hydrocynus vittatus , the african tigerfish , tiervis or ngwesh is a predatory freshwater fish distributed throughout much of africa .

this fish is generally a piscivore but it has been observed leaping out of the water and catching barn swallows in flight .

hydrocynus vittatus

metal concentrations in hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau 1861 ) populations from a premier conservation . . .
seasonal bioaccumulation of organohalogens in tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus castelnau , from lake pongolapoort , south africa .
a histology - based fish health assessment of the tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus from a ddt - affected area .
other species of the tigerfish thriving in the african continent include the hydrocynus brevis ( sudan ) , the hydrocynus forskahlii ( northern africa ) and the hydrocynus tanzaniae ( tanzania ) .
metal concentrations in hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau 1861 ) populations from a premier conservation area : relationships with environmental concentrations .
hydrocynus ; h . vittatus ; h . brevis and h . forskalii ; length - weight relationship ; morphology ; taxonomy
hydrocynus vittatus ( hydrocynus vittatus ( characid fish ) ) preys on : insecta diptera sarortherdon macrochir haplochromis darlingi tilapia rendalli based on studies in : africa , lake mcilwaine ( lake or pond ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
the hydrocynus vittatus tiger fish is the second most famous species . it can grow to up to 33 pounds , and is common in the southernmost areas of the african continent . biologically referred to as the hydrocynus vittatus , its naming is a literal combination of the english phrases ‘water dog’ and ‘striped’ . the hydrocynus vittatus is common in areas around the okavango delta and the zambezi river system .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2013 ) .
hydrocynus vittatus
in fishbase . december 2013 version .
’’hydrocynus vittatus’’
. iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . international union for conservation of nature . 2010 .
taxonomy , distribution and prevalence of parasites of tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) in the sanyati basin , lake kariba , zimbabwe .
cochrane , k . l . , 1976 catches of hydrocynus vittatus castelnau during sardine fishing operations in kariba . kariba stud . , 7 : 98–108
hereafter , groups b , c , d and h . vittatus sensu stricto ( s . s . ) are designated the vittatus complex .
comparative behavioural assessment of an established and a new tigerfish hydrocynus vittatus population in two man - made lakes in the limpopo river catchment , southern africa .
the fish , hydrocynus vittatus , is known as a voracious predator and according to prof smit , its characteristic jump makes it a favourite species for freshwater anglers .
taxonomy , distribution and prevalence of parasites of tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) in the sanyati basin , lake kariba , zimbabwe . - pubmed - ncbi
matthes , h . , 1968 the food and feeding habits of the tiger - fish hydrocynus vittatus ( cast . 1861 ) in lake kariba . beaufortia 15 : 143–53
patterns of movement and habitat use by tigerfish ( hydrocynus vit . . . : ingenta connect
kenmuir , d . h . s . , 1975 the diet of fingerling tiger - fish , hydrocynus vittatus cast . in lake kariba , rhodesia . arnoldia rhod . , 7 : 1–8
taxonomic revision of the tiger fish hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) , h . brevis ( cuvier & valencience , 1849 ) and h . forskalii ( cuvier , 1819 ) from the nile in sudan
table 2 . frequency occurrence ( percentage ) of food items in various sizes of h . vittatus
the smaller h . vittatus is claimed to be one of the finest game fishes in the world .
table 3 the range of meristics counts for h . brevis , h . forskalii and h . vittatus
kenmuir , d . h . s . , 1971 some aspects of hydrocynus vittatus castelnau ( tiger - fish ) research at lake kariba . news lett . limnol . soc . south . afr . , 17 : 33–8
kenmuir , d . h . s . , 1972 report on a study of the ecology of the tiger - fish , hydrocynus vittatus castelnau in lake kariba . l . k . f . r . i . rep
bayesian tree of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in beast , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .
bayesian tree of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in mrbayes , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .
maximum parsimony of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in paup , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .
geographically structured analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) using cyt b sequences for 26 h . vittatus individuals .
the second largest variety of tigerfish , the hydrocynus vittatus is a fierce predator characterized by a long slender shape and a forked caudal fin . although its scales can be appropriately described as large , iridescent and silvery ; sometimes they appear to have a golden cast .
taxonomic revision of the tiger fish hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) , h . brevis ( cuvier & valencience , 1849 ) and h . forskalii ( cuvier , 1819 ) from the nile in sudan | h . a . mohamed | international journal of aquaculture
and the vittatus complex . its timing concurs with constraints on activity in the western branch of the active east african rift system (
goodier sam . evolution of the african tigerfish ( genus hydrocynus ) : insights into drainage evolution . 2010 . msc thesis : university of cape town .
group b consists of two samples from the lufubu river ( a tributary of lake tanganyika ) collected alongside a series of h . vittatus ;
actually the current world record vittatus is 39 inches and 35 pounds . its was an old fat female . normal specimens are under two feet .
…ostariophysan is the tigerfish ( hydrocynus vittatus ) , which attains a weight exceeding 45 kg ( approximately 100 pounds ) ; its huge , sharp teeth and large , tunalike tail endow it with ferocity and speed . parasitic habits are rarely found among bony fishes , but certain species of trichomycterid catfishes attach themselves to the gills…
group d is composed of samples from the luapula river , lake mweru , lake bangweulu and the chambeshi river . this lineage is sister to h . vittatus ;
figure 1 a diagram based on morphometric measurements of h . vittatus , h . brevis and h . forskalii specimens , showing the load of each character on their separation
figure 2 a diagram based on meristic counts of h . vittatus , h . brevis and h . forskalii specimens , showing the load of each character on their separation
summary of 88 genotyped individuals of hydrocynus characterized in this study , together with 2 genbank sequences , ordered by taxa with corresponding haplotype designations ( total = 42 ) and their collection sites .
smit , n . j . ; wepener , v . ; vlok , w . ; wagenaar , g . m . ( jan 2013 ) .
conservation of tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus , in the kruger national park with the emphasis on establishing the suitability of the water quantity and quality requirements for the olifants and luvuvhu rivers
. water research commission .
table 1 . frequency occurrence of food items in the stomachs of h . vittatus at charlets and nchete / samaria island stations ( june , 1983 – may , 1985 )
fig . 3 length frequency distribution of prey in h . vittatus . shaded histogram shows length frequency of commercial catch at siavonga area , data from subramaniam ( 1984 ) .
table 2 morphomertic measurements h . vittatus ( a ) , h . brevis ( b ) and h . forskalii ( c ) expressed as percentage of head length ( % hl )
fig . 1 percentage frequency of food items by number from h . vittatus samples of ( a ) charlets ( b ) nchete / samaria island stations ( 1984 – 1985 ) .
table 1 morphomertic measurements of h . vittatus ( a ) , h . brevis ( b ) and h . forskalii ( c ) and expressed as percentage of standard length ( % sl )
fin clips or muscle tissue were collected from 88 hydrocynus individuals sampled from 12 drainage systems in the study area , preserved in 96 % ethanol and stored at room temperature or 4°c until dna extraction ( table s1 ) .
mohamed and al - awadi , 2015 , taxonomic revision of the tiger fish hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) , h . brevis ( cuvier & valencience , 1849 ) and h . forskalii ( cuvier , 1819 ) from the nile in sudan , international journal of aquaculture , vol . 5 , no . 5 : 1 - 9 ( doi : 10 . 5376 / ija . 2015 . 05 . 0005 )
and the vittatus complex in the pliocene at 3 . 1 ( ci : 5 . 3–1 . 3 ) ma also slightly postdates the initiation of tectonic tilting in the region north of lake malawi (
the ‘ tiger fish ’ is the name generally used to refer to a variety of fish species of the genus hydrocynus . native to africa , the tiger fish is located in scores of rivers and lakes throughout the continent .
. all subsequent divergence events within the vittatus complex ( 2 . 0–0 . 5 ma , plio - pleistocene ) , correspond to a time period of several drainage rearrangements in the zambian congo and the upper zambezi drainage systems
with the aim of resolving the cryptic diversity in hydrocynus , current research is examining representative museum specimens of all these taxa in a multi - faceted generic revision . this revision will include formal taxonomic evaluation of all cryptic lineages revealed by mtdna genotyping .
is an unusual characin . this fish is best described by its scientific name .
hydrocynus
means
water dog
and
vittatus
means
striped ,
and , indeed , the african tiger fish looks like a
striped waterdog .
this big , ferocious fish is covered with large , iridescent , silvery scales , sometimes with a golden cast . other common names for this fish are tiger fish , tiger characin , ndweshi , african tigerfish , and tiervis .
. . . tigerfish hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau 1861 ) are arguably the most sought - after recreational angling fish in southern africa ( økland et al . 2005 , smit et al . 2009 ) . they have a high social , economic and ecological importance as they are used as a food source and as indicators of ecological health throughout southern africa ( naesje et al . 2001 , gerber et al . 2009 , tweddle 2010 , mchugh et al . 2011 ) . . . .
. . . it was merely , but regrettably , an accidental transposition of data in a table , with no implications thereof to our findings and conclusions . in addition a recent report ( smit et al . , 2013 ) found very high levels of ddt in tigerfish ( hydrocynus vittatus ) from knp rivers . predatory tigerfish from the luvuvhu river ( the same river we based our study on ) had the highest levels ever reported for any freshwater fish from south africa . . . .
this study provides the first complete molecular phylogeny of hydrocynus , which incorporates all described species , with representative geographical coverage . moreover , spatio - temporal resolution of diversification in hydrocynus , revealed by molecular dating of cladogenic events and structuring of genetic variation , points to pervasive control of landscape evolution , within and across extant drainage basins . these implications , pertinently as tests of tectonic control , are discussed in detail below . however , first we set in place the platform of taxonomic and phylogeographical knowledge informed by this phylogeny and associated phylogeographic statistics .
citation : goodier sam , cotterill fpd , o ' ryan c , skelton ph , de wit mj ( 2011 ) cryptic diversity of african tigerfish ( genus hydrocynus ) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked neogene geotectonic events . plos one 6 ( 12 ) : e28775 . urltoken
since h . vittatus alone had a significant value for fu ' s fs , only its mismatch distribution was calculated ( figure 5 ) . the ‘raggedness’ index was high ( r = 0 . 25 ) and significant ( p < 0 . 01 ) , indicating a poor fit of the observed and expected mismatch distributions [ 54 ] . the observed multimodal distribution , which is characteristic of a historically stable population , is supported by the high nucleotide and haplotype diversity in h . vittatus , which indicates a stable population with a large , persistent , effective population size . however , this can also indicate admixture of historically isolated populations but the low level of genetic distance within h . vittatus does not support a historically stable population .
table 4 principal component analysis ( pcas ) applied to correlation matrix showing the “eigenvalue” explained by each factor and the percentage of total variance ( % variance ) attributed to each factor of 28 morphometric measurements for h . vittatus , h . brevis and h . forskalii
table 5 principal component analysis ( pcas ) applied to correlation matrix showing the “eigenvalues” explained by each factor and the percentage of total variance ( % variance ) attributed to each factor of 10 meristic counts for h . vittatus , h . brevis and h . forskalii
figure 4 a division hierarchical cluster of meristic counts of h . vittatus ( a ) , h . brevis ( b ) and h . forskalii ( c ) , based on the matrix of distance of neighbour - joining clustering ( nearest neighbor ) , using euclidean
one of the causes of the decline in tilapia stocks in lake kariba was attributed to predation by h . vittatus ( matthes , 1968 ; kenmuir , 1971 and coulter et al . , 1965 ) . coke ( 1966 ) also observed 50 % occurrence of tilapia in tiger - fish stomachs . however , donnelly ( 1971 ) found that alestes lateralis formed 54 . 1 % and tilapias only 2 . 1 % of the tiger - fish diet , which lead him to conclude that since the establishment of aquatic plants which provide cover for tilapia juveniles , the influence of h . vittatus on tilapias was minimal . the present study suggests that tilapias still constitute an important item of food for h . vittatus in lake kariba despite the weed cover , although l , miodon remains the major prey .
micralestes acutiden s ( genbank accession number : ay791418 . 1 ) and ladigesia roloffi ( ay791417 . 1 ) were selected as outgroups due to their close genetic relationship to hydrocynus identified by calcagnotto et al . [ 18 ] . taxa were accepted as representing a certain species based on their affinities to known sequences from respective species from known localities , where available , and to sequences from topotypical material ( obtained from the type locality ) , and identified voucher specimens . for example , h . vittatus from the okavango delta is considered topotypical [ 55 ] , [ 56 ] .
figure 3 a division hierarchical cluster of log10 transformed of morphometric measurements of of h . vittatus ( a ) , h . brevis ( b ) and h . forskalii ( c ) , based on a matrix of distance of neighbour - joining clustering ( nearest neighbor ) , using euclidean similarity measure
figure 5a regression graph of length - weight relationship for h . vittatus showing the regression equation ( log 10 w = 0 . 48967729 + ( - 2 . 0794 ) log 10 sl ) equal to w = 3 . 088 l - 2 . 079 ; r 2 = 0 . 923
there are two major species of the african tigerfish , mostly common in the south african sub - region . the hydrocynus goliath , commonly referred to as the goliath tiger fish , is the largest in the family . the goliath tiger can grow to more than 110 pounds , and is rampant in lake tanganyika and the congo river .
our phylogeographic results reveal key spatio - temporal details of how divergence events and demographic responses of tigerfishes have played out across african drainage systems over the late cenozoic . these cladogenic and dispersal events testify to the marked sensitivity of hydrocynus to the geomorphic evolution that fragmented and reconfigured drainage basins . this biogeographical resolution corroborates that obtained for galaxiid fishes and drainage evolution in the southern alps , new zealand [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] . collectively , they demonstrate how combined geological and genetic data provide the keys to unravel the histories of drainage basins and their biodiversity . these insights position us to evaluate how biotic events in hydrocynus interfaced with the geological evolution of neogene africa .
coloration : ground color similar to that of h . forskalii , but in h . vittatus tips of dorsal and adipose fin black and fork of caudal fin black - edged ; dark coloration may also extend unto median caudal rays , forming crescent - shaped blotch ( ref . 80290 , 81279 ) .
. . . similar occasional long - distance movements have been observed in other large - bodied river fish . for example , paddlefish ( polyodon spathula ) in the upper mississippi moved up to 420 km ( zigler et al . 2003 ) , muskellunge ( esox masquinongy ) in the st . john river moved up to 100 km ( curry et al . 2007 ) , and tigerfish ( hydrocynus vittatus ) in the upper zambezi up to 71 km ( økland et al . 2005 ) . taimen home range appears to fit the log - linear home range versus body size relationship across species described by minns ( 1995 , data not shown ) . . . .
south africa’s premier wilderness area , the kruger national park ( knp ) , is worldwide renowned for its conservation of africa’s big five . however , equally important , but less known to the national and international visitors , it also plays a very important role in the conservation of tigers , but not the fury kind , rather the scaly type ! tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus , one africa’s premier freshwater fishes , are present in most of the main rivers of the knp , but unfortunately , their numbers are declining , not due to lack of protection in the knp , but rather a result of the deterioration of the water quality and quantity of the rivers before they enter the park .
a combination of primers designed in this study and modified universal pcr primers were used to amplify the cyt b region ( table s5 ) . alignment of available hydrocynus sequences , sequences of closely related characiforms from genbank [ 90 ] and partial cyt b sequences [ 18 ] were used to design primers . the final cyt b fragment was amplified as two parts . two primer combinations ( l14724hycf2 or l14990fishf and h15494hycr2 , and l15408hyc with one of three reverse primers ( hycgr2 , hycr3 or h15919hycr ) were used to amplify the respective , partially overlapping amplicons . the large number of reverse primers used was a result of the variability among hydrocynus species at the region initially selected for primer binding , based on the partial genbank sequences and related characiformes .
from bottom ( clockwise ) : a ) h . brevis , b ) h . vittatus , c ) h . goliath , d ) h . forskahlii and e ) h . tanzaniae . photo credits : a ) stan nabozny , b ) ryan clark , c ) mike de wit , d ) dirk neumann , e ) keith clover .
hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) synonyms : hydrocinus vittatus castelnau , 1861 hydrocyon lineatus bleeker , 1862 hydrocyon lineatus schlegel , 1863 hydrocyon lineatus gunther , 1864 hydrocyon vittatus boulenger , 1898 description : a brilliant silvery - coloured fish , with compressed elongated body , 205 to 375 mm standard length , covered by ctenoid scales and each scale marked by a dark spot forming parallel bands visible above the lateral line , and a very small adipose fin behind the dorsal fin . edges of dorsal and adipose fins black , forked edge of caudal fin distinctly black . position of the dorsal fin distinctly before the insertion of ventral fin . eye diameter 80 % of inter - orbital width . measurements are in % sl : body depth 20 . 4 to 28 . 9 ; head length 23 . 1 to 27 . 5 ; head width 11 . 2 to 13 . 1 ; upper snout length 9 to 11 . 2 ; lower snout length 10 to 13 . 7 ; eye diameter 6 . 6 to 9 . 2 ; inter - orbital width 9 . 7 to 11 . 6 ; post - orbital length 10 . 8 to 14 . 6 ; dorsal - to - adipose fin 27 . 7 to 37 . 5 ; pre - dorsal length 46 . 4 to 61 . 6 ; pre - ventral length 50 . 8 to 65 . 3 ; caudal peduncle length 10 . 9 to 12 . 6 ; caudal peduncle depth 9 to 11 . 8 .
only posterior probabilities over 0 . 90 are shown . error bars indicate the 95 % confidence intervals on the node dates ; numbers inside the bars are the dates estimated by beast ; those inside ovals are discussed in the text . the horizontal axis depicts time before present in millions of years ( ma ) . the colour coding of hydrocynus lineages corresponds to the drainage system ( s ) represented in each haplotype .
the contents of tiger - fish stomachs consisted mainly of fish , though insects , molluscs and crustaceans were also recorded . fish were found in about 97 % of the full stomachs examined and comprised mainly l . miodon and cichlids followed by unidentified and digested fish . the occurrence of synodontis zambezensis , alestes spp . and juvenile h . vittatus was insignificant ( < 1 % each ) .
a comparison of the stomach contents of h . vittatus from the two stations indicated that there was spatial variation in its feeding habits . while l . miodon occurred in 41 . 5 % of the stomachs of tiger - fish from nchete / samaria island station , it was recorded from only 29 . 5 % of those examined from charlets station . conversely , cichlids were more abundant in the stomachs of fish from charlets station ( 33 . 2 % ) than those from the island station ( 28 . 2 % ) . this may be explained by the greater abundance of juvenile cichlids at charlets station due to the weedy habitat there . the cichlids preyed upon were mainly tilapia rendalli , oreochromis mortimeri and pseudocrenilabrus philander . the incidence of s . zambezensis and h . vittatus in the stomachs was negligible .
this species is close to h . forskalii , but has black markings ( at tip of adipose dorsal fin and fork of caudal fin ) that are lacking in that species . furthermore , the rayed dorsal fin is not positioned as far forwards as in h . forskalii . the synonymy of h . vittatus with h . forskalii proposed by brewster ( 1986 ) does not appear well founded ( paugy and guégan 1989 ) .
three of these key events are represented in the divergence between the two sister groups ( groups c and b from h . vittatus and group d ) estimated at 2 . 0 ( ci : 3 . 5–0 . 8 ) ma . groups b and c diverged in the pleistocene at 1 . 5 ( ci : 2 . 6–0 . 5 ) ma while h . vittatus and group d split approximately 1 . 4 ( ci : 2 . 4–0 . 5 ) ma . all these events can be attributed to rearrangements of upper zambezi and paleo - chambeshi headwaters across northeast zambia , driven by plio - pleistocene tectonism , which ramified from the southern arm of the albertine rift across the bangweulu and mweru depressions , to extend southwest into the bulozi ( upper zambezi ) and okavango graben [ 12 ] , [ 84 , goodier et al . unpublished ] .
this map depicts the geographical relationships of the main rivers and lakes relevant to the biogeography and evolution of hydrocynus , and localities mentioned in the text . this map was constructed using arcmap 9 . 3 from the hydrosheds digital river database [ 103 ] and the aeon africa rivers database [ 65 ] , [ 104 ] . main rivers and lakes depicted in the legend are labeled with letters ( rivers ) and numbers ( lakes ) respectively . country boundaries and labels are included for geographical context .
cichlids in general form a significant part of the artisanal fish catches of lake kariba . the present study suggests that tiger - fish take a substantial toll of juvenile cichlids , particularly in the marginal waters . there is no evidence to support the belief that the predation pressure on tilapias was reduced as a result of the semi - pelagic habit assumed by h . vittatus consequent to the establishment of a large limnothrissa population in the open waters of the lake .
tajima ' s d [ 50 ] and fu ' s fs [ 51 ] tests of selective neutrality examine the frequencies of mutations in order to detect deviations from the neutral model [ 52 ] . due to the small sample sizes ( 2–10 individuals ) for all the lineages , excluding h . vittatus , it is not surprising that neither of these tests of selective neutrality were significant since the ability to detect deviations from the neutral model increases with sample size ( table s4 ] . only h . vittatus had a significantly negative value ( −6 . 2153 ; p < 0 . 005 ) for fu ' s fs , which is more sensitive to recent population expansions [ 53 ] . this result indicates an excess of low - frequency mutations , caused by demographic expansion or selection . however , as cyt b is a protein coding gene , it could be under selection to retain its functionality , resulting in the significantly negative fu ' s fs .
the estimated divergence dates on the dated cyt b tree exhibit fairly large confidence intervals ( e . g . 11 . 1 ( ci : 15 . 5–7 . 1 ) ma on the divergence between h . goliath and all other taxa . this most likely reflects the use of only one calibration point and a universal estimate of substitution rate in teleost cyt b . however , despite this large uncertainty , the estimated dates provide reliable evidence to discuss the evolutionary history of hydrocynus since even approximate estimates can be used to explain biogeographical history [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 62 ] , [ 63 ] .
a large proportion of individuals from the okavango and upper zambezi rivers share a haplotype confirming an intermittent connection between the okavango and upper zambezi systems [ 6 ] , [ 57 ] , [ 61 ] . a haplotype dominating h . vittatus individuals from coastal populations , south of the lower zambezi , is shared with an individual from the middle zambezi . the presence of the same haplotype in this large area , alongside its high abundance in the coastal rivers ( busi , pongola and save ) is consistent with their recent colonisation from a middle and lower zambezi source population .
within h . vittatus , three well supported groups were recovered in the bayesian tree . these groups consisted of samples from a ) the congo and lufubu rivers , b ) the upper zambezi and okavango delta , and c ) the middle - lower zambezi and shire rivers and the coastal populations . these groups reveal strong phylogeographic structuring across drainage systems , and their detailed explanation will be explored in greater detail in a separate paper [ goodier et al . unpublished data ] . several haplotypes shared between different drainage systems and different rivers within the same system , as seen above , are explored further in the discussion .
phylogenies of hydrocynus using the cyt b data set were constructed in beast 1 . 4 . 8 package [ 41 ] , mrbayes 3 . 1 . 1 [ 42 ] and paup 4 . 0b10 [ 43 ] , using the gtr model parameters for each data set . however , only the beast data are presented and discussed . beast uses bayesian inference and a mcmc sampling procedure to reconstruct a phylogeny by estimating the probability distribution given sequence data [ 41 ] , [ 42 ] . this algorithm weights trees in proportion to their posterior probability , such that a branch with a posterior probability close to 1 is considered well supported , whereas a value close to 0 is considered very weakly supported .
in this respect , the high hd of h . goliath , h . brevis and group c points to a recent expansion in the sizes and ranges of these three populations . correspondingly , the high haplotype diversities and high nucleotide diversities of h . vittatus , h . forskahlii , h . tanzaniae and group a possibly represent recent admixture of historically isolated populations , in respective species , since sampling of each lineage encompassed a large geographical area and represents discrete rivers . the large internal genetic distance within h . forskahlii represents marked genetic structuring within this species complex , most notable in the deep phylogenetic divergence between group e and topotypical h . forskahlii .
in this respect , the boundaries of the congo basin are of focal interest , because these watersheds were forged by diastrophism and / or epeirogeny . the northern , eastern and southern boundaries of this basin are the cameroon rift and central african thrust zone [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , the east african rift system ( ears ) and southern equatorial divide [ 33 ] . moreover , geochronological evidence for the central african thrust zone and albertine rift ( western arm of the ears ) reliably constrains when volcanism and tectonism formed these hydrological boundaries around the congo basin . so it delimits when first and second order rivers of this basin were redirected and / or impounded by faulting and uplift events ( figure 2 ) . therefore we can employ phylogeographic statistics to test whether or not evolutionary events in hydrocynus were coupled with this drainage disruption , linked with propagation of rifting across the african plate ( exemplified by the formation of lake tanganyika ) [ 12 ] , [ 34 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] .
diagnosis : 2 scale rows between lateral line and scaly process at pelvic - fin bases ; eye < 70 % of interorbital space ( ref . 2880 , 81279 ) . dorsal - fin origin at about same level as pelvic - fin insertions ; tips of adipose and dorsal fins black ; forked edge of caudal fin black ( ref . 2880 , 80290 , 81279 ) . description : gill rakers few ( 5 - 9 / 9 - 12 ) , but rather long ; rakers of first gill arch normally developed ; body profile less elongate than h . forskalii ( ref . 2880 , 80290 , 81279 ) . dorsal fin with 2 unbranched and 8 branched rays ; anal fin with 3 unbranched and 12 branched rays ; 14 scales around caudal peduncle ( ref . 11970 ) . coloration : ground color similar to that of h . forskalii , but in h . vittatus tips of dorsal and adipose fin black and fork of caudal fin black - edged ; dark coloration may also extend unto median caudal rays , forming crescent - shaped blotch ( ref . 80290 , 81279 ) .
to test whether extant drainage patterns have influenced extant population structure , an analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) was calculated in arlequin 3 . 11 [ 48 ] . this analysis calculates the fixation index ( φst ) [ 49 ] which uses haplotype diversities to estimate levels of genetic diversity and differentiation between contrasted populations . φst analysis partitions the total genetic variance into among - and within - population components , with population specific φst ' s calculated . to test if genetic variation has been structured within drainage basins , versus across watersheds , and principal knickpoints , a hierarchical analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) was also performed using arlequin 3 . 1 [ 48 ] to determine how extant genetic variation is partitioned with h . vittatus . this analysis was only performed on this species due to constraints of sample number . population groupings were based on the overall drainage system ( congo vs . zambezi and coastal - a ) , the drainage system subdivided by separation ( congo vs . zambezi vs . coastal - b ) , and the drainage subdivided by any drainage barriers ( congo vs . upper zambezi and okavango vs . middle and lower zambezi vs . coastal - c ) .
principal component analysis of data from the 27 morphometric measurement revealed that approximately 70 . 3 % of the total variation was explained along one component , ( table 4 ) . the second component of variation accounted for 11 . 5 % of the total variability , the third component of variation accounted for 4 % of the total variability and the fourth component of variation accounted for 3 % of the total variability . the eigenvalues for all components were positive indicating that all used variables has some effect on the morphological variation of the hydrocynus species the loadings of the morphometric variables to determine their importance on variability explained is presented in ( figure 1 ) . principal component analysis of data from ten meristic counts revealed that approximately 73 . 9 % of the total variation was explained along one component ( table 5 ) . the second component of variation accounted for 11 . 6 % of the total variability , the third component of variation accounted for 4 . 5 % , the forth component of variation accounted for 3 . 3 % and the fifth component of variation accounted for 3 . 1 % of the total variability . the loadings of the meristic variables to determine their importance on variability explained is presented in ( figure 2 ) . the data of log10–transformation of morphometric measurements and cluster analysis of meristic counts produced hierarchical clusters of specimens of the three species in a distance dendrogram . most individuals of each species clustered together at the end of the spectrum ( figure 3 & 4 ) .
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looking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .
i ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?
hi every one i ' m looking for all and any information on breeding tigerfish in captivity , i am putting together a breeding program for restocking local zimbabwean . . . ( more ) sara thompson
this tiger characin is definitely a specialty fish . it can reach an impressive size , up to about 3 - 1 / 2 feet ( 105 cm ) in length and over 60 pounds , but it usually won ' t get much longer than about 30 inches ( 75 cm ) in the aquarium . one look at those teeth tells you that the african tiger fish is a voracious predator . the african tiger fish is related to the piranha but actually gets much larger . they can use those huge teeth to chop even large fish into bite sized pieces .
the african tigerfish is not actually hard to care for in terms of water quality or food variety , but they get really big and eat a lot . the large size alone limits the type of aquarist who will able to keep one . when first purchased as small juveniles , they may initially be kept in a large home aquarium . but eventually , full - sized adults will need a very large tank . an aquarium of 650 gallons , even upwards of a 1000 gallons or more , will be needed to keep them happy and healthy . in its adult size , this giant fish is really best suited for public aquariums or for highly experienced aquarists with the space and financial ability to properly care for them .
african tiger fish are usually kept in species aquariums . they will school with their own species and more than one can be kept if the aquarium is large enough . they will also school with fish of similar temperament , however , any tankmates need to be appreciably larger . as they age and grow even larger , however , these african characins tend to become less tolerant of their tankmates and need to be housed singly .
was described by castelnau in 1861 . they are found throughout africa , from egypt to south africa . they are most common in the senegal , nile , omo , and congo rivers and in lake tanganyika . the species is listed on the iucn red list as least concern ( lc ) . it has a wide distribution and is generally abundant and common . other common names it are known by are tiger fish , tiger characin , ndweshi , african tigerfish , and tiervis .
these tiger fish inhabit mainly larger rivers and lakes . all but the largest specimens will swim in schools with other similarly sized fish , roving about and preying on food . they are fierce and voracious predators , feeding on whatever is available . while they mostly eat other fish , they will also consume some detritus and plant matter . the african tiger fish also serves as a food fish for many natives .
varies - they swim in schools with other similarly sized fish , though very large specimens are loners .
lc - least concern - this species has a wide distribution . although it has been locally depleted by heavy fishing , it is generally common and abundant and therefore listed as least concern . it has been assessed regionally as least concern for central , eastern , north eastern , southern , and western africa .
the african tiger fish can get up to 41 . 3 inches ( 105 cm ) in length and weigh up to 62 pounds ( 28 kg ) in the wild . in captivity , they are unlikely to achieve a size of much more than about 30 inches ( 75 cm ) and have a lifespan of between 10 and 15 years .
this fish has an elongated body that tapers on both ends and a forked caudal fin . its large head features prominently visible teeth , 8 per jaw . the teeth are conical in shape and very sharp . the african tiger fish uses its teeth for grasping and chopping rather than tearing . these teeth are occasionally replaced throughout its life .
this fish has a silvery blue body overall with rows of large , iridescent , silvery scales , sometimes with a golden cast . some individuals will have red and yellow on the fins . males and females are similar in form and color , but females are generally smaller and more full - bodied .
41 . 3 inches ( 105 . 00 cm ) - these fish get up to 3 1 / 2 feet ( 105 cm ) and weigh up to 62 pounds ( 28 kg ) in the wild , but they are unlikely to reach much more than about 30 inches ( 75cm ) in the aquarium .
15 years - they have a lifespan of between 10 and 15 years in captivity .
african tiger fish are large predacious fish . they are undemanding of water quality and eat readily , but their size alone limits who will able to keep them . when small , these fish will seem like an interesting and exotic addition to your tank . but they grow to an alarming size and have amazing bursts of speed , both of which make providing a suitable environment over the course of their lifespan very challenging .
small juveniles may initially be kept in a large home aquarium , but eventually they will need a very large tank . in their adult size , they are really best suited for public aquariums , or kept by experienced fish keepers with the space and financial ability to care for these giants .
advanced - this fish grows up to 3 . 5 feet in length and requires a very large tank of 650 gallons or more . these restrictions make it unsuitable for the average hobbyist .
these fish are primarily considered to be carnivores . in the wild , they are a major predator . though the bulk of their diet is fish , they will also consume some detritus and plant matter , so are actually omnivorous . in the aquarium , they can be fed meaty foods like whole fishes and shrimps .
when initially introduced into the aquarium , they will readily eat live foods , but once they have acclimated , they can be offered frozen foods as well a pellet diet . small juveniles will take flake but will soon need to be moved to pellets . trout pellets work well . some aquarists report that they will ignore prepared foods when live food is available .
yes - these fish may not accept processed foods at first but will usually adapt to them with time .
tiger fish are big , messy fish that require ample filtration . water changes of about 30 - 50 % are needed every other week , depending on the bioload , to keep this fish happy and healthy .
bi - weekly - do a 30 - 50 % water change every other week .
african tiger fish is an extremely large , predatory fish . because of its large adult size and propensity for schooling with other similarly sized fish , it needs a very large aquarium . when first obtained as a small juvenile , it can be kept in a large home aquarium , but as it grows it will need a much larger tank . as it attains its adult size , at least 650 gallons will be needed to keep it happy and healthy , with upwards of 1000 + gallons or more being even better .
these fish will occupy all parts of the aquarium , so they need a spacious open area for swimming as well as a decor of plants , roots , and driftwood to provide them with some hiding places . they need good , clean water and a moderate water flow , so adequate filtration is important .
650 gal ( 2 , 460 l ) - juveniles can be kept in a large home aquarium , but full - sized adults will need at least 650 gallons or more .
though the african tiger fish is not necessarily aggressive , it has a big appetite . not many species can survive in a tank with them . this fish will do best kept in a species tank .
this fish can be kept with other similarly sized or larger , non - territorial species . however , the african tiger fish is less tolerant of tankmates outside its own species , so be cautious in selecting companions . in particular , very large individuals are likely to grow less tolerant of co - inhabitants .
large aggressive - predatory - this fish is more predatory than aggressive ; however , tankmates need to be significantly larger .
yes - these fish will swim in schools , though very large specimens may become loners .
threat - tankmates should be similarly sized or larger to avoid becoming a meal .
the african tiger fish has not been bred in the aquarium , though it has been successfully bred in captivity as a fishery specimen . presumably , breeding them in an aquarium would be difficult , or even impossible , and would require a very large tank . for a general description of breeding characin fish , see breeding freshwater fish : characins .
in nature , these fish spawn for just a few days each year during the rainy season , usually in december and january . they migrate up river and into small streams . the female lays a large number of eggs in very shallow water among submerged vegetation . after the eggs hatch , the young live in the shallows until flood waters force them out into larger waterways .
like most giant fish , the biggest concern with the african tiger fish is lack of space and food . if you can meet these needs , not much goes wrong with these giants . these fish are hardy and disease is not usually a problem in a well - maintained aquarium . however , aquarists still need to take precautions against health problems and disease . anything you add to your tank can introduce disease . not only other fish but plants , substrate , and decorations can harbor bacteria . take great care and make sure to properly clean or quarantine anything you add to an established tank so as not to upset the balance . because these fish eat live food , disease can be passed to them from their foods . make sure to quarantine live food before feeding .
a good thing about the african tiger fish is their resilience . an outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if dealt with it at an early stage . when keeping more sensitive types of fish , it is common for all fishes to be infected even before the first warning signs can be noticed . the best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your fish the proper environment and a well balanced diet . the more closely their environment resembles their natural habitat , the less stress the fish will have and the healthier and happier they will be . a stressed fish is more likely to acquire disease .
as with most fish , the african tiger fish is prone to skin flukes , parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , ichthyobodo infection , parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , bacterial infections ( general ) , and bacterial disease . aquarists should read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . for information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .
the african tiger fish or tiger characin are occasionally available but usually come with a very high price tag . even though they aren’t considered rare , like many large fish , they are expensive when small because they are small for such a short period of time .
the african tiger fish is primarily a game fish and food fish . they can ' t be shipped into florida , as the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission has restrictions placed upon the transport and handling of certain species , including this one .
glen s . axelrod , brian m . scott , neal pronek , encyclopedia of exotic tropical fishes for freshwater aquariums , tfh publications , 2005
dr . rüdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 4 , mergus verlag , 2004
hi every one i ' m looking for all and any information on breeding tigerfish in captivity , i am putting together a breeding program for restocking local zimbabwean waters . please if you have any information i would hugely appreciate it , and you may have helped save the species .
i will be doing a presentation based on this fish and this means that i have to know it like the back of my hand , and so far its cool , i ' m loving it , it ' s so adorable and beautiful .
hi guys i ' m looking for all and any information on breeding tigerfish i am a zimbabwean , i have been asked to research breeding these guys for restocking our local waters in zimbabwe as the decline is so drastic that they could become extinct in the next decade . please anyone with any information of breeding tigerfish please contact me asap extremeaquariums167 @ urltoken
how old will a tiger fish weighing around 6 kg be ? the kariba zimbabwe species .
how long have you had it ? did you get it from a pet store or from a previous owner ? i don ' t think there ' s any sure way to tell how old it is . in the wild they can get to be around 28 kg , but in captivity they don ' t usually get that big because of environment constraints .
this page states that they need a 1 , 000 gallon aquarium . what are the dimensions of this aquarium ?
they can be different dimensions but run about 120 inches wide , 50 inches deep and 40 inches accross - - - there are various sizes though .
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eschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 2 august 2016 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 2 august 2016 ) .
snoeks , j . , tweddle , d . , getahun , a . , lalèyè , p . , paugy , d . , zaiss , r . , fishar , m . r . a & brooks , e .
justification : this species has a wide distribution . although it is locally depleted by heavy fishing pressure , it is generally common and abundant , and is therefore listed as least concern . it has also been assessed regionally as least concern for central , eastern , north eastern , southern and western africa .
this species is generally common and widespread . in lake kariba on the middle zambezi river , its population fluctuated considerably , mostly in relation to the abundance of the introduced clupeid
which now forms a major part of its diet ( kenmuir 1973 , marshall 1985 ) . it is commercially exploited in lake rukwa , forming about 3 . 9 % of the yield . in mtera dam , species composition in the catches show a decline from 26 . 1 % in 1987 to 14 . 3 % in 1991 , and 7 % in 1996 .


the slaty spinetail or slaty castlebuilder , ( synallaxis brachyura ) , is a passerine bird which breeds in the tropical new world from northern honduras to western ecuador and east-central brazil .

it is a member of the south american bird family furnariidae , a group in which many species build elaborate clay nests , giving rise to the english name for the family of " ovenbirds " .

however , the slaty spinetail constructs a bulky spherical stick nest 36x43 cm in size , with a long tubular entrance , 0.4 – 4.5 m high in a shrub or vine covered tree .

it lays two or three greenish white eggs .

this species is a widespread and common resident breeder in lowlands and up to 1500 m altitude in a range of scrubby habitats , including second growth , road and river edges , and overgrown pasture .

the slaty spinetail is typically 15 cm long , and weighs 18.5 g .

it is a slender bird with a long , pointed wispy tail .

the plumage is mainly dark grey-brown becoming dark grey on the head .

the crown and shoulder patches are rich rufous .

sexes are similar , but young birds are duller and browner with a yellowish chin .

the slaty spinetail is an insectivore which is difficult to see as it forages for beetles , caterpillars and other prey deep in tangled thickets , but may be located by its hard chu-chu-chrrrr call .

slaty spinetail

remsen , j . v . , jr ( 2018 ) . slaty spinetail ( synallaxis brachyura ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the slaty spinetail is common in a variety of open woodland and shrubby habitats in the tropical and subtropical zones ( 200 - 3300m ) , ranging from the northern coast of honduras to southwest ecuador . it is often found foraging in family groups or pairs in low , dense vegetation . it has a uniformly dark gray body with deep rufous wing coverts and a rufous crown , extending from behind the forehead to the nape . the four subspecies recognized are separated both geographically and altitudinally . brachyura is found in northern colombia ( mostly below 300m ) and has a deep chestnut crown and a paler gray supercilium . caucae is found mostly above 1 , 000m central colombia is paler overall . griseonucha of southwest ecuador is darker overall with a silvery throat and some white in the belly . nigrofumosa is found primarily above 1 , 000m in western ecuador and western colombia , and is similar to griseonucha but with a dark throat .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this population is suspected to be increasing as ongoing habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat ( del hoyo et al . 2003 ) .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
phylogenetic study # r found this species to be sister to s . subpudica . proposed race chapmani ( colombia ) described as like nigrifumosa but with rump slightly browner and crown , wings and underparts slightly paler , but variation apparently clinal , and individual specimens not diagnosable . named taxon jaraguana ( goiás , in e brazil ) , described as race of present species , was based on misidentified specimens of s . hypospodia . race nigrifumosa often ( as in hbw ) misspelt nigrofumosa # r . four subspecies tentatively recognized .
lawrence , 1865 – nc honduras s to panama and nw colombia s to nw ecuador ( s to n guayas ) .
chapman , 1923 – sw ecuador ( s from guayas and azuay ) s to extreme nw peru ( tumbes ) .
14–16 cm ; 16–21 g . one of the darkest species in genus . nominate race has deep rufous - chestnut crown and nape , greyish supercilium , darker grey rest of head , dark . . .
song a low “ch - ch - ch - churrr - r - r - r” , “je - ch - ch - chrrrrr” or “chut - chut - . . .
second - growth scrub , riparian thickets , and undergrowth at edges of montane evergreen forest and . . .
dietary items recorded are coleoptera , hemiptera , larval diptera and lepidoptera , spiders , spider eggs , and seeds . usually in pairs , . . .
eggs in jan–feb and apr–oct in costa rica . monogamous ; paired throughout year . nest a bulky mass c . 20–40 cm high and 40 . . .
not globally threatened . fairly common to common in most of range . occurs in la planada nature reserve and río ñambí natural reserve , in colombia . tolerant of moderate . . .
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recent phylogenetic work supports subdivision into 5–6 clades ( herein tribes ) , depending on inclusion or exclusion of xenopini # r .
incorporates poecilurus , siptornopsis and gyalophylax , all of which have been found to be morphologically and genetically # r inseparable from synallaxis . see also mazaria ( above ) .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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an individual briefly appearing at the edge of a bush before moving back into cover .
call given by a bird in a pasture beside the forest ; form chapmani .
richard garrigues , josep del hoyo , keith blomerley , pere sugranyes , greg baker .
manuel retana , juanfran herrera cueva , juan d , mauricio rueda , megan , lars petersson , orlando jarquín g . , fred werner , greg griffith , joe tobias , marc fasol .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis brachyura . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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12 - 15 april 2014 for many known birding destinations in costa rica , we don’t have great earth - shattering news to share . the destinations are well documented ( in barrett lawson’s excellent costa rican birdfinding guide as well as online ) and the expected species are well documented . that said , we can still share our experiences , tag on a few [ . . . ]
5 july 2012 – el sendero los quetzales ( boquete side ) expectations were high for the los quetzales trail , and it did not disappoint . we parked at the anam ranger station and hiked the 4wd road in and the first few kilometers of the trail . quite close to the ranger station we had our first of many mixed species flocks and found the beautiful [ . . . ]
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the st kilda house mouse ( mus musculus muralis ) is an extinct subspecies of the house mouse found only on the islands of the st kilda archipelago of northwest scotland .

it is uncertain when they first arrived on the islands , but it is possible that they unwittingly were transported there during the norse period .

isolated on the islands , the st kilda house mouse diverged from relatives .

it became larger than the mainland varieties , although it had a number of traits in common with a subspecies found on mykines in the faroe islands , mus musculus mykinessiensis .

when the last st kildans were evacuated in 1930 , the endemic house mouse became extinct very quickly , as it was associated strictly with human settlement .

some specimens exist in museums .

the st kilda field mouse ( apodemus sylvaticus hirtensis ) is still present .

st kilda house mouse

mouse in the house . . - review of summer house backpackers , st kilda , australia - tripadvisor
the last mammal to go extinct in britain was the st kilda house mouse .
but the st . kilda house mouse needed the warm houses , farms , and dropped food crumbs of its human neighbors to survive . within three years of the humans evacuating , all the st . kilda house mice had died off . in contrast , the field mice survived and are still living on st . kilda today .
two kinds of mice used to be found on st kilda . both were varieties ( subspecies ) of the mainland house mouse and wood mouse respectively . they were probably brought to st kilda by norsemen . like many animals which have become isolated , they evolved to be different from their ancestors , in this case larger .
the reasons for this are not precisely known but may be the result of field mice having invaded house mouse habitat and , through some form of competition , preventing the house mouse from breeding .
scientists believe that as early as 500 bc , norse settlers arrived in st . kilda and brought along a few unwanted stowaways–european house mice . isolated from their mainland relatives , these house mice evolved over time into a distinct species , larger and shaped differently from their ancestors . st . kilda is also home to a unique subspecies of field mouse , that probably also arrived as stowaways and evolved into a new species .
following the evacuation of the human population from st kilda , field mice migrated from the hills to the abandoned homes and buildings .
the house mouse of mykines is considered to be a race of its own with special and significant characteristics . of these one must mention that the tale is very long and the hind legs are especial long and powerful probably giving the mouse extra power for jumping . the color is also different from its ancestor , the common house mouse , as it is more brownish and have a lighter tinted bellow . likewise it is interesting , that their inner nose openings are more conical than on other house mice , a trait it has in common with the mice of st . kilda , the most western , isolated island in the hebrides ! it is assumed , that the mykines and st . kilda house mice are the representatives of the eldest of europe ' s house mice .
it was probably the vikings that got the house mouse to st kilda . the mice lived exclusively in the human settlements , feeding exclusively off of the detritus that humans tend to leave about them . for a thousand years , no one really bothered about them .
we often hear about how human activity and expansion can endanger wildlife habitats . but can you think of any animals that might be threatened by the disappearance of humans ? after careful consideration , the story of the extinct st . kilda house mouse came to my mind .
the islands of st kilda , which lie 41 miles ( 66km ) west of benbecula in the outer hebrides , were abandoned by humans in 1930 .
the st kilda house mouse was dependent on the presence of people , as it fed on grain and other human commodities . with the evacuation of the people in 1930 , its source of food was lost and it died out . it is now extinct and only exists as specimens in museum collections .
a shame it’s gone then . but the good news is that another ‘man - made’ rodent subspecies , the st kilda field mouse , is currently thriving . by all accounts it has developed a taste for mars bars .
too . the relationship between the two species where they occur together has been the subject of much research . house mice used to occur on st kilda before the human population of that island was evacuated in 1930 after which they rapidly declined to extinction .
the st kilda field mouse is still common on hirta and is also present on dun . it was never so dependent on people , so it did not die out like the house mouse . it feeds on snails , insects , moss and seeds , but will also feed on the carcasses of dead sheep , birds and any apples , mars bars or other delicacies foolishly left around by work party members !
altogether there are only a few hundred pairs , making it a great rarity . specimens of the adult birds and their eggs were highly prized . the st kildans used to collect eggs for selling to collectors . today it is fully protected on st kilda .
the house mouse can be divided in two different races , western mouse and eastern mouse . the eastern mouse comes from norway while the western mouse comes from germany and england and now a days can be found in mykines , on nolsoy , hestur and fugloy , while the rest og the faroese mouse are mixtures of western mouse and eastern mouse . if it is true , what landt writes , it is interesting , that the mykines mouse in just 200 years have developed to a race of its own with it own name , mus musculus mykinessiensis . but more probably , it is a development , which have taken closer to 1000 years . the mykines house mouse is nowadays seen all around the island in an unknown number . it can be seen in the houses , in the houses for drying the sheep meat and in the open nature , the puffins lands and at least in a considerable number in borgardalur .
st . kilda is a small group of islands about one - hundred miles off the west coast of scotland . the isolated archipelago was inhabited by humans for more than two thousand years , from the bronze age until 1930 . in 1930 the few remaining residents of st . kilda were permanently evacuated because of sickness , crop failure , and casualties of world war i .
the st kilda wren is a sub - species of the mainland wren and has only been found on hirta , dun , soay and boreray . it is larger than those from the mainland .
if nothing else , the st kilda house mouse shows us the limitations of the words and ideas that we use to frame the great ecological debates of our age . it blurs the distinctions between wild and domestic , natural and man - made , history and natural history , anthropology and ecology , even between vermin and endangered animal . as such , it can help us to frame fundamental questions about conservation , what we are trying to achieve and why we are trying to achieve it . the st kilda house mouse should be a rallying call for the curiosity of conservationists ; we need to question perceived wisdom , distinctions and definitions and to measure worth and value and meaning . to care for the planet , or even to care about it at all , we need to be curious .
suggested routes of colonisation of the field mouse ( from a poster in the observatory ) .
there are only 2 wild species of terrestrial mammals on mykines . it is the house mouse and the hare . apart from that , there are the domestic mammals , sheep , cow , horse , dog and cat .
it is not known for how long there have been house mouses on mykines . the vicar landt in his
forsøg til en beskrivelse over færøerne
( a trial to a description of the faroes ) from 1800 states , that there were no house mice on mykines at that time . whether this is true , is not possibly to say anything about now , but it dosn´t seem probably . modern dna technologies , have shown interesting result . the distribution of house mouse can be taken as a proof of the way the faroes have been colonised , as the house mouse have followed man . genetical investigation of faroese people have shown , that the men came from norway while the faroese women came from ireland .
berry , r . j . & tricker , b . j . k . 1969 . competition and extinction : the mice of foula with notes on those on fair isle and st . kilda . journal of zoology 158 : 247 - 265 .
isolated from their mainland relatives , these house mice evolved over time into a distinct species , larger and shaped differently from their ancestors .
' fair isle field mouse ' , observatory , 2014 . © ian andrews . although previously recognised as a subspecies of the field mouse or even a separate species in its own right , current thoughts are that is should be treated as an island form .
despite the field mice thriving , the change and lack of food resulted in extinction for the island ' s house mice , who took only two years to die out .
it is a curious story , and a curious creature , and one that i personally feel entirely ambiguous about . should it have been saved ? is its extinction a great loss for biodiversity ? was there a moral obligation to save the subspecies ? would there have been a moral obligation to save them had they not been classed as a subspecies ? is it a subspecies or a cultural relic or even just a cruel mistake ? a wild animal , or a pet , or vermin ? people worry about the loss of subspecies of tigers – should they have worried about the loss of the st kilda house mouse ? does this story belong in the annals of ecology , or history ?
' fair isle field mouse ' , observatory , 2013 . © david parnaby . field mice are dark brown above and white below ; when compared to house mice , they have larger , more protruding eyes , larger ears and a longer tail . on fair isle , they are larger and darker ( less sandy brown ) than their mainland counterparts .
in recent years the islands ' summer warden has been plotting the distribution of st kilda wrens . the most recent census was done on hirta in 1993 . a total of 113 - 117 pairs were recorded . a map showing apparent occupied territories was produced . territories were based on areas where males were recorded singing at least three times , a nest or young were found , or where a bird was giving an alarm call .
st kilda is not the most hospitable of places . in fact , it is probably most famous for being decidedly inhospitable . by 1930 things had gotten so bad for the islanders that the whole community asked to be relocated to the mainland , and so the island was deserted . as is often the case with decidedly inhospitable places , the only people who currently bother to go there regularly are the military and a small group of conservationists .
' fair isle field mouse ' , observatory , 2014 . © ian andrews . these mice are most readily seen at dusk under the bird feeders from the observatory ' s lounge window .
st kilda is an archipelago on the wrong side , as it were , of the outer hebrides , making it the most remote place in the british isles . this did not stop it from being inhabited by humans from the bronze age right up until the twentieth century . in that time , the islanders developed their own remarkable culture , which i wholeheartedly advise you to research . it is a place where culture and nature bleed into each other . indeed , it is the uk’s only unesco world heritage site for both nature and culture , and hosts britain’s largest seabird colony .
wilson , k . , eady , p . & del nevo , a . j . 1998 . origin of an insular population of the wood mouse based on parasitological evidence . journal of wildlife diseases 34 ( 1 ) : 150 - 154 .
in any case by 1932 , within two years of humans leaving , the mouse was extinct . they were not hardy enough to leave the abandoned buildings , and without human food available to pilfer there was nothing for the fat little rodents to eat .
delany , m . j . & davis , p . e . 1961 . observations on the ecology and life history of the fair isle field - mouse apodemus sylvaticus fridariensis . proceedings of the zoological society of london 136 ( 3 ) : 439 - 452 .
flowerdew , j . r . & tattersall , f . h . 2008 . wood mouse . in : harris , s . & yalden , d . w . ( eds ) mammals of the british isles : handbook , 4th edition . the mammal society , southampton .
normally one don ' t see much to them , but they can be seen in cellars and drying houses for sheep meat , where an ongoing fight against both the mouse and the starlings takes place . the mice can pass through the smallest openings , a hole of only 16 millimeters diameter it said to be enough .
the hares live at quite high altitudes in the outfield , in 400 to 500 meters hight and are most often seen around knukur in the great slope of rocks and stones , where the radio and antenna house is situated . but they can also be seen in the lower parts of the outfield . normally only one is seen at a time , running quickly from its hiding place behind or under a stone , trying to come to a more secure distance from one .
evolutionarily speaking , a thousand years isn’t a lot , if you are a human . if you are a mouse , however , it is enough time to create the pitter - patter of 5 , 000 generations of little feet . as is often the case with animals on islands with little competition , it got bigger , because bigger animals are generally more efficient at conserving heat and energy . not massively so , but big enough to eventually become a subspecies . a human - made subspecies , completely dependant on human food to survive . little more than a parasite .
it was once thought that the various races of field mice on scottish islands may have been glacial relicts , in other words they had survived the ice age in these localities . however , it is now thought that all the island field mice have been introduced by humans . work by prof . r . j . ( sam ) berry , based on skeletal characteristics , has indicated that the mice were inadvertently introduced by the vikings from norway , the route by which these introductions occurred being shown on the map ( right ) . there is not a total agreement about this , however , and one more recent piece of work , based on the parasites carried by the mice , suggests that the ' fair isle field mouse ' , in contrast to most other island populations , may have come from the british mainland .
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all most daily one see the 2 species of seals , which are seen around the faroes , spotted seal and grey seal .
one can also be so fortunate to see whales . killer whales , pilot pilot whales , porpoises and , more seldom , fin whales , sperm whales and humpback whales .
the hares on mykines are found in a little but apparently stable number . they probably live on the margins as the number is not increasing and they have never been hunted .
the hares on mykines stem from the same hares that one sees an the other faroese islands and which were brought to the faroes from the norwegian island kragerø in the 1850 ' ies . it was snow hares , who in the beginning also became white in the winter , but they now only are grey in the winter , because of many years of natural selection .
if one goes to the holm , then on the narrow land before the stair down to lamba , one often hear and see the seals on the small skerries north of the holm . and that at all seasons . just outside the landingplace , just outside the holmgjogv with the little skerry one often can see them quite close and one get the impression , especially if one is in a bout , that they are quite curious . one see their head with the big black eyes looking directly at one and if one whistle , they seem to be even more curious .
in former time they were systematically hunted and the hunters were paid for the number of jaws they presented , as the seal were thought to be a danger for the fishery . the hunt was performed by killing the cubs in the caves in which they were brought up in the first time of their life . now they are occasionally hunted by rifle and their meat tastes quite good .
if one is lucky , it is possible to see around 300 seals at one time on the skerries north and west of mykines holm , where they are lying to dry , rest and sleep . all though they can be quite noisy . it can be a beautifully sight in calm and sunny weather to see them swim in the clear water west of the holm , north of uti a bølið in the little bay below the lighthouse .
almost every year there is reported sights of whales in the sea around mykines .
for some years ago 16 pilot whales were killed in lendingergjogv . in the late 90 ' ies , sulan departing from mykines met a group of pilot whales just outside lendingergjogv , from where they were driven to bøur in sørvags fjorður , where they were killed .
several times in the late years , there have been seen killer whales very close to the shoreline of mykines . once some men gathering sheep saw five killer whales swimming along the coast and in between the skerries on the south cost just east of the village .
in the late 90 ' ies some fin whales and a sperm whale were seen in the waters just south of mykines . there was at least 2 fins swimming westward while the sperm whale was more far out , but not longer than it could be seen , how the the blast was directed sideways as the sperm whales blast is .
it is sobering to think that humans can have such a dramatic effect on the genetics of a population of animals as to create a new subspecies . that is , until you look at a dog . or a cow .
whewell’s gazette : year 2 , vol . # 41 | whewell ' s ghost
researchers have begun a study into a remote island archipelagos super - sized field mice , which can grow up to twice the size of their mainland cousins .
a team from the university of edinburgh university wants to know why the mice came to be so big .
the mice weigh up to 50g and have pale - coloured hair on their underbellies .
he said :
they are cute and a little bit different from mainland mice .
mr black added :
the theory is that because they ' re here with very little competition or predation , that allows them to get bigger and being bigger allows them to cope better with the extreme conditions out here , the cold and the weather .
the foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may
needless self - doubt
is leading to
semi - brexit
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) . like most of the island forms , both are distinctly larger than mainland field mice .
text based largely on research by simon and richard aspinall and prof . r . j . berry
berry , r . j . 1985 . the natural history of orkney . collins , london .
© fibo 2018 . fair isle bird observatory is run by an independent charity , fair isle bird observatory trust ( a registered scottish charity sco 11160 ) .
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i stayed here for 2 weeks . . apart from it been very noisy . . there is a family of mice running about in the rooms . . avoid
sorry you didnt enjoy your stay with us . during the period you stayed with us we did experience some extremely bad weather and had pest control out immediately to rectify the problem , this was quickly resolved and we have had no further issues since then .
the price you found is 29 % lower than this hotel ' s average rate of us $ 70 / night .
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booked into the beachhouse for a week ending up staying longer , had loads of fun free breakfast , ensuited bathrooms , kitchen is a little small but you work with it . $ 4 . 00 pizzas cheap drinks and the best backpacker night on fridays pashing pop on the rooftop bar . staff are so friendly in reception help you with everything and so close to the beach . would recommend it to fellow travellers .
i stayed here for a few days as i was backpacking through australia . there a few good things about this hostel . i met a lot of really nice people , most people are working or looking for work in australia . the staff are on the whole pretty friendly and helpful . the en suite bathrooms are really clean and modern . free breakfast was great . there are a few things that would make this hostel a lot better in my opinion . for starters they should put enough lockers in the room for every bedspace because if you are just staying a few days all the lockers are taken up by the long term residents . also if someone is using the en suite bathroom there are no alternative toilet facilities in the whole hostel unless you go down to the bar . i also don ' t like the fact you can ' t drink alcohol in your room , it wouldn ' t be a problem but the bar downstairs is too overpriced to be aimed at backpackers . also at one point a guy working for the hostel claiming to be
security
walked straight into a girl only dorm to make sure we weren ' t drinking alcohol , just as well no - one had just got out of the shower ! ! there is also a lot of noise from the upstairs bar at weekends which sucks cos most of the time the events there aren ' t even really marketed at the guests in the hostel . finally by far the worst thing in this hostel was the kitchen , it was soooo dirty . i know this is mostly the fault of people staying in the hostel but it was very small meaning that it didn ' t much for it to get dirty . also its really badly equipped , when i stayed the only had two forks ! ! my review makes it sound pretty terrible but its not the worst place in the world to stay for a few days especially if you are on a tight budget and can put up with a horrible kitchen . it could just be a whole lot better thats all !
one of the night in this hostel , the bed bugs bite me so bad ! i went to the reception and told them about this . the rude girl told me that they gonna spray my bed and change my sheet . when i came back that night , they didn ' t spray the bed at all ! and during that night , the bed bugs start again to attack me ! ! now , my body is full of bites and they told me to change the bed because the bed bugs was only on this area . . . . ! good answer ! and if i wanted to change the room i have to wash my clothes . i left and they didn ' t give me the money back ! ! so , sleep in this hostel is an adventure and i don ' t recommended this hostel . . . the personnel is rude and now my body is cover of bed bugs bites
i have no idea how places like this stay in business . not only did they capitalize on the f1 grand prix weekend by suddenly doubling their prices , we were generously allowed to make up our own beds and were not allowed our key deposit back the next day until we returned to our room to remove the sheets and take them to the laundry basket area . the bad : clouds of wine flies that breed in the bar carpet broken hand driers in all 3 toilets loud music until 3am from private rooftop function wine banned from our own room no dount to force us to buy their overpriced crap selection of spirits from $ 10 ( with discount ! ! ) ' continental ' breakfast turned out to be stale home brand bread , coffee and something that may have been jam . disgusting toilets in the bar being ignored every time i tried to ask for directions / borrow a pen / get more toilet paper / order a drink the good : do not stay here , there are many many alternatives even during busy season .
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amphitorna brunhyala is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by shen and chen in 1990 .

it is found in china ( guangdong and fujian ) .

amphitorna brunhyala

this is the place for brunhyala definition . you find here brunhyala meaning , synonyms of brunhyala and images for brunhyala copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word brunhyala . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word brunhyala and , of course , brunhyala synonyms and on the right images related to the word brunhyala .
neoreta brunhyala song , xue & han , 2012 , comb . nov . - plazi treatmentbank
figures 90 – 98 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 90 , oreta angularis ; 91 , o . insignis ; 92 , o . extensa ; 93 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 94 , o . griseotincta ; 95 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 96 , neoreta olga ; 97 , n . purpureofascia ; 98 , n . brunhyala .
figures 116 – 130 . aedeagus of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 116 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 117 , o . pavaca sinensis ( paratype of o . zigzaga ) ; 118 , o . trispinuligera ; 119 , o . liensis ; 120 , o . sanguinea ; 121 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . ; 122 , o . angularis ; 123 , o . insignis ; 124 , o . extensa ; 125 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 126 , o . griseotincta ; 127 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 128 , neoreta olga ; 129 , n . purpureofascia ; 130 , n . brunhyala .
figures 33 – 53 . adults of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 cm ) . 33 , oreta pavaca sinensis ( holotype of o . fusca ) ; 34 , ditto ( holotype of o . unichroma ) ; 35 – 36 , o . trispinuligera , 35 , holotype ; 37 , o . trispinuligera ( holotype of o . ankyra ) ; 38 , o . liensis ; 39 , o . sanguinea ; 40 , o . eminens ; 41 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . , holotype ; 42 – 43 , o . angularis ; 44 – 45 , o . insignis ; 46 , o . extensa ; 47 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 48 , o . griseotincta ; 49 , o . bilineata ; 50 , spectroreta hyalodisca ( holotype of s . fenestra ) ; 51 , neoreta olga ; 52 , n . purpureofascia ; 53 , n . brunhyala , paratype .
figures 131 – 158 . the eighth segment of oretinae . 131 , oreta vatama tsina ; 132 , o . andrema ; 133 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 134 , o . speciosa ; 135 , o . brunnea ; 136 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 137 , o . loochooana timutia ; 138 , o . pulchripes ; 139 , o . turpis ; 140 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 141 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 142 , o . hoenei tienia ; 143 , o . paki ; 144 , o . ancora ; 145 , o . trispina ; 146 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 147 , o . trispinuligera ; 148 , o . liensis ; 149 , o . sanguinea ; 150 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . ; 151 , o . angularis ; 152 , o . insignis ; 153 , o . extensa ; 154 , o . griseotincta ; 155 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 156 , neoreta olga ; 157 , n . purpureofascia ; 158 , n . brunhyala .
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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beccaloni , george ; et al . , eds . ( february 2005 ) .
2011 : notes on the genus spectroreta warren ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) from china with description of a new species .
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song , wenhui , xue , dayong & han , hongxiang , 2012 , revision of chinese oretinae ( lepidoptera , drepanidae ) , zootaxa 3445 , pp . 1 - 36 : 33
, contr . shanghai inst . entomol . , 9 : 167 , fig . 1 ( adults only ) , figs 2 : a - c ( genitalia ) . holotype 3 , china : fujian ( siecas ) .
. , 21 ( 5 ) : 252 , fig . 1 ( adults only ) , 4 ( genitalia ) . holotype 3 , china : guangdong , nankunshan ( scau ) , syn . nov .
material examined . china , fujian : jian’ou , wanmulin , viii . 1988 , coll . shen shuigen , 132 ƥ ( holotype , allotype and 1 paratype ) ( siecas ) .
( borneo , sumatra , peninsular malaysia ) in the following characters : the forewing apex is distinctly falcate , and the outer margin under the apex is straight in the male , and slightly expanded in the female ; a shallow excavation is present on the tornal angle ; the apex of the hind wing is notched . the wing pattern has similar transparent patches to those found in
in recognition of the similar socii , gnathos , and the bilobed signum . the valva is broad and blunt at apex , and bears a hooked basal process ; the sacculus is well developed , and tapering ; the saccus is distinct from those of other species of
, being well developed , and the aedeagus has a developed cornutus . sternite 8 is protruding and well sclerotized medially . the female genitalia have a large bilobed signum in the corpus bursae .
, though they have a similar uncus , socii and pair of median processes of the gnathos . the saccus of
, and find that in both cases it is only slightly convex . while recognising these differences we leave
for the present , since it does not seem to fit any other presently established genus , but this point may need revisiting in the future .
figures 171 – 180 . female genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 171 , oreta pavaca sinensis ; 172 , oreta trispinuligera ; 173 , o . liensis ; 174 , o . sanguinea ; 175 , o . eminens ; 176 , o . angularis ; 177 , o . insignis ; 178 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 179 , o .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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phyllonorycter ulicicolella is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is known from great britain , spain , france , italy and greece .

the wingspan is 6 – 8 mm .

adults are on wing from june to august .

the larvae feed on ulex species .

they mine the spines , shoots or bark of their host plant .

phyllonorycter ulicicolella

phyllonorycter ulicicolella ( gorse midget ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
phyllonorycter ulicicolella ( stt . ) ( lep : gracillariidae ) - a first description of the larva
article : phyllonorycter ulicicolella ( stt . ) ( lep : gracillariidae ) - a first description of the larva
details - phyllonorycter ulicicolella ( stt . ) ( lep : gracillariidae ) - a first description of the larva - biodiversity heritage library
steve and myself had a search for early - emerging day flyers last week at hartlebury common - i was keeping my eye out for leaf mines , namely those of phyllonorycter ulicicolella .
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this nationally scarce ( nb ) species is found in heathland and grassland in southern england and also northwest england .
) . the mines are difficult to find but can be fairly distinctive when seen .
the mines in the photos shown were all within a metre of the ground on bushes that were at least 2m high .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 24 23 : 27 : 37 page render time : 0 . 3695s total w / procache : 0 . 4423s
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possibly under - recorded as mine is almost invisible so seldom encountered except as an adult .
recorded in 6 ( 9 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2017 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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a rarely found mine . the larva feeds in the epidermis and in this mine a clear area can be seen at the top of the mine , with frass deposited lower down ( british leafminers ) .
larva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .
pupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .
adult : the adult is not illustrated in ukmoths ( check for update ) . the species is included in urltoken .
distribution in great britain and ireland : widespread in southern england ( british leafminers ) including fleet , hampshire ( british leafminers ) ; dorset , durham , east norfolk , east suffolk , hertfordshire , south essex west cornwall and west norfolk ( nbn atlas ) .
distribution elsewhere : continental europe including french mainland , greek mainland , italian mainland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .
resident . rare , and in danger of extinction in east sussex ; undetected in west sussex since it was last listed in 1905 . single - brooded , flying mainly during june and july , although this has yet to be confirmed in sussex . larvae feed on ( the bark of ) gorse and dwarf gorse . ( pratt , 2011 )
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after two and a half hours searching , this was the most promising candidate i found . there aren ' t many photographs to refer to , but i can ' t think of anything that would mine a gorse needle in this way . any opinions ?
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken