the black-bellied whistling duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) , formerly also called black-bellied tree duck , is a whistling duck that breeds from the southernmost united states and tropical central to south-central south america .

in the usa , it can be found year-round in parts of southeast texas , and seasonally in southeast arizona , and louisiana 's gulf coast .

it is a rare breeder in such disparate locations as arkansas , georgia , tennessee , and south carolina , though it is now a common breeder in parts of central florida .

there is a large population of several hundred that winter each year in audubon park in uptown new orleans , louisiana .

since it is one of only two whistling-duck species native to north america , it is occasionally just known as the " whistling duck " in the southern usa .

black - bellied whistling duck

black - bellied whistling duck is nocturnal animal ( active during the night ) .
figure 1 . distribution of the black - bellied whistling - duck in the americas .
visit the bent life history for extensive additional information on the black - bellied whistling duck .
fulvous whistling - duck fulvous whistling - ducks lack black bellies and have extensive black on their wings and back .
black - bellied whistling - duck : large , colorful duck with bright red bill , pink - red legs and feet . shows white wing patch , black
unlike other ducks , black - bellied whistling duck spends a lot of time on the ground and on the trees .
immature fulvous whistling - duck could be confused with an immature black - bellied whistling - duck . fulvous has a white stripe on the side and dark wings without a wing stripe .
black - bellied whistling duck has orange - red bill , medium - sized , erect body and long neck and legs .
black - bellied whistling duck can reach 18 . 5 to 20 . 1 inches in length and 23 to 36 ounces of weight .
the oldest recorded black - bellied whistling duck was a male , and at least 10 years , 7 months when it was found in louisiana .
diet : black - bellied whistling - duck feeds mainly on plant matter , aquatic plants , grass and grain . it also consumes insects and molluscs .
black - bellied whistling duck is aquatic bird that belongs to the family of ducks . there are two subspecies of black - bellied whistling ducks that can be found in the southern parts of the usa and in the central and south america . black - bellied whistling duck inhabits freshwater ponds , lakes and marshes ( usually near the agricultural fields ) . black - bellied whistling ducks are occasionally on a target of hunters . besides hunting , major threats for their survival are draining of wetlands and pollution of the water with pesticides . despite these factors , black - bellied whistling ducks are still widespread and numerous in the wild .
northern populations of black - bellied whistling ducks migrate toward the mexico and southern parts of texas in the autumn .
black - bellied whistling duck is reddish brown colored . it has grey face and upper part of the neck , black belly and tail and large white patch on the wings . males and females look alike .
the black - bellied whistling - duck is a whistling - duck which may also be called the black - bellied tree duck . it is quite a common species , with populations estimated to range between one and two million individuals . they occur in rice fields and freshwater marshes from southern texas and southern arizona south through central and south america to northern argentina . they are nocturnal feeders , and eat a diet composed mostly of plant life . in past years , hunting activities caused concern for the black - bellied whistling - duck , but recent counts have confirmed that populations are at least stable , if not growing , in north america . due to the large , stable population , the conservation status of the black - bellied whistling - duck is least concern .
the black - bellied whistling - duck ( formerly black - bellied tree duck ) is a highly gregarious neotropical duck that is restricted to the new world . distinguished from all other whistling - ducks by its red bill , pink feet , and white wing - patch , it is more arboreal than other whistling - ducks and vocal in flight , often repeating a whistling pe - che - che - ne . it nests primarily in natural cavities in trees but will readily use nest boxes .
black - bellied whistling ducks live in large flocks of around 1 . 000 birds . they produce whistle - like calls , hence the name
whistling ducks
.
the black - bellied whistling - duck is an unusual species among north american waterfowl . with its long legs , peculiar appearance , and odd habits , it was described by one early american ornithologist as “most un - duck - like . ”
flight : black - bellied whistling - duck flies mainly in the morning and in the evening . they have fast flying ability , but generally , they fly slowly , in large noisy flocks .
females occasionally lay eggs in the nest of other black - bellied whistling ducks . this behavior is known as
egg - dumping
.
also known as the red - billed whistling duck - or tree duck , this species is popular and commonly seen in aviaries in the usa , a little less in europe .
the behavior of black - bellied whistling ducks is similar to fulvous whistling ducks . they prefer the excellent feeding opportunities offered by agricultural lands in close proximity to water , rice culture , and shallow wetlands with exposed mud flats . black - bellied whistling ducks prefer to feed at night but have been observed feeding at all hours of the day .
black - bellied whistling duck is an omnivore ( it eats both plants and meat ) . its diet is based on seed , grass , sedges , corn , rice , wheat , insects , spiders and snails .
black - bellied whistling ducks form monogamous pairs ( they mate for a lifetime ) during the winter . they produce one or two broods per season .
they were formerly known as the black - bellied tree duck ; as this name suggests , they are quite fond of perching . additionally , tree cavities provide nesting sites .
black - bellied whistling ducks commonly feed at night on grain , seeds , some insects and mollusks and leaves and shoots found in fields and shallow water .
bolen , e . g . 1967b . the ecology of the black - bellied tree duck in southern texas . ph . d . thesis , utah state univ . , logan . close
black - bellied whistling ducks are easily recognized . males and females look similar with red bills , pink feet , white wing patches , and black bellies . the head is brownish - gray with a white eye - ring .
the black - bellied whistling - duck is a boisterous duck with a brilliant pink bill and an unusual , long - legged silhouette . in places like texas and louisiana , watch for noisy flocks of these gaudy ducks dropping into fields to forage on seeds , or loafing on golf course ponds . listen for them , too—these ducks really do have a whistle for their call . common south of the u . s . , black - bellied whistling - ducks occur in several southern states and are expanding northward .
black - bellied whistling - ducks have been expanding their range in the southern united states . we have seen some checking out our new addition to the rookery in smith oaks .
natural enemies of black - bellied whistling ducks are great horned owls , raccoons , snakes , bass and catfish ( all , except owls , feed on eggs and ducklings ) .
the black - bellied whistling - duck is mostly reddish - brown , with a black belly , a gray face , a white eye ring , and a reddish orange bill . the leading edge of the wing is similar to the chestnut color of the body . the secondary coverts are white . black primaries have a white base . long wing stripe visible in flight .
black - bellied whistling ducks are migratory in the northern - and southernmost limits of their range . large flocks are often observed in wintering areas in the lowlands of mexico , though formerly more abundant in interior mexico than at present . in the united states , they winter primarily in southern coastal texas . black - bellied whistling duck are widespread and common in central america and south america south to northern argentina ( scott and carbonell , 1986 ) .
perfect for the mixed collection , black - bellied whistling ducks are not trouble makers and will cause no problems to other small species . they do best when kept in small groups .
description black - bellied whistling - ducks are a flashy chestnut bird with a bright orange - red bill , pink legs , and white wing spot . both sexes look alike . whistling - ducks are not actually puddle ducks , but tree ducks .
black - bellied whistling - ducks have expanded their range northward in recent years , but these northern breeders often move south for the winter , while most others are resident year - round .
delnicki , d . e . 1973 . renesting , incubation behavior , and compound clutches of the black - bellied tree duck in southern texas . master ' s thesis , texas tech univ . , lubbock . close
longevity : up to 8 years description : this species , as other whistling ducks , is more closely related to geese and swans than to ducks . they have long neck and legs , and broad wings , and both sexes are similar . when in flight , black - bellied whistling - duck has training wings and rounded wings , making it bigger than it is . its red bill and legs , and the large white wing patch help to identify the species , and make the difference with the fulvous whistling duck which lacks red bill and black belly .
profile by richard gibbons : the black - bellied whistling - duck is a large duck with a long neck , long legs , and short tail . they have a chestnut breast and black belly with a bright pink bill and legs . their face is gray and has a broad , white wing stipe that is visible in flight . true to their name , these ducks do have a whistle for their call . black - bellied whistling - ducks hang out by shallow ponds , gold courses , city parks , and schools . their ability to adopt human - altered habitats has helped them move north into the southern united states .
the whistling - ducks were formerly known as tree - ducks , but only a few , such as the black - bellied whistling - duck actually perch or nest in trees . they look most like ducks , but their lack of sexual dimorphism , relatively long - term pair bonds , and lack of complex pair - forming behavior more resembles geese and swans .
james , j . dale and jonathan e . thompson . 2001 . black - bellied whistling - duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto black - bellied whistling - duck’s call is a squealing “pe - chee” . near the nest , parents utter high - pitched , rapid piping and twittering whistles . in flight , they give high piping whistles “pi - yih pyi - pyi” or “chee twee wee wee - wee…”
delnicki , d . and e . g . bolen . 1975 . natural nest site availability for black - bellied whistling ducks in south texas . southwest . nat . no . 20 : 371 - 378 . close
u . s . fish & wildlife service , federal duck stamp office presents : north american waterfowl ( adobe pdf file ) james , j . dale and jonathan e . thompson . 2001 . black - bellied whistling - duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) , the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online
behaviour : black - bellied whistling - duck is often seen perched on trees or shrubs . it feeds on vegetal matter by grazing on the ground , and also dabbling in shallow waters . they feed on submerged vegetation , wading in shallow water . in mexico , they are often seen gleaning in harvested corn fields .
male and female black - bellied whistling ducks are similar in size and color . in general , black - bellied whistling ducks are long - legged , long - necked and the most erect of all ducks . they have a black belly with a chestnut nape , lower neck , chest , and back . a chestnut cap tops the head . they boast a bright orange bill , gray face , and upper neck and white eye ring . the long pink legs are easily observed while they are perched in trees .
cain , b . w . 1976 . energetics of growth for black - bellied tree ducks . condor no . 78 : 124 - 128 . close
habitat : black - bellied whistling - duck lives in wooded marshes , swampy forests , flooded fields and lagoons . it avoids lakes , except with shallow water areas near the shores . they need waters with dense vegetation for feeding , and close trees for nesting . we can find them from sea level to 1500 metres of elevation .
black - bellied whistling - ducks have been expanding their range in the southern u . s . , and the north american breeding bird survey shows strong population growth , estimated at over 6 % per year from 1966–2014 . they are not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . although it’s legal to hunt whistling - ducks in season , they are only rarely targeted by hunters . like all aquatic species , black - bellied whistling - ducks are vulnerable to poor water quality—in the 1980s birds in mexico were reported with high levels of ddt , dieldrin , and other persistent organic compounds . degradation or clearing of wetlands for can reduce habitat availability ; however , in general black - bellied whistling - ducks seem to be doing well around human development . back to top
protection / threats / status : black - bellied whistling - duck populations are increasing in united states , and they are abundant . this species damages cultivated areas in mexico , and necessary measures must be taken to control populations . healthy coastal wet areas and nest boxes benefit this species . nests on the ground are preyed upon by rats and wolverines .
black - bellied whistling ducks are gregarious . they can often be found perching in trees . while they prefer to nest in natural tree cavities , they will readily use nest boxes and have been reported to nest on the ground as well .
mccamant , r . e . and e . g . bolen . 1979 . a 12 - year study of nest box utilization by black - bellied whistling ducks . j . wildl . manage . no . 43 : 936 - 943 . close
bolen , e . g . 1967a . nesting boxes for black - bellied tree ducks . j . wildl . manage . no . 31 : 68 - 73 .
james , j . d . 2000a . effects of habitat and spatial characteristics on the incidence of conspecific brood parasitism and nest site selection in breeding black - bellied whistling ducks . master ' s thesis , texas a & m ; kingsville , kingsville . close
they also are distinguished by their appearance and behaviors in the field . black - bellied whistling ducks fly slowly in shapeless formations . in flight , they show long necks , trailing legs , and broad wings , but the most distinguishing feature is the contrasting black and white between the upper and lower wings . when standing or perching , the most striking features are the bird ' s namesake stark black belly and sides , along with the red bill and pink feet . biologists recognize two subpopulations of black - bellies .
like black - bellies , fulvous whistling ducks breed during their first year of life . nest initiation occurs from may through august . fulvous whistling ducks nest in rice fields and in wetlands , usually over water among water - tolerant grasses and sedges . females lay 12 eggs on average , and both sexes incubate the eggs . unlike most species of waterfowl , fulvous and black - bellied whistling ducks do not add down to their nest bowls . scientists have also observed that fulvous whistling ducks do not cover their eggs when they depart the nest to feed , possibly because of the high temperatures occurring on their southern breeding grounds .
range black - bellied whistling - ducks are currently undergoing a range expansion . their range consists of large portions of south america and along the coast of central america . today , in the united states , black - bellied whistling - ducks are mostly found along the gulf coast , the southern portion of the mississippi river , and the florida panhandle . in south carolina they are found primarily along the coast , mostly in the southern portion of the state . they have been reported as far inland as aiken county and as far north as georgetown county .
black - bellied whistling - duck : breeds from the southern united states and tropical central to south central south america . it can be found year - round in southeast texas , and seasonally in arizona , and louisiana ' s gulf coast . rare breeder in such disparate locations as florida , arkansas , georgia and south carolina . occurs in quiet , shallow freshwater ponds , and estuarine wetlands and marshes .
available information for black - bellied whistling ducks suggests a stable population in mexico and growing population in texas . about 80 , 000 birds are generally counted along the east and west coasts of mexico each winter , and researchers estimate a breeding population of several thousand in southern texas .
almost independent at hatching . covered with black - and - yellow down , eyes open .
range : black - bellied whistling - duck breeds in extreme south of united states ( texas , arizona , and louisiana ) and also into central and south america to northern argentina . there is a population in florida . it winters from southern texas southwards . they are resident in florida . northern populations may be migratory , moving southwards , but most of populations are resident in their range , apart some local movements according to the food resources .
ducklings are covered with black and white down at birth . they are ready to leave the nest and enter the water ( or walk on the solid ground ) one or two days after hatching . black - bellied whistling ducks learn to fly at the age of 8 weeks , but they stay with their parents until the age of 6 months . they reach sexual maturity at the age of one year .
d . a . autumnalis ( caribbean ) between 100 , 000 - 1 , 000 , 000 ; d . a . bicolor ( neotropics ) > 1 , 000 , 000 ( rose and scott , 1994 ) . black - bellied whistling ducks are susceptible to over - harvest due to their unwary nature .
whistling “pee - chee - chee” , uttered particularly vociferously in flight and becomes an almost . . .
hi dan . i can ' t answer your question about fulgens / discolor , i just followed what is written in birds of ecuador 2001 . i did look at more of my pictures from western ecuador in manabì and they are all gray - chested . the map here on the side is not correct nor is it correct on urltoken or birds of ecuador . the species ( and fulvous whistling - duck and greater ani ) are all the way up the colombian border in nw esmeraldas and at least black - bellied whistling - duck is fairly common there and breeding . i don ' t have any pictures from there but i would assume they are all gray - chested ( = autumnalis )
carboneras , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . black - bellied whistling - duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
black - bellied whistling - ducks eat mainly plant material , including smartweed , grasses , sedges , bindweed , and nightshade . they will also consume agricultural crops of sorghum , rice , corn , millet , and wheat . aquatic animals , such as snails , insects , and spiders are also consumed in small amounts .
black - bellied whistling ducks nest in the cavities of trees , in the nest boxes or on the ground , using little nesting material . female lays 9 to 18 eggs ( 13 on average ) from may to june . eggs hatch after 25 to 30 days . both parents participate in the incubation of eggs and rearing of chicks .
there are eight species of whistling ducks in the world , but only two - the black - bellied and fulvous whistling ducks - occur in the united states . scientists consider whistling ducks more closely related to geese and swans than to the
true ducks .
with their long legs , long necks , bone structure and erect stance , they certainly look more like geese than like ducks . as with geese and swans , the plumage of both sexes of whistling ducks are very similar . they only have one molt ( in contrast to two molts in the
true ducks
) ; both parents share in the brooding of the young ; and pairs mate for life .
distinguished from all other whistling - ducks by its red bill , pink feet , and white wing - patch .
mccartney , r . b . 1963 . the fulvous tree duck in louisiana . master ' s thesis , louisiana state univ . , baton rouge . close
during the nonbreeding season , black - bellies primarily use mangrove swamps and coastal lagoons to meet their food and cover requirements . however , similar to their goose cousins , black - bellies have adapted to feeding in agricultural environments , frequenting pastures and cattle feedlots as well as harvested rice , corn and sorghum fields when the opportunity presents itself . fulvous whistling ducks , with their long necks and legs , short tail and broad wings , also look much more like a goose than a duck .
black - bellied whistling ducks nest in thickets or stands of mesquite , hackberry , willow , live oak , and other trees . they forage in fields , lawns , and shallow , freshwater ponds that often contain water hyacinth , water lilies , and cattails . in the tropics , they also use mangroves , rivers , and lagoons . back to top
peris , s . j . , b . sanchez and d . rodriguez . 1998 . range expansion of the fulvous whistling duck ( dendrocygna bicolor ) in cuba , in relation to rice cultivation . caribb . j . sci . no . 34 : 164 - 166 . close
those who have had the opportunity to venture to the gulf coast to hunt , bird watch or just grab some r & r ; may have encountered some long , slender ducks locally known as squealers . black - bellied and fulvous whistling ducks are most common in mexico and latin america where they are known as pichichi or pato maizal and pijia or pato silvon .
black - bellied whistling - duck has tawny - brown to brown - cinnamon upperparts , turning black on rump and uppertail coverts . upper wings show a broad white stripe , conspicuous in flight . flight feathers are black . underparts are paler . lower neck and chest are tawny - brown . it has black belly and flanks . undertail coverts are mottled black and white . underwings are blackish . head and upper neck are grey . crown is dark brown . we can see a dark vertical hind neck stripe . bill is bright pink - red , often yellowish at base . eyes are dark brown , with conspicuous white eye ring . legs and webbed feet are bright pinkish - red . both sexes are similar . juvenile is paler , with grey bill , legs and feet . it has duller plumage than adults , with sooty - brown belly and flanks . it reaches its adult plumage at 8 months of age . very young birds have very paler belly , with indistinct transversal bars .
whether nesting in natural cavities or nest boxes , black - bellied whistling - ducks typically don’t build a nest ; they lay their eggs directly on whatever debris has collected there . cavity openings range from 5–12 inches across . when nesting on the ground , they make a scrape or a shallow bowl of grasses , with thick vegetation overhead , such as willow , mesquite , or cactus .
black - bellied whistling - ducks take readily to nest boxes . if you live within their range , you can make a nest box out of half - inch marine plywood . it should be about 24 inches high at the front and 20 inches at the back , with a hole about 5–6 inches in diameter ( see bolen 1967 in the credits section of this account for full instructions ) .
licenses : hunting license required . migratory bird hunting and conservation stamp ( federal duck stamp ) that is validated by the hunter signing the stamp in ink across the face of the stamp
meanley , b . and a . g . meanley . 1959 . observations on the fulvous tree duck in louisiana . wilson bull . no . 71 : 33 - 45 . close
average size whistling - ducks have an average length of 18 - 19 inches and an average weight of 1 3 / 4 pounds .
some western birds have obvious white crests in breeding plumage and may be identifiable , but many have black crests like eastern birds .
reproduction : black - bellied whistling - duck nests in tree cavities ( oaks , willows and mesquite trees ) or nest - boxes , at 8 to 10 feet above the ground . it also may nest on the ground . when nest is in cavity , there is no lining with down or any other soft materials . when nest is on the ground , birds build a shallow cup with woven grasses , at base of thick vegetation as a cactus , or among reeds . this species performs egg dumping , with very numerous eggs in the same nest , from several females . generally , these nests are abandoned and eggs are lost .
preferred habitat these whistling - ducks can be found in shallow freshwater ponds or lakes , often those containing water hyacinth , water lilies , and cattails .
black - bellied whistling - ducks mostly eat plants such as smartweed , grasses , swamp timothy , sedges , and agricultural crops . occasionally they eat smaller aquatic animals like snails , insects , and spiders . they usually forage at night in fields or in shallow ponds . because of their long legs , they spend more time than other ducks walking around on land or perching in trees . they are gregarious throughout the year and form flocks of up to 1 , 000 birds .
the white plumage of snow geese and tundra swans sometimes takes on a dirty , rusty - brown appearance . the birds aren ' t actually dirty but do show rust - colored highlights from foraging in the iron rich environments of the far north . regarding the well - known description of the sound made by a duck as a
quack ,
duck species in north america also variously whistle , squeak , click , and grunt .
black - bellied whistling - ducks eat mainly plants , including smartweed , grasses , swamp timothy , amaranth , sedges , bindweed , and nightshade . they also eat many agricultural crops including sorghum , millet , corn , rice , and wheat . they eat a smaller amount of aquatic animals such as snails , insects , and spiders . they typically forage at night , leaving roosts at sunset to fly to foraging areas . they feed in fields or by dabbling in shallow ponds . back to top
if you’re in the range of black - bellied whistling - ducks ( and that range is expanding all the time—keep an eye on the species’ ebird map to see where they’ve been seen ) you should be on the lookout for them perching around shallow ponds ; walking in the short grass of lawns and golf courses ; and especially in agricultural fields , where these large ducks eat lots of grain . they feed nocturnally , so watch around sunset for large flocks to begin flying out to fields from their roosts .
in north america , this species breeds mainly along coastal regions of mexico and southern texas . only the northernmost populations appear to be migratory , with wintering individuals found along both coasts of mexico . the black - bellied whistling - duck forms lifelong pair bonds and breeds in its first year . it often lays its eggs in the nests of conspecifics . the diet of this species is comprised of plant materials , especially bermuda grass and sorghum seeds . individuals are attracted to areas where corn and rice are grown and can cause damage to crops . the status of this species appears to be secure due in part to its secluded habitats and its lack of importance as a game species . it is showing signs of range expansion in the united states .
the northern race ( d . a . autumnalis ) breeds from southern texas through coastal mexico and central america . pairs most often partner for life and share the responsibilities of incubation and brood rearing . nests are usually located in tree cavities , nest boxes , or on the ground in grassy areas or under brush or cacti near water . ground nesting is most common where mammalian nest predators are absent . female black - bellied whistling ducks lay an average of 13 eggs and several females lay in the same nest .
we find two subspecies : dendrocygna autumnalis discolor , with grey band on breast , between brown neck and black belly ; dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis , different in size .
this pair of black - bellied whistling ducks arrived in our pond in early may . since then i have watched and photographed and videoed a plethora of behaviors , but none like what i witnessed on the morning of august 10th . temperatures in the small box in the sun must have been almost fatal on many days that the outside temperature was in the high 90’s . during the last couple of days , when instead of alternating incubation they both stayed in the box as their eggs hatched , i watched them both panting and wondered if they would be able to stick it out .
wyss , a . j . 1996 . nesting ecology of fulvous whistling - ducks in everglades agricultural area of southern florida . master ' s thesis , auburn univ . , auburn , al . close
two subspecies groups differ in plumage and are reliably distinguished in virtually all cases . the “black - eared” bushtit is merely a color morph of interior subspecies , found mainly south of the us .
this species is perhaps the least studied of common north american waterfowl . to date , studies have been conducted primarily in agricultural regions of north and south america at the fringes of the species ' breeding distribution and have focused mostly on the duck ' s importance as an agricultural pest (
i’m curious to see black - backed oriole on this list . is there a us record for this species ? i don’t see it mentioned for the us in either the aou nor aba lists .
bruzual , j . and i . bruzual . 1983 . feeding habits of whistling ducks in the calabozo ricefields , venezuela , during the non - reproductive period . wildfowl no . 34 : 20 - 26 . close
three subspecies groups all reliably distinguished in the field ( although black - backed and siberian are barely distinguishable from each other in non - adult - male plumages ) . only siberian occurs regularly in north america .
the anatidae are represented in north america by sixty - nine species in twenty - three genera ( including the extinct labrador duck ) . members of this well known bird family include the graceful , long - necked swans , familiar geese of farm fields and golf courses , and the many species of ducks .
comprehensive population surveys of whistling ducks are lacking . most of our information comes from mid - winter surveys conducted by the u . s . fish and wildlife service and occasional breeding season surveys associated with short - term research projects . limited data suggest a relatively stable breeding population of around 20 , 000 fulvous whistling ducks in louisiana and texas . significant breeding populations also exist in mexico , but surveys are insufficient to document population status and trends . many breeding populations in both the united states and mexico have historically been associated with rice culture . since the 1980s , rice acreage has declined dramatically in mexico , louisiana and texas . much of this land is now being used for dryland crops and pasture , which provides little habitat for breeding fulvous whistling ducks .
black - bellies breed during their first year of life , establishing lifelong pair bonds during their first winter . nest initiation occurs from april through august , a period approximately one month longer than prairie nesting ducks . black - bellies nest in tree cavities and , similar to wood ducks , also have adapted to nesting in boxes . where tree cavities are lacking , black - bellies will nest on the ground , often in grasses at the base of small trees or shrubs . females lay an average of 13 eggs and both sexes incubate the eggs . experiments have revealed that removal of either the female or the male during incubation results in abandonment of the nest . apparently , participation of both the male and female is necessary for the nesting attempt to be successful . black - bellies enjoy relatively high nest success rates ( an average of 45 percent ) compared to prairie nesting ducks . most nest failures are caused by raccoons , rat snakes and golden - fronted woodpeckers .
since 1968 , black - bellied whistling ducks frequently have been found in central and south florida in late summer and early fall , sometimes in flocks of fulvous whistling ducks . during the florida breeding bird atlas project , 12 potential breeding records were obtained for this species in hardee , lake , manatee , palm beach , polk , and sarasota counties . three of the records occurred in natural wetlands , three in small ponds , three in phosphate mines , two in flooded agricultural fields , and one in a sewage treatment pond . since 1992 , additional birds have been reported in hamilton , hernando , indian river , leon , jefferson , orange , volusia , and wakulla counties , indicating the species continues to expand its range in florida . in recent years , ducklings have been observed in leon county during the summer . florida fish and wildlife conservation commission biologists have observed flightless young at the t . m . goodwin waterfowl management area ( brevard county ) annually since 1999 . flightless young have been observed as late as mid - november .
3 ) black - browed albatross . while the “first” u . s . record from va was an immature and tough to identify to subspecies , later photo records ( photo of an adult off newfoundland , and maybe another from maine ) show the expected dark - eyed form t . m . melanophris ( or melanophrys , depending on whom you ask ) rather than the ‘campbell’ black - browed albatross ( t . m . impavida ) . again , many accord these forms species status .
hohman , w . l . , t . m . stark and j . l . moore . 1996 . food availability and feeding preferences of breeding fulvous whistling - ducks in louisiana ricefields . wilson bull . no . 108 : 137 - 150 . close
black - bellied whistling - ducks have long legs and spend more time than other ducks walking on land or perching in trees . you may see them perched on fences , telephone lines , or in spanish moss . they are gregarious year - round , forming flocks of up to 1 , 000 birds . they form lifelong pair bonds and breed in their first year of life . males spar by chasing or nipping at each other , or with a threat display that involves stretching their neck forward and opening their bill . pairs form in winter ; courtship includes birds stretching their necks out horizontally , dipping their bill , and flicking water over the back . females often lay eggs in the nests of other whistling - ducks—a behavior known as egg - dumping . individuals are attracted to areas where corn and rice are grown and can cause damage to crops . nest predators include raccoons , rat snakes , and bull snakes ; ducklings may be killed by fire ants , bass , catfish , and gar . great horned owls sometimes take adults . back to top
you left out ( maybe intentionally ? ) waynei black - throated green warblers . their breeding range ( coastal carolinas and virginia ) is completely different than the nominate ssp and having held skins in my hand , they appear to be identifiable in the field .
hi jim , thanks , i’m glad you find it useful . i do plan to continue adding information about subspecies , with maps , as i find the time . i did not mean to include labrador duck , but now that you’ve pointed it out i think i should add all of the extinct or presumed extinct species . there are no north american records of velvet scoter .
they are very agile on land , standing erect and walking without the waddle so characteristic of other ducks . a tawny brown head , chest , breast and belly distinguish fulvous whistling ducks . ivory - edged side and flank feathers form a striking border between the sides and back . in north america , the species is most common in mexico , but also breeds in california , florida , louisiana and texas . most fulvous whistling ducks depart their breeding range in the united states during september and october to winter in mexico , returning north again in march and april .
adult males occur in two distinctive forms – black - backed and green - backed – that show strong geographic basis , but variation and the occurrence of each type well within the range of the other suggests that this color difference represents a morph rather than a subspecific difference .
whistling - ducks are cavity nesters , but they do not excavate the cavity . both the male and female select the cavity . these ducks will also nest in nest boxes , and have been known to nest on the ground occasionally . the hen lays 9 - 18 creamy white eggs .
do you know how i can find information on differentiating subspecies ? i have seen a black - crowned night heron in the middle east ( subspecies nycticorax ) with what seems to be a thicker bill , but i couldn’t find any evidence of this difference with the north american subspecies . can you help ?
the northern population breeds from central texas through coastal mexico and central america . the southern population breeds from panama south into argentina . like most of their tropical counterparts , black - bellies do not show strong migratory patterns ; instead , they move relatively short distances in response to habitat availability within their breeding range .
all of the whistling ducks are some of my personal favorites . their unique call , awkward appearance ( it ' s those huge feet ! ! ) and adaptabiltity to aviary life make them very appealing to many breeders . this particular species is also very good for beginners , but do require a secure shelter during the coldest winter months .
dallmeier , f . 1991 .
whistling - ducks as a manageable and sustainable resource in venezuela : balancing economic costs and benefits .
in neotropical wildlife use and conservation . , edited by j . g . robinson and k . h . redford , 266 - 287 . chicago , il : univ . of chicago press . close
kidding , right ? i’ve seen a 1st cycle ‘barrovianus’ glaucous barely bigger than an adjacent california gull , and in south delta bc a huge , presumably ‘pallidus’ glaucous from siberia which towered over the nearby gw’s the way a large male great black - backed would dominate the local herring gulls . yet both are called glaucous gulls .
hi dan , thanks very much for these comments . there is a black - backed oriole record in san diego , ca , ( presumably one individual , seen off - and - on from 2000 to 2002 ) but you are correct that it hasn’t been accepted by any records committee and i will remove it from this list .
a replicated study over four breeding seasons in 1985 - 8 at two lakes in veracruz , mexico ( feekes 1991 ) , found that black - bellied whistling ducks dendrocygna autumnalis using nest boxes had very low reproductive success ( 11 . 1 % success for nine attempts in 1986 , 6 . 6 % for 30 attempts in 1987 - 8 ) , mainly because of predation by opossums didelphis spp . , raccoons procyon lotor and humans . occupancy rates varied , with one of 16 pairs using boxes in 1985 ; 17 - 30 % of 30 pairs in 1986 and 40 - 75 % of 20 pairs in both 1987 and 1988 . nest boxes were made from either liana baskets or hollowed palm trunks , with the latter being the only nests used ( except for a single basket in 1985 ) . thirteen baskets were provided in 1985 and ten in 1986 ; ten trunks were provided in 1986 , 16 in 1987 and 17 in 1988 . boxes were placed in positions similar to naturally occurring nests and checked every two weeks during the breeding seasons . opossums also frequently occupied nest boxes .
in the past i did a small bit of work for a study looking to get some morphometric data determining precisely what the difference was between a typical virens and a typical waynei , and in the measurements i was taking it appeared that the birds identifiable as waynei are smaller , slighter billed , and with significantly less black on the flanks .
in late august and early september , fulvous whistling ducks concentrate in flooded rice fields and large ponds . this species is noted for its nocturnal feeding in rice fields , where one observer vividly described a scene in louisiana in 1943 :
when we reached the fields and levees just before dusk , not a duck was seen or heard . within a few minutes , on they came in no particular formation as with ordinary ducks - singly , in pairs , in companies of a dozen or more , and in irregular groups , and in twenty minutes they were flying and squealing everywhere , hundreds of them .
in october , flocks move to coastal marshes where they feed predominantly on the seeds of aquatic vegetation . in november , a general exodus occurs to the east and west coasts of mexico , where the birds spend the winter on coastal lagoons and rice fields .
fulvous whistling - ducks are migratory in northern portions of their range , but elsewhere they exhibit only local movements . their return to gulf coast nesting areas in february and march coincides with the onset of planting in rice - growing areas . individuals feed almost exclusively on seeds , especially seeds of native moist - soil plants , which may be abundant in flooded ricefields . they also feed opportunistically on grain in seeded ricefields . flooding of ricefields in preparation for planting stimulates ground - nesting by birds on ricefield levees and in pastures , haylands , and small grain fields adjacent to ricefields . more commonly , however , fulvous whistling - ducks nest in flooded ricefields when plants are of sufficient stature to support eggs . the species makes only limited use of undisturbed , nonagricultural habitats for nesting in the united states .
whereas most ducks nesting in temperate regions pair seasonally for only 1 reproductive cycle , pair bonds of fulvous whistling - ducks are suspected to be long - term , extending over multiple nesting seasons or the lifetime of individuals , as in geese and swans . males and females share equally in incubation , and males also assist with rearing of young . thus , males contribute to parental care to a greater extent in this species than in other small - to medium - sized waterfowl . intraspecific brood parasitism is widespread in ground and over - water nests . additionally , unlike other north american waterfowl that undergo wing molt immediately after the nesting season on breeding areas or at remote northern sites traditionally used for molt , onset of wing molt is delayed in migratory fulvous whistling - ducks until their return to southern wintering areas .
sexes are similar as in most other members of this genus , while the females may appear slightly lighter in color . the two most distinguishing features of this species are the bright pinkish - red bill and huge pink feet . the cheeks , head and neck are gray , while the crown , forehead , breast and mantle are dark brown to chestnut . the belly and underparts are black .
although swans and geese are mostly white , brown , and black , many ducks showcase several shades of grays , browns , and blacks combined with fine barring and streaking to result in a variety of beautifully patterned plumages for which females of the species are well known . males in breeding plumage are more boldly patterned and often have iridescent blue or green on the head . both sexes usually show a spot of color in the wing known as a
speculum
.
female usually lays 12 to 16 whitish eggs , one per day . incubation lasts about 12 to 16 days , shared by both parents . precocial chicks are yellow with black spots . they leave the nest very soon after hatching , within two days , and they are able to feed themselves . but they remain with parents for up to two months . at this time , they can fly . however , they may remain in family groups for up to six months . this species produces only one brood per season , sometimes two if first is lost .
they form lifelong pairs and breed during the first year of their lives . the males spar by chasing each other and using a threat display . pairs usually form in winter and the females often lay eggs in the nests of other whistling - ducks . they usually nest in tree hallows , but have been known to use nest boxes and nest on the ground . interestingly enough , they do not typically build a nest . instead they lay their eggs on whatever is already in the location they chose . the eggs are white and there are typically 9 - 18 eggs in a clutch .
don’t know if this one has been mentioned or not , but i was wondering about subspecific variation in black - whiskered vireo ( ? ) . the nominate subspecies ( vireo altiloquus altiloquus ) seems very distinctive in plumage coloration and bill size / shape to me compared to the coastal florida form v . a . barbatulus . i believe the nominate subspecies occurs as a causal spring vagrant along the gulf coast with records from louisiana and nw florida panhandle ( st . george island ) . i’ve also had some birds here in alabama in the spring that i highly suspected were probably the nominate form as well .
6 ) while on the topic of seabirds , it might be worth noting that north american records of great - winged petrel refer to gouldi ; that black - capped petrel sensu nacc includes jamaican petrel , te extinct and utterly different dark bird ; that north american forms of audubon’s shearwater are quite distinct from galapagos shearwater , persian shearwater , and tropical shearwater , which nacc still lumps under audubon’s ; that white - chinned petrel sensu nacc includes spectacled petrel ; and that wilson’s storm - petrel may be due for some taxonomic revision , although this may or may not affect the birds that occur in the aou area . further , the nacc still lumps brown skua under great skua , and may be the only authority to do so .
the best references for a starting point on subspecies are pyle’s identification guide to north american birds , the handbook of birds of the western palearctic , and the handbook of birds of the world . for most species you’ll want to dig deeper into the literature that is cited in those books . i checked pyle for black - crowned night heron and he lumps the north american and eurasian birds in one subspecies because there are no reliable differences . in the middle east you could get other subspecies from either india or africa , which might be identifiable in the field , but i’m not familiar with the literature on those . [ actually , i just checked the handbook of birds of the world and i’m surprised to see that there is only one subspecies listed for all of europe , asia , and africa ! so if you see one that looks different it’s probably just a local variant and not a visitor from afar . sounds to me like a good project for someone to look at dna and study plumage in detail , because it seems really unlikely that they’re all the same . ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
bahamas ; cayman islands ; chile ; gambia ; grenada ; jamaica ; virgin islands , u . s .
the population is estimated to number 1 , 100 , 000 - 2 , 000 , 000 individuals . trend justification : the population trend is increasing in north america ( based on bbs / cbc data : butcher and niven 2007 ) .
( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22679780a118856707 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
fwc facts : the operator of a boat towing a skier may not pull the skier close enough to a fixed object or another vessel to create a risk of collision .


philedonides rhombicana is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in germany , austria , italy , the czech republic , slovakia , hungary , romania and ukraine .

the wingspan is 13 – 16 mm .

the forewings have a light chocolate brown or yellow to chocolate brown tone , with a dark chocolate brown stripe and subapical spot .

adults are on wing from june to august .

the larvae feed on mentha , trifolium , rumex ( including rumex acetosella ) , genista and rosa species .

philedonides rhombicana

this is the place for rhombicana definition . you find here rhombicana meaning , synonyms of rhombicana and images for rhombicana copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word rhombicana . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word rhombicana and , of course , rhombicana synonyms and on the right images related to the word rhombicana .
enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .
we are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .
the id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .
museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr leif aarvik
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license
pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
website © jim wheeler 2016 - 2018 . nola - x database system © jim wheeler 2018 . - sponsored by urltoken & urltoken
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .


scoliodon is a genus of requiem shark , and part of the family carcharhinidae .

it was formerly thought to include only a single indo-pacific species , the spadenose shark ( s. laticaudus ) , but recent taxonomic research has found two species , and the formerly excluded junior synonyms need to be resurrected .

scoliodon

carcharias laticauda , carcharias laticaudus , carcharias muelleri , carcharias mülleri , carcharias palasoora , carcharias sorrahkowah , carcharias ( physodon ) mülleri , carcharias ( prionodon ) palasorra , carcharias ( prionodon ) sorrahkowah , carcharias ( scoliodon ) laticaudus , physodon muelleri , physodon mülleri , physodon mulleri , scoliodon cf . laticaudus , scoliodon palasorrah , scoliodon sorrakawah , scoliodon sorrakowa , scoliodon sorrakowah , squalus ( scoliodon ) laticaudus , squalus ( triglochis ) mulleri
please send your images of
scoliodon laticaudus
to info @ urltoken scoliodon laticaudus müller & henle , 1838 , © randall , j . e . , urltoken
scoliodon laticaudus : spadenose shark - notes for t . y . b . sc . sem vi
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2009 ) .
scoliodon laticaudus
in fishbase . august 2009 version .
external characters systematic position phylum : chordata sub - phylum : vertebrata division : gnathostomata superclass : pisces order : squaliformes family : carcharinidae genus : scoliodon species : sorrakowah distribution : indian , pacific west indies and eastern coasts of south america and atlantic oceans . grace white recognises 9 species 4 in indian waters scoliodon sorrakowah is called black shark .
simpfendorfer , c . ( 2009 ) .
scoliodon laticaudus
. iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 . international union for conservation of nature .
at the base of caudal fin the tail bears two shallow depressions , one dorsal and one ventral , known as caudal pits , which are characteristics of the genus scoliodon .
setna , s . b . and p . n . sarangdhar , 1948 . description , bionomics and development of scoliodon sorrakowah ( cuvier ) . rec . indian mus . , 46 ( 14 ) : 25 - 53
( of scoliodon sorrakowa ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scoliodon sorrakawah ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scoliodon palasorrah ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
thillayampalam , e . m . , 1928 . scoliodon ( the common shark of the indian seas ) . in the indian zoological memoirs on indian animal types . lucknow , methodist publishing house , vol . 2 : 116 p .
springer , v . g . , 1964 . a revision of the carcharhinid shark genera scoliodon , loxodon , and rhizoprionodon . proc . u . s . natl . mus . , 115 ( 3493 ) : 5 59 - 632
wourms , j . p . ( 1993 ) .
maximization of evolutionary trends for placental viviparity in the spadenose shark , scoliodon laticaudus
. environmental biology of fishes 38 : 269–294 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00842922 .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . scoliodon laticaudus müller & henle , 1838 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
caira , j . n . and s . m . durkin ( 2006 ) .
a new genus and species of tetraphyllidean cestode from the spadenose shark , scoliodon laticaudus , in malaysian borneo
. comparative parasitology 73 ( 1 ) : 42–48 . doi : 10 . 1654 / 4185 . 1 .
white , w . t . , p . r . last and g . j . p . naylor , 2010 . scoliodon macrorhynchos ( bleeker , 1852 ) , a second species of spadenose shark from the western pacific ( carcharhiniformes : carcharhinidae ) . pp . 61 - 76 . in p . r . last , w . t . white , and j . j . pogonoski ( eds ) . descriptions of new sharks and rays from borneo . csiro marine and atmospheric research paper no . 32 . ( ref . 84283 )
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
müller , j . and henle , f . g . j . 1839 . systematische beschreibung der plagiostomen . plagiostomen , berlin .
) is a small coastal shark which is abundant in the northern indian ocean and southeast asia . despite being commonly caught in fisheries there are no data available on the status of the spadenose shark . it is likely that its life history will make it more resilient to fishing than larger , longer - lived , species of elasmobranchs . however , because of its limited fecundity concern exists that fishing will lead to recruitment overfishing .
the spadenose shark is an abundant inshore species throughout southeast asia and northeastern africa . it occurs in the indonesian archipelago as far as java and kalimantan . it is commonly recorded from the lower reaches of rivers in at least malaysia , sumatra and borneo ( compagno 1984b ) .
the abundance of this species in inshore waters makes it a major component of a variety of fisheries in southeast asia . for example , kasim ( 1991 ) reported that the annual recorded catch of spadenose shark in the verval coast , india from 1979 - 1981 averaged 823 t . this was taken mostly by trawl and gillnet fishing . parry - jones ( 1996 ) reported that the spadenose shark was the most commonly observed coastal species in chinese market surveys . unfortunately , there are no data available on the overall catch of this species , or the impact of fishing on stocks . the occurrence of this species in estuarine and inshore areas may also make this species susceptible to the impacts of habitat degradation and modification . however , there are no data available on this subject .
there are no known conservation or management measures that apply specifically to this species .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
description temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 °c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and . . .
description temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 °c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and squids . viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ; litter size varies from 1 to 14 . size at birth 12 to 15 cm . forms large schools . utilized for human consumption . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of carcharias macrorhynchos bleeker , 1852 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of carcharias muelleri müller & henle , 1839 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of carcharias palasoora bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of carcharias sorrahkowah bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of carcharias sorrakowah ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of physodon muelleri ( müller & henle , 1839 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
greek , skolex = worm + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
western central pacific : w indonesia , malaysia , gulf of thailand , singapore , borneo , philippines , china , hong kong , taiwan and japan ; exceptions , e indonesia , new guinea , northern australia , and remainder of the oceania region .
maturity : l m ? range ? - 39 . 7 cm max length : 63 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 84283 ) ; 70 . 7 cm tl ( female )
occurs in shallow , inshore waters , most abundant near large freshwater outflows , e . g . pearl river estuary ( hong kong ) and the large borneo drainage systems ( ref . 84283 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 34 of 100 ) .
marine ; brackish ; demersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - 13 m . tropical ; 26°c - 29°c ( ref . 4959 ) ; 34°n - 26°s , 32°e - 130°e
indo - west pacific : persian gulf ( ref . 68964 ) , somalia ( ref . 30573 ) , tanzania , mozambique ( ref . 5213 ) , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia ( ref . 4959 ) .
maturity : l m 34 . 3 , range 33 - 35 cm max length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ; max . reported age : 6 years ( ref . 244 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . bronze grey above , white below , fins sometimes darker than body ; no conspicuous markings ( ref . 9997 ) .
found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers ( ref . 244 ) . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods ( ref . 244 ) . forms large schools ( ref . 244 ) . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and cuttlefish ( ref . 244 ) . viviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . common by - catch of the inshore demersal gillnet fisheries , particularly those operating off kalimantan ( ref . 58048 ) . utilized fresh for human consumption ; processed into fishmeal and used as bait for other sharks and bony fishes ( ref . 244 ) . maximum sizes up to 120 cm unconfirmed ( ref . 244 ) .
viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ( ref . 244 ) . maternal and foetal placenta comprises the entire placenta ( ref . 39556 ) . transplacental nutrient transfer may be hemotrophic ( ref . 39556 ) . litter size varies from 1 ( ref . 58048 ) to 14 ( ref . 9997 ) . size at birth about 13 to 15 cm tl ( ref . 9997 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 . rome : fao . ( ref . 244 )
) : 25 . 3 - 29 , mean 28 . 5 ( based on 1946 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00427 ( 0 . 00243 - 0 . 00750 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 ±0 . 4 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( k = 0 . 88 ; tm = 2 ; tmax = 6 ; fec = 1 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .
: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
. colour light grey , yellowish or brownish grey above , without a colour pattern .
indo - west pacific : tanzania , pakistan india , sri lanka , malaysia , singapore , thailand , java , borneo , china , taiwan island , japan . apparently absent from australasia and oceania .
shark of continental and insular shelves close inshore , frequently in rocky areas . often very abundant in its range and occurring in large schools . the spadenose shark is very common in the lower reaches of
, with an unusual columnar placenta . fertilized eggs are unusually small , 1 mm in diameter and with little yolk . developing embryos apparently derive very little of their nutriment from yolk , have no yolk in their developed yolk sacs , and establish a placental connection with the maternal uterus extremely early in their development . thus embryos and fetuses are nourished by the mother during the entire
sizevaries from 1 to 14 , and size at birth between 13 and 15 cm . in malaysian waters these sharks apparently can
curves and estimated average sizes at ages from 1 to 5 years . his data indicates that both
between 1 and 2 years old and reach a maximum age of about 5 years for the largest known males and at least 6 for the largest females .
gobies ( tripauchenidae ) and bombay ducks ( harpadontidae ) , as well as shrimp and cuttlefish . harmless to people .
at 33 to 35 cm and reaching at least 69 cm ; size at birth 12 to 15 cm , averaging about 14 cm .
in indian and pakistani waters , commonly taken in artisanal and commercial fisheries . caught with
nair , r . v . , k . k . appukuttan and m . e . rajapandian , 1974 . on the systematics and identity of four pelagic sharks of the family carcharhinidae from the indian region . indian j . fish . , 21 ( 1 ) : 220 - 32
teshima , k . , m . ahmad , and k . mizue , 1978 . studies on sharks . 4 . reproduction in the telok anson shark collected from perak river , malaysia . jap . j . ichthyol . , 25 ( 3 ) : 181 - 9
compagno , l . j . v . , 1979 . carcharhinoid sharks : morphology , systematics and phylogeny . unpublished ph . d . thesis , stanford university , 932 p . available from university microfilms international , ann arbor , michigan
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
fao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 2
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
müller & henle , 1838 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018
: field marks : a small , unmistakable requiem shark , with a very long , flat , laterally expanded , spadelike snout , small eyes , small , smooth - edged bladelike teeth with oblique cusps , distal blades , and no cusplets , a stocky compressed body , short , broad triangular pectoral fins , the first dorsal fin well rearward on the back with its rear tip about over the pelvic midbases , the second dorsal fin much smaller than the first and with its origin well behind the anal origin , the anal fin much larger than the second dorsal and with a straight posterior margin and a base without long preanal ridges , and a caudal fin with its postventral margin only moderately concave , not deeply notched . it is bronzy grey above , white below , without conspicuous markings .
diagnostic features : body moderately stout . head broad , greatly depressed , and trowel - shaped ; snout parabolic or bell - shaped in dorsoventral view , very long , with preoral length greater than internarial space and mouth width ; eyes small , without posterior notches ; spiracles absent ; no papillose gillrakers on internal gill openings ; nostrils small , internarial space about 4 to 6 times nostril width ; anterior nasal flaps very short , narrowly triangular , and not tubular ; labial furrows very short to rudimentary , with uppers shorter than lowers and falling far behind eyes ; teeth similar in upper and lower jaws , anteroposteriors with slender oblique cusps and distal blades but no cusplets or serrations ; cusps of lower teeth not prominently protruding when mouth is closed ; 25 to 33 / 24 to 34 rows of teeth . interdorsal ridge absent or rudimentary ; no dermal keels present on caudal peduncle ; upper precaudal pit transverse and crescentic . first dorsal origin over or behind pectoral rear tips , its midbase much closer to pelvic bases than to pectorals and its free rear tip about over pelvic midbases ; second dorsal fin much smaller than first , its height 1 / 3 of first dorsal height or less , its origin behind anal midbase ; pectoral fins very broad and triangular , not falcate , pectoral length from origin to free rear tip about equal to pectoral anterior margin ; pectoral origins under interspace between fourth and fifth gill slits ; anal fin much larger than second dorsal , with short preanal ridges and a straight or slightly concave posterior margin . colour light grey , yellowish or brownish grey above , without a colour pattern .
) , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia ( ref .
host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !
found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers ( ref . 244 ) . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods ( ref . 244 ) . forms large schools ( ref . 244 ) . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and cuttlefish ( ref . 244 ) . viviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . common by - catch of the inshore demersal gillnet fisheries , particularly those operating off kalimantan ( ref . 58048 ) . utilized fresh for human consumption ; processed into fishmeal and used as bait for other sharks and bony fishes ( ref . 244 ) . maximum sizes up to 120 cm unconfirmed ( ref . 244 ) .
indo - west pacific : somalia ( ref . 30573 ) , tanzania , mozambique ( ref . 5213 ) , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia ( ref . 4959 ) .
100 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ) ; max . reported age : 6 years ( ref . 244 )
temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 °c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and squids . viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ; litter size varies from 1 to 14 . size at birth 12 to 15 cm . forms large schools . utilized for human consumption .
bronze grey above , white below , fins sometimes darker than body ; no conspicuous markings ( ref . 9997 ) .
depth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 7 . 5 - 7 . 5 temperature range ( °c ) : 27 . 917 - 27 . 917 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 279 - 0 . 279 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 691 - 35 . 691 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 513 - 4 . 513 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 392 - 0 . 392 silicate ( umol / l ) : 4 . 834 - 4 . 834 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
demersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; brackish ; marine ; depth range 10 - 13 m
depth : 10 - 13m . from 10 to 13 meters . habitat : demersal . temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 °c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and squids . viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ; litter size varies from 1 to 14 . size at birth 12 to 15 cm . forms large schools . utilized for human consumption .
amphidromous . refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea ( in both directions ) , but not for the purpose of breeding , as in anadromous and catadromous species . sub - division of diadromous . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km . characteristic elements in amphidromy are : reproduction in fresh water , passage to sea by newly hatched larvae , a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long , return to fresh water of well - grown juveniles , a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water , followed by reproduction there ( ref . 82692 ) .
viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ( ref . 244 ) . maternal and foetal placenta comprises the entire placenta ( ref . 39556 ) . transplacental nutrient transfer may be hemotrophic ( ref . 39556 ) . litter size varies from 1 ( ref . 58048 ) to 14 ( ref . 9997 ) . size at birth about 13 to 15 cm tl ( ref . 9997 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file
used for this species include indian dog shark , sharp - nosed shark , trowel - nose shark , and yellow dog shark .
are small . the corners of the mouth are well behind the eyes and have poorly developed furrows at the corners . there are 25–33 tooth rows in the upper jaw and 24–34 tooth rows in the lower jaw ; each tooth has a single slender , blade - like , oblique cusp without serrations . the first
, which are very short and broad . the second dorsal fin is much smaller than the
. there is no ridge between the dorsal fins . the back is bronze - gray in color , and the belly is white . the fins are plain but may be darker than the body . the maximum known length is 74 cm ( 29 in ) , though there are unsubstantiated reports of individuals reaching 1 . 2 m ( 3 . 9 ft ) .
. it is typically found close to the coast in water 10–13 m ( 33–43 ft ) deep , often close to rocky bottoms . this shark is frequently reported from the lower reaches of rivers in
eggs measure only 1 mm ( 0 . 039 in ) in diameter , while the developing
become dependent on their mother for sustenance at a length of only 3 mm ( 0 . 12 in ) . the placental stalk , formed from the
female spadenose sharks probably mate at least once per year , and breeding takes place year - round . the
of the spadenose shark is five to six months long , and the young are born at a length of 12–15 cm ( 4 . 7–5 . 9 in ) . the litter size is six to 18 . males
at a length of 24–36 cm ( 9 . 4–14 . 2 in ) , and females at a length of 33–35 cm ( 13–14 in ) . estimates of the age at maturity range from six months to two years . the
, and hook - and - line . the meat is eaten or used as bait for other fishes , the fins are valued for
despite its commercial importance , overall fishery statistics for the spadenose shark are lacking . a 1996 report found it to be the most common coastal shark on
fisheries ; from 1979 to 1981 , an average of 823 tons were caught annually off verval , india .
this shark may also be negatively affected by coastal development , due to its inshore habitat preferences .
compagno , l . j . v . ( 1984 ) . sharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . rome : food and agricultural organization . pp . 533–535 . isbn 92 - 5 - 101384 - 5 .
carrier , j . c . , j . a . musick and m . r . heithaus ( 2004 ) . biology of sharks and their relatives . crc press . pp . 52 , 502 . isbn 0 - 8493 - 1514 - x .
martin , r . a . hammerhead taxonomy . reefquest centre for shark research . retrieved on august 30 , 2009 .
fowler , s . l . , r . d . cavanagh , m . camhi , g . h . burgess , g . m . cailliet , s . v . fordham , c . a . simpfendorfer , and j . a . musick ( 2005 ) . sharks , rays and chimaeras : the status of the chondrichthyan fishes . international union for conservation of nature and natural resources . p . 313 . isbn 2 - 8317 - 0700 - 5 .
arthur , j . r . , a . t . a . ahmed ( 2002 ) . checklist of the parasites of fishes of bangladesh . food and agriculture organization of the united nations . p . 30 . isbn 92 - 5 - 104854 - 1 .
davidson , a . ( 2003 ) . seafood of south - east asia : a comprehensive guide with recipes ( second ed . ) . ten speed press . p . 125 . isbn 1 - 58008 - 452 - 4 .
sen , d . p . ( 2005 ) . advances in fish processing technology . allied publishers . p . 499 . isbn 81 - 7764 - 655 - 9 .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
1 . body - long , laterally compressed , spindle - shaped tapering at both ends .
6 . largest part of the body is trunk extending from behind the gill - slits upto the cloacal aperture .
9 . mouth - wide crescentric opening , present on the ventral side of the head .
14 . caudal fin present along the ventral and dorsal surfaces of tail and forms dorsal and ventral lobe .
15 . anal fin present in the mid - ventral line . length - 5 cm in front of caudal fin opposite to the second dorsal fin
20 . lateral line - a faint line running on either side of the body extending from head to the tail .
3 . hammer - shaped head i . e . head is flattened in front and expanded sideways into 2 conspicuous lobes
10 . presence of 2 dorsal fin . first is situated in front of the pelvic fin and second is opposite to the anal fin
10 . it inflict wounds on its victim by means of string on the tail .
distribution : mediterranean and atlantic oceans particularly in america , west indies , china and gulf of mexico . in india pristis cuspidata and p . microdon species are found
sketchbook of fishes - 25 . ( longnose ) saw shark - william buelow gould , c1832
distribution : mediterranean , red sea , atlantic and pacific oceans . indian ocean has t . marmorata species
8 . in between the pectoral fins and head on either side - a pair of large eletric organs are present .
3 . naked skin with characteristic of open groove loding the lateral line system .
geographical distribution : marshes and lakes of fresh water and brackish water of west africa , india , burma and malaya . in fresh water of india n . chital is found
6 . short dorsal fins without spine . at the level of the dorsal fin ventral fin is situated
geographical distribution : in tropical and warm parts of atlantic and indian oceans . e . pecilopterus is found in indian ocean to china seas
2 . body colour : bluish and silvery below . pectoral fins have black spots
6 . hypobatic tail i . e . ventral lobe of the tail fin is large
this page was last modified on 4 december 2013 , at 13 : 55 .
content is available under the creative commons attribution share alike license unless otherwise noted .
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >
< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .
a general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .
compagno , l . j . v . and v . h . niem 1998 carcharhinidae . requiem sharks . p . 1312 - 1360 . in : k . e . carpenter and v . h . niem ( eds . ) fao identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao , rome .
bronze grey above , white below , fins sometimes darker than body ; no conspicuous markings .
viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta . maternal and foetal placenta comprises the entire placenta . transplacental nutrient transfer may be hemotrophic . litter size varies from 1 ( ref . 58048 ) to 14 . size at birth about 13 to 15 cm tl . distinct pairing with embrace .
breder , c . m . and d . e . rosen 1966 modes of reproduction in fishes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , new jersey . 941 p .
defines and describes life history of a living organism , meaning the course of obligatory developmental transformations in an organism from fertilised zygote to maturity . it includes stages through which an organism passes , ie , metamorphosis , instars , gametophyte / embryophyte , and , transitions from sessile to mobile forms . also discusses timing , though morphology of each form would be better placed in the field for morphology .
amphidromous . refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea ( in both directions ) , but not for the purpose of breeding , as in anadromous and catadromous species . sub - division of diadromous . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km .
riede , k . 2004 global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales . final report of the r & d - projekt 808 05 081 . federal agency for nature conservation , bonn , germany . 329 p .
describes the periodic movement of organisms from one locality to another ( e . g . , for breeding ) . usually includes locality , timing , and hypothesized purpose .
100 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ) ; max . reported age : 6 years
bouhlel , m . 1988 poissons de djibouti . placerville ( california , usa ) : rda international , inc . 416 p . compagno , l . j . v . 1984 fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
indo - west pacific : somalia , tanzania , mozambique , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia .
compagno , l . j . v . 1984 fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
coppola , s . r . , w . fischer , l . garibaldi , n . scialabba and k . e . carpenter 1994 speciesdab : global species database for fishery purposes . user & quot ; s manual . fao computerized information series ( fisheries ) . no . 9 . rome , fao . 103 p . compagno , l . j . v . 1984 fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 .
known or potential benefits of the species for humans , at a direct economic level , as instruments of education , prospecting , eco - tourism , etc . it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others . in any event , the source must be explicitly quoted . can include ecosystem services . however , benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement ( what happens when the organism is removed )
a checklist of the fishes of kerala state is presented , along with their scientific and common name . . .
| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences
slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance , and to provide you with relevant advertising . if you continue browsing the site , you agree to the use of cookies on this website . see our user agreement and privacy policy .
slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance , and to provide you with relevant advertising . if you continue browsing the site , you agree to the use of cookies on this website . see our privacy policy and user agreement for details .
we use your linkedin profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads . you can change your ad preferences anytime .
urogenital system in vertebrates : tybsc course semester - vi – usz0601of univer . . .
respiratory system of vertebrates : notes for the tybsc course usz0601sem vi o . . .
nervous systems in vertebrates : t . y . b . sc . sem vi notes
assessment of some hydrological parameters of ulhas river estuary , in the vic . . .
clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later . now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
animal type : shark ( dog fish ) t . y . b . sc . ( zoology ) paper - i university of mumbai , mumbai :
animal type : shark ( dog fish ) t . y . b . sc . ( zoology ) paper - i university of mumbai , mumbai dr . rahul patil assistant professor , department of zoology veer wajekar arts , science & commerce college , phunde , navi mumbai
habits & habitat marine , carnivorous and predaceous feeding on crabs , lobsters , worms an fishes . sharp teeth are weapon sexes are separate fertilization in internal , development is direct viviparous : develop inside uteri .
external characters shape , size and colour body elongated / spindle shaped and laterally compressed streamlined full grown individual measures up to 60 cm . head , trunk and tail head : dorsoventrally flattened , pointed rostrum trunk : almost oval tail : posterior half of the body is bent upwards colour : dark gray dorsally and pale white ventrally .
enter one or more tags separated by comma or enter . numeric tags are not allowed .
you do not have the permission to view this presentation . in order to view it , please contact the author of the presentation .
https ( hypertext transfer protocol secure ) is a protocol used by web servers to transfer and display web content securely . most web browsers block content or generate a “mixed content” warning when users access web pages via https that contain embedded content loaded via http . to prevent users from facing this , use https option .
share your urltoken is the home of thousands of essays published by experts like you ! publish your original essays now .
it is situated a little behind the apex on the ventral side of the anterior region of the body . mouth is bounded by upper and lower jaws each bearing 1 or 2 rows of sharply , pointed and backwardly directed teeth . teeth are adapted for holding and tearing of the prey .
two crescentic apertures , the nares or nostrils are present ventro - laterally and anterior to mouth .
they are exclusively olfactory , have no role in respiration , as they are not connected to mouth cavity by internal nostrils .
anterior to each pectoral fin , on either side of the body vertically elongated external gill slits or branchial clefts are present in a series of 1 to 5 . they are main respiratory organs .
between two pelvic fins , on the tail region an elongated median groove or cloacal aperture is found .
it leads into a small chamber , the cloaca , which is the common exit for digestive and urinogenital system .
within either lateral edge of cloaca , the abdominal pores are situated on elevated papillae . the abdominal cavity opens to the exterior through these abdominal pores .
a faint lateral line runs along either lateral side of the body . it marks the position of an underlying sensory lateral line canal system which opens outside at intervals through minute pores .
on the head and snout several minute ampullary pores of the ampullae of lorenzini open at dorsal surface . they secrete mucus when pressed .
welcome to shareyouressays . com ! our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about essay . this website includes study notes , research papers , essays , articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like you .
sorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .
enter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .
, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .
, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .
cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of physodon valenciennes , 1838 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scolliodon ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
müller , j . & f . g . j . henle in müller , j . & f . g . j . henle . 1838 .
ahmad , a . , a . a . abdul haris hilmi , a . c . gambang , s . ahemad and a . r . solahuddin ( eds . ) ( 2004 ) elasmobranch resources , utilization , trade and management in malaysia . : marine fishery resources development and management department , southeast asian fisheries development center .
bianchi , g . ( 1985 ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . field guide to the commercial marine and brackish - water species of tanzania . : prepared and published with the support of tcp / urt / 4406 and fao ( firm ) regular programme . fao , rome . 199 p .
bor , p . h . f . ( 2002 ) nederlandse naamlijst van de recente haaien en roggen ( chondrichthyes : elasmobranchii ) van de wereld . : world wide web electronic publication www . rajidae . tmfweb . nl , version ( 05 / 2002 ) .
bouhlel , m . ( 1988 ) poissons de djibouti . : placerville ( california , usa ) : rda international , inc . 416 p .
carl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .
chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
compagno , l . j . v . ( 1999 ) checklist of living elasmobranchs . : p . 471 - 498 . in w . c . hamlett ( ed . ) sharks , skates , and rays : the biology of elasmobranch fishes . johns hopkins university press , maryland .
compagno , leonard j . v . , 1984 : sharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . fao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 2 .
department of fisheries malaysia ( 2009 ) valid local name of malaysian marine fishes . : department of fisheries malaysia . ministry of agriculture and agro - based industry . 180 p .
eschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .
fao - fies ( 2015 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrieved from urltoken [ accessed 13 / 04 / 2015 ] .
fao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .
fischer , w . , i . sousa , c . silva , a . de freitas , j . m . poutiers , w . schneider , t . c . borges , j . p . feral and a . massinga ( 1990 ) fichas fao de identificaçao de espécies para actividades de pesca . guia de campo das espécies comerciais marinhas e de águas salobras de moçambique . : publicaçao preparada em collaboraçao com o instituto de investigaçao pesquiera de moçambique , com financiamento do projecto pnud / fao moz / 86 / 030 e de norad . roma , fao . 1990 . 424 p .
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
kharbhari , j . p . ( 1982 ) marine fisheries information services india . : central marine fisheries research institute : 18 - 23 .
kotlyar , a . n . ( 1984 ) dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages . : all union research institute of marine fisheries and oceanography , moscow . 288 p .
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .
masuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino ( 1984 ) the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . : tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) .
mohsin , a . k . m . , m . a . ambak and m . n . a . salam ( 1993 ) malay , english , and scientific names of the fishes of malaysia . : occas . publ . fac . fish . mar . sci . univ . pertanian malays . 11 : 226 p .
panglima laot lhok krueng aceh ( 2008 ) list jenis ikan yang ada di perairan aceh : fish species / jenis ikan . : urltoken