anthony 's woodrat ( neotoma anthonyi ) is an extinct species of rodent in the family cricetidae .

it was found only on isla todos santos in baja california norte , mexico .

they are thought to have been driven to extinction through predation from feral cats .

anthony ' s woodrat

anthony ' s woodrat occurs only on todos santos island off of northwestern baja california , mexico .
anthony ' s woodrat is one of the species that live in the california floristic province biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) .
pictures : related species : bushy - tailed woodrat ( neotoma cinerea ) ( 29 kb jpeg ) ( univ . wash . ) ; southern plains woodrat ( neotoma micropus ) ( 34 kb jpeg ) ( davis & schmidly ) ; white - throated woodrat ( neotoma albigula ) ( 79 kb jpeg ) ( cpluhna )
álvarez - castañeda , s . t . & castro - arellano , i .
álvarez - castañeda , s . t . & castro - arellano , i . 2008 .
a young / baby of a anthony is called a ' kitten , nestling , pinkie or pup ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a anthony group is called a ' colony , horde , pack , plague or swarm ' .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
insular woodrats are largely confined to rocky or boulder covered areas . woodrats generally eat plant matter such as roots , stems and leaves ; seeds , and some invertebrates . they do not drink much water , but during dry seasons they eat on the fleshy stems of cacti and other plants that are well filled with water . woodrats are generally nocturnal and are active throughout the year . they are good climbers , but they usually do not climb far up in trees . woodrats are solitary animals . anthony ' s woodrat occurs only on todos santos island off of northwestern baja california , mexico .
mammal native to the islands , the north american deermouse , was also prevalent in 1922 and absent by the end of the 20th century . anthony ' s woodrats were medium - sized , with grayish - brown fur on their backs and short , hairy tails . they were somewhat larger than very similar woodrats that live on the mainland , and males were somewhat larger than females .
patton , j . l . , huckaby , d . g . and alvarez - castaneda , s . t . 2014 . evolutionary history and a systematic revision of woodrats of the neotoma lepida group . zoology : 1 - 472 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
mcknight , m . ( global mammal assessment team ) & amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority )
justification : listed as extinct because the species has not been recorded since 1926 , despite exhaustive surveys .
this species is known only from two islands ( todos los santos islands ) in baja california norte , méxico ( cortes - calva et al . 2001 ) .
no known population information . five visits , from 1988 to 1990 , produced no evidence of extant individuals ( cortez - calva et al . 2001 ) .
predation by feral cats has been cited as the primary reason for extirpation of this species ( cortes - calva et al . 2001 ) .
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1 . profile ( picture ) 2 . tidbits 3 . status and trends ( iucn status , countries where currently found , history of distribution ) 4 . data on biology and ecology ( habitat , gestation period , diet , behavior , social organization ) 5 . references
* * * woodrats collect a variety of material for their nests , often selecting pieces of silverware or other shiny objects from camps . this habit has given them the name of
trade rat
or
pack rat .
* * * sometimes woodrats live close enough to farms to be considered pests , but for the most part they have little economic significance .
insular woodrats are largely confined to rocky or boulder covered areas ( smith 1993 ) .
woodrats generally eat plant matter such as roots , stems and leaves ; seeds , and some invertebrates . they do not drink much water , but during dry seasons they eat on the fleshy stems of cacti and other plants that are well filled with water . ( nowak 1999 )
woodrats are generally nocturnal and are active throughout the year . they are good climbers , but they usually do not climb far up in trees .
cons . intl . , cpluhna , davis & schmidly , iucn 1994 , iucn 1996 , iucn 2000 , iucn 2003a , iucn 2004 , nowak 1999 , nowak & paradiso 1983 , smith 1993 , univ . wash .
© 1999 - 2014 animal info . endangered animals of the world . sj contact us .
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data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
length : average : total length : 320 . 6 mm males ; 316 . 8 mm , females . head and body : 182 . 8 mm , males ; 177 . 1 mm , females t
allen , j . a , 1898 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 10 : 151 .
mammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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oncaea venusta is a species of copepod with a cosmopolitan distribution , but lacking from the arctic ocean .

females are 1.1 – 1.3 millimetres ( 0.043 – 0.051 in ) long , while males are only 0.8 – 1.0 mm ( 0.031 – 0.039 in ) long .

the front of the head is unusually wide , and the body is brightly coloured , usually yellow – orange , but sometimes red .

o. venusta feeds on a variety of zooplankton and phytoplankton .

oncaea venusta

taxonomy note that in the database of marine planktonic copepods ( banyuls ) the two form variants of oncaea venusta , f . typica and f . . . .
taxonomy note that in the database of marine planktonic copepods ( banyuls ) the two form variants of oncaea venusta , f . typica and f . venella , which differ mainly in size , are presented as valid species . an intermediate size group of o . venusta has recently been described as a new species , oncaea frosti heron , 2002 . however , the morphological characterization of o . frosti is uncertain ( cf . böttger - schnack & huys , 2004 ) and the taxonomic status of the intermediate size group of oncaea venusta is still unresolved ( cf . elvers et al . , 2006 ) . [ details ]
( of antaria venusta ( philippi , 1843 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of oncaea praeclara humes , 1988 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of oncaea pyriformis lubbock , 1860 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
see my comments on the taxonomic status of the form variants of o . venusta given in the database
world register of marine species ( worms )
.
issued from : p . tutasi , s . palma & m . caceres in scienc . mar . , 2011 , 75 ( 4 ) . [ p . 798 , fig . 7a ] geographic distribution of oncaea venusta in september and october 2001 , associated with the weak la niña event of 2001 .
( of oncaea coerulescens ( claus , 1866 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
issued from : r . böttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 50 , table 2 ] . body length ( mm ) of oncaea venusta f . typica and venella from the red sea . .
issued from : r . böttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 37 , fig . 7 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . male ( from red sea ) : a , p1 ( distal part of endopod ) ; b , p2 ( distal part of endopod ) ; c , p3 ( distal part of endopod ) . oncaea venusta f . venella . male ( from red sea ) : d , p1 ( distal part of endopod ) ; e , p2 ( distal part of endopod ) ; f , p3 ( distal part of endopod ) .
issued from : g . a . heron in hydrobiologia , 2002 , 480 . [ p . 153 , fig . 6 ] . female : pediger 2 - 4 and urosome ( lateral ) . a , oncaea venusta philippi ; b , oncaea frosti heron ; c , oncaea venella farran . nota : o . venusta is the largest of the three species . in preserved samples , it is rare to find either sex of the species where the urosome is not flexed at a 45° angle to the prosome , and the two postgenital segments and the anal seglment telescoped . exoskeleton strongly chitinized and ornamentation conspicuous ; pediger 2 without a conspicuous mid - dorsal dilationnin lateral view ; caudal ramus length variable , slightly shorter or longer than the sum of the three preceding segments . freshly collected specimens of o . venusta from the gulf of naples and new zeland areas both showed a purple - crimson shading on the widest portion of the prosome , posterior of genital segment , anterior of caudal rami , maxillipeds , and of the legs .
( of oncaea praeclara humes , 1988 ) humes , a . g . ( 1988 ) . oncaea praeclara n . sp . ( copepoda : poecilostomatoida ) from deep - sea hydrothermal vents in the eastern pacific . journal of plankton research 10 ( 3 ) : 475 - 485 , figs . 1 - 4 . [ details ]
issued from : g . a . boxshall in brit . mus . nat . hist . , zool . , 1977 , 31 ( 3 ) . [ p . 125 , fig . 11 , c , h ] . as oncaea venusta forma typica . female ( fro 18°n , 25°w ) : c , habitus ( dorsal ) ; h , mxp .
issued from : r . böttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 51 , table 3 ] . comparison of morphological characters of oncaea venusta gisbrecht from the gulf of naples with two forms , f . typica and f . venella from the red sea .
( of oncaea praeclara humes , 1988 ) böttger - schnack , r . ( 2001 ) . taxonomy of oncaeidae ( copepoda , poecilostomatoida ) from the red sea . ii . seven species of oncaea s . str . bulletin of the natural history museum , london , zoology 67 ( 1 ) : 25 - 84 . page ( s ) : 52 [ details ]
non antaria gracilis dana , 1849 ; 1852 ; oncaea pyriformis lubbock , 1860 ; antaria coerulescens claus , 1866 ( p . 19 ) ; oncaea obtusa : brady , 1883 ( part . , p . 120 , figs . f , m ) ; thompson , 1888 d ( p . 148 ) ; kovalev & shmeleva , 1982 ( p . 85 ) ; oncäa venusta : giesbrecht , 1892 ( p . 590 , 602 , 774 , figs . f , m ) ; ? razouls , 1972 ( p . 95 , annexe : p . 111 , figs . f , m ) ; 1974 b ( p . 236 , figs . f , m ) ; oncaea praeclara humes , 1988 ( p . 475 , figs ; f , m ) ; suarez - morales & gasca , 1998 a ( p . 112 )
issued from : a . a . shmeleva in bull . inst . oceanogr . , monaco , 1965 , 65 ( n°1351 ) . [ table 6 : 42 ] . oncaea venusta ( from south adriatic ) . dimensions , volume and weight wet . means for 50 - 60 specimens . volume and weight calculated by geometrical method . assumed that the specific gravity of the copepod body is equal to 1 , then the volume will correspond to the weight .
issued from : r . böttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 34 , fig . 4 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . female : a , p1 ( anterior ) [ a , 3rd endopod segment , showing aberrant spine number ) ; b , p2 ( anterior ) ; c , p3 ( anterior ) ; d , p4 ( anterior ) .
issued from : g . a . heron in hydrobiologia , 2002 , 480 . [ p . 152 , table 1 ] . length measurements ( : body length , pl : prosome length , in mm ) for adult females and males of oncaea venusta , o . frosti and o . venella . data are mean lengths ( bold ) , number of specimens measured ( parentheses ) , ranges , and standard error ( se ) at each locality ; - , no specimens .
issued from : y . - b . go , b . - c . oh & m . terazaki in j . mar . syst . , 1998 , 15 . [ p . 480 , fig . 4 ] . attacking behaviors of oncaea spp . on the body of sagitta ( chaetognatha ) . fvl : head trunk in front fins ; vg : ventral ganglion ; cs : caudal septum nota : direct underwater observations with scuba were performed at night . the attack behavior of oncaea started mostly below the stationary sagitta in the field . the attack distance at which oncaea spp . approached sagitta from below was about 5 - 6 cm ; the attacking behavior from the upper side of sagitta was observed only occasionally , and the attack distance was about 1 - 3 cm . this behaviour suggests that oncaea is not a touch feeder . the attachment sites of oncaea on the body of sagitta spp . were for a total of 320 individuals : ventral side 56 . 3 % , lateral side 32 . 8 % and dorsal side 10 . 9 % . oncaea crept directly to the chaetognath tail or the head region using their second antennae , and pierced the body of chaetognaths with the long claw of the maxilliped , and moved maxillae and mandibles . the chaetognaths did not move at all when this copepod was crawling on the body .
common in the ? samples taken in the vicinity of the vents by means of box corers and slurp guns ? ( humes 1988 ) . oncaea sp . has been found in plankton over the mid - atlantic ridge among dirivultids and subadult calanoids ( ivanenko 1998 ) . most of more than 70 species of oncaea occur in the epipelagic zone , several species have been found in the deep bathypelagic zone . go et al . ( 1998 ) recently reported that oncaea feeds on the integuments of various planktonic animals and inflicts especially heavy injuries to chaetognaths ; the copepods of this group ? must gnaw or cut out pieces of host integument with their mandibles . to do this , they adhere tightly to the host by means of their antennae and maxillipeds ? ( heptner & ivanenko 2002 ) .
issued from : j . m . fuentes - reinés & e . suarez - morales in check list , 2017 , 13 ( 5 ) . [ p . 515 , figs . 4 , 5 ] . oncaea venusta female ( from rodadero bay , n colombia ) : 4 , urosome ( dorsal ) ; 5 , anal somite and caudal rami ( dorsal ) . nota : genital double - somite about 1 . 8 times as long as wide . - anal somite with paired dorsal pore on posterior margin . - caudal ramus about 3 . 5 times as long as wide .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 44 ] . as oncäa venusta . female : 44 , mxp .
issued from : r . böttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 33 , fig . 3 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . female : a , a2 ( posterior ; lateral elements are numbered using roman numerals , distal elements indicated by capital letters ) ; b , labrum ( anterior , slit - like pores arrowed ) ; c , idem ( posterior ) ; d , md ( showing individual elements , identified using capital letters ) ; e , mx1 ; f , mx2 ; g , mxp .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 2 ] . as oncäa venusta . male : 2 , urosome ( ventral ) .
issued from : r . böttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 36 , fig . 6 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . male ( from red sea ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ; arrows indicating position of lateral raised pores ) ; b , a1 ; c , mxp ( anterior ) ; d , urosome ( dorsal ) ; e , idem ( ventral ) ; f , idem ( lateral ; spermatophores fylly developed ) ; g , p5 ( dorsal ) ; h , a2 ( posterior ) .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 19 ] . as oncäa venusta . female : 19 , a2 ( posterior view ) .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 39 ] . as oncäa venusta . female : 39 , p4 ( posterior view ) .
issued from : r . böttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 32 , fig . 2 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . female ( from red sea ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ; lateral raised pore enlarged ) ; b , idem ( lateral left side ) ; c , urosome ( dorsal ) ; d , idem ( lateral left side ) ; e , a1 ( small sensory element arrowed ) ; f , caudal ramus ( dorsal ; setae and numbered using roman numerals ) ; g , p6 .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , figs . 50 , 54 , 58 ] . as oncäa venusta . female : 50 , mx2 ; 54 , mx1 ; 58 , md .
issued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . – fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 : 1 - 831 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , figs . 5 , 13 ] . as oncäa venusta . female : 5 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 13 , same ( lateral ) .
( of oncaea pyriformis lubbock , 1860 ) giesbrecht , w . 1893 . systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte , herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19 : 1 - 831 , pls . 1 - 54 . ( 1892 ) page ( s ) : 590 , 592 [ details ]
( of oncaea coerulescens ( claus , 1866 ) ) giesbrecht , w . 1893 . systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte , herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19 : 1 - 831 , pls . 1 - 54 . ( 1892 ) page ( s ) : 590 , 592 [ details ]
issued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 3 ] . as oncaea praeclara . female : a , area between mxp and p1 ( ventral ) ; b , idem ( lateral ) ; c , p1 and intercoxal plate ( anterior ) ; d , p2 ( anterior ) ; e , p3 ( anterior ) ; e , p3 ; f , p4 ( anterior ) ; g , p5 ( dorsal ) .
issued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 2 ] . as oncaea praeclara . female : a , urosome with egg sac ( lateral ) ; b , rostrum and labrum ( ventral ) ; c , a1 ( postero - inner ) ; d , a2 ( antero - outer ) ; e , md ( anterior view ) ; f , paragnaths , mx1 and labial area ( ventral ) ; g , mx2 ( antero - outer ) ; h , mxp ( anterior ) ; i , claw of mxp ( posterior ) .
issued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 4 ] . as oncaea praeclara . male : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , idem ( lateral ) ; c , urosome ( ventral ) ; d , 3rd segment of a2 ( postero - inner ) ; e , mxp ( anterior ) ; g , spermatophore , partly extruded from male ( ventral ) . nota : p5 reduced to low ridge bearing 2 setae ( lengths 23 and 36 microm . ) , and 1 adjacent ( length 31 microm . p6 represented by posteroventral flap on genital segment bearing spiniform process but no setae
issued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 1 ] . as oncaea praeclara . female ( from galapagos rift ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , idem ( lateral ) ; c , urosome ( dorsal ) ; d , genital area ( lateral ) ; e , caudal ramus ( dorsal ) . nota : ratio of length of prosome to that of urosome 1 . 49 : 1 . caudal ramus with fine setules along the inner margin , elongate , 125 microm . length , 23 microm . wide proximally ( 17 medially and 20 distally , ratio 6 . 7 : 1 based on medial width
epi - to mesopelagic , also demersal and semi - parasitic . sampling depth ( antarct . , sub - antarct . ) : 400 m . overall depth range in sargasso sea : 0 - 500 m ( deevey & brooks , 1977 , station
s
) . 0 - 1236 m at station t - 1 ( e tori is , e middle japan ) from furuhashi ( 1966 a ) . this species presents 2 forms ( sub - species ? ) that are characterised by their dimensions . sewell ( 1947 ) suggests also that their spawning season is different . for this author the forma typica is characterized by : the proportional lengths of the anterior and posterior regions of the body as 59 : 41 , and the length and breadth of the anterior region are as 59 to 29 . . the proportional lengths of the segments of the posterior region ( 5th thoracic segment to caudal rami ) as 13 : 46 : 7 : 7 : 9 : 18 . in the forma venella the proportional lengths of the anterior and posterior regions of the body as 60 to 40 , and the length and breadth of the anterior region as 60 to 24 . the proportional lengths of the segments of the posterior region ( 5th thoracic segment to caudal rami ) as 13 : 43 : 7 : 8 : 9 : 20 = 100 . the proportions of the caudal rami are as 23 to 6 . for tanaka ( 1960 , p . 71 ) the two forrms : large and small , are present in his material . female : the proportional lengths of the anterior and posterior regions of the body are as 57 to 43 . the anterior region is 1 . 7 times as long as wide ( 63 : 37 ) . the proportional lengths of the segments of the posterior region ( caudal rami included ) as 13 : 48 : 5 : 5 : 9 : 20 = 100 . caudal rami 4 times as long as broad . heron ( 2002 ) considers the two varieties o . venusta typica and o . venusta venella as two species ( see remarks in oncaea venella and frosti ) , position objected to by böttger - schnack & huys ( 2004 ) . after kazkazmi ( 2004 , p . 232 ) , although free living and pelagic , the species has been found on fish gills ( kazatchenko & adeev , 1977 ) or in a sponge ( ho , 1984 ) and now from the sand ( kazmi & naushaba , 2000 ) . see in dvp conway & al . , 2003 ( version 1 )
philippi , a . ( 1843 ) . fernere beobachtungen uber die copepoden des mittelmeeres . archiv fur naturgeschichte . 9 ( 1 ) : 54 - 71 , pls . 3 - 4 . [ details ]
walter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .
boxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
revis , n . & e . n . okemwa ( 1988 ) . additional records of species of copepods and their distribution in the coastal and inshore waters of kenya . kenya journal of sciences series b 9 : 123 - 127 . [ details ]
giesbrecht , w . 1893 . systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte , herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19 : 1 - 831 , pls . 1 - 54 . ( 1892 ) page ( s ) : 592 [ details ]
webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
suárez - morales , e . , j . w . fleeger , and p . a . montagna . ( 2009 ) . free - living copepoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 841–869 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college statio [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
wilson , c . b . ( 1932 ) . the copepods of the woods hole region , massachusetts . bulletin of the united states national museum . 158 : 1 - 635 , figs . 1 - 316 , pls . 1 - 41 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of antaria coerulescens claus , 1866 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of antaria coerulescens claus , 1866 ) giesbrecht , w . 1893 . systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte , herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19 : 1 - 831 , pls . 1 - 54 . ( 1892 ) page ( s ) : 590 , 592 [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
lee cnw . ( 2002 ) . the ecology of planktonic copepods and hyperbenthic communities in the cape ' d aguilar marine reserve , hong kong . phd thesis . the university of hong kong . [ details ]
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issued from : f . c . ramirez in contr . inst . biol . mar . , buenos aires , 1969 , 98 . [ p . 90 , lam . xviii , figs . 148 , 157 ] . female ( from off mar del plata ) : 148 , habitus ( lateral left side ) ; 157 , a2 . scale bars in mm : 0 . 3 ( 148 ) ; 0 . 05 ( 157 ) .
issued from : f . c . ramirez in contr . inst . biol . mar . , buenos aires , 1969 , 98 . [ p . 86 , lam . xvii , figs . 138 , 145 ] . female ( from off mar del plata ) : 138 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 145 , urosome ( dorsal ) . scale bars in mm : 2 ( 138 ) ; 0 . 2 ( 145 ) .
issued from : q . - c chen & s . - z . zhang & c . - s . zhu in studia marina sinica , 1974 , 9 . [ pl . 6 , figs . 1 - 5 ] . female ( from off - shore chekiang province ) : 1 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 2 , p3 ; 3 , p4 . male : 4 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 5 , posterior portion of abdomen .
issued from : r . böttger - schnack & r . huys in hydrobiologia , 2004 , 513 . [ p . 3 , table 1 ] . total body length ( mm ) of size variants of female in different areas of the atlantic , indian and pacific ocean . size groups exhibiting a dorsal swelling on the p2 - bearing somite are marked in bold . * = single specimen .
issued from : g . a . boxshall in brit . mus . nat . hist . , zool . , 1977 , 31 ( 3 ) . [ p . 124 ] . female : armature formula of swimming legs p1 to p4 . roman numeral : spine ; arabic numeral : seta .
issued from : g . a . boxshall in brit . mus . nat . hist . , zool . , 1977 , 31 ( 3 ) . [ p . 126 , fig . 12 , a - d ] . male : a , urosome ( ventral ) ; b , a2 ( anterior ) ; c , mx1 ( posterior ) ; d , mxp ( anterior ) . nota : caudal rami about 1 . 8 times longer than anal somite and about 2 . 2 times longer than broad . a1 4 - segmented . mx1 bilobed ; outer lobe with 4 setae , the outermost seta is slender and unarmed ; inner lobe with 3 setae .
issued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 185 , fig . 1 ] . female ( from yellow sea , korea waters ) : a - b , habitus ( dorsal and lateral , respectively ) ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , md ( with 6 elements indicated by small letters ) ; f , mx1 ; g , mx2 ; h , mxp ; i , p5 ; j , p6 . nota : a1 6 - segmented . md : gnathobase with 5 elements ( a - e ) ; ventral element a shorter than ventral blade , with long , fine spinules along dorsal side ; ventral blade b strong and extensive spiniform , with row of setules on posterior part ; dorsal blade c strong and broad , with 3 dentiform processes along distal margin ; 2 dorsal elements setiform , of which ventral one d shorter , flat and densely setose , dorsalmost one e longer and multipinnate . mx1 single segmented , weakly bilobed : inner lobe ( = praecoxal arthrite ) with 3 elements and outer lobe with 4 elements ( outermost one long spiniform having row of spinules ) . mx2 2 - segmented : syncoxa unarmed ; allobasis produced distally into slightly curved claw bearing 2 rows of very strong spinules along medial margin ; outer margin with strong seta extending almost to tip of allobasal claw , ornamented with few minute spinules distally ; inner margin with slender pinnate seta and strong spine . mxp 4 - segmented , composed of syncoxa , basis extensive and robust , with 2 spiniform spinulose elements nearly equal in length and patches of long setules on inner margin ; 1st endopodal segment without ornamentation ; 2nd one with spinulose claw along concave margin , naked seta on outer proximal margin and unipectinate spine joined to inner margin . proportional lenths ( % ) of urosomal segments and caudal rami 9 . 52 : 47 . 6 : 6 . 7 : 9 . 52 : 20 . 0 . p5 with small plumose growing from lateral surface of somite , and small free exopod without ornamentation , exopod slightly longer than wide , bearing 2 naked setae . p6 expressed as operculum around each genital aperture with spine . caudal rami about 3 times as long as wide with 6 elements .
issued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 186 , fig . 2 ] . female : a - d , p1 to p4 .
issued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 185 , fig . 1 ] . female : armature formula , spines ( roman numerals ) and setae ( arabic numerals ) .
issued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 188 , fig . 3 ] . male : a - b , habitus ( dorsal and lateral , respectively ) ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , mxp ; f - i , endopods of p1 to p4 , respectively ; j , p5 . nota : a1 4 - segmented ; distal segment corresponding to fused segments 4 - 6 of female ; a2 coxobasis having naked and short seta at innerdistal corner ; distal endopodal segment with seta iii more stout than in female , seta iv spiniform and curved , both elements shorter than in female . p6 expressed as posterolateral flap closing off genital aperture on either side ; covered by minute denticles .
issued from : c . razouls in th . doc . etat fac . sc . paris vi , 1972 , annexe . [ fig . 66 ] . female ( from banyuls , g . of lion ) : a , urosome ; b , mxp ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , p4 ; f , endopodite of p3 ; g , p1 ; h , p2 .
issued from : c . razouls in th . doc . etat fac . sc . paris vi , 1972 , annexe . [ fig . 67 ] . male : a , urosome ; b , a2 ; c , mxp .
issued from : g . a . heron & j . m . bradford - grieve in new zealand oceanogr . inst memoir 104 . niwa , 1995 . [ p . 34 , fig . 14 , e - l ] female : e , habitus ( lateral ) [ q ] ; f , same ( dorsal ) [ q ] ; g , anterior of prosome ( ventral ) [ r ] ; h , right a2 [ s ] ; i , labrum ( ventral ) [ u ] ; j , right md [ u ] ; k , left mx1 [ u ] ; l , right mx2 [ w ] . scale bars : see p . 13 , fig . 2 . letter in brackets .
issued from : g . a . heron & j . m . bradford - grieve in new zealand oceanogr . inst memoir 104 . niwa , 1995 . [ p . 35 , fig . 15 , a - j ] female : a , right mxp [ s ] ; b , p1 [ y ] ; c , p2 [ y ] ; d , p3 [ y ] ; e , p4 [ y ] ; f , p5 [ s ] . male : g , habitus ( lateral ) [ q ] ; h , same ( dorsal ) [ q ] ; i , 3rd segment of right a2 [ s ] ; j , left mxp [ s ] . scale bars : see p . 13 , fig . 2 . letter in brackets .
issued from : s . - h . hsiao , j . - s . hwang & t . - h . fang in crustaceana , 2010 , 83 ( 2 ) . [ p . 184 , table i ] . copepods collected from the sea around northern taiwan and from southern east china sea extending to the okinawa trough , to study possible spatial heterogeneity . the content of the same metal shows considerable variation both intra - and inter - specifically . the metal concentrations in males are higher than in females . copepod metal quota display spatial variation : coastal water > southern east china sea > kuroshio water , suggesting that the metal contents of copepods are influenced by the water quality of their marine environment .
issued from : s . - h . hsiao , s . kâ , t . - h . fang & j . - s . hwang in hydrobiologia , 2011 , 666 . [ p . 326 , fig . 6 ] . variations in the most abundant copepod species ( mean ± se ) along the transect in the boundary waters between the northern part taiwan strait and the east china sea i march ( black bar ) and october ( grey bar ) 2005 ( mann - whitney u test , sig . * p < 0 . 05 . see drawings of hydrological conditions and superficial marine currents in calanus sinicus .
cosmopolite ( equatorial , tropical , sub - tropical , temperate ) . from north pacific , also : bering sea , gulf of alaska ; from south : se australia , new zealand . from the north atlantic it seems with difficulty reach the latitude 45° , although noted from east nova scotia ( in sameoto & al . , 2002 ) , from labrador and north hudson bay ( in wilson , 1936 d ) ; from the south of south africa and buenos aires , brazil ( s , off rio de janeiro , vitoria bay , ubatuba , off macaé , paranagua estuary , camamu , off natal ) , in antarctic ( weddell sea in voronina & kolosova ( 1999 ) , sub - antarctic ( indiian , se pacif . ) , arctic . ( continent ) , also : hawaii ( kaneohe bay ) , clipperton is . , galapagos rift , e pacif . rise , baja california ( bahia magdalena ) , g . of california ( guaymas basin ) , coyuca lagoon ( guerrero ) , acapulco bay , caribbean colombia , rodadero bay , w costa rica , g . of mexico , off mississipi river mouth , off bermuda ( station
s
) , delaware bay ( outside ) , bahia cupica ( colombi ) , peru , chile ( n , concepcion ) , australia ( north west cape ) , e korea , cheju island , china seas ( yellow sea , east china sea , south china sea , changjiang river estuary ) , off sw taiwan , taiwan strait , taiwan ( s , ne , e : kuroshio & oyashio currents ) , kueishan is . , korea strait , japan , kuchinoerabu is . , sagami bay , tosa bay , tokyo bay , malaysia ( sarawak : bintulu coast ) , se india ( mallipayyinam - manamelkudi , mediterranean sea ( black sea included ) , g . of guinea , off lagos , red sea
502 ? ( probably less because inadequacy précision with o . venella , if it is maintened )
razouls c . , de bovée f . , kouwenberg j . et desreumaux n . , 2005 - 2018 . - diversity and geographic distribution of marine planktonic copepods . sorbonne université , cnrs . available at urltoken [ accessed july 09 , 2018 ]
author of the drawing is ernst haeckel . original uploader was pabouk at en . wikipedia . ( different older version was uploaded by boston at en . wikipedia . )
maggie whitson marked
file : haeckel copepoda . jpg
as trusted on the
sapphirina darwinii
page .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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philippi , a . ( 1843 ) . fernere beobachtungen uber die copepoden des mittelmeeres . < em > archiv fur naturgeschichte . < / em > 9 ( 1 ) : 54 - 71 , pls . 3 - 4 .
boxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 252 - 268
giesbrecht , w . 1893 . systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte , herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19 : 1 - 831 , pls . 1 - 54 . ( 1892 )
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .
revis , n . & e . n . okemwa ( 1988 ) . additional records of species of copepods and their distribution in the coastal and inshore waters of kenya . kenya journal of sciences series b 9 : 123 - 127 .
suárez - morales , e . , j . w . fleeger , and p . a . montagna . ( 2009 ) . free - living copepoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 841–869 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college statio
webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 .
wilson , c . b . . ( 1932 ) the copepods of the woods hole region , massachusetts . bulletin of the united states national museum 158 : 1 - 635 , figs . 1 - 316 , pls . 1 - 41 . ( 16 - viii - 1932 )
wilson , c . b . . ( 1932 ) . the copepods of the woods hole region , massachusetts . bulletin of the united states national museum 158 : 1 - 635 , figs . 1 - 316 , pls . 1 - 41 . ( 16 - viii - 1932 )
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


cleora repetita is a species of moth of the family geometridae .

it is found from sundaland to australia and the solomon islands .

the wingspan is about 40 mm .

adults are greyish brown with a dark wavy line across each wing .

the larvae feed on terminalia , premna , persea ( including persea americana ) , callistemon ( including callistemon saligna ) , eucalyptus ( including eucalyptus pilularis ) , fenzlia ( including fenzlia obtusa ) and flindersia ( including flindersia australis ) species .

cleora repetita

the adult moth is greyish brown with a dark wavy lines across each wing . the moth has a wingspan of about 4 cms .
volume 5 , part 1 ( 2012 ) , pp . 79 - 100 , figs . 22 a , b
the species can be distinguished from bornean congeners by the straightness of the forewing postmedial : in all other species it is angled at least weakly distally to the discal spot . the tornal angle of the forewing is darker than the rest of the wing ; in many of the other species it tends to be paler . the underside is uniform , grading darker narrowly at the margin , with the discal spots also darker . the build is relatively slender . the facies is variable .
the species is most frequently encountered in the lowlands , with some preference for disturbed or open habitats .
bigger ( 1988 ) described the larva as khaki - coloured with a conspicuous white - edged black spot dorsally on a2 . in the solomons it was recorded from terminalia ( combretaceae ) and premna ( verbenaceae ) . host plants recorded in australia ( common , 1990 ) are : persea ( lauraceae ) ; callistemon , eucalyptus , fenzlia ( myrtaceae ) ; flindersia ( rutaceae ) .
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when i first discovered this macro world of amazing color and design i never expected that 22 months later i would still be posting so many different types of moths and bugs . . . . many of these creatures are only fingernail size which with the aid of an 18mp sony hx20v camera and photoshop it has been possible to present them to the world . to the naked eye they appear as dark shapes which most people would not notice . . . all these pictures are taken at night on our upper balcony and none of them have been harmed . we live next to a rainforest which may account for the amazing variety . . . . . i hope you enjoy them , and thanks in advance for any views & comments . .
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butler , a . g . 1886 ,
descriptions of 21 new genera and 103 new species of lepidoptera heterocera from the australian region
, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1886 , no . 4 , pp . 381 - 441 , pls 9 - 10
guenée , a . in boisduval , j . - a . & guenée , a . ( eds ) 1857 , vol . 10 , no . 2 , pp . 584 pp . , librarie encyclopédique de roret , paris
warren , w . 1896 ,
new species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epilemidae , and geometridae in the tring museum
, novitates zoologicae , vol . 3 , pp . 335 - 419
moore , f . 1887 , vol . 3 , pp . 393 - 578 & i - xv , l . reeve & co . , london
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 08c2576a - 616c - 47a4 - ab2c - c571e0841a81
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ea0bf813 - 0afb - 4102 - 810a - dcaef4e8622d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ee50ef75 - 2920 - 49b2 - 8d95 - 0539fa5db6d3
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ce814c9b - 5ecb - 4020 - a900 - 657e7da5d74d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 505513
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isurus planus , also known as the hook-tooth mako or hooked mako , is an extinct mako shark that lived during the miocene epoch from 23 to 5 million years ago .

i. planus can only be found in marine deposits on the pacific rim , especially the west coast of the united states .

teeth belonging to i. planus can reach lengths of 2.0 in ( 5.0 cm ) , and are often found in the temblor formation of bakersfield , california .

isurus planus

we ' re sorry , but fossil shark teeth - isurus planus did not return any results .
isurus planus - $ 0 . 00 : steve ' s fossil shark teeth , high quality megalodon , great white and misc . rare fossil shark teeth
remarks : the systematics of makos ( genus isurus ) was formerly chaotic , with a few regional species recognized on growth changes within a single species , isurus oxyrinchus ( garman , 1913 ; fowler , 1941 ; bigelow and schroeder , 1948 ; smith , 1957 ) .
i was wondering weather people in the east coast are also finding this thicker crowned makos . since the isurus planus is only found in the west coast if somebody have find this kind of teeth in the east coast ( perhaps calvert cliffs ? ) then it will discard the planus origin of this tooth .
neogene species of the genus isurus ( elasmobranchii , lamnidae ) in southern california , u . s . a . and baja california sur , mexico . unpublished master ' s thesis . california state university , long beach .
certainly it ' s an amazing tooth , as are the beautiful c planus teeth posted by ynot .
maybe look at your collections and see if there are similar differences in your
planus
teeth .
i found it in sharktooth hill and i was wondering weather is a lower hastalis or a lower planus .
i found it in sharktooth hill and i was wondering weather is a lower hastalis or a lower planus . thanks
there is a master ' s thesis on fossil makos ( espinosa - arrubarrena , 1987 ) that recognizes uppers and lowers among the hooked planus teeth and that study is based on a los angeles museum of natural history sample of over 10 , 000 makos from the sharktooth hill bonebed . in fact , espinosa - arrubarrena referred the thicker - crowned teeth to a separate undescribed species ,
isurus species f .
if this is indeed a c planus tooth , then based on the root lobes , it ' s almost certainly a first upper anterior , and not a lateral tooth . were it actually a 2 . 5
lateral tooth - - lateral carcharodon / cosmopolitodus / isurus teeth generally being smaller in crown height than anterior teeth - - then one would have to explain the absence of 3
+ anterior planus teeth . also , this tooth doesn ' t show the degree of distal directedness of a typical c planus lateral tooth , with upper laterals generally being more deeply ' hooked ' than upper anterior teeth . i could accept this tooth as either a c hastalis or planus first upper anterior , but not a lateral from either . that part at least , seems uncontroversial .
collectors have been talking about that tooth form for years . the
old school
answer is that it is a hastalis lower . a friend calls that form
bulky isurus
with the meaning that it is a thicker - crowned variant of hastalis lower . more recently , it has been interpreted as a planus lower . i have talked with jim bourdon , the man behind elasmo . com , about this and he ' s convinced that it is a planus lower ( and i ' m paraphrasing him now ) because all the
classic
planus ( the hooked teeth ) appear to be uppers . he thinks there are already established upper and lower forms for hastalis so these thicker - crowned teeth must belong to something else and no other candidate is available for a planus lower form .
it ' s an interesting tooth in any case . it would be easily the largest planus i ' ve ever seen or heard of .
hi - i have collected hundreds of planus from sharktooth hill and my largest personal find to date is 2 . 1
i did recently acquire a planus from an old collection that measures a hair over 2 . 5
. this is the largest to date that i have seen in any collection . photo attached .
lowers could be less common because they were replaced at a slower rate . in the case of hastalis and planus , the closed modern analogue would be carcharodon carcharias , which descended from hastalis ( ie . carcharodon hastalis according to the latest update ) . i don ' t know if anyone has done a study on tooth replacement rates in great whites - uppers vs . lowers . i should add that it is not clear if planus and hastalis descended from a common ancestor or if planus descended from hastalis .
i should also note that the thicker - crowned teeth tend to be in the planus size range rather than the hastalis size range . i don ' t think i ' ve seen one over 1 3 / 4 inches ( 40mm ) which is the size of a large planus . c . hastalis lowers can reach just over 3 inches .
also i will count the planus , hastalis and the thicker crowned makos that i got in my three days trip in sharktooth hill and i will ckeck if it matches to your numbers .
that ' s a carcharodon hastalis . carcharodon planus has more rounded root lobes than that . a side view of that tooth would likely show a greater labiolingual thickness than you would see in planis .
i had this great idea that i would take a side view photo of the big hooked
planus / hastalis
sandwiched between a similar sized hastalis and a large planus . the thought was we could get some clues by comparing the labial / lingual thickness of the three . all went well until i tried to pick a typical planus to include in the photo . working from about a dozen planus in the 1 . 5
- 1 . 75
range i was currently cleaning up from this past weekend ' s dig , i found that there are two pretty distinct root forms in this small group of planus teeth 1 ) the classic deeply
u
d mickey mouse rounded lobes and 2 ) a shallow
u
with more squared lobes typically associated with hastalis and the square lobed roots are significantly lab / ling thicker . i think i ' ve confused things even more - either the hooked
planus
tooth has two root forms that would most likely be determined by tooth position or
hastalis
has a much higher frequency of deeply curved teeth than previously thought ( in this case about a third of the teeth out of the dozen ) . agassiz has some explaining to do here . . . .
that seems reasonable and would argue that the large 2 . 5
hooked tooth i showed earlier in the post is a large lateral c . planus . others have argued however that those squared off roots indicate that tooth is an abnormal c . hastalis . it may seem like splitting hairs , but tony ' s original question in the post was
how large do planus get
. 2 . 5
would likely place this tooth in question at the planus upper boundary so it would be rewarding to help define that boundary . probably no way to really settle the issue though - fossil taxonomy is never simple .
to illustrate that point i started keeping track of what i collected every time i dug in the sth bonebed during the 2000 ' s . i kept every tooth i found that was just over half - complete . one day , i found 12 hooked planus , 25
normal
hastalis and 3 thicker - crowned makos . another time , i found 30 hooked planus , 57
normal
hastalis , and 3 thicker - crowned makos . a third trip counted 24 hooked planus , 49
normal
hastalis , and 2 thicker - crowned makos . if the thicker - crowned teeth were planus lowers , i would have expected to find at least around half as many thicker - crowned teeth as hooked planus each trip but at best i found 1 / 4 as many and less than 1 / 10 as many on two other trips . someone would have to plug in more numbers ( other trip totals ) to put together a better sample but it does provide an indication of real frequency that would have to be explained in either case .
i think planus is related to carcharodon hastalis to the point that it descended from it directly sometime in the early to early - middle miocene . there are intriguing isolated teeth that indicate this but i can ' t say i have definitive evidence .
seemingly , the options are that either it ' s a c hastalis tooth with an unusually hooked crown , or it ' s a c planus tooth with both an exceptionally large crown and an unusually hastalis - like root , which seems somewhat less likely .
i ' ll try to get isurus90064 to comment because he has seen a ton of planus and hastalis from the sth bonebed and elsewhere as well . i have another friend who was digging
the hill
before i was born so it will be interesting to get his opinion as well .
it sounds like you know your stuff . i ' m away on business but will be home this week and will have to look at some of my teeth and get back to you . your photo with the tooth and the same - size hastalis and large planus is good evidence indicating that your tooth is a planus . it isn ' t as broad as hastalis tends to be . however , the root still looks more hastalis and what i ' ve learned over the years is that root characters are at least as important as crown characters in identifying teeth though perhaps more with respect to jaw position .
this particular tooth is middle miocene so should be later than any hastalis / planus divergence . the root does have some characteristics of c . hastalis , however having collected many hundreds of sharktooth hill hastalis , up to 3
, i have never seen a hastalis crown deeply
hooked
like this . the crown on this tooth is also more compressed , while hastalis in this size range typically are very thick in cross section . an argument could be made that this is a pathological variant of c . hastalis , rather than c . planus . with a sample size of one however it is hard to confirm whether the root of this
planus
is abnormal or the crown of this
hastalis
is abnormal . either truth seems to point to a pretty unique tooth . it would be helpful to know if there are any other examples of large
hooked
hastalis from the fossil record , particularly from the round mountain formation .
while i have c hastalis teeth with curved crowns , and a quick double - check on elasmo
. . . does note that distally curved xiphodon [ hastalis ] teeth are relatively common
, the above 2 . 5
tooth does look very much like the first upper anterior tooth in the cosmopolitodus planus dentition on that website .
hey tony - i took the attached photos last night to add to the thread showing the lingual and labial views . i included several planus in the 2
range and several hastalis in the 2 1 / 2
range , all from sharktooth hill , for additional comparison . i didn ' t think to take side views but can do that as well .
we could still claim that the tooth is atypical for planus crown morphology but still belongs to that species because it became relatively misshapen as a result of its extreme size but we run back into the problem of the root being the wrong shape for planus but the right shape for hastalis . shark teeth change slowly in a lineage with the root being even more conservative in terms of variation than the crown whether within a genus , a species , or the individual . the crown also takes up more space than the crown , so the larger the crown , the more opportunity for variation to be expressed . in other words in the absence of injury , we would expect more weirdness in the crown than the root so we would assume the root would carry at least as much if not more weight in the identification if the crown shows characters atypical for the taxon .
it is interesting that your annual total is about the same as two of the daily totals from the sth bonebed . that would seem to add support to the thicker - crowned teeth as planus lowers idea . i think someone doing a study comparing calvert cliffs teeth and sth teeth would also have to look at how remains came to be preserved in each deposit to make sure some other factor wasn ' t messing with the totals in either case .
i just looked through over 500 makos from multiple miocene sites in maryland and virginia and didn ' t find a single thicker crowned lower . i still have a bunch more makos from north carolina and thousands of broken ones to look through . i also looked at the makos from 3 trips to bakersfield and saw 12 thicker crowned lowers . it is still possible that a west coast hastalis variant had the thicker crowned lowers but i definitely lean toward planus having those thicker crowned lowers .
i think it ' s easy to get distracted by the round or square root lobe paradigms . as noted above , even a small selection of c planus teeth will show both shapes for the same tooth positions . one can see the same in , probably , any decent selection of carcharodon sp teeth . that ' s the ' noise ' that makes tooth position assignment sometimes very difficult , and it ' s the reason one often hears the advice that the more teeth one can see and handle , the better .
i think it ' s been said before that hastalis appears on the east coast sometime in the early miocene ( approx . 17 - 20 million years ago ) but it does not appear on the west coast until 15 - 16 million years ago . it appears
suddenly
in great abundance in the sth bonebed but it is not present in older beds in the same area ( no planus either ) such as the olcese sand ( which is in the age range of the calvert formation ) and the pyramid hill sand ( which is as old or older than the the lowest beds of the calvert ) .
anyway , the only other thing to consider is that your tooth could be from a very old hastalis individual the teeth of which did not reach a size to match the age of the animal . though , i have to admit , even in that case , only in planus do you see the clearly - hooked teeth . i have a tooth which a jeweler was going to make a necklace out of but i recognized it as oddball because it was a lateral and deeply - hooked . it has a hole drilled in it but i bought it . as i recall , that tooth has an irregular root ( no rounded lobes ) but i ' ll have to check when i get home .
notice on the fossil fishes found in california by w . p . blake .
( agassiz , 1856 ) : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018
host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !
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the basis for his conclusion is a large private collection of sharktooth hill mako teeth . i ' d have to dig out the number but i think it was a group of over 1500 teeth from which he assembled an artificial dentition . the thicker - crowned teeth seemed to be logical lowers from that sample .
in my own digging experience in the bonebed and from what i have seen in other sth collections the thicker - crowned form is nowhere near as common as the hooked form . taking into consideration that lowers have been seen to be less common than uppers ( replacement rates of uppers perhaps faster than those of lowers in at least some species ? ) at fossil sites , the thicker - crowned teeth still seem unusually uncommon .
i ' m not fully convinced either way though i am leaning toward hastalis lower variant .
. . . . taking into consideration that lowers have been seen to be less common than uppers ( replacement rates of uppers perhaps faster than those of lowers in at least some species ? ) at fossil sites , . . . .
lower teeth for mako ' s and meg ' s seem to be far less common compared to the number of uppers found . at least in the places / exposures that i have collected , lower mako ' s and meg ' s are far less common compared to the number of uppers that i have found . at a location like calvert cliffs , i might find 50 mako ' s per year ; out of those , only 2 or 3 will be lowers . i ' ve always been curious as to why lowers ar eless common ; is it because of jaw design and the fact that the lower jaw in a shark is the one that is doing the opening / closing so the teeth need to be rooted firmly else constantly fall out during feeding ? either way , it ' s an interesting phenomena .
yeah , that ' s why i was prepared to find maybe half as many lowers or even a little less than that . i would have to take some time to see how many
normal
hastalis lowers i found compared to uppers on each day . i think i still have those samples separate .
i would assume the jaw mechanics of hastalis was not too different from its direct descendant . in c . carcharis the lower jaw does come up but the upper also extends forward and comes down ( not locked to the skull like the human upper jaw ) in the biting motion . the upper teeth might be more violently contacting the prey in that way so they might have been knocked out at a faster rate . i don ' t know .
i have wondered if lower teeth might be less common because they are more round than uppers which are more flat . the lowers might be more likely to roll around the sea bottom and therefore suffer more erosion all around the tooth , disintegrating before it could be deposited . they might have even survived in identifiable condition into modern times only to be weathered out and worn down to nothing in the surf .
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if you have one that you think is in the top end size of these teeth , please post pictures here .
i can ' t say an exact measurement , but 2
is the magic number . the further you go over that , the rarer the teeth .
northern answered it . i have two teeth at 2 inches but once saw one that was at least 2 3 / 8 .
it was one of those deeply hooked teeth too .
if you haven ' t checked out northern ' s shark tooth gallery , you should because it ' s a great show .
it sounds like you have done more collecting than me too . i know how hard that work often is . digging in july is brutal by about 1130 and it ' s cold in december .
the 2 . 5
+ tooth looks very much like c hastalis to me . the root looks like that of a first upper anterior hastalis . i have a few c hubbelli teeth that have a similar hooked shape , so it ' s possible for hastalis / hubbelli teeth to be hooked in rare instances .
sorry for the delay on getting the side views posted . i got distracted by a big c . hastalis lower i found this past weekend , but i did get that one posted to the general discussion this afternoon . i ' ll get back on a good comparison photo giving side views tomorrow .
i think the difference in root shape is where he tooth is located in the jaw . those box shaped ones are lateral while the others are anterior teeth .
i see the curve as a continual bend , whereas the bent c . hastalis teeth , that i have seen ided here on tff , have a straighter edge that has a bend in it .
regarding the root lobes : the mesial root lobe on the 2 . 5
tooth is visibly much smaller than the distal lobe . this argues persuasively that it ' s a first upper anterior tooth , and not a lateral tooth . the mesial lobe , being somewhat crowded up next to the symphysis , is often reduced in size as compared to the distal lobe on that tooth . lateral teeth generally have root lobes much more symmetrical in size .
i came to the same conclusion although i don ' t have any hastalis teeth that are curved like arrowhead ' s . my angle is also that the tooth in question is far enough beyond the realistic size range for the species based on all the teeth i ' ve seen ( my collection , friends ' collections including bob ernst ) , that i considered it highly unlikely to belong to that species . two inch teeth are rare enough . i have seen one teeth pushing 2 1 / 4 inches but 2 1 / 2 inches would be that extra level of magnitude of rarity like a 7 1 / 2 - inch megalodon in my opinion . we still can ' t say it ' s impossible to find one but i don ' t see that tooth as a candidate .
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urltoken
megalodon shark teeth wholesale shark teeth miscellaneous shark teeth other fossils for sale moroccan shark teeth reconstructed shark jaws gifts specials . . . new products . . . featured products . . . all products . . .
extinct hooked tooth mako shark teeth middle miocene - appx 15 million years old this species of extinct mako is only found at a handful of locations around the pacific ocean as it never lived in the atlantic . interesting teeth noted for relatively straight upper anterior teeth and strongly curving upper lateral teeth . these teeth here come from bakersfield , ca and are perfect quality with beautiful colors ranging from white - tan - gray - blue / gray . more uncommon lower jaw teeth ( thick rooted and very symmetrical , not pictured ) available on request .
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these exceptional teeth all originate from the walls of sharktooth hill in bakersfield , california and have no signs of water based erosion . these teeth are typified by beautiful tan coloration and almost no root or enamel damage ! an affordable choice for both hobbyists and serious collectors .
the extinct mako shark lived in the miocene era approximately 12 million years ago . mako sharks grew up to 30 feet long and had a deadly arsenal of 147 razor sharp teeth . there have been teeth found that exceed 3
long ! the formula for figuring length of the shark is done by the primary tooth measurements . standard measurements are taken from the tip to the longest root side . for every eighth of an inch equals 1 foot in length . therefore a 3
tooth would belong to a 26 foot long mako shark . the mako fed on squid , large fish , and even aquatic mammals . the power of its jaws was incredible and it could slash through vertebrae and rib bones with ease . these teeth were found scuba diving in the rivers of south carolina in depths of around 30 feet .


the smash martians were the stars of a series of 1970s and early 1980s tv advertising campaigns for smash instant mashed potato in the uk .

they were a family of martian robots who would watch humans laboriously preparing mashed potato the traditional way on tv .

the robots would then mock what they saw by chortling as they heard how the " earth people peeled their own potatoes with their metal knives , boiled them for twenty of their minutes , then smashed them all to bits " – instead of using smash instant mash .

the catchphrase ' for mash get smash ' is still an iconic advertising slogan in the uk .

the adverts featuring the smash martians were voted tv ad of the century by campaign magazine .

the martians ' behaviour and personalities were initially developed while the puppeteers were messing around on set .

the smash martians were designed for the advertising agency boase massimi pollitt by sian vickers and chris wilkins , also responsible for the four-wheeled red telephone used to advertise direct line , the urltoken opera singer , sheilas ' wheels commercials and mr. mouse , a blue american rodent advertising the insurance group esure .

unauthorised copies of the martians were made from car parts by workers at the ford halewood factory near liverpool .

smash martians

smash mash potatoes ad from the 1970s . martians laughing at earthlings for peeling potatoes .
the 1974 smash campaign featured martians laughing their heads off at stupid earthlings peeling , boiling and mashing potatoes .
the history of advertising trust reveals how the smash martians campaign was a big step forwards for the advertising industry .
smash martians land on high street . ( news ) ( through clothes developed by trademark products ) ( brief article )
smash martians land on high street . ( news ) ( through clothes developed by trademark products ) ( brief article ) - version details - trove
the first time around , people began to imitate the martians’ laugh . that could lend itself very well to snapchat , where users can create photos where they laugh like the martians .
nicole yershon , director , innovative solutions , ogilvy group advertising ; caspar schlickum , ceo , emea , xaxis ; and gav thompson , cmo paddy power , reimagine smash mash martians .
the smash martians , created three decades ago to promote instant mashed potato , are now reaching a new generation through clothes developed by trademark products . the company has produced t - . . .
quickly the public was won over by the martians - affectionately nicknamed ‘heavy metal chimps’ - laughing at earthlings wasting time peeling potatoes .
a group of robotic martians who make fun of us earth people for eating real mashed potatoes instead of using the powdered crap .
a tv commercial for mashed potato featuring a group of talking robotic martians has been named advertisement of the year by a trade magazine .
the word ' smash ' has so many connotations these days . moreover , the market for smash mash has probably changed . most mums today will be hesitant to serve instant mashed potatoes to their kids . they prefer fresh foods they can trust .
we can even distribute samples of smash mash at bars . this campaign would lend itself to a social media component . i could imagine vines with people sharing the best way to cure a hangover using smash , like adding alka seltzer to the mix .
the 1970s advert featuring a group of chortling robotic martians has been named britain’s favourite pre - internet ad - because it made an “emotional connection” with viewers .
creating a new set of martians isn’t necessarily interesting to me . it would cost a lot of money , and even more - - millions really - - to purchase air time for the adverts . will that really speak to people ? will that motivate them to go out and buy smash mash ?
at first cadbury’s were not won over . they envisaged a serious commercial extolling the nutritional values of smash . this led to doubts within bmp .
the results were overwhelming in favour of the martians – ‘english girls are smashing’ , with plenty of skimpily - clad girls eating mashed potatoes getting the cold shoulder .
if we really wanted to be provocative , we could target images of spirits , beer and parties , with martians talking about how silly humans are for not preparing for the next day .
i think a lot of people are more interested in tackling the world’s problems , and are willing to support companies that are like - minded . so rather than reimagine the martians , i’d focus on creating a program where a portion of smash mash sales is earmarked for hunger - relief programs in areas of the world that are struggling with malnourishment and hunger .
i’d also add a mobile component to reach people in areas where there are a lot of pubs and bars . the messages would remind people to pick up some smash mash .
the data itself can drive the story . for instance , we could use real - time data that comes from the nasa’s mars exploration rover . in september 2015 , nasa reported that the rover was planning for “an active winter” in which it would explore mars’s marathon valley . we can show the smash martians laughing at humanity’s rudimentary techniques for map making or getting their winter coats out of storage .
we know from the first campaign that the martians are pretty impatient . they had no tolerance for the time it takes to peel , boil and mash potatoes . so i’d take that impatience to the extreme .
i’d create a series of videos of the martians creating smashed up versions of things , such as a 15 - second version of macbeth , and famous novels and movies . so smash becomes synonymous with extremely - condensed and quick . first we’d see them smashing something , and then we’d see the results ( e . g . witches tell macbeth he’ll be king of scotland . they lied . ” )
the ground - breaking and multiple - award - winning tv ad campaign for cadbury’s smash in 1974 not only saw the arrival of the adorable martian family but also introduced animatics to the industry .
cadbury’s smash commercial for instant mashed potato was voted the uk’s most memorable advert followed by bt’s ‘you got an ology ? ” and yellow pages’ jr hartley in a poll of 2 , 000 consumers .
i’d gear this campaign to young men living on their own , and looking for quick and easy ways to fill up their bellies after a hard night of getting smashed . the martians , snarky as always , can be seen the night before egging them on to do one more shot , and then the next morning offering a quick and easy fix for the hangover ( “sorry dude , here , have some smash . ” )
smash instant mashed potatoes enjoyed moderate success when cadbury , its parent company , started looking for a way to reinvigorate sales . in 1974 , the brand engaged boase massimi pollitt , whose campaign , “for mash get smashed” did the trick . the ads featured a family of robots , made entirely from car parts , who laughed at the way silly humans mashed their potatoes the traditional way instead of opening a box of smash .
reels discovered in the archives at the history of advertising trust ( hat ) not only feature the original smash commercials but also the early animatics . stills from these are illustrated here along with one taken from the final print .
i’d use real - time data to build scenarios for these ads . if something significant happens in the world , the martians will comment on or ridicule the event , whichever is most appropriate . we’d still show them laughing at the stupidity of humanity .
it is said that the martians were conceived at a meeting in a pub webster had with writer chris wilkins . they were agonising over how to make a bowl of instant mashed potatoes tempting on the television – and they were also up against two established brands .
they were such a hit with consumers that the ‘family’ expanded to include a child and then a cat and dog . eventually a smash martian manual had to be produced as there were so many requests for details of how to make them for merchandising .
“this is one gap in hat archive for the smash story . if anyone has a copy of the manual , or perhaps owns any of the martian characters , we would love to accept them either as a donation or on loan , ” said chloe .
advertising weekly campaign named the 25 - year - old cadbury ' s smash commercial its favourite in its top ten of the century . the spots featured the creatures chortling as they heard how the
earth people
peeled their own potatoes ,
boiled them for 20 of their minutes ,
then
smashed them all to bits
- instead of using smash instant mash . viewers were not insulted at being called
a most primitive people
by the metallic creations - sales soared and the martians received so much fan mail the agency which made the commercials , now known as bmp ddb , had to prepare special literature to reply to them . now bmp ddb is celebrating the accolade by showing the original 1974 commercial in channel 4 ' s final advertising slot of the year at 2355 gmt on 31 december .
with programmatic , we can take over the internet , meaning we can purchase every available impression at a given time . we can use an anticipated event , such as the perseid meteor shower , as opportunities for the martians to comment ( “silly humans , they thinks this is a significant shower” ) .
before cadbury was all about chocolate , they put their name against mashed potato . they came up with some great little aliens to explain why we ' re all so stupid that we peel , boil and mash potato instead of just using smash . slightly insulting , but pretty good .
to take it up a notch , we can create - - or partner with - - programs that are working to relieve hunger in a variety of ways , and encourage volunteerism . we could create a multi - platform smash mash feed the world presence in social media , where volunteers can share their experiences , and encourage others .
to get people involved , i’d invite them to smash up any food . i expect we’d get videos of people making a turkey dinner in 20 seconds by doing things like putting all the ingredients in a liquidizer , or running a steamroller over them . we could create a competition , which would go viral , of the best smashed meal .
four books about the martian family who regularly received ‘fan’ mail were published and the campaign made a popular comeback more than a decade later . as a result of this outstanding campaign , smash became the market leader despite strong competition from yeoman and wondermash . it took first place in campaign’s hall of fame , the 100 best british ads of the century published in december 1999 .
latest insights , case studies and news from agencies , tech vendors , freelancers and other organisations .
the reimagining advertising campaign , created in partnership with gumgum , is asking a panel of ten marketers how they would reimagine seminal ads from the pre - digital age to find out how today’s leading advertising thinkers would reinvent them with the current digital tools at their disposal .
the ads , which ran from the 1970s into the early 1980s , were voted the second best television ad of all time in a 2000 poll conducted by the sunday times and channel 4 .
the robots , created by puppeteers out of car parts , were so iconic that some of them are now on display at the national media museum in bradform , west yorkshire .
this is a campaign i’d take it to an extreme . first off , i’d make each martian an individual character with a distinct personality , supported with all of the vehicles that let people get to know them – twitter feeds , facebook pages , and so on .
the original ads already feel like an execution that’s close to what i might do today , which is a lot of short films . they already feel quite viral – short , snappy , kind of funny , a bit ridiculous .
another idea is to tie the campaign to the weather , so when a specific weather event occurs , such as severe lightening , it serves as a signal to start buying up impressions .
gumgum is an artificial intelligence company , with particular expertise in computer vision . its mission is to unlock the value of images and videos produced everyday across the web , social media and b . . .
build your marketing knowledge by choosing from daily news bulletins or a weekly special .
hit the c - suite spot . 75 % of the drum magazine readership are senior management or above .
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the study , commissioned by marketing data specialist acxiom , shows the adverts “generated strong emotional connections” with tv viewers .
acxiom marketing boss jed mole told the sunday people : “these classic , much - loved ads showed us that a human , emotional connection is important in creating a successful campaign . ”
billy the kid billy the kid ' pictured ' in exceptionally rare photograph of wild west outlaw found in siberia a russian collector in yakutsk claims to have found a tintype image of the legendary wild west outlaw billy the kid - and he wants $ 5 million ( £3 . 7m ) for it
the first animatics were created by art director john webster to help sell his revolutionary approach to promoting an instant mashed potato product - to his advertising agency boase massimi pollitt ( bmp ) , the client and the public .
“these are a bit of find for us , ” said chloe veale , director of hat . “they represent an historic development in the tv commercial production process and provide a unique record for researchers . ”
until then pre - production research was often carried out using a stills slide show synchronised to a sound tape and involved stopping random passers - by in the street for their reactions . however , for the first time bmp produced animated drawings set to a soundtrack on video tape . as video was just emerging as the new audio - visual medium , agency researchers embarked on a series of nationwide tours lugging around bulky video players and a tv monitor to test the concept on regional audiences .
the martian puppets were a leap of faith as there was nothing cuddly about them but once the big beady eyes and wide smile were added they took on a personality . they also tapped into the space age era and , most importantly for tv viewers , dr who fever . peter hawkins , voice - over artist and voice of the daleks , was brought in to voice the characters . he was called to the studios and asked to ‘have a go at laughing like a dalek’ .
the ads might seem ‘light’ and fun but webster always took his work seriously with a clear desire to make the breaks in tv programmes worth watching . he also believed in the fortuitous accident . one laughing martian fell over at the shoot , and in the end was left in the final cut as it made the scene funnier .
i still remember the groundbreaking advertisement from cadbury . according to top 10 essay writing services this was so inspirational that it led to formation of new genres in advertising and film making . that is what one can call as leaving a footprint in history .
nice share . i think your website should come up much higher urltoken in the search results than where it is showing up right now… .
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campaign also commended other advertisements in its list , including benson & hedges ' cinema ads for cigarettes , the conservative party ' s 1978
labour isn ' t working
campaign , and the wartime
your country needs you
posters featuring lord kitchener in 1914 . the magazine also compiled a list of its worst ads , including bernard matthews '
bootiful
turkeys , and john cleese ' s ill - fated sainsbury ' s campaign , adding viewers definitely weren ' t spoiled by ferrero rocher ' s kitsch ambassador ' s reception . campaign also named its most influential commercial television programmes . these included classics such as saturday night at the london palladium and opportunity knocks through to innovative youth programme network 7 , original itv breakfast broadcaster tv - am and sky sports ' super sunday football show .
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if it ' s j - e - r - k - y first time you view it , it ' s probably because of your connection speed . doh . play it a second time and it should be smoother .
like many organisations , cadbury ' s undoubtedly viewed television as a significant channel for communicating with the marketplace . were aiming to get together a catalogue of every cadbury ' s commercial transmitted in britain . were in no sense making judgements about which commercials are great and which arent . in our book thats one for you . we want instead to make it a piece of cake for you to see cadbury ' s commercials whenever you want to . in our humble opinion , quite often the adverts form the most enjoying part of an evening in front of the box . and no ad archive worthy of its name would be all - inclusive without some examples of cadbury ' s ads . so be of good faith that the next time we find another cadbury ' s ad , you are certain to find it on tellyads .
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i have had hopper out and cleaned it and i also have a different hopper .
the hoppers are the same except for the color of the 4 way dispenser . original one was yellow and second one is burgundy .
i have had the machine working today for a hopper top up and was played for about 20 mins . then check it out and alarm code
not sure if this is a issue but in a previous life the machine has had a note acceptor and the connector just hangs in the cabinet - should the end be plugged back into somewhere and does the machine need to be told is has no acceptor fitted . ?
i can only guess at the above as i am no expert . i also have in my head that there is a break in the serial coin loom . so before i buy another one .
the note acceptor loom shouldnt play a part in the hopper fail alarm . . youd normally get a note mech error if it was expecting to find one .
if the hopper is different , i would also try an yellow hopper which is a sch3 .
failing that , i would definately look at replacing the loom , and failing that , could be a board issue .
as members are helping you with your machine maybe you can help us emulation guys in preserving this machine ( virtually ) when you ' ve got a moment any chance of uploading some nice hi res images of the machine . a full frontal one , some of the top boards and reel areas and maybe some of the reel symbols , with little or no camera flash burn if possible . this isn ' t for me but maybe another creator could have a go at designing this machine for mfme to accompany the classic we have . regards vectra666
the more i do today , the less i do tomorrow . fme is alive and screaming into the 21st century ! enjoy fme and happy gaming ! ! ! !
no problem ! i just hope this is one that we don ' t have already out there and i missed .
former fruit machine engineer . < br / > < br / > 1988 - 2004 .
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incentive today , v . 19 , no . 4 , 2004 april , p . 6 ( 1 ) ( issn : 1351 - 4555 )
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