protorthodes orobia is a moth in the noctuidae family .

it is known only from eastern texas , where it is most common along the gulf coast .

the length of the forewings is 11 – 14 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is grey-brown with a dusting of white scales .

the maculation is defined by thin white lines with the transverse lines represented on the costa by seven wider white spots .

adults are on wing in october .

protorthodes orobia

protorthodes lindrothi krogerus , 1954 ; 20 , f . 33 ; tl : newfoundland , badger
protorthodes mcdunnough , 1943 ; can . ent . 75 : 51 ; ts : taeniocampa curtica smith
central texas material in this complex was recently described as a new species by lafontaine et al . ( 2014 ) in their revision of the genus . needs a new bg page . see : lafontaine d , walsh j , ferris c ( 2014 ) a revision of the genus protorthodes mcdunnough with descriptions of a new genus and four new species ( lepidoptera , noctuidae , noctuinae , eriopygini ) . zookeys 421 : 139 - 179 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 421 . 6664
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here ' s a travis co . data point for this species ; the only one i ' ve photographed . at porchlight in wooded ( juniper - oak - elm ) suburban area .
great catch , maury ! i would have misidentified this critter 10 times out of 9 . after studying the two on mpg , i don ' t feel that i need to offer too strong a mea culpa . thanks , as always . [ original id : ogdoconta tacna ; header changed 2 / 10 / 13 . ]
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larva on fragaria , verbascum , balsamorrhiza spp . , chrysothamnus ; godfrey , 1972 , [ poole ]
taeniocampa indra smith , 1906 ; 233 ; tl : arizona , yavapai co . , minnehaha
perigea texana smith , 1900 ; 476 ; tl : texas , round mt .
namangana variabilis barnes & mcdunnough , 1912 ; 21 , pl . 1 ; tl : california , san diego
eriopyga melanopis hampson , 1905 ; 299 , pl . 86 , f . 31 ; tl : arizona
eriopyga constans dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 344 ; tl : mexico
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . tome cinquiéme . noctuélites . tome 1
biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera
[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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the genus passerina is a group of birds in the cardinal family ( cardinalidae ) .

although not directly related to buntings in the family emberizidae , they are sometimes known as the north american buntings ( the north american emberizidae are colloquially called " sparrows " although they are also not related to these birds ) .

the males show vivid colors in the breeding season ; the plumage of females and immature birds is duller .

these birds go through two molts in a year ; the males are generally less colorful in winter .

they have short tails and short slim legs .

they have smaller bills than other cardinalidae ; they mainly eat seeds in winter and insects in summer .

the blue grosbeak ( p. caerulea ) was once placed in the monotypic genus , guiraca .

passerina

the genus passerina is in the family thymelaeaceae in the major group angiosperms ( flowering plants ) .
passero is the italian word for
sparrow
, the bird known to italian vinegrowers for its voracious appetite for ripe passerina grapes . the italian
–ina
suffix is a diminutive , and indicates the relatively small size of passerina grapes .
the plant list includes 137 scientific plant names of species rank for the genus passerina . of these 12 are accepted species names .
passerina corymbosa , a medium to tall shrub covered in masses of small creamy flowers , is fast - growing and would be a welcome addition to any fynbos garden .
to cite this page : zumberg , r . 1999 .
passerina cyanea
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
khoi people are said to have used certain passerina species as cordage for the purpose of tying together poles for huts , and also plaited it into twine and thongs for whips .
the variety differs considerably from region to region in terms of the wine it makes , but a familiar character of ripe citrus fruit unites passerina wines . in marche , the wines are sharper with an intense minerality whereas , on italy ' s west coast , in lazio the wines are softer with an almost creamy texture . some ampelographers have suggested that passerina is not one grape variety , but several , a hypothesis which is supported by this regional flavor disparity .
passerina corymbosa usually occurs on slopes and sandy flats where it grows amongst dry and asteraceous fynbos . it occurs from tulbagh in the western cape to port elizabeth in the eastern cape , with an altitude variation of 20 - 1850 m .
passerina corymbosa is the most frequently encountered species in the genus passerina and varies in height from 1 - 3 m . the stems , which are made up of extremely tough fibres , are not easy to break and the bark peels off in long , tough strips . a definite distinguishing feature is the young white stems which are partially covered with tiny , linear leaves about 5 mm long . the normal green , linear leaves have a hairy groove beneath and are 3 - 10 mm long .
of the 2015 vintage , fiona beckett said : wowed by the bottles of tesco ' s finest passerina i took round to go with her spagetti with prawns , that ' s a wine that hits the spot somewhere between pinot grigio and sauvignon blanc .
the appellation
offida
controlled and guaranteed designation of origin ( docg ) is used for wines produced in the municipality of offida in ascoli piceno province ( the correct pronunciation is
offìda
) . wines produced with the ancient passerina grape variety that meet the standards of the “offida” docg production rules are classified as “offida passerina” . the rules were approved as doc pursuant to ministerial decree dated 23 . 05 . 2001 , and as docg pursuant to ministerial decree dated 15 . 06 . 2011 [ download the production rules ]
passerina corymbosa is a pioneer species with a short juvenile period . it also has a high seed output and quite large seedbanks . this relatively short - lived species also shows high levels of senescence and mortality in a 10 - 15 - year - old veld .
passerina is an ancient and traditional grape variety used in the white wines of the marche wine region of central italy . it is thought to be a mutation of biancame ( the name by which the bianchello grape is known in marche ) , and it is often confused with bombino bianco and trebbiano toscano . the majority of passerina vines are to be found in marche ' s piceno province ( of rosso piceno fame ) , but there are also significant plantings all across central italy , in abruzzo , emilia - romagna and lazio .
passerina corymbosa , like most other taxa in this genus , was used to heat up ovens . when set alight , a tremendous blaze was produced which rapidly heated the oven . due to its tough stems , the bakkerbos was also very effective in tying down thatch .
the plant list includes a further 34 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the genus passerina . we do not intend the plant list to be complete for names of infraspecific rank . these are primarily included because names of species rank are synonyms of accepted infraspecific names .
passerina is a very ancient local white grape cultivar from the central - adriatic region of italy , which is known under many different appellations in other regions . today passerina is widely grown in marche region ( above all in ascoli piceno province where between the 70s and 80s farsighted producers like cocci grifoni invested in this variety ) . it is also grown in abruzzo , umbria and some areas of lazio . many sources indicate passerina as a variety of the trebbiano cultivar . according to some researchers , it originated from a genetic mutation of biancame , also known as bianchello , a grape variety today widely grown in the pesaro area in northern marche . in her “guide to wine grapes” ( published by slow food , 1996 ) , jancis robinson describes passerina as an “ancient grape variety which is perhaps a relative of the trebbiano” . the vine’s hardy resistance to mildew and parasites ensures excellent harvests . some of the more curious appellations of this grape variety ( “pagadebiti” , “scacciacambiali” ) come from these very characteristics , and were passed on by word of mouth as pearls of farming wisdom . ( source : salvatore marsillo , bibenda 7 , ais . ) .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : passerina cyanea . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : passerina ciris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
passerina also goes by the names uva passera , campolese , and trebbiano di teramo , after the teramo hills ( colli teramane ) in northern abruzzo . it is even sometimes known as pagadebit , meaning debt - payer , although this name is given to several high - yielding italian grape varieties .
varied buntings share the same sequence of molts and plumages as other passerina species , and first - year males exhibit delayed plumage maturation . songs are similar to those of indigo ( p . cyanea ) and lazuli ( p . amoena ) buntings in that individuals share syllables , neighboring males share songs , and population repertoire is limited .
passerina vines have mid - sized , pentagonal leaves and small grapes , which grow in medium - to - large clusters . the berry ' s skin is quite thick and ripens to a deep golden color . the grapes ripen with a high level of natural sugars , and have correspondingly high acidity , making for balanced wines in all but the hottest sites .
the grape varieties used to produce wines under the “marche” igt appellation must be grown in the administrative territory of the provinces of ancona , ascoli piceno , fermo , macerata and pesaro urbino in marche region . marche “passerina” igt wines must have a total alcohol volume of at least 10 % vol . but no more than 15 % vol . [ download the production rules ]
the genus name passerina was given by the great carl linnaeus . the genus passer consists of the passerine group of birds , to which sparrows belong . passer - presumably refers to a sparrow , while - ina relates to the black seeds which resemble a sparrow ' s beak . the species name corymbosa , meaning a cluster , is derived from the greek word korumbos , which may refer to the inflorescence being a corymb , which is a raceme with the lower flower stalks longer than those above . this feature enables all the flowers to be on the same level . two other passerinas included in this series are p . ericoides and p . filiformis subsp . filiformis .
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chief , bird section , u . s . g . s . - b . r . d . - p . w . r . c .
ioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) , website ( version 5 . 3 )
gill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2015 . ioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 04 september , 2015 ]
zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2015 . 02 . 01 , website ( version 01 - feb - 15 )
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the insignificant small flowers , which are dull cream or reddish , are borne in large numbers in the axils of the leaves . however , during the flowering period , from august to november , the red sepals and large yellow anthers are quite showy . ( it is advisable to use a hand lens to observe this magical phenomenon . )
the stamens and exserted anthers , which appear on the long filaments , are attached to the top of the calyx tube . the coloured calyx is inflated below , with four lobes above . there are no petals present .
this widespread shrub is not endangered or vulnerable . it has a status of least concern .
here , this fine - leaved , ericoid shrub grows on some of the driest fynbos patches , and its ability to extract soil moisture from deep underground enables it to survive harsh conditions .
the gonna bush , by which it is more commonly known , also grows on the lowlands where dry fynbos , renosterveld and succulent karoo merge , with soil types ranging from colluvial ( or shallow litho soils derived from quartzite ) , calcareous dunes on coastal forelands , to shales and sil - ferricretes . in mountainous areas this shrub grows well in soil depths of at least 40 cm . annual rainfall throughout its distribution varies from 450 - 950 mm .
other genera in the family include dais , gnidia , struthiola and lachnaea , several of which have also been described on this site .
the gonna bush , with its dry fruit , is wind - pollinated like all other species in the genus . exserted anthers normally release large amounts of pollen . these light , rounded pollen grains are then easily carried by the wind .
in fynbos terms this ericoid shrub is regarded as a seeder - a plant which is killed during a fire and then depends on seed for regeneration . seeds are mainly shed in late summer , with most of it decaying when buried in the veld for more than a year .
in areas of high rainfall it is widespread on coastal dunes due to the fact that the young sandy soil might not be well consolidated and has poor moisture retention . the gonna bush contributes to the forming of a mutualistic relationship through its root system which has the ability to stabilise sandy soils .
fire is an integral part of fynbos and helps shape the vegetation occurring in the cape region . in the long run , this phenomenon contributes towards the creation of a niche for ephemerals ( plants which grow , bloom and quickly shed seed just a few years after the fire ) . it also gives a new lease on life to seeders ( which eventually become senescent when there is no fire ) and resprouters .
this plant plays a vital role in anchoring the sandy soils of coastal dunes , and their removal can cause significant erosion . it is also useful as a filler in floral displays .
sow the relatively fresh seed during autumn using a well - drained medium such as coarse river sand . slightly level the medium , gently scatter seed , and cover lightly with sand or bark . water lightly and keep moist . seeds germinate readily . ( leonard jacobs , pers . comm . 2006 ) . in order to enhance germination , smoke - treat the seed using kirstenbosch seed primer .
once germinated , treat seedlings with diluted liquid fertiliser , as this will strengthen the root system . do this at regular intervals , once every second week .
when ready to pot , start applying liquid fertiliser at the recommended rate . after potting , a granular organic fertiliser can be introduced .
the ideal time for planting in the western cape is autumn to early winter , but planting can also be done during the rest of the year in the eastern cape .
planting during the correct time of the year gives the plant a better chance to establish itself before the onset of a harsh spring / summer . prepare the soil before planting by adding compost and organic fertiliser . this will improve water retention and soil texture . after planting , water well and cover with a fine layer of mulch or compost which will help to keep the soil cool . although this shrub naturally occurs in nutrient - deprived soil , it is recommendable to fertilise the planted area at least twice a year .
it is best used in small groupings and en masse for the small to larger garden respectively .
this shrub , which is also very effective in any water - wise garden set - up , also grows well with other shrubs such as berzelia lanuginosa , restio dispar , chondropetalum tectorum , pelargonium cucullatum , metalasia muricata , protea neriifolia , p . compacta , hymenolepis parviflora , chrysanthemoides monilifera , athanasia crithmifolia , leucospermum conocarpodendron and leucadendron gandogeri .
larger to small groundcovers that complement it well are senecio halimifolius , helichrysum cymosum , h . dasyanthum , plechostachys serpyllifolia , leucospermum oleifolium , carpobrotus edulis , c . acanaciformis and pelargonium capitatum .
bean , a . & johns , a . 2005 . stellenbosch to hermanus . south african wild flower guide 5 . botanical society of south africa , cape town .
cowling , r . 1992 . ecology of fynbos . the nutrients , fire and diversity . oxford university press , cape town .
cowling , r . & richardson , d . 1995 . fynbos : south africa ' s unique floral kingdom . fernwood press , vlaeberg , cape town .
cowling , r . m . , le matre , d . c . , mckenzie , b . , prys - jones , r . p . & van wilgen , b . w . 1987 . disturbances and the dynamics of fynbos biome communities . south african national scientific programmes report no . 135 . csir , pretoria .
dyer , r . a . 1975 . genera of southern african flowering plants , vol . 1 . dicotyledons . national botanical institute , pretoria .
jackson , w . p . u . 1980 . wild flowers of the fairest cape . howard timmens , cape town .
jackson , w . p . u . 1990 . origins and meanings of names of south african genera . university of cape town ecolab , cape town .
trinder - smith , t . 2003 . levy ' s guide to the plant genera of the southwestern cape . bolus herbarium ( university of cape town ) cape town .
usher , g . 1974 . dictionary of plants used by man . constable , london .
usher , g . 1979 . dictionary of botany , edn 4 . redwood burn , london .
van wyk , b - e . & gericke , n . 2000 . people ' s plants . a guide to useful plants of southern africa . briza publications , pretoria .
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citra winery was founded in 1973 . it is located in the region of abruzzo and is now one of the leading wineries in central italy . citra is identified as a reliable partner and a producer of quality wines . also for these reasons citra is represented in 50 countries around the world and our wines ( produced by ourselves , no outsourcing ) have been awarded at the most important international wine tasting competitions . we produce a complete range of excellent wines classified as d . o . c . , i . g . t . , table wine
abruzzo is one of loveliest regions in italy . born where the sea and the mountains meet , a land protected by green mantle of natural parks and national reserve . it is a region bathed by the mediterranean climate , the special climatic condition , are the perfect nourishment for the vine , which is expressed with grapes of excellent quality from which they originate excellent wines , the pride and glory of the region , and awarded in major national and international competition .
) breed throughout eastern north america from the great plains eastward , south of the coniferous forest region . there are also some breeding populations in the western united states , including utah , arizona and california . indigo buntings winter in the coastal regions of mexico , central america , northern south america and the caribbean .
indigo buntings breed in brushy and weedy habitats along the edges of farmed land , woods , road , power lines , railways and riparian habitats . they also breed in clearings in open deciduous woodlands , in weedy or abandoned agricultural fields , and in swamps . during migration they look for open grasslands and leafy trees similar to those in their winter habitat . in winter , indigo buntings choose open habitats , such as weedy fields , citrus orchards , savannas , weedy croplands and low second growth ( payne 1992 ) .
adult male indigo buntings are brilliant blue during the breeding season , with a darker almost purple crown . females and young are brown with buff wingbars and only a tinge of blue on their tail and shoulders . indigo buntings are small birds , from 11 . 5 cm to13 cm long and weighing 12 to 18 g . they have short , conical beaks and black or gray legs and feet . ( payne 1992 , robbins , bruun and zim 1983 )
indigo buntings are socially monogamous . however , pairs only associate until incubation begins , and may switch partners within a single breeding season . fertilizations outside of a breeding pair are not uncommon and approximately 15 % of males have more than one mate .
males do not sing often in courtship , but they do follow their mate around during the nest building and laying periods , often chasing other males away .
indigo buntings breed between may and september , with most activity occurring june through august . they may raise more than one brood per season , and may switch nests or mates between broods . the female chooses the nest site and builds the nest , which may take up to eight days . nests are built in shrubs in fields or at the edges of woods , roadsides and railways . they are constructed of leaves , grasses , stems and strips of bark . after the nest is complete , the female lays 1 to 4 ( usually 3 or 4 ) white eggs . one egg is laid each day , soon after sunrise . the female begins incubating after the last egg is laid . incubation lasts for 11 to 14 ( usually 12 to 13 ) days .
the female broods the altricial chicks for the first few days after they hatch . she also feeds the chicks insects and removes their fecal sacs from the nest . the chicks leave the nest 8 to 14 days after hatching , and become independent about 3 weeks after fledging . indigo buntings are sexually mature at one year old .
breeding interval indigo buntings breed between may and september , with most activity occurring june through august .
breeding season indigo buntings may raise more than one brood per season , and may switch nests or mates between broods .
the male does not generally help with incubation or raising the chicks . the female chooses the nest site and builds the nest . she broods the altricial chicks for the first few days after they hatch , feeds them insects and removes their fecal sacs from the nest . the chicks leave the nest 8 to 14 days after hatching , and become independent about 3 weeks after fledging .
indigo buntings are generally solitary . during the breeding season , males establish and defend a territory 0 . 4 to 8 ha in size . each territory may hold one or more females . during the winter , indigo buntings roost in a flock at night , but spend the days foraging alone or in small groups . there appears to be no dominance hierarchy within these groups . ( payne 1992 )
indigo buntings are migratory , and may fly as far as 2000 miles between their wintering and breeding grounds . they leave their breeding grounds in september and october , and leave their wintering grounds to return in late april and may . they migrate largely at night . ( payne 1992 , robbins , bruun , and zim 1983 , scientific american 1980 )
in one study , 10 % of banded fledglings returned to breed within 1 to 2 km of their natal site ( payne 1992 ) .
indigo buntings use vocalizations and visual cues to communicate . only male indigo buntings sing . each male has one complex song that it sings , during the breeding season to advertise occupancy of a territory to other males and to attract females . males may also court females by performing displays , such as the display in which a male struts in circles in front of a female with his wings spread and his head crouched .
during the breeding season , indigo buntings eat small spiders and insects , seeds of grasses and herbs , and berries . major food items taken include caterpillars , grasshoppers , bugs , beetles , seeds and berries . in winter , indigo buntings eat small seeds , buds , and some insects . their main food in winter is small seeds of grasses . they also frequent feeders , and eat the seeds of rice in rice fields . indigo buntings do not appear to drink frequently , and may obtain sufficient water from their diet . ( payne 1992 )
indigo buntings feed alone during the breeding season and in flocks during the winter . they do not appear to store food for later consumption . ( payne 1992 )
although predation of adult indigo buntings surely occurs , specific predators have not been identified . brooding females , eggs and young are vulnerable to predation from climbing predators , including
when a predator approaches a nest , adult buntings may feign injury and make a chip - chip - chip call to distract the predator and lure them away from the nest . they do not mob predators .
perching birds ( order passeriformes ) as a group play an important role in the earth ' s ecosystems . they consume many varieties and amounts of food and serve as food for others and hosts for parasites ( britannica , 1986 ) . indigo buntings affect the populations of the insects they eat , and help distribute seeds of the plants whose berries they eat . they also host at least one parasite ; hippoboscid flies ( payne 1992 ) .
there is apparent aesthetic importance of songbirds like the indigo bunting to bird watchers and listeners . this brightly colored species is commonly kept as a cage bird ( britannica , 1986 ) .
indigo buntings appear to be increasing in geographic range and density . they are protected under the u . s . migratory bird act , but not under cites or the u . s . endangered species act .
indigo buntings are occasionally killed for sport and food . they are also a popular cage bird in europe and mexico . ( payne , 1992 )
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
referring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody ( usually , but not always , a river or stream ) .
a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water , often dominated by woody vegetation .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
payne , r . 1992 the birds of north america , no . 4 , indigo bunting . a . poole , p . stettenheim , and f . gill , editors .
robbins , bruun , and zim 1983 , a guide to field identification , birds of north america . golden press .
scientific american . 1980 , birds , w . h . freeman and company , san francisco ; p . 68 .
the new encyclopedia britannica , vol . 15 . ! 986 , birds , encyclopedia britannica , inc . chicago ; p . 95 - 96 .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
see
status
,
confidence level
,
source
for definitions .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
this species has declined over the long term and apparently continues to do so at a moderately rapid rate . it is therefore considered to be near threatened .
. 1999 ) . the global population is estimated to be 3 . 6 million birds ( rich
iñigo - elias et al . 2002 , rich et al . 2003 ) , with the steepest declines in the eastern population .
this species has undergone a small or statistically insignificant decrease over the last 40 years in north america ( data from breeding bird survey and / or christmas bird count : butcher and niven 2007 ) .
. 2002 , phillips lynch 2004 ) , with part of the declines also being attributed to brood - parasitism by brown - headed cowbird . trapping and sale in local markets occurs in mexico , central america and the caribbean , and overseas to international markets in europe , south america and asia ( ramos 1982 ,
conservation actions underway the species is monitored , but no other specific actions are known .
tightly control any ongoing trade in the species . develop an appropriate management strategy to reverse population declines . develop a comprehensive conservation strategy including adaptive harvesting for populations in the caribbean and latin america (
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the reliability of the model as assessed from the combined outputs of regression tree , bagging trees and randomforest models .
bna account authors : groschupf , kathleen d . , and christopher w . thompson
despite the varied bunting ' s widespread distribution in central mexico , its conspicuous behavior , and its striking male plumage ( a 1901 painting by louis agassiz fuertes is used as a frontispiece for coues 1903 ) , little information is published about the life history of this species . species accounts are anecdotal , and distributional and other information is mostly historical ( e . g . , baird et al . 1875 , ridgway 1901 , van rossem 1931 , brandt 1940 , 1951 ) . there is almost no published information on the natural history of the varied bunting in baja california and its center of distribution , mainland mexico . to provide information for this account , kdg studied varied buntings at chino , rock corral , and montosa canyons in southeastern arizona in august 1992 and may - september 1993 - 1995 . she banded and color - marked 33 adults and 8 nestlings , observed behavior , found nests , and recorded vocalizations . cwt examined egg collections and museum specimens to gain new insight on egg and plumage characteristics .
varied buntings occur from the southern borders of texas , new mexico , and arizona , through mexico , including baja california , to guatemala . they occupy habitat characterized by arid thorn brush at riparian edges , thorn forest , scrubby woodland , and overgrown clearings , and are absent from human residential areas .
varied buntings , however , have larger syllable repertoires , their songs are not stereotyped , and their singing activity depends on rainfall .
breeding in the varied bunting also depends on rainfall . in arizona , when summer rains are delayed , nesting may not begin until august . eggs are polymorphic in color among populations , a rare phenomenon in passerine birds .
there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
birdlife is reviewing the status of this species for the 2018 red list . please click here to join the discussion
a crisp , pretty sparrow whose bright rufous cap both provides a splash of color and makes adults fairly easy to identify . chipping sparrows are common across north america wherever trees are interspersed with grassy openings . their loud , trilling songs are one of the most common sounds of spring woodlands and suburbs .
particularly in fall and winter , watch for small flocks of chipping sparrows feeding on open ground near trees . in spring and summer , listen for the male’s long , loud trill , then look for the male in the upper branches of a nearby tree .
chipping sparrows will eat many kinds of birdseed , particularly black oil sunflower seeds from feeders , but also seed mixes scattered on the ground . shrubs or small trees in your yard may entice chipping sparrows to build a nest .
this species often comes to bird feeders . find out more about what this bird likes to eat and what feeder is best by using the project feederwatch common feeder birds bird list .
the early naturalists had a gift for description you just don’t see anymore . in 1929 , edward forbush called the chipping sparrow “the little brown - capped pensioner of the dooryard and lawn , that comes about farmhouse doors to glean crumbs shaken from the tablecloth by thrifty housewives . ”
in much of the west , chipping sparrows disperse shortly after breeding to move to areas with better food resources . it ' s not unusual to see chipping sparrows on alpine tundra or along roadsides in open grasslands . this results in the common misperception that they bred in those areas , when really they simply moved there to molt .
chipping sparrows typically build their nests low in a shrub or tree , but every once in a while they get creative . people have found their nests among hanging strands of chili peppers , on an old - fashioned mower inside a tool shed , and on a hanging basket filled with moss .
the nest of the chipping sparrow is of such flimsy construction that light can be seen through it . it probably provides little insulation for the eggs and young .
the oldest recorded chipping sparrow was at least 10 years , 11 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in ontario in 1998 . it had been banded in the same province in 1987 .


the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) is a slim , reddish-brown , semiaquatic amphibian native to europe and asia .

it is a member of the family ranidae , or true frogs .

moor frog

scientific name of moor frog is
rana arvalis
. it means
frog of the field
and it refers to the favorite habitat of this species . moor frog is also known as
altai brown frog
since certain populations of moor frogs inhabit altai mountain in asia .
moor frogs / rana arvalis / blue frog . david attenborough ' s opinion - youtube
moor frog , rana arvalis nilsson , 1842 history and origin the moor frog was first described by nilsson in 1842 , the scientific name of this species is rana arvalis . rana is latin and means frog . more
local adaptation and genetics of acid - stress tolerance in the moor frog , rana arvalis .
genetic population differentiation and connectivity among fragmented moor frog ( rana arvalis ) populations in the netherlands .
the moor frog inhabits the zones of tundra , forest tundra , forest , forest steppe , and steppe . in europe , the frog generally inhabits drier and more open sites than the common frog
moor frog has slim body , forked tongue , horizontal pupils , short hind legs and partially webbed feet .
räsänen kr , laurila a , merilä j . geographic variation in acid stress tolerance of the moor frog ,
geographic variation in acid stress tolerance of the moor frog , rana arvalis . ii . adaptive maternal effects .
the moor frog’s scientific name is rana arvalis meaning “frog of the fields” . it is also called the altai brown frog because frogs from the altai mountains in asia have been included in the rana arvalis species . more
sherman cdh , sagvik j , olsson m . female choice for males with greater fertilization success in the swedish moor frog ,
milan vogrin | all galleries > > amphibians > moor frog rana arvalis plavček _ mg _ 6348 - 1 . jpg previous | next moor frog rana arvalis plavček _ mg _ 6348 - 1 . jpg 14 - mar - 2008 moor frog rana arvalis plavček _ mg _ 6348 - 1 . jpg canon eos 5d 1 / 400s f / 8 . 0 at 100 . more
moor frog is equally well adapted to the life in the water and on the solid ground ( semi - aquatic species ) .
moor frog is a carnivore ( meat - eater ) . its diet is based on insects ( aquatic beetles ) and slugs .
[ geographic variation of sexual dimorphism in the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) as a result of differences in reproductive strategies ] .
geographic variation in acid stress tolerance of the moor frog , rana arvalis . ii . adaptive maternal effects . - pubmed - ncbi
stugren b ( 1966 ) geographic variation and distribution of the moor frog , rana arvalis nilss . ann zool fenn 3 : 29–39
moor frog rana arvalis barska aba _ mg _ 1998 - 111 . jpg moor frog rana arvalis barska aba _ mg _ 1998 - 111 . jpg toads _ bufo toads _ bufo edible frog pelophylax ( rana ) kl . esculentus zelena aba _ mg _ 1049 - 11 . jpg edible frog pelophylax ( rana ) kl . esculentus zelena aba _ mg _ 1049 - 11 . more
the moor frog resembles the brown frog . he however has a more pointed snout and usually a wide light colored stripe on his back . the main difference between the two frogs is a lump on one toe of the hind leg . this protuberance is much thicker on the moor frog than on the brown frog . such a cusp is useful when digging a hole for his winter home . moor frogs hibernate namely on land and not in the water .
colour pattern morphs of the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) in europe kåre fog colour pattern morphs of the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) in denmark kåre fog determination of newly metamorphosed froglets of the brown frogs rana arvalis , r . temporaria and r . more
when moor frog detects danger , it will try to jump away from potential predator and hide in the grass or in the soil .
a breeding aggregation of male moor frogs ( r . arvalis ) ( a ) and a pair of moor frogs in amplexus ( b )
common frog ( that is mainly adult specimens ) exhibits nocturnal and crepuscular activity . moor frogs hibernate in scattering on land , in piles of
[ geographic variation of sexual dimorphism in the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) as a result of differences in reproductive strategies ] . - pubmed - ncbi
. four species of these frogs were noted in the area of the wigry national park ( there is no marsh frog and no agile frog ) .
improvement of breeding success of the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) by liming of acid moorland pools and the consequences of liming for water chemistry and diatoms .
the moor frog is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
young moor frogs reach sexual maturity at the age of 2 to 5 years .
the moor frog inhabits the zones of tundra , forest tundra , forest , forest steppe , and steppe . in europe , the frog generally inhabits drier and more open sites than the common frog ( rana temporaria ) , including forest edges and glades , swamps , meadows , fields , bushlands gardens , etc . more
spawning by the moor frog peaks later than that of the common frog . the clutch contains 500 - 3000 eggs deposited usually in one , rarely in two clumps . metamorphosis occurs from the beginning of june to october in different regions . more
construction of underground tunnels across the road ( action c . 1 ) , in areas where there has been the largest amphibian mortality on roads , can help to protect these animals and maintain the proper size of their populations ; this risk occurs in all areas of the project and applies to all species of amphibians , especially the common toad , common frog , moor frog , pool frog and the european common frog .
) . commercial paints absorb in the uv light , resulting in a maximum reflection of the blue model frog at longer wavelengths than in the actual moor frogs ( fig .
in the netherlands , habitat fragmentation for small ground - dwelling animal species with limited dispersal capacity is relatively recent . an example of such a species is the moor frog (
improvement of breeding success of the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) by liming of acid moorland pools and the consequences of liming for water chemistry . . . - pubmed - ncbi
ries c , spaethe j , sztatecsny m , strondl c , hödl w . turning blue and ultraviolet : sex - specific colour change during mating season in the balkan moor frog .
common frog adopt bluish or blue - lilac pigmentation of their skin in the dewlap area .
kaplan rh ( 1992 ) greater maternal investment can decrease o . spring survival in the frog
genetic structure , metapopulation processes and evolution influence the conservation strategies for two endangered frog species .
is a little smaller than common frog , reaching the length of 8 centimetres , while the common frog reaches the length of even 10 centimetres . the end of the muzzle of the moor frog is narrowing and visibly sharpened while at common frog it is bluntly rounded . pigmentation of brown frogs is very changeable . generally saying , the dorsal part of the body is prevailingly pigmented with a brown colour , spots have a darker colour , which often is black . the ventral part of the body is often pigmented with a yellow or whitish colour and the spots - which are also present there - are less visible at a moor frog and more visible
an edible frog exhibits typically diurnal activity and - contrary to its name - is a more land - like form in comparison to a pond frog . an edible frog is a large , stocky amphibian which reaches the length of 10 - 12 centimetres while a pond frog is smaller and much more delicate and reaches the length of only 7 , 5 - 8 centimetres .
here ' s a short video in case you were wondering what sound a moor frog ( rana arvalis ) makes during the mating season . this footage was shot in the netherlands in 2013 .
low phylogeographic structure in a wide spread endangered australian frog litoria aurea ( anura : hylidae ) .
fine - scale genetic structure in the threatened foothill yellow - legged frog ( rana boylii ) .
the moor frog inhabits the zones of tundra , forest tundra , forest , forest steppe , and steppe , forest edges and glades , semi - desert , swamps , meadows , fields , bush lands , gardens . it generally inhabits drier and more open sites than the common frog ( rana temporaria ) , including forest edges and glades , swamps , meadows , fields , bushlands gardens , etc . indeed the moor frog is in the european region probably a more thermophilous species than the sympatric common frog . it frequently occurs in warmer and drier microhabitats . in siberia , the species lives mainly in open swamps .
are amphibians with long , vivacious legs and well developed natatorial membranes , possess relatively smooth , moist skin and well developed tympanic membranes . there are six species of frogs in poland , whereas the edible frog is often regarded to be a fertile crossbreed created in the course of crossbreeding of a pond frog and a marsh frog . they are conventionally divided into the
green frogs
- that is pond frog
lind mi , persbo f , johansson f . pool desiccation and developmental thresholds in the common frog ,
lind mi , johansson f . costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity in island populations of the common frog
) . genetic structure , metapopulation processes and evolution influence the conservation strategies for two endangered frog species .
keywords : amfibian , reptile , moor frog , rana arvalis make : nikon corporation model : nikon d80 orientation : 1 x resolution : 300 y resolution : 300 software : capture nx 1 . 2 . more
natural enemies of adult moor frogs are beavers , while insects such as dragonflies and hawkers hunt and eat tadpoles .
hettyey a , herczeg g , hoi h . testing the phenotype - linked fertility hypothesis in male moor frogs (
although the northern slopes of the hills still are covered with snow and ice in interdune depressions has not melted yet , spring has begun . eagles and ravens , for which there was no shortage of animal carcasses this winter , returns to their territories . sky is full of winged travelers going home . forests and grasslands are full of bird voices . it seems that the bird songs suppress all the other sounds of nature , and yet , if well - listened , from sun shined waters it can be heard something like a cat purring , whereas distant dog barking , there spawn brown frogs and toads . brown frogs are the very first that start to spawn . their body is in brown tones . in latvia there are two brown frog species - the common frog and the moor frog . both species are difficult to tell apart , but in the spring - mating time , it is a lot easier to do . frog mating songs are different . common frogs at spawning site purr as a cat , but moor frog sounds as if something was bubbling in a huge pot . often these two species are heard in one place . males of both species during mating time turn bluish . common frog male at this time obtains bluish dewlap , while moor frog males also have bluish flanks . in addition , the moor frog has more pointed nose and shorter limbs .
greene ae , funk wc . sexual selection on morphology in an explosive breeding amphibian , the columbia spotted frog (
the moor frog is heavily built with a wedge - shaped body . the colour varies from grey to yellow or brown . the belly is light in colour . the snout is pointed . the species thrives in moiste forests . more
at northern coast of courland in suitable habitats frogs are found in large numbers . in snp the common frog is occurred more often , but in some places , such as pēterezera viga moor frog spawn in large numbers . it is included in the latvian red list . as a specially protected brown frogs are included in the appendix of eu habitats directive and the berne convention . frog presence gives the evidence of environmental quality . frogs have priceless role in food chains .
publications - moor frog ( rana arvalis , nilsson 1842 ) in press , 2009 , 2008 , 2007 , 2006 , 2004 , 2003 , 2002 , 2001 in press back to the top 2009 hettyey a . , g . herczeg , a . more
frog and pond frog are present in the central and eastern europe . they are common in the whole area of poland , especially in lowlands . they inhabit all sorts of environments , however , edible frog is mainly observed in larger ponds and lakes rich in water vegetation and much more seldom at riverbanks while a pond frog inhabits small and medium sized water reservoirs just like forest and field ponds , melioration ditches , flood waters in boggy meadows . edible frog is often present in the area of the wigry national park in larger lakes such us : the wigry lake , the pierty lake , the królówek lake while pond frog is often seen in smallish dystrophic lakes - that is so called
suchar
. the dorsal part of the body of
the moor frog can be found along the whole coastline of the netherlands , however it is a rare species . there are none living on the frisian wadden islands . it is bonded to a low , damp terrain and needs open water for reproduction . more
johansson f , veldhoen n , lind mi , helbing cc . phenotypic plasticity in the hepatic transcriptome of the european common frog (
) that formerly contained large , continuous areas of moor frog suitable habitat . currently , moor frog habitat has been strongly reduced in area and increased in fragmentation . noord - brabant and drenthe differ in their extent of habitat fragmentation . the average distance among ponds in noord - brabant ( 8629 m ) is almost twice the distance among ponds in drenthe ( 4612 m ) . in addition , matrix permeability is lower in noord - brabant because of higher farming intensity , urbanisation , road density and traffic intensity ( van der sluis and vos
ries c , sztatecsny m , hödl w ( 2008b ) geschlechtsspezifischer farbwechsel beim moorfrosch ( rana arvalis ) während der paarungszeit . in : glandt d , jehle r ( eds ) der moorfrosch / the moor frog . z feldherpetologie suppl . 13 , laurenti , bielefeld , pp 127–134
> 0 . 07 in all cases ) . in the behavioural experiments , male moor frogs spent almost four times as much time in contact and in amplexus with the brown as with the blue frog model with the differences being highly significant ( wilcoxon signed - rank test ; contact ,
during the mating season , males produce mating calluses ( these are black pachynses on the toes of the front limbs ) and resonators in even number inside the oral cavity . moreover , the back of males of a moor frog adopts intensively blue colour during the mating season . males of
jefferson , d . m . and russell , r . w . , ontogenetic and fertilizer effects on stable isotopes in the green frog (
driscoll da ( 1998 ) genetic structure , metapopulation processes and evolution influence the conservation strategies for two endangered frog species . biol conserv 83 : 43–54
monsen kj , blouin ms ( 2003 ) genetic structure in a montane ranid frog : restricted geneflow and nuclear–mitochondrial disconcordance . mol ecol 12 : 3275–3286
) . fragmentation started around 1910 in noord - brabant but only after 1932 in drenthe . because moor frogs become adult in the third year of life ( hartung
moor frogs hibernate during the winter . in the warmer areas , hibernation lasts from november to february , while in the colder areas it lasts from september to june .
vos cc ( 1999 ) a frog’s - eye view of the landscape . quantifying connectivity for fragmented amphibian populations . ph . d . thesis wageningen university , wageningen
hettyey a , herczeg g , laurila a , crochet p - a , merila j . body temperature , size , nuptial colouration and mating success in male moor frogs (
pakkasmaa s , merilä j , o ' hara r ( 2003 ) genetic and maternal effect influences on viability of common frog tadpoles under di . erent environmental conditions .
a fully grown adult male moor frog is up to seven centimeters long and reddish - brown in color . but every year , between march and june , the frog exhibits chameleon - like tendencies . during this period , the frogs emerge from their winter hibernation and are naturally in the mood to procreate . they populate the ponds in the lowlands of central and southern europe , completely filling the air with their mating calls . the sounds they create are similar to the noise of air released from a bottle under water .
moor frog has smooth , reddish - brown , or sometimes olive , grey or yellowish skin with dark spots on the back and lateral sides of the body . it has single pale stripe that runs centrally on the back . belly is white or yellow - colored , without any marks . black , bandit - like mask stretches from nose to ears .
the moor frog certainly cannot turn into a prince with true love’s kiss . but this seemingly uninteresting amphibian is capable of something quite spectacular – it changes color from a boring brown to an azure blue , just to be able to distinguish between genders during mating season . the ‘before’ and ‘after’ pictures are really quite unbelievable – it looks they’re two different frogs .
hedengren i ( 1987 ) selection of body size , arm length and colour in male and female moor frogs ( rana arvalis ) . msc thesis . university of stockholm , stockholm , sweden
mating season of moor frogs takes place during the spring ( from march to june ) . males become bluish - colored to facilitate identification of potential mating partners ( brown - colored females ) .
common frog . there is a very distinct marking of the so - called
mask
- that is a black temple spot , linked with nasal spots in front of the muzzle .
grafe tu , preininger d , sztatecsny m , kasah r , dehling jm , proksch s , hödl w . multimodal communication in a noisy environment : a case study of the bornean rock frog
) . the dorsal body colouration in both sexes of the moor frog outside the breeding period is generally beige brown , grey and rufous with darker and lighter stripes running along the back . during their migration to the breeding pond , male colouration changes from beige to an almost uniformly dark greyish brown ( some males appearing almost pinkish before turning grey ) . males turn blue when they enter the pond ( fig .
until 1850 , the two studied landscapes formed large areas of unfragmented habitat with many ponds as potential breeding sites for the moor frog . since then , habitat loss and fragmentation has been more pronounced in noord - brabant . for instance , a study on water retention in noord - brabant showed that the surface area of ponds has decreased by almost 97 % due to direct loss of ponds and lowered water tables (
) , may contribute to the maintenance of genetic diversity in moor frog populations . alternatively , the numbers of alleles found in the populations may indicate that current population sizes are higher than estimated based on egg clump counts . population differentiation and assignment tests indicated that several populations belong to the same population complex . if populations encompass more than a single breeding pond , drift and local loss of genetic diversity would be diminished .
the moor frogs ( rana arvalis ) have finally woken up . normally they leave their hibernating homes around the half of march . this year , they are much later because of the prolonged cold weather in march .
to make our model frogs , we created a silicone cast from a preserved male moor frog specimen and filled it with polyurethane resin ( neukadur multicast 1 , altropol , stocklsdorf , germany ) . the resulting cast frogs were fitted with artificial glass eyes and airbrush painted with acrylics in either brown or blue resembling the base colouration of non - breeding males or females and that of breeding males as assessed by the human eye ( fig .
gomez d , richardson c , lengagne t , plenet s , joly p , léna j - p , théry m . the role of nocturnal vision in mate choice : females prefer conspicuous males in the european tree frog (
but the male moor frogs aren’t trying to attract females ; in fact the brown females do not actively pursue potential mates . it is the male frogs that are always on the look out for a partner , and choosing the wrong partner means wasting valuable time . moor frogs can be found in great numbers at the milicz group of ponds in south - western poland’s barycz river valley . the frogspawn in the region get so thick that the waters of the ponds actually look muddy .
the spatial configuration of the moor frog habitat , the habitat types in the matrix between suitable habitat patches and linear elements such as roads , railroads and ditches were recorded from a topographical map 1 : 25 , 000 using a geographic information system . distances between all ponds were calculated from pond border to pond border . to correct for the relative permeability of the landscape mosaic , area and length of habitat types and linear landscape elements were calculated in a 200 m wide strip between ponds ( vos et al .
) . from each pond all egg clumps found were sampled . from each single egg clump , a small number of eggs were sampled and risen in the laboratory . species - specific characteristics were checked at the tadpole stage . from each moor frog egg clump one tadpole was used for dna extraction . remaining tadpoles were returned to their pond of origin . due to small population sizes , mortality during raising and misidentification of egg clumps , the sample size of some populations dropped to less than 20 tadpoles ( table
) . currently , breeding ponds are on average 8 . 6 km apart , compared to 4 . 6 km in drenthe . dispersal distances of individual moor frogs have been estimated to be 1–3 km , with a strong reduction in pond occupancy by roads ( hartung
and strongly protected moor frogs and was luckly enough to get as near to them as possible . there are just few days in the year the male frogs changing their colour blue , and usually the time those behaviour takes place is from the mid of april to may . more
) , and in our study population , both reached the highest intensity during sunny afternoons ( ms personal observation ) . we frequently observed male moor frogs actively searching for approaching females , attempting to take over mated females scrambling among each other . mating balls of several individuals clinging to a female ( verrell and mccabe
we collected data for a population of moor frogs at a pond in eastern austria ( 47°10′ n , 16°5′ e ) . as estimated by a spawn clump census , the number of breeding adults exceeded 5 , 000 individuals in 2011 , and spawning took place in dense assemblages where male densities reached 20 individuals m
is a species easily adaptable to life in anthropogenic conditions . some urban populations of this species are fairly large and safe , if suitable habitats are available . some forms of human activity lead to an increase in the frog ' s number and their dispersal . for example , the construction of forest rides with numerous artificial holes filled with water .
the aim of our study was to assess the genetic differentiation between samples from the lowlands north of the carpathians and those from the pannonian basin , including the isolated romanian sample . we surveyed allozymic variation to measure the extent of genetic divergence among these three allopatric groups of populations . additionally we looked for patterns of genetic variation within and between populations to gain insight into the past history of the moor frog populations . since the subspecific status of european populations of rana arvalis was based on differences in body proportions , we also studied the morphometric differentiation of the same samples which were used for electrophoretic analysis to see if morphological variation is paralleled by genetic divergence . a more detailed report on the morphological differentiation will be given elsewhere .
there is an obvious lack of dimorphism in this species – both male and female frogs look pretty much the same . so , as thousands of moor frogs gather at the ponds , it becomes quite difficult for them to differentiate between the sexes . and nature has a perfect answer to this dilemma – the males magically transform their bodies to an attractive shade of blue .
did you know ? in the dense schools of tadpoles ( several hundred individuals per liter ) , density - dependent regulation of development takes place : the density does not influence larval survival rate directly but influences the probability of successful metamorphosis because fastly developing tadpoles often complete their transformation , while slowly developing specimens die in drying wetlands . the name rana arvalis means “frog of the fields” .
we found small to moderate ( f st = 0 . 022 in drenthe ; f st = 0 . 060 in noord - brabant ) population differentiation in the two study areas in the netherlands . the relatively longer time - span and higher level of habitat fragmentation ( including increased interpond distances ) for noord - brabant could be the cause of the higher f st - values among its moor frog populations . the higher degree of population isolation in noord - brabant , compared to drenthe , can also be discerned from the lower numbers of alleles , the fixation of locus rrd590a in eight out of twelve populations , and the significantly lower degree of heterozygosity . a different recolonisation history of the two areas causing different basic population differentiation seems unlikely because both areas are only 150 km apart . furthermore , the range of allele sizes was comparable in both areas .
including forest edges and glades , swamps , meadows , fields , bushlands gardens , etc . in siberia , the species lives mainly in open swamps . the frog penetrates tundra and steppe in association with arboreal vegetation , primarily along intrazonal landscapes of river valleys . at the southern and northern limits of its range , in tundra , forest , and true steppes , the species lives near water bodies : rivers , lakes etc . there the populations of
we have not been able to show any effects of other landscape elements . it may be that the positive and / or negative effects are too weak to have become significant after a limited number of generations . however , it may also be that the way in which we have calculated a type of structural connectivity measure , along 200 - m strips through the landscape , does not accurately reflect the landscape as experienced by moor frogs . for a more functional connectivity measure for
small bulky frog , 5 , 5 - 6 cm long ( up to 7 cm ) . dorsal coloration grey , light - olive , brown , yellowish or rufous , during the breeding season bluish . dark spots of 1 - 3 mm on dorsal and lateral surfaces varying considerably in number , arrangement and size . light middorsal band with regular edges frequently present . “bandid like” black marking running from the nose to the ears . belly white or yellowish without pattern or with pallid - brownish or greyish spots on the throat and chest .
) . finally , a clear coat was sprayed over the models to protect the paint from water and add a realistic sheen . to present the live moor frogs with the models , we attached a blue and a brown model 70 cm apart from each other on fishing rods ( 1 . 2 m long ) that were connected to the two ends of the cross section of a t - shaped handle . the handle allowed keeping a constant distance between the model frogs and moving both models synchronously with the handler keeping a distance of approximately 1 . 5 m from models and live frogs .
common frogs spend the winter under the water , where they dig into the mud . most of the moor frogs spend winter on land . at spawning areas first arrive males . when they have found suitable place , they start singing and waiting for females , which arrive later and at the spawning site spends three times shorter time than the males . rut lasts only 2 - 3 weeks . males stick like a limpet to female . sometimes , unable to find a female , they tend to cling to one another , and even inanimate objects . females are larger than males and therefore are able to jump around with the lover on her back , as if it was a backpack and nothing more . female releases spawn at the bottom of water body , at the same time ' backpack ' - the male releases sperm and it is done - the spawn is fertilized . after a day pericarp swells up and rises to the surface . depending on water temperature , sooner or later from the spawn will hatch tadpoles .
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the intraspecific systematics of this species need further study . animals from the altai mountains have for a long time been considered as a separate subspecies of rana arvalis or as the species rana altaica . this has largely been on the basis of their shorter shins and large inner metatarsal tubercle . similar frogs have since been found in other parts of the range of rana arvalis ( e . g . . in the north of european russia and in the urals ) and in siberia some animals display transient characters between rana arvalis and the altaic taxon . until this taxonomic issue is fully resolved we include rana altaica within rana arvalis .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is found throughout most of the northern , central and eastern parts of europe , eastwards to siberia ( yakutia and baikal lake ) , russia and xinjiang province , china . it is no longer believed to be present in serbia and the original records were probably in error ( kalezic and dzukic 2001 ) . it is typically a lowland species , but can occur at altitudes close to 1 , 500 m asl ( altai mountains ) .
it is generally common , and is abundant in central - eastern europe . it is extinct in switzerland in the extreme southwestern part of its wide range . it is considered to be rare and declining in china .
it occurs in a wide variety of habitats including tundra , forest tundra , forest , forest steppe , steppe , forest edges and glades , semi - desert , swamps , peatlands , moorlands , meadows , fields , bush lands , gardens . it has a breeding season , and spawning and larval development takes place in various stagnant water bodies of low acidity , including lakes , ponds , swamps , puddles and ditches . there is some evidence that the species can occur in agricultural landscapes , and in some areas it appears to be adapting to urban conditions ( e . g . vershinin 1997 ) .
it is threatened by the destruction and pollution of breeding ponds ( including acidification ) and adjacent wetland and terrestrial habitats , especially through urbanization , recreation , tourism , industry and overstocking of cattle . additional threats are prolonged drought and predation of spawn by waterfowl . chytrid fungus was detected in this species in berlin , germany - however the extent to which this is a threat is unknown .
it is listed on appendix ii of the berne convention and on annex iv of the eu natural habitats directive . it is protected by national legislation in many countries and has been recorded in a number of national and sub - national red data books and lists . it is presumed to be present in a many protected areas . in parts of the species ' range , mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established .
reformatted names of assessor ( s ) , reviewer ( s ) , contributor ( s ) , facilitator ( s ) and / or compiler ( s ) .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2009 : e . t58548a86232114 .
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distribution : eastern and northern parts of europe , normally at low altitudes . westernmost region is the alsace ; southernmost regions in croatia - romania . absent from great britain and ireland . size : about 4 - 6 . 5 cm ; about 4 - 6 . 5 cm pupil : , horizontally elliptic ;
bern convention ( annex 3 ) ; red data books of rostov province and buryatia republic , both in russia .
seem to be isolated . spawning and early development occurs in stagnant waters , including lakes , ponds , swamps , puddles and ditches , which are from several meters to some hectares in area and from few centimeters to two meters in depth .
is one of the most abundant amphibians in the central and eastern europe , as well as west siberia . there , its population density reaches several hundred individuals per hectare . local density may be higher , such as in breeding ponds where 15 - 20 individuals per 1 m
the proportion of the two species varies also by year , and in some areas the dominance of one or another species alternates . density - dependent regulation is important in overcrowded tadpole groups , where several hundred individuals per liter sometimes occur , as well as in the dense groups of recently metamorphosed froglets . however , habitat peculiarities and fluctuations in weather and climate appear to be more important in terms of the overall population dynamics .
the species is generally neither declining , nor threatened . however , isolated peripheral populations may be vulnerable from human influences and deserve special attention or protection . only in some areas highly transformed by people ( destruction of breeding ponds and adjacent terrestrial habitats , especially during urbanization , recreation and the overpasturage of cattle ) have the populations declined .
in addition to the above mentioned anthropogenic factors of the species local declines , industrial pollution also negatively affects populations , including those living in cities . it leads to an increase of frequency of morphological abnormalities and disturbances in embryonic and larval development . nevertheless ,
bannikov , a . g . , darevsky , i . s . and rustamov , a . k . ( 1971 ) .
bannikov , a . g . , darevsky , i . s . , ishchenko , v . g . , rustamov , a . k . , and szczerbak , n . n . ( 1977 ) .
opredelitel zemnovodnykh i presmykayushchikhsya fauny sssr [ guide to amphibians and reptiles of the ussr fauna ] .
dinamicheskii polimophizm burykh lyagushek fauny sssr [ dynamic polymorphism of the brown frogs of ussr fauna ] .
ishchenko , v . g . and ledentsov , a . v . ( 1985 ) . ' ' [ ecological aspects of the postmetamorphic growth in
fauna of russia and adjacent countries : amphibians ( english translation of nikolsky , 1918 , faune de la russie et des pays limitrophes . amphibiens . académie russe des sciences , petrograd , ussr ) .
mémoires de l ' académie impériale des sciences de st . - pétersbourg , série 8 , phys . - math , vol . 17 , sofia , moscow .
szczerbak , n . n . and szczerban , m . i . ( 1980 ) .
terent ' ev , p . v . and chernov , s . a ( 1965 ) .
sergius l . kuzmin ( ipe51 at yahoo . com ) , institute of ecology and evolution , russian academy of sciences , moscow
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
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adults consume mainly terrestrial prey , aquatic invertebrates ( slugs , diving beetles etc . ) are irregularly consumed in smaller proportions .
for air transport , container note 45 of the iata live animals regulations should be followed .
this species is found throughout most of the northern , central and eastern parts of europe , eastwards to siberia ( yakutia and baikal lake ) , russia and xinjiang province , china . it is no longer believed to be present in serbia and the original records were probably in error ( kalezic and dzukic , 2001 ) . it is typically a lowland species , but can occur at altitudes close to 1 , 500m asl . ( altai mountains ) .
hans - martin braun removed a common name in an unknown language from
rana arvalis nilsson , 1842
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hans - martin braun added an unknown common name in an unknown language to
rana arvalis nilsson , 1842
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range description
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rana arvalis nilsson , 1842
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males attract females via loud
waugh , waugh
calls , which resemble the sound that empty bottle produces when placed in the water .
spawning lasts 3 to 28 days . females lay one or two sets of 1 . 000 to 3 . 000 eggs in the shallow , warm water .
tadpoles feed on algae and small aquatic invertebrates . they complete their transformation into froglets ( young frogs ) from june to october ( depending on the location and temperature ) . slowly transforming tadpoles often die before they complete metamorphosis due to drying of the pools .
this is a clip from
rhythms of nature in the barycz valley
movie . this film tells the story about nature in the barycz river valley and enormous milicz ponds . this area is located in the south - western part of poland ( in the middle of europe ) . i and my wife made it for 2 years . sir david attenborough , a world - famous bbc nature documentary film maker , after watching the film
rhythms of nature in the barycz valley
wrote :
i have viewed rhythms of nature with great pleasure . a lovely place , beautifully filmed
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the males arrive at the shallowest ends of the ponds before the females . they turn blue for just a week and let out their mating calls , waiting for their partners to arrive . when the females finally decide to make an appearance , the males move around a lot , eager to find their potential mates . when a suitable female is spotted , they rush towards her all at once . in all the confusion , it’s actually quite easy to make a mistake . but despite all the color change , the males do end up choosing the wrong partner at times !
real - life dr . doolittle claims she can communicate with animals , even dead ones
woman swept away by wave 1 . 5 years ago recently found unconscious on nearby beach , wearing the same clothes as when she disappeared
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department of aquatic ecology and biogeology , catholic university of nijmegen , toernooiveld , 6525 ed nijmegen , the netherlands .
a curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .
a curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .
projects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .
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the benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .
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in the wild , females may live up to 11 years [ 0525 ] .
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received 2012 jun 16 ; revised 2012 sep 3 ; accepted 2012 sep 5 .
the online version of this article ( doi : 10 . 1007 / s00265 - 012 - 1412 - 6 ) contains supplementary material , which is available to authorized users .
) is a typical explosive breeder but differs from many similar species by the spectacular blue and dynamically changing nuptial colouration of males , which is maintained during the breeding period ( ries et al .
) , but the question of its communicative significance has remained largely unresolved . male blueness has been reported to be more intense in mated compared to non - mated males ( hedengren
) . upon arriving at the breeding pond , males establish large assemblages of several hundred individuals around suitable communal spawning sites ( fig .
) . we then measured body mass of each male to the nearest 0 . 1 g using an electronic miniscale and snout - urostyle length ( sul ) to the nearest 0 . 1 mm using vernier callipers and released all individuals immediately after data collection 100 m away from the spot of capture . from the obtained body measurements , we computed the scaled mass index
where m i and l i are the body mass and the sul of individual i , respectively ; b sma is the scaling exponent estimated by the standardised major axis ( sma ) regression of m on l ; l 0 is the mean sul for our population . the sma regression was performed with the freeware program smatr ( falster et al . 2006 ) . male sul and ibc have been shown to influence male mating success in explosive breeders and could be indicative of male quality ( davies and halliday 1977 ; höglund and säterberg 1989 ; vásquez and pfennig 2007 ; hettyey et al . 2009d ) .
) nor in sul , body mass or ibc from their non - mated rivals . average sul ± standard error ( se ) of the 19 non - mated and the 20 mated males was 56 . 96 ± 1 . 13 and 56 . 57 ± 0 . 8 mm ; mean body mass ± se was 27 . 28 ± 1 . 77 and 25 . 26 ± 1 . 49 g , and mean
> 0 . 1 for all comparisons ) . we also found no significant correlation between colour variables and male frogs’ body mass , sul and
we thank r . illek for his help with making the model frogs , s . számadó and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the manuscript , f . kottulinsky for the access to his property , and j . cornils , h . krebs , m . pluch , t . schernhammer , i . starnberger and k . veitschegger for their assistance in behavioural experiments . field work was conducted under permit number fa13c - 53s - 7 / 2011 - 89 , and the study was supported by the austrian science fund fwf - p22069 .
all experiments reported in this article comply with the current laws of austria , the country in which they were performed .
this article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license which permits any use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author ( s ) and the source are credited .
amphibiaweb : information on amphibian biology and conservation . ( 2012 ) available at : urltoken . accessed : april 2012
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