istigobius is a genus of gobies found in fresh , brackish and marine waters of the regions along the coasts of the indian and western pacific oceans .

istigobius

istigobius ornatus is commercially collected for use in the aquarium trade ( baensch and debelius 1997 ) .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
schmuckgrundel
to
istigobius ornatus ( rüppell , 1830 )
.
it ' s a bird ! it ' s a plane ! no , istigobius ! by henry c . schultz iii - urltoken
murdy , e . o . & hoese , d . f . 1985 . a revision of the gobioid fish genus istigobius .
istigobius ornatus is not the subject of any known conservation measures , but its wide distribution throughout the indo - west pacific coincides with many marine protected areas .
a decorated sandgoby , istigobius decoratus , in nelson bay , new south wales . source : ian v . shaw / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution
as with so many fish genera , istigobius was originally described as a subgenus , in this case , of the genus gobius ( whitley , 1932 ; murdy and hoese , 1985 ) . even so , many of the current istigobius species were not originally placed in this subgenus , but instead were spread out among genera such as acentrogobius , ctenogobius , and rhinogobius .
goldmann ' s sandgoby , istigobius goldmanni , at great keppel island , queensland , march 2017 . source : ian shaw / inaturalist . org . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
murdy , e . o . and d . f . hoese , 1985 . revision of the gobiid fish genus istigobius . indo - pac . fish . ( 4 ) : 41 p
an orangespotted sandgoby , istigobius rigilius , near corbett reef , great barrier reef , queensland , december 2001 . source : erik schlogl / inaturalist . org . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
the behavior of istigobius allows a wide latitude of potential aquarium sizes . these fish have a tendency not to feel comfortable more than several inches from shelter . as a result , they should do well in aquariums as small as 10 gallons , provided predators are not present . larger aquariums will be more suitable for those hobbyists wishing to maintain a pair of istigobius , or those planning on including several tankmates .
murdy , e . o . and d . f . hoese , 1985 . revision of the gobiid fish genus istigobius . indo - pac . fish . ( 4 ) : 41 p . ( ref . 420 )
the 10 species ( see below ) of istigobius all have a few traits in common . possibly most important to hobbyists is the sexually dimorphic nature of all species . although the genital papilla is the deciding factor in all species of gobiidae , this feature is more pronounced in istigobius . additionally , several other sexually dimorphic traits are also present such as the longer pelvic fins , darker pigmentation in spots or blotches , and horizontal striping , found on the males .
istigobius rigilius is distributed from the ryukyu islands ( japan ) to the great barrier reef ( australia ) , and east to new caledonia , fiji , tonga , palau , kiribati , ashmore and cartier reefs , and the marshall islands .
while many of the fishes listed are good tank mates for istigobius species , one should research each fish individually before adding it to the aquarium . some of the fish listed above are better left in the ocean or for advanced aquarists .
justification : istigobius rigilius has been assessed as least concern . it is a broad ranging species and while it may be undergoing localised declines due to factors relating to habitat degradation , these threats are not known to pose a significant threat to the global population .
murdy , e . o . & hoese , d . f . 1985 ,
a revision of the gobioid fish genus istigobius
, indo - pacific fishes , vol . 4 , pp . 1 - 41 figs 1 - 8 pls 1 - 3
a photo of istigobius decoratus taken at a depth of 10m , rodda reef , great barrier reef , queensland , december 1999 . the original type specimens collected in 1927 were lost from manila as a casualty of world war ii . photo courtesy of erik schloegl .
the aquarium mates of istigobius should be restricted to peaceful fish . other gobies that maintain territories in the middle of the water column would be good choices . these would obviously include wormfish and cleaner gobies . gobies that maintain a territory within rocks , corals or burrows are also good choices .
another photo of istigobius decoratus , this one showing off the highly variable pigmentation possible for the decorated goby . as opposed to the previous photo which was likely collected closer to the eastern spectrum of its distribution , this photo was likely taken from waters near taiwan or the philippines . photo courtesy of mitsuaki takata .
shiobara , y . and k . suzuki , 1983 . life history of two gobioids , istigobius hoshinonis ( tanaka ) and i . campbelli ( jordan and snyder ) , under natural and rearing conditions . . j . fac . mar . sci . tech . tokai univ . 16 : 193 - 205 .
istigobius decoratus is one of the larger members of the genus , reaching nearly five inches . it is seen here amongst the preferred habitat of dark sand and coralline encrusted rubble . when threatened by a predator , it is more likely to remain in the open and stay still ( hopefully ) blending into the substrate . photo courtesy of roberto sozzani of scubabob .
the decorated goby , istigobius decoratus , differs slightly from other members of this genus . it prefers cleaner waters than do its close cousins . even so , these fish are rarely found below more than five feet of depth , although collections records do show several individuals taken from as deep as 50 feet . the clean water is probably a direct result of the substrate they prefer - coarse coralline - encrusted rubble .
of course , predatory fish such as lionfish , groupers , or moray eels should be avoided . the gobies will become a quick snack for most any predatory fish . additionally , predatory invertebrates such as brittle starfish from the genus ophiarachna should also be avoided . small gobies such as istigobius are an easy meal for these aggressive predators . likewise , anemones such as the stichodactyla species should be avoided . all too often fish will fall victim to these anemones .
in an attempt to find a fish that fits a niche often overlooked by many in this hobby - mini - reef and mangrove tanks - i decided to cover the sand - dwelling species of istigobius . their natural instincts and habitats lend a degree of flexibility that is not afforded to us by most ornamental marine fish . as such , these fish place themselves into a small , albeit focused , group of fish that do a fantastic job of filling a niche that the vast majority of fish cannot .
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cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013
greek , istios = sail + latin , gobius = gudgeon ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range ? - 10 m ( ref . 86942 ) . tropical ; 25°n - 30°s
western pacific : philippines to fiji , north to taiwan , south to northwestern australia and southern queensland . recently recorded from tonga ( ref . 53797 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48637 ) ; 4 . 7 cm tl ( female )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 10 ; vertebrae : 26 . upper pectoral fin rays entire . nape with as many as 30 dark spots . a prominent diagonal , black line from posterior part of upper jaw to operculum . 4 broad , dark bands on abdomen ; 2nd dorsal fin with 3 - 4 rows of black spots ; pectoral fin clear , base with 2 small dusky spots . predorsal cycloid scales 7 - 9 , trunk ctenoid . in male , anal fin when appressed reaching almost the caudal fin ; appressed 2nd dorsal fin overlapping caudal . anal and 2nd dorsal fins of female when appressed reaching to within a distance of 2 - 3 scales of caudal fin ( ref . 420 ) ; longitudinal scale series 30 - 32 ; depth of body 4 . 9 - 5 . 6 in sl ( ref . 90102 ) .
found in sandy areas with both living coral and coral rubble , and from both moderately clear and turbid water ( ref . 48637 ) .
genital papilla of male slightly pigmented , ending to side of anal spine . female genital papilla truncate , ending well before origin of anal fin ( ref . 420 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5010 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00418 - 0 . 01902 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 16 of 100 ) .
marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; amphidromous ( ref . 46888 ) ; depth range 0 - 6 m ( ref . 90102 ) . tropical
asia and oceania : india , hong kong , malaysia , indonesia and australia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7050 )
inhabits sand or mud bottoms of estuaries and sheltered shoreline reefs in 0 - 6 m ( ref . 90102 ) .
genital papilla of male sometimes heavily pigmented , reaching anal spine . genital papilla of female truncate , ending well short of anal spine .
kottelat , m . , a . j . whitten , s . n . kartikasari and s . wirjoatmodjo , 1993 . freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi . periplus editions , hong kong . 221 p . ( ref . 7050 )
) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 6 ( based on 2826 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00279 - 0 . 01364 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 30 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 20°n - 25°s
western pacific : philippines and indonesia to kiribati and fiji , south to rowley shoals in the eastern indian ocean and the great barrier reef . reported from the ryukyu islands ( ref . 559 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11344 )
solitary ( ref . 90102 ) . occurs in sandy areas with living corals and coral rubble in clear waters , ref . 48637 .
genital papilla of male terminating to side of anal spine . papilla of female truncate and terminating posteriorly well before origin of anal fin .
) : 25 . 5 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 6 ( based on 1556 cells ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .
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description inhabits areas of coralline sand near clean coral reefs . observed to occur singly and picks at the substrate .
description inhabits areas of coralline sand near clean coral reefs . observed to occur singly and picks at the substrate . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of ctenogobius decoratus ( herre , 1927 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of acentrogobius decoratus ( herre , 1927 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of rhinogobius decoratus herre , 1927 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
larson , h . k . , murdy , e . & van tassell , j .
de silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , smith , j . & livingston , f .
is reported as uncommon in the capricorn - bunker group ( lowe and russell 1990 ) . nevertheless , it is generally the most common
species found on coral reefs ( e . murdy pers . comm . 2009 ) .
can be found resting on sand patches , amongst living coral and coral rubble , in clear water lagoons and bays . it occurs at a depth range of 0–30 m .
, however its distribution may coincide with numerous marine protected areas ( mpas ) , including the great barrier reef marine park .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
larson , h . k . , murdy , e . & van tassell , j . 2010 .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 : e . t154861a115244556 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
the gobiidae is the largest family of marine fish with over 2 , 000 members , and it is still growing . most gobiidae are characterized by a few notable attributes . other than the few gobies that swim above the substrate , most lack a swim bladder and lateral line . gobies do , however , have sensory ducts surrounding their heads that make up for the lateral line ' s absence ( smith and knopf , 1997 ) . another interesting characteristic is the condition of the ventral fins , which in most gobies are joined together and have small suction cups on the end .
despite the habitat preference of some species for mangroves and others for coral rubble , all species prefers water less than 20 feet deep . these shallow waters , combined with silty - sand substrate , typically yield water visibility of less than 20 feet . perhaps this limited visibility is a major reason the fish never move further than several inches from suitable cover .
maintenance of these sand - dwelling gobies is rather simple , provided the aquarist offers them the proper habitat . small , peaceful aquariums often provide the optimum environment for these gobies ' long - term care . one major consideration , however , is the temperature of the aquarium . maintaining any of the aforementioned temperate sea species will require an aquarium cooler than a typical reef aquarium . otherwise , a sooner - than - should - be - expected - death will result from the increased water temperature .
provided the aquarium is large enough for anthias and direct feeding is administered to the goby .
most dottybacks will hunt and kill small gobies - pseudochromis fridmani and p . springeri are possible exceptions .
should be ok provided the aquarium is large enough for the rabbitfish and enough food reaches the goby .
many wrasses are best avoided . the most peaceful ones will be good choices .
another husbandry concern should be the life of your sand bed . nowadays many hobbyists are concerned about predation upon the sand bed fauna . if this describes you - by all means avoid these fish . as noted earlier , they feed from the sand by sifting it and stripping the vital micro - fauna from it . if you are not concerned about the life within your sand bed , these sand sifters will do an excellent job of overturning the sand and generally keeping it clean . however , you should be concerned about where the sand gets dumped ; they are indiscriminate dumpers .
besides sifting through the sand bed , your new goby will require supplemental feedings of prepared foods . it is likely , especially in smaller aquariums , that the sand bed , by itself , will not provide enough food to sustain the fish . instead , expect to feed smaller foods designed for a carnivore ' s diet . such foods would include mysid shrimps , adult enriched brine shrimp , fish roe , and any of the copious offerings of flake foods .
if you have any questions about this article , please visit my author forum on reef central .
baensch , h . a . 1994 . baensch marine atlas , volume 1 . microcosm . shelburne , vt . 1215 pp .
jordan , d . s . and j . o . snyder , 1901 . a review of the gobioid fishes of japan with descriptions of twenty - one new species . . proc . u . s . natl . mus . 24 ( 1244 ) : 33 - 132 .
lieske , e . and r . myers , 1994 collins pocket guide . coral reef fishes . indo - pacific & caribbean including the red sea . harper collins publishers , 400 pp .
michael , s . w . 1999 . marine fishes 500 + essential - to - know aquarium species . microcosm . shelburne , vt . 448 pp .
smith , l . l . and knopf , a . a . 1997 . national audubon society : field guide to tropical marine fishes . new york . p . 615 .
whitely , g . p . 1932 . fishes , in sci . rept . , great barrier reef expedition . 1928 - 1929 , 4 ( 9 ) : 267 - 316 .
a pale sandgoby covered in orange - brown and white speckles , brown lines on the gill cover , a row of paired brown spots along body behind the pectoral fin separated by white spots or dashes , and sometimes 3 - 4 dusky vertical bars on the abdomen of males .
offshore reefs of western australia , ashmore and cartier reefs , timor sea , and the northern great barrier reef and reefs in the coral sea , to one tree island , queensland ; also lord howe island in the tasman sea . elsewhere the species occurs in the tropical , west - central pacific . usually inhabits sandy patches amongst coral and rubble in lagoons and bays on oceanic and clear offshore reefs in depths to 35 m .
body yellowish white ; 2 brown diagonal lines from preoperculum to upper jaw , connected by a single line ; 2 almost vertical brown lines on operculum . males sometimes with 3 - 4 dusky vertical bars on abdomen .
pallidogobius rigilius herre 1953 , philippine j . sci . 82 ( 2 ) : 185 . type locality : rigili island , eniwetok atoll , marshall islands .
allen , g . r . 1993 . fishes of ashmore reef and cartier island .
herre , a . w . 1953 . tropical pacific gobies with vomerine teeth .
hutchins , j . b . , williams , d . mcb . , newman , s . j . , cappo , m . & speare , p . 1995 . new records of fishes for the rowley shoals and scott / seringapatam reefs , off north - western australia .
pictorial guide to indonesian reef fishes . part 3 . jawfishes - sunfishes , opistognathidae - molidae
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 : e . t154861a115244556 . urltoken downloaded on 19 june 2018 .
. tokyo : tokai university press vol . 1–2 437 pp . 247 figs 370 pls .
reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands .
russell , b . c . 1983 . annotated checklist of the coral reef fishes in the capricorn - bunker group , great barrier reef , australia . great barrier reef marine park authority . special publication series 1 : 1 - 184 figs 1 - 2
the blackspotted sandgoby is a small bottom dwelling species that occurs in tropical waters and some warm temperate waters of australia .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .
hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .
a common species that inhabits mangroves and silty , rocky areas ; occasionally found in rubble reef areas . only single individuals were observed ; many individuals found scattered over a small area ( ref . 420 ) . found primarily in lower estuaries , usually in mangroves . this is the species of the genus that is found farthest inland . feeds on small invertebrates ( ref . 12693 ) .
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description occurs in turbid coastal areas near river mouths at less than 1 m to at least 12 m .
description occurs in turbid coastal areas near river mouths at less than 1 m to at least 12 m . [ details ]
smith , j . l . b . & smith , m . m . ( 1963 ) . the fishes of seychelles . department of ichthyology , rhodes university . grahamstown . [ details ]
( of acentrogobius aestuarius smith , 1959 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of acentrogobius spence ( smith , 1947 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of gobius spence smith , 1947 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of gobius spence smith , 1947 ) macnae , w . & m . kalk ( eds ) . ( 1958 ) . a natural history of inhaca island , mozambique . witwatersrand univ . press , johannesburg . i - iv , 163 pp . [ details ]
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bikinigobius herre , 1953 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of innoculus whitley , 1952 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pallidogobius herre , 1953 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
raminosoa , n . , rasoloariniaina , r , ravelomanana , t . & velosoa , j .
justification : this is a very widespread species without any known major threats . it is assessed as least concern .
a pale sandgoby with a prominent black bar across the gill cover , up to 30 dark spots on the nape , a row of paired unfused black spots separated by white spots behind the pectoral fin , four broad dark bands on abdomen , 3 - 4 rows of black spots on the second dorsal fin , and clear pectoral fins with two small dusky spots on the base .
monte bello islands and offshore reefs of western australia , ashmore reef , timor sea , and the northern great barrier reef to at least the capricorn group , southern queensland . elsewhere the species occurs in the east - indo - west - central pacific . inhabits sandy patches among live coral and rubble , in moderately clear and turbid waters .
dorsal fin vi , 10 - 11 ; anal fin 9 - 10 ; longitudinal scale series 30 - 32 ; vertebrae 26 . body depth 4 . 9 - 5 . 6 in sl ; predorsal cycloid scales 7 - 9 , trunk ctenoid ; upper pectoral fin rays entire . in male , anal fin when appressed reaching almost the caudal fin ; appressed 2nd dorsal fin overlapping caudal . anal and second dorsal fins of female when appressed reaching to within a distance of 2 - 3 scales of caudal fin .
gobius goldmanni bleeker 1852 , natuurkundig tijdschrift voor nederlandsch indië 3 : 167 . type locality : kupang , west timor .
bleeker , p . 1852 . bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van timor .
hernaman , v . & munday , p . l . 2005 . life - history characteristics of coral reef gobies . ii . mortality rate , mating system and timing of maturation .
a variable brownish sandgoby becoming white below , with dark brown scale margins forming a honeycomb pattern and a midlateral row of double dark brown spots forming rectangular markings along the side , and usually black spots on the nape .
ashmore reef and cartier reef , timor sea , and the shark bay region , western australia , to moreton bay , queensland ; also diamond islets in the coral sea , and lord howe island in the tasman sea . elsewhere the species occurs in the tropical , indo - west - central pacific . inhabits coralline sand areas in clear lagoons and on seaward reefs .
dorsal fin ( total spines ) vi + i , 10 - 11 ; anal fin i , 9 - 11 ; vertebrae 26 ; caudal fin segmented and non branching rays 2 - 3 , branched rays 14 - 15 ; predorsal cycloid scales 7 - 10 ; trunk scales ctenoid . isthmus narrow , scaled forward to vertical at posterior part of preoperculum . sexual dimorphism exhibited in anal , pelvic and 2nd dorsal fin genital papilla of male sometimes darkly pigmented and reaching to side of anal spine . female genital papilla truncate , ending well before origin of anal fin .
highly variable in colour , brownish on upper half , becoming white below ; dark brown scale margins forming honeycomb pattern and midlateral row of double dark brown spots forming rectangular markings ; two diagonal , dusky lines on operculum ; an inverted u - shaped spot prominent at the distal end of upper jaw . pectoral fin with small dusky spots ; two longitudinal lines on pectoral base spreading onto it fin rays .
rhinogobius decoratus herre 1927 , monographs of the bureau of science . manila 23 : 181 , pl . 13 ( 3 ) . type locality : apo island , philippines ( neotype , original type material from leyte , philippines destroyed in wwii ) .
allen , g . r . , hoese , d . f . , paxton , j . r . , randall , j . e . , russell , b . c . , starck , w . a . , talbot , f . h . & whitley , g . p . 1976 . annotated checklist of the fishes of lord howe island .
the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers .
perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .
francis , m . 1993 . checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe , norfolk , and kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean .
herre , a . w . 1927 . gobies of the philippines and china seas .
hobbs , j - p . a . , newman , s . j . , mitsopoulos , g . e . a . , travers , m . j . , skepper , c . l . , gilligan , j . j . , allen , g . r . , choat , h . j . & ayling , a . m . 2014 . checklist and new records of christmas island fishes : the influence of isolation , biogeography and habitat availability on species abundance and community composition .
hutchins , b . 2004 . fishes of the dampier archipelago , western australia .
hutchins , j . b . 1994 . a survey of the nearshore reef fish fauna of western australia ' s west and south coasts — the leeuwin province .
johnson , j . w . 1999 . annotated checklist of the fishes of moreton bay , queensland , australia .
johnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .
larson , h . k . , williams , r . s . & hammer , m . p . 2013 . an annotated checklist of the fishes of the northern territory , australia .
moore , g . i . , morrison , s . m . , hutchins , b . j . , allen , g . r . & sampey , a . 2014 . kimberley marine biota . historical data : fishes .
reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands
russell , b . c . 1983 . annotated checklist of the coral reef fishes in the capricorn - bunker group , great barrier reef , australia .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
marine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 86942 ) . tropical ; 21°c - 29°c ( ref . 27115 ) ; 30°n - 25°s
indo - pacific : red sea south to northern mozambique ( ref . 4343 ) and east to fiji , north to southern taiwan , south to new caledonia . recently recorded from tonga ( ref . 53797 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 12 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 11 ; vertebrae : 26 . upper 3 - 4 pectoral fin rays free . body color pale gray ; operculum with 5 small blue spots interspersed with brownish red spots ; 5 vertical rows of white spots on pectoral fins ; anterior tip of first dorsal fin bright yellow . 4th spine of 1st dorsal fin longest . predorsal scales cycloid , trunk ctenoid . mouth with overhanging snout , lips greatly thickened . cheeks and operculae without scales . female pelvic and anal fins not as darkly pigmented as in male . also with terete body shape , slightly depressed ; eyes situated dorso - laterally ; reduced swim bladders ( ref . 92840 ) .
a common species that inhabits mangroves and silty , rocky areas ; occasionally found in rubble reef areas . only single individuals were observed ; many individuals found scattered over a small area ( ref . 420 ) . found primarily in lower estuaries , usually in mangroves . this is the species of the genus that is found farthest inland . feeds on small invertebrates ( ref . 12693 ) .
genital papilla , of male varying from lightly to heavily pigmented and terminating to side of anal spine . female genital papilla lightly pigmented and truncate , terminating well before anal spine ( ref . 420 ) . benthic spawner ( ref . 32023 ) .
) : 25 . 5 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 5 ( based on 3131 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00561 - 0 . 01627 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 37 se ; based on food items .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
bleeker , p . 1878 ,
quatrième mémoire sur la faune ichthyologique de la nouvelle - guinée
, archives néerlandaises des sciences naturelles , vol . 13 , pp . 35 - 66 pls 2 - 3
richardson , j . 1844 ,
ichthyology
, ed . richardson , j . & gray , j . e . ( eds ) , the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . erebus and terror under the command of captain sir james clark ross , r . n . , f . r . s . , during the years 1839–43 , vol . 2 , pp . pp . 1 - 16 pls 1 - 6 , 7 - 8 ( parts ) , 9 - 10 , e . w . janson , london
whitley , g . p . 1932 ,
fishes
, scientific reports of the great barrier reef expedition 1928 - 1929 , vol . 4 , no . 9 , pp . 267 - 316 figs 1 - 5 pls 1 - 4
wormuth , j . h . 1976 ,
the biogeography and numerical taxonomy of the oegopsid squid family ommastrephidae in the pacific ocean
, bulletin de l ' institut océanographique monaco , vol . 23 , pp . 1 - 87
o ' sullivan , d . b . , johnstone , g . w . , kerry , k . w . & imber , m . j . 1983 ,
a mass stranding of squid martialia hyadesi rochebrune and mabille ( teuthoidea : ommastrephidae ) at macquarie island
, papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , vol . 117 , pp . 161 - 163
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4583529c - 9f4a - 40ca - 886d - 8309ecc0c2b2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d74e27c4 - 0d3e - 4ee8 - a61b - ba500f1efb1c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 344880
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the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .


ninox is a genus of true owls comprising about 30 species found in asia and australasia .

many species are known as hawk owls or boobooks .

note that the northern hawk-owl surnia ulula is not a member of this genus .

molecular analysis indicates the genus is an early offshoot from the ancestors of the rest of the true owls , and are maybe best-classified in a subfamily ninoxinae with the genera sceloglaux and uroglaux .

the genus was introduced by the english naturalist brian houghton hodgson in 1837 .

the species of ninox are : rufous owl , ninox rufa powerful owl , ninox strenua barking owl , ninox connivens sumba boobook , ninox rudolfi little sumba hawk-owl , ninox sumbaensis morepork , ninox novaeseelandiae norfolk boobook , ninox novaeseelandiae undulata - extinct ( 1996 ) lord howe boobook , ninox novaeseelandiae albaria - extinct ( 1950s ) ninox novaeseelandiae leucopsis ninox novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae southern boobook , ninox boobook ninox boobook boobook ninox boobook cinnamomina ninox boobook fusca ninox boobook halmaturina ninox boobook lurida ninox boobook moae ninox boobook ocellata ninox boobook plesseni ninox boobook pusilla ninox boobook remigialis ninox boobook rotiensis andaman hawk-owl , ninox affinis brown hawk-owl , ninox scutulata hume 's hawk-owl , ninox obscura northern boobook , ninox japonica chocolate boobook , ninox randi white-browed hawk-owl , ninox superciliaris philippine hawk-owl group luzon hawk-owl , ninox philippensis mindoro hawk-owl , ninox mindorensis sulu hawk-owl , ninox reyi mindanao hawk-owl , ninox spilocephala romblon hawk-owl , ninox spilonotus cebu hawk-owl , ninox rumseyi camiguin hawk-owl , ninox leventisi ochre-bellied boobook , ninox ochracea cinnabar boobook , ninox ios moluccan boobook group tanimbar boobook , ninox forbesi halmahera boobook , ninox hypogramma hantu boobook , ninox squamipila christmas boobook , ninox natalis papuan boobook , ninox theomacha manus boobook , ninox meeki speckled boobook , ninox punctulata new ireland boobook , ninox variegata new britain boobook , ninox odiosa solomons boobook , ninox jacquinoti togian boobook , ninox burhani the fossil owls " otus " wintershofensis and " strix " brevis , both from the early or middle miocene of wintershof west , germany , are close to this genus ; the latter was sometimes explicitly placed in ninox ( olson 1985 ) but is now in intutula .

" strix " edwardsi from the late miocene of la grive st. alban , france , might also belong into this group .

ninox

ninox
is an australian army project to develop night vision goggles ; it is named after ninox strenua .
collaborate online with your team . ninox cloud is the most advanced web database .
ninox for mac syncs data nicely with icloud . you ' ll need just one license to install ninox on multiple macs and keep everything in sync . of course , sync does also work with the ipad and iphone app .
keep ahead of tasks with a field of status , priority and due date . ninox helps you to stay on track .
when a user registers his account with ninox and logs in , he will be seen as a user part of your team .
join 99 , 000 ninox users who have discovered how easy it is to build powerful database applications to increase productivity and save time .
after more than twenty - years of searching daintree rainforest for all manner of cryptic life forms , we have at last photographic evidence of this rare red boobook ( ninox boobook lurida ) . the southern boobook ( ninox boobook ) is also known as mopoke , [ . . . ]
the ninox apps for ios are top rated . with the app you even have access when you are on the field or in a plane without internet connection .
in every area , ninox strives to reach the peak of what is possible . we are a company which is extremely picky about every area of our products , just as we know our customers are .
no you don’t . when you buy the mac app , you can use the power of ninox without the cloud subscription . you will be able to use your icloud to sync with your ipad and mac app .
introducing the venator , a mouse forged in the fires of the arena , built on the foundation of extensive research and experience tirelessly gathered by ninox . alright . . . thats enough of the corny lines , lets get to business .
with this major update ninox has made the next step . now , ninox combines the functionality of a database with the ease of use of a spreadsheet . we put lots of effort in redesigning the interface and making ninox more approachable . [ new features & fixes ] ● full spreadsheet functionality . copy & paste + selection of blocks . ● enhanced user interface to speed up browsing ninox databases and tables . ● mail merge : print multiple records at once . ● show thumbnail images in table views and embedded tables . ● all commands are now available from the mac menu bar , too . ● we greatly extended support for keyboard shortcuts . ● added drag & drop support for file attachments . ● database - level undo and redo are finally there . ● choice fields can now be displayed as radio buttons and switches . ● yes / no fields can now be displayed as checkboxes and switches . ● clicking on a map does now look up the address . ● improved scrolling features for large tables . ● number format settings now do offer a prefix option . ● several enhancements of the scripting language . ● improved performance when working with large tables . ● lots of small improvements and bug fixes . ● ninox now supports : catalan , chinese , english , french , german , italian , polish , russian , spanish if you like ninox , please consider to leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot !
● we rebuilt charts from the ground up to give you 7 different chart types with nice colors . ● it ' s now possible to import selected tables incl . forms , relations , views , layout , data and attachments from other ninox databases . ● enhanced language features enable even more advanced use cases . ● we put a lot of effort in polishing the user interface . ● form width is now adjustable . if you find ninox useful , please consider to write a review . this really makes a difference .
ninox goes team ! we’ve added a whole new way to sync your data : ninox cloud ! • invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . • changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . • and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : • redesign of the home screen • databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . • improved performance and stability please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot ! 2 . 0 . 1 : fixes a problem with ninox on macos 10 . 10
fixed some minor issues . new in 1 . 6 . 0 ● we rebuilt charts from the ground up to give you 7 different chart types with nice colors . ● it ' s now possible to import selected tables incl . forms , relations , views , layout , data and attachments from other ninox databases . ● enhanced language features enable even more advanced use cases . ● we put a lot of effort in polishing the user interface . ● form width is now adjustable . if you find ninox useful , please consider to write a review . this really makes a difference .
ninox cloud runs on any device with a web browser mac os x 10 . 9 , 10 . 10 , 10 . 11 , 10 . 12 / safari , windows 7 , 8 , 10 / internet explorer 10 and later , iphone ios 8 , 9 , 10 / safari , ipad ios 8 , 9 , 10 / safari , android : beta
ninox goes team ! we’ve added a whole new way to sync your data : ninox cloud ! • invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . • changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . • and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : • redesign of the home screen • databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . • improved performance and stability please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot !
ninox goes team ! we’ve added a whole new way to sync your data : ninox cloud ! • invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . • changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . • and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : • redesign of the home screen • databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . • improved performance and stability please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot ! 2 . 0 . 2 : performance improvements
ninox goes team ! we’ve added a whole new way to sync your data : ninox cloud ! • invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . • changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . • and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : • redesign of the home screen • databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . • improved performance and stability please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot ! 2 . 0 . 3 : performance and stability improvements
ninox is getting even better : this update brings a whole range on improvements including some long - expected features like mulitple choice fields and signature fields . also , the calender synchronization has been enhanced . and we invested heavily to make the ninox cloud synchronization super - reliable . new features : • improved calendar synchronization : - select the calendar to sync with - choose how many months should be synced - synchronization takes effect automatically • new calendar settings for working hours • new field type : multiple choice • new field type : signature • default quality settings for image fields • image field height is now configurable • radio buttons do now support a multi - column layout • improved rendering of colored fields : ninox automatically picks a high - contrast text color • sub tables can now be displayed as a single field • releated records can now be displayed as an embedded form small improvements : • longitude and lattitude have been switched for the location field to meet common conventions • new x button to quickly remove a column filter • sort and filter indicators are now always visible on table views • display of the cursor position on the formula editor • fields do now keep focus when switching between ninox and another app back and forth • new option to duplicate print layouts • color setting for action buttons • improved loading spinner • better handling of thumbnails • lots of enhancements to the nx scripting language . • more than 120 small improvements and bug fixes — your feedback is welcome — please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot !
ninox 2 . 1 brings a lot of improvements all over the place . we worked hard on polishing but also implemented some nice features . to name a few : calendar • propagate ninox calendar entries to your mac / ios calendar • improved calendar controls data import : • improved import options for ninox cloud databases • date format selector for csv file import general : • click on an email column to send emails to receipient lists • icons for radio buttons and switch fields • copy & paste in print layout designer • improved search in table views • teams can have a background image rights & roles : • visibility of columns in views now depends on access rights • access to change history is now restricatble extended scripting language : • counting loops : for i in range ( from , to ) do . . end • create arrays , like [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] • automatic repair of formulas — new in release 2 . 0 : ninox goes team — additionally to icloud sync for personal use , we added synchronization for teams : • invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . • changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . • and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : • redesign of the home screen • databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . • improved performance and stability — your feedback is welcome — please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot !
ninox is a phenomenal databasing program that was actually designed for mac . it was easy to program and , having come from act ! crm , has completely changed our business . not only is it super capable , it was very easy to program . while some additional documentation would be appreciated , the support team was always accessible and assisted us in whatever way they could , including providing example databases . the program itself has been directly ported to ipad and is available on the web with the exact same interface and functionality , and this is unlike any other program that i have found , and a huge selling point . the sync ( between a user’s devices as well as multiple users ) is also phenomenal as well , and works great . overall , ninox is phenomenal . and made for mac , ios , and web , with phenomenal syncing and capabilities ( including programing ) .
ninox 2 . 1 brings a lot of improvements all over the place . we worked hard on polishing but also implemented some nice features . to name a few : calendar • propagate ninox calendar entries to your mac / ios calendar • improved calendar controls data import : • improved import options for ninox cloud databases • date format selector for csv file import general : • click on an email column to send emails to receipient lists • icons for radio buttons and switch fields • copy & paste in print layout designer • improved search in table views • teams can have a background image rights & roles : • visibility of columns in views now depends on access rights • access to change history is now restricatble extended scripting language : • counting loops : for i in range ( from , to ) do . . end • create arrays , like [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] • automatic repair of formulas — new in release 2 . 0 : ninox goes team — additionally to icloud sync for personal use , we added synchronization for teams : • invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . • changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . • and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : • redesign of the home screen • databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . • improved performance and stability — your feedback is welcome — please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot ! release 2 . 1 . 1 fixes a small problem with reference fields .
ninox medical is developing a new device for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ) . obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a disorder characterized by repetitive episodes of upper airway obstruction that occur during sleep . the breathing stops for periods lasting from 10 seconds and up to minutes , followed by stressful arousals during which the patient gasps for air . as a result , oxygen desaturation occurs , inflammatory process may be triggered and lead to the long term cardiovascular or endocrine co - morbidities such as hypertension , ischemic heart disease , stroke and diabetes .
this update comes with more than 80 small and big improvements - to name a few : new features : • new fiter widget to sepcify date and time ranges • choice filters do now support multiple options • new filter widget for multiple choice fields • improvements of the choice and multiple choice fields • new ui element for free text • advanced settings for database background color and image • user ' s image is now also visible within the database • date picker does now sport buttons for today and to clear the date • extending selections upwards / to the left in spreadsheet mode does now work as expected • support for data matrix bar codes • use styled text elements in calendar , tables , sub tables and forms • enhanced color picker ninox scripting : • functions will now be preserved even if a referenced field is deleted • significant performance improvements when opening or modifying databases with complicated scripts • revised automatic formatting of scripts • improved error handling • lots of new functions and commands — your feedback is welcome — please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thank you so much !
this update comes with more than 80 small and big improvements - to name a few : new features : • new fiter widget to sepcify date and time ranges • choice filters do now support multiple options • new filter widget for multiple choice fields • improvements of the choice and multiple choice fields • new ui element for free text • advanced settings for database background color and image • user ' s image is now also visible within the database • date picker does now sport buttons for today and to clear the date • extending selections upwards / to the left in spreadsheet mode does now work as expected • support for data matrix bar codes • use styled text elements in calendar , tables , sub tables and forms • enhanced color picker ninox scripting : • functions will now be preserved even if a referenced field is deleted • significant performance improvements when opening or modifying databases with complicated scripts • revised automatic formatting of scripts • improved error handling • lots of new functions and commands — your feedback is welcome — please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thank you so much ! 2 . 3 . 3 : bug fixes
this update comes with more than 80 small and big improvements - to name a few : new features : • new fiter widget to sepcify date and time ranges • choice filters do now support multiple options • new filter widget for multiple choice fields • improvements of the choice and multiple choice fields • new ui element for free text • advanced settings for database background color and image • user ' s image is now also visible within the database • date picker does now sport buttons for today and to clear the date • extending selections upwards / to the left in spreadsheet mode does now work as expected • support for data matrix bar codes • use styled text elements in calendar , tables , sub tables and forms • enhanced color picker ninox scripting : • functions will now be preserved even if a referenced field is deleted • significant performance improvements when opening or modifying databases with complicated scripts • revised automatic formatting of scripts • improved error handling • lots of new functions and commands — your feedback is welcome — please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thank you so much ! 2 . 3 . 2 : bug fixes
this update comes with more than 80 small and big improvements - to name a few : new features : • new fiter widget to sepcify date and time ranges • choice filters do now support multiple options • new filter widget for multiple choice fields • improvements of the choice and multiple choice fields • new ui element for free text • advanced settings for database background color and image • user ' s image is now also visible within the database • date picker does now sport buttons for today and to clear the date • extending selections upwards / to the left in spreadsheet mode does now work as expected • support for data matrix bar codes • use styled text elements in calendar , tables , sub tables and forms • enhanced color picker ninox scripting : • functions will now be preserved even if a referenced field is deleted • significant performance improvements when opening or modifying databases with complicated scripts • revised automatic formatting of scripts • improved error handling • lots of new functions and commands — your feedback is welcome — please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thank you so much ! 2 . 3 . 1 : bug fixes
this update comes with more than 80 small and big improvements - to name a few : new features : • new fiter widget to sepcify date and time ranges • choice filters do now support multiple options • new filter widget for multiple choice fields • improvements of the choice and multiple choice fields • new ui element for free text • advanced settings for database background color and image • user ' s image is now also visible within the database • date picker does now sport buttons for today and to clear the date • extending selections upwards / to the left in spreadsheet mode does now work as expected • support for data matrix bar codes • use styled text elements in calendar , tables , sub tables and forms • enhanced color picker ninox scripting : • functions will now be preserved even if a referenced field is deleted • significant performance improvements when opening or modifying databases with complicated scripts • revised automatic formatting of scripts • improved error handling • lots of new functions and commands — your feedback is welcome — please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thank you so much ! 2 . 3 . 4 : solves a problem with multiple choice fields and for - loops
before this week , i had been using excel to keep track of a long list of locations with a bunch of columns , but i finally cracked - - just too much horizontal scrolling in excel - - and started looking for database soltuions . i had used filemaker many years ago for a similar project , but i knew that the current version is expensive and almost certainly overkill for what i ' m doing . ( i just needed the ability to enter data , and to import and export csv files for use in a web app . ) i found ninox in the app store from a google search and took a chance , and i ' m very glad i did . i was up and running in under 30 minutes , without reading instructions . ( i eventually did need to read some of the online documentation for a few import / export things , but that was a quick process . ) if you ' re familiar with database schemas , most of the features are pretty clear . i wouldn ' t say it ' s for newbies , but you don ' t need much database expertise to use this , and you don ' t need sql experience . knock on wood , the app has been very stable - - i ' ve had zero crashes , and the csv files i ' ve imported and exported have worked perfectly . it ' s also quite speedy on my 2015 macbookpro running high sierra . highly recommended !
html public
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urltoken
ioc world bird list ( v 8 . 1 ) , website ( version 8 . 1 ) , website ( version 8 . 1 )
gill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2018 . ioc world bird list ( v 8 . 1 ) . doi : 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 1 . available at urltoken [ accessed 22 january , 2018 ]
zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2017 . 06 . 15 , website ( version 15 - jun - 17 )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
choose from a variety of crm - , inventory - , invoicing - , and other pre - made databases — all designed to make your work that much better , and you life that much easier .
make your crm ! for clients , partners , suppliers , pupils , members , employees , applicants .
make an inventory list . record order and sales . stay up to date .
manage projects , sub - projects , mini tasks . calculate effort , time and costs .
organise collections of art , stamps , books , movies and other things you adore .
every business in the world is unique and has its proprietary processes . so should be the tools used for daily work to fit the real needs like a tailormade shirt .
i recommend this application as a great way to compile live data as you need it , and create relationships between different tables quickly .
empower your team to collaborate and to be more productive . reduce coordination efforts and save time to focus on what really matters .
this app has opened a new door for managing projects at work . the key benefit is being able to generate and update data directly on the factory floor .
excellent , lightweight yet sophisticated and powerful database system . i can ' t find anything else like it available for ios and mac .
this is the database development product for ios that i ' ve been waiting for , at a fraction of the total
all in
cost of filemaker .
this really is an outstanding product . more than “just” a database , it’s an entire application development platform .
quick , appetizing , it waltzes through changes in schema without a hitch or complaint . this is not even on the same planet as a flat - filer––with some planning , you can achieve 2nd normal form . worth five stars .
the more you think about new ways to track data , the more useful this software becomes . it’s quickly becoming an indispensable tool for me . highly recommended .
it ' s like excel on steroids . . . . w / excellent ( & reliable ) cloud storage support . someone has outdone themselves !
we are here to provide you with more information , answer any questions you may have and create an effective solution for your needs .
this is in the works , however , currently we are not able to provide that by default . when you have a subscription and you want a native mac app to access data offline , add the mac app to your purchase .
the keepap™ is an investigational device and is limited by u . s . law to investigational use . this product is not currently available for sale or distribution and has not been approved by the u . s . fda or by any other country’s regulatory authority .
● improved positioning and resizing of fields ● new field : phone number ● new field : color ● new field : icon ● time interval fields now support several formats with up to millisecond precision ● new functions : unique ( . . . ) , sort ( . . . ) ● aggregations min ( . . . ) , max ( . . . ) , avg ( . . . ) etc . support multiple arguments ● improved performance when rendering complex forms and tables
● interface language is now selectable by user ● default values for field type email ● improved record navigation controls ● table level trigger scripts : on create , on update ● new function replace ( text , match , replace ) ● new function endof ( appointment ) replaces end ( appointment ) ● new functions latitude ( location ) and longitude ( location ) ● slight improvements when editing choice values ● fixed problem with renaming file attachments in icloud databases ● fixed problem when removing views ● fixed problem with opening attachments on os x 10 . 9 mavericks ● fixed problem with ui freezing on os x 10 . 11 el capitan ● triggers don ' t cascade ( don ' t execute other triggers ) - use a semicolon to update multiple fields instead
i’d give this app five stars if it was documented properly . it is a capable , general - purpose database . it won’t do real heavy lifting ( like filemaker pro ) , but it will handle the needs of most small - to - medium size businesses . its only real problem is a lack of proper documentation , which gives the impression that the developer is good at programming , but not really up to professional standards , as far as documentation goes .
i have used relational databases for years , from dbase 3 to sql server , and i am pretty comfortable creating and maintaining databases . i am finding myself able to learn the app , but it is taking me about a week of evenings just to figure out how the app does things . and that’s a shame , because once i figure out an area of the app , i do like their approach . so , i can only recommend this ap on a qualified basis . those unfamiliar with relational databases will probably have a tough time figuring out how to use this app , and even old sql hands are likely to invest more time than they would like learning it .
i’d give this app five stars if it was documented properly . it is a capable , general - purpose database . it won’t do real heavy lifting ( like filemaker pro ) , but it will handle the needs of most small - to - medium size businesses . its only real problem is a lack of proper documentation , which gives the impression that the developer is good at programming , but not really up to professional standards , as far as documentation goes . i have used relational databases for years , from dbase 3 to sql server , and i am pretty comfortable creating and maintaining databases . i am finding myself able to learn the app , but it is taking me about a week of evenings just to figure out how the app does things . and that’s a shame , because once i figure out an area of the app , i do like their approach . so , i can only recommend this ap on a qualified basis . those unfamiliar with relational databases will probably have a tough time figuring out how to use this app , and even old sql hands are likely to invest more time than they would like learning it .
with family sharing set up , up to six family members can use this app .
important notes : - now available on amazon us , uk , de , fr , it , es , maxgaming eu and international . - black colour now available . - items marked * * are only available with firmware update v1 . 1 ( please see the support page for the download link ) . serial numbers beginning with 0717 or higher come pre - loaded with firmware v1 . 1 .
the venator is designed for gamers who know exactly what they want from their mouse . take a look at the list below and see if its for you !
a shape which is designed to feel like its an extension of your body .
the highest performing sensor available , capable of tracking at speeds of over 250 inches per second ( ~ 6 . 5 meters / s ) , and up to 12 , 000 dpi . the microprocessor inside the venator has also been programmed to synchronise its usb polling rate with the sensor ' s data , for reliable and very low latency tracking . it has also been programmed to have a low lod ( maximum tracking height ) , no angle snapping , and no added smoothing or acceleration .
the omron® d2fc - f - k ( 50m ) switches have one of the highest lifespan of any mouse switches , capable of performing over 50 million clicks . not only that , but they are also pleasant to use - not too hard to press , and not too loud , yet still remaning tactile . they ' re also lightning fast , due to the ultra low latency switch response which has been programmed into the venator ' s microprocessor .
customised for increased tactile feel and extended lifespan of over 24 million scrolls , so you can feel confident when using the scroll wheel , especially in tense situations .
all settings can be adjusted on the mouse , and unlike most mice that don ' t use drivers or software , the venator can store your settings in 3 profiles , where you can choose your dpi , led colours , and led brightness .
the top part of the mouse is coated with matte paint which has been uv cured . it provides excellent levels of grip , even in heated moments , and because of the curing process , is extremely hard wearing . in addition , the sides of the mouse have a textured pattern , designed to help you grip the mouse , without being too delicate or adding extra weight .
if you don ' t like heavy mice , this is the one for you ! weighing only 78 grams , it allows a super fast initial movement response , and less fatigue over extended gaming sessions . combined with the naturally comfortable shape and high grip features , gameplay will be as comfortable as can be .
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rat - culture - fiction . . . normal vocalizations are very high - pitched , well outside the range of human hearing . . . french film , illustrates henri laborit ' s theories on evolutionary psychology and human behaviors by using short sequences in the storyline showing lab rat experiments . . . in harry turtledove ' s science fiction novel homeward bound , humans unintentionally introduce rats to the ecology at the home world of an alien race which previously invaded earth . . .
superoxide dismutase - types - human . . . three forms of superoxide dismutase are present in humans , in all other mammals , and most chordates . . . sod1 , soluble crystallographic structure of the human sod1 enzyme ( rainbow colored n - terminus = blue , c - terminus = red ) complexed with copper ( blue - green . 21 q22 . 1 sod2 , mitochondrial structure of the active site of human superoxide dismutase 2 . . .
religion and sexuality . . . address the moral issues that arise from people ' s sexuality in society and in human interactions . . . sexual morality has varied greatly over time and between cultures . . .
sexual restrictions
is one of the universals of culture peculiar to all human societies . . .
history of ivory coast . . . the date of the first human presence in ivory coast ( also officially called côte d ' ivoire ) has been difficult to determine because human remains have not been well preserved in the country ' s humid climate . . . as a possible indication of a large human presence during the upper paleolithic period ( 15 , 000 to 10 , 000 bc ) , or at the minimum , the neolithic period . . .
thorns , spines , and prickles - in human culture . . . primitive humans are known to have used thorns as tools . . . human history records a variety of cultural references to sharp - pointed plant defensive mechanisms . . .
seemed to think that once the indians were off the reservations , theyd eventually become like everybody else . but they arent like everybody else . when the indianness is drummed out of them , they are turned into hopeless drunks on skid row .
without the constitution and the union , we could not have attained the result ; but even these , are not the primary cause of our great prosperity . there is something back of these , entwining itself more closely about the
heart . that something , is the principle of liberty to allmthe principle that clears the path for allgives hope to alland , by consequence , enterprize [ sic ] , and industry to all .
individuals face evolutionary trade - offs between the acquisition of costly but accurate information gained firsthand and the use of inexpensive but possibly less reliable social information . american crows ( corvus brachyrhynchos ) use both sources of information to learn the facial features of a dangerous person . we exposed wild crows to a novel ‘dangerous face’ by wearing a unique mask as we trapped , banded and released 7–15 birds at five study sites near seattle , wa , usa . an immediate scolding response to the dangerous mask after trapping by previously captured crows demonstrates individual learning , while an immediate response by crows that were not captured probably represents conditioning to the trapping scene by the mob of birds that assembled during the capture . later recognition of dangerous masks by lone crows that were never captured is consistent with horizontal social learning . independent scolding by young crows , whose parents had conditioned them to scold the dangerous mask , demonstrates vertical social learning . crows that directly experienced trapping later discriminated among dangerous and neutral masks more precisely than did crows that learned through social means . learning enabled scolding to double in frequency and spread at least 1 . 2 km from the place of origin over a 5 year period at one site .
an animal ' s world includes environmental challenges that select for adaptive traits across generations [ 1 ] , as well as those that change within individual lifetimes and necessitate adaptive learning [ 2 ] . learning from direct trial and error experiences allows for a wide range of species to rapidly adjust their behaviour to changing conditions [ 3 – 5 ] , but errors can be costly [ 6 , 7 ] . species able to observe and imitate others [ 8 ] , even crudely [ 9 ] , can forgo this cost by adjusting to changing environments through social learning and cultural evolution [ 10 , 11 ] .
in our increasingly human - dominated world , animals frequently face new dangers and opportunities that would profitably be solved through social learning . nowhere may this be more apparent than in our cities , where changing abiotic conditions ; novel anthropogenic foods and other subsidies ; and exotic predators , diseases and competitors are potent , novel and erratic selective forces [ 12 , 13 ] . the behaviour of individual people towards animals is often changing , and recent studies have demonstrated that an ability to discern differences between humans [ 14 , 15 ] may enable successful species to adapt to , and even coevolve with , human behaviour [ 16 ] . because human actions often threaten animals , learning socially about individual people ' s habits would be advantageous .
learning dangers by observing others is well understood in the laboratory [ 17 ] , but difficult to demonstrate in nature because public information can influence an animal ' s behaviour without the need for imitative social learning [ 18 , 19 ] . society can influence an individual ' s behaviour by stimulating ( contagion ) , exposing or supporting an action that already exists in the animal ' s repertoire . such socially influenced traits are subject to cultural transmission , but at best provide weak evidence for social learning as new behaviours need not be acquired [ 20 , 21 ] . by contrast , social animals often model adaptive traits that enable individuals to learn the object , location or circumstances that enhance fitness . such social learning ( i . e . stimulus enhancement or observational conditioning ; [ 19 ] ) is more rudimentary than imitating complex behaviours or learning about goals from others , but it is common among socially tolerant animals [ 22 , 23 ] .
the american crow ( corvus brachyrhynchos ) is a successful resident of north american cities [ 24 ] with a typical fission–fusion social structure within which many traditions and vocalizations appear to be socially learned [ 16 , 25 ] . one such tradition is the tendency of some crow groups to habitually follow or scorn particular humans . in experiments that we expand upon here , crows were capable of discriminating among individual people and remembering those who have aided or threatened them in the past [ 26 ] . threatening people are scolded with harsh vocalizations and may be mobbed by groups of scolding crows . individual crows learn from a single experience when they are captured and scold their captors , but in our experiments many more crows appeared knowledgeable than the few with direct , individual experience . crows recruit and tolerate others of their own and different species in mobs that form around dangerous people . this social tolerance during a situation when a typically neutral stimulus ( a person ) is paired with a signal of danger ( scolding ) could allow naive crows to learn about dangerous situations , locations and individual humans . alternatively , many naive crows may simply be stimulated to mob dangerous people because of the contagious nature of a mob [ 27 ] .
mobbing is a compound social stimulus that includes both visual and auditory signals in response to predators that is found in a variety of taxa including fishes , birds and mammals [ 28 ] . mobbing has multiple functions including predation , deterrence and learning to identify predators [ 29 – 32 ] . here , we are concerned with the latter and seek to distinguish contagious from socially acquired behaviour to understand the relative roles of individual learning and social learning in the acquisition of knowledge about people by crows . we test the hypothesis that observing others mob an object conditions an individual to react to that object and thus subsequently scold it [ 29 ] . our experiments in a field setting advance the relatively poor understanding of social learning pathways in nature [ 22 ] .
we experimentally investigated the roles of individual and social learning by pairing an aversive experience ( capture , banding and release ) with a novel human face ( a full face mask worn by people trapping and handling the birds ) . after trapping , we investigated the strength of the ecologically relevant , unconditioned response ( fear , scolding or mobbing ) to the conditioned stimulus ( people wearing the mask used during trapping , ‘dangerous face’ ) and to similar stimuli ( people wearing other masks not used for trapping or no mask , ‘neutral faces’ ; see the electronic supplementary material , also see marzluff et al . [ 26 ] for details on masks , previous research at sites and discriminatory abilities of subjects ) .
we trapped and then observed crows respond to masks at five sites . we began research at the university of washington ( uw ) main campus , where we contrasted crow responses over a 5 year period ( and ongoing ) to an extraordinary dangerous mask . to test the generality of our findings at uw , and test discrimination among ordinary faces in a fully balanced design , where each mask was dangerous at one site and neutral at all other sites , we conducted five - month long observations at four additional sites ( see the electronic supplementary material ) .
while our goals varied among sites , our field procedures were standardized . two trappers each wore the same mask during capture with a net launcher and banding . in total , birds were held for 10–30 min by the masked trappers , during which time groups of crows who were not captured circled and gave alarm vocalizations ( the electronic supplementary material ) . after releasing the banded birds , we removed our masks while inside a nearby building . each bird was aged based on plumage and colour of the mouth lining ( [ 33 ] ; electronic supplementary material ) . adults were only marked using leg bands ( including colour bands that did not reinforce coloration known to be associated with status ) to minimize long - term stress on the crows . all trapping was carried out at the start of experiments ; once trapping was completed , no additional individual learning by experiencing or observing trapping was possible .
to assess the responses of the crow populations at each site to people with masks after capture , we surveyed crows and their responses to a person slowly walking a 2–3 . 8 km - long route for 1–2 h ( figures 1 and 3 ; electronic supplementary material ) . surveys were carried out by the authors and others who were blind to the experimental objectives and expectations . observations made by blind observers are conservatively biased ( typically ascribing less discriminatory ability to crows because some scold vocalizations were not recognized as such ; [ 26 ] ) . each route included the trapping sites . at each site , the order of trials in which observers wore the dangerous trapping mask and the neutral masks was randomized . during surveys , which were limited to no more than one per day , observers paused briefly to look at each crow encountered and categorized its behaviour . we defined scolding as a harsh , alarm ‘kaw’ directed repeatedly at the observer accompanied by agitated wing and tail flicking [ 34 ] . mobbing ( or a mob ) is defined as contagious activity where more than one crow jointly scolds . mobbing may be accompanied by diving and following the masked observer . observers did not carry binoculars ( so as not to cue birds ) , but noted the unique band combination of each crow when possible , enabling us to determine if a particular individual was previously captured . although attraction of birds along the route to mobs may increase the chance of repeatedly counting the same birds within an experiment , we have no suggestion that it occurred . our routes were long , many of the crows were territorial and wandered little beyond their centres of activity , and we never observed a banded bird in more than a single mob within a trial .
responses of lone , unbanded crows ( solid symbols , scolding ; open symbols , silent ) at site b ( urban and dense suburban bellevue , wa ; for other sites see the electronic supplementary material ) . each of the 11 repeated trials in which the dangerous mask was worn is represented as a straight line with segments proportional to the actual route ( lines 1–11 under the study route , letters orient lines to route ; dashed lines delineate the major segments ) . the locations of all mobs given in response to the dangerous person ' s presence and the responses of all lone unbanded ( never captured ) crows are plotted in a spatially explicit manner for each trial . scolding crows exposed to a mob ( observed within 100 m of the location where mobbing occurred on a previous trial ; these crows have a plus symbol ) are evidence of peer - to - peer social learning . scolding crows that were not exposed to a mob are evidence of social learning by observing the trapping event ( trial 1 ) , evidence of inherent scolding of a masked person ( trials 2–11 ) or the conservative nature of our assessment ( trials 2–11 ) .
ongoing observations at our single long - term research site ( uw ) enabled us to describe the potential effect of social learning by detailing the nature of involvement in scolding by birds that were not trapped . we did this on a temporal basis by comparing the change in the number of birds scolding after trapping with two typical models of population - level cultural learning : linear and exponential rise to maximum [ 35 , 36 ] . network - based approaches [ 37 ] were not possible because many birds were not individually marked . rejection of the linear model would be consistent with lack of social learning . support for the linear model would be consistent with ongoing social learning . support for the exponential rise to maximum model would be consistent with learning by observation of the trapping event , but little or no further learning by observing scolding .
we quantified the geographical spread in scolding by mapping the locations and average number of scolding birds during the first two weeks immediately after trapping , 1 . 25 years after trapping , and 2 . 7 years post - trapping ( 9 , 31 and 38 cumulative number of times crows were exposed to the dangerous mask prior to each time point , respectively ) . since the first 2 years of data suggested that the response area was increasing , we expanded our search of knowledgeable birds off of the typical route at the 2 . 7 year mark . we surveyed in a circular search area with a radius of 1160 m , positioned around our typical route . we started at the perimeter of the circle and worked our way in towards the centre . we drove until we saw a crow perched within 10 m of the ground , put on the mask , approached the crow on foot to observe its response , then removed the mask once back inside the vehicle . we surveyed this area on a weekly basis from 9 october 2008 until 30 november 2008 .