euaspidoceras is an extinct ammonoid cephalopod genus that lived during the middle jurassic .

euaspidoceras

euaspidoceras ajax ( h . a . leanza , 1947 † ) ( fossil )
euaspidoceras hirsutum ( c . é . bayle , 1878 † ) ( fossil )
ricostruzione ammonite gen . euaspidoceras - museo
g . g . gemmellaro
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euaspidoceras babeaui ( a . v . m . d . d ' orbigny , 1847 † ) ( fossil )
ancestor of euaspidoceras is probably aspidoceras . it is considered related to genera like orthaspidoceras , simaspidoceras , and intranodites .
euaspidoceras species may be found in the jurassic of argentina , france , germany , india , italy , madagascar , saudi arabia , spain , the united kingdom and yemen .
video sulla realizzazione della ricostruzione di un ' ammonite in vita ( gen euaspidoceras ) con corpo molle e organi interni . esposta nella sala del mesozoico presso il museo geologico
g . g . gemmellaro
di palermo . il diametro del guscio è di circa 1 metro .
this is a huge 17 . 7
wide ammonite fossil from madagascar . it is jurassic in age and it was collected in the mahajanga province . the genus on this one appears to be euaspidoceras . it ' s been lightly polished and this polishing reveals the beautiful suture pattern which lies below the shell . this massive specimen weighs 32 pounds and would make a magnificent display . includes custom stand .
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' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by
the paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .
average measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 28 . 2 , shell diameter 77 . 8
full reference : a . jeannet . 1951 . stratigraphie und palaeontologie des oolithischen eisenerzlagers von herznach und seiner umgebung . beiträge zur geologie der schweiz , geotechnische serie 13 ( 5 ) : 1 - 240
average measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 34 . 8 , shell diameter 77 . 2
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the living fossil gallery is a premier crystal and fossil shop based in sydney australia . we supply crystal , minerals and fossils interstate and locally :
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the living fossil gallery sources crystals and minerals for collectors and kids alike from many countries . our aim is to provide the best specimens at the best possible prices . we also are the only premier fossil shop in sydney - personally sourcing world class fossils from australia , africa , south east asia , usa , russia and europe .
we offer expertise in both crystal and fossil for quality and type , and we much experience for those wanting natural crystal and fossil as interior design elements .
premier crystals and fossils sydney . we are sydney ' s premier fossil and crystal gallery - showcasing world class crystals and fossils for collectors , interior designers and for kids !
premier hand made jewellery based in mosman sydney . we are also a premier gallery for crystals and fossils sydney . we showcase world class crystals and fossils for collectors , interior designers and for kids !
fossilised rock can make for unique table and giftware . the living fossil gallery sydney specialises in fossil marble platters , fossil plates , and fossil bowls made entirely of natural fossilised rock . we ensure all of our pieces meet our strict quality control inspections . we do not varnish any pieces , and all pieces are natural polished fossil rock . the next time you are thinking of a cheese platter , fruit platter or serving tray - add interest with these ancient , through provoking and durable pieces .
this striking and large ammonite is a wonderful find and a beautiful piece to behold . it is characterised by strong nodules in the outer ribbing , which in this beautiful specimen is very well defined and preserved
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peltoceras ( peltomorphites ) subeugenii w . j . arkell , 1945 † ( fossil )
epipeltoceras bimammatum ( f . a . von quenstedt , 1858 † ) ( fossil )
epipeltoceras semiarmatum ( f . a . von quenstedt , 1887 † ) ( fossil )
gregoryceras transversarium ( f . a . von quenstedt , 1849 † ) ( fossil )
peltoceratoides eugeniforme ( w . j . arkell , 1944 † ) ( fossil )
peltoceratoides ( parawedekindia ) arduennensis ( a . v . m . d . d ' orbigny , 1848 † ) ( fossil )
physodoceras altenense ( a . v . m . d . d ' orbigny , 1848 † ) ( fossil )
physodoceras circumspinosum ( f . a . von quenstedt , 1856 † ) ( fossil )
rursiceras reversum ( w . i . bean in j . leckenby , 1859 † ) ( fossil )
unipeltoceras unispinosum ( f . a . von quenstedt , 1847 † ) ( fossil )
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ammonite fossil from madagascar . it is jurassic in age and it was collected in the mahajanga province . the genus on this one appears to be euaspido… | pinteres…
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the harlequin tree frog , rhacophorus pardalis , is a species of frog in the rhacophoridae family found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , thailand , and the philippines .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , freshwater marshes , and intermittent freshwater marshes .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

harlequin tree frog

peek - a - boo ! a nervous harlequin tree frog protects its eyes and displays its colors in brunei .
peek - a - boo ! a nervous harlequin tree frog protects its eyes and displays its colors in brunei . – society for the study of amphibians and reptiles
citation : mačát , z . , h . ahmad sah , and t . ulmar grafe . 2015 . rhacophorus pardalis ( harlequin tree frog ) . defensive behavior . herpetological review 46 ( 3 ) : 418 .
this is another gliding frog , with flaps between the fingers . they are commonly found at the frog pond of kubah national park .
medium sized tree frog , with red / orange webbings on leg . pic # 1 was taken with uv light and they seems to have an interesting glow in the eyes .
zdeněk mačát and colleagues were herping in temburong national park in brunei when they spotted a harlequin tree frog and upon attempting to capture the frog saw that it began to behave to protect itself . the frog covered its eyes by rotating its forelimbs to the side of its head and its webbed toes covered both eyes entirely . the frog remained immobile for more than two minutes . during those minutes , the group realized that by rotating its forelimbs , the frog achieved two things : first , protecting its eyes but , second , flashing its red and yellow sides in warning to a potential challenger .
the tiger frog was discovered in 2007 in southwestern colombian . little is known about the frog except that it is not believed to be toxic . rather with its bright coloring , the frog seems to be mimicking other poisonous animals to deter predators . this gorgeous frog is threatened by destruction of the forests where it lives .
thanks , @ drnamgyal . being tree frogs , they also use the webbings in their legs to help them glide from higher up of trees .
this frog might be called the planet’s most beautiful frog . it has been a pin - up on dozens of wildlife calendars and cards . but its beauty has a purpose—to help it to survive . when at rest , the frog’s eyes are closed . but if disturbed , the sudden appearance of its bright red eyes may startle a predator for a second or two—enough time for the frog to leap away . with its large toe pads and long thin limbs , it can climb trees easily . the red - eyed tree frog lives in tropical forests from southern mexico through much of central america . we used this frog on a poster we created to help spread awareness of the global amphibian crisis ( you can download the poster for free ) :
a small population of harlequin frogs was discovered about 6 years ago in the rainmaker preserve in costa rica , one of the last remnants of primary rainforest in the central pacific .
in the monteverde cloud forest preserve of costa rica , there were once so many harlequin frog species ( atelopus ) that it was hard not to step on them when walking alongside streams . but during the 1980s and 1990s , most of these frogs vanished due to deadly infectious diseases brought on by changing water and air temperatures .
harlequin frogs are usually black or brown with spots or streaks that can be a combination of yellow , orange , red , blue , or green . they live in the moist , tropical forests in central and southwestern south america .
research done in costa rica shows that global warming makes clouds form higher above the forests where they cannot bring as much moisture to the ecosystems below . dry spells are getting longer and in turn , many species are disappearing . rising temperatures also shrink the cloud forests , which forces species to live closer together , spreading fungal diseases . the harlequin frog is on its way to extinction .
this lovely frog , native to the subtropical or tropical most lowland forests and rivers of venezuela has translucent skin , to help hide it among the leaves .
these handsome frogs seem to have a perpetual smile on their faces . white’s tree frogs are often kept as pets , but they are happiest when left alone in their native home : the woodland and scrub close to water in northeast australia and new guinea .
i am passing along a care2 petition to urge costa rica’s ambassador escalante to do everything in his power to save this colorful little frog , along with many other endangered species affected by climate change .
this frog is among up to 30 different species of frogs that can be found in a small area inside kubah national park , fondly called , the frog pond . the pond is not man - made but rather trampling from wild pigs over hundreds of years . a visit to kubah national park is not complete without a night walk to the frog pond at dusk / night where you will hear amazing sounds , and a recording of this sounds was entered into a competition , which won the most beautiful sound in the world earlier this year ! follow this link to hear to the sound : urltoken
the wood frog’s beauty is more subtle that that of its tropical cousins , yet its colors seems to mimic the color of rocks , bark , and fallen leaves in the forests in which it lives . this frog is america’s most northernmost species , ranging from northeast usa to the arctic circle in alaska and canada . wood frogs have already begun hibernating . first they find a place under the leaf litter or in a crack in a log or rock to settle for their winter nap . they’ll slowly begin to freeze as soon as temperatures reach the freezing point . then the frog’s blood will stop flowing , its lungs , heart and muscles will stop functioning , and ice will fill the body cavity : they will go from frog to frogsicle , until they begin to thaw in the warm temperatures of spring .
this frog has a bright red head and body speckled with black spots . because of its blue legs , it is also called the blue jeans frog . like many brilliantly - colored animals , the frogs’ bright color serves as a warning— don’t eat me or you’ll be sorry ! it forages on the forest floor eating small ants and termites , from which it derives the chemicals needed to synthesize the poison . it lives in tropical rainforests of nicaragua , costa rica , and panama .
this frog uses its heavily webbed hands and feet to glide . it presumably forages in canopy . it gathers in breeding aggregations in swampy forest , at marshes , ponds and quiet pools , and is common along logging roads where streams are blocked and form pools . the call is a brief raspy chuckle . eggs are laid and tadpoles develop in standing water .
one of the most beautiful of the madagascan frogs , the malagasy rainbow frog is adapted for a burrowing lifestyle . it is able to live under the ground for up to 10 months . but it also has claws on its forefeet to help it cling to vertical canyon walls to escape floods or predators . unfortunately thousands of these frogs are captured every year for the pet trade .
a recent report from the world wildlife fund highlighted the amazing discoveries of the past decade in the amazonian biome . according to the report , between 1999 and 2009 more than 1 , 200 new species of plants and vertebrates were discovered in the amazon – a rate of one new species every three days – confirming the amazon as one of the most diverse places on earth . ranitomeya amazonica , another beautiful poision dart frog , is one of the most extraordinary of these newly discovered species . its main habitat is lowland moist forest near the iquitos area in peru .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
frost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 october 2016 ) . new york , usa available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is known from several localities in peninsular malaysia ( and pulau tiga island ) and is widespread in sumatra ( including siberut and sipora ) , borneo ( brunei , indonesia and malaysia ) , and the philippines ( mindanao , negros , bohol and luzon ) . it probably occurs more widely than current records suggest , especially in areas between known sites . it has been recorded up to 1 , 015m asl .
it is locally common in intact forest and forest edge but patchily distributed and activity patterns are temporally variable . it can form moderate - sized breeding aggregations .
it is an inhabitant of primary and secondary rainforest . it breeds at swampy forest pools . it is widely distributed through the forest , probably in higher strata , and descends to the shrub layer and forms breeding aggregations around rain pools , even at the edge of forest .
its range includes several protected areas . prevention of further deforestation is the most important conservation measure .
arvin diesmos , angel alcala , rafe brown , leticia afuang , genevieve gee , jeet sukumaran , norsham yaakob , leong tzi ming , yodchaiy chuaynkern , kumthorn thirakhupt , indraneil das , djoko iskandar , mumpuni , robert inger , robert stuebing , paul yambun , maklarin lakim . 2004 .
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small to medium in size , with males reaching 39 - 55 mm and females 55 - 71 mm . snout is rounded . fingers iii , iv , v are fully webbed and bear expanded discs . the outer edge of the hand and forearm have a wide flap of skin . toes are fully webbed . the heel has a rounded flap of skin . dorsum is smooth , venter is coarsely granular ( inger and stuebing 2005 ) . males have nuptial pads ( harvey et al . 2002 ) .
dorsum is tan to reddish brown , often with an x - shaped darker marking on the back . several white spots are often present , with some individuals having yellow or blue spots on the dorsal surfaces . flanks are yellowish with black spots . venter is yellowish with orange reticulation . webbing is orange - red ( inger and stuebing 2005 ) .
the tadpole has an oval , deep body , with total length reaching up to 45 mm . the tail has a narrow tip . body is pale light brown . black spots may be present on the body , or just a single spot on the side of the head . spotting pattern can resemble that of
tadpoles lack white glandular patches on the venter ( inger and stuebing 2005 ) .
peninsular malaysia ; pulau tiga island ( malaysia ) , sumatra ( indonesia ) , kalimantan ( borneo : indonesia ) , sabah and sarawak ( borneo : malaysia ) , and the southern philippines ( mindanao , negros , bohol and luzon islands ) . occurs from sea level to 1 , 015 m asl . found in both primary and secondary rainforest ( diesmos et al . 2004 ; inger and stuebing 2005 ) .
the primary threat is loss of habitat through deforestation ( due to logging ) ( diesmos et al . 2004 ) .
diesmos , a . , alcala , a . , brown , r . , afuang , l . , gee , g . , sukumaran , j . , yaakob , n . , tzi ming , l . , chuaynkern , y . , thirakhupt , k . , das , i . , iskandar , d . , mumpuni , inger , r . , stuebing , r . , yambun , p . , and makl 2004 .
. in : iucn 2008 . 2008 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 27 april 2009 .
harvey , m . b . , pemberton , a . j . , and smith , e . n . ( 2002 ) . ' ' new and poorly known parachuting frogs ( rhacophoridae :
inger , r . f . and stuebing , r . b . ( 2005 ) .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
in this sixth installment of the human stories behind herpetological research , we hear again from … [ read more . . . ]
hr june 2018 , volume 49 , number 2 . our cover features an adult pair of rainforest hog - nosed … [ read more . . . ]
are you going to jmih ? are you looking for a way to give back to ssar ? we ' re looking for a small … [ read more . . . ]
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please note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate . this list is a summary of checklists from other websites , blogs , publications , photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings . we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .
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while researching our post the 10 weirdest and most unusual frogs on earth , we found so many beautiful frogs we decided to give them their own post . below are 10 of the handsomest princes of the amphibian world .
the golden toad became extinct 30 years after its discovery in 1976 . they were found only in the monteverde cloud forest reserve of costa rica , where hundreds would breed in shallow forest pools . the golden toad has become a symbol of the plight of frogs and toads worldwide—we don’t want other amphibians to suffer the same fate as this beautiful creature .
golden toad , photo by charles h . smith , u . s . fish and wildlife service
about two - thirds of over 110 species of these brightly - colored frogs have vanished since the 1980s . their decline is attributed to the destruction of their native forests , collection by the pet trade , and fungal infection ( chytrid fungus ) .
some of the information from this post came from frogs and toads ( a golden guide ) by dave showler , illustrated by barry croucher / wildlife art ltd .
disease is the bullet killing frogs , but climate change is pulling the trigger . global warming is wreaking havoc on amphibians and will cause staggering losses of biodiversity if we don’t do something fast .
here is more information about the cloud forest of costa rica from the monteverde conservation league .
to support frogs are green , please click the paypal button below . every donation helps us in our mission to educate !
very excited to share the book cover i created for young writer rowan hadley titled : sword of midnight . urltoken
frogs are green is raising funds to publish more educational books . won ' t you help with $ 5 a month ?
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project noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .
small to medium in size , with males reaching 39 - 55 mm and females 55 - 71 mm . snout is rounded . fingers iii , iv , v are fully webbed and bear expanded discs . the outer edge of the hand and forearm have a wide flap of skin . toes are fully webbed . the heel has a rounded flap of skin . dorsum is smooth , venter is coarsely granular ( inger and stuebing 2005 ) . males have nuptial pads ( harvey et al . 2002 ) . dorsum is tan to reddish brown , often with an x - shaped darker marking on the back . several white spots are often present , with some individuals having yellow or blue spots on the dorsal surfaces . flanks are yellowish with black spots . venter is yellowish with orange reticulation . webbing is orange - red ( inger and stuebing 2005 ) . the tadpole has an oval , deep body , with total length reaching up to 45 mm . the tail has a narrow tip . body is pale light brown . black spots may be present on the body , or just a single spot on the side of the head . spotting pattern can resemble that of rana chalconota , but r . pardalis tadpoles lack white glandular patches on the venter ( inger and stuebing 2005 ) .
your spotting has been nominated for the spotting of the week . the winner will be chosen by the project noah rangers based on a combination of factors including : uniqueness of the shot , status of the organism ( for example , rare or endangered ) , quality of the information provided in the habitat and description sections . there is a subjective element , of course ; the spotting with the highest number of ranger votes is chosen . congratulations on being nominated !


