margaret 's batis or boulton 's batis ( batis margaritae ) is a species of small bird in the wattle-eyes family , platysteiridae .

it is found in south western central africa .

margaret ' s batis

margaret ' s batis ( batis margaritae ) is a species of bird in the platysteiridae family .
the senegal batis is monotypic and any proposed subspecies are considered to be untenable . it appears to forma superspecies with grey - headed batis , chinspot batis , pririt batis and pale batis , with a possible overlap with pale batis in cameroon .
boulton , r ( 1934 ) new birds from angola . proc . biol . soc . wash . 47 : 45–48 . [ type description of margaret ' s batis , collected at mount moco ]
the gabon batis or verreaux ' s batis ( batis minima ) is a species of small bird in the family platysteiridae . it occurs in the humid forests of western central africa .
this coexistence , along with the geographical distribution of certain subspecies populations ( e . g . of margaret ' s batis ) , suggests that speciation occurred in cryptosepalum forest fragments when bird populations were isolated there during drier climate cycles .
( vieillot , 1818 ) – c & s botswana and w south africa ( e to free state , in s from s namaqualand e to w eastern cape ) .
the forest batis or short - tailed batis ( batis mixta ) is a species of bird in the wattle - eye family , platysteiridae occurring in eastern africa .
the forest batis or short - tailed batis ( batis mixta ) is a species of bird in the wattle - eye family , platysteiridae occurring in eastern africa .
the angolan batis ( batis minulla ) is a species of bird in the family platysteiridae . it is found in western central africa .
mills , m . s . l . ( 2007a ) swierstra’s spurfowl pternistis swierstrai : a bibliography and summary of museum skins . bull . abc 14 : 175–180 .
( elliot , 1897 ) – s ethiopia , djibouti , n & s somalia and locally ne uganda ( mt moroto ) and n kenya ( moyale area ) .
louette , m . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . margaret ' s batis ( batis margaritae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
c . m . n . white , 1941 – s drcongo ( shilatembo , in s katanga ) and nw zambia ; possibly also extreme e angola ( e moxico ) .
the ecoregion lies within the eastern portion of the cameroon and gabon lowlands endemic bird area ( eba ) , and includes forest batis ( batis minima ) , rachel ' s malimbe ( malimbus racheliae ) , and forest swallow ( hirundo fuliginosa ) .
779 species . 1 endemic species : chaplin ' s barbet , on 1977 birds of zambia .
bingham , m . 1995 . zambia’s vegetation . retrieved ( 2000 ) from : urltoken vegetati . htm
( heuglin , 1870 ) – e sudan , ethiopia ( except sw & s ) and eritrea .
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the dark batis has a variety of whistling and harsh churring calls and its wings make a whirring sound in flight . the male ' s song is a series of short , low whistles .
the cape batis ( batis capensis ) is a small passerine bird in the wattle - eye family . it is resident in the highlands of southern and eastern south africa and zimbabwe .
b . m . ultima is smaller than the nominate with the make having a narrow white supercilium and a norrower breastband and b . m . reichenow shows a poorly defined chispot and otherwise looks closer to the cape batis batis capensis . genetic studies have shown that reichenowi , which was previously split either as a species in its own right or as a subspecies of cape batis , nestles within mixta but that the previously lumped dark batis batis brypta is a separate species .
the main call of the pygmy batis is a ling series of repeated sharp high pitched whistles .
ili nepre ne batis lin , they could not have ( surely did not ) beat him .
ili batis lin same kiel vin , they beat him the same as ( they did ) you .
mostly resident . some n - s movement in sw cape province , where it arrives during austral winter ; . . .
ili batis lin same kiel vi , they beat him in the same way as you ( did ) .
the pririt batis ( batis pririt ) also known as the pririt puff - back flycatcher or pririt puffback , is a small passerine bird in the wattle - eye family . it is resident in western and central southern africa .
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this species is very similar to the west african batis batis occulta and this somewhat masks its true distribution but the gabon batis has been found in gabon , the monte alen national park in equatorial guinea , the lowland dja area in southern cameroon and it has recently been discovered in the dzanga - ndoki national park in the extreme south of the central african republic .
the senegal batis inhabits low dry thorny scrub , sparsely treed grasslands and woody savannahs , including open acacia and baobab woodlands .
the pygmy batis ( batis perkeo ) is a very small insectivorous bird which finds its food foraging among leaves , it is a member of the wattle - eyes family , the platysteiridae . it occurs in the dry savannahs of north - eastern africa .
. cd - rom . cambridge , uk : birdlife international . [ information on the status of threatened birds , including swierstra ' s fracolin ] ]
( wahlberg , 1855 ) – sw angola ( s from benguela ) , namibia , w botswana and nw south africa ( nw northern cape ) .
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huntley , b . j . ( 1974 ) outlines of wildlife conservation in angola . j . s . afr wildl . management assoc . 5 : 157–166 .
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the family is overwhelmingly sedentary . however , some batis species undertake season migrations as well as some local movements due to changing local conditions .
others feed on grubs , such as the chaffinch , the sparrow , the ‘ batis ’ , the green linnet , and the titmouse .
mills , m . s . l . ( 2007b ) vocalisations of angolan birds . volume 1 . cd - rom . cape town : birdsangola and birding africa .
muleta , s . , p . simasiku , g . kalyocha , c . kasutu , m . walusiku and s . mwiya . 1996 . proposed terms of reference for the preparation of the management plan for liuwa plains national park . report prepared for iucn upper zambezi wetlands and natural resources management project , western province , zambia .
mills , m . s . l . ( 2009 ) vocalisations of angolan birds : new descriptions and other notes . bull . abc 16 ( 2 ) : 150–166 .
the pygmy batis occurs in southern ethiopia , extreme south eastern south sudan , southern somalia , eastern uganda , inland kenya and north eastern tanzania .
mills , m . s . l . ( in prep . ) vocalisations of angolan birds . volume 2 . cd - rom . cape town : birdsangola and birding africa .
au levant , au septentrion et au midi , elle a une grande plaine ; au ponant , une montagne au pied de laquelle sont batis les faubourgs .
the senegal batis is found from southern mauritania , senegal and gambia east to nigeria and north and central cameroon , east to the benoué plain and mandara mountains .
collar , n . j . and stuart , s . n . ( 1985 ) threatened birds of africa and related islands . cambridge , uk : international council for bird preservation / iucn .
ruiz - esparza , j . , da rocha , p . a . , ribeiro , a . d . , ferrari , s . f . & araujo , h . f . p .
the main call of the senegal batis is a series of medium piched double and triple note whistles which do not vary in pitch and are frequently introduced with buzzy notes .
benson , c . w . and m . p . s . irwin . 1965 . the birds of cryptosepalum forests , zambia . arnoldia ( rhodesia ) 28 ( 1 ) : 1 - 12 .
alexander , 1908 – ne nigeria ( just w of l chad from arege to malamfatori ) , ne cameroon , s chad , n central african republic , sw sudan , south sudan and w ethiopia .
collar , n . j . and stuart , s . n . ( 1988 ) key forests for threatened birds in africa . icbp monograph no 3 . cambridge , uk : international council for bird preservation .
mills , m . s . l . and dean , w . r . j . ( 2007 ) notes on angolan birds : new country records , range extensions and taxonomic questions . ostrich 78 : 55–63 .
the gabon batis is suspected to be experiencing a reduction in range and population as a result of forest clearance and degradation , however the rate of the suspected decline has not been estimated .
hall , b . p . ( 1960 ) the ecology and taxonomy of some angolan birds . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) 6 : 367–463 . [ notes on swierstra ' s francolin ]
mills , m . s . l . , franke , u . , joseph , g . , miato , f . , milton , s . , monadjem , a . , oschadleus , d . and dean , w . r . j . ( in press ) cataloguing the lubango bird skin collection : towards an atlas of angolan bird distributions . bull . abc mills , m . s . l . , olmos , f . , melo , m . and dean , w . r . j . ( submitted ) . the avifauna of the highlands of western angola and the importance of conserving shrinking afromontane forests at the proposed mount moco special reserve . bird conserv . int .
collar , n . j . and s . n . stuart . 1985 . threatened birds of africa and related islands . the icbp / iucn red data book , part 1 . 3rd edition . icbp , cambridge , uk .
louette , m . ( 2018 ) . pririt batis ( batis pririt ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
louette , m . ( 2018 ) . grey - headed batis ( batis orientalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the forest batis has a slightly shorter tail . males of the two species are very similar but forest batises have a narrower breastband and usually some hint of a white supercilium which is lacking in the male dark batis . the females are more distinctive : female forest batises have a paler breast and chin with more white tips giving a mottled appearance . there is a conspicuous white supercilium and a broad rufous wing - stripe .
schulze , r . e . and o . s . mcgee . 1978 . climatic indices and classification in relation to the biogeography of southern africa . m . j . a . werger , editor . biogeography and ecology of southern africa . w . junk , the hague .
the calls of the angola batis are little known , the territorial call is a series of high - pitched notes ,
zee - zee - zee - zee - zee
, which has been likened to a squeaky bicycle pump .
the presence of the angola batis in south eastern gabon is yet to be confirmed but the species occurs in the southern congo through western democratic republic of congo into northern angola south to the quiçama national park , 70 km from luanda .
one species , the banded wattle - eye , is considered threatened by human activities . the species has a restricted range in cameroon that is vulnerable to forest clearance and is listed as endangered by the iucn . two further species are considered near - threatened , the gabon batis and the white - fronted wattle - eye ; both species are threatened by habitat loss . some species are also very poorly known , and one species , the dark batis , was only identified as a species in 2006
taxonomy : batis diops jackson , 1905 , ruwenzori , drcongo . this species and b . margaritae probably belong to the superspecies that also contains b . capensis , b . reichenowi , b . mixta , b . crypta and b . fratrum . monotypic .
size and body proportions are quite variable within this family . the genus dyaphorophyia is very short - tailed , and most batis species are rather short - tailed , but the platysteira wattle - eyes have a moderately long tail . among the shrike - flycatchers , megabyas . . .
the angola batis occurs in secondary and riverine gallery forest , thick woodland dominated by croton spp as well as adjacent bush , tickets and the ecotone between forest and savannah . occasionally recorded in dry woodland , especially in the southern part of its range , as well as coffee plantations .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : batis margaritae . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
the breeding biology of the gabon batis is little known but young have been observed during the rainy season following the short dry season , september and february in gabon , and the young stay with their parents for an extended period . solitary , probably dispersing immatures were seen in the long dry season in july and august .
taxonomy : batis margaritae boulton , 1934 , mount moco , 6500 feet [ c . 1980 m ] , angola . this species and b . diops probably belong to the superspecies that also contains b . capensis , b . reichenowi , b . mixta , b . crypta and b . fratrum . two subspecies recognized .
the gabon batis is found in lowland forest , normally lower than 800m . it avoids primary rainforest , other than at the forest edge , and prefers secondary forest with a dense but broken canopy and thick , low undergrowth , as well as overgrown cacao and coffee plantations . it avoids cultivated land and the vicinity of villages and other man - made habitats .
warm , cloudy nights , with a little wind stirring , are generally the most favourable ; but one of the best nights i ever had amongst the
peach blossoms
and
buff arches
( thyatira batis and derasa ) was in a wood in warwickshire , when the rain fell in torrents , accompanied with fierce lightning and thunder , from about 11 p . m .
the gabon batis is an arboreal forager , preferring to find food above heights of 5m from the ground . it is attracted by flowering trees and prefers to forage in small leafed trees . prey is gleaned from leaves by hovering beside the tree , or in flight or is disturbed by the moving bird and swooped on . the favoured prey is various insects between 5mm and 15mm in length .
description location and general description this small but distinctive ecoregion consists almost entirely of dense evergreen forest dominated by cryptosepalum exfoliatum pseudotaxus , known locally as
mavunda .
it falls into white’s ( 1983 ) zambezian regional center of endemism and is mapped as ‘zambezian dry evergreen forest . ’ the two main blocks of cryptosepalum forest are found to the north and south of the kabompo river . together they constitute the largest area of tropical evergreen forest in africa outside the equatorial zone ( bingham 1995 ) .
it is an arboreal forager and its insect prey is mostly gleaned from foliage , in the outer patrts of branches , sometimes on trunks or stems but almost never on the ground . it will flycatch or hawk insects in the air , making sallies of up to 2m to catch prey from a perch , has also been known to impale larger prey on thorns . the fork - tailed drongo has been recorded as kelptoparasitising prey from the senegal batis .
only one protected area , the west lunga national park , falls within this ecoregion . it is surrounded in the east , north and west by game management areas , which provide some protection to game in the form of hunting restrictions . details of the park are found in wcmc’s protected areas database ( http : \ \ www . wcmc . org . uk ) . the large lavushi manda national park falls within the central zambezian miombo woodland ecoregion , but includes some cryptosepalum forest patches along rivers within miombo brachystegia - julbernardia woodland vegetation .
the pygmy batis is an active , arboreal bird which lives in pairs or small family groups . its habits are considered to be likely to be similar to other savannah batises . they feed mainly within the foliage and glean most of their insect prey from leaves and twigs , with a small proportion taken on the wing . it will join other bird species in mixed foraging parties . the breeding biology is almost unknown but egg laying probably occurs in february and march .
the habits of the forest batis are little known , there have been indications of breeding behaviour in may and june in kenya , september and october in tanzania and a single nest with a clutch of 2 eggs has been recorded . like other batises the largest groups seen are small family groups and pairs are territorial . calling males make a repetitive , slow series of hu - hu - hu - hu whistles and they puff their white throat feathers out while performing this song .
the pygmy batis , as its name suggests , is a tint , rather dumpy but dapper black , white and grey bird with similarities to the flycatchers . the male has a bluish - grey head and back with a contrasting black face mask and short white supercilium above the yellow eye . the rump and lower back are spotted with white and the rump feathers are relatively long giving a fluffy appearance . it has black wings which have a broad white strip formed by the broad white edges to feathers of the median and greater coverts , and the inner secondaries and tertials . the tail is black but the outer tail feathers have white edges and tips . the underparts are white , broken with a narrow black breast band . the females are similar to the males but have a pale rufous - buff breast band and chin and the face mask , supercilium and wing stripe are buffy brown . the bill and legs are black . the pygmy batis has a body length of 8–9 cm and a weight of 5–9g .
taxonomy : batis reichenowi grote , 1911 , mikindani , tanzania . forms a superspecies with b . capensis , b . mixta , b . crypta and b . fratrum , probably also with b . margaritae and b . diops . formerly considered a race of b . capensis or , more often , of b . mixta ; has some characteristics of both , and recent genetic and morphological information links it most closely to latter ; contrary to some published statements , however , there is no acoustic evidence for its inclusion in either . monotypic .
the habits of the angola batis are little known , it feeds on insects which are often caught in the air by sallying from a perch , a behaviour called
flycatching
. the appear to be rather solitary , like other batises , being recorded mainly as single or in pairs . the cup shaped nest is built by both sexes from strips of bark and spider webs and is placed in the fork of a small tree at around head height . the only recorded cluches have consisted of 2 eggs . breeding behaviour has been observed in the democratic republic of congo in july .
the dark batis is about 10 centimetres in length and weighs 10 - 15 grams . it has a dark bill and legs and red eyes . the male is white below with a broad black breastband . above it has a dark grey crown , grey back with some black feather - tips , a black face - mask and black wings with a white stripe . the female has a greyish crown , brownish back , dark mask , slight white supercilium and a narrow rufous stripe on the wing . below it has a rufous chin - spot and breast with whitish tips to some of the feathers .
taxonomy : batis crypta fjeldså et al . , 2006 , mdandu forest , kipengere range west of njombe , ludewa district , iringa region , tanzania . until very recently was included as part of nominate race of b . mixta , but , following study of clear - cut morphological change in c tanzania and genetic differences , found to be a separate species ; related also to b . capensis , range of which it approaches without overlap in n malawi . these three belong to a superspecies that also includes b . reichenowi and b . fratrum , and probably also b . margaritae and b . diops . monotypic .
the senegal batis maintains a territory throughout the year which the male patrols daily , sitting on high open perches and singing . the territory is shared with the female and with any immatures from the previous years , and they are sometimes seen in family groups . if intruders are seen then the male undertakes and aggressive display which involves an upright stance with the bill held vertically , the breast and crown feather fluffed out , swinging his rear end while jerking his tail . in flight the aggressive display is a bouncing flight with the bill held up and the crown and rump fluffed out . it will also aggressively mob shrikes , especially the brubru with bill snapping and wing fripping but uses different behaviour when mobbing hornbills , cuckoos and pearl - spotted owlets or snakes . when mobbing the owlet it crouches , raises its head and shoulders and flicks its tail , the snakes are mobbed by hovering , rattling calls and bill snapping .
the angola batis is a small pied songbird with a rather dumpy appearance and a restless nature . the adult males have a buish greyforehead and crown with a small white spot on the lores and a glossy black mask across the eyes , extending on to the nape and down the sides of the neck with a white spot on the nape . it has a grey mantle , blackish scapulars with the back , rump and uppertail covers being blackish grey with white spots . the wings have black flight feathers with narrow white edges . there is a white wing stripe . the trail is black with white outer tail feathers . the underparts are white except for a black band across the breast and the greyish undertail coverts . the eyes are bright yellow while the bill and legs are black . the female is similar to the male but her breast band is chestnut rather than black . they are about 10 cm long and weigh 10 . 4g
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zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 10 . 27 , website ( version 27 - oct - 11 )
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be not uncommon to locally common ( urban et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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) . small flycatcher - like and shrike - like bird with contrasting black , grey and white ( and some rufous ) colours . male . . .
call note a soft whistle , repeated usually about ten times ( up to 26 times recorded ) ; loud alarm . . .
nominate race occurs in evergreen forest on upper slopes of mt moco , which rises to over 2500 m . . . .
a nest found at mt moco , angola , in mid - jul contained 2 eggs ; the nest , placed in the fork of a sapling at c . 90 cm above the ground , was . . .
not globally threatened . has in the past been considered near - threatened . common in its very small range in angola and zambia , but known to occur at only a few localities ; . . .
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although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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borrow , n . ( 2005 ) angola , 22 november - 14 december 2005 , tour report . unpublished report . available : urltoken ( accessed 30 / 4 / 2006 ) . [ report on birding in angola , including mount moco ]
brooke , r . k . ( 1970 ) geographical variation and distribution in apus barbatus , a . bradfieldi and a . niansae . ( aves : apodidae ) . durban mus . novit . 8 : 363–374 . [ discussses the moco specimen ]
cleere , n . ( 1995 ) the identification , taxonomy and distribution of the mountain nightjar caprimulgus poliocephalus / fiery - necked nightjar c . pectoralis complex . bull . abc 2 : 86–97 . [ information on ruwenzori nightjar , found at mount moco ]
dean , w . r . j . ( 2000 ) the birds of angola . bou checklist series : 18 . tring , uk : british ornithologists’ union .
dean , w . r . j . ( 2001 ) angola . pages 71–91 in fishpool , l . d . c . and evans , m . i . ( eds ) . important birds areas in africa and associated islands : priority sites for conservation . birdlife conservation series no . 11 . newbury and cambridge , uk : pisces publications and birdlife international .
heinrich , g . ( 1958a ) zur verbreitung und lebensweise der vögel von angola . j . ornithol . 99 : 121–141 .
heinrich , g . ( 1958b ) zur verbreitung und lebensweise der vögel von angola . systematischer teil i ( galli - muscicapidae ) . j . ornithol . 99 : 322–362 .
heinrich , g . ( 1958c ) zur verbreitung und lebensweise der vögel von angola . systematischer teil iii ( hirundinidae - fringillidae ) . j . ornithol . 99 : 399–421 .
huntley b . j . and matos , e . m . ( 1994 ) botanical diversity and its conservation in angola . stelitzia 7 : 53–74 .
pinto , a . a . ( 1983 ) ornitologia de angola . vol . 1 . lisbon : instituto de investigacão cientifica tropical .
sinclair , i . , spottiswoode , c . , cohen , c . mills , m . , cassidy , r . , vaz pinto , p . and ryan , p . ( 2004 ) . birding western angola . bull abc 11 ( 2 ) : 152–159 .
stattersfield , a . j . , crosby , m . j . , long , a . j . and wege , d . c . ( 1998 )
. birdlife conservation series no . 7 . cambridge , uk : birdlife international .
found mostly in zambia , this distinctive evergreen forest is confined to an area around the kabompo river . dominated by crypotsepalum exfoliatum pseudotaxus , this is the largest area of tropical evergreen forest outside the equatorial zone . growing on infertile kalahari sands and with no permanent surface water , the cryptosepalum dry forest has remained relatively uninhabited . these forests represent a transition from guineo - congolian rain forest to zambezian woodlands and are hence species - rich , but contain few endemics . the avifauna is especially rich , with a mixture of moist evergreen species , woodland species and wide - ranging species . however , little research has been conducted in this inaccessible region and basic ecological and habitat use assessments are still needed .
the ecoregion has a tropical savanna climate with mean annual temperatures between 20° and 22° c . the annual temperature range averages around 8° c . mean maximum temperatures are 28° to 30° c , and minimum temperatures are around 7° to 8° c ( schulze and mcgee 1978 ) . mean annual precipitation ranges from 800 to 1 , 200 mm . three seasons can be distinguished : a hot , dry season from august to october ; a hot , wet season from november to april ; and a cool , dry season from may to july .
biodiversity features although the flora and fauna of the cryptosepalum dry evergreen forests is distinct from surrounding ecoregions , there is only moderate species richness for most taxonomic groups and low levels of endemism . the area is , however , relatively poorly known biologically , and species values are likely to be underestimated .
cryptosepalum forests have a distinct and relatively rich avifauna with 381 known species , comprising a mixture of moist evergreen forest species , elements of the brachystegia woodland avifauna , and some widespread species . the highest levels of species richness are found where local habitat disturbance ( such as shifting cultivation ) has resulted in a mosaic of tree savanna , thicket , savanna woodland and forest ( oatley 1969 ) .
the ecoregion supports 34 species of reptiles and 14 species of amphibians , with no endemics . its reptile and amphibian fauna falls into a broad transition zone between the tropical fauna that has its centre in the mozambique plain , and the cape fauna of southwestern south africa . relatively few reptiles inhabit evergreen forest , and those that do are most likely to be encountered at the forest edge in clearings where the sun penetrates ( poynton and broadley 1978 ) .
types and severity of threats this ecoregion does not appear to be seriously threatened , although a lack of knowledge prevents a detailed assessment . for reasons discussed above , habitat fragmentation and destruction have not yet occurred on a large scale , and are unlikely to do so in the short - to medium - term given the sparse ( if growing ) human population , lack of water , and poor agricultural potential .
poaching is a general threat to wildlife in southwestern zambia , even within protected areas . lack of management , infrastructure and funds in protected areas make poaching very difficult to control , and although no data is available , west lunga is unlikely to be an exception . however , due to their remoteness and impenetrability , the cryptosepalum forests are probably less heavily poached than other , more open reserves in more populated areas .
this ecoregion forms part of larger complex of caesalpinoid woodland ecoregions that support wet and dry miombo , mopane , thicket , dry forests , baikiaea woodland , and flooded grassland habitats , among others . the dominance of caesalpinoid trees is a defining feature of this bioregion ( i . e . , a complex of biogeographically related ecoregions ) . major habitat types ( e . g . , mopane and miombo ) and the geographic separation of populations of large mammals are used to discriminate ecoregions within this larger region . all of these ecoregions contain habitats that differ from their assigned biome or defining habitat type . for example , patches of dry forest occur within larger landscapes of miombo woodlands in several areas . more detailed biogeographic analyses should map the less dominant habitat types that occur within the larger ecoregions .
references ansell , w . f . h . 1960 . mammals of northern rhodesia . government printer , lusaka .
darling , f . f . 1960 . wild life in an african territory . oxford university press , london .
oatley , t . b . 1969 . bird ecology in the evergreen forests of northwestern zambia . the puku 5 : 141 - 179
poynton , j . c . and d . g . broadley . 1978 . the herpetofauna . m . j . a . werger , editor . biogeography and ecology of southern africa . w . junk , the hague .
sibley , c . g . and b . l . monroe , jr . 1993 . distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . ibis , vista , ca .
van der straeten , e . 1980 . a new species of lemniscomys ( muridae ) from zambia . annals of the cape provincial museums , natural history 13 : 55 - 62 .
van gils , h . 1988 . environmental profile of western province , zambia . itc report to provincial planning unit , mongu , zambia .
werger , m . j . a . and b . j . coetzee . 1978 . the sudano - zambezian region . m . j . a . werger , editor . biogeography and ecology of southern africa . w . junk , the hague .
white , f . 1983 . the vegetation of africa . a descriptive memoir to accompany the unesco / aetfat / unso vegetation map of africa ( 3 plates , northwestern africa , northeastern africa , and southern africa , 1 : 5 , 000 , 000 ) . unesco , paris .
wild , h . and l . a . grandvaux barbosa . 1967 . vegetation map of the flora zambesiaca area . flora zambesiaca supplement 1 - 71 . collins , salisbury .
winterbottom , j . m . 1978 . birds . m . j . a . werger , editor . biogeography and ecology of southern africa . w . junk , the hague .
world wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037
it is found in the eastern arc mountains of east africa from the ukaguru mountains and uluguru mountains of central tanzania south - westwards as far as the misuku hills in northernmost malawi .
it inhabits evergreen forest from 540 to 2 , 140 metres above sea - level and is most common around 1 , 500 metres . it forages mainly in the lower and middle levels of trees , feeding on insects such as termites .
the preferred habitat is scrub made up of senegalia spp , commiphora spp and other
thorn
species in arid and semi - arid lowlands with rainfall falling between 250mm and 500mm per year . also found in wooded and bushy grassland , but avoids riverine forest .
the adult male has a velvety black head with a white loral spot and narrow supercilium , the head colour fades to blackish - grey on the hindcrown and is separated from the back by a white collar . the mantle and back are velvety - black with a mottled rump which has long , fluffy feathers . the wings are very black with a contrasting white wingstripe . the tail is black with white outer tail feathers . the underparts are white except for a glossy black breast band . the bill and legs are black and the eyes are golden yellow . the females is similar to the male but has a smaller loral spot and supercilium and has a narrower dark grey breast band . they are small birds measuring 9–10 cm in length and weighing 8–12g .
the song is a series of high , evenly pitched thin short notes
pee - pee - pee - pee
which resembles a squeaky bicycle pump .
greeney , h . f . , martin , p . r . , gelis , r . a . , solano - ugalde , a . , bonier , f . , freeman , b . & miller , e . t .
first records of white - winged nyctibius leucopterus and rufous potoos n . bracteatus in venezuela
gender agreement of avian species - group names under article 31 . 2 . 2 of the iczn code
handschuh , m . , van zalinge , r . n . , olsson , u . , samphos , p . , chamnan , h . & evans , t . d .
remarks concerning the all - black coastal boubous ( laniarius spp . ) of kenya and southern somalia
dowsett - lemaire , f . , demey , r . & dowsett , r . j .
silva , m . , albuquerque frança , b . r . , lima hagi , l . y . g . , neto , m . r . , oliveira , d . v . & pichorim , m .
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c . h . b . grant & mackworth - praed , 1940 – e red sea province of ne sudan .
10–11 cm ; 8·8–13·4 g . small flycatcher - like and shrike - like bird with contrasting black , grey and white ( and some rufous ) colours . male nominate race has forehead . . .
described as bell - like , usually 4 notes or metallic clicking and a series of high - pitched notes ; . . .
vegetation near large rivers in arid and semi - arid regions . habitat also described as dry savanna . . .
diet insects ; ants ( hymenoptera ) recorded . uses lower part or centre of tree . very active . gleans from foliage .
circumstantial evidence indicates season from feb to , probably , jul . territorial . nest a neat small cup of bark and lichens , bound with . . .
not globally threatened . status not well known , as very few ornithologists have field experience with this species and probably only few are able to identify it correctly . . . .
marginal range overlap with b . molitor from n namibia e to n south africa ; some interaction between the two ( including imitation of call in order to establish interspecific territories ) , also interspecific response to playback of sounds , recorded by researchers . two subspecies recognized .
11–12 cm ; 7·5–14 g . small flycatcher - like and shrike - like bird with contrasting black , grey and white ( and some orange - yellow ) colours . male is grey . . .
a long series of whistles . repeats same note slowly twice or three times , sometimes longer series . . .
diet insects , including large lepidopterans . forages in middle and lower layers of bushes and trees , seldom higher than 5 m . very active . . . .
season mainly oct–jan , vaguely related to rainfall pattern ; may breed opportunistically at any time of year . territorial , defends . . .
not globally threatened . locally common . virtual absence from arid woodland on the hartveld of e botswana is remarkable , particularly because this species occupies similar . . .
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platysteiridae is a family of small stout passerine birds of the african tropics . the family contains the wattle - eyes and batises . they were previously classed as a subfamily of the old world flycatcher family muscicapidae .
these insect - eating birds are found in usually open forests or bush . they hunt by flycatching , or by taking prey from the ground like a shrike . the nest is a small neat cup low in a tree or bush .
platysteiridae is a family of small stout passerine birds of the african tropics . the family contains the wattle - eyes and batises ( the shrike - flycatchers have also been re - located ) . they were previously classed as a subfamily of the old world flycatcher family muscicapidae .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) .
taxonomy : megabyas flammulata j . verreaux and e . verreaux , 1855 , “rivière d’angers” = river muni , gabon . genus sometimes treated as a subgenus of bias . proposed race carolathi ( from angola ) considered synonymous with aequatorialis . two subspecies recognized .
the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
platyrhynchos musicus vieillot , 1818 , malimbe , cabinda , north angola . some authors separate birds from angola as race pallidiventris , birds from uganda as femininus , those from kenya and e tanzania as changamwensis , and those from zimbabwe , malawi and mozambique as clarens , on basis mainly of paler and more spotted plumage ( of female and immature male ) ; these characteristics are variable , however , and naming of geographical races considered unwarranted . treated as monotypic .
the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be . . .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) .
this species occurs in southern and central tanzania and extreme north - western malawi , where it is patchily distributed in montane areas .
taxonomy : pachyprora mixta shelley , 1889 , mount kilimanjaro , 6000 - 7000 feet [ c . 1830 - 2130m ] , tanzania . forms a superspecies with b . capensis , b . reichenowi , b . crypta and b . fratrum , probably also with b . margaritae and b . diops . until very recently included b . crypta as part of nominate race , but the two found to differ morphologically and genetically ; also , formerly often treated as conspecific with b . reichenowi . according to new study , race ultima , which has in the past been included in b . fratrum , is weakly differentiated from nominate . two subspecies tentatively recognized .
the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
despite it not having a large range , this species is not thought to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) .
the white - tailed shrike ( lanioturdus torquatus ) occurs only in western angola and namibia and inhabits thorn scrub brush . the species spends a great deal of its time foraging on the ground where it hops from bush to bush scanning the leaves for any insect prey .
n . a small genus of plants constituting the family batidaceae : low straggling dioecious shrubs .
n . a generic name applied to the rays or skates : equivalent to raia .
n . a genus of dicotyledonous shrubs , the type and only genus of the family batidaceæ .
from wordnet 3 . 0 copyright 2006 by princeton university . all rights reserved .
practical taxidermy a manual of instruction to the amateur in collecting , preserving , and setting up natural history specimens of all kinds . to which is added a chapter upon the pictorial arrangement of museums . with additional instructions in modelling and artistic taxidermy .
wordnik is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization , ein # 47 - 2198092 .
the adult male has bluish grey upperparts with a black mask across the face , a white spot on the lores and white spots o the rump which are revealed when the long feathers are fluffed out . the underparts are white with a black breast band and blackish thighs . the wings are black with a white stripe , the bill and legs are black while the eyes are red . females are similar in pattern but the upper part colour is more olive in tone , the wings more reddish brown and has a mottled rufous breast band and browner wings . juveniles similar to female but markings less well differentiated . the short black tail is edged with white . it is a small species measuring 9·5–10 cm in length and weighing 10·5–14·2g .
east africa from the south eastern coast of kenya and north eastern tanzania including mount kilimanjaro , along the northern eastern arc mountains of tanzania , i . e . nguru , nguu , usambara mountains , pare and kilimanjaro , also in coastal south eastern tanzania .
at sea level found in coastal forest , miombo woodland and in montane forest up to 2300m on kilimanjaro . it frequents the lower levels of forest and the undergrowth .
small to medium - sized flycatcher - like birds , contrastingly coloured , with rather wide bill , short legs and upright stance .


deltatheridium ( meaning triangle beast or delta beast ) is an extinct species of metatherian .

it lived in what is now mongolia during the upper cretaceous , circa 80 million years ago .

it was a basal metatherian , which places it near start of the lineage that led to the marsupials , such as kangaroos , wallabies , koalas , and opossums .

it had a length of 15 cm ( 5.9 in ) .

its teeth indicate it was carnivorous .

one specimen of archaeornithoides might attest an attack by this mammal , the skull bearing tooth marks that match its teeth .

deltatheridium

scientists believe that deltatheridium had characteristics that are very similar to marsupials ( pouched animals ) that live today .
we found deltatheridium - - this beautiful , little skull - - at our favorite site , ukhaa tolgod .
deltatheridium prerituberculare ( del - tah - ther - id - ee - um ) locality found : mongolia age : cretaceous 80 mya size : 6 inches long prepared for : 2000 museum exhibit fighting dinosaurs characteristics : paleontologists believe that deltatheridium was an early ancestor to modern day marsupials .
so , what are ya , marsupial or placental ? since the discovery of deltatheridium , scientists knew that it was an early mammal . however , before the late 1990s , they debated about what kind of mammal it was . was it a marsupial ( pouched mammal such as opossums and kangaroos ) or a placental ( a mammal that gives birth to fully developed young , such as rats , bats , and whales ) ? now , thanks to some amazing fossil evidence from the gobi , scientists have the answer . on the mammal family tree , deltatheridium is definitely a marsupial . although deltatheridium ' s descendants went extinct , some of its
cousins
became the marsupials we know today .
flashback to 80 million years ago in the gobi desert . deltatheridium scurried among dinosaurs . this cat - sized mammal had sharp canine teeth and triangular molars , much like those of opossums today . this early marsupial probably sunk its teeth into small lizards and insects .
deltatheridium is one of the organisms in birthdays the beginning . it was mentioned in the video called birthdays the beginning - “celebrate” by mr . yasuhiro wada ( ps4 , steam ) presented by nis america on 3 / 14 / 2017 . it appears in the description of no . 174 - andrewsarchus .
we describe here two new specimens of the mammal deltatheridium pretrituberculare from the late cretaceous period of mongolia . these specimens provide information on tooth replacement in basal therian mammals and on lower jaw and basicranial morphology . deltatheroidans , known previously from isolated teeth , partial rostra and jaws from the late cretaceous of asia and possibly north america , have been identified variously as eutherians , as basal metatherians ( the stem - based clade formed by marsupials and their extinct relatives ) , or as an outgroup to both eutherians and metatherians . resolution of these conflicting hypotheses and understanding of the early evolution of the therian lineage have been hampered by a sparse fossil record for basal therians . the new evidence supports metatherian affinities for deltatheroidans and allows a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of basal metatherians and marsupials . the presence of specialized marsupial patterns of tooth replacement and cranial vascularization in deltatheridium and the basal phylogenetic position of this taxon indicate that these features are characteristic of metatheria as a whole . other morphological transformations recognized here secure the previously elusive diagnosis of metatheria . the new specimens of deltatheridium illustrate the effectiveness of fairly complete fossil specimens in determining the nature of early evolutionary events .
the evidence for the radical transfer of the famous genus deltatheridium to the marsupialia seems to be partly different from that already presented 1 . the cheek tooth formula , a key character separating marsupials and placentals , is questionable for deltatheridium . there are seven cheek teeth , as usual in both groups , and the fourth is molariform , as in marsupials . this is evidence on phyletic affinity only if the primitive state , that of the latest common ancestor , was otherwise . in a manuscript that has circulated privately since 1963 i have argued from diverse evidence that the seven cheek teeth of each group may well be directly homologous with those of the other , with an ambiguity as to the permanent or deciduous premolars . in other words , p 4 4 or dp 4 4 of placentals may well be homologous to m 1 1 of marsupials . if so , a more or less molariform state of the fourth cheek tooth is primitive to both groups and the often nonmolariform state in more or less primitive placentals is secondary . this was why i suggested 2 that deltatheridium might have one more molar than previously thought ; the suggestion is now confirmed . relative wear of the teeth is a useful but unreliable criterion ( ref . 3 , footnote on page 86 ) .
mammal , ( class mammalia ) , any member of the group of vertebrate animals in which the young are nourished with milk from special mammary glands of the mother . in addition to these characteristic milk glands , mammals are distinguished by several other unique features . hair is a typical mammalian feature , although in many…
cretaceous period , in geologic time , the last of the three periods of the mesozoic era . the cretaceous began 145 . 0 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago ; it followed the jurassic period and was succeeded by the paleogene period ( the first of the two periods into which the tertiary…
rat , ( genus rattus ) , the term generally and indiscriminately applied to numerous members of several rodent families having bodies longer than about 12 cm , or 5 inches . ( smaller thin - tailed rodents are just as often indiscriminately referred to as mice . ) in scientific usage , rat applies to any of 56 thin - tailed , medium - sized rodent…
marsupial , any of more than 250 species belonging to the infraclass metatheria ( sometimes called marsupialia ) , a mammalian group characterized by premature birth and continued development of the newborn while attached to the nipples on the mother’s lower belly . the pouch—or marsupium , from which the group takes its name—is a flap…
placental mammal , ( infraclass eutheria ) , any member of the mammalian group characterized by the presence of a placenta , which facilitates exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood of the mother and that of the fetus . the placentals include all living mammals except marsupials and monotremes . although some authorities consider the…
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evolution of the therian mammals in the late cretaceous of asia . part i . deltatheriidae .
on the metatherian nature of the deltatheroida , a sister group of the marsupialia .
cretaceous mammals of southern utah . iii . therian mammals from the turonian ( early late cretaceous ) .
( eds lillegraven , j . a . , kielan - jaworowska , z . & clemens , w . a . ) 182–191 ( univ . calif . press , berkeley , ( 1979 ) .
( eds szalay , f . s . , novacek , m . j . & mckenna , m . c . ) 205–215 ( springer , new york , ( 1993 ) ) .
the staggered marsupial third lower incisor : hallmark of cohort didelphimorphia , and description of a new genus and species with staggered i3 from the albian ( lower cretaceous ) of texas .
petrosals of late cretaceous marsupials from north america , and a cladistic analysis of the petrosal in therian mammals .
( eds szalay , f . s . , novacek , m . j . & mckenna , m . c . ) 182–204 ( springer , new york , ( 1993 ) .
( eds szalay , f . s . , novacek , m . j . & mckenna , m . c . ) 165–181 ( springer , new york , ( 1993 ) ) .
( eds givnish , t . & systma , k . ) 129–161 ( cambridge univ . press , cambridge , ( 1997 ) ) .
we thank a . davidson for preparation of the fossils ; l . meeker , c . tarka and e . heck for illustrations ; and j . hopson , i . horvitz , m . mckenna , c . de muizon and m . norell for comments on the paper . this work was supported by the nsf , the jaffe foundation , the national geographic society , the eppley foundation , the mercedes - benz corporation , the james carter memorial fund and the frick laboratory endowment of the american museum of natural history .
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styracosaurus rider / the dreaded shrink ray . . . how do you feel about it ?
it had a length of 15 cm ( 5 . 9 in ) . apart from preying on insects , its diet was also composed of small reptiles and what it could scavenge from carrion using its sharp canine teeth .
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full reference : w . k . gregory and g . g . simpson . 1926 . cretaceous mammal skulls from mongolia . american museum novitates 225 : 1 - 20
see also gregory and simpson 1926 , kielan - jaworowska et al . 1979 and simpson 1928
type specimen : amnh 21705 , a skull ( palate with c - m3 and associated lower jaws ) . its type locality is shabarakh usu ( amnh loc . 12049 ) , which is in a campanian eolian sandstone in the djadokhta formation of mongolia .
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a small , probably carnivorous mammal from the late cretaceous that was once thought to be an insectivore , but the possession of certain dental characters indicates that it was a likely ancestor or sister group to the creodonta and carnivora .
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mammals in the world today make up only a tiny part of all of the mammal species that have ever existed .
although many kinds of mammals lived in north america during the cretaceous , most of their fossils were destroyed .
early mammal fossils from north america are no more than teeth and partial jaws . but in the gobi , entire mammal skeletons are commonly found .
image credits : courtesy of amnh ; mark norell : courtesy of discovery channel online .
a mouse that migrated from the forest to the plains . it appeared after the propagation of adelobasileus .
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lozotaenia costinotana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from maine , manitoba , minnesota and quebec .

the wingspan is 18-23 mm .

the forewings are grey white , but whitest along the costa and outer margin .

there is a pattern of blackish-brown transverse lines , as well as a black costal spot .

the hindwings are white , the inner margin and apical area with brownish-black scales .

adults have been recorded on wing from july to august .

lozotaenia costinotana

home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » tortricid moths ( tortricoidea ) » tortricid moths ( tortricidae ) » tortricinae » archipini » lozotaenia » lozotaenia costinotana - hodges # 3674 . 1 ( lozotaenia costinotana )
lozotaenia costinotana franclemont , 1986 n . sp . , proc . ent . soc . wash . , v . 88 : 57 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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marsh fern moth ( fagitana littera ) . photographed at portage lake , parry sound district , ontario on 5 july 2015 . © david beadle .
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the drab whistler ( pachycephala griseonota ) is a species of bird in the family pachycephalidae .

it is found in the maluku islands .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

drab whistler

select an image : 1 . drab whistler > > female 2 . drab whistler > > adult 3 . drab whistler > > adult 4 . drab whistler > > male 5 . drab whistler > > male 6 . drab whistler > > male 7 . drab whistler 8 . drab whistler > > adult 9 . drab whistler
the cinnamon - breasted whistler ( pachycephala johni ) is endemic to the maluku islands in indonesia . it has been considered a subspecies of the drab whistler ( pachycephala griseonota )
mangrove whistler at pulau hantu on 11 may 2014 . photo credit : francis yap
mangrove whistler at changi reclaimed land on 31 january 2015 . photo credit : francis yap
mangrove whistler at pulau tekong on 16 dec 2012 . photo credit : lim kim chuah
identification : told apart from other similarly sized flycatchers by thick black bill , no obvious head / wing markings or rufous tones in plumage . drab brown upperparts with slaty grey crown , white underparts with duller throat and greyish washed breast . song is distinct .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common to uncommon ( coates et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22705525a118688786 .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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the ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists . our goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date classification of world birds and a set of english names that follows explicit guidelines for spelling and construction ( gill & wright 2006 ) .
the ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list quarterly . the updates include changes of recommended names or classification , additions of newly described species , corrections of nomenclature , and updates of species taxonomy .
the ioc world bird list complements other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy , i . e . the clements checklist of the birds of the world , the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world , 4 th edition , and hbw alive / bird life international . improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union , including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver , british columbia .
ioc world bird list 8 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 1
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gill f & d donsker ( eds ) . 2016 . ioc world bird list ( v 6 . 2 ) . doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2
followed this bird into the woods where i recorded the first part of this song . i tried to cut out the motorcycle in the middle so this is about four recordings of the same bird in one . when i played it back i got very little change in song or movement of the bird .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pachycephala griseonota . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
avibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 504 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
did you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .
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english spanish online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .
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small to medium - sized passerines , generally with short broad wings , square - ended or slightly notched tail of variable length , most with sturdy bill with pronounced tomial notch and terminal hook , two species with bill laterally compressed and disproportionately deep , many with robust legs ; plumage mostly various combinations of grey , black , brown , white , rufous , greenish and olive , some bright yellow below , a few streaked .
south asia and wallacea east to australasia and islands of central and south pacific .
the pachycephalidae as presently constituted consists of 56 species in twelve genera . the latter are made up of a central cluster of three genera , containing the whistlers ( pachycephala ) , the shrike - . . .
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on account of the large rounded head , a number of these birds used to be known as “thickheads” , in a literal translation of the genus name pachycephala . they are now known , equally distinctively but more attractively , as whistlers . members of this family range from small - bodied . . .
all members of this family occupy wooded habitats . rainforest is home to the highest number of species , a tendency stemming from forms occurring in new guinea and the pacific , wallacean and philippine islands . within australia , the situation is markedly different , with most wooded habitats , . . .
a few members of this family are shy , but the majority are curious and tame , and readily respond to an observer’s whistles and squeaks by approaching closely and answering with songs of their own . the grey shrike - . . .
whistlers are well named . together with other members of the family , they constitute some of australasia’s most outstanding songsters . their . . .
the primary foods of these birds are invertebrates , mainly insects , but including also spiders ( araneae ) and occasionally worms . . .
little or nothing is known about the breeding of many species in this family , and there are substantial gaps in information on even several of the relatively common australian species . that which does exist is often largely anecdotal in nature . only a few species have been studied in detail . . . .
for most species in this family , there is little evidence of any regular seasonal movements being undertaken . the distributions of new guinea species are rather strongly altitudinally stratified , and any shifts would occur within the respective elevational zones . two notable exceptions are the . . .
the loud , musical voices of these birds ensure that their songs , at least , are noticed by many people . a number of species are not particularly shy , but often will not be seen unless a particular effort is made to locate them . indigenous peoples are much more aware of these birds . their . . .
disregarding the now extinct piopio , which may , in any case , not be a member of the pachycephalidae ( see systematics ) , the most precarious conservation status of any species in this family is that of the sangihe . . .
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list of species of the whistlers ( pachycephalidae ) family . each species provides information on taxonomy , descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation and bibliography .
a detailed list of the species of the family is displayed to our subscribers , showing the following columns : genus , species , common name , conservation status , figure , and the check mark . above the table , a tiny search engine is displayed to facilitate the filtering of the species .
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boles , w . ( 2018 ) . whistlers ( pachycephalidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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a singing bird in roadside forest , bout 12 km . east of sidangoli .
josep del hoyo , phillip edwards , david beadle , paul van giersbergen , james eaton .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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habitat : mangroves and adjacent coastal vegetation . also local plantations and wooded gardens , island forest , local freshwater swamp forest and similar vegetation inland .
behaviour / ecology : unobtrusive and rather inactive . sits still for long period amongst foliage .
location : southern islands , especially pulau hantu besar and pulau semakau , changi reclaimed land , sungei buloh wetland reserve , pulau tekong and pulau ubin . last seen at changi reclaimed land on 31 january 2015 .
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