the bandtooth conger ( ariosoma balearicum ) , also known as the baleares conger or the balearic conger , is an eel in the family congridae ( conger/garden eels ) .

it was described by françois étienne delaroche in 1809 , originally under the genus muraena .

it is a subtropical , marine eel which is known from the western and eastern atlantic and the western indian ocean , including north carolina , usa ; the northern gulf of mexico , northern south america , canada , portugal , angola , the mediterranean , and the red sea .

it inhabits reefs and littoral shelves , and burrows into sand and mud .

it dwells at a depth range of 1-732 metres , but most frequently between 20-100 m. males can reach a maximum total length of 35 centimetres , but more commonly reach a tl of 25 cm .

the bandtooth conger is of minor interest to fisheries .

bandtooth conger

eight leptocephali of the bandtooth conger ariosoma balearicum ( delaroche , 1809 ) were collected with small mid - water trawl net in september 2011 during the monitoring project pelmon in the open waters of the middle adriatic . detailed description , including morphometric measurements and meristic counts are presented . this represents the first record of a . balearicum leptocephali in the adriatic sea .
( of conger auratus costa , 1844 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of conger impressus poey , 1860 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of conger balearicus ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of conger cassini ( risso , 1810 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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greek , ari = very , strength , superiority + greek , soma = body ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 1 - 732 m ( ref . 4453 ) , usually 20 - 100 m ( ref . 26999 ) . subtropical ; 37°n - 17°s
eastern atlantic : southern portugal to angola , including the mediterranean . western atlantic : north carolina , usa and northern gulf of mexico to northern south america ( ref . 7251 ) . nortwest atlantic : canada .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 35 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26999 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 )
found on the shelf , littoral , burrowing in galleries on sandy mud bottoms . carnivorous . ( ref . 6521 ) .
bauchot , m . - l . , 1987 . poissons osseux . p . 891 - 1421 . in w . fischer , m . l . bauchot and m . schneider ( eds . ) fiches fao d ' identification pour les besoins de la pêche . ( rev . 1 ) . méditerranée et mer noire . zone de pêche 37 . vol . ii . commission des communautés européennes and fao , rome . ( ref . 3397 )
) : 19 . 3 - 28 . 2 , mean 26 . 2 ( based on 962 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 7 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .
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there may be distinct sub - populations in the western atlantic , indicating that this may represent a species complex ( smith pers . comm . 2011 ) .
justification : this widely distributed , common and abundant species burrows in soft bottoms . there are no known major threats . therefore , it is listed as least concern .
this species is distributed across the atlantic ocean and in the western indian ocean . in the eastern atlantic , it is known from southern portugal to angola , including the azores , cape verde islands , sao tome and principe islands , and throughout the mediterranean sea . in the western atlantic , it is known from north carolina south along the u . s . , bermuda , the bahamas , throughout the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea , and along south america to fortaleza , brazil ( miller 2002 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) . its depth range is zero to 732 m .
albania ; algeria ; angola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; bosnia and herzegovina ; brazil ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; colombia ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; costa rica ; côte d ' ivoire ; croatia ; cuba ; curaçao ; cyprus ; dominica ; dominican republic ; egypt ; equatorial guinea ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; gibraltar ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; israel ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; jamaica ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; malta ; martinique ; mauritania ; mexico ; monaco ; montserrat ; morocco ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; portugal ( azores , portugal ( mainland ) ) ; puerto rico ; saint barthélemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tomé and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; slovenia ; spain ( baleares , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; suriname ; syrian arab republic ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; tunisia ; turkey ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara
this species is very common and abundant throughout its range ( d . smith pers . comm . 2011 ) .
this carnivorous , benthic species is found on the littoral shelf where it burrows in sandy and muddy bottoms ( bauchot and saldanha 1986 ) . it exhibits natal homing ( miller 2002 ) . it varies in myomere count from region to region , which shows that some populations migrate offshore to spawn , while others spawn along the continental shelf .
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study material - a . balearicum : dzufrj 2754 ; one specimen ; preanal myomeres ca 90 - 126 ; lvbv myomeres 62 - 72 ; total myomeres 126 ; 100 . 0 mm sl .
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ariosoma balearicum ( delaroche , 1809 )
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claro , rodolfo , and lynne r . parenti / claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and l . r . parenti , eds .
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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. . . these were collected from the straits of messina and reported by grassi [ 19 ] . recently , bojanić et al . [ 53 ] recognized some leptocephali accidentally caught in the middle of the adriatic sea as a . balearicum , based on their general morphology , pigmentation and morphometric characteristics . among our specimens , a . balearicum was clearly recognizable ( fig 2 ; table 1and s1 file ) as their morphology matched the descriptions ( e . g . , [ 16 , 19 , 50 , 51 ) . . . .
