the scorpion mud turtle ( kinosternon scorpioides ) is a species of mud turtle in the kinosternidae family .

it is found in mexico , central america and south america .

scorpion mud turtle

rodrigues , joäo fabrìcio mota . 2016 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) sexual behavior . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 72 - 73
magnusson , e . e . 1998 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) . brazil : roraima . herpetological review 29 ( 3 ) : 173 - get paper here
the scorpion mud turtles in dade county , florida , were intentionally released by an animal importer ( king and krakauer , 1966 ) .
berry , james f . and john b . iverson 2001 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus ) scorpion mud turtle . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 725 ) : 1 - 11 - get paper here
hernàndez - ruz , emil josè , roberto portella de andrade , elciomar araujo do oliveira and jamille karina coleho correa . 2016 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) diet . herpetological review 47 ( 2 ) : 286
the scorpion mud turtle is a highly aquatic , adaptable kinosternid that inhabits almost any body of water ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; alvarez del toro , 1982 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
the reference to
scorpion
in this turtle ' s name is apparently based upon the spine on the tip of the tail ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
iverson , j . b . 1998 . molecules , morphology , and mud turtle phylogenetics ( family kinosternidae ) . chelonian conservation and biology 3 ( 1 ) : 113 - 117 .
the scorpion mud turtle is illustrated by a variety of authors ( pritchard , 1979 ; smith and smith , 1979 ; freiberg , 1981 ; pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; alvarez del toro , 1982 ; murphy , 1997 ; campbell , 1998 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
iverson , john b . ; minh le , colleen ingram 2013 . molecular phylogenetics of the mud and musk turtle family kinosternidae . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 69 ( 3 ) : 929–939 - get paper here
the scorpion mud turtle can be immediately identified by its unusual shell , furrowed along the centre . they are aquatic , but during the dry season when ponds dry up they undertake migrations and may be found in dry areas . when threatened they withdraw into the shell , the uniquely - hinged plastron closing behind them like a trapdoor .
iverson , j . b . , & berry , j . f . 1979 . the mud turtle genus kinosternon in northeastern mexico . herpetologica 35 ( 4 ) : 318 - 324 . - get paper here
acuña , r . a . & merchán , m . 2003 . biology and taxonomic revision of the red - cheeked mud turtle in costa rica . reptilia ( gb ) ( 26 ) : 30 - 34 - get paper here
my female kinosternon scorpioides . she gives me already 5 hatchlings . an aesy turtle to keep . because of the small size .
is a medium to large kinosternid ( mud turtle ) with a variably domed , oval carapace ( upper shell ) having a length of 92 - 270 mm ( 3 . 6 - 10 . 6 in ) ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
schmidt , k . p . 1947 . a new kinosternid turtle from colombia . fieldiana : zoology 31 : 109 - 112 . - get paper here
turtle taxonomy working group [ van dijk , p . p . , j . iverson , a . rhodin , h . shaffer , and r . bour ]
vinke , t . & vinke , s . 2001 . the turtle and tortoise fauna of the central chaco of paraguay . radiata 10 ( 3 ) : 3 - 19
additionally , a wide array of regional vernacular names have been applied to this turtle and compiled by several authors ( mittermeier et al . , 1980 ; liner , 1994 ) .
since this highly adaptable turtle has ecological similarities to indigenous kinosternids and is a successful generalist , k . scorpioides has a great potential to impact indigenous ecosystems if it ever becomes established .
this turtle is primarily omnicarnivorous , voraciously feeding on a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates , including carrion ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .
legler , j . m . 1965 . a new species of turtle , genus kinosternon , from central america . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 15 : 615 - 625 - get paper here
cabrera , m . r . & colantonia , s . e . 1997 . taxonomic revision of the south american subspecies of the turtle kinosternon scorpioides . journal of herpetology 31 ( 4 ) : 507 - 513 - get paper here
berry , j . f . , and j . m . legler . 1980 . a new turtle ( genus kinosternon ) from sonora , mexico . contributions in science . natural history museum of los angeles county 325 : 1 - 12 . - get paper here
the name kinosternon was derived from the greek words kinetos , meaning
movable
and sternon , meaning
chest ,
in reference to the plastral hinges . the specific name scorpioides is derived from the latin word
scorpio ,
probably in reference to the horny spine on the tip of the tail . together with the latin ending
oides ,
the full meaning translates to
similar to a scorpion
( lemos - espinal & dixon 2013 ) .
iverson , j . [ b . ] 1989 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus 1766 ) . p . 65 . in : f . w . king and r . l . burke ( editors ) . crocodilian , tuatara , and turtle species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference . the association of systematics collections , washington , dc . 216 pp .
ttwg ; rhodin , a . g . j . ; van dijk , p . p . ; iverson , j . b . & shaffer , h . b . [ turtle taxonomy working group ] 2010 . turtles of the world , 2010 update : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution , and conservation status . chelonian research monographs ( issn 1088 - 7105 ) no . 5 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v3 . 2010 - get paper here
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
the carapace can have three keels ( ridges ) in many individuals ( savage and villa , 1986 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .
the plastron ( lower shell ) has two hinges and little or no anal notch on the posterior lobe ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
the first vertebral scute ( shield or lamina ) of the carapace is wider than it is long , and vertebral scutes 1 - 4 have distinct posterior notches ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
the color of the carapace varies from light brown , to olive , or black ; the head can be brown , gray , or black with a reticulated or spotted pattern of cream , orange , red , pink , or yellow ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
in most individuals the tip of the tail has a horny spine ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
should be compared with the anatomical features of other similar - looking north american kinosterids described in other works ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; ernst et al . , 1994 ; conant and collins , 1998 ) . the individual subspecies ( geographic races ) are defined and described by berry and iverson ( 2001 ) ; they are :
is indigenous to south - southeastern mexico including isla cozumel ) , southward to belize , and caribbean drainages in honduras , nicaragua , and on isla de san andres , colombia .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of kinosternon scorpioides are found here .
these turtles are not established in florida because they have not been seen since their release ( king and krakauer , 1966 ) .
has been reviewed or summarized by smith and smith ( 1979 ) , iverson ( 1989 , 1991 , 1998 ) , and berry and iverson ( 2001 ) .
has been summarized a variety of authors ( smith and smith , 1973 , 1976 , 1979 , 1993 ; pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; iverson , 1992 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .
can be cannibalistic , biting off the toes and limbs of conspecifics ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ) .
females probably lay 1 - 6 hard - shelled eggs ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .
like many kinosternids they probably construct a shallow terrestrial nest with little cover ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ) .
alvarez del toro , m . 1982 . los reptiles de chiapas . tercera edición , corregida y aumentada . instituto de historia natural , tuxtla gutierrez , chiapas , mexico . 248 pp .
berry , j . f . , and j . b . iverson . 2001 . kinosternon scorpioides . catologue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 725 ) : 1 - 11 .
campbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucatán , and belize . university of oklahoma press , norman , oklahoma . 380 pp .
conant , r . , and j . t . collins . 1998 . a field guide to reptiles & amphibians . eastern and central north america . third edition , expanded . houghton mifflin company , boston . 616 pp .
crother , b . i . 1999 . evolutionary relationships . pp . 269 - 334 . in : b . i . crother ( editor ) . caribbean amphibians and reptiles . academic press , san diego . 495 pp .
ernst , c . h . , and r . w . barbour . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . and london . 313 pp .
ernst , c . h . , j . e . lovich , and r . w . barbour . 1994 . turtles of the united states and canada . smithsonian institution press , washington and london . 578 pp .
flores - villela , o . 1993 . herpetofauna mexicana . carnegie museum of natural history special publication ( 17 ) : i - iv , 1 - 73 .
freiberg , m . 1981 . turtles of south america . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune , new jersey . 125 pp .
iverson , j . b . 1991 . phylogenetic hypotheses for the evolution of modern kinosternine turtles . herpetological monographs 5 : 1 - 27 .
iverson , j . b . 1992 . a revised checklist with distribution maps of the turtles of the world . john b . iverson , richmond , indiana . 363 pp .
king , [ f . ] w . , and t . krakauer . 1966 . the exotic herpetofauna of southeast florida . quarterly journal of the florida academy of sciences 29 ( 2 ) : 144 - 154 .
liner , e . a . 1994 . scientific and common names for the amphibians and reptiles of mexico in english and spanish . nombres científicos y comunes en ingles y españole de los anfibios y los reptiles de méxico . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles herpetological circular ( 23 ) : i - vi , 1 - 113 .
mittermeier , r . a . , f . medem , and a . g . j . rhodin . 1980 . vernacular names of south american turtles . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles herpetological circular ( 9 ) : 1 - 44 .
murphy , j . c . 1997 . amphibians and reptiles of trinidad and tobago . krieger publishing company , malabar , florida . 245 pp . + 172 plates .
pritchard , p . c . h . 1979 . encyclopedia of turtles . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune , new jersey . 895 pp .
pritchard , p . c . h . , and p . trebbau . 1984 . the turtles of venezuela . contributions to herpetology 2 . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , ithaca . 403 pp . , 47 plates , 16 maps .
savage , j . m . , and j . villa r . 1986 . introduction to the herpetofauna of costa rica . introducción a la herptofauna de costa rica . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles contributions to herpetology ( 3 ) : i - viii , 1 - 207 .
schwartz , a . , and r . w . henderson . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies : descriptions , distributions , and natural history . university of florida press , gainesville . 720 pp .
smith , h . m . , and a . j . kohler . 1978 . a survey of herpetological introductions in the united states and canada . transactions of the kansas academy of science 1977 80 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 24 .
smith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1973 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume ii . analysis of the literature exclusive of the mexican axolotl . john johnson natural history books , north bennington , vermont . 367 pp .
smith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1976 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume iii . source analysis and index for mexican reptiles . john johnson , north bennington , vermont . 23 pp . , am - t , app - 102 , cor - 4 .
smith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1979 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume vi . guide to mexican turtles . bibliographic addendum iii . 1044 pp .
smith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1993 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume vii . bibliographic addendum iv and index , bibliographic addenda ii - iv , 1979 - 1991 . university press of colorado , niwot , colorado . 1082 pp .
somma , l . a . , 2018 , kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 8 / 2 / 2002 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
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the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
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designed by paul smith 2006 . this website is copyrighted by law . material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay . material on this page was provided by paul smith and alberto esquivel and is used with their permission .
figure 1 - ( fprep29ph ) lateral view of adult , plot 21 , rio pilcomayo area , note puncture marks in the shell probably from the teeth of a big cat ( paul smith march 2005 ) . figure 2 - ( fprep30ph ) defensive posture of same specimen ( paul smith march 2005 ) . figure 3 - ( fprep31ph ) adult submerging , location unknown ( alberto esquivel undated ) . figure 4 - ( fprep32ph ) adult head detail , ruta trans - chaco km500 , departamento boquerón ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 5 - ( fprep33ph ) same individual shell dorsal ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 6 - ( fprep34ph ) same individual shell ventral , showing hinge ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 7 - ( fprep35ph ) same individual posterior shell view showing keel ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 8 - ( fprep36ph ) same individual hind foot ( paul smith october 2008 ) . video a - ( fprep657vi ) adult , laguna capitán , deparamento boquerón ( paul smith february 2012 ) . video b - ( fprep475vi ) submerged adult , fortín boquerón , deparamento boquerón ( paul smith november 2010 ) .
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the distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .
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albogulare : nicaragua , el salvador , honduras , costa rica , panama , isla cañas , colombia ( isla san andrés ) .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
holotype : apparently lost ( smith and smith “1979” 1980 ) , berry & iverson 2001 ) . holotype : usnm 7518 , adult male [ abaxillare ] syntypes : mnhn 1760 , mnhn 4349 ; the holotype is lost , but berry & iverson 2001 have examined usnm 7519 - 29 , the paratypes [ albogulare ] holotype : mnhn 1759 , a subadult female [ cruentatum ] holotype : ansp 90 [ mexicanum ]
acosta , josé luis ; calamante , cinthia ; palomas , yanina soledad 2013 . kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . primer registro para la provincia del chaco ( república argentina ) . cuadernos de herpetología 27 ( 2 ) : - get paper here
aréchaga - ocampo , samuel ; carlos a . montalbán huidobro & rubén castro - franco 2008 . nuevos registros y ampliacion de la distribucion de anfibios y reptiles en el estado de morelos , méxico . acta zoológica mexicana ( n . s . ) 24 ( 2 ) : 231 - 233 - get paper here
blanco - torres , argelina ; lina báez s . , edgar patiño - flores , juan m . renjifo - r . 2013 . herpetofauna from the middle valley of the ranchería river , la guajira , colombia rev . biodivers . neotrop . 3 ( 2 ) : 113 - 22
bocourt , f . 1876 . note sur quelques reptiles de l ' isthme de tehuantepec ( mexique ) donnés par m . sumichrast au museum . journal de zoologie . paris . 5 ( 5 - 6 ) : 386 - 411 - get paper here
bonin , f . , devaux , b . & dupré , a . 2006 . turtles of the world . english translation by p . c . h . pritchard . johns hopkins university press , 416 pp .
bour , r . 2008 . global diversity of turtles ( chelonii ; reptilia ) in freshwater . hydrobiologia 595 : 593–598
cacciali , pier ; norman j . scott , aida luz aquino ortíz , lee a . fitzgerald , and paul smith 2016 . the reptiles of paraguay : literature , distribution , and an annotated taxonomic checklist special publication of the museum of southwestern biology , number 11 : 1–373 - get paper here
campbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucatán , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here
casas - andreu , g . , f . r . méndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375–390 , in a . j . m . garcía - mendoza , j . ordoñez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biología , unam - fondo oaxaqueño para la conservación de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , méxico , d . f .
catenazzi , a . , lehr , e . & von may , r . 2013 . the amphibians and reptiles of manu national park and its buffer zone , amazon basin and eastern slopes of the andes , peru . biota neotrop . 13 ( 4 ) : 269 - 283
cisneros - heredia , d . f . 2006 . turtles of the tiputini biodiversity station with remarks on the diversity and distribution of the testudines from ecuador . biota neotrop . 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 - get paper here
cunha , o . r . da 1970 . uma nova subespécies de quelonio , kinosternon scorpioides carajasensis da serra dos carajás , pará ( testudinata - kinosternidae ) . bol . mus . paraense emílio goeldi , zool . 73 : 1 - 12
dixon , james r . and julio a . lemos - espinal 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of queretaro , mexico . tlalnepantla unam , 428 pp .
duellman , w . e . 1978 . the biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in amazonian ecuador . misc . publ . univ . kans . mus . nat . hist . 65 : 1 - 352 - get paper here
duellman , w . e . 2005 . cusco amazónico : the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an amazonian rainforest . comstock pub assoc .
duellman , w . e . , & salas , a . w . 1991 . annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of cuzco amazonico , peru . occas . papers mus . of natur . hist . , univ . of kansas , lawrence ( 143 ) : 13 pp . - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . & a . h . a . duméril 1851 . catalogue méthodique de la collection des reptiles du muséum d ' histoire naturelle de paris . gide et baudry / roret , paris , 224 pp .
duméril , a . m . c . , and g . bibron . 1835 . erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles , vol . 2 . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris , iv + 680 p . - get paper here
duméril , m . a . ; m . f . bocourt , and f . mocquard 1870 . etudes sur les reptiles , p . i - xiv , 1 - 1012 . in : recherches zoologiques pour servir a l ' histoire de ia faune de l ' amérique centrale et du mexique . mission scientifique au mexique et dans l ' amérique centrale , recherches zoologiques . imprimerie imper . , paris ( published in parts1870 - 1909 ) - get paper here
dunn , e . r . , and l . h . saxe . 1950 . results of the catherwood - chaplin west indies expedition , 1948 . part . 5 . amphibians and reptiles of san andrés and providencia . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 102 : 141 - 165 - get paper here
ernst , c . h . and barbour , r . w . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c . - london
gorzula , stefan & senaris , j . celsa 1999 . in : contribution to the herpetofauna of the venezuelan guayana . i : a data base . scientia guaianae , caracas , no . 8 [ 1998 ] , 269 + pp . ; isbn 980 - 6020 - 48 - 0
gray , j . e . 1873 . notes on the tortoises of the ‘zoology of mexico’ of mm . a . duméril and bocourt . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 12 : 109 - 114 - get paper here
günther , a . c . l . g . 1885 . reptilia and batrachia . biologia centrali - américana . taylor , & francis , london , 326 pp . [ published in parts from 1885 - 1902 ; reprint by the ssar 1987 ] - get paper here
höbel , g . 2008 . the amphibians and reptiles of the golfo dulce region - los anfibios y reptiles de la región del golfo dulce . stapfia 88 , neue serie 80 ( 2008 ) : 305 - 328
iverson , j . b . 1976 . the genus kinosternon in belize ( testudines : kinosternidae ) . herpetologica 32 : 258 - 262 - get paper here
johnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , elí garcía padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272–329 . - get paper here
kacoliris f . p . ; berkunsky i . & williams j . 2006 . herpetofauna of impenetrable , argentinean great chaco . phyllomedusa 5 ( 2 ) : 149 - 158 - get paper here
köhler , g . 2000 . reptilien und amphibien mittelamerikas , bd 1 : krokodile , schildkröten , echsen . herpeton verlag , offenbach , 158 pp .
köhler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .
lee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,
legler , j . m . & vogt , r . c . 2013 . the turtles of mexico : land and freshwater forms . university of california press , 416 pp .
lemos - espinal , julio a . and james r . dixon 2013 . amphibians and reptiles of san luis potosí . eagle mountain publishing , xii + 300 pp .
lemos - espinal , julio a . , geoffrey r . smith 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of hidalgo , mexico . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1642 - get paper here
linné , c . von [ = linnaeus , c . ] 1766 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio duodecima , reformata . laurentii salvii , stockholm , holmiae . 1 - 532 pp . - get paper here
magnusson , william e . ; lima , albertina p . ; ara•jo , maria carmozina de 1998 . geographic distribution . kinosternon scorpioides . herpetological review 29 ( 4 ) : 247 - get paper here
mata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and elí garcía - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6–62 - get paper here
mccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352–386 - get paper here
mcnish , t . 2011 . la fauna del archipiélago de san andrés , providencia y santa catalina , colombia , sudamérica . colomba andina de impresos , isbn 978 - 958 - 99518 - 1 - 1
medina - rangel , guido fabián 2013 . cambio estacional en el uso de los recursos de la comunidad de reptiles en el complejo cenagoso de zapatosa , departamento del cesar ( colombia ) . caldasia 35 ( 1 ) : 103 - 122
melo , íris virgínea ; geraldo jorge barbosa de moura , marco antonio de freitas , edson victor euclides de andrade , cláudio casal , arthur diesel abegg , marcelo nogueira de carvalho kakubum 2018 . new additions to herpetofauna of the parque estadual dois irmãos , an urban atlantic rainforest fragment , recife municipality , pernambuco state , northeastern brazil . herpetology notes 11 : 245 - 254 - get paper here
mendoza - paz , c . a . and l . fernández - badillo . 2017 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . mexico , hidalgo . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 971–972 - get paper here
mertens , r . 1952 . die amphibien und reptilien von el salvador . abh . senckenb . naturf . ges . ( frankfurt ) ( no . 487 ) : 120 pp .
mesen , r . a . a . ; cruz , b . m . 1993 . sexual dimorphism of kinosternon scorpioides ( testudines , kinostermidae ) in palo - verde , costa - rica . revista de biologia tropical 41 ( 2 ) : 261 - 265 - get paper here
methner , k . 1989 . die schildkröten des unteren rio magdalena ( kolumbien ) . sauria 11 ( 4 ) : 9 - 11 - get paper here
montalvo , victor hugo , luis diego alfaro , carolina saenz and eduardo carrillo . 2015 . the jaguar as a potential predator of kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . herpetozoa 27 ( 3 / 4 ) : 205 - 207 [ 2014 ]
nemuras , k . 1967 . notes on the herpetology of panama : part 3 . bull . maryland herp . soc . 3 ( 2 ) : 31 - 40 - get paper here
ribeiro , s . c . , i . j . roberto , d . l . sales , r . w . ávila & w . o . almeida 2012 . amphibians and reptiles from the araripe bioregion , northeastern brazil . salamandra 48 ( 3 ) : 133 - 146 - get paper here
rivas , gilson a . ; césar r . molina , gabriel n . ugueto , tito r . barros , césar l . bar - rio - amorós & philippe j . r . kok 2012 . reptiles of venezuela : an updated and commented checklist . zootaxa 3211 : 1–64 - get paper here
rodrigues , joão fabrício mota and diva maria borges - nojosa . 2013 . does kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) ( testudines : kinosternidae ) prefer to reproduce in clean water ? herpetology notes 6 : 519 - 521 . - get paper here
rodrigues , m . t . 2003 . herpetofauna da caatinga . in : i . r . leal , m . tabarelli & j . m . c . silva ( eds . ) . ecologia e conservação da caatinga , pp . 181 - 236 . editora universitária , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil .
schilde , m . 2001 . schlammschildkröten : kinosternon , sternotherus , claudius , staurotypus . natur und tier verlag ( münster ) , 136 pp . - get paper here
schwartz , a . & henderson , r . w . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies . university of florida press , gainesville , 720 pp .
smith , hobart m . & taylor , edward h . 1950 . type localities of mexican reptiles and amphibians . univ . kansas sci . bull . 33 ( 8 ) : 313 - 380 - get paper here
solís , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123–144 - get paper here
stejneger , l . h . 1925 . new species and subspecies of american turtles . j . washington acad . sci . 15 ( 20 ) : 462 - 463 - get paper here
stejneger , l 1941 . notes on mexican turltes of the genus kinosternon . proc . us natl . mus . 90 : 457 - 459 - get paper here
stejneger , l . 1902 . some generic names of turtles . proc . biol . soc , washington 15 : 235 - 238 - get paper here
stuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here
sunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186–202 . - get paper here
taylor , edward h . 1952 . third contribution of the herpetology of the mexican state of san luis potosí . univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 13 ) : 793 - 815 - get paper here
terán - juárez , sergio a . , elí garcía padilla , vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson and larry david wilson . 2016 . the herpetofauna of tamaulipas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 1 ) : 43–113 - get paper here
tomas , walfrido moraes , rafael morais chiaravalotti , andré restel camilo , gabriel oliveira de freitas 2015 . kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides linnaeus , 1766 : range extension and first records in the upper paraguay river basin and mato grosso do sul , brazil . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1631 - get paper here
ttwg [ peter paul van dijk , john b . iverson , anders g . j . rhodin , h . bradley shaffer , and roger bour ] 2014 . turtles of the world , 7th edition : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution with maps , and conservation status . 000 . v7 . chelonian research monographs ( issn 1088 - 7105 ) no . 5 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v7 . 2014 - get paper here
valdivieso , d . & j . r . tamsitt 1963 . a check list and key to the amphibian and reptiles of providencia and san andres . carib . j . sci . 3 ( 2 / 3 ) : 77 - 79
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
argentina , belize , bolivia , brazil , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , french guiana , guatemala , guyana , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , paraguay , peru , suriname , trinidad , venezuela . northeast and eastern mexico through central america and across northern and central south america to northern argentina .
continent : middle - america south - america caribbean distribution : mexico ( yucatan , chiapas ) , guatemala , belize , el salvador , honduras , nicaragua , costa rica , panama , colombia , ecuador , venezuela , brazil ( roraima ) , argentina , paraguay , bolivia , n peru , trinidad type locality : surinam . abaxillare : mexico ( chiapas ) albogulare : honduras , costa rica , panama , isla cañas , isla san andrés . cruentatum : honduras , ne nicaragua north to mexico ( veracruz , tamaulipas ) , guatemala ; type locality : san mateo del mar , oaxaca ( designated by smith & taylor 1950 )
iucn 2011 red list : not listed ( least concern , lr / lc ) ( assessed 1996 , needs updating ) ; cites : not listed ; colombia red book of endangered reptiles : vulnerable ( d2 ) .
linnaeus , 1766 : systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio duodecima , reformata . laurentii salvii , stockholm , holmiae , p . 1 - 532 .
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henicopsaltria is a genus of cicada in the cryptotympanini tribe of the cicadinae subfamily .

four species have been described .

the razorgrinder ( henicopsaltria eydouxii ) is the type species .

henicopsaltria

no one has contributed data records for henicopsaltria yet . learn how to contribute .
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this page contains pictures and information about razor grinder cicadas that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .
we found a lot of them in mt cotton during mid summer 2005 . they rested at the lower part of the tall trunk , about 1 . 5 meters to 3 meters from ground . they like to rest on the vary large gum tree trunk . when disturbed , they made some alert sound while flying away to another tree trunk .
large number of them were found singing on the same tree trunk . they produced very loud sound resemble metal grinding . the sound pitch rises a few second follows by a quick drop then repeated . those loud songs were quite painful to ear when standing under the trees .
the cicadas are dark brown to reddish brown in colour . there are dark zigzag patterns on front wings veins . the veins near wing edges are also dark in colour . the bottom side of abdomen is orange and dark brown in colours . males and females look similar .
they like to rest on very large tree trunks , especially smooth bark tree trunks .
we found one on the floor which is slow moving . when disturbed , it turned around and played dead .
forest need summit street around tingalpa reservoir on mid summer jan 2009 . a number of them can be found singing on large gum tree trunks .
in tamborine mountain appears in vast numbers at intervals of seven years . we did not found it is periodical unless this is happen in a small local area . we need more observations to confirm this .
- m . s . moulds australian museum , sydney , n . s . w . 2000 .
- moulds ms ( 1990 ) . new south wales university press , nsw . australia .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 44365705 - 1036 - 4115 - ac90 - 82fdade307ba
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4c6ca33a - f0c8 - 4645 - 8726 - c879d110a653
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bcc8e21b - 3122 - 4550 - 8729 - 5a56903d3528
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e3dbfcc8 - 9f05 - 4910 - 979f - 4d976f42486b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 82bc6a82 - 3985 - 43e3 - ab68 - 434141342c1c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 434117
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hyperolius wermuthi is a species of frog in the family hyperoliidae .

it is found in ivory coast , southern guinea , and liberia .

the correct name for this species is likely hyperolius soror .

it is so similar to hyperolius fusciventris that it has likely been overlooked elsewhere in west africa .

common name wermuth 's reed frog has been coined for this species .

hyperolius wermuthi

it is likely that hyperolius wermuthi is a synonym of this species ( schiøtz 1999 ) .
hyperolius wermuthi is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is found in ivory coast , guinea and liberia .
there have been no recent records , but it is presumably uncommon , as with hyperolius wermuthi , with which this species is presumably conspecific .
the call of hyperolius wermuthi is similar to that of h . f . fusciventris from the same areas , but apparently slower and higher pitched .
the hyperolius wermuthi is classified as near threatened ( nt ) , is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .
rödel , m . - o . & schiøtz , a . 2004 . hyperolius wermuthi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 22 july 2007 .
note sur les hyperolius et quelques afrixalus ( saleintia ) du musée de berlin .
there is no information on threats to it , but as with h . wermuthi , agricultural expansion , logging , and encroaching human settlements are presumably all threats affecting it .
this species is very similar to h . fusciventris lamtoensis and h . wermuthi . it differs from the former by its translucent ventrum without traces of red marbling and the absence of dark lateral pigmentation . it differs from h . wermuthi by its white , not green ventral pigmentation , but should be compared critically with that species since the differences between them seem very small .
hyperolius wermuthi laurent , 1961 , rev . zool . bot . afr . , 64 : 71 - 72 . holotype : mnhnp , according to r . laurent in frost , 1985 , amph . species world : 219 . type locality :
boussou . . . , champ avec mare
, mont nimba , ivory coast .
this species is probably a synonym of hyperolius soror , which is known with certainty only from its type locality in southern guinea ( schiøtz 1999 ) .
schiøtz , a . & howell , k . 2004 . hyperolius minutissimus . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 22 july 2007 .
schiøtz , a . & rödel , m . - o . 2004 . hyperolius laticeps . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 22 july 2007 .
schiøtz , a . & rödel , m . - o . 2004 . hyperolius nienokouensis . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 22 july 2007 .
schiøtz , a . & rödel , m . - o . 2004 . hyperolius soror . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 22 july 2007 .
most similar to hyperolius fusciventris according to the original publication . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 286 . schiøtz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 110–111 , provided a brief account and considered the date of publication of the original to be 1999 . moreover this author regarded the call to be identical to that of hyperolius wermuthi , with which he thought it might eventually be found to be conspecific .
the males call from leaves and twigs . the voice is a high , shrill insect - like sound , shorter and lower that that of h . f . lamtoensis . the voice is very similar or identical to that of h . wermuthi .
hyperolius laticeps is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is endemic to togo . its natural habitats are rivers , swamps , freshwater marshes , and intermittent freshwater marshes .
since the name h . wermuthi has been used for all subsequent records , there is no specific information on the habitat and ecological requirements of this species , although it is presumably also found only in primary forest , where it breeds in swamps and small temporary ponds .
hyperolius soror is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is endemic to guinea . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , swamps , and intermittent freshwater marshes .
this species is not known from any protected areas , but if it is conspecific with h . wermuthi ( and further taxonomic research is required to resolve this ) then it is likely to be found in the mount nimba world heritage site , taï national park , and diécké classified forest .
this species is not known from any protected areas , but if it is conspecific with h . wermuthi ( and further taxonomic research is required to resolve this ) then it is likely to be found in the mount nimba world heritage site , ta national park , and dick classified forest .
this species is known only from southern guinea , liberia and western côte d’ivoire . it is so similar to hyperolius fusciventris that it might well be overlooked . it probably occurs up to over 1 , 000m asl on mount nimba .
this species is known only from southern guinea , liberia and western cte divoire . it is so similar to hyperolius fusciventris that it might well be overlooked . it probably occurs up to over 1 , 000m asl on mount nimba .
hyperolius nienokouensis is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is endemic to ivory coast . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , swamps , and intermittent freshwater marshes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
hyperolius minutissimus is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is endemic to tanzania . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high - altitude grassland , swamps , and intermittent freshwater marshes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
this is a small hyperolius with a brown dorsum and broad light canthal and dorsolateral stripes that may be green or yellow . some individuals also have light spots on the legs and dorsum ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .
a small , compact hyperolius ( males 19 - 21 mm , females 23 mm ) from south - western côte divoire . dorsum translucent green , sometimes with fine black points . ventrum in both sexes translucent greyish white . discs green . no canthal stripe . pupil horizontal .
a small forest hyperolius ( males 18–23 mm , females 22–29 mm ) from western west africa , similar to h . fusciventris but phase j never with a dark vertebral line . in life phase f with red canthal stripe . no dark lateral pigmentation . ventrum transparent bluish green . pupil horizontal .
hyperolius nienokouensis rödel , 1998 , rev . fr . aquar . herpetol . , 25 : 124 . holotype : zfmk 65392 , by original designation . type locality :
south - western edge of tai national park , foot of mont niénokoué approximately 15 km west of guiroutou , 5° 25′ n , 7° 10′ w , ivory coast
.
a hyperolius from the savanna at high altitude in tanzania , with the males minute ( 12 - 17 mm ) , and the females medium - sized ( 18 - 24 mm ) . dorsum brown with light canthal and dorsolateral lines . gular flap smooth and very large . a few black spinosities present in front of the gular flap near the tip of the jaw . pupil horizontal . some females have broad light canthal , and irregular dorsolateral , stripes , and spots on dorsum .
but phase j never with a dark vertebral line . in life phase f with red canthal stripe . no dark lateral pigmentation . ventrum transparent bluish green . pupil horizontal .
, especially after preservation , but differs in a number of minor morphological characters and , in life , by its ventral coloration . furthermore
is a forest form , so although their ranges overlap they may not actually be sympatric . the correct name for this species may be
found in swamps in dense forest . only known from a small forested area in liberia and côte d’ivoire , but may have been overlooked elsewhere in west africa since it is so similar to
this species shows developmental changes in patterning , with two phases , j ( juveniles and many mature males ) and f ( mature females and some mature males ) . all newly metamorphosed individuals are phase j , which is normally brownish to green with paired light dorsolateral lines , or an hourglass pattern . all females , and some males , develop into phase f before the first breeding season . phase f is often colorful and variable , showing the diagnostic color characteristics for the species or subspecies . either well - defined morphs may be present , or graded variation .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
frost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as near threatened because its extent of occurrence is probably not much greater than 20 , 000 km2 , and the extent and quality of its habitat are probably declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable .
it is found only in primary forest , and breeds in swamps and small temporary ponds .
agricultural expansion , logging , and encroaching human settlements are threats affecting this species .
it occurs in several protected areas , including the mount nimba world heritage site , taï national park , and diécké classified forest . further taxonomic work is required to resolve the possibility that this species is a synonym of h . soror .
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wermuth ' s reed frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 68 ) .
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: 219 . type locality :
boussou . . . , champ avec mare
, mont nimba , ivory coast .
copyright © 1998 - 2013 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
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the type locality is n ' zérékoré in southern guinea ( chabanaud 1921 ) .
. the taxonomic validity of this species is uncertain . it may be the correct name for
chabanaud , p . ( 1921 ) . ' ' contribution a l ' etude de la faune herpetologique de l ' afrique occidentale . ' '
this species is known with certainty only from n ' zérékoré in southern guinea .
this species is known only from the poorly defined type locality of togo . no range map has been prepared for this species , since the type locality is not specific , and this is almost certainly not a valid species .
there is no information on its habitat and ecological requirements , but it presumably breeds in water .
listed as data deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic validity as well as absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .
it has not been recorded from any protected areas . resolution of its taxonomic status is required asthis is almost certainly not a valid species .
this account was taken from
treefrogs of africa
by arne schiøtz with kind permission from edition chimaira publishers , frankfurt am main .
schiøtz , a . ( 1999 ) . treefrogs of africa . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main .
found in swamps in dense forest . only known from a small forested area in liberia and côte divoire , but may have been overlooked elsewhere in west africa since it is so similar to h . fusciventris .
schiã¸tz , a . ( 1999 ) . treefrogs of africa . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main .
listed as near threatened because its extent of occurrence is probably not much greater than 20 , 000 km2 , and the extent and quality of its habitat are probably declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable .
it occurs in several protected areas , including the mount nimba world heritage site , ta national park , and dick classified forest . further taxonomic work is required to resolve the possibility that this species is a synonym of h . soror .
its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , swamps , and intermittent freshwater marshes . it is threatened by habitat loss and environmental damage .
this species is known only from two localities in south - western côte d’ivoire : the foot of mont niénokoué ( approximately 15km west of guiroutou ) on the south - western edge of taï national park ; and a nearby locality 30km to the north of this .
known from a single forest locality in tai n . p . , côte divoire .
it is found only in primary rainforest , and probably attaches eggs to leaves above shallow temporary ponds and swamps , where the larvae develop .
listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is probably less than 5 , 000 km2 , it is known from a single location , and the quality and extent of its forest habitat in cote d ' ivoire is declining .
it is a very uncommon species . a visit to the type locality in 2002 was unsuccessful in locating the species .
it is presumably threatened by ongoing habitat loss for logging , agriculture and human settlements .
described by schiøtz ( 1999 ) as “a fast series of quiet , unmelodic clicks . ”
the tiny males may be confused with h . pictus metamorphs , but the latter typically have three distinct lines on the dorsum which h . minutissimus lacks . h . minutissimus is similar to h . spinigularis , but h . minutissimus lacks blue coloration and the males are substantially smaller than in h . spinigularis ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .
males range from 12–17 mm in snout - vent length , while females are larger , measuring 18–24 mm ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .
this species is found in open high - elevation grasslands and forest clearings at elevations above 1800 m ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .
breeds in temporary pools in grasslands ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .
listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is probably less than 20 , 000 km2 , it is known from fewer than five locations , and the quality and extent of its montane grassland habitat in the udzungwa mountains and southern highlands of tanzania is declining .
it is rarely seen , but easily overlooked , and so perhaps not as rare as records suggest .
the call is a fast series of quiet , unmelodic clicks with an ill - defined frequency - intensity maximum at 4200 - 4300 cps .
its montane grassland habitat is threatened by afforestation , agricultural expansion , fire , and human settlement .
it has not been found in the udzungwa national park , though it might occur there .
the most remarkable feature of this species is the minute size of the males which are no larger than newly metamorphosed h . pictus , a sympatric species . the species is not well known and in some respects resembles h . spinigularis . it is possible they belong to the same complex .
this species is known only from southern tanzania , where it has been recorded from the udzungwa mountains and from the njombe area in the western part of the southern highlands . it has been suggested that it might occur in northern malawi , but recent surveys on mount rungwe , in southern tanzania , close to the malawi border , did not find this species . its altitudinal range is not recorded , but it is likely to be mainly above 1 , 800m asl .
collected on open , windswept grasslands in south - eastern tanzania . easily overlooked .
this species was named for the sankuru province of the democratic republic of congo where it was first discovered .
this species is known with certainty only from n ' zrkor in southern guinea .
chabanaud , p . ( 1921 ) . ' ' contribution a l ' etude de la faune herpetologique de l ' afrique occidentale . ' ' bulletin of the comitã© dâetudes historiques et scientifiques de lâafrique occidentale franã§aise , 1921 , 445 - 472 .
different sources may delimit this genus differently , and as new species are still being described , different number of species can be found . as of early 2015 ,
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taxon assessments are documents assessing the current status of a species , usually conservation status . for example , a regional conservation organization might use them to organize information and solicit feedback about the status of several threatened taxa in the region .
known only from tai national park and a locality 30 km to the north , southwestern ivory coast .
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