gars ( or garpike ) are members of the lepisosteiformes ( or semionotiformes ) , an ancient holosteian order of ray-finned fish ; fossils from this order are known from the late cretaceous onwards .

the family lepisosteidae includes seven living species of fish in two genera that inhabit fresh , brackish , and occasionally marine , waters of eastern north america , central america and the caribbean islands .

gars have elongated bodies that are heavily armored with ganoid scales , and fronted by similarly elongated jaws filled with long , sharp teeth .

all of the gars are relatively large fish , but the alligator gar ( atractosteus spatula ) is the largest , as specimens have been reported to be 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) in length ; however , they typically grow to 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) and weigh over 45.3 kg ( 100 lb ) .

unusually , their vascularised swim bladders can function as lungs , and most gars surface periodically to take a gulp of air .

gar flesh is edible and the hard skin and scales of gars are used by humans .

gar

i am so gar for archer .
gaogaigar is so incredibly gar .
used gar skins as protective covers . furthermore , gar species such as this have maintained a spiral valve intestine throughout their evolutionary
episode 14 left me totally gar for archer .
you are gar for badasses , but gay for traps .
i & apos ; m gar for archer .
of course . everyone & apos ; s gar for archer .
here are some useful ( and painstakingly completed ) links for you to access should you want to identify your gar or learn more about gar identification .
gar’s mission is to help akron become smarter , stronger , and more vibrant .
gar wood ' s miss america viii race boat to be auctioned in florida .
gar - ezer , spontaneous breakdown in two dimensional space - time , commun .
aran ' gar : etymology explained in the series as a type of blade .
osan ' gar : etymology explained in the series as a type of blade .
distribution and ecology of alligator gar in oklahoma : : documents . ok . gov
orthologs of human mhc class ii and class iii region genes in spotted gar .
tabasco’s freshwater gar , an ancient , primitive fish with a face like an alligator’s .
for deﬁnitions and results concerning these see the book by garnett , [ gar ] .
there are seven known species of gar , and all are quite abundant in their ranges . in the southeastern united states , where the alligator gar lives , they are prized by sport fishermen for the fierce fight they give when hooked . gar meat is edible , but is extremely bony and rarely consumed . gar eggs are highly toxic to humans .
the spotted gar genome assembly is available from genbank under accession gca _ 000242695 . 1 . rna - seq data are available from the sequence read archive ( sra ) under accessions srp042013 ( broad institute gar transcriptome ) , srp044781 – srp044784 ( phylofish transcriptomes of zebrafish , gar , bowfin and medaka ) and srp063942 ( gar small rna - seq for mirna annotation ) . gar scpp gene sequences are available from genbank under accessions ku189274 – ku189300 .
sister species to the spotted gar , this fish looks nearly identical but primarily resides in florida . it is frequently seen in roadside canals , and much of the everglades . it’s the most common gar in the pet trade , and often mislabeled as “alligator gar . ”
the spotted gar is one of three gar species native to texas . they are primitive fish and date back to the cretaceous period , some 65 to 100 million years ago . the ancestors of spotted gar swam with the dinosaurs ! a large gar can eat a lot of fish , including catfish , causing them to compete with some anglers . because of the competition and because many people think gar are difficult to clean , gar are sometimes called a
trash
fish . this term may not be warranted when you consider that spotted gar , like all native species , have an important role to play in their ecosystem .
“ 1 gar ” in dictionary of the irish language , royal irish academy , 1913–76 .
ae man may tak a horse to the water , but twenty winna gar him drink .
the 7 gar ( lepisosteidae ) species of the world . find prints of this gartwork at
fish species identification , roughfish , suckers carp buffalo bowfin gar whitefish eels burbot sculpin etc .
american alligators are a potential predator of alligator gar , image courtesy u . s . geological survey
while there are no confirmed attacks on people , alligator gar continue to be feared by many .
the gar is a fish . . . is a bird . . . is a mammal ?
gar
in foclóir gaeilge - béarla , an gúm , 1977 , by niall ó dónaill .
figure 5 : identification and functional analysis of the gar and teleost early - phase hoxd enhancer cns65 .
rothwell , gar w . 1998 . life on earth , paleobotany . geotimes 43 : 44 - 45 .
jeff yoder is an associate professor of immunology at nc state’s college of veterinary medicine and a contributor to the gar genome project . he agreed to a short q & a about the significance of the spotted gar’s genome .
the longnose gar ' s tough scales keep it safe from most natural predators ; however , young gar commonly fall prey to larger predatory fish . in florida and the southern region , the billly gar can be preyed on by the american alligator . when it comes to their own hunt , their spiky teeth enable the gar to prey on smaller fish and crustaceans . when hunting , the gar remains stealthy and motionless , but have been known to stalk prey . they catch prey sideways , then manipulate it so that it will enter head - first .
by gar , if my wife die ' count of this , i goin ' kill you , jarth rolan .
the longnose gar is most easily identified by its long , narrow snout and slender body . longnose gars have the longest and most narrow snout of all gar species . longnose gars are also the most slender among the 7 species of gar , especially when under 18
. specimens over 2 ' have been noted to get quite thick .
world record in 2011 , a commercial fisherman accidentally caught the largest alligator gar on record in mississippi’s lake chotard . the gar was 8 . 5 feet long , weighed 327 pounds and was believed to be 94 years old .
gar immunoglobulin genes ( supplementary fig . 22 ) and transcripts generally resemble those of teleosts . unexpectedly , gar has a second , distinct igm locus but lacks igt ( igz ) 58 , 59 , thought to provide mucosal immunity 60 , suggesting that igt is teleost specific and that gar ganoid scales may suffice for exterior surface protection . gar t cell receptor genes ( supplementary fig . 23 ) are tightly linked as in mammals but , unlike in xenopus tropicalis 61 , are downstream of v h and j h segments . phylogenetic analyses of toll - like receptor ( tlr ) genes ( supplementary fig . 24 ) in tetrapods , teleosts and gar showed that the 16 identifiable gar tlrs encompass all six major tlr families 62 . gar tlrs appear to share evolutionary histories with the tlrs from teleosts and / or tetrapods . gar encodes nitr ( novel immune - type receptor ) genes ( supplementary fig . 25 ) , which function in allorecognition and were thought to be teleost specific 63 , 64 . the 17 gar nitr genes form 15 families , suggesting few recent tandem duplications or rapid divergence after gene duplication . in sum , the gar immunogenome bridges teleosts to tetrapods .
gar rourke didn ' t ask to be the colusa treasurer , but ended up serving 17 years in the post .
the longnose gar along with a few other fish species have existed relatively unchanged since before the age of the dinosaurs .
spotted gar genome at ensembl , urltoken ; synteny database , urltoken ; phylofish portal , urltoken ; repeatmasker , urltoken .
the longnose gar is an animal , but more defining , is part of the actinopterygii class of ray - finned fishes and the lepisosteidae family of gar pikes , garfishes , and other gar , of which there are seven recognized species today . also , even though they are similar in shape and appearance , l . osseus is not related to the needlefishes .
the shortnose gar is most easily identified by its lack of spots on head or body , but spotted individuals occasionally found from clear water habitats . the snout of larger specimens are shorter and broader than that of the longnose gar and spotted gar . however , smaller specimens have narrower snouts that get broader with time and growth . the caudal peduncle is shorter than that of the longnose gar . these fish have two rows of teeth , but only the outer row of teeth is prominent .
gar awards grants to organizations and programs that foster the needs of the akron community and fall within our primary giving areas .
i suah ' members de time she hooked dat ole gar , en hollered fo ' help tuh pull ' im out .
gar was a challenge to me , for i saw in him something wild , untamed , and , perhaps , untamable .
identification : all gars have long and slender bodies , beak - like jaws , and large , diamond - shaped scales . alligator gar is the largest species , reaching 9 ft . ( 300 lbs ) . it is distinguished from other gars by its short , broad snout , and heavy body . spotted gar has a unique pattern of large spots on the top of head and body . shortnose gar is similar to spotted gar , but lacks spots on head and body . both species are
distribution and habitat : longnose gar is common statewide in streams , rivers , and reservoirs . spotted gar and shortnose gar occur in the ohio and mississippi rivers and in western kentucky , from the lower green river basin to the mississippi river . alligator gar once occurred in the ohio and mississippi rivers and in backwaters and embayments along the lower ohio and mississippi river floodplains in western kentucky . the kentucky department of fish and wildlife resources is working to re - establish native populations to these habitats .
lateral close - up headshot of a . tropicus . notice that the snout is shorter than that of a florida gar .
appearance alligator gar are long , slender fish with bony , diamond - shaped scales . they are distinguished from other gar by a heavier body and a relatively shorter , broader snout filled with two rows of canine - like teeth . alligator gar generally have a dark , olive green body that fades into a white belly , and their fins are often a reddish - pink .
in new york state , we have only one species of gar : the longnose —named for having the longest snout in relation to the rest of the body . although a large fish for our region , the longnose certainly isn’t the largest gar in the world . that honor goes to the alligator gar , a native of the southeastern us that can weigh more than 300 pounds !
the alligator gar inhabits large , slow moving rivers , reservoirs , oxbow lakes , bayous and bays , in fresh and brackish water . the alligator gar is the most tolerant gar species of high salinity and occasionally strays into salt water . young may be seen at the surface in debris such as leaves and twigs . alligator gar prefer large rivers that have a large overflow floodplane , but these rivers have all but disappeared in north america due to the use of dredging , dams , dikes , and levees .
grow to 6 ft . ( 50 lbs ) . differences in head shape among the four species of gar are illustrated below .
recommended baiting : anglers rarely fish for gar due to their bony skin and toxic eggs . longnose gar are tough to catch because of their peculiar feeding behavior ( see below ) and long , slender snout . the best strategy is to use a hookless rope lure and spinners . a gar’s teeth will get tangled in the hairs of the rope lure , so a hook is not needed . fish in warm shallow areas where the water is near stagnant . look for basking gar or signs of baitfish . cast and then retrieve in 1 - 2 ft bouts . it is best to allow the “roped” gar to run a bit to ensure a good tangle .
( a ) the gar bridge principle of vertebrate cne connectivity from human through gar to teleosts . hidden orthology is uncovered for elements that do not directly align between human and teleosts but become evident when first aligning tetrapod genomes to gar , and then aligning gar and teleost genomes . ( b ) connectivity analysis of 13 - way whole - genome alignments shows the evolutionary gain ( green ) and loss ( red ) of 153 human limb enhancers . direct human - teleost orthology could only be established for 81 elements as opposed to 95 when using gar as a bridge as in a . see supplementary figure 37 , supplementary table 22 and the supplementary note for details .
the gar founded soldiers’ homes , was active in relief work and in pension legislation . five members were elected president of the united states and , for a time , it was impossible to be nominated on the republican ticket without the endorsement of the gar voting block .
keith camper hooked this 71 - pound alligator gar fish during the young men ' s business club ' s 23rd annual fishing rodeo .
students at gar - field senior high school in woodbridge were evacuated thursday morning because of a bomb threat , according to school officials .
whole - body disposition and polyglutamate distribution of the gar formyltransferase inhibitors ly309887 and lometrexol in mice : effect of low - folate diet .
the longnose gar has fang - like teeth on both its upper and lower jaw that allow it to catch and hold onto fish .
using the gar bridge ( fig . 4a ) , we tested whether the 29 human enhancers not directly identified in teleosts might represent rapid divergence rather than definitive loss . inspection of human - centric and then gar - centric alignments showed 48 % ( 14 / 29 ) aligning to at least one teleost ( supplementary table 22 ) . gar thus substantially improves understanding of the evolutionary origin of vertebrate limb enhancers and their fate in teleosts ( fig . 4b , supplementary fig . 37 and supplementary table 22 ) . strikingly , despite using the gar bridge , we found that teleosts lost substantially more limb enhancers ( 15 ) than gar ( 2 ) ( fig . 4b and supplementary fig . 37 ) , suggesting that gar might be a better model than teleosts for investigating the fin - to - limb transition 85 .
the english common name for atractosteus spatula are alligator gar , gator , greater gar , garpike , garfish , and mississippi alligator gar . other common names are pejelagarto ( spanish ) , marjuari ( spanish ) , catan ( spanish , gaspar baba ( spanish ) , garpigue alligator ( french ) , alligatorpansergedde ( danish ) , alligatorbengadda ( swedish ) , keihasluuhauki ( finnish ) , and kostlin obrovsky ( czech ) .
habitat alligator gar once inhabited waters throughout the mississippi river valley , occurring as far north as iowa and west to kansas . they have a modified swim bladder that allows them to obtain oxygen from both water and air . this ability , along with the highest salt tolerance of any gar species , allows the alligator gar to survive in almost any water condition . however , habitat loss has limited its populations to the gulf coast states . in florida , alligator gar are only known to inhabit coastal rivers in the panhandle from gulf county to escambia county .
gar move slowly unless trying to catch food , which it grabs in its jaws in a quick sideways lunge . they often bask near the water ' s surface on warm days . fry feed primarily on insect larvae and tiny crustaceans , but fish appear on the diet of young gar very early . prey is usually swallowed headfirst . spotted gar are eaten by larger fish , alligators , herons , and cottonmouth snakes .
spotted gar prefer clear , quiet , vegetated waters of streams , swamps and lakes . they sometimes enter brackish waters along the gulf coast .
rothwell , gar w . 1999 . fossils and ferns in the resolution of land plant phylogeny . botanical review 65 : 188 - 218 .
determine the distribution , abundance , movements , habitats and population characteristics of the alligator gar in the red and arkansas river drainages in oklahoma .
it has a brown midlateral stripe from nose to tail . the gar’s coloring varies from grey / brown to olive , with black spots .
gar informs the evolution of vertebrate genomes and gene functions after genome duplication and illuminates evolutionary mechanisms leading to teleost biodiversity . the gar genome evolved comparatively slowly and clarifies the evolution and orthology of problematic teleost protein - coding and microrna ( mirna ) gene families . surprisingly , many entire gar chromosomes have been conserved with some tetrapods for 450 million years . notably , gar facilitates the identification of cnes , which are often regulatory , that teleosts and humans share but that are not detected by direct sequence comparisons . global gene expression analyses show that expression domains and levels for tgd - generated duplicates usually sum to those for the corresponding gar gene , as expected if ancestral regulatory elements were partitioned after the tgd . by illuminating the legacy of genome duplication , the gar genome bridges teleost biology to human health , disease , development , physiology and evolution .
the longnose gar can be found in freshwater rivers , streams , lakes , and estuaries with little tidal influence . they prefer areas with minimum water movement , as the gar will suspend itself in the water column . in the united states , the long nose can be found mostly on the eastern half of the country , as far north as canada and south into florida . the gar is well known in virginia and the
what made you want to look up gar ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
gar çon , m . , and van orden , j . w . , preprint nucl - th / 01020 49 , advances in nucl .
the alligator gar has a short , very broad snout . their pattern and appearence can vary greatly throughout their lives as they age and mature .
in florida , the largest member of the gar family is only known to inhabit coastal rivers in the panhandle from gulf county to escambia county .
this large alligator gar was just under 8 feet in length and weighed 215 pounds ! image © mike guerin / http : / / thejump . net
i was baffled when i found that the
gar
page on urban dictionary didn & apos ; t have any definitions whatsoever relating to fish .
if i was to tak ' her in , it ' s highly possible the hellicat would try and gar me marry her when he turned up .
gar and teleost orthologs of the hoxd early enhancer cns65 were identified with vista ( lagan ) 121 . gar and zebrafish cns65 elements were cloned into pxig - cfos - egfp and gateway - hsp68 - lacz vectors for zebrafish 127 and mouse ( cyagen biosciences ) transgenesis , respectively ( supplementary note ) .
established in 1967 , gar foundation was born of the philanthropic desire of the roush family to support the needs of those in the greater akron area community .
* do not eat the eggs though ! gar eggs are toxic to mammals , birds , and most arthropods ; but not to fishes . weird right ?
we next calculated average expression levels for each gene over the 11 tissues and computed the ratio of each teleost gene to its gar ortholog . comparisons showed that individual ohnologs were each expressed at significantly lower levels than singletons as compared to gar orthologs ( fig . 6g , h ) . the ohnolog pair / gar expression ratios , however , showed no statistical difference from the singleton / gar expression ratios ( fig . 6g , h ) . this finding suggests that the aggregate expression level for ohnolog pairs tends to evolve to approximately the expression level of the preduplication gene , as expected by quantitative subfunctionalization 89 , 90 , 96 .
gar represents the first chromonome 22 of a non - tetrapod , non - teleost jawed vertebrate , allowing for the first time long - range gene order analyses without the confounding effects of the tgd . the gar karyotype ( 2 n = 58 ) contains both macro - and microchromosomes ( fig . 2a , supplementary fig . 7 and supplementary note ) . aligning gar chromosomes to those of human , chicken and teleosts highlighted distinct conservation of orthologous segments in all species ( fig . 2b–e , supplementary figs . 8 and 9 , and supplementary note ) . strikingly , gar - chicken comparisons showed conservation of many entire chromosomes ( fig . 2c ) . the chicken and gar karyotypes differed only by about 17 large fissions , fusions or translocations . almost half of the gar karyotype ( 14 / 29 chromosomes ) showed a nearly one - to - one relationship in gar - chicken comparisons , including macro - and microchromosomes with highly correlated chromosome assembly lengths ( fig . 2d and supplementary note ) . this similarity in chromosome size and gene content is strong evidence that the karyotype of the common bony vertebrate ancestor of gar and chicken possessed both macro - and microchromosomes as ohno 35 hypothesized , consistent with microchromosomes in coelacanth 36 and cartilaginous fishes 35 , for which no chromonomes are yet available .
looking at a gar is a bit like looking into the distant past . largely unchanged over the past 100 million years , they are often called living fossils .
chicago bulls general manager gar forman said thursday that he ' s optimistic derrick rose will be able to play at some point during the 2012 - 13 season .
many of his results were proved in 1995 by berndt , bhargava , and garvan in a long paper [ bbg ] ( see also [ gar ] ) .
whole - body disposition and polyglutamate distribution of the gar formyltransferase inhibitors ly309887 and lometrexol in mice : effect of low - folate . . . - pubmed - ncbi
- snout is thicker and shorter than any lepisosteus gar ( perhaps with the exception of large shortnose gars ) but longer and more narrow than any atractosteus gars .
( a ) the spotted gar karyotype consists of macro - and microchromosomes ( see supplementary fig . 7 for chromosome annotations ) . ( b ) circos plot 99 showing conserved synteny of gar ( colored , left ) and human ( black , right ) chromosomes . ( c ) gar - chicken comparison shows strong conservation of the genomes over 450 million years and one - to - one synteny conservation for many entire chromosomes , particularly microchromosomes ( for example , loc13 and gga14 , loc23 and gga11 , etc . ) . ( d ) the assembled chromosome lengths for gar and chicken chromosomes with one - to - one conserved synteny are highly correlated ( r 2 = 0 . 97 ) . ( e ) gar - medaka comparison shows the overall one - to - two double - conserved synteny relationship of gar to a post - tgd teleost genome ( for example , gar loc11 corresponds to medaka ola16 and ola11 ) . the gar chromosomes are displayed in a different order in d than they are in b and c ; asterisks indicate chromosomes inverted with respect to the arbitrarily oriented reference genome . ( f ) gar - chicken - medaka comparisons illuminate the karyotype evolution leading to modern teleosts . the genome of the bony vertebrate ancestor contained both macro - and microchromosomes , some of which remain largely conserved in chicken and gar , for example , macrochromosome loc2 - ggaz and microchromosomes loc20 - gga15 and loc21 - gga17 . all three chromosomes possess double - conserved synteny with medaka chromosomes ola9 and ola12 , which is explained by chromosome fusion in the lineage leading to teleosts after divergence from gar , followed by tgd duplication of the fusion chromosome and subsequent intrachromosomal rearrangements and rediploidization . multiple examples of such pre - tgd chromosome fusions explain the absence of microchromosomes in teleosts . see the supplementary note for details .
gar elucidates the origins of tetrapod limb enhancers , evidenced by whole - genome alignments for 13 vertebrates ( including gar , five teleosts , coelacanth , five tetrapods and elephant shark ; supplementary fig . 36 , supplementary tables 20 and 21 , and supplementary note ) . of 153 known human limb enhancers 33 , 82 , 83 , 84 , human - centric alignments identified 71 % ( 108 ) in gar , but only 53 % ( 81 ) were identified through direct human - teleost alignments . of the 72 human limb enhancers not detected by human - teleost alignment , 40 % ( 29 ) aligned to gar , confirming their presence in the bony vertebrate ancestor and loss or considerable divergence in teleosts . of these 29 enhancers , 15 also aligned to elephant shark , highlighting their existence in the gnathostome ancestor . fourteen occurred in gar but not in teleosts and would have been incorrectly characterized as lobe - finned vertebrate innovations without gar data ( supplementary table 22 and supplementary note ) .
the prehistoric - looking gar is a voracious predator with a mouthful of sharp teeth . they usually drift motionless near the surface waiting for smaller fish to swim by .
to connect human biology to fish biomedical models , we sequenced the genome of spotted gar ( lepisosteus oculatus ) , whose lineage diverged from teleosts before teleost genome duplication ( tgd ) . the slowly evolving gar genome has conserved in content and size many entire chromosomes from bony vertebrate ancestors . gar bridges teleosts to tetrapods by illuminating the evolution of immunity , mineralization and development ( mediated , for example , by hox , parahox and microrna genes ) . numerous conserved noncoding elements ( cnes ; often cis regulatory ) undetectable in direct human - teleost comparisons become apparent using gar : functional studies uncovered conserved roles for such cryptic cnes , facilitating annotation of sequences identified in human genome - wide association studies . transcriptomic analyses showed that the sums of expression domains and expression levels for duplicated teleost genes often approximate the patterns and levels of expression for gar genes , consistent with subfunctionalization . the gar genome provides a resource for understanding evolution after genome duplication , the origin of vertebrate genomes and the function of human regulatory sequences .
rothwell , gar w . and charles w . good . 2000 . reconstruction of the pennsylvanian age filicalean fern botryopteris tridentata . interenational journal of plant science , in press .
usually less than 3 ft . ( 5 - 10 lbs ) . longnose gar is easily distinguished from other gars by having an extremely long and narrow snout . it can
predators : pretty much all larger predatory fish and some birds of prey . gar are the fastest growing freshwater fish in the state giving them a large advantage against predation .
cne analyses near developmental gene loci ( hox and parahox clusters , pax6 and irxb ) showed that gar contains more gnathostome cnes ( conserved between bony vertebrates and elephant shark ) than teleosts . analyses incorporating gar identified many bony vertebrate cnes ( absent from elephant shark ) that were not predicted by direct human - teleost comparisons ; furthermore , gar - based alignments identified cnes recruited in the common ancestor of ray - finned fishes ( supplementary figs . 14 , 15 and 29–35 , supplementary tables 12–19 and supplementary note ) .
gar is the first ray - finned fish genome sequence not affected by the tgd . because of gar ' s phylogenetic position , slow rate of sequence evolution , dense genetic map and ease of laboratory culture , this resource provides a unique bridge between tetrapods and teleost biomedical models . our analyses show that gar bridges teleosts to tetrapods in genome arrangement , allowing the identification of orthologous genes by possessing ancient vgd ohnologs lost reciprocally in teleosts and tetrapods and elucidating the evolution of vertebrate - specific features , including adaptive immunity and mineralized tissues , and the evolution of gene expression . clarification of gene orthology and history is crucial for the design , analysis and interpretation of teleost models of human disease , including those generated with crispr / cas9 - induced genome editing 97 , 98 . gar genomic analyses show that sequences formerly considered unique to teleosts or tetrapods are often shared by ray - finned and lobe - finned vertebrates , including human . notably , the gar bridge helps identify potential gene regulatory elements that are shared by teleosts and humans but are elusive in direct teleost - tetrapod comparisons . the availability of gar embryos and the ease of raising eggs to adults in the laboratory 22 ( supplementary fig . 1 ) make gar a ray - finned species of choice when analyzing many vertebrate developmental and physiological features . in conclusion , the gar bridge facilitates the connectivity of teleost medical models to human biology .
across the gar genome , we identified approximately 28 % of human - centric cnes ( 39 , 964 / 143 , 525 ) , more than in any of five aligned teleost genomes . around 19 , 000 human - centric cnes aligned to gar but not to any teleost ( supplementary table 21 and supplementary note ) . without gar , one would have erroneously concluded that these elements originated in lobe - finned vertebrates or were lost in teleosts . the gar bridge ( fig . 4a ) establishes hidden orthology from human to gar to zebrafish for many of these human - centric cnes ( 30–36 % , depending on overlap ; supplementary table 21 and supplementary note ) . these approximately 6 , 500 newly connected human cnes contain around 1 , 000 snps linked to human conditions in genome - wide association studies ( gwas ) , thereby connecting otherwise undetected disease - associated haplotypes to genomic locations in zebrafish ( supplementary table 21 ) . the gar bridge thus helps identify biomedically relevant candidate regions in model teleosts for functional testing , potentially enhancing teleost models for biomedical research .
other info . : although often blamed for game species decline , it has been found that longnose gar rarely feed on popular game species in large quantities . in some regions of the country they are stocked in order to help control overpopulation of sunfish and yellow perch . gar scales are as hard as stone and can be polished for use in jewelry .
phylogenies of 243 one - to - one orthologs in 25 jawed vertebrates 17 , including the gar genome and our transcriptome of the bowfin amia calva ( supplementary note and supplementary data set ) , strongly supported the monophyly of holostei ( gar and bowfin ) as the sister group to teleosts ( fig . 1b , supplementary fig . 6 and supplementary note ) 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , suggesting that morphologies shared by bowfin and teleosts 29 , 30 may be convergent or may be ancestral traits that were altered in the gar lineage .
with membership limited strictly to “veterans of the late unpleasantness , ” the gar encouraged the formation of allied orders to aid them in its various works . numerous male organizations jousted for the backing of the gar and the political battles became quite severe until the gar finally endorsed the sons of veterans of the united states of america ( later to become the sons of union veterans of the civil war ) as its heir . a similar , but less protracted , battle took place between the womens’ relief corps ( wrc ) and the ladies of the grand army of the republic ( lgar ) for the title “official auxiliary to the gar . ” that battle was won by the wrc , which is the only allied order open to women who do not have an hereditary ancestor who would have been eligible for the gar . but in this case the lgar retained its strength and was made one of the allied orders .
outlook : clinton marina reports : crappie – fair to good around the docks and along the banks ; gar are being caught around the marina ; all other species – no reports .
gainesville area rowing , or gar , has made north central florida one of the best crew spots in the state , and a hotsp0ot for local high schoolers to join the club .
to test whether cryptic cne orthologs preserve enhancer function , we used cns65 - driven reporter constructs to generate transgenic zebrafish and mice ( supplementary note ) . cns65 from either gar or zebrafish drove early expression in the developing zebrafish pectoral fin ( fig . 5b ) . gar cns65 drove expression in the forelimbs and hindlimbs of embryonic day ( e ) 10 . 5 mice ( fig . 5c ) that was indistinguishable from the activity of mouse cns65 ( ref . 88 ) . zebrafish cns65 activated forelimb expression somewhat more weakly than gar cns65 ( fig . 5c ) . at e12 . 5 , gar cns65 activated proximal but not distal limb expression ( fig . 5c ) , mimicking the endogenous mouse enhancer 88 . these functional experiments suggest that regulation of hoxd early - phase expression in limbs and fins is an ancestral , conserved feature of bony vertebrates and that gar connects otherwise cryptic teleost regulatory mechanisms to mammalian developmental biology .
i ' d love to do a jakob von uexküll drawing of the world of the gar . i wonder what it would look like . chris schaberg describes fishing for them as a kid , “just one big muscle” that used to pull his canoe around . this world diagram would have to include the above - surface world of the gar as it leaps out of the water to fill its swim bladder . gar have swim bladders that they fill manually by gulping in air . swim bladders eventually evolved into lungs . we share some ancestors with them .
thea buxbaum , a gallery manager , and gar waterman , a sculptor , were married yesterday in new haven at west rock studio , the couple ' s gallery , workshop and home .
m apes , gene , and gar w . rothwell . 1998 . pollen cone structure of the late pennsylvanian ( stephanian ) conifer emporia . journal of paleontology 72 : 571 - 576 .
the spotted gar karyotype was determined from caudal fin fibroblast cell cultures established as described for zebrafish 109 ( supplementary note ) . analyses of conserved synteny between gar , tetrapods ( human and chicken ) and teleosts ( supplementary note ) were performed with ( i ) circos plots 99 on the basis of orthology relationships from ensembl 75 and as described in the supplementary note ; ( ii ) the synteny database 94 after integration of the gar genome assembly ( ensembl version 74 ) ; and ( iii ) comparative synteny maps derived as described in refs . 17 , 110 .
the alligator gar is rare , endangered , and has even been extirpated from many of the outer areas of its range . studies in alabama , mississippi , and louisiana have shown that the alligator gar is very susceptible to overfishing . it has been classified as rare in missouri , threatened in illinois , and endangered in arkansas , kentucky , and is soon to be in tennessee .
mirna genes could become teleost or tetrapod specific 18 , 72 by their loss in one lineage or gain in the other . we studied gar mirnas computationally ( supplementary fig . 27 , supplementary table 10 and supplementary note ) and annotated them using a sequence - based approach ( supplementary note ) . small rna - seq data for four tissues identified 302 mature mirnas derived from 233 genes , of which 229 belong to 107 families and 4 lack a known family ( supplementary fig . 28 and supplementary table 11 ) . gar - zebrafish 73 , 74 comparisons showed that four families and four individual mirna genes emerged in teleosts . of the 22 families thought to have been lost in teleosts 18 , 2 actually belong to the same family and orthologs of 4 gar mirna genes were previously overlooked in teleosts . fourteen families are absent from both gar and teleosts , and three are present in gar and many teleosts 74 but absent from zebrafish . a single family present in teleosts and lobe - finned fishes ( mir150 ) was not found in gar . notably , no mirna family loss was specific to teleosts , suggesting that the tgd did not accelerate family loss .
evolution of vertebrate immunity becomes clearer using gar ( supplementary note ) . major histocompatibility complex ( mhc ) class i and class ii genes ( supplementary figs . 19–21 ) are tightly linked in tetrapods and cartilaginous fishes but are unlinked in teleosts 51 , 52 . in gar , at least one pair of class i and class ii genes is linked as in tetrapods 53 , 54 , suggesting that gar retains the ancestral configuration , although most gar mhc genes remain on unassembled scaffolds ( supplementary fig . 21 ) . gar has some class i genes thought to be teleost specific ( z / p - like , l - like and u / s - like , for example 54 , 55 , 56 ; supplementary fig . 19 ) and some class ii genes similar to and some distinct from teleost da / db and de lineages ( supplementary fig . 20 ) . several gar mhc region genes are on unassembled scaffolds linked to genes whose human orthologs are encoded in the mhc class ii or class iii region on hsa6 , and some are adjacent to orthologs of teleost mhc class i genes ( supplementary table 8 ) . the human mhc class iii region on hsa6 has syntenic segments on hsa1 , hsa9 and hsa19 ; these four ohnologs likely arose in vgd1 and vgd2 ( ref . 57 ) , as supported by the gar genome ( supplementary table 8 ) .
gar are long and cylindrical with elongated mouths . spotted gar grow to a length of 3 feet ( 0 . 9 m ) , weighing 8 pounds ( 3 . 6 kg ) . their upper body is brown to olive , and they have silver - white sides . head , body , and fins have olive - brown to black spots that help camouflage the fish . a broad , dark stripe is on the sides of immature fish . their long , snout - like mouth is lined with strong , sharp teeth , and their body is covered with thick , ganoid ( diamond - shaped ) scales . spotted gar may be distinguished from other texas gar species by the dark roundish spots on the top of the head , the pectoral fins and on the pelvic fins .
( a ) scpp gene arrangements in human , coelacanth , gar and zebrafish including p / q - rich ( red ) and acidic ( blue ) scpp genes and sparc - like genes ( yellow ) ( supplementary note ; ref . 68 ) . orthologies ( gray vertical bars ) among lobe - finned vertebrates ( for example , human and coelacanth ) and teleosts ( for example , zebrafish ) had previously been limited to odam and spp1 genes . gar connects lineages through orthologs of genes previously known only from either teleosts ( scpp1 , scpp3 , scpp5 , scpp7 and scpp9 ) or lobe - finned vertebrates ( enam , ambn , dmp1 , dsppl1 , ibsp and mepe ) . further putative orthologies supported by only short stretches of sequence similarity ( indicated by a question mark ) connect gar enam , ambn and lpq14 genes with zebrafish fa93e10 , scpp6 and scpp8 genes , respectively ; gar lpq1 and coelacanth scpppq4 ; and gar lpq5 with amtn genes in lobe - finned vertebrates . arrows in human and zebrafish indicate intrachromosomal rearrangements separating originally clustered genes into distant chromosomal locations ( distance in mb ) . analysis of conserved synteny for the gar scpp gene cluster on lg2 suggests that the scpp gene regions on zebrafish chromosomes 10 and 5 are derived from the tgd ( supplementary fig . 26 and supplementary note ) . ( b ) the gar ' conserved synteny bridge ' ( supplementary note ) infers that the mirna cluster of mir731 and mir462 on gar lg4 and zebrafish chromosome 8 and a mirna - free region on zebrafish chromosome 2 are tgd ohnologous to the mammalian mir425 - 191 cluster ( highlighted in bold ) . ( c ) gar newly connects through synteny zebrafish tgd - derived ohnologs mir135c - 1 and mir135c - 2 with mammalian mir135b genes ( highlighted in bold ) .
( a , b ) the origin ( a ) and distribution ( b ) of gar and teleost singletons and tgd - derived ohnologs ( supplementary table 23 and supplementary note ) . ( c ) neofunctionalized ohnologs for slc1a3 showing new expression in liver . ( d ) subfunctionalized tgd orthologs of gpr22 with one expressed in brain as in gar and the other expressed in heart as in gar . in c and d , the r values denote the correlation of the expression profile of each ohnolog with the gar pattern . the supplementary note lists neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization criteria . ( e – h ) expression conservation for ohnologs and singletons in zebrafish ( zf ; e , g ) and medaka ( md ; f , h ) ( supplementary note ) . ( e , f ) mean correlation between the expression patterns of gar genes and teleost ortholog ( s ) . the correlation between average expression levels for ohnolog pairs and gar genes was greater than that for ohnologs alone and than that for singletons , indicating sharing of ancestral subfunctions by the ohnolog pair ( multiple wilcoxon mann - whitney tests with bonferroni correction , α = 0 . 05 for significance ) . ( g , h ) mean log 10 - transformed ratios of expression levels for gar genes and teleost ortholog ( s ) . in comparison to gar genes , individual ohnologs were expressed at significantly lower levels than singletons ; ohnolog pair / gar ratios were not statistically different from singleton / gar ratios , suggesting that the aggregate expression level of ohnolog pairs approaches the expression level of the preduplication gene ( multiple two - sided student ' s t test with bonferroni correction , α = 0 . 05 for significance ) . error bars in e – h , s . e . m . br , brain ; gil , gill ; hrt , heart ; mus , muscle ; liv , liver , kid , kidney ; bo , bone ; int , intestine ; ov , ovary ; te , testis ; emb , embryo .
hartley , w . r . , thiyagarajah , a . and treinies , a . m . : 1996 , ' liver lesions in the gar fish ( lepisosteidae ) as biomarkers of exposure ' ,
gars are an ancient group of fishes that belong to the family lepisostidae . there are four species of gar in kentucky : alligator gar , longnose gar , shortnose gar , and spotted gar . they occur in a variety of habitats , although they are usually associated with large bodies of water such as rivers and reservoirs . they have a long and slender body covered with diamond shaped ganoid scales . gars are ambush predators and their long body shape allows for quick movements to catch prey . they have a lung like swimbladder which allows them to rise to the surface of the water and gulp air . this type of swimbladder allows the group to survive in low dissolved oxygen conditions . they are often seen either alone or in loosely formed groups resting just beneath the surface . spawning occurs in spring and summer months . fertilization is external and eggs are adhesive . all gar eggs are reported to be toxic to humans . in some areas of the southeastern united states , gars are consumed in large numbers . they have a mild flavor and a firm white flesh . while gars are generally scorned by commercial and sport fishermen , they have an important ecological role as a top predator in reducing overpopulation of forage fishes .
rothwell , gar w . , lea grauvogel - stamm and gene mapes . 2000 . an herbaceous fossil conifer : gymnospermous ruderals in the evolution of mesozoic vegetation . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , in press .
the cuban gar is most easily identified by its lack of pattern ( upon shedding its yoy markings ) , unique striation patterned fins and colour . these fish vary from an olive green to yellow bronze colouration .
to characterize the effects of the tgd on evolution of gene expression , we plotted tissue - specific expression levels in gar versus ( i ) expression of orthologous teleost singletons , ( ii ) expression of each tgd - derived ohnolog when both were retained and ( iii ) the averaged expression level of both retained ohnologs ( ' ohnolog pair ' ) , and we then calculated correlation coefficients . our results showed that the correlation between the expression patterns of gar genes and those of their teleost singleton orthologs was not significantly different from the correlation of expression patterns between gar genes and those of either copy of their teleost tgd - derived co - orthologs ( fig . 6e , f ) . thus , when compared to ancestral single - copy genes as estimated from gar , teleost ohnologs binned at random do not appear to have evolved expression pattern differences significantly more rapidly than singletons . in contrast , the average tissue - specific patterns of both tgd - derived duplicates correlated significantly more closely with gar than with either ohnolog taken alone and correlated more closely with gar than with singletons ( fig . 6e , f ) ; thus , ancestral gene subfunctions tended to be partitioned between tgd - derived ohnologs , which maintained ancestral functions as a gene pair , as predicted by the subfunctionalization model 89 .
the broad institute gar rna - seq transcriptome ( supplementary note ) was generated from ten tissues ( stage 28 embryo 100 , 8 - day larvae , eye , liver , heart , skin , muscle , kidney , brain and testis ) and assembled using trinity 101 . phylofish rna - seq transcriptomes of gar , bowfin , zebrafish and medaka ( supplementary note ) were generated from ten adult tissues ( ovary , testis , brain , gills , heart , muscle , liver , kidney , bone and intestine ) and one embryonic stage ( ' pigmented eye ' stage of gar , zebrafish and medaka ) and assembled using the velvet / oases package 102 .
the alligator gar has been commercially fished in southern states along with other gar species , and has also been fished and bow - fished . the meat of the alligator gar has been commercially sold for over a dollar a pound locally . it is not classified as a sport fish in some states such as texas even though there is a popular bow fishery along the rio grande river . it is classified as a sport fish alabama where the limit is 2 fish per day , which makes it off limits to commercial fishing in alabama . the alligator gars , along with other gars , are important to their ecosystem in order to maintain the ecological balance .
what makes the gar a successful predator is its ability to exploit waters that many other large predators avoid . the gar’s vascular air bladder , used to regulate buoyancy in most fish , is connected to the gar’s throat , allowing them to take in gulps of air like primitive lungs . this allows them to survive in waters with little or no oxygen content . low metabolism helps them to conserve oxygen and energy , and make them near - motionless when they hunt . shallow water , with little flow and higher temperatures are just fine for the gar . here their colors and patterns help them blend into the environment . appearing to be a drifting log or stick , they can sneak up on prey without being detected . gars are generally freshwater fish , but their tolerance of various water conditions allow them to successfully populate brackish waters and they can sometimes migrate out to sea .
spotted gar are very widespread , and can be found from central texas east into western florida . their territory extends north through the mississippi river drainage into illinois , the lower ohio river , and the lake erie drainage .
schools of beautiful , graceful 2 - 5 foot gar are our favorite reason to snorkel in blue springs state park , florida . they swim leisurely . or sit like soldiers , noses to the current from the spring .
physiological mechanisms are shared among vertebrates , including light control of circadian rhythms , despite important gene repertoire differences between teleosts and tetrapods 46 , 47 . analyses of gar circadian clock ( supplementary fig . 17 , supplementary table 6 and supplementary note ) 48 and opsin ( supplementary fig . 18 , supplementary table 7 and supplementary note ) 49 genes link the gene repertoires of teleosts and tetrapods : for example , gar clarifies which circadian genes originated in vgd events and which originated in the tgd event . gar has pinopsin , present in tetrapods but absent from teleosts , along with exo - rhodopsin , previously thought to compensate for the lack of pinopsin in teleosts 50 .
coloration the alligator gar is dark olive - green dorsally , fading to yellowish white ventrally . young alligator gars possess a light mid - dorsal stripe bordered by thin dark lines from the tip of snout to the dorsal fin , and a dark lateral band extends along the sides with irregular borders . the dorsal , anal , and caudal fins of the alligator gar often have oval - shaped black spots . adult specimens lack spots on the body .
rt - pcr and our gar skin transcriptome analysis identified expression of ambn and enam in enamel - containing gar teeth and in gar skin that includes scales with ganoin ( supplementary table 9 and supplementary note ) , suggesting that strong expression of ambn and enam is limited to enamel and ganoin . thus , enamel in teeth and ganoin in ganoid scales likely represent the same tissue , and common expression of ambn and enam in lobe - finned vertebrate enamel and in gar enamel and ganoin supports homology of these tissues . analysis of gnathostome fossils suggested that ganoin is plesiomorphic for crown osteichthyans and arose before enamel 71 , 133 ; thus , enamel - bearing teeth likely evolved by coopting enamel matrix genes originally used in ganoid scales . the amel gene may have evolved subsequently to encode the principal organic component of the ' true enamel ' that appears to have originated in lobe - finned vertebrates 68 , 133 .


the azure-crowned hummingbird ( amazilia cyanocephala ) is a species of hummingbird in the family trochilidae .

it is found in belize , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , and nicaragua .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

azure - crowned hummingbird

perched individual giving alarm calls in presence of perched american kestrel nearby . toward the end of the recording , the american kestrel can briefly be heard calling when taking off , and the azure - crowned hummingbird follows him . recording unmodified . habitat open young pine forest , both birds perched 8 m above ground in 12 m tall pinus oocarpa , but in different trees . distance between hummingbird and kestrel 10 m .
perched on the lowest branch of a pine tree ( pinus oocarpa ) , recorded at 4 m distance . recording unmodified . pine - oak forest with a rich understory of flowering calliandra houstoniana , which had attracted during this time of year good numbers of hummingbirds to the site . the azure - crowned hummingbird is there year - round , though .
weller , a . a . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . azure - crowned hummingbird ( amazilia cyanocephala ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
partners in flight estimate the total population to number 50 , 000 - 499 , 999 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) .
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authors : marîa del coro arizmendi , claudia i . rodríguez - flores , carlos a . soberanes - gonzález , tom johnson , and thomas s . schulenberg
arizmendi , m . d . c . , c . i . rodríguez - flores , c . a . soberanes - gonzález , t . johnson , and t . s . schulenberg ( 2013 ) .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
recording unmodified . habitat was a cleared hiking trail in pine - oak zone .
male peched in the understory . second growth cloud forest . normalized at - 3db . recording made with a tascam dr 100 mk ii , unidirectional internal mic . code : 170322 3160 amazilia cyanocephala song
understory of second growth cloud forest . normalized at - 3db . recording made with a tascam dr 100 mk ii , unidirectional internal mic . code : 170321 3152 amazilia cyanocephala calls
apparently a lek . two males perched exposed singing incessantly . habitat : understory of second growth cloud forest . code : invasi 2764 amazilia cyanocephala lek _ 0129
id certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 166 side b track 27 seq . b )
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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a bird feeding on flowers , then at slow motion ( 50 % ) .
alberto lobato , ian hempstead , dusan m . brinkhuizen , ken havard , marc fasol , knut eisermann .
– e & s mexico ( s from s tamaulipas ) to e honduras and nc nicaragua .
song apparently undescribed , but perhaps is the fairly mellow series of strong chipping notes , . . .
inhabits pine and pine–oak forest , cloudforest and rainforest , edges of humid forest ; also . . .
varies with region ; in mexico , feb–aug ; in belize , jan–jul ; in guatemala , data on gonadal activity indicate jul–sept ; in . . .
some populations are sedentary , for instance in veracruz and san luis potosí ( mexico ) , . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . common in pine and pine - oak forests of the highlands of interior mexico , guatemala and honduras , rarer in cloudforest and . . .
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as currently constituted , this genus is not monophyletic # r ; more thorough sampling of taxa required before a clearer picture can be presented . in hbw , species currently placed herein were spread out over six genera , with additional recognition of agyrtria , polyerata and saucerottia , and relocation of some species in leucippus and hylocharis .
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this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : amazilia cyanocephala . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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the red-crested cardinal ( paroaria coronata ) is a songbird with a prominent red head and crest .

this species belongs in the family of the tanagers ( thraupidae ) .

notwithstanding its similar name , this bird is not closely related to the true cardinal family ( cardinalidae ) .

it is found in northern argentina , bolivia , paraguay , uruguay , brazil 's rio grande do sul and the pantanal .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and heavily degraded former forest .

among other regions , it is found in southern part of the pantanal .

in brazil , it has been introduced to various places outside its historical range , as in the tietê ecological park in são paulo , alongside its very similar-looking close relative , the red-cowled cardinal ( p. dominicana ) .

the yellow-billed cardinal ( p. capitata ) could be easily confused with the red-crested cardinal ; both the red-cowled and yellow-billed have a very short crest that is not visible except in excited birds , and in the case of the latter , a black throat , darker upper parts and a bright yellow bill .

red - crested cardinal

red - crested cardinal : yellow - billed cardinal has no crest , upperparts are black , and has a black chin and throat .
red - crested cardinal gets its common name from its red head and prominent crest . native to northern argentina , bolivia , southern brazil , paraguay and uruguay , red - crested cardinal has been introduced to various regions of the world including hawaii and puerto rico . mainly a seed eater , red - crested cardinal generally searches for seeds and small arthropods on or near the ground . red - crested cardinal ' s natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and heavily degraded former forest .
the red - crested cardinal has been featured on postage stamps in its native countries of argentina , brazil and uruguay .
red - crested cardinal : native to south america . in hawaii commonly found on lawns and in parks . a medium - sized passerine with bright red head ,
mis fotos de aves : paroaria coronata cardenal común red - crested cardi . . .
the red - crested cardinal is listed as a species of least concern by the iucn because of its large range and estimated population size .
in the wild , red - crested cardinals eat fruit , seeds and insects . at the smithsonian ' s national zoo , red - crested cardinals are fed bird food , insects and fruit .
the red - crested cardinal is native to argentina , bolivia , southern brazil , paraguay and uruguay . it has also been introduced to hawaii and puerto rico .
the red - crested cardinal will lay two to five eggs . the eggs have a 12 to 13 day incubation period . they breed readily in human care .
red - crested cardinals live 3 to 6 years in the wild and about 13 years in human care .
red - crested cardinal : both sexes sing
wheet - cheer - up
, song is a series of whistles that alternate up and down , more melodious and quieter than a northern cardinal . call is a soft , squeaky note .
the red - crested cardinal ( p . coronata ) , also known as the brazilian cardinal , has a red head , a white belly , and gray wings . though native to brazil , argentina , paraguay , uruguay , and bolivia , it occasionally can be seen visiting the eastern coast of the united states . it was introduced…
unlike northern cardinals , males and females have similar plumage , with dark gray above on the back of their necks and their stomachs . the head , crest and upper breast are bright red . the red - crested cardinal has a silver - gray bill and dark legs .
a medium - sized bird , the red - crested cardinal resembles north america ' s northern cardinal in shape , but is mainly gray with only a brilliant red head , crest and breast . native to argentina , bolivia , brazil , paraguay and uruguay , it is also a common sight in hawaii and puerto rico , where it has been introduced .
despite its name it is not closely related to birds in the cardinal family .
beautiful and engaging , red pandas are classified as endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species . there may be fewer than 2 , 500 adult red pandas living in the wild today .
red - crested cardinals live in semi - open areas with shrubs and trees , such as parks , lawns , tropical shrub land and degraded forests .
one of hawai ` i’s most beautiful birds is another species of cardinal called the red - crested or brazilian cardinal . it was brought to hawai ` i from south america in the 1930s and it is a common sight on kaua ` i . adults have gray feathers above and white below with a striking red head crest and white bill . juveniles have a dark head and dark bill .
the red - crested cardinal has a fairly large range , estimated globally at 2 , 400 , 000 square kilometers . it is primarily found in argentina , brazil , uruguay , bolivia and paraguay , though it has also been introduced to the united states . this bird prefers a dry subtropical or tropical shrubland ecosystem , though it has been known to reside in heavily degraded former forests . the population of the bird has not been determined but is known to be frequent in many of its native areas . the red - crested cardinal does not currently meet the criteria for the iucn red list and has an evaluation level of least concern .
red - crested cardinal : two to four green - white eggs , mottled and streaked with gray and brown - olive , are laid in a woven cup - shaped nest . incubation takes 10 to 13 days and is primarily carried out by the female . chicks fledge 14 to 18 days after hatching .
red - crested cardinal : this species is native to south america , but was introduced to the hawaiian islands around 1930 . in hawaii , these birds prefer parks , lawns and dry thickets in hawaii ; however , within their south american range , they can be found in subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and degraded forests .
the scarlet tanager , like many members of this family , is known for its brightly colored plumage . vivid red and black , this bird shines like a red light against the green foliage .
red - crested cardinal : these cardinals are often seen foraging on or near the ground and in shrubbery . they feed primarily on seeds , but they also eat small arthropods , plant matter and fruit . they have a strong beak to crack seeds . they prefer insects during the breeding season . these cardinals are often found in pairs or small family groups .
the northern cardinal , brought to hawai ` i in 1929 , is familiar to many visitors from north america . the bright red plumage of the male makes him easy to spot . the females are more subdued in their plumage . they are brown with hints of red on the head , wings and tail , and the bill is red . they are territorial and one vociferous male is frequently perched in a large ironwood tree across from the visitor center entrance during nesting season .
jaramillo , a . ( 2018 ) . red - crested cardinal ( paroaria coronata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
also known as the brazilian cardinal , it was introduced around 1930 from south america . it feeds on seeds , plant matter , insects and fruit .
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
many say the tradition was started by a czech immigrant , william oktavec , who originated the red - roofed bungalow motif with a pond and two swans .
juveniles are similar in size to adults but lack the red feathers ; instead , the head , crest and upper breast are brown and the bill is dark .
decades ago , folks might charge 50 cents or a dollar or two for a painted screen . today , depending on what buyers want , artists might charge $ 25 to $ 500 . in highlandtown , painted screens are part of a community revitalization effort . amanda smit - peters , the neighborhood ' s main street manager , is promoting painted screens in the commercial district . while screens don ' t advertise businesses outright , they often have a whimsical connection . cardinal chiropractic , 423 s . conkling st . , has screens depicting a pair of birds — red - crested cardinals . screens at really raw honey , 3725 gough st . , have bumblebees .
19 cm ; 29·5–44 g . a medium - sized passerine with striking red or reddish head and long erectile crest ( can be raised to look shaggy , or flattened to look more . . .
to add privacy , window screens were sometimes painted over with pictures of idyllic rural scenes : red - roofed cottages with winding paths and ponds with swans . in their mid - 20th century heyday , painted screens might have covered 200 , 000 windows around baltimore , according to elaine eff , author of
the painted screens of baltimore .
the tanager family is among the most brightly colored family of birds in the world . just about every shade of color imaginable is shown by this family , especially in the glittering plumages of tangara genus species in south america . the plumages of north american species are mostly red , yellow , and black , the females with duller yellow - olive coloration .
my husband and i just got back from an incredible vacation to maui ! one of the very best days we had was our private road to hana trip with beth of explore maui nature . it was just the three of us and we had a perfect day ! beth knows all of the best places to stop to learn about the area and for fabulous photo opportunities . i think between my husband and i , we took about 200 pictures . gotta love digital photography ! we saw painted eucalyptus trees , black and red sand beaches , and a whole gathering of sea turtles who had come ashore for their daily rest . we had a nice picnic lunch that beth put together and snacks from her special snack drawer in the back of her very comfortable tour van ! we learned a lot about the history of the area and about the birds , trees and flowers . and did i mention this was a private tour ! i highly recommend for couples , families and other small groups that want more of a personal experience that doesn ' t always come with the bigger tour companies . if you are planning a trip to maui and want to do the road to hana , i highly recommend beth from explore maui nature . so glad we didn ' t try to do this drive ourselves . it ' s definitely much more enjoyable letting someone else navigate this very winding and narrow road while you just sit back and enjoy ! thanks again beth ! it was a day we will never forget .
my wife and i did the road to hana tour and the doors off helicopter tour with explore maui nature and it was the highlight of our maui vacation ! beth and wayne are so much fun and so cool to hang out with . they are so laid back and fun that you feel like you ' ve known them for years . beth knew everything there was to know about maui on the road to hana and she knew all the sweet spots to stop at and all the lame ones to skip . you would never know where to go if you were on your own and all the spots we hit were amazing ! ! red sand beach was my favorite by far but the bamboo forrest was a close second . great food stands , beautiful scenery and a great tour guide there whole way . . . it was amazing . the van was super comfy and nice too . it was a brand new mercedes sprinter van with crazy good air conditioning and an awesome snack drawer . you ' ll see what i mean . ; ) the doors off helicopter tour with wayne was unbelievable ! we got so see so many cool places and with the doors off it ' s like a whole different adventure . we ' ve done helicopter tours before in vegas and the grand canyon but the doors off tour is the way to go ! so fun and you get so close to the waterfalls that you actually get a little wet ! thanks to beth and wayne for making this the best vacation we ' ve ever had !
authors : amanda linn , kevin j . burns , and casey h . richart
linn , a . , k . j . burns , and c . h . richart ( 2015 ) .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) , while the population in japan has been estimated at c . 100 - 10 , 000 introduced breeding pairs ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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head to freedom plaza for the fast & the fierce 5k and fun run . then , make your way to the zoo for an after - party on the great meadow !
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splash into fun with nature cubs summer preschool classes ! attend the beach buddies series starting july 10 , or pick a weekend class about elephants , monkeys , pandas and other zoo favorites .
it is a common sight in hawaii and puerto rico , where it has been introduced .
smithsonian’s national zoo & conservation biology institute 3001 connecticut ave . , nw washington , dc 20008
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a light gray bill and gray legs and feet . it mainly feeds on plant seeds , fruits , berries and insects . it has an undulating flight . sexes are similar .
the tanagers are one of the one hundred eighteen families of birds in the order passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) ; a large taxonomic order that also includes the cardinals and grosbeaks , the old world orioles , and the new world blackbirds .
the tanager family , thraupidae ( pronounced thrau - pih - dee ) , is a large family composed of three hundred and ninety - six species in one hundred and two genera restricted to the americas .
there are seventy species of thraupidae in twenty - four genera that occur in north america . included among these species are the scarlet tanager , bush - tanagers , and the spindalis species of the caribbean .
the tanagers are small to medium - sized birds with medium length tails , fairly long wings , medium length legs with strong feet , and medium length fairly stout bills .
in north america , members of the thraupidae occur in forested areas from southern canada south into mexico . in the united states and canada , the scarlet tanager occurs in eastern deciduous forests and is mostly replaced by the summer tanager in the southeast and the western tanager in western coniferous forests . the hepatic tanager also occurs in southwestern coniferous forests , other tanager species in the united states being vagrants or introduced .
a few tanager species in north america are long distance migrants to central and south america .
the north american tanager species are solitary birds on their breeding grounds , but often migrate in flocks and join mixed flocks on their tropical wintering grounds . most species are arboreal birds that often occur high up in the canopy where they slowly forage for invertebrates and also take fruit .
the north american members of this family are not threatened , although a few species in south america are threatened by habitat destruction .
the summer tanager eats a great deal of bees , often taking them right from their nests without too much apparent discomfort from their stings . although the stings may not bother it too much , the summer tanager does not enjoy eating the stingers because it is often seen rubbing the stinger off on a branch before swallowing the bee .
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similar to the upper part of the human neck , located at the back of the crown .
the front part of the head consisting of the bill , eyes , cheeks and chin .
are white . bill is light gray . sexes are similar . juvenile resembles adult ; has brown head and upperbreast .
e bolivia ( santa cruz , locally also s beni ) , s & se brazil ( sw mato grosso , w mato grosso do sul and s rio grande do sul ) , w & c paraguay , n argentina ( s to c la pampa and c buenos aires ) and uruguay . introduced to hawaiian is and se brazil ( mainly são paulo ) .
song sweet , melodious and slowly delivered , often a repetitive series of alternating notes before . . .
takes variety of foods , from seeds and berries to insects , also young shoots , and fruit fallen on ground . forages usually on ground , also . . .
season sept–mar . nest cup - shaped , made from fibres and fine stems , lined with rootlets and hair , placed 1·9–5 m from . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . common to abundant ; often the most common and conspicuous species in the local avifauna . has large range and is under no immediate . . .
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in past , included in a much broader emberizidae . probably sister to cardinalidae , with these two perhaps sister to mitrospingidae # r # r # r # r . family limits and internal structure extensively revised in recent years on basis of numerous genetic studies # r # r # r # r # r # r . these have led to subdivision into 15 subfamilies , as well as numerous other notable changes ( as compared to hbw ) including : relocation herein of parkerthraustes and saltator from cardinalidae , and of charitospiza , coryphaspiza , embernagra , emberizoides , incaspiza , porphyrospiza , tiaris , euneornis , loxipasser , loxigilla , melanospiza , certhidea , platyspiza , pinaroloxias , geospiza , volatinia , coryphospingus , rhodospingus , sporophila , piezorina , xenospingus , poospiza , donacospiza , sicalis , phrygilus , nesospiza , rowettia , melanodera , haplospiza , acanthidops , idiopsar , catamenia , lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix and paroaria from emberizidae ( = passerellidae ) ; and also removal of chlorophonia and euphonia to fringillidae , of rhodinocichla to rhodinocichlidae , of chlorospingus to passerellidae , of phaenicophilus to phaenicophilidae , of spindalis to spindalidae , of nesospingus to nesospingidae , of calyptophilus to calyptophilidae , of lamprospiza , mitrospingus and orthogonys to mitrospingidae , and of habia , chlorothraupis and piranga to cardinalidae . generic limits within family also extensively revised , and associated sequence of species followed herein # r .
“core tanagers” , with over 100 species , including a clade most members of which ( lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix , paroaria ) were previously treated in emberizidae and one species ( pseudosaltator rufiventris ) previously treated in cardinalidae # r .
previously classified in emberizidae , but forms a well - supported thraupine clade with lophospingus , neothraupis , diuca , gubernatrix , stephanophorus , cissopis and schistochlamys # r # r .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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a foraging adult on the ground , while a foraging juvenile is walking past .
josep del hoyo , anna motis , joe angseesing , luis lorente , martin manassero , pieter de groot boersma , keith blomerley , antonio silveira , greg baker , barry attridge , alvaro riccetto , carlos gussoni .
antonio silveira , santiago meligeni lozano , carlos gussoni , marvinhyett , caduagne , batitu , richardgreenhalgh031 , horacio luna , jacob . wijpkema , annabelle watts , tom dudones , rémi bigonneau , holger teichmann , eduardo de juana , jorgeschlemmer , bill benish , leandro herrainz , paul bartlett , samantha klein , daniel field , luiz cavalcanti damasceno , christophe gouraud , lindolfo souto , dannie polley , juanjaimemg , mascarallot , ken havard , cristiano crolle , socktopus , ossewa , jacqueserard , dani valverde , josef widmer , raniero massoli - novelli , netosevero , paul van giersbergen , alvaro riccetto , miguel andina , hickson fergusson , manakincarmelo , tomas grim , alessandro abreu , jomacomo , juan carlos melillo , silvia vitale , lena . avonavi , markus lilje , erkki lehtovirta , marco valentini .
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dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…
look for this bird traveling in family groups . if you see a bird with a brown crest and black bill , it ' s a juvenile . observe the unique interaction of the juvenile with the parents . often , the juveniles will wait for the adult to pick up the food and give it to them , even though they are the same size !
where to find on campus : st . john courtyard has several nests and juveniles are usually seen in the median in front of the building .
purple finch ( carpodacus purpureus ) , breeding in forests of northern u . those in the far north of canada migrate to southern u . they are in decline due to competition from the house finch and house sparrow .
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explore maui nature offers private interactive road to hana and haleakala tours , where you can experience your surroundings instead of just sightseeing . - swim in a waterfall , jump in the ocean , explore a secret lava tube , taste the best local banana bread on the planet , and so much more ! we also offer the only bird watching tour on island , an amazing doors - off helicopter experience and hiking options . with your own biologist as tour guide , take the best photos ( and let us photograph you ! ) and experience maui ' s flora / fauna , history , culture , legends and more !
i got back from hawaii a few days ago , and one of the best days of my trip was doing the birding tour with explore maui nature . i would highly recommend it to any birder / bird - watcher / naturalist going to maui . we had a small group , as well as amazing accommodations . beth did a great job showing us the local hotspots , as well . . .
drew , thank you for this nice review ! your bird knowledge and enthusiasm . . . impressive beyond words ! thanks for sharing the day birding and good luck in your quest to bird the world ! it was such a great day !
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this temple is located at the
valley of the temples
memorial park . it is one of the interesting buildings located here , so if you have the time , please check out the other areas . the byodo - in temple is as fascinating as it is peaceful to the eye and soul . off to the left ( as you are facing the building ) is a . . .
we are so happy you found your visit peaceful . thank you so much for visiting the temple .
this june 8 , 2014 photo shows amanda smit - peters showing an example of painted window screens in the highlandtown neighborhood of baltimore . smit - peters , main street manager for the neighborhood , is working with local artists to bring back the urban folk art of painted screens . they were popular in the 20th century as a way to keep people walking by on the street from seeing inside baltimore’s row house windows . ( ap photo / beth j . harpaz )
this june 8 , 2014 photo shows amanda smit - peters showing an example of painted window screens in the highlandtown neighborhood of baltimore . smit - peters , main street manager for the neighborhood , is working with local artists to bring back the urban folk art of painted screens . they were popular in the 20th century as a way to keep people walking by on the street from seeing inside baltimore’s row house windows . ( ap photo / beth j . harpaz ) ( the associated press )
baltimore ( ap ) — baltimore is known for its row houses — modest brick buildings lining sidewalks so narrow , you can see right through the front windows into people ' s homes .
they used to be everywhere ,
she said .
it was the coolest thing . every house might have a dozen painted screens .
now eff and others in baltimore , from artists to community development groups , are reviving this simple urban folk art . in some neighborhoods , businesses hire artists to create customized screens for storefronts . you can also find the occasional vintage screen in a window on a quiet street , faded but attesting to the tradition ' s authenticity . if you ' re inside a house , you can see out through the screens ; you just can ' t see in from the street .
baltimore ' s american visionary art museum has a permanent exhibit about painted screens with a documentary and re - creation of a row house . the painted screen society of baltimore — urltoken — hosts events promoting the art , sells a $ 5 map of where to find screens and can arrange customized tours . or go hunting on your own along elliot street in the canton neighborhood between conkling and linwood , or on eastern avenue in the vicinity of gough street in highlandtown urltoken . you can buy ready - made hand - painted screens at razzo , a home decor store in hampden ( 911 w . 36th st . ) , or for do - it - yourselfers , the painted screen society sells a how - to dvd .
eff says there are about 1 , 000 painted screens in homes now , and credits the centennial of the tradition , marked last year , with revitalizing the custom .
it ' s growing , and that ' s the beauty of it ,
eff said .
it was where popular culture met the immigrant mind ,
eff said .
people said it was a longing for the homeland , but that ' s not true . it was just , ' isn ' t it nice to have that greenery , that country scene , ' or ' i ' d rather be in the country than in the middle of the city . ' people would ask oktavec , ' is this where you used to live ? ' and he ' d say , ' no , people just hand me greeting cards or calendars with pictures they want . '
highlandtown resident monica broere , a retired public school art teacher , paints screens that include bold , abstract graphic elements , but she also winks at the old motifs by including swans .
i ' ve been painting screens but my own way — traditional and contemporary ,
she says .
some people collect vintage screens . highlandtown resident christopher fugate says he has close to 40 .
i ' ve loved them since i was a kid ,
he said .
eff says the screens are as much a part of baltimore as the city ' s row houses .
as long as there is a row house ,
she said ,
people will have a need for privacy and painted screens .
this list shows both native and introduced species that you may see at kīlauea point or the surrounding area . most introduced birds were intentionally brought in for various reasons such as food sources , their songs , and pest control . other non - natives are a result of escape from captivity . many of the song birds were brought to hawai ` i in the early 1900s to bring birdsong back into areas that had become silent due to the disappearance of native forest birds through deforestation and urbanization .
hawaii’s state bird , the nēnē , is an endangered species and considered to be the rarest goose in the world . re - introduction efforts , coupled with good management practices on the refuge and throughout the islands , are helping to increase the population . kīlauea point nwr was the location of one of the first re - introduction efforts on kauai in the nineteen nineties , and since that time the population on the refuge has grown steadily . visitors out to the point are regularly treated to up - close views of nene and , during the breeding season , even their goslings too .
the pueo is an endemic species of owl that can sometimes be spotted by visitors hunting over the open areas at kīlauea point . unlike most owl species , the pueo hunts in the daytime , though it is known to hunt at night too . though it feeds primarily on small rodents and insects , it does not turn its beak up at seabirds and nene on the refuge . the other species of owl seen in hawaii is the introduced barn owl . it is larger than the pueo and primarily hunts at night . in hawaiian culture the is revered as an important guardian spirit or aumakua .
the pacific golden - plover , or kōlea , in hawaiian , is a shorebird that migrates to and from hawaii each year . in august it makes a non - stop , 72 - hour flight from its breeding grounds in the arctic to hawaii where it spends the winter . this little flyer travels from 5000 - 13 , 000 km one - way , depending on where in the pacific it will overwinter .
this is the smaller of the dove species found in hawai ` i and is also called barred dove . it was introduced in 1922 from malaysia and is now probably one of the most common lowland birds in the islands . the stripes on the chest and belly are the giveaway for its name .
the java finch , also known as java rice bird , is native to indonesia . it was first introduced into hawai ` i in the mid - 1860’s but the introduction failed . about a hundred years later , in 1960 , they were brought in again and this time it was successful . java rice birds became popular cage birds in the us in the 60’s and 70’s but not long after that they were banned because they were classified as an agricultural pest .
in hawai ` i this little green bird is commonly called by its japanese name “mejiro . ” it was brought to oahu in 1929 and is common throughout all of the islands now from sea level all the way up into the forest . it is a busy little bird that rarely sits still , feeding on insects , nectar and fruit . its presence in native forest bird habitat is problematic as it competes with native forest birds for food and can spread the seeds of invasive weeds into important native habitat .
owner description : explore maui nature offers private interactive road to hana and haleakala tours , where you can experience your surroundings instead of just sightseeing . - swim in a waterfall , jump in the ocean , explore a secret lava tube , taste the best local banana bread on the planet , and so much more ! we also offer the only bird watching tour on island , an amazing doors - off helicopter experience and hiking options . with your own biologist as tour guide , take the best photos ( and let us photograph you ! ) and experience maui ' s flora / fauna , history , culture , legends and more !
i really enjoyed the birding tour on maui with beth . an experienced biologist , beth is the perfect combination of scientist , teacher , and story - teller . she mixed her knowledge about the flora and fauna of maui with her understanding of hawaiian legends . the various landscapes one sees on this tour also make it worth the price . from the summit of haleakala to the birds of the wetlands below , you see the geographical changes and gain different perspectives of maui . i saw a nice variety of birds that i would not have seen on my own . not to mention , beth is - - in addition to smart and insightful - - so personable that you ' ll want to hang out with her for coffee or a drink . a couple days after my tour , beth saw me walking in kihei and she and her husband pulled over to say hello . i was as excited to see her as i would have been an old friend ; she has that kind of charisma ! if you ' re going to spend a day touring the island , i encourage you to do it with someone who is fun to be around and has the education and experience to give you the value you want on a tour . whether you are a birder or not , this is a great way to see maui !
this hike is definitely a
bucket list
hike , and beth and her team made the process seamless . she ' s very knowledgeable and took great care of us during this challenging hike . great service , and great experience !
thank you so much leanne for taking the time to write us a review ! high five for checking that hike off the list . it ' s a great one . . . thanks for tackling it with us !
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