rhabdias bufonis is a species of parasitic nematode in the family rhabdiasidae .

it was first described from the lungs of the european common toad ( bufo bufo ) but has also been found in a number of other species of frog .

rhabdias bufonis

ashleigh smythe marked
rhabdias bufonis
as trusted on the
rhabdias bufonis ( schrank , 1788 ) stiles et hassall , 1905
page .
negative effects of rhabdias bufonis ( nematoda ) on the growth and survival of toads ( bufo bufo ) .
( 2008 ) rhabdias bufonis . in : mehlhorn h . ( eds ) encyclopedia of parasitology . springer , berlin , heidelberg
negative effects of rhabdias bufonis ( nematoda ) on the growth and survival of toads ( bufo bufo ) . - pubmed - ncbi
hartwich g . uber rhabdias bufonis ( schrank , 1788 ) und die abtremmung von rhabdias dossei nov . spec . ( nematoda , rhabdiasidae ) / / mitt . zool . mus . berlin . - 1972 . - 48 . - s . 401 - 414
kuzmin y . 2003 . rhabdias japalurae sp . nov . ( nematoda , rhabdiasidae ) from the japalures ( reptilia , agamidae ) and some notes on other rhabdias spp . from lizards . acta parasitologica , 48 ( 1 ) : 6 - 11
goodey t . 1924 . two new species of the nematode genus rhabdias . j . helminthol . , 2 : 203 - 208
travassos l . 1926 . enwicklung des rhabdias fulleborni n . sp . deut . trop . zeit . , 30 : 594 - 602
tkach v . v . , kuzmin y . , pulis e . e . 2006 . rhabdias bakeri sp . n . from lungs of wood frog , rana sylvatica , in north america : the last sibling of rhabdias ranae ? j . parasitol . , 92 ( 3 ) : 631 - 636
lu s . c . on rhabdias , a genus of parasitic nematoda of nanking . sinensia , 1934 , 5 ( 1 , 2 ) : 164 - 172 .
baker m . r . 1987 . rhabdias collaris n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from frogs of tanzania . systematic parasitology , 9 : 199 - 201
pereira c . 1928 . fauna helmintologica dos ophidios brasileiros ( 2o ) . rhabdias vellardi n . sp . bol . biol . sao paulo . - 11 : 13 - 22
kloss g . r . 1971 . alguns rhabdias ( nematoda ) de bufo no brasil . papeis avulsos de zoologia , s . paulo . 24 ( 1 ) : 1 - 52
moravec f . 2010 . rhabdias lacertae n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) , the first rhabdiasid species parasitising lizards in europe . syst . parasitol . , 77 : 23 - 27
lhermitte - vallarino , n . , m . barbuto , k . junker , r . boistel , i . ineich , s . wanji , and o . bain . 2009 . rhabdias rhampholeonis n . sp . and rhabdias mariauxi n . sp . ( nematoda , rhabdiasoidea ) , first lung worms from leaf chameleons : description , molecular evidence and notes on biology . parasitology international 58 : 375 - 383
baker m . r . 1978 . morphology and taxonomy of rhabdias spp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from reptiles and amphibians of southern ontario . can . j . zool . 1978 . 56 : 2127 - 2141
lhermitte - vallarino , n . and o . bain . 2004 . morphological and biological study of rhabdias spp . ( nematoda ) from african chameleons with description of a new species . parasite 11 : 15 - 31
lhermitte - vallarino n . , junker k . , bain o . 2009 . reappraisal of the specific status of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasoidea from malagasy chameleons in the paris museum collection . parasite , 16 : 111 - 123
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kuzmin , y . 1996 . new nematode species rhabdias vibakari sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the lung of vibakari snake ( amphiesma vibakari , colubridae ) . vestnik zoologii , 1 - 2 : 73 - 75
kuzmin y . 2001 . rhabdias africanus sp . nov . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) - a new nematode species from the south african toads ( amphibia : bufonidae ) . acta parasitologica , vol . 46 ( 2 ) : 148 - 150
kuzmin y . , tkach v . v . , snyder s . d . 2003 . the nematode genus rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from amphibians and reptiles of the nearctic . comparative parasitology , 70 ( 2 ) : 101 - 114
yamaguti s . 1943 . rhabdias ( ophiorhabdias ) horigutii n . subg . , n . sp . ( nematoda ) from the lung of a japanese snake natrix tigrina . an . zool . jap . , 22 , 1 : 8 - 10
kuzmin yu . , v . v . tkach . 2008 . rhabdias pearsoni sp . n . ( nematoda , rhabdiasidae ) from keelback , tropidonophis mairii ( reptilia , colubridae ) in australia . vestnik zoologii , 42 ( 6 ) : 483 - 488
kuzmin , y . , v . v . tkach , and s . e . bush . 2012 . a new rhabdias species ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from agamid lizards in luzon island , philippines . journal of parasitology , 98 ( 3 ) : 608 - 611
kuzmin y . , tkach v . snyder s . d . 2001 . rhabdias ambystomae sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the north american spotted salamander ambystoma maculatum ( amphibia : ambystomatidae ) . comparative parasitology , vol . 68 ( 2 ) : 228 - 235
bursey c . r . , hoong d . c . , goldberg s . r . 2012 . a new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) in calotes versicolor ( squamata : agamidae ) from singapore . journal of parasitology , 98 ( 1 ) : 149 - 151 .
rizvi a . n . , bursey c . r . , bhutia p . t . 2013 . two new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabditida : rhabdiasidae ) in anuran hosts from dehradun ( uttarakhand ) , india . journal of parasitology , 99 ( 2 ) : 303 - 306
martinez - salazar e . a . , v . leon - regagnon . 2007 . new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from bufo occidentalis ( anura : bufonidae ) from sierra madre del sur , mexico . j . parasitol . , 93 ( 5 ) : 1171 - 1177
kuzmin , y . , v . l v . tkach and j . a . vaughan . 2005 . rhabdias kongmongthaensis sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from polypedates leucomystax ( amphibia : anura : rhacophoridae ) in thailand . folia parasitologica , 52 ( 4 ) : 339 - 342
kuzmin y . , junker k . , du peez l . , bain o . 2013 . a new species of rhabdias stiles et hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from blommersia domerguei ( guibe ) ( amphibia : mantellidae ) in madagascar . folia parasitologica [ accepted 25 april 2013 ] .
bursey c . r . , s . r . goldberg , l . j . vitt . 2007 . new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) and other helminths from norops capito ( sauria : polychrotidae ) from nicaragua . j . parasitol . , 93 ( 1 ) : 129 - 131
junker k . , lhermitte - vallarino n . , barbuto m . , ineich i . , wanji s . , bain o . 2010 . new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from afrotropical anurans , including molecular evidence and notes on biology . folia parasitologica , 57 : 47 - 61
tkach v . v . , y . kuzmin , r . m . brown . 2011 . rhabdias mcguirei sp . nov . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the flying lizard , draco spilopterus , ( squamata : agamidae ) of the northern philippines . acta parasitologica . 56 ( 4 ) : 406 - 411
martinez - salazar e . a . , v . leon - regagnon . 2006 . rhabdias lamothei n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from leptodeira maculata ( colubridae ) in mexico , including new records of r . fuscovenosa ( railliet , 1899 ) goodey , 1924 . zootaxa 1257 : 27 - 48
luciana de cassia silva do nascimento , evonnildo costa goncalves , francisco tiago de vasconcelos melo , elane guerreiro giese , adriano penha furtado , jeannie nascimento dos santos . 2013 . description of rhabdias breviensis n . sp . ( rhabditoidea : rhabdiasidae ) in two neotropical frog species . systematic parasitology , 86 , 69 - 75
barrella t . h . , k . r . dos santos , r . j . da silva . 2010 . rhabdias filicaudalis n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the snake spilotes pullatus ( serpentes : colubridae ) in brazil . journal of helminthology , 84 ( 3 ) : 292 - 296 .
lhermitte - vallarino n . , m . barbuto , k . junker , r . boistel , o . bain . 2010 . rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from chamaeleonidae ( sauria ) : two new species from trioceros ellioti in east africa and one from brookesia superciliaris in madagascar . parasite , 17 : 91 - 105
bursey c . r . , goldberg s . r . 2005 . new species of oswaldocruzia ( nematoda : molineoidae ) , new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) , and other helminths in rana cf . forreri ( anura : ranidae ) from costa rica . j . parasitol . , 91 : 600 - 605
bursey c . r . , s . r . goldberg , s . r . telford , jr . 2003 . rhabdias anolis n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the lizard , anolis frenatus ( sauria : polychrotidae ) , from panama . j . parasitol . , 89 ( 1 ) : 113 - 117
рауш р . л . , рауш в . р . , атрашкевич г . и . rhabdias bermani sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) из сибирского углозуба ( hynobius keyserlingi ) с северо - востока азии / / зоол . журнал . - 1984 . - 63 , № 9 . - с . 1297 - 1303 .
lhermitte - vallarino n . , m . barbuto , i . ineich , s . wanji , m . lebreton , l . chirio , o . bain . 2008 . first report of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasoidea ) from lungs of montane chameleons in cameroon : description of two new species and notes on biology . parasite 15 : 553 - 564
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sarkar ( dutta ) m . , b . manna . 2004 . on a new species of the genus rhabdias stiles and hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabditida ) from bufo melanostictus schneider , 1799 from belur and habra , west bengal , india , with a host - parasite list . philippine journal of science , 133 ( 1 ) : 55 - 69
p . cipriani , s . mattiucci , m . paoletti , m . santoro , g . nascetti . rhabdias esculentarum n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from green frogs of the rana esculenta species complex in italy : molecular evidence , morphological description and genetic differentiation from its congeners in frogs and toads . syst parasitol ( 2012 ) 82 : 131 - 146
kuzmin y . , f . t . v . melo , h . f . da silva filho and j . n . dos santos . 2016 . two new species of rhabdias stiles et hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from anuran amphibians in para , brazil . folia parasitologica , 63 : 015 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2016 . 015
maity , p . , a . n . rizvi , c . r . bursey . 2018 . nematode parasites of duttaphrynus stomaticus ( lutken , 1864 ) ( amphibia : anura ) with description of a new species of rhabdias stiles and hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from dehradun ( uttarakhand ) , india . acta parasitologica , 63 ( 1 ) , 175–183 .
kuzmin y . , tkach v . v . , brooks d . r . 2007 . rhabdias alabialis sp . nov . and r . pseudosphaerocephala sp . nov . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) in the marine toad , bufo marinus ( l . ) ( lissamphibia : anura : bufonidae ) in central america . j . parasitol . , 93 ( 1 ) : 159 - 165
jeannie nascimento dos santos , francisco tiago de vasconcelos melo , luciana de cassia silva do nascimento , daisy esther batista do nascimento , elane guerreiro giese , adriano penha furtado . 2011 . rhabdias paraensis sp . nov . : a parasite of the lungs of rhinella marina ( amphibia : bufonidae ) from brazilian amazonia . mem . inst . oswaldo cruz , 106 ( 4 ) : 433 - 440
lhermitte - vallarino n . , barbuto m . , junker k . , boistel r . , ineich i . , wanji s . , bain o . 2009 . rhabdias rhampholeonis n . sp . and r . mariauxi n . sp . ( nematoda , rhabdiasoidea ) , first lung worms from leaf chameleons : description , molecular evidence and notes on biology . parasitol . int . , 58 : 375 - 383
kuzmin , y . , a . halajian , s . tavakol , w . j . luus - powell , v . v . tkach . 2017 . description and phylogenetic position of a new species of rhabdias stiles et hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the banded rubber frog , phrynomantis bifasciatus ( smith ) ( amphibia : microhylidae ) , in south africa . folia parasitologica , 64 : 035 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2017 . 035
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lucio - forster a . , liotta j . l . , rishniw m . , and bowman d . d . 2015 . serpentirhabdias dubielzigi n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from captive - bred ball pythons , python regius ( serpentes : pythonidae ) in the united states . comparative parasitology 82 ( 1 ) : 115 - 122 .
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zoologisches museum der universität zürich , winterthurerstrasse 190 , 8057 , zürich , switzerland .
occupy . it has been found in north america , most notably canada . however , it is most common in the european toad and frog habitats .
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holmes jc ( 1982 ) impact of infectious disease agents on the population growth and geographical distribution of animals . in : anderson rm , may rm ( eds ) population biology of infectious diseases . springer - verlag , new york , pp 37–51
holmes jc , zohar s ( 1990 ) pathology and host behaviour . in : barnard cj , behnke jm ( eds ) parasitism and host behaviour . taylor and francis ltd . , london , pp 34–63
( digenea : diplostomatidae ) in perch . j fish biol , 31 : 571–581
kozak a ( 1973 ) the nematode fauna of frogs in the carpathian region of czeckoslovakia . biologia 28 ( 5 ) : 325–334
lincicome dr ( 1971 ) the goodness of parasitism : a new hypothesis . in : cheng tc ( ed ) the biology of symbiosis . university park press , baltimore , pp 139–227
munger jc , holmes jc ( 1988 ) benefits of parasitic infection : a test using a ground squirrel - trypanosome system . can j zool 66 : 222–227
scott me ( 1988 ) the impact of infection and disease on animal populations : implications for conservation biology . conserv biol 2 : 40–56
smith dc ( 1987 ) adult recruitment in chorus frogs : effects of size and date at metamorphosis . ecology 68 : 344–350
smyth jd , smyth mm ( 1980 ) frogs as host parasite systems i . macmillan press ltd . london
thompson sn ( 1990 ) physiological alterations during parasitism and their effects on host behaviour . in : barnard cj , behnke jm ( eds ) parasitism and host behaviour . taylor and francis ltd . , london , pp 64–94
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the saddleback darter ( percina vigil ) is a freshwater fish native to the eastern united states .

this darter species is widespread , occurring from the escambia river drainage west to the mississippi river basin and as far north as the wabash river historically .

some populations have been reported in the tennessee river drainage .

the saddleback darter is aptly named as it has 5 saddle-like patterns on its dorsum , with the first occurring near the first dorsal fin and the fifth near the caudal penduncle .

adults can attain a maximum size of about 3 inches or 7.8 centimeters .

the saddleback darter typically occurs over sand and gravel runs of creeks and small to medium-sized rivers and is sometimes found in very shallow water .

this darter 's diet consists of invertebrates such as caddisfly larvae , beetles , mayflies , and stoneflies .

the saddleback darter deposits eggs over sand and gravel shoals during the spring .

this species has an average lifespan between 2 and 3 years .

saddleback darter

1 saddleback darter in alabama distribution : percina vigil occurs from lake pontchartrain east to the escambia . . . percina vigil is fairly widespread and often abundant in the conecuh river and . . . www . outdooralabama . more
characteristics : the saddleback darter has eyes set more on top of the head and less pigmentation than other members of imostoma . it has separate to slightly connected gill membranes , a narrow frenum , and an elongate anal fin on breeding males . more
saddleback college offers a new course in new product development to students and ties it to the concept of creating , innovation , and the ccc makers space .
formerly included in p . uranidea . ioa vigil was regarded as a senior synonym of p . ouachitae by suttkus ( 1985 ) . the 1991 afs checklist ( robins et al . 1991 ) followed suttkus and changed the name of p . ouachitae to p . vigil . page and burr ( 1991 ) evidently followed page ( 1983 ) , who included i . vigil in p . shumardi , and continued to use the name p . ouachitae for the saddleback darter .
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learning the techniques to make a product come to life is a great skill to have . but actually building the products we come up with is even better . we need both the knowledge of the business world as well as the skills needed to create the product . the maker space idea would be perfect for learning both of these skills . this is also an opportunity to bring the most creative minds at saddleback together to experiment with actual product development . the business world is always expanding and this is an amazing opportunity for saddleback students to get a head of everyone else .
i started at saddleback as an accounting major with an interest in all branches of business . after taking dr . fredrickson’s product innovative class , i became very interested in the practical skills and experiences needed to create and design new products and how i can use my accounting and management skills to better understand the entrepreneurship and business processes . this new maker space will be the perfect bridge from the management aspect to the actual creating and manufacturing process .
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data on dispersal and other movements generally are not available . though larvae of some species may drift with the current , turner ( 2001 ) found no significant relationship between a larval transport index and gene flow among several different darter species . separation distances are arbitrary but reflect the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of aquatic habitat would represent truly independent populations . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality . occupied locations that are separated by a gap of 10 km or more of any aquatic habitat that is not known to be occupied generally represent different occurrences . however , it is important to evaluate seasonal changes in habitat to ensure that an occupied habitat occurrence for a particular population does not artificially separate spawning areas and nonspawning areas as different occurrences simply because there have been no collections / observations in an intervening area that may exceed the separation distance .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , and lack of major threats . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable , or the species may be declining but not fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories under criterion a ( reduction in population size ) .
gulf slope from escambia river drainage , alabama and florida , west to mississippi river , louisiana ; mississippi river basin from southwestern indiana ( formerly ) and southeastern missouri to louisiana ; mostly confined to coastal plain ; apparently extirpated in green river , kentucky , and in wabash river system , indiana - illinois ; common but somewhat localized ( page and burr 1991 ) .
this species is represented by a large number of subpopulations and locations . total adult population size is unknown but relatively large . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable or slowly declining .
creeks and small to medium rivers in areas of moderate current over sand and gravel or gravel and rubble substrates , often at foot of chute or riffle or near snags or logjams ; sometimes in very shallow water ( kuehne and barbour 1983 , page and burr 1991 ) . larvae may drift downstream from spawning areas to quiet backwaters ( heins and baker 1989 ) .
localized threats may exist , but on a range - wide scale no major threats are known .
currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .
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louisiana department of wildlife and fisheries po box 98000 2000 quail drive baton rouge , la 70898 800 . 256 . 2749 225 . 765 . 2800
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robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable or slowly declining .
upper conecuh ( 03140301 ) , sepulga ( 03140303 ) , lower conecuh ( 03140304 ) , escambia ( 03140305 ) + , lower tallapoosa ( 03150110 ) , upper alabama ( 03150201 ) , cahaba ( 03150202 ) , middle alabama ( 03150203 ) , lower alabama ( 03150204 ) , upper tombigbee ( 03160101 ) , buttahatchee ( 03160103 ) , luxapallila ( 03160105 ) , middle tombigbee - lubbub ( 03160106 ) , sipsey ( 03160107 ) , lower black warrior ( 03160113 ) , middle tombigbee - chickasaw ( 03160201 ) , sucarnoochee ( 03160202 ) , lower tambigbee ( 03160203 ) , chunky - okatibbee ( 03170001 ) , upper chickasawhay ( 03170002 ) , lower chickasawhay ( 03170003 ) , upper leaf ( 03170004 ) , lower leaf ( 03170005 ) , pascagoula ( 03170006 ) , black ( 03170007 ) , upper pearl ( 03180001 ) , middle pearl - strong ( 03180002 ) , middle pearl - silver ( 03180003 ) , lower pearl . mississippi ( 03180004 ) , bogue chitto ( 03180005 )
lower mississippi - memphis ( 08010100 ) , bayou de chien - mayfield ( 08010201 ) , upper hatchie ( 08010207 ) , lower hatchie ( 08010208 ) , lower st . francis ( 08020203 ) * , upper ouachita ( 08040102 ) , little missouri ( 08040103 ) , lower ouachita - smackover ( 08040201 ) , lower ouachita - bayou de loutre ( 08040202 ) , upper saline ( 08040203 ) , bayou d ' arbonne ( 08040206 ) , lower ouachita ( 08040207 ) , castor ( 08040302 ) , little ( 08040304 ) , lower big black ( 08060202 ) , bayou pierre ( 08060203 ) , coles creek ( 08060204 ) , homochitto ( 08060205 ) , buffalo ( 08060206 ) , lower mississippi - baton rouge ( 08070100 ) * , bayou sara - thompson ( 08070201 ) , amite ( 08070202 ) * , tangipahoa ( 08070205 ) * , liberty bayou - tchefuncta ( 08090201 )
apparently spawns in late winter ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) . in mississippi , spawned february - april at water temperatures of 12 - 22 c , produced multiple clutches , sexually mature within 1 year , maximum lifespan less than 3 years ( heins and baker 1989 ) .
some populations eat mainly crustaceans and immature insects , other populations feed heavily on snails ( page 1983 ) .
occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
bart , h . l . , jr . , and l . m . page . 1992 . the influence of size and phylogeny on life history variation in north american percids . pages 553 - 572 in r . l . mayden , editor . systematics , historical ecology , and north american freshwater fishes . stanford university press , stanford , california . xxvi + 969 pp .
eschmeyer , william n . ( editor ) . 1998 . catalog of fishes . volumes 1 - 3 . california academy of sciences , san francisco , california . 958 pp . updates available online at : urltoken
heins , d . c . , and j . a . baker . 1989 . growth , population structure , and reproduction of the percid fish percina vigil . copeia 1989 : 727 - 736 .
kuehne , r . a . , and r . w . barbour . 1983 . the american darters . university press of kentucky , lexington , kentucky . 177 pp .
lee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .
nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .
page , l . m . 1983b . identification of the percids , boleosoma phlox cope and ioa vigil hay . copeia 1983 : 1082 - 1083 .
page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .
suttkus , r . d . 1985 . identification of the percid , ioa vigil hay . copeia 1985 : 225 - 227 .
boschung , h . t . , and r . l . mayden . 2004 . fishes of alabama . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . 960 pp .
burr , b . m . , and m . l . warren , jr . 1986a . distributional atlas of kentucky fishes . kentucky nature preserves commission , scientific and technical series no . 4 , frankfort , kentucky . 398 pp .
douglas , n . h . 1974 . freshwater fishes of louisiana . claitor ' s publishing division , baton rouge , louisiana . 443 pp .
etnier , d . a . , and w . c . starnes . 1993 . the fishes of tennessee . university of tennessee press , knoxville , tennessee . xiv + 681 pp .
mettee , m . f . , p . e . o ' neil , and j . m . pierson . 1996 . fishes of alabama and the mobile basin . oxmoor house , birmingham , alabama . 820 pp .
page , l . m . 1983a . handbook of darters . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city , new jersey . 271 pp .
robison , h . w . and t . m . buchanan . 1988 . fishes of arkansas . the university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas . 536 pp .
ross , s . t . , and w . m . brenneman . 1991 . distribution of freshwater fishes in mississippi . freshwater fisheries report no . 108 . d - j project completion report f - 69 . mississippi department of wildlife and freshwater fisheries and parks . jackson , mississippi . 548 pp .
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knowledge of the early life stages of fishes is crucial for the effective monitoring and management of fish populations and habitats , and the evaluation of environmental impacts and recovery of endangered species . unfortunately , the proper identification of targeted species has stunted the development of the field .
now a series has emerged that stands as the leading resource on the reproduction and development of many north american fishes . reproductive biology and early life history of fishes in the ohio river drainage fills immense gaps in knowledge of issues related to early life development of fishes in the ohio basin . volume 4 addresses the developmental and morphological issues of perch , pikeperch , and darters .
this volume describes the characteristics of the family percidae , and provides a detailed pictorial guide to the young of all fish families present in the ohio river drainage . subtopics within each species description include range , distribution , occurrence , spawning , eggs , development , ecology of early life phases , and more .
this book serves as both a handbook to help identify individual larval fish , and as a reference for those concerned with the overall health of the ecosystems or fisheries that they are monitoring .
a much - needed taxonomic aid , complete with keys , diagnostic criteria , and illustrated descriptions for identification of the eggs , larvae , and early juveniles of most of about 285 fishes in the ohio river basin . it is also an equally needed compendium of information on the ecology of those early life stages , as well as a summary of the distribution , habitat , and reproductive biology of their parents…
the fish fauna of the ohio river drainage includes a large proportion of the fishes of eastern north america , including many species whose ranges extend well beyond the ohio river . for that reason these volumes are valuable beyond the ohio river drainage . they provide a systematic approach to the study of early life histories of fishes and are useful as a guide to scientists and managers beyond the region , even in areas such as western north america . this series will prove useful to scientists and managers from state and federal agencies , to industry and consulting firm staff dealing with river fish issues , and to faculty and students in regional universities .
provides invaluable information for anyone interested in protecting the spawning grounds or habitat of the fish . …represents the definitive authority on the subject and represent a type of research that has been all to infrequent in these days of bioinformatics and concentrations on things like gene analysis .
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values shown below are defaults ; and k is an estimate from the family where the species belongs . please double - check , replace with better values as appropriate , and ' recalculate ' .
s . e . - years estimated from linf . , k and t o .
s . e . - years estimated from lopt , linf . , k and t o .
s . e . - years estimated from lm , linf . , k and t o .
estimate y ' / r from m / k , lc / linf and e . lc = cm e = / year e msy / year e opt / year f msy / year f opt / year
vulnerable to extinction if decline in biomass or numbers exceeds threshold over the longer of 10 years or 3 generations .
lr = cm estimated from fmsy at lc = length of recruitment ( lr ) .
note : the estimates are derived from default values taken from fishbase and will thus not be appropriate for every population . you can change these values and recalculate the life history parameters .
life history data created by : eli , 01 . 06 . 99 , php script by : kbanasihan , 11 . 02 . 10 , last modified by kbanasihan , 11 . 11 . 10
reproductive biology and early life history of fishes in the ohio river drainage . volume 4 percidae - perch , pikeperch , and darters | copac
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this record is part of the copac national , academic & specialist library catalogue .
reproductive biology and early life history of fishes in the ohio river drainage . volume 4 percidae - perch , pikeperch , and darters
knowledge of the early life stages of fishes is crucial for the effective monitoring and management of fish populations and habitats , and the evaluation of environmental impacts and recovery of endangered species . unfortunately , the proper identification of targeted species has stunted the development of the field . now a series has emerged that stands as the leading resource on the reproduction and development of many north american fishes . reproductive biology and early life history of fishes in the ohio river drainage fills immense gaps in knowledge of issues related to early life development of fishes in the ohio basin . volume 4 addresses the developmental and morphological issues of perch , pikeperch , and darters . this volume describes the characteristics of the family percidae , and provides a detailed pictorial guide to the young of all fish families present in the ohio river drainage . subtopics within each species description include range , distribution , occurrence , spawning , eggs , development , ecology of early life phases , and more . this book serves as both a handbook to help identify individual larval fish , and as a reference for those concerned with the overall health of the ecosystems or fisheries that they are monitoring .
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north america : mississippi river basin from southwestern indiana and southeastern missouri to louisiana in the usa ; gulf slope from escambia river drainage in alabama and florida to mississippi river in louisiana . the name percina vigil replaces percina ouachitae .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 4 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 2 years ( ref . 12193 )
inhabits sand and gravel runs of creeks and small to medium rivers , sometimes in very shallow water ( ref . 3814 , 10294 ) . feeds on pleurocerid ( leptoxis ) river snails , hydropsychid caddisfly larvae , midge larvae , and small mayfly nymphs , such as baetids ( ref . 10294 ) .
robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott , 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . am . fish . soc . spec . publ . ( 20 ) : 183 p . ( ref . 3814 )
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00501 ( 0 . 00201 - 0 . 01253 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .
) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tmax = 2 ) .
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linked life history provided courtesy of natureserve explorer . records may include both recent and historical observations . us status definitions kentucky status definitions
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the perch family is second only to the minnow family in diversity of north american fishes . most species in this family are darters . darters tend to live on the bottom of streams or lakes and dart about for food . they generally do not have a gas bladder . characteristics include two dorsal fins , thoracic pelvic fins with one spine and five rays and ctenoid scales .


minacraga disconitens is a moth in the dalceridae family .

it was described by schaus in 1905 .

it is found in venezuela , trinidad , guyana , surinam , french guiana , brazil , eastern peru and bolivia .

the habitat consists of tropical moist , tropical premontane wet , tropical premontane moist , subtropical moist and warm temperate moist or dry forests .

the length of the forewings is 14 – 16 mm for males and 19 – 22 mm for females .

the forewings are pale metallic buff , except the outer margin which is dull .

there is a broad dark brown streak at the base of the inner margin and a dark fuscous dot at the end of the cell .

there is also a subterminal wavy light brown line , followed by metallic buff spots and a dark brown shade along the margin .

the hindwings are pale buff , the outer margin shaded with brown .

adults are on wing from february to august and october to december .

the larvae feed on macadamia species .

minacraga disconitens

how can i put and write and define minacraga disconitens in a sentence and how is the word minacraga disconitens used in a sentence and examples ? 用minacraga disconitens造句 , 用minacraga disconitens造句 , 用minacraga disconitens造句 , minacraga disconitens meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
type - species : minacraga disconitens schaus , 1905 . proc . u . s . natn . mus . 29 : 331 . [ bhl ]
type - species designation : by original designation . [ ( in anticipation of schaus ` s description of disconitens ) ]
genus : minacraga dyar , 1905 . proc . u . s . natn . mus . 29 : 176 . [ bhl ]
minacraga was nomenclaturally available but was without an included nominal species between the date of its publication by dyar and that of its type - species by schaus .
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miller , s . e . 1994 . systematics of the neotropical moth family dalceridae ( lepidoptera ) . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology 153 ( 4 ) : 1 - 495 .
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