proconsul africanus is an ape which lived from about 23 to 14 million years ago during the miocene epoch .

it was a fruit eater and had a brain larger than a monkey , although probably not as large as a modern ape .

it was named by paleontologist arthur hopwood in 1933 after chimpanzees all called consul , which performed human like circus acts , such as riding a bicycle and playing the piano , in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries .

other species of the genus proconsul have since been discovered .

proconsul africanus

new wrist bones of proconsul africanus and p . nyanzae from rusinga island , kenya
new wrist bones of proconsul africanus and p . nyanzae from rusinga island , kenya
new wrist bones of proconsul africanus and p . nyanzae from rusinga island , kenya .
t1 - new wrist bones of proconsul africanus and p . nyanzae from rusinga island , kenya
new wrist bones of proconsul africanus and p . nyanzae from rusinga island , kenya — johns hopkins university
title =
new wrist bones of proconsul africanus and p . nyanzae from rusinga island , kenya
,
proconsul africanus
type
cranium with mandible from rusinga island , kenya . found in 1943 by mary leakey .
o’connor , b . l . 1976 . dryopithecus ( proconsul ) africanus : quadruped or non - quadruped ? ] .
morbeck , m . e . 1977 . the use of casts and other problems in reconstructing the dryopithecus ( proconsul ) africanus wrist complex .
the morphology of mandibular molars of the two proconsul species , proconsul major and proconsul africanus , from the tinderet region , kenya was analyzed . while the molar size variability within the tinderet p . major was slightly greater than those of local african ape subspecies , the shape variability was comparable . because the two proconsul species show some differences in cusp areal proportions , p . major is not just a larger p . africanus in molar morphology . napak specimens are generally similar to the tinderet p . major .
a systematic revision of proconsul with the description of a new genus of early miocene hominoid .
proconsul africanus knm ru 7290 rusinga island , kenya 22 - 17 million years bp discovered by m . d . leakey , 1948 facsimile photo : don hitchcock 2013 source : western australian museum
i just found a partial skull fossil of proconsul africanus . this is crazy ! ! ! ! ! i ' ll be tweeting more about the discover . stay tuned ! ! ! : )
below are some of the still unanswered questions about au . africanus that may be answered with future discoveries :
zwell , m . , and conroy , g . c . 1973 . multivariate analysis of the dryopithecus africanus forelimb .
proconsul africanus natural history museum , london . knm ru 7920 . age about 18 million years . rusinga island , kenya . the original in kenya national museum , nairobi . photo : nrkpan permission : gnu free documentation license , version 1 . 2
dart , r . , 1925 . australopithecus africanus . the man - ape of south africa . nature 115 , 195 - 199 .
* 1 . lightly built skull , lacking crests * 2 . cerebrum larger than monkeys * 3 . typical ape dental characteristics including 5 cusps on all three mandibular molars * 4 . p . africanus is an arboreal quadruped , and not a knuckle - walker like modern apes . like monkeys , its legs and arms are equal in length * in other words , proconsul africanus has an ape - like skull on a more monkey - like body
work done on a . africanus has been more quantitative but has focused on comparing this taxon to paranthropus robustus rather than to extant hominoids . grine ( 71 ) found that a . africanus molars have lower incidences of pitting than seen for paranthropus . a . africanus scratches are also longer and narrower and show more homogeneity in orientation . grine argued that compared with the “robust” forms , a . africanus ate more soft fruits and leaves . comparisons with work from teaford ( 72 ) places a . africanus between cebus olivaceus on one hand and pan troglodytes on the other . work on a . africanus incisors has shown that this taxon has higher microwear feature densities on all surfaces examined than does paranthropus ( 17 ) . this suggests that a . africanus processed a greater variety of foods with its front teeth , including larger , more abrasive ones , than were encountered by paranthropus . comparisons with an extant baseline series examined by ungar ( 73 ) puts australopithecus between pongo pygmaeus and the seed predator / folivore presbytis thomasi in degree of anterior tooth use in ingestion .
…kenya , of the remains of proconsul africanus , a common ancestor of both humans and apes that lived about 25 million years ago . at fort ternan ( east of lake victoria ) in 1962 , leakey’s team discovered the remains of kenyapithecus , another link between apes and early man that lived about 14 million…
…she discovered the skull of proconsul africanus , an ancestor of both apes and early humans that lived about 25 million years ago . in 1959 at olduvai gorge , tanzania , she discovered the skull of an early hominin ( member of the human lineage ) that her husband named zinjanthropus , or “eastern man , ” though…
©1 this is a reconstruction of proconsul africanus ( cast ) , found at rusinga island , victoria lake , uganda . these primitive , medium sized apes lived in rain forests between 18 and 22 million years ago . this species and others such as dryopithecus existed before the hominid line diverged on the path to humans .
au . africanus is currently the oldest known early human from southern africa . where did it come from ? was it a descendent of au . afarensis from eastern africa ?
mchenry , h . , 1998 . body proportions in australopithecus afarensis and a . africanus and the origin of the genus homo . journal of human evolution 35 , 1 - 22 .
mary leakey made her first big discovery in 1948 : she found a partial skull fossil of proconsul africanus , an ancestor of apes and humans that later evolved into the two distinct species . her find was truly remarkable ; the fossil , believed to be more than 18 million years old , was the first species of the primate genus to be discovered from the miocene era .
walker and his field crew struggled against extreme weather , wildlife , and locals who misunderstood their aims , yet they managed to relocate the old proconsul sites . to their astonishment , they found that the original skeleton site preserved the contents of an ancient hollow tree : skeletons of carnivore ' s prey that had been carried to its lair . at least one proconsul , then , was found in a tree . the team also found incredibly rich new sites , returning triumphantly to nairobi with an unprecedented ten new partial skeletons of proconsul . as a bonus , they collected hundreds of specimens of contemporary species - rhinos , pigs , carnivores , rodents , hyraxes , reptiles , plants , and trees . they had gathered fossil evidence of almost every aspect of the miocene community in which proconsul lived .
name : proconsul  ( before consul ) . phonetic : pro - con - sul . named by : arthur hopwood  -  1933 . synonyms : kenyapithecus africanus , sivapithecus africanus , ugandapithecus ,  xenopithecus koruensis . classification : chordata ,  mammalia ,  primates ,  hominoidea ,  proconsulidae . species : p .  africanus ( type )  ,  p .  heseloni ,  p .  major ,  p .  nyanzae .  p .  gitongai and p .  meswae are sometimes mentioned . diet : herbivore ,  probably a specialist frugivore . size : around 1 meter tall ,  but exact size depends upon the species . known locations : east africa . time period : late oligocene through to the end of the miocene . fossil representation : multiple individuals .
proconsul bauplan , or body plan . proconsul , a tailless quadruped , lived some 18 million years ago in africa and is one of the best documented old world monkeys ( catarrhini ) of the miocene : thousands of fossil bone fragments have allowed reconstructions of its body proportions and mode of locomotion . while its status as a genuine early ape is disputed , proconsul represents a suitable model for the blueprint of an early hominoid . here , a montage of the skeleton and a lifelike reconstruction of a young female are shown . artist : unknown rephotography : don hitchcock 2015 source and text : vienna natural history museum , naturhistorisches museum wien
. . . proconsul major was renamed in a new combination ugandapithecus major ( senut et al . 2000 ; pickford et al . 2009b ) . this is still a matter of debate today ( see for example harrison , 2010 and the more recent but misleading paper by mcnulty et al . 2015 ) . however , the differences between proconsul and ugandapithecus are evident not only in the dentognathic anatomy but also in the postcranial morphology . . . .
the anatomy of the wrist of two species of the early miocene hominoid proconsul is described based on new material collected on rusinga island , kenya . these fossils generally confirm previous findings that the wrist of proconsul is monkey - like in much of its morphology . however , the structure of the ulnar side of the wrist , particularly the ulnocarpal joint , is significantly different from that of extant monkeys and suggests some functional affinities with extant hominoids . thus the wrist of proconsul is neither monkey - like nor ape - like in its total morphology . instead , it shows a unique combination of features which once again point to the oversimplicity of forcing fossil forms into categories based only on extant taxa .
n2 - the anatomy of the wrist of two species of the early miocene hominoid proconsul is described based on new material collected on rusinga island , kenya . these fossils generally confirm previous findings that the wrist of proconsul is monkey - like in much of its morphology . however , the structure of the ulnar side of the wrist , particularly the ulnocarpal joint , is significantly different from that of extant monkeys and suggests some functional affinities with extant hominoids . thus the wrist of proconsul is neither monkey - like nor ape - like in its total morphology . instead , it shows a unique combination of features which once again point to the oversimplicity of forcing fossil forms into categories based only on extant taxa .
ab - the anatomy of the wrist of two species of the early miocene hominoid proconsul is described based on new material collected on rusinga island , kenya . these fossils generally confirm previous findings that the wrist of proconsul is monkey - like in much of its morphology . however , the structure of the ulnar side of the wrist , particularly the ulnocarpal joint , is significantly different from that of extant monkeys and suggests some functional affinities with extant hominoids . thus the wrist of proconsul is neither monkey - like nor ape - like in its total morphology . instead , it shows a unique combination of features which once again point to the oversimplicity of forcing fossil forms into categories based only on extant taxa .
skeleton of the closely related species , proconsul nyanzae , now reclassified as ekembo nyanzae . photo : funkmonk permission : creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported license . source : muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris .
proconsul heseloni , now reclassified as ekembo heseloni . knm - ru 7290 , rusinga island , kenya , circa 18 million years bp . photograph : don hitchcock 2015 source and text : facsimile , vienna natural history museum , naturhistorisches museum wien
abstract =
the anatomy of the wrist of two species of the early miocene hominoid proconsul is described based on new material collected on rusinga island , kenya . these fossils generally confirm previous findings that the wrist of proconsul is monkey - like in much of its morphology . however , the structure of the ulnar side of the wrist , particularly the ulnocarpal joint , is significantly different from that of extant monkeys and suggests some functional affinities with extant hominoids . thus the wrist of proconsul is neither monkey - like nor ape - like in its total morphology . instead , it shows a unique combination of features which once again point to the oversimplicity of forcing fossil forms into categories based only on extant taxa .
,
©1 australopithecus africanus is one of the many species of this genus that is believed to be ancestral to humanity . however , with the many species to be found , the exact sequence of species leading to humanity , has not yet been established .
early research focused on the question of whether proconsul was an ape or a monkey , but years of research on the wealth of proconsul material has shown us that this question is inappropriate . proconsul was a creature that lived soon after these two major lineages had split , and it has many characteristics in common with both apes and monkeys . for example , it did not have a tail like living apes , but it was a slow moving arboreal quadruped like many monkeys . it had a pattern of growth intermediate between modern apes and monkeys . it lived during a time in which there were many different species of early apes co - existing in eastern africa but only a few monkeys , a situation very different from modern times .
proconsul africanus this is a beautifully made and finished facsimile from skulls unlimited , who are suppliers of first class specimens of this kind . they seem to make a special effort to be as accurate as possible , and the results are better than most museums . note that the original specimen they have made this facsimile from , the almost complete 1948 discovery by leakey , has been distorted during its time of burial by overlying sediments , as shown in the photo on the right . proconsul skull - proconsul existed between 14 and 23 million years ago during the miocene epoch . this species is one of the better represented early hominid species due to the numerous specimens that have been excavated . this specimen is based on the 1948 leaky discovery at victoria lake , kenya . specifications : class : fossil hominids order : fossil hominids family : fossil hominidae origin : lake victoria 23 - 14 mya diet : omnivore skull length : 13 cm ( 5 . 1 in ) photo and text : urltoken
walker a . ( 1997 ) proconsul . in : begun d . r . , ward c . v . , rose m . d . ( eds ) function , phylogeny , and fossils . advances in primatology . springer , boston , ma
these vertebrate from the spine of an australopithecus africanus individual show it walked upright in a way very similar to modern humans . the uniquely human curve of your lower back absorbs shock when you walk . this early human ' s spine had the same curve .
this book , written for the general public , details the history of one of the lesser known branches in our family tree . the subject is the genus proconsul , a primate that lived in africa some 18 million years ago during the miocene epoch .
walker and shipman point out that in order to best understand the place of proconsul in our history , we should accept it as an early ancestral ape , and then build upon this understanding to redefine our definition of what it means to be an ape .
holloway responded to falk’s reinterpretation of australopithecus africanus by reiterating the claims of a hominid anterior placement of the lunate sulcus which dart originally proposed . today the debate still goes on between falk and holloway . figures 6 and 7 compare the taung child with an indian child .
the genus proconsul was recognized over 60 years ago as the first miocene anthropoid from sub - saharan africa ( hopwood , 1933 ) . the collections of proconsul fossils have grown steadily since then , so that it is now probably the best - known miocene primate . we have hundreds of fossils of several species from many localities in kenya and uganda . nearly every body part is now represented and much is known about sexual dimorphism , body proportions , growth and development , and paleoecology . because of this , the functional anatomy of the genus is relatively well known .
throughout history there have been many great historical discoveries all around the world . the many contributions that mary leakey and her family have made to the archaeological field have changed how history was viewed forever . her discoveries such as the partial skull fossil of proconsul africanus , partial skull of zinjanthropus boisei , fossils of homo habilis , and one of her greatest discoveries in 1979 , a trail of early human footprints in laetoli . how could the discoveries of partial skulls , and footprints left in the mud millions of years ago possibly help future archeologist and historians ? why are they so important ?
. . . noteworthy are the five pronounced ridges between the fovea anterior and the hypocone that are running from the lingual cingulum towards the tip of the protocone , the crista transversa anterior , and the crista obliqua . a very similar morphology we observe at molars of ekembo heseloni ( knm - ru 2036 ) and proconsul africanus ( bmnh 14084 ) ( walker et al . 1993 , hartwig 2002 , mcnulty et al . 2015 ) , both species being considerably older than the eppelsheim finds . the fovea posterior of epp 13 . 16 is well defined ; oval shaped and has as already mentioned no distal transverse ridge . . . .
in the context of describing the discoveries of proconsul in the field and in the lab , walker and shipman are able to touch on many important topics in the field of paleoanthropology , including species recognition in the fossil record , classification methods such as cladistics , the principle of uniformitarianism , determining life history strategies in extinct animals , and reconstructing aspects of paleobiology such as diet and locomotion in extinct animals . they explain these complicated topics clearly , which gives insight to the lay reader into the intricacies of our field . proconsul is an interesting taxon on which to focus , as it lived during a time in which old world higher primates were diversifying .
figure 5 . a comparison of the taung child endocast with apes and man . a . frontal lobe of an ape . b . taung specimen ( a . africanus ) . c . frontal lobe of a human . the simplicity and what seems to show sulcal pattern shows that the taung resembles the chimpanzee . adapted from reference 5 .
while some features of proconsul ( such as its teeth , long arms , mobile shoulder and elbow , gasping toes , lack of an ischial expansion on the hip ) were more similar to those of modern apes , other features were more similar to those of old world monkeys ( hip , length of the back , back mobility , narrow trunk , kneecaps , leg , and semicircular canals ) . analysis of the sacrum indicates that it lacked an external tail like all modern apes . proconsul probably weighed 25 - 30 pounds and was adapted for life in trees . its teeth suggest that it primarily depended on fruit rather than leaves ( walker , 2005 ; kingdon , 2003 ) .
thus , gould recognized the distinct division between the australopithecus and homo habilis ( recognized by most anthropologists as advanced a . africanus ) and homo erectus . the former two are on the mammalian line , whereas the latter is grouped with modern man . thus according to bbrs creationists would divide the two groups into a general mammalian kind and a human kind .
in the first part of the twentieth century , fossil teeth , jaws , a spectacular skull of proconsul found by mary leakey , and a stunning partial skeleton shaped anthropologists ' ideas of our distant past . in 1980 , when walker happened to recognize some misidentified bones from the well - known partial skeleton in the national museum of kenya in nairobi , the chance find set him on his own quest to unravel
‘some of our early ancestors , who were smaller than humans today , had brains closer to the average for their size of all mammals … this is australopithecus africanus and later african homo habilis … . the more recent , homo erectus and modern homo sapiens have much larger brains than predicted by body weight alone . this indicates that we have evolved larger brains at an exceptional rate and apparently have reached new levels of intelligence . ’ 13
comparisons with extant hominoids have shown that a . afarensis and a . africanus have relatively thick mandibular corpora ( 74 , 75 ) . the same pattern was also found for paranthropus boisei and p . robustus . fig . 5 shows mandibular robusticity index values for extant great apes , some miocene apes , and early australopithecines . the early hominids show relatively thicker mandibular corpora than extant great apes and miocene catarrhines , suggesting a morphological shift in the former .
shearing crest studies have been conducted on early miocene african apes and middle to late miocene european apes . these studies suggest a considerable range of diets in these forms . for example , rangwapithecus and oreopithecus have relatively long shearing crests , suggesting folivory ; ouranopithecus has extremely short “crests , ” suggesting a hard - object specialization ; whereas most other miocene taxa studied , such as proconsul and dryopithecus , have the intermediate length crests of a frugivore ( 14 , 45 ) .
in sum , then , the microwear suggests that , by the end of the miocene , hominoids had a wide range of diets . in contrast , a . afarensis probably focused on soft fruit but also began to incorporate into its diet abrasive , terrestrial resources that required incisal stripping . a . africanus may still have focused on soft fruit , particularly that which required a moderate amount of incisal preparation . clearly , considerably more work is needed on these and other early hominids to put together a reasonable picture of diet based on microwear evidence .
further field work by the leakeys , and then by walker and colleagues , expanded the number of proconsul fossils significantly , and today it is one of the best known fossil primates . walker and shipman describe the details of field work , and tell many interesting stories of encounters with curious natives , inclement weather , and cantankerous equipment . they are careful to break up the serious discussions of science with stories that describe the personalities of their colleagues or that highlight the excitement of discoveries , which will surely help to keep the interest of the reader .
as for the early hominids , a . africanus had more occlusal relief than did paranthropus robustus , suggesting a dietary difference between these species ( 30 ) . additional preliminary shearing quotient studies support this idea while reaffirming that the australopithecines , as a group , had relatively flat , blunt molar teeth and lacked the long shearing crests seen in some extant hominoids ( 28 ) . by itself , this indicates that the earliest hominids would have had difficulty breaking down tough , pliant foods , such as soft seed coats and the veins and stems of leaves—although they probably were capable of processing buds , flowers , and shoots .
there have been many attempts to measure the cranial capacity of man and his cranial configuration in order to directly measure his mentality . from what is now known of modern man , there is no relationship between cranial capacity and intelligence . in fossil man and apes the endocranial casts show arteries and the general shape of the inner aspects of the skull , but not the sulci and gyri which are important . the key transitional fossils proconsul and australopithecus have been challenged by falk and his group who demonstrate affinities of these organisms by ‘reading’ the sulci , especially the lunate sulcus on the endocranial casts . their work is disputed and so one must conclude that cranial configuration studies need further research .
the discovery of the fore - limb bones of p . africanus is therefore an event of considerable moment , for they constitute the oldest and most complete skeleton of the hominoid fore - limb so far known . it is clear that these bones belong to one of the most significant periods of primate evolution ; a period when the generalized catarrhine stock was emerging from a prolonged phase of arboreal quadrupedalism with its limited opportunities for adaptive radiation and was entering upon a phase that would provide a diversity of environmental opportunity leading ultimately to the emergence of four distinct patterns of locomotion among the anthropoidea : ( 1 ) arboreal quadrupedalism , ( 2 ) terrestrial quadrupedalism , ( 3 ) brachiation , ( 4 ) terrestrial bipedalism .
the only exception is ardipithecus , which is more chimp - sized in the p 4 –m 1 region , but intermediate between chimpanzees and orangutans in the m 2 –m 3 region . again , interpretations of such differences are hampered by the lack of body size estimates for ardipithecus , but if a body size estimate of 51 kg is used for a . anamensis ( the average of the two different estimates based on the tibia ) ( 18 ) , mchenry ' s “megadontia quotient” for this taxon is essentially identical to that for a . afarensis ( fig . 3 ) . in other words , its molars are large for a hominoid , but smaller than those of a . africanus or the “robust” australopithecines .
. . . we are assuming that the fossil represents the modal morphology for that species ( although this assumption might not hold in the future as more specimens become available ) . the miocene ape taxa included in the asrs are ekembo nyanzae ( knm - mw 13142 ; ward , 1993 ; ward et al . , 1993 ; re - assigned from the genus proconsul ; mcnulty et al . , 2015 ) , nacholapithecus kerioi ( knm - bg 35250 ; ishida et al . , 2004 ; nakatsukasa et al . , 2007 ) , and oreopithecus bambolii ( igf 11778 ; # 50 ; schultz , 1960 ; straus , 1963 ) . e . nyanzae preserves five presacral vertebrae . . . .
a prime example of how controversial endocranial casts can be involves the study of australopithecus . the taung child , australopithecus africanus , was found in late 1924 . dart published a preliminary report of this find in nature . in his report he stated that taung was a human - like ape with features intermediate between living anthropoids and humans . he pointed out that the brain was large ( 525cc ) , but now estimated by endocranial cast as ( 405cc ) and claimed that its general structure was more human than ape . in particular , the lunate sulcus , a groove on the rear portion of the brain which demarcates the visual portion of the brain , occupied a posterior position , as in humans ( see figure 5 ) .
. . . ekembo nyanzae ( knm - mw 13142 ) was positioned as a stem hominoid . ekembo ( including proconsul sensu stricto ) is almost universally found to be a stem hominoid ( begun et al . , 1997a , b ; ward et al . , 1997 ; alba et al . , 2015 ; mcnulty et al . , 2015 ) , although others interpret early miocene taxa be either stem catarrhines or sister taxa to hominoids ( rossie et al . , 2002 ; harrison , 2010 ) . the hiwegi formation from which the knm - mw 13142 skeleton derives is dated to 17 . 9 myr ( drake et al . , 1988 ) , and so this was selected as the tip date . . . .
studies of corpus shape in a . anamensis and ardipithecus ramidus will likely provide further clues regarding differences in mandibular architecture between great apes and later australopithecines . corpus robusticity indices for a . anamensis below m 1 average 53 . 5 ( m . leakey , personal communication ) . these values fall at the upper range for extant hominoids ( pan = 39 . 2–57 . 8 ; gorilla = 43 . 5–59 . 7 ; pongo = 35 . 7–52 . 0 ) and at the lower end of the range for later fossil hominids ( a . afarensis = 48 . 4–68 . 9 , a . africanus = 54 . 8–79 . 0 ) ( fig . 5 ) ( data from daegling and grine and lockwood et al . ) ( 75 , 85 ) .
unfortunately , little is known about the microwear of early australopithecines . no microwear research has yet been published for either ardipithecus ramidus or a . anamensis , although there has been some done on a . afarensis and a . africanus . the work done on a . afarensis has been largely qualitative and focused on the anterior teeth , and it suggests that these hominids were beginning to exploit savanna resources ( 69 ) . furthermore , ryan and johanson ( 70 ) argued that a . afarensis had a mosaic of gorilla - like fine wear striae and baboon - like pits and microflakes , indicating the use of incisors to strip gritty plant parts such as seeds , roots , and rhizomes . these authors also suggested that there was a functional shift in the p 3 complex from ape - like slicing and cutting to hominid puncture - crushing .
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
thank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .
all prices are net prices . vat will be added later in the checkout .
( eds ciochon , r . & corruccini , r . ) 239–248 ( plenum , new york , 1983 ) .
( eds ciochon , r . & coruccini , r . ) 30 ( plenum , new york , 1983 ) .
( eds armstrong , e & falk , d ) 57–76 ( plenum , new york , 1982 ) .
by submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .
nature is part of springer nature . © 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
solvieux - a large open - air site near gabillou in the l ' isle basin .
rusinga island , lake victoria , kenya - panorama taken from the south - eastern direction . it was on this island that louis leakey made an especially complete find of
is the first species of the oligocene - era fossil genus of primate to be discovered and was named by arthur hopwood , an associate of louis leakey , in 1933 .
the 18 - million - year - old fossil species has been considered a possible ancestor of both great and lesser apes , and of humans . the palaeontologist louis leakey , who was one of the foremost fossil - hunters of the 20th century and a champion of evolution , said :
. this , many authorities once concluded , gave us an indication of the common stock for apes and men . we have good forelimb bones for it , and in 1948 on rusinga island louis [ leakey ] discovered a skull , the first nearly complete specimen ever found . its canine teeth suggest an ape ' s , while its forehead reminds us of our own . it seems to me , however , to be neither an ancestral ape , nor yet an ancestor of man , but a side branch with characteristics of both stocks . '
, as did most other palaeontologists . opinion currently favours a position between the monkeys and the apes .
skull , shown here , was found in 1948 . additional pieces found in museum collections more than 30 years later glued on perfectly .
( walker is probably best known for having found the nariokotome boy , a 1 . 7 - million - year - old specimen of
fossils since his graduate - school days ; his wife pat shipman , is an anthropologist and celebrated science writer . together they have crafted a compelling and accessible narrative that educates and fascinates . both authors are faculty members at penn state university , where walker is distinguished professor of anthropology and biology and shipman is adjunct professor of anthropology .
he began by ' excavating ' in the museum , turning up still more pieces of the famous skeleton in the collections . then he moved on to field work , leading an expedition to remote rusinga and mfangano islands in lake victoria , where early finds had been made .
van den bergh g . et al . , 2016 : homo floresiensis - like fossils from the early middle pleistocene of flores , nature , 534 ( 7606 ) : 245–248 . doi : 10 . 1038 / nature17999 . pmid 27279221 .
the ' ape to man ' evolutionary image is a fraud . ( creation magazine live ! 6 - 10 )
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
content copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy
we ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?
the skull is the first species of the primate genus to be discovered from the miocene era . # firstbigdicovery # 1948
during an exclusive interview with the today show , robin wright , michael kelly and constance zimmer opened up about the sexual assault controversy surrounding former co - star kevin spacey .
we were all surprised , of course , and ultimately saddened ,
wright told today show host savannah guthrie .
costco is cutting the polish hot dog from the menu in its food courts across the united states and fans are furious . the polish dog is being cut to make room for more healthy and vegan options , such as açai fruit bowls and organic burgers .
prince william and kate , the duchess of cambridge , attended the baptism of their third child on monday afternoon .
musk and his team of engineers built the 31cm ( 12 . 2 inches ) diameter escape pod and tested it in a swimming pool before shipping it to thailand . he hopes the pod will help rescue the boys still trapped in the tham luang cave .
moment activity data is only valid for moments created after december 23rd 2016 . data is updated hourly .
you can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more
here ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .
by embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .
not on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .
this timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .
hover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .
when you see a tweet you love , tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .
the fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .
add your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you’re passionate about , and jump right in .
, with a combination of human - like and ape - like features . compared to
housing a larger brain and smaller teeth , but it also had some ape - like features including relatively long arms and a strongly sloping face that juts out from underneath the braincase with a pronounced jaw . like
humans occurred in africa . after prof . raymond dart described it and named the
fossils come from . he dubbed this fossil
little foot
, and has since found that it comes from a 3 . 3 - million - year - old partial skeleton , most of which is still embedded in the cave sediments . when this fossil is completely excavated , it will shed light on several questions about this species ( if it is designated as an
berger , l . r . , clarke , r . j . , 1995 . eagle involvement of the taung child fauna . journal of human
lacruz , r . s . , rozzi , f . r , bromage , t . g . , , 2005 . dental enamel hypoplasia , age at death , and weaning in the taung child . south african journal of science 101 , 567 - 569 .
scott , r . s . , ungar , p . s . , bergstrom , t . s . , brown , c . a . , grine , f . e , teaford , m . f . , walker , a . , 2005 . dental microwear texture analysis shows within -
were found alongside broken animal bones . dart assumed these broken animal bones , teeth and horns were used by
as weapons ; however , in the 1970s and 1980s , other scientists began to recognize that predators such as lions , leopards , and hyenas were instead responsible for leaving these broken animal bones . these predators even ate
individuals had a diet similar to modern chimpanzees , which consisted of fruit , plants , nuts , seeds , roots , insects , and eggs .
may have eaten from looking at the remains of their teeth - - - tooth - size , shape , and tooth - wear can all provide diet clues .
ate tough foods but also had a very variable diet including softer fruits and plants .
was once considered a “killer ape . ” now we know they were sometimes eaten by predators . living together in groups helped these early humans protect themselves . want to find out how this
this 3 - year - old child ' s skull is the first early human skull ever discovered in africa . it was found in 1924 , but it took over 20 years after that before scientists accepted the importance of africa as a major source of human
, although not the first to find this species , is the first to find a very intact skull ; unlike others that were only pieces beforehand . this 18 - million year old species discovery is very important to the overall understanding of the evolution of man . at first thought to be possible ancestor of both apes , and of humans , it was later proved not to be the case at all . the leakey expedition later found that
seems , “…to be neither an ancestral ape , nor yet an ancestor of man , but a side branch with characteristics of both stocks…” with this hypothesis more was discovered and added to the overall theories about the evolution of man . however over the years the exact placement of
is a historic find as well . this species was discovered to be the first hominin species to use stone tools . this was just another piece to the larger picture of the evolution of mankind , and without it we would not know what we know today .
the amazing discovery of a set of footprints preserved and fossilized some 3 to 3 . 5 million years ago , was by far the greatest discovery that mary leakey had throughout her life . these footprints were not only an amazing discovery due to how well they were preserved , but because they left evidence of the passage of what appeared to be an upright ,
. along with those reasons for its greatness , this find made it so that the very theories written at the time about the evolution of man , had to be revised ! these footprints showed that this species may have prevented brain expansion down the line of evolution .
mary leakey , along with her family left behind a legacy of great archeological finds that helped to better understand the world we live in today . dying in 1996 at the age of eighty - three , leakey left behind her legacy , that her sons , and other family members continue to carry out today .
“no amounts of stone and bone could yield the kinds of information that the paintings gave so freely . ”
mary leakey was a paleoanthropologist who , along with husband louis , made several prominent scientific discoveries . skull fossils found by the leakeys advanced our understanding of human evolution .
mary leakey was born on february 6 , 1913 , in london , england . she married louis leakey and the pair soon became one of science & apos ; s best - known husband - wife teams . among several prominent archaelogical and anthropological discoveries , the leakeys discovered a skull fossil of an ancestor of apes and humans while excavating the olduvai gorge in africa in 1960—a find that helped to illuminate the origins of humankind . mary continued working after her husband & apos ; s death . she died in kenya in 1996 .
mary douglas leakey was a paleoanthropologist who is best known for making several prominent archaeological and anthropological discoveries throughout the latter half of the 20th century . working with husband louis leakey , her longtime colleague , she uncovered a number of fossils in africa , which significantly advanced scientific knowledge of the origins of humankind .
mary leakey was born mary douglas nicol on february 6 , 1913 , in london , england . the daughter of an artist , at a young age , leakey excelled at drawing—a talent that she later used to enter into the field of paleoanthropology . when she was just 17 years old , she served as an illustrator at a dig in england .
in the 1930s , mary leakey was asked to illustrate a book entitled adam & apos ; s ancestors ( 1934 ) , authored by louis s . b . leakey , an archaeologist and anthropologist . the pair hit it off quickly and soon developed a personal relationship . they married in 1937 , forming one of science & apos ; s most well - known husband - wife teams . the couple moved to africa when louis embarked on an excavation project at the olduvai gorge , a steep ravine in what is now tanzania , east africa .
mary leakey further helped to unravel mystery surrounding the origins of humankind with her 1959 find : that july , while louis was resting , recovering from a bout of the flu , mary discovered the partial skull of an early human ancestor . early analyses of the artifact—initially named zinjanthropus boisei after louis leakey & apos ; s financial sponsor , charles boysey ( now known as australopithecus boisei ) —showed that this species was equipped with a small brain but massive teeth and jaws , and muscles so large they had to be anchored to a ridge at the top of the skull . it was later determined that zinjanthropus boisei was nearly 2 million years old , showing how long the species had been in africa .
in 1960 , the leakey team made its next major discovery : fossils of homo habilis , a species that is believed to be between 1 . 4 and 2 . 3 million years old , and to have originated during the gelasian pleistocene period . their find also provided evidence that the species were adept in making stone tools—making them the earliest known experts in that field .
after louis leakey died in 1972 , mary continued to research and hunt for fossils . nearly two decades after finding homo habilis , in 1979 , she discovered a trail of early human footprints at laetoli , a site in tanzania . the find was the first in the history of science to provide direct evidence of physical activity by humankind & apos ; s apelike ancestors , changing previously held assumptions about primates .
throughout her decades - long career as a paleoanthropologist , mary leakey & apos ; s projects were funded in part by the national geographic society , through dozens of grants . she chronicled her experiences in the 1979 book olduvai gorge : my search for early man , as well as in her 1984 autobiography disclosing the past .
mary leakey died on december 9 , 1996 , in nairobi , kenya . she was survived by three sons ( from husband louis leakey ) : richard , jonathan and philip . today , mary leakey & apos ; s work continues through both the leakey foundation and the younger generations of the leakey family : richard leakey , his wife , meave , and their daughter , louise , play active roles in carrying on the family legacy .
we strive for accuracy and fairness . if you see something that doesn ' t look right , contact us !
a member of the austrian habsburg royal family , marie louise married emperor napoleon bonaparte and became the mother of his son , napoleon ii .
reality television star and
momager
kris jenner appears on keeping up with the kardashians with her husband and daughters kim , kourtney and khloé .
on this day in 1587 , mary , queen of scots was executed by her cousin , queen elizabeth i . the queen of england had imprisoned mary for the previous 18 years after she’d fled scotland . elizabeth signed mary’s death warrant after finding out that catholics had been plotting to assassinate her to restore mary to power .
mamie eisenhower was first lady of the united states when her husband , dwight eisenhower , was president from 1953 to 1961 .
maria tallchief was a revolutionary american ballerina who broke barriers for native american women .
the artist elisabeth louise vigée le brun was one of the best - known and most fashionable portraitists of 18th century france ; her clients included the queen marie antoinette .
saint katharine drexel used her personal fortune to fund schools for native americans and african americans . she was canonized in 2000 .
mary tudor was the first queen regnant of england , reigning from 1553 until her death in 1558 . she is best known for her religious persecutions of protestants and the executions of over 300 subjects .
© 2018 bio and the bio logo are registered trademarks of a & e ; television networks , llc .
( knm - ru 2036 ) , discovered in 1951 from the early miocene deposits of rusinga island , kenya . napier and davis ( 1959 , p . 1 ) describe the importance of the fossil :
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
blackith , r . e . , and reyment , r . a . 1971 .
conroy , g . c . , and fleagle , j . g . 1972 . locomotor behavior in living fossil pongids .
corruccini , r . s . , ciochon , r . l . , and mchenry , h . m . 1975 . osteometric shape relationships in the wrist of some anthropoids .
corruccini , r . s . , ciochon , r . l . , and mchenry , h . m . 1976 . the postcranium of miocene hominoids : were dryopithecines merely “dental apes” ?
jenkins , f . a . , jr . , and fleagle , j . g .
le gros clark , w . e . , and leakey , l . s . b . the miocene hominoidea of east africa .
le gros clark , w . e . , and thomas , d . p . 1951 .
lewis , o . j . 1971 . brachiation and the early evolution of the hominoidea .
lewis , o . j . 1973 . the hominoid os capitatum with special reference to the bones from sterkfontein and olduvai gorge .
napier , j . r . , and davis , p . r . 1959 . the forelimb skeleton and associated remains of
o’connor , b . l . 1975 . the functional morphology of the cercopithecoid wrist and inferior radioulnar joints , and their bearing on some problems in the evolution of the hominoidea . am .
pilbeam , d . r . , meyer , g . e . , badgley , c . , rose , m . d . , pickford , m . h . l . , behrensmeyer , a . k . , and shah , s . m . i . 1977 . new hominoid primates from the siwaliks of pakistan and their bearing on hominoid evolution .
pilbeam , d . r . , rose , m . d . , badgley , c . , and lipschutz , b . 1980 . miocene hominoids from pakistan .
( m . day , ed . ) , pp . 13–46 , symposium of the society for the study of human biology , volume 11 , barnes and noble , new york .
sarich , v . m . , and cronin , j . e . 1977 . molecular systematics of the primates , in :
( m . goodman and r . e . tashian , eds . ) , pp . 141–170 , plenum , new york .
schön , m . a . , and ziemer , l . k . 1973 . wrist mechanism and locomotor behavior of


lichenaula neboissi is a moth in the xyloryctidae family .

it was described by f.g. neumann in 1970 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from victoria .

the larvae feed on pinus radiata .

lichenaula neboissi

lichenaula neboissi , xyloryctid moth , dorsal view . holotype . registration no . t 4180 .
lichenaula neboissi f . g . neumann , 1970 . [ nomen nudum ? ] . holotype nmv ♂ ballarat , victoria .
lichenaula melanoleuca turner , 1898 , the xyloryctidae of queensland . annals of the queensland museum 4 : 1–32 [ 19 ] . holotype anic ♀ , ballandean , qld .
lichenaula melanoleuca turn . tillyard , 1926 , insects of australia and new zealand . sydney , angus & robertson , 1 - 560 . ( 425 , pl . 28 , fig . 38 ) .
of smaller species we may mention . . . lichenaula melanoleuca turn . ( pl . 28 , fig . 38 ) , with forewings a patchwork of black and white . ( tillyard , 1926 ) .
lichenaula onychotypa turner , 1939 . a second revision of the lepidoptera of tasmania . papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , 1938 : 57–115 [ 85 ] . holotype anic ♂ , hobart , tas .
please tell us how you intend to reuse this image . this will help us to understand what’s popular and why so that we can continue to improve access to the collections .
what’s your intended use for this image ? please select an option scholarly or professional research for school , university , etc . personal or community research make a print for home to use in a blog or website publishing in a book make something else interesting could you please tell us more ? submit
museums victoria supports and encourages public access to our collection by offering image downloads for reuse . images marked as public domain have , to the best of museums victoria’s knowledge , no copyright or intellectual property rights that would restrict their free download and reuse . images marked with a creative commons ( cc ) license may be downloaded and reused in accordance with the conditions of the relevant cc license . please acknowledge museums victoria and cite the url for the image so that others can also find it .
the source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .
common , in nielsen , edwards , & rangsi , 1996 , checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera , 4 : i - xiv , 1 - 529 & cd - rom [ 88 ] .
beccaloni , g . w . , scoble , m . j . , robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( editors ) . 2003 . the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . world wide web electronic publication .
australian capital territory , new south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria , western australia . endemic .
common , in nielsen , edwards , & rangsi , 1996 , checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera , 4 : i - xiv , 1 - 529 & cd - rom [ 87 ] .
n . sp . female , 15 mm . forewings with vein 7 to apex . head and face white . palpi white , base of second , base and apex of terminal joint blackish . antennae blackish ; basal joint white . thorax white , with a transverse black band anteriorly . abdomen grey . legs whitish , anterior pair infuscated . forewings elongate , costa gently arched , apex round - pointed , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; blackish - fuscous with white markings ; base narrowly white ; an outwardly oblique , irregularly outlined fascia from costa at 1 / 6 to inner - margin at ¼ ; a large white spot on costa at 2 / 5 not reaching fold ; another on costa at 2 / 3 ; a similar spot in disc at 2 / 3 confluent with the preceding ; a smaller spot below centre of disc ; a fifth spot at anal angle ; and two minute dots at and before apex of costa ; cilia whitish , bases blackish - fuscous except opposite costal dots and anal angle . hindwings and cilia grey .
ballandean ( 2 , 500 feet ) , near wallangarra : one specimen in february .
many of the caterpillars of this family bore into timber , hence their common name : timber moths .
error . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 13 )


liobagrus aequilabris is a species of catfish in the amblycipitidae family ( the torrent catfishes ) .

this species is endemic to china , where it is only known from the xiang river , a tributary of the yangtze river , in guangxi province , but may also be present in the li river , a tributary of the pearl river , due to the presence of the lingqu canal connecting the xiang and li rivers .

l. aequilabris reaches a length of 6.2 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) sl .

it differs from other members of its genus in lacking large , retrorse serrations on the posterior edge of the pectoral-fin spine , having upper and lower jaws of equal length , relatively long dorsal ( 7.5-10.2 % of sl ) and pectoral-fin ( 9.1-12.1 % of sl ) spines , a relatively long caudal fin ( 20.1-26.9 % of sl ) , and relatively few post-weberian vertebrae ( 35-37 ) .

liobagrus aequilabris

liobagrus aequilabris is named after the equally long upper and lower jaws ( from the latin aequalis , meaning equal , and labrum , meaning lip ) . more
liobagrus aequilabris wright & ng , 2008 - add this species to your
my cats
page . common name ( s ) none type locality xiangjiang at jieshou , 25°43 ' n , 110°45 ' e , xingan prefecturem guangxi province , china . more
wright , j . j . and h . h . ng , 2008 . a new species of liobagrus ( siluriformes : amblycipitidae ) from southern china . proc . acad . nat . sci . phil . vol . 157 : 37 - 43 . ( ref . 78431 )
greek , leio = smooth + mozarabic bagre , greek , pagros = a kind of fish ( dentex sp . ) ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 2 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 78431 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01230 ( 0 . 00405 - 0 . 03734 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 74 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in
xiangjiang at jieshou , 25°43 ' n , 110°45 ' e , xingan prefecturem guangxi province , china .
from the greek , leios , meaning smooth , and bagrus , a name usually used for catfishes ; in reference to the smooth head .
62mm or 2 . 4
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
get or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .
has this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .
© 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .
there are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :
you have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .
your browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .
your browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .
the date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .
you have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .
this site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .
this site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .
in general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
jennifer hammock added an association between
yangtze river benthopelagic habitat
and
saurogobio lissilabris banarescu & nalbant 1973
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
yangtze river benthopelagic habitat
and
pareuchiloglanis sinensis ( hora & silas , 1952 )
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
yangtze river benthopelagic habitat
and
glyptothorax sinensis ( regan , 1908 )
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
yangtze river benthopelagic habitat
and
glyptothorax fokiensis ( rendahl , 1925 )
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
yangtze river benthopelagic habitat
and
hucho bleekeri kimura , 1934
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !


aethridae is a family of crabs in its own superfamily , aethroidea .

it contains the following genera ( extinct genera marked † ) : actaeomorpha miers , 1877 aethra latreille in cuvier , 1816 drachiella guinot , in serene & soh , 1976 † eriosachila blow & manning , 1996 hepatella smith , in verrill , 1869 † hepatiscus bittner , 1875 hepatus latreille , 1802 † mainhepatiscus de angeli & beschin , 1999 † matutites blow & manning , 1996 osachila stimpson , 1871 † prehepatus rathbun , 1935 † priabonella beschin , de angeli , checchi & mietto , 2006 † pseudohepatiscus blow & manning , 1996 sakaila manning & holthuis , 1981

aethridae

, and between the legs together . lateral margins often cristate . buccal cavern varying from quadrate to elongate and triangular , sometimes tending to an oxystome disposition . third
into two parts , either with both afferent and efferent channels clearly defined , or with only one channel apparent .
dai , a . & s . yang , 1991 . crabs of the china seas , i - iv , 1 - 608 , figs 1 - 295 , pls 1 - 74 . china ocean press , beijing and springer - verlag , berlin heidelberg new york tokyo , english edition . ( translation from chinese original 1986 . )
dana , j . d . , 1851b . on the classification of the cancroidea ( cyclometopa ) . american journal of science and arts , ( ser . 2 ) 12 : 121 - 131 .
dana , j . d . , 1852c . crustacea . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 , 1839 , 1840 , 1841 , 1842 , under the command of charles wilkes , u . s . n . , 13 ( pt . 1 ) : i - viii , 1 - 685 , pl . 8 .
guinot , d . , 1966 . recherches préliminaires sur les groupements naturels chez les crustacés décapodes brachyoures . i . les affinités des genres aethra , osachila , hepatus , hepatella et actaeomorpha . bulletin du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , ( 2 ) 38 ( 5 ) : 744 - 762 , figs 1 - 24 .
manning , r . b . & l . b . holthuis , 1981 . west african brachyuran crabs ( crustacea : decapoda ) . smithsonian contribution to zoology , 306 : i - xii , 1 - 379 , figs 1 - 88 .
sakai , t . , 1976a . crabs of japan and the adjacent seas . ( in 3 volumes : ( 1 ) english text : i - xxix , 1 - 773 , figs 1 - 379 , ( 2 ) plates volume : 1 - 16 , pls 1 - 251 , ( 3 ) japanese text : 1 - 461 , figs 1 - 2 , 3 maps . ) kodansha ltd , tokyo .
stimpson , w . , 1871a . preliminary report on the crustacea dredged in the gulf stream in the straits of florida , by l . f . de pourtales , assist . u . s . coast survey . part i . brachyura . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college , 2 ( 1 ) : 109 - 160 .
tirmizi , n . m . & q . b . kazmi , 1991 . marine fauna of pakistan : 4 . crustacea : brachyura ( dromiacea , archaeobrachyura , oxystomata , oxyrhyncha ) . univ karachi bcci ( bank credit commer int ) foundation chair , publication no . 1 ( 1988 ) : 1 - 244 , figs 1 - 65 , pls 1 - 4 .
wada , k . , 1995 . brachyura . in : s . nishimura , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys . vol . 2 : 379 - 418 , pls 101 - 118 . ( in japanese )
sorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
parent taxon : eubrachyura according to s . t . ahyong et al . 2007
katja schulz selected
hepatus epheliticus
to show in overview on
hepatus epheliticus ( linnaeus , 1763 )
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .
there are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :
you have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .
your browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .
your browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .
the date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .
you have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .
this site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .
this site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .
in general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .