the family notopteridae contains ten species of osteoglossiform ( bony-tongued ) fishes , commonly known as featherbacks and knifefishes .

these fishes live in freshwater or brackish environments in africa , and south and southeast asia .

with the denotation of " knifefish " , the notopterids should not be confused with gymnotiformes , the electric knifefishes from south and central america .

although their manner of swimming is similar and they are superficially similar in appearance , the two groups are not closely related .

a few of the larger species , especially chitala ornata , are food fish and occasionally aquarium pets .

the name is from greek noton meaning " back " and pteron meaning " fin " .

notopteridae

kento furui added the japanese common name
ナギナタナマズ科
to
notopteridae
.
olfactory sensory neuron morphotypes in the featherback fish , notopterus notopterus ( osteoglossiformes : notopteridae ) .
notopteridae .
a dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
olfactory sensory neuron morphotypes in the featherback fish , notopterus notopterus ( osteoglossiformes : notopteridae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
notopteridae .
a dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
the knifefish fall in two groups , the gymnotiformes order of electric knifefishes and the family notopteridae of the osteoglossiformes order .
what made you want to look up notopteridae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
the other group of knifefishes are members of the notopteridae family belonging to the osteoglossiformes order . they are known as the featherbacks , or featherfin knifefishes , and knifefishes . they are found in southeast asia and africa . this is a small group of knife fish , with only ten species in four genera . these fish are generally smaller fish that inhabit freshwater or brackish environments . although they swim in a manner similar to the gymnotiformes , they are not closely related .
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chang & chou , 1977 ; u . jur . eas . | | - - †
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
frickhinger , k . a . , 1995 : fossil atlas - fishes . –mergus - publishers for natural history and pet books , hans a . baensch , malle , germany , 1 - 1088 .
hilton , e . j . , 2003 : comperative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony - tongue fishes ( actinopterygii , teleostei , osteoglossomorpha ) . –zoological journal of the linnean society : vol . 137 , # 1 , pp . 1 - 100
long , j . a . , 1995 : the rise of fishes : 500 million years of evolution . –johns hopkins university press , baltimore & london , pp . 1 - 223
li , g - q . , grande , l . & wilson , m . v . h . , 1997 : the species of † phareodus ( teleostei : osteoglossidae ) from the eocene of north america and their phylogenetic relationships . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 17 , # 3 , pp . 487 - 505
nelson , j . s . , 1994 : fishes of the world . –john wiley & sons inc . , new york , 1994 , xx - 600
zhang , j . - y . , 1998 : morphology and phylogenetic relationships of † kuntulunia ( teleostei : osteoglossomorpha ) .
–journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 18 , # 2 , pp . 280 - 300
zhang , j . - y . , 2004 : new fossil osteoglossomoph from ningxia , china . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 24 , # 3 , pp . 515 - 524
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chiefly freshwater ; sometimes in brackish water . distribution : africa ( 2 ) and southeast asia ( 2 ) . small quill - like dorsal fin ( absent in xenomystus ) and long - based anal fin confluent with small caudal fin . combined anal and caudal rays 100 or more . pelvic fins , when present , small with 3 - 6 rays . no subopercle . scales in lateral line 120 - 180 . scutes along ventral 25 - 45 . maximum length 80 cm . small specimens are popular with home aquarists and large adults are exhibited in public aquaria . most are used for food in their native ranges ( ref . 4537 ) .
the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .
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van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
dana campbell set
file : notopterus notopterus46 . jpg
as an exemplar on
notopterus notopterus ( pallas , 1769 )
.
dana campbell set
notopterus notopterus
as an exemplar on
notopterus notopterus ( pallas , 1769 )
.
yan wong changed the thumbnail image of
file : shanghai ocean aquarium - chitala blanci 2 . jpg
.
yan wong changed the thumbnail image of
file : shanghai ocean aquarium - chitala blanci 1 . jpg
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division of fish neurobiology , pg department of zoology , rtm nagpur university campus , nagpur - 440 033 , india .
as in other vertebrates , olfactory sensory neurons ( osns ) in fishes are the main components of sensory part of olfactory epithelium that relay olfactory information ( smell and taste ) to the brain .
objective of the present study was to analyze if any polymorphism occurs in the osns in a featherback fish , notopterus notopterus as far as the teleost lineage is concerned .
with the help of neuronal staining technique , polymorphism of osns in n . notopterus was studied .
three polymorphic forms of osns were identified which are ciliated osns , microvillus osns and crypt osns . these morphotypes were identified on the basis of location of their somata within the depth of olfactory epithelium and resulting length of their dendrites . the ciliated osns have basally situated somata and long , thin dendrites with a few apically arranged cilia while microvillous osns have somata located midway in the epithelium and thick moderate - length dendrites with microvilli . third cell type is crypt osns which are spherical or pear - shaped , located apically just close to the epithelial surface having cilia and microvilli in an invagination and devoid of any dendrite .
n . notopterus belongs to order osteoglossiformes which is a representative of an early evolutionary lineage of teleost fishes . osn polymorphism reported in the present work indicates that it is a fairly conserved trait throughout the evolution of teleosts . to our knowledge , we are the first ones to report osn polymorphism in a member of the order osteoglossiformes .
pmid : 25206061 pmcid : pmc4117162 doi : 10 . 5214 / ans . 0972 . 7531 . 210205
phyletic tree of the teleostei , based on nelson ( 1994 ) showing the occurrence of olfactory sensory neurons polymorphism ( p ) ( for references see the discussion section ) . the grey box / overlay depicts the group of acanthopterygii .
( a ) photograph of notopterus notopterus . ( b ) in situ photograph of olfactory organ with brain of n . notopterus showing ; olfactory epithelium ( oe ) , olfactory bulb ( ob ) , olfactory tract ( ot ) , cerebrum ( c ) , optic lobe ( optl ) , cerebellum ( ceb ) and spinal cord ( spc ) . ( c ) horizontal section of the olfactory epithelium showing olfactory lamellae ( olfl ) radiating from the central raphe ( r ) . scale bar = 500 μ m .
( a ) part of horizontal section of olfactory epithelium showing location of sensory ( s ) and nonsensory ( ns ) regions of olfactory lamellae . scale bar = 100 μ m . ( b ) magnified view of sensory region of olfactory lamellae showing ; basal cell ( bc ) , basal lamina ( bl ) , central core ( cc ) / lamina propria ( lp ) , crypt olfactory sensory neurons ( crosns ) , ciliated olfactory sensory neurons ( ciosns ) , microvillous olfactory sensory neurons ( mosns ) and supporting cell ( sc ) . scale bar = 50 μ m . ( c ) magnified view of sensory region of olfactory lamellae ( left ) showing location of different cell types including ; crosns , ciosns and mosns in different zones of olfactory epithelium . scale bar = 25 μ m . illustrations ( right ) of different types of olfactory sensory neurons found in different layers of olfactory epithelium ( upper dotted line represents epithelial surface and lower dotted line represents basal lamina ) .
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benton , m . j . ( ed ) . ( 1993 ) . the fossil record 2 . chapman & hall , london , 845 pp .
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version .
nelson , joseph s . , 1994 : null . fishes of the world , third edition . xvii + 600 .
parker , s . p . ( ed ) . ( 1982 ) . synopsis and classification of living organisms . mcgraw - hill , new york . 2 volumes .
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al . , 1991 : world fishes important to north americans exclusive of species from the continental waters of the united states and canada . american fisheries society special publication , no . 21 . 243 .
van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 .
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© a dictionary of zoology 1999 , originally published by oxford university press 1999 .
base and merging with the small tail fin at the end of the tapering body . there are about six species found in south - east asia and africa .
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. notopterids are long - bodied , small - scaled fishes with a small dorsal fin ( if present ) and a long , narrow anal fin that runs along most of the undersurface and continues into the tail fin . undulations along the anal fin enable the fishes to swim both forward and backward . notopterids are predacious and nocturnal and in some areas are sought as food . the largest (
) may grow to a length of about 80 cm ( 32 inches ) . the species
…are confined to africa ; the notopterid ae ( featherbacks ) occur in africa , southeast asia , and india . the distribution of the osteoglossidae ( such as the pirarucu [ arapaima ] , the arowana [ scleropages ] , and the butterfly fish [ pantodon ] ) in africa , south america , and australasia ( believed by many authorities to have once been joined as a single…
fish , any of more than 30 , 000 species of vertebrate animals ( phylum chordata ) found in the fresh and salt waters of the world . living species range from the primitive , jawless lampreys and hagfishes through the cartilaginous sharks , skates , and rays to the abundant and diverse bony fishes . most…
vertebrate , any animal of the subphylum vertebrata , the predominant subphylum of the phylum chordata . they have backbones , from which they derive their name . the vertebrates are also characterized by a muscular system consisting pimarily of bilaterally paired masses and a central nervous system…
osteoglossomorph , ( superorder osteoglossomorpha ) , any member of what is widely believed to be the most primitive group of bony fishes . this reputation stems from their rudimentary caudal skeleton and the lack of a set of intermuscular bones throughout the abdominal and anterior caudal regions of…
chordate , any member of the phylum chordata , which includes the vertebrates , the most highly evolved animals , as well as two other subphyla—the tunicates and cephalochordates . some classifications also include the phylum hemichordata with the chordates . as the name implies , at some time in the life…
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amlan kumar mitra , probir k . bandyopadhyay , yingchun gong , mrigen goswami , and biplab bhowmik
department of zoology , ranaghat college , p . o . ranaghat , nadia , 741201 west bengal india
two new species of the genus trichodina ehrenberg , 1838 , t . silondiata sp . nov . and t . pangasi sp . nov . from the gills of freshwater fish silonia silondia ( hamilton 1822 ) and pangasius pangasius ( hamilton - buchanan ) respectively from the river ganges of west bengal are described here . wet smears of gills and skins were prepared in the field , air dried and impregnated with klein’s dry silver method . in case of s . silondia ( hamilton 1822 ) 24 out of 146 host fishes were parasitized on the gills . infestation rate in case of p . pangasius ( hamilton - buchanan ) was not significant . from a total of 86 examined host fish , only seven were parasitized on the gills . the mean diameters of the body of the specimens of t . silondiata sp . nov . and t . pangasi sp . nov . were 32 . 7–60 . 6 ( 46 . 4 ± 6 . 3 ) μm and 38 . 9–54 . 1 ( 44 . 9 ± 3 . 0 ) μm respectively . taxonomic and morphometric data for these ectoparasitic trichodinids based on wet silver nitrate impregnated specimens are presented .
ectoparasite , protozoa , fish , river ganges , trichodina silondiata sp . nov . , trichodina pangasi sp . nov . , india
trichodinid ciliates are well - known ectoparasites of molluscs , fishes and amphibians . family trichodinidae claus , 1874 comprises ten genera including the largest and most widely distributed genus trichodina ehrenberg , 1838 having more than 250 species . since the studies of lom ( 1960 , 1970 ) , numerous species have been described from various parts of the world including india ( mitra and haldar 2004 , 2005 ; mitra and bandyopadhyay 2006 , 2009 , 2012 ) , bangladesh ( asmat et al . 2003 , 2006 ) , china ( gong et . al . 2006 ; xu et al . 1999 ; zhao and tang 2011 ) , north america ( wellborn 1967 ) , cuba and russia ( arthur and lom 1984a , b ) , south africa ( basson and van as 1991 ) japan ( imai et al . 1991 ) , germany ( dobberstein and palm 2000 ) and egypt ( al - rasheid et al . 2000 ) .
the present paper is based on the outcome of the biodiversity survey of ectoparasitic trichodinid ciliates of freshwater fishes in the river ganges in the area confined to the district of murshidabad of west bengal , india with taxonomic and morphometric descriptions of the two new species of the genus trichodina ehrenberg , 1830 .
during a biodiversity survey of ectoparasitic trichodinid ciliophorans in the freshwater fishes of the river ganges in the murshidabad district of west bengal , host fishes were collected by fishermen between february 2011 and december 2011 . gill , fin and skin smears were made on grease free slides at the river side . slides having presence of trichodinids were impregnated using klein’s ( 1958 ) dry silver impregnation technique . examinations of prepared slides were made under an olympus research microscope ( model ch 20i ) at 1 , 000× magnification with an oil immersion lens and photographs were taken with an olympus digital camera . all measurements are in micrometers and follow the uniform specific characteristics as proposed by lom ( 1958 ) ; wellborn ( 1967 ) and arthur and lom ( 1984a ) . in each case minimum and maximum values are given , followed in parentheses by arithmetic mean and standard deviation . in the case of denticles and radial pins , the mode is given instead of the arithmetic mean . the span of the denticle is measured from the tip of the blade to the tip of the ray . body diameter is measured as the adhesive disc plus border membrane . the description of denticle elements follows the guidelines of van as and basson ( 1989 ) . sequence and method of the description of denticle elements follows the recommendations of van as and basson ( 1992 ) .
morphometric comparisons of trichodina silondiata sp . nov . obtained in the present study with other closely relates species
figs . 2 – 6 photomicrographs of silver nitrate impregnated adhesive discs of trichodina spp . ( 2 – 4 ) t . silondiata sp . nov . ( 5 , 6 ) t . pangasi sp . nov .
diagrammatic drawings of the denticles of trichodinids . ( 7 , 8 ) trichodina silondiata sp . nov . from silonia silondia ( hamilton 1822 ) in the present study ; ( 9 , 10 ) t . caspialosae lom 1962 from the gills of alosa braschnikowi nilotica , redrawn from ( lom 1962 ) ; 11 t . ( luciopercae ) nigra lom 1970 from the gills of steizestedion lucioperca , redrawn from lom ( 1970 )
this trichodinid falls within the upper range of dimensions as a medium sized ciliophoran measuring 32 . 7–60 . 6 ( 46 . 4 ± 6 . 3 ) μm . the concave adhesive disc is surrounded by a finely striated border membrane . denticular apparatus consists of some uniquely shaped denticles .
each blade is fleshy and triangular . it is very difficult to differentiate between the distal margin and the anterior margin of the blade . blades keep themselves away from inner margin of the border membrane . distal margin of the blades falls downwards with a smooth curve , takes a sharp turn to form a clear apex that just touches the
) in most of the cases . anterior blade apophysis is present . sharp tangent point lies below the distal margin . posterior margin of the blade forms a moderately deep semilunar curve , the deepest point of which lies at the same level as apex . posterior blade apophysis is absent . central part of the denticle is broad , triangular . the posterior tip of the central part is bluntly rounded and reaches almost midway between the
) , fits tightly with the next denticle . the section of the central part above and below
axis is similar . ray connection is short and broad . ray is uniformly thick along its length , and directed to the geometrical centre of the adhesive disc in most of the cases .
there are 6–8 ( 7 . 1 ± 0 . 8 ) radial pins per denticle . adoral ciliary spiral takes a turn of 390–400° .
type locality : river ganges ( 24 . 16912°n and 88 . 32502°e ) , berhampore , murshidabad district , west bengal , india .
holotype : one slide no . cp1 / 2011 obtained from the gills of silonia silondia ( hamilton 1822 ) collected at berhampore of murshidabad , west bengal , india is deposited in the department of zoology , ranaghat college , p . o . ranaghat , nadia , 741201 , west bengal , india .
paratype : on the above numbered slide as well as on other slides ( cp4 / 2011 , cp / 2011 , cp16 / 2011 ) are deposited in the department of zoology , ranaghat college , p . o . ranaghat , nadia , 741201 , west bengal , india .
etymology : the name of the new species has been given after the species name of the host fish , silonia silondia ( hamilton 1822 ) .
the new species was compared with other fresh water and marine trichodinids and found three similar species with which a meaningful comparison could be made . these are : trichodina caspialosae lom 1962 from the gills of alosa braschnikowi milotica in rumanian black sea coast and t . ( luciopercae ) nigra lom 1970 from the gills of stizostedion lucioperca in the hungary .
) in the structure of its blade . in the new species the blades are broad , rectangular and occupying most of the areas between
sp . nov . are robust , with almost same width and pointing towards the centre of the denticulate ring . in few specimens of
, rays are shorter than the blades which end in comparatively sharp ends ( fig .
but may be easily differentiated by its denticle structure . the blades of the new species are broad and almost rectangular , which have triangular outline in
are gradually tapers to pointed ends . morphometric data between the two also differ significantly ( table
from the discussion above , it clearly appears that silonia silondia ( hamilton 1822 ) harbors a new species of trichodinid ciliophoran and is proposed in this paper as trichodina silondiata sp . nov .
morphometric comparison of trichodina pangasi sp . nov obtained in the present study with trichodina siluri lom 1970
diagrammatic drawings of the denticles of trichodinids . ( 14 , 15 ) trichodina pangasi sp . nov . from pangasius pangasius ; ( 16 , 17 ) trichodina siluri lom 1970 , redrawn from lom ( 1970 )
this new species is a medium sized ciliophoran with a body dimension of 38 . 9–54 . 1 ( 44 . 9 ± 3 . 0 ) μm . blade is broad and slightly angular . distal surface of the blade is truncated and runs parallel to the border membrane that keeps a wide distance from the adhesive disc . tangent point is flat , situated almost at the same level as distal surface . blade fills most of the space between
- axis . apex of the blade is not prominent . inconspicuous apex ( when present in some matured specimens ) almost touches
- axis . blade apophysis present . posterior surface forms shallow , near perfect semilunar curve with deepest point at the same level of blade apophysis . blade connection is broad . posterior projection of the blade is not present . central part is moderately sized , with triangular and flat rounded tip fitting tightly into preceding denticle . central part extends halfway to
) . section of central part above and below x - axis is almost similar in shape . ray connection is short and broad . ray apophysis is present , situated very high and extending in an anterior distal direction . rays are of uniform thickening along their length and flat rounded tips are pointed towards the
number of radial pins per denticle is 4–8 ( 5 . 1 ± 0 . 6 ) . adoral ciliary spiral takes a turn of 390–400° .
type locality : river ganges ( 24 . 16912°n and 88 . 32502°e ) , berhampore , murshidabad , west bengal , india .
holotype : one slide no . pp7 / 2011 obtained from the gills of pangasius pangasius ( hamilton - buchanan ) collected at berhampore of nadia , west bengal , india is deposited in the department of zoology , ranaghat college , p . o . ranaghat , nadia , 741201 , west bengal , india .
paratype : on the above numbered slide as well as on other slides ( p27 / 2011 , pp4 / 2011 , pp14 / 2011 ) are deposited in the department of zoology , ranaghat college , p . o . ranaghat , nadia , 741201 , west bengal , india .
etymology : the species name of the new species is given after the genus name of the host fish , pangansius pangansius ( hamilton - buchanan ) .
populations of trichodinid ciliophorans obtained from freshwater fish pangasius pangasius ( hamilton - buchanan ) , with a mixed infestation of a species of tripartiella lom 1958 were compared with other freshwater and marine trichodinids and t . siluri lom 1970 was found to have a minor degree of resemblance with the populations harboring gills of the freshwater fish , pangasius pangasius .
is unique . the adhesive disc remains confined to the inner side of the body . as a result , the adhesive disc keeps a significant wide gap with the border membrane , expressing the orientation of the radial pins very beautifully . but in case of
) the gap is minimum between the border membrane and the adhesive disc . structures of blades in both the species are somewhat identical , but in the described species apex and blade apophysis are present in majority of the specimens ; these are absent in
it is sharply angular and conical . in case of the populations of trichodinids obtained from
with these distinct and important differences in denticle structures it is justified to give a new species status to the ciliate isolated from pangansius pangansius ( hamilton - buchanan ) and we propose this trichodinid ciliophoran as , trichodina pangasi sp . nov .
the corresponding author ( akm ) is thankful to the university grants commission ( eastern regional office ) , lb - 8 , sector - iii , salt lake , kolkata - 700 098 ( west bengal ) for providing financial support in the form of minor research project ( mrp ) vide sanction no . f . psw - 087 / 10 - 11 ( ero ) . akm is also thankful to the teacher - in charge , ranaghat college and head , department of zoology , ranaghat college for allowing him to use necessary laboratory facilities .
al - rasheid kas , ali ma , sakran t , baki aaa , ghaffar faa . trichodinid ectoparasites ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) of some river nile fish , egypt .
arthur jr , lom j . trichodinid protozoa ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) from freshwater fishes of rybinsk reservoir , ussr .
arthur jr , lom j ( 1984b ) some trichodinid ciliates ( protozoa : peritrichida ) from cuban fishes , with a description of trichodina cubanensis n . sp . from the skin of cichlasoma tetracantha . trans am micros soc 103 ( 2 ) : 172–184
basson l , van as jg . trichodinids ( ciliophora : peritrichia ) from a calanoid copepod and catfish from south africa with notes on host specificity .
dobberstein rc , palm hw . trichodinid ciliates ( peritrichida : trichodinidae ) from the bay of kiel , with description of
gong y - c , yu y - h , villalobo e , zhu f - y , miao w . reevaluation of the phylogenetic relationship between mobilid and sessilid peritrichs ( ciliophora , oligohymenophorea ) based on small subunit rrna genes sequences .
imai s , miyazaki h , nomura k . trichodinid species from the gill of cultured japanese eel ,
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lom j . a contribution to the systematics and morphology of endoparasitic trichodinids from amphibians with proposal of uniform specific characteristics .
sp . nov . ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) , a new ectoparasitic trichodinid species from the gills of freshwater fishes in india .
sp . n . ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) from freshwater fishes of india .
ehrenberg , 1838 ( protozoa : ciliophora : peritrichida ) from indian fresh water fishes .
mitra ak , bandyopadhyay pk , gong y - c , bhowmik b . occurrence of trichodinid ciliophorans ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) in the freshwater fishes of the river churni with description of
van as jg , basson l . a further contribution to the taxonomy of trichodinidae ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) and a review of the taxonomic status of some ectoparasitic trichodinids .
van as jg , basson l . trichodinid ectoparasites ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) of freshwater fishes of the zambesi river system , with a reappraisal of host specificity .
xu k , song w , warren a . trichodinid ectoparasites ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) from the gills of cultured marine fishes in china with the description of
zhao y , tang f . taxonomic study of trichodinids ( protozoa : ciliophora ) infecting on gills of freshwater fishes ,
betta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .
fish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .
piranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !
setting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !
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i have bought 2 bgkf and i have a 125 gallon tank . both fish have died within a day of me buying them . i have 2 red tips a black shark and a rainbow shark . my water . . . ( more ) gina
the graceful knifefishes have an attractive elongated body , and yes . . . it is shaped like a knife !
the knifefish move in a beautiful smooth , rippling motion that is a pleasure to watch . their bodies are long , tapered , and laterally compressed . this shape along with a continually moving fin on their underside , likens them to a household knife . the undulating motion of this bottom fin is what they use use to swim about .
these are unusual and fascinating aquarium specimens . some are small and others can get rather large . but all in all they make an attractive addition to a community tank or a splendid show fish in a specialty tank . the graceful movements of the knifefish are shown to best advantage in a longer aquarium .
knifefish are found in two groups . the largest group are the gymnotiformes . these are the electric knifefishes , and are also known as the neotropical or south american knifefishes . these include the glass knifefishes , sand knifefishes , naked - back knifefishes , and the ghost knifefishes . they are strictly freshwater fish and are found in central and south america . there are about 150 described species in 32 genera , and another 50 or so species that are known but yet to be described . the actual number of species in the wild still to be discovered , is unknown .
now just to confuse the issue , there are also a few species that have the term ' knifefish ' used in their common name due to their body shape . these are not true knife fish , but are actually in the order perciforms , which are the ' perches ' or ' perch - like ' fishes . these are the grey knifefish
the knifefish species list below includes popular types , as well lesser known knifefish varieties . each fish guide has a description of the species , its place of origin , habitats and behaviors , as well as fish care to successful maintain them in an aquarium . fish pictures are also provided within each fish guide to help with identification , and to aid in choosing the best type of knifefish for your freshwater or brackish water fish tank .
they are characterized by having a continuous fin along the underside formed by a joining of the caudal and anal fin , and by either not having a dorsal fin or having a very small one . these fish can be quite large , ranging in size from about 8 inches ( 20 cm ) up to about 5 feet ( 152 cm ) though most are in about the 3 to 4 foot ( 91 - 122 cm ) size .
some of the other families in this order include unusual fishes such as the arowanas and butterflyfish , as well as the mormyridae family of elephantfishes .
these fish are found in central and south america . some of their characteristics are an eel - like body that ' s either flattened or rounded , no dorsal fin , an extremely long anal fin starting near the pectoral fin area which can move in an undulating forward or backward motion , no caudal fin or a greatly reduced one , and they have electric organs present .
the electric organs allow them to generate a very weak electric field around their body which helps them identify objects other than water . this field helps them with their spatial orientation and to navigate , along with helping them detect food . males use an electric ' stereotyped ' communication to court females .
some of these fish inhabit quiet lakes or lagoons while others live in main river channels . others , as some of those in the family sternopygidae , the genus
live along river banks or on flood plains among roots or plant matter . some species even like to burrow into substrate . largely nocturnal they become active at night and are predators that eat insects , crustaceans , and other fish . they are sensitive to some fish medications such as copper and those containing formalin .
in general knifefish are shy secretive fish that will avoid the light , so provide them with hiding places such as hollow logs , rocks , and caves . most are nocturnal , eating and being more active at night . though usually peaceful with similar sized tank mates they can be aggressive eaters , smaller fish will not do well with them . some are also territorial and will quarrel with others of their own species . they are great jumpers so be sure you have a tight fitting top on the aquarium .
for success in keeping knifefish pay special attention to their feeding needs . being nocturnal they can be fed after you turn out the lights , just be sure to remove any uneaten foods in the morning to maintain good water quality and prevent an additional load on your filtration . knifefish live on average 3 to 7 years , with some species living over 10 years .
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zoologia ( curitiba ) vol . 33 no . 4 curitiba 2016 epub sep 05 , 2016
1 university of yaoundé 1 , faculty of science . po box 812 yaoundé , cameroon .
2 university of douala , faculty of science . po box 24157 douala , cameroon .
3 institut des sciences de l ' évolution de montpellier , université de montpellier . cc 065 , 34095 montpellier cedex 5 , france . present address : ird , bp 1857 , yaoundé , cameroon .
key words : quadriacanthus macruncus sp . nov . ; quadriacanthus ossaensis sp . nov . ; quadriacanthus submarginati sp . nov .
parasitism is a major threat to fish productivity , especially in aquaculture systems ( bilong bilong et al . 1998 ) . several studies have been carried out on the monogenean fauna of clariid species in cameroon ( birgi 1988 , nack et al . 2005 , bilong bilong et al . 2007 , nack & bilong bilong 2007 ) , but none has studied clarias submarginatus peter , 1882 a common food resource for local people . this study was conducted at lake ossa ( 3°45 ' - 3°51 ' n , 9°58 ' - 0°03 ' e in cameroon , central africa ) situated 8 m above sea level and located 20 km to the west of the city of edéa and 30 km from the atlantic ocean . according to wirrmann ( 1992 ) and wirrmann et al . ( 2001 ) , the lake ossa system is composed of several subunits , with a total surface area of about 3 , 800 ha . the system consists of three main lakes : mévia , located north ; ossa , at the middle ; and mwembé , in the south . ossa and mévia are the two largest within the system and communicate through a short channel , whereas mwembé is isolated . in its southeastern part , lake ossa , communicates with the sanaga river by a sinuous outlet ( nack et al . 2015 ) ( fig . 1 ) .
map of lake ossa : ( sm ) shore market , ( efm ) edéa fish market ( modified from nack et al . 2015 ) .
morphometrics of quadriacanthus spp . used in this study are based on gussev ( 1962 ) and modified by n ' douba et al . ( 1999 ) . ( an ) anchor : ( a ) length , ( ba ) base width , ( e ) point length ; ( cc ) copulatory complex : ( ap ) accessory piece length , ( pe ) penis length ; ( cn ) cuneus : ( j ) length , ( i ) width ; ( db ) dorsal bar : ( ct ) centre length , ( h ) median process length , ( w ) width , ( x ) length , ( h ) hooklet length ; ( vb ) ventral bar : ( w ) width , ( x ) length , ( vg ) vagina .
the anatomy of the new species described herein corresponds to the diagnosis of quadriacanthus paperna , 1961 given by paperna ( 1961 ) , amended by kritsky & kulo ( 1988 ) and used by nack et al . ( 2015 ) .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 2fe39be9 - f936 - 4be4 - a907 - f8bdb8fea566
sclerotized parts of quadriacanthus macruncus sp . nov . : ( cc ) copulatory complex , ( da ) dorsal anchor , ( db ) dorsal bar , ( dcn ) dorsal cuneus , ( h ) hooklets , ( va ) ventral anchor , ( vb ) ventral bar , ( vcn ) ventral cuneus , ( vg ) vagina . scale bar : 20 µm .
type locality . lake ossa , cameroon ( 3°45 ' - 3°51 ' n , 9°58 ' - 10°03 ' e ) .
type specimens . holotype deposited at the royal museum for central africa ( tervuren ) : # 37935 . paratype deposited at the royal museum for central africa ( tervuren ) : # 37936 .
etymology . the specific name , macruncus , refers to the large size of the anchors of this species .
remarks . the morphology of the male copulatory complex of q . macruncus resembles q . levequei birgi , 1988 and q . euzeti nack , pariselle & bilong bilong , 2015 ; q . macruncus ) can be distinguished by its smaller size : ( pe = 25 . 1 - 31 . 5 vs 45 - 50 , 36 - 40 ; ap = 18 . 1 - 23 . 3 vs 30 - 35 , 25 - 28 ) , and by the morphology of the median process , directed posteriorly to the dorsal bar , triangular . this structure is in the shape of a stick in q . levequei and a funnel in q . euzeti .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 81837d50 - afb3 - 4c9a - ae61 - 073d2b42de1a
sclerotized parts of quadriacanthus ossaensis sp . nov . : ( cc ) copulatory complex , ( da ) dorsal anchor , ( db ) dorsal bar , ( dcn ) dorsal cuneus , ( h ) hooklets , ( va ) ventral anchor , ( vb ) ventral bar , ( vcn ) ventral cuneus , ( vg ) vagina . scale bar : 20 µm .
type specimens . holotype deposited at the royal museum for central africa ( tervuren ) : # 37933 . paratype deposited at the royal museum for central africa ( tervuren ) : # 37934 .
etymology . the specific name , ossaensis , refers to the type locality of this species .
remarks . the morphologies of the penis and of the accessory piece of q . ossaensis sp . nov . are similar to quadriacanthus ayameensis n ' douba , lambert & euzet , 1999 , a gill parasite of heterobranchus longifilis ( valenciennes , 1840 ) and heterobranchus isopterus bleeker , 1863 in the rivers bia , agnéby and in lake ayamé ( ivory coast ) . quadriacanthus ossaensis can be distinguished from q . ayameensis species by having one tip of the distal end of the accessory piece shaped as a fork , by the size of the dorsal cuneus ( patch ) ( i = 2 . 5 - 7 vs 7 - 10 , j = 13 . 8 - 18 vs 8 - 11 ) , the trapezoid shape of the central sclerite of the dorsal bar , and the shape ( thin and twisted ) of the branches of the ventral bars .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 423b9d06 - 68fa - 4424 - 86f6 - 4d532d7075f4
sclerotized parts of quadriacanthus submarginati sp . nov . : ( cc ) copulatory complex , ( da ) dorsal anchor , ( db ) dorsal bar , ( dcn ) dorsal cuneus , ( h ) hooklets , ( va ) ventral anchor , ( vb ) ventral bar , ( vcn ) ventral cuneus , ( vg ) vagina , ( sr ) seminal receptacle . scale bar : 20 µm .
type specimens . holotype deposited at the royal museum for central africa ( tervuren ) : # 37937 . paratype deposited at the royal museum for central africa ( tervuren ) : # 37938 .
etymology . the specific name , submarginati refers to specific name of the host .
remarks . this species is close to q . macruncus sp . nov . in the morphology of the dorsal and ventral bars , dorsal and ventral anchors ; it differs from it in the morphology of the copulatory complex and the size of the point of its dorsal ( e = 6 . 1 - 9 . 7 vs 1 . 9 - 3 . 1 ) and ventral ( e = 8 - 11 . 7 vs 3 . 2 - 4 . 3 ) anchors .
this is the first record of c . submarginatus in the sanaga basin , precisely at lake ossa . up to now , this fish species was recorded in the rivers kienké ( at kribi ) , lobé ( misspelled lobi ) and ntem ( in cameroon ) , komo and ogôoué ( in gabon ) ( stiassny et al . 2007 ) .
in this context of variable specificity according to ecological conditions , it would be interesting to determine the range of the host spectrum of quadriacanthus species from clarias pachynema , c . jaensis , p . afer and the newly studied c . submarginatus in the lake ossa system , where these fish are sympatric ( stiassny et al . 2007 ) .
the authors wish to thank a . r . bitja nyom for his technical advice in the host identification , and mm . a . p . ebbah , n . yomba , sok nguimbat , and n . biname for their assistance during the fieldwork .
agnèse j - f , teugels gg ( 2005 ) insight into the phylogeny of african clariidae ( teleostei , siluriformes ) : implications for their body shape evolution , biogeography , and taxonomy . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 36 : 546 - 553 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2005 . 03 . 028 [ links ]
bilong bilong cf , nack j , euzet l ( 2007 ) monogènes de clarias ( siluriformes , clariidae ) au cameroun : ii . description de trois nouvelles espèces du genre birgiellus n . gen . ( dactylogyridea , ancyrocephalidae ) dans le bassin du nyong . parasite 14 : 121 - 130 . doi : 10 . 1051 / parasite / 2007142121 [ links ]
bilong bilong cf , tombi j , nack j , fomena a ( 1998 ) les parasites peuvent - ils être une cause de réduction de la biodiversité des poissons ? biosciences proceeding 5 : 113 - 119 . [ links ]
birgi e ( 1988 ) monogènes du genre quadriacanthus paperna , 1961 , parasites branchiaux de deux siluridae ( teleostei ) clarias pachynema , boulenger , 1903 , et clarias jaensis boulenger , 1909 au sud - cameroun ( description de 4 espèces nouvelles ) . annales de la faculté des sciences de yaoundé , biologie - biochimie iii 5 : 113 - 129 . [ links ]
bruton mn ( 1979 ) the survival of habitat desiccation by air - breathing clariid catfishes . environmental biology of fishes 4 : 273 - 280 . [ links ]
combes c ( 1990 ) rencontre , identification , installation dans le cycle des métazoaires parasites . bulletin de la société zoologique de france 115 : 99 - 105 . [ links ]
euzet l , combe c ( 1980 ) les problèmes de l ' espèce chez les animaux parasites . mémoire de la société zoologique de france 40 : 239 - 285 . [ links ]
gussev av ( 1962 ) order dactylogyridea , p . 204 - 342 . in : bychovskaya - pavlovskaya ie , gussev av , dubinina mn , izymova na , smirnova ts , sokolovskaya il , shtein ga , shul ' man ss , epsthein vm ( eds . ) key to the parasites of freshwater fish of the ussr . jerusalem , israel program for scientific translations [ russian original : opredelitel ' parazitov presnovohnyh ryb sssr . moscow - leningrad , izadtel ' stovo akademii nauk sssr ] . [ links ]
kritsky dc , kulo s - d ( 1988 ) the african species of quadriacanthus with proposal of quadriacanthoides gen . n . ( monogenea : dactylogyridae ) . proceedings of the helminthological society of washington 55 : 175 - 187 . [ links ]
legendre m , teugels gg , cauty c , jalabert b ( 1992 ) comparative study on morphology , growth rate and reproduction of clarias gariepinus ( burchell , 1822 ) , heterobranchus longifilis valenciennes , 1840 , and their reciprocal hybrids ( pisces , clariidae ) . journal of fish biology 40 : 59 - 79 . [ links ]
malmberg g ( 1957 ) on the occurrence of gyrodactylus on swedish fishes . skrifter utgivna av södra sveriges fiskeriföreningen : 19 - 76 . [ links ]
nack j , bilong bilong cf ( 2007 ) biotope des ectoparasites branchiaux de clarias camerunensis lônnberg , 1895 ( pisces ; clariidae ) : modèles de croissance de l ' aire colonisable . journal of the cameroon academy of sciences 7 : 11 - 16 . [ links ]
nack j , bilong bilong cf , euzet l ( 2005 ) monogènes parasites de clariidae ( teleostei , siluriformes ) au cameroun : i description de deux nouvelles espèces du genre gyrodactylus dans le bassin du nyong . parasite 12 : 213 - 220 . doi : 10 . 1051 / parasite / 2005123213 [ links ]
nack j , bitja nyom ar , pariselle a , bilong bilong cf ( 2015 ) new evidence of a lateral transfer of monogenean parasite between distant fish hosts in lake ossa , south cameroon : the case of quadriacanthus euzeti n . sp . journal of helminthology 90 : 455 - 459 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s0022149x15000577 [ links ]


dysschema hilarum is a moth of the erebidae family .

it is found in brazil .

it is a variable species .

the ground colour of the hindwings is pale yellow to purple , ranging to nearly all brown in females .

dysschema hilarum

= dysschema hilarum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 58
dysschema hilarum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 58 , 54 ( list )
= dysschema eurocilia ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57
dysschema thetis , the northern giant flag moth , is a moth of the erebidae family .
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= dysschema eurocilia ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 54 ( list )
dysschema thyridinum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list )
dysschema pictum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list )
dysschema perplexum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list )
dysschema centenarium ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 56 , 54 ( list )
1 . dyss 2 . dyss - tv 3 . dyss tv 4 . dysschema 5 . dysschema flavopennis 6 . dysschema leda 7 . dysschema leucophaea 8 . dyssebacea 9 . dyssebacia 10 . dyssebacias 11 . dyssebeia 12 . dyssebroen 13 . dysselsdorp 14 . dyssemia 15 . dyssexia 16 . dyssexyamic 17 . dyssimia 18 . dyssocial behavior 19 . dyssocial personality disorder 20 . dyssodia 21 . dyssodia sp 22 . dyssodia tenuiloba 23 . dyssodias 24 . dyssomnia 25 . dyssomnias
= dysschema thyridinum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 61 , 54 ( list )
= dysschema eurocilia ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57 , 54 ( list )
= dysschema thyridinum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list )
= dysschema eurocilia ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57 ; [ nhm card ]
= dysschema eurocilia ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57
= dysschema viuda ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 61 , 54 ( list )
= dysschema arema ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 56 , 54 ( list )
dysschema dissimulata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ]
= dysschema magdala ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ]
dysschema minor becker , 2013 ; j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list ) ; tl : mexico , minatitlán
dysschema intermedium becker , 2013 ; j . res . lepid . 46 : 58 , 54 ( list ) ; tl : guatemala , baja verapaz , purulha
dysschema faustinoi laguerre & monzon , 2014 ; j . ins . biodiv . 2 ( 2 ) : 7 ; tl : guatemala , quetzaltenango , fuentes georginas
dysschema innominatum becker , 2013 ; j . res . lepid . 46 : 58 , 54 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , são paulo , campos do jordão
dysschema lygdamis ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 471
dysschema practidoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472
dysschema thetis ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473
dysschema boisduvallii ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 77 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 474
dysschema moseroides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464
dysschema semirufa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464
dysschema talboti ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464
dysschema anadema ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464
dysschema molesta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464
dysschema postflava ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464
dysschema fulgorata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464
dysschema daphne ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464
dysschema bivittata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465
dysschema leonina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465
dysschema aorsa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465
dysschema amphissa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465
dysschema leptoptera ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465
dysschema flavimedia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465
dysschema hypoxantha hypoxantha ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 73 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465
dysschema damon ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466
dysschema grassator ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466
dysschema mosera ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466
dysschema nigrivenata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466
dysschema brunnea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 467
dysschema neda ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468
dysschema humeralis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468
dysschema montezuma ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468
dysschema unifascia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468
dysschema constans ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468
dysschema jansonis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468
dysschema salome ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468
dysschema buckleyi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469
dysschema lunifera ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469
dysschema formosissima ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469
dysschema larvata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469
dysschema flavopennis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469
dysschema cerialis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470
dysschema rosina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470
dysschema gaumeri ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470
dysschema magdala ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470
dysschema marginalis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 471
dysschema zeladon ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 471
dysschema lycaste ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 471
dysschema joiceyi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472
dysschema palmeri ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472
dysschema practides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472
dysschema titan ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472
dysschema imitata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473
dysschema porioni ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473
dysschema sacrifica ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473
dysschema schadei ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473
dysschema superior ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475
dysschema luctuosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475
dysschema fanatica ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475
dysschema on ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475
dysschema marginata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475
dysschema terminata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 39 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 476
dysschema rorata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 39 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 476
dysschema hypoxantha melini ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466
dysschema tricolor romani ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469
dysschema tricolor tricolor ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 74 - 75 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468
dysschema ( pericopina ) ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 14 ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 463
dysschema eurocilia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 76 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57 , 54 ( list )
dysschema leucophaea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 15 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470
dysschema forbesi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 58 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470
dysschema viuda ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 61 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472
dysschema arema ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 56 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473
dysschema fantasma ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475
dysschema mariamne ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 78 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 59 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473
dysschema subapicalis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 81 - 82 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475
dysschema leda ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 59 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2013 , zoosystema 35 ( 3 ) : 451 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472
pericopis dissimulata walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 155 ; tl : bogotá
pericopis moseroides hering , 1925 ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 444 ; tl : bolivia , rio songo
pericopis semirufa druce , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 6 ( 32 ) : 172 ; tl : peru , chanchamayo
431x297 ( ~ 90kb ) female peru : coviriali , junin , 665m , 21 . 4 . 2008 , photo 2009 © vladimir v . izerskyy leg .
431x296 ( ~ 97kb ) male peru : coviriali , junin , 665m , 14 . 4 . 2008 , photo 2009 © vladimir v . izerskyy leg .
pericopis melini bryk , 1953 ; arkiv . zool . ( 2 ) 5 ( 1 ) : 223 ; tl : peru , roque
pericopis thyridina butler , 1871 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 8 ( 46 ) : 289 ; tl : ecuador
= ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466
431x333 ( ~ 95kb ) peru : oxapampa , pasco , 2050m , 6 . 11 . 2008 , photo 2009 © vladimir v . izerskyy leg .
phalaena eurocilia cramer , [ 1777 ] ; uitl . kapellen 2 ( 9 - 16 ) : 126 ; tl : surinam
pericopis irene druce , 1885 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1885 : 523 ; tl : paraguay
pericopis brunnea druce , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 8 ( 48 ) : 717 ; tl : ecuador , banos , rio pastaza
pericopis humeralis walker , 1854 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 2 : 348 ; tl : [ mexico ]
pericopis montezuma schaus , 1892 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1892 : 282 ; tl : mexico , las vigas
pericopis unifascia hering , 1925 ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 443 ; tl : paraguay , sapucay
pericopis constans hering , 1925 ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 441 ; tl : brazil , espirito santo , leopoldina ; bahia
pericopis jansonis butler , 1870 ; lepid . exotica ( 6 ) : 46 , f . 4 - 5 ; tl : chontales
pericopis salome druce , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 6 ( 32 ) : 175 ; tl : ecuador
phalaena tricolor sulzer , 1776 ; gesch . ins . nach linn . syst . : 160 ; tl : south america
431x312 ( ~ 93kb ) peru : coviriali , junin , 665m , 21 . 6 . 2008 , photo 2009 © vladimir v . izerskyy leg .
pericopis romani bryk , 1953 ; arkiv . zool . ( 2 ) 5 ( 1 ) : 223 ; tl : bahia
pericopis buckleyi druce , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 6 ( 32 ) : 174 ; tl : ecuador , sarayacu
pericopis lunifera butler , 1871 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 8 ( 46 ) : 288 ; tl : bahia
pericopis formosissima butler , 1871 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 8 ( 46 ) : 288 ; tl : colombia ; ecuador
pericopis larvata walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 7 : 1654 ; tl : valley of the amazon
pericopis flavopennis rebel , 1901 ; berl . ent . z . 46 : 302 ; tl : colombia , garapatos , rio magdalena
pericopis cerialis druce , 1884 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 110 , 3 pl . 11 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : panama , chiriqui , 3000 - 4000ft
= ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470
pericopis gaumeri druce , 1894 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 13 : 174 ; tl : mexico , yucatán , temax
dorimena magdala boisduval , 1870 ; considérations lépid . guatemala : 98 ; tl : guatemala
= ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 471
pericopis zeladon dyar , 1913 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 44 ( 1951 ) : 287 ; tl : mexico , orizaba , jalapa
pericopis viuda schaus , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 6 ( 32 ) : 209 ; tl : costa rica , tuis
431x316 ( ~ 91kb ) peru : calabaza , junin , 1995m , 19 . 10 . 2008 , photo 2009 © vladimir v . izerskyy leg .
pericopis practidoides hering , 1925 ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 445 ; tl : colombia , upper rio negro
pericopis practides druce , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 39 ) : 288 ; tl : colombia , paso del quindin
thebrone arema boisduval , 1870 ; considérations lépid . guatemala : 85 ; tl : venezuela ; nicaragua
= ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 59 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473
pericopis porioni gibeaux , 1982 ; revue fr . ent . ( n . s . ) 4 : 49 ; tl : peru , route olmos à moyobamba , km 374
pericopis schadei schaus , 1927 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 29 ( 5 ) : 103 ; tl : paraguay , villarica
thebrone hilara weymer , 1895 ; stettin ent . ztg 55 ( 10 - 12 ) : 325 ; tl : [ rio grande do sul ]
colombia , brazil ( bahia ) , argentina , paraguay . see [ maps ]
eucharia centenaria burmeister , 1878 ; descr . phys . rép . arg . 5 : 436 ; tl : argentina , zarate
daritis superior jörgensen , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 66 ; tl : paraguay , villarica
pericopis fanatica dognin , 1919 ; hét . nouv . am . sud 15 : 3 ; tl : colombia , micay
pericopis on hering , 1928 ; dt . ent . z . iris 42 : 270 ; tl : brazil , minas gerais
pericopis fantasma butler , 1873 ; cist . ent . 1 : 126 ; tl : bogotá [ error ? ]
callimorpha marginata guérin - méneville , [ 1844 ] ; icon . règne anim . cuvier 3 ( insectes ) : 518 ; tl : brazil , santos
pericopis rorata walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 154 ; tl : colombia , bogotá
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lepidoptera aus dem amazonasgebiete und aus peru gesammelt von dr . douglas melin und dr . abraham roman
description physique de la république argentine d ' après des observations personelles et étrangeres . 5 . lépidoptères . première partie . contenant les diurnes , crépusculaires et bombycoïdes
description of a new species of tiger - moth in the possession of mr t . w . wood
biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera
sammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 3 ( [ 1827 ] - [ 1838 ] ) in hübner ,
zuträge zur sammlung exotischer schmettlinge , vol . 3 [ 1824 - ] 1825 [ - 1831 ]
neue schmetterlinge der insenkten - sammlung des königl . zoologischen musei der universität zu berlin
delectus animalium articulatorum que in itinere per brasilian collegerunt dr . j . b . de spix et dr . c . f . ph . de martius
descriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from brazil , mexico , and peru . part i & ii
weymer , 1895 exotische lepidopteren vii . beitrag zur lepidopterenfana von rio grande do sul stettin ent . ztg 55 ( 10 - 12 ) : 311 - 333
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. commonly these are called tiger moths , and the genus contains some of the more showy moths of the southwestern usa .
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the chestnut-throated seedeater ( sporophila telasco ) is neotropical songbird in the family thraupidae .

it is found in along the western seaboard of south america , from southwestern colombia to far northern chile .

the natural habitats of the chestnut-throated seedeater are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland , subtropical or tropical moist shrubland , swamps , sandy shores , and heavily degraded former forest along the pacific coast and montane uplands of western south america , primarily ecuador , peru and chile .

the species serves as an indicator of declining forest health , as their populations appear to increase following deforestation and land use change .

these songbirds are among the smallest members of the tanager family at approximately 4.0 inches in length , and possess powerful bills to harvest grass seeds .

chestnut - throated seedeater

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temperament : no information founds but in watching the chestnut - throated seedeater , it appears to be a sweet and docile bird .
the chestnut - throated seedeater ( sporophila telasco ) is neotropical songbird in the family thraupidae . one local name in chile is “corbatita” meaning little tie , as if it wears a little chestnut tie on a white shirt .
the chestnut - throated seedeater is common along the coastal lowland and also the marañon drainage where it is known to range up to 700 m along the foothill of the andes . it also occurs in
the natural habitats of the chestnut - throated seedeater are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland , subtropical or tropical moist shrubland , swamps , sandy shores , and heavily degraded former forest along the pacific coast and montane uplands of western south america , primarily ecuador , peru and chile .
but is distinguished by a smaller size , chestnut throat , no white wing bars and no white wing speculum . also , see
jaramillo , a . ( 2018 ) . chestnut - throated seedeater ( sporophila telasco ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
. the breeding male chestnut - throated seedeater has bluish gray upperparts . the throat is chestnut with white on the rest of the underparts . the bill is black . the female has brown upperparts streaked and mottled with dusky . the underparts are brownish with faint brown streaking on the breast . the non - breeding male has a dull plumage with little chestnut on the throat and brown bill . the juvenile and the female in fresh plumage have warm brown to buff shades on the breast and back . both sexes show a white wing speculum . it forages in open areas with scattered shrubs as well in grasslands , fallow agricultural fields , and river edges . it is similar to the
this seedeater is a relatively unusual looking for a seedeater , and one that is restricted to the arid pacific slope from southernmost colombia to northernmost chile . this is not a species of the desert , but it does well in arid areas where there is shrubbery or a moister riparian area or irrigated farmland . likely its distribution and abundance has increased through the aid of humans , as it does well in agricultural landscapes that are taking over from desert habitats . the male has a few oddities in plumage for a seedeater , it is streaked above which is unusual , it also has a very dark chestnut throat patch , restricted to a small area of the chin and throat . one local name in chile is “corbatita” meaning little tie , as if it wears a little chestnut tie on a white shirt . the rest of the underparts are white . otherwise above it is grayish , including the face , and it has a big bold white wing stripe . females are more distinctive than that of typical seedeaters as they show a trace of the wing stripe , and some may look moderately streaked above . this seedeater has a relatively large and rounded bill , although it is clearly smaller billed than the parrot - billed seedeater . that rather different species may in fact be the chestnut - throated’s closest relative . this seedeater breeds in the rainy season , where there is one , taking advantage of new grass and its seeds as a food source for the young .
other synonyms catalan : menjagrà gola - roig czech : kněžík malinký danish : brunstrubet klerkefinke german : braunkehlpfäffchen , braunkehlspelzer english : chestnut - throated or tumaco seedeater , chestnut - throated seedeater spanish : corbatita , corbatita del norte , espiguero corbatón , espiguero pechiblanco , semillero gorjicastaño spanish ( chile ) : corbatita , corbatita del norte spanish ( colombia ) : espiguero pechiblanco spanish ( spain ) : semillero gorjicastaño spanish ( peru ) : espiguero de garganta castaña finnish : ruskokurkkusirkkunen french : sporophile télasco , sporophile télasco ou s . de tumaco hungarian : tumako - törpepinty italian : beccasemi golacastana japanese : kurinodohimeuso japanese : クリノドヒメウソ latin : pyrrhula telasco , sporophila [ telasco or insulata ] , sporophila telasco lithuanian : rudagurklė kikilinė starta dutch : grijsneksaffraangors , roodkindikbekje , roodkin - dikbekje norwegian : brunhakefrøeter polish : ziarnojadek rudobrody russian : каштановогорлая вьюрковая овсянка slovak : knažík hnedohrdlý , kňažík hnedohrdlý swedish : brunhakad frösparv , brunstrupig fröfink chinese : 栗喉食籽雀 chinese ( traditional ) : 栗喉食籽雀
breeding : this seedeater breeds in the rainy season , where there is one , taking advantage of new grass and its seeds as a food source for the young .
10–10·5 cm ; two males 8·4 g and 10·9 g . typical seedeater , tiny and with thick bill approximately as long as it is deep , with distinct rounded . . .
males possess a rich chestnut patch on the throat in breeding season , while females share a similar color pattern , but lack the throat patch , with a lighter bill , but moult into drab plumage outside of the breeding season . this occurs because the cost of predator attracting , colorful plumage is no longer worth taking when breeding activities are completed . these songbirds are among the smallest members of the tanager family at approximately 4 . 0 inches in length , and possess powerful bills to harvest grass seeds .
combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : sporophila telasco . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
3 males . desert all green with herbs owing to
el niño
. reference : clxxia 293 - 310 marantz counter ( spotel2 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
desert all green with herbs owing to
el niño
. reference : clxxb 365 - 384 ( spotel1 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
desert all green with herbs owing to
el niño
. reference : b : 435 - 450 ( spotelx4 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
desert all green with herbs owing to
el niño
. reference : b : 424 - 427 ( spotelx3 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 522 side a track 112 seq . a )
several birds singing from roadside grasses before we made the turn towards the mountains .
male singing about 7 m away from mic . in grassy and high herbal vegetation with scattered bushes . the bird was sitting in some dry sticks and preened while singing .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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yoël jimenez , josep del hoyo , greg baker , desmond allen , daniêl jimenez .
luis r figueroa , c castellani , carlos gussoni , paul van giersbergen , wromero77 , delareina , pfmack , lars petersson , ken havard , david weaver , dusan m . brinkhuizen .
taxonomic status of “ s . insulata ” ( known only from tumaco i , off nariño , in sw colombia ) , with rufous rump and underparts , is uncertain , but most likely to be a race or morph of present species # r . monotypic .
pacific coast and coastal slope from s colombia ( sw cauca ) s through coastal lowlands of ecuador ( inland as far as s loja ) and peru ( where also in upper marañón valley ) to n chile ( desert valleys of arica–parinacota ) .
song a short and staccato musical warble , sometimes with sputter towards end , quality sharp and . . .
shrubby and open areas , including edge of dry grassland , agricultural areas , desert oasis valleys , . . .
diet largely of grass seeds ; feeds nestlings with grass seeds . forages both on ground and , more usually , while perched on grass stalks or . . .
not globally threatened . common to abundant throughout its range . has a large range from n to s . agriculture in desert areas is likely increasing the amount of suitable . . .
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in past , included in a much broader emberizidae . probably sister to cardinalidae , with these two perhaps sister to mitrospingidae # r # r # r # r . family limits and internal structure extensively revised in recent years on basis of numerous genetic studies # r # r # r # r # r # r . these have led to subdivision into 15 subfamilies , as well as numerous other notable changes ( as compared to hbw ) including : relocation herein of parkerthraustes and saltator from cardinalidae , and of charitospiza , coryphaspiza , embernagra , emberizoides , incaspiza , porphyrospiza , tiaris , euneornis , loxipasser , loxigilla , melanospiza , certhidea , platyspiza , pinaroloxias , geospiza , volatinia , coryphospingus , rhodospingus , sporophila , piezorina , xenospingus , poospiza , donacospiza , sicalis , phrygilus , nesospiza , rowettia , melanodera , haplospiza , acanthidops , idiopsar , catamenia , lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix and paroaria from emberizidae ( = passerellidae ) ; and also removal of chlorophonia and euphonia to fringillidae , of rhodinocichla to rhodinocichlidae , of chlorospingus to passerellidae , of phaenicophilus to phaenicophilidae , of spindalis to spindalidae , of nesospingus to nesospingidae , of calyptophilus to calyptophilidae , of lamprospiza , mitrospingus and orthogonys to mitrospingidae , and of habia , chlorothraupis and piranga to cardinalidae . generic limits within family also extensively revised , and associated sequence of species followed herein # r .
small - bodied , conical - billed , seed - eating birds with melanin - based plumages ; until recently assumed to belong in emberizidae # r .
genera oryzoborus and dolospingus found to be embedded in present genus and are therefore subsumed herein # r .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as fairly common ( restall 2006 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be increasing as ongoing habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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: telasco , an inca warrior in jean françois marmontel’s novel ‘les incas , ou la destruction de l’empire du pérou’ .
schulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .
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sexing : easy to sex when in breeding plumage but difficult when not when the males and females look similar .
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eudonia pallida is a species of moth of the crambidae family .

it is known from most of europe .

the wingspan is about 18 mm .

adults are on wing in april to late september in one generation per year .

the larvae feed on mosses and lichens at ground level .

it has been reared from larvae found amongst the moss calliergonella cuspidata .

eudonia pallida

eudonia pallida ( marsh grey ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
and quite distinctive , although care must be taken not to confuse small , worn specimens of related species .
is distributed widely throughout the british isles , although tends to occur in damp situations such as fens or marshes .
in common with a number of other british pyralidae , the early stages are not well described , but it is believed to feed on mosses or lichens at ground level . it has been reared from larvae amongst the moss
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scattered records from wetland sites , also fens , grassland , heathland and scrub .
literature states this is single - brooded , although norfolk records suggest multiple broods from may to october .
recorded in 54 ( 78 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1884 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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wingspan around 18 mm . the palest of the british scopariinae and quite distinctive , although care must be taken not to confuse small , worn specimens of related species .
scopariinae are a difficult group to identify and sometimes it is necessary to refer to genitalia to be sure . a useful guide can be found at the following link
in common with a number of other british pyralidae , the early stages are not well described but it is believed to feed on mosses or lichens at ground level . it has been reared from larvae amongst the moss .
distributed widely throughout the british isles though not common . in the butterfly conservation’s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as local .
uncommon in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = d ( rare or rarely recorded )
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for the county , we have a total of 1519 records from 134 sites . first recorded in 1868 .
vc63 . west melton , 13 . 8 . 1996 , 23 . 7 . 1997 , 6 . 7 . 1999 ( heb ) ; wintersett country park , 26 . 7 . 1998 , 8 . 8 . 1998 det . heb ( psm , pm et . al . ) ; rawcliffe bridge , 18 . 7 . 2000 ( edc ) . new vice - county record .
vc65 . marne barracks , 4 . 8 . 2006 ( chf ) . new vice - county record .
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a local and uncommon species in belgium . due to the more extensive knowledge of scopariinae , this species is now more observed than in the past .
the larva lives on mosses and lichens . its biology is not completely studied yet .
the adults have been seen from late april till late september , but most observations are done between may and july . they are active at dusk and later come to light .
belgium , antwerpen , viersel , 26 april 2004 . ( photo © leo janssen )
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
a resident species usually occurring singly or sparingly at mv light along the coast , although it is sometimes fairly common to common in a few spots inland . well distributed and increasing . this species is apparently single - brooded flying mainly from late may to late september , sometimes to the second week of october . the larval foodplant is not known in this country . ( pratt , 2011 ) .
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