capricciosa ( 2 march 1988 – after 2011 ) was an irish thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .

in a racing career which lasted from june 1990 until april 1992 she won four of her seven races .

she was one of the best juvenile fillies in britain and ireland in 1990 when she won four races including the debutante stakes , moyglare stud stakes and cheveley park stakes .

she missed the whole of the next season and was then sent to race in the united states where she made no impact in two starts .

she was retired from racing to become a broodmare in japan and produced at least eleven winners .

capricciosa

pizza capricciosa ingredients draw scheme on paper . print background composition for menu and posters . creative concept of modern design . vector illustration , vector
in the land that invented the calzone , the capricciosa and the margarita , there is a severe shortage of skilled pizza makers or pizzaioli .
pizza capricciosa ingredients draw scheme on paper . print background composition for menu and posters . creative concept of modern design . vector illustration | stock vector | colourbox
the cheveley park stakes has a much longer history going back to 1899 . again it is disimilar to the colts ' races in that it does not have the vob - gap - aob structure . it does have vincent o ' brien winners with his last as late as 1990 with capricciosa . but no irish winner after that until 2011 when ger lyons won a muddling race with lightening pearl . because of the pattern race set - up it does attract french runners and when criquette maarek - head won in 2009 with special duty it was her fourth win going back to ma biche in 1982 . pascal bary also won for france in 2008 with natagora and another filly that went on to group 1 success as a 3yo .
ut enim ad minim veniam , quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat .
ut enim ad minim veniam , quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat . duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur .
pellentesque nulla justo , auctor ac maximus sed , tempus sed nibh . ut elit sapien , ornare et diam ac , efficitur luctus elit . proin ut nulla consequat , elementum lacus eu , cursus ipsum . fusce efficitur…
various versions have evolved over the years , sometimes by accident , sometimes on purpose ( injected humour and the like ) .
it is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout .
this page was last edited on 26 may 2017 , at 13 : 58 .
text is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .
we noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :
probably the best pizza in gozo . definitely the best view from the terrace . home made wine is a must try ! definitely highly recommended if you want to have a pizza !
* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (
tripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .
by creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .
© 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .
small ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .
large ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .
you can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .
editorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .
sign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .
( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )
we’ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe® photoshop® .
{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }
once this video clip is done converting , you ' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .
editorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .
this format requires a quick conversion ( usually under 5 mins ) before download begins , or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .
crop for social , add text and more with istock editor . open in editor
by clicking
confirm download
you agree that you ' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .
june 26 - it ' s patch day for the sims 4 on pc / mac patch notes here .
does anybody like her ? i have read a lot of legacies that have her roommates as a main character , but i haven ' t seen any legacy stories that have eva in them . or have i not just found a legacy that has eva as a main character ?
she was a part of my batchelor - esque legacy though she did not win in the end . came close though ! she was always on her phone during the date .
i didn ' t really have her in a legacy but she was one of the baby mama ' s for a sim i got from the gallery . . lol .
lost , last seen on the gallery with a 1 at the end of her name .
i ' ve never played her , where does she live ? ? ? she looks lovely .
my sim let her join the ' fit club ' - which is my sim ' s fitness club thing . i saw her on a running machine thing - she was kind of tubby - so i got my sim to invite her into the club - she was the last member in .
she had some kids in the background of a legacy i was playing . . . most of partihaus has some toxic genes that really shouldn ' t be passed down and the exception to that is marcus , not eva .
far and away from here , i ' d lie down to find some rest . no stars over uptown | short / misc . stories wanna play a game ? check out the 2018 tournament challenges at carl ' s forum | twitter
i did a family man challenge when get together first came out and she was one of my many baby mommas . she made some cute kids though . and her black hair is a really strong gene , all of her like 8 kids got her black hair .
i used marcus as a baby daddy in a wydc and his kid got this huge nose and tiny beady eyes , which i didn ' t really like .
thanks to mccc i think marcus hs fathered about 20 children in my game .
my game too . marcus has five or six kids with different women thanks to mcc and then married an elderly lady and took her things when she promptly passed away lol .
jade rosa seems to have beautiful babies ! i can post them all as teens when i can if you want .
. . . seriously ? you have to ask . . ? do the teenage mutant ninja turtles love pizza ? does sims 3 zelda mae have the ' childish ' trait ? is dead pool impossible to kill ?
she ' s pretty and not a mean or hot headed trait sim , that ' s just all sun shine - - not that it unique to sims 4 . . . but still ! i ' d be interested in a solo eva legacy - - when i say ' solo eva ' i mean a legacy where i don ' t need / have to play her roommates at all . . . i ' m a big fan of only focusing on playing 1 - 2 sims at any given time . . . 3 - 4 only if it ' s 1 - 2 off - spring lol .
i think she looks real good , as you put it , tubby . chub just looks so natural and good on some sims imo !
when you say
she did not win in the end
do you mean you had your sim ditch her for another female sim or you ended up starting your legacy over leaving eva out of it . . ? not important just you raised a question lol .
when you say
she did not win in the end
do you mean you had your sim ditch her for another female sim or you ended up starting your legacy over leaving eva out of it . . ? not important just you raised a question lol . just noisy is all
he chose jade rosa in the end , though had a one nighter with candy . i need to get eva in a gene pool soon though . might do a reverse rags to riches seeing as she is materialistic
bigstock and big stock photo are registered trademarks of shutterstock . bigstockphoto is a trademark of shutterstock . © 2004 - 2018 all rights reserved - bigstock®
the best curated collection of high - quality design templates for all your graphic needs .
the cheveley park stakes is a group 1 flat horse race in great britain open to two - year - old fillies . it is run on the rowley mile at newmarket over a distance of 6 furlongs ( 1 , 207 metres ) , and it is scheduled to take place each year in late september .
the event is named after cheveley park , an estate purchased by harry mccalmont in 1892 . it was established in 1899 , and the inaugural running was won by lutetia .
the race is currently held on the final day of newmarket ' s three - day cambridgeshire meeting , the same day as the cambridgeshire handicap .
the leading horses from the cheveley park stakes often go on to compete in the following season ' s 1 , 000 guineas . the first to win both was pretty polly ( 1903–04 ) , and the most recent was special duty ( 2009–10 ) .
alec taylor , jr . – maid of the mist ( 1908 ) , maid of corinth ( 1909 ) , bayuda ( 1918 ) , miss gadabout ( 1924 )
urltoken – international federation of horseracing authorities – cheveley park stakes ( 2016 ) .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 25 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
initially run over six furlongs , the race was extended to seven furlongs in 1992 and is contested every september . since 2014 it has formed part of the irish champions weekend , taking place on the sunday at the curragh , where it holds main billing along with the irish st leger and the national stakes .
the moyglare stud stakes was a group 3 contest until 1979 , when it was promoted to group 2 , attaining group 1 status in 1983 .
the moyglare stud stakes became part of the breeders’ cup challenge series in 2009 .
very much like the national stakes does for the colts , the moyglare stud stakes often defines ireland’s champion juvenile filly , but is also a significant pointer to the big races the following season .
aidan o’brien has dominated the moyglare stud stakes in recent years and at the time of writing has won the race a record seven times : sequoyah ( 2000 ) , quarter moon ( 2001 ) , necklace ( 2003 ) , rumplestiltskin ( 2005 ) , misty for me ( 2010 ) , maybe ( 2011 ) , minding ( 2015 ) .
however , in 2016 , it was his son , joseph , who provided the shock winner , as intricately landed the young trainer with his first group 1 success in his new career , beating his father’s hydrangea .
copyright © 2013 - 16 . all rights reserved . all images are used with kind permission of the owner in all circumstances . these images may not be reproduced without the express permission of the image owner . developed by posterity - it
black caviar : the horse of a lifetime . . . the story and the wins
japan cups 1981 - 1989 ( john henry & all along 1982 , etc . )
desert orchid : the official story so far . . . ( see
desert orchid : the glory years
)
unbridled greed : the rise and fall of j . t . lundy and calumet farm w / bonus footage
thoroughbred greats - home movie films of retired legendary horses ( secretariat , seattle slew , etc . ) - rare ! !
zenyatta ' s 2009 clemente l . hirsch stakes ( 12th straight win ) : tvg ' s
instant classic
out of the gate . . . down to the wire : kentucky derby highlights ( 1920 - 1958 newsreel footage )
head - to - head : gigolo vs . bonfire . . . dancing to perfection
desert orchid : the glory years ( a . k . a .
desert orchid : living with the legend
and
desert orchid : the official story so far . . .
