canthigaster is a genus in the pufferfish family ( tetraodontidae ) .

a fish from this genus is sometimes referred to as a " toby " ( a generally accepted name that originated in australia ) or a " sharpnose puffer " .

canthigaster

aquarium fish : the papuan ( canthigaster papua ) and ocellated toby ( c . solandri )
the papua toby ( canthigaster papua ) is one of the most attractive members of the genus .
the blacksaddle toby looks similar to the crowned puffer , canthigaster coronata and the mimic leatherjacket , paraluteres prionurus .
aquarium fish : the papuan ( canthigaster papua ) and ocellated toby ( c . solandri ) — advanced aquarist | aquarist magazine and blog
the fingerprint toby ( canthigaster compressa ) is not as common in the aquarium trade as these similar congeners . the husbandry of all these species is similar .
canthigaster papua has long been considered a color form of c . solandri . note the differences between this photo and the shots of c . solandri below .
the ambon toby ( canthigaster amboinensis ) differs from its close relatives in the length of the snout and the coloration . this species is often found in the surge zone .
indo - pacific : east africa south to transkei , south africa ( ref . 4919 ) and east to the line , marquesan , and oeno islands , north to southern japan , south to lord howe island . replaced by canthigaster jactator in the hawaiian islands and canthigaster punctatissimus in the tropical eastern pacific ( ref . 37816 ) . also recorded from southeast atlantic .
an adult male ocellated toby ( canthigaster solandri ) can be a very beautiful beast . even though it has been known to eat sps corals in nature , some aquarists have successfully kept in reef aquariums .
scientific synonyms and common names canthigaster rostrata bloch , 1786 synonyms : c . sanctaehelenae ( see remarks for that species ) tetrodon rostratus bloch , 1786 , nat . ausl . fische , 2 : 8 , pl . 146 ( fig . 2 ) ( ' india ' ) . type : lost . canthigaster rostratus : jordan & edwards , 1886 : 246 ( madeira ) . canthigaster rostratus : fowler , 1936 , 2 : 1115 poll , 1959 : 348 , fig . 118 randall , 1968 : 280 , fig . 311 . tetrodon capistratus lowe , 1939 , proc . zool . soc . london : 90 ( madeira ) . common names : sapo [ pr ]
( of canthigaster rostratus ( bloch , 1786 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
moura , r . l . and r . m . c . castro , 2002 . revision of atlantic sharpnose pufferfishes ( tetraodontiformes : tetraodontidae : canthigaster ) , with description of three new species . proc . biol . soc . wash . 115 ( 1 ) : 32 - 50 . ( ref . 43205 )
one final interesting tidbit - there are some very interesting mimetic relationships that exist between several tobies and three filefish species . all of these are examples of batesian mimic - where a toxic species is mimicked by a non - toxic form . the saddled toby ( canthigaster valentini ) is mimicked by the saddled filefish ( paraluteres prionurus ) , the pearl toby is mimicked by the red sea puffer mimic ( paraluteres arquat ) while an undescribed monacanthid , known commonly as the spotted puffer mimic ( paraluteres sp . ) , resembles the ocellated toby .
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 9 . differs from other atlantic canthigaster species by the long anterior extension of the lower horizontal dark stripe on the flank ( composed of irregular horizontal and diagonal bars and originating as a solid stripe on the ventral caudal fin margin ) . this stripe reaches the pectoral fin base . differs from c . jamestyleri by the presence of a dark caudal - fin margin , the absence of vertically oriented bars on the caudal fin , the possession of fewer stripes and spots on body especially on the dorsum , as well as by the absence of a small black irregular spot on the anal fin base ( ref . 43205 ) .
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cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013
greek , kanthos = the outer or inner corner of the eye , where the lids meet , 1646 + greek , gaster = stomach ( ref . 45335 )
named in honor of josé lima de figueiredo , for his contributions to the advancement of the taxonomy of brazilian marine fishes , as well as for his long term encouragement and support to the authors ( ref . 43205 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 35 m ( ref . 43205 ) . tropical ; 9°n - 33°s
western atlantic : southern caribbean to santa catarina , brazil , including the oceanic islands of atol das rocas and fernando de noronha .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm ng male / unsexed ; ( ref . 42064 )
inhabits coral - rich as well as coral - poor areas , and areas with rocky bottoms ( ref . 43205 ) . often in pairs , hovering over the reef during the day ( ref . 43205 ) . feeds on vegetation , sponges , crustaceans , and mollusks ( ref . 42064 ) .
) : 23 . 4 - 27 . 6 , mean 27 ( based on 177 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02818 ( 0 . 01185 - 0 . 06704 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 73 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 36 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 30 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 32°n - 32°s
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4919 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 10 . many white spots scattered on body ( ref . 559 ) .
occurs in clear lagoon and seaward reefs , ref . 48637 . found with sponges at various depths ( ref . 48637 ) . prefers sheltered areas in the form of holes in dead and living corals . solitary or paired . feeds on sponges , polychaetes , filamentous algae and on smaller quantities of tunicates , crustaceans , echinoderms and corals .
myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )
) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 3 ( based on 2816 cells ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 32 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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carpenter , k . e . , comeros - raynal , m . , harwell , h . & sanciangco , j .
is widespread in the western atlantic and is found from south carolina , usa and bermuda to brazil , and it appears to be common .
inhabits a wide range of habitats , including coral reefs , mangroves , and seagrass beds , at depths ranging from 1 to 90 meters .
is a component of the marine aquarium trade , however there are no indications of population declines from harvesting at present time . there have been no documented population declines in
, however due to its affinity with coral reefs , mangroves , and seagrass beds this species may be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for
, however its distribution overlaps with several marine reserves in parts of its range . it is therefore listed as least concern . we recommend monitoring of its harvest levels .
this species is distributed in the western atlantic from cape fear , north carolina south along the u . s . coast , bermuda , the bahamas , and throughout the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea to trinidad ( moura and castro 2002 , quattrini
2004 ) . its depth range is 1–98 m . records from brazil may be misidentifications ( moura and sazima 2000 , monteiro - neto
anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bermuda ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; dominica ; dominican republic ; grenada ; guatemala ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .
is generally common throughout most of its range , but it may be locally abundant around coral reefs and rubble piles ( sikkel 1990 ) . it is considered very abundant by loh and pawlik ( 2014 ) . it is one of the most abundant meso - omnivores in the western atlantic ( tuya
1997 ) . it is one of the most abundant ( 86 . 48 % frequency of occurrence ) and common ( present at 88 % of all locations sampled ) in the canary islands ( falcón 1996 , tuya
2004 ) . long - term surveys of an artificial reef , from 1962–1979 , revealed no significant fluctuation in sighting abundance of this species ( ogden and ebersole 1981 ) .
was among the 10 most abundant species collected by trawl in a shallow tropical lagoon in belize , although it was not the most abundant tetraodontid .
was more abundant in mangrove creeks than in other sampled habitats . ( sedberry and carter 1993 ) .
may be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range .
is found in a variety of habitats , including coral reefs and marginal habitats such as seagrass beds ( moura and castro 2002 ) , and mangrove creeks , as well as artificial reefs ( ogden and ebersole 1981 ) . it is an omnivorous species , feeding on seagrass , sponges , crabs and other crustaceans , molluscs , polychaete worms , sea urchins , starfishes , hydroids and algae ( randall 1996 ) .
