the hooded chameleon , calumma cucullatum , is a vulnerable species of chameleon endemic to north-east madagascar ; its geological type locality is madagascar .

it can be found in humid forests over an area of 17,432 km ² ( 6,731 sq mi ) between 400 and 720 m ( 1,310 and 2,360 ft ) above mean sea level .

hooded chameleon

full - body shot of an adult hooded chameleon on a branch in masoala national park , madagascar .
ready - to - assemble , aluminum screen cages are perfect for your chameleon .
cuadrado , mariano and loman , jon . 1997 . mating behaviour in a chameleon
loman , jon . 1985 . social organization in a population of the hooded crow . ardea 73 : 61 - 75 .
come see a wide assortment of veiled chameleons , baby veileds , and veiled chameleon morphs for sale .
characterization of microsatellite loci from a south african endemic , the cape dwarf chameleon ( brad . . .
- - calumma , brevicornis , c . brevicornis profile . short - horned chameleon . calumma , cucullata ,
morphology , ornaments and performance in two chameleon ecomorphs : is the casque bigger than the bite . . .
with the proper setup and consistent care , your veiled chameleon should do very well . the veiled chameleon is a striking , beautiful and hardy captive , which is excellent for the first time chameleon owner . their relatively simple care requirements , impressive features and odd behavior make them an interesting and conversation starting display for any dedicated enthusiast .
the veiled chameleon ( chamaeleo calyptratus ) , also known as the yemen chameleon , is a relatively large chameleon species originally from saudi arabia and yemen in the middle east . more recently , this species has been introduced and has established small populations in areas such as the island of maui in hawaii . in its natural range , the veiled chameleon lives in coastal mountain slopes , which experience significant rainfall , and some live in slightly more arid “wadis” with year - round water and vegetation .
water mist four times daily or as needed to maintain the recommended humidity level as well as allow the chameleon to drink .
williams ka . behavioral plasticity in hooded warblers ( setophaga citrina ) : linking behavior , environmental context and reproductive success . doctoral dissertation , ohio university . 2013 . available : urltoken
loman , jon . 1984 . breeding success in relation to parent size and experience in a population of the hooded crow . ornis . scand . 15 : 183 - 187 .
is occurs only in southern florida . other common names it is known by are american chameleon , carolina anole , red - throated anole , and tree lion
i had originally identified this chameleon as calumma malthe . chameleon expert ardith abate of the chameleon information network was kind enough to correct my identification . in her words , calumma cucullata
is distinguished from malthe by the slightly longer occipital lobes , longer head , and the broad , light - colored stripe extending from the corner of the mouth across the occipital lobes and flanks to the tail .
she included a photo of c . malthe from mantadia national park that made these differences clear .
it is important to keep in mind that veiled chameleons do best as primarily display animals . while different veiled chameleons will tolerate handling to different degrees based on their individual personality , veiled chameleons should not be handled like a bearded dragon . they can be carefully held for short periods but tend to get stressed with excess handling . with time you will learn what your veiled chameleon’s personality is like and what your chameleon will tolerate . when you do handle your veiled chameleon , do not restrain it but rather let the chameleon walk on you from hand to hand . you should be aware that veiled chameleons are most comfortable when they are high up so often times when they are being held , they will attempt to walk up your arm and try to go onto your head . for long - term success with all chameleon species , limited handling is recommended .
burning reduced the grinnellian niche space of hooded warblers in our burned study site . male hooded warblers that occupied territories in the burn habitat primarily foraged , sang and displayed . we detected additional males singing or foraging in the burn ; however , these individuals flew to adjacent non - burned habitat so were not included in analyses . one female each year nested in the burn habitat ( the first year in a ravine characterized by l . tulipifera , plantus occidentalis ( sycamore ) and l . benzoin that was unburned ) , but both nests failed because of predation during egg laying ; therefore , the grinnellian niche space for the hooded warbler was absent in the burn two years post burn . we occasionally observed other females in the burn habitat early in the breeding season but not by late may . in other southeastern ohio forests , hooded warbler and ovenbird ( seiurus aurocapilla ) either declined in burned habitat , using only portions of the habitat that were unaffected by burning for nesting , or they abandoned the habitat all together [ 55 ] . although burned forests may provide habitat structure for foraging hooded warblers , there is a diminishment of the grinnellian niche space in these stands due to lack of sufficient nesting substrate .
the name
chameleon
is derived from the greek words chamai ( on the ground , on the earth ) and leon ( lion ) so their name means
earth lion .
) . contrary to popular belief , a chameleon typically does not change colors to match its surroundings . instead , color is usually used to convey emotions , defend territories , and communicate with mates .
we found that the habitat used by female hooded warblers differed in relation to differences in habitat structure . in the harvested habitat , female nest sites were located in habitat space with increased understory complexity , using a subset of the available ( random ) habitat space (
description : the approximately 180 species of chameleon come in a range of colours , and many species have the ability to change colours . chameleons are distinguished by their zygodactylous feet ; their very long . . .
here , we evaluate the habitat space occupied by a population of breeding hooded warblers ( setophaga citrina ) among structurally different forest habitats . because many forests exhibit variation in disturbance , we chose forest sites with altered structural features in different strata ( e . g . , understory and subcanopy ) to determine the relationship among habitat structure and reproductive success . because adult hooded warblers were observed in all three ( unaltered , harvested and burned ) habitats during the breeding season , we predicted that individual warblers should track components of their grinnellian niche across the habitat gradient .
we captured hooded warblers using mist nets during late april through mid july in 2010 and 2011 . each captured bird was banded with a usgs numbered band and a unique combination of color bands for individual identification in the field . we also individually marked and weighed nestlings when they were between four to six days of age .
veiled chameleons can be sexed from the day they hatch . veiled chameleon males are born with a small nub on their back foot called a tarsal spur that females lack . veiled chameleon males of this species tend to exhibit more colors as well as a larger casque then female veiled chameleons and on average live 6 - 8 years . females of this species typically show less vibrant colors and live on average 4 - 6 years because even when not bred , they will produce infertile clutches of eggs , which take a lot of energy .
in some areas malagasy fear chameleons . they are also the subject of some well - known local proverbs including “manaova toy ny dian - tana jerena ny aloha , todihina ny afara , ” which translates to
like the chameleon , one eye on the future , one eye on the past
;
ratsy karaha kandrondro ,
meaning
ugly as a chameleon
;
mahatsidia vokon ' anjava kely izy fa mafoaka ,
a warning to walk carefully so as not to step on a brookesia , which would bring great misfortune .
krysko , k . l . , k . m . enge , and f . w . king . 2004 . the veiled chameleon , chamaeleo calyptratus duméril and bibron 1851 ( sauria : chamaeleonidae ) : a new exotic species in florida . florida scientist 67 : 249 - 253 .
hooded warblers are a neotropical migrant species that inhabit mature deciduous forests across the eastern united states during the breeding season . these forests are typically dominated by quercus spp . ( oak ) , carya spp . ( hickory ) , acer spp . ( maple ) and fagus spp . ( beech ) and have a well - developed understory and shrub layer for nesting [ 24 ] . despite considerable variation in plant species composition across the breeding range , there are similarities in the habitat structure associated with the forested habitats occupied by hooded warblers . these structural similarities include forests with a high tree species diversity in the canopy and subcanopy and high density of stems in the shrub layer compared to more even aged forests with a high coverage of large saplings and understory trees [ 25 ] .
in many species , males and females are known to require sex - specific habitat characteristics [ 26 – 28 ] . for example , when there are differences between sexes in behavior contexts such as foraging [ 29 ] ; males and females may use different cues to select habitat . male hooded warblers that have been captive reared preferentially orient toward vertical structure while captive reared females orient toward oblique structure [ 30 ] . furthermore , male and female hooded warblers use structurally different habitat during the winter [ 26 , 31 ] . during the breeding season , hooded warbler males sing in the midstory and favor territories with greater vertical structure ( e . g . , mature forest with an open midstory ) to enhance territorial defense and their ability to attract mates . in contrast , females use habitats with increased understory structure ( e . g . , complex , oblique structure like in brier thickets ) for nest concealment in the shrub layer and do not exclusively use their social partner’s territory during the breeding season [ 32 ] . although nest concealment was not associated with nest survival [ 33 ] , high understory coverage at the scale of the territory may increase foraging opportunities for the female and fledged young and decrease predation because predators have more substrate to search .
being arboreal , veiled chameleons do not typically encounter standing water such as a water dish . as a result , they typically do not recognize water dishes as a source of water for hydration . they drink water from morning dew and rain as it falls onto leaves . as a result , it is important to mist your veiled chameleon with a spray bottle twice a day for approximately two minutes getting all the leaves and branches wet in the enclosure . your chameleon will lap water up from the leaves . you can also create a drip system to provide water over a prolonged period . by taking a clean plastic water jug and poking a couple small holes in the bottom , water will slowly drip out over a period of time and fall onto leaves in the enclosure below . finally , while waterfalls may seem like a nice addition to an enclosure and like they would help with humidity , chameleons are attracted to moving water sources to defecate . as a result , waterfalls quickly before cesspools filled with bacteria and can be extremely detrimental to your chameleon’s health .
the cape dwarf chameleon ( bradypodion pumilum ) is an endemic south african species that is currently threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation of its natural habitat through urbanization and agriculture . to conduct studies that will assist in understanding these anthropogenic effects on gene flow , population structure , and genetic diversity , we developed eight microsatellite loci using an . . . [ show full abstract ]
the evolution of ecomorphs within a species may represent either unique evolutionary events or multiple convergent events in similar environments . functional studies of differing morphological traits of ecomorphs have been important to elucidate their role in adaptive radiations . the cape dwarf chameleon , bradypodion pumilum , has two ecomorphs : a large , brightly colored , ornate form found in . . . [ show full abstract ]
veiled chameleons do well in captive environments with consistent care . the first step toward successfully keeping your chameleon happy and healthy is to set up their enclosure . veiled chameleons do best in screen sided enclosures because of the increased airflow . glass tanks , on the other hand , are difficult to find in appropriate sizes and create stagnant air , which can lead to upper respiratory infections . with adult veiled chameleons , the general rule is that bigger is better as far as their enclosure is concerned . an adult male would ideally be housed in a screen enclosure around 2’ x 2’ x 4’ tall , although they can tolerate somewhat smaller enclosures . female would ideally be kept in a screen enclosure around 18” x 18” x 3’ tall . babies and juveniles can be kept in smaller screen enclosures ( 16” x 16” x 30” ) until they are approximately 8 - 10 months old , at which point they will need to be moved into a larger enclosure . if you are purchasing a baby chameleon , it is best to start with a small enclosure and then move up to a larger cage when the chameleon gets older . finally , it is generally best to keep chameleons individually after they reach sexual maturity at around 8 - 10 months old to avoid potential stress and fighting .
other easily noted characteristics of chameleons include bulging eyes that move independently of one another , feet fixed in a grasping position , and the existence of horns or crests on the heads of many species . additionally , arboreal species have prehensile tails used for grasping objects when climbing and moving . finally , some species have long extensile tongues for catching insects or small vertebrates at a distance sometimes greater than the length of the chameleon .
veiled chameleons can change colors when they are excited , stressed , frightened or trying to blend into the environment . their eyes move independently of each other , allowing them to see two things at once . they have long , sticky tongues up to one and a half times their body length . they eat mostly live insects and are most active during the day . they are solitary , so keep only one chameleon per habitat .
can change color to various shades of green and brown . they tend to turn dark brown when stressed or ill . when content , warm , and healthy , they tend to be green . yet this is an not always the case , their color can also be affected by environmental conditions and even food items . because of their color changing abilities they are sometimes called the
american chameleon
, but they are not related to true
veiled chameleons are a large , colorful species , which are easily recognized by the large casque or helmet of males on the top of the head . with males reaching a total length of as much as 2 feet and females reaching a total length of approximately 18 inches , this is one of the larger chameleon species seen in captivity and one of the most beautiful . adults of this species exhibit coloration including different shades of green , orange , yellow , blue , browns and black with a combination of strips and spotted patterns .
. . . nevertheless , chameleon morphology has been shown to correlate with performance in particular habitats . for example , chameleons in closedcanopy habitats , such as forests and woodlands , tend to possess relatively longer tails and larger feet than do chameleons in open - canopy habitats , such as grasslands and heathlands ( hopkins & tolley 2011 ) . this may enable them to grip harder on the broader perches found there ( losos , walton & bennett 1993 ; herrel et al . 2011 herrel et al . , 2013 ) . . . .
a common misconception with chameleons is that they are very difficult animals to keep in captivity . fortunately , captive bred veiled chameleons purchased from a reputable breeder are actually quite hardy when provided with consistent care and a proper enclosure . in the past , it was difficult to obtain chameleons that were not wild caught . these wild caught chameleons are difficult to acclimate to captivity and often did poorly , even for experienced reptile keepers . now that dedicated , reputable chameleon breeders are reliably producing high quality veiled chameleons , this stigma is no longer an issue .
we quantified the habitat space of males ( territory centered habitat characteristics ) and females ( nest site habitat characteristics ) during the breeding season in three structurally different forest habitats within an 80–100 yr old second growth forest . one habitat was undisturbed , a second was subjected to prescribed burns , and a third forest habitat that was subjected to a selective harvest by mechanical thinning . we used this variation to determine whether individuals selected similar features across sites . moreover , we investigated whether there were differences in habitat space use between the sexes . we hypothesize that male and female hooded warblers should exploit different environmental characteristics within a habitat contingent on behavioral contexts ( e . g . , foraging , reproduction ) . we predicted each sex requires a similar habitat space along the foraging axis , but require different habitat characteristics along the territorial defense ( male ) and nesting ( female ) niche axes . we also had specific predictions for each forest habitat based on the type of disturbance . fire results in the near complete elimination of the shrub layer , which reduces the habitat space available for foraging and nest placement . thus , we predicted that males would sing and defend territories in the burned habitat but that reproductive success would be low as a consequence of unfavorable understory structure required for nest placement . overall , we predicted a reduction of the grinnelian niche space in burned habitats . mechanical thinning entails removing a fraction of the basal area of a forest to increase the amount of sunlight that penetrates the canopy and reaches the forest floor . thinned forests have increased growth in the shrub and understory layers which results in a more heterogeneous and structurally complex understory . hooded warblers are associated with canopy gaps [ 34 , 35 ] and often invade selectively logged forests 1–5 years post logging [ 35 – 37 ] . therefore , we predicted that there would be increased reproductive success in the harvested habitat . in addition , we predicted that the habitat space would be larger and the position in habitat space would include more complex understory vegetation in the harvested habitat compared to undisturbed habitat . finally , we determined if reproductive success , as estimated by the number of fledged young per nest , is related to habitat structure . we predicted that hooded warbler nest success would be positively correlated with complex understory vegetation structure .
we established and measured habitat characteristics in 104 habitat plots ( 11 . 3 m radius circle = 0 . 04 ha each ) that portrayed different types of use by hooded warblers following the bbird protocol [ 43 ] . we described the structure and composition of habitat available to warblers by selecting 10 random plots ( “random plot” ) in each forest habitat , 100 m apart ( using a random number generator ) . we also measured vegetation characteristics in habitat plots used by hooded warblers : habitat plots were established in the center of each male ' s territory ( “territory plot” ) and centered on each nest ( “nest plot” ) after breeding was completed . only nine random plots were retained for analysis in the harvested habitat because one territory overlapped with a random plot . the smaller size ( ~ 20 ha ) of the burn site prevented us from establishing more than five random habitat plots that were 100 m apart . we modified the bbird protocol slightly ( change in size class assignment , below ) in our estimation of canopy , shrub , and sapling cover . we recorded trees by species and size class ( 10–23 cm , 23–38 cm , > 38 cm dbh ) in the 11 . 3 m radius vegetation plots . we recorded all shrubs and saplings in a 5 m radius plot ( centered within the 11 . 3 m radius plot ) by species . we recorded the number of vertical stems at 10 cm above the ground by species and assigned to three size classes ( < 3 cm , 3–6 cm , and 6–10 cm ) .
delimiting the habitat characteristics describing the environmental conditions required by a species has become a critical tool for predicting organismal responses to environmental change . grinnell emphasized the effects of environmental factors on the ability of a population to maintain a positive growth rate , yet few studies have included demographic or reproductive data in analyses of the grinnellian niche . identifying differences in habitat exploitation patterns in response to structural variation in the environment presents an incomplete description of the ability of species to adapt to changing habitats if demographic traits are not included . we estimated the vegetation characteristics used by individuals within a population of hooded warblers ( setophaga citrina ) across a spatial transect that includes three structurally different forest habitats . we predicted individuals should select similar structural characteristics within each habitat and have similar reproductive success across sample sites . in the two years post burn , adults were present but no young fledged indicating the habitat requirements necessary for reproduction were absent in this habitat . we found significant differences in habitat space occupied by individuals in unaltered and harvested habitats . nesting habitats used by female warblers differed from available habitat . fledging success was lower in the harvested habitat 10 to 12 years post - harvest . in the harvested habitat , fledging success was greater on mesic slopes but decreased along a habitat gradient to xeric ridgetops , suggesting compensation in habitat use does not ameliorate fitness costs . in contrast , there was no difference in the number of fledged young along this gradient in the unaltered habitat . based solely on occupancy data , traditional ecological niche models would incorrectly conclude the environmental characteristics found across the three forested habitats are included in the grinnellian niche of the hooded warbler . however , examination of demographic and environmental data simultaneously allows differentiation between occupied habitat space and niche space .
we engaged in an exhaustive search for nests and territorial birds starting in early may through mid - july during the 2010 and 2011 breeding seasons . we varied the direction and starting location on each visit to ensure that locations within the forest were sampled at different times of day throughout the breeding season . we georeferenced all hooded warbler observations and nest locations . when observed , we identified individuals by their unique color band combinations . male territories were defined by the detection of an individual in a location on at least three survey days spanning a period greater than 10 days apart . we also used behavioral interactions ( e . g . , territorial defense ) with neighboring males following bibby et al . [ 42 ] . we monitored nests every one to three days following the breeding bird research and monitoring database program ( bbird ) protocol [ 43 ] to determine nest fate .
the interior of the enclosure should be furnished with medium sized vines and foliage for the chameleons to hide in . the medium sized vines provide important horizontal perches for the chameleon to rest , bask and travel on . synthetic plants with plastic leaves ( not silk ) can be used in conjunction with common , non - toxic plants to provide ample foliage . commonly used non - toxic plants that can be used include ficus , schefflera , hibiscus and pothos . these live plants not only provide cover but they also help to maintain humidity inside the enclosure . the bottom of the enclosure should not have a substrate as substrates can cause impaction , provide a hiding place for feeders and harbor bacteria and fungus . instead the floor of the enclosure can be kept bare or have a layer of paper towels , which should be changed regularly .
the approximately 180 species of chameleon come in a range of colours , and many species have the ability to change colours . chameleons are distinguished by their zygodactylous feet ; their very long , highly modified , rapidly extrudable tongues ; their swaying gait ; and crests or horns on their distinctively shaped heads . most species , the larger ones in particular , also have a prehensile tail . chameleons’ eyes are independently mobile , but in aiming at a prey item , they focus forward in coordination , affording the animal stereoscopic vision . chameleons are adapted for climbing and visual hunting . they are found in warm habitats that range from rain forest to desert conditions , various species occurring in africa , madagascar , southern europe , and across southern asia as far as sri lanka . they also have been introduced to hawaii , california , and florida , and often are kept as household pets .
veiled chameleons can be fed a staple diet of crickets . in general , crickets should be as long as your chameleon’s head is wide . baby and juvenile veiled chameleons should be fed once or twice a day and have almost constant access to food . as they get older , you can feed slightly less often with adults being fed every other day . it is important to supplement your crickets with calcium and vitamins ( reptivite ) to help promote proper growth and health . this is especially important for reproductive females and growing babies and juveniles . for babies and juveniles you will need to dust your crickets with calcium two to three times a week and dust with vitamins once every two weeks . as adults , this dusting regiment can be decreased . it also helps to provide your crickets with nutritious food including collard greens , mustard greens , squash , orange and / or commercial cricket diets .
within a population of hooded warblers , we detected differences in the habitat space occupied in relation to habitat characteristics in structurally different forest habitats . we found no difference in the size ( volume ) of habitat space used by males ( territory ) or by females ( nesting ) ; however there were differences among the centroids of habitat space in the three habitats . the centroids of the habitat space used by males and females in the unaltered and harvested habitats compared to the available habitat also suggest differences in the habitat characteristics selected by males and females . the habitat characteristics at nest locations in the harvested habitat were characterized by canopy white oaks with increased complexity in the shrub layer ( increased q . alba and q . rubra saplings and rubus spp . ) . in contrast , habitat characteristics at nests in the unaltered habitat were characterized by complex canopy structure with q . prinus in the canopy and a shrub layer dominated by smilax spp . . we also found that variation in habitat characteristics explained variation in the number of fledged young in the selective harvest but not the unaltered habitat . consistent with our prediction , females in the harvested habitat occupied habitat space that was characterized by increased understory vegetation ; however , the reduced fledging success indicates a potential reduction in niche space in this habitat . the ability to identify differences in habitat use and any corresponding differences in fitness measures can improve our understanding of how structurally different habitats affect demographic parameters within populations .
. . . analyses of limb kinematics in chameleons are restricted to chamaeleo calyptratus , despite the fact that other genera of chameleons exhibit extensive diversity in ecology and morphology ( bickel & losos , 2002 ) . for example , there is considerable variation in species from the southern african genus bradypodion , highlighted by the recent studies of their performance , morphology , and ecology ( butler , 2005 ; resinger , stuart - fox & erasmus , 2006 ; measey , hopkins & tolley , 2009 ; stuart - fox , 2009 ; herrel et al . , 2011 herrel et al . , , 2013b hopkins & tolley , 2011 ; measey et al . , 2011 ; carne & measey , 2013 ; da silva & tolley , 2013 ; da silva et al . , 2014 ) . it has been noted that populations of the cape dwarf chameleon , bradypodion pumilum , occupy different types of habitat ( open fynbos habitat or closed canopy woodland habitats ) ( fig . 1 ) and they exhibit corresponding differences in morphology ( measey et al . , 2009 ; hopkins & tolley , 2011 ) , habitat use ( herrel et al . , 2011 ) , and locomotor performance ( herrel et al . , 2011 ) . . . .
we monitored habitat use and reproductive success of hooded warblers at tar hollow state forest ( 39°33’0”n , 82°76’7”w ) , which is located in southern ohio within the unglaciated allegheny plateau . the primary canopy species include quercus alba ( white oak ) , quercus prinus ( chestnut oak ) , carya spp . ( hickories ) , and quercus rubus and quercus velutina ( red and black oak ; [ 38 ] ) . understory vegetation includes smilax spp . ( greenbrier ) , viburnum acerifolium ( maple - leaf viburnum ) , rubus spp . , lindera benzoin ( spicebush ) and many small - diameter saplings ( i . e . , < 10 cm dbh [ diameter at breast height ] ) . we established study sites ( 20–30 ha ) at three locations within the forest . we selected sites with divergent physical structure that mimicked different stages of disturbance , yet attempted to control for other environmental characteristics ( e . g . , moisture , slope , elevation ) . one site had experienced no logging for the past 80–100 years ( unaltered habitat ) . another site had been thinned from below in 2001 and resulted in an approximately 25 % reduction in basal area ( harvested habitat ) . the selective harvest focused on removing midstory and subcanopy trees [ 39 ] . this manipulation created canopy gaps , but did not change overall canopy height and the density of canopy trees ( > 38 cm dbh ) . the main effect of the disturbance was to alter the understory vegetation density and species composition [ 40 ] . for example , there was an increase in early - successional saplings such as liriodenron tulipifera ( tulip tree ) and sassafrass albidum ( sassafras ) and an increase in rubus spp . the third site ( burned habitat ) had been burned during the winter or early spring prior to leaf - out in 2001 , 2005 , and 2010 . this study site had reduced understory vegetation structure and low shrub cover [ 40 , 41 ] in the years immediately following burning ( e . g . , 2010 , 2011 ) .
an organism ' s phenotype is to some extent influenced by costs and benefits in terms of natural and sexual selection . the intensity of natural selection can in part be driven by habitat structure , which may result in varying levels of crypsis and / or selection on traits related to maximizing performance in that habitat . this may be countered by sexual selection , which can lead to sexual dimorphism in body size and / or the expression of conspicuous ornamentation relating to maximizing reproductive success . the intensity of these forces can also be different between the sexes , resulting in complex patterns of phenotypic variation . with this in mind , we examined morphological variation within the cape dwarf chameleon , bradypodion pumilum . the species inhabits two geographically disjunct habitat types and , in the present study , we demonstrate that chameleons from the two habitats show morphological differences . large , conspicuous individuals inhabit closed vegetation , whereas small , drab individuals inhabit open vegetation . however , when morphological traits are size - adjusted , the open vegetation morph displays many traits that are larger for its body size than the closed vegetation morph , especially for characters related to locomotion ( limbs ) and bite force ( head width ) . sexual dimorphism is also present , although the degree and number of dimorphic characters was very different between the two morphs , with size - adjusted male - biased dimorphism much more pronounced in the closed morph . overall , our findings suggest that natural selection in open habitats limits both body size and conspicuous characters , although sexual selection in closed habitats favours the development of ornamentation related to display . © 2011 the linnean society of london , biological journal of the linnean society , 2011 , 102 , 878–888 .