acisoma is a small genus of dragonflies in the family libellulidae .

it contains six species : acisoma ascalaphoides rambur , 1842 – littoral pintail acisoma attenboroughi mens , schütte , stokvis & dijkstra , 2016 – attenborough 's pintail acisoma inflatum selys , 1882 – stout pintail acisoma panorpoides rambur , 1842 – asian pintail , grizzled pintail acisoma trifidum kirby , 1889 – pied pintail , ivory pintail acisoma variegatum kirby , 1898 – slender pintail

acisoma

dragonflies & damselflies of thailand : 104 . acisoma panorpoides panorpoides ( rambur , 1842 )
kento furui added an unknown common name in an unknown language to
acisoma
.
the type locality for acisoma panorpoides ascalaphoides is madagascar . it is not currently certain that the populations of madagascar and mainland africa are similar ( k . schütte in dijkstra and boudot 2010 ) , so it is likely that the present subspecific name will have to change in the future for africa . this species previously appeared on the iucn red list as acisoma panorpoides ssp . ascalaphoides but it has now been promoted to acisoma ascalaphoides .
acisoma panorpoides perches inconspicuously . it tends to be more common on short ranked grasses near water bodies . it is mainly associated with eutrophic still waters ( d . h . murphy pers . comm . ) .
justification : acisoma trifidum is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , as there are no major threats and as it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
justification : acisoma variegatum occurs from southern africa up to ethiopia . as this species is common in the southern part of its range ( south africa , mozambique , zimbabwe ) , it is assessed as least concern .
acisoma variegatum is common in southern africa and the distribution extends up to ethiopia . it was formerly confused with a . inflatum and both were once listed under a . panorpoides . due to this confusion , the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of a . variegatum and a . inflatum requires further study .
formerly acisoma panorpoides was thought to occur in africa , madagascar and asia . recent taxonomic and genetic studies showed , that in asia the true a . panorpoides occurs , while two different species each occur in madagascar and continental africa . the latter are separated in a . variegatum and in a . inflatum , both of them being described long ago and neglected since ( dijkstra and clausnitzer 2014 ) .
the dragonfly genus acisoma is revised based on adult male morphology and coi sequence data . six species are recognised , including the new species a . attenboroughi sp . nov . diagnoses and a key to males of all species and illustrations of all relevant characters are provided . a . inflatum , a . variegatum and a . trifidum are confined to continental africa , while a . panorpoides is restricted to asia . a . ascalaphoides is known only from threatened littoral forest fragments on the east coast of madagascar , while a . attenboroughi is widespread across the island . the new species honours sir david attenborough on his 90 th birthday .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
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schorr , m . and paulson , d . 2016 . world odonata list . revision 21 june 2016 . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken .
endangered b2ab ( ii , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1
justification : this species is endemic to madagascar where it known from three littoral forest sites : two in the south east and one from the northern east coast . it has an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 5 , 884 km² and an area of occupancy ( aoo ) of 16 km² . the species experiences continuing decline in its habitat quality and extent due to ongoing deforestation in the north east and mining activities in the south east parts of its range . based on these threats 2 - 3 locations have been identified . therefore , the species is assessed as endangered .
the species is endemic to madagascar where it is known from one locality in the north east coast in voloina and two localities in mandena and sainte luce in the south east part of the island .
known only from littoral forest fragments at the southern ( tolagnaro , formerly fort dauphin ) and northern ( voloina ) ends of madagascar’s east coast . only about 10 % of the original cover of these forests remains , all in small patches of which only 13 % are protected ( consiglio et al . 2006 ) . the species may occur elsewhere along the coast , but as it seems restricted to this habitat , could well be under threat ( schütte &
razafindraibe 2007 ) . the larvae are possibly adapted to more acidic water than a . attenboroughi sp . nov .
the species is threatened by deforestation in the north and mining activities in the south within the mining offset / conservation sites .
no conservation actions are known . the species doesn ' t occur within protected areas in the north . in the south the species is found within the mining offset conservation sites .
dijkstra , k . d . and clausnitzer , v . 2014 . the dragonflies and damselflies of eastern africa : handbook for all odonata from sudan to zimbabwe . rmca .
no information on the population size is available , but this species is common in southern africa ( south africa , mozambique , zimbabwe ) .
this species occurs in swampy and well vegetated habitats along lakes , pools and slow parts of rivers and streams in savannah and woodland .
drainage , destruction and pollution of swampy habitats for construction of human settlements are the main threats to this species . swamps close to settlements suffer particularly from pollution due to sewage and to illegal rubbish damping .
the species is widespread and therefore , no conservation actions are necessary . however , it is necessary to study the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of this species due to changes in taxonomy .
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this dragonfly is easily recognised by its uniquely shaped abdomen , which tapers markedly from segments five to seven to form a narrow tip . the male has light blue eyes and body , with dark markings on the thorax and abdomen . the female is similarly shaped and patterned , but with greenish yellow body . in males , the hindwing is 20 to 22 mm in length and the total body leangth ranges from 27 to 29 mm .
commonly seen in disturbed habitats and grassy swamps throughout open country in singapore , including open areas in central catchment and bukit timah nature reserve and freshwater ponds in sungei buloh wetland reserve .
when a female oviposits , the male guards her closely , seldom straying more than 40 cm from her .
tang , h . b . , l . k . wang & m . hämäläinen , 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore , singapore . 222 pp .
raffles museum of biodiversity research rmbr has its origins in the raffles museum which was founded in 1849 . established on…
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lotte p . mens naturalis biodiversity center , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands .
kai schütte universität hamburg , zoological institute , animal ecology and conservation and center of natural history , zoological museum , martin - luther - king - platz 3 , 20146 hamburg , germany .
frank r . stokvis naturalis biodiversity center , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands .
klaas - douwe b . dijkstra naturalis biodiversity center , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands . department of conservation ecology and entomology , university of stellenbosch , south africa
lotte p . mens , kai schütte , frank r . stokvis , klaas - douwe b . dijkstra
from a distance . it ' s only when you get close ( which is actually quite difficult ) that you notice its big bulbous abdomen .
the male is quite stunning , with its bright blue eyes , and blue and black markings to the thorax and abdomen . it almost has a marble effect . here you can see just how bulbous the abdomen really is . s9 - 10 are black and the caudal appendages are white . the young male is yellow , as the female .
the female is very similar to the male , except it is yellow in colour instead of blue and the caudal appendages are wider apart ( usually the only way i can identify the female and young males ) .
here is a young female , i managed to capture at nam nao recently .
you can see this species throughout the country and it seems most common in the cool season ( dec - mar ) . it is very difficult to get close to and flies away at the slightest movement . the females are slightly more forgiving than the males , but it ' s worth the effort , because it really is a good - looking dragonfly .
i am too lazy to write about my past , but i now love photographing dragonflies , manchester city football club , fishing and , of course , my girlfriend .
98 . ischnura sp . ( rufostigma selys , 1876 - group ) . . .
number : 186 family : libellulidae genus : nannophya species : nannophya pygmaea common name ( s ) : the scarlet dwarf . . .
number : 182 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion malaisei common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
location : phu kao - phu phan kham national park , khon kaen date : saturday 28th may , 2016 habitat : lowland , shallow lake on the edg . . .
number : 176 family : lestidae genus : platylestes species : platylestes platystylus common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a . . .
location : phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , chaiyaphum date : saturday , 12th november , 2016 habitat : mid - to upland forested ponds . . .
number : 175 family : libellulidae genus : lyriothemis species : lyriothemis sp . common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a ha . . .
location 1 : tat fa and pha ing waterfalls , tat ton national park , chaiyaphum date : saturday 26th march , 2016 habitat : lowlands ( a . s . l . . . .
number : 189 family : libellulidae genus : amphithemis species : amphithemis curvistyla common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
number : 185 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion pallidum common name ( s ) : n / a syn . . .
number : 57 family : libellulidae genus : trithemis species : trithemis aurora common name ( s ) : crimson marsh glider , crimson dropwing , . . .
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is widespread in africa ( except dense rain forest ) , southern europe , middle east , southern asia , and indian ocean islands .
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percrocutidae is an extinct family of hyena-like feliform carnivores endemic to asia , africa , and southern europe from the miocene through the pliocene , existing for about 17.41 million years .