showed little variation in abundance with depth over a range of 1 . 52–4 m , but did exhibit significant nocturnal declines in abundance ( rooker
1997 ) . mass mortalities have been observed in juveniles of this species in multiple locales off the yucatan peninsula ( sikkel 1990 ) . this species visits rubble mounds created by the sand tilefish ,
( büttner 1996 ) . during trawls of mangrove , seagrass , and sand / rubble habitats in belize , this species was collected most frequently in mangrove creeks ( sedberry and carter 1993 ) . this species visits cleaner gobies (
was studied off san blas islands , panama . sexes were dimorphic . in mixed coral and rubble habitat , females defended territories against other females and small males . from one to six female territories were included within the territories of certain large males . these haremic males visited their females and patrolled their territories throughout the day . smaller , non - haremic males occupied territories or home ranges within or adjacent to those of haremic males or were wanderers . spawning between a haremic male and a territorial female occurred within the female ' s territory . the female prepared an algal nest into which demersal eggs were deposited . there was no parental care . eggs were spherical , translucent , and measured approximately 0 . 66 mm in diameter . larvae were about 1 . 4 mm total length and closely resembled those of other species of
spp . are known for their general lack of characters , and are generally differentiated on the basis of colour differences .
is a component of the marine aquarium trade . in the brazilian aquarium trade , 1 , 065 individuals of this species ( representing 0 . 53 % of all species ) were exported from january 1995 to november 2000 ( monteiro - neto
is collected for the marine aquarium trade , there are no indications of population declines from harvesting .
2008 ) . of 704 zooxanthellate reef - building coral species which were assessed by using the international union for conservation of nature red list criteria , 32 . 8 % are in categories with elevated risk of extinction ( carpenter
one - third of global seagrass species are currently experiencing population declines , and 21 % of globally assessed seagrass species are in threatened or near threatened categories primarily due to coastal development and pollution ( short et al . 2011 ) .
globally , 16 % of mangrove species are at elevated risk of extinction . particular areas of geographical concern include the atlantic and pacific coasts of central america , where as many as 40 % of mangroves species present are threatened with extinction ( polidoro
2010 ) . in the caribbean , approximately 24 % of mangrove area has been lost over the past quarter - century ( fao 2007 ) .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for c . rostrata , however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas .
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carpenter , k . e . , comeros - raynal , m . , hardy , g . & sanciangco , j .
is distributed in the eastern central atlantic , where it is known from oceanic islands including the canarian archipelago in macaronesia , cape verde island , and madiera , and has been recorded in the straight of gibraltar .
inhabits rocky reef habitats and artificial structures at depths ranging from 0 to 20 metres .
may be a component of the marine aquarium trade , however there are no indications of population declines from harvesting at present time . there have been no documented population declines in
, however its distribution overlaps with several marine reserves in parts of its range . it is therefore listed as least concern .
2007 ) and madeira ( ribeiro 2008 ) . this species has been reported in the straight of gibraltar ( brito
may be extending its range northward due to warming ocean temperatures ( wirtz 2005 ) . it is found at depths ranging from 0–20 metres .
cape verde ; gibraltar ; morocco ; portugal ( azores , madeira ) ; spain ( canary is . )
2010 ) . in the waters off madeira island , this species was among the 10 most abundant species sampled over rocky reefs . it was recorded common and abundant in the locations studied along the south coast of madeira island ( both protected and non - protected ) and did not show significant differences in any size categories within locations in all types of bottom studied ( ribeiro 2008 ) .
is a bentho - demersal meso - carnivore usually found as solitary individuals . it is associated with rocky reefs consisting of boulders , vertical walls , platform and outcroppings which are often colonized by various algae , and can also be found associated with artificial reefs .
. in all species for which spawning has been described , males are larger than females and defend territories that include multiple females . spawning occurs during the day and involves the preparation of an algal nest on the substratum by the females into which eggs are deposited and fertilized by the male , and spawning occurs in multiple bouts , with no parental care after the last bout . this is consistent with field observations of spawning , social organization , and sexual dimorphism in other
species ( gladstone 1987 , kobayashi 1988 , sikkel 1990 , sikkel and sikkel 2012 ) .
are known for their general lack of characters , and are generally differentiated on the basis of colour differences .
this species has been identified as a potential aquarium species from portuguese waters ( calado 2006 ) .
. due to its affinity with reef structures , this fish may be experiencing population decline .
of 704 zooxanthellate reef - building coral species which were assessed by using the international union for conservation of nature red list criteria , 32 . 8 % are in categories with elevated risk of extinction ( carpenter et al . 2008 ) .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for c . capistrata , however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas .
is endemic to the hawaiian islands , where it is common and locally abundant .
is usually found in the vicinity of coral reefs at depths ranging from 5 to 165 metres , on sand or sand and rubble bottom or algal flats .
and it appears to be locally abundant . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for
, however its distribution overlaps with several marine reserves in parts of its range .
it is therefore listed as least concern . we recommend monitoring of its harvest levels and habitat status .
2008 ) , it has been recorded there ( e . g . , kosaki
united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; united states minor outlying islands ( johnston i . )
was the twentieth most abundant species at the moderately deep terraces and banks of the northwestern hawaiian islands ( parrish and boland 2004 ) . during surveys of midway atoll in the northwestern hawaiian islands , this species is encountered occasionally outside lagoons on open rubble and sand substrates ( randall
due to its association with coral reefs , c . coronata may be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range .
is usually found on sand or sand and rubble bottom or algal flats , often in the vicinity of coral reefs . it is also seen on clear coastal reefs , usually along deep slopes or over soft substrates ( randall
is typically found below depths of 23 metres , but is occasionally seen in as little as six metres ( randall 1985 ) . when in shallow waters , it is usually found in lagoons or bays .
feeds on a wide variety of benthic organisms , mostly algae , but also gastropods , sponges , bivalves , polychaetes , tunicates , crabs , sea urchins , heart urchins , brittle stars , bryozoans , peanut worms , various small crustaceans and foraminiferans ( randall 1985 ) .
is a component of the aquarium trade . between 1967–2003 , 30 , 146 individuals have been collected from hawaii for export , valuing a total $ 33 , 046 . 50 usd .
is among the top 50 most frequently collected species from hawaii ( walsh 2001 ) .
. this species is a component of the marine aquarium trade in hawaii , however there are no present indicators of decline as a result of harvesting for the aquarium trade . also , due to its association with coral reefs , this species of fish may be experiencing population declines .
both the papuan and ocellated tobies are excellent aquarium inhabitants . the only possible drawback with these tobies is that some individuals will nip the fins of other fishes .
) , the frogfishes ( antennariidae ) , the porcupinefishes ( diodontidae ) and the pufferfishes ( tetraodontidae ) . apparently , by increasing their size these animals reduce the chances that a predator will be able to ingest them , or by suddenly inflating they might startle a would - be predator , or make themselves difficult to extract from a reef crevice .
the two species differ in coloration . the papuan toby is brown overall with blue spots on the side of the body , blue lines on the back and the dorsal surface of the caudal peduncle , a black spot at the base of the dorsal fin and orange on the underside of the snout . the ocellated toby has spots on the side of the body , on the back and caudal peduncle , with some lines radiating from the eyes , and has no or little orange on the ventral surface of the snout , head or belly . both species typically have orange on the tail , but c . papuensis usually sports more orange . the papuan toby is probably sexually dichromatic and dimorphic . in the closely related c . solandri the males attain a larger size and typically have fewer , larger spots than females . there also appears to be some size and color differences between the sexes in the papuan toby .
toby fighting usually begins with bouts of displaying , where the combatants increase their apparent size by erecting a ridge on the back and belly . they perform these lateral displays to try and drive their opponent away with out actually coming to blows . but , if one individual does not back down and leave the area biting will usually ensue . this can result in severe injuries . the problem with captive combat , is that the fish that retreats cannot “leave the area” since our aquariums are so much smaller than the normal toby territory and hence this subordinate is chastised by the more dominant , or territory holding fish . if it gets to the point where biting occurs you will need to separate the fish or risk losing one of them to injury . you could try taking the dominant fish out of the tank and placing it in a different aquarium for a week or two , and then try adding the more aggressive fish back into the tank and see what happens . in some cases the subordinate will accept its position in the pecking order from the onset and avoid the more dominant fish . in these cases lethal fighting usually does not occur .
