the glossy black cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami ) , is the smallest member of the subfamily calyptorhynchinae found in eastern australia .

adult glossy black cockatoos may reach 50 cm ( 19.5 in ) in length .

they are sexually dimorphic .

males are blackish brown , except for their prominent red tail bands ; the females are dark brownish with some yellow spotting .

three subspecies are recognised .

glossy black cockatoo

the glossy black - cockatoo is a brownish black colour with a small crest .
ensure a viable breeding population of the glossy black - cockatoo persists in south australia .
shift the status of the glossy black - cockatoo from endangered to vulnerable by 2030 .
residents in the nsw southern highlands are working to save the threatened glossy black - cockatoo .
glossy black cockatoo recovery program ( no date ) . unpublished reports to the sa glossy black - cockatoo recovery team 1995 - 2004 . kingscote , south australia department of environment and heritage .
scientific name : calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus common name : glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) other names : at the species level , the glossy black - cockatoo has also been known , in the past , as the casuarina , casuarine , glossy or latham ' s cockatoo , leach ' s black - cockatoo , leach ' s red - tailed cockatoo , and the nutcracker ( higgins 1999 ) . the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) is considered to be a conventionally accepted subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo ( c . lathami ) ( schodde et al . 1993 ) .
now extinct on mainland australia , the endangered glossy black - cockatoo has its last refuge on kangaroo island .
mooney , p . a . and pedler , l . p . sa glossy black - cockatoo recovery team
little corellas are culled if they stray into the vicinity of glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) nest sites .
despite its name , the glossy black cockatoo is not glossy . it is a dull brown - black colour with a red tail panel . females have yellow markings on the head and neck .
expand the current distribution of the glossy black - cockatoo to include its former range on mainland australia , on the fleurieu peninsula .
similar to other cockatoo species , glossy black - cockatoos also show playful behaviour , like the male bird in the photo below .
joseph , l . ( 1982 ) . the glossy black - cockatoo on kangaroo island . emu . 82 : 46 - - 49 .
the glossy black - cockatoo may be confused with the red - tailed black - cockatoo , c . banksii , but can be distinguished by having more brownish - black plumage on head , neck and underbody , and dull black body plumage instead of uniformly glossy black plumage . adult females have much more yellow on head , but lack the yellow spotting over the whole body characteristic of female ( and immature ) red - tailed black - cockatoos . both sexes of the glossy black - cockatoo have a much less conspicuous head crest and a shorter , broader , more bulbous bill . smaller size , less strident contact calls and a marked preference for casuarina habitat further distinguishes the glossy from the red - tailed black - cockatoo .
the red - tailed black - cockatoo is mostly glossy black and has an erectile crest which forms an obvious helmet when raised and pushed forward . the male is glossy black with bright red panels in its tail . the female has generally duller plumage and has yellow spots on head , neck and wings . her underbody is barred a pale orange - yellow and her tail has orange - yellow panels , barred black . this cockatoo is also called the banksian , black , great - billed or red - tailed cockatoo or banks ' black - cockatoo .
rabbit grazing prevented regeneration of sheoaks from the seedbank . with no food for survival , the glossy black - cockatoo disappeared from mainland south australia .
in the past 30 years , new conservation reserves have been established for the specific protection of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) .
lateral view of a female glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of c . hayne ) [ gwydir watercourse wetlands , nsw , april 2014 ]
frontal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo feeding on the seeds of a casuarina [ mt . archer np , qld , july 2009 ]
compared with red - tailed black - cockatoos , glossy black - cockatoos have a much less pronounced crest and have smaller red tail panels .
the friends of the glossies is a volunteer group established in 2012 to support the on - ground works of the glossy black - cockatoo recovery program .
lateral view of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ nerang np , qld , october 2013 ]
the glossy black - cockatoo , ( calyptorhynchus lathami ) is a threatened species under state government legislation , and is is one of australia’s rarest cockatoos .
baird , r . f . ( 1986 ) . historical records of the glossy black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus lathami and the red - tailed black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus magnificus in south - eastern australia . south australian ornithologist . 30 : 38 - - 45 .
studies have been conducted on the biology and ecology of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) and on its primary food source , drooping sheoak .
southgate , r . ( 2002 ) . population viability analysis for the south australian glossy black - cockatoo . department for environment and heritage , south australia .
the trees were also handed out with guards and canes , instructions on how to plant and help them along and report back glossy black - cockatoo sightings .
joseph , l . ( 1989b ) . the glossy black - cockatoo in the south mount lofty ranges . south australian ornithologist . 30 : 202 - 204 .
frontal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , near gilgandra , nsw , september 2013 ]
near - frontal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ nerang np , qld , october 2013 ]
lateral view of a female glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , near gilgandra , nsw , july 2014 ]
lateral view of a female glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
and the listing of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) under the epbc act 1999 ( garnett et al . 2000 ; mooney & pedler 2005 ) .
survey and monitor the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) population by conducting annual surveys of population size and survivorship and investigating all reported sightings of the subspecies .
pepper , j . w . ( 1993 ) . a new food source for the glossy black - cockatoo . south australian ornithologist . 31 : 144 - 145 .
threatened species - south australian glossy black - cockatoo - a gradual recovery ( south australian department for environment and heritage ( sa deh ) , 2009d ) [ internet ] .
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) should also benefit from the recent development of a threat abatement plan for psittacine beak and feather disease ( deh 2005q ) .
near - dorsal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , near gilgandra , nsw , september 2013 ]
near - frontal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
lateral view of a juvenile or immature glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
dorsal view of an immature or juvenile glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
the potential for land clearance to affect the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) has been greatly reduced in the last 30 years . this has been achieved through the :
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) has been the subject of at least two recovery plans ( garnett et al . 2000 ) , including the current recovery plan for the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) : 20052010 ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) . in addition , the action plan for australian birds
close - up lateral portrait of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , near gilgandra , nsw , august 2016 ]
frontal view of a female glossy black - cockatoo clambering up a casuarina ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , gilgandra , nsw , august 2016 ]
lateral view of a juvenile glossy black - cockatoo begging for food ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) population has been actively and intensively managed for more than a decade . the following recovery actions have been implemented to benefit the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; garnett et al . 2000 ; p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; mooney & pedler 2005 ) :
burbidge , a . & j . raines ( 2003 ) . south australian glossy black - cockatoo recovery program review 2003 . department for environment and heritage , kingscote , south australia .
cleland , j . b . & e . b . sims ( 1968 ) . food of the glossy black - cockatoo . south australian ornithologist . 25 : 47 - 52 .
red - tailed black cockatoo on a tree photographer : a . d . , m . c . trounson © australian museum
pepper , j . w . ( 2000 ) . foraging ecology of the south ausralian glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) . austral ecology . 25 : 16 - 24 .
close - up view of a glossy black - cockatoo cracking a casuarina seed cone ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , gilgandra , nsw , august 2016 ]
while a small project , focused on a small creature , the saving of the glossy black - cockatoo is part of the state government ' s $ 100 million saving our species plan .
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) breeds from late summer to spring , with eggs laid from january to july . it nests in hollows in the trunks and upper limbs of tall
near - frontal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo , now seen preening ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
the animal they are hoping to save is the glossy black - cockatoo , a vulnerable species for new south wales , which has been heavily affected by habitat loss in the past few years .
bebbington , l . ( 1990 ) . field observations of glossy black cockatoos . south australian ornithologist . 31 : 54 .
a program has been introduced to control honey bee swarms in areas used by the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) for nesting . to date , this program has achieved only limited success .
frontal view of a male ( see solid red tail patches ) glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
while preening , this male glossy black - cockatoo clearly displays its solid red tail panels ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
glossy black - cockatoos are found most easily at dams or waterholes around sunset in forests and woodland with significant numbers of casuarinas .
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) is not specifically listed under any international agreements . however , at the species level , the glossy black - cockatoo ( c . lathami ) is listed along with other species of psittaciformes under appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) ( cites 2006 ) . this listing protects the kangaroo island subspecies .
garnett , s . t . , l . p . pedler & g . m . crowley ( 1996 ) . census of the glossy black - cockatoo on kangaroo island 19 - 26th september 1996 .
pepper , j . w . ( 1996 ) . the behavioural ecology of the glossy black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus . ph . d . thesis . university of michigan , ann arbor , usa .
pepper , j . w . ( 1997 ) . a survey of the south australian glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) and its habitat . wildlife research . 24 : 209 - 223 .
if you see black cockatoos with red tail markings in a group of only a few , it is likely that you are looking at glossy black - cockatoos . if they come in a big flock , they are likely red - tailed black - cockatoos .
two male glossy black - cockatoos ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ nerang np , qld , october 2013 ]
the glossy black - cockatoo ( gbc ) recovery program is one of australia’s leading examples of how good governance , strategic planning , community commitment and appropriate resources can effectively reverse the decline of a critically endangered species .
main threats to this cockatoo are habitat modification and clearing for agriculture or forestry .
glossy black - cockatoos , race
lathami
, are found in various places around narrabri , nsw , especially in areas with casuarinas .
46–50 cm ; c . 450 g ; female smaller . smallest black cockatoo , which , together with lack of a distinctive crest distinguishes present species from
c . hayne reports that glossy black - cockatoos , race
lathami
, are occasionally seen in the area of moree , nsw . in april 2014 a pair of glossy black - cockatoos was spotted in the gwydir wetlands , about 70 km north - west of moree , nsw .
on - going liaison has been established with local , state and federal government agencies to promote the protection of glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) habitat , to facilitate appropriate planning outcomes and to ensure compliance with existing legislation .
there have been a number of major studies on the distribution , morphology , habitat , social organization and behaviour , foraging ecology and breeding biology of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) . these include studies conducted by :
recovery plan for the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) : 2005 - 2010 ( mooney , p . a . & l . p . pedler , 2005a ) [ state recovery plan ] .
crowley , g . , s . garnett & s . carruthers ( 1998 ) . mapping and spatial analysis of existing and potential glossy black - cockatoo habitat on kangaroo island . department for environment and heritage , kingscote , south australia .
schodde , r . i . j . mason & j . t . wood ( 1993 ) . geographical differentiation in the glossy black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus lathami ( temminck ) and its history . emu . 93 : 156 - 166 .
m . windeyer reports that glossy black - cockatoos , race
lathami
, are regularly found in the gilgandra flora reserve , near gilgandra , nsw .
drooping sheoak trees proved to be a highly valuable resource for early settlers . as a prized source of firewood , and of stock feed during droughts , drooping sheoaks were selectively cleared across the south australian landscape , destroying habitat for the glossy black‑cockatoo .
immature male glossy black - cockatoo chewing on a casuarina seed ; note the size and strength of the bill , enabling them to crack these hard seeds ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ nerang np , qld , october 2013 ]
a . ross - taylor reports spotting glossy black - cockatoos , race
lathami
, at nerang np , gold coast , qld , in october 2013 .
[ the glossy black - cockatoos ] nest in tree hollows and we need those old growth forests for their nesting sites as well ,
she said .
chapman , t . f . & d . c . paton ( 2006 ) . aspects of drooping sheoaks ( allocasuarina verticillata ) that influence glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) foraging on kangaroo island . emu . 106 : 163 - 168 .
please contact natural resources kangaroo island to discuss sponsorship opportunities and to tailor your offer to suit your needs and budget . all donations receive a tax deductible receipt from our partnering organisation nature foundation sa . download the glossy black - cockatoo prospectus to find out more .
garnett , s . t . , l . p . pedler & g . m . crowley ( 1999 ) . the breeding biology of the glossy black - cockatoo calytorhynchus lathami on kangaroo island , south australia . emu . 99 : 262 - - 279 .
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) is a rare bird that currently does not occur in captivity . it may , therefore , be a desirable acquisition for some aviculturists . there is no evidence that the removal of eggs or nestlings has had an impact on the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) population , but the high public profile of the subspecies and its recovery effort , and the accessibility of the population , indicate that there is some potential for nest - robbing to occur ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) .
chapman , t . f . & d . c . paton ( 2005 ) . the glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) spends little time and energy foraging on kangaroo island , south australia . australian journal of zoology . 53 : 177 - 183 .
like basically all cockatoos , glossy black - cockatoos are seed - eaters . they have a strong preference for the cones of casuarinas (
she - oaks
) .
it was such a success that they are propagating a further 700 black sheoaks .
the glossy black - cockatoo is highly dependent on the distribution of allocasuarina species and is found in woodland dominated by allocasuarina and in open forests where it forms a substantial middle layer . often confined to remnant allocasuarina patches surrounded by cleared farmlands . requires tree hollows for breeding .
schodde , r . , mason , i . j . & wood , j . t . 1993 ,
geographical differentiation in the glossy black cockatoo calytorhynchus lathami ( temminck ) , and its history
, the emu , vol . 93 , pp . 156 - 166
chapman , t . f . ( 2005 ) . cone production by the drooping sheoak allocasuarina verticillata and the feeding ecology of the glossy black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus on kangaroo island . ph . d . m . sc . thesis . thesis , university of adelaide .
dorsal view of an immature or juvenile glossy black - cockatoo ; while trying to get a solid foothold , it is displaying prominently its barred bright - red tail panels ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]
the mt lofty ranges have been extensively cleared for grazing and dryland agriculture . the ranges are a centre for declining woodland birds , such as the endangered southern emu - wren and the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo . their survival depends on native vegetation remnants .
similarly , glossy black cockatoo numbers on kangaroo island in south australia have doubled within 15 years from around 150 birds in 1995 . the population boost was due to conservationists putting collars on nesting trees , which stopped the brush - tailed possum from raiding the nests for eggs and chicks .
a group of 7 glossy black - cockatoos , race
lathami
, was spotted by us in the goonoo np , between dubbo and mendooran , nsw , in october 2015 .
j . greaves reports spotting a small family clan of glossy black - cockatoos , race
halmaturinus
, at lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , in march 2016 .
seven - hundred more black sheoaks will be handed out in february 2017 in bundanoon .
the glossy black - cockatoo is widespread in eastern australia from eungella , queensland south to east gippland , victoria , and inland from southern central queensland through the central west of new south wales to north - eastern victoria . there is also an isolated population on kangaroo island , south australia .
conserve glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) habitat by ; liaising with local government and private landholders ; identifying and monitoring the status of suitable habitat ; promoting and monitoring the success of revegetation schemes ; and managing existing habitat , with special consideration to limiting the potential impact of wildfire .
the glossy black - cockatoo is the smallest of the five black - cockatoos . it has a brown - black head , neck and underparts , with red or orange - red tail panels and an otherwise dull black body . the crest is small and inconspicuous and the bill is broad and bulbous . adult females have extensive yellow patches on the head and neck and the tail panels tend to be more orange - red with black bars , but may become less barred and more red with age . some adult males have a few yellow feathers on the head and the males ' tail panels tend to be bright red . young birds resemble adult males but have yellow spotted or streaked breasts , bellies and flanks , with some yellow spots on cheeks and sides of head . glossy black - cockatoos are strongly associated with casuarina stands in wet forests .
the life expectancy of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) is not known . however , the longevity is likely to exceed 15 years ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) and , based on other species of psittacines in captivity , could possibly extend to 50 years or more ( hill 1954 ) .
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) can reach sexual maturity at two years of age . however , most females do not begin breeding until they are three or more years of age , and males may not begin breeding until five years of age ( mooney & pedler 2005 ; pedler 2003 ) .
the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo requires high quality drooping sheoak ( allocasuarina verticillata ) woodland for foraging , and large hollow bearing eucalypts for roosting and nesting habitat . nest failure rate in unprotected nests is high , principally as a result of predation by common brushtail possums ( trichosurus vulpecula ) .
crowley , g . m . , s . t . garnett & l . p . pedler ( 1999 ) . assessment of the role of captive breeding and translocation in the recovery of the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus . birds australia report . 5 : 1 - 35 .
crowley , g . m . & s . t . garnett ( 2001 ) . food value and tree selection by glossy black - cockatoos calyptorhynchus lathami . austral ecology . 26 : 116 - 126 .
male red - tails have glossy black plumage with stunning , bright red tail panels . females are quite different but equally spectacular – they are one of the most brightly marked subspecies of red - tail .
a newsletter is published biannually and distributed widely on kangaroo island and to several hundred recipients on mainland australia and elsewhere . articles on the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) have appeared regularly in local kangaroo island media and in australian birding magazines and newsletters . there have also been media interviews with participants in the recovery effort .
the south - eastern red - tailed black - cockatoo is listed as ‘endangered’ under the comm - onwealth environmental protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) , and is also listed threatened in south australia and victoria .
the recovery program for the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) relies heavily on the support of the local community and volunteers , who participate in fund - raising , population and nest monitoring , and revegetation programs . this involvement must continue if the current scope of the recovery effort is to be maintained ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) .
the clutch of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) consists of a single white egg ( mathews 19161917 ) . the egg is incubated by the female for a period of about 3031 days . the female may lay up to three clutches in a single season if the initial breeding attempts are unsuccessful ( garnett et al . 1999 ) .
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) inhabits woodlands that are dominated by drooping sheoak ( allocasuarina verticillata ) and often interspersed with taller stands of sugar gum ( eucalyptus cladocalyx ) . these woodlands occur in small gullies adjacent to cleared land in coastal and sub - coastal areas , generally on shallow acidic soils on the steep and rocky slopes of gorges and valleys , along inland creek and river systems ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; joseph 1982 ; mooney & pedler 2005 ; pepper 1996 , 1997 ) . though most activity is confined to drooping sheoak and sugar gum , the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) occasionally utilises other tree species , including blue gum ( eucalyptus leucoxylon ) , manna gum ( e . viminalis ) for breeding and slaty sheoak ( allocasuarina muelleriana ) for foraging ( joseph 1982 ; p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; pepper 1993 , 1996 ) . the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) does not occur in any of the threatened ecological communities , nor is it associated with any other threatened species , listed under the epbc act .
the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo ( gbc ) ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) has disappeared from the south australian mainland and is currently restricted to kangaroo island . it is listed as endangered under the australian government ' s environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 . the current population is estimated at 290 - 300 birds , including approximately 200 mature individuals .
over - grazing pressure , changed fire regimes and habitat fragmentation have the potential to affect these landscapes and threaten the viability of species such as carnaby ' s black - cockatoo , the chuditch ( or western quoll ) and brush - tailed phascogale .
maintain and facilitate community awareness about the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) and its plight , and encourage community participation in the recovery effort . this can be achieved through the publication of a biannual newsletter ; presentations to the public ; exposure in the media ; coverage in environmental and ornithological publications ; and the involvement of volunteers in various aspects of the recovery effort .
noisy squawks or creaky calls ; wheezy call - notes . quieter and less raucous than other black - cockatoos .
the seed gathering for the black sheoaks began in february , and a tree handout was held earlier this month .
glossy black - cockatoos ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) have a highly specialised diet , the seeds of the drooping sheoak ( allocasuarina verticillata ) . these trees once covered the hills of the fleurieu peninsula , southern mt lofty ranges and eyre peninsula .
psittacine beak and feather disease is an infectious and potentially fatal disease that is common in australian parrots . it can cause extremely high mortality rates amongst nestlings , and could potentially have a catastrophic effect on the small extant population of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) . symptoms of the disease have been recorded in the glossy black - cockatoo ( deh 2005q ) , but it is not known if any of the infected birds were from kangaroo island . however , it is possible that the disease may have been introduced , or could be introduced in future , to kangaroo island by galahs and little corellas , both of which are common species that have recently arrived on the island , and that are known to carry the disease ( deh 2005q ) .
this volunteer group is ready to mobilise and undertake new citizen science projects to aid recovery and to protect and expand glossy habitat .
chapman , t . f . & d . c . paton ( 2002 ) . factors influencing the production of seeds by allocasuarina verticillata and the foraging behaviour of glossy - black cockatoos on kangaroo island . unpublished report to wildlife conservation fund , canberra .
glossy black - cockatoos can be found in various types of forest , often open , sometimes also denser . they have a strong preference for the seeds of casuarina trees and are therefore often found around such trees , especially if they have mature cones .
conservation works and it doesn ' t cost the earth ,
she said .
it ' s probably likely that we will be able to down - list [ the status of glossy black cockatoos ] at the next assessment in 2020 .
glossy black - cockatoos , although not much smaller than other species of black - cockatoos , are the smallest black - cockatoos in australia . their plumage is dimorphic , i . e . males and females are slightly different . while the body of both sexes is near - black dark - brown , the head of males is all dark - brown , whereas the head of females is brown with irregular yellow blotches . the head plumage of both sexes can show quite some colour variation . males have two solid - red panels on their undertail , females have two barred red panels , with a colour gradient from orange to red . bill , legs and feet are grey , the irises are dark . juvenile and immature glossy black - cockatoos have plumage similar to adult males , but with small specks , while their tail panels are like those of females .
red - tailed black - cockatoo generally feed in flocks but sometimes in twos or threes . they mainly eat seeds but also fruit , berries , nectar , flowers and sometimes insects and larvae . seeds especially favoured are those of eucalypts , casuarinas , acacias and banksias .
in july 2009 glossy black - cockatoos , race
erebus
, were seen by us in two locations in qld , namely at mt . archer np , east of rockhampton , qld , and on the eastern outskirts of kroombit tops np , qld .
the glossy black - cockatoo recovery program is advised by the gbc recovery team , comprising ecological experts , wildlife specialists , community stakeholders and land managers . the recovery team brings a wealth of strategic , technical and local knowledge and experience to the program . all recovery program activities are guided by the gbc recovery plan , a strategic document that describes the objectives , strategies and performance targets of the recovery program .
glossy black - cockatoos , race
lathami
, were first found by us in jack ' s creek state forest ( 20 km south of narrabri ) in 2003 , other parts of the pilliga scrub and also about 20 - 30 km west of narrabri .
a $ 72 , 500 sponsorship boost from kangaroo island plantation timbers has provided a last - minute lifeline for the gbc recovery program after the timber company committed to support the program for the 2017 - 18 financial year . this funding will allow the program’s recovery team to continue to protect the endangered bird , its breeding places and feeding habitat . read the full media article glossy black - cockatoo recovery program saved by sponsorship .
the red - tailed black - cockatoo is found in a range of environments , but it is found mostly in eucalyptus forests or woodlands and often in adjacent areas of woodlands or shrublands , especially if they have experienced fire recently . it can also be found in grasslands and farmlands .
rowley , i . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
garnett , s . t . , g . m . crowley , l . p . pedler , w . prime , k . l . twyford & a . maguire ( 2000 ) . non - current superseded glossy black - cockatoo recovery plan ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) , south australian subspecies , 1999 - 2003 . npw sa , department for environment and heritage . in effect under the epbc act from 09 - mar - 2001 .
contrary to other birds eating cones of conifers , glossy black - cockatoos do not crack casuarina (
she - oak
) cones to extract the seeds , but instead eat the whole lot . below a close look at such a cone , which is about 10 mm long .
the glossy black - cockatoo feeds almost exclusively on allocasuarina seeds : in a particular area , birds may feed only on a single species . it may also sometimes eat wood - boring larvae . feeds in threes , less commonly in pairs or small groups or in large flocks of up to 60 birds . tame and easily approached when feeding , they can be detected by the clicking of their bills and the falling debris of casuarina cones and twigs .
this is the first cockatoo to be illustrated by sydney parkinson , joseph banks ' draughtsman on the endeavour , while the endeavour was being repaired in the endeavour river .
the glossy black - cockatoo mates for life , with pairs maintaining their bond all year round . the female prepares the nest hollow and incubates the eggs , only leaving the nest to feed herself after the newly hatched nestling is a week old . males feed the female and nestling throughout the incubation and brooding period . once fledged , the young bird is fed by both parents for up to four months and remains with them until the next breeding season .
the nesting success of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) has been monitored since 1995 . nesting success ( the proportion of nesting attempts that are successful ) has increased from 18 % in 1995 to a mean of 51 % for the years 19972004 . this increase in nesting success has been attributed to the introduction of management and recovery measures ( e . g . the application of iron collars around tree trunks ) to protect nests from brushtail possums (
the small population size and limited geographic range of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) increases the potential for inbreeding . inbreeding could lower the genetic diversity , fertility and health of the population , and reduce the ability of the birds to adapt to changes in their environment . research is needed to determine if any inbreeding occurs , and to ensure that the genetic diversity of the population is maintained at a sufficient level ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) .
mooney , p . a . & l . p . pedler ( 2005 ) . non - current recovery plan for the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) : 2005 - 2010 . adelaide , south australian department for environment and heritage . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 21 - oct - 2005 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - apr - 2016 .
when courting a female , the male glossy black - cockatoo intonates a monotonous song reminiscent ( to humans ) of a car alarm . upon the last intonation of the refrain , which increases in volume , the male bows and displays his crest and the red patches on the underside of its tail to the female ( see photo ) . after a few seconds , and possibly after a move to a more advantageous point , the whole routine starts all over .
( except the species included in appendix i . a zero annual export quota has been established for live specimens from the black sea population of
glossy black - cockatoos are endemic to the australian continent . there are three races of glossy black - cockatoos . nominate race
lathami
is found along the coastal strip from about the nsw / vic border in the south to the south - eastern corner of qld . they also live in the hills of the great dividing range behind these coastal areas , into parts of the murray - darling basin . in a roughly triangular area in qld , with bundaberg , moranbah and roma as its corners , race
erebus
is found . race
halmaturinus
is found only on kangaroo island .
it ' s a beautiful bird ; it ' s a little bit taller or bigger than a sulphur - crested and smaller than a yellow - tail cockatoo ,
she said .
there is , however , likely to be some inevitable further loss of habitat due to fragmentation in new rural and residential subdivisions and to the continued development of towns and existing rural sub - divisions ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) . the rate and extent of development on kangaroo island has increased in the last five to ten years , especially in coastal and sub - coastal areas where much of the habitat of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) occurs ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ) .
this hotspot includes populations of the endangered bridled nail - tail wallaby and the only remaining wild population of the endangered northern hairy - nosed wombat , now limited to around 110 individuals . the area contains important habitat for rare and threatened species including the bulloak , the jewel butterfly , brigalow scaly - foot , glossy black - cockatoo , greater long - eared bat , large pied bat , eastern long - eared bat and the threatened community of semi evergreen vine thickets the hotspot provides important habitat for star finches and golden tailed geckos .
glossy black - cockatoos mostly occur in eastern australia , from south - eastern queensland to eastern victoria , and there is also an outlying population much further west , on kangaroo island in south australia . one of the colloquial names for the species is the casuarina cockatoo , and this arises from the birds’ preferred food : the seeds of the casuarina tree . they strip the seed pods from the tree , then tear them open with their strong bills to extract the seeds — the ground below is often littered with dozens of discarded cones .
studies on banded birds have shown that about 50 % of fledged young survive to one year of age ( southgate 2002 ) , and that the average annual survivorship increases to 7783 % for birds aged between one year and three years old , and to 85 % for birds that are older than three years ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) . data collected in more recent years suggests that annual survivorship of adult birds is likely to exceed 90 % ( glossy black - cockatoo recovery program , unpublished data ; l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm . ) .
the townspeople , council and state government have collaborated to go on a citywide planting spree of the bird ' s favourite tree — the casuarina , aka the black sheoak .
kangaroo island has proportionally the greatest area of original natural vegetation in south australia ' s agricultural zone . yet eight of the ecosystems in the kangaroo island subregion ( which includes some small satellite islands ) are listed as threatened at the state level . four animals are nationally listed : the glossy black cockatoo , kangaroo island dunnart , southern brown bandicoot and the heath rat . conservation reserves protect much of kangaroo island and it is one of the largest areas in australia free of rabbits and foxes . despite this protection , mammals are still threatened by cats and dogs , changed fire patterns and habitat fragmentation .
distinctiveness the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) is a distinctive bird that , within its known range , is unlikely to be mistaken for any other species ( higgins 1999 ) . detectability the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) can be detected by sight , call , foraging signs ( the presence of shredded seed cones and cone fragments on the ground beneath feeding trees ) or feeding sounds ( the clicking of mandibles , the sound of cones being broken open , and the sound of falling debris ) . it is described as a quiet and unobtrusive bird . it usually takes flight if approached too closely , and is especially wary when drinking . however , some , but not all , individuals that are accustomed to human activity may be quietly approached to within 510 m while they are foraging ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm . ) . it forages throughout the day during the breeding season , but it usually rests quietly throughout the middle of the day in the non - breeding period . recommended methods the recommended method for detecting the presence of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) within a particular location is to perform area searches or transect surveys , on foot , through stands of drooping sheoak , in search of signs of recent foraging . these signs consist of shredded seed cones that are coloured pale green to creamy white ( shredded in the previous 24 hours ) , cream to light orange ( shredded in the previous few days ) , bright orange ( shredded in the previous week ) or orange - brown ( shredded in the previous six weeks or so ) ; shredded cones that are brown or grey in colour may be up to one year old ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm . ) .
the cockatoo ' s habitat probably began disappearing way back when the railway was introduced to the area in the 1860s and declined further as the town grew , said pat hall , a technical officer of science at nationals parks and wildlife service .
the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) population has been subject to annual monitoring since 1995 . the first annual survey , in 1995 , observed a minimum of 158 birds and , from this count , the population size was estimated to consist of 195 birds . the population size has increased since 1995 ( burbidge & raines 2003 ; mooney & pedler 2005 ; pedler 1999 ; pedler & mooney 2004 , 2005 ) . the most recent survey for which data is available , in 2006 , observed a minimum of 293 birds . from this count , the population size was estimated at 310 to 330 birds ( l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm ) .
competition for tree hollows with other species including brushtail possums , yellow - tailed black - cockatoos , galahs , little corellas , sulphur - crested cockatoos , and introduced honey bees ( apis mellifera ) .
the glossy black - cockatoo ' s populations have declined , with local extinctions and range contractions . this is because of land clearing practices that have removed food sources and nesting sites . more frequent and intense fires in south - eastern australia since european settlement have also reduced suitable habitat . both grazing , which suppresses casuarina regeneration , and forestry practices that remove casuarina have also contributed to declines . chicks and eggs have been collected for the aviculture industry and , on kangaroo island , chicks and eggs may be eaten by possums . the subspecies c . l . erebus of eastern australia is considered rare , while the kangaroo island subspecies , c . l . halmaturinus is endangered .
habitat loss could also occur as a result of grazing . grazing by native and introduced animals ( including wallabies , kangaroos , possums , goats , deer and , on the fleurieu peninsula , rabbits and hares ) and domestic stock can inhibit the natural regeneration of glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) habitats ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; mooney & pedler 2005 ; pepper 1997 ) . the impact of grazing is unknown but , given that about 60 % of foraging habitat and 50 % of nesting habitat occurs on private land , it is possible that large areas of habitat could potentially be subject to some form of grazing ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) .
surrounded by 300 - 400 stilts , avocets and several species of ducks a very bright [ male ? ] black - tailed godwit . rufous head , neck and upper chest . strong black bars on flank , not complete to belly . back and wings strongly ' spangled
black and chestnut . wide white eye - brow only to top of eye . beak , leg colour and tail etc normal . second bird with it in complete non - breeding plumage pale grey above paler under . beak , tail and eye - brow as with first bird . must be over wintering . about 300 metres upstream of mouth .
although sighted regularly by us in these areas in the years 2003 - 2006 , in general glossy black - cockatoos are quite rare . they live in small groups ; typical sightings are of two or three individuals , sometimes small groups of up to six birds . in the pilliga nr , south of narrabri , flocks of up to tens ( probably consisting of subgroups that will disperse again at some point ) have been spotted at various dams .
red - tailed black - cockatoos nest in tree hollows , which can be in a trunk , end of a dead branch or in a stump . red - tailed black - cockatoos enter the nest hollow tail first . they usually choose eucalypts but will nest in melaleucas , and they usually nest up high . the nest is lined with wood dust or fragments . the female incubates the eggs while the male feeds her .
seen quartering low over a grassed paddock to the south over stacey ' s rd at 1313 . several brown falcons , nankeen kestrel and at least 5 black - shouldered kite seen along a 4km stretch of road .
single bird seen whilst observing a very active mixed flock of grey fantail , spotted pardalote , brown thornbill and striated pardalote . white eye ring noted clearly , black marking joining eye and very prominent bill . tiny bird with white underside and grey upper . bird regularly ' hovered ' whilst feeding during which time black and white tail patterning seen . observed for about 15 minutes on the south side of the billabong in two eucalypts just out from the billabong fence . ebird checklist
since 1996 , the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) has been recorded in baudin conservation park , lathami conservation park , parndana conservation park , western river wilderness protection area , flinders chase national park , ravine des casoars wilderness protection area and in close proximity to cape torrens wilderness protection area ( atlas of australian birds , unpublished data ; p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ) . over the same period of time , breeding has been recorded at all locations except for baudin conservation park and cape torrens wilderness protection area , and hence annual monitoring of nests and ongoing protection of nests and maintenance of artificial hollows is conducted at these locations . artificial hollows have been erected in lathami conservation park , parndana conservation park , western river wilderness protection area and ravine des casoars wilderness protection area . feeding habitat of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) has been re - vegetated in baudin conservation park and lathami conservation park ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ) . management activities are also undertaken at sites located outside of the reserve system . in many instances , the individual birds and flocks that use the reserves listed above also forage and breed in habitat near or adjacent to the reserves ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm . ) . it is estimated that 45 % of suitable nesting habitat ( much of which is not currently used by the birds ) , and 31 % of drooping sheoak foraging habitat , occurs within gazetted reserves managed by the south australian department for environment and heritage ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) .
