horned lizards are a genus ( phrynosoma ) of lizards which are the type genus of the subfamily phrynosomatinae .

the horned lizard has been affectionately called a " horny toad " , or " horned frog " , though they are not moist-skinned toads or frogs .

the common names come from the lizard 's flattened , rounded body and blunt snout , which make it resemble a toad or frog ( phrynosoma means " toad-bodied " ) , as well as its tendency , in common with larger true frogs and toads , to move sluggishly , making them easy to hand-catch ( such slow , undramatic movements may also avoid triggering attacks by predators , discussed later in this article ) .

they are totally adapted to desert areas .

the spines on its back and sides are made from modified reptile scales which prevent the water loss through the skin , whereas the horns on the heads are true horns ( i.e. they have a bony core ) .

of 15 species of horned lizards in north america , eight are native to the united states .

the largest-bodied and most widely distributed of the us species is the texas horned lizard .

horned lizards use a wide variety of means to avoid predation .

their coloration generally serves as camouflage .

when threatened , their first defense is to remain still to avoid detection .

if approached too closely , they generally run in short bursts and stop abruptly to confuse the predator 's visual acuity .

if this fails , they puff up their bodies to cause them to appear more horned and larger , so that they are more difficult to swallow .

at least eight species ( p. asio , p. cornutum , p. coronatum , p. ditmarsi , p. hernandesi , p. orbiculare , p. solare , and p. taurus ) are also able to squirt an aimed stream of blood from the corners of the eyes for a distance of up to 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) .

they do this by restricting the blood flow leaving the head , thereby increasing blood pressure and rupturing tiny vessels around the eyelids .

this not only confuses predators , but also the blood tastes foul to canine and feline predators .

it appears to have no effect against predatory birds .

only three closely related species ( p. mcallii , p. modestum , and p. platyrhinos ) are certainly known to be unable to squirt blood .

to avoid being picked up by the head or neck , a horned lizard ducks or elevates its head and orients its cranial horns straight up , or back .

if a predator tries to take it by the body , the lizard drives that side of its body down into the ground so the predator can not easily get its lower jaw underneath .

horned lizard

what is a horned lizard ? : the horned lizard conservation society ( hlcs ) .
tcu folks embrace the horned frog as their quirky symbol . but do they actually mean horned lizard ?
the purpose of the corporation is to document and publicize the values and conservation needs of horned lizards , to promote horned lizard conservation projects and to assist with horned lizard management initiatives throughout their ranges .
the texas horned lizard rarely lives up to that scary stereotype , experts say .
a horned frog is an amphibian . a horned lizard is a reptile . tcu is mighty confused . or is it ?
check parks and wildlife ' s texas horned lizard watch for programs and monitoring activities .
resolved , that the texas horned lizard be officially designated the state reptile of texas .
texas state reptile , texas horned lizard ( phrynosoma cornutum ) , from netstate . com
in recent times , the horned lizards ' habitat has shrunk , imported fire ants have supplanted their food supply , and their numbers have declined drastically . the horned lizard is no longer seen in many regions where it was once common . two of the three native texas species of horned lizard are now listed as threatened ( texas horned lizard and the mountain short - horned lizard ) .
phrynosoma coronatum , coast horned lizard - dick schwenkmeyer and brad hollingsworth . san diego natural history museum
the texas horned lizard currently is listed as a threatened species in texas ( federal category c2 ) .
as recchio explained , those reptiles discovered on the practice field 114 years ago were not horned frogs , but horned lizards . it is a horned lizard that is found in texas . in a story that every football player can recite , it is a horned lizard that shoots blood out of his eye when threatened .
canids are not averse to blood , but they dislike horned lizard blood , even though it is not poisonous .
in the dream , i saw a lizard ( small flying dragon type lizard ) which was red - skin in color and there was also a cat which was searching for that lizard . i saw that the cat found that lizard and suddenly attacked that flying lizard and killed it with the claw .
in 1897 texas christian university in fort worth adopted the horned lizard as the school mascot , but for reasons not entirely clear , called it a horned
frog .
ah , we know it ' s a horned lizard ,
said center jake kirkpatrick with a smile and a shrug .
but horned frogs just sounds better .
compare the slightly enlarged throat scales of the desert horned lizard ( phrynosoma platyrhinos ) , above , with the much enlarged throat scales of a flat - tailed horned lizard ( phrynosoma mcallii ) . flat - tailed photo © 2006 s . ferrand
horned lizards ( in general ) play an important role in many native american cultures . the horned lizard is often seen as a symbol of strength and important as a symbol for healing ( pianka and hodges ) . in mexico the horned lizard is believed to help bring rain ( manaster 1997 ) .
this was the first meeting of the horned lizard conservation society ( hlcs ) . bart cox was the society’s first president .
fire ants are believed to out - compete native harvester ants for food and space .
harvester ants are the preferred food of the texas horned lizard and if the food resource declines , lizard
sometimes called a horny toad , this fascinating creature is actually a lizard , the texas horned lizard . it became the official state reptile in 1993 . how many states have an official reptile ?
view image of a regal horned lizard ( p . solare ) rolls over when threatened ( credit : daniel heuclin / npl )
view image of the desert horned lizard ( p . platyrhinos ) is 13 % stomach ( credit : daniel heuclin / npl )
horned lizards are found in extremely diverse habitats . the flat - tailed horned lizard occurs in areas of fine sand , while the short - horned lizard ( p . douglassii ) is found in shortgrass prairie all the way up into spruce - fir forest . the most common species in the arizona upland subdivision is the regal horned lizard ( p . solare ) , which frequents rocky or gravelly habitats of arid to semiarid plains , hills and lower mountain slopes .
instead of puffing up , regal horned lizards roll over . when threatened by a whip snake , the lizard flips onto its back .
view image of a regal horned lizard ( p . solare ) shoots blood from its eyes ( credit : john cancalosi / npl )
milner , b . j . 1979 . northern short - horned lizard in southeastern alberta . alberta naturalist 9 : 90 - 92 .
there are 17 known species of horned lizard , all in the genus phrynosoma . most of them seem to be capable of squirting blood .
pack , h . j . 1918 . some habits of the pygmy horned lizard . copeia 1918 ( 63 ) : 91 - 92 .
schowalter , d . b . 1976 . new distribution records of the horned lizard in alberta . blue jay 37 : 26 - 27 .
the short - horned lizard is often referred to as a “horned toad” or “horny toad” because its squat , flattened shape and short , blunt snout give it a toad - ish look . there are over a dozen recognized horned - lizard species found in the deserts and semi - arid environments of north and central america , from southern canada to guatemala .
bart cox loved texas horned lizards . bart cox was concerned . he was concerned about the declining populations of horned lizards in texas .
powell , g . l . 1980 . diet of the short - horned lizard in alberta . american zoologist 20 ( 4 ) : 842 .
a horned frog just hangs out all day on a lily pad , doing nothing ,
recchio said .
he doesn ' t look or act anything like the horned lizard that is used by tcu .
reeve , w . l . 1952 . taxonomy and distribution of the horned lizard genus phrynosoma . kansas university science bulletin 34 : 817 - 960 .
in 1967 the texas horned lizard was designated a threatened species by the texas parks and wildlife department . twenty years later , nothing much had changed .
the texas horned lizard became the official state reptile of texas when governor ann richards signed house concurrent resolution no . 141 on june 18 , 1993 .
phrynosoma cornutum - ( harlan , 1825 ) texas horned lizard : a network connecting science with conservation - natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life .
the short - horned lizard is a one - reptile wrecking crew with a bizarre self - defense strategy . when defending its own life , this lizard squirts blood from the thin blood vessels around its eyes that rupture under pressure .
a horned lizard sits motionless in the desert sun , eyeing a young coyote skulking nearby . five inches long , with a crown of horns like a dinosaur , the lizard ' s mottled skin helps it blend into the background .
horned lizards are no exception to the general rule that lizards are not attracted to dead insects as food—the ants must be alive and moving for the lizard to show interest in them as prey . harvester ants can bite and have a potent venom , but apparently this has little effect on the esophagus or stomach of the lizard . however , when faced with swarming ants the lizard will make a hasty retreat , for these little invertebrates can kill an adult horned lizard .
whip snakes are lightning fast , and actively hunt their prey . the portly horned lizard cannot outrun one , so it opts for camouflage and keeping still .
to make up for it , a horned lizard has to eat a lot of ants , and to do that it needs a big stomach . the desert horned lizard has a stomach that makes up 13 % of its mass : akin to a 150 - pound person with an almost 20 - pound stomach .
guyer , c . 2006 . phrynosoma douglasii ( pigmy short - horned lizard ) copulatory position . herpetological review 37 ( 1 ) : 91 - 92 .
taylor , b . n . 2003 . short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma hernandesi hernandesi ) . alberta species at risk report 72 : 154 - 160 .
a residue of blood is left on the face of the texas horned lizard ( phrynosoma cornutum ) , as it was used to defend itself against predation .
barber is working on the horned lizard breeding and re - introduction program at the zoo . they are partnered with the texas parks and wildlife department and it ' s the only program like it for horned lizards in the country .
to show that horned lizards can discern dogs from other large predators , sherbrooke recruited a golden retriever called dusty . she was trained to bark , paw and gently nibble at a horned lizard . within a minute of dusty barking , each lizard squirted her .
she was the perfect dog ,
says sherbrooke .
the horned lizard conservation society is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the conservation and recovery of the declining horned lizard populations . they publish a newsletter , are active in research and recovery and educate the public about the threatened reptile . they can be contacted at p . o . box 122 , austin , tx 78767 .
neither defence works every time , but on average , standing still for a whip snake and running from a rattlesnake are a horned lizard ' s best bets .
goldberg , s . r . 1971 . reproduction in the short - horned lizard phrynosoma douglassi in arizona . herpetologica 27 ( 3 ) : 311 - 314 .
hodges wl , & zamudio kr ( 2004 ) . horned lizard ( phrynosoma ) phylogeny inferred from mitochondrial genes and morphological characters : understanding conflicts using multiple approaches .
the state of texas placed the horned lizard on the threatened species list 20 years ago making it illegal to pick up , touch or possess the fading reptile .
the texas horned lizard was named the official reptile of the state of texas by house concurrent resolution and is not , therefore , listed in the texas statutes .
the lizard is believed to be from the genus anolis and is a complete animal .
statewide , overall declining numbers have led authorities to offer the lizard moderate legal protection .
i do know that when a lizard stretches the skin on it’s neck that it is a male lizard . establishing it’s dominant role with other lizards in a territory dispute .
california indian legend about a neighborly lizard prevailing over a family of greedy grizzly bears .
the blood squirting defense mechanism of the horned lizard is the last ditch effort by the horned lizard to attempt to deter any predators that are shot . due to the fact that the horned lizard feeds primarily on ants and must dissolve the tough chitin layer of ants horned lizards end up with a large stomach and , in effect , lose mobility ( cooper 2010 ) . this hinders the ability of a horned lizard to escape and the horned lizard increasingly must rely on crypsis to help it survive predators . one thing to consider for horned lizards is escape theory . escape theory states that the probability of fleeing and flight initiation distance increase as predation risk increases and decrease when escape risk increases ( cooper 2010 ) . given that the cost of fleeing for a horned lizard is high , it is less likely to flee from a predator and instead rely on its defense mechanisms . the blood from its eyes is effective because of chemicals in the blood that is noxious to all dogs , wolves , and coyotes . in this way a horned lizard is able to deter a canine from attacking it . while such a mechanism does exist studies have shown that even though an organism may have well - developed crypsis the general rules of cost - benefit escape behavior do still apply ( cooper 2010 ) .
a texas horned lizard or alberta ' s short - horned lizard will tip up on its front legs , fan out its ribs to form a dorsal shield , or puff up its torso to make itself as big as possible .
it ' s sort of like a person wearing a fat suit ,
says powell .
texas horned lizards have been called horned toads or horned frogs , but they are , in fact , lizards . toads and frogs are tailless amphibians that live in land or water . toads have rough , warty skin and frogs have smooth skin . horned lizards are reptiles with tails and a scaled body .
horned lizards can have an intimidating appearance but are docile and gentle in nature . when a horned lizard feels threatened , it flattens and freezes in place , trying to blend with the ground . texas now lists this unique animal as threatened .
restlessness info most like is general but its up to you to decipher its meaning in a more personal way , how it connects to you . tips , look up color symbolism , lizard totem , use intuitive guidance , ex : the horned lizard would probably relate to protecting , connect each lizard general and personal traits to your own life !
so while an individual horned lizard might succumb to a particularly determined coyote or carnivorous mouse , it has a good chance of passing on its genes before it does .
geographic distribution : this very rare horned lizard occurs in pine - oak woodland and xeric thorn - scrub of puebla and oaxaca , mexico . it may inhabit veracruz .
another behavior horned lizards exhibit is the ability to inflate their bodies until they look like spiny balloons . however , they most effectively avoid predators by simply holding still . horned lizards ' color patterns closely match the soil on which they live and they can eliminate their shadows by flattening against the ground . if forced to move , a horned lizard runs only a short distance , stopping unexpectedly . the horned lizard lies flat , blending into its surroundings , and the predator is left chasing nothing .
similar species : there are no other species of horned lizards in central and southern nevada . the short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii ) occurs in northern - most nevada , and it can be identified by very short horns on the head .
rust , carol .
where have all the horned toads gone ?
the houston chronicle [ houston ] 02 aug 1998 , section texas magazine , 2 star edition 8 . print .
bylaws of the horned lizard conservation society .
the horned lizard conservation society . the horned lizard conservation society , 01 may 2008 . web . 15 mar 2012 .
saving the horned toad not an easy task .
the times - union [ warsaw ] 01 apr 1986 , 15a . print . henke , scott , and bill brooks .
10 years of horned lizard conservation .
the horned lizard conservation society . the horned lizard conservation society , 2001 . web . 15 mar 2012 . the state of texas . texas legislature online . house concurrent resolution no . 141 . austin : texas state legislature , 1993 . web . the state of texas . texas legislature online . texas statutes . austin : texas state legislature , 2012 . web .
texas horned lizard ( phrynosoma cornutum ) .
texas parks and wildlife department . texas parks and wildlife department , n . d . web . 15 mar 2012 . leatherwood , art .
horned lizard .
the handbook of texas online . texas state historical association . , n . d . web . 15 mar 2012 . shearer , benjamin f . and barbara s . state names , seals , flags and symbols : a historical guide third edition , revised and expanded . westport , conn : greenwood press , 3 sub edition , 2001 .
the texas horned lizard or
horny toad
is a flat - bodied and fierce - looking lizard . the head has numerous horns , all of which are prominent , with two central head spines being much longer than any of the others . this lizard is brownish with two rows of fringed scales along each side of the body . on most texas horned lizards , a light line can be seen extending from its head down the middle of its back . it is the only species of horned lizard to have dark brown stripes that radiate downward from the eyes and across the top of the head .
of course , sometimes camouflage , armour and squirting blood aren ' t enough , and a horned lizard gets eaten anyway . but even then they sometimes manage one last act of defiance : it ' s not unheard - of for a horned lizard to become lodged in the throat or stomach of a bird or snake , killing its attacker .
montanucci , r . r . 1984 . breeding , captive care and longevity of the short - horned lizard phrynosoma douglassi . international zoological yearbook 23 : 148 - 156 .
there is , however , some conjecture about the taxonomy of the baja horned lizards starting with the ones found directly south of the san diego subspecies , and they may actually be one or more different species / subspecies related to the coast horned lizard .
some do diverge from the ant diet at certain times of the year such as the regal horned lizard , which gorges itself on tiny beetles and eschews ants altogether when the beetles are abundant . also , the coast horned lizard can survive on inverts other than ants . but the flattail and shorthorned , as well as the desert horned lizards , are closely tied to ants and will die if those are not supplied in quantity .
guyer , c . and a . d . linder . 1985a . growth and population structure of the short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi ) and the sagebrush lizard ( sceloporus graciosus ) in southeastern idaho . northwest science 59 ( 4 ) : 294 - 303 .
laird , m . and r . leech . 1980 . observations on the short - horned lizard in southeastern alberta . blue jay 38 ( 4 ) : 214 - 218 .
or any other horned lizard for that matter because not only are they virtually impossible to keep as a pet , it is illegal in the state of texas to do so .
this is a little awkward but , um , er , as currently constituted , in photos and drawings and legend , the horned frogs are not really horned frogs .
some species mimic inedible objects . the round - tailed horned lizard is almost indistinguishable from the rocks it hides in , when it hunches up its back and tucks in its legs .
the technique works . a whip snake trying to get its mouth around a texas horned lizard may well give up , because it just can ' t fit the whole thing in .
the large , flat body surface of the horned lizard also works well as a solar collecting panel : at cooler temperatures , the lizard will orient its body to maximize the amount of exposure to the sun . when it gets too hot , the horned lizard will burrow into loose soil . initially , the lizard uses the scales on the front edge of its lower jaw to literally cut into the earth as it vibrates its head into the ground . then it will shake and shimmy its body into the soil until almost none of it is above the surface .
the body form and armor of the horned lizard cost it speed and mobil - ity , but they confer great advantages as well . small animals , such as snakes , have more difficulty with a horned lizard’s wide , thorny body than with a smooth , slender lizard . in fact , when confronted by a snake , a horned lizard will continually present the largest part of its body to the snake . some horned lizards are difficult to distinguish from rocks ; thus they avoid detection by would - be predators . in response to a threat , a horned lizard may play dead , or it may run away and then suddenly turn around to face its attacker , hissing or vibrating its tail in leaf litter . several species can rupture small capillaries around their eyes and squirt a bloody solution at would - be predators . these fluids , beyond coming as a surprise , can be irritating to the mucous membranes of some predators .
when a lizard crosses you and hit your leg . secondly , a water you are going to use to bath tmyour baby a lizard jump into and jump out . not dream but real life .
the most common horned lizard in the western deserts is aptly named the desert horned lizard ( phrynosoma platyrhinos ) consisting of two subspecies : the northern ( p . p . platyrhinos ) which inhabits the great basin desert , and the southern ( p . p . calidiarum ) which inhabits the sonoran and mojave deserts including a finger of the east coast of northern baja california .
corn , p . s . and l . j . gingerich . 1987 . phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ( eastern short - horned lizard ) . herpetological review 18 ( 1 ) : 20 .
powell , g . l . , a . p . russell , and p . fargey . in prep . the distribution of the eastern short - horned lizard in saskatchewan , canada .
the current range appears to be decreasing . the texas horned lizard no longer occurs in texas east of an imaginary line from fort worth to corpus christi except for small , isolated populations .
for more information on this program and to learn how to conduct horned lizard surveys , contact the texas parks and wildlife department at 4200 smith school road , austin , tx , 78744 .
texas parks and wildlife has set up a program to help monitor the status of our state reptile . if you’d like to help , check out their website : texas horned lizard watch .
powell , g . , a . russell . 1983 . the diet of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) in alberta and its relationship to sexual size dimorphism .
populations of the texas horned lizard have disappeared in east and central texas , and are decreasing in north texas as well . a decline and disappearance of them in oklahoma and new mexico has been noted . other species of horned lizards throughout the southwest are also in trouble including the san diego coast horned lizard and the flat - tailed horned lizard . the primary cause for population decline is the loss of habitat by agricultural and urban conversion . other causes also have lead to declining populations including overharvesting for the pet trade and curio trade and the invasion of exotic species , particularly exotic ants which the lizards can not survive on and outcompete their preferred ant .
i saw the albino lizard again tonight . i am trying to understand the meaning you provided . thanks
folktale about the california indian hero lizard , compellingly narrated by the last survivor of the yana tribe .
guyer , c . and a . d . linder . 1985b . thermal ecology and activity patterns of the short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi ) and the sagebrush lizard ( sceloporus graciosus ) in southeastern idaho ( usa ) . great basin naturalist 45 ( 4 ) : 607 - 614 .
dr . scott henke , associate professor in the animal and wildlife science department at texas a & m university - kingsville , has been studying the disappearing horned lizard for the past six years .
but harvester ants are killed by pesticides and insecticides . so the fort worth zoo is doing what it can to improve the horned lizard population in texas by breeding and re - introducing them .
texas designated the texas horned lizard ( phrynosoma cornutum ) the official state reptile in 1993 ( texas adopted a second reptile symbol in 2013 ; an official state sea turtle ) . all state reptiles
no information currently exists regarding the migration patterns of greater short - horned lizards in montana .
there are currently 13 species of horned lizards , three of which are found in texas .
while the adult horned lizards were embraced the heat , more babies are waiting to hatch .
the texas horned lizard also called the horny toad or horned frog , is in decline in most of the state of texas except west texas , according to russell martin , a wildlife biologist with the texas parks and wildlife department . west texas is where there are large oil and gas exploration fields , and where the fight over the proposed endangered species listing of the dunes sagebrush lizard ( sceloporus arenicolus ) occurred over the last few years . that lizard was not put on the endangered species list .
ashton , k . g . and k . l . ashton . 1998 . phrynosoma douglasii ( short - horned lizard ) . reproduction . herpetological review 29 ( 3 ) : 168 - 169 .
more recently , as the lizards’ habitat has shrunk and as imported fire ants have supplanted their favored prey , the numbers of horned lizards have declined drastically . in many regions where the little creatures once abounded , they are no longer seen . in texas , two of the three native species , the texas horned lizard and the mountain short - horned lizard , are now designated as threatened . jane manaster has written this book for a general audience , but she discusses all aspects of the lizards’ biology as well as the horned lizard’s place in the culture of the west . most of all , she has written it to attract attention to this little animal that deserves our respect and protection .
i recently saw an albino lizard for two days . can you tell me the significance of it ? thanks
lizards are also used as clan animals in some native american cultures . tribes with lizard clans include the hopi ( whose lizard clan is named kuukutsngyam or kukuts - wungwa ) and the pueblo tribes of new mexico .
the broad , flattened body separates this lizard from the other three lizard species regularly documented in montana , and the range overlaps only with the common sagebrush lizard . the pygmy short - horned lizard has been reported from extreme southwestern montana , in the centennial valley , beaverhead county ( maxell et al . 2003 ) , but adults of this species are much smaller than greater short - horned lizards , the small horns on the back of the head project almost vertically rather than horizontally , and they lack the wide notch between the horns on the back of the head that gives the head of greater short - horned lizards a
heart - shaped
appearance when viewed from above ( st . john 2002 ) .
snakes , and some birds such as roadrunners , need to swallow their prey whole . that means they have to get their mouth around the entire body . a horned lizard will not make it easy .
sherbrooke , w . c . and m . d . greenfield . 2002 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( short - horned lizard ) . defensive hiss . herpetological review 33 ( 3 ) : 208 - 209 .
while many texans have fond memories of finding the texas horned lizard or ' horny toad ' in their backyard as they were growing up , population decline of the reptile has made that a rarity today .
i found this horned lizard basking on a rock on a cool morning in the mohave desert . it only had two speeds - sit still and hide , and run away as fast as you can .
native americans have looked to the horned lizard as a symbol good health , strength and as a keeper of secrets . its image has appeared on pottery and petroglyphs as far back as 4000 years ago .
desert horned lizards have only 1 row of slightly enlarged scales on each side of the throat .
horned lizards leave for west , south texas : texas state historical association : the texas almanac .
horned lizards : by eric r . pianka and wendy l . hodges , university of texas .
sherbrooke , w . c . and f . mendoza - quijano . 2001 . phrynosoma braconnieri ( short - tailed horned lizard ) . defensive behavior . herpetological review 36 ( 1 ) : 65 - 66 .
a comparison of diets among age classes of coastal horned lizards suggests a diversity of ants is necessary to support lizard populations ,  write suarez and case in their paper in the february issue of ecological applications .
that range includes areas from southwestern missouri and central kansas to throughout much of the southwest and mexico . as its name suggests , the texas horned lizard holds the lone star state as a favorite stomping ground .
i like the idea of the shrewd lizard who can move between otherworlds easily . i think channeling the lizard can help us cut through some layers of rhe human thought pattern that are not necessary and get in the way .
collection of children ' s stories based on native american legends about the origins of the lizard and other animals .
moll , e . o . 2004 . patronyms of the pioneer west . ix . phrynosoma hernandesi ( girard , 1858 ) greater short - horned lizard . sonoran herpetologist 17 ( 6 ) : 58 - 61 .
powell , g . l . 1982 . the eastern short - horned lizard in alberta : basic field ecology of northern marginal populations . unpublished m . s . thesis , university of calgary , calgary , alberta .
i had a dream today that a huge lizard size of a komodo dragon but looks like a gecko ( indian lizard ) with 3 legs on each end and ut was crawling on opposite side of the wall and it had something in his mouth probably baby lizard or something . pls explain this . there are some changes happening in my life
research by the texas parks and wildlife department on the chaparral wildlife management area , under the leadership of david synatske , have added to our knowledge of texas horned lizards ,
henke said . tpwd employees melisa montemayor and chip ruthven have been studying population dynamics and horned lizard movements for the past seven years .
most lizards scatter at the first sight of a human approaching , and horned ones are no exception .
desert horned lizards are covered with small granular scales interspersed with larger pointed scales on the dorsal surfaces .
montanucci , r . r . and b . e . baur . 1982 . mating and courtship - related behaviors of the short - horned lizard , phrynosoma douglassi . copeia 1982 ( 4 ) : 971 - 974 .
lizard is letting you know that it is time to take do an internal audit . are you being ruled by your
and i too noticed that also another agama lizard is on my back inside the polo shirt i was wearing . as i approached the girl to touch her , she slipped away from me and left the bed entirely . i noticed the lizard on her back and also on mine , i immediately felt a hand on my back taking away the lizard .
the texas horned lizard can be distinguished from other species of horned lizards by the two very sharp spikes that protrude from the back of their head , two rows of fringed scales on their sides , dark brown to sooty - colored dorsal spots edged with lighter colors and a light - colored stripe down the middle of their back .
the horned lizard population is decreasing in north texas , so the fort worth zoo is partnering with the texas parks and wildlife department to breed and re - introduce them to nature . ( published tuesday , july 25 , 2017 )
in addition to texas , the lizard can also be found in southwestern missouri , kansas , much of the southwestern united states and mexico . it is against the law in texas to kill the horned lizard or to collect it and keep it as a pet . while horned lizards are probably the coolest looking reptiles in north america , unless you have a steady supply of harvester ants ( these lizards eat thousands of ants everyday ) they are virtually impossible to keep .
new , e . r . 1991 . drilling in short - horned lizard country . abstract presented at the cade / caodc spring drilling conference , april 10 - 12 , 1991 . cade / caodc conference publications , calgary , ab .
powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1985 . field thermal ecology of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre ) in southeastern alberta . canadian journal of zoology 63 : 228 - 238 .
horned lizards , by jason glaser . 24 pages . publisher : capstone press ( january 1 , 2006 ) reading level : ages 6 + . an introduction to horned lizards including a description of their appearance and information on where they live , what they eat , how they produce young , and the dangers that horned lizards face .
blainsville ' s horned lizards have 2 or 3 rows of enlarged pointed scales on each side of the throat .
blainville ' s horned lizards have 2 or 3 rows of enlarged pointed scales on each side of the throat .
powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1993a . the range and status of the eastern short - horned lizard in the canadian prairies . provincial museum of alberta natural history occassional paper 19 : 279 - 290 .
powell , g . l . , a . p . russell , and p . j . fargey . 1998 . the distribution of the short - horned lizard phrynosoma hernandesi in saskatchewan , canada . northwestern naturalist 79 : 19 - 26 .
i dreamt of an indian lizard usually found in homes in india …dreamt of it in the home where i used to live as a child but the dream had me , my daughter and husband where i was asking my husband to get rid of the lizard and he tried but he did not follow my instructions so the lizard climbs the ceiling and then when he tries to get rid the lizard stops in the air for . 5 seconds and then falls on the bed , i rush away from the bed with my dot and the lizard is trying to run away from us making way from beneath the quilts and finally i woke up . .
humans and horned lizards have shared each other ' s company for thousands of years . this relationship is recorded from anasazi , hohokam , mogollon , and mimbres cultures through their use of horned lizard images on pottery , petroglyphs , effigy bowls , figures , and shells . hopi , navajo , papago , pima , tarahumara and zuni cultures portray horned lizards in their ceremonies and stories as symbols of strength . piman people believe horned lizards can cure them of a staying sickness by appealing to the lizard ' s strength and showing their respect to the animal . they formulate a cure by singing at a patient ' s side songs describing the lizards and their behaviors . a horned lizard fetish may be placed on an afflicted person ' s body during the songs . native mexican people also respect horned lizards attributing the words ,
don ' t tread on me ! i am the color of the earth and i hold the world ; therefore walk carefully , that you do not tread on me .
a mexican common name for horned lizards is
torito de la virgen
or the virgin ' s little bull . this name apparently was given to the lizards both because of their horns and because horned lizards are sacred to many people due to their blood squirting behaviors , otherwise considered weeping tears of blood .
hammerson , g . a . and h . m . smith . 1991 . the correct spelling of the name of the short - horned lizard of north america . bulletin of the maryland herpetological society 27 ( 3 ) : 121 - 127 .
powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1992b . the staus of the short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii ) in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada , ottawa , on . 22pp .
powell , g . l . , and a . p . russell . 1991 . distribution of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglasi brevirostre ) in alberta , canada . northwestern naturalist . 72 ( 1 ) : 21 - 26 .
there does not appear to be any one single reason for their statewide decline ,
he said .
most likely , it is a combination of these factors that is causing the decline in the population of the texas horned lizard .
a horned lizard will lap up its food with the tip of its sticky tongue . it does not chew the ants . instead , before swallowing , it wraps the ants in strands of thick mucus secreted by special cells at the back of its throat . this protects the lizard from the ants ' stings , allowing them to exploit a resource that most animals can ' t .
horned lizards are found throughout the sonoran desert region from near sea level up to 11 , 300 feet ( 3440 m ) . some species are widespread , such as the round - tailed and texas horned lizards which occur in several u . s . and mexican states , while the flat - tailed horned lizard ( p . mcalli ) is restricted to southwestern arizona , extreme southeastern california , a small part of northeastern baja california and the upper neck of northwestern sonora , mexico .
the diet of some horned lizards consists of specific insects , while other species are more catholic in their tastes . not only does p . solare prefer ants , it has a strong preference for harvester ants , which may make up to 90 percent of its diet . as diets go , ants are low return items because so much of their body consists of indigestible chitin . thus , the regal horned lizard must eat a great number of ants to meet its nutritional needs . this diet requires space , which is why the stomach of the regal horned lizard may represent up to 13 percent of its body mass .
this one just hatched out yesterday ,
barber said , holding a tiny lizard that barely covered the end of her finger .
jay snow took this series ( left to right , top to bottom ) of a red racer trying to eat a live southern desert horned lizard over a period of 44 minutes . the snake failed to swallow the lizard and crawled away . in the last picture you can see that the lizard lay prone for several minutes after the coachwhip left then took up to 15 minutes to clean the saliva off its face before slowly walking away , no doubt thankful for the row of horns behind its head . © jay snow
the coast horned lizard ( phrynosoma coronatum ) , which is found in coastal and cismontane california , crosses to the east side of the baja peninsula , actually making contact with the desert horned lizard in the vicinity of bahía de los angeles . the two live sympatrically for a distance along the east coast . as the coastal form has taken over the balance of the peninsula , it could also be considered a desert form since it does live in the deserts of baja right down to cabo san lucas .
sherbrooke , w . c . , e . r . brown , and j . l . brown . 2002 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( short - horned lizard ) . successful open - mouthed threat defense . herpetological review 33 ( 3 ) : 208 .
we hope that the efforts generated by concerned citizens and state and private organizations will stop the decline of the texas horned lizard and young texans will again know the excitement of finding a ' horny toad ' in their backyards ,
henke said .
chandler , j . d . 1965 . horned toad record . the blue jay 23 ( 2 ) : 92 .
- sherbrooke , wade c .
introduction to horned lizards of north america .
california natural history guides , 2003
you can download a printable pdf with 8 different species of horned lizards found in the u . s . here .
photos above used by permission of wade sherbrooke from his book ,
introduction to horned lizards of north america
.
only a horned frog , it seems , can revel in a symbol that fits in the palm of your hand .
the short - horned lizard is a small lizard species that lives in north america , in saskatchewan and alberta canada , through montana , utah , colorado , arizona , new mexico and into mexico through northeastern sonora , chihuahua , and durango . the creature is best known for having one of the weirdest defensive mechanisms out there , and that is the ability to shoot blood from its eyes !
to the uninitiated , their dragon - like appearance is quite formidable . the squat form and head armor has given rise to the name
horny toad ,
horned toad
and
horned lizards .
however , since there is a true toad with horns , it is best that we speak of this genus as the
horned lizards .
habitat destruction and ant destruction have placed several species of horned lizards in danger . after all , the first thing people do when they move into the desert is kill the pesky ants , thereby depriving horned lizards of their only dependable diet .
nevertheless , the coyote spots it . the predator pounces and holds the lizard down . then it gingerly nibbles – and immediately regrets it .
i had a dream about a lizard last night , and in my dream , i heard someone say that the lizard’s pituitary gland needed to be cut out . craziest dream ever . no clue as to what it may mean , but i clearly remember seeing this lizard , it having a so called “surgery , ” and it struggling afterwards but coming through . anyone have an idea as to what it may mean ?
i have been meditating or journeying for about 2 years now but in the past 6 months i have been seeing lizards , first was a komono dragon , and i could find information on him , but then i saw a black lizard with yellow spots , again i went in search of info and found general info on lizards . but yesterday i saw a horned lizard . i am wondering should i accept the information on all of these as one or is there specific knowledge to each type of lizard ? i am not able to find much on the horned lizard and find my self seeking the answer perhaps it is just not time to understand his meaning but if you have any thing that coould halp me on the diferent species of lizards i would really apreciate it . thank you in advance !
fort worth zoo ' s diane barber talks about the zoo ' s breeding and re - introduction program for horned lizards .
blainsville ' s horned lizards have 2 rows of pointed fringe scales on the lower part of each side of the body .
blainville ' s horned lizards have 2 rows of pointed fringe scales on the lower part of each side of the body .
up to 10 species of horned lizards occur in the sonoran desert region , from the 2¾ inch ( 69 mm ) long round - tailed horned lizard ( p . modestum ) to the 5 inch ( 127 mm ) long texas horned lizard ( p . cornutum ) . with squat , flat , toad - like bodies ( phrynosoma means “toad - body” ) and thorn - like projections at the rear of their heads , horned lizards are easily distinguished from other lizards . the projections differ in size and arrangement from one species to another . along the sides of the body , fringe - like scales occur in one row , two parallel rows , or they may be absent . males have enlarged post - anal scales , and during the breeding season , a swollen tail base .
horned lizards in lava rock habitat tend to have dark coloring to match the dark soil , as you can see on this adult from san bernardino county . ( both are the same lizard ; the picture on the right was taken with flash . ) © filip tkaczyk
a stream of nasty - tasting blood squirts from the lizard ' s eyes , straight into the coyote ' s mouth . the coyote steps back , shaking its head from side to side in disgust . it retreats , wiping its muzzle , while the uninjured lizard skitters away to safety .
however , rattlesnakes don ' t chase . they wait for prey to come to them before biting , injecting venom and swallowing . so when a horned lizard encounters a rattlesnake , it runs for its life , safe in the knowledge that the snake will probably not follow .
powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1985 . growth and sexual size dimorphism in alberta ( canada ) populations of the eastern short - horned lizard , phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre . canadian journal of zoology 63 ( 1 ) : 139 - 154 .
horned lizards are the most fearsome - looking and distinctive by virtue of the pointed , protruding
horns
above their eyes .
almost everything will try to eat horned lizards , from coyotes to carnivorous mice . in response they have evolved an arsenal of defences
view image of round - tailed horned lizards ( p . modestum ) hide among rocks ( credit : daniel heuclin / npl )
nero , r . w . 1957 . records of the horned toad in saskatchewan . blue jay 15 : 119 - 120 .
the caesar kleberg wildlife research institute recently published a management bulletin by henke and william scott fair entitled management of texas horned lizards .
behind the scenes at the fort worth zoo , and inside the texas native reptile center , they are focused on horned lizards .
legislation exists in most states to protect horned lizards from capture and sale into the pet trade . one obstacle to continued success that
powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1984 . the diet of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre ) in alberta and its relationship to sexual size dimorphism . canadian journal of zoology 62 ( 3 ) : 428 - 440 .
these are lizards . a lot of people call them horny toads here in texas . but they are indeed a lizard ,
barber said .
hornbeck , g . e . and j . e . green . 1990 . a reconnaissance field survey of the eastern short - horned lizard and its habitat in samedan manyberries 9 - 13 - 4 - 5 w4m . delta environmental management group ltd . calgary , ab . 27pp .
the bulletin discusses what is currently known about the texas horned lizard and what steps can be taken to help restore this threatened species ,
henke said .
hopefully , by publishing this information , we can create more awareness and get texans interested in helping this unique reptile .
i once had a dream i was alone in the desert wearing a white robe and i swallowed a live lizard whole . does anyone have any insight ?
most species of horned lizards lay eggs between may and august , with clutches ranging from 3 to 45 depending on species . even with such high numbers of eggs only around 2 from each clutch will reach sexual maturity . the short - horned lizard bears live young . this is considered an adaptation to living at higher elevations , where eggs may be at risk due to low temperatures , and egg development might be slowed considerably .
pygmy short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglasii ) the pygmy short - horned lizard is found in the pacific northwest from northern california through oregon and washington to british columbia , canada , and east through southeastern idaho . the species occurs in forest habitats and open plains with sagebrush at elevations from about 400 to 8 , 000 feet . phrynosoma douglasii can be distinguished from other horned lizards by its small adult size of only 2 - 3 inches , one rowof abdominal fringe scales , and head spines that are very short and reduced with a deep notch between them . their back scales are irregular in size and distribution and set in a rosette of smaller , keeled scaleswhile scales on their ventral ( belly ) side are smooth .
horned lizards are a rather fecund group , and lay or give birth to many offspring compared to other lizards . the median clutch size for
hornbeck , g . e . and j . e . green . 1991 . year two of a reconnaissance field survey of the eastern short - horned lizard and its habitat in samedan manyberries 9 - 13 - 4 - 5 w4m . delta environmental management group ltd . calgary , ab . 17pp .
. i tamed 3 identical rare moths and another group of 3 i found had a rare lizard and snake so i was able to get both of them .
powell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1992a . a preliminary survey of the distribution and abundance of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) in alberta . a report submitted to the recreation , parks , and wildlife foundation , edmonton , alberta . 135pp .
greater short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma hernandesi ) the greater short - horned lizard is a wide - ranging species ; it occurs from southern alberta and saskatchewan , canada , through montana , wyoming , utah , colorado , arizona , new mexico , texas , then through northeastern sonora , chihuahua , and durango , mexico . the species lives in short - grass communities of the northern great plains , in sagebrush and greasewood of the great basin , and on mountain hillsides and valleys with pine , juniper , aspen , and coniferous forests throughout its range . the species is found between 2 , 000 and 10 , 400 feet in elevation . phrynosoma hernandesi can be distinguished from other horned lizard species by the following : one rowof abdominal fringe scales , reduced central horns separated by a deep notch and slightly longer side horns , back scales are arranged in 6 - 8 rows . this species is the wyoming state reptile .


agriades pyrenaicus , the gavarnie blue , is a palearctic butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

it is found in the asturias mountains of north-western spain , the pyrenees , the southern balkan peninsula , turkey , the caucasus and armenia .

the habitat consists of alpine grassy rocky meadows where it is found at altitudes ranging from 1,500 to 2,200 meters .

the wingspan is 22 – 28 mm .

the larvae feed on androsace species .

agriades pyrenaicus

agriades pyrenaicus ergane ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87
agriades pyrenaicus kudrnai koçak , 1980 ; nota lepid . 2 ( 4 ) : 142 ( repl . lycaena orbitulus rebeli tuleschkov , 1932 )
comparative notes on certain west - palearctic species of agriades , with description of a new subspecies of a . pyrenaicus from turkey ( lycaenidae )
agriades pyrenaicus erzurumensis eckweiler & hesselbarth , 1978 ; nachrbl . bayer . ent . 27 ( 4 ) : 65 ; tl : turkey , erzurum
habitat : polyommatus pyrenaicus mostly inhabits rocky nutrient - poor meadows and pastures on shallow ground in the mountains .
agriades pyrenaicus ( boisduval , 1840 ) from n . greece and notes on apatura metis ( freyer [ 1829 ] ) from n . e . greece ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae , nymphalidae )
agriades pyrenaicus ; [ h & r ; ] , 290 ; [ bow ] : pl . 9 , f . 1 ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187
remarks : polyommatus pyrenaicus occurs in nw - spain and the pyrenees . it also occurs in the ukraine and parts of s - russia . a very closely related taxon ( p . dardanus ) occurs locally in the balkans and more widespread in asia minor . this taxon is most probably only a subspecies of polyommatus pyrenaicus .
agriades glandon wosnesenskii ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87
agriades pheretiades lara ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88
agriades pheretiades sveta ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88
agriades orbitulus pheretes ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88
agriades orbitulus pheretimus ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88
agriades orbitulus sajana ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88
extremely local in the southern balkans . discussion about the status of this taxon as a full species or a subspecies of the gavarnie blue , a . pyrenaicus dardanus , is still not concluded .
= agriades glandon wosnesenskii ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87
= agriades glandon diodorus ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87
agriades diodorus ; [ bru2 ] : 184 , pl . 74 , f . 46 - 48
plebejus ( agriades ) podarce podarce ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270
plebejus ( agriades ) podarce cilla ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270
plebejus ( agriades ) podarce klamathensis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270
plebejus ( agriades ) glandon franklinii ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269
plebejus ( agriades ) glandon rusticus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270
plebejus ( agriades ) gladon megalo ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270
plebejus ( agriades ) glandon bryanti ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269
plebejus ( agriades ) glandon lacustris ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269
agriades glandon centrohelvetica rezbanyai - reser , 1981 ; ent . berchte luzern 6 : ( 99 - 100 )
plebejus ( agriades ) glandon punctatus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270
plebejus ( agriades ) glandon cassiope ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270
plebejus ( agriades ) glandon kelsoni ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270
plebjus ( agriades ) glandon labrador ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269
albopraemargine ( verity , 1946 ) ( agriades ) ; le farfalle diurn . d ' italia 2 : 224
magnaglandon ( verity , 1947 ) ( agriades ) ; rev . franç . lépid . suppl . : 134
? agriades aquilo ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 44
agriades pheretiades tekessana ; [ nhm card ] ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88
agriades pheretiades micra ; [ nhm card ] ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88
agriades pheretiades pheretiades ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88
agriades pheretiades pseudomicrus ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88
= plebejus ( agriades ) ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269 ; [ fe ]
agriades pheretiades ishkashimensis charmeux & desse , 2011 ; bull . lép . parisiens 20 ( 48 ) : ( 7 - 13 )
deux nouveaux polyommatini du tadjikistan : turanana laspura panjensis ssp . nova et agriades pheretiades ishkashimensis ssp . nova ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae )
agriades pheretiades pheres ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88
agriades ( group ellisi ) kurtjohnsoni bálint , 1997 ; [ nen40 ] : 47 , 17 ; tl : nepal , jargeng khola , 14 . 000ft
agriades pheretiades ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 74 ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187
agriades pheretiades forsteri sakai , 1978 ; atalanta 9 ( 1 ) : 111 , f . 1 - 4 ; tl : afghanistan , paghman mts . , 3300 - 3800m
agriades glandon labrador schmidt , scott & kondla , 2006 ; papilio ( n . s . ) 12 : 269 ; tl : smokey mtn , labrador city , labrador , canada
agriades janigena ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 ( note ) ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187
agriades podarce klamathensis emmel & emmel , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 20 ) : 291 ; tl : california , humboldt co . , waterdog lake , north trinity mountain
agriades cassiope emmel & emmel , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 20 ) : 287 ; tl : california , el dorado co . , sierra nevada , lake tahoe region
agriades rusticus punctatus austin , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 45 ) : 561 ; tl : arizona , apache co . , white mtns , below greens peak , forest rd 117
agriades cassiope kelsoni emmel & emmel , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 20 ) : 289 ; tl : california , siskiyou co . , trinity alps , se above caribou lake , 7000 - 7100 '
agriades podarce ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 44 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 8 ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187
agriades glandon ; [ baru , # 388 ] ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 9 , f . 1 ( text only ) ; [ h & r ; ] , 286 ; [ nhm card ] ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187
my comment yesterday was a general comment , few days before i had read of an
endemic
subspecies of agriades pyrenaicus in russia , lol . it ' s a very widespread species . anyway , now i looked at my books and the situation looks very complicated and i am not really happy about the taxonomic situation on these guys atm . so oxleyi is only found in south island and is having a hard time now since otis / labradus is introduced ? sorry for the confusion here , but some people say zizina labradus otis , and others apparently zizina otis labradus . . . if this competition by the other taxon is happening , it would be crucial to know if they only compete for resources or also do interbreed in a viable , or non viable manner . in the former case it would be good to call them zizina otis oxleyi , in the latter case zizina oxleyi . even without the latter , it might be good to call them zizina oxleyi ( which many people do at the moment ) based on other clear separations . very interesting case , i will look further into it . thank you dunc for sharing .
lycaena podarce c . & r . felder , [ 1865 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 2 ) : 282 , pl . 35 , f . 22 - 23 ; tl : calidornia
= plebejus podarce podarce ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270
lycaena cilla behr , 1867 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . 3 ( 4 ) : 281 ; tl : california
larva on androsace , soldanella [ h & r ; ] , saxifraga bronchialis , s . spinulosa , s . oppositifolia , androsace bungeana , a . septentrionalis , astragalus alpinus , diapensia , vaccinium [ baru ]
argus aquilo boisduval , 1832 ; icon . hist . lépid . europe 1 ( 7 - 8 ) : 62 , ( 5 - 6 ) pl . 12 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : north cape
larva on astragalus [ sprk ] , ( n . europe ) astragalus alpinus , ( yakutia , for wosnesenskii ? ) saxifraga bronchialis , s . spinulosa [ bru2 ] , 184
= plebejus glandon franklinii ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269
lycaena rustica edwards , 1865 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 4 : 203 ; tl : pikes peak
lycaena orbitulus aquilina staudinger , 1901 ; cat . lep . palaearct . faunengeb . 1 : 81 ; tl : norway
plebeius aquilo megalo mcdunnough , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 161 ; tl : mt mclean , lillooet , b . c .
= plebejus glandon bryanti ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269
plebeius aquilo var . lacustris freeman , 1939 ; can . ent . 71 : 180 ; tl : norway house , manitoba
lycaena diodorus bremer , 1861 ; bull . acad . imp . sci . st . petersb . 3 : 471 ; tl : [ lake baikal , russia ]
polyommatus ellisi marshall , 1882 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 51 pt . ii ( 2 - 3 ) : 41 , pl . 4 , f . 4
lycaena dis errans riley , 1927 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 75 : 128 ; tl : tibet , phari , 14000
lycaena janigena riley , 1923 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 ( 3 - 4 ) : 475 , pl . 36 , f . 4 - 5 ; tl : tibet , nyenyam , 13000ft
lycaena morsheadi evans , 1923 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 478 ; tl : tibet , tazeng , 15500ft
lycaena aegagrus christoph , 1873 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 10 ( 1 ) : 24 , f . 3 - 4
600x800 ( ~ 75kb ) underside male an alpine meadow on the right bank terrace of the fourth tributary of the sargir river ( the usek river basin ) , altitude 3200 m , 47 km nen of zharkent , 21 km nen of village sarybel ' , the mountain massif tyshkantau , the southern dzhungarian alatau mountain chain ( ne part of tien shan ) , zharkent district , taldy - kurgan province , se kazakhstan . 27th of july 1994 , photo © oleg kosterin
458x450 ( ~ 50kb ) underside male an alpine meadow on the right bank terrace of the fourth tributary of the sargir river ( the usek river basin ) , altitude 3200 m , 47 km nen of zharkent , 21 km nen of village sarybel ' , the mountain massif tyshkantau , the southern dzhungarian alatau mountain chain ( ne part of tien shan ) , zharkent district , taldy - kurgan province , se kazakhstan . 27th of july 1994 , photo © oleg kosterin
ghissar , darvaz , alai , w . tian - shan , n . tian - shan
lycaena pheretiades var . tekessana alphéraky , 1897 ; in romanoff , mém . lép . 9 : 234 ; tl :
fleuve tékesse , dans le thian - chan
lycaena pheretiades var . micra avinoff , 1910 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 39 : 244 , pl . 14 , f . 19
lycaena andarabi forster , 1937 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 27 ( 2 ) : 61
lycaena orbitulus walli evans , 1912 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 ( 2 ) : 558 , ( 3 ) : 983 ; tl : chitral , kashmir
polyommatus pheretiades ( pheretiades ) pseudomicrus tshikolovets , 1997 ; the butterflies of pamir : 156 , pl . 34 - 35 , f . 21 - 25
pheretiades lara churkin & zhdanko , 2001 ; tethys ent . res . 3 : 152 ; tl : kyrghyzstan , west tien - shan , chatkal mts , chapchama pass
pheretiades sveta churkin & zhdanko , 2001 ; tethys ent . res . 3 : 152 ; tl : n . tien - shan , zailyisky alatau , kaskelen r . , 3300 - 3500m
lycaena orbitulus pyrenaica boisduval , 1840 ; genera index eur . lepid . : 11 ; tl : pyrenees
c . asia ( mountains ) , c . himalayas . see [ maps ]
lycaena dis grum - grshimailo , 1891 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 25 ( 3 - 4 ) : 453 ; tl : amdo
lycaena luana evans , 1915 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 3 ) : 544 ; tl : s . e . tibet , lu , 15000ft
xinjiangia kumukuleensis huang & murayama , 1988 ; nature & insects 23 ( 12 ) : 28 ; tl : altun mts . ( e kunlun )
lycaena pheretes arcaseia fruhstorfer , 1916 ; ent . rundschau 33 ( 4 ) : 18 ; tl : kambajong , tibet
lycaena pheretes asiatica elwes , 1882 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1882 ( 4 ) : 402 ; tl : chumbi , high alpine sikkim
polyommatus lehanus moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : ladak , leh ( 11538ft )
lycaena pheretes pharis fawcett , 1904 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1904 2 ( 1 ) : 138 , pl . 9 , f . 5 ; tl : khamba jong , 15000ft , thibet
albulina shahidulla yoshino , 2003 ; futao ( 43 ) : 7 , f . 9 , 13 , 35 ; tl : w kunlun mts . , near shahidulla 4500m , sw xinjian , china
lycaena pheretes armathea fruhstorfer , 1916 ; ent . rundschau 33 ( 4 ) : 18 ; tl : chotan meridionalis
albulina armathea ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 ( note )
lycaena pheretes artenita fruhstorfer , 1916 ; ent . rundschau 33 ( 4 ) : 18 ; tl : yarkend , mus - tag - ata
albulina artenita ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 ( note )
alps , s . norway , s . siberia ( mountains ) , mongolia , c . china , n . ural ( burmantovo ) , s . ural , . see [ maps ]
668x945 ( ~ 156kb ) upperside male se . jä . åre , storulvan , rn 132 / 701 , 5 june 2003 , photo © sami haapala
600x848 ( ~ 120kb ) upperside female se . jä . åre , storulvan , rn 132 / 701 , 5 june 2003 , photo © sami haapala
700x1001 ( ~ 117kb ) underside male se . jä . åre , storulvan , rn 132 / 701 , 5 june 2003 , photo © sami haapala
1300x962 ( ~ 143kb ) underside female china , qinghai prov . , caka nuo vill ( 3500m ) , 19 . 7 . 2010 , photo © a . timchenko leg .
1300x1199 ( ~ 261kb ) underside male china , qinghai prov . , caka nuo vill ( 3500m ) , 19 . 7 . 2010 , photo © a . timchenko leg .
= albulina orbitulus orbitulus ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 74 ( aberration )
polyommatus ( albulina ) orbitulus var . luxurians forster , 1940 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 30 : 880 ; tl : n . yunnan , likiang
albulina orbitulus luxurians ; [ nhm card ] ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73
albulina orbitulus lobbichleri forster , 1961 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . münch . 6 : 148
albulina orbitulus lobbichleri ; [ nhm card ] ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 72
lycaena pheretes tatsienluica oberthür , 1910 ; ètud . lépid . comp . 4 : 298 , pl . 41 , f . 300 ; tl : yunnan and tibet
albulina orbitulus tatsienluica ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73
lycaena pheretes major evans , 1915 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 3 ) : 544 ; tl : tibet , nyuksang , 9500ft
albulina orbitulus major ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73
nw . china ( kentei mts ) , transbaikalia , amur , ne . china
lycaena pheretes var . pheretimus staudinger , 1892 ; dt . ent . z . iris 5 ( 2 ) : 317 ; tl : kentei
528x744 ( ~ 75kb ) underside male an open pine forest on the hill just north of the chita sity , transbaikalia , siberia , russia . 28th june 1996 , photo © oleg kosterin
orbitulus sajana ( rühl , 1895 ) ( lycaena ) ; in heyne , palaearkt . grossschmett . 1 : 757
533x400 ( ~ 46kb ) underside male a montane tundra in a cirque in the sources of the argem ( direntai ) river , 2500 m above sea level , the eastern spurs of the katunskiy mountain range , kosh - agach district , central altai mts . , west siberia , russia . 19th july , 1988 , photo © oleg kosterin
1350x1212 ( ~ 255kb ) upperside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin
918x1224 ( ~ 222kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin
581x717 ( ~ 120kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin
527x698 ( ~ 106kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin
polyommatus ( albulina ) orbitulus tyrone forster , 1940 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 30 : 881 ; tl : kansu
albulina orbitulus tyrone ; [ nhm card ] ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73
albulina orbitula shanxiensis ; [ mrs ] , 686 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73
larva on allium sp . , ( [ really ? ] ) [ mrs ]
albulina orbitulus tibetana ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73
albulina orbitulus qinlingensis ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73
albulina orbitulus demulaensis huang , 2001 ; neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 , pl . 3 , f . 19 - right , pl . 9 , f . 69 ; tl : demula , chayu area tibet
albulina orbitulus dongdalaensis huang , 2001 ; neue ent . nachr . 51 : 74 , pl . 3 , f . 19 - left , pl . 9 , f . 66 ; tl : dangdala , e of zuogong , e . tibet
albulina orbitulus litangensis huang , 2001 ; neue ent . nachr . 51 : 75 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - right , pl . 9 , f . 68 ; tl : litang , w . sichuan
vacciniina optilete f . basireducta lempke , 1955 ; tijdschr . ent . 98 : 307
600x742 ( ~ 56kb ) upperside female finland : ab : suomusjärvi , 669 : 31 , 13 . 7 . 1997 , photo © markku savela
567x500 ( ~ 43kb ) underside female finland : ab : suomusjärvi , 669 : 31 , 13 . 7 . 1997 , photo © markku savela
600x467 ( ~ 34kb ) upperside male finland : li : utsjoki ailigas , 775 : 50 , 14 . 7 . 1998 , photo © markku savela
540x645 ( ~ 33kb ) underside finland : li : utsjoki ailigas , 775 : 50 , 14 . 7 . 1998 , photo © markku savela
669x953 ( ~ 242kb ) underside male the aldan river right bank 1 km w of tommot town , aldan ulus , sakha republic - yakutia , e siberia , russia . 25th june 2002 , photo © oleg kosterin
carpathians , ceu , n . tian - shan , dzhungarsky alatau , w . siberia , s . urals
vacciniina medea hemming , 1934 ; stylops 3 : 98 ( repl . lycaena uralensis seitz , [ 1909 ] )
vacciniina optilete optilete ; [ bru2 ] , 180 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87
= vacciniina optilete sibirica ; [ nhm card ] ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87
vacciniina optilete sibirica ; [ nhm card ] ; [ baru , ( note ) ] ; [ bru2 ] , 181 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87
400x300 ( ~ 16kb ) underside female a mossy larch ( larix gmelinii ( rupr . ) rupr . ) taiga at the village akotuy , the junction of the mountain ranges uryumkanskii and kukul ' bei , aleksandrovskozavodskoi district , e chita province , e transbaikalia , siberia , russia . 23rd july 1997 , photo © oleg kosterin
611x616 ( ~ 96kb ) underside a very slight tundrous ridge surrounded with peat - moss marches few km of the western coast of the southernmost kamchatka at the abandoned settlement bol ' sheretsk . 6th august 1992 , photo © oleg kosterin
lycaena yukona holland , 1900 ; ent . news 11 : 416 ; tl : alaska
plebejus ( albulina ) optilete yukona ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269
= vacciniina optilete sachalinensis ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87
nemoptilete ( bryk , 1942 ) ( lycaena ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 56 : 19
optilete kingana ( matsumura , 1939 ) ( lycaena ) ; bull . biogeogr . soc . japan 9 ( 20 ) : 357
bavarica ( hörhammer , 1925 ) ( lycaena ) ; schmett . südbayerns 1 : 146
latiorina glandon dealbata verity , 1926 ; ent . rec . j . var . 38 : 105
lycaena orbitulus subv . oberthuri staudinger , 1901 ; cat . lep . palaearct . faunengeb . 1 : 81
lycaena ? leela de nicéville , [ 1884 ] ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 52 pt . ii ( 2 / 4 ) : 66 , pl . 1 , f . 3 ♂ , 3a ♀ ; tl : ladak
lycaena pheretes f . caeca courvoisier , 1911 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 20 ) : 107
elunata ( nordström , 1935 ) ( lycaena ) ; ark . zool . 27 a ( 7 ) : 33
lycaena optilete f . uralensis courvoisier , 1910 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 19 ) : 100
lycaena optilete f . uralensis ; courvoisier , 1911 , dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 9 ) : 104
lycaena empyrea gerhard , 1851 ; versuch mon . europ . schmett . ( 5 ) : 11 , pl . 17 , f . 2a - c ( kind . )
lycaena orbitulus var . aquila gerhard , 1851 ; versuch mon . europ . schmett . ( 5 ) : 11 , pl . 18 , f . 4a - c
lycaena atys gerhard , 1851 ; versuch mon . europ . schmett . ( 5 ) : 11 , pl . 19 , f . 3a - d
latimargo ( ebert , 1926 ) ( lycaena ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 35
pseudoborealis ( ebert , 1926 ) ( lycaena ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 35
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
the dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254
butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
ergänzende bemerkungen zu higgins & riley
a field guide to the butterflies of britain and europe
, nebst beschreibung der lycaena pyrenaica latedisjuncta n . subsp .
icones historique des lépidoptères nouveaux ou peu connus . collection , avec figures coloritées , des papillons d ' europe nouvellement découverts ; ouvrage formant le complément de tous les auteurs iconographes
descriptions of certain species of diurnal lepidoptera , found within the limits of the united states and british america . no . 4
die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . fortsetzung . band 2
die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 1 . abschnitt 1
a list of butterflies caught by capt . f . m . bailey in s . e . thibet during 1913
a list of butterflies caught by major h . t . morshead during the mount everest expedition 1921
on some new and little - known butterflies , mainly from high elevations in the n . e . himalayas
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
neuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 65 - 80 )
versuch einer monographie der europäischen schmetteringsarten : thecla , polyomattus [ sic ] , lycaena , nemeobius . als beitrag zur schmetterlingskunde
alphabetisches verzeichniss zu j . hübner ' s abbildungen der papilionen mit den beigefügten vorzüglichsten synonymen
report of h . huang ' s 2000 expedition to se . tibet for rhopalocera
a new lycaenid butterfly from mt . altin of kunlun range from xinjiang prov .
[ a catalogue of butterflies ( lepidoptera : papilioformes ) of the former ussr . second edition , reformatted and updated ] ( in russian )
the butterflies from jehol ( nekka ) manchoukuo , collected by marqis y . yamashina
descriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873
a natural history of the british lepidoptera . a text - book for students and collectors
züllich , 1928 lycaena nevadensis n . sp . zs . öst . entver . 13 : 73 - 75 , pl . 5
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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a discrete butterfly , found locally in the asturias mts of nw spain and the pyrenees .
with which it may fly in the pyrenees . the current species has bold black submarginal spots on the underside forewing and none on the hindwing .
only from nw spain and the pyrenees in spain and france at alpine levels ( 1500 - 2200m ) . it flies in june and july .
alpine grassy rocky meadows . males take water and salts during hot weather , often at quite some distance from where females can be found . mating occurs in the early afternoon .
two subspecies are generally recognised . from the asturias mts of nw spain , the blue colour of
is brighter and silvery and the females often have white markings on the upperside . in the pyrenees ,
males are a more powdery blue and the females , apart from the cell spot , generally lack any upperside markings .
the underside forewing spots are bold . it lacks the black chevrons in the hindwing margin area .
in 2004 it was extremely satisfying to discover a thriving colony of this rare and extremely local butterfly in bulgaria . we probably saw 30 or 40 individuals in the very tiny area they were flying over .
from a limited number of mountains in the southern balkans from north greece , south bulgaria , fyrom , bosnia where it is very local . flies in july .
our bulgarian colony was on a small rocky ridge with a great variety of plants and sparse grasses at roughly 1900m . it was my father who found them - we had both spent an hour wandering fruitlessly across similar looking areas nearby without finding a single specimen .
it is a very small and inconspicuous butterfly . it flies low over the ground stopping frequently on rocks or to take nectar from low plants .
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taxa believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , so no longer in use .
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life cycle : the butterflies occur between june and august . the males often aggregate on wet spots . the larva hibernates .
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come on guys , subspecies are not endemics of a country or place . nice selection of l . boldenarum . i am still wondering if i should take off some months in 2017 to further study this species .
are you sure about that . countries can have endemic subspecies - meaning those subspecies are only found in that country .
another term for a species that is endemic is precinctive , which applies to species ( and subspecific categories ) that are restricted to a defined geographical area .
from wikipedia .


brachinus plagiatus is a species of ground beetle from the brachininae subfamily that can be found in albania , bulgaria , france , greece , hungary , italy , moldova , slovakia , southern part of russia , all states of former yugoslavia ( except for macedonia ) , and in western europe .

it can also be found on some islands such as the balearic islands , corsica , sardinia and sicily .

in asia , it can be found on cyprus , in iraq and syria .

it can also be found in north african countries such as algeria , morocco and tunisia .

they were also found and described in georgia in 2004 .

the species is identical in colour to the following species from the same genera : brachinus crepitans , brachinus efflans , and brachinus ejaculans .

brachinus plagiatus

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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :
this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .
particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as
no probable or definite
) .
in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .
warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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ambienti costieri ( spiagge sabbiose , scogliere , foci , paludi costiere , stagni salmastri etc . )
forum entomologi italiani viene aggiornato in maniera casuale e assolutamente non periodica . pertanto , ai sensi della l . 7 marzo 2001 , n . 62 sull ' editoria , questo portale non può essere in alcun modo una testata giornalistica .
copyright © 2009 - 2017 forum entomologi italiani , ove non diversamente specificato . tutti i diritti degli autori sono riservati .
hristovski , slavčo & guéorguiev , borislav , 2015 , annotated catalogue of the carabid beetles of the republic of macedonia ( coleoptera : carabidae ) , zootaxa 4002 ( 1 ) , pp . 1 - 190 : 42
material studied . osogovo , v . rajčani , 700m , ruderal site , 1 s . , 12 . 04 . 2008 , leg . s . hristovski ( csh ) . distribution . 83 .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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gastrotheca testudinea ( common name : espada 's marsupial frog ) is a species of frog in the family hemiphractidae .

it has a widespread latitudinal range along the eastern ( amazonian ) slopes of the andes of ecuador , peru , and bolivia .

an arboreal direct-development marsupial frog , g. testudinea dwells in foothill , low montane , and cloud forests at elevations from 700 – 2,775 m ( 2,297 – 9,104 ft ) above sea level .

despite its wide distribution , gastrotheca testudinea is seldom collected or recorded , probably due to its arboreal habits , and much remains to be known about its distribution and natural history .

habitat loss is a threat to it .

gastrotheca testudinea

gastrotheca ( gastrotheca ) testudinea — duellman , 2015 , marsupial frogs : 389 .
gastrotheca ( opisthodelphys ) testudinea — dubois , 1987
1986
, alytes , 5 : 31 .
gastrotheca testudinea — duellman , 1974 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 27 : 4 .
gastrotheca viviparum — peters , 1955 , rev . ecuat . entomol . parsitol . , 2 : 348 .
we present new information on the distribution of the marsupial frog gastrotheca testudinea ( jiménez de la espada , 1870 ) in ecuador . we provide the first record from the province of cañar , and the country’s southernmost locality ( which also corresponds to the third known report from the province of zamora - chinchipe ) . in addition , we discuss the validity of the locality of loreto for this species . based on this discussion , we review the elevation range of the species and propose to change the lowest elevation limit of gastrotheca testudinea from 1100 to 700 m .
this manuscript contains new information on the distribution of an amphibian species from ecuador . a version of this manuscript was submitted to a journal . however , this manuscript contains complete information for all data , and it will serve as a reference to other papers about frogs of the genus gastrotheca .
in the gastrotheca ovifera group of duellman , maxson , and jesiolowski , 1988 , copeia , 1988 : 527 - 543 . see de la riva , köhler , lötters , and reichle , 2000 , rev . esp . herpetol . , 14 : 30 , for bolivian record . see brief account by köhler , 2000 , bonn . zool . monogr . , 48 : 93 . in the gastrotheca marsupiata group of castroviejo - fisher , padial , de la riva , pombal , silva , rojas - runjaic , medina - méndez , and frost , 2015 , zootaxa , 4004 : 1–72 . see detailed account by duellman , 2015 , marsupial frogs : 389–394 . urgilés , sánchez - nivicela , and cisneros - heredia , 2017 , check list , 13 ( 4 ) : 121–125 , provided notes on the distribution in ecuador .
* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .
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nototrema testudineum jiménez de la espada , 1870 , j . sci . math . phys . nat . , lisboa , 3 : 62 . holotype : not stated ; given as mncn 155 by duellman , 1977 , das tierreich , 95 : 20 ; now mncn 3510 according to gonzález - fernández , garcía - díez , and san segundo , 2009 , spixiana , münchen , 32 : 273 . type locality :
in ecuador ; prope a monti olim ignivomo sumaco
; given as
san josé de moti , provincia napo , ecuador
, by duellman , 1977 , das tierreich , 95 : 20 .
nototrema viviparum andersson , 1945 , ark . zool . , 37a ( 2 ) : 82 . holotype : nhrm 1964 ( 10 specimens ) , according to duellman , 1977 , das tierreich , 95 : 20 . type localities :
baños , rio pastaza
, cerro tungurahua , and
watershed , rio pastaza
, eastern ecuador . synonymy by duellman and fritts , 1972 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 9 : 4 .
espada ' s marsupial frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 53 ) .
amazonian slopes of andes in ecuador , peru , and bolivia at elevations of 700–2275 m ; possibly extending into adjacent colombia .
please note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .
for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
frost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
this genus has recently been moved from the family hylidae ( faivovich , et al . , 2005 ) .
javier icochea , luis a . coloma , santiago ron , steffen reichle , ariadne angulo , diego cisneros - heredia
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species ' geographic range is on the amazonian slopes of andes in ecuador , perú ( departamentos : amazonas , san martín ) and bolivia . in ecuador it is found in the eastern cordillera real montane forests in the eastern subtropical altitudinal zone . its altitudinal range is 400m to 2 , 000m asl .
this is an arboreal frog found in primary forest of lowland and montane humid forest . at cordillera de cutucú , ecuador , one specimen was found in a flat area on a ridge with cloud forest that had a relatively open canopy and many tree falls ( duellman and lynch , 1988 ) . a direct development species , the eggs are carried in a pouch on the females back . it is not present in modified habitats .
in ecuador , its geographic range overlaps with parque nacional sumaco napo - galeras , reserva ecológica antisana , parque nacional llanganates , and parque nacional sangay . it is known from three protected areas in bolivia .
javier icochea , luis a . coloma , santiago ron , steffen reichle , ariadne angulo , diego cisneros - heredia . 2004 .
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verónica l . urgilés conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .
juan carlos sánchez - nivicela conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .
diego f cisneros - heredia conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .
the following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :
specimens deposited at mzua were collected under permits 065 - dpa - ma - 2014 and 019 - ic - fau / flo - dpzch - ma issued by ministerio del ambiente , ecuador .
the following information was supplied relating to field study approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :
research was conducted under permits 065 - dpa - ma - 2014 and 019 - ic - fau / flo - dpzch - ma issued by ministerio del ambiente , ecuador .
research funding was provided by universidad del azuay ( budget code fondos uda 2016 [ 39 , 2016 ] ) ; 2002 research training program ( national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution ) and the smithsonian women ' s committee ; programa “becas de excelencia” , secretaría de educación superior , ciencia , tecnología e innovación ( senescyt ) , ecuador ; universidad san francisco de quito usfq ( chancellor ' s grant ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
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frost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
amphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )
frost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
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