the first percrocutids are known from the middle miocene of europe and western asia and belonged to the genus percrocuta .

percrocuta already had large premolars , but did not carry such a massive bite as the later form dinocrocuta , from the later miocene .

originally , these carnivores were placed with the hyenas in the family hyaenidae .

today , most scientists consider the percrocutidae to be a distinct family — although usually as sister-taxa/immediate outgroup to hyaenidae .

sometimes it is placed with carnivoran genera , such as stenoplesictis , into the family stenoplesictidae .

percrocutidae

revision of some percrocutid carnivorans [ mammalia : eutheria : carnivora : aeluroidea : †percrocutidae ] .
percrocuta was introduced as a genus of percrocutidae in 1938 . percrocuta ' s relation to the hyaenidae family was debated until 1985 , when percrocuta , dinocrocuta , belbus , and allohyaena were accepted as the four genera of percrocutidae .
nevertheless , occupying the top of food chain as giant species in steppe landscapes throughout the late miocene , by the end of the late miocene , percrocutidae surrendered their positions to the numerous canidae , presumably mostly due to the more effective social organization of the latter .
percrocutidae are miocene carnivores whose evolution was distinguished by the strengthening of bone - fracturing adaptations . such adaptations allowed them to quickly assume the position of active carnivores in the steppe landscapes of southern europe , western and central asia , as well as china and northern africa .
p . abessalomi is known only from a skull , two mandibles , and two teeth . these fossils were all collected from the belomechetskaja , georgia area and date from the sixth mammal neogene ( mn ) zone . this species is the best known of the percrocutidae family . p . miocenica is known from only a few mandibles , found in yugoslavia and turkey . these fossils also date from 6 mn .
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belongs to turritella ( kurosioia ) according to g . rosenberg et al . 2006
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carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
mckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals – above the species level . –columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631
morales , j . & pickford , m . , 2006 : a large percrocutid carnivore from the late miocene ( ca . 10–9 ma ) of nakali , kenya . –annales de paléontologie : articles in press [ urltoken ] [ doi : 10 . 1016 / j . annpal . 2006 . 07 . 004 ]
wyss , a . r . & flynn , j . j . , 1993 : a phylogenetic analysis and definition of the carnivora . 32 - 52 in szalay , f . s . , novacek , m . j . & mckenna , m . c . , ( eds . ) 1993 : mammal phylogeny – placentals . –springer - verlag , new york , 1993
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time period : the late miocene of eurasia ( 11 . 8 – 11 . 2 mln years ago )
size : 1 . 3 m in length , 60 cm in height , 55 kg of weight .
roman uchytel’s galleries constitute the first resource solely dedicated to the reconstruction of prehistoric animals beyond the dinosaurs . these are not photographs , but rather , artistic recreations from the skeletons of ancient animals that roamed the earth millions of years ago . many of these fascinating creatures are unfamiliar to the public and remain a mystery even to science .
that is why the mission of this project is to be a guide to the world of prehistoric fauna - undiscovered and incredibly beautiful .
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new materials from the middle part of the bahe formation are described as dinocrocuta gigantea . review of the species reveals that it is derived in the evolutionary lineage of dinocrocuta , and biochronologically later than vallesian records from turkey . the only possibly related vallesian species from china is crocuta gigantea xizangensis from biru , tibet , which may prove to be conspecific with d . senyureki . based on the mammalian faunal sequence from lantian , and with reference to red clay paleomagnetic data , the duration of d . gigantea in china should be later late miocene , rather than the previously postulated early late miocene ( vallesian equivalent ) age .
deux nouveaux spécimens provenant de la partie moyenne de la formation bahe , un fragment de mandibule gauche portant p2–p4 et un fragment de maxillaire gauche portant p3–p4 , sont décrits et attribués à dinocrocuta gigantea . une révision de cette espèce révèle sa position dérivée au sein de la lignée évolutive de dinocrocuta ; cette espèce est biochronologiquement postérieure au vallésien de turquie . la seule espèce vallésienne de chine possiblement reliée est crocuta gigantea xizangensis de biru , tibet , qui pourrait être conspécifique à d . senyureki . sur la base de la séquence de faunes de mammifères de lantian , et en référence aux données paléomagnétiques de la red clay , d . gigantea pourrait se maintenir , en chine , jusqu ' à la fin du miocène supérieur , et non jusqu ' au début du miocène supérieur ( équivalent au vallésien ) , comme postulé jusqu ' à présent .
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is an extinct genus of hyena - like feliform carnivores . it lived in europe , asia , and africa , during the miocene epoch .
with a maximum length of 1 . 50 m ( 5 ft ) , percrocuta was much bigger than its modern relatives , but smaller than a female lion . like the spotted hyena , percrocuta had a robust skull and powerful jaws . similar to modern hyenids , its hind legs were shorter than the front legs , resulting in a characteristic sloping back . [ 1 ]
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revision of some eurhinodelphid toothed whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : odontoceti ] .
a new balaenid mysticete [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti ] added and a revision of balaenidae .
revision of some cetotheriid whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti : cetotheriidae ] .
numerous missing fossil species of baleen whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti ] added .
a new family with one new genus and species of basal baleen whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti : janjucetidae ] added .
some missing ceratomorphan perissodactyls [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : perissodactyla : ceratomorpha ] added .
some missing basal anthropoids [ mammalia : eutheria : primates : anthropoidea ] added .
a new species of emballonurid bats [ mammalia : eutheria : chiroptera : microchiroptera : emballonuridae ] added .
some new fossil dormouses [ mammalia : eutheria : rodentia : glirimorpha : myoxidae ] added .
some species revisions in hyaenodontine creodonts [ mammalia : eutheria : creodonta : hyaenodontidae : hyaenodontinae ] .
revision of basal sloths [ mammalia : eutheria : xenarthra : phyllophaga ] and a new species added .
revision of eucynodonts [ synapsida : therapsida : theriodonta : cynodontia : eucynodontia ] added .
revision of the phylogeny of swifts and hummingbirds [ aves : neornithes : cypselomorphae : apodiformes ] .
a missing species of basal cypselomorphan birds [ aves : neornithes : cypselomorphae ] added .
a new species of basal birds [ dinosauria : theropoda : coelurosauria : paraves : avialae ] added .
some missing and two new species of dromaeosaurids [ dinosauria : theropoda : coelurosauria : paraves : dromaeosauridae ] added .
a missing basal coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur [ dinosauria : theropoda : coelurosauria ] added .
a revision of coelophysoid theropods [ dinosauria : theropoda : “ceratosauria” : coelophysoidea ] added .
a new “ halticosaurine coelophysoid theropod ” [ dinosauria : theropoda : “ceratosauria” : coelophysoidea : coelophysidae : “halticosaurinae” ] added .
two new basal titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs [ dinosauria : sauropodomorpha : sauropoda : neosauropoda : macronaria : titanosauriformes ] added .
a new diplodocimorphan sauropod [ dinosauria : sauropodomorpha : sauropoda : neosauropoda : diplodocimorpha ] added .
a new eusauropod dinosaur [ dinosauria : sauropodomorpha : sauropoda : eusauropoda ] added .
a new species of parrot - peaked dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia : marginocephalia : ceratopsia : psittacosauria ] added .
two new species of basal horn - faced dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia : marginocephalia : ceratopsia ] added .
two new species of thick - skulled dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia : marginocephalia : pachycephalosauria ] added .
revision of phylogeny of the basal bird - hipped dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia ] .
a new dinosauriform [ archosauria : ornithodira : dinosauriformes : ? dinosauria : ? ornithischia ] added .
a new ctenochasmatid pterosaur [ archosauria : ornithodira : pterosauria : pterodactyloidea : archaeopterodactyloidea : ctenochasmatoidea : ctenochasmatidae ] added .
a new species of crocodiles [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodylia : crocodylidae : crocodylinae ] added .
a new species of “nettosuchid” caimans [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodylia : alligatoridae : caimaninae ] added .
one new genus and species , and two new species of ziphosuchian crocodiles [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodyliformes : mesoeucrocodylia : ziphosuchia ] added .
an alternative phylogeny of mesoeucrocodylians [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodyliformes : mesoeucrocodylia ] added .
a new species of gymnophthalmid lizards [ reptilia : diapsida : lepidosauria : squamata : scincomorpha : teiioidea : gymnophthalmidae ] added .
a new elasmosaur [ reptilia : diapsida : sauropterygia : plesiosauria : elasmosauroidea : elasmosauridae ] added .
a new rhomaleosaurid ( ? ) pliosaur [ reptilia : diapsida : sauropterygia : plesiosauria : pliosauroidea : ] added .
a new choristodere [ reptilia : diapsida : neodiapsida : choristodera ] and and a revison of the group .
a new fossil species of side - necked turtles [ reptilia : parareptilia : testudinata : pleurodira : podocnemidae ] added .
