rana is a genus of frogs commonly known as the holarctic true frogs , pond frogs or brown frogs .

members of this genus are found through much of eurasia , north america , central america , and the northern half of south america .

many other genera were formerly included here .

these true frogs are usually largish species characterized by their slim waists and wrinkled skin ; many have thin ridges running along their backs , but they generally lack " warts " as in typical toads .

they are excellent jumpers due to their long , slender legs .

the typical webbing found on their hind feet allows for easy movement through water .

coloration is mostly greens and browns above , with darker and yellowish spots .

rana ( genus )

( rana toro ) , en ambientes precordilleranos de la provincia de san juan , argentina . ' '
this species is very adaptable with minimal threats except for pollution and invasive species such as rana catesbeiana ( iucn 2006 ) .
rana clamitans bronze frog , green frog ( r . c . melanotus ) , bronze frog ( r . c . clamitans ) subgenus : aquarana
matsui , t . , and matsui , m . ( 1990 ) . ' ' a new brown frog ( genus
rana areolata crawfish frog , southern crawfish frog ( r . a . areolatus ) , northern crawfish frog ( r . a . circulosus ) subgenus : pantherana
taxonomic notes : this species was placed in the genus lithobates by frost et al . ( 2006 ) . however , yuan et al . ( 2016 , systematic biology , doi : 10 . 1093 / sysbio / syw055 ) showed that this action created problems of paraphyly in other genera . yuan et al . ( 2016 ) recognized subgenera within rana for the major traditional species groups , with lithobates used as the subgenus for the rana palmipes group . amphibiaweb recommends the optional use of these subgenera to refer to these major species groups , with names written as rana ( aquarana ) catesbeiana , for example .
che j . , pang j . f . , zhao e . m . , matsui m . , zhang y . p . ( 2007 ) . ' ' phylogenetic relationships of the chinese brown frogs ( genus rana ) inferred from partial mitochondrial 12s and 16s rrna gene sequences . ' '
case , s . m . ( museum of vertebrate zoology and departments of zoology and biochemistry , university of california , berkeley , california 94720 ) 1978 . biochemical systematics of members of the genus rana native to western north america . syst . zool . 27 : 299–311 . —few supraspecific groups have been defined in north american ranids and the informal groupings which are recognized are often poorly characterized . two biochemical methods , starch gel electrophoresis and microcomplement fixation , have been used in an examination of the evolutionary relationships among western north american frogs of the genus rana . both the electrophoretic and albumin comparisons indicate that the rana boylii species group presently includes two very different evolutionary lineages . rana aurora , r . boylii , r . cascadae , r . muscosa , and r . pretiosa are all members of one lineage allied to r . temporaria of europe . a mexican species traditionally included in this group , r . tarahumarae , is most closely related to other members of the genus that occur in mexico and is part of a larger lineage that also includes r . pipiens . frogs found in eastern north america diverged from western european frogs in mid - eocene ; estimates of divergence time are consistent with the hypothesis that separation of these lineages coincided with the end of a land connection between europe and north america . the catesbeiana , pipiens , and tarahumarae groups diverged from each other in the oligocene . western north american rana diverged from a eurasian ancestor in the oligocene and radiated in this area to form the five members of the boylii group .
a116 . van der meijden , a . , r . boistel , j . gerlach , a . ohler , m . vences & a . meyer ( 2007 ) : molecular phylogenetic evidence for paraphyly of the genus sooglossus , with the description of a new genus of seychellean frogs . – biological journal of the linnean society 91 : 347 - 359 .
mueses - cisneros , j . j . and ballén , g . ( 2007 ) . ' ' un nuevo caso de alerta sobre posible amenaza a una fauna nativa de anfibios en colombia : primer reporte de la rana toro (
pereyra , m . o . , baldo , d . , and krauczuc , e . r . ( 2006 ) . ' ' la ‘‘rana toro’’ en la selva atlántica interior argentina : un nuevo problema de conservación . ' '
a99 . glaw , f . & m . vences ( 2006 ) . phylogeny and genus - level classification of mantellid frogs . – organisms diversity and evolution 6 : 236 - 253 . ( pdf )
matsui , m . , bassarukin , a . m . , kasugai , k . , tanabe , s . and takenaka , s . ( 1994 ) . ' ' morphological comparisons of brown frogs ( genus
previous species lists may refer to this frog as rana palmipes ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) . savage ( 2002 ) and guyer and donnelly ( 2005 ) follow the systematic treatment of hillis and de sã¡ ( 1988 ) , in separating the two species based on morphology .
a67 . lötters , s . , e . la marca & m . vences ( 2004 ) : redescriptions of two toad species of the genus atelopus from coastal venezuela . – copeia 2004 : 222 - 234 . ( pdf )
a192 . jovanovic , o . & m . vences ( 2010 ) : skeletochronological analysis of age structure in populations of four species of malagasy poisonous frogs , genus mantella . – amphibia - reptilia 31 : 553 - 557 . ( pdf )
a101 . vejarano , s . , m . thomas & m . vences ( 2006 ) : comparative larval morphology in madagascan frogs of the genus guibemantis ( anura : mantellidae ) . – zootaxa 1329 : 39 - 57 . ( pdf )
> green frogs ( rana clamitans ) defend calling territories against intrusion by other males by kicking , bumping , and biting . the south american nest - building hylid , hyla faber , has a long , sharp spine on the thumb with which males wound each other when wrestling . the small central american dendrobates… …
a349 . vences , m . , v . sarasola - puente , e . sanchez , f . amat & j . s . hauswaldt ( 2017 ) : diversity and distribution of deep mitochondrial lineages of the common frog , rana temporaria , in northern spain .  salamandra 53 : 2533 . ( pdf )
a34 . vences , m . , m . puente , s . nieto & d . r . vieites ( 2002 ) : phenotypic plasticity of anuran larvae : environmental variables influence body shape and oral morphology in rana temporaria tadpoles . – journal of zoology , london 257 : 155 - 162 . ( pdf )
a83 . vences , m . , f . andreone & f . glaw ( 2005 ) : a new microhylid frog of the genus cophyla from a transitional forest in northwestern madagascar . – african zoology 40 : 143 - 149 . ( pdf )
a312 . segev , o . , a . rodriguez , s . hauswaldt , k . hugemann & m . vences ( 2015 ) : flatworms ( schmidtea nova ) prey upon embryos of the common frog ( rana temporaria ) and induce minor developmental acceleration .  amphibia - reptilia 36 : 155163 . ( pdf )
matsui , m . , shimada , t . , liu , m . z . , manyati , m . , khomsue , w . , and orlov , n . ( 2006 ) . ' ' phylogenetic relationships of oriental torrent frogs in the genus
a94 . vences , m . , f . andreone & d . r . vieites ( 2005 ) : new treefrog of the genus boophis tschudi 1838 from the northwestern rainforests of madagascar . – tropical zoology 18 : 237 - 249 . ( pdf )
a20 . vences , m . , p . galán , a . palanca , d . r . vieites , s . nieto & j . rey ( 2000 ) : summer microhabitat use and diel activity cycles in a high altitude pyrenean population of rana temporaria . – herpetological journal 10 : 49 - 56 . ( pdf )
a318 . köhler , j . , f . glaw , m . pabijan & m . vences ( 2015 ) : integrative taxonomic revision of mantellid frogs of the genus aglyptodactylus ( anura : mantellidae ) .  zootaxa 4006 : 401 - 438 . ( pdf )
a104 . vejarano , s . , m . thomas & m . vences ( 2006 ) : comparative tadpole morphology in three species of frogs of the genus spinomantis ( amphibia : mantellidae ) . – contributions to zoology 75 : 99 - 108 . ( pdf )
a384 . dittrich , c . , a . rodríguez , o . segev , s . drakulic , h . feldhaar , m . vences & m . - o . rödel ( 2018 ) : temporal migration patterns and mating tactics influence size - assortative mating in rana temporaria . behavioral ecology 29 : 418 - 428 . ( pdf )
a16 . vences , m . , n . piqué , a . lopez , m . puente , c . miramontes , d . rodriguez ( 1999 ) : summer habitat population density and size classes of rana temporaria in a high altitude pyrenean population . – amphibia - reptilia 20 ( 4 ) : 440 - 443 . ( pdf )
a308 . miralles , a . , f . glaw , f . m . ratsoavina & m . vences ( 2015 ) : a likely microendemic new species of terrestrial iguana , genus chalarodon , from madagascar .  zootaxa 3946 : 201 - 220 . ( pdf )
a137 . wollenberg , k . c . , f . andreone , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2008 ) : pretty in pink : a new treefrog species of the genus boophis from north - eastern madagascar . – zootaxa 1684 : 58 - 68 .
a23 . mausfeld , p . , m . vences , a . schmitz & m . veith ( 2000 ) : first data on the molecular phylogeography of scincid lizards of the genus mabuya . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 17 : 11 - 14 . ( pdf )
a11 . vences , m . , a . hille & f . glaw ( 1998 ) : allozyme differentiation in the genus mantella ( amphibia : anura : mantellinae ) . – folia zoologica 47 ( 4 ) : 261 - 274 . ( pdf , low resolution )
a48 . vences , m . , k . grossenbacher , m . puente , a . palanca & d . r . vieites ( 2003 ) : the cambalès fairy tale : elevational limits of rana temporaria ( amphibia : ranidae ) and other european amphibians revisited . – folia zoologica 52 ( 2 ) : 189 - 202 . ( pdf )
a45 . veith m . , m . vences , d . r . vieites , s . nieto - roman & a . palanca ( 2002 ) : genetic differentiation and population structure within the spanish common frogs ( rana temporaria complex ; ranidae , amphibia ) . – folia zoologica 51 ( 2 ) : 307 - 318 . ( pdf )
a174 . vallan , d . , m . vences & f . glaw ( 2010 ) : forceps delivery of a new treefrog species of the genus boophis from eastern madagascar ( amphibia : mantellidae ) . – amphibia - reptilia 31 : 1 - 8 . ( pdf )
a133 . köhler , j . f . glaw & m . vences ( 2007 ) : a new green treefrog , genus boophis tschudi 1838 ( anura mantellidae ) , from arid western madagascar : phylogenetic relationships and biogeogeographic implications . – tropical zoology 20 : 215 - 227 .
a175 . galán , p . , a . - k . ludewig , j . kmiec , s . hauswaldt , m . cabana , r . ferreiro , m . vences ( 2010 ) : low mitochondrial divergence of rediscovered southern relict populations of rana temporaria parvipalmata in spain . – amphibia - reptilia 31 : 144 - 148 . ( pdf )
a283 . orozco - terwengel , p . , f . andreone , e . louis jr . & m . vences ( 2013 ) mitochondrial introgressive hybridization following a demographic expansion in the tomato frogs of madagascar , genus dyscophus . – molecular ecology 22 : 6074–6090 . ( pdf )
a193 . rasolonjatovo hiobiarilanto , t . , r . - d . randrianiaina , j . glos , a . strauß & m . vences ( 2010 ) : description of ten tadpoles in the genus boophis from madagascar . – zootaxa 2694 : 1 - 25 . ( pdf )
a161 . rocha , s . , m . vences , f . glaw , d . posada & d . j . harris ( 2009 ) : multigene phylogeny of malagasy day geckos of the genus phelsuma . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 52 : 530 - 537 . ( pdf )
a110 . aliabadian , m . , m . kaboli , r . prodon , v . nijman & m . vences ( 2007 ) : phylogeny of palearctic wheatears ( genus oenanthe ) - congruence between morphometric and molecular data . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 42 : 665 - 675 .
a64 . grosjean , s . , m . vences & a . dubois ( 2004 ) : evolutionary significance of oral morphology in the carnivorous tadpoles of tiger frogs , genus hoplobatrachus ( ranidae ) . – biological journal of the linnean society 81 : 171 - 181 . ( pdf )
a253 . lehtinen , r . m . , f . glaw , f . andreone , m . pabijan & m . vences ( 2012 ) : a new species of putatively pond breeding frog of the genus guibemantis from madagascar . – copeia 2012 : 648 - 662 . ( pdf )
a383 . vences . m . , j . r . rasoloariniaina & j . c . riemann ( 2018 ) : a preliminary assessment of genetic divergence and distribution of malagasy cave fish in the genus typhleotris ( teleostei : milyeringidae ) .  zootaxa 4378 : 367 - 376 . ( pdf )
a375 . rakotoarison , a . , m . d . scherz , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2017 ) : rediscovery of frogs belonging to the enigmatic microhylid genus madecassophryne in the anosy massif , south - eastern madagascar .  salamandra 53 : 507 - 518 . ( pdf )
a167 . glaw , f . , j . köhler & m . vences ( 2009 ) : a distinctive new species of chameleon of the genus furcifer ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) from the montagne d ' ambre rainforest of northern madagascar . – zootaxa 2269 : 32 - 42 . ( pdf )
a126 . grosjean , s . , j . glos , m . teschke , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2007 ) : comparative larval morphology of madagascan toadlets of the genus scaphiophryne : phylogenetic and taxonomic inferences . – zoological journal of the linnean society 151 : 555 - 576 .
a325 . vences . m . , o . jovanovic , g . safarek , f . glaw & j . köhler ( 2015 ) : a new arboreal frog of the genus guibemantis from the southeast of madagascar ( anura : mantellidae ) .  zootaxa 4059 : 569 - 580 . ( pdf )
a162 . jovanovic , o . , j . glos , f . glaw , r . - d . randrianiaina & m . vences ( 2009 ) : comparative larval morphology in madagascan frogs of the genus mantella ( amphibia : mantellidae ) . – zootaxa 2124 : 21 - 37 . ( pdf )
a55 . andreone , f . , g . aprea , m . vences & g . odierna ( 2003 ) : a new frog of the genus mantidactylus from the rainforests of north - eastern madagascar , and its karyological affinities . – amphibia - reptilia 24 : 285 - 303 . ( pdf )
a225 . raharivololoniaina , l . , o . verneau , p . berthier , m . vences & l . du preez ( 2011 ) : first monogenean flatworm from a microhylid frog host : kankana , a new polystome genus from madagascar . – parasitology international 60 : 465 - 473 . ( pdf )
a176 . vences , m . , f . glaw , j . köhler & k . c . wollenberg ( 2010 ) : molecular phylogeny , morphology and bioacoustics reveal five additional species of arboreal microhylids of the genus anodonthyla from madagascar . – contributions to zoology 79 : 1 - 32 . ( pdf )
a113 . greenbaum , e . , a . m . bauer , t . r . jackman , m . vences & f . glaw ( 2007 ) : a phylogeny of the enigmatic madagascan geckos of the genus uroplatus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) . – zootaxa 1493 : 41 - 51 . ( pdf )
a100 . raharivololoniaina , l . , s . grosjean , n . rasoamampionona raminosoa , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2006 ) : molecular identification , description and phylogenetic implications of the tadpoles of 11 species of malagasy treefrogs , genus boophis . – journal of natural history 40 : 1449 - 1480 .
a28 . kosuch , j . , m . vences , a . dubois , a . ohler & w . böhme ( 2001 ) : out of asia : mitochondrial dna evidence for an oriental origin of tiger frogs , genus hoplobatrachus . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 21 : 398 - 407 . ( pdf )
a229 . veith , m . , a . baumgart , a . dubois , a . ohler , p . galán , d . r . vieites , s . nieto - román & m . vences ( 2012 ) . discordant patterns of nuclear and mitochondrial introgression in iberian populations of the european common frog ( rana temporaria ) . – journal of heredity 103 : 240 - 249 . ( pdf )
a194 . du preez , l . h . , l . raharivololoniaina , o . verneau & m . vences ( 2010 ) : a new genus of polystomatid flatworm ( monogenea : polystomatidae ) without free - swimming life stage from the malagasy poison frogs . – zootaxa 2722 : 54 - 68 . ( pdf )
a35 . schaefer , h . - c . , m . vences & m . veith ( 2002 ) : molecular phylogeny of malagasy poison frogs , genus mantella ( anura : mantellidae ) : homoplastic evolution of colour pattern in aposematic amphibians . – organisms diversity and evolution 2 : 97 - 105 . ( pdf )
a324 . scherz , m . d . , b . ruthensteiner , d . r . vieites , m . vences & f . glaw ( 2015 ) : two new microhylid frogs of the genus rhombophryne with superciliary spines from the tsaratanana massif in northern madagascar .  herpetologica 71 : 310 - 321 . ( pdf )
a256 . lemme , i . , m . erbacher , n . kaffenberger , m . vences & j . köhler ( 2013 ) : molecules and morphology suggest cryptic species diversity and an overall complex taxonomy of fish scale geckos , genus geckolepis . – organisms diversity and evolution 13 : 87 - 95 . ( pdf )
a21 . glaw , f . , m . vences & v . gossmann ( 2000 ) : a new species of mantidactylus from madagascar , with a comparative survey of internal femoral gland structure in the genus ( amphibia : ranidae : mantellinae ) . – journal of natural history 34 : 1135 - 1154 . ( pdf )
a227 . kaffenberger , n . , k . c . wollenberg , j . köhler , f . glaw , d . r . vieites , & m . vences ( 2012 ) : molecular phylogeny and biogeography of malagasy frogs of the genus gephyromantis . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 62 : 555 - 560 . ( pdf )
a216 . pabijan , m . , p . - s . gehring , j . köhler , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2011 ) : a new microendemic frog species of the genus blommersia ( anura : mantellidae ) from the east coast of madagascar . – zootaxa 2978 : 34 - 50 . ( pdf )
a210 . miralles , a . , a . p . raselimanana , d . rakotomalala , m . vences & d . r . vieites ( 2011 ) : a new large and colorful skink of the genus amphiglossus from madagascar revealed by morphology and multilocus molecular study . – zootaxa 2918 : 47 - 67 . ( pdf )
a296 . scherz , m . d . , b . ruthensteiner , m . vences & f . glaw ( 2014 ) : a new microhylid frog , genus rhombophryne , from northeastern madagascar , and a re - description of r . serratopalpebrosa using micro - computed tomography . – zootaxa 3860 : 547 - 560 . ( pdf )
a221 . randrianiaina , r . d . , k . c . wollenberg , t . rasolonjatovo hiobiarilanto , a . strauß , j . glos & m . vences ( 2011 ) nidicolous tadpoles rather than direct development in malagasy frogs of the genus gephyromantis . – journal of natural history 45 : 2871 - 2900 . ( pdf )
a222 . köhler , j . , f . glaw , g . m . rosa , p . - s . gehring , m . pabijan , f . andreone & m . vences ( 2011 ) : two new bright - eyed treefrogs of the genus boophis from madagascar . – salamandra 47 : 207 - 221 . ( pdf )
a135 . jackman , t . r . , a . m . bauer , e . greenbaum , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2008 ) : molecular phylogenetic relationships among species of the malagasy - comoran gecko genus paroedura ( squamata : gekkonidae ) . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 46 : 74 - 81 . ( pdf )
a274 . klages , j . , f . glaw , j . köhler , j . müller , c . a . hipsley & m . vences ( 2013 ) : molecular , morphological and osteological differentiation of a new species of microhylid frog of the genus stumpffia from northwestern madagascar . – zootaxa 3717 : 280 - 300 . ( pdf )
a115 . glaw , f . , z . t . nagy , m . franzen & m . vences ( 2007 ) : molecular phylogeny and systematics of the pseudoxyrhophiine snake genus liopholidophis ( reptilia , colubridae ) : evolution of its exceptional sexual dimorphism and descriptions of new taxa . – zoologica scripta 36 : 291 - 300 . ( pdf )
a128 . nagy , z . t . , f . glaw , f . andreone , m . wink & m . vences ( 2007 ) : species boundaries in malagasy snakes of the genus madagascarophis ( serpentes : colubridae sensu lato ) assessed by nuclear and mitochondrial markers . – organisms diversity & evolution 7 : 241 - 251 . ( pdf )
a235 . randrianiaina , r . d . , a . strauß , j . glos & m . vences ( 2012 ) : diversity of strongly rheophilous tadpoles of malagasy tree frogs , genus boophis ( anura , mantellidae ) , and identification of new candidate species via larval dna sequence and morphology . – zookeys 178 : 59 - 124 . ( pdf )
a121 . glaw , f . , j . köhler , p . bora , n . h . c . rabibisoa , o . ramilijaona & m . vences ( 2007 ) : discovery of the genus plethodontohyla ( anura : microhylidae ) in dry western madagascar : description of a new species and biogeographic implications . – zootaxa 1577 : 61 - 68 .
a5 . ziegler , t . , m . vences , f . glaw & w . böhme ( 1997 ) : genital morphology and systematics of geodipsas boulenger , 1896 ( reptilia : serpentes : colubridae ) , with description of a new genus . – revue suisse de zoologie 104 ( 1 ) : 95 - 114 . ( pdf , low resolution )
two subspecies are recognized , based on morphological differences among larvae and adults ( goin and netting , 1940 ; bragg , 1953 ) . southern crawfish frogs ( rana a . areolata ) occur from east - central texas east through central and northern louisiana and southern arkansas , and north into southeastern oklahoma . northern crawfish frogs ( rana a . circulosa ) occur in the northern and eastern portions of the species distribution . sympatry between the subspecies occurs in the tallgrass prairie region between the canadian and arkansas rivers in oklahoma , and in southern arkansas ( bragg , 1953 ; conant and collins , 1998 ) . the similarity of r . areolata to the related florida gopher frog–dusky gopher frog ( r . capito – r . sevosa ) complex may contribute to inaccurate distribution records ( mount , 1975 ; martof et al . , 1980 ; altig and lohoefener , 1983 ; dundee and rossman , 1989 ; young and crother , 2001 ) . rana areolata , r . capito , and r . sevosa are distinct species ( goin and netting , 1940 ; hillis et al . , 1983 ; hillis , 1988 ; young and crother , 2001 ) and allopatrically distributed , although they are only separated by a narrow region in south - central mississippi and central louisiana ( dundee and rossman , 1989 ; conant and collins , 1998 ) , where morphologically intermediate animals were noted by neill ( 1957d ) .
a98 . chiari , y . , p . orozco - terwengel , m . vences , d . r : vieites , a . sarovy , j . e : randrianirina , a . meyer & e . louis jr . ( 2006 ) : genetic identification of units for conservation in tomato frogs , genus dyscophus . – conservation genetics 7 : 473 - 482 .
a153 . randrianiaina , r . - d . , l . raharivololoniaina , c . preuss , a . strauß . f . glaw , m . teschke , j . glos , n . raminosoa & m . vences ( 2009 ) : descriptions of the tadpoles of seven species of malagasy treefrogs , genus boophis . – zootaxa 2021 : 23 - 41 . ( pdf )
a288 . glaw , f . , c . kucharzewski , z . t . nagy , o . hawlitschek & m . vences ( 2013 ) : new insights into the systematics and molecular phylogeny of the malagasy snake genus liopholidophis suggest at least one rapid reversal of extreme sexual dimorphism in tail length . – organisms , diversity and evolution 14 : 121 - 132 . ( pdf )
a197 . randrianiaina , r . d . , a . strauß , j . glos , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2011 ) : diversity , external morphology and ‘reverse taxonomy’ in the specialized tadpoles of malagasy river bank frogs of the subgenus ochthomantis ( genus mantidactylus ) . – contributions to zoology 80 : 17 - 65 . ( pdf ) ( pdf high resolution )
a178 . rocha , s . , h . rösler , p . - s . gehring , f . glaw , d . posada , d . j . harris & m . vences ( 2010 ) : phylogenetic systematics of day geckos , genus phelsuma , based on molecular and morphological data ( squamata : gekkonidae ) . – zootaxa 2429 : 1 - 28 . ( pdf )
a37 . vences , m . , f . andreone , f . glaw , j . kosuch , a . meyer , h . - c . schaefer & m . veith ( 2002 ) : exploring the potential of life - history key innovation : brook breeding in the radiation of the malagasy treefrog genus boophis . – molecular ecology 11 : 1453 - 1463 . ( pdf )
males call from floating vegetation , or the shore , both day and night but more frequently at night during the breeding season ( savage 2002 ) . the advertisement and territorial call consists of a complex series of squalls and chortles , with the variability of noises giving the impression that several species are present at the same time ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) . the call may even be reminiscent of sounds produced by rubbing a hand across an inflated balloon ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) . this frog also gives a high - pitched , single - note alarm call sounding like a ' yip ' while leaping toward safety , and a captured individual may give prolonged , high - pitched calls while being handled by its captors ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) . the call given by this frog at la selva , costa rica is similar to that of taylor ' s leopard frog ( rana taylori , formerly rana pipiens ) and its relatives ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) .
a122 . wohltmann , a . , l . du preez , m . - o . rödel , j . köhler & m . vences ( 2007 ) : endoparasitic mites of the genus endotrombicula ewing , 1931 ( acari : prostigmata : parasitengona : trombiculidae ) from african and madagascan anurans , with description of a new species . – folia parasitologica 54 : 225 - 235 . ( pdf )
a226 . ohler , a . , k . c . wollenberg , s . grosjean , r . hendrix , m . vences , t . ziegler & a . dubois ( 2011 ) : sorting out lalos : description of new species and additional taxonomic data on megophryid frogs from northern indochina ( genus leptolalax , megophryidae , anura ) . – zootaxa 3147 : 1 - 83 . ( pdf )
a158 . franzen , m . , j . jones , a . p . raselimanana , z . t . nagy , n . d ' cruze , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2009 ) : a new black - bellied snake ( pseudoxrhophiinae : liophidium ) from western madagascar , with notes on the genus pararhadinaea . – amphibia - reptilia 30 : 173 - 183 . ( pdf )
a7 . glaw , f . , m . vences & w . böhme ( 1998 ) : systematic revision of the genus aglyptodactylus boulenger , 1919 ( amphibia : ranidae ) , and analysis of its phylogenetic relationships to other madagascan ranid genera ( tomopterna , boophis , mantidactylus , and mantella ) . – journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 36 ( 1 ) : 17 - 37 . ( pdf )
in contrast , parasites are not a major cause of mortality . this frog has relatively few parasites in comparison to other species of frogs , despite its aquatic lifestyle which favors the life cycle of gorgoderina and many other digeneans . studies have reported only 25 helminth species parasitizing rana vaillanti including several species of gorgoderina : g . attenuata , g . diaster , g . parvicava , and g . megacetabularis . the site of infection is the urinary bladder ( ramirez et al . 1998 ; mata - lã³pez et al . 2005 ) .
a376 . miralles , a . , a . macleod , a . rodríguez , a . ibañez , g . jiménez - uzcategui , g . quezada , m . vences & s . steinfartz ( 2017 ) : shedding light on the imps of darkness : an integrative taxonomic revision of the galápagos marine iguanas ( genus amblyrhynchus ) .  zoological journal of the linnean society 181 : 678 - 710 . ( pdf )
a278 . ratsoavina , f . m . , n . r . raminosoa , e . e . louis jr . , a . p . raselimanana , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2013 ) : an overview of madagascar’s leaf tailed geckos ( genus uroplatus ) : species boundaries , candidate species and review of geographical distribution based on molecular data . – salamandra 49 : 115 - 148 . ( pdf )
a270 . vences , m . , j . s . hauswaldt , s . steinfartz , o . rupp , a . goesmann , s . künzel , p . orozco - terwengel , d . r . vieites , s . nieto - roman , s . haas , c . laugsch , m . gehara , s . bruchmann , m . pabijan , a . - k . ludewig , d . rudert , c . angelini , l . j . borkin , p . - a . crochet , a . crottini , a . dubois , g . f . ficetola , p . galán , p . geniez , m . hachtel , o . jovanovic , s . n . litvinchuk , p . lymberakis , a . ohler , n . a . smirnov ( 2013 ) : radically different phylogeographies and patterns of genetic variation in two european brown frogs , genus rana . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 68 : 657 - 670 . ( pdf )
a recent genetic study of gopher frog ( rana capito ) populations across the current geographic distribution ( mississippi–north carolina ) by young and crother ( 2001 ) indicated that the mississippi population was genetically distinct . young and crother ( 2001 ) therefore elevated the mississippi population to specific status by resurrecting rana sevosa goin and netting ( 1940 ; dusky gopher frog ) , because this population is the only one remaining in the historical geographic range of rana sevosa ( louisiana to mobile county , alabama ) as described by goin and netting ( 1940 ) . assigning the population discovered in baldwin county , alabama , after the publication of goin and netting ( 1940 ) to r . sevosa or r . capito is difficult because this population was not included in their study and has since become extinct . netting and goin ( 1942a ) assigned this population to r . sevosa based on the then known distribution of r . sevosa ( louisiana to mobile county , alabama ) and r . capito ( florida to north carolina ) . however , populations later discovered in counties proximate to baldwin county were included in the genetic study of young and crother ( 2001 ) and were not genetically distinct from all other populations sampled east of the mobile bay ( thus remaining r . capito ) . based on this evidence , we assign the baldwin county population to r . capito ( as indicated by the geographic range maps ) and note the inherent uncertainty . it currently is not possible to determine the location of the contact zone between r . sevosa and r . capito , but the extensive mobile basin creates a logical barrier to dispersal and thus probably separates the two species .
c . larvae / metamorphosis . larvae hatch within 7–15 d after oviposition and metamorphose in 63–75 d in the field ( bragg , 1953 ; johnson , 1987 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ) . hatching occurs in 7–10 d and metamorphosis in 80–95 d in the laboratory ( m . redmer , personal observations ) . parris and semlitsch ( 1998 ) demonstrated that crawfish frogs have an average larval period of 65 d when reared in artificial ponds , and that this increases to an upper limit of 90 d when reared with larvae of other rana species . larvae feed primarily on phytoplankton and algae ( bragg , 1953 ; parris and semlitsch , 1998 ) . larvae reach up to 63 mm in length before metamorphosing and are distinguishable from other rana larvae by having a relatively narrow interruption between the two halves of the inner row of upper labial teeth ( smith et al . , 1948 ; bragg , 1953 ) and by a series of dermal pits along the lateral line ( bragg , 1953 ; dundee and rossman , 1989 ) . newly metamorphosed individuals are 30 mm in svl and weigh 2–3 g ( wright and myers , 1927 ; smith , 1961 ; parris and semlitsch , 1998 ) .
a287 . vences , m . , e . sanchez , j . s . hauswaldt , d . eikelmann , a . rodríguez , s . carranza , d . donaire , m . gehara , v . helfer , s . lötters , p . werner , s . schulz & s . steinfartz ( 2014 ) : nuclear and mitochondrial multilocus phylogeny and survey of alkaloid content in true salamanders of the genus salamandra ( salamandridae ) . – molecular phylogenetics and evolution 73 : 208 - 216 . ( pdf )
k . interspecific associations / exclusions . crawfish frogs may be excluded from larval communities containing plains leopard frogs ( rana blairi ) or southern leopard frogs ( r . sphenocephala ) because of weak interspecific competitive ability ( parris and semlitsch , 1998 ) . they may breed syntopically with northern cricket frogs ( acris crepitans ) , american toads ( bufo americanus ) , cope’s gray treefrogs ( hyla chrysoscelis ) , eastern gray treefrogs ( h . versicolor ) , spring peepers ( pseudacris crucifer ) , western chorus frogs ( p . triseriata ) , plains leopard frogs , green frogs ( r . clamitans ) , and southern leopard frogs ( wright and myers , 1927 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ; m . j . p . , personal observation ) .
1 . historical versus current distribution . dusky gopher frogs ( rana sevosa ) are endemic to the coastal plain of louisiana ( saint tammany , tangipahoa , and washington parishes ) , mississippi ( hancock , harrison , jackson , and pearl river counties ) , and southwestern alabama ( mobile county ; goin and netting , 1940 ; netting and goin , 1942a ; altig and lohoefener , 1983 ; dundee and rossman , 1989 ) . they were last documented in louisiana in 1967 , although they are now thought to be extirpated ( r . thomas , personal communication ) . populations from historical localities in mobile county , alabama , are also thought to be extinct ( mount , 1990 ; m . bailey , personal communication ) . one population was found in mississippi ( harrison county ) following extensive surveys of historical localities and suitable habitat in the late 1980s , but none has been found since ( g . johnson , personal communication ) .
rana vaillanti is semiaquatic , found either at the water ' s edge on land , resting in shallows , or floating among vegetation with only its green head emerging ( savage 2002 ) . it is active throughout the year both during day and night ( ramirez et al . 1998 ) . when startled , if it is on land , it will escape into the water to swim a short distance to a hiding spot on the bottom of the lake ( leenders 2001 ) or under floating vegetation ( savage 2002 ) . this frog is a sit - and - wait predator with a diverse diet of mainly sedentary prey , including a high proportion of invertebrates such as insects ( coleopterans , odontates and areneids ) and spiders , but also including birds , fish , and conspecifics ( ramirez et al . 1998 ) . it forages on the shoreline of the lake , leaping with hind legs completely extended ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) .
a377 . rakotoarison , a . , m . d . scherz , f . glaw , j . köhler , f . andreone , m . franzen , j . glos , o . hawlitschek , t . jono , a . mori , s . h . ndriantsoa , n . rasoamampionona raminosoa , j . c . riemann , m . o . rödel , g . m . rosa , d . r . vieites , a . crottini & m . vences ( 2017 ) : describing the smaller majority : integrative taxonomy reveals twenty - six new species of tiny microhylid frogs ( genus stumpffia ) from madagascar .  vertebrate zoology 67 : 271 - 398 . ( high - resolution pdf - 75 mb ) ( low - resolution pdf - 15 mb )
k . interspecific associations / exclusions . dusky gopher frogs inhabit the burrows of gopher tortoises , gopherus polyphemus ( allen , 1932 ; wright and wright , 1949 ) and small mammals ( richter et al . , 2001 ) . amphibian species currently known to breed in the same pond as dusky gopher frogs , although not necessarily during the same season , include mole salamanders ( ambystoma talpoideum ) , southern cricket frogs ( acris gryllus ) , southern toads ( bufo terrestris ) , eastern narrow - mouthed toads ( gastrophryne carolinensis ) , green treefrogs ( hyla cinerea ) , pine woods treefrogs ( h . femoralis ) , barking treefrogs ( h . gratiosa ) , squirrel treefrogs ( h . squirella ) , spring peepers ( pseudacris crucifer ) , southern chorus frogs ( p . nigrita ) , ornate chorus frogs ( p . ornata ) , green frogs ( rana clamitans ) , southern leopard frogs ( r . sphenocephala ) , and eastern spadefoot toads ( scaphiopus holbrookii ; allen , 1932 ; g . johnson and s . c . r . , personal observations ) .
k . interspecific associations / exclusions . in new jersey , green frogs and carpenter frogs ( r . virgatipes ) breed in the same lakes and have overlapping breeding seasons , calling site preferences , and vocal repertoires ; they also exhibit generally similar territorial behaviors ( wells , 1977 , 1978 ; given , 1987 , 1990 ) . nevertheless , given ( 1990 ) shows that carpenter frogs are less territorial but more aggressive than are green frogs in these breeding aggregations . working in west virginia , pauley and barron ( 1995 ) observed that green frogs breed in the same ponds as leopard frogs , pickerel frogs , and bullfrogs , but only american bullfrogs have an overlapping breeding season with green frogs . in northern minnesota , green frogs commonly occur with mink frogs ( rana septentrionalis ; oldfield and moriarty , 1994 ) . however , mink frogs usually inhabit floating vegetation in deeper water while green frogs are found along the edges of the water . this habitat partitioning reduces interspecific competition for food ( fleming , 1976 ) . minton ( 1972 ) reports two cases of male green frogs in amplexus with leopard frogs , once with a male and once with a female .
1 . historical versus current distribution . crawfish frogs ( rana areolata ) have a disjunct distribution , with populations localized in areas of suitable habitat . the distribution forms an arc that encircles the eastern , northern , and western boundaries of the ozark plateau , from western indiana and southern illinois , west through south - central iowa , central and southwestern missouri , southeastern kansas , eastern oklahoma , and eastern texas , and from extreme western kentucky south along the mississippi drainage to central mississippi , and across southern arkansas and northwestern louisiana ( wright and myers , 1927 ; goin and netting , 1940 ; bailey , 1943 ; bragg , 1953 ; smith , 1961 ; altig and lohoefener , 1983 ; garrett and barker , 1987 ; johnson , 1987 ; dundee and rossman , 1989 ; conant and collins , 1998 ; young and crother , 2001 ) . they are also present in a narrow band along the arkansas river valley in central arkansas ( s . trauth , arkansas state university , personal communication ) . crawfish frogs are absent from the ozark plateau in missouri and arkansas and the mississippi river delta in arkansas and mississippi ( r . altig , mississippi state university , personal communication ) .
rana vaillanti is a large frog with males reaching 67 - 94 mm and females 76 - 125 mm in snout - vent length ( savage 2002 ) . the head is longer than wide , with a pointed snout . the tympanum is large , and exceeds or is equal to the eye diameter . fingers are unwebbed but have a lateral ridge , and also have slightly swollen tips . finger i is longer than finger ii . subarticular tubercles are present under fingers but no supernumerary , plantar , or accessory palmar tubercles are present . the thenar tubercle is elongated and the palmar tubercle is cordate to bifid . on the hindlimb , a weak tarsal ridge is present . toes have expanded tips and are fully webbed , with oblong subarticular tubercles . the inner metatarsal tubercle is present and elongate , but the outer metatarsal tubercle is lacking . dorsal surfaces on this frog are covered with white - tipped denticles , particularly between the two prominent dorsolateral folds . the shank bears longitudinal rows of white - tipped denticles on the dorsal surface . ventrally most surfaces are smooth , but the underside of the tarsus is denticulate . males have paired rounded vocal slits and paired internal subgular vocal sacs , as well as yellowish nuptial excrescences on the dorsolateral surface of the thumb and forearm ( savage 2002 ) .
1 . historical versus current distribution . the range of green frogs ( rana clamitans ) encompasses most of the eastern united states , from the canadian border south to the gulf of mexico . green frogs occur almost everywhere east of a line drawn from central minnesota south through central iowa , southeast through missouri ( excluding the northwestern corner ) , and south through central oklahoma and eastern texas ( conant and collins , 1998 ) . green frogs are absent from the southern half of florida , from much of central illinois ( a distribution smith [ 1961 ] termed puzzling ) , and from half a dozen scattered counties in north - central arkansas . geographic isolates occur in western iowa , northern utah , and in several locations in the state of washington ( stebbins , 1985 ; leonard et al . , 1993 ) . two subspecies are recognized , northern green frogs ( r . c . melanota ) and bronze frogs ( r . c . clamitans ) . they have distributions that are roughly separated along a line from southeastern oklahoma arcing northeast through missouri to southern illinois , then arcing south through western tennessee , and east through northeastern mississippi , northern alabama , and central georgia , and northeast through central south carolina and extreme southeastern north carolina ( conant and collins , 1998 ) . mecham ( 1954 ) discusses the geographic variations of the morphologic features throughout the range , and arndt ( 1977 ) reports a blue variant from delaware . green frogs have been introduced in the states of washington and utah , and in western iowa .
i . breeding migrations . breeding occurs in late winter to early spring : late february to early may in northern regions , january to early april in southern regions ( bragg , 1953 ; smith , 1961 ; garrett and barker , 1987 ; johnson , 1987 ; dundee and rossman , 1989 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ) . immigration begins after rainfall has filled temporary ponds and a saturation has occurred ( smith et al . , 1947 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ) . ambient air temperatures of 10–12 ˚c ( minimum 8 ˚c ) are critical to initiate and maintain breeding activity ( smith et al . , 1948 ; bragg , 1953 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ; m . r . , unpublished data ) . some claim that for breeding , crawfish frogs require the most restrictive moisture and temperature conditions of any north american rana ( smith et al . , 1947 ) , but others cite flexibility in reproductive behavior ( bragg , 1953 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ; m . r . , unpublished data ) . males migrate to temporary ponds 5–6 d prior to the arrival of females ( smith et al . , 1948 ) . breeding occurs explosively , with most reproduction occurring in a short period of intense chorusing at the beginning of the breeding season , although calling and periodic reproductive activity may persist for 22–55 d ( smith et al . , 1948 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ) . in marginal habitats or in smaller populations , reproduction may not occur every year ( thompson , 1915 ; m . j . p . , personal observations ) .
o . predators . no records of predation on adults or juveniles exist , but predators would be similar to those of other gopher frogs , and other ranid frogs ( e . g . , snakes , birds , and mammals ; jensen and richter , this volume ) . caddisfly ( trichoptera ) larvae are known to prey on eggs and larvae ( richter , 2000 ) . no other documentation of larval predation exists , but potential predators include those of other gopher frogs , and those observed in glen’s pond feeding on southern leopard frog eggs and larvae—dragonfly naiads ( odonata ) , backswimmers ( hemiptera ) , giant water bugs ( hemiptera ) , predaceous diving beetles ( coleoptera ) , fish , salamanders , snakes , turtles , and birds ( jensen and richter , this volume ; s . c . r . , personal observations ) . p . anti - predator mechanisms . dusky gopher frogs inflate their bodies and cover their eyes when harassed or grasped by potential predators ( s . c . r . , personal observations ) , as is known for crawfish frogs ( rana areolata ; altig , 1972a ) , a sister species . this behavior in dusky gopher frogs is coupled with a milky secretion having a distinct musky odor and bitter taste , which exudes from the dorsal warts ( dickerson , 1906 ; goin and netting , 1940 ; s . c . r . , personal observations ) . the secretion is composed of a variety of peptides that have a wide range of bioactive properties , some of which are thought to be associated with predator deterrence ( c . graham , s . c . r . , p . flatt , and c . shaw , unpublished data ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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( family ranidae ) found in ponds , streams , and other bodies of fresh water in the northeastern united states . the green frog is 5 to 10 cm ( 2 to 4 inches ) long and green to brownish in colour . the back and legs are characteristically spotted or blotched .
) , is found in such places as swamps and streamsides of the southeastern united states . it is brown above and grows to about 8 . 5 cm ( 3 . 3 inches ) . its call , like that of the green frog , is a sharp , twanging note . the european marsh , pool , and edible frogs are also known as green frogs .
ranidae , , family of wide - ranging frogs of the order anura , containing several genera and more than 600 species . representatives occur on every continent except antarctica . members of this group are referred to as the true frogs . although most are aquatic or semiaquatic , a few ranids are ground…
frog , any of various tailless amphibians belonging to the order anura . used strictly , the term may be limited to any member of the family ranidae ( true frogs ) , but more broadly the name frog is often used to distinguish the smooth - skinned , leaping anurans from squat , warty , hopping ones , which are…
anura , one of the major extant orders of the class amphibia . it includes the frogs and toads , which , because of their wide distribution , are known by most people around the world . the name frog is commonly applied to those forms with long legs and smooth , mucus - covered skins , toad being used for a…
amphibian , ( class amphibia ) , any member of the group of vertebrate animals characterized by their ability to exploit both aquatic and terrestrial habitats . the name amphibian , derived from the greek amphibios meaning “living a double life , ” reflects this dual life strategy—though some species are…
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horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…


mumtaz mahal ( 1921 – 1945 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse who the national sporting library 's thoroughbred heritage website says was " one of the most important broodmares of the 20th century " .

she was named for empress mumtaz mahal , wife of mughal empire ruler shah jahan of taj mahal fame .

bred by lady sykes at her sledmere stud in driffield , east riding of yorkshire , mumtaz mahal was out of the mare lady josephine .

her sire was the tetrarch , whom the thoroughbred heritage website also said was " probably the greatest two-year-old of all time " , and that he was " possibly the greatest runner ever . "

mumtaz mahal ( horse )

champion racehorse and broodmare mumtaz mahal . | historic h o r s e s | pinterest | horse , race horses and thoroughbred horse
arguably the most influential of mumtaz mahal’s descendants was the truly great sire and sire of sires , nasrullah .
mumtaz mahal , a legendary broodmare and fantastic sprint racer is impossible to ignore - - and her unusual spotted coat seems appropriate because she is a rare animal indeed . blazingly fast , she was called the flying filly . mumtaz mahal is described as lightening fast , having faultless conformation , with quality , size and a good temperament . she was the champion two year in england , and many say she is the fastest filly of all times . she was bred by lady sykes and bought as a yearling by the aga khan . mumtaz mahal is at the head of his most successful family of winners .
. the second dam of nasrullah is the “flying filly , ” english champion 2 - year - old filly mumtaz mahal ( by the tetrarch ) , who became a great foundation mare for the aga khan .
mumtaz mahal is also the ancestress of the legendary new zealand broodmare eight carat , whose champion son octagonal ( zabeel ) is the sire of lonhro , whose son the conglomerate won saturday’s gr1 vodacom durban july .
the tetrarch is a source of speed in our modern horses . his influence comes from horses like mumtaz mahal , the dam of mumtaz begum ( the dam of nasrullah ) and sun princess ( the dam of royal charger ) . royal charger and nasrullah are 3 / 4 - brothers and are found in the pedigree of seattle slew . mumtaz mahal is the dam of mah mahal the dam of mahmoud , who showed his speed as a winner of the 7 furlong champagne stakes and the 6 furlong richmond stakes . he also won the epsom derby at 1 mile , 4 furlongs and 6 yards . mahmoud was the sire of moolah bux , who is a sire of quarter horse runners .
the honorius story is one of many threads , beginning way back to the the tetrarch , the unbeaten star of the turf who stamped so many his progeny with his distinctive grey coat - including the wondrous mumtaz mahal .
while there have been a number of outstanding broodmares of recent times , headed by the likes of urban sea , few will doubt that the mumtaz mahal’s clan still has a major part to play in the world’s best races .
mumtaz mahal , who won seven of ten outings and was a champion 2yo and champion sprinter , is also the ancestor of this season’s top class 3yo zarak , runner up in this year’s gr1 prix du jockey club ( french derby ) .
a son of dubawi , zarak is the first runner for the brilliant and undefeated arc winner zarkava ( zamindar ) , herself a direct descendant of another outstanding racemare in petite etoile ( petition ) . the latter’s fourth dam being none other than mumtaz mahal .
among the most recent top class performers to trace back in female line to mumtaz mahal is 2015 cartier champion and horse of the year golden horn ( cape cross ) – who won seven of nine outings , including the g1 investec derby and gr1 prix de l’arc de triomphe , and who is now standing at stud in newmarket .
1952 , 1953 and 1954 quarter horse champion gelding brigand , from the 1949 crop by depth charge , raced on both thoroughbred and quarter horse tracks .
3 - time quarter horse world champion woven web tb was sent to quarter horse racing by the king ranch and ran under the name miss princess .
; to dodoma ii ( by dastur ) , dam of 1949 english champion 2 - year - old filly diableretta ( by dante ) and three other stakes winners ; and to bibibeg ( by bahram ) , dam of three stakes winners . nasrullah ' s dam mumtaz begum is a half sister to mah mahal ( by gainsborough ) , dam of 1936 derby stakes winner mahmoud , and to rustom mahal
there are lessons in this pedigree that we may apply to our sport horse breeding programs . mumtaz mahal is not inbred herself . she is out of two inbred parents . each side of the pedigree engages the background of the opposite side ' s inbreeding . this is why she was a top sprinter herself , she improved and intergrated the bloodlines of the parents .
many a high class performer has stemmed from this branch of the mumtaz mahal dynasty , none better than the masterpiece zarkava - the first filly in 15 years to defeat the older horses in the world ' s great test of thoroughbred class , the prix de l ' arc de triomphe .
mumtaz mahal ( gb ) gr . m , 1921 { 9 - c } dp = 0 - 16 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 16 ) di = inf cd = 1 . 00 - 10 starts , 7 wins , 2 places , 0 shows career earnings : £13 , 933
one of the mumtaz mahal clan ' s finest achievements is petite etoile , the winner of 14 of her 19 starts - never once out of the first two . the highest ever timeform rated three - year - old filly until bettered only slightly by her relation habibti over two decades later .
in the breeding of sport horses we have all been told to avoid sprinting thoroughbred lines , that they are generally not good riding horse material . if there was ever a proof that this bias is foolish , we can see it here . mumtaz mahal is the dam of badruddin , mirza ii , rustom mahal - who is dam of abernant , mah mahal who inturn produced mahmoud , and also mah iran , and mumtaz begum - - who produced nasrullah ( the greastest overall sport line anywhere ) and sun princess - - the dam of royal charger . these are only some of her progeny , but these lines are interwoven into the modern race horse , and yes , the modern sport horse . in addition , her dam , lady josephine , is the dam of the fast and sound fair trial , and his sister sansonnet who is the dam of tudor minstrel . this is a virtual who ' s who of important thoroughbred bloodlines - - all stemming from one mare and her mother .
even though the duplicated lines in her parents are stayers , not sprinters , concentrating them this close up will produce speed . the experts state that building up the far reaches of the pedigree does the opposite : produce stamina . and it looks like mumtaz mahal shows there is merit in this theory .
we find mumtaz whereever great sport performance is found , and her grandson nasrullah is rated # 1 sport horse sireline in north america . read more about these bloodlines in legacy of lexington - - 20 % off when ordered from this site .
undoubtedly there will be a protocol change now , once the horse has literally bolted . . . .
as befitting a horse named after a roman emperor , honorius is a horse of great style and presence and he is sure to impress breeders as he begins his stud career at larneuk stud , euroa .
it should not be forgotten however , that golden horn , while being by a very good sire , owes plenty to his superb female line . he traces back to the mighty mumtaz mahal , as does another arc winner of recent times , zarkava ( zamindar ) , while other recent stars tracing back to the “flying filly” include former sa horse of the year , igugu ( galileo ) and this season’s gr1 pretty polly stakes winner , diamondsandrubies ( fastnet rock ) .
if you have sport success in your horses than you probably have mumtaz mahal or a close relative of her in your lineages . a product of two tightly bred parents : the tetrarch - - who is 3x3 to the full siblings clementina / tadcaster , and lady josephine who is 4x4 to the full siblings the nun / norfolk . this pattern is extremely potent - - which her outstanding breeding career demonstrates .
nasrullah’s three parts brother royal charger , whose dam sun princess was a granddaughter of mumtaz mahal , also formed a remarkable potent male line , with outstanding male line descendants including the likes of hail to reason , roberto , sir ivor , sir tristram , zabeel , lonhro ( and thus july winner the conglomerate as well ) , sunday silence , more than ready , deep impact , sebring , and habitat to name but a few .
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mumtaz mahal was dubbed
the flying filly
after this daughter of the tetrarch proved herself one of the fastest two - year - olds ever . an early purchase for the aga khan , she also became one of his most important foundation mares . her descendants , which include mahmoud , nasrullah , royal charger , abernant , petite etoile , and shergar , spread her influence around the world , making her one of the most important broodmares of the 20th century .
holy bull was champion three - year - old in 1994 , and won $ 2 . 4 million in his racing career . the son of great above ( by minnesota mac ) got his grey coloring came from his dam , sharon brown , whose parents both descended from the legendary mahmoud . sharon brown’s sire al hatta , was by mahmoud’s son the axe , and he was out of abyssinia , a descendant of mumtaz mahal , a grey dauighter of “the spotted wonder” ,
two years later an imposing son of danehill , a horse standing his second season at coolmore stud , was chosen as zarinia ' s mate .
mah iran was the second best two - year - old filly of 1941 and became the dam of migoli ( 1944 by bois roussel ) , winner of the prix de l ' arc de triomphe , eclipse stakes , champion stakes , and second in the derby . migoli later sired the american belmont stakes winner gallant man . migoli ' s sister , star of iran ( by bois roussel - mah iran ) , produced the great filly petite etoile ( 1956 by petition ) , who was inbred 4x5 to lady josephine through mumtaz mahal and lady juror .
this season’s smart british 3yo algometer ( archipenko ) is yet another from this female line – with his dam being triple gr1 winner and horse of the year albanova .
and her blood flows through many a great australian horse with eight carat - record breaking dam of five group one winners including the champion octagonal - also a descendant .
depth charge sired only two starters in quarter horse races from 1955 to 1957 . they were dry powder and submersion . dry power had one start on quarter horse tracks and was unplaced . dry power made 57 thoroughbred starts , including 13 wins and she placed in the 1957 miss cleveland stakes . the dam of dry powder is brown satin by contradiction . submersion had 47 starts with only four wins and was unplaced from one start on quarter horse tracks . she is out of beau maid by beau pere .
such as caulfield cup hero mongolian khan , also winner of the new zealand and australian derbies . . . the only horse to claim all three of those coveted group one races .
world champion johnny dial , a 1948 quarter horse son of depth charge , helped establish his sire as a progenitor of speed . johnny dial set or equaled four track records at four different tracks .
five of her progeny , including canadian horse of the year l ' enjoleur , were stakes winners and she spurred a dynasty whose members include the australian champion stallions flying spur and encosta de lago .
including a tough fellow by the name of honorius , a horse whose illustrious background demands attention ! a proven high class sire line , an internationally prolific family . . . he has it all .
the conglomerate ( whose dam is the australian gr1 star republic lass ) is the eighth gr1 winner for former horse of the year lonhro ( whose 26 wins included no fewer than 11 at gr1 level .
the tetrarch ,
through his champion daughter mumtaz mahal , the tetrarch’s bloodline has continued through nasrullah , bold ruler , and secretariat .
urltoken tim tam , oh what could of been . urltoken
winner of the 1958 kentucky derby and preakness who was thought to have a huge chance to win the belmont . indeed , he was leading down the stretch in that race , toward a sure victory . but he fractured a sesamoid bone and hobbled to the line in second place he retired to a successful stud career , and sired champion filly tosmah in 1961
triplicate gets a visit from fred astaire . triplicate is a winner of the 1946 hollywood gold cup . what a shame it will be no more . urltoken champion sire turn - to urltoken also saw a few with him in their pedigrees during the sales whats with the man o war essence ? lol upset in a pose , the only horse to beat man o war urltoken
in addition , mumtaz is a phenomenal broodmare , she and her sister are so prolific that they are considered part of the fabric of the modern thoroughbred . she has the three daughter lines of the broodmare sire hermit - - a filly factor . the full siblings from her sire and dam provided strong filly - colt factor combinations . this is a beautiful pedigree - - excellence for performance and for breeding . when building our sport horse lineages we want to try to have a pattern like this , not of course with sprinting lines , but with sport transmitters . when we have a horse that has good sport duplications close up , we will want to find a mate that connects to the background of that strength and / or provides an equally potent design in different beneficial bloodlines - - like you see here .
from horse racing simulation facebook :
today in horse racing history – july 02 , 1989 : jockey steve cauthen became the first rider in history to sweep the world ' s four major derbies after winning the irish derby with old vic . he had previously won the kentucky derby with affirmed ( 1978 ) , the epsom derby with slip anchor ( 1985 ) and reference point ( 1987 ) and the french derby with old vic ( 1989 ) .
the thoroughbred jackstraw , who traces to the broodmare sire of depth charge’s sire bold venture , is another source of quarter horse speed and has a 2 x 3 breeding pattern to luke mcluke , the broodmare sire of three bars .
depth charge is by bold venture and out of the hertz owned mare quickly , by haste . depth charge was sold as a weanling to the king ranch of kingsville , texas , which is the first twist in his story that set him on the road to being an influence on the quarter horse breed . the king ranch is noted for the development of the old sorrel line of quarter horses and the santa gertrudis breed of beef cattle . the king ranch also contributed to quarter horse racing as the owner and / or breeder of horses like the thoroughbreds woven web , aka “miss princess , ” chicaro , top deck and depth charge , who are all important contributors to the quarter horse breed .
we ' ve had g1 winners with a lot of chrome , but nothing as loud as the horse above . generally , racing tb breeders don ' t give a hoot about color . most flashy tbs are bred for the halter and / or sport horse markets . appaloosa markings ( lp complex ) have not been shown to occur in thoroughbreds . first secretary would not have been able to be registered as a thoroughbred . a horse can be registered as a tb only if both its parents are registered tbs . first secretary was registered as an appaloosa . he never raced due to his november foaling date , but stood at stud and sired 247 foals including 39 racing starters . appaloosas race together with paints . some racing appaloosas have pedigrees that include considerable quarter horse and / or thoroughbred blood . there ' s a horse named lucky chappy , foaled in ireland , that has placed in graded stakes company for team valor . he is a rabicano with a white tail head and roaning on his hindquarters . he is registered as a bay . then there ' s oxbow , who has some sort of sabino / rabicano thing going on . in japan , there is the white horse , yukichan . she was a g2 winner before being retired to broodmare duty . she is a granddaughter of sunday silence ( aren ' t they all ? ) and her dam seems to have been a spontaneous dominant white mutation .
nasrullah was bred and owned by the aga khan , who initially stood the horse at barton grange stud in suffolk . after the 1944 breeding season , he sold the horse to joe mcgrath for £19 , 000 , and * nasrullah moved to ireland . mcgrath , in turn , sold the horse to a . b .
bull
hancock of claiborne farm for £150 , 000 ( variously reported as equivalent to us $ 340 , 000 , $ 370 , 000 , or $ 372 , 000 , depending on the source consulted ) with the sale taking effect after the 1950 breeding season ; mcgrath retained one breeding right . * nasrullah died of a ruptured heart at claiborne farm on may 26 , 1959 .
moving on to royal ascot , she won the five furlong queen mary stakes , coasting home by ten lengths . it was here that mumtaz mahal earned her sobriquet
the flying filly
and deservedly so . next came the national breeders produce stakes at sandown , also at five furlongs , which she won by four lengths . at goodwood , she won the molecomb stakes ( five furlongs ) but another awesome ten lengths . stepped up to six furlongs in the champagne stakes at doncaster , she won by three lengths . in her final start of the year , in the imperial produce stakes ( kempton ) on october 12 , she was clearly not at her best , barely handled the deep going and bravely lost the six furlong test by half a length to the colt arcade , feeling the whip for the first time .
never tasting defeat , zarkava earned the title of cartier european horse of the year and has already produced a group one winner - her son zarak charging home from the rear to claim the grand prix de saint - cloud in early july .
the thoroughbred jackstraw , who traces to the broodmare sire of depth charge’s sire bold venture , is another source of quarter horse speed and has a 2 x 3 breeding pattern to luke mcluke ( shown ) , the broodmare sire of three bars .
kristen manning is a freelance racing writer and pedigree analyst based in melbourne . a keen owner / breeder who loves every aspect of thoroughbred horse racing , she has written two books focusing on the deeds of fields of omagh and prince of penzance .
depth charge found himself back in quarter horse territory when he was sold to audie murphy in 1957 . gordon shultz , who later bought an interest in depth charge with murphy , stood the horse . his 1958 foals show 13 starters with 10 rom , one stakes winner and two stakes placed . his stakes winner was midland miss , winner of the brigand handicap . midland miss is out of bobbie leo by leo by champion joe reed ii , and out of frye’s breeze by flying bob by chicaro .
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the 1949 crop for depth charge also did their share of promoting their sire . he sired 12 starters in quarter horse races that included nine rom , three stakes winners and two stakes placed runners . the stakes winners were chudej’s black gold , miss tacubaya and brigand .
mah mahal ( gr . f . 1928 by gainsborough ) dead - heated for first once in seven starts at two , and won a minor handicap at worcester at three . she produced nine foals , led by epsom derby winner mahmoud ( gr . c . 1933 by blenheim ii ) , who stood a couple seasons in france before being sent to kentucky , where he became a leading sire . mah mahal ' s other foals included khan bahadur ( c . 1935 by blenheim ii ) winner of the prince of wales ' s stakes and rous memorial stakes ; pherozshah ( c . 1934 by pharos ) , sire of rose o ' lynn ( dam of buisson ardent , venture vii ) before his export to a successful stud career in new zealand ; golden fawn ( 1937 by bahram ) , a major stakes winner in india ; and mah iran ( f . 1939 by href =
bahram . html
> bahram
going down fighting when only just being beaten by teofilo in the group one dewhurst stakes at newmarket , holy roman emperor looked to have so much ahead of him but with fellow coolmore horse george washington proving infertile he was rushed off to stud to fill that gap on the roster .
the first depth charge crop produced in kentucky was foaled in 1952 . he had only five quarter horse starters with just two rom , all out of thoroughbred mares . the rom earners included spanish charge , a 2 - time stakes winner in the ruidoso derby and state fair stallion stakes .
a frustrating mix of talent and temperament while on the race course in england , nasrullah was no easier to handle as a stallion . nonetheless , the tempestuous horse became a leading sire on both sides of the atlantic and has wielded tremendous influence as both a sire of winners and a broodmare sire
uk horse of the year , one whose record mare earnings took ten years to surpass . a true legend of the turf - and another great mare to make her mark over the generations with her unraced daughter zahra the foundation mare of the aga khan ' s prolific
z
family .
little wonder that australians have been keen to tap into the influence of this family and it was kia - ora stud , nsw who imported zariya ' s irish bred granddaughter zarinia in 2005 . . . and they struck gold early with her second foal being south african horse of the year igugu .
a bay horse , nasrullah stood 16 . 1 - 1 / 2 hh . he was a handsome and brilliantly talented individual whose racing career was negatively impacted by his willful and ungenerous disposition . among his other bad habits , he was inclined to pull himself up on making the lead , making it quite difficult to time his finishing run . a strongly made , well balanced horse with exceptional muscling through the gaskins , he had a notably sloping croup which was passed on to many of his descendants . nasrullah was quite intelligent and invariably acted worse around humans who could be cowed by a show of temperament .
flipping through the pages of this week ' s issue of the blood - horse , i did my usual cursory glance at the horses for sale section of the classified ads . one of the entries screamed out
lovely young dynaformer mare . . .
and i decided to dig a little deeper .
this male line has well and truly flourished in south africa , with current successful representatives including champion sires al mufti and captain al , the successful sire and equus champion greys inn ( sire of legal eagle – the probable horse of the year for this season ) , and the very promising young sire philanthropist .
several of these early depth charge runners were out of thoroughbred mares , so they were thoroughbreds that competed in both quarter horse and thoroughbred races . these runners included encantadora , winner of the 1950 central bar and grill futurity . she was undefeated from three starts in quarter horse races and had 28 starts in thoroughbred races that included 11 victories . encantadora was a stakes winner in the 1st division of the 1950 silver stakes and set three track records at centennial race track , including a world record for 5 furlongs in 57 seconds . this mare was king ranch bred and out of bruja , by livery . the dam of bruja was chicaro’s hallie by chicaro .
champion sire in france in 2009 , cape cross , who has been represented by 10 stakes winners in 2015 , has had just a handful of runners in south africa , with his best being dollarmation , the latter beating subsequent horse of the year , ilha da vitoria ( candy stripes ) when second in the gr2 elevation stakes .
interestingly , golden horn is inbred to lorenzaccio ( klairon ) –a horse who broke the hearts of many racing fans when defeating the great nijinsky ii in the champion stakes of 1970 . lorenzaccio’s name will live in pedigrees for decades thanks to the deeds of his hugely successful son , ahonoora –sire of classic winners don’t forget me and dr devious , outstanding sire and broodmare sire , indian ridge , and broodmare sire of such horses as cape cross , derby winner and champion , new approach ( galileo ) , influential speed sire , acclamation ( royal applause ) , and us horse of the year , azeri ( jade hunter ) , to name but a few . ahonoora is also broodmare sire of former champion sa sprinter tracy’s element – herself dam of ill - fated australian horse of the year , typhoon tracy ( red ransom ) . other notable performers inbred to lorenzaccio include irish derby runner up , definite article - best known as the sire of four time gr1 irish st leger winner vinnie roe .
and designs on rome , hong kong horse of the year . as well as south american stars salto olimpico and maraton , hong kong mile winner beauty only , nz 1000 guineas winner rollout the carpet , oakleigh plate victor sheidel , american big race winner rich tapestry , uk 1000 guineas heroine homecoming queen and the , high class french galloper morandi .
haunted , from the 1950 crop by depth charge , ran on thoroughbred tracks and never had a start in a quarter horse race . she won the 1950 cinderella stakes as one of her four wins from 12 starts . she was second in the hollywood lassie stakes . the dam of haunted was bruja by livery and out of chicaro’s hallie by chicaro .
holy roman emperor ' s grandam is northern dancer ' s finest daughter fanfreluche - canadian horse of the year , us champion 3y0 filly . best remembered as the victim of a kidnap , she was saved by a family who found her wandering along the road ! fortunately she was eventually returned to clairbone farm from where she proved a powerful breeding force .
baloma is by depth charge by bold venture , and out of woven web , or miss princess as she was known in quarter horse racing . woven web is by bold venture , making baloma inbred to bold venture with a 2 x 2 breeding pattern . the dam of woven web is bruja by livery and she is out of chicaro hallie by chicaro .
the 1951 crop was the last crop sired by depth charge in texas , as he was sent to stand at the kentucky division of the king ranch . this move to kentucky was another twist in his life that could have ended his success as a quarter horse sire . however , he was not well accepted by kentucky breeders and he was later sold .
was looking at mentor cane on a different discussion . . . which brought this question to mind . pardon , i am not a true horse racing fan so this may be a dumb or redundant question : has there been any american g1 racehorse that had very unusual or
loud
markings on his coat like a loud paint , leopard or appaloosa type coloring ? with all of the horse races i ' ve watched on tv , i ' ve never seen any unusually marked racehorses . i saw marquetry ' s photo , but his coat coloring was more subtle . . . his body was basically a solid color . rachel showed us a paint racehorse in japan . . . ( see image below ) : but do we have any or had any loud marked ( g1 ) racehorses in the us ? btw - another ignorant question on thoroughbred horse racing . . . was first secretary ' s foals ( with his bloodlines from secretariat ) ever able to qualify to race among the thoroughbreds ? ? or because of his mixed appaloosa blood , not eligible ? please advise if you know .
depth charge is one of the greatest stallions to impact the racing american quarter horse . the story of depth charge is filled with twists and turns ; however , that could have led to his being lost in history . but like many great stallions , he overcame the obstacles to enter the aqha hall of fame as a sire with a deep and lasting influence on the breed .
domino has a breeding pattern of 3 x 4 x 4 to lexington , a 4 x 5 x 5 x 4 breeding pattern to boston , and a breeding pattern of 6 x 5 x 6 x 6 to glencoe . the mating of lexington and boston with the blood of glencoe is one of the great nicks . it is a nick that produced speed that eventually became part of the quarter horse .
“if you were putting together your fantasy horse stable for the last 25 years , you’d have to have holy bull in your top five . horses like holy bull just don’t come along that often . i’ve always said , he wasn’t a specialist – short , grass , long or dirt . just a fantastic racehorse . you can’t mention his name without using such words as ‘fighter , determination and guts . ”
depth charge was foaled in 1941 at leona farms in carey , illinois . the farm was owned by john d . hertz , sr . and his wife fannie , the listed breeders of depth charge . john d . hertz , sr . was the founder of such automobile businesses as hertz rent a car and the yellow cab company . they were well known in horse racing by the time depth charge was born as the owners of 1928 kentucky derby winner reigh count .
ultimus is the sire of luke mcluke , the broodmare sire of three bars . jackstraw , another source of quarter horse speed , has a 2 x 3 breeding pattern to luke mcluke . stimulus is another son of ultimus and is the sire of captain couragous , who is the sire of rey , the broodmare sire of sugar bars . high time , by ultimus , is the sire of fleeting time , the broodmare sire of joe reed ii , the sire of leo .
johnny dial , a 1948 son of depth charge , is one of the runners not bred by the king ranch . his dam is the cajun bred running mare black annie by rodney . bred by the hepler brothers , johnny dial ran from 1950 to 1952 , starting in 27 quarter horse races than included 13 wins , six second place finishes and two thirds . he was the 1952 world champion and the 1952 champion stallion . he earned a total of $ 22 , 906 .
the race record of depth charge indicates that he was not the kind of horse with the stamina to run the classic distance of the 1 1 / 4 - mile kentucky derby . he was only raced from 2 1 / 2 to 6 furlongs in his 16 starts . we will use his chart book record published in the november 1973 quarter racing world , now speedhorse , in the article “depth charge : unsung progenitor of speed” by ralph dye , as our source for his race record .
baloma is another thoroughbred runner that came from the 1950 depth charge crop . she had six starts on the thoroughbred tracks with two wins , including the debutante stakes at the fairgrounds in new orleans where she set a new track record for 2 furlongs in : 21 . 8 . baloma ran 2 furlongs again in the same time for her second win in mexico . she raced at quarter horse tracks in 1953 , earning her rom and winning one of three starts with two second place finishes .
stephanie is by stefan the great , winner of the 6 furlong middle park stakes at two . he was injured in the 2000 guineas and retired with two wins in three starts . stefan the great is by the tetrarch , an undefeated race horse that won all seven of his starts at two including the champagne stakes , woodcote stakes , coventry stakes and national breeder’s produce stakes . the tetrarch shows his speed in these races , as they were run from 5 furlongs to 1 mile . his injury prevented his running in longer races and he was retired to stud .
when depth charge’s racing career ended , he returned to texas . the king ranch sent him to john dial , a racehorse owner , breeder and trainer who played a key role in the king ranch race program in texas . dial had sold chicaro to the king ranch , the thoroughbred that is credited with founding the king ranch entry into thoroughbred racing . dial was the first to stand the king ranch - bred top deck and was also the trainer of 3 - time aqha world champion woven web tb that the king ranch sent to quarter horse racing as miss princess .
howl at the moon has two young foals . a 2007 proud citizen ( sro ) daughter sold for $ 20 , 000 at last year ' s keeneland november breeding stock sale and is hip # 2832 at the keeneland september sale starting next week . another filly came early this year , this time by olmodavor ( sro ) . for 2009 , howl at the moon is in foal to the royally - bred kitalpha ( a full brother to the spectacular sire kingmamb o ( sro ) ) , who arrived at war horse place in lexington , ky . , in 2008 for his first u . s . stud season .
holy bull’s original owner , rachel carpenter , bequeathed all of her horses to jimmy croll who was the owner of record for holy bull’s first start in 1993 . he won all four races as a two - year - old , including the g1 futurity stakes at belmont park over eventual champion two - year - old dehere . at three , among his eight wins were five g1 races – the travers stakes , woodward stakes , met mile , haskell invitational and florida derby – and was voted the best three - year - old of that year and was also named horse of the year . he retired with an overall record of 13 wins from 16 starts and earnings of $ 2 , 481 , 760 and was inducted into the hall of fame in 2001 .
brigand raced from 1951 to 1958 . urltoken gives his thoroughbred race record as nine starts at two with five wins , two seconds and two thirds . he was second in the duncan f . kenner stakes and won $ 5 , 391 on thoroughbred tracks . he started in 75 quarter horse races with 37 wins and 20 stakes wins , earning $ 45 , 964 . his stakes wins include the new mexico breeders’ derby and the new mexico state fair championship in 1952 . he won his third peter mccue stakes in 1957 and was the aqha 1952 , 1953 and 1954 champion gelding . he broke down in 1958 and is buried in the infield at ruidoso downs . brigand’s dam , border jane by boojum and out of chicaro jane by chicaro was also bred by king ranch .
a horse probably more ill tempered than dynaformer , hastings , and halo . meet the mare vampire :
the aptly - named daughter of prominent british stallion galopin was renowned for her violent nature . she was known to viciously attack anyone who tried to handle her , with hooves or teeth . her ill - temper had an impact on her racing career , and she was only able to win two of her career twelve races , one of them being the priory stakes when her first foal was born , vampire killed it and seriously injured her groom in the process . despite this , she managed to produce 10 named foals , 6 of which were sired by champion sire orme her best offspring was flying fox , born in 1896 , who won the english triple crown and was a highly successful stallion in france
even her picture looks vicious urltoken
ive noticed that alot of these champions have upright pasterns , giving them a proud stance to their confirmation stymie beating assualt and gallorette in the 1947 metropolitan handicap ( or met mile ) . he would come from 13 lenghts back to win the race . urltoken baby sunglow urltoken who would grow up to sire 1959 hoy sword dancer sysonby urltoken
sysonby was the 1905 horse of the year , winning all but one of his races by large margins he died in 1906 , aged just four years , from a disease called variola . the disease caused bloody sores all over his body , which soon became infected , causing death . his remains were donated to the american museum of natural history to become part of the chubb series of skeletons
i would of rather he lie in peace but oh well ta wee , whose name means beautiful girl in the sioux language urltoken her first foal was the sprinter great above who sired holy bull
there is a hidden side to this story of her lineage . first , it is just a piece of good luck that her dam lady josephine was not born a year later . if she had been she would have been excluded from the general stud book ! and of course if that happened then there would be no history writing english broodmare dynasty that influenced all of the racing and sport ! lady josephine ' s dam - sire is americus , an american thoroughbred , who carried the bloodlines of lexington rh who was sire of the full siblings the nun / norfolk who she was 2x2 to . also the dam of those siblings , novice , was by glencoe , but out of chloe anderson , another american running horse . when the american sportsmen began bringing their racehorses and hunters over to england , ireland and france to compete starting in the 1850s no one there was prepared for their far ranging success . by the 1880s the american horses had won just about all the classic races , many multiple times , and their offspring bred there were doing the same , including americus girl , the dam of lady josephine . the surprise at the performance level of these upsetters was quickly followed by uneasiness , then dread and anger , which finally resulted in the english jockey club passing an edict called the jersey act to put the american thoroughbred out of business . lady josephine if born one year later would have been one of those excluded from the stud book . ( see
owner : hh aga khan iii breeder : lady sykes of sledmere winnings : 10 starts : 7 - 2 - 0 , £13 , 933 won spring stakes , queen mary stakes , national breeders produce stakes , molecomb stakes , champagne stakes , king george stakes , nunthorpe stakes . champion 2yo filly ( 1923 ) champion sprinter in england nicknamed
the flying filly
( stable name :
mumty
) died in february , 1945 , at haras marly - la - ville , oise , france , at 24 . ( close )
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grey filly , 1921 . by the tetrarch - lady josephine by sundridge . byerley turk sire line woodpecker sire line quick chart . family # 9 - c
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winx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .
t . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .
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urltoken
there is much more to this mare , since i first wrote this article in 2012 , i have isolated the main bloodlines of the jumping trait , and this mare , besides all her other gifts is also a strong source of jump . and her sire and dam : the tetrarch and lady josephine can themselves be relied on to produce jumpers .
for the full story on this episode and the reason why it was the american horses were so superior to their british counterparts ) .
. look at the duplications , and if you are familar with thoroughbred lines you will notice that many of these repetitions are of known staying sources . for instance , lexington rh , is an old pre - potent american line , a wildly successful racehorse and sire when race horses were expected to r
, several times a day , this is after many of them had to ride ten to twenty miles to get to the races . it would be fair to say that lexington rh is a source of stamina - - he set world records for distance racing . yet concentrating his lines close up has produced a
color : gr ( gb ) won spring stakes , queen mary stakes , national breeders produce stakes , molecomb stakes , champagne stakes , king george stakes , nunthorpe stakes . champion 2yo filly ( 1923 ) champion sprinter in england nicknamed ` the flying filly ` died in february , 1945 , at haras marly - la - ville , oise , france , at 24 . ( close )
although he was the top colt on the free handicap for english juveniles of 1942 with a rating of 132 pounds , nasrullah was weighted 1 pound below the top filly , lady sybil .
nasrullah was weighted at 132 pounds on the free handicap for english 3 - year - old males of 1943 , 1 pound below champion straight deal .
ed the english general sire list in 1951 and led the u . s . general sire list in 1955 , 1956 , 1959 , 1960 , and 1962 . according to jockey club records , he sired 290 winners ( 68 . 2 % ) and 84 stakes winners ( 19 . 8 % ) from 425 named foals .
nasrullah with 98 stakes winners from 420 foals ( 23 . 3 % ) ,
( churchill , reichard and rogers ) shows him as having sired 98 stakes winners from 425 foals ( 23 . 1 % )
high withers and a sloping croup ; many had varying degrees of his volatile temperament as well .
full brother to the good english juvenile filly rivaz , dam of the brilliantly fast english filly palariva ( by palestine ; dam of french stakes winner khairunissa and english stakes winner zahedan ) , 1963 mother goose stakes winner spicy living ( by gallant man ) and stakes winner tayeh ( by tehran ; dam of french stakes winners paraguana and paola ii ) . he is also a full brother to the minor stakes winners nizami ii and malindi ( dam of two - time french leading sire prince taj , by prince bio ) . in addition , nasrullah is a
nasrullah : forgotten patriarch of the american thoroughbred was written by melanie greene and was released by the history press in 2013 .
nasrullah is profiled in chapter 20 of abram s . hewitt ' s sire lines ( 1977 , the thoroughbred owners and breeders association ; updated and reprinted by eclipse press in 2006 ) and in part three of edward l . bowen ' s dynasties ( 2000 , eclipse press ) .
nasrullah is one of 205 stallions whose accomplishments at stud are profiled in great thoroughbred sires of the world ( 2006 , the australian bloodhorse review ) , a massive reference work written by jennifer churchill , andrew reichard and byron rogers .
the first , an irish - bred filly out of dasaratha , won the 1952 irish one thousand guineas . the second , an american - bred colt out of segula , won the 1955 preakness stakes and belmont stakes . ( ironically , the filly was registered as “nashua ii” in the
when imported to the united states even though she was the elder , as the american - bred of that name was the first to be registered in the asb . )
when the stallions were being shown to visitors at claiborne , nasrullah would throw a fit if he was not the first stallion led out .
completely uncooperative with veterinary treatment , nasrullah never got so much as a tetanus shot while at claiborne .
depth charge changed ownership in 1960 when hugh huntley bought him . his 1961 crop included stakes winner pokey chargette and stakes placed bita charger ( shown ) .
bold venture , the sire of depth charge , won the 1936 kentucky derby and preakness stakes , but bowed a tendon prior to the belmont stakes , ending his race career .
chica charge is one of three stakes runners from the 1959 crop by depth charge . the others are 1963 champion aged stallion the haymaker and goldseeker .
stakes placed deep bob is a full sibling to stakes winner midland miss , who is from the 1958 depth charge crop .
depth charge’s first start was at 5 furlongs and he won by 10 - lengths . it must be noted that he was first at the quarter in six of his 11 starts .
two of the three stakes winners from the last texas crop by depth charge in 1951 were the quarter horses dividend and super charge ( shown ) .
domino is considered one of the great sources of speed . ultimus , the broodmare sire of depth charge’s sire bold venture , is a double grandson of domino .
the 1962 foal crop by depth charge included stakes winner kaweah shue fly ( shown ) and stakes placed bob charge .
depth charge changed ownership in 1960 when hugh huntley bought him . his 1961 crop included stakes winner pokey chargette ( shown ) and stakes placed bita charger .
the 1960 crop by depth charge included stakes winner tiny charger ( shown ) and stakes placed deep bob .
the king ranch entered thoroughbred racing in the mid 1930’s , and by 1941 they were well on their way to prominence in the racing industry . they bought bold venture just after his win in the 1936 kentucky derby and stood him at their king ranch kentucky division .
depth charge was sent to the king ranch in texas to await his racing career as a contender for such races as the kentucky derby . he was conditioned by max hirsch , who had been the trainer of his sire bold venture and who also trained top king ranch runners such as 1946 triple crown winner assault and 1950 kentucky derby and belmont stakes winner middleground . both runners were also sired by bold venture .
depth charge started four times at two , with a win , a second , and a third place , earning just $ 2 , 350 . his third came in the myles standish stakes at suffolk downs , making him a stakes placed runner . he also finished seventh in the juvenile stakes at belmont park . he broke his maiden in his last race of the year at jamaica race course in new york at 5 1 / 2 furlongs . it should be noted that he had the first call at the quarter , or the 3 / 16th pole , in all four of his starts at two .
depth charge didn’t race as a three year old . the only known physical reason for depth charge not starting that year came in the ralph dye story in that he had “a tendon that was to give him some trouble . ” depth charge resumed racing at four , running at garden state , belmont park and jamaica . he finished second at garden state in a 6 furlong race that year .