the red-flanked bluetail ( tarsiger cyanurus ) , also known as the orange-flanked bush-robin , is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family turdidae , but is now more generally considered to be an old world flycatcher , muscicapidae .

it , and related species , are often called chats .

red - flanked bluetail

red - flanked bluetail , san clemente island , ca , 6 december 2011 . photograph by justyn stahl .
we generally substitute cameras for guns . for which small mercy we are all truly thankful . especially the red - flanked bluetail .
red - flanked bluetail “digi - binned” by jethro runco . note the buffy tipped greater coverts , indicating a first - winter bird .
is remarkably stable in taxonomic terms . in hong kong we know this species as the red - flanked bluetail . if you search in
when i read the conclusion of dresser’s chapter about the red - flanked bluetail . he notes that some authors divide the species into two forms ,
the red - flanked bluetail was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family turdidae , but is now more generally considered to be an old world flycatcher , muscicapidae .
red - flanked bluetail . tresta , 8th ocotober 2010 . dan brown . i got a very similar view as i flushed the bird by pis ( h ) sing .
suggests much more ambiguity around the bluetail ' s placement , vide : “orange - flanked bush - robin , tarsiger cyanurus ( synonyms , luscinia cyanura , nemura cyanura and ianthia cyanura ; protonym , motacilla cyanurus ) , pallas , 1773 , also known as the red - flanked bluetail or sometimes as the white - breasted blue wood - chat… . ”
the orange - flanked bush - robin is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
scored at halligarth everyone heard and got good if brief typically views of the dusky warbler plus 2 yellow - broweds and several swallows over . while otter searching , news broke of red - flanked bluetail on south mainland .
the red - flanked bluetail has a large range , estimated globally at 1 , 000 , 000 to 10 , 000 , 000 square kilometers . native to the asia but having migrated to much of europe , this bird prefers boreal , temperate , subtropical , or tropical forest ecosystems . the global population of this bird is estimated at 20 , 000 to 41 , 000 individuals in europe alone and does not show signs of decline that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list . for this reason , the current evaluation status of the red - flanked bluetail is least concern .
for another species that has occurred on occasion in north america , mostly in alaska , the genus has been changed : the red - flanked bluetail is now in luscinia rather than tarsiger . the luscinia genus is also that of the bluethroat and the siberian rubythroat .
red - flanked bluetail is traditionally an autumn vagrant in britain , this is the first record of a wintering bird . the earliest spring records both occurred on march 31st in 2007 at easington , east yorkshire and 2012 on lewis , western isles . april has hosted just three records and may just the one .
the orange - flanked bush - robin is not currently known to be facing any threats .
of this species dates back to october and november 1993 . i had recently taken up birding as a more serious interest . i remember that a red - flanked bluetail was found in dorset , england , at a place called winspit . the excitement was immense . this was the 13th british record at the time .
it is captioned as orange - flanked bush - robin . our vernacular is given second and then red - flanked bush - robin , blue - tailed robin , bluestart , and siberian bluestart . the advantage of a universal scientific name is thus demonstrated . my ( sadly out of date 5th edition ) copy of clements’
there are no known specific conservation measures currently in place for the orange - flanked bush - robin .
since 1993 , when the first twitchable mainland bird was found in dorset , there have been dozens of records , 2010 alone hosted up to 32 birds ! despite this red - flanked bluetail is still a species which for most birders still causes the heart to skip a beat every time one is found and for any dedicated patch worker a dream find .
little story : having been directed stu piner and finder dan brown i went on the other side of walled garden away from the rest of the group as we awaited the appearance of the tresta ( mainland not fetlar ) bluetail . needed a wee . my mid - stream urinating activity flushed the red - flanked bluetail from the wall’s base . right in front of me ! so i watched as it sat on branch only c 10 feet away - no bins needed - nor easily used ! result : my best ‘pish’ ever .
short time later bird is hidden again and i hear an odd call . kind of like a certain call of chiffchaff but wrong ; an odd warbler ? i went through a mental warbler list but couldn’t attach the sound to a species . then it called again – with almost chat like – stonechat like quality as well . i realised - it must be the bluetail calling . excellent ! for me better than brief views of the bird . seen red - flanked bluetail before but never heard the call . a new call tick !
red - flanked bluetail : breeds in mixed coniferous forests in asia , europe , from finland across siberia to kamchatka and japan . winters in asia , in the indian subcontinent , the himalayas , taiwan , and indochina . breeding range expanding through finland ; rare but increasing vagrant to europe , mainly to great britain . been a few records in westernmost north america , mostly in western alaska .
the orange - flanked bush - robin migrates south for winter , to southern china and southeast asia ( 5 ) .
morimoto , g . , yamaguchi , n . and ueda , k . ( 2005 ) plumage color as a status signal in male - male interaction in the red - flanked bushrobin , tarsiger cyanurus . journal of ethology , 24 : 261 - 266 .
satio , d . s . , morimoto , g . , fukunaga , a . and ueda , k . ( 2006 ) isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in red - flanked bushrobin , tarsinger cyanurus ( aves : turdidae ) . molecular ecology notes , 6 : 425 - 427 .
throughout its large range , the orange - flanked bush - robin occupies coniferous and birch forests ( 4 ) with dense undergrowth ( 2 ) .
this represents just the second lower - 48 record for red - flanked bluetail ( aba code 4 ) . the only other previous record was of a bird banded on southeast farallon island on 1 november 1989 ( which has not been entered into ebird ! ) . this is the third old world species recorded on san clemente island , following a bluethroat ( 14–18 september 2008 ) , and a stonechat ( 20–21 october 1995 ) . it’s been an amazing fall . who knows what will be next !
has also caught wind of the taxonomic discord among birders . under the headline
mystery bird : orange - flanked bush - robin , tarsiger cyanurus ,
red - flanked bluetail at wern ddu caerphilly . park in coed parc - y - van car park on the caerphilly to rudry rd . walk back 50 yds towards caerphilly and you will see a lane on the left . follow this lane over the railway bridge and then right to the warren . turn left here and follow the lane towards cardiff for about 200 yds . there is a notice board on the right and a bridle path on the left . take the bridle path and the bird was either side of this path but highly mobile .
wang , y . , chang , j . , moore , f . r . , su , l . , cui , l . and yang , x . ( 2006 ) stopover ecology of red - flanked bush robin ( tarsiger cyanurus ) at maoershan , northeast china . acta ecologica sinica , 26 ( 3 ) : 638 - 646 .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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title =
arkive species - orange - flanked bush - robin ( tarsiger cyanurus )
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arkive species - orange - flanked bush - robin ( tarsiger cyanurus )
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is
not globally threatened ,
according to the red list of the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . in hong kong it is a common winter visitor and passage migrant .
members of the muscicapidae often show different shades of brown , chestnut , gray , white , and black in their plumage . some species also have patches of red and several have plumages that are predominantly blue .
still to be called
tanagers
, the birds in the genus piranga , that are making the move to the cardinal family , cardinalidae include the scarlet , summer , western , hepatic , tooth - billed ( of southern central america ) , red ( of south america ) , flame - colored , rose - throated , white - winged , red - headed , and red - hooded . others that made the move to cardinalidae are the ant - tanagers , in the genus habia , and those tanagers in the genus chlorothraupis ( the carimol ' s , olive , lemon - spectacled , and ochre - breasted ) . moving from cardinalidae are the saltators , in the genus saltator , to a
place unknown
.
ok , the editors here at crow ' s cottage are biased in andrew ' s favor , but these images are special ! if you study the gallery for a while , you ' ll find our bluetail amongst the flickr flock of beautiful birds . you ' ll also see world - class photographs of dragonflies , amphibians , insects , moths , dogs , and members of the human family .
less than sparrow . old male of red - flanked bluetail is determined unmistakably by the grey - blue upperparts , especially bright on lesser wing coverts and upper tail coverts ; the flanks are rusty . differs from the siberian blue robin by the rusty flanks . the autumn plumage is same color but the blue on the head and back is marked by olive - grey edges on feathers . in 2nd year male the coloration as in female : the tail is bluish , the rest of the upperparts are olive - gray , the flanks are rusty , narrow eye - ring is white , throat and belly are whitish , the breast is with unclear dark band . some of the males has female - like color all their lives ( grey - olive morph ) . juveniles are like the juvenile bluethroat or robins , olive - brown pale mottled ; but they are well distinguishable by the blue tail . weight 12 - 18 gr , length about 12 - 15 , wing 7 . 0 - 8 . 4 , wingspan 21 - 24 cm .
statement that “the one thing that appears consistent is that the orange - flanked bush - robin has never been placed into erithacus” since it is clearly placed there by ali . the moral of this story is do your own research . just because it is on the internet does not necessarily make it true !
the diet of the orange - flanked bush - robin comprises primarily insects , such as beetles , caterpillars , ants and wasps , which it forages for in the undergrowth or may snatch from the air in flight . it will also eat other invertebrates , such as spiders ( 2 ) , and feeds on fruits and seeds during the non - breeding season ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .
the orange - flanked bush - robin has an extremely wide distribution , occurring predominantly in asia . t . c . cyanurus is found from finland and north - west russia , across siberia , to china and japan ( 2 ) , while t . c . rufilatus is found throughout the himalayas ( 2 ) at 2 , 400 to 4 , 600 metres above sea level ( 4 ) .
the international union for conservation of nature assesses the conservation status of species , subspecies , and varieties of living things on a global scale to highlight taxa threatened with extinction . the red list of threatened species™ evaluates plants and animals according to seven categories : least concern , near threatened , vulnerable , endangered , critically endangered , extinct in the wild , and extinct . our pretty little bluebird , tarsiger cyanurus , holds the status of least concern and is considered stable .
during the breeding season , the male orange - flanked bush - robin arrives at the breeding grounds first ( 6 ) , and starts defending a territory of roughly fifty metres in radius , mainly through song ( 7 ) . with the arrival of the females soon after , breeding pairs will form , each occupying a single territory . however , the females may also mate with other males as well as their ‘partner’ ( 6 ) .
collar , n . , de juana , e . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . orange - flanked bush - robin ( tarsiger cyanurus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
this species has a large range , with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 1 , 000 , 000 - 10 , 000 , 000 km² . it has a large global population , including an estimated 20 , 000 - 41 , 000 individuals in europe ( birdlife international in prep . ) . global population trends have not been quantified , but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list ( i . e . declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) . for these reasons , the species is evaluated as least concern . [ conservation status from urltoken ]
unlike many birds , the orange - flanked bush - robin nests on the ground rather than in trees . the female constructs a cup - shaped nest from twigs and moss , lined with feathers and grass , which is placed among roots or in a cavity in a tree stump or rotten log ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . three to seven eggs are laid , which are white and may have a few reddish speckles . the female incubates the eggs for 15 days , and the fledglings will spend a further 15 days in the nest after they have hatched ( 2 ) .
after what seemed like an eternity , i finally laid hands on my camera–a small point - and - shoot type , but that’s all i got ! i figured we’d better get pictures or no one would believe us ( and we needed them to help id the thing ) ! we took off and quickly refound the bird foraging along the canyon wall , completely oblivious to our presence ( a good thing for us ! ) . at first we just took in the bird , trying to mentally gather all the plumage details and foraging behavior . still having no idea what the bird was , i got the camera into action . the bird was very cooperative , allowing us to get within 10 - 15 feet . i was using one barrel of my binoculars to see through while the other had my camera pressed up to it in “digi - binocular” fashion . i figured if i could see the bird with one eyepiece , the other had to be on the bird , too . i took at least a 100 pictures knowing most would not turn out well , but hoping , hoping , a few would .
upon arrival at the natural resources office , justyn stahl , the shrike project manager , was standing in the doorway brushing his teeth… .
wintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . voice only , but unmistakably characteristic to this species .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
until recently considered conspecific with t . rufilatus ( which see ) . proposed race pacificus not accepted . monotypic .
ec & ne finland and nw russia ( including c kola peninsula ) , and from ural mts e to n sea of okhotsk , kamchatka , s to altai ( including ne kazakhstan ) , n mongolia , n & c japan , ne china and n korea ; non - breeding s japan , s korea , e & se china ( mainly s of r yangtze ) , taiwan , hainan and n se asia .
13–14 cm ; 10–18 g . male is deep blue above , with brighter blue crown side , shoulder , rump and tail base , narrow whitish supercilium ; white chin to vent , . . .
song , by male from near top of bush or low branch , throughout day in early breeding season , also in . . .
little studied . invertebrates , mainly insects ; also fruits and seeds when not breeding . stomachs of russian breeders held beetles and their . . .
season may–aug in most of range , end jun to mid - aug in n korea ; at least occasionally double - brooded , apparently regularly so in . . .
migratory in most of range ; in c & s japan some merely undertake altitudinal movements to . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . common in much of range , e . g . common breeder in kuriles and n japan ( hokkaido ) , rarer farther s . common to abundant autumn migrant at . . .
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sometimes merged into luscinia , earlier into erithacus ; recognition as a separate genus , sister to ficedula , supported by molecular work # r .
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close in size and structure to european robin , though slightly shorter billed and longer tailed . small , fairly compact chat , with general character recalling both european robin and redstart . female dull olive - brown above , with pale eye - ring and darker , blue - washed rump and tail , dull white below , with brown chest and orange flank - panel . sexes disimilar , no seasonal variation .
breeds in upper - middle and marginally in upper continental latitudes , exclusively boreal and mountain , in thick mossy conifer forest , especially taiga , on moist soil , generally with undergrowth . also mixed forest with birch and rhododendron . in far east , more often in birchwoods , even up to 3000 m in japan , where trees no more than 3 m high .
tarsiger cyanurus has a predominantly asian distribution , but its breeding range also extends into the boreal zone of european russia and finland . its european breeding population is relatively small ( < 21 , 000 pairs ) , but was stable between 1970 - 1990 . no trend data were available for the stronghold russian population during 1990 - 2000 , but the small population in finland increased
diet based on insects , also fruits and seeds outside breeding season . feeds in low trees , shrubs , and on ground . catches insects by hopping about on ground , by perching and flying down to take items located , and by brief aerial - pursuit like flycatcher .
breeding starts june - august in former ussr . nest site is on ground in hollow among tree roots , or in hole in bank , or slightly above ground in stump or fallen log . nest cup consists of moss , grass , and roots , lined with softer grass , wool , hair , and sometimes pine needles . 5 - 7 eggs incubated by female .
west palearctic populations are long - distance migrants ( wintering from burma east to southern china and taiwan ) . ( southern race rufilatus , breeding himalayan region and western china , mainly shows short - distance altitudinal movements . ) west palearctic birds therefore make long easterly movements ( in autumn ) , passing north of major central asian mountain systems , before turning south through mongolia and china . autumn migration begins early september ; northern edge of range deserted by mid - september . return passage begins april , vanguard reaching southern siberia in second half of april . spreads north and west during may , reaching arkhangel‘sk region around 20 may - 4 june .
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has gray wash . very active bird . hops on ground while bobbing tail up and down . forages on ground and in trees for various insects and berries .
a group of thrushes are collectively known as a
hermitage
and a
mutation
of thrushes .
the old world flycatchers are one of the one hundred forty - two families of birds in the order passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) ; a large taxonomic order that includes bird families such as the nuthatches , swallows , and starlings .
there are three hundred and fifteen species of old world flycatchers in forty - eight genera in the muscicapidae ( pronounced musi - kap - uh - dee ) , a family mostly found in eurasia and africa .
there are sixteen species of old world flycatchers in seven genera in the muscicapidae that have occurred in north america and hawaii . all but three of these species are vagrants to the region .
the members of this family are known for their cheery , chattering songs and small size . in europe , the european robin is one of the most well known , confiding , garden bird species .
the old world flycatchers are small birds with thin , rather short bills . although the wheatears and a few other species have long wings , most have short wings , medium - length tails , and rather long , strong legs and feet for hopping on the ground .
members of the muscicapidae occur in a wide variety of habitats that include tundra , grasslands , marshes , boreal forests , gardens , and tropical forests . the two species that breed in north america are birds of the tundra and willow thickets . a third species that was introduced to hawaii occurs in gardens . the other north american muscicapidae species are vagrants from asia .
in north america , all members of this family are migratory and spend the winter in africa and southern asia .
most muscicapidae species are solitary birds for most of the year although some species forage with other bird species in mixed flocks . members of this family glean insects off of vegetation and pick them out of the air in fluttering flight .
none of the members of this family that occur in north american are threatened with extinction . elsewhere , the black - throated blue robin of central and southern china is considered to be vulnerable and has only been seen on a handful of occasions .
the northern wheatears that breed in tundra habitats of northern north america migrate to sub - saharan africa for the winter . the other species that breeds in north america , the bluethroat , also migrates to ancestral wintering grounds in southern asia instead of migrating to mexico and central america .
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the ventral part of the bird , or the area between the flanks on each side and the crissum and breast . flight muscles are located between the belly and the breast .
i live in marshfield and spend most of my bird watching time on the local patch . normally i go north of the village as there is high land there , and in the past we have had all three harriers , 15 short - eared owls two years ago , and quail are regular in the summer . it ' s mainly known for its roost of up to 500 corn buntings in winter and dozens of pairs breeding in the summer . it ' s wonderful area , with lots of farmland species that are rare elsewhere .
up to yesterday the best spot was in 1989 when a woodchat shrike spent a sunday afternoon by rushmead farm , found by another regular visitor to the patch , martyn hayes .
thankfully martyn arrived with his camera , and the result can be seen on his ' the birds of south gloucestershire ' website ! jack also arrived and before dusk five other people were able to get to the valley .
i was happy for the news to get out as it was on a public footpath , and as long as visitors parked on the upper lane off the main road to tormarton , which is a rat run to the motorway , i was confident that all would be well .
i went along today at about 11 30 and found 70 more people than are normally in the valley on a sunny day in february ! i was really pleased that everyone was able to get really good views without having to wait around or search . i believe that over 200 people came during the day , maybe more .
the bird is north of marshfield in shire valley 100yds beyond houses at shirehill farm . please park carefully on the road north of the valley and don ' t block access st . 785 . 770
. walk to the valley and then east on path past farm . the bird has been very obliging at times and with patience and quietness you should obtain good views .
jon dunn brings you a comprehensive roundup of the week ' s best birds from around britain , ireland and the western palearctic , including pacific golden plover and squacco heron . more here >
hen harrier has bred on the national trust ' s high peak moors , in the peak district national park , for the first time in four years . more here >
research has found that young turtle doves raised on a diet of seeds foraged from arable plants rather than food provided in people ' s gardens are more likely to survive after fledging . more here >
a french director said on monday he would abandon filming at a mediterranean wetland after a pilot sparked panic among a huge flock of flamingos . more here >
male purple - crowned fairy - wrens use their purple crowns to show off about their social status and strength , according to a new study . more here >
european fishing activities take place outside european waters , including in west and northern africa , where the pressure put on marine life and ecosystems is just as alarming and devastating . more here >
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incubates keeps eggs warm so that development is possible . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms and spiders . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species . territory an area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a group .
del hoyo , j . , elliot , a . and christie , d . a . ( 2005 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 10 : cuckoo - shrikes to thrushes . lynx edicions , barcelona .
delin , h . and svensson , l . ( 2009 ) philip’s guide to birds of britain and europe . philips , london .
sibley , c . g . and monroe jr . , b . l . ( 1990 ) distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press , new haven and london .
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quite far from his regular area ! what a nice observation . first time in wallonie , thank you to the finder . recorded with iphone 8 .
two males ( but not seen ) were competing for territories near a mountain stream . wintering near suburban region in kyoto city . same individuals as in xc202850 .
two birds are calling each other for claiming winter territories . just started wintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . one of the bird ( closer one ) is the same one as in xc202387 .
first recognition in this winter . unidentified species ( tit ? ) in the background . wintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city .
wintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . two birds were competing in calls . low - frequency noise has been suppressed .
slightly atypical call ( rising pitch ) for this species . in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . same individual as in xc193024 .
slightly atypical call ( rising pitch ) for this species . in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city .
typical soft low - volume calls of this species . background tit species id not sure . wintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city .
two types of calls are recorded . the one is noise - like clicks ( 0 : 02 , 0 : 07 , 0 : 11 , 0 : 14 etc ) . repeated whistle - like calls start at 0 : 19 and continue throughout the recording . in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city .
overlapping japanese white - eye ( zosterops japonicus ) is rather strong . wintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city .
couldn’t resist a pre - dawn assault on skaw and norwick - checking for visible ( and audible ) migration . clearly brambling , siskins and redwings were on the move - expect new birds today me thinks . the 2 little buntings called too each other very early and seemed to fly off south .
just offshore the educational duo of juvenile terns : 1 common and 1 arctic tern showed well plus 2 1st winter little gulls . the black duck hybrid thing flew around . nice morning . heading south we had another ‘from the van’ find . graham picked up a barred warbler along a stone dyke at haroldswick - just before the phone purred to say a dusky warbler had been found at halligarth .
by the time we had reached the north mainland there was a choice . 2 bluetails . one at geosetter and one at tresta . we opted for the tresta bird found by punkbirders .
siskin , norwick unst 8th october 2010 . migrating siskins , bramblings and redwing heralded ‘news birds’
another ‘from the van’ find . noticed by graham – a barred warbler on stone dyke at haroldswick . pink - footed goose was new for the week here also .
lapland buntings continued to be seemingly ‘everywhere’ . we must have seen or heard some hundreds of birds .
then a final drive to drop off our excellent tour group of paul , andrew , graham and chris at the sumburgh hotel . 1 week and some 115 species later . new ‘life’ birds for everyone and some top - notch scare and rare bird finds . not sure anyone was keen for it to end . the only slight regret through the day was that a pallas’s warbler had been seen well up the skaw burn . we predicted that the sumburgh area was a likely spot for one to turn up before flights home the next morning . must try that prophesy thing more often ! next time then !
pingback : white - throated robin . really 3 years ago ? | birding frontiers
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breeds in western altai ( lineyskiy and ivanovskiy ridges ) . at summer it was recorded in southern altai ( altaisky tarbagatay ridge , markakol lake ) . on migration occurs near kustanay ( in autumn of 1920 ) , in kurgaldzhino reserve on kulanutpes river ( september 29 , 1960 ) , near semipalatinsk ( october 9 , 1936 ) , on sorbulak lake ( october 2 , 2011 ) , in chu valley ( october 10 , 2012 ) .
в . к . рябицев .
птицы урала , приуралья и западной сибири
. екатеринбург , изд - во уральского университета , 2000 . э . и . гаврилов .
фауна и распространение птиц казахстана
. алматы , 1999 . gavrilov e . i . , gavrilov a . e .
the birds of kazakhstan
. almaty , 2005 .
птицы казахстана
том 3 .
наука
. алма - ата , 1970 .
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welcome to the grc recorders pages . this blog provides details on all the relevant news of glamorgan’s scarcer birds , plus all bbrc & wrp decisions that affect us locally . it will also be used to document the status and occurrence of these scarcer species and we welcome contributions from anyone with photographs , artwork or documentation of rarities past , present and future . the grc also welcomes all seawatching news from around glamorgan and news of passage migrants in spring & autumn , uncommon birds in our area and unusual behaviour .
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the glamorgan rarities committee , in conjunction with the glamorgan bird club & gower wildlife , have agreed to co - operate with the welsh ornithological society in the sharing of bird records & photographs in the interest of keeping accurate records and to promote birdwatching in north , mid & south wales .
i ' ve copied alan ' s notes giving directions for those who like me will be hoping this bird sticks around for a bit .
great find indeed present until at least 2 . 30pm this afternoon 27th at the same location as paul roberts post on this blog . it is quite difficult staying low and sometimes subjected to disturbance by robins . extremely difficult for photography at the moment .
all records of rare and scarce species submitted to the society are considered by the kos rarity panel before being accepted for publication in the kent bird report .
all british birds rarities require descriptions and will be assessed by the british rare birds panel . urltoken
, a quarterly journal produced by the bto which he is is anxious to find a new home for . anyone interested please contact john on 01580 212329
friends of dungeness moth licenceswith the changes in permission for moth trapping in the area around the long pits , dungeness , we are very pleased to announce that we have 2 moth licences for use by ' friends ' of the observatory . please contact the warden for more information .
the patch is steadily getting busier as the month progresses . 16 mediterranean gulls including several juveniles were present on the beach this morning . three yellow - legged gulls , one adult and two juveniles were also present . five grey herons came in off the sea and headed towards the lydd ranges . a grey wagtail flew west along the beach [ … ]
jack , jay and i took the ' gary ann ' out of deal along the coast to dover harbour to survey breeding seabirds on the cliffs today . it provided a very different view of the area and was probably most notable for the alarming lack of breeding birds ! the paucity of species appears to follow a nationwide [ … ]
a honey - buzzard flew over the top of the high street in kingsdown this afternoon , mobbed by jackdaws .
myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
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british ornithologists ' union checklist ( 7th edition , incl . jan 2009 suppl . ) :
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i have found only one clear change in genus . at some point it moved from
( 1871 - 1881 ) . he addresses the identification and distribution in some detail . his chapter on what he tagged as
reads like a who’s who of contemporary ornithology : seebohm , jerdon , von middendorff , von schrenck , radde , père david , przevalsky , swinhoe , hume , stoliczka , hodgson — names that we still honour today .
. he debunks this division , but to me it is amusing to discover that even in the late nineteenth century the lumpers and splitters were at it . ‘armchair ticks’ are not a new invention .
the taxonomy of this species is confusing ,
the article reads . indeed ! here ' s the link :
is fully recognized today as that of the delightful wagtails . i am equally bewildered by
is a bird of forests and scrub or shrub . in hong kong i have seen it in gardens , at roadsides and on fences . invariably some sort of cover is available if the bird feels the need to retreat under threat . i tend to see the bird in sparsely copsed areas where , with a little patience , it is possible to get good views and take photographs . it seems to remain loyal to a patch once it has settled . i wouldn’t say it is inquisitive , but its circle of fear is not too wide . it rarely seems to fly far and will return if the observer sits quietly and still for a while . david tipling , writing in
motacilla cyanurus , pallas , reise russ . reichs , ii . p . 709 ( 1776 ) .
the male siberian blue - tail is blue above , with a white eye - stripe ; and white below with orange - chestnut flanks . the female is olive brown above with no eye - stripe , and in addition to the orange flanks there is an obscure broad brown band across the breast .
figures : temminck and schlegel , fauna japonica , aves , pl . 21 ( male and female ) ; david and oustalet , ois . chine , pl . 28 ( male ) .
the siberian blue - tail is a summer visitor to yezzo ( whitely , ibis , 1867 , p . 197 ) ; but in the more southerly islands of japan it is a resident , breeding on the mountains and wintering in the plains . there are twelve examples in the pryer collection from yokohama , and mr . ringer has sent skins to the norwich museum obtained at nagasaki ( blakiston and pryer , trans . as . soc . japan , 1882 , p . 161 ) . there is an example in the pryer collection from the central group of the loo - choo islands ( seebohm , ibis , 1887 , p . 174 ) , and another in the museum of the smithsonian institution at washington from the same locality ( stejneger , proc . united states nat . mus . 1886 , p . 646 ) .
the range of the siberian blue - tail extends from the ural mountains , whence i have seen examples in the moscow museum , to kamtschatka . it is a winter visitor to china and formosa .
i found this bird in the valley of the yenesay as far north as the arctic circle , and mr . jouy describes it as one of the commonest birds in the mountains of japan during summer , often the only one seen on some of the higher passes . it is very familiar in its ways and easily approached . seated on a low branch of a tree or shrub , with its head on one side , it utters a low guttural chuckling note ( jouy , proc . united states nat . mus . 1883 , p . 281 ) . mr . jouy procured examples of this species on fuji - yama in june and on tate - yama in december .
t h e b i r d s of the j a p a n e s e e m p i r e by h e n r y s e e b o h m with numerous woodcuts ∞ 1890 | london : r . h . porter , 18 princes street , cavendish square | pp . 58 - 59
is an enthusiastic photographer across a wide range of genres , from wildlife to street . he grew up in rural britain but has traveled the 7 continents in search of birds and photographs . now settled in rural hong kong , he continues to indulge his passion for books , wildlife and photography . andrew is a moderator of the
as our essay illustrates , taxonomy for birds has entered a period of great flux . one organization , birdlife international , is tracking the
current phase of taxonomic revision
toward the goal of making some sense of it all . the web linked here points to
the birdlife checklist ,
a useful tool for the study of the depth and complexity of taxonomy and classification . the checklist can be downloaded for free .
andrew ' s blog showcases a wide range of his interests : photographs and commentary inspired by the natural world and the creatures who inhabit it . you ' ll also find some compelling character studies of our fellow humans .
notices announcing new entries for crow ' s cottage glossary and compendium are sent by e - mail express to my list of family , friends , students , and fellow travelers . if you ' ve come here by some other means , i invite you to write me at the address below so i can add you to the list . it ' s a private list , shared with no one and guarded by a flock of warrior crows with sharp claws and diligent fairies with tricks of illusion . aggressive or pacific — you choose — the guardians are in our service to ensure your privacy .
eclecticisms most plausible , spare embodiments in miniature , congruous abridgements , the occasional received epitome , choice facts , strange mysteries , unfettered digressions — each and all found within the smaller compass of the greater work , the magnum opus , with particular attention given to the natural world , its beings , objects , forces , and ideas , including the diverse ways nature is viewed and engaged by humanity .
crow ' s cottage glossary and compendium lives on urltoken , a developmental web for the mind and spirit . corndancer has participated in the world wide web since 2000 . submissions are invited and warmly welcomed . contact webmaster at threadspinner @ urltoken
some recent bird taxonomy changes , including two murrelets where there was one and new taxonomy from the bou ( the british ornithologists union ) and in a new book about owls this feature , composed by armas hill , relates to updates and revisions of bird taxonomy and nomenclature during the 3 years from 2012 back through 2010 . the changes have been incorporated in the lists and photo galleries of birds linked at the end of the feature .
a new subspecies has been created for the european storm petrel , hydrobates pelagicus . it is : the mediterranean storm petrel , hydrobates melitensis , breeding on the cabrera archipelago of the balearic islands off northeastern spain . and , lastly , here , the bou has put the ruff , the buff - breasted sandpiper , and the broad - billed sandpiper into the genus calidris . these 3 species have had their own unique genera .
one of the best books anywhere about owls was published earlier this year , in 2012 . it is entitled
owls of the world , a photographic guide
, by heimo mikkola . in the book , the photographs of virtually every owl in the world , are tremendous , and the text is informative and excellent . heimo mikkola is an owl expert who has been studying owls for a long time . another book of his ,
owls of europe
has long been in my library . it was published in 1983 . in the 2012 book , there is some interesting
new
taxonomy , including : the american barn owl split from that in the old world , along with some other barn owls in the area of the caribbean , the splitting of owls in the galapagos islands , both the barn and the short - eared owls , and the splitting of the ferruginous pygmy owl into various
species
including the ridgway ' s pygmy owl in central america , and the chaco pygmy owl in , among other places , southwestern brazil . a number of other adjustments have been made to screech owls and other pygmy owls in central & south america . the mottled owl is treated as an exclusively south american species , with now the mexican wood owl in mexico & central america . in all , there are 249 different owls in the book .
if you ' ve been in costa rica , you may have another adjustment to your bird - list . it is now the costa rican brush finch , arremon costaricensis , in southwestern costa rica and adjacent western panama , and the black - headed brush finch , arremon atricapillus , further east in panama . both of these were part of the stripe - headed brush finch of further south , in south america , arremon torquatus . if you ' ve been to the galapagos islands , the galapagos shearwater , now puffinus subalaris , has been split from the audubon ' s shearwater . genetics have shown it to be more closely related to the christmas island shearwater . other changes in 2012 relate to genera : the genus of the calliope hummingbird is now selasphorus , the same genus as the rufous , allen ' s , and broad - tailed hummingbirds . the calliope was in a genus of its own , stelluta .


negeta contrariata is a moth in the nolidae family .

it is found from the indo-australian tropics of india , sri lanka , borneo east to australia ( queensland ) and bismarck archipelago .

negeta contrariata

negeta contrariata ; [ poole ] ; [ mob18 ] : 180 , pl . 9 , f . 469 , 472
negeta abbreviata ; [ poole ] ; [ mob18 ] : 181 , pl . 9 , f . 473
negeta aureata holloway , 2003 ; [ mob18 ] : 181 , pl . 9 , 474 ; tl : brunei , 30 - 60m , labi
negeta montanata holloway , 2003 ; [ mob18 ] : 181 , pl . 9 , f . 470 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , park h . q . , 1620m
the adult moths are brown with a large white spot near the tip of each forewing .
1 - 3 & 4 - 6 , two ♂♂ : data see label ( coll . & photos : egbert friedrich )
1 - 3 , ♀ : data see label ( coll . & photos : egbert friedrich )
( 1862 : ) [ from copyright - free scan at www . biodiversitylibrary . org ]
doranaga apicalis m oore , [ 1887 ] [ synonym according to funet . fi ]
original description : w alker , f . ( 1862 ) : list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum 24 : 1021 - 1280 .
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status : a common species and widely distributed . it is found in lowland and at moderate altitudes . there is some variety in the apical triangle which usually is pure white but in some specimens is suffused with dark grey .
papua localities : waigeo island : camp nok ; supiori island : nansfori ; roon island : yende ; new guinea : andai , fakfak ( kapaur ) , getentiri , landikma , lelambo , mabilabol , prafi , sabron camp ( cyclops ) , tuan wowi , wendesi , yasur , yongsu . details in gazetteer .
external distribution : indo - australia , papua new guinea , bismarck archipelago , australia .
the adult moths are brown with a large white spot near the tip of each forewing . the wingspan is about 2 cms .
nertobriga signata subterminalis gaede , 1938 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 11 : 449 - 450
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species
walker , 1865 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
number of names appearing only in this repository : 2511782 ( 61 . 20 % )
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gobius strictus , schmidt 's goby , is a doubtfully valid species of goby native to the mediterranean sea where it is known from around mallorca and morocco and from the adriatic coasts of croatia .

this species can be found at depths of from 25 to 40 metres ( 82 to 131 ft ) .

it can reach a length of 6.5 centimetres ( 2.6 in ) sl .

it is suspected that this species actually represents a juvenile of g. cruentatus .

