isotelus is a genus of asaphid trilobites from the middle and upper ordovician period , fairly common in the northeastern united states , northwest manitoba , southwestern quebec and southeastern ontario .

one species , isotelus rex , is currently the world 's largest trilobite ever found as a complete fossil .

isotelus

this is an isotelus eye . the eye appears as a smooth bump on a cephalon fragment .
this is a genal spine . it is one of the most common fragments of the isotelus found .
isotelus maximus range in size from less than a millimeter to as long as 24 inches . the exoskeleton of this giant of trilobite is usually found in fragments . for this reason , most people only find parts of isotelus trilobite . isotelus maximus has been found whole , but this is quite unusual and a great treasure . usually , complete specimens of isotelus are found in hundreds of pieces that must be meticulously reassembled . you will probably be satisfied finding parts of isotelus often several inches long . you may get lucky and find a complete specimen of enrolled isotelus as small as a pebble . the pictures below will help you find and identify evidence to what this fascinating giant trilobite looked like .
hansen , m . c . 1989 . large isotelus found : ohio geology newsletter ( spring 1989 ) : 6 .
shrake , d . 2005 . isotelus : ohio’s state fossil . geofacts no 6 , pgs . 1 - 2 .
description : in proportion , i am sure that isotelus are found in very low numbers compared to the ubiquitous flexicalymenes . this one , in fact , is the first mt . orab isotelus ever acquired by pangaea fossils . it appears to be in very good condition . it would make a nice addition to any mid - western ordovician collection . isotelus maximus is the state fossil of ohio .
occasionally , you will find part of a pygidium of isotelus with one or more thoracic segments still attached . this is a rare treasure .
that lived during the ordovician period . it’s fossils are common within several formations that outcrop in southwestern ohio . the largest isotelus trilobite to be found in ohio is about 16 inches long though the largest known trilobite isotelus rex found in manitoba , canada is from the same genus .
in 1985 , the ohio government made isotelus ohio ' s official fossil . isotelus is a trilobite that existed between 430 and 480 million years ago . at this point in time , an ocean covered much of what is now ohio . isotelus is evidence of this , as it was a marine organism . a trilobite was an invertebrate creature that had a hard outer shell or skeleton . two lines crossed the body of the trilobite , making it appear to be in three parts . trilobite means
three - lobed creature .
isotelus primarily lived during the ordovician age . they were one of the largest trilobites , with some of these animals reaching nearly thirty inches in length . isotelus no longer exist , becoming extinct approximately 430 million years ago .
the trilobite anatomy chart was done with an isotelus replica from a specimen found by dan cooper , dry dredger member . the isotelus fragments shown are from the collections of the dry dredgers , an association of amateur geologists and fossil follectors . the cincinnati trilobite fragment identifier was written and produced by bill heimbrock , dry dredger member .
the other side of the isotelus h ypostoma also has distinct markings . fine ridges like corduroy run diagonally across each lobe . the interior of the hypostoma is hollow .
this is the largest complete trilobite specimen ( “in captivity” ) from the cincinnati region . the world record is held by an isotelus specimen from the ordovician of manitoba that measures 70 cm ( 27 . 6 “ ) long . cmc ip50168 - isotelus maximus , late ordovician , adams county , ohio . anonymous donation in memory of dr . richard durrell .
isotelus gigas dekay occurrence : reference : ross , 1979 ; babcock , 1996 lacks genal spines or has shorter genal spines than i . maximus ; also more triangular cephalic and pygidial margins than i . maximus
the most famous specimen of isotelus from ohio was discovered in 1919 while digging an outlet tunnel during the construction of the huffman dam near dayton . this giant trilobite specimen measures 14 ½ inches long . a couple elementary school classes in dayton proposed naming this specimen of the official state fossil . while declining to designate only that specific specimen , the legislature instead passed a bill naming the genus isotelus in 1985 .
late ordovician , about 450 , 000 , 000 b . p . ; 1 - 2950 isotelus rex ; holotype specimen ; collected by d . m . rudkin et al . ; churchill , mb ; 1998
isotelus , a late ordovician trilobite , was designated the official state invertebrate fossil of ohio on june 20 , 1985 . after seeing a beautiful specimen of isotelus at the dayton museum of natural history ( now known as the boonschoft museum of discovery ) , third grade students from beavertown school in kettering , and fourth grade students from st . anthony school in dayton decided to try to get this trilobite designated as the official state fossil of ohio . a letter campaign to representatives robert l . corbin and robert e . hickey convinced them to sponsor legislation in the ohio house of representatives . senator charles horn agreed to do the same in the ohio senate . although the students wanted one particular specimen of isotelus collected from huffman dam near dayton in 1919 to represent ohio , the genus isotelus was designated as the official state invertebrate fossil ( shrake , 2005 ) .
the pygidium , or
tail section
of the isotelus is one contiguous plate . consequentially , it is often found complete in the fossil record . however , small fractures are usually visible due to the exoskeleton ' s fragile nature .
the center of the isotelus hypostoma is often found separated from the two lobes . the result is a shell fragment with what appears to be a lip . this is a loosely applied description because if trilobites had lips , they would certainly be soft body parts .
isotelus is an exceptional choice for your state fossil representative . this trilobite fossil has played a pivotal role in the pursuit of scientific knowledge to understand the history of life in this region . its scientific and historical importance is unparalleled in ohio , and is a hallmark to the global significance of paleontological and geological resources in our state .
the hypostoma , or
mouth plate
of the isotelus is a very recognizable body part that is commonly found as the result of molting . found on the underside of the trilobite , the hypostoma looks like a pair of fang - like lobes with distinctive curvy lines and a pair of
dimples
above the lobes . oddly enough , one lobe is typically bigger than the other . click the picture to see these markings . the side shown in this picture faces outward on the underside of the trilobite .
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, expressed maximally in the orders asaphida , redlichiida , and lichida . below , depicted in scale alongside a familiar object , are some of the largest recorded specimens :
( from new york ) , in contrast , have not been found at full size as complete specimens , but large disarticulated parts result in reconstructions of the sizes indicated below . however , many large specimens of
has likewise been found as a complete specimen over 300 mm in length . the total length of
is a moderately effaced asaphid trilobite lacking terminal spines or prolongations , and the holotype specimen was found in a carbonate unit showing little evidence of distortion or compaction . all dorsal sclerites of the holotype are closely articulated , suggesting this is not an exuvium . at about 720 mm long , 400 mm in maximum width ( across the cephalon ) , and 70 mm in height ( at the posterior midpoint of the cephalon ) , it is the largest complete trilobite specimen ever found .
and some of the earliest described species were considered to be among the biggest trilobites then known . indeed , several specific epithets , including those of
locke , 1838 , were coined in reference to their comparatively large size . hansen ( 1989 ) reported complete specimens of
with lengths up to 410 mm . prior to the discovery of the 720 mm
examples of large non - asaphide trilobites include redlichiide cambropallas ( holmidae , 230 mm ) and acadoparadoxides ( paradoxididae , 390 mm ) , out of the cambrian of morocco ( geyer , 1993 ) . many large specimens emerge each year out of morocco , but they are often at least partially restored . however , some very large complete specimens have been prepared .
treatise on invertebrate paleontology , pt . o , arthropoda 1 , trilobita , revised , volume 1
geological society of america and university of kansas press , lawrence , 530 p .
el genero uralichas delgado , 1892 ( trilobite , lichida ) en al ordovicico de la peninsula iberica .
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journal of paleontology . ( journal , magazine , 1927 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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vols . 7 - 10 , 12 - 13 , 15 - < 17 > include section
bibliography and index to new genera , species and varieties of foraminifera
( varies ) - - by h . e . thalmann . editors : 1927 - mar . 1930 , j . a . cushman ; june 1930 - mar . 1937 , r . c . moore ( with j . b . reeside , 1935 - mar . 1937 , c . w . cooke , apr . 1937 - mar . 1939 ) ; may 1939 - < 43 > c . w . cooke ( with n . d . newell , may 1939 - july 1942 , j . m . weller , sept . 1942 - < 43 > ) .
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and was characterized by its distinctive flat shape . the head and the tail were well developed and large relative to the whole
. the number of thoracic segments was small , and the eyes were large and crescentic in shape .
ordovician period , in geologic time , the second period of the paleozoic era . it began 485 . 4 million years ago , following the cambrian period , and ended 443 . 8 million years ago , when the silurian period began . ordovician rocks have the distinction of occurring at the highest elevation on earth—the…
trilobite , any member of a group of extinct fossil arthropods easily recognized by their distinctive three - lobed , three - segmented form . trilobites , exclusively marine animals , first appeared at the beginning of the cambrian period , about 542 million years ago , when they dominated the seas . although…
arthropod , any member of the phylum arthropoda , the largest phylum in the animal kingdom , which includes such familiar forms as lobsters , crabs , spiders , mites , insects , centipedes , and millipedes . about 84 percent of all known species of animals are members of this phylum . arthropods are…
fossil , remnant , impression , or trace of an animal or plant of a past geologic age that has been preserved in earth’s crust . the complex of data recorded in fossils worldwide—known as the fossil record—is the primary source of information about the history of life on earth . only a small fraction of…
ameura , genus of trilobites ( extinct arthropods ) found as fossils in north america rocks dating from the late carboniferous to the late permian period ( from 318 million to 251 million years ago ) . ameura is characterized by a well - developed cephalon ( head ) and a long pygidium ( tail region ) that…
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two big trilobites have been found in the caesar creek spillway . this one is on display in the visitor center . the other one is in the smithsonian . photo credit ; erin shaw - odnr caesar creek naturalist
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this fragment of the genal area shows part of the genal spine and a distinct hole that characterizes the genal area .
here , the entire
free cheek
was found encased in crinoid stems and matrix . note the apparently large eye .
the ends of thoracic segments are often found cemented together in groups preserving the distinctive shape of the pleural lobe .
individually , the ends of each thoracic segment resemble the paddle on an oar of a boat . this commonly found fragment is often mistaken for a hypostoma ( mouth plate ) , but is missing the fine lines on its surface .
single thoracic segments are often found on the surface of a rock . it appears as a unique brown stripe .
the dry dredgers and individual contributors reserve the rights to all information , images , and content presented here . permission to reproduce in any fashion , must be requested in writing to admin @ urltoken . www . urltoken is designed and maintained by bill heimbrock .
all original material copyright 2008–2016 . no part of this site may be reproduced without written permission .
the content and opinions expressed on this web page do not necessarily reflect the views of nor are they endorsed by the university of georgia or the university system of georgia .
mon - sat : 10 a . m . to 5 p . m .
meet your state representative . i am not referring to your state senator or your district representative . this is your representative of ohio’s rich and significant paleontological past .
foerste was a dayton area high school teacher , a renowned and prolific paleontologist , and an important member of the “cincinnati school” of paleontology . the “cincinnati school” was not a formal educational institution , but rather refers to a dedicated group of amateur paleontologists active in the cincinnati area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . each was a passionate collector and scholar of cincinnati fossils , and the fame of cincinnati grew from the research publications of these “gentlemen naturalists . ” all were associated with the cincinnati society of natural history , a predecessor of cincinnati museum center . since the time of the “cincinnati school , ” many cincinnatians have contributed to our understanding of the history of life . today , the university of cincinnati department of geology features one of america’s foremost paleontological programs . the dry dredgers , an award - winning association of amateur fossil collectors , and the longest running such group in the united states , is still going strong today . the extensive fossil collections of the cincinnati society of natural history , the university of cincinnati , and many “cincinnati school” and “dry dredgers” members , now reside at cincinnati museum center and form the largest collection of late ordovician fossils in the world .
the majority of the states in the united states have an official state fossil designation . several states have
unofficially designated thanks to a fossil being designated as the “state dinosaur” or “state stone” . there are 7 states without a state fossil designation , arkansas , hawaii , indiana , iowa , minnesota , new hampshire and rhode island .
(
king lizard
) is a genus of early whale that lived 40 to 34 million years ago in the late eocene . basilosaurus represents one of the earliest whales although it is actually descended from land mammals . the front flippers had an elbow joint and the back flippers where hind legs would have been are greatly reduced in size . it ' s estimated it could reach gigantic sizes of 40 - 60 feet in length . these ancient whale fossils are most abundant in alabama but fossil remains of the basilosaurus cetoides may not be removed from the state without prior written approval of the governor .
the woolly mammoth or mammuthus primigenius was a species of mammoth . the common name for the extinct elephant genus mammuthus . it was about the size of a modern day elephant , covered in fur and lived from 400 , 000 years ago to as recent as 4 , 000 years ago . it first evolved in eurasia and entered alaska from siberia over the bering land bridge around 65 , 000 years ago . it ' s fossils are frequently found in alaska by gold miners after being washed out of stream banks .
arizana is famous for it ' s vast petrified forest , so it makes sense that arizona ' s state fossil would be the most plentiful species of fossil tree in that forest , araucarioxylon arizonicum . petrified wood is fossil wood that has been turn to a fossil via permineralization . that is the organic wood material was replaced with minerals by water after it was buried . the petrified forest national monument is located north of i - 40 east of holbrook and is from the triassic age , approximately 200 million years ago .
arkansaurus , a bipedal coelurosaurian dinosaur , is the only dinosaur whose remains have been found in arkansas . joe b . friday discovered the dinosaur ' s fossilized foot in a gravel pit near lockesburg in 1972 when he was out looking for a cow .
) are abundant at the la brea tar pits in los angeles . smilodon is one of the most recognizable of the ferocious saber - toothed cats which roamed the americas up until 11 , 000 years ago . they could weight up to 350 kg and had massive , 8 inch long upper canine teeth which they used to prey on large ice age mammals .
the spike - tailed stegosaurus is one of the most iconic and recognizable dinosaurs . it ' s rare fossils can be found in the jurassic aged morrison formation of colorado . it is believed that a typical stegosaurus weighed ten tons but had a brain that was only about 2 ounces ( the size of a walnut ) while probably not the brightest of the dinosaurs it had a formidable array of armored plates , and a spiked tail with which to defend itself .
the connecticut valley is home to one of the most impressive dinosaur track sites in the world . tracks of many different types of dinosaurs have been found preserved in the valley ' s sandstone dating back to the early jurassic . eubrontes is the name given to the three - toed tracks but no skeletal remains have been found of their creator and the specific genus of dinosaur is not yet known . these tracks were the first known dinosaur fossils to be discovered in north america .
belemnites are an extinct group of squid - like cephalopods that lived during the jurassic and cretaceous . they had a hard , internal , cone shaped structure that is often preserved as a fossil though it is not technically a shell . they had 10 arms but unlike modern squid these arms had small hooks instead of suckers .
belemnites of the species belemnitella americana are found abundantly in the exposures of the mount laurel formation along the banks of the chesapeake and delaware canal . the fine - grained sands and silts of the mount laurel were deposited in a shallow sea during the late cretaceous .
currently , florida does not officially recognize a state fossil but it ' s state stone is actually a fossil , so we ' ll count it . the state stone , err fossil is agatized coral and the most commonly found type found in florida is anthozoa .
agatized
is a common name given to fossils that have been replaced by silica and contaminate minerals which provide the color . agatized / fossilized coral is found in several florida locations and may have been formed when runoffs of silt rich is clay and silica buried an eocene aged coral reef . some of the first inhabitants of florida some 5 , 000 years ago used this agatized coral as a material for making stone tools and points .
georgia ' s state fossil is the fossil shark tooth without any specific species or genus identified . fossil shark teeth are common in deposits ranging the cretaceous through the miocene in georgia . the reason shark teeth are so common is that sharks shed their teeth frequently during their lifetime and an adult shark may have left behind many thousands of teeth on the seafloor . the most impressive of these fossil shark teeth found in georgia are those of the
was discovered in 1928 by a cattle rancher near hagerman , idaho , hence the name . it is one of the oldest horses of the equus genus appearing 3 . 5 million years ago and is believed to be very similar to the african zebra . nearly 200 fossil horse skeletons have been recovered from the hagerman fossil beds national monument .
) was a soft - bodied invertebrate of unknown affinities that lived in the the waters of muddy estuaries during the pennsylvanian period , 300 million years ago . its fossils have only been found in the mazon creek fossil beds of illinois , united states . it lacks characteristics of any modern phyla and paleontologists speculate that it may be a representative of a stem group to one of the many phyla of worms .
was a giant , predatory marine lizard that could reach sizes of up to 50 feet in length . pteranodon is a type of pterosaurs which included some of the largest known flying reptiles , with wingspans up to 20 ft .
brachiopod shells are probably the most commonly found fossils in kentucky . they are so many different species of fossil brachiopods found in kentucky , the state simply designated the entire group as the state fossil .
are marine animals that superficially resembled clams , but are a completely different phylum with a vastly different internal structure .
petrified palm wood is the louisiana state fossil and is characterized by prominent rod - like structures within the regular grain of the petrified wood . in louisiana , petrified palm wood belongs to the genus
. it is found within the catahoula formation , which consists almost entirely of sediments deposited within broad , low - lying coastal plains during the oligocene period about 30 million years ago .
pertica is a genus of extinct vascular plants of the early to middle devonian ( around 420 to 380 million years ago ) . pertica quadrifaria ( the type species of the genus ) was described in 1972 from compression fossils found in the trout valley formation of northern maine , usa . it was an upright plant which grew to perhaps as much as a 3 feet in height .
ecphora gardnerae gardnerae is a species of large carnivorous sea snail lived during the miocene epoch , and became extinct more than five million years ago . the shells are found as fossils in maryland and virginia . ecphora was one of the first fossils from the new world to be illustrated in a scientific work in europe .
the connecticut river valley of western massachusetts is one of the world ' s richest sources of prehistoric dinosaur tracks . the dinosaur tracks in the connecticut valley date from about 180 million to 210 million years ago . they are actually the first recorded dinosaur tracks being first discovered by a farmer ' s son in the early 1800 ' s . the prints were first thought to be the marks of ancient birds . no one can be certain which dinosaurs made the prints , but it ' s believed the largest ( more than a foot in length ) may have been made by dilophosaurus , a 20 - foot long meat - eating dinosaur .
mammut americanum or the american mastodon is the youngest and most widely known member of the genus mammut . mastodons where relatives of elephants and mammoths and lived in michigan during the pliocene and pleistocene .
which is a rock containing fossilized rugose coral ( hexagonaria percarinata ) was designated the michigan state stone in 1965 .
petoskey stones are found in the gravel point formation of the traverse group . they are fragments of a coral reef that was originally deposited during the devonian period . the fragments were then natural polished by glaciers and are found over a wide area .
the name comes from an ottawa indian chief , chief pet - o - sega . the city of petoskey , michigan , is also named after him , and is the center of the area where the stones are found .
like alabama , mississippi has designated a primitive whale ( or rather two of them ) as their state fossils .
crinoids , sometimes commonly referred to as sea lilies are animals not plants . they are echinoderms related to starfish , sea urchins and brittle stars .
maiasaura is a large type of duck - billed dinosaur in montana during the upper cretaceous period , about 76 . 7 million years ago . maiasaura was large , attaining an adult length of about 30 ft and had the typical hadrosaurid flat ( duck - billed ) beak . . it had a small , spiky crest in front of its eyes , which may have been used in headbutting contests between males during the breeding season .
the mammoth was adopted as the nebraska state fossil in 1967 . the world’s largest mammoth skeleton , nicknamed ‘archie’ was discovered in lincoln county , nebraska and is currently on display at the university of nebraska state museum . archie is 25 feet , seven inches long and is estimate to have weighed a staggering 15 tons .
the mammoth was an elephant but much larger than the modern day version , hence the name . the remains on three different species of mammoth that roamed the plains during the pleistocene period have been found in nebraska .
shonisaurus is a gigantic genus of ichthyosaur that could reach lengths of nearly 50 feet . an ichthyosaur is an extinct marine reptile resembling a dolphin , with a long pointed head , four flippers , and a vertical tail .
in 1920 a large bone - bed of shonisaurus fossils was discovered near berlin , nevada in the triassic aged luning formation . excavations thirty years later would reveal the remains of 37 large individuals . these were named shonisaurus , which means
lizard from the shoshone mountains
, after the where the fossils were found . this area is now encompassed by berlin–ichthyosaur state park . shonisaurus was designated as the state fossil of nevada in 1984 .
hadrosaurus foulkii was a type of duckbilled dinosaur that roamed the forests and swamps along new jersey ' s coastline 80 million years ago . it was probably about 25 feet long and 10 feet tall . hadrosaurs are believed to have stood on their hind legs while grazing , and had a mouthful of hundreds of tiny , blocky teeth that would have functioned to grind leaves and other vegetation .
hadrosaurus foulkii was the dinosaur known from more than isolated teeth to be found in north america . a of hadrosaurus foulkii skeleton was discovered in 1858 by william foulke in a marl pit near haddonfield , new jersey . in 1868 , it became the first mounted dinosaur skeleton in the world and it was named the state dinosaur of new jersey in 1991 .
coelophysis bauri is an extinct species of coelophysid dinosaur that lived during the late triassic period , approximately 200 million years ago . it was a small , theropod dinosaur , about 6 feet in length and only weighing around 50 lbs . it was most likely a carnivore , preying on small reptiles , amphibians and early triassic mammals .
the remains of hundreds of skeletons of coelophysis were discovered at ghost ranch during the 1940s . because of the large number of remains that have been found it is probably the best known dinosaur of the triassic . coelophysis was adopted as the official fossil of new mexico by law in 1981 .
eurypterus is an extinct genus of “sea scorpion” that lived during the silurian period from around around 432 to 418 million years ago . the first discovered species of the genus was eurypterus remipes . eurypterus averaged at about 5 to 9 inches in length and possessed spine - bearing appendages with a large paddle they used for swimming .
eurypterus remipes lived along the bottom of the shallow , brackish sea that covered much of new york over 400 million years ago . the first fossil of eurypterus was found in 1818 by s . l . mitchill . it was first thought to be a fossil catfish and wasn’t correctly identified as an arthropod until years later . it was named the official state fossil of ny in 1984 .
. megalodon is the largest known predator in the history of the planet having been estimated to reach sizes of up to 60 feet long . huge serrated teeth up to 7 1 / 2 inches have been discovered . it ' s a good thing that this gigantic shark went extinct about 2 . 6 million years ago .
are relatively common fossils in north carolina . they are popularly collected by divers in the rivers and offshore after they erode out of the miocene aged hawthorn formation . these fossil teeth were adopted as the official state fossil of north carolina in 2013 .
teredo wood the name that is given to wood that was bored into by small marine mollusks called shipworms . thus , petrified teredo wood would be the fossils of this wood bearing the distinctive boreholes .
during the paleocene ( around 60 million years ago ) parts of north dakota were covered by warm water swamps , similar to florida today . sequoias and other trees growing in these swamps fell into the water and were washed out to sea become driftwood . they would then be bored into by the marine shipworms . under the right conditions this driftwood would become fossilized and replaced with silica through the process of petrification .
is a common fossil in the cannonball formation of south - central north dakota . it was designated the north dakota state fossil in 1967 .
is a genus of allosaurid dinosaur from the late jurassic ( ~ 151 million years old ) morrison formation of oklahoma . it was a truly massive predator , estimated to have reached a maximum size of 34 - 43 feet in length . the first bones of saurophaganax were found in the early 1930s near kenton , oklahoma . since that time , discoveries have been rare and fragmentary .
the metasequoia or “dawn redwood” is a deciduous conifer that flourished from 34 to 5 million years ago . it’s fossils are common in rocks of these ages in oregon and many other areas of the pacific northwest . it was made the official oregon state fossil in 2005 after intense lobbying by a local fossil enthusiast who presented every legislator with a metasequoia fossil . it’s an appropriate fossil for the state , because of the states prominent timber heritage .
phacops may be the most widely recognizable type of trilobite fossil in the world . phacops rana is a species of the genus that can found in pennsylvania ' s devonian aged rocks . trilobites are an extinct marine arthropod that occurred abundantly during the paleozoic era .
phacops rana was named the official state fossil of pennsylvania in 1988 after being proposed to lawmakers by a elementary school science class .
became the official state fossil of south carolina in 2014 . south dakota is the sixth state to make a mammoth the state fossil , and the second most recent to official name a state fossil . it almost didn’t happen because of months of delays by creationist lawmakers who tried to add amendments referring to the book of genesis and god ' s creation to the law .
“the columbian mammoth , which was created on the sixth day with the other beasts of the field , is designated as the official state fossil of south carolina and must be officially referred to as the ' columbian mammoth , ' which was created on the sixth day with the other beasts of the field .
it took much pleading by state residents to keep religion out of science but eventually the bill passed free of religious amendments .
prior to 1988 the official state fossil of south dakota was the cycad , a type of palm like mesozoic plant . legislators decided to change it to one of the most recognizable dinosaurs to all - time , triceratops .
the horned dinosaur triceratops is one of the most common dinosaur fossils in the cretaceous aged hell creek formation that outcrops in south dakota . many fine specimens of this large , rhinocerous looking herbivore have been discovered in south dakota .
pterorigonia is an extinct genus of that is a common fossil in the cretaceous aged rocks in west tennessee . about 70 million years ago , much of tennessee was covered by a shallow sea . in 1998 pterorigonia thoracica was named as the official state fossil of the state .
the early cretaceous sauropod dinosaur paluxysaurus jonesi is estimated to have been about 60 feet long , 26 feet of that being it’s long neck . it is a relative of brachiosaurus & camarasaurus and its tracks can be viewed at dinosaur valley state park near glen rose , texas . complete skeletons of this dinosaur are unknown , and most material is fragmentary .
originally the official state dinosaur was pleurocoelus but that designation only lasted seven years when the bones were determined to have come from a different genus and species , paluxysaurus jonesi . in 2009 governor rick perry signed house concurrent resolution no changing the name of the state dinosaur to match .
texas ' s state stone , petrified palmoxylon wood also happens to be a fossil .
allosaurus is a well - known predatory dinosaur that lived during the jurassic period and probably hunted in packs . it averaged about 25 - 30 feet in length and is the most common dinosaur fossil found in the morrison formation that outcrops in eastern utah . over 60 skeletons , representing both adults and juveniles of the species have been found in one quarry in utah along . it’s skull could reach up to 3 feet in length with backwardly curving teeth . it could open its jaw very wide and it has been theorized that it used it’s upper jaw like a hatchet to attach prey .
vermont has two state fossils designated , a state terrestrial ( land ) fossil and a state marine fossil .
the “mount holly mammoth” was designated as the state terrestrial fossil in 2014 . discovered in 1848 , the mount holly mammoth consists of a partial mammoth found in a peat bog on mt . holly while making an excavation for a railroad .
in making this excavation , the workmen found at the bottom of the bed , resting upon gravel which separated it from the rock below , a huge tooth . the depth of the peat at that place was eleven feet . soon afterwards one of the tusks was found , about eighty feet from the place of the tooth mentioned above , which was a grinder . subsequently the other tusk and several of the bones of the animal were found near the same place . these bones and teeth were submitted to the inspection of professor agassiz , who pronounced them to be extinct species of elephant . the directors of the r . & b . r . r . to whom they belong , placed them in the museum of the university of vermont , for preservation , and for the illustration of our fossil geology . ”
in 1993 a fossil beluga whale skeleton was designated as the official vermont marine fossil . vermont is the only state that designates a fossil symbol from a species that still exists today .
holds the distinction of being the first fossil described in north america in 1687 . it was named to honor thomas jefferson because of his interest in natural history and to celebrate the chesapeake bay , the largest estuary in the world . fossils of this 4 million year old shellfish are commonly found in streams and beaches of southeastern virginia . it is an index fossil for the lower yorktown formation .
washington is one of six states to have the woolly mammoth , designated as a state fossil , but at least they were one of the first to do so . so , it’s the other states being unoriginal . petrified wood ( a fossil ) is also designated as the state stone . fossilized remains of the columbian mammoth were found on the olympic peninsula in western washington and petrified wood at several localities in eastern washington .
jeffersonii is an extinct giant ground sloth that lived in north america from the late miocene ( 10 million years ago ) through the pleistocene ( 11k years ago ) it was nearly 10 feet high and weight up to a ton . it is one of the most unusual north american ice - age mammals . it had thick hair that enabled the species to endure colder temperatures and range farther north than other ground sloths . it’s name latin for “great claw” from the fact that it had a giant claw .
like the state fossil of virginia the species is named after fossil lover and third president of the united state , thomas jefferson . his lecture on megalonyx to the american philosophical society in 1797 marked the beginning of vertebrate paleontology in north america . in 2008 megalonyx jeffersonii was officially adopted as the west virginia state fossil .
in 1985 the trilobite calymene celebra was adopted as the official wisconsin state fossil . trilobites are extinct marine arthropods which dominated the seas during the paleozoic period . calymene celebra lived during the silurian period , at a time when warm , shallow seas covered the state . its fossils are common in the vast niagara dolomite outcroppings which are exposed in the state .
wyoming has both a state fossil , designated in 1987 and a state dinosaur designated in 1994 .
a genus of fossil herring was designated at the official state fossil . 45 - 50 million years ago , several large , freshwater lakes covered the southwestern part of wyoming , as well as areas of utah and colorado . periodically there were mass die - offs of fish in the lake , potentially caused by volcanic eruptions , temperature fluctuations , or algal blooms . a low oxygen environment at the bottom of the lake allowed for beautiful preservation of these fish as fossils . today these fossils are found in huge numbers at several quarries near kemmerer , wy . knightia is the most common of the fossil fish from the green river formation .
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this trilobite was discovered during field research on the hudson bay shoreline , where it lay exposed for only 1 . 5 hours each tide cycle . the crew worked quickly , using hammers , pry bars , and chisels to separate it from the surrounding bedrock .
trilobites lived in ancient seas from the early cambrian period ( about 540 , 000 , 000 years ago ) . they probably ate live and dead animals on the sea floor . this trilobite may have grown so large because it lived in warm waters with ample food , as churchill was near the equator at the time .
trilobites are extinct arthropods that were the dominant creatures in seas of the early paleozoic era . most trilobites are up to a few centimetres long . this fossil , measuring more than 70 centimetres in length , is the largest complete specimen in the world , and is listed in the guinness book of world records .
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a spectacular , museum - quality example of the official ohio state fossil , it is complete , down to the genal spines . it measures 9
in length on an 11 3 / 4
x 10 1 / 2
matrix . resin . ohio .
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the ouachita madtom ( noturus lachneri ) is a catfish of the family ictaluridae.the first specimens of the species were collected in 1952 it was not until 1969 that they were recognised as a species .

the ouachita madtom is similar to the tadpole madtom except the ouachita madtom has one internasal pore while the tadpole madtom has two , and 16 to 18 anal rays while the tadpole madtom has only 14 to 16 .

it is also similar to the slender madtom but differing in the sack of serrae on the pectoral spine , having more caudal rays , and usually eight pectoral rays while the slender madtom has 9 .

the maximum length of an ouachita madtom is about 2.7 inches .

ouachita madtom

information on the ouachita madtom is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the ouachita madtom is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
growth and reproduction in the ouachita madtom
by r . tumilson and j . o . hardage
feeding and reproductive biology of ouachita madtom ( joseph n . stoeckel , charles j . gagen , and richard w . standadge )
ouachita madtom noturus lachneri taylor 1969 identification : the ouachita madtom is similar to the tadpole madtom , noturus gyrinus , but can be distinguished by its shorter , flatter head and its more slender body . the body is tan , dark gray or brown above and white below . the fins sometimes have dark borders . to 4 in . ( 10 cm ) total length . range : the ouachita madtom is found in the upper saline river system and in an adjacent small tributary of the ouachita river in central arkansas . this species is uncommon . habitat : the ouachita madtom inhabits flowing rocky pools and runs of creeks and small rivers . similar species : the tadpole madtom , noturus gyrinus , has a longer and more rounded head , and a chubbier body .
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robison , h . w . , and g . l . harp . 1985 . distribution , habitat and food of the ouachita madtom , noturus lachneri , a ouachita river drainage endemic . copeia 1985 : 216 - 220 .
gagen , c . j . , r . w . standage , and j . n . stoeckel . 1998 . ouachita madtom ( noturus lachneri ) metapopulation dynamics in intermittent ouachita mountain streams . copeia 1998 : 874 - 882 .
( burr and warren 1986 ) . the least madtom is abundant and stable in
topminnow as from the ouachita r . dr . , louisiana , north to ( lake
the neosho madtom and the multifaceted nature of population limiting factors ( mark l . wildhaber )
scientists recently proposed that 17 species including the ouachita madtom , a whiskery fish found in arkansas , be removed from a petition that had called for its protection under the endangered species act .
filters and templates : stonefly ( plecoptera ) richness in ouachita mountains streams , u . s . a
status assessment of the carolina madtom : a rare north carolina epidemic ( christopher j . wood and robert b . nichols )
tumilson , r . and hardage , j . o . ( 2014 )
growth and reproduction in the ouachita madtom ( noturus lachneri ) at the periphery of its distribution ,
journal of the arkansas academy of science : vol . 68 , article 19 . available at : urltoken
[ conservation , management , and ecology of nongame catfish ] control of gonadal maturation of the margined madtom ( joseph n . stoeckel and richard j . neves )
the ouachita madtom was the only madtom from arkansas to be captively propagated at cfi . international paper funded an effort to determine whether this madtom species from the saline river system near hot springs was relatively more or less difficult to captively spawn than other species that cfi has attempted . three nests were spawned and the young reared with varying success to produce more than 60 young madtoms . these efforts reinforced previous findings that suggest that a wide range of variation exists in the ease with which different madtom species will spawn in captivity . most upland species have proven more difficult than larger river and lowland species , although the reasons are still unclear . many of the excess propagated individuals were utilized in 2008 for electrofishing injury experiments by russ bohl ( university of tennessee , knoxville ) . in fall 2009 , all surviving individuals ( n = 22 ) were transferred to the chattahoochee national fish hatchery , ga .
the ouachita madtom , noturus lachneri , is a small , uniformly - colored catfish endemic to the upper saline and ouachita river drainages in central arkansas ( robison and buchanan , 1988 ) , where it is often found in shallow pools associated with clear , high gradient , rock - bottomed streams ( robison and harp , 1985 ) . distribution , habitat , diet , and conservation status of n . lachneri . were examined by robison and harp ( 1985 ) . however , information on parasites of this endemic species has not been reported . herein , we report on species richness and mean abundance of hehninth parasites of n . lachneri .
the ouachita madtom ( noturus lachneri ) occurs primarily in drainages of the upper saline river and in a few small tributaries to the ouachita river in arkansas , usa . we collected specimens by hand and by use of aquarium dipnets on 29 occasions from 20 october 1999 through 25 july 2000 in cooper creek , presently a feeder creek into lake catherine on the ouachita river . total length was measured , reproductive attributes were noted , and individuals were released at the capture site ( with exception of 3 gravid females retained to assess fecundity ) . we recognized 2 age ( size ) classes during most of the year based on a plot of length - frequency distributions . regression of total length against time indicated a mean growth rate of 0 . 14 mm / day for the population , and 0 . 20 mm / day for juveniles during warmer months . hatchlings were found from 27 june through 4 november .
thomas , m . r . , burr , b . m . , 2004 . noturus gladiator , a new species of madtom ( siluriformes : ictaluridae ) from coastal plain streams of tennessee and mississippi . ichthyol . explor . freshwaters 15 : 351 - 368 .
ouachita madtoms ( noturus lachneri ) at conservation fisheries , a native stream fish breeding center in knoxville . this is a rare stream fish that has a limited range in arkansas and is listed as vulnerable on the iucn red list , but it still isn’t listed under the esa .
fiorillo , riccardo a . ; thomas , r . brent ; warren , melvin l . , jr . ; taylor , christopher m . 1999 . structure of the helminth assemblage of and endemic madtom catfish ( noturus lachneri ) . the southwestern naturalist , vol . 44 , no . 4 , december 1999
distinctive ; clearly differentiated by several characters ( see starnes 1995 ) . see grady and legrande ( 1992 ) for a study of phylogenetic relationships , modes of speciation , and historical biogeography of noturus madtom catfishes . see lundberg ( 1992 ) for a synthesis of recent work on the systematic relationships of ictalurid catfishes .
bridge repair and construction have decimated local populations . commercial gravel operations , stream channelization , and clearcut logging have degraded habitat ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . impoundments for a water supply for little rock and benton are a potential threat ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . ouachita madtoms and associated fishes apparently die in substantial numbers as streams dry in summer , so these communities potentially could be impacted by land management practices that increase the extent of stream drying , through alterations of the hydrologic regime ( e . g . , diversions for drinking water , irrigation ) ( gagen et al . 1998 ) . land management practices that increase sediment load may decrease pool depth thereby reducing source habitat for riffle - dwelling species as well as reducing habitat for pool - dwelling species such as the ouachita madtom ( gagen et al . 1998 ) . unintentional barriers to fish passage , such as low - water road crossings could significantly affect fish community structure by altering the natural recolonization dynamics in intermittent streams ( gagen et al . 1998 ) .
bridge repair and construction have decimated local populations . commercial gravel operations , stream channelization , and clearcut logging have degraded habitat ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . impoundments for a water supply for little rock and benton are a potential threat ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . ouachita madtoms and associated fishes apparently die in substantial numbers as streams dry in summer , so these communities potentially could be impacted by land management practices that increase the extent of stream drying , through alterations of the hydrologic regime ( e . g . , diversions for drinking water , irrigation ) ( gagen et al . 1998 ) . land management practices that increase sediment load may decrease pool depth thereby reducing source habitat for riffle - dwelling species as well as reducing habitat for pool - dwelling species such as the ouachita madtom ( gagen et al . 1998 ) . unintentional barriers to fish passage , such as low - water road crossings could significantly affect fish community structure by altering the natural recolonization dynamics in intermittent streams ( gagen et al . 1998 ) .
total adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds 10 , 000 . this species has been reported as never abundant at any locality within its range ( robison and harp 1985 ) , or rare to uncommon ( page and burr 2011 ) , but gagen et al . ( 1998 ) found high population densities of ouachita madtoms in several tributaries to the alum fork of the saline river .
grady , j . m . , and w . h . legrande . 1992 . phylogenetic relationships , modes of speciation , and historical biogeography of the madtom catfishes , genus noturus rafinesque ( siluriformes : ictaluridae ) . pages 747 - 777 in r . l . mayden , editor . systematics , historical ecology , and north american freshwater fishes . stanford university press , stanford , california . xxvi + 969 pp .
the small , discontinuous range is restricted to the upper saline river system and a small unnamed tributary of the ouachita river below remmel dam , in central arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 , page and burr 2011 . see robison and harp ( 1985 ) for localities . range extent is not more than a couple hundred square kilometres ( e . g . , see map in robison and harp 1985 ) . range may be severely fragmented .
the small , discontinuous range is restricted to the upper saline river system and a small unnamed tributary of the ouachita river below remmel dam , in central arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 , page and burr 2011 . see robison and harp ( 1985 ) for localities . range extent is not more than a couple hundred square kilometers ( e . g . , see map in robison and harp 1985 ) . range may be severely fragmented .
( 250 - 1000 square km ( about 100 - 400 square miles ) ) the small , discontinuous range is restricted to the upper saline river system and a small unnamed tributary of the ouachita river below remmel dam , in central arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 , page and burr 2011 . see robison and harp ( 1985 ) for localities . range extent is not more than a couple hundred square kilometers ( e . g . , see map in robison and harp 1985 ) . range may be severely fragmented .
this species is represented by a small number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . robison and harp ( 1985 ) mapped 17 collection sites that represent probably more than 10 but not more than 15 distinct occurrences . total adult population size is unknown but probably exceeds 10 , 000 . this species has been reported as never abundant at any locality within its range ( robison and harp 1985 ) , or rare to uncommon ( page and burr 2011 ) , but gagen et al . ( 1998 ) found high population densities of ouachita madtoms in several tributaries to the alum fork of the saline river . extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , and number of subpopulations apparently have not decreased by more than 25 % compared to the historical situation . trend in population size is unknown . warren et al . ( 2000 ) and jelks et al . ( 2008 ) categorized the status as
threatened
( not
currently stable
) . trends are not well documented , but this species may be declining . some local extirpations may be temporary . for example , madtoms can rapidly recolonize from large , deep pools stream reaches from which they have been extirpated as a result of drought ( gagen et al . 1998 ) .
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taylor , w . r . 1969 . a revision of the catfish genus noturus ( rafinesque ) with an analysis of higher groups in the ictaluridae . smithsonian institution , u . s . national museum bulletin 282 : 1 - 315 .
justification : this species is listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 1 , 000 sq km , area of occupancy is less than 500 sq km , distribution may be severely fragmented , and habitat quality is subject to ongoing degradation .
this species is characteristic of pools , backwaters , and runs of creeks and small rivers ( page and burr 2011 ) of moderate to high gradient , with clear , cool water , gravel - rubble - sand bottoms , and alternating pools and riffles . usually it occurs in shallow pools , buried in gravel / cobble or in debris and vegetation along edges , sometimes in very shallow riffles under large rocks ( robison and allen 1995 ) . it may seek smaller tributaries for spawning . young have been found in a pool over shale bedrock in a small tributary ( robison and harp 1985 ) .
better information on abundance and population trend is needed . unpolluted , unsilted habitats should be maintained .
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r . tumilson , henderson state university follow j . o . hardage , henderson state university
robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .
small , fragmented range in arkansas ; threatened by degradation and loss of habitat from logging , commercial gravel operations , housing developments , and bridge / road building .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
known area of occupancy may be less than 100 square kilometers or not much more than this , particularly during periods of stream drying . .
this species is represented by a small number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . robison and harp ( 1985 ) mapped 17 collection sites that represent probably more than 10 but not more than 15 distinct occurrences .
warren et al . ( 2000 ) and jelks et al . ( 2008 ) categorized the status as
threatened
( not
currently stable
) . trends are not well documented , but this species may be declining . some local extirpations may be temporary . for example , madtoms can rapidly recolonize from large , deep pools stream reaches from which they have been extirpated as a result of drought ( gagen et al . 1998 ) .
extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , and number of subpopulations apparently have not decreased by more than 25 % compared to the historical situation . trend in population size is unknown .
a slender , brownish to gray catfish with an adnate adipose fin , terminal mouth , nearly equal jaws , 10 preoperculomandibular pores , and a single internasal pore ( robison and allen 1995 ) .
differs from noturus gyrinus in having one internasal pore ( vs . 2 ) and 16 - 18 anal rays ( vs . 14 - 16 ) ( robison and allen 1995 ) . differs from n . exilis in lacking serrae on the pectoral spine , and in having more caudal rays and typically 8 pectoral rays ( vs . 9 ) ( robison and allen 1995 ) .
density was 17 . 2 - 204 ( mean 95 ) per 100 sq m in riffle and pool habitats at six sites ; density ranges up to 32 per sq m in pools along dried up stream reaches ( gagen et al . 1998 ) .
mayflies and chironomids are primary food items ( smith 1982 , robison and harp 1985 ) ; also eats beetles , caddisflies , isopods , copepods , and gastropods .
occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .
madtoms are generally regarded as sedentary , at least over the short term , but dispersal characteristics are unknown . separation distance is arbitrary but reflects the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of aquatic habitat would represent truly independent populations over the long term . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
jelks , h . l . , s . j . walsh , n . m . burkhead , s . contreras - balderas , e . díaz - pardo , d . a . hendrickson , j . lyons , n . e . mandrak , f . mccormick , j . s . nelson , s . p . platania , b . a . porter , c . b . renaud , j . jacobo schmitter - soto , e . b . taylor , and m . l . warren , jr . 2008 . conservation status of imperiled north american freshwater and diadromous fishes . fisheries 33 ( 8 ) : 372 - 407 .
lee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .
lundberg , j . g . 1992 . the phylogeny of ictalurid catfishes : a synthesis of recent work . pages 392 - 420 in r . l . mayden , editor . systematics , historical ecology , and north american freshwater fishes . stanford university press , stanford , california . xxvi + 969 pp .
nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .
page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .
petersen , j . c . , and b . g . justus . 2005 . the fishes of hot springs national park arkansas , 2003 . u . s . geological survey scientific investigations report 2005 - 5126 . 13 pp .
robison , h . w . and t . m . buchanan . 1988 . fishes of arkansas . the university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas . 536 pp .
robison , h . w . and r . t . allen . 1995 . only in arkansas : a study of the endemic plants and animals of the state . university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas .
starnes , w . c . 1995 . taxonomic validation for fish species on the u . s . fish and wildlife service category 2 species list . 28 pp .
taylor , w . r . 1969 . a revision of the catfish genus noturus ( rafinesque ) with an analysis of higher groups in the ictaluridae . smithsonian institution , u . s . national museum bulletin 282 . 315 pp .
state natural heritage data centers . 1996a . aggregated element occurrence data from all u . s . state natural heritage programs , including the tennessee valley authority , navajo nation and the district of columbia . science division , the nature conservancy .
state natural heritage data centers . 1996b . aggregated element occurrence data from all u . s . state natural heritage programs , including the tennessee valley authority , navajo nation and the district of columbia : export of freshwater fish and mussel records west of the mississippi river in 1997 . science division , the nature conservancy .
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using molecular genetic tools to identify extremophile bacteria from deep in arkansas’s blanchard caverns .
studies of non–native species of invasive trees and shrubs that occur naturalized in arkansas , their ability to become established in the local flora , and what factors influence this process .
tungoil tree ( aleurites fordii hemsl . ) ( euphorbiaceae ) new to the arkansas flora .
negundo chaste tree ( vitex negundo l . ) ( verbenaceae ) new to the arkansas flora .
chinese flame tree ( koelreuteria bipinnata franch . ) new to the arkansas flora .
effects of agriculture and indigenous villages on coral reef composition in kuna yala , panama .
ichthyofaunal assemblages in three proximate but ecologically diverse streams in clark county , arkansas .
geographic variation within an isolated population of big - eared bats in oklahoma , kansas and texas .
recovery of sea urchin populations , st . ann ' s bay , jamaica .
diversity of lamium ( lamiaceae ) in arkansas , including occurrences of lamium hybridum and flower color forms .
comment suwannee river , florida to the mississippi river ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .
comment enters kentucky’s waters during the spawning run ( burr and warren 1986 ) .
life history from january - march . eggs are deposited over coarse sand and gravel
between mid - july and early october ( pflieger 1975 ) . juveniles stay in fresh
comment and southern illinois to the gulf of mexico in the mississippi river basin .
to veracruz , mexico . the species is now extirpated or very rare in the
comment county near maysville ( trautman 1981 ) . j . p . kirtland noted this species
habitat / this species is one of the largest freshwater fishes in the u . s . . the largest
life history known gar collected in louisiana was 9 feet 8 . 5 inches and weighed 302
rivers and their bayous , oxbows , and backwaters . the have been known to
life history current below and above riffles and in pools up to 1 . 75 meters deep ( burr
substrates and boulders , tree snags , or water willow as cover . spawning is
supporting aquatic life ranges from 51 . 5 % to 90 . 0 % of stream miles
comment species of buffalo ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . some authorities regard this
mississippi and ohio rivers . in the ohio river , pearson and krumholz ( 1984 )
history environments ( burr and warren 1986 ) . the species has also been reported to
being a large dietary component ( becker 1983 , minckley et al . 1970 ) . spawning
substrates from bedrock to gravel ( piller et al . 2003 ) . piller et al . ( 2003 )
2008 , 17 records ) , 05140206 lower ohio ( 1996 - 2008 , 13 records ) . although
were fully supporting of aquatic life use ( kentucky division of water 2008 ) . the
g - trend the blackfin sucker is endemic to the barren river drainage basin . the
comment and a portion of northern tennessee ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . in
life history or rubble substrates in creeks and medium sized rivers ( natureserve 2004 ) .
early spring ( march and april ) . after hatching , the young are found in
key currently exists only in the upper barren river ( huc 05110002 ) . nearly
2b gravel / sand removal or quarrying ( e . g . , mineral excavation )
life history 5 m in width ( burr and warren 1986 ) . typically found in sluggish pools of
60 : 40 ( burr and warren 1986 ) . this species is usually also associated with
species is broadly distributed in the southeastern u . s . and often abundant in
( mettee et al . 1996 ) . according to natureserve ( 2004 ) , this species is
habitat / little is known about the biology of this species . spawning occurs in mid -
life history to late spring in shoal areas of small streams ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . in
portion ( approximately 10 % ) of the species’ range ( natureserve 2008 ) .
history and around submerged logs and stumps . less frequently , or more sporadically , it
or gravel in current ( burr and warren 1986 ) . the blackfin shiner is a schooling
( robison and buchanan 1988 , ross 2001 ) . in tennessee , the spawning period
observations of males in breeding condition ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . eggs are
breeding males ( heins 1990 , pfleiger 1997 , boschung and mayden 2004 ) .
some degree ( burr and warren 1986 , woods et al . 2002 ) .
comment caney fork , tennessee , to rockcastle river , kentucky ( natureserve 2004 ) .
and little south forks , and buck creek ( burr and warren 1986 ) .
comment cumberland river ( below the falls ) where it is known from five localities . it
streams ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . spawning occurs in mid - april through
early may as water temperature approaches 15 c ( 60f ) . sexual maturity is
reached at age - 1 . life span is 2 . 5 years . food consists of about half
mayflies . maximum total length is 100 mm sl ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .
huc8 are good as 73 . 1 % of assessed streams were found to be fully
supporting aquatic life . a total of 43 . 7 miles of streams in this huc8 are
comment mississippi river from obion creek south ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . it
life history in raceways and riffles on the coastal plain ( burr and warren 1986 ) . this
include 27 . 8 % ( bayou du chien - mayfield huc8 ) and 37 . 0 % ( obion creek
2f riparian zone removal ( agriculture / development ) . burr and warren ( 1986 )
comment was elevated to species status by etnier and starnes ( 1986 ) . this species is
( etnier and starnes , 1993 ) . although species continues to be common in
s - trend in kentucky , this species is confined to terrapin creek in graves county .
aquatic vegetation is present ( etnier and starnes , 1993 ) . bell and timmons
from 33 - 116 to 65 - 201 mature ova per age - 1 female . although bell and
comment creeks , graves county ( burr and warren 1986 ) . within terrapin creek , it
1984 ( burr and warren 1986 , d . eisenhour , morehead state university ,
life history to fast current ( natureserve 2004 ) . specific habitat includes sand - gravel
comment degrees n ( lee and gilbert 1980 ) . in the eastern hemisphere , it occurs
kentucky , missouri , wyoming , and oregon ( page and burr 1991 ) . the species
in depths greater than 1 . 5 m with substrates of rock , sand , and mud ( burr and
habits ( lee and gilbert 1980 , becker 1983 ) . in the great lakes and areas to the
bays over and or on gravel shoals ( becker 1983 , holm et al . 2009 ) . in rivers ,
side channels behind deposition bars ( u . s . fish and wildlife service 2003 ) . the
lower ohio - bay , and 05140206 lower ohio . pre - 1967 records are available for
the lower kentucky river ( 05100205 ) and licking river ( 05100101 ) . the most
brush - whiteoak ( 1993 , photo record ) ( compton et al . 2004 ) . although the ohio
g - trend the central mudminnow occurs in north central north america in the st .
creek and running slough , fulton county ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it is
coastal plain ( clay 1975 ) . this species usually prefers non - turbid water
shallow water during the spring water temperatures reach 13° c ( 55° f ) .
supporting aquatic life range from 27 % ( obion creek huc ) to 74 . 9 %
none ( kentucky lake huc ) to 124 . 4 ( bayou du chien - mayfield creek
comment river drainage ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it has been collected both above
life history may be taken in medium sized streams ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it occurs in
associated with large , flat stones ( page 1983 ) . spawning takes place in
april when water temperatures are around 13° c . ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .
common food items include mayflies , midges , and stoneflies ( page 1983 ) .
1986 ) . sexual maturity is reached at one year of age . spawning occurs from
mid - march to early june . females contain 26 - 116 eggs and deposit them
on dead leaves , twigs , rock and filamentous algae . eggs are not guarded and
hatch in 5 - 13 days based on temperature . life span is 1 . 5 years . principal
chien – mayfield ( huc 08010201 ) , and obion creek ( huc 08010202 ) .
mississippi – memphis huc ) to 74 . 9 % ( lower tennessee - kentucky lake
easternmost records from the state ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it is considered
habitat records predate 1984 . the bayou du chien - mayfield ( huc 08010201 )
contains the largest number of records ( 17 ) , only one of which is post - 1984 .
life history streams , and sloughs ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it occurs over substrates of
sand or clay overlain with silt and organic debris ( burr and warren 1986 ) .
et al . 1996 ) and april to september in florida ( natureserve 2004 ) . nest
growth is fairly slow and lifespan is approximately six years ( mettee et al .
watersheds have fewer than ten ( kentucky division of water 2002 , 2004 ) .
and tennessee and the fish to be rare and extremely localized . jenkins , in
darter is presented in etnier and starnes ( 1993 ) as etheostoma sp . ( this
darter was officially describes after their book went to press ) . at that time
of the duskytail darter to be confined to 4 . 3 stream miles of the big south
in kentucky was only about a 4 . 8 - mile reach between the mouth
troublesome creek ( the majority ) and the mouth of oil well branch . the
well ) occurred under slab shaped stones during april - june . eggs are laid in
with complement of eggs ranging from 79 - 103 per “nest rock” . these nests
supporting aquatic life include 90 . 0 % of the 75 . 5 miles of stream assessed
drainage from red river upstream ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it is common in
life history starnes 1993 ) . spawning occurs from april to june at temperatures of
about 18 - 20°c in gravel - cobble raceways . this species may be an
supporting aquatic life ranges from 48 . 4 % to 90 . 0 % of streams surveyed
within these watersheds , in which up to 404 . 4 stream miles have been
4a acid mine drainage other coal mining impacts . burr and warren ( 1986 )
4b waste water discharge ( e . g . , sewage treatment ) . burr and warren ( 1986 )
4d oil and gas drilling operations associated runoff . burr and warren ( 1986 )
also be found in pools adjacent to habitat . eggs are thought be to attached
age range of breeding females is 1 - 2 years ( natureserve 2004 ) . eggs are laid
singly on horizontal and vertical surface and they hatch in 6 – 8 days . life
span is 3 years . diet consists primarily of midge larvae ( etnier and starnes
17 states in the u . s . ( natureserve 2004 ) . over its range it is common and
comment in the mississippi river at cairo , illinois ( burr and warren 1986 ) . burr and
and crossman 1973 ; pflieger 1975 ) . it relies on flood flows to spawn
peak flows , when the temperature is warmer and the bottom is more stable .
into smaller streams to spawn ( scott and crossman 1973 ; pflieger 1975 ) .
comment small portion of north - central tennessee . in kentucky , it is considered
comment river , and the south fork of the kentucky river ( natureserve 2004 ) . it is
life history gradients ( natureserve 2004 ) . inhabits quiet water areas , especially slow
spring and peaks from mid - march through mid - april . this species may be
barren river drainages are 80 . 0 % and 92 . 6 % ( respectively ) of stream miles
comment to trinity r . dr . , texas ; former mississippi embayment north to
elsewhere ( page and burr 1991 ) . as the golden topminnow is secure in
most of its range , natureserve indicates g5 as its global status . however ,
comment 1970 from reelfoot lake , ( sisk 1973 ) . the first notable population
( 1973 ) reported a series of 14 ( each date ) from open pond , fulton county .
special concern category ( branson et al . 1981 ) . both open fork and
shoreline ( burr and warren 1986 ) . as are most fundulus , the golden
topminnow is a surface dweller . etnier and starnes ( 1993 ) report it to
habitat kentucky ( huc - 8 ) are located within huc 08010202 ( obion creek ) . of
the 28 . 7 miles of stream assessed within this huc , 27 . 8 % of the waters
were fully supporting , 56 . 0 % partially supporting , 16 . 2 % not supporting ,
division of water 2002 ) . however , one of the current and primary known
( pg . 74 , kentucky atlas and gazetteer , 1997 ) . this refuge should help
population occurring above the fall line . it is reported to be c \ common in
s - trend in kentucky , this species is sporadic and seasonally rare . its known
habitat / restricted to small lowland creeks , ditches , and wetlands . in small gravel
supporting aquatic life include 27 . 8 % ( obion creek huc ) and 56 . 0 %
comment from terrapin creek in graves county . burr and mayden ( 1979 ) reported
comment over a large part of the central united states . recently recognized as a
flowing riffles and runs . during periods of low water , when riffles and runs
key known to occur only in the barren river ( huc 05110002 ) . habitat
( page and burr 1991 ; pflieger 1975 ) . spawning occurs during late spring
emergent vegetation and hatch in 4 - 30 days at temperatures of 13 - 34 c .
s - trend this species is endemic to the upper kentucky river system . it is
life history may be taken in streams . this species usually occupies sluggish pools and
sexual maturity is reached at age 1 . females contain 67 - 265 mature eggs .
dipterans , caddisflies , stoneflies , and beetle larvae ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .
habitat basin . habitat conditions fully supporting aquatic life range from 48 . 4 %
( north fork kentucky river huc 05100201 ) to 88 . 5 % ( upper kentucky
comment tributary ) , kentucky . in the upper green river drainage , it is common in
pitman , and goose creeks . in the gasper river drainage , it is most common
habitat few records also in the barren river ( huc 05110002 ) . habitat conditions
in the upper green river and 92 . 6 % in the barren river watersheds .
113 . 1 in the the upper green and 14 . 7 for the barren river drainages
rarely enters creeks , streams , or rivers ( burr and warren 1986 ) . spawning
20 , 000 eggs per female . food consists of microcrustacea and midge larva .
life span is 5 or 6 years . maximum size to 394 mm ( 15 . 5 inches ) total
length and nearly 1 kg ( 2 . 2 lbs ) ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .
habitat loss , construction of dams , and pollution . over the years , this
comment mississippi , cumberland , and tennessee rivers ( burr and warren 1986 ) .
the lake sturgeon ( trautman 1981 ) . burr and warren ( 1986 ) reported eight
river , 3 ; cumberland river , 1 ) for this species in kentucky . since 1984 ,
feet over firm sand , gravel , or rock ( pflieger 1975 ) . the oldest individual
was reported to be 154 years of age and weighing 207 pounds . . spawning
outside bends over rocks / boulders in water between 1 and 15 feet in depth .
habitat river that lie within four different huc8 units . the most recent record is
supporting aquatic life range from none ( highland - pigeon huc ) to 51 . 5 %
terrapin creek , although confined to a small range ( d . eisenhour , morehead
habitat / occurs in lowland creeks and small rivers across its range ( natureserve ) . in
life history the south , it occupies relatively shallow , clear riffles with moderate current .
occurs from mid - june through early - july ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .
snags or similar organic cover ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . if available , they
life history and warren 1986 ; jenkins and burkhead 1993 ; natureserve 2004 ) . primary
( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . spawning occurs in shallow , gravel / cobble riffles
where eggs can be buried in the gravel / cobble substrate ( natureserve 2004 ) .
supporting aquatic life range include 55 . 8 % of stream miles surveyed in the
upper green river and 92 . 6 % in the barren river watersheds . number of
found between pre - 1984 and post - 1984 data ( d . eisenhour , morehead state
sand / silt substrates in pools ( burr and warren 1986 ) . such habitats are
eggs and young are carried in the gill chamber for 4 to 5 months . only 10 %
habitat ( huc 05110001 ) , and rough river ( huc 05110004 ) drainages . habitat
2004 ) , with good populations in the licking river ( d . eisenhour , morehead
river drainages ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . this species has been collected in
maturation , it is now limited to the upper reaches ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .
comment south fork of the cumberland river drainage . ( burr and warren 1986 ;
river has turned up only two specimens ( m . compton , ky division of
life history upland river systems ( burr and warren 1986 ; natureserve 2004 ) . typical
late - july ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . lifespan is approximately 4 years .
drainages , and formerly in lake erie ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . because the
rare fishes ( branson et al . 1981 ) , but was later removed because it was thought
to be more common that previously believed ( burr and warren 1986 ) . although
history zooplankton on which it feeds . adults must have access to gravel bars subject to
the species prefers depths greater than 1 . 5 m , seeking deeper water in late fall
artificial structures ( e . g . , below dams ) that create eddies and reduce current
velocity ( southall and hubert 1984 ) . paddlefish have been reported to spawn in
below upstream impoundments ( e . g . , stancill et al . 2002 ) . in the lower
( 08010100 ) , and bayou du chien - mayfield ( 08010201 ) watershed units . sections
kentucky lake ( 06040005 ) , and lower tennessee river ( 06040006 ) . habitat
three records are available for the licking river ( 05100101 ) . the licking river
comment cumberland river in wayne county . it was judged to be most abundant in
a 6 - mile reach of the little south fork ( u . s . fish and wildlife service
cobble , pebble , and gravel mixed with clean sand ( u . s . fish and wildlife
service 1997 ) . peak spawning occurs from june to early july ( u . s . fish
palezone shiner for 20 years , very little is known about its biology ( u . s .
habitat in the south fork cumberland ( huc 0513014 ) watershed , wayne county .
comment south to louisiana and west to the guadaloupe river in texas ( clemmer 1980 ) .
skelly and sule 1983 , warren and burr 1988 , kwak 1991 , pflieger 1997 ) .
reduction of the species’ habitat or range ( jelks et al . 2008 ) .
comment and upper cumberland basins in kentucky ( burr and warren 1986 ) . until
recent collections because of its close similarity to other minnows ( e . g . , bigeye
history collected along the margin of the stream lined with water willow ( justicia sp . ) ;
warren 1986 ) . biology and life history of populations in kentucky are unknown .
river , habitat conditions fully supporting aquatic life include 90 % of the 75 . 5
miles of stream assessed within the watershed , and 52 . 3 stream miles are
s - trend there is only one substantiated record for the pallid sturgeon in kentucky .
life history pounds ) with a large flat shovel - like snout ( natureserve 2004 ) . it inhabits
spawning runs . life span has been estimated to be up to 50 years . the
oldest individual to - date was a 41 - year - old female weighing 37 . 5 pounds
mollusks , annelids , eggs of other fishes , and other fishes ( natureserve 2004 ) .
within this huc is able to fully support aquatic life . most ( 64 . 2 % ) can
only partially support aquatic life , while 35 . 8 % are considered to be non -
life history and small to large rivers . it is common and can be very abundant in the
great plains ( page and burr 1991 ) . it lives in schools near the bottom and
and flathead chubs , and the red , sand and emerald shiners ( pflieger 1975 ) . in
west ( gilbert 1980 , page and burr 1991 , natureserve 2008 ) . in canada , it
huron in southern ontario ( parker et al . 1988 , natureserve 2008 ) . recently , the
and red river ( burr and warren 1986 , meade et al . 1986 ) . although these small ,
makes them vulnerable to habitat loss and degradation . in wisconsin , lyons et al .
portion of its diet consists of terrestrial insects ( schwartz and norvell 1958 ) .