the colorado river toad ( incilius alvarius ) , also known as the sonoran desert toad , is a psychoactive toad found in northern mexico and the southwestern united states .

its toxin , as an exudate of glands within the skin , contains 5-meo-dmt and bufotenin .

colorado river toad

a large colorado river toad awaits her next meal beneath a refrigerator unit outside an arizona store .
enter
bufo alvarius
or
the sonoran desert toad
, also sometimes called
the colorado river toad
.
the colorado river toad is a nocturnal toad in the family bufonidae . common names for this species are the colorado river toad and the sonoran desert toad . the first described specimen was a female collected in fort yuma , imperial county , california , in 1855 .
re : new colorado river toads . . . . ( 20 ! ! ! )
new colorado river toads . . . . ( 20 ! ! ! ) - page 2
the colorado river toad is the largest native toad in the united states . it is also poisonous and should not be handled , especially by children .
conduct research necessary to determine the feasibility for successfully establishing the colorado river toad in unoccupied habitat . if feasible , implement a pilot introduction into unoccupied habitat , and monitor the success of methods and establishment of the colorado river toad in unoccupied habitat .
baby colorado river toads are born as tadpoles , but grow quickly into toadlets after about one month .
the historical range of the colorado river toad in california extended along the floodplain of the lower colorado river ( lcr ) and in the southern imperial valley . historically , it was documented on the lcr from fort yuma to the blythe - ehrenberg region . the range likely extended along the lcr to extreme southern nevada , near fort mohave . the lower colorado river multi - species conservation program ( lcr mscp ) planning area is on the western edge of the historical range of the colorado river toad .
the colorado river toad is not federally listed . it is listed as threatened in new mexico . natureserve ranks the colorado river toad as secure on a national and global level . additionally , it is ranked as secure in arizona , imperiled in new mexico , and possibly locally extinct in california .
clay county sheriff ' s deputies said david theiss , of kansas city , possessed a colorado river toad with the intention of using it as a hallucinogenic .
habitat loss and alteration in the lcr region likely have had an impact on colorado river toad populations . extensive use of pesticides after world war ii may have had an effect on this species . nonnative species to the lcr that have an effect on many native species , such as the american bullfrog and the spiny softshell turtle , may also affect colorado river toad populations along the lcr . illegal collection of the colorado river toad for use in the drug trade is also a threat to this species .
toad smoking ,
which is a substitute for
toad licking ,
is done by extracting venom from the sonoran desert toad of the colorado river . the toad ' s venom — which is secreted when the toad gets angry or scared — contains a hallucinogen called bufotenine that can be dried and smoked to produce a buzz .
colorado river toad adults are active foragers and feed on invertebrates , lizards , small mammals , and amphibians . colorado river toads have been known to eat beetles , wasps , ants , bees , termites , sun spiders , true bugs , butterflies and moths , spiders , mites , scorpions , grasshoppers , locusts , crickets , millipedes , and centipedes . tadpoles eat algae and aquatic insects . the colorado river toad is able to eat prey that is protected by sting mechanisms or defensive secretions .
the poisons of the colorado river toad ( b . alvarius ) and the giant toad ( b . marinus , also called the cane toad ) affect animals as large as dogs , in some instances causing temporary paralysis or even death . the chinese have long used dried toad poison to treat various ailments . contrary to…
predators include raccoons , possibly birds , other mammals , and reptiles . it has been observed that the defensive posture and skin toxins of the colorado river toad protects it from the striped skunk . it is likely that adult colorado river toads are safe from most predators due to the toxicity of their secretions and their large size .
the habitat conservation plan provides conservation measures specific to each species . listed below are the species specific conservation measures for the colorado river toad . click on the arrows to expand the table .
based on results of research conducted under conservation measures crto1 and within funding constraints of the lcr mscp , protect existing unprotected occupied colorado river toad habitat that is located through the research program .
these are highly endangered are they not ? i might be thinking of another toad species . i ' m from colorado
toad - smoking gains on toad - licking - b . alvarius in the wall street journal
deep toad - a movie filmed in arizona probes the wild world of toad - licking .
and the colorado river toad is a protected species . possession of one can get you prison time if you ' re not an animal / reptile rehab person , or otherwise licensed . . .
adult colorado river toads are carnivorous , meaning they eat other animals . they will eat most anything small enough to fit into their mouths including spiders ,
breeding habitat includes seasonal and permanent pools . preferred colorado river toad habitat is described as damp areas near permanent springs or manmade watering holes . they are also known to utilize artificial water bodies , such as canals , flood control impoundments , stock tanks , water irrigation ditches , and reservoirs . agricultural drains , dam seepages , irrigation canals , and backwaters along the lower colorado river are described as
marginal habitat
for this species . habitat for the colorado river toad when dormant or hiding places during active period includes rodent burrows , rocky outcroppings , or in hollows under watering troughs .
2 . historical versus current abundance . both king ( 1932 ) and cole ( 1962 ) reported colorado river toads as common near tucson , arizona , and west to the colorado river . stebbins ( 1985 ) indicated these toads are widespread throughout the desert . today , while colorado river toads seem to be abundant at many desert localities in arizona , they appear to have declined in new mexico ( degenhardt et al . , 1996 ) and california ( jennings and hayes , 1994a ) .
the colorado river toad , also known as the sonoran desert toad , found in arizona , is toxic to dogs when they lick or swallow it . your pet may also suffer if a toad sits in the dog ' s drinking water for a long enough period . the poison in the toad ' s skin may produce effects ranging from severe discomfort to paralysis and death .
4 . conservation . colorado river toads are listed as endangered by the new mexico department of fish and game ( degenhardt et al . , 1996 ) . jennings and hayes ( 1994a ) commented on the status of colorado river toads and noted that they appear to be extirpated from most or all sites in california and
… some investigators have suggested that colorado river toads are imperiled throughout much of [ their ] range …
in southern arizona , these toads seem to be abundant at many desert localities .
the colorado river toad is currently restricted to the sonoran desert in lowland and riparian areas of southern arizona and adjacent corners of southeastern california , southwestern new mexico , and northeastern baja california , through most of sonora , and to seven miles west of guamuchil , sinoloa mexico . this species is found at elevations ranging from above sea level to 1 mile ( 1600 m ) . the colorado river toad is common throughout its range in arizona but has declined in california and new mexico .
the colorado river toad is a mainly terrestrial toad that occurs primarily in desert habitat , including mesquite / creosote lowlands , but also inhabits arid grasslands , oak - woodland habitat , riparian areas , and pine - oak - juniper forest . this species is found at elevations ranging from above sea level to 1 mile ( 1610 m ) . the colorado river toad has been observed in pine - oak woodlands , characterized by high densities of chihuahua pine , mexican pinyon , alligator bark juniper , and various oaks , and a native grassland in chihuahuan desert scrub . this species has also been observed associated with agave , ephedra , prosopis , slasola , yucca , gutierrezia , and grasses . the colorado river toad may have also expanded its range to agricultural areas when large - scale conversion of native habitat to agriculture took place .
develop and implement a multiyear integrated research program to determine the range , status , habitat requirements , population biology , factors that currently limit colorado river toad abundance and distribution , and factors that have contributed to the decline of the species in the lcr mscp planning area .
hill , willie james . 1961 . the developmental pattern of the colorado river toad ( bufo alvarius girard ) from stage one through twenty . thesis : ( m . s . ) - - arizona state university , 1961 - - biology . - ( 35 pages )
wright ( 1966 ) reported a raccoon slitting the bellies of colorado river toads , avoiding the glandular skin and eating the entrails ; other predators may not have learned this means of feeding on these toads . musgrave and cochran ( 1930 ) report that colorado river toads will
inflate to a remarkable degree and remain in this condition for some time
when disturbed ( see photo in hanson and vial , 1956 ) .
colorado river toads , also called the sonora desert toad , have relatively smooth skin outside of the warts on their back legs . discover facts about colorado river toads with information from a published biologist in this free video on toads and amphibians . expert : dr . alan richmond bio : dr . alan richmond is the lecturer and curator of biology at the university of massachusetts . he is a well - published biologist and has a special interest in reptiles and amphibians . filmmaker : demand media
pretty soon the dept . of animal control will be working with peta in an informant style bust tactic to raid the homes where toad venom is being
manufactured
and sold . most of these homes will be right near the colorado river where the toads are indigenous . = )
the colorado river toad breeds from may through august in ponds , slow - moving streams , temporary pools , or man made structures that hold water . in arizona , it usually breeds in temporary pools formed by monsoon rains . breeding and chorusing activity usually occurred one to three nights following rainfall events . however , it has also been found that while breeding activity is stimulated by rainfall , it is not necessary for reproductive activity . the persistence of the colorado river toad over a 6 - year time period has been observed in the absence of successful breeding through many seasons .
[ via myth - busting cane toads in australia , toad - skin secretions , toad envenoming in dogs , tripping over psychoactive toads . ]
f . home range size . dan beck ( unpublished data ) radio - tracked an adult colorado river toad for a period of 390 d in the tucson mountains , pima county , arizona . during that time activity centered around the release site , although movements of > 400 m were noted in a single day .
clutch size is between 7 , 500 and 8 , 000 eggs per female . eggs are deposited in shallow water in pools . when compared to other frogs and toads , the colorado river toad develops from zygote to hatchling at a remarkably fast rate , taking less than 30 days for an egg to develop into a froglet .
only in rare instances do frogs cause any significant damage . some species ( toads , for example ) produce skin secretions that are toxic if ingested . this does not normally present a problem for people , and pets usually learn to avoid such frogs . a few species ( giant toad , colorado river toad ) produce especially copious or toxic secretions , and there have been cases in which dogs have died after biting them .
r . parasites . goldberg and bursey ( 1991a ) reported four nematodes from the gastrointestinal tract of the colorado river toad ( aplectana itzocamensis , physaloptera sp . , physocephalus sp . , and oswaldocruzia pipiens ) . they also found one species of cestode ( nematotaenia dispar ) as well as a species of nematode from the lungs ( rhabdias americanus ) .
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humans will do pretty much anything . as evidence of this truth , look at toad sucking . this is not a metaphor . toad sucking is a real activity , not an urban myth . it is exactly described . you pick up a toad , insert part of it into your mouth , and suck . but it’s not just any toad that gets sucked , and the toad sucking has a surprising payoff . there’s no clear history of when this practice took off . but one thing is for certain—toad sucking can be serious business .
n . feeding behavior . colorado river toads are active foragers . prey includes beetles , grasshoppers , wasps , centipedes , millipedes , ants , termites , solpugids , spiders , snails , scorpions , great plains toads , couch ' s spadefoot toads , small lizards , and mice ( king , 1932 ; arnold , 1943 ; gates , 1957 ; cole , 1962 ; degenhardt et al . , 1996 ) . colorado river toads will eat almost any prey they can subdue and ingest , including those with defensive stinging capabilities ( cole , 1962 ; degenhardt et al . , 1996 ) .
.
the toad involved is the sonoran desert toad , also called the colorado river toad , and carries the binomial bufo alvarius . it is not the closely related marine toad bufo marinus , as some people have insisted , prompted by the early olmec and mayan iconography . of course the licking myth is newspaper hype - - it is the venom that is active , and it is smoked . when the desert toad is stroked near the parotid glands in the neck region , there is the squirting out of this venom and when it is allowed to dry on a hard surface it takes on the texture of rubber cement . it contains up to 15 % 5 - meo - dmt , as well as n - methyl - 5 - methoxytryptamine ,
fine art illustration of a colorado river or sonoran desert toad . the print is hand - signed by the artist and is guaranteed to arrive in perfect condition . the reproduction of this original pen and ink drawing is done on high quality acid - free archival paper . call 1 800 - 913 - 7906 for more information or to order by phone . click here for shipping info .
colorado river toads are impressive amphibians , the largest toads in the sonoran desert , with an equally impressive diet of insects , including the large palo verde wood borer beetles . each summer we are regularly visited inside our home by some of these toads . one in particular visited us for five consecutive years .
~ albert most , bufo alvarius : the psychedelic toad of the sonoran desert . ( 1984 )
a 21 - year - old man has been accused of using a toad to get high .
the colorado river toad was completed on 3 . 18 . 2012 . the last toad i drew was supposed to be the last one for some time . but as i ' ve started putting together collections of animals for my cafepress store ( here ' s an example ) i needed a desert dwelling amphibian - and the sonoran desert toad fit perfectly , and was a lot of fun to draw to boot . i don ' t plan to draw any more toads in the near future , but if you have a suggestion please send me an email . the drawing is based on a photo by alice abela .
in 1983 , albert most , the founder of the church of the toad of light ( yes that was a real thing ) was a big proponent of the recreational use of the sonoran desert toad ' s poison , and even wrote a booklet titled ;
the psychedelic toad of the sonoran desert
. the booklet explained in great detail how to extract and smoke the toad ' s secretions .
he said some internet sites feature an instructional video on how to extract the toad ' s venom .
presumed hybrids with woodhouse ' s toad have been found in central arizona . ( stebbins , 2003 )
take your dog to a veterinarian if there are unusual symptoms or the dog has eaten the toad .
the last verified record from california was in 1955 , from 7 km north of winterhaven , but there have been reports of records from near the arizona side of the colorado river : near the cibola national wildlife refuge ; on the parker strip in la paz county , arizona ; above the confluence of the gila and colorado rivers in yuma county , arizona ; and along the bill williams river , mohave county , arizona . ( thomson , wright , & shaffer , 2016 ) formerly found in extreme southeast california along the lower colorado river and in irrigated lowlands of the southern imperial valley . it is not known whether toads naturally occured in the imperial valley or if they expanded their range there after the development of agricultural irrigation . ( stebbins , 1951 - thomson , wright , & shaffer , 2016 ) outside of california , the species is found in southern arizona , extreme southwest new mexico , and in sonora and northwest sinaloa , mexico , and extreme northern baja california .
h . aestivation / avoiding dessication . degenhardt et al . ( 1996 ) suggest that large size and smooth skin may predispose colorado river toads to desiccation , but there is no experimental evidence for this . indeed , larger size also means lower surface to volume ratio , thus relatively lower expectation of evaporation . there is no direct evidence for aestivation by the species , and it is not likely that they utilize any form of torpor to any greater extent than other species of bufo . dan beck ( unpublished data ) radio - tracked an adult colorado river toad that remained in the same burrow under a railroad tie from 26 september 1988–17 june 1989 . body temperature during that time ranged from 11 . 7 ˚c–29 . 7 ˚c . it is possible that during part of that period below the surface the toad may have been in a state of torpor or aestivation .
4k big sonoran desert toad , catching pet reptiles & amphibians in az , ca , nm herping hd .
experts said it ' s possible to lick the toad ' s venom glands to achieve psychedelic effects . [
4 . if your toad turns into a prince , stop licking it . you ' ve had enough .
e . adult habitat . colorado river toads occur primarily in deserts , including mesquite - creosote bush lowlands , but are also found in arid grasslands , rocky riparian zones with sycamore and cottonwoods , and oak - walnut woodlands in mountain canyons ( schmidt , 1953 ; fouquette , 1970 ; stebbins , 1985 ; holycross et al . , 1999 ) .
the wart - covered quartet of colorado river toads , or bufo alvarius , began stealing the limelight from their larger , greener cousins on jan . 3 , when the police accused bob shepard , a 41 - year - old teacher at a local nature center , of possession of bufotenine , an illegal hallucinogenic chemical found in the venom of these toads .
anonymous is correct . the venom has to be scraped off after the toad has been angered or made scared .
in 1983 , albert most , the founder of the church of the toad of light [ . . . ]
the colorado river toad ( bufo = incilius alvarius ) is a large mainly terrestrial toad ranging in length from 4 . 3 to 7 . 4 inches ( 110 to 187 mm ) . it has leathery skin that ranges in color from olive brown to black with a few , low rounded bumps and enlarged glands on the back of the limbs . females contain reddish - colored warts in straight lines on the back . tadpoles of this species have a brassy coloration , rounded tail , flattened body , and can reach a size of 2 . 2 inches ( 57 mm ) total length .
the toad lives primarily in the sonoran desert of the united states and northern mexico . it is protected in california and new mexico but not threatened in the state of arizona . it is the largest native toad in north american measuring between 6 - 8 inches in length and the second largest among all toads only to the non - native cain toad .
the colorado river toad is a rewarding species to work with . individuals are very aware and seem almost to recognize their keepers . they are eating machines and individuals should be monitored closely as they tend to become very fat , very quickly . reducing the amount of food per feeding will help . be sure to know your local laws regarding this species . you may be able to avoid some serious persecution by the law with just a simple phone call . do the right thing and be responsible .
it is illegal to have the poison from the toad , called bufotenin , in your possession in the state of california .
since that time there have been numerous deaths reported of people trying to get high from licking toads . most often from the non - native cain toad who ' s poison is significantly more toxic to humans than the sonoran desert toad ' s .
i . breeding migrations . during dry , pre - monsoon periods , colorado river toads seek shelter , often in rodent burrows . with the onset of summer monsoon rains , adults move overland to breeding sites . the extent of these overland migrations has not been investigated . breeding usually occurs on one night , 2 or 3 d following a major rainfall event ( sullivan and malmos , 1994 ) .
as for breeding and selling colorado river toads , good luck ! breeding them in captivity involves injecting ground up pituitary glands from other anura into mature female bufo abdomens to hormonally stimulate ovulation . i ' m still waiting to hear from the university library about my copy of the thesis this info comes from , but even the abstract makes it seem like a hell of a lot of work . . .
the first problem with toad licking is that it isn ' t just any toad that will get you high . the most famous culprit — one that has sent a lot of dogs on bad trips — is the cane toad . it and its general family , the family bufonidae , will secrete the stuff that can be sniffed , injected , or ingested to get people hallucinating .
also see the
textfiles
on toad toxins by david g . spoerke , m . s . , rph . , 1986
clay county prosecutor daniel white said possessing the toad is not illegal , but using it to get high off its venom is .
frog and toad - in the desert by ron harton is a fun and well written piece about amphibian life in the desert .
i have to admit , i am rather jealous ! i have tried to get out feelers on the possibility of getting a colorado river toad into canada and so far , i have been told rather blunty to give up . however , they said that about my pyxies , too , and now i have three of them ! i really love the last picture , of the two toads . . . the one on the left is such a cutie . . . i would pick that one for sure ! ! sigh . . . .
white said that for years people experimented with
toad licking ,
and now toad smoking is considered a substitute . to do so , a person heats up the frog ' s venom to break down its toxins and preserve the hallucinogen , which is dried .
it has been several years since we last saw this , our favorite toad , but others of his species visit us each summer .
of course the ( toad ) licking myth is newspaper hype – it is the venom that is active , and it is smoked .
the sonoran desert toad received national attention when a story was published by the new york times in 1994 about a teacher in california who became the first person to be arrested for possession of the toad ' s venom . bufotenin had been outlawed in california in 1970 .
outside of california , this toad inhabits a variety of habitats including grasslands , arid desert lowlands , mountain canyons with oaks and sycamores , and pinyon - oak - juniper mountain forests . found near washes , river bottoms , springs , reservoirs , canals , irrigation ditches , stock ponds , streams , temporary pools , and sometimes away from water sources .
then in 2007 , a man in kansas city , missouri was found with the sonoran desert toad in his possession , and was charged with possession of a controlled substance after they determined that he had intended to use the toad and its secretions for recreational purposes . . .
the conservation status of the species is
least concern
. however , in california the toad is classified as
endangered
and in
police found the toad when they went to a northern kansas city home to investigate a suspected meth lab . they later arrested david s . theiss , 21 , and charged him with three counts of possession of a controlled substance and one count of possessing drug paraphernalia — the toad .
it is the largest toad in north america found most commonly in the sonoran desert of southern california , arizona , new mexico , and mexico .
in 1984 , the first widely distributed description of smoking bufo alvarius toad - venom for its 5 - meo - dmt content came in the form of an extraordinary pamphlet titled “ bufo alvarius : the psychedelic toad of the sonoran desert by albert most ( venom press , denton , texas ) .
whether or not this small south - western underground culture of bufo alvarius toad - venom smoking had anything to do with the birth of the urban myth of cane toad licking the much more common bufo marinus toad is impossible to say , since there seems to be no basis to that the myth , and the few unfortunate youths who have been foolish enough to lick cane toads have done so because they have read reports of it in the media . this confusion between the common bufo marinus and the much rarer though very physically similar bufo alvarius toad may however have a fascinating historical precedent .
because you cant trip off weed . . . people lick colorado river toads to ingest the 5 - meo - dmt out of it ' s excretory sacks . as some of us know , dmt , or dimethyltryptamine is an extremely powerful hallucinogen . people dont get high from licking these toads like people get high from weed . they trip out . kinda like acid , but different . research your shit before you call people stupid and make yourself look like an ass .
mr . elam , who has taken an interest in caring for the toads , had developed some empathy for his wards .
one day you ' re sitting by the river ; the next you ' re a prisoner , being squeezed by a bunch of humans ,
he said .
and does your opinion even count ? no . you ' re just a toad .
as toads go , colorado river toads are relatively easy to care for , much in the same way as you would care for smaller species of bufo only on a larger scale . whereas a twenty gallon long tank my suffice for several fowler ' s toads bufo w . fowleri , bufo alvarius grows considerably larger much quicker and are notably more active , thus requiring a greater amount of space . a 50 to 75 gallon glass terrarium should be fine for two pairs of adults .
my own misadventures in toading are recorded within the pages of my book tryptamine palace which has an entire chapter dedicated to the sonoran desert toad . however what was probably my finest experience of smoking toad venom does not come from that chapter , and was supposed to be the very end of the book .
law enforcement authorities have discovered that people are willing to go to great lengths to get high , including a troubling new method that features a frightened toad .
urltoken urltoken in bc you could go herping and find some western toads ( bufo boreas boreas ) . this toad is a close relative of the california toad ( , bufo boreas halophilus ) the kind i have . mine are great pets and don ' t get humongous , so are easy to house and feed .
and finally , no section on psychedelic experiences would be complete without raiding the erwoid vaults . the following account of smoking bufo alvarius toad venom comes from 2003 .
i wish my cane toad was still alive . i didn ' t know they could tangle themselves upside down in submerged plant roots and drown themselves . : (
it ' s diet consists of just about anything it can fit in its mouth . including just about all insects , spiders , some small rodents , and other kinds of toads and frogs . it is primarily nocturnal , meaning it spends most of it ' s day underground only coming out at night . it can usually be found in other small animal holes , taking shelter from the heat till the night time comes . it is a semi - aquatic toad , meaning that it needs some source of water consistently or it will dry out . they can usually be found in river basins or near reservoirs and ponds . during the winter months it burrows deep underground to stay warm , coming out once the monsoon rains start to flood the river basins in june . the toad is most active from june through august coming out to mate and feed .
the following status listings are copied from the april 2018 special animals list and the 2017 endangered and threatened animals list , both of which are published by the california department of fish and wildlife . if no status is listed here , the animal is not included on either cdfw list . this most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal . to find out more about an animal ' s status , you can go to the natureserve and iucn websites to check their rankings . check here to see the most current complete lists . special animals list notes : 1 ) formerly bufo alvarius . between 2006 & 2009 the scientific name has been changed to cranopsis alvaria , to ollotis alvaria , to incilius alvarius , back to ollotis alvarius and then back to incilius alvarius . the common name has changed from colorado river toad to sonoran desert toad .
the venom of this toad is classed as a schedule 1 controlled substance under us law and it is illegal to possess the venom . possession of the toad in and of itself is not a crime in the usa , but of the three states where the toad is found in the wild , only arizona allows the species to be collected and then only with an arizona fishing license . however it is against arizona state law to remove the species from the state , fishing license or no fishing license .
every time i see a toad , i say that phrase . . .
i ' m not not licking toads
. . . classic ! oh homer : )
johnson , t . r . talking toad and frog poster and cassette . ( includes 20 frogs found in missouri . ) missouri dep . conserv . , jefferson city .
every once in a while you read of someone who , upon hearing about toad - sucking gives it a go and winds up vomiting tremendously and winding up in a hospital . the concoction produced in bufo toad glands not only contains a hallucinogen , but a mix of other agents designed to make predators sick . dogs oddly enough seem to fare reasonably well , though they can get terrifically spaced out . for people , the best advice is to let toad - sucking remain the stuff of legend , and forget about trying it yourself .
the toad from yuma county , arizona , shown above on the top left , was found one night in august on a road between two plowed agricultural fields next to this agricultural drain northeast of yuma arizona , about 20 miles east of california . the sonoran desert toad utilized similar developed habitat in california along with undisturbed desert habitat before its disappearance in the state ( see the imperial county photos to the left . ) this begs the question , why does this toad still persist in similar agricultural habitat nearby in arizona and not in california ?
i want to make clear that the toad emitting venom in the last photo was under minimal stress - it only hunched up like that during the actual emission ( i believe to protect its own eyes from the venom ) and showed no signs of discomfort before or after the actual emission . this is a long - term captive and tame toad that had little or no fear of humans . finally , the venom was not collected ; this was a demonstration carried out by a zoo official to illustrate the defensive mechanism of this toad species .
in october , a kansas city man was charged with possessing a controlled substance after clay county authorities determined he possessed a toad with the intent to use its venom to get high .
as a defense , sonoran desert toads use their large parotoid glands and other warty glands to excrete poisons that may cause paralysis and even death if ingested by dogs and other small animals . toads assume a butting pose , aiming the parotoid glands at an adversary . they also inflate to increase their body size . skin secretions have hallucinogenic properties . ( this is the toad involved in reports of toad licking or the smoking of dried parotoid gland secretions . some states have passed laws against toad licking or smoking , and classify the secretions of these toads as a controlled substance . )
adults are 4 - 7 1 / 2 inches from snout to vent ( 10 . 1 - 19 cm ) . ( stebbins , 2003 ) the largest toad in california before its presumed extirpation .
even dogs get into the act of sucking and licking toads . npr reported a cocker spaniel named lady , which became addicted to licking toads . lady had to go into doggie rehab . online chat rooms are filled with pet owner comments regarding their toad - licking dogs . in areas of texas where bufo alvarius is abundant , reports of toad - licking dogs acting whacked – out are common .
dark olive green color and leathery skin . they are 110 - 187mm in length . a very large toad with cranial crests , elongate parotid glands , raised warts on hind legs ( robinson 2001 ) .
is carniverous and is known to eat snails , beetles , spiders , grasshoppers , lizards , mice , and other smaller toad species . a long sticky tongue aids in catching prey ( mayhew 1968 ) .
this toad is common in the sonoran desert . it occurs in a variety of habitats including creosote bush desertscrub , grasslands up into oak - pine woodlands , and thornscrub and tropical deciduous forest in mexico .
they are an attractive species to the pet keeper due to their size and surprisingly calm and bold demeanor ( for a toad ) in captivity . they seem to tame much more readily than cane toads (
hi ive been lurking for a while . it bugs me when people get wild caught sonoran desert toads . while they may be found in ca , and nm . most of the wc colorado toad come from arizona . in az with a valid fishing license you can take a bag limit of certain wild amphibians . the law also states that az native wildlife , cannot be sold , bought , or traded . they can only be given away . it ' s also against the law to take az native wildlife outside of the state . now im not saying you guys did anything wrong . i live in az so it bugs me when i see kingsnake ads with sonorans for sale . knowing they are illegaly been taken away from my state . other than that . your pics of your toads are great . sonoran are one of my favorite toads . i currently have a great plaines toad i caught in my backyard . it ' s mansoon season now . breeding season ! theres about 4 different toad species near me . i ' m outside of the range for sonorans though . i ' m hoping i can find another red spotted toad this year .
a large toad with relatively smooth skin , prominent cranial crests , and long parotoid glands behind the eyes . there is a large white wart near the corner of the mouth and large warts on the hind legs .
molecular neurobiology student manuscripts from the university of california at berkeley : toad venom . . . their toxicity & psychoactive effects - student paper in neurochemistry . the history and psychoactivity of bufo toads - student paper in neurochemistry .
is nocturnal and more aquatic than most toad species . it is a solitary species , until the mating season in the summer months when large groups of toads gather at temporary pools to mate . if the toad is molested or bothered , it can secrete a poison which irritates the mucous membranes of most predators . this poison can affect animals as large as dogs , and can cause temporary paralysis or death ( mayhew 1968 , robinson 2001 ) .
laws pertaining to frogs vary from state to state . some rare species ( for example , houston toad , wyoming toad , pine barrens treefrog ) may be fully protected under federal or state laws . seasons and bag limits may apply to other species ( bullfrogs , for example ) . permits to remove frogs that are causing damage are available in some states . contact your state wildlife department to determine the legal status of frogs in your area .
did you know ? that , if the toad is molested or bothered , it can secrete a poison ( toxin is called bufotenine ) , which irritates the mucous membranes of most predators . this poison can affect animals as large as dogs , and can cause temporary paralysis or death . in humans it can cause powerful hallucinations when ingested and in large amounts may even be able to kill a person ( “the psychedelic toad of the sonoran desert” ) .
in their survey of 1994 , jennings and hayes noted that this toad is apparently extirpated from most or all of its sites in california . this is likely due to loss of habitat and to pesticide use brought about by modern agricultural methods . according to a california department of fish and game report , no toads have been collected or observed in california since 1955 . this toad has also declined in new mexico , but is abundant in many parts of arizona .
who ' s posterior is the sheriff ' s dept . licking , in regards to the prosecution of this case ? do you know there is a state park in arkansas named toad suck . makes ya think . . . .
) and a full grown adult makes an impressive display animal that usually isn ' t hiding all the time like most ground dwellings true toads . they are unfussy eaters and an adult sonoran desert toad is quite capable of eating an adult mouse , though these should not consititute a significant part of the toad ' s diet due to the reports of complications in amphibians fed regularly with mice and rats . crickets and cockroaches , both captive cultured , are the best staples . our
no we did not smoke or lick any of these toads . our toad catching was purely innocent at the time and it wasn ' t until afterwards when i researched the toads did we find out they have quite the history to them .
there are large elongate paratoid glands which lie beside and come into contact with the obvious cranial crests . this toad species has a white bump that marks the corner of each side of its mouth . its belly color is soft white . it is not so much a vocal species of toad , its call is rather subdued and sounds much like a short hoot , lasting about a second . in captivity , this species shuffles around frequently and these sounds of activity are often mistaken for snuffling vocalizations .
investigators describe mr . shepard as friendly , intelligent and interested in helping others understand the powers of toad venom . he has even made an informational videotape for those who are prosecuting him , mr . elam said , and has helped guide their research .
toad licking has long been recognized as a stupid , risky way to try to get high . but do you know the biochemistry that determines how stupid and risky it actually , and how high you could get . let ' s squeeze some toads .
if i were you i ' d get a rococco ( spelling ? ) or a marine toad instead - easier to come by , no drug implications , and marines can become very tame ( eating dog food out of a bowl for you ) .
i wonder what the availability is on them in canada ? from what i have read of marine toads , they are poisonous and are a potential threat to native species , which means canada may not let them across the border . maybe i should start looking for a native toad species . i have yet to come across anything remotely amphibian in my own city yet i know they are out there . . . . . a nice canadian toad would suit me just fine ! thanks for the suggestions john .
here is a very random description of smoking toad from one of the true psychedelic pioneers , the spiritual advisor baba ram dass ( be here now ) who was formerly chiefly known as timothy leary’s associate richard alpert , phd . ( the psychedelic experience . )
no doubt thanks to enthusiastic descriptions such as this one albert most’s pamphlet was popular underground reading ( non - pun intended ! ) through out the sonoran desert region . most and his friends even formed an informal “church of the toad of light” that was never officially incorporated , and a small but enthusiastic population of bufo alvarius toad - venom smokers has undoubtedly existed since this time . dried bufo alvarius venom was occasionally sold on the underground market as ‘organic dmt’ venom , and has been reported from los angeles to germany !
raccoons have learned to pull a toad out of the water by its leg and flip it over on its back and start feeding on it ' s stomach , a strategy that keeps the raccoon far away from the toad ' s poison glands . the poison has been shown to be toxic to humans ( only very mildly so ) when consumed orally , but there are almost no poisonous effects when smoked . after inhalation users usually experience a warm sensation , euphoria , and strong auditory hallucinations . no long term effects have been reported .
users “milk” the glands of the toad onto a mirror . when it is dry , the user can either take it orally or smoke it . users who use this drug will have symptoms consistent with a hallucinogenic drug , and many report being high anywhere between one and eight hours .
while smoking toad venom might sound extreme , an even more disturbing method to get high possibly includes sniffing fermented human waste . vicky ward , manager of prevention services at tri - county mental health services in kansas city , said she has read e - mail warnings about a drug called jenkem .
while mr . shepard has also been charged with possession of a handful of other hallucinogenic substances , including mescal cactus , psychedelic mushrooms and lsd , it is the toad venom , which mr . shepard told investigators he had dried and smoked , that has drawn attention in an otherwise routine drug bust .
just as a bonus , toads secrete substances that weaken muscles and cause extreme nausea , too . so the overall effect of toad licking can cause a person to have vivid hallucinations , a racing heart , and muscles too weak to carry their constantly - vomiting body to the bathroom , let alone the hospital .
all that aside , once one has a toad in their possession i don ' t believe they require special permits , unless that crazy bill went through a while ago… a quick search of the cites website didn ' t turn up any references for bufo alvarius . couple other bufo species , but not alvarius .
additionally , the researchers only used twenty - one toads in their study and the level of compounds varied dramatically from one toad to the next . their results from the twenty values give an average of 9 . 8 % of 5 - meo - dmt per gram of dried skin . while the actual level of 5 - meo - dmt contained in the venom may be somewhat higher than this study concluded , the variability in the amount of this compound present in any toad ' s venom may render this conclusion irrelevant in practicality . one may never be completely sure how much of the active compounds are actually present in any given dose . ( see
i cannot tell by what logic we call a toad , a bear , or an elephant ugly ; they being created in those outward shapes and figures which best express the actions of their inward frames ; and having passed that general visitation of god , who saw that all that he had made was good . sir thomas browne , 1642 .
as mentioned above , it is illegal to posses the toad in any state except arizona . in arizona it is legal to posses up to to 10 toads with a valid arizona fishing license . however , if it can be proven that the possession of the toads is for recreational drug use , it would constitute a criminal violation there as well .
like most toads , sonoran desert toads eat anything that it can overtake and capture , mainly a variety of invertebrates , but lizards , mice , and toads have also been observed in its stomach contents . sometimes this toad can be seen sitting at night under a street light , eating passing flying insects . tadpoles are presumed to eat algae and detritus .
after two weeks at 55° f the toads were removed from the cold room and kept three hours at room temperature . they were then injected with 2ml . of beef pituitary extract , dissolved in absolute ethanol . the suspension was drawn into a 5 ml . luer - type syringe , and was injected with an 18 gauge needle . the injections were made with the toad placed with the dorsal region facing the palm of the hand , and the cloacal region pointing towards the finger tips . holding the toad in the above manner with the left hand , the injection was made in the lower left quadrant , about one - fourth inch into the abdominal region . care was taken to avoid injury to vital organs , especially blood vessels .
the main defense of this toad is a poison that it secretes from glands in the skin . although this poison won ' t typically kill an adult human , it can make you very sick if you handle the frog and get the poison in your mouth . dogs can get sick or die if they pick up the frog with their mouths and play with it .


amata pleurosticta is a moth of the arctiidae family .

it was described by hampson in 1898 .

it is found on borneo .

the habitat consists of lowland areas .

adults are small and have transparent patches on their wings .

amata pleurosticta

amata pleurasticta [ sic , recte pleurosticta ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62
ceryx pleurosticta hampson , 1898 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 35 , f . 14 ; tl : borneo , sandakan
amata ( amata ) sperbius gressitti ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 82
amata ( amata ) sinica obraztsov , 1966 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 93 ; tl : tschinkiang
amata ( amata ) edwardsii ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448
amata ( amata ) sinica ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449
amata ( amata ) edwardsii edwardsii ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448
amata ( amata ) edwardsii formosensis ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448
amata ( amata ) fortunei matsumurai ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449
studien über die palaearktischen amatiden v . zur geographischen variabilität von amata nigricornis alph .
amata calidupensis rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 432
amata magrettii berio , 1937 ; ann . mus . nat . genova 59 : 370
studien über die palaearktischen amatiden . iii . über eine rasse von amata phegea l .
amata magnopupillata berio , 1941 ; mem . soc . ent . ital . 20 : 121
= amata collaris ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 73
= amata fortunei ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 90
amata atricornuta gaede , 1926 ; dt . ent . zs . 1926 ( 2 ) : 114
amata inconstans gaede , 1926 ; dt . ent . zs . 1926 ( 2 ) : 113
obraztsovi ebert , 1969 ; reichenbachia 12 : 157 ( preocc . amata obraztsovi kiriakoff , 1954 )
= amata germana germana ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 103
= amata phegea ligata ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 216
= amata ragazzii asperomontana ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 244
= amata nigricornis rossica ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 302
= amata mestralii mestralii ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 349
studien über die palaearktischen amatiden . iv : was is amata ( syntomis ) herthula stdr . ?
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amata ( amata ) ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 61 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448
amata ( amata ) atkinsoni ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 85 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448
amata ( amata ) sperbius ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 80 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449
amata ( amata ) septentrionalis ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 83 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449
amata ( amata ) emma ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 67 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448
amata ( amata ) fortunei ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 90 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449
amata ( syntomis ) aucta ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 149
amata ( syntomis ) mogadorensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 167
amata ( syntomis ) bactriana ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 327
amata ( syntomis ) cocandica ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 330
amata ( syntomis ) taurica ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 340
amata ( syntomis ) antiochena ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 341
amata ( syntomis ) libanotica ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 343
amata ( syntomis ) mestralii ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 346
amata ( syntomis ) turbida ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 351
amata ( syntomis ) maracandina ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 353
amata ( syntomis ) dimorpha ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 373
amata ( amata ) sperbius sperbius ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 82 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449
amata albobasis kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 433
amata elwesi rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 432 ; tl : burmah
amata hypomela kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 432
amata marinoides kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 433
amata obraztsovi kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 433
amata schoutedeni kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 434
amata fabricius , 1807 ; mag . f . insektenk . 6 : 289 ; ts : zygaena passalis fabricius
amata ( syntomis ) germana nigricauda ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 110
amata ( syntomis ) divisa sikkima ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 142
amata phegea phegea nat . kijevana ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 213
amata ( syntomis ) ragazzii ragazzii ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 242
amata ( syntomis ) nigricornis rossica ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 302
amata ( syntomis ) nigricornis jaica ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 305
amata ( syntomis ) aequipuncta aequipuncta ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 283
amata ( syntomis ) cocandica cocandica ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 333
amata ( syntomis ) mestralii mestralii ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 346
amata ( syntomis ) maracandina maracandina ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 355
amata ( syntomis ) caspia caspia ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 366
amata ( syntomis ) caspia martinierici ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 367
amata ( amata ) emma ab . torquatella ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 72 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448
amata ( amata ) fortunei ab . yezonis ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 93 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449
amata ( amata ) fortunei ab . erebina ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 93 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449
amata montagua de freina , 2014 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 35 ( 4 ) : 217
amata pseudosimplex de freina , 2013 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 33 ( 4 ) : 152
amata snelleni rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 432 ; tl : east java
amata wallacei paucicincta holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 8 ; tl : tutong , n . borneo
amata elisoides holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 8 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
amata pembertoni rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 431 ; tl : cailulu , angola
amata vicarians holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 18 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
= amata fortunei ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 90 ; [ nhm card ]
amata ( syntomis ) grahami obraztsov , 1966 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 138 ; tl : szetschwan
amata ( syntomis ) ragazzii ab . posticipluspuncta ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 242
amata ( syntomis ) nigricornis nigricornis nat . osthelderi obraztsov , 1966 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 312
amata ( syntomis ) kruegeri ab . striata ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 259
amata ( syntomis ) sintenisi f . sintenisi ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 338
amata ( syntomis ) sintenisi f . aurivala ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 339
= amata caspia ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450
this category is for stub articles relating to moths of the genus amata . you can help by expanding them . to add an article to this category , use { { amata - stub } } instead of { { stub } } .
amata kenredi rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 436 ; tl : bopoto , upper congo
amata vicarians api holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 19 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
= amata edwardsii edwardsii ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448
= amata germana germana ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453
amata bogoriensis roepke , 1937 ; ent . z . frankf . a . m . 50 : 490 [ borgoriensis ? ]
amata yunnanensis rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 2 ) : 155 ; tl : tali , upper yunnan
amata ( syntomis ) phegea ligata nat . orientalis ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 228
amata ( syntomis ) ragazzii asperomontana m . atavistica ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 246
= amata fervida ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 35
amata micantala hulstaert , 1923 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 11 : 185 ; tl : okaba
amata congenita hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 93 ; tl : madras , nilgiris , ouchterloni valley , 3500ft
amata connectens rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 433 ; tl : bernardmyo , burmah , 6000ft
amata democharis schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 51 ; tl : surigao
amata ( syntomis ) fervida ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452
= amata trifenestrata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 26
amata ( syntomis ) issikii ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454
amata ( syntomis ) luteifascia ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454
amata ( syntomis ) nigrifrons ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455
amata owstoni rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 2 ) : 155 ; tl : phuc - son , annam
amata ( syntomis ) pectoralis ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455
amata ( syntomis ) pryeri ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455
amata pseudextensa rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 435 ; tl : mt kina balu , borneo
amata ( syntomis ) quadrifascia ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455
amata ( syntomis ) rantaisana ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455
amata ( syntomis ) vitrea ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456
amata ( syntomis ) wilemani ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456
= amata perixanthia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 36
amata ( syntomis ) hoenei obraztsov , 1966 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 132 ; tl : hangtschou , tschekiang
amata ( syntomis ) hoenei ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454
amata ( syntomis ) kuatuna ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454
amata ( syntomis ) dichotomoides ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451
amata ( syntomis ) chekianga ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450
amata ( syntomis ) grahami ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454
amata ( syntomis ) compta ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450
amata aureola ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 59
= amata alicia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28
amata syntomoides ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62
amata leucosoma ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61
amata multifasciata ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61
amata ( syntomis ) shirakii ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456
amata ( syntomis ) borneogena obraztsov , 1955 ; psyche , 62 : 32 ; tl : lundu mt . , kuching , sarawak
amata albicornis rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 433 ; tl : mauson mtns , tonkin , 3000ft
amata cinctelisa holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 10 ; tl : mt . marapok , dent province , n . borneo
amata macroflavifer holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 16 ; tl : mt . marapok , dent province , n . borneo
amata nigrobasalis rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 436 ; tl : cape coast castle , west afria
= amata confluens ab . leechi ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451
amata ( syntomis ) sinensis fukiensis ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456
? amata ( syntomis ) formosensis ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452
amata ( syntomis ) xanthoma atuntseensis obraztsov , 1966 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 146 ; tl : atuntse , yunnan
amata ( syntomis ) xanthoma atuntseensis ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 457
amata ( syntomis ) dinara dinara de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101
amata quadripunctata rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 433 ; tl : padang sidempoean , w . sumatra
amata banguia schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 53 ; tl : bangui , philippines
amata eleonora schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 52 ; tl : surigao , philippines
amata francisca ; de freina , 2009 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 29 ( 4 ) : 180 ; [ afromoths ]
amata subaana schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 53 ; tl : subaan , philippines
amata tenera hulstaert , 1923 ; rev . zool . afr . 11 ( 4 ) : 409 ; tl : kwamouth ♂ ; malela ♀
amata ( syntomis ) t - nigra ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456
amata ( syntomis ) kuatuna obraztsov , 1966 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 133 ; tl : kuatun , fukien , 2300m
amata wiltshirei kordestana de freina & hagen , 2003 ; linneana belgica 19 ( 1 ) : 52 ; tl : w . iran , kordestan
= amata kruegeri quercii ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 104
= amata kruegeri albionica ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105
= amata kruegeri marjana ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 106
= amata kruegeri marjana ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105
amata ( syntomis ) mestralii palaestinae [ sic , recte palestinae ] ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 350
the male genitalia show this species to belong to amata rather than ceryx . the specimens dissected were too damaged for the genitalia to be illustrated .
amata alberti rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 2 ) : 154 ; tl : kumasi river , ne . british new guinea
amata henrici ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 376 , pl . 4 , f . 4 ; [ nhm card ]
amata kalidupensis ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 376 , pl . 3 , f . 46 ; [ nhm card ]
amata owstoni ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 377 , pl . 5 , f . 6 ; [ nhm card ]
amata recedens ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 20 ; [ aucl ]
amata simillima rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 434 ; tl : pulo bisa , n of obi i .
= amata confluens ( leechi ) ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 33
amata ( syntomis ) sinensis fukiensis obraztsov , 1966 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 132 ; tl : kuatun , fukien , 2300m
amata ( syntomis ) grotei f . arenae ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454
amata ( syntomis ) hyrcana ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 110
amata ( syntomis ) kordestana ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 105
amata ( syntomis ) aserbeidjana ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 105
= amata phegea ( krugeri ) ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 40
amata ( syntomis ) beluchistana ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 116
amata ( syntomis ) harandii ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 117
amata ( syntomis ) albertiana obraztsov , 1966 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 372 ; tl : dsdgar mtn , tibet , 300m
amata artapha schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 52 ; tl : surigao , mindanao , philippines
amata calidupensis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 13 ; [ nhm card ]
amata cerbera ; de freina , 2009 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 29 ( 4 ) : 178 , 180 ; [ afromoths ]
= amata cerbera ; [ nhm card ] ; de freina , 2009 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 29 ( 4 ) : 180
amata dapontes schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 52 ; tl : virac , luzon , philippines
amata democles schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 51 ; tl : catbalogan and surigao , philippines
amata tigrina ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 29 ; [ nhm card ]
amata trifenestrata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 26 ; [ nhm card ]
amata ( syntomis ) dichotomoides obraztsov , 1966 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 135 ; tl : e . tienmuschan , tschekiang , 1500m
amata ( syntomis ) chekianga obraztsov , 1966 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 138 ; tl : west - tienmuschan , tschekiang , 1600m
amata ( syntomis ) hyrcana hyrcana ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 110
amata ( syntomis ) kruegeri quercii ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 104
amata ( syntomis ) kruegeri albionica ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105
amata ( syntomis ) kruegeri pedemontii ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105
amata actea ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 59
amata aurea ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 59
amata chlorocera ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 59
amata congenita ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 59
amata era ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60
amata extensa ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60
amata flavifrons ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60
amata gelatina ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60
amata hydatina ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61
amata insueta ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61
amata kalidupensis rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 432 ; tl : kalidupa , toekan besi is . , sw of celebes
amata khasiana ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61
amata lucina ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61
amata minor ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61
= amata humeralis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 14 ; [ nhm card ]
= amata cuprizonata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 27 ; [ nhm card ]
amata pseudextensa ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 39 ; [ mob6 ] , 17
= amata tomasina ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 ; [ nhm card ]
amata submarginalis ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62
amata unifascia ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62
amata verecunda ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 63
amata williami rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 433 ; tl : kikuyu escarpment , british east afriac , 6500 - 9000ft
amata wimberleyi ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 63
amata passalis ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62
amata cyssea ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60
amata ( amata ) cingulata ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 78 ; arora , 1980 , rec . zool . surv . india 77 ( 1 - 4 ) : 18 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448
= amata grotei ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ]
= amata alicia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 ; [ nhm card ]
amata nigricornis turgaica obraztsov , 1937 ; ent . rundsch . 54 : 466 , f . 8 - 9 ; tl : uralsk distr . , bertschogur bei turgaiskaja
amata jacksoni ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 27 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata kenredi ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 376 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata williami ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 376 , pl . 3 , f . 47 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata croceizona ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 26 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata hemiphoenica ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 13 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata humeralis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
amata lampetis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 18 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
amata miozona ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 26 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata pactolina ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 19 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
amata tomasina ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata sperbius gressitti bytinski - salz , 1939 ; ent . rec . 51 : 152 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 ; tl : hainan , nodoa
amata alicia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata ( synomis ) ragazzii silaensis obraztsov , 1966 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 243 ; tl : camigliatelle , sila grande , s . italy , 1300m
amata gil witt , kravchenko , speidel , mooser , junnila & müller , 2007 ; nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 368 ; tl : israel , hermon , 2200m
amata gracillima aurivillius , 1925 ; zweiten dt . zentral - afrika - exped . ( zool . ) 1 ( lep 4 ) : 1300 ; tl : belgian congo , kimuenza
amata wiltshirei bytinski - salz , 1939 ; ent . rec . 51 : 150 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : iraq , kurdistan , rayat
amata monothyris hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 43 , pl . 3 , f . 9 ; tl : uganda
amata subdiabphana hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 16 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : java
amata basithyris hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 44 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : sierra leone
amata dyschlaena ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 15 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; [ aucl ]
amata fruhstorferi rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 435 ( ? preocc . callitomis fruhstorferi hampson , 1898 ) ; tl : manson mtns , tonkin , 3000ft
amata melitospila ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 20 , pl . 2 , f . 2 ; [ aucl ]
amata orphnaea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 23 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; [ aucl ]
amata paraula ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 25 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; [ aucl ]
amata trigonophora ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 20 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; [ aucl ]
amata sperbius septentrionalis bytinski - salz , 1939 ; ent . rec . 51 : 151 , pl . 10 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : se . szechuan , ginfu shan
amata menia bytinski - salz , 1939 ; ent . rec . 51 : 152 , pl . 10 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : tibet , menia , hotshu - river
amata melaproctis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 19 , pl . 1 , f . 29 ; [ nhm card ]
amata palanana ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 36 , pl . 2 , f . 25 ; [ nhm card ]
amata punctata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; [ nhm card ]
amata ticaonis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 24 , pl . 2 , f . 11 ; [ nhm card ]
amata xanthostidsa hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 20 ; tl : philippines , manila
amata hirayamae matsumura , 1927 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 19 ( 1 ) : 74 , pl . 4 , f . 14 ♀ ; tl : formosa
amata ( syntomis ) transcaspica obraztsov , 1941 ; acta mus . zool . , kijev univ 1 : 138 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; tl : [ transcaspia , krasnovodsk ]
amata ( syntomis ) hissarica stschetkin , 1979 ; tr . vsesoyuz . ent . obshch . 61 : 127 ; tl : [ tadjikistan , hissar range , varzob ravine , gushchary , 1400m ]
syntomis ( amata ) ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 95 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450
= amata germana germana ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 103 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453
= amata divisa divisa ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 141 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451
amata xanthopleura hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 41 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : uganda , e . busoga
amata ( syntomis ) fenestrata ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 96 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452
amata ( syntomis ) germana ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 99 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453
amata ( syntomis ) lucerna ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 112 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454
amata ( syntomis ) flava ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 115 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452
amata ( syntomis ) pascus ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 116 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455
amata ( syntomis ) acrospila ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 118 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450
amata ( syntomis ) confluens ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 121 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451
amata ( syntomis ) euryzona ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 123 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452
amata ( syntomis ) perixanthia ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 127 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455
amata ( syntomis ) persimilis ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 126 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455
amata ( syntomis ) sinensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 129 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456
amata ( syntomis ) dichotoma ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 136 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451
amata ( syntomis ) concurrents ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 137 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451
amata ( syntomis ) divisa ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 139 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451
amata ( syntomis ) handelmazzettii ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 143 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454
amata ( syntomis ) xanthoma ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 144 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456
amata ( syntomis ) szechuana ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 147 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456
amata ( syntomis ) yunnanensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 148 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 457
amata ( syntomis ) davidi ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 151 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451
amata ( syntomis ) masoni ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 153 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455
amata ( syntomis ) menia ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 154 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455
amata ( syntomis ) grotei ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 157 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454
amata ( syntomis ) sladeni ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 159 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456
amata ( syntomis ) hunana ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 162 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454
amata ( syntomis ) naderii de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 113 ; tl : iran , ilam , ghalajeh - pass , 2000m
amata ( syntomis ) ganssuensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 315 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452
amata ( syntomis ) caspia ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 363 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450
amata ( syntomis ) bicincta ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 368 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450
amata cyanea hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; tl : uganda , mbale , mt kokanjero
amata n ' tebi [ = ntebi ] bethune - baker , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 41 ) : 531 ; tl : n ' tebi , uganda
amata huebneri ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ mob6 ] , 23 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61
amata ( syntomis ) germana germana ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 103 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453
amata ( syntomis ) germana hirayamae ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 106 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453
amata ( syntomis ) germana genzana ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 106 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453
amata ( syntomis ) sinensis sinensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 131 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456
amata ( syntomis ) divisa divisa ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 141 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451
amata ( syntomis ) divisa disrupta ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 142 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451
amata ( syntomis ) xanthoma xanthoma ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 146 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456
amata ( syntomis ) ganssuensis ganssuensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 320 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452
amata ( syntomis ) ganssuensis herzi ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 321 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453
amata ( syntomis ) ganssuensis melanocera ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 322 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453
amata chloroscia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 26 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata cholmlei ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 32 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata choneutospila ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 18 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
amata chroma ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 19 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
amata chromatica ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 22 , pl . 2 , f . 7 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
amata congener ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 39 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata consimilis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 26 , pl . 2 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata cuprizonata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 27 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata endocrocis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 , pl . 2 , f . 16 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata heptaspila ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 22 , pl . 2 , f . 5 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
amata lagosensis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 7 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata magistri ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 23 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
amata monticola ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata paradelpha ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 17 , pl . 1 , f . 26 ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ]
amata phaeobasis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 , pl . 2 , f . 17 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata phaeochyta ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 18 , pl . 1 , f . 28 ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ]
amata phepsalotis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 22 , pl . 2 , f . 13 ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ]
amata prosomoea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 15 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
amata rubritincta ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 18 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata tripunctata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 44 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata tritonia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 41 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata xanthosoma ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 14 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
amata xanthura ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 21 , pl . 2 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
amata ( syntomis ) fenestrata ab . sepulcrorum ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 96 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452
amata ( syntomis ) confluens ab . leechi ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 123 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451
amata ( syntomis ) persica ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 163 ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 106
amata ( syntomis ) hyrcana sharestana de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 113 ; tl : w - iran , luristan , bisheh , 1200 - 1700m
amata ( syntomis ) wiltshirei ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 164 ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 104
amata symphona ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob6 ] , 22
amata ( syntomis ) germana germana ab . kolthoffi ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 103 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453
amata ( syntomis ) germana hirayamae ab . nitobei ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 107 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453
amata ( syntomis ) nigricornis nigricornis ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 307 ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 116
amata ( syntomis ) kruegeri kruegeri ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 260 ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 104
amata ( syntomis ) kruegeri marjana ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 266 ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105
amata ( syntomis ) kruegeri odessana ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 271 ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 106
amata ( syntomis ) harandii de freina & naderi , 2008 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 29 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105 , f . 1 ; tl : iran , khuzestan , izeh , 400m
amata ( syntomis ) sovinskiji obraztsov , 1966 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 324 , f . 64 , pl . 26 , f . 1 - 4 ; tl : [ uzbekistan ] north namangan , padsha - ata
amata ( syntomis ) dinara de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 108 ; tl : west - iran , buyer ahmad - o - kuhgilui , kuh - e - dinar
amata ( syntomis ) maracandina pamira obraztsov , 1966 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 355 , f . 74 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 7 ; tl : [ tadjikistan ] south pamir , langar , vachan
amata ( syntomis ) kamarana de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 109 ; tl : iran , esfahan , fereidun shar s , gardanes - ye - kamaran , 2900 - 3200m
amata alberti ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 377 , pl . 5 , f . 7 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ]
amata albicornis ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 41 ; [ nhm card ]
amata connectens ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 37 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 33 ; [ nhm card ]
amata fruhstorferi ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ]
amata snelleni ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 35 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 29 ; [ nhm card ]
amata ( syntomis ) dinara esfahanica de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 109 ; tl : iran , chakarmahal - va - bakhtiyari , borujen s , dorahun 6km s , 1850m - 2100m
amata phoenicozona ; arora , 1980 , rec . zool . surv . india 77 ( 1 - 4 ) : 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62
amata ( syntomis ) sheljuzhkoi obraztsov , 1966 ; veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 272 , f . 16 , 6 , pl . 20 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl :
daghestan , dorf ussuch - tschaj bei achty , 800m
amata ( syntomis ) beluchistana de freina , 2008 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 89 , f . 1 - 3 ; tl : iran . balucestan , kuh - e - taftan , jam chin , 2500m
amata nigrobasalis ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 28 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 44 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata pembertoni ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 376 , pl . 3 , f . 45 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 16 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
amata elongata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 29 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60
amata madurensis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 15 , pl . 1 , f . 23 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61
hampson ; seitz , 1912 - 1913 : 63 ; holloway , 1976 : 1 .
this is a small species with transparent patches on the wings in similar positions to those of the elisa group but with the discal one of the forewing distinctly smaller than the distal and posterior ones . each segment is narrowly ringed yellow , each ring constricted or broken dorsally .
this species has narrow forewings and white abdominal rings as in brooksi . the forewing patches are relatively much enlarged but also elongated ; the apex is very massively marked with white as in stellaris snellen . in the male genitalia ( perak specimen ) the aedeagus vesica has a single row of cornuti , those in the centre of the row longest , those in its basal part moderate , and those in the distal part small . the right valve is triangular as in brooksi but the costal angle is obtuse rather than acute ; the distal edge of the triangle is densely invested with short , dark setae . these setae spread over a more irregular area on the slightly tapering left valve . the basal costal processes are similar to those of stellaris .
= syntomis ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 59
= ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]
= ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 10 ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 10 ; [ aucl ] ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; obraztsov , 1966 , veröff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 10 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448 ; [ afromoths ]