salpa fusiformis , sometimes known as the common salp , is the most widespread species of salp .

they have a cosmopolitan distribution , and can be found at depths of 0 to 800 m ( 0 to 2,625 ft ) .

they exhibit diel vertical migration , moving closer to the surface at night .

they can occur in very dense swarms , as solitary zooids or as colonies .

solitary zooids usually measure 22 to 52 mm ( 0.87 to 2.05 in ) in length .

they are barrel-shaped and elongated , with a rounded front and a flat rear .

aggregate zooids are 7 to 52 mm ( 0.28 to 2.05 in ) in length individually ( excluding projections ) .

they are usually barrel or spindle-shaped .

salpa fusiformis

variety salpa fusiformis var . echinata herdman , 1888 accepted as salpa aspera chamisso , 1819 ( junior synonym )
forma salpa fusiformis f . aspera von chamisso , 1819 accepted as salpa aspera chamisso , 1819 ( status change )
foxton , p . 1961 . salpa fusiformis cuvier and related species . discovery reports 32 : 1 - 32
foxton , p . 1961 . salpa fusiformis cuvier and related species . discovery reports , 32 : 1 - 32 .
foxton , p . 1961 . salpa fusiformis cuvier and related species . discovery reports 32 : 1 - 32 [ details ]
this species can often be confused with salpa aspera . s . fusiformis possesses less muscle fibers within the body muscle bands and a smooth tunic .
scientific synonyms and common names salpa maxima | var . forskål , 1775 salpa runcinata | chamisso , 1819 biphora depressa | sars , 1829 biphora tricuspidata | sars , 1829 salpa maxima | meyen , 1832 salpa coerulea | quoy and gaimard , 1833
salpa fusiformis is a vertical migrator with nightly treks to the surface of up to 500 meters . large widespread surface swarms that persist for weeks occur in the monterey bay area .
namngivning : salpa fusiformis cuvier , 1804 . annales de la museé d’histoire naturelle de paris 4 : 360 - 382 . synonymer : salpa runcinata chamisso , 1819 ; biphora depressa sars , 1829 ; biphora tricuspidata sars , 1829 ; salpa coerulea quoy & gaimard , 1834 . etymologi : fusiformis = spolformig ; fusus ( lat . ) = slända , spole ; formis ( lat . ) = - formig . uttal : [ sálpa fusifórmis ]
de visser , j . and r . w . m . van soest , 1987 . salpa fusiformis populations of the north atlantic . biological oceanography , 4 ( 2 ) : 193 - 209
filtration and ingestion rates of salpa fusiformis cuvier were determined while fed phaeodactylum tricomutum bohlin at concentrations of 2−64 × 10 3 cells·ml −1 . filtration and ingestion rates increase exponentially with increasing length and body protein . the relations between protein content and body length , and between filtration rate and weight are similar for blastozooids and oozooids . a capture efficiency of the order of 6–32 % is calculated : salpa fusiformis seems to have a low retention efficiency , but its very high filtration rate gives it pride of place amongst filter - feeders . specific filtration rates are independent of weight ; specific ingestion rates are independent of weight for blastozooids , but for oozooids they seem to diminish with increasing weight . the mean daily ration ( μg c ingested · μg body c −1 ) is 107 % for a blastozooid and 117 % for an oozooid . specific filtration rates decrease exponentially as particle concentration rises , as for many other filter - feeders , and the specific ingestion rate follows an ivlev relation .
cuvier , g . 1804 . mémoire sur les thalides ( thalia browne ) et sur les biphores ( salpa forskål ) . annales du muséum national d ' historie naturelle paris 4 : 360 - 382 .
cuvier , g . 1804 . mémoire sur les thalides ( thalia browne ) et sur les biphores ( salpa forskål ) . annales du muséum national d ' historie naturelle paris 4 : 360 - 382 . [ details ]
( of salpa clostra milne edwards , 1828 ) metcalf , m . m . 1918 . the salpidae ; a taxonomic study . bulletin united states national museum ( 2 ) 100 ( 2 ) : 5 - 193 . [ details ]
( of salpa tricuspidata sars , 1829 ) sars , m . ( 1829 ) . bidrag til söedyrenes naturhistorie . chr . dahl , bergen . 1 : 1 - 60 , plates 1 - 6 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
soest , r . w . m . van , 1974 . a revision of the genera salpa forskål , 1775 , pegea savigny , 1816 , and ritteriella metcalf , 1919 ( tunicata , thaliacea ) . beaufortia , 22 ( 293 ) : 153 - 191 .
( of salpa runcinata chamisso , 1819 ) chamisso , a . von 1819 . de animalibus quibusdam e classe vermium linnaeana . in : circumnavigatione terrae auspicante comte n . romanzoff , duce ottone de kotzbue , annis 1815 - 1818 peracta . berolini , dummlerum . [ details ]
