kurixalus idiootocus is a small species of frog in the rhacophoridae family .

it is endemic to taiwan and is commonly known as the temple tree frog .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist shrubland , seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland , freshwater marshes , intermittent freshwater marshes and irrigated land .

it is listed as being of " least concern " by the iucn although there may be some destruction of its habitat .

kurixalus idiootocus

advertisement calls of four kurixalus species from taiwan . a . kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . “slow call” b . kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . “rapid call” c . kurixalus wangi sp . n . “slow call” d kurixalus wangi sp . n . “rapid call” e kurixalus eiffingeri f kurixalus idiootocus .
four kurixalus species of taiwan . a kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . ( holotype , adult , dark morph ) b kurixalus wangi sp . n . ( holotype ) c kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . ( sub - adult ) d kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . ( adult , light morph ) e kurixalus eiffingeri f kurixalus idiootocus .
kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . , kurixalus wangi sp . n . , oophagous tadpoles
lateral view of tadpoles of three oophagus kurixalus species . a kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . b kurixalus wangi sp . n . c kurixalus eiffingeri . scale bars 1 mm .
comparisons of the characteristics of slow mating calls among kurixalus eiffingeri , kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . and kurixalus wangi sp . n .
dorsal view of tadpole head region of three oophagus kurixalus species . a kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . b kurixalus wangi sp . n . c kurixalus eiffingeri . scale bars 1 mm .
temple tree frog ( kurixalus idiootocus ) temple tree frog stock photo , picture and royalty free image . image 56473078 .
chirixalus idiootocus — bossuyt and dubois , 2001 , zeylanica , 6 : 57 .
the guts of tadpoles of the two new species contained a yellow ‘yolky’ substance . when the same characteristic was observed in kurixalus eiffingeri it was confirmed as tadpole oophagy ( ueda 1986 , liang et al . 2002 ) . therefore , it is likely that the tadpole oophagy is a synapomorphy for the two new species and kurixalus eiffingeri . interestingly , kurixalus idiootocus , as well as all known kurixalus species from mainland china and southern asia lack this particular reproductive behavior . therefore , the oophagy reproductive behavior could also support the phylogenetic positions of kurixalus eiffingeri , kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . , and kurixalus wangi sp . n . within the kurixalus genus .
kurixalus eiffingeri , a native species in the island of taiwan , is the only rhacophorid within the genus kurixalus that has a tree - hole breeding reproductive mode and oophagous tadpoles ( ueda 1986 , lehtinen and nussbaum 2003 , wells 2007 ) . kurixalus idiootocus , a species endemic to taiwan , has a lentic feeding tadpole type , which is similar to most species in the genus kurixalus ( inger 1966 , inger et al . 1999 , kuramoto and wang 1987 ) . in previous molecular phylogenetic studies , kurixalus eiffingeri and kurixalus idiootocus have been recovered as sister taxa ( abraham et al . 2013 , yu et al 2013 , nguyen et al . 2014a , b ) . since kurixalus eiffingeri and kurixalus idiootocus are the only two species that have been described from the island of taiwan , rhacophorid frogs with similar life history to kurixalus idiootocus ( but see abraham et al 2013 ) , specifically any rhacophorid frogs with tree - hole breeding reproductive mode or lentic feeding tadpole type would be would be assigned to either of the two species .
nesting sites of three tree - hole breeding kurixalus species ( a nest is made by the animal ) . a eggs of kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . b eggs of kurixalus wangi sp . n . ; note that the parents were present with eggs c eggs of kurixalus eiffingeri .
molecular evidence for taxonomy of rhacophorus appendicularis and kurixalus species from northern vietnam , with comments on systematics of kurixalus and gracixalus ( anura : rhacophoridae ) .
analysis of covariance of morphometric characteristics of males and females among four kurixalus species .
aquixalus idiootocus — fei , hu , ye , and huang , 2009 , fauna sinica , amph . 2 : 671 .
effects of intermittent feeding on the growth of oophagous ( chirixalus eiffingeri ) and herbivorous ( chirixalus idiootocus ) tadpoles from taiwan .
measurements ( in mm ) of type series and other specimens of kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . and kurixalus wangi sp . n . abbreviations as in materials and methods .
genetic variation of three kurixalus species from taiwan according to mtdna co1 gene partial sequence .
a new tree frog of the genus kurixalus ( anura : rhacophoridae ) from vietnam .
molecular evidence for taxonomy of rhacophorus appendiculatus and kurixalus species from northern vi . . .
we follow wilkinson et al . ( 2002 ) in transferring this species from chirixalus to kurixalus .
fst ( above diagonal ) and nm ( below diagonal ) between three kurixalus species from taiwan .
a new cryptic tree frog species allied to kurixalus banaensis ( anura : rhacophoridae ) from vietnam .
annandale ' s high altitude frog ( kurixalus naso ) is a rhacophorid frog that . . .
in the latest study , a team led by zoologist yu - teh kirk lin at the national taiwan university in taipei studied kurixalus idiootocus tree frogs in a wooded suburb of taipei during the mating season , which lasts from february to september .
sampling localities of this study . localities 1 through 22 are around taiwan island , locality 23 from iriomote isle , locality 24 from ishigaki isle . the two isles belong to the southern end of ryukyu archipelago . color refers to the geographical distribution of the three kurixalus species . red : kurixalus eiffingeri ; green : kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . ( taxon 1 ) ; b : kurixalus wangi sp . n . ( taxon 2 ) . loc . 20 : ligia , type locality of kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . ; loc . 21 : shouka , type locality of kurixalus wangi sp . n .
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kurixalus naso ( annandale , 1912 )
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kurixalus naso ( annandale , 1912 )
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a species boundary within the chinese kurixalus odontotarsus species group ( anura : rhacophoridae ) : n . . .
aquixalus ( aquixalus ) idiootocus — delorme , dubois , grosjean , and ohler , 2005 , bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon , 74 : 166 .
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kurixalus naso
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the epithet is named and dedicated to mr . ching - shong wang for his pioneering work and contributions to the herpetology of taiwan ( wang 1962 ) . mr . wang discovered two rhacophorid frogs ( rhacophorus taipeianus and kurixalus idiootocus ) ( liang and wang 1963 , kuramoto and wang 1987 ) in taiwan and suggested , in the early 1980s , that some kurixalus specimens collected near the type locality of this new species might be different from kurixalus eiffingeri ( personal communication ) . the name is used in the genitive case .
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kurixalus naso ( annandale , 1912 )
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max : maximum frequency ; min : minimum frequency ; wid : width of frequency ( max - min ) ; dur : single note duration ; int : time interval between notes ; df : dominant frequency ; all data shown are mean and standard deviation ( in parentheses ) based on 30 advertisement calls recorded in the field under natural conditions . environmental parameters : 1 ) kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . : 18 °c , 93 % rh . 2 ) kurixalus wangi sp . n . : 25 °c , 84 % rh . 3 ) kurixalus eiffingeri : 19 °c , 91 % rh . 4 ) kurixalus idiootocus : 24 °c , 80 % rh .
phylogenetic relationships : k . idiootocus is closely related to k . eiffingeri . and has gone through several taxonomic changes . kuramoto and wang ( 1987 ) suggested these species might be related to the genus buergeria .
pca morphometric comparisons of four kurixalus species from taiwan . scatterplots of ( a ) principal components 1 and 2 , and ( b ) principal components 2 and 3 of size - adjusted morphometric data for male frogs of the four kurixalus species . the 95 % confidence ellipses for each population ( elm ) are shown .
two new species of rhacophorid tree frog were identified in taiwan . in both new taxa , derived reproductive characteristics of laying eggs in tree holes and oophagous tadpoles are shared with kurixalus eiffingeri , but they are divergent from each other in molecular genetics , mating calls , and tadpole and adult morphology . the morphological characteristics and the molecular phylogenetic evidence support the hypothesis that the two new species , kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . and kurixalus wangi sp . n . , are both monophyletic lineages .
abbreviations : k : kurixalus ; f : feihyla ; r : rhacophorus ; jp : ryukyu islands of japan ; ntw : northern taiwan ; ctw : central taiwan .
dana campbell marked the classification from
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. . . in this study , we measured the body weight , body length , jump height , jump length , and climbing abilities of three species of frogs indigenous to taiwan . the results were used to design an amphibian corridor suitable for amphibian mobility . twenty specimens for each of the three species , rana adenopleura , rana latouchii , and kurixalus idiootocus , were collected for testing . their climbing ability . . .
kurixalus idiootocus — wilkinson , drewes , and tatum , 2002 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 24 : 272 ; frost , grant , faivovich , bain , haas , haddad , de sá , channing , wilkinson , donnellan , raxworthy , campbell , blotto , moler , drewes , nussbaum , lynch , green , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 297 : 245 .
body size variation ( svl ) in female and male kurixalus species from taiwan ( mean ± standard deviation ) . ( * * : significant level < 0 . 01 ) .
factor loadings of the first three principal components of 18 size - adjusted morphometric characteristics of males of four kurixalus species . absolute values of loadings greater than 0 . 50 in boldface .
holotype of kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . dorsal ( a ) , ventral ( b ) , and ventral view of hand ( c ) and foot ( d ) . scale bars : 10 mm .
phylogeny of rhacophoridae is constructed using two mitochondrial ( 12s rrna and 16s rrna ) and two nuclear ( tyrosinase and rag - 1 ) genes in an attempt to test for the taxonomic status of rhacophorus appendiculatus and kurixalus species from tam dao . all phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that specimens from tam dao are nested in kurixalus bisacculus , indicating that they belong to k . bisacculus . . . . [ show full abstract ]
the notion of “frog song” needs more careful consideration , we have found a similar vocalizing behavior of the human and male frogs . many people sing in the bathroom because the acoustics make them feel like the voice is stronger and richer . male mientien tree frogs kurixalus idiootocus frequently perch and call in roadside concrete drainages – miniature urban canyons . in an indoor experiment using a replica of a concrete drain , males preferred one particular type of call perch that facilitated call transmission ( tan , tsai , lin , & lin , 2014 ) .
chirixalus idiootocus kuramoto and wang , 1987 , copeia , 1987 : 932 . holotype : ntuma 1010 , by original designation . type locality :
in a rain pool near sanshengkong ( a temple , altitude ca . 500 m ) in the southern slope of mount mientien - shan , taipei , taiwan
, china .
comparisons of measurements and ratios of tadpoles of three oophagus kurixalus species from taiwan ( anova significant level , * : 0 . 01 < p < 0 . 05 ; * * : p < 0 . 01 ) .
fei , 1999 , atlas amph . china : 252 - 253 , provided a brief account ( as philautus idootocus ) , figure , and map . bossuyt and dubois , 2001 , zeylanica , 6 : 57 - 58 , discussed with this species cannot be in philautus and , although they transferred it back to chirixalus , noted that the definition of chirixalus was so poorly resolved that this species might ultimately have to be moved to a distinct genus , a position formalized by wilkinson , drewes , and tatum , 2002 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 24 : 272 . lue , tu , and hsiang , 1999 , atlas taiwan amph . rept . : 40 - 41 , provided a brief account for taiwan ( as chirixalus idiootocus ) . fei , hu , ye , and huang , 2009 , fauna sinica , amph . 2 : 671 - 676 , provided an account ( as aquixalus idiootocus ) and spot map . fei , ye , and jiang , 2010 , colored atlas of chinese amph . : 428 - 429 , provided a brief account ( as aquixalus idiootocus ) for china including photographs of specimens and habitat . fei , ye , and jiang , 2012 , colored atlas chinese amph . distr . : 498–499 , provided an account ( as aquixalus idiootocus ) , photographs , and a range map for china .
genetic distances among kurixalus species and two outgroup taxa in co 1 gene ( above diagonal ) and 16s rrna gene ( below diagonal ) . numbers on top row refer to species shown on the left column . genetic distances are shown as percentage .
buergeria japonica : nchuzool : 4021 , 4825 , 4826 ( taiwan ) . buergeria robusta : nchuzool 4025 , 4027 , 4831 ( taiwan ) . kurixalus eiffingeri : ntu 927–28 , 931 - 32 , 939 , 1052 , 1054–56 , 1649 ( shitou , nantou ) ; 1058 - 67 , 1645–46 , 1769 ( wulai , taipei ) ; nchuzool : 2502–03 , 2508 , 2509 ( c / s ) , 2514–15 , 2517–19 , 2523–24 , 2525 ( c / s ) , 2526–27 , 2535 , 2536 ( c / s ) , 2537 , 2538 ( c / s ) , 2539–40 , 2545–47 , 2550–51 , 2829 , 2831 , 4018 ( c / s ) , 11320 , 11436–40 ( shindian , taipei ) ; 11333 ( shitou , nantou ) . kurixalus idiootocus : ntu 929 , 1005–09 , 1033 , 1035–37 , 1038–42 ( shiding , taipei ) ; 1045 ( suao , yilan ) ; 1010 ( holotype of chirixalus idiootocus ) , 1011 , 1013–29 , 1657 , 1695–96 , ( yanminshan , taipei ) ; 1658 ( shindien , taipei ) ; 1708–09 ( juchi , chiayi ) ; 1770 ( wulai , taipei ) ; nchuzool 1010 , 2780 , 2782 , 2784 , 2785 ( c / s ) , 2787–88 , 2792 , 2795 , 2796 ( c / s ) , 2805 , 2845 , 2847 , 2954 , 2956 ( c / s ) , 2959–63 , 3709 , 3711 ( c / s ) , 4304 ( c / s ) , 4990 , 4993 , 4995 ( c / s ) , 7402 . kurixalus wangi sp . n . : ntu 1043–1044 , 1046 , 1647 - 48 ( manjo , pingtung county ) .
the population of kurixalus naso population is thought to be small , and susceptible to deforestation . little is known about this species , and the taxonomic identities and relationships within this genus are also poorly known and not distinguishable on the basis of morphology ( tao et al . 2014 ; nguyen et al . 2012 ) . kurixalus naso occurs in several preserves including dihang - dibang biosphere reserve and mouling national park in arunachal pradesh ( dutta et al . 2004 ) . more sampling and fieldwork is necessary to understand this species , its ecology , and its conservation status .
holotype of kurixalus wangi sp . n . dorsal ( a ) , ventral ( b ) , and ventral view of hand ( c ) and foot ( d ) . scale bars 10 mm in ( a ) and ( b ) ; 5 mm in ( c ) and ( d ) .
annandale ' s high altitude frog ( kurixalus naso ) is a rhacophorid frog that inhabits montane forests , shrublands and grasslands of northeastern india , the eastern xizang province of china , and myanmar . in india it is recorded from altitudes between 1 , 100 and 1 , 500m asl . kurixalus naso is a small , arboreal species , that breeds in temporary water bodies ( dutta et al . 2004 ) . annandale ( 1912 ) reported the type specimen as 43 mm ( 1 . 7 in ) snout to vent length ( svl ) , with a stout body , short stout limbs , and a broad head . it is purplish - brown on its dorsal surface , with grey mottling , and has an off - white belly ( annandale 1912 ) . a cone - shaped snout distinguishes this species from others in genus kurixalus . ( annandale 1912 ; tao et al . 2014 ) . very little literature describes this species .
phylogenetic relationship of all kurixalus species from taiwan . a phylogram showing the phylogenetic relationships of the four kurixalus species , obtained by a maximum likelihood search based on 1207 nucleotides from mtdna co1 and 16s rrna genes . feihyla palpebralis and rhacophorus moltrechti were used as outgroups . the three values on each branch are maximum likelihood ( ml ) , maximum parsimony ( mp ) , and neighbor - joining ( nj ) analyses with bootstrapping support based on 2000 replicates . bootstrapping values below 50 % are not shown . ( jp : ryukyu islands of japan ; n . tw : northern taiwan ; c . tw : central taiwan ) .
we would like to show our gratitude to hm huang for collecting the first specimen of kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . ; to jh chu , cc hwang , hj su and sm lin for advice on molecular analysis ; to h masaki for providing specimens of kurixalus eiffingeri from the ryukyu islands , to cy hsiao for photographs ; to yt chung for his dedicated fieldwork ; to cc wu for performing bench work ; and to cf lin for providing kurixalus eiffingeri tadpoles . thanks are extended to cj huang , ch chang , cw lin and yc liu for assistance with the fieldwork . we appreciate the help of sf chan with vocal analysis and yh chen for partial sample contribution . the map of taiwan was kindly prepared by pf lee . this study was partially supported by the council of agriculture grant ( 94–admin–4 . 1–conserv–03 ( 2 ) ) , by shei - pa national park , ministry of interior grant ( 094 - 301020500g1 - 005 ) , and a support from mr . cc chen . re brown greatly improved an early draft of the manuscript .
. . . phylogenetic data support the monophyletic origin of kurixalus despite its broad distri - bution ( li et al . , 2013 ; biju et al . , 2016 ; jiang et al . , 2016 ) . however , since these frogs are similar in morphology and overlap in body size , taxonomy is difficult and mainly based on molecular analyses ( wilkinson et al . , 2002 ; li et al . , 2008 ; li et al . , 2009 ; hertwig et al . , 2013 ; yu et al . , 2013 ; nguyen et al . , 2014a ; nguyen et al . , 2014b ; wu et al . , 2016 ) . currently , 14 species are recognized in kurixalus ( frost , 2017 ) . . . .
wu s - p , huang c - c , tsai c - l , lin t - e , jhang j - j , wu s - h ( 2016 ) systematic revision of the taiwanese genus kurixalus members with a description of two new endemic species ( anura , rhacophoridae ) . zookeys 557 : 121–153 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 557 . 6131
we construct the phylogeny of the kurixalus odontotarsus species group using two mitochondrial ( 12s rrna and 16s rrna ) genes in an attempt to delimit species boundaries within the chinese k . odontotarsus group . with strong support values , three major clades are obtained , and all phylogenetic analyses reject monophyly of k . odontotarsus . the tibetan lineage of k . odontotarsus was clustered with . . . [ show full abstract ]
kurixalus eiffingeri is not an endangered or protected species and thus no specific permission is needed for field studies . some bamboo forests in chitou are privately owned , and we had verbal permission from land owners ( mr . pan yeong - sung and ms chen mei - chi ) to conduct observational and field studies ( 23 o 41’05 . 4” n 130 o 47’45 . 4” e and 23 o 41’22 . 8” n 130 o 47’22 . 5” e , respectively ) .
in this study , we used a taiwanese frog ( kurixalus eiffingeri ( anura : rhacophoridae ) ) that breeds in water - filled bamboo stumps as a model animal to study the parentage between overlapping offspring and its ecological consequence on reproductive strategy and nest site selection . specifically , we used ( 1 ) five microsatellite dna markers to analyze the parentage of adults and tadpoles and ( 2 ) paired bamboo cups with and without tadpoles to study the nest choice of frogs and to reveal the possible causes of nest reuse .
a small to moderate - sized kurixalus . females snout - vent length averaging about 34 mm ( range : 30 . 8–37 . 1 mm ) ; males averaging 30 mm ( range : 28 . 6–31 . 6 mm ) . iris golden - yellow . two anterior horns of the x - shaped marking on back extending to eyelid . webbing extensive on toes , extending to the toe disc on the inner margin of toe v . belly and throat whitish . anterior margin of tadpole dorsal fin extending to posterior body . tadpole with almost no pigment on region of tail muscle . upper lip of tadpole with shallow transverse furrow .
description diagnosis : kurixalus idiooticus is a small treefrog similar to k . eiffingeri but with a smaller body size . it has a smaller and weakly developed pollex , has less rugose skin . no female anal flap is present , dorsal warts lack white spinules , its ground color is never greenish , and generally a large dark brown hourglass - like pattern on the back . males have an aggressive vocal behavior . the species has a generalized larval morphology . in contrast to all other known taiwanese rhacophorine frogs , k . idiooticus lays eggs terrestrially near the water ' s edge without constructing a foam nest ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) .
. . . recently , dubois ( 2005 ) assigned both theloderma and nyctixalus to the tribe philautini ( including also aquixalus , kurixalus , and philautus ) , whereas more recently grosjean et al . ( 2008 ) proposed separation of theloderma and nyctixalus in the new tribe nyctixalini . this assignment and distant phylogenetic position of theloderma and nyctixalus in respect to other members of the subfamily rhacophorinae was also supported by subsequent phylogenetic analyses ( li et al . , 2008 li et al . , , 2009li et al . , , 2013 pyron and wiens , 2011 ) . based on the analysis of mtdna genetic markers , li et al . ( 2008 ) showed sister clade relationships between nyctixalus ( n . . . .
a moderate - sized kurixalus . females average about 41 mm snout - vent length ( range : 27 . 6–46 . 3 mm ) ; males average about 35 mm ( range : 29 . 0–42 . 3 mm ) . iris emerald to light green . two dark brown spots on eyelids , separated from each other and from x - shaped blotch on dorsum . subarticular tubercles on foot rounded and flat . belly and throat white or faintly - speckled . prepollex in males squarish , compressed and expanded . about half - webbed between two outer toes . anterior margin of tadpole dorsal fin extending to body . tadpole heavily dark brown to black pigmented in gular region and on tail muscle . upper lip of tadpole with deep transverse furrow , and prominent ridge extending from upper lip to anterior margin of nostril ( key of tadpole , 3 ) .
. . . three mitochondrial genes and five nuclear genes were surveyed : partial 12s rrna , trna - val , and 16s rrna genes were regarded as a single mitochondrial locus ; the other five nuclear loci included ( i ) a fragment of the brain - derived neurotrophic factor ( bdnf ) ; ( ii ) a fragment of proopiomelanocortin ( pomc ) ; ( iii ) a fragment of the recombination activating gene 1 ( rag - 1 ) ; ( iv ) a fragment of exon 1 of rhodopsin ( rhod ) , and ( v ) a fragment of exon 1 of tyrosinase ( tyr ) . mitochondrial 12s rrna , trna - val , and 16s rrna sequences of kurixalus eiffingeri from ishigaki island ( ryukyu islands ) ( see the last one in supplement table 1 for detailed information ) were newly acquired according to protocols of previous studies ( li et al . , 2008 ; li et al . , 2009 ) . sequences from mitochondrial dna and five nuclear loci were aligned with muscle 3 . 8 . 31 . . .
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frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is endemic to taiwan , province of china , and occurs below 2 , 000m asl .
it inhabits shrubland , grassland , paddy fields and nearby pools . it usually breeds in shallow , still waterbodies .
habitat destruction and degradation are potential threats to this species , in particular infrastructure development for human settlement .
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tadpoles are pond - type ( rounded body , small mouth and sinistral spiracle with moderate tail ) . at stages 25 - 27 , body length is 1 . 4 - 1 . 5x longer than wide . body is oval and moderately depressed . eyes and nostrils are dorsolateral . dorsal fin is slightly larger than ventral fin . caudal musculature is slender and tapers gradually to the tip of the tail . papillae are marginal , small , and homogeneous in size ; they form a continuous row across the ventral lip and extend to the sides of the lips . ltrf is 2 : 1 + 1 / 3 at stages earlier than 37 and 2 : 3 + 3 / 3 or 1 : 4 + 4 / 3 at stage 37 . head and body are generally dark brown , sometimes with black spotting . caudal muscle is dark brown . fins are transparent at stage 25 . ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) .
coloration in life : ground color of light grayish brown , brown , dark brown or yellowish brown ( never greenish ) . the dorsum is characterized by a dark brown stripe . dark brown spots and patches are on the sides of head . a brown bar extends from the nostril to edge of upper lip , and another brown bar extends from the anterior lower edge of the eye to the edge of the upper lip . the upper lip has a few narrow dark bars . an inverted y shape in brown or black extends from a dark cross band between upper eyelids to posterior part of the back . this marking can be y - shaped , h - shaped or x - shaped , or may be lacking . sides of the body have dark brown marbling with some dark spots . anterior throat has dark brown marbling and spotting , as well as some white granules . the belly is dark brown and marbled , scattered with dark spots . forearms have a dark brown cross band . thighs have numerous small dark patches on both the anterior and posterior sides . a dark knee patch is present . the sides of the anal opening are dark brown ; white granules are present on the dorsal and ventral sides of the anal opening ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) .
is widespread in taiwan ( e . g . , pinglin , mientien - shan , chutung , suao , chushan , chiahsien , anping ) at altitudes from 10 - 750 m asl ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) . it generally occurs at a lower elevation than the closely related species
; so far the two species are known to overlap only at anping ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) . habitat includes grassland , paddy fields and shrublands or anywhere near still , shallow water bodies ( stuart et al . 2008 ) .
the breeding season lasts from march - june with males calling from the ground or in low shrubs , often near rain pools ( 5 - 20 cm in depth ) that are surrounded by high vegetation ( grasses or bushes ) . males form large breeding aggregations and calling males confront one another , with one male ceasing to call . calls resemble birds warbling and generally consist of a long series ( 2 - 6 seconds ) of fast , repeating pulses , but other call types include short trills with sharp pulses and short calls with a long pulse . males are aggressive and calling males approach each other , with one male then ceasing to call ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) .
lays pigmented eggs ( gray - brown animal half , light yellowish gray vegetal half ) with transparent gelatinous coats . ova measured about 1 . 95 mm in diameter and were covered with two jelly layers , with the diameter of the outermost , tough , non - sticky jelly layer about 4 . 09 mm . eggs are laid terrestrially near the water ' s edge or in depressions , with hatching triggered by rainfall , filling the depressions or washing the tadpoles into adjacent ponds and ditches . some egg masses were observed more than 50 cm in horizontal distance from the water . egg masses were often concealed under fallen leaves or other debris , in soil depressions or in crevices behind stones or openings of rat holes . the clutch size averaged 182 eggs . tadpoles of
populations are stable with the major threat being habitat destruction and degradation from human settlements . its range overlaps with many protected areas in taiwan ( stuart et al . 2008 ) .
karyotype : 2n = 26 with eight small pairs and five large pairs of chromosomes ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) .
is derived from the greek words “idios , ” or peculiar , and
ootocos ,
or egg - laying ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) .
kuramoto , m . , and wang , c . s . ( 1987 ) . ' ' a new rhacophorid treefrog from taiwan , with comparisons to
stuart , s . , hoffmann , m . , chanson , j . , cox , n . , berridge , r . , ramani , p . , and young , b . ( eds ) ( 2008 ) .
lynx edicions , iucn , and conservation international , barcelona , spain ; gland , switzerland ; and arlington , virginia , usa .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
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lithobates pipiens
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temple treefrog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 111 ; lue , tu , and hsiang , 1999 , atlas taiwan amph . rept . : 40 ) .
mientien small treefrog ( fei , 1999 , atlas amph . china : 252 ) .
mientien treefrog ( lue , tu , and hsiang , 1999 , atlas taiwan amph . rept . : 40 ) .
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> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
urltoken
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< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =
publication
> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =
urltoken
> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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1 department of earth and life science , university of taipei . no . 1 , ai - guo west road , taipei , 10048 taiwan
4 department of life sciences , national chung - hsing university , no . 250 , guo - guang road , taichung city , 40227 taiwan
corresponding author : shu - ping wu ( wt . ude . utn @ uwgnipuhs )
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
species were collected by hand , euthanized using a dilute chloretone solution , and fixed in 10 % buffered formalin . frogs were later transferred to 70 % ethanol , and tadpoles were stored in 10 % buffered formalin . in addition to the type specimens described in this study , 343 samples that consisted of
and related taxa were collected from 22 locations throughout the island of taiwan . furthermore , three specimen of
were collected from the type locality . one was from iriomote isle and the other two were from ishigaki isle ( fig .
in addition , the eggs and tadpole morphometric characteristics were measured comprising total length ( tl ) , body length ( bl ) , tail length ( cl ) , tail height ( th ) , tail muscle height ( tm ) , internarial distance ( na ) , distance between eyes ( in ) , and tail muscle width ( mw ) ( altig and mcdiarmid 1999a , b ) . except for tl , bl , and cl , which were measured using dial calipers , tadpoles and eggs were measured under a dissecting microscope with a stage micrometer . developmental stages of tadpoles were as defined by gosner ( 1960 ) . drawings of the tadpoles were done by shw using a dissecting microscope with a camera lucida attachment .
all measurements of morphometric characteristics were taken using a dial caliper under a dissecting microscope , and measurements were rounded to 0 . 1 mm . digital webbing of the adults was recorded using savage and heyer’s formula ( 1997 ) .
t - tests were used to examine whether body size varied by gender within each taxon . an analysis of covariance ( ancova ) method was used to compare the size - adjusted means of morphometric characteristics . morphometric characteristics that satisfied the normality assumption were included in a multivariate principal component analysis ( pca ) based on the correlation matrix of size - standardized measurements ( all measurements divided by svl ) . scatter plots of the scores of the first three factors of pca were used to examine the differentiation among specimens . all of these tests and analyses were applied separately to male and female specimens . the statistical analyses were performed using sigmaplot 12 ( systat software , inc . ) .
frog mating calls were recorded using a digital recorder ( fostex fr - 2le ) and a microphone ( sennheiser me 67 / k6 ) . calls were recorded in the native habitats of these tree frogs , and environmental parameters including temperature and humidity were also recorded . avisoft saslab pro 5 . 2 . 08 ( avisoft bioacoustics ) was used to extract the maximum and minimum frequencies , as well as the width of frequency , the single note duration , and the time interval between notes of the mating calls . a rapid call and a slow call were identified . slow mating calls were compared among the subtypes in a pair - wise manner using wilcoxon - mann - whitney odds ( wmwodds ) calculations ( divine et al . 2013 ) . a bootstrap method was used to calculate the bonferroni corrected confidence intervals of the wmwodds .
polymerase ( super - therm ) , 0 . 5 μl of each primer ( 10 pm / λ ) , 1 μl template dna and ddh
o . thermal cycling was performed on a geneamp 9700 with 5 minutes at 95 °c for pre - denaturing , 35 cycles of 1 minute at 95 °c , 1 minute at 50 °c , 1 minute at 72 °c , and a final extension for 7 minutes at 72°c for both of the co1 and the 16s rrna genes . the amplicons were examined on a 2 % agarose gel for quality and fragment size . then they were purified using a geneaid pcr extraction kit and sequenced on an abi 3730 automated sequencer . estimates of genetic divergence among taxa were calculated using the kimura two - parameter model of correction for multiple substitutions at a site (
) . the transition / transversion ratio was set as 2 : 1 . chromatographs and sequences were examined and edited in bioedit 7 . 0 . 1 . (
) using the branch - and - bound search algorithm with 1000 permutation replicates to generate the null distribution . the fraction of ild null replicates with a significance value greater than the significance value of the ild was recorded . the sequences of the two gene segments were combined into one data set for subsequent analyses . dnasp 5 . 10 (
) was used to compute the population divergence conditions . tcs 1 . 21 (
) was used to reconstruct the minimum spanning network of haplotypes from each genetic population or species . a consensus ml tree was reconstructed by mega 6 (
a general time reversible model with a proportion of invariable sites and a gamma shaped distribution of rates across sites ( gtr + i + g , i = 0 . 4402 , g = 0 . 4519 ) was determined as the best - fitting model for the aligned sequences of the combined dataset using a hierarchical likelihood ratio test performed with the program mrmodeltest 2 . 2 ( nylander 2004 ) . the selected substitution model then was adopted in the reconstruction of the phylogeny by bayesian analysis and neighbor - joining ( nj ) analysis ( saito and nei 1987 ) .
the bayesian tree and the posterior probability distribution were determined using the program mrbayes 3 . 1 ( huelsenbeck and ronquist 2001 , ronquist and huelsenbeck 2003 ) . two independent monte carlo markov chain ( mcmc ) analyses were run simultaneously for 200 , 000 generations and sampled every 100 generations . to summarize the parameters and trees , the first 500 ( 25 % ) parameter values and trees were discarded . the nj analysis was conducted in paup using ml distance . gaps within the alignment were considered as missing values . the mp ( maximum parsimony ) analysis was performed with a heuristic search using 10 random stepwise steps followed by tree bisection reconnection ( tbr ) branch swapping . support for nodes was evaluated by bootstrap analysis ( felsenstein 1985 ) with 1000 replicates of the nj and the mp methods .
partial sequences of mtdna co1 gene were used as haplotypes to examine the genetic structures of the three subtypes . we calculated the fst , nm ( number of immigrants per generation , nm = ( ( 1 / fst ) - 1 ) / 4 ) , nucleotide diversity ( pi ) , and haplotype diversity ( hd ) . these calculations were made to comprehend the divergence and the intensity of gene flow among these taxa and to infer the evolutionary histories experienced by these taxa or their populations ( wright 1965 , avise 1994 ) .
) , collected on ligia timber trail , 1250 m elevation , taitung county , taiwan ( fig .
nchuzool 11311 - 13 collected on 2 august 2005 by hui - ming huang at the type locality ; nchuzool 11431 , asizam 0054 collected on 15 september 2005 by shu - ping wu at the type locality ; nchuzool 11442 ( eggs and tadpoles ) , collected on 7 february 2006 by shu - ping wu at the type locality ; nchuzool 11448 , collected on 16 february 2006 by shu - ping wu at 425 meters above sea level , at antong , hualien county ( fig .
ligia timber trail , 1250 meters above sea level , taitung county , taiwan , republic of china ( fig .
the epithet berylliniris is a compound word formed from beryllin ( l . ) , green - colored , and from iris ( l . ) , iris of the eye , and is treated as a noun in nominative singular in opposition to the generic name .
habitus moderately slender and somewhat flattened , size moderate ( svl 40 . 1 mm ) ; head wider than long ; tip of snout pointed ; snout obtuse in lateral view ; nostril barely visible from above ; canthus rostralis curved , prominent ; loreal region concave , oblique ; interorbital distance 1 . 5 times wider than upper eyelid width ; nostril oval , oblique , closer to tip of snout than to eye ; internarial distance slightly longer than nostril - eye distance ; eye diameter larger than nostril - eye distance ; pupil horizontal ; tympanic region oblique ; diameter of tympanum approximately half of eye diameter ; tympanum distinct , round ; tympanum to eye distance smaller than half tympanum diameter ; supratympanic fold from posterior tip of eye to base of arm ; jaw angle almost to posterior rim of tympanum ; premaxillary and maxillary teeth present ; choana exposed ; vomerine teeth present only on left side ; tooth patch oval , about half of choana diameter . vocal slits near commissure of jaw , slit - like .


lepidochrysops skotios is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in the democratic republic of the congo ( shaba , lualaba and possibly kwango ) and zambia .

adults have been recorded on wing in october and november .

lepidochrysops skotios

the patrician blue ( lepidochrysops patricia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the potchefstroom blue ( lepidochrysops procera ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops chloauges , the jade blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops solwezii , the roseate blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops longifalces , the msasa blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the highveld blue ( lepidochrysops praeterita ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops inyangae , the nyanga blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops violetta , the violet blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the southern blue ( lepidochrysops australis ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the zulu blue ( lepidochrysops ignota ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the ketsi blue ( lepidochrysops ketsi ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the monkey blue ( lepidochrysops methymna ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the peninsula blue ( lepidochrysops oreas ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the koppie blue ( lepidochrysops ortygia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the mouse blue ( lepidochrysops puncticilia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
the silvery blue ( lepidochrysops glauca ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops kocak , the giant blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops lukenia , the lukenia blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops peculiaris , the peculiar blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
van son’s blue ( lepidochrysops vansoni ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops elgonae , the elgon blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the swartberg blue ( lepidochrysops swartbergensis ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
loewenstein’s blue ( lepidochrysops loewensteini ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops polydialecta , the lilac giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops arabicus , the arabian giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops kitale , the kitale giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the free state blue ( lepidochrysops letsea ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops labeensis , the labe giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops parsimon , the western giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the estcourt blue ( lepidochrysops pephredo ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the outeniqua blue ( lepidochrysops outeniqua ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the coastal blue ( lepidochrysops littoralis ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the wineland blue ( lepidochrysops bacchus ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the twin - spot blue ( lepidochrysops plebeja ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops quassi , the tailed blue giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
wykeham ' s blue ( lepidochrysops wykehami ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
pennington ' s blue ( lepidochrysops penningtoni ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
pringle ' s blue ( lepidochrysops pringlei ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
swanepoel ' s blue ( lepidochrysops swanepoeli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
quickelberge ' s blue ( lepidochrysops quickelbergei ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
badham ' s blue ( lepidochrysops badhami ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
the ball ' s blue ( lepidochrysops balli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
lepidochrysops is a genus of butterfly in the family lycaenidae . the members ( species ) are found in the afrotropical ecozone .
lepidochrysops hypopolia , known as morant ' s blue ( afrikaans : morant - bloutjie ) , was a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .
libert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .
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an extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .
ackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .
larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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seitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 72
seitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 73
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