notoacmea turbatrix is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family lottiidae , one of the families of true limpets .

notoacmea turbatrix

notoacmea turbatrix a . c . f . e . intertidal , grows to 9mm .
species notoacmea turbatrix nakano , b . a . marshall , m . kennedy & spencer , 2009
species notoacmea helmsi ( e . a . smith , 1894 ) accepted as notoacmea elongata ( quoy & gaimard , 1834 )
species notoacmea virescens w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as notoacmea elongata ( quoy & gaimard , 1834 ) ( synonym )
notoacmea badia f . e . in clean tide pools , grows to 11mm .
notoacmea elongata a . c . f . e . intertidal , grows to 9mm .
notoacmea daedala a . c . f . e . intertidal , grows to 10mm .
notoacmea potae a . c . f . e . intertidal , grows to 13mm .
notoacmea scopulina a . c . e . at high tide , grows to 20mm .
species notoacmea potae nakano , b . a . marshall , m . kennedy & spencer , 2009
species notoacmea rapida nakano , b . a . marshall , m . kennedy & spencer , 2009
notoacmea parviconoidea a . c . f . m . e . intertidal , grows to 15mm .
notoacmea pileopsis a . c . e . on rocks above high tide , grows to 32mm .
notoacmea sturnus f . an . e . at high tide and splash zone , grows to 32mm .
notoacmea cellanoides a . c . f . e . at high tide and splash zone , grows to 25mm .
notoacmea is a southern genus of true limpets , marine gastropod molluscs in the family lottiidae , the true limpets .
species notoacmea testudinalis ( o . f . müller , 1776 ) accepted as testudinalia testudinalis ( o . f . müller , 1776 )
notoacmea testudinalis ( o . f . müller , 1776 ) : synonym of testudinalia testudinalis ( o . f . müller , 1776 )
ponder w . f . & creese r . g . 1980 . a revision of the australian species of notoacmea , collisella and patelloida ( mollusca : gastropoda : acmaeidae ) . journal of the malacological society of australia , 4 ( 4 ) : 167 - 208 . [ details ]
nakano t . , marshall b . a . , kennedy m . , spencer h . g . ( 2009 ) . the phylogeny and taxonomy of new zealand notoacmea and patelloida species ( mollusca : patellogastropoda : lottiidae ) inferred from dna sequences . molluscan research 29 : 33 - 59 . [ details ]
nakano , t . , marshall , b . a . , kennedy , m . , spencer , h . g . 2009 : the phylogeny and taxonomy of new zealand notoacmea and patelloida species ( mollusca : patellogastropoda : lottiidae ) inferred from dna sequences , molluscan research , 29 ( 1 ) ( p . 56 )
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
the symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .
north and south islands . low tide , on rocks and shells in exposed rock pools
note : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .
distinguishing characteristics an endemic limpet of new zealand and is quite variable in shell shape and colour pattern .
distribution found in the low tide zone attached to smooth rocks and other shells in sheltered positions ( eg . tide pools ) on open coasts throughout new zealand .
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tenagodus weldii a . c . m . e . from 60 - 240m , grows to 73mm .
tenagodus maoria a . c . e . from 40 - 300m , grows to 50mm .
stephopoma roseum a . c . e . at and below low tide , tube width to 5mm .
novastoa lamellosa a . c . m . e . intertidal , tube width to 8mm .
thylacodes zelandicus a . e . below low tide to 50m , grows to 100mm .
dendropoma squamiferum a . e . from 25 - 80m , grows to 60mm .
patelloida corticata a . c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 32mm .
patelloida corticata ( corallina form ) a . c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 32mm .
patelloida corticata ( pseudocorticata form ) a . c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 16mm .
trimusculus conicus k . a . c . f . m . on rocks at low tide , grows to 29mm .
radiacmea inconspicua a . c . f . m . e . on rocks at low tide and on haliotis iris , grows to 19mm .
atalacmea fragilis a . c . f . e . at low tide , grows to 16mm .
actinoleuca campbelli campbelli an . e . from 0 - 30m , grows to 6mm .
cellana strigilis c . f . an . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 79mm .
cellana strigilis ( redimiculum form ) c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 46mm .
cellana strigilis ( flemingi form ) an . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 45mm .
cellana oliveri m . an . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 73mm .
cellana oliveri ( chathamensis form ) m . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 54mm .
cellana oliveri ( bollonsi form ) an . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 55mm .
cellana radians a . c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 71mm .
cellana radians ( perana form ) c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 50mm .
cellana radians ( earlii form ) c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 40mm .
cellana ornata a . c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 54mm .
cellana stellifera a . c . f . e . on low tide rocks , grows to 64mm .
cellana stellifera ( phymatius form ) a . c . f . e . on low tide rocks , grows to 42mm .
cellana denticulata a . c . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 84mm .
cellana flava c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 72mm .
scutellastra kermadecensis k . e . on rocks at low tide and below , grows to 174mm .
pectinodonta aupouria a . c . m . e . below 800m , grows to 20mm .
pectinodonta morioria a . c . f . e . below 360m , grows to 15mm .
coccopigya hispida a . c . f . e . below 800m , grows to 9mm .
umbraculum umbraculum k . a . c . at low tide and below , shell to 100mm .
aplysia parvula k . a . c . f . below low tide , shell to 30mm .
aplysia juliana a . c . f . at and below low tide , shell to 30mm .
berthella medietas a . c . f . m . an . below low tide , shell to 13mm .
berthella ornata a . c . f . e . intertidal , shell to 20mm .
dolabrifera brazieri k . a . at and below low tide , shell to 20mm .
siphonaria australis a . c . f . m . e . on mid and high tide rocks , grows to 32mm .
siphonaria australis ( zelandica form ) a . c . f . m . e . on mid and high tide rocks , grows to 32mm .
siphonaria propria a . c . f . m . e . on rocks at low tide , grows to 19mm .
siphonaria obliquata c . f . an . e . on high tide rocks , grows to 66mm .
siphonaria stewartiana f . an . e . on high tide rocks , grows to 20mm .
williamia radiata nutata k . a . from 10 - 50m , grows to 7mm .
emarginula striatula a . c . f . m . an . e . below low tide to 220m , grows to 33mm .
scutus breviculus a . c . f . e . intertidal , grows to 81mm .
tugali elegans a . c . f . m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 55mm .
tugali suteri suteri a . c . m . e . under rocks at low tide , grows to 18mm .
tugali stewartiana f . e . from 20 - 100m , grows to 28mm .
montfortula chathamensis c . m . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 20mm .
monodilepas diemenensis a . e . from 10 - 800m , grows to 20mm .
monodilepas monilifera monilifera f . e . from 40 - 150m , grows to 33mm .
monodilepas otagoensis f . e . from 40 - 150m , grows to 30mm .
haliotis iris a . c . f . m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 181mm .
haliotis virginea crispata a . c . e . at and below low tide , grows to 46mm .
haliotis virginea virginea a . c . f . e . at and below low tide , grows to 72mm .
haliotis australis a . c . f . m . an . e . at and below low tide , grows to 110mm .
haliotis virginea morioria m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 75mm .
haliotis virginea huttoni an . e . at and below low tide , grows to 69mm .
bulla quoyii k . a . c . on intertidal mudflats , grows to 66mm .
haminoea zelandiae a . c . e . on intertidal mudflats , grows to 29mm .
cylichna zealandica a . c . e . from 5 - 80m , grows to 13mm .
cylichna thetidis k . a . from 10 - 70m , grows to 13mm .
retusa oruaensis a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 230m , grows to 4 . 5mm .
relichna pachys a . c . f . m . e . from 300 - 1500m , grows to 7mm .
scaphander otagoensis f . e . from 200 - 800m , grows to 39mm .
philine auriformis a . c . f . from 5 - 25m , grows to 16mm .
melanochlamys lorrainae a . c . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 9mm .
ellatrivia merces a . c . from 0 - 25m , grows to 16mm .
erosaria cernica k . a . from 15 - 25m , grows to 30mm .
conus lischkeanus k . a . e . at low tide and below , grows to 62mm .
mesoginella koma a . c . e . from 0 - 5m , grows to 7mm .
serrata fasciata a . c . e . at and below low tide , grows to 9mm .
serrata fasciata ( albino form ) a . c . e . at and below low tide , grows to 9mm .
serrata maoriana a . e . from 10 - 40m , grows to 9mm .
dentimargo cairoma a . c . m . e . from 0 - 30m , grows to 5mm .
mesoginella pisinna a . c . e . from 10 - 50m , grows to 5mm .
mesoginella larochei a . c . e . from 20 - 50m , grows to 4mm .
amalda australis a . c . e . at low tide and below , grows to 52mm .
amalda depressa a . c . e . at low tide and below , grows to 20mm .
amalda mucronata a . c . e . from 5 - 600m , grows to 63mm .
amalda novaezelandiae a . c . m . e . from 5 - 700m , grows to 16mm .
amalda novaezelandiae ( crystallina form ) a . c . m . e . from 5 - 700m , grows to 16mm .
amalda bathamae f . e . from 300 - 700m , grows to 48mm .
amalda benthicola f . m . an . e . from 300 - 1000m , grows to 21mm .
amalda cf . benthicola f . m . an . e . from 300 - 1000m , grows to 21mm .
austromitra rubiginosa a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 11mm .
austromitra rubiginosa ( rubiradix form ) a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 11mm .
austromitra rubiginosa ( antipoda form ) a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 11mm .
austromitra rubiginosa ( brunneacincta form ) a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 11mm .
austromitra rubiginosa ( planatella form ) a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 11mm .
mitra carbonaria k . a . c . at low tide and below , grows to 77mm .
volutomitra obscura ( mortenseni form ) a . c . below low tide , grows to 28mm .
volutomitra banksi c . f . m . an . e . from 150 - 650m , grows to 42mm .
peculator hedleyi a . e . from 5 - 260m , grows to 8mm .
egestas waitei c . f . an . e . from 100 - 500m , grows to 7mm .
exilia expeditionis c . f . m . e . from 400 - 2500m , grows to 42mm .
metzgeria shirleyi a . e . from 360 - 650m , grows to 52mm .
metzgeria problematica f . e . from 100 - 300m , grows to 33mm .
zygomelon zodion m . e . from 700 - 1400m , grows to 50mm .
provocator mirabilis a . c . f . m . an . e . from 80 - 800m , grows to 150mm .
provocator mirabilis ( aurantia form ) c . f . an . e . from 80 - 800m , grows to 130mm .
provocator mirabilis ( large form ) an . e . from 400 - 500m , grows to 180mm .
provocator mirabilis ( albino form ) an . e . from 200 - 500m , grows to 130mm .
alcithoe wilsonae c . f . m . an . e . from 40 - 500m , grows to 110mm .
alcithoe wilsonae ( smithi form ) c . f . an . e . from 100 - 510m , grows to 120mm .
alcithoe wilsonae ( acuminata form ) c . m . e . from 300 - 500m , grows to 130mm .
alcithoe wilsonae ( knoxi form ) c . f . an . e . from 400 - 700m , grows to 86mm .
alcithoe cf . wilsonae c . f . m . an . e . from 40 - 500m , grows to 110mm .
alcithoe fusus a . c . f . e . from 5 - 200m , grows to 85mm .
alcithoe fusus ( haurakiensis form ) a . e . from 5 - 200m , grows to 85mm .
alcithoe fusus ( hedleyi form ) a . e . from 5 - 600m , grows to 95mm .
alcithoe davegibbsi a . e . from 30 - 80m , grows to 60mm .
alcithoe jaculoides ( typical form ) a . c . f . e . from 30 - 600m , grows to 150mm .
alcithoe jaculoides a . c . f . e . from 30 - 600m , grows to 190mm .
alcithoe jaculoides ( johnstoni form ) a . c . f . e . from 30 - 600m , grows to 180mm .
alcithoe jaculoides ( calva form ) c . f . e . from 30 - 600m , grows to 180mm .
alcithoe cf . jaculoides a . c . f . e . from 30 - 600m , grows to 190mm .
alcithoe arabica a . c . f . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 236mm .
alcithoe arabica ( depressa form ) a . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 100mm .
alcithoe arabica ( swainsoni form ) a . c . f . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 180mm .
alcithoe arabica ( swainsoni southern form ) a . c . f . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 180mm .
alcithoe arabica ( motutaraensis form ) a . c . f . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 160mm .
alcithoe arabica ( three kings form ) a . e . from 50 - 100m ; three kings area , grows to 170mm .
alcithoe arabica ( three kings extinct swainsoni form ) a . e . from 50 - 100m ; three kings area , grows to 190mm .
alcithoe seelyeorum ( knobby form ) a . e . from 50 - 250m ; three kings to north cape , grows to 229mm .
alcithoe seelyeorum ( dwarf form ) a . e . from 50 - 250m ; three kings to north cape , grows to 140mm .
alcithoe cf . seelyeorum a . e . from 50 - 250m ; three kings to north cape , grows to 200mm .
alcithoe cf . seelyeorum ( smooth form ) a . e . from 50 - 250m ; three kings to north cape , grows to 200mm .
alcithoe fissurata fissurata a . e . from 300 - 700m , grows to 238mm .
alcithoe fissurata crassa a . e . from 50 - 250m ; three kings area , grows to 214mm .
alcithoe fissurata elegans a . e . from 250 - 400m , grows to 190mm .
alcithoe fissurata ssp . a . e . from deep water ; three kings area , grows to 181mm .
alcithoe cf . fissurata c . e . from deep water , grows to 120mm .
alcithoe tigrina a . e . from 100 - 500m , grows to 140mm .
alcithoe pseudolutea a . c . m . e . from 300 - 500m , grows to 135mm .
alcithoe lutea c . e . from 400 - 600m , grows to 150mm .
alcithoe larochei larochei a . c . e . from 50 - 700m , grows to 170mm .
alcithoe larochei ostenfeldi c . e . from 10 - 100m ; west of upper south island , grows to 222mm .
alcithoe benthicola a . e . from 400 - 800m , grows to 267mm .
alcithoe benthicola ( dwarf form ) a . e . from around 700m , grows to 140mm .
alcithoe flemingi f . m . an . e . from 450 - 1100m , grows to 106mm .
tonna tankervillii a . c . from 0 - 200m , grows to 252mm .
semicassis pyrum a . c . f . m . from 0 - 100m , grows to 118mm .
semicassis pyrum ( powelli form ) a . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 60mm .
semicassis pyrum ( stadiale form ) f . m . from 0 - 100m , grows to 110mm .
semicassis pyrum ( hamiltoni form ) c . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 87mm .
semicassis pyrum ( harrisoni form ) f . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 90mm .
semicassis pyrum ( matai form ) f . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 60mm .
semicassis pyrum ( abernethyi form ) c . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 75mm .
semicassis pyrum ( ericanum form ) a . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 110mm .
semicassis pyrum ( other form ) a . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 110mm .
semicassis cf . pyrum a . c . f . m . from 0 - 100m , grows to 118mm .
semicassis labiata a . c . from 0 - 100m , grows to 93mm .
semicassis labiata ( insperatum form ) a . from 0 - 100m , grows to 93mm .
casmaria perryi k . a . from 0 - 100m , grows to 64mm .
semicassis royana k . a . from 10 - 100m , grows to 155mm .
galeodea triganceae a . c . f . m . e . from 100 - 900m , grows to 56mm .
nassarius spiratus k . a . from 0 - 10m , grows to 25mm .
nassarius aoteanus a . e . from 2 - 120m , grows to 37mm .
tritia ephamilla k . a . c . f . m . from 400 - 2500m , grows to 22mm .
admetula superstes a . c . e . from 50 - 250m , grows to 15mm .
nassaria miriamae k . a . from 500 - 1500m , grows to 45mm .
cominella otagoensis f . e . from 100 - 500m , grows to 27mm .
cominella mirabilis canturiensis c . m . e . from 300 - 620m , grows to 31mm .
cominella mirabilis powelli f . e . from 20 - 220m , grows to 17mm .
cominella alertae c . m . e . from 300 - 500m , grows to 31mm .
cominella olsoni c . e . from 75 - 100m , grows to 64mm .
cominella nassoides nassoides f . e . on mud flats , grows to 75mm .
cominella nassoides nassoides ( foveauxana form ) f . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 75mm .
cominella nassoides iredalei m . e . from 10 - 20m , grows to 56mm .
cominella nassoides otakauica f . e . from 40 - 100m , grows to 75mm .
cominella nassoides nodicincta an . e . from 70 - 80m , grows to 56mm .
cominella nassoides haroldi f . e . from 30 - 70m , grows to 38mm .
cominella aff . nassoides haroldi f . e . from 30 - 70m , grows to 38mm .
cominella glandiformis a . c . f . m . e . on mud flats , grows to 44mm .
cominella virgata virgata a . c . e . intertidal , grows to 43mm .
cominella virgata brookesi a . c . e . at low tide , grows to 34mm .
cominella virgata brookesi ( eroded ) a . c . e . at low tide , grows to 34mm .
cominella quoyana a . c . e . from 0 - 60m , grows to 26mm .
cominella quoyana ( youngi form ) a . c . e . from 0 - 60m , grows to 26mm .
cominella accuminata a . e . from 5 - 50m , grows to 23mm .
cominella maculosa a . c . m . e . intertidal , grows to 58mm .
cominella adspersa a . c . m . e . from 0 - 5m , grows to 74mm .
cominella adspersa ( melo form ) a . c . m . e . from 0 - 5m , grows to 74mm .
cominella regalis a . e . from 20 - 50m , grows to 21mm .
buccinulum vittatum vittatum a . c . f . an . e . under low tide rocks , grows to 35mm .
buccinulum vittatum vittatum ( heteromorphum form ) a . c . f . an . e . under low tide rocks , grows to 35mm .
buccinulum vittatum vittatum ( maketuense form ) a . c . f . an . e . under low tide rocks , grows to 35mm .
buccinulum vittatum vittatum ( motutaraense form ) a . c . f . an . e . under low tide rocks , grows to 35mm .
buccinulum vittatum bicinctum m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 33mm .
buccinulum vittatum vittatum ( littorinoides form ) a . c . f . an . e . under low tide rocks , grows to 35mm .
buccinulum vittatum vittatum ( littorinoides flavescens form ) a . c . f . an . e . under low tide rocks , grows to 35mm .
buccinulum vittatum vittatum ( littorinoides kaikouraense form ) a . c . f . an . e . under low tide rocks , grows to 35mm .
buccinulum vittatum ( littorinoides mestayerae form ) m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 33mm .
buccinulum vittatum ( littorinoides strebeli form ) m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 33mm .
buccinulum linea a . c . f . m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 49mm .
buccinulum linea ( sufflatum form ) a . c . f . m . e . below low tide , grows to 49mm .
buccinulum linea ( waitangiensis form ) a . c . f . m . e . below low tide , grows to 49mm .
buccinulum linea ( deep water form ) a . c . f . m . e . below low tide , grows to 49mm .
buccinulum cf . linea a . c . f . m . e . below low tide , grows to 49mm .
buccinulum fuscozonatum c . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 31mm .
buccinulum pallidum pallidum c . f . m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 47mm .
buccinulum pallidum pallidum ( tenuistriatum form ) c . f . m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 47mm .
buccinulum pallidum powelli a . e . at and below low tide , grows to 45mm .
buccinulum pertinax pertinax f . m . an . e . at and below low tide , grows to 55mm .
buccinulum pertinax pertinax ( marwicki form ) f . m . an . e . at and below low tide , grows to 55mm .
buccinulum pertinax pertinax ( mutabile form ) f . m . an . e . at and below low tide , grows to 55mm .
buccinulum pertinax pertinax ( stewartianum form ) f . m . an . e . at and below low tide , grows to 55mm .
buccinulum pertinax finlayi c . f . e . from 100 - 200m , grows to 40mm .
buccinulum colensoi a . c . e . at and below low tide , grows to 26mm .
buccinulum robustum a . e . from 0 - 120m , grows to 21mm .
buccinulum robustum ( suteri form ) a . e . from 0 - 120m , grows to 21mm .
buccinulum flexicostatum f . m . e . from 20 - 620m , grows to 32mm .
aeneator comptus a . c . e . from 40 - 120m , grows to 60mm .
aeneator otagoensis c . f . e . from 40 - 240m , grows to 93mm .
aeneator marshalli separabilis a . e . from 50 - 100m , grows to 50mm .
aeneator attenuatus a . e . from 50 - 250m , grows to 70mm .
aeneator recens k . c . f . m . e . from 150 - 700m , grows to 61mm .
aeneator benthicolus a . e . from 200 - 600m , grows to 84mm .
aeneator valedictus c . f . m . e . from 300 - 1000m , grows to 55mm .
antarctoneptunea benthicola a . c . f . m . an . e . from 360 - 1700m , grows to 130mm .
antarctoneptunea benthicola ( delli form ) a . e . from 300 - 500m , grows to 102mm .
penion sulcatus a . c . e . from 0 - 150m , grows to 165mm .
penion cf . sulcatus a . e . at and below low tide , grows to 52mm .
penion cuvierianus cuvierianus a . c . e . from 0 - 250m , grows to 256mm .
penion cuvierianus cuvierianus ( heavy form ) a . c . e . from 0 - 250m , grows to 256mm .
penion cuvierianus jeakingsi c . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 154mm .
penion fairfieldae f . e . from 110 - 125m , grows to 156mm .
penion chathamensis m . e . from 300 - 500m , grows to 244mm .
penion lineatus a . e . from 77 - 246m , grows to 172mm .
penion ormesi a . c . e . from 50 - 200m , grows to 206mm .
austrofusus glans a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 650m , grows to 88mm .
austrofusus glans ( agrestior form ) a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 650m , grows to 88mm .
austrofusus chathamensis c . m . e . from 5 - 250m , grows to 60mm .
taron dubius a . c . e . on stones at mid tide , grows to 22mm .
glaphyrina caudata ( northern form ) a . c . f . e . from 5 - 150m , grows to 60mm .
glaphyrina caudata ( southern form ) a . c . f . e . from 5 - 150m , grows to 88mm .
glaphyrina plicata a . e . from 80 - 160m , grows to 50mm .
fusinus genticus k . a . from 20 - 100m , grows to 171mm .
fusinus genticus ( galathae form ) k . a . from 20 - 100m , grows to 171mm .
coluzea spiralis a . c . e . from 30 - 350m , grows to 135mm .
coluzea mariae c . f . m . an . e . from 100 - 1000m , grows to 107mm .
coluzea mariae ( wide form ) c . f . m . an . e . from 100 - 1000m , grows to 107mm .
coluzea wormaldi a . c . e . from 100 - 700m , grows to 110mm .
coluzea altocanalis c . f . m . e . from 400 - 1000m , grows to 127mm .
fulgurofusus maxwelli c . f . m . an . e . from 476 to 1386m , grows to 86mm .
fulgurofusus cf . maxwelli c . f . m . an . e . from 476 to 1386m , grows to 86mm .
iredalula alticincta ( striata form ) a . c . e . from 50 - 150m , grows to 27mm .
iredalula alticincta a . c . e . from 100 - 500m , grows to 22mm .
belomitra aoteana f . m . from 340 - 1500m , grows to 20mm .
daphnella cancellata a . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 22mm .
veprecula cooperi a . e . from 40 - 300m , grows to 7mm .
xanthodaphne membranacea c . e . from 350 - 2500m , grows to 25mm .
murexsul octogonus a . c . e . from 0 - 500m , grows to 90mm .
murexsul octogonus ( cuvierensis form ) a . c . e . from 50 - 500m , grows to 90mm .
rolandiella scotti a . e . from 10 - 50m , grows to 61mm .
murexsul mariae a . e . from 0 - 230m , grows to 29mm .
murexsul cf . mariae a . e . below low tide , grows to 20mm .
murexsul espinosus a . c . from 10 - 160m , grows to 35mm .
poirieria zelandica a . c . f . m . e . from 10 - 200m , grows to 89mm .
poirieria cf . zelandica a . c . f . m . e . from 10 - 200m , grows to 89mm .
poirieria syrinx a . c . e . from 480 - 800m , grows to 45mm .
poirieria kopua c . f . m . e . from 500 - 1000m , grows to 19mm .
timbellus flemingi a . c . e . from 300 - 900m , grows to 45mm .
phyllocoma speciosa virginalis a . e . from 10 - 50m , grows to 16mm .
ponderia zealandica c . e . from 300 - 900m , grows to 20mm .
prototyphis eos a . c . e . from 0 - 40m , grows to 37mm .
prototyphis eos ( pink form ) a . c . e . from 0 - 40m , grows to 37mm .
prototyphis eos paupereques a . e . from 5 - 20m , grows to 30mm .
babelomurex lischkeanus k . a . from 50 - 400m , grows to 62mm .
coralliophila squamosissima k . a . from 0 - 20m , grows to 30mm .
coralliophila sertata k . a . from 0 - 800m , grows to 19mm .
coralliophila sp . aff . sertata k . a . e . from 0 - 800m , grows to 13mm .
haustrum scobina a . c . m . e . on mid tide rocks , grows to 41mm .
haustrum albomarginatum a . c . f . m . e . on mid tide rocks , grows to 30mm .
haustrum scobina ( rutila form ) a . c . m . e . on mid tide rocks , grows to 41mm .
haustrum lacunosum c . f . m . an . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 52mm .
haustrum lacunosum ( youngi form ) c . f . m . an . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 52mm .
haustrum haustorium a . c . f . m . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 81mm .
dicathais orbita k . a . c . m . at and below low tide , grows to 120mm .
dicathais orbita ( smooth form ) k . a . c . m . at and below low tide , grows to 120mm .
neothais smithi k . a . on low tide rocks , grows to 34mm .
agnewia tritoniformis a . c . on low tide rocks , grows to 29mm .
morula palmeri k . a . from 20 - 50m , grows to 26mm .
uttleya ahiparana ( sculptured form ) a . e . from 30 - 60m , grows to 20mm .
uttleya ahiparana ( smooth form ) a . e . from 30 - 60m , grows to 20mm .
uttleya williamsi a . e . from 20 - 40m , grows to 12mm .
uttleya marwicki a . c . e . from 10 - 50m , grows to 20mm .
paratrophon quoyi a . c . e . on low tide rocks , grows to 34mm .
paratrophon cheesemani cheesemani a . c . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 19mm .
paratrophon cheesemani exsculptus c . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 20mm .
paratrophon patens c . f . e . on low tide rocks , grows to 29mm .
zeatrophon ambiguus a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 120m , grows to 64mm .
zeatrophon pulcherrimus c . f . m . e . from 100 - 600m , grows to 18mm .
zeatrophon mortenseni caudatinus a . c . f . m . e . from 20 - 200m , grows to 23mm .
enixotrophon latus k . a . c . f . m . from 450 - 1400m , grows to 55mm .
enixotrophon maxwelli c . f . m . e . from 850 - 2700m , grows to 53mm .
enixotrophon venustus k . a . c . m . an . from 850 - 1250m , grows to 55mm .
xymene plebeius a . c . f . m . e . intertidal , grows to 23mm .
xymene cf . plebeius a . c . f . m . e . intertidal , grows to 23mm .
axymene traversi a . c . f . m . e . intertidal and sublittoral , grows to 20mm .
axymene aucklandicus c . f . an . e . from 0 - 600m , grows to 15mm .
xymenella pusilla a . c . f . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 12mm .
xymene huttonii a . c . f . an . e . from 0 - 600m , grows to 18mm .
xymene pumilus c . f . an . e . from 0 - 600m , grows to 25mm .
comptella curta f . an . e . from 10 - 110m , grows to 7mm .
tutufa bufo k . a . from 0 - 250m , grows to 132mm .
bursa verrucosa k . a . from 10 - 50m , grows to 45mm .
hinea brasiliana k . a . on rocks at low tide , grows to 20mm .
argobuccinum pustulosum a . c . f . m . an . from 0 - 200m , grows to 136mm .
ranella australasia k . a . c . f . from 0 - 110m , grows to 123mm .
ranella olearium a . c . f . from 50 - 150m , grows to 220mm .
fusitriton laudandus a . c . f . m . an . from 50 - 750m , grows to 157mm .
cabestana spengleri k . a . c . f . m . from 0 - 40m , grows to 188mm .
cabestana spengleri ( bolteniana form ) k . a . c . f . m . from 0 - 10m , grows to 70mm .
cabestana tabulata k . a . c . f . from 0 - 45m , grows to 91mm .
charonia lampas ( capax form ) k . a . c . f . m . from 0 - 200m , grows to 300mm .
charonia lampas ( rubicunda form ) a . from 0 - 200m , grows to 200mm .
monoplex parthenopeus k . a . c . from 0 - 70m , grows to 130mm .
monoplex exaratus k . a . c . from 5 - 60m , grows to 61mm .
turritriton labiosus k . a . from 5 - 60m , grows to 33mm .
sassia parkinsonia k . a . c . from 5 - 30m , grows to 58mm .
sassia palmeri k . a . e . from 5 - 60m , grows to 73mm .
sassia kampyla a . c . f . m . an . from 300 - 900m , grows to 54mm .
neoguraleus sinclairi a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 12mm .
neoguraleus lyallensis a . c . f . e . from 0 - 20m , grows to 15mm .
neoguraleus lyallensis ( tenebrosus form ) a . c . f . e . from 0 - 20m , grows to 15mm .
neoguraleus interruptus a . c . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 10mm .
neoguraleus murdochi a . c . f . e . from 5 - 30m , grows to 12mm .
neoguraleus manukauensis c . e . from 0 - 20m , grows to 15mm .
neoguraleus sandersonae a . e . from 5 - 20m , grows to 15mm .
neoguraleus amoenus a . c . e . from 5 - 50m , grows to 15mm .
scrinium neozelanicum a . e . from 5 - 180m , grows to 12mm .
liratilia subnodosa a . e . at and below low tide , grows to 7mm .
macrozafra subabnormis ( saxatilis form ) a . c . m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 7mm .
zemitrella stephanophora a . c . e . at and below low tide , grows to 8mm .
paxula allani m . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 8mm .
phenatoma rosea a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 150m , grows to 37mm .
phenatoma zealandica a . c . f . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 34mm .
maoritomella albula a . c . f . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 10mm .
bathytoma murdochi murdochi a . e . from 80 - 500m , grows to 22mm .
bathytoma cf . murdochi murdochi a . e . from 80 - 500m , grows to 22mm .
bathytoma parengonia a . c . f . m . e . from 400 - 1600m , grows to 50mm .
splendrillia aoteana a . c . f . e . from 10 - 150m , grows to 18mm .
splendrillia roseacincta f . m . e . from 100 - 300m , grows to 20mm .
splendrillia benthicola c . f . m . e . from 120 - 600m , grows to 26mm .
kuroshioturris angustata a . c . m . e . from 50 - 700m , grows to 16mm .
kuroshioturris cf . angustata a . c . m . e . from 50 - 700m , grows to 16mm .
austrodrillia rawitensis a . c . e . below low tide , grows to 15mm .
aoteadrillia wanganuiensis a . c . f . e . from 10 - 120m , grows to 20mm .
antimelatoma buchanani ( maorum form ) a . e . from 10 - 50m , grows to 21mm .
antimelatoma buchanani ( ahiparana form ) a . c . f . e . from 5 - 50m , grows to 22mm .
antimelatoma buchanani ( benthicola form ) a . c . f . e . from 100 - 200m , grows to 21mm .
comitas onokeana vivens a . c . f . m . e . from 400 - 800m , grows to 74mm .
comitas trailli f . e . from 30 - 130m , grows to 30mm .
monophorus fascelinus a . c . f . an . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 9mm .
nototriphora aupouria k . a . c . e . from 10 - 300m , grows to 4 . 5mm .
bouchetriphora pallida k . a . c . from 25 - 230m , grows to 9mm .
seila cincta a . c . m . e . from 0 - 30m , grows to 11mm .
seila terebelloides a . c . f . an . e . from 10 - 150m , grows to 13mm .
ataxocerithium huttoni a . c . f . e . from 10 - 300m , grows to 13mm .
zeacumantus subcarinatus a . c . f . m . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 19mm .
zeacumantus lutulentus a . c . e . on tidal mudflats , grows to 36mm .
euterebra tristis a . c . from 0 - 100m , grows to 24mm .
euterebra tristis ( flexicostata form ) a . c . from 0 - 100m , grows to 24mm .
euterebra tristis ( mariae form ) a . c . from 0 - 100m , grows to 24mm .
perirhoe circumcincta k . a . from 5 - 50m , grows to 40mm .
maoricolpus roseus a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 110m , grows to 94mm .
maoricolpus roseus ( manukauensis form ) c . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 70mm .
maoricolpus finlayi a . e . from 5 - 80m , grows to 40mm .
zeacolpus vittatus a . c . e . from 0 - 250m , grows to 98mm .
stiracolpus pagoda a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 100m , grows to 41mm .
stiracolpus pagoda ( blacki form ) c . e . below low tide to 200m , grows to 27mm .
stiracolpus symmetricus f . e . below low tide to 132m , grows to 22mm .
stiracolpus ahiparanus a . c . e . below low tide to 60m , grows to 33mm .
murdochella levifoliata a . c . m . an . e . from 40 - 230m , grows to 6mm .
murdochella alacer a . e . from 40 - 160m , grows to 5mm .
trichosirius inornatus a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 22mm .
trichosirius cavatocarinatus c . f . m . an . e . from 95 - 640m , grows to 18mm .
trichosirius octocarinatus m . an . e . from 100 - 250m , grows to 7mm .
zelippistes benhami a . e . from 20 - 600m , grows to 20mm .
malluvium calcareum a . c . m . e . from 75 - 450m , grows to 22mm .
leptonotis perplexus a . c . f . m . an . from 40 - 600m , grows to 20mm .
maoricrypta costata a . c . e . from 0 - 147m , grows to 55mm .
maoricrypta youngi a . c . e . from 0 - 88m , grows to 29mm .
maoricrypta monoxyla a . c . e . from 0 - 15m , grows to 27mm .
maoricrypta sodalis a . c . f . e . from 0 - 925m , grows to 42mm .
sigapatella novaezelandiae a . c . f . m . an . e . from 0 - 420m , grows to 42mm .
sigapatella spadicea a . c . f . e . from 4 - 533m , grows to 21mm .
sigapatella superstes a . e . from 0 - 805m , grows to 27mm .
sigapatella terraenovae a . e . from 0 - 622m , grows to 34mm .
sigapatella tenuis a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 604m , grows to 24mm .
lamellaria ophione k . a . c . e . below low tide , grows to 20mm .
lamellaria cerebroides a . c . f . e . from 20 - 100m , grows to 32mm .
mysticoncha harrisonae c . f . e . from 20 - 150m , grows to 25mm .
globisinum drewi a . c . f . m . e . from 10 - 800m , grows to 50mm .
polinices tawhitirahia k . a . from 10 - 90m , grows to 34mm .
uberella vitrea f . m . an . e . from 0 - 200m , grows to 8mm .
falsilunatia ambigua c . f . m . e . from 400 - 650m , grows to 15mm .
falsilunatia ambigua ( powelli form ) c . f . m . e . from 400 - 650m , grows to 21mm .
friginatica conjuncta a . c . f . m . e . from 250 - 1500m , grows to 9mm .
tanea zelandica a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 650m , grows to 35mm .
egg collar of notocochlis gualtieriana k . a . at low tide , grows to 60mm .
proxiuber australe a . e . from 10 - 100m , grows to 8mm .
proxiuber hulmei a . e . from 10 - 100m , grows to 7mm .
cirsotrema zelebori a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 250m , grows to 33mm .
epitonium bucknilli a . c . e . from 10 - 50m , grows to 17mm .
janthina exigua a . c . f . m . pelagic , grows to 23mm .
janthina janthina a . c . f . m . pelagic , grows to 38mm .
turbonilla zealandica c . f . an . e . from 4 - 10m , grows to 8mm .
hypermastus bulbulus a . e . from 20 - 250m , grows to 13mm .
melanella vegrandis a . e . from 40 - 250m , grows to 8mm .
rissoina zonata a . e . from 0 - 5m , grows to 12mm .
agatha georgiana a . c . f . m . e . from 5 - 130m , grows to 15mm .
pupa affinis a . c . from 5 - 250m , grows to 18mm .
maxacteon milleri a . e . from 40 - 80m , grows to 21mm .
maxacteon cratericulatus a . c . e . from 50 - 250m , grows to 20mm .
maxacteon flammeus k . a . from 40 - 80m , grows to 20mm .
bullina lineata k . a . at low tide and below , grows to 21mm .
bullina lineata ( lauta form ) a . from 0 - 10m , grows to 20mm .
bullina lineata ( melior form ) a . from 0 - 10m , grows to 20mm .
marinula filholi a . c . f . m . e . above high tide , grows to 11mm .
marinula striata f . an . e . under stones at high tide , grows to 8mm .
leuconopsis obsoleta a . c . f . m . an . e . under stones at high tide , grows to 3mm .
herpetopoma bellum a . c . m . e . under stones at low tide , grows to 7mm .
herpetopoma larochei a . c . e . from 5 - 50m , grows to 5mm .
herpetopoma alacerrimum c . e . from 5 - 230m , grows to 6mm .
herpetopoma mariae a . e . from 10 - 50m , grows to 17mm .
diloma subrostratum a . c . f . e . in intertidal muddy areas , grows to 30mm .
diloma subrostratum ( corrosa form ) f . e . in intertidal muddy areas , grows to 30mm .
diloma nigerrimum a . c . f . m . an . in the upper tidal zone , grows to 30mm .
diloma nigerrimum ( digna form ) f . e . in the upper tidal zone , grows to 30mm .
diloma aridum a . c . f . m . an . e . in the upper tidal zone , grows to 17mm .
diloma durvillaea c . f . an . e . in bull kelp holdfasts , grows to 20mm .
diloma aethiops a . c . f . m . e . on rocks at and below low tide , grows to 38mm .
diloma zelandicum a . c . f . e . intertidal on rocky ground , grows to 32mm .
diloma coracinum a . c . f . e . on open coast rock , grows to 12mm .
diloma bicanaliculatum a . c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 20mm .
diloma bicanaliculatum ( lenior form ) c . f . e . on intertidal rocks , grows to 18mm .
risellopsis varia a . c . f . m . e . on high tide rocks , grows to 8mm .
austrolittorina antipodum k . a . c . f . m . e . at high tide and splash zone , grows to 19mm .
austrolittorina cincta a . c . f . m . an . e . at high tide and splash zone , grows to 24mm .
eatoniella flammulata a . c . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 7mm .
cantharidus dilatatus a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 73m , grows to 12mm .
cantharidus opalus a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 52mm .
cantharidus opalus ( cannoni form ) m . e . on giant kelp , grows to 50mm .
cantharidus antipodum f . an . e . in rock pools , grows to 9mm .
cantharidus antipodum ( roseus form ) f . an . e . under kelp holdfasts , grows to 13mm .
cantharidus turneri f . e . on seaweed covered rocks at low tide , grows to 9mm .
cantharidus puysegurensis f . e . on seaweed in tidal pools , grows to 6mm .
cantharidus fulminatus m . e . on seaweed from 0 - 5m , grows to 9mm .
micrelenchus sanguineus a . c . f . e . on algae from 0 - 13m , grows to 11mm .
micrelenchus sanguineus ( cryptus form ) a . c . f . e . on algae from 0 - 13m , grows to 11mm .
micrelenchus tesselatus a . c . f . e . from 0 - 20m , grows to 9mm .
micrelenchus huttonii a . c . f . e . intertidal 0 - 7m , grows to 15mm .
micrelenchus tenebrosus a . c . f . e . from 0 - 450m , grows to 12mm .
micrelenchus purpureus a . c . e . at low tide , grows to 35mm .
micrelenchus cf . purpureus a . c . e . at low tide , grows to 35mm .
micrelenchus burchorum a . e . from 0 - 15m , grows to 28mm .
roseaplagis rufozona a . c . e . from 0 - 94m , grows to 9mm .
roseaplagis artizona c . f . e . from 0 - 585m , grows to 10mm .
roseaplagis mortenseni c . f . m . an . e . from 10 - 250m , grows to 8mm .
roseaplagis caelatus f . e . from 15 - 420m , grows to 6mm .
maurea punctulata a . c . f . e . from 0 - 274m , grows to 51mm .
maurea punctulata ( stewartianum form ) a . c . f . e . from 0 - 274m , grows to 51mm .
maurea osbornei a . c . e . from 0 - 102m , grows to 37mm .
maurea granti c . f . m . an . e . from 0 - 220m , grows to 58mm .
maurea granti ( multigemmata form ) c . f . m . an . e . from 0 - 220m , grows to 58mm .
maurea benthicola c . e . from 75 - 129m , grows to 33mm .
maurea blacki c . f . m . an . e . from 73 - 549m , grows to 56mm .
maurea jamiesoni a . e . from 5 - 128m , grows to 33mm .
maurea spectabilis an . e . from 5 - 146m , grows to 56mm .
maurea foveauxana f . e . from 73 - 549m , grows to 64mm .
maurea eminens an . e . from 13 - 123m , grows to 55mm .
maurea pellucida a . c . f . e . from 0 - 187m , grows to 48mm .
maurea pellucida ( spirata form ) a . c . f . e . from 0 - 187m , grows to 48mm .
maurea selecta a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 293m , grows to 67mm .
maurea selecta ( pagoda form ) a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 293m , grows to 67mm .
maurea waikanae a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 549m , grows to 57mm .
maurea waikanae ( fosteriana form ) a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 549m , grows to 57mm .
maurea turnerarum a . e . from 186 - 805m , grows to 80mm .
maurea simulans c . f . m . an . e . from 183 - 1006m , grows to 61mm .
maurea simulans ( albino form ) c . f . m . an . e . from 183 - 1006m , grows to 61mm .
maurea simulans ( light form ) c . f . m . an . e . from 183 - 1006m , grows to 61mm .
maurea antipodensis an . e . from 18 - 500m , grows to 55mm .
maurea cf . antipodensis an . e . from 18 - 500m , grows to 55mm .
maurea tigris a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 211m , grows to 101mm .
maurea penniketi a . e . from 55 - 622m , grows to 60mm .
maurea maui c . m . e . from 140 - 490m , grows to 53mm .
maurea alertae a . c . f . m . an . e . from 280 - 861m , grows to 30mm .
carinastele kristelleae c . an . e . from 15 - 270m , grows to 10mm .
selastele onustum a . e . from 55 - 310m , grows to 10mm .
crosseola bollonsi a . e . from 25 - 150m , grows to 6mm .
zeradina producta a . e . from 50 - 180m , grows to 4mm .
naricava neozelanica a . e . from 5 - 100m , grows to 5mm .
coelotrochus oppressus a . c . e . from 0 - 5m , grows to 6mm .
coelotrochus viridis a . c . f . m . e . at low tide , grows to 32mm .
coelotrochus tiaratus a . c . f . e . from 0 - 60m , grows to 19mm .
coelotrochus chathamensis c . f . m . an . e . intertidal under stones , grows to 10mm .
coelotrochus chathamensis ( dunedinensis form ) c . f . m . an . e . intertidal under stones , grows to 10mm .
coelotrochus chathamensis ( aucklandicum form ) c . f . m . an . e . intertidal under stones , grows to 10mm .
coelotrochus carmesinus a . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 9mm .
clanculus peccatus a . e . from 0 - 30m , grows to 13mm .
solariella tryphenensis a . e . from 10 - 200m , grows to 7mm .
solariella plicatula a . c . e . from 35 - 250m , grows to 7mm .
archiminolia cf . meridiana a . c . f . m . e . from 220 - 1000m , grows to 15mm .
bathymophila alabida k . a . e . from 500 - 1400m , grows to 12mm .
antisolarium egenum a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 200m , grows to 8mm .
zethalia zelandica a . c . f . m . e . at and below low tide , grows to 26mm .
fossarina rimata a . c . e . on low tide rocks , grows to 5mm .
philippia lutea a . c . from 0 - 10m , grows to 13mm .
lunella smaragda a . c . f . e . intertidal , grows to 91mm .
cookia sulcata a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 119mm .
modelia granosa a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 50m , grows to 92mm .
astraea heliotropium a . c . f . m . e . from 0 - 150m , grows to 129mm .
xenophora neozelanica neozelanica a . e . from 20 - 120m , grows to 104mm .
nerita melanotragus k . a . c . on mid to high tide rocks , grows to 33mm .
amphibola crenata a . c . f . e . on high tide mudflats , grows to 39mm .
pelicaria vermis a . c . f . e . from 0 - 120m , grows to 59mm .
pelicaria vermis ( flemingi form ) a . e . from 0 - 80m , grows to 50mm .
struthiolaria papulosa a . c . f . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 106mm .
struthiolaria papulosa ( gigas form ) c . f . e . from 0 - 10m , grows to 100mm .
cavolinia tridentata k . a . c . f . m . an . from 95 - 260m , grows to 15mm .
cavolinia inflexa a . c . from 95 - 260m , grows to 7mm .
diacria trispinosa k . a . c . f . m . an . from 95 - 260m , grows to 7mm .
diacavolinia cf . longirostris a . from 95 - 260m , grows to 9mm .
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mylothris spica , the spica dotted border is a butterfly in the pieridae family .

it is found in ghana and angola .

the habitat consists of wet forests .

the larvae feed on santalales species .

mylothris spica

mylothris is confined to the african continent and includes 51 species , most of which are distributed across the forest belt from cameroon to western kenya .
species share a number of characteristics : they have rounded wings with a black apex on the upperside forewings .
on the underside , fore and hindwings of most species have a single row of prominent black marginal spots , hence the butterflies in this genus are all known as dotted borders .
the flight is slow and deliberate , and in conjunction with the conspicuous appearance is indicative that the butterflies are distasteful to avian predators . it is likely that the toxins within their bodies are derived from the larval foodplants .
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the red-shouldered cuckooshrike ( campephaga phoenicea ) is a species of bird in the campephagidae family .

it is found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea-bissau , kenya , liberia , mali , mauritania , niger , nigeria , senegal , sierra leone , sudan , togo , and uganda .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and dry savannas .

red - shouldered cuckooshrike

nobody uploaded sound recordings for red - shouldered cuckooshrike ( campephaga phoenicea ) yet .
red - shouldered cuckooshrike ( campephaga phoenicea ) is a species of bird in the campephagidae family .
the red - shouldered cuckooshrike ( campephaga phoenicea ) is a species of bird in the campephagidae family .
not visually distinguished from black cuckooshrike c . flava but calls are a close match for those of red - shouldered ( available online at avocet ) and not black cuckooshrike .
the red - shouldered cuckooshrike is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
taylor , b . ( 2018 ) . red - shouldered cuckooshrike ( campephaga phoenicea ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
and red - shouldered cuckooshrike were seen in the same area . a couple of african hill babblers was first heard and taped in at another ridge ( 2 ) , and three confiding half - collared kingfishers were seen for as long as we wanted at a quarry ( 3 ) which you can reach going all the way up ( and crossing the river ) from the wabe shabele hotel / lodge . yellow - fronted parrot and white - cheeked turaco where common in the big trees near the river , with abyssinian slaty flycatcher lower in the same trees . more
20 cm ; 23–35·5 g . male is black , glossed greenish - blue , with red , orange or orange - yellow lesser and median upperwing - coverts ( “shoulder” patch . . .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon to locally frequent ( keith et al . 1992 ) . trend justification : this population is suspected to be in decline owing to habitat destruction ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) .
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close to c . flava ( which see ) and c . petiti . monotypic .
senegal and gambia e to s chad , s sudan , ethiopia and eritrea , s to sierra leone , n ivory coast , se ghana , se cameroon , n congo , n drcongo , uganda and extreme w kenya .
mainly silent . song , often as duet , a jumble of high - pitched whistles , squeaks and churrs , . . .
forest patches , including edges and clearings , gallery forest , moist secondary growth , wooded . . .
eats caterpillars ( lepidoptera ) and other insects , especially orthopterans and bugs ( hemiptera ) . keeps to upper or middle storeys ; . . .
breeds during rains , may–sept in nigeria , jul in w sudan ( jun in s ) and mar–apr in uganda ; carrying nesting material in aug in . . .
migratory in w africa ( e of c . 8° e ) and in sudan , moving n to breed during rains and returning . . .
not globally threatened . widespread , and uncommon to locally common . no information on effects of habitat loss , but this species’ numbers may have been reduced by . . .
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one male and one female foraging in the tallest trees . habitat : shrubland , acacia savanna .
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it is found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea - bissau , kenya , liberia , mali , mauritania , niger , nigeria , senegal , sierra leone , sudan , togo , and uganda .
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it is found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea - bissau , kenya , liberia , mali , mauritania , niger , nigeria , senegal , sierra leone , sudan , togo , and uganda .
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leptomyrmex fragilis is a species of ant in the genus leptomyrmex .

described by smith in 1859 , the species is endemic to indonesia and new guinea and the philippines .

leptomyrmex fragilis

senior synonym of leptomyrmex gracillimus : baroni urbani & wilson , 1987 : 2 ; of leptomyrmex femoratus , leptomyrmex maculatus , leptomyrmex wheeleri : lucky & ward , 2010 pdf : 34 .
senior synonym of leptomyrmex quadricolor : lucky & ward , 2010 pdf : 50 .
no one has contributed data records for leptomyrmex rufipes yet . learn how to contribute .
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emery , 1897 : 571 ( m . ) ; stitz , 1912 pdf : 507 ( m . ) ; lucvky & ward , 2010 : 36 ( ergatoid q . ) .
20 times found in rainforest , 7 times found in lowland rainforest , 1 times found in montane rainforest , 1 times found in primary forest , 1 times found in lowland secondary rainforest , 1 times found in montane rainforest edge , 1 times found in secondary forest , 1 times found in secondary rainforest .
9 times ground nest , 9 times ground forager ( s ) , 2 times under log , nest a , 2 times ex rotten log , 2 times ground strays rainforest , 2 times ground strays , 1 times ex coffee plantation , 1 times on low vegn . , 1 times on ground and foliage , 1 times leaf litter foragers , 1 times hole in ground , . . .
54 times malaise trap , 2 times # 1061 , 2 times hg - vapor light , 2 times pan trap - yellow , 1 times flying in forest , 1 times fogging , 1 times hand aspirator , 1 times hg vapor light , 1 times pt - yellow , 1 times sweeping , 0 times yellow pan trap , . . .
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disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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deroplatys desiccata , known by the common names giant dead leaf mantis and ( less-frequently ) malaysian dead leaf mantis , is a species of praying mantis from southeast asia .

deroplatys desiccata

dead leaf mantis , dead leaf praying mantis ( deroplatys desiccata ) . threat display
dead leaf mantis ( deroplatys desiccata ) at bugworld in bristol zoo , bristol , england .
a dead - leaf mantis ( deroplatys desiccata ) on the hand of an assistant at the audubon insectarium in new orleans .
malaysian dead leaf mantis ( deroplatys lobata ) at the omaha henry doorly zoo .
where to buy deroplatys desiccata ( giant dead leaf mantis ) with reviews . photographic print decor by paul starosta . deroplatys desiccata ( giant dead leaf mantis ) ; and other animals ; insects & bugs ; praying mantis ; praying mantis ( photography ) - paul starosta wall art ; posters ; and prints for home wall coverings are available . . . .
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dead - leaf mantis ( deroplatys dessicata ) at the audubon insectarium in new orleans .
click the button below to add the dead - leaf mantid - deroplatys dessicata to your wish list .
the dead leaf mantis , or deroplatys desiccata , is a large mantis from malaysia that is camouflaged as a dead leaf . it looks amazing ! they are not very easy to keep and breed , but it is definately possible .
a malaysian dead leaf mantis ( deroplatys lobata ) at the omaha henry doorly zoo , omaha , nebraska .
deroplatys desiccata is not very aggressive to members of its species , but it is better not to house them together in one enclosure . sooner or later cannibalism will happen . until l4 ( fourth instar ) the nymphs can be kept together when fed constantly .
i have noticed that deroplatys do well when given large prey items more infrequently , rather than a myriad of small prey many times a week . ( frogparty )
waldbronn , germany . 1st feb , 2017 . insect breeder adrian kozakiewicz holds up a praying mantis ( deroplatys desiccata ) in waldbronn , germany , 1 february 2017 . kozakiewicz and his insects became popular on different social media networks , including 270 , 000 likes on facebook , 55 , 000 followers on instagram and hundreds of thousands of views on his youtube channel . photo : uli deck / dpa / alamy live news
sku : ap - fi3025 dimensions : 7 . 000
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d scientific name : deroplatys dessicata origin : malaysia shipping restrictions : international wildlife export fees apply
they are slightly smaller than the deroplatys desiccata . males grow up to 5 cm long and females grow up to 9 cm long . males are very skinny in comparison to the females and they are very capable of flight so take care not to lose them . after the 2nd molt , 8 segments can be counted on the males abdomen while 6 on the females . and the females prothorax shield is more cryptic and wavy whereas the males’ are diamond - shaped .
this is my deroplatys desiccata dead leaf mantis . the enclosure is a simple bug net enclosure that can be purchased online , they don ' t cost much either . as always , i appreciate you taking the time to watch my content . don ' t forget to hit that like button if you enjoyed the video and subscribe so that you don ' t miss my future content . facebook urltoken twitter , snapchat & instagram @ tarantuladan merchandise urltoken fancy a game ? my xbl gt is tarantuladan take care of yourself and i ' ll see you in the next video .
i have been keeping deroplatys , or dead leaf mantids for years , and they are clearly one of the masters of disguise . they have camouflage down to a science . i love looking at the intricate leaf patterns on the adults wings . they mimic dead leaves perfectly , especially the females .
breeding dead leaf mantids is generally simple . i have had some casualties in the past , but i have come to learn that waiting 3 weeks instead of 2 before introducing the male and female greatly reduces the chance of cannibalism . all in all , i would recommend this species to anyone . they are just too cool to pass up . the pics below are of d . desiccata and d . lobata .
this cryptic mantis lives to mimic dead leaves hence the name . i consider them to be one of the most beautiful mantids out there . their coloring ranges from dark gray to light mottled gray . they also possess a broad prothorax that looks ripped and crumpled like a leaf . d . lobata shield looks different from d . desiccata , but still serves the same purpose . when threatened , they will unfurl their wings to display their bright colorings . but nymphs will freeze and throw themselves to the ground with all legs folded to look like a dead leaf .
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m . beier . 1935 . mantodea . fam . mantidae . subfam . orthoderinae - choeradodinae - deroplatynae . genera insectorum de p . wytsman 201 : 1 - 10
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this spinney looking fellow is camouflaged to mimic decaying , crumpled leaves . the colours range from a mottled brown , pale orangey brown through to an almost black . size depends on species and sex , but range from 75 - 85mm in size . females are substantially larger and heavier then males .
if you disturb them , they will gently rock as if they have been caught in the breeze . and if they feel threatened , they will throw them selves to the ground , lying motionless on the floor .
malaysia . all of these species can be found here as well as borneo , indonesia and sumatra . being hot countries , you should keep the temperature at about 25 - 30c with a humidity in the region of 70 - 80 % . this is slightly warmer and more humid than other species of mantids are normally kept .
ish ! ! ! these mantids may look fragile , but are a relatively hardy species . please be aware that if the humidity is not right , the mantis can have problems shedding . they can have difficulty in discarding the old skin and become tangled and crippled in the old one ( especially when young ) . to help prevent this from happening , spray the cage every few days with a fine mister .
the cage should have a reasonably sized floor area , covered in dead leaves . a thick branch or stem should be provided for him / her to hang off .
dead leaf mantids can be kept together . i never thought these could be keep together apart from very young , but i have been proven wrong . if ample food and space is provided then they live very happily together . even when they do become hungry they would prefer to hunt for live foods on the ground instead of attaching each other .
the adults ( both sexes ) can live together too . it ' s best i think , to pair a male up with two females , incase there are any fights between the males .
do your research before you commit to buying any pet , please do your own independent research .
the ideal temperature is about 26 ° c , but keeping them warmer is also good to about 35 ° c . do not keep them cooler than 22 ° c . at night you can allow the temperature to drop until 18 ° c . this species likes a slightly higher humidity , so it is important to spray water reguarly . a target humidity is about 50 to 80 % . keep the enclosure well ventilated . as with all species of praying mantis , the enclosure needs to be at least 3 times the length of the animal is height , and at least 2x the length of the animal in width . for an adult female this means the enclosure has to be at least 27 cm in height and 18 cm in width . a nice size for a terrarium would be 30 x 20 x 30 cm or bigger , so there is room for perches and decoration such as dead leaves .
when adult , the differences between males and females are not to be missed . the male is long and slender , while the female is broad and bulky . she has a huge shield on the prothorax , while the male has a small shield . for nymphs you can use the sexing method of counting the number of segments on the abdomen , as described here . approximately 2 to 4 weeks after both partners reach adulthood , a mating attempt can be made . make sure that the female has eaten a lot in the days before the mating attempt . the female can be quite aggressive to the male , so if you see excessive aggression you have to remove the male and try again later . try to minimize disturbance . mating can take several hours , when the male leaves the back of the female he must be removed from the enclosure to keep him alive .
the adult molt can be dangerous for the gigantic female if the container is too small or there are sticks in the way . ( orin )
deadleaf mantids are hearty feeders but rarely attack others of the same size . ( orin )
while dessicata will absolutely use vertical space in a terrarium , they can often be found mere inches above the substrate , resting face down on branches waiting for prey to come near . truly exceptional camouflage helps them to disappear amongst dead leaves and bark . ( frogparty )
cage furnishings , e . g . molting surfaces , perches , décor , plants , etc .
hatchlings are huge and take the large d . hydei or l1 schultesia readily . ( orin )
prey preference is extremely broad , and flying prey , crickets , roaches etc are all relished greatly . a good varied diet for this species could include dubia roaches , crickets , silkworms , large moths , waxworms . ( frogparty )
the females pronotum is about one and a half times longer than wide with downward pointed sides while the males is rounded . males are nearly as long as females but are less massive . sexual dimorphism is difficult to identify on hatchlings but blatant after a few molts . ( orin )
mating is the only real challenge with this species . the females seldom eat the males but the problem is males rarely show interest and hand mating is realistically impossible . the mating terrarium can include a 60 - watt incandescent light directly over one spot to increase temperature which may help the males become lively . ( orin )
each female normally produces three to five oothecae that are stocky and an inch wide by 3 / 4 to an inch long . females live up to a year following maturity and can be alive when their offspring mature but rarely form good oothecae after the first five months . oothecae contain around 30 - 40 . the gestation period varies greatly under similar conditions so don ' t give up on an ootheca until it has been at least two full months . ( orin )
photos : up to five may be posted at the bottom of the completed template . please limit these photos to no more than one of an ootheca , two of nymphs ( different instars ) , one of an adult female , and one of an adult male .
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the new mantis ultralight ( ul ) tents are 25 - 30 % lighter than the ever popular original mantis tents . the mantis ul 2 has doors and vestibles on both sides . both mo . . .
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a landmark in manhattan’s soho art district since 1993 and currently located in greenwich village , the evolution store is nyc’s premiere retail destination for science and natural history collectibles , artifacts , gifts , and home decor . our store offers a museum quality atmosphere creating a unique and intimate shopping experience .
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it’s best to keep these at around 24 - 30 c ( 75 - 86 f ) . a heat mat or heat lamp is may be used to maintain the desired temperature . keep the temperature cooler at night to lengthen the lifespan of the mantis . warmer temperature speeds up the metabolism of the mantis and will shorten its life span and in contrast , cooler temperature slows its metabolism and lengthens the life span , but both extremes could kill it . keep humidity at a constant 70 - 80 % .
their cage should be well ventilated with lots of twigs and leaves for the mantis to perch on . they don’t require much room as they are not active predators , but they do need room to molt . the suggested width and height is usually 3x the length of the mantis . this species is not as vicious as other species and even adults are able to live communally ( both tiny males and females ) , but nevertheless , if you have a small number of nymphs , they should be separated into separate containers after the first molt to remove all chances of cannibalism .
this species has no specific needs , but can be picky , so a varied diet is best . start out with fruit flies for nymphs and move to pinhead crickets for larger nymphs and crickets , mealworms , wax worms , and other larger insects for sub - adult and adults…although adults can be a bit more picky than nymphs . they especially love flying insects like moths . it’s recommended that the size of the feeder insect does not exceed 1 / 3 the mantis length . do not overfeed them , overfeeding will speed up their metabolism and can and will shorten their life span . feed them as much as it will eat in one day and do not feed it for another 2 days . as for watering , this type will get its fluid from its food , but it can sometimes be seen drinking off droplets from the side of the cage so misting the cage every once in a while is best .
select a suitable pair after 2 weeks since their last molt . it would be best to mate the mantids after 3 - 4 weeks instead . 2 weeks may be too soon and the female may not be mature enough to be bred . introduce the female into the males enclosure and leave them alone . this could take hours or days for the male to make his move…although a mature male should mount the female within a couple hours after introduction . or you could feed the female and during her feeding , put a male behind her and if he is ready , he will jump on her back…but this method could be a bit difficult due to the timid nature of the males . after a while of holding on , the male will bend his abdomen down to connect with hers and mating will commence . the male may remain on the female for up to 2 days ( even after copulation ) . afterwards , he will run away and he must be removed or else he might eaten .
about 3 - 4 weeks after mating , the female will make her first ootheca . this species can lay around 4 - 6 oothecae with a period of 4 - 6 weeks in between each ootheca . after 6 weeks of incubation at 30 c ( 86 f ) and 70 - 80 % humidity , as many as 100 large nymphs will hatch out from each ootheca . these can be fed fruit flies a day or two after hatching . then continue to care for them as this care sheet suggests .
i recieved a grapesized ootheca and after 1 week or so of incubation at high humidity , about 100 nymphs hatched out ! the nymphs were surprisingly large for the ootheca that they came out of . after a day or drying out , they started to eat large fruit flies . i think i’ll start to feed them house flies after their next molt , which should come after a week or so after hatching .
the nymphs have been a success . they’ve grown quite large since hatching and they are now subadults . the males have obviously grown faster than females so i must slow down their growth now . they are still living together and only one case of cannibalism have been observed , the rest are content to hang upsidedown with their cage mates . i will try to see if this is a communal species , if not , at least tolerant of each other .
it’s confirmed , this is a communal species . i’ve kept all the nymphs together up until l5 and everything went well . then i separated the males from the females and raised them separately . they are now subadults and one of the males is already a full adult . the females are not far behind !
after the females have matured , i introduced the males into the females’ tank . surprisingly , they are quite docile towards each other . the first mounting took place approximately 1 day after introduction . even after copulation , the male is still attached to the female for another 2 days .
the dead leaf mantis is a large and comparatively long lived mantis species originating from malaysia . they mimic dead leaves and prefer slightly warmer and more humid conditions than many other mantis species .
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i have had my praying mantis for three months now . she was a nymph when i got her but she recently had her last molt into adulthood and has beautiful wings . she just layed her eggsac . does anybody know how much longer she has to live once she has layed her eggs ? she still has quite an appetite .
once they deposit an ootheca , their time ' s very limited ( i . e . under four months ) .
the ooth is infertile as well , i think , unless you forgot to mention the presence of an introduced male .
she will probably lay more eggs . . . she may drop between 6 and eight ootheca before it ' s all over . it ' s no too late to find a male !
i captured a female praying mantis the other week , and have been keeping her . she has ate a lot and before she laid , what i guess is eggs , she was very agressive . spreading wings , and attacking every move i made ! ! it was unreal ! the next morning , there was this brown , hard , gooey cocoon looking thing stuck on the side of the cage ( wire ) . it is about the size of a quarter i guess .
is that her eggs ? since i got her from the wild , is it fertile ? if it is , when will they hatch , what do they look like , etc . ? ? i have no idea how to take care of baby mantis ? ! and she has eaten like 5 crickets a night ? !
sounds like eggs to me . they will hatch in a few weeks if kept warm . if you aren ' t ready for them to hatch , you can put it in the refrigerator until you are .
separate them and feed small pinhead crix and / or fruit flies . giv them plenty of ventilation . mist them some too . you don ' t need any substrate but you will want to have a stick , artificial plant leaf etc for them to climb on . i have kept mantids nearly every summer since 1979 . the babys are kinda delicate so expect a few of them to die off .
i got a real good book while back from swift inverts . it ' s called mantids : keeping aliens . it is only $ 10 and has much useful info .
look for the threads carolina mantid and chinese mantid appreciation thread . i posted some mantid pics there .
hey everyone . i just recently ordered a pretty good book on mantids , but withe the recent passing of my mantis friend , i have found myself in need of more immediate answers .
mantids will lay ootheca wether they ' ve mated or not . they won ' t be fertile if they haven ' t mated ( unless it ' s b . borealis ) . i don ' t think it effects their lifespan either way .
most species will lay more than one before death , but there may be exceptions . if it was an adult when collected , it may have already laid several before you found it .
i don ' t know of any way to check the fertility , but if the female was adult when captured there ' s a good chance any oothec would be fertile .
thank you so much ! i also received some good advice from the folks at insectadventures . com , so i think i ' m as prepared as possible for whatever may happen with these ootheca .
i am so sorry to ressurect this thread , but i was just curious . i understand that egg sacs of any kind affect the lifespan of the female mantid . however , let ' s just say - in general - what is the lifespan of a male and female mantid ? ! ! ! ! i just want a rounded number if possible . thanks all .
it has everything to do with what species you have ! i am assuming you have a locally caught species ( e . g .
) , if it is any of these , the females will live an average of 3 more months ( in captivity ) plus or minus a month . the males will live an average of one more month ( in captivity ) plus or minus 3 weeks .
seems like this thread is very old so i hope someone still responds . . . i have a preying mantis whom i found with a broken leg , i ' ve had her for over a month now , she has laid an ootheca , after which she continued to eat crickets then , she stopped eating altogether - for about a week , i thought she would die , she seemed very weak . . . . until , today . . . . she ate a moth i offered her . . .
oh - i believe she ' s the chinese variety , small brownish green . . .
seems like this thread is very old so i hope someone still responds . . . i have a preying mantis whom i found with a broken leg , i ' ve had her for over a month now , she has laid an ootheca , after which she continued to eat crickets then , she stopped eating altogether - for about a week , i thought she would die , she seemed very weak . . . . until , today . . . . she ate a moth i offered her . . . any idea what ' s going on with her . . . much appreciated ! oh - i believe she ' s the chinese variety , small brownish green . . .
mantids slow right down towards the end . eventually she ' ll just stop eating . they become clumsy and uncoordinated and lose their ability to grip . they lie down on the floor and die .
it sucks that praying mantises ' lives are so short . they would make such great companions if they lived 10 years !
mantids slow right down towards the end . eventually she ' ll just stop eating . they become clumsy and uncoordinated and lose their ability to grip . they lie down on the floor and die . it ' s bloody horrible .
it ' s
bloody horrible
but completely true like basin79 said . at this time of year they are all pretty much doomed no matter what .
before arachnids i specialized in mantids and mid spring to late october is pretty much the standard life for mantids ( meaning the dawn of warmth to the first sign of frost ) . there ' s a decent chance that the ootheca is fertile but unfortunately your mantis has reached the end of its life . the best thing you can do now is try to keep the mother as comfortably as possible til she meets her end and then put the ootheca outside in a safe place so it can
weather
until next spring where you can then watch them hatch and then collect a specimen or two to rear .
i have a wild praying mantis that hangs around my front and back porch . . . it looks like a juvenile to me , looks pretty healthy to me . . . if i wanted to make it offerings what would i give it .
why do praying mantis die after laying their eggs . . . what does not allow them to live for more han one year ?
that ' s simply how their life cycle works . it ' s extremely common , and not just among insects . many animals and plants die after reproducing .
biologists have spent years trying to figure out the exact reason so many creatures do this , and have come up with any number of theories . sometimes the breeding process is simply too destructive to their bodies to live very long afterwards . in other cases it seems that limited resources means that for the offspring to thrive , their parents have to ' get out of the way ' so to speak .
with many small animals though , their odds of long term survival simply aren ' t good enough to build a body that can last very long . all evolution cares about is how many offspring you can produce , and if your time is limited due to predation or approaching winter then evolution will select for the individuals that produce the most eggs in the shortest amount of time , and will do so at the cost of everything else .
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very cool ! i collected a malaysian leaf katydid when i went to borneo , but was unable to keep it .
oh fantastic ! borneo is a part of the world i have yet to visit but its on my list for sure .