chlamydotis is a genus of large birds in the bustard family .

the genus name is from ancient greek khlamus , a horseman ’s cloak with weights sewn into the corners , and otis , bustard .

members of this genus show very little sexual dimorphism in their plumage .

the clade consisting of two species , formerly considered to be conspecific forms a sister group within the clade that includes the genus otis .

houbara bustard , chlamydotis undulata c. u. undulata in north africa c. u. fuertaventurae in the canary islands macqueen 's bustard , chlamydotis macqueenii of asia the genus was established by the french naturalist rené primevère lesson in 1839 and included only one species which was formerly described in the genus otis .

the genus name of houbara was used by charles lucien bonaparte but this was dropped , being a nomen nudum , as not following the requirements for zoological names .

macqueen 's was split on the basis of distinctive display , differences in feather colours and on the basis of well established genetic differences .

the two species are thought to have separated during a period of extreme aridity around 0.9 million years ago .

houbara bustard breeds in the canary islands and north africa .

macqueen 's bustard occurs in southwestern asia and along the dry region between the caspian sea and the gobi desert .

the more northern populations have many birds migrating south in winter and macqueen 's has historically been known for its vagrancy and individuals have been found well outside their usual range .

they breed in deserts and other arid sandy areas and are sensitive to human disturbance .

populations of both these bustards have been greatly reduced by hunting , falconry and human-induced habitat changes .

chlamydotis

artificial insemination in houbara bustards ( chlamydotis undulata ) : influence of the number of spermatozoa and insemination frequency on fertility and ability to hatch .
artificial insemination in houbara bustards ( chlamydotis undulata ) : influence of the number of spermatozoa and insemination frequency on fertility . . . - pubmed - ncbi
chlamydotis undulata and c . macqueenii ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as c . undulata following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : chlamydotis macqueenii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
idaghdour , youssef ; broderick , damien ; korrida , amal ; chbel , faiza ( 2004 ) .
mitochondrial control region diversity of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata complex and genetic structure along the atlantic seaboard of north africa
. molecular ecology 13 ( 1 ) : 43–54 . doi : 10 . 1046 / j . 1365 - 294x . 2003 . 02039 . x .
aurelio martin ; juan antonio lorenzo ; miguel angel hernandez ; manuel nogales ; félix manuel medina ; juan domingo delgado ; josé julián naranjo ; vicente quilis and guillermo delgado ( 1997 ) .
distribution , status and conservation of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae rothschild & hartert , 1894 , in the canary islands , november–december 1994
. ardeola 44 ( 1 ) : 61–69 .
collar , n . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . african houbara ( chlamydotis undulata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the houbara bustard or north african houbara ( chlamydotis undulata ) is a large bird in the bustard family . this bustard is found in arid habitats spread across northern africa with a population on the canary islands . they are dull brown with black markings on the wings with a greyish neck and a black ruff along the side of the neck . males and females appear very similar but males are larger and heavier . this species formerly included macqueen ' s bustard , sometimes known as the asian houbara as a subspecies .
there are three subspecies of houbara bustard : chlamydotis undulata macqueenii is found in the deserts of russia and the middle east , c . u . undulata is found in north africa and c . u . fuertaventurae is found in the eastern canary islands . they differ slightly in their size and colouration , but are not consistent in their migratory tendencies ( 4 ) . north african and middle eastern birds are resident or partially migratory , moving short distances to find fresh vegetation , whereas other asian populations are fully migratory ( 5 ) .
between 1989 and 1992 , artificial insemination was used in the reproduction of two subspecies of houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii and chlamydotis undulata undulata ) at the national wildlife research center , taif . the laying period was between january and july and the mean annual egg production in c . undulata macqueenii was 10 . 2 and in c . undulata undulata was 7 . 6 . no differences were found in sperm production between the two subspecies : the mean volume of ejaculate was 0 . 08 ml ; the mean sperm concentration was 350 x 10 ( 6 ) spermatozoa ml - 1 ; and the mean number of spermatozoa per ejaculate was about 20 x 10 ( 6 ) . large intra - and inter - individual variation was found in sperm parameters . intra - individual variation in number of spermatozoa per ejaculate was due mainly to seasonal variation . the mean quantity of spermatozoa produced per week by fully sexually mature houbara bustards was 165 x 10 ( 6 ) . there was no significant difference in fertility or in ability to hatch between the two subspecies . overall , in 1992 , mean fertility was 69 . 3 % and 49 . 2 % of eggs hatched . females showed a median sperm storage duration of 10 days and a maximum sperm storage duration of 22 days . a positive correlation was found between fertility and quantity of spermatozoa inseminated ( r = 0 . 99 , p < 0 . 001 ) . sperm storage duration was related to the number of spermatozoa inseminated . the best results ( 85 % fertile eggs ) were obtained when more than 10 ( 6 ) spermatozoa were inseminated between 3 and 6 days before laying . analysis of hatching showed that embryo mortality increased when inseminations were performed more than 10 days before laying .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
c . 65 - 75 cm . a striking pale sandy bustard with black - tipped white crest and black neck stripe , blue - grey foreneck and breast , and white underparts . in display the male erects the long feathers of the crest and neck and withdraws his head into his chest while performing a blind run in various directions . similar spp . the present species was previously included within c . undulata , which has a completely white crest and lacks any white in the ornamental neck plumes , and has the neck finely peppered black and white rather than smoothly blue - grey . voice . mostly silent , but the males display ends in a series of high - pitched notes .
allinson , t , butchart , s . , collar , n . , derhé , m . , gilroy , j . , khwaja , n . , martin , r , symes , a . , taylor , j . , ashpole , j , wheatley , h .
this newly split species is subject to considerable over - exploitation and declines have been estimated in a large proportion of its total population , thus globally it is estimated and projected to be in rapid population decline over three generations , starting in the past and continuing into the future . however , rates of population decline may be very rapid , and if hunting pressure is not reduced the species could soon warrant uplisting to a higher threat category . conversely , if on - going reintroduction and reinforcement strategies succeed in stabilising the population , future downlisting to a lower threat category may be justified .
. in addition , there may still be limited or sporadic occurrence of the species in azerbaijan and armenia , and perhaps also in southern russia and turkey ( goriup 1997 ) . the population has recently been estimated at between 78 , 960 and 97 , 000 individuals globally ( o . combreau
2014 ) . it must be emphasised , however , that accurately establishing the global population is extremely challenging , and this range of figures should be treated as a tentative best estimate . more generally , the population is expected to fall within the population band of 50 , 000 - 99 , 999 individuals . the breeding population in kazakhstan has been estimated at c . 49 , 000 individuals ( riou
the most robust population trend data come from extensive studies coordinated by the national avian research center ( narc ; now part of the international fund for houbara conservation , abu dhabi , u . a . e . ) . since 1998 , narc has undertaken biannual surveys across the five principal population centres in southern kazakhstan ( tourenq
2011 ) . given that this country hosts a significant proportion ( > 50 % ) of the global population and is the source of most migrants to arabia , pakistan and iran , where hunting pressures are most intense , information from here provides an indication of the status of the global population . the initial published analysis of the first four years of data ( 1998 - 2002 ) suggested alarming declines across all five regions , most severely in the vicinity of the kyzylkum desert ( tourenq
( 2011 ) confirmed on - going declines in some regions , but also suggested stabilising and even increasing populations in others . assessed collectively , the population in kazakhstan declined by 26 - 36 % between 2000 and 2009 ( riou
. 2016a ) , with no sign of a prominent population decline within the last five years ( m . koshkin
2016 ) . anecdotal evidence from iran suggests that between 2004 and 2012 the population there has declined , with apparently substantial declines noted in protected areas ( r . ayé
. 2013 ) . in recent years the species has been heavily hunted in iraq , as the country has opened up to visits by hunters from other countries ( r . porter
. 2013 ) . thousands of individuals of this species are hunted and trapped each year in pakistan ( s . khan
the population has recently been estimated at between 78 , 960 and 97 , 000 individuals globally ( o . combreau
. 2014 , birdlife international 2014 ) . it must be emphasised , however , that accurately establishing the global population is extremely challenging , and this figure should be treated as a tentative best estimate . the population is therefore expected to fall within the population band for 50 , 000 - 99 , 999 individuals , which is assumed to equate to c . 33 , 000 - 67 , 000 mature individuals .
2011 ) , which holds over 50 % of the global population . the initial published analysis of the first four years of data ( 1998 - 2002 ) suggested alarming declines across all regions surveyed ( tourenq
( 2011 ) confirmed on - going declines in some regions , but also suggested stabilising and even increasing populations in others . overall , the population in kazakhstan is estimated to have declined by 26 - 36 % between 2000 and 2009 ( riou
. 2011 ) . anecdotal evidence indicates that there have been recent declines in iran ( r . ayé
. 2013 ) , and that hunting pressure has been very high in iraq ( r . porter
. 2013 ) in recent years . based on these data and observations , the population is estimated and projected to be declining by 30 - 49 % over a three - generation ( 20 - year ) window , stretching from the past into the future .
. 2003 ) . it favours scattered shrubby vegetation , typically comprising xerophytic or halophytic plants ( collar 1996 ) . those wintering in iran have been shown to prefer more densely vegetated bush - steppe to sparser shrub - steppe ; however , within those bush - steppe habitats they favour areas with reduced vegetation cover ( aghanajafizadeh
2010 ) , more open , unvegetated areas are often favoured as night - time roosts in order to minimise the risk of ambush by nocturnal predators ( combreau and smith 1997 ) . on the breeding grounds , nesting females may also favour sites away from vegetation patches , which could provide cover for predators ( yang
the species feeds throughout the day , but is most active at dawn and dusk ( combreau and launay 1996 ) . it has an eclectic diet , mainly comprising plants and invertebrates ( especially ants formicidae and beetles tenebrionidae : tigar and osborne 2000 ) , but also including vertebrates such as rodents , lizards , small snakes and even young birds ( collar 1996 , tourenq et al . 2003 ) .
males attract their mates with an extravagant courtship display which they perform at the same site each year . the display begins with a period of strutting and culminates with the male retracting his head within an ornamental shield of erected neck feathers and then running at speed in either a straight or curved line . the display is often accompanied by a series of subsonic booming calls ( gaucher et al . 1996 ) . males play no part in rearing the young , and a brood may contain young sired by several different individuals ( lesobre et al . 2010 ) . females create a shallow scrape in the ground in which they typically lay 3 - 4 eggs , and occasionally up to six eggs in long - distance migrants ( collar 1996 , combreau et al . 2002 ) . the incubation period is typically 24 days , whilst fledging takes around 35 days .
2009 ) . large numbers are also trapped , mainly in pakistan and iran , and shipped to arabia for use in the training of falcons ( combreau 2007 ) . in 2014 an illegal shipment of 240 birds was intercepted en route from pakistan to bahrain ( shafaeipour
. 2015 ) . in parts of the region , fast - paced development related to the growth of the petroleum industry has reduced the availability of undisturbed habitats and further exacerbated the species ' s decline . oil exploration , road building , oil and water pipelines , mining and quarrying activities , powerlines and the general disturbance caused by four - wheel drive vehicles have all been identified as significant auxiliary threats . powerlines in particular may be a significant threat ( m . koshkin
livestock grazing is reported to have a negative impact on the species , both indirectly , by degrading the desert vegetation on which birds rely for food and concealment , and directly , through the trampling of nests and disturbance of nesting females ( lavee 1988 ) . recent research on the effects of pastoralism on this species in the kyzylkum desert in uzbekistan , however , has found that low intensity livestock grazing may not widely degrade rangelands at a landscape scale ( koshkin
. 2010 ) . in saudi arabia , eggs and nests are predated by a range of mammalian predators ( m . zafar - ul islam
cites appendix i . cms appendix ii . the species is considered critically endangered on the european red list of birds ( birdlife international 2015 ) . studies have been conducted into the status , ecology and migration of the species in various parts of its range , most notably kazakhstan ( combreau
. 2014 , 2016a , b ) . through its network of breeding facilities in the u . a . e . , morocco and kazakhstan , the international fund for houbara conservation ( ifhc ) has a long - term goal to produce 35 , 000 asian houbaras each year for reintroduction into the wild ( ifhc 2014 ) . the first releases were made in mahazat as - sayd protected area in central saudi arabia in 1991 . this population is currently estimated to number 250–300 individuals . further releases have taken place elsewhere in saudi arabia ( including at saja umm ar rimth with c . 50 individuals [ m . zafar - ul islam
. 2016 ] ) and also in u . a . e . , qatar , kuwait , yemen , jordan , kazakhstan and uzbekistan . it is not yet clear what impact the releases of captive - reared birds have on the demographics and genetic integrity of the overall population , however according to burnside
( 2016 ) , in order to compensate for the loss of wild adults to hunting , the number of released birds may need to be as much as 10 times higher than hunting quotas . at least three birds have been satellite tracked from saudi arabia to the breeding grounds in kazakhstan ( zafar - ul islam
the most urgently needed conservation measures are those that will reduce exploitation to a biologically sustainable level . this will require precautionary and scientifically determined limits on the number of birds that can be harvested legally and stricter enforcement of bans on illegal forms of trade and hunting ; it also requires in - depth studies of natural productivity in asian houbaras in relation to habitat selection and predator abundance . carry out further surveys to gain an improved estimate of the overall population size and trend ; continue research to determine the migration routes , schedules and strategies of all populations . survey the species throughout the wintering range ( m . zafar - ul islam
. 2016 ) . produce a range - wide action and recovery plan , based on agreement under the convention on migratory species . develop and implement national and regional species action plans ( m . zafar - ul islam
. 2016 ) . create managed protected areas . where they can be shown to be detrimental , reduce grazing and other farming pressures ( goriup 1997 , combreau
2004 , f . launay pers . comm . 2004 ) . establish long - term , range - wide population monitoring studies . study the overall demographic and genetic consequences of releasing captive - reared birds .
map edited : removed wintering range in ne china , added resident areas and changed remainder of range to non - breeding . eoo updated .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22733562a118585210 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
ayé , r . , collar , n . , combreau , o . , gonzález , c , , hingrat , y . , islam , z . , iñigo , a . , launay , f . , lewis , a . & lorenzo , j .
allinson , t , ashpole , j , burfield , i . , butchart , s . , collar , n . , derhé , m . , gilroy , j . , khwaja , n . , pople , r . , symes , a . , taylor , j . , westrip , j .
this recently split species is listed as vulnerable because it is suspected to be in rapid decline owing mainly to hunting pressure and habitat loss and degradation . releases of captive - bred birds may buffer the overall population against these threats ; however , further research is required into the demographic consequences of such releases , and surveys are needed to assess the population trend . if it can be demonstrated that these releases have bolstered the breeding population , without detrimental genetic effects , and slowed or halted declines , then the species may warrant downlisting in future .
, where its population in the mid - 1990s was estimated at 527 birds , with 241 on fuerteventura , 268 on lanzarote and 18 on la graciosa . more recent estimates place the population at 108 - 252 birds on fuerteventura , 272 - 801 on lanzarote and 3 - 10 on la graciosa ( carrascal
in the mid - 1990s was estimated to be at least 9 , 800 individuals , of which over 50 % were in algeria , 30 % in morocco and 10 % in libya ( goriup 1997 ) . in more recent discussions , however , a reliable estimate for the number of individuals in north africa has not been considered achievable ( without huge confidence limits ) .
although this species showed a steady decline of c . 25 % in the 20 years preceding 2004 ( f . launay pers . comm . 2004 ) , this trend may since have been reversed by a captive breeding and release programme in eastern morocco and western algeria , and the overall population of
2012 ) . however , research is required into the efficacy of such releases at improving the demographic trends of the entire population without compromising its genetic integrity . furthermore , the species has become extremely rare in tunisia , and declines are suspected in other range states ( r . ayé
. 2013 ) . until further information is available , the global population is suspected to be in rapid decline owing to continued hunting and pressures on its habitats .
algeria ; egypt ; libya ; mauritania ; morocco ; spain ( canary is . ) ; sudan ; tunisia ; western sahara
in the mid - 1990s , this species ' s population was estimated to number at least 9 , 800 individuals ( goriup 1997 ) . it had been roughly estimated that north africa held around 30 % of the total population of
when lumped , which has been estimated at c . 106 , 000 - 110 , 000 individuals . on the basis of these estimates , the population of
) is placed in the band for 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals , assumed to equate to c . 13 , 000 - 33 , 000 mature individuals .
the species had been in decline prior to 2004 ( f . launay pers . comm . 2004 ) , but this rate may have now slowed or been reversed as a result of a captive breeding and release programme ( o . combreau
2012 ) . the canary islands was reported to be fluctuating over the period 2001 - 2012 ( birdlife international 2015 ) . until evidence of the demographic impacts of these releases is available , the overall population is suspected to be in rapid decline owing to the on - going threats of hunting pressure and habitat loss and degradation .
2012 ) . it feeds on invertebrates , small vertebrates and green shoots , and typically lays 2 - 4 eggs in a scrape on the ground . eggs and young are susceptible to ground predators . north african populations may be sedentary or partially migratory , moving relatively short distances to find recent plant growth ( snow and perrins 1998 ) .
males attract their mates with an extravagant courtship display which they perform at the same site each year . the display begins with a period of strutting and culminates with the male retracting his head within an ornamental shield of erected neck feathers and then running at speed in either a straight or curved line . the display is often accompanied by a series of subsonic booming calls ( gaucher
. 2005 ) . eggs are susceptible to trampling by livestock and collection by humans . disturbance can be caused by oil exploration activities , along with disturbance associated with other threats . locust control programmes can lead to direct and indirect poisoning of birds and a reduction in food supply . floods and droughts cause additional pressures ( azafzaf
is considered threatened by collisions with powerlines ( lowen 2007 , c . gonzález and j . a . lorenzo
, as well as habitat degradation caused by tourist facilities , off - road vehicles , military exercises , overgrazing , sand extraction and road development , and possibly also nest predation by introduced mammals and illegal hunting ( martín .
1997 , martín and lorenzo 2001 , martí and del moral 2003 ) . recent evidence suggests that the impact of military exercises and hunting have reduced considerably in recent years , but mortality from powerlines may still be significant ( c . gonzález and j . a . lorenzo
cites appendix i . eu birds directive annex i . bern convention appendix ii . national legislation protects the species or controls hunting in most range states ; however , hunters are often able to circumvent these laws ( azafzaf
1997 , martín and lorenzo 2001 , martí and del moral 2003 ) . seo / birdlife purchased a 209 - ha reserve to protect the species on fuerteventura in 2005 . the nominate subspecies in north africa was the subject of an action plan ( azafzaf
2012 ) , although the demographic consequences of this for the entire population have not yet been established . captive breeding is carried out by the international fund for houbara conservation ( ifhc ) at the emirates centre for wildlife propagation ( ecwp ) , at missour and enjil in morocco . the numbers bred and released each year have increased regularly , with 20 , 310 individuals bred in 2013 ( ifhc 2014 ) .
carry out comprehensive and coordinated surveys to establish the total population size and quantify the overall trend . establish robust , workable systems for the sustainability of hunting throughout range . create hunting preserves and other types of managed protected areas . reduce grazing and other farming pressures ( goriup 1997 , o . combreau and m . lawrence
2004 , f . launay pers . comm . 2004 ) . study the impacts of releasing captive - reared birds on the demographics and genetic structure of the whole population .
: designate new and expand existing special protected areas under european law . increase wardening of key areas . ensure safe powerline positions ; conduct a rigorous census every five years . undertake local awareness campaigns ( martín
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national wildlife research center ( national commission for wildlife conservation and developments ) , taif , saudi arabia .
a largely solitary bird , the houbara bustard feeds alone or in small groups on beetles , ants and plants . in the breeding season , males and females meet only to choose a mate and to breed . courtship takes place between december and march and involves a sophisticated display ( 4 ) . the male ruffles the feathers of his crest , neck and head and raises the wings . he walks steadily and calmly in a large circle or straight line , with the tail raised and fanned out , occasionally lowering the wings . abruptly , the male then begins to leap back and forth as he attempts to attract the attention of the female . once the female has made her choice and mated with a male , neither bird will mate again that season ( 2 ) . the female leaves the male after mating and both sexes remain solitary for the remainder of the breeding season . between february and april the female lays two or three eggs in a small scrape ( 4 ) . after hatching , the chicks follow the female for protection as she feeds , as they are vulnerable to predators , including eagles , falcons , foxes , wolves , monitor lizards , snakes and kestrels ( 5 ) .
a striking bird resembling a turkey in shape , the houbara bustard is at its most magnificent during the courtship display . it has a long neck and tail , narrow wings , and long black and white feathers drooping over the neck . the head is small with a short , black and white crest and large eyes . males are slightly larger and have ornate bristles on the head and neck . the body is brown with wavy , black barring on the back and white on the underside . juveniles resemble adult females ( 2 ) .
occurs across a wide range in north africa . the nominate subspecies occurs in northernmost
, where its population in the mid - 1990s was estimated at 527 birds , with 18 on la graciosa , 268 on lanzarote and 241 on fuerteventura . more recent estimates place the population at 108 - 252 birds on fuerteventura , 272 - 801 on lanzarote and 3 - 10 on la graciosa ( carrascal
2012 ) . however , research is required into the efficacy of such releases at improving the demographic trends of the entire population without compromising its genetic integrity . furthermore , the species has become extremely rare in tunisia , and declines are suspected in other range states ( r . ay
it inhabits sandy and stony semi - desert and is specialised to arid conditions where trees are absent and both shrub cover and herb layer are sparse ( collar 1979 , goriup 1997 , snow and perrins 1998 , mart and del moral 2003 ) . it feeds on invertebrates , small vertebrates and green shoots , and typically lays 2 - 4 eggs in a scrape on the ground . eggs and young are susceptible to ground predators . north african populations may be sedentary or partially migratory , moving relatively short distances to find recent plant growth ( snow and perrins 1998 ) .
adapted to arid conditions with little vegetation , the houbara bustard is found in sandy and stony semi - desert regions ( 5 ) .
this newly split species is listed as vulnerable because it is suspected to be in rapid decline owing mainly to hunting pressure and habitat loss and degradation . releases of captive - bred birds may buffer the overall population against these threats ; however , further research is required into the demographic consequences of such releases , and surveys are needed to assess the population trend . if it can be demonstrated that these releases have bolstered the breeding population , without detrimental genetic effects , and slowed or halted declines , then the species may warrant downlisting in future .
the houbara bustard is classified as vulnerable ( vu a2bcd + 3bcd ) on the iucn red list 2004 ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) . it is also listed on appendix ii of the berne convention on european wildlife and natural habitats ( 6 ) and on annex i of the ec birds directive ( 7 ) .
is considered threatened by collisions with powerlines ( lowen 2007 , c . gonzlez and j . a . lorenzo
, as well as habitat degradation caused by tourist facilities , off - road vehicles , military exercises , overgrazing , sand extraction and road development , and possibly also nest predation by introduced mammals and illegal hunting ( martn .
1997 , martn and lorenzo 2001 , mart and del moral 2003 ) . recent evidence suggests that the impact of military exercises and hunting have reduced considerably in recent years , but mortality from powerlines may still be significant ( c . gonzlez and j . a . lorenzo
the traditional practice of hunting for houbara bustards by middle eastern falconers has reduced populations significantly , mainly on the wintering grounds . this over - hunting has been compounded by habitat loss and degradation . the subspecies c . u . fuertaventurae has been particularly affected by habitat degradation as a result of tourist activities and associated development , as well as by military exercises , over - grazing , sand - extraction , and road - development . further threats include collisions with power lines , and nest - predation by introduced mammals ( 5 ) .
1997 , martn and lorenzo 2001 , mart and del moral 2003 ) . seo / birdlife purchased a 209 - ha reserve to protect the species on fuerteventura in 2005 . the nominate subspecies in north africa was the subject of an action plan ( azafzaf
carry out comprehensive and coordinated surveys to establish the total population size and quantify the overall trend . establish robust , workable systems for the sustainability of hunting throughout range . create hunting preserves and other types of managed protected areas . reduce grazing and other farming pressures ( goriup 1997 , o . combreau and m . lawrence
: designate new and expand existing special protected areas under european law . increase wardening of key areas . ensure safe powerline positions ; conduct a rigorous census every five years . undertake local awareness campaigns ( martn
c . u . fuertaventurae has benefited from improved protection from poaching and improved habitat management within protected areas . c . u . macqueenii has been the subject of several studies into its status , ecology and migration routes . it has also been involved in captive breeding programmes for restocking areas where it is heavily hunted . no conservation measures are known to have been put into action for c . u . undulata . a whole species action plan has yet to be produced although there is a european action plan for c . u . fuertaventurae . managed hunting preserves are crucial to the recovery of the houbara bustard ( 5 ) .
this article is about the north african species . for the asian houbara that was considered a subspecies , see macqueen ' s bustard .
the houbara bustard is a small to mid - sized bustard . it measures 55–65 cm ( 22–26 in ) in length and spans 135–170 cm ( 53–67 in ) across the wings . it is brown above and white below , with a black stripe down the sides of its neck . in flight , the long wings show large areas of black and brown on the flight feathers . it is slightly smaller and darker than macqueen ' s bustard . the sexes are similar , but the female , at 66 cm ( 26 in ) tall , is rather smaller and greyer above than the male , at 73 cm ( 29 in ) tall .
the body mass is 1 . 15–2 . 4 kg ( 2 . 5–5 . 3 lb ) in males and 1–1 . 7 kg ( 2 . 2–3 . 7 lb ) in females .
. based on the rates of divergence of mitochondrial dna sequences , the two subspecies are thought to have separated from a common ancestor around 20 to 25 thousand years ago . the separation from macqueen ' s bustard is older at 430 thousand years ago .
the committee responded to this scepticism , by explaining that there are differences in both courtship and pre - copulation displays .
the houbara bustard is found in north africa west of the nile mainly in the western part of the sahara desert region in mauritania , morocco , algeria , tunisia , libya and egypt . some old records exist from sudan . a small population is found in the canary islands . the asian houbara or macqueen ' s bustard which was earlier included in this species occurs east of the sinai peninsula . the north african species is sedentary unlike the northern populations of macqueen ' s bustards .
like other bustards , this species has a flamboyant display raising the white feathers of the head and neck and withdrawing the head . two to four eggs are laid on the ground . it hardly ever uses its voice .
of the canary islands is highly restricted and endangered . a 1997 survey found a total population of about 500 birds .
the north african houbara bustard declined in populations in the two decades before 2004 , but unlike its near relative the asian houbara or macqueen ' s bustard , has been on the increase since . although hunted both by falconers and by hunters with guns , the extent is much less than that faced by macqueen ' s bustard in the middle east and west asia .
the international foundation for conservation and development of wildlife ( ifcdw ) is a major conservation and breeding project established with funds from prince sultan bin abdul aziz al saud and based near agadir , morocco . the centre releases captive bred populations to boost wild populations . similar projects breed macqueen ' s bustards using artificial insemination are also carried out in the united arab emirates .
ali , s . ( 1993 ) . the book of indian birds . bombay : bombay natural history society . isbn 0 - 19 - 563731 - 3 .
crc handbook of avian body masses by john b . dunning jr . ( editor ) . crc press ( 1992 ) , isbn 978 - 0 - 8493 - 4258 - 5 .
stone , richard .
the houbara : headed for oblivion ?
science , vol . 321 , 12 september 2008 , p . 1441 .
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until recently considered conspecific with c . macqueenii but differs in its all - white vs black - tipped white crown with all - black vs white - based black ornamental neck plumes ( 3 ) ; finely peppered black - and - white vs pale blue - greyforeneck base and breast in mature male ( 2 ) ; position of crown feathers in display , sweeping up and back vs falling forward over bill # r ( 2 ) ; vocal differences in display ( sequence ends in one single note rather than a series of notes ) # r ( 2 ) . two subspecies recognized .
( rothschild & e . j . o . hartert , 1894 ) – e canary is .
male 65–75 cm , 1800–3200 g ; female 55–65 cm , 1200–1700 g . upperparts pale sandy buff , mottled and lined with darker brown , clear and paler on folded . . .
virtually silent . displaying males may utter 3–5 low , deep , booming notes at 2 second intervals .
arid sandy semi - desert with tussock grass , flat bare stony plains dotted with xerophytic and . . .
variable and opportunistic , with no clearly discernible seasonal or geographical pattern . vegetable matter such as fruits , seeds , shoots , . . .
the mating system appears to fulfil the definition of an ‘exploded - lek’ , in which males form loose aggregations where they . . .
vulnerable . cites i . status everywhere very difficult to gauge owing to birds ' highly cryptic coloration , elusive behaviour , and remote and inhospitable habitat . the . . .
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reported as apparently close to neotis in hbw , but molecular evidence suggests it is closest to otis # r .
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the yellow-striped poison frog ( dendrobates truncatus ) is a species of frog in the family dendrobatidae .

it is endemic to colombia .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , intermittent freshwater marshes , and plantations .

yellow - striped poison frog

name : dendrobates truncatus ' ' yellow ' . commonly called the yellow striped poison dart frog , nilo poison arrow frog , or simply yellow truncatus or yellow truncs ( pronunced ' trunks ' ) in the us frog hobby .
information on the yellow - striped poison frog is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the yellow - striped poison frog is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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the yellow striped poison frog ( dendrobates truncatus ) is a beautiful and less common member of the iconic frog genus . this species is found amongst the leaf litter of lowland rainforest in colombia , often around streams . as with many poiso
are mostly black in color with linear yellow racing striped and white flash marks . the yellow can range from a very bright yellow to a light whitish yellow in some individuals . supplementing the diet with repashy superpig , paprika , or other similar color enhancers can result in deeper / darker yellow coloration . other color morphs of truncatus exist in the hobby , which are believed to represent separate populations from yellow truncatus .
poison dart frogs are small , colorful neotropical amphibians native to central and south america . poison dart frogs have greatly increased in popularity in recent years , and have become easy to care for , rewarding pets . josh ' s frogs , the largest breeder of poison dart frogs , breeds all of the poison dart frogs we sell at our breeding facility in owosso , mi .
history in the hobby : discovered in 1861 , dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' have been known to the zoological community much longer than frog hobbyists in the us . yellow truncatus are realtively recent in the hobby when compared to their close relatives ( auratus , tinctorius , and leucomelas ) . a recent import from nilo , colombia consisted of yellow truncatus that were visually very similar to original imports , although the older line does not have locality data . josh ' s frogs works with the ' old line ' of dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' , which descend from the original imports to the united states .
sexing : dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' is not sexable until 10 - 12 months of age . male truncs tend to be smaller than females , which often appear both longer and wider . males also tend to spend more time in the open than females , and have a particular affinity for being off the ground - possibly claiming perches for calling sites . truncatus are one of the more difficult species of poison dart frogs to sex . josh ' s frogs sells 2 - 3 month old juveniles that are not sexable unless otherwise noted . for more information on sexing poison dart frogs , please visit our how - to guide on sexing poison dart frogs .
size : adult female truncatus are larger , measuring in at approximately 1 . 25 inches . male dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' are a bit smaller , averaging about 1 inch at maturity . all of the yellow truncatus froglets josh ' s frogs sells are well started juveniles , and measure at least 3 / 4” long .
temperature : dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' can tolerate a temperature range of 65 f to 80 f , but prefer temperatures in the low to mid 70s . temperatures over 85f are dangerous .
age : dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' is capable of living well over 20 years in captivity under ideal conditions , although a lifespan of 10 years is more common . in the wild , it is thought that yellow truncatus may live 4 - 6 years . all truncatus for sale at josh ' s frogs are well started juveniles , and are 2 - 3 months old .
please respond to our frog shipping email , to ensure you will be there to receive the animals when they arrive . we ' ll email back to confirm after checking your local weather conditions .
josh ' s frogs does not recommend , support , or endorse mixing different populations of dart frogs as we believe this leads to weaker captive animals and nature has done a wonderful job of creating an amazing variation in color and pattern of poison dart frogs already .
fedex ' s website will display the nearest locations where you may pick up your frogs . we ' ll look up the locations for you when you call to schedule frog shipping . you do not need to check your temperature before ordering frogs - josh ' s frogs will take care of this when contacted about scheduling shipment . frog orders require contact from our customer prior to being shipped out , to ensure you will be there to receive the animals when they arrive , and to check your local weather conditions .
humidity : like most poison dart frogs , truncatus prefer a humidity range of 70 – 100 % , but can tolerate humidity down to 50 % for short periods of time if the frogs have access to water . low humidity levels , especially without access to water , can quickly be fatal .
recommended vivarium size : a 10 gallon aquarium is suitable for a single dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' , but josh ' s frogs recommends a 20h or 18x18x18 vivarium for 1 - 4 frogs . not sure how to set up a vivarium ? please watch our video on how to set up a vivarium .
josh ' s frogs offers a 3 day health guarantee on all animals purchased from josh ' s frogs . if animal ( s ) purchased arrive in good shape but fail to thrive within 3 days , josh ' s frogs requires that pictures of the animal ( s ) and their habitat is emailed to info @ urltoken within 3 days of the animal ' s arrival . when emailing the pictures , please include relavent habitat information , such as average humidity and temperature . a josh ' s frogs representative will then contact the customer and discuss poison dart frog care . failure to meet these guidelines will void josh ' s frogs live arrival and health guarantee .
shipping for any number of frogs is just $ 39 . 99 . frogs are shipped via fedex priority overnight and are delivered by 12 : 00 pm to most locations , tuesday through friday . josh ' s frogs does not ship frogs internationally . scheduling of frog order is dependent on your availability and weather .
all frog shipments are sent via fedex priority overnight . josh ' s frogs guarantees that all frogs will arrive alive and in good health , provided that temperatures on day of arrival do not exceed 85 degrees before the frogs are delivered to home or business address , or nearest fedex location . temperatures during transit do not drop below 40 degrees for delivery to home or business address . temperatures during transit do not drop below 30 degrees for pickup at the nearest fedex location . someone is there to accept the package on first delivery attempt , or package is picked up by noon the day of arrival if package is held at a fedex location for pickup . failure to meet these guidelines will void josh ' s frogs live arrival and health guarantee .
we can ship directly to your address , as long as your local overnight low temperature is above 39f the night of shipping , and your high temperature is below 91f at noon on the day of arrival . if your overnight lows are below 40f but above 29f , josh ' s frogs can ship to your closest fedex staff location that accepts hold for pickup packages . if your high temperature is over 90f at the guarantee ' delivered by ' time ( typically 12pm ) , josh ' s frogs can ship to your closest fedex staff location that accepts hold for pickup packages . if your overnight low is below 30f , josh ' s frogs retains the right to hold frog shipping until temperatures increase due to safety concerns . we will hold the frogs at our facility for any length of time necessary to ensure that the frogs you order are received in the best of health . this policy is designed with the best interests and health of our animals at heart !
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
frost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 october 2016 ) . new york , usa available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is widespread on the western flank of the eastern andes , and the eastern flank of the central andes , in colombia , between 350 and 1 , 200m elevation .
it occurs in tropical humid , dry and very dry forests , on the lowest stratum of the forests , in the caribbean and andean region . the eggs are terrestrial and the adults then carry the tadpoles to temporary pools , where the tadpoles develop further . it is also known from disturbed habitats such as banana plantations , although it does require that the habitat be not entirely cleared .
this species was popular in the pet trade but is now listed by cites . it is very difficult to breed in captivity . there are no major threats to the species at present . it could be threatened by the pet trade if the cites status was lifted .
the range of the species includes at least two protected areas on the atlantic coast . it is listed on appendix ii of cites . maintaining the cites listing of this species is necessary to ensure its survival .
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this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
francisco josé lópez - lópez grupo de estudios en biodiversidad de anfibios y reptiles neotropicales –remphibia amphibian specialist group asg ssc iucn , species survival commision international union for nature conservation iucn . popayán calle 27 dn # 7 - 46 colombia tel : + 57 ( 092 ) 8233511 flopez @ urltoken
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if you write your email , you will be notified as soon as the product is in stock .
links of interest : status of dendrobates truncatus in the wild at the iucn redlist .
' . this blog addresses everything you need to know before purchasing dart frogs .
shipping for any number of frogs is a flat rate $ 39 . 99 . this includes postage , a box with 1
styrofoam insulation , gel packs , heat / ice packs and / or phase 22 panels if necessary . josh ' s frogs has been shipping frogs since 2004 and has shipped thousands of animals safely . we have a special contract with ups to ship live animals directly to residential addresses and guarantee live arrival as long as our live arrival conditions are met .
if frogs arrive deceased or in poor condition , josh ' s frogs requires that the customer notifies us of the condition of the animal ( s ) within 1 hour of arrival via email at info @ joshsfrogs . com , or at ( 800 ) 691 - 8178 . picture ( s ) of the animal ( s ) must be sent by 4pm est day of arrival to info @ joshsfrogs . com . failure to meet these guidelines will void josh ' s frogs live arrival and health guarantee .
green movement expedición ondas bio added text to
dendrobates truncatus
on
dendrobates truncatus ( cope , 1861 )
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clasificacion taxonomica : nombre comun : rana venenosa nombre cientifico : dendrobates truncatus reino : . . .
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mana dulce reserva natural is dedicated to the protection of tropical dry forest in the upper magdalena valley . it has trails for the observation of more than 150 species of birds that includes the euphonia concinna , myiarchus apicalis , ortalis columbiana dromococcyx phasianellus in addition to 7 species of flying mammals and herpetofauna
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mordellistena terminata is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .

it was described by ray in 1946 .

mordellistena terminata

larva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
formerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .
small , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings
plants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .
ford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .
nomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .
taxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .
american beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .
a manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .
peterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .
the book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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kiwa nederland bv sir wìnston churchilllaan 273 . . . - cappellotto s . r . l .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .