aboma etheostoma , the scaly boy , is a species of goby native to the pacific coast of central america from mexico to panama .

this species is the only known member of its genus .

aboma etheostoma

what type of species is aboma etheostoma ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the aboma etheostoma species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of aboma etheostoma species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species aboma etheostoma .
how to identify aboma etheostoma marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species aboma etheostoma . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species aboma etheostoma are marked in green .
where is aboma etheostoma found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species aboma etheostoma can be found .
( of gobiosoma etheostoma ( jordan & starks , 1895 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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justification : this species is widespread in the eastern pacific . however , there is no population information , and more information is needed to determine the impact of extensive habitat loss from coastal development and aquaculture on this substrate - specific , shallow - water species . it is listed as data deficient .
this species is endemic to the eastern pacific , ranging from the eastern gulf of california to panama .
there is no population information available for this species . it is thought to be uncommon .
this demersal species inhabits shallow estuaries ( 0 - 8 m ) , and is restricted to substrate of a firm mixture of mud and sand . it feeds on mobile benthic worms and crustacea .
this species is threatened by loss of habitat due to shrimp farming , coastal aquaculture , and mangrove destruction from coastal development . as this species is restricted to near - shore shallow water habitat with specific substrate , more information is needed to determine the effect of widespread habitat loss and degradation on its population .
there are no known specific conservation measures for this species . this species ' distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific ( wdpa 2006 ) . additionally , populations are known to exist within ramsar sites in southeastern gulf of california .
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maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 3 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 92840 )
distinguished by having the following characteristics : large eyes ; small mouth ; ctenoid scales on body ; 4 modified basicaudal scales on caudal peduncle ; vii spines in first dorsal fin , first 2 of which may be elongate in males ; mottled , light brown pigment on body ; maximally reaching 3 . 4 cm sl ( ref . 92840 ) .
inhabits shallow intertidal areas with sandy / mud substrate ( ref . 92840 ) .
rüber , l . , j . l . van tassell and r . zardoyal , 2003 . rapid speciation and ecological divergence in the american seven - spined gobies ( gobiidae , gobiosomatini ) inferred from a molecular phylogeny . evolution 57 ( 7 ) : 1584 - 1598 . ( ref . 51797 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00418 - 0 . 01902 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of gobiosoma polyporosum dawson , 1969 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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head rounded , snout pointed ; mouth small ( ends under pupil ) , oblique ; eye large ( ~ snout length ) ; narrow between eyes ( < 1 / 2 eye diameter ) ; no barbels under chin or under front nostril ; males with large canines in outer row of teeth on side of lower jaw ; preopercle with 2 - 3 pores ; no teeth on side of roof of mouth ; dorsal fin vii spines ( large males - first spine long , ribbon - like , reaching to middle of soft dorsal ) , 11 - 12 ( usually 12 ) dorsal rays ; 10 - 12 ( usually 11 ) anal rays ; pectoral 16 - 19 rays , longer than pelvic ; pelvics fused in disc ; male papilla long & slender ; body scaled rearward of line under 2nd dorsal spine to upper pectoral base & from lower pectoral base to anus , 26 - 30 lateral rows of scales ; 4 large , very rough scales on base of tail fin .
( preserved fish ) tan to grey brown , head with scattered black dots , 2 prominent spots behind eye , 2 oblique bars from eye to under rear end of lower jaw ; 4 - 5 rows of dark spots forming a dark lateral stripe along body ; belly pale ; tail with 5 - 6 dark chevrons ( lower 1 / 2 of those marks darker ) ; 1 / 2 inner half of pectoral with a dark chevron ( upper 1 / 2 darker ) ; anal dusky , darker at edge ; 1st dorsal with 2 rows of spots , top row forming a dark stripe between 4th to 7th spines second dorsal mottle ; pelvics dusky ; pectoral with yellow spot and , dark curved bar .
castri - aguirre , j . l . , espinoza - pérez , h . and schmitter - soto , j . j . , 2002 . , lista sitemática , biogeográfica y ecológica de la ictiofauna estuarino lagunar y vicaria de méxico . en : lozano - vilano , m . l . ( ed . ) . libro jubilar en honor al dr . salvador contreras balderas . , universidad autonoma de nuevo león : 117 - 142 .
dawson , c . e . , 1969 . , a new seven - spined goby , gobiosoma ( austrogobius ) polyporosum , from the pacific coast of panamá . , copeia , 1969 : 510 - 514 .
findley , l . t . , hendrickx , m . e . , brusca , r . c . , van der heiden , a . m . , hastings , p . a . , torre , j . , 2003 . , diversidad de la macrofauna marina del golfo de california , mexico . , cd - rom versión 1 . 0 . projecto de la macrofauna del golfo . derechos reservados de los autores y conservación internacional .
fischer , w . , krup , f . , schneider , w . , sommer , c . , carpenter , k . e . and niem , v . h . , 1995 . , guia fao para la identificacion de especies de para los fines de la pesca . pacifico centro - oriental . volumen ii . vertebrados - parte 1 . , fao2 : 647 - 1200 .
hoese , d . f . , 1971 . , a revision of the eastern pacific species of the gobiid fish genus gobiosoma , with a discussion of the relationships of the genus . ph . d . diss . univ . california , san diego . , university of california : 213pp .
jordan , d . s . and evermann , b . w . , 1898 . , the fishes of north and middle america : a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish - like vertebrates found in the waters of north america , north of the isthmus of panama . part iii . , bull . u . s . nat . mus . , 47 : 2183 - 3136 .
jordan , d . s . , 1895 . , the fishes of sinaloa . , proceedings of the california academy of sciences ( series 2 ) , 5 : 377 - 514 .
lopez , m . i . and bussing , w . a . , 1982 . , lista provisional de los peces marinos de la costa rica . , revista de biologia tropical , 30 ( 1 ) : 5 - 26 .
van der heiden , a . m . and findley , l . t . , 1988 . , lista de los peces marinos del sur de sinaloa , méxico . , anales del centro de ciencias del mar y limnologia de la universidad autonoma nacional de mexico , 15 : 209 - 224 .
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rã¼ber , l . , j . l . van tassell and r . zardoyal , 2003 . rapid speciation and ecological divergence in the american seven - spined gobies ( gobiidae , gobiosomatini ) inferred from a molecular phylogeny . evolution 57 ( 7 ) : 1584 - 1598 . ( ref . 51797 )
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00418 - 0 . 01902 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .
) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
head and body slender ; head elongate , snout pointed ; eye large ( ~ snout length ) ; narrow between eyes ( < ½ eye diameter ) ; mouth small ; males with large canines in outer row of teeth on side of lower jaw ; no teeth on sides of roof of mouth ; tongue round to blunt ; head without barbels ; front nostril tubular , rear with raised rim ; preopercle with 2 - 3 pores ; dorsal fin vii ( large males - 1st spine long , ribbon - like , reaching to middle of soft dorsal ) + i , 11 - 12 ; anal fin i , 10 - 12 rays ; pectoral 16 - 19 rays , longer than pelvic ; pelvics fused in disc ; body scaled rearward of line under 2nd dorsal spine to upper pectoral base & from lower pectoral base to anus ; scales rough , large , 26 - 30 l ateral rows ; 4 large , very rough scales on base of tail fin .
tan to grey brown ; lower part of head with scattered black dots , 2 prominent spots behind eye , 2 oblique bars from eye to under rear end of lower jaw ; 4 - 6 rows of dark spots forming narrow dark stripes along body ; 1st dorsal with 2 thick dark stripes ; 2nd dorsal with 3 rows of dark spots ; anal dusky , darker at edge ; pectoral base with a dark curved bar ; pelvics dusky ; tail fin with 5 - 6 dark chevron bars .
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jordan , david s . & e . c . starks in jordan , david s . 1895 .
chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version .
eschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .
escobar - fernández , r . and m . siri ( 1997 ) nombres vernáculos y científicos de los peces del pacífico mexicano . : universidad autónoma de baja california , sociedad ictiológica mexicana , a . c . mexico .
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea and j . d . williams ( 2004 ) common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . : american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . ix , 386 p . + 1 cd .
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds . , 2004 : common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico , sixth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 29 . ix + 386 .
rüber , l . , j . l . van tassell and r . zardoyal ( 2003 ) rapid speciation and ecological divergence in the american seven - spined gobies ( gobiidae , gobiosomatini ) inferred from a molecular phylogeny . : evolution 57 ( 7 ) : 1584 - 1598 .
wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .
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head - rounded but more compressed that the typical gobiosoma head ; the overall body is distinctly more slender than a gobiosoma .
color - color pattern is variable ; generally dark colored with light areas on the head and light saddles behind the first dorsal and on the caudal peduncle ; distinct dak banding on the tail is distinctly noticable as is the dark mark on the pectoral fin .
notes - this species does not belong in the genus gobiosoma . see ruber , van tassell and zardoya . 2003 . evolution 57 ( 7 ) : 1584 - 1598


the biak scops owl is an owl endemic to the twin islands of biak-supiori in geelvink bay , papua ( formerly irian jaya ) , indonesia .

it is classified as vulnerable due to its very small range and destruction of its habitat .

biak scops owls ( scops beccarii salvadori ) are 20 – 25 cm birds from the genus outs contain 45 other species .

biak scops are frequently seen as dark brown and dark rufous forms with long ear tufts and pale a whitish brown facial disc .

baik 's are very small creatures , but have hoarse , corvid - like voices .

their diet mostly consist of small vertebrates or insects , although due to being an ongoing decline they are seldomly seen ; however , most are found in blaik island in heavy wooded areas near villages in supiori islands off northwest new guinea .

however , the reproducing of biak scops owls is unknown and is still in the process of studying .

biak scops owl

the biak scops owl is a small owl with moderately long ear - tufts . it is also known as the beccari scops owl .
owl information . . . index of owl species . . . photos of various owl species for identification
the biak scops owls measure about 8 - 10 inches ( 20 - 25 cm ) in length .
the biak island scops owls ( otus beccarii ) - also known as beccari scope owls , moluccan scops owls or papuan scops owls - are endemic to the twin islands of biak - supiori in geelvink bay , off northwestern new guinea papua ( formerly irian jaya ) in indonesia .
biak scops owls have a very small range and are endangered due to destruction of their forest habitats , and their numbers are suspected to be declining .
australasia : biak island . otus beccarii is endemic to the twin islands of biak - supiori in geelvink bay , papua ( formerly irian jaya ) , indonesia
25 cm ; no data on body mass . medium - sized scops - owl ; said to occur in dark and rufous - brown and tawny and dark grey - brown forms ; almost certainly morphs , but sometimes . . .
( gibbs 1993 , poulsen and frolander 1994 , eastwood 1996b ) . one was heard in and around biak - utara reserve in 1997
. 2012 ) . subsequently , it has been suggested that this species is widespread in forested habitats around biak and supiori ( b . beehler
2000 ) . however , more recently , the species has been encountered regularly in remnant forest patches in southern biak ( k . d . bishop
tawny - brown owl with short , inconspicuous ear - tufts . yellow eyes . rather distinct , pale whitish eyebrows and facial disc . densely barred brown upperparts with some white on scapulars . brown or rich rufous underparts , probably colour morphs but possibly sex dimorphism , with very fine barring . similar spp . the only owl on biak - supiori . papuan frogmouth podargus papuensis and large - tailed nightjar caprimulgus macrurus have different habits and long tails . voice probably a harsh croak , rasping at close range but sounding more like a deer’s bark at long range . hints calling birds can usually be stalked and seen in the beam of a torch
members of the genus otus are the scops and screech owls . they are relatively small owls , with short , rounded wings . most have erectile ear - tufts . otus is a worldwide genus , containing some 45 species .
holt , d . w . , berkley , r . , deppe , c . , enríquez rocha , p . , petersen , j . l . , rangel salazar , j . l . , segars , k . p . , wood , k . l . , de juana , e . , sharpe , c . j . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . biak scops - owl ( otus beccarii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
25 cm . tawny - brown owl with short , inconspicuous ear - tufts . yellow eyes . rather distinct , pale whitish eyebrows and facial disc . densely barred brown upperparts with some white on scapulars . brown or rich rufous underparts , probably colour morphs but possibly sex dimorphism , with very fine barring .
identify and record the species ' s vocalisations to aid detection . conduct surveys on both biak and supiori , using tape - playback of vocalisations , to establish its current distribution , population status and assess its habitat requirements . investigate further its taxonomic status and relationship to other
czech : výrecek beccariuv , výre ? ek beccari ? v . . . danish : papuadværghornugle . . . dutch : biak - dwergooruil . . . estonian : biaki päll . . . finnish : biakinpöllönen . . . french : petit - duc de beccari . . . german : beccarieule , beccari - zwergohreule . . . indonesian : celepuk biak . . . italian : assiolo di beccari . . . japanese : biakukonohazuku . . . norwegian : biakugle . . . polish : syczek papuaski . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : výrik biacky . . . spanish : autillo de biak . . . swedish : biakdvärguv . . . chinese : ? ? ? ?
there are very few records of this species , which is classified as endangered on the basis of its very small range and apparent restriction to tall lowland forest , which is severely fragmented and declining . however it may prove to be more common and widespread , and justify reclassification as vulnerable . its status is unclear , as it is a nocturnal species with poorly - known calls and only recently considered to be a separate species . a 1973 survey of the island found only one pair , it was not recorded during three 1990s visits to biak and just one was heard in and around biak - utara reserve in 1997 . however , two were heard one morning in 1995 , and it was suspected to be fairly widespread in moderate numbers in 1982 , based on vocalisations and local reports , although not actually observed .
the population is estimated to number 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . it is assumed that all mature individuals are in a single sub - population ( g . dutson in litt . 2013 ) . trend justification : the widespread loss of forest on the island of biak suggests that the species has declined , but parts of supiori are virtually impenetrable and as such may provide a refuge . based on this information , the population is suspected to be declining at a moderate rate .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
holt , d . w . ; berkley , r . ; deppe , c . ; enriquez rocha , p . l . ; olsen , p . d . ; petersen , j . l . ; rangel salazar , j . l . ; segars , k . p . ; wood , k . l . 1999 . strigidae ( typical owls ) . in : del hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; sargatal , j . ( ed . ) , handbook of the birds of the world , pp . 76 - 242 . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain .
probably a harsh croak , rasping at close range but sounding more like a deer ' s bark at long range .
calling birds can usually be stalked and seen in the beam of a torch .
vulnerable b1ab ( ii , iii , v ) ; c2a ( ii ) ver 3 . 1
beehler , b . , bishop , k . , dutson , g . , holmes , d . , ripley , s . , van balen , b . & van beirs , m .
allinson , t , benstead , p . , bird , j . , dutson , g . , symes , a . & taylor , j .
this species has been downlisted to vulnerable on the basis that its habitat is not as fragmented as once thought , along with evidence that it is more widespread than previously thought . nevertheless , its population is estimated to be small and inferred to be in on - going decline .
1999 ) . its status is uncertain , as it is a nocturnal species with poorly - known calls and only recently considered to be a separate species . a survey of the island in 1973 found only one pair
2000 ) . furthermore , forest does not regenerate easily on areas of raised coralline limestone . much of supiori comprises virtually impenetrable forest on limestone mountains , which is likely to be safe from habitat degradation .
species . afford formal protection to key sites supporting the species , as appropriate .
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original description : salvadori , tommaso . 1876 . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova , 7 ( 1875 ) , p . 906 - 907 .
könig , claus & weick , friedhelm . 2008 .
owls : a guide to the owls of the world ( second edition )
. yale university press .
mikkola , heimo . 2013 .
owls of the world : a photographic guide ( second edition )
. bloomsbury .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : otus beccarii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
sometimes treated as conspecific with either o . manadensis or o . magicus ; song similar to latter’s , but significant differences from both in plumage . monotypic .
hoarse , corvid - like croak , repeated in series ; at close range , described as “a quite . . .
dense forest and forest edge ; locally near villages . occurs from near sea - level to 1000 m elevation .
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sequence of species in this genus is adopted in an attempt to conform to the findings of several recent molecular - phylogenetic studies # r # r , notwithstanding difficulty that a considerable number of taxa have not yet been sampled . relationships of many species remain uncertain . includes genus mimizuku . previously incorporated genus megascops .
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their primary habitats are forests , including partially logged forests , up to at least 1 , 000 feet ( 300 m ) and coastal swamp forests bounded by heavily forested limestone cliffs . they appear to avoid heavily logged or degraded forests
they have short , inconspicuous ear - tufts and densely barred brown upperparts with some white on the scapulars ( shoulder feathers ) . the plumage below is brown or rich rufous , with fine barring .
the only other owls occurring within their range - - the papuan frogmouth podargus papuensis and large - tailed nightjar caprimulgus macrurus - - can easily be differentiated by their long tails .
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rarest bird in the world : the cone - billed tanager , the mystery .
atlapetes blancae , 8 years later , still not found . wish or species ?
it inhabits forest , including partially logged forest , up to at least 300 m , including coastal swamp - forest bounded by heavily forested limestone cliffs . it may be poorly tolerant of habitat degradation , as there have been no records from heavily logged or degraded forest .
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rhynchactis is a genus of deep-sea anglerfish in the family gigantactinidae , containing three species found worldwide at depths greater than 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) .

adult female rhynchactis reach a standard length ( sl ) of 11 – 13 cm ( 4.3 – 5.1 in ) and have a dark-colored , streamlined body and a relatively small head bearing a very long illicium ( the " fishing rod " formed by the first ray of the dorsal fin ) .

unlike almost all other deep-sea anglerfishes , the illicium bears no bioluminescent esca ( the " lure " ) at the tip .

the mouth is almost devoid of teeth , and the inside of both jaws are covered by numerous white glands that are unique to this genus .

the lack of an esca , greatly reduced dentition , and glands inside the mouth all point to rhynchactis having a highly specialized mode of feeding , the nature of which has yet to be deciphered .

as in other deep-sea anglerfishes , there is enormous sexual dimorphism with males being much smaller than females and lacking an illicium , though they do not appear to be parasitic as in some families .

reproduction is oviparous , with the larvae having a rounded shape and enlarged pectoral fins .

rhynchactis

there are no species - specific conservation efforts at this time for rhynchactis macrothix .
revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species .
revision of the deep - sea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new apecies .
species of the family gigantactinidae are meso - bathypelagic anglerfish ( pietsch in press ) . species in the genus rhynchactis have a wide distribution in all three major oceans of the world between approximately 32°n and 12°s ( bertelsen and pietsch . 1998 ) . rhynchactis macrothrix is known to inhabit waters as shallow as 300 m and as deep as 2 , 000 m ( pietsch 2009 ) .
bertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia , 1998 ( 3 ) : 583590 .
bertelsen , e . & t . w . pietsch . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 .
bertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia , 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 .
bertelsen , e . and t . w . pietsch , 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 . ( ref . 28611 )
color of females in preservative uniformly dark brown to black over entire external surface of head , body , and fins ( except for unpigmented transparent parts of escal bulb , escal appendages , and stem of illicium ; for ontogenetic and specific variation , see species accounts below ) ; oral cavity more or less pigmented . skin of metamorphosed males weakly pigmented in rhynchactis , varying among species - groups of gigantactis from unpigmented to dark brown or black . subdermal pigment of larvae , males , and juvenile females varying between genera and among species groups of gigantactis from absent ( e . g . , gigantactis longicirra ) to dense , dorsal and peritoneal groups of melanophores ( e . g . , rhynchactis ) .
justification : rhynchactis macrothix is distributed in all three major oceans of the world between approximately 32°n and 12°s . it is a meso - bathypelagic species , residing between 300 m and 2 , 000 m . little is known about its population or ecology . there are no known major threats . based on the limited information , r . macrothix is assessed as data deficient .
the whipnose anglers are placed in 2 genera , gigantactis brauer , 1902 , with 18 species , and rhynchactis regan , 1925 , with 3 . the rare , primarily tropical rhynchactis is known just outside our area ( off madagascar ) from a single female of r . macrothrix bertelsen and pietsch , 1998 and is not included here . six species of gigantactis have been found in our area . females of gigantactis reach about 41 cm sl , and adults of both sexes are primarily bathypelagic . metamorphosed males are non - parasitic and reach 22 mm sl ; none are yet known from our area . parr ( 1927 ) described the first male of gigantactis but placed it in a new genus , laevoceratias , family aceratiidae . bertelsen ( 1951 ) tentatively placed it in the family diceratiidae . the gigantactinids were last reviewed by bertelsen et al . ( 1981 ) who examined all the then known material and recognized 17 species . kharin ( 1984 ) described g . balushkini from off japan .
the fishing
lure ,
or illicium , in ceratioids is tipped with a luminescent organ , the esca , except in the caulophrynidae , and in the gigantactinid genus rhynchactis . the illicium of rhynchactis macrothrix , a species that has been taken just outside our area , is tipped with a slight bulbous swelling , but this is not an esca ( bertelsen and pietsch , 1998 ) . often the esca is adorned with spinules , papillae and a variety of filaments and appendages . illicium length is measured from its base only to the distal end of the bulb of the esca . other light organs include the hyoid barbels of linophryne and the dorsal midbody caruncles in ceratiids . tooth counts are a summation of both sides of each jaw . free - living metamorphosed males have a unique toothy bone articulating with the anterior ends of both jaws called the upper and lower denticulars ; their denticles form into rows and are counted . scales are often modified into skin spinules ( = prickles or dermal spines elsewhere ) , or greatly enlarged bucklers ( himantolophidae ) .
both genera of the family are represented in all three major oceans of the world . females of gigantactis have been reported from as far north as southern greenland , with the southernmost record close to 50°s in the atlantic sector of the southern ocean . the known distribution of rhynchactis is restricted to tropical and subtropical regions between about 30°n and 10°s . the great majority of the recorded metamorphosed specimens of the family have been captured in nets fished in maximum depths exceeding 1000 m . gigantactinids thus appear to be among the deepest - living ceratioids , with greatest abundance between 1000 and at least 2500 m .
ceratioid anglerfishes differ further from their shallow - water relatives in having a bacterial light - organ that serves as bait to attract prey , a structure technically called the “esca”—exceptions among members of the suborder include the monotypic family neoceratiidae ( bertelsen , 1951 ) , the three species of the gigantactinid genus rhynchactis ( bertelsen et al . , 1981 ; bertelsen and pietsch , 1998 ) , and the five members of the family caulophrynidae ( pietsch , 1979 ) . parr ( 1927 ) was the first to recognize the diagnostic value of the external morphology of escae in ceratioids , pointing out the need for a closer examination of individual variation in the structure of this organ . since that time , differences in the number , shape , and size of escal appendages and filaments , as well as variation in external escal pigment patterns , have been , for the most part , the sole basis on which new species have been described ( e . g . , see pietsch , 1974 ; bertelsen et al . , 1981 ; bertelsen and krefft , 1988 ) .
bertelsen , e . & t . w . pietsch . 1977 . results of the research cruises of frv
walther herwig
to south america . xlvii . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family oneirodidae collected by the frv
walther herwig .
arch . fischwiss . , 27 ( 3 ) : 171 - 189 .  . 1983 . the ceratioid anglerfishes of australia . recs . australian mus . , 35 : 77 - 99 .  . 1984 . results of the research cruises of frv
walther herwig
to south america . lxiii . a resurrection of the ceratioid anglerfish ceratias tentaculatus ( norman , 1930 ) with notes on the occurrence of the species of ceratias in the atlantic ocean ( pisces : lophiiformes ) . arch . fischwiss . , 35 ( 1 / 2 ) : 43 - 51 .  . 1996 . revision of the ceratioid anglerfish genus lasiognathus ( lophiiformes : thaumatichthyidae ) . copeia , 1996 ( 2 ) : 401 - 409 .  . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia , 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 .
rhynchactis has undergone such a drastic reduction and loss of parts that clearly it is the more derived of the two gigantactinid genera . within the genus gigantactis , there are four morphological trends that seem to characterize anglerfish evolution in general ( pietsch , 1972 , 1974 : 87 , 88 ) : ( 1 ) an increase in the length of the illicium , ( 2 ) a decrease in the number of median - fin rays , ( 3 ) a loss of jaw teeth , and ( 4 ) an increase in morphological complexity of the luring apparatus , in this case , reflected in a general tendency to increase the number of distal filaments of the esca and filaments of the illicium . giagantactis longicirra appears to be the least derived member of the genus , having the shortest illicium , the greatest number of longitudinal series of dentary teeth , the highest dorsal - ray count , and the least number of distal escal filaments . members of the g . macronema group ( g . macronema , g . microdontis , and g . ios ) are the most derived , having the longest illicium , the fewest series and total number of dentary teeth , the lowest dorsal - ray counts , and numbers distal , escal filaments . the remaining species of the genus are more or less intermediate in specialization . members of the g . vanhoeffeni group , include g . vanhoeffeni , g . meadi , g . gibbsi , g . gracilicauda , and g . paxtoni , are united in sharing a relatively short illicium and a similar escal morphology . members of the g . gargantua group , including g . gargantua , g . watermani , and g . herwigi , likewise share a similar escal morphology but are also united on the basis of having a relatively long illicium and an elongation of the second and seventh caudal - fin rays .
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the gigantactinidae is one of the most well - defined and highly specialized families of deep - sea anglerfishes . the females are readily distinguished from those of the other ten families of the suborder by having an elongate streamlined shape , a relatively small head and slender caudal peduncle , five pectoral radials , and a greatly prolonged illicium that reaches a length between one and four times standard length . the family includes 22 species in two genera .
as is the case with nearly all ceratioid groups , little is known about the ecology of the gigantactinids . however , recent evidence suggests that this group lives a benthic lifestyle and may even swim upside down while foraging , drifting motionless as the esca lures prey off the bottom ( moore , 2002 ) . rov jason , of woods hole oceanographic insitutue , captured a whipnose anglerfish ( gigantactis sp . ) on video ( hawaii - 2 observatory video clips ) swimming ( see clip fish _ gig _ 1 _ 1 ) and apparently foraging upside down ( see clip fish _ gig _ 1 _ 3 ) .
metamorphosed females of the gigantactinidae differ from those of all other ceratioid families in lacking the vomer , mesopterygoid , and an ossified scapula ; in having the preopercle reduced to a short narrow strut of bone ; the interopercle reduced , without ligamentous connection to the angular ; the caudal fin emarginate ( except in the largest known females of gigantactis kreffti and g . macronema ) , with nine caudal - fin rays , the ventralmost ray reduced and embedded within skin surrounding the adjacent ray ; the pterygiophore of the illicium exceptionally large , the compressed posterior end butting up against the supraoccipital ; and five pectoral radials ( bertelsen et al . , 1981 ) .
free - living male of gigantactis male group i , 14 . 5mm , zmuc p921533 ( after bertelsen et al . , 1981 ) . © 1981 , e . bertelsen et al . , k . elsman
metamorphosed gigantactinid males differ from those of all other ceratioid families in having the following combination of character states : eyes minute , only 3 - 5 % sl in most specimens ; olfactory organs large , depth 8 - 10 % sl in most specimens ; anterior nostrils close together , directed anteriorly ; premaxillae degenerate , but maxillae well developed ; jaw teeth absent ; denticular teeth all or nearly all mutually free ; upper denticular teeth 3 - 6 ( rarely 2 ) , not connected to pterygiophore of illicium ; lower denticular teeth 4 - 7 ( rarely 3 ) ; hyomandibular with a single head ; branchiostegal rays 6 ( rarely 7 ) ; pectoral radials 5 ; fin - ray counts as given for metamorphosed females ; pelvic bones absent ; skin naked or densely covered with dermal spinules ; free - living , no evidence that males ever become parasitic , but temporarily attached males are unknown ( see pietsch , 2005 ) .
in addition to the sexual dimorphism common to all metamorphosed ceratioids , gigantactinid males differ further from females of the family in having a symphysial cartilage , a vomer , and a basibranchial ossification ; they differ also in having fully developed frontals , parietals , opercular bones , and ceratobranchials ( bertelsen et al . , 1981 , figs . 11d - f , 14 , 15 ) .
gigantactinid larvae differ from those of all other ceratioid families in having exceptionally large pectoral fins ( length 45 - 55 % sl ) , comparable only to those of the caulophrynidae ; they differ further in having the following combination of character states : short , nearly spherical ; skin highly inflated ; pelvic fins absent ; fin - ray counts as given for metamorphosed females ; sexual dimorphism evident , females with a small , club - shaped illicial rudiment protruding from head ; metamorphosis beginning at 8 - 10 mm sl , metamorphosal stages 9 - 20 mm sl ( bertelsen , 1981 , 62 , 1984 : 326 , fig . 168a - b ) .
gigantactinids are among the largest known ceratioids . while some of the 30 or so females of gigantactis greater than 200 mm have relatively large ovaries , none contain ripe or ripening eggs . eggs larger than about 0 . 5 mm in diameter have not been found . at the same time , none of the more than 175 metamorphosed females in collections around the world are parasitized by males , thus it is assumed that males remain free - living . the largest known male , a member of the gigantactis male group i measures 22 mm and has ripe testes .
bertelsen , e . 1951 . the ceratioid fishes . ontogeny , taxonomy , distribution and biology . dana rept . , 39 , 276 pp .
bertelsen , e . , t . w . pietsch , and r . j . lavenberg . 1981 . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family gigantactinidae : morphology , systematics , and distribution . nat . hist . mus . l . a . co . , contri . sci . , 332 , vi , 74 pp .
brauer , a . 1902 . diagnosen von neuen tiefseefischen , welche von der valdivia - expedition gesammelt sind . zool . anz . , 25 , 668 ( 4 ) : 277298 .
moore , j . a . 2002 . upside - down swimming behaviour in a whipnose anglerfish ( teleost : ceratioidei : gigantactinidae ) . copeia , 2002 ( 4 ) : 11441146 .
pietsch , t . w . 1972 . ergebnisse der forschungsreisen des ffs
walther herwig
nach südamerika . xix . systematics and distribution of ceratioid fishes of the genus dolopichthys ( family oneirodidae ) , with the description of a new species . arch . fischwiss . , 23 ( 1 ) : 128 .
pietsch , t . w . 1974 . osteology and relationships of ceratioid anglerfishes of the family oneirodidae , with a review of the genus oneirodes lütken . nat . hist . mus . l . a . co . , sci . bull . , 18 , 113 pp .
pietsch , t . w . 2005 . dimorphism , parasitism , and sex revisited : modes of reproduction among deep - sea ceratioid anglerfishes ( teleostei : lophiiformes ) . ichthyol . res . , 52 : 207236 .
regan , c . t . 1912 . the classification of the teleostean fishes of the order pediculati . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ser . 8 , 9 ( 28 ) : 277289 .
regan , c . t . 1925 . new ceratioid fishes from the n . atlantic , the caribbean sea , and the gulf of panama , collected by the
dana .
ann . mag . nat . hist . , ser . 8 , 8 ( 62 ) : 561567 .
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greek , ' rhynch ' = beak or snout + greek , ' aktis ' = ray ( in reference to the illicium that arises near the tip of the snout ) ( ref . 86949 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 0 - 2250 m ( ref . 28611 ) . deep - water
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 3 cm sl ( female )
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 4 ; anal soft rays : 4 . length of illicium 210 % sl , tip with 4 tiny filaments ; irregular series of 19 filaments on distal 14 % of length of illicium , five longest 2 - 4 % sl , all gradually tapering from base to tip ( ref . 86949 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 300 - 2000 m ( ref . 86949 ) . deep - water
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 0 cm sl ( female )
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 4 ; anal soft rays : 3 . length of illicium 109 - 144 % sl , distal tip bearing 3 - 4 small unpigmented filaments , some with tiny distal swelling ; distal 28 - 57 % illicial length bearing series of 11 - 20 secondary filaments , five longest filaments measuring 6 - 15 % sl ; each secondary filament with 1 - 2 unpigmented terminal filaments , some with tiny distal swelling ; large specimens ( 110 - 113 mm ) with secondary filaments darkly pigmented to base of terminal filaments , divided on each side by a narrow , well - defined longitudinal transparent band ( ref . 86949 ) .
) : 2 - 9 , mean 6 . 1 ( based on 368 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
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the gigantactinidae are known for their extreme sexual dimorphism . males of the gigantactinidae family are characterized by their small size . they are considered a dwarf male family with a maximum size of 2 . 2 cm , while the females are significantly larger than the males with the ability to reach 43 . 5 cm in size ( pietsch in press ) . in the gigantactinidae family males are known to attach to the females by using pincer - like denticles . in this particular family males do not permanently attach and are only attached for a small period of time ( pietsch 2005 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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of the five major taxa of lophiiform fishes , the deep - sea ceratioidei is the most phylogenetically derived ( bertelsen , 1984 ; pietsch , 1984 ) . ceratioidei are distributed throughout the world’s oceans below a depth of 300 m . with 160 species , it constitutes by far the most species - rich vertebrate taxon within the bathypelagic zone and below—more than twice as many families and genera and more than three times the number of species as the cetomimoidei , the next most species - rich deep - sea vertebrate taxon ( see paxton , 1998 ; herring , 2002 ) . at the same time , new species are being added to the suborder at a steady if not increasing rate .
the internal structure of ceratioid escae is infinitely more complex , involving a confusing array of bacteria - filled vesicles , light - absorbing pigment layers , reflecting tissues , tubular light - guiding structures , nerves , blood vessels , and smooth muscle fibers ( munk and bertelsen , 1980 ; munk , 1988 , 1998 , 1999 ; herring and munk , 1994 ; munk and herring , 1996 ; munk et al . , 1998 ) . there is some evidence also that ceratioid escae contain pheromone - producing secretory glands that function to attract a conspecific male ( munk , 1992 ) , but the true nature and adaptive significance of these structures and most of the other internal parts of escae are unknown .
in addition to the esca , all 23 currently recognized species of the ceratioid genus linophryne ( family linophrynidae ) bear an elaborate bioluminescent hyoid barbel , the light of which does not originate from symbiotic luminescent bacteria but rather from a complex array of intrinsic , intracellular , paracrystalline photogenic granules ; the bacteria - filled esca is ectodermal in origin , whereas the barbel light organ appears to be derived from the mesoderm ( hansen and herring , 1977 ) . this remarkable dual system , involving two entirely separate mechanisms of light production , is unique among animals .
in summary , ceratioid anglerfishes are among the most intriguing of all animals , possessing a host of spectacular morphological , behavioral , and physiological innovations found nowhere else . the suborder is taxonomically diverse : with 160 currently recognized species ( and many more certain to be discovered in the future ) , it forms a major contribution to the biodiversity of the deep - sea . it is exceedingly widespread geographically , occurring in deep waters of all major oceans and seas of the world , from high arctic latitudes to the southern ocean ; while some species appear to be almost cosmopolitan in distribution , many others have surprisingly small , restricted , vertical and horizontal ranges . their relative abundance , high species diversity , and trophic position as the top primary carnivores in meso - and bathypelagic communities make them important ecologically . their unique mode of reproduction has significant biomedical implications to the fields of endocrinology and immunology . yet , despite these many aspects of biological interest and importance , as well as a large amount of revisionary work published in the 1970s and early 1980s , including repeated attempts to resolve phylogenetic relationships , ceratioid anglerfishes have remained poorly known .
a suborder of lophiiforms unique and derived in lacking pelvic fins ( except in larval and newly metamorphosed caulophrynidae ) , pelvic bones reduced or absent ; extremely sexually dimorphic , males dwarfed , a fraction of size of females . spinous dorsal - fin of two spines ( the illicium and second cephalic spine ) , both supported by a single pterygiophore ; anteriormost dorsal - fin spine modified to serve as a lure , emerging from dorsal surface of cranium ( somewhat behind cranium in bufoceratias , from roof of mouth in thaumatichthyidae , absent in neoceratiidae ) ; second dorsal - fin spine reduced to a tiny remnant ( but relatively well developed in adolescent diceratiidae and ceratiidae , absent in neoceratiidae and linophrynidae ) , embedded beneath skin of head and lying on , or fused to , dorsal surface of pterygiophore just behind base of illicial bone ; postcephalic , spinous dorsal - fin absent ; palatine teeth absent ; interhyal without medial , posterolaterally directed process ; ceratobranchial v toothless , reduced to a slender rod - shaped element in most families , represented by tiny remnants in the gigantactinidae ; epibranchial i simple , without ligamentous attachment to epibranchial ii ; pharyngobranchial iv absent ; cleithral spine absent ; interopercle reduced , elongate and narrow ; subopercle with ascending process absent or reduced to a small spine or projection detached from opercle ; gill filaments present as holobranchs on gill arches ii and iii , extending as hemibranchs onto proximal end of arch i in some families ( i . e . , caulophrynidae , himantolophidae , melanocetidae , diceratiidae , some oneirodidae , centrophrynidae , and neoceratiidae ) , and as hemibranchs on arch iv ; pseudobranch absent ( tiny remnants present in some gigantactis ) ; swimbladder absent .
males with elements of cephalic dorsal - fin spines greatly reduced , remnants embedded beneath skin of head ; eyes and olfactory organs greatly enlarged in most taxa ; tip of snout and chin bearing hooked denticular teeth , used for attachment to females ; in some families and genera attachment becomes parasitic through fusion of male and female tissue .
females with body short and deep , almost spherical in most families , but elongate and somewhat laterally compressed in thaumatichthyidae , centrophrynidae , ceratiidae , gigantactinidae , neoceratiidae , and some oneirodidae ; head length usually greater than 40 % sl , but only about 25 % in elongate species ; mouth moderate to extremely large ( compared to other lophiiforms ) , length of premaxilla as little as 10 % sl ( in some gigantactinidae ) to as great as 40 % sl ( in some linophrynidae ) ; cleft of mouth nearly horizontal ( e . g . , thaumatichthyidae , centrophrynidae , and gigantactinidae ) or oblique to almost vertical ( e . g . , melanocetidae and ceratiidae ) .
sexual dimorphism extreme : males dwarfed , those of most genera reaching a maximum standard length of only 6 - 8 % of that of females , and less than 25 % of that of the largest females of genera for which mature females are known ; body elongate , head less than 40 % sl ; mouth small , length of premaxilla usually less than 15 % sl ; cleft of mouth horizontal . metamorphosed males of all families with hooked denticular teeth apparently adapted especially for gripping the skin of females ; becoming permanently attached and parasitic in caulophrynidae , ceratiidae , neoceratiidae , linophrynidae , and the oneirodid genera bertella and leptacanthichthys .