)
octagonal : the big
o
. . . the greatest of all time
thoroughbred ( animal planet - episode # 1 - run fast . . . dream big ) w / bonus footage
legend of laffit pincay , jr . w / bonus footage ( retirement , etc . . )
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
/ / urltoken
number of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time since 1980
but despite record unemployment levels , today’s italians are too proud to make pizza .
pizza makers show their ability in rome ' s via della conciliazione in the jubilee of the pizza makers . it has been claimed despite record unemployment levels , today ' s italians are too proud to make pizza
at least 6 , 000 are desperately needed , according to new figures from business federation fipe .
‘notwithstanding the economic crisis and unemployment , it is proving difficult to find them , ’ the association said in a report released this week .
as the euro crisis bites , the demand for cheap fast food has boomed .
in big cities pizza is still the most affordable and convenient food for office workers to grab at lunch - time , producing an annual turnover of nine billion euros .
but despite youth unemployment of 35 per cent the young italians no longer want to do the job . because of the long hours and low pay it is seen as work for immigrants .
enrico stoppani , of the italian federation of merchants said : ' young people see hospitality as a low grade job .
' even when they do go into the industry they want to be a chef in a five star hotel not a pizzaiolo . ’
foreigners are increasingly taking their place in italy’s 50 , 000 pizzerias , with egyptians emerging as a dominant force among the estimated 240 thousand pizzaioli , who earn as little as 1000 euro a month .
allam rabie , who arrived in italy from cairo in 1990 and now runs his own pizzeria on rome’s via cavour , said : ‘it’s s tough job because you work morning to night and your on your feet all day with your head in a hot oven .
‘the young italians don’t want to do it any more . they have everything – cars , clothes . before it wasn’t like that . people had nothing so they had to work hard . ’
egyptians are used to hard work , he claimed . ‘we also have a natural aptitude because we love cooking and are good at learning new things .
‘of the egyptians working in italy , nine out of ten is a pizzaiolo , the tenth is a chef . we have completely taken over in rome . ’
one of rome’s remaining homegrown pizza makers , vincenzo de mitis , who runs his own pizzeria in the monti district , said : ‘there aren’t many of us left .
' the older generation are dying out and young italians don’t want to do it because they aren’t willing to work for such low wages .
they would rather go and work abroad and there are dozens of immigrants ready to take their place . '
' we know where you live ' : angry protesters confront mitch . . .
' diana would be ashamed ' : meghan ' s bitter half - sister . . .
police find the body of a missing four - month - old boy near . . .
' prostitutes , orgies , group sex - all of it ' : ex - wife of . . .
woman , 38 , ' shoots her father in the head and then lives . . .
alive ! four thai boys who made it out of cave in daring . . .
bottleneck of 700 , 000 migrants wait in libya to cross the . . .
what was agreed at chequers . . . and how the three - page . . .
' this is no sell - out ' : theresa may insists she has chosen . . .
sydney tower skywalk was ' shut down due to unsafe winds ' . . .
selena gomez is seen with same mystery man she was with in may . . . after news her ex justin bieber is engaged to hailey baldwin
khloe kardashian reveals she stopped breast - feeding daughter true . . . three months after giving birth
giuliana rancic takes a hike with bill . . . as the couple vacation with friends ahead of her return to e ! news
khloe kardashian shows off neon sign in true ' s nursery . . . as she reveals it ' s kris jenner ' s handwriting
makeup artist joyce bonelli reaches out to the kardashian clan on instagram . . . after the famous family ' fire ' and unfollow her on social media
daddy daycare ! jared kushner takes kids back to d . c . after weekend in new jersey - as ivanka dons a short dress for visit to a nyc asphalt company
sofia richie , 19 poses in a bikini top just after scott disick ' s ex kourtney kardashian , 39 , did the same . . . and fans call her out for it
naomi campbell wows in flamboyant feathered gown . . . while ashley graham sizzles in plunging lace dress as they walk in dolce & gabbana show in italy
naya rivera sells her five - bedroom la home for a cool $ 3 . 55 million after finalizing her divorce from ryan dorsey
mel b ' is unable to pay her back taxes amid ongoing divorce battle with stephen belafonte . . . as it ' s estimated the pair owe up to $ 650k ' to the irs
kylie jenner rocks curve - clinging attire as she shows off body . . . and considers going back to blonde
dakota johnson dons striped wrap dress in la . . . after calling co - star chris hemsworth ' spectacular '
cardi b hits back at troll who mocked her baby shower . . . as she shows off naked baby bump for photoshoot
buy your own celebrity hideaway ! castle adored by michael douglas and jack nicholson goes on sale for $ 5 . 2m ( and even comes with treehouse )
ant - man and the wasp soars to $ 76 million on opening weekend . . . beating its prequel by $ 19 million
liam payne and cheryl split : carefree 1d star returns to stage for first time since break - up . . . as he poses happily with his backing dancers in france
tristan thompson goes house hunting alone as he checks out $ 2m property in la with its own basketball court . . . just minutes from khloe ' s mansion
chris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens
jill zarin admits she ' s ready to date again after being spotted with handsome businessman . . . following beloved husband bobby ' s death
dj khaled cancels wireless performance due to ' travel issues ' just hours before his slot . . . as fans rage over his ' vacation ' snap
13 reasons why villain justin prentice says he ' s not bothered by social media trolls . . . and that getting attacked online means he ' s doing his job as an actor
' she didn ' t get those from me ' : kylie jenner says daughter stormi has dad travis scott ' s lips . . . as star reveals her breasts are ' three times the size ' post - baby
kevin hart celebrates 39th birthday in las vegas . . . nearly a year after sin city cheating scandal
dakota fanning joins michael b . jordan in voice cast of western anime series gen : lock
' i regret making it public ' : guy pearce is remorseful for asserting his former co - star kevin spacey was ' handsy ' with him on the set of l . a . confidential
iconic movie home where molly ringwald ' s sixteen candles was filmed finally sells for $ 1 . 135 million after two years on market
kendra caldwell duggar struggles through labor on counting on . . . before welcoming baby garrett
why madonna dated only toyboys and why , as she pushes 60 , she ' s finally got bored with them . . . by the writer who knows her best
brooklyn beckham and squeeze lexy panterra get cozy at london club . . . enraging ex tallia storm
yolanda hadid ' splits from boyfriend matt minnis ' . . . less than a year after david foster divorce
brooklyn beckham utilises his camera skills at wireless festival . . . after his debut photography book was slammed by fans
justin bieber is the perfect gentleman as he handles the bags . . . while crop top - clad hailey baldwin struts alongside
' i just don ' t want stuff ' kim kardashian doesn ' t buy her kids gifts to avoid spoiling them and sticks to a household budget . . . but says kanye is the ' biggest shopper '
joanna gaines shares husband chip ' s unique birth tradition . . . as he cradles newborn son crew
kylie jenner gushes baby stormi is ' changing every week ' and ' has cutest personality ' . . . as new mom admits to binge watching the handmaid ' s tale
lena dunham says she was ' really smart ' to date ex jack antonoff . . . after posting nude selfie
tom brady shows no mercy as he takes on gisele and his cancer - survivor mom in dodgeball . . . with a ' no crying ' rule
lauren conrad ' s son liam takes a handful of cake . . . as proud mom ' celebrates one year with our little guy '
khloe kardashian ' anxious but eager ' as she gets back to work for the first time since true ' s birth . . . and her alarm goes off at 4 . 35am
nia vardalos ' divorce filing . . . as duo split following 25 years of marriage
kendall jenner boats in sheer dress . . . after snuggling up to her nba beau ben simmons at khloe kardashian ' s party
keyshia cole announces pregnancy on instagram . . . as boyfriend niko khale posts beach pic of couple
anthony bourdain leaves majority of his $ 1 . 2m estate - which was rumored to be worth at least $ 16m - to 11 - year - old daughter ariane
ben affleck ' s $ 19m la mansion is surrounded by moving trucks . . . as it ' s revealed girlfriend lindsay shookus plans to spend more time on west coast
beaming kate gazes lovingly at sleeping prince louis as she and william attend his christening in their . . .
troubled actor jonathan rhys meyers is detained at lax after getting into a ' drunken fight with his wife and . . .
' we only knew each other between action and cut ' : robin wright breaks her silence on kevin spacey ' s sexual . . .
supreme court cliffhanger is set for tonight as trump narrows his choices but keeps even his closest aides . . .
trump insists kim jong - un ' will honor ' promise to denuclearize despite blasting ' gangster - like demand ' and . . .
lesbian couple are charged with neglect after they ' repeatedly gave young son marijuana for good behavior . . .
final four thai cave boys and coach are in ' good health ' but must remain trapped underground for at least . . .
rescued thai cave boys face a lifetime of trauma from their ordeal as traumatic memories could trigger fear . . .
frantic parents of rescued thai cave boys have not been told which children have been saved – as teammates . . .
three men will be executed over the infamous gang - rape and murder of a female student , 23 , on a delhi bus in . . .
hollywood hostage actor who lost his eye , had nose and tongue slit , and was ' deprived of a member of his . . .
handcuffed harvey weinstein pleads not guilty to new rape charges , then shares a laugh with his lawyer after . . .
mesmerising maps reveal record - breaking temperatures across the world as the earth experiences ' one of the . . .
couple arrested after their four - year - old son accidentally shots himself between the eyes could face ten . . .
picture exclusive : a wintour wedding ! vogue editor - in - chief anna ' s daughter bee shaffer is the picture of . . .
number of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time . . .
revealed : the four warning signs you could be heading for divorce - including critcising your partner ' s . . .
here comes aunt meghan ! duchess of sussex looks elegant in an olive green shift dress by ralph lauren as she . . .
here come the godparents ! kate and william are joined by childhood friends - including guy pelly - and the . . .
fit for a prince ! louis becomes the eighth royal baby to wear the historic honiton lace christening robe on . . .
pregnant pippa looks glowing in a very appropriate shade of baby blue - as she joins her parents and brother . . .
' i hope he stays like this ' : kate and the archbishop of canterbury share a joke about sleeping louis as she . . .
blue for a boy ! george and charlotte both wear the shade for their little brother louis ' christening as the . . .
such a perfect princess ! cute charlotte steals the show again with her royal wave - and a very polite . . .
the duke and duchess of cambridge will serve slices of their wedding fruit cake from seven years ago to . . .
it ' s a hat trick for mcqueen ! kate repeats the look she chose for george and charlotte ' s christenings in . . .
may will not face a vote of no confidence . . . for now : pm warns furious tory brexiteers at showdown meeting that sacking her would mean handing corbyn the keys to no 10
' hi . i ' m linda o ' keefe . . . 45 years ago today , i disappeared and my killer was never found ' : police tweet as the 11 - year - old girl who was murdered in 1973 in a bid to publicize the cold case
farm heroes saga , the # 4 game on itunes . play it now !
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more
plus i william haggas : ‘i wish i had shaamit now’ i ap mccoy’s grand national triumph in pictures i tony morris on the allure of the triple . . .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
over in western australia sunday afternoon harness racing driver aldo cortopassi drove his career 1000th winner . trainer / driver aldo cortopassi who began his driving career after a successful period in the local pony trots as a teenager reached a milestone that many harness drivers would dream of , and that was winning his 1000th race as a driver . aldo ' s first race win as a driver was on the 7th august 1993 at a track in country western australia , narrogin . . and then 3 weeks and 23 years later wins his 1000th winner as a driver on 3 year old hindu raja for long time stable clients kevin dinnigan & tammy pleysier . . { hindu standardbreds } . . when asked who was his major influence in harness racing aldo quickly replied frank ellis , who aldo worked for as a stable hand as a very young teenager at week - ends and after school . . aldo said that the best pacer he has driven was a mare called meggie dear { $ 186 , 171 & 1 : 55 . 5mr on 06 - dec - 2002 } he also said that the best horse he had trained and driven was total defiance who ' s career record . { $ 550 , 295 & a best of 1 : 52 . 6mr when exported to north america . } it ' s rather ironic that aldo drove hindu goddess for the first time which was the first horse that kevin & tammy owned back on 05 - august - 1994 and achieved the milestone of 1000 winners as a driver with { hindu raja } the last horse they will breed and race . . . to all concerned well done . . standardbred and breeding for all
byford harness racing trainer aldo cortopassi brought up his 200th winner as a trainer when odds - on favourite mago man just lasted to win the last race at gloucester park tonight . cortopassi began training in 1995 with his first winner being just miles ahead on 7th july 1995 at gloucester park . mago man is raced by vince vinciullo who enjoyed considerable success as an owner / trainer some 30 years ago with devils arrow and raceaway too which both finished in the stables of fred kersley after being given their early racing by vinciullo . devils arrow won 12 races however vinciullo hit the jackpot with raceaway too which won 21 races including the 1987 americas cup festival of sport cup . the $ 100 , 000 race had originally been intended to be run to co - incide with each defence of the americas cup yacht race . unfortunately the cup was lost in 1987 and the acfos cup was never run again . alan parker
beaudiene boaz ' s performance in his australian debut highlighted friday ' s harness racing at gloucester park with the highly touted two year old proving too good in the $ 125 , 000 premier suzuki golden slipper . wes cameron caught up with clinton hall just after the race . also on gptv this week : tom buchanan : tom previews his drives at pinjarra this monday . dylan egerton - green : dylan talks about his upcoming drives in pinjarra and northam . nathan turvey : nathan previews his monday drives at pinjarra and talks about what ' s coming up for his stable . aldo cortopassi : aldo on his drives at pinjarra , his venture into thoroughbred racing and the status of pacing cup winner hokonui ben for the full list of videos visit urltoken
in the lead up to tomorrow night’s bumper harness racing meeting at gloucester park , wes cameron speaks to ; morgan woodley mark congerton aldo cortopassi nathan turvey robbie williams for the full list of interviews urltoken on a night with two group one races , morgan woodley is confident straittothehilton has the gate speed to lead from barrier one in the $ 100 , 000 nhp westbred 2yo fillies classic . “she’s shown in the past that she can come out fast from the outside barriers and this is probably her best draw in a long time so we’ll be hoping to use that early speed and then just assess it as it happens , ” woodley said . owner / breeder mark congerton acknowledged the strength of the field but remained bullish of his filly , massive attack’s , chances in the race . “she’ll beat all of them , ” he said . “she’s a very , very good filly . she’s very tough , she’s hard , she can lead , she’s got great gate speed…they won’t beat her on friday night . ” maybe special trained by frank bonna faces a stern test amid such strong competition but driver nathan turvey remains quietly confident of her prospects . “she beat some quite nice fillies last start…she’ll probably go the fence from barrier nine but she’s a lot better than people think , ” turvey said . for the full list of interviews visit urltoken
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more
new customers only , place a €10 bet on any sportsbook market - min stake €10 at odds of at least 1 . 5 ( 1 / 2 ) — and we’ll give you €30 in free bets . only deposits made using cards or paypal will qualify for this promotion . free bets are valid for 30 days and must be used on a sportsbook market . free bets will be awarded after the qualifying bet has been settled . t & cs apply . games : one bonus per customer . €10 free to play on ted slot game , offer valid for 7 days . opt in on games promotions page . x15 wagering applies . t & cs apply .
important info : 18 + . new uk + ire customers only . min deposit £5 . certain payment methods and cashout excluded . min first bet £5 . min odds 1 / 2 ( 1 . 5 ) . must be placed within 14 days of account reg . free bet credited upon placement of qualifying bet , valid for 24 hours . free bet stake not returned . t & cs apply .
up to £100 in bet credits . new customers only . sign up , deposit £5 or more to your account and bet365 will match your qualifying deposit in bet credits when you place qualifying bets to the same value and they are settled . min odds / bet and payment method exclusions apply . returns exclude bet credits stake . t & cs , time limits & exclusions apply .
important info : 18 + . uk + ire only . min first bet £10 a odds 1 / 2 or more . tote and pool excluded . must be placed within 14 days of account reg . £30 credited as 3 x £10 free bets . not valid with cashout . free bet valid for 4 days . free bet stake not returned . t & cs apply .
new william hill online customers only . min . unit stake of £10 at odds of 1 / 2 or greater . only the ' win ' part from ew bets will count . free bet terms , payment method & country restrictions apply . free bets credited as 3 x £10 . free bet stakes are not returned as part of the settlement of successful free bets . all free bets must be wagered within 30 days .
only available to new customers from uk & northern ireland . you must stake £10 or more at single / cumulative odds of evens ( 2 . 0 ) or greater on your first bet . free bet balance of £30 credited within 48 hours of your first bet being settled . free bets expire after 7 days . e - wallet restrictions apply . minimum 5 game rounds . game restrictions apply . maximum 30 free spins on selected games . free spins expire after 7 days . full t & cs apply .
new customers only . qualifying bet must be placed at odds of 2 . 0 or greater ; £50 free sports bet split into 5 bets of £10 each , valid on set events only ; * * wager must be 40 times the free casino bonus in order to withdraw winnings . credit or debit card deposits only ; deposit and bet of £10 required within 7 days of opening new account , t & c apply .
18 + , t & c ' s apply . cash stakes only . min £10 stake required for initial £5 free bet . min odds 1 / 2 . max £25 in free bets . subsequent free bets equal 50 % average of each of 3 qualifying bets . 13 bets required to receive full £25 free bet . qualifying bet must be placed within 30 days of opening account . free bet expires after 7 days . payment method restrictions apply .
all original material is copyright © 2005 - 2018 by moneta communications . other material is copyright their respective owners .
click here for the thoroughbred village home page . for village news , follow @ tbvillage on twitter . for horseracing tips , follow @ villagebet on twitter . to contact the mayor by email : click here .
tomoharu bushizawa
she worked today like she always does , which is what we wanted to see from her . her last performance ( 4th , grade 3 fukushima himba stakes ) wasn ' t too shabby , and her conditioning is definitely picking up with the weather getting warmer .
yuichi shikato ( trainer )
she ' s giving off good vibes after working with her partner . she took a little break at the yamamoto training center after her last start , and she came back to us in very good shape . she ' s changed , physically , and she ' s become much more consistent lately . she should do fine even at 1 , 600 meters as long as she doesn ' t fight the flow .
yuichi kitamura
you can tell right away she ' s in good form because of the way she ' s responding . our opponents are strong , but she just needs to concentrate on running her race at her rhythm . she never gives in easily , which is her best quality . hopefully , i can ride a race that will make the most of that .
hideaki fujiwara ( trainer )
her partner went a little faster than we had hoped for , but our horse is in good shape . i think everyone knows the big two aren ' t 100 percent right now , so this is our chance here . but to make the most of the opportunity , we have to be at our best which we think she ' s in . the conditions of the race are good and she has a very high ceiling . we ' re out to achieve something here , no question .
norihiro yokoyama
a horse of her class , it all comes down to her physical condition . if she ' s fit , then it ' s automatic that she ' ll be in the race . i saw her race in dubai , and she ran a good race . i was just really impressed by her ability . this is her first race back , and as it is with people , it ' s only natural to be a little tired after traveling abroad – especially in a cargo ! but i ' ve been told by the trainer she ' s in the form she needs to be in and she ' s won at the mile in the past so i don ' t anticipate too many problems .
hiroyoshi matsuda ( trainer )
she isn ' t as edgy as she used to be , so she doesn ' t work like she used to . she got a little worked up last week and took the bit , but i think she was just getting loose because she ' s back to her usual old self . she looks very fit . the last race had to be tough on her . there ' s no question a longer distance is better for her , but the long straight at tokyo will make up for it . we don ' t need her to do anything special here ; all we ask from her is to be herself . the result will be there in the end if she does .
yasuo ikee ( trainer )
she had the ideal workout today . started slow , and picked it up on the straight . she ' s a little plump right now , but she should be all right after the travel on the day of the race . if you look at the way she ran when she won the kyoto himba stakes two starts ago , a spacious track will probably bring out the best in her .
hiroyuki nagahama ( trainer )
i was reassured by her movement today . her breathing was good as well . she balked at working on the woodchip last week , so she trained on the hill today . the track was heavy , so i ' m not concerned with the 14 seconds through the last furlong . from her build to her performance , everything about her is better than what it was compared to last season . she ' s won back to back at 1 , 400 meters , and i think she ' s finally come into her own . we ' re really looking forward to how she does against this quality of competition in the mile .
kazuo fujisawa ( trainer )
no problem with her condition and she looks all right after the workout . she ' s been steady since her last start , and although she ' s become a really good racehorse , she hasn ' t faced the kind of competition and the pace she ' ll go up against here . things might not turn out the way we want it to , but at the very least , she has the potential to be as good as her mother , lady blond .
hiroaki kiyoyama ( assistant trainer )
she ' s moving much better than she did for her last race . last year , she was running on her potential alone . this year , she ' s really learning how to race , step by step .
yasuo tomomichi ( trainer )
we ' re pleased with the way she worked today . she ' s a little bit difficult to grasp , but her best distance is somewhere in between a mile and 2 , 000 meters .
nobuhiro suzuki ( trainer )
nothing fast , just took it nice and easy today , and her action was good . this has been our target for the spring all long and everything has gone according to plan so far . the competition is tough , no doubt , but there ' s no question our horse has gotten stronger as well . since training at ritto , she ' s put on a lot of muscle around the shoulders and her hind legs . i think it ' s rare for a horse to improve as much as she has at her age . i don ' t think she ' s ever been this good before , and we certainly have our hopes up for sure .
kenichi fujioka ( trainer )
she worked exactly according to plan , and there ' s no question she ' s in much better form compared to her last start . i think all it comes down to is her being able to run a clean race .
shigeyuki kojima ( trainer )
she ' s due for a break after this , so we ' re not holding back here . we worked her hard , and considering how bad she is on an off track , we ' re very pleased with what we saw from her today . we ' ve been taking it one race at a time , but i think she ' s in as good shape as she ever has been in . she can pretty much handle any pace , but the key for her is rhythm more than anything . i wanted the jockey , tetsuzo sato , to get a feel for her at the tokyo mile in the tokyo shimbun hai , and she ' s much stronger than she was back then . the 4 - year - olds are pretty tough , but given her form right now , we ' ll give them a run for their money .
hirofumi shii
if we wanted a fast time from her , we could ' ve gotten it . but she ' s just come back from racing in dubai so there ' s no need to push her . judging by the way she felt this morning , she can run her best race . she hasn ' t changed much from last season , but she probably doesn ' t need to because she ' s such a talented horse . the fans have been waiting all long for this matchup , and these two horses have to set the benchmark for all of racing over the next couple of months so we can ' t embarrass ourselves out there . she might be a little edgier right now than usual so a mile is probably good for her . i just hope we can get our season in japan off to a good start here .
mikio matsunaga ( trainer )
not a whole lot of time after dubai , so there was no need for fast work . i ' m really pleased with the workout . she ' s put the weight back on , and her usual stuff will be enough to give us a chance . the tokyo course is really good for her , plus she knows how to race now so any pace is good for us . she was second in the record rose stakes so she can put up a fast time if it comes down to that .
kyosuke maruta
she trained at her own pace which she usually does , and she looks very relaxed right now . mentally , she ' s probably right where we need her to be . i think she should be able to handle the extra distance just fine .
yogelatiada munakata ( trainer )
we had to be picky about the course she worked on because of the rain today . she lost some weight after her last start , but she ' s managed to put it back on . her breathing was good , and we think she ' s in pretty good form at the moment . but i have to admit , we ' re in a pretty tough field here . we have nothing to lose ; we see ourselves as challengers . we just have to see how both the jockey and the horse do in their first grade 1 start .
hayato yoshida
she had someone set the pace for her early on , and we just wanted to see her response over her position toward the front in her last race and if anything , she was probably better the last furlong today . i think it ' s safe to say she ' s in good condition . she can basically race from any position now , and you can always count on her to finish strong .
kazu sato ( assistant trainer )
we gave her some much - needed rest following the last race . she ' s definitely in better shape compared to then , and running counterclockwise is a plus for her . she ' ll need some help with the pace here , though , because the other horses are so strong .
red desire & buena vista back from dubai and back down to the mile , still think they will both run well . going for red desire to bounce back .
i backed red desire - not a bad run after her wide run . but buena vista simply too good .
star nsw filly frith produced a brilliant all the way performance to take out an action - packed $ 150 , 000 g1 gannons wa oaks on friday night at gloucester park .
harness racing driver bruce harpley , a postman in the town of junee , 435km south - west of sydney , has high hopes of celebrating his first drive in a race in western australia by guiding frith to victory in the $ 150 , 000 gannon ' s wa oaks at gloucester park on friday night .
sire : special week ( jpn ) , dark bay or brown , 1995 . lifetime : 37 yearlings sold , median $ 197 , 400 .
sire : agnes tachyon ( jpn ) , chestnut , 1998 . lifetime : 60 yearlings sold , median $ 250 , 916 .
broodmare sire : a . p . indy , dark bay or brown , 1989 .
sire : tanino gimlet ( jpn ) , bay , 1999 . lifetime : 20 yearlings sold , median $ 165 , 663 .
jour polaire rallied to the lead in the final strides of the may 13 victoria mile ( g1 ) at toyko racecourse and just held off the favorite , lys gracieux , by a nose at the wire .
japan ' s string of six straight weekly grade 1 races continues may 13 with the victoria mile for fillies and mares at tokyo , featuring the winner of the 2017 yushun himba ( japanese oaks , g1 ) , soul stirring ( jpn ) .
risen star , barbara fritchie , rachel alexandra , buena vista , general george , mineshaft handicap , razorback handicap , royal delta , southwest , las flores , bayakoa , fair grounds handicap , california cup derby , california cup oaks , february and more .
barbara fritchie , royal delta , buena vista , general george , bayakoa , razorback , southwest , and more .
pimlico , japan , belterra , santa anita , canterbury , monmouth , charles town and more .
showing a sparkling turn of foot in the stretch , straight girl wore down front - runner keiai elegant near the finish line in blitzing to victory in the victoria mile ( jpn - i ) may 17 at tokyo .
verxina led gate to wire as she struck for a repeat win in the victoria mile ( jpn - i ) may 18 at tokyo racecourse .
four times second at the group i level in 2012 , verxina finally broke through in the victoria mile ( jpn - i ) may 12 at tokyo racecourse when holding off the strong late charge of whale capture to prevail by a nose .


crepidula depressa is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and hat snails .

crepidula depressa

calyptraeidae » crepidula depressa , id : 334247 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
c . depressa’s body pigmentation is “translusent white” with “some white spots in the mantle and neck . ”
1 = attached parallel to margin ( e . g . crepidula , calyptraea )
illustration of calyptraeid penises . ( a ) crepidula aculeata , ( b ) crepidula complanata , ( c ) crepidula n . sp . from la paz , ( d ) calyptraea chinensis , ( e ) crucibulum lignarum , ( f ) calyptraea lichen .
evolution of mode of development in . crepidula . gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) : causes and consequences
larval and habitat selection in crepidula ( l . ) and its effect on adult distribution patterns
0 = angled forward on right ( e . g . crepidula maculosa fig . 2a )
illustrations of calyptraeid osphradia . ( a ) crepidula aculeata and ( b ) crepidula norrisiarum . fp = food pouch , g = gill , mm = mantle margin , os = osphradium .
relationship between larval and juvenile growth rates in two marein gastropods , crepidula plana and c . fornicata
0 = convex ( e . g . crepidula coquimbensis , c . monoxyla fig . 1c )
1 = flat ( e . g . crepidula fornicata , c . costata fig . 1g )
0 = on the same level as the shell aperture ( e . g . crepidula plana )
research note crepidula convexa say , 1822 ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) in washington state , u . s . a
photographs of calyptraeid osphradia . ( a ) crepidula adunca , ( b ) crepipatella lingulata and ( c ) calyptraea fastigata .
( pdf ) research note crepidula convexa say , 1822 ( caenogastropoda : calyptraeidae ) in washington state , u . s . a
another last word on crepidula convexa with a description of c . ustulatulina n . sp . ( gastropoda : cal . . .
über die anatomie , die entwicklung , und biologie des veligers und der veliconcha von crepidula fornicata l . ( gastropoda : prosobranchia )
representative calyptraeid shells i . ( a ) crepidula williamsi , santa barbara , california fmnh 299415 . ( b ) crepidula depressa , florida fmnh 299412 . ( c ) maoricrypta monoxyla , leigh , new zealand , from hermit crabs fmnh 299413 . ( d ) maoricrypta monoxyla , leigh , new zealand , fmnh 299413 from turbo smaragdus gmelin ( 1791 ) . ( e ) calyptraea mamillaris , panama fmnh 299416 . ( f ) calyptraea fastigata , washington fmnh 299422 . ( g ) maoricrypta costata leigh , new zealand fmnh 299414 . ( h ) siphopatella walshi , oman . scale bar = 1 cm .
( of crepidula uncinata philippi , 1887 ) hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of crepidula dilatata lamarck , 1822 ) hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
illustration of calyptraeid female reproductive tracts . ( a ) crepidula aculeata , ( b ) crepidula excavata and ( c ) trochita calyptraeformis . fgp = female genital papilla , mm = mantle margin , cg = capsule gland , ag = albumin gland and sr = seminal recepticals .
another last word on crepidula convexa and a description of c . ustulatulina sp . nov . ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from the gulf of mexico
representative calyptraeid shells ii . ( a ) crepidula maculosa , florida fmnh 299419 . ( b ) crepidula ( bostrycapulus ) aculeata , panama . ( c ) crepidula grandis , japan fmnh 299421 . ( d ) crucibulum spinosum panama fmnh 299418 . ( e ) bicatillus extinctorum , singapore fmnh 299402 . ( f ) crepipatella n . sp . , totorelillo , chile fmnh 299417 . ( g ) crepidula cf . onyx , panama fmnh 299420 . ( h ) sigapatella novaezelandiae , portabello , new zealand fmnh 299423 . ( i ) trochita calyptraeformis , peru fmnh 29924 . scale bar = 1 cm .
especies gemelas del género crepidula ( gastropoda , calyptraeidae ) en la costa de chile : una redescripción de c dilatata lamarck y descripción de c . fecunda n . sp
illustration of the internal anatomy of calyptraeids . in this dorsal view the mantle is reflected to the left . ( a ) crepidula complanata , ( b ) crepidula monoxyla , ( c ) crepidula aculeata . cg = capsule gland , ct = ctenidia , e = oesophagus , f = foot , fgp = female genital papilla , gd = gonad , hg = hypobranchial gland , i = intestine , k = kidney , nr = nerve ring , pc = pericardium , sg = salivary gland , sr = seminal receptical , ss = style sac , st = stomach .
