the african cuckoo-hawk , or african baza , ( aviceda cuculoides ) is a medium-sized raptor in the family accipitridae so named because it resembles the common cuckoo , which is found in sub-saharan africa and along the eastern parts of southern africa .

it prefers dense woodland and forest of either indigenous or exotic trees .

african cuckoo - hawk

other names : african baza , african cuckoo - falcon , african cuckoo falcon , cuckoo - falcon , cuckoo - hawk , west african cuckoo - falcon .
nobody uploaded sound recordings for african cuckoo - hawk ( aviceda cuculoides ) yet .
the african cuckoo hawk is mainly seen singly or in pairs in the wild .
african cuckoo hawk ( aviceda cuculoides fam . accipitridae ) kruger park birds & birding .
in terms of distribution of the african cuckoo hawk in the kruger national park you may not see it in all areas . african cuckoo hawk : see above distribution map .
the african cuckoo hawk is a bird about the size of a francolin now called spurfowl . the height of the african cuckoo hawk is about 40 cms and its weight is about 250 gms
the african cuckoo hawk ( latin name aviceda cuculoides ) is described in roberts birds of southern africa , 7th edition . this bird has a unique roberts number of 128 and you will find a full description of this bird on page 474 also a picture of the african cuckoo hawk on page 433 . the african cuckoo hawk belongs to the family of birds classified as accipitridae . according to the percy fitzpatrick institute of african ornithology the african cuckoo hawk is also known by these other names : african cuckoo falcon , west african cuckoo falcon , cuckoo falcon .
african cuckoo - hawk ( aviceda cuculoides ) is a species of bird in the accipitridae family .
african cuckoo hawk nest with eggs , nylsvley area , south africa . [ photo warwick tarboton © ]
museum specimens indicate historical distributions . the map below shows locations from which museum specimens of african cuckoo hawk were collected . you can see more information on the individual museum specimens of african cuckoo hawk here .
the african cuckoo hawk is mainly found in light and densely wooded forests , where there are mopane trees .
this bird is known as cuckoo hawk in the roberts 6th edition . there have been no changes in the latin name for the african cuckoo hawk between the roberts 6th and roberts 7th edition .
the african cuckoo hawk is neither endemic or near endemic to the kruger national park . it is however a rare resident
you will normally see the african cuckoo hawk by itself rather than in the company of birds of the same species .
the african cuckoo hawk is a southern african bird that belongs to the accipitridae bird family group which includes birds such as raptors , old vultures , osprey .
subspecies and range : the african cuckoo - hawk has three subspecies which differ in size , extent of barring and intensity of plumage colour .
the african cuckoo hawk is monogamous unless its mate dies . in the event of a partner dying aviceda cuculoides will seek out a new mate
birds & birding in the kruger national park south africa . in roberts 6 this bird was called cuckoo hawk
recommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : african cuckoo - hawk aviceda cuculoides . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018
the african cuckoo - hawk or african baza ( aviceda cuculoides ) is a medium - sized bird of prey of the family accipitridae , and found in much of the forested regions of africa south of the sahara desert .
the nesting habit of african cuckoo hawk is to create the nest in branches of a tree or shrub . the bird lays eggs which are in colour and number between 1 to 2
the description for the african cuckoo hawk ( latin name aviceda cuculoides ) can be found in the 7th edition of the roberts birds of southern africa . the aviceda cuculoides can be quickly identified by its unique roberts identification number of 128 and the detailed description of this bird is on page 474 . you will find a picture of the african cuckoo hawk on page 433 .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the african cuckoo - hawk is noisy before breeding , giving loud , far - carrying whistling calls “teee - oooo” and shorter ones “tittit - eoo” .
the african cuckoo hawk is a monogamous bird which means that the bird finds and breeds with one partner for the rest of its life . the bird lays between 1 to 2 eggs and they are coloured .
the african cuckoo - hawk often stands horizontally on branch with the wings slightly drooped . it prefers to perch under cover or below the canopy , rather than on open sites . it is often found in pairs .
the african cuckoo - hawks ( aviceda cuculoides ) - also known as african cuckoo falcons - are found in sub - saharan africa and along the eastern parts of southern africa . this species is mainly resident , but a partial - migrant in the east and south .
african harrier - hawk , harrier hawk , or gymnogene ( polyboroides typus ) is a bird of prey . it is about cm in length , and is related to the harriers . it breeds in most of africa south of the sahara .
introduction : the african cuckoo - hawk is a long - winged raptor with short , pointed crest , and two tooth - like indentations on the edge of the upper mandible . the aviceda species were related to falcons because of the notched bill , but finally , it is mostly closely related to kites . they are also called cuckoo - falcons and bazas .
the african cuckoo - hawk is uncommon throughout its range , but that is mostly because of its secretive behavior and not because it is threatened . population size is for now deemed to be stable and it is listed as least concern on the iucn red list .
ryan , p . g . & moloney , c . l . 1995 . range extension and display flight of the cuckoo hawk in the southwestern cape province , south africa . gabar 9 : 25 .
the african cuckoo - hawk occupies evergreen forest and deciduous woodlands up to 6 , 000 feet elevation , both within the forest interior and edges , and often being seen in suburban gardens . it is also seen in savannahs and open bush country during migrations in east africa .
the african cuckoo hawk has a height of 40 cms and weighs around 250 gms . the head is coloured brown while the bill is coloured black . the aviceda cuculoides has a blue , grey coloured throat , yellow legs and a brown coloured back . the eyes are brown .
experiences with species raptors have always been my favourite group of birds . on a trip to mozambique in august 2008 , i was 11 species short of 700 on my southern african bird list . i got to 699 and speculated on what my 700th bird would be . it turned out to be the african cuckoo - hawk ! other names : -
habitat : the african cuckoo - hawk frequents dense woodland or second growth forest mixed with cultivated areas , but it is also present in exotic plantations in more open savanna , up to 3000 metres of elevation . it usually avoids desert and semi - desert , but it can be seen in suburban areas too .
the african cuckoo - hawk is mainly resident in most part of the range , but some seasonal movements can be observed , often related to prey availability such as chameleons and insects . the flight is fast and direct , with wingbeats interspersed with glides . but it soars rarely . the flight displays are spectacular .
distribution of african cuckoo hawk in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) .
the list of sought - after forest associated target species at the grootvadersbosch nature reserve include : terrestrial brownbul , olive bush - shrike , forest canary , blue - mantled crested - flycatcher , red - winged francolin , grey cuckoo - shrike , lemon dove , african crowned eagle , african cuckoo hawk , black - headed oriole , red - necked spurfowl , narina trogon , knysna warbler and yellow - throated woodland - warbler . the description of species abundance herewith is based on the latest sabap2 ( the bird atlasing project ) report cards for the region .
the african cuckoo - hawk feeds primarily on insects , reptiles and small birds , and usually from a still - hunting position on a perch within the forest or at the forest edge on a clearing . it has also been observed to search for prey on the wing , taking flying insects from the air or other prey on the ground .
protection / threats / status : the african cuckoo - hawk is widespread throughout its large range , but it is uncommon and difficult to see due to its secretive habits . this species is affected by the loss of its forest habitat , and it is preyed upon by larger raptors . however , the population appears stable and the species is not currently threatened .
as the name implies , the african cuckoo - hawk bears a superficial resemblance to the unrelated cuckoos . its wingspan is about 3 feet , with an overall body length of 16 to 18 inches . like other members of the genus aviceda , it bears two distinctive tooth - like notches near the edge of the bill , and a crest of feathers at the top of the head . legs are short and stout , and bear powerful talons .
reproduction of this species : the breeding season usually takes place during the rainy season , but the laying period may vary according to the range . the african cuckoo - hawk nests in forest . the nest is placed fairly high up in a forest tree , often eucalyptus , and well concealed among the foliage . it is a typical platform made with sticks , roots and twigs with leaves still attached . the cup is lined with grass , green leaves and wool .
checklist of birds of the afrotropical and malagasy regions . volume 1 . species limits and distribution | african bird club
kemp , a . c . , marks , j . s . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . african cuckoo - hawk ( aviceda cuculoides ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