. . . among our specimens , a . balearicum was clearly recognizable ( fig 2 ; table 1and s1 file ) as their morphology matched the descriptions ( e . g . , [ 16 , 19 , 50 , 51 ) . a number of different tm ranges have been described for this species ( [ 19 ] : tm = 127–136 ; [ 54 ] : tm = 124–136 ; [ 49 ] : tm = 123–131 ; [ 16 ] : tm = 126– 138 ; [ 51 ] : tm = 121–136 ; [ 53 ] : tm = 127–133 ) which has resulted in a wide overall tm range ( 121–138 ) . in the western north atlantic [ 55 ] , this species exhibits two tm ranges ( and , accordingly , two vertebrae count ranges ) : a low - count form ( tm = 120–130 ) and a high - count form ( tm = 128–137 ) . . . .
. . . in the western north atlantic [ 55 ] , this species exhibits two tm ranges ( and , accordingly , two vertebrae count ranges ) : a low - count form ( tm = 120–130 ) and a high - count form ( tm = 128–137 ) . although individuals from the mediterranean sea tend to belong to the latter form ( [ 19 ] : tm = 127–136 ; [ 53 ] : tm = 127–133 ) , the tm range identified for our specimens ( tm = 126–130 ; table 1 ) places them closer to low - count form . nevertheless , because of this wide range , tm values are not a conclusive approach to identification . . . .
1 . development and application of lek interview - protocol ( survey questionnaire ) 2 . data analysis and comparison of research based scientific data ( knowledge ) ( rbk ) with data collected through lek s…
[ more ]
defishgear project originated as a response to the need for effective dealing with the issue of marine litter in the adriatic macroregion , towards litter free coasts and sea . it aims to facilitate …
[ more ]
the cuckoo wrasse , labrus mixtus ( pisces : labridae ) : biological indices for life history and conserv . . .
the cuckoo wrasse , labrus mixtus , is widely distributed in the moderate warm waters of the atlantic ocean , including the mediterranean and adriatic seas . generally , labrids are small inshore coastal species susceptible to anthropogenic habitat degradation and , although without commercial importance , they make up a significant part of the by - catch and discard . also , these fishes are intensively . . . [ show full abstract ]
growth of juvenile salema , sarpa salpa ( teleostei : sparidae ) , in the kornati archipelago , eastern ad . . .
growth of juvenile sarpa salpa from the kornati archipelago , eastern middle adriatic sea was analysed . a total of 1515 juveniles , ranging in length from 1 . 6 to 14 . 2 cm , were caught . most individuals ( 94 . 65 % ) belonged to the 0 + cohort . the first settlers were aged 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 months , and probably entered shallow coves at the end of november . the relationship between total length and weight . . . [ show full abstract ]
pagellus acarne ( risso , 1827 ) , although considered a common species , has never been a subject of biological research in the eastern adriatic sea . the aim of this study , conducted on 1188 specimens of this species in the period from 2007 – 2008 was to fill that gap . here we present growth parameters , describe reproductive cycle and feeding habits of this species originating from the eastern . . . [ show full abstract ]
age and growth determination of the golden grey mullet , liza aurata ( risso , 1810 ) from the adriatic . . .
the age and growth of golden grey mullet , liza aurata ( risso , 1810 ) , were determined from specimens collected in the mirna estuary ( northern adriatic sea ) during december of 2001 , 2002 and 2003 . the age composition was established using scale readings and bhattacharya ' s method . nine age classes ranging from 3 . 2 to 13 . 2 years ( except 10 . 2 and 11 . 2 ) were defined by scale readings but only seven . . . [ show full abstract ]
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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
gulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 . [ details ]
welshman , d . , s . kohler , j . black and l . van guelpen . 2003 . an atlas of distributions of canadian atlantic fishes . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ariosoma impressa ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ariosoma minor howell rivero , 1934 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ariosoma somaliense kotthaus , 1968 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of muraena balearica delaroche , 1809 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of muraena cassini risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of echelus ciuciara rafinesque , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of leptocephalus affinis facciolà , 1883 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of leptocephalus eckmani strömman , 1896 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of leptocephalus inornatus facciolà , 1883 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of leptocephalus marginatus kaup , 1856 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of leptocephalus microphthalmus beebe & tee - van , 1928 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of leptocephalus rex eigenmann & kennedy , 1902 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of leptocephalus taenia kaup , 1856 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ophisoma acuta swainson , 1839 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ophisoma balearicum ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ophisoma impressus ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of congermuraena balearica ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of congrellus balearicus ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of helmichthys diaphanus costa , 1844 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ophiosoma impressus ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of congromuraena balearica ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of congromuraena impressa ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of leptocephalus ekmani strömman , 1896 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
habitat occasionally found in canadian atlantic waters . found over sandy , muddy bottoms at depths of 1 - 732 m . [ details ]


