the tentacled flathead ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) or crocodilefish is a member of the order scorpaeniformes , an order which also includes the scorpionfishes and stonefishes .

it is found in the western indian ocean ; the red sea .

the species now also occurs in the mediterranean , having invaded as a lessepsian migrant through the suez canal .

tentacled flathead

a tentacled flathead ( crocodilefish ) sits on the sand , waiting for prey to swim by .
crocodile fish carpet flathead underwater red sea . amazing relax video about marine tropical animals carpet flathead in world of wildlife .
macro of the eye of a tentacled flathead ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) , . . stock photo , picture and royalty free image . image 8932203 .
macro of the eye of a tentacled flathead ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) , also known as a crocodile fish . taken in the wakatobi , indonesia .
underwater close up flathead scorpion fish . picture of flathead scorpion fish in the tropical reef of the red sea , dahab , egypt .
stock photo - macro of the eye of a tentacled flathead ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) , also known as a crocodile fish . taken in the wakatobi , indonesia .
tentacled flathead ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) , also known as a crocodile fish , camouflaged on a coral reef while looking into the camera . taken in the wakatobi , indonesia .
crocodile fish underwater red sea . amazing relax video about marine tropical animals carpet flathead in world of wildlife .
crocodile fish carpet flathead underwater red sea . amazing relax video about marine tropical animals papilloculiceps longiceps in world of wildlife .
crocodile fish underwater red sea . amazing relax video about marine tropical animals carpet flathead papilloculiceps longiceps in world of wildlife .
crocodile fish carpet flathead papilloculiceps longiceps underwater red sea . amazing relax video about marine tropical animals in world of wildlife .
crocodile fish carpet flathead close - up underwater red sea . amazing relax video about marine tropical animals papilloculiceps longiceps in world of wildlife .
flathead fish in coral underwater red sea . colorful world of wild marine nature on background of beautiful lagoon . awesome video of wildlife in egypt .
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gilberto rodríguez . marine biologist . m . sc . , university of miami , usa . ph . d . , university of wales , uk . emeritus researcher , instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas ( ivic ) . address : centro de ecología , ivic , apartado 21827 , caracas 1020 - a , venezuela . e - mail : grodrigu @ urltoken
héctor suárez . biologist , universidad de oriente , venezuela . research associate , ivic .
la dispersión antropogénica de crustáceos decápodos es parte de un fenómeno que actualmente adquiere características de un cambio ambiental global . de las 10000 especies conocidas de decápodos se han registrado 58 especies marinas , 8 dulceacuícolas - estuarinas y 21 cangrejos de ríos ( astacura ) que se han desplazado de sus áreas originales de distribución . las migraciones lessepsianas a través de canales , la introducción accidental por transporte marítimo y la importación para acuicultura son los mecanismos responsables de esta dispersión . en venezuela se han introducido 4 especies de camarones peneídeos , el camarón de río
y 3 especies de brachiuros . los crustáceos decápodos están particularmente bien adaptados por su anatomía y fecundidad para colonizar nuevas áreas y establecer poblaciones explosivas .
the anthropogenic dispersal of decapod crustaceans is part of an event that in recent years has acquired characteristics of a global environmental change . from the 10000 species of decapods so far recorded in the world , 58 marine species , 8 freshwater - estuarine species and 21 river crabs ( astacura ) have been recorded outside their original areas of distribution . lessepsian ms through channels , accidental maritime transport and introduction for aquaculture have been the mechanisms responsible for these dispersals . four penaeid species , the freshwater shrimp
, and 3 brachyuran crabs have been introduced in venezuela . due to their characteristic anatomy and high fecundity the decapod crustaceans are particularly apt for the colonization of new areas and the establishment of explosive populations .
a dispersão antropogênica de crustáceos decápodes é parte de um fenômeno que atualmente adquire características de uma mudança ambiental global . das 10000 espécies conhecidas de decápodes foram registradas 58 espécies marinhas , 8 doceacuícolas - estuarinas e 21 caranguejos de rios ( astacura ) que foram deslocados de suas áreas originais de distribuição . as migrações lessepsianas através de canais , a introdução acidental por transporte marítimo e a importação para aqüicultura são os mecanismos responsáveis desta dispersão . na venezuela foram introduzidas quatro espécies de camarões , peneídeos , o camarão de rio
e 3 espécies de brachiuros . os crustáceos decápodes estão particularmente bem adaptados por sua anatomia e fecundidade para colonizar novas áreas e estabelecer populações explosivas .
the suez canal is an unparalleled situation where two biogeographical provinces , previously totally separated , enter into contact and interpenetrate . the pharaonic connection between the red and mediterranean seas from the 13th to the 8th centuries bc , allowed the migration of very few species due to the low salinity there prevailing ( por , 1971 ) . the present canal , projected and built by ferdinand - marie de lesseps ( 1805 - 1894 ) was inaugurated on november 1869 . the channel spans 160 km , from the bay of suez in the red sea to port said in the mediterranean , using the intermediate manzala , timsah and bitter lakes .
there are at present 40 species of decapods in the mediterranean accounted for as lessepsian migrants ( table i ) while , on the contrary , the number of species dispersed in the area through ships ballast water is considered negligible . the occasional presence of the lobster thennus orientalis , first recorded in 1896 in fiume , italy ( elton , 1958 ) , can be explained by transport on ships hulls .
the kiel canal , built between 1887 and 1895 in an extent of 98 km , links the north sea with the baltic sea , from the mouth of the elbe river to the kiel bay , bypassing the detour along the danish peninsula . it is possible that the estuarine mud crab rhithropanopeus harrisii found its way to the baltic through the kiel canal , after its introduction in the netherlands , since its first record in that sea , in 1936 , was from the baltic end of the canal ( wolff , 1954 ) . in other respects , this canal is of little biogeographical relevance .
the panama canal spans 64 km from coast to coast . although its lake - lock design and the presence of a wide freshwater zone supplied by the chagres river precludes any lessepsian migration , at both ends of the present canal several fouling and perforating organisms ( pholadid bivalves , teredos , cirripeds , bryozoans , and other ) usually considered as natives of the opposing ocean , can be observed . these are euryhaline forms that can withstand transport through the freshwater section attached to the hulls of local vessels that have been moored for a long time ( carlton , 1985 ) .
it has been extensively debated whether it is possible that the ballast water discharged at opposite sides of the canal , since its aperture in 1914 , could be an
active
mechanism for the transport . carlton ( 1985 ) recorded 9 invertebrates and 4 fishes for which this mechanism is possible and 5 invertebrates and 2 fishes for which it is probable . among the decapod species , transport in ballast water is considered a possible mechanism for rhithropanopeus harrisii and the freshwater crab neorhynchus alcocki found in pedro miguel lock . eurypanopeus dissimilis , found in the third lock , ranges from florida to brazil and its presence in the panama canal is not unusual .
several species of crabs , such as pachygrapsus transversus , plagusia chabrus , p . depressa , p . tuberculata , planes minutus , carcinides maenas , menippe convexa , etc . , have been observed attached to ships hulls ( wolff , 1954 ) . this was a convenient means of dispersal for crabs when the old wooden hulls were in use , but it became unavailable with the modern metallic hulls , antifouling paints and reduced stowage time . no decapods were detected during a two - year survey of 89 vessels of different types that moored at new zealand ports , although 45 species of sessile invertebrates were found ( skerman , 1960 ) .
ballast water offers the most effective mechanism for the introduction of exotic decapod species , although it has been confirmed only in a few instances ( carlton , 1985 ) . larval stages of decapod crustaceans have been recovered from ballast tanks in viable conditions ( chu et al . , 1997 ) . rees and catley ( 1949 ) proposed this mechanism for the introduction of the larvae of processa equimana , living in the north sea plankton , into the mediterranean and red sea , but carlton ( 1985 ) considered this unlikely . furthermore , the north sea form has been described as a different species , p . modica , with the subspecies p . modica carolii in the mediterranean .
peters and panning ( 1933 ) reviewed the available evidence for the first implant of the chinese crab eriocheir sinensis in the north sea , from 1912 , via ballast water . subsequently large populations of this crab have colonized the european brackish waters and have extended to california and canada , apparently using the same transport mechanism ( cohen and carlton , 1997 ) .
ship cargo also seems to play a role in the transport of organisms . the saber crab platychirograpsus spectabilis was transported in a cargo of cedar logs from tabasco state , mexico , to hillsborough ( st . petersburg ) , florida , where it has become permanently established ( marchand , 1946 ) .
these and similar structures can be slowly towed across the ocean , with the submersed parts unprotected by antifouling paints , and stay anchored for extended periods of time in different parts of the world . in this way was transported the japanese shore crab plagusia dentipes , observed alive in california after a trans - pacific cruise of 61 days on a self - powered drilling platform , which had been working for four years between japan and malaysia ( benech , 1978 ) . similar circumstances are mentioned for the transport of plagusia tuberculata , together with an encrusting community of cirripeds , on an oil platform built in japan and transported to new zealand , after a voyage of 68 days ( foster and williams , 1979 ) .
according to zenkevitch ( 1963 ) two mediterranean shrimps , palaemon adspersus and p . elegans , were accidentally introduced into the aral sea with species of mullets . we have already mentioned the possible introduction of rhithropanopeus harrisii along the atlantic coast of the united states , with oysters , and of carcinus maenas , into san francisco bay , with algae used for packing of living bait ( cohen and carlton , 1997 ) . the dispersal of several species of crayfish throughout the united states , orconectes rusticus for instance ( table iii ) , is attributed to their escape from containers of living bait used by sport fishermen ( taylor and redmer , 1996 ) .
cohen and carlton ( 1997 ) recorded 16 cases of interception of living specimens of eriocheir sinensis at san francisco airport between 1989 and 1995 , with the confiscation of 10 to 50 specimens on each occasion . this species is sold alive in asian food markets in the united states ( lemaitre , 1995 ) .
the trade of organisms for aquaria is another means of dispersal . living specimens of atya scabra and procambarus clarkii can be observed frequently at the pet shops in caracas .
the species of peneaidae most frequently cultured are marsupenaeus japonicus and penaeus monodon , but the possibility exists of an increase in the culture of nine other species , p . semisulcatus , farfantepenaeus aztecus , fenneropenaeus indicus , f . penicillatus , sergestes orientalis , litopenaeus schmitti , l . setiferus , l . stylirostris and l . vannamei ( liao and huang , 1982 ) . farfantepenaeus aztecus is already under experimental culture in aquacop station , in tahiti , since 1975 , and l . stylirostris in corpus christy , texas , and crystal river , florida , from approximately the same date . m . japonicus was the first species cultured in the world after the research by hudinaga in 1934 . by 1942 its full culture had been achieved , but only after world war ii it was established on a commercial basis . in the united states shrimp culture began by the native species l . setiferus and f . aztecus in 1963 , and f . duorarum in 1968 . this same year liao began the culture of p . monodon in taiwan .
although the penaeids have being cultured in shrimp farms for an extended period of time , there is little information in the literature on the escape of these species and its effects on the natural ecosystems . the information available on the dispersal of m . japonicus in the mediterranean sea indicates that , at least under conditions of biological poverty , the species is able to propagate rapidly into the recipient communities .
a vibriosis producing bacterial hemorragic septicemia is frequently found in penaeid cultures in asia and south america . the ethiological agent , vibrio harveyi , has been detected in shrimp farms in venezuela , infesting l . vanamei vanamei and l . stylyrostris , but it is also present in feral populations of l . schmitti and several species of marine and estuarine fishes ( alvarez et al . , 1998 ) .
) . it has been introduced through all the american continent , except in nicaragua , belize , chile , paraguay and bolivia . in the caribbean it is farmed in the dominican republic , puerto rico , dominica , guadalupe , martinica , saint lucia and trinidad - tobago ( fao , 1995 ) .
the crayfishes of the families astacidae and parastacidae are strictly freshwater organisms . according to hobbs et al . ( 1989 ) it would be impossible to mention all the introductions of astacids since in many cases , or in the majority , they have not been recorded ( table iii ) . the largest diversity of species occurs in north america , where hobbs ( 1989 ) reported 271 species and subspecies native to canada , usa and mexico . several species have been transplanted within north america itself . this is the case of orconectes rusticus , which has displaced two other native species of orconectes in illinois ( taylor and redmer , 1996 ) . these displacements can affect the ecosystem through the reduction in the density of macrophytes ( lodge and lorman , 1987 ) and benthonic macroinvertebrates ( houghton et al . , 1998 ) .
another species that has extended its intracontinental distribution is cherax destructor , from australia , which has furthermore reached intercontinentally to washington state . the most notable case of intercontinental expansion is presented by procambarus clarkii , which has spread out to all continents , except australia and antarctica . laurent and forest ( 1979 ) summarized the damages produced by this species as follows :
in japan it was introduced since 1930 ( from 18 specimens ) . a short time afterwards it pullulated , destroying rice fields and ditches , producing populations of 2000 k / hectare and not been used by the people [ as food ] in kenya it produced rapidly enormous populations not exploited by the natives breaking the fishing gears and interfering with the breeding of tilapia
.
authorization for the introduction of marsupenaeus japonicus , p . monodon , litopenaeus stylirostris and l . vannamei was granted by the ministry of agriculture of venezuela on november 1984 . the original areas of distribution of the two former species are in the indian ocean and the western pacific , and of the other two on the pacific coast of america .
this species was introduced in 1980 , into a small shrimp farm in margarita island , by la salle foundation . although its culture in the country has been unsuccessful , pereira et al . ( 1996 ) found a wild population in the orinoco delta in 1996 . they considered that this species passed into the natural environment between 1991 and 1993 .
one specimen of this crayfish ( total length 8 . 2 cm , ivic reference collection ) was captured in a pond of the officers club ( circulo militar ) in caracas . as mentioned before , the species is available at pet shops in the city .
, a species from the indopacific and red sea regions that has migrated to the mediterranean and several localities in the caribbean , has been recorded by hernández and bolaños ( 1995 ) from eastern venezuela . ( 2 )
, recorded by hernández and bolaños ( 1995 ) from eastern venezuela , had not been previously observed outside its original area of distribution , between california and peru , and a misidentification by these authors cannot be ruled out . ( 3 )
was observed by the first time in 1957 in several localities of the tablazo and strait of maracaibo ( rodríguez , 1963 ; rodríguez and morales , 2000 ) . as the species was already very abundant in this estuary in 1957 , it should have been introduced several years before , possibly in the ballast water of oil tankers involved in the intense traffic between the local oil terminals and the eastern coast of the united states .
from approximately 10000 species of decapod crustaceans described in the world , 88 are recorded in the present contribution as migrants - 58 from marine environments , 8 from freshwater - estuarine habitats and 21 are freshwater crayfishes - but still there may be others not yet recorded in the literature . these species have migrated through navigation channels , have been accidentally transported by ships , inadvertently imported with fishery products or introduced for aquaculture . it might be expected that the list would increase in the future .
the effect of invading species on recipient communities could be direct , by displacement of native species or predation on other members of the community . indirectly they could affect the native species through introduction of diseases . up to the present severe damages have been rarely observed , for instance the destruction of rice fields in japan by procambarus clarkii ( laurent and forest , 1979 ) . but as the invasion into coastal zones , rivers and lakes progresses , we can expect the gradual displacement of native forms , with results impossible to foresee at present .
the authors are grateful to jesus eloy conde and jon paul rodríguez for critically reading the manuscript .
2 . abele lg ( 1972 ) introductions of two freshwater decapod crustaceans ( hymenosomatidae and atydae ) into central and north america .
4 . aron wi , smith sh ( 1971 ) ship canals and aquatic ecosystems .
5 . balss h ( 1927 ) bericht über die crustacea decapoda ( natantia und anomura ) . zoological results of the cambridge expedition to the suez canal , 1924 . xiv .
6 . balss h ( 1936 ) decapoda . in : the fishery grounds near alexandria . vii .
8 . ben - tuvia a ( 1966 ) red sea fishes recently found in the mediterranean .
10 . carlton jt ( 1985 ) transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms : the biology of ballast water .
11 . chu kh , tam pf , fung ch , chen qc ( 1997 ) a biological survey of ballast water in container ships entering hong kong .
14 . dall w , hill bj , rothlisberg pc , sharples dj ( 1990 ) the biology of the penaeidae .
15 . enzenross r , enzenross l ( 2000 ) nichmediterrane crustacea - arten in tunesischen gewässern ( decapoda , macrura und brachyura ) .
18 . foster ba , willan c ( 1979 ) foreign barnacles transported to new zealand on an oil platform .
19 . fox hm ( 1926 ) zoological results of the cambridge expedition to the suez canal , 1924 . i . general part .
20 . galil bs ( 1992 ) eritrean decapods in the levant : biogeography in motion .
21 . galil bs ( 1997 ) two lessepsian migrant decapods from the eastern mediterranean .
22 . galil bs , golani d ( 1990 ) two new migrant decapods from the eastern mediterranean .
( fabricius , 1798 ) ( crustacea : decapoda ) a new lessepsian migrant to the eastern mediterranean .
24 . garcía s , le reste l ( 1981 ) life cycles , dynamics , exploitation and management of coastal peneid shrimp stocks .
( gould ) an american crab in the estuary of the mondego river , portugal .
27 . gorgy s ( 1966 ) les pêcheries et le milieu marin dans le secteur méditerraneen de la république arabe unie .
30 . gruvel a ( 1928 ) répartition géographique de quelques crustacés comestibles sur les côtes dégipte et syrie .
32 . hobbs jr hh ( 1989 ) an illustrated checklist of the american crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidae , cambaridae and parastacidae ) .
33 . hobbs iii hh , jas jp , huner jv ( 1989 ) a review of global crayfish introductions with particular emphasis on two north american species ( decapoda , cambaridae ) .
34 . hernández g , bolaños j ( 1995 ) additions to the anomuran and brachyuran fauna of northeastern venezuela . the crustacean society summer meeting , may 25 - 27 , 1995 [ links ] [ abstract ]
35 . holthuis lb ( 1961 ) report on a collection of crustacea decapoda and stomatopoda from turkey and the balkans .
36 . holthuis lb ( 1980 ) fao species catalogue . shrimps and prawns of the world . an annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries .
37 . holthuis lb , gottlieb e ( 1958 ) an annotated list of the decapod crustacea of the mediterranean coast of israel with an appendix listing the decapoda of the eastern mediterranean .
( linneaus ) , to british columbia , canada , and washington , usa .
40 . laurent pj , forest j ( 1979 ) donneé sur les écrevisses qon peut rencontrer en france .
( milne edwards , 1867 ) , a nonindigenous portunid crab ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura ) discovered in the indian river lagoon system of florida .
42 . lewinsohn c , holthuis lb ( 1964 ) new records of decapod crustacea from the mediterranean coast of israel and the eastern mediterranean .
44 . liao c , huang tl ( 1982 ) status and prospect of the culture of two important penaeid prawns in asia .
49 . mccosker je , dawson ce ( 1975 ) biotic passage through the panama canal , with particular reference to fishes .
: grapsidae ) , in its new habitat along the atlantic coast of the united states : geographic distribution and ecology .
51 . monod t ( 1930 ) ueber einige indo - pazifische decapoden der meeresfauna syriens .
53 . naylor e ( 1960 ) a north american xanthoid crab new to britain .
54 . newman wa ( 1963 ) on the introduction of an edible oriental shrimp ( caridea , palaemonidae ) to san francisco bay .
57 . por fd ( 1971 ) one hundred years of suez canal - a century of lessepian m : retrospect and viewpoints .
58 . ramadan se , dowidar nm ( 1972 ) brachyura ( decapoda , crustacea ) from the mediterranean waters of egypt .
60 . rodríguez g ( 1963 ) the intertidal estuarine communities of lake maracaibo , venezuela .
61 . rodríguez g , morales f ( 2000 ) las comunidades bentónicas del sistema de maracaibo . in : rodríguez g ( ed )
62 . skerman tm ( 1960 ) ship - fouling in new zealand waters : a survey of marine fouling organisms from vessels of the coastal and overseas trades .
63 . steinitz h ( 1967 ) a tentative list of immigrants via the suez canal .
67 . wolff t ( 1954 ) occurrence of two east american species of crabs in european waters .
68 . zenkevitch l ( 1963 ) biology of the seas of the u . s . s . r . interscience publishers . new york . 955 pp . [ links ]
calle vera cruz , residencia la hacienda apto . 31 - m las mercedes , caracas 1080 . venezuela telefonos : ( 58 - 0212 ) 992 - 32 - 24 , 991 - 75 - 25 interciencia @ urltoken
latin , papillo , papula = any little like protuberance + greek , kylix , - ikos = cup + latin , ceps = head ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 1 - 15 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical
western indian ocean : red sea , including the gulf of aqaba to south africa and madagascar .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 70 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4315 ) ; common length : 50 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3476 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 11 . body mottled with brownish or greenish above , whitish below ; caudal fin with 3 - 4 dark bands , other fins with large dark blotches ( ref . 4315 ) .
knapp , l . w . , 1984 . platycephalidae . in w . fischer and g . bianchi ( eds . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean ( fishing area 51 ) . vol . 3 . fao , rome . pag . var . ( ref . 3476 )
) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 2 , mean 28 . 1 ( based on 1815 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00513 ( 0 . 00222 - 0 . 01187 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 7 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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stock images of crocodilefish ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) resting on reef . woodhouse reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt . u17515486 - search stock photography , poster photos , pictures , and photo clip art - u17515486 . jpg
stock image of crocodilefish ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) resting on reef . woodhouse reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .
crocodilefish ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) resting on reef . woodhouse reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .
crocodile fish ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) . jackson reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt
soft coral ( dendronephthya klunzingeri ) . woodhouse reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .
risso ' s dolphin ( grampus griseus ) sunbathing on the surface . woodhouse reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .
bluespotted stingray ( taeniura lymma ) resting in the sand . jackson reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .
risso ' s dolphins ( grampus griseus ) sunbathing on the surface . woodhouse reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .
hawksbill turtle ( eretmochelys imbricata ) species critically endangered . woodhouse reef ; sharm el sheikh ; south sinai ; red sea ; egypt
blacktip grouper ( epinephelus fasciatus ) . tower , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .
starry puffer ( arothron stellatus ) resting on a mooring drum . na ' ama bay , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .
zebra shark ( stegostoma fasciatum ) resting on sandy slope . species near threatened . sha ' ab canoî , ras mohamed national park , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .
dave , the famous hawksbill turtle ( eretmochelys imbricata ) from sharm el sheikh , rescued after a boat propellor accident , enjoying a meal with his partially fiber cast fixed shell . critically endangered species . shark and yolanda , ras mohamed national par
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video client : patricia martin cabrera review : abdel rahman el gamal ( founder of the video channel ) the video was filmed in damaniyat island ( al batinah region ) , sultanate of oman . the honeycomb moray eel , gymnothorax favagineus shown in the video is a species of marine fish in the family muraenidae and is one of the largest of indo - pacific morays and …
photo credit : sherif sadek ( egypt ) review : abdel rahman el gamal ( founder of the website ) the inserted picture of a brown shrimp specimen was taken in a fish farm in egypt . introduction : brown shrimp ( farfantepenaeus aztecus ) is a species of marine penaeid shrimps which has an important commercial species in the usa . the species has several common …
brown shrimp , brown shrimp and environmental conditions , brown shrimp in the mediterranean sea , description , egypt . , farfantepenaeus aztecus , feeding habits , northern brown shrimp , reproduction habits , usa , utilization
review : abdel rahman el gamal ( founder of the video channel ) this video was filmed in a retail shop located in monterey , california ( usa ) where different fish species and crabs are sold . the dungeness crab is the crab species shown in this video whether sold iced or displayed live . the dungeness crab , metacarcinus magister ( formerly : cancer magister ) , is …
video courtesy : the state archives of florida , usa the title of this video : “florida silent sirens : manatees in peril” and was filmed during 1980s the caption of the video states : “this is an excellent film about the plight of the endangered manatee . it is narrated by leonard nimoy and is full of beautiful underwater …
video credit : patricia martin cabrera ( united arab emirates ) review : abdel rahman el gamal ( founder of the video channel ) introduction : the emperor angelfish ( pomacanthus imperator ) , is a reef - associated marine angelfish and is also called the imperator angelfish or imperial angelfish . the species is one of the most stunning underwater fish . their color and graceful shape make them one …
credit : ajith kumara ( srilanka ) review : abdel rahman el gamal ( founder of the website ) mud crab ( scylla serrata ) which is also called mangrove crab belongs to the family of swimming crabs ( portunidae ) . this is an economically important species of crabs and considered highly esteemed as food whereas the flesh from its claws and walking legs …
video credit : patricia martin cabrera ( united arab emirates ) review : abdel rahman el gamal ( founder of the video channel ) source : urltoken this video was filmed at ras muhammad , sharm el sheikh ( egypt ) . introduction : the video was filmed is the premise of the british navy ship “thistlegorm” which was built in 1940 and got sunk …
photo credit : : patricia martin cabrera ( united arab emirates ) review : abdel rahman el gamal ( founder of the website ) the inserted picture was taken in sharm el sheikh ( egypt ) introduction : blue spotted ribbon tail ray ( taeniura lymma ) is a species of stingray in the family dasyatidae . it is also known as aka blue - spotted fantail rays , blue spotted stingrays , blue spotted rays , and ribbontail …
this video was filmed in the sea world , san diego , usa source : urltoken giant grouper ( epinephelus lanceolatus ) the giant grouper ( epinephelus lanceolatus ) , which belongs to the family serranidae is also known as brindle bass , brown spotted cod , or bumblebee grouper and as the queensland giant grouper in australia . the species is the largest reef - dwelling bony …
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two boats waiting for divers at sharm al sheikh , red sea , egypt . diving the red sea .
el - sheikh , egypt . 7th nov , 2015 . tourists walk to yachts along the coast in the red sea resort of sharm al - sheikh , egypt , on nov . 7 , 2015 . russia on friday suspended all flights to egypt as speculation rose over possible terrorist attacks on the russian plane that crashed over sinai peninsula last saturday . credit : xinhua / alamy live news
boat waiting for divers at sharm al sheikh , red sea , egypt . diving the red sea .
egypt , sinai peninsula , gulf of tiran , sharm el - sheikh . snorkeling in the red sea ' s ras mohammed national marine park .
el - sheikh , egypt . 7th nov , 2015 . tourists enjoy themselves along a coast in the resort of sharm al - sheikh , egypt , on nov . 7 , 2015 . russia on friday suspended all flights to egypt as speculation rose over possible terrorist attacks on the russian plane that crashed over sinai peninsula last saturday . credit : xinhua / alamy live news
sharm al - sheikh , egypt . 26th october , 2016 . egyptian president abdel fattah al - sisi takes photo with people following the peace marathon in the red sea resort of sharm al - sheikh , in the south sinai governorate , south of cairo , egypt , on oct . 26 , 2016 credit : egyptian president office / apa images / zuma wire / alamy live news
el - sheikh , egypt . 7th nov , 2015 . tourists have fun on yachts along a coast in the resort of sharm al - sheikh , egypt , on nov . 7 , 2015 . russia on friday suspended all flights to egypt as speculation rose over possible terrorist attacks on the russian plane that crashed over sinai peninsula last saturday . credit : xinhua / alamy live news
sharm al - sheikh , egypt . 26th october , 2016 . egyptian president abdel fattah al - sisi rides a bicycle at the street in the red sea resort of sharm al - sheikh , in the south sinai governorate , south of cairo , egypt , on oct . 26 , 2016 credit : egyptian president office / apa images / zuma wire / alamy live news
u . s . secretary of state john kerry sits with egyptian president abdel fattah al - sisi at the congress center in sharm el - sheikh , egypt , on march 13 , 2015 , before a bilateral meeting and their attendance at an egyptian development conference .
sharm al - sheikh , egypt . 26th october , 2016 . egyptian president abdel fattah al - sisi speaks during the peace marathon in the red sea resort of sharm al - sheikh , in the south sinai governorate , south of cairo , egypt , on oct . 26 , 2016 credit : egyptian president office / apa images / zuma wire / alamy live news
egypt , sinai peninsula , gulf of tiran , sharm el - sheikh . snorkeling in the red sea ' s ras mohamed national marine park .
sharm el sheikh , egypt . 8th dec , 2017 . egyptian president abdel - fattah al - sisi ( 2nd r , front ) attends the official opening ceremony of the africa 2017 forum in sharm el sheikh , egypt , on dec . 8 , 2017 . credit : zhao dingzhe / xinhua / alamy live news
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golden - crowned ( tattersall ' s ) sifaka , andranotsimaty , daraina , madagascar . ( propithecus tattersalli )
crested coua ( coua cristata ) , very attractive madagascar birds . ankarafantsika national park , madagascar wildlife and wilderness
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the sandstone false antechinus , pseudantechinus bilarni , also known as the sandstone pseudantechinus , the sandstone antechinus , the sandstone dibbler , harney 's antechinus and the northern dibbler , is a species of small carnivorous marsupial , which has a patchy distribution in australia 's northern territory .

sandstone false antechinus

some sources give the vernacular name for this genus as “false antechinus” ( e . g . menkhorst 2001 ) , thus carpentarian false antechinus for p . mimulus . this formation provides somewhat greater taxonomic precision but is unnecessarily cumbersome .
museum specimens of the carpentarian antechinus may have been incorrectly identified as the fat - tailed antechinus ( pseudantechinus macdonnellensis ) ( woolley 2011 ) .
[ 3 ] a member of the family dasyuridae , the yellow - footed antechinus is the most widespread of all the members of its genus , antechinus . three subspecies of the yellow - footed antechinus are recognised :
the carpentarian antechinus has been recorded in rocky areas and nearby woodland . in central queensland it has been found on sandstone , granite , metamorphic and igneous geology ( lloyd et al . 2013 ; woolley 2011 ) . specific habitat descriptions include :
the carpentarian antechinus occurs at pungalina - seven emu , which is an australian wildlife conservancy property .
the yellow - footed antechinus ( antechinus flavipes ) , also known as the mardo , is a shrew - like marsupial found in australia . one notable feature of the species is its sexual behavior . the male yellow - footed antechinus engages in such frenzied mating that it ' s immune system becomes compromised , resulting in
the extent of occurrence of the carpentarian antechinus is 16 000 km² ( curtis et al . 2012 ) .
sandstone false antchinus are endemic to the area and they can crop up anywhere with massive sandstone boulders and rock sheets . nourlangie is one spot to look , and koolpin gorge is another ( koolpin is one of the nicest public campsites in kakadu ; you need to arrange a permit beforehand to stay there , which is easily done through the parks office ) . the road into koolpin is one of the best areas of the park for kakadu pebble mound mice . i’ve looked but never seen them there – they live on the pebble strewn slopes on either side of the road in . they’ve also been reported from quite near gunlom campsite ( a few kilometres before you get to gunlom you cross plum tree creek . try looking around there ) .
the sandstone antechinus is associated particularly with areas with large boulders , crevices , and scree slopes ( begg 1981 ) , but shows no close association with vegetation features ( begg 1981 , fisher et al . 2000 ) . the sandstone antechinus is a nocturnal , generalist predator of invertebrates and small vertebrates . it is restricted to rugged rocky environments . in the 12 months following a high intensity experimental fire at the little nourlangie rock site , survivorship decreased ( relative to pre - fire estimates ) , and the total population size declined ( begg et al . 1981 ) . breeding is seasonal , with young born in august and september ( begg 1981 ) . females have six nipples , but the number of young produced is typically less than this capacity ( begg 1981 ) .
taxonomythe yellow - footed antechinus was described in 1838 by george robert waterhouse , who noted its most distinctive feature in its species name flavipes , which means
yellow - footed
. the species has occasionally been combined with the brown antechinus ( a . stuartii ) .
in november 2003 , aboriginal rangers from mubanji participated in collaborative surveys for carpentarian antechinus with scientists from the nt department of infrastructure planning and environment .
threatened species of the northern territory - carpentarian antechinus pseudantechinus mimulus ( woinarski , j . & s . ward , 2012f ) [ information sheet ] .
targeted management for northern hopping - mouse , carpentarian antechinus and butlers dunnart will benefit these other mammal species . the management actions with broadest collateral benefit are :
woinarski , j . & s . ward ( 2012f ) . threatened species of the northern territory - carpentarian antechinus pseudantechinus mimulus . northern territory government . urltoken
[ 3 ] in size and body shape this species is fairly typical of its genus . the yellow - footed antechinus differs from its relatives in its comparatively
descriptionthe yellow - footed antechinus has a variable fur colour , but is generally somewhat greyish . other notable features include a white eye - ring and a black tip to the tail .
there are no data available on the diet of carpentarian antechinus in the wild , but captives consume invertebrates and possibly small vertebrates ( johnson et al . 2008 ; johnson & langford 1995 ) .
c van dyck , s . m . ( 1995 ) ,
yellow - footed antechinus
, in strahan , ronald , the mammals of australia , reed books , pp . 86 ? 88 ,
on the pellew islands ; sloping sandstone hills with boulders , pavement , outcrops and rocky surface , with open woodland of darwin stringybark ( eucalyptus tetrodonta ) , e . aspera , e . kombolgiensis , acacia latifolia , a . multisiliqua , bossiaea bossiaeoides , calytrix spp . and a dense understorey and ground cover of plectrachne pungens ( curtis et al . 2012 ; johnson & langford 1995 ; maxwell et al . 1996 ) .
the threats affecting the carpentarian antechinus are unknown . the feral cat ( felis catus ) probably predates the species , but its rocky habitat probably provides some protection ( curtis et al . 2012 ) . fire regimes in northern australia have shifted to hot , extensive late dry season fires , and , although it is unlikely that these cause direct mortality to the carpentarian antechinus , they may impact on the abundance and availability of their prey ( curtis et al . 2012 ) .
^ menkhorst , p . , friend , t . , burnett , s . mckenzie , n . ( 2008 ) . antechinus flavipes . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 09 october 2008 .
the national recovery plan for the carpentarian antechinus , butler ' s dunnart ( sminthopsis butleri ) and northern hopping - mouse ( notomys aquilo ) ( woinarski 2004 ) outlines recovery actions for the carpentarian antechinus with the aim of better communicating information about the species to stakeholders . a review of the plan in 2010 indicated that a number of activities , within the range of the species , have been initiated to abate threats associated with fire , the feral cat and information deficiencies ( dsewpac 2011ae ) .
much of the range of all three species is on aboriginal lands : indeed , all recent records of butlers dunnart and northern hopping - mouse are on aboriginal lands . in the northern territory , the interests managing these lands are the tiwi land council ( butlers dunnart ) , anindilyakwa land council ( northern hopping - mouse ) , northern land council ( northern hopping - mouse and carpentarian antechinus ) , dhimurru aboriginal land management corporation ( northern hopping - mouse ) and mubanji aboriginal resource association ( carpentarian antechinus ) .
department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) ( 2011ae ) . review of the 2004 recovery plan for the carpentarian antechinus ( pseudantechinus mimulus ) , butler ' s dunnart ( sminthopsis butleri ) and northern hopping - mouse ( notomys aquilo ) . unpublished report .
details of the microhabitat and breeding requirements of the carpentarian antechinus are unknown . the species occurs in rocky areas such as ridgelines , rock outcrops , jump - ups and boulder piles ( baam 2010 ) and is thought to hide in rock crevices during the day ( johnson et al . 2008 ) .
parts of the range of the northern hopping - mouse occurs on lands subject to extensive strip - mining , for bauxite at gove , and for manganese on groote eylandt . the first records of the carpentarian antechinus in queensland were during a survey of the impacts of sulphur dioxide emissions around the mt isa mine ( griffiths 1998 ) .
black wallaroos , endemic to the arnhem land sandstone country , are findable in the right areas . i saw one up above gunlom falls ( in the middle of the afternoon ) and another while i was spotlighting on top of little nourlangie . there are antilopine wallaroos too , try looking around the gimbat area . wikins’ ( formerly short - eared ) rock wallabies are quite easy to see around ubirr , while narbaleks might be possible , or so i have been told , near the jim jim falls campsite ( i have never made it there – access is difficult until quite late in the dry season and then restricted to 4wd ) .
in queensland , the provenance of the single old record of northern hopping - mouse is so vague that it cannot be assigned with any confidence to any land tenure category , but may be in either aboriginal lands , pastoral lands , conservation reserves and / or lands managed by defence . the few recent records of carpentarian antechinus from queensland are in pastoral leasehold and freehold lands .
victoria . isolated populations occur in northeastern queensland and in southwestern western australia . some populations are listed as
locally common
, others as uncertain . the yellow - footed antechinus occupies a variety of habitats , including dry arid scrubland and sclerophyll forest . in the north , it also inhabits coastal heaths , swamps and woodland ; in the far north it is found in tropical vine forest .
non - current national multi - species recovery plan for the carpentarian antechinus pseudantechinus mimulus , butler ' s dunnart sminthopsis butleri and northern hopping - mouse notomys aquilo , 2004 - 2009 ( woinarski , j . c . z . , 2004 ) in effect under the epbc act from 10 - jun - 2005 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2015 [ recovery plan ] .
the carpentarian antechinus is a small , carnivorous marsupial with brown fur , a reddish patch behind the ears and a white underside . body length is 70–90 mm , tail length is 60–75 mm and weight is 15–25 g ( curtis et al . 2012 ; strahan 1998 ) . males are smaller than females . species in the genus pseudantechinus store fat in their tail , and this becomes carrot - shaped when food is plentiful ( woinarski 2004 ) .
butlers dunnart sminthopsis butleri is another small ( ca . 10 - 20 g . ) terrestrial carnivorous marsupial , finer of features than for the carpentarian antechinus . it too is similar in general appearance to a range of small dasyurids occurring across australia , including the kakadu dunnart s . bindi and red - cheeked dunnart s . virginiae in northern australia . all are generally grey - brown above and pale below , with large ears and eyes , and sharply pointed muzzle .
woinarski , j . c . z . ( 2004 ) . non - current national multi - species recovery plan for the carpentarian antechinus pseudantechinus mimulus , butler ' s dunnart sminthopsis butleri and northern hopping - mouse notomys aquilo , 2004 - 2009 . northern territory department of infrastructure planning and environment , darwin . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 10 - jun - 2005 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2015 .
the carpentarian antechinus occurs in the sir edward pellew group of islands ( centre , north , south - west and vanderlin islands ) in the nt ( curtis et al . 2012 ; kitchener 1991 ) , the pungalina - seven emu area on the mainland in the nt ( nt government 2011 ) , along the selwyn range south of cloncurry in queensland ( baam 2011 ; lloyd et al . 2013 ) and on a number ridges around mt isa in queensland ( baam 2011 ; lloyd et al . 2013 ; woolley 2011 ) . the species was originally collected on alexandria station in the nt , in 1905 , but has not been recorded there since ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
according to groves in wilson and reeder ( 1993 ) and nowak ( 1999 ) parantechinus bilarni is a good species . however , this species has been transferred to pseudantechinus following the australasian marsupial specialist group ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) .
justification : population size is poorly resolved but likely to be between 10 , 000 and 30 , 000 individuals ; monitoring results provide inconsistent indication of population trends , but a plausible rate of decline is 10 - 20 % over 10 years ; habitat quality is likely to be subject to ongoing decline , but management actions are having some beneficial impact on main threat ( fire ) . it does not fit criteria for threatened ; a categorisation of near threatened may be valid but population size and rate of decline are poorly defined and unlikely to approach relevant thresholds .
the species is present in several protected areas , notably including kakadu national park . there is some fire management in this and other reserves , which may have led to some recent improvements , but current regime is still characterised by frequent , high intensity and extensive fires .
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this plan jointly considers three native mammal species from northern australia . while the three species share some similarities in ecology , status and conservation management requirements , there are also distinct differences among them in these and other features . recognising both these similarities and differences , this plan follows the standard overall framework for single species recovery plans , but provides specific information for each of the three species whenever relevant throughout , and wherever possible pools information from each of the three species accounts to derive commonalities and to highlight management issues and actions that may apply for all three species .
the northern hopping - mouse notomys aquilo is a medium - sized ( 25 - 50 g . ) terrestrial granivorous rodent . it has features typical of hopping - mice in general , with very long narrow hindfeet , large ears and eyes , and very long partly tufted tail ( about 150 % of head - body length ) . it is the only representative of its genus in northern australia , thus , in this area , its morphology is highly distinctive . it is sandy - brown above and paler below . hopping - mice move with a distinctive gait , such that the bipedal tracks may provide the most conspicuous signs of its presence .
the three species each have a somewhat complicated taxonomic history , notable for single puzzling early records followed by a long period before any subsequent specimens .
butlers dunnart sminthopsis butleri archer , 1979 was described relatively recently ( archer 1979 a ) ( with the vernacular name carpentarian dunnart : archer 1979 b ) , on the basis of one specimen collected on “cape york” in 1898 and three specimens from kalumburu wa collected in 1965 and 1966 .
a further historical record ( previously mis - identified as s . virginiae ) , collected on melville island in 1913 , was subsequently assigned to this species ( woinarski et al . 1996 ) . since the original description , examination of additional specimens from cape york peninsula and new guinea resulted in a taxonomic split of s . butleri , with that taxon now referring to only those populations from the northern nt and kimberley , and the queensland and new guinea population defined as the carpentarian dunnart s . archeri ( van dyck 1986 ) . given this treatment , the listing of “carpentarian dunnart sminthopsis butleri ” as a threatened species under the epbca is invalid and confusing . the listing should be of butlers dunnart s . butleri .
the northern hopping - mouse notomys aquilo thomas 1921 was described from a single specimen collected around the 1870s from “cape york” . the species was not reported again until johnson ( 1959 , 1964 ) named n . carpentarius from 13 specimens collected on groote eylandt , northern territory in 1948 . in this description , johnson did not compare this series with the type of n . aquilo , and he was apparently also unaware that donald thomson had also collected hopping - mice on groote eylandt some five years previously ( i . e . 1943 - 1944 : with these records not documented until much later : dixon and huxley 1985 ) . subsequent comparisons revealed the conspecificity of n . carpentarius with n . aquilo ( ride 1970 ) .
schedule 1 - fauna that is rare or likely to become extinct in western australia , under the wildlife conservation ( specially protected fauna ) notice 2003 ( wildlife conservation act 1950 ) .
in each case , the nt status is based on evaluations made in 2003 . the national status typically follows assessments made in the action plans for australian rodents ( lee 1995 ) and marsupials and monotremes ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) .
the primary affected interests for all three species are the australian and state / territory conservation agencies , and particularly that of the northern territory , in which the bulk of the range for all three species occurs .
in western australia , the kimberley land council and wunambal - gaambera aboriginal corporation manages those lands near kalumburu on which butlers dunnart was recorded .
on melville island , butlers dunnart occurs in sites either in or around a developing major forestry venture ( oprated by sylvatech ) that replaces native vegetation with short - rotation exotic plantation species .
thomson ( in dixon and huxley 1985 ) also noted that many aboriginal people appeared to have very little knowledge of northern hopping - mouse , even in sites where it appeared to be relatively common .
aboriginal rangers from dhimurru aboriginal land management corporation have conducted searches for northern hopping - mice at nanydjaka ( cape arnhem ) ipa .
there is some proximity in distribution between the three species considered here and the golden bandicoot isoodon auratus and golden - backed tree - rat mesembriomys macrurus , both considered vulnerable at national level .
such actions will benefit not only the three mammal species considered here and at least some of the other mammals listed above , but will also have benefits for some co - occurring bird species ( such as the vulnerable partridge pigeon geophaps smithii : fraser et al . 2003 ) and , with less substantial evidence , a gamut of other plant and animal species that have been adversely affected by recent changes in fire regimes ( e . g . bowman and panton 1993 ; russell - smith et al . 1998 , 2002 ; franklin 1999 ; bowman et al . 2001 ; yibarbuk et al . 2001 ) .
there are no clearcut and tightly defined social and economic impacts associated with this recovery plan . much of the distribution of these three species is on aboriginal land . research on , and management of , these species may provide some limited contributions to these local economies . the three species each have some distributional overlap or convergence with large mining or forestry operations . conservation management for the species may come at some costs to these ventures , but such costs are generally likely to be low because the disturbances are generally not on lands that provide high quality habitat to these species . a possible exception is for butlers dunnart on melville island , where forestry development may occur on , or be proposed for , habitats that have high suitability for this species .
for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan required , this species had a recovery plan in force at the time the legislation provided for the minister to decide whether or not to have a recovery plan ( 19 / 2 / 2007 ) . the recovery plan ( woinarski 2004 ) that was adopted for this species on 10 / 06 / 2005 ceased to be in effect from 1 / 10 / 2015 .
survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened mammals . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 5
( department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .
listed as near threatened ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
the targeted assessment for the copper string environment impact statement ( eis ) involved a 10 day habitat assessment survey that preceded four trapping surveys ( baam 2011 ) . the habitat assessment was used to select the most suitable sites for four 5 - day trapping surveys . the trapping records , together with the previous records in the vicinity of the study area ( woolley 2011 ) , were incorporated into the habitat mapping methodology to map known important habitat and potential habitat for the species within the study area ( baam 2011 ) .
near mt isa ; woodland of migum ( eucalyptus leucophloia ) , western bloodwood ( corymbia terminalis ) , normanton box ( eucalyptus normantonensis ) , whitewood ( atalaya hemiglauca ) and acacia spp . with trioda spp . ground cover ( griffiths 1998 cited in curtis et al . 2012 ) .
south - east of mt isa ; on a rocky ridge and hill - slope of igneous rock , adjoining existing powerline . tree layer dominated by migum , e . leucophylla and terminalia aridicola . sparse shrub layer dominated by acacia spp . grass layer dominated by triodia spp . , with enneapogon oblongus and very limited invasion by the environmental weed buffel grass ( pennisetum ciliare ) ( regional ecosystem ( re ) 1 . 12 . 1 / 1 . 12 . 1x1 ) ( baam 2011 ; lloyd et al . 2013 ) .
east of mt isa ; on a midslope of rocky hillside with abundant boulder piles of igneous or metamorphic rock . very sparse tree layer dominated by migum and e . leucophylla . shrub layer dominated by terminalia aridicola and acacia spp . grass layer dominated by triodia spp . ( re 1 . 11 . 2a / 1 . 11 . 2x4 / 1 . 12 . 1 ) ( baam 2011 ; lloyd et al . 2013 ) .
east of mt isa ; on a rocky ridge and hill - slope of metamorphic or igneous rock , adjoining existing powerline . tree layer dominated by migum and atalaya hemiglauca . mid - dense shrub layer . grass layer dominated by triodia spp . , with enneapogon oblongus and patchy invasion by the environmental weed buffel grass ( re 1 . 11 . 2a / 1 . 11 . 2x1 / 1 . 12 . 1x1 ) ( baam 2011 ; lloyd et al . 2013 ) .
on selwyn range ; on a cliff base and slope of deeply weathered granite mesa with numerous boulders . sparse tree layer dominated by migum , e . leucophylla and lancewood . shrub layer dominated by chisholm ' s wattle ( acacia chisholmii ) . diverse native grass layer dominated by triodia spp . , with aristida spp . , enneapogon spp . and themeda triandra ( re 1 . 7 . 1 / 1 . 12 . 1 ) ( lloyd et al . 2013 ) .
the breeding season is thought to be short occurring some time between august and october ( curts et al . 2012 ) . similar species have a litter size of 4–6 and it is likely that some males and females survive to breed in a second year ( curtis et al . 2012 ) . of seven females caught during july and august 1988 , none had pouch young ( johnson & langford 1995 ) .
buffel grass invasion could significantly change the ecology of the central queensland ridges where the species occurs ( lloyd et al . 2013 ) .
the mabunji aboriginal resource association received $ 25 000 of funding , through the threatened species network community grants in 2004–05 for the establishment of a monitoring program for this species on the sir edward pellew islands .
biodiversity and assessment management ( baam ) ( 2010 ) . terrestrial ecology and impact assessment report - copperstring project eis . brisbane , queensland : baam .
biodiversity assessment and management pty ltd ( baam ) ( 2011 ) . copperstring project seis - terrestrial ecology assessment report . report prepared for copperstring pty ltd .
curtis , l . k . , a . j . dennis , k . r . mcdonald , p . m . kyne & s . j . s . debus ( 2012 ) . queensland ' s threatened animals . csiro publishing .
department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) ( 2011j ) . survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened mammals . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 5 . epbc act policy statement : canberra , act : dsewpac . available from : urltoken .
johnson , k . a . & d . g . langford ( 1995 ) . carpentarian pseudantechinus . in : strahan , r , ed . the mammals of australia . page ( s ) 77 - 78 . reed books : sydney .
johnson , k . j . , j . c . z . woinarski & d . j . langford ( 2008 ) . pseudantechinus mimulus . van dyck , s . & r . strahan , eds . the mammals of australia . page ( s ) 71 - 72 . new holland publishers .
kitchener , d . j . ( 1991 ) . pseudantechinus mimulus ( thomas , 1906 ) ( marsupialia , dasyuridae ) : rediscovery and redescription . records of the western australian museum . 15 : 191 - 202 .
lloyd p . , m . sanders , t . reis & a . abbott ( 2013 ) . targeted trapping surveys shed new light on the distribution and habitat characteristics of the carpentarian pseudantechinus ( pseudantechinus mimulus ) , a threatened dasyurid marsupial . australian mammalogy . 35 : 220 - 223 . urltoken
maxwell , s . , a . a . burbidge & k . morris ( 1996 ) . the 1996 action plan for australian marsupials and monotremes . wildlife australia , environment australia . available from : urltoken .
northern territory government ( nt government ) ( 2011 ) . review of threatened species status in the nt 2011 - mammals - proposed changes involving threatened categories .
strahan , r . ( ed . ) ( 1998 ) . the mammals of australia , second edition , rev . sydney , nsw : australian museum and reed new holland .
woolley , p . a . ( 2011 ) . pseudantechinus mimulus : a little known dasyurid marsupial . australian mammalogy . 33 : 57 - 67 .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000 ) . declaration under s178 , s181 , and s183 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of threatened species , list of threatened ecological communities and list of threatening processes . f2005b02653 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .
department of the environment and heritage ( deh ) ( 2006sr ) . pseudantechinus mimulus in species profile and threats ( sprat ) database . unpublished species profile . canberra , act : deh . available from : urltoken .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . pseudantechinus mimulus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 37 : 45 + 1000 .
myoictis is a genus of marsupials in the order dasyuromorphia . it is found in new guinea .
the taxonomy for the specie was difficult for most biologist to understand . woolley proposed the names the four different species by recognizing the animal by the morphological differences . while also using genetic testing , scientist have found that the myoictis melas and the myoictis wallacei contain a sequence divergence of 12 . 85 % .
each of the four species were found to have significant physical differences between them . the myoictis wavicus averages roughly 122 grams , the myoictis wallacei averages roughly 230 grams , the myoictis leucura averages roughly 220 grams , and the myoictis melas averages roughly 220 grams . the proportions of head and limb size were also found to be smaller with the smaller mass .
the myoictis leucura , or woolley ' s three - striped dasyure was recently described being genetically and morphologically distinct from the other members of the genus myoictis . it is more similar to the m . wavicus .
between 1894 and 1895 , the myoictis leucura was found in papua new guinea , the southern side of the central cordillera . it normally lives in elevations between 650 meters and 1600 meters . the species inhabits mostly lowland and montane forest . peter dwyer has found the species to be active during the daytime and being mostly terrestrial .
( 3rd ed . ) . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . p .
woolley , p . 2008 . myoictis leucura . the iucn red list of threatened species 2008 : e . t136449a4293240 .
woolley , p . 2005 . revision of the three - striped dasyures , genus myoictis ( marsupialia : dasyuridae ) , of new guinea , with description of a new species .
s . crassicaudata species - group : fat - tailed dunnart ( s . crassicaudata )
s . granulipes species - group : white - tailed dunnart ( s . granulipes )
s . griseoventer species - group : kangaroo island dunnart ( s . aitkeni )
s . longicaudata species - group : long - tailed dunnart ( s . longicaudata )
s . psammophila species - group : hairy - footed dunnart ( s . hirtipes )
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 9 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
, are endemic to australia . they are found in northern australia , western australia , and new south wales . localized extinctions of this species have been detected in new south wales and south australia . there are two regional subspecies of kultarrs .
morris , k . , j . woinarski , m . ellis , t . robinson , p . copley . 2011 .
antechinomys laniger
( on - line ) . in : iucn 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 1 . accessed february 17 , 2012 at urltoken .
nsw national parks and wildlife . kultarr . hurtsville , new south wales : nsw national parks and wildlife service . 1999 . accessed february 20 , 2012 at urltoken .
kultarrs are small and mouse - like in appearance . the pelt is grey to sandy brown , and the long tail has brush - like dark hairs on the sides . the dark coloring around the eyes , mid - line , and top of the head varies among individuals . they are primarily nocturnal and , as such , have large round eyes and enlarged ears . they have elongated hind feet with four independent digits .
kultarrs weigh 20 to 30 g and measure 170 to 200 mm in length . they exhibit sexual dimorphism with males being about 15 mm longer and 10 g heavier than females .
geiser , f . , r . baudinette , t . garland jr . . 1990 . the relationship between body mass and rate of rewarming from hibernation and daily torpor in mammals . journal of experimental biology , 151 : 349 - 359 . accessed february 23 , 2012 at urltoken .
kultarrs inhabit : open shrubland , mallee woodland , acacia shrubland with sparse ground cover , hummock grassland , gibber , flood plains , and stony areas with sparse ground cover . the species generally prefers heavier soil types ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) . kultarrs have been recorded on severely degraded cattle country in central and western australia but this may reflect the previous relatively high productivity of these landscape types rather than any benign effect of cattle ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) .
kultarrs inhabit arid to semi - arid plains . they prefer heavy soils including stoney , sandy , or clay filled soils . during the day , they seek cover in stumps , spinifex tussocks , cracks in the soil , and burrows of other animals . antechinomys laniger laniger prefers claypans in acacia woodlands , while a . l . spenceri prefers plains of granite and shrub lands .
department of substainability , environment , water , population and communities . action plan for australian marsupials and monotremes . canberra , australia : department of substainability , environment , water , population and communities . 1996 . accessed march 01 , 2012 at urltoken .
strahan , r . 1995 . mammals of australia . washington d . c . : smithsonian institution press .
. their nocturnal lifestyle and agility help them to avoid many predators . during the day , kultarrs stay in the nest to avoid diurnal predators . juveniles stay safe in the pouch or nest . when juveniles do leave the nest , they attach to their mother ' s back .
kultarrs utilize olfactory cues during mate selection . parents and offspring also communicate vocally . young use calls to locate their parents when they become separated . kultarrs have abnormally large eyes and ears that are adapted to their nocturnal and fossorial lifestyle .
kultarrs are relatively long lived mammals for their size . lifespan may be impacted by their ability to enter spontaneous torpor . the oldest known kultarr lived 67 months in the wild , while the oldest in captivity lived 48 months .
geiser , f . 1986 . thermoregulation and torpor in the kultarr antechinomys laniger marsupiala dasyuridae . journal of comparitive physiology b biochemical systematic physiology , 156 ( 5 ) : 751 - 757 .
little is known about mating systems of kultarrs . it is suspected that olfactory cues are used in mate selection .
kultarrs are a polyoestrous mammals , and females may enter oestrus up to 6 times during the breeding season . oestrus cycles occur from july to january and may be photo - dependent . the long breeding season runs from midwinter to midsummer . breeding females have a supple pouch , elongated nipples , and long red - brown hairs . males begin spermatorrheoea in may . kultarrs have 1 to 8 offspring ( average 6 ) . gestation lasts 12 to 17 days . after birth , the young crawl into the pouch , where they remain for 30 to 48 days . weening occurs at 80 to 90 days of age in captivity . after the breeding season , the female ' s pouch regresses into a small fold . kultarrs reach sexual maturity at 11 . 5 months of age .
average age at sexual or reproductive maturity ( female ) : 11 . 5 months .
average age at sexual or reproductive maturity ( male ) : 11 . 5 months .
female kultarrs feed and protect the offspring in their pouch for 30 to 48 days . after they are weaned , young remain in the nest as the mother forages . when older , they ride on their mother ' s back as she searches for food .
stannard , h . , j . old . 2010 . observation of reproductive strategies of captive kultarrs ( antechinomys laniger ) . australian mammalogy , 32 : 179 - 182 .
woolley , p . 1984 . reproduction in antechinomys laniger (
spenceri
form ) ( marsupialia : dasyuridae ) : field and laboratory investigations . . australian wildlife research , 11 ( 3 ) : 481 - 489 . accessed february 21 , 2012 at urltoken ; = env & recid ; = 962454 & q ; = antechinomys + laniger & uid ; = & setcookie ; = yes .
lamoreux , j . & hilton - taylor , c . ( global mammal assessment team )
listed as least concern even though it is declining ( at least in new south wales ) , because there is no indication of a large decline that would approach criterion a , and it is very widespread .
antechinomys laniger is considered a species of least concern by the iucn . it is widespread , and populations are believed to fluctuate with rain levels . the us fish & wildlife service , however , listed this species as endangered in 1970 . over - grazing by cattle and sheep as well as predation by feral cats and red foxes are major threats , and localized extinctions have occurred . changes in fire regime also negatively affect kultarrs . protection of land and animal control programs have helped conserve this species . however , additional research on food habits , home range , and movement are necessary for more specific management programs .
kultarrs appear to undergo fluctuations in population size . it is considered rare and scattered ( valente 2008 ) . this species is very difficult to trap using standard trapping techniques .
habitat degradation by sheep and cattle , and predation by cats and foxes are major threats to this species ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) . also , habitat alteration due to changes in fire regimes since european settlement ( dickman and read 1992 ) .
there is a need to develop trapping techniques to permit effective survey and monitoring of the species . other conservation measures should include implementing long - term monitoring to validate adequacy of conservation measures ; collate distribution data ; identify and determine the status of the species across its range ; construct habitat model to more accurately determine extent of source and sink habitat available to the kultarr , identify patches and allow monitoring of the changes in habitat quality , particularly due to excessive flooding and grazing . there is a need to study home range , movement , habitat and food requirements in the field if a population can be located for a 3 - 5 year population study . also , measures should include establishing adequate reserves and appropriate management inside and outside the reserve system ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) .
there are no known direct benefits of kultarrs on humans . they may affect populations of pest insects they prey upon .
in the west . the latter is now relegated to subspecific status . the species name
the kultarr usually measures 7–10 cm , with a 10–15 cm tail . it weighs 20 - 30g ; males are larger and heavier than females .
the most distinctive features are the large four - toed hind legs , enabling a hopping motion , and prominent ears . it is coloured fawn grey to sandy brown above , with a white chest and darker eye - ring .
. mating occurs in winter and spring , with young being born around august–november . the species nests in soil cracks or utilises abandoned burrows of other species .
groves , c . p . ( 2005 ) .
order dasyuromorphia
. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . p . 32 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .
morris , k . , woinarski , j . , ellis , m . , robinson , t . & copley , p . ( 2008 ) . antechinomys laniger . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 9 october 2008 .
morris , k . , woinarski , j . , ellis , m . , robinson , t . & copley , p . ( 2008 ) . antechinomys laniger . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 9 october 2008 .
valente , a . ( 1995 ) .
kultarr
. in strahan , ronald . the mammals of australia . reed books . pp . 57–58 . isbn 0 - 7301 - 0484 - 2 .
menkhorst , peter ( 2001 ) . a field guide to the mammals of australia . oxford university press . p . 58 . isbn 0 - 19 - 550870 - x .
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stress related death before it is one year old . this is understood to be a survival adaptation for the species ( and some other marsupials ) on the basis that the females with young in pouch are free to forage without competition from the males in the dry summer environment of the australian bush . contents
victoria and south australiaa . f . leucogaster , found in southwestern western australiaa . f . rubeculus , found in northeastern queensland
[ 4 ] the mating season lasts for two weeks either in august , for southern animals ; in october , for animals from southern queensland ; or in june - july , for north queensland animals .
[ 4 ] the diet is invertebrates , eggs , nectar and sometimes small vertebrates .
^ groves , c . ( 2005 ) . wilson , d . e . , reeder , d . m . ed . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 29 .
d menkhorst , peter ( 2001 ) . a field guide to the mammals of australia . oxford university press . p . 54 .
fat - tailed dunnart ( s . crassicaudata ) s . macroura species - group : kakadu dunnart ( s . bindi )
red - cheeked dunnart ( s . virginiae ) s . granulipes species - group :
white - tailed dunnart ( s . granulipes ) s . griseoventer species - group : kangaroo island dunnart ( s . aitkeni )
grey - bellied dunnart ( s . griseoventer ) s . longicaudata species - group :
long - tailed dunnart ( s . longicaudata ) s . murina species - group : chestnut dunnart ( s . archeri )
slender - tailed dunnart ( s . murina ) s . psammophila species - group :
dasyuromorphia is an order of mammals that includes most of the australasian carnivorous marsupials , including quolls , dunnarts , the numbat , the tasmanian devil , and the tasmanian wolf .
there are two extant families of dasyurmorphians , myrmecobiidae ( with one extant species , the numbat , myrmecobius fasciatus ) and dasyuridae ( with about 20 extant genera and over 70 species , including quolls , dunnarts , and the tasmanian devil ) . a third family , thylacinidae , is assumed to have gone extinct in the 20th century with the demise of the thylacine ( thylacinus cynocephalus , also known as the tasmanian wolf or tasmanian tiger ) . dasyurmorphians are found in australia , new guinea , tasmania , and some nearby islands .
some dasyurmomorphians , such as the the numbat , serve in the control of social insects , and some of the larger dasyurids , such as the tasmanian devil and various quolls , play an ecological role in eating carrion , including dead wallabies and wombats . for humans , the unique appearance of dasyuromorphians add to the beauty of nature .
while there is large size variation among extant members of dasyuromorphia , the body shape tends toward uniformity . dasyuromorphians move on four legs ( quadrupedal ) , have pointed and generally long snouts , have long tails ( dasyuromorphia means
hairy tail
) , have four toes on the front feet and four or five toes on the hind feet , and many have a clawless toe on the hind feet . dasyuromorphians have polyprotodont dentition ( multiple lower incisor teeth as opposed to diprotodont dentition with two lower incisors ) , with four upper and three lower incisors . members of the order peramelemorphia ( the bandicoots and bilbies ) are another example of marsupials that are polyprotodont , as opposed to the diprotodont kangaroos , possums , wallabies , koala , and wombats , all of which have only two lower incisors . unlike members of peramelemorphia , the feet of dasyuromorphians tend not to have syndactylous digits ( with the second and third toes fused together while maintaining separate claws ) .
unlike herbivores , which tend to become highly specialized for particular ecological niches and diversify greatly in form , carnivores tend to be broadly similar to one another , certainly on the level of gross external form . just as northern hemisphere carnivores like cats , foxes , and weasels are much more alike in structure than , for example , camels , goats , pigs , and giraffes , so too are the marsupial predators constrained to retain general - purpose , look - alike forms—forms which mirror those of placental carnivores . the names given to them by early european settlers reflect this : the thylacine was called the tasmanian tiger , quolls were called native cats , and so on .
the primary specialization among marsupial predators is that of size : prior to the massive environmental changes that came about with the arrival of humans about 50 , 000 years ago , there were several very large carnivores , none of them members of the dasyuromorphia and all of them now extinct . those marsupial predators among the dasyuromorphians that survived into historical times ranged from the wolf - sized thylacine to the tiny long - tailed planigale , which at 4 to 6 grams is less than half the size of a mouse . most present - day dasyuromorphians , however , tend towards the lower end of the size scale , typically between about 15 or 20 grams and about 2 kilograms , or from the size of a domestic mouse to that of a small domestic cat .
to provide context , the table below also shows other major branches of the marsupial tree .
order diprotodontia ( about 137 species in 11 families , including the koala , wombats , possums , potoroos , kangaroos , wallabies and others . )
unlike most marsupials in which the females typically have an external pouch where the newborn are nursed , numbat females have no pouch . the four mammae ( milk - secreating teats ) are protected , however , by a patch of crimped , golden hair and by the swelling of the surrounding abdomen and thighs during lactation ( cooper 2011 ) .
the numbat is relatively small compared to many termite - consuming mammals , with a body length of about 17 . 5 to 27 . 5 centimeters ( 7 - 11 inches ) and a tail of about 13 . 0 to 17 centimeters ( 5 - 6 . 7 inches ) , or roughly 30 to 45 centimeters ( 12 - 17 . 7 inches ) in total length . the adult numbat weighs from about 280 to 550 grams ( 0 . 6 - 1 . 2 pounds ) ( ellis 2003 ) .
the numbat has a finely pointed muzzle , a small mouth , and small , round - tipped ears . there are five toes on the stout forefeet , and four toes on the hindfeet ; all four feet have thick and large claws ( cooper 2011 ; ellis 2003 ) . the tail is prominent and bushy . like many termite - eating animals , the numbat has an unusually long , narrow , tongue , coated with sticky saliva produced by large submandibular glands . the tongue can reach 10 centimeters from the mouth opening ( ellis 2003 ) . a further adaptation to the diet is the presence of numerous ridges along the soft palate , which apparently help to scrape termites off the tongue so that they can be swallowed .
like other mammals that eat termites or ants , the numbat has a degenerate jaw with up to 50 very small non - functional teeth , and although it is able to chew ( cooper 2011 ) , it rarely does so , because of the soft nature of its diet . uniquely among terrestrial mammals , there is an additional cheek tooth between the premolars and molars ; it is unclear whether this represents a supernumary molar tooth or a deciduous tooth retained into adult life . as a result , although not all individuals have the same dental formula , in general , it follows the unique pattern ( cooper 2011 ) :
thylacinidae is an extinct family of dasyuromorphians , whose only species to survive into modern times was the thylacine ( thylacinus cynocephalus ) , also known as the tasmanian wolf or tasmanian tiger . all other thylacinids lived in prehistoric times in australia , with specimens found in the fossil record dating back to the early miocene .
dasyuridae includes about 75 species divided into 15 genera . dasyurids are known by such common names as quolls , dunnarts , and the tasmanian devil . dasyurids are found in australia and new guinea . they inhabit a wide range of environments , including grassland , forests , and mountains , and some species are arboreal or semiaquatic .
many dasyurids are small and mouse - like , leading to the misnomer
marsupial mice ,
but the group also includes the cat - sized quolls , as well as the tasmanian devil . the smallest species is the pilbara ningaui , which is from 4 . 6 to 5 . 7 cm in length , and weighs just 2–9 grams , while the largest , the tasmanian devil , is 57–65 cm long , and weighs from 6–8 kg . the smaller dasyurids typically resemble shrews or mice in appearance , with long tails and narrow , pointed noses . the larger species bear a resemblance to such placental carnivores as mongooses or mustelids ( lee 1984 ) .
many features of dasyurids are considered primitive , that is , they resemble the features of the earliest marsupials , from which other species , such as kangaroos and bandicoots , later diverged . for example , all of the toes in dasyurids are separate , whereas in many other marsupials , the second and third toes are fused . similarly , many species lack a full marsupial pouch ; instead they have a simple fold of skin surrounding the teats to provide some protection to the developing young . the dentition of dasyurids is also considered primitive , and differs from that of other marsupials , with a dental formula of : .
dasyurids are primarily insectivorous , but they will also eat small lizards , fruit , and flowers . one of the few exceptions to this rule is the tasmanian devil , which subsists mainly on vertebrate carrion ( lee 1984 ) . they have relatively simple digestive tracts , as is typical of insectivores and carnivores .
gestation lasts from 12–16 days , and results in the birth of from two to 12 young , depending on species . smaller species typically breed at least twice a year , while the larger forms tend to breed just once . the length of lactation reflects this , with young dunnarts , for example , being weaned after 60–70 days , but young quolls only after 8–9 months . most dasyurid species are sexually mature at one year of age , but , again , the quolls and tasmanian devil , being larger , take longer to mature and do not reach full adulthood for about two years ( lee 1984 ) .
bininda - emonds , o . r . p . 2007 . the delayed rise of present - day mammals . nature 446 : 507–512 . pmid 17392779 .
cooper , c . e . 2011 . myrmecobius fasciatus ( dasyuromorphia : myrmecobiidae ) . mammalian species 43 ( 1 ) : 129–140 .
cooper , c . e . , and p . c . withers . 2004 . patterns of body temperature variation and torpor in the numbat , myrmecobius fasciatus ( marsupialia : myrmecobiidae ) . journal of thermal biology 29 ( 6 ) : 277–284 .
cooper , c . e . , and p . c . withers . 2010 . gross renal morphology of the numbat ( myrmecobius fasciatus ) ( marsupialia : myrmecobiidae ) . australian mammalogy 32 ( 2 ) : 95–97 .
ellis , e . 2003 . myrmecobius fasciatus . animal diversity web . retrieved march 19 , 2012 .
groves , c . 2005 . order primates , order monotremata
( and select other orders ) . page ( s ) 23 - 37 in d . e . wilson and d . m . reeder , eds . , mammal species of the world , 3rd edition . johns hopkins university press ) . isbn 0801882214 .
lee , a . k . 1984 . dasyuridae . pages 838 - 845 in d . macdonald , the encyclopedia of mammals . new york : facts on file . isbn 0871968711 .
nihranz , d . , and e . colvin . 2013 . dasyuromorphia . animal diversity web ( university of michigan - ann arbor ) . retrieved may 08 , 2014 .