allogalathea elegans ( known as the feather star squat lobster , crinoid squat lobster or elegant squat lobster ) is a species of squat lobster that is sometimes kept in marine aquariums .

allogalathea elegans

what type of species is allogalathea elegans ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the allogalathea elegans species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of allogalathea elegans species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species allogalathea elegans .
how to identify allogalathea elegans marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species allogalathea elegans . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species allogalathea elegans are marked in green .
where is allogalathea elegans found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species allogalathea elegans can be found .
development sequence . a ) allogalathea elegans ( fujita 2010 ) – a ) zoea . . . | download scientific diagram
elegant squat lobster - allogalathea elegans ( adams , a and a . white , 1848 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life
allogalathea elegans ( adams & white , 1848 ) , maxilla : a , first zoea ; b , . . . | download scientific diagram
nick hope marked an unknown common name in an unknown language from
allogalathea elegans ( adams , a and a . white , 1848 )
as trusted .
joanne taylor marked the classification from
world register of marine species ( worms )
as preferred for
allogalathea elegans ( adams , a and a . white , 1848 )
.
hi molly - - your ' s is a relative of allogalathea elegans but it ' s not a crinoid commensal . this is what a . elegans looks like - urltoken notice how the carapace is elongated forwards in a point between the eyes and then look at yours which has a blunt carapace .
. . . of these , only one species , a . inermis , was identified at the species level . its appearance is related to changes in the taxonomy of a widespread , opportunistic symbiont of crinoids allogalathea elegans . a . elegans has recently been shown to be a species complex including four dif - ferent species , which , although genetically very dis - tinct , are morphologically very similar [ 11 ] ; we have two of these in our samples : a . elegans and a . inermis . allogalathea sp . . . .
fig . 6 . allogalathea elegans ( adams & white , 1848 ) , maxilla : a , first zoea ; b , second zoea ; c , third zoea ; d , fourth zoea ; e , megalop . scale bars = 0 . 1 mm .
citation :
elegant crinoid squat lobsters , allogalathea elegans ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 5 / 25 / 2013 10 : 28 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
hi leslie ! thanks for clarifying . i have been wondering about that . i haven ' t been able to find the exact scientific name of this one . i , too , thought the rostrum is too short to be allogalathea . either way , the one i have is the ones la is selling , and they call them allogalathea elegans . so these aren ' t crinoid commensals ? that is interesting . i wonder if they are commensal on anything .
figure 4 . 2 : development sequence . a ) allogalathea elegans ( fujita 2010 ) – a ) zoea i . b ) zoea ii . c ) zoea iii . d ) zoea iv . e ) megalop . b ) chirostylus stellaris ( fujita and clark 2010 ) – a ) zoea i . b ) zoea ii . e ) megalop .
cabezas , p . ; macpherson , e . ; machordom , a . ( 2011 ) . allogalathea ( decapoda : galatheidae ) : a monospecific genus of squat lobster ? zool . j . linn . soc . 162 ( 2 ) : 245 - 270 .
research allogalathea elegans » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
in the case of the expensive harlequin shrimp hymenocera picta dana , 1852 , and h . elegans heller , 1861 , the main bottleneck impairing the culture of these species is the diet of juvenile and adult specimens , because they feed exclusively on sea stars .
( of galathea elegans adams & white , 1848 ) lewinsohn , c . ( 1969 ) . die anomuren des roten meeres ( crustacea decapoda : paguridae , galatheidae , hippidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen ( rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie , leiden ) 104 . 213 pp . [ details ]
ok , now i ' m kinda lost here . . . . crinoid commensal means what exactly ? do they need a some sort of companion with whom they share a symbiotic relationship ? the true a . elegans is stunning ! i ' ve never seen anything like that before . how are they suited for a reef enviornment ? athough i ' m sure that i ' d never find one for my tank .
. . . in the indo - west pacific region , including mozambique , madagascar , red sea , indonesia ( banda and celebes seas ) , philippines , taiwan , new caledonia , chesterfield islands , and vanuatu ; subtidal to depth of 120 m ( cabezas et al . , 2011 ) . the present material confirms the occurrence of a . elegans in singapore , although johnson ( 1970 ) previously reported this species . . . .
( of galathea elegans adams & white , 1848 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
adams , a . & white , a . ( 1848 ) crustacea . in : adams , a . ( ed . ) the zoology of the voyage of the hms
samarang
under the command of captain sir edward belcher , c . b . , f . r . a . s . , f . g . s . , during the years 1843 - 1846 . benham and leeve , london , pp . 1 - 66 , 13 pls . [ details ]
baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
( of galathea longirostris dana , 1852 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of galathea longirostris yokoya , 1936 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of galathea deflexifrons haswell , 1882 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of galathea grandirostris stimpson , 1858 ) baba , k . , macpherson , e . , poore , g . , ahyong , s . , bermudez , a . , cabezas , p . , lin , c . , nizinski , m . , rodrigues , c . & schnabel , k . ( 2008 ) . catalogue of squat lobsters of the world ( crustacea : decapoda : anomura - families chirostylidae , galatheidae and kiwaidae ) . zootaxa . 1905 , 220 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
morton b . & morton je . ( 1983 ) . the sea shore ecology of hong kong . hong kong : hong kong university press . [ details ]
the species has several possible body colour patterns : either uniformly dark ( red , blackish purple , orange or brown ) or dark , with either two narrow light stripes , or alternating longitudinal dark and light stripes ( patterns 1 , 3 , and 4 of baba , 1979 ) , the number and width of which varies . other colour patterns include a narrow lighter stripe in the middle of each dark stripe . pereiopods also show variable coloration : p1 uniformly dark or with longitudinal light dorsal stripe along merus , carpus , and palm , finger tips light ; some specimens with p1 uniformly dark and fingers whitish . p2–p4 uniformly dark or pale on distal portion of carpus , distal portion of propodus and entire dactylus ; in some specimens , p2–p4 meri dark , and carpi , propodi , and dactyli whitish .
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haswell , w . a . 1882 ,
description of some new species of australian decapoda
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 6 , no . 4 , pp . 750 - 763
adams , a . & white , a . 1848 ,
crustacea . part i
, ed . adams , a . ( ed . ) , the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . samarang under the command of captain sir edward belcher during the years 1843–1846 , pp . 1 - 66 pls i - xiii , reeve , benham & reeve , london
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 04f3b944 - 5f55 - 44b6 - a76a - 6023415810e1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7b98f0f2 - 3bff - 445f - 9a32 - 3fc58ab42242
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dd8a8a95 - 4e52 - 456c - b9b7 - 5cb02913ab73
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 97c5dfda - c6da - 42d5 - 9db4 - fd6fb056ecfb
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 372957
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this species lives inside the arms of crinoids ( feather stars ) for protection . it adopts the colour pattern of its host by repositioning chromatophores ( pigment cells ) in its carapace . it feeds on plankton collected from the arms of its host .
1 - 12 m depth , size up to 2 cm . females are larger than males .
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just curious , saw that la had a couple in the diver ' s den and thought thet they looked interesting . has anyone ever kept one or had any experiance with them in a reef set - up ?
i do ! i love mine . he is very cute . he eats mysis and filter feeds . i target feed him with frozen cyclops and mysis . urltoken
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - felicia - current tank info : 55 + two 20 gallon refugiums coldwater with puffer , seahorses , gobies , crabs , starfish all from the atlantic . 90 gallon w 20 gal refugium with tilefish , swallowtail angel , blue tang , clingfish , naked clown , fancy white clown , brachio blenny , mollies
wow that ' s sweet , nice pics ! thx for the info molly , glad to know that they ' re reef safe . is he out and about all day and takes nights off ? i take it thet stay pretty small .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cheers , leslie so many worms , so little time . . . natural history museum of los angeles county
i just found it - galathea inflata - and i was wrong about it not being a crinoid commensal . oops ! urltoken
thank you so much leslie ! you are awesome ! i have been trying to id this guy for months ! being a crinoid commensal means they hitch a ride on crinoids , which are starfish like feather stars . they don ' t require their crinoids in captivity , thank goodness , because crinoids are impossible to keep in captivity .
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bold black or brown droplet shaped body , with 2 white stripes on the carapace and a thin yellow line in the middle , and one 1 white stripe on the arms . long pointed rostrum with tiny spines along the edges . row of spines below and behind the ( red ) eyes . however there are many variations in appearance of this species .
unevaluated by the iucn red list . fairly common , but well hidden between the arms of crinoids .
tropical waters from the indian ocean and the indo - pacific . they live exclusively on crinoids ( feather stars ) .
it feeds on plankton , as does the crinoid it lives on . the crinoid provides good locations for catching plankton .
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a remarkable anomuran : the taxon aegla leach , 1820 . taxonomic remarks , distribution , biology , diversity and conservation
a squat lobster with egg shaped body , mostly with longitudinal stripes , and long front legs with claws . colour may vary according to host crinoid , in the fronds of which it is most often found .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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small squat lobsters , from relatively shallow waters ( found in depths from 0 - 146 m ) and often associated with crinoids .
they can be distinguished from the other genera by the flat and triangular rostrum ( with a carina underneath and 5 - 9 lateral teeth ) and a carapace with setiferous striae . coloration varies from solid red to black and white stripes and generally matches the crinoid colouration .
until recently this was the only species in the genus . it has now four species , with slight variations in morphology ( such as length and proportion of claws ) , colour patterns and distribution .
commensal on crinoids , feeding on detritus . can oftern be found in pairs on crinoids
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poore , g . c . b . ; ahyong , s . t . ; taylor , j . eds ( 2011 ) . the biology of squat lobsters . 363 p . collingwood , vic . csiro publishing
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insights into life - history traits of munidopsis spp . ( anomura : munidopsidae ) from hydrothermal vent fields in the okinawa trough , in comparison with the existing data
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. . . here , we examined all this material analyzing both morphological and molecular characters , which include partial sequences from two mitochondrial genes ( cytochrome c oxidase subunit i and 16s rrna ) frequently used in molecular studies of squat lobsters ( machordom & macpherson 2004 ; ahyong et al . 2011 ; cabezas et al . 2011 ) . bayesian phylogenetic analysis was performed in mrbayes v3 . 2 . 1 ( huelsenbeck & ronquist 2001 ) using only the coi sequences because 16s sequencing was not successful for all species . . . .
. . . the genetic divergence between f . cultrata n . sp . and f . chani n . sp . was 10 . 57 % ( coi ) ( table 2 ) . such divergence values are estimated to be in the upper range of molecular interspecific divergences so far found for squat lobsters , normally beyond 3 % among coi sequences and higher than 0 . 7 % among 16s sequences ( cabezas et al . 2008 cabezas et al . , 2011 poore & andreakis 2012macpherson & robainas - barcia 2013 , 2015 . . . .
. . . symbionts were sorted accord - ing to major taxonomic groups and then identified . papers [ 5 , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] were used to identify decapods , and paper [ 7 ] was used to polychaetes . porcelanid crabs were identified by dr . werding ( institute für tierökol - ogie und specielle zoologie der justus - liebig - uni - versität giessen , germany ) and an ophiuroid was identified by a . martynov ( zoological museum , moscow state university ) . . . .
. . . recently , cabezas et al . ( 2011examined numerous specimens from various localities in the indo - west pacific and described three new species based on the molecular evidence and subtle morphological characters . the present material includes two species , of which a . longimana cabezas , macpherson & machordom , 2011 , is recorded for the first time from singapore . . . .
. . . ( fig . 8 . 1 ) , are also found in heterosexual pairs at relatively high frequency ( c . 50 % ) on their host crinoids , such as oxycomanthus bennetti ( zmarzly , 1984 ) ( cabezas et al . 2011 ) . in g . inflata , the remaining hosts are mostly occupied by single galatheids including males , ovigerous females , symbiotic chirostylids have been reported from shallow environments . . . .
baeza , j . a . 2011 . squat lobsters as symbionts and in chemo - autotrophic environments . ( chapter 8 ) . in : the biology of squat lobsters ( poore g . c . b . , ahyong s . t . , and taylor j . , eds ) . csiro publishing : melbourne and crc press : boca raton . pp . 249 - 270 .
in the mediterranean sea , the intensive use of maritime space calls for integrated management to avoid cumulative impacts and user conflicts . maritime spatial planning ( msp ) – the harmonization of …
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the principal expected achievements are : to provide a reduced set of parameters describing synthetically the effects of defence structures from the different points of view . to provide validated an…
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coconet project full title :
towards coast to coast networks of marine protected areas ( from the shore to the high and deep sea ) , coupled with sea - based wind energy potential .
taxonomic revision of the genus paramunida baba , 1988 ( crustacea : decapoda : galatheidae ) : a morpholo . . .
the genus paramunida belongs to the family galatheidae , one of the most species rich families among anomuran decapod crustaceans . in spite of the genus has received substantial taxonomic attention , subtle morphological variations observed in numerous samples suggest the existence of undescribed species . the examination of many specimens collected during recent expeditions and morphological and . . . [ show full abstract ]
morphological and molecular description of new species of squat lobster ( crustacea : decapoda : galath . . .
the family galatheidae is among the most diverse families of anomuran decapod crustaceans , and the south - west pacific is a biodiversity hot spot for these squat lobsters . attempts to clarify the taxonomic and evolutionary relationships of the galatheidae on the basis of morphological and molecular data have revealed the existence of several cryptic species , differentiated only by subtle . . . [ show full abstract ]
deep under the sea : unraveling the evolutionary history of the deep - sea squat lobster paramunida ( de . . .
the diversification of indo - pacific marine fauna has long captivated the attention of evolutionary biologists . previous studies have mainly focused on coral reef or shallow water - associated taxa . here , we present the first attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary history - - phylogeny , diversification , and biogeography - - of a deep - water lineage . we sequenced the molecular markers 16s , coi , nd1 , . . . [ show full abstract ]
a new species of paramunida baba , 1988 from the central pacific ocean and a new genus to accommodate . . .
the genus paramunida belongs to the most diverse family of galatheoids and it is commonly reported from the continental slope across the indian and pacific oceans . examination of material collected by the noaa rv townsend cromwell cruise near christmas ( kiritimati ) island , kiribati , revealed the existence of a new species of paramunida ( p . haigae ) , which represents the fourth record of the . . . [ show full abstract ]
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( jl ) department of biological sciences , florida institute of technology , 150 w . university boulevard , melbourne , florida 32901 , u . s . a .
( alr ) department of biological sciences , florida institute of technology , 150 w . university boulevard , melbourne , florida 32901 , u . s . a .
ricardo calado , junda lin , andrew l . rhyne , ricardo araújo , luís narciso ; marine ornamental decapods—popular , pricey , and poorly studied , journal of crustacean biology , volume 23 , issue 4 , 1 december 2003 , pages 963–973 , urltoken
the objective of the present work is to present a list of decapod crustaceans currently traded in the marine aquarium industry , highlighting possible ecological impacts of their harvest from the wild , and the main bottlenecks impairing the commercial culture of these species . possible management and conservation guidelines to preserve these highly priced marine resources are also suggested .
in order to evaluate the number of decapod species currently traded in the marine aquarium industry , monthly surveys were conducted year round during 2002 . information was gathered from eight portuguese aquarium retail stores , seven virtual pet stores on the world wide web ( one portuguese , one german , one british , and four north american ) , and two marine aquarium hobby magazines ( tropical fish hobbyist and marine and freshwater aquarium ) . this preliminary list was complemented with the marine ornamental decapod species listed in debelius ( 1984 ) , baensch and debelius ( 1994 ) , fosså and nielsen ( 2000 ) , dakin ( 2001 ) , fenner ( 2001 ) , and sprung ( 2001 ) . in addition , several decapod species from european warm temperate and subtropical waters were included , because recent studies have revealed the potential use of such species in the marine aquarium trade .
the average unitary retail value of the most heavily traded ornamental decapods was estimated based on the prices presented by virtual pet stores on the world wide web .
species were grouped according to the classification proposed by martin and davis ( 2001 ) .
the most heavily traded marine tropical decapods , as well as potential ornamental species from european warm temperate and subtropical waters , are listed in tables 1 – 4 .
distribution , culture profitability , commercial culture techniques , larval development , and associative behaviour of the most popular marine ornamental stenopodidean shrimp and lobsters in the aquarium trade industry . abbreviations as in table 1 .
distribution , culture profitability , commercial culture techniques , larval development , and associative behaviour of the most popular marine ornamental squat lobsters and anomuran crabs in the aquarium trade industry . abbreviations as in table 1 .
distribution , culture profitability , commercial culture techniques , larval development , and associative behaviour of the most popular marine ornamental brachyuran crabs in the aquarium trade industry . abbreviations as in table 1 .
caridean shrimp species ( 49 ) clearly outnumber other decapod groups , with the hippolytidae family alone accounting for 15 species . anomuran and brachyuran crabs are the next two most traded groups , with 32 and 27 species respectively . diogenid hermits clearly are the most popular anomuran species ( 20 species ) . the pricey stenopodidean shrimp , astacidea , and palinura lobsters are represented by a considerably lower number of species ( 7 , 7 , and 6 species , respectively ) ( fig . 1 ) .
number of marine decapod crustacean species , per infraorder and family , traded in the marine aquarium industry ( including decapod crustacean species occurring in european warm temperate and subtropical waters ) .
for the majority of species , larval development is either unknown or partially described ( tables 1 – 4 ) . even for the best - studied group , the brachyuran crabs ( particularly majids ) , information on larval development only exists for a reduced number of species ( table 4 ) .
several ornamental decapod groups , especially caridean shrimp , display associative behaviour , either with invertebrate or vertebrate organisms ( tables 1 – 4 ) . certain caridean and stenopodidean shrimp are believed to be fish cleaners ( e . g . , lysmata amboinensis , l . debelius , l . grabhami , and stenopus hispidus ) , whereas alpheus and periclimenes are known to live in close association with fish and invertebrates , respectively .
suitable commercial culture techniques for marine ornamental decapods are still far from being established . caridean and stenopodidean shrimp species have the highest number of established culture methodologies for traded species ( 10 % and 14 % , respectively ) or for which culture methodologies are now being developed ( 43 % and 12 % , respectively ) . no study has addressed the culture of ornamental palinurid lobsters or anomuran crabs at a commercial level ( fig . 2 ) .
number of traded ornamental stenopodidean , caridean , astacidian , palinurid , anomuran , and brachyuran decapod crustaceans ( including decapod crustacean species occurring in european warm temperate and subtropical waters ) and status of the commercial culture techniques ( % ) ( established , e ; being developed , bd ; not addressed , na ) .
though some brachyuran and anomuran crabs also attain high market values ( e . g . , lybia tessalata ( latreille , 1812 ) , percnon gibbesi ( h . milne edwards , 1853 ) , and manucomplanus varians ( benedict , 1892 ) ) , lobsters and caridean and stenopodidean shrimp are the groups commanding the highest market prices ( table 5 ) . the high prices of certain paired specimens ( e . g . , hymenocera and stenopus ) is a consequence of their agonistic responses towards conspecifics of the same sex .
average commercial value ( u . s . dollars per specimen ) of some popular and highly priced marine ornamental decapod crustaceans .
important bottlenecks impairing ornamental decapod culture ( namely larviculture and broodstock maintenance ) have been partially overcome in recent years ( calado et al . , 2003 ) . however , research efforts are still being focused on a very small number of traded species of the genus lysmata , stenopus , and hymenocera .
rearing systems used to culture frail palinurid and scyllarid larvae ( illingworth et al . , 1997 ; kittaka , 1997b ; ritar , 2001 ) appear to be suitable for the culture of other decapod larvae . the system developed by calado et al . ( 2003 ) , inspired by greve ' s ( 1968 ) “planktonkreisel” and other larval spiny lobster culture systems , has proven to be suitable to raise caridean , stenopodidean , brachyuran , anomuran , and lobster larvae . in addition , this system allows larvae to be fed with nutritional prey ( while assuring good water quality ) , to test settlement cues ( by placing adult specimens or host organisms in the system head - tank ) , and to provide suitable settlement surfaces for late - stage larvae .
though cyanide use for ornamental fish collection is now a widespread practice in the major marine ornamental exporting countries in southeast asia ( jones and steven , 1997 ) , the physiological effects of this asphyxiant in decapod crustaceans and other invertebrate organisms in coral reefs are still unknown .
the only suitable way to achieve a sustainable management of the collection of marine ornamental decapods , while continuing to solve the bottlenecks impairing these species ' culture , is to promote a multidisciplinary cooperation between researchers working on larval biology , population dynamics , ecology , aquaculture , and fisheries .
the authors thank fundação para a ciência e a tecnologia ( scholarship sfrh / bd / 983 / 2000 and research project pocti / bse / 43340 / 2001 ) from the portuguese government for the financial support . we thank joana figueiredo and lueji pestana for their comments on the manuscript . we express our sincere gratitude to paul f . clark from the natural history museum , london , and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments on the manuscript . we thank martin a . moe , jr . , of green turtle publications , for making available to us his report “culture of marine ornamentals : for love , for money , and for science” during the marine ornamentals 2001 meeting .
phyllosoma larvae and phylogeny of palinuroidea ( crustacea : decapoda ) : a review .
later stage larvae of panulirus guttatus ( latreille , 1804 ) ( decapoda , palinuridae ) with notes on the identification of phyllosomata of panulirus in the caribbean sea .
the influence of shell type on hermit crab growth rate and clutch size ( decapoda , anomura ) .
the effects of shell size and shape on growth and form in the hermit crab pagurus longicarpus .
puerulus of the spiny lobster panulirus guttatus ( latreille , 1804 ) ( palinuridae ) .
the complete larval development of coenobita compressus ( crustacea : decapoda : coenobitidae ) , reared in the laboratory .
tracking the trade in ornamental coral reef organisms : the importance of cites and its limitations .
larval development of the mediterranean cleaner shrimp lysmata seticaudata ( risso , 1816 ) ( caridea ; hippolytidae ) fed on different diets : costs and benefits of mark - time molting .
on the first phyllosoma stage of parribacus caledonicus holthuis , 1960 , scyllarides squamosus ( h . milne - edwards , 1837 ) and arctides regalis holthuis , 1963 ( crustacea , decapoda , scyllaridae ) from new caledonia .
the larval development of pagurus prideauxi leach , 1814 , under laboratory conditions ( decapoda paguridea ) .
components of reproductive effort and delay of larval metamorphosis in tropical marine shrimp ( crustacea : decapoda : caridea and stenopodidea ) .
larvae of decapod crustacea . part i . stenopidae . part ii . amphionidae . part iii . phyllosoma .
larval development and delayed metamorphosis in the hermit crab clibanarius erythropus ( latreille ) ( crustacea , diogenidae ) .
delayed metamorphosis in florida hermit crabs : multiple cues and constraints ( crustacea : decapoda : paguridae and diogenidae ) .
larval and post - larval development of the slender legged spider crab , macropodia rostrata ( linnaeus ) ( oxyrhyncha : majidae : inachinae ) , reared in the laboratory .
on palinurid and scyllarid lobster larvae and their distribution in the south china sea ( decapoda , palinuridae ) .
associative behaviour of the fish cryptocentrus cryptocentrus ( gobiidae ) and the pistol shrimp alpheus djiboutensis ( alpheidae ) in artificial burrows .
culture of larval spiny lobsters : a review of work done in northern japan .
larval development of the snapping shrimp alpheus heterochelis say , reared in the laboratory .
cleaning of fish ectoparasites by a palaemonidae shrimp on soft bottoms in new caledonia .
contribution a l ' étude du développement larvaire de clibanarius erythropus ( latreille ) ( crustacé decapode anomure diogénidé ) .
the puerulus of the spotted spiny lobster , panulirus guttatus ( latreille 1804 ) ( crustacea : decapoda ) .
note sur les puerulus de palinuridae et les larves phyllosomes de panulirus homarus ( l . ) . clef de détermination des larves phyllosomes récoltêes dans le pacifique équatorial et sud - tropical ( décapodes ) .
complete larval development of the spider crab stenorhynchus lanceolatus ( brullé , 1837 ) ( decapoda , brachyura , majidae ) , reared in the laboratory .
the larval and post - larval development of percnon gibbesi ( crustacea , brachyura , grapsidae ) and the identity of the larval genus pluteocaris .
larvae of decapod crustacea of the families diogenidae and paguridae from the bay of naples .
the larval development of the tropical land hermit coenobita clypeatus ( herbst ) in the laboratory .
the larval development of calcinus tibicen ( herbst ) ( crustacea , anomura ) in the laboratory .
the complete larval development of the west indian hermit crab petrochirus diogenes ( l . ) ( decapoda , diogenidae ) reared in the laboratory .
the larval development of the west indian sponge crab dromidia antillensis ( decapoda : dromiidae ) .
the larval development of the sponge crab dromia personata ( l . ) ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) reared in the laboratory .
the experimental culture of phyllosoma larvae of southern rock lobster ( jasus edwardsii ) in a flow - through system .
phyllosoma larvae of a palinurid lobster , justitia longimana ( h . milne edwards ) , from the western atlantic .
larval and postlarval development of pisa tetraodon ( pennant , 1777 ) ( decapoda , majidea ) reared in the laboratory .
description of some planktonic larval stages of stenopus spinosus risso , 1826 : notes on the genus and systematic position of the stenopodidea as revealed by larval characters .
the phyllosoma larvae of the spiny lobster palinurellus gundlachi von martens ( decapoda , palinuridae ) .
l ' étoile de mer “couronne d ' épines” ( acanthaster ) et les récifs de la grande barrière .
early growth and mortality of the caribbean king crab mithrax spinosissimus reared in the laboratory .
studies on decapod crustacea from the indian river region of florida . xiii . larval development under laboratory conditions of the spider crab mithrax forceps ( a . milne - edwards , 1875 ) ( brachyura : majidae ) .
quantifying hermit crab recuitment rates and megalopal shell selection on a wave - swept shore .
larval development of lysmata amboinensis ( de man , 1888 ) ( decapoda : hippolytidae ) reared in the laboratory with a note on l . debelius ( bruce , 1983 ) .
studies on the interspecific relationship between gobbid fish and snapping shrimp . ii . life history and pair formation of snapping shrimp alpheus bellulus .
the early zoeal stages of alpheus heeia banner & banner , 1975 reared in the laboratory ( decapoda , caridea , alpheidae ) .
studies on the western atlantic arrow crab genus stenorhynchus ( decapoa , brachyura , majidae ) . i . larval characters of two species and comparison with other larvae of inachinae .
larviculture and effect of food on larval survival and development in golden coral shrimp stenopus scutellatus .
effects of food and temperature on survival and development in the peppermint shrimp lysmata wurdemanni .
mating behavior and spawning of the banded coral shrimp stenopus hispidus in the laboratory .
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srilanka in stock [ archive ] - gta aquaria forum - aquarium fish & plants serving the greater toronto area .
gta aquaria forum - aquarium fish & plants serving the greater toronto area . > vendors > aquatic kingdom > srilanka in stock
: ( was there 2 days ago . it was my first time going there and their corals were beautiful . also saw the stingray being feed : )
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acanthops falcataria , common name south american dead leaf mantis , is a species of praying mantis in the subfamily acanthopinae of the family acanthopidae and not to be confused with acanthops falcata , a different species in the same genus that is often referred to with the same common name .

a. falcataria is one of many mantis species from various genera that resemble a dead leaf .

acanthops species have an unusual degree of sexual dimorphism compared to other mantids .

the flightless female resembles a curled dead leaf and weighs twice as much as the male .

it has reduced wings that can be lifted to reveal brightly colored warning colors on the abdomen .

the male flies well and has long functional wings that resemble a flat or rolled-up dead leaf at rest .

when perched , males often assume a posture where the head , grasping legs and prothorax add to the camouflage by recreating the appearance of a dead leaf 's shriveled petiole and stipules .

it is native to south america .

acanthops falcataria

louva - a - deus de folha seca - acanthops falcataria , acanthops falcata , bicho - folha - seca ( mantodea - acanthopidae - acanthopinae - acanthopini ) biodiversidade , biodiversity , nature videos , vídeos de natureza , florianópolis , santa catarina ( state ) , brasil , southern brazil original filming praying matis playlist species : urltoken tive sorte de encontrar esta espécie no meu quintal , raramente encontro este tipo de espécie direto da natureza , consegui identificar bem rápido devido as características do corpo que se assemelha a uma folha morta . original videos filmings , 3d modelings , arts animations created and directed by diego da cruz pereira ( diegodcvids )
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ehrmann , r . 2002 . mantodea : gottesanbeterinnen der welt . natur und tier , münster .
e . giglio - tos . 1913 . orthoptera . fam . mantidae . subfam . perlamantinae . genera insectorum de p . wytsman 144 : 1 - 13
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chopard . 1914 . voy . allaud et jeannel afr . or . , orth . 2 : 23 - > > note : in east africa
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umbonium vestiarium , common name the button tops , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family trochidae , the top snails .

umbonium vestiarium

common button top ( umbonium vestiarium ) in sealife base : technical fact sheet .
common button top ( umbonium vestiarium ) on the nparks flora and fauna website .
umbonium vestiarium ( vestigastropoda : trochidae ) button snail by jenny , 2015 , on taxo4254 .
. the genus globulus , assigned by schumacher in 1817 , is an objective synonym of genus umbonium , meaning that both globulus and umbonium contain the same species ( i . e . u . vestiarium ) , but umbonium
umbonium vestiarium , a filter - feeding trochid by vera fretter in journal of zoology ( 20 aug 2009 ) .
figure 17 : description on umbonium vestiarium . image from the biodiversity heritage library . digitized by natural history museum library , london
umbonium vestiarium linnaeus 1758
. gbif secretariat : gbif backbone taxonomy , 2013 . url : urltoken ( accessed on 11 november 2015 )
no valid holotype was found for umbonium vestiarium . this is because the specimen ( trochus vestiarius ) that was assigned as the type actually referred to
berry , a . j . , 1987 . reproductive cycles , egg production and recruitment in the indo - pacific intertidal gastropod umbonium vestiarium ( l . ) .
kalyanasundaram , n . , s . s . ganti , & a . a . karande , 1972 . the habitat and the habitat - selection by umbonium vestiarium l .
berry , a . j . , 1984 . umbonium vestiarium ( l . ) ( gastropoda , trochacea ) as the food source for naticid gastropods and a starfish on a malaysian sandy shore .
species umbonium zelandicum a . adams , 1854 accepted as zethalia zelandica ( hombron & jacquinot , 1848 )
sivadas , s . , b . ingole , & a . sen , 2012 . some ecological aspects and potential threats to an intertidal gastropod , umbonium vestiarium . journal of environmental biology , 33 : 1039 - 1044 .
[ 30 ] chan , z . w . i . , 2013 . quantifying shell pattern and colour polymorphism in umbonium vestiarium ( l . ) ( gastropoda , trochacea ) . unpublished student report , national university of singapore , singapore . 17 pp .
species umbonium striolatum a . adams , 1855 accepted as ethalia striolata ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( original combination )
button snail is a suspension feeder . it belongs to genus umbonium , the only filter - feeding gastropod group with inhalant and exhalant siphons
. no record of syntypes and lectotypes of u . vestiarium could be found . its type locality , as appointed by linnaeus in his original description , is mediterrranean , asia , and china
( of trochus vestiarius linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
description solid , rounded shells , up to 2 cm wide , similar to oxystele ( above ) but more flattened and with a glossy , highly variable . . .
description solid , rounded shells , up to 2 cm wide , similar to oxystele ( above ) but more flattened and with a glossy , highly variable and colourfully patterned exterior . habitat : eulittoral sand . distribution : indo - pacific . [ details ]
drivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la réunion et de l ' île maurice . collection les beautés de la nature . delachaux et niestlé : neuchâtel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
bosch d . t . , dance s . p . , moolenbeek r . g . & oliver p . g . ( 1995 ) seashells of eastern arabia . dubai : motivate publishing . 296 pp . [ details ]
kilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173–214 . [ details ]
( of trochus vestiarius linnaeus , 1758 ) kilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173–214 . [ details ]
hickman , c . s . ( 1985 ) . comparative morphology and ecology of free - living suspension - feeding gastropods from hong kong . in : morton b , & dudgeon d , editors . proceedings of the second international workshop on the malacofauna of hong kong . the malacofauna of hong kong and southern china ii . hong kong university press , hong kong . 1 : 217 - 234 . [ details ]
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a big pile of living button snails chek jawa , feb 05 they can float , forming ' rafts ' . changi , jul 08 closeup of shell opening and operculum . tanah merah , feb 07 tanah merah , mar 10
tiny button snails leaping away from a hunting moon snail . east coast , jun 06
cyrene reef , dec 10 photo shared by loh kok sheng on his blog .
family trochidae tan , leo w . h . & ng , peter k . l . , 1988 . a guide to seashore life . the singapore science centre , singapore . 160 pp .
tan siong kiat and henrietta p . m . woo , 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ) , raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore .
tan , k . s . & l . m . chou , 2000 . a guide to the common seashells of singapore . singapore science centre . 160 pp .
davison , g . w . h . and p . k . l . ng and ho hua chew , 2008 . the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore . nature society ( singapore ) . 285 pp .
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this species has been recorded at changi , chek jawa , cyrene reef , east coast park , tanah merah .
raffles museum of biodiversity research rmbr has its origins in the raffles museum which was founded in 1849 . established on…
developed by moving mouse © 2018 lee kong chian natural history museum . all rights reserved . terms of use .
figure 1 : button snails found on sandy beach ( left ) and a close - up of the snail ( right ) . photo : © 2008 & 2012 ria tan ( cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0 )
button snail has round and glossy shell with various patterns and colours ( figure 2 ) . its average shell width is 1 cm , with maximum of 1 . 5 cm
. more information about its identifying features can be found on 5 ( ii ) diagnostic features .
figure 2 : various shell patterns of button snail . photo : © 2015 jenny
empty shell may be occupied by hermit crab , so do take a closer look to find out whether it is button snail or hermit crab . the main distinguishing feature is that button snail has soft body while hermit crab has claws and legs like crabs ( figure 3 and 4 ) .
figure 4 : hermit crab living in an empty button snail . photo : © 2005 ria tan
polymorphism , which refers to having two or more different sizes , shapes , colours , patterns , etc . , within a population
, is a characteristic feature of many gastropod shells . button snail exhibits particularly high polymorphism : 11 colour patterns were recorded in kalbadevi beach in india
. however , the development and maintenance of the polymorphism is still a mystery . both genetic and environmental factors are likely to play a role , but more studies need to be conducted to investigate this . one possible mechanism is apostatic selection through differential predation rates on morphs
however , this is unlikely given that the main predators of button snail , such as moon snails and sea stars , hunt primarily by smell and not visual . another possible mechanism is heat management
, especially in tropics where solar radiation and temperatures are high . indeed , darker morphs were observed to be lower in number
button snail inhabits surface layers of marine sands in shallow water and also low - shore mud flats . it prefers sand of medium grade and avoids finer sand grains or muddy sand
it is abundant in the sandy shores in singapore ( figure 5 ; e . g . changi , chek jawa , cyrene reef , east coast park , and tanah merah )
figure 5 : global distribution of button snail . source : global biodiversity information facility (
figure 6 : distribution of button snail in singapore . base map from global biodiversity information facility ( cc by 3 . 0 )
. this may explain why button snail is found on sandy shores , and not rocky ones . to escape predators , button snail may perform a series of rolling movements by twisting their foot side to side
figure 7 : labels of selected anatomy . photo : © 2012 ria tan (
figure 8 : path marking made as button snail creeps on sand . photo : © 2011 ria tan (
figure 9 : aggregation of floating button snail . photo : © 2008 ria tan (
figure 10 : button snail buried in sand in feeding position . left photo : © 2012 ria tan ( cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0 ) , labelled by jenny . right illustration by jenny , with reference to [ 13 ]
figure 11 : button snails being preyed by moon snail ( left ) and haddon ' s carpet anemone ( right ) . photo : © 2011 & 2005 ria tan ( cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0 )
button snail has separate sexes ( i . e . dioious ) . similar to other trochacaeans in the family , button snail is a broadcast spawner and carries out external fertilization because it lacks the accessory reproductive organs for internal fertilisation
the trochophore and early veligers larvae , which are negatively gravitaxis and will orient themselves against gravity and move upwards , to have light - enhanced upward swimming . this promotes faster growth
. as a result of weak dispersal , the offspring is likely to settle on the same shore . however , weak dispersal is favourable to button snail . given that the juvenile live and grow for one year before breeding and then die the following mid - year
figure 12 : different stages of development of button snail . illustration by jenny , with reference to [ 18 ]
. therefore , over - collection may be a possible threat to button snails . they are often used as accessories in aquarium and home decorations ( figure 13 ) . human consumption is another threat : vendors may use aromatic thorns ( acacia pennata ) to pry the meat out from the shell
has precedence because it is older . later on , lamarck thought that the snail had
remarkably callous
lower surface compared to other trochus , so he gave a new name ,
figure 15 : description by linnaeus in 1758 . extract from göttinger digitalisierungszentrum ( pending approval ) . translation by jenny .
figure 16 : description on rotella lineolata . image from the biodiversity heritage library . digitized by natural history museum library , london
traditionally , phylogeny of family trochidae was constructed based on morphology such as radula and ctenidium . for instance , subfamily umboniinae , lirulariinae , and halistylinae were grouped together owing to them having monopectinate ctenidium and reduced radula
figure 18 : molecular phylogeny of trochidae and calliostomatidae , with subfamily umboniinae highlighted in blue , based on concatenated sequences from four genes using bayesian analysis with uncorrelated relaxed , lognormal clock using beast . source : williams
[ 1 ] carpenter , k . e . , & v . h . niem , 1998 . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 1 . seaweeds , corals , bivalves and gastropods . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , rome . 686 pp .
leimar , o . , 2005 . the evolution of phenotypic polymorphism : randomized strategies versus evolutionary branching . the american naturalist , 165 ( 6 ) : 669 - 681 .
allen , j . a . & b . c . clarke , 1984 . frequency - dependent selection – homage to poulton , e . b” . biological journal of the linnean society , 23 : 15 - 18 .
miura , o . , s . nishi , & s . chiba , 2007 . temperature - related diversity of shell colour in the intertidal gastropod batillaria . journal of molluscan studies , 73 ( 3 ) : 235 - 240 .
tamaki , a . , & t . kikuchi , 1983 . spatial arrangement of macrobenthic assemblages on an intertidal sand flat , tomioka bay , west kyushu .
( linnaeus , 1758 )
. lee kong chian natural history museum , n . d . url : urltoken ( accessed on 7 november 2015 )
ansell , a . d . , 1969 . escape responses of 3 indian mollusks .
heller , j . , 2015 . sea snails : a natural history . springer , switzerland . 354 pp .
hickman , c . s . , 1992 . reproduction and development of trochacean gastropods .
( linnaeus , 1758 )
. flora & fauna web , n . d . url :
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata
children , j . g . , 1823 . lamarck ' s genera of shells .
quarterly journal of science , literature and the arts , 15 : 216 - 258 .
[ 25 ] de lamarck , j . b . d . m . & c . dubois , 1825 .
an epitome of lamarck ' s arrangement of testacea : being a free translation of that part of his works , de l ' histoire des animaux sans vertebras . longman , hurst , rees , orme , browne , and green , london . 317 pp .
hermannsen , k . , 1851 . on some genera of shells , established in 1807 by the late h . f . link .
catalogue of type specimens . 4 . linnaean specimens
. uppsala university museum of evolution zoology section , 2001 . url :
williams , s . t . , donald , k . m . , spencer , h . g . , & t . nakano , 2010 . molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) .
herbert , d . g . ( 1992 ) . revision of the umboniinae ( mollusca : prosobranchia : trochidae ) in southern africa and mozambique .
hickman , c . s . , & mclean , j . h . ( 1990 ) . systematic revision and suprageneric classification of trochacean gastropods . natural history museum los angeles county science series , 35 : 1 - 169 .
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national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
link d . h . f . ( 1807 - 1808 ) . beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universität zu rostock . rostock : adlers erben . 1 abt . [ part 1 ] , pp . 1 - 50 ; 2 abt . [ part 2 ] , pp . 51 - 100 ; 3 abt . [ part 3 ] , pp . 101 - 165 ; abt . 4 [ part 4 ] , pp . 1 - 30 ; abt . 5 [ part 5 ] , pp . 1 - 38 [ 1808 ] ; abt . 6 [ part 6 ] , pp . 1 - 38 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 136 [ details ]
williams s . t . , karube s . & ozawa t . ( 2008 ) molecular systematics of vetigastropoda : trochidae , turbinidae and trochoidea redefined . zoologica scripta 37 : 483–506 . [ details ]
shell small , compressed ; disc shaped ; solid ; surface smooth and glossy ; umbilicus present , densely calloused ; numerous colour forms of the shell present varying from white greyish to dark purple ; operculum thin , circular .
biju kumar , a . 2012 . ‘kerala theerathe kadal jeevikal’ ( marine animals of kerala coast - a field guide ) . kerala state biodiversity board , thiruvananthapuram , kerala , 304 pp . ( in malayalam )
the contents of this website is licensed under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .
bijukumar , a . and nair , a . s . ( eds ) . 2014 . marine biodiversity informatics for kerala . < www . keralamarinelife . in > .
this map is based on occurrence records available through the gbif network and may not represent the entire distribution .


mylabris is a genus of beetles in the family meloidae , which is endemic to the palearctic ecozone .

the species-rich genus hycleus ( c. 430 spp. ) was historically confused with mylabris .

it is superficially similar , but is centered on the afrotropics .

mylabris

valter jacinto marked
mylabris quadripunctata
as trusted on the
mylabris quadripunctata
page .
valter jacinto marked
milabris‑dos‑4‑pontos / / blister beetle ( mylabris quadripunctata )
as trusted on the
mylabris quadripunctata
page .
medical uses of mylabris in ancient china and recent studies . - pubmed - ncbi
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valter jacinto changed the thumbnail image of
milabris‑dos‑4‑pontos / / blister beetle ( mylabris quadripunctata )
.
genius , thank you , i think you are right , i think it is the [ mylabris variabilis ] .
mylabris species , blister beetle , oil beetle from europe stock photo , picture and royalty free image . image 19275050 .
blister beetle ( mylabris sp : meloidae ) , a warningly coloured species , feeding on a flower , in savannah , ghana .
this short paper deals with the first record of mylabris klugi redt . and the subgenus argabris kuz . in turkey . illustrations of the adult insect and its habitat are given .
beetles aren ' t my area but i thought it looked like what i understand a blister beetle should be . so , with that in mind i did a quick search . could it be a mylabris species ? see -
mylabris phalerata ( mp ) is an insect used in the preparation of mylabris , a korean medicine listed in the korean herbal pharmacopoeia that is used to treat tumors . mp has antitumor effects and a proliferative effect on leucocytes [ 8 , 9 ] . the major component of mp , cantharidin , also has anticancer and apoptotic effects on cancer cells [ 10 ] . norcantharidin , a demethylated form of cantharidin , is used as an anticancer drug in china [ 11 ] .
mylabris variabilis ( pallas , 1781 ) : tronquet ( 2014 ) : 553 . [ statut pour la france métropolitaine ] tronquet , m . [ coord . ] 2014 . catalogue des coléoptères de france . revue de l’association roussillonnaise d’entomologie , 23 ( supplément ) : 1 - 1052 .
j . - e . huh , k . - s . kang , k . - s . ahn , d . - h . kim , i . saiki , and s . - h . kim , “mylabris phalerlata induces apoptosis by caspase activation following cytochrome c release and bid cleavage , ”
the scientific name for a genus of blister beetle , several species of which ( mylabris phalerata and m . cichorii ) have been used in traditional chinese medicine as a vesicant and antitumor agent . skin exposure to the crushed body of the beetle results in contact dermatitis . the blistering agent in the beetle , cantharides , is also known as spanish fly .
mylabris oculata , the cmr bean beetle , is a large , conspicuously - colored beetle in the family meloidae ( blister beetles ) that i saw quite commonly during my stay in south africa . “cmr” refers to the cape mounted rifle corps , a police force in the old cape colony whose uniforms sported black and yellow bands that resemble the colors of this beetle .
when we screened the tnf - α secretion in m2 macrophages using 400 species of herb , mylabris phalerata , genkwa flos , solani nigri herba , pinelliae tuber , sambuci lignum , sanguisorbae radix , euphorbiae kansui radix , phaseoli radiati semen , poria , and melandrii herba were the most potent top 10 herbs without endotoxin . although there are some reports on anti - inflammatory effects of these 10 herbs , macrophage polarization by these herbs has not been studied .
ty - jour ti - a new mylabris species from south - eastern iran and a key to the iranian species of the nominate subgenus ( coleoptera , meloidae ) t2 - zookeys vl - 219 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2012 sp - 81 ep - 86 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 219 . 3674 au - serri , sayeh au - pan , zhao au - bologna , marco kw - iran kw - key to the species kw - new species kw - taxonomy er -
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[ g . a cockroach found in mills and bakehouses , fr . mylē , mill ]
pustulata were identified in a study from the western part of neighboring state of orissa .
by kasab ( 1983 ) and schneider ( 1991 ) are now assigned to other genera such as croscherichia and hycleus .
and coryna species ( coleoptera : meloidae ) infesting pearl millet in the nigerian sudan savanna .
, a compound that has been used in china as a medicinal agent for 2000 years and for the treatment of cancer , particularly hepatoma [ 1 ] .
pustulata ( thunberg ) has emerged as a predominant insectpest of pigeonpea flowers in punjab .
pustulata ( blister beetle ) was studied for the enzymes involved in hydrolysis of cellulose .
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copyright © 2017 hwan - suck chung et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
tumor burden comprises a group of heterogeneous cells , including t cells , neutrophils , and macrophages . the major cells comprising the tumor burden are macrophages , accounting for approximately 50 % of the burden . tumor - associated macrophages ( tam ) are involved in tumor progression and metastasis , and the number of tam in the tumor burden is positively correlated with poor prognosis [ 1 ] . macrophages can be m1 polarized by stimulation with ifn - γ or lps , and these m1 - polarized macrophages secrete il - 12 , tnf - α , and il - 1 β , which kill cancer cells [ 2 ] . however , m2 macrophages are polarized by stimulation with il - 4 , il - 13 , or m - csf and release il - 10 , ccl17 , and ccl22 , which help in tumor progression and metastasis . m2 macrophages have phenotypes and functions similar to tam [ 3 , 4 ] . because tam play a critical role in tumor progression and metastasis , many researchers have studied the control of tam and have shown that switching tam or m2 with m1 significantly inhibits tumor progression and metastasis [ 5 – 7 ] . therefore , switching tam or m2 with m1 is a potential target for cancer treatment .
we screened 400 herbal ethanol extracts to examine the effect of m1 polarization on m2 - polarized macrophages induced by il - 4 and il - 13 . we found that the ethanol extract of mp ( emp ) polarized m2 into m1 and that this effect was not mediated by endotoxins .
animal procedures were approved by the iacuc in the korea institute of oriental medicine . bone marrow cells ( bmc ) were isolated from the tibia and femur of 6 - week - old male c57bl / 6 mice ( samtako bio korea , gyeonggi - do , south korea ) . bone marrow macrophages ( bmm ) generated using bmc were differentiated in the rpmi1640 medium supplemented with 10 % fbs and macrophage colony - stimulating factors ( m - csf , 60 ng / ml , peprotech , rocky hill , nj , usa ) for 1 week . the medium was replaced with a fresh m - csf - containing medium 3 days after seeding the cells .
to prepare tam , mice were subcutaneously implanted with lewis lung carcinoma ( llc ) cells ( 2 × 10 5 / mouse ) . they were sacrificed after 3 weeks , and tumor tissues were isolated . single cells were dissociated from tumor tissues using a tumor dissociation kit ( cat . 130 - 096 - 730 , miltenyi biotec , bergisch gladbach , germany ) following the manufacturer’s instructions . to separate the macrophages , the cells were labelled with cd11b microbeads ( cat . 130 - 049 - 601 , miltenyi biotec ) , and the cd11b + cells ( macrophages ) were isolated with macs columns . approximately 10 % –20 % of the tumor - dissociated cells were cd11b + . when we analyzed the purity of tam , over 90 % were cd11b + .
mp was purchased from an herbal supplier ( yeongcheon herb , yeongcheon , korea ) , and a voucher specimen ( number e233 ) was deposited in the herbal bank of the korea medicine application center , korea institute of oriental medicine . to prepare emp , dried mp ( 30 g ) was ground into a fine powder , soaked in 300 ml of 70 % ethanol , and extracted in a shaking incubator at 40°c for 24 h . the extract was filtered through a testing sieve ( 150 μ m ; retsch , haan , germany ) , evaporated on a rotary evaporator , concentrated by lyophilization , and then stored at −20°c . emp powder ( 50 mg ) was dissolved in 10 ml of 50 % ethanol ( v / v ) and filtered through a 0 . 22 μ m disk filter . endotoxin was examined using the pierce lal chromogenic endotoxin quantitation kit ( thermo scientific , bonn , germany ) according to the manufacturer’s protocol .
to polarize bmm to m2 , they were treated with recombinant il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) and il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h . emp was added for 18 h , and the supernatants were harvested and kept at −80°c until use . tnf - α and tgf - β were analyzed by opteia elisa kit ( bd biosciences pharmingen , san diego , ca , usa ) and ebioscience™ human / mouse tgf beta 1 elisa ready - set - go ! ™ kit , 2nd generation ( cat . 88 - 8350 - 76 , ebioscience , san diego , ca , usa ) , respectively , following manufacturer’s instruction .
to polarize bmm to m2 , they were treated with recombinant il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) and il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h . emp was added for 18 h , and the cells were harvested . total rna was extracted using the easyblue rna extraction kit ( intron biotechnology , inc . , seongnam , korea ) . the quality and concentration of the rna were assayed using the nd - 1000 spectrophotometer ( nanodrop technologies , wilmington , de , usa ) . cdna was synthesized using cyclescript reverse transcriptase ( bioneer , seoul , korea ) and stored at −20°c . real - time pcr was conducted using the cfx96 touch real - time pcr system ( bio - rad , ca , usa ) employing the accupower greenstar qpcr master mix ( bioneer , daejeon , korea ) . the pcr protocol comprised 10 min at 95°c followed by 45 cycles of 10 s at 95°c , 10 s at 60°c , and 10 s at 72°c . after the cycles were completed , the signal at each temperature between 65°c and 95°c was recorded to generate a dissociation curve . the sequences of the murine primers were listed in table 1 . the target mrna levels were compared by calculating the crossing point ( cp ) value and normalized to the reference gene gapdh .
raw264 . 7 cells ( 5 × 10 6 ) were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then treated with emp for 1 h . nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts were prepared using ne - per nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagents ( thermo fisher scientific , rockford , il , usa ) according to the manufacturer’s protocol .
cells were washed with phosphate - buffered saline ( pbs ) and lysed using the radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer ( millipore , ma , usa ) containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors . total protein ( 15–20 μ g ) was separated by 10 % sds - page gel electrophoresis , transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride ( pvdf ) membrane , and immunoblotted with specific antibody . antibodies for arginase - 1 , β - actin ( santa cruz biotechnology , ca , usa ) , phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( p - stat3 ) ( tyr705 ) , p - stat6 ( tyr641 ) , p65 , p - i κ b - α , and proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( pcna ) ( cell singling technology , ma , usa ) were used in this study . chemiluminescent signals were detected using the chemidoc imaging system ( bio - rad laboratories , ca , usa ) and a chemiluminescence reagent ( thermo scientific , rockford , il , usa ) .
cell migration was assayed using a 24 - transwell chamber with a diameter of 6 . 5 mm and an 8 μ m pore polyethylene terephthalate ( pet ) membrane ( spl lifesciences , seoul , korea ) as described by kim et al . [ 12 ] .
el4 - luc2 cells , a lymphoma cell line from c57bl / 6 mice expressing the firefly luciferase gene ( caliper life science , ma , usa ) , were used to evaluate drug efficacy on macrophage tumoricidal activity in coculture conditions . bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then with emp for 18 h . the cells were washed with dpbs and 3 × 10 4 cells in 200 μ l of media were seeded in 96 - well white plates . el4 - luc2 cells ( 1 × 10 4 cells ) were cocultured with bmm for 48 h . luciferin ( 150 μ g / ml ) was added and luminescence was detected using the spectramax l microplate reader ( molecular devices , sunnyvale , ca , usa ) .
for all analyses ) was assessed by one - way anova followed by tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons using the prism 5 . 01 software ( graphpad software inc . , san diego , ca , usa ) .
because tnf - α is a prominent m1 marker , we screened 400 types of herbal extracts for their effect on tnf - α release in m2 macrophages . m2 macrophages were induced by treating bmm with mouse recombinant il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) and il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h , after which emp was added for 18 h . among the 400 herbal extracts , emp showed the strongest effect on tnf - α release in m2 macrophages . tnf - α induction in m2 macrophages by emp was also shown in tam ( figure 1 ) . on the other hand , tgf - β is a typical m2 marker . tgf - β release was reduced by emp treatment in tam and bmm ( figure 1 ) . to exclude the possibility of tnf - α release by endotoxin contamination in emp , we also examined the endotoxin level in emp and found that it was less than 0 . 1 eu / ml ( data not shown ) .
. ( a ) tam were isolated with cd11b microbeads after dissociation of tumor tissue into single cells . cd11b
tam were treated with various doses of emp for 24 h . ( b ) bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 18 h . tnf -
we analyzed the expression of m1 and m2 genes after emp treatment in m2 macrophages . although the increased m2 markers ( fizz1 , ym1 , and arg1 ) were significantly inhibited by emp , m1 ( tnfa and inos ) markers were significantly increased by emp based on the real - time rt - pcr analysis ( figure 2 ( a ) ) . when we analyzed m1 ( cd86 ) and m2 ( cd68 ) phenotype changes using flow cytometry after emp treatment in m2 macrophages , emp significantly increased cd86 expression but did not affect cd68 expression ( figure 2 ( b ) ) . arginase - 1 catalyzes l - arginine as a substrate and produces l - ornithine and urea . it is known that the depletion of l - arginine by arginase - 1 could inhibit the l - arginine - dependent immune functions [ 13 ] . for instance , l - arginine depletion suppresses t - cell proliferation [ 14 ] . although macrophages polarized to m2 by il - 4 and il - 13 displayed a significantly increased expression of arginase - 1 , emp alleviated the increased expression of arginase - 1 in a dose - dependent manner . intriguingly , lps did not significantly alter the increased expression of arginase - 1 ( figure 2 ( c ) ) .
. ( a ) effect of emp on mrna expression in m2 macrophages . bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 18 h . the amounts of mrna were quantified by real - time rt - pcr . the expression levels of mrna were normalized by dividing the values by the gapdh intensity . ( b ) cd86 + and cd68 + bmm after emp treatment were analyzed by flow cytometry . ( c ) arginase - 1 expression was determined by western blotting . nd = not detected . values are indicated as the mean ± sem .
we studied the effect of macrophages polarized by emp on llc tumor cell migration . to exclude a direct effect of emp on llc , emp - treated macrophages were washed out with dpbs and the macrophages were seeded in the lower compartment and then llc were cultured in the upper compartment of the transwell chamber . as shown in figure 3 ( a ) , emp treatment in m2 macrophages attenuated the migration of llc tumor cells in a dose - dependent manner . we also evaluated the tumoricidal activity of emp - treated macrophages in coculture conditions with el4 - luc2 lymphoma . lps - and emp - treated macrophages significantly reduced el4 - luc2 proliferation compared with the control group ( figure 3 ( b ) ) . these data show that emp - treated m2 macrophages can inhibit tumor metastasis and progression .
. ( a ) a transwell migration assay was performed to determine the migration of llc tumor cells by emp - treated macrophages . llc tumor cells on the lower surface of the transwell membrane were stained with crystal violet solution and observed under a phase contrast microscope with 50x magnification . ( b ) el4 - luc2 lymphoma was cocultured with emp - treated macrophages for 48 h . values are indicated as the mean ± sem .
to study the mechanism of emp in m2 macrophages , we analyzed stat6 phosphorylation , which is a critical transcription factor in the m2 polarization induced by il - 4 and il - 13 . although m2 macrophages increased stat6 phosphorylation , there were no significant differences in stat6 phosphorylation upon emp treatment ( figure 4 ( a ) ) . nf - κ b is a critical transcription factor for proinflammatory cytokines such as tnf - α , il - 6 , and il - 1 β . although lps treatment increased the translocation of p65 ( nf - κ b subunit ) into the nucleus and the phosphorylation of i - κ b α in cytoplasm , emp did not show any significant changes in nf - κ b translocation or i - κ b α phosphorylation ( figure 4 ( b ) ) . it has been reported that stat3 suppression can convert tam’s phenotype from m2 to m1 [ 15 , 16 ] . we also explored whether stat3 was involved in the effect of emp on macrophage polarization . the phosphorylation of stat3 induced by il - 4 and il - 13 was diminished by emp treatment ( figure 4 ( a ) ) .
. ( a ) bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 1 h . the phosphorylation of stat3 and stat6 was analyzed by immunoblot analysis . nd = not detected . ( b ) raw264 . 7 cells were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 1 h . p - i
- actin were analyzed in the cytosolic fraction and p65 and pcna were analyzed in the nuclear fraction . c = cytosol ; n = nucleus . values are indicated as the mean ± sem .
it has been reported that norcantharidin , a biosynthesized demethylated cantharidin , has anticancer effects by the regulation of m1 macrophage polarization via mir - 214 expression [ 16 ] . because norcantharidin is a synthetic compound and is not a component of mp , the effects of emp on m1 polarization may not be mediated by norcantharidin .
there is a lot of evidence showing that m2 - polarized macrophages can be converted to m1 macrophages and the converted m1 macrophages exert anticancer and antimetastatic properties [ 15 , 18 – 20 ] . although we did not perform an in vivo study , there are many reports on the anticancer effects of mp [ 8 , 21 , 22 ] . because mp per se has anticancer effects , it may not be easy to differentiate its anticancer effects by tumor killing from those by m1 polarization . conversely , it is supposed that the anticancer effects of mp in animal are mediated by m1 polarization and not just by the apoptosis of tumor cells .
these findings suggest that treatment with emp polarizes m2 / tam into m1 . because of these effects of emp , it may be used as an adjuvant for anticancer drugs to boost anticancer immunotherapy .
the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to this study .
this work has been supported by ministry of science , ict and future planning ( msip ) , republic of korea , grant k17281 awarded to korea institute of oriental medicine ( kiom ) .
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these beetles , however , are more than just a frustration for hungry birds , but also a serious pest of numerous ornamental , fruit and vegetable crops ( picker et al . 2002 ) . large numbers of adults congregate on plants and preferentially feed on the flowers . in the more natural settings where i was encountering these beetles , they were most often seen on flowers of
in the family fabaceae . to be honest , they became quite a source of frustration for me as well – not because of their distastefulness or pestiferous habits , but because of their role as the model in a mimicry complex . it was the mimic that i was after , and since mimics tend to be much less common than their models , i had to look at a
back to their chemical defenses – i’ve often wondered just how poisonous blister beetles really are , especially to humans . here in the u . s . , their main importance is as contaminants in alfalfa hay fed to cattle and horses . deaths from severely contaminated forage do occur , but this is dependent upon the cantharidin content of the species and their abundance within the hay . the highest reported cantharidin content for a blister beetle is 5 . 4 % dry weight in
. calculations based on this figure and the lethal dose for a 1000 - lb horse indicate that around 100 such beetles would need to be eaten to receive a fatal dose . this seems to make the claim that a single beetle can kill a human a little far - fetched . however ,
beetles – more than a full inch in length and bulky . in this regard , i found an interesting tidbit at the
yes ; they are poisonous enough to kill people – especially a big beetle… the poison is very toxic and actually causes collapsed tissue . it would also depend on the weight of the person , as with any other toxin . the poison of a cmr beetle , that is dried and powdered , is sufficient to kill a 70kg human .
picker , m . , c . griffiths and a . weaving . 2002 . field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town , 444 pp .
ted c . macrae is a research entomologist by vocation and beetle taxonomist by avocation . areas of expertise in the latter include worldwide jewel beetles ( buprestidae ) and north american longhorned beetles ( cerambycidae ) . more recent work has focused on north american tiger beetles ( cicindelidae ) and their distribution , ecology , and conservation .
this entry was posted in coleoptera , meloidae and tagged beetles , chemical defenses , entomology , insects , mimicry , nature , predator avoidance , science , south africa , warning coloration . bookmark the permalink .
it’s a gorgeous beetle . i admit to being tickled by the idea of you finding them frustrating because , while nice beetles and all , they weren’t quite the species you were looking for .
you know , it’s amazing how the commonness of a species can trump its beauty . on that very same trip , i was ecstatic everytime i found a little black dot of a beetle in the genus brachelytrium – my colleague on that trip was revising the genus and describing several new species , and every time i found one there was a good chance it would be another paratype . little black dots and i’m jumping for joy , while these enormously spectacular beetles lumbered around everywhere and i yawned .
the lesson here ? copy and paste instead of thinking you can remember what you just read and retype it correctly . or in simpler terms , check the doggone name before hitting submit !
you sure you been blogging for 7 years ? that stuff was covered in internet 101 . 🙂
i just had a google around to look for the mimic… seems an blog entry by one t . macrae from around 18 months ago has the answer to this one . you were top of the google search !
and peter gets points for showing how ridiculously easy it is to find the answers to these quizzes . i suppose my digital past is now starting to catch up with me !
i couldn’t help but think of the insects episode of life that i watched last weekend , while reading this post . south africa ! such exciting and far - away places , with big , bright , shiny beetles . must have been great to be so bored . 🙂
i’m doing a report on beetles and i was wondering if you knew anything about the euchroea aurostellata ? i got off this website on beetles of africa , and all the websites i go to they don’t know anything about it .
a madagascan flower chafer is all i know . a web search reveals it to be a common item for sale by commercial insect suppliers . as it often the case , little is known about such species other than what philatelic collectors are willing to pay for them .
yes , there is . thank you for helping me . i’m sure i’ll get an a + ! = d
i feel like an old war - horse at the sound of a trumpet when i read about the capture of rare beetles . - - charles darwin
the creator , if he exists , must have an inordinate fondness for beetles . - - j . b . s . haldane buy bitb apparel and gifts at cafepress .
ted c . macrae is an agricultural research entomologist with
an inordinate fondness for beetles .
primary expertise includes taxonomy and host associations of wood - boring beetles , with more recent interest also in tiger beetle survey and conservation . i am currently serving as managing editor of the the pan - pacific entomologist , layout editor for the journal cicindela and newsletter editor for the webster groves nature study society . read my interview at nature blog network , and visit me at these other sites :
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relatives in turkey by the markings on the elytra ( marseul , 1873 ; jacobson , 1905 - 1915 ) . from iran
2002 , the old world genera of meloidae ( coleoptera ) : a key and synopsis .
steppe on southern slopes , 6 july 2011 , photo m . kemal ( cesa© )
dlw is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 1998 on . the aim of this project is preparing a comprehensive database program on especially old world lepidoptera taxa for the …
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bl is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 1998 on . the aim of this project is preparing a comprehensive database program on especially old world lepidoptera bibliography .
et is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 2008 on . the aim of this project is preparing a comprehensive database program on the pterygota fauna of turkey .
fl is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 2000 on . the aim of this project is to study and publish on the early stages of the lepidoptera especially in turkey .
a gelechiid species , new for the fauna of turkey ( lepidoptera ) . misc . pap . 163 : 1 - 3 , 3 figs . 1 map . this paper deals with the faunistical occurence of sophronia semicostella ( hbn . ) in turkey for the first time . illustrations of adult , male genitalia , habitat , as well as distributional map are added .
occurence of teratolytta kulzeri in east turkey is reported and briefly discussed . the adult insect is illustrated in nature for the first time .
polysarcus elbursianus is reported here from bitlis province ( east turkey ) for the first time . illustrations of adult male and a distributional map are also given .
this paper deals with the occurence of talis renetae in east turkey . the species was described from ankara ( central anatolia ) , and known from there so far . the record of this species from adilcevaz ( bitlis province ) is new to the provincial fauna . images of the adult and male genitalia , as well as the habitat are also given . ecological information for the species are added .
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mylabre ( magnified ) , vintage engraved illustration . natural history of animals , 1880 .
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here is another photograph taken by a friend of mine that currently resides in the middle east ( north iraq ) to be precise . she is into wildlife photography , and has taken the following image :
can someone please tell us what species that beetle is ( ps . i ' m guessing that is a beetle ) .
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national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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