the red-naped bushshrike or red-naped boubou ( laniarius ruficeps ) is a species of bird in the malaconotidae family , which is native to the dry lowlands of the eastern afrotropics .

red - naped bushshrike

red - naped bushshrike ( laniarius ruficeps ) is a species of bird in the malaconotidae family .
this article is part of project malaconotidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bushshrike , including made - up species .
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fry , h . ( 2018 ) . red - naped bush - shrike ( laniarius ruficeps ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
18–19 cm ; one male 35 g , female 29–33·4 g . male nominate race has forehead black , crown , nape and hindneck bright orange - rufous or rufous - red , well - defined . . .
( sharpe , 1895 ) – ec , s & se ethiopia , c & s somalia ( except se coast ) and ne & se kenya .
( erlanger , 1901 ) – s somalia coastal lowlands and adjacent e kenya ( kiunga ) .
not well known ; varied , described as creaking ( like sound of fishing reel ) , and harsh cawing very . . .
adult and larval insects . forages on ground and lower branches in thickets , where it hunts silently , moving rapidly but furtively ; . . .
poorly known . season may . solitary breeder ; possibly at times loosely colonial , with old ( 1920 ) record of 14 individuals found at kyal , in . . .
not globally threatened . patchily distributed , and uncommon to locally common . in somalia , present in nw in burao region , common at kyal , and patchily distributed from coast . . .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as uncommon to locally common ( harris and franklin 2000 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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polystira picta is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family turridae , the turrids .

it has been found in the shallow subtidal waters of the gulf of tehuantepec .

polystira picta

turridae - turridae » polystira picta , id : 283199 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : polystira picta ( l . a . reeve , 1843 ) - id : 2115450025
pleurotoma albida perry g . , 1811 accepted as polystira albida ( g . perry , 1811 ) ( type by original designation )
species in the phylogenetic analysis included the following : turrinae : gemmula speciosa , gemmula diomedea , gemmula . kieneri , gemmula sogodensis , lophiotoma albina , lophiotoma acuta , lophiotoma cerithiformis , lophiotoma olangoensis , lophiotoma cingulifera , lophiotoma kingae , lophiotoma jickelli , lophiotoma polytropa , turris gamonsii , turris babylonia , turris spectabilis , turris normandavidsoni , turris grandis , turridrupa elongata , turridrupa bijubata , unedogemmula bisaya , unedogemmula leucotropis , unedogemmula tayabasensis , unedogemmula indica , unedogemmula panglaoensis , polystira oxytropis , polystira picta ; and terebridae : hastula hectica and terebra guttata , .
todd j . a . & rawlings t . a . ( 2014 ) . a review of the polystira clade — the neotropic’s largest marine gastropod radiation ( neogastropoda : conoidea : turridae sensu stricto ) . zootaxa . 3884 ( 5 ) : 445 - 491 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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mexico . sonora . shrimp trawler , 30 fathoms off cabo haro , guaymas .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
turris rombergii mörch , o . a . l . , 1857 : c america
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the source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
woodring , w . p . 1928 . miocene mollusks from bowden , jamaica . part ii . gastropods and discussion of results . contributions to the geology and paleontology of the west indies . carnegie institution of washington publication 385 : vii + 564 pp . , 3 figs . , 40 pls page ( s ) : 145 [ details ]
bouchet , p . ; kantor , y . i . ; sysoev , a . ; puillandre , n . ( 2011 ) . a new operational classification of the conoidea ( gastropoda ) . journal of molluscan studies . 77 ( 3 ) : 273 - 308 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of oxytropa glibert , 1955 ) bouchet , p . ; kantor , y . i . ; sysoev , a . ; puillandre , n . ( 2011 ) . a new operational classification of the conoidea ( gastropoda ) . journal of molluscan studies . 77 ( 3 ) : 273 - 308 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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family : turridae | description : f + + , beautiful elongated and ornamented specimen ! ex . coll . p . williams
the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
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francisco m . heralde , iii , 1 , * yuri i . kantor , 2 mary anne q . astilla , 3 arturo o . lluisma , 3 rollan geronimo , 3 porfirio m . aliño , 3 maren watkins , 4 patrice showers corneli , 5 baldomero m . olivera , 5 ameurfina d . santos , 1 and gisela p . concepcion 3
4 department of pathology , university of utah , 421 wakara way , suite 3323 , 84108 , u . s . a
5 department of biology , 257 s 1400 e , room 201 , university of utah , salt lake city , utah , 84112 , u . s . a
* current address : department of biochemistry and molecular biology , college of medicine , university of the philippines , manila 1000 , philippines , moc . liamg @ edlarehmf tel / fax : + 632 - 526 - 4197
to identify the polychaete group that is targeted as prey by species of gemmula , analysis of regurgitated food fragments was made ; phylogenetic analysis of an mtcoi gene fragment that was pcr - amplified from the regurgitated tissue of one specimen ( g . diomedea ) indicated close affinity of the prey to the terebellid polychaete amphitritides . specimens of gemmula speciosa , when challenged with the terebellid polychaete loimia sp . , were observed to attack the worm suggesting that gemmula species feed on terebellid polychaetes . lophiotoma acuta were also observed to feed on the same species of terebellid but were usually group - feeding in contrast to the solitary feeding of g . speciosa . unedogemmula bisaya did not feed on the terebellid which also supports the separation of the gemmula and unedogemmula clade .
two lines of proof ( i . e . the molecular phylogenetic analysis and the feeding challenge ) supporting the toxin homology findings previously reported , provide consistent evidence that gemmula is a distinct clade of worm - hunting turrinae that feeds on terebellidae .
have been collected in relatively large numbers in philippine waters . in this study , we particularly focused on four deep - water
) . we investigated their distribution and phylogeny , as information on the pattern of their distribution is scant and the phylogeny of these species has not yet been elucidated . in the superfamily conoidae , most previous investigations of molecular phylogeny have been carried out on
) are still poorly understood . so far , only one study has been carried out (
shells of gemmula species . top to bottom , gemmula speciosa , gemmula diomedea , gemmula sogodensis , gemmula kieneri .
to further discriminate the species , we examined and compared the foregut anatomy , i . e . , radula , of three species . because their habitats are inaccessible , little is also known of their feeding biology . although turrids in general are known to feed on polychaetes , there are no available data on which species of polychaetes are preyed on by gemmula ( or any turrid ) species . we therefore collected new data on feeding behavior and potential prey preferences .
snails were purchased from local fishermen as by - catch in trawl nets along the mouth of manila bay ( from bataan to cavite and batangas ) and tangle nets in the seas of cebu and bohol . live snails were kept in seawater until they were processed for anatomical or molecular work . the relative distribution and abundance of gemmula speciosa along the periphery of manila bay was initially assessed by monitoring the collections per trawl of selected boats in august 2005 and from october 2005 to january 2006 . the abundance in all the sampling sites was monitored from the snails collected by the fishermen from february to may 2006 .
the snails were segregated by putative species and preserved for various uses . the snails were cracked and tissue samples ( hepatopancreas and foot ) were obtained and preserved in approximately 10 volumes of rnalater . voucher specimens were kept in 70 % ethanol . dna extraction was performed in fifty mg tissue samples ( hepatopancreas or foot ) using the puregene dna kit ( invitrogen ) or the dneasy tissue kit ( qiagen ) and aliquots were prepared . .
the 16s mitochondrial rrna gene was amplified using the primers 16sl ( 5′ - gtttaccaaaaacatggcttc - 3′ ) and 16sh ( 5′ - ccggtctgaactcagatc acgt - 3′ ) with uracil adaptor sequences . a pcr mix containing 20–40 ng genomic dna , 2μm of each primer , 2μm of dntp and 2μm of taq polymerase was prepared and cycled with the following profile : 95°c 1 min initial denaturation ; 40 cycles of 95°c 20 sec denaturation , 55°c 20 sec annealing and 72°c 30 sec extension ; and 72°c 5 min final extension . the pcr product was ligated to pneb206a ( user friendly cloning , new england biolabs ) and introduced into e . coli ( dh5a ) through chemical transformation . plasmids from transformants with inserts were sequenced through the abi 377 dna sequencer or submitted to the university of utah sequencing facility .
) . a minimum evolution - based phylogenetic reconstruction was made using mega 3 . 1 (
) . bootstrap values were calculated and putative clades were marked accordingly . the genetic distances were computed using the kimura - 2 - parameter model to determine the range of distances of the specimens that belong to a food type cluster .
note : the gu series of accession numbers are sequences obtained in this paper .
a second phylogenetic analysis was made using the combined 12s rdna and 16s rdna ( 12s previously reported in heralde et al . 2007 ) sequences . the concatenated sequences were aligned using clustal x . the alignments were refined manually using macclade 4 . 08 . the process was repeated for some highly variable regions as long as further refinement by eye seemed possible .
trees were optimized using the individual rrna gene sequence alignments and the concatenated alignments ( presented herein ) . final analyses were restricted to model - based maximum likelihood ( paup4b10 ) and bayesian inference ( mrbayes 3 . 1 . 2 ) to account for the complexity of sequence evolution . sequence evolution parameters were optimized by a gtr + i + g model that includes six possible substitution types ( gtr ) , allows some sites to be invariant ( i ) , allows across - site rate heterogeneity ( g ) and allows unequal base frequencies .
the maximum likelihood optimization used tbr branch swapping with 10 searches , each using a random addition of taxa . the analysis ended when the paup default criteria for convergence of the log - likelihood were met .
the bayesian analysis was run for two million generations with the first 500 , 000 generations discarded as burn - in trees . two mcmcmc runs ( metropolis - coupled markov - chain monte - carlo ) , using four chains each , were used to thoroughly explore tree space . convergence of the likelihoods was judged adequate by monitoring the ased ( average standard error of the difference ) in split frequencies between the two runs and by comparing plots of the tree log - likelihood trees from generation 500 , 000 to 2 million . by the last generation , average standard error was 0 . 0039 ; the plot of likelihoods versus generation had stabilized . furthermore , the psrf ( potential scale reduction factor ) reached 1 . 00 for the total tree length and for each model parameter .
since maximum likelihood and bayesian analyses converged to the same tree , only the bayesian results are presented below ( ml results are available from psc ) .
live snails were relaxed in 1 % cold magnesium chloride ( mgcl 2 ) for 2–3 hours and preserved in 95 % ethanol ; the sem of their radulae was carried out as described previously ( imperial et al . 2007 ) .
six samples of gemmula diomedea caught by trawling at depths of 231–271 meters in the panglao 2005 expedition were relaxed in cold 1 % magnesium chloride for at least 2 hours and regurgitated tissues were recovered . genomic dna was extracted from the tissues using the dneasy tissue kit ( qiagen ) . an aliquot was prepared as template for mtcoi amplification using modified universal primers with user adaptor sequences ( simison 2000 ) . subsequent cloning into pneb206a , transformant screening and plasmid sequencing were as described above . the mtcoi sequence obtained was searched in the genbank database using blast ( basic local alignment search tool ) .
the snails used for the feeding experiments were maintained indoor using a 56 - liter aquarium containing seawater with salinity maintained at a range between 35–37 ppt . a filtration system and an aerator were in place while the feeding behavior of g . speciosa and other turrids was observed . the snails used in the experiment had been in the tanks for a period of 2–4 weeks with artificial lighting following a 12 hour light - dark cycle . the introduction of live terebellid worms into the tank was done at night .
were obtained from two different biogeographic regions . the first three sites came from manila bay in the south china sea region : site 1 is close to the bataan peninsula , site 2 is off corregidor island and site 3 is off the batangas coast . at these three sites ,
specimens were obtained as by - catch of commercial fish trawlers operating in these areas . the only larger
was only rarely collected at the southern sites within the visayan seas biogeographic region ( off sogod , cebu and off the island of panglao in bohol ) . the primary method for collection at the latter sites was tangle nets mostly laid at greater depths . at the sogod , cebu site , the major
collected per trawl was 20±9 or a mean catch rate of 1 . 3±0 . 6 per trawl - hour . the specimens ranged in length from 2 . 0 to 6 . 7 centimeters ( mean : 4 . 0±1 . 1 cm . ) and collected at night . it must be noted that the fishing gear used effectively captured only those organisms that were either on or close to the surface of the substrate ( unlike dredges that go deeper ) .
clade . this clade is where the food type / preference analysis is focused . the occurrence of
) is also well - supported as indicated by a high bootstrap value ( 82 % ) .
clades which have similar food type / preference ( i . e . , among worm - hunting cone species ) (
) . we selected three clades of worm - hunting coniids ( i . e . s1 – sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly terebellidae , s2 – sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly capitellidae and e6 – errant polychaete feeders , mainly eunicidae ) based on the clade grouping of
) . the largest distance range occurs among terebellidae feeders ( i . e . , the s1 clade ) , thus in
comparison of genetic distance between 16s rrna gene sequences of gemmula species and selected vermivorous cone clades . clade s1 , sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly terebellidae ; clade s2 , sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly capitellidae ; and clade e6 , errant polychaete feeders , mainly eunicidae .
) with each other and with other forms in the subfamily turrinae was further inferred from the 12s and 16s mitochondrial rrna gene sequences . both bayesian and maximum likelihood methods , as described under experimental procedures , were used . the phylogenetic tree , shown in
clade ) , separate from other groups in the subfamily turrinae that were included in the analysis . furthermore , the analysis suggests that the sister group of the
) form a major monophyletic group within the turrinae , which is strongly supported by the analysis .
and their relatives based on bayesian inference . ( an identical tree was returned by a full maximum likelihood analysis of the sequence data . ) branches are labeled with bayesian confidence values expressed as percentages . for clarity , some of the outgroup species used in the analysis have been pruned from this figure ( see methods for the full list ) . shown are various forms in the subfamily turrinae , including the four species that are the subject of this article ( shells of these species are shown in
) . the seven clades identified by roman numerals all have 100 % support based on both bayesian and maximum likelihood analysis and have the following generic / subgeneric assignments within the subfamily turrinae : i .
there were significant morphological variations in the shells of g . speciosa specimens collected ( i . e . , gemmule shape , inter - gemmule distance , length and diameter ratio , etc ) . however , when molecular analysis was done to evaluate the specimens with different shell morphotypes , no significant differences could be detected in the rrna gene sequences of the morphological variants . thus , the shell morphological variation does not appear to be correlated with any significant genetic ( 12s and 16s rrna gene ) divergence .
) the radula had type 2 wishbone teeth that were robust , short and curved , sometimes with a knifelike cutting edge on the main limb and a large accessory limb with a formula of 1 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 1 ( following powell’s system ) . an analysis of the radular structure of
radular morphology . scanning electron microscopy images of the radula of gemmula speciosa ( a–b ) . gemmula sogodensis ( c–d ) , unedogemmula bisaya ( e–f ) and lophiotoma acuta ( g–h ) . . the central tooth is prominent in both gemmula species and absent in u . bisaya and l . acuta
) ; a fragment of mtcoi gene was pcr - amplified from the regurgitate , sequenced , and compared with sequences in genbank .
prey determination . a freshly collected g . diomedea with regurgitated prey tissue . the samples were collected in the location code cp2340 ; 231–271 meters deep , by trawl in bohol sea on a sandy / mud bottom .
belongs to the family terebellidae , a sedentary clade of polychaetes . given the significant homology in the toxin sequences from the three
molecular regurgitate analysis . blast hit for coi gene from regurgitated tissue ( query sequence ) indicating the generic identity of the polychaete to be amphitritides sp . ( subject sequence ) .
this hypothesis was experimentally evaluated by challenging the species that could be maintained successfully in an aquarium , g . speciosa , with a terebellid polychaete . the species of terebellidae most accessible was a loimia species . the addition of a terebellid to the tank containing turrids elicited activities such as movement of siphon and the active hunt for the prey for many of the turrids including the g . speciosa .
l . acuta attacked the terebellid in groups . however , in some feeding events , it was also capable of feeding alone . in both cases , the l . acuta extended its proboscis and quickly stabbed the worm . it then attached itself and remained motionless for an extended period of time . a closer look at the snail’s mouth shows that it takes in a small portion of the worm tissue and is not limited to just sucking . it is most likely that digestion is already taking place even in the mouth . after leaving a single worm being fed on by a l . acuta overnight , the latter was able to eat up the anterior portion of the worm including the tentacles . when l . acuta are group feeding , the prey is completely consumed .
u . bisaya was not observed to react to the addition of loimia sp . into the tank . in most feeding experiments , it remained submerged in the substrate . the closest interaction between u . bisaya and loimia sp . documented was when the snail crawled on top of the worm being fed on by an l . acuta ( urltoken ) .
to test the specificity of the snails’ prey , other worms ( < 2 cm . ) , e . g . , blood worms ( glycera sp . ) and fireworms , were also introduced in the tank . several trials yielded no result as the turrids showed no activity after introduction of the worms both during day and night time . the snails remained partially burrowed under the substrate and the worms remained untouched .
investigated in this study occur in relatively deep water ( > 50 meters ) . what is interesting is the striking difference in the pattern of their abundance across the collection sites . each species appeared to exhibit a similar distribution pattern (
) , being much more abundant at one site and scarce at the other sites , but the site where a species was most abundant was different for each species . the other turrid species ,
showed another distribution pattern , being abundant at two sites ( sites 1–3 and 4 ) but not at the third site ( site 5 , which is geographically close to site 4 ) . the field distribution of gastropods is usually associated with their larval life cycles ( i . e . planktonic or non - planktonic ) (
) . these larval life cycles are determined from the type of protoconch that each species possess . the
runs in contrast with the expected pattern of larval distribution . this result warrants further exploration to explain the ecological factors that govern this distribution pattern .
the differences in distribution pattern among the four species could also be seen when comparing their abundance . from the collection by commercial fishing vessels near manila bay , the number of specimens of g . speciosa collected was greater than the other three ( g . sogodensis , g . diomedea and g . kieneri ) ; the latter two species were entirely absent from site 1 - 3 ( see table i ) . in sites 4 and 5 respectively , g . sogodensis and g . diomedea were the predominant species found , with only a minor amount of overlap . the fourth species , g . kieneri , was only collected at site 5 . again , the ecological factors that could explain these interspecies differences in the spatial pattern of abundance remain to be investigated .
. the agreement of results from two independent gene markers provides strong support for the phylogenetic relationship of members of turrinae under study . the
, indicates a sharing of biological characteristics ( like food type / preference ) . we have shown , by molecular regurgitate analysis , the diet of
to be a tube - dwelling polychaete belonging to the terebellid group . similar attempts in
clade in the tree relative to the other groups in the subfamily turrinae . this result further warrants the
defining a distinct clade within the subfamily turrinae . it should be noted , however , that the taxonomic status of the genus
needs reevaluation . recent unpublished data ( c . meyer , personal communication ) suggest that atlantic and eastern pacific forms of
being predators of sedentary polychaetes in the family terebellidae . we have tested this hypothesis more directly : a
was consistent with the prediction of the 16s - based clustering of turrids with similar prey type / preference . the non - responsive behavior of
sp . indicated that it may not be its prey preference . this also supports the generic separation of
this work was supported in part by grant gm46877 ( to b . m . o . ) .
bouchet p , lozouet p , maestrati p , heros v . assessing the magnitude of species richness in tropical marine environments : exceptionally high numbers of molluscs at a new caledonia site .
duda tf , jr , palumbi sr . molecular genetics of ecological diversification : duplication and rapid evolution of toxin genes of the venomous gastropod
duda tf , jr , kohn aj , palumbi sr . origins of diverse feeding ecologies within
espiritu jd , watkins m , monje vd , cartier ge , cruz lj , olivera bm . venomous cone snails : molecular phylogeny and the generation of toxin diversity .
heralde fmiii , imperial j , bandyopadhyay pk , olivera bm , concepcion gp , santos ad . a rapidly diverging superfamily of peptide toxins in venomous .
heralde fm , iii , watkins m , ownby j - p , bandyopadhyay pk , santos ad , concepcion gp , olivera bm . molecular phylogeny of some indo - pacific genera in the family turrinae h . adams and a . adams .
hutchings pa , glasby cj . the amphitritinae ( polychaeta : terebellidae ) from australia .
imperial j , kantor y , watkins m , heralde fmiii , stevenson bj , chen p , ownby p - j , bouchet p , olivera bm . the venomous auger snail
( linnaeus , 1758 ) : molecular phylogeny , foregut anatomy and comparative toxinology .
jablonski d , lutz r . larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates : paleobiological implications .
kumar s , tamura k , jakobsen ib , nei m . mega2 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software .
lópez - vera e , heimer de la cotera ep , maillo m , riesgo - escovar jr , olivera bm , aguilar mb . a novel structural class of toxins : the methionine - rich peptides from the venoms of turrid marine snails ( mollusca , conoidea )
monje vd , ward r , olivera bm , cruz lj . 16s mitochondrial ribosomal rna gene sequences : a comparison of seven
: four new species described in the philippines and three from elsewhere in the indo - pacific .
olivera bm . conus venom peptides , receptor and ion channel targets , and drug design : 50 million years of neuropharmacology . essay e . e . just lecture , 1996 .
powell awb . the family turridae in the indo - pacific : part 1 - the subfamily turrinae .
puillandre n , samadi s , boisselier m - c , sysoev av , kantor yi , cruaud c , couloux a , bouchet p . starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot : molecular phylogeny of the “turrids” ( neogastropoda : conoidea )
rex ma , stuart ct , coyne g . latitudinal gradients of species richness in the deep - sea benthos of the north atlantic .
uc - berkeley : 2000 . evolution and phylogeography of new world gastropod faunas ; p . 202 .
taylor jd , kantor yi , sysoev av . foregut anatomy , feeding mechanisms , relationships and classification of the conoidea ( = toxoglossa ) ( gastropoda )
watkins m , hillyard dr , olivera bm . genes expressed in a turrid venom duct : divergence and similarity to conotoxins .
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nuculana polita ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 6 ) sb
anadara grandis ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) ( 2 , 4 , 6 )
anadara nux ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) * ( 1 ) sb
anadara obesa ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 ) sb ,
lunarca brevifrons ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) sb
noetia reversa ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) * ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 ) sb ,
argopecten ventricosus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 ) ( 11 )
cardites laticostata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) sb
americardia biangulata ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) *
trachycardium consors ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) * ( 10 ) rb
trachycardium panamense ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 11 )
trachycardium procerum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) * ( 11 ) cs
trachycardium senticosum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 ) sb
trigoniocardia obovalis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 10 ) sb , rb
chione subimbricata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) * ( 10 ) rb
chione undatella ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) ( 2 ) sb
periglypta multicostata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) * ( 11 ) cs
pitar concinnus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) ( 1 ) sb
pitar roseus ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) sb
protothaca asperrima ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) ( 2 , 9 ) sb , cl
mulinia pallida ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 )
cerithidea valida ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) ( 6 ) m
marsupina nana ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) * ( 11 )
engina jugosa ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) * ( 10 ) rb
melongena patula ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) ( 11 )
nassarius luteostoma ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) *
nassarius wilsoni ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) * ( 9 ) rb


spix 's guan ( penelope jacquacu ) is a species of bird in the cracidae family .

it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , guyana , peru , and venezuela .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

its estimated global range is approximately 5,000,000 km ² and is common in at least parts of this range .

it is therefore considered a least concern species by the iucn .

the common name commemorates the german naturalist johann baptist von spix ( 1782-1826 ) .

spix ' s guan

. the spix’s guan is all brown with pale specks on the neck , upper back , and breast . they have grayish bare skin around the eyes and face . sexes are similar and have a bright red throat and dewlap . the spix’s guan is distinguished from the structurally similar
by much larger size , and larger and more conspicuous red dewlap . the spix’s guan favors mature interior forest while the speckled chachalaca is confined to forest edges and second growth . also see
the spix’s guan can be fairly common in lowland amazonia , but has been recorded at elevations of up to 1700 m along the foothill of the andes . this large guan can be fairly common , but it has been extirpated in forest surrounding human settlements due to subsistence hunting pressure by human .
perhaps the best known member of the cracid family in western south america , the spix’s guan is the prototypical cracid of the amazonian lowlands . it is found in most undisturbed sites in the upper orinoco basin and in the western amazon basin . spix ' s guans primarily feed on fruits in the upper strata of rainforest . its calls are typical sounds of the amazonian dawn chorus .
material published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )
del hoyo , j . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . spix ' s guan ( penelope jacquacu ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
– suriname , guyana and adjacent e venezuela s of r orinoco ( extending as far w as nw amazonas ) .
todd , 1932 – se venezuela ( c & s amazonas ) and nw brazil n of r amazon and r solimões .
– amazonia s of r amazon and r solimões in w brazil , e colombia , e ecuador , peru and n bolivia .
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mostly jan–may in s venezuela ; one nest in apr and one male in breeding condition in aug in colombia ; said to begin in aug–sept . . .
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !
schulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 8 . 7 - 10 . 4 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 10 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to hunting and / or trapping , it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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closely related to p . purpurascens , p . perspicax , p . albipennis and p . obscura . has been considered conspecific with p . obscura , and formerly with p . purpurascens , but tracheal morphology different . has hybridized with p . pileata in captivity . race granti has been considered a separate species , including orienticola as race , but there is extensive intergradation throughout present species . race speciosa formerly treated as a race of p . obscura . four subspecies recognized .
wing - whirring display given at dawn or dusk , when one bird ( the presumed male ) also gives loud . . .
few detailed , long - term studies of diet , but mainly small fruits , e . g . of palms ( including
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . common in many parts of range , except in densely populated areas or where forest has been cleared . in populated areas has changed its . . .
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juan sanabria , josep del hoyo , pieter de groot boersma , jonathan , thore noernberg , will carter .
joe tobias , margareta wieser , oswaldocortes , samantha klein , dubi shapiro , agustin carrasco , thore noernberg , ken havard , mauricio rueda , lochfitty , jacqueserard , allan hopkins , josep del hoyo , lars petersson , luis r figueroa , pedro h ramos , holger teichmann , jacob . wijpkema .
for the record ; don ' t like guans . low - pass filtered at 400 hz .
when flushed from ground . humid primary forest . reference : jn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 2 side a track 28 seq . a )
along the union trail in secondary forest undergrowth , not far from the clay lick and near the lake . was about 20m from my position . signal increases later into the recording .
alarm calls . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc11a539
recorded at night . probably the bird was frightened by the presence of lophostrix cristata , and my flashlight .
certainty : 99 % . not seen . a party of several birds . consists of two parts , taped 80 seconds apart . at forest edge .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 84 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 80 seq . a )
id certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 57 side a track 34 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 5 side a track 42 seq . a )
id certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 392 side b track 36 seq . a )
terra firme forest . calls by one of a pair of birds flushed by my approach but which stayed fairly close and then came closer . probably young were nearby .
perch height 20 m . distance to mike : 45 m . response to playback . bird approached on playback . series of terriorial songs interspersed with alarm calls . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , terra firme forest . ref : nkm03a240
calls by single individual . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc12a574
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
: l . pene = quasi or similar to , and lothos = crest .
: tupi ( native brasilian ) jacu = native name for this bird , and guaçu = large .
contribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : penelope jacquacu . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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my third trip to shiripuno had not been planned . after staying at shiripuno lodge and siona lodge i planned to go on another trip but that trip was cancelled due to an emergency and , upset and confused , i phoned jungal tour and talked to maria wijkmans . this lady was amazing ! she not only organized my tour in less than one day . . .
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mesoheros is a genus of cichlids .

it is found in colombia , ecuador , and peru ; atrato river flowing into the atlantic , san juan , baudó and patia rivers to esmeraldas and tumbes rivers flowingo into the pacific .

mesoheros

ornate cichlid ( mesoheros ornatus ) , 14 × . . . - scalz nature artist | facebook
i am listing them here although they are technically from sa , because they are more like ca cichlids . there is also the mayan cichlid which really is from ca , and it is very similar in appearance to the true red terror , mesoheros festae is anyone familiar with the other relatives of the red terror ? mesoheros atromaculatus mesoheros gephyrus any information on them will be greatly appreciated
mesoheros is a new genus containing three formerly cichlasoma species , now named as m . festae , m . ornatus and m . atromaculatus .
conservation : mesoheros gephyrus is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as ( en ) endangered ( 2016 ) .
mesoheros gephyrus subadult from the rio san juan [ colombia ] in the aquarium of mark smith [ usa ] . photo by mark smith . ( 11 - mar - 2010 ) .
ecology : mesoheros festae is known in ecuador as the “vieja roja” . it is a large , ecologically important omnivorous fish that feeds on fishes and crustaceans ( laaz et al . , 2009 ) .
glodek ( 1978 ) indicates that c . festae can be distinguished from mesoheros ornatus in its lateral line scale count , with c . festae having 26 - 27 scales in the median series and m . ornatus having 30 - 32 scales . however , eigenmann ( 1922 ) lists c . festae as having 30 scales in a median series .
there are four species in the genus mesoheros , but they ' re not
red terror types
. the red terror is m . festae . m . atromaculatus m . festae m . gephyrus m . ornatus if you ' re familiar with festae and the mayaheros group ( urophthalmus ) you ' ll see they ' re not really similar at all .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? ; dh range : ? - 15 . tropical ; 26°c - 28°c ( ref . 2060 )
south america : pacific drainages from the esmeraldas river in ecuador to tumbes river in peru .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 )
in various biotopes , from small to medium - sized rivers . occasionally found in fish markets . feeds on benthic organisms such as small shrimps ( ref . 40602 ) .
kullander , s . o . , 2003 . cichlidae ( cichlids ) . p . 605 - 654 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 36377 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00703 - 0 . 03260 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 59 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .
left : specimen collected at abras de mantequilla . right : preserved specimen from esmeraldas drainage .
source for occurrence in ecuador : this species is common along the pacific slope of ecuador from esmeraldas to huaquillas . there are many references for its occurrence in the area ( e . g . , eigenmann , 1922 ; ovchynnyk , 1971 ; barnhill et al . , 1974 ; glodek , 1978 ; barriga , 1991 ; florencio , 1993 ; lopez et al , 1993 ; kullander , 2003 ; laaz et al . , 2009 ; alvarado , 2009 ; laaz & torres , 2010 ) .
original description : boulenger , g . a . 1899 . viaggio del dr . enrico festa nell ' ecuador e regioni vicine . poissons de l ' équateur . [ deuxième partie ] ( 1 ) . bollettino dei musei di zoologia ed anatomia comparata della r . università di torino 14 ( no . 335 ) : 1 - 8 .
range ecuador : pacific slope of ecuador from esmeraldas to huaquillas ( kullander , 2003 ) , although glodek ( 1978 ) indicates that this species only occurs in the guayas river drainage .
range outside of ecuador : tumbes river , peru ( kullander , 2003 ) .
is a cichlid and can be distinguished from most other freshwater fishes in western ecuador by its overall shape and the presence of strong , well - developed spines in its dorsal and anal fins .
and are either solid orange or dark colored with pronounced vertical stripes along the caudal fin .
can also be distinguished from other cichlids in western ecuador by the presence of nine conspicuous black bands , alternating with red bars , a black spot at the base of the upper caudal lobe , continued as a bar across the base of the fin , spinous dorsal black , except just above the light spaces between the bars ; soft dorsal , caudal , and soft anal having the color of the light interspaces of the body , no spots , spinous portion of the anal and the ventrals dark ; pectorals like the caudal ( eigenmann , 1922 ) .
economic importance : this is an important food fish for people in rural parts of guayas and los rios provinces and is also taken as an ornamental ( laaz et al , 2009 ) .
conservation status : na , although the species is heavily exploited as a food fish . anecdotal reports suggest that this species has been declining in abundance in recent years .
tetracanthus nandopsis . . ( f1 bayamo cuba ) spawning from start to finish . .
pam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !
articles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .
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eigenmann , carl h . 1923 .
the fishes of western south america , part i . the fresh - water fishes of northwestern south america , including colombia , panama , and the pacific slopes of ecuador and peru , together with an appendix upon the fishes of the rio meta in colombia
. memoirs of the carnegie museum . vol . 9 ( n . 1 ) : pp . 1 - 346 ( crc00283 )
burgess , warren . 2000 .
the cichlasoma story . herichthys , the break - up
. tropical fish hobbyist magazine . v . 48 ( n . 11 ) ; pp . 44 - 54 ( crc01003 )
říčan , oldřich & l . piálek , k . dragová & j . novák . 2016 .
diversity and evolution of the middle american cichlid fishes ( teleostei : cichlidae ) with revised classification
. vertebrate zoology . v . 66 ( n . 1 ) , pp . 1 – 102 ( crc07292 ) ( abstract )
and río baudó in the atlantic , río patia to río esmeraldas and río tumbes in the pacific .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 10 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
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the generic allocation of this species is still uncertain . it belongs to the tribe heroini , but is maintained as an incertae sedis species of
freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 5 . 5 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 3 . tropical ; 23°c - 29°c ( ref . 40602 )
south america : atrato , san juan , and baudó river basins in colombia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12251 )
up to 3000 eggs are deposited on open substratum , such as a flat stone . mainly the female guards eggs and young .
? í ? an , o . , l . piálek , k . dragová and j . novák , 2016 . diversity and evolution of the middle american cichlid fishes ( teleostei : cichlidae ) with revised classification . verteb . zool . 66 ( 1 ) : 1 - 102 . ( ref . 114771 )
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
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middle american cichlids have been subject to a long - overdue revision . we now have eight new genera of cichlids to learn , plus a heap of modifications to be aware of .
the revisions were published in ' zootaxa ' by the ichthyologist caleb mcmahon in august 2015 , and used a mixture of morphological and dna sequencing techniques to identify new classifications .
some herichthyin fish have now been rediagnosed , with extra genera raised . the changes include :
trichromis , represented by a single species , trichromis salvini ( formerly cichlasoma or ' ex ' cichlasoma salvini ) , at long last .
thorichthys now consists of eight species : t . affinis , t . aureus , t . callolepis , t . ellioti , t . meeki , t . pasionis and t . socolofi , with t . ellioti acting as the type species ( though it is here regarded as a synonym of t . maculipinnis , so further work is still needed ) .
theraps has been reorganised , now containing t . godmanni , t . intermedius , t . irregularis , t . micophthalmus and t . nourisatti .
nosferatu is a genus that was raised earlier in the year , containing n . bartoni , n . labridens , n . molango , n pantostictus , n . pratinus and n . steindachneri .
maskaheros incorporates fish formerly known in paraneetroplus and vieja , containing both m . argenteus and m . regani . vieja is left with eight species , containing v . bifasciata , v . breidohri , v . fenestrata , v . guttulata , v . hartwegi , v . maculicauda , v . melanura and v . zonata . paraneetroplus is reduced to three species , containing p . bulleri , p . gibbiceps , p . nebuliferus . herichthys is also reduced , now with seven species , containing h . carpintis , h . cyanoguttatus , h . deppi , h . minckleyi , h . tamasopoensis , h . tepehua and h . teporatus .
kihnichthys is a new genus with a single species , k . ufermanni ( which has spent time in both the vieja and theraps camps ) .
cincelichthys is also new , with two species , containing c . bocourti and c . pearsei .
oscura changes the fish that was theraps heterospilus , now becoming o . heterospila ( note the change of species name , too ) . chiapaheros is another new genus containing the singular c . grammodes . rheoheros replaces a couple of former theraps species , containing r . coeruleus and r . lentiginosus .
and finally , tomocichla now contains two species , t . asfraci and t . tuba .
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freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? . tropical ; 24°c - 27°c ( ref . 2059 ) , preferred ?
south america : patia river basin in colombia , durango and st . javier rivers in ecuador , all draining to the pacific ocean .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 26 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 )
the stomachs of the type material contained broken shells of snails . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) .
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discussion regarding only central american cichlid species . ( guapotes , jack dempseys , red devils , firemouths , convicts , texas cichlids , etc . )


lates mariae , the bigeye lates , is a species of lates perch native to lake tanganyika and from the lualaba drainage in the democratic republic of the congo .

juveniles inhabit inshore habitats while adults inhabit benthic environments in deeper waters , being the top predator at depths of 100 metres ( 330 ft ) and greater .

it is known to make diurnal migrations to surface waters to prey on pelagic fishes .

this species can reach a length of 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) tl .

this species is commercially important and is also popular as a game fish .

bigeye lates

how can i put and write and define bigeye lates in a sentence and how is the word bigeye lates used in a sentence and examples ? 用bigeye lates造句 , 用bigeye lates造句 , 用bigeye lates造句 , bigeye lates meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .

' lates mariae
' , the
' bigeye lates
' , is a species of lates perch native to lake tanganyika and from the commercially important and is also popular as a game fish .
wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article
bigeye lates
.
facts summary : the bigeye lates ( lates mariae ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group
fishes
and found in the following area ( s ) : burundi , democratic republic of congo ( zaire ) , tanzania , zambia .
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - bigeye lates facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
coulter , g . w . , 1976 . the biology of lates species in lake tanganyika , and the status of the pelagic fishery for lates species and luciolates stapersii . j . fish biol . 9 : 235 - 259 . ( ref . 2216 )
freshwater ; demersal ; depth range ? - 75 m ( ref . 36901 ) . tropical ; 3°s - 9°s
africa : lake tanganyika ( ref . 2216 , 36901 ) ; widely distributed throughout the lake ( ref . 36901 ) . in the lukuga river ( lake tanganyika outflow ) , known up to niemba ( ref . 93587 ) . in the malagarazi river , known from the delta and the lower reaches ( ref . 54847 ) .
maturity : l m 45 . 5 range ? - ? cm max length : 80 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3636 )
juveniles live in a specific inshore habitat until they reach 18 cm , thereafter they adopt a benthic habitat moving into deep water ( ref . 2216 ) . juveniles have been observed near or in affluent rivers ( ref . 36901 ) . top predator in depths below 100 m ; exploits both fishes and invertebrates ; migrate diurnally to surface to feed on pelagic clupeids ; highly susceptible to intensive fishing ( ref . 2216 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5006 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00563 - 0 . 01547 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 16 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 ±0 . 69 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tmax = 12 - 13 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 40 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : endemic to lake tanganyika where fisheries catches have declined by more than 50 % in the last 20 years due to heavy fishing . sedimentation inshore is a threat to habitat for juveniles . with an estimated generation time of 1 . 4–4 . 4 years ( fishbase ) the time period for decline is around 10 years . it is estimated that a decline of 30 % of 10 years is probable .
endemic to lake tanganyika where it also enters the deltas of major rivers including the rusizi and malagarasi .
adults found in bentho - pelagic and littoral zones in the lake . juveniles are found in lake ' s littoral zone , marginal macrophytes beds and lower parts of rivers .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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max length : 80 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3636 )
freshwater ; demersal ; depth range ? - 75 m ( ref . 36901 )
pd 50 = 0 . 5006 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )
low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tmax = 12 - 13 )
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3234f3f4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32421473 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 345ea2c9 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
africa : lake tanganyika ( ref . 2216 , 36901 ) ; widely distributed throughout the lake ( ref . 36901 ) . in the lukuga river ( lake tanganyika outflow ) , known up to niemba ( ref . 93587 ) . in the malagarazi river , known from the delta and the lower reaches ( ref . 54847 ) .
froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 75e88168 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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; sötvatten bottenlevande ; djupintervall ? - 75 m ( ref . 36901 ) . tropical , preferred ? ; 3°s - 9°s
maturity : l m 45 . 5 range ? - ? cm max length : 80 . 0 cm tl hane / ej könsbestämd ; ( ref . 3636 )