fin - ray counts the same for males and females , highly variable : dorsal rays 3 - 8 in most families , 11 - 13 in neoceratiidae , and 12 - 22 in caulophrynidae and melanocetidae ; anal rays 3 - 7 in most families , 5 - 19 in caulophrynidae , and 10 - 13 in neoceratiidae ; caudal rays nearly always 9 , but 8 in the ceratiid genus cryptopsaras and 10 in some specimens of neoceratiidae ; pectoral rays 12 - 30 . pelvic fins absent ( except in larval and early metamorphosis stages of caulophrynidae ) . rays of unpaired fins sometimes greatly elongate ( e . g . , in females of caulophrynidae and gigantactinidae ) and often not interconnected , or interconnected with extremely thin , transparent , membrane - like tissue . caudal fin rounded in nearly all families , but emarginate in some gigantactinidae ; caudal rays of some large individuals of ceratiidae terminating in spherical skin - covered ossifications .
coloration of males and females usually uniform dark brown to black over entire head , body , and fins ; dermis everywhere unpigmented and translucent in the linophrynid genus haplophryne .
in some ceratioid taxa , the male ' s attachment to the female is followed by fusion of epidermal and dermal tissues and , eventually , by a connection of the circulatory systems so that the male becomes permanently dependent on the female for blood - transported nutrients , while the host female becomes a kind of self - fertilizing hermaphrodite ( regan , 1925a , b , 1926 ; parr , 1930 ; regan and trewavas , 1932 ; bertelsen , 1951 ; pietsch , 1975 , 1976 ; munk and bertelsen , 1983 ; munk , 2000 ) . permanent attachment is usually accomplished by means of separate outgrowths from the snout and tip of the lower jaw of the male , both of which eventually fuse with the skin of the female . in some species a papilla of female tissue protrudes into the mouth of the male , sometimes appearing to completely occlude the pharynx . the heads of some males become broadly fused to the skin of the female , extending from the tip of the lower jaw to the rear of the skull , appearing as if embedded or absorbed by their mate , while in others , the male is carried at the tip of an elongate , cylindrical stalk of female tissue .
increasing considerably in size once fused , their volume becoming much greater than free - living males of the same species , and being otherwise completely unable to acquire nutrients on their own , the males are considered to be parasites . they apparently remain alive and reproductively functional as long as the female lives , participating in repeated spawning events . a single male per female appears to be the rule in some taxa , but in others multiple attachments are relatively common , with as many as eight coupled to a single host ( saruwatari et al . , 2001 ) .
since its discovery some 80 years ago ( saemundsson , 1922 ; regan , 1925a , b ) , the story of sexual parasitism in ceratioid anglerfishes has become a part of common scientific knowledge . however , the known facts concerning this remarkable reproductive mode have never been thoroughly and satisfactorily analyzed , despite the work of bertelsen ( 1951 ) and more recently of munk and bertelsen ( 1983 ) , munk ( 2000 ) , and pietsch ( 2005 ) . the physiological mechanisms ( endocrinological and immunological ) that allow for sexual parasitism , which could be of significant biomedical importance , have never been explored .
males of the caulophrynid genus robia , the single known female of which has dorsal - fin rays 6 and anal - fin rays 5 , are unknown .
males of the thaumatichthyid genus lasiognathus , the females of which have naked skin , are unknown .
males of eight of the 16 recognized oneirodid genera are unknown , including spiniphryne , the females of which have spinulose skin .
bertelsen , e . 1984 . ceratioidei : development and relationships . pp . 325334 , in : moser , h . g . , w . j . richards , d . m . cohen , m . p . fahay , a . w . kendall , jr . , and s . l . richardson ( editors ) , ontogeny and systematics of fishes , spec . publ . no . 1 , amer . soc . ichthy . herpet . , ix , 760 pp .
bertelsen , e . , and g . krefft . 1965 . on a rare ceratioid fish , linophryne lucifer collett , 1886 . vidensk . medd . fra dansk naturh . foren . , 128 : 293301 .
bertelsen , e . , and g . krefft . 1988 . the ceratioid family himantolophidae ( pisces , lophiiformes ) . steenstrupia , 14 ( 2 ) : 989 .
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munk , o . 1964 . the eyes of some ceratioid fishes . dana rept . , 62 , 17 pp .
munk , o . 1966 . ocular anatomy of some deep - sea teleosts . dana rept . , 70 , 62 pp .
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munk , o . 2000 . histology of the fusion area between the parasitic male and the female in the deep - sea anglerfish neoceratias spinifer pappenheim , 1914 ( teleostei , ceratioidei ) . acta zool . , 81 ( 4 ) : 315324 .
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munk , o . , and p . j . herring . 1996 . an early stage in development of escae and caruncles in the deep - sea anglerfish cryptopsaras couesi ( pisces : ceratioidei ) . j . mar . biol . assn . u . k . , 76 : 517527 .
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pawnee
1927 . ceratioidea . bull . bingh . oceanogr . coll . , yale university , 3 ( 1 ) : 134 .
parr , a . e . 1930 . on the probable identity , life - history and anatomy of the free - living and attached males of the ceratioid fishes . copeia , 1930 ( 4 ) : 129135 .
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pietsch , t . w . 1975 . precocious sexual parasitism in the deep - sea ceratioid anglerfish cryptopsaras couesi gill . nature , 256 : 3840 .
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pietsch , t . w . 1979 . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family caulophrynidae with the description of a new genus and species from the banda sea . contrib . sci . , nat . hist . mus . los angeles co . , 310 : 125 .
pietsch , t . w . 1984 . lophiiformes : development and relationships . pp . 320325 , in : moser , h . g . , w . j . richards , d . m . cohen , m . p . fahay , a . w . kendall , jr . , and s . l . richardson ( editors ) , ontogeny and systematics of fishes , spec . publ . no . 1 , amer . soc . ichthy . herpet . , ix , 760 pp .
pietsch , t . w . 1986 . systematics and distribution of bathypelagic anglerfishes of the family ceratiidae ( order : lophiiformes ) . copeia , 1986 ( 2 ) : 479493 .
regan , c . t . 1925a . dwarfed males parasitic on the females in oceanic angler - fishes ( pediculati , ceratioidea ) . proc . roy . soc . , b , 97 : 386400 .