schmidt ' s goby

bonefish slider tier : tim borski schmidt ' s take : this fly is a staple for flats fishermen . the goby - ish pattern was designed to mimic the small fish that swim the waters where spooky bonefish eat . the head has lead eyes , but are surrounded by spun deer hair which allows the fly to slide thru grass and weed without getting hung up . well weighted to enable it to be fished towards and on the bottom , but has enough of a footprint that it doesn ' t send fish for the deep when it hits the water .
charlie ' s airhead ( gray / white ) tier : charlie bisharat schmidt ' s take : killer baitfish profile ? check . pushes water ? check . responds to stripping variations ( has awesome action ) ? check . durable ? check . innovative use of materials ? check . catches multiple species ? check .
gummy minnow tier : blane chocklette schmidt ' s take : innovative yet controversial . is it a fly or is it a lure ? i think that says enough about how cool this fly really is , and yes , it catches fish like crazy too .
gold bead poxyback ( pmd ) tier : mike mercer schmidt ' s take : this is an amazing representation of a pale morning dun nymph . mike mercer popularized the use of epoxy on the wing cases of nymphs and emergers , a tying technique that has
stuck
around for years .
creek crawler ( olive ) tier : duane hada schmidt ' s take : duane is an artist , and it shows in his flies , which are very durable but still realistic . this crayfish pattern not only has amazing bin appeal , it fishes incredibly well for both cold and warm water species .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
missing link caddis tier : mike mercer schmidt ' s take : beauty in simplicity . this fly is both sparse and detailed at the same time . the missing link has a fantastic buggy profile without getting too bulky . the light elk - hair wing aids to the pattern ' s visibility while imitating the wing of an emergent insect . parachute - style hackle gives the footprint the fly needs to stay afloat , but is just sparse enough to mimic an insect ' s dangling legs . this is another example of a very well thought - out fly ; almost every step in this pattern has dual purpose , which is important in keeping the fly in proportion and limiting the material tye in bulk . i hesitate when calling this a caddis though . not because it isn ' t a good caddis pattern , but because it ' s also an excellent mayfly emerger .
todd ' s wiggle minnow ( brown trout ) tier : todd boyer schmidt ' s take : this is one of the more simple - looking flies , but it is a well thought out pattern that will make you giggle when you swim it . the fly acts like a crank bait and is fished the same way , with erratic long strips and a short pause to gather your line for the next strip . fished across and down in a current , the wiggle minnow darts around from seam to seam , vibrating all the way .
two - bit hooker tier : charlie craven schmidt ' s take : charlie got it right with the two - bit hooker . because he used two tungsten beads ( one as the head and one as the thorax ) , charlie managed to keep the skinny mayfly profile and proportions correct while creating a fly that still crawls the bottom even when tied in small sizes .
copper john tier : john barr schmidt ' s take : what can i say about the copper john that hasn ' t been said before ? it is what it is - - essential . the perfect mayfly nymph profile , materials that allow the fly to get down now in the water column , and if the fly spends more time in front of fish , it has a better chance of getting eaten . that is just what the copper john does , it gets eaten . it ' s also been our best selling nymph for years .
supreme hair rattle shrimp tier : larry haines schmidt ' s take : we have been told on many occasions that these are purchased by conventional bait users because they work as well and last longer then the real thing . how cool is that ! ? the addition of the glass rattle under the epoxy carapace adds a little weight in addition to the enticing sound that triggers bites .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
clouser deep minnow ( crabby ) tier : bob clouser schmidt ' s take : the clouser minnow , or
clouser
as it is commonly referred to , has caught more species of fish world - wide then any other fly . when learning to tie flies , the clouser is always on the list of patterns to try . it is the platform that so many flies , both saltwater and freshwater , are tied on . why ? it catches fish . plain and simple .
pole dancer tier : charlie bisharat schmidt ' s take : finally , a fly that
walks the dog
( and it truly does ) . years in the making , charlie bisharat figured it out after burning through a few rotary cutting tool motors and more foam then you could raise the titanic with . the pole dancer requires a little technique on the anglers part to achieve its full potential , but it won ' t take you more than a fish or two to learn .
meat whistle tier : john barr schmidt ' s take : the meat whistle wasn ' t thought up over night , it was created and tested over years of use and pitted side - by - side with conventional jigs . i ' d say this is the popular choice on this list - - if you were to ask a bass , that is . john barr didn ' t only create one hell of a bass fly with the meat whistle , it catches all kinds of species , from bonefish to steelhead .
skipper frog tier : larry dahlberg schmidt ' s take : this is such a cool fly because of the way it swims , and where it will swim back out of , too . the design of the head allows the fly to skip across the surface , and the rubber skirt provides the drag necessary to keep the fly on track . skipper frogs ride hook up to minimize weed drag and allow the fly to get out of pretty sticky situations . coloration mimics a frog well , and while at rest the fly sits with its head high on the surface and legs far below , as a frog would .
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
umpqua feather merchants , headquarted in louisville , colorado , is the largest manufacturer of fly patterns on the planet , and their fly production specialist brian schmidt is the guy who gets to decide which new patterns they should produce . we asked him for a list of flies he thought were the 15 coolest his company makes . here are his picks .
the geezus lizard ( crayfish ) tier : jay zimmerman schmidt ' s take : jay says it the best . _
the creation of the geezus lizard hinged entirely on the conception of the ferruled dubbing loop tail . i have tried for years to build a worm - like fly , or fly appendage , to mimic the rubber worms conventional bass anglers have in their arsenal ( texas rig rubber worms ) . the long , narrow look of a worm undulating and jerking near the bottom of a pond or lake is well known for triggering big bass strikes…conventional bass fishermen have know this for decades , one of the reasons long , soft plastics are one of the most frequently used lures . i tried chenille , rabbit strips and a whole assortment of other tying materials . the rest of the geezus lizard is modeled after bass flies i have tied and fished all my life . simple ,
pig - n - jig
type stuff using crosscut rabbit strips and rubber legs .
_
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specimens collected in the mediterranean sea are very small ( 6 . 5 cm ) and might be juveniles of gobius cruentatus ( gmelin , 1789 )
francour , p . , bilecenoglu , m . , bariche , m . & tunesi , l . and goren , m .
justification : there is very little known about this species and it is only known from a small number of records . it may have been misidentified . therefore this species is listed as data deficient .
this species is endemic to the mediterranean sea , where it has been recorded from majorca , morocco and the adriatic sea ( korcula , croatia ) .
francour , p . , bilecenoglu , m . , bariche , m . & tunesi , l . and goren , m . 2011 .
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the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
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marine ; demersal ; depth range 25 - 40 m ( ref . 4345 ) . subtropical , preferred ?
mediterranean sea : majorca and melilla , morocco and adriatic sea ( korcula , croatia ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4696 )
miller , p . j . , 1986 . gobiidae . p . 1019 - 1085 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . volume 3 . unesco , paris . ( ref . 4696 )
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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gobius is a genus of fish in the family gobiidae native to fresh , brackish and marine waters of and around europe , africa and asia . it contains the typical gobies , being the type genus of its subfamily gobiinae and family and the namesake genus of its suborder gobioidei .
principalement marin et saumâtre , certaines espèces sont catadrome . souvent , le poisson le plus abondant dans l’eau douce sur les îles océaniques . distribution : principalement les zones tropicales et subtropicales . les nageoires pelviennes des adultes sont fusionnées en un disque adhésif . quelques membres de la famille ont des épines dorsaux ( 2 à 8 épines souples et discontinus avec une dorsale molle ) . une taille maximale est de 50 cm de long , la plupart des espèces ont une taille inférieure à 10 cm . la plus grande famille de poissons marins ( probablement > 2 , 000 ) . les plus petits poissons ( et vertébrés ) dans le monde appartiennent à cette famille . ces poissons vivent un peu dans les eaux salées côtières peu profondes et autour des récifs coralliens . les membres de cette famille sont pour la plupart carnivores , ils se nourrissent de petits invertébrés benthiques , d’autres sont planctonophages . certaines espèces ont des relations symbiotiques avec des invertébrés ( par exemple , les crevettes ) et d’autres sont connus pour éliminer les ectoparasites des autres poissons . typiquement géniteurs de nid avec des oeufs non - sphériques protégés par le mâle . beaucoup d’espèces sont des poissons d’aquarium populaires . les sous - familles suivantes sont reconnues : oxudercinae , amblyopinae , sicydiinae , gobionellinae et gobiinae . cette famille est composée d’environ 230 genres et 1500 espèces .


elophila tinealis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by munroe in 1972 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from michigan , ontario and new york , south to florida and west to texas .

the habitat consists of swamps and wet woods .

the wingspan is about 10 mm .

both the fore - and hindwings are dark brown to blackish with a silvery-white patch in the medial area and some white dots .

adults have been recorded on wing from july to september .

the larvae feed on lemna species .

