the kordofan giraffe ( giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum ) is a subspecies of giraffe found in northern cameroon , southern chad , central african republic and possibly western sudan .

historically some confusion has existed over the exact range limit of this subspecies compared to the west african giraffe , with populations in e.g. northern cameroon formerly assigned to the latter .

genetic work has also revealed that all " west african giraffe " in european zoos are in fact kordofan giraffe .

compared to most other subspecies , the kordofan giraffe has relatively small , more irregular spots on the inner legs .

its english name is a reference to kordofan in sudan .

there are around 2,000 individuals living in the wild .

the christian science monitor lists only 38 individuals being alive in the embattled garamba national park in the democratic republic of congo due to poaching ; their skin is used for luxury goods and they are said to produce enough meat to feed poachers for ' weeks ' .

recent genetic studies also shows distinct genetic populations of giraffe that makes conservation of these subspecies even more important .

kordofan giraffe

the kordofan giraffe is a subspecies of giraffe typically found in northern cameroon , southern chad , central african republic and possibly western sudan .
compared to other subspecies , the kordofan giraffe has small , more irregular spots on the inner legs .
to celebrate world giraffe day this 21st june , we thought we’d take a look at a very special subspecies of the giraffidae family – the kordofan giraffe .
spot the spots . compared to other subspecies , the kordofan giraffe has relatively small , pale and irregular spots .
the existence of the tiny kordofan giraffe population , the last in congo , is particularly precarious and special units are assigned to protect them .
in the north - eastern democratic republic of the congo borders south sudan and contains the last remaining population of kordofan giraffe in the drc .
you would have to run in order to keep up with a giraffe walking because every step a giraffe takes is 15 feet long .
they’re misunderstood . most of the kordofan populations were formerly classifed as west african giraffe ( g . c . peralta ) , but recent research has proved that they’re actually in a class of their own . genetic studies in 2007 resulted in giraffe from zoos across europe being reclassified as kordofan ( g . c . antiquorum ) .
with only 38 kordofan giraffes remaining , conservationists are asking president obama to donate funding and supplies .
one of only a handful of kordofan giraffes in captivity , seen in paris . mathae / wikimedia
a giraffe is one of the few animals that uses mostly its front legs when it runs .
currently there are nine recognised subspecies of giraffe living in geographically distinct areas across africa . however , there is increasing evidence to suggest that this may not be correct , and the giraffe conservation foundation ( gcf ) is leading a long - term effort to get to the bottom of giraffe genetics .
a single giraffe can produce up to 660 pounds of meat , and priced at 30 pounds per pound , one giraffe can produce quite a paycheck . especially in a country where the gross domestic product per capita measured $ 231 . 51 in 2012 – the worst in the world . and the skin of the kordofan giraffe has distinctive spots , typically fetching a higher price tag on the luxury goods market .
giraffe gather at a water hole in zimbabwe ' s hwange national park , august 2 , 2015 .
the killing of three rare kordofan giraffes in the democratic republic of the congo inspired a filmmaker to transform his anger into action .
poachers are wiping away a rare subspecies of giraffe found in central africa . exclusive video shows the aftermath of recent killings .
during an aerial count last year , 934 giraffe were recorded , most of which were in the eastern half of the park .
the kordofan giraffe ( giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum ) is a subspecies whose native range includes southern chad , the central african republic , northern cameroon , the northern democratic republic of congo and probably south sudan . it is estimated that there are less than 2 , 000 individuals surviving across these countries .
garamba is africa’s second oldest national park and has been hit hard by poaching in recent years as civil unrest has escalated in the region . its rhinos have been wiped out , and elephants have suffered huge losses . the same goes for its kordofan giraffes , one of africa’s nine giraffe subspecies .
the tiny kordofan giraffe population is the last in congo ( pictured ) . there are an estimated 34 adult giraffes in garamba park , split between two herds , with four young calves between them . their skin is used for luxury goods and they produce enough meat to feed poachers for ' weeks ' the experts claim
today the rhinos have been wiped out , there are less than 1 , 500 elephants and just 38 kordofan giraffes remain in a region plagued with regional conflict , tough terrain and isolation .
the project involved conducting a workshop to train the conservation service from four of the national parks in cameroon that hold giraffe ( waza , faro , bouba njida and bénoué ) on techniques in animal surveying using gis , animal data collection software , drone technology , and undertaking a population survey of large mammals in bénoué national park - particularly giraffe . the team used this trip to identify the threats to giraffe in this region and to help the national park conservator to find effective solutions to those threats .
fewer than 2 , 000 now roam central africa , according to julian fennessy , co - director of the giraffe conservation foundation , a namibia - based organization . garamba’s kordofans represent the last population in the democratic republic of the congo . “if the number slips in half , then we’re in a real dire situation , ” fennessy says . “every single giraffe is valuable . ”
bristol zoological society began its kordofan giraffe conservation project in cameroon in 2016 . this february , our team , which consisted of osiris doumbé , lecturer in conservation science ; daniel days , theming and interpretation coordinator ; will walker , animal manager at wild place project and dr gráinne mccabe , head of field conservation and science , travelled to bénoué national park in northern cameroon to start phase i of the project .
the kordofan giraffe is one of nine subspecies of the long - necked animals to live on the african continent . while most other subspecies are found in the south and east of the continent , the kordofan is the only one to persist in central africa . it once ranged across large tracts of grassland , from chad and cameroon in the west to the democratic republic of congo ( drc ) in the east . while it is thought that around 3 , 000 of the animals still live in scattered populations across its range , the few remaining ones in garamba are thought to be the last of the subspecies living in the entire drc .
diet : giraffes are browsing ungulates , feeding almost exclusively on the new shoots of shrubs and trees . acacia trees are by far their favourite food source , the leaves being stripped from their thorny branches with the assistance of the giraffe’s long prehensile tongue and lips .
little wildlife data has been collected between 1983 and 2005 . however , this subspecies’ name serves as a reminder of a time of abundance past . named after a former province in sudan , a researcher suggested in 1931 that kordofan giraffes were common throughout the sudan as far as northern darfur . sadly , a
africa ' s garamba park was once home to 500 northern white rhinos , more than 20 , 000 elephants and 350 giraffes . today the rhinos have been wiped out , there are less than 1 , 500 elephants and just 38 kordofan giraffes ( pictured ) remain in a region plagued with regional conflict , tough terrain and isolation
but hamlin’s exhilaration at seeing and photographing the giraffes didn’t last long . twelve hours later rangers reported hearing gunshots , and they later discovered three bullet - riddled giraffe carcasses rotting in the sun . “it was horrible for me and the team , ” hamlin says—”the crushing realization that most likely it was these guys , the ones we’d seen . ”
giraffes have the same number of bones in their neck as humans do . baby giraffes are about 6 feet tall when they are born . they are one of the few animals born with horns . the okapi is a close relative of the giraffe making up the giraffidae family . they only sleep for a few minutes at a time . their heart weighs approximately 24 pounds .
the second - oldest national park in africa , garamba national park in the democratic republic of congo used to be teeming with wildlife . it was once home to 500 northern white rhinos , over 20 , 000 elephants , and 350 kordofan giraffes . but 40 years later , the park is in a different state . wracked by chronic insecurity , armed conflict and the eternal threat of poachers , the wildlife is paying the price .
“ [ the petition’s ] call - to - action contends that congo is under extreme financial and political distress from caring for the many refugees ‘pouring in from south sudan , ’ and does not have the means to safeguard the remaining 38 giraffes from extinction , ” explains environews . garamba was already a resource - deprived park , but the petition’s authors say hungry sudanese refugees wouldn’t think twice about killing a giraffe for its flavorful meat .
“this is one of the most trouble - ridden parts of africa , ” chris thouless , who works for save the elephants , a conservation organization that aims to protect the animals , told afp . “simply , garamba & apos ; s survival is an absolute miracle . ” today , there are no northern white rhinos left in the park ( with the only three surviving northern white rhinos living in kenya ) , the elephant population has been decimated to 1 , 500 individuals , and the kordofan giraffes are on the brink with just 38 individuals , according to a new census .
habitat : giraffes roam over large areas of bush and savannah areas , living often in semi - desert regions where they get most of their water from their food . like camels , they are able to go long periods of time without a drink and usually drink every 2 - 3 days . to get a drink they have to splay their forelegs to reach the water . the same is true of the okapi , disproving the idea that the giraffe ' s extra long neck and legs are the reason they must drink this way .
phase ii will begin early next year , when the dry season returns , and will involve tracking individual giraffe to add to the society’s spot pattern database ( used for individual recognition ) and to boost our knowledge of their use of the habitat , the foods they prefer to eat and their social structure . we will also continue to support the conservation service by providing basic kit , such as uniforms , boots and socks , water filters and other field equipment – it is hoped this will make their job of patrolling the park easier and help to stop illegal activities such as cattle herding , poaching and gold mining .
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africa ' s garamba park was once home to 500 northern white rhinos , more than 20 , 000 elephants and 350 giraffes .
the situation is so dire , that if the park loses just five more of the tiny , rare giraffes , they will be unable to sustain themselves and would ultimately face extinction .
' this is one of the most trouble - ridden parts of africa , ' said chris thouless of save the elephants , a conservation organisation . ' simply , garamba ' s survival is an absolute miracle . '
when vet pete morkel first visited garamba to put tracking collars on northern white rhinos in the 1990s , it was a different place .
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' it was quite easy to see rhinos , there was a lot more elephant , a lot more hippo , just a lot more of everything , ' said the 55 - year old namibian vet .
there are an estimated 34 adult giraffes in garamba park , split between two herds , with four young calves between them .
their skin is used for luxury goods and they produce enough meat to feed poachers for ' weeks ' the experts claim .
in february last year , he put radio tracking collars on elephants and giraffes , darting the animals from a hovering helicopter .
eight giraffes and 28 elephants now have collars enabling conservationists to monitor their every movement and park rangers to track their whereabouts .
when conservation non - profit african parks took over management of garamba in 2005 , it was too late to save the northern white rhino , now the struggle is to protect what ' s left .
garamba was established in 1938 , making it the continent ' s second oldest park after virunga to the south . in 1980 garamba was made a world heritage site , but a quarter of a century later the rhinos the designation was intended to protect were gone
in february last year , conservationists put radio tracking collars on elephants and giraffes , darting the animals from a hovering helicopter . eight giraffes and 28 elephants now have collars enabling the experts to monitor their every movement and park rangers to track their whereabouts
garamba was established in 1938 , making it the continent ' s second oldest park after virunga to the south .
old black and white photographs are all that remains of a once famous elephant domestication programme .
they show white men in pith helmets sitting on an elephant - drawn plough , or regal upon a horse in sparkling jodhpurs with elephants and locals lined up in neat rows on either side like a coronation scene from jean de brunhoff ' s cartoon ' babar ' .
in 1980 garamba was made a world heritage site , but a quarter of a century later the rhinos the designation was intended to protect were gone .
today the presence of vehicles and people is rare - and because of poachers , sometimes deadly - so the animals are ' skittish ' .
the park costs around $ 3 million ( 2 . 7 million euros ) a year to run , much of that donated by the european union , so conservationists are considering other schemes to help fund garamba , such as a hydroelectric dam on one of the park ' s many rivers , selling power to nearby mining operations
today the presence of vehicles and people is rare - and because of poachers , sometimes deadly - so the animals are ' skittish ' . a young female elephant lies sedated as garamba national park rangers attach a gps collar to track her movements
the park costs around $ 3 million ( 2 . 7 million euros ) a year to run , much of that donated by the european union , so conservationists are considering other schemes to help fund garamba , such as a hydroelectric dam on one of the park ' s many rivers , selling power to nearby mining operations .
' there ' s been a massive improvement in law enforcement within garamba but elephants are still being killed at an unsustainable rate , ' said thouless .
he manages the elephant crisis fund , which was kick - started by a million dollar donation from actor leonardo dicaprio in 2014 , and disburses emergency money to protect threatened elephant populations , including in garamba .
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originally ranging through cameroon , the central african republic , and sudan , the remaining kordofans are now sequestered in the democratic republic of congo’s garamba national park . approximately 350 kordofans roamed the drc only 20 years ago , but the numbers plunged to 86 by 2003 and then decreased to only 38 in 2016 .
“at the moment the ratio is one male to 2 . 4 females , which is still sustainable , ” aime balimbaki , the head of research and monitoring at garamba national park , tells the sunday express . “but if we have bad luck or if there is a serious menace – even if we lose just five giraffes – then the population may no longer be viable . ”
as of sunday , a petition to president barack obama titled “save the last 38 giraffes in congo” had received over 28 , 400 signatures .
“ [ the congo’s ] government likely cannot take on the additional expense of saving the last of its giraffes , ” reads the petition . “they need other nations to step up and provide conservationists with the money for better security against poachers , tracking collars , and other equipment they might need to track these wandering animals . the united states often helps other nations in times of need . ”
“it is heartbreaking that this has not gained the media attention it so deserves , ” says the uk - based charity spots and stripes . “to have a population of only 38 giraffes remaining in the congo is a disaster for both the species and for conservation . ”
and just because the remaining giraffes are under garamba’s protection doesn’t mean they are safe , explain conservationists .
and human - induced landscape changes have forced giraffes to roam far and wide to find an adequate food supply , especially in a national park that measures almost 2 , 000 square - miles . the petition asks president obama to fund tracking collars for the remaining 38 giraffes , in addition to salary pay so more park staff can be hired to protect the giraffes against both locals and sudanese refugees .
“this is one of the most trouble - ridden parts of africa , ” chris thouless of save the elephants told ctv news , referencing africa’s second - oldest national park . “simply , garamba’s survival is an absolute miracle . ”
despite the park’s warring neighbors , hungry poachers , and funding needs , the non - profit organization african parks that took over garamba’s management in 2005 , continues to fight for a brighter future for garamba and its residents .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
garamba national park ( pictured ) is the second - oldest national park in africa , and the last remaining home for giraffes in the democratic republic of congo . nuria ortega / wikimedia
garamba was once home to over 20 , 000 elephants . now , it is thought that just 1 , 500 survive . enough project / flickr cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0
the giraffes are split into two populations within the reserve , and those who work in garamba , which is run by the non - profit organization african parks , worry that if any more are killed , the population will no longer be sustainable and will slowly die out . in a bid to protect them , researchers have now attached radio collars to a number of the giraffes . it is hoped this will allow conservationists to “monitor their every movement , and park rangers to track their whereabouts , ” writes afp . not only that , but it should also help the special units assigned to protect the animals against poachers , who kill the animals for their meat and pelt .
protecting the giraffes in garamba is particularly a challenge . at around 12 , 400 square kilometers ( 4 , 800 square miles ) , defending the mosaic of rainforest and grassland that makes up the park is a thankless task , but one that the rangers are getting better at . the proportion of the park now under control and patrolled by rangers has increased from 30 percent to almost 100 percent today . but it has come at a cost , as rangers have been killed in action trying to protect the remaining wildlife .
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. african parks has , therefore , recently enlisted the help of the gcf to secure a sustainable future for them .
they are never in hock . their markings cover their inner legs but don’t go below the hocks .
hanks to improved management under african parks , numbers are increasing and the future for the species is starting to look positive . if it can survive a case of mistaken identity and outlive its own namesake , there’s hope for this special subspecies yet .
african parks is a non - profit organisation that takes on total responsibility for the rehabilitation and long - term management of national parks in partnership with governments , wildlife organisations and local communities . we operate seven national parks in six countries : zambia , malawi , the democratic republic of congo , the republic of congo , rwanda and chad . please see urltoken or visit our facebook page for more information .
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publisher we publish a premier online magazine , blog and printed annual coffee table yearbook for our sophisticated international audience . safari company tailored safari specialists . when and where to go in africa , and with whom . a few weeks too early / late or a few kilometers off course and you could miss the greatest show on earth . and wouldn’t that be a pity ?
on our way… ( blog post written by will walker on 5 . 2 . 17 )
we have finally arrived in bénoué national park . what we believed would be an eight hour car journey from the capital , yaoundé , turned out to be a 24 - hour journey , spread over two days . the drive up took us right though the country , passing rural villages , towns and cities ( where we stopped to buy food and provisions for our stay in bénoué ) , through forested areas , mountain highlands and more open woodlands . the simple life of rural africa is something that i find beautiful . collections of mud - brick and thatched - roofed buildings , where children play with toys made from things we would throw away , where the women meet , talk and laugh at the well to collect water , or sell fruit or honey on the roadside , and where the elders sit around together outside a few of the huts . every time i come back to africa , part of me never wants to leave .
unlike east africa where children run to the side of the road to wave at the tourists , and where foreigners are in abundance , here it seemed that these people had hardly seen tourists . unfortunately tourism in the northern part of the country is now almost non - existent . at bénoué national park they only have around 100 overseas tourists a year and in some of the other parks they haven’t seen tourists in three years . people seemed generally curious of us as we were all packed into the back of a toyota hilux , and with a massive amount of luggage topped with potatoes , pineapples , rice , honey , as well as anything else we decided to buy on the way to the north .
from the turn - off to the national park we bounced along a very rutted and bumpy dirt road . there are only about 50km of dirt roads that are usable inside the 1800 km 2 national park and this one is the main one ! not sure what the conditions of the other roads are going to be like . it was dark by the time we got to the camp and the bénoué headquarters .
the camp itself is made up of about eight circular buildings , where guests sleep , and a main communal area , where the bar and food would be served . on arrival to my room i foolishly tried to turn on the lights . the guy who showed me to my room laughed and went on to light a candle . there is no electricity or running water in the camp . no tourists mean that things have deteriorated quite a bit . we ate dinner together and all retired to bed not long after . it has been an exhausting few days and we have a four day workshop to run , starting in the morning .
bristol zoological society ltd , clifton , bristol bs8 3ha . company registered in england reg . no . 5154176 . charity reg . no . 1104986
description : giraffes are long - necked browsing animals that taxonomists place in a separate family , giraffidae , from other artiodactylids : camels , deer and bovines . possessing only seven cervical vertebrae ( like other mammals ) , giraffes , at almost 19 feet , are the tallest of all mammals . adult males weigh as much as 4 , 000 lbs . they are characterized by having two knobs , called ossicones , on their head . some individuals may have additional bumps on the sides of their skulls that are irregularly located . unlike antlers on deer or horns on bovids , ossicones are permanently covered by hair and never shed . after a gestation of 15 months , females give birth to a single young ; twins occur rarely . adults are not territorial but rather feed over a large
roaming
area . when alarmed , giraffes can reach speeds of 30 to 36 miles per hour . unlike most mammals giraffes walk using both legs from the same side of the body simultaneously . when they gallop they move both fore legs and both hind legs together , and because of its long stride is faster than it appears .
female ' s horns are thin and tufted ; male ' s are thick and bald on top , their horns can be up to 5 inches long .
the color varies from brown to a rich chestnut ( old males are darker , even black ) .
although usually quiet , giraffes are not voiceless as the common myth leads us to believe , but instead can produce snorting or moaning noises , particularly when there is danger . they have a good sense of smell , hearing and excellent vision enabling them to see miles away .
social organization : giraffes are sociable , tolerant animals living in small groups to large herds or coalitions of familiar cows and calves which number from 12 to 15 animals . although gregarious , group structure is constantly changing to some degree due to individuals’ overlapping home ranges . including a surrounding
buffer zone
, female home ranges may be as large as 46 sq . miles . home ranges of adult bulls are smaller . there is no apparent dominance among females but adult males display absolute hierarchy within their home ranges .
documentary filmmaker david hamlin recalls the adrenalin rush when he was flying over the democratic republic of the congo’s garamba national park in late june and spotted three giraffes standing in a small clearing . “seeing these giraffes from the air was really exciting , ” says hamlin , who was on assignment for national geographic . “seeing them anywhere is really exciting . ”
that’s because garamba is huge , sprawling over nearly 2 , 000 square miles ( 5 , 180 square kilometers ) of mostly forested land , and it ' s a rare , lucky event to come across any of its 40 remaining giraffes .
hamlin decided to document the aftermath of the tragedy ( watch the video above ) to raise awareness about poaching in the park , which is managed by the nonprofit organization african parks in association with the congolese institute for the conservation of nature , a government agency .
a group of rare giraffes roam the democratic republic of the congo’s garamba national park .
congolese usually kill the giraffes for one body part : their tails , considered a status symbol in some communities . meanwhile men from neighboring south sudan target the giraffes for their meat to feed impoverished villagers . but the massive bodies ( giraffes can grow to 18 feet and weigh up to 3 , 000 pounds ) of the three giraffes were intact—only the ends of their tails were missing .
according to leon lamprecht , joint operations director for african parks , men “use the tail as a dowry to the bride’s father if they want to ask for the hand of a bride . ” the long black hairs are often turned into fly whisks .
one of the dead giraffes had a satellite collar and was being monitored by garamba’s rangers . “what an absolute waste , ” lamprecht says .
this story was produced by national geographic’s special investigations unit , which focuses on wildlife crime and is made possible by grants from the band foundation and the woodtiger fund . read more stories from the siu on wildlife watch . send tips , feedback , and story ideas to ngwildlife @ urltoken .


leptosia wigginsi , the opaque wood white or opaque spirit , is a butterfly in the pieridae family .

it is found in senegal , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , the central african republic , the democratic republic of the congo , uganda , kenya and tanzania .

the habitat consists of primary lowland forests .

the larvae feed on capparis species .

leptosia wigginsi

nychitona wigginsi dixey , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . 1915 ( 1 ) : 7 , pl . 1 , f . 9 - 12
leptosia lignea ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 104
leptosia chlorographa hübner , [ 1813 ] ; zuträge samml . exot . schmett . 1 : f . 47 - 48
leptosia nina malayana fruhstorfer , 1910 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 121 , ( 44 ) ; tl : malaysia
leptosia nina dione ; [ bor ] , 122 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 104
leptosia nina aebutia ; [ bor ] , 122 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 104
leptosia marginea ; [ bafr ] , 103 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 31 , pl . 48 , f . 16 ; [ afrl ]
leptosia xiphia comma fruhstorfer , 1903 ; soc . ent . 18 ( 3 ) : 18 ; tl : timor ; wetter ; kalao ; tanah ; djampea ; selaru ; key
leptosia alcesta inalcesta ; [ bafr ] , 103 ; [ bk ] , 147 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 31 , pl . 48 , f . 14 ; [ afrl ]
leptosia hybrida somereni ; [ bafr ] , 103 ( text ) ; [ bk ] , 147 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 31 , pl . 48 , f . 17 ; [ afrl ]
leptosia nina nina ; [ bor ] , 122 ; [ bmp ] : 85 , pl . 8 , f . 1 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 31 , pl . 48 , f . 12
nychitona butler , 1870 ; cistula ent . 1 ( 3 ) : 34 , 41 ; ts : papilio dorothea fabricius
natal , swaziland , moçambique , rhodesia , tropical africa . see [ maps ]
? uganda neustetter , 1927 ² ; int . ent . z . 21 : 7
larva on richea [ eob ] , capparis fascicularis var . zeyheri [ pbsa ]
papilio medusa cramer , [ 1777 ] ; uitl . kapellen 2 ( 9 - 16 ) : 86 , pl . 150 , f . f
769x513 ( ~ 65kb ) underside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo © olli vesikko
larva on capparidaceae [ bir ] , capparis heyneana , crateva religiosa [ mrs ] , capparis , cleome , crateva , polanisia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 104
930x852 ( ~ 74kb ) thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , a small grassy swamp with cattail and reed , surrounded by trees , at the jomtien beach , between b . o . guesthouse and jomtien metro condotel . 26th january 2005 , photo © oleg kosterin
pontia niobe wallace , 1866 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1866 ( 2 ) : 357 ; tl : formosa
larva on capparis acutifolia , c . floribunda , c . lanceolaris , c . micracantha , c . sikkimensis , cleome gynandra , crateva adansonii , polanisia viscosa [ mrs ]
pontia dione wallace , 1867 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( 3 ) 4 ( 3 ) : 319 ; tl : macassar
nychitona xiphia var . nicobarica doherty , 1886 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 55 pt . ii ( 3 ) : 262 ; tl : nicobars
pontia lignea vollenhoven , 1865 ; faune ent . 2 ( monogr . pierid . ) : 4 , pl . 2 , f . 1a - b ; tl : celebes
larva on capparis vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 104
nychitona nupta butler , 1873 ; cist . ent . 1 ( 7 ) : 175 ; tl : angola , bembe mines
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
the butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera
studies on indo - australian lepidoptera - - iii . some rhopalocera and netrocera [ sic ] from simalur , pulu lasia , pulu babi and sumatra
species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentia specifica , synonyma auctorum , loca natalia , metamorphosin adiectis , observationibus , descriptionibus . tom ii
in king , narrative of a survey of the intertropical and western coasts of australia . 2 vols . in king ,
a list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species
list of lepidopterous insects collected at takow , formosa , by mr . robert swinhoe
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
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, commonly called the wandering psyche , is a small pierid butterfly found in southeast asia .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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the wallace 's hanging parrot ( loriculus flosculus ) also known as the flores hanging parrot , is a small ( length : 11 – 12 cm ) parrot endemic to the island of flores .

this is an arboreal parrot .

the male is predominantly green , with a red bill , a red spot on the throat , orange legs and dark red nape , bright red rump and uppertail-coverts .

the female has the red on the throat reduced or absent .

this parrot qualifies as endangered as it has a very small range and population .

the main threat is habitat destruction .

it is named after alfred russel wallace , a british naturalist , explorer , geographer , and biologist .

wallace ' s hanging parrot

wallace ' s hanging parrot ( loriculus flosculus ) is a species of bird in the psittaculidae family .
the wallace ' s hanging parrot ( loriculus flosculus ) - also known as the flores hanging parrot - is endemic to the western parts of the island of flores in the lesser sunda islands of indonesia .
hanging parrots general info and species listing . . . photos of the various hanging parrot species for identification
species : scientific : loriculus flosculus . . . english : wallace ' s hanging parrot . . . dutch : flores hangparkiet . . . german : blütenpapagei . . . french : loricule de walace
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the wallace ' s hanging parrot is well camouflaged by its plumage and is , therefore , easily overlooked in the foliage . they are most commonly seen flying . their flight is rapid with whirring wing - beats . their calls are not particularly loud , but sharp and shrill .
the flores hanging parrot was , until fairly recently , thought to be extinct due to its very small range and population .
cites lexicon of parrots birdlife international internet bird collection parrots : a guide to parrots of the world , juniper and parr , 1998 xeno - canto wallace ' s hanging parrot , chartier , allen t . xc31397 parrots of the world , forshaw , 2006 . 2010 edition vanished and vanishing parrots , forshaw , 2017 . parrots in aviculture , low , 1992 .
all other parrots on flores are much larger . tawny - breasted parrot - finch
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collar , n . , de juana , e . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . flores hanging - parrot ( loriculus flosculus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
due to its very small range and population , this parrot qualifies as endangered . the current population is estimated at between 2500 and 10000 . its main threat is habitat destruction due to deforestation .
11 - 12 cm . arboreal parrot . male predominantly green , lighter on underparts , with red bill , elongated red spot on throat , orange legs and dark red nape , bright red rump and uppertail - coverts . female has red on throat reduced or absent .
this parrot qualifies as endangered because it has a very small range , in which its habitat is severely fragmented and declining in extent and quality , with rapid declines suspected in the population . its status is likely to deteriorate further if conservation measures are not implemented in the near future .
this is a small arboreal parrot , averaging 4 . 75 inches ( 11 to 12 cm in length ) . the male is predominantly yellowish - green , with a red bill , an elongated red spot on the throat , orange legs and dark red nape , bright red rump and uppertail - coverts . the bill is pale red with yellow tips . the iris of the male is orange ( hen brown ) and the feet are brownish - flesh in color .
the population is estimated to number 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : the species ' s distribution seems to correspond with the two major natural forest types on flores : moist evergreen and semi - deciduous . these are being cleared for agriculture and the collection of firewood and construction materials . hence , the species is suspected to be in decline , although the likely rate of decline has not been estimated .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
endangered b1ab ( ii , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1
, where it is known from eight documented localities , at some of which it is locally common in groups of up to 20 birds ( birdlife international 2001 ) . at tanjung kerita mese , population density was estimated at c . 10 birds per hectare . the species is quite easily overlooked ; however , its overall rarity cannot be disputed , and its apparently restricted habitat and altitudinal range suggest that it must be both numerically constrained and susceptible to further habitat loss . recent records on rinca island from outside its known altitudinal range and preferred habitat
. 2007 ) suggest that it may be more cosmopolitan in its distribution and therefore less threatened , but this requires further research .
. 2007 ) . its range apparently closely equates to that of these two forest - types on flores , although it also visits degraded roadside habitat . it occurs chiefly in a narrow altitudinal band between 600 m and 1 , 200 m , but has been recorded down to sea - level in deciduous forest on rinca island
habitat destruction through the combined impacts of firewood collection , commercial logging , timber extraction for construction materials and clearance for agriculture together represent the most pertinent threat . the loss and fragmentation of forests is already extensive on flores , where no semi - evergreen forest below 1 , 000 m is included within gazetted protected areas . these threats are compounded by human population expansion , with large volumes of timber required for housing construction , and the fact that there is little or no governmental enforcement of laws . moist deciduous forest is currently being extensively cleared through land grabbing and establishment of agricultural areas , a factor that is inevitably reducing the range and population of this species . forest clearance continues in the coastal belt to make way for crops , and illegal logging continues in protected areas .
cites appendix ii . two recent surveys have targeted endemic birds on flores . two sites at which this species occurs are proposed for establishment as protected areas : tanjung kerita mese and egon iliwuli ( on gunung egon ) .
conduct a targeted survey for the species to identify important sites , with a view to affording them protection . conduct research into its status and habitat use ( with particular regard to feeding ecology and forest fragmentation ) such that long - term management of the species is facilitated . monitor trade across indonesia to investigate whether this presents a significant threat . support the rapid establishment of tanjung kerita mese proposed protected area along with additional intact stretches of forest at nggorang bowosie ( 220 km
) . initiate awareness campaigns to elicit the support of local people in protecting forests .
this errata version of the 2014 assessment was created because the original publication was missing the red list criteria .
( errata version published in 2018 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t22685428a123785052 .
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sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
forms a species - group with l . exilis and l . pusillus , and sometimes considered conspecific with former . monotypic .
11–12 cm . green , lighter on underparts ; bill red ; throat with elongated red spot ; nape tinged orange ; rump and uppertail - coverts red ; legs orange . female has red on . . .
mainly combinations of insect - like , short , staccato , high - pitched “tsee” or “tsik” notes .
primary semi - evergreen forest , chiefly 800–1000 m but with records down to 450 m .
most sightings in 1993 were in fruiting fig trees , and dependence or specialisation on this food resource judged likely .
endangered . cites ii . previously considered vulnerable . a birdlife “restricted - range” species . surveys in 1993 found it to be locally common in the tanjung kerita . . .
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recent reappraisal of higher taxonomy of parrots # r proposed arrangement into three superfamilies , here treated as families ( strigopidae , cacatuidae , psittacidae ) ; same study split psittacidae , as here defined , into three families , with additional recognition of psittrichasidae ( psittrichas to coracopsis , below ) and psittaculidae ( psephotus to micropsitta , below ) ; in present work , separation of these families considered to require further study and perhaps additional support . in the past , present family was often split into two , with recognition of family loriidae ; at the other extreme , it was sometimes considered to include all psittaciformes .
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male - mainly green in colour , orange tint on nape to upper mantle ; red rump and upper tail coverts ; long , red mark on throat ; green tail tipped with pale green ; outer tail feathers tipped with orange / red . bill orange / red . eye orange . female - as in male , but long , red mark on throat minimal or absent . eye brown .
calls made in flight are sharp and screeching ; same notes are made while perched but are softer . also emits some hoarse , abrupt notes in display .
aviary 2 x 1 x 2m ( 6 . 5 x 3 . 3 x 6 . 5 ft ) or large birdroom cage with tiled surround and well - drained floor .
fruits such as : figs , apple , pear , banana , orange , pomegranate , mango , papaya , cactus fruits ; vegetables such as : carrot , celery , green beans and peas in the pod ; nectar made from : lactose - free baby cereal , honey , malt extract or molasses , mixed with filtered water and made fresh once or twice daily or , commercial lory nectar ; various millet seed mixes , canary grass seed , and small amount of niger and oats ( may be sprouted ) ; millet spray ( may be sprouted ) ; softened rusk , eggfood and mealworm larvae for rearing .
enjoys bathing so provide overhead misters or shallow water bowls . provide regular supply of fresh , unsprayed flowering , willow , or elder branches for the birds to remove the bark .
this species is threatened by the combined impacts of firewood collection , commercial logging , timber extraction for construction materials and clearance for agriculture .
found from 450 - 1000m ( 1312 - 3280 ft ) in primary semi - evergreen forest . on rinca seen in coastal moist deciduous forest . apparently requires an abundance of fruiting figs .
outside the breeding season birds gather in flocks of up to 20 individuals . are easily overlooked in the canopy ; noisy and conspicuous in flight .
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their preferred habitat includes forest and wooded areas , as well astall secondary vegetation . outside the breeding season , they are usually seen in small family groups and small flocks of up to 10 birds . at times larger gatherings can be seen foraging in favored feeding areas , such as on flowering and fruiting trees .
please note that some sources consider this species extinct . the state that the only specimen collected in about 1875 on flores island may not have been a valid species and it disappearead after deforestation . ( references : fuller , e . extinct birds of the world ql676 . 8 . f85 1987 isbn 0 - 8160 - 1833 - 2 p . 13 ) .
hens have brown irises and the red throat patch is much smaller or even absent in some females .
their natural diet consists of nectar , fruits , buds , flowers and seeds .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : loriculus flosculus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .