pelagia benovici ( piraino , aglieri , scorrano & boero , 2014 ) is a jellyfish in the family pelagiidae , along with pelagia noctiluca .

in latin , pelagia means " of the sea " .

pelagia benovici

no one has contributed data records for pelagia benovici yet . learn how to contribute .
a new species of jellyfish , pelagia benovici , was discovered off the coast of venice , italy .
piraino and his colleagues published their description of the new jellyfish—dubbed pelagia benovici—this month in the journal zootaxa .
piraino and his colleagues published their description of the new jellyfish —dubbed pelagia benovici— this month in the journal zootaxa .
in latin , pelagia means
of the sea
. the team who discovered this jellyfish named it benovici , after a late colleague , adam benovic .
redescription of pelagia benovici into a new jellyfish genus , mawia , gen . nov . , and its phylogenetic position within pelagiidae ( cnidaria : scyphozoa : semaeostomeae )
redescription of pelagia benovici into a new jellyfish genus , mawia , gen . nov . , and its phylogenetic position within pelagiidae ( cnidaria : scyphozoa : semaeostomeae ) invertebrate systematics , 2016 , 30 , 523–546 urltoken
the december issue of invertebrate systematics an article with the description of a new genus mawia under the title redescription of pelagia benovici into a new jellyfish genus , mawia , gen . nov . , and its phylogenetic position within pelagiidae ( cnidaria : scyphozoa : semaeostomeae ) .
scientists including boero set about trawling records of known jellyfish species to try to identify it , but found no match .
it ' s a new species ,
said boero . the team decided on the name pelagia benovici , after a late colleague , adam benovic .
the jellyfish - spotting project is no longer receiving reports of pelagia benovici , whose sudden appearance appears to have lasted until march .
but jellyfish have this erratic distribution . they are present in their millions , then they disappear and then they come back ,
said boero .
russell , f . s . ( 1964 ) on scyphomedusae of the genus pelagia . journal of the marine biological association uk , 44 , 133–136 . urltoken
to cite this page : leverenz , e . 2000 .
pelagia noctiluca
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
mawia benovici was noticed in september 2013 in the northern adriatic in the catch of small pelagic fish and attracted attention immediately . a survey of older observations revealed its presence in the gulf of trieste in february of 2005 by documented photograph . original image of mawia benovici was made by tihomir makovec . the geographic origin of the species is still unclear . authors of research are massimo avian , andreja ramšak , valentina tirelli , isabella d’ambra , alenka malej .
they found that it bore similarities to pelagia noctiluca , a mauve jellyfish known for its venomous stings , which wiped out a 100 , 000 - strong salmon farm in northern ireland in 2007 .
quite how pelagia benovici got to the north adriatic and within the venice lagoon remains a mystery . scientists think it was probably introduced to the area in the ballast water of ships . in the 1980s , mnemiopsis leidyi , a kind of comb jellyfish known as the sea walnut , was suspected to have been introduced into the black sea via the ballast water of merchant ships . its arrival caused a dramatic decline in the local fish populations .
cornelius , p . f . s . ( 2013 ) pelagia péron & lesueur , 1810 . available from : urltoken aphia . php ? p = taxdetails & id = 135262 ( accessed 4 march 2014 )
piraino , s . ; aglieri , g . ; martell , l . ; mazzoldi , c . ; melli , v . ; milisenda , g . ; scorrano , s . ; boero , f . ( 2014 ) . pelagia benovici sp . nov . ( cnidaria , scyphozoa ) : a new jellyfish in the mediterranean sea . zootaxa . 3794 ( 3 ) : 455 - 468 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
experts aren ' t sure where p . benovici comes from , but it ' s a good bet that it could be native to the indian ocean , says marine biologist mills . it ' s an understudied part of the world known for a surprising amount of diversity in marine organisms .
gul , s . & morandini , a . c . ( 2013 ) new records of scyphomedusae from pakistan coast : catostylus perezi and pelagia cf . noctiluca ( cnidaria : scyphozoa ) . marine biodiversity records , 6 , e86 . urltoken
pelagia , like other jellyfish in the scyphozoan order semaeostomeae are mainly distinguished from the other orders by having simple oral arms with frilled or folded lips . the order semaestomae comprises three families : pelagiidae , cyaneidae , and ulmaridae , distinguishable by the following characters :
miller , b . j . , von der heyden , s . & gibbons , m . j . ( 2012 ) significant population genetic structuring of the holoplanktic scyphozoan pelagia noctiluca in the atlantic ocean . african journal of marine science , 34 ( 3 ) , 425–430 .
stopar , k . , ramšak , a . , trontelj , p . & malej , a . ( 2010 ) lack of genetic structure in the jellyfish pelagia noctiluca ( cnidaria : scyphozoa : semaeostomeae ) across european seas . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 57 , 417–428 .
researchers are just starting to get to know p . benovici , and much work remains to be done . they aren ' t sure how painful its stings are , since many of the fishers who handled the jellyfish wore gloves . and they aren ' t sure what it eats , although closely related species are carnivores that eat fish eggs and larvae , as well as tiny crustaceans , says piraino .
researchers are just starting to get to know p . benovici , and much work remains to be done . they aren ' t sure how painful its stings are , since many of the fishers who handled the jellyfish wore gloves . and they aren ' t sure what it eats , although closely related species are carnivores that eat fish eggs and larvae , as well as tiny crustaceans , says piraino .
canepa , a . , fuentes , v . , sabatés , a . , piraino , s . , boero , f . & gili , j . m . ( 2014 ) pelagia noctiluca in the mediterranean sea . in : pitt , k . a . & lucas , c . h . ( eds . ) , jellyfish bloom . springer , netherlands , pp . 237–266 . urltoken
in vitro experiments on developmental stages and fertilization in pelagia noctiluca ( forskål ) confirm previous observations both in the laboratory ( rottini sandrini & avian , 1983 ) and in the field ( rot‐tini sandrini et al . , 1983 / 84 ) that sea temperature exerts a marked effect on this species . development slows down at 13 . 5°c compared with 19°c . no development is observed at 4 . 5°c .
cornelius , p . f . s . ( 1996 ) pelagia flaveola eschscholtz 1829 ( little brown stinger or little yellow stinger ) . in : williamson , j . a . , fenner , p . j . , burnett , j . w . & rifkin , j . r . ( eds . ) , venomous and poisonous marine animals : a medical and biological handbook . university of new south wales press , sydney , pp . 230–231 .
it is a member of the cnidarian class scyphozoa and adapted to a pelagic mode of life . whereas most scyphozoan jellyfish ( also called scyphomedusae ) have a complex life cycle with both the pelagic ( swimming ) jellyfish , or medusa , stage and a bottom - living polyp stage , pelagia has adapted in such a way that the polyp stage is absent , thus direct development exists . the male and female jellyfish spawn respectively sperm and eggs , which develop directly into young jellyfish .
. . . on the basis of the observed sensitivity of polyps to low temperatures , it was suggested that the dispersal of rhopilema nomadica could be limited to the eastern mediterranean [ 95 ] . the nematocysts of rhopilema nomadica were studied using light and electron microscopy and three morphological types were identified : heterotrichous isorhiza haploneme , holotrichous isorhiza haploneme and heterotrichous microbasic eurytele ; the latter is typical of scyphozoans and was recognized as similar to those from pelagia and rhizostoma [ 97 ] . this species , existing in huge numbers , poses a big threat to humans producing burning , pain and redness of the affected skin that is counteracted by topical treatment with vinegar . . . .
scientists in italy say they have discovered a new species of jellyfish in the gulf of venice .
sightings of yellow jellyfish in the north adriatic sea were reported to a citizen science project last year , said ferdinando boero , a zoologist .
people were saying , this jellyfish is not in your poster [ of the region ' s known jellyfish ] , we don ' t know what it is ,
said boero , from the university of salento .
they were in their thousands . fishermen had them in their nets . they couldn ' t fish easily because there were so many jellyfish .
could this new species pose the same kind of threat ?
we really don ' t know because there have not been so many investigations besides what it is . what it does is a completely different story ,
said boero .
there have to be more investigations about it .
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carlotta mazzoldi dipartimento di biologia e stazione idrobiologica umberto d’ancona , chioggia , università di padova .
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hundreds of golden jellyfish that clogged fishing nets off the coast of venice , italy , are in fact a new species , experts say .
last fall , fishers in the adriatic sea ( map ) near venice , italy , pulled up nets full of hundreds of two - inch - wide ( five centimeter ) , golden jellyfish . having never seen the jellyfish before , the fishers sent pictures to researchers , who identified the beautiful interlopers as a new species .
about two or three new jellyfish species pop up every year , says claudia mills , a marine biologist at the university of washington in friday harbor . however , finding such a conspicuous newcomer in a relatively shallow body of water close to shore is extremely rare , says stefano piraino , a jellyfish researcher at the università del salento in lecce , italy .
the find comes as a surprise to scientists because the adriatic sea is one of the best studied bodies of water in the world . the fact that this jellyfish avoided detection until last year suggests that it is a fairly recent arrival , the study authors assert . this means that it ' s probably an invasive species , piraino said in an email interview .
the gulf of venice in the adriatic sea is a hot spot for alien species introduction , he explains . intense transcontinental shipping activity , as well as the aquaculture trade , provides plenty of opportunities for invasive species to set up shop .
we believe this species entered the mediterranean sea by ballast water transfer [ by ships ] ,
piraino says .
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the precise description of species is essential for numerous fields such as ecology , identification of invasive species and their effects on both ecosystems and humans . achievement is important due to the complicated systematics of scyphozoans combined with their complex life and unpredictable appearances , ecological plasticity and unfortunately lack of taxonomists .
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is an animal , thus non - photosynthetic , multicellular eukaryote , in the phylum cnidaria . being a cnidarian it is diploblastic , having an ectoderm and endoderm separated by an ectodermally derived mesoglea that can be cellular or acellular .
in addition , members of the pelagiidae have no ring canal , and the marginal tentacles arise from umbrella margin .
last fall , fishers in the adriatic sea near venice , italy , pulled up nets full of hundreds of two - inch - wide ( five centimeter ) , golden jellyfish . having never seen the jellyfish before , the fishers sent pictures to researchers , who identified the beautiful interlopers as a new species .
about two or three new jellyfish species pop up every year , says claudia mills , a marine biologist at the university of washington in friday harbor . however , finding such a conspicuous newcomer in a relatively shallow body of water close to shore is extremely rare , says stefano piraino , a jellyfish researcher at the università del salento in lecce , italy .
m . avian , a . ramšak , v . tirelli , i . d ' ambra and a . malej
antonio archidona - yuste , juan a . navas - cortés , carolina cantalapiedra - navarrete , juan e . palomares - rius and pablo castillo
xiphinema species are an important group of plant - parasitic nematodes with a high number of species and distributed almost worldwide . the aim of this work is to describe two new species of xiphinema ( x . macrodora , sp . nov . and x . oleae , sp . nov . ) using an integrative approach ( morphologically , morphometrically and molecularly ) . this study expands the biodiversity and morphological traits of this genus . image : line drawing of the female lip region of xiphinema macrodora , sp . nov .
two spider species new to science have been discovered in the western italian alps , one of the most important biodiversity hot spot in europe . the new species belong to a group of cave dwelling spiders ( pimoa ) represented so far in europe by two species only . according to the molecular analysis , these spider species originated as a result of dramatic climatic change occurring in europe between 13 and 1 million years ago . photograph : pimoa graphitica , sp . nov . , by francesco tomasinelli .
high - mountain regions are known to harbour considerable biodiversity , although it is not all well known , especially in world’s largest mountain range , the himalayas . intensive field surveys of limnic molluscs resulted in the discovery of a species that can be clearly distinguished from all other sphaeriid bivalve species with oriental biogeographical affinity occurring in nepal . our findings highlight the importance of studies of the freshwater biodiversity at high - altitude ecosystems . images : line drawings of left – pisidium alexeii , sp . nov . and right – p . prasongi .
morphology and distribution of body scales are fundamental in the classification and evolution of entomobryidae . molecular phylogeny clustered the new genus lepidodens , having pointed scales on dens , with entomobryinae rather than seirinae . this study clearly undermines the traditional separation of entomobryinae and seirinae / lepidocyrtinae , and demonstrate that dental scales could occur in all entomobryid subfamilies containing scaled taxa . photographs : scales in lepidodens similis , gen . and sp . nov .
the description here of two new shark tapeworms belonging to the genus calliobothrium suggests that diversity in this genus has been underreported and that species exhibit tighter host - specificity than once thought . molecular phylogenetic analyses of species of calliobothrium and the closely related genus symcallio provide insight into the evolution of diagnostic morphological features . comparison of this phylogeny with that of their hosts , sharks of the genus mustelus , reveals interesting host association patterns . image : line drawing of calliobothrium cisloi , sp . nov . scolex .
michele cesari , sandra j . mcinnes , roberto bertolani , lorena rebecchi and roberto guidetti
antarctica is an ice - dominated continent and all its terrestrial and freshwater habitats are fragmented , which leads eventually to speciation . acutuncus antarcticus is the most common antarctic tardigrade , and morphological and molecular analyses elucidated its genetic diversity and distribution . all analysed specimens were morphologically indistinguishable and presented the same 18s rrna sequence , while cytochrome c oxidase subunit i analysis showed higher variability . acutuncus antarcticus can still be considered a pan - antarctic species , although there is the potential for future speciation events . photograph : acutuncus antarcticus , from crater cirque , victoria land , antarctica .
chien - lin chen , joseph w . goy , heather d . bracken - grissom , darryl l . felder , ling ming tsang and tin - yam chan
found in the mediterranean and the atlantic ocean , it lives mainly in the open ocean as well as in coastal waters . ( grzimek 1972 )
the habitat is primarily pelagic , or in the open ocean . however , this species can survive almost anywhere ocean currents carry it , including benthic and temperate coastal habitats . ( calder 2000 ; grzimek 1972 )
like other cnidarians , this species is radially symmetrical . they have distinct tissues , but no organs , and only one body opening . the tissues are the outer epidermis , the inner gastrodermis , and a middle layer of gelatinous mesoglea , which has a cartilege - like consistency . the medusa stage is most prominant , and no bottom - dwelling stage exists . the umbrella edge is divided into eight lobes , where sense organs such as light receptors and odor pits are located . the umbrella can be bell - shaped or hemispherical , and color can range from purple to brownish - red .
has a frilled edge on the bell , with eight thin , stinging tentacles and four lobes hanging down from the mouth , called oral arms . the tentacles are very elastic . the name means
night light
in german for a reason . very colorful , this jellyfish phosphoresces when disturbed and can leave a luminous mucous behind if handled . it is called the
mauve jelly
by the british . also known as the oceanic jelly , this species is adapted to life in the open water . it is in the class scyphozoa , the true jellyfish . the estimated lifespan of
is two to six months , and death is usually caused by rough waters . ( grzimek 1972 ; stachowitsch 1991 ; calder 2000 ; marr 1999 )
the adults , which have separate sexes , reproduce sexually by releasing gametes from gonads located near the center of the body . the ova and sperm are released through the mouth of the jellyfish , and fertilize externally . each fertilized egg forms a planulae , an undifferentiated mass of cells that swims with external cilia . planula may be widely dispersed by oceanic currents . unlike other species which have a bottom - dwelling polyp stage ,
' s planulae develop directly into ephyrae , young medusae . the ephyrae quickly grows into an adult medusa , completing the life cycle . ( banister and campbell 1985 ; stachowitsch 1991 ; calder 2000 )
has appeared in shoals 45 kilometers in length , with thousands of jellyfish involved . they move by rhythmically contracting a muscular ring on the bottom of the bell , which propels them . the ring is formed by many specialized epithelial cells that can each contract individualy as well . the mesoglea can aid in buoyancy by expelling certain ions , which are replaced by lighter ones . however , the jellyfish usually end up wherever the currents take them .
defends itself with the same nematocysts used to capture prey . the nematocysts are
fired
by using water pressure . first , a high concentration of ions is built up inside the cells . when the nematocyst is stimulated to discharge , the walls become permeable to water . the water rushing in shoves the barb out and into the other organism , injecting a toxin along the way . this is one of the fastest cellular processes known in nature . ( banister and campbell 1985 ; grzimek 1972 ; raven and johnson 1999 )
carnivorous like other cnidarians , this species preys mainly on zooplankton , small fish , crustaceans , other jellyfish , and eggs .
captures its prey with tentacles armed with cnidocytes , each of which contains a nematocyst . nematocysts have barbed filaments to trap their prey and toxins to stun them . they can even pierce the shell of a crab with their barbs . food is digested intracellularly as well as extracellularly , in a gut cavity , enabling them to eat multicellular animals . ( raven and johnson 1999 ; banister and campbell 1985 )
are beautiful , especially when they phosphoresce . the chemical reactions causing their luminescence are currently of great interest to researchers . other jellyfish are used for medical and therapeutic purposes , and
might soon be helpful for humans . one possible use of their fluorescent protein is as a genetic marker to detect protein movement or gene expression in research in developmental , environmental and medical biology . ( manning 1997 )
- is among the jellyfish that scare tourists away from beaches , especially in the mediterranean . italian beaches were overrun by large groups of them in the summer of 1999 . the sting of -
- is venomous to humans , but normally only causes a whip - like scar across the body . in rare cases of allergic reactions , life - threatening conditions like anaphylactic shock can occur . fishermen are also affected by jellyfish , including -
- . there have been reports from france of jellyfish tearing holes in fishing nets . ( marr 1999 ; calder 2000 )
- is not in danger of extinction at the present time . they are multiplying in number in the mediterranean , but are expected to return to normal levels in the next few years . ( marr 1999 )
erin leverenz ( author ) , southwestern university , stephanie fabritius ( editor ) , southwestern university .
the body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .
referring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water . also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones . bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans ( below 9000 m ) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone . see also oceanic vent .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
a form of body symmetry in which the parts of an animal are arranged concentrically around a central oral / aboral axis and more than one imaginary plane through this axis results in halves that are mirror - images of each other . examples are cnidarians ( phylum cnidaria , jellyfish , anemones , and corals ) .
banister , d . , d . campbell eds . . 1985 . sea anemones and jellyfishes . pp . 176 - 177 in
calder , . .
keys to marine invertebrates of the woods hole region
( on - line ) . accessed february 6 , 2000 at urltoken .
marr , m . august 23 , 1999 .
electronic library ( members only ) ' italy smarts from invasion of the jellyfish '
( on - line ) . accessed february 2 , 2000 at urltoken .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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rhopilema nomadica—a recently discovered scyphomedusa in the eastern mediterranean—is considered a lessepsian migrant . its nematocysts were extracted from the scapular and mouth - arm tentacles and examined using light and electron microscopy techniques . the morphometric parameters of the nematocysts were measured before and after complete discharge . three categories of nematocysts were identified : heterotrichous isorhiza haploneme , holotrichous isorhiza haploneme , and heterotrichous microbasic eurytele . the relative abundance of the nematocysts and their occurrence in tissues of the jellyfish were noted . a brief discussion concerning the classification of certain types of nematocysts is given . a comparison with the available data on other rhopilema species revealed that the nematocyst categories of r . nomadica are more similar to those of the atlantic r . verrilli than to those of the western pacific r . esculentum . a brief comparison of the injuries caused by these species is given . © 1995 wiley - liss , inc .
. . . when stimulated , the coiled tubule everts , penetrating the epidermis of human skin , and venom is injected from the capsule through the tubule into the tissue of the victim [ 8 ] . three categories of nematocysts have been identified in r . nomadica : heterotrichous isorhiza haploneme , holotrichous isorhiza haploneme , and heterotrichous microbasic eurytele [ 9 ] . the venom mostly contains enzymatic polypeptides , including a heat - stable phos - pholipase a 2 that hydrolyzes the phospholipids of epi - thelial cells , leading to lysis . . . .
. . . this may explain the local dermonecrotic and systemic cardior - espiratory events that can occur after envenomation . the severity of injury is related to the area affected and depends on individual sensitivity [ 9 ] , as well as the chemical composition of the venom , number of nema - tocysts discharged , and the general condition of the victim . . . .
. . . es - esculenta он может значительно превышать 450 мм . данные о нематоцистах , полученные преимуще ственно при помощи световой микроскопии , до ступны для r . esculenta , r . nomadica и r . verilli ( calder , 1972calder , , 1977chen , ding , 1981 ; avian et al . , 1995 ) . показано , что половозрелые особи этих видов содержат неодинаковое число типов нема тоцист . . . .
. . . у r . verilli описаны три типа нематоцист – атрихи изоризы ( атрихи a - изоризы ) , голотри хи гаплонемы ( иначе – гетеротрихи анизоризы , calder , 1977 ) и микробазические гетеротрихи эв рители . такие же типы нематоцист обнаружены и у r . nomadica ( avian et al . , 1995 ) . неполовозavian et al . , 1995 ) . . . .
. . . jellyfish tentacles contain these specialized nematocyst structures , which allow envenomation due to highly coiled tubules armed with spines and is species dependent [ there are several morphological types of nematocysts with a variation of discharge velocities , capsular size , tubule length , and trajectory . variable reported stinging potencies of individual nematocyst types have been reported that suggest the severity of the sting differing between species in different geographic locations , dependent on nematocyst composition [ 19 , 24 , 27 , 28 ] . there are several morphological types of nematocysts with a variation of discharge velocities , capsular size , tubule length , and trajectory . . . .
. . . there are several morphological types of nematocysts with a variation of discharge velocities , capsular size , tubule length , and trajectory . variable reported stinging potencies of individual nematocyst types have been reported that suggest the severity of the sting differing between species in different geographic locations , dependent on nematocyst composition [ 19 , 24 , 27 , 28 ] . . . .
. . . fishing tentacles and oral arms were used for the preparation of intact cnidocysts following the methods described in endean ( 1987 ) , burnett et al . ( 1992 ) , avian et al . ( 1995 ) and bloom et al . ( 1998 ) . the methodology was modified to accommodate large scale preparation for biochemical and analytical purposes and to suit available laboratory facilities on board the research vessel . . . .
. . . it was concluded that the two types of nematocysts found in the macerated samples were consistent with the measurement data given by calder ( 1977 ) . the method of maceration with dw is described in numerous other studies ( avian et al . 1995 ; rottini et al . 1995 ; helmholz et al . 2007 ) . all these studies implement the maceration by a mechanical treatment of the used tissue , e . g . . . .
. . . when the jellyfish swarms draw nearer shore they adversely affect tourism , fisheries and coastal installations . local municipalities in israel reported a decrease in holiday makers frequenting the beaches because of the public ' s concern over the painful stings inflicted by the jellyfish ( avian et al . 1995 , kokelj et al . 1995 ) . coastal trawling and purse - seine fishing are disrupted for the duration of the swarming due to net clogging and inability to sort yield , due to the overwhelming presence of the venomous jellyfish in the nets . . . .
the lessepsian migration is the largest marine invasion in the world . hundreds of species have already passed the suez canal and settled in the eastern mediterranean sea . in the last few decades , s…
[ more ]
a tropical jellyfish , rhopilema nomadica ( scyphozoa , rhizostomeae ) has recently invaded the eastern mediterranean . its painful stings have been the bane of bathers and fishermen from egypt to turkey . this paper reports on the presence of haemolytic activity and alpha - chymotrypsin - like serine protease activity in the venom of the r . nomadica nematocysts . in addition , the presence of . . . [ show full abstract ]
avian , m . , galil , b . , spanier , e . , rottini sandrini , l . 1994 . rhopilema nomadica ( cnidaria ; scyphozo . . .


bithynia is a genus of small freshwater snails with an operculum , aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusks in the family bithyniidae .

the diploid chromosome number of bithynia sp. from egypt is 2n = 32 .

bithynia ( gastropod )

new freshwater gastropod species of the iran ( gastropoda : stenothyridae , bithyniidae , hydrobiidae ) .
» species bithynia ( digoniostoma ) lithoglyphoides ( nesemann & g . sharma , 2007 ) represented as bithynia lithoglyphoides ( nesemann & g . sharma , 2007 )
bithynia hambergerae reischütz , n . reischütz & p . l . reischütz , 2008
this species has been misidentified by starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) with bithynia troschelii .
life cycles and distribution of the aquatic gastropod molluscs bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) , gyraulus albus ( muller ) , planorbis planorbis ( l . ) and lymnaea peregra ( muller ) in relation to water chemistry
species bithynia tryoni e . a . smith , 1887 accepted as gabbia smithii ( tate , 1882 ) ( unnecessary replacement name for bithynia australis e . a . smith , 1882 )
bithynia forcarti sp . n . a shell , frontal view b shell , lateral view .
during a recent survey of gastropod fauna of skadar lake one new hydrobiid genus was discovered and described in the present paper . therewith , we aim to provide faunal information on skadar lake system gastropod diversity and endemism with relevance to conservation efforts .
calow , p . , 1973 . gastropod associations within malham tarn , yorkshire . freshwat . biol . 3 : 521–534 .
life cycles and distribution of the aquatic gastropod molluscs bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) , gyraulus albus ( muller ) , planorbis planorbis ( l . ) and lymnaea peregra ( muller ) in relation to water chemistry | springerlink
species bithynia hambergerae a . reischütz , n . reischütz & p . l . reischütz , 2008
subgenus bithynia ( hydrobia ) w . hartmann , 1821 accepted as hydrobia w . hartmann , 1821
ein nachtrag zur kenntnis der bithynia - arten von montenegro ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : bythiniidae ) .
bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . a , b shell c operculum d detail of the shell surface .
shell of bithynia starmuehlneri sp . n . a frontal view b lateral view c juvenile shell with operculum .
this slim species isthe largest bithynia sp . known in iran . it can be easily distinguished from the other bithynia spp . by the larger dimensions of elongated shell with the stepped whorls and the not angled aperture .
species bithynia australis e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as gabbia smithii ( tate , 1882 ) ( invalid : secondary homonym of gabbia australis tryon , 1865 ; bithynia smithii and b . tryoni are replacement names )
comparative morphology of shell and penis in bithynia radomani glöer & pešić , 2007 ( a–b ) bithynia montenegrina ( wohlberedt , 1901 ) ( c–d ) and bithynia hambergerae a . reischütz , n . reischütz & p . l . reischütz , 2008 ( e–f ) : a , c , e = shell , b , d , f = penis .
lodge , d . m . , 1986 . selective grazing on periphyton : a determinant of freshwater gastropod microdistributions . freshwat . biol . 16 : 831–841 .
the euro - siberian species bithynia tentaculata ( linnaeus 1758 ) has often been mentioned from iran , turkey and greece . however , this species could not be found in greece ( glöer et al . 2010 ) and probably does not occur in turkey . the southern distribution border of this species lies possibly in n bulgaria ( georgiev pers . comm . ) . an analysis of the specimens from nmb published by forcart ( 1935 ) as bithynia tentaculata shows that these specimens represent bithynia forcarti sp . n . ( see below ) . thus , bithynia tentaculata most probably does not occur in iran and has been confused with bithynia forcarti sp . n . or possibly with bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) .
endemic gastropod species occurring in the skadar lake basin – i part . a vinodolia matjasici ( bole , 1961 ) b radomaniola curta curta ( küster , 1852 ) c vinodolia scutarica ( radoman , 1973 ) d radomaniola montana ( radoman , 1973 ) e radomaniola elongata ( radoman , 1973 ) f radomaniola lacustris ( radoman , 1983 ) g bracenica spiridoni radoman , 1973 h valvata montenegrina glöer & pešić , 2008 i bithynia radomani glöer & pešić , 2007 j bithynia hambergerae a . reischütz , n . reischütz & p . l . reischütz , 2008 k karucia sublacustrina n . gen . n . sp . l bithynia zeta glöer & pešić , 2007 m bithynia montenegrina ( wohlberedt , 1901 ) n bithynia skadarskii glöer & pešić , 2007 o viviparus mamillatus küster , 1852 .
species bithynia robusta h . adams , 1870 accepted as gabbia robusta ( h . adams , 1870 ) ( original combination )
the bithynia species from skadar lake ( montenegro ) ( gastropoda , bithyniidae ) . mollusca 25 ( 1 ) , 85–91 .
due to theshape of the aperture ( angled at the top ) , bithynia forcarti sp . n . resembles bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) . however , from the latter species it can be easily distinguished by the stepped whorls .
lodge , d . m . , 1985 . macrophyte - gastropod associations : observations and experiments on macrophyte choice by gastropods . freshwat . biol . 15 : 695–708 .
bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .
) we get the index of gastropod endemism of 0 . 478 . with this relatively high value , skadar lake exceeds such famous lakes as malawi and titicaca ( see :
this species was originally considered to be a population of the more widespread species , bithynia leachii , and gloer and georgiev ( 2012 ) separated the the populations noting that
we do not believe that bithynia leachii occurs in turkey
( yıldırım et al . 2006 ) . bithynia leachii is distributed in the lowlands of western europe towards russia , and the southernmost records known are from hungary ( glöer and fehér 2004 ) .
( of bithynia ( bithynia ) leach , 1818 ) glöer p . & pešić v . ( 2012 ) the freshwater snails ( gastropoda ) of iran , with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species . zookeys 219 : 11–61 . [ 4 september 2012 ] [ details ]
comparing the efficacy of morphologic and dna - based taxonomy in the freshwater gastropod genus radix ( basommatophora , pulmonata ) . biomedcentral evolutionary biology 14 pp . bmc evolutionary biology2006 , 6 : 100
species bithynia affinis e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as gabbia affinis ( e . a . smith , 1882 ) ( original combination )
species bithynia stanleyi e . a . smith , 1877 accepted as gabbiella stanleyi ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) ( original combination )
probably this species formerly ( e . g . , mansoorian 2000 ) was confused with bithynia tentaculata . because we had only an empty shell of this species , we do not know if it belongs to the genus bithynia or pseudobithynia , so our generic assignment is tentative . to address this question , anatomical studies of more specimens are necessary .
vincent , b . , h . rioux , and m . harvey . 1981 . factors affecting the structure of epiphytic gastropod communities in the st . lawrence river ( quebec , canada ) . hydrobiologia 220 : 57 - 71 .
young , j . o . 1975 . preliminary field and laboratory studies on the survival and spawning of several species of gastropod in calcium poor and calcium rich waters . proc . malac . soc . lond . , 41 : 429–437 .
desy , j . c . , j . f . archambault , b . pinel - alloul , j . hubert , and p . g . c . campbell . 2000 . relationships between total mercury in sediments and methyl mercury in the freshwater gastropod prosobranch
on the identity of bithynia graeca gen . n . ( westerlund , 1879 ) with the description of three new pseudobithynia irana n . gen species from iran and greece ( gastropoda : bithyniidae ) .
a dry old stillwater channel near the river crnojevića ( september , 2012 ) , sampling site of bithynia montenegrina ( wohlberedt , 1901 ) b lymnaea raphidia ( bourguignat , 1860 ) from božaj , montenegro .
species bithynia scalaris fuchs , 1877 † accepted as bythinella megarensis bukowski , 1896 † ( secondary homonym of bythinella scalaris ( slavík , 1869 ) ; bukowski ( 1896 ) invented b . megarensis as replacement name )
where the faucet snail has been observed in lake champlain , it generally dominates gastropod assemblages ( vermont and new york state departments of environmental conservation 2000 ) . this species has been known to infest municipal water supplies in abundance ( ingram 1956 ; mackie and claudi 2010 ) .
glöer , p . and georgiev , d . 2012 . redescription of gyraulus argaeicus ( sturany 1904 ) with the description of two new gastropod species from turkey ( mollusca : gastropoda : bithyniidae , planorbidae ) . journal of conchology 41 ( 2 ) : 167 - 172 .
the prosobranch molluscs of iran . a theodoxus fluviatilis ( operculum see fig . 3d ) b bithynia ( bithynia ) ejecta ( syntype zmz 524006 , iraq , samava , ex coll . mousson , photo : e . neubert ) c melanoides tuberculatus d thiara scabra e melanopsis sp . f melanopsis costata g farsithyra farsensis h sarkhia kermanshahensis , i : pseudamnicola saboori k pseudamnicola zagrosensis l pseudobithynia irana m pseudobithynia zagrosia n valvata cristata .
lilly , m . m . 1953 . the mode of life and the structure and functioning of the reproductive ducts of bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) . proc . malac . soc . lond . , 30 : 87–109 .
the skadar lake system is a well - known hotspot of freshwater biodiversity ( pešić et al . 2009 ) and harbors a highly diverse mollusc fauna ( glöer and pešić 2008a ) . research of gastropod biodiversity on the skadar lake has a relatively long tradition since the first records were published by küster ( 1843 ) . the history of research of the skadar lake gastropod fauna was reviewed by glöer and pešić ( 2008a ) . as in many of the balkan lakes , the endemic gastropod species of skadar lake were not described until some decades ago . the last recent account of freshwater gastropods of skadar lake gave 40 species by number ( glöer and pešić 2008a ) . however , modern phylogenetic evaluations are still scarce ( e . g . albrecht et al . 2007 , falniowski et al . 2012 ) and the lack of such studies hampers discussions on the origin and biogeographical relationships of skadar lake mollusc fauna .
endemic gastropod species occurring in the skadar lake basin – ii part . a gyraulus meierbrooki glöer & pešić , 2007 b gyraulus ioanis glöer & pešić , 2007 c gyraulus shasi glöer & pešić , 2007 d planorbis vitojensis glöer & pešić , 2010 e radix skutaris glöer & pešić , 2007 f lymnaea raphidia ( bourguignat , 1860 ) .
the on - site molluscan species diversity in the investigated area ranged from one to 14 species , with the highest diversity in the sublacustrine springs . compared to the other investigated habitats of skadar lake lacustrine systems , karuč was species rich . we found a subset of 14 gastropod species , including eight out of 19 proposed endemic taxa .
probably due to the small size of this species , biggs ( 1937 ) assigned this species belongs to the genus amnicola , although mousson ( 1874 ) described it as a bythynia , and pointed out that the operculum is characteristic for bythinia and different from amnicola ( syn . to pseudamnicola ) . furthermore , biggs ( 1937 ) found his species in the mountains , while the original description of bithynia ejecta comes from the lowland , indicating the biggs’s species is not conspecific with bithynia ejecta and probably represents an undescribed species .
pinel - alloul , b . & magnin , e . 1971 . cycle vital et croissance de bithynia tentaculata l . ( mollusca , gastropoda , prosobranchia ) du lac st . louis près de montréal . can . j . zool . , 49 : 759–766 .
( of digoniostoma annandale , 1920 ) annandale n . & seymour sewell r . b . ( 1920 ) . progress report on a survey of the freshwater gastropod molluscs of the indian empire and of their trematode parasites . indian journal of medical research . 8 : 93 - 124 . page ( s ) : 103 , 104 [ details ]
von proschwitz , t . 1997 . bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) in norway – a rare species on the edge of its western distribution , and some notes on the dispersal of freshwater snails . fauna ( oslo ) 50 ( 3 ) : 102 - 107 .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of bithynia tentaculata are found here .
annadale and prashad ( 1919 ) described this species as amnicola ( alocinma ) sistanica and depicted the penis morphology . due to the presence of a penial appendix this species is ascertained to the genus bithynia . the members of the genus pseudamnicola ( formerly amnicola ) have no penial appendix .
ménard , l . , and m . e . scott . 1987 . seasonal occurrence of cyathocotyle bushiensis khan , 1962 ( digenea : cyathocotylidae ) metacercariae in the intermediate host bithynia tentaculata l . ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) . canadian journal of zoology 65 ( 12 ) : 2980 - 2992 .
( of bithynia ( pseudemmericia ) schlickum , 1968 † ) schlickum , w . r . ( 1968 ) . die gattungen briardia munier - chalmas und nystia tournouer . archiv für molluskenkunde . 98 : 39 - 51 . page ( s ) : 47 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
these circumstances and the reported decline in endemic gastropod diversity , should trigger efforts to save this sensitive lake ecosystem . the iucn red list of threatened species ( cuttelod et al . 2011 ) includes 21 endemic species from the skadar lake basin . six of them are assessed as critically endangered , 9 as endangered , 3 as data deficient and 3 as least concern in the iucn red list of endangered species ( see :
the faunal relationships of malacofauna among the balkan’s lakes were analysed by albrecht et al . ( 2009 ) . they show that at the species - level , lakes skadar and pamvotis ( greece ) are clustered as sister group to lakes trichonis and lysimachia ( both in greece ) . its worth to note that lake skadar , inhabited by five bithynia spp . ( glöer and pešić 2008 , reischütz et al . 2008 ) is turned out to be a hot spot of bithynia evolution . it’s very likely that the absence of major hydrobioid radiations in some ancient lakes like skadar , pamvotis or trichonis could have triggered diversification in bithyniids ( glöer et al . 2007 ) .
kipp , r . m . , a . j . benson , j . larson , and a . fusaro , 2018 , bithynia tentaculata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 8 / 17 / 2017 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
( of bithynia ( opisthorchophorus ) beriozkina , levina & starobogatov , 1995 ) vinarski m . v . & kantor y . i . ( 2016 ) . analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of russia and adjacent countries . moscow : a . n . severtsov institute of ecology and evolution of russian academy of science . 544 pp . [ details ]
some authors ( e . g subba rao 1989 , nesemann et al . 2007 ) mention gabbia as a genus . however , it seems not possible to distinguish the genera of the bithyniidae by the shape of opercula ( mandahl - barth 1968 ) and / or by shell forms , because these characters are found to be variable . on the other hand , the examined material of the family of bithyniidae can be easily separated by the characteristics of penis morphology ( having a penial appendix : bithynia leach 1818 ; or lacking a penial appendix : pseudobithynia glöer & pešić 2006 ) . in our study , we tentatively use the name gabbia as a subgenus for small bithynia species with a globular shell , originating from india .
( of bithynia ( digoniostoma ) annandale , 1920 ) glöer , p . ; bössneck , u . ( 2013 ) . freshwater molluscs from nepal and north india with the description of seven new species ( gastropoda : bithyniidae , lymnaeidae , planorbidae ) . archiv für molluskenkunde . 142 ( 1 ) : 137 - 156 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
sauer , j . s . , r . a . cole , and j . m . nissen . 2007 . finding the exotic faucet snail ( bithynia tentaculata ) : investigation of waterbird die - offs on the upper mississippi river national wildlife and fish refuge . u . s . geological survey open - file report 2007 - 1065 . u . s . geological survey , reston , va , 3 pp . available : urltoken
comparative species list and type of endemism of gastropods occurring in skadar lake basin . levels of endemicity : e skadar – endemic to skadar lake basin ; e montenegro – endemic to the southern and central part of montenegro ; e montenegro + albania - endemic to adriatic drainage of montenegro and albania ; e mont . + alb . + gre . – endemic to adriatic drainage of montenegro , albania and mainland greece . spatial scales of gastropod diversity : lh – species collected in skadar lake and its sublacustrine springs , adjacent pools and mouths of the surrounding tributaries ( including its downstream part ) , sh – species collected in the surrounding spring habitat , gh – species living in the subterranean habitat ( spr . – found in spring ) .
the ecology of the aquatic gastropods bithynia tentaculata , gyraulus albus , planorbis planorbis and lymnaea peregra in north west england was investigated over 13 months at sites chosen for their wide range of water chemistry . multiple regression analysis was used to determine the significance to the mollusc distributions of a variety of physico - chemical factors . biotic factors were not considered . the species had similar life cycles , with little difference between populations within a species . b . tentaculata could live for over a year , and the major water chemistry variable was potassium ( + ) , where the sign is that of the regression coefficient . g . albus could also survive into a second year and the major variable was mud substratum type ( + ) . rock substratum type ( - ) was the most important factor for p . planorbis . there was a slight difference in the life cycles of l . peregra in hard and medium compared with soft waters and the major water chemistry variable was magnesium ( - ) .
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van damme , d . , do , v . , garcía , n . , tran , l . & allen , d .
the species has a wide distribution . there is no information on threats to the species , but it is found in anthropogenic habitats and is assessed as least concern .
1985 , kim 2008 ) and to western taiwan ( province of china ) . the species has been recorded from viet nam ( bến tre province ) and china ( yuyao (
and chiangshan ( shandong province ) ) . in taiwan it is recorded from hsiaoliouchyou island on the western coast ( chao
found in pools , ponds and paddy fields and other slow - moving waters . it is also an intermediate host for opisthorchiid liver flukes clonorchis sinensis .
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» species bythinia ( hydrobia ) proximoides capellini , 1880 † accepted as pseudamnicola proximoides ( capellini , 1880 ) † ( new combination ( cf . ) )
( of paludina ( bythinia ) stein , 1850 ) rolle , f . ( 1860 ) . die lignit - ablagerung des beckens von schönstein in unter - steiermark und ihre fossilien . sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche classe . 41 ( 1 ) , 7 - 46 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 35 [ details ]
( of bulimus scopoli , 1777 ) wenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
, which seem to be closely related . numerous synonyms have been described ( brandt 1974 ) .
do , v . , garcía , n . , tran , l . & van damme , d .
justification : this species is assessed as least concern because of its wide distribution . it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing as threatened .
the species has a wide distribution from eastern myanmar ( from mandalay southwards ) , in all parts of thailand to peninsular malaysia , lao pdr , cambodia , north and south viet nam , and perhaps into southern china ( brandt 1974 , sri - aroon 2007 ) .
this species is found in a wide variety of usually shallow water bodies , including slow - flowing rivers , streams , ponds , and other anthropogenic habitats , such as irrigated fields . from lao pdr it is known that the species occurs in ponds , trenches and in quiet parts of the mekong .
is the first intermediate host of this parasite . it is also known as vector for garrison ' s fluke infection ( echinostomiasis ) .
the species is unlikely to be impacted by natural wetland loss as it can be found widely in anthropogenic habitats .
garcía , n . , van damme , d . , do , v . & tran , l .
the species has been recorded from several provinces in northern and northeastern thailand . it is apparently widespread and although further information is needed into the species ' threats , it is considered least concern at present . a record from peninsular malaysia requires confirmation .
the species has been recorded from several provinces in northern and northeastern thailand ( e . g . , chiang mai ( ngern - klun
without more information on the species ' distribution and ecology , nothing can be inferred of its threats .
aho , j . 1966 . ecological basis of the distribution of the littoral freshwater molluscs in the vicinity of tampere , south finland . annls . zool . fenn . , 3 : 287–322 .
atkins , w . g . & lebour , m . v . 1924 . the habitats of lymnaea truncalata and lymnaea peregra in relation to hydrogen ion concentration . sci . proc . of roy . dublin soc . , 17 : 327–331 .
boycott , a . e . 1936 . the habitats of freshwater mollusca in britain . j . anim . ecol . , 5 : 116–186 .
bryant , a . 1936 . an experimental investigation into the ph ranges of various species of lymnaea . proc . trans . lpool . biol . soc . , 49 : 8–16 .
cridland , c . c . 1957 . ecological factors affecting the number of snails in permanent bodies of water . j . trop . med . hyg . , 60 : 250–256 .
deschiens , r . 1957 . les facteurs conditionnant l ' habitat des mollusques vecteurs des bilharzioses et leurs incidence épidémiologiques . ann . l ' inst . pasteur , 92 : 711–763 .
dussart , g . b . j . 1976 . the ecology of freshwater molluscs in north west england in relation to water chemistry . j . moll . stud . , 42 : 181–198 .
ellis , a . e . 1941 . the mollusca of a norfolk broad . j . conchol . , 21 : 224–243 .
harrison , a . d . , williams , n . v . & grieg , g . 1970 . studies on the effects of calcium bicarbonate concentrations on the biology of biomphalaria pfeifferi ( krauss ) ( gastropoda ; pulmonata ) . hydrobiologia , 36 : 317–327 .
harrison , a . d . & shiff , c . j . 1966 . factors affecting the distribution of some species of aquatic snails . s . afr . j . sci . , 62 : 253–258 .
hubendick , b . 1958 . factors conditioning the habitat of freshwater snails . bull . wld . hlth . org . , 18 : 1072–1080 .
hunter , w . russel - 1961 . annual variations in growth and density in natural populations of freshwater snails in the west of scotland . proc . zool . soc . lond . , 136 : 219–253 .
litalien , f . & deschiens , r . 1954 . comportement des mollusques vecteurs des bilharzioses en présence de nitrates et de nitrites alcalins . bull . soc . path . exot . , 47 : 525–531 .
malec , e . abdel - 1958 . factors conditioning the habitat of bilharziasis - intermediate hosts of the family planorbidae . bull . wld . hlth . org . , 18 : 785–818 .
macan , t . t . 1950 . ecology of freshwater mollusca in the english lake district . j . anim . ecol . , 19 : 124–146 .
mckillop , w . b . & harrison , a . d . 1972 . distribution of aquatic gastropods across an interface between the canadian shield and limestone formations , can . j . zool . , 50 : 1433–1445 .
nduku , w . k . & harrison , a . d . 1976 . calcium as a limiting factor in the biology of biomphalaria pfeifferi ( krauss ) ( gastropoda : planorbidae ) . hydrobiologia , 49 : 143–170 .
ökland , j . 1969 . distribution and ecology of the freshwater snails ( gastropoda ) of norway . malacologia , 9 : 143–151 .
say , p . j . , diaz , b . m . & whitton , b . a . 1977 . influence of zinc on lotic plants . i . tolerance of hormidium species to zinc . freshwat . biol . , 7 : 357–377 .
sutcliffe , d . w . & carrick , t . r . 1973 . studies on mountain streams in the english lake district . i . ph , calcium and the distribution of invertebrates in the river duddon . freshwat . biol . , 3 : 437–463 .
thomas , j . d . , benjamin , m . , lough , a . & aram , r . h . 1974 . the effects of calcium in the external environment on the growth and natality rates of biomphalaria glabrata ( say ) . j . anim . ecol . , 43 : 839–860 .
thomas , j . d . & lough , a . 1974 . the effects of external calcium concentration on the rate of uptake of this ion by biophalaria glabrata ( say ) . j . anim . ecol . , 43 : 861–871 .
williams , n . v . 1970a . studies on aquatic pulmonate snails in central africa . i . field distribution in relation to water chemistry . malacologia , 10 : 153–164 .
williams , n . v . 1970b . studies on aquatic pulmonate snails in central africa . 2 . experimental investigation of field distribution patterns . malacologia , 10 : 165–180 .
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
the faucet snail has a shiny pale brown shell , oval in shape , with a relatively large and rounded spire consisting of 5–6 somewhat flattened whorls , no umbilicus , and a very thick lip ( clarke 1981 ; jokinen 1992 ; mackie et al . 1980 ) . the aperture is less than half the height of the shell ( clarke 1981 ) . adult
possess a white , calcareous , tear - drop to oval - shaped operculum with distinct concentric rings ( clarke 1981 ; jokinen 1992 ; pennak 1989 ) . the operculum of juveniles , however , is spirally marked ( jokinen 1992 ) . the operculum is always located very close to the aperture of the shell ( jokinen 1992 ) . the animal itself has pointed , long tentacles and a simple foot with the right cervical lobe acting as a channel for water ( jokinen 1992 ) .
shell is usually no larger than 12–15 mm ; the snail is sexually mature by the time it reaches 8 mm in size ( jokinen 1992 ; mackie et al . 1980 ; peckarsky et al . 1993 ; pennak 1989 )
au gres - rifle ; black - macatawa ; brevoort - millecoquins ; carp - pine ; detroit ; kalamazoo ; kawkawlin - pine ; keweenaw peninsula ; lake erie ; lake huron ; lake michigan ; lake superior ; lone lake - ocqueoc ; manistee ; muskegon ; ottawa - stony ; pere marquette - white ; pigeon - wiscoggin ; saginaw ; st . clair ; st . marys ; sturgeon ; tacoosh - whitefish
big fork ; buffalo - whitewater ; crow wing ; eastern wild rice ; leech lake ; mississippi headwaters ; snake ; st . louis
black ; buffalo - whitewater ; des plaines ; duck - pensaukee ; flambeau ; la crosse - pine ; lake michigan ; lake superior ; lake winnebago ; lower fox ; lower wisconsin ; middle rock ; milwaukee ; peshtigo ; st . louis ; upper fox ; upper fox ; upper rock ; wolf
commonly found in freshwater ponds , shallow lakes , and canals . this species is found on the substrate in fall and winter ( including gravel , sand , clay , mud or undersides of rocks ) and on aquatic macrophytes ( including milfoil ,
spp . ) in warmer months ( jokinen 1992 ; pennak 1989 ; vincent et al . 1981 ) . it lives mostly in shoals , but is found at depths up to 5 m ( jokinen 1992 ) .
can inhabit intertidal zones in the hudson river ( jokinen 1992 ) . in general , the faucet snail inhabits waters with ph of 6 . 6–8 . 4 , conductivity of 87–2320 μmhos / cm , ca + + of 5–89 ppm , and na + of 4–291 ppm ( jokinen 1992 ) . it can potentially survive well in water bodies with high concentrations of k + and low concentrations of no3 - ( jokinen 1992 ) . in the st . lawrence river , it tends to occur in relatively unpolluted , nearshore areas ( vaillancourt and laferriere 1983 ) and amongst dreissenid mussel beds ( ricciardi et al . 1997 ) .
this species functions as both a scraper and a collector - filterer , grazing on algae on the substrate , as well as using its gills to filter suspended algae from the water column . when filter feeding , algae is sucked in , condensed , and then passed out between the right tentacle and exhalant siphon in pellet - like packages which are then eaten ( jokinen 1992 ) . the ability to filter feed may play a role in allowing populations of the faucet snail to survive at high densities in relatively eutrophic , anthropogenically influenced water bodies ( jokinen 1992 ) .
feeds selectively on food items ( brendelberger 1997 ) . the faucet snail is known in eurasia to feed on black fly larvae ( pavlichenko 1977 ) .
is dioecious and lays its eggs on rocks , wood and shells in organized aggregates arranged in double rows , in clumps of 1–77 . egg - laying occurs from may to july when water temperature is 20ºc or higher , and sometimes a second time in october and november by females born early in the year . the density of eggs on the substrate can sometimes reach 155 clumps / m
. fecundity may reach up to 347 eggs and is greatest for the 2nd year class . eggs hatch in three weeks to three months , depending on water temperature . oocytes develop poorly at temperatures of 30–34ºc . growth usually does not occur from september to may . the lifespan varies regionally and can be anywhere from 17 – 39 months ( jokinen 1992 ; korotneva and dregol’skaya 1992 ) .
in its native eurasian habitat , the faucet snail is host to many different species of digeneans , cercariae , metacercariae , cysticercoids , and other parasites ( mattison et al . 1995 ; morley et al . 2004 ; toledo et al . 1998 ) . natural dispersal of this snail is known to occur by passive transport in birds ( von proschwitz 1997 ) .
is capable of detecting the presence of molluscivorous leeches through chemoreception and of closing its operculum to avoid predation ( kelly and cory 1987 ) .
the faucet snail has the potential to be a good biomonitor for contaminants such as cd , zn , and mehg because there are good correlations between environmental concentrations and snail tissue concentrations with respect to these toxic compounds ( desy et al . 2000 ; flessas et al . 2000 ) .
could have been introduced to the great lakes basin in packaging material for crockery , through solid ballast in timber ships arriving to lake michigan , or by deliberate release by amateur naturalists into the erie canal , mohawk river and schuyler’s lake ( mills et al . 1993 ) . the most likely and most accepted explanation for its original introduction is the solid ballast vector ( jokinen 1992 ) .
the species is established in the drainages of lake ontario ( mills et al . 1993 ; peckarsky et al . 1993 ) , lake michigan ( mills et al . 1993 ) , and lake erie ( krieger 1985 ; mackie et al . 1980 ; peckarsky et al . 1993 ) , but not lake superior ( jokinen 1992 ) . occurrences in lake huron do not warrant classification as established .
( jokinen 1992 ) . between 1917 and 1968 , the species richness of mollusks in oneida lake decreased by 15 % as the faucet snail increased in abundance ( harman 2000 ) . it is very probable that impacts on pleurocerids , especially
. in oneida lake , have occurred because the faucet snail has higher growth rates per unit respiration than most pleurocerids due to its ability to filter feed ( tashiro and colman 1982 ) .
, in oneida lake , the density of the faucet snail decreased and overall mollusk abundance decreased even further ( harman 2000 ) . similar effects occurred in lake ontario between 1983 and 2000 due to competition with invasive dreissenid mussels ( haynes et al . 2005 ) .
( vincent et al . 1981 ) and amongst introduced mussels ( ricciardi et al . 1997 ) . the snail also has the potential to be a bio - fouling organism for underwater intakes and in swimming areas ( vermont and new york state departments of environmental conservation 2000 ) .
was found in fossils from the pleistocene in glacial lake chicago ( jokinen 1992 ) , but the only representative of the genus currently found in the great lakes is eurasian .
burgmer , t . , j . reiss , s . a . wickham , and h . hillebrand . 2010 . effects of snail grazers and light on the benthic microbial food web in periphyton communities . aquatic microbial ecology 61 ( 2 ) : 163 - 178 .
carr , j . f . , and j . k . hiltunen . 1965 . changes in the bottom fauna of western lake erie from 1930 to 1961 . limnology and oceanography 10 : 551 - 569 .
clarke , a . h . 1981 . the freshwater molluscs of canada . national museum of natural sciences , national museums of canada , ottawa , canada . 447 pp .
cole , r . a . 2001 . exotic parasite causes large scale mortality in american coots . u . s . geological survey , national wildlife health center , madison , wi . available : urltoken
cole , r . a . , and j . c . franson . 2006 . recurring waterbird mortalities of unusual etiologies . in : boere , g . c . , c . a . galbraith , d . a . stroud ( eds . ) . waterbirds around the world . the stationery office , edinburgh , uk , pp . 439 - 440 .
in the st . lawrence river , quebec . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 57 ( suppl . 1 ) : 164 - 173 .
flessas , c . , y . couillard , b . pinel - alloul , l . st - cyr , and p . g . c . campbell . 2000 . metal concentrations in two freshwater gastropods ( mollusca ) in the st . lawrence river and relationships with environmental contamination . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 57 ( suppl . 1 ) : 126 - 137 .
harman , w . n . 2000 . diminishing species richness of mollusks in oneida lake , new york state , usa . nautilus 114 ( 3 ) : 120 - 126 .
haynes , j . m . , n . a . trisch , c . m . mayer , and r . s . rhyne . 2005 . benthic macroinvertebrate communities in southwestern lake ontario following invasion of
: 1983 - 2000 . journal of the north american benthological society 24 ( 1 ) : 148 - 167 .
herrmann , k . k . , and r . e . sorensen . 2009 . seasonal dynamics of two mortality - related trematodes using an introduced snail . journal of parasitology 95 ( 4 ) : 823 - 828 .
ingram , w . m . 1956 . snail and clam infestations of drinking water supplies . journal ( american water works association ) 48 ( 3 ) : 258 - 268 .
jokinen , e . 1992 . the freshwater snails ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of new york state . the university of the state of new york , the state education department , the new york state museum , albany , new york 12230 . 112 pp .
kelly , p . m . , and j . s . cory . 1987 . operculum closing as a defense against predatory leeches in four british freshwater prosobranch snails . hydrobiologia 144 ( 2 ) : 121 - 124 .
l . on its oogenesis . tsitologiya 34 ( 2 ) : 30 - 36 .
krieger , k . a . 1985 . snail distribution in lake erie , usa , canada ; the influence of anoxia in the southern central basin nearshore zone . ohio journal of science 85 ( 5 ) : 230 - 244 .
lawrence , j . s . , p . loegering , r . cole , and s . d . cordts . 2009 . scaup and coot die - off at lake winnibigoshish – 2008 update . minnesota department of natural resources , section of wildlife , bemidji , mn . available : urltoken
mackie , g . l . , and r . claudi . 2010 . monitoring and control of macrofouling mollusks in fresh water systems . crc press , taylor francis group , boca raton , fl . 508 pp .
mackie , g . l . , d . s . white , and t . w . zdeba . 1980 . a guide to freshwater mollusks of the laurentian great lakes with special emphasis on the genus
. environmental research laboratory , office of research and development , u . s . environmental protection agency , duluth , minnesota 55804 . 144 pp .
