the panamint kangaroo rat ( dipodomys panamintinus ) is a species of rodent in the family heteromyidae .

it is endemic to the mojave desert in eastern california and western nevada , in the united states .

panamint kangaroo rat

different species of kangaroo rat may have different seed caching strategies to coexist with each other , as is the case for the banner - tailed kangaroo rat and the merriam kangaroo rat which have overlapping ranges .
giant kangaroo rat the giant kangaroo rat is the largest of all kangaroo rats and has a body length ranging from 15 to 20 cm and a tail length of 18 to 21 .
com : similar species giant kangaroo rat is usually larger , with longer hindfoot .
endangered status the giant kangaroo rat is on the u . ( full text )
dipodomys merriami / d . ordii —merriam ' s or ord ' s kangaroo rat
the house rock valley kangaroo rat ( d . microps leucotis ) is vulnerable .
the merriam kangaroo rat lives in stony soils including clays gravel and rocks , which is harder than soils preferred by some other species like the banner - tail kangaroo rat .
the giant kangaroo rat the giant kangaroo rat ( dipodomys ingens ) is a rodent named because of its tendency to move by jumping on its hind legs . ( full text )
giant kangaroo rats are distinguished from the similar san joaquin kangaroo rats ( d .
spatial and temporal continuity of kangaroo rat populations shown by sequencing mitochondrial dna from museum specimens .
grinnell , j . : habitat relations of the giant kangaroo rat . j . mammal .
seasonal variation in various blood indices of the kangaroo rat , dipodomys panamintinus . - pubmed - ncbi
tappe , d . t . : natural history of the tulare kangaroo rat . j . mammal .
1 . various blood indices in the panamint kangaroo rat revealed seasonal fluctuations . the red blood cell count during winter and summer averaged 7 . 2 ± 1 . 0 × 10 6 and 9 . 2 ± 0 . 2 × 10 6 / mm 3 respectively .
the burrows of merriam kangaroo rats are simpler and shallower than those of banner - tailed kangaroo rats . banner - tailed kangaroo rats also mate in their burrows , unlike merriam kangaroo rats .
the giant kangaroo rat ( dipodomys ingens ) is an endangered rodent species endemic to california . ( wiki )
kenagy , g . j . : saltbush leaves : excision of hypersaline tissue by a kangaroo rat . science
spatial and temporal continuity of kangaroo rat populations shown by sequencing mitochondrial dna from museum specimens . - pubmed - ncbi
fitch , h . s . : habits and economic relationships of the tulare kangaroo rat . j . mammal .
culbertson , a . e . : observations on the natural history of the fresno kangaroo rat . j . mammal .
the kangaroo mice are closely related to the kangaroo rats , which belong to the same subfamily , dipodomyinae .
the kangaroo mice are closely related to the kangaroo rats , which belong to the same subfamily , dipodomyinae .
home range size can vary within species with merriam kangaroo rats having larger home ranges than banner - tailed kangaroo rats . recently weaned kangaroo rats move into new areas not occupied by adults . within its home range , a kangaroo rat has a defended territory consisting of its burrowing system .
, merriam ' s kangaroo rat , is a rodent found in the arid regions of the southwest united states and mexico .
reynolds , h . g . : life history notes on merriam ' s kangaroo rat in southern arizona . j . mammal .
) are a group of burrowing north american rodents specialized for seed - eating . they are named for their hopping locomotion and have large hind feet , long tails , and short front limbs used mainly for gathering seeds , which are carried in fur - lined external cheek pouches . all kangaroo rats closely resemble each other , but vary considerably in body size . this is the panamint kangaroo rat
has a whopping 4 cubic centimeters per pouch . in spite of the large capacity of their cheek pouches , these kangaroo rats are slower at filling them than are other species of kangaroo rat .
when the outside temperature is too hot , a kangaroo rat stays in its cool , humid burrow and leaves it only at night .
shaw , w . t . : the ability of the giant kangaroo rat as a harvester and storer of seeds . j . mammal .
kangaroo rats stay in one place bipedally . the merriam kangaroo rat can leap 7 - 8 feet and quickly change its direction when landing . the banner - tailed kangaroo rat can move rapidly , which minimizes energy costs and predation risks ( schroder 1979 ) . it will also go into a “move - freeze” mode which may reduce predation at night .
fitch , h . s . 1948 . habits and economic relationships of the tulare kangaroo rat . journal of mammalogy 29 : 5 - 35 .
to provide large amounts of moisture through respiration when sleeping , a kangaroo rat buries its nose in its fur , which allows the kangaroo rate to accumulate a small pocket of moist air ( lidicker 1960 ) .
the banner - tailed kangaroo rat ranges from northeastern arizona southward to aguascalientes and san luis posi , mexico and from arizona to western texas . they generally live in grasslands and scrublands . banner - tailed kangaroo rats live in dry areas but have more water available to them than merriam kangaroo rats . all kangaroo rat species are sensitive to extreme temperatures and remain in their burrows during rain storms and other forms of inclement weather .
a young / baby of a giant kangaroo rat is called a ' kitten , nestling , pinkie or pup ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a giant kangaroo rat group is called a ' colony , horde , pack , plague or swarm ' .
the burrow of a kangaroo rat is important in providing protection from the harsh desert environment . to maintain a constant temperature and relative humidity in their burrows , kangaroo rats plug the entrances with soil during the day .
currently listed as endangered in the state of california , the giant kangaroo rat is in danger because of development and population expansion . ( full text )
all kangaroo rat species are sensitive to extreme temperatures and remain in their burrows during rain storms and other forms of inclement weather ( howard 1994 ) .
anderson , a . o . , allred , d . m . : kangaroo rat burrows at the nevada test site . gt . basin nat .
kangaroo rats inhabit overlapping home ranges . these home ranges tend to be small with most activities within 200–300 ft and rarely 600 ft . home range size can vary within species with merriam ' s kangaroo rats having larger home ranges than banner - tailed kangaroo rats . recently weaned kangaroo rats move into new areas not occupied by adults . within its home range , a kangaroo rat has a defended territory consisting of its burrowing system .
description the giant kangaroo rat is , as its name would suggest , a small rodent that moves by hopping on its back legs . ( full text )
can leap 7–8 feet and quickly change its direction when landing . the banner - tailed kangaroo rat can move rapidly which minimizes energy costs and predation risks .
to provide large amounts of moisture through respiration when sleeping , a kangaroo rat buries its nose in its fur to accumulate a small pocket of moist air .
merriam ' s kangaroo rat is an arid - land species essentially limited to lower sonoran habitats . it tends to prefer firmer soils than ord ' s kangaroo rat . however , there may be overlap in habitat usage , and at times both of these smaller species may be taken in the same trap line .
the banner - tailed kangaroo rat ranges from northeastern arizona southward to aguascalientes and san luis posi , mexico and from arizona to western texas . they generally live in grasslands and scrublands . banner - tailed kangaroo rats live in dry areas but have more water available to them than merriam kangaroo rats .
lidicker , w . z . 1960 . an analysis of intraspecific variation in the kangaroo rat dipodomus merriami . berkeley and los angelos , university of california press .
lidicker , w . z . 1960 . an analysis of intraspecific variation in the kangaroo rat dipodomus merriami . berkeley and los angelos , university of california press .
schroder , g . d . 1979 . foraging behavior and home range utilization of the bannertail kangaroo rat . ecology 60 ( 4 ) : 657 - 665 .
this woodrat has the closest resemblance to the house rat and is often confused with it .
the diet of merriam ' s kangaroo rat is almost exclusively plant seeds ( they are granivorous ) . the bulk of their diet consists of the seeds of desert and grassland plants . they rarely drink water . rather , they obtain water through metabolic processes augmented by the moisture content of their food . ( see kangaroo rat )
banner - tailed kangaroo rats generally live in grasslands and scrublands . they live in dry areas but have more water available to them than merriam ' s kangaroo rats . all kangaroo rat species are sensitive to extreme temperatures and remain in their burrows during rain storms and other forms of inclement weather . kangaroo rats are preyed on by coyotes , foxes , badgers , weasels , owls , and snakes .
in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in europe , norway rats were captured and used for food during times of famine . rat - catchers were hired to exterminate rats and capture live ones for rat fights , rat coursing , and rat pits . rat - catchers captured and housed wild rats in cages as well ( matthews 1898 ) . during this time , naturally occurring albino , black , and hooded norway rats may have preferentially captured or chosen from litters of captive rats for their distinctive appearance
the fur is soft and silky in kangaroo rats , kangaroo mice , and silky pocket mice , and more coarse and spiny in the spiny pocket mice .
schroder , g . d . 1979 .
foraging behavior and home range utilization of the bannertail kangaroo rat .
ecology . ( 60 ) : 4 657 - 665 .
the desert kangaroo rat is one of the larger of the genus . distribution today is the western great basin and south into the sonoran desert of southwestern arizona and northern mexico .
kangaroo rats are a common prey items for many other desert animals . typical predators of the merriam ' s kangaroo rat include barn owls , great horned owls , coyotes , foxes , badgers , bobcats , and several snake species including sidewinders and glossy snakes .
1998 ( pdf ) description : the giant kangaroo rat ( dipodomys ingens ) is the largest of more than 20 species in the genus dipodomys , which is in the family heteromyidae .
htm research projects : the giant kangaroo rat ( dipodomys ingens ) is an endangered species that occurs in a limited range on the western edge of the san joaquin valley and adjacent .
they have been observed storing the seeds of mesquite , creosote , bush , purslane , ocotillo and grama grass in their cheek pouches . kangaroo rat will store extra seeds in seed caches .
kangaroo rats must harvest as much seeds as possible in as little time as possible .
the diet of the merriam ' s kangaroo rat is almost entirely seeds . they feed primarily on the seeds of mesquite , creosote bush , ocotillo , purslane , and grama grass . one study of
the chisel - toothed kangaroo rat is a desert dweller . it is found in mountains at elevations between 1 , 000 and 3 , 500 m . its abundance is primarily associated with two plants :
the spacing of the burrows depends on the number of kangaroo rats and the abundance of food . kangaroo rats also live in colonies that range from six to several hundred dens .
kangaroo rats inhabit overlapping home ranges . these home ranges tend to be small with much activities within 200 - 300 ft and rarely 600 ft ( howard 1994 ) . home range size can vary within species with merriam kangaroo rats having larger home ranges than banner - tailed kangaroo rats . recently weaned kangaroo rats move into new areas not occupied by adults . within its home range , a kangaroo has a defended territory consisting of its burrowing system .
the giant kangaroo rat ( dipodomys ingens ) is an endangered species that occurs in a limited range on the western edge of the san joaquin valley and adjacent carrizo and elkhorn plains and the cuyama valley .
giant kangaroo rats are nocturnal and are away from the safety of their burrows as possible .
giant kangaroo rats are territorial , in the sense that they will protect their food stores .
the kangaroo mouse features significantly in the best - selling science fiction novel dune . the protagonist , paul atreides , is called muad ' dib , a fremen word for kangaroo mouse .
reynolds , h . g . 1958 . the ecology of the merriam kangaroo rat ( dipodomys merriami mearns ) on the grazing lands of southern arizona . ecological monographs ( 28 ) : 2 111 - 127 .
the tails of kangaroo rats are longer than both their bodies and their heads . another notable feature of kangaroo rats are their fur lined cheek pouches which are used for storing food . the coloration of kangaroo rats varies from cinnamon buff to dark gray , depending on the species .
giant kangaroo rats are curious and bold inhabitants of the most arid , southwestern edge of central .
kangaroo rats are generally solitary animals with little to no social organization . kangaroos rats do sometime cluster together in some feeding situations . groups of kangaroo rats that do exist are aggregations and colonies .
reynolds , h . g . 1958 .
the ecology of the merriam kangaroo rat ( dipodomys merriami mearns ) on the grazing lands of southern arizona .
ecological monographs ( 28 ) : 2 111 - 127 .
when on foraging trips , kangaroo rats hoard the seeds that they find . it is important for a kangaroo rat to encounter more food items than are consumed , at least at one point in the year , as well as defend or rediscover food caches and remain within the same areas long enough to utilize food resources .
merriam kangaroo rats live in hot and dry areas , conserve water , and only use metabolic sources .
kangaroo rats are preyed on by coyotes , foxes , badgers , weasels , owls , and snakes .
forages above ground at night . during the day , these kangaroo rats engage in coprophagy below ground .
csuti , b . a . : karyotypes of kangaroo rats from southern california . j . mammal .
kangaroo mouse is the common name for any member of the genus dipodomys . kangaroo rats are six - toed endotherms with large hind legs , small front legs and relatively large heads . the tails of kangaroo rats are longer than both their bodies and their heads . the coloration of kangaroo rats varies from cinnamon buff to dark gray , depending on the species ( howard 1994 ) . there is also some variation in length with one of the largest species , the banner - tail kangaroo rat being six inches in body length and a tail length of eight inches ( howard 1994 ) . sexual dimorphism exists in all species , with males being larger than females .
the roof rat prefers warmer climates regions . this allows the norway rat to dominate the other climate regions . the rats can be found throughout the u . s . but it is more common to find them in their preferred regions as shown in the figure above .
thomas , j . r . , jr . 1975 . distribution , population densities , and home range requirements of the stephens ' kangaroo rat ( dipodomys stephensi ) . m . s . thesis , california state polytechnic university , ponoma . 64pp .
are sand - dwelling mammals that inhabit arid regions of the southwestern united states and mexico . habitat requirements of merriam ' s kangaroo rats are less strict than most other species of kangaroo rats . they can live equally well in sandy soils , clays , gravels , and among rocks . urltoken ) . compared to other kangaroo rats ,
which retain some grass or other vegetation . their diet includes seeds , leaves , stems , buds , some fruit , and insects . most kangaroo rat species use their burrows and buried caches nearby to store food against the possibility of bad seasons . the
brylski , p . dark kangaroo mouse . california department of fish and game . retrieved march 18 , 2012 .
brylski , p . pale kangaroo mouse . california department of fish and game . retrieved march 18 , 2012 .
all kangaroo rats apparetnly cache food in their burrows . cheek pouches help the rats carry food to the burrow .
kangaroo rats move bipedally . kangaroo rats often leap a distance of 6 feet , and reportedly up to 9 feet ( 2 . 75 m ) at speeds up to almost 10 feet / sec , or 10 kph ( 6 mph ) . they can quickly change their direction between jumps . the rapid locomotion of the banner - tailed kangaroo rat may minimize energy cost and predation risk . its use of a
move - freeze
mode may also make it less conspicuous to nocturnal predators .
the banner - tailed kangaroo rat is enough larger than d . merriami and d . ordii as to usually be identifiable on size alone in the eastern part of the region . the current northern limits of distribution is near the four - corners area of new mexico .
1 . various blood indices in the panamint kangaroo rat revealed seasonal fluctuations . the red blood cell count during winter and summer averaged 7 . 2 + / - 1 . 0 x 10 ( 6 ) and 9 . 2 + / - 0 . 2 x 10 ( 6 ) / mm3 respectively . 2 . the mean cell hemoglobin during winter and summer averaged 25 + / - 10 . 8 pg and 18 . 6 + / - 3 . 7 pg respectively . 3 . these fluctuations may reveal a rapid rate of red blood cell destruction during winter in combination with a change in diet , concomitant to this , is an increase in mean cell hemoglobin of the surviving red blood cells .
the roof rat species is from the asian tropics where they spread into the european colonies that eventually spread throughout the world through various trade routes and explorations .
grinnell , j . : a geographic study of the kangaroo rats of california . u . cal . publ . zool .
kangaroo rats live in complex burrow systems . the burrows have separate chambers for specific proposes like sleeping , living and food storage .
the young are born in a fur - lined nest in the burrows . they are born blind and hairless . for the first week , young merriam kangaroo rats crawl , and develop their hind legs in their second or third week . at this time , the young become independent . banner - tailed kangaroo rat are weaned between 22–25 days . offspring remain in the mound for 1 - 6 more months in the maternal caches .
kangaroo rats inhabit overlapping home ranges . these home ranges tend to be small with much activities within 200–300 ft and rarely 600 ft .
kangaroo rats have a promiscuous mating system . their reproductive output is highest in summer following high rainfalls ( waser and jones 1991 ) .
the kangaroo rats ( diplodomys sp . ) and kangaroo mice ( microdipodops sp . ) have elongated hind limbs and feet and move bipedally in long jumps , as with kangaroos . they also have tails that are long and have white tips or tufts on the end . the front legs are relatively small and the heads are relatively large . the tails of kangaroo rats are longer than both their bodies and their heads .
also has fur lined external cheek pouches which it carries seeds in . the belly of merriam ' s kangaroo rat bears white , silky pelage . the hind feet , bearing four toes , are very large , ( 39 mm ) , with hairy soles . these hairy soles aid the kangaroo rat in jumping through loose sand . the forelegs are retrogressed . the ears are small and hairless , and the eyes are large and luminous , similar to the eyes of other nocturnal mammals . the dental formula is 1 / 1 , 0 / 0 , 1 / 1 , 3 / 3 = 20 . ( vaughn , 1999 ) .
the roof rat favors the warmer climates and heavily populates them . they are far more dominant in the tropical climates throughout the world than the norway rats . the roof rat is far more modified and adapted to survive the warmer climates only , making it less frequent in colder locations . the norway rat takes to burrowing and the colder climates throughout the world and is far more numerous . the northern us is almost free of roof rats do to the colder climate . they are more likely to inhabit ships in the northern climates .
the roof rat species prefers the elevated habitat over the grounds like the norway rat . in the spring and summer , the habitats they choose are riverbanks , streams , parks , natural ponds , artificial ponds , reservoirs , gardens , rice fields , sugarcane fields , citrus groves , apple orchards , poultry farms , and other heavy favored thriving food sources .
the rat phylogeny and history dates back to over thirteen million years ago in the family murinae . the family continued to slightly transform over several millions of years until major speciation event occurred with the family the first at around 3 million years . at this point in time , speciation gave rise to the rattus genus or the rats . the rattus genus then began to split once again into two distinct species rattus norvegicus and rattus rattus . the species rattus norvegicus is known as the norway rat , and rattus rattus being the roof rat .
which are suitable for burrowing . they can , however , vary in both geographic range and habitat . in particular , the merriam kangaroo rat ranges through southern california , utah , southwest new mexico , arizona , and northern mexico and live in areas of low rainfall and humidity , and high summer temperature and evaporation rates .
it is actually common to have both the norway and roof rat inhabiting the same building . the roof rat will gain access through the roof with utility lines . they will inhabit and make a home in the attic or top floor . the norway rats will come in through the ground level and remain there establishing a nest in the basement or ground floor .
bartholomew , g . a . , caswell , h . h . : locomotion in kangaroo rats and its adaptive significance . j . mammal .
because of its food caching behavior , this species likely disperses seeds . it is also a small mammal , and probably forms an important part of the diet of local predators . because it potentially has as many as 4 sympatric congenerics in some parts of its range , the chisel - toothed kangaroo rat plays a role in regulating congener populations .
ghiselin , j . 1970 . edaphic control of habitat selection by kangaroo mice ( microdipodops ) in three nevada populations . oecologia 4 : 248 - 261 .
nader , i . a . 1978 . kangaroo rate : intraspecific variation in dipodomus spectabilis merriami and dipodomys deserti stephens . chicago , university of illinois press .
kangaroo rats are generally solitary animals with little social organization . kangaroo rats communicate during competitive interactions and courtship . they do cluster together in some feeding situations . groups of kangaroo rats that exist are aggregations and colonies . there appears to be a dominance hierarchy among male kangaroo rats in competition for access to females . male kangaroo rats are generally more aggressive than females and are more dominant over them . females are more tolerant of each other than males are and have more non - aggressive interactions . this is likely in part because the home ranges of females overlap less than the home ranges of males . linear dominance hierarchies appear to exist among males but it is not known if this is the case for females . winners of aggressive encounters appear to be the most active individuals .
kangaroo rats , genus dipodomys , are small rodents native to north america . the common name derives from their bipedal form : as they hop in a manner similar to the much larger kangaroo , although they are not related . it has been noted that they are not properly characterized as
rats
at all .
these cute little rodents are possibly the most attractive and distinct species characterized by silky golden fur , large eyes , white stripes or markings , and long furry crested tails . the kangaroo rats cannot be mistaken to be any other rodent relative . the kangaroo mouse is the only closest resembling cousin of the rodent order .
randall , j . a . 2004 . pocket mice , kangaroo rats , and kangaroo mice ( heteromyidae ) . pages 199 to 210 in b . grzimek et al . , grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia , 2nd ed . , vol . 16 . detroit , mi : thomson / gale . isbn 0787657921 .
is a medium sized , 5 - toed kangaroo rat with a narrow face , small ears and ever - growing cheekteeth . its incisors are flat on the anterior side and less incurved than other members of the genus . chisel - toothed kangaroo rats are about 270 mm long and weigh about 55 g . the body without the tail is about 112 mm in length . tail length adds about 158 mm . males are slightly larger than females on average . the fur is brown and gray above with a
gunmetal hue .
presence of kangaroo rats in our region is taken to indicate presence of open areas basically free of vegetation ( though with bushes or other vegetation nearby for cover ) .
kangaroo rats , small rodents of genus dipodomys , are native to western north america . the common name derives from their bipedal form . they hop in a manner similar to the much larger kangaroo , but developed this mode of locomotion independently , like several other clades of rodents ( e . g . dipodids and hopping mice ) .
the rat is capable of having an average of 3 to 8 young every litter . the offspring are born around 20 - 21 days after conception . they become adults in as little as 5 to 6 weeks .
merriam ' s kangaroo rats produce up to three litters per year , with an average of four pups in each litter . weaning of young occurs 24–33 days after birth .
nader , i . a . 1978 . kangaroo rats : intraspecific variation in dipodomus spectabilis merriami and dipodomys deserti stephens . chicago , university of illinois press . isbn 0252006585 .
kangaroo rats lose water mainly by evaporation during gas exchange , and so have developed a behavioural adaptation to prevent this loss . as they spend a lot of time within their burrows to escape the heat of the day , the burrows become much more humid than the air outside ( due to evaporative loss ) . when collecting seeds , they store them in the burrows rather than eating them straight away . this causes the moisture in the air to be absorbed by the seeds , and the kangaroo rat regains the water it has previously lost when it then consumes them .
norway rats are ground burrowers , so they will nest deep in the underground channels they have created . the average female norway rat has 4 to 6 liters per year and can successfully wean 20 or more offspring annually .
the rat is the first of the twelve animals of the chinese zodiac . people born in this year are thought to possess characteristics which are associated with rats , namely : creativity , intelligence , honesty , ambition and generosity
shier , debra m . ; randall , jan a . ( 2004 ) .
spacing as a predictor of social organization in kangaroo rats ( dipodomys heermanni arenae )
.
bartholomew , g . a . , and h . h . caswell . 1951 . locomotion in kangaroo rats and its adaptive significance . journal of mammalogy 32 : 155 - 169 .
the roof rat’s eating habits resemble the diet of tree squirrels . the diet persists of a variety of fruits and nuts . though the rats like fruits and nuts they will also eat any vegetative part of ornamental and native plants .
dipodomys insularis is among the smallest of the kangaroo rats . compared to other dipodomys merriami , dipodomys insularis has larger ears , a grayer coloration , and a more robust appearance . it has a lower bullar index and a lower cranial index of any of the dipodomys merriami sub - species . d . insularis also differs from its closest geographic relatives d . m . brunensis and d . m . melanurus by being larger in most respects , by being paler in coloration , and having considerably larger ears . [ 4 ] this nocturnal kangaroo rat is a granivore , feeding on seeds and shrubs . [ 5 ]
fleming , t . 1984 . pocket mice and kangaroo rats . pages 632 - 633 in d . macdonald , the encyclopedia of mammals new york : facts on file . isbn 0871968711 .
kangaroo rats are primarily seed eaters ( morgan 1992 ) . they will , however , sometimes eat vegetation at certain times of the year and some insects ( howard 1994 ) . they have been observed storing the seeds of mesquite , creosote , bush , purslane , ocotillo and grama grass in their cheek pouches . kangaroo rat will store extra seeds in seed caches ( reynolds 1958 ) . this caching behavior has an impact on the rangeland and croplands where the animals live ( howard 1994 ) . kangaroo rats must harvest as much seeds as possible in as little time as possible ( morgan and price 1992 ) . they need to decrease the time away from their burrows as they are cool and dry . in addition , being away from their burrows also makes them vulnerable to predators . ( morgan and price 1992 ) .
these links lead to images of stephens ' , dulzura , merriam ' s , ord ' s , short - nosed , and giant kangaroo rats , and the related great basin pocket mouse .
white , l . d . , allred , d . m . : range of kangaroo rats in areas affected by atomic detonations . proc . utah acad . sci . , arts , letters
waser , p . m . , and t . w . jones . 1991 . survival and reproductive effort in banner - tailed kangaroo rats . ecology 72 ( 3 ) : 771 - 777 .
baumgardner , g . d . , and m . l . kennedy . 1994 . patterns of interspecific morphometric variation in kangaroo rats ( genus dipodomys ) . journal of mammalogy 75 : 203 - 211 .
reproduction happens anywhere from three to five times a year , and varies between habitats . the number of litters a female can have depends on if the area has suitable habitat needs in which the rats can thrive . the factors that make up a habitat are climatic range , food sources , and number of total rat populations in the area . the last major factor that affects litters is how old the female is . on average the female rat will have anywhere from 3 - 5 litters in a single year .
waser , p . m . and t . w . jones . 1991 .
survival and reproductive effort in banner - tailed kangaroo rats .
ecology . ( 72 ) : 3 771 - 777 .
jenkins , s . h . , a . rothstein , et al . 1995 . food hoarding by merriams kangaroo rats : a test of alternative hypotheses . ecology 76 ( 8 ) : 2470 - 2481 .
the common house rats are known for taking care of one another , sleeping together , and developing a group to work together . the rats are like wolves they establish leaders and places of rank in the pack . there is always an alpha rat in each pack .
to take advantage of the water content and nutrition in the leaves while maintaining water balance . none of the kangaroo rats needs to drink much , because this genus is able to use the water in their foods .
kangaroo rats are generally solitary animals with little to no social organization . kangaroos rats do sometime cluster together in some feeding situations . groups of kangaroo rats that do exist are aggregations and colonies ( howard 1994 ) . there appears to be a dominance hierarchy among kangaroo rats with males competing for access to females ( newmark and jenkins 2000 ) . male kangaroo rats are generally more aggressive than females and are more dominant over them . females are more tolerant of each other than males are and have more non - aggressive interactions . this is likely because the home ranges of females overlap less than the home ranges of males ( newmark and jenkins 2000 ) . there appears to be linear dominance hierarchies among males but it is not known if this is the case for females ( newmark and jenkins 2000 ) . winners of aggressive encounters appear to be the most active ones .
merriam , c . h . , 1894 . preliminary descriptions of eleven new kangaroo rats of the genera dipodomys and perodipus , p . 114 . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 9 : 109 - 116 .
jenkins , s . h . , a . rothstein , et al . 1995 .
food hoarding by merriams kangaroo rats : a test of alternative hypotheses .
ecology ( 76 ) : 8 2470 - 2481 .
, kangaroo rats have highly developed hind legs , live in deep burrows which shelter them from the worst of the desert heat , and rarely drink water . instead , they have a highly water - efficient metabolisim ( their
le rat kangourou dipodomys panamintinus a 4 sous - espèces . le représentatif karyotype de 4 des sousespèces a 17 métacentriques et 14 chromosomes acrocentriques . dipodomys panamintinus caudatus , géographiquement isolé des autres , a 16 métacentriques et 15 chromosomes acrocentriques . le nombre fondamental est 96 pour les espèces .
kangaroo rats are primarily seed eaters . they will , however , sometimes eat vegetation at some times of the year and some insects , too . they have been seen storing the seeds of mesquite , creosote , bush , purslane , ocotillo and grama grass in their cheek pouches . kangaroo rats will store extra seeds in seed caches . this caching behavior affects the range - land and croplands where the animals live . kangaroo rats must harvest as much seed as possible in as little time as possible . to conserve energy and water , they minimize their time away from their cool , dry burrows . in addition , maximizing time in their burrows minimizes their exposure to predators .
baumgardner , g . d . , and m . l . kennedy . 1993 . morphometric variation in kangaroo rats ( genus dipodomys ) and its relationship to selected abiotic variables . journal of mammalogy 74 : 69 - 85 .
modes of communication include olfactory and acoustic . chisel - toothed kangaroo rats sandbathe to spread their scent and use foot drumming , possibly as territorial behavior . aggressive encounters are also used as a form of communication in this species .
the average lifespan is 4 . 9 month , but this , is of course , misleading . many kangaroo rats die young , and those who make it to adulthood can live a very long time . although maximum lifespan for
newmark , j . e . , and s . h . jenkins . 2000 . sex differences in agonistic behavior of merriam ' s kangaroo rats ( dipodomys merriami ) . american midland naturalist ( 143 ) : 2 377 - 388 .
kangaroo rats construct burrows for protection , usually with several openings to the burrow system . as with their relatives , the pocket gophers , they tend to be antisocial except during the breeding season , but two or three species may occur sympatrically .
. size varies from 100 to 200 mm , with a tail of equal or slightly greater length ; weight can be anywhere between 35 and 180 grams . the most distinctive feature of the kangaroo rats is their very long , hind legs .
the norway rat or rattus norvegieus is the larger of the two . norway rats are light brown in color , stocky , and borrowing capable rodents . they are found in homes or buildings on the ground level , basements , or in crawl spaces . this species is common to all 48 contiguous states .
roof rats prefer to nest in locations off the ground and rarely dig burrows for living quarters if above - ground sites exist . the average number of litters a female roof rat has per year depends on many factors , but generally it is 3 to 5 with 3 to 8 young in each litter .
newmark , j . e . and s . h . jenkins . 2000 .
sex differences in agonistic behavior of merriam ' s kangaroo rats ( dipodomys merriami ) .
american midland naturalist . ( 143 ) : 2 377 - 388 .
merriam ' s kangaroo rats have an average total length of 247 mm . the tail is rather long , about 144 mm in length , with an end tassle . it is usually more than 130 % of the the length of the head and body . (
leaves are eaten whole , but as salinity builds up in the outer parts of the leaves in summer and fall , these kangaroo rats use their incisors to access the nutritious and less saline inner parts of the leaves . avoiding the salty parts of the plants enables
rats are found in all of the contiguous 48 states . they are also known to inhabit every land mass . they are known to be found at every departure point and various research stations in antarctica . the rat species is the most prolific invasive species worldwide . there are estimated reports that state there are over 5 - 6 billion rats , if not more , worldwide . there is said to be over two billion in china alone . in britain , the rat population matches the amount of people . the french report estimates four rats to one person , and a population of rats at eight million . the true number of rats worldwide is expanding too swiftly too count and is difficult to determine .
male kangaroo rats are generally more aggressive than females and are more dominant over them . females are more tolerant of each other than males are and have more non - aggressive interactions . this is likely become the home ranges of females overlap less than the home ranges of males .
rats are the vertebrate masters of adaptation . a highly intelligent rodent that is capable of remembering each path it takes , carrying for others , and working in teams , the rat is one of the most well - known invasive species in the world . they inhabit every ecosystem in the world . they are master scavengers and will eat any food and water resource they can .
has a high reproductive rate . breeding for the merriam ' s kangaroo rat begins in early february and continues into the spring , at least through may . the gestation period is approximately 28 to 32 days . between one and six young are born in each litter , with an average of three . when young are born they weigh between 3 and 8 grams . the young are weaned after 15 - 25 days , and sexual maturity is reached between 60 - 84 days . they can live up to 9 . 8 years . average territory size for males is 67 , 300 square feet , less than one acre . average female territories are 4000 square feet . ( grzimek , 1990 , urltoken )
the species in the four genera of pocket mice use quadrupedal locomotion . the silky pocket mice ( perognathus ) and coarse - hared pocket mice ( chaetodipus ) has species with relatively long feet , but these still use standard quadrupedal locomotion . the spiny pocket mice ( liomys ) and forest spiny pocket mice ( heteromys ) have a generalized body shape that is more rat - like ( randall 2004 ) .
as for the other species the roof rat is the smaller of the two popular species . roof rats or rattus rattus are black or dark brown in color , and have long tails as long as their body . the species likes to climb and nest outside in trees , shrubs , bushes , and any high structures . in the home they can act the same way choosing to nest in the walls an attic spaces .
the overall colour of the kangaroo rats can be anywhere between pale sandy yellow and dark brown , with a white underside and often with white banding across the thighs . tails tend to be dark with white sides and a tuft of longer hairs . facial markings vary from one species to another , but all have an oil gland between the shoulders .
kangaroo rats received their name because of similarities of locomotion and the morphology that goes with it between these rodents and the marsupials . the hind limbs are massively developed for the size of the animal and the forelimbs diminutive . other characteristics include huge feet , a very long tail for balance , and an oversized head , thanks to the greatly enlarged bullae .
most heteromyids live in complex burrows within the deserts and grasslands of western north america , though species within the heteromys and liomys genera are also found in forests . kangaroo mice are largely in sandy habitats , while desert pocket mice tend to be more in arid habitats ( sage brush , desert shrub , rocky hillsides , sand , chaparral , grass ( randall 2004 ) .
san josé island kangaroo rats utilize burrows for food storage , protection from the sun and predators , breeding , and shelter . dipodomys insularis creates burrows that are underground tunnels networked together with one or more entrance points . they each use 1 or 2 burrows and no more than 2 rodents inhabit each burrow . burrows containing the opposite sex are usually found closer in distance than those that contain d . insularis of same sex . most often , during breeding season , a male and female share a burrow . after giving birth the females were found sharing their burrows with their offspring as well . adult san josé island kangaroo rats seem less prone to sharing burrows than do subadults , unless it is with the opposite sex during mating season . [ 7 ]
, kangaroo rats have large cheek pouches that open on either side of the mouth and extend back to the shoulders . they fill the pouches with food or nesting material ready for transport back to the burrow , then empty them by turning them inside out , like pockets , with their forpaws . there is a special muscle that , once the pouch is empty and clean , pulls it back in again .
merriam ' s kangaroo rats live individually within a maze of underground burrows . males and females each establish individual territories . they defend their territories against other male and female merriami , primarily to protect often scarce food resources . it is typical that they locate multiple entrances to their burrow complex at the base of shrubs near the middle of their territory . this allows more opportunities for them to escape from predators .
these rats span from the family neotoma . they resemble larger versions of deer mice . the difference between woodrats and house rats is that they are well - haired and have a bicolored tail . this nocturnal or cloudy rainy day species likes to forage in the cover of darkness like the rest of its relatives . the woodrats create large nests or large houses of sticks characterized by all sorts of junk . this is where the term “pack rat” comes from , and they fit the description . the woodrat is also a solitary species not known for large groups .
most species of heteromyidae are solitary species , with individuals living alone in individual burrow , with the exception of the new mothers with their young . males tend to have home ranges that overlap with other males and females , while the females tend to have ranges exclusive from other females , although in some , like the kangaroo rats dipodomys spectabilis , d . deserti , and d . ingens , both males and femals have exclusive territories ( randall 2004 ) .
norway rats are omnivorous like most rodents , but will eat anything to survive . they like to forage in food packaging plants and storage facilities . the only thing different from the roof rat is that its diet is far less controlled and they will eat any food that they can get ahold of . though they may have preferences , it varies from pack to pack . they enjoy eating feed for domestic animals like , chickens , dogs , cats , horses , cattle , and swine . there is often a draw to dog food for most rats , so pet food and outdoor pets attract norway rats .
the heteromyids range in size from 1 . 7 inches to 14 . 6 inches in total length ( 4 . 2 - 37cm ) and weigh from 0 . 2 to 6 . 9 ounces ( 5 - 195g ) ( randall 2004 ) . the smaller members of the family are the desert pocket mice in perognathus , which range in weight from 5 to 31 grams , and the kangaroo mice in microdipodops , which range from 10 - 17 grams ( randall 2004 ) . members of the genus chaetodipus range in size from 8 . 0 - 12 . 5 centimeters ( head and body ) and weigh 15 - 47 grams ( nowak 1999 ) . members of heteromys commonly range from 37 to 85 grams , while the members of liomys range from 34 - 50 grams ( randall 2004 ) . adult kangaroo rats , on the other hand , are larger and typically weigh between 70 - 170 grams ( nader 1978 ) , with the larger ranging up to 195 grams ( randall 2004 ) .
the silky pocket mice ( perognathus ) are small animals with soft pelage , long tails , and small feet compared to other heteromyids . they have long claws which are used for digging burrows and sifting sandy substrates for seeds . they have also been found to steal seeds from kangaroo rats ' dens . they store these seeds in large hairy external cheek pouches . they are nocturnal and are found in arid habitats . they are not true hibernators , but will go into torpor and stay in their burrows for extended periods of time .
rats will eat anything available to them from seed , fruits , vegetables , nuts , grains , insects , worms , spiders , and various meats . rat activity begins in the cover of darkness or cloudy dark conditions . all of the rodent species prefer to forage in the cover of night fall . they will work together to move large quantities of food to safe locations to be eaten . rats will also collect and store the spoils of the foraging trips . they will hoard numerous amounts of trash and solid foods to be eaten at a later date . house rats will store these items in wood piles , wall voids , attics , boxes , and other coverings where they feel safe .
roof rats will trail over 100 meters to find food from their nests . they will also stay with other rats on their foraging journey to exploit certain food sources . they will travel from tree to tree , and even climb power lines or fence lines to travel safely . they will make nests in trees near gardens or near the food sources they value . they favor palm trees and other high elevated locations . roof rats are smart and will avoid changes to their environment and are scared of them . they are neophobic , which is the fear of new things or experiences . talk about creatures of habit . neophobia is more distinct in roof rats than in the close cousin norway rats . some roof rat packs will even modify trails and routes to avoid frequently disturbed paths and areas .
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nessia is a genus of skinks , lizards in the family scincidae .

the genus is endemic to sri lanka .

species in the genus nessia are commonly known as snake skinks .

nessia

nessia is an unusual given name for females . nessia is an equivalently unusual surname too for all people .
the name nessia is a greek baby name . in greek the meaning of the name nessia is : pure .
as a girls ' name is of greek origin , and nessia means
lamb
. nessia is a version of
the name nessia is a scottish baby name . in scottish the meaning of the name nessia is : from the headland .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - nessia ( nessia layardi )
> < img src =
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alt =
arkive species - nessia ( nessia layardi )
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arkive species - nessia ( nessia layardi )
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evesia monodactylus gray 1839 : 336 evesia bellii duméril & bibron 1839 : 782 ( fide brygoo 1985 ) nessia monodactyla — günther 1864 acontias monodactylus — boulenger 1887 : 425 acontias monodactylus — camp 1923 : 355 evesia monodactyla — camp 1923 : 410 acontias ( nessia ) monodactylus — deraniyagala 1931 nessia monodactyla — smith 1935 : 358 nessia monodactyla — taylor 1950 : 511 evesia monodactyla — manthey 1981 evesia bellii — frank & ramus 1995 nessia monodactylus — das 1996 : 47 nessia monodactylus — ziesmann et al . 2007 nessia monodactylus — somaweera & somaweera 2009
no one has contributed data records for nessia yet . learn how to contribute .
information on nessia layardi is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
a beautiful , girl . anyone would be lucky to have her . a nessia is someone that is sexy , and popular . a nessia is a girl who will wait for you all the time . a nessia is a girl whop loves you until the end .
type : not in bmnh fide p . campbell ( pers . comm . , 25 july 2014 ) type species : nessia burtonii gray 1839 : 336 is the type species of the genus nessia gray 1839 .
john is so lucky to have nessia as his girl . i & apos ; m jelous . : )
the team observed heavy infestation of coccidian oocysts in some nessia bipes ) and some mites ( on three occasions ) . crusz and daundasekera ( 1988 ) have observed nematodes melelrakis sinharajensis and parapharyngodon adamsoni in the large intestine and rectum of nessia bipes .
. other variants , like nesha , are seldom used . adoption of this form of nessia was more pronounced among parents in the 1890s
except for few brief accounts by deraniyagala ( 1931 , 1953a , 1953b , 1953c ) , smith ( 1935 ) and taylor ( 1950 ) nothing has been published on the ecology of nessia species to date . gans ( 1995 ) recorded distribution localities of six species of nessia .
nearly 50 specimens of nessia bipes were observed from various localities in the knuckles massif . however , details such as measurements , gender , status etc . were recorded only of 41 specimens of nessia bipes , of which 14 were male adults , nine were female adults , 16 unsexed adults and two juveniles . furthermore five specimens of nessia sarasinorum were observed at yahangala ( 300m ) of which one was a male adult , one was a female adult and three were unsexed adults
based on morphological data , nessia is presumed to be monophyletic . its affinities with other scincid genera have been the subject of much speculation in the past ( e . g . , boulenger 1887 ; hewitt 1929 ; deraniyagala 1931 ; smith 1935 ) but most recently greer and shea ( 2001 ) have considered nessia to exhibit the
chalcidine
head scale pattern , implying a possible relationship with a group of scincines that includes the majority of reduced limbed forms . relationships of nessia within the scincinae or
chalcidinae
, however , remain uncertain .
batuwita , sudesh ; udeni edirisinghe 2017 . nessia gansi : a second three - toed snake - skink ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) from sri lanka with the designation of a neotype for nessia burtonii gray travaux du muséum national d’histoire naturelle «grigore antipa» 60 ( 1 ) : 377–388 ; doi : 10 . 1515 / travmu - 2017 - 0001 - get paper here
recent studies by anslem de silva and his team provides additional brief notes on the ecology and natural history of nessia bipes smith , 1935 and nessia sarasinorum m ` 9fller , 1889 as observed during the knuckles expedition , 2004 and 2005 . anslemís preliminary data highlight the need for future studies to understand the ecology , natural history , and conservation status of these poorly known lizards .
named in honour of major edward burton of the museum of chatham ( 1790 - 1867 ) ( beolens et al . , 2011 ) . etymology of nessia burtonii as mentioned by batuwita & edirisinghe ( 2015 ) is incorrect .
nessia has amazing area of 14 , 000m² , including two hosting complexes , each with a luxury hall , designed with classic , elegant lines , with an adjacent event garden rich in vegetation and waterfalls – a magical background for a reception or a chuppah .
oh my , i’m glad to hear he’s doing okay . he was my favorite from the beginning – as were alan in season 1 and you dave in season 2 🙂 i really hoped dave nessia would win , but he was probably to skinny to begin with . thank you for posting this !
the genus nessia was placed in the scincid sub - family acontinae by deraniyagala ( 1931 ) , but subsequently moved to the scincinae by greer ( 1970 ) , who recognized eight species , all endemic to sri lanka ( das & de silva , 2005 ; deraniyagala 1931 , 1953a , 1953b , 1953c ; de silva 2001 ) .
according to iucn red list criteria , nessia bipes is ranked as being endangered and nessia sarasinorum is ranked as a lower risk near threatened ( de silva , molur & walker 2000 ) . iucn ( 2000 ) ranks bipes and sarasinorum as threatened species . although a major part of the knuckles ( that is above 1 , 067 m ) is declared as a conservation forest , even in the conservation area the flora and fauna face many threats due to human activities . climatic changes over the past 100 years may also have had an impact . the annual rainfall at kobonila has decreased from 3800 mm in 1982 to 3400 mm in 1990 ( madduma bandara 1991 ) .
wow ! for those of you that have seen the latest episode of alone , you saw the struggle was real for dave nessia . the happy go - lucky guy shrank over 40lbs during the 73 days that he was on the show into a surprisingly still optimistic , but incredibly physically depleted man that had to be medically evacuated from the show .
nessia sevin sloane , the daughter of jaar - mel sloane and howard g . sloane of new york , was married saturday evening to taylor andrew kushner , a son of karen m . kushner and robert j . kushner of san juan capistrano , calif . rabbi peter j . rubinstein performed the ceremony at central synagogue in new york , where he is the senior rabbi .
gravid nessia bipes with two eggs were observed in august and september . two hatchlings ( measuring 62mm , weighting 0 . 5g ) were observed in june to september . deraniyagala ( 1953c ) reported that two to four soft shelled eggs are laid in march , april and may . a female ( 130 mm long ) had laid two eggs measuring 16 x 8 mm and had been deposited in loose dark loamy soil in a cardamom plantation .
nessia , h . r . , dale , a . r . , perrott , j . k . , waipara , n . w . , aguilar , g . d . , and blanchon , d . j . ( 2014 ) . comparison of species richness and frequency cover of forest floor plants and lichens in sites invaded and uninvaded by the invasive club moss selaginella kraussiana ( kunze ) a . braun . plant protection quarterly , 29 ( 2 ) , pp . 66 - 70 .
therefore , the coolness and / or moisture content of the microhabitat appear to be a critical requirement for prevention of desiccation and the survival of these reptiles . specimens were observed together as well as close to one another suggesting possible communities . chalcidoseps thwaitesii , lankascincus species and geckoella triedra were often observed as sympatric reptiles in the same microhabitat of nessia bipes . otocryptis wiegmanni and hypnale hypnale too were sometimes observed on the forest floor in the same habitat . sympatric invertebrates were termites ( three occasions ) , spiders , snails , ants , and beetle larva .
the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .
currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .
the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .
the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
people with this name have a deep inner desire for a stable , loving family or community , and a need to work with others and to be appreciated .
people with this name tend to be a powerful force to all whose lives they touch . they are capable , charismatic leaders who often undertake large endeavors with great success . they value truth , justice , and discipline , and may be quick - tempered with those who do not . if they fail to develop their potential , they may become impractical and rigid .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
beolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here
karunarathna , suranjan ; d . m . s . and a . a . thasun amarasinghe 2011 . a preliminary survey of the reptile fauna in nilgala forest and its vicinity , monaragala district , sri lanka . taprobanica 3 ( 02 ) : 69 - 76
kramer , eugen 1979 . typenkatalog der echsen im naturhistorischen museum basel ( bm ) , stand 1978 . revue suisse de zoologie 86 ( 1 ) : 159 - 166 - get paper here
müller , f . 1890 . sechster nachtrag zum katalog der herpetologischen sammlung des basler museums . verh . nat . ges . basel 8 : 685 - 705 - get paper here
somaweera , r . & somaweera , n . 2009 . lizards of sri lanka : a colour guide with field keys . chimaira , frankfurt , 304 pp .
taylor , e . h . 1953 . a review of the lizards of ceylon . univ . kansas sci . bull . 35 ( 12 ) : 1525 - 1585 - get paper here
taylor , edward h . 1950 . ceylones lizards of the family scincidae . univ . kansas sci . bull . 33 ( 2 ) : 481 - 518 - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1887 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) iii . lacertidae , gerrhosauridae , scincidae , anelytropsidae , dibamidae , chamaeleontidae . london : 575pp . - get paper here
boulenger , george a . 1890 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptilia and batrachia . taylor & francis , london , xviii , 541 pp . - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1839 . erpétologie générale on histoire naturelle complète des reptiles . vol . 5 . roret / fain et thunot , paris , 871 pp . - get paper here
gray , j . e . 1839 . catalogue of the slender - tongued saurians , with descriptions of many new genera and species . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 2 : 331 - 337 ( 287 - 293 ) [ 1838 ] - get paper here
günther , a . 1864 . the reptiles of british india . london ( taylor & francis ) , xxvii + 452 pp . - get paper here
jayaneththi , hareschandra bandula 2015 . vertebrate fauna of morankanda - mukalana secondary forest patch in sri lanka : a checklist reported from 2004 - 2008 survey . ruhuna journal of science 6 : 21 - 41
manthey , u . 1981 . die echsen des ceylonischen regenwaldes und seiner randgebiete . sauria 3 ( 2 ) : 25 - 35 - get paper here
smith , m . a . 1935 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptiles and amphibia , vol . ii . sauria . taylor and francis , london , 440 pp .
the king salomon complex accommodates seating of up to 850 people or 1 , 200 guests in cocktail events .
the david ' s violin complex accommodates seating of up to 450 guests or 600 guests in cocktail events .
season 2 winner of history channels alone show , wilderness survival instructor , public speaker , author & proud father .
the episode did a really neat job of telling some of dave’s story and reasoning for being on the show . for dave , this experience was incredibly meaningful and much like the ultimate “vision quest” . he had a bucket of fish stashed away , and as you hear him describe his strategy , he had a plan to eat a half of a fish every day , estimating out loud that he had a couple more months left before he’d need to tap out .
unfortunately for dave , he had much less time left on the show than expected . it was a very emotional moment to watch when he hears the news that he’s being forced to medically evacuate . in the tips at the bottom of the screen , you see where the alone show editors point out that sometimes if they’re starving people will hoard food when they should be eating it . this is what happened to dave .
after the show aired , a lot of folks were curious about how dave is doing now . luckily he posted a public post on his personal facebook page that does a great job of explaining how he’s doing . i’ve embedded the post and copied the text below so you can read it here .
“hello wonderful people ! ! ! ! for those that were following “alone” and watching this crazy and amazing path , thank you ! ! ! ! your support and presence has been so inspiring . so nice to touch base with people that i haven’t heard from in decades ! our paths might not be the same as it was but we have each other in our hearts and always will .
the producers had hundreds of hours of footage to work with to make a story that fit into this show .
i do not envy them the task and i respect what they did . it all happened and i can honestly say the experience in patagonia , in many ways , was so much easier then watching the show for me . that boiled down to my own ego , i wanted to be the hero : ) ) ) ) . i went out there for many reasons , to test myself , to learn , to grow closer to myself and the earth , to feel life , to live , to show people this could be done and that you could be comfortable with the land ( the money was a secondary bonus ) . what i saw in the beginning episodes didn’t show that for me and i kept going deeper into a place of dread at how they would show me physically deteriorate in front of my friends and families . and yes , you saw me deteriorate
) ) ) . above all i wanted to be there ! of course there were moments of loneliness , sadness , hunger , but i placed all of them into individual moments and i knew that society and friends were not going anywhere . watching the last episode was so freeing in so many ways . of course it was closure but more then that i finally felt heard . “i felt alive” .
i appreciate your further support and comments but know i am a bit overwhelmed by facebook : ) . at this point i am hoping to center a bit so please don’t be upset if i step away from facebook for a time . it has helped me touch all of your lives again and i cherish that . i just get overloaded quick and need the simplicity of the outdoors for a while . hope to see many of you at winter count . we’ll talk again : ) love you all , dave”
so it seems like dave is doing pretty well , thank goodness ! i think myself and many of the fans of the alone show would have liked to have seen more footage of the neat things dave was up to – and maybe we’ll get to hear from him in the future . did you see that elaborate chess set he had carved ? it was beautiful !
if you want to follow dave online , it looks like he does have a youtube channel , although it’s not very active . maybe we’ll see more from him in the future !
i was sitting outside in the sun and suddenly thought : “i wonder how dave from season 3 alone , is doing ? ” anyhow , got a great answer . thank you .
thank you for stopping by kevin ! glad this post was helpful . 🙂 i totally understand the allergy thing , darn ! it’s still fun to talk about what you would plan to do though , isn’t it ?
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hello , my name is captain airyca ( erica ) and welcome to the alone show blog ! here you can find the latest news about alone show contestants and what they ' re up to now . urltoken
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next month , mrs . kushner , 25 , is to become an associate in the tax department of davis polk & wardwell , the new york law firm . she graduated summa cum laude from cornell and received a law degree from columbia .
her father , who is known as peter , is a partner in the new york law firm cahill gordon & reindel . he is also the chairman of the heckscher foundation for children in new york , which provides grants to organizations that help young people ; the bride is a trustee . her mother is the founder and chief executive of sloane square , a new york residential real estate firm .
mr . kushner , 29 , is a vice president at goldman sachs in new york , working with the bank’s special - situations group , where he focuses on investing in and lending to companies in the americas . he graduated cum laude from georgetown . he is a co - chairman of the urban arts partnership , a nonprofit organization in new york that provides arts programs for public school children .
his father is a founding partner in kushner , smith , joanou & gregson , an accounting firm in irvine , calif .
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brygoo , e . r . 1985 . les types des scincidés ( reptiles , sauriens ) du muséum national d’histoire naturelle , catalogue critique . bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . ( 4e sér . ) 7 ( sect . a 3 ) , suppl . : 1 - 126
camp , charles lewis 1923 . classification of the lizards . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 48 ( 11 ) : 289 - 481 .
ziesmann , s . ; klaas , p . & janzen , p . 2007 . von skinken und anderen echsen [ sri lankas ] . draco 7 ( 30 ) : 18 - 23 - get paper here
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
comparison of species richness and frequency cover of forest floor plants and lichens in sites invaded and uninvaded by the invasive club moss selaginella kraussiana ( kunze ) a . braun .
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selaginella species richness and abundance paper for ppq submission copy 21 august 2013 . pdf ( 171 . 1kb )
selaginella kraussiana , or the african club moss , is a fern ally in the family selaginellaceae invasive to several countries including new zealand . this study was carried out to compare species richness and frequency cover in adjacent forest floor botanical communities with and without s . kraussiana using a paired experimental design . sites with s . kraussianahad reduced species richness , particularly the number of conifer and flowering plant species . frequency cover ( excluding s . kraussiana ) was not significantly affected .
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only a few studies are done on the skinks of sri lanka and the other reptile species . however , most of the studies indicate that these reptiles are endemic to sri lanka , and that most of them are highly threatened .
most skinks have smooth scales , possibly adapted for burrowing in soils and all have detachable tails that regenerate eventually .
this article will focus on a recent study done by sri lankaís top herpetologist anslem de silva and his team at the knuckles mountain region .
the data are from a study conducted in the mid 1980ís , when the team measured the mulch level in many types of forests and plantations during the survey in 2004 and 2005 , it was less than 10 centimetres .
in addition , soil erosion was high . thus , the team could foresee long - term , irreversible habitat degradation that could negatively impact on these and other fossorial animals that live in the humus of the forest floor .
therefore , the team believes it is important that the authorities take immediate steps to educate the cardamom cultivators in order to prevent further soil erosion and habitat degradation .
two field techniques were used to investigate this subfossorial reptile : sampling of large leaf litter quadrats measuring 20m x 20m and patch sampling . patch sampling was found to be a more effective field method for discovering this animal because of its tendency to occur in certain types of habitat . when caught , individual animals were examined for abnormalities , damage , and external parasites . for females , reproductive status was noted . for a subset of animals , morphometric measurements were taken to examine morphological variation . after photographing , the animals were released back at the same locality where they were found .
species in having rudimentary bud - like pair of posterior limbs surrounded by small scales situated on either side the cloacae . the scale rows at mid body are 26 to 28 and the interparietal broader than frontal . also an overlying mark on the interparietal was observed in
the scale rows at mid body are 22 and the interparietal is narrower than frontal . in both species well - developed forelimbs are not present , slight bulges in the pectoral region surrounded by small scales signal their position .
deraniyagala ( 1932 ) reported the following measurements for an unsexed specimen : total length 107 mm , of which the tail was 44 mm , and a juvenile caught in july was also measured : snout to vent 35 mm and tail 32 mm .
are diurnal reptiles . when exposed , either by the lifting of logs , stones or leaf litter , they were quick to wriggle and hide within the loose humus , soil , leaf litter , under stones , crevices and holes in the earth . when handled some showed a tendency to bite and wriggle in order to escape . it was observed that ( similar to
dries and shrivels within 10 - 15 minutes when removed from its moist habitat .
is restricted to a small range in the north east knuckles with no overlap . however , previous reports on the knuckles did not list this species ( bambaradeniya and ekanayake 2003 ; cooray 1998 ; ginige 1994 ; rathnayake et al . , 1999 ) .
in addition , the negative impacts of cardamom cultivation at the knuckles have been extensively reported ( abeygunawardena & vincent 1993 ; gunawardane 2003 ) . studies have shown that in natural forested areas without cardamom cultivation the
a
horizon is well preserved and covered with mulch to a depth of 30 - 35 cm , whilst in cardamom fields the mulch level has been reduced to 15 - 25 cm ( madduma bandara , 1991 ) .
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oenomaus ortygnus , the aquamarine hairstreak , is a species of butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

it is found from brazil through central america to tamaulipas , mexico .

rare strays may be found up to southern texas .

the habitat consists of low elevation wet and dry tropical forests .

the wingspan is 30 – 38 mm .

the upperside is blue with black borders and the underside is gray with a pink sheen .

there are no submarginal or postmedian lines .

there are three or four black spots on the hindwings .

adults are on wing from january to november in mexico .

the larvae feed on annona species .

they bore into and feed upon the buds , flowers and fruits of their host plant .

oenomaus ortygnus

new host plant records for oenomaus ortygnus ( cramer ) ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) in mexico .
new host plant records for oenomaus ortygnus ( cramer ) ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) in mexico . - pubmed - ncbi
this is the first record of oenomaus ortygnus ( cramer ) damaging fruits of ilama ( annona diversifolia ) and extends the butterfly distribution for three states in mexico .
this is the first record of oenomaus ortygnus ( cramer ) damaging fruits of ilama ( annona diversifolia ) and extends the butterfly distribution for three states in mexico .
oenomaus ortygnus ; [ nacl ] , # 4294 ; [ bow ] : pl . 67 , f . 20 ; [ opler ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 880
calvo r ( 1998 ) reproducción de oenomaus ortygnus ( lepidoptera : lyacaenidae ) en barva , heredia , costa rica . rev biol trop 46 : 101 - 104 . [ links ]
oenomaus isabellae faynel , 2006 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 111 ( 2 ) : ( 137 - 156 ) ; tl : french guiana
faynel c ( 2006 ) le genre oenomaus hübner , 1819 , en guyane française ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . bull soc entomol fr 111 : 137 - 156 . [ links ]
fennah rg ( 1937 ) lepidopterous pests of the sour - sop in trinidad . ( 2 ) thecla ortygnus cramer . trop agric 14 : 244 - 245 . [ links ]
faynel c ( 2008 ) le genre oenomaus hübner , 1819 , en guyane française . 2 e partie ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . bull soc entomol fr 113 : 15 - 32 . [ links ]
peña & bennett ( 1995 ) reported 296 species of neotropical insects associated with annona ( annonaceae ) , among them , the borers , such as bephratelloides cubensis ( ashmead ) ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) , cerconota anonella ( sepp ) ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) , and oenomaus ortygnus ( cramer ) ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) , are the main pests causing economically important damages to the crops .
oenomaus ortygnus has been found in 12 states of mexico ( fig 2 ) ( godman & salvin 1887 - 1901 , kendall 1975 , raguso & llorente - bousquets 1990 ) . the report of kendall ( 1975 ) of females ovipositing and larvae feeding on the fruits of annona globiflora schltdl . ( annonaceae ) in ciudad mante , tamaulipas , is the only information available so far for mexico . to update the status of this pest in mexico , we inspected the most important annona growing areas from march 2008 to february 2009 .
all fruits of a . reticulata and a . diversifolia attacked by o . ortygnus showed necrosis ( fig 1a ) . larvae are usually found under the dead tissue ( fig 1b ) , feeding on the fruit pulp . one to five larvae may be found per fruit . in the laboratory pupation occurred on the external surface of the fruit ( fig 1c ) as observed by calvo ( 1998 ) with a population of o . ortygnus at the estación experimental santa lúcia , barva , heredia , costa rica .
five fruits of annona reticulata l . that showed damage by o . ortygnus were collected in march 2008 in tepalcingo , morelos ( 18º35 ' n , 98º50 ' w , elevation 1169 m ) . six fruits of a . diversifolia safford with the same damages were found in september 2008 in cacahuamilapa , guerrero ( 18º40 ' n , 99º30 ' w , elevation 1163 m ) . three fruits of a . reticulata were attacked by o . ortygnus in february 2009 in zacapala , puebla ( 18º35 ' n , 98º03 ' w , elevation 1254 m ) . collected fruits were placed in plastic containers ( 40 x 21 x 12 cm ) and covered with cheesecloth so that adults could not escape . the samples were incubated at 26 ± 1ºc and relative humidity of 50 % . five adults of o . ortygnus , from larvae reared on these fruits , emerged in the lab .
the present report increases the knowledge about o . ortygnus in two ways : it adds a new record of annona as larval host plant and extends the known distribution of the butterfly for the morelos state in mexico . adults were deposited in the fruit pest collection at fundación salvador sánchez colín cictamex , s . c . , coatepec harinas , estado de méxico , méxico .
although the presence of o . ortygnus has been often noticed on bullock heart ( a . reticulata l . ) , soursop ( a . muricata l . ) and cherimola ( a . cherimola mill . ) ( domínguez - gil 1978 , calvo 1998 , coto & saunders 2001 , beccaloni et al 2008 ) , we found no evidence that this butterfly damaged soursop and cherimola in our surveys . we visited orchards in las varas , nayarit ( 21º11 ' n , 105º08 ' w , elevation 40 m ) and coatepec harinas , estado de méxico ( 18º45 ' n , 99º45 ' w , elevation 2119 m ) in july , august , and november 2008 , other insect pests were recorded attacking a . muricata as b . cubensis and talponia batesi heinrich ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) on cherimola , respectively .
the authors acknowledge dr . robert k . robbins ( national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution ) for important comments , corrections , and for reviewing the manuscript . for sharing with us information on the geographical distribution of o . ortygnus in mexico , we thank dr . jorge llorente - bousquets , dr . moisés armando luis - martínez , dr . isabel vargas - fernández ( museo de zoología
alfonso l . herrera
, departamento de biología evolutiva , facultad de ciencias , universidad nacional autónoma de méxico ) , and dr . robert k . robbins . for financial support , md thanks fundação de amparo à pesquisa do estado de são paulo / fapesp ( as part of the project
systematics , bionomy , and evolution of neotropical lepidoptera  process number 02 / 13898 - 0 ) and pró - reitoria de pesquisa of the universidade de são paulo / usp / projeto 1 and m . sc . jorge váldez - carrasco for helping with the illustrations . thanks also to anonymous reviewers for valuable comments .
upperside blue with black borders . underside gray with a pink sheen ; no submarginal or postmedian lines . hindwing has 3 or 4 black spots .
eggs are laid singly on the host plant ; caterpillars bore into and feed upon the buds , flowers and fruits .
january - november in mexico , strayed to south texas in mid - december .
brazil north through central america to tamaulipas , mexico . rare stray to south texas .
g4 - apparently secure globally , though it might be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .
s . texas , mexico - brazil , surinam , trinidad . see [ maps ]
panama - brazil ( pará , rio de janeiro ) . see [ maps ]
thecla geba hewitson , 1877 ; ill . diurn . lep . lycaenidae ( 7 ) : 198 , pl . 79 , f . 641 - 642 ; tl : ecuador
thecla atena hewitson , 1867 ; ill . diurn . lep . lycaenidae ( 3 ) : 92 , pl . 36 , f . 93 , pl . 37 , f . 101 ; tl : brazil , amazon
e - mail : jshuey at tnc . org ; director of conservation science ; indiana office of the nature conservancy ;
butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
upperside iridescent greenish - blue with black borders in males ; pale blue in females . underside gray with an aquamarine band along the trailing edge of the hindwing . hindwing has 3 or 4 black spots .
very rare vagrant in the lower rio grande valley of southernmost texas ; normally found from tamaulipas , mexico south to brazil .
adults are nectar feeders ; us records have mostly been on eupatorium betonicifolium . caterpillars found on plants in the genus annona ; no known host plants or documented reproduction in the us .
most recent us record was november 5 2005 , at bentsen - rio grande valley state park . prior to that , november 22 2003 at the naba international butterfly park . two individuals were seen and one collected in brownsville in december 1962 .
wauer , roland h .
butterflies of the lower rio grande valley
boulder co : johnson books , 2004 .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
naba checklist of north american butterflies occurring north of mexico - edition 2 . 3
[ cite : 1318989 this link is a list of just the names including typo corrections , additions and updates to the following checklist : cassie , b . , j . glassberg , a . swengel & g . tudor . 2001 . north american butterfly association ( naba ) checklist & english names of north american butterflies . second edition . north american butterfly association , morristown , nj .
the second edition of the checklist includes all 722 species of butterflies that have been recorded in north american , north of mexico and in hawaii , giving both english and scientific names .
a catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada - - by jonathan p . pelham
taxonomic checklist used on bugguide for butterflies - - does not seem to have a link , so here it is . link updated 16 october 2016 as per comments .
a downloadable pdf file with extensive data on habitats , hostplants , flight dates , and range in the carolinas . you must give an e - mail address to reach the download - - the authors want to inform you of updates . ( this is produced by the north carolina wildlife resources commission , a state agency . ) ( i thought i had posted this before , but cannot find it . )
sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , errichtet von jacob hübner in augsburg ( 1793–1841 ) : updated plates legend .
seachable database with information on the general classification and the diet and feeding behaviour of the orders of insects and arachnids found in canada’s forest environments . cite : 1463600
an invaluable site for synonyms , links to original descriptions , literature , and other information . covers the entire world , but tends to have more complete information for european and north american species . a great place to begin literature searches . cite : 1329955
the best online resource for moths of great britain and ireland . cite : 1329952
publisher ' s page glassberg , j . 2018 . a swift guide to butterflies of mexico and central america , second edition . princeton university press , princeton , nj . 304 pp . 3 , 250 color photos and maps a groundbreaking photographic field guide to almost all of mexico ' s butterfly species and many of central america ' s this is a revised second edition of a groundbreaking photographic field guide to the butterflies of mexico and central america . written by jeffrey glassberg , the pioneering authority on the field identification of butterflies , the guide covers more than 2 , 000 species and features over 3 , 700 large , gorgeous color photographs , the very best images available , accompanied by authoritative facing - page text . this second edition includes more species , more than 1 , 500 new photos , and updated text , maps , and species names . and range maps , field marks , and host plants are included for all mexican butterflies . the result is an ideal field guide that will enable you to identify almost every butterfly you see .
a systematic revision of some of the american butterflies , with brief notes on those known to occur in essex co . , massachusetts .
full text scudder , s . h . 1872 . a systematic revision of some of the american butterflies , with brief notes on those known to occur in essex county , massachusetts . annual report . peabody academy of science 4 : 24 - 83 .
by kendall , r . o . , & w . w . mcguire .
full pdf kendall , r . o . , & w . w . mcguire . 1984 . some new and rare records of lepidoptera found in texas . bulletin of the allyn museum 86 : 1 - 50 . introduction some of the records treated here have appeared in the lepidopterists ' news ( season summary ) and others in the southern lepidopterists ' news . for historical and biological abstracting purposes they are formalized in this paper , together with appropriate credits and reference citations . it will be noted that these particular species , except for staphylus azteca ( scudder ) and atrytone mazai freeman ( oversightsl , were not included in the 1981 miller and brown catalogue / checklist because their original appearance in the literature was not in a formal publication .
an annotated checklist of the butterflies of bentsen - rio grande valley state park and vicinity .
texas parks & wildlife department , austin . mimeograph pp . 1 - 22 . , 1974
mcguire , w . w . & m . a . richard . 1974 . an annotated checklist of the butterflies of bentsen - rio grande valley state park and vicinity . texas parks & wildlife department , austin . mimeograph pp . 1 - 22 .
the species listed here in are primarily a result of the collecting by the authors during the period 1972 - 1973 . certain important records of the previous several years are also included . additionally , the checklist incorporates records of a number of other lepidopterists . the primary focus of the checklist , then , is upon recent collecting , rather than being an attempt to list all known records from the mid - valley area .
durden , c . j . 1990 . guide to butterflies of austin . texola 6 : 1 - 109 . invaluable resource for information on austin ' s butterflies . see : travis county butterfly checklist
the butterfly fauna of barton creek canyon on the balcones fault zone , austin , texas , and a regional list .
journal of the lepidopterists ' society 36 ( 1 ) : 1 - 17 . , 1982
full pdf durden , c . j . 1982 . the butterfly fauna of barton creek canyon on the balcones fault zone , austin , texas , and a regional list . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 36 ( 1 ) : 1 - 17 . abstract . diversity of substrate , topography and water supply , and climate and vegetation account for the occurrence of 74 % of the regional fauna along a 1 . 1 km stretch of barton creek . monthly mean weather records for 40 years are analyzed on a bioclimagram and the modes matched with habitat types . 172 species are listed for the ten counties around austin , and range , habitat , abundance , and residency are indicated for the 127 found at the study site .
butterflies of the upper frio - sabinal region , central texas , and distribution of fauna elements across the edwards plateau .
journal of the lepidopterists ' society , 52 ( 3 ) : 229 - 261 . , 1998
full pdf gaskin , d . e . 1998 . butterflies of the upper frio - sabinal region , central texas , and distribution of fauna elements across the edwards plateau . journal of the lepidopterists ' society , 52 ( 3 ) : 229 - 261 . abstract . a survey of the butterfly fauna ( 1988 - 96 ) of the upper frio - sabinal region of the southern edwards plateau , texas , is presented . butterflies were observed along transects at five study sites and during repeated opportunistic transects at 12 secondary localities . a total of 28 , 03 . 5 specimens , comprising 100 species was recorded .
geyata ajilvsgi . 1990 . butterfly gardening in the south : cultivating plants that attract butterflies . taylor publishing co . , dallas . xii + 342 pp . = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = select quotes from miller ' s review ( full pdf ) : novice and master gardeners in the southern u . s . , particularly in the rio grande valley , texas , have an extraordinary treat in store with this volume . there are special sections of the book devoted to creating a personal butterfly garden and to methods of attracting butterflies , highlighted by personal observations on such topics as the important characteristics of floral nectaries ( color , shape and fragrance ) and how to choose the appropriate plants , with one of my favorites - adopt a weed .
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
castañeda - vildózola a 1 , nava - díaz c , duarte m , franco - mora o , hernández - fuentes lm .
centro de investigación y estudios avanzados en fitomejoramiento , facultad de ciencias agrícolas , campus el cerrillo , universidad autónoma del estado de méxico , toluca , estado de méxico , méxico . acastanedav @ urltoken
neotrop . entomol . vol . 40 no . 4 londrina july / aug . 2011
beccaloni gw , viloria al , hall sk , robinson gs ( 2008 ) catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies . catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales . zaragoza , sociedad entomológica aragonesa vol . 8 , 536p . [ links ]
clench hk ( 1964 ) a new hairstreak for the united states . j lepid soc 18 : 189 - 190 . [ links ]
coto d , saunders jl ( 2001 ) insectos plaga de la guanabana ( annona muricata ) en costa rica . man integr plagas 61 : 60 - 68 . [ links ]
domínguez - gil oe ( 1978 ) insectos perjudiciales del guanábano ( annona muricata l . ) en el estado zulia , venezuela . rev fac agron ( luz ) 4 : 149 - 163 . [ links ]
godman fd , salvin o ( 1887 - 1901 ) biologia centrali - americana . insecta . lepidoptera - rhopalocera . fam . lycaenidae 2 : 1 - 112 . [ links ]
janick j , paull re ( 2008 ) the encyclopedia of fruit and nuts . cambridge , cabi publishing , 800p . [ links ]
kendall o ( 1975 ) larval foodplants for seven species of hairstreaks ( lycaenidae ) from mexico . bull allyn mus 24 : 1 - 4 . [ links ]
opler pa , lotts k , naberhaus j ( 2010 ) butterflies and moths of north america . ( urltoken ) , accessed on 11 . ix . 2010 . [ links ]
peña je , bennett fd ( 1995 ) arthropods associated with annona spp . in the neotropics . fla entomol 78 : 329 - 349 . [ links ]
raguso ra , llorente - bousquets je ( 1990 ) the butterflies ( lepidoptera ) of the tuxtlas mts . , veracruz , mexico , revisited : species - richness and habitat disturbance . j res lepid 29 : 105 - 133 . [ links ]
sociedade entomológica do brasil r . harry prochet , 55 86047 - 040 londrina pr brasil tel . : ( 55 43 ) 3342 3987 editor @ urltoken


it is found in brazil .

the wingspan is 18 – 23 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is whitish cream , suffused ochreous or ferruginous brown , with paler and darker groups of scales .

the hindwings are brown .

auratonota badiaurea

this is the place for badiaurea definition . you find here badiaurea meaning , synonyms of badiaurea and images for badiaurea copyright 2017 © urltoken
auratonota badiaurea is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in brazil .
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auratonota aurochra is a species of moth of the tortricidae family which is endemic to ecuador .
auratonota chlamydophora is a species of moth of the tortricidae family and is endemic to ecuador .
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