behaviour in the wild : the african cuckoo - hawk feeds mainly on lizards , especially chameleons , and large insects such as grasshoppers , mantids and caterpillars . but its diet can be more varied too , including beetles , wasps , termites , crabs , fish , small birds taken in the nest , and bats . it often hunts from a perch , waiting for long periods within vegetal cover . once a prey is detected , it swoops slowly down to catch it from foliage or branch , but also by walking around or hopping along the ground . it may sometimes perform aerial sallies and hawk flying insects . or it flies low over the open vegetation before to drop onto the prey .
the southern african bird atlas project ( sabap1 ) in namibia gathered a huge amount of distribution data between 1970 and 1993 .
preston , g . r . , siegfried , w . r . & wynberg , r . p . 1995 . attitudes and policies of the directors of south african nature conservation departments toward the protection of biological diversity . south african journal of wildlife research 25 : 77 - 89 .
kemp , a . c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . madagascar cuckoo - hawk ( aviceda madagascariensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the african cuckoo - hawk is a monogamous , solitary nester that breeds in the season september - march , with peaks in october - december . a breeding pair will build a nest together , generally in the highest branches of a tree 10 to 30 meters above ground . the nest is built of vines , twigs , and leaves . one or two ( rarely three ) eggs are laid and incubated by both sexes for 32 - 33 days . after hatching , the chicks will spend about 28 days in the nest as both parents feed them . they will depend on the parents for another week or so after leaving the nest .
range : africa : west , central , southcentral , southeast . the african cuckoo falcon is found in the southern half of africa , including the forested areas of west africa , in forest and wetter savannah country . there are two races , aviceda cuculoides cuculoides , occurring north and west of a line through north angola and the congo , and aviceda cuculoides verreauxi to the south and east .
turpie , j . k . 1995 . prioritizing south african estuaries for conservation : a practical example using waterbirds . biological conservation 74 : 75 - 185 .
allan , d . g . & jenkins , a . r . 1995 . editorial . j ournal of african raptor biology 10 ( 1 ) : 1 .
jenkins , a . r . 1995 . morphometrics and flight performance of southern african peregrine and lanner falcons . journal of avian biology 26 : 49 - 58 .
cooper , j . & ryan , p . g . 1995 . sa scientists produce management plan for gough island . south african journal of science 91 : 107 .
hockey , p . a . r . 1995 . review : bird atlas of botswana ( penry ) . south african journal of zoology 30 : 59 - 60 .
allan , d . g . 1995 . habitat selection by blue cranes in the western cape province and the karoo . south african journal of wildllife research 25 : 90 - 97 .
crowe , t . m . 1995 . wildlife utilization : science vs . ethics and northern vs . southern perspectives . south african journal of science . 91 : 375 - 376 .
lombard , a . t . 1995 . introduction to an evaluation of the protection status of south africa ' s vertebrates . south african journal of zoology 30 : 63 - 70 .
predominantly a forest and woodland dwelling species , the african baza may be found in trees surrounding rivers , humid savannah woodland , eucalyptus and pine plantations and even suburban gardens ( 4 ) .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . one of the commonest and most conspicuous of the small hawks of african forested habitats , although no firm estimates of . . .
drummond , a . e . 1995 . reproduction of the sea urchins echinometra mathaei and diadema savignyi on the south african eastern coast . marine freshwater research . 46 : 751 - 755 .
lombard , a . t . 1995 the problems with multi - species conservation : do hotspots , ideal reserves and existing reserves coincide ? south african journal of zoology 30 : 145 - 163 .
smith , b . s . 1995 . biodiversity : sell - out biology , renegade economics or the glimmer of a new conservation paradigm ? south african journal of science 91 : 377 - 380 .
van jaarsveld , a . s . & lombard , a . t . 1995 . towards the establishment of a national environmental information network . south african journal of science 91 : 9 - 10 .
conservation : widespread , but probably uncommon throughout most of its range . probably overlooked to some extent because of its secretive habits . sympatric raptor species may prey on cuckoo hawks in secondary habitats or tree plantations ( verdoorn 2000 ) . categorized as a species of
least concern
by birdlife international . more . . . .
tucker , k . c . & richardson , d . m . 1995 . an expert system for screening potentially invasive alien plants in south african fynbos . journal of environmental management 44 : 309 - 338 .
gelderblom , c . m . & bronner , g . n . 1995 . patterns of distribution and protection status of the endemic mammals in south africa . south african journal of zoology 30 : 127 - 135 .
ryan , p . g . , cowling , r . m . & costanza , r . 1995 . valuing ecosystems : is the fynbos worth conserving ? south african journal of science 91 : 572 - 573 .
african cuckoo - hawks prefer dense woodland and forest habitats , as well as forest edges . it is solitary and rarely found in the company of an individual of the same species . it is a seldom seen bird with secretive habits , but can occasionally be seen gliding between branches amongst trees . it generally feeds on invertebrates , but will also feed on small lizards , snakes , frogs , birds , and rodents . hunting is often done in low vegetation and grass , where prey is caught on the ground . prey can also be caught in trees .
drinkrow , d . r . & cherry , m . i . 1995 . anuran distribution , diversity and conservation in south africa , lesotho and swaziland . south african journal of zoology . 30 : 82 - 90 .
the facility will assist , were possible , in any bona fide program or research that is beneficial to the long term conservation of raptors . the sanctuary also serves as a biological and genetic bank of southern african birds of prey .
dean , w . r . j . & milton , s . j . 1995 . plant and invertebrate assemblages on old fields in the arid southern karoo , south africa . african journal of ecology 33 : 1 - 13 .
du plessis , m . a . , siegfried , w . r . & armstrong , a . j . 1995 . ecological and life - history correlates of cooperative breeding in south african birds . oecologia 102 : 180 - 188 .
siegfried , w . r . 1995 . conference report . in : robinson , r . , ed . african heritage 2000 : the future of protected areas in africa . pretoria : national parks board . pp . 133 - 135 .
siegfried , w . r . 1995 . the difference between education and training . in : robinson , r . , ed . african heritage 2000 : the future of protected areas in africa . pretoria : national parks board , pretoria .
siegfried , w . r . & brooke , r . k . 1995 . anthropogenic extinctions in the terrestrial biota of the afrotropical region in the last 500 , 000 years . journal of african zool ogy 109 : 5 - 14 .
malan , g . 1995 . cooperative breeding and delayed dispersal in the pale chanting goshawk melierax canorus . ph . d . thesis , univ . of cape town ( abstract ) . journal of african raptor biology 10 ( 1 ) : 40 .
benn , g . a . , kemp , a . c . & begg , k . s . 1995 . the distribution , size and trends of the saddlebilled stork ephippiorhynchus senegalensis population in south africa . south african journal of wildlife research 25 : 98 - 105 .
preston , g . r . & siegfried , w . r . 1995 . the protection of biological diversity in south africa : profiles and perceptions of professional practitioners in nature conservation agencies and natural history museums . south african journal of wildlife research 25 : 49 - 56 .
skelton , p . h . , cambray , j . a . , lombard , a . & benn , g . a . 1995 . patterns of distribution and conservation status of freshwater fishes in south africa . south african journal of zoology 30 : 71 - 81 .
crawford , r . j . m . , cooper , j . & dyer , b . m . 1995 . conservation of an increasing population of great white pelicans pelecanus onocrotalus in south africa ' s western cape . south african journal of science . 15 : 33 - 42 .
branch , w . r . , benn , g . a . & lombard , a . t . 1995 . the tortoises ( testudinidae ) and terrapins ( pelomedusidae ) of southern africa : their diversity , distribution and conservation . south african journal of zoology 30 : 91 - 102 .
excellent birding is available at the grootvadersbosch reception office and camping area . bar - throated apalis , cape batis , sombre greenbul , cape robin - chat , olive thrush and cape white - eye are abundant . cape canary , african dusky flycatcatcher , greater double - collared sunbird and common and swee waxbills are seen commonly . special species to look out for at the camp site include olive bush - shrike , forest canary and olive woodpecker , and small groups of cape siskin often forage in the area . brimstone canary , greater honeyguide and african olive - pigeon are also often conspicuous . amethyst sunbird and southern double - collared sunbird are seen less often , as are yellow bishop and rock martin . campers can expect to hear the calls of fiery - necked nightjar , spotted eagle - owl and barn owl at night . the beautiful call of african wood - owl represents a special treat .
the african baza ' s extensive range encompasses much of sub - saharan africa , from senegal in the west to cameroon , extending east across to kenya , and south as far as angola on the west coast and south - east south africa on the east coast ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .
there are two recognized subspecies of black - backed jackal . the southern african subspecies ( c . m . mesomelas ) and the larger east african subspecies ( c . m . schmidti ) . the black - backed jackal has been seen as a pest by farmers ever since colonization of south africa because they often kill livestock and carry rabies . attempts were made to eradicate them , but the species is so succesful and adaptable that any attempt generally failed . the species is to this day still widespread and fairly common within its range and it is listed as least concern on the iucn red list .
