crotalus cerastes cercobombus is a venomous pitviper subspecies found in an area that covers much of the eastern part of the sonoran desert in the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico .

the subspecific epithet means buzzertail .

crotalus cerastes cercobombus

crotalus cerastes cerastes hallowell 1854 crotalus cerastes hallowell 1854 : 95 crotalus cerastes cerastes klauber 1944 crotalus cerastes — stebbins 1985 : 229 crotalus cerastes — liner 1994 crotalus cerastes — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 279 crotalus crastes [ sic ] — aldridge & duvall 2002 ( in error ) aechmophrys cerastes — hoser 2009 crotalus cerastes cerastes — beaman & hayes 2008 crotalus cerastes — wallach et al . 2014 : 189 crotalus cerastes cercobombus savage & cliff 1953 crotalus cerastes cercobombus — beaman & hayes 2008 crotalus cerastes cercobombus — skubowius 2012 crotalus cerastes laterorepens klauber 1944 crotalus cerastes laterorepens — klauber 1952 : 112 crotalus cerastes laterorepens — beaman & hayes 2008
teunissen , daisy 2012 . crotalus cerastes cercobombus . litteratura serpentium 32 ( 4 ) : 236 - 245 - get paper here
houston , t . c . 2005 . ophiophagy in a captive sonoran desert sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes cercobombus ) . herpetol . rev . [ in review ]
there are 3 subspecies of sidewinder . mojave desert ( cerastes ) , sonoran desert ( cercobombus ) and colorado desert ( laterorepens ) .
sonoran desert sidewinder ( c . c . cercobombus - savage & cliff , 1953 )
scientific name : crotalus cerastes cercobombus description : sidewinders are know for their sideways locomotion , moving in an s - shaped curve . they can be colored cream , tan , pink or gray without a conspicuous pattern .
sievert , j . 2002 . beobachtungen bei der vergesellschaftung von männlichen crotalus cerastes cerastes hallowell 1854 im terrarium . sauria 24 ( 3 ) : 45 - 46 - get paper here
sievert , jens 2008 . die seitenwinderklapperschlange crotalus cerastes . natur und tier verlag , münster , 64 pp . - get paper here
venomous ! crotalus scutulatus scutulatus and crotalus cerastes laterorepens hybridized in captivity . the validity of the subspecies of c . cerastes is questioned by crother ( 2000 ) . nomenclature : hoser’s 2009 classification and nomenclature has been rejected as unnecessary and unavailable by wüster & bernils 2011 .
strimple , pete 1993 . crotalus cerastes , the sidewinder . litteratura serpentium 13 ( 6 ) : 180 - 183 - get paper here
sievert , j . 2002 . crotalus cerastes hallowell . sauria ( suppl . ) 24 ( 3 ) : 559 - 564 - get paper here
also , shouldn ' t it be crotalus viridus concolor instead of crotalus concolor . since it is a subspecies of the prarie rattlesnake ( crotalus viridus viridus ) . phillip higgins live and let live
randel , c . j . , iii , and h . o . clark , jr . 2007 . mojave desert sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes cerastes ) behavior . sonoran herpetologist 20 ( 9 ) : 96 . - get paper here
cercobombus : mexico ( nw sonora ) , usa ( arizona ) ; type locality : near gila bend , maricopa county , arizona , usa .
bakker , john 2003 . my experiences in keeping and breeding crotalus cerastes hallowell , 1854 . litteratura serpentium 23 ( 3 ) : 141 - 144 - get paper here
tai - a - pin , j . 2008 . crotalus cerastes , de sidewinder of hoornratelslang . lacerta 66 ( 1 - 3 ) : 22 - 29 - get paper here
powell , r . ; inboden , m . & smith , d . b . 1990 . erstnachweis von hybriden zwischen den klapperschlangen crotalus cerastes laterorepens klauber 1944 und crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ( kennicott 1861 ) . salamandra 26 ( 4 ) : 319 - 320 - get paper here
crotalus cerastes - hallowell , 1854 - proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , vol . 7 , p . 95 crotalus cerastes laterorepens - klauber , 1944 - trans . san diego soc . nat . hist . , vol . 10 , p . 94 , fig . 2 , map from original description citations for the reptiles and amphibians of north america © ellin beltz
c . c . laterorepens - colorado desert sidewinder compared to c . c . cerastes - mohave desert sidewinder
rorabaugh , j . c . 2007 . apparent rain harvesting by a colorado desert sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes laterorepens ) . sonoran herpetologist 20 ( 12 ) : 128 - 129 . - get paper here
this subspecies , crotalus cerastes laterorepens - colorado desert sidewinder , is found in southeastern california - roughly south of the san bernardino county line and west to the slopes of the peninsular ranges . the species crotalus cerastes - sidewinder , is found in the southern california deserts , east through southern nevada to extreme southwestern utah , into western arizona , and south into northeast baja california mexico , and northwest sonora , mexico .
walde , andrew d . ; andrea currylow , angela m . walde , joel strong 2016 . arboreal behaviours of the sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes ) rattlesnake herpetology notes 9 : 55 - 58 - get paper here
great article . i am looking to purchase a pair or two of crotalus cerastes sonoran and mojave or other southern cal subspecies . captive born only . cash paid . will p / u within 150 miles .
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goodman , c . m . , schraft , h . a . & clark , r . w . 2017 . crotalus cerastes ( sidewinder ) diet / scavenging . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 670 .
klauber , laurence m . 1944 . the sidewinder , crotalus cerastes , with description of a new subspecies . transactions of the san diego society of natural history 10 ( 8 ) : 91 - 126 - get paper here
blomstem , patrik , gordon w . schuett , mats höggren and randall s . reiserer . 2016 . fifteen consecutive years of successful reproduction in a captive female sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes ) herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 69 - 72
the sidewinder is a small rattlesnake from the southwest range of the united states and the northwest of mexico . hallowell was the first to describe the species in 1854 as crotalus cerastes ( 58 . 7 cm ) . l . klauber described the subspecies
savage , j . m . and cliff , f . s . 1953 . a new subspecies of sidewinder , crotalus cerastes , from arizona . nat . hist . misc . ( chicago acad . sci . j ( 119 ) : 1 - 7
fig 2 . variation to an extent is common within this species . this photograph illustrates the variation in crotalus concolor .
please note a new website : western rattlers : biological notes on the crotalus oreganus complex from the colorado plateau . urltoken
cerastes : e california , w nevada , sw utah , nw arizona ; type locality : bank of the mojave river and mojave desert , california , usa .
webber , michael m . ; tereza jezkova , and javier a . rodríguez - robles < br / > 2016 . feeding ecology of sidewinder rattlesnakes , crotalus cerastes ( viperidae ) herpetologica , vol . 72 , no . 4 , december 2016 : 324 - 330 . < br / > - get paper here
the dark segment of the rattle closest to the body on an adult c . c . laterorepens is black . the dark segment of the rattle closest to the body on an adult c . c . cerastes is brown , the dark rattle segment may not become fully black on c . c . laterorepens until the snake is an adult with 3 or more rattle segments . the last dark marks on the tail do not always correspond to the color of the dark rattle segment . c . c . cerastes has 21 scale rows . c . c . laterorepens has 23 scale rows . c . c . laterorepens has a higher number of ventral scales than c . c . cerastes . for more information see klauber , 1944 c . cerastes subspecies .
winchell , s . 2007 . klapperschlangen ! die gattung crotalus . reptilia ( münster ) 12 ( 66 ) : 18 - 25 - get paper here
sidewinders are nice snakes ! i publish small herpmagazine rästik ( adder ) , where are articles in estonian but are abridged versions from all articles in english ) . in next issue is article about mojave sidewinder ( crotalus c . cerastes ) . this subspecies is quite interesting but very tiny . especially juveniles whom should force - feed quite long time . very often to 1 year . after that they eat without help . other two subspecies - colorado sidewinder ( crotalus c . laterorepens ) and sonora sidewinder are much bigger . toomas urltoken
brennan , t . c . , holycross , a . t . 2004 crotalus oreganus concolor . geo . dist . herpetol . rev . 35 ( 2 ) .
some rattlesnake species are very rare and have small ranges . the banded rock rattlesnake , crotalus lepidus is
a very obscure , protected species in the chiricahua mountains .
the ridgenose rattlesnake , crotalus willardi , is a another very rare , protected species , also found in the chiricahua mountains in southern arizona , as is sisturus milarius , the western massasauga ,
a pygmy rattler .
smaller pygmy rattlers are placed in the genus sisturus . the tiger rattlesnake , crotalus tigris , is also
very rare
and has distinct tiger - like stripes .
hoser , r . 2009 . a reclassification of the rattlesnakes ; species formerly exclusively referred to the genera crotalus and sistrurus . australasian j . herpetol . 3 : 1 - 21 - get paper here
they belong to the genus crotalus , that of rattlesnakes and 3 subspecies are currently recognized by scientists . they are also known by other common names like the horned rattlesnake , sidewinder rattlesnake or sidewinder rattler .
ashton , k . g . 2003 . movement and mating behavior of adult m ale midget - faded r attlesnakes , crotalus oreganu s concolor , in wyoming . copeia 2003 : 190 - 19 4 .
ashton , k . g . and t . m . patton . 2001 . movement and reproductive biology of female midget faded rattlesnakes , crotalus viridis concolor , in wyoming . copeia 2001 : 229 - 234 .
c . c . cerastes - mohave desert sidewinder c . s . scutulatus - northern mohave rattlesnake c . atrox - western diamond - backed rattlesnake c . ruber - red diamond rattlesnake c . m . pyrrhus - southwestern speckled rattlesnake c . o . helleri - southern pacific rattlesnake
wüster , w . & bérnils , r . s . 2011 . on the generic classification of the rattlesnakes , with special reference to the neotropical crotalus durissus complex ( squamata : viperidae ) . zoologia 28 ( 4 ) : 417–419
mackessy , s . p . , k . williams , and k . g . ashton . 2003 . ontogenetic variation in venom composition and diet of crotalus oreganus concolor . a case of venom paedomorphosis ? . copeia 2003 : 769 - 782 .
douglas , michael e . ; marlis r . douglas , gordon w . schuett & louis w . porras 2006 . evolution of rattlesnakes ( viperidae : crotalus ) in the warm deserts of western north america shaped by neogene vicariance and quaternary climate change . molecular ecology 15 : 3353 - 3374
the midget faded rattlesnake is one of the smallest rattlesnakes in colorado plateau region of the united states . these small rattlesnakes are believed to be a stunted form of the great basin rattlesnake ( crotalus lutosus ) similar in superficial appearance to the hopi rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis nuntius ) . although nuntius and concolor are similar it is not believed to be a direct relationship ( douglas et al . 2002 ) . recent studies using mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) and d - 2 loop sequencing has suggested to elevate midget faded rattlesnakes as well as others from the “western viridis complex” to full species status ( douglas et al . 2002 ) .
very nice ! ( have read the dutch version already : ) ) good to hear you ' l keep breeding them . ( just for readers ' info , i ' ve bought 2 crotalus c c neonates from john , and they are absolutely perfect snaks ( if you get them feeding that is : ) ) bye , peter
kinds of rattlesnakes in arizona . a strict inclusion chart of the scientific taxonomy . herein the known species and subspecies are presented according to their scientific classification . the genus sisturus represents the pygmy rattlesnakes , of which one species is known in arizona . in the genus crotalus there are ten species and six subspecies of two of the species .
douglas , m . e . , m . r . douglas , g . w . schuett , l . w . porras , and a . t . holycross . 2002 . phylogeography of the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) complex , with emphasis on the colorado plateau . in scheutt et al . [ eds . ] , biol . of the vipers 2002 : 11 - 50 .
in conclusion , midget faded rattlesnakes ( crotalus concolor ) are a wonderful and unique species that requires little effort for successful captive propagation . although , keeping and breeding concolor is a rewarding experience for all involved , t hese animals are at high risk from human encroachment and are a species that needs conservational attention . therefore , with an increase in captive propagation , research , and public education this species can be around for many more generations to enjoy .
the western diamondback rattlesnake , crotalus atrox , is the most common species . they are difficult to see ;
they blend in very well .
many years ago it wasn ' t too uncommon to find six - footers , but now with habitat destruction . . . seeing anything over four feet is pretty rare .
the western diamondback range is arkansas to southern california and south into northern mexico . they have ten rattles at about 5 - 6 years of age .
there are
seventeen different types of rattlesnakes
in arizona . direct elicitation revealed that
types
refers to the
eleven main species and six subspecies
so far known and recorded in arizona . rattlesnakes in arizona belong to two genera of snakes . one species is a member of the genus sisturus .
the smaller pygmy rattlers are in the sisturus .
the remainder are members of the genus crotalus . arizona has more types of rattlesnakes than in any other area in their range , with seventeen of the
thirty known species , including subspecies
of rattlesnakes .
the arizona speckled rattlesnake , crotalus mitchelli ,
has a very unique distinction . . . of being the only blue - eyed snake in the entire northern hemisphere .
its coloration
ranges all the way from a snow white , all the way to a grey , all the way to royal blue in some areas , and in the red rock areas it will actually take on a red tint .
their head is small , and as a bat eater they are unique . they are
twice as venomous as a western diamondback
although
full grown at three feet
in length . they are most prevalent in mountains in the gila bend to yuma area . they are an uncommon species .
the venom of the midget faded rattlesnake is composed of a much higher neurotoxin than one would assume . this species carries the presence of a phospholipase a2 - based b - neurotoxin ( concolor toxin ) and several myotoxins ( mackessy et al . 2003 ) which makes concolor venoms highly toxic . in fact concolor is the most toxic out of the ( western rattlesnake clade , crotalus oreganus ) . it was hypothesized that concolor had an ontogenetic variation in venom composition due to is shifts in diet from juvenile to adulthood . however , it was discovered that although juveniles feed predominantly on lizards ( scleoporus ssp . ) and adult s on rodents ( peromyscus and tamias ) there isn ' t much in ontogenetic varia tion in venoms ( mackessy et al . 2003 ) .
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uetz , p . & jirí hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )
mcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . touré
snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
laterorepens : california , arizona , ne baja california , nw sonora ; type locality : the narrows , san diego county , california , usa .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
aldridge , r . d . & duvall , d . 2002 . evolution of the mating season in the pitvipers of north america . herpetological monographs 16 : 1 - 25 - get paper here
alshammari , ahmed m . eman el - abd ; massimo ciccozzi ; alessandra lo presti ; marta giovanetti ; eleonora cella 2014 . single - gene versus double - gene tree analyses in molecular classification of saudi venomous snakes . arab j sci eng . ; < br / > doi 10 . 1007 / s13369 - 014 - 1491 - y - get paper here
beaman , k . r . & hayes , w . k . 2008 . rattlesnakes : research trends and annotated checklist . in : hayes et al . ( eds ) , the biology of rattlesnakes . loma linda university press , pp . 5 - 16
bezy , r . l . , p . c . rosen , t . r . van devender , and e . f . enderson . 2017 . southern distributional limits of the sonoran desert herpetofauna along the mainland coast of northwestern mexico . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 1 ) : 138–167 - get paper here
campbell , j . a . & lamar , w . w . 1989 . the venomous reptiles of latin america . comstock publishing / cornell university press , ithaca
crother , b . i . ( ed . ) 2012 . standard common and current scientific names for north american amphibians , turtles , reptiles , and crocodilians , seventh edition . herpetological circular 39 : 1 - 92
cunningham , john d . 1966 . field observations on the thermal relations of rattlesnakes . southwestern naturalist 11 ( 1 ) : 140 - 142 - get paper here
hallowell , e . 1854 . description of new reptiles from california . proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 7 [ 1854 ] : 91 - 97 - get paper here
heimes , p . 2016 . snakes of mexico . chimaira , frankfurt , 572 pp
jones , thomas r . ; randall d . babb , frank r . hensley , christine liwanpo , and brian k . sullivan 2011 . sonoran desert snake communities at two sites : concordance and effects of increased road traffic . herp . cons . biol . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 - 71 - get paper here
klauber , laurence m . 1952 . taxonomic studies on rattlesnakes of mainland mexico . bulletins of the zoological society of san diego ( 26 ) : 1 - 143
klauber , lawrence m . 1943 . the correlation of variability within and between rattlesnake populations . copeia 1943 ( 2 ) : 115 - 118 - get paper here
lillywhite , harvey b . 2014 . how snakes work : structure , function and behavior of the world ' s snakes . oxford university press , new york , 256 pp
marvi , hamidreza ; chaohui gong , nick gravish , henry astley , matthew travers , ross l . hatton , joseph r . mendelson iii , howie choset , david l . hu , and daniel i . goldman 2014 . sidewinding with minimal slip : snake and robot ascent of sandy slopes . science 346 ( 6206 ) : 224 - 229 ; doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1255718 - get paper here
mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .
meik , jesse m and andré pires - dasilva 2009 . evolutionary morphology of the rattlesnake style . bmc evolutionary biology 2009 , 9 : 35 - get paper here
nevárez - de los reyes ; manuel , david lazcano , javier banda - leal and ian recchio 2014 . notes on mexican herpetofauna 22 : herpetofauna of the continental portion of themunicipality of hermosillo , sonora , mexico . bull . chicago herp . soc . 49 ( 8 ) : 105 - 115 - get paper here
phelps , t . 2010 . old world vipers . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 558 pp . [ critical review in sauria 33 ( 3 ) : 19 and hr 43 : 503 ]
reiserer , randall s . and gordon w . schuett 2016 . the origin and evolution of the rattlesnake rattle : misdirection , clarification , theory , and progress - get paper here
skubowius , bernd 2012 . auf schlangensuche in arizona . draco 13 ( 50 ) : 62 - 69 - get paper here
stebbins , r . c . 1985 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians , 2nd ed . houghton mifflin , boston
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
werning , heiko 2012 . die reptilien und amphibien des südwestens . draco 13 ( 50 ) : 18 - 60 - get paper here
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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it is finally a sunny day in central europe and my sidewinder takes a little sunbath thousands of miles from home . enjoy . . .
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) and sometimes - rocky hills . the difference between the three subspecies ( aside from geographical variations ) is primarily their size , with
all three sidewinders have the characteristic elevated scales ( horns ) above their eyes . it is thought that these
horns
protect the eyes when digging in the sand . the color of the three species varies from yellow , light brown to grey .
is normally of a creamy white color . all three sidewinders have 28 - 45 red - brown spots along the length of their back . along the length of the back are from 141 - 146 scales .
consists primarily of mice , kangaroo rats and lizards . funk ( 1965 ) also mentioned birds ( sparrow ) and small snakes ( arizona ,
is primarily nocturnal and cars kill many snakes while they lay on the ( still ) warm asphalt . in spite of their small size , they are still a complete rattlesnake . the venom is potentially deadly and the only reason that bite accidents normally are not fatal is because of the small quantity of venom that is injected . the rattle is well developed and can be heard from a long distance away .
the male ( captive bred in 1993 in germany ) i bought in february 1996 . the animal was and still is about 40 cm long . it was placed in a terrarium measuring 100 - 50 - 50 cm . this terrarium was heated using a 60 - watt lightbulb , which was placed over a rocky cave . as a substrate i used sand and some rocks . cactuswood and a small water container were placed in the terrarium . the dth was 35° celsius under the lightbulb and 22° celsius at the other end of the terrarium . ntl was 20° celsius .
the male is a moderate eater who eats about six mice between two hibernations . after i had the male for about six months , i bought a beautiful looking female at a snake convention . i could not have been happier , but the very next morning she died !
several months later i bought 10 one - month - old juveniles . each animal was placed in a transparent shoebox with sand as a substrate , a hiding box and a watercontainer . these shoeboxes were placed on a heating strip .
in the beginning all the animals refused to eat , but after several force - feeding they all took pinkies willingly . prey was offered every 7 - 10 days and the juveniles did well . when the animals were about 4 months old they began to die one by one . after research there was no cause found . all the young ate well and then died one or two days later . (
after this disappointment i bought an adult female in october 1998 . because i knew the owner and had seen the animal many times at his house . i was sure i could place the two animals together . well , that was a hit . i put the two together at 1800 hrs and ten minutes later they were in copula until 1120 hrs the next morning . this kind of mating was seen daily over a long period and when the animals were placed in hibernation there were 162 hours of mating on the record . the female had eaten the entire time , sometimes even during mating .
the animals were placed in hibernation in november 1998 at a constant temperature of 15° celsius . in march the animals were placed back in the terrarium with the normal heating . the female started eating right away but the male only wanted to mate . maybe this is the time to mention that according to renae thijssen , two males cannot be kept together . he has seen that some males , who were kept together for a long time , started to bite each other heavily for no apparent reason .
in the following weeks , i observed numerous matings . the female always stayed in the warm area of the terrarium and ate everything she could catch . she became heavier , and on the 24
of june she laid 8 infertile eggs . after i cleaned the terrarium , i offered her two mice , which she took like there was no tomorrow . much to my surprise , the two lovers were in copula the next morning .
went wrong the last time ? was one of the animals infertile or was the female already pregnant and did the eggs die during hibernation ? after discussing this with my friend renae thijssen , we decided to use the following technique . the animals were not placed in hibernation and a 15 - watt heating pad was placed in the rocky cave , which was heated 24 / 7 .
the lightbulb was burning on the normal schedule . this gave the animals the chance to select their favourite spot . it was odd to see that the female stayed in the cool area of the terrarium almost all of the time . the animals just kept on mating and both stayed on their food . in the beginning of march , the female became extremely heavy . with a length of 52 cm , the girth of her body measured about 20 - cm . from march on she stayed on the heating pad at night with the rear end of her body , but as soon as the light went on she went to the cooler area . her eating habits were ferocious , - - 2 - 3 mice were taken and if i were not careful , she would steal the mouse from the male .
from the end of april on she stayed almost constantly on the heating pad . only with the extreme temperatures in the first two weeks of may she would sometimes leave the hotspot .
of may she refused food for the first time since 1998 . she stayed near a mouse with her head resting on it as if she wanted to save it for later . after i removed the smelly mouse after two days she instantly moved to the warm end of the terrarium .
i got a good tip from a friend , renae thijssen . he has bought many young sidewinders in the past and they have all survived . one of his techniques is to give all the juveniles a drop of water on a regular basis . this is done by placing a drop of water on the juveniles mouth with a pipette . i cannot say if this method works , but it is worth trying . who knows ?
shows that young snakes of this species have to
learn to drink
. in all rattlesnake literature it is said that
i would like to thank rena thijssen for his advice and cooperation , and my very good friend fred van lit for editing the english version of this article .
that is a great article . as someone that just moved to the southwest and keeps ` winders , you have put together a very good over view of keeping these animals . thanks , i ` ll use your info for my animals . bill .
hey john that is a very good article you wrote and makes me want to work with sidewinders even more . i am 14 years old and have the experience needed and know the responsibilities towards keeping these snakes . do you think it is okay for me to keep sidewinders as my first venomous . i have worked with these guys before , so i know what i am doing . i have also worked with other rattlesnakes out in the field .
thank you for your article . i have been seriously considering keeping sidewinders lately and this article has given me some much needed insight . luke
great article , very informative and i enjoyed it very much . since the original article was written several years ago , how about writing an update discussing how everything went with the neonates and what you have going on with this species now ? shannon
great article , very informative and i enjoyed it very much . since the original article was written several years ago , how about writing an update discussing how everything went with the neonates and what you have going on with this species now ?
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species ' range extends from southeastern california , southern nevada , and extreme southwestern utah , south through southwestern arizona in the united states , to northeastern baja california and northwestern sonora , and isla tiburon , in mexico ( grismer 2002 , stebbins 2003 , campbell and lamar 2004 ) . in sonora , this species occurs north and west of the nogales - hermosillo - guaymas highway , with the heaviest concentration in the desierto de altar ( armstrong and murphy 1979 ) . the elevational range extends from below sea level to about 6 , 000 feet ( 1 , 830 m asl ) ( stebbins 2003 ) , but most localities are below 1 , 200 m asl ( campbell and lamar 2004 ) .
this species is represented by a large number of occurrences . the adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 100 , 000 . this snake is locally common in suitable habitat . its extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size are probably relatively stable .
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the average size of a mature sonoran desert sidewinder is 1 . 5 - 2 feet , with some getting as large as 2 . 5 feet in length .
the sonoran desert sidewinder looks as if it has horns over its eyes and is sometimes called the horned rattlesnake . these horns are actually upturned scales , and are not truly horns . the body is typically a sandy tan , gray , or cream color and is patterned with dark blotches of brown or grey on the back and sides . there is a dark cheek - stripe on both sides of the head that starts at the eye and runs diagonally down and backwards above the mouthline . the tail often has a few to several rings . the end of the tail has a rattle on it .
the sidewinder gets its name from the unique sidewinding motion it uses to move . the sidewinding motion is used to move across loose sand without slipping . the sidewinder leaves a series of j marks in the sand .
the sonoran desert sidewinder has elliptical pupils that look like cat ' s eyes and like all pit vipers , has a heat - sensing pit between the nostril and eye on each side of its head .
in the united states , the sonoran desert sidewinder is found only in arizona .
map does not show area of true distribution , only the states in which there is a population . actual distribution in any highlighted state may be limited .
species found in the desertic regions of the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico . in the us they are found in desert regions of eastern california , southwestern utah , southern nevada , and western arizona , and in mexico , it ' s found in western sonora and eastern baja california .
the sidewinder inhabits mostly with wind - blown sands , particularly where sand hummocks are topped with vegetation . but they are also found in areas with open terrain which enables their sidewinding locomotion like open flats , hardpan , and rocky hillsides , and other arid areas usually with creosote bush growth .
, which enhances traction and makes possible its movement on loose windblown desert sand .
however this peculiar locomotion is used by the sidewinder on any substrate and as the snake progresses over the loose sand it leaves a j - shaped impression , with the tip pointing in the direction of travel .
this is a small rattlesnake species , on average adult specimens measures between 17 and 30 inches ( 43 to 76 cm ) in length , males are smaller than the females , which is unusual for this type of snakes .
the sidewinder pattern consists of a ground color that may be yellowish - brown , cream , buff , pink or grayish , overlaid with 30 to 46 dorsal elliptical or rhombus shaped blotches . like other rattlesnakes the sidewinder as a thin neck and a very distinct large triangular head , their tail is thick with the obvious rattle . the belly is white and they have the capability of displaying a different coloration depending on the ambient temperature in a process known as metachrosis .
they have keeled dorsal scales and because of the raised supraocular scales above the eyes , they are sometimes referred to as the horned rattlesnake .
this evolutionary adaptation may help the snake shade the eyes from the sun or possibly prevent sand from drifting over them as the snake lies almost totally buried in it , in ambush waiting for prey .
the sidewinder is active from november to march , maybe longer in the southern part of its range , but during hot months the snake is nocturnal and becomes diurnal during the cooler months . in captivity , they have lived between 20 to 30 years , but in the wild , they probably don ' t live that long .
- found in the us in maricopa , yuma , pima and pinal counties in arizona and south into sonora , mexico .
- found in the united states inhabiting desert areas of riverside county in california to pinal county in arizona and south to sonora and baja california in mexico .
, but the species possess a much weaker venom when compared to other rattlesnake species . its venom is about 16 times less toxic than that of the
this fact combined with their small size venom glands , makes the sidewinder less dangerous to humans than their larger relatives like the eastern diamondback rattlesnake .
the bite symptoms include nausea , chills , coagulopathy , dizziness and shock , and can cause pain , swelling , hemorrhagic bleb formation and ecchymosis .
the sidewinder like most rattlesnakes is an ambush hunter , it stays coiled and waits for unsuspecting prey to approach within striking distance , then strikes and releases the prey . it uses its hollow retractable fangs to inject the venom and kill the prey and also to begin digesting it .
the snake follows the trail of the envenomated animal and swallows it whole . they feed on lizards , mice , birds and even other snakes .
the juveniles sidewinders use their tails to attract lizard prey in a behavior called
caudal luring
. the adult specimens gradually lose this behavior when they make the transition from small lizards to their primary diet item , desert rodents .
the mating season takes place in the spring from april through may , but they do on occasion mate in the fall . like all rattlesnakes they are ovoviparous . females
the young snakes range from 6 to 8 inches in length , they are born inside a thin membrane from which they break out within just a few minutes after birth . the hatchlings will stay with the female in a burrow for a week up to 10 days , after shedding for the first time , they abandon the burrow and are ready to fend for themselves .
, which give no parental care , during this short period the sidewinder female guards and protect the young snakes from predators .
sometimes the females dies of sheer exhaustion after giving birth , which may last 2 to 3 hours .
when they are born the younglings have only a single rattle button at the end of their tail . the sidewinder rattlesnake matures at 2 to 3 years of age and reproducing annually , but might not reproduce for 1 o 2 years if the food supply is scarce .
, it ' s listed as such due to their wide distribution and presumed large population . in the last assessment done in 2007 , their population trend was considered stable .
did you know ? a group of snakes is called a bed , den , pit or nest , find more facts about snakes for kids .
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adult , imperial county , coiled up on a rock at night . © stuart young
black coloring at the base of the rattle . ( compare with the brown coloring of the mohave desert sidewinder . )
california park warning sign . click the picture to see more rattlesnake warning signs .
rattlesnakes are important members of the natural community . they will not attack , but if disturbed or cornered , they will defend themselves . reasonable watchfulness should be sufficient to avoid snakebite . give them distance and respect .
rattlesnakes are also among the most reasonable forms of dangerous wildlife : their first line of defense is to remain motionless ; if you surprise them or cut off their retreat , they offer an audio warning ; if you get too close , they head for cover . venom is intended for prey so they ' re reluctant to bite , and 25 to 50 percent of all bites are dry - no venom is injected .
leslie anthony . snakebit : confessions of a herpetologist . greystone books , 2008 .
adults are 17 - 33 inches . ( 43 - 84 cm ) . snakes encountered will generally be 12 - 18 inches . juveniles are about 7 inches at birth .
a heavy - bodied venomous pit viper with a thin neck , a large triangular head , and a thick tail with a rattle on the end made of loose interlocking segments . a new rattle segment is added each time the skin is shed , which can be more than one time per year . pupils are elliptical . scales are keeled . the supraocular scale over each eye is enlarged and raised up over the eye giving the appearance of a
horn
over each eye . these scales can fold down over the eyes to protect them when the snakes is buried or crawling in underground burrows . has two pits , one on each side of the front of the head above the mouth that are used to sense heat when hunting warm - blooded prey .
pale cream , tan , brown , pink , or grayish back color usually closely matches the soil surface allowing the snake to blend in with the background . around 40 darker blotches on the back . a dark stripe extends through each eye .
juveniles are born with only a single rattle button at the end of the tail .
primarily nocturnal and crepuscular during periods of excessive daytime heat , but also active during daylight when the temperature is more moderate . not active during cooler periods in winter .
moves with a sidewinding locomotion , throwing raised loops of the body to the side to push itself forward in an s - sheped curve . a sidewinders trail looks like a series of parallel j - shaped lines pointing roughly 45 degrees from the direction of movement .
rattlesnakes have long , hollow , movable fangs connected to venom glands . the fangs are replaced if broken . a snakes uses its fangs to inject a toxic venom which quickly immobilize its prey . a rattlesnake can control the amount of venom injected . though the amount of venom a sidewinder injects is relatively small and rarely deadly , bites on humans are still potentially dangerous without immediate medical treatment . sometimes a rattlesnake bites but does not inject venom . these are called
dry bites .
a dry bite may still require medical attention . even a dead snake can bite and inject venom if the jaws open reflexively when they are touched .
when alarmed , a rattlesnake shakes its tail back and forth . the movement rubs the rattle segments together producing a buzzing sound which serves as a warning . newborn snakes have only one rattle segment which does not make a sound .
eats mainly lizards when young , and eats increasingly larger prey including small rodents when grown . an ambush hunter , it sits buried beneath the surface of loose sand with just the top of the head showing , near kangaroo rat warrens , and lizard or rodent trails , then strikes at and releases the prey . the snake then follows the trail of the envenomated animal and swallows it whole . young snakes may use their tail to lure their prey ( caudal luring . ) they coil up and lie still , raise up the tail , and wiggle it . pits on the sides of the head sense heat . these heat sensors help the snake to locate prey by their warmth . long , hollow , movable fangs connected to venom glands inject a very toxic venom which quickly immobilizes the prey . the snake can control the amount of venom injected and the fangs are replaced if broken .
click on this picture to see an illustrated interpretation of the various ways pit vipers ( including rattlesnakes ) perceive their prey , using their eyes , their sense of smell , their ability to detect vibrations , and their ability to sense heat . © frank buchter
rattlesnakes are ovoviparous . the mother keeps her fertilized eggs inside her body and gives birth to living young . females probably start bearing young at three years of age and breed annually . ( klauber , 1982 ) breeding occurs in the spring . 2 to 18 young are born from july to september . ( stebbins & mcginnis , 2013 )
inhabits primarily areas of wind - blown sands , especially where sand hummocks are topped withvegetation . also found in hardpan , open flats , rocky hillsides , and other desert areas , especially those grown with creosote bush , where the terrain is open , not obstructed by rocks or vegetation , allowing the broad sidewinding locomotion .
douglas et al . ( 2006 , mol . ecol . 15 : 3353–3374 ) , using mtdna , found several geographically distinct lineages within
the following status listings are copied from the april 2018 special animals list and the 2017 endangered and threatened animals list , both of which are published by the california department of fish and wildlife . if no status is listed here , the animal is not included on either cdfw list . this most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal . to find out more about an animal ' s status , you can go to the natureserve and iucn websites to check their rankings . check here to see the most current complete lists . this snake is not included on the special animals list , which indicates that there are no significant conservation concerns for it in california .
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warning : this animal is venomous and bites may cause injury or death . if encountered it should be left alone .
copyright© 2000 - 2018 , arizona herpetological association . all editorial content and graphics on this site are protected by u . s . copyright and international treaties and may not be copied without the written permission of arizona herpetological association , which reserves all rights .
this paper presents and analyzes the domain of rattlesnakes of arizona as expressed by a person of greater than common knowledge . taxonomic classification of rattlesnakes and rattlesnake attributes are the primary focus . cause - effect , spatial , functional and sequence relationships are also expressed in the domain .
i interviewed a person dedicated to educating people about rattlesnakes . he lectures on rattlesnakes and presents live rattlesnake shows . his educational efforts focus on understanding rattlesnake behavior and what is proper and safe human behavior in relation to rattlesnakes . he tries to convince people to not kill rattlesnakes , to relocate them instead . he encourages understanding of the beneficial role of rattlesnakes in rodent control and consequent human disease vector control .
my informant is called upon to remove and relocate rattlesnakes from human use areas . he releases them into habitats undisturbed by people . he is the founder and owner of a live rattlesnake exhibit , a business and a vehicle for educating the public . he has been featured in articles and other media because of his experience with , knowledge of , and interest in rattlesnakes . he majored in communications and studied zoology at the university level .
most of the interview took place in the informant ' s place of work , a live rattlesnake exhibit . the interview incorporated a live rattlesnake show with the informant handling and displaying five large and venomous rattlesnakes . the interview was concluded at a place of refreshment . just under two hours was spent with the informant on the first day . another hour was spent to review the material .


hemigrammus pulcher is a semi-popular aquarium species , also known as the pretty tetra , garnet tetra or black wedge tetra .

in the wild , the species is found near iquitos in the peruvian amazon , and probably also in brazil and colombia .

hemigrammus pulcher

hemigrammus rhodostomus is found in the lower amazon river of south america in paraguay and aripiranga .
also known as the garnet or black wedge tetra , h . pulcher is deservedly popular in the hobby . it’s both hardy and inexpensive , and is a good choice for the beginner . there was previously a subspecies , h . pulcher haraldi . this has now been reclassified as a distinct species , h . haraldi .
the south american tetras , placed in the subfamily tetragonopterinae within characidae , comprise numerous genera , including hemigrammus , hyphessobrycon , paracheirodon ( the neon , green , and cardinal tetras ) , and tetragonopterus .
description : it is hard to describe the body colors of pretty tetra , because it depends on the light , but it can range from violet to copper . the belly area is lighter , sometimes yellow . there is a shiny copper marking behind the gill cover . the upper part of the iris is red . the fins are transparent . a shiny light line extends on the caudal pedunce , and a thick black band runs below this line . hemigrammus pulcher was first imported to europe in the late 1930’s , and it has been succesfully bred a little later . like all hemigrammus , the taxonomic status of this species is currently uncertain and scientists agree that a full revision is required .
like all hemigrammus , the taxonomic status of this species is currently incertae sedis , meaning uncertain . the genus is currently used as something of a catch - all for over 70 species of small characin . most experts agree that a full revision is required , with the likely outcome that many species will be placed into new or different genera .
this species occurs in the peruvian amazon in the marañon and ucayali river basins ( ortega et al . 2012 ) in the amazon basin of colombia ( mojica et al . 2005 ) , and in the napo river basin of ecuador ( barriga 2012 ) . it apparently also occurs in brazil , although this may be the similar - looking hemigrammus haraldi ( f . lima pers . comm . 2007 ) .
will do fine in most ‘general’ community tanks . it is lively , quite colourful and peaceful . it’s a good tankmate for most livebearers , danios , rasboras , other tetras and peaceful bottom dwellers such as corydoras or smaller loricariids . it can also be kept with the majority of commonly available gouramis and dwarf cichlids . it is quite shy , so don’t keep it with anything much larger or more boisterous . in a biotope tank as described above , it can be combined with other hemigrammus or hyphessobrycon species , pencil fish , apistogramma dwarf cichlids and the aforementioned bottom dwellers .
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chuctaya , j . , ortega torres , h . , correa , e . , reis , r . & lima , f .
justification : this species is assessed as least concern because it has a wide distribution , is common , and there are no known major threats currently affecting it .
this species has a stable population trend at present . it appears to be relatively common around iquitos and probably in another localities in the peruvian amazon .
this species inhabits large streams and rivers , and probably associated flood plains . a generalist mid - water swimmer , feeding on insects , plant matter , and the like .
the species is harvested for the pet trade , although not currently at a level that is causing concern .
it is harvested for the aquarium trade , but probably not as intensively in a way that could jeopardize natural populations . there are no other meaningful impacts known to affect the species .
there are no conservation measures in place and research into the population trends are required . it is not known if populations are found in protected areas .
chuctaya , j . , ortega torres , h . , correa , e . , reis , r . & lima , f . 2016 .
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endemic to the upper amazon in peru . the vast majority of specimens seen for sale in the uk originate from commercial farms in eastern europe .
a standard 24″ x 15″ x 12″ ( 60cm x 37 . 5cm x 30cm ) – 70 litre tank is suitable for a small shoal of these .
as it is captive bred , it’s adaptable and will do well in most tanks . it does look particularly effective in a heavily - planted arrangement , though , and can appear a little washed out in very spartan setups .
if you really want to see it at its best , you could set up a biotope tank . use a substrate of river sand and add a few driftwood branches ( if you can’t find driftwood of the desired shape , common beech is safe to use if thoroughly dried and stripped of bark ) and twisted roots . a few handfuls of dried leaves ( again beech can be used , or oak leaves are also suitable ) would complete the natural feel . allow the wood and leaves to stain the water the colour of weak tea , removing old leaves and replacing them every few weeks so they don’t rot and foul the water . a small net bag filled with aquarium - safe peat can be added to the filter to aid in the simulation of black water conditions . use fairly dim lighting . under these conditions , the true beauty of the fish will be revealed .
easy to feed . it will readily accept just about anything offered . for the best condition and colours offer regular meals of small live and frozen foods such as bloodworm , daphnia and brine shrimp , along with dried flakes and granules .
always buy a group of at least 6 of these , preferably 10 or more . it is a shoaling species by nature , and will fare much better when in the company of its own kind . it actually looks far more effective when maintained like this anyway .
apparently , it can be sexed by examining the swim bladder , which is fairly visible through the translucent skin of the fish . this tapers to a point in males , but is rounded in females . adult females also tend to be slightly larger and more heavy - bodied than males .
quite easily accomplished . you’ll need to set up a separate tank if you want to raise decent numbers of fry . something around 18″ x 10″ x 10″ in size is fine . this should be very dimly lit and contain clumps of fine - leaved plants such as java moss or spawning mops , to give the fish somewhere to deposit their eggs . alternatively , you could cover the base of the tank with some kind of mesh . this should be of a large enough grade so that the eggs can fall through it , but small enough so that the adults cannot reach them . the water should be soft and acidic in the range ph 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 , gh 1 - 5 , with a temperature of around 80 - 84°f . filtering the water through peat is useful , as is the use of ro water . a small air - powered sponge filter bubbling away very gently is all that is needed in terms of filtration .
it can be spawned in a group , with half a dozen specimens of each sex being a good number . condition these with plenty of small live foods and spawning should not present too many problems .
alternatively , it can be spawned in pairs . under this technique , the fish are conditioned in male and female groups in separate tanks . when the females are noticeably full of eggs and the males are displaying their best colours , select the fattest female and best - coloured male and transfer them to the spawning tank in the evening . they should spawn the following morning .
in either situation , the adults will eat the eggs given the chance and should be removed as soon as eggs are noticed . these will hatch in 24 - 36 hours , with the fry becoming free swimming a 3 - 4 days later . they should be fed on an infusoria – type food for the first few days , until they are large enough to accept microworm or brine shrimp nauplii . the eggs and fry are light sensitive in the early stages of life and the tank should be kept in darkness if possible .
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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
tank size - max . 40 liter max . 60 liter max . 80 liter max . 100 liter max . 150 liter max . 200 liter max . 250 liter max . 300 liter max . 400 liter max . 500 liter > 500 liter
social behavior : a peaceful and active schooling characin , that is a good choice for a general community tank , but can be a little shy , so keep them only with similar sized and peaceful fish . they should be kept in a group of at least 6 species .
diet : omnivorous ; they will readily accept all kinds of foods , but regular live foods are necessary to maintain their colors .
decoration : they can be kept either in a densely planted tank , or in a biotope aquarium . in the latter case use river sand as substrate and decorate the tank with some driftwood branches or roots . a few dried leaves in their tank can stain the water like in their natural habitat , or you can use peat filtered ro water . use subdued lighting .
feeds on worms , small crustaceans and plants . in captivity , spawning takes place among plants and eggs usually hatch in 20 to 24 hours ( ref . 7020 ) . maximum length reported to reach 4 . 5 cm tl ( ref . 7020 ) . aquarium keeping : in groups of 5 or more individuals ; minimum aquarium size 60 cm ( ref . 51539 ) .
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greek , hemi = half + greek , gramma = letter , signal ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 12 . tropical ; 23°c - 27°c ( ref . 1672 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 3 . 3 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 38376 )
feeds on worms , small crustaceans and plants . in captivity , spawning takes place among plants and eggs usually hatch in 20 to 24 hours ( ref . 7020 ) . maximum length reported to reach 4 . 5 cm tl ( ref . 7020 ) . aquarium keeping : in groups of 5 or more individuals ; minimum aquarium size 60 cm ( ref . 51539 ) .
lima , f . c . t . , l . r . malabarba , p . a . buckup , j . f . pezzi da silva , r . p . vari , a . harold , r . benine , o . t . oyakawa , c . s . pavanelli , n . a . menezes , c . a . s . lucena , m . c . s . l . malabarba , z . m . s . lucena , r . e . reis , f . langeani , c . moreira et al . … , 2003 . genera incertae sedis in characidae . p . 106 - 168 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 38376 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01445 ( 0 . 00642 - 0 . 03257 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 ±0 . 31 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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the pretty tetra can be recognized on the black wedge that is found on the back part of the fish ' s body right under the deep red area . the base colour of this tetra is greenish and there is a hint of a shoulder spot . the body is decorated with golden to greenish highlights . the largest scientifically measured pretty tetra was 3 . 3 cm long ( slightly longer than 1 1 / 4 inch ) . they are however known to grow bigger in captivity .
wild pretty tetras live where the water temperature is 23 – 27°c ( 73 – 81°f ) , the ph 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 ( acidic ) and the dh range 5 - 12 ( soft ) . keeping optimal water conditions is especially important if your want to spawn pretty tetra fish in your aquarium . the pretty tetra feeds on small crustaceans , worms and plants in the wild . always keep this fish in groups consisting of at least 5 - 6 individuals .
in the wild , the pretty tetra spawns among plants and the eggs will normally hatch within 20 - 24 hours . a well planted aquarium is therefore a good idea , since this will resemble the natural breeding grounds for the pretty tetra .
sexing pretty tetras is a bit tricky when they are not in breeding condition . the males are however equipped with a characin hook on the anal fin . females in good condition will have heavier bodies than the males . as mentioned above , you should always keep at least six pretty tetras together .
a five gallon aquarium ( roughly 20 l ) is large enough to serve as breeding aquarium for a reasonably sized group of pretty tetras . a plastic mesh basket can be used to keep the adult fish from eating the eggs . suspend the basket one inch from the bottom .
the pretty tetra appreciates acidic water , so peat moss is a good idea . the water should also be very soft .
during the mating process , the male will press the female against a suitable surface . you can for instance include artificial spawning strips when you set up the breeding aquarium . the first spawning will normally contain a smaller amount of eggs than the following spawnings .
when the spawning is over , the adults should ideally be moved before the eggs hatch and the fry swims up through the mesh and gets eaten . newly hatch pretty tetra fry look like slivers of glass and will stay on the bottom for 2 - 3 days before they become free swimming . they will appreciate having a piece of java moss or similar to hide in . the tiny fry can eat infusoria during the first week , and then gradually move up to microworms and newly hatched brine shrimp .
keeping and breeding astyanax bimaculatus - breeding astyanax bimaculatus black phantom tetra - information about keeping and breeding black phantom tetras in aquariums . black skirt tetra - information about keeping and breeding black skirt tetras in aquariums . bloodfin tetra - information about keeping and breeding bloodfin tetras in aquariums . breeding the black tetra - breeding notes for gymnocorymbus ternetzi cardinal tetra fish - an introduction to cardinal teras - paracheirodon axelrodi . cardinal tetra - information about all aspect of keeping and breeding cardinal tetras . congo tetra - an introduction to congo tetra - micralestes interruptus . glowlight tetra - information about keeping and breeding glowlight tetras in aquariums . lemon tetra - information about keeping and breeding lemon tetras in aquariums . my experiences with swordtail characins - corynopoma riisei . and how to breed them . neon tetra fish - an introduction to neon tetras . neon tetra - an indepth article about neon tetras , their breeding and the dreaded neon tetra disease . serpae tetra - an introduction to the serpae tetra .
tetra is the common name for various small , often colorful , tropical , freshwater fish within the two characiform ( order characiformes ) families characidae —and in particularly its subfamily tetragonopterinae , the
south american tetras
—and alestiidae , the
african tetras .
the african tetras formerly were classified in alestiinae as a subfamily of characidae , and remain within characidae in some classifications .
the term tetra is not a formal taxonomic rank , but rather is the common name used for numerous small fish scattered over numerous genera and different families and subfamilies . because of the popularity of tetras in the fish - keeping hobby , many unrelated fish are commonly known as tetras . even fish that are vastly different may be called tetras , such as hydrolycus scomberoides , occasionally known as the sabretooth tetra or vampire tetra , which is placed in the characinae subfamily within characidae .
being small and brightly colored , and often easy to keep in captivity , many tetras , such as the neon tetra , paracheirodon innesi , are extremely popular for home aquariums . whether seen in aquariums or in the wild in a clear stream , tetras , add to the wonder of nature for humans . tetras also are valuable ecologically due to their role in food chains , preying upon smaller invertebrates , such as insects , and being prey for larger fish , mammals , birds , and so forth .
tetras traditionally were classified within the family characidae ( characins ) , and in particularly the subfamilies tetragonopterinae ( south american tetras ) and alestiinae ( african tetras ) . however , this family has undergone much taxonomic revision and many authorities have moved the african tetras to the family level , called alestiidae ( nelson 2006 ) .
both characidae and alestiidae belong to the order characiformes . characiformes are characterized by well developed teeth ( most are carnivores ) and the presence of a pelvic fin ( with five to twelve rays ) and normally an adipose fin , and a body that is almost always scaled ( nelson 1994 ) .
characidae is a large and diverse family of freshwater subtropical and tropical fish , with members found in central and south america , southern north america , and africa , and include such varied forms as the piranhas , the tetras , a blind cavefish in mexico ( populations of astyanax mexicanus found in caves ) and brazil ( stygichthys typhlops ) , and a species found as far northward as southwestern united states ( astyanax mexicanus ) ( nelson 1994 ) . the characins are distinguished from other fish by the presence of a small adipose fin between the dorsal fin and caudal fin . both the characidae family and the alestiidae families are comprised only of freshwater fish .
the african tetras , now placed in the family alestiidae , include 18 genera , including alestes ( = brycinus ) and hydrocynus , with about 110 recognized species in total ( nelson 1994 ) .
the following are some species with the common name of tetra . though the list below is sorted by common name , in a number of cases , the common name is applied to different species , depending on country and context . since the aquarium trade may use a different name for the same species , advanced aquarists tend to use scientific names for the less - common tetras . the list below is incomplete .
bali , n . , and w . fink . 2004 . paracheirodon simulans animal diversity web . retrieved november 14 , 2007 .
nelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world , 3rd edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471547131
nelson , j . s . 2006 . fishes of the world , 4th edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471250317
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usual size in fish tanks : 2 - 4 cm ( 0 . 79 - 1 . 57 inch )
recommended water hardness ( dgh ) : 4 - 12°n ( 71 . 43 - 214 . 29ppm )
their favorite food is live bloodworms , the rummy nose tetra will also readily accept a variety of store bought foods in any form .
rummy nose tetras are egg layers . the eggs take 3 - 4 days to hatch and the fry take another 2 - 4 days to absorb their yolk sacs .
h . bleheri and petitella georgiae are similar species that are often mistaken for the h . rhodostomus that we find in the aquarium industry . in fact , so close is the resemblance that many of the rummy nose tetras we find in the industry today might actually be h . bleheri or p . georgiae .
test kits should be used once a week in order to monitor water quality .
never put an airline to the cave as it will produce big bubbles that may stress out the fish .
they are among the most beautiful fish to watch when kept in shoals . they can be quite delicate when first moved to another tank . once they become established , they do well . they are peaceful fish .
i had a pair of those rummy noses . . . they are rare here in my place , and quite expensive . . . but they are beautiful species . . i love them . .
hi , i just did a water change in my 18 . 5 litre tank where i have 2 rummy noses , 1 betta , and 2 cardinal neons . i gave the tank a real good clean so i took the fish out . as i went to put them back in , i noticed that a rummy nose was upside down almost , as i looked closer he has an eyeball missing . i put them back into their tank and he was bobbing along but the betta was going over to him now and then attacking him , i kept my eye on him and he is swimming around now . does anyone one know what happened and will he make it ?
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a tetra is one of several species of small freshwater fish from africa , central america , and south america belonging to the biological family characidae and to its former subfamilies alestidae ( the
african tetras
) and lebiasinidae . the characidae are distinguished from other fish by the presence of a small adipose fin between the dorsal and caudal fins . many of these , such as the neon tetra ( paracheirodon innesi ) , are brightly colored and easy to keep in captivity . consequently , they are extremely popular for home aquaria .
tetra is no longer a taxonomic , phylogenetic term . it is short for tetragonopterus , a genus name formerly applied to many of these fish , which is greek for
square - finned
( literally , four - sided - wing ) .
because of the popularity of tetras in the fishkeeping hobby , many unrelated fish are commonly known as tetras , including species from different families . even vastly different fish may be called tetras . for example , payara ( hydrolycus scomberoides ) is occasionally known as the
sabretooth tetra
or
vampire tetra
.
( a twin - lobbed , or forked , tail fin whose upper and lower lobes are of equal size ) and a tall dorsal fin characterized by a short connection to the fish’s body .
additionally , tetras possess a long anal fin stretching from a position just posterior of the dorsal fin and ending on the ventral caudal peduncle , and a small , fleshy adipose fin located dorsally between the dorsal and caudal fins . this adipose fin represents the fourth unpaired fin on the fish ( the four unpaired fins include the caudal fin , dorsal fin , anal fin , and adipose fin ) , lending to the name tetra , which is greek for four .
) lack this appendage . ichthyologists debate the function of the adipose fin , doubting its role in swimming due to its small size and lack of stiffening rays or spines .
although the list below is sorted by common name , in a number of cases the common name is applied to different species . since the aquarium trade may use a different name for the same species , advanced aquarists tend to use scientific names for the less - common tetras . the list below is incomplete .
carey , r . tetras and barbs : a complete guide to the successful care and breeding of two of the most popular groups of aquarium fish . tfh publications , inc . , 2009
moyle , p . , & cech , j . fishes : an introduction to ichthyology ( 5th ed . ) . pearson , benjamin cummings , 2004
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 4 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .


coenonympha nipisiquit , the maritime ringlet , is a rare butterfly in the family nymphalidae .

it is a " species at risk " in canada due to water pollution and its limited range .

its range is restricted in canada from new brunswick to quebec .

coenonympha nipisiquit

ecological factors affecting the flight phenology of the endangered coenonympha nipisiquit ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) .
ecological factors affecting the flight phenology of the endangered coenonympha nipisiquit ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
recovery strategy for the maritime ringlet ( coenonympha nipisiquit ) in canada [ final ]
( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) ( pdf format , 2 , 987 . 12 kb )
recovery strategy for the maritime ringlet ( coenonympha nipisiquit ) in canada [ proposed ]
( 2011 - 06 - 29 ) ( pdf format , 2 , 841 . 87 kb )
the maritime ringlet is a dark - appearing butterfly in which the males have dark orange - brown wings with the central part of the forewing slightly paler orange brown . females are pale orange brown , darker than those of the
. on the underside the pale median band contrasts with the dark grey - brown ground colour . about 30 per cent of males and almost all females have a pale - bordered black spot with a silver pupil near the forewing apex on the underside . wingspan : 32 to 36
the maritime ringlet is restricted to salt marshes in chaleur bay between quebec and new brunswick . there are three colonies near bathurst , new brunswick , two near miguasha , quebec , and one near
) , and over winter as a half - grown second - instar larvae .
abundance : this species is common to abundant in the few salt marshes where it occurs .
isolated in chaleur bay , but fieldwork in the area by reginald webster suggests that the maritime ringlet is a distinct species . in the past 20 years the range of the common ringlet has expanded through new brunswick to the chaleur bay area , and the two taxa occur in close proximity but remain distinct . the maritime ringlet feeds only on salt - meadow cordgrass . it is distinct in colour from
, which often flies in old fields on higher ground just a few metres away and never enters the salt marshes . the common ringlet in this area flies from mid - june to mid - july , and the maritime ringlet from late july to late august . even in southern new brunswick , which has much milder summers than bathurst , second - generation common ringlets are very rarely seen , and then only in september .
the maritime ringlet has recently been placed on the new brunswick endangered species list because of the extremely limited and vulnerable habitat in which it is found .
© 2002 . this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a . layberry , peter w . hall , and j . donald lafontaine . university of toronto press ; 1998 . specimen photos courtesy of john t . fowler .
) is a small ( wing span 32–36 mm ) tan to orange brown–coloured butterfly that is one of only two butterflies in canada with a life cycle entirely limited to a salt marsh habitat . it is listed as endangered under schedule 1 of the
in appendix a , minor changes were made to the coordinates of the polygon containing critical habitat for forillon national park and to the associated map .
recovery planning environment and climate change canada 15th floor , place vincent massey 351 st . joseph blvd . gatineau , qc k1a 0h3 send e - mail
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département de biologie , université de moncton , moncton , new brunswick , e1a 3e9 , canada ( ebc0227 @ umoncton . ca ; gaetan . moreau @ umoncton . ca ) .
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description : maritime ringlet is very similar to common ringlet . both sexes are more darkly colored than the same sex in common ringlet , however female maritime ringlets are just slightly paler than male common ringlets . maritime ringlet is browner beneath than common ringlet . the best way to distinguish these two species is by habitat association and flight period . maritime ringlet flies from late july to early august and rarely strays from its salt marsh habitat . common ringlet flies from early june to late july , with a second brood in mid august and can be found in a variety of field habitats . wingspan : 32 to 36 mm .
maritime distribution : the entire global range is limited to a handful of salt marshes in new brunswick and quebec around chaleur bay . for atlas results click here .
provincial ranks : nb : s1 . ns : - . pei : - .
notes : the maritime ringlet is one of canada’s few endemic species . it is listed as endangered both federally and provincially because of its limited global range and the sensitivity of its saltmarsh habitat to threats like sea level rise . where it is found it is usually common , and owing to its propensity to visit sea lavender ( limonium carolinianum ) flowers , easy to observe .
the maritimes butterfly atlas was made possible through funding from environment canada ' s ecoaction community funding program , new brunswick wildlife trust fund , the gosling foundation , nb power corporation , new brunswick department of natural resources , td friends of the environment foundation and prince edward island department of environment , energy and forestry . © 2016 atlantic canada conservation data centre français | mba home | accdc home


dicheirotrichus is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : dicheirotrichus abdominalis ( motschulsky , 1844 ) dicheirotrichus alticola bates , 1878 dicheirotrichus angularis ( reitter in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus angustulus j.sahlberg , 1880 dicheirotrichus arnoldii ( kryzhanovskij & atamuradov , 1989 ) dicheirotrichus bradycelliformis reitter , 1900 dicheirotrichus chloroticus ( dejean , 1829 ) dicheirotrichus cognatus ( gyllenhal , 1827 ) dicheirotrichus coreanus mlynar , 1974 dicheirotrichus cymindiformis ( reitter , 1901 ) dicheirotrichus desertus ( motschulsky , 1849 ) dicheirotrichus discicollis ( dejean , 1829 ) dicheirotrichus discolor ( faldermann , 1836 ) dicheirotrichus externepunctatus ( reitter in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus glasunowi ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus godarti ( e.jacquet , 1882 ) dicheirotrichus grumi ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus gustavii crotch , 1871 dicheirotrichus hauseri ( reitter , 1894 ) ( trichosellus ) dicheirotrichus henoni ( bedel in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus himalayanus kataev & wrase , 2006 dicheirotrichus kozlowi ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus lacustris ( l.redtenbacher , 1858 ) dicheirotrichus latimanus kataev & wrase , 2006 dicheirotrichus maculicollis ( reitter , 1894 ) dicheirotrichus mannerheimii ( r.f.sahlberg , 1844 ) dicheirotrichus medvedevi ( kabak & kataev , 1993 ) dicheirotrichus microderus ( solsky , 1874 ) dicheirotrichus obscuricollis ( reitter in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus obscuricornis ( reitter in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus obsoletus ( dejean , 1829 ) dicheirotrichus pallidus ( dejean , 1829 ) dicheirotrichus parvicollis ( tschitscherine , 1900 ) dicheirotrichus placidus ( gyllenhal , 1827 ) dicheirotrichus potanini ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus punctatellus ( reitter , 1894 ) dicheirotrichus punicus bedel , 1899 dicheirotrichus roborowskii ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus rufithorax ( c.r.sahlberg , 1827 ) dicheirotrichus semenowi ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus sichuanensis kataev & wrase , 1996 dicheirotrichus stenothorax ( kabak & kataev , 1993 ) dicheirotrichus subangularis kataev & wrase , 2006 dicheirotrichus tenuimanus bates , 1873 dicheirotrichus tolli kataev & shilenkov , 1996 dicheirotrichus transcaspicus ( tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus tscheresovae ( komarov , 1995 ) dicheirotrichus tschitscherini ( reitter in tschitscherine , 1899 ) dicheirotrichus ustulatus ( dejean , 1829 )

dicheirotrichus

no one has contributed data records for dicheirotrichus rufithorax yet . learn how to contribute .
activity rhythms and the tide in a saltmarsh beetle dicheirotrichus gustavi . - pubmed - ncbi
field observations at mersea island , essex confirm previous observations at scolt head island , norfolk that the intertidal beetle dicheirotrichus gustavi crotch ( coleoptera : carabidae ) has a rhythm of activity on the saltmarsh surface which is suppressed during periods of submerging tides . although the timing of the tides at the two sites is 180° ( 6 h ) out of phase , the timing of beetle activity at the two sites is the same , with a peak of activity shortly after dusk . beetle activity therefore shows no special phase relationship with the
critical
tide - the first high tide that covers the beetle zone after a period of emergence . at mersea , the peak of beetle activity coincides with the critical high tides , but the beetles were observed to escape from the seawater by scrambling up the mud and vegetation .
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cheng , l . ( ed . ) . ( 1976 ) . marine insects . north - holland publishing company : amsterdam , the netherlands . isbn 0 - 444 - 11213 - 8 . xii , 581 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
description : a 5 - 7 . 5mm dimorphic ground beetle , the males almost completely black , the females yellow to red - brown , often marked with black . a common saltmarsh species , living in strandline debris at the top of the shore .
world distribution : distributed along the coast from the baltic to the mediterranean in europe ; eurosiberian wide - temperate ( 64 ) . inland a similar form is recorded from central europe east to western siberia and north - west china .
ecology : halobiontic and a common inhabitant of saltmarshes under stones or weed on muddy , well - vegetated ground .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :
this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .
particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as
no probable or definite
) .
in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .
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