mattison , r . g . , t . s . dunn , r . e . b . hanna , w . a . nizami , and q . m . ali . 1995 . population dynamics of freshwater gastropods and epidemiology of their helminth infections with emphasis on larval parmphistomes in northern india . journal of helminthology 69 ( 2 ) : 125 - 138 .
mills , e . l . , j . h . leach , j . t . carlton , and c . l . secor . 1993 . exotic species in the great lakes : a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions . journal of great lakes research 19 ( 1 ) : 1 - 54 .
mitchell , a . j . and r . a . cole . 2008 . survival of the faucet snail after chemical disinfection , ph extremes , and heated water bath treatments . north american journal of fisheries management 28 : 1597 - 1600 .
morley , n . j . , m . e . adam , and j . w . lewis . 2004 . the role of
in the transmission of larval digeneans from a gravel pit in the lower thames valley . journal of helminthology 78 ( 2 ) : 129 - 135 .
nalepa , t . f . , d . l . fanslow , m . b . lansing , g . a . lang , m . ford , g . gostenik , and d . j . hartson . 2002 . abundance , biomass , and species composition of benthic macroinvertebrates populations in saginaw bay , lake huron , 1987 - 1996 . noaa great lakes environmental research laboratory and cooperative institute for limnology and ecosystem research , michigan , ann arbor . 32 pp .
( trichoptera : hydropsychidae ) larvae in destroying black flies in flowing reservoirs of the zaporozyhe oblast , ussr . ekologiya ( moscow ) 1 : 104 - 105 .
peckarsky , b . l . , p . r . fraissinet , m . a . penton , and d . j . conklin jr . 1993 . freshwater macroinvertebrates of northeastern north america . cornell university press , ithaca , new york state . 442 pp .
pennak , r . 1989 . fresh - water invertebrates of the united states , 3rd ed . protozoa to mollusca . john wiley & sons , inc . , new york , new york state . 628 pp .
ricciardi , a . 2001 . facilitative interactions among aquatic invaders : is an “invasional meltdown” occurring in the great lakes ? canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 58 : 2513 - 2525 .
ricciardi , a . , f . g . whoriskey , and j . b . rasmussen . 1997 . the role of the zebra mussel ( dreissena polymorpha ) in structuring macroinvertebrate communities on hard substrata . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 54 : 2596–2608 .
: bioenergetic partitioning of ingested carbon and nitrogen . american midland naturalist 107 ( 1 ) : 114 - 132 .
toledo , r . , c . munoz - antoli , m . perez , and j . g . esteban . 1998 . larval trematode infections in freshwater gastropods from the albufera natural park in spain . journal of helminthology 72 ( 1 ) : 79 - 82 .
vaillancourt , g . , and e . lafarriere . 1983 . relationship between the quality of the environment and the benthic groupings in the littoral zone of the st . lawrence river , canada . naturaliste canadien ( quebec ) 110 ( 4 ) : 385 - 396 .
vermont and new york state departments of environmental conservation . 2000 . lake champlain basin aquatic nuisance species management plan . 65 pp .
kipp , r . m . , a . j . benson , j . larson , and a . fusaro
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
to populations from the north and west of the alps . mediterranean populations are considered as a species complex , with two species proposed by falkner
by angelov ( 2000 ) . georgiev and stoycheva ( 2010 ) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring ( water temperature 20° c ) in the rhodopes mountains , bulgaria near the town of krichim ( wohlberedt , 1911 ) . the only known such spring is krichimski vircheta , near the vacha river . the taxonomic status of the species is unclear .
is widespread through europe and lives in different types of habitat , such as oxbows , rivers , streams , fish ponds , etc . although there are local impacts on its habitats from both human activities and natural events ( i . e . natural sedimentation and water pollution ) , the species is so widespread that it is unlikely to lead to anything other than localised extinctions . therefore the species qualifies for least concern .
wohlberedt , 1911 was considered a valid species , then it is possibly extinct . georgiev ( 2010 ) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring ( water temperature 20° c ) in the rhodopes mountains , bulgaria where the only known spring is krichimski vircheta , near the vacha river . the taxonomic status of the species is unclear , but krichimski vircheta spring as has much disturbance and no shells could be found in two surveys in 2008 and 2009 , presumably as a result of many people washing themselves in the hot water . in the springs pollution from plastic and other materials was obvious .
the species was recorded last century from north africa , however there are no recent records , so it is considered to be regionally extinct in north africa , whereas in the northern mediterranean , it is still widespread , but local , and as such is considered least concern . however according to falkner
, as such some of the map data for the region is incorrect . although these species should probably be considered as data deficient , the likely assessment once the taxonomic issues have been resolved will be least concern , as certainly
which is now considered to be a distinct species . fauna europaea lists the following countries : austria , balearis islands , belgium , u . k . - great britain , bulgaria , czech republic , denmark , estonia , france , germany , hungary , ireland , italy , russia , latvia , lithuania , macedonia , poland , romania , slovakia , slovenia , spain , sweden , switzerland , the netherlands , ukraine , serbia .
( paasch , 1842 ) are both recorded in the czech republic , where both species are restricted to south moravia ; in the floodplains along the morava river and the dyje river where both species are very rare .
( sheppard , 1823 ) is widespread in lowland rivers , but is believed to have declined over the last 50 years ( killeen , pers . comm , 2009 ) . slovakia : mainly the danube and morava river . also in the latorica river and slow flooding canals and oxbows , and fishponds . germany : common in the north part . in the southern part only in the river rhein , neckar and chiemsee .
by angelov ( 2000 ) . georgiev ( 2010 ) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring ( water temperature 20° c ) in the rhodopes mountains near the town of krichim ( wohlberedt , 1911 ) . the only known such spring is krichimski vircheta , near the vacha river .
there is no unified information available on population and trends for this species , although some countries where the species is less widespread have data on population declines over the last 50 years . there is little evidence of any significant decline .
this species lives in different types of habitat , such as oxbows , rivers , streams , fish ponds , slow flowing canals , etc . it is known to inhabit a wide range of habitats such as streams , rivers , canals , large drains , marsh drains and lakes , however , it is less common in smaller ponds . it shows a strong preference for richly vegetated habitats , often with a muddy or silty substrate with a high diversity of molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates .
its habitats are affected by artificial and natural impacts ( i . e . natural sedimentation and water pollution ) , although it is difficult to state if there is a significant decline on the habitat quality . it is pollution sensitive and there is evidence of some localised decline .
other threats : pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources , alteration of water courses , changes to flow regimes , and over - frequent dredging . mouthon ( 1996 ) showed that
2 department of biology , faculty of sciences , university of montenegro , cetinjski put b . b . , 81000 podgorica , montenegro
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
considering the geographical position of iran , a rich fauna of freshwater snails could be expected . a high level of endemism and a diverse mixture of palaearctic and paleotropical elements are characteristic of the iranian freshwater fauna ( pešić and saboori 2007 ) .
research of molluscs biodiversity in iran has a relatively long tradition . in 1862 , a group of italian scientists undertook the first systematic expedition to persia , which revealed a large number of molluscan samples . the results of this expedition have been published by issel ( 1863 ) . two decades later , the mollusc fauna of the caspian sea was studied by dybowski ( 1888 ) . the first study on the molluscs diversity of inland water was done at the beginning of the xx th century by the indian malacologists annandale and his coauthors ( annandale and prashad 1919 , annandale 1921 , annandale and rao 1925 ) who studied the molluscan fauna of seistan and baluchistan province . biggs ( 1936 , 1937 , 1971 ) studied the malacofauna of the central plateau of iran . in 1936 he noted : “little has been written on the mollusca of the iranian plateau . this was perhaps due to the inaccessibility of the interior in the past when the only method of travelling was by caravan” . forcart ( 1935 ) studied molluscs from the mazandaran province . starmühlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) published the results of the austrian iran expedition of 1949 / 50 and 1956 . later on , starmühlner ( 1961 , 1965 ) studied molluscs from northern and eastern iran collected by the austrian a . ruttner . more recently , mansoorian ( 1986 , 1994 , 1998 , 2000 ) published on the molluscan fauna of iran .