caridina dennerli is a small species of freshwater shrimp from sulawesi ( indonesia ) that grows up to 2.5 centimetres ( 1.0 in ) in length .

it takes its name from the german company dennerle , which supported the expedition that led to the scientific description of the species .

it is popularly known as the ' cardinal shrimp ' in the aquarium trade .

caridina dennerli

common name : cardinal shrimp , white glove shrimp , dennerli shrimp scientific name : caridina dennerli wild origin : indonesia – endemic to lake matano maximum size : 2 . 5cm or 1 inches
hi i have a number of caridina dennerli for sale looking for £10 each as v . rarely found , would be a lot more in retail shops .
harlequin sulawesi shrimp - caridina cf . spongicola - bucephalandra - export import plants & fish indonesia
caridina dennerli is one of the most amazing shrimp in our hobby . it is no breeding form but from the wild . their natural habitat is at the indonesian island of sulawesi . view
dancing dennerlis
and get some advices to keep and breed these shrimp .
dennerle supports this work , true to the motto
experience nature
and in return sponsors the species name for the cardinal shrimp which has only just been described scientifically . in memory of the spiritual father of natural aquatics , ludwig dennerle , it has the scientific species name
caridina dennerli
.
dennerle supports them in this work true to the motto
experience nature
and in return sponsors the species name for the cardinal shrimp , which has only just been described scientifically . in memory of the spiritual father of natural aquatics , ludwig dennerle , it has the scientific species name
caridina dennerli
.
caridina dennerli shrimp is
difficult
to keep as specific water parameters has to be provided . you may keep it alive or breed in almost any hard water but for best please see water parameters below . this is also very timid shrimp and does best in high numbers , only then shrimp will become brave enough to get out of cover . shrimp is very sensitive and can die from stress during transport or sudden temperature drop therefore this is pick up only shrimp !
the larvae of certain varieties grow up in the sea . these need salt water to develop . breeding these varieties in an aquarium is considerably more difficult , and in some cases impossible . the best known example here is the “amano shrimp” , caridina multidentata .
von rintelen , k . ; and cai , y . ( 2009 ) . radiation of endemic species flocks in ancient lakes : systematic revision of the freshwater shrimp caridina h . milne edawrds , 1837 ( crustacea : decapoda : atyidae ) from the ancient lakes of sulawesi , indonesia , with the description of eight new species . raffles bulletin of zoology 57 : 343 - 352 .
caridina spongicola is endemic to lake towuti , [ 6 ] the largest and southernmost lake in the malili complex of the island of sulawesi , fed by a river that flows from the lake to the boni bay . it is only known from the northwestern arm of lake towuti , but it can be locally common , with as many as 137 individuals recorded on a single sponge and one study finding an average of about 29 individuals per sponge . this soft - tissued , undescribed species of sponge is also restricted to the northwestern arm of the lake and reaches up to about 20 cm ( 8 in ) in diameter . [ 4 ] the similar shrimp caridina woltereckae is restricted to the same lake , but it is found throughout it and not associated with sponges . [ 7 ]
the fire shrimp is considered one of the most attractive fresh water shrimps belonging to the caridina genus . the fire shrimp has only recently been discovered . it lives in lake matano on the indonesian island of sulawesi . as a rock dweller it spends most of its life between and under the rocks . the lake has a high water quality , clear and with low nutrient content . the water values do not fluctuate to any substantial degree .
the popular fresh water shrimps belong to the family of ten - legged crabs ( decapods ) which also includes crabs and shrimps in fresh water and sea water . many shrimp varieties are excellent algae - eaters and are thus able to keep many an aquarium free of algae problems on a lasting basis . shrimps actually first came to prominence by virtue of this capacity for devouring algae . the famous japanese aquarium photographer takashi amano always used large numbers of caridina multidentata ( formerly japonica ) to keep his renowned aquascapes clean .
plenty of hiding places , such as densely planted , shaded areas , foliage , and above all cave - like retreats , are of great importance to their well - being . shrimps are gregarious animals . many of the most popular shrimp varieties reproduce regularly in the aquarium – e . g . members of the attractive bee shrimp family , caridina cf . cantonensis , and first and foremost the well - known “crystal red” variety . we thus recommend limiting the initial stock to 5 shrimps per 10 l of water .
caridina spongicola is a
complex breeder
, meaning that young are hatched as miniature adults with the same coloration ( although not as intense ) , with no need to transfer from salt and / or brackish water to freshwater as they develop through larval stages . [ 2 ] [ 6 ] eggs are black in color , are roughly 10 - 15 in number , 0 . 8 - 0 . 9 x 0 . 4 - 0 . 6 mm in size , and are carried by the female for 20–30 days before hatching . [ 2 ] [ 6 ] when not carrying eggs , there is no known , proven way to distinguish females of this species from the males . [ 9 ]
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
endangered b1ab ( iii , v ) + 2ab ( iii , v ) ver 3 . 1
wowor , d . , de grave , s . & klotz , w .
the species is endemic to lake matano ( = danau matano ) ( sulawesi ) , a small lake ( 164 . 1 km
) which counts as a single location for assessment purposes . current threats to the species are nickel mining ( specifically polluting lake matano ) and hydro - electric power installations on the southern shore of lake matano . nile perch and
have been introduced to nearby lake towuti ( which is connected to lake matano ) , and there is the possibility of pollution from organic effluents from the rapidly expanding human population .
this species is assessed as endangered in view of the small population size , restricted distribution , and plausible threats .
the species is endemic to lake matano ( 164 . 1 km 2 ) in sulawesi ( von rintelen and cai 2009 ) .
no information is known , but it is considered abundant ( von rintelen and cai 2009 ) .
is generally found on rocks and gravel , from shallow water to approx . 10 m depth .
is available in the aquarium trade , but some ( estimated 20 % ) of the trade is from captive breeding in europe , the rest is still wild caught though the current levels of harvesting are thought not to have a considerable impact .
current threats to the species are nickel mining ( specifically polluting danau matano ) and hydro - electric power installations on the southern shore of danau matano . also , introduced species ( nile perch and
) have been introduced to towuti a connected lake ) and organic effluents from the rapidly expanding human population .
wowor , d . , de grave , s . & klotz , w . 2013 .
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aqua ! nano & more
- fachgeschäft für nano - aquaristik , aquascaping und zierfischraritäten .
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information on this very popular shrimp . its name comes from takashi amano , the creator of ada , who used these shrimp for algae eating purposes . it cannot breed in pure freshwater .
information on this wild caught species which is a filter feeder . it is very common to find in most pet stores and online . it is not possible to breed this species in pure freshwater .
information on this elusive all black color variation of the common tiger shrimp . its all black coloration is from selective breeding to widen the black stripes of the common tiger shrimp .
information on this newly introduced species to the hobby . not much is known and they are caught in the wild . captive breeding is possible .
information on this beautiful blue colored species of the wild n . zhangjiajiensis shrimp .
information on this blue coloration variation on the common tiger shrimp . it is expensive and sometimes hard to find .
information on this variation on the common tiger shrimp . easy to keep and a beautiful shrimp
information on the very popular shrimp from sulawesi indonesia . its colors are awesome .
information on this extremely popular , difficult , expensive , and complex shrimp species . selectively bred for coloration and other features .
information on this beautiful dark green colored shrimp . its eggs are a nice lime green which really make this shrimp stand out . its true scientic name and genus are in question .
information on this wild caught and extremely cheap freshwater shrimp . it carries many different names and can be found in most pet stores . it is considered a feeder shrimp for freshwater aquarium fish .
information on this all white relative of the crystal red shrimp , bee shrimp , orange bee shrimp and others . it is nicely colored but little is known as to its origin .
information on this wild caught grandfather of the selectively bred species red cherry shrimp and yellow shrimp . there may be other selectively bred color variations unknown to the hobby at the moment .
information on this wild species and the grandfather of the crystal red shrimp , bee shrimp and others . can be rare and hard to find .
information on this wild caught species . unfortunately it cannot breed in pure freshwater and has slowly disappeared from the hobby as a result .
information on the most common and most popular shrimp in the hobby . this is the ultimate beginners shrimp and most hobbyists begin with this species before venturing into more difficult / expensive shrimp .
this is a variant of the red cherry shrimp , it is bred for a deep red color and has several grades .
information on this red color variation of the common tiger shrimp . this color variation is apparently found in the wild and not selectively bred .
information on this very rare and almost impossible to find shrimp in the hobby . hopefully it will someday become more available .
information on this beautiful all white selectively bred shrimp . its name comes from its eggs which are all white resembling snowballs .
a gallery of photos of many different kinds of sulawesi shrimp from indonesia . newly introduced to the hobby in late 2007 .
