paziella pazi , common name : paz 's murex , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails .

paziella pazi

you selected poirieria ( paziella ) pazi ( crosse , 1869 ) . this is a synonym for :
specimen shell : paziella pazi each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality . these shells come from all over the philippines , provided by fishermen ( usa - florida , dry tortugas ) , divers , muricidae specimen shell : paziella pazi crosse , 1869
sea shell information on : ts135436 - muricidae paziella - > pazi . this specimen is of muricidae . the specimen shell of groupe : paziella . shell found on the philippines . shell is of exceptional quality . more sea shell information
( of paziella ( paziella ) pazi ( crosse , 1869 ) ) merle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . page ( s ) : 164 [ details ]
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
merle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . page ( s ) : 164 [ details ]
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3282cec0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3282d04a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3682cceb - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
bieler r . bouchet p . dijkstra h . faber m . finn j . garcia - alvarez o . gofas s . la perna r . marshall b . moretzsohn f . neubauer t . a . rosenberg g . sartori a . f . schneider s . taylor j . ter poorten j . j . & vos c . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . worms mollusca : molluscabase ( version 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 129829cd - 6387 - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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description : f + , rare today ! found in 1960 ` s by j . r . black
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» species poirieria ( poirieria ) syrinx b . a . marshall & houart , 1995 represented as poirieria syrinx b . a . marshall & houart , 1995
subgenus poirieria ( panamurex ) woodring , 1959 accepted as calotrophon ( panamurex ) woodring , 1959 represented as calotrophon hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951
subgenus poirieria ( pazinotus ) accepted as pazinotus e . h . vokes , 1970
species poirieria azami kuroda , 1929 accepted as murexsul multispinosus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1904 ) ( synonym )
jousseaume , f . p . ( 1880 ) . division méthodique de la famille des purpuridés . le naturaliste . 2 ( 42 ) : 335 - 338 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 335 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
barco , a . ; marshall , b . ; houart , r . ; oliverio , m . ( 2015 ) . molecular phylogenetics of haustrinae and pagodulinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) with a focus on new zealand species . journal of molluscan studies . 81 ( 4 ) : 476 - 488 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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tulane university journal publishing is an open access , peer - reviewed journal publishing service which provides a web - based platform for scholarly and academic publishing to the tulane community .
tulane studies in geology and paleontology was devoted primarily to the geology and paleontology of the coasts and adjacent land areas of the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea . each number
the journal was published between 1962 and 1997 . this is a collection of the entire run of the journal .
for all scientific names see vol . 10 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 1 - 10 ) ; vol . 20 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 11 to 20 ) ; vol . 30 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 21 to 30 ) .
the past half century has seen dramatic changes in the world of scientific publishing ; changes that will continue in the next few decades . the newest generations of ( geo ) scientists have come of age in an environment where the research literature is almost entirely accessed online and visits to physical library collections are becoming increasingly rare . on one hand , these developments have led to the proliferation of new journals , most of which only exist online , and many of the latest additions are open - access journals . on the other hand , several older publication venues have come to a close .
it is now 20 years ago that the last issue of tulane studies in geology and paleontology ( initially known as tulane studies in geology ) appeared . coincidental or not , 1997 was right around the time that scientific publishing rapidly migrated to the internet . initiated in 1962 , tsgp has published more than 5000 pages of peer - reviewed research , in many cases by faculty members and graduate students in tulane’s department of geology . series like tsgp proliferated for many years , in part based on the extensive exchange schemes that existed between academic libraries . editing was carefully done in house , constituting a major time commitment for the faculty members who served as editors . even though the series was discontinued a while ago , the research published in tsgp has had a lasting impact . it continues to be cited on a regular basis and typically accrues 20 to 30 citations annually according to the web of science .
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the bruce 's green pigeon ( treron waalia ) , also known as the yellow-bellied fruit pigeon , is a species of bird in the family columbidae .

it is found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , djibouti , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea-bissau , kenya , mali , mauritania , niger , nigeria , oman , saudi arabia , senegal , somalia , sudan , togo , uganda , and yemen .

it is a frugivore bird species that specialises on eating the fruits of a single species of fig tree , ficus platphylla .

bruce ' s green pigeon

nobody uploaded sound recordings for bruce ' s green - pigeon ( treron waalia ) yet .
bruce ' s green pigeon ( treron waalia ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .
bruce ' s green pigeon , treron waalia , meyer , 1793 ( protonym , columba waalia ) , also known as the yellow - bellied fruit pigeon or the yellow - bellied green pigeon , photographed at lake zway , ethiopia .
response : this is a bruce ' s green pigeon , treron waalia . this bird is placed into the family of doves and pigeons ( columbidae ) .
large green pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 3rd edition : large green pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 4th edition : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( as published ) : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( incl . 2000 revisions ) : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( incl . 2001 revisions ) : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( incl . more
large green pigeon ( treron capellei ) ; . . . finschii ) ; urltoken to vivek tiwari ' s
birds and birding in india
home page : o t yellow - footed green pigeon yellowlegged green pigeon - o white . . . billed crow jungle urltoken to vivek tiwari ' s
birds and birding in india
home page : green - pigeon treron apicauda - - l wedge - tailed green - pigeon treron sphenura k . . . t - urltoken birds of gombe : . . . more
the large green pigeon is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) , considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .
bruce ' s green pigeon is a canopy - feeding frugivorous pigeon that specialises on consuming the fruits of just one species of fig tree , ficus platphylla . it is found in wooded valleys , wooded savanna and other wooded habitats throughout sub - saharan africa from senegal through somalia and all the way into the arabian peninsula . it only occurs north of the equator .
the large green pigeon ( treron capellei ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family . it is found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , myanmar , and thailand . madagascar green pigeon the madagascar green pigeon ( treron australis family . it is found in ) is a species of bird in the columbidaemadagascar , comoros , and mayotte . many coloured fruit dove the many coloured fruit dove ( ptilinopus perousii ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family . more
with
bruce ' s travels
as the clue , i now have no doubt that blanford was referring to the five - volume
travels to discover the source of the nile , in the years 1768 , 1769 , 1770 , 1771 , 1772 , and 1773
by the scotsman , james bruce , renowned for his accounts of ethiopian history and culture . [ ref ]
in the introduction to his book , blandford writes :
the earliest contribution to the abyssinian fauna was contained in the last ( fifth ) volume of bruce ' s travels . in the original edition of 1790 several plates representing various plants and animals of north - eastern africa were given , accompanied by descriptions , which , like all of bruce ' s writings , show great power of observation , though they are occasionally not quite accurate in matters of details . a few of the drawings of birds brought back by bruce were described by buffon and named by gmelin , but the exact species have in some instances remained obscure .
in that interesting comment thread , safari77 goes on to quote a portion of the book where james bruce describes this species and its habits .
towards the end of his book , blandford actually cites bruce again with reference to treron abyssinica ( lath . ) as waalia , and as columba abyssinica -
iris yellow or salmon colour , with a circle of pure blue round the pupil ; bill dirty white ; cere purplish pink ; legs deep yellw . this bird is very closely allied in its form and habits to the indian green pigeon .
description : the green plumage is produced by a combination of melanin and yellow carotenoid pigments” and that in “several species of the genus treron , males also show orange carotenoid patches on the breast or belly , and sometimes on their crown or forehead , apart from the green coloration of the body . ”
this pigeon is special because it relies on pigments for its green plumage colouration , as discussed in the paper , dietary and sexual correlates of carotenoid pigment expression in dove plumage ( bettina mahler , lidia s . araujo & pablo l . tubaro . ( may , 2003 ) . the condor , 105 ( 2 ) ; 258 - 267 . free pdf ) . in this paper , the authors cite a 1983 publication by derek goodwin [ amazon uk ; amazon us ] that mentions that captive treron doves
fail to express their carotenoid - based green and yellow plumage color if the diet was unsuitable , showing gray and purplish colors instead
.
question : this ethiopian mystery bird is notable amongst birds for its colour . can you tell me what is so remarkable about this ? can you tell me the name of this bird ' s taxonomic family ? can you identify this species ? in my opinion , this bird ' s common name is really strange : who is the australian philosopher ?
the authors of the condor paper analysed green feathers from a number of pigeons and doves , including several species of treron , and found carotenoid pigments in the yellow and orange plumage of treron species . the authors further note that
[ t ] he green plumage in the gen [ us ] treron . . . is produced by a combination of melanin and yellow carotenoid pigments
and that in
several species of the genus treron , males also show orange carotenoid patches on the breast or belly , and sometimes on their crown or forehead , apart from the green coloration of the body .
ok , so here it is - it ' s not definitive by any means , but the renowned geologist and zoologist , william thomas blandford , in one of the publications not often cited with reference to his work , observations on the geology and zoology of abyssinia , made during the progress of the british expedition to that country in 1867 - 68 ( macmillan , london . , 1870 ) , makes mention of bruce in numerous passages , and in particular his drawings and a work entitled
travels .
i would like to thank one of my readers , safari77 , whose excellent detective work turned up a reasonable explanation for this species ' s common name . i ' ve included his entire quote ( but follow back to original to follow active links ) :
large green pigeons are another speciality of ko surin nuea , being recorded by a number of observers over a number of visits . white - bellied sea eagles can be seen anywhere around the national park , but are particularly easily seen from boats while snorkelling . most birders come to ko surin in hope of seeing beach thick - knee . i was unfortunate on my visit and didn ' t see any , but the boatmen took me to ao sai - en searching for one and they have been regularly spotted here . more
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be frequent to locally abundant ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and unsustainable levels of exploitation .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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image : dan logen , 6 february 2011 ( with permission ) [ velociraptorize ] . nikon d300 , 600 mm lens , f / 5 , 1 / 320 sec , iso 1000
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : treron waalia . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
treron waalia : savanna of sub - saharan africa , sw arabia and socotra i .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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whats wrong with secretary kim 영준이 재능교육 시작했니 ? ( 자기의 일은 스스로 . . . 하지마 . . . ) 180704 ep . 9
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the hartmann 's mountain zebra ( equus zebra hartmannae ) is a subspecies of the mountain zebra found in far south-western angola and western namibia .

hartmann 's mountain zebras prefer to live in small groups of 7-12 individuals .

they are agile climbers and are able to live in arid conditions and steep mountainous country .

it has been argued that hartmann 's mountain zebras should be considered a separate species from the cape mountain zebra , but this is not supported by genetic evidence ( see mountain zebra #taxonomy ) .

consequently , it is no longer considered a subspecies in mammal species of the world . 2005 .

hartmann ' s mountain zebra

no critical habitat rules have been published for the hartmann ' s mountain zebra .
the cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) is the smallest living zebra , and differs from hartmann’s mountain zebra ( equus zebra hartmannae ) by its smaller size ( 5 ) ( 8 ) , slightly thicker black stripes ( 6 ) , and minor striping variations on the rump ( 5 ) ( 8 ) .
hartmann’s mountain zebras range from south west africa into extreme southwest angola . they are found in six distinct populations .
the hartmann’s zebra is a good climber on steep , rugged terrain and has evolved very hard and pointed hooves .
cape mountain zebras are endemic to south africa ( 2 ) , while hartmann’s mountain zebras have a fragmented distribution across namibia , angola and south africa ( 9 ) .
the hartmann ' s mountain zebra is a fairly large - sized donkey - like member of the horse family , with a narrow body and narrow , fast - growing hooves . the mountain zebras are the only zebras with a dewlap - a pendulous fold of skin under the throat , which is commonly associated with bovines . there is a grid pattern on the rump which includes a series of short transverse stripes running perpendicular to the dorsal stripe , not found on any other equine . the legs are striped to the hooves , and the belly is white . the stripes are black . the widest stripes are seen on upper hind legs . there are two subspecies of the mountain zebra ( equus zebra ) : the hartmann ' s mountain zebra and the cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) . the cape mountain zebra is the smallest of the wild equines ; the hartmann ' s zebra is considerably larger , with a maximum weight of about 340 kgs and a shoulder height of 150 cm . it tends to have narrower , more closely spaced stripes than the cape mountain zebra .
the hartman ' s mountain zebra as a species is classified as endangered , with both e . z . hartmannae and e . z . zebra falling under this same classification .
there is a strong line of thought by some conservationists that the cape mountain zebra and the hartman ' s mountain zebra should be separate species due to the habitat differentiation but genetics proves that the two are very closely linked .
hartmann’s zebra do not have a breeding season as they can breed throughout the year . they can mate from the age of 2 - 6 years old .
20 or more years . the oldest documented mountain zebra in captivity was 29 years old .
hartmann’s zebra are found in namibia , angola & south africa . they prefer habitats that have mountainous slopes and plateaus with sources of water and suitable grazing areas .
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classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . subspecies : the cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) ; hartmann’s mountain zebra ( equus zebra hartmannae ) is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
zebras are herbivores , feeding from different grasses , leaves , twigs and even bark . during times of dry weather , hartmann’s zebra can go without water for around 2 days .
two allopatric subspecies of mountain zebra have traditionally been recognized , the nominate race e . z . zebra ( cape mountain zebra ) and e . z . hartmannae ( hartmann ' s mountain zebra ) . groves and ryder ( 2000 ) proposed that the two be treated as distinct species , and groves and bell ( 2004 ) presented morphological evidence for separating the two subspecies as distinct species based on the diagnosability criterion of the phylogenetic species concept . recent genetic analyses indicate that the two populations have a high incidence of mitochondrial haplotype sharing ; the hypothesis that cape and hartmann ' s mountain zebra mitochondrial lineages were reciprocally monophyletic was not supported . however , the presence of private alleles at nuclear loci rendered the two subspecies genetically distinct evolutionary significant units ( moodley and hartley 2005 ) . we continue to recognize mountain zebra as a single species comprising two subspecies following penzhorn ( in press ) .
as intoned by the vernacular name , the hartman ' s mountain zebra is adapted to rugged , broken mountain escarpments , where herds rely on areas with permanent water sources and sufficient variety and quantities of grass fodder to sustain breeding populations .
both subspecies of mountain zebra are predominately diurnal , and are most active in the early morning and late afternoon to sunset ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the herbivorous diet primarily consists of grass but also includes leaves and bark , and individuals of all ages also visit mineral licks , particularly during the summer ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . cape mountain zebra must drink every day , whereas hartmann’s mountain zebra can go two or more days without drinking during the wet season ( 2 ) .
the non - profit organisation etusis foundation has been established in namibia for the conservation of hartmann’s mountain zebra . the foundation conducts research on the subspecies , and focuses on educating farmers and raising public and government awareness about the plight this subspecies faces ( 9 ) .
did you know ? that there are two subspecies of mountain zebras in southern africa ? the cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) is the smallest of the extant zebras and the most restricted geographically . it became almost extinct but was saved in situ by the establishment of national parks and wildlife reserves . there are no cape mountain zebras kept in zoos .
hartmann’s mountain zebras are commonly found at play . types of play include chasing , racing , play - fighting , and challenge games . challenge games usually consist of nose - to - nose contact followed by mutual grooming .
hartmann’s mountain zebras live in direct conflict with livestock farmers , with available grazing ground becoming particularly scarce in many parts of namibia where very little rainfall has occurred for several years . as a result , more and more hartmann ' s mountain zebras are being culled , both legally and illegally . furthermore , due to the region’s poor economy and scarce resources , poaching for food has increased rapidly over the last few years , since the zebra offers a relatively large amount of meat . the situation in angola has been exacerbated by war , in which many soldiers and civilians have been in dire need of meat ( 9 ) .
. 2002 ) . in south africa , an estimated 280 animals occur on private properties and in the goegap provincial nature reserve . in the northern cape ; the numbers of hartmann’s mountain zebra in south africa’s eastern cape and western cape comprise nearly one - quarter of the population of the subspecies in south africa , and their removal and replacement with the cape subspecies is a priority ( novellie
justification : listed as vulnerable as the total population is currently estimated at ca . 9 , 000 mature individuals , and could be subject to a decline exceeding 10 % over the course of the coming 27 years , largely driven by annual harvesting of the hartmann ' s mountain zebra population . at present , there is limited information available on the population trend of hartmann ' s mountain zebras , but there is some evidence to suggest that they may well be declining . with the availability of further information on trends from parks and private lands , the species may need reassessment .
mountain zebra are mainly crepuscular – active in the early morning and late afternoon to sunset . grazing and resting occupy most of the daylight hours . mountain zebras usually drink once or twice per day . during cold weather , they shelter in wooded areas or caves , and go to east - facing slopes to warm up in the morning sunshine . hartmann’s mountain zebras live on the edge of the namib desert , and as a result they have to range widely to find surface water .
this evocative icon of africa is an immediately recognisable member of the horse family , characterised by its striking pattern of black and white stripes , which continue through into its short , erect mane ( 2 ) . the mountain zebra is discernable from other zebra species by the thin and relatively close - together vertical black lines on its neck and torso , which are narrower and more numerous than those of burchell’s zebra ( equus burchelli ) , and by the wide , horizontal bands on its haunches , which are broader than both those of grevy’s zebra ( equus grevui ) and burchell’s zebra ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . unlike burchell’s zebra , the mountain zebra also lacks ‘shadow stripes’ , and the stripes do not meet under the belly , which is instead white with a central black stripe ( 2 ) . the most diagnostic features of this species , however , are the ‘grid iron’ pattern of narrow stripes across the rump and the square flap of skin , or dewlap , which exists on this zebra’s throat ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . aptly named , the mountain zebra is a good climber on steep , rugged terrain and has evolved exceptionally hard and pointed hooves compared to other equines ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) .
adult mountain zebras have a head and body length of 82 to 102 inches .
mountain zebra prefer to live in small groups of 7 - 12 individuals . they are agile climbers , able to live in arid conditions in steep mountainous country .
found on mountainous slopes and plateaus . cape mountain zebras occur up to 2 , 000 metres above sea level , but move to lower elevations in the winter . hartmann’s mountain zebras occupy a more arid region on the edge of the namib desert , where surface water is patchy and herds must wander between the mountains and sand flats in order to find patches of grass ( 2 ) .
. 2002 ) . over 90 % of the current total population of 1 , 389 cape mountain zebras are derived from animals relocated from the mountain zebra national park . the management of the cape mountain zebra metapopulation requires the mixing of at least some animals from the three relict populations ( mznp , gamkaberg , and kamanassie ) , all of which are genetically depauperate , although this has been hampered by the relatively slow growth of the kamanassie population . chadwick and watson ( 2007 ) have proposed facilitating the growth of this population by changing the fire management regime in the habitat preferred by zebra ; acquiring adjacent land ; and the translocation of mountain zebra onto adjacent land .
hartmann’s mountain zebra occur in four key protected areas in namibia : skeleton coast park , etosha national park , namib - naukluft park , and ai - ais - hunsberg park complex . namib - naukluft park is particularly important with a population of around 2 , 300 animals ( 1998 estimate ) . around 25 % of the national population in namibia occurs on conservancies in communal lands with the remainder on commercial livestock and game farms ( novellie
the main predators of zebra include lions , leopards , cheetah , hyena and wild dogs .
although several attempts have been made over many centuries , zebra have never been successfully domesticated .
a mountain zebra has narrow stripes on the neck and torso , which graduate to wider stripes on the rear . the legs are striped all the way down to the hooves . it has a gridiron pattern on the rump , and its white underside has a dark stripe that runs the length of the belly . unlike other zebras , the mountain zebra has a dewlap , or fold of skin , hanging from the throat . the mane is short and erect , with no forelock . the mountain zebra is a good climber and has very hard and pointed hooves compared to other zebras and horses .
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there is no significant difference between the sexes , except that the stallions are heavier at and average of 298 kg , compared to the 276 kg of mares . adult stallions over seven years of age , can weigh as much as 343 kg . adult stallions are 1 . 5 m at the shoulders , with a tail length of 500 mm and ears 280 mm long . in order to cope with the attrition of rocky terrain , the hooves of this species grows extremely fast . the difference between this specie and the cape mountain zebra is mainly only in size , the latter being slightly smaller . there is a trend for the the light stripes of the hartmann ' s zebra to be wider than that of the cape mountain species .
zebras are very popular with the general public , i . e . they are good ambassador species for conservation in their african range states . as the hartmann ' s mountain zebra is rated endangered by iucn , also the maintenance of a reserve population in human care makes sense , in particular as the range is relatively limited and about 98 % of all individuals live in one single country , which makes the population depending of essentially one single government and susceptible to the impact of droughts and changes in agricultural practice .
due to the demand in land for agriculture and grazing land for livestock animals , more and more of the zebra’s habitat is being cleared and they often have to compete for grazing areas with animals such as cattle . this has led to many zebra being hunted , both legally and illegally , so that more land can be used more by farmers .
mountain zebras act in response to the alarm signals of black wildebeest . however , they rarely respond to alarm signals of smaller antelope .
at high temperatures , the striped pattern of the zebra may serve as camouflage , an adaptation to the resultant
waviness
of the air . at a distance of a few hundred yards , the stripes make a zebra appear indistinct .
this polygynous species breeds throughout the year , although regional birth peaks exist ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . females produce a single foal every one to three years , after a gestation of approximately one year ( 5 ) . while most cape mountain zebra young leave their maternal herds of their own choice between 13 and 37 months of age , or about three months after the birth of a sibling , hartmann’s mountain zebra mares try to expel their 14 to 16 month old foals from the herd before the birth of a sibling . young males may wander alone for a while before joining a bachelor group , while females are either taken into another breeding herd or are joined by a bachelor male to form a new breeding herd ( 2 ) . if young females leave their maternal herd before adulthood they join bachelor herds until they are taken into a herd ( 2 ) .
novellie , p . a . , lindeque , m . , lindeque , p . , lloyd , p . and koen , j . ( 2002 ) status and action plan for the mountain zebra ( equus zebra ) . in : moehlman , p . ( ed ) equids : zebras , asses , and horses : status , survey and conservation action plan . iucn , gland , switzerland .
the primary threats to the mountain zebra include competition with domestic livestock , hunting and persecution , habitat loss due to conversion to agriculture ( 2 ) , and the risk of the two subspecies breed with each other leading to a loss of genetic diversity ( 2 ) ( 10 ) .
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in order to stay safe , zebra will give alarm calls if they spot a threat nearby and will run up to 40mph to safety . the stripe patterns of zebra can help to break up their outline which helps to confuse predators , as it makes it harder to pick out individuals when they are running as a group .
mountain zebra form small herds of one adult stallion and 1 to 5 mares with young . breeding herds remain stable over many years and mares usually remain in a herd for life . gestation lasts one year , with one foal born at a time . foals weigh about 55 pounds at birth , and are up and walking within hours . foals are weaned at 10 months .
some populations are protected in national parks . there is a european endangered species programme ( eep ) for this zebra as well as co - operative management of zoo populations world - wide .
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information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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mountain zebra inhabit rugged , broken mountainous and escarpment areas up to around 2 , 000 m with a rich diversity of grass species and perennial water sources ( penzhorn in press ) . they are predominantly grazers , only browsing if forced to do so . the typical social structure is one of small harems comprising an adult stallion and one to three ( maximum five ) mares and their dependent foals ; non - breeding groups consist primarily of bachelors , but sometimes include young fillies ( penzhorn in press ) .
these animals will live in herds of around 6 - 8 individuals and led by a dominant male ( stallion ) and a dominant female ( mare ) . within its first hour of life , a zebra foal will stand up , take their first steps and feed from their mother . zebra foals will suckle from their mother until about 10 months of age ; they will be pushed away by their mothers at around 14 - 16 months , just before the arrival of the next foal .
q : are the zebras black with white stripes , or white with black stripes ? a : if you look closely at the zebra , you will see that the belly does not have stripes , but is white . so zebras are white with black ( or brown ) stripes !
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
taxonomy ( the study of classification ) is a constantly - evolving field . every year , changes to the
standard
list of ungulates ( covering approximately 250 species ) are proposed as new physical and genetic evidence becomes available : renaming subspecies as distinct species , separating ( or uniting ) genera , or naming species new to science . most taxonomic changes are rather restricted in scale ( usually reorganizing a species or genus ) . rarely , however , entire orders are reviewed and revised : the entire scope of hoofed mammals receives such a treatment in ungulate taxonomy ( groves and grubb , 2011 ) .
ungulate taxonomy turns the classification of hoofed mammals on its head . whereas traditional species lists rely on the biological species concept ( which differentiates species on the basis of
reproductive isolation
, the lack of interbreeding in nature ) , groves and grubb have applied the phylogenetic species concept ( which separates species on the basis of
fixed heritable differences
: measureable characters that are consistently different between taxa ) . this change in approach has had major implication on the number of species : groves and grubb recognize over 450 distinct ungulates . simultaneously , however , the recognition of subspecies has sharply declined : under the phylogenetic species concept , populations that can be differentiated are listed as separate species ; those which cannot be are grouped as a single taxon .
the new approach to ungulate classification is presented below alongside the traditional species list ( note that species fact sheets are accessible from the ungulates of the world page ) . such a radical departure from tradition often encounters great resistance , but the application of the phylogenetic species concept to ungulate taxa is not brand - new : it is generally well - accepted for taxa like babirusas , chevrotains , and musk deer .
groves , c . , and p . grubb . 2011 . ungulate taxonomy . the john hopkins university press , baltimore .
iucn ( international union for conservation of nature and natural resources ) . 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 1 . available online at the iucn redlist website .
wilson , d . e . , and d . m . reeder [ editors ] . 2005 . mammal species of the world ( 3rd edition ) . johns hopkins university press , 2 , 142 pp . available online at the mammal species of the world website .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
there is a trade in the skins of this species . it is only hunted for food at subsistence level .
this errata version of the 2008 assessment was created to correct the distribution map for this species .
( errata version published in 2018 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2008 : e . t7960a129037335 .
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for air transport , container requirement 73 of the iata live animals regulations should be followed .
road transport ( according to the south african standard sans 10331 ) : transport family groups in mass crates . transport individual stallions in separate , individual compartments in a mass crate . if fighting occurs , separate dominant and aggressive stallions and mares and transport them under tranquillization in individual compartments in mass crates . since fighting usually begins when different family groups are captured and transported together , this should be avoided at all costs . if a few selected animals are transported over a short distance , transportation under chemical immobilization should be considered .
this gregarious species lives in breeding herds , consisting of one adult male , one to five adult females and their young ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . all members occupy a position within a social hierarchy ( 2 ) , headed by the dominant adult stallion , which is responsible for defending the herd ( 4 ) . breeding herds inhabit overlapping home ranges , with no evidence of territoriality , and sometimes herds will even join to form larger temporary populations of up to around 30 individuals ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . surplus males live in bachelor groups , from which individuals periodically attempt to establish a new breeding herd with young females or take over an existing herd by displacing the dominant stallion ( 2 ) . nevertheless , breeding herds often remain stable over many years ( up to 20 recorded ) , with mares usually remaining in a herd for life . new stallions may need to go through courtship of up to three years before the mares in a herd will accept their new stud ( 2 ) ( 7 ) .
authenticated ( 02 / 09 / 08 ) by dr . rebecca smith , research biologist . urltoken
diurnal active during the day . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . genetic diversity the variety of genes within a particular species , population or breed causing differences in morphology , physiology and behaviour . gestation the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth . gregarious tending to form a group with others of the same species by habitually living or moving in flocks or herds rather than alone . herbivorous diet comprises only vegetable matter . polygyny in animals , a pattern of mating in which a male has more than one female partner . re - introduction an attempt to establish a native species back into an area where it previously occurred . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .
stuart , c . and stuart , t . ( 1997 ) field guide to the larger mammals of africa . struik publishers , cape town .
estes , r . d . ( 1992 ) the behavior guide to african mammals : including hoofed mammals , carnivores , primates . university of california press , california .
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size head and body : 210 - 260cm . tail length : 40 - 55cm . males tend to be bigger than females .
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no two zebras are alike – each has a distinct stripe pattern , just like with human fingerprints .
during the 1950s , numbers of these zebras were estimated at 50 , 000 to 75 , 000 individuals . in 1992 they were estimated at only about 8 , 000 .
a single foal is born after a gestation of 11 . 5 months ( 350 days ) .
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like all equids , this is a grazer which spends the best part of a day feeding . the grazing pattern tends to follow the contours of the terrain , along which the grazing progression tends to be in a zig - zag forward pattern .
this is not a seasonal breeder since foals can be born the year round , although there tends to be a peak during the rainy season . mares foal for the first time at the age of three years . foals weigh about 25 kg at birth . gestation period is about 12 months . foals have a high survival rate , probably since adults in the herd actively defend them against predators . stallions become sexually active at about three years of age .
within a population there are two distinct social groups , namely breeding herds and bachelor groups . breeding groups consist of a single stallion with a number of mares , the latter with a distinct social hierarchy .
this equid is found in the western semi - arid regions of namibia , from where it also ranges into angola . it has a discontinues distribution from the kunene province southwards and somewhat eastwards , as illustrated on the distribution map . presently the population is estimated at 13 000 .