dean , w . r . j . , hoffman , m . t . , kerley , g . i . h . & milton , s . j . 1995 . desertification in developed countries : in search of the silver bullet . south african journal of science 91 : 213 - 215 .
benn , g . a . 1995 . review : handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 2 : new world vultures to guineafowl ( eds . j . del hoyo , a . elliott & j . sargatal ) . journal of african raptor biology 10 ( 1 ) : 42 - 43 .
gelderblom , c . m . , bronner , g . n . , lombard , a . t . & taylor , p . j . 1995 . patterns of distribution and current protection status of the carnivora , chiroptera and insectivora in south africa . south african journal of zoology 30 : 103 - 114 .
milton , s . j . , dean , w . r . j . , maricowitz , c . p . & kerley , g . i . h . 1995 . effects of the 1990 / 91 drought on rangeland in the steytlerville karoo . south african journal of science 91 : 78 - 84 .
siegfried , w . r . 1995 . conference report : african heritage 2000 : the future of protected areas in africa . an iucn - cnppa africa - region working session , held at skukuza , kruger national park , south africa , 11 - 17 october 1994 . biodiversity and conservation 4 : 442 - 444 .
the main reference source for this data was
roberts - birds of southern africa , 7th edition
. other references were
newmans birds of the kruger park
by keith newman published circa 1980 . names in foreign languages were obtained from the percy fitzpatrick institute of african ornithology , university of cape town website , urltoken
manongi , f . s . & hoffmann , j . h . 1995 . the incidence of parasitism in trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae ( froggatt ) ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) , a gall - forming biological control agent of acacia longifolia ( andr . ) willd . ( fabaceae ) in south africa . african entomology 3 : 47 - 151 .
mugo , d . n . , lombard , a . t . , bronner , g . n . , gelderblom , c . m . & benn , g . a . 1995 . distribution and protection of endemic or threatened rodents , lagomorphs and macrosceledids in south africa . south african journal of zooogy 30 : 115 - 126
little , r . m . , vester , k . c . & crowe , t . m . 1995 . temporal and spatial patterns of breeding activity of 12 duck species ( anatidae ) in the cape provinces , south africa , and their implications for hunting seasons . south african journal of wildlife research 25 : 17 - 22 .
wilson , r . p . & wilson , m . - p . t . 1995 . the foraging behaviour of the african penguin spheniscus demersus . in : dann , p . , norman , i . & reilly , p . , eds . the penguins . chipping norton , nsw : surrey beatty . pp . 244 - 265 .
little , r . m . , perrings , j . s . a . , crowe , t . m . & witt , a . b . r . 1995 . notes on the diet of helmeted guineafowl numida meleagris on deciduous fruit farms in the western cape province , south africa . south african journal of wildlife research 25 : 144 - 146 .
resident in most areas but some seasonal movement into coastal kenya to breed in apr - nov and into transvaal highveld after breeding in may - aug . may move locally within deciduous woodland in response to fluctuations in chameleon and insect numbers , leading to irregular influxes in areas of e and s africa . small - scale seasonal movements have also been detected in w african savannas .
marshall , d . j . , crafford , j . e . , krynauw , j . r . , drummond , a . e . & newton , i . p . 1995 . the biology , physico - chemistry and geology of a nunatak pond at valterkulten , western dronning maud land , antarctica . south african journal of antarctic research 25 : 9 - 16 .
kemp , a . c . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . african goshawk ( accipiter tachiro ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
while the african baza is never found in great abundance at any particular location , its range is so large that , even with low population densities , its population is estimated to number between 10 , 000 and 100 , 000 individuals ( 1 ) ( 4 ) . although deforestation is reducing the area of its preferred forest habitat , it appears to adapt readily to secondary forest and plantations , and can even survive in suburban gardens , hence it does not appear to be particularly at risk at present ( 4 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
population size likely to exceed 10 , 000 individuals ( ferguson - lees and christie 2001 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
it is affected by the loss of forest habitat and can be predated by larger raptors ( del hoyo et al . , 1994 ) . in south africa it has been known to drown in small reservoirs on farmland ( anderson et al . 1999 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
occurs across much of sub - saharan africa ; in southern africa it is generally scarce in mozambique , zimbabwe , northern botswana , namibia ( including the caprivi strip ) and eastern south africa , with an isolated population in the east of the western cape . it generally prefers woodland , the understorey and edges of forest and plantations of alien trees .
the chicks have been recorded as prey of aquila wahlbergi ( wahlberg ' s eagle ) .
it mainly eats reptiles and insects , hunting by flying from tree to tree , searching for from its perch before flying to pluck the prey item from the canopy or ground . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :
monogamous , solitary nester , performing spectacular aerial displays in the run - up to the breeding season .
the nest ( see image below ) is built by both sexes in about 11 days , consisting of an untidy platform of twigs , vines and leaves and lined with leaves , grass and small bits of sticks . it is typically placed in the highest branches of a tree , roughly 10 - 30 metres above ground .
it lays 1 - 2 , rarely 3 eggs in the period from september - march ; egg - laying season peaks from october - december .
the chicks are fed and brooded by both parents , leaving the nest after about 28 days and taking their first flight a few days later , remaining dependent on their parents for another week or so .
previously suspected to be threatened in the early 1980 ' s , but it is now thought to be not threatened in southern africa .
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
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two birds in miombo woodland , one had just been doing a display flight above the other . this call was given right before they both took flight and left the area .
vocalizations probably coming from an immature unseen while calling but seen in flight . listen for comparison ml69160
recorded on iphone . filtered by james bradley . recording is of one bird , but two birds were heard dueting , perched in tall trees in neighbouring garden , and seen as they flew off .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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mauriravasini , lars petersson , buchert , éric roualet , james kashangaki , josep del hoyo , bruno schmetz , nik borrow , nachoaransay , tadeusz stawarczyk , lmarce .
combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : aviceda cuculoides . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
birds of east africa vol 1 by c . a . w . guggisberg – mount kenya sundries ltd . – isbn : 9966889051
the adult has dark grey to blackish - brown upperparts . the rump is black , barred white . the black tail feathers show three grey bands and a narrow greyish - white terminal band . the flight feathers are dark grey and narrowly barred paler grey . on the underparts , chin , throat and upper breast are pale grey , whereas lower breast and underwing - coverts are white , broadly barred dark rufous . lower belly , vent and undertail - coverts are white .
on the pale grey head , the face is slightly paler . there is a small crest , often folded , with pale centre and rufous patch on nape . the bill is black with double - notched cutting and deep yellow cere . the eyes are deep red - brown in male and yellow in female . the short , bare legs and feet are deep yellow too .
both sexes are similar in size and plumage , except the eyes . the juvenile has brown upperparts with pale rufous - tipped feathers . the underparts are white , heavily streaked black , mostly spotted on flanks . we can see a white streaking on crown , forehead and eyebrow . the throat is white with indistinct brown streaks . the face shows a dark brown mask . the crest is less conspicuous than in adults . the eyes are dark brown . the subadult resembles adult but is has rufous - tinged chest and finely barred grey underparts . the eyes are pale yellow .
a . c . cuculoides ( here described ) is found in woodland from senegal , e to sw ethiopia , and s to nigeria and n zaire .
a . c . batesi occurs in lowland rainforest from sierra leone , e to uganda and s to n angola . this one has darker upperparts and heavy barring on underparts .
a . c . verreauxii is found in woodland and coastal , riparian and montane forests , from kenya , s to n namibia and south africa . it has distinctive white barred wing lining .
during the breeding season , it performs courtship displays and calls from perches . the pair engages in twisting display flights high in the air , usually at dawn and dusk . these flights consist of several undulating swoops and dives , with steep sideway banking , in order to display the rufous underwing - coverts . they may soar in small groups above the forest , while calling to one another .
the female lays 2 - 3 white eggs with bold brown spots . both sexes share the incubation during 32 - 33 days . at hatching , the chicks have white down . they are fed on insects by both parents . they fledge about 5 - 6 weeks after hatching , and still depend on adults for one week or more .
males are blackish - brown in color above , with a grayish color on the crown , mantle , cheeks , throat and upper breast . at the base of the neck is a chestnut - colored patch . tail is black , barred in gray , and tipped in white . the underside of the wings are white with black bars , with the underwing coverts chestnut . the belly is white with broad chestnut bars . females are browner , with the chestnut bars on the belly paler in color .
the species begins breeding in late - summer , building small nests in the season which lasts from september until the following february , depending on location ; it can occur in south africa in september through march , while in western africa it is june through august . nests are constructed high in the forest canopy . two red - blotched white eggs are laid , with both parents sharing the incubation , which can last just over a month . the feeding and rearing of the chicks until fledge takes an additional month .
this page was last modified on 24 june 2016 , at 18 : 40 .
the adult male of the nominate race is generally colour blackish brown above , slate on the crown and mantle , with white bases to the feathers , and a chestnut patch at the ase base of the neck . the upper tail coverts are black , tipped and barred with white . the tail is black , with three broad grey bars and a white tip . the throat , cheeks and upper breast are dove grey . the remainder of the underparts are white , with broad chestnut bars on the lower breast and belly , sometimes reaching the flanks . under wing coverts are chestnut , the rest of underwing being white , barred with black . the cere is greenish yellow , the legs and feet yellow , the eyes bright yellow , and the bill and claws black . the female differs from the male in being browner all over , with little slaty wash ; the chestnut bars on underside broader and paler than the male . immatures are dark brown above , with many feathers edged with buff , and the bars on tail are brownish grey . there are large irregular spots on the underside ; the barring on the underside develops as the bird matures . aviceda cuculoides verreauxi differs from the nominate race in having white bars on the chestnut under - wing coverts , and in being much larger .
uncommon throughout its range and only rarely seen , this is a bird of secretive , skulking habits in dense woodland or second growth forest mixed with cultivation , only occasionally emerging into open ground .
insects and lizards ; occasionally small birds . prey is caught either in trees or on the ground .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
in display it calls from a perch and sometimes performs display flights high above the ground . these flights consist of undulating swoops and dives , with steep sideways banking exposing the chestnut underwing coverts . several individuals may soar together above forest , calling to one another . the nest is built high in a tree , well concealed in dense foliage . it is made of sticks , roots and grasses , lined with green leaves . a new nest is constructed every year , construction taking a month or more . two or three pale greenish blue eggs , spotted and streaked with brown and chestnut and with lilac markings , are laid . it times its breeding to coincide with the rains when insects are plentiful . incubation lasts for about a month and the young fledge about 6 weeks later . both sexes care for young .
avibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com
the map of the kruger you see on this page shows the areas ( coloured orange ) where this bird has been identified . the basic information was provided by the avian demographic unit based at uct and i created the maps from that information . . . the green dots show the locations of the various kruger national park rest camps
for in - depth birding information please refer to these authoritative avian references . . .
it is often seen flying between trees in short glides with wings held high , swooping up at end of glide and perching .
their primary diet consists of insects , particularly grasshoppers . however , they may also take small snakes and lizards , as well as birds and rodents .
both male and female participate in building the nest - which is a platform made of leafy twigs . it is situated in the upper foliage of a tall tree , about 10–25 m above ground .
the average clutch consists of 2 , rarely 3 , chalky - white eggs with reddish - brown blotches .
the eggs are incubated by either the male or the female for about 32 - 33 days .
the chicks are raised by both parents and leave the nest when they are about one month old .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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ver time , these will give valuable information on population distribution , habitat requirements , trends and so on .
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ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
population size likely to exceed 10 , 000 individuals ( ferguson - lees and christie 2001 ) .
although there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species at present ( 1 ) , it is one of the many species found within the gamba protected areas complex in gabon ( 5 ) . this collection of eight protected areas , two of which have national park status , is helping to preserve gabon ' s unique wildlife from logging and hunting ( 5 ) .
it is a mostly solitary and skulking bird , flying between trees in short glides with wings held high , swooping up at end of glide and perching . it is usually found hunting in grass and low vegetation , remaining still for a while and then moving to a new spot . its diet consists mainly of insects , with a preference for grasshoppers , but also takes small snakes and lizards , as well as birds and rodents .
nesting takes place from september to february , and consists of a platform of leafy twigs , constructed by both sexes in the upper foliage of a tall tree and located from 10–25 m above ground , lofty eucalypts often being favoured . the clutch is of 2 ( rarely 3 ) chalky - white eggs with reddish - brown blotches . incubation is by both sexes or female only and lasts for 32–33 days . the nestlings are nest - bound for about a month and are fed by both parents .
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appears to be closely related to a . cuculoides , and possibly also to a . jerdoni and a . subcristata . monotypic .
- like on perch , but slow heavy flapping flight ( using tail as rudder ) is baza - like ; has slight crest , large eyes ( . . .
gives quick , run - together series of “wik” notes that falter slightly at terminus ; also . . .
evergreen and dry deciduous forest from sea - level to 1600 m ( reports to 1800 m ) based on erroneous . . .
mainly small reptiles ( e . g . chameleons and geckos ) , large insects and their larvae ( grasshoppers , beetles , bees , wasps , cicadas , mantises . . .
aerial display reported late sept and mid dec ; flying straight above canopy then tilting sideways while fluttering the wings 3–6 . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . formerly considered near threatened . occurs throughout madagascar and is fairly common in all forest zones , perhaps . . .
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the grootvadersbosch nature reserve ( s33° 57 ' 52 . 46” e20° 48 ' 24 . 70” ) is situated on the r322 between swellendam and heidelberg and protects the most westerly patch of indigenous forest in south africa . the reserve also has large stretches of unique mountain fynbos , thus adding to the avian biodiversity of the region . from a bird - watching perspective the reserve offers several species associated with forest habitats in many cases on the most westerly limit of their distribution range . for this reason it is regarded as one of the top birding destinations for bird - watchers from the western cape and elsewhere . it further adds an unique suite of sought - after species to the already impressive list of birds to be found in the swellendam local municipal region .
the grootvadersbosch nature reserve protects a diversity of habitat types dominated by afromontaine forest . birding under the closed forest canopy is often difficult as many of the sought - after species forage high up in the canopy . the disturbed forest fringes and bracken covered slopes are often far more productive . the reserve further offers moist mountain fynbos where many of the special and often endemic species associated with this habitat type are to be found . the best time of year to visit is in spring when most of the birds are breeding . a variety of day walks and mountain bike trails are available and permits can be obtained from the reserve office . maps of the various trails are available at the office . the campsite has braai facilities , ablutions and a thatched lapa and advanced reservations are advised .
redwoods road is clearly sign - posted along bosbokrand . it is on the slope’s lower contour and is extremely popular with birders as it features most of the species mentioned in the melkhoutpad description and many , many more . red - necked spurfowl on its westernmost distribution is scarce and best found early in the morning . the calls of sombre greenbul , terrestrial brownbul , olive bush - shrike , yellow - throated woodland - warbler and olive woodpecker are heard often , but these species are notoriously difficult to spot visually . it is best to become accustomed to their calls and spend patient time in searching for them . a sharp turn to the left is reached where the road crosses the duiwenhoks river . the undergrowth along the stream is the best spot in the reserve to look for the inconspicuous and difficult to find knysna warbler . it is best located by its call and it tends to react well to ' splishing ' . this is also a good area for knysna woodpecker , with its single nasal shriek often leading one to its location . it unfortunately only calls every 10 to 15 minutes or so . look out for airborne raptors at the few forest clearings along the road .


humboldt 's hog-nosed skunk , also known as the patagonian hog-nosed skunk ( conepatus humboldtii ) is a type of hog-nosed skunk indigenous to the open grassy areas in the patagonian regions of argentina and chile .

humboldt ' s hog - nosed skunk

hog - nosed skunks are found in southern north america , central america and portions of south america . there are several distinct species : molina ' s hog - nosed skunk , the striped hog - nosed skunk , humboldt ' s hog - nosed skunk and the american hog - nosed skunk ( which includes eastern hog - nosed and western hog - nosed skunks ) .
humboldt ' s hog - nosed skunk - conepatus humboldtii humboldt ' s hog - nose skunk is found in argentina and chile . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
picture of the striped hog - nosed skunk by washington l . s . vieira , licensed under
weylan shaw ( author ) , humboldt state university , brian arbogast ( editor ) , humboldt state university .
the hog - nosed skunk has an interesting evolutionary history among skunk species . according to natural history magazine :
all hog - nosed skunks live in the americas . the north american species ranges farther north than any other member of the genus , living in mexico and the united states as far north as colorado . the other species reside in central and south america . striped hog - nosed skunks live as far north as southern mexico and as far south as northern peru and eastern brazil . the range of molina ' s and humboldt ' s hog - nosed skunks overlaps . molina ' s hog - nosed skunks live throughout central south america , while humboldt ' s skunks live exclusively in chile and argentina .
molina ' s hog - nosed skunk - conepatus chinga molina ' s hog - nosed skunk is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , chile , paraguay , peru , and uruguay . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the humboldt ' s hog - nosed skunk , patagonian hog - nosed skink is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
a young / baby of a humboldt is called a ' kit ' . a humboldt group is called a ' surfeit or stink ' .
the pelts of hog - nosed skunk were exported a great deal between 1960 and 1980 . the pelts of
in the wild . however , similar species of hog - nosed skunk have lived up to 7 years in captivity .
hog - nosed skunks eat primarily insects and small mammals , particularly rodents . for this reason , farmers find their presence beneficial as they prey on pests that destroy crops . some have a more specialized diet - - striped hog - nosed skunks prefer to hunt and eat termites , while molina ' s skunks favor spiders and beetles . these skunks are solitary , nocturnal creatures , foraging at night and returning to dens or burrows during the day . molina ' s hog - nosed skunks are more territorial , while humboldt ' s hog - nosed skunks tend to roam more and never return to the same den twice .
hog - nosed skunks generally prefer open grasslands , scrublands and forests . striped hog - nosed skunks ' habitat depends on the season . during the rainy season when food is more plentiful , they tend to stay in deciduous forests , but during the dry season , they expand into more open territory in search of food . molina ' s hog - nosed skunks prefer foraging in open canyon and steppe areas , though they retreat to forests to rest . while humboldt ' s hog - nosed skunks also prefer open grasslands , they often forage near the barns and sheds of human dwellings .
the amazonian hog - nosed skunk , striped hog - nosed skunk is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
american hog - nosed skunk - conepatus leuconotus [ in ] the american hog - nosed skunk is found from southeastern texas , southern arizona and southern new mexico south through central america to northern nicaragua . source : audubon guides intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
hog - nosed skunks have a broad , bald snout much like that of a pig . like their namesake , the hog - nosed skunk uses its strong sniffer to root around in the ground for food , which includes grubs , beetles and insect larvae . combined with long , sharp claws and a powerful upper body , hog - nosed skunks are powerful diggers .
hog - nosed skunks grow to about 2 feet long on average , and weigh between 5 and 10 pounds . in addition to their distinctive noses , skunks in this genus have coarser fur than skunk species . the fur is mostly black , with white stripes that differ in pattern depending on the species . humboldt ' s hog - nosed skunks have one or two white stripes down their sides . the same two white stripes are present for molina ' s hog - nosed skunks , but their tails are almost completely white . striped and north american hog - nosed skunks have a single white stripe running down their backs , but striped skunks ' single stripe splits into two , with their tails covered with short black and white hairs .
never returned to the same den during the day . patagonian hog - nosed skunks forage exclusively in green grassy areas .
striped hog - nosed skunk - conepatus semistriatus the striped hog - nosed skunk is found in belize , brazil , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , peru , and venezuela . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
patagonian hog - nosed skunks are found in chile and argentina from 38 to 42 degrees south to the strait of magellan .
patagonian hog - nosed skunks primarily eat insects . they may however feed on small mammals , shrubs , and fruit in addition to insects .
an ancestor of hog - nosed skunks and a spotted skunk - like form appeared in the early pliocene records of mexico . shortly after that , the hog - nosed skunks managed to migrate into south america , taking advantage of a newly formed land bridge connecting north and south america . this is part of a major geologic event called the great american biotic interchange , or gabi , and hog - nosed skunks were among the earliest carnivores to expand to the south .
like many skunk species , hooded skunks have more than just one name . this species is sometimes called the long - tailed mexican skunk , southern skunk , white - sided skunk or zorillo .
the eastern spotted skunk is the only skunk that can climb trees , according to the adw .
humans carry their babies for 9 months , but that’s nothing compared to these amazing creatures .
hooded skunk - mephitis macroura most of the hooded skunk ' s diet is made up of insects . source : audubon guides intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
pygmy spotted skunk - spilogale pygmaea the pygmy spotted skunk is found along the pacific coast of mexico .
hog - nosed skunks have bare noses from all the rooting around they do when hunting for food to eat . ( photo : patagonian stock ae / shutterstock )
they all stink , but there ' s much more to the skunk world than just the black - and - white stripes of pepé le pew .
the american hog - nosed skunk is not only among the largest skunk species at more than 2 feet long and weighing up to 10 pounds , it is also the only species that lacks the familiar white medial bar between the eyes . the all - black face and distinctive nose make this type of skunk easy to identify .
hog - nosed skunks primarily eat insects and prey that are considered crop pests , so they can be particularly beneficial to have on a farm or in a garden .
very little is known about this particular species of hog - nosed skunk ( e . g . population density , mating system , etc . ) . more research into the natural history of this species is required for complete understanding .
the eastern hog - nosed skunk is the largest of all the skunk species , according to the animal diversity web ( adw ) . it typically grows to 27 . 56 to 31 . 50 inches ( 70 to 80 cm ) and weighs 4 . 41 to 9 . 91 lbs . ( 2 to 4 . 5 kg ) .
the striped hog - nosed skunk is quite the solitary little mammal . being both loners and nocturnal , their mating habits and reproduction cycles are not widely documented . it is assumed that these are similar to that of other skunk species , which means that mating generally occurs in the spring and results in one litter of 2 - 5 offspring per year . they most likely retreat underground or into some type of den or burrow to give birth . the lifespan of this animal is not known for longevity , and at this time the striped hog - nosed skunk does not appear on any endangered species or conservation lists .
patagonian hog - nosed skunks are solitary creatures that are active mainly at night . home ranges of individual skunks may overlap and range from 9 . 7 ha to 16 . 4 ha . during the daylight hours
mueller , jennifer .
facts about the hog nose skunks
accessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken
) , also referred to as the amazonian hog - nosed skunk , is a neotropical mammal . this means that they are generally found in central and south america , from southern mexico continuing south eastwards into peru and eastern brazil . the striped hog - nosed skunk is similar in size to an average domestic house cat , perhaps slightly smaller . their size is about 57 cm ( 22 inches ) in length with an average weight of 1 . 6 kg ( 3 . 5 lbs ) , and the male of the species is generally larger than the female .
mueller , jennifer .
facts about the hog nose skunks .
animals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / hog - nose - skunks - 7452 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .
there are four species of spotted skunk , all of which are found from central america north into canada . two species , the eastern spotted skunk and the pygmy spotted skunk , are considered to be vulnerable to extinction .
mueller , jennifer . ( n . d . ) . facts about the hog nose skunks . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / hog - nose - skunks - 7452 . html
lasts approximately 9 weeks . patagonian hog - nosed skunks bear 3 to 7 altricial young . the reason for such a small litter is believed to be the relatively small number of mammae possessed by the females . female patagonian hog - nosed skunks have 3 pair of mammae , as opposed to other species of skunks , which may have more . young are not “weaned” in the traditional sense , but simply stop nursing when able to take in a regular diet .
a young / baby of a striped hognosed skunk is called a ' kit ' . a striped hognosed skunk group is called a ' surfeit or stink ' .
there are reports that hog - nosed skunks in the andes are immune to the venum of pit vipers . this might indicate an historic case of predation on these skunks by snakes which is no longer of importance , or it may indicate that the skunks prey on pit vipers .
striped skunk - mephitis mephitis the striped skunk is black with two broad white stripes on back . source : audubon guides intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
western spotted skunk - spilogale gracilis the western spotted skunk is found in the western united states . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
this type of skunk is probably the most commonly known . found throughout north america from central mexico into canada , the striped skunk is content living anywhere from the most pristine wilderness to the heart of urban centers . it ' s black - and - white markings are familiar and even fear - inducing to those who have had an unfortunate run - in with its spray .
no skunk species is currently endangered , according to the international union for conservation of nature . except for one , all are listed on the union ' s red list of threatened species as
least concern .
the pygmy spotted skunk is listed as vulnerable due to and ongoing population loss estimated to be more than 30 percent over the past three generations of the species .
has no real natural predators , although certain species of skunks have been preyed upon by raptors such as great - horned owls . the lack of natural predators may be in fact due to the skunk’s ability to emit a powerful smelling musk out of anal glands on its rear end .
before spraying , a skunk will often charge at an attacker , stomp its front legs or hiss .
stink badgers were only recently classified as part of the skunk family . ( photo : nicoolay / istockphoto )
western spotted skunk - spilogale gracilis the western spotted skunk is black , with horizontal white stripes on its neck and and shoulders . source : audubon guides intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
the striped skunk is found across most of southern canada , all over the united states and in northern mexico .
striped skunk - mephitis mephitis the striped skunk is found throughout most of the united states . it is also found in canada and mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
skunk are one of four wild animals considered to be primary carriers of the rabies virus , according to the humane society .
in appearance , the striped hog - nosed skunk is similar to the common skunk found in north america with some slight differences . their coat is predominately black in color with the white stripe forming at the back of their necks and extending down their back where it divides into two stripes . the tail is black and white but not as bushy as that of other species and their coat is very coarse , lacking the qualities for which the north american skunk is valued . the nose is long and extends into a pig - like
snout
which is used to root in the earth , and the front feet have strong sharp claws for digging . like all skunks , they have anal glands which are capable of spraying a foul - smelling musk when threatened .
the skunk’s most memorable trait is its smell . when frightened , skunks will shoot a smelly , oily substance from a gland underneath their tails with a range of up to 10 feet ( 3 meters ) , according to national geographic . the scent from this gland can last for days , but isn’t harmful . most animals leave skunks alone unless they can’t find other prey . before spraying , a spotted skunk will do a handstand on its front paws and aim its tail without taking its eyes off its attacker .
habitat use for patagonian hog - nose skunks ranges from grass and shrub land to rocky outcroppings . they may also be found around human dwellings ( e . g . houses , sheds , etc . ) .
the spray is an oily liquid that the skunk can shoot up to 10 feet . it ' s so powerful that it can induce vomiting and can temporarily blind anyone unfortunate enough to get spritzed in the eyes . the stink lasts for days and is next to impossible to get out . ask a dog owner whose pet got sprayed , and they ' ll confirm how tough it is to wash away .
alina bradford is a contributing writer for live science . over the past 16 years , alina has covered everything from ebola to androids while writing health , science and tech articles for major publications . she has multiple health , safety and lifesaving certifications from oklahoma state university . alina ' s goal in life is to try as many experiences as possible . to date , she has been a volunteer firefighter , a dispatcher , substitute teacher , artist , janitor , children ' s book author , pizza maker , event coordinator and much more .
despite the “badger” label , these smelly critters fall squarely in the skunk family . their appearance is part of the misnomer , since they lack a long bushy tail like other skunk species . instead , they have a similar look to badgers with their robust , stocky body shape and stumpy tails .
hooded skunk - mephitis macroura the hooded skunk is found in el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , and in the united states in southwestern texas , southwestern new mexico , and southeastern arizona . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
eastern spotted skunk - spilogale putorius eastern spotted skunks are good climbers . source : audubon guides intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
has a bare , broad , projecting face that lacks the thin white line down the middle . this allows it to be easily distinguished from similar species of skunk .
not all skunks come with stripes . this adorable species sports a black - and - white dappled coat that , while technically isn ' t spotted , is the source of this variety ' s name . rather than the ventral stripes of other species , spotted skunks have stripe - like patches of white in patterns distinct to each individual .
jennifer mueller began writing and editing professionally in 1995 , when she became sports editor of her university ' s newspaper while also writing a bi - monthly general interest column for an independent tourist publication . mueller holds a bachelor of arts in political science from the university of north carolina at asheville and a juris doctor from indiana university maurer school of law .
striped skunk - mephitis mephitis striped skunks are nocturnal . they spend the day sleeping in underground burrows . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
there is more variety in the skunk family than you may have suspected . going far beyond the familiar waddling , black - and - white striped critter roaming many suburban backyards , there are a wide variety of lesser - known skunk species — including two found in the malay islands of southeast asia . but they all have two things in common : an infamously unmistakable aroma and a single ancestry source .
these small stinkers are found in the united states , canada , south america and mexico . stink badgers , which were recently considered part of the skunk family , are found in indonesia and the philippines .
the markings of the coat are used to warn predators . if they ignore this warning the skunk will lift up his tail and raising the hairs making it look bigger . he grinds his teeth and stomps his front paws on the floor . most predators leave it at that , but the persistent one is in for a nasty surprise . the skunk aims his anal glands towards the attacker and sprays quite accurately a yellow , oily foul smelling fluid onto his goal . a skunk can spray 10 up to 16 . 4 feet . the coat pattern serves as a warning to predators . should they ignore the warning , the skunk flares his tail , spreads out the tail hair , grinds his teeth and will stomp on the ground with his front legs . most predators will leave it at this , but the single enemy that remains gets a nasty surprise . the skunk points the anal glands on the attacker and sprays a yellow , oily , smelly liquid . it can spray nine to sixteen feet , but the vapor that is released can carry up to thirty three feet away . the smell will hang around for a long time and can be smelled from afar . however , the skunk is very sparse with his fluid , since he has only enough for five or six attacks and it takes a few weeks before the liquid is replaced . only the american eagle owl , which has a poor sense of smell , is a formidable natural enemy of the skunk . the vast majority ends up becoming the victims of automobiles though .
hooded skunks get their name from the cap of long fur on the top of their heads and the backs of their necks , which can look almost like a furry cape . they have color pattern variations , including a single wide , white dorsal stripe ( pictured here ) , or they may be entirely black except for the white hood and some white on the tail . this skunk has a longer tail and softer fur than its striped skunk cousins .
the striped skunk ( mephitis mephitis ) is the best known skunk and also the most common skunk kept as a pet . this species natural range is almost completely in north america . they inhabit a variety of ecological niches ; deserts , forests , prairies , agricultural landscapes and suburban sites . the striped skunks head to vent length is between 13 to 23 . 5 inches and weighs 4 . 4 to 13 . 3 lbs . the tail length is between 7 to 15 . 7 inches . in general males are a heavier build than females . the striped skunk has black fur with two wide white stripes running along the sides of the back . the shoulders and nape of the neck are also white . the amount of white varies per individual ; some are almost entirely black but there are also near white animals . on the face there is a narrow white stripe . the tail is long haired and fluffy .
eastern spotted skunk - spilogale putorius eastern spotted skunks are found throughout much of the eastern united state south through central america to el salvador . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
according to pbs ,
dna and evidence from the fossil record suggest that the mephitidae family derived from a single common ancestor about 30 to 40 million years ago . the descendants of this ancient skunk have evolved into 12 of the stinkiest and most intriguing species on the planet .
despite the smelly trouble they can sometimes cause , striped skunks — and all skunk species — are quite beneficial . they have an omnivorous diet and help with everything from keeping insects like grasshoppers , beetles , crickets and wasps in check to spreading seeds of fruits and berries and cleaning up fallen fruit .
the hooded skunk is found from the southwestern united states all the way down to costa rica . this species can be found in a variety of habitats , according to the university of michigan .
hooded skunks can live in several habitats , from dry lowlands to boreal forests or plateaus , and many habitats in between . these skunks may be found in high - elevation ponderosa pine forests , deciduous forests , forest edges , riparian zones , rocky canyons , grasslands , pastures , and arid desert lowlands . in oaxaca , mexico , where they are the most common skunk species , they prefer grasslands and marshes over scrublands .
it is not permitted in most european countries to descent skunks ( or any other mammal ) and is not necessary . a skunk will , if well socialized , not use his anal glands . only very young skunks lack full control over their anal glands and may
leak
. well cared for skunks have a neutral smell and often take on the smell of their surroundings . this is because the coat can absorb odors due to a special hair structure . a skunk that sleeps in straw will smell like straw and when they sit a while in the lap of someone wearing perfume it will , after a few minutes , smell like that perfume . a well cared for skunk doesn ' t smell as unpleasant as you might think . . . descented skunks , however , may be imported and sold . note that if the descenting procedure isn ' t followed out correctly they might loose control of the small remainders of their anal glands and have a slight
skunkie
odor .
until recently , skunks were considered part of the mustelid family , related to weasels , otters and badgers . molecular analysis has shown that skunks should be recognized as a single family , mephitidae , according to the adw . also , stink badgers , which occur in indonesia and the philippines , have just recently been considered part of the skunk family .
explorers reported as early as the 16th century that native americans kept skunks in and around their villages . the first western settlers also welcomed skunks around their farms to kill off pests such as mice and rats . by breeding skunks on fur farms since the mid - 19th century quite a lot of colors and markings have been bred . there are brown , gray , apricot and white skunks . when the fur market collapsed after the american civil war ( 1861 - 1865 ) , the fur breeders have focused on the pet industry . artis was the first dutch zoo in 1939 that had skunks in their collection . since the 70 ' s they have also been kept as pets in the netherlands .
the oldest known fossil remains of a skunk is found in germany ( europe ) and has been dates back to 12 million years ago . up to 1997 the skunks were considered as members of the weaselfamily ( mustelidae ) . but recent dna research has put them in their own family , the skunks ( mephitidae ) . the family has 12 members devided in 4 genera .
a skunk is an omnivore . the natural diet consists of rodents , insects , lizards , eggs of ground - nesting birds , amphibians , vegetables , fruits and berries . the striped skunk is a solitary nocturnal animal , is largely crepuscular and nocturnal , and they sleep during the day in a quiet corner . it does not hibernate , but he goes into winter rest in cold regions . in the fall they grow a thick fat layer , to come through the food - poor winter months to come . often several skunks spend their winter rest together in a den . sometimes they use an existing shelter such as a tree or a hollow space between the rocks . occasionally they dig their own den . striped skunks sometimes use hollow walls and crawl spaces as an accommodation . in general , winter dens and maternity dens are underground , others are above ground .
the mating season is from february to april . gestation lasts 62 to 66 days , including the prolonged gestation of 19 days . the skunk gets 3 - 9 young per litter and they are born in may . at birth the kits are blind and covered with peach - like fuzz . the characteristic striped markings are already clearly recognizable . after six to seven weeks the young are weaned and go with the mother on the hunt . they live up to 3 to 6 years in the wild and 6 to 10 years in captivity .
like its skunk relatives , and true to its name , the stink badger can spray a foul - smelling secretion as a form of self - defense . for the sunda stink badger , this is the second tack it takes when threatened . its first strategy is to play dead like an opossum . when it is forced to squirt a predator , it can spray the secretion only about 6 inches . the palawan stink badger , on the other hand , has a far more noxious smelling secretion which it can spray up to a meter away and will do so as the first line of defense . in other words , they’re not to be trifled with .
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while many authors have traditionally considered skunks a subfamily ( mephitinae ) within mustelidae , recent molecular evidence indicates that skunks do not lie within the mustelid group and should be recognised as a single family , mephitidae ( wozencraft 2005 ) .
justification : this species is listed as least concern because it is widespread in an area of relatively little - encroached habitat and it is common , sometimes occurring at high densities ( cofré and marquet 1999 ) .
the species is found in southern argentina and adjacent parts of chile ( redford and eisenberg 1989 ) .
olrog and lucero ( 1981 ) state that it is locally common in argentina . there is some indication that the numbers of c . humboldtii have decreased ( broad et al . 1988 ) , but the numbers killed each year in patagonia are not known and unpublished data show that population levels have been stable from 1989 to 1993 . population density value estimated for chile is 89 individuals / km² ( cofré and marquet 1999 ) .
the pelts of c . humboldtii were exported a great deal between 1960 and 1980 although of lesser value than other conepatus species . in 1983 , c . humboldtii was protected against export in argentina and chile . these animals are apparently still used in the pet trade ( chapman and feldhamer 1982 ) .
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is approximately 50 to 60 cm in length counting the tail which is 15 to 18 centimeters in length . these animals weigh between 1100 to 4500 g . both males and females are black and may have 1 or 2 stripes down the side of their bodies . they are sexually dimorphic with the males being slightly larger .
undergoes similar development as other mustelidae . at birth young weigh approximately one ounce . growth to adulthood usually takes up to 3 months ( chapman and feldhammer 1982 ) .
( chapman and feldhamer , 1982 ; fuller , et al . , 1987 )
the parental care of this species has not been described . however , other skunks give birth to altricial young , which are kept in a den or nest until they are able to walk about . the mother provides the young with food in the form of milk , and protection .
communicates by bodily gestures to ward off potential danger . this may be stamping its feet or raising its rear in the air . like other skunks , it is known to eject a foul smelling secretion from its anal glands if threatened . little is known of mating behavior of
probably affects populations of insects and other small mammals it preys upon . to the extent that it digs in the soil for burrowing or to locate its insect prey , this species probably also helps to aerate the soil .
was protected against export in argentina and chile . these animals are apparently still used in the pet trade .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
found in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude , in areas with a mediterranean climate . vegetation is dominated by stands of dense , spiny shrubs with tough ( hard or waxy ) evergreen leaves . may be maintained by periodic fire . in south america it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo .
in mammals , a condition in which a fertilized egg reaches the uterus but delays its implantation in the uterine lining , sometimes for several months .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
to cite this page : shaw , w . 2002 .
conepatus humboldtii
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
classification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by c . michael hogan - see more .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
patagonianskunkki
to
conepatus humboldtii gray , 1837
.
c . michael hogan marked
range description
as visible on the
conepatus humboldtii gray , 1837
page .
c . michael hogan marked
range description
as trusted on the
conepatus humboldtii gray , 1837
page .
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or conepatus humboldtii is listed on the iucn red list ( 1996 ) as lower risk / least concern .
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the species is found in southern argentina and adjacent parts of chile ( redford and eisenberg , 1989 ) .
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during dry seasons they can be predominately found in deciduous forests , shrub woodlands , and occasionally grasslands . they tend to avoid desert areas and thickly wooded forests , preferring more sparsely wooded areas . during the wet season , the skunks tend to be more selective , sticking to higher levels of elevation where food is plentiful . the omnivorous creatures feed on insects , fruit and eggs , invertebrates , and small vertebrates such as lizards and small mammals .
black - and - white striped skunks are the most well - known , but they have some adorable stinky cousins . ( photo : globalp / istockphoto )
those 12 species fall into five distinct types of skunks . here they are , each beneficial to their ecosystems and surprisingly cute in their own smelly way .
striped skunks are perhaps the most familiar species in north america . ( photo : bildagentur zoonar gmbh / shutterstock )
spotted skunks have a particularly beautiful coat pattern . ( photo : action sports photography / shutterstock )
spotted skunks grow to be one to two feet in length and are agile climbers , often taking to the trees and walking along branches , which is why they ' re sometimes called tree skunks . taking advantage of a diverse diet , spotted skunks will happily feast on fruits and other easy foods , but also will go after tougher prey such as snakes .
while forests and shrub - covered areas offer a great habitat , spotted skunks are content setting up dens around homes , farms and other places where it might be easy to have a run - in with this cute but stinky creature . luckily they give plenty of warning , including stomping and rising up to walk on their front feet .
hooded skunks have a ' hood ' of white fur on their heads and down their necks . ( photo : dmitrij rodionov , dr / wikimedia commons )
there are two species of stink badger — the palawan stink badger , or pantot , and the sunda stink badger , or teledu . they’re found on the western islands of the malay archipelago where they root around for invertebrates , eggs , worms and other goodies under the cover of night .
check out a stink badger in action as it moves around looking for grub ( literally ! ) in the middle of the night .
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the black - footed cat may be tiny , but it will walk 20 miles in pursuit of prey .
humpback whales have been witnessed foiling killer whale hunts from antarctica to the north pacific .
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atacama desert . cactus and other rare plants show their best appearance during the blooming season after the occasional winter rain . | pinterest | desert cact…
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average measurements ( in mm ) : femur length 56 . 8 , humerus length 46 . 7 , radius length 39 . 1 , skull length 63 . 3 , tibia length 57 . 0
estimated body mass : 666 . 4 g based on femur length , humerus length , and tibia length
skunks are small , furry animals with black and white stripes . some skunks are striped , and some are spotted or have swirl patterns on their fur . no matter the pattern , the black - and - white coloring is a warning sign to anyone who may harm this small creature . they pack a wallop of a defense mechanism — noxious odors produced from their well - developed scent glands .
skunks are typically around the size of house cats . they grow to 8 to 19 inches ( 20 to 48 centimeters ) long and weigh around 7 ounces to 14 lbs . ( 198 grams to 6 kilograms ) . their tail adds another 5 to 15 inches ( 13 to 38 cm ) to their length .
skunks live in forest edges , woodlands , grasslands and deserts . they typically make their homes in abandoned burrows , but will also live in abandoned buildings , under large rocks and in hollow logs .
it is important to remember that most skunks are not aggressive and won’t harm humans unless they are threatened , according to the humane society .
skunks are nocturnal and forage for food while most animals and humans sleep . though you typically see skunks by themselves , they gather to mate . a group of skunks are called a surfeit .
skunks are omnivores , which means they eat both meat and vegetation . their diet consists of plants , insects , larvae , worms , fruit , eggs , reptiles , small mammals and fish .
little is known about the biology of stink badgers , according to the adw .
female skunks give birth every year . their gestation period often lasts around two months and they give birth to two to 10 offspring at a time .
baby skunks are called kits . kits are blind when born , since their eyes are sealed shut until around the age of 3 weeks , according to the san diego zoo . they are weaned at 2 months old . after they are weaned , they leave the den and at to 10 to 12 months old they are ready to have their own kits .
skunks have very short lives and often live only around three years . in captivity they can live a little longer , usually seven to eight years .
there are four species of spotted skunks . western spotted skunks ( pictured ) extend from central mexico through the western united states to british columbia ; southern spotted skunks occur from central mexico south to central costa rica ; eastern spotted skunks are found from eastern canada , down the appalachians to northeast mexico .
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there are 12 species of in this family . skunks are found in north , central , and south america . stink badgers are found in indonesia and the philippines .
members of this family are black , brown , or gray and have white stripes or spots . skunks and stink badgers are about the size of a domestic cat and have squat bodies ; bushy tails ; and powerful , stubby legs . they have a gland under their tails that emits a spray with strong odor . this spray is used to warn away predators . in addition to smelling bad , this spay also causes a stinging sensation .
skunks and stink badgers are nocturnal and spend the day in a burrow or den or hidden under rocks or a log . they have strong front claws that help them dig into the soil for food . they are omnivores and eat vegetation , insects , larvae , worms , small birds , eggs , small mammals , and reptiles . skunks and stink badgers are solitary , although some species may gather together in a den in cold weather .
least concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .
palawan stink - badger - mydaus marchei the palawan stink - badger is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
palawan stink - badger - mydaus marchei unlike most species in this family , the palawan stink - badger is diurnal . that means it is active during the day . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
sunda stink - badger - mydaus javanensis the sunda stink - badger is found on the indonesian islands of sumatra , java , borneo , and north natuna islands . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the legislation governing the keeping of skunks varies from country to country . please refer to your local laws .
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noctueliopsis virula is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by barnes and mcdunnough in 1918 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona , california and nevada .