collin r . ( 2000 ) phylogeny of the crepidula plana ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) cryptic species complex in north america . canadian journal of zoology 78 : 1500 - 1514 . [ details ]
the taxonomy of crepidula has a history of instability due to the low number of informative shell characters and their phenotypic plasticity . molecular and developmental data show that crepidula convexa sensu hoagland 1977 is composed of two distinct species . animals of the northern species are relatively larger , and have darker shells and direct development , while animals from the gulf of . . . [ show full abstract ]
illustration of the dorsal anatomy of calyptraeids ( a ) crepidula complanata , ( b ) crepidula aculeata , ( c ) crepipatella dilatata , ( d ) crepidula monoxyla , ( e ) calyptraea chinensis , ( f ) crucibulum cf . personatum . am = dorsal attachment muscle , cg = capsule gland , cp = connective tissue pad , ct = ctenidium , dg = digestive gland , f = foot , gd = gonad , hg = hypobranchical gland , i = intestine , lm = left shell muscle , os = osphradium , pc = pericardium , rm = right shell muscle , sr = seminal receptical , ss = style sac , st = stomach .
consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of all data combined . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . species without genus names are crepidula species .
hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
one of the 16 ‘best estimate trees’ . a phylogram of a most parsimonious tree from the analysis of all the data combined . bootstrap supports of > 70 % are above the branches . species without genus names are crepidula species .
crepidula and calyptraea species generally have very little shell sculpture , however , numerous crucibulum species have distinctive sculpture . it is difficult to assess the levels of homology among the various spines or ribs , as considerable variation in the development of these features occurs within many species .
( of crypta subdilatata mabille & rochebrune , 1889 ) hoagland , k . e . 1977 . systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae . malacologia , 16 ( 2 ) : 353 - 420 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the consensus of all most parsimonious trees from the analysis of shell characters . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of coi dna sequence data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of 16s dna sequence data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of 28s dna sequence data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
the consensus of most parsimonious trees from the analysis of all the morphological data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
the consensus of all most parsimonious trees from the analysis of all the dna data . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
the consensus of all most parsimonious trees from the analysis of characters from soft morphology . proportion of parsimonious trees with the branch given above the branch . * branches that also occur in the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . †branches conflicting the consensus of the ‘best estimate trees’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
( of crepidula dilatata lamarck , 1822 ) lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome sixième , 2me partie . paris : published by the author , 232 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 25 [ details ]
a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of coi dna sequence data . bootstrap supports of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % boostrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of 16s dna sequence data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of 28s dna sequence data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of all the dna data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % boostrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of all the morphological data . bootstrap support of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
a single most parsimonious tree from the analysis of characters from soft morphology . bootstrap supports of > 70 % are above the branches . * branches supported with > 70 % bootstrap in the ‘best estimate tree’ . †branches conflicting with > 70 % bootstrap supported branches in the ‘best estimate tree’ . species without genus names are crepidula species .
( of crepidula nautiloides lesson , 1832 ) veliz , d . ; winkler , f . m . ; guisados , c . ; collin , r . ( 2012 ) . a new species of crepipatella ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from northern chile . molluscan research . 32 ( 3 ) : 145 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of crepidula dilatata lamarck , 1822 ) veliz , d . ; winkler , f . m . ; guisados , c . ; collin , r . ( 2012 ) . a new species of crepipatella ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from northern chile . molluscan research . 32 ( 3 ) : 145 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
with the increasing attention to the expansion and impact of invasive species , it has become more important to document carefully new observations of introduced species . here we document the occurrence of crepidula convexa , a species from the north atlantic , in washington state , u . s . a . dna sequence data suggest that the animals in washington originated from the northern part of the species ' s native range .
the mantle cavity runs along the dorsal left side of the visceral mass in calyptraeids . in calyptraea and crepidula it extends simply to the posterior edge of the visceral mass , while in crucibulum it extends around to the right side of the animal . the characters listed here pertain to the general arrangement of visceral mass . finally , note that character a13 is sensitive to fixation : live animals and ethanol preserved animals retain this feature , while it is always absent in formalin - fixed animals .
there are various modifications of the calyptraeid and hipponicid foot that reflect their sedentary life - styles . crepidula have a relatively well - developed flexible propodium and mesopodium , while other calyptraeids have a more rectangular and less flexible foot . hipponix and sabia have extremely reduced feet which are little more than thin flaps of epithelial tissue . calyptraeids have well developed eyes at the base of the somewhat stubby ( when fixed ) tentacles . hipponicids have evenly tapering conical tentacles and the eye is often extremely reduced or absent .
the planktotrophic veliger larvae of calyptraeids have been described in some detail for crepidula fornicata ( werner , 1955 ) , and crepipatella lingulata ( collin , 2000b ) and intracapsular development has been described for a number of other species ( reviewed in collin , 2002b ) . capulus and trichotropis have been described as having a echinospira larva , however , the thickened larval shell does not appear to be homologous to the ‘true’ echinospira of lamellarids ( a . warén pers . comm . , b . pernet , pers . comm . ) . the thickened and elaborate larval shell of these groups is , however , clearly different from the simple larval shell of calyptraeids and is therefore coded as a separate state here .
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
one of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the “island rule” , which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size , with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes . it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda . in particular , a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals . however , subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study , the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate , leaving the result open to doubt .
the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
to demonstrate the liberal nature of the standard tests of the island rule , consider results when deep - sea habitation is defined via the midpoint of the recorded depth range , i . e . , “deep - sea species” have a range midpoint below 200m , and all other species are deemed “shallow - water” . with this definition , 254 genera contained both deep and shallow species , and their generic mean body sizes are plotted in figure 1a . applying the standard test [ 3 ] , [ 12 ] , the ordinary - least - squares regression slope ( dashed line ) is found to be highly significantly less than one ( n = 254 ; b = 0 . 902 ; t - test p = 0 . 0015 ) , which offers strong apparent support for the island rule . however , assigning species groups to the “deep” or “shallow” categories at random , showed that even stronger support was obtained with ∼43 % of 100 , 000 randomized data sets , suggesting that there is nothing exceptional in the trend observed in the true data . accordingly , the standardized - major - axis slope ( solid line ) was very close to one , and the permutation test showed no significant deviation from the pattern expected if deep - sea colonization had no effect on body size evolution ( n = 254 ; b = 1 . 020 ; permutation p = 0 . 476 ) .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
foster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234–235 .
van valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31–49 .
lomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310–316 .
lomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683–1699 .
macarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373–387 . ( doi :
roth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259–288 .
smith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265–273 . ( doi :
marquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127–139 .
clegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the ‘island rule’ in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359–1365 .
palkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37–44 . ( doi :
mcclain cr , boyer ag , rosenberg g ( 2006 ) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea . j biogeog 33 : 1578–1584 .
rosenberg g ( 1993 ) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257–266 .
dayton pk , hessler rr ( 1972 ) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea . deep–sea research 19 : 199–208 .
gage jd , tyler pa ( 1991 ) deep–sea biology : a natural history of organisms at the deep–sea floor . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . 524 p .
rex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep–sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1–8 .
meiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702–708 .
meiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211–1217 .
meiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141–148 . ( doi :
welch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675–682 .
price td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998–1999 .
martin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line–fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65–81 .
warton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line–fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259–291 .
rosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :
bouchet p , rocroi j–p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1–397 .
smith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518–528 .
sokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .
r development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :
guo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353–362 .
gage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep–sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273–325 .
( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1–7 .
mcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep–sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181–187 .
schmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .
reyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299–306 .
lomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468–483 .
mcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693–704 .
duncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509–517 .
vale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65–79 .
vale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105–108 .
walker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48–59 .
mccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85–101 .
wassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287–295 .
williams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .
raia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731–1742 . ( doi :
do these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
gastropod ( 1 shell ) ; shell oval , nearly flat , smooth with fine concentric growth lines , thin ; small pointed apex on posterior end ; color whitish to yellowish ; shelf or deck ( septum ) on underside slightly convex , covers about 1 / 2 of shell , notched on one side .
the convex slippersnail ' s shelf covers less than 1 / 2 of shell ( covers about 1 / 2 in eastern white slippersnail ) . the common atlantic slippersnail is much more convex ( inflated ) than the eastern white slippersnail .
copyright 2012 - 2018 . created by brenda bowling , texas parks and wildlife department .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
enter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .
e - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .
united states of america . texas . freeport . surfside beach . found living on gastropods . ex - coll . d . and m . meyer . january . 1988 .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )
shell gallery view « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . » conchological megadatabase on mollusks
click on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 4 . 824 seconds . )
paredes c . & cardoso f . 2007 . la familia calyptraeidae en el perú ( gastropoda : caenogastropoda ) . revista peruana de biología , número especial 13 ( 3 ) : 177 - 184 , available online at urltoken [ details ]
veliz , d . ; winkler , f . m . ; guisados , c . ; collin , r . ( 2012 ) . a new species of crepipatella ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from northern chile . molluscan research . 32 ( 3 ) : 145 - 153 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
aguirre , m . ( 1993 ) . type specimens of quaternary marine gastropods from argentina . ameghiniana , 30 ( 1 ) , 23 - 38 . , available online at urltoken ; = pa347 note : lectotype designated [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome sixième , 2me partie . paris : published by the author , 232 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 25 [ details ]
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
for full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .
department of zoology , university of washington , box 351800 , 24 kincaid hall , seattle , washington 98195 - 1800 , u . s . a .
department of biology , university of louisiana , p . o . box 42451 , lafayette ,
in washington state , u . s . a . dna sequence data suggest that the animals in washington originated from the northern part of the species’s
not always been clear - cut ( e . g . , the initial misidentification
bay and j . t . carlton and d . franz for helpful comments .
coast of north america . ph . d . thesis . university of califor -
north america : an end - of - the - 20th - century perspective .
jeffrey , r . 1976 . a preliminary inventory of the biota of padilla bay .
minchin , d . , d . mcgrath , and c . b . duggan . 1995 . the slipper
connor , m . , m . wonham , and c . harley . 2002 . quantifying the
woodruff , d . s . , l . l . mcmeekin , m . mulvey , and m . p . carpenter .
. . . fornicata , c . convexa , and c . plana are all native to the east coast of the united states . both c . fornicata and c . convexa , however , are now widely distributed along the west coast of the united states and elsewhere in the world ( blanchard , 1997 ; thieltges et al . , 2004 ; collin et al . , 2006 ) . over time , it will be important to see whether individuals in some of these invasive populations acquire larval trematode infections that the species apparently avoid in their native range . . . .
the mode of development in marine invertebrates is believed to have consequences for dispersal , gene flow , geographic range , and speciation and extinction rates . the factors responsible for among - species differences in mode of development are not well understood and patterns of vari - ation in mode of development have not been documented for many groups . i present a compiled data set of . . . [ show full abstract ]
the utility of morphological characters in gastropod phylogenetics : an example from the calyptraeida . . .
organismal taxonomy is often based on a single or a small number of morphological characters . when they are morphologically simple or known to be plastic , we may not have great confidence in the taxonomic conclusions of analyses based on these characters . for example , calyptraeid gastropod shells are well known for their simplicity and plasticity , and appear to be subject to frequent . . . [ show full abstract ]
we ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .
when you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more
discussions , photo series , how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .
the eastern white slipper shell is probably one of the most common shells found along the north american atlantic and gulf coasts . because it lives clinging to almost any object it is often observed in dead shells , each one of which may house well over a dozen slippers . until 2000 the eastern white slipper shell was pretty much universally identified as
. life was easy . if it was a flat , white slipper shell , it was
, can . j . zool . 78 : 1500 - 1514 ( 2000 ) * , and it went from easy to complex ( and in florida , very complex ) . dr . collin did some pretty extensive research and concluded one was really three . not only did this range include both
. dr . collin then went on to make life difficult for us collectors by essentially saying , except for two characters visible to the naked eye , these three species are essentially indistinguishable . one character is the body pigmentation on the foot and mantle and the other is slight differences in the shape of the protoconch . unfortunately , most collectors never see the animal and , as dr . collin acknowledges , the protoconch is usually eroded . the saving grace for us florida collectors is that she also concluded that
range is limited to the ne atlantic coast only as far south as georgia . so , if we find a live white slipper shell in florida , we can easily distinguish ( ha , ha ) as to whether it is
body pigmentation on the foot , neck and mantle of c . atrasolea is “diffuse to intense sooty black . ”
no problem , just collect all your florida white slipper shells live , identify them immediately , and be sure not to mix them up during cleaning and preparation for storage - because they regularly occur together . if you are confronted with a cleaned , dead white slipper shell from florida and the protoconch is present , then you may be able to make an identification if its condition is good enough . the protoconch of
is composed of one whorl . rachel has reviewed this presentation of her findings and commented ,
i just read your posting and it ' s great . i couldn ' t agree more with everything .
makes me wonder how the two species are able to coexist in the same environment . it ' s rather rare one species usually outcompete the other species . then you throw in a few other slipper snails species thou those are usually one species on rocks , another on outside of living shells . maybe those of us who collects beached dead shells should just call those we collected eastern white slippershell .
we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .
committee on evolutionary biology , university of chicago , culver hall , rm . 402 , 1025 e . 57th st . , chicago , il 60637 , usa ; and department of zoology , the field museum of natural history , 1400 s . lake shore drive , chicago , il 60605 , usa ; and * smithsonian tropical research institute , unit 0948 , apo aa 34002 , usa
‘in the cabinets of the naturalist , the shells of the crepidulæ and calyptrææ attract by the singularity rather than the beauty of their forms’ . richard owen ( 1834 )
natural variability and morphological plasticity are common characteristics of organisms . when such variation occurs in combination with simple morphology , taxonomic and systematic analyses are extraordinarily difficult . a combination of variability and relatively simple morphologies is particularly common in colonial marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals , lichens , algae and unicellular organisms . this situation often results in difficulty in species identification , lack of confidence in systematic conclusions , generally poorly resolved phylogenetic hypotheses and unstable taxonomies .
abbreviations follow leviton ( 1985 ) with smnh for swedish museum of natural history and anm for australian national museum . numerous additional lots from other localities have also been deposited at these institutions .
illustration of hipponicid anatomy . cg = capsule gland , ct = ctenidium , dg = digestive gland , i = intestine , m = shell muscle , nr = nerve ring , os = osphradium , pc = pericardium , sg = salivary gland , st = stomach .
outgroups were selected on the basis of traditional beliefs about caenogastropod relationships . because hipponicids , trichotropids and capulids have all been considered close relatives of the calyptraeids ( broderip , 1834 ; reeve , 1859 ; hoagland , 1986 ; bandel & riedel , 1994 ) , they were included as outgroups . a variety of outgroups were used because it is not clear which are the closest relatives of the calyptraeids . outgroup polarization of characters using living taxa was chosen because polarization using the earliest occurrence in fossils or ontogeny could not be applied equally to the molecular dataset .
prior to phylogenetic analysis , i scored all morphological characters with respect to expected reliability and utility . characters that represented large morphological differences and were easy to score unambiguously ( e . g . presence / absence of a large shell muscle ) were given a reliability score of 1 , while characters that were more difficult to score , or showed more intraspecific variability , were given a score of 0 ( e . g . differences in the shape of the subesophageal ganglion ) . similarly , the anticipated phylogenetic utility of the characters , or the expected level of homoplasy was scored as 1 for characters that were not expected to be subject to high levels of homoplasy ( e . g . presence / absence of large shell muscles ) or 0 for characters for which high levels of homoplasy were expected ( e . g . body colour ) . these scores reflect the likelihood that each character would be included in a morphological analysis in which characters deemed to be of low quality were subjectively excluded a priori .
