cranopsis is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family fissurellidae , the keyhole limpets .

cranopsis was previously considered a subgenus of puncturella .

cranopsis ( gastropod )

worms - world register of marine species - cranopsis asturiana ( p . fischer , 1882 )
puncturella ( craniopsis ) [ sic ] ( misspelling of cranopsis a . adams , 1860 )
cowan , i . m . ( 1969 ) a new species of gastropod ( fissurellidae , fissurisepta ) from the eastern north pacific . the veliger , 12 , 24–26 .
( of puncturella ( cranopsis ) asturiana ( p . fischer , 1882 ) ) pérez farfante , i . ( 1947 ) . the genera zeidora , nesta , emarginula , rimula and puncturella in the western atlantic . johnsonia . 2 : 93 - 148 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 118 - 120 [ details ]
( of rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) fischer p . ( 1882 - 1883 ) . diagnoses d ' espèces nouvelles de mollusques recueillis dans le cours des expéditions scientifiques de l ' aviso
le travailleur
( 1880 et 1881 ) . journal de conchyliologie 30 : 49 - 53 [ 1882 ] , 273 - 277 [ issued march 22 , 1883 according to fischer - piette ( 1937 ) , april 1883 according to winckworth , 1936 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 51 [ details ]
( of puncturella asturiana var . alta locard , 1898 ) locard a . ( 1897 - 1898 ) . expéditions scientifiques du travailleur et du talisman pendant les années 1880 , 1881 , 1882 et 1883 . mollusques testacés . paris , masson . vol . 1 [ 1897 ] , p . 1 - 516 pl . 1 - 22 ; vol . 2 [ 1898 ] , p . 1 - 515 , pl . 1 - 18 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 2 p . 78 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 57 [ details ]
( of puncturella asturiana ( p . fischer , 1882 ) ) locard a . ( 1897 - 1898 ) . expéditions scientifiques du travailleur et du talisman pendant les années 1880 , 1881 , 1882 et 1883 . mollusques testacés . paris , masson . vol . 1 [ 1897 ] , p . 1 - 516 pl . 1 - 22 ; vol . 2 [ 1898 ] , p . 1 - 515 , pl . 1 - 18 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 2 , 77 - 78 [ details ]
( of puncturella craticia r . b . watson , 1883 ) watson , r . b . ( 1878 - 1883 ) . mollusca of h . m . s . ' challenger ' expedition . journal of the linnean society ( london ) . 14 : 506 - 529 , 586 - 605 , 692 - 716 [ 1878 - 1879 ] ; 15 : 87 - 126 , 217 - 230 , 245 - 274 , 388 - 412 , 413 - 455 , 457 - 475 [ 1880 - 1881 ] ; 16 : 247 - 254 , 324 - 343 , 358 - 372 , 373 - 392 , 494 - 611 [ 1882 - 1883 ] ; 17 : 26 - 40 , 112 - 130 , 284 - 293 , 319 - 340 , 341 - 346 [ 1883 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 17 p . 29 ; note : in synonymy of rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 [ details ]
medin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]
sysoev a . v . ( 2014 ) . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . gastropoda . invertebrate zoology . vol . 11 . no . 1 : 134–155 [ in english ] . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
to biodiversity heritage library ( 11 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 16 publications ) ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to clemam ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to clemam to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to itis
adams , a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 [ april 1860 ] ; 405 - 413 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 302 [ details ]
mclean j . h . & geiger d . l . ( 1998 ) . new genera and species having the fissurisepta shell form , with a generic - level phylogenetic analysis ( gastropoda : fissurellidae ) . contributions in science , natural history museum of los angeles county , 475 : 1 - 32 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
mclean j . h . ( 1996 ) . the prosobranchia . in : taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the santa maria basin and western santa barbara channel . the mollusca part 2 – the gastropoda . santa barbara museum of natural history . volume 9 : 1 - 160 . [ details ]
( of puncturella ( craniopsis ) [ sic ] ) nordsieck f . ( 1968 ) . die europäischen meeres - gehäuseschnecken ( prosobranchia ) . vom eismeer bis kapverden und mittelmeer . gustav fischer , stuttgart viii + 273 pp : page ( s ) : 12 [ details ]
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the following are opisthobranchs with shells , but are included here to aid in identification .
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luiz ricardo l . simone museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo , cx . postal 42494 ; 04218 - 970 são paulo , sp , brazil .
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gray , j . e . ( 1825 ) a list and description of some species of shells not taken notice of by lamarck . annals of philosophy , 25 ( n . s . 9 ) , 134–140 .
gray , j . e . ( 1847 ) a list of the genera of recent mollusca , their synonyma and types . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 12 , 129–219 .
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houart , r . ( 1991 ) the southeastern brazilian muricidae collected by rv marion - dufresne in 1987 , with the description of three new species . the nautilus , 105 , 26–37 .
jeffreys , j . g . ( 1877 ) new and peculiar species of mollusca procured in the valourous expedition . annals and magazine of natural history , series 4 , 19 , 231–243 .
jeffreys , j . g . ( 1882 ) on the mollusca procured during the lightning and porcupine expeditions . iv . proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1881 ) , 922–952 .
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regina l . cunha , a , 1 jorge m . assis , 1 celine madeira , 1 rui seabra , 2 fernando p . lima , 2 evandro p . lopes , 2 , 3 suzanne t . williams , 4 and rita castilho 1
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remote oceanic archipelagos are the ideal setting for studying patterns and processes underlying speciation . while insular terrestrial communities can be formed either by immigration or from a few colonization events and subsequent in situ diversification 1 , phylogeographic patterns of marine species inhabiting island settings can be confounded by recurrent episodes of long - distance dispersal . the volcanic origin of oceanic islands and their circumscribed geographic boundaries enable inferring the tempo and sequence of island colonization when geological ages are known 2 .
isolated islands are expected to have reduced species richness but high levels of endemicity as a result of few colonization events , particularly in older archipelagos 3 . for instance , the reduced dispersal abilities of some indo - west pacific turbinid gastropods that lack a long - lived planktonic stage played a crucial role in developing extensive archipelagic differentiation and fine scale endemism 4 . also , the ongoing emergence and subsidence of islands over geological time is thought to have promoted speciation within this group of marine gastropods at an insular scale 5 .
allopatric speciation induced by vicariance is sometimes regarded as the main driver of differentiation 6 . nonetheless , recent developments in methodological approaches to biogeographic analysis 7 , which integrate a wider range of biogeographical processes ( i . e . dispersal , extinction , vicariance and duplication ) 8 , 9 , showed the importance of dispersal in the diversification processes 10 . for instance , divergence triggered by dispersal events and the organism - specific capacity to occupy suitable habitats and persist , has recently been identified as the main driver of the avian speciation in lowland neotropical rainforests 11 .
dispersal in most sessile marine species occurs predominantly during larval stages in which larvae remain in the water column for periods that can vary between days to months before settlement 12 . it is generally assumed that planktotrophic feeding larvae exhibit higher geographic ranges because they are able to remain longer periods in the water column , while lecithotroph yolk - fed larvae complete their metamorphosis without feeding from the plankton and thus are more prone to originate locally structured populations 13 , 14 .
cape verde represents an excellent model system for studying speciation and to infer colonization pathways given its remoteness and known geological age of most of the islands . this volcanic oceanic archipelago is approximately 500 km off mainland ( senegal - west africa ) and comprises ten major islands and several islets (
) . geochronological data place the age of the islands between 5 . 9 ± 0 . 1 million years ago ( mya ) and 25 . 6 ± 1 . 8 mya
. bi analysis retrieved two clades of cape verde fissurellidae . one clade included all specimens from cape verde that grouped with the included worldwide members of fissurellinae . the other clade grouped all cape verde samples with western atlantic and mediterranean
phylogenetic relationships of fissurellidae based on a bayesian inference analysis of mitochondrial coi and nuclear 28s rrna genes produced by beast .
bayesian posterior probabilities above 50 % are indicated over the branches ( full black circles : bpp = 100 % ; half - black circle : bpp = 86 % ) . geographical origin of the taxa is depicted in colours . photos of the shells corresponding to each of the cape verde fissurella and diodora species are shown . assignments of each cape verde sample to delineated entities from gmyc and spedestem species delimitation tests are shown by rectangles . colour of cluster boxes corresponding to each species indicates mismatch ( black ) and agreement ( white ) between both methods . figure generated in adobe illustrator cs6 ( version 16 . 0 . 0 ) ( urltoken ) and photos taken by r . l . cunha .
) . specimens from south africa and angola were recovered as new species of uncertain generic status and named as fissurellidae sp . 1 and fissurellidae sp . 2 , respectively .
) . effective sample sizes ( ess ) ≫ 200 indicated adequate sampling of the posterior . the 95 % hpd ( highest posterior density interval ) sampled by bamm after analysing 9 , 001 posterior samples comprised the eight most probable distinct shift configurations . the single best shift configurations sampled by bamm suggested an increasing of diversification rates in cape verde
) . overall extinction rates were 0 . 046 ( 0 . 006–0 . 109 ) and remained constant through time . speciation rates were 0 . 089 ( 0 . 058–0 . 132 ) and an overall increase towards the present was identified .
was estimated at 10 . 21 [ 7 . 99–12 . 72 ] mya ( node a ;
) but most of the diversification within this group occurred during the late pliocene ( 2 . 98 [ 2 . 19–3 . 89 ] mya ; node d ,
) was estimated at 6 . 74 [ 5 . 29–8 . 41 ] mya ( node g ;
beast maximum clade credibility chronogram showing main cladogenetic events within fissurellidae based on mitochondrial coi and nuclear 28s rrna genes with ancestral estimation inferred with biogeobears .
age estimates in million years and bayesian posterior probabilities ( bpp ) of cape verde clades are shown on the table . the corresponding 95 % highest posterior density intervals ( blue bars ) are depicted . internal coloured vertical bars at branches indicate main ancestral areas recovered by
under the selected bayarealike + j model immediately following a speciation event whereas at nodes indicate ancestral ranges before speciation . numbers at the coloured squares indicate present - day ( tips ) distribution of species . in the legend , islands that are not represented , individually , by a single species are not coloured .
sp . ) , which was the pacific . this model suggests boavista as the ancestral range of
comprises the northwestern islands of the archipelago ( santo antão , ilhéu raso , santa luzia , são vicente and são nicolau ) . our results suggest a dispersal event towards sal where
is sal , boavista , maio , santiago and são vicente , which implies dispersal events from the northwestern islands ( the ancestral area ) towards sal , boavista and maio .
the total amount per cell of the coastline of rocky substrate ( in grey ) and sand ( in yellow ) on each island is shown in supplementary information s3 . the percentage per cell of the coastline of rocky substrate ( in grey ) and sand ( in yellow ) on each island is shown in supplementary information s4 . boavista is the island with the highest percentage of sand whereas ilhéu raso and santiago show the highest percentage of rocky substrate ( supplementary information s4 ) .
the simulations using high - resolution ocean current fields over the 10 - year period allowed releasing 360 particles per cell ( 6 . 39e
passive particles in total ) . maximum and average distances , probabilities and drifting time produced by the particles that effectively connected different coastal cells determined for the simulations running 4 and 30 days of passive dispersal are shown in
. the mean distance that particles can reach during four days of passive dispersal is 75 . 3 ± 75 . 9 km , which is approximately the same after 30 days ( 76 . 1 ± 75 . 9 km ) . mean connectivity probabilities between pairs of islands produced with simulations running 4 and 30 days of passive dispersal are shown in
, respectively . overall probabilities of connectivity between pairs of islands are quite low ( between 2 . 3e
) . the highest probability of connectivity occurs between são vicente and santo antão and the lowest between santo antão and maio . the degree of connectivity between islands inferred in network analysis running for four or 30 days of passive dispersal are shown in
( a and b ) , respectively . only stronger links are depicted . modularity values indicated good divisions > 0 . 3
. the animation shows different source locations releasing particles every 12 hours from july to november 2010 . the particles are allowed to drift for a maximum of 30 days with effective dispersal measured when they end up on shore .
( a ) degree of connectivity between cape verde islands inferred in network analysis for the simulation running four days of passive dispersal . only stronger links are depicted ( modularity : 0 . 38 ; three putative oceanographic clusters ; significance level of clustering : 0 . 0048 ) ; ( b ) degree of connectivity between cape verde islands inferred in network analysis for the simulation running 30 days of passive dispersal . only stronger links are depicted ( modularity : 0 . 34 ; two putative oceanographic clusters ; significance level of clustering : 0 . 0291 ) ; ( c ) example of pathways resulting from all particles sent from a coastal cell ( red dot ) in the simulation running four days of passive dispersal ; ( d ) example of pathways resulting from all particles sent from a coastal cell ( red dot ) in the simulation running 30 days of passive dispersal . figures were generated with igraph package ( version 1 . 0 . 1 ; url urltoken ) implemented in r language ( r core team ( 2015 ) . r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing , vienna , austria . url urltoken ) and adobe illustrator cs6 ( version 16 . 0 . 0 ) ( urltoken ) .
maximum and average distances , probabilities and drifting time produced by the particles that effectively connected different coastal cells determined for the simulations running 4 and 30 days of passive dispersal .
mean connectivity matrix between pairs of islands produced with the simulation running 4 days of passive dispersal .
mean connectivity matrix between pairs of islands produced with the simulation running 30 days of passive dispersal .
from the mediterranean and western atlantic . both species delimitation tests ( spedestem and gmyc ) indicated the existence of seven cape verde endemic
species of the mediterranean , western atlantic and pacific , whereas gmyc did recognise cape verde specimens as a distinct entity . however , results from both gmyc and genetic distances between cape verde
) , strongly suggest that these specimens should be considered an endemic species . these results are not in agreement with a morphology - based study that reported the existence of twelve
was unexpected , even for organisms with a theoretical pelagic larval phase of four days , considering that distances between islands are as little as 17 km ( e . g . , between ilhéu raso and s . nicolau ;
) , and according to our simulations , the mean distance that a particle can reach after four days of passive dispersal is 75 . 3 ± 75 . 9 km (
, which represents a much larger distance than between most of islands of the cape verde archipelago . nonetheless , this coastal species coexists with its sister species along the continental shore , where no strong physical barriers were identified . it was suggested that transient allopatry determined by historical episodes of climatic fluctuations and shifting currents or ecological barriers could be the main driver of speciation
. considering the extremely low estimated probabilities of connectivity between cape verde islands based on four or 30 days of passive dispersal ( e . g . , ilhéu raso
) . age estimates placed this shift at 2 . 98 [ 2 . 19–3 . 89 ] mya (
) at the plio - pleistocene boundary . key innovations or distinct habitat preferences are often invoked to explain higher rates of diversification
. all eight species occupied similar habitats and we found no evidence for niche segregation among species ( lopes , evandro p . , pers . obs . ) .
the low levels of connectivity between islands and a shift in diversification rates offer plausible explanations for the level of endemism observed in fissurella but a question still remains : why did diodora not diversify in the cape verde archipelago ? to address this question , three hypotheses were considered : ( i ) different sampling efforts for each genus ; ( ii ) differences between the pld of fissurella and diodora , and ( iii ) time of origin of each genus in the archipelago .
could have been undersampled seems unlikely considering that the sampling effort was equally distributed for both genera . field work revealed a strong bias in abundances : while more than 300 specimens of
specimens in total , all from boavista and all belonging to the same species . the type of larval development of cape verde
is unknown but under the observed oceanographic conditions , the second hypothesis of a longer pld to explain the existence of a single species owing to higher connectivity is not supported . our simulations based on patterns of ocean circulation did not significantly increase effective connectivity between islands even when pld was increased from four to 30 days of passive dispersal (
) . note that only effective dispersal events ( i . e . those that result in a larva landing on a coast ) are reported . our analyses show very low probabilities of shore - to - shore connectivity ( 0 . 003 ± 0 . 017 , on average ;
) , since most particles are pushed to open waters and only produce effective connectivity events in the very first days of ocean drifting ( between 1 . 29 ± 0 . 85 and 1 . 35 ± 1 . 02 days , on average ;
) . in fact , only 2 . 62 % of the particles travelled for more than four days , and such an increase in pld did not expand the maximum travelled distance of the particles ( 349 . 3 km ;
) . as the archipelago is separated from the nearest mainland ( the coast of senegal ) by approximately 500 km , this means that island - to - continent dispersal is very unlikely . finally , the mrca of
might have had more opportunities to disperse to other islands and speciate avoiding the severe volcanic eruptions that struck boavista between 9 . 5 and 4 . 5 mya
and likely had the greatest effect on rocky shore species such as keyhole limpets . other
species also present in boavista might have become extinct after these volcanic events , before having time to disperse to other islands .
keyhole limpets can only be found on rocky substrates , we analysed the effect of hard substrate availability on species richness . the number of
lineages showed , however , no correlation with the total area of rocky coast per island [ r ( 6 ) = −0 . 62 , p = 0 . 10 ] nor with the percentage of rocky coast per island [ r ( 6 ) = −0 . 50 , p = 0 . 22 , non - significant , see also
on the other hand , the degree of connectivity between islands provides the best predictor for present - day distribution of species . a model based on known patterns of ocean circulation and four days of passive dispersal (
) . the cluster that includes the northwestern islands ( s . nicolau , santo antão , s . vicente , santa luzia and ilhéu raso ) represents the geographic distribution of
sp . 2 ( sal and s . nicolau ) is favoured by patterns of ocean circulation that connect these two islands (
the archipelagic endemism in marine sessile organisms reported here was driven by shifts in diversification rates promoted by recurrent episodes of low sea levels during the plio - pleistocene boundary and patterns of ocean circulation favouring self - recruitment . the role of dispersal and persistence was determinant in shaping present - day geographic distribution of fissurellid keyhole limpets .
) . all specimens were preserved in 96 % ethanol . dr . rolán , e . , a recognized expert in cape verde invertebrate fauna and author of
using the - - auto option that automatically selects the appropriate strategy according to data size . alignments of both coi ( 540 bp ) and 28s rrna ( 826 bp ) were unambiguous , and amino acid translations in coi were checked using
, respectively . we used the combined data set ( coi : 145 taxa , 540 bp ; 28s rrna : 145 taxa , 826 bp ) for both analyses . this data set included all 120 unique coi and 28s haplotypes from cape verde samples and the remaining fissurellidae retrieved from genbank ( accession numbers in
selected the trn + i + g as the evolutionary model that best fits both data sets . the bayesian analysis was performed using two partitions , coi and 28s rrna . we used a yule tree prior
that assumes a constant rate of speciation among lineages and is more appropriate for species - level phylogenies . we used an uncorrelated relaxed , lognormal clock . mcmc analyses were run twice ( each run with 100 , 000 , 000 generations and a sample frequency of 10 , 000 ) following a discarded burn - in of 10 , 000 , 000 steps . length of burn - in was determined by visual examination of traces in
using the “maximum clade creditability” option and mean node height . the convergence to the stationary distribution was confirmed by inspection of the mcmc samples and of effective sample sizes ( ess ) . ess values above 200 indicate convergence
) and on the r2c2 research group cluster facility , both at the university of algarve .
, code written by t . ezard , t . fujisawa and t . barraclough in r v . 3 . 0 . 2
to compare the number of esus obtained from the single gene ( coi : 540 bp ; 145 taxa ) and the two - gene ( coi : 540 bp ; 28s : 826 bp ; 145 taxa ) data sets . the ultrametric trees based on the coi and the combined data sets were obtained with
using a strict clock model without fossil calibrations and a yule tree prior . both data sets included all 120 unique haplotypes from cape verde samples and remaining fissurellidae retrieved from genbank ( accession numbers in table 1 suplementary material ) . the analyses ran for 10 , 000 , 000 generations with sample frequency of 1000 , after a burn - in of 1000 , 000 .
to delimit the number of fissurellid species in cape verde by comparing the probability of models where putative evolutionary lineages are separate entities to the probability of models where putative lineages are collapsed into a single lineage using a maximum likelihood approach . spedestem takes as an input ultrametric trees and a user - supplied estimate of theta returning a table of models ranked according to their probability . ultrametric trees based on the coi and 28s data sets were produced by
using the coi ( 540 bp ; 145 taxa ) and the 28s ( 826 bp ; 145 taxa ) data sets . the analyses ran for 10 , 000 , 000 generations with sample frequency of 1000 , after a burn - in of 1000 , 000 . we used
that allows incorporation of fossil uncertainties . the data set used in this analysis ( 35 taxa ; coi : 540 bp ; 28s rrna : 826 bp ) included a single representative from each cape verde species inferred by abgd and spedestem and the remaining fissurellidae used in previous analyses . the calibration points used in this analysis are described in the
. this program uses mcmc simulations and reversible - jump sampling to estimate time - varying rates of speciation and extinction , and to find the optimal set of rate - shift configurations .
ultrametric tree was used for this analysis . we set four reversible jumping - mcmc running for 10 million generations sampled every 1000 generations and a burn - in of 10 % . the function setbammpriors in r was used to choose more appropriate prior values . we used ess ( effective sample size ) to assess the convergence of the runs and considered values above 200 as indicating convergence .
to estimate the ancestral ranges of fissurellidae . full description of the method is available on
. we defined 13 geographical areas : ( 1 ) sal ; ( 2 ) boavista ; ( 3 ) maio ; ( 4 ) santo antão ; ( 5 ) santiago ; ( 6 ) ilhéu raso ; ( 7 ) santa luzia ; ( 8 ) são vicente ; ( 9 ) são nicolau ; ( 10 ) mediterranean ; ( 11 ) western atlantic ; ( 12 ) pacific , and ( 13 ) africa . the maximum number of areas that any species may occur was set to five because it is the maximum number of areas where the species may occur .
to characterize shore substrate composition along the studied area , we prepared a 0 . 01° arc - degree ( approx . 1 . 6 km at 16° n ) mesh using r ( r development core team , 2014 ) . the mesh grid was then imported to google earth , and all tiles covering both ocean and land were assigned a substrate type by means of visual inspection . substrate types used were “rock” , “sand” or “both” . lastly , the substrate type layers produced in google earth were rasterised using the r package raster 54 , and the amount of each substrate was quantified .
how to cite this article : cunha , r . l . et al . drivers of cape verde archipelagic endemism in keyhole limpets . sci . rep . 7 , 41817 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep41817 ( 2017 ) .
publisher ' s note : springer nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations .
we thank the direcção geral do ambiente , ministério do ambiente , habitação e ordenamento do território from cape verde for providing sampling permits . we are very grateful to dr . emílio rolán for the help provided in species identification . we also thank katy nicastro and gerardo zardi for providing samples from south africa . rlc and ja were supported by post - doctoral fellowships from fct - portuguese science foundation ( sfrh / bpd / 109685 / 2015 and sfrh / bpd / 111003 / 2015 , respectively ) . rs was supported by marinfo - norte - 01 - 0145 - feder - 000031 , funded by norte portugal regional operational program ( norte2020 ) , under the portugal 2020 partnership agreement , through the european regional development fund ( erdf ) .
author contributions r . l . c . and r . c . designed this study . e . p . l . collected the samples . c . m . sequenced all the samples . r . l . c . , j . a . , r . s . , and f . l . analyzed data . r . c . prepared figures and tables . r . l . c . wrote the manuscript and s . t . w . , r . c . , and f . l . revised it . all authors contributed with their ideas and reviewed the final version of the manuscript .
reynoso - granados t . , monsalvo - spencer p . & serviere - zaragoza e .
& guzman del proo , s . a . larval and early juvenile development of the volcano keyhole limpet , fissurella volcano
maddison w . p . & maddison d . r . mesquite : a modular system for evolutionary analysis . urltoken ( 2015 ) .
a mathematical theory of evolution , based on the conclusions of dr . j . c . willis , f . r . s
r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing ( vienna , austria , 2016 ) .
matzke n . j . biogeobears : biogeography with bayesian ( and likelihood ) evolutionary analysis in r scripts . r package , version 0 . 2 . 1 , published july 27 , 2013 at : urltoken ( 2013 ) .
raster : geographic data analysis and modeling . r package version 2 . 1 - 25 . urltoken ( 2013 ) .


acrolophus heppneri is a moth of the acrolophidae family .

it was described by davis in 1990 .

it is found in north america , including alabama , florida , mississippi and texas .

the wingspan is about 17 mm .

acrolophus heppneri

hodges # 0355 . 1 - heppner ' s acrolophus - acrolophus heppneri - bugguide . net
hodges # 0355 . 1 - heppner ' s acrolophus moth - acrolophus heppneri - bugguide . net
home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » tubeworm , bagworm , and clothes moths ( tineoidea ) » clothes moths ( tineidae ) » burrowing webworm moths ( acrolophinae ) » tubeworm moths ( acrolophus ) » acrolophus heppneri - hodges # 0355 . 1 ( acrolophus heppneri )
acrolophus heppneri davis , 1990 , n . sp . , proc . entom . soc . wash . , v . 92 , no . 4 , p . 694 - 704 .
at outdoor light . this moth looks very much like carol wolf ' s acrolophus heppneri from florida posted in bg here . please confirm or let me know that i am wrong .
my moth makes a convincing threesome with carol wolf ' s specimen and jeff trahan ' s moth that , according to bob patterson ,
looks like
# 0355 . 1 acrolophus heppneri .
any gopher tortoises in the area ? acrolophus pholeter larvae feed on fecal pellets and plant debris found in the burrows . the adults can look like this . i think your id is probably correct . i ask out of curiosity .
three new species of acrolophus from the southeastern united states , with remarks on the status of the . . . . . d . r . davis . 1990 . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 92 ( 4 ) : 694 - 704 .
at outdoor light . provides june image for florida . this individual was surprisingly large : far exceeding 9mm forewing as listed on bg info for a female . maybe not heppneri even though it looks like one ? ( with a ruler next to the moth , i measured ~ 18mm , and using the width of the groove in the background of the dorsal view i come up with 16mm ) .
steve , thanks for pointing out the a . pholeter alternative . yes , on rare occasions i see a gopher turtle in my yard ( i think that ' s what they are ) but those a . heppneri types are not rare : i have several photos in my files . i noticed that from among those i posted in bugguide you picked the one with the faintest dark patch in the ( post ) median area : i wished there were images of pholeter to compare it with , but i did not find any . so , there we are !
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paraphrased from the original description - thorax : pronotum uniformly light to medium brown ; scales of tegula usually with pale gray to white apices . forewing uniformly medium to dark brown ( darker in male ) , with a pair of small , barely visible darker spots often present at base and apex of discal cell and usually more evident in lighter female ; under low maginification most scales with pale bases and darker apices .
lygodium microphyllum ( cav . ) r . br . ( small - leaf climbing fern ) schizaeaceae .
from the southeastern united states , with remarks on the status of the family acrolophidae ( lepidoptera : tineoidea ) .
arthropods of florida and neighboring land areas : lepidoptera of florida j . b . heppner . 2003 . florida department of agriculture 17 ( 1 ) : 1 - 670 .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 12 march , 2013 - 4 : 47pm additional contributions by a . hendrickson last updated 26 august , 2016 - 10 : 40am


condor is the common name for two species of new world vultures , each in a monotypic genus .

the name derives from the quechua kuntur .

they are the largest flying land birds in the western hemisphere .

they are : the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) which inhabits the andean mountains .

the california condor ( gymnogyps californianus ) currently restricted to the western coastal mountains of the united states and mexico and the northern desert mountains of arizona in the united states .

condor

[ htcondor - users ] condor 8 . 5 . 8 - condor _ q behavior
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09 / 30 / 15 08 : 34 : 52 / opt / condor / local . btbal3600 / condor _ config . local
like their relative , the california condor ( gymnogyps californianus ) , the andean condor has bald head which keeps their feathers clean after poking inside carcass .
earn miles with alaska mileage plan™ whenever you fly with condor or alaska airlines .
ordered at home , delivered on board . duty - free shopping with condor .
first legal protection specifically directed to the condor . california fish & game code .
whitson , m . , and p . whitson . 1969 . breeding behavior of the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) . condor 71 : 73 - 75 .
condor advisory committee formalized . endangered wildlife research program initiated at patuxent wildlife research center , us fish and wildlife ; fred sibley assigned to full - time research on condor
receive condor news and most up - to - date deals per e - mail . keep up to date with our latest offers , route news and other condor news .
andean condor soaring in the andes of peru . source : peru cultural society . the andean condor is classified as near threatened by the iucn red list of threatened species .
photograph of a spectacularly preserved fossil condor skull from grand canyon national park in arizona .
09 / 30 / 15 08 : 34 : 52 using config source : / btbal3600 / opt / condor - 8 . 2 . 8 / etc / condor _ config
gailey , j . , and n . bolwig . 1973 . observations on the behavior of the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) . condor 75 : 60 - 68 .
find new or used condor other 296iks rvs for sale from across the nation on rvtrader . com . we offer the best selection of condor other rvs to choose from .
the iucn red list of threatened species lists the andean condor as a “near threatened” species .
if you are travelling on business or in a commercial vehicle please click here for condor ferries freight .
09 / 30 / 15 08 : 34 : 53 output file : / opt / condor - 8 . 2 . 8 / local . btbal3600 / execute / dir _ 5593 / _ condor _ stdout
09 / 30 / 15 08 : 34 : 53 error file : / opt / condor - 8 . 2 . 8 / local . btbal3600 / execute / dir _ 5593 / _ condor _ stderr
09 / 30 / 15 08 : 34 : 53 about to exec / opt / condor - 8 . 2 . 8 / local . btbal3600 / execute / dir _ 5593 / condor _ exec . exe
the female condor will deposit one or two eggs on her nest built on inaccessible ledges of large rocks .
i would expect that ` condor _ q ` would be the same as ` condor _ q deck ` . is what i am seeing expected behavior , have i misconfigured something , or is this a bug ?
koford , c . b . 1953 . the california condor . national audubon society , research report 4 .
condor has increased its fees for pre - bookable ancillaries , such as extra baggage , meals or sports baggage .
current threats to the california condor include poisoning from scavening animals killed with lead shot and flying into power lines .
i know that 8 . 5 . 8 is a development release but i was messing around with our condor build system and i noticed some unexpected ( to me ) behavior . when calling condor _ q there is a failure :
a possible ancestral california condor fossil is a 1 to 1 . 5 million year - old fossil found in florida ,
weight : 17 - 29 lbs ( 8 - 13 kg ) . ( andean condor is approximately 30 lbs . )
daily food requirement of full grown captive condor is 570 gm - 1 kg ( approximately 1 - 2 lbs ) .
sepse condor sanctuary ( 35 , 000 acres ) established by us forest service . enlarged to 53 , 000 acres in
the california condor became extinct in the wild ( ew ) in 1987 when last 8 individuals were taken into captivity .
kaplan , m . ( 2002 ) the plight of the condor . new scientist , 2363 : 34 - 36 .
whitston , m . , p . whitston . 1969 . breeding behavior of the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) .
andean condor may descend to sea - level , and feed on dead whales , seals and seabirds near or along the beaches . inland , andean condor feeds mainly on large ungulates , and today domestic stock , which are important food resources .
the california condor ( gymnogyps californianus ) is a member of the family cathartidae or new world vultures , a family of seven species , including the closely related andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) and the sympatric turkey vulture ( cathartes aura ) .
a bespoke bicycle is a rarity . at condor cycles it is what we ' ve done every day for 70 years .
the california condor dates from late pleistocene ( around 40 , 000 years ago ) to modern times . ( emslie 1988 )
california condor distribution adapted from urltoken according to iucn fact sheet click here or on map for detailed distribution ( iucn ) .
directed secretary of interior to develop a register of endangered species . condor included on first official list of endangered species in 1967
iucn is 44 mature individuals . the wild population currently numbers 231 individuals in total ( california condor recovery program 2012 ) .
. publicity measures include a website and near - weekly condor articles in local newspapers ( d . cooper and j . grantham
authenticated ( 25 / 11 / 02 ) by james christian . former california condor release attendant for the peregrine fund . urltoken
gailey , j . , n . bolwig . 1973 . observations on the behavior of the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) .
una publicacić³n compartida de condor tool & knife inc . ( @ condortk ) el 2 jul , 2018 a las 4 : 38 pdt
in january of 2010 a wild - born , captive condor died at nearly 80 years old at the beardsley zoo in bridgeport connecticut .
speziale , k . , s . lambertucci , o . olssonb . 2008 . disturbance from roads negatively affects andean condor habitat use .
condor cycles 49 - 53 gray ' s inn road london wc1x 8pp + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7269 6820 customer . service @ urltoken
protection / threats / status : andean condor is threatened by indirect poisoning used for predators , and by the lead in the carcasses . disturbances , illegal shooting and persecution play an important role in the declines of this species . andean condor is listed as endangered and protected under cites
donázar , j . , j . feijoo . 2002 . social structure of andean condor roosts : influence of sex , age and season .
readiness in adult california condors , although i have observed similar characteristics in a captive california condor that had undergone periods of exertion and excitement .
california condor : bald eagle juvenile is noticeably smaller , has brown belly , long tail , and shows long head and neck projection in flight .
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embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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the andean condor ( vultus gryphus ) is one of the 7 species of new world vultures found in warm and temperate areas of the american continent .
rios - uzeda , b . , r . wallace . 2007 . estimating the size of the andean condor population in the apolobamba mountains of bolivia .
additional regulations may apply if you fly on airlines other than condor , e . g . if feeder or connecting flights are operated by other airlines .
dna studies of the 14 founder individuals of the current condor population indicates that they belonged to three distinct sub populations . ( geyer et al 1993 ) .
copyright © 2018 condor cycles limited . registered in england and wales ( no . 05351196 ) . registered office : 66 prescot street , london , e1 8nn .
last california condor is brought in from the wild on easter sunday . this young adult male joins 26 captive birds at the san diego and los angeles zoos .
the andean condor is considered threatened but is in far better shape than its california cousin . reintroduction programs are working to grow populations of these south american birds .
the andean condor ranges across the andes , in venezuela , colombia , ecuador , peru , bolivia and paraguay , south to argentina and chile ( 10 ) .
what’s in a name ? the name “condor” comes from cuntur , which originated from the inca name for the andean condor . their scientific name , gymnogyps californianus , comes from the greek words gymnos , meaning naked , and refers to the head , and gyps meaning vulture ; californianus is latin and refers to the birds’ range .
the andean condor played an important role in inca mythology . today the yawar fiesta which dates back from the time of the spanish conquest in the 1500s is celebrated in regions of the andes . during this celebration a condor , representing the indians , is tied to the back of a bull , which represents the spaniards . the condor attacks the bull with its beak while the bull tries to desperately get rid of it . young men chase the animal trying to show courage to their communities .
gymno comes from the greek word for bare or naked ( referring to the
bald
head of the condor ) . gyps is the greek word for vulture .
two anthropogenic factors , lead poisoning and shooting , have contributed disproportionately to the decline of the species in last 100 years . although publicity associated with the condor recovery program has reduced the likelihood of condors being shot , one person was arrested as recently as 2004 for shooting a california condor . high lead levels , primarily obtained from the ingestion of fragments of lead bullets and shot remains a pervasive problem throughout the historical foraging range of the california condor . for more information , please see lead exposure .
poulsen , h . 1963 . on the behavior of the south american condor ( vultur gryphus l . ) . z . tierpsychol . 20 : 468 - 473 .
due to loss of several birds , l . a . zoo begins power - line and human aversion programs for all condor release candidates . captive population 85 , wild population 3
from : htcondor - users [ mailto : htcondor - users - bounces @ xxxxxxxxxxx ] on behalf of deck , william sent : thursday , january 12 , 2017 11 : 34 am to : htcondor - users mail list < htcondor - users @ xxxxxxxxxxx > subject : [ htcondor - users ] condor 8 . 5 . 8 - condor _ q behavior
diet : andean condor feeds mainly on carcasses of large and medium - sized mammals such as ungulates , guanacos , cattle , but also marine mammals and large seabirds along the coasts .
from : htcondor - users [ mailto : htcondor - users - bounces @ xxxxxxxxxxx ] on behalf of john m knoeller sent : thursday , january 12 , 2017 12 : 47 pm to : htcondor - users mail list < htcondor - users @ xxxxxxxxxxx > subject : re : [ htcondor - users ] condor 8 . 5 . 8 - condor _ q behavior
postures of displaying california condors are very similar to those described for andean condors . however , if published photographs are representative , the andean condor holds its body more nearly vertical than does the california condor , and does not bend its neck as far forward ( whitson and whitson 1969 , fig . 1 ; gailey and bolwig 1973 , figs . . 1c , 1e , 5 ) . gailey and bolwig ( 1973 , fig . 1d ) showed a female andean condor with head and neck bent far downward and inward , but its wings were held almost fully open as in the
sunning
position . among the pictures of displaying andean condors , one of a male bird in poulsen ( 1963 , fig . 4 ) most closely resembles the posture of the california condor .
captive population of 52 birds . 2 california condors and 2 andean condors are released in the los padres national forest 1 / 14 . 10 / 6 - 1 california condor dies from ingestion of ethylene
hendrickson , s . , r . bleiweiss , j . matheus , l . de matheus , n . jácome , e . pavez . 2003 . low genetic variability in the geographically widespread andean condor .
everything reported above is in full agreement with koford ( 1953 : 77 - 80 ) . he assumed that only the male california condor actively displays , and i never saw anything to indicate otherwise . i was never close enough to displaying condors to know if their courtship is accompanied by hissing or other sounds , as is that of the andean condor ( whitson and whitson 1969 , gailey and bolwig 1973 ) .
the california condor is the largest land bird in north america , and once dominated the western skies . sadly , the species declined throughout much of the 20th century until only drastic measures saved it from extinction .
behaviour : andean condor feeds on carcasses and it is mainly a scavenger , feeding on dead animals . this large condor is able to tear muscles and viscera through the skin of the largest carcasses . around the carcasses , when they are feeding with other vultures’ species , there are some ritual displays in order to recognize the dominant birds , and conflicts are avoided or quickly resolved . usually , the largest species are dominant .
reproduction : andean condor male performs courtship displays , by standing erect with opened wings , and producing some clicking noises with the tongue . at this moment , the bare skin of the neck turns bright yellow . breeding season occurs from february to june in peru and in september - october in chile . andean condor does not build any structure . it nests on the bare ground of cliff - ledges or in shallow caves .
at carcasses , california condors dominate other scavengers . the exception is when a golden eagle is present . although the condor weighs about twice as much as an eagle , the superior talons of the eagle command respect .
starving fledgling wanders into an area of summer homes . after unsuccessful reintroduction attempt , bird is given to the l . a . zoo . this bird ( topatopa ) was only california condor in captivity for 15 years .
andean condors have been extremely important as a cultural symbol in the andes mountains of south america for thousands of years . in the ancient inca culture of peru the condor represents one of the three realms of existence , the heavens ; while the jaguar represents the earth and the snake the underworld . these three cultural references appear all over inca society , including in their architecture . the site of machu picchu , which was a royal vacation home , is built in the shape of a condor if viewed from the top of a nearby mountain . there is also a massive stone altar in the site that is shaped like a huge condor with wings spread high .
we designed condor to give pilots the complete experience of soaring on their pc . the key to this experience is the feeling of immersion in the environment . precise aerodynamics and weather physics drive the ongoing development . the condor simulator with state of the art graphics , real time control feedback , and cockpit sounds immerses you , the pilot , in the experience and is the closest you can come to flying a glider without ever leaving the ground .
at 1105 five adult condors and several ravens were at the carcass , but only one condor was actively feeding . another condor ( from general appearance , probably the
male
from the earlier courtship ) displayed to the feeding bird , then walked around the carcass , displaying to the group collectively . none of the condors responded to the displaying bird . courtship activity ceased after several minutes when two golden eagles flushed the condors and ravens from the carcass .
california condor : very large raptor with black body , bare - skinned red - orange head , and white wing patches . sexes are similar . juvenile has gray - skinned head and dull gray wing patches . exceptionally rare bird .
poulsen ( 1963 ) noted that an andean condor may display when not in the presence of other condors . on 2 february 1973 , john c . borneman and i observed an adult california condor roosting alone on a rock cliff . it sat quietly through the morning hours , preening occasionally . at 1205 it began swaying from side to side , walking in small circles with head and neck drooped forward and wings half opened . all actions were similar to those described above , except the stooped posture was less pronounced and the neck and head were neither swollen nor intensely colored . the condor displayed for perhaps one minute , sat quietly for another minute , then left its perch and circled out of sight .
the andean condor is adapted for exceptionally low mortality and low reproductive output , and is therefore highly vulnerable to human persecution , which persists over most of its range ( 2 ) ( 10 ) . the andean condor is killed for sport , and farmers kill it as a pest because they mistakenly believe it kills their livestock ( 7 ) ( 9 ) . additionally , condors have been affected by pesticides that have been carried up the food chain ( 7 ) ( 9 ) and by poison placed for mammalian predators ( 8 ) . as the andean condor mates for life , and shares parental duties , the death of a mate also has a knock - on impact on the other partner and the chick ( 7 ) .
california condor : prefers large carcasses , such as deer , cattle , and beached marine mammals , but readily feeds on smaller carrion . leaves roost to begin foraging late in morning , after strong thermals form , often returning to a known carcass .
this is because when you don’t specify a username , by default condor _ q will ask the schedd to send only jobs for the current user , which it determines by using authentication on the connection to the schedd to determine who you are .
the california condor is the largest flying bird in north america . their wings may stretch nearly 10 feet from tip to tip . when in flight , these huge birds glide on air currents to soar as high as a dizzying 15 , 000 feet .
the andean condor is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) and listed on appendix ii of the convention on migratory species ( cms ) ( 4 ) .
species status california condors ( gymnogyps californianus ) were listed as endangered under the federal endangered species act on march 11 , 1967 . as of oct 31 , 2012 , the total condor population was 409 birds and 232 of those were in the wild .
based on the novel
six days of the condor
by james grady and screenplay
three days of the condor
by lorenzo semple jr . and david rayfiel , condor follows cia analyst joe turner who stumbles onto a plan that threatens the lives of millions . joe has always been conflicted about his work for the cia . but when something he ' s discovered gets his entire office killed , leaving joe as the only survivor and forcing him to go on the run , the theoretical reservations he ' s harbored turn into all - too - real moral dilemmas . under pressure , joe will be forced to redefine who he is and what he ' s capable of in order to discover the truth and to stop a plot that threatens the lives of millions .
flight : andean condor spends most of the daytime soaring in the thermals created by valleys and mountains . the large wings are well adapted for soaring flight . they use the rising air currents and rarely perform flapping flight , always in order to save energy .
the researchers believe this huge bird surpasses the previous recorder - holder , argentavis magnificens - a condor - like bird from south america with an estimated wingspan of 5 . 7 - 6 . 1m ( 19 - 20ft ) that lived about six million years ago .
the original decline of the california condor followed the extinction of many large mammals in north america ( 5 ) . despite legal protection since 1900 ( 10 ) , the 20th century decline was due to human induced pressures such as trapping , shooting , egg collecting and lead poisoning following ingestion of carcasses killed with lead shot ( 2 ) . unfortunately lead poisoning still occurs regularly and remains the condor ' s greatest threat ; other current threats include collisions with power lines , shooting , and both deliberate and accidental poisoning ( 12 ) .
andean condor roosts in groups in cliff ledges . these large birds have to save energy by avoiding fights at carcasses , soaring in thermals during several hours apparently effortless , and storing fat reserves when food resources are abundant . these vultures can remain several days without feeding .
lambertucci , s . , a . trejo , s . di martino , j . sanchez - zapata , j . donazar , f . hiraldo . 2009 . spatial and temporal patterns in the diet of the andean condor : ecological replacement of native fauna by exotic species .
proposed determination of critical habitat for snail darter , american crocodile , whooping crane , california condor , indiana bat , and florida manatee ; 40 fr 58308 58312 ( percina ( imostoma ) sp . , crocodylus acutus , grus americana , gymnogyps californicus , myotis sodalis , trichechus manatus )
this species is found in high mountains , lowland deserts , open grasslands , along coastlines and in alpine regions ( 9 ) . unlike many birds , the andean condor does not build nests , but rather lays its eggs among boulders or in caves or holes ( 9 ) .
the condor’s bare head is an adaptation for hygiene since they eat dead and rotting meat and must , for the most part , stick their heads into the carcasses to feed . as unappetizing as this may seem to us , scavengers like condors are vital to the natural ecosystem .
fossil records reveal that the california condor once ranged over much of the southern united states , south to nuevo leon , mexico , and east to florida , as well as upstate new york . the disappearance of the condor from much of this range occurred about 10 , 000 - 11 , 000 years ago . by the time of the arrival of european settlers in western north america , condors occurred only in a narrow pacific coastal strip from british columbia to baja california norte . after the 1930s the condors were found primarily in central california , north of los angeles .
the 2016 artwork features three iconic pleistocene (
ice age
) animals from the united states— saber - toothed cat , long - horned bison , and a condor flying above . the landscape is an idealized representation of southern nevada within what is now tule springs fossil beds national monument .
one study of 40 condor nest sites ( both recent and formerly active ) found bones of immature cattle most often represented along with a wide variety of medium - sized mammals such as rabbits , ground squirrels , pocket gophers , coyotes , foxes , and weasels . ( collins et al 1999 )
the andean condor inhabits high peaks of the andes mountains of south america at elevations of up to 16 , 000 ft or 5 , 000 m . its habitat ranges from colombia in the north , to ecuador , peru , bolivia , argentina and chile in the southern end of the continent .
one reason california condor recovery has been slow is their extremely slow reproduction rate . female condors lay only one egg per nesting attempt , and they don’t always nest every year . the young depend on their parents for more than 12 months , and take 6 - 8 years to reach maturity .
a condor can fly over a hundred miles in a single flight ! they have a remarkable ability to soar on thermals , or currents of warm air that provide lift . this allows them to fly for a considerable distance without even flapping . condors roost in tall snags or on cliff faces to elude terrestrial predators . roosts may also serve a social function , as it is common for 2 or more condors to roost together and leave a roost together . depending upon weather conditions and the hunger of a bird , a california condor may spend most of its time perched on a roost .
the california condor is one of our nation ' s most magnificent birds , with wings spanning an amazing nine and half feet ! it is black in color with white underwing patches and a bald head with very few feathers . the color of the head varies from white to orange to reddish purple .
. in 2008 an agreement was struck between the tejon ranch and five conservation organisations to preserve 240 , 000 acres of the 270 , 000 acre property as an open space in return for not opposing the development of the remaining land , providing a vast amount of foraging habitat for the condor ( l . kiff
california condor : found in arid foothills and mountain ranges of southern and central california ; also seen in northern arizona and southern utah . requires large areas of remote country for foraging , roosting , and nesting . condors roost on large , old growth trees or snags , or on isolated rocky outcrops and cliffs .
: april 11 , first condor chick hatches in the wild ( ventura county ) the chick’s parents were captive - reared at the los angeles zoo and san diego wild animal park , then released into the wild at the age of one by the usfws in 1995 . two more chicks later hatch but none survive .
finkelstein , myra , zeka kuspa , noel f . snyder and n . john schmitt . 2015 . california condor ( gymnogyps californianus ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
native to a wide variety of north american habitats , the condor is historically restricted to the pacific coastline and inland to the sierras ( 8 ) . inhabits rocky , open scrubland , coniferous forest and oak savannah ( 3 ) . nests have been recorded in rock cavities as well as in large sequoia trees ( 3 ) .
towards the end of the 1980s , with only eight individuals left in the wild , it was clear that the extinction of this bird was imminent . the remaining wild individuals were taken into captivity and incorporated into an intensive conservation breeding programme run by san diego wild animal park , los angeles zoo and the peregrine fund ( 13 ) . a variety of techniques were used in the breeding programme including double - clutching and the rearing of chicks with hand puppets , and in 1992 the first condors were released back into the wild ( 14 ) . numerous hurdles have had to be overcome , not least teaching captive birds to avoid power cables , but in the spring of 2002 the first wild condor chick for two decades hatched ( 13 ) . the rescue of the californian condor is an ongoing conservation programme but the successes so far have been inspiring and the population continues to climb ( 8 ) ; today the condor can once again be seen soaring over the rocky californian landscape .
meretsky , v . j . , snyder , n . f . r . , beissinger , s . r . , clendenen , d . a . and wiley , j . w . ( 2000 ) demography of the california condor : implications for reestablishment . conservation biology , 14 : 957 - 967 . available at : urltoken
california condor recordings by vincent gerwe © cornell lab of ornithology macaulay library cornell lab of ornithology 159 sapsucker woods road ithaca new york 14850 united states of america tel : + 1 ( 607 ) 254 - 2404 fax : + 1 ( 607 ) 254 - 2439 email : macaulaylibrary @ urltoken website : www . birds . urltoken / macaulaylibrary
habitat and range : andean condor frequents mainly the mountainous areas where it can fly in thermal currents . it occurs amongst the higher peaks of the andes . it may be found in low grasslands in argentina , and along the sea coast in peru and southern chile . it occurs in the andes , from western venezuela to tierra del fuego .
california condor : a single pale green or blue egg is laid in a shallow cave or rock crevice ; no nesting material is added , but the pair may manipulate rocks and other objects to form a crude nest . incubation ranges from 54 to 58 days and is carried out by both parents ; produces no more than one brood every other year .
postures to those described above are adopted by other cathartid vultures , but differences in coloration do not result in similar emphasis . for example , the black vulture does not have striking plumage patterns . color and pattern may assist or reinforce the courtship behavior of the california condor , but the ceremony itself is probably phylogenetically the older character ( lorenz 1937 ) .
as one of the largest flying birds in the world , the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) forms an awesome sight over the south american skies ( 5 ) , as it soars gracefully on huge , motionless wings ( 6 ) . these magnificent birds have glossy black plumage with white flight feathers on the wings ( 7 ) and a distinctive downy , white ruff around the neck ( 8 ) . the bare skin on the head of the andean condor varies in colour , but is usually reddish - pink at the base of the neck , and more mottled greyish - pink or yellow on the head ( 2 ) . these birds have large feet with powerful claws and sharp , hooked beaks that allow them to easily tear apart their scavenged prey ( 9 ) . the andean condor is the only american vulture to show sexual dimorphism , with males possessing a large , fleshy lump on the front of their heads , called a caruncle , and neck wattles that are absent in females ( 2 ) ( 9 ) . juvenile andean condors are a dull brown colour ( 2 ) .
: march 25 , first egg laid by a wild , re - introduced california condor in the grand canyon national park . the egg was found broken , a common occurrence . later this year 2 eggs are laid in the same nest . scientists retrieve one because of probable incubation difficulties . chick is hatched june 17 , and is raised by a pair of captive birds
during each observation , the neck and cheeks of the displaying condor were much distended ; the bright red chest patch was inflated prominently ; the orange head was especially bright ; and the bluish - gray band at the base of the neck appeared as a pale ring , with a conspicuous rose - red spot on the ventral side below the bill . the condor at whom each display was directed , and also one other bird in the group , also had distended necks and cheeks , but their color was not as intense as that of the displaying bird . the remaining condors were duller in color , and no swelling of head , neck , or check patch was evident . bright coloration and distension of head and neck may be general indications of reproductive
recovery attempts for the andean condor have been made through captive breeding and reintroduction programmes , which have been moderately successful ( 7 ) . captive - bred andean condors have so far been reintroduced into the wild in colombia and venezuela , and early reports indicate that that some of these birds have begun to breed ( 8 ) . these results are extremely encouraging and provide hope for the successful preservation of this magnificent bird . a similar project is currently underway in argentina , and there is potential for reintroductions to be made throughout the species’ former range ( 10 ) . however , it is imperative that an education campaign to try to reduce hunting of the andean condor accompanies such measures , if reintroduced individuals are to be given the best possible chance of survival .
once a condor reaches six or seven years of age , he or she is ready to find a mate for life . condors will breed once every other year , with an elaborate courtship flight and dance leading up to mating . before that , an appropriate nest site must be found . condors build simple nests , often using caves in cliff faces to shelter their young from predators . raising a condor chick requires tremendous energy and time , so a pair will usually lay only one egg per season . however , they may lay a replacement clutch if their first or even second egg is lost . the egg is incubated by both parents and hatches after approximately 56 days . both parents share responsibilities for providing the nestling with food and warmth . at two to three months of age , condor chicks leave the nest but remain in the vicinity of the nest where they are fed by their parents . the chick takes its first flight at about six to seven months of age but may not become fully independent until the following year . chicks learn from their parents how to fly and find food . parents will look after their young up to two years after hatching .
the coastal condor population may have survived the widespread extinctions at the end of the pleistocene because they ate marine mammals ( that did not become extinct ) rather than terrestrial food sources ; by contrast , isotope studies reveal that a black vulture that did become extinct fed only on large animals living on land ( many of which became extinct ) . ( fox - dobbs et al 2006 ) ,
i can actually submit to the schedd i am attempting to query . i can work around this issue by setting condor _ q _ only _ my _ jobs = false ( which makes sense ) . i inherited the authentication settings and they have not been changed in quite some time . it looks like now would be a good time to take a look . thanks for the help .
prior to 1973 , the courtship display of the california condor had been described ( koford 1953 , wilbur and borneman 1972 ) , but no photographs of the event had been published . on 31 january 1973 , i had the opportunity to photograph a pair in courtship in the sespe condor sanctuary ( los padres national forest ) , ventura county , california . i had seen similar activity 20 february 1970 , 26 february 1971 , 3 february 1972 , and 14 december 1972 . the photos are not particularly sharp , and i suspect that a lot of courtship photos have been taken since the captive breeding program began . still , i think this is interesting as one of the few photo records of how the original , pre - captive breeding , condors behaved . by way of explanation :
: three chicks hatch in california ' s ventura county back country . there are now 97 condors living in the wild in california , arizona and baja . there are 124 birds in captivity at the wild animal park , l . a . zoo and the peregrine fund ' s world center for birds of prey ; the jonsson center for wildlife conservation established in oregon by the oregon zoo for condor recovery efforts .
the california condor population steadily declined during the 20th century until there were only about 22 known to exist in the world . the last of the free - flying condors were taken into captivity in 1987 in order to save the species from extinction . efforts to reintroduce california condors began in early 1992 , and continue to this day . today , they can be found primarily in california , arizona and baja california , mexico .
) , which forage by smell whereas andean condors forages by sight . larger andean condors are much better adapted at tearing into the tough hide of a fresh kill . the smaller vultures benefit from the labors of the condor and feed on what is left of the newly opened carcass . within the last century or so there has been an ecological shift in food availability across much of the andean condors ' range as native megafauna species (
large vultures perform sunning behaviour in the morning , because their body temperature falls several degrees at night in order to save the energy . the sun helps them to recover the normal level . but sunning is also used for feathers . during the flight at high elevation , the strong winds may bend the feather’s tips upwards . andean condor needs the sun’s heat for recovering the normal feather’s shape . feathers’ maintenance is an important behaviour for so large birds .
the display posture of the california condor gives prominence to most of the bird ' s brilliant colors and striking patterns . the orange of the head , the gray neck ring , and most of the red chest patch are conspicuous to the display partner . the white patches under the wings flash almost like mirrors as the bird sways from side to side . only the rose pink neck spot and a portion of the red chest patch are obscured from view .
it appears to me that the job is hung on transferring output for an hour after running the job to completion . then after an hour the condor daemon copying the data is determined to be hung and is killed . however we see the output file transferred to the schedd . similar behavior is observed on all the jobs that don’t “finish” . the behavior only seems to appear in longer running jobs as all of the jobs are setup in the same way .
the spectacular but endangered california condor is the largest bird in north america . these superb gliders travel widely to feed on carcasses of deer , pigs , cattle , sea lions , whales , and other animals . pairs nest in caves high on cliff faces . the population fell to just 22 birds in the 1980s , but there are now some 230 free - flying birds in california , arizona , and baja california with another 160 in captivity . lead poisoning remains a severe threat to their long - term prospects .
the california condor was originally widespread throughout north america , but by the 1800s they were restricted to the west coast , from british columbia to baja california . in the 1970s only 30 individuals remained , all of which were confined to a small area of california ( 6 ) , and on easter sunday 1987 the species became extinct in the wild when the last individual was taken into captivity ( 8 ) . an extensive conservation effort has been undertaken to re - introduce captive - bred condors back into the wilds of california , arizona and mexico .
2017 ) . a huge step has been taken towards eliminating the threat of lead - poisoning with the signing in 2007 of the ridley - tree condor preservation act , which requires the use of non - lead ammunition within the species ' s range in california and was implemented in 2008 . as of february 2009 , 99 % of hunters were compliant with the act . the arizona game and fish department is now distributing safer lead - substitute bullets free of charge to hunters within the foraging range of the condors ; similar programmes are being initiated in california ( l . kiff
california condors are the largest north american land birds and among the largest flying birds in the world . an adult condor will weigh about 22 pounds and can have a wingspan of up to 9 . 5 feet . adults are mostly black with white underwing patches . similar to their relatives , the vultures , they have no feathers on their heads or feet . juvenile condors are grayish - black , with short feathers on their heads that they lose as they grow older . the bright orange - red colored head and the white patches under the wings are easy ways to distinguish adult california condors from juveniles . males and females cannot be distinguished by size or plumage characteristics .
condors are obligate scavengers , meaning they feed only on carcasses of animals . a condor ' s sharp beak and strong neck muscles allow them to tear into animal hide and feed . they forage widely as far as 150 miles a day looking for deer , elk , livestock and marine mammals . having located a potential food item , condors frequently remain in the air circling high above the carcass before landing . circling behavior is thought to serve as a signal to other condors in the area , guiding them to potential food sources . condors apparently depend on visual rather than olfactory cues to locate food . having to face changes in food availability , condors have been documented not feeding for a periods up to 14 days .
andean condors roost on cliff faces and use thermal currents to lift off in the morning , and then spend most of the day soaring on updrafts looking for food . these birds scavenge on the remains of sheep , llamas , cattle , seals and occasionally newborn animals or the eggs of seabirds . the andean condor’s excellent eyesight allows it to spot a carcass from several miles away , and this bird is also known to watch the behaviour of other animals or follow smaller scavenging birds to find a carcass ( 7 ) . its sharp , curved beak can easily tear through the flesh and hides of the toughest carcasses ( 7 ) ( 9 ) . up to 40 andean condors have been observed together at a single large carcass ( 2 ) .
. the first chick born in mexico for over 75 years hatched in april 2007 . it is hoped these birds will range widely enough to be effectively connected with birds in the southern u . s . a . , and a bird from the baja population was seen in san diego county in april 2007 . 2015 was an important year for the species in terms of its recovery in the wild as it was the first year when the number of individuals that died in the wild was less than the number of juveniles that fledged ( silber 20116 ) . second generation birds have recently matured to breeding age , but no population can be deemed sustainable , and without substantial reductions in the use of lead - based ammunition within the condor ' s range none are likely to become so ( finkelstein
the andean condor has a long lifespan , in excess of 50 years , but breeds very slowly ( 7 ) . sexual maturity is not attained until 7 to 11 years , after which these birds , like all condors , mate for life ( 7 ) . the male conducts an elaborate courtship display involving drawing the body up and fully extending the wings , as well as making loud tongue clicks , while the reddish skin of the neck becomes bright yellow ( 8 ) . the female lays a single egg every other year , which both the male and female take turns to incubate ( 7 ) for about 54 to 58 days ( 8 ) . the young andean condors take a lot of time and effort to raise , being unable to fly until they are six months old and remaining reliant upon the adults for up to two more years ( 2 ) ( 7 ) .
the critically endangered california condor is a member of the new world vulture family ( cathartidae ) , and has an impressive wingspan of just less than three metres ( 5 ) . the featherless head and neck are a reddish - orange colour ; a few black feathers sprout from the head and there is a ruff of fine , glossy black feathers around the neck ( 6 ) . the neck has an inflatable pouch , which is important in courtship ( 7 ) . the plumage is black in colour with large white patches under each wing ( 6 ) . males and females are indistinguishable by size or plumage ( 8 ) . juveniles are grey and adult feathers do not replace this down until the age of five to seven months ( 6 ) . sub - adults retain a grey head until they reach maturity at five to seven years of age , when they acquire the full colouration of an adult ( 6 ) .
at 1006 on 31 january 1973 , two adult condors were on the ground near a deer carcass we had placed as supplemental feed . one golden eagle and several ravens were also near the carcass . one condor , the presumed male , half - opened its wings , with the primary feathers hanging vertically . with neck extended and head bowed , the
male
swayed from side to side in front of the
female .
while at close quarters , the
male
twice kicked one foot at the bowed head of the
female ' ( described by koford 1953 : 77 ) .
he
then turned and walked some 10 meters away from the
female ,
still swaying from side to side with head bent forward . the
female
followed about half the distance , then the
male
turned and came back toward her , still displaying . the courtship ended at 1010 when the eagle , which had been standing on the deer carcass and feeding , flew away . both condors moved quickly to the carcass and began to feed .
apologies for the boring font , it’s needed to keep the parallel texts in line .
the english translations are a mixture of my own , and my adaptations to those by p . gelles and g . martínez in the english version , alias :
are therefore found in these texts only in spanish loanwords which have not been fully assimilated to quechua pronunciation .
the first passage in particular , where gregorio relates his time as a press - ganged conscript in the peruvian army ( where spanish was the only language it was permitted to speak ) , has an even greater number of loanwords from spanish than is usual in quechua .
this is largely due to the context of the peruvian army , an institution entirely dominated by spanish .
in the english translation of the first text have also been put in bold if they are ones that english has borrowed from french .
the suffixes given here are in the form and spellings used in the official quechua alphabet for southern quechua ( ayacucho , cuzco , puno , bolivia ) .
be aware , though , that he presents the bolivian forms of these , uses a slightly different spelling system and some different names , but suffixes should still be recognisable as the same as the ones given here .
bernard comrie , martin haspelmath , balthasar bickel , william croft , christian lehmann , dietmar zaefferer , and others .
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