seek again is an american-bred thoroughbred racehorse .

after winning three of his seven races in the united kingdom he was sent to california in december 2013 and won the grade i hollywood derby .

on august 9 , 2014 seek again won the grade ii fourstardave handicap in course record time .

he entered stallion duty at stroud 's lane farm in reddick , florida for the 2016 breeding season .

seek again

after beginning his career in england for gosden , seek again was subsequently sent to mott . he finished a game second by a head to reigning horse of the year
grade 1 winner seek again will shuttle to haras carampangue in argentina for the southern hemisphere breeding season after completing his first northern hemisphere season at stroud’s lane farm in reddick , fla .
racing a bit off the inside on the backstretch , seek again took closer order to the front - runners on the far turn under rosario ' s urging , then came out for the stretch run . rosario kept a cool head when his mount checked in close quarters soon afterward and deftly guided him over to a spot on the hedge that opened when silver max tired and yielded . the colt found trouble there , too , when sayaad drifted over near the eighth pole and forced seek again to check again .
once sayaad was out of the way , however , seek again had a clear path to victory , inching past grand arch past the sixteenth pole , and outlasting the 11 - 1 shot to the wire .
the 2 - 1 second wagering choice in the one - mile race , seek again was ridden to a neck victory by joel rosario in 1 : 33 . 25 on firm turf , eclipsing the previous record of 1 : 33 . 42 , set by
the 6 - year - old son of speightstown stands at stroud’s lane for an advertised fee of $ 8 , 500 . racing post reports that seek again will stand in argentina for a syndicate that includes leading farms firmamento , la esperanz , la manija , and san benito .
seek again ( usa ) ch . h , 2010 { 8 - h } dp = 7 - 7 - 14 - 0 - 0 ( 28 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 75 - 18 starts , 5 wins , 3 places , 4 shows career earnings : $ 942 , 926
seek again is out of the grade 1 - winning danehill mare light jig , whose four winners from five foals to race includes treble jig , a group 3 winner in the u . a . e . and saudi arabia . he is from the family of group 2 winner nashmeel and group 3 winner able deputy .
racing as a homebred for juddmonte farms , seek again won five of 18 starts and earned $ 942 , 926 , highlighted by wins in the grade 1 hollywood derby and grade 2 fourstardave handicap . he also earned grade 1 placings in two editions of the woodford reserve turf classic stakes , as well as the manhattan stakes and shoemaker mile .
stephanie copeland — executive director of the colorado office of economic development and international trade , who oversees the colorado office of film , television and media — went before the committee today to update it on what film - office leaders are doing to ensure mistakes don’t happen again and discuss legislative fixes that could help it to operate better .
this is a guide to the side quest hiden and seek once more in lake town in lego the hobbit . played on the ps4 for xbox one , ps4 , ps3 , xbox 360 and pc . this video shows gameplay of all characters in lego the hobbit . lego the hobbit playlist : - urltoken * related * lego marvel super heroes playlist : - urltoken the lego movie videogame playlist : - urltoken - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - afguideshd facebook page - urltoken afguideshd on google + - urltoken subscribe ! - urltoken - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
colt was checked several times in stretch before getting a clear run up rail late .
for owner / breeder juddmonte farms . the chestnut colt , winner of the hollywood derby ( gr . it ) in december in his united states debut for john gosden , was bred from juddmonte ' s 2004 yellow ribbon stakes ( gr . i ) winner
, and then was third as the favorite in the june 7 knob creek manhattan ( gr . it ) at
wise dan bypassed the fourstardave , a race he won the previous two years , to continue to train for his comeback from may 16 colic surgery .
, who rushed out of the gate to set an uncontested pace through an opening quarter in : 23 . 33 , with
tracking about 1 1 / 2 lengths back . sayaad move to within a half length as the half went in : 46 . 18 and drew alongside the leader on the far turn before gaining narrow lead nearing the quarter pole in 1 : 09 . 52 . sayaad was under heavy pressure in the stretch and was overhauled by
i was thinking it could be over at the eighth pole , when i saw he had to alter course two different times ,
he said .
i thought , well , we could be in trouble because it ' s awful late in the game to have to stop your momentum and go a different direction .
he showed up today ,
the rider said .
at first , there wasn ' t a lot of room . i had to stay there because he likes to run a lot that way , that ' s his style . he ' s a good horse , he fires all the time . when he sees a horse in front of him , he comes to get ( him ) . so we had the winner today .
wire - to - wire firecracker stakes ( gr . iit ) victor silver max , who upset wise dan in the off - the - turf shadwell turf mile ( gr . i ) at
last fall , finished last as the 122 - pound highweight in his second start off a long layoff .
they went really fast ,
trainer dale romans said of the quick early fractions .
we were going to go fast , we knew it all along . second start back , maybe i didn ' t do enough with him . as long as he comes back good , we ' ll be back .
, returned $ 6 . 70 , $ 3 . 80 , and $ 3 . 10 while toting 121 pounds . grand arch brought $ 8 and $ 3 . 70 . jack milton was worth $ 2 . 90 to show .
in fourth and sayaad in fifth , with silver max bringing up the rear .
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won hollywood derby ( g1 ) as a 3yo and set a new course record for one mile ( 1 : 33 . 25 ) in winning the fourstardave h . ( g2 ) at four . multiple g1 - placed—beaten just a head by horse of the year wise dan in the woodford reserve turf classic s . ( g1 ) —posted a 105 beyer speed figure and ran 1 - 2 - 3 in 15 of 18 career starts while banking $ 942 , 926 racing in the colors of juddmonte farms .
owner : juddmonte farms inc . breeder : juddmonte farms inc . state bred : ky winnings : 18 starts : 5 - 3 - 4 , $ 942 , 926 at 3 : won hollywood derby ( g1 , bhp , 10ft ) at 4 : won fourstardave h . ( g2 , sar , 8ft - - ncr 1 : 33 . 25 ) ; 2nd turf classic s . ( g1 , cd , 9ft ) ; 3rd manhattan s . ( g1 , bel , 10ft ) at 5 : 3rd woodford reserve turf classic s . ( g1 , cd , 9ft ) , shoemaker mile s . ( g1 , sa , 8ft ) , fourstardave h . ( g2 , sar , 8ft ) raced in eng and u . s . entered stud in 2016 at strouds lane farm , reddick fl ; shuttles to haras carampangue in argentina . ( close )
winx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .
t . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .
former president mohamed nasheed of the maldives in colombo , sri lanka , on thursday . “i can contest , i am a maldives national , and i am free — i must be free to contest , ” he told reporters .
new delhi — a former president of the maldives , who now lives in exile in london , is planning to run in his party’s internal primaries with the hope of becoming a presidential candidate in elections in the country next year .
mohamed nasheed , the former president , met with members of his party , the maldivian democratic party , in colombo , sri lanka , over the last week .
on thursday , he told reporters , “i can contest , i am a maldives national , and i am free — i must be free to contest . ”
mr . nasheed was sentenced to 13 years in prison in 2015 on terrorism charges that his supporters said were politically motivated under the government of his successor , president abdulla yameen .
he was granted political asylum in britain the next year , after traveling there for medical treatment .
the maldives constitution states that anyone who has been sentenced to more than 12 months in a criminal case cannot run for president within three years of his release or unless he has been pardoned .
mr . nasheed said he hoped other countries would intervene . “we will continue to work with our international partners to see how they may be able to impress on president yameen the need to have an all inclusive election , ” he said .
it is unclear whether the government of the maldives , a tiny archipelago nation in the indian ocean , southwest of india , would be amenable to such pressures . led by mr . yameen , it is increasingly isolated .
in october , it announced that it would withdraw from the commonwealth after facing criticism over human rights . since 2015 , mr . yameen has been prosecuting his political opponents and other leaders in the country . in june 2016 , a former vice president was convicted of trying to assassinate mr . yameen and sentenced to 15 years in prison .
mr . nasheed was elected in 2008 in the country’s first democratic election after three decades of autocratic rule by maumoon abdul gayoom , and he was forced out of office in 2012 in what his supporters described as a coup orchestrated by loyalists of mr . gayoom .
mr . nasheed was later arrested over accusations that he ordered the military to arrest a chief judge of the criminal court , whom he accused of acting on behalf of mr . gayoom .
the united nations working group on arbitrary detention found in 2015 that mr . nasheed did not receive a fair trial , and it concluded that several factors strongly suggested that his conviction was politically motivated . mr . yameen , who is mr . gayoom’s half brother , won the presidential election in 2013 .
a spokesman for the president’s office did not respond to calls for comment on thursday .
mohamed shainee , the government minister of fisheries and agriculture , said in an interview with the indian news website the wire in january that the government was open to talks , with “no preconditions . ”
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republican members of colorado’s legislative audit committee outlined a proposal today to ensure that state film incentives are going only to companies that qualify for them — and then said the legislature needs to have a serious discussion in 2018 about whether it’s time to eliminate the five - year - old program altogether .
the discussion came in response to a scathing june audit that said the program has given money to ineligible projects , promised money that the state didn’t have to give and agreed to pay producers without the proper submission of paperwork .
committee members voted unanimously to have state officials draw up a bill proposal that would tighten the language on which companies are considered in - state production companies and are eligible for a greater array of incentives .
the proposal also would fund the film office’s contracting with a certified public accounting firm to verify that companies have complied with state rules enough to receive incentives . and it would allow the film office to take back awarded funding if it is discovered later that production companies did not meet minimum standards in areas like spending or local hiring .
but just as soon as the committee signaled bipartisan backing for that concept , state rep . dan nordberg , r - colorado springs , said that even such a legislative clean - up of the statutes may not be enough to right a program that he and other legislative republicans have said is an improper use of tax funding and has been reluctant to follow the rules that were set out for it when the incentives program was created in 2012 .
and he said that legislators need to have a “serious conversation” during the session that begins in january about whether the roughly $ 1 . 25 million going this year to the program — $ 750 , 000 in available incentives and $ 500 , 000 in operational expenses — should be nixed during a time of budget shortfalls .
“to some degree , yes , there are always things that can be improved upon . but a lot of the controls in place are sufficient , and they’re being blatantly disregarded , ” nordberg said . “i think there is a broader conversation incumbent upon the general assembly [ the legislature ' s official name ] to discuss this office and whether it’s something we should continue with . ”
the effort will not be the first to end the incentives program , as republicans have suggested the move virtually every year since its establishment , sometimes teaming unsuccessfully with liberal democrats who also questioned whether the limited state resources going toward the program could be spent better elsewhere .
however , this new push will come one year after legislators agreed to cut the incentives budget from its typical allotment of $ 3 million down to $ 750 , 000 , suggesting some of its long - standing support may be eroding at least a little bit .
copeland said after the hearing that she agrees with the bill giving her office more oversight over the disbursement of the incentives , which are approved before a project begins filming by the colorado economic development commission .
but she pushed back against the assertions of nordberg and sen . tim neville , r - littleton , who suggested that divisions of public companies that run into so much criticism of their practices eventually get shut down by their companies .
“i would assert that representative nordberg is wrong on whether a company would shut down a division based on competence of governance . they would change the governance , ” said copeland , who served as president of boulder - based communications - infrastructure firm zayo group before becoming the state’s top economic - development official in january . “the comments weren’t surprising . ”
while republicans appear to be falling more in line behind the idea of ending film incentives , they still have a way to go to win over legislative democrats who have backed the program .
, she believes the right course is to correct them and continue trying to build the state’s film - production economy .
“it’s not something that i would like to just see go away , ” jahn said .
dbj & bellco are proud to present one of our most popular networking events . enjoy appetizers and cocktails as you catch up with old associates and make new business connections . take time to explore the space gallery in the heart of the arts district .
© 2018 american city business journals . all rights reserved . use of and / or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement ( updated 5 / 24 / 18 ) and privacy policy and cookie statement ( updated 5 / 24 / 18 ) . the material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of american city business journals .
french president emmanuel macron asked his turkish counterpart recep tayyip erdogan to free detained french journalist loup bureau during a telephone conversation sunday .
macron requested
the quick liberation and . . . return to france
of bureau , said a statement released by the french presidential office .
the two presidents agreed to make further contact , and at the ministerial level as well , in order to arrive at a positive outcome ,
the statement from the elysee palace said of the journalist ' s plight .
bureau , 27 , was arrested on july 26 and accused of having links to kurdish militias , which turkey regards as terrorist groups .
he is studying for a master ' s degree in journalism but has also worked as a reporter , notably on a story for the french channel tv5 in 2013 on the syrian group , the kurdish people ' s protection units ( ypg ) .
macron and erdogan also discussed the situation in syria , iraq and thegulf region as well as the battle against terrorism , with franceworking to create a specialist contact group to discuss syria on the sidelines of the un general assembly next month .
foreign journalists have repeatedly been accused by the turkish government of supporting terrorism for reporting on kurdish groups , adding to tensions between erdogan and the eu .
bureau is the third french journalist to be detained in turkey in the past year .
in june , turkey deported french photojournalist mathias depardon after holding him for a month on charges of supporting terror groups .
deniz yucel , a correspondent for the german daily die welt , has been held since february , personally accused by erdogan of working as a
terror agent
.
turkey ranks 155 on the latest rsf world press freedom index after dropping four places from its 2016 ranking .


distorsio decussata , common name the decussate distorsio , is a species of medium-sized sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family personidae , the distortio snails .

distorsio decussata

citation : - distorsio decussata . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .
subgenus distorsio ( rhysema ) clench & r . d . turner , 1957 accepted as distorsio röding , 1798
» subgenus distorsio ( rhysema ) clench & r . d . turner , 1957 accepted as distorsio röding , 1798
species distorsio reticulata röding , 1798 accepted as distorsio reticularis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( objective synonym of d . reticularis )
» species distorsio reticulata röding , 1798 accepted as distorsio reticularis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( objective synonym of d . reticularis )
message please keep me informed when a similar specimen ( distorsio - decussata giant ! - [ panama ] ( valenciennes , 1832 ) ) is available .
distorsio decussata ( valenciennes , 1832 ) . worms ( 2010 ) . distorsio decussata ( valenciennes , 1832 ) . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 14 august 2010 .
» subspecies distorsio constricta floridana olsson & mcginty , 1951 accepted as distorsio mcgintyi emerson & puffer , 1953 ( invalid : secondary junior homonym of personella floridana gardner , 1947 ; d . mcgintyi is a replacement name )
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distorsio decussata
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( of triton decussata valenciennes , 1832 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
» species distorta acuta perry , 1811 accepted as distorsio reticularis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( objective synonym of d . reticularis )
( of distorsio ( distorsio ) röding , 1798 ) clench w . j . & turner r . d . ( 1957 ) . the family cymatiidae in the western atlantic . johnsonia . 3 ( 36 ) : 189 - 244 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
» species persona djunggranganensis k . martin , 1916 † accepted as distorsio djunggranganensis ( k . martin , 1916 ) † ( original combination )
( of distorsio ( rhysema ) clench & r . d . turner , 1957 ) clench w . j . & turner r . d . ( 1957 ) . the family cymatiidae in the western atlantic . johnsonia . 3 ( 36 ) : 189 - 244 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 236 [ details ]
beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
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kamarruddin , i . , mohamed , c . a . r . , kee alfian , b . a . a . , fitra , a . z . , lee , j . n . & rozaimi , m . j . ( 2011 ) . malaysia ' s marine biodiversity : inventory and current status . department of marine park malaysia and marine ecosystem research centre ( ekomar ) , malaysia . pp . 212 .
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röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 133 [ details ]
( of calcarella souleyet , 1850 ) souleyet [ l . f . a . ] . ( 1850 ) . description d ' un nouveau genre de coquilles univalves . journal de conchyliologie . 1 : 246 - 249 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of distortrix link , 1807 ) link d . h . f . ( 1807 - 1808 ) . beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universität zu rostock . rostock : adlers erben . 1 abt . [ part 1 ] , pp . 1 - 50 ; 2 abt . [ part 2 ] , pp . 51 - 100 ; 3 abt . [ part 3 ] , pp . 101 - 165 ; abt . 4 [ part 4 ] , pp . 1 - 30 ; abt . 5 [ part 5 ] , pp . 1 - 38 [ 1808 ] ; abt . 6 [ part 6 ] , pp . 1 - 38 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 122 - 123 [ details ]
( of persona montfort , 1810 ) montfort p . [ denys de ] . ( 1808 - 1810 ) . conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles . paris : schoell . vol . 1 : pp . lxxxvii + 409 [ 1808 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 676 + 16 [ 1810 ( before 28 may ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 : 602 [ details ]
( of distorta perry , 1811 ) perry g . ( 1811 ) . conchology , or the natural history of shells : containing a new arrangement of the genera and species , illustrated by coloured engravings executed from the natural specimens and including the latest discoveries . london , miller pp . 4 + 61 pl . : , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 10 [ details ]
beu a . g . ( 1998 ) . résultats des campagnes musorstom : 19 . indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . 178 : 1 - 255 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of distorta perry , 1811 ) clench w . j . & turner r . d . ( 1957 ) . the family cymatiidae in the western atlantic . johnsonia . 3 ( 36 ) : 189 - 244 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
» species distorsionella beui f . riedel , 2000 accepted as distorsionella lewisi ( beu , 1978 ) ( synonym )
( of personinae gray , 1854 ) gray , j . e . ( 1854 [
1853
] ) . on the division of ctenobranchous gasteropodous mollusca into larger groups and families . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 21 : 32 - 44 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 37 [ details ]
bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
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röding , peter f . 1798 . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten , m . d . p . d . per xl . annos proto physicus hamburgensis . pars secunda conineus conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia & multivalvia . johan christi . trappii , hamburgi . : i–viii ; 1–199 .
beu a . g . ( 1998 ) . résultats des campagnes musorstom : 19 . indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa . < em > mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . < / em > 178 : 1 - 255 .
nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia .
sepkoski , j . j . , jr . ( 2002 ) . a compendium of fossil marine animal genera . < em > bulletins of american paleontology . < / em > 363 , 1 - 560 .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .
where : limon , costa rica ( 10 . 0° n , 83 . 2° w : paleocoordinates 9 . 8° n , 82 . 0° w )
when : limónes formation , late / upper miocene ( 11 . 6 - 5 . 3 ma )
• lithostratigraphy : from the limónes formation ( of woodring ( 1973 , 1982 ) . age : late miocene in woodring ( 1973 , 1982 ) . stratigraphic position : composite list for formation .
• lithology : unknown . lithification : unlithified , on the basis of figured specimens .
primary reference : w . p . woodring . 1970 . geology and paleontology of canal zone and adjoing parts of panama : description of tertiary mollusks ( gastropods : eulimidae , marginellidae to helminthoglyptidae ) .
paleodb collection 96520 : authorized by austin hendy , entered by austin hendy on 10 . 06 . 2010
• coverage : limited to taxa miscellaneously mentioned in text . nomenclature : authoritative publication , with modern nomenclature , and species - resolution identifications .
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corresponding author : jorge cortés ( rc . ca . rcu @ setroc . egroj )
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
costa rica comprises 11 conservation areas ( áreas de conservación ) , one of which is área de conservación guanacaste ( acg ) on the northwest pacific coast of costa rica ( fig .
map of the área de conservación guanacaste ( acg ) in the northern pacific coast of costa rica with indication of the sites mentioned in the text . see table
for the codes of the sites . stars = beaches , triangle = mangrove forests , circle = bays ; green = protected area ; blue circles = shoals .
expedition , in 1978 organized by the scripps institution of oceanography ( sio ) . they collected samples that are deposited at sio , but few papers were published (
recently published on some of the barnacles collected during that expedition . the most recent expedition was the smithsonian tropical research institute rv
historical account of marine studies at the área de conservación guanacaste , pacific coast of costa rica .
several individuals and groups , e . g . dj pool , fe putz and cimar , ucr
published on marine turtles of the acg , with the first observations in 1970–1971 . in 1996 ,
collected and later described several fish parasites . between 1996 and 2002 , the instituo nacional de biodiversidad collected mollusks in the acg , and generated several papers on the opistobranchs (
) . the cimar of the ucr has published papers on marine organisms and environments of costa rica that include the acg : e . g . ,
the beach fauna . even so , our knowledge about the species diversity of the acg is far from complete .
the objective of this contribution is to generate a baseline of the marine biodiversity of acg’s sector marino and adjacent unprotected areas , some of which are in the process of being officially protected . this will serve as a starting point for the recently initiated biomar acg project ( marine biodiversity of the guanacaste conservation area ) . this five - year project ( 2015–2019 ) , funded by the guanacaste dry forest conservation fund , and with support from the ministry of the environment and energy of the costa rican government and the ucr , will collect , identify and provide publicly accessible information about most of acg’s species of marine macroorganisms and as many of the microorganisms as feasible .
the study area is sector marino of the acg and adjacent areas , located on the north pacific of costa rica ( fig .
) . publications about acg marine organisms were compiled and analyzed . a list of recorded species was created based on those publications . later all scientific names were updated using worms ( world register of marine species ,
localities of the samples reported in the appendix 1 . # spp . = number of species reported from that site . a = protected area , b = area in the process of being officially protected , c = marine area not protected , and d = private reserve ( protected area ) .
the resulting list of species was compared to the remainder of the pacific coast of costa rica and to available species lists from other countries in the eastern tropical pacific . knowledge gaps were identified and potential areas of future research suggested .
) , which represents 15 . 5 % of the known species of the pacific coast of costa rica . the most diverse groups were crustaceans ( 193 spp . ) , mollusks ( 187 spp . ) and cnidarians ( 46 spp . ) , comprising together 71 . 7 % of the acg’s marine species . these three groups represent 23 . 9 % , 18 . 2 % and 26 . 7 % , respectively of the known species of the pacific coast of the country ( table
) . some groups are well represented in the acg when compared to the rest of the coast ( e . g . , species of mangroves and fish parasites ) , while others are greatly underrepresented . for example , red algae , polychaetes , copepods , equinoderms , and marine fishes and birds are poorly represented in the published reports ( table
) . other groups of organisms have been observed and identified ( e . g . , various species of sponges , flat worms , ophiuroids , and ascidian ) but there are no published records of these species ( table
number of marine species reported from área de conservación guanacaste ( complete list of species in the appendix 1 ) , pacific coast of costa rica ( see cortés 2012 , plus references indicated as superindex ) ( species reported only for isla del coco were excluded ) ; percentage of the species of the pacific reported form acg , and species only found in acg . n . k . = not known .
taxa reported from other sites of pacific costa rica ( see cortés 2012 , plus references indicated as superindex ) , but not from área de conservación guanacaste . n . k . = not known ; present = have been observed or collected but there are no publications ; probably = there is a high probability that they are present but have not been observed yet .
over 85 % of the species reported are also found in other areas of the coast of costa rica and in the eastern tropical pacific ; however , most areas , including the acg , have not been intensively collected , and the same common species are found repeatedly by collecting expeditions . thirty new species have been described from specimens collected in the acg : one foraminiferan , one echinoderm , two octocorals , three parasitic flatworms , four fishes , eight crustaceans and 11 mollusks ( appendix
most of the sampling has been concentrated in a few localities of the marine area of the acg and those sites therefore have the highest number of reported species . for example , bahía santa elena ( 371 spp . ) , playa blanca ( 104 spp . ) and in some of the islas murciélago ( 103 spp . ) seem very species - rich ( table
) . other areas within acg have not been sampled at all , for example the northern shore of the santa elena peninsula or some of the islas murciélago . the soft bottom substrate has not been sampled thoroughly nor most of the rocky intertidal zones .
compared to other areas on the pacific of costa rica , the acg has fewer known marine species ( 594 spp . ) than does golfo dulce ( 1028 spp . : morales - ramírez 2011 ) or isla del coco ( 1688 spp . : cortés 2012 ) , but about the same as what is currently known for bahía culebra ( 577 spp : cortés et al . 2012 ) . but that number will definitely increase as more taxa , other sites and environments within the acg are inventoried .
synthesized the knowledge of marine biodiversity of the eastern tropical pacific , mainly from coral reefs , where most studies have been done . for example , 857 marine species have been reported for clipperton atoll , france , (
, this paper ) , and 5740 spp . for the entire gulf of california , méxico (
knowing and documenting which species occurs where is a critical first step in understanding and conserving the biodiversity of a particular area . as outlined in tables
i thank dan janzen , frank joyce , maría marta chavarría , winnie hallwachs , and roger blanco for setting up the biomar acg project that inspired this paper . the cimar , the escuela de biología and the vicerrectoría de investigación of the ucr let me dedicate most of my time to research . i deeply appreciate the review of sections or the entire manuscript by arturo angulo , rocío córdoba , cindy fernández - garcía , kimberly garcía - méndez , dan janzen , frank joyce , carolina sheridan - rodríguez , jeffrey sibaja - cordero , rita vargas - castillo , and the journal’s editor and reviewers . finally , i thank the government of costa rica , the wege foundation of grand rapids , michigan , and the guanacaste dry forest conservation fund ( gdfcf ; urltoken ) for proving the funds for the biomar acg project and for the publication of this paper .
marine species reported from área de conservación guanacaste ( acg ) . species in bold type reported only for the acg in costa rica ( in the case of
some have been reported in people but not in marine organisms ) . localities as in figure
cyanocystis violacea ( p . l . crouan & h . m . crouan ) komárek & anagnostidis , 1986 as dermocarpa violacea
colpomenia durvillei ( bory de saint - vincent ) m . e . ramírez , 1991 as colpomenia phaeodactyla
pyropia thuretii ( setchell & e . y . dawson ) j . e . sutherland , l . e . aguilar rosas & r . aguilar rosas , 2011
smithora naiadum ( c . l . anderson ) hollenberg , 1959 as porphyra naiadum
acrochaetium arcuatum ( k . m . drew ) c . k . tseng , 1945 as acrochaetium penetrale
neosiphonia beaudettei ( hollenberg ) m . - s . kim & i . a . abbott , 2006 as polysiphonia beaudettei
pocillopora inflata glynn , 1999 , but see paz - garcía et al . 2015
anachis fluctuata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as anachis ( parvanachis ) fluctuata
sincola dorsata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as sincola ( dorsina ) dorsata
strombina elegans ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as strombina ( spiralta ) elegans
sincola gibberula ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as sincola ( dorsina ) gibberula
strombina maculosa ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as strombina ( spiralta ) maculosa
strombina pulcherrima ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as strombina ( lirastrombina ) pulcherrima
strombina recurva ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as strombina ( recurvina ) recurva
conasprella lucida ( w . wood , 1828 ) as conus lucidus wood , 1828
conasprella perplexa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1857 ) as conus perplexus
conasprella tornata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as conus tornatus
americardia biangulata ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) as cardium biangulatum
trachycardium consors ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as cardium consors
trachycardium procerum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as cardium procerum
trigoniocardia granifera ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) as cardium graniferum
semele pallida ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as semele simplicissima
tagelus affinis ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) as tagelus ( tagelus ) affinis
carditamera affinis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as cardita ( carditamera ) affinis
carditamera radiata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as cardita ( carditamera ) radiate
cardites laticostatus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as cardita tricolor
eucrassatella gibbosa ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 ) as crassatellites ( hybolophus ) gibbosus
caryocorbula biradiata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as aloidis ( caryocorbula ) biradiata
caryocorbula nasuta ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as aloidis ( caryocorbula ) nasuta
leukoma asperrima ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) as chione ( nioche ) asperrima
periglypta multicostata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) as antigona ( periglypta ) multicostata
pitar consanguineus ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) as pitar ( pitar ) consanguineous
saccella elenensis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as nuculana ( saccella ) elenensis
anadara biangulata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as acar ( anadara ) biangulata
anadara nux ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as arca ( cunearca ) nux
arca mutabilis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as arca ( arca ) mutabilis
barbatia illota ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) barbatia ( fugleria ) illota
calloarca alternata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as arca ( calloarca ) alternata
larkinia grandis ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) as grandiarca grandis
larkinia grandis ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) as arca ( lakinia ) grandis
larkinia multicostata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as anadara multicostata
larkinia multicostata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as arca ( larkinia ) multicostata
tucetona strigilata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as glycymeris ( tuceta ) tessellata strigilata and as glycymeris ( tuceta ) tessellata
arcopsis solida ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) as arca ( arcopsis ) solida
nodipecten subnodosus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) as pecten ( lyropecten ) subnodosus
uca ( leptuca ) stenodactylus ( h . milne edwards & lucas , 1843 ) as uca stenodactyla
achelous asper ( a . milne - edwards , 1861 ) as portunus ( portunus ) panamensis
heteractaea lunata ( lucas , in h . milne edwards & lucas , 1844 )
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