ethmia semitenebrella is a moth in the family depressariidae .

it is found in north america from colorado , utah , new mexico and nuevo león in mexico to arizona and southern and eastern california .

the length of the forewings is 10.1 – 14.3 mm .

the ground color of the forewings is dark gray on the costal half and whitish gray on dorsal half .

the costal half usually has considerable whitish overscaling between the veins resulting in longitudinal streaks , which are more well defined beyond the middle .

the ground color of the hindwings is whitish , becoming pale brownish on the apical half .

adults are on wing from april to august in two generations per year .

the larvae feed on cercocarpus ledifolius and probably other cercocarpus species .

ethmia semitenebrella

a review of the genus ethmia , with descriptions of new species harrison g . dyar . 1902 . journal of the new york entomological society , 10 : 202 - 208 .
biological studies on moths of the genus ethmia in california ( gelechioidea ) jerry a . powell . 1971 . the lepidopterists ' society 25 ( 3 ) : 1 - 167 .
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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 5 . 26f , 5 . 27m ; p . 69 . book review and ordering
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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the common bent-wing bat , schreibers ' long-fingered bat , or schreibers ' bat ( miniopterus schreibersii ) is a species of bat in the family miniopteridae .

it is a species of subtropical origin distributed throughout the southern palearctic , ethiopic , oriental , and australian regions .

in europe , it is present in the southern half from iberia to the caucasus , with the largest populations found in the warmer mediterranean area .

the common and scientific names honor carl franz anton ritter von schreibers .

common bent - wing bat

a common bent - wing bat photographer : g . b . baker / nature focus © australian museum
the southern bent - wing bat . ( credit : rick hammond / zoos victoria
wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article
common bent - wing bat
.
the natural host is likely the common bent - wing bat ( miniopterus schreibersii ) and the groundleaf giant bat ( hipposideros gigas ) . viral rna was detected in pharyngeal and anal swabs of apparently healthy bats .
south west integrated flora & fauna team ( swifft ) ( 2007 ) . common bent - wing bat . available from : urltoken . [ accessed : 02 - jun - 2008 ] .
management documents relevant to the southern bent - wing bat are at the start of the profile . the action plan for australian bats ( duncan et al . 1999 ) and the commonwealth conservation advice on miniopterus schreibersii bassanii - southern bent - wing bat ( tssc 2007s ) provide guidance on threat abatement and management strategies for the southern bent - wing bat .
menkhorst , p . w . & l . f . lumsden ( 1995 ) . common bent - wing bat . in : mammals of victoria . oxford university press , south melbourne , australia .
codd j . 1997 . overwintering behavioural strategies and roosting activity budget of the common bent wing bat ( miniopterus schreibersii ) at the naracoorte caves conservation park . honours thesis , flinders university , adelaide .
the southern bent - wing bat is found in south - east south australia and western victoria ( cardinal & christidis 2000 ) .
the survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened bats ( dewha 2010m ) includes survey methodology for the southern bent - wing bat .
the bent - wing name comes from its unique anatomy - with on the third ' finger ' of its wing the last bone is four times longer than the middle one , giving a bent appearance .
the southern bent - wing bat is a type of microbat , measuring just 52 - 58mm long ( head and body ) and weighing about 15g .
tracking of a single bent - wing bat showed it travelled over 45km from its roosting cave each night to forage , using a known fight path .
the southern bent - wing bat ( miniopterus schreibersii bassanii ) is a small insectivorous bat known to roost in caves near coastal cliffs in south western victoria through to south eastern south australia .
a number of threats to the southern bent - wing bat have been identified , but the severity of their impact is not well understood . threats include :
lumsden , l . & p . gray ( 2001 ) . longevity record for a southern bent - wing bat miniopterus schreibersii bassanii . the australasian bat society newsletter . 16 : 43 - 4 .
there are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :
lumsden , l . ( 1998 ) . inspection of the cumberland river cave and its colony of common bent - wing bats , miniopterus schreibersii , with management recommendations , a report to parks victoria , angahook - lorne state park , july 1998 .
friends of parks incorporated – friends of naracoorte caves ( south australia ) received $ 14 745 through the threatened species network community grants in 2008–09 for determining southern bent - wing bat habitat requirements . the project aimed to gain an understanding of the foraging grounds and dispersal of the southern bent - wing bat from its two maternity sites using radio tracking techniques and genetic analysis .
owls , rats ( rattus spp . ) , the feral cat ( felis catus ) and the fox ( vulpes vulpes ) may predate the southern bent - wing bat ( swifft 2007 ) .
the southern bent - wing bat has three main movement patterns : movement to a limited number of maternity caves , dispersal to a larger number of overwintering caves and foraging movements ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .
threatened species scientific committee ( 2007t ) . listing advice for miniopterus schreibersii bassanii , southern bent - wing bat . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 19 - dec - 2007 .
wildcard : enter one part of the common or scientific name , e . g . cockatoo ( wildcard characters not required ) .
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - common bentwing bat facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
species . both studies concurred that three separate taxa could be described in australia . based on dna and morphological analysis , cardinal and christidis ( 2000 ) , recognised these three taxa as subspecies of bent - wing bat (
hello peppercorn pterodactyls are believed to have been nocturnal like bats have the same wing span and wing formation in so far as the common bentwing bat goes they are nocturnal as you already know they roost in caves feed at night using echolocation for navigating and feeding , therefore eyesight is not a great priority . each species of bat has their own frequency range this is how scientists can distinguish one group from another .
facts summary : the common bentwing bat ( miniopterus schreibersii ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group
mammals
and found in the following area ( s ) : africa , asia , europe , middle east . this species is also known by the following name ( s ) : schreiber ' s bent - winged bat , schreiber ' s long - fingered bat .
zoos victoria is committed to securing a future for the southern bent - wing bat . we are currently investigating the role we can play in improving the long - term viability of a self - sustaining wild population of this species .
threats to the southern bent - wing bat include climate change and loss of habitat due to land grazing , pesticides and human disturbance of roosting caves . there a no specific causes as to why the population has declined so much in the last two decades .
kerr , g . d . & r . s . bonifacio ( 2009 ) . regional action plan for the southern bent - wing bat miniopterus schreibersii bassanii in the south east of south australia . mount gambier , south australia : department for environment and heritage .
gray , p . ( 2001 ) . cave microclimate and population estimates of southern bent - wing bats ( miniopterus schreibersii bassanii ) at starlight cave , warrnambool . report to south - west tafe , warrnambool .
baudinette r . v . , wells r . t . , sanderson k . j . and clark b . 1994 . microclimatic conditions in maternity caves of the bent wing bat , miniopterus schreibersii : an attempted restoration of a former maternity site . wildlife research 21 , 607–619 .
catching diseases from bats is extremely unlikely . australian bat lyssavirus ( abl ) can only be caught from untreated bites or scratches from infected bats . one person has died from lyssavirus from a micro bat ( there has also been a lyssavirus death from a fruit bat ) . at least three species of insectivorous micro bat can carry abl , and all four common species of fruit bats can carry it . members of the public should not handle bats .
southern bent - wing bats are closely related to two other subspecies , the m . schreibersii orianae found in wa and nt , and the m . schreibersii oceanensis , found along the east coast from qld to vic .
the southern bent - wing bat is an insectivorous cave dwelling bat . the subspecies has dark reddish - brown to dark - brown fur on the back , grey - brown fur underneath and pale brown areas of bare skin . it has a distinctive short muzzle , a high crowned / domed head and small eyes . the ears are short , rounded and roughly triangular . head and body length is 52–58 mm , with a forearm length of 45–49 mm . it has the longest wing length of all the vespertilionidae , being nearly two and half times longer than the head and body . the last phalanx on the third finger of the wing is about four times the length of the middle phalanx , giving a bent wing appearance ( churchill 1998 ; hall & woodside 1989 ; menkhorst & lumsden 1995 ) .
the generation length for the southern bent - wing bat is estimated to be five to seven years . lumsden and gray ( 2001 ) recaptured a banded individual 20 . 5 years after it was banded . when recaptured , it was healthy and had recently bred ( lumsden & gray 2001 ) .
dwyer p . d . and hamilton - smith e . 1965 . breeding cave and maternity colonies of the bent - winged bat in south - eastern australia . helictite 4 , 3–21 .
threatened species scientific committee ( 2007s ) . non - current approved commonwealth conservation advice on miniopterus schreibersii bassanii - southern bent - wing bat . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 19 - dec - 2007 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 30 - oct - 2015 .
bats have ultrasonic calls that are inaudible to the human ear , however can be identified using special bat detectors and by analysing their unique call sequences . southern bent - wing bats spend their winters in torpor ( a type of hibernation ) across a range of ' wintering ' caves from the otways , to warrnambool and portland .
the southern bent - wing bat roosts underground , predominantly in caves and mines , however , coastal cliff rock crevices , tunnels and road culverts are also used in some areas ( churchill 2008 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . the species is likely to be dependent upon the only two known maternity caves ( naracoorte bat cave and starlight cave ) for its survival ( duncan et al . 1999 ) .
threatened species scientific committee ( 2001ac ) . non - current commonwealth listing advice on miniopterus schreibersii ( southern form ) , southern bent - wing bat . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 06 - aug - 2001 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 18 - dec - 2007 .
dwyer , p . & e . hamilton - smith ( 1965 ) . breeding caves and maternity colonies of the bent - winged bat in south - eastern australia . helictite . 4 : 3 - 21 .
prepare management plans for significant bat roosts especially all known maternity colonies and winter colonies .
the total population of the southern bent - wing bat has been estimated at 40 870 ( tssc 2007t ) . the population has declined by 67 % since the mid 1990s , when the subspecies was estimated to be 134 500 , consisting of 122 500 from naracoorte bat cave and 12 000 from starlight cave ( reardon 2001 ) . in 1925 , the subspecies was described as ' by no means uncommon ' ( wood jones 1925 ) .
normally harmless , but it is best to avoid handling any bat because they may carry the potentially fatal australian bat lissavirus ( ablv ) , which is transmitted through scratches or bites .
gould ' s long - eared bat in nest box ( photo : l . hogan )
it is possible to have the bat tested for abl . the department / qpws and queensland health will assist with the collection of the bat . if bat saliva gets into your eyes , nose , or mouth or into an open wound , flush thoroughly with water and seek medical advice immediately .
species , such as gould ' s wattled bat have been found to forage up to 15km away from their roost site , and the diadem leafnosed - bat will spend 1½ - 7½ hours foraging each night .
the naracoorte bat cave occurs within naracoorte caves national park which has world heritage status ( tssc 2007t ) .
loss of either one or both maternity roosts , or significant disturbance at critical times , could be catastrophic for the entire population of southern bent - wing bats . disturbance at maternity caves is considered a major threat because it could cause cave abandonment or impact on the breeding success of the population ( tssc 2007t ; duncan et al . 1999 ) .
continue education programs for cave visitors to inform them of bat conservation issues , particularly the effect of cave disturbance .
since 2000 , naracoorte bat cave fly outs have been filmed regularly with a 2008 / 9 population estimate of 20 000 ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . the population in 1963 / 64 was 75 000–150 000 and remained stable until the mid 1990s ( reardon 2001 ) . in the late 1990s , literature on the naracoorte caves reserve claimed that the southern bent - wing bat population using the cave exceeded 400 000 ( bourne 2009 pers . comm . cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) , although naracoorte caves reserve staff agree that this figure is an over exaggeration ( gray 2001 ) .
the speed a bat flies is determined by the shape of their wings , what they eat , and where they find their prey . the common bentwing - bat flies at a speed of up to 50km / h , similar to the speed of a car driving in city streets . other bats have a slow , fluttery flight , and can almost hover .
fast
bats usually feed high above the canopy where there ' s not much to bump into , whilst slower , more manoeuvrable species are found in cluttered environments , such as in rainforest .
if the bat shows signs of paralysis , or has come into contact with a dog or a cat , contact the nearest department of employment , economic development and innovation office as they may wish to inspect the bat . if the bat is dead , use a shovel and / or tongs to remove it and then burn or bury it . do not touch the bat without wearing gloves . if burying it , ensure that the hole is deep enough so that a dog could not dig it up .
most of the population migrates to a limited number of large maternity roost sites in september to october and remain there over the spring and summer . a single young is born between october and january , the timing varying across subspecies / species . females reach sexual maturity the year after they are born and may live for more than 22 years . predators include owls , rats , cats and foxes . the southern bent - wing bat is classed as critically endangered . subspecies are currently being reviewed and could possibly become full species .
if it relates to c3 bats ( a bat that has bitten or scratched a person , or the person has had exposure to the bat’s saliva or neural tissue through their mucous membranes , e . g . eye , skin ) , contact the department .
the southern bent - wing bat ' s extent of occurrence and area of occupancy have diminished since european settlement , with the number of breeding colonies declining from five documented breeding sites ( and possibly more ) to two breeding caves . likely factors contributing to the decline include clearance of native bush including open woodlands in south - east south australia , and human disturbance . no recolonisation of previous breeding caves has occurred despite the considerable period since abandonment , highlighting the potential precariousness of the last two remaining breeding caves ( tssc 2007t ) .
restrict caving activities at significant roosts during important stages of the annual bat life cycle ( eg winter hibernation , summer maternity season ) .
hamilton - smith e . 1972 . the bat population of the naracoorte caves area . australian speleological federation biennial conference proceedings 8 , 66–75 .
the discovery of insecticides in bat guano in naracoorte bat cave , as well as ddt and its metabolites in the bats themselves , suggest that declines may be linked to pollutants . this accumulation may be the result of ingestion of insects exposed to insecticides ( racey & entwistle 2003 ; swifft 2007 ) .
restrict access where possible to known maternity sites . ( e . g . : signs ; bat - friendly , preferably external gates at caves ) .
establish a gating design for disused mines across species range that will not adversely impact species . consultation with cave bat specialist prior to any gating operations .
echolocation is a technique used by bats to ‘see’ their environment through sound . the bats create a pulse of high - pitched sounds , which are normally at frequencies beyond the range of human hearing . the sound waves are created in the bat ' s voice box , and are emitted from the mouth or the nostrils . the echo that comes back to the bat can tell it how far away the object is , as well as it ' s size and texture , and if it ' s moving ! in this way they are able to sense their environment , avoid flying into objects , and find their prey . using an ' ultrasonic bat detector ' can help to identify the bat as well as tell us whether the bat is navigating or feeding .
simpson k . g . and smith g . t . 1964 . bat mandible from mt . widderin cave , skipton . victorian naturalist 81 , 78–79 .
mount etna in the capricorn coast is home to 80 % of australia’s breeding population of female bent - wing bats . living in one single limestone cave , over 110 , 000 of these mummies utilise the space for birthing and rearing their young . you can experience an amazing animal encounter when at dusk , every adult inhabitant heads out of the cave to hunt insects . to find out more info about tour dates to watch this evening show of the bats feeding , head to : urltoken
micro bats rely on echolocation to find insects while flying quickly through the air . they do this with startling efficiency . under controlled conditions a myotis bat ( a small insectivorous bat that lives near waterways ) has been recorded capturing 1200 tiny fruit flies in one hour , one every three seconds , while navigating in the air .
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the australian handbook for the conservation of bats in mines and artificial cave - bat habitats ( thomson 2002 ) provides management guidelines for cave - dwelling species that may inhabit disused mine sites .
reardon , t . b . ( 2001 ) . population size estimates and conservation of the southern bentwing bat ( miniopterus bassanii ) in south australia . report to wildlife conservation fund committee .
simpson , k . g . & g . t . smith ( 1964 ) . bat mandible from mt . widderin cave , skipton . victorian naturalist . 81 : 78 - 79 .
a medium - sized insectivorous bat with a high domed forehead , short muzzle , small rounded ears and long narrow wings . the fur is dark brown or red - brown on the back , becoming lighter underneath . the terminal segment of the third finger is at least three times longer than the previous one and folds under the wing . three subspecies are broadly similar in appearance , but vary in colouration and size ; they are smallest in the north and largest in the south .
thomson , b . ( 2002 ) . australian handbook for the conservation of bats in mines and artificial cave - bat habitats . melbourne : australian centre for mining environmental research . available from : urltoken .
management of disused mines may provide suitable habitat for bats and can play a role in expanding or substituting roosting habitat . assessment of disused mines for bat presence and gauging levels of human interference are necessary steps in determining effective protection measures . a comprehensive publication by the australian centre for mining environmental research ( thompson 2002 ) provides guidelines on how to identify and protect bat conservation values in disused mines ( swifft 2007 ) .
reinhold , l . , t . reardon & m . lara ( 2000 ) . molecular and morphometrical systematics of the australo - papuan miniopterus ( chiroptera : vespertilionidae ) . in : spoken paper 9th australasian bat conference .
micro bats do make some sounds that humans can hear , but these are usually social chatter , alarm calls and communications between mothers and their young at the roost . there are a couple of species that have echolocation calls that people with sharp ears can hear ; these are the yellow - bellied sheathtail bat and the white - striped freetail bat . their calls are a regular a metallic - sounding tick… . tick… . tick… . tick… .
on the return of southern bent - wing bats to their roosting caves , they cluster within the cave with suitable microclimates . during this time they carry out grooming and rest by lowering their body temperature to the ambient temperature and go into a torpor state for a period of hours ( speakman & thomas 2003 ) . in autumn , they have been observed resting 62 % of the time , grooming 16 % and actively moving 22 % . microclimate and position in caves seem to affect behaviour of bats at roost . activity in autumn is bimodal with bats leaving caves at sunset to feed , returning at midnight and leaving again to forage just before dawn ( codd et al . 2003 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .
cardinal , b . r . & l . christidis ( 2000 ) . mitochondrial dna and morphology reveal three geographically distinct lineage of the large bentwing bat ( miniopterus schreibersii ) in australia . australian journal of zoology . 48 : 1 - 19 .
around late august , the bats commence their annual migration to one of two maternity caves , bat cave at naracoorte in south australia , and starlight cave at warrnambool , victoria . almost the entire population , including males and females , will make the journey from overwintering caves to the two maternity sites , stopping at transition caves along the way . by october , the migration is complete . the majority of the bats ( 70 % to 90 % depending on the year ) will go to bat cave ( tssc 2007t ) .
racey , p . a . & a . c . entwistle ( 2003 ) . conservation ecology . kunz , t . h . & m . b . fenton , eds . bat ecology . 680 - 743 . the university of chicago press , chicago and london .
beach ball what you can write back to me in your own words of reply is how these winged mouses of nature evolved from the giant flying bird like reptiles pterodactyls . also you can add in response why they have smaller eyes like mouse than their brothers the ghost bat .
in the first week of january 2000 , a mark - recapture study was conducted over three nights at naracoorte bat cave ( reardon 2001 ) . the lincoln index method was used to estimate the total population , although this method has large potential error that can result in overestimation .
speakman , j . r . & d . w . thomas ( 2003 ) . physiological ecology and energetics of bats . kunz , t . h . & m . b . fenton , eds . bat ecology . page ( s ) 430 - 489 . the university of chicago press , chicago and london .
kunz , t . h . & l . f . lumsden ( 2003 ) . ecology of cavity and folage roosting bats . kunz , t . h . & m . b . fenton , eds . bat ecology . page ( s ) 3 - 89 . the university of chicago press , chicago and london .
habitat loss and the disturbance of roost sites are the biggest reason for declining numbers in micro bats . habitat loss , through the clearing of vegetation , inappropriate fire regimes and the invasion of weeds destroys feeding and roosting habitats . some bats form large colonies , and disturbances at roost sites caused by the effects of tourism , mining activities , recreational caving and land clearing can have disastrous impacts on these colonies . this problem is more pronounced in bat species that have specialised requirements for maternity colonies ( where females gather to give birth ) . other bat populations have been affected when mines have been closed or collapsed , blocking access to the bats .
in the summer of 2001 , the total exit flight at naracoorte bat cave on two nights was video taped . these tapes were replayed at slow speed and the number of bats leaving the cave were counted . the cave was checked after the flight to ensure that all or most of the bats had left the cave ( reardon 2001 ) .
it forages in a variety of open and semi - open natural and artificial habitats , including suburban areas . it feeds mainly on moths , and occasionally on flies and spiders . it is a colonial species that roosts almost exclusively in caves and mines , often in large mixed colonies with other cave - dwelling bat species . large and warm caves are preferred . solitary animals and small groups may sometimes occupy other types of shelter . in winter it hibernates in underground sites ( usually large caves with a constant microclimate ) . schreiber ' s bat is a migrant species which changes its roosts frequently , long - distance movements occur occasionally ( longest recorded distance 833 km : hutterer et al . 2005 ) .
if you find a sick , injured or orphaned insectivorous bat , do not touch it . contact your local wildlife care organisation or the rspca qld . they will put you in contact with a licensed and fully vaccinated wildlife rescuer who is trained to handle and care for wildlife . in north queensland you will need to contact the local office of the department or the queensland parks and wildlife service .
foraging areas include forested areas , volcanic plains , wetlands , coastal vegetation ( including beaches ) and urban areas . primary habitat is predominantly woodlands near large natural wetlands , river basins and agricultural areas ( churchhill 1998 ) . the bat is likely to be associated with several epbc - listed ecological communities , including the seasonal herbaceous wetlands ( freshwater ) of the temperate lowland plains , which is listed as critically endangered under the epbc act ( dsewpac 2012t ) .
births occur from late october to late november at bat cave and in early december at starlight cave . after four to five weeks , the young are fully furred and able to fly . from birth to this stage , the young are vulnerable - a fall from the ceiling means almost certain death . the young are fully weaned by their third month , and , together with the adults , begin their dispersal to the overwintering sites ( tssc 2007t ) .
disturbance and loss of underground habitats and pesticide use may threaten this species . in the caucasus , disturbance caused by tourism in caves is a problem ( k . tsytsulina pers . comm . 2005 ) . the cause of recent mass mortality events is unknown . a meeting was held at the 9th european bat conference to discuss these incidents . veterinary investigations in spain did not identify any disease as the cause of the die offs , and there is increasing belief that the die offs are caused by bad weather in late winter / early spring .
each cave has structural characteristics which allow heat and humidity to build up so that conditions are suitable for the nursing of young bats ( dwyer & hamilton - smith 1966 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . naracoorte bat cave is a large dome with high relative humidity ( 80 % ) and temperatures of around 30 °c ; which is 10 °c above temperatures in the remainder of the cave ( baudinette et al . 1994 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . heat production of the bats seems to be the prime factor affecting the microclimate necessary for breeding ( baudinette et al . 1994 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .
most insectivorous bats concentrate on catching and eating their prey in the air , while flying . they may remain airborne for hours at a time . to catch insects that are not flying , some bats will use a special technique called ' gleaning ' to pluck insects off leaves , branches or the ground . to ‘glean’ insects , the bats fly slowly , using echolocation to identify insects on leaves , branches or the ground . some may even perch on branches or on the ground and listen ( without echolocating ) for the sounds of moving insects before attacking . the golden - tipped bat can even pluck spiders straight from their webs !
bats are the only group of mammals that are specifically adapted for flight . there are two types of bats : the micro bats and the mega bats . the micro bats ( also known as insectivorous bats ) , are small to medium - sized bats , weighing from 3g to 150g , and with wingspans of around 25cm . the mega bats ( also known as fruit bats ) weigh up to a kilogram and some have wingspans over one metre . these two groups of mammals are thought to have evolved separately and are regarded as two distinct groups . the micro bats mostly eat insects , while one australian species ( the ghost bat ) is also known to eat frogs , birds , lizards and other mammals - even other small bats .
in south australia , the range and abundance does not appear to have changed in the southern part of its range . however , there have been no records in the last 30 years of the species from north of the naracoorte region . the number of bats currently using the naracoorte bat cave ( 100 , 000–200 , 000 in december ) is similar to estimates from the 1960s . this colony is protected by reservation and managed by the south australian national parks and wildlife service . this reservation has been put in place to manage cave visitation , without which the maternity site would be at risk . other wintering and staging caves have come under increasing pressure through recreational caving activities but there is no evidence yet that such activity has resulted in any adverse effects on the bats .
in africa there are no known threats to the species . in europe , the disturbance and loss of underground habitats and pesticide use may threaten this species . in the caucasus , disturbance caused by tourism in caves is a problem ( k . tsytsulina pers . comm . 2005 ) . the cause of recent mass mortality events is unknown . in 2002 mass mortalities of this species were reported for populations in france , spain and portugal . there are also historical records for such mortalities in italy , australia and a possible incidence in iran . a meeting was held at the 9th european bat conference to discuss these incidents . veterinary investigations in spain did not identify any disease as the cause of the die offs , and there is increasing belief that the die offs are caused by bad weather in late winter / early spring .
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the database is designed to provide information about species and ecological communities listed under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .
it provides information on what the species looks like , its population and distribution , habitat , movements , feeding , reproduction and taxonomic comments . the information has been compiled by summarising information from a range of sources and contributors . at this stage profiles are not available for all species and ecological communities , but will be regularly added to the database .
if you have relevant information to add to the database or believe information is incorrect or out - of - date please send us an email .
scientific : enter start of genus or genus and species e . g . ba go for banksia goodii .
wildcard : enter one part of any word in the community name , e . g . grass ( wildcard characters not required ) .
community : enter the starting phrase of up to three words in the community name e . g . euc grass for various eucalyptus grasslands .
all : show all threatened communities ( ignore data typed into the search box ) .
dark brown or red - brown on the back , lighter underneath , high domed forehead , short muzzle , small rounded ears and long narrow wings .
rainforest , sclerophyll forest , woodlands , monsoon forest , open grasslands , mangroves and paperbark forest .
nocturnal and fast flying , preferring to roost in caves , rock crevices , overhangs , road culverts , old mines , bridges and other man - made structures . they feed on moths , beetles and other flying insects . in tropical areas they are active all year , but in the south they enter periods of torpor or hibernation during the colder months .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
hutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & temple , h . ( global mammal assessment team )
justification : listed as near threatened . significant population declines and range contractions have been recorded in a number of range states and although it is stable in the balkans and turkey , overall the rate of population decline may approach 30 % ( almost qualifies as vu under a2a ) .
occurs from south - western europe and north and west africa through anatolia and the middle east to the caucasus . in africa it is known from records in north africa ( morocco , algeria , tunisia , libya ) , and west africa ( guinea , sierra leone , liberia , nigeria , cameroon ) . it is patchily distributed over its range in some huge and vulnerable colonies . it typically occurs at altitudes of up to 1 , 400 m asl ( commuting up to 2 , 600 m asl ) .
afghanistan ; albania ; algeria ; armenia ; azerbaijan ; bosnia and herzegovina ; bulgaria ; cameroon ; croatia ; cyprus ; france ( corsica ) ; georgia ; gibraltar ; greece ( east aegean is . , kriti ) ; guinea ; holy see ( vatican city state ) ; hungary ; israel ; italy ( sardegna , sicilia ) ; jordan ; lebanon ; liberia ; macedonia , the former yugoslav republic of ; malta ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; nigeria ; palestinian territory , occupied ; portugal ; romania ; russian federation ; san marino ; serbia ; sierra leone ; slovakia ; slovenia ; spain ( baleares ) ; switzerland ; syrian arab republic ; tunisia ; turkey
in europe , it is protected by national legislation in most range states . there are also international legal obligations for its protection through the bonn convention ( eurobats ) and bern convention in parts of the range where these apply . it is included in annex ii ( and iv ) of the eu habitats and species directive , and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of special areas for conservation . there is some habitat protection through natura 2000 , and some roosts are already protected by national legislation . there have been a number of life - funded projects for this species in spain , italy , romania and germany . the species is found in many protected areas throughout its range . care is required when fencing caves to minimise mortality . further research is required into the causes of the recent mass mortality events .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2007 ) .
. canberra : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :
recovery plan required , a number of key ongoing threats and the low level of formal protection currently afforded , particularly to the maternity caves , can be better managed with a recovery plan in place ( 05 / 05 / 2008 ) .
survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened bats . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 1
( department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) , 2010 ) [ admin guideline ] .
quantifying extinction risk and forecasting the number of impending australian bird and mammal extinctions . pacific conservation biology . ( geyle h . m . , j . c . z . woinarski , g . b . baker , c . r . dickman , g . dutson , d . o . fisher , h . ford , m . holdsworth , m . e . jones , a . kutt , s . legge , i . leiper , r . loyn , b . p . murphy , p . menkhorst , a . e . reside , e . g . ritchie , f . e . roberts , r . tingley & s . t . garnett , 2018 ) .
sensu churchill , s . ( 2008 ) . australian bats . , 2nd edn . ( allen and unwin : sydney . )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
victoria : at the species level , miniopterus schreibersii is listed as threatened under the flora and fauna guarantee act 1988 .
, using allozyme data as well as dna sequencing and morphology , suggests that the subspecies recognised in cardinal and christidis ( 2000 ) should be recognised as a full species .
m . s . bassanii , which occurs in south - east south australia and western victoria .
m . s . orianae , which occurs in northern western australia and northern territory .
m . s . oceanensis , which occurs along the east coast from cape york to southern victoria .
in pomborneit and lorne , victoria , m . s . bassanii and m . s . oceanensis occur as one group and roost together in caves ( appleton n . d . pers . comm . cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .
the starlight cave population is estimated at 10 000–15 000 in 2004 ( grant & reardon 2004 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) and 12 000 in 2001 ( grant 2001 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . in 1963 / 64 , the population was estimated at 100 000–200 000 ( dwyer & hamilton - smith 1965 ) . all estimates include juveniles ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .
maternity roosts at mt widderin and robertson cave have disappeared due to guano mining in the 1800s while thunder point blowhole has ceased as a maternity roost since its collapse ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .
habitat preference is associated with the availability of foraging areas and proximity to suitable roosting caves .
dispersal from maternal caves is probably related to a decrease in prey availability , although some bats remain in maternal caves ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . overwintering caves are cool , facilitating entry into torpor and reducing the bats ' net energy expenditure ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .
known foraging sites include : deadmans swamp ( eucalypt scrubland and swamp ) ; east , south and north - east of russet ridge ( sparse red gum over pasture and remnant scrub ) ; kay swamp ( ephemeral swamp ) ; kay park ; wirreebilla / durr swamp ; stoney point ; and prospect pines ( grant 2004 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .
distances travelled from roosting caves are often less than several kilometres for small microchiropterans and are dependent upon reproductive condition , for instance lactating females travel shorter distances than pregnant females or non - breeding females . where roost sites are located in sub - optimal foraging habitat , the distances travelled may increase by up to 30 km . pregnant females undertake much longer journeys when they fly to maternity caves for giving birth ( kunz & lumsden 2003 ; swifft 2007 ) .
flight is usually fast , typically in open spaces ( dwyer 1969 ) . where there are trees , the species flies just above the canopy to many times the height of the canopy . however , in open country , flight may be 6 m above the ground ( churchill 2008 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .
includes loss of wetlands ( including over - exploitation of groundwater ) , degradation of rivers , loss of foraging habitat ( including clearing of linear elements ) and agriculture intensification ( tssc 2007t ; kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . ninety percent of native vegetation in the subspecies ' range has been cleared ( tssc 2007t ) . revegetation programs to provide feeding habitat and corridors could mitigate the decline ( tssc 2007t ) .
extended low rainfall and impacts on prey availability may cause impacts ( tssc 2007t ) .
during a state of torpor , and particularly over winter when the bats are in a deep hibernation , human disturbance in the form of noise , lights and handling can cause a rise in body temperature and metabolism of body fat , which may reduce survival rates over the period ( swifft 2007 ) . during summer , tourists may enter caves causing bats to flee caves in daylight . repeated disturbance can result in abandonment of the cave . some areas along the coast have been rendered unsuitable , sometimes forcing bats to use smaller caves that are in marginal habitat ( lumsden 1998 ; swifft 2007 ) . cave abandonment most likely causes mortality ( rather than dispersal to other caves ) ( swifft 2007 ) .
wind turbines located near roosting caves ( particularly near a maternity cave ) can kill significant numbers of bats , particularly if the caves attract bats from around the region and there is frequent flying to and from the maternity cave . a full assessment of potential impacts on bats should be part of any development proposal , which includes assessment of flight paths between the maternity cave and roost sites , between maternity cave and feeding sites , and between roost sites and feeding areas ( swifft 2007 ) .
the action plan for australian bats recommends the following recovery actions ( duncan et al . 1999 ) :
repair the collapse of thunder point blowhole and encourage its management by parks victoria .
develop methods for population monitoring at the maternity sites . methods should be non - intrusive and provide annual estimates with defined levels of precision and accuracy . when methods are developed , monitor numbers at the two currently used maternity sites , and undertake regular assessments at thunder point blowhole to monitor any recolonisation of this site subsequent to restoration .
continue education programs for cave visitors about conservation issues , particularly the effect of cave disturbance .
complete genetic studies to determine the eastern limits of the distribution of this subspecies .
churchill , s . k . ( 1998 ) . australian bats . sydney : reed new holland .
department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) ( 2012t ) . seasonal herbaceous wetlands ( freshwater ) of the temperate lowland plains . species profile and threats database . available from : urltoken .
department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) ( 2010m ) . survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened bats . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 1 . canberra : dewha . available from : urltoken .
duncan , a . , g . b . baker & n . montgomery ( 1999 ) . the action plan for australian bats . canberra : environment australia . available from : urltoken .
dwyer , p . d . ( 1969 ) . population ranges of miniopterus schreibersii ( chiroptera ) in south - eastern australia . australian journal of zoology . 17 : 665 - 686 .
hall , l . s . & d . p . woodside ( 1989 ) . vespertilionidae . walton , d . w . & b . j . richardson , eds . fauna of australia . mammalia . 1b : 871 - 886 . canberra : australian government publishing service .
hamilton - smith , e . ( 1968 ) . the insect fauna of mt . widderin cave , skipton , victoria . victorian naturalist . 85 : 294 - 6 .
victoria department of sustainability and environment ( vic . dse ) ( 2005a ) . advisory list of rare or threatened plants in victoria - 2005 . east melbourne , victoria : department of sustainability and environment . available from : urltoken .
wood jones , f . ( 1925 ) . the mammals of south australia , part iii . page ( s ) 271 - 458 . adelaide , government printer .
australian biological resources study , ed . ( 2013 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .
australian government ( 2015b ) . targeted threatened species projects . available from : urltoken .
commonwealth of australia ( 2001g ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 14 / 07 / 2001 ) . f2005b02661 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 06 - aug - 2001 .
commonwealth of australia ( 2007a ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 57 ) ( 07 / 12 / 2007 ) . f2007l04838 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 19 - dec - 2007 .
commonwealth of australia ( 2007f ) . amendment to the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 11 / 04 / 2007 ) . f2007l01219 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 04 - may - 2007 .
geyle h . m . , j . c . z . woinarski , g . b . baker , c . r . dickman , g . dutson , d . o . fisher , h . ford , m . holdsworth , m . e . jones , a . kutt , s . legge , i . leiper , r . loyn , b . p . murphy , p . menkhorst , a . e . reside , e . g . ritchie , f . e . roberts , r . tingley & s . t . garnett ( 2018 ) . quantifying extinction risk and forecasting the number of impending australian bird and mammal extinctions . pacific conservation biology . urltoken
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . miniopterus orianae bassanii in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 04 : 53 : 15 + 1000 .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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it has the longest wingspan of the vespertilionidae family , measuring almost 2 . 5 . times its head / body length .
there are thought to be just under 41 , 000 bats left , after a population decline of 67 per cent since the 1990s . in the 1960s , the population was around 100 , 000 - 200 , 000 .
in the winter months when temperatures drop to just above freezing , the bats go into hibernation in the coolest part of caves .
the bats are insectivorous and use echolocation to find prey at night . they can often catch the prey with their mouths , but they also net prey with their wings or tail and feed themselves mid - flight . they consume more than half their own body weight in insects each night .
two papers by two different teams published in 2004 split the species in three ( appleton et al . 2004 , tian et al . 2004 ) ; only one of these taxa is present in the western palaeartic .
justification : european and eu 25 : classed as near threatened . significant population declines and range contractions have been recorded in a number of range states ; overall the rate of population decline is likely to approach 30 % .
a southern palaearctic species ; patchily distributed over its range in some huge and vulnerable colonies . it typically occurs at altitudes of up to 1 , 400m ( commuting up to 2 , 600m ) .
it is protected by national legislation in most range states . there are also international legal obligations for its protection through the bonn convention ( eurobats ) and bern convention . it is included in annex ii ( and iv ) of the eu habitats and species directive , and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of special areas for conservation . there is some habitat protection through natura 2000 , and some roosts are already protected by national legislation . there have been a number of life - funded projects for this species in spain , italy , romania and germany .
if the list is long , use the scroll bars to view the complete list .
length of genome ( wu et al . , 2012 , kemenesi et al . , 2015 ) : c . 8 , 457 nt ( 5 ' - utr : 1 , 407 nt ; orf : 6 , 846 nt ; 3 ' - utr : 204 nt ) . 5 ' utr is exceptionally long . the location of the cre has not been identified .
the deduced polyprotein has a length of 2 , 282 aa . there is likely a l protein . 2a is a short fmdv type a - like polypeptide with npg¯p motif .
the divergence ( number of differences per site between sequences ) of known mischivirus species ranges from 0 . 27 - 0 . 57 for p1 and 0 . 2 - 0 . 45 for 3cd .
virus names , the choice of exemplar isolates , and virus abbreviations , are not official ictv designations . download genbank / embl query for sequences listed in the table here .