meld ( foaled 1952 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse .

when she completed the british fillies triple crown by defeating nucleus in the 1955 st. leger , she was only the fourth filly to do so in the 20th century .

she was undefeated as a three-year-old ( 3yo ) and was head of the 3yo handicap .

meld ( horse )

mini meld horse racing form , betting odds , breeding and other horse racing information .
mini meld ( g . by meld ) . 2 wins . see below .
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meld is a 12 year old bay horse . meld is trained by m t eggleston , at gold coast and owned by a n eggleston .
meld was sired by royal academy out of the dam risky banter meld was foaled on 22 of september in 2004 .
meld has a 9 % win percentage and 27 % place percentage . meld ' s last race event was at ipswich .
thoroughbred horse ( aus ) [ 2011 ] . mini meld ( aus ) is a gelding born in 2011 by meld out of rhell love , trained by the m t eggleston stable .
the current horse racing record for mini meld is 3 wins 3 placings from 12 starts with prizemoney of $ 37 , 450 .
all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for meld . meld is a stallion born in 2004 september 22 by royal academy out of risky banter
what made her special : champion sprinter and british horse of the year in 1983 .
what made her special : french - trained us champion female turf horse in 1994 .
meld has managed to win 1 race in his career so far . on 26th oct 2008 at terang , meld scored his most significant win to date , getting the money in the
david ord has a horse - by - horse guide to saturday ' s darley july cup and he ' s siding with a potential improver to shake - up the established sprinting stars .
meld has concluded his racing career , last running on the 22nd jan 2011 at gold coast .
the icon meld stakes is the main attraction at leopardstown , with group three honours up for grabs .
what made her special : the only horse in history to win the champion hurdle and cheltenham gold cup in addition to being the only horse in history to win the champion hurdle in great britain , ireland and france .
meld ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 9 - 5 - 0 - 6 .
meld’s last race event was at 04 / 02 / 2011 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .
meld career form is 2 wins , 4 seconds , thirds from 22 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .
what made her special : the winner of seven group / grade 1 races in three different continents who was european champion three - year - old filly in 2004 , european horse of the year in 2004 and 2006 and european champion older horse in 2006 .
what made her special : unbeaten since may 2009 and the only horse to win the same race at six successive cheltenham festivals .
what made her special : progressed from top class handicapper to champion sprinter for two seasons and european horse of the year in 1993 .
what made her special : an unbeaten prix de l’arc de triomphe and dual french classic winner and european horse of the year for 2008 .
55003 ( d9003 )
meld
approaching wescoe hill tunnel with the 1a12 09 . 04 harrogate - kings cross on 13 april 1979 .
carla bianca made all the running as she got her season back on track with a group three victory in the meld stakes at leopardstown .
what made her special : a dual yorkshire oaks winner who also won at the breeders’ cup thus ending 1993 with the title of american champion female turf horse .
scintillula over - turned the odds on favourite mars ( 8 / 11 ) , as she took the group 3 meld stakes for jim bolger and kevin manning .
golden meld m , 1969 { 22 - d } dp = 14 - 6 - 4 - 2 - 6 ( 32 ) di = 2 . 20 cd = 0 . 63
what made her special : the only three - time winner of any breeders’ cup race and winner of more group 1 races ( 14 ) than any other european - trained horse in history .
what made her special : led home a 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 for fillies in the prix de l’arc de triomphe and the only european - trained horse and first filly to be crowned american horse of the year following four group / grade 1 wins in three different countries during an incredible autumn of 1983 and also went on to finish second in the inaugural breeders’ cup turf in 1984 .
meld was the only filly of the eight deltic racehorses and was in fact sired in 1952 by alycidon . she was owned by lady zia wernher and trained by sir cecil boyd - rochfort . in 1955 , as a three year old , she won the oaks , st . leger , 1000 guineas and the coronation stakes . total prize money for five wins was £43 , 051 . meld foaled charlottown which won the 1966 derby . the last reports of meld were during 1979 when the deltic preservation society reported she was still enjoying retirement and living in ayrshire , then aged twenty - seven .
sakura meld ( jpn ) b . m , 1980 { 12 } dp = 7 - 0 - 7 - 0 - 4 ( 18 ) di = 1 . 40 cd = 0 . 33
what made her special : the first british - trained horse to win at the breeders’ cup after beating an exceptionally strong field in the champion stakes and becoming the first filly to ever win the eclipse .
gay meld ( aus ) ch . m , 1967 { 7 - b } dp = 9 - 6 - 5 - 2 - 8 ( 30 ) di = 1 . 40 cd = 0 . 20
feile na mban provided jim bolger with a double on the evening ( took the meld stakes with scintillula ) , as she ran out a good winner of the last , the irish stallion farms ebf 3yo maiden .
meld ( aus ) ( bay 2004 - stud 2010 ) . 2 wins at 1000m , 1200m , 2d mvrc dandenong club h . half - brother to sp leapfrog ( 2d gold coast guineas , gr . 3 ) . out of a sister to sw real jester ( vatc merson cooper s . , l ) and sw seidnazar ( mvrc st albans s . , l ) . grandson of sw dangerous seam ( vrc maribyrnong trial s . , l ) . related to sw evandale star ( stc tea rose s . , gr . 2 ) , etc . sire of mini meld , royal meld and of the placegetters heza demon , etc .
what made her special : the first filly to win the preakness stakes for 85 years after winning the kentucky oaks by 20 lengths , she was american horse of the year in a perfect 8 - 8 season in 2009 .
what made her special : attained international superstar status being undefeated in 25 starts , 15 of which were grade or group 1 event and she was officially the best horse in the world for 18 months and european champion sprinter in 2012 .
what made her special : the best filly or mare trained in ireland over at least the last three decades being european horse of the year in 1995 , all four of her group / grade 1 wins were achieved in different countries .
what made her special : the fillies’ triple crown winner of 1985 , a feat last achieved by meld in 1955 , who went on to sire a group 1 winner and was the granddam of the st leger winner , shantou .
speers added , “we had a galileo out of miss beatrix in training with henry cecil but he sadly got injured , and her son tamga ( ire ) is a group 1 horse in turkey so it’s a family we know well . ”
ironically , mellay’s success down under was a factor in the transfer to australia of meld’s outstanding son , derby and coronation cup victor charlottown in 1976 . the classic star never matched the record of his unraced half - brother at stud .
what made her special : horse of the year in britain in 1976 winning two classics by a combined total of 16½ lengths and is just one of two three - year - old fillies to beat colts and older horses in the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes .
what made her special : godolphin’s first big success story was named horse of the year in 1994 following wins in the oaks ( after a narrow defeat in the 1000 guineas ) and against the colts in the irish derby easily beating the subsequent king george winner , king’s theatre .
meld sport ( jpn ) ch . m , 1979 { 22 - d } dp = 8 - 1 - 9 - 4 - 2 ( 24 ) di = 1 . 29 cd = 0 . 38 - 0 starts , 0 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : unraced
of course , once the breed had become established , racing had become more organised and records of performances were kept , a racing career was pretty much a basic requirement for any horse with pretensions to stand as a stallion . breeders not unnaturally operated on the principle that like would beget like and favoured horses who had achieved a measure of high - class performance on the racecourse . the horse who , for whatever reason , had failed to make it into competition and provide evidence of merit , was unlikely to be given the chance to procreate , unless taken out of the mainstream of flat race breeding .
meld ( gb ) b . m , 1952 { 2 - i } dp = 16 - 0 - 18 - 4 - 26 ( 64 ) di = 0 . 64 cd = - 0 . 38 - 6 starts , 5 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 123 , 742
designing for behaviour change forms a large part of the work we do at meld studios . we spend a lot of time trying to understand the best way to approach each project so that it is most beneficial for the audience without it being unnecessarily disruptive . i’m generally a bit uncomfortable with the idea of disruption , as i feel it’s most often promoted by those who’ve never had disruption forced upon them . to help us be more mindful of this , at meld we sense check our change ideas by imagining “what if a change maker came into the office right now and told us we had to [ insert change concept here ] ? ” . if we flinch at the concept then we should be careful of proposing it for others .
what made her special : described by sir henry cecil , who trained 15 british classic winners with fillies , as the best filly that he ever trained despite her feet causing serious training difficulties . the highest rated horse in europe or america over 1m2f as a three - year - old and the top rated older filly / mare in europe as a four - year - old .
an unraced horse of impeccable lineage had done the trick once for white robe lodge , so why not try the same ruse again ? noble bijou was about as well - bred as a horse could be in the 1970s , a son of vaguely noble out of priceless gem , the dam of allez france . but he was desperately unsound and there was never going to be a chance of his having a racing career . like mellay , he found the ideal home in new zealand , and he enjoyed much of his success with the products of mellay mares . i saw plenty of noble bijou’s stock in action on a visit to new zealand , and they were uniformly tough , honest individuals , competitive on any ground , typically best at distances beyond a mile .
including derrinstown stud 1000 guineas trial , leopardstown , l . and eyrefield 2 year old stakes , leopardstown , l . , placed 6 times including second in airlie coolmore irish 1000 guineas , curragh , group 1 and third in meld stakes , curragh , group 3 and debutante stakes , leopardstown , l . , from only 10 starts . full sister to imagine ( ire ) .
what made her special : a 13 - times grade 1 winner and , in doing so , broke the world record of eight consecutive group / grade 1 races with her only defeat in 20 career starts when given an injudicious ride attempting to defend her breeders’ cup classic title ( beaten only a head ) and remains the only filly / mare to win the race . american horse of the year for 2010 .
noble bijou headed the sires’ table four times , the first three consecutively , and in the 1992 - 93 season he notched an amazing double , also finishing on top of the broodmare sires’ list . among his progeny were 65 stakes winners , including a horse of the year in the phantom , whose brother the phantom chance , successful in a cox plate , was a joint - champion australasian three - year - old . one of his daughters delivered melbourne cup victor tawriffic .
jarvis won only nine classics and did not even have a full set , missing out on the oaks . ironically , when he died at the end of 1968 , his successor , doug smith , took charge of a filly – sleeping partner – who would win that race in the colours of lord rosebery , his chief patron for nigh on half a century . three times champion trainer , jarvis always spoke in glowing terms of rosebery’s blue peter , the best horse he ever handled and deprived of a possible triple crown by the cancellation of the st leger following the outbreak of war .
when filly triple crown heroine meld delivered a colt by dual classic winner never say die in 1961 there must have been high hopes for his future , but a bone problem meant that his future did not include a racing career . mellay , as he was called , was not going to appeal as a stallion in britain or ireland , but new zealand had long provided an outlet for well - bred horses surplus to requirements at home , and away he went as a four - year - old to the anderton family’s white robe lodge stud in mosgiel , in the south island .
boyd - rochfort waited a long time for his only derby win , with parthia in 1959 , but he had previously saddled guineas winners in the royal colours in hypericum and pall mall , and for decades was recognised as the nation’s top trainer of stayers . six of his 13 classic successes came in the st leger and he had an outstanding record in cup races . he saddled meld for her fillies’ triple crown wins in 1955 , a year after the ascot triumph that probably gave him more satisfaction than any other – that of the queen’s aureole in the race named in honour of her parents .
) , and it was bolger’s redmondstown stud that offered the daughter of the proven black - type producer scribonia ( ire ) ( danehill ) . the 14 - year - old’s offspring include g1 1000 guineas runner - up cuis ghaire ( ire ) ( galileo { ire } ) and her full - sister scintillula ( ire ) , winner of the g3 jockey club of turkey meld s . dermot farrington signed the ticket at €450 , 000 for an undisclosed client and said , “she’s just a lovely filly with a great page . she has everything really . she’s been bought as a long - term racing and breeding prospect . ”
three or four years back i had the idea to write a book on such a subject featuring the top fillies and mares from the last 50 years but never got round to it despite preparing a lot of the groundwork . the idea was for an a - z double spread of the top 50 with a secondary listing of the next 50 fillies / mares that would be given one page each . such a book might have seemed strange not to also recognise the all - time great fillies / mares from further back in time so would have included a third section to recognise those including pretty polly , sceptre , sun chariot , petite etoile , meld , kincsem , musidora , sweet solera , godiva , mumtaz mahal , coronation , pearl cap , noblesse , diadem , gladness etc . etc .
i made mention of immortality last month , as i had ready recall of seeing fleet win her classic and in several other races , but i might well have cited another even more striking case involving an irish - bred and - based horse from a slightly earlier period . arctic star , a son of nearco from the family which would provide joe mcgrath with his 1951 derby winner arctic prince . arctic star , born in 1942 , damaged a shoulder in his foalhood , which prevented him from going into training , but he was put to stud at four , trading on his excellent pedigree , and he did well over an extended period . among his stock were irish 2000 guineas winner arctic wind , derby third and irish derby runner - up roistar and a couple who had their moments as sires themselves in arctic slave and arctic time .
named : 7th july 1961 at doncaster works without ceremony ( in honour of racehorse owned by lady zia wernher . won the oaks , 1 , 000 guineas , coronation stakes and st . leger . note :
ran light from vulcan foundry , newton - le - willows , to doncaster - accepted into br service and allocated 34g finsbury park tmd .
exhibited at marylebone station : golden jubilee of the institution of locomotive engineers exhibition . also present : hymek d7000 , 9f 92220
01 . 02 . 63 1e15 17 : 00 bradford - king ' s cross , from leeds to grantham ( engine failure ) a3 pacific 60112
st . simon
forward . 03 . 03 . 63 1a35 10 : 50 edinburgh - king ' s cross , to grantham ( engine failure ) a3 60106
the flying fox
forward .
23 . 12 . 65 released from doncaster works after fitting of cast bogies ( bogies no . 1 1015 replaced by 9000 - 1 & no . 2 1016 replaced by 9000 - 2 ) .
21 . 03 . 66 1st ee maintenance contract expires - mileage recorded at 813 , 865 . 23 . 12 . 66 released from doncaster works , after general repair , with full yellow ends applied ( not officially applied until light repair in may 1967 ) ( d9003 & d9010 out - shopped same day , 23 . 12 . 66 , were the first to be so treated ) .
14 . 09 . 67 water scoop test runs at wiske moor troughs : up runs , 300 & 190 gallons at 100mph . down runs , 250 & 190 gallons at 90 mph . 03 . 12 . 67 transferred to 64b haymarket ( ex 34g finsbury park ) until completion of dual braking to the fleet .
14 . 02 . 68 released from doncaster works , after general repair , repainted in blue livery and equipped for dual braking . 16 . 06 . 68 officially transferred to 34g finsbury park ( ex 64b haymarket ) after completion of dual braking to the fleet ( transfer moves actually occurred early may 1968 to coincide with the new timetable ) . 18 . 06 . 68 3z29 king ' s cross - edinburgh ( racing pigeon special ) .
15 . 08 . 70 - 11 . 09 . 70 carrying ' d ' prefix on 15 / 08 but reported dropped by 11 / 09 ( though most likely date for this would be after intermediate repair dated 16 / 09 - 05 / 12 ) . 05 . 12 . 70 released from doncaster works , after intermediate repair , fitted with eth equipment .
28 . 05 . 72 1e09 11 : 00 edinburgh - king ' s cross , to chathill ( coaches derailed at 82 mph - due to rail fracture ) .
18 . 02 . 74 1b66 11 : 30 king ' s cross - cambridge and 1b66 15 : 30 cambridge - king ' s cross . 23 . 02 . 74 locomotive renumbered 55003 . 01 . 09 . 74 immingham tmd - open day exhibit .
railtour and 1zxx cardiff - paddington return ( the first deltic railtour on the western region ) . . .
. . . to commemorate the first deltic railtour on the western region british rail published the booklet seen above . the front cover sees d9015
tulyar
waiting departure with the 1a16 10 : 00 king ' s cross - edinburgh
the flying scotsman
service .
18 . 10 . 76 to doncaster works for final intermediate repair , during which the headcode boxes wee plated over ( off 14 . 01 . 77 ) .
railtour ( via newcastle - ex 44002 & 44005 ) and 1z33 15 : 30 carlisle - derby , to york return ( via lancaster & leeds - 44002 & 44005 forward ) .
during the week commencing 17th october 1977 unofficial industrial action led to the removal of deltics from all ecml workings . action was taken by maintenance staff angry at the proposed closure of finsbury park depot with the introduction of the new hst fleet , which was to be maintained at the new bounds green depot . maintenance staff ' blacked ' the deltic fleet thus all engines remained ' laid - up ' at various installations until the dispute was settled on october 21st . a list of how the dispute affected the class is as follows :
haymarket tmd 13 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1e35 20 : 20 edin - kx 23 / 10 .
finsbury park tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1n29 19 : 00 kx - n ' lce 23 / 10 .
haymarket tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1e25 12 : 15 aber - kx from edin 23 / 10 .
finsbury park tmd 13 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1s21 11 : 00 kx - edin 24 / 10 .
doncaster works ' intermediate ' 31 / 03 - 21 / 10 . worked 1e48 21 : 15 aber - kx from doncaster 26 / 10 .
finsbury park tmd 11 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1l22 15 : 55 kx - leeds 24 / 10 .
york tmd 10 / 10 - 25 / 10 . worked 1a06 08 : 05 yk - kx 25 / 10 .
gateshead tmd 13 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1a40 20 : 30 n ' cle - kx 24 / 10 .
york tmd 17 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 0d01 12 : 00 yk - doncaster 23 / 10 .
haymarket tmd 13 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1e20 15 : 00 edin - kx 24 / 10 .
gateshead tmd 14 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1a07 07 : 25 n ' cle - kx 24 / 10 .
york tmd 14 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1a06 08 : 05 yk - kx 24 / 10 .
haymarket tmd 15 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1e39 22 : 30 edin - kx 23 / 10 .
gateshead tmd 14 / 10 - 25 / 10 . worked 1a15 09 : 20 n ' cle - kx 25 / 10 .
finsbury park tmd 08 / 10 - 25 / 10 . worked 1n00 01 : 00 kx - n ' cle 26 / 10 .
haymarket tmd 15 / 10 - 19 / 10 . sent to doncaster works 19 / 10 for ' light repair ' behind 40063 .
doncaster works ' intermediate ' 03 / 10 - 19 . 01 . 78 .
finsbury park tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1d00 08 : 25 kx - cleethorpes 24 / 10 .
holbeck tmd 10 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1a47 00 : 43 leeds - kx 24 / 10 .
gateshead tmd 14 - 10 - 24 - 10 . worked 1s28 07 : 00 n ' cle - edin 24 / 10 .
finsbury park tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1s43 18 : 00 kx - edin 23 / 10 .
05 . 03 . 78 1z15 08 : 15 paddington - paignton ,
the deltic ranger
rppr railtour ( re - run from 19 / 02 after heavy snow forced 55018
ballymoss
back at bristol ) ) and 1z15 12 : 35 paignton - newton abbott and 1z15 17 : 25 newton abbott - paddington return legs . 23 . 07 . 78 1zxx chesterfield - carlisle , to carnforth , br
merrymaker
service ( via sheffield , barnsley & settle jn - 84003 fwd ) . then 0zxx carnforth - carlisle and 1zxx carlisle - chesterfield return ( via s & c , skipton , barnsley & sheffield ) . 07 . 12 . 78 one nameplate from 55003 was removed whilst the locomotive was at doncaster works during november 1978 . it was sent to derby where a plastic injection mould was taken from it . the plate was returned to doncaster by the 7th december .
1d03 13 : 04 king ' s cross - cleethorpes and 1a32 17 : 33 cleethorpes - king ' s cross .
white window surrounds applied ( first of the finsbury park allocated ' rachorse ' deltics to be so treated ) . 55003 was the only ' white - cab ' deltic to visit the king ' s cross loco , the stabling point and maintenance shed , as the servicing point closed in may 1979 prior to any other ' racehorse ' deltic receiving the same treatment .
perhaps the most notable event in 55003 ' s career occurred during april 1979 when the white window surrounds , previously carried with the two - tone green livery , were re - applied . this action was in fact a moral boosting enterprise by allan baker ( then finsbury park depot manager ) to his staff at ' the park ' after the announcement of the deltics impending withdrawals and the obvious implications that the depot would close . they were applied to no . 3 on the 6th april 1979 and her first outing in the revised livery was the very next day , when she hauled the ' the northumbrian ' railtour . this form of livery was to be applied to all the remaining finsbury machines by the end of 1979 after the approval of the then british rail chairman mr . peter parker .
whilst on fp from 10 . 07 . 79 , prior to going to stratford for open day on the 14th july . worked 1d04 17 : 05 king ' s cross - hull on 15 . 07 . 79 .
whilst stopped on fp from 25th or 26 . 07 . 79 . worked 1l42 12 : 20 king ' s cross - york on 03 . 08 . 79 .
worked 1l44 16 : 05 king ' s cross - york on 15 . 08 . 79 .
whilst on fp for ' c ' exam 16 / 8 - 21 / 8 . first train believed to be 1l42 12 : 20 king ' s cross - york on 21 . 08 . 79 .
whilst on fp 11 . 10 . 79 - 15 . 10 . 79 . first train unknown but worked 1m58 08 : 15 newcastle - liverpool on 16 . 10 . 79 .
07 . 04 . 79 1g31 08 : 15 king ' s cross - york ,
the northumbrian limited
sloa railtour ( v2 60800
the green arrow
forward ) and 1g31 york - king ' s cross return ( ex 60800 ) . 14 . 05 . 79 1d04 17 : 05 king ' s cross - hull ,
the hull executive
( with headboard - inaugural ' accelerated ' service ) . 27 . 10 . 79 1m67 09 : 28 newcastle - liverpool and 1e88 16 : 05 liverpool - newcastle .
19 . 02 . 80 1a38 14 : 55 edinburgh - aberdeen and 1g20 18 : 20 aberdeen - edinburgh . 07 . 09 . 80 1z27 09 : 00 castleford - blackpool , br
merrymaker
service and 1z27 18 : 10 blackpool - castleford return . 29 . 12 . 80 1s27 07 : 22 plymouth - edinburgh , to newcastle ( power unit failure at thirsk due to coolant leak ) . 30 . 12 . 80 locomotive withdrawn ( 7 , 219 days in service ) . 31 . 12 . 80 towed to doncaster works for disposal by 55006 ( official date of withdrawal ) .
09 . 03 . 81 cutting - up begins at doncaster works ( completed by w / e 21 / 03 ) .
owner : lady zia wernher breeder : someries stud winnings : 6 starts : 5 - 1 - 0 , $ 123 , 742 at ; 1st 1000 guineas ( gb , 8f ) , the oaks ( gb , 12f ) , the st . leger ( gb , 14 . 6f ) , coronation s . ( gb , 8f ) . only defeat was in 5f debut at 2 when a 20 - 1 outsider ; she was beaten 2 lengths by her experienced stablemate corporal ( a colt owned by the queen ) ! ( close )
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tips the major focus on any saturday is metropolitan racing but there ' s plenty of us out there that don ' t mind a dabble at the support meetings across the country so here are our best bets .
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, who is based at gold coast . he is sired by the stallion royal academy out of the dam risky banter .
r8 cl2 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 16 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 80 , sp : $ 31 in - running : settled 14th , 800m 12th , 400m 12th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 52
r2 cl2 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 19 . 72 , sp : $ 9 in - running : settled 4th , 400m 4th sectionals : 600m 0 : 37 . 35
r8 cl2 ( of $ 12 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 23 . 23 , sp : $ 4 . 40f sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 32
r6 cl3 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 23 . 08 , sp : $ 6 . 50 in - running : settled 10th , 800m 9th , 400m 12th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 50
r6 cl2 ( of $ 12 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 03 . 18 , sp : $ 5 . 50 in - running : 800m 5th , 400m 5th sectionals : 600m 0 : 33 . 66
r4 cg & e cl2 $ 2 , 400 ( of $ 12 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 10 . 70 , sp : $ 3 . 80 in - running : 800m 2nd , 400m 2nd sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 62
r6 cg & e cl3 ( of $ 13 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 21 . 02 , sp : $ 7 in - running : 800m 10th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 74
r8 cg & e cl2 ( of $ 12 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 1 : 04 . 62 , sp : $ 5 . 50 in - running : 800m 6th , 400m 9th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 93
r6 cl2 $ 500 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 1 : 11 . 11 , sp : $ 3 . 60 in - running : 800m 11th , 400m 10th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 84
r8 cg & e cl3 $ 650 ( of $ 13 , 000 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 1 : 04 . 77 , sp : $ 8 . 50 in - running : 800m 11th , 400m 11th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 37
r8 cl2 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 1 : 16 . 61 , sp : $ 3 . 50f in - running : 800m 4th , 400m 5th sectionals : 600m 0 : 38 . 32
r9 cl2 $ 2 , 000 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 1 : 13 . 96 , sp : $ 4 . 60 in - running : 800m 3rd , 400m 3rd sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 70
r4 cl3 $ 500 barrier 10 , winning time : 0 : 56 . 01 , sp : $ 4 . 80 in - running : 800m 6th , 400m 6th sectionals : 600m 0 : 32 . 66
r5 0 - 68 $ 250 barrier 6 , winning time : 1 : 16 . 79 , sp : $ 1 . 75f in - running : 800m 4th , 400m 4th
r8 cl1 $ 6 , 500 barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 09 . 77 , sp : $ 3 . 10f
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so how might one practice behaviour change in a way which is more respectful of the audience , lessens negative disruption , whilst still has the beneficial outcomes you are desiring ? recently i’ve noticed a few behaviour change initiatives which involve something a little different… i’m writing this post to ‘think aloud’ and see what comes of it .
at first i called them “design macguffin’s” * . dan hill uses the term in his book “ dark matter and trojan horses ” . this is based on the term often associated with alfred hitchcock—although not termed by him— describing the object in a film which appears to be the focal point of a character’s quest , yet lacks any real importance other than being useful narrative device . think about the suitcase in “pulp fiction” .
but that didn’t seem quite right . when dan hill talks about them , it seems as though the macguffin ( the device ) doesn’t matter . but in the examples i am seeing , it does matter . perhaps i will just call it a ‘design prop’ .
this design prop * is used in a behaviour change programme ( often public health or safety campaigns ) . the prop is so appealing to the audience that they will focus their attention on the acquisition of this prop , even if it means taking part in activities which may not have as much appeal , especially if offered without the prop . by taking part in the programme , the person gets access to the desirable prop , the programme benefits them , the programme achieves success . win win .
the latest example i’ve seen is called the “ “pēpi - pod®” “ . the pēpi - pod® is an approach being trialled in new zealand and queensland to help vulnerable babies have a safe place to sleep . the pēpi - pod® is similar to the “ “finnish baby box” ” which is given to new parents as part of a larger programme to teach safe sleep methods and reduce infant mortality . the box is loaded with baby clothes and other desirable items but can only be acquired by a parent who takes part in the related education programmes . a reduction in infant mortality is often attached to the boxes , yet it appears from research that the benefits come from programme attendance—something which may not ever seem that attractive to the intended audience .
perhaps there’s a proper term for this ? it could be a ‘ritual which changes identity’ , a term i learned during dave snowden’s cynefin framework training . in the course snowden spoke of a project which was intended to reduce the incidence of injuries at a truck depot . through research he found that the drivers were driving all night and not ‘switching behaviours’ when they arrived at the truck depot from ‘driver’ to delivery person’ . because they didn’t change behaviours , they would become injured when they lifted heavy items unsafely . by introducing a ritual to change the driver’s identity from ‘driver’ to ‘delivery person’ , the number of injuries was reduced .
another example of a design prop as physical habit is the way that many people open car doors in the netherlands . dutch drivers use the hand which is opposite to the car door to open it . in this way they look over their shoulder as they open the door and thereby see oncoming cyclists . this habit is tested in driving exams and has become normalised . as an example it loosely fits in with my categorisation as it involves getting people to do something which has more appeal than something else . other ways you might try to lessen the injuries to cyclists is to ask drivers to “look when opening your car door for cyclists” but believe me , this has not had the same cut through .
i have been searching for a correct term for this thing but have come up dry . i thought it might be something related to behavioural psychology in a public health context , but have yet to unearth the right term . if you know it , please put me out of my misery so i can update this post .
* other working titles : the innovation diffuser , behavioural affordance device , behaviour macguffins / programme props / trojan foals ( the cuter version of horses ? ) . i am bad at names .
* * thanks to a few people on twitter ( dan szuc , nick bowmast and eric schied ) for helping me think through this all .
hmmm . maybe a term including the word ‘catalyst’ . you are right that , in your examples , the artefact does matter ( if it was not there the behaviour would not change ) but it is not necessarily consumed or changed by the chain of cause and effect . also , catalysts don’t – by themselves – make things happen , they reduce the amount of energy required to initiate and sustain a chain reaction .
alas , the ‘catalyst’ is already overused in the field . the chem4kids website suggests that a catalyst is like a piece of magic , so maybe a design ‘charm’ ( control or achieve as if by magic ) . if you wanted to make it more specific , how about a ‘rabbit’s foot’ ?
interesting eddy – i hadn’t ever realised just how far the use of the term ‘catalyst’ had strayed from the scientific meaning .
thanks for the interesting read . the behavioral examples provided excellent support to each concept .
my first query is whether the use of the word totem would be deemed cultural appropriation . it makes me slightly uncomfortable ( as does people using the term ‘spirit animal’ – but that’s a whole other conversation ! )
we have offices in sydney and melbourne , australia . if you are inspired by what you’ve read , or want to talk to us more about our services , please get in touch : email at principals @ urltoken or speak to one of us directly .
there are many problems associated with beating the trifecta . punters probably don’t realise the task they are taking on when they tackle this bet . question 1 : can you predict the 1 - 2 - 3 finishin . . .
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the late don scott once wrote that the best form of exotic betting is the trifecta . i think he was right . don said picking a trifecta winning bet was a test of skill rather than a game of chance . . . .
ppm reader kerrin brown has been enjoying success as a “lay” operator on betfair . in this article he relates his personal story , and how he makes money from his operation . the first time i w . . .
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i’ve spent years trying to beat the tab and bookies and i’ve lost my bank more times than i can remember . there have been a few big wins ; as many as a man with only three fingers could count on . . .
in fast month ' s p . p . m . we began our 100 great betting ideas series . sixteen ideas were listed . in this second article , we take a look at another 20 betting tips . staking is a key part of any punt . . .
in this article , our senior contributor ( the late and great ) e . j . minnis replied to queries sent in by ppm readers . letter from a reader : i have been a ppm reader for quite a while now and al . . .
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the toby edmonds - trained tyzone is the ramornie handicap favourite ahead of his stablemate havasay .
invited for the second year running to ride at the vodacom durban july meeting in greyville , nooresh juglall made the trip to south africa count with one winner – just like last year .
bon hoffa’s g1 winning son bon aurum will stand at glen eden stud in victoria this spring .
exciting sprinter nature strip was a sale ring reject who could be racing for a share of $ 13 million in the everest in october after recording another brilliant win at flemington on saturday .
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they say that death and taxes are the only two certainties in life . to expand that expression for the bloodstock industry , there’s also dubawi ( ire ) and galileo ( ire ) .
sales - ring appearances by dubawi’s young stock are becoming ever more infrequent , but when one does take a turn , john ferguson is never far away . the darley maestro’s appearance on the goffs complex this morning will have been a welcome sight for henry beeby and his team , and indeed ferguson’s principal aim was to ensure that the regally bred colt (
) out of galileo’s first - ever group 1 and classic winner nightime ( ire ) was added to sheikh mohammed’s team of nascent racehorses . that mission was accomplished after €1 . 1 million was exchanged and a determined attempt by ibrahim araci and his bloodstock advisor rob speers was dispatched , their battle ensuring that the prized colt became the most expensive weanling of his sex ever to be sold at auction in ireland .
heading a strong final day of trade for the foal section of the goffs november sale , the colt was one of 155 foals sold on friday , representing a clearance rate of 84 % at an average of €80 , 894 , which fell by 8 % compared to the final day of the 2014 auction , and median of €55 , 000 , which was up by 6 % . the session’s turnover contributed €12 , 538 , 500 to the sale’s total of €25 , 847 , 500 , which was down by 6 % on last year’s aggregate of €27 , 492 , 700 for 67 fewer foals sold in 2014 .
average and median figures for the sale as a whole both declined , as expected under the increased numbers , at €31 , 950 ( down 14 % ) and €18 , 000 ( down 18 % ) , while the clearance rate fell from 85 % last year to 77 % .
we are of course delighted to have smashed a foal record for the second year in succession , ” said goffs’ chief executive henry beeby . “the dubawi was the highlight of another superb goffs foal sale that enjoyed a trade of depth , consistency and real fireworks . whist we have not quite kept pace with the records set last year [ turnover up 52 % , average up 41 % and median up 29 % ] , the statistics are the second - best on record , which is the cause for some celebration although it must be noted that the clearance rate is less than 2014 , which mirrors the trends seen throughout the autumn at the yearling sales to an extent . ”
commenting after buying the record - breaking dubawi colt , john ferguson said , “i don’t really need to say anything about the sire , and nightime was an exceptional mare . fingers crossed we have a racehorse on our hands . dick o’gorman and the team had seen the colt on the farm over the summer and we liked how he’s progressed . ”
dermot weld , whose late mother marguerite bred irish 1 , 000 guineas winner nightime and her listed - winning daughter zhukova ( ire ) ( fastnet rock { aus } ) , was the first to congratulate ferguson on his purchase . in fact , it was the second of nightime’s offspring bought by darley this year as ferguson also signed for her yearling daughter by raven’s pass for 450 , 000gns at the tattersalls october sale .
it wasn’t just the dubawi colt that sparked ferguson’s interest on the final day of foal trade . also among the darley list of nine purchases was springfort park stud’s colt by dark angel ( ire ) (
) out of a winning half - sister to top sprinter kingsgate native ( ire ) ( mujadil ) at €300 , 000 . oghill house stud’s invincible spirit ( ire ) half - brother to listed winner dusky queen ( ire ) ( shamardal ) (
) , the first foal of listed winner boastful ( ire ) ( clodovil { ire } ) , acquired for €190 , 000 from the irish national stud . a colt by kodiac ( ire ) (
) out of foxland stud’s homebred listed winner duchess of foxland ( ire ) ( medecis ) also made the cut at €170 , 000 .
des leadon and mariann klay of swordlestown little stud bought nine - furlong winner sogno verde ( ire ) ( green desert ) from lady clague for 60 , 000gns back in 2005 , and the grand - daughter of champion stayer dark lomond ( gb ) ( lomond ) has proved to be an inspired purchase . her second foal was g2 railway s . winner and young sire lilbourne lad ( ire ) ( acclamation { gb } ) and four of the mare’s offspring to have passed through the ring since then have all returned six - figure sums . the latest , her colt foal by galileo ( ire ) (
) and the only one by that sire in the sale , is the most expensive to date and sold for 475 , 000gns to pinhooker eugene daly as the extended five - day auction drew to a close on friday evening .
twelve months ago , farrington played his part in a new record price for an irish foal when the frankel ( gb ) filly out of dual classic winner finsceal beo ( ire ) ( mr greeley ) was sold by al eile stud for €1 . 8 million . the agent was able to issue an update on the filly , whose racecourse debut will be eagerly awaited .
she left ireland about a week ago and she’s now in the north of england , under tack and being broken in . she will stay in england to be trained but it has not been decided who will train her , ” he commented .
joining his father new approach among the stallions in the top 10 on friday was freshman dawn approach ( ire ) , who had a number of high - profile weanlings go under the hammer at goffs . the overall leader at €300 , 000 was esker lodge stud’s colt out of the listed - placed simonetta ( ire ) ( lil’s boy ) (
) and from a jim bolger family that includes the stallions intense focus ( ire ) , sholokhov ( ire ) , soldier of fortune ( ire ) and heliostatic ( ire ) . the april - born colt was another to be bought by the darley team , while shadwell also got involved when buying
, a half - brother to stakes winners forthefirstime ( gb ) ( dr fong ) and pyman’s theories ( ire ) ( exceed and excel { aus } ) for €180 , 000 . we bloodstock and phillip stauffenberg also opted for colts by dawn approach , going to €160 , 000 (
) whose family has special resonance for the turkish owner - breeder . the hammer fell at €370 , 000gns for the grey son of g1 moyglare stud s . winner miss beatrix ( danehill dancer { ire } ) , affording the balintougher stud offering his own record as the most expensive weanling by his sire , whose popularity in the sales ring has gone though the roof this season .
prices at this level usually mean that even the boldest pinhookers aren’t involved , and speers explained that araci had taken the decision to buy a handful of select foals owing to the strength of the yearling market at the top end . he said , “it’s hard to compete at the top level in book 1 so we’re delighted to have bought such nice prospects . we’ll take home this colt and the camelot colt we bought earlier and look forward to putting them into training in a year’s time . ”
araci and speers also selected one of the members of the first crop of camelot ( ire ) , which have been well received this week . their selection was


the northern cricket frog ( acris crepitans ) is a species of small hylid frog native to the united states and northeastern mexico .

despite being members of the tree frog family , they are not arboreal .

it has three recognized subspecies .

northern cricket frog

the shaded region represents the range of the northern cricket frog in north carolina .
if you have a different species of frog already and want to get a northern cricket frog , give the new frog his own enclosure .
northern cricket frog - chattahoochee river national recreation area ( u . s . national park service )
mccallum ml , trauth se . a forty - three year museum study of northern cricket frog (
the northern cricket frog is not a protected species in texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license .
cricket frog acris crepitans this is the subspecies known as blanchard ' s cricket frog acris crepitans blanchardi travis co . , texas 26 september 2012
make sure it is legal to catch and keep northern cricket frogs in your area .
natural history : the northern cricket frog is sometimes divided into two subspecies of which the canadian frogs are called blanchard’s cricket frog . they eat small insects . individuals rarely live more than one or two years .
frog fact : although populations remain stable in north carolina , northern cricket frogs have experienced severe declines in northern portions of their range , especially in the midwestern united states and southern canada .
cricket frog acris crepitans this is the subspecies known as blanchard ' s cricket frog acris crepitans blanchardi dripping springs , hays co . , texas 20 september 2012
cricket frog acris crepitans this is the subspecies known as blanchard ' s cricket frog acris crepitans blanchardi blanco river , blanco co . , texas 13 august 2013
[ 1096 ] mccallum et al . ( 2011 ) , growth , reproduction , and life span in blanchard’s cricket frog ( acris blanchardi ) with notes on the growth of the northern cricket frog ( acris crepitans )
the shaded region represents the range of the southern cricket frog in north carolina .
the southern cricket frog consumes pest insects and some which may potentially harm crops .
cricket frog acris crepitans this is the subspecies known as blanchard ' s cricket frog acris crepitans blanchardi blanco river , near blanco , blanco co . , texas 7 may 2013
the northern cricket frog is a historic resident of new york state and represents an important amphibian component of wetland ecosystems . conservation of the northern cricket frog and its habitat is important to preserving new york ' s biodiversity and unique character . the recovery plan for nys populations of the northern cricket fog ( acris crepitans ) ( pdf ) ( 1 . 1 mb ) aims to improve the frog ' s geographic diversity and ultimately increase its population .
hammerson , g . a . , and livo , l . j . ( 1999 ) . ' ' conservation status of the northern cricket frog (
cricket frog acris crepitans this is the subspecies known as blanchard ' s cricket frog acris crepitans blanchardi onion creek , near dripping springs , hays co . , texas 13 august 2013
a . c . paludicola , coastal cricket frog . range : southwest louisiana to southeast texas .
a cricket frog can jump up to 5 feet - - or 50 times its body length .
a . food . cricket frog tadpoles feed on periphyton and phytoplankton ( johnson , 1991 ) .
a collage showing cricket frog variation from a single pond on a single day in clarke co .
this version of how to care for northern cricket frogs was reviewed by pippa elliott , mrcvs on may 30 , 2017 .
there are three subspecies : a . c . crepitans , northern cricket frog . range : southeast new york to florida and eastern texas ; this subspecies is extinct on long island .
call : northern cricket frogs call from april through august , and their call sounds like pebbles being clicked together , or “ gick - gick - gick . ” southern cricket frogs call from february to october , and their call is similar to , but slightly more metallic than , that of northern cricket frogs .
i initially had this labeled as northern cricket frog ( a . crepitans ) but the taxonomy of these species have been going through some changes and i have been informed that all the cricket frogs in texas are apparently considered a . blanchardi .
numbers ( percentages ) of cricket frog specimens by gonadal sex and region and by gonadal sex and time period .
northern cricket frogs make good pets , as they do not grow very large and are easy to catch . but , like any pet , they require a specific diet and environment to thrive in captivity . if you are considering getting a northern cricket frog as a pet , make sure you are prepared to properly care for it .
northern cricket frog populations in the south differ from those in the north in several respects . evidence suggests that northern cricket frogs in texas and louisiana are active year - round and probably experience two breeding peaks ( pyburn , 1961a ; bayless , 1966 ) ; southern cricket frogs ( acris gryllus ) are also prolonged breeders ( forester and daniel , 1986 ) . additionally , sex ratios of northern cricket frogs in the south approximate 1 : 1 , and breeding population sizes are larger ( jameson , 1950a ; blair , 1961a ) .
gray , r . h . , and brown , l . e . ( 2005 ) . ' ' decline of northern cricket frogs (
burger , smith and smith , 1949 ( coastal cricket frog ) ; the coastal cricket frog tends to have larger toe pads , smooth skin , and a distinctively pinkish color , while blanchard ' s cricket frog is the wartiest , with a tendency towards more uniform coloration and less contrasting patterns ( conant and collins , 1998 ) . the call of
northern cricket frogs and most other frog species feed almost entirely on living , moving prey that they have to catch to eat . if the prey is dead or not moving , they may overlook it entirely .
you can use a water dish or simply place water at the bottom of the slope you created with the soil . this will recreate the natural habitat of the northern cricket frog . use clean , filtered water .
the southern cricket frog feeds on insects , spiders , and other arthropods . it is active throughout the year in warm weather .
you could even keep some earthworms in the moist soil in the frog’s enclosure to allow the frog to eat those . [ 12 ]
burkett ( 1984 ) states that northern cricket frogs have an average life expectancy of about 4 mo and a complete population turnover in 16 mo . gray ( 1983 ) found marked animals that survived two winters . using skeletochronology , s . perrill ( personal communication ) has found 3 - yr - old northern cricket frogs .
acris blanchardi is typically the most abundant frog throughout its range although populations are declining across the northern and western portions of their range ( see trends and threats ) .
i ' m looking into catching a cricket frog and i needed some tips and basic rules on caring for one . this was very
the northern cricket frog ( acris crepitans ) is a small treefrog of the family hylidae widespread throughout eastern north america . in canada , its occurrence has only been confirmed at two localities : point pelee and pelee island in extreme southwestern ontario .
irwin , j . t . , j . p . costanzo , and r . e . lee , jr . 1999 . terrestrial hibernation in the northern cricket frog , acris crepitans . canadian journal of zoology 77 : 1240 - 1246 .
v . post - metamorphic migrations . juvenile northern cricket frogs can disperse from breeding wetlands out perhaps 100 m to other aquatic sites ( gray and brown , 2002 ) .
geographic distribution of chytrid fungus ( batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ) and ranavirus spp . in amphibians in northern . .
remove the frog from the tank to clean it . keep your frog in a safe container with a vented lid while you clean the tank .
gray ( 1995 , 2000 a , b ) documented morphological abnormalities and frequencies of abnormalities from northern cricket frog populations in illinois ( see also beasley et al . , this volume , part one ; l . b . , personal observations ) .
hammerson , g . a . and livo , l . j . 1999 . conservation status of the northern cricket frog ( acris crepitans ) in colorado and adjacent areas at the northwestern extent of the range . herpetological review : 78 - 80 .
this is the subspecies known as blanchard ' s cricket frog acris crepitans blanchardi martin dies state park , jasper co . , texas 16 may 2013
year round ( february to october in western panhandle ) ; eggs are laid in clusters ( 7 - 10 eggs ) on the substrate or attached to submerged vegetation . call is like two marbles clicking together - - gick - gick - gick - gick - gick - - similar to the call of the northern cricket frog . to hear frog calls , visit the usgs frog call lookup and select the species you want to hear from the common name drop - down list ( be sure to listen to the southern cricket frog - - calls of both cricket frogs are grouped together on the same page ) .
hammerson , g . a . , and l . j . livo . 1999 . conservation status of the northern cricket frog ( acris crepitans ) in colorado and adjacent areas at the northwestern extent of the range . herpetological review 30 : 78 - 80 .
northern cricket frogs in canada breed in june and july . the frogs attach their eggs to vegetation below the water surface . tadpoles metamorphose in 5 to 10 weeks . the juvenile frogs reach sexual maturity shortly after transformation from tadpoles . northern cricket frogs hibernate under rocks or logs , or in depressions , holes and cracks in the shoreline , but away from water .
northern cricket frogs are non - climbing frogs , so they do not need branches in their enclosure to climb on , and the enclosure does not need much height . [ 4 ]
use these plants to create a canopy in the enclosure . in the wild , northern cricket frogs live in areas with canopies created by vegetation , along the banks of different water sources .
if you choose to keep different species in the same tank , make sure the other species you choose require the same environment as the northern cricket frog . you will want to choose a species that does not need too much height , and enjoys a damp environment .
geographic distribution of chytrid fungus ( batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ) and ranavirus spp . in amphibians in northern peninsular and panhandle florida
greenwell et al . ( 1996 ) found a massive amount of kidney parasitism in juvenile northern cricket frogs from illinois ( see also beasley et al . , this volume , part one ) .
habitat : in the past , northern cricket frogs have been found in natural marshes , deep drainage ditches and abandoned quarries . in canada it is limited to the warmest parts of the carolinian zone .
every frog will have different feeding behaviors . just watch your frog during each feeding session and evaluate his needs . start with 2 or 3 insects first , then see how fast they eat them . deciding how much and how often to feed your frog will take some time and evaluation of your frog’s feeding habits . [ 14 ]
if you have a male and female cricket frog in the same enclosure , they may breed . their breeding is aquatic , meaning it will happen in the water .
ii . clutch size . up to 400 eggs are deposited singly or in small clumps of 2–7 eggs . a detailed description of northern cricket frog eggs is given in livezey ( 1950 ) . the vitelli average 1 . 13 mm in diameter and are surrounded by two gelatinous envelopes .
( a ) numbers of cricket frog specimens from illinois deposited in museum collections relative to numbers of other anurans in museums collected in the state from 1852 to 2001 . ( b ) numbers of cricket frog specimens from northeastern illinois deposited in museum collections relative to numbers of other anurans in museums collected in that region from 1852 to 2001 .
distributions : the canadian distribution of the northern cricket frog is now limited to pelee island . it has not been heard on the mainland since 1972 and was last reported from pelee island in 1987 . it is more widely distributed in the eastern and central united states as far as southern texas .
the northern cricket frog is a small , semi - aquatic frog with a
warty
appearance and a pointed snout . the frogs are brown or grey , with a v - shaped mark between the eyes , faint markings on the back , and a broad dark stripe on the long back legs . the back feet have webbed toes . the breeding call of the male frog sounds like pebbles being rapidly clicked together . adults measure 16 to 38 mm in length .
since you will likely be putting live insects into the enclosure for your frog to eat , it may take a little while for your frog to find and eat the prey .
range and habitat : northern cricket frogs are most common in the piedmont and mountainous regions of the southeast and are generally replaced by the southern cricket frog ( a . gryllus ) in the coastal plain . although found in almost any moist habitat , cricket frogs are most common along edges of permanent ponds , lakes , and slow - moving streams . they prefer open , shallow water with plenty of vegetation . they do not climb well and are not found high in trees .
i . seasonal migrations . dispersal of northern cricket frogs from one population to another tends to occur after rains . gray ( 1983 ) observed northern cricket frogs moving up to 1 . 3 km between farm ponds in central illinois . frogs that dispersed from one location and were later recaptured at another represented 1–7 % of the original population . however , many more frogs likely dispersed and either reached other sites or died in transit .
common , but populations bear monitoring due to serious declines in other states . older references may refer to this animal as blanchard’s cricket frog , but that subspecies is no longer recognized .
gray , r . h . 2001 . cricket frog , acris crepitans , malformations in illinois : past and present . herpetological natural history 8 ( 1 ) : 75 - 77 .
breeding interval : generally , southern cricket frogs breed around 2 to 3 times a year .
is a member of the tree frog family , it lives mostly on the ground or in freshwater areas with sunlight . examples of prime habitat include shallow ponds with vegetation , meadows , creeks , marshes and coastal plain bogs . the southern cricket frog can also be found in roadside pools and ditches . in these areas , they can become quite abundant . its main choices of habitation changes , however , when the southern cricket frog ' s range overlaps with that of
three subspecies of northern cricket frogs are recognized : blanchard ' s ( a . c . blanchardi ) , eastern ( a . c . crepitans ) , and coastal ( a . c . paludicola ) . blanchard ' s cricket frogs are represented in the west and midwest ; eastern cricket frogs are found in east texas , the gulf coast and southern forest regions , and the piedmont north to new york ; coastal cricket frogs are found in the gulf coast region of western louisiana and eastern texas .
a . c . blanchardii , blanchard ' s cricket frog . range : michigan and ohio to northeast and most of texas , scattered records in minnesota and colorado ( harding 1997 ) .
gray , r . h . , l . e . brown , and l . blackburn . 2005 . acris crepitan , northern cricket frog . pages 441 - 443 in m . j . lannoo , editor . amphibian declines : the conservation status of united states species . university of california press , berkeley , california .
the northern cricket frog is protected by the ontario endangered species act and the fish and wildlife conservation act . under these acts , it is prohibited to kill , harm , harass , or collect this species , or to disturb its habitat . this species occurs at lighthouse point and fish point , which are designated as provincial nature reserves
the calls of this species resemble the sound of small pebbles being rapidly struck together . this provides music day and night to missouri’s outdoors . also , like other frogs , northern cricket frogs prey on numerous insects that humans consider pests .
whitford , p . c . 1991 . blanchard ' s cricket frog survey of southeastern minnesota 1990 - 1991 . report submitted to the nongame wildlife program , minnesota department of natural resources . unpaged .
natural history museums are valuable resources for estimations of species distributions and health status over time ( shaffer et al . 1998 ) . we examined specimen records from 16 museums to determine where and when cricket frogs were collected in illinois . to determine whether cricket frogs were not available because collecting was not conducted , we compared cricket frog records with those of all anuran collections from the state . our rationale was that scientists collecting anurans and placing them in museums as voucher specimens would not consistently preclude cricket frogs .
to protect itself from predators , the southern cricket frog is able to jump long distances of up to 8 feet and has the ability to camouflage itself either in the vegetation or water . the predators of
berendzen , p . b . , t . gamble , and a . m . simons . 2003 . the genetic status of northern cricket frogs in minnesota . final report to the minnesota department of natural resoureces , nongame research program . 43 pp .
these frogs are diurnal and active all year . they can be seen basking in the sunlight . when threatened , they will jump quickly away or into the water . a poorer jumper than the southern cricket frog
deviations of observed from expected values of cricket frog sex ( a ) by time period and ( b ) by region . expected values were determined from the overall data set using the chi - square test .
toth , aniko ,
a tale of two species - - species distribution models for two cryptic cricket frog ( acris ) species in syntopy
( 2012 ) . undergraduate honors theses . paper 522 . urltoken
be careful when attempting to catch cricket frogs , as they can be fast and they may get injured .
habitats and habits : northern cricket frogs are found primarily in the piedmont . southern cricket frogs are found primarily in the coastal plain . cricket frogs are active day and night and can be found in the shoreline vegetation of ponds and marshes , and along the banks of streams and rivers . the eggs of both species are laid singly or in small clumps , and the tadpole stage lasts about six to 13 weeks . the tadpoles of both species have distinct black tail tips .
conservation concerns : never widespread in canada , northern cricket frogs are now considered endangered by both the federal and ontario governments . the cause of their decline during the 1970’s is unknown , however habitat degradation and pesticide contamination are known to be problems within their range .
eastern and middle united states , michigan to northeastern mexico , entering the short grass plains of eastern colorado and northern mexico along rivers ( stebbins 1966 ) .
the impact of blanchard ' s cricket frog on the ecology of varsity lake , boulder , colorado , is unknown but probably minimal given the anthropogenic nature of the lake and the rapid extirpation of this population of frogs .
it may be confused with the striped chorus frog which has a whitish stripe along upper lip and length - wise brownish stripe on sides and back , toes slightly webbed . northern spring peeper has smooth skin and x - shaped marking on back ( harding 1997 ) .
if your frog doesn’t seem interested in the live food at first , he may just not be hungry . leave the food in the enclosure and the frog will eat it eventually , when he wants it . [ 13 ]
the cricket frog ranges throughout the central plains states from western texas north to south dakota and from the florida panhandle north to southeastern new york , except for the coastal plain from virginia to florida and the northern appalachians . in the east , populations reach their northern limit in the hudson highlands - shawangunk region of new york . as late as the 1920 ' s , it also occurred commonly on long island and staten island . recently , a population of these frogs was discovered on the east side of the hudson river in dutchess county .
differes from the southern cricket frog by having a more robust build , more webbing between the toes , a less sharply defined dark stripe on the back of the thigh and a pair of proment , subanal , white tubercles .
is an insectivore which consumes a variety of insects , some of which are harmful to crops . the southern cricket frog , in turn , is preyed upon by a plethora of different fish , salamanders , turtles , and snakes .
the blanchard ' s cricket frog is protected under the federal species at risk act ( sara ) . more information about sara , including how it protects individual species , is available in the species at risk act : a guide .
sullivan kb , spence km . effects of sublethal concentrations of atrazine and nitrate on metamorphosis of the african clawed frog .
the blanchard ' s cricket frog ( acris blanchardi ) is a common resident of much of the texas . the frog shown here was resting on a small lily pad in a pond at uncertain , harrison co . , texas , in july , 2004 . it was photographed with a canon eos 10d and ef 180mm f / 3 . 5 macro and flash .
dickerson , mary c . ( 1906 ) . the frog book . new york : doubleday , page , and company .
there are some easy to spot symptoms of sickness or injury that you should be mindful of when caring for your frog .
palmer bd , palmer sk . vitellogenin induction by xenobiotic estrogens in the red - eared slider turtle and african clawed frog .
van gorp , c . d . 1996 . survey for blanchard ' s cricket frog ( acris crepitans blanchardi ) in southwestern minnesota . final report submitted to the natural heritage and nongame research program , minnesota department of natural resources . 20 pp .
conservation status : both cricket frogs are common in our region but a . crepitans is declining in areas of the midwest .
johnson , b . k . and christiansen , j . l . 1976 . the food and food habits of blanchard ' s cricket frog , acris crepitans blanchardi ( amphibia , anura , hylidae ) , in iowa . herpetologica : 63 - 74 .
although widespread in the eastern and central united states , in canada , this frog species has been found only at point pelee and pelee island , in extreme southwestern ontario . the point pelee population is now believed to have been extirpated . on pelee island , northern cricket frogs have been declining to a point where they are now thought to possibly persist only in fish point provincial nature reserve , located at the southern tip of the island .
hay , r . ( 1998 ) . ' ' blanchard ' s cricket frogs in wisconsin : a status report . ' '
back is grayish , tan , green to brown ; skin is warty . back is marked with patches of yellow , green , or black , often forming a
y
shaped line . head is usually marked with a dark triangle . the hidden surface of the thigh of the florida subspecies is marked with two dark , lengthwise stripes . individuals found in the extreme western panhandle are a different subspecies and have only one dark stripe on the thigh - - stripe edges are not as ragged like stripes of northern cricket frogs . snout is also more pointed than that of northern cricket frogs . digits are tipped with tiny toepads
a 3rd grey tree frog pic shared with us . tomorrow we will be promoting # toadtuesday , maybe we should think about a… urltoken
you want to make sure your frog feels at home in its enclosure . this means maintaining the vegetation , soil , and water .
lives in the temperate climate of the southeastern portion of the united states . the range of this species , also known as the southern cricket frog , extends from the southeastern corner of virginia and spans through north and south carolina , georgia , alabama , and mississippi .
van gorp , c . d . and t . j . vandewalle . 1995 . survey for blanchard ' s cricket frog ( acris crepitans blanchardi ) in southeastern minnesota . report submitted to the minnesota county biological survey , minnesota department of natural resources . 24 pp .
number by county of cricket frogs ( n = 814 ) collected in illinois from 1852 to 1996 and examined for gonadal sex determination .
h . aestivation / avoiding dessication . during a period of severe drought in texas , w . f . blair ( 1957 ) reported that northern cricket frogs avoided desiccation by taking refuge in deep cracks in the bed of a dry pond . similar behavior has been observed in indiana ( l . b . , personal observations ) .
regardless of how you incorporate the water , make sure there is enough of it to allow the frog to keep himself wet as needed .
a survey to locate habitats that still contain cricket frogs and to identify biological and / or ecological factors affecting this species was recently conducted . several locations in orange county had populations of cricket frogs in the late 1980 ' s which became extirpated in the early 1990 ' s .
by the 1940 ' s , most historically known populations in new york state had been extirpated . this diminutive frog is now only locally present in a few scattered populations which still occur in the hudson highlands and shawangunk area . the decline of the cricket frog apparently began in the 1800 ' s with the clearing , drainage and alteration of thousands of acres of wetland habitat . aerial spraying of ddt and other chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in the 1950 ' s and 1960 ' s is thought to have contributed to the decline of most remaining populations . other factors that may have contributed to the cricket frog ' s decline are contamination of ponds by road salt and the introduction of predatory fish , which feed on their eggs .
distributions of total numbers of illinois cricket frogs in museum collections for the five time periods . each circle represents one museum specimen from that county .
is found to be smaller and more slender . the snout is markedly more pointed , the legs are longer and more proportional to the size of the body , and there is less webbing between the toes . the first toe is partially free of webbing and 3 joints of the fourth toe are completely free . warts appear on the skin , especially around the anal area , but are not as prominent as seen in the northern cricket frog . in addition to the stripe running down the back of
northern cricket frogs can be associated with green frogs ( rana clamitans ; jung , 1993 ; l . e . b . , personal observations ) , northern leopard frogs ( r . pipiens ) , wood frogs ( r . sylvatica ) , american bullfrogs ( r . catesbeiana ) , fowler’s toads ( b . fowleri ) , american toads ( b . americanus ) , eastern gray treefrogs ( hyla versicolor ) , western chorus frogs ( pseudacris triseriata ) , spring peepers ( p . crucifer ; l . b . personal observations ) , and a great many other anuran species .
lannoo , m . j . 1998 . amphibian conservation and wetland management in the upper midwest : a catch - 22 for the cricket frog ? pages 330 - 339 in m . j . lanno , editor . status and conservation of midwestern amphibians . university of iowa press , iowa city , iowa .
within its range , the cricket frog inhabits sunny , shallow ponds with abundant vegetation in the water or on the shores . slow moving , algae - filled water courses with sunny banks are the preferred habitat . deep water is generally avoided . males are typically found calling from floating mats of vegetation and organic debris .
northern cricket frogs inhabit the margins of water bodies , such as lakes , ponds , rivers , streams , and , sometimes , temporary ponds and rain pools . on pelee island , they have been found in shoreline marshes , pools , lagoons , drainage canals used for agriculture , ditches and flooded fields . they are usually found on muddy shores or in aquatic vegetation in shallow waters .
this frog was named for its breeding call , which sounds very much like the chirp or trill of a cricket ,
gick , gick , gick . . . ,
repeated for 20 or more beats . the sound has been likened to two pebbles being clicked together , slowly at first , then picking up in speed .
its voice is cricket - like ; rhythmic , repetitive clicking – gick , gick , gick , gick , etc . it begins slowly but then picks up speed .
the northern cricket frog ' s color is quite variable : gray , tan , greenish tan , or brown . the back may have a irregular green , yellow , orange , or brown stripe . there is always a dark triangle between the eyes , a series of light and dark bars on the upper jaw , and an irregular black or brown stripe along the inside of each thigh . the belly is white . the feet are strongly webbed , but the adhesive pads on fingers and toes are poorly developed . the call is a metallic “gick , gick , gick . ”
) is widely distributed north of the ohio river and , in the southern u . s . , west of the mississippi river . several populations in western mississippi and one population in northern kentucky appear on the southeastern side of this tentative boundary .
the best thing to help your frog recover is to seek advice from a vet , and to keep it safe and out of harm’s way while it recovers . [ 23 ]
davidson , c . 1996 . frog and toad calls of the rocky mountains . vanishing voices . library of natural sounds , cornell laboratory of ornithology , ithaca . audio cd recording .
occurs , at least formerly , in northeastern colorado along the south platte river ( conant and collins , 1998 ; hammerson , 1999 ) . a record from 1905 suggests a disjunct population of blanchard ' s cricket frog may have inhabited a historical marshy habitat near douglas , cochise county , arizona , but is now extinct ( degenhardt et al . , 1996 ) .
northern cricket frogs are nonclimbing hylids that include a wide variety of invertebrates in their diet ( dundee and rossman , 1989 ; degenhardt et al . , 1996 ; johnson , 2000 ; minton , 2001 ) . their preferred habitats are quiet , relatively permanent waters , especially those with muddy vegetated banks in open country , but they can adapt to other situations ( johnson , 2000 ; hulse et al . , 2001 ; minton , 2001 ) .
one of the smaller frog species in texas , adult acris crepitans grow to 1 . 25 - 3 . 5 cm ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 5 in ) in length .
crepitan is derived from the latin word crepit which means
rattle
and ans which means
a handle
this refers to the
hand rattle
like call of the frog .
your frog will need high humidity in its enclosure . the misting will help with this , but make sure to keep the enclosure relatively warm to aid in keeping the humidity level stable .
, the frog species most often collected in illinois . years of collection ranged from 1852 to 2001 . a trend of increasing numbers of frogs collected started in the late 1930s ; there was a marked reduction during world war ii , and then the rate of collecting markedly increased through the mid - 1950s . numbers of individual anurans collected declined sharply in the late 1950s , increased during the mid - 1960s , and declined during the 1970s and 1980s . the numbers of frogs collected in illinois have since increased . cricket frog numbers were largely proportional to those of other anurans (
confusing species : other treefrogs within its range are the spring peeper , the western chorus frog and the gray treefrog . the spring peeper is distinguished by a dark x on the back . the western chorus frog has three dark continuous or broken lines down the back . the grey treefrog has a light spot with a dark border under each eye and bright orange / yellow inner thighs .
make sure to change out the water in the enclosure and clean the interior when it appears dirty . like any other pet , this frog will require fresh water and a comfortable living environment .
jung , r . e . 1992 . blanchard ' s cricket frogs ( acris crepitans blanchardi ) in southwest wisconsin . abstract , 6th annual meeting of the society for conservation biology : 140 .
most frogs do well in a 20 gallon tank , so check your local pet store for a tank this size or larger . this will allow the frog enough space to thrive . [ 2 ]
make sure you have a lid on your enclosure . use a soft screen lid . this will allow air to flow into the tank , while keeping the frog inside and safe . [ 3 ]
you may need to feed your frog more or less than this , depending on their appetite and how fast they eat what you give them . this may take some guessing and testing at first .
females can lay up to 400 eggs at a time in small groups of between 2 - 7 eggs . monitor how many eggs your female frog lays should you breed your frogs . [ 26 ]
reeder al , foley g , nichols d , wikoff b , faeh s , eisold j , et al . forms and prevalence of intersexuality and effects of environmental contaminants on sexuality in cricket frogs (
when you purchase insects from the pet store , they will come in a container that you can keep them in until you are ready to feed your frog . or , you can make your own container to use and reuse to house your frog’s food . just use a thumbtack to poke air holes in a small plastic container , to allow air in but not allow bugs out . [ 16 ]
use a spray bottle to wet the enclosure a few times a day . this frog lives in naturally damp and moist environments , so a spray bottle can help maintain this level of moisture . [ 17 ]
in missouri , northern cricket frogs are active from late march to early november . breeding is from late april to mid - july in shallows of ponds and backwaters with an abundance of aquatic plants . warm temperatures stimulate males to chorus ; both calling and noncalling males can be successful breeders . a female may lay up to 400 eggs , either singly or in small packets of up to 7 , which are attached to submerged vegetation . eggs hatch in a few days , and tadpoles begin metamorphosis 5–10 weeks later .
the eggs of the southern cricket frog are fertilized externally while in a freshwater habitat . the sperm enters the egg and soon a gelatinous cover envelopes the egg to protect it . it then develops into a gill - breathing larva , also known as a tadpole , which then metamorphoses into the mature , lung - breathing adult . from beginning to end , 90 - 100 days ( on average ) are needed to complete the metamorphosis .
reeder , a . l . , ruiz , m . o . , pessier , a . , brown , l . e . , levengood , j . m . , phillips , c . a . , wheeler , m . b . , warner , r . e . , and beasley , v . r . ( 2005 ) . ' ' intersexuality and the cricket frog decline : historic and geographic trends . ' '
burkett , r . d . 1984 . an ecological study of the cricket frog , acris crepitans . pages 89 - 102 in r . a . seigel , l . e . hunt , j . l . knight , l . malaret , and n . l . zuschlag , editors . vertebrate ecology and systematics : a tribute to henry s . fitch . museum of natural history , university of kansas , lawrence , kansas .
you can use artificial or plastic plants . you can buy these at most pet stores in the aquarium section . you can also get small hollowed out logs or rocks for your frog to hide inside of . [ 9 ]
is an insectivore , feeding on a wide variety of insects with a major part of their diet being mosquitoes . when in the tadpole stage , however , this species is a herbivore . as adults , to catch their prey , they sit and wait in ambush for insects . when a prey item comes near , they lunge forward and shoot out their tongue . the southern cricket frog has also been observed chasing after their prey on the ground .
currently , the populations of this species are increasing and stable . make sure you do a search to find out the population levels of this frog in your area , and determine if it is safe and allowed to catch them .
cleaning a frog’s tank is a lot like cleaning a fish tank , but you might have to do it more often because frogs tend to shed pretty often . a water filter will help keep the water clean between actual tank cleanings .
commonly seen along the edges of ponds , streams , and rivers , especially on open areas of mud flats and gravel bars . recent surveys indicate that this species is gone or nearly gone from wisconsin , northern illinois , and indiana , but the cause of this decline has not been determined . missouri populations need to be monitored .
if you end up with two frogs that breed , the eggs will be laid in the water . be mindful to check for eggs before cleaning the water should you have a male and female frog in the same enclosure . [ 25 ]
a . crepitans is a small ( 0 . 75 to 1 . 5 inches ) , slim - waisted frog with slender webbed toes and a triangle mark on the head . dorsal coloration can be gray , light brown with dark bands on legs . there is a white bar from eye to base of foreleg . the skin is bumpy . males have a single vocal pouch . a . crepitans is a non - climbing member of tree frog family ( barket 1964 , stebbins 1966 ) .
the endangered and nongame species program would like for individuals to report their sightings of northern cricket frogs . record the date , time , location , and condition of the animal and submit the information by submitting a sighting report form . the information will be entered into the state’s natural heritage program , commonly referred to as biotics . biologists map the sighting and the resulting maps “allow state , county , municipal , and private agencies to identify important wildlife habitats and protect them in a variety of ways . this information is used to regulate land - use within the state and assists in preserving endangered and
the scouring of coastal marshes during severe storms , and predation by birds , reptiles , bullfrogs and fish , are some of the natural factors contributing to the species’ decline . however , loss of wetlands to development is the major factor affecting populations of northern cricket frogs . damage to habitat includes drainage of marshes and the dredging of drainage canals that are used by the frogs as breeding sites . habitat degradation is an important factor as well . these frogs are intolerant of pollution , and the runoff of pesticides and fertilizers is believed to be a major contributor to the decline and disappearance of the species .
use organic soil without any chemicals or fertilizers in it . you want to make sure it is as close to the frog’s natural habitat as possible . you can also use pine bark that is easily found at any garden supply store . [ 7 ]
you can catch insects on your own , or go to a pet store to purchase insects for it to eat . since this frog is particularly small , you will want to make sure you buy or catch very small insects for it to eat .
this small frog is widespread , but declining rapidly , in the u . s . in canada , it is known only from extreme southwest ontario . there have been no confirmed records in canada since the early 1970s despite frequent searches . however , there have been unconfirmed reports of the species as recently as the mid - 1990s . consequently , it is slightly possible that the species still exists in canada . threats to this frog include destruction and alteration of its habitat and effects of pesticides , herbicides and other contaminants .
hay , r . 1998 . blanchard ' s cricket frogs in wisconsin : a status report . pages 79 - 82 in m . j . lannoo , editor . status and conservation of midwestern amphibians . university of iowa press , iowa city , iowa .
gamble , t . , berendzen , p . b . , shaffer , h . b . , starkey , d . e . , and simons , a . m . ( 2008 ) . ' ' species limits and phylogeography of north american cricket frogs (
under the species at risk act ( s . c . 2002 , c . 29 ) ( sara ) the federal competent ministers are responsible for the preparation of recovery strategies for listed extirpated , endangered , and threatened species . the minister of the environment and the minister responsible for the parks canada agency are the competent ministers for the recovery of the blanchard’s cricket frog . environment canada led the development of this strategy , working in cooperation with parks canada agency under sara . it has also been prepared in cooperation with the ontario ministry of natural resources .
description : the green frog is a large , true frog with large , distinct tympanum and prominent dorsolateral ridges . it may be green , bronze or brown , or a combination but is typically green on the upper lip . the belly is white with darker lines or spots . there may be some irregular spotting on the back . it is distinguished from other frogs in that the dorsolateral ridges run only partway down the back and do not reach the groin . the hind legs have dark bars . males have a bright yellow throat . maximum adult size is 10 cm .
mossman mj , hartman lm , hay r , sauer jr , dhuey bj . 1998 . monitoring long - term trends in wisconsin frog and toad populations . in : status and conservation of midwestern amphibians ( lannoo mj , ed ) . iowa city , ia : university of iowa press , 169–198 .
) were examined to compare cricket frog gonadal sex in three regions of the state during five time periods . the three regions are distinguished by human population density and physiographic characteristics . the northeast region includes 11 counties with high human population densities in and surrounding the chicago metropolitan area . the central band of 66 counties , which was formerly largely prairie , is dominated by low topographic relief , fertile soils , intensive maize and soy agriculture , and low human population density . the southernmost region includes 25 counties with mixed crops , pastures , and wooded hills as well as low human population density . the five time periods studied included
, the southern cricket frog , the dark stripe on the rear of the thigh is more ragged , lacking clean borders or blending with dorsal coloration , and there is extensive webbing between the digits on the hind feet ( conant and collins , 1998 ; powell et al . , 1998 ) . like many small frogs there is a dark triangle between the eyes ( stebbins , 1985 ; conant and collins , 1998 ) . dorsal coloration and dark marking vary considerably , with various combinations of black , orange or yellow , on a background of brown or green ( conant and collins , 1998 ) . of the three described subspecies ( frost , 2000 ) ,
this small frog can be found in several colors . generally they range from black , brown , or reddish brown to bright green or gray . along with these patterns of coloration is a stripe of contrasting color beginning anteriorly at the top of the snout and running along the back towards the posterior and ends at the urostyle . between the eyes of
historically this species was found on long island , staten island , and in the lower hudson river valley . by 1930 , long island populations had disappeared , as had those on staten island by the mid 1970s ( gibbs et al . 2007 ) . cricket frogs have become extirpated from no fewer than 20 historically occupied sites since about 1900 , representing a significant range contraction within the state .
blanchard ' s cricket frogs inhabit shallow wetlands , lakes , streams , or rivers , and are rarely found in large lakes , wide rivers , or polluted sites ( gray et al . 2005 ) . they typically occupy areas along the water ' s edge , and prefer open areas with muddy shorelines and abundant emergent vegetation ( oldfield and moriarty 1994 ; gray et al . 2005 ) .
it appears to be significantly threatened only in the northwestern portion of its range . the reasons for the declines remain speculative but vegetation succession , climatic fluctuations , predation by native and exotic species , competition from other frog species , and water pollution caused by pesticides and / or other chemicals associated with agriculture are possibly significant ( harding 1997 , lannoo 1998 , hammerson 1999 , hammerson and livo 1999 ) .
has declined dramatically in the northern and western part of its range ( baker 1997 ; gray and brown 2005 ; hammerson and livo 1999 ; hay 1998 ; lannoo 1998 ; lehtinen and skinner 2006 ) . this phenomenon ﬁrst came to light in the 1970s , and has continued to the present ( hay 1998 ; lehtinen , 2002 ; vogt , 1981 ) . possible causes for decline include climate change ( hay 1998 ; irwin 2005 ) , habitat alteration ( lannoo 1998 ) , pollution ( reeder et al . 2005 ) , and habitat fragmentation ( hay 1998 ) .
) . from 1930 to 1945 , the percentage of intersex individuals was notably increased , and from 1946 to 1959 it was greater than during any other time frame examined . also , during 1946–1959 , the proportion of females was reduced . during the most recent period , the proportion of intersexes was lowest of any period except for 1852–1929 . in the 1990s , however , few cricket frogs were available from areas that previously had the most elevated intersex rates .
is a
gick - gick - gick - gick
in succession , like pebbles being clicked together ( vogt , 1981 ; stebbins , 1985 ; davidson , 1996 ; conant and collins , 1998 ; johnson , 2000 ) . recordings of the calls of a . crepitans are available on cds from elliott ( 1994a , b ) , davidson ( 1996 ) , library of natural sounds ( 1996 ) , and bogert ( 1998 ) . the tadpoles are dark olive green with small dark spots , greenish yellow venters ( bellies ) , spotted tails with slight striping on the musculature ( ashton and ashton , 1988 ) , and in many northern populations , the tail tip is black ( johnson , 2000 ) .
, there is also a darker longitudinal stripe that can be seen on the rear of the thigh . there is slight sexual dimorphism seen with the southern cricket frogs . the females are generally the slightly larger sex with a length of 16 - 33 mm and the males achieve a length of 15 - 29 mm . the males have darker throats , whereas the females ' throats are white . males also have a single subgular sac . when young , the frogs are entirely aquatic tadpoles . upon reaching adulthood , the recently changed frogs are roughly 14 mm .
adults average only 1 inch ( 2 . 5 cm ) in length ; the male is usually smaller than the female . cricket frogs exhibit a myriad of patterns and combinations of black , yellow , orange or red on a base of brown or green . distinguishing characteristics are small size , dorsal warts , a blunt snout , a dark triangular - shaped spot between the eyes , and a ragged , longitudinal stripe on the thigh . the webbing on the hind foot is extensive , reaching the tip of the first toe and the next to last joint of the longest toe .