandre bannikov ( pin ) for his useful information on the lampridiform fossil record and for suggesting the redescription of this specimen , as well as giorgio carnevale ( università degli studi di torino ) for insightful anatomical discussion . sandra raredon ( usnm ) kindly sent radiographs of extant lophotids for comparison , while lilian cazes , philippe loubry ( mnhn ) and av mazin ( pin ) provided high - quality photographs of the fossil specimens . finally , the editor jérémy anquetin and referees alexandre bannikov and dave johnson are thanked for their invaluable reviews and comments .
donald davesne conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .
the measurements in table 1 are the raw data . the material described herein , mnhn . f . eip11 is stored at mnhn , muséum national d’histoire naturelle , paris , france .
publication lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : b677ba4f - ccf4 - 4678 - a8a8 - 502f059704d2 .
babelichthys gen . nov . : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 86986e5e - 5fff - 465d - a987 - e475fbf02966 ,
babelichthys olneyi sp . nov . : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : d2540d1f - f169 - 40de - b910 - 7302810615e7 .
the author was supported by the natural environment research council ( grant ne / j022632 / 1 ) and by the leverhulme trust ( grant rpg - 2016 - 168 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
résultats scientifiques de la mission c . arambourg en syrie et en iran ( 1938–1939 ) . ii . les poissons oligocènes de l’iran
ontogeny and systematics of fishes , special publication number 1 , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists .
the living marine resources of the western central atlantic . volume 2 : bony fishes part 1 ( acipenseridae to grammatidae ) .
systematics , biology and distribution of the species of the oceanic oarfish genus regalecus ( teleostei , lampridiformes , regalecidae ) .
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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
günther , a . 1890 ,
description of a new species of deep - sea fish from the cape ( lophotes fiski )
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1890 , no . 2 , pp . 244 - 247 pls 19 - 20
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 300d6bfc - 8d7c - 4324 - be6d - 169fccc93ccc
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† babelichthys olneyi , gen . et sp . nov . holotype mnhn . f . eip11d .
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odostomia harfordensis is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies .

the epithet " harfordensis " refers to port harford , california , where the type specimen was collected .

odostomia harfordensis

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : odostomia harfordensis w . h . dall & p . bartsch , 1907 - id : 2241650430
subgenus odostomia ( odostomia ) j . fleming , 1813 accepted as odostomia j . fleming , 1813
subgenus odostomia ( pyramistomia ) cossmann , 1921 accepted as odostomia j . fleming , 1813
subgenus odostomia ( cyclodostomia ) sacco , 1892 † accepted as odostomia j . fleming , 1813
species odostomia adipata hedley , 1909 accepted as odostomia oxia r . b . watson , 1886
subgenus odostomia ( evalina ) dall & bartsch , 1904 represented as odostomia j . fleming , 1813
species odostomia didyma w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as odostomia dyma van aartsen & corgan , 1996 ( invalid : junior homonym of odostomia didyma verrill & bush , 1900 ; odostomia dyma is a replacement name )
species odostomia dulcis w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as odostomia gittenbergeri van aartsen & corgan , 1996 ( invalid : junior homonym of odostomia dulcis pilsbry & johnson , 1917 ; odostomia gittenbergeri is a replacement name )
species odostomia audoax [ sic ] accepted as odostomia audax baker , hanna & a . m . strong , 1928
» species odostomia ( evalea ) lavertinae e . a . smith , 1901 represented as odostomia lavertinae e . a . smith , 1901
species odostomia crassa thompson w . , 1845 accepted as odostomia eulimoides hanley , 1844 represented as brachystomia eulimoides ( hanley , 1844 ) ( synonym )
species odostomia brevicula jeffreys , 1883 accepted as turbonilla amoena ( monterosato , 1878 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of odostomia brevicula a . adams , 1861 )
subgenus odostomia ( heida ) dall , 1903 accepted as syrnola a . adams , 1860
species odostomia azteca a . m . strong & j . g . hertlein , 1939
species odostomia corintoensis j . g . hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951
species odostomia costaricensis j . g . hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951
species odostomia gallegosiana j . g . hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951
species odostomia guatulcoensis j . g . hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951
subgenus odostomia ( iolaea ) a . adams , 1867 accepted as iolaea a . adams , 1867
subgenus odostomia ( miralda ) a . adams , 1863 accepted as miralda a . adams , 1863
subgenus odostomia ( pyrgulina ) a . adams , 1863 accepted as pyrgulina a . adams , 1863
species odostomia crassicostata w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as hinemoa crassella van aartsen & corgan , 1996 ( invalid : junior homonym of odostomia crassicostata may , 1915 ; hinemoa crassella is a replacement name )
species odostomia audax f . baker , g . d . hanna & a . m . strong , 1928
species odostomia contrerasi f . baker , g . d . hanna & a . m . strong , 1928
species odostomia gabrielensis f . baker , g . d . hanna & a . m . strong , 1928
species odostomia herrerae f . baker , g . d . hanna & a . m . strong , 1928
» species odostomia ( turbonilla ) undata r . b . watson , 1897 accepted as trabecula jeffreysiana monterosato , 1884
species odostomia dissimilis tiberi , 1868 accepted as euparthenia bulinea ( r . t . lowe , 1841 ) ( synonym )
species odostomia biplicatum deshayes , 1863 † accepted as stolidoma ( stolidomopsis ) fehsei le renard , 1994 † represented as stolidoma fehsei le renard , 1994 † ( junior homonym of odostomia biplicata fleming , 1814 ; s . fehsei is a replacement name )
species odostomia elegans a . adams , 1860 accepted as evalea elegans ( a . adams , 1860 ) ( original combination )
» species odostomia ( ividella ) orariana dall & bartsch , 1909 accepted as ividella notabilis ( c . b . adams , 1852 )
species odostomia babylonia ( c . b . adams , 1845 ) accepted as pseudoscilla babylonia ( c . b . adams , 1845 )
taxonomy the genus odostomia fleming , 1813 was used by xixth century authors , particularly in the european literature , for most of . . .
species odostomia amoebaea r . b . watson , 1886 accepted as hamarilla amoebaea ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) ( original combination )
species odostomia canaliculata c . b . adams , 1850 accepted as eulimastoma canaliculatum ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) ( original combination )
species odostomia dekleini ( van aartsen , gittenberger & goud , 1998 ) accepted as odetta dekleini van aartsen , gittenberger e . & goud , 1998
» species odostomia ( boonea ) seminuda ( c . b . adams , 1839 ) accepted as boonea seminuda ( c . b . adams , 1839 )
» species odostomia ( ividella ) ulloana a . m . strong , 1949 accepted as ividella ulloana ( a . m . strong , 1949 ) ( basionym )
» species odostomia ( turbonilla ) amoebaea r . b . watson , 1886 accepted as hamarilla amoebaea ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) ( basionym )
» species odostomia ( miralda ) rhizophorae hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951 accepted as ividella rhizophorae ( hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951 ) ( basionym )
» species odostomia ( ividella ) mendozae baker , hanna & a . m . strong , 1928 accepted as ividella mendozae ( baker , hanna & a . m . strong , 1928 ) ( basionym )
( of odostomia ( pyramistomia ) cossmann , 1921 ) cossmann , m . ( 1921 ) . essais de paléoconchologie comparée . douzième livraison . paris : [ the author ] . 349 pp . , plates a - d , 1 - 6 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 240 [ details ]
( of odostomia ( cyclodostomia ) sacco , 1892 † ) van aartsen , j . j . and j . x . corgan . 1999 . review of cyclodostomia sacco , 1892 and marginodostomia nomura , 1936 , two taxa of the pyramidellacea ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) . basteria 63 : 61 - 68 . [ details ]
( of odostomia ( evalina ) dall & bartsch , 1904 ) dall w . h . & bartsch p . ( 1904 ) . synopsis of the genera , subgenera and sections of the family pyramidellidae . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 17 : 1 - 16 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 12 [ details ]
no . 68 ( 1909 ) - bulletin - united states national museum . - biodiversity heritage library
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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( of odontostomia jeffreys , 1839 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1839 ) . a list of the marine mollusca taken during a few days stay an oban in argyllshire , in the autumn of 1838 . malac . conch . mag . 2 : 23 - 46 . [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
gray j . e . ( 1847 ) . a list of the genera of recent mollusca , their synonyma and types . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 15 : 129 - 219 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 159 [ details ]
( of odontostoma philippi , 1853 ) philippi r . a . 1853 . handbuch der conchyliologie und malacozoologie . halle , eduard anton . pp . i - xx , 1 - 547 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 192 [ details ]
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the chinese flying frog or chinese gliding frog ( rhacophorus dennysi ) is a species of tree frog in the rhacophoridae family found in china , laos , burma , and vietnam .

also known as the blanford 's whipping frog , large treefrog , and denny 's whipping frog .

this frog is up to 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) long .

it is considered least concern by the iucn .

chinese flying frog

the chinese flying frog or chinese gliding frog ( rhacophorus dennysi ) is a species of tree frog in the rhacophoridaefamily found in china , laos , burma , and vietnam . also known as the blanford ' s whipping frog , large treefrog , and denny ' s whipping frog . [ 2 ]
the chinese flying frog is a large species reaching a size of 10cm . they inhabit tropical lowland forests of china , laos , burma and vietnam .
beautiful painting of wallace ' s flying frog ( rhacophorus nigropalmatus ) by the unique carel brest van kampen .
1854 illustration of reinwardt ' s flying frog rhacophorus reinwardtii by jean gabriel prêtre . image in public domain .
mating in the bushes - false malabar gliding frog ( rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus ) : building nest .
a moss - textured rhacophorid frog . specimens of vietnamese mossy frog or tonkin bug - eyed frog ( theloderma corticale ) . top photo by steven g . johnson , cc by - sa 3 . 0 . lower image by václav gvoždík , cc by - sa 2 . 5 .
episode 2 of david attenborough’s conquest of the skies was on tv the other day , and i watched it ( i livetweeted throughout , mostly because i wanted to talk about their portrayal of pterosaurs and mesozoic theropods ) . and hence i have rhacophorid frogs on my mind – the mostly tropical afro - asian group that includes the famous rhacophorus flying frogs , the best known member of which is wallace’s flying frog r . nigropalmatus from indonesia , thailand and adjacent countries . as usual , flying frog were used by sir david to help illustrate the diversity of animals that have evolved a gliding ability .
the overachieving wallace ' s flying frog wasn ' t content to just hop and swim . thousands of years of watching birds navigate the rain forest and avoid predators by taking to the sky appears to have convinced this unique amphibian that air travel is the way to go .
the wallace ' s flying frog population is considered stable , and they have special status only in certain localities . however , they are partial to breeding and laying eggs in the fetid wallowing holes of the nearly extinct asian rhinoceros , and further decreases in rhino populations may negatively affect the species .
also known as parachute frogs , wallace ' s flying frogs inhabit the dense tropical jungles of malaysia and borneo . they live almost exclusively in the trees , descending only to mate and lay eggs .
wallace ' s flying frogs are not the only frogs who have developed this ability , but they are among the largest . the black color of their foot webbing helps distinguish them from their similarly aerial cousins .
holotype specimen of philautus maia , showing eggs preserved in contact with ventral surface . did this frog really carry its eggs around like this ? illustration from günther ( 1876 ) .
tapley , b . 2009 . aspects of captive husbandry of taylor’s bug - eyed frog , theloderma stellatum ( taylor , 1962 ) . herpetological bulletin 108 , 31 - 33 .
byrne , p . g . & whiting , m . j . 2011 . effects of simultaneous polyandry on offspring fitness in an african tree frog . behavioral ecology 22 , 385 - 391 .
this frog is up to 10 cm ( 3 . 9 in ) long . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , rivers , swamps , freshwater marshes , intermittent freshwater marshes , ponds , irrigated land , and canals , and ditches .
hertwig , s . t . , lilje , k . e . , min , p . y . , haas , a . & das , i . 2012 . molecular evidence for direct development in the rhacophorid frog , philautus acutus ( rhacophoridae , anura ) from borneo . the raffles bulletin of zoology 60 , 559 - 567 .
wallace’s flying frog and the other gliding rhacophorus species are pretty remarkable . they’re very big compared to most other members of the group , svls being 90 - 100 mm in females and 80 - 90 mm in males . their fully webbed hands and feet are enormous , but they also have flaps of skin – winglets , if you like – on the arms and legs , and sometimes on the body . glides of more than 15 m have been recorded . exactly how many rhacophorus species are true gliders is uncertain : the ability is confirmed for just a handful of species but more may have it ( inger & stuebing 2005 ) . several smaller ones ( including r . angulirostris , r . cyanopunctatus and r . gauni ) have only partial digital webbing and either lack those skin flaps or only have small versions .
rhacophorids are sometimes called flying frogs , shrub frogs , bush frogs , moss frogs , old world treefrogs , or afro - asian treefrogs , and occur across sub - saharan africa , china , much of tropical asia , japan , the philippines and sulawesi . about 380 species are recognised as of early 2015 . the last time i wrote about this group – december 2008 – this number was more like 290 , so the rate at which new species are discovered and named is pretty impressive .