if a specimen shows chronic , abnormal distention of the abdomen it may be suffering from an internal infestation of nematode worms of the genus philometra . unlike normal toby inflation , the distended abdomen of fish suffering from this infection will be asymmetrical in form and will change shape as the parasites move around . schleser ( 1994 ) recommends introducing fenbendazole ( add at a volume of 1 % of the active ingredient ) to gelatin based foods to eradicate intestinal worms .
a smaller c . solandri beginning to preform an aggressive display . note the partially erected ridge on the ventrum .
although it can break the ice at parties , provoking your toby to inflate is not a good puffer maintenance practice . this will stress your fish and it could prove to be fatal if your toby ingests air . tobies sometimes have difficulty expelling air from the stomach and end up bobbing helplessly at the water ' s surface . another word of warning ; these fish are not strong swimmers , so make sure all siphons tubes have strainers or small specimens may end up in your power filter .
myers , r . f . 1999 . micronesian reef fishes . coral graphics , guam , pp . 330 .
schleser , d . m . 1994 . captive husbandry of batfish ( family ogcocephalidae ) . aquarium frontiers , spring : 27 - 29 .
copyright © 2002 - 2018 by pomacanthus publications , llc , all rights reserved .
description found among coral heads and rocks of subtidal lagoon and seaward reefs to a depth of 55 m or more . feeds mainly on . . .
description found among coral heads and rocks of subtidal lagoon and seaward reefs to a depth of 55 m or more . feeds mainly on filamentous green and red algae , tunicates , and on smaller amounts of corals , bryozoans , polychaetes , echinoderms , mollusks , and brown and coralline red algae . forms shoals ( 10 - 100 or more ) which often contains the filefish , @ paraluteres prionurus @ ( about 5 % of shoal ) mimicking @ c . valentini @ to protect it from predators ( refs . 4919 and 5503 ) . [ details ]
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of tetraodon gronovii cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of tetraodon valentini bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of tetrodon taeniatus peters , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cathigaster valentini ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 20 m ( ref . 104836 ) . tropical ; 40°n - 14°n , 29°w - 13°w
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 9 . absence of dark stripe extending anteriorly from the ventral caudal fin margin onto the caudal peduncle or flank ; presence of a horizontal dark stripe extending from the dorsal caudal fin margin anteriorly to the pectoral fin base ; absence of a conspicuous ( larger than eye ) spot slightly ahead and below dorsal fin base ; absence of bars on the caudal fin ( ref . 43205 ) .
) : 18 . 7 - 24 . 3 , mean 20 . 2 ( based on 67 cells ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 15 se ; based on food items .
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: from madeira to angola and gulf of mexico , west indies and bermuda .
bloch , m . e . . 1785 - 1795 . naturgeschichte der ausländischen fische , berlin , 1 , 1785 : viii + 136 pp . , 36 pl . ( cix - cxliv ) ; 2 , 1786 : viii + 160 pp . , 36 pl . ( cxlv - clxxx ) ; 3 , 1787 : xii + 146 pp . , 36 pl . ( clxxxi - ccxvi ) ; 4 , 1790 : xii + 128 pp . , 36 pl . ( ccxvii - cclii ) ; 5 , 1791 : vi + 152 pp . , 36 pl . ( ccliii - cclxxxviii ) ; 6 , 1792 : iv + 126 pp . , 36 pl . ( cclxxxix - cccxxiii ) ; 7 , 1793 : xii + 144 pp . , 36 pl . ( cccxxvccclx ) ; 8 , 1794 : iv + 174 pp . , 36 pl . ( ccclxi - cccxcvi ) ; 9 , 1795 : ii + 192 pp . , 36 pl . ( cccxcvii - ccccxxix ) .
fowler , h . w . 1936 . the marine fishes of west africa , based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition 1909 - 1915 . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 70 ( 1 ) , jan . 21 , 1936 : pp . vii + 1 - 606 , fig . 1 - 275 ; ( 2 ) , nov . 18 , 1936 : pp . 607 - 1493 , fig . 276 - 567 .
jordan , d . s . ; edwards , c . l . 1886 . a review of the american species of tetraodontidae . proc . u . s . natn . mus . , 9 : pp . 230 - 247 .
randall , j . e . 1968 . caribbean reef fishes . t . f . h . publ . , jersey city : 318 p . , 324 fig .
is widely distributed in the indo - pacific where it appears to be common . it is associated with a variety of habitats , including coral reefs , seagrass beds , and artificial reefs .
may be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for c .
, however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas . it is therefore listed as least concern . we recommend monitoring of harvest levels for the aquarium trade .
there are a few records of c . solandri in hawaii , however it does not appear to be established there . this species is distributed from central philippines ( bohol region ) east to french polynesia . it is not found in palau ( allen and erdmann 2012 , stump in prep . 2014 ) . several records from the ryukyu islands , japan were based on mis - identifications of c . papua , and this species ' presence in japan remains to to be verified ( stump in prep . 2014 )
american samoa ; australia ; cook islands ; fiji ; french polynesia ; guam ; indonesia ; kiribati ( kiribati line is . , phoenix is . ) ; marshall islands ; micronesia , federated states of ; nauru ; new caledonia ; niue ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; philippines ; samoa ; solomon islands ; tokelau ; tonga ; tuvalu ; united states ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , wake is . ) ; vanuatu ; wallis and futuna ; yemen
are very common in museum collections ( fishnet2 searched 28 march 2012 ) . however , it is rare in taiwan ( shao pers . comm . 2011 ) .
inhabits sheltered rocky reefs ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) as well as intertidal reef flats and lagoon and seaward reefs . this species occurs over open barren areas , as well as among corals and under ledges ( lieske and myers 1994 ) .
is also associated with seagrass beds ( gell and whittington 2002 ) . it has been known to associate with artificial reefs ( logan kock 1982 ) . it is often found in pairs and sometimes in small groups .
1994 ) , tunicates , molluscs , echinoderms , polychaetes , crustaceans and bryozoans .
is sexually dimorphic ( stump in prep . 2014 ) . in all species for which spawning has been described , males are larger than females and defend territories that include multiple females . spawning occurs during the day and involves the preparation of an algal nest on the substratum by the females into which eggs are deposited and fertilized by the male , and spawning occurs in multiple bouts , with no parental care after the last bout . this is consistent with field observations of spawning , social organization , and sexual dimorphism in other
is a component of the marine aquarium trade , where it is regularly available . it has been exported from the maldives ( edwards and shepherd 1992 ) . it retails for approximately $ 25 usd ( liveaquaria . com )
one - third of global seagrass species are currently experiencing population declines , and 21 % of globally assessed seagrass species are in threatened or near threatened categories primarily due to coastal development and pollution ( short et al . 2011 ) . this species is a component of the marine aquarium trade . the effect of this trade on the population of c . solandri is unknown .
van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of tetrodon sanctaehelenae günther , 1870 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
( of tetrodon ornatus poey , 1867 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of tetrodon rostratus bloch , 1786 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
the blacksaddle toby can be recognised by the dark saddles on the side of the body and stripes across the snout . the species occurs throughout the tropical , marine indo - pacific .
the blacksaddle toby can be recognised by the dark saddles on the side of the body and stripes across the snout .
the species occurs throughout the tropical , marine indo - pacific . in australia it is found at the offshore islands of north - western western australia and from northern queensland to southern new south wales .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .
hutchins , b . & r . swainston . 1986 . sea fishes of southern australia . complete field guide for anglers and divers . swainston publishing . pp . 180 .
kuiter , r . h . 1993 . coastal fishes of south - eastern australia . crawford house press . pp . 437 .
kuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland . pp . 433 .


the guachanche barracuda ( sphyraena guachancho ) , is an ocean-going species of game fish in the barracuda family , sphyraenidae .

it was described by the french zoologist georges cuvier in 1829 .

the description was part of the second edition of le règne animal , or the animal kingdom .

guachanche barracuda are also known simply as guaguanche throughout much of the caribbean .

when used for food , guaguanche barracuda are usually sold fresh or salted .

guachanche barracuda

guachanche barracuda sphyraena guachancho - / animals / aquatic / fish / b / barracuda / guachanche _ barracuda _ _ sphyraena _ guachancho . jpg . html
guachanche barracuda can live in turbid , coastal waters at depths up to 100 m .
guachanche barracuda feed on several fishes from the engraulidae , clupeidae , lutjanidae and synodontidae families .
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how can i put and write and define guachanche barracuda in a sentence and how is the word guachanche barracuda used in a sentence and examples ? 用guachanche barracuda造句 , 用guachanche barracuda造句 , 用guachanche barracuda造句 , guachanche barracuda meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
did you know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? there are 26 known species of barracuda . . . . . . . sharpfin barracuda , sphyraena acutipinnis guinea barracuda , sphyraena afra pacific barracuda , sphyraena argentea great barracuda , sphyraena barracuda northern sennet , sphyraena borealis yellowstripe barracuda , sphyraena chrysotaenia mexican barracuda , sphyraena ensis yellowtail barracuda , sphyraena flavicauda bigeye barracuda , sphyraena forsteri guachanche barracuda , sphyraena guachancho heller ' s barracuda , sphyraena helleri sphyraena iburiensis pelican barracuda , sphyraena idiastes japanese barracuda , sphyraena japonica pickhandle barracuda , sphyraena jello lucas barracuda , sphyraena lucasana australian barracuda , sphyraena novaehollandiae obtuse barracuda , sphyraena obtusata southern sennet , sphyraena picudilla red barracuda , sphyraena pinguis sawtooth barracuda , sphyraena putnamae blackfin barracuda , sphyraena qenie european barracuda , sphyraena sphyraena sphyraena tome yellowmouth barracuda , sphyraena viridensis sphyraena waitii
the latest barracuda sensation . there has never been a barracuda guide like this .
a quick look inside of some of the subjects covered : barracuda ( disambiguation ) - films , tom clancy ' s splinter cell : operation barracuda - characters , plymouth barracuda - 1967í69 , great barracuda , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - vehicles , brownsville barracudas , great barracuda - behavior , plymouth barracuda - engines , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - aircraft , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - books and comics , central african empire - op _ ration barracuda , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - ships and submarines , barracuda ( song ) - usage at the 2008 republican national convention , fu wa - killer barracuda , barracuda - as food , caliban ( comics ) - captain barracuda , great barracuda - appearance , pelican barracuda - distribution , plymouth valiant - barracuda , guachanche barracuda - description , barracuda - appearance and physical description , barracuda ( song ) - covers , yellowtail barracuda , jean - b _ del bokassa - operation barracuda , saab ab - saab barracuda llc , tom clancy ' s splinter cell : operation barracuda - plot summary , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - music , splinter cell - tom clancy ' s splinter cell : operation barracuda ( 2005 ) , australian barracuda , barracuda ( song ) - in popular culture , sharpfin barracuda , barracuda ( song ) - catalyst , guachanche barracuda - distribution and habitat , plymouth barracuda - 1970í74 , great barracuda - barracudas and humans , and much more . . . author : ralph skinner pages : 34 format : physical print book , includes free shipping worldwide language : english isbn : 9781488831089 bisac code : reference / general
guachanche barracuda can grow up to 200 cm in length , but have only been recorded to weigh as much as 1 . 75 kg .
the pacific barracuda can be found from the gulf of california as far north as alaska ( ! ) and overlaps on the southern part of it’s range with the great barracuda , mexican barracuda , and lucas barracuda . the great barracuda , northern sennet , and guachanche barracuda are all found on the east coast from new york ( or a bit higher ) down along the gulf of mexico and the caribbean . the southern sennet is native from florida down along the coastline to brazil .
only some species of barracuda grow to a large size . the species which do are the european barracuda , barracouta or spet (
the two larger species , the great barracuda and the guachanche barracuda , have been noted as being brackish tolerant . the great barracuda in particular has been caught in waters as low as 1 . 006 . for long term health , keeping these fish above half strength sea water ( 1 . 012 ) should be sufficient . none of the other species of barracuda have been found in brackish waters in the wild .
click the button below to add the barracuda 52 success secrets - 52 most asked questions on barracuda - what you need to know to your wish list .
sphyraena japonica bloch & j . g . schneider , 1801 ( japanese barracuda )
known for its large size , fearsome appearance and furious behaviour . the barracuda is a saltwater
u . s . food & drug administration ( usfda ) . 2007 . harzard , market , geographic and nomenclature information for great barracuda ( barracuda ; sphyraena barracuda ) . seafood products research center - center for food safety & applied nutrition - regulatory fish encyclopedia . retrieved october 26 , 2007 .
barracuda are not typically considered small fish . the mexican and pacific barracudas can reach 50 inches or more , the great and guachanche barracudas can reach 78 inches , and the smaller lucas barracuda and southern sennet both can break 24 inches . the most manageable in size of the native species is the northern sennet , which has been noted at 18 inches but supposedly rarely exceeds 15 inches .
sp . nov . ( pisces : sphyraenidae ) : a potential new species of barracuda identified from the central mediterranean sea
.
nelson ( 1994 ) reports that the maximum length of barracudas is normally to 1 . 8 meters ( almost 6 feet ) , but are said to reach somewhat longer lengths . only some species of barracuda grow to a large size . the species that do are the european barracuda , barracouta or spet ( s . sphyraena ) , found in the mediterranean and eastern atlantic ; the great barracuda , picuda , or becuna ( s . picuda ) , ranging on the atlantic coast of tropical america from florida to brazil and reaching the bermudas ; the california barracuda ( s . argentea ) , extending from puget sound southwards to cabo san lucas ; the indian barracuda ( s . jello ) and the black - finned or commerson ' s barracuda ( s . commersoni ) , both from the seas of india and the malay peninsula and archipelago .
barracuda are most commonly caught on the top of the reef , off the deep edge of the reef & out on the shallower wreck’s . barracuda are great light tackle fish and available all year round . barracuda are also a deep sea game fish that we commonly find while sailfish fishing , kite fishing , trolling the gulf stream edge and the edge of the deep reef . barracuda can be caught with live bait , dead bait , lures & jigs . they are great on light tackle , the run fast & make amazing leaps out of the water and into the air .
the pacific barracuda is considered to be stable , with an iucn status of least concern . no information is listed on the other species of barracudas .
boats . the record for a hook and line caught great barracuda is 1 . 7 meter ( 5 . 5 ft ) , weighing 44 kilogram ( 103 lbs ) .
temperature depends on species , but for all should remain stable . the majority of these fish are subtropical and will likely be fine around room temperature , but the tropical species ( mexican barracuda , southern sennet ) will all need heaters in the tank . the pacific barracuda is a temperate species and will require a chiller to keep the temperature down . a good target temperature should be around 55f for this species .
in southern nigeria , west africa they are smoked and used in the preparation of different soups . barracuda meat is smoked is because when cooked fresh , the fish is quite soft and disintegrates in the soup .
, some species of barracuda are reputed to be dangerous to swimmers . barracudas are scavengers , and may mistake snorkellers for large predators , following them hoping to eat the remains of their prey . swimmers have reported being bitten by barracuda , but such incidents are rare and possibly caused by poor visibility . large barracudas can be encountered in muddy shallows on rare occasion . barracudas may mistake things that glint and shine for prey .
in most cases , a barracuda is dark blue , dark green , white , or gray on its upper body , with silvery sides and a chalky - white belly . coloration varies somewhat between species . for some species , irregular and unorganized black spots or a row of darker cross - bars occur on each side . their fins may be yellowish or dusky . barracudas live primarily in oceans , but certain species , such as the great barracuda , live in brackish water .
the native barracuda are social fish and are often found in large schools . groups of at least 6 are recommended , as many predatory fish kept in groups of 3 - 5 end with one or more fish getting picked on and killed .
currently , the family sphyraenidae only has a single genus , sphyraena , which is composed of all 13 species of barracuda ( though some unrelated fish are sometimes sold as “freshwater barracudas” ) . eight of these species are found in north american waters :
in general , the barracuda ' s coloration is dark green or grey above chalky - white below . this varies somewhat . sometimes there is a row of darker cross - bars or black spots on each side . the fins may be yellowish or dusky .
barracudas are caught as food and game fish . they are most often eaten as fillet or steak and have a strong taste like tuna or salmon . larger species , like the great barracuda , have in some areas been implicated in cases of ciguatera food poisoning ( usfda 2007 ) .
adults of most species are more or less solitary , while young and half - grown fish frequently congregate . barracudas prey primarily on fish ( which may include some as large as themselves ) . they kill and consume larger prey by tearing chunks of flesh . barracuda are competitive species and often are seen competing against
the larger barracuda are more or less solitary in their habits . young and half - grown fish frequently congregate in shoals . their food is composed almost totally of fishes of all kinds . large barracudas , when gorged , may attempt to hoard a shoal of prey fish in shallow water , where they guard over them until they are ready for another meal .
it contains 52 answers , much more than you can imagine ; comprehensive answers and extensive details and references , with insights that have never before been offered in print . get the information you need - - fast ! this all - embracing guide offers a thorough view of key knowledge and detailed insight . this guide introduces what you want to know about barracuda .
barracuda is the common name for the various marine , ray - finned fish comprising the family sphyraenidae of the order perciformes , characterized by a long , fairly compressed , elongated body covered with small , smooth scales and with a large mouth with strong , fang - like teeth . they are notable for their long size , reaching up to six feet ( two meters ) or more in length . there is only one genus of barracudas , sphraena , which has about 20 species ( nelson 1994 ) .
barracuda are very aggressive , predatory fish and are likely to take a bite out of similar sized fish , though reportedly will leave bigger , similarly aggressive fish alone . anything significantly smaller is too likely to be attacked and consumed . they are also inquisitive fish and in nature are known for investigating divers in the area , sometimes following them in hopes of picking up scraps to eat . these fish are also prone to jumping and tanks should be covered and latched down with a lock or something similar .
barracudas have an elongate body and large mouth , with the lower jaw jutting out beyond the upper ( nelson 1994 ) . their strong , fang - like teeth are unequal in size and set in sockets in the jaws on the roof of the mouth . the head is quite large , pointed , and pike - like in appearance . the gill - covers do not have spines and are covered with small scales . the two dorsal fins are widely separated , with the first having five spines and the second having one spine and nine soft rays ( nelson 1994 ) . the second dorsal fin and anal fin are the same size and are situated on the top and bottom of the barracuda , equidistant from the tail . the lateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail . the spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvics . the hind end of the caudal fin is forked or concave . it is set at the end of a stout peduncle . the pectoral fins are placed low down on the sides . the barracuda also has a large swim bladder .
barracuda are snake - like in appearance , with prominent , sharp - edged , fang - like teeth , much like piranhas , all of different sizes , set in sockets of their large jaws . they have large , pointed heads with an underbite in many species . their gill covers have no spines and are covered with small scales . their two dorsal fins are widely separated , with the anterior fin having five spines , and the posterior fin having one spine and 9 soft rays . the posterior dorsal fin is similar in size to the anal fin and is situated above it . the lateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail . the spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvic fins and is normally retracted in a groove . the caudal fin is moderately forked with its posterior edged double - curved and is set at the end of a stout peduncle . the pectoral fins are placed low on the sides . its swim bladder is large .
greek , sphyraina , - es = the name of a fish ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; brackish ; pelagic - neritic ; depth range 0 - 100 m ( ref . 26999 ) . subtropical
western atlantic : massachusetts ( usa ) , northern gulf of mexico , and throughout the caribbean sea to brazil . eastern atlantic : senegal to angola , including the canary islands and cape verde .
maturity : l m ? , range 35 - ? cm max length : 200 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27000 ) ; common length : 70 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 8 kg ( ref . 57401 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 6 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 8 . diagnosis : 102 - 119 scales in lateral line ; no chevrons on the flanks or , if present , not so well marked as in sphyraena afra ( ref . 57401 ) .
occurs in shallow and generally turbid coastal water over muddy bottoms , often around river estuaries . schooling species ( ref . 6949 ) . occasionally enters estuaries and brackish waters ( ref . 57401 ) . feeds on mainly on fishes belonging to the engraulidae , clupeidae , lutjanidae and synodontidae families and also on squid from the loliginidae family ( ref . 9626 ) . maximum reported size : 71cm ( ref . 57401 ) . marketed fresh and salted .
de sylva , d . p . , 1990 . sphyraenidae . p . 860 - 864 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 6949 )
) : 19 . 4 - 27 . 9 , mean 25 . 1 ( based on 752 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 4 ±0 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 79 of 100 ) .
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dooley , j . , collette , b . b . , aiken , k . a . , marechal , j . , pina amargos , f . , singh - renton , s . & russell , b .
justification : this species is widespread and common where it occurs in shallow coastal waters over soft bottom . while a fishery is in place , exploitation does not appear to be a substantial threat to its global population . it is listed as least concern .
sphyraena guachancho is distributed across the atlantic ocean . in the eastern atlantic it is known from madeira , the canary islands , the cape verde islands , and along west africa from senegal to angola . in the western atlantic it is known from massachusetts south along the u . s . , throughout the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea , and along south america to southern brazil . it appears to be absent from bermuda and the bahamas ( de sylva 1981 , smith - vaniz et al . 1999 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2012 ) .
angola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; brazil ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; colombia ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; costa rica ; côte d ' ivoire ; cuba ; curaçao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; liberia ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; portugal ( madeira ) ; puerto rico ; saint barthélemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tomé and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; spain ( canary is . ) ; suriname ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara
sphyraena guachancho is rather common in the eastern tropical atlantic ( de sylva 1981 ) as well as in the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea ( russell 2002 ) .
this schooling species occurs in shallow and generally turbid coastal waters over muddy bottom , often ascending estuaries well into brackish waters . it feeds mainly on small fishes and shrimps ( bianchi 1981 ) . the maximum size is 71 cm .
sphyraena guachancho is marketed fresh and smoked ( de sylva 1981 ) . the primary fishing areas include coastal waters of the continental and island shelves , particularly the shrimp grounds off the southern coast of cuba , campeche , guianas , and the northern part of the gulf of mexico . it is an important commercial species in the greater antilles . it is caught primarily with trammel nets and bottoms trawls as well as with handlines ( russell 2002 ) . it is considered a delicacy in the west indies and has never been reported as ciguatoxic ( russell 2002 ) . in the gulf of mexico , mexico , this species is taken as incidental catch in fisheries targeting thunnus albacares ( sagarpa 2012 ) .
dooley , j . , collette , b . b . , aiken , k . a . , marechal , j . , pina amargos , f . , singh - renton , s . & russell , b . 2015 .
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despite an unfavorable reputation as dangerous to humans who are scuba diving , snorkeling , or swimming in their waters , unprovoked attacks by barracudas on humans are rare . rather , barracudas generally add value to human life as food and game fish and for the wonder they add to nature . ecologically , they are integral to many marine food chains , serving as the top predator in some tropical and subtropical waters and helping to maintain the balance of nature .
barracudas ( family sphyraenidae and genus sphyraena ) are found in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide .
barracudas typically have coloration that is dark green or gray above a chalky - white underbelly . sometimes there is a row of darker cross - bars or black spots on each side . the fins may be yellowish or dusky .
barracudas occur both singly and in schools around reefs , but also appear in open seas . swimming in schools , or individually , they are voracious predators and hunt using a classic example of lie - in - wait or ambush . they rely on surprise and short bursts of speed ( up to 27 mph or 43 km / h ) to overrun their prey , sacrificing maneuverability ( rqcsr 2007 ) . they also exhibit some scavenger - like feeding habits .
the larger barracudas are more or less solitary in their habits . young and half - grown fish frequently congregate in shoals . their food is composed of fish of all types . large barracudas , when gorged , may attempt to herd a shoal of prey fish in shallow water , where they guard over them until they are ready for another meal .
like sharks , barracudas have long had a bad reputation as being dangerous to humans . however , unprovoked attacks on humans are extremely rare and millions of scuba divers , snorkelers , and swimmers spend time with them in the water without any incidents . barracudas sometimes do follow snorkelers and scuba divers across a reef , which can make one feel uncomfortable , but they are harmless unless provoked . because barracudas have a scavenger - like tendency , it has been theorized that barracudas tend to follow snorkelers because they believe that the snorkelers might be large predators and if they were to capture prey it would be easy for the barracudas to scavenge whatever may be left behind .
being formidable hunters , they should be respected , as barracudas are perfectly capable of defending themselves against humans that harass them . handfeeding or trying to touch them is strongly discouraged . spearfishing around barracudas can also be quite dangerous , as they are strongly attracted by the wounded fish .
there have been isolated cases where barracudas did bite a human , but these incidents are rare and are believed to be caused by bad visibility . barracudas will stop after the first bite as humans are not their normal food source .
barracudas are prize fish , and can be caught either fly or sea fishing . they are extremely powerful , and require tough and strong rods .
agbayani , e . 2004 . sphyraenidae . fishbase ( eds . r . froese and d . pauly ) . retrieved december 2 , 2007 .
humann , p . , and n . deloach . 2002 . reef fish identification : florida , caribbean , bahamas . jacksonville , fl : new world publications . isbn 1878348302 .
nelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world , 3rd edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471547131 .
norman , j . r . , and f . c . fraser . 1949 . field book of giant fishes . new york : g . p . putnam .
reefquest centre for shark research ( rqcsr ) . 2007 . what ' s the speediest marine creature . biology of sharks and rays . retrieved october 26 , 2007 .
rochefort , c . de . 1681 . histoire naturelle et morale des iles antilles de l ' amérique enrichie d ' un grand nombre de belles figures en taille douce … avec un vocabulaire caraïbe . rotterdam : r . leers .
sloane , h . , m . van der gucht , and j . savage . 1707 . a voyage to the islands madera , barbados , nieves , s . christophers and jamaica , with the natural history … of the last of those islands to which is prefix ' d an introduction , wherein is an account of the inhabitants , air , waters , diseases , trade , & c . … ; illustrated with the figures of the things describ ' d . london : printed by b . m . for the author .
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) : 19 . 4 - 27 . 9 , mean 25 . 1 ( based on 752 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .
) : 4 . 4 ±0 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .
) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
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trolling lures or bottom fished with cut fish baits , live mullet & calamari .
this aggressive , carnivorous fish frequently attack flashing objects that appear as prospective prey . for best results when trolling from a boat use rapala cd16 to cd18 deep diving lures ( any colour ) &
fished 15ft to 30ft behind the boat at approx 4 to 6 knots - medium drag setting , enough to set the hook without striking . use a rod holder or alternatively if holding the rod , keep the trace up for the best action and hold the rod tight . on all traces add 2ft to 3ft of 40lb wire trace before the hook or lure to prevent biting off !
fish for giant atlantic tarpon in the gambia river estuary . . . . . . .
light tackle species fishing in the oyster mangrove creeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
shore angling safari ' s along gambia ' s unspoilt coastline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
our boston whaler boat will get you to all major fishing grounds within 30 mins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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cas 214646 ( 3 specimens ) taken off marlin beach hotel in sãotomé ; smns 25263 ( 2 specimens ) from fish market at sãotomé city .
you can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .
ray - finned fishes notable for their large size ( up to 1 . 8 m or 6 ft ) and fearsome appearance . the body is long , fairly compressed , and covered with small , smooth
sockets in the jaws on the roof of the mouth . the head is quite large and is pointed and
pike - like in appearance . the gill - covers do not have spines and are covered with small scales . the two
dorsal fins are widely separated , with the first having five spines and the second having one spine and nine soft rays . the second dorsal fin equals the anal fin in size and is situated more or less above it . the
lateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail . the spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvics . the hind end of the
perciformes . along with the smaller grey mullets and sand smelts or atherines , barracudas form the suborder known as mugiloids . members of this group are distinguished from the percoids by the backward position of the pelvic fins , which are located well behind the
predators and hunt using a classic example of lie - in - wait or ambush . they rely on surprise and short bursts of speed ( up to 27mph ) to overrun their prey , sacrificing maneuverability .
, barracudas have long had a bad reputation as being dangerous to humans . however , unprovoked attacks on humans are extremely rare and millions of
snorkelers and swimmers spend time with them in the water without any incidents . barracudas sometimes do follow snorkelers and scuba divers across a reef , which can make one feel uncomfortable , but they are harmless unless provoked . because barracudas have a scavenger - like tendency , it has been theorized that barracudas tend to follow snorkelers because they believe that the snorkeler ( s ) might be a large predator ( s ) and if they were to capture prey it would be easy for the barracudas to scavenge whatever may be left behind .
being formidable hunters , they should be respected , as barracudas are perfectly capable of defending themselves against humans that harass them . handfeeding or trying to touch them is strongly discouraged .
spearfishing around barracudas can also be quite dangerous , as they are strongly attracted by the wounded fish .
there have been isolated cases where barracudas did bite a human thinking that part of it was a fish , but these incidents are rare and are believed to be caused by bad visibility . barracudas will stop after the first bite as humans are not their normal food source .
they are caught as food and game fish . they are most often eaten as fillet or steak and have a strong taste like
trolling with lines baited with fish or other prey . the acute inquisitiveness of barracudas , together with their possessing hearty appetites , means that they will readily bite at
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. they are found near the top of the water and near coral reefs and sea grasses .
e . m . abdussamad , ratheesh , thangaraja , bineesh & d . prakashan , 2015
scuba diver swimming inside a group of sphyraena putnamae off ko tao , thailand .
they also seem to consume smaller species of sustenance that are in front of them .
handfeeding or touching large barracudas in general is to be avoided . spearfishing around barracudas can also be dangerous , as they are quite capable of ripping a chunk from a wounded fish thrashing on a spear , or out of the arm which is holding the spear . humans are not on their preferred menu , but haste can lead to confusion .
barracudas are popular both as food and game fish . they are most often eaten as fillets or steaks . larger species , such as the
those who have been diagnosed with this type of food poisoning display symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort , limb weakness , and an inability to differentiate hot from cold effectively .
west africans smoke them for use in soups and sauces . smoking protects the soft flesh from disintegrating in the broth and gives it a smoky flavour .
. rome : laboratoire d’ichtyologie générale et appliquée muséum national d’histoire naturelle . pp .
ichthyological bulletin ; no . 3 : the fishes of the family sphyraenidae in the western indian ocean
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anonymous ( 1997 ) bulletin statistique des pêches , année 1996 . : république de guinée , centre national des sciences halieutiques de boussoura ( c . n . s . h . b . ) . bull . stat . no . 2 . 35 p . + 2 annexes .
böhlke , j . e . and c . c . g . chaplin ( 1993 ) fishes of the bahamas and adjacent tropical waters . 2nd edition . : university of texas press , austin .
carl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .
carvalho , v . a . and r . l . branco ( 1977 ) relação de espécies marinhas e estuarinas do nordeste brasileiro . : p . d . p . documentos técnicos ( 25 ) : 60p .
chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
claro , r . ( 1994 ) características generales de la ictiofauna . : p . 55 - 70 . in r . claro ( ed . ) ecología de los peces marinos de cuba . instituto de oceanología academia de ciencias de cuba and centro de investigaciones de quintana roo .
claro , r . and l . r . parenti ( 2001 ) the marine ichthyofauna of cuba . : p . 21 - 57 . in claro , r . , k . c . lindeman and l . r . parenti ( eds ) ecology of the marine fishes of cuba . smithsonian institution press , wahsington and london . 253p .
claro , rodolfo , and lynne r . parenti / claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and l . r . parenti , eds . , 2001 : chapter 2 : the marine ichthyofauna of cuba . ecology of the marine fishes of cuba . 21 - 57 .
de sylva , d . p . ( 1981 ) sphyraenidae . : in w . fischer , g . bianchi and w . b . scott ( eds . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . eastern central atlantic ( fishing areas 34 , 47 ( in part ) ) , volume 4 . department of fisheries and oceans canada and fao , rome .
erdman , d . s . ( 1983 ) nombres vulgares de los peces en puerto rico ( common names of fishes in puerto rico ) . : commonwealth of puerto rico . technical report , vol 3 . no . 2 , second revised edition . 44 p .
fao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
grabda , e . and t . heese ( 1991 ) polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby . cyclostomata et pisces . : wyzsza szkola inzynierska w koszalinie . koszalin , poland . 171 p . ( in polish ) .
gulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 .
gómez - canchong , p . , l . manjarrés m . , l . o . duarte and j . altamar ( 2004 ) atlas pesquero del area norte del mar caribe de colombia . : universidad del magadalena , santa marta . 230 p .
kotlyar , a . n . ( 1984 ) dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages . : all union research institute of marine fisheries and oceanography , moscow . 288 p .
maigret , j . and b . ly ( 1986 ) les poissons de mer de mauritanie . : science nat . , compiègne . 213 p .
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas .
murdy , edward o . , ray s . birdsong , and john a . musick , 1997 : null . fishes of chesapeake bay . xi + 324 .
nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea and j . d . williams ( 2004 ) common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . : american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . ix , 386 p . + 1 cd .
north american native fishtanks • barracudas of the family sphyraenidae in the home . . .
sleek , lightning - fast predators , barracudas are certainly impressive fish which are a sight to behold in large schools . but are they suitable for the home aquarium ? they are potentially dangerous animals and can present specially challenges for anybody who wishes to keep them in the confines of an aquarium .
none of these fish are commonly for sale in the aquarium fish trade . in all likelihood , you may never to see one in captivity outside of public aquariums .
one thing to note about these fish is that they do not ship very well and many which are transported longer distances end up dying due to stress or bashing themselves into tank sides . these situations also often end up happening in the home aquarium as well .
in the wild , these are piscivores and may have trouble adapting in the home aquarium . live fish are perhaps required at first ( cheaper fish like damsels and mollies may be used for smaller specimens ) . they should be able to be converted to frozen foods by attaching to feeding sticks and pacing around the top of the tank . barracudas will never accept prepared foods like pellets .
as marine fish , especially those which are found in reef settings , barracudas are best kept in large , stable systems . high carbonate hardness , high ph ( around 8 - 8 . 5 ) , and low levels of fish waste in the water are musts . they are best kept around a specific gravity of 1 . 025 - 1 . 026 . these are large fish and produce a lot of waste . utilizing deep sand beds to aid in nitrification and a working protein skimmer are highly recommended .
immense . even for the smallest species , the northern sennet , hundreds of gallons ( no less than 300 or 400 ) would be the smallest practical tank size . all of these fish are long - distance swimmers in the wild and are capable of great bursts of speed ; small tanks are not going to work long term . there really is no practical home aquarium size for the other species and they really should be left in the wild or to public aquariums which can keep tanks in the thousands , tens of thousands of gallons .
the other concern is that rectangular systems are not really viable either . like the larger sharks , these fish have a hard time turning and never seem to “get” corners . a round or oval system will be necessary if you want to keep these fish alive for anything close to their natural lifespan .
not at all likely to happen in the home aquarium . breeding occurs certain times of the year , in massive numbers of animals . replicating this would require a colossal tank and is not feasible for casual aquarists .
barracudas are interesting fish , but are not for the faint of heart . in addition to the constant risk of being bitten by these fish ( both for tankmates and the aquarist ) , they need massive , specialized tanks beyond what most people can provide . all things considered , these fish are best avoided for home use .
seasonal distribution and richness of fish species in the badagry lagoon , southwest nigeria , olufemi o . soyinka , minasu p . kuton , caroline i . ayo - olalusi
mcclane’s field guide to saltwater fishes of north america , a . j . mcclane
lot of fun today with a great group of 20 anglers . # deepseafishingmiami # spellbound


filifusus is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

filifusus

filifusus snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : filifusus filamentosus röding , p . f . , 1798
fasciolariidae » filifusus manuelae , id : 748976 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : filifusus manuelae ( l . bozzetti , 2008 ) - id : 1972655713
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : filifusus glaber ( r . w . dunker , 1882 ) - id : 1970800020
snyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] page ( s ) : 47 [ details ]
snyder , vermeij & lyons , 2012 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 607868 on 2018 - 07 - 09
snyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] [ details ]
( of neptunea cincta link , 1807 ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]
( of fusinus filamentosus ( röding , 1798 ) ) brost , f . b . & coale , r . d . ( 1971 ) a guide to shell collecting in the kwajalein atoll . charles e . tuttle co . , rutland , vermont , xii + 157 pp . [ details ]
( of fusinus filamentosa [ sic ] ) brost , f . b . & coale , r . d . ( 1971 ) a guide to shell collecting in the kwajalein atoll . charles e . tuttle co . , rutland , vermont , xii + 157 pp . [ details ]
( of fasciolaria ferruginea lamarck , 1822 ) finet y . & snyder m . a . ( 2012 ) . illustrations and taxonomic placement of the recent fusus and fasciolaria in the lamarck collection of the muséum d’histoire naturelle , geneva ( caenogastropoda , buccinoidea , gastropoda ) . zootaxa . 3507 : 1 - 37 . page ( s ) : fig . 4a [ details ]
( of fasciolaria ferruginea lamarck , 1822 ) finet y . & snyder m . a . ( 2012 ) . illustrations and taxonomic placement of the recent fusus and fasciolaria in the lamarck collection of the muséum d’histoire naturelle , geneva ( caenogastropoda , buccinoidea , gastropoda ) . zootaxa . 3507 : 1 - 37 . [ details ]
( of fasciolaria filamentosa ( röding , 1798 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of fasciolaria filamentosa ( röding , 1798 ) ) lamarck j . b . p . a . de m . de . ( 1816 ) . tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature . vingt troisième partie . mollusques et polypes divers . mme veuve agasse , paris . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of fasciolaria filamentosa ( röding , 1798 ) ) marais j . p . & r . n . kilburn ( 2010 ) fasciolariidae . pp . 106 - 137 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]
( of pleuroploca filamentosa ( röding , 1798 ) ) drivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la réunion et de l ' île maurice . collection les beautés de la nature . delachaux et niestlé : neuchâtel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of pleuroploca filamentosa ( röding , 1798 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of pleuroploca manuelae bozzetti , 2008 ) bozzetti l . ( 2008 ) pleuroploca manuelae ( gastropoda : neogastropoda : fasciolariidae ) a new species from southern madagascar . malacologia mostra mondiale 58 : 8 - 11 . [ details ]
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neptunea cincta link , h . f . , 1807 : n australia ; indo - pacific
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full reference : m . a . snyder , g . j . vermeij , and w . g . lyons . 2012 . the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70
parent taxon : fasciolariinae according to m . a . snyder et al . 2012
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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dentifusus rosenberg , g . & g . j . vermeij , 2003 type species : dentifusus deynzeri vermeij , g . j . & g . rosenberg , 2003
microfulgur finlay , h . j . & j . marwick , 1937 type species : microfulgur longirostris marshall , 1937
fasciolaria lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1799 type species : fasciolaria tulipa tulipa linnaeus , c . , 1758
africolaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : africolaria rutila watson , r . b . , 1882
aurantilaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : fasciolaria aurantiaca lesson , r . p . , 1842
australaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : australaria australasia perry , g . , 1811
cinctura hollister , s . c . , 1957 type species : cinctura hunteria hunteria perry , g . , 1811
conradconfusus snyder , m . a . , 2002 type species : conradconfusus parilis conrad , t . a . , 1832
granolaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : granolaria salmo wood , w . , 1828
kilburnia snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : kilburnia heynemanni dunker , r . w . , 1870
lugubrilaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : lugubrilaria lugubris adams , a . & l . a . reeve in reeve , l . a . , 1847
microcolus cotton , b . c . & f . k . godfrey , 1932 type species : microcolus dunkeri jonas , j . h . , 1844
pleuroploca fischer , 1884 type species : pleuroploca trapezium linnaeus , c . , 1758
pleuroploca ( pleia ) finlay , h . j . , 1930 type species : pleuroploca ( pleia ) decipiens tate , r .
pustulatirus vermeij , g . j . & m . a . snyder , 2006 type species : pustulatirus mediamericanus hertlein , l . g . & a . m . strong , 1951
tarantinaea monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1917 type species : tarantinaea lignaria linnaeus , c . , 1758
triplofusus olsson , a . a . & a . harbison , 1953 type species : triplofusus giganteus kiener , l . c . , 1840
turrilatirus vermeij , g . j . & m . a . snyder , 2006 type species : turrilatirus turritus gmelin , j . f . , 1791
fusinus rafinesque , c . s . , 1815 type species : fusinus ( fusinus ) colus linnaeus , c . , 1758
fusinus ( fusinus ) rafinesque , c . s . , 1815 type species : fusinus ( fusinus ) colus linnaeus , c . , 1758
fusinus ( fusinus ) ansatus caboblanquensis ( var . ) † ? ( 3 )
fusinus ( aptyxis ) troschel , f . h . , 1868 type species : fusinus ( aptyxis ) syracusanus linnaeus , c . , 1758
fusinus ( barbarofusus ) grabau , a . w . & shimer , 1909 type species : fusinus ( barbarofusus ) barbarensis trask , 1855
fusinus ( heilprinia ) grabau , a . w . , 1904 type species : fusinus ( heilprinia ) caloosaensis heilprin , a . , 1887
amiantofusus fraussen , k . , yu . i . kantor & r . hadorn , 2007 type species : amiantofusus amiantus dall , w . h . , 1889
chryseofusus hadorn , r . & k . fraussen , 2003 type species : chryseofusus chrysodomoides schepman , m . m . , 1911
cyrtulus hinds , r . b . , 1843 type species : cyrtulus serotinus hinds , r . b . , 1844
glaphyrina finlay , h . j . , 1926 type species : glaphyrina vulpicolor sowerby , g . b . iii , 1880
granulifusus kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1954 type species : granulifusus niponicus niponicus smith , e . a . , 1879
harasewychia petuch , e . j . , 1987 type species : harasewychia harasewychi petuch , e . j . , 1987
harfordia dall , w . h . , 1921 type species : harfordia harfordii stearns , r . e . c . , 1871
marmarofusus snyder , m . a . & w . g . lyons , 2014 type species : marmarofusus nicobaricus röding , p . f . , 1798
ollaphon iredale , t . , 1929 type species : ollaphon molorthus hedley , c . & w . l . may , 1908
sinistralia adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : sinistralia maroccensis gmelin , j . f . , 1791
trophonofusus kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1971 type species : trophonofusus muricatoides yokoyama , m . , 1920
viridifusus snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons type species : viridifusus buxeus reeve , l . a . , 1847
peristernia mörch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : peristernia nassatula lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822
peristernia ( nodopelagia ) hedley , c . , 1915 type species : peristernia ( nodopelagia ) brazieri angas , g . f . , 1877
bullockus lyons , w . g . & m . a . snyder , 2008 type species : unknowngenustype
dolicholatirus bellardi , l . , 1884 type species : dolicholatirus lanceus gmelin , j . f . , 1791
dolicholatirus ( fractolatirus ) iredale , t . , 1936 type species : dolicholatirus ( fractolatirus ) normalis iredale , t . , 1936
hemipolygona rovereto , g . , 1899 type species : hemipolygona armatus adams , a . , 1855
latirolagena harris , g . d . , 1897 type species : latirolagena smaragdula linnaeus , c . , 1758
benimakia habe , t . , 1958 type species : benimakia rhodostomus dunker , r . w . , 1860
latirus montfort , p . d . de , 1810 type species : latirus aurantiacus montfort , p . d . de , 1810
latirus ( latirulus ) cossmann , a . e . m . , 1889 type species : latirus ( latirulus ) subaffinis orbigny , a . v . m . d . d ' , 1850
latirus ( polygona ) schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : latirus ( polygona ) fusiformis schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817
latirus ( pseudolatirus ) bellardi , l . , 1884 type species : latirus ( pseudolatirus ) bilineata hörnes , m . , 1853
crassibougia stahlschmidt , p . & k . fraussen , 2012 type species : niso terebellum dillwyn , l . w . , 1817
cryptofusus beu , a . g . , 2011 type species : cryptofusus cryptocarinatus dell , r . k . , 1956
fusolatirus kuroda , t . & t . habe in kuroda , t . , t . habe & k . oyama , 1971 type species : peristernia pilsbryi kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1952
lamellilatirus lyons , w . g . & m . a . snyder , 2013 type species : lamellilatirus ceramidus dall , w . h . , 1889
leucozonia gray , j . e . , 1847 type species : leucozonia nassa nassa gmelin , j . f . , 1791
lightbournus lyons , w . g . & m . a . snyder , 2008 type species : unknowngenustype
nodolatirus bouchet , ph . & m . a . snyder , 2013 type species : unknowngenustype
opeatostoma berry , s . s . , 1958 type species : opeatostoma pseudodon burrow , e . j . , 1815
taron hutton , f . w . , 1883 type species : taron dubius hutton , f . w . , 1878
click on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .
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not perfect , thin lip , as good as they come . hard to get fasciolariid in any condition .
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