( of salpa pyramidalis lesson , 1832 ) lesson , r . p . 1832 . zoologie . pp . 256 - 279 , 433 - 440 . in : voyage autour du monde sur la corvette la coquille pendant 1822 - 1825 . volume 2 ( 1 ) . paris : pourret frères . [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 1974 ) . a revision of the genera salpa forskål , 1775 , pegea savigny , 1816 , and ritteriella metcalf , 1919 ( tunicata , thaliacea ) . beaufortia . 22 ( 293 ) : 153 - 191 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of salpa moniliformis macculloch , 1819 ) macculloch , j . 1819 . a description of the western islands of scotland including the isle of man : comprising an account of their geological structure with remarks on their agriculture , scenery , and antiquities . in three volumes . vol . 2 . constable , london and edinburgh . 579 pp . [ details ]
( of salpa emarginata quoy & gaimard , 1824 ) quoy , j . r . c . ; gaimard , j . p . 1825 . observations sur les biphores et béroés , faites pendant le voyage autour du monde de la corvette l ' uranie , commandée par m . louis de freycinet . annales des sciences naturelles 16 : 28 - 51 . [ details ]
( of salpa emarginata quoy & gaimard , 1824 ) quoy , j . r . c . ; gaimard , j . p . ( 1824 ) . voyage au tour du monde fait par ordre du roi , sur les corvettes de s . m : l’uranie et la physicienne pendant les années 1817 à 1820 . in : desaules de freycinet . iv + 712 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 1974 ) . a revision of the genera < i > salpa < / i > forskål , 1775 , < i > pegea < / i > savigny , 1816 , and < i > ritteriella < / i > metcalf , 1919 ( tunicata , thaliacea ) . < em > beaufortia . < / em > 22 ( 293 ) : 153 - 191 .
( of salpa coerulea quoy & gaimard , 1834 ) quoy , j . r . c . ; gaimard , j . p . ( 1834–1835 ) . voyage de découvertes de l’astrolabe exécuté par ordre du roi , pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829 , sur le commandement de m . j . dumont d’urville . j . tastu , paris . zoologie , mollusques . 3 : 1 - 366 ( 1834 ) , 367–954 ( 1835 ) , atlas 107 pls . [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en
urltoken
cosmopolitan , with the widest distribution of all species of salp , occurs from 50° n and 45° s in the pacific ocean and from 70° n and 45° s in the atlantic ocean .
occurs from the surface to ca . 800 m and will perform diel vertical migrations .
medusae , siphonophores , ctenophores , heteropods , sea turtles , marine birds and many fish .
the aggregate generation has body muscle bands 1 - 4 and 5 - 6 that fuse dorsally . in some cases , body muscle bands 4 - 5 are fused laterally . the aggregate zooid possesses long fusiform anterior and posterior projections and a smooth thick tunic . the solitary generation also has a smooth thick tunic , and body muscle bands 1 - 3 meet dorsally , and 8 - 9 are strongly fused .
entirely smooth , moderately thick to thin . muscles ( m ) 1 - 3 strongly fused over a wide area in the mid -
region , m8 and m9 are likewise strongly fused . m1 - m9 with 136 - 296 fibres , except for m4 with 14 - 40 fibres . number of muscle fibers is due to
, in the ne atlantic ranging from 30 to 40 in m4 and from 206 to 281 in m1 - m9 .
that are typically long in relation to the body , giving it a slight asymmetry .
entirely smooth , moderately thick to thin . six body muscles ; m1 - m4 strongly fused over a wide area in mid -
, eurythermic species , occurring from 70°n to 45°s in the atlantic ocean , to 45°s in the indian ocean and from 50°n to 45°s in the pacific ocean .
has the widest distribution of all salp species , and is also one of the most abundant ones .
båmstedt , u . , j . h . fosså , m . b . martinussen and a . fosshagen , 1998 . mass occurrence of the physonect siphonophore apolemia uvaria ( lesueur ) in norwegian waters . sarsia , 83 : 79 - 85 .
bone , q . ( ed . ) , 1998 . the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press , oxford . 340 pp .
fraser , j . h . , 1950 . list of rare exotic species found in the plankton by the scottish research vessels in 1949 . annales biologiques , vol . vi : 95 - 99 . conseil permanent pour l ' exploration de la mer , kopenhagen .
fraser , j . h . , 1964 . the continuous plankton recorder survey : plankton around the british isles during 1964 . ann . biol . , 21 : 56 - 62 ( cons . perm . int . expl . mer ) .
godeaux , j . , q . bone and j . - c . braconnot , 1998 . anatomy of thaliacea . in : q . bone ( ed . ) , 1998 . the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press , oxford . pp 1 - 24 .
godeaux , j . , 1998 . the relationships and systematics of the thaliacea , with keys for identification . in : q . bone ( ed . ) , 1998 . the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press , oxford . pp 273 - 294 .
hunt , h . g . , 1968 . continuous plankton records : contribution towards a plankton atlas of the north atlantic and the north sea , part xi : the seasonal and annual distribution of thaliacea . bulletin of marine ecology , 6 : 225 - 249 .
soest , r . w . m . van , 1975b . zoogeography and speciation in the salpidae ( tunicata , thaliacea ) . beaufortia , 23 ( 307 ) : 181 - 215 .