† partula cuneata was a species of air-breathing tropical land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family partulidae .

this species was endemic to ra'iātea , french polynesia .

it is now extinct .

partula cuneata

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : partula cuneata d . m . crampton , 1956 - id : 5622000024
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in the late 1980s species began disappearing rapidly . by 1992 there were few left and no live individuals were found during surveys in 1994 and 2000 or during subsequent scientific expeditions to high altitudes .
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gerlach j . ( 2016 ) . icons of evolution : pacific island tree - snails of the family partulidae . phelsuma press . isbn : 978 - 0 - 99322 - 033 - 3 . [ details ]
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this species is known from a single animal found on raiatea island by henry crampton in 1909 . it was one of the few raiatean species to have a banding pattern . it probably became extinct shortly after
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thiotricha attenuata is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by omelko in 1993 .

it is found in japan .

the wingspan is about 12 mm .

thiotricha attenuata

thiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196
thiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45
thiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142
thiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns
thiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi
thiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343
thiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos
thiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya
thiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]
thiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft
thiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya
thiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa
thiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis
thiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft
thiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft
thiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft
thiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft
thiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209
thiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft
thiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204
thiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205
thiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft
thiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand
thiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand
thiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana
thiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching
thiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba
thiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island
thiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills
thiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft
thiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills
thiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton
thiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya
thiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
thiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
thiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .
thiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab
thiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
thiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
thiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
thiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft
thiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft
thiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda
thiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns
thiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
thiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )
thiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
thiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon
thiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )
thiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft
thiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland
thiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon
thiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )
thiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
thiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]
thiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia
thiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
thiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]
thiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales
thiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales
thiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales
thiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales
thiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen
thiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania
thiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
thiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
thiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
thiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
thiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]
thiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75
korea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]
chinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10
gelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota
ptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes
polyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107
dissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561
polyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108
gemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63
polyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent
polyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108
polyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78
lindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84
herzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]
ptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina
microrrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586
oleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254
polyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
larva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81
eu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]
syncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586
mystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch
mystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch
polyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68
anacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54
microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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the common barbel , barbus barbus , is a species of freshwater fish belonging to the family cyprinidae .

it shares the common name ' barbel ' with its many relatives in the genus barbus , of which it is the type species .

in great britain it is usually referred to simply as the barbel ; similar names are used elsewhere in europe , such as barbeau in france .

the name derives from the four whiskerlike structures located at the corners of the fish 's mouth , which it uses to locate food .

common barbel

barbel barbus mrena na uni uhvacena august 2011 , common barbel cached in river una . . fishing . . .
although classified as least concerned , both pollution and habitat loss threaten some common barbel populations .
the synergistic effect of temperature and hormonal stimulation on spawning efficiency of common barbel , barbus barbus l .
the scientific name of a common barbel is barbus barbus , and it is from the family cyprinidae , the family of carps and minnows .
common barbel ( barbus barbus ) as a bioindicator of surface river sediment pollution with cu and zn in three rivers of the danube river basin in serbia .
common barbels are a species of smaller - sized fish mainly native to various countries in europe .
the diet of common barbels consists primarily of fish , algae , larvae of insects and crustaceans .
common barbel ( barbus barbus ) as a bioindicator of surface river sediment pollution with cu and zn in three rivers of the danube river basin in ser . . . - pubmed - ncbi
barbel are long - lived fish and can grow to well over 10lb ( 4kg ) .
latin , squalidus = pale , weak + latin , barbus = barbel ( ref . 45335 )
effects of temperature on growth , survival and body composition in larvae of barbel , barbus barbus ( l . )
‘common barbels’ are also known as ‘barbels’ , the broad name of the genus ; and ‘pigfish’ , from an english legend .
condition , growth and food conversion in barbel , barbus barbus ( l . ) juveniles under different temperature / diet combinations
advice : when a barbel is hooked it will not give up easily and it will fight until it is exhausted . try to land and unhook the barbel quickly . when landed and unhooked , hold the barbel in the flowing water facing upstream until it is ready to swim away . this can sometimes take between a couple of minutes and 15 minutes or longer .
effect of different diets on body mineral content , growth , and survival of barbel , barbus barbus ( l . . . .
common barbels inhabit freshwater locations such as rivers and lakes , and they are generally found in the water , close to the stony ground .
barbel are the most revered sporting fish . they are known as the prince of the river and are sleek and have a reputation for being fighting machine . in the last three months we have probably lost barbel over 14lbs . it is definitely down to otters .
condition , growth and food conversion in barbel , barbus barbus ( l . ) juveniles under different temperature / diet combinations | request pdf
1 it is believed that the “catch” in table 6 specified as “common carp” and “rainbow trout” represents cultivated fish ( see section 7 . 2 )
effect of different diets on body mineral content , growth , and survival of barbel , barbus barbus ( l . ) , larvae under controlled conditions
delattre p , giraudoux p , baudry j , musard p , toussaint m , et al . ( 1992 ) land use patterns and types of common vole (
common barbels grow to be 10 to 120 centimetres ( 4 to 47 inches ) in length and weigh 1 to 12 kilograms ( 2 to 26 pounds ) .
, barb are commonly kept in household aquariums worldwide . the most common barb kept in aquariums are the cherry barb ( pink / red in colour ) and the
common barbels have a lifespan of up to 15 years , and they are commonly fished for sport , commercially grown for food , and used in the pet industry .
common barbels can feature numerous small black spots , and they are generally coloured mainly brown or grey , with the addition of silver , white , and pink colours .
barbel have been introduced into some of the rivers of eastern wales - notably the wye , the dee and the upper severn - and they have done well there ( much to the annoyance of some of the game fishery owners , who perceive barbel as competing for food and for spawning area with salmon ) .
the british record barbel , caught at adams mill on the river great ouse in bedfordshire in 2006 , weighed 21lb 1oz . the captor was mr grahame king .
vindimian , e . , p . namour , b . migeon and j . garric , 1991 . in situ pollution induced cytochrome p450 activity of freshwater fish : barbel (
britain ' s biggest barbel fish has been killed by an otter , sparking renewed calls by the angling community for a clampdown on the aquatic animals that are now thriving in the countryside .
hugla , j . l . , p . kremers and j . p . thome , 1993a . effects of natural and experimental pcb contamination on the mixed - function oxidases in the barbel ,
the number of eggs produced by common barbels at one time is said to be in the thousands , for every kilogram of fish weight , due to the large quantity that are initially eaten by other water creatures .
he said :
we have lost our huge barbel , the big lady . one of our bailiffs saw it happen . the fish was dragged up the bank with its throat missing and eaten alive .
most of austria ' s streams are clear , cold and rapid . they are generally - good waters for trout and grayling and at least almost always in the barbel ( barbus barbus ) zone . .
taylor a , britton j , cowx i ( 2004 ) does the stock density of stillwater catch and release fisheries affect the growth performance of introduced cultured barbel ? j fish biol 65 : 308–313 . doi :
in recent years , a prized 50lbs - plus carp worth about £8 , 000 was killed in an otter attack along with the country ' s previous biggest barbel , known as the traveller , which weighed 21lbs .
to evaluate the impact of pcbs on a wild population of a regressing fish species , we have measured the levels of these toxicants in common barbel ( barbus barbus ) from the belgian part of the river meuse . we have expressed these levels in terms of the most suitable composition of commercial pcb mixture ( aroclor 1254 and 1260 20 / 80 ; v / v ) , and related them to hepatic xenobiotic - metabolising enzyme activities and to hepatocyte ultrastructure .
citation : tougard c , renvoisé e , petitjean a , quéré j - p ( 2008 ) new insight into the colonization processes of common voles : inferences from molecular and fossil evidence . plos one 3 ( 10 ) : e3532 . urltoken
the streamlined barbel can hug the river bed in fast flows while feeding on passing invertebrates . freshwater shrimps , nymphs and caddis larvae are their staple diet , but they will also take small fishes , crayfish and swan mussels .
nachev m , schertzinger g , sures b ( 2013 ) comparison of the metal accumulation capacity between the acanthocephalan pomphorhynchus laevis and larval nematodes of the genus eustrongylides sp . infecting barbel ( barbus barbus ) . parasite vecto 6 ( 21 ) : 1–8
the record specimen weighed more than 20lbs and was believed to be the largest living barbel in uk waters . six more large coarse fish from the same river , the ivel in bedfordshire , have also fallen victim to otter predation in the last three months .
specimen fish aren ' t immortal . as much as anglers love to fish for large barbel , and even given them names , sooner or later they will die from disease , in a flood event or be eaten by an otter or other predator .
it is a small size barbel ( < 220 mm ) . it occurs in the upper and middle courses of mountainous rivers with clear , flowing and well oxygenated waters . sensitive to pollution . reproduction takes place between may and july . it can hybridize with barbus barbus and barbus haasi .
