heikegani ( 平家蟹 , ヘイケガニ , heikeopsis japonica ) is a species of crab native to japan , with a shell that bears a pattern resembling a human face which many believed to be the face of an angry samurai hence the nickname samurai crab .

it is locally believed that these crabs are reincarnations of the heike warriors defeated at the battle of dan-no-ura as told in the tale of the heike .

heikegani

artist’s impression of a heikegani . remarkably , it’s pretty close to the reality .
heikegani crab , japan crab with a human like face on it ' s shell . it is believed that a heikegani is the reincarnation of heike warriors defeated at… | pinteres…
the heikegani crab ( heikeopsis japonica ) and a stylize kabuki samurai face . image source .
two times per day as a swift action , a heikegani can challenge a foe to combat .
each time the heikegani molts , its new shell comes to more closely resemble an angry demonic face .
[ … ] sources : andrew kincaid . “heikegani – the samurai crab . ” ( 2013 ) [ … ]
heikegani
was premiered in april 1912 in ďsaka at the naniwaza , starring onoe baik˘ vi and sawamura s˘jűr˘ vii .
heikegani
is made up of 1 act , divided into 2 scenes , which runs for just over an hour .
but the legend of the samurai crabs has turned them into souvenirs for the historically - minded travel . and the heikegani’s shells certain do look like angry samurai faces . maybe the vengeful ghosts of the heike are expressing themselves through the snarling shells of the heikegani .
heikegani has become a popular image in japanese tattooing , though the face on the shell is exaggerated for dramatic effect . a tattoo that works great as a japanese themed gap filler , heikegani tattoos are the funkiest of all crab tattoos and offer some awesome crustacean inspiration .
once per day when the heikegani is about to attempt a saving throw or skill check , it can call upon the resolve it held to in its prior life , gaining a + 4 bonus on the roll . the heikegani must decide to use this ability before the roll is made .
until either that foe is rendered unconscious , or the combat ends , the heikegani gains a + 4 bonus on damage rolls against that enemy , and takes a –2 penalty to ac except against attacks made by the challenged foe . the heikegani gains dr 2 / — against attacks made by the target of its challenge .
dan - no - ura tatakai no zu ( ‘battle of dannoura’ ) . the heikegani crabs can be seen in the lower half of the painting . image source .
the soul of a heikegani has very few of its memories from life , but retains its single - minded sense of purpose and honor , and is quick to challenge those it meets to mortal combat . a heikegani believes it has been reincarnated , but in reality it never passed on to be judged . the unnatural genesis of a heikegani causes it great agony , and the dangerous crustacean scuttles along the shores , seeking foes that it can defeat in honorable combat so its soul can finally be put to rest .
according to the japanese legend , the ghosts or souls of the heike samurais were reincarnated into the heikegani crabs who ate their remains , their angry faces now shown on the shells of the crabs . to this day , it is said that the heikegani crabs roam the depths of the oceans around japan , searching for the lost heirlooms of their empire .
as a full - round action , a heikegani can stand on its rear legs and display its facelike carapace , snapping its pincers in a threatening display . the heikegani can attempt an intimidate check to demoralize all foes within 30 feet that can see its display , as if it had used the dazzling display feat . it doesn’t take penalties on this check for being smaller than its targets .
featured image : ‘the ghost of taira tomomori’ by utagawa kuniyoshi – depicts the ghost of taira tomomori along with the anchor he drowned with , and heikegani with faces of fallen soldiers . image source .
a resounding battle cry for many vegetarians is : “i don’t eat food with a face” , and luckily for the heikegani crabs , the inhabitants of the inland sea have taken that gustatory sentiment to heart .
after that battle start appeared heikegani , the so - called “samurai crab” . it was a unique species of crab , with a shell that bore a pattern resembling the face of an angry samurai . the superstitious believed these crabs were reincarnated souls from toshigoku , the realm of slaughter , and it was considered unlucky to eat the plentiful heikegani from the region , for to do so was to invite the sin of familial betrayal into one ' s heart . [ 1 ]
to see more traditional japanese body art and perhaps a few more disgruntled samurai crabs , visit these tattooists’ instagrams . should you want a piece of irezumi featuring heikegani for yourself , have one of them design a tiny clawed crustaceans just for you .
i’ve read carl sagan’s take on heikegani before . just imagining thousands of angry faced crabs scurrying in mass under the water , it sends shivers down my spine 😫 why crab ? it’s also reind me the scene from the film “the thing”… too creepy 😱
a species of crab native to japan heikegani is widely recognized for its bizarre shell . the shell of heikegani has numerous myths and legends surrounding it , but the most common is that the shell shows the face of an angry samurai slain in battle . they are also known as the samurai crab . in certain regions of japan a more detailed explanation is offered , it is believed that the crabs are reincarnations of the heike warriors , who were defeated at the battle of dan - no - ura in 1185 .
for the heike samurai , surrender to the enemy was never an option . those that were not slain in battle , committed suicide by drowning themselves along with their emperor . their bodies became food for the heikegani crabs who lay in wait on the sea floor .
during an episode of the pbs science show , ‘cosmos : a personal voyage’ , carl sagon expounded on a theory put forward by julian huxley in 1952 , to explain the strange face - like characteristics of the heikegani crab shell . huxley theorized that the crab’s samurai faces are the result of artificial selection . he proposed the fishermen fishing japan’s waters would throw back any crabs whose shells looked like a samurai’s face out of respect for the fallen heike . this preserved the dna of the heikegani with samurai - like faces while thinning the genetic lines of those without .
but , while it certainly is an interesting theory , it’s likely only a bit of scientific folklore . the snarling samurai face on the heikegani’s shells is the result of nothing more than the natural site of muscle attachments . the crabs are only around four centimeters and not used for food , making the theory that fishermen threw samurai face - bearing heikegani back while keeping those without extremely unlikely . other crabs with human - like shells have also been found throughout the world , even appearing in the fossil record , lending even less credit to the still fascinating theory .
magic is always involved , either because the death happened in a high - magic environment or because the samurai was dealt a magical deathblow . a heikegani is especially vicious when young , and kills other crabs and marine creatures it encounters until it develops the ability to travel onto land .
the problem with this theory is that the heikegani crabs , which have a maximum length of 1 . 2 inches , are too small to be eaten , so it is unlikely they were ever caught for food in the first place . furthermore , analysis of the shells has shown that the face - like patterns are simply the result of connection points for muscle and ligament tissue . finally , heikegani crabs are not the only crabs with a human - looking face on the shell . a variety of crabs from the family dorippidae all appear to have human faces on their backs .
carl sagan theorized that the crabs’ samurai faces are the result of artificial selection . he proposed the fishermen fishing japan’s waters would throw back any crabs whose shells looked like a samurai’s face out of respect for the fallen heike . this preserved the dna of the heikegani with samurai - like faces while thinning the genetic lines of those without .
in the aftermath of the battle , the leader of the genji , minamoto yoritomo , became the first shogun to realize complete military control of japan . the fate of the remaining heike was execution–this time without exception . it’s said the heike samurais’ angry spirits were reincarnated into the heikegani crabs who ate their remains , their scowling faces now marking their carapaces .
the heikegani crab has inspired reverence to ancient legends , as well as scientific investigation into the power of selection . while many believe the angry samurai face in the crab’s shell is simply the result of the psychological phenomenon of pareidolia , others believe that the grimaced faces are the heike samurai warriors , who were reborn and are still , somehow , watching over them .
famous american astronomer and author carl sagan once speculated that the resemblance was due to artificial selection . sagan proposed that the fishermen fishing japan’s waters would throw back any crabs whose shells looked like a samurai’s face out of respect for the fallen heike tribe . this preserved the dna of the heikegani with samurai - like faces while thinning the genetic lines of those without .
a far more plausible theory is that any resemblance of a human face seen in the shells of the heikegani crabs is the result of pareidolia , the human brain’s innate ability to recognize faces and human forms in a set of random stimuli . common examples include seeing images of animals or faces in clouds , the virgin mary on toast , and the man in the moon .
the battle of dan - no - ura was preceded by an immense struggle between the imperial rulers of japan , the taira clan ( later known as heike ) , who the heikegani crabs are named after , and the minamoto clan ( genji ) , who were fighting for control of the throne at the end of the 12th century in the genpei war ( 1180 - 1185 ) .
while it sounds good and it does fit the mold for how selective pressures tend to work , there’s a problem–nobody eats heikegani . they’re too small . plus , crabs with this kind of shell pattern aren’t confined to only that small bay , but they can be found all over the bay of japan . and there are other species of crabs with similar patterns , although maybe not as pronounced .
a japanese crab , the heikegani , has a shell closely resembling a samurai’s face . legend says the crabs are the souls of the fallen heike samurai who died in a massive battle over the japanese imperial throne . the battle of dannoura , immortalized in the heike monogatari ( the tale of heike , ) was a pivotal moment in japan’s history that both established the first shogunate and killed a child emperor .
heikegani or heike crabs ( heikeopsis japonica ) are a species of crab native to japan many of who share a distinctive feature : strange markings on their carapace that have a striking resemblance to the face of an angry samurai . the crabs get their name from a japanese epic : the tale of the heike s , an epic prose tale about a battle that was fought in japan’s inland sea , which is where these crabs are found .
the reason people see a face in the crabs is because of a psychological phenomena called pareidolia , which makes vague or random things seem significant . seeing a samurai face in the shells of crabs–even the japanese heikegani–is like how we see shapes in the clouds or a man in the moon . ( i’ve never quite been able to see a man in the moon , by the way . i tend to side with the japanese , who say it’s a rabbit . )
the battle of dan - no - ura gave rise to many legends , the strangest of which involves a crab . this crab has a distinctive shell with a pattern that vaguely resembles the angry face of a samurai . the story goes that when the heike warriors died and sank , their souls were transferred to the crabs and their gnarled faces were forever etched onto the crab ' s back . the crab is called heikegani or the heike crab . sometimes , it’s also called the samurai crab .
because of their fascinating backstory , heikegani have skittered their way out of the history books and traditional japanese art into popular culture . one can’t help but faintly see their vestige in anthropomorphic arthropods like dr . zoidberg from futurama , crabby a la pokemon , or the subterranean “crab people” in south park . even carl sagan cited the angry - looking crustaceans as evidence of artificial selection in the second episode of cosmos , but beyond the shores of japan , tattoos are where they’re most commonly found , grimacing amidst the waves and wind bars of irezumi .
the heikegani crab’s legend finds its roots from the two rival families’ involvement in japan’s government , which eventually toppled the imperial courts’ power . after a fierce battle between the two opposing samurai factions , the heike seized control of japan . their leader though , kiyomori taira , was in love with his rival’s , yoshitomo minamoto , concubine . at her behest he showed an uncharacteristic degree of mercy by sparing her and minamoto’s sons . though it might be considered noble by modern standards–especially since killing them was legally permitted–it was ultimately a mistake that would later put and end to the heike samurai .
samurai are renowned for their resolve , but sometimes a samurai becomes so obsessed with her purpose that her soul can’t depart from the material plane upon her death . unable to seek eternal rest , and unwilling to become undead in the pursuit of vengeance , the samurai soul instead finds a suitable host in which to continue its existence . a heikegani is the effect of such a joining : a tragic , furious symbiosis of the soul of a dead samurai and the body of a crustacean . this usually occurs when the samurai dies near a crab habitat and her soul imprints upon a newly hatched crab zoea .