a new basal stegocephalian [ vertebrata : gnathostomata : sarcopterygii : elpistostegalia : stegocephalia ] added .
revision of tetrapodomorph sarcopterygians [ vertebrata : gnathostomata : sarcopterygii : tetrapodomorpha ] added .
a new species of tonguefishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : pleuronectiformes : cynoglossidae ] added .
a new species of scorpionfish [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : scorpaeniformes : scorpaenoidei : scorpaenidae ] added .
two new species of geophagine cichlids [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : labroidea : cichlidae : geophaginae ] added .
five new species and a new genus of ptychochromine cichlids [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : labroidea : cichlidae : ptychochrominae ] added .
some missing fossil lutjanids and two new fossil genera [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : percoidea : lutjanidae ] added .
revision of some eocene sparids [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : percoidea : sparidae ] added .
a new species of killifishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : cyprinodontiformes : cyprinodontoidei : cyprinodontidae : cyprinodontinae : orestiini ] added .
a new species of parasitic catfishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : siluriformes : trichomycteridae : stegophilinae ] added .
a new species of auchenipterid catfishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : siluriformes : auchenipteridae ] added .
three missing species of madtoms [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : siluriformes : ictaluridae : noturus ] added .
a new species of the rasborine genus raiamas [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : cypriniformes : cyprinoidea : cyprinidae : rasborinae ] added .
a new species of bony - tongue fishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : osteoglossomorpha : osteoglossiformes : ? osteoglossidae ] added .
a new species and several missing ones of gyracanthid acanthodians [ acanthodii : †“ climatiiformes ” : † climatiida : † gyracanthidae ] added .
a new genus and species of pteraspidid agnathans [ vertebrata : “agnatha” : pteraspidomorphi : heterostraci : pteraspidiformes : pteraspididae ] added .
two new fossil lampreys [ chordata : craniata : vertebrata : hyperoartia ] added .
a new species of hagfishes [ chordata : craniata : myxini : myxinidae ] added .
revision of ants [ arthropoda : insecta : hymenoptera : apocrita : aculeata : vespoidea : formicidae ] added .
several species of pelecinid wasps [ arthropoda : insecta : hymenoptera : apocrita : pelecinidae ] added .
revison of adephaga [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : coleoptera ] and some species added .
some palaeontinid hemipterans [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : eumetabola : paraneoptera : hemiptera : auchenorryncha ] added .
a revison of the sphaeropsocid psocodea [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : eumetabola : paraneoptera ] and genera and species added .
partial revision of web - spinners [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : polyneoptera : embiodea ] and a new genus and species added .
a new species and some missng species of rock crawlers [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : polyneoptera : notoptera : mantophasmatodea ] added and a partial revision of the group .
a new fossil species and recent european species of julid diplopods [ arthropoda : myriapoda : diplopoda : julida ] , and a revision of diplopod myriapods added .
revision of hoplocaridan crustaceans [ arthropoda : schizoramia : crustacea : malacostraca : hoplocarida ] and fossil and recent genera of mantis shrimps added .
some missing families and genera nad species of sea scorpions [ arthropoda : schizoramia : chelicerata : eurypterida ] added .
revision of nepeid trilobites [ arthropoda : schizoramia : lamellipedia : trilobita : ptychopariida : nepeidae ] added .
a new genus and species of lobopods [ protostoma : arthropodomorpha : lobopoda ] added .
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ardiç - mordoğan is a new fossil mammal locality in the karaburun peninsula of western turkey . among its fauna , which is described here , the carnivores are especially interesting , with the most complete specimens ever found of percrocuta miocenica and of a primitive species of hyaenid , of which a new subspecies is described , protictitherium intermedium paralium . this fauna is strongly reminiscent of those of sever - al other middle miocene localities in this area , çandir , paşalar and inönü in turkey , and prebreza in serbia , and they must all belong to the same mammalian zone . their ungulates attest an open environment which must have been widespread in the turko - balkanic area in serravallian times .
ardiç - mordoğan ist ein neue fundstelle auf der karaburun - halbinsel in der westtürkei . unter ihre fauna , das ist hier beschreibt , sind die carnivoren besonders interessant , mit die vollständigste bekannten exemplaren von percrocuta miocenica und von eine primitiv hyänen - art , von welche ein neue unterart , protictitherium intermedium paralium , beschreibt ist . die fauna stark gleicht die von mehrere anderen mittelmiozän lagerstatten in derselben gebiet : çandir , paşalar und inönü in türkei , und prebreza in serbien , und sie müssen sich allen zu dieselben mammal - zone gehören . seinen huftieren bezeugen ein offenes umwelt , das bei der türko - balkanisch gebiet in serravallien zeit verbreiten mussten .
, un mastodonte nouveau du pliocène inférieur d’egypte . — bulletin de la société géologique de france ( 5 )
nov . gen . deux nouveaux bovidés ( artiodactyla , mammalia ) du miocène moyen . relations phylogeńétiques des bovidés anté - vallésiens . — proceedings of the koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen
, h . 1973 . neogen und quartär der insel chios ( ägäis ) . — phd . freie universität berlin
1841 . ostéographie et description iconographique des mammifères récents et fossiles ( carnivores ) . 2 , baillière , paris .
1997 . a giraffid from the middle miocene of the island of chios , greece . — palaeontology
1998 . ruminants ( bovidae and tragulidae ) from the middle miocene ( mn5 ) of the island of chios , aegean sea ( greece ) . — neues jahrbuch für geologie und paläontologie , abhandlungen
1892 . la faune de mammifères miocènes de la grive - saint - alban ( isère ) et de quelques autres localités du bassin du rhône . — archives du muséum d’histoire naturelle de lyon
1990 . a provisional systematic as - sessment of the miocene suoidea from pasalar , turkey . — journal of human evolution
, s . 1996 . provinciality , diversity , turnover , and paleoecology in land mammal faunas of the later miocene of western eura - sia . — in :
, h . - w . , eds . , the evolution of western eurasian neogene mammal faunas : 414–448 ( columbia university press ) .
, l . k . 1973 . fossile wirbeltiere in der fauna von bjelometschesk . — akademie nauk grusinsk . ssr : 1–138 ( in russian ) .
1976 . jungtertiäre mastodonten aus anatolien ( türkei ) . — geologisches jahrbuch ( b )
1995 . middle miocene ruminants from inönü , central turkey . — neues jahrbuch für geologie und paläontologie , monatshefte
, d . in press . ruminants , other than giraffidae . — in :
, d . , eds . , geology and vertebrate paleontology of the middle miocene hominoid locality candir ( central anatolia , turkey ) . — courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg .
, e . in press . the middle miocene hominoid site of candir , turkey : proboscidea . — in :
, d . , eds . , geology and vertebrate paleontology of the middle miocene hominoid locality çandir ( central anatolia , turkey ) . — courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg .
, e . in press . the middle miocene hominoid site of çandir , turkey : general paleoecological conclusions from the mammalian fauna . — in :
1974 . neue elasmotheriini ( rhinocerotidae , mammalia ) aus dem obermiozän anatoliens . — mitteilungen der bayerischen staatsammlung für paläontologie und historische geologie
1981 . miocene reference section for the coastal parts of west anatolia . — newsletters on stratigraphy
2001 . a new late orleanian / early astaracian mammalian fauna from kultak ( milas - muğla ) , southwestern turkey . — géobios
1938 . die raubtiere von gombaszög nebst einer übersicht der gesamtfauna . — annales musei nationalis hungarici
1987 . boviden des türkischen miozäns ( känozoikum und braunkohlen der türkei , 28 ) . — paleontologia i evoluciö
, e . 1851 . notice sur la colline de sansan . — annuaire du département du gers : 1–45 .
von 1846 . mitteilungen an prof . bronn gerichtet . — neues jahrbuch für mineralogie , geologie und paläontologie
, d . in press . carnivora from the middle miocene hominoid locality of çandir ( turkey ) . — in :
1965 . etüde des gisements continentaux et des mammifères du cénozoïque de turquie . — mémoires de la société géologique de france , n . s .
1969 . miocene mammals from the toplitska valley . — annales géologiques de la péninsule balkanique
1965 . eine neue hyäne ( carnivora , mammalia ) aus dem miozän jugoslawiens und ihre phylogenetische stellung . — anzeiger der österreichischen akademie der wissenschaften , mathemathisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse
2000 . the middle miocene mammalian site of belometchetskaya , north caucasus : an important biostratigraphic link between europe and china . — géobios
1910 . notices of new mammalian genera and species from the tertiaries of india . — records of the geological survey of india
1913 . the correlation of the siwaliks with the mammal horizons of europe . — records of the geological survey of india
1934 . two species of sheep - like antelope from the miocene of mongolia . — american museum novitates
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, j . d . a . , eds . , tectonics and magmatism in turkey and the surrounding area . — geological society , special publication
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peripsocus milleri is a species of psocoptera from peripsocidae family that can be found in great britain and ireland .

they can also be found on azores and canary islands , belgium , croatia , france , italy , and spain .

the species are brown coloured .

peripsocus milleri

lienhard & courtenay smithers . 2002 . psocoptera ( insecta ) world catalogue and bibliography > > note : catalog > > peripsocus milleri
thornton & wong . 1968 . pacific insects monographs 19 : 129 > > note : hawaii , new zealand > > peripsocus nitens urn : lsid : psocodea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 5577
new , t . r . 1973 ,
new species and records of peripsocus hagen ( psocoptera , peripsocidae ) from southeast australia
, journal of the australian entomological society , vol . 12 , pp . 340 - 346 16 figs
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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edwards , b . a . b . 1950 ,
a study of the tasmanian psocoptera with descriptions of new species
, papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , vol . 1949 , pp . 93 - 134 117 figs
tillyard , r . j . 1923 ,
a monograph of the psocoptera , or copeognatha , of new zealand
, transactions of the new zealand institute , vol . 54 , pp . 170 - 196 20 figs pl . 18
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a28da8d9 - 9346 - 4a05 - b504 - 526cf30901a4
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ecbc232f - be9a - 4fac - a417 - ced19e9d7b7b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 43fbc356 - 79a9 - 4533 - 9c8a - 1cddf50b0d72
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 349041
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paulo a . v . borges , 1 clara gaspar , 1 luís carlos fonseca crespo , 1 , 2 françois rigal , 3 , 1 pedro cardoso , 4 , 1 fernando pereira , 1 carla rego , 1 isabel r . amorim , 1 catarina melo , 1 carlos aguiar , 5 genage andré , 5 enésima p . mendonça , 1 sérvio ribeiro , 6 , 1 joaquín hortal , 7 , 1 ana m . c . santos , 7 , 1 luís barcelos , 1 henrik enghoff , 8 volker mahnert , 9 margarida t . pita , 10 jordi ribes , 11 arturo baz , 12 antónio b . sousa , 13 virgílio vieira , 1 , 14 jörg wunderlich , 15 , 15 aristeidis parmakelis , 16 , 1 robert j . whittaker , 17 josé alberto quartau , 5 artur r . m . serrano , 5 and kostas a . triantis 16 , 1
4 finnish museum of natural history , university of helsinki , pohjoinen rautatiekatu 13 , p . o . box 17 , 00014 , helsinki , finland
12 dep . de ciencias de la vida . universidad de alcalá , 28871 alcalá de henares , madrid , spain
14 departamento de biologia , universidade dos açores , apartado 1422 , 9501 - 301 , ponta delgada , s . miguel , azores , portugal
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 4 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
in this contribution we present detailed distribution and abundance data for arthropod species identified during the bala – b iodiversity of a rthropods from the l aurisilva of the a zores ( 1999 - 2004 ) and bala2 projects ( 2010 - 2011 ) from 18 native forest fragments in seven of the nine azorean islands ( all excluding graciosa and corvo islands , which have no native forest left ) .
azores ; terrestrial arthropods ; bala project ; laurissilva forest ; linnean , wallacean and prestonian shortfalls .
in 1999 a group of researchers from the university of the azores and the university of lisbon started a long - term ( 1999 - 2004 ) standardized sampling program to inventory the arthropod biodiversity in native forest remnants of the azores - the bala i project – b iodiversity of a rthropods from the l aurisilva of the a zores ( borges et al . 2000 , borges et al . 2005a , borges et al . 2011 , ribeiro et al . 2005 , gaspar et al . 2008 ) . more recently , this project was extended by researchers from the universities of the azores , athens and oxford , by surveying part of the same native forest plots almost 10 years later - bala ii project ( 2010 - 2011 ) .
during this period , two complete checklists of azorean arthropod fauna were produced ( borges et al . 2005b , borges et al . 2010 ) , which included the distribution of each species per island . in this paper we compile and synthesize the faunistic results of both bala projects , highlighting novel distribution records and presenting not only detailed distribution but also abundance data for each species , adding taxonomical and biogeographical information whenever possible . finally , we provide a general and updated overview on the diversity of the azorean arthropods .
the remote azores archipelago extends for 615 km in the north atlantic ocean ( 37 - 40 °n , 25 - 31 °w ) , 1584 km to the east ( southern europe ) and 2150 km to the west ( northern america ) of the nearest mainland . it comprises nine main islands and some small islets , all of volcanic origin , and is located at the triple junction of the eurasian , african and american tectonic plates . the nine islands are divided into three groups : the western group ( corvo and flores isls . ) , the central group ( faial , pico , graciosa , são jorge and terceira isls . ) , and the eastern group ( são miguel and santa maria isls ) ( fig .
) . the climate is temperate and oceanic , strongly influenced by the ocean and island topography , which together produce high relative atmospheric humidity , above 95 % on average on native forests .
location of the azores and of native forest fragments in the archipelago . codes for forest fragments as in table
) . graciosa and corvo islands were excluded as they no longer present native forest . human settlement in the azores lead to considerable native forest destruction which has left the entire archipelago with little over 2 % of the original forest cover . during the summer ( june to september ) 150 m long and 5 m wide transects were set up in 100 sites from 1999 to 2004 (
project ; 15 native forest fragments ) . along each transect , arthropods from the soil ( mainly epigean ) and herbaceous vegetation were surveyed with pitfall traps , while arthropods from woody plants were sampled using a beating tray . pitfall traps consisted of plastic cups with 4 . 2 cm diameter and 7 . 8 cm height . thirty pitfall traps were set up per transect . half of the traps were filled with a non - attractive ethylene glycol preservative solution ( antifreeze solution ) , and the remaining with a general attractive solution , a modified version of turquin (
) prepared mainly with dark beer and preservative agents . a few drops of dishwashing liquid were added to both solutions to reduce surface tension . traps were sunk in the soil ( cup rim at surface level ) every 5 m along the transects , those filled with turquin alternating with traps containing antifreeze solution . traps were protected from rain using a plastic plate , placed about 5 cm above surface level and fixed to the ground by two pieces of wire . accidental collection of small vertebrates and damage by rodents was prevented using a piece of plastic mesh placed on top of the trap and fixed to the ground by pieces of wire . the traps remained active in the field for two weeks .
main characteristics of the azorean islands ( bold ) and native forest fragments sampled from 1999 to 2011 , including area ( hectares ) , highest point ( altitude in metres ) , distance to the nearest island / fragment ( isolation in kilometres ) and the oldest geological age of emerged substrate ( million years bp ) ( adapted from gaspar et al . 2008 ) .
canopy sampling was conducted during the trapping period , when the vegetation was dry . a 5 m wide square was established every 15 m ( total of 10 squares per transect ) . two woody plant specimens of the most abundant species ( up to three species when available ) were sampled in each square . for each selected plant , a branch was chosen at random and a beating tray placed beneath . the tray consisted of a 1 m wide and 60 cm deep cloth inverted pyramid , with a plastic bag at the vertex . five beatings were made using a stick for each plant individual sampled .
all specimens are deposited in the entomological collection dalberto teixeira pombo at the university of the azores ( portugal ) , under the curation of paulo a . v . borges ( pborges @ urltoken ) .
in this contribution we list the 286 species for which we obtained an identification . the new records for each island are marked with * . for this list two families of coleoptera were not considered since they will be presented elsewhere , staphylinidae ( borges et al . in prep . ) and zopheridae ( borges et al . 2016 ) . for detailed maps on the distribution of these species in azores consult the azores bioportal .
all specimens were assigned a site code composed of several letters and numbers that read as follows ( see suppl . material 1 for complete data ) . detailed metadata is given in suppl . material 2 ) :
iv ) the next letter refers to the sampling technique : p - pitfall , b - canopy beating ; for pitfall samples ( p ) tu – turquin and et – ethylene glycol ; for canopy samples ( b ) the next two letters refer to the plant sampled : ca = calluna vulgaris , cl = clethra arborea , er = erica azorica , fr = frangula azorica , il = ilex perado azorica , ju = juniperus brevifolia , la = laurus azorica , mc = morella faya , ms = myrsine africana , pi = picconia azorica , pt = pittosporum undulatum , va = vaccinium cylindraceum .
for the geographical location of transects within reserves ( utm coordinates ) see suppl . material 3 .
accumulation curves were obtained using the software “ species diversity and richness ” v . 4 .
the ultimate goal of biodiversity assessments is documenting all species inhabiting a region . however , this has often proven impossible to achieve given the unfeasibility of collecting every single species that exists in a study area . this study focuses on the terrestrial arthropod diversity of the azores and encompasses most orders of the phylum
, we excluded 47 % of the archipelago ' s species pool . yet , this study added 10 endemic and at least 16 other species , mostly exotics , to the known azorean arthropod fauna . more will be added soon after the on - going revision of
, in press ) . overall , at least 26 species that occur in native forests were added to the azorean arthropod fauna list . the new 346 taxonomic records provided by this study ( see suppl . material
) . 164 species were found in new islands , with an average of two islands per species . for 82 of those species only one new island was added to their known distribution contrasting with 27 species for which four or more islands were added ( fig .
species richness for the azores archipelago and each island . total currently known species , the number of species surveyed during this study and those that represent new records are presented .
total species and subspecies records for the azores , new species and subspecies records during this study and increment for the most speciose classes and orders . values for all islands are added , so richness may be up to 7 times higher than the archipelago ' s richness ( as 7 islands were surveyed ) . ( * ) the coleoptera families staphylinidae and zopheridae were not considered ( see text ) .
the number of species identified for each of the 18 native forest fragments surveyed is shown in fig .
. the fragment with the highest species diversity is serra de santa bárbara in terceira island ( s = 124 ) , which is also the larger native forest area in the azores . remarkably , one of the smallest fragments , pico alto in santa maria island , is the second most diverse ( s = 121 ) .
bala2 samples only added 4 % of species to the previous bala survey ( fig .
) . interestingly , 59 samples collected in the first two years of survey ( 1999 and 2000 ) provided about 81 % of the total species recorded in this study .
species accumulation curve for the 286 species of arthropods collected in 152 pitfall and beating samples between 1999 and 2011 . the solid line corresponds to the chronological sample sequence and the dotted line is a randomized curve ( 1000 runs ) . samples to the left of the vertical line were collected in bala1 and to the right in bala2 .
a total of 163744 individuals were identified as belonging to the 286 species ( see suppl . material
for the complete list of abundance per species ) . the ten most abundant species ( fig .
) accommodate 56 % of the total number of individuals and include mostly indigenous species ( endemic or native non - endemic ) . the single introduced species is the millipede
) that are mostly soil epigean species , the other seven species live preferentially in the canopies of azorean endemic trees . the moth
the ten most abundant species in the database . end - endemic from azores ; nat - native non - endemic species ; intr - species introduced in the archipelago .
the opilion leiobunum blackwalli ( credit : paulo a . v . borges ) .
the increase in the number of islands from where each species is known and the distribution increase for many species within each island shows the importance of regional standardized surveys , which provided a major improvement in the knowledge of the distribution of arthropod species in the native forests of the azores .
the fact that most diversity was captured during the first two years of the project reflects the importance of sampling a wide geographic range covering all the islands and the maximum number of sites . increasing the number of samples per fragment ( sampling performed in 2004 ) or replicating the sampling at a different time ( 29 sites in 2010 to 2011 ;
project ) had a lesser impact in increasing our knowledge about biodiversity ( fig .
a ) expanding the standardized survey of azorean arthropods to other habitat types , mostly man - modified , an already on - going task for some of the islands ( see e . g . cardoso et al . 2009 , meijer et al . 2011 , cardoso et al . 2013 , florencio et al . 2013 , santos et al . 2010 ) ;
b ) selecting study areas along a comprehensive environmental gradient where an optimal sampling strategy will be applied in order to sample the entire arthropod communities ( all taxa biodiversity inventory - atbi ) . atbis are intensive sampling efforts to identify and record all living species that exist within a given area and simultaneously create a common and standardized biodiversity database ( lawton and gaston 2001 ) ;
c ) finishing the identification of many morphospecies . good progress has been made with staphylinidade ( borges et al . in prep . ) , but other taxa need further effort to reach proper identification ;
d ) increase sampling and update the current list of azorean hymenoptera and diptera , which is clearly incomplete ( borges et al . 2010 ) . the shortage of taxonomists who can adequately identify species ( i . e . the so - called taxonomic impediment ) has prevented advances in the knowledge for many diverse groups in the azores , including these two .
e ) contributing to the validation and updating of the pan - european checklists programs , including fauna europaea ( jong et al . 2014 ) and pesi ( jong et al . 2015 ) allowing a more general evaluation and comparison of species distributions and statuses .
this study advances the knowledge on the unique arthropod biodiversity of the azores , but at the same time highlights the need for further surveys . we strongly believe that the bala project will stimulate further research and conservation actions towards the preservation of azorean biodiversity . furthermore , we hope that all the taxa yet to be identified will entice taxonomist to join us in the endeavour of cataloguing all terrestrial arthropods of the most remote of the macaronesian archipelagos , the azores . the ongoing longterm research projects in azores and the recent creation of the e - repository islandlab will create new opportunities for biodiversity studies in azores .
brief description : detailed data on the occurrences and abundances of the studied species . data on species abundance in each individual sample ( pitfall trap or canopy beating ) for the 152 transects in eighteen protected areas and seven azorean islands .
brief description : utm coordinates ( regions 25s for flores and 26s for all other islands ) , altitude ( meters ) and supporting project of the studied transects in the azores . transect code according to island , reserve and transect number ( see text )
pavb , arms , jq and kat conceived the ideas ; pavb , cg , lc , fr , pc , fp , cr , ira , cm , ca , ga , spr , jh , amcs , abs , jw , jaq , arms and kat obtained samples ; pavb , cg , em and lb prepared the databases ; pavb , lc , pc , he , fi , vm , mtp , jr , ab , abs , rzs , vv , jw , jaq and arms performed taxonomic work and identified species ; pavb led the writing with substantial input from the other authors .
blas m , borges pav . a new species of catops ( coleoptera : leiodidae , cholevinae ) from the azores with remarks on the macaronesian fauna .
borges p . a . v . , serrano a . r . , quartau j . a . ranking the azorean natural forest reserves for conservation using their endemic arthropods .
erichson , 1845 ( coleoptera : zopheridae ) : an integrative taxonomic approach with description of four new species .
borges p . a . v . , gaspar c . s . , santos a . m . c , ribeiro s . p . , cardoso p . , triantis k . , amorim i . r . patterns of colonization and species distribution for azorean arthropods : evolution , diversity , rarity and extinction ; celebrating darwin : proceedings of the symposium
darwin ' s mistake and what we are doing to correct it ; ponta delgada . açoreana ; 2011 . 30 .
borges p . a . v . , vieira v . , amorim i . r . , bicudo n . , fritzén n . , gaspar c . , heleno r . , hortal j . , lissner j . , logunov d . , machado a . , marcelino j . , meijer s . s . , melo c . , mendonça e . p . , moniz j . , pereira f . , santos a . s . , simões a . m . , torrão e . list of arthropods ( arthropoda ) in : borges p . a . v , costa a . , cunha r . , gabriel r . , gonçalves v . , martins a . f . , melo i , parente m . , raposeiro p . , rodrigues p . , santos r . s . , silva l . , vieira p . , vieira v . , editors .
borges p . a . v . , aguiar c . , amaral j . , amorim i . r . , andré g . , arraiol a . , baz a . , dinis f . , enghoff h . , gaspar c . , ilharco f . , mahnert v . , melo c . , pereira f . , quartau j . a . , ribeiro s . p . , ribes j . , serrano a . r . m . , sousa a . b . , strassen r . z . , vieira l . , vieira v . , vitorino a . , wunderlich j . ranking protected areas in the azores using standardised sampling of soil epigean arthropods .
borges p . a . v . , vieira v . , dinis f . , jarroca s . , aguiar c . , amaral j . , aarvik l . , ashmole p . , ashmole m . , amorim i . r . , andré g . , argente m . c . , arraiol a . , cabrera a . , diaz s . , enghoff h . , gaspar c . , mendonça e . p . , gisbert h . m . , gonçalves p . , lopes d . h . , melo c . , mota j . a . , oliveira o . , oromí p . , pereira f . , pombo d . t . , quartau j . a . , ribeiro s . p . , rodrigues a . c . , santos a . m . c . , serrano a . r . m . , simões . a . m . , , soares a . o . , sousa a . b . , vieira l . , vitorino a , wunderlich j . list of arthropods ( arthropoda ) in : borges p . a . v . , cunha r . , gabriel r . , martins a . m . f . , silva l . , vieira v . , editors .
a list of the terrestrial fauna ( mollusca and arthropoda ) and flora ( bryophyta , pteridophyta and spermatophyta ) from the azores .
direcção regional de ambiente & universidade dos açores ; horta , angra do heroísmo & ponta delgada : 2005 . 58 .
borges p . a . v . , serrano a . r . m . , amorim i . r . new species of cave - dwelling beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae : trechinae ) from the azores .
borges paulo a . v . , wunderlich joerg . spider biodiversity patterns and their conservation in the azorean archipelago , with descriptions of new species .
borges paulo a . v . , lobo jorge m . , azevedo eduardo b . , gaspar clara s . , melo catarina , nunes luis v . invasibility and species richness of island endemic arthropods : a general model of endemic vs . exotic species .
cardoso pedro , borges paulo a . v . , gaspar clara . biotic integrity of the arthropod communities in the natural forests of azores .
cardoso pedro , erwin terry l . , borges paulo a . v . , new tim r . the seven impediments in invertebrate conservation and how to overcome them .
cardoso p . , rigal f . , fattorini s . , terzopoulou s . , borges p . a . v . integrating landscape disturbance and indicator species in conservation studies .
cardoso pedro , aranda silvia c . , lobo jorge m . , dinis francisco , gaspar clara , borges paulo a . v . a spatial scale assessment of habitat effects on arthropod communities of an oceanic island .
crespo lc , bosmans r , cardoso p , borges pav . on the endemic spider species of the genus savigniorrhipis wunderlich , 1992 ( araneae : linyphiidae ) in the azores ( portugal ) , with description of a new species .
crespo lc , bosmans r , cardoso p , borges pav . on three endemic species of the linyphiid spider genus canariphantes wunderlich , 1992 ( araneae , linyphiidae ) from the azores archipelago .
florencio m . , cardoso p . , lobo j . m . , azevedo e . b . , borges p . a . v . arthropod assemblage homogenization in oceanic islands : the role of exotic and indigenous species under landscape disturbance .
florencio m , lobo jm , cardoso p , almeida - neto m , borges pav . the colonisation of exotic species does not have to trigger faunal homogenisation : lessons from the assembly patterns of arthropods on oceanic islands .
gaspar c . , borges p . a . v . , gaston k . j . diversity and distribution of arthropods in native forests of the azores archipelago .
gaspar clara , gaston kevin j . , borges paulo a . v . , cardoso pedro . selection of priority areas for arthropod conservation in the azores archipelago .
gaston kevin j , borges paulo a v , he fangliang , gaspar clara . abundance , spatial variance and occupancy : arthropod species distribution in the azores .
hortal j , borges pav , gaspar c . evaluating the performance of species richness estimators : sensitivity to sample grain size .
jong yde de , verbeek melina , michelsen verner , place bjørn per de , los wouter , steeman fedor , bailly nicolas , basire claire , chylarecki przemek , stloukal eduard , hagedorn gregor , wetzel florian , glöckler falko , kroupa alexander , korb günther , hoffmann anke , häuser christoph , kohlbecker andreas , müller andreas , güntsch anton , stoev pavel , penev lyubomir . fauna europaea – all european animal species on the web .
lawton j . h . , gaston k . j . indicator species . in : levin s . a . , editor .
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martín josé l . , cardoso pedro , arechavaleta manuel , borges paulo a . v . , faria bernardo f . , abreu cristina , aguiar antónio f . , carvalho josé a . , costa ana c . , cunha regina t . , fernandes francisco m . , gabriel rosalina , jardim roberto , lobo carlos , martins antónio m . f . , oliveira paulo , rodrigues pedro , silva luís , teixeira dinarte , amorim isabel r . , homem nídia , martins berta , martins mónica , mendonça enésima . using taxonomically unbiased criteria to prioritize resource allocation for oceanic island species conservation .
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turquin m . une biocenose cavernicole originale pour le bugey : le puits de rappe . comptes rendus 96e congresse naturel societes savantes , toulouse 1071 .