the length of the forewings is 5 – 6 mm .

the forewings are olivaceous brown with a slight ruddy tinge .

there is a white shade at the base above the inner margin .

the lines are black .

the hindwings are pure white with faint brown terminal dots in males .

the hindwings of the females have a brown terminal line .

adults are on wing from march to april and in june .

noctueliopsis virula

the original description as noctuelia virula barnes & mcdunnough is available online in the print references below .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 22 . 3m ; p . 171 . book review and ordering
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barnes & mcdunnough 1918 . contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america , 4 : 168 , pl . 23 , fig . 9 .
munroe , e . g . 1961 : synopsis of the north american odontiinae , with descriptions of new genera and species ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . – memoirs of the entomological society of canada , ottawa 93 ( 24 ) : 49 .
powell , j . a . , & p . a . opler 2009 . moths of western north america . p . 171 , pl . 22 . 3 .
synopsis of the north american odontiinae , with descriptions of new genera and species ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) eugene g . munroe . 1961 . memoirs of the entomological society of canada . 93 ( 24 ) : 1 - 93 .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 20 october , 2011 - 11 : 38pm additional contributions by kyhl austin last updated 17 may , 2016 - 7 : 53pm
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memoirs of the entomological society of canada . 93 ( 24 ) : 1 - 93 , 1961
contributed by maury j . heiman on 22 april , 2013 - 12 : 29pm
kearfott , w . d . 1909 . descriptions of new species of north american crambid moths . proceedings of the united states national museum 35 : 367 - 393 .
a generic revision of the aquatic moths of north america : ( lepidoptera : pyralidae , nymphulinae ) .
solis m . a . , 2009 . transfer of all western hemisphere cybalomiinae to other subfamilies ( crambidae pyraloidea : lepidoptera ) : elusia schaus , dichochroma forbes , schacontia dyar , cybalomia extorris warren , and c . lojanalis ( dognin ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington . 111 : 493–504 download at researchgate here
studies on the crambidae ( lepidoptera ) . part 41 . on some tropical crambidae with descriptions of new genera and species .
nacoleia charesalis ( walker , 1859 ) ( pyraloidea : crambidae : spilomelinae ) is a medium - sized brown moth with a native range from the southeast asian tropics to northern australia . it was first detected in southern florida , usa , in 2012 and known to be spreading rapidly northward . it resembles some native north american pyraustine species . this paper summarizes its current distribution , diagnostic characters and known behavior . download pdf here
description of last - instar larvae of 22 species of north american spilomelini ( lepidoptera : pyralidae : pyraustinae ) . . .
description of last - instar larvae of 22 species of north american spilomelini ( lepidoptera : pyralidae : pyraustinae ) with a key to species . abstract and access
contributed by maury j . heiman on 11 june , 2013 - 3 : 18pm
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