red - tailed black - cockatoos are described as dispersive , meaning that they move away from where they were born to where they breed and that they may breed in separate locations . they also appear to move around in response to seasonal food availability .
there are five subspecies of red - tailed black - cockatoo occurring in eight discrete populations . combining these , this species is found from the pilbara and kimberleys in western australia in a broad swath through the top end , much of queensland through to the region of the new south wales border . it is then found from there down along the darling river . the species also occurs in three geographically separate regions in each of : south - west victoria / south - east south australia ; the south - west to west of western australia ; central australia in southern northern territory and northern south australia .
through spring and early summer , the breeding season , red - tailed black - cockatoos are generally seen alone or as family parties of 2 to 3 birds . in autumn and winter , flocks of 100 to 250 birds can be seen in areas with a good food supply .
previously reported sipo ( 1n ) present at high tide roost at point . also present were asian gull - billed tern ( 2 ) and single black - tailed godwit ( rare in westernport ) . good numbers of overwintering eastern curlew , bar - tailed godwit and red knot also recorded .
glossy black - cockatoos , race
lathami
, are also infrequently seen by us once in the foothills of the nandewar range , e . g . at eulah creek , where they can sometimes be seen flying over . in the timeframe december 2014 to march 2015 , when it was particularly dry in one of their strongholds , the pilliga scrub , and when bushfires had destroyed part of the native vegetation , increased numbers were seen by us flying over eulah creek towards the hills and large contiguous forests of the great dividing range . in the timeframe december 2017 to january 2018 we have also seen them twice at yarrie lake , on the northern edge of the pilliga scrub .
the south - eastern red - tailed black - cockatoo only occurs in the south - east of south australia and south - west victoria . their total range covers an area 18 , 000km 2 from nelson to little desert national park in south west victoria and from keith to mount gambier in the south east of south australia ( see range map below ) . red - tails rely on stringybark , buloke and gum woodland habitats and scattered trees throughout the range for feeding and nesting . they are highly nomadic , moving throughout their range in response to food availability . although red - tails are widespread across the range , some of the more likely areas or hotspots for finding birds are around edenhope , casterton , naracoorte , frances , nelson ( lower glenelg national park ) and lucindale .
the orange - bellied parrot national recovery team has asked that we do not publish any reports of orange - bellied parrots . please send any sightings at the western treatment plant , werribee and the spit wildlife reserve to obp . release @ urltoken and for all other areas to chris purnell at chris . purnell @ birdlife . org . au . all regent honeyeater reports should be forwarded as soon as possible to dean ingwersen ( dean . ingwersen @ urltoken or freecall 1800 621 056 ) , including any colour leg band details . it is requested that details of swift parrot sightings are forwarded to chris timewell ( woodlandbirds @ birdlife . org . au ) . also , please note that birdline victoria won’t be publishing individual reports of yellow - tailed black - cockatoo in the greater melbourne area .
the single nestling is brooded and fed by the female . for the first three weeks after hatching , the male provides food to the brooding female , who in turn feeds the nestling . at approximately three weeks after hatching , the female departs the nest to forage during the day with the male . the nestling remains in the nest for a period of 8496 days and , after leaving the nest , is fed by both parents ( garnett et al . 1999 ; t . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; mooney & pedler 2005 ) . the fledgling continues to be fed for a period , based on observations of captive glossy black - cockatoos , of three or four months ( sindel & lynn 1989 ) , or sometimes longer ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm . ) .


amastra albolabris was a species of air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family amastridae .

this species was endemic to oʻahu , and was known from the waiʻanae range .

amastra albolabris

information on amastra albolabris is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : amastra albolabris ( w . newcomb , 1854 ) - id : 5630000207
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cowie , r . h . , n . l . evenhuis , c . c . christensen . 1995b . catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the hawaiian islands . backhuys publishers : leiden , the netherlands . 248 pp .
likely extinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .
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this species was originally described from waianoe [ waianae ] on oahu , hawaiian islands ( johnson , 1996 ) .
extinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .
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caum , e . l . 1974 . check list of hawaiian land and fresh water mollusca . bulletin of the bernice p . bishop museum , honolulu , 56 : 1 - 80 .
johnson , r . i . 1996 . types of land and freshwater mollusks from the hawaiian islands in the museum of comparative zoology , bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , 155 ( 4 ) : 159 - 214 .
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