elophila tinealis

species elophila tinealis - black duckweed moth - hodges # 4754 - bugguide . net
three other species of elophila occur in the united states with one , elophila tinealis munroe , in florida . the adult of elophila tinealis is much smaller than that of the waterlily leafcutter and has longer , narrower and darker wings . the larvae of elophila tinealis are not well known , but seem to feed on and most often make their cases out of duckweed , lemna sp .
the larvae of elophila gyralis ( hulst ) and elophila icciusalis ( walker ) are similar to those of the waterlily leafcutter , but the anterior and posterior transverse bands of crochets ( i . e . , the gripping hooks on the prolegs ) are the same size . elophila gyralis and elophila icciusalis adults are more brightly colored than elophila tinealis and elophila obliteralis and are yellowish - orange and white or brownish in color . although elophila gyralis and elophila icciusalis larvae may make portable cases , they usually cut only one leaf piece and attach it to a whole leaf and live between the two layers .
kinser , p . d . , neunzig , h . h . , 1981 . description of the immature stages and biology of synclita tinealis lepidoptera pyralidae nymphulanae . journal of the lepidopterists ' society , 35 ( 2 ) : 137
elophila obliteralis has a wide host range and is known to feed on nearly 60 plant species ( table 1 ) .
figure 5 . pupa of the waterlily leafcutter , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) . photograph by stephen p . l . luk .
figure 6 . adult female waterlily leafcutter , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) . photograph by j . lotz , division of plant industry .
figure 3 . waterlily leafcutter , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) , leaf case . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
table 1 . host range of the waterlily leafcutter . plants arranged by families and genera that are known to be hosts for elophila obliteralis ( walker ) .
figure 2 . larva of the waterlily leafcutter , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) , attacking hygrophila . photograph by j . p . cuda , university of florida .
figure 1 . hygrophila showing feeding damage caused by the waterlily leafcutter , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) . photograph by j . p . cuda , university of florida .
figure 4 . larva of the waterlily leafcutter , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) , with opened leaf case . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
figure 7 . adult male waterlily leafcutter , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) . wingspan of this specimen is 11 mm . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
genus synclita changed to elophila as per hugh mcguinness 8 / 2009 . source : munroessa was synonymized , along with synclita , by goater , nuss and speidel in microlepidoptera of europe , vol . 4 . pyraloidea i . 2005 .
in october 2007 , we received a report from researchers at the uf / ifas center for aquatic and invasive plants of an insect attacking hygrophila . samples of the insect were collected and it was identified as the waterlily leafcutter elophila obliteralis ( walker ) . of the more than twenty acentropinae species occurring in florida , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) is the most common . although its common name implies that it is a pest of waterlilies , it actually has a wide host range . most of the damage caused by the larvae usually is superficial and rarely endangers the plant , but the damage observed on the hygrophila plants was severe ( figures 1 and 2 ) .
a study that attempted to identify the biotic and abiotic factors that limited growth of common salvinia , salvinia minima ( baker ) , an exotic floating aquatic plant , found that herbivory by elophila obliteralis and a weevil , cyrtobagous salviniae calder and sands were two of the most influential factors on growth ( tipping et al . 2012 ) .
in addition to the invasive aquatic weed hygrophila , the waterlily leafcutter also feeds on another invasive plant , hydrilla , hydrilla verticillata l . f . royle . numbers of elophila obliteralis collected from hydrilla from field sites in florida and louisiana were similar to the numbers of the hydrilla leafcutter , parapoynx diminutalis snellen that were collected ( balciunas and minno 1985 ) .
this common moth occurs throughout florida , westward to texas and northward to western nova scotia and southern manitoba ( munroe 1972 ) . it also has been introduced into hawaii ( williams 1944 ) , england ( shaffer 1968 ) , and british columbia ( munroe 1972 ) . in a study in south carolina , elophila obliteralis was found in both lentic ( still freshwater ) and lotic ( fast moving freshwater ) water bodies ( stoops et al . 1998 ) . out of 65 surveyed sites in south carolina , elophila obliteralis was present in 6 . 2 % , in those sites with a water temperature between 23 . 0 and 27 . 0°c , a width of 3 . 24 to 45 . 7 m , a depth of 0 . 3 - 1 . 0 m , and a ph of 6 . 6 to 7 . 5 ( stoops et al . 1998 ) .
in addition to having a pest status in aquatic nurseries , due to its wide host range , elophila obliteralis also plays a minor role in biological control , as it feeds on invasive species , such as hydrilla , salvinia and hygrophila . as a native species this type of biological control is known as natural regulation . however , due to the extensive host range of this species it would not be advisable to attempt to increase wild numbers through mass releases or conservation as they would likely feed non - specifically on other desirable plants as well as the weeds .
elophila obliteralis has a wide host range and is known to feed on waterlilys and other ornamental pond plants as well as the invasive aquatic weeds , salvinia ( tipping et al . 2012 ) , water lettuce ( dray et al . 1993 ) , hygrophila and hydrilla . the larvae are the stage that feeds on the plant and causes damage to the plant tissue . in addition to feeding , the larvae cut the leaves to prepare a leaf case for shelter . as the larvae develop , they cut new , progressively larger leaf cases . this action in itself can provide quite significant damage to the infested plant ( nachtrieb et al 2007 ) . in a field study , to compare the effect of herbivory on different aquatic plants , elophila obliteralis was one of the three species that caused the most damage ( nachtrieb et al 2007 ) . when feeding the larvae remove chunks from the leaves , usually feeding on the basal or middle portions ( balciunas and minno 1985 ) . this feeding often causes the leaves to break away from the stem . if the population density is high and plant material becomes more scarce , the larvae will begin to feed on the stems , which can cause the entire plant to fragment ( balciunas and minno 1985 ) .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
the moths of north america north of mexico . fascicle 13 . 1a . scopariinae , nymphulinae eugene munroe . 1972 . the wedge entomological research foundation .
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trinity river refuge hq building . , liberty county , texas , usa november 4 , 2016
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hygrophila polysperma ( roxb . ) t . anderson ( polemoniales : acanthaceae ) is a rooted submersed or emersed aquatic plant in shallow water areas and saturated shorelines throughout florida . this invasive aquatic plant also is known as hygrophila , hygro , east indian hygro , green hygro , miramar weed , oriental ludwigia , and indian swampweed ( hereafter referred to as hygrophila ) .
hygrophila is a federal listed noxious weed ( usda 1983 ) , a florida state listed category ii prohibited plant ( fldep 1993 ) , and a florida exotic pest plant council category i invasive species ( fleppc 2017 ) . the submersed growth habit displaces native vegetation in many canals and drainage ditches in south florida . the plant forms dense stands that occupy the entire water column , clogging irrigation and flood - control systems ( schmitz and nall 1984 , sutton 1995 ) and interfering with navigation ( woolfe 1995 ) . hygrophila also creates problems as an emergent plant in some shoreline areas , including rice fields ( krombholz 1996 ) .
eggs : the eggs are whitish in color , and appear domelike ( oval and flattened ) . the flattened side is glued to the leaf and the domed side has wrinkles down the length of the egg ( dyar 1906 ) . the eggs are 0 . 6 mm in length and 0 . 4 mm wide ( dyar 1906 ) . they are deposited singly or in overlapping , ribbon - like masses near the edges of submersed leaf surfaces .
larvae : most members of the crambid subfamily acentropinae have aquatic larvae with tracheal gills . however , the larva of this moth lacks gills , and is sometimes referred to as
the sandwich man
due to its habit of living between two pieces of leaf ( leaf case ) that it cuts from its host plant ( figure 3 and 4 ) .
the epidermis ( skin ) of the larvae is covered with minute papillae ( bumps ) . the body is creamy - white , but increasingly brownish from abdominal segment four forward to the prothorax . the prothoracic coxae ( proximal leg segments ) are touching while the mesothoracic coxae are nearly touching . the head is yellowish - brown with a faint brown genal ( cheek ) stripe . the prothoracic spiracle ( respiratory opening ) is vestigial ( non - functioning ) , and the while spiracles on abdominal segments three and four are distinctly larger than others . the crochets ( gripping hooks ) are arranged in two biordinal ( sometimes partially triordinal ) transverse bands , with the anterior band distinctly larger than the posterior band .
pupae : the pupae are pale yellow and the wings and head appear darker ( figure 5 ) ( dyar 1906 ) . the head has two distinct black spine - like hairs . the spiracles on abdominal segments 2 - 4 are large , round , elevated and red brown in color ( dyar 1906 ) . the anterior spiracles are much smaller . the pupae are found inside silk cocoons within the leaf cases formed by the larvae .
adults : adults are sexually dimorphic and readily distinguishable ( figures 6 and 7 ) . females have a 15 to 19 mm wingspan , and the female ' s wings are paler in color appearing grayish - brown with orange - brown markings . the wingspan of the male is only about 11 to 13 mm , and the male ' s wings are grayish - brown interspersed with brownish and white markings .
no information is available about the development times of this species . the female moth lays her eggs on the exposed edges of submersed aquatic plants ( gill et al . 2008 ) . upon hatching , the larvae enclose themselves inside cut leaf pieces . the leaves are webbed together with silk . cases made by young larvae are water - filled and oxygen uptake occurs cutaneously ( presumably via the epidermal papillae ) whereas cases of older larvae are air - filled . the cases of young larvae remain attached to the leaf from which they were made . older larvae detach the case from the leaf and are free - floating . larvae abandon smaller cases as they mature and construct larger cases from new leaves . the case may consist of two entire leaves , parts of leaves , or of parts of many plants tied together with silk . the larvae extend out of the case to feed on plant material , but usually the body remains in the case . prior to pupation , larvae attach their cases to petioles or leaf blades of their host plants above or below the water surface , and spin a silk cocoon inside their leaf cases .
due to its broad host range , this insect frequently is a pest in aquatic plant nurseries , especially on waterlilies , nymphaea spp . in the nursery setting , this insect can cause economic losses as the larval feeding makes the plants unattractive to customers . extensive feeding may even lead to reduced plant health and death ( gill et al . 2008 ) .
to monitor for the waterlily leafcutter , observe leaves for the characteristic holes created by this insect ( gill et al . 2008 ) . the adults can be trapped by uv black lights and the larvae can be extracted from the plant material by handpicking or using a berlese funnel .
is a pest of greenhouses and may require control in aquatic plant nurseries . as with other aquatic moth pests ,
would likely provide control with little or no adverse effects to other aquatic organisms . in support of this hypothesis , the closely related organism
was found to cause significant mortality to the waterlily leafcutter ( haag and buckingham 1991 ) .
the authors would like to acknowledge funding provided by the usda nifa ramp grant 2010 - 02825 that helped pay for the revision of this article .
[ fldep ] florida department of enviromental protection . ( 1993 ) . aquatic plant permit rules : aquatic plant importation , transportation , non - nursery cultivation , possession and collection . ( 25 july 2017 ) .
[ fleppc ] florida exotic pest plant council . ( 2007 ) . list of florida ' s invasive species . florida exotic pest plant council . ( 7 may 2014 ) .
balciunas jk , minno mc . 1985 . insects damaging hydrilla in the u . s . a . journal of aquatic plant management 23 : 77 - 83 .
dray fa , center td , habeck dh . 1993 . phytophagous insects associated with pistia statiotes in florida . environmental entomology 22 : 1146 - 1155 .
dyar hg . 1906 . the north american nymphulinae and scopariinae . journal of the new york entomological society 14 : 77 - 108 .
gill s , reeser , r , raupp , m . 2008 . controlling two aquatic plant pests nymphuliella daeckealis ( haimbach ) and the waterlily leafcutter , synclita obliteralis ( walker ) . the university of maryland cooperative extension factsheet 818 . 7 pages .
[ fleppc ] florida exotic pest plant council . ( 2017 ) . list of florida ' s invasive species . florida exotic pest plant council ( 25 june 2017 ) .
haag kh and buckingham gr . 1991 . effects of herbicides and microbial insecticides on the insects of aquatic plants . journal of aquatic plant management 29 : 55 - 57 .
krombholz p . 1996 . hygrophila polysperma : an indicator plant . the aquatic gardener : journal of the aquatic gardeners association 9 : 135 - 137 .
munroe e . 1972 . fasicle 13 . 1a : pyraloidea : pyralidae ( part ) . the moths of america north of mexico ( mona ) series ( dominick rb et al . [ eds ] ) . ew classey ltd and r . b . d . publications inc . , london , uk . 134 pages .
nachtrieb jg , grodowitz mj , smart rm . 2007 . impact of invertebrate herbivory on native aquatic macrophytes . aquatic plant control research program technical notes collection . vicksburg , ms : u . s . army engineer research and development center . erdc / tn apcrp - bc - 9 . ( 25 june 2017 ) .
schmitz dc , nall le . 1984 . status of hygrophila polysperma in florida . aquatics 6 : 11 - 14 .
schmitz dc , nelson bv , nall je , schardt jd . 1991 . exotic aquatic plants in florida : a historical perspective and review of the present aquatic plant regulation program . pp . 303 - 326 . in center tc , doren rf , hofstetter rl , myers rl , whiteaker ld ( eds ) , proceedings of a symposium on exotic pest plants . technical report nps / nrever / nrtr - 91 / 06 . u . s . department of interior , national park service , denver , co .
shaffer m . 1968 . illustrated notes on synclita obliteralis ( walker ) and euzophora bigella ( zeller ) , two species new to the british list ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . entomologist ' s gazette 19 : 155 - 158 .
stoops ca , adler ph , mccreadie jw . 1998 . ecology of aquatic lepidoptera ( crambidae : nymphulinae ) in south carolina , usa . hydrobiologia 379 : 33 - 40 .
sutton dl . 1995 . hygrophila is replacing hydrilla in south florida . aquatics 17 : 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 .
tipping pw , martin mr , bauer l , pierce rm , center td . 2012 . ecology of common salvinia , salvinia minima baker , in southern florida . aquatic botany 102 : 23 - 27 .
williams fx . 1944 . biological studies in hawaiian water - loving insects . part iv . lepidoptera or moths and butterflies . proceedings of the hawaiian entomological society 12 : 180 - 185 .
woolfe t . 1995 . water weed is latest menace . tallahassee democrat , 4c , 3 august .
[ usda ] u . s . department of agriculture . 1983 . noxious weeds . federal register . 48 : 20037 - 20047 .
zimmerman ec . 1958 . volume 8 lepidoptera : pyraloidea . in insects of hawaii : a manual of the insects of the hawaiian islands including an enumeration of the species and notes on their origin , distribution , hosts , parasites , etc . university of hawaii press , honolulu . 456 pages .