halobates or sea skaters are a genus with over 40 species of water striders .

while many are coastal , about five of these are able to survive and stand on the surface of the open ocean , a habitat containing very few insect species .

they are predators , coastal species feeding mainly on fallen terrestrial insects while the oceanic species feed on plankton .

the coastal species lay their eggs on rocks near the shore , the oceanic species attach their egg masses on floating objects such as cuttlebone , feathers and plastic waste .

species are found around the world , commonly near the equator .

most are tiny , the body length being about half a centimeter but with long legs of up to 2 centimeters .

they are wingless and the abdomen is short and compressed compared to the length of the thorax .

gravid females may appear to have an elongated abdomen .

they were first collected by johann friedrich von eschscholtz , a doctor who was part of a russian expedition aboard the rurik between 1815 and 1818 .

some species of storm petrel actively feed on halobates , sometimes splashing the water with their feet to attract or detect sea striders .

the five pelagic species of halobates are h. micans , h. germanus , h. sericeus , h. splendens and h. sobrinus of which the last four are found only in the pacific ocean .

the only species with a wide distribution is halobates micans , which is found in the indian and atlantic oceans .

a fossil species h. ruffoi is known from 45-million-year-old deposits in verona , italy .

close relatives of the genus include austrobates and asclepios .

halobates

reconstructing the evolutionary and ecological history of the sea skaters halobates spp . ( heteroptera : gerridae )
the fragments make it easier for the marine insect halobates sericeus to lay its eggs out over the ocean .
the marine insect halobates sericeus , also known as a
sea skater
or
oceanic water strider .
reconstructing the evolutionary and ecological history of the sea skaters halobates spp . ( heteroptera : gerridae ) [ peerj preprints ]
ms goldstein explained :
we thought there might be fewer halobates if there ' s more plastic - that there might be some sort of toxic effect . but , actually , we found the opposite . in the areas that had the most plastic , we found the most halobates .
the team found a strong association between the presence of halobates and the micro - plastic in a way that was just not evident in the data from 40 years ago .
herring , j . l . ( 1961 ) . the genus halobates ( hemiptera : gerridae ) . pacific insects . 3 : 223 –305 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
so , they ' re obviously congregating around this plastic , laying their eggs on it , and hatching out from it . for halobates , all this plastic has worked out well for them .
examples of a not - yet - hatched sea skater ( halobates sericeus ) egg attached to a piece of plastic ( at the top of the image ) , about the size of a grain of rice , and a hatched egg ( bottom ) .
the sea strider , halobates sericeus , is related to pond striders seen in freshwater lakes . it usually lays its eggs on floating objects in the ocean , like seashells , seabird feathers , tar lumps and pumice . the researchers compared recently collected plastic to that collected in 1972 under a microscope .
andersen , n . m . ; cheng , l . ( 2004 ) . the marine insect halobates ( heteroptera : gerridae ) : biology , adaptations , distribution and phylogeny . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 42 : 119 - 180 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
ikawa , t . ; okabe , h . ; cheng , l . ( 2012 ) . skaters of the seas – comparative ecology of nearshore and pelagic halobates species ( hemiptera : gerridae ) , with special reference to japanese species mar . biol . res . 8 ( 10 ) : 915 - 936 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
the genus halobates includes the only five insect species that have been successful in a pelagic marine environment . different scenarios of independent colonization events of that environment have been proposed , considering the appearance of pelagic distribution in several non - sister clades in the phylogeny of the genus . in this paper , we aim to update the phylogenetic hypothesis under the criterion of bayesian inference , calibrate a molecular clock using the only fossil described in the genus and also analyze the diversity pattern of the lineage since its divergence . high support values were found in the phylogenetic reconstruction , which tend to decrease with an increase of the distances from the root . low supports for the most derived clades or relatively recent divergences cast doubt on the delimitation of some species . although the divergence time for halobates was estimated at 42 . 01 mya ( ± 8 . 13 ) the emergence of the lineage probably happened a few million years before , so the estimated time of divergence probably also marked the start of diversification of the marine lineages of this genus . since divergence , the richness of genus showed continuous linear growth for approximately 24 . 4 my , when the lineages began to diversify more quickly with a significantly lower extinction rate . the colonization of the pelagic environment which occurred nearly 42 mya , could also have been the starting point of the colonization of the marine pelagic environment when changes in their morphology , physiology and behaviour enabled them to exploit novel ecological niches . ancestors of pelagic marine insects probably inhabited areas close to the seacoast more than 41 mya ago . the ecological history of halobates was probably not limited to a pair of open water colonization events as indicated by earlier proposals . we hypothesize instead that at least three independent events of open water colonization by halobates species have occurred . in this sense , the ecological character of coastal or pelagic distribution is considered to be a homoplasic character without direct implications on the net diversification of halobates .
many colleagues contributed to andersen’s research on halobates and other marine water striders by donating material , cooperating on various projects , etc . in particular , he wished to thank lanna cheng ( scripps institution of oceanography , uc san diego , la jolla ) , john t . polhemus ( englewood , colorado ) , william a . foster ( university museum , cambridge , u . k . ) , tom a . weir ( csiro entomology , canberra ) , jakob damgaard ( zoological institute & museum , copenhagen university ) , and felix a . h . sperling ( university of alberta , edmonton ) . this research was supported by grants from the danish natural science research council , 1990 - 2001 .
the quantity of small plastic fragments floating in the north - east pacific ocean has increased a hundred fold over the past 40 years .
scientists from the scripps institution of oceanography documented the big rise when they trawled the waters off california .
they were able to compare their plastic
catch
with previous data for the region .
we did not expect to find this ,
says scripps researcher miriam goldstein .
when you go out into the north pacific , what you find can be highly variable . so , to find such a clear pattern and such a large increase was very surprising ,
she told bbc news .
all the plastic discarded into the ocean that does not sink will eventually break down .
sunlight and the action of the waves will degrade and shred the material over time into pieces the size of a fingernail , or smaller .
an obvious concern is that this micro - material could be ingested by marine organisms , but the scripps team has noted another , perhaps unexpected , consequence .
these
sea skaters
or
water striders
- relatives of pond water skaters - need a platform for the task .
normally , this might be seabird feathers , tar lumps or even pieces of pumice rock . but it is clear from the trawl results that h . sericeus has been greatly aided by the numerous plastic surfaces now available to it in the pacific .
ms goldstein and colleagues gathered their information on the abundance of micro - plastic during the scripps environmental accumulation of plastic expedition ( seaplex ) off california in 2009 . they then compared their data with those from other scientific cruises , including archived records stretching back to the early 1970s .
the natural circulation of water - the north pacific gyre - tends to retain the debris in reasonably discrete , long - lived collections , which have popularly become known as
garbage patches
. in the north - eastern pacific , one of these concentrations is seen in waters between hawaii and california .
this scripps study follows another report by colleagues at the institution that showed 9 % of the fish collected during the same seaplex voyage had plastic waste in their stomachs .
that investigation , published in marine ecology progress series , estimated the fish at intermediate ocean depths in the north pacific ocean could be ingesting plastic at a rate of roughly 12 , 000 to 24 , 000 tonnes per year .
toxicity is the issue most often raised in relation to this type of pollution , but ms goldstein and colleagues say broader ecosystem effects also need to be studied .
the abundance of ocean debris will influence the success , or otherwise , of
rafting communities
- those species that are specifically adapted to life on or around objects floating in the water .
bigger creatures would include barnacles and crabs , and even fish that like to live under some kind of cover , but large - scale change would likely touch even the smallest organisms .
the study raises an important issue , which is the addition of hard surfaces to the open ocean ,
says ms goldstein .
in the north pacific , for example , there ' s no floating seaweed like there is in the sargasso sea in the north atlantic . and we know that the animals , the plants and the microbes that live on hard surfaces are different to the ones that live floating around in the water .
so , what plastic has done is add hundreds of millions of hard surfaces to the pacific ocean . that ' s quite a profound change .
ms goldstein ' s co - authors were marci rosenberg , a student at the university of california los angeles , and scripps research biologist emeritus lanna cheng .
debris tends to collect within the north pacific subtropical convergence zone . ocean eddies and other small ocean circulation features will further aggregate material into more discrete
garbage patches
the foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may
needless self - doubt
is leading to
semi - brexit
.
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the great pacific garage patch is giving sea striders a place to breed out on the open ocean , changing the natural environment there , new research suggests .
the great pacific garbage patch , known to scientists as the north pacific subtropial gyre , is a large patch of mulched up plastic and other garbage , often said to be the size of texas , floating in the pacific ocean .
this paper shows a dramatic increase in plastic over a relatively short time period and the effect it ' s having on a common north pacific gyre invertebrate ,
study researcher miriam goldstein , graduate student at the university of california san diego , said in a statement .
we ' re seeing changes in this marine insect that can be directly attributed to the plastic .
they found that the number of pieces of plastic less than 0 . 2 inches ( 5 millimeters ) in diameter increased about 100 times over the past 40 years . they also found that these tiny plastic pieces gave sea striders more room to lay their eggs , leading to much higher densities of the invertebrate in the garbage patch .
by giving these insects a place to breed out on the open ocean , the plastic patch is changing the natural environment and could be having an impact on the local food web , the researchers said . this is exactly what they ' ve been worried about , goldstein said . [ video : humans hit the oceans hard ]
it ' s a general pattern throughout the ocean that the animals that live on hard surfaces are different than the animals that live on soft surfaces , or in the water column . all this plastic has added a lot of hard surfaces to an ecosystem that historically has very few ,
goldstein told livescience in an email .
researchers collected an alarming amount of small bits of broken down plastic floating across thousands of miles of open ocean .
this could be a
good
thing for the insect ' s main predator , crabs , increasing their numbers — but such a large change could disrupt the oceanic food web , the researchers said . and the items that the insect eats , including tiny animals like zooplankton and fish eggs , could take a big population hit .
the garbage patch community seems to have a very low amount of biodiversity , goldstein said , which isn ' t a great thing :
we ' re concerned that this might change the flow of energy in this ecosystem , potentially favoring the low - biodiversity rafting community at the expense of the high - biodiversity water column community .
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elon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .
the evolutionary success of insects on land is unparalleled among the metazoans . although many insects occur in marine habitats , the only oceanic habitat colonized by insects is the sea - air interface .
( hemiptera - heteroptera , gerridae ) are widespread in tropical oceans and both adults and juveniles spend their entire lives on the sea surface . there are an additional 4 1
species in sheltered , coastal marine waters throughout the tropical indo - pacific . after being largely ignored by biologists for decades , sea skaters have recently become much better known and their taxonomy , phylogeny , biology , ecology , and biochemistry have been widely studied .
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cheng , l . ( ed . ) . ( 1976 ) . marine insects . north - holland publishing company : amsterdam , the netherlands . isbn 0 - 444 - 11213 - 8 . xii , 581 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
cheng , l . ; hill , d . s . ( 1982 ) . marine insects of hong kong . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the first international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . hong kong university press , hong kong . 1 : 173 - 183 . [ details ]


demania is a genus of crabs in the family xanthidae , containing the following species : demania alcocki deb , 1987 demania armadillus ( herbst , 1790 ) demania baccalipes ( alcock , 1898 ) demania crosnieri serene , 1984 demania cultripes ( alcock , 1898 ) demania garthi guinot & richer de forges , 1981 demania intermedia guinot , 1969 demania japonica guinot , 1977 demania mortenseni ( odhner , 1925 ) demania reynaudi ( h. milne edwards , 1834 ) demania rotundata serene , 1969 demania scaberrima ( walker , 1887 ) demania serenei guinot & richer de forges , 1981 demania splendida laurie , 1906 demania toxica garth , 1971 demania unispinosa chen & ng , 1999 demania wardi garth & ng , 1985 many of the species are known to be toxic to humans and domestic animals , and it is thought likely that all species of demania are toxic .

demania

species demania squamosa guinot , 1977 accepted as demania reynaudii ( h . milne edwards , 1834 )
between 1969 and 2002 , demania life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1985 , and highest in 1978 . the average life expectancy for demania in 1969 was 78 , and 62 in 2002 .
stream demania by demania ( de grassi / manring / garcia trio ) and tens of millions of songs on all your devices with amazon music unlimited . exclusively for prime members . new subscribers only . terms apply .
table 1 : toxicity of xanthid crab demania cultripes ( alcock , 1898 ) from cebu island ( 2006 ) .
census records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your demania ancestors , such as occupation . occupation can tell you about your ancestor ' s social and economic status .
census records can give you a fascinating window into the day - to - day lives of your demania ancestors - like hours worked per week , level of education , veteran status , employers , and more .
use census records and voter lists to see where families with the demania surname lived . within census records , you can often find information like name of household members , ages , birthplaces , residences , and occupations .
garth , j . s . , 1975 . demania alcalai , a second new species of poisonous crab from the philippines . philippine journal of science , 104 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 6 , fig .
garth , j . s . , 1976 . demania macneilli , a new species of xanthid crab from northern queensland ( crustacea : decapoda ) . records of the australian museum , 30 ( 5 ) : 113 - 117 , fig .
davie , p . j . f . , 1989b . new records of demania ( crustacea : decapoda : xanthidae ) from australia . memoirs of the queensland museum , 27 ( 2 ) : 123 - 128 , figs 1 - 5 .
garth , j . s . & p . k . l . ng , 1985 . notes on the genus demania laurie , 1906 ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura , xanthidae ) . indo - malayan zoology , 2 ( 2 ) : 293 - 308 , pls 1 - 7 .
chen , h . & p . k . l . ng , 1999 . crabs of the demania rotundata species group ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura ) from east and south china seas , with description of a new species . the raffles bulletin of zoology , 47 : 139 - 153 .
an unusually short lifespan might indicate that your demania ancestors lived in harsh conditions . a short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family . the ssdi is a searchable database of more than 70 million names . you can find birthdates , death dates , addresses and more .
figure 5 : hplc - fld analysis for psp in demania cultripes . one mu of ttx standard solution was injected to hplc - fld system . ( a , b ) viscera , ( c ) gtx stds . ( ( a : gtx4 , b : gtx1 , c : gtx3 , d : gtx2 ) , ( d ) stx stds . ( ( e : hyneostx , ) f : neostx , g : hystx , h : dcstx , i : stx ) .
figure 1 shows sampling locations in cebu island , central visayas region of philippines . in coral reefs along town of carmen , eastern coast in cebu island faced with the camotes sea , a total of seven xanthid crab specimens were collected by fishermen from cebu island using crab cages during the period from february to august 2006 . specimens were immediately frozen after capture , transported by air to the laboratory of utilization of marine bioresources , hiroshima university , and kept frozen at −20°c prior to identification and toxicity analysis . specimens were identified as the xanthid crab demania cultripes by dr . m . shimomura , one of our authors , from the kitakyushu museum of natural history & human history ( figure 2 ) . following identification , specimens were dissected into viscera and appendages to determine the anatomical distribution of toxins .
two innovators of solo instrumental music , acoustic guitarist alex de grassi and electric bassist michael manring , join forces with percussionist and tabla player chris garcia ( of the zappa alum group , the grandmothers ) for a set of arranged and improvised music . with influences from india to appalachia to latin america and the blues , this trio fuses new sounds together with their original compositions and unlikely arrangements - think the stones ' paint it black in 7 / 8 time , and an improvised take on the traditional folk melody , the water is wide . de grassi ' s sympitar ( sympathetic string guitar ) and manring ' s liquid and ever - changing fretless sounds combine with tabla , kanjira , mbwata , and a myriad of percussion to produce a distinctly world twist to many of the tracks . from moments of introspection to pure grooving , the demania trio covers a lot of terrain and leaves no stone unturned .
several cases of poisoning resulting in human fatalities and stemming from the ingestion of coral reef crabs have been reported from the indo - pacific region . we assessed the toxicity of the unidentified xanthid crab collected from the camotes sea off the eastern coast of cebu island , central visayas region of philippines from the food hygienic point of view . all seven specimens , which were identified with demania cultripes , collected in 2006 were toxic to mice irrespective of the season of collection and induced paralytic symptoms typical of tetrodotoxin ( ttx ) and paralytic shellfish poison ( psp ) . the activity was expressed in mouse unit ( mu ) being defined as the amount of ttx to kill a 20 g ddy male mice in 30 min after i . p . injection . toxicity scores for viscera and appendages of specimens were ( mean ± s . d . ) and mu / g , respectively . the highest individual toxicity scores observed for viscera and appendages were 52 . 1 and 7 . 7 mu / g , respectively . the frequency of toxic samples was 100 % . toxin profiles as determined by high - performance liquid chromatography - fluorescent detection analysis ( hplc - fld ) revealed that ttx was the main toxic principle accounting for about 90 % of the total toxicity along with 4 - epi ttx and 4 , 9 - anhydrottx . furthermore , gas chromatography - mass spectrometry ( gc - ms ) analysis revealed mass fragment ion peaks at 376 , 392 and 407 , which were characteristic of the quinazoline skeleton ( c9 - base ) specific to ttx . in addition , only a small amount of psp containing gonyautoxins1–4 and hydroxysaxitoxin was detected . to our knowledge , this is the first report presenting evidence of occurrence of ttx and psp in the xanthid crab d . cultripes inhabiting waters surrounding cebu island . from food hygienic point of view , people in coastal areas should be warned of the potential hazard of this crab in order to prevent its intentional or accidental consumption .
serene , r . ( 1984 ) . crustaces decapodes brachyoures de l ' ocean indien et de la mer rouge . xanthoidea : xanthidae et trapeziidae . editions orstom . collection faune tropicale no . 24 . [ details ]
: 187 ( key ) , 189 ( key ) , fig . 110 . - -
alcock , a . w . , 1898 . materials for a carcinological fauna of india . no . 3 . the brachyura cyclometopa . part 1 . the family xanthidae . journal of the asiatic society of bengal , calcutta , 67 , part 2 ( 1 ) : 67 - 233 .
balss , h . , 1938b . über einige xanthidae ( crustacea , dekapoda ) von singapore und umgebung . bulletin of the raffles museum , 14 : 48 - 63 , figs 1 - 2 , pls 2 - 3 .
guinot , d . & b . richer de forges , 1981a . crabes de profondeur , nouveaux ou rares de l ' indo - pacifique ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ( première partie ) . bulletin du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , ( zool . biol . ecol . anim . ) 2 ( 4 ) , ( 1980 ) : 1113 - 1153 , figs 1 - 3 , pls 1 - 7 . ( in french with english summary )
guinot , d . , 1969d . sur divers xanthidae notament sur actaea de haan et paractaea gen . nov . ( crustacea decapoda brachyura ) . cahiers du pacifique , 13 : 223 - 267 , figs 1 - 36 . ( in french )
guinot , d . , 1979 . données nouvelles sur la morphologie , la phylogenèse et la taxonomie des crustacés décapodes brachyoures . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , ( zoologie ) , 112 : 1 - 354 , figs 1 - 70 , pls 1 - 27 , 5 tabls . ( in french )
ho , p . - h . , 1994 . how much do we know about poisonous crabs ? ( 3 ) . fisheries extension , taipei , 92 : 21 - 24 . ( in chinese )
sakai , t . , 1939 . studies on the crabs of japan . iv . brachygnatha , brachyrhyncha , pp . 365 - 741 , figs 1 - 129 , pls 42 - 111 , table 1 . yokendo co . , tokyo .
serène , r . , 1984 . crustacés décapodes brachyoures de l ' océan indien occidental et de la mer rouge , xanthoidea : xanthidae et trapeziidae . avec un addendum par crosnier ( a ) : carpiliidae et menippidae . faune tropicale , no . xxiv : 1 - 349 , figs a - c + 1 - 243 , pls 1 - 48 . ( in french ) ( translated into english by r . w . ingle ) .
takeda , m . & s . miyake , 1968c . crabs from the east china sea . i . corystoidea and brachygnatha brachyrhyncha . journal of the faculty of agriculture , kyushu university , 14 ( 4 ) : 541 - 582 , figs 1 - 11 , pl . 6 .
lin , c . c . , 1949 . a catalogue of brachyurous crustacea of taiwan . quarterly journal of the taiwan museum , 2 ( 1 ) : 10 - 33 .
milne - edwards , h . , 1834 . histoire naturelle des crustacés , comprenant l ' anatomie , la physiologie et la classification de ces animaux . libraire encyclopédique de roret , paris , vol . 1 : i - xxxv , 1 - 468 , pls 3 , 5 - 6 , 15 - 17 , 20 , 22 - 23 , 25 . ( see holthuis , 1979 , for dates of publication . )
muraoka , k . , 1998 . catalogue of the brachyuran and anomuran crabs donated by prof . dr . tune sakai to the kanagawa prefectural museum . catalogue of the collection in the kanagawa prefectural museum of natural history , 11 : 5 - 67 , pls 1 - 16 .
odhner , t . , 1925 . monographierte gattungen der krabben - familie xanthidae . i . göteborgs kungliga vetenskaps - och vitterhets - samhälles handlingar , ( 4 ) 29 ( 1 ) : 1 - 92 , figs 1 - 7 , pls 1 - 5 . ( in german )
sakai , t . , 1936b . crabs of japan : 66 plates in life colours with descriptions . sanseido , tokyo ( 1935 ) : 1 - 239 , figs 1 - 122 , 27 pages of bibliography & index , frontispiece ( in colour ) , pls 1 - 66 ( colour ) . ( in japanese )
takeda , m . & s . miyake , 1969d . crabs from the east china sea . ii . addition to brachygnatha brachyrhyncha . journal of the faculty of agriculture , kyushu university , 15 ( 4 ) : 449 - 468 , figs 1 - 4 .
have three or four teeth behind the exorbital angle , the two posterior are generally more projecting and more angular . the
; all the regions are smooth ( sometimes feebly tuberculate near their margins ) . the submedian lobes of the
are hardly in advance of the lateral and separated by an open fissure . the
chhapgar , b . f . , 1957b . marine crabs of bombay state . taraporevala marine biological station , contribution number 1 : v + 89 pp . , pls a , b , 1 - 16 .
dai , a . & s . yang , 1991 . crabs of the china seas , i - iv , 1 - 608 , figs 1 - 295 , pls 1 - 74 . china ocean press , beijing and springer - verlag , berlin heidelberg new york tokyo , english edition . ( translation from chinese original 1986 . )
guinot , d . , 1971a . recherches préliminaires sur les groupements naturels chez les crustacés decapodes brachyoures . viii . synthèse et bibliographie . bulletin du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , 42 ( 5 ) : 1063 - 1090 . ( in french )
sakai , t . , 1976a . crabs of japan and the adjacent seas . ( in 3 volumes : ( 1 ) english text : i - xxix , 1 - 773 , figs 1 - 379 , ( 2 ) plates volume : 1 - 16 , pls 1 - 251 , ( 3 ) japanese text : 1 - 461 , figs 1 - 2 , 3 maps . ) kodansha ltd , tokyo .
are more or less worn out . antero - lateral borders are extremely arcuated , the four lobes behind the external
angle being rounded and not forming angular teeth as in the typical species . the tubercles upon the posterior half of
are , as well as those on the postero - lateral borders , somewhat more prominent and obtusely pointed . the
lobes are smooth and their free margin entire and sinuate but not appreciably produced near the median notch as in the typical species . the granules on the under surface of
are dorsally and externally covered with sharp fine granules , the former has an obtuse tooth and an accessory denticle near the inner angle , the latter has an obtusely crested superior border , which is divided into four or five obtuse teeth . the granules on the outer and under surfaces of
is weakly crested in proximal half of the superior border ; both fingers are not at all pigmented , and their prehensile edges armed with five to six obtuse teeth .
are all styliform , regularly decreasing in length from first to last , each anterior and posterior margin being furnished with two longitudinal rows of hairs respectively . ( t .
dai , a . , s . yang , y . song & g . chen , 1986 . crabs of chinese seas , i - iv , 1 - 642 , figs 1 - 295 , pls 1 - 74 . ocean press , beijing . ( in chinese . )
jeng , m . - s . , r . - g . chan , h . - r . fung , & q . - s . chen , 1997 . northeast coast scenic area . investigations into ecological resources and monitering . 194 pp . ministry of transport and tourism . taipei . ( in chinese )
serène , r . & p . lohavanijaya , 1973 . the brachyura ( crustacea : decapoda ) collected by the naga expedition , including a review of the homolidae . in : scientific results of marine investigations of the south china sea and the gulf of thailand 1959 - 1961 . naga rep . , 4 ( 4 ) : 1 - 187 , figs 1 - 186 , pls 1 - 21 , 1 map .
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solo guitar innovator alex de grassi joins forces with electric fretless bass icon michael manring and percussionist / tabla player chris garcia , ( a touring member of frank zappa ' s old band , the grandmothers ) . this trio fuses elements of jazz , folk , and world music using surprising arrangements of original and traditional themes as a basis for improvisation . from the folk classic
the water is wide
to the stones '
paint it black
played in 7 / 8 time , this trio explores new terrain .
he ' s one of my favorite guitarists . i buy all of his cd ' s . in fact i ' ve bought a couple lp ' s of his , even though i still don ' t have a working record player right now .
these guys are all at the top of their game . think you ' ve heard every version of ' paint it black ' ? here ' s a new twist ! beautifully produced trio setting . at the top of my playlist . . .
this recording , the music and performances are excellent , in my experience as a listener . and as a performer , i ' m inspired by both the acoustic guitar and fretless bass tones phrases etc . , and although garcia ' s work is new to me , his udu solo on
yet again
, track 4 , tells me that he is a monster at his art form and a beat master or he wouldn ' t be rubbing tempos with de grassi and manring . . . . k
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historically , surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation , place of origin , clan affiliation , patronage , parentage , adoption , and even physical characteristics ( like red hair ) . many of the modern surnames in the dictionary can be traced back to britain and ireland .
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copyright © 2010 manabu asakawa et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
crabs are valued as popular seafood items and are widely consumed as many styles of human food such as boiled , steamed , or processed food in various parts of the world . while most species are edible , some are toxic to humans and other mammals . in tropical pacific areas , widespread rumors exist regarding the occurrence of toxic crabs . several cases of poisoning stemming from the ingestion of coral reef crabs and resulting in human fatalities have been reported [ 1 , 2 ] . the xanthid crabs zosimus aeneus , atergatis floridus , and platypodia granulosa inhabiting tropical and subtropical area are known to contain potent neurotoxins [ 3 ] . in z . aeneus , the species most frequently implicated in human poisoning , the occurrence of saxitoxin ( stx ) analogues [ 4 – 6 ] and tetrodotoxin ( ttx ) [ 7 ] has been confirmed . paralytic shellfish poison ( psp ) , a most hazardous marine toxin , mainly originates in toxic marine dinoflagellates species of the genera alexandrium , gymnodinium , and pyrodinium , which are accumulated in many species of marine organisms such as crabs and filter - feeding organisms such as bivalve mollusks [ 8 – 13 ] . at least 20 stx - like congeners have been identified with a range of hydroxyl , carbamyl , and sulfate moieties at four sites on the back bone structure . these organisms can act as potential toxin vectors and pose a threat to human health . on the other hand , the puffer toxin , ttx , has been continuously found in a wide range of organisms from both terrestrial and marine habitats [ 14 ] .
our study deals with the screening and isolation of paralytic toxins from the xanthid crab d . cultripes of cebu island and identification of the toxins as ttx and paralytic shellfish poison ( psp ) , which are highly potent toxins occurring in pufferfish and toxic dinoflagellates .
figure 1 : map showing crab - collecting locations in cebu island . the location of cebu island in the philippines is shown in the map to the right . the map on left shows an enlarged image of cebu island to pinpoint the sampling location .
figure 2 : d . cultripes collected from camotes sea near cebu island . ( scale bar = 1 . 0 cm ) .
each crab specimen was partially thawed and dissected into two anatomically different parts : viscera including hepatopancreas , reproductive organs , and intestines and appendages that were torn off from each crab specimen , including muscles . we examined each tissue for toxicity by the standard bioassay for ttx [ 19 ] . lethality was expressed in mouse units per gram of crab specimen tissue ( mu / g ) , where one mu is the amount of intraperitonially ( i . p . ) administered toxic material required to kill an 18–20 g male mouse of the ddy strain in 30 min .
the viscera from all seven crab specimens mentioned above were used as materials . to the viscera ( e . g . , 56 g ) were added 3 volumes of 1 % acetic acid in 80 % methanol . the mixture was homogenized for 3 min and extracted under reflux . this operation was repeated on the residue twice after filtration . the filtrate was combined and concentrated under reduced pressure . total lethality of the extracts thus obtained from the viscera was 3 , 559 mu for ttx . extracts were defatted with dichloromethane , and the aqueous layer was partially purified by successive treatment on activated charcoal ( wako ) and bio - gel p - 2 ( bio - rad . lab . ) column chromatography . conditions for each procedure were similar to those encountered in previous studies [ 20 – 22 ] . toxicity was detected exclusively in the 0 . 03 m acoh fraction obtained from bio - gel p - 2 column chromatography . this toxic fraction was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure , and the partially purified toxin obtained was dissolved in a small amount of water and analyzed for ttx and psp by high - performance liquid chromatography - fluorescent detection ( hplc - fld ) as previously described [ 20 , 23 ] . in addition , an alkali - hydrolysate of this toxin was trimethylsilylated and analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry ( gc - ms ) , as described below . standards of ttx , which also contained 4 - epi ttx and 4 , 9 - anhydrottx , were prepared from ribbon worm cephalothrix sp . ( found in hiroshima bay ) , using previously reported methods [ 21 ] . authentic specimens of gonyautoxins1 - 4 ( gtx ) and stxs were prepared from the digestive glands of psp - infested scallop patinopecten yessoensis found in ofunato bay , iwate prefecture , japan , and from the exoskeleton of z . aeneus collected at kabira bay , okinawa prefecture , japan , according to previously reported methods [ 4 , 24 , 25 ] .
the trimethylsilyl ( tms ) derivative of 2 - amino - 6 - hydroxymethyl - 8 - hydroxyquinazoline ( c9 base ) was derived from purified toxins and authentic ttx by a previously described procedure [ 26 ] . both tms derivatives were injected to a varian gas chromatograph ( 1200 ms / ms ) equipped with a mass spectrometer ( varian cp - 3800 ) according to previously described methods [ 21 ] .
figure 3 : hplc - fld analysis of ttx in d . cultripes . one mu of ttx standard solution was injected to hplc - fld system . ( a ) viscera . ( b ) ttx standards . ( a : ttx ; b : 4 - epi ttx ; c : 4 , 9 - anhydrottx ) .
figure 4 : gc - ms analysis of tms derivative of c9 base from ttx in d . cultripes . ( a ) viscera . ( b ) ttx standards . ( ( a ) ; ( b ) ; ( c ) ) ) .
judging from the symptoms of the patients and the results of hplc - fld and gc - ms analysis , it seems to be the most probable that the causative food responsible for the poisoning with two deaths in april , 2004 mentioned above is d . cultripes containing ttx and psp . from food hygienic point of view , people in coastal areas should be warned of the potential hazard of this crab in order to prevent its intentional or accidental consumption .
it was previously reported that ttx is the major toxin , and gtx 1 and 3 are minor toxins in l . pictor ( xanthid crab from taiwan ) [ 29 ] . in contrast , in crabs from negros island , philippines , ptx was found to be the predominant toxin [ 3 ] . on the other hand , ttx and psp are the major and minor toxins , respectively , in a . floridus inhabiting miura peninsula , kanagawa prefecture , japan , which differs from crabs found in okinawa , japan [ 30 ] . the a . floridus specimen from fiji island was found to have stx and stx derivatives as major toxins [ 31 ] . it is not clear at present whether the toxin in our crab specimens is of endogenous or exogenous origin . because crabs are generally detritus ( and not planktonic ) feeders , the most plausible explanation is that crabs specimens accumulated the toxin by feeding on toxic marine organisms in sampling areas . oikawa et al . [ 32 ] showed the presence of psp toxins in the viscera of the edible shore crab telmessus acutidens . it was also revealed that the total toxicity in the crab viscera increased linearly with the amount of toxic mussels the crabs ingested by feeding experiments [ 33 ] . transport and accumulation of toxins in food chains are a common phenomenon , particularly in marine biota . the origin of neurotoxins in toxic xanthid crabs may be from toxic lower strata invertebrates . the occurrence of calcareous red algae jania sp . as the primary source of psp in coral reef crabs was reported [ 34 , 35 ] . on the other hand , it was also reported that psp - containing a . floridus maintains a fairly high toxicity level for a long period when fed nontoxic diets ( noguchi et al . , personal communication ) . this observation may suggest that psp in this toxic crab mentioned above is endogenous . in addition to this , it may also suggest that the crabs have the psp and / or ttx - specific binding substance . through a complex system of trophic interrelationships , nonfilter - feeding organisms can also be exposed to psp and / or ttx and thus accumulate and play a role as vectors in marine food web . in order to elucidate the diet of d . cultripes , microscopic examination of stomach contents of the species is needed . further studies are now in progress to elucidate the associated mechanism of toxicity . in addition , investigation of individual , local , and size - dependent variations in toxicity of d . cultripes is also needed . because d . cultripes specimens are large enough to be regarded as food items , the potential danger of their consumption should be disseminated to the public to prevent future cases of food poisonings .
to our knowledge , this is the first evidence of occurrence of ttx and psp in the d . cultripes inhabiting the coast of cebu island and the confirmation of its implication in human poisoning .
this work was partly supported by a jsps - dost core university program in fisheries sciences .
a . c . alcala and b . w . halstead , “human fatality due to ingestion of the crab
t . yasumoto , y . oshima , and t . konta , “analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins of xanthid crabs in okinawa , ”
k . daigo , a . uzu , o . arakawa , t . noguchi , h . seto , and k . hashimoto , “isolation and some properties of neosaxitoxin from a xanthid crab
k . koyama , t . noguchi , y . ueda , and k . hashimoto , “occurrence of neosaxitoxin and other paralytic shellfish poisons in toxic crabs belonging to the family xanthidae , ”
t . noguchi , s . konosu , and y . hashimoto , “identity of the crab toxin with saxitoxin , ”
d . yasumura , y . oshima , and t . yasumoto , “tetrodotoxin and paralytic shellfish toxins in philippine crabs , ”
m . asakawa , k . miyazawa , h . takayama , and t . noguchi , “dinoflagellate
k . ito , m . asakawa , r . beppu , h . takayama , and k . miyazawa , “psp - toxicification of the carnivorous gastropod
m . asakawa , h . takayama , r . beppu , and k . miyazawa , “occurrence of paralytic shellfish poison ( psp ) —producing dinoflagellate
r . beppu , k . nojima , s . tsuruda et al . , “occurrence of psp - producing dinoflagellate
p . r . costa , m . j . botelho , and s . m . rodrigues , “accumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins in digestive gland of octopus vulgaris during bloom events including the dinoflagellate
k . miyazawa and t . noguchi , “distribution and origin of tetrodotoxin , ”
r . b . gonzales and a . c . alcala , “fatalities from crab poisoning on negros island , philippines , ”
t . yasumoto , d . yasumura , y . ohizumi , m . takahashi , a . c . alcala , and l . c . alcala , “palytoxins in two species of xanthid crabs from the philippines , ”
e . e . carumbana , a . c . alcala , and e . p . ortega , “toxic marine crabs in southern negros , philippines , ”
, environmental health bureau , ministry of health and welfare , ed . , vol . 2 , pp . 240–244 , japan food hygiene association , tokyo , japan , 1978 .
m . asakawa , t . toyoshima , y . shida , t . noguchi , and k . miyazawa , “paralytic toxins in a ribbon worm
m . asakawa , t . toyoshima , k . ito et al . , “paralytic toxicity in the ribbon worm
o . arakawa , t . noguchi , y . shida , and y . onoue , “occurrence of 11 - oxotetrodotoxin and 11 - nortetrodotoxin - 6 ( r ) - ol in a xanthid crab
o . arakawa , y . noguchi , and y . onoue , “paralytic shellfish toxin profiles of xanthid crabs
t . noguchi , m . kohno , y . ueda , and k . hashimoto , “isolation of gonyautoxin - 2 , a main component of paralytic shellfish poison from toxic scallop and its properties , ”
t . noguchi , y . ueda , k . hashimoto , and h . seto , “isolation and characterization of gonyautoxin - 1 from the toxic digestive gland of scallop
h . narita , t . noguchi , j . maruyama et al . , “occurrence of tetrodotoxin in a trumpet shell , “boshubora”
p . k . l . ng , d . guinot , and p . j . f . davie , “systema brachyurorum—part i : an annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world , ”
t . noguchi and j . s . m . ebesu , “puffer poisoning : epidemiology and treatment , ”
y . h . tsai , d . f . hwang , t . j . chai , and s . s . jeng , “occurrence of tetrodotoxin and paralytic shellfish poison in the taiwanese crab
t . noguchi , t . uzu , k . koyama , j . maruyama , y . nagashima , and k . hashimoto , “occurrence of tetrodotoxin as the major toxin in a xanthid crab
u . raj , y . oshima , and t . yasumoto , “the occurrence of paralytic shellfish toxins in two species of xanthid crab from suva barrier reef , fiji islands , ”
h . oikawa , t . fujita , m . satomi , t . suzuki , y . kotani , and y . yano , “accumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in the edible shore crab
h . oikawa , m . satomi , s . watabe , and y . yano , “accumulation and depuration rates of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in the shore crab
t . yasumoto , y . oshima , and y . kotaki , “analyses of paralytic shellfish toxins in coral reef crabs and gastropods with the identification of the primary source of toxins , ”
y . kotaki , m . tajiri , y . oshima , and t . yasumoto , “identification of a calcareous red alga as the primary source of paralytic shellfish toxins in coral reef crabs and gastropods , ”


the payara , hydrolycus scomberoides , is a species of dogtooth tetra .

this predatory fish is found in the amazon basin , where the tapajós river appears to the eastern limits of its range .

it was the first of four species to be described in the genus hydrolycus .

payara

payara foundation is the home for payara server’s and payara micro’s code and documentation .
payara foundation relies on the payara community for contributions to the payara server source code and documentation .
payara micro maven plugin has three goals ; payara - micro : bundle , payara - micro : start and payara - micro : stop .
to use payara micro is very easy . now payara micro is integrated with any ides by using payara micro maven plugin .
updated repository for payara dockerfiles . this repository is for the full profile of payara server .
payara server & payara micro docker images are available for you to download from the docker hub .
glassfish is a trademark of the eclipse foundation . payara is a trademark of the payara foundation .
you get exclusive access to extensively tested , fully supported binary builds of payara server and payara micro .
payara foundation is a uk not for profit organisation that organises the development and promotion of payara server .
previously , there is a problem that it ' s difficult to develop applications for payara micro without payara server because no ides support payara micro directly . now it has solved to use payara micro maven plugin .
payara server 5 development is coordinated by the payara foundation , a uk not - for - profit organisation .
you can now watch ondrej mihalyi , payara support engineer and steve millidge , payara ceo talks from . . .
you will benefit from payara’s partnership with azul , providing you with access to use zulu enterprise - fully - supported builds of openjdk - with payara server and payara micro .
you get exclusive access to monthly releases of payara server and payara micro including crucial fixes and patches via the features stream .
you can request specific fixes to be backported to the version of payara server and payara micro you use in production where possible .
multibytecode ( charset = cp 932 ) is included in domain . xml . · issue # 1827 · payara / payara · github
using payara support is also a vital form of contribution towards payara server development . our customers ' support subscriptions fund development and engineering effort of the payara server open source project - we would not be able to make the continuous improvements to payara server without their help ! to find out more about the payara support download our brochure here .
github - payara / payara : payara server is an open source middleware platform that supports reliable and secure deployments of java ee ( jakarta ee ) applications in any environment : on premise , in the cloud or hybrid .
payara 172 has various new features that are highly cloud - focused . a part of them , payara micro maven plugin is provided . it ' s a small but useful tools to develop applications running on payara micro .
© payara 2018 . all rights reserved . java & java ee are registered trademarks of oracle and / or its affiliates . glassfish is a registered trademark of eclipse foundation . payara and its logos are a trademark of payara foundation .
i’m very satisfied with the speediness and quality of replies from the payara’s support team .
our commercial support services give you 24 hour support for your production payara server environment .
the payara is featured in the first season of the animal planet show river monsters .
link to core documentation is broken + description looks outdated . - payara server · gitbook
payara ( cynodontidae et al . ) id and care guide 2 . 01 | urltoken
raise tickets for bugs , incidents or questions related to payara server or payara micro , including any general questions you may have about configuration , deployment , security , monitoring and troubleshooting .
goal payara - micro : start doesn ' t use uber jar in default . the goal supports various option of payara micro , thus it ' s not specified to uber jar .
if you want to know more information , see payara micro maven plugin ' s page .
the second is uber jar . we may run it either on cli directly or via the plugin ' s goals ; payara - micro : start and payara - micro : stop . the way to use the plugin can be integrated with any ides , so we ' re able to develop applications for payara micro easily even if we don ' t use payara server .
payara foundation is a not - for - profit with the mission to ensure the continued development and maintenance of payara server as open source software for the benefit of its community of users .
yes - payara will swim in schools of 6 or more in a very , very large space .
itac software is happy with the level of commercial support payara has provided to our company since 2015 . all tickets raised were fast resolved , we are certainly pleased with the payara developers ' team reaction time .
the payara is almost identical in appearance to its close relative the sabertooth characin hydrolycus armatus , but the payara is almost twice as large . the payara can also be distinguished from its cousin by a small circular dark spot on its gill cover , while the same marking on h . armatus is more of a bar shape .
we are a dedicated team of professionals devoted to open source , java , our customers , and the community . we are major contributors to the development and engineering effort of the payara server open source project and the payara foundation .
we are a dedicated team of professionals devoted to open source , java , our customers , and the community . we are major contributors to the development and engineering effort of the payara server open source project and the payara foundation .
1 unit = 1 payara server java virtual machine ( jvm ) , das or instance . 1 unit = 5 payara micro java virtual machines ( jvms ) . 1 unit = 6 cpu cores . cores can be physical or virtual .
we take glassfish , support it , add fixes , add enhancements and we release it as open source payara server .
there are also many types of frozen fishes that are very suitable for inclusion in the diet of tanked payara . since payara are more often sold as juveniles , common silversides work extremely well as a staple food fish due to their smaller size . of course , as the payara grow , their food will have to increase in size and quantity , too .
payara baits payara feed on a number of baitfish , and i imagine most fish found in their area that are small enough to get in their mouths would work . where to get the big payara they are only found in the amazon . venezuela has historically had the best fishery for big ones at uraima falls but that has become a much dicier destination due to safety concerns . columbia , peru , and bolivia all have good fisheries , and bolivia is where i caught the fish pictured . other payara resources these guys are the best in the business at putting people on payara : urltoken , urltoken
the support team replies are speedy and the payara engineers are always happy to go the extra mile to clarify a query .
see here for all versions of payara server including tar . gz format , web profile , embedded and multi - language .
we have added full jcache support , enhanced jbatch functionality , replaced shoal with hazelcast for session clustering and are driving development of payara micro . a completely new way of running war applications on top of an embedded glassfish core , payara micro is ideally suited to cloud and microservice architectures with elastic clustering and no installation . payara micro can run war applications simply , using :
we have to create a war file before run payara - micro : bundle . the goal assumes the war file exists .
irving , texas - - ( business wire ) - - exxon mobil corporation ( nyse : xom ) today announced it has discovered additional oil in the payara reservoir offshore guyana , increasing the total payara discovery to approximately 500 million oil - equivalent barrels .
payara server 5 is a patched , enhanced , and supported application server derived from glassfish server open source edition 5 . x .
the following example dockerfile will build an image that starts payara server and deploys myapplication . war when the docker container is started :
a hot fix is a patched module , or modules , of payara server which we can provide to you if an urgent solution is required . these personalized fixes enable you to get a rapid problem solution for your current version of payara server running in production .
the payara is a large , difficult fish to keep . the biggest concerns with the payara are lack of space and food , and providing pristine water that is highly oxygenated . even if these needs are met , payara mysteriously do not survive long in captivity . they often live only for 6 months to a year , with only a few reports of keeping them for up to 2 years .
the payara ' s diet mainly consist of smaller fish ; they impale other fish with their sharp teeth and consume them . in the
payara is a large fish species found in the amazon river basin and that is a popular fish among sport fishers . payara fishing allures a relatively large number of tourists to different fast moving waters in their natural habitats in brazil , bolivia , peru , ecuador and venezuela .
payara micro , compatible with eclipse microprofile , is perfect for microservice and cloud environments . this microservices - ready version of payara server enables you to run war files from the command line without any application server installation . it is small , less than 70mb in size , and incredibly simple to use . with its automatic and elastic clustering , payara micro is designed for running java ee applications in a modern virtualized infrastructure .
we received guidance through professional support on payara server clustering features as web session and ejb which contributed to a quick resolution of our issue .
payara server is a fully supported , developer - friendly , open source application server . payara server’s architecture is innovative , cloud - native and optimized for production deployments . the application server , compatible with eclipse microprofile , is built and supported by a team of devops engineers dedicated to the continued development and maintenance of the open source software and committed to optimizing payara server as the best option for production java ee applications .
you will receive full support for a growing number of payara integration components including maven plugins , cloud connectors , docker images and ide connectors .
the docker container specifies the default entry point , which starts the default domain domain1 in foreground so that payara server becomes the main process .
in default , this plugin uses payara micro 4 . 1 . 1 . 171 . unfortunately , this version cannot run on windows platform because of its bug . ( therefore payara micro 4 . 1 . 1 . 171 . 0 . 1 was released instead of it . )
payara can reach a length of 120 cm or 47 inch and a weight of 18 kg ( 40 pounds ) they are extremely aggressive predatory fish that is found in fast moving water and rapids . payara fish are capable of eating fish that are half their own body size .
the payara are mainly known as a game fish and are prized by fisherman for their fighting ability . this is a member of the cynodontidae family , which are called sabre toothed tiger fish , dogtooth characins , or dogteeth tetras . the hydrolycus genus consists of four species . collectively , they are called pirandirá or payara . its common names are vampire tetra , vampire characin , payara characin , and sabre toothed tiger fish .
feed your payara feeder fish and other live food . make sure to offer them a varied diet . you can often teach your payara to accept dead food such as frozen food and pieces of fish and it is sometimes possible to teach them to accept pellets although this isn’t always the case .
the payara ' s most noticeable feature is the two long fangs protruding from its lower jaw . these fangs can be 4 to 6 inches long .
payara fish usually hunts in open water rather then at the surface so sinking fish lures such as spoon and jigs are the best choice . make sure that you have enough line on your reel when fishing this fish since a payara easily can peel of up to 150 yards of line in the first few seconds of the fight . payara are usually fished on a catch and release basic since larger specimens today are becoming quite rare in many waters .
the default entry point starts the server in the domain1 domain . if you want to start it with a different domain , e . g . payaradomain , you may provide the domain name in the payara _ domain environment variable . the following would start payara server in payaradomain , without changing the entry point :
there are a lot of smaller payara and peixe - cachorro species present in the same areas and these usually makes better aquarium fish for the normal aquarist .
payara micro 172 or later , it shows urls and rest endpoints in the end of starting log . so we ' re able to obtain the paths definitely .
the payara developer support service has been relevant to us not only in terms of sorting out issues but it has also contributed to expand our knowledge about the server .
it best not too . that fish is a threat to other fish and even bigger fish . you can learn more info at payara , social behaviors . : )
payara fish is mainly suitable for public aquariums and is not suitable to be kept in private aquariums unless their demand for space and fast moving water can be meet and most aquarist are not capable of meeting the requirements . a payara requires a very large aquarium or a large pond . i would not recommend keeping them in aquarium tanks / ponds smaller then 500 gallons ( 2000 l ) due to their size and even then it might be impossible to keep more then one payara due to their aggressiveness . i can however vouch for the fact that a payara fish makes a fascinating addition to any aquarium large enough to house them even if i haven’t had the pleasure to keep one myself .
in order to deploy applications , you can mount the $ deploy _ dir ( / opt / payara41 / deployments ) folder as a docker volume to a directory , which contains your applications . the following will run payara server in the docker and will start applications that exist in the directory ~ / payara / apps on the local file - system :
it’s regularly confused with the payara , h . armatus , though that species grows considerably larger , is popular with sports anglers and unsuitable for all but the very largest home aquaria .
“payara - 2 confirms the second giant field discovered in guyana , ” said steve greenlee , president of exxonmobil exploration company . “payara , liza and the adjacent satellite discoveries at snoek and liza deep will provide the foundation for world class oil developments and deliver substantial benefits to guyana . we are committed to continue to evaluate the full potential of the stabroek block . ”
payara server is an open source middleware platform that supports reliable and secure deployments of java ee ( jakarta ee ) applications in any environment : on premise , in the cloud or hybrid .
this microservices - ready version of payara server is perfect for cloud environments . compatible with eclipse microprofile 1 . 2 , small ( < 70mb ) and incredibly simple to use , it enables you to run war files from the command line without any application server installation . with its automatic and elastic clustering , payara micro is designed for running java ee applications in a modern virtualized infrastructure .
the well was successfully drilled by exxonmobil affiliate esso exploration and production guyana limited and encountered 59 feet ( 18 meters ) of high - quality , oil - bearing sandstone in the payara field .
payara server is a patched , enhanced and supported application server derived from glassfish server open source edition 4 . x . visit urltoken for full 24 / 7 support and lots of free resources .
latest version of payara micro maven plugin is 1 . 0 . 0 - snapshot , thus it ' s not on maven central repository . at first we check out from github and build it .
payara are as earlier mentioned much appreciated sport fish due to the impressive fights they put up . payara fish is usually considered to be one of the fiercest struggling freshwater fishes , offering a larger fight then other popular fishes from the area such as peacock bass . they also add to the sport of catching them by jumping up and down out of the water in a similar way to salmon .
since version 172 , payara server supports running asadmin commands automatically after the domain is started , including the deploy command to deploy applications . this is the preferred way to deploy applications on docker container startup .
< build > < plugins > < ! - - snip - - > < plugin > < groupid > fish . payara . maven . plugins < / groupid > < artifactid > payara - micro - maven - plugin < / artifactid > < version > 1 . 0 . 0 - snapshot < / version > < / plugin > < ! - - snip - - > < / plugins > < / build >
when running the domain1 domain , payara server automatically deploys all deployable files in the directory specified by the $ autodeploy _ dir environment variable ( it refers to the autodeploy directory in the domain directory of domain1 ) .
because basically those are still young juvenile as an adult sabre tooth tetra can actually reach maximum length of 26 inches . there are also different variants of the fish and the most popular is the red tailed payara .
payara server 5 is a drop in replacement for glassfish server open source with the peace of mind of quarterly releases containing enhancements , bug fixes and patches including patches to dependent libraries , as required , including tyrus , eclipse link , jersey and others . our vision is to optimise payara server and make it the best server for production java applications with responsive 24 / 7 dedicated incident and software support from the best middleware engineers in the industry .
large catfishes should be excluded from a setup containing payara , as their nighttime forays will inadvertently freak out the payara and perhaps cause them to damage themselves by slamming into the tank’s glass , canopy , and decorations , as well as into other fishes . that having been said , though , i did see one nice display of h . armatus that contained several large pleco - type sucker - mouth catfish . needless to say , the tank was spotless !
our global team of specialist payara server support engineers delivers 24 / 7 production , development & migration support directly to our customers worldwide . when our customers need support – they get it straight from the engineers rather than an outsourced help desk employee .
payara are characins belonging to the subfamily cynodontinae , the root of which literally translates from latin into “dogtooth” in english . they are capable of exceeding 3 feet in total length and nearly 40 pounds in overall weight—now that’s a big , toothy tetra !
this runs goal payara - micro : bundle with goal install . so that we may do only one step ` mvn install ` to build an application and create uber jar . ( i think it ' s very useful , don ' t you ? )
payara generally do very poorly in aquariums that have bad water quality . on the whole , payara are very sensitive to water containing a high level of dissolved metabolites . i have found , through trial and error , that the best way to maintain proper water quality is to perform very large and very frequent water changes . never change a large percentage of water and clean the filter at the same time , however , as doing so will surely destroy too much of the beneficial bacteria colony , resulting in the aquarium becoming unbalanced . an unbalanced aquarium will have rising and falling levels of toxic compounds , such as ammonia , ammonium , and nitrites . payara that are exposed to these compounds will often break out in lesions , which quickly become infected and may lead to death .
if you do want to try and keep tankmates with payara , there are a few species that i have seen work . first are some of the larger barbs , like spanner or tinfoil barbs . silver dollars seem to work well , too . some folks have kept large peacock bass in with their payara , but i fear that the peacock bass are too aggressive when it comes to feeding time , thus i would hesitate to house them together . the same is true for other large cichlids , like wolf cichlids or oscars .
this microservices - ready version of payara server is perfect for cloud environments . compatible with eclipse microprofile 1 . 2 , small ( < 70mb ) and incredibly simple to use , it enables you to run war files from the command line without any application server installation .
the ph , hardness , and alkalinity of an aquarium containing payara are not nearly as critical , so long as extremes are avoided . a general ph of 7 ( neutral ) is good . hardness and alkalinity measuring in the “moderate” range is perfectly acceptable as well .
the enlarged canine teeth exhibited by payara enable them to trap their prey , thus allowing them to hold onto the fish until they can be positioned safely for ingestion , which occurs whole and head - first . only rarely are the eaten fishes actually punctured by the huge canines , but rather are held behind them before being swallowed . in aquariums , payara are more likely to just swallow the fish whole without employing this holding action ; perhaps in absence of a strong current , the need to hold their prey firmly is greatly reduced .
the support provided by payara has always been appropriate to the severity level of issues reported by bmw group . out - of - cycle patches were provided for more important issues which helped to fix problems in a short amount of time . regardless of where the root cause of the problem is located , either in payara server source code or application source code , the support team helped to find a solution and resolve the issue . bmw group has found that all major blocking issues have been resolved and newly found bugs are dealt with appropriately .
size information is wrong . hydrolycus scomb . is the smallest of the four payara species . h . armatus being the largest ( reaching 4’ + in the wild and 2’ + in aquariums ) . i have personally owned both species , and still own my hydrolycus armatus .
in the wild , payara are often seen in groups , but in captivity , they tend to become belligerent towards their own species when kept in small groups . they can be kept in a school of 6 or more in a very , very large space or singly .
this fish will not survive if it feels crowded , so even though other large fish , such as a pacu or large catfish , will probably be able to survive in the same tank , the payara will do better if kept in a single species , single specimen tank .
just a quick glance at their teeth should tell you that payara are obviously carnivorous by nature , and specifically they are considered piscivorous—that is , they eat fishes . in aquariums , and as with all types of predatory fishes , it is best to attempt to convert these predators to a diet of non - living foods . today we are blessed with a variety of various types of fresh and frozen foods like never before . i cannot stress enough the importance of converting payara to a diet of fresh smelt , mackerel , or other type of non - living food fish .
payara server installation is located in the / opt / payara41 directory . this directory is the default working directory of the docker image . the directory name is deliberately free of any versioning so that any scripts written to work with one version can be seamlessly migrated to the latest docker image .
payara are extremely difficult to keep . these large predacious fish are best cared for in public aquariums or by the most experienced fish keepers with the space , financial ability , and dedication to care for them . they sometimes refuse food in captivity , and once feeding , need a varied diet of fish .
i would like to thank paul reiss of acute angling for providing top - shelf information from first - hand knowledge of payara in their native waters , and i would like to extend a special thanks to the fine members of urltoken for their continued support and helpful knowledge about the predators covered in my column .
payara or vampire characin are not exactly rare , but smaller , aquarium - sized specimens are hard to find . when shipped from south america , they take up a lot of space , which makes shipping costs high . if you are lucky enough to find one for sale , the price will be high .
in his career as a producer and host of hunting and fishing shows for cable television , trevor gowdy has tangled with a wide range of trophy game fish , including 1 , 000 - pound hammerheads in the florida keys , giant stingrays off the coast of thailand and razor - toothed payara below venezuela’s uraima falls .
after you have converted your payara to feed on non - living whole fishes , the next step is to get them to consume a variety of other forms of seafood . i have used chopped squid , clam , and fish flesh with good success over the years . but i should also mention here that i primarily have kept the sister species h . scomberoides , which is a smaller , more aquarium - tolerant species of payara that should not be confused with the mighty h . armatus . regardless , the care of h . scomberoides is nearly identical to that of its bigger cousin—only with h . armatus everything must be much , much larger !
because payara server doesn ' t allow insecure remote admin connections ( outside of a docker container ) , the admin interface is secured by default ( in both the default domain1 as well as payaradomain ) , accessible using https on the host machine : https : / / localhost : 4848 the default user and password is admin .
tankmates are probably a no - no on a long - term basis . sure , while h . armatus is young it will be fine , as long as the tankmates cannot be swallowed and are not overly aggressive to the point that the payara stress out from their presence . i tend to err on the side of caution , however , and fear that tankmates will cause more harm than good with these fish—especially at the going rate for h . armatus these days ! don’t get me wrong , plenty of people keep payara with other fishes and have zero problems , i just prefer to maintain them in a single - species , single - specimen type of aquarium setup .
payara are carnivorous piscivores . they only eat live foods , and they love fish , preferably live ones . appropriate aquarium fare includes live foods such as feeder fish , earthworms , and river shrimps . these fish could probably be trained to eat whole dead fish , such as frozen silversides and lancefish , but this has not been confirmed .
payara are true giants in the fish world . known more as game fish than aquarium fish in their native waters , these fascinating creatures are a sight to behold in a large display aquarium . they grow to immense proportions and consume only meaty foods , but their care is easy so long as the basics are afforded to them . while volumes can be written about this interesting and exciting group of fishes , it simply cannot be done here . i invite you to visit one of the fine internet discussion forums advertised in this column for more information on these fishes and to speak to other hobbyists who are just as interested in learning all there is to know about the venerable payara .
as strategic members of the eclipse foundation , we invest our resources and expertise to improve , innovate and develop open source technologies . we are involved in shaping the future of the industry via our direct contribution to eclipse jakarta ee ( payara’s director , steve millidge , is a project management committee member ) , eclipse microprofile , eclipse ide and many other projects .
< build > < plugins > < ! - - snip - - > < plugin > < groupid > fish . payara . maven . plugins < / groupid > < artifactid > payara - micro - maven - plugin < / artifactid > < version > 1 . 0 . 0 - snapshot < / version > < executions > < execution > < goals > < goal > bundle < / goal > < / goals > < / execution > < / executions > < configuration > < payaraversion > 4 . 1 . 2 . 172 < / payaraversion > < useuberjar > true < / useuberjar > < / configuration > < / plugin > < ! - - snip - - > < / plugins > < / build >
payara are found in south america in the rio amazonas and its tributaries above the mouth of rio tapajós as well as in the orinoco river in venezuela . they inhabit clean , fast - flowing rivers where the water is turbulent , including rapids and at the bottom of waterfalls . they are often found in loose groups and feed on smaller fish , but the bulk of their diet consists of piranhas .
species . however , the payara are a migratory fish and begin reproduction with the onset of the rainy season . they move from lakes and river channels into the rising waters of large rivers , migrating long distances upstream for spawning and feeding . presumably , it would be difficult to impossible breed them in an aquarium and would require a very large tank . for a description of breeding characin fish , see
the ideal tank for payara is one that has minimal decorations , as these fish will often strike them while in pursuit of prey—especially if offered live fishes as feeders . the tank should have the sides and back painted black , or at least dark in color . this will bring out the fish’s best colors . payara tend to inhabit deeper waters , so they are not accustomed to overly bright light , which may stress them in the ultra - clear water of an aquarium . speaking of lighting , the tank’s illumination should be minimal and only afford the hobbyist to see sections of the tank clearly , which is generally referred to as “spotlighting . ” several very large enclosures that i have seen have utilized this illumination technique ; it is really effective , visually speaking , and the fish seem to do very well with it .
the payara can reach up to almost 4 feet ( 117 cm ) in length and weigh just over 39 pounds ( 17 . 8 kg ) in the wild . in captivity , it is unlikely to reach more than about 12 inches ( 75 cm ) . its body is an iridescent silver , and its fins are semi - transparent , tinged with black towards the outer portions , and sometimes spotted with white .
is a remarkable characin , but it is not your typical tetra . one look at the mouth of this fish and there will be no doubt that the payara is a vicious carnivore . this incredible fish has two large fangs on its lower jaw . these fangs can be 4 to 6 inches long . in fact , the two main lower teeth are so long that upper jaw has holes for them to fit into .
was described by cuvier in 1819 . the species is not listed on the iucn red list . other common names for this species are vampire tetra , vampire characin , vampire fish , cachorra , and chambira . the genus , which consists of four species , is collectively known as pirandirá or payara . as members of the cynodontidae family , they are known as sabre toothed tiger fish , dogtooth characin , or dogteeth tetra .
the payara ' s elongated body is streamlined and very powerful . it tapers towards the tail and has a large , fan - shaped caudal fin . the head is large with a prominent , upturned mouth full of needle - sharp teeth and two long fangs . the two main lower teeth are so long that the upper jaw has holes for them to fit into . these fangs can be 4 to 6 inches long !
a payara aquarium should be decorated with large rocks and large pieces of bogwood to create hiding places for these fishes . plants are not required since plants are unusual in the fast moving waters they normally live in , in the wild . the aquarium should be very well circulated and you can not create to much water movement for these fishes as long as they are provided with a few large rocks behind which to rest .
the group collectively known as payara contains several species , but i will only be covering the venerable hydrolycus armatus in this article . the largest of the clan , h . armatus is capable of growing to more than 3 feet in total length , thus making it a very highly sought - after food and game fish in its native waters of northern south america—specifically the rio orinoco drainage and the vast , winding rivers of the guyanas .
h . armatus is a powerful , sleek , and fast - moving species that is adept at living in several habitats across its native range . paul reiss , a well - known professional fisherman and the owner and operator of acute angling , reports that payara are most commonly found in extremely fast - flowing water . in aquariums , we have found that they do not necessarily need such strong current in order to thrive , but they do prefer water that has some degree of turbulence to it .
these fish often only survive for 6 months to a year , with just a few having been reported as living up to 2 years . their short lifespan may be a result of a large bio load , resulting in nitrogenous waste . an extremely large aquarium is necessary to support a school of payara , and as they mature , their habitat requirements change . juveniles may live in less turbulent water , but adults are found in fast - moving currents , like rapids and the base of waterfalls .
one of the most striking displays that i have ever seen was a very large aquarium in germany , probably somewhere in the range of 2000 or 3000 gallons . the tank contained a single h . armatus and several huge , fully mature river stingrays . it had a deep sandbed and dim lighting . the payara was like a ghost swimming in and out of the shadows . i remember being surprised to see how little current there was in the tank , but the fish were all very healthy and flawless in condition .
as strategic members of the eclipse foundation , the payara team is dedicated to helping shape the future of open source . our involvement allows us to support the sustainability of the community , participate in marketing programs , and have direct access to the governance of both the jakarta ee working group and the eclipse foundation . as active committers to the eclipse microprofile initiative we are also contributing to optimizing enterprise java for microservices architectures to help enterprises make their journey into the cloud , working closely with customers to shape jakarta ee to meet their future needs .
the payara , which is also sold as the saber tooth barracuda , vampire fish , vampire tetra , or saber tusk barracuda , is a popular species for large , aggressive aquariums . it can grow large enough to outgrow a lot of fish tanks , which presents a problem to the uneducated aquarist . it is recommended that they be fed live food , such as goldfish . they should be kept with fish that they cannot fit in their mouths , for example : siamese tigerfish , arowanas , gars , pacus , catfish , and pig - nosed turtle .
they are easily frightened so you must be careful not to make any quick movements when around their tank . payara have been known to fatally injure themselves by swimming into the sides of the aquarium when disturbed . it helps to cover the sides and back of the tank with either a dark aquarium background or paint them with a dark color . an overly bright light will also stress them out , so keep the lighting moderate and have some areas that are dim . a more subdued lighting coupled with a dark backdrop will bring out their best coloring too .
the payara is an extremely large predatory fish . because of their large adult size , and their propensity for schooling as juveniles , they need a very large aquarium . when first purchased as small juveniles , they may initially be kept in a large home aquarium . but eventually , be prepared to invest in a tank of 500 gallons or more with a better - than - average filter system . they require excellent water quality , and it must be well oxygenated . younger specimens may be fine with moderate water movement , but adults need strong , turbulent currents .
payara are fast and aggressive feeders . these fish usually swallow their prey whole but will sometimes chop them into smaller , bite - sized pieces . they get large , too , so if you want to keep one as a pet , be prepared to have a very high feeder - fish bill . in fact , it can grow to about twice the size of its almost identical looking relative , the sabertooth characin hydrolycus armatus . this fish can reach up to about 4 feet ( 117 cm ) in length and weigh up to 40 lbs ( 18 kg ) , though aquarium specimens are usually only reach a quarter of that size , around 12 inches .
the vampire tetra can be kept in a large aquarium , but it takes a lot of work by a very advanced hobbyist to accomplish this . they are occasionally available and will readily adapt to aquarium life , but they are most often short - lived . they often only survive for 6 months to a year in captivity , with just a few having been reported as living up to 2 years . their short lifespan is due , in part , to their diet and their need for a top quality environment . vampire characin need a varied diet , so just feeding them goldfish is inadequate . sometimes , payara refuse to feed . it seems that once they reach about 12 inches , they mysteriously die .
my first experiences with payara were some 20 years ago now ( i can’t believe i am even old enough to say that ! ) . anyway , i can remember cruising through the aisles of my favorite pet shops , and once in a while i would come across these big flashy silver fish with absolutely gargantuan teeth . i remember thinking they were such ugly and nasty critters , almost freakish - looking water wolves . who on earth would want such a thing in their tank ? granted , at the time i was into barbs and smaller “community” species , and big predatory fishes were simply not an option for my 20 - gallon aquarium . fast - forward to 2006 and my , how things have changed !
i would recommend attempting to train your payara off live food at an early age . i have had better luck with them learning this at a young age . it seems the older they get the more stubborn they get . the last batch i have obtained was a pack of 5 armatus at roughly the size of a quarter . they were actually to small to even eat rosies ( or tuffies ) so they were fed guppies up until about 2 inches . at that point they were switched to rosies . kept on rosies for about another 1 - 1 . 5 inches . i believe i made a mistake in how long i fed rosies . i believe you may have better luck getting them off live if you are to start feeding goldfish as soon as they are big enough to eat them . this will greatly increase your chances in getting them to go after krill as they are both orange in color , and the shape of freeze dried krill has more in common with goldfish then a rosie does .
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despite its fearsome appearance this species does not tend to attack similarly - sized fishes .
it will eat fishes it can fit into its mouth , but there ' s no need to feed it live food in captivity .
hydrolycus : from the greek hydro , meaning ‘water’ , and lykos , meaning ‘wolf’ .
scomberoides : from the greek skombros , meaning ‘tuna , mackerel’ , and the suffix - oides , meaning ‘similar to’ .
type locality is given simply as ‘brazil’ but this species is currently understood to be widespread in the central and upper amazon river system in brazil , bolivia , peru and ecuador , with the rio tapajós in brazil appearing to mark the downstream limit of its range .
this species is pelagic and adults tend to be associated with flowing stretches of main river channels and larger tributaries of both white and black water rivers .
reproduction occurs between november and april and adults perform long upstream migrations in order to do so .
the aquarium should ideally be designed to resemble a flowing stream or river with a substrate of variably - sized rocks , sand , fine gravel , and some larger water - worn boulders .
this can be further furnished with driftwood roots and branches if you wish but be sure to leave plenty of open swimming space .
while the majority of aquatic plants will fail to thrive in such surroundings hardy genera such as microsorum , bolbitis , or anubias spp . can be grown attached to the décor .
like many fishes that naturally inhabit running waters it’s intolerant to the accumulation of organic wastes and requires spotless water at all times in order to thrive .
it also does best if there is a high proportion of dissolved oxygen and moderate degree of water movement so external filter s , powerheads , airstones , etc . , should be employed as necessary .
as stable water conditions are obligatory for its well - being this fish should never be added to biologically - immature aquaria and weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % aquarium volume should be considered mandatory .
a tightly - fitting cover is essential as this species is a prodigious jumper , and it may also prove beneficial to cover the back and sides of the aquarium in order to reduce the chances of it swimming into the glass since it can be skittish , especially in confined surroundings .
newly - imported specimens often refuse to accept anything but live fishes but most can be weaned onto dead alternatives once recognised as edible .
like the vast majority of predatory fishes this species should not be fed mammalian or avian meat like beef heart or chicken , and similarly there is no benefit in the long - term use of ‘feeder’ fish such as livebearers or small goldfish which carry with them the risk of parasite or disease introduction and at any rate tend not have a high nutritional value unless properly conditioned beforehand .
best kept alone or with similarly - sized , non - aggressive fishes since it’s actually quite peaceful with those too large to be considered food .
it can also be maintained in a group in a suitably - sized aquarium but the purchase of at least three specimens is advisable .
juveniles tend to adopt a presumably cryptic , oblique , ‘head - down’ position and lurk among the décor whereas adults are fully pelagic .
this species may be referred to using a variety of names including ‘scomb’ , ‘sabre tooth tetra’ , ‘sabre tusk barracuda’ , ‘dog tooth characin , ‘vampire fish’ , ‘cachorra’ or ‘pirandirá’ ( the latter two names being used in brazil where they’re also applied to congeners ) .
it can be told apart from all congeners by the following combination of characters : serrations present on the exposed field of scales in specimens larger than 100 mm sl ; pelvic - fin base inserted laterally , distinctly above ventral profile of body ; a black spot at the base of the innermost pectoral - fin rays .
hydrolycus can be easily - separated from other genera in the family cynodontidae by the fact that the dorsal - fin origin is located distinctly anterior to a vertical through the anal - fin origin plus the dorsoventral enlargement of the mesethmoid spine is almost round in shape from a lateral view and enlarged in hydrolycus scomberoides , h . armatus and h . tatauaia .
it’s sometimes included in the putative subfamily cynodontinae alongside cynodon and rhaphiodon , these being separated from other characiformes by a series of derived features plus their oblique mouth shape and highly - developed dentary canine teeth .
the latter fit into a pair of corresponding openings in the upper jaw which allows the mouth to be closed completely .
cynodontinae contains two primary monophyletic lineages , one comprising the genus hydrolycus and the other a clade with cynodon and rhaphiodon spp . , with members sometimes referred to collectively as ‘dogtooth characins’ .
reis , r . e . , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) , 2003 - edipucrs , porto alegre : i - xi + 1 - 729 check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . cloffsca .
toledo - piza , m . , 2000 - american museum novitates 3286 : 1 - 88 the neotropical fish subfamily cynodontinae ( teleostei : ostariophysi : characiformes ) : a phylogenetic study and a revision of cynodon and rhaphiodon .
toledo - piza , m . , n . a . menezes and g . m . dos santos , 1999 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 10 ( 3 ) : 255 - 280 revision of the neotropical fish genus hydrolycus ( ostariophysi : cynodontinae ) with the description of two new species .
how do you keep h . armatus ? surely it needs an absolutely enormous tank ?
yes , they require truly massive specifically designed tanks . i currently have my hydrolycus armatus in a 300gal custom tank . i will be building his next home 500gal aquarium this summer .
we were impressed not only by the level of support but also with the speedy replies following up our phone session .
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