rissoina spirata , common name the spiral risso , is a species of minute sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family rissoinidae .

rissoina spirata

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rissoina ( rissoina ) orbigny , a . v . m . d . d ' , 1840 type species : unknowngenustype
chiliostigma melvill , j . c . , 1918 type species : rissoina ( rissoina ) refugium melvill , j . c . , 1918
rissoina ( rissolina ) gould , a . a . , 1861 type species : rissoina ( rissolina ) plicatula gould , a . a . , 1861
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : rissoina spirata ( g . b . i sowerby , 1825 ) - id : 5192001062
rissoina ( moerchiella ) , r . ( apataxia ) , r . ( alinzebina )
misidentification rissoina decussata ( montagu , 1803 ) [ giannuzzi - savelli et al . , 1997 ]
rissoina ( moerchiella ) nevill , 1885 type species : moerchiella gigantea deshayes , g . p . , 1848
( of zebina spirata ( sowerby , 1825 ) ) taylor , j . d . ( 1973 ) . provisional list of the mollusca of aldabra atoll . [ details ]
( of rissoa spirata g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) sleurs w . j . m . ( 1993 ) . a revision of the recent species of rissoina ( moerchiella ) , r . ( apataxia ) , r . ( ailinzebina ) and r . ( pachyrissoina ) ( gastropoda : rissoidae ) . bulletin de l ' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , 63 : 71 - 135 [ details ]
in some areas , a few genera went through a speciation process that led to a high number of both species and endemics , for example , alvania , crisilla , onoba , pusillina , rissoa , and setia at the mediterranean ; benthonellania and rissoina at the caribbean ; manzonia and crisilla at the madeira , selvagens , and canaries archipelagos ; crisilla and schwartziella at the cape verde archipelago ; onoba at iceland ; and cingula at the geographically isolated saint helena island .
( of rissoa spirata g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) sowerby i , g . b . ( 1821–34 ) . the genera of recent and fossil shells , for the use of students , in conchology and geology . g . b . sowerby , london . vol . 1 pl . 1 - 126 + text ( unpaginated ) [ 1821 - 1825 ] ; vol . 2 : pl . 127 - 162 + text ( unpaginated ) [ 1825 - 1834 ] ( [ published in 42 numbers . for complete collation see sykes , 1906 and see petit r . e . 2006 . notes on sowerby ' s the genera of recent and fossil shells ( 1821–1834 ) archives of natural history 33 : 71 - 89 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : plate 209 ; note : no page number [ details ]
sowerby , g . b . , i . ( 1821–1834 ) the genera of recent and fossil shells , for the use of students in conchology and geology : plates of genera ; also corresponding letter - press , descriptive of the characters by which each genus is distinguished . particularly th page ( s ) : no page number [ details ]
dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
zenetos , a . , m . e . çinar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
galil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
publication date the year of publication ( 1833 ) is given by petit ( 2009 ) . [ details ]
taylor , j . d . ( 1973 ) . provisional list of the mollusca of aldabra atoll . [ details ]
short description shell elongated , high - spired , of 7 - 8 moderately convex whorls with a distinct rim under the suture ; body whorl distinctly constricted . sculpture of spire whorls of oblique axial ribs which fade out on the body whorl or the previous one . spiral sculpture of very faint grooves . aperture oval , with a thickened outer lip , smooth inside , and a hardly indicated siphonal canal .
common size : reported mediterranean specimens 6 - 8 mm , up to 14 mm in the red sea .
distinguishing characteristics this species is unmistakable , owing to the strong subsutural rim crenulated by the axial ribs .
distribution worldwide : indo - pacific . mediterranean : a spurious record in 1974 from the tyrrhenian sea ( bogi et al . , 1984 ) not further documented and possibly based on a displaced specimen . the records from haifa , israel seem more likely ( giannuzzi - savelli et al . , 1997 ) .
bogi c . , coppini m . and margelli a . , 1984 . ritrovamento nel mediterraneo di
giannuzzi - savelli r . , pusateri f . , palmeri a . and ebreo c . , 1997 . atlante delle conchiglie marine del mediterraneo . vol . 2 : caenogastropoda . la conchiglia , roma , 258 p .
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sowerby , g . b . , i . ( 1821–1834 ) the genera of recent and fossil shells , for the use of students in conchology and geology : plates of genera ; also corresponding letter - press , descriptive of the characters by which each genus is distinguished . particularly th
dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp .
galil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . < em > aquatic invasions . < / em > 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 .
petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 2189 : 1–218 .
streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . < em > oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . < / em > 43 : 419 - 453 .
zenetos , a . , m . e . çinar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 .
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sérgio p . ávila , 1 , 2 , 3 , * jeroen goud , 4 and antónio m . de frias martins 1 , 2
4 national museum of natural history , invertebrates , naturalis darwinweg , leiden , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands
this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
rapoport ' s latitudinal rule relates geographical distribution with latitude [ 1 , 2 ] . this rule states that the range of the geographical distribution of species increases with latitude [ 3 ] . several hypotheses were provided : the seasonal variability hypothesis [ 2 , 4 ] , the differential extinction hypothesis [ 3 ] , the competition hypothesis [ 5 – 7 ] , or the milankovitch climate oscillations , which force larger distributional changes [ 8 ] .
to our knowledge , this is the first attempt to summarize present information about the geographic distributional pattern of this family in the atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea , with the purpose of identifying the biotic similarities between areas .
the geographical distribution of the rissoidae in the atlantic ocean and mediterranean sea was compiled through an exhaustive search of the primary literature and is up to date until july 2011 . the following sites and references were considered :
por : western atlantic iberian façade ( from cabo vilán , western galician shores , down to cape são vicente ) and southern shores of algarve , portugal ) : nobre [ 33 , 34 ] , nobre and braga [ 35 ] , macedo et al . [ 36 ] , rolán [ 37 ] ,
med : mediterranean : nordsieck [ 19 ] , aartsen and fehr - de - wal [ 38 ] , aartsen [ 39 – 47 ] , verduin [ 48 – 50 ] , aartsen and verduin [ 23 , 51 ] , palazzi [ 52 ] , aartsen et al . [ 53 ] , amati [ 54 – 56 ] , amati and nofroni [ 57 – 59 ] , amati and oliverio [ 56 ] , oliverio [ 60 – 62 ] , oliverio et al . [ 63 ] , aartsen and linden [ 64 ] , linden and wagner [ 65 ] , hoenselaar and moolenbeek [ 66 ] , aartsen and menkhorst [ 53 ] , giusti and nofroni [ 67 ] , aartsen et al . [ 68 ] , amati et al [ 69 ] , hoenselaar and hoenselaar [ 70 ] , nofroni and pizzini [ 71 ] , oliverio et al . [ 72 ] , aartsen and engl [ 73 ] , smriglio and mariottini [ 74 ] , margelli [ 75 ] , bogi and galil [ 76 ] , buzzurro and landini [ 77 ] , peñas et al . [ 78 ] , oliver and templado [ 79 ] , ciesm , clemam ,
azo : azores : watson [ 80 ] , dautzenberg [ 81 ] , amati [ 82 ] , gofas [ 83 ] , oliverio et al . [ 72 ] , linden [ 84 ] , linden and van aartsen [ 85 ] , ávila [ 86 – 88 ] ,
lus : lusitanian group of seamounts ( a chain of seamounts located between portugal and madeira ) : gorringe , josephine , ampère , seine : ávila and malaquias [ 89 ] , beck et al . [ 90 ] , gofas [ 91 ] ,
mad : madeira , porto santo and desertas islands , nobre [ 92 ] , van aartsen [ 47 ] , palazzi [ 52 ] , verduin [ 93 ] , moolenbeek and hoenselaar [ 94 , 95 ] , segers et al . [ 96 ] ,
can : canary islands : van aartsen [ 47 ] , moolenbeek and faber [ 98 ] , rolán [ 99 ] , verduin [ 93 ] , linden and wagner [ 100 ] , moolenbeek and hoenselaar [ 94 , 95 , 101 ] , segers [ 102 ] , hernández - otero et al . [ 103 ] ,
trs : tristão da cunha island : worsfold et al . [ 112 ] , malacolog ,
crl : carolinian biogeographical province–atlantic shores of usa , between cape hatteras , north carolina ( 35° n ) and cape canaveral ( 28°30′ n ) : rex et al . [ 120 ] , malacolog ,
tro : tropical biogeographical province ( from now on generically designated as “caribbean” ) —atlantic shores of usa , south of cape canaveral ( 28°30′ n ) , including western and eastern shores of florida , gulf of mexico ( louisiana and texas shores , as well as yucatan peninsula , méxico ) , bahamas , caribbean sea , south to cabo frio ( brazil ) ( 23°s ) : dall [ 121 ] , baker et al . [ 122 ] , faber and moolenbeek [ 123 ] , jong and coomans [ 124 ] , leal and moore [ 125 ] , faber [ 126 ] , leal [ 127 ] , rolán [ 128 ] , espinosa and ortea [ 129 ] , rosenberg et al . [ 130 ] malacolog ,
ant : antarctic—from 60°s south , including south orkney islands ( signy island ) , south shetland islands , antarctic peninsula and weddell sea : ponder [ 132 ] .
we have also consulted other bibliographical sources , with a wider systematical or geographical subject , such as babio and thiriot - quiévreux [ 134 ] , aartsen [ 40 ] , fretter and graham [ 30 ] , ponder [ 21 ] , verduin [ 135 ] , templado and rolán [ 136 ] , hoenselaar and moolenbeek [ 66 ] , moolenbeek and hoenselaar [ 137 ] , moolenbeek and faber [ 138 – 140 ] , sleurs [ 141 – 143 ] , hoenselaar [ 70 , 144 ] , bouchet and warén [ 27 ] , sleurs and preece [ 145 ] , warén [ 146 ] , hoenselaar and goud [ 147 ] , goud [ 148 ] , gofas et al . [ 149 ] , rolán [ 150 ] , gofas [ 91 ] , and garilli [ 151 ] . malacolog , ciesm , clemam , and worms web databases were very useful and widely consulted .
the bathymetrical zonation considers shallow species ( those living between the intertidal and 50 m depth ) and deep species ( those usually living below 50 m depth ) . the choice of the threshold at 50 m depth is related with the following reasons : ( i ) algal species to which rissoidae are very often associated are rare below 50 m depth ; ( ii ) direct sampling by scuba - diving is more frequent in waters less than 50 m depth ; ( iii ) in waters deeper than 50 m depth , usually the samplings are obtained via indirect methodologies ( grabs , most often ) .
the complete database was last updated in october 2011 and is available from the authors upon request .
where a is the total number of rissoid species present in area a , and b is the total number of rissoid species present in area b . when a faunal flow happened in historical times , from a source area to the target area , we expect the target area to show a subset of the species present in the source area . so , different values of the two indices ( x a and x b ) are expectable , and the source area must have the smaller value [ 167 ] .
the mediterranean sea is the most diverse site , with 160 species of rissoidae , followed by canary islands ( 89 species ) , caribbean ( 77 ) , portugal ( 74 ) , and cape verde ( 67 ) . the lowest diversity sites are the carolinian province ( 18 species ) , greenland ( 16 ) , arctic ( 13 ) , angola ( 11 ) , new scotia biogeographical province ( 10 ) , antarctic ( 8 ) , virginian biogeographical province , tristan da cunha island , and brazil ( all with just 7 species ,
( 11 ) are species - abundant in the mediterranean and along the portuguese shores .
( as the name indicates ) are restricted to higher latitudes ( arctic , greenland , iceland , and scandinavia ) .
is reported to the atlantic shores of north america ( nsc and vir ) .
is a genus with high number of species at iceland and greenland ( 9 and 5 , resp . ) , but the most diverse sites are in the south atlantic : 22 species at southeast of south america and 6 species at tristan da cunha island and antarctic (
are particularly species - diverse in the macaronesian archipelagos , especially at canary islands , selvagens and madeira , porto santo , and desertas islands .
spp . is very abundant at cape verde archipelago ( 26 species ) as well as in the carolinian and tropical provinces , and at saint helena islands ( 4 , 9 , and 5 species , resp . ) .
stosicia and voorwindia occur predominantly in the indo - pacific region [ 21 ] , with just two species reported to the western atlantic , stosicia aberrans [ 172 ] , and stosicia houbricki [ 173 ] ( = stosicia fernandezgarcesi [ 129 ] , all restricted to the tropical province ; voorwindia tiberiana [ 163 ] occurs in the mediterranean , where this lessepsian species is considered as alien ( nonestablished , ciesm database ) . however , fossil species of stosicia are known from the lower miocene of the eastern atlantic and the mediterranean [ 173 ] .
the mediterranean and cape verde islands are the sites with higher numbers of endemic species ( 71 and 58 , resp . ) , with predominance of
( 20 ) at cape verde . caribbean also has a high number of endemisms ( 57 species ) , especially of the genera
) . however , if these figures are viewed in percentages , saint helena island , cape verde , and tristan da cunha are the sites with higher percentages of rissoid endemisms ( 90 . 0 % , 86 . 6 % , and 85 . 7 % , resp . ) . other sites with high percentage values are the meteor group of seamounts ( 76 . 9 % ) , the caribbean ( 74 . 0 % ) , southeastern shores of south america ( 66 . 7 % ) , the azores ( 44 . 7 % ) , and the mediterranean ( 44 . 4 % ) . antarctic ( 37 . 5 % ) , the lusitanian group of seamounts ( 37 . 0 % ) , the west - african shores ( 24 . 0 % ) , and canary islands ( 19 . 1 % ) also have a significant amount of endemic rissoids (
) , thus only 3 species are endemic to these islands ( 7 . 9 % ) . similar percentages of rissoid endemics occur at greenland ( 6 . 3 % ) and scandinavia ( 3 . 3 % ) . iceland has 12 . 0 % of endemisms (
most of the 542 - rissoid species that live in the atlantic and in the mediterranean are shallow species ( 329 ) . one hundred and forty - six are considered as deep species , living in waters with more than 50 m depth , and 23 species are reported to both shallow and deep waters . it was not possible to establish the bathymetrical zonation of 44 rissoid species .
are mostly constituted by shallow species . some of these genera ( e . g . ,
) are exclusively littoral . in the eastern - atlantic shores and at latitudes higher than 55° n ( arctic , greenland , iceland , and scandinavia ) ,
bathymetric zonation of the rissoidae . lit—littoral species ( usually living at depths less than 50 m depth ) ; deep—deep species ( usually living at depths higher than 50 m depth ) . other abbreviations as in
) . there is a predominance of nonplanktotrophs in islands , seamounts , and at high and medium latitudes . this pattern is particularly evident in the genera
. planktotrophic species are more abundant in the eastern atlantic and in the mediterranean sea . the british isles and angola are the only sites with excess of planktotrophs in relation to nonplanktotrophic rissoids .
is a very diverse genus in the mediterranean sea and along the shores of portugal , and most are planktotrophic species . in the arctic , greenland , southeastern south america , and antarctic , all rissoid species are nonplanktotrophs (
scandinavia , british isles , portugal , angola , and the carolinian province are the only sites with higher numbers of shallow planktotrophic species relative to the number of shallow non - planktotrophs ( cf . tables
benthonella tenella [ 169 ] , the sole representative of this genus in the studied area , is the rissoid species with wider geographical range in the atlantic ; other species with large geographical ranges are obtusella intersecta [ 174 ] and alvania cimicoides [ 175 ] ; all of them are deep planktotrophic species , although obtusella intersecta may also occur in the littoral .
we used pae separately on the shallow and on the deep rissoid species . after removing all the endemic species ( no cosmopolitan species were found ) , 115 shallow species and 41 deep species of rissoids were analysed with the pae methodology , using paup * .
= 180 , ci = 0 . 6389 , ri = 0 . 7005 ) with three main groups . the first one strongly clusters portugal , the mediterranean , british isles , and scandinavia , with bootstrap values higher than 91 % . a second group subdivides in two : the first subgroup , the macaronesian archipelagos of madeira , canary islands , selvagens , and the azores clusters ; the second subgroup has west - african coast , angola , and cape verde islands . in a third group , western atlantic sites are clustered : caribbean and carolinian province cluster to brazil at 65 % bootstrap value . saint helena island weakly clusters to the previous sites ( bootstrap value of only 51 % ) . new scotia and virginian provinces cluster in an independent group ( 66 % ) , as well as southern south america and antarctic ( 95 % ) (
. bootstrap values are higher than 50 % only for three groups : portugal - mediterranean ( 78 % ) , caribbean - carolinian province ( 75 % ) , and new scotia province - virginian province . some other sites also cluster , but at values lower than 50 % (
, and support the patterns found by both the pae analysis and the geographical distribution . four main source areas for rissoids emerge : mediterranean , caribbean , canaries / madeira archipelagos , and the cape verde archipelago . in the western atlantic , a rissoid movement originating in the caribbean seems to have developed southwards to brazil (
probable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the central west - atlantic . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in
probable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the northwest atlantic . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in
probable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the south atlantic . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in
probable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the central east - atlantic . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in
) . scandinavia seems to be the source area for both iceland and arctic ( 64 and 54 % , resp . ) and iceland probably played an important role as a source for both greenland and arctic . the mediterranean is weakly related with the west - african shores ( 44 % ,
) . the relationships between the azores and both madeira and canaries are weak ( 32 and 24 % , resp . ) , and canaries seem to be the main source of the rissoid fauna of madeira ( 67 % ) and selvagens ( 79 % ) . cape verde archipelago is isolated from all sites (
probable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the macaronesian islands , northeast - atlantic , and mediterranean . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in
probable colonization patterns of rissoid fauna in the northeast atlantic . the arrows represent the probable main flux direction of faunas , and the associated numbers represent , for each pair of areas , the higher of the two similarity index values computed as described in the methods , abbreviations as in
it is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss in detail all hypotheses related with rapoport ' s latitudinal rule ( e . g . , the seasonal variability hypothesis [
] ) , but one of the corollaries of the seasonal variability hypothesis is that , at low latitudes , the expected bathymetrical range of a given species , in average , should be lower than at high latitudes . stevens [
relation between ( a ) number of rissoids with large bathymetrical range ( # sh - de : shallow - deep ) and latitude in the eastern atlantic ; ( b ) number of littoral rissoids and latitude in the eastern atlantic ; ( c ) number of littoral rissoids and latitude in the western atlantic ; ( d ) number of littoral rissoids and latitude in the western atlantic .
] , when they compared the north and south hemispheres of the east - pacific coast of america . in the northern hemisphere , there is correspondence between the diversity latitudinal gradient and ssts , but in the southern hemisphere , in particular from 40 to 60°s , the number of species increases with latitude , even though ssts decrease monotonically with this variable . this pattern is also evident with the shallow rissoidae along the west - atlantic coasts of south america ( figures
) and the explanation is dependent on the coastal area ( comprising depths less than 200 m ) which , according to valdovinos et al . [
] , is a factor that better explains biodiversity than ssts . thus , the increase of the number of shallow rissoids with latitude along the southern south - america shores (
) . this is certainly due to the high sampling effort for this region , but we think that other reasons are also behind this fact ( see below ) . a similar trend was also reported in several other taxonomic groups ( hydromedusae , siphonophora , chaetognatha , appendicularia , salpida , cephalopoda , euphausiacea , decapoda , and pisces ) [
] , reinforcing the mediterranean as an area of high marine biodiversity . this is even more interesting if we think that the mediterranean area was repopulated just 5 . 33 ma ago , when the “messinian salinity crisis” ended [
] . this dramatic event occurred between 5 . 96–5 . 33 ma and provoked an almost complete annihilation of the mediterranean marine fauna and flora [
] . the reopening of the connection between the atlantic and the mediterranean happened 5 . 33 ma ago and , although there are different hypothesis under discussion such as tectonic movements of the crust [
] , and this may be the reason for the high number of rissoid species that this area possesses nowadays .
by definition , “a species can be endemic to an area for two different reasons : ( a ) because it has originated in that place and never dispersed , or ( b ) because it now survives in only a part of its former wider range” [ 196 ] . we do not know any endemic rissoid to the azores , madeira , or canaries that is documented in the fossil record as formerly having a broader geographic distribution [ 197 , 198 ] . so , they are autochthonous descendents of immigrants , rather than geographic relicts .
it is a well - known fact that biotic communities in high latitudes are usually rich in nonplanktotrophic species [ 157 , 201 ] . this is thorson ' s rule “pelagic development reveals a clear biological polarity : from low towards high latitude pelagic development disappears progressively and becomes replaced by direct development , demersal development , and viviparity” [ 202 , 203 ] . thorson ' s original formulation related also pelagic development with depth , saying that the number of species with such a type of development would gradually diminish from the shallow shelf downwards to the abyssal depths , until its complete disappearance [ 202 ] a concept that did not hold [ 204 , 205 ] .
] stated that species with a planktotrophic larval development and long - distance dispersal usually have wider geographical ranges , longer geological ranges , and smaller speciation and extinction rates than nonplanktotrophic relatives . he detected changes in the modes of larval development of cretacian molluscs , from planktotrophic to nonplanktotrophic , but the reverse was not found . in the mediterranean , sibling species were found , almost identical in their teleoconchs and differing mostly in their protoconchs : one multispiral , denoting a planktotrophic larval development , the other one paucispiral , denoting a nonplanktotrophic larval development [
] at rockall , an isolated and inhabited islet located in the north atlantic ( 57°n , 13°w ) , first noted this phenomenon and stated that a pelagic phase may be an advantage for dispersal , but it may exclude species from certain habitats , namely , from oceanic islands . moreover , larvae of nonplanktotrophic species are protected from the surrounding environment during the initial phase of their development , by the walls of the egg . in addition , they do not need external food supply , as vitelum provides them all energy they need to account for the completion of the metamorphosis [
] and resources for larval stages are available only during short periods , there exists such a predominance of nonplanktotrophic rissoid species .
) . similar speciation events also happened in other families of gastropods ( e . g . , in cape verde , conidae , with about 45 species / subspecies , and
) . interestingly , canaries act as a probable source of rissoid fauna , instead of recipient , when compared to all areas , with the sole exception of the mediterranean .
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alvania risso , a . , 1826 type species : alvania ( alvania ) europea risso , a . , 1826
alvania ( alvanolira ) nordsieck , f . , 1972 type species : alvania ( alvanolira ) lineata risso , a . , 1826
alvania ( coronalvania ) nordsieck , f . , 1972 type species : alvania ( coronalvania ) corona nordsieck , f . , 1972
alvania ( lanciella ) nordsieck , f . , 1972 type species : alvania ( lanciella ) lanciae calcara , p . , 1845
alvania ( linemera ) finlay , h . j . , 1924 type species : turboella interrupta adams , j . , 1798


lithophaga , the date mussels , are a genus of medium-sized marine bivalve molluscs in the family mytilidae .

some of the earliest fossil lithophaga shells have been found in mesozoic rocks from the alps and from vancouver island , the shells of species in this genus are long and narrow with parallel sides .

the animals bore into stone or coral rock with the help of pallial gland secretions , hence the systematic name lithophaga , which means " stone-eater " .

their club-shaped borings are given the trace fossil name gastrochaenolites .

lithophaga

species lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) accepted as lithophaga nigra ( d ' orbigny , 1853 ) ( see nomenclature note under modiola caribaea . )
lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) ( see nomenclature note under modiola caribaea . )
there do not appear to be any studies addressing the temperature tolerance of lithophaga bisulcata .
there do not appear to be any studies addressing the salinity tolerance of lithophaga bisulcata .
species lithophaga abbotti h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as leiosolenus spatiosus carpenter , 1857
( of lithophaga ( lithophaga ) corrugata ( philippi , 1846 ) ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
species lithophaga dixonae p . j . b . scott , 1986 accepted as leiosolenus dixonae ( scott , 1986 )
lithophaga bisulcata are suspension feeders , filtering plankton and other small invertebrates from seawater ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from lithophaga teres ( philippi 1846 ) to their own page .
( of lithophaga crenulata dunker , 1849 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithophaga straminea dunker , 1880 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithophaga ( lithophaga ) zitteliana dunker , 1882 ) kilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173–214 . [ details ]
subgenus lithophaga ( myoforceps ) p . fischer , 1886 accepted as leiosolenus ( myoforceps ) p . fischer , 1886 represented as leiosolenus carpenter , 1857
lithophaga bisulcata have separate sexes and reproduce annually . the reproductive season begins in august and spawning occurs between november and february ( scott 1988a ) .
what made you want to look up lithophaga ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
s . galinou - mitsoudi , a . i . sinis ; age and growth of lithophaga lithophaga ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , based on annual growth lines in the shell , journal of molluscan studies , volume 61 , issue 4 , 1 november 1995 , pages 435–453 , urltoken
species lithophaga erimitica kuroda & habe in kuroda & al . , 1971 accepted as leiosolenus erimiticus ( kuroda & habe in kuroda & al . , 1971 )
kleeman k . h . ( 1983 ) catalogue of recent and fossil lithophaga ( bivalvia ) . journal of molluscan studies , supplement 12 : 1 - 46 . [ details ]
scott pjb . 1988a . initial settlement behavior and survivorship of lithophaga bisculata ( d ' orbigny ) ( mytilidae : lithophaginae ) . journal of molluscan studies 54 : 97 - 108 .
kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
scott pjb . 1988b . distribution , habitat and morphaology of the caribbean coral - and rock - boring bivalve , lithophaga bisculata ( d ' orbigny ) ( mytilidae : lithophaginae ) . journal of molluscan studies 54 : 83 - 95 .
( of modiola antillarum philippi , 1847 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of modiola caribaea philippi , 1847 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
lithophaga bisulcata can be found in the temperate and tropical regions of north and south america from north carolina to florida , bermuda , bahamas , west indies , gulf of mexico , caribbean central america , south america to uruguay ( mikkelsen and bieler 2008 ) .
( of lithodomus saucatensis mayer , 1858 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithophagus tirolensis tausch , 1890 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus isilensis parona , 1893 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithophagus taurorugosus sacco , 1898 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithophagus papilliferus joksimowitsch , 1910 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus styriacus teppner , 1914 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus mitzopoulosi charalambakis , 1952 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus niger d ' orbigny , 1853 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
lithophaga bisulcata grows to 45 mm ( mikkelsen and bieler 2008 ) and becomes reproductive when the shell reaches 20 mm ( scott 1988a ) . in a jamaican population , the sex ratio of male to female individuals was reported to be 1 : 1 ( scott 1988a ) .
( of lithodomus lyellanus mayer in hartung , 1864 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus ornatissimus mayer - eymar , 1887 † ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]
huber m . ( 2015 ) . compendium of bivalves 2 . harxheim : conchbooks . 907 pp . note : huber ( 2015 ) regarded this species as valid , but under the name lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) , which is a combination of the nomen oblitum modiola caribaea philippi , 1847 . [ details ]
( of lithophaga mytuloides röding , 1798 ) röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lithophaga corrugata ( philippi , 1846 ) ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . [ details ]
( of lithophaga mytuloides röding , 1798 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the mahogany date mussel is often associated with sponges , corals , anemones , annelids ( worms ) , crustaceans , other bivalves , bryozoans , sea stars and sea urchins ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) . they are found in living and dead corals . the most common hosts for lithophaga bisulcata are the corals siderasterea sidera and stephanocoenia michelini ( scott 1988b ) .
( of lithophaga obesus [ sic ] ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithophaga crenulata dunker , 1849 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . page ( s ) : 414 [ details ]
the fossil record dating back to the paleozoic indicate that mussels in the genus lithophaga have long been associated with reef building corals ( scott 1988b ) . l . bisculata is a member of the family mytilidae . the mahogany date mussel attaches to the substratum and its congeners with bissal threads forming dense beds that can support rich epifaunal and infaunal invertebrate assemblages ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) .
( of lithophaga corrugata ( philippi , 1846 ) ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 551 [ details ]
to barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 106 publications ) ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus g . b . sowerby i , 1824 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 106 publications ) ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 126 publications ) ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 135 publications ) ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 23 publications ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) to clemam ( from synonym lithophaga mytuloides röding , 1798 ) to clemam ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 ) to clemam ( from synonym mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to genbank ( 13 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithophaga mytuloides röding , 1798 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) to pesi ( from synonym mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 )
röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 156 [ details ]
( of lithodomus cuvier , 1816 ) cuvier , g . ( 1817 ) . le règne animal distribué d ' après son organisation , pour servir de base à l ' histoire naturelle des animaux et d ' introduction à l ' anatomie comparée . [ work generally dated 1817 ; published before 2 december 1816 according to roux journal of the society for the bibliography of natural history 8 ( 1 ) : 31 ] . tome 1 , 540 pp . ; tome 2 , 528 pp . ; tome 3 , 653 pp . ; tome 4 , 255 pp . , 15 pl . deterville , paris . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
coan , e . v . ; valentich - scott , p . ( 2012 ) . bivalve seashells of tropical west america . marine bivalve mollusks from baja california to northern peru . 2 vols , 1258 pp . [ details ]
( of lithodomus cuvier , 1816 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 705 [ details ]
( of lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) requien e . ( 1848 ) . catalogue des coquilles de l ' île de corse . seguin , avignon v - xii , 13 - 109 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]
( of mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) salis marschlins c . u . von ( 1793 ) . reisen in verschieden provinzen den königreischs neapel . zurich and leipzig , ziegler vol . i : pp . 442 + 10 pl . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) pallary p . ( 1900 ) . coquilles marines du littoral du départment d ' oran . journal de conchyliologie . 48 ( 3 ) : 211 - 422 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 381 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
gofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brandào , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
ardovini , r . ; cossignani , t . ( 2004 ) . west african seashells ( including azores , madeira and canary is . ) = conchiglie dell ' africa occidentale ( incluse azzorre , madeira e canarie ) . english - italian edition . l ' informatore piceno : ancona , italy . isbn 88 - 86070 - 11 - x . 319 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
zamouri - langar , n . ; chouba , l . ; ajjabi chebil , l . ; mrabet , r . ; el abed , a . ( 2011 ) . les coquillages bivalves des côtes tunisiennes . institut national des sciences et technologies de la mer : salammbô . isbn 978 - 9938 - 9512 - 0 - 2 . 128 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) macnae , w . & m . kalk ( eds ) . ( 1958 ) . a natural history of inhaca island , mozambique . witwatersrand univ . press , johannesburg . i - iv , 163 pp . [ details ]
( of lithodomus dactylus g . b . sowerby i , 1824 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithodomus dactylus g . b . sowerby i , 1824 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lithophagus communis megerle von mühlfeld , 1811 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
medin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]
turgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711–744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg [ details ]
mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . [ details ]
( of lithodomus niger d ' orbigny , 1853 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . [ details ]
( of lithodomus niger d ' orbigny , 1853 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of modiola antillarum philippi , 1847 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . page ( s ) : 414 [ details ]
( of modiola caribaea philippi , 1847 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . page ( s ) : 413 - 414 [ details ]
the shell of l . bisculata , a burrowing mussel , is elongated cylindrical and inflated with umbones near the anterior end . it is thin - walled , whitish with a yellow - brown periostracum and calcareous incrustation that projects bluntly beyond the posterior margin . it is smooth with a radial groove dividing the valve into two sections . the ventral half has periostracal pits that are more prominent in juveniles . the interior is yellow - brown with a purplish tint and a smooth margin ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) .
living specimens are found burrowed in soft rock or dead coral ( mikkelsen and bieler 2008 ) . l . bisculata is a common burrower that excavates chemically secreting a mucoprotein - chelating agent from glands in the middle fold of the mantle margin to soften the calcareous substratum . the softened substratum is then scraped away with the valves ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) . l . bisculata glands also produce secretions that prevent corals from depositing calcium carbonate into the hole that has been burrowed and inhibit the firing of coral nematocysts .
the mahogany date mussel is not common in the indian river lagoon . when they are encountered they are almost always living on live crassostrea virginica ( boudreaux et al . 2006 ) .
the mahogany date mussel is not reported to occur in high densities in florida and jamaica ( scott 1988b , boudreaux et al . 2006 ) .
the embryology of the mahogany date mussel has been thoroughly studied in the laboratory . within 3 hours of fertilization the embryo develops into the gastrula . the trochophore appears in 5 hours followed by the veliger in 12 hours . pediveligers ( competent larvae ) , possessing a foot and eyespots , develop within 8 - 21 days ( scott 1988a and b ) . laboratory observations suggest that metamorphosis can be delayed if a suitable settlement site is not encountered . pediveligers use their foot to explore potential settlement site . the competent larvae are immune to the nematocysts of their coral hosts siderasterea sidera and stephanocoenia michelini ( scott 1988b ) . pediveligers enter the coral polyps with other plankton but appear to be immune to the digestive enzymes . metamorphosis occurs once the pediveliger is in the host ( scott 1988a ) .
american museum of natural history , bivalves - research , training , and electronic dissemination of data .
boudreax ml , stiner jl , and lj walters . 2006 . biodiversity of sessile and motile macrofauna on intertidal oyster reefs in mosquito lagoon , florida . journal of shellfish research 25 : 1079 - 1089 .
mikkelsen pm and r bieler . 2008 . seashells of southern florida . princeton university press , princeton , nj . pg . 90 - 91 .
ruppert ee and rd barnes . 1994 . invertebrate biology . sixth edition . saunders college publishing , fort worth , tx pg . 451
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full reference : a . a . olsson . 1914 . new and interesting neocene fossils from the atlantic coastal plain . bulletins of american paleontology 5 ( 24 ) : 1 - 34
velásquez m . , valentich - scott p . & capelo j . c . ( 2017 ) . marine boring bivalve mollusks from isla margarita , venezuela . the festivus . 49 ( 3 ) : 247 - 269 . [ details ]
( of lithodomus antillarum d ' orbigny , 1853 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . [ details ]
( of modiola corrugata philippi , 1846 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as
2008
] . page ( s ) : 413 [ details ]
( of modiola ferruginea philippi , 1847 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world’s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
sheppard , a ( 1984 ) . the molluscan fauna of chagos ( indian ocean ) and an analysis ot its broad distribution patterns . coral reefs 3 : 43 - 50 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
huber m . ( 2015 ) . compendium of bivalves 2 . harxheim : conchbooks . 907 pp . [ details ]
kilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173–214 . [ details ]
vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]