gogoselachus ( " shark from the gogo formation " ) is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish known from the late devonian of australia .

it is one of the earliest well-preserved devonian chondrichthyans ( 20 million years older than cladoselache ) , as much more of the fish than just teeth and scales were preserved .

this rare preservation reveals some unique discoveries about the evolution of the cartilage that was inside later cartilaginous fish such as sharks , rays , and chimaeras .

gogoselachus

what gogoselachus might have looked like , as restored from the scant fossil remains .
gogoselachus lynnbeazleyae : the first recorded shark from the late devonian gogo formation of western australia .
the fossil , named gogoselachus lynnbeazleyae , is the first shark to be found in this area .
right scapulocoracoid wam 09 . 6 . 145–007 of gogoselachus lynbeazleyae , . . . | download scientific diagram
sciency thoughts : gogoselachus lynnbeazleyae : the first recorded shark from the late devonian gogo formation of western australia .
teeth of gogoselachus are distinctive with many small cusps . the image far right is a ct - scanned tooth showing internal structure .
gogoselachus was clearly a fast - swimming predator that hunted other fishes using its jagged teeth to snare prey . gogoselachus lived on an ancient reef that teemed with many kinds of large predatory placoderm fishes , so had to hold its own in this piscine rat race .
gogoselachus lynnbeazleyae discovered by professor john long at the gogo fossil site , australia . testing shows that the three - dimensional remnant s… | pinteres…
however , when the authors recently examined the microstructure of the cartilage of gogoselachus using micro ct scanning , they discovered the matrix holding the cartilage together in the jaw contained bone cells .
structure of gogoselachus lynbeazleyae endoskeleton . ( a–c ) gogoselachus calcified cartilage ( a ) sem showing tessellate layout ( b , c ) horizontal section through tissue ( d ) transverse ct scan of right meckel ' s cartilage . scale bar is 0 . 1 mm in ( c ) . abbreviations : cp , cell processes ; l , lacunae . long et al . ( 2015 ) .
publishing their findings in the journal plos one , scientists said the fossil of gogoselachus lynbeazleyae dates to the late devonian period , around 380 million years ago , and shows the evolutionary transition from bones to cartilage .
concluding , the authors said the shark is an
exceptionally preserved
fossil that
suggests gogoselachus represents a transitional step toward the tessellated prismatic calcified cartilage which is today recognised as the main diagnostic character of the chondrichthyes
.
but this idea has just been challenged due to the discovery , announced today in the journal plos one , of a 380 - million - year - old fossil shark from western australia named gogoselachus lynbeazleyae that shows remnant bone cells present in its cartilaginous skeleton .
the specimen described by long et al . comprises a set of disarticulated but clearly associated remains comprising both left and right meckel ' s cartilages , nasal cartilage , ceratohyal , hyomandibula , basibranchial cartilage , both scapulocoracoids , and associated teeth and scales . this is described as gogoselachus lynbeazleyae , where ‘ gogoselachus ’ means gogo - shark and ‘ lynbeazleyae ’ honours lyn beazley of the university of western australia for her ‘contribution to scientific progress in western australia’ . the specimen is thought to be the first known acid - prepared mineralized devonian shark remains .
gogoselachus lynbeazleyae is an exceptionally preserved acid - prepared fossil chondrichthyan from the late gogo formation devonian of australia . its lower jaws have an expanded cotylus and small mandibular knob , and the slender scapulocoracoid has just 2 facets for radial articulations . the teeth have well - developed labial cusplets and their structure is intermediate between the ctenacanthiform and symmoriiform condition . the distinctive calcified cartilage forming the endoskeleton has multiple layers of nonprismatic subpolygonal tesserae separated by a cellular matrix . this suggests gogoselachus represents a transitional step toward the tessellated prismatic calcified cartilage which is today recognized as the main diagnostic character of the chondrichthyes .
gogoselachus cartilage showing the separate units called tesserae making the up the lower jaw ( left ) , and a thin section showing bone cells ( red line ) inside the matrix which binds the tesserae together ( right ) . image on the left is 0 . 5mm across , image on right is about 0 . 1mm across .
gogoselachus lynbeazelyae gen . et sp . nov . long , burrow , ginter , maisey , trinajstic , coates , young , senden urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : ef04ad3e - 865d - 4fa5 - a6ff - f4ed6359fd26 ; urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 2ed167f8 - 9506 - 4d43 - b08e - 237291937b11
preparation of gogoselachus lynbeazleyae from the gogo formation , western australia . ( a ) meckel ' s cartilage as exposed on collection , before acetic acid etching . ( b ) specimen during early acid preparation . ( c ) meckel ' s cartilages after full preparation , shown articulated in dorsal view . long et al . ( 2015 ) .
( a–c ) gogoselachus calcified cartilage ( a ) sem wam 09 . 6 . 145–031 showing tessellate layout ( b , c ) horizontal section through tissue wam 09 . 6 . 145–032 ( d ) transverse ct scan of right meckel ' s cartilage . scale bar = 0 . 1 mm in ( c ) . abbreviations : cp , cell processes ; l , lacunae .
fig 4 . right scapulocoracoid wam 09 . 6 . 145–007 of gogoselachus lynbeazleyae , gogo formation , western australia . ( a ) lateral ( b ) posterior and ( c ) medial views , with close up of articulatory area for pectoral fin in e , f . d , articulation area for pectoral fin articulation on left scapulocoracoid for comparison . abbreviations as for fig 3 .
the picture above shows the specimen ( b ) during early acid bath preparation , whilst ( c ) shows the meckelian cartilage once it has been removed from the surrounding rock . the species has been named gogoselachus lynbeazleyae . the genus nomenclature comes from the name of the geological formation and the greek “selachos” which means shark . the trivial name honours neuroscientist professor lyn beazley ( university of western australia ) , in acknowledgement of her role as an ambassador for science .
here we present new data from the first well - preserved chondrichthyan fossil from the early late devonian ( ca . 380–384 mya ) gogo formation lägerstatte of western australia . the specimen is the first devonian shark body fossil to be acid - prepared , revealing the endoskeletal elements as three - dimensional undistorted units : meckel’s cartilages , nasal , ceratohyal , basibranchial and possible epibranchial cartilages , plus left and right scapulocoracoids , as well as teeth and scales . this unique specimen is assigned to gogoselachus lynnbeazleyae n . gen . n . sp .
gogoselachus lynbeazleyae is represented by a set of associated elements which were probably held together by ligaments and muscular tissue when the concretion formed around them . they include both left and right meckel ' s cartilages , nasal cartilage , ceratohyal , hyomandibula , basibranchial cartilage , both scapulocoracoids , as well as associated teeth and scales . fig 1 shows the specimen as it was found in the field ( fig 1a ) , after a week in acetic acid ( fig 1b ) , and after the lower jaws had been freed and reassembled into life position ( fig 1c ) .
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long ja , burrow cj , ginter m , maisey jg , trinajstic km , et al . ( 2015 )
correction : first shark from the late devonian ( frasnian ) gogo formation , western australia sheds new light on the development of tessellated calcified cartilage . plos one 10 ( 6 ) : e0131502 .
the meckel’s cartilages show a jaw articulation surface dominated by an expansive cotylus , and a small mandibular knob , an unusual condition for chondrichthyans . the scapulocoracoid of the new specimen shows evidence of two pectoral fin basal articulation facets , differing from the standard condition for early gnathostomes which have either one or three articulations . the tooth structure is intermediate between the ‘primitive’ ctenacanthiform and symmoriiform condition , and more derived forms with a euselachian - type base . of special interest is the highly distinctive type of calcified cartilage forming the endoskeleton , comprising multiple layers of nonprismatic subpolygonal tesserae separated by a cellular matrix , interpreted as a transitional step toward the tessellated prismatic calcified cartilage that is recognized as the main diagnostic character of the chondrichthyans .
citation : long ja , burrow cj , ginter m , maisey jg , trinajstic km , coates mi , et al . ( 2015 ) first shark from the late devonian ( frasnian ) gogo formation , western australia sheds new light on the development of tessellated calcified cartilage . plos one 10 ( 5 ) : e0126066 . urltoken
academic editor : andrew a . farke , raymond m . alf museum of paleontology , united states
copyright : © 2015 long et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited
funding : this work was supported by grants from the australian research council dp 0772138 awarded to gcy and jal for travel and scanning of specimens at the anu ; and dp1092870 awarded to kmt for travel to collaborate . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
the fossils occur inside limestone concretions which formed around whole fish or parts of carcasses that fell into the deep inter - reef basins between the reef fronts . rapid calcitic concretion formation prevented compaction or distortion from tectonic or gravity - induced sedimentary loading , thus retaining the original shape of the bones and delicate perichondrally calcified cartilages [ 34 ] . geochemical studies indicate that carcasses fell through a euxinic layer within the basin , enabling rare rapid preservation of soft tissue in anoxic benthic conditions [ 43 ] .
( a ) meckel ' s cartilage as exposed on collection , before acetic acid etching . ( b ) specimen during early acid preparation . ( c ) meckel ' s cartilages wam 09 . 6 . 145–001 ( left ) , wam 09 . 6 . 145–002 ( right ) after full preparation , shown articulated in dorsal view .
the field work was done in australia with permission of the land owners and leaseholders . there are no regulations pertaining to collecting of fossils in this region of australia apart from land owner permission as stated under the lands administration act , as relevant to pastoral leaseholders : see urltoken .
the specimen is registered in the collections of the western australian museum as wam 09 . 6 . 145 , repository at 69 kew st , welshpool , western australia .
the specimen was acid prepared at museum victoria , melbourne by jal using 10 % acetic acid , with cartilage elements strengthened by mowital b30 in ethanol . the specimen and residues were washed in water to neutralize the acidity , then picked under a binocular microscope to retrieve isolated scales and teeth .
scanning electron micrographs of teeth , scales and cartilage structure were taken using a jeol - 6400 at the centre for microscopy , university of queensland ( scales ) , and using other sems at university of warsaw , poland ( teeth images ) , and the los angeles county museum of natural history , california ( cartilage ) . thin section images were taken using an olympus bx - 50 microscope with dp12 imaging system .
digital transverse sections of the cartilages were studied through composite serial reconstruction from 10μ slices by the ultrafine ct scanner in the dept of applied mathematics , anu , and studied using drishti 2 . 4 software developed by that department ( and now publically available as freeware ) .
the electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix
urltoken
. the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 3563562e - 41e0 - 4579 - 8645 - 9c13f7880019 . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central , lockss .
qm , queensland museum , po box 3300 , south brisbane bc , queensland 4101 .
wam , western australian museum fossil collection ; 49 kew st , welshpool , wa , 6106 .
generic name for the gogo formation and greek ‘ selachos ’ , shark . species name acknowledging professor lyn beazley , of the university of western australia , for her contribution to scientific progress in western australia .
? deihim mansureae
dubious specimen aeu 236
ginter et al . ( 2002 ; plate 4 , figures j–k ) [ 45 ] .
shark
long & trinajstic ( 2010 ; p . 263 , figure 2 ) [ 34 ]
circa 60 km se of fitzroy crossing , north western australia , near the stromatoporoid camp locality , collected by jal , july 7th , 2005 .
a chondrichthyan with cladodont type teeth characterised by the following combination of features : a crown with a prominent median cusp rounded in cross - section , two smaller lateral cusps , and , in asymmetrical forms , a single intermediate lateral cusplet situated between the median cusp and the mesial lateral cusp ; a row of slender accessory labial cusplets at the crown - base interface ; a euselachian type base with a deep aboral depression and a vague orolingual hump . meckel’s cartilage with wide , transverse articular cotylus and small mandibular knob ; ceratohyal with a deep anterior - facing pit towards the posterior of the outer surface ; elongate basibranchial with straight edges ; scapulocoracoid with two diazonal nerve foramina and two pectoral fin basal articulation facets .
the meckel’s cartilages ( figs 1a–1c ; 2a , 2b and 2g ) are c . 5 cm long , deep posteriorly , with a well - developed continuous dental sulcus for the tooth rows ( sul ) , bordered laterally by a raised straight rim . the outer face of the cartilage has a ventral ridge ( fig 1a , vr ) defining a depressed lateral surface for the insertion of the adductor mandibulae musculature . the lower jaw articulatory surface has a broad transverse cotylus ( fig 2g , cot ) flanked medially by a small mandibular knob ( m . kb ) . both the cotylus and the mandibular process are on the same transverse plane . posterior to the cotylus is a thin vertical lamina ( fig 2a and 2c , re . fl ) , the sustentaculum sensu gegenbaur [ 46 ] a structure that has been recently referred to as the retroarticular flange [ 22 ] . the anterior region of the meckel’s cartilage has a well - defined oval symphysial attachment area ( fig 2b , sym ) with a separate subrectangular muscle attachment area posteroventral to the symphysis ( ma ) .
( a–c ) left meckel’s cartilage wam 09 . 6 . 145–001 , medial , lateral and dorsal views . ( d , e ) ceratohyal wam 09 . 6 . 145–005 , lateral and dorsal views . ( f ) nasal cartilage wam 09 . 6 . 145–006 , anterior vie w ? . ( g ) ? epibranchial cartilage wam 09 . 6 . 145–004 . ( h ) basibranchial cartilage wam 09 . 6 . 145–003 . abbreviations : cot , cotylus ; fl . ch , flange on ceratohyal ; fo . ch , fossa on ceratohyal ; ma , muscle attachment area ; m . kb , mandibular knob ; re . fl , retroarticular flange ; sul , sulcus ; sym , symphyseal pit ; vr , ventral ridge .
the ceratohyal ( fig 2c and 2d ) conforms to the generalized chondrichthyan shape [ 44 , 46 ] , having an expanded posterior blade and narrow , slightly rotated anterior region . it is about three - quarters the length of the meckel’s cartilage , and has a large fossa ( fo . ch ) facing anteriorly at its posterior extremity , rimmed by an elevated flange ( fl . ch ) . the anterior end of the ceratohyal is slightly expanded , with two separate , slightly rugose areas on the medial surface . it bears no distinctive grooves or foramina .
a delicate , triangular double - lamina of twisted cartilage resembles a nasal cartilage ( fig 2f ) . it correlates closely to the size and shape of other primitive chondrichthyan nasal cartilages or parts of the nasal capsule [ 14 ] . a shorter , tubular cartilage preserved above the meckel’s cartilages is one of the gill arches ( fig 2e ) , most likely epibranchial 1 by comparison with ozarcus [ 21 ] . a single elongate and transversely concave cartilage plate probably represents the mineralized surface of a basibranchial cartilage ( fig 2h ) . it has a straight posterior margin with dorsally projecting corners ; the anterior end of the unit is m - shaped . midway along , its convex surface is rough with numerous small pores .
the scapulocoracoid ( figs 3 and 4 ) is 8 . 0 cm high , with an elongate , flat , dorsally tapering scapular region and a deeply concave coracoid region ventral to a thickened posterior ridge at the lateral inflection . the scapular blade has a weak posterolateral process ( pla ) . muscle attachment scars are interpreted as follows : the supinator muscle anteriorly on the lateral surface of the scapula ( sup ) ; the mediolateral pectoral retractor muscles near the anterolateral inflection ( flr ) ; the coracobranchialis muscles ( cobr ) above the inflection ridge ; the coracohyoideus muscles ( cohy ) ventrally ; and the pectoral depressor muscle sheet ( pdm ) on the posterolateral surface of the coracoid ( fig 3a and 3b ) . a ridge ( ri ) along the posterior angle of the ventrolateral inflection shows remnants of areas with raised borders enclosing surfaces presumed to be articulation facets for the pectoral fin basal cartilages . the small central facet is completely preserved on the left side ( fig 3b and 3d , pf . ar2 ) , but the lateral and medial surfaces of the ridge have broken off . the medial area shows remnants of a rim shared with the central area , but the lateral area is missing .
the left scapulocoracoid is slightly damaged in the area of the fin articulation but clearly shows two facets for fin radial articulations ( fig 3d and 3e ) . this interpretation is supported by features preserved in the right scapulocoracoid which has a broad triangular facet for the mesial pectoral fin radial attachment ( fig 4b and 4e , pf . ar1 ) clearly visible , as well as a slightly smaller lateral pectoral fin radial facet ( pf . ar2 ) . restorations combining data from both sides show that there was only two fin radial articulations ( fig 3e , fig 4f ) .
( a ) posterior ( b ) medial and ( c ) lateral views . d , close up of posterior face showing articulation area for pectoral fin , e . , interpretation of same area . f , close up of central lateral surface showing diazonal foramen ( df ) . abbreviations : af , articulation facets ; artc , articular crest ; br , break in bone ; cobr , coracobrachialis muscle attachment area ; cohy , coracohyoideus muscle attachment area ; cp , coracoid plate ; df , diazonal foramina ; muscle attachment areas ; flr , mediolateral pectoral retractor muscle attachment area ; pdm , pectoral depressor muscle attachment area ; pla , posterolateral process ; pf . ar1 , 2 , pectoral fin articulation areas 1 and 2 ; pla , posterolateral angle ; pva , posteroventral angle ; ri , ridge ; sup , supinator attachment area .
( a ) lateral ( b ) posterior and ( c ) medial views , with close up of articulatory area for pectoral fin in e , f . d , articulation area for pectoral fin articulation on left scapulocoracoid for comparison . abbreviations as for fig 3 .
the dentition is represented by some 82 individual cladodont - type teeth which show limited morphological variation ; more than half are relatively large ( width at the base–crown junction 1 . 5–2 mm ; figs 5a–5e ; 6a–6f and 6j–6t ) with the others smaller ( all about 1 mm wide ; fig 6g–6i ) . two types of crowns , symmetrical and asymmetrical , were observed among the larger teeth . symmetrical crowns ( fig 6d–6f and 6n–6t ) have a prominent median cusp , standing upright ( in labial view ) or with a slight distal inclination , and only two divergent lateral cusps whose height usually exceeds one - third of the height of the median cusp . no intermediate cusplets are present . in asymmetrical crowns ( figs 5a–5d ; 6a–6c , 6j–6m ) the median cusp is considerably inclined distally ( up to 20 degrees ) , the distal lateral cusp is inclined distally at 45 degrees and the mesial lateral cusp is only slightly inclined mesially . between the median and mesial cusps there is a small intermediate cusplet . the asymmetrical teeth are wider ( mesio - distally ) than the symmetrical ones . the median cusp is up to 2 . 5 mm in height in symmetrical teeth ; in asymmetrical teeth it is relatively shorter and thicker . in all types of teeth it is rounded in cross section , gently curved lingually , but non - sigmoidal . the labial face is ornamented with two to three coarse cristae almost reaching the tip ; the cristae may bifurcate at the basal part . the lingual face is almost smooth , only one or two indistinct cristae extend along the lateral margins . in asymmetrical specimens they are visible near the mesial margin ( fig 6c and 6j ) . the lingual and labial faces are separated with a lateral carina . the shape and ornamentation of the lateral cusps is similar to that of the median cusp .
large tooth wam 09 . 6 . 145–009 in ( a ) lingual , ( b ) labial , ( c ) oral ( d ) aboral views , in natural light . ( e ) sem of tooth wam 09 . 6 . 145–010 , naturally broken near the median surface . ( f , g ) ct - scans of tooth wam 09 . 6 . 145–011 , showing layout of vascular canals , in basal and lingual - lateral views . abbreviations : l - lcl , labio - lingual canals ; ctcl , central canal ; blcl , basolabial canals ; ccl , coronal canals .
( a–c ) wam 09 . 6 . 145–012 in oral , labial , and lingual views . ( d–f ) wam 09 . 6 . 145–013 in labial , basal , and oblique lateral views . ( g–h ) small tooth , wam 09 . 6 . 145–014 , in lingual , and oral views . ( i ) tooth of intermediate size , wam 09 . 6 . 145–015 , in labial view . ( j–m ) wam 09 . 6 . 145–016 in lingual , labial , oral and distal views . ( n–p ) wam 09 . 6 . 145–017 in oral , labial , and lingual views . ( q–t ) wam 09 . 6 . 145–018 in labial , lingual , oral , and lateral views .
at the crown–base interface , on the labial side of all the teeth , is a row of several accessory cusplets . they display various sizes and directions , but generally are slender , sharp and directed orally . in the asymmetrical specimens the largest may exceed the size of the intermediate cusplet . the labial accessory cusplets are vulnerable to abrasion and in most cases they are broken , leaving only the basal parts preserved .
tooth bases of larger teeth are deep , elongated mesio - distally , from elliptical to broadly hexagonal , to trapezoidal in outline , with a lingual extension . a deep depression in the central / labial area of the aboral side is framed by the well developed , labially convex basolabial rim . no clear interlocking devices ( buttons or basolabial projections ) are present , save for a slight orolingual hump , observed in certain , especially small , specimens . the aboral depression and the basolabial rim might have helped in strengthening the connection between the teeth in a tooth file . the base surface , save for the immediate vicinity of the crown on the oral side and the aboral - lingual area , is perforated by numerous canal openings . the largest foramina occur on the orolingual rim and in the aboral depression .
the ct - scans and broken surfaces reveal a network of basal nutritive canals ( fig 5e–5g ) . in the lingual extension of the base there are mainly labio - lingual canals which , in most cases , extend from the orolingual rim to the lingual wall of the aboral depression . these major canals are interconnected by narrower tubes . in the area of the depression ( i . e . below the crown ; called here central canals ) , the directions change to mainly mesio - distal and vertical . and finally , the canals in the basolabial rim are mainly vertical . from the network of central canals , single vascular canals ( coronal canals ) extend into the basal parts of the median and lateral cusps .
the smaller teeth ( fig 6g–6i ) differ from the larger ones not only by the overall size , but also in proportions between the base and crown—in the smaller teeth , in most cases , the base is relatively broader ( see especially fig 6i ) . in contrast to the excellent preservation of many of the larger teeth , most of the recovered smaller teeth have broken cusps . as the teeth were not found in situ , but dispersed around the jaw cartilages , we can only speculate in reconstructing the dentition . it is most probable that the narrow , symmetrical teeth were on the anterior part of the jaw , and the broader , asymmetrical forms were in the lateral tooth families . the smaller teeth are probably juvenile ones , replaced by larger forms , but preserved on the outer side of jaw , as is common among the ctenacanthiforms [ 47 – 49 ] . the occurrence of both symmetrical and asymmetrical forms among the smaller teeth , as well as their broken ( possibly some worn ) cusps , support this view .
tooth bases resemble the “euselachian - type” ( sensu ginter 2005 ) [ 50 ] in having a spongiose structure and numerous labio - lingual canals . the absence of buttons and basolabial projections is a potential synapomorphy with chondrichthyans possessing
euselachian - type
teeth , although the presence of an orolingual hump and basolabial depression suggests that the bases of successive teeth overlapped in similar fashion to those of cladodont chondrichthyans in which buttons and projections are present [ 47 , 49 – 52 ] . the presence of one or two medially situated larger canals in bases of symmetrical teeth ( fig 6p and 6r ) , instead of evenly distributed canals of virtually the same size , possibly represents a stage between the layout in ctenacanthiforms and symmoriiforms , which have median basal canal openings ( lingual and aboral ) which are usually much larger than any other foramina , and
euselachian - type
teeth with evenly distributed canals .
( a ) presumed flank scale wam 09 . 6 . 145–019 , anterocrown view . ( b , c ) presumed flank scale wam 09 . 6 . 145–020 , anterocrown and posterior views . ( d ) presumed flank scale wam 09 . 6 . 145–021 , posterobasal view . ( e , f ) presumed flank scale wam 09 . 6 . 145–022 , posterobasal view and magnification of undersurface of crown denticulation . ( g , h ) very small scale wam 09 . 6 . 145–023 , broken , showing crown view of one half and basal view of the other half . ( i ) abraded umbellate scale wam 09 . 6 . 145–024 , crown view . ( j , k ) pultschuppe or squamae proniae scale wam 09 . 6 . 145–025 , crown and posterior views . ( l ) stellate tessera wam 09 . 6 . 145–026 , crown view . ( m ) probable branchial denticle plate wam 09 . 6 . 145–027 , lateral view . ( n ) vertical transverse section through presumed flank scale wam 09 . 6 . 145–028 . ( o ) oblique vertical section through umbellate scale wam 09 . 6 . 145–029 . ( p , q ) horizontal section through the crown of ? head tessera wam 09 . 6 . 145–030 , whole section and magnification to show spiralfasern structure . scale bars = 0 . 1 mm in all figures except ( p ) , where scale bar = 1 mm .
thin sections show that the scales grew by appositional addition of odontodes laterally and posteriorly ( fig 7n and 7o ) ; shorter , more upright odontodes are added anteriorly . the thin bone bases show several inner growth zones having separate bases , with bases underlying the whole scale formed only in the later growth periods ( fig 7n and 7o ) . each odontode has a relatively wide pulp canal , surrounded and partly infilled by ‘spiralfasern’ , and interconnected by radial and circular canals . the ‘spiralfasern’ structure ( sensu gross ) [ 54 ] , rather than being fibrous , appears to be formed by spiralling rings of atubular dentine which developed centrifugally to partly fill the wide pulp canals . fine branching dentine tubules permeate the outer solid areas of the odontodes . innermost ( oldest ) odontodes have separate ? acellular bone bases , but the youngest growth zones have bases which underlie new and old growth zones . sharpey’s fibres extended through the full - width zones , but not the individual odontode bases . horizontal section of a pultschuppe scale shows centrifugal growth zones ( fig 7p and 7q ) .
the endoskeletal elements are formed of mineralized tessellated cartilage ( fig 8 ) that varies in thickness , corresponding to the number of layers of tesserae . the meckel’s cartilages , scapulocoracoids and the median ventral section of the basibranchial unit have two layers , whereas the gill - arch cartilages and the articulatory block on the scapulocoracoid are finer , with mostly one but rarely two layers . thin sections of loose cartilage fragments ( fig 8b and 8c ) show a structure similar to typical shark tessellated calcified cartilage , with subpolygonal tesserae showing rings and waves of liesegang [ 55 ] . however , rather than having fibrous connections between the tesserae as found in modern sharks [ 56 ] , the tesserae are mostly surrounded by a matrix incorporating elongate lacunae , some with fine processes extending from them ( fig 8c ) . ct scans ( fig 9h ) show the varying thickness of the cartilage in different areas of the endoskeletal elements ( fig 8d ) .
the morphology of the teeth is unique among the devonian chondrichthyes , showing a mix of features found in several shark groups . the crown is somewhat similar , mostly in the proportions of the cusps , to that of ctenacanthus concinnus [ 64 ] and cladodoides wildungensis [ 65 , 66 ] , but the median cusps of the latter two are labially flattened whereas in gogoselache lynbeazleyae they are biconvex . the asymmetry in devonian ctenacanthids , albeit common , is never advanced to a point of occurrence of an intermediate cusplet only on one side . moreover , the tooth base in ctenacanthids is provided with a distinct orolingual button and a straight , shelf - like basolabial projection , which are missing in g . lynbeazleyae teeth .
( a–c ) arduodens flammeus hairapetian & ginter , 2009 , from chahriseh , aeu 610 , in lingual , aboral , and lateral views . ( d–g ) deihim mansureae ginter , hairapetian and klug , 2002 . ( d , e ) holotype , igpuw / ps / 5 / 1 , from hutk , in oral and lateral views . ( f , g ) putative anterior tooth , aeu 239 , from hodjedk , in labial and oral views . scale bar = 0 . 5 mm .