eupithecia nahuelbuta is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in the region of araucania ( the province of malleco ) in chile .

the habitat consists of the northern valdivian forest biotic province .

the length of the forewings is about 9 mm .

the forewings are covered with mixture of greyish white , dark brown , brownish black , and reddish brown scales .

the hindwings are greyish white , with scattered greyish brown and dark brown scales .

adults have been recorded on wing in february .

eupithecia nahuelbuta

eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
the eupithecia ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) of chile . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 186 , article 3
eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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bulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin , published continuously since 1881 , consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology , paleontology , and geology . current numbers are published at irregular intervals . the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers , while longer works appeared in the memoirs . however , in the 1920s , the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers . a new series , the novitates , published short papers describing new forms .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
if you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .
please consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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ion contains the organism names related data gathered from the scientific literature for clarivate analytics ' zoological record ® database . viruses , bacteria and plant names will be added from other clarivate databases such as biosis previews ® .
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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
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. ” on his return to spain he found his old regiment about to march fo . . . . . . t imitate that life of mine when i in lonely sadness on the great rock
there to pine ; thou , . . . . . . what thou dost ; touch it not unless thou wouldst lay down thy life as the
of thy rashness . ” the car - rier gave no heed to these words ( and he . . . . . . be with you , and keep in mind what you have promised and sworn under those
that have been already declared to you . ” so saying , he gave rocin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the
of fire . “no , ” said the niece , “there is no reason for showing merc . . . . . . ou , master nicholas , i say let this and ‘amadis of gaul’ be remit - ted the
of fire , and as for all the rest , let them perish with - out further . . . . . . never slept a day under a roof , went to their graves as much maids as the
that bore them . i say , then , that in these and other respects our g . . . . . . ar , hatred nor love , should make them swerve from the path of truth , whose
is history , rival of time , storehouse of deeds , witness for the past . . . . . . ked plough had not dared to rend and pierce the tender bowels of our first
, belonging to a genus that feeds on feathers ; a beetle ( quedius ) and * . . . . . . brating so rapidly as to be scarcely visible , i was reminded of the sphinx
: their movements and habits are indeed in many respects very similar . . . . . . . than any other race of animals . i allude only to the butterflies ; for the
, contrary to what might have been ex - pected from the rankness of the . . . . . . ads . nothing could be more interest - ing than some of the family groups . a
with one or two daughters would often come to our rancho , mounted on . . . . . . manner in which his laws were enforced . one of these was , that no man , on
of being put into the stocks , should carry his knife on a sunday : t . . . . . . ate individual , but likewise used them , as old spain had done before for a
settlement . en - gland claimed her right an seized them . the english - . . . . . . yages of the adventure and beagle , is in lat . 46 degs . 50 ' , in the gulf of
. it is 15 miles long , and in one part 7 broad and descends to the sea . . . . . . an rafael . the posi - tion of the glaciers at this place and in the gulf of
may be put even in a more striking point of view , for they descend to . . . . . . in charge of this same fortress . after we left south america , he paid the
in the usual manner , by being con - quered , taken prisoner , and shot . . .
that 60 don quixote have been already declared to you . ” so sayin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the
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