chryseofusus chrysodomoides is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

chryseofusus chrysodomoides

( of fusinus ( chryseofusus ) chrysodomoides ( schepman , 1911 ) ) hadorn r . & fraussen k . ( 2003 ) the deep - water indo - pacific radiation of fusinus ( chryseofusus subgen . nov . ) ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) . iberus 21 ( 1 ) : 207 - 240 . [ june 2003 ] page ( s ) : 211 [ details ]
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hirculops cornifer , the highbrow rockskipper , is a species of combtooth blenny found in the western indian ocean .

this species reaches a length of 6 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) sl .

this species is the only known member of its genus .

hirculops cornifer

justification : in the persian gulf , hirculops cornifer is only known from a single record off jana island , saudi arabia . hirculops cornifer occurs on coral and rocky reefs and likely in the sea grass beds . hirculops cornifer is not utilized . large - scale effects of coastal development throughout the region likely negatively impact this species . there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for hirculops cornifer . however , there are several marine protected areas within its distribution , including the jubail marine wildlife sanctuary , where hirculops cornifer has been recorded . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible . hirculops cornifer likely qualifies for least concern ; however , further records are needed in order to provide an accurate assessment of this species conservation status , therefore , hirculops cornifer is listed as data deficient .
hirculops cornifer occurs in the western indian ocean , from pondoland ( south africa ) to the seychelles , including the red sea and the persian gulf ( randall 1995 ) . single records of hirculops cornifer have been found from northwestern india ( lal mohan 1968 ) and indonesia ( de beaufort and chapman 1951 ) .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for hirculops cornifer . however , there are several marine protected areas within its distribution , including the jubail marine wildlife sanctuary , where h . cornifer has been recorded ( krupp and almarri 1996 ) .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for hirculops cornifer . however , its distribution includes several marine protected areas , especially off of the east coast of africa ( world database of protected areas 2010 ) .
in the persian gulf , hirculops cornifer is known only from a single record off jana island , saudi arabia ( bernice pauahi bishop museum ) ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2013 - 11 - 05 ) .
population information for hirculops cornifer is limited for the persian gulf . h . cornifer is known only from a single record off jana island , saudi arabia ( bernice pauahi bishop museum ) ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2013 - 11 - 05 ) . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible .
hirculops cornifer is a demersal , marine species that is found in tropical climates . h . cornifer is found on shallow rocky and coral reefs and likely occurs in the sea grass beds in the persian gulf ( j . williams pers . comm . 2013 ) . h . cornifer has an oviparous life cycle , exhibits distinct pairing , and produces demersal , adhesive eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) . the maximum recorded standard length ( sl ) is 6 . 0 cm male / unsexed ( springer 1986 ) .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . hirculops cornifer ( rüppell , 1830 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
in the persian gulf , substantial sea bottom dredging , resulting in changes of water flow and sedimentation rates , for industrial , infrastructure - based , and residential and tourism development along the coast have caused deterioration in most benthic habitats ( sheppard et al . 2010 ) . it is not known whether or not hirculops cornifer is directly affected by this coastal development , but due to the large - scale of coastal development throughout the persian gulf and given h . cornifer ' s habitat preferences , it ' s likely h . cornifer is impacted negatively in some parts of the region .
hirculops cornifer is a demersal , marine species that is found on shallow rocky and coral reefs in tropical climates ( j . t . williams pers . comm . 2009 ) . maximum standard length for this species is 6 . 0 cm or 60 mm male / unsexed ( springer 1986 ) . this species has an oviparous life cycle , exhibits distinct pairing , and produces demersal , adhesive eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .
smith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , j . t .
justification : global assessment : this is a widespread species . it is not known whether human activities affect the global population , but in some parts of its range it may be impacted . it it known to occur in marine protected areas in parts of its range . currently it is listed as least concern . the persian gulf regional assessment : this species is known from a single record off saudi arabia and likely occurs in the sea grass beds in the gulf . it is not known whether or not this species is directly affected by current coastal development throughout the persian gulf . given this species ' habitat preferences , it ' s likely impacted negatively in some parts of the region . current data suggests a stable population so , this species likely qualifies for least concern . however , further records are needed , therefore this species is listed as data deficient .
this species is common and locally abundant throughout most of its range ( g . allen pers . comm . 2009 ) . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible .
substantial sea bottom dredging , resulting in changes of water flow and sedimentation rates , for industrial , infrastructure - based , and residential and tourism development along the coast have caused deterioration in most benthic habitats ( sheppard et al . 2010 ) . for example , large number of desalination plants on the coast of the persian gulf leads to localized increases in temperature and salinity ( q . alghawzi , d . feary , and s . hartmann pers . comm . 2014 ) . it is not known whether this species is directly affected by this coastal development , but due to the large - scale of coastal development throughout the persian gulf and given this species ' habitat preferences , it ' s likely to be impacted negatively in some parts of the region .
smith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , j . t . 2014 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .
a general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .
springer , v . g . 1986 blenniidae . p . 742 - 755 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths & quot ; sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin .
dark spot between membranes of 1st 2 dorsal spines ; females with spotted anal fin , uniformly dusky in males ; body banded and spotted ; 2 dusky spots anterior to pelvic fins .
breder , c . m . and d . e . rosen 1966 modes of reproduction in fishes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , new jersey . 941 p .
defines and describes life history of a living organism , meaning the course of obligatory developmental transformations in an organism from fertilised zygote to maturity . it includes stages through which an organism passes , ie , metamorphosis , instars , gametophyte / embryophyte , and , transitions from sessile to mobile forms . also discusses timing , though morphology of each form would be better placed in the field for morphology .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
western indian ocean : red sea south to pondoland , south africa . likely at seychelles .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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eupithecia silenicolata is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found from southern europe ( southern france , central italy and the balkan peninsula ) and morocco to western asia ( turkey , russia and the caucasus ) , iran and pakistan .

in the north , the range extends to southern switzerland , austria and northern italy .

the wingspan is about 22 mm .

adults are on wing from may to june and again from july to august in two generations per year .

the larvae feed on silene species which are related to silene nutans , especially silene paradoxa .

the species overwinters in the pupal stage .

eupithecia silenicolata

eupithecia silenicolata zengoensis ssp . nova ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . linneana belgica , 711 : 406 - 410 , 1979
habitat : eupithecia silenicolata inhabits light open and partly grazed forests ( quercus ) with embedded grasslands and loamy embankments with open ground where the larval host plant finds optimal growing conditions .
remarks : eupithecia silenicolata ioccurs in southern europe ( southern france . central italy , the balkans ) and the western asia ( e . g . turkey , russia , the caucasus ) . there are also records from morocco . in the north eupithecia silenicolata is distributed in the southern and parts of the central alps ( southern switzerland , austria , northern italy ) .
new eupithecia species from south america lepidoptera geometridae nouveaux eupithecia damerique du sud lepidoptera geometridae . miscellanea entomologica , 512 : 55 - 65 , 1987
eupithecia inturbata new for the netherlands lepidoptera geometridae eupithecia inturbata nieuw voor nederland lepidoptera geometridae . entomologische berichten ( amsterdam ) . september ; 619 : 130 - 131 , 2001
additional information on the first estonian record of eupithecia distinctaria lepidoptera , geometridae lisateavet liivatee - pisivaksiku eupithecia distinctaria esmasleiu kohta lepidoptera , geometridae . lepinfo . juuni ; 13 : 7 , 2002
the expansionist eupithecia sinuosaria eversm has now reached north ticino lepidoptera geometridae der arealerweiterer eupithecia sinuosaria eversm hat nun auch den nordtessin erreicht lepidoptera geometridae . entomologische berichte luzern . september ; 49 : 155 - 156 , 2003
on the characteristics of some new or already known eupithecia males from south america lepidoptera geometridae sur les particularites propres aux males de quelques eupithecia damerique du sud nouveaux ou deja connus lepidoptera geometridae . miscellanea entomologica , 512 : 41 - 54 , 1987
observations on geometrid moths 10 lepidoptera , geometridae a new subspecies of eupithecia impurata hubner , 1813 blutenspanner - beobachtungen 10 lepidoptera , geometridae eine neue unterart von eupithecia impurata hubner , 1813 . dortmunder beitraege zur landeskunde , 23 : 39 - 46 , 1989
life cycle : the pupa hibernates . i found larvae in mid - july 2007 ( and also in 2011 and 2012 ) in northern greece in about 1000m above sea level . according to literature , eupithecia silenicolata has two generations with moths from may to june and july to august . probably there is only a partial second generation due to the phenology of the larval host plant .
eupithecia pernotata enictata new subspecies from southern finland lepidoptera geometridae larentiinae . notulae entomologicae 64 ( 2 ) : 54 - 56 , 1984
new eupithecia species and subspecies from asia and north africa lepidoptera geometridae . acta zoologica academiae scientiarum hungaricae 23 ( 1 - 2 ) : 227 - 236 , 1977
new species and subspecies of geometrid moths of the genus eupithecia curt . ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) from caucasus and transcaucasia . trudy zoologicheskogo instituta , 291 : 101 - 110 , 2001
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
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host plants : the larvae feed on silene species that are related to silene nutans . apparently the species is particularly found at silene paradoxa , where i found it in northern greece together with caterpillars of hadena adriana .
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e . s . zengoensis ssp . nov . , a geometrid moth from southern hungary ( mt . mecsek area ) , is described . morphological , phenological , ecological and zoogeogrpahical considerations are included .
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austria , bulgaria , hungary , greece , italy , corsica , romania , slovakia , france , yugoslavia .
rf regions : west caucasus , middle - volzhsky , sredneobskaya , south ural .
austria , bulgaria , hungary , greece ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , macedonia , romania , russia , slovakia , france ( mainland ) , yugoslavia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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fulvia is a genus of cockles , marine bivalve molluscs in the family cardiidae .

most species are found in the indo-pacific and in australian waters .

fulvia ( genus )

fulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 represented as fulvia j . e . gray , 1853
subgenus fulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 represented as fulvia j . e . gray , 1853
fulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 · accepted , alternate representation
subgenus fulvia ( laevifulvia ) vidal , 1994 accepted as fulvia j . e . gray , 1853
fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) · accepted , alternate representation
» species fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) represented as fulvia australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )
species fulvia pulchra ( reeve , 1845 ) accepted as fulvia australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )
worms - world register of marine species - fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )
notes : the phylogenetic position of the type species of this genus and its relation to the mycosphaerellaceae as well as to the genus pseudocercospora are still unknown and unproven . therefore , semipseudocercospora is only tentatively maintained as separate cercosporoid genus .
cercospora platycerii chupp , a monograph of the fungus genus cercospora : 456 ( 1954 ) .
» species fulvia ( laevifulvia ) prashadi vidal , 1994 accepted as fulvia ( laevifulvia ) hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) accepted as fulvia hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) ( synonym )
cultures of the type species of this genus and results of molecular sequence analyses are necessary to resolve its phylogenetic position and clarify its relation to pseudocercospora . it is still unclear and unproven if this genus belongs in the mycosphaerellaceae . therefore , denticularia is tentatively retained as genus on its own .
worms - world register of marine species - fulvia j . e . gray , 1853
basionym : cercospora lonchitidis chupp , a monograph of the fungus genus cercospora : 455 ( 1954 ) .
» species fulvia ( laevifulvia ) hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) accepted as fulvia hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) ( synonym )
vidal , j . ( 1994 ) . a review of the genus fulvia gray , 1853 . ( mollusca , cardiidae ) . apex . 9 ( 4 ) : 93 - 118 . [ details ]
( of fulvia ( laevifulvia ) vidal , 1994 ) poorten , j . j . ter & hylleberg j . ( 2017 ) . fulvia kaarei spec . nov . , a new fulvia from vietnam ( bivalvia , cardiidae ) . basteria . 81 ( 4 - 6 ) : 111 - 118 . [ details ]
worms - world register of marine species - fulvia australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )
notes : the phylogenetic position of this genus is unknown . it is quite unclear if it is part of the capnodiales and mycosphaerellaceae at all .
addition and re - examination of japanese species belonging to the genus cercospora and allied genera . ix . newly recorded species from japan ( 4 )
delivering alien invasive species inventories for europe ( daisie ) ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 13 publications ) ( from synonym cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym papyridea australe ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 5 publications ) ( from synonym laevicardium australe ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) to clemam ( from synonym cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) to clemam ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 4 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) to pesi ( from synonym cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) )
( of fulvia ( fulvia ) boholensis vidal , 1994 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
» species fulvia ( laevifulvia ) ballieni vidal , 1994 accepted as laevicardium elatum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( synonym )
( of fulvia ( fulvia ) tenuicostata ( lamarck , 1819 ) ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of fulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
@ article { bhlpart149775 , title = { a review of the genus fulvia gray , 1853 ( mollusca , cardiidae ) } , journal = { apex / } , volume = { 9 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { bruxelles : la société , 1986 - } , author = { } , year = { 1994 } , pages = { 93 - - 118 } , }
fulvia cif . , atti ist . bot . univ . lab . critt . pavia , ser . 5 , 10 : 246 ( 1954 ) [ type species : f . fulva ( cooke ) cif . 1954 ] .
description : dematiaceous hyphomycete genus resembling zasmidium ( in vivo with superficial mycelium , hyphae , conidiophores and solitary conidia pigmented , distinctly verruculose to verrucose ) , but the conidiogenous cells are terminal and intercalary , denticulate , with lateral short peg - like protuberances , conidiogenous loci inconspicuous , neither thickened nor darkened .
notes : morphologically close to asperisporium , but the conidiogenous loci and hila at the base of conidia are unthickened and not darkened . species of pseudoaspersporium are distinguished from superficially similar fusicladium species ( venturiaceae ) by having coarsely verruculose conidia . the phylogenetic affinity of this genus is , however , unclear and unproven .
notes : the type species , originally described as species of cercospora , was later reallocated to pseudocercospora ( braun 1993 ) . however , based on molecular sequence analyses , recently carried out by crous et al . ( 2013 ) , it was demonstrated that it represents an undescribed genus belonging to the pleosporales .
( of fulvia ( laevifulvia ) vidal , 1994 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of fulvia fagea voskuil & onverwagt , 1993 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of fulvia papyracea ( bruguière , 1789 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
notes : based on the phylogenetic position of its type species , crous et al . ( 2006 ) reduced stigmina to synonymy with pseudocercospora . therefore , the generic position of stigmina thujina has to be reassessed . due to its sporodochial conidiomata with frequently percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells and relatively thin - walled conidia , this species is rather cercostigmina - like ( braun 1993 ) , but the latter genus was reduced to synonymy with pseudocercospora . the type species of cercostigmina and additional species assigned to this genus cluster within the big pseudocercospora clade ( crous et al . 2001 , 2013 ; taylor et al . 2003 ) . furthermore , the conidiogenous cells of s . thujina are percurrent as well as sometimes sympodial . therefore , this species is better reallocated to pseudocercospora .
( of fulvia pulchra ( reeve , 1845 ) ) hylleberg , j . 2009 . cardiidae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) in the collection of statens naturhistoriske museum , previously the zoological museum , university of copenhagen ( zmuc ) . annotated and revised . part 2 ( of 2 ) . steenstrupia 31 : 103–324 . [ details ]
( of fulvia radiata ( reeve , 1845 ) ) hylleberg , j . 2009 . cardiidae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) in the collection of statens naturhistoriske museum , previously the zoological museum , university of copenhagen ( zmuc ) . annotated and revised . part 2 ( of 2 ) . steenstrupia 31 : 103–324 . [ details ]
description : dematiaceous hyphomycete genus morphologically barely distinguishable from pseudocercospora , but phylogenetically distinct ; mycosphaerellaceae . mycelium in vivo internal . conidiophores macronematous , fasciculate , pigmented ; conidiogenous cells integrated , terminal or conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells , conidiogenous loci subconspicous by being circular with very slightly thickened and darkened - refractive rim . conidia solitary , scolecosporous , subhyaline to very pale olivaceous , hila very slightly thickened and darkened - refractive along the rim .
( of cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) reeve l . a . ( 1844 - 1845 ) . monograph of the genus cardium . in : conchologia iconica , vol . 2 , pl . 1 - 22 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . [ stated dates : pl . 1 - 4 [ 3 undated ] , october 1844 , pl . 5 - 8 , november 1844 ; pl . 9 - 12 , december 1844 ; pl . 13 - 16 , january , 1845 ; pl . 17 - 22 , march 1845 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium pallidum reeve , 1845 ) reeve l . a . ( 1844 - 1845 ) . monograph of the genus cardium . in : conchologia iconica , vol . 2 , pl . 1 - 22 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . [ stated dates : pl . 1 - 4 [ 3 undated ] , october 1844 , pl . 5 - 8 , november 1844 ; pl . 9 - 12 , december 1844 ; pl . 13 - 16 , january , 1845 ; pl . 17 - 22 , march 1845 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium radiatum reeve , 1845 ) reeve l . a . ( 1844 - 1845 ) . monograph of the genus cardium . in : conchologia iconica , vol . 2 , pl . 1 - 22 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . [ stated dates : pl . 1 - 4 [ 3 undated ] , october 1844 , pl . 5 - 8 , november 1844 ; pl . 9 - 12 , december 1844 ; pl . 13 - 16 , january , 1845 ; pl . 17 - 22 , march 1845 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of fulvia papyracea ( bruguière , 1789 ) ) bruguière j . g . ( 1789 - 1792 ) . encyclopdie méthodique ou par ordre de matières . histoire naturelle des vers , volume 1 . pancoucke , paris . pp . 1 - 344 [ june 1789 ] ; 345 - 758 [ 13 feb . 1792 ; dates after evenhuis , 2003 , zootaxa , 166 : 37 ; zootaxa , 207 ] ; atlas pl . 1 - 189 [ 1791 ] ; pl . 190 - 286 [ 1797 ] pl . 287 - 390 [ 1798 ] pl . 391 - 488 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 231 [ details ]
gray , j . e . ( 1853 ) . a revision of the genera of some of the families of conchifera or bivalve shells . annals and magazine of natural history . ser . 2 , 11 : 33 - 44 , 398 - 402 . page ( s ) : 40 [ details ]
poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
type locality ‘ad australiam , et ad mare sinense’ ( australia and china sea ) . coll . cuming [ details ]
( of cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) sowerby i , g . b . & sowerby ii , g . b . ( 1832 - 1841 ) . the conchological illustrations or , coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells . london , privately published . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 48th part , fig . 12 , 12a ; catalogue p . 1 [ probably issued 1841 ] [ details ]
( of cardium varium g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) sowerby i , g . b . & sowerby ii , g . b . ( 1832 - 1841 ) . the conchological illustrations or , coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells . london , privately published . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) spengler , l . ( 1799 ) . over det toskallede slægt , hiertemuslingen , cardium linnéi . skrivter af naturhistorie - selskabet , kiøbenhavn . 5 ( 1 ) : 1 - 60 , pl . 1 . , available online at urltoken ; = dmdlog _ 0004 page ( s ) : 45 [ details ]
zenetos , a . , m . e . çinar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
poorten , j . j . ter , 2009 . the cardiidae of the panglao marine biodiversity project 2004 and the panglao 2005 deep - sea cruise with descriptions of four new species ( bivalvia ) . vita malacologica 8 : 9 - 96 [ 21 november 2009 ] . available online at urltoken available online at urltoken [ details ]
zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
galil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of laevicardium australe ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) taylor j . d . , kennedy w . j . & hall a . ( 1973 ) . the shell structure and mineralogy of the bivalvia . ii . lucinacea - clavagellacea . conclusions . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , zoology , london 22 ( 9 ) : 253 - 294 , pl . 15 , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium varium g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium varium g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2009 . the cardiidae of the panglao marine biodiversity project 2004 and the panglao 2005 deep - sea cruise with descriptions of four new species ( bivalvia ) . vita malacologica 8 : 9 - 96 [ 21 november 2009 ] . available online at urltoken available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of papyridea australe ) vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
city university of hong kong . ( 2013 ) . provision of services for species identification and data analysis ofepibenthic organisms from hong kong water . final report . environmental protection department . department of biology and chemistry , city university [ details ]
( of cardium japonicum dunker , 1860 ) dunker , w . ( 1860 ) . neue japanische mollusken . malakozoologische blätter . 6 : 221 - 240 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium annae pilsbry , 1904 ) pilsbry , h . a . 1904b . new japanese marine mollusca : pelecypoda . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 56 : 550 - 561 , pls . 39 - 41 . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of cardium japonicum dunker , 1860 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium annae pilsbry , 1904 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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type locality philippines , bohol , panglao isl . , ‘said to have been recovered at 80 fathoms’ ( 146 m ) [ details ]
( of cardium papyraceum bruguière , 1879 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium pallidum reeve , 1845 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of laevicardium laevigatum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) turgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711–744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg [ details ]
( of cardium papyraceum schröter , 1788 ) schröter , j . s . in martini , f . h . w . ( 1788 ) vollstandiges alphabetisches namen - register über alle zehn bande des von dem feel . herrn d . martini in berlin angefangenen , und vom herrn pastor chemnitz in kopenhagen fortgesetzten und vollenbeten systematisches conchylien - cabinets . nürnberg , in der rasplichen buchhandlung , 1788 , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium tenuicostatum lamarck , 1819 ) lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1819 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome sixième , 1re partie . paris : published by the author , vi + 343 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium racketti donovan , 1825 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium tenuicostatum lamarck , 1819 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
cercosporoid fungi ( mycosphaerellaceae ) 1 . species on other fungi , pteridophyta and gymnospermae
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cercosporoid fungi ( mycosphaerellaceae ) 1 . species on other fungi , pteridophyta and gymnospermae *
corresponding author e - mail : ed . ellah - inu . kinatob @ nuarb . ewu
* in memoriam charles d . chupp ( 1886–1967 ) , the author of the first monograph of cercospora .
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ascomycota , cercospora s . lat . , conifers , ferns , fungicolous , hyphomycetes
the history and the evolution of concepts of cercosporoid genera was comprehensively discussed in deighton ( 1976 ) , braun ( 1995a ) and crous & braun ( 2003 ) as well as recently in crous et al . ( 2013 ) and groenewald et al . ( 2013 ) with special emphasis on pseudocercospora and cercospora , respectively . these treatments may be consulted for further details .
attempts to separate cercospora into several subgeneric units have been made by penzes ( 1927 ) ( three sections : brachycercosporae , macrocercosporae and mediocercosporae ) and solheim ( 1930 ) ( 21 sections based on mycelium internal / external , conidiophores simple / branched , stroma and conidium shape ) , which are , however , barely practicable and not useful since these classifications were derived from a wide range of species of cercospora s . lat . that now belong to different genera . therefore , it is not surprising that these subgeneric concepts have never been applied by other authors .
cercospora fresen . , in fuckel , hedwigia 2 : 133 ( 1863 ) [ and in fuckel , fungi rhen . exs . , fasc . ii , no . 117 , 1863 ] .
type species : cercospora penicillata ( ces . ) fresen . 1863 ( c . depazeoides ( desm . ) sacc . 1876 ) .
synonyms : virgasporium cooke , grevillea 3 : 182 ( 1875 ) [ type species : v . maculatum cooke 1875 ] .
cercosporina speg . , anales mus . nac . buenos aires 20 : 424 ( 1910 ) [ type species : c . asparagicola speg . 1910 ] .
literature : chupp ( 1954 ) , vasudeva ( 1963 ) , katsuki ( 1965 ) , ellis ( 1976 : 244 ) , yen & lim ( 1980 : 152–166 ) , hsieh & goh ( 1990 ) , braun ( 1995a : 40 ) , shin & kim ( 2001 : 20 ) , guo et al . ( 2005 ) , kamal ( 2010 : 11 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 128–130 ) .
distocercospora pons & b . sutton , mycol . pap . 160 : 60 ( 1988 ) .
type species : distocercospora pachyderma ( syd . & p . syd . ) pons & b . sutton 1988 .
literature : braun ( 1995a : 40 ) , braun & mel’nik ( 1997 : 15 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 26 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 187 ) .
type species : passalora bacilligera ( mont . & fr . ) mont . & fr . 1849 .
synonyms : cercosporidium e . earle , muhlenbergia 1 : 16 ( 1901 ) [ type species : c . helleri e . earle 1901 ] .
vellosiella rangel , bol . agric . ( são paulo ) , ser . 16 a , 2 : 151 ( 1915 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .
mycovellosiella rangel , arch . jard . bot . rio de janeiro 2 : 71 ( 1917 ) [ type species : m . cajani ( henn . ) rangel ex trotter 1931 ] .
passalora sect . mycovellosiella ( rangel ) a . hern . - gut . & dianese , mycotaxon 108 : 3 ( 2009 ) .
ormathodium syd . , ann . mycol . 26 : 138 ( 1928 ) [ type species : o . styracis syd . 1928 ] , fide muntañola ( 1960 ) .
ragnhildiana solheim , mycologia 23 : 365 ( 1931 ) [ type species : r . agerati ( f . stevens ) f . stevens & solheim 1931 ] .
cercodeuterospora curzi , boll . staz . patol . veg . roma , ser . 2 , 12 : 149 ( 1932 ) [ type species : c . trichophila curzi 1932 ] .
berteromyces cif . , sydowia 8 : 267 ( 1954 ) [ type species : b . aeneus cif . 1954 ] .
oreophyllum cif . , sydowia 8 : 253 ( 1954 ) [ type species : o . angelaemariae cif . 1954 ] .
phaeoramularia munt . - cvetk . , lilloa 30 : 182 ( 1960 ) [ type species : p . gomphrenicola ( speg . ) munt . - cvetk . 1960 ] .
tandonella s . s . prasad & r . a . b . verma , indian phytopathol . 23 : 111 ( 1970 ) [ type species : t . ziziphi s . s . prasad & r . a . b . verma 1970 ] .
walkeromyces thaung , trans . brit . mycol . soc . 66 : 213 ( 1976 ) [ type species : w . grewiae thaung 1976 ] .
passalora sect . pseudophaeoisariopsis u . braun , dianese & a . hern . - gut . , mycotaxon 108 : 3 ( 2009 ) .
literature : deighton ( 1967 ) , ellis ( 1971 , 1976 , as cercosporidium ) , hsieh & goh ( 1990 ) , braun ( 1995a : 41 ) , braun & mel’nik ( 1997 : 16–17 ) , shin & kim ( 2001 : 135 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 21 ) , guo et al . ( 2003 : 65 ) , kamal ( 2010 : 101 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 331–332 ) .
pseudocercospora cratevicola ( s , f42112 ) . a . conidiophore fascicles . b . conidiophores . c . conidia . bar = 10 μm .
basionym : napicladium cratevae syd . & p . syd . ( “ crataevae ” ) , ann . mycol . 11 : 329 ( 1913 ) , non pseudocercospora cratevae phengsintham et al . ( 2013 ) .
synonyms : macraea cratevae ( syd . & p . syd . ) subram . ( “ crataevae ” ) , proc . indian acad . sci , b , biol . sci . , 36 ( 4 ) : 164 “1952” ( 1953 ) .
prathigada cratevae ( syd . & p . syd . ) subram . ( “ crataevae ” ) , in subramanian & ramakrishnan , j . madras univ . , b , 26 : 367 ( 1956 ) .
material examined : india : madras : coimbatore , government farm , on crateva religiosa ( capparaceae ) , 5 feb . 1912 , w . mcrae , no . 9 ( s , f42112 , holotype ) . – japan : shizuoka , ito , on crateva formosensis , 29 sep . 1999 , t . kobayashi & c . nakashima ( cns 797 and hal 2597 f ) .
basionym : macraea punjabensis subram . , proc . indian acad . sci . , b , biol . sci . , 36 : 166 “1952” ( 1953 ) , non pseudocercospora punjabensis ( syd . ) u . braun & bagyan . , 1999 .
synonym : prathigada punjabensis ( subram . ) subram . , in subramanian & ramakrishnan , j . madras univ . , b , 26 : 367 ( 1956 ) .
passalora austroplenckiae ( a . hernández - gutierrez & dianese ) u . braun , comb . nov .
basionym : prathigada austroplenckiae a . hernández - gutierrez & dianese , mycotaxon 106 : 57 ( 2009 ) .
passalora backmanii ( furlan . & dianese ) u . braun , comb . nov .
basionym : prathigada backmanii furlan . & dianese , mycol . res . 103 : 1203 ( 1999 ) .
passalora condensata ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , comb . nov .
basionym : cercospora condensata ellis & kellerm . , j . mycol . 1 ( 1 ) : 2 ( 1885 ) .
synonym : prathigada condensata ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , cryptog . mycol . 20 : 166 ( 1999 ) .
passalora gymnocladi ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , comb . nov .
basionym : cercospora gymnocladi ellis & kellerm . , bull . torrey bot . club 11 : 121 ( 1884 ) .
synonym : prathigada gymnocladi ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , sydowia 48 : 209 ( 1996 ) .
basionym : cercospora thalictri thüm . , contr . fl . mycol . lusat . 2 : 5 ( 1879 ) .
synonym : cercospora thalictri var . thalictri - flavi thüm . , mycoth . univ . : 1470 ( 1886 ) .
prathigada thalictri ( thüm . ) u . braun , in braun & mel’nik , trudy bot . inst . im . v . l . komarova 20 : 97 ( 1997 ) .
pseudocercospora speg . , anales mus . nac . buenos aires 20 : 438 , 1910 ( nom . cons . ) .
synonyms : stigmina sacc . , michelia 2 : 22 ( 1880 ) , nom . rej . [ type species : s . platani ( fuckel ) sacc . 1880 ] .
phaeoisariopsis ferraris , ann . mycol . 7 : 280 ( 1909 ) , nom rej . [ type species : ph . griseola ( sacc . ) ferraris 1909 ] .
cercosporiopsis miura , flora of manchuria and east mongolia , 3 , cryptogams : 527 ( 1928 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .
septoriopsis f . stevens & dalbey , mycologia 11 : 4 ( 1918 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .
cercoseptoria petr . , ann . mycol . 23 : 69 ( 1925 ) [ type species : c . chamaesyceae ( f . stevens & dalbey ) petr . 1925 ] .
ancyclospora sawada , rep . govt . agric . res . inst . taiwan 87 : 78 ( 1944 ) , nom . inval . ( art . 39 . 1 ) .
helicomina l . s . olive , mycologia 40 : 17 ( 1948 ) [ type species : h . caperoniae l . s . olive 1948 ] .
macraea subram . , proc . proc . indian acad . sci , section b , biol . sci . , 36 : 164 “1952” ( 1953 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .
prathigada subram . , in subramanian & ramakrishnan , j . madras univ . , b , 26 : 366 ( 1956 ) .
cercocladospora g . p . agarwal & s . m . singh , proc . natl . acad . sci . india , b , 42 : 439 “1972” ( 1974 ) [ type species : c . andinae g . p . agarwal & s . m . singh 1974 ] .
cercostigmina u . braun , cryptog . bot . 4 : 107 ( 1993 ) [ type species : c . concentrica ( cooke & ellis ) u . braun 1993 ] .
pseudophaeoramularia u . braun , trudy bot . inst . im . v . l . komarova 20 : 18 ( 1997 ) [ type species : p . geranii ( w . b . cooke & c . g . shaw ) u . braun 1997 ] .
paracercospora p . p . [ see crous et al . ( 2013 ) ] .
literature : deighton ( 1976 ) , yen & lim ( 1980 : 168–190 ) , pons & sutton ( 1988 ) , hsieh & goh ( 1990 ) , braun ( 1995a : 42 ) , guo & hsieh ( 1995 ) , braun & mel’nik ( 1997 : 18 ) , guo et al . ( 1998 ) , shin & kim ( 2001 : 158 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 25 ) , kamal ( 2010 : 143 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 364–367 ) .
pallidocercospora crous , stud . mycol . 75 : 73 ( 2012 ) [ 2013 ] .
pseudocercospora p . p . [ see crous et al . ( 2013 ) ] .
description : hyphomycetes ( asexual morphs or asexual holomorphs ) or pallidocercospora with mycosphaerella - like sexual morphs ; mycosphaerellaceae . phylogenetically distinct from pseudocercospora , forming a separate clade . in vivo morphologically indistinguishable from pseudocercospora , but in vitro forming red crystals on mea , pda , sna and wa .
description : hyphomycetes ( asexual morphs or asexual holomorphs ) ; mycosphaerellaceae . phylogenetically distinct from pseudocercospora , belonging to the “ dothistroma clade” . morphologically close to and barely distinguishable from former cercostigmina species ( cercostigmina - like pseudocercospora species ) , i . e . with unilocal , determinate to percurrent conidiogenous cells . hitherto monotypic ( the type species occurs in south africa on the legume colophospermum mopane ) .
type species : zasmidium cellare ( pers . : fr . ) fr . 1848 .
synonyms : biharia thirum . & mishra , sydowia 7 : 79 ( 1953 ) [ type species : b . vangueriae thirum . & mishra 1953 ] .
stenellopsis b . huguenin , bull . trimestriel soc . mycol . france 81 : 695 ( 1966 ) [ type species : st . fagraeae b . huguenin 1966 ] .
verrucispora d . e . shaw & alcorn , proc . linn . soc . new south wales 92 : 171 ( 1967 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .
verrucisporota d . e . shaw & alcorn , austral . syst . bot . 6 : 273 ( 1993 ) [ type species : v . proteacearum d . e . shaw & alcorn 1993 ] .
stenella p . p . [ see braun et al . ( 2010a , b ) ] .
literature : deighton ( 1979 : 52–54 , as stenella ) , ellis ( 1976 : 307–314 , as stenella ) , braun & mel’nik ( 1997 : 21 ) , braun et al . ( 2010a , b ) , shivas et al . ( 2009 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 478 ) .
description : morphologically agreeing with plant pathogenic zasmidium species , except for pileate conidiogenous loci . phylogenetically belonging in the teratosphaeriaceae ( in its current circumscription monotypic ) . stenella araguata was redescribed in ellis ( 1971 ) .
asperisporium maubl . , lavoura 16 : 212 , “1912” ( 1913 ) and bull . trimestriel soc . mycol . france 29 : 357 ( 1913 ) .
literature : ellis ( 1971 : 273–274 ; 1976 : 240–243 ) , sutton ( 1975 : 182–185 ) , von arx ( 1983 ) , braun ( 1995a : 40 ) , braun & mel’nik ( 1997 : 14 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 13 ) , minnis et al . ( 2011 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 95 ) .
literature : deighton ( 1969 : 33–39 ) , ellis ( 1971 : 303 ) , braun ( 1995a : 39 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 145 ) .
denticularia deighton , trans . brit . mycol . soc . 59 : 421 ( 1972 ) .
literature : ellis ( 1976 : 182–183 ) , braun ( 1995a : 42 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 23 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 176 ) .
notes : morphologically close to pseudocercospora ( leaf spotting hyphomycetes with unthickened , not darkened conidiogenous loci and hila ) , but the conidiogenous loci are distinctly denticle - like , and the catenate conidia are non - scolecosporous , only with 0–1 ( –3 ) septa .
literature : braun ( 1995a : 37 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 17 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 193 ) .
literature : ellis ( 1971 : 248–249 ) , rao et al . ( 1982 : 1155 ) , braun ( 1995a : 39 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 199 ) .
eriocercosporella r . kumar , a . n . rai & kamal ex u . braun , monogr . cercosporella , ramularia 2 : 398 ( 1998 ) .
type species : eriocercosporella indica r . kumar , a . n . rai & kamal ex u . braun 1998 .
synonym : eriocercosporella r . kumar , a . n . rai & kamal , indian phytopathol . 47 : 127 ( 1994 ) , nom . inval .
dictyocephala a . g . medeiros , publ . univ . recife inst . micol . 373 : 13 ( 1962 ) [ type species : d . ulmifoliae ( obreg . - bot . ) a . g . medeiros 1962 ] .
literature : deighton ( 1976 : 156–159 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 23 ) , minnis et al . ( 2011 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 325 ) .
description : foliicolous hyphomycetes , associated with leaf spots , mycosphaerellaceae . mycelium internal ; hyphae colourless or almost so . stromata developed , pigmented . conidiophores macronematous , in dense coremioid fascicles or synnemata , septate , pigmented , thin - walled , smooth ; conidiogenous cells integrated , terminal , proliferation sympodial and percurrent , conidiogenous loci planate to slightly convex , neither thickened nor darkened ( pseudocercospora - like ) . conidia formed singly , shape variable , ellipsoid - ovoid , fusiform , clavate to obclavate , didymo - to scolecosporous , with 1–11 transverse eusepta and often a single or few oblique to longitudinal septa , hila neither thickened nor darkened .
literature : crous & braun ( 2003 : 22 ) , crous et al . ( 2012 ) .
type species : parastenella magnoliae ( weedon ) j . c . david 1991 .
synonym : stenellopsis morgan - jones , mycotaxon 10 : 405 ( 1980 ) , nom illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .
literature : braun ( 1995a : 41 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 330 ) .
literature : ellis ( 1971 : 297–299 ) , braun ( 1995a : 37 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 14 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 367 ) .
notes : the phylogenetic affinity of p . venezuelanum and its relation to the mycosphaerellaceae are unknown . pseudocercosporidium resembles passalora , but the structure of the conidiogenous loci is quite distinct and closer to scars of genera like neoovularia and pseudodidymaria ( braun 1998 ) .
quasiphloeospora b . sutton , crous & shamoun , mycol . res . 100 : 979 ( 1996 ) .
type species : quasiphloeospora saximontanensis ( deighton ) b . sutton , crous & shamoun 1996 .
literature : deighton ( 1983 : 7–8 ) , braun ( 1998 : 400–401 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 14 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 376–377 ) .
description : cercosporoid hyphomycetes characterised by forming large immersed sporodochium - like conidiomata with filiform , somewhat pigmented , irregularly verruculose conidiophores , aseptate , i . e . reduced to conidiogenous cells , monoblastic , determinate or sympodially to percurrently proliferating , with slightly thickened and darkened conidiogenous loci , and very pale to somewhat pigmented scolecosporous conidia formed singly .
scolecostigmina u . braun , new zealand j . bot . 37 : 323 ( 1999 ) .
type species : scolecostigmina mangiferae ( koord . ) u . braun & mouch . 1999 .
stigmina p . p . [ see braun ( 1999 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 ) ] .
literature : crous & braun ( 2003 : 24 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 : 74–75 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 396 ) .
description : scolecostigmina is morphologically close to pseudocercospora , above all to former cercostigmina species ( leaf spotting dematiaceous hyphomycetes with sporodochial conidiomata , macronematous densely fasciculate conidiophores , percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells , neither thickened nor darkened applanate loci , and scolecosporous , plurieuseptate , pigmented conidia formed singly ) , but the wall of the conidiophores is somewhat thickened and mostly verruculose , possesses conspicuous , coarse annellations and the conidia are transversely and occasionally also obliquely or longitudinally septate .
type species : semipseudocercospora peristrophes - acuminatae ( j . m . yen ) j . m . yen 1983 .
description : morphologically close to pseudocercospora ( leaf spotting hyphomycetes with unthickened , not darkened conidiogenous loci and hila ) , but the conidiogenous cells are not geniculate , i . e . not distinctly sympodially proliferating , the conidiogenous loci are distinctly denticle - like , and the solitary conidia are didymo - to phragmosporous , i . e . not scolecosporous .
type species : sirosporium antenniforme ( berk . & m . a . curtis ) bubák & serebrian . 1912 .
literature : ellis ( 1963 : 2–11 ; 1971 : 288–290 ; 1976 : 299–303 ) , braun ( 1995a : 39 ) , mel’nik ( 2000 : 284–288 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 18 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 404 ) .
description : morphologically close to passalora , i . e . above all mycovellosiella - like ( leaf spotting dematiaceous hyphomycetes with internal and external mycelium , superficial hyphae giving rise to solitary conidiophores , lateral and terminal , conidiophores may also be formed in fascicles , conspicuous conidiogenous loci and hila , thickened and darkened , conidia solitary , size , shape and septation variable ) , but the conidia are relatively thick - walled and at least partly dictyosporous .
several hyphomycete genera have previously been considered to be and treated as cercosporoid genera , but based on modern phylogenetic examinations they are not part of the family mycosphaerellaceae and the corresponding clade , i . e . they belong elsewhere and are not cercosporoid s . str . species of such genera are not treated here :
miuraea hara , byochugai - hoten ( manual of pests and diseases ) : ( 260 ) , 779 ( 1948 ) .
type species : miuraea degenerans ( syd . & p . syd . ) hara 1948 .
literature : von arx ( 1983 : 39 ) , braun ( 1995a : 218–223 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 293 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 : 69 ) .
phaeomycocentrospora crous , h . d . shin & u . braun , stud . mycol . 75 : 61 ( 2012 ) [ 2013 ] [ pleosporales ]
type species : phaeomycocentrospora cantuariensis ( e . s . salmon & wormald ) crous , h . d . shin & u . braun 2013 .
literature : von arx ( 1981 , 1983 ) , braun ( 1990 : 71 ; 1995a : 211–215 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 22 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 437 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 : 61 ) .
xenostigmina crous , mycol . mem . 21 : 154 ( 1998 ) [ pleosporales , phaeosphaeriaceae ]
notes : xenostigmina and its synasexual morphs in mycopappus belong to the pleosporales ( crous et al . 2013 ) , i . e . they are not part of the mycosphaerellaceae , in contrast to stigmina s . str . which has been reduced to synonym with pseudocercospora ( crous et al . 2006 ) .
expanded keys to cercosporoid genera and morphologically similar and confusable genera have been published in braun ( 1995a : 23–36 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 28–32 ) and braun in seifert et al . ( 2011 : 887–893 ) .
1 saprobic or biotrophic , plant pathogenic hyphomycetes , causing various lesions , mostly leaf - spotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
hyperparasitic ( pathogenic on other fungi ) or strictly fungicolous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2 ( 1 ) very large immersed sporodochium - like conidiomata , about 40–130 μm diam , with filiform , somewhat pigmented , irregularly verruculose conidiophores , aseptate , i . e . reduced to conidiogenous cells , monoblastic , determinate or sympodially to percurrently proliferating , with slightly thickened and darkened conidiogenous loci , and pale ( subhyaline ) to somewhat pigmented scolecosporous conidia formed singly ; on
with other characters or combinations of characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
solitary or in small loose fascicles ( groups ) emerging through stomata , laxly erect , frequently branched , very pale brown ; conidiogenous cells integrated , terminal , intercalary or pleurogenous ( as lateral branchlets ) , conidiogenous loci conspicuous , protruding , convex ( papilla - like ) , but wall of the loci neither distinctly thickened nor darkened , only somewhat refractive ; conidia solitary , didymo - to scolecosporous , pigmented ( deeper in pigmentation than the conidiophores ) , hila neither thickened nor darkened other characters or combinations of characters ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
with conidiogenous loci different , not papilla - like , but truncate , either inconspicuous or more denticle - like , but always unthickened and not darkened , or with conspicuously thickened and darkened - refractive loci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 ( 3 ) conidiogenous loci inconspicuous , neither thickened nor darkened or subconspicuous by being more rigid or denticle - like , but wall of the loci always unthickend and not darkened , at most somewhat refractive , or only slightly thickened and darkened around the rim ( formed as minute somewhat darker rim visible as darker circle ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
conidiogenous loci conspicuous , thickened and darkened throughout , except for a very minute centre pore ( in front view visible as minute dark circle ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
, hyphae verruculose - verrucose ; conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary , denticulate , with lateral short peg - like protuberances , conidiogenous loci inconspicuous , neither thickened nor darkened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
superficial hyphae in vivo lacking or , if present , smooth or almost so ; with genuine conidiophores , at least not with consistently peg - like protuberances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
conidiophores in vivo solitary , fasciculate or in sporodochia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
conidia usually consistenty transversely septate ; on other hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pseudocercospora ( synnematous species )
8 ( 6 ) conidiophores in sporodochial conidiomata ; wall of the densely arranged conidiophores somewhat thickened and mostly distinctly verruculose , forming conspicuous , coarse annellations ; conidia transversely and occasionally also obliquely or longitudinally septate , wall often somewhat thickened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidiophores thin - walled , rarely somewhat thickened , but then always smooth , annellations lacking or if present fine and rather inconspicuous ; conidia usually thin - walled and transversely septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9 ( 8 ) conidiophores in dense fascicles or in sporodochial conidiomata , distinctly verruculose ; conidia solitary , didymo - to phragmosporous , distinctly verruculose - verrucose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidiophores and conidia smooth or almost so , at most faintly rough - walled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10 ( 9 ) conidiogenous cells with distinct denticles ; conidia amero - to phragmosporous , i . e . not scolecosporous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
conidiogenous cells not denticulate or only subdenticulate ( conidiogenous loci on shoulders caused by sympodial proliferation ) and then scolecosporous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
11 ( 10 ) conidiogenous cells not geniculate , i . e . not distinctly sympodially proliferating , conidiogenous loci formed as distinct terminal to lateral denticles ; conidia solitary , didymo - to phragmosporous ; on
conidiogenous cells sympodially proliferating ; conidia catenate , 0–1 ( –3 ) - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . denticularia
conidiogenesis holoblastic ; width of loci and conidium initials different , narrowed at the attachment point between conidiogenous cells and conidium initial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
without red crystals ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidiophores solitary or fasciculate ; morphologically barely distinguishable from pseudocercospora , but phylogenetically distinct and with red crystals in vitro ( p . heimii complex ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pallidocercospora
also verruculose ) ; conidia smooth or almost so to mostly verruculose - verrucose as well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
superficial hyphae in vivo lacking or , if present , smooth or almost so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
conidiogenous loci planate ( cercospora - like ) [ mycosphaerellaceae ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zasmidium
] ; conidia always colourless , usually scolecosporous , acicular , filiform , obclavate - cylindrical , and pluriseptate , rarely amero - to phragmosporous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidiophores and conidia pigmented , at least faintly olivaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
17 ( 16 ) conidia consistently distoseptate ; conidiophores mostly frequently branched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidia aseptate to euseptate or at most few distosepta mixed with eusepta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
18 ( 17 ) conidia distinctly ( usually coarsely ) verruculose - verrucose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
conidia smooth or almost so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
19 ( 18 ) conidiophores mostly numerous in dense sporodochial conidiomata ; conidia solitary , usually amero - to phragmosporous , occasionally with longitudinal or oblique septa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidiophores fasciculate ; conidia solitary , but scolecosporous , only transversely septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zasmidium ( p . p . , species without superficial hyphae in vivo )
conidia solitary to catenate , amero - to scolecosporous , not rostrate , usually thin - walled ; in vivo with or without superficial mycelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
with solitary conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae ; conidia scolecosporous , fairly thick - walled , with transverse and occasionally also longitudinal and oblique septa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
in vivo with internal or internal and external hyphae ; conidia amero - to scolecosporous , thin - walled , transversely septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
22 ( 21 ) conidia solitary or catenate ; conidiogenous loci and conidial hila always distinctly thickened and darkened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidia catenate ; conidiogenous loci subconspicuous , ranging from inconspicuous to conspicuous by being somewhat darkened - refractive , but always unthickened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see pseudocercospora p . p . ( incl . pseudophaeoramularia )
in vivo with solitary conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae ; conidiogenous loci not denticle - like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
24 ( 23 ) conidia catenate ; conidiogenous loci somewhat thickened and darkened ; on cercosporoid hyphomycetes and rusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
conidia solitary ; conidiogenous loci subconspicuous , unthickened , not or only slightly darkened - refractive ; on sooty moulds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eriocercospora
conidiophores very long , about 25–500 μm ; on rust fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
conidiophores much shorter , about 8–40 μm ; on cercosporoid hyphomycetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
stromata lacking ; conidia ( 7– ) 15–40 ( –50 ) × 3 . 5–4 . 5 μm , ( 0– ) 1–2 ( –5 ) - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c . uredinicola
stromata well - developed and large , 20–90 ( –150 ) μm diam ; conidia broader , 4–6 . 5 μm , ( 0– ) 1 ( –3 ) - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c . uredines
conidia much shorter , 9–15 × 3–4 μm , 0–3 - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c . deightonii
cladosporiella cercosporicola deighton , mycol . pap . 101 : 35 ( 1965 ) .
2 . cladosporiella cercosporoides ( k ( m ) imi 107538b ) . 3 . c . deightonii ( hal 1649 f ) . 4 . c . uredinicola ( k ( m ) imi 43280b ) . 5 . c . uredinis ( k ( m ) imi 16432b ) . a . solitary conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae . b . superficial hyphae . c . conidia . d . conidiophore fascicles . e . conidiophore tips . bar = 10 μm .
illustrations : deighton ( 1965 : 36 , fig . 14 ) , ellis ( 1971 : 303 , fig . 209 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 709 , fig . 227b ) .
holotype : sabah : on passalora koepkei , mycosphaerellaceae , on saccharum officinarum , poaceae , 1964 , j . solomon ( k ( m ) imi 107538b ) .
illustration : castañeda & braun ( 1989 : 45 , fig . 9 ) .
types : cuba : los corrales de guisa , granma , on cercospora coffeicola , mycosphaerellaceae , on coffea arabica , rubiaceae , 24 june 1987 , r . f . castañeda ( inifat c87 / 171 - holotype ; hal 1649 f – isotype ) .
cladosporiella uredinicola deighton , mycol . pap . 118 : 33 ( 1969 ) .
holotype : sierra leone : dodo , on uredosori of puccinia eucomi , pucciniaceae , on andropogon auriculatus , poaceae , 15 apr . 1940 , f . c . deighton ( k ( m ) imi 43280b ) .
host range and distribution : on uredo - and teleutosori of rust fungi , on puccinia eucomi , pucciniaceae , and ravenelia zygiae , raveneliaceae , africa ( sierra leone ) .
cladosporiella uredinis deighton , mycol . pap . 118 : 36 ( 1969 ) .
types : philippines : on uredosori ( uredo sp . ) on scirpus grossus , cyperaceae , 20 mar . 1913 , p . w . graff , sydow , fungi exot . exs . 444 ( p . p . ) ( k ( m ) imi 164332b – holotype ; sydow , fungi exot . exs . 444 ( e . g . bpi 420980 ) – isotypes ) .
host range and distribution : on uredo - and teleutosori of rust fungi , on puccinia ( polygoni - amphibi , scleriae , solmsii , thaliae ) and uredo sp . , pucciniaceae , asia ( india , malaysia , philippines ) , west indies ( trinidad ) .
holotype : cuba : prov . pinar del rio : soroa , on living leaves of blechnum occidentale l . , blechnaceae , 11 mar . 1987 , r . f . castañeda ( inifat c87 / 82 ) .
notes : this is a foliicolous species with very long , simple or branched , pigmented , 8–15 - septate conidiophores , 180–300 × 6–7 μm , ramoconidia and extremely long , brown conidia , 100–310 × 4–5 μm , with 15–30 ( –35 ) septa . the generic affinity of this unusual species is quite unclear .
conidiophores very long , 100–250 μm , frequently branched ; conidia 12–60 × ( 4– ) 5–7 . 5 ( –10 ) μm , ( 0– ) 2–4 ( –6 ) - septate , very pale olivaceous ; on phyllachora parasitica and phyllachora sp . , africa , north and south america . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . parasitica
conidiophores shorter , 85–120 μm , unbranched ; conidia 17–23 × 7–9 μm , ( 1– ) 2 ( –3 ) - septate , pale olivaceous - ochraceous ; on phyllachora shiraiana , asia , japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . ochracea
elletevera ochracea ( yam 24294 ) . a . conidiophores arising from stroma cells . b . conidiophores . c . conidiophore tip . d . conidia . bar = 10 μm .
holotype : japan : yamaguchi pref . : nishiki - cho , mt . jakuchi , on stromata of phyllachora shiraiana , phyllachoraceae , on leaves of sasa palmata , poaceae , 6 may 1985 , k . katumoto ( yam 24294 ) .
elletevera parasitica ( ellis & everh . ) deighton , mycol . pap . 118 : 19 ( 1969 ) .
elletevera parasitica ( ny , holotype ) . a . conidiophores . b . conidia . bar = 10 μm .
basionym : pyricularia parasitica ellis & everh . , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 45 : 462 “1893” ( 1894 ) .
synonym : pyricularia grisea var . parasitica ellis & everh . , in sumstine , mycologia 41 : 13 ( 1949 ) , nom . nud .
illustrations : deighton ( 1969 : 19 , fig . 11 and pl . 1 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 701 , fig . 219c ) .