based on isolated teeth from the famennian of iran , ginter et al . [ 45 ] proposed a strong heterodonty within the dentition of d . mansureae . most of the specimens attributed to that species are various forms of crushing teeth . only two specimens can be considered as clutching teeth , and these were tentatively included in d . mansureae because of the structure of the base and the presence of labial accessory cusplets . it was suggested [ 45 ] that the teeth were from the anterior tooth families and the whole dentition functioned in a way similar to modern heterodontus , with a few minute anterior clutching teeth and a large lateral and posterolateral crushing apparatus ( [ 68 ] fig24c ) . however , the reconstructed whole dentitions of g . lynbeazleyae and d . mansureae were completely different , with a total absence of crushing teeth associated with wam 09 . 6 . 145 . therefore , we consider g . lynbeazleyae and d . mansureae to belong to separate , albeit probably related , genera .
a single tooth from the upper devonian of the canning basin , western australia , emerikodus ektrapelus [ 69 ] bears some similarity to the new form . the preservation of the tooth is not very good , but the form of the main parts of the crown and base are quite similar to those of g . lynbeazleyae . however emerikodus displays one very unusual feature : the row of accessory cusplets is apparently situated on the lingual , and not labial , side of the crown .
the presumed normal body scales of gogoselache lynbeazleyae appear intermediate between the ‘cladodont’ type sensu gross [ 53 ] and the ctenacanthid type sensu reif [ 70 ] . the ‘cladodont’ scale category was based on isolated scales from the middle devonian ohio bonebeds [ 54 , 71 ] and the upper devonian of iowa , rhineland and harz [ 54 ] . the scales are characterized by having a base formed of lamellar bone layers penetrated by sharpey ' s fibres , and a crown plate comprising circular or semicircular zones of odontodes ; growth was by addition to the margin of the scale crown and a new ( cellular or acellular ) bone layer under the whole base .
several occurrences of ctenacanthid and cladodont type scales have been reported from eastern and western australian middle to late devonian microvertebrate assemblages [ 72 – 74 ] . other rich assemblages from the ? upper givetian aztec siltstone at mt crean , antarctica include ctenacanthid - type scales similar to those of gogoselache , that are most likely from antarctilamna prisca [ 75 ] . the acanthodian and chondrichthyan microremains in the mt crean assemblage [ 76 ] show a marked similarity to early frasnian faunas from iran [ 77 ] .
comparing gogoselache scales with those of older taxa , the flank scales with their concave bases and polyodontode crowns resemble those of leonodus mader from the lochkovian of northern spain [ 78 ] . doliodus problematicus from the early emsian of new brunswick , canada [ 15 ] , and antarctilamna prisca young from the givetian of antarctica [ 75 ] . unlike gogoselache , all of these taxa have diplodont teeth , indicating that the scale form is probably ancestral to both shark lineages determined by tooth morphology .
the structure of the calcified cartilage in the endoskeleton of gogoselache is of interest as an apparent transitional form between gcc and pcc . ct scans and thin sections show a calcified tissue forming the outer shell of endoskeletal elements , more derived than the simple calcified cartilage comprising separate globules found in osteostracan agnathans [ 55 ] , acanthodians [ 79 ] and some stem chondrichthyans ( fig 9a and 9b ) . placoderms differ from other gnathostomes in having perichondral bone plus globular ( gcc ) and / or uncalcified cartilage forming their endoskeleton ( fig 9c and 9d ) in instances where such elements are preserved at all [ 53 , 73 , 80 ] .
we would like to thank field team members of the 2005 gogo expedition , l . hatcher , m . nossal , b . choo and m . karkeek ; and r . f . miller ( nbmg ) for image of doliodus calcified cartilage . we thank giar - ann hung for assistance with the sem photography at la county museum of natural history . dr adam summers , university of washington , provided helpful discussion on the cartilage histology . this work is a contribution to igcp 596 .
conceived and designed the experiments : jal cjb jgm mic mg kmt gcy tjs . performed the experiments : jal mic tjs gcy jgm . analyzed the data : jal kmt cjb tjs gcy jgm mic mg . wrote the paper : jal cjb mg jgm mic . collection and preparation of the specimen : jal .
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sharks are one of the oldest and least changed of all the living back - boned jawed creatures . but because their skeletons are made of cartilage much of their early fossil record is poor .
cartilage is a rubbery tissue that forms the framework for bones to ossify ( harden ) upon . it’s why babies have rubbery legs when they begin to walk , as the bones haven’t fully ossified around the cartilage cores . our ears and noses have cartilage frameworks too , which lack bone , but still support the soft structures we hear and smell with .