the outsides of these foam nests dry to form a hard crust , thereby protecting the eggs within . however , monkeys , snakes and other predators will break into the nests and eat the eggs if they can . most surprisingly , fornasini’s spiny reed frog afrixalus fornasini ( a member of hyperoliidae ) is a documented foam nest predator , though it can only eat from the nest before the foam has dried ( channing 2001 ) .
external appearance is variable in rhacophorids . for all their fame as ‘flying frogs’ , it has to be said that the vast majority look – to those unenlightened in anuran diversity – like standard ‘treefrogs’ . they’re generally small ( svls of 40 mm or less ) , wide - headed , big - eyed frogs with expanded digit - tips and a ( normally ) prominent tympanum . many are smooth - skinned but spiny tubercles cover the skin in some taxa , and others are notably warty , with a rough , bumpy skin that aids camouflage .
the latter is most developed in the grotesque rough treefrog theloderma horridum of thailand , peninsula malaysia and borneo . indeed , this is one of several species ( most of which belong to theloderma ) that resemble moss or bark in external texture and colour [ adjacent photos of t . corticale by steven g . johnson and václav gvoždík ] . t . asperum – patterned in brownish and pale blotches – superficially resembles a bird dropping and is sometimes called the bird poop frog . vocal sacs are absent in some taxa ( like nyctixalus ) but big and obvious in others .
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frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 7 july 2014 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
this species was included in rhacophorus by inger ( 1966 ) , then placed in polypedates by liem ( 1970 ) , and then returned to rhacophorus by dubois ( 1987 ) .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is known historically from northern myanmar and china ( zhao and adler , 1993 ) . it is also known from northern viet nam and central lao people ' s democratic republic . the type locality ' singapore ' is clearly based on a traded specimen ( bourret , 1941 ) . it is known from altitudes up to 900m asl .
it inhabits forests and riparian forests in hilly areas . it breeds in still waters such as paddy fields , pools , ditches , marshes and ponds . it is mostly restricted to primary forest . the call of this species is exceptionally loud .
its known areas of occurrence in viet nam continue to suffer from persistent processes degrading the forest , such as non - timber forest products collection , plantations , wildfires and changes to hydrology ( birdlife international 2001 ) . small numbers are also exported for the international pet trade .
its range includes many protected areas . the rating of ‘threatened’ for r . nigropalmatus in the 1992 viet nam red data book ( tran et al . , 1992 ) might refer in part to r . dennysii .
peter paul van dijk , nguyen quang truong , bryan stuart , michael wai neng lau , geng baorong , gu huiqing , yang datong . 2004 .
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listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
its range includes many protected areas . the rating of threatened for r . nigropalmatus in the 1992 viet nam red data book ( tran et al . , 1992 ) might refer in part to r . dennysii .
females lay eggs in foam nests attached to branches and grasses hanging over water . they create nests by beating a frothy secretion into foam with their hind legs .
van dijk , p . p . , truong , n . q . , stuart , b . , lau , m . w . n . , baorong , g . , huiqing , g . & datong , y . ( 2004 ) . rhacophorus dennysi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 23 july 2007 .
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due to full webbing between fingers and toes , these tree - dwelling frogs are able to achieve gliding flight for short distances between trees . they are one of the largest species of tree frogs . the females grow to twelve centimetres , while the males remain somewhat smaller . their diet comprises mainly of insects and worms .
when threatened or in search of prey , they will leap from a branch and splay their four webbed feet . the membranes between their toes and loose skin flaps on their sides catch the air as they fall , helping them to glide , sometimes 50 feet or more , to a neighboring tree branch or even all the way to the ground . they also have oversized toe pads to help them land softly and stick to tree trunks .
they are generally bright green with yellow sides and grow to about 4 inches . they survive mainly on insects .
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episode 2 of david attenborough ' s conquest of the skies appeared on tv the other day , and i watched it ( in fact , i livetweeted throughout , mostly because i wanted to talk about their portrayal of pterosaurs and mesozoic theropods ) .
cladogram from meegaskumbura et al . ( 2002 ) , the sri lankan taxa being shown in blue . note the huge number of species that had not been named when this study was published .
a nice illustration of this is provided by meegaskumbura et al . ’s ( 2002 ) documentation of more than 100 new rhacophorid species on sri lanka alone ( just 18 sri lankan rhacophorid species were known prior to their work ) , a discovery that makes sri lanka on par with madagascar , new guinea and borneo in terms of anuran diversity .
and , yes , more than 100 new species announced in a single paper . if we look at the discovery record of various of the rhacophorid lineages , we see that – for example – 43 new species of raorchestes , 30 new species of rhacophorus , and 51 new species of pseudophilautus have been named since 2000 . . . 9 new raorchestes species were named in 2014 alone ( frost 2014 ) . as should be well known , the number of recognised amphibian species has sky - rocketed in recent years , and this really is because of newly discovered species , not just the result of splitting , taxonomic elevation of subspecies , or the recognition of cryptic species that can only be distinguished genetically .
the most famous illustration of a rhacophorid ever published : a gliding rhacophorus nigropalmatus from alfred russell wallace ' s 1869 the malay archipelago . wallace wrote about this species and illustrated it in his notes ( he didn ' t discover it though - that honour goes to charles hose ) .
the great paradox is that amphibians are in chronic global decline at the same time , and many species can no longer be located at all . despite meegaskumbura et al . ’s ( 2002 ) 100 + new rhacophorid species , they were unable to find many that had been described in the 19th century , a discovery which implies that the species concerned have gone extinct . as you should also know , amphibian species are currently being ‘lost’ on a regular and worrying basis – we don’t talk of a ‘global amphibian crisis’ for nothing .
most rhacophorids are arboreal or semi - arboreal , living in shrubs , trees and bushes from close to ground level to way up in the forest canopy . there’s some uncertainty over how high up in the canopy these frogs actually occur . nature documentaries ( like the aforementioned attenbourough - led projects ) create the impression that they really live tens of metres up in the high canopy but this is hard to confirm and has been doubted on occasion . recently , however , individuals of some species ( like rhacophorus belalongensis on borneo , named in 2008 ) have been recorded from tree - tops 10 m high . members of some groups are associated with primary forests , but others inhabit agricultural fields , roadsides , cleared forest and villages . [ images below by σ64 and alpsdake . ]
it has to be said that some rhacophorids are not really all that remarkable when compared to , say , familiar ranid frogs . this montage shows tadpoles and an adult of rhacophorus arboreus . however , this species is a foam nester , on which see below . tadpole photo at lower left by σ64 , other photos by alpsdake . all cc by - sa 3 . 0 .
specialised reproductive strategies are widespread across these frogs , and some of the techniques they use mean that they don’t have to come down to the ground to breed . some ( like some philautus species ) stick their eggs to the undersides of leaves above the ground and some philautus species ( like p . mjobergi ) have been reported to be nepenthiphilous – that is , to lay their eggs inside pitcher plants . while some frogs definitely are nepenthiphilous , the only alleged rhacophorid eggs discovered inside a pitcher plant and subjected to molecular testing turned out to be from the microhylid species microhyla borneensis ( hertwig et al . 2012 ) . [ photo below by katja rembold . ]
frogs belonging to several lineages are documented as users of pitcher plants ( this photo shows a heterixalus inside a dead nepenthes madagascariensis . heterixalus is a hyperoliid , not a rhacophorid ) . it has been claimed that rhacophorids of several species use pitchers in this way , but the cases are either controversial or turned out to be erroneous . photo by katja rembold , cc by - sa 3 . 0 .
those philautus eggs , by the way , don’t produce free - swimming tadpoles : philautus species are direct developers , which means that the embryos change to froglets within the eggs , a free - living tadpole phase being absent ( the developing embryos are lecithotrophic or endotrophic , meaning that they depend on a yolk store ) . direct development is also the case in pseudophilautus and raorchestes .
while ( as just mentioned ) some of these direct developers stick their eggs to leaves that are alive and well above ground - level , others come down to the ground and lay their eggs beneath dead leaves . meegaskumbara et al . ( 2007 ) said that these ground - breeding species “deposit their eggs in nests excavated on the forest floor” ( p . 9 ) . waitaminute – frogs excavating nests ? really ? i have to look into this . . .
rhacophorid foam nests in asia and africa . at left : nests of rhacophorus arboreus in japan , photo by alpsdake , cc by 3 . 0 . at right : chiromantis rufescens foam nest in gabon , photo by brian gratwicke , cc by 2 . 0
then there are those rhacophorids that manufacture arboreal foam nests [ adjacent nest photos by alpsdake and brian gratwicke ] . the females exude a secretion that they ( and their male partners ) whip up with their legs to form a foam clump that’s attached to leaves , branches or aerial roots . it seems that the production of this secretion is quite costly and that a female needs to take a break and re - hydrate herself by soaking up standing water before she can complete a single nest .
this strategy is present in the afro - asian foam - nest frogs chiromantis , most rhacophorus species , and members of polypedates . in some species – most famously the grey foam nest treefrog c . xerampelina of south - eastern africa – large numbers of these frogs sometimes choose to nest in the same place , meaning that branches or aerial roots can be festooned with whole lines of dripping foam nests . actually , it isn’t just that the frogs ‘choose’ to nest in the same place – males will deliberately get in on the action if they see a pair working to make a nest , and the result is that single egg clutches are invariably fertilised by more than one male . byrne & whiting ( 2011 ) showed that this multiple paternity – technically , it’s simultaneous polyandry – assists in the survival of the resulting offspring , so it’s certainly in the interests of females to solicit as much male attention as possible during these breeding events . [ photos below by brian gratwicke , kapenta and chintan sheth . ]
montage of chiromantis and kin . at left : c rufescens ( photo by brian gratwicke , cc by 2 . 0 ) . top right : c . xerampelina ( image by kapenta , cc by - sa 4 . 0 ) . lower right : feihyla vittata ( photo by chintan sheth , in public domain ) . the feihyla species were once included within chiromantis but have since been recovered in several alternative placements in molecular phylogenies .
polypedates leucomystax pair in amplexus . i think i spot some subtle sexual dimorphism . image taken in java , indonesia , by w . a . djatmiko , cc by - sa 3 . 0
the eggs hatch inside the clump , the tadpoles dropping into the stream or pool ( sometimes originally formed by rhinos or pigs ) below after several days . polypedates leucomystax bucks the trend by sometimes making foam nests on the ground ( inger & stuebing 2005 ) . [ adjacent photo by w . a . djatmiko ] . it seems that foam - nesting evolved just once within rhacophorids , since all foam - nesters belong to a single clade ( frost et al . 2006 , grosjean et al . 2008 , pyron & wiens 2011 ) .
foam - nester tadpoles are ectotrophic : free - swimming and completing development outside the egg , and often with a schooling habit . some live in muddy pools and are of typical , non - specialised morphology . others ( like those of rhacophorus penanorum ) are specialised stream - dwellers with streamlined bodies , sucker - like mouths and elongate , muscular tails . these tadpoles are rheophilous ( associated with fast - flowing streams ) and inhabit rocky pools that are sometimes also home to megophrys / xenophrys spadefoot tadpoles and ansonia toad tadpoles ( haas et al . 2012 ) .
a really interesting thing that’s been noted for rheophilous tadpoles is that their limb development seems to be offset , time - wise , relative to the condition in related , non - rheophilous species . this is presumably an evolutionary response to the fact that developing hindlimbs might affect their streamlining and ability to cling to rocks in fast - flowing water . they also keep sucker - like mouths and other features for longer than do other tadpoles ( nodzenski & inger 1990 ) . accordingly , it can be difficult to say reliable things about their age and estimated metamorphic stage .
amazing ' vampire tadpoles ' of rhacophorus vampyrus . ( a ) schematic view of tadpole as seen from the front , ( b ) photo of the real thing . image from vassilieva et al . ( 2013 ) .
finally , there are yet other rhacophorids where egg clumps are laid in arboreal settings , but not in foam nests . in some theloderma species , egg clumps are laid in water - filled tree hollows , and the tadpoles complete their development here . in captivity , these frogs will lay their egg clumps attached to the bark , just above the hollow , the hatching tadpoles then dropping into the water ( tapley 2009 ) . oh , there are also a few foam - nesting rhacophorus species that lay their eggs in tree hollows , the most famous of which is r . vampyrus from vietnam ( after hatching inside a foam nest , the tadpoles drop into a water - filled tree hollow ) . this species saw international stardom a couple of years ago when it was revealed that the tadpoles have black , hooked fangs on the lower jaw that –it ' s presumed – are used when feeding on unfertilised eggs provided by their mother : these tadpoles , it seems , practise obligate oophagy , eating r . vampyrus eggs and nothing else ( vassilieva et al . 2013 ) .
finally finally , the possibility exists that a completely unique reproductive strategy was present in a species that now seems to be extinct . the holotype female specimen of
, collected on sri lanka prior to 1876 , had a disc - shaped mass of eggs attached to its belly , raising the possibility that members of this species carried their eggs around with them ( günther 1876 ) . alas , meegaskumbura
. ( 2007 ) discussed how unlikely this proposal was , concluding that a more plausible possibility is that the individual concerned was collected while in the process of laying and positioning her egg clutch on a leaf . alas , only further observations can establish the ‘truth’ and . . . sadly ,
century discovery and the present . don’t forget : global . amphibian . crisis .
finally , where do rhacophorids fit within the anuran radiation ? molecular studies find them to be close to ranidae , the familiar neobatrachian clade that includes european water frogs , brown frogs , the american bullfrog , leopard frogs and so many others ( frost et al . 2006 , pyron & wiens 2011 ) . they’re clearly not at all close to hylid treefrogs ( hylids are part of the same clade as glassfrogs , toads and kin ) . i also need to say that a huge amount of work – scarcely any of which is cited in the article you’re reading now – has recently been devoted to the in - group relationships of rhacophoridae , several conventional ‘genera’ being the subject of substantial disagreement due to proposals that they might be paraphyletic or polyphyletic . at the risk of elaborating further , i must stop here . oh , i seem to have blogged about anurans again .
channing , a . 2001 . amphibians of central and southern africa . cornell university press , ithaca and london .
- . , grant , t . , faivovich , j . , bain , r . h . , haas , a . , haddad , c . f . b . , de sá , r . o . , channing , a . , wilkinson , m . , donnellan , s . c . , raxworthy , c . j . , campbell , j . a . , blotto , b . l . , moler , p . , drewes , r . c . , nussbaum , r . a . , lynch , j . d . , green , d . m . & wheeler , w . c . 2006 . the amphibian tree of life . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 297 , 1 - 370 .
grosjean , s . , delorme , m . , dubois , a . & ohler , a . 2008 . evolution of reproduction in the rhacophoridae ( amphibia , anura ) . journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 462 , 169 - 176 .
günther , a . 1876 . note on the mode of propagation of some ceylonese tree - frogs , with description of two new species . annals and magazine of natural history ( 4 ) 17 , 377 - 380 .
haas , a . , hertwig , s . t . , krings , w . , braskamp , e . , dehling , j . m . , min , p . y . , jankowski , a . , schweizer , m . & das , i . 2012 . description of three rhacophorus tadpoles ( lissamphibia : anura : rhacophoridae ) from sarawak , malaysia ( borneo ) . zootaxa 3328 , 1 - 19 .
inger , r . f . & stuebing , r . b . 2005 . a field guide of the frogs of borneo . natural history publications ( borneo ) , kota kinabalu .
meegaskumbura , m . , bossuyt , f . , pethiyagoda , r . , manamendra - arachchi , k . , bahir , m . , milinkovitch , m . c . & schneider , c . j . 2002 . sri lanka : an amphibian hotspot . science 298 , 379 .
- . , manamendra - arachchi , k . , schneider , c . j . & pethiyagoda , r . 2007 . new species amongst sri lanka’s extinct shrub frogs ( amphibia : rhacophoridae : philautus ) . zootaxa 1397 , 1 - 15 .
nodzenski , e . & inger , r . f . 1990 . uncoupling of related structural changes in metamorphosing torrent - dwelling tadpoles . copeia 1990 , 1047 - 1054 .
pyron , a . r . & wiens , j . j . 2011 . a large - scale phylogeny of amphibia including over 2800 species , and a revised classification of extant frogs , salamanders , and caecilians . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 61 , 543 - 583 .
vassilieva , a . , galoyan , e . & poyarkov , n . 2013 . rhacophorus vampyrus ( anura : rhacophoridae ) reproductive biology : a new type of oophagous tadpole in asian treefrogs . journal of herpetology 47 , 607 - 614 .
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the lycid-mimicking moth ( snellenia lineata ) is a species of moth of the oecophoridae family .

it is found australia in the australian capital territory , new south wales , queensland and victoria .

the wingspan is about 15 mm .

the wings are brown , the hindwings shading to black at the margins .

the antennae have filamentous tips .

adults feed at flowers and are often found near poisonous lycidae beetles of the metriorrhynchus genus , which they mimic .

snellenia lineata

taxon concept snellenia _ lineata last modified 2017 - 02 - 03 15 : 09 : 01 . 109
snellenia walsingham , 1889 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1889 ( 1 ) : 13 ; ts : snellenia coccinea walsingham
snellenia miltocrossa turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 81
snellenia hylaea turner , 1913 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 38 ( 1 ) : 221 ; tl : queensland , mt tambourine
snellenia capnora turner , 1913 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 38 ( 1 ) : 221 ; tl : n . queensland , herberton
snellenia tarsella walsingham , 1889 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1889 ( 1 ) : 15 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; tl : darjeeling
snellenia coccinea walsingham , 1889 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1889 ( 1 ) : 15 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 7 ; tl : sikkim
these adult moths have brown forewings with black veins . the hindwings are black with brown bases . the thorax is brown , and the abdomen is black . the antennae have filamentous tips . the wingspan is about 1 . 5 cms .
melbourne university press , 1990 , pl . 5 . 1 , p . 226 .
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felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . 1875 ,
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859
, pp . plates 121 - 140
walker , f . 1856 ,
sphingidae
, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 8 , pp . 1 - 271
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5cd5b0a0 - ebeb - 4235 - 9e64 - 5ab95e1d8428
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 334103
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this page contains information and pictures about lycid - mimicking moths that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .
. it has the lycid brick - red colours . its antenna , head and thorax all look similar to lycid . this moth active during the day .
photos taken in ford road conservation area on mar 2011 . the moth was resting on moss on a fallen rotten tree trunk .
csiro , division of entomology , melbourne university press , 2nd edition 1991 , plate6f .
i . f . b . common , melbourne university press , 1990 , p 223 , plate5 . 1 .
eretmocera ? flavipennis felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 138 , f . 59 ; tl :
amer . ?
ignispergens diakonoff , 1948 ; bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . paris ( 2 ) 20 ( 3 ) : 271
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
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reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
walsingham , 1889 monograph of the genera connecting tinaegeria , wlk . , with eretmocera , z . trans . ent . soc . lond . 1889 ( 1 ) : 1 - 40 , pl . 1 - 6
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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, sydney , nsw ( walker in the original description gave the type locality as para , south america but the specimen labelled as type in the bmnh has a sydney label on it ) .
. ( zoologischer theil , band 2 , abteilung 2 ) heft 4 . wien . plates 121 - 140 pp .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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