the morphological dataset was concatenated with a molecular dataset composed of sequences from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i , 16s and nuclear 28s genes ( table 3 ) . taxa for which all datasets were not complete were deleted , creating a dataset of 77 taxa ( including 69 calyptraeid operational taxonomic unit ( otus ) , one trichotropid , one capulid , one vanikorid and five hipponicids ) . details of dna sequencing and alignment are given in collin ( 2002b ) , and alignments can be obtained by the author .
comparison of the four datasets and the trees they produce . genbank numbers 28s : af545871–af545947 ; 16s : af545948–af546016 , ay061765 , ay061789 , ay061770 , ay061763 , ay061764 , ay061766 , ay061767 , ay061774 ; coi : af546017–af546076 ay061780 , ay061789 , ay061786 , ay061780 , ay061794 , ay061783 , ay061793 , ay061792 , af178155 , af388698 , af178147 , af178120 , af178130 , af353129 , af388726 , af388700 , af353123
all random addition replicates that did not converge on the island of most parsimonious tree hit the maximum number of trees and therefore did not swap to completion . the 28s , coi and combined datasets never hit the maxtrees and the morphological dataset seldom did .
each of the four datasets ( coi , 16s , 28s and morphology ) were analysed separately . an unrooted , unordered , equal - weighted parsimony analysis was performed on each dataset using a heuristic search with tree - bisection - reconnection ( tbr ) branch - swapping , 1000 random additions , saving two trees at each step , and maxtrees set to 10 000 . gaps were treated as a fifth character state and areas of ambiguous alignment were excluded from the sequence data ( collin , 2002b ) . bootstrap support for the resultant topologies was assessed based on 500 bootstrap replicates of a heuristic search , with tbr branch - swapping , 10 random additions saving two trees at each step , maxtrees set to 1000 , and constant characters were excluded . the concatenated morphological and sequence dataset was analysed in the same way . dataset combinability was assessed using the ild - test as implemented in paup * version 4 . 0b8 ( swofford , 1998 ) with 100 replicates after excluding constant characters ( cunningham , 1997b ) .
previous analysis of the dna sequence data suggested that the hipponicids are a distant outgroup of calyptraeids and may alter the ingroup relationships ( collin , 2002b ) . in addition , their limpet - like morphology that was most likely independently derived may mislead the morphological analysis . therefore , the combined dataset was also analysed without the hipponicids and vanikorid . exclusion of these taxa did not alter the results substantially ( collin , 2002b ) .
the taxonomic utility of different data sets was compared using a number of different metrics . the trees produced by analysis of the combined dataset were considered to be the current ‘best estimate’ of calyptraeid phylogeny . the average consistency index [ ci ] , kluge and farris ( 1969 ) ; and retention index [ ri ] , farris ( 1989 ) were calculated for parsimony informative characters from each dataset on the best estimate topologies . these indices reflect the levels of homoplasy and the retention of phylogenetic information for each data partition throughout the tree .
the power of each dataset to recover a topology , in which the nodes present in the ‘best estimate’ topologies are well resolved and well supported , was assessed by comparing the analyses of the individual datasets with the ‘best estimate’ topologies . the resolving power of each dataset was assessed by counting the number of resolved nodes in the consensus of the most - parsimonious trees from each data set . the resolved nodes recovered by each data set were compared to the resolved nodes present in the consensus of the ‘best estimate tree’ to assess consistency of the dataset with the best estimate . the level of support each dataset provides for the recovered topology was assessed in a similar way by comparing nodes with > 70 % bootstrap support in the tree from each dataset to the nodes with > 70 % bootstrap consensus of the combined data ( i . e . the bootstrap of the ‘best estimate tree’ ) .
a total of 100 replicates of the ild test demonstrated conflict among the datasets when all four datasets are included ( p = 0 . 01 ) , when the combined dna dataset is compared to the morphological dataset ( p = 0 . 008 ) , and when the shell data were compared to the data from soft anatomy ( p = 0 . 007 ) . because conflict among the three dna datasets was not demonstrated by the ild test ( collin , 2002b ; r . collin , unpubl . observ . ) this result is almost certainly due to conflict between the morphological and dna data . the ild test has been demonstrated to be a conservative test for conflict among datasets ( e . g . sullivan , 1996 ; cunningham , 1997a , b ; messenger & mcguire , 1998 ; yoder et al . , 2001 ) and the small number of characters in the datasets for shell and soft anatomy may additionally weaken the test . however , the results of the ild tests are also supported by the differences between the topologies produced by analysis of the dna data and the morphological data ( see below ) .
parsimony analysis of the total dataset was used to produce a topology that will be subsequently referred to as the ‘best estimate topology’ . this analysis resulted in a single island of 16 equally parsimonious trees with length 5773 ( table 3 ; figs 10 , 11 ) . about half ( 47 ) of the nodes had bootstrap support > 70 % ( fig . 10 ) . overall , the tree topology was well resolved ( fig . 11 ) , well supported and in general agreement with the topologies supported by analysis of dna data for 120 species ( collin , 2002b ) . exclusion of the hipponicid and vanikorid outgroups did not significantly alter the best estimate topology ( data not shown ; collin , 2002b ) .
there were different levels of average homoplasy and phylogenetic retention for each of the different datasets on the best estimate topology ( table 4 ) . the average ci , ri and rescaled consistency index [ rci ] for the morphological characters , the dna characters and all of the characters combined were more or less the same . however , 28s and 16s characters performed higher than average , both soft anatomy and shell characters had average scores and coi had substantially lower values for all three indices ( table 4 ) . the lower values for coi sequences could reflect high levels of homoplasy resulting from saturation in these quickly evolving sequences ( collin , 2002b ) or from constraints imposed by selection on amino acid sequence .
the number of both resolved and supported nodes increased when the different datasets were combined . the combined dna dataset produced more resolution and support than 16s , 28s or coi alone . despite the general weak performance of the morphological data alone , when the morphological characters were combined with the dna dataset there was an additional increase in resolution and support ( tables 5 , 6 ) .
a compound index of predicted character quality was obtained by adding the expected reliability and expected utility . this index was correlated with the length , ci and ri of each anatomical character on the best estimate tree ( fig . 25 ) . however the cis and ris varied greatly both in characters that were and were not expected to be useful . this demonstrates that , although the characters chosen a priori as subjectively ‘better’ perform better on average than the characters identified as ‘poor’ , the phylogenetic quality of any specific character cannot be well predicted a priori .
expected phylogenetic utility vs . realized utility . the relationship between expected phylogenetic utility of the morphological characters and character length , consistency index and retention index . lines join the means of each category .
despite the fact that analyses can be misled by these convergences if morphological characters are used alone , these characters contribute significantly to the combined dataset . the cis and ris of morphological characters on the best estimate tree are no worse than they are for the dna data . when the morphological characters are added to the dna dataset the resolution and bootstrap support is significantly increased . however the evidence of pervasive convergences in shell morphology demonstrated here , warn against the use of morphological characters alone .
the best estimate phylogeny from this analysis and the combined molecular phylogeny of 94 calyptraeids ( collin , 2002b ; r . collin , unpub . observ . ) demonstrate some biogeographical patterns that are worth further discussion . most noteworthy is the observation that patterns of coincidence between molecular and morphological divergence differ regionally ( see below ) .
characters of new genera and species of mollusca and conchifera , collected by mr . cuming . descriptions of new species of calyptraeidae
voyage autour du monde exécuté par ordre du roi , sur la corvette de s . m . la coquille pendant les années 1822–25 . zoologie 2 ( 1 ) .
standards in herpetology and ichthyology . part i . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology
a neotenous dwarf - form of capulus ungaricus ( l . ) ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) commensalistic on turritella communis risso
proceedings of the second international workshop on the malacofauna of hong kong and southern china .
morphological data were coded from dissections of live , formalin - or ethanol - preserved material for all calyptraeids , hipponix and trichotropis . capulus was coded from my observations of the single female provided by a . warén ( table 2 ) , male reproductive characters were obtained from young , 1938 ) , graham ( 1954 ) and simone ( 2002 ) which were in general agreement with each other .