the pearly-breasted cuckoo ( coccyzus euleri ) is a species of cuckoo in the family cuculidae .

it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , paraguay , suriname , peru and venezuela .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.it does not occur above an elevation of 2000 meters .

it can easily be confused with the yellow-billed cuckoo .

the status and even the general distribution of this scarce cuckoo remain very poorly understood .

this cuckoo is hunted .

pearly - breasted cuckoo

pearly - breasted cuckoo is a widespread species of the lowlands of eastern tropical south america . pearly - breasted cuckoo is a slim , long - tailed bird , largely brown above and pearly white below with a black and yellow bill . it is found in a variety of forest habitats from sea level up to 2000 meters in elevation . unlike some other cuckoo species , pearly - breasted cuckoo is not reported to be a nest parasite .
coccyzus euleri pearly - breasted cuckoo 1 ( fpave760re ) song , recorded santa ines , departamento itapúa ( myriam velázquez november 2001 ) . 2 ( fpave761re ) variant song , recorded kaaguy rorry , departamento caaguazú ( myriam velázquez november 2002 ) .
claessens , o . , brammer , f . p . , deville , t . & renaudier , a . ( 2011 ) . first documented records of pearly - breasted cuckoo coccyzus euleri for french guiana , and an overlooked specimen from ecuador . bull . brit . ornith . club 131 : 128 - 133 .
pearly - breasted cuckoo coccyzus euleri lacking the rufous patch in the wings which separate it from the superficially similar yellow - billed cuckoo , this species is a denizen of the high canopy of lush humid forest where it can be easy enough to hear , but extremely difficult to see . a migrant , they visit paraguay to breed , singing on arrival and giving birders a short window of opportunity to catch a glimpse . click on the images to enlarge them .
payne , r . ( 2018 ) . pearly - breasted cuckoo ( coccyzus euleri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
28 cm ; 61 g . adult uniform earth - brown above , light pearly - grey below , centre of belly whitish , long tail blackish with white tips , no rufous on wing , inner webs of primaries . . .
edge of mangrove . it came in to playback of xc72107 but i only got a brief glimpse of it when it was less than 50 m away and flew away in response to playback of its own call . may seem way out - of - range but there are actually a few other records in western ecuador . one was seen in late march a few years ago a bit north of this site and a juvenile male has been collected a bit south of this site . so a singing bird that responds to playback in june seems to fit in quite well . are they maybe breeding in northwest ecuador ? ? ? it is very similar to yellow - billed cuckoo but a singing bird , heard for over an hour , in early june would seem very unlikely .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : coccyzus euleri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
alarm call ? male of a nesting couple . forest on white sand near the coast .
natural vocalizations ; song from one of a pair of birds in dense primary forest at the edge of a more exposed rocky hill .
natural vocalizations ; one song type from one of a pair , and then another from the other of the pair . neither of these are the same bird as in xc115393 .
natural vocalization ; song from a single bird perched on top of a tall tree in fairly open and dry forest on an exposed rocky hilltop above more humid primary forest . this recording represents the first documentation of this species at cristalino .
response to playback from a bird perched about 20m up in temperate forest subcanopy , having just caught a large orthopteran . photos :
response to playback from a bird ( same as last cut ) perched about 20m up in temperate forest subcanopy , having just caught a large orthopteran . photos :
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
species formerly referred to as c . julieni , but that name was officially suppressed # r . has been considered conspecific with c . americanus # r . monotypic .
panama , n & e colombia , venezuela and the guianas through amazonia to se brazil ( mato grosso , paraná , são paulo , rio de janeiro ) and s to ne bolivia , e paraguay and ne argentina ( misiones ) . distribution patterns and movements unclear , but may be only winter visitor to e colombia , venezuela ( r orinoco ) , the guianas and most of brazil # r # r .
slow series of “kuoup” notes , 1 / sec ; also short rattle followed by 4–9 accented . . .
tropical lowland evergreen forest , gallery forest , secondary forest ; sandy woodland , scrub . sea - . . .
very little known . breeding record in oct in roraima ( n brazil ) . a nest in panama was a loose platform of dry sticks c . 3 m above the . . .
an austral migrant . known to be present on breeding grounds during the austral summer , and in the . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . generally rare ; only 3 records in surinam , where it is thought to be a migrant , and uncommon in brazil , where it breeds s of the . . .
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incorporates west indian genera saurothera and hyetornis , which were found in a recent molecular analysis to be embedded within coccyzus # r .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
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figure 1 - ( fpave4079ph ) adult , mbaracayú biosphere reserve , departamento canindeyú ( paul smith september 2014 ) . figure 2 - ( fpave4080ph ) same individual as ( fpave4079ph ) ( paul smith september 2014 ) . video - ( fpave4081vi ) same individual as ( fpave4079ph ) singing ( paul smith september 2014 ) .
designed by paul smith 2006 . this website is copyrighted by law . material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay . material on this page was provided by paul smith and myriam velázquez and is used with permission .
two birds nesting at the rio mono bridge in panama . slow motion added to aid in examining the lack of primary wing coloration .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' rare ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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eupithecia gigantea is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found in the russian far east , japan and korea .

the wingspan is about 27 mm .

the ground colour of the wings is greyish .

the larvae feed within the cones of pinus strobus and abies sachalinensis .

eupithecia gigantea

ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
host plants : the caterpillar lives on silene species . in samos , i found many caterpillars along with moths of hadena laudeti on silene gigantea in early may 2009 .
habitat : eupithecia schiefereri inhabits warm and dry habitats , often steppe - like slopes and woodland edges with single rocks or embankments .
remarks : eupithecia schiefereri is spread from north africa across central spain , southern france , the central and southern alps , italy and the southern balkans to the eastern turkey and northern iran . it also occurs on many greek islands ( samos , rhodes , crete , etc . ) .
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life cycle : the pupa hibernates . when breeding a larva from samos from may 2009 the moth emerged not until spring 2011 , so that a partial multiple hibernation occurs . the moths fly rather early from april to june , at high altitudes ( alps up to 2000m ) even later . the caterpillars are found from may to september open on the plant . in the lowlands , may and june are the main larval time .
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photo , and identified by : irina nikulina . image without retouching at the website
date and time , location shooting / catching : 2015 - 07 - 05 23 : 10 : 00 , russia , primorskiy krai , partizanskiy distr . , tigrovoje
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
date and time , location shooting / catching : 2016 - 07 - 10 02 : 25 : 00 , russia , primorskiy krai , shkotovskiy distr . , anisimovka
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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