the mythos surrounding heikegani originates from a military conflict between two feuding japanese clans back in the 12th century . following a five - year power struggle known as the genpei war , the taira ( later referred to as the heike ) and minamoto clashed in a final battle at a small bay called dan - no - ura on april 25 , 1185 . the taira were severely outnumbered , and during the fighting , their child emperor — antoku — drowned . as the tide turned in their enemy’s favor , the samurai , rather than dying in dishonor , took their own lives , leaping into the frigid sea .
years later those very sons led an uprising against him after he installed his own grandson as the new child emperor . genji forces drove the heike out of the capital and proclaimed their own emperor . their forces pursued the fleeing heike samurai and the rival emperor to the shimonoseki straight , were a final , decisive naval battle ensued . the heike were outnumbered three to one , and the battle was quickly over . the emperor was drowned by his grandmother , who promised him a new kingdom under the sea . the heiki samurai were either killed or committed suicide by drowning themselves along with their emperor–their dead bodies food for the heikegani crabs .
okamoto wrote
heikegani
at age 39 from childhood memories of a popular edo picture book in which a young fisherwoman encounters the spirit of tamamushi , a heike court lady from the heian period ( 794 ~ 1185 ) . inspired by the illustrations of tamamushi in the book , the playwright created the character of a proud , modern woman who is unwilling to passively accept others ' choices and is prepared to use violence to achieve her ends . yet tamamushi ' s passion drives her to madness , causing her to kill her own sister and the man her sister wants to marry . ultimately , it leads her to her own self - annihilation .
( sasaguchi rei )
the heian imperial court was simultaneously the high and low point of japan’s aristocracy . it had reached the height of its refinement , but at the cost of alienating the ruling class from the people they supposedly governed . there was an explosion in literature . poetry flourished , dress was extravagant , and the tale of genji , one of the world’s first novels , arose from the heian court . japan also discovered buddhism during this time . unfortunately , the court’s preoccupation with the arts allowed lower - ranking officials and their families to gain the real control over japan . the two largest families were the taira ( later known as heike , ) who the fated heikegani crabs are named after , and the minamoto , later called the genji .
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
on 24 the april , 1185 ad , the two powerful samurai clans fought to the death on the dan - no - ura bay of japan’s inland sea . the ruling taira clan ( heike ) , was led by their child - emperor , antoku , and his grandmother . the heike had ruled for many decades , but now , massively outnumbered , they faced defeat at the hands of the minamoto .
during the battle , a member of the royal household took the seven - year - old emperor antoku and plunged with him into the water in the shimonoseki straits , drowning the child emperor , rather than allowing him to be captured by the opposing forces . his mother and grandmother followed him in their grief . antoku came to be worshipped as mizu - no - kami (
god of water” ) .
this crucial battle was a cultural and political turning point in japanese history : minamoto yoritomo became the first shogun , or military ruler , of japan . dan - no - ura marked the beginning of seven centuries , in which japan was ruled by warriors and shoguns instead of emperors and aristocrats .
defeated heike warriors are turned into crabs as they are tossed from their ships . painting by kuniyoshi . image source .
pareidolia is the brain’s innate ability to see faces in a set of random stimuli .
april holloway is a co - owner , editor and writer of ancient origins . for privacy reasons , she has previously written on ancient origins under the pen name april holloway , but is now choosing to use her real name , joanna gillan .
i think the idea that the fishermen throw back the crabs with the samurai faces out of respect for the samurai therefore making the samurai crabs dominant is highly plausible .
i think it’s a quaint idea but i doubt there’s any truth in it , especially since the crabs are too small to be eaten and other crabs have similar markings .
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hansik of the day ( ep . 3 ) gejang ( fermented crab ) _ full episode
clip from carl sagan , cosmos , episode 2 on artificial selection and heike crabs .
carl sagan , stephen hawking and arthur c . clarke - god , the universe and everything else ( 1988 )
the carapace of this large crab resembles a scowling face , its eyes seething with an ancient fury .
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haha , “the thing ? ” you’re giving me shivers now . a sheet of angry samurai faces crawling along the ocean floor is pretty creepy now that you mention it though…
[ … ] fuente : introvert japan / japan powered / wikipedia / japan hoppers . [ … ]
the crabs that these traditional japanese tattoos are based on are believed to embody the souls of dead samurai .
the downfall of the taira ushered in an era of shogunate rule that lasted for nearly 700 years , during which the art of traditional japanese tattoos rose to prominence among the merchant class . to this very day , the descendants of the heike gather on april 24th at the akama shrine near the sea where their ancestors perished to honor the memory . in the age - old ceremony , people cast nets to catch crabs , throwing the ones with faces on their backs into the water , because they are believed to contain the souls of the doomed samurai .
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the famous story of the genji warrior nasu no yoichi in the fierce 1185 battle of yashima between the genji and heike clans : nasu no yoichi shot an arrow through a fan held by tamamushi , so foretelling the fall of the heike clan at dan - no - ura ( the inland sea ) the following month .
heikeopsis japonica , a species of crab native to japan , with a shell that bears a pattern resembling a human face .
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the year was 1185 , the place a tiny bay called dan - no - ura . two great fleets faced one another ; on once side , the heike clan , imperial rulers of japan , and on the other the minamoto , upstarts fighting to control the throne . at stake was control of all japan . after a half - day of fighting , the heike were routed , and their 6 - year old emperor drowned to keep him out of minamoto hands . minamoto yoritomo went on to become the first shogun , or military ruler , of japan .
a strange story arose in the wake of the battle . locals told a legend about crabs in the area with strange patterns on their shells , said to resemble samurai masks . legend held that the crabs were the reincarnations of samurai slain at the battle of dan - no - ura .
the crabs do bear an uncanny resemblance to samurai masks . carl sagan speculated in his show cosmos that the resemblance was due to artificial selection . basically , people would throw back crabs that resembled samurai masks , and eat the ones that didn’t . so that put selection pressure on the population to grow shells that resembled masks .
the folds and creases are points where muscles attach to the carapace . humans just happen to think they look like faces–or masks–because of a phenomena called pareidolia , where we see faces in random patterns . it’s not quite as cool as reincarnated samurai ghosts , but then again , not many things are .
[ … ] just learned about heike crabs a month ago when crystal from gomineko books posted about them . the legend behind them is super [ … ]
if you like japanese folklore , a fairly new series called “folktales from japan” has sprung up on crunchyroll . co . uk . its a collection of the best of japanese folktales come to life and is mostly presented in a way that makes you think its target audience must be older children . still , i watched a few over time and last night watched episode number 18 and completely out of the blue they have put a terrifying horror story called left behind in as the second story . if you have time you really should watch it , its psychologically very scary and definitely not the type of thing i’d show to a child . also i was wondering how anyone in japan manages to find the courage to fish if this tale is common place . i thought maybe i might have a low threshold for horror since i don’t watch it , but there’s a few comments under that video and the fact that it was so mind bogglingly out of the blue and scary seems to be the general consensus .
thanks for the tip ! it sounds interesting . often the psychological is more terrifying than gore .
hey thanks for the link ! i watched left behind . the ghost in the show is called a noppero _ bo , which will be the subject of a future post . it was a pretty creepy story !
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carl sagan 222 success secrets - 222 most asked questions on carl sagan - what you need to know edition by evelyn gonzales and publisher emereo publishing . save up to 80 % by choosing the etextbook option for isbn : 9781488572159 , 1488572151 . the print version of this textbook is isbn : 9781488543609 , 1488543607 .
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the epic recounts the genpei war , an event that radically changed japanese history in the late 12th century . the war involved the imperial taira clan ( later known as heike ) and the warrior minamoto clan as they struggled for control of the imperial throne . the minamoto’s final victory ended the reign of imperial rule in japan and heralded the event of the shogun rule with minamoto yoritomo , the first military ruler .
the final battle in this story is the battle of dan - no - ura . while the taira had retained power through the child emperor antoku , years of fighting had left the taira weak , and their numbers dwindled . the taira had retreated to their fortress on the island of yashima , and were holed up there protecting the seven year old emperor . the minamoto’s landed a small force on the rear of the island , lighting bonfires and making it look like they were staging a full attack . the taira , thinking the armies were behind them , and worried that the fortress would be breached took to the water , escaping in a number of boats . the attack had been a ruse , and the main forces of minamoto’s army were waiting for them in a flotilla of ships . while the taira were easily outnumbered , their skillful archers put in a valiant effort and the forces seemed to be evenly matched .
unfortunately for the taira , bad omens started occurring ; a white banner unfurled itself from the heavens upon a minamoto boat , and a number of dolphins swam towards the taira . these omens all portended to the defeat of the taira , and so a number of their allies deserted and betrayed them . knowing that they were facing certain defeat , the emperor’s grandmother took the young child in her arms and slipped quietly off the boat , preferring drowning over capture . many of the taira samurai followed suit , leading to a minamoto victory .
the crabs , which are native to the inland sea ( the location of the battle ) are thought to be the re - incarnation of the many samurai who died that day . the locals refuse to eat the crabs that are marked with faces ( not all are ) , throwing them back into the sea . carl sagan famously did a piece on his show cosmos on the crabs , claiming that they were a perfect example of artificial selection ; after all , not being eaten makes spreading one’s genes easier . while sagan’s theory has garnered criticism , one thing is certain :
the battle of dannoura resulted in the destruction of the crab village of dannoura .
two twins from the yasuki family , grew apart in the years after the first yasuki war . yasuki heike remained with the crane and was fostered into the daidoji , but he kept his original family name . his brother yasuki taira joined the crab and was given command of the coastal village of dannoura . [ 1 ]
no one was certain what prompted the battle between brothers , but the result was the death of both along with hundreds of their men , while dannoura burned to the ground . [ 1 ]
this battle related article is a stub . that means that it has been started , but is incomplete . you can help by expanding this article .
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in a small seaside park near the kanmonkyo bridge , in the japanese city of shimonoseki , stands two bronze statues depicting two samurai warriors locked in mortal combat . the statues are flanked by replicas of cannons and ships . the monument commemorate a historic battle that took place in this area more than eight centuries ago .
the year was 1185 . two powerful fleets , one consisting of the heike clan , the imperial rulers of japan , and the other consisting of the minamoto , who were fighting for control of the throne , faced each other one april morning on tiny bay called dan - no - ura in japan’s inland sea . in the fierce battle that followed , hundreds of samurai warriors lost their lives and their bodies slipped between the waves to the bottom of the sea . at the end of the day , the minamoto came out victorious ; the heike were routed and their 6 - year old emperor was drowned by his grandmother to prevent his capture . minamoto yoritomo went on to become the first shogun , or military ruler , of japan .
however , the heike crabs are tiny—about four centimeters— and nobody actually ate them , and so the fishermen used to throw them from the nets . besides , crabs with human - like shells have been found all throughout the world .
the folds and creases that resembles a snarling samurai face are actually the points where muscles attach to the carapace . they just happen to look like the face of an angry samurai , thanks to our innate ability to find faces in random objects—a phenomena called pareidolia .
the sculptures at mimosusogawa park in shimonoseki . photo credit : hidetsugu tonomura / flickr
crab tattoos are always a funky design that look even better with a japanese twist .


the eastern nicator ( nicator gularis ) is a species of songbird in the family nicatoridae .

it is found in kenya , malawi , mozambique , somalia , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , zambia , and zimbabwe .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , dry savanna , and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland .

it occurs south to around mtunzini in northern kwazulu-natal , south africa , and is regularly reported from lowland areas north through to east africa , including inland areas along the zambezi river .

this species was formerly called the " yellow-spotted nicator " although this is no longer the case , with that name now belonging solely to the central african western nicator .

eastern nicator

eastern nicator ( previously called – yellow - spottted nicator ) geelvleknikator nicator gularis this eastern nicator made my day when i spotted it on a recent birding trip to the kruger . . . more
eastern nicator , kruger national park , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker © ]
like bush - shrikes , eastern nicator has a hook to the tip of the upper mandible .
the eastern nicator , with its heavy bill and curved tip almost like a shrike , could possibly be closer to the shrikes as to the bulbuls .
h . chittenden and g . upfold . 2008 . eastern nicator . [ online ] ( updated 14 june 2008 ) available at : urltoken [ accessed 12 march 2009 ] .
the shy and elusive eastern nicator is one of the most interesting sand forest birds in lowland forest in southern africa . the status of the nicator family has been the subject of much debate and has been placed in both the shrike and bulbul families in the past . indeed , the name given to the southern african representative nicator gularis in the 1940 edition of the birds of south africa by austin roberts was yellow - spotted shrike ! it was subsequently moved from the shrike family to that of the bulbuls and given the name yellow - spotted nicator . with three different nicator species in africa , all with yellow spots , the current name eastern nicator is a far better one . the nicators are probably best placed in a family of their own as they have morphological and behavioral similarities to both the shrike and bulbul families .
this eastern nicator made my day when i spotted it on a recent birding trip to the kruger national park where it was foraging in the underbrush and thickets . i first recorded this bird when it was still called yellow - spotted nicator . i liked the name as it is quite an apt description of the bird . during this recent trip at punda maria , i spotted the bird now going by its new name – eastern nicator – and thus it is sort of also a first . the beautiful call of this bird is quite striking .
the eastern nicator ( nicator gularis ) , a member of the bulbuls family , is a shy and elusive bird that inhabits the lowland forest in southern africa . it was previously called the yellow - spotted shrike , then the yellow - spotted nicator and recently renamed the eastern nicator due to three different nicator species in africa , all with yellow spots . . . nicators are known to follow animals and catch prey as they are flushed out by the moving animals . the zulu name for the bird is ‘loosa’ which means ' the one that keeps watch over animals ' . view this sighting on tracking the wild here : urltoken subscribe for more interesting videos : urltoken follow us on : tracking the wild : urltoken facebook : urltoken twitter : urltoken google + : urltoken instagram : urltoken download our wildlife social media app : iphone app : urltoken android app : urltoken
fishpool , l . & tobias , j . ( 2018 ) . eastern nicator ( nicator gularis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
distribution of eastern nicator in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
occurs in the lowlands of east africa , extending from kenya to northern mozambique and zambia , south to southern africa . here it is uncommon and retiring , silently descending to the undergrowth if disturbed although it sometimes perches prominently near its nest to call . it is found across mozambique , swaziland , northern and south - eastern zimbabwe , eastern limpopo province and kwazulu - natal . it generally prefers lowland secondary , evergreen and coastal forest , dense undergrowth of miombo ( brachystegia ) woodland , moist thornveld and riverine forest .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : nicator gularis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
eastern nicator is one of those frustrating shy birds that sticks to dense vegetation and is more easily heard than seen , eluding many an experienced birder . on the 10th january 2008 , i ( gu ) was fascinated to witness a bird flapping on the ground like an injured butterfly . this species adapts this strategy when disturbed near a nest to distract and lure intruders away from any possible threat to their eggs or chicks . i was standing less than 2 m from the nest that had a young chick less than 4 days old . the nest was placed about half a meter above the ground on a lateral branch of a jackal - coffee tricalysia lanceolata shrub . the habitat was sandforest , in bonamanzi game reserve just south east of hluhluwe , kwazulu - natal , south africa .
the call of eastern nicator is loud and explosive , unlike that of any of the shrikes or bulbuls in the region so is an easy bird to locate in dense lowland woodland , their preferred habitat . they regularly use call posts , and these are normally in large emergent woodland trees . surprisingly , their nests are built down low , usually under one , or one and a half meters above the ground . they closely resemble the flimsy flat twig structures of telophorus bush - shrikes , and are unlike the cup - shaped nests of bulbuls . on finding a nest , one would be forgiven for thinking it could be that of a either a bush - shrike or wood - dove , so frail is the structure that one is frightened the eggs or small chicks would slip through the thin twig platform .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the population in southern mozambique has been estimated to number over 10 , 000 birds ( fry and keith 2004 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
map updated : added a dot in munyati river ( zimbabwe ) ; enlarged shade in middle zambezi valley ( zambia ) and zambezi region ( namibia ) . eoo updated .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22713100a118717050 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
bird glimpsed flying between perches , 5 - 7m high , in mature brachystegia woodland .
a surprisingly confiding individual , interspersing calling with foliage bathing . foliage bathing would be done whilst emitting a typical contact call . was one of two individuals .
was tape recording a large red colobus feeding party ( a few jumps and a few high pitched sounds can be heard ) , when i afterwards noted this species of bird ! a bradypterus ' s ' tick - click ' calls may be heard . towards the end a tauraco can be heard in the distance
some imitations - e . g . the square - tailed drongo ( the ' pitch ' - call ) which again resemble the call of the african goshawk
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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an adult bird typically skulking deep in the subcanopy cover of damp coastal forest .
lindsay hansch , paul van giersbergen , morten venas , steve garvie , markus lilje , mauriravasini .
often considered conspecific with n . chloris . populations of zambezi valley ( from zambia e to c mozambique ) described as race phyllophilus , based on paler and browner forecrown , more greyish - yellow hindcrown and neck , and brighter upperparts , but differences slight . monotypic .
s somalia , se kenya , ne & e tanzania ( including zanzibar , also scattered records farther w ) , s zambia , extreme ne namibia ( zambezi region ) # r , parts of n , e & se zimbabwe , and much of malawi and s mozambique s to ne south africa ( kwazulu - natal ) and e swaziland ; disjunct population in extreme se drcongo and adjacent nw zambia .
20–23 cm ; male 40–63 g , female 29–41 g . distinctive , shrike - like bulbul with relatively heavy hooked bill , conspicuous pale yellow spots on wings , . . .
song , from high well - concealed perch , less frequently from exposed one , starts with a few low notes . . .
coastal forest and lowland rainforest , riparian forest , evergreen and deciduous thickets , . . .
arthropods , including large orthopterans , beetles ( coleoptera ) and caterpillars . occurs singly or in pairs ; occasionally joins mixed - . . .
nesting recorded in jun and nov–dec in kenya and tanzania , and birds in breeding condition oct–may ( from beginning of short . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . uncommon and locally common to common in different parts of range . population in s mozambique estimated to be at least 10 , 000 birds . . . .
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systematic position long debated ; traditionally classified within a broad family laniidae based on similarities in coloration and bill morphology , or placed with malaconotidae ( formerly part of laniidae ) or with pycnonotidae on morphological grounds . analyses of feather proteins and early studies of dna - dna hybridization both favoured placement in pycnonotidae , but genus unique in several morphological and other features ( including nest structure ) . recent dna studies place it in a separate family , probably close to alaudidae and panuridae # r # r # r # r .
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the source of much debate , it is has been placed with the bush - shrikes ( malaconotidae ) and with bulbuls ( pycnonotidae ) . as it resembles both of these families in many aspects , it might also be best to place it in its own family .
it eats insects , mainly foraging in the tree canopy , gleaning prey from leaves and branches while occasionally flicking its wings . it may also descend to the ground to feed , occasionally plucking ectoparasites from large mammals or hawking the insects they disturb . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :
adult at nest with a skink to give to the chick . [ photo hugh chittenden © ]
adult removing a faecal sack from the nest . [ photo guy upfold © ]
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
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there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
reference : vog . ost . - afr . [ finsch & hartlaub ] p . 360
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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we photographed and watched the bird for most of the day . it was overcast and quite cool so the bird spent most of the time brooding the naked chick and occasionally feeding for short spells . food for the young chick consisted of mainly of invertebrates such as mantids and grasshoppers , but did also bring in caterpillars and an unidentified small skink .
distraction display by the female on the ground near the nest , and a young featherless chick on the nest .
photographing at a nest like this has its challenges . light , or rather the lack of light in the under canopy can either be an advantage or disadvantage . we used two large flashes to fill in shadows and light the bird , but also tried to use ambient light to get a natural looking background . later the dark undercanopy had the advantage of little ambient light so that flight and action shots were possible with flash as the only light source . with an hour of photographing at the nest , the bird became extremely tame and allowed us to enter or exit our hides without being frightened off its nest .
lizard prey fed to the young chick ; invertebrate prey was however most commonly brought to the nest .
nicators often follow animals such as warthog and nyala to catch prey flushed by these moving animals . the zulu name for the bird is an extremely apt one ‘loosa’ which means one that keeps watch over animals , describing the habit very well .
pilanesberg national park is a malaria free big 5 game reserve , located in north west province and is about two hours’ drive from johannesburg .
through the years , with intervals , i have successfully raised 3 orphaned southern fiscals / common fiscals – in those days still called fiscal shrikes . the last one a male , lived in my house per . . . more
there is a rich diversity of birdlife in southern africa and more than 850 bird species , which is roughly 8 % of the world’s bird population , can be found in south africa alone . the total bird sp . . . more
the spotted eagle - owl is a medium sized species of owl , one of the smallest of the eagle - owls and is a very successful hunter . it has a length of 45 centimetres , weight 480 – 850 g , a wingspan o . . . more
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .


anarsia idioptila is a moth in the family gelechiidae .

it was described by meyrick in 1916 .

it is found in india ( bengal ) .

the wingspan is about 10 mm .

the forewings are grey , irregularly sprinkled with blackish , and irrorated with whitish towards the costa and on the posterior half .

there are five oblique dark fuscous marks on the costa from one-fifth to three-fourth , the median largest .

there is a blackish dot towards the costa near the base and a short subcostal line of black scales about one-third .

an indistinct blackish dash is found in the middle of the disc .

the hindwings are grey , thinly scaled and subhyaline except towards the apex and termen .

anarsia idioptila

ananarsia idioptila ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
anarsia idioptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia chiangmaiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia conica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia lewvanichae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia melanoplecta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia procera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia spatulana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia eleagnella kuznetsov , 1957 ; zool . zhurn . 36 ( 7 ) : 1096
anarsia ulneongensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; korean j . ent . 26 : 343
anarsia asymmetrodes park , 2014 ; ent . res . 44 : 18 ; tl : baengnyeongdo
anarsia callicosma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 214
anarsia pinnata meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 69
anarsia pustulata janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 32
anarsia ulneongensis ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 275
anarsia amegarta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 360 ; tl : java
anarsia hippocoma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland
anarsia sibirica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]
anarsia vinsonella viette , 1957 ; mém . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 163
anarsia altercata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia amegarta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia eburnella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia ephippias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
anarsia epotias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia eutacta meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , pekalongan
anarsia eutacta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia geminella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia halimodendri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia libanoticella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia longipalpella rebel , 1907 ; denksch . akad . wiss . wien . 71 ( 2 ) : 124
anarsia melanchropa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia nuristanella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia omoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia sthenarota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia veruta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia aleurodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : mesopotamia , museyib
anarsia altercata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia crassipalpella legrand , 1966 ; mém . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 78
anarsia ephippias meyrick , 1908 ; ent . mon . mag . 44 : 197 ; tl : pusa , bengal
anarsia euphorodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : china , shanghai
anarsia inserta [ sic , recte incerta ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
anarsia luticostella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 332 ; tl : biskra
anarsia nigrimacula janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : umkomaas
anarsia reciproca meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : madras , coimbatore
anarsia retamella chrétien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 331 ; tl : gafsa
anarsia sthenarota meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 6500ft
anarsia triglypta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : pusa , bihar
anarsia veruta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia didymopa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia epotias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia mitescens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton
anarsia sagmatica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa
anarsia albibasella janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 253 ; tl : sw . africa
anarsia amalleuta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : three sisters
anarsia anthracaula meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : new hebrides , efate
anarsia beitunica li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia bimaculata ponomarenko , 1989 ; ent . obozr . 68 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : gomotaezhnoe , primorskii krai
anarsia choana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan
anarsia decora li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia elongata park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan
anarsia eximia li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia largimacularis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia magnibimaculata li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia melanchropa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 281 ; tl : india , dehra dun
anarsia novitricornis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia omoptila meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore
anarsia sibirica park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 78 ; tl : novosibirsk
anarsia squamerecta li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )
anarsia balioneura meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
anarsia eburnella christoph , 1887 ; in romanoff , mém . lépid . 3 : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 14
anarsia libanoticella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ; tl : lebanon
anarsia sciotona meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : cape colony , east london
anarsia spartiella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]
anarsia spicata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
anarsia subfulvescens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas
anarsia acaciae walsingham , 1896 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 278 ; tl : sw . arabia , aden
anarsia anisodonta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 14
anarsia arachniota meyrick , 1925 ; bull . soc . ent . egypte 9 ( 1 - 3 ) : 210 ; tl : egypt
anarsia carbonaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder
anarsia chaonella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taiwan , tapei co . , taihoku
anarsia incerta ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : ryukyus , japan
anarsia permissa meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 331 ; tl : sw . africa , windhoek
anarsia triaenota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : gooty
anarsia citromitra meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude
anarsia geminella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 18 ; tl : herat , afghanistan
anarsia nigricana park , 1991 ; jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 494 ; tl : suweon , gyunggi prov .
anarsia vectaria meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas
anarsia aspera park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : taiwan , orchid is . , 4km sw hungta
anarsia isogona meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft
anarsia melanoplecta meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal
anarsia pensilis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
anarsia sagittaria meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal
anarsia nimbosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 300 ; tl : three sisters , pretoria , waterval onder
anarsia nimbosa ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
anarsia acerata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
anarsia acrotoma meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
anarsia lechriosema bradley , 1982 ; j . nat . hist . 16 ( 3 ) : 375 ; tl : norfolk i . , mt bates , 290m
anarsia stylota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya and patipola , ceylon
anarsia semnopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali ; portuguese east africa , magude
anarsia tortuosella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 ; tl : chingi , salt range , w pakistan
anarsia psammobia falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 )
anarsia tricornis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , perdeniya and haldamulla , ceylon
anarsia arsenopa meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 72 ; tl : british east africa , nairobi forest
anarsia epiula meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
anarsia gajiensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : mt gaji - san , gyungnam prov . , korea
anarsia leucophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales
anarsia ovula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )
anarsia paraisogona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )
anarsia protensa park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 60 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m
anarsia tortuosa ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 90 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
anarsia halimodendri christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 297 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 69 ; tl : turkmenistan
anarsia inculta walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 112 , pl . 5 , f . 49 ; tl : bathurst , gambia
anarsia nigricana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
anarsia nuristanella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : nuristan , afghanistan
anarsia silvosa ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : japan , honshu , oita pref . , shonai town , shiramiz
anarsia minutella ; sattler , 1976 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 34 ( 2 ) : 140 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]
anarsia stepposella ponomarenko , 2002 ; far east . ent . 115 : 2 ; tl : russia , tuva republic , 50°44 ' n 93°08 ' e , east tannu ola mts , irbitei , 1000m
anarsia taurella bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
anarsia ulmarata bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara
anarsia phortica meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , kegalle , haldamulla and undugoda , ceylon ; n . coorg ; kuching , borneo
anarsia malagasyella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : madagascar , env maroantsetra , forest station farankaraina , route navana , km 16 , 5 , antoroka valley , 100m
anarsia choana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 272 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )
anarsia molybdota meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; carnarvon , perth and york , west australia
anarsia bimaculata ; park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 496 ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 113
larva on ( in seed pods ) acacia edgworthii , a . farnesiana walsingham , 1896 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 279
ananarsia acerata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 50
ananarsia acrotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
ananarsia aleurodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
larva on albizzia sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
chelaria antisaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton
ananarsia arachniota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
ananarsia aspera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
chelaria austerodes meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 22 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
ananarsia belutschistanella amsel , 1959 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . 28 : 33 ; tl : baluchistan , iran
ananarsia belutschistanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
japan , korea , primorye , china ( jilin ) . see [ maps ]
larva on maackia amurensis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
chelaria bipinnata meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : gifu , japan
ananarsia bipinnata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
larva on elaeagnus multiflora , e . umbellata , acer ginnala , quercus sp . ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 83
nothris centrospila turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : qeensland , brisbane
ananarsia didymopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
romania , s . ukraine , seeu , altai , transcaucasia , turkmenistan , kazakhstan , afghanistan . see [ maps ]
ananarsia eleagnella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
ananarsia elongata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51
larva on arachis hypogaea ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54
chelaria eriozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : british s . e . africa , bela vista ; portuguese east africa , magude
ananarsia euphorodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
ananarsia gajiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
guiera bradley , 1969 ; bull . ent . res . 59 ( 1 ) : 79
larva on halimodendron eichvaldii ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55
s . india , laos , china ( zhejiang , yunnan ) , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]
larva on schima sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
ceu , seu , asia minor , n . africa , syria , caucasus , transcaucasia , afghanistan , china , india , australia , . . . . see [ maps ]
larva on prunus spp . , p . avium , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . insititia
larva on prunus spinosa , malus spp . , amerniaca spp . , persica spp . , cerasus spp . , amygdalus spp . , acer tataricum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
nothris minutella turati , 1929 ; boll . lab . zool . portici 23 : 124 , f . 4
larva on glycine max park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 495
larva on cajanus indicus meyrick , 1918 , exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147
s . india , ceylon , laos , thailand , shanghai , taiwan , queensland . see [ maps ]
gelechia patulella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 635 ; tl : ceylon
larva on prunus salicina , nephelium sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
ananarsia pensilis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52
s . india , ceylon , thailand , laos , borneo . see [ maps ]
ananarsia protensa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
larva on elaeagnus pungens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
ananarsia reciproca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
ananarsia sagittaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
ananarsia sagmatica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
chelaria sciograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
larva on ( in fruit ) mimusops capensis meyrick , 1927 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353
seu , ceu , sw . siberia , transbaikalia , libya , asia minor , mongolia . see [ maps ]
larva on sarothamnus scoparius , genista tinctoria , lembotropis nigrans , ulex spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
ananarsia stylota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
chelaria tortuosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : matale , ceylon
ananarsia tortuosella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
ananarsia triaenota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
ananarsia triglypta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53
larva on inga dulcis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54
microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv
voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . résultats scientifique . insectes lépidoptères . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,
in la faune entomologique de i ' ile de lar réunion . lépidoptères ( excepté les tordeuses et les géométrides )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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