information on this somewhat common shrimp . it is the less rare variation than its cousins : blue tiger , red tiger , golden eye and others .
information on this elusive and very rare species of bee shrimp . it is definitely a cool looking shrimp .
information on this selectively bred shrimp from the wild n . heteropoda species . it breeds very well .
information on care and breeding of this popular crayfish species which comes in several different colors .
information of the most common snail found in pet stores , the apple snail . are they good or bad for a shrimp tank ?
information on the common malaysian trumpet snail . they are great for all aquariums given several reasons .
information on the common pond snail . they are not bad snails and are in fact good for any kind of tank especially shrimp - only tanks .
photos of the various species of sulawesi snails . there are more species than are pictured as well .
species info on care and breeding of this non - crab , non - shrimp creature .
information on the unwelcomed hydra in the freshwater aquarium including ways to prevent and remove them .
information on this wild species and the many selectively bred color morphs that have evolved from it .
information on how to successfully pack shrimp for a wintertime shipment . keeping the shrimp warm is very important .
a rare photographic glimpse of a baby red cherry shrimp hatching from an egg .
information on how to successfully hatch isolated eggs . great method if you have a pregnant female die who has eggs .
information on how to successfully breed shrimp that require soft water . tips and advice from user kenshin .
information on how the babaulti shrimp variety is commonly mislabeled as different types of shrimp which vary in color . good to know .
information on grading the crystal red shrimp . includes information on how to identify specific features and what makes the grade .
a how - to for making a homemade shrimp trap . instead of chasing your shrimp with a net , let them do the work themselves .
an article about dosing fertilizers in a tank with shrimp . what is too much ? what will kill them ? is it ok ?
an experiment conducted to see if imported shrimp are naturally colored or dyed by the supplier . great article .
information regarding what tankmates are safe for shrimp and what will definitely eat your shrimp . very important .
information about setting up a new shrimp tank including details on exactly what should and shouldn ' t be used . great info for beginners .
general information about shipping inverts . proper packaging , insulation , heatpacks , etc . great info for all hobbyists .
information about using leaf litter in a shrimp tank . do shrimp do better with leaf litter ? what leaves to use ?
what is true and what is false about shrimp keeping and everything related to the hobby . there are a lot of false statements out there so it is important to quell them .
two journals on setting up a shrimp rack for keeping multiple tanks using smaller space . great tutorials with both journals by both ryan and pedro .
a journal on the expedition conducted by mimbon aquarium from germany . photos and information about sulawesi indonesia as well as underwater photos of the habitat .
great information by kenshin about changing the water during wintertime . you do not want very cold water to shock the shrimp . this is a great article for those in cold weather climates .
information on the many creatures found inside a tank including planaria , hydra , and many others . superb article by satu in finland .
information about what shrimp are ok to house together in the same tank , and which ones will interbreed creating a hybrid . great chart for easy comparision .
information about why it is better to ship young shrimp and why it is better to buy young shrimp vs adults . size is important when introducing shrimp to a new tank .
awesome macro photos by peter maquire . these are some of the best out there !
information for the newcomer to the hobby . how to start , what to use , what not to do .
what is it about shrimp thats makes the hobbyist love them so much ? great editorial .
quick tutorial on taking macro shots with a simple everyday camera and not professional equipment .
an editorial on why sometimes its best to let things stay the way they are .
information on this rapid multi - color changing
ninja
. many colors including black , red , brown , and more .
new to the shrimp hobby , the cardinal shrimp is fast becoming one of the most sought after shrimp . it is magnificent in person with either a dark rose red coloration or a lighter red coloration with white dots running along the side of the shrimp . photos do not do justice , you must see this species in person . it is not a beginner ' s species and only experienced hobbyists should attempt to keep this species .
the cardinal shrimp is from sulawesi , indonesia . sulawesi is one of the islands encompassing the country of indonesia . the cardinal shrimp is caught in one of several lakes in sulawesi . i highly suggest that you read the article sulawesi expedition for detailed information on sulawesi as well as more information on is habitat . there are also underwater photos of the lake system .
as with all sulawesi shrimp it is highly recommended that you keep the cardinal shrimp in a temperature of at least 78f . anything lower can kill this species . it is also recommended that you keep this species in a tank with hard water and a ph of no less than 7 . 0 .
i am currently keeping the cardinal shrimp in the same tank with a few other species from sulawesi . the tank consists of ada amazonia substrate , a temperature of 84f and a ph of 7 . 0 . some have stated that the low ph of 7 . 0 due to the ada amazonia is not good for this species . right now i disagree . all of the sulawesi shrimp that i currently house are doing very well in this setup and so far even the babies are doing very well . the babies are constantly picking away for food which is of course a good sign .
a lot of hobbyists attempt to replicate the environment of the cardinal shrimp by using rocks for aesthetics and algae surfaces . if you read the article sulawesi expedition you will notice that the cardinal shrimp lives in the rocks and picks at them for food . there are also those who use coral chips or similar to raise the water hardness . sand is also a common choice to use in the aquarium .
breeding is done in complete freshwater , not salt or brackish water is required whatsoever . there is no larval stage . the adult females carry the eggs until they hatch , producing miniature shrimp . there have been hobbyists that have had pregnant cardinal shrimp in captivity and some have had the eggs hatch successfully as well . several breeders have had good success breeding the cardinal shrimp and it is apparently not as difficult as some may think .
the females carry roughly 10 - 15 eggs . it takes approximately 20 - 30 days for the eggs to hatch . the babies immediately show the same color as the adults . the growth rate of the babies is fast as well . if the tank is in good shape then the babies will grow almost as fast as some of the neocaridina shrimp . for more information on the reproduction cycle of freshwater aquarium shrimp please read the article shrimp reproduction .
i was lucky to receive some pregnant cardinal shrimp from overseas . the pregnant ones from the wild hatched their eggs and now i have baby cardinals all over the place . they are doing very well and i hope to have them grow to adulthood and reproduce in pure captivity . i will update as time progresses .
the cardinal shrimp can have different shades of red , from dark to light red . the darkness of the red coloration is variable and is not an indicator of health , sex , or anything else . the red coloration is also contrasted by white dots throughout the body . some of the white dots appear to have a blue outline to them . one of the coolest features of the cardinal shrimp is its front white legs . the white legs move rapidly when the shrimp is feeding and also sets this species apart from the other sulawesi shrimp . the photo below show a more zoomed in look at their white legs . the video below also shows the white legs in motion .
the cardinal shrimp is not a shy species at all . it will constantly forage on the bottom and seems to prefer scraping rocks . the majority of the cardinal shrimp i have observed seem spend almost all of their time on the algae covered rocks or sides of the glass picking away . it is not an agressive species whatsoever and seem to enjoy other species in the same tank . some breeders have also reported that the cardinal shrimp seem to be more active when sulawesi snails are introduced to the tank . perhaps this makes them feel more at home with the snails found in their wild environment . they will also pick at the snails ' shell .
i feed all of the sulawesi shrimp , including the cardinal shrimp , the same as i feed all of the other shrimp i keep . i feed mostly shirakura food and the occasional algae water or other invert food . this species will eat at all times of the day but i believe that they prefer to eat at night when they feel safe . i have noticed that when the lights are off they will come out and eat better than when the lights are on .
feeding is best done once a day . only feed an amount of food that the shrimp can finish within 2 - 3 hours maximum . it is not good to feed in excess and have food sitting for too long . overfeeding is a known cause of death and can also cause water quality issues . remember that shrimp are scavengers in the wild . they will eat whatever they find and are not used to a constant food source 24 / 7 . not feeding for one or two days is fine and will not harm this species at all . sometimes i will not feed for a couple of days in order to let the shrimp cleanse their systems and keep the water clean at the same time .
sexing of the cardinal shrimp is difficult and so far no one has fully figured out how to do so with the naked eye . the females have a saddle showing eggs underneath the carapace but the only way to actually see the saddle is with an infrared light . the outside shell of the cardinal shrimp is so dark that you cannot possibly see the saddle without special equipment . as far as using the principle of the other shrimps species , meaning females are larger and have a curved underbelly , does not apply to the cardinal shrimp unfortunately . males and females seem to look exactly the same .
the species has a red - and white - patterned body that has made it popular in the tropical fish industry . legs and feelers have bands of both red and white along their lengths , eye stalks are red , and the eyes themselves are black and fairly large in size ( 0 . 8 - 0 . 9 x 0 . 4 - 0 . 6 mm ) . the carapace of the species has three red stripes running along it , the final one at the base of the tail , with red coloration running halfway along the top of the head , from the tip . the tail is red along the top and bottom , with a white band along each side . [ 6 ]
home to many endemic fishes , the lake ' s natural temperature is 26 - 29 °c with a ph of 7 . 5 - 8 . 5 , a gh of 4 - 8 , and a kh of 4 - 6 . [ 6 ] as many as 137 individuals can be found living on a single sponge . [ 6 ] they are said to hide between small rocks in shallow water , as well as between large rocks in deeper waters . [ 8 ] they are known to be intolerant of temperatures lower than 25 . 5 °c , which can kill them , to require hard water , and also to require water ph levels no less than 7 . 0 . [ 2 ] [ 9 ]
de grave , s . ; cai , y . ; amnker , a . ( 2008 ) .
global diversity of shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda : caridea ) in freshwater
. hydrobiologia . 595 : 287–293 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10750 - 007 - 9024 - 2 .
von rintelen ; von rintelen ; meixner ; lüter ; cai ; and glaubrecht ( 2007 ) .
freshwater shrimp–sponge association from an ancient lake
. biol lett . 3 ( 3 ) : 262–264 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rsbl . 2006 . 0613 .
this page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .
these lively little invertebrates are highly robust animals which flourish when kept in the right conditions , much to the delight of the nano aquarium enthusiast . the adults measure 3 cm on average . most shrimp varieties have a relatively large tolerance range with regard to water values . a good supply of oxygen is particularly important . if the oxygen level drops too low , this will have an adverse effect on their health .
many varieties thrive at a room temperature of 20 - 22 °c . tropical varieties prefer slightly warmer temperatures , in some instances up to 28 °c . in this case an additional heater is necessary , such as the nano adjustable heater . shrimps will become inactive if the water is too cold .
shrimps are generally omnivores , with a special preference for vegetable - based foods . in addition to algae , their natural diet also includes animal plankton , detritus ( dead vegetable matter , rotting foliage , etc . ) and even carrion . these natural source of nutrition are usually lacking in an aquarium . a high - quality aquarium sind diese natürlichen nahrungsquellen meist nicht ausreichend vorhanden . als ernährungsbasis dient hier ein hochwertiges garnelenfutter , wie zum beispiel dennerle crustagran .
different types of frozen feed ( midge larvae , artemia ) dennerle algae wafers , fresh vegetables ( spinach , courgettes ) dennerle catappa leaves or herbs ( stinging nettles ) should be added to the diet on a regular basis as supplements and to provide a touch of variety .
like all crustaceans , shrimps continue to grow throughout their lives . they thus moult at regular intervals , in order to discard their old shells which have become too small for them . as the body is very soft and extremely vulnerable during moulting , they withdraw to the safety of a hideout . after a few days the new shell has hardened and the shrimps return to their normal lives .
the “crystal red” is the acknowledged king of the dwarf shrimps , its brilliant red shell adding a striking and attractive dash of colour to any nano aquarium .
the “blue tigers” are among the most popular members of this highly colourful shrimp variety . the unusual blue colouring lends them a particularly bizarre appearance .
the bumble bee shrimp is easily confused with the bee shrimp , but it lacks the latter’s orange colouring . an extremely gregarious shrimp variety .
the snow - white eggs of this transparent shrimp variety look like tiny pearls . while one generation of eggs develops in the belly , the next generation is already evolving in the neck area ( egg spot ) .
the red fire shrimp lacks the white component of the above - stated crystal red bee shrimp . the intensive red colouring of this highly fertile shrimp can be teased out to even greater effect with carotenoid - rich feed .
dennerle sponsors the species name for the cardinal shrimp , which has only just been described scientifically .
at the museum for natural history at humboldt university , the systemic biologists - the
surveyors of nature
as it were - describe new species ( taxonomy ) , their family relationships ( systematics ) , their geographical distribution and their ecology , in taxonomic and systematic research projects .
transfer the shrimps together with the water from the transport bag to a large , clean bucket . caution : some shrimp varieties are good jumpers – for safety’s sake , cover the bucket with a cloth . add 1 / 4 litre of aquarium water every 10 - 15 minutes over approx . 2 hours or use an air hose to drip - feed the water into the bucket . the final ratio of transport water to aquarium water should be around 1 : 3 . after acclimatising the shrimps in this way , carefully transfer them to the aquarium with a net .
dennerle supports the online portal which was brought to life by the expert group for wholesale ornamental fish and aquatic plants in the german pet trade & industry association ( zzf ) [ zentralverband zoologischer fachbetriebe deutschlands ] . the intention of the portal is to enable new and advanced aquarists to create functioning aquatics and to achieve aquatic diversity by breeding in their aquarium .
the portal provides information for the aquatics beginner and offers the opportunity to take part in a unique breeding programme for ornamental fish . the platform also includes a knowledge database with species descriptions for fish , invertebrates and plants , as well as the opportunity to exchange ideas in the community and a blog . schools can obtain extensive teaching material here .
experience nature – to ensure that this remains possible , dennerle is supporting the mare - mundi project for scientific research and the ecological protection of the mediterranean sea . the aquatics company sponsors the yellow cluster anemones living wild there . their smaller tropical siblings thrive extremely well in the small saltwater aquaria from the nano marinus range .
by doing this we want to pay back some of our success with the nano marinus cubes to its origins ,
says thomas feierabend , director of marketing & sales at dennerle . with its support of the mare - mundi project , dennerle is following its philosophy of natural aquatics , which has been the focus since the company was founded almost 45 years ago .
dennerle sponsors the species name for the cardinal shrimp which has only just been described scientifically .
at the museum for natural history at humboldt university , berlin , the systemic biologists – the
surveyors of nature
as it were – describe new species ( taxonomy ) , their family relationships ( systematics ) , their geographical distribution and their ecology , in taxonomic and systematic research projects .
the german pet trade & industry association ( zentralverband zoologischer fachbetriebe e . v . )
dennerle is a member of the zzf . the zzf advises , informs and promotes the pet industry in specialist and professional matters and provides opportunities for professionalisation and for the exchange of experiences beyond organisation boundaries .
at the same time the zzf is committed to the responsible and species - appropriate handling of pets and its aim is to actively present the positive effects of caring for pets in accordance with animal welfare , to the public , the media and government as well as other opinion leaders .
association for the promotion of life with pets ( fördergemeinschaft leben mit heimtieren e . v . )
dennerle supports the flh , an industry wide amalgamation of a variety of companies from aquatics and terraristics . the main aim of the association is to actively carry out public relations work to promote the hobbies of aquatics and terraristics . aquatics and terraristics are exciting , modern and very interesting hobbies that deserve more of the limelight .
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very deep red color with white dots . some specimen may differ in red intensity depends on mood and genes .
omnivore with majority of vegetable content . overfeeding of protein can cause health issues . very little feeding required this shimp will feed mostly on microflora or microalgae but will accept some classic shrimp food as well when other food is scarse .
surprisignly breeds well once settled and water parameters are right . female will carry around 15 - 20 eggs for around 3 - 4 weeks .
other sulawesi shrimp tank mates only . can be tried with small fish which can tolerate high ph but not recommended .
24 - 28c degrees , ph range 7 . 5 - 8 . 5 , tds 100 - 120 , gh5 , kh2
ph 7 . 2 - 8 tds 220 - 240 gh 4 ~ 6 kh 2 ~ 4 temp . 26 ~ 27c
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cardinal shrimp care : tank parameters required : ph – 7 . 2 - 8 . 0 gh – 5 - 8 kh – 2 - 5 tds – 150 - 200 temperature – 27 - 31c or 78 – 84f
* all pictures shown are for illustration purposes only . actual product may vary due to natural variation with livestock *
i am so pleased with my order from shrimpfever . com . my order arrived very quickly , and all the shrimp were alive and active . these are by far the finest shrimp i have seen , and i couldn’t be happier with them or the other products i received . i loved the personal and friendly service , and my questions were addressed [ read more… ]
i purchased some shrimp , and was very quick to respond . shipping was very fast , and they were packaged really well , thick foam surrounding all sides of the box . has a very reasonable d . o . a . policy although it wasn’t needed for this transaction , i will definitely order from urltoken again when i want more , would recommend to everyone . 5 [ read more… ]
i used shrimp fever for all my aquarium needs , and they shipped my products with great care and arrived early ! – james c . ( toronto ) , january 2012
similar to keeping any of the asian shrimps , with the exception of a ph greater than 7 . 5 being needed and a temp around 28c , otherwise easy to care for .


the rufous-faced crake ( laterallus xenopterus ) is a species of bird in the family rallidae .

it is found in the pantanal ; its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

rufous - faced crake

embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
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title =
arkive species - rufous - faced crake ( laterallus xenopterus )
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the rufous - faced crake inhabits grasslands , with dense tussock - grasses , in shallowly flooded or marshy areas , often with around 3 cm of standing water ( 2 ) .
song is a drawn - out , slightly descending trill , quite similar to e . g . rufous - sided crake
taylor , b . , boesman , p . , de juana , e . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . rufous - faced crake ( laterallus xenopterus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the rufous - faced crake occurs in a number of protected areas , such as brazilia national park , brazil ; paso bravo national park , paraguay and estación biológica beni , a unesco - mab biosphere reserve in bolivia ( 3 ) . however , such areas offer differing levels of protection , and one specific proposed conservation measure is to implement effective protection of paso bravo national park . surveys to determine its exact distribution have also been proposed , particularly concentrating on the large gaps in its known distribution where there is similar habitat ( 3 ) .
14 cm . tiny , distinctively patterned rail . rufous - chestnut head and neck , duller brown back . blackish wings and tail . wing - coverts boldly barred black and white . orange - buff upper breast , with paler throat . rest of underparts white , barred black on belly . largely black undertail - coverts . blackish maxilla with turquoise cutting edge and mandible . grey - brown legs .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
can show thin barring on wings but has drab brown head and upper neck .
song is a drawn out , slightly descending trill similar to other crakes ( e . g .
capper , d . , clay , r . p . , mazar barnett , j . & velazquez , m .
this species has been recorded from only ten widely disjunct areas , and is presumed to have a small population which is declining in line with the decreasing area , extent and quality of suitable habitat within its range . for these reasons , it is listed as vulnerable . however , further surveys may find the species at additional locations and this may result in its downlisting to near threatened .
. 1996 , d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
. 1998 ) and estancia cristalino ( tobias and seddon 2007 ) , beni department . recent records have shown that it is more widespread than previously thought
. 1998 , d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
. 2014 ) and it may even occur in north - east argentina ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
a population estimate of 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 has been interpreted from recent records , the observation that it is relatively frequent in distrito federal , brazil , and the fact that it appears to be more widely distributed that previously assumed . this would equate to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . verification of this estimate is desirable . trend justification : this species ' s population is suspected to be declining slowly , in line with habitat loss and degradation within its range .
it inhabits low - lying marshes or inundated grasslands in the cerrado region , where there are dense tussock - grasses ( 0 . 3 - 2 m in height ) and usually 0 . 5 - 2 cm of standing water ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
. suitable grasslands are often located in areas of undulating terrain adjacent to gallery forest ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
, with most of the destruction having occurred since 1950 ( cavalcanti 1999 ) . in brazil , the main threat is the wholesale loss of wet
. 2014 ) . however , wet valley - bottoms are perhaps the least suitable habitat - type in the region for intensive agriculture and the species appears to tolerate some burning ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
1999 ) . the most significant threat is possibly the widespread use of pesticides , fertilisers and other chemicals ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
. however , the drying effects of plantations has affected one part of brasília , paso bravo has yet to be consolidated and large parts of estancia tapytá have been afforested ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
survey using tape - playback , concentrating on the large gaps in its distribution in the brazilian cerrado , concepción , amambay and san pedro departments , north - east paraguay , and areas of similar habitat in north - east argentina ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay
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n bolivia ( beni ) # r # r , sc brazil ( mato grosso , goiás , são paulo , minas gerais and federal district ) # r and c paraguay .
14cm ; 3 unsexed 51–53 g . tail relatively long , bill stout and tarsus short . sexes alike . distinguished from other
inhabits coarse , tussocky or matted grass on moist to shallowly flooded substrates in marshes . . . .
nothing recorded . specimens captured in traps baited with peanut butter , rolled oats , cracked maize and banana .
vulnerable . reliably known from a dozen scattered localities , but recent records indicate that it is likely to be more widespread . in c paraguay the type was collected at . . .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : laterallus xenopterus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
this small , but distinctive bird is a member of the rail family rallidae , a group of ground - dwelling birds , and gets its common name from the strong yellowish pink to orangey - red colour of its head and neck . the back , wings and fairly long tail are dark brown , and the feathers at the leading edge of the wing are barred blackish - brown and white . the underparts are white , and barred black on the belly ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . its stout bill is blue - grey , as are its legs and feet , and the iris is red . males and females are very similar in appearance ( 4 ) .
this is a very poorly - known species , with very little information regarding its diet , behaviour or breeding , which suggests that this bird is very secretive . it uses runways in grass made by small mammals or water channels ( 4 ) .
occurs in only approximately ten locations distributed over eastern paraguay , central brazil and central bolivia ( 2 ) .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1996 ) handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 3 : hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .
taylor , b . ( 1998 ) rails : a guise to the rails , crakes , gallinules and coots of the world . pica press , robertsbridge .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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avibase has been visited 263 , 295 , 110 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
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, this species qualifies as the
hardest
of all to get on your life list . its an inhabitant of dense vegetation in wet cerrado and globally it is known only from a few disjunct sites . it is however a distinctive bird if seen well , note particularly its bluish bill - other
figure 1 - ( fpave2251ph ) adult , aguara đu , mbaracay˙ biosphere reserve , departamento candindey˙ ( alberto madro˝o / fundaciˇn moises bertoni august 1996 ) .
designed by paul smith 2006 . this website is copyrighted by law . material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay . material on this page was provided by myriam velßzquez , alberto madro˝o and juan mazar barnett and is used with their permission .
laterallus xenopterus 1 ( fpave2252re ) contact calls recorded aguara - đu , mbaracay˙ biosphere reserve , departamento canindey˙ ( juan mazar barnett august 1997 ) . 2 ( fpave2253re ) song recorded aguara - đu , mbaracay˙ biosphere reserve , departamento canindey˙ ( juan mazar barnett august 1997 ) . 3 ( fpave2254re ) song after playback recorded aguara - đu , mbaracay˙ biosphere reserve , departamento canindey˙ ( juan mazar barnett august 1997 ) . 4 ( fpave2255re ) trills and purrs after playback recorded aguara - đu , mbaracay˙ biosphere reserve , departamento canindey˙ ( juan mazar barnett december 1997 ) . 5 ( fpave2256re ) song recorded aguara - đu , mbaracay˙ biosphere reserve , departamento canindey˙ ( myriam velßzquez november 2000 ) . click the links to hear the calls . longer versions of this call can be downloaded from the paraguay page of our partner website xeno - canto - the largest collection of freely downloadable neotropical bird calls available online .
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berthelinia ganapati is a species of a sea snail with a shell comprising two separate hinged pieces or valves .

it is a marine gastropod mollusk in the family juliidae .

berthelinia ganapati

phrases that include ganapati : berthelinia ganapati , dagadusheth halwai ganapati temple , g . ganapati sastriar , ganapati atharvashirsa , list of ganapati temples , more . . . words similar to ganapati : ganesa , ganesh , ganesha , more . . .
berthelinia caribaea m . edmunds , 1963 = » berthelinia caribbea m . edmunds , 1963
berthelinia chloris belvederica a . m . keen & g . smith , 1961 = » berthelinia chloris ( w . h . dall , 1918 )
click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where
ganapati
is defined .
berthelinia typica ( j . h . gatliff & c . j . gabriel , 1911 )
berthelinia ( anomalomya ) corrugata a . e . m . cossmann , 1887 † ( fossil )
berthelinia ( anomalomya ) elata a . e . m . cossmann , 1887 † ( fossil )
ganapati pn , sarma aln ( 1970 ) bivalved gastropods of the indian seas . proc ind nat sci acad 38b ( 3 and 4 ) : 240–241
ganapati pn , sarma aln ( 1972 ) faunal associations of algae in the intertidal region of vishakhapatanam . proc ind nat sci acad 38b ( 5 and 6 ) : 380–396
subfamily : bertheliniinae - genus : berthelinia j . c . h . crosse , 1875 ( db : 16 sp )
scintilla chloris w . h . dall , 1918 = » berthelinia chloris ( w . h . dall , 1918 )
berthellina pseudochloris e . a . kay , 1964 = » berthelinia pseudochloris ( e . a . kay , 1964 )
( of berthelinia ( tamanovalva ) kawaguti & baba , 1959 ) sarma , a . l . n . 1975 . three new species of the bivalved gastropods julia and berthelinia found in eastern indian ocean . venus 34 : 11 - 25 . [ details ]
tamanovalva waltairensis a . l . n . sarma , 1975 = » berthelinia waltairensis ( a . l . n . sarma , 1975 )
subfamily : bertheliniinae - subgenus : berthelinia ( anomalomya ) a . e . m . cossmann , 1887 † ( db : 2 sp )
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except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .
search for ' ' returned 105 matching records , showing records 1 - 100 . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]
ascobulla pusilla ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1869 ) accepted as ascobulla fischeri ( a . adams & angas , 1864 )
cylindrobulla fischeri a . adams & angas , 1864 accepted as ascobulla fischeri ( a . adams & angas , 1864 )
cylindrobulla pusilla g . nevill & h . nevill , 1869 accepted as ascobulla fischeri ( a . adams & angas , 1864 )
cylindrobulla sculpta g . nevill & h . nevill , 1869 accepted as ascobulla fischeri ( a . adams & angas , 1864 )
cylindrobulla turtoni bartsch , 1915 accepted as volvatella laguncula g . b . sowerby iii , 1894
cylindrobulla ulla er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1970 accepted as ascobulla ulla ( er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1970 )
worms - world register of marine species - juliidae e . a . smith , 1885
bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
( of prasinidae stoliczka , 1871 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to genbank to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to itis
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
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- - - - - - family : juliidae e . a . smith , 1885 ( sea ) db counters : genus = 8 , subgenus = 1 , species = 32 , subspecies = 1 ( 16 species and 1 subspecies have images ) db counters include fossil taxa : species = 9 , subspecies = 0
camptoceratops americanus garvie , 1992 † = » camptoceratops priscus h . h . godwin - austen , 1882 †
subfamily : bertheliniinae - genus : namnetia a . e . m . cossmann , 1905 † ( db : 2 sp )
namnetia sphaericula ( a . e . m . cossmann , 1886 † ) ( fossil )
subfamily : gougerotiinae - genus : hemiplicatula g . p . deshayes , 1861 † ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : juliinae - genus : julia a . gould , 1862 ( db : 10 sp )
alder j , hancock a ( 1864 ) notice of a collection of nudibranchiate mollusca made in india by walter elliot esq . , with descriptions of several new genera and species . trans zool soc lond 5 pp 113–147 ( pls 28–33 )
apte da ( 2009 ) opisthobranch fauna of lakshadweep islands india with 52 new records to lakshadweep and 40 new records to india part 1 . j bombay nat hist soc 106 ( 2 ) : 162–175
apte da ( 2012 ) field guide to the marine life of india . animesh apte , mumbai , p 502
( rüppell and leuckart 1828 ) from lakshadweep archipelago , india . j bombay nat hist soc 107 ( 3 ) : 261–262
apte da , bhave vj , parasharya d ( 2010 ) an annotated and illustrated checklist of the opisthobranch fauna of gulf of kutch gujarat india with 20 new records for gujarat and 14 new records for india part 1 . j bombay nat hist soc 107 ( 1 ) : 14–23
baba k ( 1986 ) janolus in japan . shells sea life 18 ( 11 ) : 182–184
( pease 1860 ) ( anthobranchia : doridoidea : dorididae ) . the veliger 36 ( 2 ) : 124–133
kelaart a rare nudibranch from the indian subcontinent . mem nat mus victoria 31 37–40 ( pl 6 )
dhivya p , sachithanandam v , mohan pm ( 2012 ) new records on the opisthobranch fauna of the andaman islands india . indian j geomarine sci 41 ( 3 ) : 215–217
eliot cne ( 1906a ) on the nudibranchs of southern india and ceylon with special reference to the drawings by kelaart and the collections belonging to alder and hancock preserved in the hancock museum at newcastle - on - tyne . proc zool soc london 2 : 636–691 ( pls 42–47 )
. in : j stanley gardiner ( ed ) the fauna and geography of the maldive and laccadive archipelagos being the account of the work carried on and of the collections made by an expedition during the years 1899 and 1900 . 2 : 540–573 ( pl 32 )
eliot cne ( 1909 ) report on the nudibranchs collected by mr . james hornell at okhamandal in kattiawar in 1905–1906 . in : report to the government of baroda on the marine zoology of okhamandal . 1 pp 137–145
eliot cne ( 1910a ) nudibranchs collected by mr stanley gardiner from the indian ocean in hms sealark . in : reports of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905 under the leadership of mr . j . stanley gardiner ma . trans linn soc zool series 2 13 ( 2 ) : 411–439 ( pl 25 )
eliot cne ( 1910b ) notes on nudibranchs from the indian museum . rec ind mus 5 ( 4 ) : 247–252 ( pl 19 )
eliot cne ( 1916 ) mollusca nudibranchiata . in : fauna of the chilka lake . mem ind mus 5 : 375–380
farran gp ( 1905 ) report on the opisthobranchiate mollusca collected by professor herdman at ceylon in 1902 . in : report to the government of ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the gulf of manaar . part 3 suppl rept ( 21 ) : 329–364 ( pls 1–6 )
( class : gastropoda ; family : hydatinidae ) from the northeast coast of india . mar biod rec 2 : 161
gosliner tm , behrens dw , valdes a ( 2008 ) indo - pacific nudibranchs and sea slugs a field guide to the world’s most diverse fauna . sea challengers natural history books and the california academy of sciences p 426
. in : report to the government of baroda on the marine zoology of okhamandal . 1 : 145–148
hornell j ( 1949 ) opisthobranchia . in the study of indian mollusks ( part ii ) . j bombay nat hist soc 48 ( 3 ) : 547–553
hornell j ( 1951 ) nudibranchia . in : indian molluscs . bom nat hist soc , mumbai 41–42 ( pl 1 )
swennen ( nudibranch ) from the mangrove habitat of mandovi estuary goa ( central west coast ) india . curr sci 96 ( 1 ) : 30–33
( blue ocean slug ) from nagapattinam coastal waters southeast coast of india . int j curr res 5 : 071–073
mcdonald gr ( 2009 ) nudibranch systematic index ( second edition ) . university of california , santa cruz . p 418
melvill jc , abercrombie a ( 1893 ) the marine mollusca of bombay . mem proc manch lit philos soc 47 : 17–51
narayanan kr ( 1968 ) on three opisthobranchs from the south - west coast of india . j mar biol assoc india 10 ( 2 ) : 377–380 ( pls 1–2 )
narayanan kr ( 1969 ) on the opisthobranchiate fauna of the gulf of kutch . in : proc of the symposium on mollusca held at cochin , from jan 12–16 , 1968 part i : 189–213 ( pls 1–2 )
( opisthobranchia : notaspidea ) of the gulf of kutch . j mar biol assoc india 12 ( 1–2 ) : 210–212
narayanan kr ( 1971 ) on two doridacean nudibranchs ( mollusca : gastropoda ) from the gulf of kutch new to indian coast . j bombay nat hist soc 68 ( 1 ) : 280–281
o’donoghue ch ( 1932 ) notes on nudibranchiata from southern india . proc malacol soc lond 20 : 141–166
o’donoghue ch ( 1933 ) kelaart’s work on the nudibranchiata of ceylon . proc malacol soc lond 20 ( 4 ) : 221–226 ( pl 19 )
( ald and han ) . rec ind mus 38 ( 1 ) : 41–79 ( pl 3 )
a new nudibranch ( mollusca : gastropoda ) from madras . j zool soc india 3 ( 2 ) : 229–238
bergh from indian waters not hitherto been recorded . j mar biol assoc india 3 ( 12 ) : 253–256
( kawaguti and baba 1959 ) from the indian ocean . nature 208 : 404–405
bergh 1888 re - described with notes on anatomy and early development . j mar biol assoc india 7 ( 1 ) : 61–68
rao kv ( 1967 ) on a few little known opisthobranchiate mollusca from the palk bay and the gulf of mannar with notes on their development . symposium on mollusca held under the auspices of the mar biol assoc india at ernakulam ( cochin ) , 12–16 jan 1968 , p 37
rao kp ( 1968 ) on a new genus and some new species of opisthobranchiate gastropods of the family eubranchidae from the gulf of mannar . in : proc of the symposium on mollusca held at cochin , from jan . 12–16 , 1968 part i : 51–60
from the gulf of mannar . special publication dedicated to nk panikkar . mar biol assoc india cochin ( india ) p 321–332
ehrenberg from goa : mollusca –nudibranchiata . j mar biol assoc india 15 ( 1 ) : 242–250
( alder and hancock ) . ind j mar sci 2 ( 1 ) : 32–37
( alder and hancock ) . j mar biol assoc india 16 ( 3 ) : 689–699
sp . nov . a sacoglossan mollusc from the gulf of manaar . j mar biol assoc india 5 : 232–238
rao kv , sivadas p , kumary lk ( 1974 ) on three rare doridiform nudibranch molluscs from kavaratti lagoon laccadive islands . j mar biol assoc india 16 ( 1 ) : 113–125
rudman wb ( 1973 ) chromodorid opisthobranch mollusca from the indo - west pacific . zool j linn soc 52 ( 3 ) : 175–199
rudman wb ( 1980 ) aeolid opisthobranch molluscs ( glaucidae ) from the indian ocean and the south - west pacific . zool j linn soc 68 ( 2 ) : 139–172
( mollusca : gastropoda : anaspidea : aplysiidae ) from the andaman sea india . j oceanogr mar sci 2 ( 8 ) : 165–167
found in eastern indian ocean . japanese j malacol venus 34 ( 1and 2 ) : 11–25
satyamurthi st ( 1952 ) the mollusca of krusadai island 1 amphineura and gastropoda . bull mad govt mus ( nat hist ) 1 ( 2 ) : 216–251
alder and hancock 1864 from the inshore waters of bay of bengal along chennai coast . indian j fish 59 ( 1 ) : 151–154
sreeraj cr , rajan pt , raghuraman r , raghunathan c , rajkumar r , immanuel t , ramakrishna ( 2010 ) on some new records of sea slugs ( class : gastropoda subclass : opisthobranchia ) from andaman and nicobar islands . in : recent trends in biodiversity of andaman and nicobar islands zoological survey of india , kolkata , p 289–298
sreeraj cr , sivaperuman c , raghunathan c ( 2012a ) report on ten newly recorded opisthobranchs ( opisthobranchia gastropoda ) from andaman and nicobar islands , india . int j oceano mar ecol syst 1 : 50–59
sreeraj cr , sivaperuman c , raghunathan c ( 2012b ) an annotated checklist of opisthobranch fauna ( gastropoda : opisthobranchia ) of the nicobar islands india . jott 4 ( 4 ) : 2499–2509
subba rao nv , dey a ( 2000 ) catalogue of marine molluscs of andaman and nicobar islands . occasional paper no . 187 rec zool surv india zsi , kolkata p 323
subba rao nv , sastry dk ( 2005 ) fauna of marine national park gulf of kuchchh ( gujarat ) . zoological survey of india p 79
eliot ( mollusca : dorididae ) from the west coast of india . bull zool surv india 2 ( 2–3 ) : 219 pl iv
subba rao kv , maitra s , ramakrishna sb ( 2004 ) marine mollusca ( part - i : polyplacophora gastropoda and scaphopoda ) . zool surv india : state fauna series 8 : fauna of gujarat 263–331
valdes a , mollo e , ortea ja ( 1999 ) two new species of chromodoris ( mollusca nudibranchia chromodorididae ) from southern india with a redescription of chromodoris trimarginata ( winckworth 1946 ) . proc calif acad sci 51 ( 13 ) : 461–472
wawra e ( 1988 ) sand - opisthobranchia aus dem golf von bengalen [ sand opisthobranchia from the bay of bengal ( indian ocean ) ] . ann naturhist mus wien ser b bot zool 90 ( b ) : 427–432
yogesh kumar js , sreeraj cr , sornaraj r ( 2011 ) opisthobranchs of the gulf of mannar biosphere reserve , tamil nadu , india . indian j fish 58 ( 4 ) : 105–114
vishal b . , deepak a . ( 2013 ) current status of indian opisthobranch fauna . in : venkataraman k . , sivaperuman c . , raghunathan c . ( eds ) ecology and conservation of tropical marine faunal communities . springer , berlin , heidelberg


technomyrmex is a genus of ants in the subfamily dolichoderinae .

with 98 species , it is one of the largest and most diverse ant genera in the dolichoderinae .

the genus distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical zones with most species occurring in the oriental-malesian and afrotropical regions .

one species , technomyrmex albipes is a tramp ant now widespread throughout the tropics due to human activities .

technomyrmex

technomyrmex mayr , 1872 : 147 . type - species : technomyrmex strenuus , by monotypy .
richness of technomyrmex species ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . for a list of species and subspecies see the checklist of technomyrmex species or for valid names only see technomyrmex species .
combination in technomyrmex ( tapinoptera ) : santschi , 1925g pdf : 348 ; in technomyrmex : cagniant & espadaler , 1993a pdf : 92 .
technomyrmex laurenti - a conspicuous afrotropical species , usually found in association with various myrmecophytes .
the following species and subspecies belong to the genus technomyrmex . see also invalid species . for a list of species with synonyms and distribution information see checklist of technomyrmex species .
technomyrmex anterops - a malagasy species of very uncertain affinities that forms carton nests on foliage .
technomyrmex lujae - a very distinctive afrotropical species . its palp formula of 4 , 3 is shared only with the malesian technomyrmex reductus , which otherwise does not appear to be closely related .
technomyrmex montaseri sp . n . , a new ant species of the t . gibbosus - group from oman ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) with a key to the technomyrmex species of the arabian peninsula
engramma junior synonym of technomyrmex : shattuck , 1992c : 153 ; bolton , 2007a : 4 .
key to workers of technomyrmex known from the united states , based on bolton ( 2007 ) .
technomyrmex reductus - like lujae this species from borneo has pf 4 , 3 but is otherwise quite different .
bolton ( 2007 ) - the species can be divided into a number of distinctive species groups ( technomyrmex species groups ) .
shattuck , s . o . 1992c . generic revision of the ant subfamily dolichoderinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . sociobiology 21 : 1 - 181 ( page 153 , technomyrmex senior synonym of engramma , and review of genus ; technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini )
technomyrmex ilgi - this afrotropical species is similar to members of the pratensis group , but retains a palp formula of 6 , 4 .
technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini : shattuck , 1992c pdf : 153 ; bolton , 1994 : 26 ; bolton , 2003 pdf : 92 .
technomyrmex arnoldinus - an isolated afrotropical species with reduced cephalic sculpture , large eyes and clypeal notch , and transverse sculpture present on the propodeal dorsum .
bolton , b . 2003 . synopsis and classification of formicidae . mem . am . entomol . inst . 71 : 370pp ( page 92 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini )
sharaf , m . r . ; collingwood , c . a . and aldawood , s . a . 2011 . technomyrmex montaseri sp . n . , a new ant species of the t . gibbosus - group from oman ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) with a key to the technomyrmex species of the arabian peninsula . zookeys . 108 : 11 - 19 . pdf
technomyrmex fulvus - the only neotropical species of the genus and the only endemic species in the entire new world . its distribution is limited to small areas of panama and costa rica .
technomyrmex in dolichoderinae : forel , 1878c pdf : 380 [ dolichoderidae ] ; dalla torre , 1893 pdf : 166 ; emery , 1895l pdf : 771 ; wheeler , 1910a pdf : 142 .
wheeler , w . m . 1910b . ants : their structure , development and behavior . new york : columbia university press , xxv + 663 pp . ( page 142 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae )
bolton , b . 1994 . identification guide to the ant genera of the world . cambridge , mass . : harvard university press , 222 pp . ( page 26 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini )
brown , w . l . , jr . 1953h . characters and synonymies among the genera of ants . part ii . breviora 18 : 1 - 8 ( page 5 , technomyrmex senior synonym of aphantolepis )
forel , a . 1917 . cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis . bull . soc . vaudoise sci . nat . 51 : 229 - 253 ( page 248 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini )
bolton , b . 2007 . taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . contributions of the american entomological institute 35 ( 1 ) : 1 - 149 .
bolton , b . , 2007 , taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . , contributions of the american entomological institute 35 , pp . 1 - 149
bolton , b . 2007b . taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . contributions of the american entomological institute . 35 ( 1 ) : 1 - 149 .
bolton , b . 2007b . taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . contributions of the american entomological institute . 35 ( 1 ) : 1 - 149 .
jaffe , k . 1993 . el mundo de las hormigas . baruta , venezuela : equinoccio ( ediciones de la universidad simón bolívar ) , 188 pp . ( page 9 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini ( anachronism ) )
fernández , f . and r . j . guerrero . 2008 . technomyrmex ( formicidae : dolichoderinae ) in the new world : synopsis and description of a new species . revista colombiana de entomología . 34 : 110 - 115 .
emery , c . 1895l . die gattung dorylus fab . und die systematische eintheilung der formiciden . zool . jahrb . abt . syst . geogr . biol . tiere 8 : 685 - 778 ( page 771 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae )
arnold , g . 1915 . a monograph of the formicidae of south africa . part i . ponerinae , dorylinae . ann . s . afr . mus . 14 : 1 - 159 ( page 147 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini )
dalla torre , k . w . von . 1893 . catalogus hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus . vol . 7 . formicidae ( heterogyna ) . leipzig : w . engelmann , 289 pp . ( page 166 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae )
hita garcia , wiesel and fischer ( 2013 ) - the majority of technomyrmex species nest and forage arboreally or sub - arboreally and even the few species that nest in soil or leaf litter forage on trunks and in the canopy ( bolton , 2007 ) . some specialised myrmecophilous plants have been reported to house technomyrmex species ( hölldobler & wilson , 1990 ) . the diet mainly consists of hemipteran honeydew , though most species also feed on dead or living arthropods or their brood ( bolton , 2007 ) .
forel , a . 1878c . études myrmécologiques en 1878 ( première partie ) avec l ' anatomie du gésier des fourmis . bull . soc . vaudoise sci . nat . 15 : 337 - 392 ( page 380 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae [ dolichoderidae ] )
mayr , g . 1872 . formicidae borneenses collectae a j . doria et o . beccari in territorio sarawak annis 1865 - 1867 . ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . 2 : 133 - 155 ( page 147 , technomyrmex as genus )
technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini : emery , 1913a pdf : 42 ; arnold , 1915 : 147 ; forel , 1917 pdf : 248 ; wheeler , 1922 : 690 ; subsequent authors except those below ; then jaffe , 1993 : 9 ; ward , brady , et al . 2010 : 361 .
wheeler , w . m . 1922i . ants of the american museum congo expedition . a contribution to the myrmecology of africa . vii . keys to the genera and subgenera of ants . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 45 : 631 - 710 ( page 690 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini )
fernández and guerrero ( 2008 ) - technomyrmex and bothriomyrmex could represent those groups probably widespread in the past and now limited to some scattered forested spots in the neotropical forests , probably as retreating lineages . leptomyrmex , also present in miocene times were extinct in the new world , as some others ants taxa ( wilson 1988 ) .
technomyrmex and tapinoma are separated in the female castes by the contrasting morphologies of their gastral apices . in technomyrmex the sclerites of the gastral apex are unspecialised , except that the pygidium is small . gastral tergite 5 is therefore in line with tergites 1 – 4 and as a result all five tergites are visible in dorsal view . in contrast the pygidium in tapinoma is reflexed , the fifth tergite being folded back and down , below the fourth tergite , and is clearly visible in ventral view . also in that view the fourth tergite frequently forms a distinct projecting rim above the reflexed fifth . in consequence only gastral tergites 1 – 4 are visible in dorsal view .
shattuck ( 1992 ) - the majority of species occur from africa , east through southern asia , to australia . a single species ( with one subspecies ) is known from panama , and is the only native new world species . a tramp species ( technomyrmex albipes ) has been widely distributed by human activity , and is known from california and florida ( deyrup 1991 ) , usa , london , england , and many pacific islands ( wilson and taylor 1967 ) .
shattuck ( 1992 ) - species of technomyrmex are most common in moist , forested regions . they nest in the soil , in twigs or branches , or in carton nests under leaves or on tree trunks . they are general scavengers and often forage in columns . at least one species is known to have ergatoid males ( terron 1972 ) , and ergatoid queens have been collected in papua new guinea ( p . s . ward , pers . comm . ) .
bolton ( 2007 ) - ants of the genus technomyrmex are mainly distributed throughout the tropical and sub - tropical zones of the afrotropical region ( 29 species ) and the oriental and malesian regions ( 45 species ) . there are smaller faunae in the malagasy and austral regions ( 12 and 13 species respectively ) and two species that are restricted to the southern palaearctic . strangely , there is also a single , endemic neotropical species that is restricted to small areas of costa rica and panama .
fisher and bolton ( 2007 ) - within the dolichoderinae two genera , tapinoma and technomyrmex , are isolated in their female castes by the synapomorphic extreme reduction of the petiole and its accommodation in a longitudinal groove or impression in the ventral surface of the first gastral tergite , which overhangs and conceals the petiole in dorsal view when the mesosoma and gaster are aligned . the petiole is so reduced in these two genera that in profile there is no trace of a node or scale ; at most there is a very short raised surface immediately behind the peduncle . the function of this raised surface is to provide an insertion - site for the exterior levator muscle of the petiole .
forel , 1878c pdf : 380 ( diagnosis ) ; dalla torre , 1893 pdf : 166 ( catalogue ) ; bingham , 1903 pdf : 301 ( india , sri lanka & burma species key ) ; emery , 1913a pdf : 38 ( engramma diagnosis , catalogue ) ; emery , 1913a pdf : 42 ( diagnosis , catalogue ) ; arnold , 1915 : 147 ( diagnosis , south africa species key ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 201 , 208 , 209 ( engramma , tapinoma , technomyrmex diagnoses ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 202 ( engramma species key ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 922 , 925 ( afrotropical engramma , technomyrmex catalogues ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 1034 ( malagasy catalogue ) ; taylor & brown , 1985 : 106 ( australia catalogue ) ; taylor , 1987a pdf : 77 ( australia , new caledonia & new zealand checklist ) ; shattuck , 1992c pdf : 153 ( diagnosis , review of genus ) ; shattuck , 1994 pdf : 156 ( catalogue ) ; bolton , 1995a pdf : 1053 ( census ) ; bolton , 1995b : 402 ( catalogue ) ; wu & wang , 1995a : 118 ( china species key ) ; collingwood & agosti , 1996 pdf : 360 ( saudi arabia species key ) ; shattuck , 1999 : 83 ( australia synopsis ) ; zhou , 2001a pdf : 158 ( china , guangxi species key ) ; bolton , 2007b pdf : 1 ( all species revision ; afrotropical & west palaearctic species key : 13 ; malagasy species key : 43 ; east palaearctic , oriental , malesian & polynesian species key : 59 ; austral species key : 108 ; new world species key : 119 ) ; fernández & guerrero , 2008 pdf : 110 ( new world synopsis , key ) ; terayama , 2009 pdf : 200 ( taiwan species key ) ; yoshimura & fisher , 2011 pdf : 14 ( malagasy males ) ; sharaf , et al . 2011 : 15 ( arabian peninsula species key ) ; cantone , 2017 pdf : 124 ( brief male diagnosis ) ; yamane , leong & lin , 2018 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4410 . 1 . 2 pdf : 36 ( taiwan species key , male genitalia ) .
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shattuck ( 1992 ) - worker : fifth gastral tergite dorsal ; petiolar scale reduced or absent ; first gastral segment projecting anteriorly and concealing petiole in dorsal view ; anteromedial clypeal margin with a broad , shallow concavity , or with a distinct , central notch separated from the general outline of the margin by indistinct , arched corners ; dorsal face of propodeum shorter than declivitous face ; generally 2 to 10 erect hairs on pronotum . primarily old world , with one species in central america and a widespread tramp species . queen : petiolar scale reduced ; fifth gastral tergite dorsal ; dorsal face of propodeum shorter than declivitous face ; first gastral segment projecting anteriorly and concealing petiole in dorsal view ; basal angle of mandible indistinct , with a relatively uninterrupted curve between the masticatory and basal margins ; hind wing without closed cells . male : anteromedial clypeal margin with a broad , shallow concavity ; mandible with about 19 teeth , and with the basal margin denticulate along the entire surface ; petiolar scale strongly inclined anteriorly ; first gastral segment projecting anteriorly , concealing the petiole in dorsal view ; hind wing without closed cells .
this genus can be most easily separated from other dolichoderines based on the configuration of the gaster . the terminal gastral tergite is dorsal , giving the gaster a five - segmented appearance in dorsal view . in a few african species , the fifth gastral tergite is positioned more vertically than in most other members of the genus , but the tergite is still just visible in dorsal view .
species richness by country based on regional taxon lists ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . view data
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
aphantolepis wheeler , w . m . 1930d : 44 . type - species : aphantolepis quadricolor , by monotypy .
engramma forel , 1905b : 180 . type - species : engramma lujae , by monotypy .
tapinoptera santschi , 1925g : 348 [ as subgenus of tapinoma ] . type - species : tapinoma vexatum , by monotypy .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
shape pheidoloid or dolichoderoid . protuberances present as a single boss on posterior of body . body hairs sparse ; simple ; short . 9 spiracular pairs . antennae short .
bolton ( 2007 ) - there are four fossil species currently included in the genus , mostly dubiously so . two of these are from the dominican amber , one from the sicilian amber and one from an impression fossil from china .
hita garcia , f . ; wiesel , e . ; fischer , g . 2013 . the ants of kenya ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) - faunal overview , first species checklist , bibliography , accounts for all genera , and discussion on taxonomy and zoogeography . journal of east african natural history 101 : 127 - 222 . doi : 10 . 2982 / 028 . 101 . 0201
this page was last modified on 19 june 2018 , at 15 : 11 .
bolton noted : a number of groups of related species can be delimited , with varying degrees of certainty , within the genus . several individual species that do not fall into any group are left as a residue , usually because each shows striking autapomophies but very few characters that link them to any larger group . for the present each of these isolated species has been placed in its own monotypic group .
this page contains a list of the species groups and , for what could be considered a monotypic species groups , brief notes . the later are more clearly defined in the text given on their respective species pages . species groups with more than a single species have their own page that can be found by following the respective links given below .
this page was last modified on 19 june 2017 , at 18 : 39 .
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litter - dwelling ants nest in a variety of pre - existing natural cavities . this african
has moved part of their colony into an old nutshell . kibale forest , uganda .
afrotropical , australasia , indomalaya , malagasy , neotropical , oceania , palearctic bioregions ( based on species list records ) .
ward , p . s . , 2005 , a synoptic review of the ants of california ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 936 , pp . 1 - 68 : 28 , ( download )
forel , a . , 1891 , histoire naturelle des hymenopteres . deuxieme partie : les formicides . , histoire physique , naturelle et politique de madagascar . , paris : l ' imprimerie nationale , pp . 1 - 231 : 97 , ( download )
wheeler , w . m . , 1922 , the ants collected by the american museum congo expedition . , bulletin of the american museum of natural history 45 , pp . 39 - 269 : 208 , ( download )
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bolton , 2007b pdf : 45 , figs . 22 , 36 ( w . q . )
madagascar . malagasy . primary type information : madagascar , fianarantsoa , pn ranomafana , talatakely , 21°14 . 9 ' s , 47°25 . 5 ' e , 900 m , montane rainforest , 14 . iv . 1998 , coll . j . schweikert , collection code antl2602 ; casent0097891 ; casc .
paratyp1c and other worker material . measurements : tl 3 . 3 - 4 . 2 , hl 0 . 84 - 0 . 96 , hw 0 . 72 - 0 . 90 , sl 0 . 82 - 1 . 00 , pw 0 . 47 - 0 . 58 , wl 1 . 16 - 1 . 36 ( 10 measured ) . indices : ci 86 - 95 , si 100 - 116 , oi 22 - 25 , epi 50 - 60 , dti 150 - 162 . as holotype but in the smallest paratype ( casent0097892 ) the posterior margin of the head is more deeply impressed , the sides of the head in front of the eyes are shallowly concave and the outer margins of the eyes just touch the outline of the sides in full - face view . some paratypes lack full adult colour and are lighter everywhere than the holotype . the pronotal dorsum has 2 - 4 pairs of short setae and the minute pair of setae on the mesonotum are easily lost by abrasion . head shape varies with size ; smaller workers generally have the sides behind the eyes less strongly convex than larger workers .
holotype worker , madagascar : fianarantsoa prov . , ranomafana n . p . , talatakely , 900 m . , 21°14 . 9 ' s , 47°25 . 5 ' e , 14 . iv . 1998 , casent0097891 , antl2602 ( j . schweikert ) ( casc ) .
paratypes . 4 workers with same data but casent numbers 0097888 , 0097889 , 0097890 , 0097892 ( casc ) .
this conspicuous , size - variable and distinctively coloured species makes carton nests on foliage . apart from this its size , anteriorly located eyes , broadly rounded propodeum where the dorsum curves evenly into the declivity and very short gastral setae combine to make this species very distinct among the malagasy
the nest series from andrasibe collected by ward also contains a few alate queens . the total number of specimens known is small , but no worker - queen intercastes have been seen .
madagascar : prov . antsiranana , for . ambanitaza ( b . l . fisher ) ; antsiranana , sakalava beach ( r . harin ' hala ) ; prov . toamasina , for . ambatovy ( b . l . fisher ) ; 8 km . ese andrasibe ( = perinet ) ( p . s . ward ) ; res . perinet - analamazoatra ( d . m . olson ) .
10 times found in rainforest , 4 times found in montane rainforest , 1 times found in across sandy trail in dwarf littoral forest , 1 times found in montane shrubland , on rock , 1 times found in near zoo , 1 times found in tropical dry forest .
2 times ex carton nest , 4 times on low vegetation , 1 times leaf nest from tree at riverbank near research cabins , 1 times carton nest on foliage , 1 times nest in leaves , 1 times near waterfall on leaves .
1 times 4 malaise traps , 4 times beating low vegetation , 1 times malaise trap , 1 times pitfall trap , pf 25 cup sample transect , 5m , 1 times pitfall trap .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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