( of biphora depressa sars , 1829 ) sars , m . ( 1829 ) . bidrag til söedyrenes naturhistorie . forste haefte . bergen , norway . 160 pp . [ details ]
( of biphora tricuspidata sars , 1829 ) sars , m . ( 1829 ) . bidrag til söedyrenes naturhistorie . forste haefte . bergen , norway . 160 pp . [ details ]
gosner , k . l . ( 1978 ) . a field guide to the atlantic seashore . boston : houghton mifflin . 329p . [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
van der land , j . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . thaliacea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 355 - 356 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
linkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]
meinkoth , n . a . 1981 . field guide to north american seashore creatures . the audubon society . alfred a . knopf . new york . 799 p . [ details ]
miner , r . w . 1950 . field book of seashore life . g . p . putnam & sons . new york . 888 p . [ details ]
kott , p . ; bradford - grieve , j . ; esnal , g . ; murdoch , r . c . ( 2009 ) . phylum tunicata : sea squirts , salps , appendicularians , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 409 - 430 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
cole , l . and g . lambert . 2009 . tunicata ( urochordata ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1209–1216 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
chen , q . c . ( 1982 ) . the marine zooplankton of hong kong . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the first international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . hong kong university press , hong kong . 2 : 789 - 799 . [ details ]
solitary zooids elongate , with slightly convex anterior and a squarely cut off posterior . test entirely smooth , moderately thick to thin . muscles ( m ) 1 - 3 strongly fused over a wide area in the mid - dorsal region , m8 and m9 are likewise strongly fused . m1 - m9 with 136 - 296 fibres , except for m4 with 14 - 40 fibres . number of muscle fibers is due to clinal variation , in the ne atlantic ranging from 30 to 40 in m4 and from 206 to 281 in m1 - m9 . dorsal tubercule is small and c - shaped . nucleus relatively small , compact , not causing a swelling of the test . rudimentary elaioblast disappears in a young stage .
aggregate zooids : body barrel shaped and typically fusiform , with conical anterior and posterior protuberances of the test that are typically long in relation to the body , giving it a slight asymmetry . test entirely smooth , moderately thick to thin . six body muscles ; m1 - m4 strongly fused over a wide area in mid - dorsal region ; m4 - m5 laterally fused ; m5 - m6 strongly fused in the mid - dorsal region . fibre number of m1 - m6 is 25 - 68 and is due to clinal variation . dorsal tubercule is a simple slightly arched stick . nucleus pale green in live specimens , relatively small and oval , not causing a swelling of the test .
eurythermic species , occurring from 70 n to 45 s in the atlantic ocean , to 45 s in the indian ocean and from 50 n to 45 s in the pacific ocean . depth distribution : occurring at depths from surface to ca . 800 m , seems to perform diurnal vertical migration .
depth range based on 156 specimens in 3 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 119 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 5 - 4938 temperature range ( °c ) : 1 . 361 - 26 . 893 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 019 - 44 . 356 salinity ( pps ) : 33 . 582 - 38 . 495 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 555 - 6 . 258 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 028 - 3 . 245 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 799 - 150 . 591 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 5 - 4938 temperature range ( °c ) : 1 . 361 - 26 . 893 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 019 - 44 . 356 salinity ( pps ) : 33 . 582 - 38 . 495 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 555 - 6 . 258 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 028 - 3 . 245 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 799 - 150 . 591 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
, and can be found at depths of 0 to 800 m ( 0 to 2 , 625 ft ) .
or as colonies . solitary zooids usually measure 22 to 52 mm ( 0 . 87 to 2 . 05 in ) in length . they are barrel - shaped and elongated , with a rounded front and a flat rear . aggregate zooids are 7 to 52 mm ( 0 . 28 to 2 . 05 in ) in length individually ( excluding projections ) . they are usually barrel or spindle - shaped .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
cole , l . and g . lambert . 2009 . tunicata ( urochordata ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1209–1216 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas .
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] .
gosner , k . l . ( 1978 ) . a field guide to the atlantic seashore . < em > boston : houghton mifflin . < / em > 329p .
kott , p . ; bradford - grieve , j . ; esnal , g . ; murdoch , r . c . ( 2009 ) . phylum tunicata : sea squirts , salps , appendicularians , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 409 - 430 .
linkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . < em > huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . < / em > 68 : p .
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .
meinkoth , n . a . 1981 . field guide to north american seashore creatures . the audubon society . alfred a . knopf . new york . 799 p .
miner , r . w . 1950 . field book of seashore life . g . p . putnam & sons . new york . 888 p .
van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) .
van der land , j . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . thaliacea , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 355 - 356
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
javascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
we parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .
yamaji , i . , illustrations of the marine plankton of japan . hoikusha publishing co ltd , osaka , pp . 537 ( 1991 ) .
chihara , m . and murano , m . 1997 . an illustrated guide to marine plankton in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , pp . 1574 .
en genomskinlig , jämförelsevis stor art som rör sig ryckigt genom vattnet . dess muskelband når inte hela vägen runt kroppen utan är öppna på buksidan . arten uppträder i två olika former ; en oozooid som liknar en låda , och en gonozooid som är spolformig . den påträffas regelbundet vid den svenska västkusten . en genomskinlig och jämförelsevis stor art som vanligen är 4 - 5 cm lång men kan bli upp till 7 - 8 cm . höljet ( manteln ) som omger kroppen är genomskinligt men ganska fast och har broskartad konsistens . i manteln finns muskelband som inte når hela vägen runt kroppen utan är öppna på undersidan ( buksidan ) . det är lätt att skilja arten från tunnbandssalp doliolum nationalis genom storleken , de på undersidan öppna muskelbanden och djurens rörelsemönster . medan arterna i familjen doliolidae stadigt glider fram genom cilierörelser i gälkorgen förflyttar sig marsiansalp med hjälp av muskelrörelser . varje gång den drar ihop musklerna pressas vatten ut , vilket innebär att djuret rör sig ryckigt framåt . arten uppträder i två klart olika former . den större oozooiden ( den könlösa generationen ) har nio muskelband och ser ut ungefär som en liten låda . gonozooiden ( den könliga generationen ) har en märklig , spolformig kropp med ett spetsigt bihang i främre och ett i bakre delen av kroppen . den har bara sju muskelband .
marsiansalp är en kosmopolitisk art som finns i stilla havet , indiska oceanen och atlanten . den saknas bara i arktiska och antarktiska vatten . trots att den har så stor utbredning förs den sällan ända in till sveriges västkust . den förekommer regelbundet längs västkusten av brittiska öarna och norge . ibland kommer den även in i nordsjön , och till svenska kusten vid bohuslän .
pelagisk tunicat med spolformad kropp . tillfällig gäst i samband med starka vattenrörelser mot nordost . de skattade värdena som bedömningen baserar sig på ligger alla inom intervallet för kategorin livskraftig ( lc ) .
marsiansalp växlar alltid mellan en generation som fortplantar sig sexuellt och en som fortplantar sig asexuellt . denna livscykel kan klaras av på ungefär 18 dygn . arten förekommer i låga tätheter i tropiska och subtropiska vatten , och den finns också i tempererade hav . den kan plötsligt uppträda i höga populationstätheter och förökar sig bäst när temperaturen inte överstiger 17 ºc . den kan då bli så talrik att dess totala biomassa är mycket större än den samlade massan av övriga djurplankton , och den kan då göra slut på alla växtplankton i området . i medelhavet har arten lägst täthet under augusti / september och högst från mars till maj . den kan vara allmän i nordsjön när den förs med havsströmmar från söder till norra kusten av storbritannien .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
nationalnyckeln till sveriges flora och fauna . lansettfiskar - broskfiskar . branchiostomatidae - chondrichthyes . 2011 . artdatabanken , slu , uppsala .
längre texter , utöver kriteriedokumentation , har sammanställts av : thomas stach & hans g . hansson 2011 ( bearbetad av ragnar hall , artdatabanken ) .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
the mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
the mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .
the mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright ( c ) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the
software
) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided
as is
, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .
copyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .


strobilops labyrinthicus , common name the maze pinecone , is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family strobilopsidae .

strobilops labyrinthicus

this website is about the snail strobilops labyrinthicus , its common name is maze pinecone . in this site you will find this snails classification , general habitat & distribution , what it eats , how it reproduces , and other general facts . there is also a photo gallery showing pictures of shells of this snail . i hope you enjoy the site !
forsyth , r . g . , oldham , m . j . 2014 . distribution of strobilops aeneus pilsbry , 1926 , in canada , with two new ontario records ( mollusca : gastropoda : strobilopsidae ) . check list 10 ( 2 ) : 397 - 401 . link
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en
associate editors u . t . waterfall , harley p . brown , j . bennett clark ,
john d . naff , george gorin , fred w . allen , stephen m . sutherland , bryan p . glass
d . s . borgaonkar and j . m . j . de wet ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 10 - 13
h . r . chheda and j . m . j . dewet ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 14 - 19
shamin a . faruqi and imy v . holt ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 19 - 22
joyce g . sibley and helen b . burton ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 31 - 35
a . p . singh and j . m . j . de wet ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 35 - 38
the recent gastropoda of oklahoma iii . terrestrial species : pupillidae , carychidae , strobilopsidae and oligyridae
anne reynolds and virginia r . kelting ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 87 - 88
bernard a . brown and l . vernon scott ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 88 - 94
olen brown and j . b . clark ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 94 - 98
norman n . durham and lowell s . adams ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 98 - 100
richard mansfield , crockett page , bernard a . brown , danny hern , m . r . shetlar and l . v . scott ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 101 - 104
some cretaceous - eocene foraminiferal mutations from the u . s . gulf coastal plain
philip cox and james e . webster ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 122 - 124
robert a . jeffries and richard g . fowler ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 127 - 133
zana skidmore and ruth cooper ; 41 ( 1961 ) ; pp . 151 - 156
methods of studying ribbon development in urban areas . study area : the oklahoma city - norman area
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
it occurs in eastern maine ( 73 of 101 sites ) throughout the study region across a wide assortment of habitats ( nekola , 2008 ) . in new york , hotopp and pearce ( 2007 ) report it from 16 counties including five recent sites . waggoner et al . ( 2006 ) found this species in 3 of 15 samples in surveys of the sipsey wilderness area , bankhead national forest , northwest alabama .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
dourson , d . c . 2015 . land snails of west virginia . goatslug publications , bakersville , north carolina . 412 pp .
hotopp , k . and t . a . pearce . 2007 . land snails in new york : statewide distribution and talus site faunas . final report for contract # nyher 041129 submitted to new york state biodiversity research institute , new york state museum , albany , new york . 91 pp .
nekola , j . c . 2008 . land snail ecology and biogeography of eastern maine . final report submitted to : maine department of inland fisheries & wildlife and the aroostook hills and lowlands inventory , january 27 , 2008 . 119 pp .
waggoner , j . , s . a . clark , k . e . perez , and c . lydeard . 2006 . a survey of terrestrial gastropods of the sipsey wilderness ( bankead national forest ) , alabama . southheastern naturalist , 5 ( 1 ) : 57 - 68 .
the small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .
note : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on
trademark notice :
natureserve
, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .
copyright notice : copyright © 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .
natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :
ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .
no graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .
) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
copyright template design © 2007 travel portal . all rights reserved . designed by free css templates .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
use of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .
estillfork , jackson county , alabama ( 1 . 97 mm . in maximum diameter ) . bob winters ! 17 march , 2015 .
specimens culled by h . g . lee , and sem produced in collaboration with dr . ann heatherington , dept . of geology , university of florida , gainesville , fl .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en
urltoken
the current name shown here must be accespted with caution in many cases . i have attempted to resolve differences between old and new taxonomy , as well as differences in opinion , but this is often my “best guess” . few records have been verified by examining the material on which they are based .
urltoken | © 2003–2018 robert forsyth , kamloops , bc , canada . accessed : july 9 , 2018


the red-faced crimsonwing ( cryptospiza reichenovii ) is a common species of estrildid finch found in africa .

it has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 390,000 km ² .

it is found in angola , burundi , cameroon , the democratic republic of the congo , malawi , mozambique , niger , nigeria , rwanda , tanzania , uganda , zambia and zimbabwe .

red - faced crimsonwing

nobody uploaded sound recordings for red - faced crimsonwing ( cryptospiza reichenovii ) yet .
the red - faced crimsonwing ( cryptospiza reichenovii ) is a common species of estrildid finch found in africa . photo warwick tarboton | aviary | pinterest | red f…
showing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase
red - faced crimsonwing
. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .
leopard rock hotel is an excellent hotel with a very pretty golf course which is also a spectacular place to see the silvery - cheeked hornbills when the fig trees are fruiting . on the golf course you may be lucky to see the red - faced crimsonwing , which also occurs at seldomseen .
male : red face patch and red on lower flanks . female : yellowish - buff face patch ; dark olive - green feather bases to mantle and back show through .
payne , r . ( 2018 ) . red - faced crimsonwing ( cryptospiza reichenovii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
) , is unrelated to it . their similarities ( bill , red brow , etc . ) are due to
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
) . male nominate race has red mask on lores and around eye , rest of head and underside olive , flanks deep crimson ; upperparts . . .
the australian red - browed firetail ( neochmia temporalis ) , very similar to african common waxbill ( estrilda astrild ) , is unrelated to it . their similarities ( bill , red brow , etc . ) are due to convergent evolution , since their environmental pressures ( weather , habitat , feeding ) are similar .
chirinda forest – a primeval forest with the tallest tree in the country . this famous tree is a red mahogany which was still a sapling when christ was born .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cryptospiza reichenovii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
most are sensitive to cold and require warm , usually tropical , habitats , although a few , such as the eastern alpine mannikin , mountain firetail and red - browed finch , and the genus stagonopleura , have adapted to the cooler climates of southern australia and the highlands of new guinea .
most are sensitive to cold and require warm , usually tropical , habitats , although a few , such as the eastern alpine mannikin , mountain firetail and red - browed finch , and the genus stagonopleura , have adapted to the cooler climates of southern australia and the highlands of new guinea .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
departamento de inmunologia , facultad de medicina , universidad complutense de madrid , avenida complutense s / n , 28040 madrid , spain .
estrildid finches are distributed throughout africa , south asia , australia and neighbouring islands in the indian and pacific oceans . some specific phylogenetic and systematic debated questions have been clarified in the present study by mitochondrial cytochrome b dna sequencing of 61 species of estrildids and subsequent analyses of results by both bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methodologies . our results support that estrildids are a monophyletic group with polytomies that may have started evolving by middle miocene epoch ( about 16 , 5 million years ago ) . this proposed timing is coincidental with the fringillinae finches’ radiation starting time and also with the biggest hymalayan and tibetan plateau uplift , triggered by the indian tectonic plate strongest collision ; this established present day southern asia monsoon regime and other drastic climatic changes , like a dryer weather in tibetan plateau and china deserts . the estrildid finches form a monophyletic group which includes several polytomies and comprises african , asian and australian birds . the most ancient evolutive group comprises african ( african silverbill ) , asian ( indian silverbill ) and australian ( diamond firetail ) ; this suggests that the whole estrildids radiation might have originated around india . more estrildid species will be studied in order to further establish this group phylogeography . in addition , monophyletic radiations include species from different continents . finally , ploceinae genus quelea finches is a group separate and basal from estrildini and viduini species in our dendrograms .
open access will revolutionize 21 st century knowledge work and accelerate the diffusion of ideas and evidence that support just in time learning and the evolution of thinking in a number of disciplines .
it is important that students and researchers from all over the world can have easy access to relevant , high - standard and timely scientific information . this is exactly what open access journals provide and this is the reason why i support this endeavor .
publishing research articles is the key for future scientific progress . open access publishing is therefore of utmost importance for wider dissemination of information , and will help serving the best interest of the scientific community .
open access journals are a novel concept in the medical literature . they offer accessible information to a wide variety of individuals , including physicians , medical students , clinical investigators , and the general public . they are an outstanding source of medical and scientific information .
open access journals are extremely useful for graduate students , investigators and all other interested persons to read important scientific articles and subscribe scientific journals . indeed , the research articles span a wide range of area and of high quality . this is specially a must for researchers belonging to institutions with limited library facility and funding to subscribe scientific journals .
open access journals represent a major break - through in publishing . they provide easy access to the latest research on a wide variety of issues . relevant and timely articles are made available in a fraction of the time taken by more conventional publishers . articles are of uniformly high quality and written by the world ' s leading authorities .
open access journals have transformed the way scientific data is published and disseminated : particularly , whilst ensuring a high quality standard and transparency in the editorial process , they have increased the access to the scientific literature by those researchers that have limited library support or that are working on small budgets .
not only do open access journals greatly improve the access to high quality information for scientists in the developing world , it also provides extra exposure for our papers .
open access ' chemistry ' journals allow the dissemination of knowledge at your finger tips without paying for the scientific content .
in principle , all scientific journals should have open access , as should be science itself . open access journals are very helpful for students , researchers and the general public including people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals . the articles are high standard and cover a wide area .
the widest possible diffusion of information is critical for the advancement of science . in this perspective , open access journals are instrumental in fostering researches and achievements .
open access journals are very useful for all scientists as they can have quick information in the different fields of science .
there are many scientists who can not afford the rather expensive subscriptions to scientific journals . open access journals offer a good alternative for free access to good quality scientific information .
open access journals have become a fundamental tool for students , researchers , patients and the general public . many people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals benefit of them on a daily basis . the articles are among the best and cover most scientific areas .
these journals provide researchers with a platform for rapid , open access scientific communication . the articles are of high quality and broad scope .
open access journals are probably one of the most important contributions to promote and diffuse science worldwide .
open access journals make up a new and rather revolutionary way to scientific publication . this option opens several quite interesting possibilities to disseminate openly and freely new knowledge and even to facilitate interpersonal communication among scientists .
open access journals are freely available online throughout the world , for you to read , download , copy , distribute , and use . the articles published in the open access journals are high quality and cover a wide range of fields .
open access journals offer an innovative and efficient way of publication for academics and professionals in a wide range of disciplines . the papers published are of high quality after rigorous peer review and they are indexed in : major international databases . i read open access journals to keep abreast of the recent development in my field of study .
it is a modern trend for publishers to establish open access journals . researchers , faculty members , and students will be greatly benefited by the new journals of bentham science publishers ltd . in this category .
proposed race homogenes , described from e zimbabwe ( stapleford forest reserve , in umtali district ) , treated as a synonym of australis . three subspecies recognized .
( hartlaub , 1874 ) – se nigeria ( obudu plateau ) , w cameroon , bioko and nw angola ( gabela region ) .
sharpe , 1902 – mountains of albertine rift in e drcongo , uganda , rwanda and burundi .
shelley , 1896 – mountains in tanzania , extreme ne zambia , malawi , w mozambique and e zimbabwe .
call a high metallic
sit - sit
, often given in trills ; also louder
sweeee
or
tzeet
. song soft , . . .
thickets , dense undergrowth of primary and secondary forest , also exotic pine plantations with . . .
season oct–dec in cameroon , apr–jun and aug–oct in drcongo , nearly all year in tanzania , jun–sept in zambia , mar . . .
resident , seasonal altitudinal migrant and local wanderer . appears near sea - level in non - breeding . . .
not globally threatened . scarce or uncommon to locally abundant . fairly common in nw of range ( nigeria , cameroon ) ; uncommon in angola . common in most regions in e parts of . . .
only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )
supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .
view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )
there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .
if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .
this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
no flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .
john innes , tomasz doroń , paul van giersbergen , m p goodey , markus lilje , bernard . guevorts , johannes pfleiderer .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common or locally common ( clement 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 187 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
cookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .
no translation memories found . consider more lenient search : click button to let glosbe search more freely .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
the song is sft ( inaudible beyond 3 - 4m ) and variable , consisting mostly of long drawn - out notes on a descending scale followed by a chirp .
generally silent , but has a sharp or high pitch ' chirp ' or ' tzeet ' and a loose collection of similar notes .
birds express . net international pet & supply inc . 2550 rosemead blvd . south el monte , california 91733 tel : 626 - 401 - 1991 fax : 626 - 401 - 2458 e - mail : sales @ birdsexpress . net copyright 2008 birds express . all rights reserved .
origin : cameroon , fernando po ( bioko ) , angola , d . r . congo ( zaire ) , congo , uganda , tanzania , malawi
food : they seek edible seeds of various plants and grasses on the ground , or pick the seeds out of spikes . crimson - wings eat more insects than some other species , such as estrildids for example . insects are essential , particularly during the time they are rearing their young . crimson - wings probably have a high metabolic rate , as they eat more than other african estrilds
crimson - wings are mostly found in pairs . when in search of food they sometimes join up with others of their species , and with other estrildid finches . they are quiet timid birds that do not attract attention in any aviary . they prefer to stay in the shrubbery , swiftly and almost inaudibly hopping from branch to branch .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
they are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short , thick , but pointed bills . they are all similar in structure and habits , but vary widely in plumage colours and patterns .
white eggs . many species build roost nests . some of the fire - finches and pytilias are hosts to the
the phylogeography and possible origin of estrildid finches have been studied . the following scheme may be useful to represent a hypothetical origin in india in the last and stronger himalayas uplift ( 16 . 5 million years ago ) , when the monsoon rains regime was established in india ( see figure ) . the conclusions from this study
estrildids are a monophyletic group with polytomies that may have started evolving by middle miocene epoch ( about 16 . 5 million years ago )
this proposed timing is coincidental with the fringillinae finches’ radiation starting time and also with the biggest himalayan and tibetan plateau uplift , triggered by the indian tectonic plate strongest collision ; this established present day southern asia monsoon regime and other drastic climatic changes , like dryer weather in the tibetan plateau and chinese deserts .
the estrildid finches form a monophyletic group which includes several polytomies and comprises african , asian and australian birds .
the most ancient evolutive group comprises african ( african silverbill ) , asian ( indian silverbill ) and australian ( diamond firetail ) ; this suggests that the whole estrildids radiation might have originated around india .
the gouldian finch ( erythrura or chloebia gouldiae ) is definitely included within genus erythrura with the other species .
the java sparrow ( padda or lonchura oryzivora ) is a very modified species from genus lonchura : bigger than the rest of lonchura species , and a noticeable and quite different head pattern . it is endemic to java , bali , and the bawean islands , although escapes from captivity can be seen today in other neighboring islands .
african munias ( spermestes ) belong to a genus totally different from australian and asian munias .
, since their environmental pressures ( weather , habitat , feeding ) are similar .
arnaiz - villena , a ; ruiz - del - valle , v . ; gomez - prieto , p . ; reguera , r . ; parga - lozano , c ; serrano - vela , j . i . ( 2009 ) .
arnaiz - villena , a ; gómez - prieto p ; ruiz - de - valle v ( 2009 ) .
sibley cg , monroe bl ( 1990 ) . distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press
arnaiz - villena , a ; gomez - prieto , p . ; serna - ayala ; ruiz - del - valle , v . ( 2009 ) .
origen de los estríldidos
.
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 1 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
the estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the old world tropics and australasia . they can be classified as the family estrildidae ( waxbills , munias and allies ) , or as a subfamily within the family passeridae , which strictly defined comprises the old world sparrows .
all the estrildids build large , domed nests and lay five to ten white eggs . many species build roost nests . some of the fire - finches and pytilias are hosts to the brood - parasitic indigobirds and whydahs , respectively .
the smallest species of the family is the shelley ' s oliveback ( nesocharis shelleyi ) at a mere 8 . 3 centimetres ( 3 . 3 in ) , although the lightest species is the black - rumped waxbill ( estrilda troglodytes ) at 6 g ( 0 . 21 oz ) . the largest species is the java sparrow ( padda oryzivora ) , at 17 cm ( 6 . 7 in ) and 25 g ( 0 . 88 oz ) .
the phylogeography and possible origin of estrildid finches have been studied . the following scheme may be useful to represent a hypothetical origin in india in the last and stronger himalayas uplift ( 16 . 5 million years ago ) , when the monsoon rains regime was established in india ( see figure ) . the conclusions from this study are :
african munias ( spermestes ) belong to a genus totally different from australian and asian munias .
the eastern highlands is a collective name given to the 300km area of rugged mountains forming a natural border between countrieszimbabwe and mozambique . there are three main mountain ranges – the chimanimani in the south , bvumba near mutare and the nyanga national park in the north . mt binga is the highest peak of the chimanimani mountains at 2 , 437 metres but the country’s highest peak is mt nyangani ( 2 , 593m ) .
it is possible to visit the area year round with a climate which is warm to hot in summer and cool and dry in winter . the area is inspiring with breathtaking views , deep gorges and beautiful waterfalls , including the famous bridal veil falls .
nyanga national park is not a game park but there are waterbuck , steenbok , leopard , kudu , wildebeest and the area is rich in birdlife . the whole area is sparsely populated although there are ancient ruins throughout the whole of the nyanga area , indicating habitation for many years . there are essentially three main types of ruins to explore and ponder ; namely pits , forts and terraces . there are also some caves with rock paintings and ancient gold workings .
other sights include the nyazengu nature reserve , pungwe gorge and the honde valley , although much of this area is now neglected as the tea , coffee and fruit estates are no longer farmed in any meaningful way . there is also the mutarazi national park where africa’s second highest waterfall is situated , mutarazi falls .
many of the dams and lakes in the nyanga area are famous for their good trout and bass fishing ; it is also an excellent area for golf , horse riding and mountain hikes as well as birding , rock climbing and abseiling .
the border town of mutare is the backbone for the area and is the prettiest town site in the country – perched amongst the hills and mountains . it has an excellent climate and was a major source of supplies for the whole area , including mozambique , until recently .
twenty to twenty - five kilometres to the south east of mutare lies the start of the bvumba mountains which hosts a wealth of plants , birds and butterflies . although somewhat neglected at the present time , the botanical gardens in bvumba provide an enchanting walk with its wooden bridges , aloes , streams and lakes . there are many fantastic views and plants gathered from all over the world including a range of orchids , tree ferns , fuchsias , hydrangeas , azaleas and lily ponds . the annual rainfall in this area is higher than london !
beyond the gardens there are spectacular views into mozambique and the surrounding countryside with a range of vegetation including montane forests . the bunga forest in the bunga botanical reserve is just one excellent example . the best way to see this area is to drive along the burma valley road which is a circuitous route . there is always exquisite bird song in the forests and any visit should be ended with a visit to “tony’s coffee shop” for outstanding cakes and tea , s including an assortment of alcoholic versions ! the coffee shop is situated on the grounds of genaina guest house ( tel : + 263 20 68177 ) .
the bvumba is a hot spot for birding enthusiasts and there are a number of specials including the swynnerton’s robin , which lives and breeds in small patches of forest . this bird likes to live around dragon plants dracaena fragrans , particularly in summer when the birds are nesting . the best place to stay in the bvumba if you’re a birder , is at seldomseen cottages , a bird watchers paradise . the property has self - catered chalets at a very reasonable price and has two extremely knowledgeable guides ; it also has several dragon plants ! the gardens around the chalets host several other endemic species including robert’s warbler . a protea stand on the property draws the bronzy sunbird and if you’re lucky gurney’s sugarbird , when the proteas are in flower .
other options for birding in this area include the cecil kop nature reserve , north of mutare which offers good miombo birding and the burma valley to the south which is good for spotting the twinspot indigobird . mount gorongosa in mozambique , is home to the much sought after green - headed oriole and can be included in a trip to the bvumba .
if you want an old fashioned treat , the white horse inn is a very popular favorite with anyone who has stayed in the bvumba in the last 20 odd years . of particular note is the excellent and well cooked menu including specialities like fresh quail and lobster tails .
this is a grandiose range of volcanic peaks reaching over 2 , 400 meters and stretching for 50km . there is a gentler section between chimanimani village and the border with mozambique , but it will still stretch the average hiker .
the slopes are scattered with flowers and little rivulets pop up everywhere . protea bushes are found on the higher slopes along with everlasting flowers and thick growths of giant erica with its memorable ` pencil wood ` smell . spring is in august / september and the msasa trees come into full autumnal colours , providing a great contrast to the fresh spring greens of the other plants .
this is not an area with rich numbers of mammals , but there are still sable and eland and the odd elephant in the low , thicker forests . leopard , baboon and porcupine are sometimes seen . many of the birds in this area are rare and found only in the mountains and woods .
wherever in the world you are , our zambezi community is full of easy - going travel - minded friends who take their fun seriously . come and join the adventure .