millepora tenera is a species of fire coral in the family milleporidae .

it is native to the red sea and the western indo-pacific region and is a zooxanthellate species with a calcareous skeleton .

it was first described in 1949 by the dutch zoologist hilbrand boschma .

millepora tenera

stinging coral ( millepora tenera ) toxin : a comparison of crude extracts with isolated nematocyst extracts .
target species millepora platyphylla ( p , red ) and non - target species ; millepora intricata ( i , green ) , millepora dichotoma ( d , pink ) , millepora tenera ( t , purple ) , millepora complanata ( c , blue ) and millepora exaesa ( e , yellow ) .
nick hope added the english common name
fire coral
to
millepora tenera boschma , 1948
.
stinging coral ( millepora tenera ) toxin : a comparison of crude extracts with isolated nematocyst extracts . - pubmed - ncbi
( 1974 ) . stinging coral ( millepora tenera ) toxin : a comparison of crude extracts with isolated nematocyst extracts . toxicon
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millepora tenera is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
the distinctive pores of millepora boschmai , which distinguish it from reef - building corals .
7 . wittle lw , tscura ed , middlebrook re . stinging coral ( millepora tenera ) toxin : a comparison of the crude extracts with isolated nematocyst extracts . toxicon . 1974 ; 12 ( 5 ) : 481 - 6 . [ links ]
globally , millepora boschmai is critically endangered and the only remaining populations occur in indonesia . the status of millepora boschmai in australia is unknown and currently there are no records of it occurring in australian waters .
there are another 14 species of _ millepora _ known to exist worldwide . two of these species are listed by the iucn as endangered and two are listed as data deficient . numerous millepora species are restricted to the atlantic ocean however six species are known to occur in australia ( m . dischotoma , m . exaesa , m . foveolata , m . intricata , m . platyphylla , and m . tenera ) .
characterisation of de novo microsatellite loci and genetic diversity in the target species millepora platyphylla collected in moorea , french polynesia .
( of millepora cruzi nemenzo , 1975 ) razak , t . b . & b . w . hoeksema , 2003 . the hydrocoral genus millepora ( hydrozoa : capitata : milleporidae ) in indonesia . zoologische verhandelingen leiden 345 : 313 - 336 . [ details ]
nevertheless , the exact status of all millepora species in australia is unknown and further research is needed to identify species and population status .
( of millepora tortuosa dana , 1848 ) boschma , h . 1948a . the species problem in millepora . zoologische verhandelingen , leiden 1 : 1 - 115 , pls . 1 - 15 . page ( s ) : 41 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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( of millepora tenella ortmann , 1892 ) razak , t . b . , hoeksema b . w . , 2003 . the hydrocoral genus millepora ( hydrozoa : capitata : milleporidae ) in indonesia . zool . verh . leiden 345 : 313 - 336 . page ( s ) : 323 [ details ]
millepora alcicornis is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
23 . grajales a , sánchez ja . discharged nematocysts of millepora alcicornis . coral reefs . 2006 ; 25 ( 4 ) : 671 . [ links ]
summary of genetic distances ( gd ) based on the 16s gene between the target species and other millepora species together with indices indicating microsatellite transferability and genetic diversity .
21 . lewis jb . biology and ecology of the hydrocoral millepora on coral reefs . adv mar biol . 2006 ; 50 : 1 - 55 . [ links ]
5 . wittle lw , middlebrook r , lane c . isolation and partial purification of a toxin from millepora alcicornis . toxicon . 1971 ; 9 ( 4 ) : 327 - 31 . [ links ]
millepora boschmai is a type of hydrocoral , related to jellyfish , anemones and the true corals that build reefs . all corals are animals , and not plants . they have bodies made of many cells without cell walls , which distinguishes them from plants and fungi . the tiny bodies of corals are hidden in a calcium skeleton , and it is the thousands of pores in millepora skeletons that distinguish this type of coral .
6 . middlebrook re , wittle lw , scura ed , lane ce . isolation and partial purification of a toxin from millepora dichotoma . toxicon . 1971 ; 9 ( 4 ) : 333 - 6 . [ links ]
( of millepora tenella ortmann , 1892 ) s . d . cairns & j . van der land , 2000 - 2007 , as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
3 . prasad r , vincent l , hamilton r , lim k . minimal change disease in association with fire coral ( millepora species ) exposure . am j kidney dis . 2005 ; 47 ( 1 ) : e15 - 6 . [ links ]
9 . radwan ffy . comparative toxinological and immunological studies on the nematocyst venoms of the red sea fire corals millepora dichotoma and m . platyphylla . comp biochem physiol c pharmacol . 2002 ; 131 ( 3 ) : 323 - 34 . [ links ]
boschma , h . 1949c . notes on specimens of the genus millepora in the collection of the british museum . proceedings of the zoological society of london 119 : 661 - 672 , pls 1 - 2 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
hydrozoan cnidarians of the genus millepora are commonly denominated fire corals since contact with them immediately causes burning pain , erythema and pustule formation on human skin ( 1 - 3 ) . these hydrocorals are able to induce their damaging effects due to the presence of nematocysts , the characteristic stinging organelles used by all cnidarians for defense and capturing prey ( 4 ) . several studies have shown that the venom contained in the nematocysts from millepora species display lethal , hemolytic , dermonecrotic , and antigenic properties ( 5 - 10 ) .
razak , t . b . , hoeksema b . w . , 2003 . the hydrocoral genus millepora ( hydrozoa : capitata : milleporidae ) in indonesia . zool . verh . leiden 345 : 313 - 336 . page ( s ) : 323 [ details ]
this genus is generally not found in the aquarium trade , but is sometimes collected for curio and jewellery trade . crown - of - thorns starfish are a major threat to corals in australia , but according to observations in fiji , millepora is not a target .
parts of the distributions of several millepora species fall within australian marine protected areas and it is likely they will benefit from those reserves . nevertheless , recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status .
structural characteristics of discharged and undischarged nematocysts from the hydrozoans millepora alcicornis and millepora complanata , two fire corals collected in the mexican caribbean , were examined using transmission electron , scanning and light microscopy . in this study , we report for the first time images of the nematocysts found in these mexican caribbean venomous species . two types of nematocysts were observed in both species , the more abundant identified as macrobasic mastigophore and the other a stenotele type . macrobasic mastigophores were present in medium and large size classes while stenoteles appeared in only one size .
1 . sagi a , rosenberg l , ben - meir p , hauben dj . the
fire coral
( millepora dichotoma ) as a cause of burns : a case report . burns incl therm inj . 1987 ; 13 ( 4 ) : 325 - 6 . [ links ]
propagation is rather simple for millepora corals . breaking and cementing the pieces onto plugs or rock is a typical way to frag this coral . rubber banding to a plug or rock is another way that has been used . however , there is another way that is quite ingenious . place rubble rock around the
the fire coral ( millepora boschmai ) is one of the rarest species of coral in the world . it is known only from a small number of locations in the pacific ocean , panama and indonesia , and it appears this species got into hot water almost a decade before it was even known to science .
10 . ibarra - alvarado c , alejandro garcía j , aguilar mb , rojas a , falcón a , heimer de la cotera ep . biochemical and pharmacological characterizations obtained from the fire coral millepora complanata . comp biochem physiol c toxicol pharmacol . 2007 ; 146 ( 4 ) : 511 - 8 . [ links ]
the millepora genus is very aggressive . these hydrocorals will encrust and take over other corals , so keep your eye on their growth rate . make sure you space them at least 6” from other corals . possibly place them on a rock in the sand away from the main rock work to keep them from encrusting on to the main rock formation .
( of millepora tortuosa dana , 1848 ) dana , j . d . , 1848 . zoophytes . in : narrative of the u . s . exploring expedition , during the years 1838 - 1842 , by ch . wilkes , 7 , zoophytes . 7 : vi + 740 pp . . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 545 [ details ]
in australia , millepora species occur in a variety of habitats to at least 30 metres deep . they can be found in inshore areas such as the kimberley coastal reefs , and also in the clear waters offshore . some of these species are found abundance . m . intricata , for example , is a dominant species in the lizard island lagoon on the great barrier reef .
the fire coral , millepora alcicornis , while immune to the crown of thorns can succumb to predatory polychaetes and nudibranchs from the phyllidia genus . many critters like this crab will find safety in it ' s branches . hawkfish , who do not have any tissue on their pelvic fins will perch between the branches and will not be stung as they enjoy the protection of the fire coral .
caring for a millepora coral in the aquarium requires that you be very careful . these hydrocorals have a potent sting . it can just be a mild sting for some , but for others it can be all the way up to anaphylactic shock . needless to say , wear gloves when you are handling them or are anywhere near the coral . don’t be dissuaded from keeping them because of their sting , however since they are hardy and easy to propagate . just be careful and wear gloves .
the fire coral , millepora alcicornis has earned the name
fire
for good reason ! it is strong enough to put some people into anaphylactic shock , however most of the time it is a bad sting . the positive thing is that they grow so slow , less than 1
per year , that they can be kept in a nano tank , without the risk of over growing everything so fast . they also will hold their own and other corals will generally stay away from them !
the millepora corals are found at depths from 0 to 148 feet ( 45 m ) in areas of high current and light . they inhabit reef slopes and projected parts of the reef that have strong wave and current action . these include tidal inlets , sheltered bays , mangrove shores , exposed bay areas and ledges at the entrance of these bays as well as in sounds , shallow reefs and shallow coastal benthic habitats . they are occasionally found on mangrove roots and in the shallow protected areas where there are solid beds .
assignment analyses based on bayesian clustering analysis using structure ( pritchard , stephens & donnelly , 2000 ) for five of the six studied species : ( 1 ) m . platyphylla , ( 2 ) m . exaesa , ( 3 ) m . intricata , ( 4 ) m . dichotoma and ( 5 ) m . tenera . the x - axis shows species identification and y - axis shows the cluster membership ( k = 2 ) . initial structure runs were used to determine the most likely number of clusters ( k ) . runs were performed with the default setting , a burn - in period of 50000 , 50000 mcmc repeats and 10 iterations per k . the results were uploaded to structure harvester ( earl & vonholdt , 2011 ) and the most likely k was retained for a second run in structure with a burn - in period of 500000 , 500000 mcmc repeats , 10 iterations and uniform prior setting .
genus has been propagated in captivity , yet are not always available . millepora hydrocorals have two principle forms ; the predominant body type is the polyp and the other is bell - shaped or the shape of a thin disk . their life cycle originates as a sessile polyp , and in this stage it multiplies asexually . animals in the polyp stage are known as “hydroids” . the polyp stage can then bud , forming a free - swimming , planktonic animal , like the jellyfish . in this stage they are known as “medusa” and can produce eggs or sperm .
millepora complanata is a plate - like fire coral common throughout the caribbean . contact with this species usually provokes burning pain , erythema and urticariform lesions . our previous study suggested that the aqueous extract of m . complanata contains non - protein hemolysins that are soluble in water and ethanol . in general , the local damage induced by cnidarian venoms has been associated with hemolysins . the characterization of the effects of these components is important for the understanding of the defense mechanisms of fire corals . in addition , this information could lead to better care for victims of envenomation accidents .
millepora alcicornis is a branching hydrocoral common throughout the caribbean sea . like other members of this genus , this species is capable of inducing skin eruptions and blisters with severe pain after contact . in the present study , we investigated the toxicity of the m . alcicornis aqueous extract on several animal models . considering that some cnidarian hemolysins have been associated to local tissue damage , since they also induce lysis of other cell types , we also made a partial characterization of the hemolytic activity of m . alcicornis aqueous extract . this information is important for understanding the defense mechanisms of the “fire corals” .
in this study , two types of nematocysts were observed in both caribbean millepora species . these nematocysts were identified as stenoteles and macrobasic mastigosphores according to weill ' s classification ( 16 , 17 ) . measurements of the capsule size of the nematocysts , made from the sem photographs , showed that in both species the macrobasic mastigophores were present in medium ( 10 . 6 - 13 . 0 x 18 . 1 - 21 . 6 µm ) and large ( 17 . 5 - 21 . 8 x 25 . 0 - 33 . 1 µm ) size classes , while stenoteles were present in only one size ( 10 . 5 - 15 . 6 x 18 . 7 - 25 . 0 µm ) .
the most abundant nematocyst type found in both millepora species was the macrobasic mastigophore . the structure of the undischarged form consists of an egg - shaped capsule with an inverted tubule coiled with an amorphous arrangement , which can be observed in the lm photographs ( figure 3 - a ) . the operculum , located in the apical part of the capsule , has a diameter of approximately 2 . 5 µm in both large and medium size classes ( figure 3 - b ) . in the discharged form of this nematocyst type one observes that the everted tubule is armed with three helically coiled bands of spines extended throughout the length of the tubule ( figure 3 - c to f ) . figure 3 - e shows a macrobasic mastigophore with the everted tubule completely extended ; this tubule has a diameter of 1 . 6 µm while the shaft , an enlarged portion in the middle of the tubule , has a diameter of 2 . 3 µm .
additionally , a 461 bp portion of the mitochondrial 16s gene was amplified for 30 specimens ( five colonies per species ) and used to estimate the genetic distances among the six millepora species . the pcr amplifications were performed using the primers 16s - sha and 16s - shb ( cunningham & buss , 1993 ) in 20 µl reactions containing : 1 . 5 mm of mgcl 2 , 0 . 2 mm of each dntp , 1× final concentration of buffer , 0 . 5 µm of each primer , 0 . 25 unit of red hot taq polymerase , 2 µl of dna template ( 80–100 ng / µl ) and sterilised water up to 20 µl . the cycling parameters were as follows : an initial denaturation step of 5 min at 94 °c , followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 94 °c , 1 min at 50 °c , 1 . 5 min at 72 °c and a final elongation step of 5 min at 72 °c . sequencing of the pcr products was performed by genoscreen ( lille , france ) .
stenoteles are penetrating nematocysts limited to the class hydrozoa and are found mostly in hydras ( 20 , 21 ) . in this study , we found the presence of few stenoteles in both millepora species . calder ( 22 ) reported that the gastrozooids of m . alcicornis , collected in bermuda , contained stenoteles of small ( 5 . 7 - 6 . 6 x 8 . 3 - 8 . 9 µm ) , medium ( 12 . 9 - 14 . 2 x 15 . 9 - 17 . 6 µm ) and large ( 15 . 9 - 18 . 7 x 21 . 6 - 24 . 7 µm ) sizes , whereas the dactylozooids only contained small stenoteles ( 5 . 9 - 6 . 5 x 8 . 3 - 8 . 6 µm ) . the capsule of the undischarged form of this nematocyst type has a characteristic lime shape with pointed ends ( figure 1 - a , b ) , one of these ends consists of an aperture closed by a cover known as an operculum , whose diameter is approximately 4 . 5 µm while the other extreme has a diameter of approximately 2 µm ( figure 1 - b ) .
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m . tenella is considered a synonym of this species ( randall and cheng 1984 ) .
this species is widespread in the indo - pacific . it is found from the red sea and east africa to the mariana islands and american samoa , including australia and japan . specific records : red sea , gulf of aden , arabian sea ( socotra ) , madagascar , lakshadweep , west thailand , northwest australia , vietnam , indonesia , philippines , pohnpei ( micronesia ) , papua new guinea , bismarck sea - solomon islands , great barrier reef , fiji ( devantier and turak pers . comm . ) . randall and cheng ( 1984 ) give western indian ocean to samoa and great barrier reef to japan .
this species is considered relatively common throughout its range . there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future . the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years . see the supplementary material for further details on population decline and generation length estimates .
this species is most abundant in shallow reef habitat at depths of less than 15 m .
species are generally found in inshore areas characterized by turbidity , and exhibit a tolerance for siltation . they often occur in clear offshore sites ( lovell pers . comm . )
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best , w . g . , g . faure & m . pichon ( 1980 ) . contribution to the knowledge of the stony corals from the seychelles and eastern africa . rev . zool . afr . 94 , 3 : 600 - 627 . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
fire corals get their common name from the painful stings they inflict on divers ( 3 ) . approximately 50 species of fire coral have been described , which express an array of growth forms . growth forms range from colonies composed of tree - like branches , solid colonies that are typically dome - shaped , or colonies that adhere closely to the substrate ( 3 ) . these reef - building ( hermatypic ) corals can be green , cream or yellow , and those species with branches have hollow cores , containing oxygen , that can be easily broken ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . other species form thick and sturdy colonies capable of withstanding the strongest wave action ( 4 ) .
reproduction in fire corals is more complex than in other reef - building corals . the polyps reproduce asexually , producing jellyfish - like medusae , which are released into the water from special cup - like structures known as ampullae . the medusae contain the reproductive organs that release eggs and sperm into the water . fertilised eggs develop into free - swimming larvae that will eventually settle on the substrate and form new colonies . fire corals can also reproduce asexually by fragmentation ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
fire corals form extensive outcrops on projecting parts of the reef where the tidal currents are strong . they are also abundant on upper reef slopes and in lagoons ( 4 ) , and occur down to depths of 40 metres ( 5 ) .
fire corals face the many threats that are impacting coral reefs globally . it is estimated that 20 percent of the world’s coral reefs have already been effectively destroyed and show no immediate prospects of recovery , and 24 percent of the world’s reefs are under imminent risk of collapse due to human pressures . these human impacts include poor land management practices that are releasing more sediment , nutrients and pollutants into the oceans and stressing the fragile reef ecosystem . overfishing has ‘knock - on’ effects that result in the increase of macro - algae that can out - compete and smother corals , and fishing using destructive methods physically devastates the reef . a further potential threat is the increase of coral bleaching events , as a result of global climate change ( 7 ) .
most fire coral species have brittle skeletons that can easily be broken , for example , during storms , or by divers ( 3 ) . divers can easily break the branches of fire corals when diving for leisure , or when collecting fish for the aquarium trade . for instance , the yellowtail damselfish tends to dwell close to the branching fire coral colonies , and retreats into its branches when threatened . in brazil , fire coral colonies are extensively damaged when harvesting the yellowtail damselfish , as the corals are often deliberately smashed and fishes hiding amongst the branches are ‘shaken out’ into plastic bags ( 8 ) .
fire corals are listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which means that trade in these species should be carefully regulated ( 2 ) . indonesia and fiji both have quota systems for corals , monitored though cites ( 2 ) . the aim of the quotas are to ensure harvests are kept at a sustainable level , but in reality they are hard to set at the right level due to a lack of knowledge regarding coral biology . fire corals will form part of the marine community in many marine protected areas ( mpas ) , which offer coral reefs a degree of protection , and there are many calls from non - governmental organisations for larger mpas to ensure the persistence of these unique and fascinating ecosystems ( 7 ) .
for further information on this species see veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus and robertson publishers , uk .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
veron , j . e . n . ( 2000 ) corals of the world . vol . 3 . australian institute of marine sciences , townsville , australia .
veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus and robertson publishers , uk .
borneman , e . h . ( 2001 ) aquarium corals ; selection , husbandry and natural history . t . f . h . publications , new jersey , usa .
wood , e . m . ( 1983 ) reef corals of the world : biology and field guide . t . f . h . publications , new jersey , usa .
wilkinson , c . ( 2004 ) status of coral reefs of the world . australian institute of marine science , townsville , australia .
gasparini , j . l . , floeter , s . r . , ferreira , c . e . l . and sazima , i . ( 2005 ) marine ornamental trade in brazil . biodiversity and conservation , 14 : 2883 - 2899 .
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this species is widespread in the indo - pacific . it is found from the red sea and east africa to the mariana islands and american samoa , including australia and japan .
specific records : red sea , gulf of aden , arabian sea ( socotra ) , madagascar , lakshadweep , west thailand , northwest australia , vietnam , indonesia , philippines , pohnpei ( micronesia ) , papua new guinea , bismarck sea - solomon islands , great barrier reef , fiji ( devantier and turak pers . comm . ) .
randall and cheng ( 1984 ) give western indian ocean to samoa and great barrier reef to japan .
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nematocysts free of extra - nematocyst material is described . the toxic material from the nematocysts had an
in mice of 40 μg protein per kg body weight and displayed hemolytic and dermonecrotic properties . comparison of nematocyst extract and crude extract of whole specimens of
by electrophoresis and double diffusion tests indicated the toxin in crude extract is of nematocyst origin and not from extra - nematocyst material .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
in : schuchert , p . ( 2015 ) world hydrozoa database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2016 - 08 - 30 .
in : schuchert , p . ( 2015 ) world hydrozoa database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2016 - 10 - 11 .
catalogue of materials deposited in ryukyu university museum ( fujukan ) , no . 9 . ryukyu university museum ( fujukan ) , nishihara , 5 - 32 ( in japanese ) .
occurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )
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belongs to the class hydrozoa , and are known as hydrocorals . this species is just one of the many members in the
genus . this genus contains the common
fire coral
or
stinging coral
species that have a potent sting , causing a burning sensation if touched . usually it is just a mild sting , but for some people the reaction can be all the way up to anaphylactic shock . divers , snorkelers , and aquarists need to wear gloves when handling these corals or are anywhere near them .
fire corals could be described as very hardy “soft” corals . they have a similar appearance to stony corals , and are found in similar habitats . but the
genus are not considered stony corals due to their internal structure . like the stony corals , they do produce a hard aragonite skeleton and aid in reef building , yet inside their structure are canals that house all of their polyps and aid in food distribution . this makes them no where near as dense and hard as a stony coral .
genus can take many forms including arborescent ( treelike ) , plate - like , encrusting , lace - like , box - like or columnar . these different forms develop in conjunction with the water flow where they are found . encrusting colonies are the initial growth form of these hydrocorals . in areas of strong water flow they will continue to encrust , but in a low water flow area they will develop into a lacy branching form similar to the
, but not on a single plane . their branches can become leaf - like , blade - like , or even box - like in areas where the water flow increases in strength . thus the common names they are known for besides fire coral and stinging coral are branching fire coral , box coral , bladed fire coral , finger coral , ginger coral , and wello fire coral .
don’t be dissuaded from keeping fire corals because of their sting . they are interesting corals that are hardy and easy to propagate , just be careful and wear gloves . in the wild they are adaptable to many environments , thus contributing to their hardy nature . they let you know their lighting needs by their color , with yellow indicating perfect light and brown being “not enough . ” they also need strong water movement or they will not grow as much .
genus was described by linnaeus in 1758 . this is the only genus in the milleporidae family . there are at least 48 species with a few being
genus are found from the red sea , south to madagascar , then east toward australia ' s west coast in the houtman abrolhos island area . they are also found from the great barrier reef all the way around australia ' s north coast and mid way down the east coast . from new caledonia they occur all the way to the tuamotu islands then north to the hawaiian islands , circling back to the southern tip of japan . then they are found westward including all of indonesia and back to the red sea . some are also found in the atlantic oceans including the gulf of mexico and up to canada via north america’s east coast .
the fire coral is on the iucn red list for endangered species under least concerned . this is due to population reduction from habitat loss and reef degradation , however they recover quickly . in 10 years , if climate changes and ocean acidification persists , this will change the classification . the
genus is commonly one of the first corals on the scene of a new reef and the last ones to leave when a reef is dying . they cover 10 % to 50 % of reefs , as well as being a small part of all reef building corals .
some common names these hydrocorals are known for are bladed fire coral , wello fire coral , fire coral , box coral , firecoral , stinging coral , finger coral , ginger coral , and wello fire coral . the
facing into a strong currents , they can make use of the passing plankton , small floating invertebrates , and other prey . they use the venomous cells ( nematocysts ) found in their tentacles to catch prey in these nutrient rich waters , but also to sting and deflect any possible threats or attacks .
lc - least concern - they have experienced some habitat loss , however they recover quickly .
genus grows in many formations , all dependent on water movement . they can form branching , laminar , encrusting and massive colonies . this genus is not considered a stony coral due to its internal structure . they do produce a hard aragonite skeleton , yet inside are canals that house all of the polyps and aid in food distribution . this makes them no where near as dense and hard as a stony coral . the smooth surface is densely dotted with mouths that look like small pores . the colors of the
are usually a mustard yellow to dark brown and cream with white or lighter colored tips , with some rarer species being green or pink .
at first glance this doesn ' t look anything like a typical fire coral . most are highly branched like small bushes . as it turns out though , there is an encrusting type of fire coral and this is it !
on the smooth surface , the dense populations of pores are called called gastropores and they contain polyps in two sizes . the larger polyps are called gastrozooid polyps . they tend to stay within the corallum , ( not extending outward past the surface of the coral ) , and help to digest food and pass it through the colony within the skeletal structure . the smaller polyps surrounding this gastrozooid polyp are called dactylozooids , and they number between 5 to 7 . the dactylozooids look like tiny hairs that stick up beyond the surface , giving these hydrocorals a fuzzy appearance .
the dactylozooids polyps have a strong toxin to sting prey . once stung , these polyps will then bring the food inward to the gastrozooid polyp in the middle , which will engulf the prey and digest it . these corals will burn your skin if you are not careful . they are a bane to divers and it is best to look and not touch in the wild .
can grow up to 12
( 30 cm ) in height . encrusting forms can sense nearby corals and will grow towards them and then encrust over them , using their structure as a base .
is found in several areas that do not have strong wave action , and so are generally the branching form . this coral will typically overgrow and take the shape of any coral it gets near , especially gorgonians .
is from the atlantic and are usually pink to cream with white or lighter colored tips . they tend to grow in a box - like formation from an encrusting base .
these hydrocorals are found in surge areas with strong waves and generally form heavier leaf - like , fanlike or vertical plate - like structures .
10 years - may live longer . maturity is reached at 3 to 8 years after a hydroid plants itself .
the fire corals can be easy to care for as long as lighting and water flow are strong . they will turn brown under inadequate lighting . they adjust themselves to the water flow in your tank as they grow , so once established try not to move them if you can . they will cease to grow very much at it there is weak water movement .
if you experience a sting , applying ammonia and warm water are two suggestions . however keeping powdered meat tenderizer around is a good idea if you own , or will be purchasing one of these corals . meat tenderizer seems to be a constant as a relief cure . this will alleviate the burn and itch of their sting . these items are a neutralizer for these particular forms of nematocyst stings , but will not necessarily work for jellyfish stings or other types of nematocyst stings .
fire corals depend on light and photosynthesis for about 75 % of their growth , they also do well being fed plankton . these “hungry hydrocorals” will eat live brine shrimp as well , or any defrosted foods like mysis , etc . that get into their “hairy” stingers . turning the pumps off while they feed is a good idea .
genus . although similar to a
soft coral
, they do have calcareous skeletons and need parameters similar to hard corals . do typical water changes of 20 % a month , 10 % biweekly , or 5 % weekly . it has been noted that 5 % weekly water changes replenish many of the needed additives .
purigen and poly - fiber are great products to help in maintaining water quality . purigen is a synthetic polymer that removes soluble and insoluble impurities from water at an exceptionally high rate and capacity , helping to control ammonia , nitrites and nitrates . additions of iodine and and trace elements are suggested .
weekly - changing 5 % of the water weekly is best , or 10 % bi - weekly . a 20 % monthly water change will work if additives are provided .
a typical reef environment is what is needed for your fire coral . this is a great nano tank coral , and it will also do fine in a larger tank due to its slow growing nature . a mature tank ( well over a year old ) is advised to increase the chance of successfully keeping
they need strong lighting , though not necessarily metal halide . they can be placed in the middle of the tank with t5s , and on the bottom of the tank with metal halides and strong led . these corals prefer a strong water flow that is turbulent and surging , but not linear . provide an average salinity of 1 . 026 and normal temperatures .
high - strong lighting - t5s are sufficient if the corals are placed in the middle of the tank rather than on the bottom .
1 . 025 - 1 . 027 sg - 1 . 026 is the best .
middle - middle of the tank if lighting witht5s , but on the bottom if using metal halides .
fire corals generally grow slowly at a rate of 1 / 16
to over 3 / 4
( 4 to 20 mm ) per year . however when other corals are present they will actually grow faster in their direction , at a whopping 1” or more a month . they are especially fond of gorgonians from the
genus . they can actually sense a gorgonian , overtake it , and assume its shape . ironically a strong , swift water current can snap this overgrown structure in half since the gorgonian is now dead and brittle underneath .
hawkfish are often found on these corals , and use them for protection . they can do this because their tissue - less pectoral fins are immune to the sting . the crown of thorns seastar will also not bother this strong stinging coral .
monitor - safe as long as they are no closer than 6 to 12
.
safe - safe as long as they are no closer than 6 to 12
.
may be aggressive - safe as long as they are no closer than 6 to 12
.
fire corals primarily consist of hydroid colonies . these usually have separate sexes consisting of either male or female members . thus each colony can produce only one type of gamete , either eggs or sperm . there is not usually both sexes in the same colony .
the gametes of fire corals are sexually mature in about 20 - 30 days , much sooner than the months it can take for stony corals . in the wild , the
genus is not dependent on lunar cycles and will release free swimming medusae at the same time as other fire corals . their medusae do not live for very long , only a few hours .
, and let their encrusting tendency take over and cover the rubble . then simply break away a piece of rubble as a frag .
easy - to propagate , fragments are cut and glued on to plug or live rock .
genus , although not susceptible to many things , does have few areas that can lead to its demise . having zooxanthellae algae makes them susceptible to bleaching . higher temperatures than they are used to will cause this too , along with their being too close to a metal halide lamp .
, will also eat these hydrocorals , even thought they are stung in the process .
nudibranchs . these feed on fire corals but can ingest the stinging nematocysts without digesting them . they then use these same nematocysts as defense by transporting them through their intestines to their dorsal appendages . when the sea slug feels threatened , it will then fire the stinging nematocysts at the predator !
genus is very hard to find at pet shops and on line . these corals can sometimes be sold under “hydrocorals” or “fire corals” . they may possibly be special ordered from a local fish store .
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colonies was used to optimise pcr amplification and identify polymorphic loci . small fragments of tissue - covered skeleton ( < 2cm
) were incubated at 55 °c for 1 h in 450 µl of digest buffer with proteinase k ( qiagen , hilden , germany ) . genomic dna was extracted using a qiaxtractor automated genomic dna extraction instrument , according to manufacturer’s instructions . pcrs were performed in a final volume of 10 µl including 5 µl type - it multiplex pcr master mix ( 1× ) ( qiagen , hilden , germany ) , 3 µl rnase - free water , 1 µl primers ( 2 µm for both forward and reverse primers diluted in te buffer ) and 1 µl of template ( 10–50 ng / µl ) . the pcr program included an initial denaturing step of 5 min at 95 °c , followed by 40 cycles of 30 s at 95 °c , 90 s at optimal temperature ( 57–60 °c ) depending on the microsatellite locus ( see
) , and 30 s at 72 °c , followed by a final 30 min elongation step at 60 °c . the pcr products were electrophoresed on 2 % agarose gels . for loci with high - quality and consistent amplification , the pcr was repeated on dna template isolated from
, the forward primer was fluorescently labelled with the g5 dye set including 6 - fam , vic , ned and pet ( applied biosystems , foster city , ca ) . amplified fragments were visualised on an applied biosystems 3730 sequencer using a genescan 500 liz ladder .
significant values of f is are indicated by bold values with ∗ p < 0 . 05 and ∗∗ p < 0 . 001 .
species to test for their transferability . for the characterisation of newly developed microsatellites , small fragments ( < 2 cm
colonies were collected on the reefs of moorea in french polynesia ( cites - fr1298700028 - e ) . for cross - species amplification transferability tests , samples were collected from various locations in the indo - pacific and the caribbean for five other species of fire corals : 11
) . pcrs ( 10 µl ) were performed with 2 µm of labelled forward primer and reverse primer with the same amplification conditions described above . pcr products were sent to genoscreen ( lille , france ) for fragment analysis and were visualised using an applied biosystems 3730 sequencer . an internal size ladder ( genescan 500 liz , applied biosystems ) was used for accurate sizing and alleles were scored and checked manually using genemapper v . 4 . 0 ( applied biosystems , foster city , ca ) . samples that were ambiguous in scoring were re - amplified and re - scored . all peak profiles that were faint or ambiguous ( i . e . , multiple peaks ) were considered as missing data .
control for the presence of null alleles , scoring errors and large allele dropout were performed with microchecker v . 3 . 7 ( van oosterhout et al . , 2004 ) . to assess the discriminative power of the microsatellite markers , the genotype probability ( gp ) was estimated for each locus and for a combination of all loci using genalex v . 6 . 5 ( peakall & smouse , 2006 ) . repeated multilocus genotypes ( mlgs ) were also identified in genalex and were considered as clone mates at gp < 0 . 001 . the probability of identity , p ( id ) , was computed to evaluate the power of our microsatellites to accurately distinguish closely related genotypes from those produced by asexual reproduction ( waits , luikart & taberlet , 2001 ) . population genetic analyses were then performed after the removal of all clonal replicates .


agonopterix lacteella is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by caradja in 1920 .

it is found in the russian far east ( south-eastern siberia ) .

agonopterix lacteella

agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent
article : agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent
redescription of agonopterix selini ( heinemann , 1870 ) with description of agonopterix lessini sp . n . and agonopterix paraselini
details - agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent - biodiversity heritage library
depressaria lacteella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 130 ; tl : kasakewitsch
thelma ' s agonopterix moth ( agonopterix thelmae ) is a moth of the depressariidae family .
agonopterix kuznetzovi lvovsky , 1983 ; ent . obozr . 62 ( 3 ) : 594
ty - jour ti - agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent t2 - the entomologist ' s record and journal of variation . vl - 89 ur - urltoken pb - s . n . cy - [ london : py - 1977 sp - 348 ep - 348 er -
agonopterix flurii sonderegger , 2013 ; contr . nat . history 21 : ( 1 - 14 )
agonopterix banatica georgesco , 1965 ; rev . roum . biol . ( zool . ) 10 : 113
agonopterix dumitrescui georgesco , 1965 ; rev . roum . biol . ( zool . ) 10 : 111
agonopterix subpropinquella ( ruddy flat - body ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
agonopterix abditella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 40
agonopterix graecella hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 233
agonopterix inoxiella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 38
agonopterix ordubadensis hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 34
agonopterix subumbellana hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 42
agonopterix purpurea ( small purple flat - body ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
agonopterix chaetosoma clarke , 1962 ; ent . news 73 : 93 ; tl : japan , hoshu , kii , nati
agonopterix cluniana huemer & lvovsky , 2000 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 21 ( 3 ) : 135
agonopterix issikii clarke , 1962 ; ent . news 73 : 96 ; tl : japan , honshu , sinano , tobira
agonopterix ( subagonopterix ) vietnamella subgen . nov . et spec . nov , of flat moths from south - eastern asia
agonopterix socerbi sumpich , 2012 ; nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 162 ; tl : slovenia , crni kal - socerb
agonopterix dierli lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : nepal , east khumjung , 3800m
agonopterix medelichensis buchner , 2015 ; zootaxa 3986 ( 1 ) : 107 ; tl : italy , prov . verona , monte , 300m
agonopterix mendesi corley , 2002 ; nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 26 ; tl : portugal , algarve , praia de castelejo
agonopterix heracliana ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]
@ article { bhlpart196699 , title = { agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent } , journal = { the entomologist ' s record and journal of variation . } , volume = { 89 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ london : s . n . } , author = { } , year = { 1977 } , pages = { 348 - - 348 } , }
agonopterix mikkolai lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 151 ; tl : nepal , kathmandu , phulchoki mt . , 1700m
agonopterix perezi walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 957 , pl . 52 , f . 8
agonopterix paraselini buchner , 2017 ; gortania 38 : 94 ; tl : austria , lower austria , eichkogel near mödling , 48°4 . 8n ; 16°16 . 6e
agonopterix parinkini lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 151 ; tl : nepal , e . bujan , dudh kosi tal , 2900m
= agonopterix nigrinotella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 868 ; [ nhm card ]
agonopterix ( depressariini ) ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 , 9 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ fe ]
agonopterix bipunctifera ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 3 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]
agonopterix takamukui ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 34 , pl . 1 , f . 6 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ]
agonopterix toega hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 30 , pl . 1 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : san clemente island , california
agonopterix l - nigrum ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 4 , pl . 4 , f . 18 ; [ nhm card ]
agonopterix sapporensis ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 33 , pl . 1 , f . 5 , pl . 3 , f . 15 - 16 ; [ nhm card ]
agonopterix hesphoea hodges , 1975 ; j . lep . soc . 29 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : texas , culberson co . , sierra diablo 20 mi . nnw van horn , 6000ft
agonopterix amyrisella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42 ; [ nacl ] , # 898 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix psoraliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 891 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix caucasiella karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 ; nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 180 ; tl : russia , caucasus , 44°09 ' n , 40°04 ' e , majkop , 1300m
agonopterix cinerariae walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 955 , pl . 52 , f . 7 ; tl : tenerife , arafo ; barranco lorez , near orotava
agonopterix dammersi clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 4 , f . 1 - 1a , 8 ; tl : forest home , san bernardino co . , california
agonopterix chrautis hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 28 , f . 2d - e , h , pl . 1 , f . 33 ; tl : jemez springs , new mexico
agonopterix paulae harrison , 2005 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : illinois , piatt co . , univ . of illinois - robert allerton park , lost garden trail
agonopterix thelmae clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 96 , pl . 44 , f . 259 ; tl : oak station , allegheny co . , pennsylvania
agonopterix oregonensis clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 65 , pl . 31 , f . 176 , pl . 42 , f . 241 ; tl : salem , oregon
agonopterix cajonensis clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 82 , pl . 31 , f . 180 , pl . 42 , f . 244 ; tl : cajon valley , california
agonopterix amissella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 890 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix arnicella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 , pl . 2 , f . 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 879 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix clarkei ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; [ nacl ] , # 863 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix clemensella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; [ nacl ] , # 862 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix costimacula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 39 ; harrison & berenbaum , 2005 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 164 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix gelidella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 20 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 855 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix hyperella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 856 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix latipalpella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 897 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix lecontella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 886 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix muricolorella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 860 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix pergandeella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 888 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix senicionella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; [ nacl ] , # 881 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix walsinghamella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 869 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix nervosa ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 , pl . 2 , f . 42 - 47 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]
agonopterix is a moth genus of the superfamily gelechioidea . it is placed in the subfamily depressariinae , which is often – particularly in older treatments – considered a distinct family depressariidae or included in the elachistidae , but actually seems to belong in the oecophoridae .
agonopterix curvilineella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 859 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix dimorphella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 97 , pl . 31 , f . 179 , pl . 40 , f . 229 ; tl : henry , putnam co . , illinois
agonopterix eupatoriiella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 866 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix flavicomella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 880 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix fusciterminella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 80 , pl . 28 , f . 167 , pl . 44 , f . 258 ; tl : dunca , vancouver island , british columbia
agonopterix lythrella ; [ nacl ] , # 857 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 , pl . 1 , f . 6 - 8 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix nebulosa ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 894 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix nigrinotella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 15 ; [ nacl ] , # 868 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix nubiferella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 9 - 10 ; [ nacl ] , # 858 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix posticella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 896 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix pteleae ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , pl . 1 , f . 22 - 23 ; [ nacl ] , # 865 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix pulvipennella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 , pl . 1 , f . 26 - 29 ; [ nacl ] , # 867 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix robiniella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 29 - 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 882 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix rosaciliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 41 - 45 ; [ nacl ] , # 876 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix sabulella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 872 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix sanguinella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 885 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix jezonica ; kuroko , 1959 , 35 ; [ nhm , ( nom nud . ) card ] ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 4 , f . 17
agonopterix ciliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 46 ; [ nacl ] , # 877 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]
agonopterix cratia hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 35 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : walnut canyon , 6500 ' , 6 1 / 3 mi e by s . flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona
agonopterix argillacea ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 8 - 10 , 16 , 28 ; [ nacl ] , # 889 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix atrodorsella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , f . 1a , pl . 1 , f . 20 - 21 ; [ nacl ] , # 864 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix canadensis ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 , pl . 1 , f . 47 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 878 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix cajonensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 28 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 874 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix dammersi ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 43 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 36 ; [ nacl ] , # 873 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix antennariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 , pl . 2 , f . 22 - 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 893 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix dimorphella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 47 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 38 - 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 887 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix oregonensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 103 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 14 - 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 861 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix thelmae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 36 - 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 884 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
agonopterix fusciterminella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 , f . 2a - b , g , pl . 1 , f . 31 - 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 870 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
312x662 ( ~ 85kb ) russia , moscow area , 26 . 4 . 2008 , photo © d . smirnov
the exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .
depressaria abjectella christoph , 1882 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 57 ( 1 ) : 16 ; tl : wladiwostok
depressaria acerbella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 564 ; tl : cape
acuta stringer , 1930 ² ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 416
depressaria agyrella rebel , 1917 ; dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 193 ; tl : r . agyr [ ? ] , tannuola
larva on conium , conium maculatum berenbaum & passoa , 1983 , j . lep . soc . 37 ( 1 ) : 38
depressaria amissella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : kissimmee , florida
larva on amyris floridana hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 893 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on antennaria luzuloides hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40
depressaria anticella erschoff , [ 1877 ] ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 4 ) : 344 ; tl : irkutsk
aperta hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 43
depressaria archangelicella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 131 ; tl : kasakewitsch
669x637 ( ~ 88kb ) russia , moscow area , 11 . 9 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
california - british columbia , manitoba , ontario , new brunswick , nova scotia , michigan , south dakota , illinois , texas , florida , utah . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 889 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on salix lasiolepis , s . bebbiana , amorpha fruticosa , ptelea trifoliata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39
depressaria arnicella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 314 , pl . 36 , f . 3 ; tl : mt . shasta , california
larva on erigeron hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34
s . quebec , ontario , wisconsin , n . illinois . see [ maps ]
depressaria atrodorsella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 124 ; tl : [ pennsylvania ? ]
larva on eupatorium spp . , coreopsis spp . , bidens frondosa , myrica asplenifolia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25
babaella amsel , 1972 ² ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 136
agonopteryx bakriella amsel , 1958 ; sber . öst . akad . wiss . ( 1 ) 167 : 559 ; tl : deh bakri , prov . kirman , iran
depressaria baleni zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 253 ; tl : bogota
depressaria bipunctifera matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1089 ; tl : japan , sapporo
depressaria cadurciella chrétien , 1914 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1914 : 159 ; tl : causse de gramat
connecticut , new york , manitoba , s . british columbia - colorado , washington - california , utah , arizona . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 878 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on senecio terra hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33
canuflavella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 292
depressaria caprella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 157 , pl . 17 , f . 9 ; tl : near lewes
tinea carduella hübner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 66 , f . 439
larva on heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 181
depressaria cervariella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 251 , pl . 10 , f . 13
depressaria chironiella constant , 1893 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 62 : 392 , pl . 11 , f . 4
alberta - to ( new mexico , california , alberta ) . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 877 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on angelica silvestris , a . archangelica , peucedanum palustre , selinum , sium , cicuta , pimpinella saxifraga , seseli , heracleum , ligusticum , carum
larva on senecio populifolius , s . heritieri walsingham , [ 1908 ] , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 956
agonopteryx [ sic ] clarkei keifer , 1936 ; bull . south calif . acad . sci . 35 : 10 , pl . 4 , pl . 7 , f . 6 ; tl : missouri flat , placerville district , california
larva on artermisia vulgaris hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25
s . quebec , s . ontario , wisconsin , illinois , ohio . see [ maps ]
gelechia clemensella chambers , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 9 ) : 173 ; tl : easton , pennsylvania
larva on pastinaca sativa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184
haemylis cnicella treitschke , 1832 ; in ochsenheimer , schmett . eur . 9 ( 1 ) : 237
depressaria coenosella zerny , 1940 ; zs . wiener entver . 25 ( schluß ) : 45 , pl . 11 , f . 14 ♂ ; tl : pelur ( 2000m ) ; rehde - demawend
depressaria comitella lederer , 1855 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 5 : 232 , pl . 5 , f . 5
depressaria communis meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , table mtn
depressaria compacta meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 249 ; tl : cape colony , capetown
larva on salix , ( wide leafed ) s . caprea , s . aurita , s . cinerea , s . repens
depressaria crassiventrella rebel , 1891 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 41 : 627
depressaria crypsicosma meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : cape colony , table mountain , 2500ft
cuillerella amsel , 1972 ² ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 137
e . ontario , manitoba , massachusetts , new york - south carolina . see [ maps ]
depressaria curvilineella beutenmüller , 1889 ; ent . amer . 5 : 10 ; tl : new york
depressaria cyclas meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : dalhousie , kashmir
cynarivora meyrick , 1932 ² ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 280
depressaria cyrniella rebel , 1929 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 79 : 45
larva on senecio douglasii , eriophyllum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29
agonopteryx demissella hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 456
deliciosella turati , 1924 ² ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 63 : 174 , pl . 5 , f . 61
deltopa meyrick & caradja , 1935 ² ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 80
dideganella amsel , 1972 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 136 , pl . 1 , f . 3
south carolina , illinois , e . nebraska , kansas , arkansas . see [ maps ]
larva on amorpha fruticosa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38
depressaria divergella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 128 ; tl : tjutjuje
depressaria dryocrates meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 100 ; tl : natal , kirkloof
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nhm card ]
elbursella hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 234
depressaria encentra meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 252 ; tl : japan
depressaria epichersa meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : china , ta - tsien - lon
pennsylvania , illinois , north carolina , kentucky , maryland . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 866 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on eupatorium , actinomeris alternifolia , carya ovata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26
depressaria erythrella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 161 , pl . 8 , f . 7 , 7a ; tl :
chanka - meer
; suifun
depressaria exquisitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 132 ; tl : kasakewitsch
farsensis hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 457
depressaria ( schistodepressaria ) ferocella chrétien , 1910 ; schmett . eur . 2 : 340
larva on cirsium ferox spuler , 1910 , schmett . eur . 2 : 340
connecticut , s . manitoba , north carolina , indiana , illinois . see [ maps ]
depressaria flavicomella engel , 1907 ; ent . news 18 ( 7 ) : 276 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania
larva on heracleum lanatum , taenidia integerrima hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34
larva on bupleurum fruticosum walsingham , 1903 , ent . mon . mag . 39 : 267
hungary , dalmatia , asia minor , . . . . see [ maps ]
larva on senecio aronicoides , cacaliopsis nardosmia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 28
depressaria fuscovenella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 18 ; tl : ain draham , tunis
galbella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 36
depressaria gelidella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 90 ; tl : winnipeg , manitoba , canada
larva on salix , betula papyrifera hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22
depressaria glabrella turati , 1921 ; naturalista sicil . 23 ( 7 - 12 ) : 338 , pl . 4 , f . 45 ; tl : tangier , morocco
depressaria glyphidopa meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 475 ; tl : natal , weenen
depressaria grammatopa meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : cape colony , table mountain , 2500ft
= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184
= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]
= ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184
depressaria homogenes meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , gt . winthoek , 4500ft
depressaria hypomarathri [ = hippomarathri ] nickerl , 1864 ; wiener ent . monat . 8 ( 1 ) : 3 , pl . 5 , f . 8
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 856 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on hypericum prolificum , h . perforatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22
depressaria conterminella var . atrella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 131 ; tl : kasakewitsch
depressaria iliensis rebel , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 96
intersecta filipjev , 1929 ² ; ann . mus . zool . leningrad 30 : 11 , pl . 1 , f . 10 , pl . 2a , f . 2
invenustella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 293
agonopteryx [ sic ] latipalpella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 233 ; tl : san benito , texas
latipennella zerny , 1934 ² ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 8
depressaria lecontella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 174
larva on baptisia tinctoria hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38
croatia , france , greece , italy , slovenia , turkey . see [ maps ]
depressaria leucadensis rebel , 1932 ; zs . öst . entver 17 ( 8 ) : 55 ; tl : greece
depressaria l - nigrum matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1091 ; tl : japan , sapporo
nova scotia , new brunswick , ontario , illinois , north carolina . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 857 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on lythrum alatum , hypericum punctatum , h . virginicum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23
astria , italy , slovakia , hungary , greece , . see [ maps ]
depressaria melanarcha meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 316 ; tl : barberton
larva on centaurea sphaerocephala corley , 2002 , nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 26
metamelopa meyrick , 1931 ² ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 72
miyanella amsel , 1972 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 136 , pl . 1 , f . 1
monotona caradja , 1927 ² ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . 4 ( 8 ) : 33
depressaria muricolorella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 741 ; tl : golden , colorado
larva on lomatium macrocarpum , l . grayi , leptotaenia multifida hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24
depressaria nanatella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 154 , pl . 17 , f . 2 ; tl : charlton sand - pit
depressaria aridella mann , 1869 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 19 : 385 ; tl : brussa ; spalato
depressaria nebulosa zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 237 ; tl : cambridge , massachusetts
larva on antennaria plantaginifolia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40
depressaria neoxesta meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 31 ; tl : zululand , eshowe
british columbia - california , nevada , . . . , eu , . . . , ? . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on ulex europaeus , cytisus scoparius , laburnum , genista hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41
new york , s . quebec , s . ontario , nw . wisconsin , arkansas . see [ maps ]
depressaria nigrinotella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 88 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio
larva on carya , ptelea trifoliata , zanthoxylum americanum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27
depressaria nodiflorella millière , 1866 ; icon . desc . chenilles lepid . 2 : 214 , pl . 73 , f . 8 - 11
depressaria nubiferella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 316 , pl . 36 , f . 6 ; tl : rogue river , oregon
larva on hypericum perforatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23
depressaria nyctalopis meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 621 ; tl : comoro is . , grand comoro
depressaria occaecata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : syria , beirut
larva on salix , s . repens , ( middle europe also ) betula , quercus
depressaria oinochroa turati , 1879 ; bull . soc . ent . ital . 11 : 200 , pl . 8 , f . 13
omelkoi lvovsky , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 97
larva on lomatium caruifolium , l . marginatum , l . nudicaule , l . utriculatum , angelica hendersonii , a . lucida , eryngium vaseyi , oenanthe sarmentosa , sanicula bipinnatifida , sanicula laciniata , s . nevadensis , s . tuberosa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24
pallidior stringer , 1930 ² ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 417
panjaoella amsel , 1972 ² ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 137
austria , france , germany , slowenia , switzerland , turkey . see [ maps ]
larva on zanthoxylum americanum harrison & berenbaum , 2005 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 166
depressaria pavida meyrick , 1913 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : asia minor , taurus mts
depressaria pergandeella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : nebraska
depressaria petasitis standfuss , 1851 ; zs . ent . breslau ( lepid . ) ( 16 ) : 51
syllochitis petraea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 462 ; tl : maskeliya , madulsima , matale , wellawaya , kegalle , puttalam , ceylon
depressaria posticella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 315 , pl . 36 , f . 5 ; tl : lake co . ; mendocino co . , california , s . oregon
larva on psoralea physodes , p . macrostachya , p . tenuiflora hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42
probella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 292
pseudorutana turati , 1934 ² ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 73 : 201 , pl . 3 , f . 26
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 891 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on psoralea lanceolata , p . physodes hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40
agonopteryx [ sic ] pteleae barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 231 , pl . 28 , f . 13 , pl . 38 , f . 1 ; tl : decatur , illinois
larva on ptelea trifoliata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25
new hampshire , s . manitoba , missouri , lousiana , colorado . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 867 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on solidago , urtica hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26
depressaria pupillana wocke , 1887 ; bresl . ent . z . 12 : 62
ceu , seu , asia minor , iran , palestine . see [ maps ]
depressaria remota meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : palestine , haifa
depressaria rimulella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 128 ; tl : kasakewitsch
rhododrosa meyrick , 1934 ² ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 476
rhodogastra meyrick , 1935 ² ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 80
nova scotia , s . michigan , na . georgia , w . arkansas . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 ; [ nacl ] , # 882 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on robinia pseudoacacia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 35
alaska , w . saskatchewan - washington - california , arizona . see [ maps ]
: skyline ridge , 2500 - 3000 ' , mt baker district , whatcom co . , washington
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 876 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on angelica arguta , a . hendersonii , conioselinum chinense , ligusticum apiifolium , oenanthe sarmentosa , osmorhiza chilensis , osmorhiza occidentalis , echinopanax horridum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32
roseocaudella stringer , 1930 ² ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 417
agonopteryx rubristricta walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 136 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft
rubrovittella caradja , 1926 ² ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 168
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 ; [ nacl ] , # 872 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on eriophyllum confertiflorum , e . lanatum , eriophyllum stachaediflorum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29
salangella amsel , 1972 ² ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 137 , pl . 1 , f . 5
depressaria sanguinella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 738 ; tl : pinal mts . , arizona
larva on robinia neoxmexicana hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37
depressaria sapporensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1092 ; tl : japan , sapporo
scopariella calycotomella ( amsel , 1958 ) ( depressaria ) ; zs . wiener ent . ges . 43 ( schluß ) : 73
austria , croatia , finland , france , germany , greece , hungary , italy , romania , slovakia , slovenia , spain , turkey . see [ maps ]
depressaria selini heinemann , 1870 ; schmett . dtl . scweitz . ( 2 ) 3 : 167
larva on peucedanum palustre , p . oreoselinum , selinum carvifolium , ligusticum lucidum buchner , 2017 , gortania 38 : 81
depressaria senicionella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 742 ; tl : district of columbia
larva on senecio aureus hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34
depressaria septicella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 162 , pl . 8 , f . 8 ; tl : chabarowska
depressaria seraphimella chrétien , 1929 ; amat . papillons 4 : 194 , pl . 5 , f . 9
depressaria silerella stainton , 1865 ; ent . mon . mag . 1 : 221
larva on siler aquilegifolium stainton , 1865 , ent . mon . mag . 1 : 222
depressaria squamosa mann , 1864 ; wien . ent . mon . 8 ( 6 ) : 185 , pl . 4 , f . 13
depressaria stigmella moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 237 ; tl : yangihissar ( 4320ft ) , kashgar
depressaria straminella staudinger , 1859 ; stettin ent . ztg 20 ( 7 - 9 ) : 238 ; tl : chiclana
naf , seu , ceu , asia minor , syria . see [ maps ]
sutschanella caradja , 1926 ² ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 43
tabghaella amsel , 1953 ² ; mitt . zool . mus . berlin 20 : 294 , pl . 10 , f . 69
depressaria takamukui matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1902 ; tl : japan , chikugo
depressaria thurneri rebel , 1941 ; isv . tsarsk . prirodonauch . inst . sofia 14 : 7
larva on sanicula hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 30
tolli hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 37
triallactis meyrick , 1935 ² ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 594
depressaria trimenella walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 251 , pl . 11 , f . 19 ; tl : spring valley
depressaria tschorbadjiewi rebel , 1916 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 66 : 45 ; tl : burgas
vasta amsel , 1935 ² ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 294 , pl . 10 , f . 58
nova scotia , s . quebec , s . ontario , wisconsin , connecticut , new york , pennsylvania . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 869 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on myrica aspleniifolia , m . gale , l . pensylvanica hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27
xylinopis caradja , 1931 ² ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 14
n . africa , canary is . , seu , . . . . see [ maps ]
cryptolechia eoa meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : khasis
leptopa ( diakonoff , 1952 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 84
malaisei ( diakonoff , 1952 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 86
tinea deplanella hübner , [ 1805 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : f . 274
depressaria furvella f . jezonica matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1090 ; tl : japan , saghalin
tinea rubidella hübner , 1796 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 32 , f . 221
depressaria urzhumella krulikowsky , 1909 ; dt . ent . z . iris 21 ( 4 ) : 266 ; tl : kasan
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
ergebnisse der österreichischen iran - expedition 1949 / 50 . lepidoptera ii . ( microlepidoptera )
icones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae
the natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope
genera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum , figuram , situm et proportionem . . .
species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentia specifica , synonyma auctorum , loca natalia , metamorphosin adiectis , observationibus , descriptionibus . tom ii
neuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 17 - 32 )
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae
) in the caucasus , with a discussion of the nomenclature of a . heracliana ( linnaeus )
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , . . . . editio duocecima reformata . tom . 1 . part ii .
lepidoptern gesammelt während dreier reisen nach dalmatien in den jahren 1850 . 1862 und 1868
descriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873
microlépidopères de la haute syrie , récoltés par m . ch . delagrange , et , et descriptions de 27 espèces nouvelles
zerny , 1940 mikrolepidopteren aus dem elburs - gebirge in nord - iran zs . wiener entver . 25 : 20 - 24 , ( schluß ) : 42 - 48
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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recorded in 43 ( 62 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
first modern - day record at bowthorpe in 2012 ( c . stean , 11 / 08 / 12 ) , the previous record taken at horstead in 1940 ( whit . )
scattered victorian records , and noted at fritton , norfolk ( vc25 ) before 1890 .
recorded in 16 ( 23 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .