parvulastra vivipara , the tasmanian live-bearing seastar , is a tiny , uniformly orange-yellow seastar , up to 15 mm across .

the species usually has five short arms and is a rounded , pentagon shape .

morphological variation is common and three , four or six arms are occasionally present .

it is endemic to coastal waters in southeast tasmania .

parvulastra vivipara

parvulastra vivipara ( tasmanian live - bearing seastar ) : species management profile for tasmania ' s threatened species link ( threatened species section ( tss ) , 2014wb ) [ state action plan ] .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . parvulastra vivipara in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 36 : 25 + 1000 .
patiriella vivipara . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :
this tiny seastar , called patiriella vivipara is listed as endangered under the threatened species protection act 1995 .
scientific name : patiriella vivipara common name : tasmanian live - bearing seastar other names : live - bearing seastar , cushion star the species is conventionally accepted ( dartnall 1969 ) .
prestedge , g . k . ( 2001b ) . salinity tolerance of patiriella vivipara , a seastar endemic to southeast tasmania . the tasmanian naturalist . 123 : 36 - 46 .
byrne , m . ( 1996 ) . viviparity and intragonadal cannibalism in the diminutive asterinid sea stars patiriella vivipara and p . parvivipara . marine biology . 125 ( 3 ) : 551 - 567 .
prestedge , g . k . ( 1999a ) . will the introduced european green crab impact upon patiriella vivipara , the rare endemic seastar ? . the tasmanian naturalist . 121 : 26 - 28 .
prestedge , g . k . ( 1999b ) . will the introduced northern pacific seastar impact upon patiriella vivipara , the rare endemic seastar ? . the tasmanian naturalist . 121 : 29 - 32 .
prestedge , g . k . ( 2001a ) . updated information and previously unpublished observations on patiriella vivipara , a seastar endemic to southeast tasmania . the tasmanian naturalist . 123 : 24 - 35 .
threatened species survey of patiriella vivipara and gazameda gunnii in southport lagoon for the southport lagoon conservation area , george iii monument historic site & ida bay state reserve management plan 2006 ( tas . dpiw 2006a ) .
rowland , m . ( 2001 ) . education and monitoring program for the endangered tasmanian seastar - patiriella vivipara : project report & action plan for the woodbridge environment group . woodbridge , tasmania : marine and coastal research tasmania .
prestedge , g . k . ( 1998 ) . the distribution and biology of patiriella vivipara ( echinodermata : asteroidea : asterinidae ) a seastar endemic to southeast tasmania . records of the australian museum . 50 : 161 - 170 .
byrne , m . & a . cerra ( 1996 ) . evolution of intragonadal development in the diminutive asterinid sea stars patiriella vivipara and p . parvivipara with an overview of development in the asterinidae . biological bulletin . 191 : 17 - 26 .
threatened species scientific committee ( tssc ) ( 2009av ) . commonwealth listing advice on patiriella vivipara . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 30 - jun - 2009 .
department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2009k ) . approved conservation advice for patiriella vivipara ( tasmanian live - bearing seastar ) . canberra : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 30 - jun - 2009 .
( of patiriella vivipara dartnall , 1969 ) dartnall , a . j . ( 1969 ) . a viviparous species of patiriella ( asteroidea , asterinidae ) from tasmania . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . 93 ( 3 ) : 294 - 296 , 1 plate . page ( s ) : 294 [ details ]
tasmania department of primary industries & water ( tas . dpiw ) ( 2006a ) . threatened species survey of patiriella vivipara and gazameda gunnii in southport lagoon for the southport lagoon conservation area , george iii monument historic site & ida bay state reserve management plan 2006 . hobart , tasmania : marine environment section , marine farming branch ( tas . dpiw ) .
it is a tiny orange - yellow seastar , with adults only reaching up to 13mm across . it is endemic to tasmania which means it is only found here . the name p . vivipara comes from the seastar ' s ability to produce live young instead of eggs . this is known as viviparity . the newborn seastar is a tiny replica of its parent . this is tasmania ' s only known endemic , vivaparous seastar so it is very special .
p . vivipara is threatened because it only occurs in a limited area . all the known populations occupy less than 3 hectares . they are restricted to rocky reefs in the tidal zone and seem to prefer living under rocks near the high tide mark . this puts them at great risk from changes to their habitat . for example , they are at risk from pollution such as eutrophication or sedimentation which are threats at pittwater . another threat to seastars is from collectors who collect specimens for aquariums . it is also thought that the introduced nz seastar p . regularis could be competing with it . this seastar came to australia in a batch of oysters earlier this century .
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for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2009 ) .
. canberra : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :
recovery plan not required , a recovery plan will have limited benefit for the species . the actions covered by the conservation advice are considered to be sufficient at this time ( 17 / 06 / 2009 ) .
guidelines for natural values surveys - estuarine and marine development proposals ( natural and cultural heritage division , 2015a ) [ management plan ] .
dartnall , a . j . 1969 . a viviparous species of patiriella ( asteroidea : asterinidae ) from tasmania . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales 93 ( 3 ) : 294 - 296 fig . 1 pl . 29 [ 294 , pl . 29 ( a - f ) ] .
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
the tasmanian live - bearing seastar is endemic to south - east tasmania . it is known from 13 isolated subpopulations within the south tasmanian natural resource management region ( tssc 2009av ) .
the extent of occurrence for the tasmanian live - bearing seastar has been estimated to be approximately 2600 km 2 , in the sheltered waters of south - east tasmania from d ' entrecasteaux channel to norfolk bay . however , much of the area is considered unsuitable for the species due to inappropriate substrate and depth of water ( deeper than 1 . 2 m ) ( m . wapstra 2007 , pers . comm . ) .
the area of occupancy is estimated to be 10002000 m 2 . this figure is based on relatively accurate estimates of the extent of most extant subpopulations totaling approximately 1024 m 2 . however , published accounts of the extent of the largest subpopulation ( pitt water ) , the most recently discovered subpopulation ( southport lagoon ) and historical accounts of subpopulations considered extinct , are not available . given the extent of all other subpopulations , it is highly unlikely that the inclusion of these subpopulations would result in more than a doubling of the estimated area of occupancy . this is due to the restriction of the species to specific substrates within the very narrow littoral zone ( m . wapstra 2007 , pers . comm . )
the species is known reliably from 13 locations ( prestedge 2001a ) , however , the subpopulations at two , or possibly three , of these locations are believed to be extinct ( prestedge 2001a ; rowland 2001 ) .
it is believed that the colony at woodbridge was introduced there in late 1995 . they originally came from pitt water and had been on display at the marine discovery centre at woodbridge . this colony was released from their small aquarium onto the shore at woodbridge , due to concerns for adequate care over the christmas period . this proved to be an unplanned , but successful relocation . no tasmanian live - bearing seastars had been recorded from this site prior to the relocation ( prestedge 2001a ) .
the species ' distribution is severely fragmented as all known subpopulations are small and isolated . the sites are separated by distances that exceed the presumed dispersal capacity of the species ( prestedge 2001a ) .
in dartnall ' s ( 1969 ) original survey , the species was recorded from three localities ( pitt water , roches beach and eaglehawk neck ) .
hoggins ( 1976 cited in rowland 2001 ) estimated the size of subpopulations at midway point , tinderbox and eaglehawk neck .
prestedge ( 1998 ) also monitored subpopulations of the tasmanian live - bearing seastar on the shore at pitt water between 1976 and 1982 , and eaglehawk neck , roches beach and fortescue bay in february 1998 .
during the 1990s additional new colonies were recorded mainly as a result of unsystematic private surveys ( prestedge 2001a ) .
rowland ( 2001 ) undertook an assessment of the abundance of tasmanian live - bearing seastars at a number of locations in south - east tasmania , excluding the pitt water subpopulations .
polanowski ( 2002 ) undertook surveys and population counts at several of the known sites , and located a new subpopulation at mays point , lauderdale .
in 2006 a survey of the species at southport lagoon ( for the purpose of developing a management plan for the area ) was conducted over five days from october to december . seven colonies , varying from a few individuals to several hundred seastars , were recorded ( tas . dpiw ) 2006a ) .
the discovery of a subpopulation during the 2006 survey at southport lagoon ( tas . dpiw 2006a ) , extended the known distribution for the species , and is the most southerly record known . the results from this survey indicate that there may be other subpopulations of the tasmanian live - bearing seastar not yet discovered in similar habitat in the surrounding area , but these are unlikely to significantly extend the distribution of the species ( tas . dpiw 2006a ) .
the estimated population size ( excluding the pitt water subpopulation ) is approximately 27 000 individuals ( rowland 2001 ) . no comprehensive surveys have been undertaken to estimate the subpopulation size at pitt water . however , an approximate estimate of 326 000 tasmanian live - bearing seastars in the pitt water subpopulation , has been made on the basis of existing data and the total length of inhabited shoreline . this estimate is based on limited data , and more detailed surveys would be required to confirm its accuracy ( polanowski 2002 ) .
the species is known from 13 isolated subpopulations which vary in abundance from less than 20 to several thousands ( tas . pws 2003 ) . these are considered subpopulations due to the extent of their geographical separation and the limited dispersal potential of the species ( prestedge 1998 ) .
materia ( 1994 ) suggests that the oyster cove subpopulation became extinct because of eutrophication of their habitat due to surrounding aquaculture practices , however , there are indications that the species never existed there ( rowland 2001 ) .
1 . prestedge 1998 2 . prestedge 1998 ; rowland 2001 3 . polanowski 2002 ; prestedge 1998 ; rowland 2001 4 . polanowski 2002 5 . polanowski 2002 6 . rowland 2001 7 . prestedge 1998 ; rowland 2001 8 . prestedge 2001a 9 . polanowski 2002 ; prestedge 1998 , rowland 2001 10 . prestedge 2001a ; rowland 2001 11 . rowland 2001 12 . prestedge 2001a 13 . materia 1994 ; rowland 2001 14 . rowland 2001 15 . tas . dpiw 2006a
there is insufficient information available to determine if this species undergoes extreme natural fluctuations in population numbers . however , there has been an increase in the number of colonies and in population numbers since 1990 and the species is thought to experience a boom - bust cycle ( prestedge 2001a ) .
the tasmanian live - bearing seastar is believed to live for 810 years ( prestedge 1998 ) .
none of these reserves are actively managed for the species , although the southport lagoon conservation area subpopulation is within an area covered by a management plan ( tas . dpiw 2006b ) that has made recommendations for the species , and the pitt water nature reserve subpopulation has been actively managed and monitored as part of the redevelopment of the sorell causeway ( aquenal 2001 ) .
the tasmanian live - bearing seastar lives in rocky areas in the upper intertidal zone , usually under rocks or in crevices . they appear to have a water depth limit , being found from just below the high water mark to a depth of approximately 1 . 2 m at high water ( prestedge 2001a ) . the species prefers gently sloping , sheltered shores , characterised by rocks often no more than 2030 cm high . the species was originally believed to have a strong affinity with sandstone , however it has been found to inhabit a variety of substrates including dolerite , sedimentary rock , basalt , concrete and house bricks ( prestedge 2001a ) .
the tasmanian live - bearing seastar does not overlap with any epbc act - listed threatened ecological communities ( tssc 2009au ) .
the tasmanian live - bearing seastar feeds , unselectively , on the film of algae and microbes coating the surface of submerged rocks ( bryant & jackson 1999b ; polanowski 2002 ) . the tasmanian live - bearing seastar feeds at night and on dull , overcast days ( prestedge 1998 ) . it is an extra - oral ( outside of the mouth ) feeder and can evert ( push out ) its voluminous cardiac stomach to a diameter larger than that of its body . tasmanian live - bearing seastars often have their stomach fully everted and in contact with the substratum , indicating that digestion is likely to take place outside the body ( polanowski 2002 ) .
insufficient information is available to determine daily seasonal patterns of movement for this species . it is unknown whether the species has a home range or territory .
the tasmanian live - bearing seastar is distinctive in the field due to its orange - yellow colour , making it easily detected even against a background of similar coloured substrate . it can be distinguished from similar species of patiriella spp . by its orange - yellow underside ( bryant & jackson 1999b ) .
the tasmanian live - bearing seastar can be surveyed at low tide , by walking the littoral zone and searching for the species by visual assessment of the substrate . lifting rocks by hand ( where possible ) to search for the species may also be undertaken ( prestedge 1998 ; tas . dpiw 2006a ) . surveying at night , or on overcast days , is recommended because the seastars are more visible as they emerge from hiding and move onto the top of rocks to feed ( polanowski 2002 ) .
minister ' s reasons for recovery plan decision a recovery plan is not considered to be necessary for this species as a recovery plan will have limited benefit for the species . the actions covered by the conservation advice are considered to be sufficient at this time .
in 2001 , part of the pitt water subpopulation of tasmanian live - bearing seastars came under threat from the necessary replacement of the bridge spanning the sorell causeway . the tasmanian department of infrastructure energy and resources undertook a relocation exercise during aprilmay 2001 . the tasmanian live - bearing seastars were removed from the causeway and placed at a number of relocation sites chosen during a relocation survey . a total of 21 368 seastars were relocated and a number of monitoring sites were established for future ongoing monitoring of seastar subpopulations ( aquenal 2001 ) .
ensure infrastructure or development activities in areas where the tasmanian live - bearing seastar occurs do not adversely impact on known subpopulations .
protect subpopulations of the listed species through the development of conservation agreements and / or convenants .
develop and implement a management plan for the control and eradication of the northern pacific seastar and new zealand seastar in the local region .
prestedge ( 1998 , 2001a ) published articles on a study into the biology and distribution of the tasmanian live - bearing seastar .
prestedge ( 1999a , 1999b ) published articles on two separate experiments investigating the impact of the european green crab ( carcinus maenas ) and the northern pacific seastar on the tasmanian live - bearing seastar .
prestedge ( 2001b ) published an article on the salinity tolerance of the species .
rowland ( 2001 ) undertook population surveys and produced an education and monitoring program for the species .
polanowski ( 2002 ) submitted an honours thesis on the feeding behaviour , distribution and population genetics of the tasmanian live - bearing seastar .
byrne and cerra ( 1996 ) conducted a study on the evolution and development of the species ( and one other closely related species ) .
aquenal ( 2001 ) . tasman highway sorell causeway bridge and approaches design and construction seastar relocation plan . report on relocation june 2001 . hobart , tasmania : department of infrastructure energy and resources .
bryant , s . & j . jackson ( 1999b ) . tasmania ' s threatened fauna handbook : what , where and how to protect tasmania ' s threatened animals . hobart , tasmania : threatened species unit , parks and wildlife service .
dartnall , a . j . ( 1969 ) . a viviparous species of patiriella ( asteroidea : asterinidae ) from tasmania . in : proceedings of the linnaean society of nsw .
materia , c . j . ( 1994 ) . a study of native asteroids in south eastern tasmania . wildlife report 94 / 9 . hobart , tasmania : tasmania parks and wildlife service , and the tasmanian museum and art gallery .
polanowski , a . ( 2002 ) . the feeding behaviour , distribution and population genetics of the endangered seastar . hons . thesis .
tasmania department of primary industries & water ( tas . dpiw ) ( 2006b ) . southport lagoon conservation area , george iii monument historic site & ida bay state reserve management plan 2006 . hobart , tasmania : tasmania parks and wildlife service , department of primary industries and water . available from : urltoken .
tasmania parks and wildlife service ( tas . pws ) ( 2003 ) . seastars endemic to tasmania . threatened species fact sheet . hobart , tasmania : tasmania parks and wildlife service . available from : urltoken .
wapstra , m . ( 2007 ) . personal communications . hobart , tasmania : environmental consulting options tasmania .
commonwealth of australia ( 2009j ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 80 ) ( 17 / 06 / 2009 ) . f2009l02541 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 30 - jun - 2009 .
anonymous ( 2009 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .
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dartnall , a . j . 1969 ,
a viviparous species of patiriella ( asteroidea : asterinidae ) from tasmania
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 93 , no . 3 , pp . 294 - 296 fig . 1 pl . 29
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0ba1dcbb - 295a - 4ace - 9f97 - e5f483eec9e3
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 14881b18 - 098e - 43c4 - 8895 - 118476526e13
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 91092607 - 3f20 - 4e4a - be1b - 3fbbb90f4fa0
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c1ddef26 - 4a09 - 4c23 - b1d7 - 5459d754dcb1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ef8cbfc1 - 545b - 4e8c - 9845 - ec2938bc7960
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 591036
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the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
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tasmania ' s first signal station has been restored more than 200 years since it began operation on mount nelson .
planned ecological burns in southwest national park will help regenerate important habitat areas for the critically endangered orange - bellied parrot .
p . vivapara was first described from the pittwater area by a . j . dartnall in 1968 . the seastar is only known to have been recorded in five locations in tasmania . these are : roches beach , lauderdale ; pittwater lagoon , midway point ; tesselated pavement , eaglehawk neck ; fortescue bay and powder jetty , howden . despite searching it has not been seen at howden since the development of an aquaculture farm and changes to the foreshore occurred .
research has been undertaken by christine rowland of marine and coastal research tasmania . a number of people have been researching the seastars abundance and current distribution as well as physico - chemical factors such as temperature , salinity and habitat type . this type of research is necessary so that suitable recovery plans can be developed and implemented to prevent this species from becoming endangered or extinct .
it is very important that local people are educated about marine species , especially about the importance of not collecting specimens . many of our invertebrates are becoming threatened through over collection , especially butterflies , coral and other marine life .
another seastar we may soon see included on tasmania ' s threatened species list is smilasterias tasmaniae . there are 3 dried specimens at the australian museum in sydney , believed to be all that remained of a species last seen in the 1960s . then in 1994 the species was ' rediscovered ' by c . rowland here in tasmania . she considers them likely to be listed as vulnerable .
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dallasaurus ( " dallas lizard " ) is a basal mosasauroid from the upper cretaceous of north america .

along with russellosaurus , dallasaurus is one of the two oldest mosasauroid taxa currently known from north america .

this small semi-aquatic lizard measured less than a meter in length , compared to such gigantic derived mosasaurs as tylosaurus and mosasaurus , each exceeding 14 meters .

dallasaurus

# dallasaurus has a great evolutionary importance as it is considered to be the most basal # mosasaur . dallasaurus is considered to be the most dista… | pinteres…
fossil study suggests that dallasaurus possessed movable flippers resembling limbs . this indicated that this animal possessed a semi aquatic life style . dallasaurus was thus considered to be among the earliest tetrapods .
a model of dallasaurus turneri sits in front of a mosasaur at the dallas museum of natural history .
caudal vertebrae of dallasaurus turneri ( tmm 43209 - 1 ) ; a - c – anterior . . . | download scientific diagram
turner took the remains to paleontologists at the dallas museum of natural history , but it took several years before scientists dubbed the find dallasaurus turneri .
dallasaurus has a great evolutionary importance as it is considered to be the most basal mosasaur . dallasaurus is considered to be the most distant ancestor to the fierce and sleek marine reptiles that were predators of the ocean . they were believed to be preying on the fish and other marine fauna .
turner took the remains to paleontologists at the dallas museum of natural history , but it took several years before scientists dubbed the find dallasaurus turneri .
dallasaurus retained complete limbs , hands and feet suitable for walking on land , whereas later mosasaurs evolved their limbs into flippers , the new study reports .
the ancient lizard , named dallasaurus turneri , measured three feet ( about a meter ) long and lived 92 million years ago in shallow seas that covered what is now texas .
until the discovery of dallasaurus , however , only five primitive forms with land - capable limbs were known , all of them found in the middle east and the eastern adriatic .
one aspect of polcyn and bell’s research is the revelation that dallasaurus retained complete limbs , hands and feet suitable for walking on land , whereas later mosasaurs evolved their limbs into flippers .
southern methodist university ( smu ) . 2005 . and dallas museum of natural history announce missing fossil link : dallasaurus smu news release november 16 , 2005 . retrieved may 25 , 2008 .
scientists and museum curators hope to reconstruct the more than 100 identifiable skeletal pieces that make up dallasaurus and put them on display within a few years at the dallas museum , which owns them .
polcyn and bell painstakingly pieced together an understanding of the anatomy and natural history of dallasaurus from the bones turner discovered and from some matching skeletal remains at the texas memorial museum at the university of texas in austin .
with the aid of computer science and smu ' s visualization laboratory , polcyn has been able to simulate what dallasaurus looked like , and how , based on skeletal remains , he would swim and move from land to sea . an artist has taken polcyn ' s visualization work even one step further by creating a life - sized model of dallasaurus , a work that is soon to be on display at the museum along with the computer simulation .
word of dallasaurus is now reaching the scientific community with a special issue of the netherlands journal of geosciences , featuring an article by southern methodist university paleontologist michael polcyn and gordon bell jr . of guadalupe national park in texas .
dallasaurus represents a missing link in the evolution of a group of creatures called mosasaurs , prehistoric animals that started out on land , but evolved in the seas and dominated the oceans at the same time dinosaurs ruled the land .
on wednesday , the museum unveiled a model of dallasaurus , not nearly as threatening as its oversized descendant with a slim body and only 3 feet of length . it looks somewhat like a komodo dragon , its closest living relative .
however , we are not concerned with one of the larger species . we are interested in a little three foot long specimen discovered in texas . most mosasaurs have flippers , dallasaurus turneri has limbs similar to other land lizards . from
the reptile , now known as dallasaurus turneri , is identified in a special issue of the netherlands journal of geosciences published this month . the article was written by paleontologists michael polcyn of southern methodist university and gordon bell jr . of guadalupe national park .
they describe dallasaurus , a three - foot long lizard who lived 92 million years ago in the shallow seas and shores of what was then a stretch of texas mostly under water , and also used the fossil to better understand the mosasaur family tree .
so mosasaurs were side - to - side swimmers , and one of the genera taken to represent the early stage of their evolution is dallasaurus . this was not a gigantic sea monster . dallasaurus was small – less than three feet long – and it did not have the highly - modified tail and flippers of the later , open - ocean mosasaurs . for example , the upper arm elements of dallasaurus were relatively long – preserving a more archaic anatomical construction – than the shortened upper arm elements which helped keep the flippers stable for their roles as rudders in later mosasaurs . ( similar modifications of the upper arm can be seen in whales , too . the mechanics of swimming provided the selective pressure for parts of these very difference animals to be adapted in similar ways . )
mosasaurs lived and became extinct alongside dinosaurs . later mosasaurs grew up to 45 feet in length . until the discovery of dallasaurus , however , only five primitive forms with land - capable limbs were known , all of them found in the middle east and the eastern adriatic .
full reference : g . l . bell and m . j . polcyn . 2005 . dallasaurus turneri , a new primitive mosasauroid from the middle turonian of texas and comments on the phylogeny of mosasauridae ( squamata ) . netherlands journal of geosciences 84 ( 3 ) : 177 - 194
further reading - dallasaurus turneri , a new primitive mosasauroid from the middle turonian of texas and comments on the phylogeny of the mosasauridae ( squamata ) . - netherlands journal of geoscience ( geologie en mijnbouw ) 84 ( 3 ) pp . 177 - 194 . - g . l . bell jr . & m . j . polcyn - 2005 .
the lizard is an important link in the evolution of mosasaurs , which lived in the age of dinosaurs and evolved fin - like limbs , polcyn said . dallasaurus , the name given the fossil by polcyn and bell , is unusual because it shows an earlier version of the mosasaur with tiny feet and hands . the marine animals later developed paddles .
dallasaurus was a 3 - foot lizard that lived 92 million years ago in shallow seas and shores of what is now texas . it is a missing link in the evolution of a group of creatures called mosasaurs , prehistoric animals that started out on land , but evolved in the seas and dominated the oceans at the same time dinosaurs ruled the land .
although a small number of primitive mosasaur have been known to retain land - capable limbs , they were thought to be an ancestral group separate from the later fin - bearing forms . dallasaurus represents a clear link to one lineage of the later forms and the first time researchers can clearly show mosasaurs evolved fins from limbs within the different lineages of mosasaurs .
the advanced fin - bearing mosasaurs have been grouped into three major lineages . although a small number of primitive mosasaur have been known to retain land - capable limbs , they were thought to be an ancestral group separate from the later fin - bearing forms . dallasaurus represents a clear link to one lineage of the later forms and the first time researchers can clearly show mosasaurs evolved fins from limbs within the different lineages of mosasaurs .
lizards had nearly 150 million - year - long history on land ; then in the late cretaceous , the final stage of the age of dinosaurs , one group moved into the sea and rose to the very top of the food chain ,
polcyn said wednesday .
starting out as small animals like dallasaurus , they mastered their new marine environment and rose to become the top predator in their ecosystem , the t . rex of the ocean .
however till date scientists are unable to confirm whether dallasaurus was oviparous or viviparous in nature . some schools still believe that both the processes were still missing . fossil studies indicate that the later mosasaurs were too large to return to land to conceive . but again evolution suggests that the reptiles were very quick to adapt to the physiology of live birth . fossil studies of ichthyosaurus have revealed this . the example of keichousaurus can also be mentioned regarding this context . live birth is as a phenomenon that is still observed in some lizards today . sea snakes have been reported to be conceiving by live birth .
name : dallasaurus  ( dallas lizard )  . phonetic : dal - las - ore - rus . named by : g .  l .  bell jr & m .  j .  polcyn  -  2005 . classification : chordata ,  reptilia ,  squamata ,  mosasauridae ,  mosasaurinae . species : d .  turneri ( type )  . diet : carnivore . size : up to 1 meter long . known locations : usa ,  texas ,  dallas county  -  kamp ranch limestone . time period : turonian of the cretaceous . fossil representation : 2 partial specimens ,  together represented by a partial skull and disarticulated post cranial remains .
lindgren and co - authors only looked at four representative mosasaur genera – dallasaurus , clidastes , mosasaurus , and plotosaurus – but together these creatures cover almost the entire span of mosasaur history and provide a rough idea of how the lizards changed through the cretaceous . as might be expected , earlier mosasaurs lived nearer to shore in shallow environments , whereas later , more specialized forms – such as plotosaurus – were open ocean cruisers which have been found in deposits indicating deeper environments . the rough picture is similar to that seen among fossil whales – easing into coastal environments and only later spreading far and wide . the same is true of the way the vertebrae of mosasaurs became evolutionarily modified for swimming . in early mosasaurs , the tail vertebrae were more or less the same and unspecialized . by the time of mosasaurus and plotosaurus , however , the tail had become divvied up into several different functional regions which enhanced swimming ability .
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a lizard whose fossilized bones were discovered near dallas , texas , 16 years ago is a missing link in the evolution of extinct swimming reptiles known as mosasaurs , a new study says .
is unusual , because it had tiny feet and hands suitable for walking on land . later mosasaurs developed fin - like limbs and came to dominate the seas at the time when dinosaurs ruled the land .
this study paints a much more complex picture of the evolution of [ mosasaurs ] than previously thought ,
said michael polcyn , a paleontologist at southern methodist university in dallas .
fossils in 1989 while searching through dirt turned up by bulldozers at a construction site near dallas .
remains of early mosasaurs have been difficult to find . they are only found in areas once covered by water and are quick to deteriorate .
this is the first well - preserved early mosasaur found in north america . only five primitive specimens have been found before , all of them in the middle east and along the adriatic sea .
to have this discovery in our own backyard is a terrific find ,
said anthony fiorillo , curator of the dallas museum of natural history and an smu paleontology professor .
the discovery included more than 100 identifiable skeletal pieces , composing about 80 percent of the animal .
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when amateur fossil hunter van turner discovered a small vertebra at a construction site near dallas 16 years ago , he knew the creature was unlike anything in the fossil record .
scientists now know the significance of turner ' s fossil as the origin of an extinct line of lizards with an evolutionary twist : a land - dwelling species that became fully aquatic .
the creature is just now being described publically in a special issue of the netherlands journal of geosciences by southern methodist university paleontologist michael polcyn and gordon bell jr . of guadalupe national park in texas .
this is pretty close to the beginning of the mosasaur family tree ,
says dallas museum of natural history earth sciences curator anthony fiorillo .
it is the most complete mosasaur retaining all of its limbs found in north america .
the late cretaceous period was a time of very warm temperatures and rising sea levels .
as the earth warmed and the seas rose , small land - dwelling lizards took to the oceans and developed increasing levels of seagoing capabilities , and over 30 million years , eventually evolving into the top predator of their domain before becoming extinct some 65 million years ago
polcyn said .
meanwhile van turner , the amateur , has his legacy securred in the form of the creature ' s last name , turneri .
not all major discoveries are made by highly trained paleontologists ,
said fiorillo .
the observant individual , even kids , can still make an important find .
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elon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .
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parent taxon : mosasaurinae according to g . l . bell and m . j . polcyn 2005
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amateur fossil hunter van turner felt certain he had found something important during his search of earth turned up by bulldozers making way for a new subdivision in dallas county .
sixteen years later , scientists finally confirmed that turner had discovered the first well preserved early mosasaur found in north america — a prehistoric lizard that lived 92 million years ago that evolved into what some call the
t . rex of the ocean .
science marches slowly , and my biggest fear all along has been that another specimen of the same animal would be found , and it would be described , and i would lose any first claim to it ,
said turner , an internet technology manager in the central texas town of mason .
that never happened , and it kind of reassured the rarity of the animal .
before this discovery , only five primitive forms of the animal with land - capable limbs were known , and all of them were found over the last century in the middle east and the eastern adriatic , polcyn said .
this is exciting to us . it tells us the origin of mosasaurs ,
said anthony r . fiorillo , curator of earth sciences at the dallas museum of natural history , which displays a much larger reconstructed mosasaur with sharp teeth and a massive jaw .
i call him todd ,
said ross mcmillan , the ponytailed sculptor who worked with polcyn for months to painstakingly construct the lifelike piece .
when you look at his face , doesn ' t he look like a todd ?
fiorillo and polcyn said turner ' s find , made at cedar hill south of dallas , highlights the importance of contributions made by amateur fossil hunters to science .
this just goes to show you that what you want is a lot of people looking for stuff ,
turner said .
you want them to be able to recognize important finds or have the people who can do it .
right now , the skeletal pieces , comprising about 80 percent of the animal , are being kept at smu for study . a similar specimen , also acquired and donated by turner , is at the texas memorial museum at the university of texas at austin .
mosasaurs lived in the shallow seas and shores of a stretch of texas around dallas and fort worth that was mostly under water back then , polcyn said . the animals evolved into the top predator of their domain before becoming extinct 65 million years ago .
the lizard is not related to the 13 - foot oceanic crocodile discovered recently in argentina , polcyn said . the discovery of that creature , given the scientific name dakosaurus andiniensis and nicknamed
godzilla ,
was reported last week in scienceexpress , the online edition of the journal science .
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it was also seen in discovery channel ' s monsters resurrected
t - rex of the deep
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type specimen : tmm 43209 - 1 , a partial skeleton ( fragmentary disarticulated skull and significant portions of a postcranial skeleton ) . its type locality is cedar hill , tmm 43209 , which is in a turonian marine limestone in the kamp ranch limestone formation of texas .
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a mosasaur , cf . plotosaurus , from the upper maastrichtian quiriquina formation in central chile
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the mosasaurs are species of aquatic reptiles that are related to lizards ( to be more precise the varanoid lizards - of which the komodo dragon is a good example ) . during the upper cretaceous they reached their peak . almost 20 genera are recognized for this period with the largest approaching 30 feet . they were ocean going carnivores that ate almost anything that swam in the sea . below are some representitive species .
i was unable to find any pictures of the fossil , but here is a reconstruction of what it is believed to look like .
afarensis is a 3 . 5 - 2 . 8 million year old hominin from the kada hadar member of the hadar formation in the middle awash , ethiopia . he is approximately 41 inches tall , weighs approximately 60 pounds and has a cranial capacity of a whopping 410 cc ( approximately ) . afarensis is currently considered to be transitional between apes and humans and displays some traits of both . since he spends a lot of time on the couch watching monster movies , some observers question whether he is an obligate biped ( although no one has observed him climbing a tree ) . he also has a blog called
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but i had gradually come , by this time , to see that the old testament from its manifestly false history of the world , with the tower of babel , the rainbow at sign , etc . , etc . , and from its attributing to god the feelings of a revengeful tyrant , was no more to be trusted than the sacred books of the hindoos , or the beliefs of any barbarian .
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everhart , m . j . and pearson , g . 2014 . an isolated squamate dorsal vertebra from the late cretaceous greenhorn formation of mitchell county , kansas . kansas academy of science , transactions 117 ( 3 - 4 ) : 261 - 269 . | mike everhart - urltoken
everhart , m . j . and pearson , g . 2014 . an isolated squamate dorsal vertebra from the late cretaceous greenhorn formation of mitchell county , kansas . kansas academy of science , transactions 117 ( 3 - 4 ) : 261 - 269 .
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since the early 1980’s , the story of how whales walked into the sea has become one of the most celebrated of all evolutionary transitions . pakicetus , ambulocetus , rodhocetus , and many , many more – these fossil whales with legs have beautifully demonstrated how land - dwelling mammals became adapted to life at sea . but , between 50 and 40 million years ago or so , whales were just going through a transition that many other vertebrate groups had gone through before . they were not the first vertebrates to return to the sea , nor were they the last , and a paper recently published in paleobiology by paleontologists johan lindgren , michael polcyn , and bruce young has traced the history of how a very different group of animals got their sea legs .
mosasaurs were formidable oceanic predators . take a komodo dragon , put flippers on it , and , in some cases , blow it up until it’s over 40 feet long and you’ll have some idea of what these cretaceous marine lizards were like . their fossil record – stretching over 27 million years – is also relatively well - known , and so the mosasaurs provided lindgren and colleagues with a good opportunity to see how these peculiar animals evolved .
the first thing you need to know about mosasaur evolution is that the way they swam was constrained by their anatomy . whales provide a good counterpoint . the ancestors of whales were wolf - like animals which carried their limbs under their bodies , and when they walked their spines undulated in an vertical plane . that’s why whales swim by beating their tails up and down – their mode of swimming is the product of an anatomical precondition from when their ancestors dwelt on land . the ancestors of mosasaurs , on the other flipper , moved like lizards – that is , their spines were more flexible from side to side . it’s no wonder , then , that mosasaurs swam by beating their tails back and forth , just like fish and that other group of famous marine reptiles , the ichthyosaurs .
a handful of recent discoveries have helped paleontologists better understand just how much some of the later mosasaurs became modified to life at sea . mosasaurs have traditionally been reconstructed with long , thin , lizard - like tails . they did not appear to have any specialized tail fins as seen in the shark - like ichthyosaurs . yet evidence that some mosasaurs had such structures has now been found . skeletons of plotosaurus and platecarpus appear to exhibit downward kinks in the posterior part of the tail which could have supported fleshy tail fins . ( significantly , the part of the tail which supports the tail fin kinks upwards in sharks but downwards in marine reptiles – perhaps as a result of some kind of constraint or contingency . ) these mosasaurs are be another case - with ichthyosaurs and crocodiles - of marine reptiles evolving prominent tail fins independently .
there is far more detail in the paper , of course – the entire thing runs 25 pages – but what strikes me is how very different vertebrates , even those with different anatomical constrains , eased into the seas in similar ways . early whales were up - and - down swimmers , while mosasaurs were side - to - side swimmers , yet they both started off in the shallows and underwent a sequence of modification in which their tails became specialized into specific modules suited for swimming . this is wonderful stuff – when contingency , constraint , and convergence meet together in a great transformation .
top image : a modern restoration of the mosasaur platecarpus by dmitry bogdanov . image from wikipedia .
lindgren , j . , polcyn , m . , & young , b . ( 2011 ) . landlubbers to leviathans : evolution of swimming in mosasaurine mosasaurs paleobiology , 37 ( 3 ) , 445 - 469 doi : 10 . 1666 / 09023 . 1
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dallas , texas , usa : primitive mosasaur fossil found | dear kitty . some blog
when amateur fossil finder van turner discovered a small vertebra at a construction site near dallas 16 years ago , he knew the creature was unlike anything in the fossil record .
scientists now know the significance of turner’s fossil as the origin of an extinct line of lizards with an evolutionary twist : a land - dwelling species that became fully aquatic .
“this is pretty close to the beginning of the mosasaur family tree , ” says dallas museum of natural history earth sciences curator and smu adjunct professor of paleontology anthony r . fiorillo , ph . d .
“it is the most complete mosasaur retaining all of its limbs found in north america . ”
mosasaurs , every bit as prolific , fascinating and nearly as big as some dinosaurs , are becoming more popular for paleontologists to study .
garland – digging for late cretaceous fossils in garland ? that’s exactly what more than two dozen volunteers did sunday while in the hot heat .
the dig began after a garland resident discovered a mosasaur near his home along duck creek .
the dallas paleontological society members worked 400 hours to excavate the bones of the creature .
while mosasaurs weren’t dinosaurs , they were lepidosaurs , which were reptiles with overlapping scales . the carnivorous sea reptiles swam in an ocean that scientists believe covered texas millions of years ago .
“we finally got it to a point to flip the main jacket that contains the skull , ” said rocky manning , dallas paleontological society .
“oh , it’s been interesting” said charles amyx , the man who unearthed the mosasaur bones in january from the river bottom behind his home . “i’ve been taking pictures everyday and built me a path through my yard so people can come down here and see it . ”
“it’s really very fulfilling because a lot of this wouldn’t be recovered without us , ” said pauline maullinex . “the museums don’t have the money or the personnel . ”
the coordinated effort unearthed the animal scientists estimate to be at least 40 feet long .
“this was a particularly nice mosasaur , ” manning said . “it was almost full grown . a full grown mosasaur has a jaw of almost four feet . ”
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the following articles are merged in scholar . their combined citations are counted only for the first article .
this
cited by
count includes citations to the following articles in scholar . the ones marked
museu da lourinhã ; school of earth sciences , university of bristol ; geobiotec , dept . earth sciences
j lindgren , p sjövall , rm carney , p uvdal , ja gren , g dyke , bp schultz , . . .
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
mosasaur is any of the various extinct , marine reptiles comprising the family mosasauridae , which were the dominant predators of the earth ' s oceans during the last 25 million years of the cretaceous period . these reptiles were typically characterized by a long , slender , serpentine body , long tails , a conically shaped head , and limbs that served as paddles , with many characterized by very large size ( everhart 2008 ) . two species , one a hainosaurus and one a mosasaurus , reached nearly 17 meters ( 56 feet ) in length . smaller species also occupied other ecological niches ( everhart 2008 ) .
fossils have been found on every continent , including antarctica , indicating a wide distribution in the oceans .
although dominant for a very long time , mosasaurs disappeared around the time when the dinosaurs disappeared , at the end of the cretaceous . however , they played an important role in the food chains of their time , and helped prepare the environment for life today . their discovery was likewise noteworthy , with the first publicized discovery of a fossil in the netherlands in 1780 preceding dinosaur fossil discoveries , drawing the attention of the world to the existence of fossilized animals , and the need to reconcile such findings with existing scientific and religious paradigms .
mosasaurs were reptiles that had a body shape similar to that of modern - day monitor lizards ( varanids ) , but were more elongated and streamlined for swimming . their long slender body shape has also been compared to that of a snake ( everhart 2008 ) . the mosasaur limb bones were reduced in length and their paddles were formed by webbing between their elongated digit - bones . the head region was conical in shape and very narrow and long in some species ( everhart 2008 ) . their tails were flattened laterally and supplied the locomotive power for swimming ( everhart 2008 ) .
all reptiles breathe air using lungs . the noticeably expanded chest region of mosasaurs suggests they may have retained two lungs , unlike snakes ( everhart 2008 ) .
mosasaurs had a double - hinged jaw and flexible skull ( much like that of a snake ) , which enabled them to gulp down their prey almost whole , a snakelike habit that has helped identify the unmasticated gut contents fossilized within mosasaur skeletons . a skeleton of tylosaurus proriger from south dakota included remains of the diving seabird hesperornis , a marine bony fish , a possible shark and another , smaller mosasaur ( clidastes ) . some showed remains of a turtle and a plesiosaur ( everhart 2005a ) . mosasaur bones have also been found with shark teeth embedded in them .
mosasaurs were powerful swimmers , although their body shape suggests they were inefficient for high - speed swimming compared to the rapidly swimming ichthyosaurs and plesiosurs , other marine reptiles whose age of dominance preceded that of mosasaurs . the method of locomotion of mosasaurs may have been similar to that used by the conger eel or sea snakes today . the animal may have lurked and pounced rapidly and powerfully on passing prey , rather than hunting for it ( everhart 2005a ) .
mosasaurs were well - adapted to living in the warm , shallow epicontinental seas prevalent during the late cretaceous period . mosasaurs were so well adapted to this environment that some fossils show evidence that they gave birth to live young , rather than return to the shore to lay eggs , as sea turtles do ( everhart 2005a ) . for example , a fossil of plioplatecarpus had the remains of several unborn in her abdomen ( everhart 2005a ) .
the smallest - known mosasaur was carinodens belgicus , which was about 3 . 0 to 3 . 5 meters long and probably lived in shallow waters near shore , cracking mollusks and sea urchins with its bulbous teeth . larger mosasaurs were more typical : mosasaurs ranged in size up to 17 meters . hainosaurus holds the record for longest mosasaur , at 17 . 5 meters .
the name mosasaur comes from the latin mosa meaning the
meuse river
in the netherlands , and greek sauros meaning
lizard .
the meuse river was the locality were the first mosasaur was found ( everhart 2005a ) .
sea levels were high during the cretaceous , which is expected to correlate with marine transgressions in many parts of the world and caused a great inland seaway in what is now north america .
mosasaur fossils have been found in the netherlands , in sweden , in africa , in australia , in new zealand and on vega island , off the coast of antarctica . in canada and the united states , complete or partial specimens have been found in alabama , mississippi , tennessee , and georgia and in almost all the states covered by the seaway : texas , southwest arkansas , new mexico , kansas ( everhart 2005b ) , colorado , nebraska , the dakotas , montana , and the pierre shale and fox hills formations of north dakota ( getman 1994 ) . mosasaurs are also known from mexico , peru , denmark , and california .
many of the
dinosaur
remains found on new zealand —a volcanic island arc that has never been part of a continent—are actually mosasaurs and plesiosaurs , another group of mesozoic predatory marine reptiles .
the first publicized discovery of a fossil mosasaur preceded any dinosaur fossil discoveries and drew the age of enlightenment ' s attention to the existence of fossilized animals . the specimen was discovered in 1780 by quarry - workers in a subterranean gallery of a limestone quarry in the vicinity of maastricht in the netherlands . maastricht is situated on both sides of the meuse river . the quarry workers quickly alerted doctor c . k . hoffman , a surgeon and fossil - hunter in the dutch city of maastricht , although rights of ownership lay with a canon of maastricht cathedral , as owner of the overlying land .
dr . hoffman ' s correspondence among men of science made the find famous . when the revolutionary forces occupied maastricht , the carefully - hidden fossil was uncovered , betrayed , it is said , by a case of wine , and transported to paris , where georges cuvier was able to describe it for science , although le grand animal fossile de maastricht was not actually described as a mosasaur (
meuse reptile
) until 1822 and not given its official name , mosasaurus hoffmanni , until 1829 . several sets of mosasaur remains , that had been discovered earlier at maastricht but were not identified as mosasaurs until the nineteenth century , have been on display in the teylers museum , haarlem , since about 1770 .
the maastricht limestone beds were rendered so famous by the mosasaur discovery that they have given their name to the final six - million - year epoch of the cretaceous , the maastrichtian .
based on features such as the double row of pterygoid (
flanged
) teeth on the palate , the double - hinged jaw , modified / reduced limbs and probable methods of locomotion , many researchers believe that snakes and mosasaurs have had a common ancestor . this theory was first suggested in 1869 , by edward drinker cope , who coined the term
pythonomorpha
to include them . the idea lay dormant for more than a century , before being revived in the 1990s ( everhart 2005a ; palaeos 2006 ) . there is support for the view that these ferocious marine predators are close relatives of snakes based on cladistic analysis of symptomatic similarities in jaw and skull anatomies ( lee 1997 ) .
during the last 20 million years of the cretaceous ( turonian - maastrichtian ) , with the extinction of the ichthyosaurs and pliosaurs , mosasaurs became the dominant marine predators . the ichthyosaurs declined greatly in the early cretaceous for unknown reasons and are thought to have been extinct by the time of the earliest mosasaurs ( everhart 2005a ) .
everhart , m . j . 2005a . mosasaurs : last of the great marine reptiles oceans of kansas . originally published as everhart , m . j . 2000 . mosasaurs : last of the great marine reptiles . prehistoric times . 44 : 29 - 31 . retrieved may 25 , 2008 .
everhart , m . j . 2005b . enter the mosasaurs . chapter 9 in m . j . everhart , oceans of kansas : a natural history of the western interior sea . bloomington , in : indiana university press . isbn 0253345472 .
everhart , m . j . 2008 . rapid evolution , diversification , and distribution of mosasaurs ( reptilia ; squamata ) prior to the k - t boundary tate 2005 11th annual symposium in paleontology and geology . casper , wy , p . 16 - 27 . retrieved may 25 , 2008 .
getman , m . r . c . 1994 . occurrences of mosasaur and other reptilian fossil remains from the fox hills formation ( maastrichtian : late cretaceous ) of north dakota . st . lawrence university press .
lee , m . s . y . 1997 . the phylogeny of varanoid lizards and the affinities of snakes philosophical transactions of the royal society london 352 : 53 - 91 . retrieved may 25 , 2008 .
mike everhart and david lewis ,
mesozoic marine monsters of the mangahouanga
new zealand fossil fauna .
mike everhart ,
a day in the life of a mosasaur
life in the sea of kansas , illus . by carl buell .
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his start was well received by the puerto rican recording industry .

born in 1975 in puerto rico cruz was the oldest of seven siblings .

he lived his adolescent years in paterson , new jersey , in the united states , where he grew to love salsa music .

his models were exponents of the afro-caribbean genre such as héctor lavoe and frankie ruiz .

his musical career started by singing chorus for his father , fonzy cruz , who recorded three records .

in 1996 , the younger cruz decided to move to puerto rico to be closer to his family and musical roots .

by so doing , he entered the salsa scene , working for two years as a vocalist in domingo quiñones ‘ orchestra .

at that time he took singing classes and studied piano as well .

in his 2nd cd as a soloist , cruz hit the international scene with his album imaginate .

with the wea latina label , the production was helped by sergio george who directed and arranged .

in that album , cruz was co - songwriter of “ y gritaré ” , together with guadalupe garcía and sergio george .

few people know that before becoming a singer he worked for five years as a boxer and became a professional in the 132 pound weight class .

but the pull of music was stronger still , impelling him into a career as professional music artist .

his latest release : asi soy featured the song hoy es el dia .

charlie cruz , who today divides his time between puerto rico and tampa , grew up in the small town of naguabo .

his love of salsa began as a 10-year-old , when he became a backup singer in the orchestra of his father , fonzy cruz .

the more he was exposed to music , the more he loved it .

as he gained stage experience and worked with established salsa hit makers , cruz realized how much he truly loved the genre .

his life changed drastically when he was invited to perform at a concert and share the stage with top acts like gilberto santa rosa , victor manuelle and tito nieves .

as a result of this performance , he was signed by sir george records .

under this label , he produced such hits as " bombon de azucar " and " amarte es un problema . "

" dejala que baile , " the first single off mas de mi , features an upbeat , catchy flavor that will have every salsa fan swinging their hips on the dance floor .

charlie cruz

jp cruz , n alquwez , cp cruz , rfd felicilda‐reynaldo , lm vitorino , . . .
jp cruz , pc colet , n alquwez , h alqubeilat , ma bashtawi , ea ahmed , . . .
s gennaro , gc mancus , j campbell , pc colet , jp cruz , g cacho , . . .
join international superstar , olga tañón and rising salsa star charlie cruz for the “ concierto del amor ” . share the evening with two latin artists who are currently heating up the billboard latin charts for a special engagement live for one night only .
moe ' s alley welcomes back blues legend charlie musselwhite for a saturday night . get your tickets early for this one .
named one of puerto rico ' s best salsa performers , charlie cruz’s albums such as imaginate and asi soy , as well as the 2016 single
se cae el mundo
featuring tito nieves , showcase his upbeat , catchy flavor that always fills the dance floor .
( february 1 , 2011 ) - salsa star , charlie cruz makes his first appearance on billboard ' s latin tropical albums chart with his brand new album ,
sigo aquí
. the new album released on november 16 th reaches position # 8 on the prestigious chart and becomes charlie ' s first top 10 album .
sigo aquí
is one of the top 20 selling tropical albums in the u . s . and puerto rico . it is also becoming a favorite among salsa audiences establishing charlie as one of the leading soneros of our generation .
charlie cruz ( born 3 april 1975 in río piedras , puerto rico ) is one of the new stars of the salsa music genre . signed up by sir george records , under this label he produced such hits as
bombon de azucar
and
amarte es un problema
.
charlie cruz surged onto the music scene with his hit song , “ bombón de azúcar ” in 1999 . he has since recorded eight studio albums including his latest premio lo nuestro nominated release , “ sigo aquí ” . his songs , unmistakable thanks to his artistic personality are heard on the airwaves of three continents and to date he has amassed seven top 10 hits on the billboard tropical chart including , “ tú me confundes ” , “ amarte es un problema ” and “ necesito más de tí ” . he is a part of a new generation of salsa singers in which his distinctively individual style sets him apart from the rest . charlie is one of the eternally vibrant salsa movement’s top performers drawing his influences from legends héctor lavoe and frankie ruiz .
with an induction into the blues music hall of fame , 35 blues music awards ( including three wins in 2014 ! ) and 11 grammy nominations ( including a 2014 win ! ) , american electric blues harmonica player and bandleader charlie musselwhite has truly earned legendary status as one of blues music¹s most important artists .
last week charlie ' s lead single ,
necesito mas de ti
moved into the top 5 of billboard ' s latin tropical airplay chart at position # 4 becoming his 6 th top 5 hit . the lead single continues this week within the top 10 for a fifth week and is the highest charting salsa song on that list alongside hits from don omar , prince royce and pitbull . the song has been receiving high rotation throughout the country and it is # 1 in detects . the video for
necesito mas de ti
will be released the this summer .
one of the non - black bluesmen who came to prominence in the early 1960s ( alongside mike bloomfield and paul butterfield , among others ) , musselwhite was reportedly the inspiration for dan aykroyd ' s character in the blues brothers . he was born in mississippi but spent his formative years in memphis , tn during the period when rockabilly , western swing , electric blues and other forms of african american music were combining to give birth to rock and roll . musselwhite supported himself by digging ditches , laying concrete and running moonshine in a 1950 lincoln automobile . this environment was musselwhite¹s school for music , as well as life , and where he acquired the nickname
memphis charlie
.
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puerto rican singer who became a salsa music star with albums like imaginate and asi soy . he previously sang in the orchestra of domingo quinones .
he grew up in paterson , new jersey and got his start in the music world by singing in his father ' s choir at age ten .
he was professional boxer in the 132 - pound weight class before becoming a professional musician .
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olga tañón is without a doubt one of the biggest stars to come out of puerto rico , for over 20 years the “ mujer de fuego ” has been entertaining audiences worldwide . this 5 time grammy award winner will make a highly anticipated return to the bay area , bringing her infectious tropical rhythms and sultry voice . her latest release , “ ni una lagrima más ” has spent multiple months in the top 5 of billboard’s tropical albums chart and throughout her career she has amassed a record 26 top 10 hit singles including , “ muchacho malo ” , “ como olvidar ” , “ el frio de tú adiós ” , “ basta ya ! ” and “ mentiroso ” . olga’s electrifying stage presence is undisputable ; do not miss this rare engagement !
400 first street south st . petersburg , fl 33701 for more info 727 . 892 . 5767
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in true bluesman fashion , musselwhite then took off to chicago , where he continued his education on the south side , making the acquaintance of even more legends including lew soloff , muddy waters , junior wells , sonny boy williamson , buddy guy , howlin ' wolf , little walter , and big walter horton . musselwhite immersed himself completely in the musical life , living in the basement of big joe williams and forging a lifelong friendship with johnlee hooker . in time , musselwhite led his own blues band and in 1966 released the legendary
stand back ! here comes charley musselwhite’s southside band
. since then , musselwhite has released over 25 albums , as well as guesting on albums by many other notable musicians including bonnie raitt , inxs , tom waits and the blind boys of alabama , among others . musselwhite recently teamed up with ben harper on
get up !
- the long time coming collaboration that took home the grammy for best blues album in 2014 .
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capa announced the lineup of national and international artists which will be headlining festival latino 2017 presented by honda . the two - day , family - friendly , free event will be held saturday and sunday , august 12 and 13 , from 11 am - 8 pm each day in genoa park downtown . you can watch the announcement here :
having just released a brand new single ,
la verdad
featuring luis vargas , this new york - based foursome has pioneered an urban - influenced bachata style , fusing the tropical and sentimental sounds of traditional bachata with the rock , hip hop , and r & b of the streets of nyc .
former lead singer of los hermanos rosario , toño rosario went on to a successful solo career , earning three grammy nominations and selling more than 100 million albums with his signature romantic merengue style .
fresh from his critically acclaimed performance in the off - broadway play i like it like that , grammy - and latin grammy - nominated salsa music star tito nieves (
el pavarotti de la salsa
) has set himself apart by incorporating english into his recordings , earning numerous gold records in a music career that spans more than 30 years .
a detailed schedule will be released at a later date , and will include the full lineup of entertainment and activities to be featured at the 2017 festival .
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apaza entertainment is a well respected company with over 10 years of experience in providing the total package for all your entertainment needs . we handle every aspect of your event from start to finish . we can promote your event , book the artists and coordinate the show . we have the resources and tools to create a solid presentation that will assure your event will be a total success . we are backed by a team of professionals who are capable of tackling any event big or small . we also work with you to provide the best talent available for your budget . we can do this because we deal directly with the artists and record labels to get the best rates possible . apaza entertainment is a company that is growing and expanding at a fast pace due to our satisfied customers who use us repeatedly to handle their entertainment needs . we have accomplished this because we care about our clients and work closely with them to create the perfect event . our team of professionals give 100 % of their time and effort on every project , big or small . we are a latino owned company with a bi - lingual staff who pride themselves in serving our hispanic community and private businesses . apaza entertainment is the company to use for your next event , give us a try and you won ' t be disappointed . we are looking forward to helping you make your next event a total success .