artificial reproduction of common barbel ( barbus barbus ) under controlled conditions usually did not exceed 10 % of ovulation success . the aim of the study was to optimise the process of artificial reproduction of the barbel ( cultured generation f4 ) with thermal and hormonal stimulation the first experiment examined the effect of stimulation with thermal conditions on the ovulation and the embryos survival rates . after the optimum conditions of thermal stimulation in barbel reproduction were determined , another experiment was conducted which examined how the effectiveness of reproduction is affected by four selected hormonal preparations ( cph , hcg , ovaprim and ovopel ) . thermal stimulation for 58 days was found to be the most effective ( 748 degree - days ) . the second experiment examined the synergistic effects of different hormonal preparations under the optimal thermal conditions as , determined in the first experiment . among the hormones evaluated as part of this study , cph and ovaprim were yielded the best results as compared to control . the use of the preparations resulted in the percentage of ovulations of 90 - 100 % and the embryo survival rate at the hatching stage was about 90 % . the study concludes that thermal stimuli and hormonal applications have a synergistic effect on artificial reproduction in b , barbus .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 48 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 111347 ) ; common length : 12 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35840 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 6 kg ( ref . 111347 )
luncheon meat , sausage meat , cheese and cubes of cheese , worms , dendrobaena worms , red worm , brandlings , grubs , bread ( either crust , flake or paste ) , casters , hemp and caster , maggots , pinkies and sweetcorn and boilies have all proved to be successful in catching barbel .
we know they have been here before but we have coped with it but there is one that is almost a resident here and has acquired a taste for barbel . they might have this image of being a nice , fluffy creature but they are also a sleek killing machine , a bit like mink .
sunjog k , gačić z , kolarević s , visnjić - jeftić ž , jarić i , knežević - vukčević j , vuković - gačić b , lenhardt m ( 2012 ) heavy metal accumulation and the genotoxicity in barbel ( barbus barbus ) as indicators of the danube river pollution . sci world j . doi :
critics say the conservation scheme was ill - thought out as there is not enough food in our waterways to sustain their booming numbers . as a result , otters - which have no natural predator - are said to have been picking off expensive , cumbersome fish like carp and barbel from fisheries and putting businesses in jeopardy .
conceived and designed the experiments : ct . performed the experiments : ct er ap . analyzed the data : ct . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ct er . wrote the paper : ct . conceived the project : ct . identified some fossil remains of microtus arvalis : er . conceived the project and collected specimens of common vole : jpq .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 120 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31730 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 556 ) ; max . published weight : 12 . 0 kg ( ref . 31730 ) ; max . reported age : 15 years ( ref . 59043 )
. . . somatic growth of barbel is temperature dependent and seasonal , with growth primarily limited to the summer period ( hunt and jones , 1975 ) . the optimum temperature for juvenile growth is 21–25 @ bullet c ( kaminski et al . , 2010 ) , and , in this range , increased temperatures tend to result in increased growth rates ( penaz and stouracova , 1991 ) . estimates of barbel ages derived from their scales have reported fish surviving to at least 18 years old ( taylor et al . , 2004 ) , although maximum ages vary between rivers , with no fish recorded over the age of 9 years in the upper river warta , poland ( przybylski et al . , 2004 ) . . . .
barbel can be caught using various methods including float , ledger or feeder but the feeder is considered the best method . barbel inhabit strong , fast flowing waters , so a good rod with a fixed spool reel fitted with a minimum of 6lb line should be used . hook size will depend on the size of the fish and the size of the bait used but hook sizes between 12 and 4 are ok . i use barbless hooks because they cause less damage to the fish and are easier to unhook . it is important if legering to use a weight or feeder heavy enough so that it will hold the bait close to the riverbed . the weight will be determined by the strength of flow of the water . a typical approach when barbel fishing is to use a swimfeeder or blockend feeder on the 6lb . mainline with a 24 inch 4lb hook length and size 10 hook baited with a large piece of luncheon meat . when float fishing in faster waters try using a big avon or a loafer that carries a lot of shot . fix the shot near the hook to keep it closer to the river bed .
six feeding groups of 60 early juveniles ( 0 . 6 g ) of a rheophilic cyprinid barbel barbus barbus were reared in triplicate in 18 glass aquaria . fish fed a commercial formulated dry diet aller futura were compared with those on natural food—commercially available frozen chironomidae larvae at 17 , 21 and 25°c . daily food rations were adjusted according to fish biomass , differences in hydration . . . [ show full abstract ]
the current list of fish species recognised as susceptible to svc as listed by the oie has a number of significant omissions relevant to the uk . the increasing interest in large fish increases the prospect of businesses or individuals seeking to import barbel and chub into the uk , which in turn increases the risk of the introduction of svc into our aquatic environment . it is therefore important that the susceptibility of these two species to svc is established .
spring viraemia of carp ( svc ) is a rhabdovirus infection that causes acute haemorrhagic and contagious viraemia in a range of species of fish . the disease is listed by the oie and , whilst the disease is widespread in continental europe , it is controlled in a number of eu member states through national measures . the principle host is common carp cyprinus carpio , however a range of other cyprinid species , and some non - cyprinid species are known to be susceptible to infection .
a few other fishes are cultivated in austria , primarily tench , grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idella ) , pike - perch , and the coregonids , coregonus lavaretus . as most of these fish are produced in conjunction with common carp , it is difficult to obtain good figures on their yield . bruschek ( 1971 ) stated that the total production in austrian carp ponds in 1970 was about : 550 t of common carp , 12 t of tench , 10 t of coregonus , 4 t of pike - perch , and 3 t of rainbow trout . brown ( 1977 , 1983 ) states that in addition to carp and trout , annual production in austria is about as follows : 30 t of tench , 20 t of grass carp , and 5 t of coregonids . it requires between two and three years to raise the tench to market size of 200–300 g and between three and four years to raise grass carp to market size of 3 000–4 000 g . some pike and grayling for stocking are exported .
the shaded zone ( a ) corresponds to the distribution range of the common vole [ 25 ] , [ 31 ] . european ( b ) and french ( c ) populations are listed in table s1 . fossil localities studied are : ( a ) miesenheim i , germany [ 29 ] ; ( b ) la baume de gigny , france ( gigny , jura ) [ 49 ] ; ( c ) le taillis des coteaux , france ( antigny , vienne ) [ 52 ] . numbers are french zip codes .
numbers at nodes ( b to k ) of the simplified bayesian tree ( a ) are times to most recent common ancestors ( with 95 % confidence ) estimated from cytochrome b gene sequences with beast . numbers at node ( a ) are the divergence time estimate by beast ( above branch ) based on the fossil calibration point ( below branch ; miesenheim i , germany ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] . small letters allow one to locate the possible lineage appearance on the δ d curve ( b ) from epica dome c ( modified from [ 75 ] ) .
time to most recent common ancestor for several clades was estimated from cytb dataset using ba with beast 1 . 4 . 6 [ 74 ] under a gtr + i + g model . runs were performed with an uncorrelated lognormal clock assuming constant population size ( 20 , 000 , 000 generations with the first 2 , 000 , 000 discarded as burn - in ) . the date of 0 . 475±0 . 025 myr for the origin of m . arvalis lineages ( late cromerian ; miesenheim i , germany ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] was used as calibration point .
the major fishes cultivated in austria are rainbow trout and common carp . a personal communication from dr j . hemsen ( 21 january 1980 ) states that all of the trout and carp “catches” shown in table 6 as made during the 1970–78 period were actually produced through aquaculture . it will be noted , however , that there is almost no agreement of these table 6 figures with those in table 7 which provides estimates of the production of cultivated trout and carp in austria derived from other “official” or standard sources . this , and other inconsistencies even within the same table 7 make it difficult to accept most of the figures .
the phylogeographic structure of the common vole in europe was investigated from cytb ( 1044 bp ) and cr ( 304 bp ) fragments ( figures 1b–1c and tables s1 , s2 ) . these fragments were not concatenated for phylogenetic reconstructions because they concern different specimens . instead , the cr dataset ( french populations ) was analyzed mainly for correlation with the cytb dataset ( european populations ) on the genetic structure of the lineages potentially involved in postglacial colonization . the cytb sequences specified 209 variable sites defining 116 haplotypes ( table s3 ) , and 113 of these polymorphic sites were phylogenetically informative ( cr = 141 variable and 105 informative sites ) .
voles were euthanized by cervical dislocation as recommended by our institutions ( urltoken ) and mills et al . [ 64 ] . one of the authors ( jpq ) has an authorization to experiment on living vertebrate animals ( certificate n° 34 . 107 ) . phylogeographic inferences are based on agreement in analysis of 131 control region and 75 cytochrome b gene sequences from common voles , sampled from 35 french localities ( 1 to 9 individuals / population ; figure 1 and tables s1 , s2 ) . our molecular dataset was complemented with genbank sequences including m . arvalis from other european localities and m . rossiaemeridionalis used as outgroup ( figure 1 and tables s1 , s2 ) .
ecology and biology . the barbel is present in all watercourses running in the foothills and valley floors of italy , in “rheophil ciprinidae” areas , where it often is the most abundant species . this species features a good ecological adaptability and can be found in several stretches of a watercourse – also small ones – provided they are oxygen - rich waters ; however , the species prefers upper and middle courses of rivers featuring fast - flowing clear waters and gravel - beds . the body is spindle - shaped , with elongated head and can be quite long , even over 50 cm . sexual maturity is reached between 2 or 3 years of age for males , and 4 and 5 years of age for females ; there is no obvious sexual dimorphism . the breeding season is between mid - april and july . at 16 ° c hatching takes place after about 8 days .
as a consequence of the mismatch distribution analysis for the whole dataset , divergence dates of the main clades ( figure 4 ) were calculated under a bayesian relaxed - clock method assuming constant population size . with the first occurrence of m . arvalis at 0 . 475±0 . 025 myr ( miesenheim i , germany ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] , the mutation rate was estimated at 4 . 8 substitutions / site / myr . the w lineage showed the oldest divergence time ( 0 . 317 myr ; 95 % confidence 0 . 199–0 . 440 myr ) , while the f lineage showed the most recent one ( 0 . 075 myr ; 95 % confidence 0 . 012–0 . 163 myr ) . however , this latter result should be considered with caution because the tree topology was not in agreement with such a recent divergence time . the two f sequences are probably insufficient for inferring reliable time estimates . as for the spanish clade ( data not shown ) , the most recent common ancestor was 0 . 086 myr old ( 95 % confidence 0 . 037–0 . 144 myr ) .
on closer examination of lineage composition , individuals from germany , france and switzerland are found in nearly all lineages . german individuals belong to the w , f , c and e lineages , while individuals from switzerland are from the w , c and i lineages . particular attention should be paid to populations from eastern france , because some individuals from the vittel and monthureux populations belong not only to both w sublineages , but also to the c lineage ( figures 2 and s1 ) [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] . therefore , the m . arvalis lineages meet in an area including eastern france , southwestern germany and northern switzerland . moreover , the fossil site of miesenheim i , where the oldest m . arvalis remains were found ( 0 . 500–0 . 450 myr ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] , is located in southwestern germany ( figure 1 ) . for these reasons , we consider the origin of m . arvalis to be located in western central europe . from this area , populations of the common vole certainly spread out through europe during the holsteinian ( 0 . 430–0 . 300 myr ) , first southwestwards and then northeastwards ( figure 5 ) . western central europe was not only the cradle of the m . arvalis lineages , it was also a dispersal centre for this rodent .
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the large freshwater fish , nicknamed the big lady and which was hugely popular with anglers , was seen to be dragged out of a river by a marauding otter that then tore its throat out and partially ate it .
otters are enjoying a comeback after they were re - introduced into british waterways by conservationists in the 1980s after once being on the brink of extinction .
' they might have this image of being a nice , fluffy creature but they are also a sleek killing machine , a bit like mink . . . '
despite their fluffy appearance and association with henry williamson ' s much - loved children ' s book , tarka the otter , the marine animals are carnivourous and ferocious hunters .