species account : this species is native to the southwestern coastal regions of saudi arabia and western yemen , where it inhabits mountainous coastal regions , inland river valleys , and agricultural lands where there is more moisture . in a 1 - year period , > 100 individuals of all size classes ( including hatchlings representing several clutches ) have been captured at 1 site in ft . myers ( krysko et al . 2004 ) . males reach 61 cm ( 24 in ) total length , but females are only half as large . the male has a small spur on the heel of the hind foot , and the casque on back of the head is taller than that of a female . coloration is highly variable and changes rapidly depending upon environmental conditions and the mood of the individual . males typically have vertical body bands of bright gold , green , and blue mixed with yellow , orange , or black . females are typically light green with a mottled pattern of white to gold spots on the body and light blue on the dorsal crest . in captivity , 30 - 60 ( up to 85 ) eggs are typically laid per clutch , and 3 - 5 clutches may be laid annually . females are sexually mature at ca . 5 - 6 months old , and a female that is receptive to breeding will often develop bright blue spots ( fife 1999 ) . in the presence of males , gravid females change from light green to almost black with bright mustard and turquoise markings . chameleon eggs often go through a diapause , or rest , period , and they typically take 6 - 8 months to hatch ( fife 1999 ) . the vacant lot where the population was first established has been heavily collected , but the population has probably expanded into the adjacent neighborhood .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
type species : chamaeleon cucullatus gray 1831 is the type species of the genus calumma gray 1865 .
the genus has been named after the latin transcription of the greek “kalymma” = veil or hood , referring to the large occipital lobes ofthe type species ofthis genus .
andreone f . , randrianirina j . , jenkins p . d . & aprea g . 2000 . species diversity of amphibia , reptilia and lipotyphla ( mammalia ) at ambolokopatrika , a rainforest between the anjanaharibe - sud and marojejy massifs , ne madagascar . biodiversity and conservation 9 : 1587–1622
boulenger , g . a . 1889 . descriptions of new reptiles and batrachians from madagascar . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 4 : 244 - 248 - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1836 . erpetologie générale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles . vol . 3 . libr . encyclopédique roret , paris , 528 pp . - get paper here
gehring , p . - s . , f . m . ratsoavina & m . vences 2010 . filling the gaps – amphibian and reptile records from lowland rainforests in eastern madagascar . salamandra 46 ( 4 ) : 214 - 234 - get paper here
glaw , f . & vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . vences & glaw verlag , köln ( isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 )
glaw , f . 2004 . die herpetofauna madagaskars : vielfalt , lebensweise und gefährdung . draco 5 ( 19 ) : 4 - 21 - get paper here
glaw , f . 2015 . taxonomic checklist of chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . vertebrate zoology 65 ( 2 ) : 167–246 - get paper here
gray , j . e . 1831 . description of a new species of chamaeleon discovered by capt . owen in africa . zoological miscellany 1 : 7 . - get paper here
gray , j . e . 1831 . a synopsis of the species of class reptilia . in : griffith , e & e . pidgeon : the animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the baron cuvier with additional descriptions of all the species hither named , and of many before noticed [ v whittaker , treacher and co . , london : 481 + 110 pp . [ 1830 ]
lutzmann , n . 2004 . calumma cucullatum ( gray ) . sauria 26 ( 4 ) : 2 - get paper here
lutzmann , n . & lutzmann , h . 2004 . das grammatikalische geschlecht der gattung calumma ( chamaeleonidae ) und die nötigen anpassungen einiger art - und unterartbezeichnungen . reptilia ( münster ) 9 ( 48 ) : 4 - 5 ( addendum in issue 5 : 13 ) - get paper here
necas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )
raxworthy , c . j . & nussbaum , r . a . 2006 . six new species of occipital - lobed calumma chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) from montane regions of madagascar , with a new description and revision of calumma brevicorne . copeia 2006 ( 4 ) : 711 - 734 - get paper here
schmidt , w . ; tamm , k . & wallikewitz , e . 2010 . chamäleons - drachen unserer zeit . natur und tier verlag , 328 pp . [ review in reptilia 101 : 64 , 2013 ] - get paper here
walbrol , u . ; walbrol , h . d . 2005 . additional remarks on the nomenclature of the genus calumma gray , 1865 . sauria 27 ( 2 ) : 33 - 35 - get paper here
werning , h . & n . lutzmann 2014 . illegalen wildtierhandel kann man nicht mehr verbieten . reptilia ( münster ) 19 ( 106 ) : 14 - 22
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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veiled chameleons need two forms of light for approximately 12 hours a day . first , they need access to a light heat source to bask and regulate their body temperature . heat rocks , heat tape , ceramic heat emitters , etc . , do not provide veiled chameleons with a heat source they recognize so it is important to provide them with a basking spot using a heat bulb and an incandescent fixture . next , they need a special fluorescent bulb that provides uvb light waves . uvb , which is usually provided by natural sunlight , is important in calcium metabolism pathways but is filtered out by glass and therefore must be provided by artificial lights to help prevent disorders such as metabolic bone disease ( mbd ) . as tempting as many bulbs that provide both uvb and heat may be , studies have shown that chameleons are able to regulate their body temperature and their uvb exposure independently so it is important to provide heat and uvb separately . both these lights should be placed on the top of the enclosure with the closest perches approximately 6 - 8” below .
veiled chameleons , like other reptiles regulate their own body temperature and it is thus important to provide them with a temperature gradient inside their enclosure . the best ambient temperature during the day for veiled chameleons is room temperature , between 72 and 80 degrees fahrenheit . by placing the basking bulb approximately 6 - 8 inches away from a basking perch inside the enclosure , a basking spot of approximately 85 - 95 degrees fahrenheit is achieved . this arrangement provides the warmest temperatures directly under the heat bulb and cooler temps lower down in the enclosures . additionally , chameleons do well with a night temperature drop so no additional heat source is needed at night as long as your temps stay above the mid to high 40s and the chameleons are able to bask in the morning . if your night temperatures do necessitate a heat source , it is important not to use one that emits light . instead , a ceramic heat emitter should be utilized from a safe distance .


skip away ( april 4 , 1993 – may 14 , 2010 ) , a gray thoroughbred race horse , was named america 's champion 3 year old male in 1996 and twice ( 1997 , 1998 ) named america 's champion handicap horse .

he was also u.s. horse of the year in 1998 .

he won 10 grade 1 races for $ 9,616,360 in prize money .

skip away

both skip away and skip trial ( his sire ) both won the gulfstream park handicap and massachusetts handicap . skip away and skip trial both will have started a remarkable 38 times during their racing careers .
skip away runs away early from the classic field to win in a sparkling time of 1 : 59 . 16
thus , the record shows skip away won only 36 percent of his races .
thoroughbred stallion skip trial , the sire of 1998 horse of the year skip away , died this week at the age of 30 .
skip away wins the 1996 blue grass stakes . ( anne eberhardt / blood - horse )
skip away in retirement at hopewell farm in kentucky . ( anne eberhardt / blood - horse )
blood - horse magazine ranked skip away 32nd among the top 100 thoroughbreds of the 20th century .
valid and jockey nik juarez win the grade 3 skip away stakes by 1 3 / 4 lengths saturday .
so who in his pedigree is
the great skip away
most like ? the answer maybe revealed by comparing some of the unusual racing achievements of his ancestors with several of the remarkable racing feats of skip away .
sonny hines picked out skip away for his wife at the 1995 obs february sale partly because of his gray coloring ; carolyn had poor vision , and skip away ' s color made it easier for her to see him .
horse racing : he succumbs to complications of pneumonia at 69 . skip away was horse of year in 1998 .
there were those who leaned toward formal gold . before an injury ended his career last year formal gold defeated skip away three times , lost to him twice and finished a close second in a race in which skip away was a distant third .
the hineses said they turned down a $ 20 - million offer for skip away early in 1998 . skip away ' s career as a stallion began this month at hopewell farm near midway , ky . , where his stud fee is $ 50 , 000 .
one reason hine liked skip away was that he had trained his sire , skip trial , a durable horse who won major races for him in the 1980s and earned $ 1 . 8 million .
skip away sired 522 foals , including 25 stakes winners from 293 winners , that produced $ 22 , 377 , 318 in earnings .
the story of skip away begins with carolyn hine , wife of late hall of fame trainer sonny hine , wishing for a white thoroughbred .
skip away is in good shape after his hollywood park victory according to sonny hine , who trains the colt for his wife , carolyn .
but hine hastens to add ,
if you were to take the best horse in north america you ' d take skip away .
he was the greatest horse i ever had ,
hine said when skip away was retired to stud at the end in 1998 .
the 1997 supplemental payment also covered skip away in the 1998 breeders ' cup , but the race was at churchill downs , a track he never liked . in a race reminiscent of his 12th - place finish in the 1996 kentucky derby , skip away ran sixth in the classic .
both nashua and skip away won the jockey club gold cup twice , once as a three year old and once as a four year old .
this entry was posted in racing and tagged fort larned , horse racing , skip away , thoroughbred by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .
fort larned drew away to win the grade 3 skip away stakes at gulfstream park by two and a half lengths over alma d ' oro , setting a new track record in the process . self control finished third .
skip away , 1998 horse of the year , was represented by his first winner when his daughter heart ofa champion won june 7 at belmont park .
skip away is a unique horse of remarkable quality and durability . he is sure to become another splendid progenitor in the legacy of great american stallions .
skip away is the sire of the earners of slightly over $ 510 , 000 to december 31 , 2002 , with seven stakes horses and twelve winners . skip away progeny continue to show solid racetrack performance in 2003 . as longer races are written , i expect that skip away ' s progeny will be even more effective in competition . they will can be expected to get better as they get older . indeed the best is yet to come .
skip away trainer sonny hine concedes :
if you were to take the horse far superior in his category you ' d take favorite trick .
a big , strong gray horse standing 16 . 2 hands , skip away had a bone chip in one knee , but this never seemed to bother him
skip away won 18 races , along with 10 seconds and six thirds , in 38 starts . he earned $ 9 , 616 , 360 , which left him $ 393 , 455 short of cigar ' s earnings record . skip away missed a chance to pass cigar when he finished a disappointing sixth in his last race , the breeders ' cup classic at churchill downs in 1998 . but at least skip away had once beaten cigar , the two - time horse of the year , in the jockey club gold gold cup at belmont park in 1996 . sonny hine said that that was the skip away race he most cherished .
fort larned , ridden by julien leparoux , wins the skip away in track - record time of 1 : 53 . 92 for 1 3 / 16 miles .
imagine for yourself and your broodmare band , the many unique benefits that breeding to skip away will offer to your procreation program . certainly , skip away’s soundness and versatility , so absent in our racehorses of today , are now more than ever extremely important to the development of the american thoroughbred of the twenty - first century .
ken mcpeek closely observed skip away with an admiring eye while training at gulfstream park during the mid and late 1990s , gaining a deep respect for trainer sonny hine’s big gray champion . so when a colt he had purchased at auction reminded him of skip away , he viewed the resemblance to the 1998 horse of [ … ]
skip away is a horse with very solid proven sire lines throughout his pedigree . consider that their is no northern dancer , mr . prospector , turn - to or buckpasser bloodline in the pedigree of skip away . that provides a wonderful opportunity to outcross your northern dancer , mr . prospector , turn - to or buckpasser line mare .
“my memories are my treasures , ” said carolyn during a phone interview from her florida home . “everything about skip away was a blessing . i lived my dream . ”
patchen beauty , a white mare and granddaughter of white beauty , foaled a white skip away filly feb . 8 at warren rosenthal ' s patchen wilkes farm near lexington .
hopewell farm is suing to recover $ 79 , 500 in breeding fees and taxes from irish american bloodhorse agency , which bred two mares to 1998 horse of the year skip away .
rick trontz , owner of hopewell farm near midway , ky . , said skip away had been diagnosed with a heart murmur , but the condition proved more serious than initially believed .
skip away , brilliant winner of saturday ' s breeders ' cup classic in california , has arrived in florida for a rest before being aimed at the gulfstream park handicap in february .
bred in florida by anna marie barnhart , skip away raced for carolyn hine and was trained by her husband hubert
sonny
hine . after a promising 2 - year - old season in which he finished second in the year - end cowdin and remsen stakes ( both g2 ) , skip away seemed a likely contender for the following year ' s classics .
here is skip away at his home at hopewell farm in kentucky , may 2009 . his successful racing career made him the 3rd highest earner on the racetrack , after curlin & cigar .
a case was made for gentlemen . his racing resume showed four wins in six starts , including a half - length victory over skip away in their only meeting , the pimlico special .
porter on pedigrees , by alan porter < br / > the cross that produced swaps stakes surprise winner skipshot appears to be based on an affinity of skip away for halo - line mares .
summer wind farm ' s ingot way , whose son skip away was horse of the year in 1998 , was euthanized the morning of march 27 after giving birth to an awesome again colt .
now , let’s begin with how the impact of breeding to mr . prospector line mares to skip away . breeding the female descendants of mr . prospector gives inbreeding to the sound nashua since both skip away and mr . prospector both have nashua on the distaff side of their pedigrees . champion nashua won 22 of 30 races over 3 years racing in top company and was retired sound .
in 1997 , skip away won the breeders ' cup classic but was beaten out by the 2 - year - old favorite trick for horse - of - the - year honors . in 1998 , skip away was beaten in the breeders ' cup , but won the title by a landslide as voters recognized his seven - race winning streak through the first nine months of the year .
skip away was a three - time eclipse award winner , including horse of the year in 1998 , champion 3 - year - old male in 1996 and champion older horse in 1997 - 98 .
no man can predict with accuracy whether the visible or the latent characteristics will comprise the make - up of the foal at time of conception . that remains nature’s secret . be that as it may , skip away is truly a remarkable individual whose visible attributes offer unrivaled quality of virtually every important factor of the racehorse . a true physical titan , the mighty skip away is already know for his incredible stamina . skip away’s workouts demonstrate his effortless blinding speed . he can boast of about 100 black type bullet workouts during his career , one of which was 108 : 3 for six furlongs .
skip away didn ' t duck any challenges , but churchill downs was the one track that stymied him . before his swan - song defeat in the breeders ' cup , he had finished 12th in the 1996 kentucky derby . after finishing second in the ensuing triple crown races , the preakness and the belmont , skip away finished the year with four wins in five starts and was voted divisional champion .
skip away produced our beautiful mare and passed on incredible soundness , athleticism and jumping skills . he lives on through his foals - a racing superstar !
- anne burke ( greenacres , wa )
the couple hope that the grey can eventually lower the all - time earnings record held by cigar . accordingly , skip away will in 1998 contest only those races exceeding half a million dollars in value .
before skip away , hine had already won more than 1 , 000 races , including the florida derby with technology in 1992 . in 1981 , he trained guilty conscience , who was voted best sprinter .
“skip trial was a farm stalwart and favorite , ” said bridlewood general manager george g . isaacs .
on oct . 17 , i was graciously invited to attend a benefit for old friends , the thoroughbred retirement facility near georgetown , ky . honoring hall of fame members skip away , noor , and precisionist .
skip away , the 1998 horse of the year and currently third on the all - time leading earners list in north america , dies of heart attack at rick trontz ' hopewell farm near midway , ky .
lexington , ky . ( ap ) — skip away , the third - richest north american racehorse in history , died from a heart attack friday at the central kentucky farm where he stood as a stallion .
as of november 18 , 2014 , skip away has sired 301 winners ( 57 . 7 % ) and 21 stakes ( 4 . 0 % ) winners from 522 foals of racing age per jockey club records
the money rolled in , but that seemed incidental . when skip away came to california , earning $ 2 . 28 million for winning the 1997 breeders ' cup classic at hollywood park , the hines traveled on a no - frills airline and celebrated after the race with cheese and crackers in their hotel room . they had to risk a $ 480 , 000 supplementary fee simply to get skip away into the race .
hine accepted , but his partner in the deal , not wanting to risk an investment on a horse with potential problems , dropped out . then , skip away ' s problem ankle healed on its own .
skip away , 1998 horse of the year , will stand the 2004 for $ 15 , 000 , down $ 5 , 000 from his past fee , at rick trontz ' hopewell farm near midway , ky .
gulfstream park ' s broward handicap was renamed the skip away handicap in 2001 . as of 2016 , the race is a grade iii event for 4 - year - olds and up at 9 furlongs on dirt .
favorite cigar street edges clear of take charge indy to win gulfstream park ' s skip away stakes ( gr . iii ) by two lengths . he covers the 1 3 / 16 miles in 1 : 56 . 84 .
during a career of fierce competition from coast to coast skip away ran against a much larger racing population of horses than nashua , damascus , never bend and man o’ war , his immortal super star ancestors . big , powerful , fast , versatile , and sound , skip away , the 1998 horse of the year , and eclipse award winner in 1996 , 1997 and 1998 is truly one of the most remarkable thoroughbreds to race in the twentieth century .
champion steeplechaser slip away and skipshot , who won the swaps stakes , are considered two of his most noteworthy offspring .
neither the $ 480 , 000 the hineses paid as a supplementary payment to enable skip away to run in the breeders ' cup classic nor the triple crown potential of favorite trick should be entered into the horse of the year equation .
dubai world cup , dubai golden shaheen , dubai turf , al quoz sprint , happy valley vase , san luis rey , bourbonette oaks , fear the cowboy , skip away , sunland park derby , jack cincinnati casino spiral , and more .
gottcha gold often likes to set the pace , but the centaur farms florida homebred stalked his way straight to the winner ' s circle march 15 in the $ 150 , 000 skip away handicap ( gr . iii ) at gulfstream park .
trainer claude
shug
mcgaughey and jockey kent desormeaux , along with equine stars skip away < / a > and flawlessly were announced tuesday as inductees for the class of 2004 for the national museum of racing ' s hall of fame .
thanks to the marvelous work of his trainer sonny hine , skip away did his racing without the use of extreme medication which is so much a part of today’s racing environment . he wore queen’s plates ( flat horseshoes ) in front and just shoes with toe grabs on his rear feet . his racetrack vet bills were rarely much over $ 100 per month . as sonny’s vets said ,
if we had to rely on skip away for income , they would quit practicing .
although skip away and favorite trick were considered the most likely to succeed in the horse of the year ballot box race , the names of a few excused absentees were bandied about while the dust was settling from the breeders ' cup races .
fort larned drew away to win the grade 3 skip away stakes at gulfstream park by two and a half lengths over alma d’oro , setting a new track record in the process . self control finished third . fort larned is a 4 - year - old colt by e dubai trained by i . r . wilkes and ridden by julien leparoux . time [ … ]
this week is a race story headlined , “skipper shipper , ” written by steve hettinger recapping skip away ' s victory in the 1996 ohio derby ( g2 ) . the story ran in the june 29 , 1996 issue of the blood - horse .
front - running eurosilver recorded his first graded stakes win in 18 months when he held off 21 - 1 outsider twilight road by a half - length in the $ 100 , 000 skip away handicap ( gr . iii ) at gulfstream park saturday .
as he was a full brother to three - time champion skip away , whom many consider as one of the greatest racehorses of all time , big things were expected from skipingo when he was purchased as a yearling for $ 300 , 000 in 1998 .
skip away , who ' ll make his first start this year in gulfstream park ' s grade i donn handicap , may be the best horse in north america today as he proved to be when he made his last start on breeders ' cup day .
skip away raced in the name of carolyn hine , the trainer ' s wife . the hines had no children , and their beloved
skippy
became an object of affection as they traveled the country , knocking off rivals from new york to california .
when have we last seen a colt like skip away , who could run for 4 consecutive years , maintain first class stakes form , and never leave the racetrack . skip away race all over the country , shrugged off injury while continuing to compete and win top quality races , while running uninterrupted against elite competition in virtually every race of his career ? the answer is maybe never . indeed , in today’s racing world , its seems almost impossible for a horse to compete at the top level of competition and stay sound .
skip away , as a 5 - year - old campaigned by carolyn hine and her husband , trainer sonny hine , collected 193 votes , almost 83 % of the 233 cast . finishing a distant second , with 34 votes , was awesome again , winner of the breeders ' cup classic and undefeated in six starts , but a horse who ducked many of the big races . skip away won five grade i races , including a trip west for the hollywood gold cup ; awesome again won only two grade i ' s .
the winners were honored tuesday night at a dinner in bal harbour , fla . , not far from where the hineses bought skip away as an unraced 2 - year - old for $ 30 , 000 in 1995 . they received a rebate of $ 7 , 500 the next day when x - rays showed that the florida - bred son of skip trial and ingot way had a chipped ankle .
ken and sarah ramsey ' s slip away swept to the lead approaching the springdale course ' s final turn and powered away to a remarkable 25 3 / 4 - length victory in the colonial cup steeplechase at camden , s . c . , on nov . 13 .
hallandale beach , fla . – valid bounced back from a disastrous trip in the gulfstream park handicap to prove a popular and relatively easy 1 3 / 4 - length winner over team colors in saturday’s grade 3 , $ 150 , 000 skip away stakes at gulfstream park .
paul pompa jr . ' s zakocity , who finished third in the gulfstream park handicap ( gr . ii ) behind eddington and pies prospect march 5 , will tote high weight of 117 pounds saturday in the skip away handicap ( gr . iii ) at gulfstream park .
the rest is left to the breeders , many who have northern dancer and mr . prospector mixes in their broodmare bands . as a stallion skip away , will provides the ingredients needed , to breed a sound , classy , versatile , fast american thoroughbred of the future .
the next year , 1997 , skip away won the jockey club gold cup again and finished the season with a six - length win in the breeders ' cup at hollywood , but favorite trick beat him out for horse of the year and the hines were bitterly disappointed .
best known as the sire of hall of fame champion and horse of the year skip away ( $ 9 , 616 , 360 ) , skip trial sired 22 crops in a long and distinguished career . skip trial sired 28 stakes winners , 26 stakes - placed runners , and earners of $ 34 , 566 , 723 to date , and his average earnings per starter of $ 85 , 774 ranks him among the top 2 % of sires . he has had 11 starters in 2012 , with one winner and earnings of $ 28 , 329 . pensioned from breeding in 2010 , skip trial has five registered foals of 2009 , and one registered two - year - old of 2012 .
sonny knew his horse . skip away romped by six lengths in the 1997 classic at hollywood park , setting a record of 1 : 59 : 16 under another new rider , mike smith . the reward for their faith in him was a cool $ 2 . 3 million .
during the last 30 years , the horse of the year has won more than 72 percent of his or her races . only two have won less than 50 percent . if skip away is crowned horse of the year he will have the worst winning percentage in this time frame .
i think skip away kept sonny going ,
carolyn hine said following skippy’s induction into the hall of fame .
he gave him some more years , more life . skippy wasn’t a horse to us , he was a member of our family . he was a blessing .
fort larned made his first two starts of the year at tampa bay downs , finishing fourth against mid - level starter handicap competition before returning to win the challenger stakes earlier this month , two performances which set up fort larned for the best race of his career in the grade 3 skip away .
but skip away ' s last two races - - against a soft field in the jockey club gold cup at belmont and versus a no - better - than - average field in the breeders ' cup classic - - allowed him to be selected 1997 north america ' s champion older male horse .
other division winners were skip away , best older male ; answer lively , 2 - year - old male ; banshee breeze , 3 - year - old filly ; buck ' s boy , male on grass ; fiji , female on grass ; reraise , sprinter , and flat top , steeplechaser .
time healed skip away ' s ankle , and he finished his four - year career with 18 wins in 38 starts , his purses of $ 9 , 616 , 360 second only to cigar ' s $ 9 , 999 , 815 . because skip away wasn ' t eligible , carolyn hine supplemented him into the 1997 breeders ' cup at hollywood park for $ 480 , 000 . he won by six lengths , earning $ 2 . 1 million . but favorite trick went undefeated in eight starts , becoming the first 2 - year - old to win horse of the year since secretariat in 1972 .
and carolyn never had any problem spotting skip away . he finished in the top three in all but four of his 38 races , winning 18 times with 10 second - place finishes and six third - place showings for earnings of $ 9 , 616 , 360 while providing memories to last a lifetime .
skip away ' s stud fee had declined as a stallion in recent years , but trontz said he did have some success — although none of his progeny matched his own success on the racetrack . hopewell ' s website says he produced 48 stakes winners accounting for more than $ 17 million in earnings .
sonny hine bought skip away for $ 30 , 000 at an auction in ocala , fla . , but after the sale learned that the colt might need surgery for an ankle chip . the seller , hilmer schmidt , offered hine a $ 7 , 500 discount to cover the cost of the surgery .
skip away is inbred 5x5 to mahmoud . he is a half brother to ingot ' s dance away ( by gate dancer ) , dam of grade iii winner dance away capote ( by capote ) and stakes winner platinum couple ( by tale of the cat ) . his dam , ingot way , is a stakes - winning full sister to grade iii winner ingot ' s ruler and is out of ingot , a winning daughter of iron ruler . the next dam in the tail - female line , glorious night , is a winner by 1953 kentucky derby winner dark star out of the count fleet mare queen fleet
the last time bowman ' s band raced 8 1 / 2 furlongs he lost the hal ' s hope handicap ( gr . iii ) to puzzlement by a neck . perhaps he ' ll have the advantage this time around as he competes in saturday ' s skip away handicap ( gr . iii ) .
colorful sonny hine , the trainer who bought skip away , a problematic , unraced colt , for $ 22 , 500 and retired him four years later with a horse - of - the - year title and near - record earnings of $ 9 . 6 million , died friday at a hospital in miami .
it turned out to be quite a deal all the way around ,
hine said as skip away ' s spectacular career wound down .
i got the horse for only $ 22 , 500 , i got rid of a partner and now my wife can go shopping any time she wants .
however , his 3 - year - old debut failed miserably to meet those expectations as skip away was eased in distress in a 1 1 / 16 - mile allowance at gulfstream in early january . one month and 180 degrees later , he posted a 12 - length drubbing in a race with similar conditions .
the hines , who met on a blind date , were married for 37 years . in 1995 , skip away was a birthday gift for carolyn hine , who wanted a gray horse so that she ' d be able to easily see him when he ran . she suffered from impaired vision in her right eye .
skip away ( usa ) gr . h , 1993 { 14 - f } dp = 5 - 6 - 8 - 1 - 0 ( 20 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 75 - 38 starts , 18 wins , 10 places , 6 shows career earnings : $ 9 , 616 , 360
if you remember the very sad story , that skip ' s fury died in a slaughterhouse in 2002 . she was by skip trial . . somebody tried to rescue her but she was already checked by a vet and ther was no way back for her . i wonder if the owner had any idea about it . . .
skip away , a son of skip trial ( winner of the 1985 ohio derby ) , added grade 1 wins in the haskell invitational handicap , the woodbine million stakes , and the jockey club gold cup to earn his first of four year - end championships which included horse of the year in 1998 . upon retirement he had 10 grade 1 victories in total , including his six - length romp in the 1997 breeders ' cup classic and would be enshrined in the racing hall of fame in 2004 .
skip away raced for carolyn hine and was trained by hubert
sonny
hine . he won 18 of 38 races and earned $ 9 , 616 , 360 - - third best on the all - time north american money list behind curlin and cigar—and was inducted into racing’s hall of fame in his first year of eligibility in 2004 .
hallandale beach , fla . - fort larned , who has shown steady improvement since getting to florida this winter , became a track record holder as well as a graded stakes winner for the first time after registering an impressive 2 1 / 2 - length victory over alma d’oro in saturday’s $ 100 , 000 skip away at gulfstream park .
one of skip away ' s career highlights was defeating cigar in the first of two victories in the jockey club gold cup . he also won the grade 1 blue grass stakes , woodbine million and buick haskell invitational as a 3 - year - old , as well as the breeders ' cup classic and hollywood gold cup later in his career .
it ' s politics ,
sonny hine said at the time , but a year later , with skip away well on his way to the title that had eluded him , he seemed to toss off his grudge when he said :
it ' s like today ' s fish . you wrap it in yesterday ' s newspaper .
ken and sarah ramsey ' s homebred slip away is named 2010 champion steeplechaser based on his 25 - plus length score in the colonial cup hurdle stakes ( nsa - i ) .
the public is invited to the national museum of racing ' s annual hall of fame ceremony , monday , aug . 9 at the fasig - tipton sales pavilion . members of the hall of fame class of 2004 include trainer claude
shug
mcgaughey , jockeys kent desormeaux and jimmy winkfield , and thoroughbred champions bowl of flowers , flawlessly , and skip away .
as good as he was at ages 3 and 4 , skip away saved the best for last . in his final year of racing , at age 5 , skippy won seven of nine starts and earned $ 2 . 7 million . the campaign included seven consecutive wins—five of them in grade i stakes—at six different tracks . he carried 130 pounds or more in two of those wins . his attempt to score back - to - back wins in the breeders’ cup classic failed when the horse finished sixth at churchill downs , reinforcing a belief that he never had an affinity for the surface at the louisville , ky . , oval . honored with a second eclipse as champion older male , skip away was also voted horse of the year .
according to eclipse award election rules , the winner must get a plurality of votes from two of the three blocs , and skip away dominated all three . he received 121 of the 142 turf writers ' votes , 46 of 55 from the daily racing form and 26 of 36 from track racing secretaries . one ballot apparently didn ' t list a choice for horse of the year .
hi stealingkat skip away ' s always been a tough sales horse . . . but that ' s probably not a surprise . for starters . . . i suggest he was overpriced ( especially at the outset of his career as a stallion ) . . . which seemed to generate some negative comment . . . while at the same time raising the bar on expectations ( based on an advertised stud fee of $ 50k ) . although an elite super - star race horse ( champion and horse of the year ) . . . $ 9 . 6 mil earner skip away lacks a
fancy
pedigree . . . and his sire ( skip trial ) was never the kind of horse that generated
buzz .
the proof may be in the pudding ( and possibly shed some light on the discussion ) when you consider that skip away himself was hammered - down for $ 30k as a two - year - old in training . although arguably a good two - year - old himself . . . sa was not a brilliant - fast early stakes - winner ; the kind that might have generated the enthusiasm ( and possible
talk
) that often seems to stoke the market . as might have been expected skip away rarely gets the
early
kind that often seem to capture the imagination . . . and draw attention to their sire ( s ) . his lack of two - year - old pizzazz seems to exclude him ( probably to a very large degree ) as a pinhookers ' sire . . . which arguably affects his sales numbers . all things considered . . . i suggest that he is turning out to be a genuine and consistent sire of some very nice race horses , including a relatively high - percentage of stakes - horses . it would not surprise me to see sa sire some top handicap horses . . . and continue to sire many allowance . . . stakes and graded horses . . . and be stamped as that kind of sire . i suggest that skip away is proving to be a very solid sire . . . and making believers out of many former naysayers . respectfully
sonny , who was diagnosed with cancer in 1996 , died in 2000 at age 69 . skip away , inducted into the hall of fame in 2004 , succumbed to an apparent heart attack 10 years after his trainer passed . he is buried at the old friends farm in georgetown , ky . carolyn carries on , still very much in love with sonny and the horse of their dreams .
that said , his first few crops have been wonderful in terms of soundness and consistency . one of my favorite horses to follow is a skip away mare by name of muir beach . . . of her last 6 runs , all have been listed stakes and she has won most of them . she runs dirt or turf , from 6f to 8 . 5f and usually wins with style .
i bought skip trial for $ 25 , 000 ,
hine said .
he had chips in a couple of ankles and his knees , but it didn ' t bother him .
skip away was arguably at his best at 5 , when he was honored as horse of the year in 1998 . although he failed to repeat in the classic , again struggling with a churchill downs surface that can be a difficult adjustment for some horses , his final season was highlighted by a seven - race winning streak – all with bailey at the reins - that included five grade 1 victories .
champion nashua is the sire of skip away’s very successful broodmare sire diplomat way . arlington - washington futurity winner diplomat way whose race record includes 46 starts with 14 wins , 10 seconds and 7 thirds , winning or placing in 19 stakes , is the sire of 34 stakes winners . more significant is the fact that diplomat way is broodmare sire of 50 mares who have produced 65 stakes winners from his 245 daughters for an outstanding 20 % stakes producing mares . diplomat way boasts an impressive total broodmare sire earnings of $ 46 , 241 , 361 . the noted runners from these mares encompass 6 champions including skip away and prominent stakes winners , farma way ( $ 2 , 867 , 175 - g1 ) , exclusive partner , general practitioner , explosive bid , frosty the snowman , la soufriere , etc .
tale of the cat has sired grade one winner my trusty cat out of a mare by private account , from the damascus line , and private account can be brought in through private terms ( sire of afternoon deelites ) , corporate report , personal flag , secret hello and unaccounted for ( who is potentially particularly interesting ) . there are also two tale of the cat line stakes winners out of mares by time for a change ( sire of fly so free and time bandit ) . other damascus strains to consider are gilded time , crusader sword , eastern echo , ogygian , skip away and skip trial .
< a href =
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> skip away < / a > , a four - time eclipse award winner and the second leading north american earner of all - time , was elected into racing ' s hall of fame in his first year of eligibility . his trainer , the late hubert
sonny
hine , was inducted into the hall of fame last august .
, fort larned notched his first graded win in the skip away , which was contested over a track that was rated fast . the bay colt came into the race off of a 1 1 / 4 - length victory in the march 3 challenger stakes at tampa bay downs . in his 2012 debut in february , he had finished fourth in a 1 1 / 16 - mile handicap event at tampa bay .
trainers shug mcgaughey and nick zito and 1998 horse of the year skip away are among the candidates for election to the national museum of racing ' s hall of fame in their first year of eligibility , museum president john t . von stade announced monday , april 4 . more than 140 members of the racing media will vote on the hall of fame , and the one winner in each category will be announced via teleconference on may 25 .
skip away’s 4 - year - old campaign eventually brought a jockey change from shane sellers to jerry bailey ; the new team prospered by rattling off eight consecutive victories . the big decision that year involved whether to pay $ 480 , 000 to supplement the florida - bred to the breeders’ cup classic . the hines never had much before their beloved “skippy” arrived and he was treated with the affection of a child they never had , adding to the complexity of the situation .
the couple settled on skip away , purchasing him for $ 30 , 000 , only to be told by their veterinarian to return him because x - rays revealed bone chips in one ankle . although the hines did so , they were so disappointed that sonny pulled over at the side of the road . there was something about that horse . they returned to speak to the seller , who provided a $ 7 , 500 discount to cover an ankle operation that proved unnecessary .
under the steady hand of hine , a former f . b . i . agent who had been invaluable to the government because he spoke mandarin chinese fluently , skip away seemed to get better with every race . his first stakes win came as a 3 - year - old , when he routed eventual preakness winner louis quatorze by six lengths in the blue grass stakes and set a stakes record on a wet - fast track at keeneland race course in lexington , ky .
the son of skip trial , out of the diplomat way mare ingot way , was 17 years old . as a sire , he is represented by 20 stakes winners . he stood at hopewell farm since his retirement following his 1998 campaign .
stuart janney ' s homebred hunting has not raced since a third - place finish behind evening attire in the dec . 8 queens county handicap ( gr . iii ) , but the 5 - year - old son of coronado ' s quest could return to winning form in the $ 150 , 000 skip away handicap ( gr . iii ) at gulfstream park . he ' ll tackle gottcha gold , dr . pleasure , better than bonds , and others in the march 15 event .
champions never bend and nashua are sons of nasrullah who appear in skip away’s pedigree in the form of his descendants . you can inbreed to nasrullah with bold ruler line horses like seattle slew mares or secretariat mares using a different inbreeding pattern than that which is conventionally used . this is another approach to breeding soundness and not giving up speed which is so much a desirable part of the american thoroughbred . new york maiden special weights and allowance winner , heart of a champion is inbred .
foaled at indian hill farm in florida , skip away was bred by anna marie barnhart . he was owned by carolyn hine , whose husband hubert
sonny
hine purchased the colt for her as a birthday gift for us $ 30 , 000 at the 1995 ocala breeders sales february 2 - year - olds in training sale . after learning that the colt had a chip in his knee , ms . barnhart agreed to refund us $ 7 , 500 of the colt ' s purchase price to cover the cost of knee surgery , which never took place . skip away was trained by sonny hine , and the hines turned down a us $ 5 million offer for their beloved colt following his impressive win in the 1996 toyota blue grass stakes . following his retirement from racing , “skippy” entered stud at hopewell farm in kentucky in 1999 . he died of a heart attack at hopewell in 2010 and was buried at the old friends thoroughbred retirement farm near georgetown , kentucky .
“i could not possibly be more thrilled than to be more than 100 miles away from washington swamp spending my evening with all of you and with a much , much larger crowd , and much better people , ” trump told the crowd then .
a tough , consistent competitor , skip away failed to win a classic race but did everything else that could be expected of a top american racehorse . for three consecutive seasons , he danced all the major dances on the east coast , earning the nickname “the iron horse , ” and he made a successful raid on california at age 5 . except at churchill downs , a track he clearly loathed , he could always be counted on to give his best . his record at stud was unimpressive .
champion never bend , who boasts a races record is 23 starts with 13 wins , 4 seconds and 4 thirds is the sire of mill reef and courtly dee . he is also the sire of iron ruler , the very successful broodmare sire of skip away’s second dam . jerome stakes winner iron ruler , whose race record includes 35 starts with 9 wins , 13 seconds and 9 thirds , winning or placing in 22 stakes races , is the sire of 30 stakes winners including preakness - g1 winner aloma’s ruler . iron ruler is the broodmare sire of 50 stakes winners including the prominent stakes winners stalwart , box office gold , muskoka wyck , avie’s copy , etc . the first winner by skip away is heart ofa champion who is inbred 5s x 4d to never bend and is also inbred to nasrullah 5s x 6s x 6d x 5d x 7d . thus the fantastic speed of heart of a champion can easily be attributed to the never bend inbreed . keep in mind that the speed ball is four generations free of inbreeding .
the race was supposed to do two things – offer a fitting new york swan song to locally based cigar and provide clarity on a somewhat muddled three - year - old division . the latter was accomplished in spades , the former just slightly less so . perhaps he was too far back . perhaps at the age of six cigar had lost a step . perhaps , as he had received the baton from a gray rival , it was time to pass it on to one . whatever the reason , cigar’s furious late rally fell just a head shy of skip away , half his age and on the improve . cigar would go on to a third place finish in the breeders’ cup classic pushing his earnings to $ 9 , 999 , 815 , a record at the time , and take home his second straight champion older horse and horse of the year trophies . skip away was named that year’s champion three - year - old , twice champion older horse , 1998’s horse of the year , and retired with earnings of $ 9 , 616 , 360 . both were inducted in to the hall of fame .
although there were those who referred to him as
sonny whine ,
because of his penchant for complaining when his luck went bad , hine was a congenial , roly - poly horseman who followed his father into racing . on the night sonny hine graduated from high school in 1948 , he hitchhiked to the charles town track in west virginia to start a training career that peaked with the fortuitous arrival of skip away , voted best 3 - year - old colt in 1996 , best older male in 1997 and ' 98 , and horse of the year in ' 98 .
skip away and his ancestors , represent the much needed racing soundness , now so absent in the american thoroughbred . we need to face the fact that the racing soundness of the american thoroughbred has become a crisis situation . let us not blame the trainers and the racing surfaces for causing so many break downs , but rather the way in which horses are being bred in the united states . far to many horses are retired to stud with very short racing careers . their unsoundness is passed on and then inbred which virtually guarantees more weaknesses for the racehorses to be born in the future .
the death of skip trial was announced by bridlewood farm in ocala , florida , where he had stood for his entire stud career , since 1988 . he had been pensioned from stud in 2010 and was euthanized on may 1 owing to the infirmities of old age and will be buried in the farm cemetery
the kennedy center honors is not the first major televised event that potus has decided not to attend . in february , he announced he would skip the white house correspondents’ dinner , which was held on april 29 . the event ultimately went on without him , hosted by the daily show ‘s hasan minhaj .
fifteen days after his belmont attempt , the hines shipped skip away to cleveland for the $ 300 , 000 ohio derby ( g2 ) at 1 1 / 8 miles on the dirt june 26 . facing nine other sophomores , the odds - on favorite with jockey jose santos had little trouble dismissing the coolmore - connected victory speech by 3 1 / 2 lengths . another 9 1 / 4 lengths back was clash by night in third . the nine - furlong time was 1 : 47 4 / 5 , just off the 1 : 47 2 / 5 track record set by smarten when he took the 1979 ohio derby .
in his next two starts , skippy showed the derby effort was an anomaly by running second in both the preakness stakes ( gr . i ) and belmont stakes ( gr . i ) . in one of his best performances of the season , skip away won a stretch duel with cigar to take the jockey club gold cup ( gr . i ) . with a seasonal tally of 6 - 2 - 2 in 12 starts and additional wins in the woodbine million and buick haskell invitational handicap ( both gr . i ) , the tough little colt was honored with an eclipse award as champion 3 - year - old male of 1996 .
he was bred in florida by anna marie barnhart , who inherited the mare ingot way following the death of her husband in 1984 .
skippy ,
as he was affectionately called by his owner and trainer , was raised in florida at hilmer schmidt’s indian hill farm . consigned by indian hill to a 2 - year - olds in training sale in ocala , skip away was purchased by the hines for $ 30 , 000 . following the purchase , however , the new owners detected a bone chip in skippy’s knee and the breeder agreed to discount the purchase price by $ 7 , 500 , the cost of surgery to correct the problem . the surgery was never performed on the horse .
skippy’s 4 - year - old season began slowly , as he failed to win in his first four efforts . but he rounded into form sufficiently enough to complete the year with a 4 - 5 - 2 record in 11 starts and earnings of $ 4 . 1 million . included in his triumphs that year were impressive wins in the jockey club gold cup and breeders’ cup classic ( both gr . i ) , the latter in which he romped by six lengths . honored as champion older male horse , skip away was denied an eclipse award as horse of the year , an honor that went to 2 - year - old champion favorite trick . carolyn hine was also honored with an eclipse as outstanding owner .
jerry bailey , who rode skip away in all of his races last year , missed on a fourth consecutive eclipse award for jockey when gary stevens was named on 164 of the 234 ballots that were cast . for stevens , who was voted into the racing hall of fame in 1997 , this was an eclipse that was long overdue . he led the country in purses with $ 19 . 3 million , despite missing almost two months because of surgery on both knees , and rode silverbulletday and escena , who also won titles . silverbulletday , champion 2 - year - old filly , was the easiest winner , getting all the votes in her division except one that went to stablemate excellent meeting . escena outpolled the undefeated sharp cat , 135 - 94 , in the voting for best older female .
ledecky lapped three swimmers in her timed - final heat of the 1 , 500 , unheard - of in an international competition . she finished 40 meters ahead of her nearest challenger , lauren boyle of new zealand , who finished in 15 : 55 . 69 . describing the race as “probably one of my most painful races , ” ledecky said , “i didn’t want to come away from the meet with a little bit of , like , oh , that was just o . k . so i just dug in deep . ”