in 2013 , fishery owner brian dodson unsuccessfully tried to sue the environment agency after he lost £250 , 000 of fish to the furry mammals after an otter haven was set up nearby .
otters are one of the most protected animals in europe . under the wildlife and countryside act , it is an offence to kill one or interfere with their habitat and is punishable by a £5 , 000 fine or six months in prison .
some fisheries have erected otter - proof fencing around their lakes at great cost to protect their stock that are caught and released by anglers , but that is not appropriate for rivers , like the ivel .
graham palmer , the secretary of the ivel protection agency , is calling for fishery bailiffs to be allowed to humanely trap offending otters so they can be moved away from waters stocked with expensive fish .
there is a place for otters in our countryside , but there is also no danger of them becoming extinct - they are everywhere in southern england .
several fisheries have gone out of business in recent years because their fish stocks have been decimated by otter predation .
a spokesman for the environment agency defended otters , saying that waters dominated by large coarse fish did not make for a healthy eco - system .
he said :
the environment agency does not see the return of the otter as a cause for alarm or a major threat to fish numbers . if you look at rivers that never lost otters like in scotland , they have healthy fish populations containing a good age range of fish . it has not resulted in fish being ' wiped out ' .
large specimen fish tend to dominate rivers , which is not a healthy state for a river . you need diversity in age , not just big fish . this wouldn ' t have occurred in the past when otters were more numerous and would have eaten some of the larger fish .
otters also eat ' pest ' species such as the signal crayfish , an invasive species that has caused a crash in numbers of our native white - clawed crayfish .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - ? m . temperate ; 10°c - 24°c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 57°n - 42°n , 5°w - 36°e
europe : north of the pyrénées and alps , from adour ( france ) eastward to neman ( lithuania , russia ) drainages , in rivers draining to atlantic , north sea and southern baltic sea ; danube to dniepr drainages in northern black sea basin ; southeastern england north to yorkshire . found almost throughout mediterranean drainages of france . locally introduced in northern and central italy , rivers wear , tees and medway and most western drainages of england .
dorsal spines ( total ) : 3 - 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 - 9 ; anal spines : 2 - 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 - 6 ; vertebrae : 46 - 47 . diagnosed from its congeners in france , great britain , black , north , baltic and adriatic sea basins and apennine peninsula by having the following characters : lower lip thick with a median swollen pad ; tip of dorsal pointed ; posterior margin of dorsal concave ; last simple dorsal ray spinous , serrated along entire posterior edge ; flexible segmented part of last simple dorsal ray about 20 - 24 % of its length ; fine dark spots ( or no spots ) in individuals larger than 10 cm sl ; 53 - 63 total scales on lateral line ; 12 - 14 scale rows between dorsal origin and lateral line ; pelvic origin about below dorsal origin ; scales with free posterior part pointed ; scales on back with 1 - 5 well developed median longitudinal epithelial crests ( ref . 59043 ) . caudal fin with 19 - 20 rays ( ref . 2196 ) .
individual females spawn with several males . males assemble at spawning grounds and follow ripe females , often with much splashing , to shallow riffles . males may exhibit courting or sneaking tactics in spawning site . courting males follow females to spawning site and , during the spawning act , one male swims head to head with the female . sneaking males , waiting in the spawning site , then join the couple and try to fertilize eggs . up to 130 males have been reported to be involved in a single spawning act . females deposit non - sticky eggs in 2 - 3 portions into excavations made in the gravel
( ref . 59043 ) .
bianco , p . g . , 1998 . diversity of barbinae fishes in southern europe with description of a new genus and a new species ( cyprinidae ) . ital . j . zool . 65 : 125 - 136 . ( ref . 31730 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00676 ( 0 . 00386 - 0 . 01183 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 11 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 39 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tm = 3 - 5 ) .
prior r = 0 . 3 , 2 sd range = 0 . 11 - 0 . 82 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 2 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 51 , based on : 2 k , 8 tgen , 1 tmax , 4 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 70 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
the species has a very wide distribution . however it is locally threatened by water pollution and river regulation , especially in the baltic drainages , elbe , south bug and dniepr . sharp declines due to construction of large reservoirs and pollution occurred during 20th century . however has since stabilized at a moderate level . was heavily impacted by pollution in central europe but populations have mostly recovered .
north of the pyrénées and alps , from adour ( france ) eastward to neman ( lithuania , russia ) drainages , in rivers draining to atlantic , north sea and southern baltic sea ; danube to dniepr drainages in northern black sea basin ; southeastern england north to yorkshire . in almost all mediterranean drainages of france . locally introduced in northern and central italy , rivers wear , tees and medway and most western drainages of england .
when the 2010 assessment of this species was published in 2011 , a 2013 citation reference was accidentally attached to the account and hence the previous version of the assessment showed it as being published in 2013 when it should have been 2011 . the error is corrected here and is therefore given a 2016 citation date ; the 2011 reference that should have been used in the citation is under the references .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2011 : e . t2561a97789324 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
if you found this information helpful , you would probably find the new 2017 edition of our bestselling book matching the hatch by pat o ' reilly very useful . get an author - signed copy here . . .
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environ sci pollut res int . 2016 apr ; 23 ( 7 ) : 6723 - 34 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s11356 - 015 - 5901 - 9 . epub 2015 dec 10 .
morina a 1 , morina f 2 , djikanović v 3 , spasić s 2 , krpo - ćetković j 4 , kostić b 5 , lenhardt m 3 .
faculty of biology , university of belgrade , studentski trg 16 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia . arian _ morina @ yahoo . com .
institute for multidisciplinary research , university of belgrade , kneza višeslava 1 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .
institute for biological research
siniša stanković
, university of belgrade , despota stefana 142 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .
faculty of biology , university of belgrade , studentski trg 16 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .
faculty of mining and geology , university of belgrade , djušina 7 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .
the research was partly supported by project oi173045 funded by the ministry of education , science , and technological development of the republic of serbia .
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annexes of birds and habits directives listing the area of occupancy of the species . the species is present in annexes ii and v of habitats directive ; in this annex it is indicated as barbus spp .
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part of the english - arabic dictionary contains translations of arabeyes . thank you !
brown trout ( potočna pastrmka ) 93 cm ( 36 , 6 inches ) - una , bosnia . mp4
carmona , j . & darwall , w . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )
justification : b . meridionalis has a large but fragmented distribution with an area of occupancy ( aoo ) of nearly 2 , 000 km² as it is present in only parts of streams and not the main rivers , it is also threatened by hybridisation with other barbus species in addition it has undergone a population decline of nearly 30 % ( crivelli , a . pers comm ) .
it is restricted to the southern part of the rhône river basin and to several coastal streams in france , and to few coastal streams in northern catalonia , spain .
habitat alteration , dams , water extraction and pollution are the main factors threatening this species .
it is listed in the annexes ii and v of the european union habitats directive and in the appendix iii of the bern convention .
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copyright : © 2008 tougard et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : cnrs ( french government ) provided financial support for the experiment realization . the funder has no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
individual labels are detailed in table s1 . the numbers at nodes refer to ml bootstrap percentages ( above branches ) and ba posterior probabilities ( below branches ) . the five main evolutionary lineages as previously mentioned [ 34 ] are indicated on the right .
observed mismatch distributions ( blue line ) for the whole dataset ( a ) as well as the western ( b ) , eastern ( c ) and central ( d ) lineages are compared to expected distributions under a population growth - decline model ( red line ) . numbers of pairwise differences are on the x - axis , while relative frequencies are on the y - axis .
the 95 % confidence ranges of divergence time estimates are wide , making it difficult to correlate formation events of m . arvalis lineages to quaternary climatic events . however , bayesian posterior probability densities ( data not shown ) of these estimates are unimodal , indicating that mean estimates should provide a reasonable basis for inferences about the evolutionary history of m . arvalis [ 41 ] .
the divergence time estimates among the five evolutionary lineages of m . arvalis covered several glacial and interglacial periods in the middle and late pleistocene . this pattern is congruent with a pre - lgm origin , split and evolution of the lineages , although some previously published divergence times are much younger than the present molecular dating [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] . each of our estimates corresponds to warm or pre - and postglacial periods ( figure 4 ) .
before ( a ) , during ( b ) and after ( c ) the lgm .
the black star locates the most likely origin of the species from fossil and genetic evidence . solid arrows indicate the southwestward and northeastward gradual range expansion during warm periods , while dotted arrows are for more or less irregular expansion ( ù glacial survival in isolated populations or ä bottleneck events ) during cold periods . shaded areas ( b ) correspond to the estimated extension of ice cover .
from a palaeontological standpoint , the whole european fossil record of m . arvalis was considered [ 30 ] . kowalski [ 30 ] listed m . arvalis remains in two categories : m . arvalis / m . agrestis assemblages and m . arvalis localities . in the present study , only the second category with well - determined specimens is taken into account . two continuous and well - studied sequences located in france were also examined ( figure 1 ) : la baume de gigny ( gigny , jura ; 0 . 060–0 . 015 myr ) [ 49 ] – [ 51 ] and le taillis des coteaux ( antigny , vienne ; 0 . 030–0 . 015 myr ) [ 52 ] . in the former locality , m . arvalis and m . agrestis were identified [ 49 ] , while m . arvalis remains of the latter locality were determined by one of us ( er in [ 52 ] ) .
best - fitting models of sequence evolution were determined using modeltest 3 . 7 [ 68 ] for ml reconstructions and mrmodeltest 2 . 2 [ 69 ] for ba . these models are : k81uf + i + g ( ml ) and gtr + i + g ( ba ) for cr ; trn + i + g ( ml ) and k80 + i , gtr , gtr + g ( respectively , first , second and third codon positions ; ba ) for cytb ( for details about models , see urltoken ) . ml analyses were conducted using the software phyml 2 . 4 . 4 [ 70 ] , and nodal robustness was estimated after 1000 bootstrap replicates . alternative topologies to the best ml tree were evaluated with the test of shimodaira & hasegawa [ 39 ] as implemented in paup * 4 . 010b [ 71 ] . mixed models under ba using mrbayes 3 . 0b4 [ 72 ] was performed with five markov chain monte carlo chains that were simultaneously run for 2 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 100 th generation , and after removing the first 2000 trees as the burn - in stage .
nucleotide and haplotype diversities within evolutionary lineages , as well as total and net dna divergence were calculated using dnasp 4 . 20 . 2 [ 73 ] . mismatch distribution analyses among individuals [ 40 ] were carried out under a population growth - decline model in dnasp . demographic stability is illustrated by multimodal distributions , while a unimodal pattern is consistent with sudden expansion [ 46 ] .
labels , geographic distribution and references / sources of microtus arvalis samples . accession numbers for original and genbank data of the cytochrome b gene and the control region are also listed . colours refer to the five lineages : western ( red ) , central ( blue ) , eastern ( orange ) , freiburg ( green ) and italian ( pink ) .
haplotype list for each microtus arvalis lineage . the positions of changes in the amino acid sequence are given according to the cytochrome b model by howell [ 79 ] and degli esposti et al . [ 80 ] .
alternative topologies nonsignificantly different ( 5 % confidence level ) including the five lineages of microtus arvalis . the topology in bold is the previously published topology [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] , while the topology in red corresponds to the present topology based on cytochrome b gene sequences ( figure 2 ) .
bayesian tree reconstructed from control region sequences of microtus arvalis . individual labels are detailed in table s1 . the numbers at nodes refer to ml bootstrap percentages ≥50 % ( above branches ) and ba posterior probabilities ≥0 . 50 ( below branches ) . the five main evolutionary lineages as previously mentioned [ 34 ] are indicated on the right .
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